prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name for the mouth of the watercourse of the body of water by Rotterdam Centrum?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Rotterdam Centrum
Rotterdam Centrum (English: Rotterdam Center/ Center of Rotterdam) is a borough of Rotterdam  It was established on March 3, 2010  The center has 33,983 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2017) Rotterdam Centrum is bounded by the emplacement of the Rotterdam Centraal railway station and the Goudsesingel in the North, the Tunneltraverse of the Henegouwerlaan and 's-Gravendijkwal in the West, the Nieuwe Maas River in the South and the Oostplein in the East 

Landmarks
Some landmarks include:

Market Hall
Euromast
Beurstraverse (Koopgoot), with the Beurs-World Trade Center
Lijnbaan
Coolsingel with the city hall and Hofplein
Erasmusbrug
Willemsbrug
Various stations of the Rotterdam Metro
Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk
Library Rotterdam
Cube houses
The Schielandshuis

Neighborhoods
The division into neighborhoods is as follows:

Oude Westen
Stadsdriehoek
Cool
C S  kwartier
Nieuwe Werk (Scheepvaartkwartier)
Dijkzigt
Passage 2:
Wapizagonke Lake
The Wapizagonke Lake is one of the bodies of water located the sector "Lac-Wapizagonke", in the city of Shawinigan, in the La Mauricie National Park, in the region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada 

Geography
With a length of 9 2 kilometers, the Wapizagonke lake is located near the west boundary of La Mauricie National Park in northern Shawinigan  Surrounded by mountains, this lake is a narrow shape and length is in the north-south axis  It drains through its southern end into the Shawinigan River, which flows eastward and then south to empty into the Saint-Maurice River 
Major lakes feeding the Wapizagonke Lake watershed are: Reid, Houle, Jodon, Anticagamac and Avalon 

Toponymy
The lake appears on the cards in 1852 under the name "Lake Pisagunk"  Forestry workers identified him rather as the "lake Mistagance"  Wapizagonke appear on the map in 1925 and is a variation of Ouapitagone in Montagnais, which meant according to Father Joseph-Étienne Guinard (1864-1965): "kind of very rare duck species"  In Abenaki, the lake is named Wawibizagak and means "surrounded by the bush"  Certain visitors named the lake under two names: "Island Lake" and "Lake Croche" 

See also
Shawinigan River
Shawinigan
Passage 3:
Bardwell Creek
Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Bardwell Creek rises in Georges River local government area, near Hurstville and flows in a north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Bexley, Bexley North, Bardwell Park, and Turrella in the Bayside local government area, where it makes its confluence with Wolli Creek, where it forms the border between the suburbs of Bardwell Park and Turrella  The upper reaches of the Creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes an open concrete channel at Croydon Road in the Bexley Golf Course  The total catchment area of Bardwell Creek is 6 36 square kilometres (2 46 sq mi) 

See also
Bardwell Valley, New South Wales
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 4:
Potamogeton amplifolius
Potamogeton amplifolius, commonly known as largeleaf pondweed or broad-leaved pondweed, is an aquatic plant of North America  It grows in water bodies such as lakes, ponds, and rivers, often in deep water 
This perennial plant grows from rhizomes and produces a very slender, cylindrical, sometimes spotted stem up to a meter or so long  The leaves take two forms  Submersed leaves are up to 20 centimeters long by 7 wide and may be folded along their midribs  The submersed leaves have more veins than do those of other pondweed species, up to 49  Floating leaves are up to 10 centimeters long by 5 wide, leathery in texture, and borne on long petioles  The inflorescence is a spike of many flowers rising above the water surface on a thick peduncle 
Passage 5:
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia  With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development  As of 2022, 2 16 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1 05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates—but it has been estimated there are around 7 77 million animal species in total  Animals range in length from 8 5 micrometres (0 00033 in) to 33 6 metres (110 ft)  They have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs  The scientific study of animals is known as zoology 
Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan  The Bilateria include the protostomes, containing animals such as nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids and molluscs, and the deuterostomes, containing the echinoderms and the chordates, the latter including the vertebrates  Life forms interpreted as early animals were present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Precambrian  Many modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, which began around 539 million years ago  6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago 
Historically, Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without  Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with his Systema Naturae, which Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded into 14 phyla by 1809  In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa (now synonymous with Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals  In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between taxa 
Humans make use of many animal species, such as for food (including meat, milk, and eggs), for materials (such as leather and wool), as pets, and as working animals including for transport  Dogs have been used in hunting, as have birds of prey, while many terrestrial and aquatic animals were hunted for sports  Nonhuman animals have appeared in art from the earliest times and are featured in mythology and religion 

Etymology
The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning 'having breath', 'having soul' or 'living being'  The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia  In colloquial usage, the term animal is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals  The term "metazoa" is derived from the Ancient Greek μετα (meta, meaning "later") and ζῷᾰ (zōia, plural of ζῷον zōion, meaning animal) 

Characteristics
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things  Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular  Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients, animals are heterotrophic, feeding on organic material and digesting it internally  With very few exceptions, animals respire aerobically  All animals are motile (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their life cycle, but some animals, such as sponges, corals, mussels, and barnacles, later become sessile  The blastula is a stage in embryonic development that is unique to animals, allowing cells to be differentiated into specialised tissues and organs 

Structure
All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins  During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible  This may be calcified, forming structures such as shells, bones, and spicules  In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth  Animal cells uniquely possess the cell junctions called tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and placozoans—animal bodies are differentiated into tissues  These include muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit signals and coordinate the body  Typically, there is also an internal digestive chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians) 

Reproduction and development
Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction  They produce haploid gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova  These fuse to form zygotes, which develop via mitosis into a hollow sphere, called a blastula  In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge  In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement  It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber and two separate germ layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm  In most cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them  These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs Repeated instances of mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads to inbreeding depression within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful recessive traits  Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding Some animals are capable of asexual reproduction, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent  This may take place through fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians; or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, such as in aphids 

Ecology
Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on how they obtain or consume organic material, including carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores, and parasites  Interactions between animals form complex food webs  In carnivorous or omnivorous species, predation is a consumer–resource interaction where a predator feeds on another organism (called its prey)  Selective pressures imposed on one another lead to an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey, resulting in various anti-predator adaptations  Almost all multicellular predators are animals  Some consumers use multiple methods; for example, in parasitoid wasps, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process, but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers  Other animals may have very specific feeding behaviours, such as hawksbill sea turtles primarily eating sponges 

Most animals rely on the biomass and energy produced by plants through photosynthesis  Herbivores eat plant material directly, while carnivores, and other animals on higher trophic levels typically acquire it indirectly by eating other animals  Animals oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain biological processes such as locomotion  Animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the dark sea floor consume organic matter of archaea and bacteria produced in these locations through chemosynthesis (by oxidizing inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide) Animals originally evolved in the sea  Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as land plants, probably between 510 and 471 million years ago during the Late Cambrian or Early Ordovician  Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik started to move on to land in the late Devonian, about 375 million years ago  Animals occupy virtually all of earth's habitats and microhabitats, including salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other animals, plants, fungi, and rocks  Animals are however not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F)  Only very few species of animals (mostly nematodes) inhabit the most extreme cold deserts of continental Antarctica 

Diversity
Size
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 tonnes and measuring up to 33 6 metres (110 ft) long  The largest extant terrestrial animal is the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), weighing up to 12 25 tonnes and measuring up to 10 67 metres (35 0 ft) long  The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs such as Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and Supersaurus which may have reached 39 meters  Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 µm, and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel) is no more than 8 5 µm when fully grown 

Numbers and habitats of major phyla
The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal phyla, along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water, and marine), and free-living or parasitic ways of life  Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly  For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million  Using patterns within the taxonomic hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7 77 million in 2011 

Evolutionary origin
Animals are found as long ago as the Ediacaran biota, towards the end of the Precambrian, and possibly somewhat earlier  It had long been doubted whether these life-forms included animals, but the discovery of the animal lipid cholesterol in fossils of Dickinsonia establishes their nature  Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely by anaerobic respiration, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments Many animal phyla first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such as the Burgess shale  Extant phyla in these rocks include molluscs, brachiopods, onychophorans, tardigrades, arthropods, echinoderms and hemichordates, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the predatory Anomalocaris  The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artefact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously  
That view is supported by the discovery of Auroralumina attenboroughii, the earliest known Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from Charnwood Forest, England  It is thought to be one of the earliest predators, catching small prey with its nematocysts as modern cnidarians do Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago  Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the Trezona Formation of South Australia  These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early sponges Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of triploblastic worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms  However, similar tracks are produced today by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution  Around the same time, the layered mats of microorganisms called stromatolites decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals  Objects such as sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1 2 gya rocks in North America, in 1 5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1 7 gya rocks in Australia  Their interpretation as having an animal origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures 

Phylogeny
External phylogeny
Animals are monophyletic, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor  Animals are sister to the Choanoflagellata, with which they form the Choanozoa   
The dates on the phylogenetic tree indicate approximately how many millions of years ago (mya) the lineages split Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram  Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines 

Internal phylogeny
The most basal animals, the Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Placozoa, have body plans that lack bilateral symmetry  Their relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora, both of which lack hox genes, important in body plan development These genes are found in the Placozoa and the higher animals, the Bilateria  6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian  25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the Wnt and TGF-beta signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for transcription factors including homeodomain proteins involved in the control of development Giribet and Edgecombe (2020) provide what they consider to be a consensus internal phylogeny of the animals, embodying uncertainty about the structure at the base of the tree (dashed lines) 
An alternative phylogeny, from Kapli and colleagues (2021), proposes a clade Xenambulacraria for the Xenacoelamorpha + Ambulacraria; this is either within Deuterostomia, as sister to Chordata, or the Deuterostomia are recovered as paraphyletic, and Xenambulacraria is sister to the proposed clade Centroneuralia, consisting of Chordata + Protostomia 

Non-bilateria
Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry  These are the Porifera (sea sponges), Placozoa, Cnidaria (which includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals), and Ctenophora (comb jellies) 
Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a sister clade to all other animals  Despite their morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are  Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla; their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals  They typically feed by drawing in water through pores, filtering out food and nutrients The comb jellies and Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus  Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into discrete organs  They are diploblastic, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially resemble amoebae  Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research 

Bilateria
The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form a clade, the Bilateria, which have a bilaterally symmetric body plan  The Bilateria are triploblastic, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues form distinct organs  The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom  These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a mouth  Many bilaterians have a combination of circular muscles that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body; these enable soft-bodied animals with a hydrostatic skeleton to move by peristalsis  They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus  Many bilaterian phyla have primary larvae which swim with cilia and have an apical organ containing sensory cells  However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or more of each of these characteristics  For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria  Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the protostomes and the deuterostomes  It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the Xenacoelomorpha, with all other bilaterians belonging to the subclade Nephrozoa However, this suggestion has been contested, with other studies finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to Ambulacraria than to other bilaterians 

Protostomes and deuterostomes
Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways  Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while many protostomes (the Spiralia) undergo spiral cleavage 
Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the embryonic gut develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily  In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily  Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm  In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by enterocoelic pouching, through invagination of the endoderm The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata  Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers  The chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones), which consist of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals  The deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata (acorn worms) 

Ecdysozoa
The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting  They include the largest animal phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin  All of these have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages  Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits  The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum  Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water; some are important parasites  Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera  These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom 

Spiralia
The Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo  The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum Lophotrochozoa, and smaller groups of phyla such as the Rouphozoa which includes the gastrotrichs and the flatworms  All of these are grouped as the Platytrochozoa, which has a sister group, the Gnathifera, which includes the rotifers The Lophotrochozoa includes the molluscs, annelids, brachiopods, nemerteans, bryozoa and entoprocts  The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes snails, clams, and squids, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as earthworms, lugworms, and leeches  These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share trochophore larvae 

History of classification
In the classical era, Aristotle divided animals, based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without  The animals were then arranged on a scale from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul)  Aristotle was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch, and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about In 1758, Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical classification in his Systema Naturae  In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia  Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up  The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, who called the Vermes une espèce de chaos (a chaotic mess) and split the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish)  By 1809, in his Philosophie Zoologique, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, radiates, polyps, and infusorians In his 1817 Le Règne Animal, Georges Cuvier used comparative anatomy to group the animals into four embranchements ("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and zoophytes (radiata) (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms)  This division into four was followed by the embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer in 1828, the zoologist Louis Agassiz in 1857, and the comparative anatomist Richard Owen in 1860 In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges  The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom Protista, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia 

In human culture
Practical uses
The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of domesticated livestock species in animal husbandry and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species  Marine fish of many species are caught commercially for food  A smaller number of species are farmed commercially  Humans and their livestock make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined Invertebrates including cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalve or gastropod molluscs are hunted or farmed for food  Chickens, cattle, sheep, pigs, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world  Animal fibres such as wool are used to make textiles, while animal sinews have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items  Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats  Dyestuffs including carmine (cochineal), shellac, and kermes have been made from the bodies of insects  Working animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture Animals such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serve a major role in science as experimental models  Animals have been used to create vaccines since their discovery in the 18th century  Some medicines such as the cancer drug trabectedin are based on toxins or other molecules of animal origin 

People have used hunting dogs to help chase down and retrieve animals, and birds of prey to catch birds and mammals, while tethered cormorants have been used to catch fish  Poison dart frogs have been used to poison the tips of blowpipe darts 
A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas and octopuses, insects including praying mantises, reptiles such as snakes and chameleons, and birds including canaries, parakeets, and parrots all finding a place  However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely dogs, cats, and rabbits  There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their own 
A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sport 

Symbolic uses
Animals have been the subjects of art from the earliest times, both historical, as in Ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the cave paintings at Lascaux  Major animal paintings include Albrecht Dürer's 1515 The Rhinoceros, and George Stubbs's c  1762 horse portrait Whistlejacket  Insects, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film, such as in giant bug movies Animals including insects and mammals feature in mythology and religion  In both Japan and Europe, a butterfly was seen as the personification of a person's soul, while the scarab beetle was sacred in ancient Egypt  Among the mammals, cattle, deer, horses, lions, bats, bears, and wolves are the subjects of myths and worship  The signs of the Western and Chinese zodiacs are based on animals 

See also
Animal coloration
Ethology
Fauna
List of animal names
Lists of organisms by population

Notes
Passage 6:
Het Scheur
The Scheur (Dutch pronunciation: [ət ˈsxøːr]; Dutch for "The Rip") is a branch of the Rhine-Meuse delta in South Holland, Netherlands, that flows west from the confluence of the Oude Maas and Nieuwe Maas branches past the towns of Rozenburg and Maassluis  It continues as the Nieuwe Waterweg (New Waterway) to the North Sea 
Originally, the Scheur was the northern branch of the river around Rozenburg island and curved south a few kilometres past Maassluis to join the Nieuwe Maas again in the Maasmond ("Mouth of Meuse") estuary near Den Briel  When the Nieuwe Waterweg was completed in 1872, the Scheur was dammed off and connected to the east end of the Nieuwe Waterweg to form the new channelized main mouth of the Rhine-Meuse delta 
Passage 7:
Ekulu River
The River Ekulu is a 25-kilometre (16 mi) long river and the largest body of water in the city of Enugu in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria, and it originates in the same city as well 
Passage 8:
Little River (Wingecarribee)
The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Little River rises south southeast of the locality of Wills Hill, near Robertson, and flows generally north before reaching its confluence with the Dudewaugh Creek, a tributary of the Burke River within the Upper Nepean River catchment  The course of the river is approximately 8 kilometres (5 0 mi) 

See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 9:
Secchi disk
The Secchi disk (or Secchi disc), as created in 1865 by Angelo Secchi, is a plain white, circular disk 30 cm (12 in) in diameter used to measure water transparency or turbidity in bodies of water  The disc is mounted on a pole or line and lowered slowly down in the water  The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water  This measure is known as the Secchi depth and is related to water turbidity  Since its invention, the disk has also been used in a modified, smaller 20 cm (8 in) diameter, black-and-white design to measure freshwater transparency 
Similar disks, with a black-and-yellow pattern, are used as fiducial markers on vehicles in crash tests, crash-test dummies, and other kinetic experiments 

History
The original Secchi disk was a plain white disk and was used in the Mediterranean Sea  Today, a plain white, 30 cm (12 in) diameter Secchi disk remains the standard design used in marine studies  In 1899 George C  Whipple modified the original all-white Secchi disk to "   a disc about 8 inches in diameter, divided into quadrants painted alternately black and white like the target of a level-rod   "  This modified black-and-white Secchi disk is the standard disk now used in limnology (freshwater) investigations 

Secchi depth
The Secchi depth is reached when the reflectance equals the intensity of light backscattered from the water  1 7 divided into this depth in metres yields an  attenuation coefficient (also called an extinction coefficient), for the available light averaged over the Secchi disk depth  While used as a variable, the extinction coefficient is also used as a variable for turbidity  The light attenuation coefficient, k, can then be used in a form of the Beer–Lambert law,

  
    
      
        
          
            
              I
              
                z
              
            
            
              I
              
                0
              
            
          
