prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the place of birth of the performer of Mother-in-Law elect its first black Mayor?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
E  Denise Simmons
E  Denise Simmons (born October 2, 1951) is the former mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, having served her first mayoral term 2008–2009 term and her second mayoral term 2016-2017  She was the first openly lesbian African-American mayor in the United States  Simmons has been on the Cambridge City Council continuously from 2001 to present, serving ten consecutive terms 

Early life and education
Simmons was born on October 2, 1951  She grew up in Cambridge's Area 4 neighborhood and attended Cambridge schools  She received a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology from the University of Massachusetts Boston, and a Master's degree in Psychotherapy from Antioch College 
In 1982, Simmons established her own business, the Cambridgeport Insurance Agency 

Public Service and Political Career
Public Service
Simmons served as Executive Director of the Cambridge Civic Unity Committee in the 1980s  Among the work performed while in this role was her successful fight to increase the diversity within the Cambridge public school faculty 
In 1992, Simmons ran for and won a spot on the Cambridge School Committee  She quickly won praise from across Cambridge for her tremendous work ethic, and for her efforts to find ways to build consensus with her colleagues  Over the next several years, Simmons gained a reputation as a calm, thoughtful voice on the school committee, and as a person who always kept her door open to anyone who wished to speak with her 
Simmons is a Justice of the Peace and Notary Public 

City Council Member - 2001 to present
In 2001, Simmons ran for and won a seat on the Cambridge City Council  She immediately set out to make local government more accessible to a wider range of people, and through efforts such as holding "town hall" style meetings, Simmons worked to get more people involved in their own governance   Simmons – being Black, a woman, and a member of the GLBT community – worked hard to make sure that each of these constituencies was given a voice inside City Hall  Simmons was a member of the City Council when Cambridge City Hall became the first municipality, in 2004, to issue same-sex marriage licenses  She also promoted efforts to help local minority business owners network and establish themselves in Cambridge  Simmons also helped initiate community conversations about the role of race and class in contemporary Cambridge society 

First Term As Mayor
Her election to mayor of Cambridge by the Cambridge City Council on January 14, 2008, was unanimous  The previous mayor of Cambridge, Kenneth Reeves, was the first openly gay African-American mayor in the United States  As Cambridge mayor, Simmons served as head of the city's legislative body—while the non-elected city manager serves as the city's chief executive officer  Simmons brought the same sensibilities to the mayor's office that she brought to her previous endeavors – notably, she took pains to create an open-door atmosphere to her constituents  She opened the "mayor's parlor" to the people of Cambridge, where she convened meetings on everything from environmental policy, to the coordination of the city's various social services providers, to a senior citizens' advisory group  Simmons developed a reputation as a workhorse, with an emphasis on constituent services 
Simmons was mayor during the summer of 2009, during which time Cambridge was thrust into the international spotlight due to the arrest of Harvard University Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr   As a result of the attention this incident generated, Simmons was sought after as a spokesperson for the city, and she was careful to avoid inflaming an already volatile situation   Simmons was interviewed on ABC's Good Morning America, CBS's The Early Show, CNN's State Of The Union with John King, among several other national media outlets   Simmons won praise from her constituents for giving measured, thoughtful responses in public, as well as for her diligent work to contain the situation behind the scenes  Simmons noted that she had a lengthy record of leading public discussions on how race and class impact contemporary Cambridge, and this work would continue long after the Professor Gates arrest faded from the headlines 

State Senate Bid
In February 2010, Councillor Simmons announced that she was running for an open state Senate seat in the Middlesex, Suffolk and Essex district that was vacated by Anthony Galluccio   She came in third, behind Everett City Councilor Sal DiDomenico and Cambridge Attorney Tim Flaherty, in the April 13, 2010 primary   She released a statement to the press that said, in part: "Despite coming up a little short at the end, this campaign was still a winning experience for me  I have had a tremendous opportunity to get to meet so many people, to learn more about the issues impacting the people in this district, and to make many new friends in Cambridge and beyond  The volunteers that made phone calls and knocked on doors every day were phenomenal, and their dedication and enthusiasm for civic engagement energized me every day "  Having lost the primary, Councillor Simmons returned her attention to her duties on the Cambridge City Council 

Career 2012 - Present
In the 2012–2013 term, she served as Vice Mayor of Cambridge 
Simmons was again elected Mayor on January 4, 2016 On November 5, 2019, Simmons was elected to her 10th term on the Cambridge City Council

Personal
Simmons is also a photo archivist and family historian and has facilitated workshops for public and private organizations both nationally and locally—including for the Cambridge Public Schools  Simmons has received numerous awards and commendations for her work in the community 

See also
List of first African-American mayors
List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
List of mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge, Massachusetts municipal election, 2013
Passage 2:
Mother-in-Law Lounge
The Mother-in-Law Lounge is a live music venue, pub and a shrine in New Orleans, Louisiana dedicated to the memory of rhythm and blues singer, Ernie K-Doe    It is at the downtown river corner of Claiborne Avenue and Columbus Street in the 7th Ward of New Orleans   The exterior of the building is decorated with colorful murals depicting K-Doe and other prominent figures in New Orleans music, especially people who collaborated with K-Doe 
The lounge was originally opened by Ernie K-Doe in 1994, and it has become a historical icon in the local community   It was flooded with five and a half feet of water during Hurricane Katrina in 2005   With the help of the Hands on Network and Chet Haines, the lounge reopened its doors on 29 August 2006, on the first anniversary of Hurricane Katrina   Mother-in-Law Lounge was owned and operated by K-Doe's widow and musician, Antoinette K-Doe, before she died during Mardi Gras 2009   
In 2011, local musician Kermit Ruffins agreed to lease the site, and it reopened on January 20, 2014 
Ruffins is now running the establishment as Kermit's Mother-In-Law Lounge 
Passage 3:
2017 Raleigh mayoral election
The biennial nonpartisan election for the Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina, was held on Tuesday, Oct  10, 2017  As no candidate won a majority of the vote in the first round, a runoff was held on November 7, 2017, as requested by the second-place finisher, Charles Francis  Incumbent Mayor Nancy McFarlane defeated Francis in the runoff, winning a fourth term in office 
This was the first Raleigh mayoral election to advance to a second round since 2001 

Candidates
Declared
Paul Fitts
Charles Francis, attorney and former City Council member
Nancy McFarlane, Mayor since 2011, former City Council member

First-round Results
Runoff Results


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
Hardin Bigelow
Hardin Bigelow (1809 in Michigan Territory – November 27, 1850 in San Francisco, California) was the first elected mayor of the city of Sacramento, California, which was known then as "Sacramento City " Bigelow's efforts to construct Sacramento's first levees won him enough support to become mayor in Sacramento's first mayoral elections in February 1850  Bigelow served seven months, from April to November, before succumbing to cholera; while he was mayor, Sacramento averted disaster in a potentially devastating flood, but fell victim to a series of April fires, a riot, and a cholera epidemic 

1850 floods
Bigelow gained popularity when he advocated and carried out the construction of Sacramento City's first levees and dams in the aftermath of the destruction caused by the 1850 Sacramento flood in January, which devastated the commercial operations on Sacramento City's Embarcadero and washed away hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of store merchandise  Bigelow's efforts prevented a second inundation event in March 1850 from enacting devastation similar to that of the flood that had destroyed the city two months earlier 

Mayoral office (1850)
Hardin Bigelow was the first mayor to be elected in Sacramento City, succeeding Major General Albert Maver Winn as city mayor in February 1850  Bigelow was chosen because of his foresight, which protected the city from a March 1850 flood event  Under Bigelow, the Sacramento dropped the "City" portion of its name and was chartered as a city by the newly formed California State Legislature in late February Bigelow was mayor during the 1850 Sacramento fires in April, which destroyed a number of wooden structures on the Embarcadero apiece; he was mayor during the aftermath as well, when Sacramento City rebuilt with iron-shuttered structures and with brick and stone rather than wood to reduce the likelihood of fire damage 

Squatters' riot
Ever since 1848, land-seeking settlers had decided to disregard the right that John Sutter had to the land in what he called his personal empire, "New Helvetia;" settling on his land, the squatters grew at odds with the government in Sacramento  After a squatter named John T  Madden was tried and found guilty of unlawful occupation in May 1850, the squatting settlers charged the government with "brute force" and worked to garner support from sympathetic settlers  Rallying around future Kansas governor Charles L  Robinson, settlers marched to free jailed prisoners James McClatchy and businessman Richard Moran from the city's prison brig in August 1850, from a ship called the La Grange According to the local Placer Times, Bigelow had feared a full uprising and decided to strike pre-emptively against Robinson's army while they marched through downtown Sacramento  In the following fight, Bigelow was wounded to an extent where Demas Strong replaced him as acting mayor of the city  City sheriff Joseph McKinney ended the conflict on Bigelow's behalf with a tactical strike on a squatter's retreat to the east of Sacramento while Bigelow traveled southwest to San Francisco to recover 

Death
Two months later in October 1850, a cholera epidemic struck the city of Sacramento, driving out eighty percent of the city populace and killing seventeen of the city's physicians  Bigelow became afflicted by the disease, and died in San Francisco that month  He was buried at the Sacramento Historic City Cemetery in Sacramento, California 
Passage 5:
Eugene P  Ruehlmann
Eugene Peter Ruehlmann (February 23, 1925 – June 8, 2013)  was an American lawyer and politician  He was the Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1967 to 1971 

Early life and education
Ruehlmann was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of John and Hattie Ruehlmann  Ruehlmann had nine siblings  In 1943, he graduated from Western Hills High School  In 1948, Ruehlmann earned his bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Cincinnati, where he also was awarded the McKibbin Medal from the College of Arts and Sciences  Ruehlmann was a member of Beta Theta Pi and the varsity football team  He then  served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II  In 1950, Ruehlmann earned his law degree from Harvard Law School 

Career
Ruehlmann was a founder of the Strauss, Troy and Ruehlmann law firm in Cincinnati In 1959, Ruehlmann was elected to Cincinnati City Council and then served as Mayor of Cincinnati from 1967 to 1971  As mayor, he helped to bring professional football to the city, and was among those who negotiated a deal that resulted in the construction of Riverfront Stadium, where the Cincinnati Bengals and Cincinnati Reds played  He is also credited with reaching out to the African American community and helping to heal the city after race riots in 1967 and 1968, following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr Ruehlmann was a member of the Republican Party  In the 1990s, he served as a chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party 

Personal life and death
Ruehlmann's wife was Virginia Ruehlmann (née Juergens), who died in 2008  They had eight children On June 8, 2013, Ruehlmann died in Cincinnati at the age of 88 

Awards
1998 Great Living Cincinnatian Award  Presented by the Cincinnati USA Regional Chamber 
Passage 6:
Black people
Black is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid to dark brown complexion  Not all people considered "black" have dark skin; in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification in the Western world, the term "black" is used to describe persons who are perceived as dark-skinned compared to other populations  It is most commonly used for people of sub-Saharan African ancestry, Indigenous Australians and Melanesians, though it has been applied in many contexts to other groups, and is no indicator of any close ancestral relationship whatsoever  Indigenous African societies do not use the term black as a racial identity outside of influences brought by Western cultures  Following the murder of George Floyd in 2020, several style guides, including the AP Stylebook, changed their guides to capitalize the "b" in black in 2020  The ASA Style Guide says that the "b" should not be capitalized  Some perceive the term "black" as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result neither use nor define it, especially in African countries with little to no history of colonial racial segregation Contemporary anthropologists and other scientists, while recognizing the reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "Black race" as socially constructed  Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified "black", and these social constructs have changed over time  In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary  In the United Kingdom, "black" was historically equivalent with "person of color", a general term for non-European peoples   In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term "black" or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds 

Africa
Northern Africa
Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities  Others descend from migrants via the historical trans-Saharan trade or, after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, from slaves from the trans-Saharan slave trade in North Africa 
In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Warrior King" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black soldiers, called his Black Guard According to Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America  He claims that darker-toned Arabs, much like darker-toned Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese (Sudanese Arab) woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian  In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either  My blackness is tending to reddish" Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more African women than men  The female slaves were often put to work in domestic service and agriculture  The men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his enslaved females outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children  When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights  The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father  Because the society was patrilineal, the children inherited their fathers' social status at birth and were born free 
Some mixed-race children succeeded their respective fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608  He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa people of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically, people of Nilotic ancestry)  Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens  The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing Sudanese Arabs are also black people in that they are culturally and linguistically Arabized indigenous peoples of Sudan of mostly Nilo-Saharans, Nubian, and Cushitic ancestry; their skin tone and appearance resembles that of other black people 
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens  According to Ayittey, "In Sudan    the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid " Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practicing Arab apartheid 

Sahara
In the Sahara, the native Tuareg Berber populations kept "negro" slaves  Most of these captives were of Nilotic extraction, and were either purchased by the Tuareg nobles from slave markets in the Western Sudan or taken during raids  Their origin is denoted via the Ahaggar Berber word Ibenheren (sing  Ébenher), which alludes to slaves that only spoke a Nilo-Saharan language  These slaves were also sometimes known by the borrowed Songhay term Bella Similarly, the Sahrawi indigenous peoples of the Western Sahara observed a class system consisting of high castes and low castes  Outside of these traditional tribal boundaries were "Negro" slaves, who were drawn from the surrounding areas 

North-Eastern Africa
In Ethiopia and Somalia, the slave classes mainly consisted of captured peoples from the Sudanese-Ethiopian and Kenyan-Somali international borders or other surrounding areas of Nilotic and Bantu peoples who were collectively known as Shanqella and Adone (both analogues to "negro" in an English-speaking context)  Some of these slaves were captured during territorial conflicts in the Horn of Africa and then sold off to slave merchants  The earliest representation of this tradition dates from a seventh or eighth century BC inscription belonging to the Kingdom of Damat These captives and others of analogous morphology were distinguished as tsalim barya (dark-skinned slave) in contrast with the Afroasiatic-speaking nobles or saba qayh ("red men") or light-skinned slave; while on the other hand, western racial category standards do not differentiate between saba qayh ("red men"—light-skinned) or saba tiqur ("black men"—dark-skinned) Horn Africans (of either Afroasiatic-speaking, Nilotic-speaking or Bantu origin) thus considering all of them as "black people" (and in some case "negro") according to Western society's notion of race 

Southern Africa
In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European and Africans (Bantu peoples of South Africa and Khoisans) from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children  As the European colonialists acquired control of territory, they generally pushed the mixed-race and African populations into second-class status  During the first half of the 20th century, the white-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured  The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European ancestry (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape)  The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa  It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid 
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group  Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications  When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used  A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair  If so, the person was classified as Black  Such classifications sometimes divided families 
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors  At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school  The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life  She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards  During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against  But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black"  The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks 
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy"  In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"  Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits  Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid  "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)" In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination  Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language  Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa  They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names 

Asia
Afro-Asians
"Afro-Asians" or "African-Asians" are persons of mixed sub-Saharan African and Asian ancestry  In the United States, they are also called "black Asians" or "Blasians"  Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalized as a result of human migration and social conflict 

Western Asia
Arab world
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650 CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million black Africans (known as the Zanj) were enslaved by east African slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries  This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas  Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries  Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards  The death toll of black African slaves from forced labor was high  The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system  As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1 2 million black people (Afro-Iraqis), and they attest to a history of discrimination  These descendants of the Zanj have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population  According to Alamin M  Mazrui et al , generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of these communities identify as both black and Arab 

Iran
Afro-Iranians are people of black African ancestry residing in Iran  During the Qajar dynasty, many wealthy households imported black African women and children as slaves to perform domestic work  This slave labor was drawn exclusively from the Zanj, who were Bantu-speaking peoples that lived along the African Great Lakes, in an area roughly comprising modern-day Tanzania, Mozambique and Malawi 

Israel
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population  The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia  In addition, Israel is home to more than 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are ancestry of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona  Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States 
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum  Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants 

Turkey
Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Zanj captives were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul, which gave rise to the Afro-Turk population in present-day Turkey  Some of their ancestry remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns  Other black slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work Apart from the historical Afro-Turk presence Turkey also hosts a sizeable immigrant black population since the end of the 1990s  The community is composed mostly of modern immigrants from Ghana, Ethiopia, DRC, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Eritrea, Somalia and Senegal  According to official figures 1 5 million Africans live in Turkey and around 25% of them are located in Istanbul  Other studies state the majority of  Africans in Turkey lives in Istanbul and report Tarlabaşı, Dolapdere, Kumkapı, Yenikapı and Kurtuluş as having a strong African presence Most of the African immigrants in Turkey come to Turkey to further migrate to Europe   Immigrants from Eastern Africa are usually refugees, meanwhile Western and Central African immigration is reported to be economically driven  It is reported that African immigrants in Turkey regularly face economic and social challenges, notably racism and opposition to immigration by locals 

Southern Asia
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan  Members are descended from the Bantu peoples of Southeast Africa  Some were merchants, sailors, indentured servants, slaves or mercenaries  The Siddi population is currently estimated at around 270,000–350,000 individuals, living mostly in Karnataka, Gujarat, and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan  In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani  There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry 

Southeastern Asia
Negritos, are a collection of various, often unrelated peoples, who were once considered a single distinct population of closely related groups, but genetic studies showed that they descended from the same ancient East Eurasian meta-population which gave rise to modern East Asian peoples, and consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity  They inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia, and are now confined primarily to Southern Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands of India Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i e , "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the aborigines that they encountered in the Philippines  The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group 
They have dark skin, often curly-hair and Asiatic facial characteristics, and are stockily built Negritos in the Philippines frequently face discrimination  Because of their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle, they are marginalized and live in poverty, unable to find employment 

Europe
Western Europe
France
While census collection of ethnic background is illegal in France, it is estimated that there are about 2 5 – 5 million black people residing there 

Germany
As of 2020, there are approximately one million black people living in Germany 

Netherlands
Afro-Dutch are residents of the Netherlands who are of Black African or Afro-Caribbean ancestry  They tend to be from the former and present Dutch overseas territories of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Suriname  The Netherlands also has sizable Cape Verdean and other African communities 

