prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is Sean Hampton's birth place in the state of Florida?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
South Beach, Florida
South Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) on North Hutchinson Island in Indian River County, Florida, United States  The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census  It is ranked tenth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010 
South Beach is part of the Sebastian–Vero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
South Beach is located in southeastern Indian River County at 27°35′45″N 80°20′17″W, on Orchid Island  It is bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the border between Indian River and St Lucie counties, on the west by the Indian River Lagoon, and on the north by the Vero Beach city limits 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6 8 square miles (17 7 km2), of which 2 7 square miles (7 0 km2) are land and 4 1 square miles (10 7 km2), or 60 31%, are water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,457 people, 1,610 households, and 1,220 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 1,279 8 inhabitants per square mile (494 1/km2)   There were 2,066 housing units at an average density of 764 9 per square mile (295 3/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 98 15% White, 0 58% African American, 0 09% Native American, 1 01% Asian, 0 06% from other races, and 0 12% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 36% of the population 
There were 1,610 households, out of which 15 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72 7% were married couples living together, 2 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 2% were non-families  21 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 14 and the average family size was 2 45 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13 7% under the age of 18, 1 4% from 18 to 24, 11 3% from 25 to 44, 30 3% from 45 to 64, and 43 2% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 61 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $108,702, and the median income for a family was $126,755  Males had a median income of $89,395 versus $26,607 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $90,938   About 1 4% of families and 3 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 0% of those under age 18 and 3 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 2:
Hampton Double Square Historic District
The Hampton Double Square Historic District is a historic district located in Hampton, Iowa, United States  It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003  At the time of its nomination it contained 43 resources, which included 28 contributing buildings, two contributing sites, 10 non-contributing buildings, one non-contributing site, one non-contributing structures, and one non-contributing object  The town of Hampton was laid out by H  P  Allen, who was the county surveyor, in June 1856  The original plat was eight blocks by eight blocks in the shape of an "L"  Near the center of the "L" was the two-block, or double, square  While many county seats in Iowa have a courthouse square, the double square is a rarity  Four double squares were platted in Iowa, but only those in Hampton and Sidney survived their early period of development  Estherville's square was platted as a four-block square, but its development created a double square instead  Hampton has the only symmetrical double square plan in the state  The double square exemplifies the two primary functions of a public square, both commercial and public development 
The district's period of significance is from 1856, when it was of platted, to 1935 when the last public building was constructed  Building usage is largely commercial with a few public/government buildings, and the Congregational Church  The buildings are largely two stories tall and constructed of brick in the styles that were popular at the time  Many of the commercial blocks are Italianate in design  The Franklin County Sheriff's Residence and Jail (1880), the Franklin County G  A  R  Soldiers' Memorial Hall (1890; Edward Carl Keifer), and the Franklin County Courthouse (1891; T  D  Allen) are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places 
Passage 3:
Carver Ranches, West Park, Florida
Carver Ranches was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States  The population was 4,299 at the 2000 census 
In 2005 it became one of four neighborhoods to incorporate into the new city of West Park 

Geography
Carver Ranches is located at 25°59′30″N 80°11′30″W (25 991718, -80 191716) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 7 km2 (0 7 mi2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,299 people, 1,340 households, and 1,027 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,477 4/km2 (6,376 5/mi2)   There were 1,428 housing units at an average density of 822 9/km2 (2,118 1/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 2 19% White (1 4% were Non-Hispanic White,) 96 42% African American, 0 16% Native American, 0 02% Asian, 0 56% from other races, and 0 65% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 65% of the population 
There were 1,340 households, out of which 33 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36 0% were married couples living together, 33 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 3% were non-families  18 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 20 and the average family size was 3 62 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32 3% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 28 1% from 25 to 44, 19 4% from 45 to 64, and 11 5% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 5 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82 2 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,613, and the median income for a family was $27,412  Males had a median income of $22,604 versus $21,213 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $10,090   About 25 6% of families and 25 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31 5% of those under age 18 and 36 4% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, before being annexed to West Park, English as a first language accounted for 96 90% of all residents, while Spanish accounted for 2 19%, and French Creole as a mother tongue made up 0 90% of the population 
Passage 4:
Wade Hampton, South Carolina
Wade Hampton is a census-designated place (CDP) in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States  The population was 20,622 at the 2010 census  It is named for American Civil War general and South Carolina governor Wade Hampton 
Wade Hampton is part of the Greenville–Mauldin–Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Wade Hampton is located in central Greenville County at 34°52′59″N 82°20′0″W (34 883084, -82 333227)  It is bordered to the southwest by the city of Greenville and to the northeast by Taylors, an unincorporated community  U S  Route 29 (Wade Hampton Boulevard) passes through the CDP, leading southwest 5 miles (8 km) to the center of Greenville and northeast 7 miles (11 km) to Greer 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9 0 square miles (23 3 km2), of which 9 0 square miles (23 2 km2) are land and 0 04 square miles (0 1 km2), or 0 55%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 21,482 people, 9,016 households, and 5,368 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,458 people, 9,210 households, and 5,645 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 2,331 4 inhabitants per square mile (900 2/km2)  There were 9,793 housing units at an average density of 1,116 0 per square mile (430 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 84 85% White, 8 08% African American, 0 18% Native American, 3 34% Asian, 0 06% Pacific Islander, 2 39% from other races, and 1 11% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 13% of the population 
There were 9,210 households, out of which 22 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49 4% were married couples living together, 9 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 7% were non-families  32 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 21 and the average family size was 2 81 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19 0% under the age of 18, 9 6% from 18 to 24, 28 9% from 25 to 44, 24 3% from 45 to 64, and 18 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 40 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 9 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,487, and the median income for a family was $54,106  Males had a median income of $40,528 versus $27,613 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $26,376  About 6 4% of families and 9 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 9% of those under age 18 and 5 3% of those age 65 or over 

Education
The French Bilingual School of South Carolina is located in Wade Hampton The Greenville Saturday School (グリーンビル日本語補習授業校 Gurīnbiru Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a Japanese Saturday supplementary school, holds its classes at the French Bilingual School  The school was scheduled to open in 1989  The school received $2,500 from the city council of Greenville 
Passage 5:
Sean Hampton
Sean Hampton (born February 1, 1981) is an American actor, director, and producer 
Born in Ocala, Florida, Hampton is the youngest of five children of a dentist father and a professional model mother  After graduating high school, Hampton enrolled at Stetson University to pursue a career in law  While in school he not only joined Sigma Nu fraternity (Delta Mu chapter), but caught onto acting   After college he married his current wife Jennifer and the two moved to Los Angeles where they currently reside Hampton's first television appearance was on the series Dr  G :  Medical Examiner (2004)  On this series Hampton played real life Orlando Detective Reggie Campbell  Because of a miscommunication, the local police temporarily issued an A P B  for Hampton, believing he was impersonating a police officer   After seeing his image on the news as "Wanted", Hampton's wife called the newsdesk to explain the mixup   A camera crew was dispatched and the retraction story aired before any serious harm was caused  Since then Hampton has appeared in several other series including: General Hospital, Eleventh Hour, The Young and the Restless, CSI, and more 
In 2009 Hampton took on a dual role as supporting actor and associate producer on the feature film Sandcastles, set to release in 2010  During the same year he worked on the feature films Getting Back to Zero starring Wayne Newton, and The Arcadian, a feature produced by The Fringe Majority LLC 
Hampton's grandmother, Effie Carrie Mitchell-Hampton, was the first licensed female physician in the state of Florida   She was also one of the founders of the Florida Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Association 
In 2012 Hampton co-created a sketch comedy series with producer Matt Getic named The S&M Experience 

Film
Television
Director
Writer
Producer
Passage 6:
Hampton Bluffs
The Hampton Bluffs (64°25′S 59°18′W) are a group of three rock bluffs on the east side of Larsen Inlet, Graham Land, Antarctica  They were mapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960–61), and were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Ian F G  Hampton, an FIDS physiologist at Hope Bay in 1959 and 1960 
Passage 7:
Ives Estates, Florida
Ives Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida  The population was 25,005 at the 2020 census, up from 19,525 in 2010 

Geography
Ives Estates is located in northeastern Miami-Dade County at 25°57′47″N 80°10′55″W  It is bordered to the north by Broward County  Neighboring communities are Ojus to the east and southeast, North Miami Beach to the south and Miami Gardens to the west  To the north, in Broward County, are West Park and Pembroke Park, while Miramar is to the northwest and Hallandale Beach is to the northeast 
Interstate 95 forms the border between Ives Estates and Ojus, with access from Exit 16 (Ives Dairy Road)  Downtown Miami is 16 miles (26 km) to the south, and Fort Lauderdale is 11 miles (18 km) to the north  County Road 854 (Ives Dairy Road/NE 203rd Street/NE 199th Street) is the main road through the center of Ives Estates, leading east to Aventura and west to Miami Gardens 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 76 square miles (7 1 km2), of which 2 55 square miles (6 6 km2) are land and 0 21 square miles (0 54 km2), or 7 71%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 25,005 people, 7,859 households, and 5,279 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,586 people, 6,923 households, and 4,506 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 6,645 9 inhabitants per square mile (2,566 0/km2)   There were 7,449 housing units at an average density of 2,815 0 per square mile (1,086 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 51 10% White (33 3% were Non-Hispanic White,) 35 11% African American, 0 17% Native American, 4 63% Asian, 0 05% Pacific Islander, 3 76% from other races, and 5 17% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24 08% of the population 
There were 6,923 households, out of which 32 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 8% were married couples living together, 19 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34 9% were non-families  28 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 54 and the average family size was 3 13 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24 8% under the age of 18, 8 6% from 18 to 24, 33 6% from 25 to 44, 20 6% from 45 to 64, and 12 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 83 8 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79 3 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,717, and the median income for a family was $43,370  Males had a median income of $29,512 versus $27,544 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $19,118   About 7 0% of families and 8 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 4% of those under age 18 and 8 8% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 54 25% of residents, while Spanish made up 24 45%, French Creole was at 11 65%, French was at 2 35%, Urdu at 1 23%, Portuguese 1 11%, and Arabic was 1 08% of the population  Hebrew made up 0 73% of speakers, Russian made up 0 69%, and both Chinese and Tagalog was the mother tongue of 0 57% of the population 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools 
Madie Ives K-8 Preparatory Academy
Dr  Michael M  Krop High School
Passage 8:
Gladeview, Florida
Gladeview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  The population was 14,927 at the 2020 census, up from 11,535 in 2010 
Gladeview was originally a neighborhood of the city of Miami when it was annexed in 1925  With the arrival of the Great Depression, Miami gave up its jurisdiction and Gladeview became an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County 