        
        =
        
          e
          
            −
            k
            z
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {I_{z} \over I_{0}}=e^{-kz}}
  to estimate Iz, the intensity of light at depth z from I0, the intensity of light at the ocean surface The Secchi disk readings do not provide an exact measure of transparency, as there can be errors because of the sun's glare on the water, or one person may see the disk at one depth, but another person with better eyesight may see it at a greater depth  However, it is an inexpensive and straightforward method of measuring water clarity  Because of the potential for variation between users, methods should be standardized as much as possible 
A Secchi disk measurement should always be taken off the shady side of a boat or dock between 9:00 and 15:00  The period for best results is between 10:00 and 14:00  The same observer should take Secchi depth measurements, in the same manner, every time  One can approach the measurement by lowering the disk beyond a point of disappearance, then raising it and lowering it slightly to set the Secchi depth  Another method is to record the depth at which the disk disappears, lower it another few feet, then record the depth at which the disk reappears as it is slowly brought up  The Secchi depth is taken as the average of the two values Secchi disk measurements do not indicate how attenuation changes with depth or particular wavelengths of light  Submarine photometers can operate at depths of 150 m (492 ft) and can record visible, ultraviolet, and infrared parts of the spectrum  Turbidimeters and Transmissometers have their own light sources and can measure transparency with scientific accuracy 

Applications
Secchi disk measurements have been an integral component of Minnesota's and Wisconsin's lake water quality assessment programs for some time; lake residents make periodic measurements and submit their readings to state and local agencies  The aggregated longitudinal data are used to reveal general trends in water quality  Similarly, the Indiana Clean Lakes Program trains and relies on volunteers to monitor turbidity in over 80 Indiana lakes using Secchi disks, and uses data submitted by volunteers to monitor lake quality in the state In 2013, a team of marine scientists established the global citizen science Secchi Disk program for seafarers to study marine phytoplankton  This ongoing citizen science Secchi Disk study combines the traditional plain white, 30  cm diameter marine Secchi Disk with mobile technology to upload Secchi depth data collected from the sea to a central database  The study's first scientific results were published in 2017  The Secchi Disk study was begun in response to a controversial scientific report that suggested the phytoplankton that influences water transparency had declined by 40% in the oceans between the years 1950 and 2008 

See also
Forel-Ule scale
Siemens star
Trophic state index
Water quality
Passage 10:
Plankton
Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in water (or air) that are unable to propel themselves against a current (or wind)  The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters  In the ocean, they provide a crucial source of food to many small and large aquatic organisms, such as bivalves, fish, and baleen whales 
Marine plankton include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa and drifting or floating animals that inhabit the saltwater of oceans and the brackish waters of estuaries  Freshwater plankton are similar to marine plankton, but are found in lakes and rivers  Mostly plankton just drift where currents take them, though some, like jellyfish, swim slowly but not fast enough to generally gain control from the influence of currents 
Although plankton are usually thought of as inhabiting water, there are also airborne versions that live part of their lives drifting in the atmosphere  These aeroplankton include plant spores, pollen and wind-scattered seeds  They may also include microorganisms swept into the air from terrestrial dust storms and oceanic plankton swept into the air by sea spray 
Though many planktonic species are microscopic in size, plankton includes organisms over a wide range of sizes, including large organisms such as jellyfish  This is because plankton are defined by their ecological niche and level of motility rather than by any phylogenetic or taxonomic classification  The "plankton" category differentiates these organisms from those that float on the water's surface, called neuston, those that can swim against a current, called nekton, and those that live on the deep sea floor, called benthos 

Terminology
The name plankton was coined by German marine biologist Victor Hensen in 1887 from shortening the word halyplankton from Greek ᾰ̔́λς háls "sea" and πλανάω planáō to  "drift" or "wander" : 1  While some forms are capable of independent movement and can swim hundreds of meters vertically in a single day (a behavior called diel vertical migration), their horizontal position is primarily determined by the surrounding water movement, and plankton typically flow with ocean currents  This is in contrast to nekton organisms, such as fish, squid and marine mammals, which can swim against the ambient flow and control their position in the environment 
Within the plankton, holoplankton spend their entire life cycle as plankton (e g  most algae, copepods, salps, and some jellyfish)  By contrast, meroplankton are only planktic for part of their lives (usually the larval stage), and then graduate to either a nektic (swimming) or benthic (sea floor) existence  Examples of meroplankton include the larvae of sea urchins, starfish, crustaceans, marine worms, and most fish The amount and distribution of plankton depends on available nutrients, the state of water and a large amount of other plankton The study of plankton is termed planktology and a planktonic individual is referred to as a plankter  The adjective planktonic is widely used in both the scientific and popular literature, and is a generally accepted term  However, from the standpoint of prescriptive grammar, the less-commonly used planktic is more strictly the correct adjective  When deriving English words from their Greek or Latin roots, the gender-specific ending (in this case, "-on" which indicates the word is neuter) is normally dropped, using only the root of the word in the derivation 

Trophic groups
Plankton are primarily divided into broad functional (or trophic level) groups:   

Phytoplankton (from Greek phyton, or plant), are autotrophic prokaryotic or eukaryotic algae that live near the water surface where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis  Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores 
Zooplankton (from Greek zoon, or animal), are small protozoans or metazoans (e g  crustaceans and other animals) that feed on other plankton  Some of the eggs and larvae of larger nektonic animals, such as fish, crustaceans, and annelids, are included here 
Mycoplankton include fungi and fungus-like organisms, which, like bacterioplankton, are also significant in remineralisation and nutrient cycling 
Bacterioplankton include bacteria and archaea, which play an important role in remineralising organic material down the water column (note that prokaryotic phytoplankton are also bacterioplankton) 
Virioplankton are viruses  Viruses are more abundant in the plankton than bacteria and archaea, though much smaller 

Mixoplankton
Mixotrophs  Plankton have traditionally been categorized as producer, consumer and recycler groups, but some plankton are able to benefit from more than just one trophic level  In this mixed trophic strategy—known as mixotrophy—organisms act as both producers and consumers, either at the same time or switching between modes of nutrition in response to ambient conditions  This makes it possible to use photosynthesis for growth when nutrients and light are abundant, but switching to eat phytoplankton, zooplankton or each other when growing conditions are poor  Mixotrophs are divided into two groups; constitutive mixotrophs, CMs, which are able to perform photosynthesis on their own, and non-constitutive mixotrophs, NCMs, which use phagocytosis to engulf phototrophic prey that are either kept alive inside the host cell which benefit from its photosynthesis, or they digest their prey except for the plastids which continues to perform photosynthesis (kleptoplasty) Recognition of the importance of mixotrophy as an ecological strategy is increasing, as well as the wider role this may play in marine biogeochemistry  Studies have shown that mixotrophs are much more important for the marine ecology than previously assumed, and comprise more than half of all microscopic plankton  Their presence act as a buffer that prevents the collapse of ecosystems during times with little to no light 

Size groups
Plankton are also often described in terms of size  Usually the following divisions are used: 
However, some of these terms may be used with very different boundaries, especially on the larger end  The existence and importance of nano- and even smaller plankton was only discovered during the 1980s, but they are thought to make up the largest proportion of all plankton in number and diversity 
The microplankton and smaller groups are microorganisms and operate at low Reynolds numbers, where the viscosity of water is more important than its mass or inertia 

Habitat groups
Marine plankton
Marine plankton includes marine bacteria and archaea, algae, protozoa and drifting or floating animals that inhabit the saltwater of oceans and the brackish waters of estuaries 

Freshwater plankton
Freshwater plankton are similar to marine plankton, but are found inland in the freshwaters of lakes and rivers 

Aeroplankton
Aeroplankton are tiny lifeforms that float and drift in the air, carried by the current of the wind; they are the atmospheric analogue to oceanic plankton  Most of the living things that make up aeroplankton are very small to microscopic in size, and many can be difficult to identify because of their tiny size  Scientists can collect them for study in traps and sweep nets from aircraft, kites or balloons  Aeroplankton is made up of numerous microbes, including viruses, about 1000 different species of bacteria, around 40,000 varieties of fungi, and hundreds of species of protists, algae, mosses and liverworts that live some part of their life cycle as aeroplankton, often as spores, pollen, and wind-scattered seeds  Additionally, peripatetic microorganisms are swept into the air from terrestrial dust storms, and an even larger amount of airborne marine microorganisms are propelled high into the atmosphere in sea spray  Aeroplankton deposits hundreds of millions of airborne viruses and tens of millions of bacteria every day on every square meter around the planet 
The sea surface microlayer, compared to the sub-surface waters, contains elevated concentration of bacteria and viruses  These materials can be transferred from the sea-surface to the atmosphere in the form of wind-generated aqueous aerosols due to their high vapour tension and a process known as volatilisation  When airborne, these microbes can be transported long distances to coastal regions  If they hit land they can have an effect on animal, vegetation and human health  Marine aerosols that contain viruses can travel hundreds of kilometers from their source and remain in liquid form as long as the humidity is high enough (over 70%)  These aerosols are able to remain suspended in the atmosphere for about 31 days  Evidence suggests that bacteria can remain viable after being transported inland through aerosols  Some reached as far as 200 meters at 30 meters above sea level  The process which transfers this material to the atmosphere causes further enrichment in both bacteria and viruses in comparison to either the SML or sub-surface waters (up to three orders of magnitude in some locations) 

Geoplankton
Many animals live in terrestrial environments by thriving in transient often microscopic bodies of water and moisture, these include rotifers and gastrotrichs which lay resilient eggs capable of surviving years in dry environments, and some of which can go dormant themselves  Nematodes are usually microscopic with this lifestyle  Water bears, despite only having lifespans of a few months, famously can enter suspended animation during dry or hostile conditions and survive for decades  This allows them to be ubiquitous in terrestrial environments despite needing water to grow and reproduce  Many microscopic crustacean groups like copepods and amphipods (of which sandhoppers are members) and seed shrimp are known to go dormant when dry and live in transient bodies of water too

Other groups
Gelatinous zooplankton
Gelatinous zooplankton are fragile animals that live in the water column in the ocean  Their delicate bodies have no hard parts and are easily damaged or destroyed  Gelatinous zooplankton are often transparent  All jellyfish are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish  The most commonly encountered organisms include ctenophores, medusae, salps, and Chaetognatha in coastal waters  However, almost all marine phyla, including Annelida, Mollusca and Arthropoda, contain gelatinous species, but many of those odd species live in the open ocean and the deep sea and are less available to the casual ocean observer 

Ichthyoplankton
Ichthyoplankton are the eggs and larvae of fish  They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the water column, less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the epipelagic or photic zone  Ichthyoplankton are planktonic, meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents  Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic  Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into juveniles  Fish larvae are part of the zooplankton that eat smaller plankton, while fish eggs carry their own food supply  Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals  Fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column  Fish eggs typically have a diameter of about 1 millimetre (0 039 in)  The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called larvae  They are usually poorly formed, carry a large yolk sac (for nourishment) and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens  The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed metamorphosis) to become juveniles  During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae  In time fish larvae become able to swim against currents, at which point they cease to be plankton and become juvenile fish 

Holoplankton
Holoplankton are organisms that are planktic for their entire life cycle  Holoplankton can be contrasted with meroplankton, which are planktic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the benthic zone  Examples of holoplankton include some diatoms, radiolarians, some dinoflagellates, foraminifera, amphipods, krill, copepods, and salps, as well as some gastropod mollusk species  Holoplankton dwell in the pelagic zone as opposed to the benthic zone  Holoplankton include both phytoplankton and zooplankton and vary in size  The most common plankton are protists 

Meroplankton
Meroplankton are a wide variety of aquatic organisms which have both planktonic and benthic stages in their life cycles  Much of the meroplankton consists of larval stages of larger organism  Meroplankton can be contrasted with holoplankton, which are planktonic organisms that stay in the pelagic zone as plankton throughout their entire life cycle  After a period of time in the plankton, many meroplankton graduate to the nekton or adopt a benthic (often sessile) lifestyle on the seafloor  The larval stages of benthic invertebrates make up a significant proportion of planktonic communities  The planktonic larval stage is particularly crucial to many benthic invertebrate in order to disperse their young  Depending on the particular species and the environmental conditions, larval or juvenile-stage meroplankton may remain in the pelagic zone for durations ranging from hour to months 

Pseudoplankton
Pseudoplankton are organisms that attach themselves to planktonic organisms or other floating objects, such as drifting wood, buoyant shells of organisms such as Spirula, or man-made flotsam  Examples include goose barnacles and the bryozoan Jellyella  By themselves these animals cannot float, which contrasts them with true planktonic organisms, such as Velella and the Portuguese Man o' War, which are buoyant  Pseudoplankton are often found in the guts of filtering zooplankters 

Tychoplankton
Tychoplankton are organisms, such as free-living or attached benthic organisms and other non-planktonic organisms, that are carried into the plankton through a disturbance of their benthic habitat, or by winds and currents  This can occur by direct turbulence or by disruption of the substrate and subsequent entrainment in the water column  Tychoplankton are, therefore, a primary subdivision for sorting planktonic organisms by duration of lifecycle spent in the plankton, as neither their entire lives nor particular reproductive portions are confined to planktonic existence  Tychoplankton are sometimes called accidental plankton 

Mineralized plankton
Some planktons are protected with mineralized shells or tests 

Distribution
Apart from aeroplankton, plankton inhabits oceans, seas, lakes and ponds  Local abundance varies horizontally, vertically and seasonally  The primary cause of this variability is the availability of light  All plankton ecosystems are driven by the input of solar energy (but see chemosynthesis), confining primary production to surface waters, and to geographical regions and seasons having abundant light 
A secondary variable is nutrient availability  Although large areas of the tropical and sub-tropical oceans have abundant light, they experience relatively low primary production because they offer limited nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicate  This results from large-scale ocean circulation and water column stratification  In such regions, primary production usually occurs at greater depth, although at a reduced level (because of reduced light) 
Despite significant macronutrient concentrations, some ocean regions are unproductive (so-called HNLC regions)  The micronutrient iron is deficient in these regions, and adding it can lead to the formation of phytoplankton algal blooms  Iron primarily reaches the ocean through the deposition of dust on the sea surface  Paradoxically, oceanic areas adjacent to unproductive, arid land thus typically have abundant phytoplankton (e g , the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where trade winds bring dust from the Sahara Desert in north Africa) 
While plankton are most abundant in surface waters, they live throughout the water column  At depths where no primary production occurs, zooplankton and bacterioplankton instead consume organic material sinking from more productive surface waters above  This flux of sinking material, so-called marine snow, can be especially high following the termination of spring blooms 
The local distribution of plankton can be affected by wind-driven Langmuir circulation and the biological effects of this physical process 

Ecological significance
Food chain
Aside from representing the bottom few levels of a food chain that supports commercially important fisheries, plankton ecosystems play a role in the biogeochemical cycles of many important chemical elements, including the ocean's carbon cycle  Fish larvae mainly eat zooplankton, which in turn eat phytoplankton

Carbon cycle
Primarily by grazing on phytoplankton, zooplankton provide carbon to the planktic foodweb, either respiring it to provide metabolic energy, or upon death as biomass or detritus  Organic material tends to be denser than seawater, so it sinks into open ocean ecosystems away from the coastlines, transporting carbon along with it  This process, called the biological pump, is one reason that oceans constitute the largest carbon sink on Earth  However, it has been shown to be influenced by increments of temperature  In 2019, a study indicated that at ongoing rates of seawater acidification, Antarctic phytoplanktons could become smaller and less effective at storing carbon before the end of the century It might be possible to increase the ocean's uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated through human activities by increasing plankton production through iron fertilization – introducing amounts of iron into the ocean  However, this technique may not be practical at a large scale  Ocean oxygen depletion and resultant methane production (caused by the excess production remineralising at depth) is one potential drawback 

Oxygen production
Phytoplankton absorb energy from the Sun and nutrients from the water to produce their own nourishment or energy  In the process of photosynthesis, phytoplankton release molecular oxygen (O2) into the water as a waste byproduct  It is estimated that about 50% of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis  The rest is produced via photosynthesis on land by plants  Furthermore, phytoplankton photosynthesis has controlled the atmospheric CO2/O2 balance since the early Precambrian Eon 

Absorption efficiency
The absorption efficiency (AE) of plankton is the proportion of food absorbed by the plankton that determines how available the consumed organic materials are in meeting the required physiological demands  Depending on the feeding rate and prey composition, variations in absorption efficiency may lead to variations in fecal pellet production, and thus regulates how much organic material is recycled back to the marine environment  Low feeding rates typically lead to high absorption efficiency and small, dense pellets, while high feeding rates typically lead to low absorption efficiency and larger pellets with more organic content  Another contributing factor to dissolved organic matter (DOM) release is respiration rate  Physical factors such as oxygen availability, pH, and light conditions may affect overall oxygen consumption and how much carbon is loss from zooplankton in the form of respired CO2  The relative sizes of zooplankton and prey also mediate how much carbon is released via sloppy feeding  Smaller prey are ingested whole, whereas larger prey may be fed on more “sloppily”, that is more biomatter is released through inefficient consumption  There is also evidence that diet composition can impact nutrient release, with carnivorous diets releasing more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ammonium than omnivorous diets 