Portugal
As of 2021, there were at least 232,000 people of recent Black-African immigrant background living in Portugal  They mainly live in the regions of Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra  As Portugal doesn't collect information dealing with ethnicity, the estimate includes only people that, as of 2021, hold the citizenship of a Sub Saharan African country or people who have acquired Portuguese citizenship from 2008 to 2021, thus excluding descendants, people of more distant African ancestry or people who have settled in Portugal generations ago and are now Portuguese citizens 

Spain
The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber ancestry, whether living in North Africa or Iberia  Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people  Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans alike Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for "black"  Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron"  "In Isidore's day, Moors were black by definition   "Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African ancestry  Today, they mainly come from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal  Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea  Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain 

United Kingdom
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were more than a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0 8% as "Black African", and 0 2% as "Black other"  Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was of those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush and, hence, those who migrated between 1948 and 1970 are known as the Windrush generation  The preferred official umbrella term is "black, Asian and minority ethnic" (BAME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin" 

Eastern Europe
As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia  Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many black Africans  This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc 

Balkans
Due to the slave trade in the Ottoman Empire that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community  In 1878, that community consisted of about 100 people 

Oceania
Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement  While originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects  Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents  Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour  The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time  A 1913 report by Baldwin Spencer states that:

the half-castes belong neither to the aboriginal nor to the whites, yet, on the whole, they have more leaning towards the former;     One thing is certain and that is that the white population as a whole will never mix with half-castes    the best and kindest thing is to place them on reserves along with the natives, train them in the same schools and encourage them to marry amongst themselves 
After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and, by 1930, fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern  Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

generally by the fifth and invariably by the sixth generation, all native characteristics of the Australian Aborigine are eradicated  The problem of our half-castes will quickly be eliminated by the complete disappearance of the black race, and the swift submergence of their progeny in the white 
The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"  This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people and prohibited from speaking their native language and practicing traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation 

The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people  In a 1967 referendum, more than 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census  During this period, many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride  Activist Bob Maza said:

I only hope that when I die I can say I'm black and it's beautiful to be black  It is this sense of pride which we are trying to give back to the aborigine [sic] today 
In 1978, Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography  In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal in 1990 to include any:

person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent who identifies as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander and is accepted as such by the community in which he [or she] lives
This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander  The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies  In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin color, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticized for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin 

Melanesians
The region of Melanesia is named from Greek μέλας, black, and νῆσος, island, etymologically meaning "islands of black [people]", in reference to the dark skin of the indigenous peoples  Early European settlers, such as Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, noted the resemblance of the people to those in Africa 

Melanesians, along with other Pacific Islanders, were frequently deceived or coerced during the 19th and 20th centuries into forced labour for sugarcane, cotton, and coffee planters in countries distant to their native lands in a practice known as blackbirding  In Queensland, some 55,000 to 62,500 were brought from the New Hebrides, the Solomon Islands, and New Guinea to work in sugarcane fields  Under the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901, most islanders working in Queensland were repatriated back to their homelands  
Those who remained in Australia, commonly called South Sea Islanders, often faced discrimination similarly to Indigenous Australians by white-dominated society  Many indigenous rights activists have South Sea Islander ancestry, including Faith Bandler, Evelyn Scott and Bonita Mabo 
Many Melanesians have taken up the term 'Melanesia' as a way to empower themselves as a collective people  Stephanie Lawson writes that the term "moved from a term of denigration to one of affirmation, providing a positive basis for contemporary subregional identity as well as a formal organisation" : 14  For instance, the term is used in the Melanesian Spearhead Group, which seeks to promote economic growth among Melanesian countries 

Other
John Caesar, nicknamed "Black Caesar", a convict and bushranger with parents born in an unknown area in Africa, was one of the first people of recent black African ancestry to arrive in Australia At the 2006 Census, 248,605 residents declared that they were born in Africa  This figure pertains to all immigrants to Australia who were born in nations in Africa regardless of race, and includes white Africans 

North America
Canada
"Black Canadians" is a designation used for people of black African ancestry who are citizens or permanent residents of Canada  The majority of black Canadians are of Caribbean origin, though the population also consists of African American immigrants and their descendants (including black Nova Scotians), as well as many African immigrants Black Canadians often draw a distinction between those of Afro-Caribbean ancestry and those of other African roots  The term African Canadian is occasionally used by some black Canadians who trace their heritage to the first slaves brought by British and French colonists to the North American mainland  Promised freedom by the British during the American Revolutionary War, thousands of Black Loyalists were resettled by the Crown in Canada afterward, such as Thomas Peters  In addition, an estimated ten to thirty thousand fugitive slaves reached freedom in Canada from the Southern United States during the Antebellum years, aided by people along the Underground Railroad 
Many black people of Caribbean origin in Canada reject the term "African Canadian" as an elision of the uniquely Caribbean aspects of their heritage, and instead identify as Caribbean Canadian  Unlike in the United States, where "African American" has become a widely used term, in Canada controversies associated with distinguishing African or Caribbean heritage have resulted in the term "black Canadian" being widely accepted there 

United States
There were eight principal areas used by Europeans to buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere  The number of enslaved people sold to the New World varied throughout the slave trade  As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity, certain areas produced far more enslaved people than others  Between 1650 and 1900, 10 24 million enslaved West Africans arrived in the Americas from the following regions in the following proportions:
Senegambia (Senegal and The Gambia): 4 8%
Upper Guinea (Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone): 4 1%
Windward Coast (Liberia and Ivory Coast): 1 8%
Gold Coast (Ghana and east of Ivory Coast): 10 4%
Bight of Benin (Togo, Benin and Nigeria west of the Niger Delta): 20 2%
Bight of Biafra (Nigeria east of the Niger Delta, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon): 14 6%
West Central Africa (Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola): 39 4%
Southeastern Africa (Mozambique and Madagascar): 4 7%
By the early 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States  In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms  After the American Civil Rights Movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black"  Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive  This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s  One well-known example is the use by Dr  Rev  Martin Luther King Jr  of "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream  During the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse  Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam Since the late 1960s, various other terms for African Americans have been more widespread in popular usage  Aside from black American, these include Afro-American (in use from the late 1960s to 1990) and African American (used in the United States to refer to Black Americans, people often referred to in the past as American Negroes) In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color  Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof  However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists  In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together  This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique  A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and African-American English  This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names The U S  racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry (in any discernible percentage)  There are also certain cultural traits associated with being "African American", a term used effectively as a synonym for "black person" within the United States 
In March 1807, Great Britain, which largely controlled the Atlantic, declared the transatlantic slave trade illegal, as did the United States  (The latter prohibition took effect 1 January 1808, the earliest date on which Congress had the power to do so after protecting the slave trade under Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution )
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic  Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the United States  They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa  In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American"  A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church  African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s The term black was used throughout but not frequently since it carried a certain stigma  In his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech, Martin Luther King Jr  uses the terms negro fifteen times and black four times  Each time that he uses black, it is in parallel construction with white; for example, "black men and white men" With the successes of the American Civil Rights Movement, a new term was needed to break from the past and help shed the reminders of legalized discrimination  In place of Negro, activists promoted the use of black as standing for racial pride, militancy, and power  Some of the turning points included the use of the term "Black Power" by Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) and the popular singer James Brown's song "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud" 
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc  Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status  However, controversy continues over which, if any, of the two terms is more appropriate  Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin  Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although black Americans helped found the United States  Still others believe that the term "black" is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones  Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings In the U S  census race definitions, black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in the black racial groups of Africa  According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa  The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification, since not all immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are "black"  The Census Bureau also notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological According to U S  Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American  The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities (~95%)  Immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term Recent surveys of African Americans using a genetic testing service have found varied ancestries that show different tendencies by region and sex of ancestors  These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73 2–80 9% West African, 18–24% European, and 0 8–0 9% Native American genetic heritage, with large variation between individuals According to studies in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, U S  residents consistently overestimate the size, physical strength, and formidability of young black men 

One-drop rule
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry  This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century  Legally, the definition varied from state to state  Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War  For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held in slavery persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662 
Outside of the United States, some other countries have adopted the one-drop rule, but the definition of who is black and the extent to which the one-drop "rule" applies varies greatly from country to country 
The one-drop rule may have originated as a means of increasing the number of black slaves and was maintained as an attempt to keep the white race "pure"  One of the results of the one-drop rule was the uniting of the African-American community  Some of the most prominent abolitionists and civil-rights activists of the 19th century were multiracial, such as Frederick Douglass, Robert Purvis and James Mercer Langston  They advocated equality for all 

Blackness
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values  To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior  Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people  Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness"  Clinton welcomed the label The question of blackness also arose in the Democrat Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign  Commentators questioned whether Obama, who was elected the first president with black ancestry, was "black enough", contending that his background is not typical because his mother was a white American and his father was a black student visitor from Kenya  Obama chose to identify as black and African American 

Mexico
Caribbean
Dominican Republic
The first Afro-Dominican slaves were shipped to the Dominican Republic by Spanish conquistadors during the Transatlantic slave trade 

Puerto Rico
Spanish conquistadors shipped slaves from West Africa to Puerto Rico  Afro-Puerto Ricans in part trace ancestry to this colonization of the island 

South America
Approximately 12 million people were shipped from Africa to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888  Of these, 11 5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean  Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5 5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2 76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1 59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1 32 million  Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean  In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean  In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts 

Brazil
The concept of race in Brazil is complex  A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of their parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from  Between an individual of unmixed West African ancestry and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color  These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest  In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil  It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin  The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white  Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status 

Statistics
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3 5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil  The territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas  Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals  Brazil has the largest population of Afro-ancestry outside Africa  In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government in Brazil and the later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws  As in other Latin American countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward  In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white spouses, and their descendants became accepted as white  As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood  According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6 2% identified as black, and 39 5% identified as pardo (brown)—a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons In the 19th century, a philosophy of racial whitening emerged in Brazil, related to the assimilation of mixed-race people into the white population through intermarriage  Until recently the government did not keep data on race  However, statisticians estimate that in 1835, roughly 50% of the population was preto (black; most were enslaved), a further 20% was pardo (brown), and 25% white, with the remainder Amerindian  Some classified as pardo were tri-racial 
By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6 2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white  Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing  A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry 

Race relations in Brazil
According to the 2010 census, 6 7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6 2% in 2000, and 43 1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38 5%  In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities The philosophy of the racial democracy in Brazil has drawn some criticism, based on economic issues  Brazil has one of the largest gaps in income distribution in the world  The richest 10% of the population earn 28 times the average income of the bottom 40%  The richest 10 percent is almost exclusively white or predominantly European in ancestry  One-third of the population lives under the poverty line, with blacks and other people of color accounting for 70 percent of the poor 

In 2015 United States, African Americans, including multiracial people, earned 76 8% as much as white people  By contrast, black and mixed race Brazilians earned on average 58% as much as whites in 2014  The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color  Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color 

Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle, whereas the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African ancestry between those with more or less ancestry and helped sustain an image of the country as an example of post-colonial harmony  This has hindered the development of a common identity among black Brazilians Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians  The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color 
Patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity 

Colombia
Afro-Colombians are the third-largest African diaspora population in Latin America after Afro-Brazilians and Afro-Haitians 

Venezuela
Most black Venezuelans descend from people brought as slaves to Venezuela directly from Africa during colonization; others have been descendants of immigrants from the Antilles and Colombia  Many blacks were part of the independence movement, and several managed to be heroes  There is a deep-rooted heritage of African culture in Venezuelan culture, as demonstrated in many traditional Venezuelan music and dances, such as the Tambor, a musical genre inherited from black members of the colony, or the Llanera music or the Gaita zuliana that both are a fusion of all the three major peoples that contribute to the cultural heritage  Also, black inheritance is present in the country's gastronomy 
There are entire communities of blacks in the Barlovento zone, as well as part of the Bolívar state and in other small towns; they also live peaceably among the general population in the rest of Venezuela  Currently, blacks represent a plurality of the Venezuelan population, although many are actually mixed people 

See also
African diaspora
Afrophobia
Black elite
Black supremacy
Black women
Lists of black people
Mulatto
Negrito
San Basilio de Palenque, the first free African town in the Americas
Scientific racism
Zambo
Passage 7:
Mother-in-Law (song)
"Mother-in-Law" is a 1961 song recorded by Ernie K-Doe  It was a number-one hit in the U S  on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the Billboard R&B chart  The song was written and produced by Allen Toussaint, who also played the piano solo  It was issued by Minit Records 
After several unsuccessful takes, Toussaint balled up the composition and threw it away as he was leaving the room  One of the backup singers, Willie Harper, thought that it was such a good song that he convinced K-Doe to give it one more try A cover version by The Newbeats was also included on their 1965 album Big Beat Sounds By The Newbeats 

See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1961
List of number-one R&B singles of 1961 (U S )
Mother-in-law joke
Passage 8:
Balestrand
Balestrand is a former municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway  It was located on the northern shore of the Sognefjorden in the traditional district of Sogn  The administrative center was the village of Balestrand  Other villages in the municipality included Ese, Kvamme, Låne, Sæle, Tjugum, and Vetlefjorden 
The municipality was situated at the confluence of the Fjærlandsfjorden/Esefjorden and the main Sognefjorden  The major industries in the municipality were tourism and farming  Balestrand became popular early due to the interest of artists, such as Hans Gude, Kjartan Lauritzen, Alfred Heaton Cooper, Hans Dahl, and Johannes Flintoe  Their paintings of the scenery around Balestrand inspired visitors, and Balestrand maintains its connection with art  Other industries include made-to-order kitchen interiors, local apple juice, and Nesseplast which produces industrial plastic  The Norwegian County Road 13 runs through the municipality 
At the time of its dissolution in 2020, the 430-square-kilometre (170 sq mi) municipality was the 231st largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway  Balestrand was the 370th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,272  The municipality's population density was 3 1 inhabitants per square kilometre (8 0/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 5 1% over the previous decade In 2016, the chief of police for Vestlandet formally suggested a reconfiguration of police districts and stations  He proposed that the police station in Balestrand be closed 

General information
Balestrand was established as a municipality in 1850 when the three sub-parishes (sokn) of Vangsnes, Tjugum, and Mundal in the northwestern part of the large Leikanger municipality were separated to form the new municipality of Balestrand  The initial population of the municipality was 2,122  In 1861, the Mundal sub-parish was renamed Fjærland During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee  On 1 January 1964 the municipalities of Vik, Leikanger, and Balestrand changed their boundaries in a land trade  The sub-parish of Vangsnes (population: 189) was transferred from Balestrand to Vik, Balestrand gained the sub-parish of Kvamsøy (population: 389) from Vik, and Leikanger gained the Hella-Eitorn area (population: 31) from Balestrand  Balestrand had a population of 1,606 after the changes were completed The Fjærland area of Balestrand had always been isolated from the rest of the municipality, and only accessible by boat  In 1995, the Frudal Tunnel was completed connecting Fjærland to neighboring Sogndal municipality (not to the rest of Balestrand)  This caused discussions about Fjærland's municipal future  On 1 January 2000, the entire sub-parish of Fjærland in northern Balestrand was transferred to Sogndal municipality On 1 January 2020, Balestrand Municipality ceased to exist  The far western Nesse area of Balestrand was transferred to the neighboring Høyanger Municipality and the rest of Balestrand was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Leikanger and Sogndal to form a much larger municipality called Sogndal 

Name
The municipality is named Balestrand, a compound name for the area that was created in 1832 by the Norwegian writer Henrik Wergeland  The first element is the name of the old Bale farm (Old Norse: Bali)  The farm name is identical to the word bali which means "grassy hillside"  The last element is derived from the word strǫnd which means "beach" or "shore"  Thus the "shore along the grassy hillside "

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 23 October 1989  The official blazon is "Azure, a down-pointing sword argent issuant from the base" (Norwegian: På blå grunn eit oppveksande nedvend sølv sverd)  This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is the hilt of a Viking sword  The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used  The design symbolizes an old Viking sword found in the burial mound in Balestrand  The sword is belived to belong to King Bele from Frithiof's Saga  The arms were designed by Inge Rotevatn  The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms 

Churches
The Church of Norway had one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Balestrand  It was part of the Sogn prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin 

There is also one Anglican church in Balestrand:

St  Olaf's Church (built in 1897) is located in the village of Balestrand 

Government
While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads  During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives  The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council  The municipality was under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal 

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Balestrand is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms  The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Mayors
The mayors of Balestrand:

Geography
Balestrand was located between the high snow-covered Gaularfjellet mountains in the center of the beautiful, lush Sognefjorden  Three fjord arms stretch inland, winding through the mountains and dotted with charming hamlets: Lånefjorden, Esefjorden, and Vetlefjorden  The Fjærlandsfjorden runs along the eastern border of the municipality  The Jostefonn glacier sits at the very northernmost part of the municipality 
Balestrand was bordered to the west by the municipalities of Høyanger and Gaular, to the north by Førde, and to the east by Sogndal and Leikanger  Across the Sognefjorden to the south is the municipality of Vik 

Attractions
Kvikne's Hotel
Built in the 19th century, the Kvikne's Hotel is one of the most famous buildings in Balestrand  The Kvikne family, who own the place, took it over in 1877  Since then the establishment has undergone constant development which continues to this day  There are many new buildings and remodeling and expansion projects have been carried out 
Today, the hotel is a highly modern facility resounding with tradition and culture  With 200 rooms, it is also one of Norway's largest fine hotels catering to tourists  An impressive collection of art and historical pieces is a central feature of the hotel's interior, and one of the elements of its distinct personality 
Kviknes Hotel was made popular for European visitors in the early part of the 20th century by Kaiser Wilhelm II, who often visited there during his summer vacations prior to World War I  The hotel still possesses the chair he used in their restaurant  The Kaiser is accompanied on the list by a number of emperors, kings, presidents, Prime ministers, film stars, and artists from many countries 