Geography
Gladeview is located 7 miles (11 km) northwest of downtown Miami at 25°50′24″N 80°14′8″W (25 839874, -80 235645)  Gladeview is bordered by Brownsville to the south, the Miami neighborhood of Liberty City to the east, and West Little River to the north  The city of Hialeah is located to the west of Gladeview 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 6 square miles (6 7 km2), of which 0 005 square miles (3 acres), or 0 19%, are water 

Demographics
2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 14,927 people, 4,206 households, and 2,758 families residing in the CDP 

2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,468 people, 4,359 households, and 3,199 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 5,694 2 inhabitants per square mile (2,198 5/km2)  There were 5,107 housing units at an average density of 2,010 0 per square mile (776 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 17 59% White (1 8% were Non-Hispanic White,) 76 98% African American, 0 21% Native American, 0 17% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 2 48% from other races, and 2 54% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21 32% of the population 
There were 4,359 households, out of which 39 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25 3% were married couples living together, 40 3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 6% were non-families  21 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 30 and the average family size was 3 88 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 38 0% under the age of 18, 10 3% from 18 to 24, 25 9% from 25 to 44, 16 1% from 45 to 64, and 9 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 26 years  For every 100 females, there were 86 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77 5 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,981, and the median income for a family was $17,625  Males had a median income of $20,732 versus $19,923 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $7,941  About 48 4% of families and 52 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 65 5% of those under age 18 and 32 7% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 74 32% of residents while Spanish made up 22 48%, and French Creole was at 2 39%, and French consisted of 0 79% of the population 

Government and infrastructure
The Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation Department is headquartered in Gladeview The Miami-Dade Fire Rescue operates Station 2 Model Cities in Gladeview 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools:

Elementary schools
Poinciana Park Elementary School
Lillie C Evans Elementary School
Liberty City Elementary School
Gladeview Christian School

Middle schools
Charles Drew Middle School

High schools
Miami Northwestern Senior High School

Transportation
Gladeview is served by Metrobus throughout the area, the Miami Metrorail, Tri-Rail, and Amtrak:
Metrorail:

     Northside (NW 79th Street and NW 32nd Avenue)
     Dr  Martin Luther King Jr  Plaza (NW 62nd Street and NW 27th Avenue)Tri-Rail:

     Tri-Rail/Metrorail Transfer (NW 79th Street and NW 37th Avenue)Amtrak:

     Amtrak-Miami: Silver Star and Silver Meteor service, (NW 79th Street and NW 37th Avenue)
Passage 9:
Villas, Florida
Villas, Florida  is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lee County, Florida, United States  It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Villas is located in central Lee County at 26°33′18″N 81°52′9″W (26 555003, -81 869036)  It is an unincorporated community, bordered to the north by Page Park and Pine Manor and to the west by Whiskey Creek and Cypress Lake, all unincorporated as well  U S  Route 41 passes through Villas, leading north 6 miles (10 km) to the center of Fort Myers, the Lee county seat, and south 9 miles (14 km) to Estero 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Villas CDP has a total area of 4 9 square miles (12 6 km2), of which 4 6 square miles (12 0 km2) are land and 0 2 square miles (0 6 km2), or 4 61%, are water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,346 people, 5,682 households, and 2,909 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,421 0 inhabitants per square mile (934 8/km2)   There were 6,574 housing units at an average density of 1,402 8 per square mile (541 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 23% White, 1 65% African American, 0 17% Native American, 1 17% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 33% from other races, and 1 41% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 59% of the population 
There were 5,682 households, out of which 15 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 4% were married couples living together, 8 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48 8% were non-families  38 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 1 94 and the average family size was 2 56 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13 6% under the age of 18, 7 7% from 18 to 24, 28 2% from 25 to 44, 21 2% from 45 to 64, and 29 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 45 years  For every 100 females, there were 87 3 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84 4 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,483, and the median income for a family was $49,975  Males had a median income of $31,517 versus $25,782 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $25,880   About 3 5% of families and 6 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 9% of those under age 18 and 7 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 10:
Lacoochee, Florida
Lacoochee is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 1,345 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Lacoochee is located at 28°27′48″N 82°10′18″W (28 463248, -82 171774) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 8 square miles (7 3 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,345 people, 417 households, and 321 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 471 6 inhabitants per square mile (182 1/km2)   There were 457 housing units at an average density of 160 2 per square mile (61 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 60 59% White, 24 24% African American, 2 23% Native American, 0 07% Asian, 0 07% Pacific Islander, 9 74% from other races, and 3 05% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 37 55% of the population 
There were 417 households, out of which 47 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 0% were married couples living together, 20 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22 8% were non-families  19 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 23 and the average family size was 3 66 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 40 1% under the age of 18, 9 8% from 18 to 24, 26 1% from 25 to 44, 15 8% from 45 to 64, and 8 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 25 years  For every 100 females, there were 103 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92 8 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,197, and the median income for a family was $16,553  Males had a median income of $40,300 versus $11,250 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $6,780   About 45 5% of families and 51 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 57 4% of those under age 18 and 26 6% of those age 65 or over 

Notable person
Mudcat Grant, professional baseball player
Passage 11:
Ocala, Florida
Ocala ( oh-KAL-ə) is a city in and the county seat of Marion County, Florida, United States  Located in North Florida, the city's population was 63,591 as of the 2020 census, making it the 54th-most populated city in Florida  Ocala is the principal city of the Ocala metropolitan area, which had a population of 375,908 in 2020 
Home to over 400 thoroughbred farms and training centers, Ocala was officially named the Horse Capital of the World in 2007  Notable attractions include the Ocala National Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center 

History
Ocala is located near what is thought to have been the site of Ocale or Ocali, a major Timucua village and chiefdom recorded in the 16th century  The modern city takes its name from the historical village, the name of which is believed to mean "Big Hammock" in the Timucua language  The Spaniard Hernando de Soto's expedition recorded Ocale in 1539 during his exploration through what is today the southeastern United States  Ocale is not mentioned in later Spanish accounts; it appears to have been abandoned in the wake of de Soto's attack In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Creek people and other Native Americans, and free and fugitive African Americans sought refuge in Florida  The Seminole people formed  After foreign colonial rule shifted between Spain and Great Britain and back again, in 1821 the United States acquired the territory of Florida  After warfare to the north, in 1827 the U S  Army built Fort King near the present site of Ocala as a buffer between the Seminole, who had long occupied the area, and white settlers moving into the region  The fort was an important base during the Second Seminole War and later served in 1844 as the first courthouse for Marion County The modern city of Ocala, which was established in 1849, developed around the fort site  Greater Ocala is known as the "Kingdom of the Sun"  Plantations and other agricultural development dependent on slave labor were prevalent in the region  Ocala was an important center of citrus production until the Great Freeze of 1894–1895 
During the Reconstruction era Ocala was represented by several African Americans in the Florida House of Representatives and on the local level 

Rail service reached Ocala in June 1881, encouraging economic development with greater access to markets for produce  Two years later, much of the Ocala downtown area was destroyed by fire on Thanksgiving Day, 1883  The city encouraged rebuilding with brick, granite and steel rather than lumber  By 1888, Ocala was known statewide as "The Brick City" In December 1890, the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, a forerunner of the Populist Party, held its national convention in Ocala  At the convention, the Alliance adopted a platform that would become known as the "Ocala Demands"  This platform included abolition of national banks, promoting low-interest government loans, free and unlimited coinage of silver, reclamation of excess railroad lands by the government, a graduated income tax, and direct election of United States senators  Most of the "Ocala Demands" were to become part of the Populist Party platform 

In the last decades of the twentieth century, the greater Ocala area had one of the highest growth rates in the country for a city its size 

Ocala Historic District
Many historic homes are preserved in Ocala's large residential Historic District, designated in 1984  East Fort King Street features many excellent examples of Victorian architecture  Ocala structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places include the Coca-Cola Building, the E  C  Smith House, East Hall, the Marion Hotel, Mount Zion A M E  Church, the Ritz Historic Inn, and Union Train Station 
The original Fort King site was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2004 

Geography
Ocala is located at 29°11′16″N 82°07′50″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 47 31 square miles (122 5 km2), all land  The surrounding farms are famous for their thoroughbred horses, in terrain similar to Kentucky bluegrass  Ocala is also known for nearby Silver Springs, site of one of the largest artesian spring formations in the world and Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, one of the earliest tourist attractions in Florida 
The 110-mile (180 km) long Ocklawaha River passes 10 miles (16 km) east of Ocala, flowing north from Central Florida until it joins the St  Johns River near Palatka 
Marion County is also home to the Ocala National Forest which was established in 1908 and is now the second largest national forest in the state  The Florida Trail, also known as the Florida National Scenic Trail, cuts through Ocala National Forest  Silver Springs State Park was formed as Silver River State Park in 1987, out of land the state purchased around the Silver Springs attraction to spare it from development  The state took over Silver Springs itself in 1993 and incorporated it into the park in 2013 

Climate
Ocala has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with hot, humid summers and mild winters 

Demographics
Ocala first appeared in the 1850 U S  Census, with a total recorded population of 243  Ocala did not report separately in 1860 As of the 2010 through 2014 census, Ocala was 63 3% non Hispanic white, 20 4% African American, 11 7% Hispanic or Latino, 2 6% Asian, 2% all other  As of the census of 2000, there were 45,943 people, 18,646 households, and 11,280 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,189 2 inhabitants per square mile (459 2/km2)  There were 20,501 housing units at an average density of 530 7 per square mile (204 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 72 9% White, 22 1% African American, 0 4% Native American, 1 2% Asian, <0 1% Pacific Islander, 1 8% from other races, and 1 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 7% of the population 
There were 18,646 households  40 9% were married couples living together, 15 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39 5% were non-families  33 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 29 and the average family size was 2 91 
In the city the population was spread out, with 23 2% under the age of 18, 9 3% from 18 to 24, 26 2% from 25 to 44, 20 9% from 45 to 64, and 20 4% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 89 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85 5 males 

Economy
The median income for a household in the city was $30,888, and the median income for a family was $38,190  Males had a median income of $29,739 versus $24,367 for females  The per capita income for the city was $18,021  About 13 2% of families and 18 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28 6% of those under age 18 and 9 8% of those age 65 or over 
Ocala is the headquarters of Emergency One, a worldwide designer and manufacturer of fire rescue vehicles 