Biomass variability
The growth of phytoplankton populations is dependent on light levels and nutrient availability  The chief factor limiting growth varies from region to region in the world's oceans  On a broad scale, growth of phytoplankton in the oligotrophic tropical and subtropical gyres is generally limited by nutrient supply, while light often limits phytoplankton growth in subarctic gyres  Environmental variability at multiple scales influences the nutrient and light available for phytoplankton, and as these organisms form the base of the marine food web, this variability in phytoplankton growth influences higher trophic levels  For example, at interannual scales phytoplankton levels temporarily plummet during El Niño periods, influencing populations of zooplankton, fishes, sea birds, and marine mammals 
The effects of anthropogenic warming on the global population of phytoplankton is an area of active research  Changes in the vertical stratification of the water column, the rate of temperature-dependent biological reactions, and the atmospheric supply of nutrients are expected to have important impacts on future phytoplankton productivity  Additionally, changes in the mortality of phytoplankton due to rates of zooplankton grazing may be significant 

Plankton diversity
Some of the diversity found in plankton

Planktonic Relationships
Fish & plankton
Zooplankton are the initial prey item for almost all fish larvae as they switch from their yolk sacs to external feeding  Fish rely on the density and distribution of zooplankton to match that of new larvae, which can otherwise starve  Natural factors (e g , current variations, temperature changes) and man-made factors (e g  river dams, ocean acidification, rising temperatures) can strongly affect zooplankton, which can in turn strongly affect larval survival, and therefore breeding success 
It's been shown that plankton can be patchy in marine environments where there aren't significant fish populations and additionally, where fish are abundant, zooplankton dynamics are influenced by the fish predation rate in their environment  Depending on the predation rate, they could express regular or chaotic behavior A negative effect that fish larvae can have on planktonic algal blooms is that the larvae will prolong the blooming event by diminishing available zooplankton numbers; this in turn permits excessive phytoplankton growth allowing the bloom to flourish  The importance of both phytoplankton and zooplankton is also well-recognized in extensive and semi-intensive pond fish farming  Plankton population-based pond management strategies for fish rearing have been practiced by traditional fish farmers for decades, illustrating the importance of plankton even in man-made environments 
Whales & plankton
Of all animal fecal matter, it is whale feces that is the 'trophy' in terms of increasing nutrient availability  Phytoplankton are the powerhouse of open ocean primary production and they can acquire many nutrients from whale feces  In the marine food web, phytoplankton are at the base of the food web and are consumed by zooplankton & krill, which are preyed upon by larger and larger marine organisms, including whales, so it can be said that whale poop fuels the entire food web 

Humans & plankton
Plankton have many direct and indirect effects on humans 
Around 70% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced in the oceans from phytoplankton performing photosynthesis, meaning that the majority of the oxygen available for us and other organisms that respire aerobically is produced by plankton Plankton also make up the base of the marine food web, providing food for all the trophic levels above  Recent studies have analyzed the marine food web to see if the system runs on a top-down or bottom-up approach  Essentially, this research is focused on understanding whether changes in the food web are driven by nutrients at the bottom of the food web or predators at the top  The general conclusion is that the bottom-up approach seemed to be more predictive of food web behavior  This indicates that plankton have more sway in determining the success of the primary consumer species that prey on them than do the secondary consumers that prey on the primary consumers 
In some cases, plankton act as an intermediate host for deadly parasites in humans  One such case is that of cholera, an infection caused by several strains of Vibrio cholerae  These species have been shown to have a symbiotic relationship with chitinous zooplankton species like copepods  These bacteria benefit not only from the food provided by the chiton from the zooplankton, but also from the protection from acidic environments  Once the copepods have been ingested by a human host, the chitinous exterior protects the bacteria from the stomach acids in the stomach and proceed to the intestines  Once there, the bacteria bind with the surface of the small intestine and the host will start developing symptoms, including extreme diarrhea, within five days 

See also
Aeroplankton
Gelatinous zooplankton
Ichthyoplankton
Nekton
Paradox of the plankton
Seston
Veliger
Passage 11:
Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)
Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Coxs Creek rises northeast of Punchbowl railway station and flows generally north northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River, at Strathfield South  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and is now largely a storm drain that flows about 3 kilometres (1 9 mi)  Prior to development of the area the creek drained paperbark swamps that were formerly near the junction of Roberts Road and Juno Parade  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and rerouted  As with most drainage channels in the area it has been lined along much of its length  Coxs Creek drains a total catchment of 8 8 square kilometres (3 4 sq mi) The creek begins as a stormwater drain, then runs in the open through the Coxs Creek Wetland, a 1 84 hectares (4 5 acres) reserve containing significant remnant bushland including some Cooks River Castlereagh Ironbark Forest habitat  Including tree specimens of mugga ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), narrow-leaved ironbark (E  crebra), broad-leaved ironbark (E  fibrosa), and tallowwood (E  microcorys)  The forest habitat is noted as an endangered ecological community  Acacia pubescens (Downy Wattle) is a vulnerable flora species present as is the locally endangered Tadgell's Bluebell (Wahlenbergia multicaulis)  The endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea) has been recorded and frog ponds constructed as part of the creek  The frog has not been seen in the creek since 1995, though they are still present in the nearby constructed wetlands at the Juno Parade Brick Pit 
In 2005 Sydney Ports Corporation proposed works including fauna corridors and "frog ramps" to encourage their return  Along much of its length the creek is a combination of covered channel and an uncovered concrete lined trench  As the creek passes through the reserve it is open and the 2010 management plan calls for restoration of this part of the creek and the adjacent riparian zone 
Passage 12:
Dead Horse Bay
Dead Horse Bay is a small body of water off Barren Island, between the Gerritsen Inlet and Rockaway Inlet in the New York City borough of Brooklyn 

History
From the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, the area has been used in a variety of ways, including manufacturing fertilizer from the remains of dead animals, producing fish oil from the menhaden caught in the bay, and more recently a landfill for the disposal of New York City’s garbage  Periodic clogging by carcasses from the adjacent glue factory with 200 foot chimney gave the bay its name  A millstone used to grind horse bones can still be found along the Millstone trail In 1926, much of the salt marsh surrounding Dead Horse Bay and the rest of Barren Island were pumped with sand from Jamaica Bay  This raised the land to 16 feet above the high tide mark and connected the islands to each other, and the mainland of Brooklyn, in order to create Floyd Bennett Field as New York City's first municipal airport  The entire area, including the historic airfield, is now managed by the National Park Service as part of the Jamaica Bay Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area 

In the 1950s, urban planner Robert Moses attempted to expand the now-peninsula to the west using garbage covered by topsoil, but the layer of soil eroded, and garbage can be seen on the coast during low tide  This coast contains many exposed broken glass bottles and other non-biodegradable material In August 2020, the National Park Service announced that Dead Horse Bay would be closed indefinitely because of the presence of radiological contamination  The NPS said at the time that the cleanup could last several years  The contamination was identified as having come from two deck markers, a type of Radium-226 or Strontium-90 based radioluminescent device used by the US military, though the risk of radiological exposure was considered low 

Current use
School groups are taken to Dead Horse Bay on a regular basis to walk the Millstone trail, seine for a variety of fishes, and learn about the natural and cultural history of the area  Its shores are also a popular sport fishing spot, and home to a marina operating in Deep Creek as a National Park Service concession  Today one can find a large array of glass bottles and pieces of broken glass on the beach, along with old shoes and construction materials, many from the landfill which is now leaking  It is a popular place for artists and crafters to collect strange decorative materials 
Passage 13:
Lake Kyyjärvi
Lake Kyyjärvi is a medium-sized lake in Kyyjärvi municipality, Finland  It is a starting point of the Saarijärvi Whitewater Route, a continuous watercourse in Central Finland 

See also
List of lakes in Finland
Passage 14:
August Willem van Voorden
August Willem van Voorden (25 November 1881, Rotterdam - 2 October 1921, Rotterdam) was a Dutch painter, best known for scenes of urban life in his hometown 

Biography
His father was a decorative house painter and gave him his first lessons  His first formal studies were at the Academy of Visual Arts  Later, he took lessons from Alexander van Maasdijk and Jan de Jong  He spent most of his life in Rotterdam, where he had a studio on the grounds of the Woudestein Estate (now part of Erasmus University)  In 1908, he lived briefly in Kortenhoef, where he met his wife,  and from 1912 to 1913 he was in  Nieuw-Loosdrecht He initially worked as a decorative painter, like his father, but after 1903 began doing regular oils and watercolors depicting street scenes, filled with the daily activities of ordinary people  He was heavily influenced by the works of George Hendrik Breitner and was often referred to as the "Breitner of Rotterdam" He worked during a period of rapid growth and was able to document the process, choosing bright, impressionistic colors as a counterweight to the gray hues normally associated with Dutch cityscapes  He also painted landscapes near Kortenhoef and Laren, where he worked with artists of the Hague School, as well as some portraits and still-lifes  For many years, he was a member of Arti et Amicitiae and the Haagse Kunstkring  He died of undisclosed causes just short of his fortieth birthday 

Selected paintings
Passage 15:
Lansdowne River
Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Lansdowne River rises below Mount Gibraltar in the Gibraltar Range, north northwest of Upper Lansdowne, and flows generally southeast before reaching its confluence with the Northern Arm of the Manning River, near Coopernook  The river descends 740 metres (2,430 ft) over its 51 kilometres (32 mi) course The Pacific Highway crosses the Lansdowne River south-east of Coopernook 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Passage 16:
Halmyris
Halmyris (Ancient Greek: Ἁλμυρίς)  was a Roman and Byzantine fort, settlement and naval port, located 2 5 kilometers west of the village of Murighiol at the mouth of the Danube Delta in Romania  It is locally known as the site where the bodies of two Christian saints, Epictet and Astion, were uncovered between 2001 and 2004 

History of the Site
Despite the creation of several Greek colonies along the Romanian Black Sea coast during the 7th century BC, no corresponding Greek structural remains have been found nearby Halmyris  The region was inhabited during the Second Iron Age by the Getae or Dacians as is evident by the discovery of several cremation burials within a possible necropolis that dates to the 4th-2nd centuries BC  
While the first Roman occupation of the site seems to have been in the form of a turf-and-timber fort constructed during the Flavian period, the first stone castrum at Halmyris was built during the reign of the emperor Trajan   Although the original layout of the Trajanic fort is largely covered by later reconstructive phases, the plan seems to have been indicative of the 'typical' 2nd century layout of a Roman fort, composed of a rectangular defensive wall, rectangular towers and a gate in the middle of each of the walls   The placement of the fort was strategically deliberate as it lay not only along the course of the Danube River but also at the very mouth of the Black Sea   Early connections to the Roman fleet and its maritime activities at Halmyris are confirmed from epigraphic evidence mentioning the existence of a 'mariner's village' or vicus classicorum 
However, a significant alteration of the defenses took place during the Tetrarchy period   The new layout of the fort walls consisted of an irregular polygon bolstered by 15 towers and at least two well-defended gateways in the north and the west  Structures found within the fort include numerous barracks, a private thermae or bathhouse and  a basilica   However, in the winter of 384/5, the Danube froze, allowing the foreign tribes to the north to cross and sack Halmyris   A series of earthquakes in the 4th century and later that altered the course of the Danube led to the silting up of Halmyris' harbor and decreased its economic and strategic importance   The final period of occupation seems to correspond with the reconstruction of the fort by the emperor Justinian   Additionally, Halmyris became the site of one of the major bishoprics in the province as well as being named as one of the fifteen most important towns in the province of Scythia 
Halmyris was the most easterly point of the Danubian border in Roman times and probably served as a supply centre for the fleet; early Roman inscriptions inform us of the existence of a "mariner's village"—vicus classicorum  During the late Roman period two units of the military fleet—Classis in Plateypegiis and Musculi Schytici (which had little ships, suited for the Danube Delta) may have been hosted by this city 
As for religious life, we know that in 290 AD, during the persecutions ordered by Diocletian, Saint Epictetus and Astion suffered martyrdom at Halmyris 

Halmyris served as a depot for supplies, colonization and cultural exchange in the region for 1,100 years  It was occupied from the Iron Age to the Byzantine period 
The original fort was made of timber and turf, but as the fort gained importance and a regular garrison was established along the Danube, the fort was rebuilt in stone 
Early in the fort's history, the Goths and Huns from the North crossed the Danube and conquered the fort  It was later re-captured by the Romans 
In the early 4th century, the Emperor Constantine added a basilica 
A series of earthquakes altered the course of the Danube and the fort became more removed from the river  Halmyris gradually lost its importance and was abandoned 

Current activities
The fort was excavated by the late Prof  Mihail Zahariade and Dr  John Karavas, with the Archaeology at Halmyris international volunteer program from 2010-2019 

See also
Histria
List of ancient towns in Scythia Minor
List of castra
Peuce Island
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 2:
Ahmed Salah Hosny
Ahmed Salah Mohamed Hosni Hassan (Arabic: أحمد صلاح محمد حسني حسن; born 11 July 1979) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker  He turned to acting in 2012, after he composed songs for Mohamed Hamaki and others in 2011  He appeared in TV Shows that includes Kalabsh, Al Fetewa, and Hawary Bucharest 

International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hosny goal 1 Egypt goalscorer in Kenya is also accredited to Ahmed Hossam Mido 

Honours
Al AhlyEgyptian Premier League: 1997-1998VfB Stuttgart

UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
Passage 3:
2004–05 UEFA Champions League
The 2004–05 UEFA Champions League was the 50th season of UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the 13th since it was rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992  The competition was won by Liverpool, who beat Milan on penalties in the final, having come back from 3–0 down at half-time  Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was named as UEFA's Footballer of the Year for his key role in the final and throughout the Champions League season  The final, played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, is often regarded as one of the best in the history of the tournament As it was their fifth European Cup title, Liverpool were awarded the trophy permanently, and received the UEFA Badge of Honour  A new trophy was made for the 2005–06 season 
Porto were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Milan's cross-city rival Internazionale in the first knockout round 

Association team allocation
A total of 72 teams from 48 of the 52 UEFA member associations participated in the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, Andorra and San Marino)  Kazakhstan also did not participate this year as none of their clubs were able to obtain UEFA license  The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
Associations 1–3 each have four teams qualify 
Associations 4–6 each have three teams qualify 
Associations 7–15 each have two teams qualify 
Associations 16–49 (except Liechtenstein) each have one team qualify 

Association ranking
For the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2003 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1998–1999 to 2002–03 Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:

Distribution
Since the title holders (Porto) qualified for the Champions League group stage through their domestic league, and the group stage spot reserved for the title holders is vacated, while no team from Kazakhstan was admitted, the following changes to the default access list are made:
The champions of association 10 (Turkey) are promoted from the third qualifying round to the group stage 
The champions of association 16 (Austria) are promoted from the second qualifying round to the third qualifying round 
The champions of associations 26, 27 and 28 (Romania, Hungary and Cyprus) are promoted from the first qualifying round to the second qualifying round 

Teams
League positions of the previous season shown in parentheses (TH: Champions League title holders) 

Notes

Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise) 
Notes

Qualifying rounds
First qualifying round
Second qualifying round
Third qualifying round
Group stage
16 winners from the third qualifying round, 10 champions from countries ranked 1–10, and six second-placed teams from countries ranked 1–6 were drawn into eight groups of four teams each  The top two teams in each group will advance to the Champions League play-offs, while the third-placed teams will advance to the third round of the UEFA Cup 
Tiebreakers, if necessary, are applied in the following order:

Points earned in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Total goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Away goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Cumulative goal difference in all group matches 
Total goals scored in all group matches 
Higher UEFA coefficient going into the competition Maccabi Tel Aviv made their debut appearance in the group stage 

Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Knockout phase
Bracket
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
As winners of the competition, Liverpool went on to represent UEFA at the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup 

Statistics
Statistics exclude qualifying rounds 

Top goalscorers
Source: Top Scorers – Final – Wednesday 25 May 2005 (after match)

Top assists
Source:

See also
2004–05 UEFA Cup
2005 UEFA Super Cup
2005 FIFA Club World Championship
2004–05 UEFA Women's Cup
Passage 4:
List of Wigan Warriors players
Wigan Warriors is an English professional rugby league club based in Wigan, Greater Manchester  Formed in 1872, the club was a founding member of the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, and competed in the inaugural season of the Northern Union's league championship  Since then, more than 1,100 players have appeared for the club's first team  Jim Sullivan has made the most career appearances for Wigan, having played 774 games between 1921 and 1946  Sullivan is also the club's all-time top goal scorer (2,317) and point scorer (4,883), and holds the club record for most points scored in a single match, with 44 against Flimby & Fothergill in 1925 
The try scoring record is held by Billy Boston, who touched down 478 times for the club  Martin Offiah and Shaun Edwards share the record for most tries scored in one game, with Offiah scoring ten tries against Leeds in 1992 before Edwards repeated the feat against Swinton later that year 

List of players
The following is a list of rugby league players who have made 100 or more appearances for Wigan since the formation of the Northern Union in 1895  Appearances include all official league and cup games, but exclude friendlies  The list is ordered by date of debut, then by surname and first name 

Historically notable players
The following subsections are lists of players who have played in a notable event whilst playing at Wigan RLFC, such as an international fixture, or else have performed exceptionally and have been recognised by club and its fans in light of these efforts 

Testimonials
Once players have been at a club for a certain length of time (usually ten years), they may be offered a friendly game celebrating their time at the club, known as a testimonial match  This is a list of players who have received testimonials from Wigan RLFC, in ascending chronological order with respect to when they received it 