St  Olaf's Church
St  Olaf's Church, also known as the English Church, is an Anglican church built in the style of a Stave church  The church was completed in 1897 as a memorial to Margaret Green  Margaret, an English lady, came to the fjords as a tourist to hike the mountains  She met, fell in love with and married Knut Kvikne who was an avid mountain man  Being a very pious woman, she wished for an Anglican church in Balestrand  She started the church with her husband, but died before its completion  Sunday services are held during the summer months, being conducted by rotating vicars from England St  Olaf's Church is notable as the inspiration for the chapel in Elsa's coronation scene in the 2013 Disney film Frozen 

Other attractions
Songnefjord Aquarium
Balejazz summer jazz festival
Balestrand Art Village
The Norwegian Museum of Travel and Tourism

Notable people
Christian Garup Meidell (1780 in Balestrand – 1863), a military officer and politician; first Mayor of Leikanger in 1838-1839
Jakob Sverdrup (1845–1899), a Norwegian bishop and politician, raised in Balestrand
Georg Sverdrup (1848 in Balestrand – 1907), a Norwegian-American Lutheran theologian and teacher
Edvard Sverdrup (1861 in Balestrand – 1923), a Norwegian educator, author, church leader, and a key theologian in the Church of Norway in early 20thC 
Anders Johanneson Bøyum (1890 in Balestrand – 1962), a politician who was mayor of Balestrand before and after WWII
Trygve Heltveit (1913 in Balestrand – 1985), a Norwegian philologist 

See also
List of former municipalities of Norway
Passage 9:
Lodewijk Asscher
Lodewijk Frans Asscher (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈloːdəʋɛik frɑns ˈɑʃər]; born 27 September 1974) is a Dutch politician and jurist who served as Leader of the Labour Party (PvdA) from 2016 to 2021 and parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives from 2017 to 2021 
Asscher worked as a researcher at the University of Amsterdam from 1996 until 2002  He was elected as a municipal councillor of Amsterdam on 8 March 2002 and assumed the leadership of the Labour Party in the municipal council on 3 April 2004  He worked as an associate professor of Intellectual property law at the University of Amsterdam from 1 May 2002 until 1 May 2006  Asscher was the lijsttrekker (top candidate) for the PvdA in the 2006 municipal election and became Deputy Mayor and alderman on 26 April 2006  Following the resignation of Mayor of Amsterdam Job Cohen to run for the Labour Party leadership for the election of 2010, Asscher as Deputy Mayor served as ad interim Mayor of Amsterdam from 12 March 2010 until 7 July 2010  After the election of 2012 Asscher was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Social Affairs and Employment in the Cabinet Rutte II, serving from 5 November 2012 until 26 October 2017 

Early life and education
Lodewijk Frans Asscher was born on 27 September 1974 in Amsterdam in a mixed religious family; his father is of Jewish descent and his mother is Catholic  His father is a member of the centre-right People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and his mother a member of the Labour Party Asscher went to the Christelijk Gymnasium Sorghvliet in The Hague  He studied psychology (propaedeutics in 1995) and Dutch law (master's degree in 1998) at the University of Amsterdam in Amsterdam  In 2002, he received his PhD in law from the University of Amsterdam 

Politics
Amsterdam
Asscher entered the municipal council after the Dutch municipal elections of 2002  Besides his role as the group leader of the Labour Party in the Amsterdam municipal council, he took part in the commission on General Affairs 
Until 1 January 2006, Asscher taught information law at the University of Amsterdam  In his book "New Amsterdam", Asscher advocated the eventual disappearance of the red light district  A few days after the release of the book, Asscher revoked that statement, stating that he was not against prostitution, but rather against sexual slavery 
After the Dutch municipal elections of 2006, where he led the Labour Party's campaign in Amsterdam, Asscher was installed as an alderman on 26 April  His portfolio included Economics, Airport and Harbour; he also was Deputy Mayor of Amsterdam from 2006 until 2010  He served as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam from 12 March 2010 to 7 July 2010 and then became the alderman in charge of Finances until 5 November 2012 

Netherlands
On 5 November 2012, he became Minister of Social Affairs and Employment and Deputy Prime Minister in the Second Rutte cabinet  In Amsterdam he was succeeded by Eberhard van der Laan (also PvdA) 
In September 2014, Asscher announced heightened scrutiny of four Dutch-Turkish organisations that he suspected of hindering integration, including a religious group, Millî Görüş  This led to the expulsion of 2 Dutch Turkish MPs from the Labour Party after they harshly criticised the move On 9 December 2016, Asscher won the leadership of the Labour Party in an election against incumbent Diederik Samsom  He obtained 54,5% of the vote  In the Dutch general election of 2017, the PvdA suffered the biggest defeat in Dutch electoral history, receiving only 5 7% of the votes and losing 29 of its 38 seats  The PvdA did not rejoin the government after the election  Asscher was succeeded as Minister of Social Affairs and Employment by Wouter Koolmees in the Third Rutte cabinet, on 26 October 2017  While being the presumptive party leader for the 2021 parliamentary elections, Asscher withdrew as leader on 14 January 2021 with just two months before the election, due to his role as Minister of Social Affairs in the toeslagenaffaire (social benefits scandal) 

Personal
Lodewijk Asscher is married to Jildau Piena, with whom he has three sons 

Bibliography
(1999) Constitutionele convergentie van pers, omroep en telecommunicatie (Constitutional Convergence of Press, Broadcaster, and Telecommunication)
(2002) Communicatiegrondrechten (Fundamental Rights of Communication)
(2005) Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam)
(2010) De ontsluierde stad (The Unveiled City)



ground_truth: 1970s

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the brother of the Melissa and Joey Theme Song singer?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Natalie Horler
Natalie Christine Horler (born 23 September 1981) is a German singer and television presenter, best known for being the lead singer of the Eurodance group Cascada 

Early life and family
Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, West Germany, to English parents  They had moved to (then) West Germany from the United Kingdom in 1980  Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher  Horler grew up with her two siblings, Sally and Victoria  Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney films 

Musical career
Beginnings
Horler began her musical career by singing in bars and casinos  At 18, she started to work with different DJs and recorded a number of tracks  This is how she met future bandmembers Manian and Yanou  Her most notable song of her pre-Cascada era is "Piece of Heaven" as Akira  In addition, Horler appeared on the German adaptation of Star Search in 2004 

Breakthrough with Cascada
In 2004, she formed the group Cascada with DJ Manian and Yanou (the latter known for his track with DJ Sammy and Dominique van Hulst, "Heaven", released in 2002), and began touring with her dancers Essa and Falk  Originally Cascade, the group name was soon changed to Cascada due to legal issues 
On 21 February 2006, Cascada's 14-track album titled Everytime We Touch was released in the United States  Her most successful song in the U S remains the band's U S  debut single "Everytime We Touch" 
It was a worldwide hit, peaking at No  10 on the US Hot 100  In addition, it peaked at No  2 in the UK Charts, No  1 in Israel for 2 weeks and No  1 in Ireland for an impressive six weeks  Horler has stated that at that time that they were overwhelmed at their success, suggesting they came along at the right time, and were very lucky (particularly in the American market, where Eurodance music hardly accomplishes mainstream chart-success)  The success of the album gained them a World Music Award, winning them World's Best Selling German Artist in 2007  Other well-known Cascada songs include "Bad Boy", "Miracle", "Evacuate the Dancefloor", and covers such as "Truly Madly Deeply" and "What Hurts the Most" 
The band's second album, Perfect Day, was released on 3 December 2007  The album charted across Europe, peaking at No  9 in the UK Album Charts  The single "What Hurts the Most" was a success in Canada, Germany and the U S  It climbed to No  10 in the UK Charts and did even better in the Swedish charts, peaking at No  5  But its highest peak was in France at No  2, the same position it first entered  It also peaked at No  3 in the Austria Singles Charts  Other singles from the album include "Faded", "What Do You Want From Me?", and "Because the Night" 
Cascada's third studio album, Evacuate the Dancefloor, was released in the United Kingdom in July 2009  It spawned one of their most successful singles "Evacuate the Dancefloor", which was number one in the UK and Netherlands  The album itself made it to No  8 in the UK Albums Chart and No  7 in the U S  Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums  Other singles from this album include "Fever", which probably failed to chart in the UK due to no physical release  However, the single reached No  18 in the Slovak Airplay Chart and did reach No  3 in the UK Dance Chart, and the final single from this album was "Dangerous" which made it to No  2 in the Dutch Tipparade (Bubbling Under) Chart and No  10 in the Finnish Singles Chart, the song also had minor success in the UK charting at No  67 in the UK Singles Chart 
Cascada released a new single, "Pyromania", on 19 March 2010; it was the group's least successful lead single to date, failing to reach the top 40 in the UK  It did, however, reach the top 20 in France  "San Francisco" was the next single from the upcoming album, and continued the group's new electropop direction  The single made the top 20 in Austria, Germany and the Netherlands  The release of these two singles was preceded by the release of their fourth studio album, Original Me, which was released on 20 June 2011, their lowest selling album ever, reaching No  24 in the UK Albums Chart  The next single from the album was "Au Revoir" which failed to make much impact on any major chart, as did the final single, "Night Nurse" 
On 20 March 2012, Cascada released a new single, "Summer of Love"  This single was a return to Cascada's earlier dance sounds, and already improve declining record sales, reaching the top 20 in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland  The group then released a compilation album called Back on the Dancefloor 
Cascada released a new single on 22 July 2012, a cover of "The Rhythm of the Night" of Italian Eurodance group Corona which was thought to be the lead single from their fifth studio album in 2013 
Cascada's It's Christmas Time was released on 30 November 2012 

Television work
In late 2006, Horler made her first foray into television as the guest host of the viewer request show Back @ Ya on bpm:tv, a Toronto-based cable channel that broadcasts all across Canada and some parts of the United States  bpm:TV specializes in playing dance and electronica music videos  
Also in 2006, she appeared on Live with Regis and Kelly to promote her album, Everytime We Touch  She's also presented The Clubland Top 50, exclusively to the music channel, 4Music and has performed on countless television shows, mainly in Europe, one of which was promoting the UK version of Perfect Day on the UK breakfast show GMTV in 2007, performing Last Christmas live  Horler then returned to GMTV on 28 July 2008, performing "Because the Night" live  
She returned to the GMTV studios in June 2009 to perform her new single "Evacuate the Dancefloor" with Carlprit  Horler has also made numerous appearances on The Dome, mostly to perform Cascada's latest singles although she did a one-off performance with her co-stars during the 52nd installment where she covered Heal the World  
In 2012, Horler was one of the new judges of the ninth season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar 

Personal life
Horler is bilingual and speaks German and English fluently  Horler is the daughter of the English jazz trombonist David Horler and the niece of the English jazz pianist John Horler  Horler currently resides in Bonn, Germany 

Relationships
Since 11 May 2011, Horler has been married to the banker Moritz Raffelberg; they were privately married in Italy, with Horler wearing a dress she had designed herself  She appeared on the cover of the German August 2011 issue of Playboy magazine  On 28 May 2015, Horler's management revealed that she would be expecting her first child  On 23 September 2015, her 34th birthday, Horler announced she had given birth two days before to her daughter, Jamie 
Passage 2:
Melissa & Joey
Melissa & Joey is an American television sitcom starring Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence that aired for four seasons between 2010 and 2015 on ABC Family (now Freeform)  The series follows local politician Mel Burke (Hart) and Joe Longo (Lawrence), whom Mel hires to look after her niece Lennox Scanlon (Taylor Spreitler) and nephew Ryder Scanlon (Nick Robinson) after a Ponzi scheme leaves Joe broke 
The series was picked up originally for a pilot and season one containing 12 episodes – this premiered August 17, 2010  Then, due to the success of the show, ABC Family renewed it for 18 more episodes on October 8, 2010, which premiered June 29, 2011 
The series was renewed by ABC Family for a second season of fifteen episodes, which began airing on May 30, 2012, and ended on August 29, 2012  During the second season, Melissa & Joey ranked as cable television's #1 telecast at 8 o'clock across target audiences 18–34, 18–49 and 12–34 demographics On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Melissa & Joey for a third season, set to premiere on May 29, 2013 
On May 28, 2013, ABC Family announced that the third season would be expanded by 20 episodes, and that the show had also been renewed for a fourth season, bringing the series total to 100 episodes The show proved to be quite successful for ABC Family as, in its third season, it established a 13-week high in total viewers, an eight-week high in viewers between the ages of 18–34 and 18–49 and a 15-week high in female viewers between the ages of 12–34  During the fourth season, the show reached a milestone of 100 episodes for syndication purposes but declined in the ratings  Along with most ABC Family shows, the declining number of viewers watching Melissa & Joey occurred in tandem with a general trend of reduced numbers of television network subscribers  Looking to marginalize these declines, the show accelerated the availability of its episodes to non-provider-authenticated ABC Family subscribers with Hulu Plus to three weeks post broadcast  On February 9, 2015, ABC Family announced its decision to end the series after four seasons  The series finale aired on August 5, 2015 

Series overview
Mel is a local politician from a political family   When a family scandal leaves her niece, Lennox, and nephew, Ryder, without their parents, Mel takes them in   Meanwhile, Joe is a former commodities trader left bankrupt after a Ponzi scheme, and finds himself searching for a job  So when Mel finds it hard to handle an instant family and her own life, she hires Joe to become the family's new male nanny, or "manny" 
The show stars two former teen idols who were notable for roles they played in popular 1990s sitcoms, Lawrence for Blossom and Hart for Sabrina, the Teenage Witch  Hart and Lawrence are both listed as executive producers of the series, and have each directed individual episodes 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Melanie Alison "Mel" Burke (Melissa Joan Hart) is a city councilwoman in Toledo, Ohio (the youngest in the city's history, as Mel repeatedly brags)  She is also a senator's daughter  Growing up, she was a rebellious, irresponsible party girl, and now she must take care of her niece and nephew after their mother (her sister, Meredith) was arrested for money laundering and their father disappeared to avoid arrest for running a Ponzi scheme  She started dating Joe in "A Decent Proposal"  She accepted his proposal in season 3 episode 32 "Right Time, Right Place", and they marry at the end of "At Last"  She runs for Congress in season 4 and learns that she and Joe are having twins 
Joseph Paul "Joe" Longo (Joey Lawrence) is a former executive and commodities trader with an MBA who lost his job, money and marriage in the wake of Mel's brother-in-law's Ponzi scheme and wound up living in his car  Seeing that Mel needed help raising her niece and nephew (and that he needed a job), he has agreed to be the live-in nanny/ house manager to assist Mel and give advice to the kids  He was born in a U S  Army hospital in Uijeongbu, South Korea, and raised in Secaucus, New Jersey  He also has a brother named Tony who briefly dated Mel and a sister named Teresa  It was revealed he has a 13-year-old daughter named Dani (Jada Facer) with a woman named Felicia (Brooke Burke)  He started dating Mel in "A Decent Proposal"  He proposed to her in "Right time, right place" and they get married in "At Last"  In season 4 he writes a book and in the series finale it is published, he is also invited to go on a book tour 
Lennox Elizabeth Scanlon (Taylor Spreitler) is a free-spirited teenage girl who, at first, is against the idea of living with her aunt, but soon comes to terms with it  Lennox is known for her artsy, hipster style and extremely vocal liberal views and ideas  Her longest relationship thus far has been with Zander  They broke up when he left Ohio for school in Vermont and Lennox stayed in Toledo to attend the University of Toledo  They get back together, but then break up again after Zander finds out that Lennox had a relationship with Joe's nephew, Marco; then Zander slept with his roommate, keeping them apart  In "At Last", she hooked up with Marco to forget about Zander, but continued their relationship afterwards and in the series finale she and Zander get engaged 
Ryder Scanlon (Nick Robinson) is Mel's nephew, and the youngest in the household  In the Pilot, it is mentioned that he suffered a nervous breakdown and burned his father's suits in the driveway  Like many teenage boys his age, he enjoys watching television and playing sports and chasing girls  Lennox often makes jabs at her brother for being a "nerd", but it is not clear if this is true or just a brother-sister teasing relationship  Ryder is suspended from school in Season 3 for smoking marijuana on a school trip  In Season 4 he joins the Navy and is stationed in Portsmouth, Virginia 

Recurring
Stephanie Krause (Lucy DeVito) is Mel's legislative assistant and former intern, beginning with episode 7  Hyperactive and fiercely loyal, Stephanie is keen to schedule interviews, photo opportunities, and media coverage for Mel  She regularly exhibits that she has a crush on Joe 
Rhonda Cheng (Elizabeth Ho) is Mel's press secretary appearing in 5 of the 6 first episodes  She's a giddy yet loyal friend to her and always gives her dating and/or parenting advice 
Tiffany Longo (Megan Hilty) is Joe's former wife, first seen in episode 13  Their on-again, off-again relationship is punctuated by bouts of lovemaking in unusual places 
Holly Rebeck (Rachel G  Fox) is Ryder's extremely aggressive, controlling girlfriend  She is often manipulative, jealous, and conceited, and Ryder is usually submissive to her demands  Later on, she gets help with her "controlling" issues, though sometimes she can't help but be a bit demanding  She broke up with Ryder in the beginning of the third season after she found out he smoked pot on the school trip 
George Karpelos, Jr  (Scott Michael Foster) is Mel's 24-year-old lover, starting with episode 21  He is an independent business entrepreneur who loves bicycling  Their relationship is put on hold when George moves to Italy for business, and later, Mel breaks it off 
Roman Maizes (Chris Brochu), a nerd and Lennox's boyfriend in the first season 
Russell Burke (Christopher Rich) is Mel's father, the former Senator of Ohio, who is very indulgent to his grandchildren and tends to undermine Mel's authority with them  He left his wife Monica for a 28-year-old yoga instructor but returns to his wife when Mel informs the yoga instructor that her father had a vasectomy 
Elena Romanov (Anya Monzikova) is a Russian businesswoman whom Joe marries at the end of the second season  Their marriage ends when she moves back to Russia to testify for an old colleague 
Leo Larbeck (Joel McKinnon Miller), the friendly contractor who helped Mel and Joe remodel the house in the beginning of the second season 
Jackie (Christine Lakin), Mel's best friend from college, who is her only other single friend  She plans to get a sperm donor to have a baby without having to marry someone, and Mel unwittingly leads her to purchase Joey's sperm 
Haskell Davis (Gregg Sulkin), Lennox's boyfriend in the second season 
Aidan Haber (Cody Linley), the president of the Spirit Committee at Lennox and Ryder's school  Became romantically involved with Lennox in the second season 
Monica Burke (Rita Rudner), Mel's neurotic mother who gets back together with her husband Russell after Mel ruins his relationship with his mistress by telling her about his vasectomy 
Austin (Trevor Donovan) is Mel's childhood friend who is back in town 
Noah (Justin Hartley) Mel's boyfriend in season 3, who temporarily moves in with her after his apartment floods 
Zander Carlson (Sterling Knight), Lennox's boyfriend in the third and fourth season  He is also a talented artist, and provides illustrations for Lennox's web series "Cassandra " After a car accident, Zander and Lennox decided to take their relationship to the next level and got engaged in the series finale 
Keira (Sadie Calvano), Ryder's girlfriend in the third season 
Dani Mancini (Jada Facer), Joey's long-lost daughter, revealed in late season three  She decided to live with Joey and Mel while her mother goes on tour  After her mother returned, Dani moved back with her, but still keeps in touch with Joey and Mel 
Felicia Mancini (Brooke Burke), Dani's mother who works as a professional band massager 
Anthony "Tony" Longo (Matthew Lawrence), Joe's younger brother  Actor Matthew Lawrence and Joey Lawrence are brothers 
Marco (Kevin Fonteyne) Joey's nephew and Lennox's ex-boyfriend who she dumped when he left for Japan for six months 
McKenna Cederstrom (Greer Grammer), an aspiring actress who Lennox and Zander hire for the role of "Cassandra" in their film  She and Zander become romantically involved, until realizing he still loves Lennox 
Noelle (Hayley Erin), Lennox's friend who develops a crush on Ryder 