Top employers
According to Ocala's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Culture
The first thoroughbred horse farm in Florida was developed in Marion County in 1943 by Carl G  Rose  Other farms were developed, making Ocala the center of a horse-breeding area  Local horses have won individual races of the Triple Crown series; in 1978, Affirmed, who was bred and trained in Marion County, won all three races, boosting interest in the industry there 
Ocala is one of only five cities (four in the US and one in France) permitted under Chamber of Commerce guidelines to use the title, "Horse Capital of the World", based on annual revenue produced by the horse industry  44,000 jobs are sustained by breeding, training, and related support of the equine industry, which generates over $2 2 billion in annual revenue  Postime Farms and Ocala serve as host to one of the largest horse shows in the country: H I T S or "Horses in the Sun", a Dressage/Jumper event lasting about two months  It generates some 6 to 7 million dollars for the local Marion County economy each year  The show features classes for over 100 different breeds, including Tennessee Walker, Paso Fino, Morgan horse, Saddlebred, Draft horse and the American Quarter Horse  Other equine events in the area include mounted shooting by the Florida Outlaws, as well as endurance rides, barrel races, extreme cowboy events, jumper shows, trick shows, parades, draft pulls, rodeo events and more 

Government and politics
Ocala is governed by a five-member board of councillors and a mayor, all of which are elected on a nonpartisan basis  It has a council-manager form of government, relying on a manager hired by the city  The mayor sets policy but has few powers other than vetoing legislation passed by the council and tending to some duties involving the police department  The current mayor is Kent Guinn  The city manager handles most administrative and financial matters A number of county offices are housed at the McPherson Governmental Complex As of 2020, Republicans outnumber Democrats in Marion County, 112,000 to 80,000  In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain carried both the city and the county, the latter by a landslide, although Florida as a whole voted for Democrat Barack Obama by a narrow margin 

Education
The public schools in Ocala are run by the Marion County School Board  There are 30 elementary, ten middle and ten public high schools in Marion County, which include the following schools in Ocala:

Elementary schools
Middle schools
High schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Ocala is home to the College of Central Florida, a member of the Florida College System, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges  CF offers  bachelor's degrees in Business and Organizational Management, Early Childhood Education, and Nursing, as well as associate degrees and certificates  The college offers specialty programs in equine studies, agribusiness, and logistics and supply chain management   It also has one of 21 campuses of Rasmussen College, a Higher Learning Commission regionally accredited post secondary institution  Webster University offers on-site, regionally accredited graduate degree programs in business and counseling at their Ocala Metropolitan Campus 

Libraries
Three of the eight libraries in the Marion County Public Library System are located in Ocala  Those three libraries are:

Freedom Public Library
Marion Oaks Public Library
Ocala Public Library – Headquarters for the Marion County Public Library System 

Transportation
Several major highways pass through Ocala, including Interstate 75, U S  Highway 27, U S  Route 301, and U S  Highway 441  Ocala was on the western leg of the historic Dixie Highway 

 Interstate 75 runs north and south across the western edge of the city, with interchanges at SR 200 (exit 350), SR 40 (exit 352), and US 27 (exit 354) 
 U S  Route 27 runs north and south throughout Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 301 and 441 until it reaches SR 492(Northwest 10th Street), then makes a sharp turn onto NW 10th Street then curves northwest through Williston, Perry, Tallahassee, and beyond 
 U S  Route 301 is the main local north and south road through Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 441 throughout the city 
 U S  Route 441 is the main local north and south road through Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 301 throughout the city 
 State Road 492 runs east and west through the northern part of the city from the northern terminus of the US 27 multiplex with US 301–441 to SR 40 just southwest of the Silver Springs city limit 
 State Road 40 runs east and west through Ocala  It spans from Rainbow Lakes Estates through Ocala National Forest to Ormond Beach in Volusia County, although a bi-county extension exists, spanning from Yankeetown in Levy County to Dunnellon, south of the western terminus of SR 40 
 State Road 464 runs east and west from SR 200 through the southeastern part of the city  Beyond the city limits, it continues southeast towards State Road 35, and continues as County Road 464 
 State Road 200 runs northeast and southwest from Hernando in Citrus County through US 27-301-441 where it becomes a "hidden state road" along US 301 until it reaches Callahan, and is multiplexed with SR A1A into Fernandina Beach Ocala International Airport provides general aviation services to the community  Ocala Suntran provides bus service throughout select parts of the city  One of the major hubs for Suntran is the former Ocala Union Station, which served Amtrak trains until November 2004  Amtrak serves Ocala by bus connection to Jacksonville and Lakeland 
Ocala is also served by Greyhound Bus Lines   Marion Transit is the complementary ADA paratransit service for SunTran the fixed route in the City of Ocala   Marion Transit was established in 1976 and operates paratransit buses providing public transportation throughout Marion County for the Transportation Disadvantaged population 

Healthcare
On April 18, 2018, Community Health Systems sold its lease of Munroe Regional Medical Center to Adventist Health System  On August 1, 2018, Adventist Health System acquired Munroe Regional Medical Center and its subsidiary Florida Hospital took over the operations of the hospital under the name of Florida Hospital Ocala 

Notable people
Notable musical groups
Underoath, metalcore band

Sister cities
Ocala has two sister cities:

 Newbridge, County Kildare, in Ireland (2008)
 Pisa and San Rossore in Italy  (2004)

See also
Appleton Museum of Art
Emergency Medical Services Alliance
Jumbolair Airport
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
Ocala National Forest
Sholom Park
Star–Banner
United Hebrews of Ocala
Passage 12:
Tamiami, Florida
Tamiami is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  The population was 54,212 at the 2020 census 

Name
The name Tamiami is a portmanteau of the phrase "Tampa to Miami"  The Tamiami Trail, a roadway that goes through the Everglades, connecting the two cities, was the reason for this combination 

Geography
Tamiami is located 14 miles (23 km) west of downtown Miami at 25°45′18″N 80°24′13″W (25 754945, -80 403611)  It is bordered to the east by Sweetwater and Westchester, to the southeast by Westwood Lakes, and to the south by Kendale Lakes  U S  Route 41, the Tamiami Trail, passes through the center of the community, leading east into Miami and west through the Everglades 95 miles (153 km) to Naples  Tampa is an additional 160 miles (260 km) north beyond Naples 

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Tamiami CDP has a total area of 7 4 sq mi (19 km2), of which 0 4 sq mi (1 0 km2), or 5 16%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 54,212 people, 16,057 households, and 13,185 families residing in the CDP 

2010 census
As of 2010, there were 17,256 households, with 3 0% being vacant  As of 2000, 42 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66 0% were married couples living together, 16 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12 6% were non-families  9 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 33 and the average family size was 3 50 

2000 census
As of 2000, the CDP population was spread out, with 24 4% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 30 0% from 25 to 44, 24 1% from 45 to 64, and 12 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 4 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85 4 males 
As of 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $47,503, and the median income for a family was $49,763  Males had a median income of $30,716 versus $26,426 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $17,601   About 7 6% of families and 9 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12 0% of those under age 18 and 9 7% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 92 39% of residents, while English was the mother tongue of 6 99% of the population  Other languages spoken were well below 1% of the population 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools Elementary schools:

Marjory Stoneman Douglas Elementary School
Greenglade Elementary School
Joe Hall Elementary School
Zora Neale Hurston Elementary School
Wesley Matthews Elementary School
Village Green Elementary SchoolMiddle schools:

Paul W  Bell Middle School
W  R  Thomas Middle SchoolThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami operates Catholic schools  St  Kevin School is in Tamiami It opened in August 1980  Belen Jesuit Preparatory School is also in Tamiami 
Passage 13:
West DeLand, Florida
West DeLand is a census-designated place (CDP) in Volusia County, Florida, United States  The population was 3,908 at the 2020 census 

Geography
West DeLand is located at 29°1′7″N 81°19′44″W (29 018654, -81 328754) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 1 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,424 people, 1,283 households, and 934 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 565 0/km2 (1,465 0/mi2)   There were 1,342 housing units at an average density of 221 4/km2 (574 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 88 70% White, 6 57% African American, 0 20% Native American, 0 55% Asian, 2 63% from other races, and 1 34% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 45% of the population 
There were 1,283 households, out of which 32 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 1% were married couples living together, 12 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27 2% were non-families  22 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 65 and the average family size was 3 05 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25 3% under the age of 18, 7 4% from 18 to 24, 28 0% from 25 to 44, 24 4% from 45 to 64, and 14 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 9 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 0 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,832, and the median income for a family was $40,560  Males had a median income of $29,145 versus $21,902 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $19,496   About 4 8% of families and 9 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 0% of those under age 18 and 9 5% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 14:
Solana, Florida
Solana is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Charlotte County, Florida, United States  The population was 671 at the 2020 census  It is part of the Sarasota-Bradenton-Punta Gorda Combined Statistical Area 