Brian McTigue (1960)
David Bolton (1964)
Colin Clarke (1973)
Dennis Ramsdale (1985)
Nicholas "Nicky" Kiss (1988)
Shaun Edwards (OBE) (1993)
Graeme West (1994)
Mick Cassidy (2000)
Andy Farrell (OBE) (2002)
Denis Betts (2003)
Terry O'Connor (2004)
Kris Radlinski (MBE) (2006)
Sean O'Loughlin (2012)
Paul Prescott (2014)
Michael McIlorum (2017)

Team of the Decade
In 2005 during the tenth season of the current Super League championship format, the fans of Wigan RLFC voted for their best thirteen players of the 'Nighties' and the 'Naughties', called the Team of the Decade  This is a list of the ballot's resulting thirteen players 

Footnotes
Passage 5:
Premier League records and statistics
The Premier League is an English professional league for association football clubs  At the top of the English football league system, it is the country's primary football competition and is contested by 20 clubs  The competition was formed in February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from The Football League, in order to take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal 

Team records
Titles
Most titles: 13, Manchester United
Most consecutive title wins: 3
Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)
Manchester City (2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23)
Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and +8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56)  Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference, the only time that goal difference has decided the Premier League title 
Earliest title win with the most games remaining: 7 games: Liverpool (2019–20)

Points
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)
Most home points in a season: 55Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)
Most points without winning the league: 97, Liverpool (2018–19)
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)
Most points while bottom of the league:
42 games: 40, Nottingham Forest (1992–93)
38 games: 34, Nottingham Forest (1996–97)
Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)
Most points in a season while being relegated:
42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)
Fewest points in a season while avoiding relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)
Most points in a season by a team promoted in the previous season:
42 games: 77, Newcastle United (1993–94) and Nottingham Forest (1994–95)
38 games: 66, Ipswich Town (2000–01)
Most days spent on top of the league: 274Chelsea (2014–15)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most days spent on top of the league without winning the title: 248Arsenal (2022–23)

Wins
Most wins in total: 726, Manchester United
Most wins in a season: 32
Manchester City (2017–18, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most home wins in a season: 18Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most away wins in a season: 16, Manchester City (2017–18)
Fewest wins in a season: 1, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest home wins in a season: 1Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest away wins in a season: 0Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)
Most consecutive wins: 18
Manchester City (26 August – 27 December 2017)
Liverpool (27 October 2019 – 24 February 2020)
Most consecutive wins from the start of a season: 9, Chelsea (2005–06)
Most consecutive wins to the end of a season: 14, Manchester City (2018–19)
Most consecutive home wins: 24, Liverpool (9 February 2019 – 5 July 2020)
Most consecutive away wins: 12, Manchester City (19 December 2020 – 14 May 2021)
Most consecutive matches without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)
Most consecutive matches without a win from the start of a season: 17, Sheffield United (2020–21)
Defeated all league opponents at least once in a season:Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11, 2017–18)
Manchester City (2017–18, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)

Defeats
Most defeats in total: 432, Everton
Most defeats in a season: 29
Ipswich Town (1994–95) 42 game season
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Most home defeats in a season: 15, Watford (2021–22)
Most away defeats in a season: 17, Burnley (2009–10)
Fewest defeats in a season: 0, Arsenal (2003–04)
Fewest home defeats in a season: 0
Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22)
Manchester City (2011–12)
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)
Fewest away defeats in a season: 0
Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)
Manchester United (2020–21)
Most consecutive matches undefeated: 49, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)
Most consecutive away matches undefeated: 29, Manchester United (17 February 2020 – 16 October 2021)
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season: 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)
Most consecutive defeats from the start of a season: 7
Portsmouth (2009–10)
Crystal Palace (2017–18)

Draws
Most draws in total: 332, Everton
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18
Manchester City (1993–94)
Sheffield United (1993–94)
Southampton (1994–95)
Most draws in a season (38 games): 17
Newcastle United (2003–04)
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)
Sunderland (2014–15)
Most home draws in a season: 10
Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)
Manchester United (2016–17)
Most away draws in a season: 10
Newcastle United (2003–04)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Fewest draws in a season: 2Manchester City (2018–19)
Tottenham Hotspur (2018–19)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Fewest home draws in a season: 0Manchester City (2008–09, 2018–19)
Manchester United (2012–13)
Chelsea (2016–17)
Fewest away draws in a season: 0
Tottenham Hotspur (2018–19)
Leeds United (2020–21)
Most consecutive draws: 7
Norwich City (1993–94)
Southampton (1994–95)
Manchester City (2009–10)
Most consecutive matches without a draw: 32, Tottenham Hotspur (30 April 2018 – 27 February 2019)

Goals
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20
Derby County (2007–08)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)
Most own goals scored in a season: 8, Leicester City (2003–04)
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)
Worst goal difference in a season: −69, Derby County (2007–08)
Highest finish with a negative goal difference: 3rd, Norwich City (1992–93, −4)
Lowest finish with a positive goal difference: 16th, Manchester City (2003–04, +1)
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 9, Fulham (2020–21)
Most goals conceded at home in a season: 46, Watford (2021–22)
Fewest goals conceded at home in a season: 4, Manchester United (1994–95)
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 7, Norwich City (2019–20)
Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)
Scored in every match: Arsenal (2001–02) (38 games)
Most consecutive matches scored in: 55, Arsenal (19 May 2001 – 30 November 2002)
Most goals scored in total: 2,243, Manchester United
Most goals conceded in total: 1,538, Everton
Most own goals scored in total: 59, Everton

Disciplinary
Most yellow cards in total: 1,877, Chelsea
Most red cards in total: 106, Everton
Most yellow cards in a season: 101, Leeds United (2021–22)
Fewest yellow cards in a season: 12, Coventry City (1993–94)
Most red cards in a season: 9
Sunderland (2009–10)
Queens Park Rangers (2011–12)
Most yellow cards in one match: 12Chelsea v  Leeds United, 25 October 1998
Wolverhampton Wanderers v  Newcastle United, 28 August 2010
Tottenham Hotspur v  Chelsea, 2 May 2016
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9, Tottenham Hotspur v  Chelsea, 2 May 2016
Most penalties awarded to a team in a season: 14, Manchester United (2019–20)
Most penalties conceded by a team in a season: 13, Hull City (2016–17)

Awards
Most Golden Boot Winners: 7Liverpool (1997–98†, 1998–99†, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19 (2)†, 2021–22†)
Most Golden Glove Winners: 7Manchester City (2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22†)† Indicates multiple award winners in the same season

Attendances
Highest attendance, single match: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)
Lowest attendance, single match: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)These figures do not take into account the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons, when many matches had an attendance of zero due to public health measures adopted to control the COVID-19 pandemic 

Player records
Appearances
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)
Most different clubs played for: 8, Marcus Bent (for Crystal Palace, Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town, Leicester City, Everton, Charlton Athletic, Wigan Athletic, and Wolverhampton Wanderers)
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v  Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)
Youngest player: Ethan Nwaneri, 15 years and 181 days (for Arsenal v  Brentford, 18 September 2022)
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)
Most Premier League appearances as a substitute: 200, James Milner
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Goalscoring
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v  Manchester United, 15 August 1992)
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer
Most Premier League goals at one club: 213, Harry Kane (for Tottenham Hotspur)
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v  Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v  Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August – 28 November 2015)
Most consecutive away Premier League matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January – 22 May 2011)Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most goals in a season: 36, Erling Haaland (Manchester City, 2022–23)
Most non-penalty goals in a season: 31Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
Luis Suárez (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Most matches scored in during a Premier League season: 26Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2022–23)
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)
Most Premier League teams scored against: 39, Frank Lampard
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17
20-team league:Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
22-team league:Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)
Most goals in a debut season: 36, Erling Haaland (Manchester City, 2022–23)
Fastest goal: 7 69 seconds, Shane Long (for Southampton v  Watford, 23 April 2019)
Fastest goal on Premier League debut: 28 seconds, Odsonne Édouard (for Crystal Palace v  Tottenham Hotspur, 11 September 2021)
Latest goal: 101 minutes and 48 seconds, Dirk Kuyt (for Liverpool v  Arsenal, 17 April 2011)
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3, Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4, Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5Thierry Henry (2001–2006 for Arsenal)
Sergio Agüero (2014–2019 for Manchester City)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 15 goals: 9, Harry Kane (2014–2023 for Tottenham Hotspur)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11, Wayne Rooney (2004–2015 for Manchester United)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21, Ryan Giggs (1992–2013 for Manchester United)
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)
Most scored from outside the box: 41, Frank Lampard
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne
Most own goals in a season: 4
Martin Škrtel (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Lewis Dunk (Brighton & Hove Albion, 2017–18)
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)
Most penalties scored: 56, Alan Shearer
Most penalties missed: 11
Alan Shearer
Wayne Rooney

Penalties
Free kicks
Hat-tricks & multiple goal records
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 12, Sergio Agüero
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)
Youngest player to score a Premier League hat-trick: 18 years and 62 days, Michael Owen (Sheffield Wednesday 3–3 Liverpool, 14 February 1998)
Oldest player to score a Premier League hat-trick: 37 years and 146 days, Teddy Sheringham (Portsmouth 4–0 Bolton Wanderers, 26 August 2003)
Most goals in a match: 5Andy Cole (Manchester United 9–0 Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995)
Alan Shearer (Newcastle United 8–0 Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999)
Jermain Defoe (Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009)
Dimitar Berbatov (Manchester United 7–1 Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010)
Sergio Agüero (Manchester City 6–1 Newcastle United, 3 October 2015)
Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (Liverpool v  Norwich City)
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (Southampton 6–1 Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) 
Most goals scored by a substitute in a match: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (Nottingham Forest 1–8 Manchester United, 6 February 1999)
Most consecutive Premier League goal-scoring appearances by a player against a single opponent: 9, Sadio Mané (Liverpool v  Crystal Palace, 19 August 2017 to 18 September 2021) 
Most own goals scored by a player in a match: 2
Jamie Carragher (Liverpool player; Liverpool 2–3 Manchester United, 11 September 1999)
Michael Proctor (Sunderland player; Sunderland 1–3 Charlton Athletic, 1 February 2003)
Jonathan Walters (Stoke City player; Stoke City 0–4 Chelsea, 12 January 2013)
Wout Faes (Leicester City player; Liverpool 2–1 Leicester City, 30 December 2022)

Assists
Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most Premier League assists in a season: 20
Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)
Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City, 2019–20)
Quickest player to reach 50 assists: Kevin De Bruyne, 123 matches
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September – 21 November 2015)
Most assists from one player to another: 24, Frank Lampard to Didier Drogba
Most goals/assists between two players: 47, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min
Most goals/assists between two players in a season: 14, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min (Tottenham Hotspur, 2020–21)
Most individual assist givers in one match for the same team: 7, Crystal Palace 0–7 Liverpool (19 December 2020)
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4Dennis Bergkamp (Arsenal 5–0 Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (Arsenal 7–0 Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (Arsenal 6–2 Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (Tottenham Hotspur 5–0 Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (Arsenal 4–1 Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (Southampton 8–0 Sunderland, 18 October 2014)
Harry Kane (Southampton 2–5 Tottenham Hotspur, 20 September 2020) – only instance in which all four assists were to a single player (Son Heung-min)
Paul Pogba (Manchester United 5–1 Leeds United, 14 August 2021)

Goalkeepers
Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most Premier League clean sheets (career): 202, Petr Čech
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 matches (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)
Most clean sheets at one club: 162, Petr Čech (for Chelsea)
Most penalties saved: 13, David James
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):
Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)
Alisson (West Bromwich Albion 1–2 Liverpool, 16 May 2021)

Disciplinary
Most red cards for a player: 8Richard Dunne
Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Most red cards in a season: 3Vinnie Jones (Wimbledon, 1995–96)
Slaven Bilić (Everton, 1997–98)
David Batty (Newcastle United, 1997–98)
Craig Short (Blackburn Rovers, 2001–02)
Franck Queudrue (Middlesbrough, 2002–03)
Wes Brown (Sunderland, 2013–14)
Victor Wanyama (Southampton, 2015–16)
Most yellow cards for a player: 123, Gareth Barry
Most yellow cards in a season: 14Mark Hughes (Southampton, 1998–99)
Robbie Savage (Leicester City, 2001–02)
Cheick Tioté (Newcastle United, 2010–11)
Lee Cattermole (Sunderland, 2014–15)
José Holebas (Watford, 2016–17)
Étienne Capoue (Watford, 2018–19)
João Palhinha (Fulham, 2022–23)
Most fouls: 633, Gareth Barry (since 2006–07, the first season for which reliable records are available)
Most penalties conceded in a season: 5, David Luiz (Arsenal, 2019–20)
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton – after being dismissed for violent conduct against Manchester City on 13 May 2012, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct
Fastest booking: 24 seconds, Scott McTominay (for Manchester United v  Newcastle United, 26 December 2019)
Most appearances without a booking: 201, John Barnes

Awards
Most Premier League winner's medals: 13Ryan Giggs (1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13)
Most Player of the Season awards: 2Thierry Henry (2003–04 and 2005–06)
Cristiano Ronaldo (2006–07 and 2007–08)
Nemanja Vidić (2008–09 and 2010–11)
Kevin De Bruyne (2019–20 and 2021–22)
Most Player of the Month awards: 7Sergio Agüero (October 2013, November 2014, January 2016, April 2016, January 2018, February 2019, January 2020)
Harry Kane (January 2015, February 2015, March 2016, February 2017, September 2017, December 2017, March 2022)
Most Golden Boot Awards: 4Thierry Henry (2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06)
Most Golden Glove Awards: 4Joe Hart (2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15)
Petr Čech (2004–05, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2015–16)

Match records
Scorelines
Biggest home win: 9–0
Manchester United 9–0 Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)
Manchester United 9–0 Southampton (2 February 2021)
Liverpool 9–0 Bournemouth (27 August 2022)
Biggest away win: 9–0
Southampton 0–9 Leicester City (25 October 2019)
Biggest aggregate win: 12–0
Manchester City 8–0 Watford (21 September 2019) and Watford 0–4 Manchester City (21 July 2020)
Biggest loss by reigning champions: 5 goals
Coventry City 5–0 Blackburn Rovers (9 December 1995), after Blackburn Rovers won the 1994–95 season
Newcastle United 5–0 Manchester United (20 October 1996), after Manchester United won the 1995–96 season
Chelsea 5–0 Manchester United (3 October 1999), after Manchester United won the 1998–99 season
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season
Aston Villa 7–2 Liverpool (4 October 2020), after Liverpool won the 2019–20 season
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3
Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)
Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011), with Newcastle United scoring last
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v  Reading (29 September 2007)
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v  Manchester United (19 May 2013)
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals
Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score: 3–4)
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score: 4–4)
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score: 3–4)
Highest scoring in the second half: 9 goals, Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009 – first half score: 1–0)
Most individual goal scorers in one match: 9
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)
Most individual goal scorers in one match for the same team: 8, Manchester United 9–0 Southampton (2 February 2021)

All-time Premier League table
The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992  The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2022–23 season  Teams in bold are part of the 2023–24 Premier League  Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column 
League or status at 2023–24:

Notes

Manager records
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Season award: 11, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United; 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11 and 2012–13) 
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards in a single season: 5, Jürgen Klopp (2019–20)
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)
Most clubs managed: 9, Sam Allardyce (Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United, Sunderland, Crystal Palace, Everton, West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United)
Quickest to reach 50 Premier League wins: José Mourinho, 63 Games
Quickest to reach 100 Premier League wins: Pep Guardiola, 134 games
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 – 13 May 2018)
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers):
Fewest days: 30 days, Sam Allardyce (Leeds United, 3 May – 2 June 2023)
Fewest games: 4 games
Frank de Boer (Crystal Palace, 26 June – 10 September 2017)
Sam Allardyce (Leeds United, 3 May – 2 June 2023)
Oldest manager: Roy Hodgson, 75 years, 292 days (for Crystal Palace v  Nottingham Forest, 28 May 2023)
Youngest manager: Ryan Mason, 29 years, 312 days (for Tottenham Hotspur v  Southampton, 21 April 2021)

Notes
Passage 6:
Cho Chi-hyo
Cho Chi-hyo (born December 6, 1970 in Incheon, South Korea) is a South Korean former handball player 
Cho was a runner-up for top goal scorer (45 goals in 6 games) at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain, where the South Korea men's national handball team finished in the 6th place  He was eventually named to the All-Star Team of the competition 
After winning a gold medal at the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, Japan, he moved to the Swiss Handball League in October 1994  For 13 years in Switzerland, he led his teams to the league champions eight times, winning two scoring titles and one league MVP 
In 2007, Cho moved to Germany to play for HBW Balingen-Weilstetten in the Handball-Bundesliga  In 2008, he was selected for the South Korea men's national handball team at the age of 38, and led his team to the quarterfinals of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China 
Passage 7:
František Hoholko
František Hoholko (1 May 1947 – 9 February 2005) was a former Slovak football winger or striker and later coach  During his playing career he made 228 appearances and scored 44 goals at the Czechoslovak First League  Hoholko was the top VSS scorer in the 1970–71 season, scoring 13 goals 
On 7 October 1970, Hoholko played his only match for the Czechoslovakia national football team against Finland (1–1, Letná Stadium) at the UEFA Euro 1972 qualifying 
He acted as head coach at the Slovak Second League team FK Čaňa before his death in 2005 
Passage 8:
Assi Tubi
Assi Tubi (Hebrew: אסי טובי, born 27 January 1972) is an Israeli footballer  He was the Israeli Premier League top scorer in the 1999–2000 season with 27 goals 