Development and production
The series marks the second time Hart and Lawrence have co-starred together in an ABC Family production; their first was the 2009 television film, My Fake Fiance  Melissa & Joey was criticized early on for lacking sufficient chemistry between the leads and a "will they, won't they" theme present in their earlier project, My Fake Fiance On October 8, 2010, ABC Family announced their order of an additional 20 episodes for the first season, creating a season of 30 episodes  The mid-season finale for season one aired on October 26, 2010  The second half of the first season began airing on June 29, 2011   On July 11, 2011, ABC Family announced that Melissa & Joey had been picked up for a second season  On August 17, 2012, ABC Family announced that Melissa & Joey had been picked up for a third season Both Lawrence and Hart directed episodes in season two  Lawrence's episode is called "Wherefore Art Thou Lennox" and Hart was the first woman to direct an episode of the series The series was filmed before a live studio audience at CBS Studio Center stage 14 
The house used for exteriors is located in the Hancock Park area of Los Angeles On February 9, 2015,  ABC Family announced its decision to end the series after four seasons 

Broadcast
Melissa & Joey premiered on STAR World India on October 6, 2011  In Southeast Asia, it premiered on STAR World in 2011  In the United Kingdom, all episodes were put on Sky On Demand on July 1, 2014 and began airing on E4 on July 28, 2014 

Home media
On May 24, 2011, Shout! Factory released Melissa & Joey: Season One, Part One on DVD in Region 1  Special features include a sneak peek of the remaining season 1 episodes, bloopers, and featurettes with Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence  On October 4, 2011, Shout! Factory released Melissa & Joey: Season One, Part Two on DVD in Region 1, collecting the final 18 episodes of season one in a 2-disc set 

Reception
Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, first season holds an approval rating of 45% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 6 50/10  On Metacritic, the first season of the show holds a score 53 out of 100 based on reviews from 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews "

Ratings
The show stood as Wednesday's #1 cable TV telecast at 8 o'clock in Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Women 18–49  and Females 12–34 Demographics  The show continued to dominate its cable time period during its second season, ranking #1 across key measures Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Adults 18–49, Women 18–49, Viewers 12–34 and Females 12–34 The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode, each season of Melissa & Joey on ABC Family 

Accolades
Passage 3:
List of Melissa & Joey episodes
Melissa & Joey is an American television sitcom starring Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence  The series revolves around Melanie "Mel" Burke (Hart), an up-and-coming local politician who hires Joseph  "Joe" Longo (Lawrence), a recently divorced commodities broker, as the nanny for her niece and nephew  The series premiered on August 17, 2010, on ABC Family 
Melissa & Joey stood as Wednesday's No 1 cable TV telecast at 8 o'clock in Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Women 18–49  and Females 12–34 Demographics  Season 2 also dominated its cable time period, ranking No 1 across key measures Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Adults 18–49, Women 18–49, Viewers 12–34 and Females 12–34 On February 9, 2015, ABC Family decided to end the show after four seasons and a total of 104 episodes for the series  The series finale aired on August 5, 2015 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2010–11)
Season 2 (2012)
Season 3 (2013–14)
Season 4 (2014–15)
Ratings
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Passage 4:
Dad's Army
Dad's Army is a British television sitcom about the United Kingdom's Home Guard during the Second World War  It was written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft, and originally broadcast on BBC1 from 31 July 1968 to 13 November 1977  It ran for nine series and 80 episodes in total; a feature film released in 1971, a stage show and a radio version based on the television scripts were also produced  The series regularly gained audiences of 18 million viewers and is still shown internationally 
The Home Guard consisted of local volunteers otherwise ineligible for military service, either because of age (hence the title Dad's Army), medical reasons or by being in professions exempt from conscription  Most of the platoon members in Dad's Army are over military age and the series stars several older British actors, including Arnold Ridley, John Laurie, Arthur Lowe and John Le Mesurier  Younger members of the cast included Ian Lavender, Clive Dunn (who, despite being one of the younger cast members, played the oldest guardsman, Lance Corporal Jones) and James Beck (who died suddenly during production of the sixth series in 1973)  Other regular cast members included Frank Williams as the vicar and Bill Pertwee as the chief ARP warden 
The series has influenced British popular culture, with its catchphrases and characters being well known  The Radio Times magazine listed Captain Mainwaring's "You stupid boy!" among the 25 greatest put-downs on TV  A 2001 Channel 4 poll ranked Captain Mainwaring 21st on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters  In 2004, Dad's Army came fourth in a BBC poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom  It was placed 13th in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000 and voted for by industry professionals  A second feature film of Dad's Army with a different cast was released in 2016 In 2019, UKTV recreated three missing episodes for broadcast in August that year on its Gold channel under the title Dad's Army: The Lost Episodes, starring Kevin McNally and Robert Bathurst as Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson 

Origins
Originally intended to be called The Fighting Tigers, Dad's Army was based partly on co-writer and creator Jimmy Perry's experiences in the Local Defence Volunteers (LDV, later known as the Home Guard) and highlighted a somewhat forgotten aspect of defence during the Second World War  Perry was only seventeen years old when he joined the 10th Hertfordshire Battalion  His mother did not like him being out at night, and feared he might catch cold; he partly resembled the character of Private Pike  An elderly Lance Corporal in the 10th Hertfordshire often referred to fighting under Kitchener against the "Fuzzy Wuzzies" (Hadendoa), and was the model for Corporal Jones 
Other influences included the work of comedians such as Will Hay, whose film Oh, Mr Porter! featured a pompous ass, an old man and a young man; together, this gave Perry the ideas for Mainwaring, Godfrey and Pike  Film historian Jeffrey Richards has cited Lancastrian comedian Robb Wilton as a key influence; he portrayed a work-shy husband who joined the Home Guard in numerous comic sketches during WW2 Perry wrote the first script and gave it to David Croft while working as a minor actor in the Croft-produced sitcom Hugh and I, originally intending the role of the spiv, later called Walker, to be his own  Croft was impressed and sent the script to Michael Mills, the BBC's Head of Comedy and the series was commissioned In his book Dad's Army, Graham McCann explains that the show owes much to Michael Mills  It was he who renamed the show Dad's Army  He did not like Brightsea-on-Sea, so the location was changed to Walmington-on-Sea  He was happy with the names for the characters Mainwaring, Godfrey and Pike, but not with other names, and he made suggestions: Private Jim Duck became Frazer, Joe Fish became Joe Walker and Jim Jones became Jack Jones  He also suggested adding a Scot  Jimmy Perry had produced the original idea but needed a more experienced partner to see it through  Mills suggested David Croft and this launched the beginning of their association 
When an episode was shown to members of the public to gauge audience reaction prior to broadcast of the first series, the majority of the audience thought it was very poor  The production team put the report containing the negative comments at the bottom of David Croft's in-tray  He only saw it several months later, after the series had been broadcast and received a positive response 

Situation
The show is set in the fictional seaside town of Walmington-on-Sea, on the south coast of England  The exterior scenes were mostly filmed in and around the Stanford Training Area [STANTA], near Thetford, Norfolk  Walmington, and its Home Guard platoon, would be on the front line in the event of a German invasion across the English Channel  The first series has a loose narrative thread, with Captain Mainwaring's platoon being formed and equipped, initially with wooden guns and LDV armbands, later on with full army uniforms; the platoon is part of the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment 
The first episode, "The Man and the Hour", begins with a scene set in the "present day" of 1968, in which Mainwaring addresses his old platoon as part of the contemporary '"I'm Backing Britain" campaign  The prologue opening was a condition imposed after initial concerns from Paul Fox, the BBC1 controller, that it belittled the efforts of the Home Guard  After Mainwaring relates how he had backed Britain in 1940, the episode proper begins; Dad's Army is thus told in flashback, although the final episode does not return to 1968  Later episodes are largely self-contained, albeit referring to previous events and with additional character development 
As the comedy in many ways relies on the platoon's lack of participation in the Second World War, opposition to their activities has to come from another quarter and this is generally provided by Air Raid Precautions (ARP) Warden Hodges, and sometimes by the verger of the local church (St Aldhelm's) or by Captain Square and the neighbouring Eastgate Home Guard platoon  The group does have some encounters related to the enemy, such as downed German planes, a Luftwaffe pilot who parachutes into the town's clock tower, a U-boat crew and discarded parachutes that may have been German; a Viennese ornithologist appears in "Man Hunt" and an IRA suspect appears in "Absent Friends" 
The humour ranges from the subtle (especially the class-reversed relationship between grammar school-educated Mainwaring, the local bank manager, and public school-educated Wilson, his deputy at the bank) to the slapstick (the antics of the elderly Jones being a prime example)  Jones had several catchphrases, including "Don't panic!" (while panicking himself), "They don't like it up 'em", "Permission to speak, sir?" and talk about the "Fuzzy-Wuzzies"  Mainwaring says "You stupid boy" to Pike in many episodes  Other cast members used catch phrases including Sergeant Wilson who regularly asked, "Do you think that's wise, sir?" when Captain Mainwaring made a suggestion 
The early series occasionally include darker humour, reflecting that, especially early in the war, the Home Guard was woefully under-equipped but was still willing to resist the Wehrmacht  For instance, in the episode "The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage", the platoon believes the enemy has invaded Britain  Mainwaring, Godfrey, Frazer and Jones (along with Godfrey's sisters, who are completely unaware of the invasion) decide to stay at the cottage to delay the German advance, buying the regular army time to arrive with reinforcements; "It'll probably be the end of us, but we're ready for that, aren't we, men?", says Mainwaring  "Of course", replies Frazer 

Characters
Main characters
Captain George Mainwaring () (Arthur Lowe), the pompous, if essentially brave and unerringly patriotic local bank manager, Mainwaring appointed himself leader of his town's contingent of Local Defence Volunteers  He had been a lieutenant in the First World War but is embarrassed by the fact that he never saw combat, being sent to France only in 1919 after the Armistice and then part of the Army of Occupation in Germany  The character, along with Wilson and Pike, also appeared in the pilot episode of the radio series It Sticks Out Half a Mile  Due to the death of Arthur Lowe, the first episode of the full series of the radio comedy was remade with the character of Hodges replacing Mainwaring 
Sergeant Arthur Wilson (John Le Mesurier), a diffident, upper-middle-class chief bank clerk who would quietly question Mainwaring's judgement ("Do you think that's wise, sir?")  Wilson had actually served as a captain during the First World War, but he only reveals this in the final episode  He does not live with the Pike family but is implied to be in a relationship with the widowed Mrs Pike  This hinted relationship would also be mentioned in the later radio series It Sticks Out Half a Mile, set after the end of the war 
Lance Corporal Jack Jones (Clive Dunn), the local butcher, born in 1870  Jones was an old campaigner who enlisted as a drummer boy at the age of 14 and participated, as a boy soldier, in the Gordon Relief Expedition of 1884–85 and, as an adult, in Kitchener's campaign in the Sudan in 1896–98  Jones also served during the Boer War and the Great War  He often suffers from the effects of malaria caught during one of his campaigns and has to be calmed during his "shudders"  Often seen as fastidious and a worrier, he has a number of catchphrases, including "They don't like it up em!" and "don't panic, don't panic!", which he says when panicking  Dunn was considerably younger than his character, being only 48 at the start of filming  This meant he often performed the physical comedy of the show, which some of the older cast members were no longer capable of 
Private James Frazer (John Laurie), a dour Scottish former Chief Petty Officer on HMS Defiant in the Royal Navy  He served at the Battle of Jutland as a ship's cook and also has a medal for having served on Shackleton's Antarctic expedition  He grew up on the Isle of Barra  In episode one, he states that he owns a philately shop, but subsequently his profession is changed to an undertaker  His catchphrase was "We're doomed  Doomed!"
Private Joe Walker (James Beck), a black market spiv, Walker was one of only two able-bodied men of military age among the main characters (the other one being Private Pike)  In the first episode, Walker claimed he was not called up to the regular army because he was in a reserved occupation as a wholesale supplier  In one of the missing episodes, it was revealed that he was not called up because of an allergy to corned beef  Although always on the lookout to make money, Walker is also seen to support local charities, including a children's home  Following James Beck's death in 1973, Walker was written out of the series 
Private Charles Godfrey (Arnold Ridley), a retired shop assistant who had worked at the Army & Navy Store in London  He lives in Walmington with his elderly sisters and serves as the platoon's medical orderly  He has a weak bladder and often needs to "be excused"  A conscientious objector during the First World War, he was nevertheless awarded the Military Medal for heroic actions as a combat medic during the Battle of the Somme  He also demonstrated bravery during his Home Guard service particularly during the "Branded" episode where Mainwaring, unconscious in a smoke-filled room, is rescued by Godfrey 
Private Frank Pike (Ian Lavender), the youngest of the platoon, a cosseted, somewhat immature mother's boy, often wearing a thick scarf over his uniform to prevent illness and a frequent target for Mainwaring's derision ("You stupid boy!")  Pike is not called up to the regular army due to his rare blood group (in series 8 he is excused for this reason)  He works for Mainwaring in his day job as an assistant bank clerk  He frequently addresses Sergeant Wilson as "Uncle Arthur" (On the last day of filming, David Croft confirmed to Lavender that Wilson was Pike's father ) Pike would later appear in the radio series It Sticks Out Half a Mile 

Supporting characters
ARP Chief Warden William Hodges (Bill Pertwee), the platoon's major rival and nemesis  He calls Mainwaring "Napoleon"  Mainwaring looks down on him as the local greengrocer and dislikes that Hodges saw active service in the First World War  As an Air Raid Precautions (ARP) warden, he is always demanding that people "put that light out"  To the home guard he often calls "You ruddy hooligans!" The character of Hodges would later appear in the radio series It Sticks Out Half a Mile, although not in the pilot episode 
Reverend Timothy Farthing (Frank Williams), the effete, petulant vicar of St Aldhelm's Church  He reluctantly shares his church hall and office with the platoon   In several episodes of the series, it was implied that the character was a non-active closet gay 
Maurice Yeatman (Edward Sinclair), the verger at St Aldhelm's Church and Scoutmaster of the local Sea Scout troop  He is often hostile to the platoon while frequently sycophantic towards the vicar, who often struggles to tolerate him and frequently employs the catchphrase "Oh do be quiet, Mr Yeatman" 
Mrs Mavis Pike (Janet Davies), Pike's overbearing widowed mother, who is often implied to be in a relationship with Sergeant Wilson  Liz Fraser replaced Janet Davies in the 1971 film version 
Mrs Fox (Pamela Cundell), a glamorous widow  There is a mutual attraction with Corporal Jones and the couple marry in the last episode  Illicit little "extras" are passed across the counter on her regular visits to Jones's butcher's shop and she helps the platoon with official functions  In the episode "Mum's Army", she gives her Christian name as Marcia, but by the final episode she is addressed as Mildred 
Private Sponge (Colin Bean), a sheep farmer  He led the members of the platoon's second section (the first section being led by Corporal Jones) and thus had only occasional speaking parts, although his character became more prominent in later series  He appeared in 76 of the 80 episodes 
Mr Claude Gordon (Eric Longworth), the Walmington town clerk often involved when the platoon is taking part in local parades and displays  Although generally civil with Captain Mainwaring and his men, he is an officious and somewhat pompous individual, and Hodges tends to use him to try and interfere with the platoon's activities 
Private Cheeseman (Talfryn Thomas), a Welshman who works for the town newspaper  He joined the Walmington-on-Sea platoon during the seventh series after the sudden death of James Beck, who played Private Walker 
Captain Square (Geoffrey Lumsden), the pompous commanding officer of the rival Eastgate Platoon, and a former soldier who served with Lawrence of Arabia during the First World War  He is frequently at loggerheads with Mainwaring (whose name he persists in mispronouncing as spelt, "Main-wearing", instead of the correct "Mannering") and has the catchphrase, "You blithering idiot!"
Mrs Yeatman (Olive Mercer), the somewhat tyrannical wife of Maurice Yeatman, the verger  Over the course of the series, her first name is given as either Beryl, Anthea or Tracey 
Mr Sidney Bluett (Harold Bennett), an elderly local man who is occasionally involved with the antics of both the platoon and Hodges  He and Mrs Yeatman are implied to be having an affair 
Miss Janet King (Caroline Dowdeswell), a clerk at Swallow Bank who works with Mainwaring, Wilson and Pike in the first series 
Edith Parish (Wendy Richard) also called Shirley, a cinema usherette and girlfriend of Private Walker 
Dolly (Amy Dalby and Joan Cooper) and Cissy Godfrey (Nan Braunton and Kathleen Saintsbury), Private Godfrey's spinster sisters, who reside with him at their cottage 
Elizabeth Mainwaring (Unseen character), Mainwaring's reclusive, paranoid and domineering wife who is never seen onscreen (although in the episode "A Soldier's Farewell" her "shape" is seen sleeping in the bunk above the captain while in their Anderson Shelter)  Her marriage with Mainwaring is not a happy one and Mainwaring does his best to avoid her at any opportunity  They have no children Other actors who appeared in small roles include Timothy Carlton, Don Estelle, Nigel Hawthorne, Geoffrey Hughes, Michael Knowles, John Ringham, Fulton Mackay, Anthony Sagar, Anthony Sharp, Carmen Silvera and Barbara Windsor 
Larry Martyn appeared as an unnamed private in four episodes, and later took over the part of Walker in the radio series following the death of James Beck  The former cricketer Fred Trueman appeared in "The Test" 