Geography
Solana is located on the eastern edge of Punta Gorda at 26°56′25″N 82°1′46″W (26 940277, -82 029368)  It is bordered to the east by Interstate 75, with access from Exit 164 (U S  Route 17)  Via I-75 it is 26 miles (42 km) north of the Fort Myers area and 30 miles (48 km) southwest of the outskirts of Venice 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Solana CDP has a total area of 1 7 square miles (4 3 km2), of which 1 5 square miles (4 0 km2) is land and 0 12 square miles (0 3 km2), or 7 13%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,011 people, 459 households, and 267 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 590 3 inhabitants per square mile (227 9/km2)   There were 563 housing units at an average density of 328 7 per square mile (126 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 91 69% White, 5 44% African American, 0 20% Native American, 1 09% Asian, 0 49% from other races, and 1 09% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 37% of the population 
There were 459 households, out of which 18 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 3% were married couples living together, 12 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41 8% were non-families  31 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 20 and the average family size was 2 69 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18 2% under the age of 18, 9 1% from 18 to 24, 22 4% from 25 to 44, 26 9% from 45 to 64, and 23 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 45 years  For every 100 females, there were 101 4 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101 7 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $23,472, and the median income for a family was $30,855  Males had a median income of $28,594 versus $20,726 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $17,176   About 14 2% of families and 19 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48 5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over 
Passage 15:
Kendall Green, Pompano Beach, Florida
Kendall Green was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States, and is now a neighborhood of Pompano Beach, Florida  The population was 3,084 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Kendall Green is located at 26°16′2″N 80°7′13″W (26 267188, -80 120241) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 2 km2 (0 5 mi2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,084 people, 931 households, and 683 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,480 7/km2 (6,467 8/mi2)   There were 982 housing units at an average density of 789 9/km2 (2,059 5/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 39 40% White (28 6% were Non-Hispanic White,) 41 28% African American, 0 23% Native American, 1 04% Asian, 0 06% Pacific Islander, 4 12% from other races, and 13 88% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16 02% of the population 
There were 931 households, out of which 42 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 7% were married couples living together, 17 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 6% were non-families  18 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 31 and the average family size was 3 74 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30 0% under the age of 18, 10 6% from 18 to 24, 32 5% from 25 to 44, 19 2% from 45 to 64, and 7 8% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 102 8 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,304, and the median income for a family was $35,260  Males had a median income of $25,239 versus $18,818 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $12,621   About 20 4% of families and 22 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29 4% of those under age 18 and 6 5% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, English was a first language for 25 78% of all residents, while French Creole accounted for 50 22%, Spanish made up 24 26%, Portuguese was at 4 62%, and French was the mother tongue of 2 33% of the population 
Passage 16:
Zephyrhills North, Florida
Zephyrhills North is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 2,544 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Zephyrhills North is located at 28°15′0″N 82°9′56″W (28 250083, -82 165528) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 1 square miles (2 8 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,544 people, 1,298 households, and 842 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,360 0 inhabitants per square mile (911 2/km2)   There were 1,889 housing units at an average density of 1,752 4 per square mile (676 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 34% White, 1 14% African American, 0 67% Native American, 1 38% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 06% from other races, and 1 38% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 30% of the population 
There were 1,298 households, out of which 13 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 7% were married couples living together, 8 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35 1% were non-families  31 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 1 96 and the average family size was 2 37 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 12 9% under the age of 18, 4 8% from 18 to 24, 14 6% from 25 to 44, 20 3% from 45 to 64, and 47 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 64 years  For every 100 females, there were 81 5 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79 1 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,462, and the median income for a family was $32,897  Males had a median income of $28,214 versus $20,529 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $16,344   About 6 6% of families and 10 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 2% of those under age 18 and 5 3% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 17:
Jasmine Estates, Florida
Jasmine Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 18,989 according to the 2010 census 

Geography
Jasmine Estates is located at 28°17′37″N 82°41′30″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2), of which 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2) is land and 0 1 square miles (0 26 km2) (1 65%) is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,213 people, 8,361 households, and 5,275 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 5,096 5 inhabitants per square mile (1,967 8/km2)   There were 9,289 housing units at an average density of 2,599 3 per square mile (1,003 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 46% White, 1 63% African American, 0 32% Native American, 0 88% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 1 21% from other races, and 1 49% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 07% of the population 
There were 8,361 households, out of which 21 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 4% were married couples living together, 11 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36 9% were non-families  31 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 18 and the average family size was 2 67 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19 1% under the age of 18, 6 2% from 18 to 24, 23 6% from 25 to 44, 20 6% from 45 to 64, and 30 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 46 years  For every 100 females, there were 86 0 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83 2 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,935, and the median income for a family was $31,584  Males had a median income of $26,077 versus $21,906 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $14,867   About 12 0% of families and 14 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 8% of those under age 18 and 9 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 18:
Ridgecrest, Florida
Ridgecrest is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinellas County, Florida, United States  The population was 2,558 at the 2010 census 

Geography
Ridgecrest is located at 27°53′45″N 82°48′17″W (27 895767, -82 804786) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 5 km2 (0 6 mi2), of which 1 5 km2 (0 6 mi2) is land and 1 75% is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,453 people, 781 households, and 623 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 1,691 3/km2 (4,354 6/mi2)   There were 862 housing units at an average density of 594 3/km2 (1,530 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 16 23% White, 80 64% African American, 0 08% Native American, 0 16% Asian, 0 98% from other races, and 1 92% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 18% of the population 
There were 781 households, out of which 39 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32 5% were married couples living together, 41 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 2% were non-families  15 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 13 and the average family size was 3 51 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36 9% under the age of 18, 8 8% from 18 to 24, 24 8% from 25 to 44, 20 3% from 45 to 64, and 9 2% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 29 years  For every 100 females, there were 80 9 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69 4 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,535, and the median income for a family was $26,591  Males had a median income of $26,850 versus $20,664 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $13,290   About 20 1% of families and 22 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35 4% of those under age 18 and 11 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 19:
East Palatka, Florida
East Palatka is a census-designated place (CDP) in Putnam County, Florida, United States  It is located on the east side of the City of Palatka at the intersection of U S  Route 17/State Road 20/State Road 100 and the southwestern terminus of State Road 207  The population was 1,654 at the 2010 census East Palatka is home to the Palatka State Farmer's Market, as well as the Putnam County Fairgrounds 

Geography
East Palatka is located at 29°39′00″N 81°35′58″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4 5 square miles (12 km2), of which 3 2 square miles (8 3 km2) is land and 1 3 square miles (3 4 km2) (28 89%) is water  East Palatka is drained by the St  Johns River 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,707 people, 521 households, and 365 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 532 3 inhabitants per square mile (205 5/km2)   There were 594 housing units at an average density of 185 2 per square mile (71 5/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 59 64% White, 37 26% African American, 0 29% Native American, 1 00% Asian, 0 76% from other races, and 1 05% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 40% of the population 
There were 521 households, out of which 28 6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50 5% were married couples living together, 15 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29 9% were non-families  25 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 50 and the average family size was 2 98 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18 5% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 36 7% from 25 to 44, 21 8% from 45 to 64, and 14 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 158 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 175 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,857, and the median income for a family was $46,071  Males had a median income of $31,507 versus $26,250 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $18,478   About 12 6% of families and 17 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41 4% of those under age 18 and 12 8% of those age 65 or over 

Residents
The noted southern economist Dr  R  Christopher Jones was born and raised in East Palatka 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Franck Biancheri
Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 – 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006   The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously 
Biancheri had previously founded the largest student association in Europe, European Students' Forum (AEGEE) in 1985 and the think tank LEAP/Europe2020 in 1998 

Biography
Biancheri was born in Nice, France   He lived in Cannes, and had one daughter 
From 1991, through several networks including the Promotheus-Europe group, he contributed to enhance relationship between the European Union and several parts of the world (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, the Arabic world, South America, Asia, and North America) 
In 1997, at Blair House, during an EU-US summit in Washington, he launches TIESWeb, the first transatlantic web portal dedicated to dialog between European and American civil societies In 2003 he was among the top twenty "heroes" for being a "French champion of European unity" in a poll by Time Europe 
From 2006, he was the scientific coordinator of the Leap2020 think tank 
Biancheri died on 30 October 2012   He had been seriously ill from cancer for four years 
Passage 2:
Jean-Pierre Sueur
Jean-Pierre Sueur (born 28 February 1947) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Loiret department   He is a member of the Socialist Party 
Passage 3:
Confederation of Regions Party of Canada
The Confederation of Regions Party (CoR) was a right-wing federal political party in Canada founded in 1984 by Elmer Knutson  It was founded as a successor to the Western Canada Federation (West-Fed), a non-partisan organization, to fight the Liberal Party of Canada  The CoR aimed to fill the void on the right of the political spectrum left by the decline of the Social Credit Party of Canada and the growing unpopularity among westerners of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada under the leadership of Brian Mulroney 
The party also attracted significant support as a protest vote against official bilingualism among some voters who were not necessarily ideologically opposed to mainstream Canadian political parties on other issues  The party proposed dividing Canada into four 'regions', western Canada, Atlantic Canada, Ontario and Quebec, each with an equal number of seats in the House of Commons of Canada In the 1984 federal election, it nominated 55 candidates, who won 65,655 votes in total, or 0 52% of the popular vote across the country   The party took 2 2% of the vote in Alberta and peaked with 6 7% in Manitoba 
In the 1988 federal election, its 51 candidates won 41,342 votes, 0 31% of the popular vote   One of its candidates was Paul Fromm, leader of the far-right groups Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform and Canadian Association for Free Expression  (See also: Confederation of Regions Party candidates, 1988 Canadian federal election) 
The party's greatest success came in New Brunswick, where its provincial wing, the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party, held the status of official opposition from 1991 to 1995  After the demise of CoR, many former supporters joined the Reform Party of Canada 

Provincial wings
The CoR captured about 2% of the vote in provincial elections in the 1988 Manitoba election and the 1990 Ontario election 

Alberta
The CoR's Alberta wing nominated candidates in the 1986 provincial election and the 1993 provincial election   In 1986, the party nominated 6 candidates, who won a total of 2,866 votes, or 0 40% of the total   In 1993, the party nominated 12 candidates, who won 3,556 votes, or 0 36% of the total 
On 17 June 1996, the Chief Electoral Officer of Alberta, cancelled the registration of the Confederation of Regions Party of Alberta and the party was struck from the Register of Alberta Political Parties because the party failed to comply with the registration requirements of the Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act  The COR Party was struck from the register because two conflicting groups in the party claimed different persons were officers of the party  The party presented different addresses of record  The conflicting groups had different interpretations of the COR Party Constitution  As the Chief Electoral Officer did not have the authority to resolve such issues, he referred the participants in the dispute to the courts  Neither side in the dispute applied to the courts in an effort to resolve the problem, and the party did not run any candidates 1997 election nor any election since 

Manitoba
New Brunswick
Ontario
Party program
The party program was set out in a website that aimed to re-establish CoR as a federal political party  Grammatical, punctuation and formatting errors have been left intact 