Honours
State Cup
1999
Toto Cup
2000-01

External links
(in Hebrew) Profile and statistics of Assi Tubi on One co il
Assi Tubi at National-Football-Teams com
Passage 9:
Chan Siu Ki
Chan Siu Ki (Chinese: 陳肇麒; Cantonese Yale: Chàn Siuhkèi; born 14 July 1985) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Hong Kong First Division club Eastern District  He is the all-time top scorer for the Hong Kong national team with 40 goals 

Club career
Early career
Chan was spotted by the management of Tai Po when he was playing amateur football  At that time, he was working in a store operated by his family  He was responsible for stock delivery and eventually developed a strong physique  He played for Tai Po in the Hong Kong Third Division  He was spotted by Rangers and joined them  However, he was almost immediately loaned and then sold to Kitchee and thus never played for Rangers At Kitchee, Chan developed into a strong and pacy striker as the club employed a 4–3–3 system  As he continued to impress, he was called up to the Hong Kong team in 2005  However, he was later involved in several disciplinary incidents at Kitchee and was suspended from playing duties by the club management  At the end of 2007–08 season, he joined arch-rivals South China for HKD $800,000, breaking the former transfer fee record of $500,000, paid by South China for Chan Wai Ho 

South China
At South China, Chan inherited the no  7 shirt vacated by Au Wai Lun  In the 2008–2009 season, he primarily played on the right wing because the centre forward position was often occupied by Detinho or Cacá  In the 2009–10 season, with the signing of right winger Lee Wai Lim, Chan competed with new signing Leandro Carrijó for his preferred centre forward position after Cacá's return to Brazil  On 1 August 2009, at the Panasonic Invitation Cup, Chan scored the first goal in South China's 2–0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur with an dipping half-volley from 30 yards  Subsequently, after the two clubs forged a partnership, he joined the Spurs for a ten-day trial at some point during December 2009 His trial was terminated prematurely as he was recalled by the Hong Kong U-23s progressed into the final of the 2009 East Asian Games  He was ranked 63rd in IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year by International Federation of Football History & Statistics alongside Eduardo Da Silva, Mario Gómez and Fernando Torres In the 2009 AFC Cup, Chan was red-carded at the end of the quarter final first leg against Neftchi Farg'ona and was suspended for two games  He returned in the semi-final second leg to a packed Hong Kong Stadium, but was unable to help South China overturn a 1–2 deficit to Kuwait SC  The club eventually lost 1–3 and went out of the tournament On 15 December 2009, Chan scored a hat-trick for South China against Shatin  On 24 January 2010, Chan scored 4 goals against Happy Valley as South China won 6–2  This was the first time he had scored 4 goals in a local league match  On 30 January, Chan scored a goal to help South China overturn a 0–2 deficit to win the 2009–10 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield, 4–2  Chan was the tournament's top scorer with 4 goals and he was also named the Best Player  On 5 May, he was diagnosed with an osteophyte  But he still played in the second half of the game against Al Riffa in the 2010 AFC Cup  South China in the end lost the game 1–3 In the 2010–11 season, Chan scored against Sun Hei but was then involved with a collision with teammate Kwok Kin Pong, which resulted in a left knee ligament injury that sidelined him for a month  He returned from injuries in November to score two goals for South China against Kitchee, but could not prevent Kitchee from winning 4–3  On 2 February 2011, he scored two goals against Sun Hei SC to help South China win 3–2 and move back to the top of the league table In the 2011 AFC Cup, Chan scored the equalising goal from a Mateja Kezman cross for South China at home against Persipura Jayapura  In the away game to East Bengal, he was sent off after two bookable offences  In May, after teammate Kwok Kin Pong scored with a diving header in a Hong Kong FA Cup match between South China and Sun Hei SC, Chan rushed in to celebrate with Kwok, but his slide did not stop in time and caught Kwok in the face  The video was posted on the internet and picked up by Yahoo!'s Dirty Tackle On 20 November 2011, Chan was involved in a scuffle in a match away to Pegasus  In the confusion, he was seen on television to slapping Karl Dodd  Dodd retaliated and punched Chan in the face, resulting in him rolling on the ground  Dodd was sent off but Chan only received a yellow card  Chan has since apologised on his Facebook account  Chan only received a warning letter and escaped punishment from HKFA's disciplinary committee for his altercation with Dodd, and Chan was himself surprised by the verdict  He scored his first goal of the season for South China on 24 November when he headed in a cross from Kwok Kin Pong to help South China progress to the semi-final of the 2011–12 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield by beating Sham Shui Po by 2–1 (aggregate 3–2)  Amidst his second smoking scandal in 4 months, South China's chairman Steven Lo announced on his official blog on 23 May 2012 that Chan's contract had been terminated by the club 

Guangdong Sunray Cave
On 10 July 2012, Chan announced that he had joined China League One club Guangdong Sunray Cave for a 12-month contract  On 11 August 2012, he scored his first goal in China League One in the match between Guangdong Sunray Cave and Chengdu Blades, where Guangdong Sunray Cave lost to Chengdu Blades 1–2 

Return to South China
On 31 December 2013, South China's boss Steven Lo announced that Chan would rejoin South China and be given the number 7 shirt  With Chan in the lineup, South China won their first silverware in three years, capturing the 2013–14 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield 
At the first annual Hong Kong Community Cup in 2014, Chan scored a goal and assisted on another as South China triumphed, 2–0 
On 26 November 2014, Chan scored the deciding goal in the club's 2–1 victory over Eastern  Chairman Wallace Cheung determined that night to award Chan with a "brave gold shield" and award all future players with one if they followed Chan's work ethic and dedication  Chan remarked after receiving the award, "The club recently experienced a lot of adversity lately, but I hope that the fans will continue to focus on our results and push us on!"On 18 March 2015, Chan scored a goal against Pahang en route to helping South China top their 2015 AFC Cup group and ensuring qualification into the Round of 16  Later in the month, he was named the HKPL March Player of the Month  At the end of the season, Chan was rewarded with a new contract For 2015–16, Chan was switched to central midfield and asked to take more free kicks, corners and throw-ins  On 23 October 2015, South China defeated Metro Gallery, 3–1, in their League Cup group stage encounter thanks to Chan's first goal of the domestic season  On 27 December 2015, Chan missed a penalty in a Senior Shield semi final shootout against Eastern, allowing the latter team to advance to the Final On 24 October 2016, South China were upset by Rangers, 4–2, leading Chan to vent "General loans out troops, soldiers fight their own! Ridiculous! Ridiculous!" on his Facebook page  This was reflecting that Lai Yiu Cheong, who had been loaned to Rangers by Rambo, scored two goals in the match against South China  The criticism was met by action on the part of the board the following day as manager Ricardo Rambo was demoted  On 2 November 2016, Chan scored his first goal under new manager Dejan Antonic in a 2–0 victory over R&F 

Pegasus
Frustrated by a lack of playing time under Antonic, Chan handed in a transfer request in early January 2017  His request was granted and on 27 January, Chan was sold for $200,000 HK to Pegasus with the player singing a two and a half-year contract with the club On 8 April 2018, Chan scored a crucial goal off a free kick to lead Pegasus to a 2–1 win over Eastern in the quarterfinals of the 2017–18 Hong Kong FA Cup On 6 June 2020, Chan announced he would retire from professional football and transition to a career in managing karaoke bars Chan contributed 4 goals in 17 matches in his last season as a professional, including 3 goals in the Sapling Cup and 1 goal in the HKPL 

International career
Chan has represented Hong Kong at both senior and under-23 international levels  He scored 9 goals in 15 games for the U-23 side and 40 goals in 70 games for the senior side 
Chan was urgently recalled by the Hong Kong U-23 team from Tottenham Hotspur for the final of 2009 East Asian Games on 12 December 2009  He arrived just before the match and was called into play at half-time  Two minutes after half-time, he equalised for Hong Kong  He also scored a penalty in the penalty shootout a e t, helping Hong Kong to their first international football tournament title  On winning the gold medal, he exclaimed to the assembled media: "We are gold medalists too!" (我哋都係金牌運動員) The line has since been associated with him  Due to a ligament injury to his left knee, Chan was replaced by Kitchee captain Lo Kwan Yee for the 2010 Asian Games In the second round of the preliminary competition of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship held in Kaohsiung in August 2009, he missed a penalty against North Korea but scored 4 goals against Guam  In a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match, he scored a hat trick in a game against Timor-Leste, which Hong Kong went on to win 8–1  On 3 June 2011, Chan scored a goal against Malaysia in a friendly, adding his goal tally to 27 and helping him surpass Au Wai Lun to become Hong Kong's all-time top scorer  On 4 October, he scored the first goal in Hong Kong's 6–0 win over Chinese Taipei in the 2011 Long Teng Cup  Hong Kong thus successfully defended the trophy  he also won the Most Valuable Player award  On 29 February 2012, in Hong Kong's first match under new coach Ernie Merrick, Chan scored a hat-trick against Chinese Taipei as Hong Kong won the match 5–1 

Personal life
In 2009, soon after his move to South China and subsequent success at the East Asian Games, Chan became a celebrity throughout Hong Kong, leading to his private life becoming a matter of interest to the local paparazzi  He was suspected to have committed adultery after pictures of him and TVB actress Helen Lee had been leaked  Later on, he denied the accusations, claimed to have broken up with Lee in August and reunited with his usual partner, known only as Natalie, in October 

Political views
He appeared on the government's television advertisement for the 2012 Legislative Council electoral reforms, in which he urged people to take their opportunity if they want to score a goal  The advertisement attracted a barrage of criticism against him on South China's official blog  Chan explained through his management company that he has no political views and he would not persuade people to support or oppose the LegCo reforms  He only accepted the invitation to appear in the advert due to the government's sincerity and he received no payment 

Endorsements
Chan is a spokesman for Jockey International along with teammate Man Pei Tak  Both claimed to be embarrassed at the photo shoot but were happy with the pay 

Honours
Kitchee

Hong Kong League Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2005–06South China

Hong Kong First Division: 2008–09, 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2009–10
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2010–11
Hong Kong League Cup: 2010–11Hong Kong

2009 East Asian Games football event: GoldIndividual

Hong Kong First Division League Best Young Player: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07
Hong Kong First Division League Best Eleven Squad: 2008–09
East Asian Football Championship preliminary competition top scorer: 2009
Hong Kong FA Cup top scorer: 2008–09
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield Player of the Tournament: 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield top scorer: 2009–10
MVP of the Long Teng Cup: 2011
Hong Kong Footballer of the Year: 2011

Career statistics
Club
Updated 23 August 2011

International
Hong Kong
As of 5 September 2017As of 5 September 2017

International goals
Scores and results list Hong Kong's goal tally first 

Hong Kong U-23
Updated 9 January 2010
Passage 10:
Dario Zuffi
Dario Zuffi (born 7 December 1964) is a Swiss football coach and former international player  He is currently employed as assistant coach for FC Winterthur 

Career
Playing career
Zuffi played his youth football with the local Winterthur team FC Töss  In 1983 he moved across town to join FC Winterthur's first team and signed his first professional contract for the 1983–84 Nationalliga A season  He prolonged the contract and he played with Winterthur for two seasons before he moved on 
In the off-season before the 1985–86 Nationalliga A season Zuffi transferred to BSC Young Boys  From an early point in his career with YB, Zuffi showed tremendous skill and helped the team to win the Swiss Football Championship that season, personally scoring 15 goals  As a result of this performance, Zuffi received the 'Rookie of the Year' award during the 1985–86 season  In the 1986–87 season Zuffi and YB advanced to the final of the Swiss Cup  This was played in the Wankdorf Stadium on 8 June 1987  Zuffi scored the first goal of the game and YB went on to win 4–2 against Servette after extra time  Zuffi played six seasons for YB  In the 1988–89 season, he was joint second on the Top Scorers list with Kubilay Türkyılmaz (Bellinzona) both with 19 goals, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Servette FC) won the title  In the 1990–91 season, Zuffi topped the Top Scorers list with a grand total of 17 goals Zuffi then transferred to FC Lugano for the 1992–93 season  In this season Zuffi contributed to the team reaching the final and winning the Swiss Cup The following season, Zuffi moved home to the town of Oberwil and signed for FC Basel, who at that time played in the Nationalliga B, the second tier of Swiss football  Zuffi joined Basel's first team for their 1993–94 season under head-coach Claude Andrey  Zuffi was elected captain of the squad  He first played in five test games scoring seven goals, including a hat-trick in the semi-final of the Sepione Cup as Basel beat Aarau to reach the final  This was played on 17 July 1993 and Zuffi scored the only goal of the match as Basel won 1–0 against Everton Zuffi played his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game in the St  Jakob Stadium on 28 July 1993  He also scored his first goal for the club in the same game  It was the first goal of the game, in fact the first goal of the season in the second minute of the match  But it could not help the team, because Basel were defeated 1–2 by local rivals Old Boys  During that season his teammates were the likes of Swiss international goalkeeper Stefan Huber, defenders Massimo Ceccaroni, Marco Walker and Samir Tabakovic, the midfielders Mario Cantaluppi, Martin Jeitziner, Admir Smajić and Ørjan Berg and the Swiss international striker Philippe Hertig  Together they won the Promotion/relegation group, became Nationalliga B champions and thus won promotion to the top flight of Swiss football  This after six seasons in the second tier  Zuffi was the team's top scorer, netting 11 times in the first stage and another 11 goals during the promotion round Zuffi remained with FC Basel until the end of the 1997–98 Nationalliga A season  Between the years 1993 and 1998 Zuffi played a total of 220 games for Basel scoring a total of 70 goals  149 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, 15 in the Swiss Cup, five in the UEFA Intertoto Cup and 52 were friendly games  He scored 37 goals in the domestic league, nine in the Swiss Cup, four in the Interetoto Cup and the other 19 were scored during the test games In 1998, Zuffi returned to the club where he launched his professional career FC Winterthur, who in the meantime had just been relegated to the 1st League, the third tier of Swiss football  He helped the club with seven goals in eleven games to their immediate return to the Nationalliga B  There he completed his last season of his active career in 1999–2000, during which he was used in all possible positions (striker, midfielder, libero)  He then retired from professional soccer 

International career
In addition to his club career, Zuffi also scored 19 caps for the Switzerland national football team 

Managerial career
Since the end of his active playing career, Zuffi is employed as coach for FC Winterthur  First from 2000 to 2002 he looked after the U–12 youth team  Then from 2002 to 2004 he was coach for the U–16 team  From 2003 he was also coach of the U–21 team, with whom he achieved promotion to the then third-tier division and he was in this position until 2017, with an interruption between 2011 and 2014 
In addition to this, on various occasions he was required supervisor for their 1st team  From 2008 to 2009 he worked as an assistant under head-coach Mathias Walther for the first team  For the last two games of the FCW season 2015–16 he was ad-interim coach of the first team together with Umberto Romano and he has again performed the same interim function again from February to June 2017  Since 2017 he is assistant to first team head-coach Ralf Loose From January 2013 to September 2014 Zuffi was also the assistant coach of the Swiss U-21 national team in addition to his position for his club 

Personal life
Zuffi has three sons, Sandro, Luca, and Nico  Luca Zuffi plays for FC Basel, Sandro and Nico play for SC Young Fellows Juventus in Zürich 

Titles and honours
Young Boys

Nationalliga A: 1985–86
Swiss Cup: 1986–87
Swiss Super Cup: 1986
Swiss Football Championship top scorer: 1991Lugano

Swiss Cup: 1992–93Basel

Nationalliga B: 1993–94
Passage 11:
Ferenc Bene
Ferenc Bene (17 December 1944 – 27 February 2006) was a Hungarian football player of Újpesti Dózsa, who was a member of the team that won the gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan  A striker, he was the top scorer of the tournament (12 goals in 5 matches) 
Bene was born in Balatonújlak  He played his first international match against Yugoslavia on 14 October 1962, and his last against Czechoslovakia on 12 September 1979  He obtained 76 caps and scored 36 goals  He was bronze medallist at the European Championship of 1964, and a quarter-finalist at the World Cup of 1966 (at the latter event he was the top scorer of the Hungarian national team)  Bene was named Hungarian Footballer of the Year in 1964 and 1969  He died in Budapest, after a lengthy treatment following a fall at the end of 2005  His son Ferenc Bene jr  is also a former player, currently working as a coach 
He played for the following teams:

Újpesti Dózsa (1961–1978)
Volán SC (1978–79, 1983–84)
Sepsi-78, Finland (1981–82)
Soroksári VOSE (1984)
Kecskeméti SC (1985)

Career statistics
Honours
ÚjpestNemzeti Bajnokság I (8): 1969, 1970, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1972-73, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1977-78
Magyar Kupa: 1969, 1970, 1974-75HungaryOlympic Games: 1964IndividualUEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1964