Opening and closing credits
The show's opening titles were originally intended to feature footage of refugees and Nazi troops, to illustrate the threat faced by the Home Guard  Despite opposition from the BBC's Head of Comedy Michael Mills, Paul Fox, the controller of BBC1, ordered that these be removed on the grounds that they were offensive  The replacement titles featured the animated sequence of swastika-headed arrows approaching Britain  The opening titles were updated twice; firstly in series 3, adding colour and improved animation and then again in series 6, which made some improvements to the animation 
There were two different versions of the closing credits for the show  The first version, used in series 1 and 2, simply showed footage of the main cast superimposed over a still photograph, with the crew credits rolling over a black background  The better-known closing credits, introduced in series 3, were a homage to the end credits of the film The Way Ahead (1944) which had covered the training of a platoon during the war  In both instances, each character is shown as they walk across a smoke-filled battlefield  One of the actors in Dad's Army, John Laurie, also appeared in that film and his performance in the end credits of The Way Ahead appears to be copied in the sitcom  Coincidentally, the film's lead character (played by David Niven) is named Lieutenant Jim Perry  After that, there is a wide angle shot of the field with bombs going off and the platoon, armed, running towards the camera and passing it before fading to black 

Music
The show's theme tune, "Who Do You Think You Are Kidding, Mr Hitler?" was Jimmy Perry's idea, intended as a gentle pastiche of wartime songs  The other songs were authentic 1940s music recordings  Perry wrote the lyrics and composed the music with Derek Taverner  Perry persuaded one of his childhood idols, wartime entertainer Bud Flanagan, to sing the theme for 100 guineas (equivalent to £2,000 in 2021)  Flanagan died less than a year after the recording  At the time it was widely believed to be a wartime song  The music over the opening credits was recorded at Riverside Studios, Flanagan being accompanied by the Orchestra of the Band of the Coldstream Guards 
The version played over the opening credits differs slightly from the full version recorded by Flanagan; an edit removes, for timing reasons, two lines of lyric with the "middle eight" tune: "So watch out Mr Hitler, you have met your match in us/If you think you can crush us, we're afraid you've missed the bus " (The latter lyric is a reference to a speech by Neville Chamberlain ) Bud Flanagan's full version appears as an Easter egg on the first series DVD release and on the authorised soundtrack CD issued by CD41  Arthur Lowe also recorded a full version of the theme The closing credits feature an instrumental march version of the song played by the Band of the Coldstream Guards conducted by Captain (later Lieutenant Colonel) Trevor L  Sharpe, ending with the air-raid warning siren sounding all-clear  It is accompanied by a style of credits that became a trademark of David Croft: the caption "You have been watching", followed by vignettes of the main cast 
The series also contains genuine wartime and period songs between scenes, usually brief quotations that have some reference to the theme of the episode or the scene  Many appear on the CD soundtrack issued by CD41, being the same versions used in the series 

TV episodes
The television programme lasted nine series and was broadcast over nine years, with 80 episodes in total, including three Christmas specials and an hour-long special  At its peak, the programme regularly gained audiences of 18 5 million  There were also four short specials broadcast as part of Christmas Night with the Stars in 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1972; one of which was also restaged as part of the Royal Variety Performance 1975 

Missing episodes
The first two series were recorded and screened in black and white, while series 3 to 9 were recorded and screened in colour  Even so, one episode in series 3, Room at the Bottom, formerly only survived in black and white and remains on the official DVDs in this form  This episode has benefited from colour recovery technology, using a buried colour signal (chroma dots) in the black-and-white telerecording to restore the episode back to colour and was transmitted on 13 December 2008 on BBC Two  Dad's Army was less affected than most from the wiping of videotape, but three second-series episodes remain missing: episode 9 "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker", episode 11 "A Stripe for Frazer" and episode 12 "Under Fire"  (All three missing episodes were among those remade for BBC Radio with most of the original cast, adapted from the original TV scripts  Audio recordings of all three were included as bonus features on The Complete Series DVD collection ) Two further series 2 episodes were thought lost until 2001  Two of the three missing episodes have since been performed as part of the latest stage show 
In 2008, soundtracks of the missing episode "A Stripe for Frazer" and the 1968 Christmas Night with the Stars segment "Present Arms" were recovered  The soundtrack of "A Stripe for Frazer" has been mixed with animation to replace the missing images  The audio soundtrack for the "Cornish Floral Dance" sketch, from the 1970 episode of Christmas Night with the Stars, has also been recovered 

Dad's Army: The Lost Episodes (2019)
In 2018, UKTV announced plans to recreate the three missing episodes for broadcast on its Gold channel  Mercury Productions, the company responsible for Saluting Dad's Army, Gold's 50th anniversary tribute series, produced the episodes, which were directed by Ben Kellett  The recreations were broadcast in August 2019, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of their original broadcast by the BBC  Kevin McNally and Robert Bathurst were the initial casting announcements as Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson, with Bernard Cribbins portraying Private Godfrey  The full cast was announced in January 2019, with McNally, Bathurst and Cribbins joined by Kevin Eldon, Mathew Horne, David Hayman and Tom Rosenthal  However, Bernard Cribbins subsequently withdrew from the project, and was replaced as Godfrey by Timothy West 

Cast
Films
1971 film
In common with many British sitcoms of that era, Dad's Army was spun-off as a feature film which was released in 1971  Backers Columbia Pictures imposed arbitrary changes, such as recasting Liz Fraser as Mavis Pike and filming locations in Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, rather than Thetford in Norfolk, which made the cast unhappy  The director, Norman Cohen, whose idea it was to make the film, was nearly sacked by the studio : 168 Jimmy Perry and David Croft wrote the original screenplay  This was expanded by Cohen to try to make it more cinematic; Columbia executives made more changes to plot and pacing  As finally realised, two-thirds of the film consists of the creation of the platoon; this was the contribution of Perry and Croft, and differs in a number of ways from the formation of the platoon as seen in the first series of the television version  The final third shows the platoon in action, rescuing hostages from the church hall where they had been held captive by the crewmen of a downed German aircraft 
Neither the cast nor Perry and Croft were happy with the result  Perry argued for changes to try to reproduce the style of the television series, but with mixed results 
Filming took place from 10 August to 25 September 1970 at Shepperton Studios and on location  After shooting the film, the cast returned to working on the fourth television series 
The film's UK première was on 12 March 1971 at the Columbia Theatre, London  Critical reviews were mixed, but it performed well at the UK box-office  Discussions were held about a possible sequel, to be called Dad's Army and the Secret U-Boat Base, but the project never came to fruition : 164–169

2016 film
A second film, written by Hamish McColl and directed by Oliver Parker, was released in 2016  The cast included Toby Jones as Captain Mainwaring, Bill Nighy as Sergeant Wilson, Tom Courtenay as Lance Corporal Jones, Michael Gambon as Private Godfrey, Blake Harrison as Private Pike, Daniel Mays as Private Walker and Bill Paterson as Private Frazer  Catherine Zeta-Jones, Sarah Lancashire and Mark Gatiss also featured  The film was primarily shot on location in Yorkshire  Filming took place on the beach at North Landing, Flamborough Head, Yorkshire and at nearby Bridlington  It opened in February 2016 to mainly negative reviews 

Stage show
In 1975, Dad's Army transferred to the stage as a revue, with songs, familiar scenes from the show and individual "turns" for cast members  It was created by Roger Redfarn, who shared the same agent as the series' writers  Most of the principal cast transferred with it, with the exception of John Laurie, who was replaced by Hamish Roughead  Following James Beck's death two years earlier, Walker was played by John Bardon 
Dad's Army: A Nostalgic Music and Laughter Show of Britain's Finest Hour opened at Billingham in Teesside on 4 September 1975 for a two-week tryout  After cuts and revisions, the show transferred to London's West End and opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 2 October 1975  On the opening night there was a surprise appearance by Chesney Allen, singing the old Flanagan and Allen song Hometown with Arthur Lowe 
The show ran in the West End until 21 February 1976, disrupted twice by bomb scares and then toured the country until 4 September 1976  Clive Dunn was replaced for half the tour by Jack Haig (David Croft's original first choice for the role of Corporal Jones on television)  Jeffrey Holland, who went on to star in several later Croft sitcoms, also had a number of roles in the production : 178–180 The stage show, billed as Dad's Army—The Musical, was staged in Australia and toured New Zealand in 2004–2005, starring Jon English  Several sections of this stage show were filmed and have subsequently been included as extras on the final Dad's Army DVD 
In April 2007, a new stage show was announced with cast members including Leslie Grantham as Private Walker and Emmerdale actor Peter Martin as Captain Mainwaring  The production contained the episodes "A Stripe for Frazer", "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker", "Room at the Bottom" and "The Deadly Attachment" 
In August 2017, a new two-man stage show titled, Dad's Army Radio Hour, opened at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe It starred David Benson and Jack Lane  Between them, the pair voiced the entire cast of Dad's Army, including incidental characters  The episodes adapted from the original radio scripts were "The Deadly Attachment", "The Day the Balloon Went Up", "Brain Versus Brawn", "My British Buddy", "Round and Round Went the Great Big Wheel" and "Mum's Army"  The production featured three episodes not adapted for the radio series "When You've Got to Go", "My Brother and I" and "Never Too Old"  The show was well received by critics and the David Croft estate for its respectful and uncanny performances  In 2019, the production changed its name to Dad's Army Radio Show and continued to tour nationally throughout the UK until the end of 2021 

Radio series
The majority of the TV scripts were adapted for BBC Radio 4 with the original cast, although other actors played Walker after James Beck's death (which took place soon after recording and before transmission of the first radio series)  Harold Snoad and Michael Knowles were responsible for the adaptation, while wartime BBC announcer John Snagge set the scene for each episode  Different actors were used for some of the minor parts: for example Mollie Sugden played the role of Mrs Fox, and Pearl Hackney played Mrs Pike  The first episode was based on the revised version of events seen in the opening of the film version, rather than on the TV pilot  The entire radio series has been released on CD Knowles and Snoad developed a radio series, It Sticks Out Half a Mile, which recounted what happened to some of the Dad's Army characters after the war  It was originally intended to star Arthur Lowe and John Le Mesurier, reprising their Dad's Army roles, but Lowe died after recording the pilot episode in 1981, so Bill Pertwee and Ian Lavender were brought in to replace him  Ironically, if Arthur Lowe had lived the series might never have been made, as the illness from which he suffered towards the end of his career badly affected his voice, which led to an initial decision not to commission it  In the event the revised cast recorded a 13-episode series  John Le Mesurier died in November 1983, making another series impossible 
The last radio recording of Dad's Army occurred in 1995, when Jimmy Perry wrote a radio sketch entitled The Boy Who Saved England for the "Full Steam A-Hudd" evening broadcast on Radio 2, transmitted on 3 June 1995 on the occasion of the closure of the BBC's Paris studios in Lower Regent Street  It featured Ian Lavender as Pike, Bill Pertwee as Hodges, Frank Williams as the Vicar and Jimmy Perry as General Haverlock-Seabag 

Other appearances
Lowe, Le Mesurier, Laurie, Beck, Ridley and Lavender (wearing Pike's signature scarf) appeared as guests in a 1971 edition of The Morecambe & Wise Show on BBC2 in the Monty on the Bonty sketch, with Lowe as Captain Bligh and the others as crewmen on HMS Bounty 
The cast appeared in a 1974 public information film, in character but set in the modern day, showing how to cross the road safely at Pelican crossings 
Lowe, Le Mesurier, Dunn, Lavender and Pertwee, and Jones's van, appeared in character at the finish of the 1974 London to Brighton Veteran Car Run 
Lowe, Le Mesurier and Laurie again made a cameo appearance as their Dad's Army characters in the 1977 Morecambe and Wise Christmas Special  As Elton John is following incomprehensible instructions to find the BBC studios, he encounters them in a steam room  On leaving, Mainwaring calls him a "stupid boy" A pilot episode for an American remake called The Rear Guard was produced by ABC and broadcast on 10 August 1976, based on the episode "The Deadly Attachment"  However, it failed to make it past the pilot stage Lowe and Le Mesurier made a final appearance in Dad's Army garb for a 1982 television commercial advertising Wispa chocolate bars 
Clive Dunn made occasional appearances as Lance Corporal Jones at 1940s themed events in the 1980s and 1990s and on television on the BBC Saturday night entertainment show Noel's House Party on 27 November 1993 Arthur Lowe twice appeared on the BBC children's programme Blue Peter  The first time was with John Le Mesurier, in which the two appeared in costume and in character as Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson when walking around looking at and discussing a mural which schoolchildren had painted featuring the characters from the show at a Christmas party, among whom was Mainwaring's unseen wife Elizabeth – or rather, what the children thought she looked like (Mainwaring remarks "Good grief  What a remarkable likeness!")  Arthur Lowe made a second appearance as Captain Mainwaring on Blue Peter with the Dad's Army van which would appear in the forthcoming London-Brighton run and showed presenter John Noakes the vehicle's hidden anti-Nazi defences 

Awards
During its original television run, Dad's Army was nominated for multiple British Academy Television Awards, although only won "Best Light Entertainment Production Team" in 1971  It was nominated as "Best Situation Comedy" in 1973, 1974 and 1975  Also, Arthur Lowe was frequently nominated for "Best Light Entertainment Performance" in 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975 and 1978 In 2000, the show was voted 13th in a British Film Institute poll of industry professionals of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes  In 2004, championed by Phill Jupitus, it came fourth in the BBC poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom with 174,138 votes 

Legacy
In June 2010, a statue of Captain Mainwaring was erected in the Norfolk town of Thetford where most of the exteriors for the TV series were filmed  The statue features Captain Mainwaring sitting to attention on a simple bench in Home Guard uniform, with his swagger stick across his knees  The statue is mounted at the end of a winding brick pathway with a Union Flag patterned arrowhead to reflect the opening credits of the TV series and the sculpture has been designed so that members of the public can sit beside Captain Mainwaring and have their photograph taken  The statue was vandalised not long after the unveiling by a 10-year-old boy, who kicked it for 10 minutes and broke off the statue's glasses, throwing them into a nearby river  The statue has since been fixed The British sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart paid tribute to Dad's Army in episode one of its second series in 1995, "Don't Get Around Much Any More"  Here, lead character Gary Sparrow (Nicholas Lyndhurst) – a time-traveller from the 1990s – goes into a bank in 1941 and meets a bank manager named Mainwaring and his chief clerk, Wilson, both of whom are in the Home Guard  When he hears the names Mainwaring and Wilson, Gary begins singing the Dad's Army theme song 
A brief visual tribute to Dad's Army is made at the start of the episode "Rag Week" from Ben Elton's 1990s sitcom The Thin Blue Line In June 2018 the Royal Mail issued a set of 8 stamps, featuring the main characters and their catchphrases, to mark the comedy's 50th anniversary In 2020, Niles Schilder for the Dad's Army Appreciation Society wrote four short scripts which followed how the characters from the series would have, in the author's opinion, dealt with the events of that year  Titles of the scripts included Dad’s Army Negotiates Brexit and An Unauthorised Gathering 

Cultural influence
The characters of Dad's Army and their catchphrases are well known in the UK due to the popularity of the series when originally shown and the frequency of repeats 
Jimmy Perry recalls that before writing the sitcom, the Home Guard was a largely forgotten aspect of Britain's defence in the Second World War, something which the series rectified : 12  In a 1972 Radio Times interview, Arthur Lowe expressed surprise at the programme's success:

We expected the show to have limited appeal, to the age group that lived through the war and the Home Guard  We didn't expect what has happened – that children from the age of five upwards would enjoy it too 

By focusing on the comic aspects of the Home Guard in a cosy south coast setting, the TV series distorted the popular perception of the organisation  Its characters represented the older volunteers within the Home Guard but largely ignored the large numbers of teenagers and factory workers who also served  Accounts from Home Guard members and their regimental publications, inspired Norman Longmate's history The Real Dad's Army (1974) 

Media releases
The BBC released two "Best of" DVD sets in October 2001 and September 2002, but it was not until September 2004 that the full series began to be released, with the first series and the surviving episodes of the second series being released first, along with the documentary Missing Presumed Wiped  By November 2007, the entire series had been released on DVD, with the final edition featuring the specials "My Brother and I" and "The Battle of the Giants" along with various other appearances, including several "Christmas Night with the Stars" sketches and excerpts from the 1976 stage show  The DVDs also include short individual biographical documentaries about the characters and their actors called We Are the Boys  The Columbia film adaptation is separately available; as this is not a BBC production, it is not included in the box set 
In 1973 the series was adapted into a comic strip, drawn by Bill Titcombe, which was published in daily newspapers in the UK  These cartoon strips were subsequently collected together and published in book form, by Piccolo Books, in paperback 

See also
Dad's Army Appreciation Society
Dad's Army Museum
Bressingham Steam and Gardens
Charles Burrell Museum
Blitz and Pieces (another Dad's Army museum)
Jones's van
The Rear Guard (unsuccessful US adaptation)
Passage 5:
Airport (EP)
Airport (空港) is Joey Yung's second EP in 2010  The title track 空港 is the theme song for "Nokia Joey Yung Concert Number 6"  The song is the EP's third single  Her first single "綠野仙蹤" is the commercial theme song for Broadway Electronics  The music video for the second single "破相" is the first ever 3D Music Video in Hong Kong 