COR wants to become a nationwide Federal Party, and wishes to represent all Canadians who want to live in a true democracy, restore Canada's prosperity and rebuild its National Institutions We want to become an egalitarian, populist party slightly to the right of center in the political spectrumWe aspire to be the elected representative of all Canadians who embrace these views about their nation A Canada that follows a policy of "CANADA FIRST"A Canada that practices true democracy, where individual rights are paramount, majority rule is applied, minorities are protected by law and all citizens are equalA Canada that teaches its people about their true history, celebrates their contributions, achievements and sacrifices and takes pride in its unique heritage and traditionA Canada that is viewed by all as a land of "the true north, strong and free"A Canada whose multi-racial and multi-cultural heritage is acknowledged but where Canadian nationality is neither divided or hyphenated and where one official language and one legal system based on common law serves to unite its peopleWe believe that Canada has evolved into four economic, geographic, commercial and political regions which, has the potential to become one strong and united nation once Canadians have been allowed to draft and ratify a true Constitution for Canada at a constituent assemble of elected delegates COR (whose name is derived from its belief) believes that in such a "CONFEDERATION of REGIONS" EACH REGION SHOULD BE FREE TO DEVELOP ITS POTENTIAL TO THE FULL WHILST COMPLEMENTING THE CANADIAN NATION AS A WHOLEWe believe that during the last 25 years Canadians have been unable to change things because of the political and economic bankruptcy of old line parties who encourage the enshrinement of flawed vision of Canada's future, a politically imposed Canadian Constitution, the greed of big business and the existence of an "establishment" consists of institutionalized elites who strive to retain power by maintaining the status quo and perpetuating myths about Canada's past Our goals have been shaped by events of our times such as the latest recession that our politicians were eventually obliged to acknowledge and the presence of an ever growing number of homeless and hungry Canadian men, women and children who are now walking the streets and roads of this land in search of personal pride and dignity and a restored sense of what is means to be a Canadian Our policies have also been influenced by the cavalier attitude of the present government with regard to how its spends the taxpayer's dollar, its contempt for the nation's ever increasing national debt and its inability to address the rising unemployment that is eroding the foundations of Canadian society and which is now impacting negatively on Canadians from all walks of life THE OVERRIDING GOAL OF THE POLICIES IS TO RESTORE CANADIAN PROSPERITY AND BUILD CANADIAN DEMOCRACY 

See also
List of political parties in Canada
Passage 4:
Party leaders of the United States Senate
The positions of majority leader and minority leader are held by two United States senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate  They serve as the chief spokespersons for their respective political parties holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate  They are each elected as majority leader and minority leader by the senators of their party caucuses: the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference 
By Senate precedent, the presiding officer gives the majority leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate  The majority leader serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate, and is considered the most powerful member of the Senate  They also serve as the chief representative of their party in the entire Congress if the House of Representatives, and thus the office of the speaker of the House, is controlled by the opposition party  The Senate's executive and legislative business is also managed and scheduled by the majority leader                                                        
The assistant majority leader and assistant minority leader of the United States Senate, commonly called whips, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership  The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues  As the second-ranking members of Senate leadership, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader 

Current floor leaders
The Senate is currently composed of 49 Republicans, 48 Democrats, and 3 independents; all the independents caucus with the Democrats 
The current leaders are Senators Chuck Schumer (D) of New York and Mitch McConnell (R) of Kentucky  The current assistant leaders, or whips, are Senators Dick Durbin (D) of Illinois and John Thune (R) of South Dakota 

History
By at least 1850, parties in each chamber of Congress began naming chairs, and while conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority, the Senate party floor leader positions arose from the position of conference chair  Senate Democrats began the practice of electing their floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority  John W  Kern was a Democratic senator from Indiana  While the title was not official, the Senate website identifies Kern as the first Senate party leader, serving in that capacity from 1913 through 1917 (and in turn, the first Senate Democratic leader), while serving concurrently as chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus  In 1925, the Republicans (who were in the majority at the time) also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first (official) majority leader, although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first (unofficial) Senate majority leader 
The United States Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as president of the Senate  The Constitution also calls for a president pro tempore, to serve as the presiding officer when the president of the Senate (the vice president) is absent  In practice, neither the vice president nor the president pro tempore—customarily the most senior (longest-serving) senator in the majority party—actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party  Since the vice president may be of a different party from the majority and is not a Senate member subject to discipline, the rules of procedure of the Senate give the Vice President no power beyond the presiding role  For these reasons, it is the majority leader who, in practice, manages the Senate  This is in contrast to the House of Representatives, where the elected speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on legislative bills 

List of party leaders
The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920  The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 

See also
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
Vice President of the United States (President of the United States Senate)
Party divisions of United States Congresses
List of political parties in the United States

Notes
Passage 5:
Inky Mark
Inky Mark (Chinese: 麥鼎鴻; pinyin: Mài Dǐnghóng; born November 17, 1947) is a Canadian politician and a former member of the House of Commons of Canada, representing the Manitoba riding of Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette  Mark was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, although he frequently criticized and took positions opposite the party and its leader, Stephen Harper  Mark ran in the 2015 federal election, noting that he is now a Green Party of Canada member but that he would still run as an independent  He lost significantly 

Early life
Mark was born in Taishan, China, and moved to Manitoba as a child  Mark's father and grandfather had emigrated from China to Canada some time previously, but were unable to bring their families with them as a result of provisions in the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923  Mark accompanied his mother when she fled China in 1953, and subsequently settled with his family in the Manitoba community of Gilbert Plains 

Education
Mark has a Bachelor of Arts from Brandon University and a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Manitoba  Before entering political life, he worked as a high school teacher and small businessman  Mark also has a certificate in broadcasting and started a master's degree in education program, although he did not graduate 

Political career
Municipal politics
Mark's political career started when joined the Board of Directors of the Dauphin First United Church  He was subsequently elected to the Dauphin town council in 1991, and became the town's mayor in 1994 

Federal politics
Mark was first elected to the House of Commons in the federal election of 1997, running as a candidate of the Reform Party in the riding of Dauphin—Swan River  From 1997 to 2000, Mark was one of only three Chinese-Canadian MPs in the House of Commons 
The Reform Party dissolved itself in 2000 in favour of the Canadian Alliance, and Mark ran as a candidate of the new party in the federal election which followed On September 12, 2001, Mark left the Canadian Alliance caucus to sit as a member of the Democratic Representative Caucus, in alliance with the Progressive Conservative Party 
The DRC came to an end on April 10, 2002, when Stephen Harper replaced Day as Canadian Alliance leader   Every other member of the DRC requested to be re-admitted to the Alliance; Mark did not join them, but instead decided to sit as an "Independent Conservative", with the intention of rejoining the Progressive Conservatives at their annual party convention later in the year; he had been a Progressive Conservative before the early 1990s   Mark formally joined the Progressive Conservatives on August 27, 2002 
In December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party formally merged to create the new Conservative Party of Canada   Mark supported the merger, and formally joined the new party's caucus on February 2, 2004  Mark was easily re-elected in the Canadian federal election of 2004 
In 2005, Mark alleged that Treasury Board President and Liberal MP Reg Alcock offered him an ambassadorship if he were to resign his seat  Alcock responded by saying, "Frankly, if I was going to recruit somebody, I'd go a little higher up the gene pool " Mark called this comment racist and filed a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission  As the CHRC does not publish its investigations, it is not possible to know the outcome of this case 

Criticism and complaints
While a sitting MP, Mark gained a reputation as "an outsider" within the Conservative caucus   Mark is and has been an outspoken critic of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister's Office, and several sitting and former Conservative MPs  He frequently complained that Harper was controlling, and he responded by refusing to attend Conservative events  Mark has called Harper a "fascist" and complained that he runs a "top-down dictatorship"  He says that the Central Intelligence Agency is controlled by the United States' Republican Party, and that the Republican Party installed Stephen Harper as the Canadian Prime Minister in order to sell out Canada to the United States 
Following the announcement of his resignation, Mark complained that the nomination race for his successor was rigged, and allowed Robert Sopuck to be acclaimed without competition Following his resignation as an MP, Mark stepped up his criticisms of the Harper government  He complained that the nomination race for the Conservative candidate following the resignation of Labrador MP Peter Penashue was rigged because Harper "wants a candidate he can control"  He also complained that the nomination race to replace Merv Tweed was rigged, and that the eventual successor, Larry Maguire, was just a "rubber stamp" for Harper  Mark was featured prominently in the book Tragedy in the Commons, where almost every chapter quoted Mark's complaints about the way Harper's government was run 
Mark complained that the Conservatives' Constituent Information Management System (CIMS) was a secretive database used to track and control Canadians' information and voting preferences, and said that Harper could simply "switch off" this system to punish an MP 

Parliamentary work
For his tenure as an MP, Mark was always a "backbencher" In 2001, as the Alliance's parliamentary critic for Immigration, Mark was responsible for expressing his party's position on the Liberal government's Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, which he did during the immigration controversy involving the Sklarzyk family who, as a result of an administrative error, was deported from Canada to Poland in May 2001  He also contributed to the parliamentary committee's work in drafting the final version of the bill, and was generally regarded by MPs from all parties as having made several constructive criticisms to the legislation 
However, on June 13, 2001, Mark's position on the bill was undercut by Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day, who delivered a speech in parliament supporting tighter restrictions against refugee claimants and reduced opportunities for rejected claimants to appeal to the Refugee Board   Day's comments diverged from Mark's stated position on several particulars, and his speech was regarded as very surprising by many other MPs in the House of Commons  For example, Liberal MP Steve Mahoney referred to Day's comments as "treachery" towards Mark, for which he was ruled out of order by the Speaker 
In 2005, Mark's private members' Bill C-331 (Internment of Persons of Ukrainian Origin Recognition Act) was passed by the House of Commons and Senate of Canada, eventually resulting in the establishment of the Endowment Council of the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund, supporting educational and commemorative projects recalling Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920 

Federal resignation and return to municipal politics
Mark announced in June 2009 that he would be resigning before the next federal election  On August 16, 2010, he announced that he would step down as an MP on September 15 to campaign for another term as mayor of Dauphin  However, he lost to Eric Irwin 

Return to federal politics and switch to Green Party of Canada
Mark announced on November 13, 2014, that he would be running as an independent candidate for the 2015 federal election in Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa, which includes nearly all of his old riding  Mark announced that he is now a member of the Green Party of Canada, but would still seek election in 2015 as an independent candidate  Mark finished a distant fourth behind Sopuck, garnering only eight percent of the vote 

Electoral record
^  Change is from the total of Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance votes in the 2000 election  

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to Reform Party vote in 1997 election 
Passage 6:
Yane Yanev
Yane Yanev (Bulgarian: Яне Янев, born 22 April 1971) is a Bulgarian politician, leader of the center-right opposition party Order, Law and Justice and a member of the Bulgarian National Assembly  Known as an "anti-corruption hawk" that has brought to light many political scandals, Yanev is one of the most famous political players to emerge in Bulgaria in the past decade 
His stated political mission is the adoption of a new constitution, to replace the one adopted in the early 1990s with the fall of the former communist regime  Yanev has stated that he believes only such a "far-reaching and radical change" will allow Bulgaria to end the period of transition from communism to a law-abiding, democratic society  Following repeated threats concerning his life and health a Bulgarian-Israeli team has assumed twenty-four-hour security over the leader of RZS Yane Yanev, the press center of the party declared 