See also
List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
Passage 12:
2015–16 Leicester City F C  season
The 2015–16 season was Leicester City's 111th season in the English football league system and their 48th (non-consecutive) season in the top tier of English football  During the season, Leicester participated in the Premier League for the second consecutive season, as well as the FA Cup and League Cup  In what was described as one of the greatest sporting stories of all time, Leicester were confirmed as champions of the 2015–16 Premier League season on 2 May 2016, finishing top of England's highest league for the first time in the club's history  The club was 5000–1 with bookmakers to win the division before the season kicked off  The feat meant that Leicester would be playing in the UEFA Champions League the following season, a first for the club in their history  The season also saw history be made for individual players within the team, as striker Jamie Vardy broke the record for consecutive games with a goal in the Premier League (11) and winger Riyad Mahrez became the first African and first Algerian player to be the recipient of the PFA Players' Player of the Year 

Pre-season events
Note: This section does not include close season transfers or pre-season match results, which are listed in their own sections below 

2 July 2015 – Dean Hammond signs a one-year contract extension until the summer of 2016 

Kit and sponsorship
Supplier: Puma / Sponsor: King Power

Friendlies
Win
  Draw
  Loss
On 21 May 2015, Leicester City confirmed their first three pre-season friendlies against Lincoln City, Mansfield Town and Birmingham City  On 22 May 2015, Leicester City added a trip to Burton Albion to their pre-season schedule  On 30 June 2015, the Foxes confirmed a friendly against Rotherham United 

Events
Note: This section does not include transfers or match results, which are listed in their own sections below 

14 June 2016 – Marcin Wasilewski signed a one-year contract until the summer of 2017 
2 May 2016 – Leicester became champions of the Premier League after Tottenham Hotspur drew 2–2 with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge 

Players and staff
First team squad
Backroom staff
Transfers
In
Total spending:  £27,300,000

Out
Total incoming:  £7,000,000

Loans in
Loans out
Released
Competitions
Win
  Draw
  Loss

Overview
Premier League
League table
Results summary
Results by matchday
Matches
On 17 June 2015, the fixtures for the forthcoming season were announced 

FA Cup
Leicester City entered the competition at the Third Round stage, and on 7 December 2015 they were drawn away to Tottenham Hotspur 

Football League Cup
Leicester City entered the competition in the second round and were drawn away to Bury  The third round draw was made on 25 August 2015 live on Sky Sports by Charlie Nicholas and Phil Thompson  Leicester City were drawn at home to West Ham United 

Awards
Club awards
At the end of the season, Leicester's annual award ceremony, including categories voted for by the players and backroom staff, the supporters, saw the players recognized for their achievements for the club throughout the 2015–16 season 

Divisional awards
Club statistics
All data from LCFC com

Appearances
Starts + Substitute appearances 
Italics indicates loan player 
Asterisks indicates player left mid-season 
Hash symbol indicates player retired mid-season 

Top scorers
Captains
Only counts starts as captain

Suspensions
Season summary
Passage 13:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 14:
Zviad Endeladze
Zviad Endeladze (Georgian: ზვიად ენდელაძე; born 7 April 1966 in Adigeni) is a retired Georgian footballer who played as a forward  He has played for clubs such as Guria Lanchkhuti and Margveti, scoring 40 goals during the 1995–96 season, which made him the top scorer in European domestic competitions and would have won the European Golden Boot had it not been suspended in 1991  The award was reinstated a season after Endeladze's feat under new rules that would count goals scored in the Georgian Top League as one point while goals scored in Europe's top leagues are counted double  He retired from football in 2006 

External links
European Sports Magazines at archive today (archived 14 September 2020)
Zviad Endeladze at FootballFacts ru  (in Russian)
Sport de
Zviad Endeladze at WorldFootball net



ground_truth: Het Scheur

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The all time top goal scorer in premier league in one season is a member of what team?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Arsenal F C 
Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Islington, London  Arsenal play in the Premier League, the top flight of English football  The club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 FA Cups, two League Cups, 16 FA Community Shields, one European Cup Winners' Cup, and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  In terms of trophies won, it is the third-most successful club in English football 
Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join the Football League in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904  Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history  In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war  In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double  Between 1989 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles  They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position  Between 1998 and 2017, Arsenal qualified for the UEFA Champions League for nineteen consecutive seasons 
Herbert Chapman, who changed the fortunes of Arsenal forever, won the club its first silverware, and his legacy led the club to dominate the 1930s decade  He helped introduce the WM formation, floodlights, and shirt numbers; he also added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club's jersey  Arsène Wenger is the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies  He won a record seven FA Cups, and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004, receiving the nickname The Invincibles 
In 1886, munitions workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich founded the club as Dial Square  In 1913 the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, becoming close neighbours of Tottenham Hotspur, and creating the North London derby  In 2006, they moved to the nearby Emirates Stadium  With an annual revenue of £367 1m in the 2021–22 season, Arsenal was estimated to be worth US$2 26 billion by Forbes, making it the world's tenth most valuable football club, while it is one of the most followed on social media  The motto of the club has long been Victoria Concordia Crescit, Latin for "Victory Through Harmony" 

History
1886–1919: from Dial Square to Arsenal
In October 1886, Scotsman David Danskin and fifteen fellow munitions workers in Woolwich formed Dial Square Football Club, named after a workshop at the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex  Each member contributed sixpence and Danskin also added three shillings to help form the club  Dial Square played their first match on 11 December 1886 against Eastern Wanderers and won 6–0  The club had renamed to Royal Arsenal by January 1887, and its first home was Plumstead Common, though they spent most of their time playing at the Manor Ground  Their first trophies were the Kent Senior Cup and London Charity Cup in 1889–90 and the London Senior Cup in 1890–91; these were the only county association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London  In 1891, Royal Arsenal became the first London club to turn professional Royal Arsenal renamed for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893  They registered their new name, Woolwich Arsenal, with The Football League when the club ascended later that year : 5–21  Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League, starting out in the Second Division and reaching the First Division in 1904  Falling attendances, due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city, led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910 : 112–149  Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall became involved in the club, and sought to move them elsewhere : 22–42 
In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, the club moved across the river to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury  In 1919, The Football League controversially voted to promote The Arsenal, instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur, into the newly enlarged First Division, despite only finishing fifth in the Second Division's last pre-war season of 1914–15  Later that year, The Arsenal started dropping "The" in official documents, gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal, as it is generally known today 

1919–1953: Bank of England club
With a new home and First Division football, attendances were more than double those at the Manor Ground, and Arsenal's budget grew rapidly  Their location and record-breaking salary offer lured star Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman in 1925  Over the next five years, Chapman built a new Arsenal  He appointed an enduring new trainer Tom Whittaker, implemented Charlie Buchan's new twist on the nascent WM formation, captured young players like Cliff Bastin and Eddie Hapgood, and lavished Highbury's income on stars like David Jack and Alex James  With record-breaking spending and gate receipts, Arsenal quickly became known as the Bank of England club Transformed, Chapman's Arsenal claimed their first national trophy, the FA Cup in 1930, and League Championships followed in 1930–31 and 1932–33  Chapman also presided over off the pitch changes: white sleeves and shirt numbers were added to the kit; a Tube station was named after the club; and the first of two opulent, Art Deco stands was completed, with some of the first floodlights in English football  Suddenly, in the middle of the 1933–34 season, Chapman died of pneumonia  His work was left to Joe Shaw and George Allison, who saw out a hat-trick with the 1933–34 and 1934–35 titles, and then won the 1936 FA Cup and 1937–38 title 
World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years, but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post-war season, 1947–48  This was Tom Whittaker's first season as manager, after his promotion to succeed Allison, and the club had equalled the champions of England record  They won a third FA Cup in 1950, and then won a record-breaking seventh championship in 1952–53  However, the war had taken its toll on Arsenal  The club had had more players killed than any top flight club, and debt from reconstructing the North Bank Stand bled Arsenal's resources 

1953–1986: mediocrity, Mee and Neill
Arsenal were not to win the League or the FA Cup for another 18 years  The '53 Champions squad had aged, and the club failed to attract strong enough replacements  Although Arsenal were competitive during these years, their fortunes had waned; the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in mid-table mediocrity  Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager, in a stint between 1962 and 1966 Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966  With new assistant Don Howe and new players such as Bob McNab and George Graham, Mee led Arsenal to their first League Cup finals, in 1967–68 and 1968–69  Next season saw a breakthrough, with Arsenal's first competitive European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  The season after, Arsenal achieved an even greater triumph with their first League and FA Cup double, and a new champions of England record  This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the rest of the decade was characterised by a series of near misses, with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972–73 Former player Terry Neill succeeded Mee in 1976  At the age of 34, he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date  With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side like Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club reached a trio of FA Cup finals (1978 FA Cup, 1979 FA Cup and 1980 FA Cup), and lost the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties  The club's only trophy during this time was the 1979 FA Cup, achieved with a last-minute 3–2 victory over Manchester United, in a final is widely regarded as a classic 

1986–1996: George Graham
One of Mee's double winners, George Graham, returned as manager in 1986, with Arsenal winning their first League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge  New signings Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon and Steve Bould had joined the club by 1988 to complete the "famous Back Four", led by homegrown player Tony Adams  They immediately won the 1988 Football League Centenary Trophy, and followed it with the 1988–89 Football League title, snatched with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool  Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1994  Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995  His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors 

1996–2018: Wenger years
The club metamorphosed during the tenure of French manager Arsène Wenger, who was appointed in 1996  Attacking football, an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices, and efficiency with money
have defined his reign  Accumulating key players from Wenger's homeland, such as Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry, Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02  In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup, were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cup finals, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles"  This feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first nine seasons at the club, although they never won the title in two consecutive seasons 
The club had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London to reach the final in the competition's fifty-year history, but were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona  In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury 
Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively  The club had not gained a trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until, spearheaded by club record acquisition Mesut Özil, Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2 
A year later, Arsenal completed another victorious FA Cup campaign, and became the most successful club in the tournament's history by winning their 13th FA Cup in 2016–17  However, in that same season, Arsenal finished fifth in the league, the first time they had finished outside the top four since before Wenger arrived in 1996  After another unspectacular league season the following year, Wenger departed Arsenal on 13 May 2018 

Since 2018: post-Wenger era
After conducting an overhaul in the club's operating model to coincide with Wenger's departure, Spaniard Unai Emery was named as the club's new head coach on 23 May 2018  He became the club's first ever 'head coach' and second manager from outside the United Kingdom  In Emery's first season, Arsenal finished fifth in the Premier League and as runner-up in the Europa League  On 29 November 2019, Emery was dismissed as manager and former player and assistant first team coach Freddie Ljungberg was appointed as interim head coach On 20 December 2019, Arsenal appointed former club captain Mikel Arteta as the new head coach  Arsenal finished the league season in eighth, their lowest finish since 1994–95, but beat Chelsea 2–1 to earn a record-extending 14th FA Cup win  After the season, Arteta's title was changed from head coach to manager  On 18 April 2021, Arsenal were announced as a founding club of the breakaway European competition The Super League; they withdrew from the competition two days later amid near-universal condemnation  Arsenal finished the season in eighth place once again, not qualifying for a European competition for the first time in 26 years  In the 2022–23 Premier League season, Arsenal returned to the Champions League by coming second to Manchester City after leading for most of the season 

Crest
Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannons viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich)  These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannons  This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter typography, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit – "victory comes from harmony" – coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer  For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green  Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it  Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise,
Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection  Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable 
The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon  Green was replaced by dark blue  The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue 
Until the 1960s, a badge was worn on the playing shirt only for high-profile matches such as FA Cup finals, usually in the form of a monogram of the club's initials in red on a white background The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border  This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors 
From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname "The Gunners", in the 1990s In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th anniversary  The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season  The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left  The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub  The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club  The laurel leaves also represent strength  To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto "Forward" at the bottom of the crest 

Colours
For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case  The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886  Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work  As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball  The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red  Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves  One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf 
Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons  The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season  The second was 2005–06, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season  In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs  In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip 
In 1941, Luis Robledo, an England-schooled founder of Santa Fe and a fan of Arsenal, selected the main colors for his newly created team  In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas 
These teams still wear those designs to this day 
For many years Arsenal's away colours were white or navy blue  However, in 1968 the FA banned navy shirts (they looked too similar to referees' black kit) so in the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts  This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history  The yellow and blue strip became almost as famous as their iconic red and white home kit  Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United  Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their "lucky" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982–83  The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before 
When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994, Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts  Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits  During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001–02 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013 
Until 2014, the away kit was changed every season, and the outgoing away kit became the third-choice kit if a new home kit was being introduced in the same year Since Puma began manufacturing Arsenal's kits in 2014, new home, away and third kits were released every single season  In the 2017–18 season, Puma released a new color scheme for the away and third kits  The away kit was a light blue, which fades to a darker blue near the bottom, while the third kit was black with red highlight  Puma returned to the original color scheme for the 2018–19 season From the 2019–20 season Arsenal's kits are manufactured by Adidas  In the 2020–21 season, Adidas unveiled the new away kit to 
mark the 15-year anniversary since leaving Highbury  The new away kit is white, with a marbled pattern all across to replicate the iconic marble hall in the East stand of Highbury 

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Stadiums
Before joining the Football League, Arsenal played briefly on Plumstead Common, then at the Manor Ground in Plumstead, then spent three years between 1890 and 1893 at the nearby Invicta Ground  Upon joining the Football League in 1893, the club returned to the Manor Ground and installed stands and terracing, upgrading it from just a field  Arsenal continued to play their home games there for the next twenty years (with two exceptions in the 1894–95 season), until the move to north London in 1913 Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006  The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing  The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954 Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak, and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s  The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993–94 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators  This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards, so much so that for two seasons, from 1998 to 2000, Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley, which could house more than 70,000 spectators 

Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties  These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time  After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury  The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season  The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million  Some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names  The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until at least 2024  From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end  The capacity of the Emirates now stands at 60,704 Arsenal's players train at the Shenley Training Centre in Hertfordshire, a purpose-built facility which opened in 1999 
Before that the club used facilities on a nearby site owned by the University College of London Students' Union  Until 1961 they had trained at Highbury 
Arsenal's Academy under-18 teams play their home matches at Shenley, while the reserves play their games at Meadow Park, which is also the home of Boreham Wood F C  Both the Academy under-18 & the reserves occasionally play their big games at the Emirates in front of a crowd reduced to only the lower west stand 

Supporters and rivalries
Arsenal's fanbase are referred to as "Gooners" – the name derived from the club's nickname "The Gunners"  Virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007–08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99 5% of available capacity), and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance  Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke  The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes  Much of the Afro-Caribbean support comes from the neighbouring London Borough of Hackney and a large portion of the South Asian Arsenal supporters commute to the stadium from Wembley Park, North West of the capital  There was also traditionally a large Irish community that followed Arsenal, with the nearby Archway area having a particularly large community, but Irish migration to North London is much lower than in the 1960s or 1970s 
Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line  The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans  The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!  In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing "One-Nil to the Arsenal" (to the tune of "Go West") 
There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography  Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club  A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million  The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014–15 season 

Rivalries
Arsenal's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbour, Tottenham Hotspur; matches between the two are referred to as the North London derby  There also exists a rivalry between Arsenal and Chelsea  In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in the early 2000s when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title 

Mascot
The club mascot is Gunnersaurus Rex, a smiling, 7-foot-tall green dinosaur, who first appeared at a home match against Manchester City in August 1994 (or 1993)  He is based on a drawing by then 11-year-old Peter Lovell, whose design and another similar idea won a Junior Gunners contest; his official back story is that he hatched from an egg found during renovations at Highbury The same person, Jerry Quy, has been inside the suit from the start; in early October 2020, as part of cost-cutting brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the club made him redundant from that and his other part-time job in supporter liaison, together with 55 full-time employees, although they later said Gunnersaurus could return after spectators were allowed back in stadiums  An online fundraiser was begun for Quy, and Mesut Özil offered to pay his salary himself as long as he remains with Arsenal  In November 2020, in advance of COVID-19 regulations being relaxed to allow supporters to attend home games from 3 December, Arsenal announced that Gunnersaurus would return, to be played by a roster of people that could include Quy if he wished 

Ownership and finances
The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke  Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007, and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares from David Dein in August 2007  Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016  Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29 9%)  In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62 89%  In May 2017, Kroenke owned 41,721 shares (67 05%) and Red & White Securities owned 18,695 shares (30 04%)  In January 2018, Kroenke expanded his ownership by buying twenty-two more shares, taking his total ownership to 67 09%  In August 2018, Kroenke bought out Usmanov for £550m  Now owning more than 90% of the shares, he had the required stake to complete the buyout of the remaining shares and become the sole owner  There has been criticism of Arsenal's poor performance since Kroenke took over, which has been attributed to his ownership  Ivan Gazidis was the club's Chief executive from 2009 to 2018 Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs  Only 62,219 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market  On 29 May 2017, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £18,000, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately £1,119 9m  Most football clubs are not listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult  Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand  Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $2 238 billion (£1 69 billion) in 2018, ranked third in English football  Research by the Henley Business School ranked Arsenal second in English football, modelling the club's value at £1 118 billion in 2015 Arsenal's financial results for the 2019–20 season showed an after tax loss of £47 8m, due in part to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic  The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenises and compares clubs' annual revenue  Deloitte put Arsenal's footballing revenue in 2019 at £392 7m (€445 6m), ranking Arsenal eleventh among world football clubs  Arsenal and Deloitte both listed the match day revenue generated in 2019 by the Emirates Stadium as €109 2m (£96 2m) 