Released versions
First edition
Released on 20 August 2010
Plus Bonus DVD
One2free Special Edition
Version distributed by One2free only 
With ticket of One2free Musicholic 容祖兒空港見面會 
Different cover 
Same content of the EP plus a card sleeve 
Second Edition
Released on 5 November 2010
Different cover
Different package
More content in bonus DVD

Track listing


== Personnel ==
Passage 6:
The Joey Heatherton Album
The Joey Heatherton Album is a 1972 album by Joey Heatherton  Her cover of the 1957 Ferlin Husky song "Gone" became a minor hit, but the album didn't do particularly well  Tony Scotti and Tommy Oliver produced and arranged it  It was mixed by Michael Lloyd 
The album was reissued in 2004 on the Hip-O Select label, with 21 bonus tracks comprising Heatherton's singles for the Decca and Coral labels 

Track listing
Original LP
Audio CD with bonus tracks
Passage 7:
Joey Johnson (Days of Our Lives)
Joey Johnson is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera aired on the NBC network, presently portrayed by Tanner Stine  Introduced in 2008, Joey was created by head writers Hogan Sheffer and Meg Kelly as the youngest child of supercouple, Steve "Patch" Johnson and Kayla Brady (Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans)  The role was played by siblings Brody and Jonas until the character was written out in 2009  Child actor Jadon Wells appeared in the role of Joey on a recurring basis from 2012 to 2014  In 2015, the character was rapidly aged to 16 when James Lastovic was cast in to play the role  Joey returns having skipped out on boarding school suffering from abandonment issues  It is later revealed that Joey had secretly been conspiring with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to orchestrate Patch and Kayla's reunion  Unbeknownst to Joey, Ava is his father's ex-lover and Ava has caused quite a bit of trouble for Kayla and the rest of the Brady family 

Storylines
2008–2014
In February 2008, the Brady family travels to Ireland to reunite patriarch Shawn Brady (Frank Parker) with his dying sister Colleen Brady (Shirley Jones)  During their trip, Kayla and Steve learn she is pregnant  On their way back to Salem, the family is involved in a plane crash that kills Shawn  It is later revealed that, Steve's deranged ex-lover Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) is responsible for the accident  Meanwhile, Kayla is trying to save her brother Bo's life (Peter Reckell) and the stress causes pregnancy complications  Kayla goes into premature labor and gives birth to her baby boy at 26 weeks  She names him Joe after his paternal grandmother, Jo Johnson  Joe grows stronger only to be kidnapped in the summer of 2008 by Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo)  Joe leaves town in early 2009 with his parents  Though off screen, Joe comes back to town in 2011 when his parents separate and later divorce  Joe (Jadon Wells) first appears onscreen in late 2012 during the Christmas episodes  The character is limited to special appearances during Christmas episodes and is last seen in December 2014 during a Christmas party 

2015–2017
In August 2015, a now 16 year old, Joe, also known as Joey returns to Salem with Steve  Joey had left boarding school and found his father in New York City  Joey acts out because he resents Steve for abandoning the family  When Steve leaves town to find Joey's uncle Bo, Joey stows away on the plane  After the two have a heart to heart, where Steve recounts the story of how he and Kayla fell in love, Joey returns home  However, Joey continues causing trouble when he sabotages the electricity in the library at Salem High  Joey bonds with Theo Carver (Kyler Pettis) during Salem's bicentennial celebration and he ends up collapsing outside  Theo gets help and Joey is rushed to the hospital  Steve makes it back in time to see Joey in the hospital and Kayla reveals that there a drugs in his system  However, Joey denies ever taking drugs  While he recovers and gets released from the hospital, it is later revealed that Joey is working with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to orchestrate his parents' reunion—unaware of her past  After his parents reunite, Steve and Kayla discover Ava's back in Salem and assume Joey has been working with her, but he denies it  Joey later admits to Ava that he is in love with her and he kisses her but Ava rejects him and reveals that she is dying  Kayla finds them together and demands that he stay away from her  Joey confides in Steve about his feelings for Ava and is shocked to learn Ava's past and that she may have given birth to Steve's son  Ava later kidnaps Kayla forcing Steve to cooperate with her in exchange for her release and Joey walks on them as they are about to make love  Ava forces Steve to leave town with  her and gives Joey Kayla's location to free her  Though they are reunited as a family, Steve's betrayal leaves Joey bitter and angry 

Development
Creation and casting
On November 24, 2012, Mary Beth Evans announced that child actor Jadon Wells would make his debut in the role of Joey in December 2012  Wells is the real life son of actor Dan Wells who had previously appeared on the series as Stan, the male alter ego of Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney)  Jadon's appearances were limited to special Christmas episodes and he last appeared in December 2014 In March 2015, it was reported that Days of Our Lives had released two casting notices — one of which was for the contract role of the 16 year old Joey  In April 2015, talent agency John Robert Powers San Diego announced that James Lastovic had been cast in the role of Joey Johnson with a two-year contract  Five months prior, Lastovic had quit his day job to do a play for $25 a week  "I had money saved up from the one commercial that I had done and thought I could use the money from that to do the play " However, the play lasted longer than expected and Lastovic ran out of money  "I was so broke that I looked forward to the dinner scene" so he could eat  Fortunately, Lastovic booked Days as the play ended  Lastovic had actually auditioned for the series three years prior  While he wasn't sure for what role he auditioned for Lastovic revealed, "I had the same exact sides when I read for Joey!" Lastovic filmed his first scenes in March 2015 and made his debut on August 28, 2015  During the audition process, Lastovic watched a few episodes of the series to prepare  Casting director Marnie Saitta later informed the young actor that he'd be working with two "adored" veterans in Mary Beth Evans (Kayla) and Stephen Nichols (Patch)  "I looked them up online and found some of their scenes from the 1980s  I saw how good they were and I was instantly excited to get to work with them" Lastovic revealed  After he booked the role, Lastovic admitted that he got hooked on the show when he went back to watch Patch and Kayla's love story 

Teen years (2015–2017)
The production team wanted to establish a teenage set in time for the show's 50th anniversary and Lastovic's casting was just the first in a slew of castings  Executive producer Ken Corday said "Joey will be giving Patch the 'rebel' a little of his own medicine!"  Lastovic was very nervous about playing such an important role but Mary Beth Evans invited him over to her home and greeted him with freshly baked cookies  "Seeing Mary Beth holding that plate of cookies, I immediately felt that motherly connection " He credited Evans and Stephen Nichols for making him comfortable  Lastovic also founded a mentor in costar Casey Moss who had joined the series two years prior in the similar role of troubled teenager JJ Deveraux—Joey's cousin  "I think he could see a little bit of himself in me" Lastovic said  Lastovic later admitted that his nerves worked well for his first scenes as Joey had recently run away from boarding school -- "he was supposed to be nervous " So much is changing Joey at the time of his return  "He's just beginning to experience all these new emotions, so he's feeling a little lost " Joey's needing his parents helps bring Patch and Kayla back together after years of estrangement  A promo for the show's 50th anniversary in November 2015 revealed that Joey is secretly conspiring with his father's ex-lover and family rival Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to help reunite his parents 

Departure
In March 2017, after a cryptic tweet by Lastovic's mother, Lucienne, it was rumored that the actor's contract with the series had not been renewed  On Wednesday, August 16, the rumors were proven through by Lastovic himself in an Instagram post, he last aired on August 22 when the character going to prison for Ava's murder 

Return and second departure
In November 2020, it was revealed in a Christmas promo for the show, that Lastovic will be returning as Joey, Lastovic made his return on December 10, 2020, and made an unannounced exit on December 24, 2020 

Second return
In June 2022, it was announced Tanner Stein had been cast in the role of Joey and would appear in the second season of Days of Our Lives: Beyond Salem in July of the same year, and will later begin appearing in a recurring capacity on Days of Our Lives 

Reception
Omar White-Nobles of TVSource Magazine praised the decision to age Joey along with the other characters in time for the show's 50th anniversary  "I may be 29, but I'm a fan of the multi-generational aspect of the continuing narrative " Lastovic's debut was "highly anticipated" as it coincided with the onscreen return of Stephen Nichols as Patch  Soap Opera Digest included the actor in its list of the "Hottest Newcomers" for the year 2015  Daytime Confidential also listed Lastovic as number five on their own list of the "Top 20 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2015 " The blog praised Lastovic for his portrayal and said Joey's habit of acting out and causing grief for his mother "helps to further ground the Johnsons as Salem's relatable, working central family " Omar Nobles said Joey return provided Kayla with "a greater purpose and more attention in just a few short weeks than the four years since she returned to the show " He continued, "That's smart planning  That's smart creative " The website also praised Lastovic as being one of the strongest of the new younger actors 
Passage 8:
Pulse (1988 film)
Pulse is a 1988 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Paul Golding, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror, and starring Cliff De Young, Roxanne Hart, Joseph Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, and Charles Tyner  The film's title refers to a highly aggressive and intelligent pulse of electricity that terrorizes the occupants of a suburban house in Los Angeles, California  The film was produced through Columbia Pictures and the Aspen Film Society and distributed by Columbia Pictures  The titular Pulse and its accompanying elements were designed by Cinema Research Corporation 

Plot
A highly aggressive, paranormal intelligence thriving within the electrical grid system of Los Angeles, California is moving from house to house  It terrorizes the occupants by taking control of the appliances, killing them or causing them to wreck the house in an effort to destroy it  Once this has been accomplished, it travels along the power lines to the next house, and the terror restarts  Having thus wrecked one household in a quiet, suburban neighborhood, the pulse finds itself in the home of a boy's divorced father whom he is visiting  It gradually takes control of everything, injuring the stepmother, and trapping father and son, who must fight their way out 

Cast
Cliff De Young as Bill Rockland
Roxanne Hart as Ellen Rockland
Joey Lawrence as David Rockland
Matthew Lawrence as Stevie
Charles Tyner as Old Man Holger
Dennis Redfield as Pete
Robert Romanus as Paul
Myron Healey as Howard
Michael Rider as Foreman
Jean Sincere as Ruby
Terry Beaver as Policeman
Greg Norberg as Policeman
Tim Russ as Policeman

Release
The film was promoted by the taglines "It traps you in your house   then pulls the plug," "In every second of every day, it improves our lives  And in a flash, it can end them," and also "the ultimate shocker "

Production
The film was produced by Aspen Film Society, a film production company founded by Steve Martin and William E  McEuen Paul Golding got the idea for Pulse from two unrelated events with the first being when the screenwriter Caleb Deschanel spent the night in his house and told him that at night he’d been listening to “the sounds of the house…  the house was alive and it was taking care of me“, and the second was when he heard about a computer that reprogrammed itself  Golding wrote the screenplay under the working titles of House, Tract and Currents in 1981 but couldn’t get it made until Columbia eventually took it on seven years later  David Morse and Tommy Lee Jones both auditioned for the role of Bill but lost to Cliff De Young  Production was completed a day early and $1 million dollars under its $6 million dollar budget, and as a result were able to afford Oxford Scientific Films to do many of the special effects 

Release
David V  Picker, the head of Paramount Pictures at the time, was impressed by the film and intended to position it as a wide release, but changes in studio management curtailed this and it was only released theatrically in Texas and Oklahoma, while it went straight to video elsewhere  The movie did however become a success on video 

Reception
Pulse has a 64% approval rating at the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews 

Music
The musical score for Pulse was composed by Jay Ferguson, who also composed "Pictures of You" from the soundtrack to The Terminator, and the film score to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Cardinal (Catholic Church)
A cardinal (Latin: Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, lit  'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church  Cardinals are created by the pope and typically hold the title for life  Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals 
The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a conclave, almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when the Holy See is vacant  During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals  The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs  In addition, cardinals collectively participate in papal consistories (which generally take place annually), in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created  Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing dicasteries of the Roman Curia, the central administration of the Catholic Church 
Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals in addition to their existing roles within the Church  Most cardinals are bishops and archbishops leading dioceses and archdioceses around the world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country  Others are titular bishops who are current or former officials within the Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia)  A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally consecrated as bishops before they are made cardinals, but some are granted a papal dispensation  There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals  Since 1917, a potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past  The selection is entirely up to the pope and tradition is his only guide 
As of 2 June 2023, there are 222 serving cardinals, of whom 121 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope 

History
There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that "cardinalis" is etymologically from the Latin word cardo (meaning "pivot" or "hinge") was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained  In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior"  The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city  By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy  They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy  By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome  Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244 In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour  The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy  This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals  The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V 
In 1059 (five years after the East-West Schism), the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees  In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "pivotal" as in "principal" or "chief"  The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office "The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the Kings of France, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements  Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called "crown-cardinal" In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs  In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government  In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was for some time Cardinal Wolsey  Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France  Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin  Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France  In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king 
While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning either its primate or the metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch: the notable exception is the Patriarch of Lisbon who, by Pope Clement XII's 1737 bull Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii, is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment 

Papal elections
In 1059, Pope Nicholas II gave cardinals the right to elect the Bishop of Rome in the papal bull In nomine Domini  For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the Third Lateran Council restored the right to the whole body of cardinals 

Numbers
In 1586, Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70: six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons  Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing the need to staff Church offices  In November 1970 in Ingravescentem aetatem, Pope Paul VI established that electors would be under the age of eighty years  When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave  In October 1975 in Romano Pontifici eligendo, he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of the college Popes can set aside church laws and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 with Pope John Paul II's consistories of February 2001 and October 2003  No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a conclave, but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches when named cardinals  In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave 

Titular churches
Each cardinal is assigned a titular church upon his creation, which is always a church in the city of Rome  Through the process of opting (optazione), a cardinal can raise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop - in which case he obtains one of the suburbicarian sees located around the city of Rome  The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches  Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches  They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church  They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches  The term cardinal is from the Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge  Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole  The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the pope 
The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see  Cardinals governing a particular church retain that church 

Title and reference style
In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the pope and crowned monarchs In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card ) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe"  Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English  However, official sources, such as the Catholic News Service, say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"  This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church  This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences  Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy The [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the Latin proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as it has been since 1378 
The term Prince of the Church has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy  It has been rejected by Pope Francis, who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left ' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him " The term is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of their perceived attitudes of some cardinals [1][2]

Orders and their chief offices
Cardinal bishops
Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order; Latin: cardinales episcopi) are the senior order of cardinals  Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also bishops or archbishops, few are "cardinal bishops"  For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of the seven suburbicarian sees around Rome: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati, and Velletri  Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops  Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate ordinary Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the College of Cardinals  When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops  Pope John XXIII abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i e  "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees  (Latin Church patriarchs who become cardinals are cardinal priests, not cardinal bishops: for example Angelo Scola was made Patriarch of Venice in 2002 and cardinal priest of Santi XII Apostoli in 2003 ) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry) 
At the June 2018 consistory, Pope Francis increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades  He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their titular churches and deaconries suburbicarian rank pro hac vice (temporarily) and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles  At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors because of having reached age 80  Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020, bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven 
The Dean of the College of Cardinals, the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval  Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected  Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank  For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests 

Cardinal priests
Cardinal priests (Latin: cardinales presbyteri) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops  Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions 
In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests  Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge")  Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome, the pope 

While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome  Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome 
While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly  In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the college at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number  This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair  When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do  Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome 
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest  He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave  The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand 

Cardinal deacons
The cardinal deacons (Latin: cardinales diaconi) are the lowest-ranking cardinals  Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday  Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests 
Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household who supervised the Church's works in the seven districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services  They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by the decree of 769 Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration  Their number and influence has varied through the years  While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years  While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third  Their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important  They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied  Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons  Later the number increased  As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia  Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent  John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II maintained this ratio As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons  Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years  They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion  When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order) 
When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex) 

Cardinal protodeacon
The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals  If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he announces a new pope's election and name from the central balcony of St  Peter's Basilica in Vatican City  The protodeacon also bestows the pallium on the new pope and crowns him with the papal tiara, although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978  The current cardinal protodeacon is Renato Raffaele Martino 

Cardinal protodeacons since 1887
Giuseppe Pecci, S J  (20 December 1887 – 8 February 1890)
John Henry Newman, C O  (8 February 1890 – 11 August 1890)
Joseph Hergenröther (11 August 1890 – 3 October 1890)
Tommaso Maria Zigliara,, O P  (3 October 1890 – 1 June 1891)
Isidoro Verga (1 June 1891 – 22 June 1896)
Luigi Macchi (22 June 1896 – 29 March 1907)
Andreas Steinhuber, S J  (29 March 1907 – 15 October 1907)
Francesco Segna (15 October 1907 – 4 January 1911)
Francesco Salesio Della Volpe (4 January 1911 – 5 November 1916†); announced election of Pope Benedict XV (1914)
Gaetano Bisleti (5 November 1916 – 17 December 1928*); announced election of Pope Pius XI (1922)
Camillo Laurenti (17 December 1928 – 16 December 1935*)
Camillo Caccia-Dominioni (16 December 1935 – 12 November 1946†); announced election of Pope Pius XII (1939)
Nicola Canali (12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961†); announced election of Pope John XXIII (1958)
Alfredo Ottaviani (3 August 1961 – 26 June 1967*); announced election of Pope Paul VI (1963)
Arcadio Larraona Saralegui, CMF (26 June 1967 – 28 April 1969*)
William Theodore Heard (28 April 1969 – 18 May 1970*)
Antonio Bacci (18 May 1970 – 20 January 1971†)
Michael Browne, OP (20 January 1971 – 31 March 1971†)
Federico Callori di Vignale (31 March 1971 – 8 August 1971†)
Charles Journet (8 August 1971 – 5 March 1973*)
Pericle Felici (5 March 1973 – 30 June 1979*); announced elections of Pope John Paul I (1978) and Pope John Paul II (1978)
Sergio Pignedoli (30 June 1979 – 15 June 1980†)
Umberto Mozzoni (15 June 1980 – 2 February 1983*)
Opilio Rossi (2 February 1983 – 22 June 1987*)
Giuseppe Caprio (22 June 1987 – 26 November 1990*)
Aurelio Sabattani (26 November 1990 – 5 April 1993*)
Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (5 April 1993 – 29 January 1996*)
Eduardo Martínez Somalo (29 January 1996 – 9 January 1999*)
Pio Laghi (9 January 1999 – 26 February 2002*)
Luigi Poggi (26 February 2002 – 24 February 2005*)
Jorge Medina (24 February 2005 – 23 February 2007*); announced election of Pope Benedict XVI (2005)
Darío Castrillón Hoyos (23 February 2007 – 1 March 2008*)
Agostino Cacciavillan (1 March 2008 – 21 February 2011*)
Jean-Louis Tauran (21 February 2011 – 12 June 2014*); announced election of Pope Francis (2013)
Renato Raffaele Martino (12 June 2014 –)* Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest† Was protodeacon at time of death