Early life
Yanev was born in Sandanski, a town in southwestern Bulgaria known for its agreeable climate and recreational resorts  He is son to Georgi Yanev and grandson to Yane Yanev (in whose honor he was named), both known as resistance figures to the communist regime  His grandfather served as mayor of the village Malak Tzalin for 11 years 
Yanev attended the local school in Sandanski and in 1990 entered the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, from which he matriculated with a degree in Agro-Engineering in 1994  He also pursued a master's degree in Economics and Management from the University of Plovdiv in 1992 to 1995 
During his student days he was active in student politics and was a member of the Students National Organization (Independent) 

Political involvement
Coming from a family long involved in agrarian politics, in his third year of university Yanev became a member of the National Alliance – Bulgarian Agricultural People's Union, and the chairman of its advisory board to the parliamentary group  He rose to prominence within the party and by the time Ivan Kostov became prime minister in 1997, he was a sought-after figure  After declining offers of positions in government, Yanev found himself in a hostile political environment that forced his resignation from politics 
He then worked as Chairman of the Board of Directors for the canned food and beverage company Kustendilski Plod 
In 2000 he returned to political involvement through the Agricultural People's Union and became the party chairman  He rose to national prominence in the early years of the decade by exposing to the public the fact the former King had abused his powers as Prime Minister (2001–2005) by privatizing state property that was formerly used by his family before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1946  Yanev also investigated abuses under the King's Minister of Finance Milen Velchev 
Yanev oversaw the transformation of the party in 2005 to Order, Law and Justice, maintaining the position of Secretary General in charge of overall organization, whilst the titular chairman position was given to former constitutional judge Georgi Markov  Following a failure to make significant electoral gains in the 2006 presidential elections, Markov resigned his position and Yanev unified the two posts under himself as chairman 

Member of Parliament
In June 2005 Yanev was elected as a member of the 40th National Assembly from the region of Blagoevgrad as part of the Union of Democratic Forces, and was a member of the committees on Agriculture and Forests, and Environment and Water 
In July 2009 Yanev retained his position in the 41st National Assembly  He is currently Chairman of the Bulgaria-Israel Friendship Committee  From July to December 2009, he also served as Chairperson of the Anti-Corruption, Conflict of Interests and Parliamentary Ethics Committee, a member of the Control Committee of the State Agency for National Security, and a member of the Advisory Board on National Security to the President of the Republic 

Personal life
Yanev announced his plans to be married by the end of 2010 during a live television interview on the popular talk show "Ivan & Andrei" 
Passage 7:
2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election
The 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017   Party members chose Andrew Scheer as leader, replacing Stephen Harper, who led the Conservative Party of Canada as its leader from 2004 following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties  Harper led the party through five federal elections: the party increased its seat count in the House of Commons in 2004, formed two minority governments in 2006, and 2008, and then a majority government in 2011  Following the defeat of the party in the 2015 federal election on October 19, Harper tendered his resignation as party leader  In a statement, Conservative Party President John Walsh said he had spoken to Harper, "and he has instructed me to reach out to the newly elected parliamentary caucus to appoint an interim Leader and to implement the leadership selection process "259,010 party members were eligible to vote in the leadership contest  141,000 members cast a vote  According to raw voting figures, Scheer received 62,593 votes on the final ballot compared to 55,544 votes for Bernier with 23,000 voters who had voted in the first round ranking neither Scheer or Bernier in their ranked ballot  Votes were apportioned among ridings so that each riding was allocated 100 points, regardless of the number of voters, resulting in 17,222 20 points (50 95%) for Scheer and 16,577 80 points (49 05%) for Bernier Subsequent to the election, fourth placed candidate Brad Trost and his campaign were fined $50,000 by the Conservative Party of Canada for allegedly leaking the party's membership list to the National Firearms Association  Trost denied that he or any of his staff leaked the list  On February 11, 2019, the Conservative Party released a statement from its Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) which concluded: "In short, LEOC does not believe there is evidence that the Trost Campaign was responsible for leaking of the membership list    " The fine was therefore removed from the Brad Trost Campaign  Trost went on to lose renomination as the party candidate for his riding during the 43rd Federal election on March 10, 2018, to Corey Tochor, former speaker of the Saskatchewan Legislature Criticism has been raised about how the party memberships were handled, with some prominent members saying they never received a ballot, even after contacting the party about it In addition, the result of the leadership race and party handling was questioned by some supporters of such as runner-up Maxime Bernier and  fifth place candidate Kellie Leitch due to discrepancies in the final ballot count, specifically a gap between the number of ballots cast and the announced result - a 7,466 vote discrepancy, which is greater than Andrew Scheer's 7,049 votes margin of victory in the final round  There was criticism over the exact role of the accounting firm Deloitte during the voting process - a deal revealed that Deloitte was not specifically tasked with auditing the vote but "observe" the counting process  It was also reported that some of  Brad Trost's supporters contravened the Elections Act and party membership rules by offering incentives to vote  Dimitri Soudas, a former Stephen Harper aide, pointed out that it violated election rules and it benefited Scheer's campaign but the ballots have been destroyed so the results stood Many considered Scheer's victory as an upset, given Bernier's consistent frontrunner status in the polls 

Interim leadership
Conservative Party president John Walsh's letter to caucus stated that only Members of Parliament (MPs) would vote for the interim leader, but Conservative Senators pointed out that the party constitution states that the entire parliamentary caucus votes  The caucus allowed senators to vote, declining to adopt the provisions of the Reform Act that would have only allowed MPs to vote The caucus chose Rona Ambrose, MP for Sturgeon River—Parkland, Alberta and former Minister of Health, as interim leader at its first meeting on November 5, 2015, in a vote by preferential ballot  Ambrose, as the interim leader, also served as Leader of the Official Opposition in the Parliament of Canada until a permanent leader was chosen  She defeated Candice Bergen, Diane Finley, Mike Lake, Rob Nicholson, Erin O'Toole, and the joint ticket of Denis Lebel and Michelle Rempel in the caucus vote Under the party's constitution, Ambrose, as the interim leader, could not run for the permanent position 

Leadership election timing
Following Harper's resignation, debate emerged within the Conservative Party regarding the timing of the leadership election  Some members of the party's national council called for a leadership convention as early as May 2016 according to Maclean's magazine  However, interim leader Rona Ambrose has said there is a consensus among the party's caucus that the leadership election shouldn't be rushed and should be held sometime in 2017  In a December 2015 interview, Ambrose said the party would take its time allowing all members, including those not already involved in politics, to build a strong candidacy  "If we take a little extra time, that will mean we'll have a better leadership race "The Conservative Party's Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) met at Toronto's Albany Club January 15–17, 2016 to discuss the process for the Party to elect its next leader  Among its decisions, LEOC selected May 27, 2017, for Conservative Party members to elect their next leader 

Rules and voting system
Only party members in good standing at 5pm Eastern Time on March 28, 2017, were allowed to vote  The fee for a party membership was raised from $15 to $25, an increase that was reversed on April 23, 2016, after criticisms that the move was "elitist"  Membership fees could only be paid via personal cheque or credit card  Cash payments were not permitted  This new requirement was intended to prevent the election being dominated by new members, and to prevent anyone other than the individual member, such as a candidate's campaign, from signing up scores of members and paying the membership fees in cash out of campaign funds  Despite this, the Conservative Party confirmed irregularities with 1,351 memberships connected to prepaid credit cards that it subsequently struck from its membership roll Voting was on a one member one vote basis using a ranked ballot; however votes were calculated so that each electoral district had equal weight with each electoral district allocated 100 points  Candidates were assigned a point total based on his or her percentage of the vote in each electoral district  To win, a candidate must receive at least 16,901 points which would be a majority To register, candidates must:
be members of the party for at least six months (can be waived),
submit nomination forms signed by 300 party members from at least 30 electoral districts in at least seven different provinces and territories,
pay a $50,000 non-refundable entrance fee, half of which must be paid when filing nomination with the other half due by the close of nominations on February 24, 2017 
pay an additional $50,000 compliance deposit, by December 31, 2016, or when filing nomination for those who register in 2017, which is refundable provided the candidate complies with campaign rules 
and fill out a 40-page questionnaire that asks for:
references,
criminal background and credit checks,
agreement with basic party principles,
a list of social media accounts,
questions about possible controversial positions the candidate has taken in the past, and
questions about affiliations and personal associations and behaviour that may be problematic A party committee reviewed the candidate's nomination form and may disqualify a potential candidate  Candidates are allowed to spend a maximum of $5 million on their campaigns 

Timeline
October 19, 2015 – Federal election results in defeat of Conservative government  As Harper spoke to supporters in Calgary, making no reference to his future, a statement was released by the party announcing Harper's resignation as party leader and his request that an interim leader be chosen to lead the party in parliament until a leadership election can be held 
November 4, 2015 – Harper resigns as prime minister; Liberal government led by Justin Trudeau sworn in 
November 5, 2015 – Conservative caucus held its first meeting since the 2015 federal election and chose former health minister Rona Ambrose interim leader of the party 
December 4–5, 2015 – National Council meets, 20-member Leadership Election Organization Committee appointed, including seven members of the National Council and MP Diane Finley, all of whom have pledged to be neutral during the leadership campaign; Dan Nowlan is appointed the committee's chair 
January 15–17, 2016 – The Leadership Election Organization Committee meets at the Albany Club in Toronto to decide on the date of the leadership vote, the deadline for candidates to be nominated, campaign spending limits, the entrance fee for candidates and the appeals process for any disputes 
May 26–28, 2016 – Conservative Party national policy convention, held at the Vancouver Convention Centre, voted on policy resolutions and elected the party president and other officials  An attempt to change the party constitution to allow the party's interim leader, Rona Ambrose, to seek the permanent leadership is defeated 
September 12, 2016 – Former Foreign Minister Peter MacKay, who had been leading public opinion polls as the most popular potential leader, announces that he will not be a candidate for the party's leadership 
November 2, 2016 – Only those who have registered as candidates by this date, including having paid at least $25,000 of the candidate deposit, are permitted to participate in the first leadership debate, to be held the following week  12 candidates meet this deadline 
November 9, 2016 – First of five official leadership debates organized by the LEOC, held in Saskatoon 
November 13, 2016 – Leadership debate organized by the Carleton Conservative Association, held in Greely, Ontario
December 6, 2016 – Second official debate held in Moncton in English and French 
December 31, 2016 – Deadline for candidates who filed their nomination papers in 2016 to have paid $50,000 compliance fee 
January 17, 2017, 6:30 pm – Third official debate held in Quebec City in French at the Quebec Convention Centre  The themes covered will be government and taxes 
February 4, 2017 – Leadership debate organized by the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia was held in Halifax, Nova Scotia  The first debate involving well-known businessman Kevin O'Leary 
February 24, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-5) – Nomination period closes; deadline for candidates to pay any remaining balance of entrance fee 
February 24, 2017 – Leadership debate organized by the Manning Centre for Building Democracy, held in Ottawa, Ontario
February 28, 2017 – Fourth official debate, held in Edmonton at the Maclab Theatre in English and French 
March 28, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-4) – Members who have joined by this date are eligible to vote 
April 26, 2017 – Presumed frontrunner Kevin O'Leary withdraws from the election and endorses Maxime Bernier; as O'Leary has withdrawn after the deadline, his name remains on the ballot  Final leadership debate is held 
April 28, 2017 – Voting by mail-in ranked ballot begins 
May 26, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-5) – Deadline for mail-in ballots to be received 
May 27, 2017 – In-person voting at Toronto Congress Centre and 14 polling stations across the country until 4 pm ET (UTC-5)  Advance and in-person ballots counted; results announced 