In popular culture
Partly due to their proximity to the Alexandra Palace transmitter, Arsenal have appeared in a number of media "firsts"  On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio  A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live  Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC's Match of the Day, which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964  Sky's coverage of Arsenal's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain  They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related novels, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939), which was made into a film in the same year  The story centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned while playing  Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves in the film and manager George Allison was given a speaking part  The book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular  Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s  The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988–89 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and "boring" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s  In the 1997 film The Full Monty the principal characters move forward in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine 
Fifteen years later an almost identical scene was included in the 2012 Disney science-fiction film John Carter (director and co-writer Andrew Stanton, a notable overseas supporter of the club), along with other visual cues and oblique dialogue hints and references to the club throughout the film 
Another film reference to the club's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane, in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal's long-serving full backs – the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn In August 2022, Amazon Prime Video released an eight-episode docuseries called All or Nothing: Arsenal  It documented the club by spending time with the coaching staff and players behind the scenes both on and off the field throughout their 2021–22 season, in which they were the youngest team in the Premier League with an average starting age of 24 years and 308 days – more than a whole year younger than the next team 

In the community
In 1985, Arsenal founded a community scheme, "Arsenal in the Community", which offered sporting, social inclusion, educational and charitable projects  The club support a number of charitable causes directly and in 1992 established The Arsenal Charitable Trust, which by 2006 had raised more than £2 million for local causes  An ex-professional and celebrity football team associated with the club also raised money by playing charity matches  The club launched the Arsenal for Everyone initiative in 2008 as an annual celebration of the diversity of the Arsenal family  In the 2009–10 season Arsenal announced that they had raised a record breaking £818,897 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity  The original target was £500,000 Save the Children has been Arsenal global charity partner since 2011 and have worked together in numerous projects to improve safety and well-being for vulnerable children in London and abroad  On 3 September 2016 The Arsenal Foundation has donated £1m to build football pitches for children in London, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan and Somalia thanks to The Arsenal Foundation Legends Match against Milan Glorie at the Emirates Stadium  On 3 June 2018, Arsenal played Real Madrid in the Corazon Classic Match 2018 at the Bernabeu, where the proceeds went to Realtoo Real Madrid Foundation projects that are aimed at the most vulnerable children  In addition there will be a return meeting on 8 September 2018 at the Emirates stadium where proceeds will go towards the Arsenal foundation In 2022, Arsenal and Adidas partnered up to launch the "No More Red" campaign to support the long-standing work being done by Arsenal in the Community to help keep young people safe from knife crime and youth violence  To promote the event, the club launched an exclusive all white kit that was not commercially available and only awarded to individuals who are making a positive difference in the community 

Players
First-team squad
As of 28 June 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Under-23s and Academy
As of 1 July 2023Players to have featured in a first-team matchday squad for ArsenalNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Management and staff
Current staff
Arsenal board
Statistics and records
Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (19),
and they were the first club to reach a seventh and an eighth League Championship  As of June 2020, they are one of seven teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City, Leicester City and Liverpool, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992 They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, with 14  The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015 
Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup "Doubles" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999) 
They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993 
Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2–1 to Barcelona Arsenal have one of the best top-flight records in history, having finished below fourteenth only seven times  They have won the second most top flight league matches in English football, and have also accumulated the second most points, whether calculated by two points per win or by the contemporary points value  They have been in the top flight for the most consecutive seasons (95 as of 2020–21)  Arsenal also have the highest average league finishing position for the 20th century, with an average league placement of 8 5 Arsenal hold the record for the longest run of unbeaten League matches (49 between May 2003 and October 2004)  This included all 38 matches of their title-winning 2003–04 season, when Arsenal became only the second club to finish a top-flight campaign unbeaten, after Preston North End (who played only 22 matches) in 1888–89  They also hold the record for the longest top flight win streak  Arsenal set a Champions League record during the 2005–06 season by going ten matches without conceding a goal, beating the previous best of seven set by A C  Milan



ground_truth: Egypt national football team

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the child of Sigrid Eskilsdotter's child?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Miracle Child
The Miracle Child (French: L'enfant du miracle) is a 1932 French science fiction film based on a play of the same name by Robert Charvay and Paul Gavault  The plot of the film centers around a widow named Blanche Montel who endeavours to find a man with whom to produce a child so that she can pretend that the child was her late husband's and so inherit a fortune  In a scene which has been cited as particularly humorous, a few characters interrupt a Spiritualist séance and are subsequently believed to be ghosts  Ginette Leclerc's minor role in The Miracle Child was one of her first acting roles in a long and successful career 
Passage 2:
Blood Stain Child
Blood Stain Child (stylised as BLOOD STAIN CHILD) is a Japanese melodic death metal band from the city of Osaka  The band's musical style combines melodic death metal with electronic and trance  The band formed under the name "Visionquest" in 1999, but changed their name to Blood Stain Child in 2000 

Background
Blood Stain Child, then called Visionquest, was formed in 1999 by Ryo (bass, lead vocals), Ryu (lead guitar, synth guitar), Daiki (rhythm guitar, synth guitar), Aki (keyboards, piano, synthesizers, backing vocals) and Violator (drums, percussion)  In 2000, they took on their current name and recorded their first three-track demo in August 2000  The band sent that demo to a radio station and the DJ enjoyed the music so much that he recommended the band to the record label, M&I Company, who eventually signed Blood Stain Child In 2001, Blood Stain Child recorded two songs, "The World" and "Steel Flame"  The first song was used as the theme song for professional wrestler, Kensuke Sasaki and the second song was used as the theme song for the 30th anniversary of New Japan Pro-Wrestling, a professional wrestling group  In July 2002, Blood Stain released their debut studio album, Silence of Northern Hell  In October 2002, Blood Stain Child was the supporting act for Dream Evil during their tour in Japan  In June 2003, Blood Stain Child released their second studio album, Mystic Your Heart, which was co-produced by Anssi Kippo, a popular producer from Finland 
In March 2005, Daiki left the band and was replaced by Shiromasa in April  That same year, Blood Stain Child released their third studio album, Idolator, which was co-produced by Tue Madsen, a popular producer from Denmark  In 2006, Blood Stain Child signed with Dockyard 1 and released Idolator in Europe on 27 November 2006  Idolator was later released in the United States through Locomotive Records on 17 July 2007 
In April 2007, Blood Stain Child announced the addition of a new vocalist, Sadew, and a new guitarist, G S R  On 18 July 2007, Blood Stain Child released their fourth studio album, Mozaiq in Japan, which was also co-produced by Tue Madsen  It was then released in Europe on 20 July 2007 with an exclusive bonus track "Cosmic Highway" 
On 12 June 2010, Ryu announced on his official blog that Sadew withdrew from the band due to personal reasons  Drummer Violator left the band as well, in order to take care of family business  In September the band announced new members Sophia Aslanides (also known as Sophia Aslanidou, from Greece) on vocals and Gami (ex-Youthquake) on drums, signing a contract with Italian record label Coroner Records and Japanese record label Pony Canyon 
In April 2011, Blood Stain Child took part in a Studio Ghibli cover album titled Imaginary Flying Machines - Princess Ghibli, covering the songs "Itsumo Nando Demo" (Spirited Away) and "Teru no Uta" (Tales from Earthsea)  In June 2011, the band performed at A-Kon in Dallas, Texas, together with D  Later that same month, the band released their fifth full studio album, Epsilon  The band started a Japanese tour from 19 August to 24 September  In December 2011, the band performed in Moscow, St  Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Kiev 
Blood Stain Child performed as special guests at Naka-Kon 2012, in Overland Park, Kansas, between the 10–12 February  In March 2012, the band took part in another Princess Ghibli album, covering the song "Ai wa Hana Kimi wa Sonotane" (Only Yesterday)  On 21 July, Sophia officially announced that she was leaving Blood Stain Child  She later formed the electronic metal band Season of Ghosts in 2013  New female vocalist Kiki joined the band on 3 December  In early 2013 the band introduced their new VJ/DJ - Makoto, which came along with an announcement of Aki being absent from further live shows due to "his personal issues", however, he will remain a member and take part in the creation of music  However, Makoto left in 2014 
Founding member Ryo and Kiki both left Blood Stain Child in 2016  They were replaced by bassist Yakky and male vocalist Saika, respectively In 2018, Blood Stain Child joined forces with Danceroid singer Yuzuki and created the melodic death metal supergroup Yuzukingdom 
On 1 February 2019, Blood Stain Child released a new single, entitled "Del-Sol" as well as an accompanying music video  Later that year, on 3 July, a new full-length album called Amateras was released featuring the same members as the previous single 

Musical style
A notable feature of Blood Stain Child is their tendency to incorporate both electro-industrial and euro-trance related themes and elements into their music  The band's sound includes screamed vocals complemented at times by traditional singing, with their overall musical style best classified as a mix between In Flames, Children of Bodom, and Soilwork  The band cites influences such as In Flames, Dark Tranquillity, HIM, X Japan, and Luna Sea 

Members
Ryu – lead guitar, synth guitar (1999–present)
Aki – keyboards, piano, synthesizers, backing vocals (1999–present, studio member since 2013)
G S R – rhythm guitar, synth guitar (2007–present)
Sadew – lead vocals (2007–2010, 2018–present)
Yakky – bass (2016–present)
Yasu – drums, percussion (2018–present)

Former members
Daiki – rhythm guitar, synth guitar (1999–2005)
Violator – drums, percussion (1999–2010)
Ryo – bass, lead vocals (1999–2016), backing vocals (1999–2007)
Shiromasa – rhythm guitar, synth guitar (2005–2007)
Sophia Aslanides – lead vocals (2010–2012)
Gami – drums, percussion (2010–2018)
Kiki – lead vocals (2012–2016)
Makoto – DJ, VJ, manipulator (2013–2014)
Saika – lead vocals (2016–2018)

Timeline
Discography
Demos, EPs and SinglesDemo 2000 (2000)
The World (2001)
Last Stardust (2014)
Nexus (2016)
Tri Odyssey (2017)
Del-SOl (2019)
2045 (2021)
共鳴領域 (with Pizuya's Cell, 2022)AlbumsSilence of Northern Hell (2002)
Mystic Your Heart (2003)
Idolator (2005)
mozaiq (2007)
εpsilon (2011)
The Legend (Best of-album, 2018)
Amateras (2019)Music videos"Silence of Northern Hell" from Silence of Northern Hell
"Truth" from Idolator
"Freedom" from mozaiq
"Last Stardust" from Last Stardust EP
"Nexus" from Nexus EP
"Tri Odyssey" from Tri Odyssey EP
"Trance Dead Kingdom" from Tri Odyssey EP
"gaia evolution" from Tri Odyssey EP
"KAMUI-神威-" from The Legend
"Del-Sol" from Amateras
"皇～sumeragi～" from Amateras
Passage 3:
Child labour
Child labour refers to the exploitation of children through any form of work that deprives them of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and is mentally, physically, socially and morally harmful  Such exploitation is prohibited by legislation worldwide, although these laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, and some forms of work undertaken by Amish children, as well as by indigenous children in the Americas Child labour has existed to varying extents throughout history  During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many children aged 5–14 from poorer families worked in Western nations and their colonies alike  These children mainly worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining, and services such as news boys – some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours  With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence rates of child labour fell In the world's poorest countries, around one in four children are engaged in child labour, the highest number of whom (29 percent) live in sub-saharan Africa  In 2017, four African nations (Mali, Benin, Chad and Guinea-Bissau) witnessed over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working  Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour  The vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economies; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories  Poverty and lack of schools are considered the primary cause of child labour Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25% to 10% between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank  Nevertheless, the total number of child labourers remains high, with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5–17 worldwide were involved in child labour in 2013 

History
Child labour in preindustrial societies
Child labour forms an intrinsic part of pre-industrial economies  In pre-industrial societies, there is rarely a concept of childhood in the modern sense  Children often begin to actively participate in activities such as child rearing, hunting and farming as soon as they are competent  In many societies, children as young as 13 are seen as adults and engage in the same activities as adults The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group  Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy; preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run  In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school  This is especially the case in non-literate societies  Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults 

Industrial Revolution
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century, there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour, including child labour  Industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates  These cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output  This process was replicated in other industrialising countries The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed  Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions  In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults  Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods  Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century)  Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in the summer and 52 hours in winter, while servants worked 80-hour weeks Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship  The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income  In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age  In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children  A high number of children also worked as prostitutes  The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison Child wages were often low, the wages were as little as 10–20% of an adult male's wage  Karl Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour, saying British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children’s blood too", and that U S  capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children"  Letitia Elizabeth Landon castigated child labour in her 1835 poem The Factory, portions of which she pointedly included in her 18th Birthday Tribute to Princess Victoria in 1837 
Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors because of the Growth of trade unions  The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution  The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803  As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day  These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work  This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days  Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour As technology improved and proliferated, there was a greater need for educated employees  This saw an increase in schooling, with the eventual introduction of compulsory schooling  Improved technology, automation and further legislation significantly reduced child labour particularly in western Europe and the U S 

Early 20th century
In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries  Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies  The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3,133 °F (1,723 °C))  When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat  This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cuts, and burns  Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break  Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am  Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age An estimated 1 7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900 In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States  This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries  Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south  Hine took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee 

Household enterprises
Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century  Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well  Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor  Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes  Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties Home-based manufacturing operations were active year-round  Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises  In many cases, men worked from home  In France, over 58% of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products  Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents  Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common  Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture  In 1946, Frieda S  Miller – then Director of the United States Department of Labor – told the International Labour Organization (ILO) that these home-based operations offered "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions" 

21st century
Child labour is still common in many parts of the world  Estimates for child labour vary  It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted  If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008  This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004  Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry  Another 25% of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services  The remaining 15% laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations  Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations  Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants  Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%) 
Contrary to popular belief, most child labourers are employed by their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy  Children who work for pay or in-kind compensation are usually found in rural settings as opposed to urban centres  Less than 3% of child labour aged 5–14 across the world work outside their household, or away from their parents Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations  The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries  Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million  Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million  Latin America and the Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too 

Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour  In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty  For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as "highly secret"  China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises In 2014, the U S  Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers  The report listed electronics, garments, toys, and coal, among other goods 
The Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports that 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide  The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia  Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Vietnam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th, all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets 

Causes
The ILO suggests that poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour  For impoverished households, income from a child's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household  Income from working children, even if small, may be between 25 and 40% of the household income  Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour, and Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to the ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour  Children work because they have nothing better to do  Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60 and 70% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities  Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it 

Cultural factors
In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it  Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children  In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age  Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services 

Macroeconomics
Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour  They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines  They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem  Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history  They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side  While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side  Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, size of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour 

By country
Colonial empires
Systematic use of child labour was commonplace in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950  In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults  Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries  Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5 and 14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft  A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master  Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn  Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa  These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins Beyond laws, new taxes were imposed on colonies  One of these taxes was the Head Tax in the British and French colonial empires  The tax was imposed on everyone older than 8 years, in some colonies  To pay these taxes and cover living expenses, children in colonial households had to work In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities  The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate " Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education  Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers Proposals to regulate child labour began as early as 1786 

Africa
Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa  Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm  Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty  Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining  In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest  Along with 30% of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round 

What industries children work in depends on whether they grew up in a rural area or an urban area  Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers  While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops  Many children can also be found working in hazardous environments, with some using bare hands, stones and hammers to take apart CRT-based televisions and computer monitors  Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers  To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959  Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa 

Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child  Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour  Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development  Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business  In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit  With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century 

Australia
From European settlement in 1788, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work  Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain  With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries  Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century, when child labour laws and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain  From the 1870s, child labour was restricted by compulsory schooling Child labour laws in Australia differ from state to state  Generally, children are allowed to work at any age, but restrictions exist for children under 15 years of age  These restrictions apply to work hours and the type of work that children can perform  In all states, children are obliged to attend school until a minimum leaving age, 15 years of age in all states except Tasmania and Queensland where the leaving age is 17 

Brazil
Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since Portuguese colonization in the region began in 1500  Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid  Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood  Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period  Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century  The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits  Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked  Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to constitutional amendments that passed in 1934, 1937, and 1946  Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 1980s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988  This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14  Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work  Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil  It was not until recently in the 1980s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2 55 million 10- to 14-year-olds were illegally holding jobs  They were joined by 3 7 million 15- to 17-year-olds and about 375,000 5- to 9-year-olds  Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally, which led to many not being protected by important labour laws  Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there are still many children working illegally in Brazil  Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence  This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs  Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country 

Britain
Many factors played a role in Britain's long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age  Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially  Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family  Child labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods  Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths  Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen 
Another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century  By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14  Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home  Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there were large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families  Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work  Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation In 1933 Britain adopted legislation restricting the use of children under 14 in employment  The Children and Young Persons Act 1933, defined the term "child" as anyone of compulsory school age (age sixteen)  In general no child may be employed under the age of fifteen years, or fourteen years for light work 

Cambodia
Significant levels of child labour appear to be found in Cambodia  In 1998, ILO estimated that 24 1% of children in Cambodia aged between 10 and 14 were economically active  Many of these children work long hours and Cambodia Human Development Report 2000 reported that approximately 65,000 children between the ages of 5 and 13 worked 25 hours a week and did not attend school  There are also many initiative and policies put in place to decrease the prevalence of child labour such as the United States generalized system of preferences, the U S -Cambodia textile agreement, ILO Garment Sector Working Conditions Improvement Project, and ChildWise Tourism 