Special types of cardinals
Camerlengo
The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy  He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave 

Cardinals who are not bishops
Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in minor orders, could be created a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons  For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest  The 1917 Code of Canon Law mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment  As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration  Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 or when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop  These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest 
A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross, and ring)  He has both actual and honorary precedence over patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals  However, he cannot perform the sacrament of ordination or other rites reserved solely to bishops  The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves 

"Lay cardinals"
At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests  Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals"  Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals  When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest  With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals  Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation 

Cardinals in pectore or secret cardinals
In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore (Latin for in the breast)  During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes  Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed creati et reservati in pectore  A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope  In the modern era, popes have named cardinals in pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals  If conditions change, the pope makes the appointment public  The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his in pectore appointment  If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires  The last pope known to have named a cardinal in pectore is Pope John Paul II, who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed 

Vesture and privileges
Pontifical vestments
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
When in choir dress, a Latin Church cardinal wears scarlet garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith  Excluding the rochet — which is always white—the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto)  The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates  Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business  His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash)  Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it  It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such 
Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero  This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta  In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms  Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb  Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring)  Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside  There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side  The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i e , exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate
ecclesiastical penalty imposed)  The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia  Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by the local bishop 

See also
Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation)
Cardinal-nephew
Cardinal protector
Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
List of current cardinals
List of the creations of the cardinals

Notes
Passage 2:
Edward Alacampe
Edward Alacampe (1581 – 6 February 1646), an English Jesuit, became a member of the English College, Rome in 1605  Three years later he entered the Society of Jesus; in 1614, he was at the new college in Liège  Afterwards, he held the office of procurator at Rome, and died in the house of probation at Ghent 

See also
Passage 3:
Claudia Cardinale
Claude Joséphine Rose "Claudia" Cardinale (French: [klod ʒozefin ʁoz kaʁdinal]; born 15 April 1938) is an Italian actress 
Born and raised in La Goulette, a neighbourhood of Tunis, Cardinale won the "Most Beautiful Italian Girl in Tunisia" competition in 1957, the prize being a trip to Italy, which quickly led to film contracts, due above all to the involvement of Franco Cristaldi, who acted as her mentor for a number of years and later married her  After making her debut in a minor role with the Egyptian star Omar Sharif in Goha (1958), Cardinale became one of the best-known actresses in Italy with roles in films such as Rocco and His Brothers (1960), Girl with a Suitcase (1961), Cartouche (1962), The Leopard (1963),  and Fellini's 8½ (1963) From 1963, Cardinale appeared in The Pink Panther opposite David Niven  She went on to appear in the Hollywood films Blindfold (1965), Lost Command (1966), The Professionals (1966), Don't Make Waves (1967) with Tony Curtis, The Hell with Heroes (1968), and the Sergio Leone Western Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), a joint US-Italian production, in which she was praised for her role as a former prostitute opposite Jason Robards, Charles Bronson, and Henry Fonda 
Jaded with the Hollywood film industry and not wanting to become a cliché, Cardinale returned to Italian and French cinema, and garnered the David di Donatello for Best Actress award for her roles in Il giorno della civetta (1968) and as a prostitute alongside Alberto Sordi in A Girl in Australia (1971)  In 1974, Cardinale met director Pasquale Squitieri, who would become her partner, and she frequently featured in his films, including I guappi (1974), Corleone (1978) and Claretta (1984), the last of which won her the Nastro d'Argento Award for Best Actress  In 1982, she starred in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo as the love interest of Klaus Kinski, who raises the funds to buy a steamship in Peru  In 2010, Cardinale received the Best Actress Award at the 47th Antalya "Golden Orange" International Film Festival for her performance as an elderly Italian woman who takes in a young Turkish exchange student in Signora Enrica 
Outspoken on women's rights causes over the years, Cardinale has been a UNESCO goodwill ambassador for the Defence of Women's Rights since March 2000  In February 2011, the Los Angeles Times Magazine named Cardinale among the 50 most beautiful women in film history 

Early life
Claudia Cardinale was born Claude Joséphine Rose Cardinale in La Goulette, a neighbourhood of Tunis, Tunisia, on 15 April 1938  Her mother, Yolande Greco like her was born in Tunisia to Sicilian emigrants from Trapani  Her maternal grandparents had a small shipbuilding firm in Trapani, but later settled in La Goulette, where a large Italian community existed  Her father, Francesco Cardinale, was a railway worker, born in Gela, Sicily   Her native languages were French, Tunisian Arabic, and the Sicilian language of her parents  She did not learn to speak Italian until she had already begun to be cast for Italian films Cardinale was educated at the Saint-Joseph-de-l'Apparition school of Carthage, which she attended along with her younger sister Blanche  She then studied at the Paul Cambon School, where she graduated with the intention of becoming a teacher  As a teenager, she was described as "silent, weird, and wild", and like other girls of her generation, was fascinated by Brigitte Bardot, who came to prominence in the 1956 film And God Created Woman, directed by Roger Vadim 

Career
1950s
Cardinale's first film work was participating, along with classmates, in a short film by French director René Vautier, Anneaux d'or, successfully presented at the Berlin Film Festival  The film made her a minor local celebrity, and led to her being spotted by Jacques Baratier, who offered her a minor role in Goha  She accepted it reluctantly after Baratier explained he wanted a Tunisian actress rather than an Italian to star in the main role opposite the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif  The appearance nonetheless marked her feature-film debut  The turning point came in 1957 during the Italian Cinema Week in Tunis, when she won a competition for the "Most Beautiful Italian Girl in Tunisia", with a trip to the Venice Film Festival as first prize  After being spotted by several film producers at the event, she was invited to study at the Experimental Cinematography Centre in Rome under Tina Lattanzi  She attended briefly as, despite her extremely photogenic looks, she had trouble with her acting assignments (partly owing to her difficulties with the Italian language)  She left at the end of her first term and decided to return home, earning herself a cover story in the popular weekly Epoca triggered by her unexpected decision to turn her back on a career as a film star Back in Tunis, however, Cardinale discovered unexpectedly that she was pregnant, the result of what she later described as a "terrible" relationship with a Frenchman, some 10 years her senior, which began when she was only 17 and lasted for about a year  On this discovery, he wanted her to have an abortion, but she decided to keep the child  She solved her problems by signing a seven-year exclusive contract with Franco Cristaldi's production company Vides  Cristaldi largely managed her early career, and she was married to him from 1966 until 1975 Under the new contract, in 1958, Cardinale was given a minor role with Italian actors Vittorio Gassman, Totò, Marcello Mastroianni, and Renato Salvatori in Mario Monicelli's internationally successful criminal comedy Big Deal on Madonna Street (I soliti ignoti)  She portrayed Carmelita, a Sicilian girl virtually imprisoned in her home by her overpowering brother  The comedy was a huge success, making Cardinale instantly recognisable  Some newspapers were already referring to her as "la fidanzata d'Italia" (Italy's sweetheart)  Later that year, she had a leading role opposite Yvonne Monlaur in Claudio Gora's romantic comedy Three Strangers in Rome 
Although she worked well into her seventh month, Cardinale's pregnancy was kept a tight secret  Tormented by thoughts of suicide, she fell into a state of depression  When she thought she could no longer hide her condition, she asked Cristaldi to terminate her contract  Understanding her predicament, he sent her to London for the birth, far away from the press  He simply explained that she had gone to England to learn English for a film  Cristaldi told Cardinale not to reveal her condition as she would be betraying the public and it would put an end to her career  So as to maintain the secret, he drew up a detailed American-style contract covering every little detail of her life, depriving her of any possibility of acting on her own behalf  Cardinale explained: "I was no longer master of my own body or thoughts  Even talking with a friend about anything that could make me look different from my public image was risky, as if it had been publicized, I would have been in trouble  Everything was in the hands of Vides"  For seven years, Cardinale kept her secret, not only from the public but also from her own son, Patrick, who grew up in the family with her parents and sister more or less as a brother until the day Enzo Biagi, a journalist, discovered the truth  After Cardinale decided to tell him everything, he published her story in  Oggi and L'Europeo In 1959, she appeared opposite Salvatori in the mafia film Vento del sud, and played the wife of Maurizio Arena in Luigi Zampa's Il magistrato  Cardinale also starred opposite Pietro Germi in his crime film The Facts of Murder, an important assignment for her in mastering the craft of acting while learning to feel at ease in front of the camera



ground_truth: Matthew Lawrence

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city is the star of 'Three Strangers in Rome' from?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Cardinale considered it to have been her first real test as an actress  She then played the role of Maria in Ralph Thomas's British film Upstairs and Downstairs, which starred Michael Craig and Anne Heywood  In her early roles, she was usually dubbed, as producers considered her voice too hoarse 

1960s
In 1960, Cardinale starred opposite Marcello Mastroianni in Mauro Bolognini's Golden Leopard-winning drama film Il bell'Antonio  The film marked the start of a fruitful partnership  Cardinale stated that her films with Bolognini were among the most joyful of her career, considering him to be "a great director, a man of rare professional capability, great taste and culture  Beyond that, for me personally, a sensitive and sincere friend "
In Bolognini's films, thanks to her aesthetic femininity,  Cardinale took roles of manipulative women who lead men to perdition  During the filming of Il bell'Antonio, her co-star Marcello Mastroianni fell in love with her, but she rejected him, as she did not take his love seriously, considering him to be one of those actors who cannot help but fall in love with their co-stars  Mastroianni insisted that his feelings were genuine, even after many years  The genuine empathy between the two actors proved to be ideal for reproducing the tension between the characters in the film  Cardinale next portrayed Pauline Bonaparte in Abel Gance's French film Napoleone ad Austerlitz, and after appearing opposite Gassman and Salvatori in the sequel to Big Deal on Madonna Street, Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti, she portrayed Ginetta, the fiancée of Spiros Focás, alongside Salvatori and Alain Delon in Luchino Visconti's critically acclaimed Rocco and His Brothers  However, her leading performance in Francesco Maselli's Silver Spoon Set gained her most attention during this period  Francesco Freda felt the film paved her way "to great success", noting the "sweetness of her smile" which struck a chord with the public 
In 1961, Cardinale portrayed a sultry nightclub singer and young mother in Valerio Zurlini's Girl with a Suitcase  As a result of her own experience of early motherhood, Cardinale naturally conveyed the concerns of a teenaged mother, identifying fully with the character of Aida  Such was her psychological involvement that she needed several months to overcome her apprehensions and prepare for the part  Zurlini chose her for such a difficult role against everyone's advice, as she was not yet considered a "real" actress, nor was she (yet) one of the most celebrated Italian beauties  However, he was very close and supportive of Cardinale during the production, and a true friendship developed between the two, based on a deep mutual understanding  Cardinale remarked: "Zurlini was one of those who really love women: he had an almost feminine sensitivity  He could understand me at a glance  He taught me everything, without ever making demands on me      He was really very fond of me " Cardinale was warmly praised by the critics for her performance in Girl with a Suitcase, Dennis Schwartz considering her to have been at her "charming best"  Later in 1961, Cardinale starred as a prostitute opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo in Bolognini's La Viaccia  Both Girl with a Suitcase and La Viaccia were presented at the 1961 Cannes Film Festival  At the time, Cardinale was not considered comparable to the two divas of Italian cinema, Sophia Loren and Gina Lollobrigida, but several newspapers and magazines including Paris Match began to consider her to be a credible young rival to Brigitte Bardot  Cardinale's 1961 appearances also included Henri Verneuil's French comedy Les Lions sont lâchés, and Auguste in which she had a cameo role 
The following year, Cardinale starred opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo as Vénus in the 18th-century set adventure Cartouche, which made her a major star in France  She also played Angiolina, the romantic interest of Anthony Franciosa in Bolognini's Senilità, a character which film writer Jacek Klinowski describes as "a spirited and strikingly beautiful twenty-year-old"  In 1962, Cardinale was interviewed by the writer Alberto Moravia, who focused exclusively on her sexuality and body image in films, treating her as an object  Cardinale remarked to him: "I used my body as a mask, as a representation of myself"  The interview was published in Esquire under the title "The Next Goddess of Love"  Cardinale was amused to discover that the interview had inspired the writer to publish La dea dell'amore ("Goddess of Love") the following year, in which one of the characters, with her fine physical appearance and natural curves, closely resembled Cardinale  Just a few years later, she played a similar character in a film based on another novel by Moravia, Time of Indifference The finest and most prolific year of her career was 1963, when she appeared in a number of leading productions  She starred alongside Burt Lancaster in Visconti's The Leopard (1963) (Il Gattopardo), portraying a village girl who married a progressive young aristocrat (Alain Delon), and played a film actress cast by a director (Marcello Mastroianni) in Federico Fellini's 8½  Both films were critically acclaimed and are often cited by critics and scholars as among the greatest films ever made  She participated in the two films during exactly the same period, frequently moving from one to the other and experiencing the strictly planned approach of Visconti which contrasted strongly with Fellini's much more relaxed style and his almost total reliance on improvisation  Cardinale remembered Visconti's set as having an almost religious atmosphere, everything focused on the film, far removed the outside world  Visconti needed silence for his work while Fellini preferred noise and confusion Prior to this period, Cardinale's own voice had not been used in her Italian films, as it was considered too hoarse, and owing to her French accent, insufficiently Italian  Not until 8½ was she allowed to use her own voice  Cardinale explained: "When I arrived for my first movie, I couldn't speak a word  I thought I was on the moon  I couldn't understand what they were talking about  And I was speaking in French; in fact I was dubbed  And Federico Fellini was the first one who used my voice  I think I had a very strange voice " With her portrayal of Angelica in The Leopard and her brief appearance as herself in 8½, Cardinale achieved the definitive status of a top-ranking star The same year, Cardinale starred as Mara in La ragazza di Bube or Bebo's Girl, in which she also used her own voice  For her performance in the film, she received her first Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress in 1965  Cardinale acted in her first American film (although it was produced in Italy) when she played Princess Dala, a wealthy aristocratic woman who is the love and jewellery interest of David Niven in the Cortina d'Ampezzo-set The Pink Panther  Cardinale's voice in the film was dubbed by Gale Garnett, who went uncredited  Niven raved about working with the actress, telling her, "After spaghetti, you're Italy's happiest invention "
In 1964, Cardinale starred alongside Rod Steiger and Shelley Winters in Francesco Maselli's Italian-made Time of Indifference  Thereafter, she spent three years in the United States, where she starred in several Hollywood films  She told of how she benefited from the arrangement, explaining it was an American initiative at a time when they invited all the successful European actresses to perform in their pictures, hoping to create a monopoly  Many suffered from the experience, but she was able to hold her own: "I took care of my own interests, blankly refusing to sign an exclusive contract with Universal Studios  I only signed for individual films  In the end, everything worked out fine for me She first starred in the Henry Hathaway's Hollywood picture Circus World (1964) opposite John Wayne and Rita Hayworth, playing the daughter of Hayworth, who performs with her as a mother-daughter circus act  By the end of the decade, she had returned to making films primarily in Italy, accepting a pay cut, turning her back on Hollywood stardom  Cardinale has further said, "I don't like the star system  I'm a normal person  I like to live in Europe  I mean, I've been going to Hollywood many, many times, but I didn't want to sign a contract " Film writer David Simpson notes that as a result, "Cardinale never achieved the same level of fame as Loren and Gina Lollobrigida", although she appeared in a higher number of decent films In 1964, she also played the lead role in The Magnificent Cuckold, based on the Belgian play Le Cocu magnifique  She was at the height of her sensuality at the time, but later the film only brought back unpleasant memories for her as she experienced little empathy with the director Antonio Pietrangeli, while the male star Ugo Tognazzi tried to seduce her  In 1965, Cardinale appeared in Visconti's Vaghe stelle dell'Orsa, known as Sandra (Of a Thousand Delights) in the US and Of These Thousand Pleasures in the UK, playing a Holocaust survivor who may have had an incestuous relationship with her brother  Later that year, she starred opposite Rock Hudson in Universal Pictures's Blindfold, the last film to be directed by Philip Dunne  Filming began on 22 February 1965 on location in Ocala, Florida  Diane Bond doubled for Cardinale in the film  Cardinale became good friends with Hudson, who proved to be very protective of her, knowing her discomfort outside of Italy  While in Hollywood, Cardinale also became friends with Barbra Streisand, Elliott Gould, and Steve McQueen, but she never managed to feel at home there By 1966, Cardinale was being cited as the most popular film star in Italy, even more than Mastroianni and Loren  Life stated that "the Cardinale appeal is a blend of solid simplicity and radiant sensuality  It moves men all over the world to imagine her both as an exciting mistress and wife " However, following her success in Hollywood, she began to express concerns about the direction of her career  In a July 1966 interview with Life, she confessed her fear of being overglamourized and exploited, like Sophia Loren, and although she had several further US films lined up, stated: "If I have to give up the money, I give it up  I do not want to become a cliché "
In 1966, a photograph of Cardinale was featured in the original gatefold artwork to Bob Dylan's album Blonde on Blonde (1966), but it was used without her permission and removed from later pressings  That year, she starred in Mark Robson's war picture Lost Command for Columbia Pictures opposite Anthony Quinn, Alain Delon, and George Segal  Quinn expressed his love of working with Cardinale, stating that although he adored Cardinale and Loren equally, "I relate easier to Claudia, Sophia creates an impression of something larger than life, something unobtainable  But Claudia – she's not easy, still she's within reach"  She also played a Mexican marquessa in Richard Brooks' Western The Professionals, uniting her on screen once again with Burt Lancaster in what she  considered to be her best American film  The following year, she appeared in Una rosa per tutti (A Rose for Everyone) and in Alexander Mackendrick's sex farce Don't Make Waves opposite Tony Curtis  Although occasional funny moments were noted, Don't Make Waves was generally panned by the critics and the lack of chemistry with co-star Curtis was highlighted  Leonard Maltin, though, described the film as "a gem" At the beginning of 1967, Cristaldi joined her in the United States  While the two were staying in Atlanta, he surprised her by taking her to their wedding ceremony which he had arranged without her knowledge  She went ahead with the ceremony but was concerned about sacrificing the rights she had to her child Patrick  She also realised she was increasingly unable to make decisions about her own life  The marriage was never made official in Italy In 1968, Cardinale featured opposite Franco Nero in The Day of the Owl, in a David di Donatello for Best Actress-winning performance  She reunited with Rock Hudson in the Italian-made criminal comedy A Fine Pair under director Francesco Maselli  She also appeared alongside Rod Taylor in The Hell with Heroes and starred in one of her best-known roles as former prostitute Jill McBain in Sergio Leone's epic Western Once Upon a Time in the West  Such was the power of her performance as the whore that Leone's biographer Robert C  Cumbow described her as "permanently engraved in cinematic history" and noted how suited to the role she was: "Her sex-goddess appearance combines with her more mystical iconographic associations to ease the progress of Jill from tart to town builder, from harlot to earth mother, from sinner to symbol of America—the apotheosis of the harlot with a heart of gold " In 1969, Cardinale starred opposite Nino Manfredi in Luigi Magni's Nell'anno del Signore, based on the actual story of the capital execution of two carbonari in papal Rome  This was followed by a role as a telephone operator in Certo certissimo     anzi probabile, and as a nurse opposite Sean Connery and Peter Finch in Mikhail Kalatozov's The Red Tent, based on the story of the mission to rescue Umberto Nobile and the other survivors of the crash of the Airship Italia 