Full results
Provincial summary
Debates
Registered candidates
Candidates who have paid their entrance fee and compliance deposit and filed their nomination papers:

Chris Alexander
BackgroundChris Alexander, 54, is the former Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (2013–2015), Parliamentary Secretary to Minister of National Defence (2011– 2013) and the former MP for Ajax—Pickering, Ontario (2011–2015)  Prior to entering politics, he served as a member of Canada's foreign diplomatic service, most notably in the Canadian Embassy in Moscow and as the Canadian Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2003 to 2005  From 2005 to 2009 he held the post of Deputy Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General for Afghanistan
Context 3: Passage 1:
Movie Gallery
Movie Gallery, Inc  (former NASDAQ ticker symbol MOVI) was the second largest movie and game rental company in the United States and Canada, behind Blockbuster Video  The company rented and sold Blu-ray Discs, DVDs, VHS tapes, and video games  Founded in Dothan, Alabama, the company was headquartered in Dothan, and later in Wilsonville, Oregon 
On April 30, 2010, Movie Gallery announced it was closing and liquidating all of its stores per a filing of Chapter 7 bankruptcy  At its peak the firm had about 4,700 stores in North America, operating mainly under the Movie Gallery, Hollywood Video, and GameCrazy brands  The last of the company's stores were closed in August 2010 
In 2011, three Movie Gallery locations in Northwest Arkansas reopened by an independent business owner who acquired the trademark rights in Arkansas  In 2013, an independent businessman in Jackson, Mississippi acquired the trademark rights in Mississippi to Movie Gallery and Hollywood Video and announced intentions to reopen select previously profitable stores 
Most regular Movie Galleries were located in rural areas, while Hollywood Video locations, which competed directly with Blockbuster, were located in urban areas 

History
Movie Gallery was formed in 1985 by Joe Malugen and Harrison Parrish in Dothan, Alabama  Through its wholly owned subsidiary, M G A , the company's founders began operating video specialty stores in southern Alabama and the Florida panhandle, and franchising the Movie Gallery store concept  By June 1987 the company owned five stores and had a franchise operation of 45 stores  In 1988, the company began to consolidate the franchisees into company owned stores  By 1992, the company had a total of 37 stores and annual revenues of $6 million 
In August 1994, the company completed an initial public offering of its stock  With the proceeds from this offering, the company began to quickly complete acquisitions of various video chains, primarily in the southeast  In early 1995, the company raised additional public funds and continued the acquisition and development of stores  By the middle of 1996, only 22 months after beginning its aggressive expansion strategy, Movie Gallery had grown to over 850 stores through over 100 separate acquisitions 
In 1999, Movie Gallery announced plans to build 100 new stores  The company completed an 88-store acquisition of Blowout Entertainment in May and ended the year with more than 950 locations in 31 states  In 2000, Movie Gallery again set its goal at opening 100 new stores and relocating 25  This goal was surpassed 
The company moved forward with its largest single-chain acquisition to date, expanding its base of stores by 30%, in late December 2001  The addition of Video Update stores to the Movie Gallery family launched the company's international presence with 100 retail locations in Canada  Movie Gallery achieved the 1,678 store mark in 2002 In 2005, the company completed the largest acquisition to date with the Hollywood Entertainment merger  This combination of companies increased the store total to 4,700 with revenues in excess of $2 5 billion  In addition, Movie Gallery opened 61 new stores in Western Canada with the acquisition of VHQ Entertainment 

Downfall
The company began having financial difficulties and announced the closure of 520 stores in September 2007  At the time Movie Gallery had about 4,500 locations  The next month, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection under the U S  Bankruptcy Code  Because of these troubles, the stock price dropped below $1 per share and was removed from listing on the NASDAQ stock exchange in November 2007 An additional 400 stores were scheduled to close during the bankruptcy reorganization  Movie Gallery emerged from Chapter 11 in May 2008 and appointed C  J  Gabriel, Jr  as the new chief executive officer  Founder and former CEO Joe Malugen continued to serve on the Movie Gallery Board of Directors until leaving on July 30, 2008  The company relocated its headquarters to Wilsonville, Oregon, (home of the Hollywood Video subsidiary) in late 2008  In January 2009, they closed their Wilsonville distribution center In early 2009, Movie Gallery operated about 2,700 locations and 1,300 Hollywood Video locations in the United States  Canadian operations included over 200 "Movie Gallery" branded stores, as well as approximately 60 under the VHQ brand in western Canada  In 2009 Movie Gallery closed its Wilsonville, Oregon distribution facility, merging it with one in Nashville, Tennessee The Chapter 11 reorganization plan failed to solve all of the company's problems; Movie Gallery's stock fell from $1 25 at close in October 2009 to $0 05 a share at close on December 3, 2009, and many locations fell behind on rent  On February 1, 2010, stores received a report stating that about 800 stores were to be shut down  The company hired the law firm of Sonnenschein, Nath & Rosenthal to prepare for a second filing of bankruptcy, and on February 3, 2010, they again filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection  During a company-wide conference call on April 30, 2010, it was announced that all U S  Hollywood Video, Movie Gallery, and Game Crazy stores would file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in May 2010  On June 8, 2010, the company's Canadian stores also entered liquidation The last US Movie Gallery and Hollywood Video locations closed on July 31, 2010, and the liquidation sale was completed  The remaining Canadian stores closed during the week of August 8  The contents of the company's headquarters were auctioned off in August 2010 

Subsidiaries
MovieBeam
MovieBeam was a set-top service offered in larger cities in which customers could download movies to a set-top box  Most movies expired within 24 hours of downloading  The company was founded by Disney and other investors as an alternative to online movie downloads  A special set-top box had to be purchased by consumers for the service at a retail price of $149 95  Most major movie studios provided new release content to the service  However, MovieBeam failed to gain any serious traction in the marketplace  MovieBeam was shut down on December 15, 2007  As of June 2008 the remnants of MovieBeam, including its trademarks and other intellectual properties, were sold to an outside investors group for approximately $2 million as part of the company's restructuring  All in-store kiosks for the service were then removed as well 

Hollywood Video
Hollywood Video, a subsidiary of Movie Gallery, Inc , operated from Wilsonville, Oregon, as a DVD and video game rental shop chain in the United States  It was started in 1988 by former CEO Mark Wattles and his wife  The chain was the largest direct competitor of Blockbuster Video until it was purchased by Movie Gallery in 2005  Hollywood Video declared bankruptcy in February 2010 and announced that it would shut down three months later 

Purchase of Hollywood Video
Hollywood Video was the target of a hostile takeover attempt, initially announced at the end of December 2004 by competitor Blockbuster Video  In February 2005, Blockbuster announced an exchange offer of $14 50 per share ($11 50 cash and $3 00 in Blockbuster shares) In order to create a stronger position against the hostile takeover, Hollywood Video agreed to a buyout on Monday, January 10, 2005, by its smaller competitor Movie Gallery  Movie Gallery paid $860 million, $13 25 per share, and the assumption of $380 million in debt  Stocks closed at $13 85 on January 10 after the news  Blockbuster then dropped its purchase plans, citing anti-trust concerns  Movie Gallery completed its purchase of Hollywood Video on April 27, 2005 

Headquarters
Movie Gallery originally had its headquarters in Dothan, Alabama  In Dothan, the company had 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of space in the Porter Square Mall  Later in its life the company's headquarters were in Wilsonville, Oregon In 2005 Movie Gallery bought Hollywood Video, gaining Hollywood's office space in Oregon  Movie Gallery operated its Oregon office out of the space, and Hollywood Video, now a subsidiary of Movie Gallery, maintained its headquarters in Wilsonville  In 2007 Movie Gallery filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection  In 2008 when the company emerged from Chapter 11, its new upper management had no ties whatsoever to Dothan, Alabama  Joe Malugen, the founder of Movie Gallery, was no longer the CEO; instead, C  J  Gabriel, an Idaho resident, was named the CEO  Because of this, Jim Cook of The Enterprise Ledger said "there may be little motivation for keeping the home office" in Dothan  In 2008 the headquarters moved to Wilsonville  The former Porter Square Mall space went up for lease or sale  Movie Gallery kept some central employees in Dothan, and the company said that it would continue to have a "presence" in Dothan  Wendy Culverwell of the Portland Business Journal said that the headquarters move decision was "unusual" because "most of Hollywood Entertainment's decision-making authority went to Alabama after the sale to Movie Gallery in 2005 "After the company filed for Chapter 7, Great American Group, Inc  held an auction on August 17, 2010, at the Wilsonville, Oregon headquarters of Movie Gallery, auctioning away the company's equipment 

See also
Veterans Memorial Stadium in Troy, Alabama, formerly Movie Gallery Stadium
Passage 2:
MV Miralda
MV Miralda was one of nine Anglo Saxon Royal Dutch/Shell oil tankers converted to become a Merchant Aircraft Carrier (MAC ship)  The group is collectively known as the Rapana class 
Macoma was launched in July 1936 at Nederlandse Scheepsbouw Mij, Amsterdam as an oil tanker  Her conversion to a MAC ship was completed in January 1944 As a MAC ship, she had no aircraft hangar, and continued to carry normal cargoes, although operating under Royal Navy control   Only her air crew and the necessary maintenance staff were naval personnel 
The British Ship Adoption Society, a Maritime Charity, was formed in the early part of the Second World War, with a large number of schools taking part in the scheme, amassing comforts for a particular ship and in return the children would receive letters of thanks and news from various ports around the world to which it would sail  the M V Miralda was adopted by Styal Cottage Homes, a home colony and school for orphaned and destitute children of Manchester After the war, Miralda was reconverted and returned to merchant service as an oil tanker and served in that role until scrapped in Hong Kong in 1960  She was renamed Marisa in 1950 
Passage 3:
Kosciuszko (album)
Kosciuszko is the fifth studio album by Australian alternative rock band Jebediah  Released on 15 April 2011, by Dew Process, the album introduced the award-winning band to mainstream audiences and commercial success 