Ecuador
An Ecuadorean study published in 2006 found child labour to be one of the main environmental problems affecting children's health  It reported that over 800,000 children are working in Ecuador, where they are exposed to heavy metals and toxic chemicals and are subject to mental and physical stress and the insecurity caused by being at risk of work-related accidents  Minors performing agricultural work along with their parents help apply pesticides without wearing protective equipment 

India
In 2015, the country of India is home to the largest number of children who are working illegally in various industrial industries  Agriculture in India is the largest sector where many children work at early ages to help support their family  Many of these children are forced to work at young ages due to many family factors such as unemployment, large families, poverty, and lack of parental education  This is often the major cause of the high rate of child labour in India On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey  The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade  This led to many children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods  Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments  Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy  The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income 

A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia's child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour  Due to many children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children  International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924  This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years  These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place  This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions Due to the increase of regulations and legal restrictions on child labour, there has been a 64 percent decline in child labour from 1993 to 2005  Although this is a great decrease in the country of India, there is still high numbers of children working in the rural areas of India  With 85 percent of the child labour occurring in rural areas, and 15 percent occurring in urban areas, there are still substantial areas of concern in the country of India India has legislation since 1986 which allows work by children in non-hazardous industry  In 2013, the Punjab and Haryana High Court gave a landmark order that directed that there shall be a total ban on the employment of children up to the age of 14 years, be it hazardous or non-hazardous industries  However, the Court ruled that a child can work with his or her family in family based trades/occupations, for the purpose of learning a new trade/craftsmanship or vocation 

Iran
In Isfahan province, the Iranian Department of State Welfare (behzisti) keeps a database of the scanned retina irises of a number of working street kids, and have put "child friendly" measures in place to support them, reduce the social harm from their presence, and improve their quality of life Only Tehran as of June 2023 has seventy thousand working children they also collect recycles 

Ireland
In post-colonial Ireland, the rate of child exploitation was extremely high as children were used as farm labourers once they were able to walk, these children were never paid for the labour that they carried out on the family farm  Children were wanted and desired in Ireland for the use of their labour on the family farm  Irish parents felt that it was the children's duty to carry out chores on the family farm 

Japan
Though banned in modern Japan, shonenko (child labourers) were a feature of the Imperial era until its end in 1945  During World War II labour recruiting efforts targeted youths from Taiwan (Formosa), then a Japanese territory, with promises of educational opportunity  Though the target of 25,000 recruits was never reached, over 8,400 Taiwanese youths aged 12 to 14 relocated to Japan to help manufacture the Mitsubishi J2M Raiden aircraft 

Pakistan
The Netherlands
Child labour existed in the Netherlands up to and through the Industrial Revolution  Laws governing child labour in factories were first passed in 1874, but child labour on farms continued to be the norm up until the 20th century 

Soviet Union and successor states
Although formally banned since 1922, child labour was widespread in the Soviet Union, mostly in the form of mandatory, unpaid work by schoolchildren on Saturdays and holidays  The students were used as a cheap, unqualified workforce on kolhoz (collective farms) as well as in industry and forestry  The practice was formally called "work education" From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs  This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works  By law, this is only allowed as part of specialised occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored  In 2012 there was an accident near the city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work", as well as their teacher, who was supervising them Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov's income, cotton harvesting  In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect  This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded  In 2006 it is estimated that 2 7 million children were forced to work this way 

Switzerland
As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder ("chimney sweep children") and children working p e  in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder (literally: "contract children" or "indentured child laborers") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons – usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy–Yeniche origin, so-called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc  – and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children  In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15  Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes  10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive  Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014  In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015 

United States
Child labour laws in the United States are found at the federal and state levels  The most sweeping federal law that restricts the employment and abuse of child workers is the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)  Child labour provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety  FLSA restricts the hours that youth under 16 years of age can work and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for young workers to perform 
Under the FLSA, for non-agricultural jobs, children under 14 may not be employed, children between 14 and 16 may be employed in allowed occupations during limited hours, and children between 16 and 17 may be employed for unlimited hours in non-hazardous occupations  A number of exceptions to these rules exist, such as for employment by parents, newspaper delivery, and child actors  The regulations for agricultural employment are generally less strict 
States have varying laws covering youth employment  Each state has minimum requirements such as, earliest age a child may begin working, number of hours a child is allowed to be working during the day, number of hours a child is allowed to be worked during the week  The United States Department of Labor lists the minimum requirements for agricultural work in each state  Where state law differs from federal law on child labour, the law with the more rigorous standard applies Individual states have a wide range of restrictions on labor by minors, often requiring work permits for minors who are still enrolled in high school, limiting the times and hours that minors can work by age and imposing additional safety regulations 

Child labour laws and initiatives
Almost every country in the world has laws relating to and aimed at preventing child labour  International Labour Organization has helped set international law, which most countries have signed on and ratified  According to ILO minimum age convention (C138) of 1973, child labour refers to any work performed by children under the age of 12, non-light work done by children aged 12–14, and hazardous work done by children aged 15–17  Light work was defined, under this convention, as any work that does not harm a child's health and development, and that does not interfere with his or her attendance at school  This convention has been ratified by 171 countries 
The United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, which was subsequently ratified by 193 countries  Article 32 of the convention addressed child labour, as follows:   Parties recognise the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development 
Under Article 1 of the 1990 Convention, a child is defined as "every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, a majority is attained earlier " Article 28 of this Convention requires States to, "make primary education compulsory and available free to all "195 countries are party to the convention; only two nations have not ratified the treaty, Somalia and the United States In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States  This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict  The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work  Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour 
In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992  This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour  Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking  The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability  The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey 
Targeted child labour campaigns were initiated by the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in order to advocate for prevention and elimination of all forms of child labour  The global Music against Child Labour Initiative was launched in 2013 in order to involve socially excluded children in structured musical activity and education in efforts to help protect them from child labour 

Exceptions granted
In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938  The amendment allows certain children aged 14–18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood  The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States  The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job  The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are past eighth grade in school 
Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws  Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority  Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country  Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme  The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances  Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU  For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting 

More laws vs  more freedom
Very often, however, these state laws were not enforced    Federal legislation was passed in 1916 and again in 1919, but both laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court  Although the number of child workers declined dramatically during the 1920s and 1930s, it was not until the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 that federal regulation of child labor finally became a reality 
Scholars disagree on the best legal course forward to address child labour  Some suggest the need for laws that place a blanket ban on any work by children less than 18 years old  Others suggest the current international laws are enough, and the need for more engaging approach to achieve the ultimate goals Some scholars suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital  These activists claim that child labor also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports  More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries  In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world 

Other scholars suggest that these arguments are flawed, ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good  According to them, child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty  If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive  These will increase abuse of the children  In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia, Chad, Niger and Nepal - schools are not available, and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable  The alternatives for children who currently work, claim these studies, are worse: grinding subsistence farming, militia or prostitution  Child labour is not a choice, it is a necessity, the only option for survival  It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices 

These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity  Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later  Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth  These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world  International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour The Incredible Bread Machine, a book published by "World Research, Inc " in 1974, stated:

Child labour was a particular target of early reformers  William Cooke Tatlor wrote at the time about these reformers who, witnessing children at work in the factories, thought to themselves: 'How much more delightful would have been the gambol of the free limbs on the hillside; the sight of the green mead with its spangles of buttercups and daisies; the song of the bird and the humming bee   '
But for many of these children the factory system meant quite literally the only chance for survival  Today we overlook the fact that death from starvation and exposure was a common fate before the Industrial Revolution, for the pre-capitalist economy was barely able to support the population  Yes, children were working  Formerly they would have starved  It was only as goods were produced in greater abundance at a lower cost that men could support their families without sending their children to work  It was not the reformer or the politician that ended the grim necessity for child labour; it was capitalism 

Incidents
Cocoa production
In 1998, UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children – many from surrounding countries  In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa – the main ingredient in chocolate – in West Africa  Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa  In 2001, the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees  The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away  Malian officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001  These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries  Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery  In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves  In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked, likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking  The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas  Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored  In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa  This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002  The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry  Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met 

Mining in Africa
In 2008, Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo  The children are creuseurs, that is they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs, and these are then purchased by these companies  Over 60 of Katanga's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region's minerals go to China  An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15, or about 40% of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labour, and that it was being used in lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa  Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour  The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter  Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world  This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods  It is informal sector of the economy  Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines  In west Africa, in countries such as Mali – the third largest exporter of gold in Africa – between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining  Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as six years old work with their families  These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore  The poor work practices harm the long-term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes  Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana  For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue  For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income 

Meatpacking
In early August 2008, Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors, a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, had employed 57 minors, some as young as 14, in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant  Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution, claiming that his department's inquiry had discovered "egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa's child labour laws " Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations  Agriprocessors' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010  After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010 

GAP
A 2007 report claimed some GAP products had been produced by child labourers  GAP acknowledged the problem and announced it is pulling the products from its shelves  The report found that GAP had rigorous social audit systems since 2004 to eliminate child labour in its supply chain  However, the report concluded that the system was being abused by unscrupulous subcontractors 
GAP's policy, the report claimed, is that if it discovers child labour was used by its supplier in its branded clothes, the contractor must remove the child from the workplace, provide them with access to schooling and a wage, and guarantee the opportunity of work on reaching a legal working age 
In 2007, The New York Times reported that GAP, after the child labour discovery, created a $200,000 grant to improve working conditions in the supplier community  GAP created strong relationships with developing countries to help prevent child labor and find solutions; GAP would conduct interviews and reach out to their 100,000 employees worldwide to get insight into how they feel about GAP's work environments  This survey concluded with a 68 percent response rate, and 77 percent of respondents considered GAP a great environment to work in  GAP's corporate responsibility has allowed them to strengthen their stockholder relationships and be known as one of the fast fashion industry's best companies, with a great image representing a responsible firm 

H&M and Zara
In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children  Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh  It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields  The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a "track and trace" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material 
H&M said it "does not accept" child labour and "seeks to avoid" using Uzbek cotton, but admitted it did "not have any reliable methods" to ensure Uzbek cotton did not end up in any of its products  Inditex, the owner of Zara, said its code of conduct banned child labour 

Silk weaving
A 2003 Human Rights Watch report claimed children as young as five years old were employed and worked for up to 12 hours a day and six to seven days a week in the silk industry  These children, HRW claimed, were bonded child labour in India, easy to find in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu In 2010, a German news investigative report claimed that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) had found up to 10,000 children working in the 1,000 silk factories in 1998  In other locations, thousands of bonded child labourers were present in 1994  After UNICEF and NGOs got involved, the child labour figure dropped drastically after 2005, with the total estimated to be fewer than a thousand child labourers  The report claims the released children were back in school 

Primark
In 2008, the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labour in the manufacture of clothing  In particular, a £4 hand-embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC's Panorama programme  The programme asks consumers to ask themselves, "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top? This item looks handmade  Who made it for such little cost?", in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent 
As a result of the BBC report, Royal Television Society awarded it a prize, and Primark took immediate action and fired three Indian suppliers in 2008 Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake  In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust's Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic " BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting 

Eliminating child labour
Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour  However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture  For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labor Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production"  The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved "According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture  During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work  Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation British historian and socialist E  P  Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic work and participation in the wider (waged) labour market  Further, the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed  Social historian Hugh Cunningham, author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500, notes that:

Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that, just as child labour had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so it would also, in a trickle-down fashion, in the rest of the world  Its failure to do that, and its re-emergence in the developed world, raise questions about its role in any economy, whether national or global According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D C , "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools  Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives  However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century  So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), founded in 1992, aims to eliminate child labour  It operates in 88 countries and is the largest program of its kind in the world  IPEC works with international and government agencies, NGOs, the media, and children and their families to end child labour and provide children with education and assistance From 2008 to 2013, the ILO operated a program through IPEC entitled "Combating Abusive Child Labour (CACL-II)"  The project, funded by the European Union, contributed to the Government of Pakistan by providing alternative opportunities for vocational training and education to children withdrawn from the worst forms of child labour Periodically, governments, employers' and workers' organisations have met in global conference to assess progress and remaining obstacles and to agree measures to eliminate the worst forms of child labour by 2016: first in Oslo (1997), followed by: The Hague (2010); Brasilia, 8–10 October 2013; Buenos Aires, 14–16 November 2017; and most recently Durban, South Africa, 15–20 May 2022 Between 2000 and 2012, progress was made against child labor but the elimination of its worst forms was not accomplished 
Under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda, UN Member States, employers' and workers' organizations, and civil society organizations are required to work together to eliminate child labor by 2025, forced labor, modern slavery and human trafficking by 2030  Thus, the ILO established Alliance 8 7 as a global partnership In January 2021, the ILO published the Child Labour Global Estimates 2020 in collaboration with UNICEF  According to the report child labor decreased by 38% from 246 million in 2000 million to 152 million in 2016  Due to COVID-19 pandemic the number of children in child labor increased by 9 million 

Statistics
Potential positives
The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children  It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work  Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking, caring, and more to maintain their homes  In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses  Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up 
Work can contribute to the well-being of children in a variety of ways; children often choose to work to improve their lives, both in the short- and long-term  At the material level, children's work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families; and such income is especially important when the families are poor  Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty, sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment  Young people often enjoy their work, especially paid work, or when work involves the company of peers  Even when work is intensive and enforced, children often find ways to combine their work with play While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school  Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance  On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school  Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work  Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home  In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work  If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood 

In media
Letitia Elizabeth Landon addresses this issue in scathing terms in her poem  The Factory  (1835)  'Tis an accursed thing!—she writes 
Oliver Twist, a novel by Charles Dickens that was later adapted into films and into a theater production 
"The Little Match Girl", a short story by Hans Christian Andersen that was later adapted into films and other media 

See also
International conventions and other instruments:

Pilot project on Delivery of water to households far from sources of safe water
ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No  29)
ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No  105)
ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No  138)
ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No  182)

Notes
Passage 4:
Sigrid Sture
Sigrid Svantesdotter Sture (13 December 1538, Mörkö, Södermanland – 16 March 1613), was a Swedish noble, Governor (häradshövding) of Stranda Hundred from 1577 to 1613 
She was the daughter of Svante Stensson Sture and Märta ("king Martha") Erikdotter Leijonhufvud, thereby the niece of queen Margaret Leijonhufvud and the granddaughter of regent Christina Gyllenstierna  She married Ture Pedersson Bielke and became the mother of Svante Turesson Bielke  After the death of her husband in 1577, she succeeded him as royal governor of Stranda hundred  This was an unusual position for a person of her gender in 16th century Sweden, and one she kept until her death over 30 years later  She was, however, not allowed to rule formally, but was forced to appoint male proxies to officially rule in her place 

Sources
PLF-Nytt  January 2005  Nr 72
Det medeltida Sverige (DMS)

Further reading
Sigrid Sture at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Passage 5:
Sigrid Eskilsdotter (Banér)
Sigrid Eskilsdotter (Banér) (died 1527), was a Swedish noble, the mother of the Swedish regent Christina Gyllenstierna and the maternal grandmother of King Gustav Vasa of Sweden 

Biography
Sigrid Eskilsdotter was the daughter of Eskil Isaksson (Banér) and Cecilia Haraldsdotter (Gren)  She was married twice and was by 1495 twice widowed and very wealthy  Her daughter Christina was the consort of the Swedish regent in 1512-1520 and the leader of the Stockholm resistance against Denmark in 1520  Sigrid was present at the coronation of king Christian II in Stockholm 4 November 1520  She was captured and imprisoned during the Stockholm Bloodbath  Sigrid and her daughter Christina were the only two women sentenced to death during the Bloodbath, but in neither case was the sentence carried out  Sigrid was sentenced to be sewn into a sack and drowned at sea, but the execution was interrupted when she agreed to bequeath all her assets to the monarch  Together with her daughters Christina and Cecilia, and her granddaughters as well as a large group of Swedish noblewomen, Sigrid was taken to Blåtårn in Denmark in 1521  Her daughter Cecilia and two of her granddaughters died in prison, but Sigrid was allowed to return to Sweden in 1523, where her grandson was now king 

Family
Married firstly to noble councillor Magnus Karlsson (Eka) (d  between 1484 and 1487)
Issue:

Cecilia Månsdotter (1476–1523), mother of king Gustav Vasa Married secondly to noble knight and councillor Nils Eriksson (Gyllenstierna) (d  1495) 
Issue:

Christina Gyllenstierna (1494–1559), regent of Sweden 
Passage 6:
Loekman Hakim
Loekman Hakim, stage name Loekman Noah (born December 30, 1975), is a guitar player for the popular Indonesian musical group Noah 

Career
Loekman joined Peterpan in 2000  At that time, the band had three members: Ariel, Uki, and Reza  Together with Peterpan, Loekman released six albums: Taman Langit, Bintang di Surga, Ost  Alexandria, Hari Yang Cerah, Sebuah Nama Sebuah Cerita and an instrumental album, Suara Lainnya  Peterpan was renamed Noah in August 2012 and continues to release new albums During his career as guitarist in this band, Loekman has earning a nomination for Most Famous Guitarist Player in 2013 SCTV Music Awards 

Personal life
Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini  Loekman is the third child of five siblings  His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung  Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and they have two children 

Filmography
Film
Book
Kisah Lainnya (2012)
6 903 mil – Cerita di Balik Konser 2 Benua 5 Negara (2013)

Awards and nominations



ground_truth: Svante Stensson Sture