1970s
In 1970, Cardinale starred opposite Peter McEnery and Eli Wallach in Jerzy Skolimowski's comedy film The Adventures of Gerard, based on The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard by Arthur Conan Doyle  In 1971, she formed a duo with Brigitte Bardot in the French Western-comedy The Legend of Frenchie King, and appeared as a prostitute opposite Alberto Sordi in Luigi Zampa's comedy A Girl in Australia  The film, shot on location in February and March 1971, earned Cardinale a Best Actress award at the David di Donatello Awards the following year  In 1972, Cardinale appeared in Marco Ferreri's L'udienza, which was screened at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival  She also featured in La Scoumoune with Jean-Paul Belmondo and Michel Constantin  After a role as a Russian aristocrat opposite Oliver Reed in One Russian Summer (1973), set in prerevolutionary Russia, Cardinale starred opposite Franco Nero in I guappi (1974), a historical drama film with "poliziotteschi" and "noir" elements  Cardinale and the director Pasquale Squitieri met for the first time on set, and he soon became her husband 
In 1975, Cardinale played the daughter of a political exile (Adolfo Celi) in Mauro Bolognini's Libera, My Love, a character who becomes "increasingly incensed by the fascist government of Italy and makes a number of bold and very personal gestures against it"  Later that year she appeared in the comedies The Immortal Bachelor with Vittorio Gassman and Blonde in Black Leather with Monica Vitti  Vitti's biographer noted how Cardinale and Vitti stood out as the female duo in a predominantly masculine cast In 1976, Cardinale appeared in the sex comedy Il comune senso del pudore, which was directed and written by Alberto Sordi, who also co-starred  The following year, she had a biblical role as the adulteress in the Jesus of Nazareth miniseries, which featured Robert Powell as Jesus, Anne Bancroft as Mary Magdalene, and Ernest Borgnine as Cornelius the Centurion  Cardinale starred in her husband's Il prefetto di ferro, which tells the story of Cesare Mori (Giuliano Gemma), an Italian prefect that before and during the Fascist period was best known as "the Iron Prefect"  The film shared the 1978 David di Donatello for Best Film award  with In nome del Papa Re  In 1978, Cardinale appeared in Damiano Damiani's political thriller, Goodbye & Amen – L'uomo della CIA, and again featured alongside Gemma in her husband's gangster picture, Corleone, set in 1950s Sicily 
After a role in another Squitieri film in 1978, L'arma, Cardinale portrayed Eleana, a Greek "gutsy brothel madame" and the girlfriend of Telly Savalas in George P  Cosmatos's adventure war film, Escape to Athena (1979)  The film, shot on location in Rhodes, was poorly received; it holds a 32% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes as of July 2015 

1980s
After a role in Si salvi chi vuole (1980), and a smaller part in Peter Zinner's The Salamander opposite Franco Nero, Anthony Quinn, and Christopher Lee, Cardinale played the love interest of Marcello Mastroianni in Liliana Cavani's war picture The Skin, a film which also reunited her with Burt Lancaster  The Skin was entered into the 1981 Cannes Film Festival  In 1982, Cardinale appeared in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo, playing a successful brothel owner who funds Klaus Kinski's purchase of an old steamship in South America  The film, inspired by the story of Peruvian rubber baron Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald, was shot on location in Brazil and Peru  The film was critically acclaimed, with Vincent Canby of The New York Times calling it "a fine, quirky, fascinating movie" and a "stunning spectacle", comparing the dynamic between Kinski and Cardinale to Katharine Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart in John Huston's The African Queen  He pointed out that although Cardinale's screen time in the film was not substantial, she set its comic tone; he praised the way she managed to turn Kinski, renowned for his volatile temperament and portrayals of megalomaniacs and criminals, into a "genuinely charming screen presence", adding a new dimension to his acting career  Later that year, Cardinale played opposite Pierre Mondy in the sex farce Le Cadeau, a role which biographers Lancia and Minelli say was played with a "mature charm and expressiveness" In 1983, Cardinale had a role in the Waris Hussein miniseries Princess Daisy, and featured alongside  Lino Ventura and Bernard Giraudeau in the French-Canadian film Le Ruffian  In 1984, she played the love interest of Marcello Mastroianni in a Marco Bellocchio production of Henry IV, based on the Luigi Pirandello play of the same name  It was entered into the 1984 Cannes Film Festival  Squitieri's Claretta (1984), featuring Cardinale and Gemma, was entered into the competition at the 41st Venice International Film Festival  Cardinale's performance as Claretta Petacci garnered her the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress  In 1985, Cardinale starred opposite Ben Gazzara and Lina Sastri in Alberto Bevilacqua's La donna delle meraviglie   It entered the competition at the 1985 Venice International Film Festival In 1986, Cardinale was involved in the making of two films for television  In Comencini's La storia (from Elsa Morante's novel), Cardinale portrayed a widow raising a son during World War II  In her husband's Naso di Cane, a miniseries, Enrico Lancia and Roberto Poppi praised her for her "light comic touch"  In 1987, Cardinale starred opposite Peter Coyote, Greta Scacchi, and Jamie Lee Curtis in Diane Kurys's film A Man in Love (Un homme amoureux), Kurys's first English-language feature  It was entered into the 1987 Cannes Film Festival  Cardinale's performance as Scacchi's cancer-stricken mother was praised by critics, with Desson Howe of The Washington Post highlighting the "warm and radiant" elements that she brought to the role, and Hal Hinson, also of The Post, comparing Scacchi to having "the same kind of sensuality that Cardinale brought to her earlier roles"  After a role in the comedy, Blu elettrico (1988), Cardinale portrayed Yolande de Polastron, a favourite of Marie Antoinette's, in the two-part film La Révolution française in 1989  Made to celebrate the bicentennial anniversary of the French Revolution, the 360-minute Robert Enrico and Richard T  Heffron film was an international production, boasting a cast which included Klaus Maria Brandauer, Jane Seymour and Peter Ustinov 

1990s
In 1990, Cardinale starred opposite Bruno Cremer in Squitieri's Atto di dolore, and appeared in the Morocco-set Soviet-Italian production, La battaglia dei tre tamburi di fuoco 
In 1991, Cardinale featured alongside Richard Berry and Omar Sharif in Henri Verneuil's Mayrig (meaning "mother"), a film about the struggles of an Armenian family that emigrates to Marseilles from Turkey after the Armenian genocide of 1915  Such was the success of the film that Verneuil made a sequel the following year, 588, rue Paradis, also featuring the cast  Cardinale was praised by critics for her role as the mother; the Armenian General Benevolent Union of America noted the "flawless performance of these intrepid actors, especially of Claudia Cardinale"  In 1993, Cardinale won the Leone d'oro alla carriera award at the Venice Film Festival, in which she was honoured along with Roman Polanski, Robert De Niro, and Steven Spielberg  Cardinale agreed to reunite with Blake Edwards, Herbert Lom, and Burt Kwouk to celebrate the 30th anniversary of The Pink Panther by making Son of the Pink Panther  It was Edward's last film, but was a critical and commercial failure, with critics despairing at the "painfully unfunny script" and the performance of Roberto Benigni as Clouseau, which earned him the Razzie Award for Worst New Star  As of July 2015, it has a rating of just 6% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews 
In 1994, Cardinale had a role in Charlotte Dubreuil's Elles ne pensent qu'à ça   , and the following year appeared in the French TV serial 10-07: L'affaire Zeus In 1997, Cardinale featured in the British-Italian television drama miniseries Nostromo, directed by Alastair Reid and produced by Fernando Ghia of Pixit Productions, a co-production with Radiotelevisione Italiana, Televisión Española, and WGBH Boston  It is described as "an adaptation of Joseph Conrad's epic story Nostromo of political upheaval, greed, and romance in turn-of-the-20th-century South America " Cardinale and the cast were nominated for an ALMA Award for Outstanding Latino/a Cast in a Made-for-Television Movie or Mini-Series  Later in 1997, Cardinale appeared in the films Sous les pieds des femmes and her husband's Stupor Mundi, in which she portrayed Constance of Aragon  In 1998, Cardinale portrayed the mother of Lola Naymark in the French picture Riches, belles, etc , a wealthy baroness who leaves her hotel to her daughter to care for during her absence  The following year, Cardinale played the peasant mother of two children who are members of Carmine Crocco's (Enrico Lo Verso's) army during the Garibaldi era, in Cristaldi's historical film Li chiamarono    briganti!  Poorly received, the film was boycotted, and the producers have since refused to assign the broadcasting rights 

2000s
In 2000, Cardinale embarked on her stage career, starring in Maurizio Scaparro's stage production of La Venexiana, adapted by René de Ceccatty, at the Théâtre du Rond-Point in Paris 
She also appeared in her husband's television film, Élisabeth - Ils sont tous nos enfants  Two years later, Cardinale went on a theatrical tour of Italy, performing in Luigi Pirandello's Come tu mi vuoi, which Squitieri directed  She appeared as what Roger Ebert described as a "faded countess" opposite Jeremy Irons in Claude Lelouch's thriller film And Now    Ladies and Gentlemen, portraying a character who spends her time in Fez, Morocco, with handsome gigolos  The film was screened out of competition at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival  And Now    Ladies and Gentlemen received mixed reviews; A  O  Scott of The New York Times dismissed it as "sublimely silly", but praised the "impeccable CinemaScope compositions" and the "lush, suave score" by Michel Legrand In 2005, Cardinale appeared in a Philippe Adrien stage production of Tennessee Williams's Sweet Bird of Youth, and in the 2006/2007 season also featured in another Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, directed by Andrea Liberovici, in which she played the character of Amanda  In 2007, Cardinale appeared in the Aline Issermann comedy film Cherche fiancé tous frais payés, opposite Alexandra Lamy and Bruno Salomone, in a role which Patrick Besson described as "atrocious"  After a role in the TV movie Hold-up à l'italienne (2008), the following year Cardinale starred in the critically acclaimed The String, playing a Tunisian mother who has a tempestuous relationship with her French-educated gay son  Michael D  Klemm of cinemaqueer com reflected on how the film broke many of the taboos with interracial sexuality and homosexuality  He praised Cardinale's "terrific" acting and portrayal of the "overbearing" mother, likening one scene, where she "brings home a nice girl for Malik (Antonin Stahly) to meet", to Harold and Maude (1971) 

2010s
In 2010, Cardinale received the Golden Orange Best Actress Award at the 47th Antalya "Golden Orange" International Film Festival for her performance as an elderly Italian woman who takes in a young Turkish exchange student in Signora Enrica  The Turkish-Italian co-production was shot in locations in Istanbul and Rimini In 2012, Cardinale featured opposite Jeanne Moreau and Michael Lonsdale in the final feature film to be directed by Portuguese director Manoel de Oliveira, Gebo and the Shadow  Critically acclaimed, it has a rare 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and was shown at the 69th Venice International Film Festival  The Hollywood Reporter described it as the "ensemble of superb older performers who comprise the remainder of the dramatis personae"  Another excellent film in which Cardinale acted, released in 2012, was The Artist and the Model  In it, she starred along with Jean Rochefort  In 2013, Cardinale starred alongside supporting actresses Patricia Black and Chloé Cunha in Nadia Szold's Joy de V , and had a role in Ernst Gossner's war drama The Silent Mountain, a love story set in the Dolomite Mountains at the outbreak of World War I between Italy and Austria-Hungary in 1915  Gossner described her as "a terrific spirit on the set", and noted that Cardinale told the production team "legendary stories" about Marcello Mastroianni  In 2014, Cardinale portrayed a "sympathetic Italian chaperone" viscountess in the British period drama film Effie Gray, which was written by Emma Thompson (whom Cardinale shares birthday with) and featured Dakota Fanning in the lead role  While promoting Effie Gray, in an interview Cardinale said: "I still continue to work, it's 142 movies now  Usually when you are old you don't work any more, but I still work, which is good     I've been very lucky because I've had many fantastic directors with me, Fellini, Visconti, Blake Edwards, lots and lots   " On 11 October 2018 she received the Tabernas de Cine award in the Almería Western Film Festival 

2020s
In 2020, Cardinale headlined the Swiss miniseries Bulle  Later that year, she had a role in the Netflix film Rogue City  In its debut weekend, it was the second most-streamed film on the site 

Personal life
Claudia Cardinale met the Italian film producer Franco Cristaldi in 1958  According to Cardinale, the couple had a marriage party but did not marry, and they became increasingly detached  Cristaldi later married Zeudi Araya and had no further relationship with Cardinale Cardinale lived with Pasquale Squitieri, an Italian film director, for 42 years, from 1975 until Squitieri died on 18 February 2017, aged 78 Cardinale has two children: Patrick, who was born when she was 19 and later adopted by Cristaldi, and Claudia, whom she had with Squitieri 
Cardinale is fluent in Arabic, French, Italian, English, and Spanish  Her niece Francesca is also an actress Cardinale is a political liberal who has supported feminist causes over the years  Although she lives in Paris, Cardinale is fiercely outspoken about being identified as an Italian  She has been a UNESCO goodwill ambassador for the Defence of Women's Rights since March 2000, and was a goodwill ambassador for the UNESCO World Water Day for 2006 Cardinale published an autobiography with Anne Mori, Io Claudia, Tu Claudia, in 1995  She has been a regular attendee of the Academy Awards  Her awards have included an honorary Golden Lion at the 1993 Venice Film Festival, and an Honorary Golden Bear at the 2002 Berlin Film Festival  The Los Angeles Times Magazine, in a February 2011 online feature, named Cardinale among the 50 most beautiful women in film history  Cardinale said of her acting, "I never felt scandal and confession were necessary to be an actress  I've never revealed myself or even my body in films  Mystery is very important " In a 2014 interview, she revealed her secret of success: "If you want to practise this craft, you have to have inner strength  Otherwise, you'll lose your idea of who you are  Every film I make entails becoming a different woman  And in front of a camera, no less! But when I'm finished, I'm me again "

See also
Passage 4:
Three Strangers in Rome
Tre straniere a Roma, also known as Three Strangers in Rome, is a 1958 Italian romantic comedy film directed by Claudio Gora starring Claudia Cardinale  The film was one of the first movies with Cardinale in a leading role 

Cast
Yvonne Monlaur: Nanda
Claudia Cardinale: Marisa
Françoise Danell: Elsa
Luciano Marin: Sandro Nencioni
Roy Ciccolini: Sergio
Leonardo Botta: Franco
Tamara Lees: Sandro's girlfriend
Renato Chiantoni: Pasquale
Nando Bruno: Vincenzo's father
Guglielmo Inglese: Michele
Alberto Talegalli: Uncle Gaetano
Gina Mascetti: Owner of the Pensione Aurora
Dolores Palumbo: Sergio's mother
Andrea Scotti: Osvaldo
Marino Barreto Junior: Himself
Marco Tulli

External links
Tre straniere a Roma at IMDb
Passage 5:
Frank Kubatzki
Frank Kubatzki (May 12, 1877 – ?) was an American blacksmith from Milwaukee who served three terms as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly representing the 8th Milwaukee County District (8th Ward of the City of Milwaukee) 

Background
Kubatzki was born in the part of Poland within the German Empire on May 12, 1877, and came to America with his parents at the age of two, the family locating in Milwaukee  He was educated in a parochial school and night school, and became a blacksmith by trade  He served in the Army's First Wisconsin Volunteers from the outbreak of the Spanish–American War until he was mustered out in October 1898  Returning home, he returned to his trade until he lost the use of two limbs due to a disease contracted while in the service, and had to dispose of his business  He would eventually be awarded a monthly pension of $72 in 1926, apparently as a result of lobbying by Congressman John C  Schafer 

Legislative service
He was elected to the assembly in 1914 and was re-elected in 1916 and 1918, receiving 1,147 votes at the 1918 general election to 756 for Socialist Frank Cieszynski  He was defeated for re-election in 1920 by Socialist Walter Polakowski  In 1922 he attempted to re-gain his old seat, but came in third, losing to Polakowski's younger brother John Polakowski, who received 2,191 votes to 1,471 for Republican Louis Polewczwnski and 856 for Kubatzki 



ground_truth: La Goulette

Tunis

Rome

Roma