Background and recording
Even though Jebediah took five years to re-enter the studio after the release of their Anniversary E P  (2005),  the band began drafting the songs as early as 2006  Between the two albums, the band took a break, with  lead singer–rhythm guitarist Kevin Mitchell relocating to Melbourne during the hiatus 
Recording occurred at Blackbird Studios in Perth, Australia, and production duties were undertaken by Dave Parkin (owner of the studio) in collaboration with the band  Kevin Mitchell revealed in a radio interview:It's probably the only time we've ever made a record where it was actually finished when it was finished  Every other time you're pretty much given a month or a two month block  When that last day ticks over the record is finished; whether it's finished or not  So this was an absolutely luxury to do it that way 

Promotion and release
Kosciuszko was released on 15 April 2011 by record label Dew Process  On each of the twelve days leading up to the album's release, a short video (around one minute) was uploaded to the band's YouTube page, in which the band provides insight into each of the album's songs Its first single "She's Like a Comet" quickly became a hit,  and the band performed the song on Australian morning television program Sunrise  
The album reached number 6 in the ARIA Chart, staying in the chart for six weeks  As well as being available on CD, a limited number of copies were also released on vinyl 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 4:
Helix Producer 1
Helix Producer I is a ship-shaped monohull floating production and offloading vessel, converted from the ferry MV Karl Carstens   It has no storage capability 

MV Karl Carstens
The ship was built in 1986 for Deutsche Bundesbahn as a roll-on roll-off (RORO) ferry serving on the Vogelfluglinie, a connection between Fehmarn, Germany and Denmark   It remained in service from 1986 until 1997 

Helix Producer I
The ship was reconfigured as a Floating Production vessel and converted between 2006–2008 at the Viktor Lenac Shipyard in Croatia   Topside production facilities were designed by OFD Engineering in Houston, Texas and installed in 2009 at the Kiewit shipyard in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States Helix Producer I has a Disconectable Transfer system (DTS) designed and supplied by Flexible Engineered Solutions LTD (FES), UK, and consists of a riser buoy supporting sub-sea risers and control umbilicals that would be connected to a deep water well and can be released from the hull, allowing the vessel to move out of the way of an approaching hurricane  After the storm, the vessel would return to the site and reconnect the buoy resuming normal oil extraction  It is  operated by the Helix Energy Solutions Group and was scheduled to operate on the Phoenix Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico, but on 14 June 2010 Helix announced that the ship would be directed to assist BP at the Deepwater Horizon oil spill site In its new configuration the ship has a length of 161 5 m (530 ft), a breadth of 29 m (95 ft) (increased from before 18 m (59 ft)), a depth of 14 2 m (47 ft), and a draft of 8 6 m (28 ft)  The vessel has a maximum displacement of 29,000 t (29,000 long tons; 32,000 short tons), and as a light ship of 9,475 t (9,325 long tons; 10,444 short tons) 

Service at Deepwater Horizon site
In June 2010, BP announced that Helix Producer I would join Discoverer Enterprise and Toisa Pisces at the Deepwater Horizon site to process oil that is flowing from the deepwater well   While Discover Enterprise can process about 18,000 barrels (760,000 US gallons; 2,900 cubic metres) of oil per day, Helix Producer I can handle about 30,000 barrels   The estimate of the uncontrolled oil flow at that time was up to 60,000 barrels  It was anticipated that Helix Producer I would be used for 2 months for this mission   Oil from Helix Producer I was to be offloaded by a shuttle tanker 
Starting in early August mud, later cement was pumped into the well, eventually closing it, so that by  19 September 2010, it could be announced that the Macondo Well had been finally killed 
Passage 5:
Transavia Denmark
Transavia Denmark ApS, also known as Transavia com Denmark or Transavia Denmark and trading as transavia com, was a Danish based low-cost airline operating as a subsidiary of Transavia group  Its main base was at Copenhagen Airport  Transavia Denmark chiefly operated scheduled and charter services to leisure destinations  It was headquartered in Kastrup, Tårnby Municipality  Operations ceased in 2011, although those in the Netherlands and France continue 

History
The airline began operations on 6 November 2008; Sterling Airlines had gone bankrupt in October 2008 and Transavia saw a good opportunity to start operations in Denmark because of this, and announced that it would start operations at short notice Transavia Denmark started flights from Billund Airport under a Danish tour operator  It operated five routes from Billund  It also announced a larger base at Copenhagen Airport from which it operated ten routes  Ticket sales for the new low-cost airline started on 7 November 2008 In September 2010, it was announced that Transavia Denmark would cease operations on 23 April 2011  From 1 November 2010 onwards the activities were gradually scaled down until the complete stop on 23 April 2011  The parent of Transavia Denmark, Air France-KLM, stated that the Danish part of Transavia had not met expectations 

Destinations
This is a list of airports to which Transavia Denmark flew (including seasonal destinations):
Austria
Innsbruck - Innsbruck Airport
Salzburg - Salzburg Airport
Denmark
Billund - Billund Airport
Copenhagen - Copenhagen Airport
France
Montpellier - Montpellier - Méditerranée Airport
Nice - Côte d'Azur Airport
Greece
Chania - Chania International Airport
Italy
Naples - Naples Airport
Pisa - Galileo Galilei Airport
Spain
Barcelona - Barcelona Airport
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - Gran Canaria Airport
Málaga - Málaga Airport
Menorca - Menorca Airport
Palma de Mallorca - Son Sant Joan Airport
Tenerife - Reina Sofía Airport

Fleet
The Transavia Denmark fleet consisted of the following aircraft as of November 2010:

In-flight services
Transavia com offered the "Assortment on Board" buy on board service offering food and drinks for purchase 

See also
Transavia
Transavia France
Passage 6:
Royal Dutch Shell
Shell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England  Shell is a public limited company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange  A core component of Big Oil, Shell is the second largest investor-owned oil and gas company in the world by revenue (after ExxonMobil), and among the world's largest companies out of any industry  Measured by both its own emissions, and the emissions of all the fossil fuels it sells, Shell was the ninth-largest corporate producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the period 1988–2015 Shell was formed in 1907 through the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom  The combined company rapidly became the leading competitor of the American Standard Oil and by 1920 Shell was the largest producer of oil in the world  Shell first entered the chemicals industry in 1929  Shell was one of the "Seven Sisters" which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s  In 1964, Shell was a partner in the world's first commercial sea transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG)  In 1970, Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it subsequently sold in 1994 and now forms part of BHP  In recent decades gas has become an increasingly important part of Shell's business and Shell acquired BG Group in 2016 Shell is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration, production, refining, transport, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation, and trading  Shell has operations in over 99 countries, produces around 3 7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has around 44,000 service stations worldwide  As of 31 December 2019, Shell had total proved reserves of 11 1 billion barrels (1 76×109 m3) of oil equivalent  Shell USA, its principal subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses  Shell holds 44% of Raízen, a publicly-listed joint venture with Cosan, which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company  In addition to the main Shell brand, the company also owns the Jiffy Lube, Pennzoil and Quaker State brands 
Shell is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index and had a market capitalisation of US$199 billion on 15 September 2022, the largest of any company listed on the LSE and the 44th-largest of any company in the world  By 2021 revenues, Shell is the second-largest investor-owned oil company in the world (after ExxonMobil), the largest company headquartered in the United Kingdom, the second-largest company headquartered in Europe (after Volkswagen), and the 15th largest company in the world  Until its unification in 2005 as Royal Dutch Shell plc, the firm operated as a dual-listed company, whereby the British and Dutch companies maintained their legal existence and separate listings but operated as a single-unit partnership  From 2005 to 2022, the company had its headquarters in The Hague, its registered office in London and had two types of shares (A and B)  In January 2022, the firm merged the A and B shares, moved its headquarters to London, and changed its legal name to Shell plc 

History
Origins
The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created in April 1907 through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Petroleum Maatschappij) of the Netherlands and the Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited of the United Kingdom  It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil  The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Pangkalan Brandan, North Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding  The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel  Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell seashells, after which the company "Shell" took its name For various reasons, the new firm operated as a dual-listed company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes  The terms of the merger gave 60 percent stock ownership of the new group to Royal Dutch, and 40 percent to Shell  Both became holding companies for Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, containing the production and refining assets, and Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, containing the transport and storage assets  National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies  The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij at The Hague, was in charge of production and manufacture  The British Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company was based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products In 1912, Royal Dutch Shell purchased the Rothschilds' Russian oil assets in a stock deal  The Group's production portfolio then consisted of 53 percent from the East Indies, 29 percent from the Russian Empire, and 17 percent from Romania 

20th century
During the First World War, Shell was the main supplier of fuel to the British Expeditionary Force  It was also the sole supplier of aviation fuel and supplied 80 percent of the British Army's TNT  It also volunteered all of its shipping to the British Admiralty The German invasion of Romania in 1916 saw 17% of the group's worldwide production destroyed In 1919, Shell took control of the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company and in 1921 formed Shell-Mex Limited, which marketed products under the "Shell" and "Eagle" brands in the United Kingdom  During the Genoa Conference of 1922 Royal Dutch Shell was in negotiations for a monopoly over Soviet oilfields in Baku and Grosny, although the leak of a draft treaty led to breakdown of the talks  In 1929, Shell Chemicals was founded  By the end of the 1920s, Shell was the world's leading oil company, producing 11 percent of the world's crude oil supply and owning 10 percent of its tanker tonnage Shell Mex House was completed in 1931, and was the head office for Shell's marketing activity worldwide  In 1932, partly in response to the difficult economic conditions of the Great Depression, Shell-Mex merged its UK marketing operations with those of BP to create Shell-Mex & BP, a company that traded until the brands separated in 1975  Royal Dutch Company ranked 79th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts 

The 1930s saw Shell's Mexican assets seized by the local government  After the invasion of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany in 1940, the head office of the Dutch companies was moved to Curaçao  In 1945 Shell's Danish headquarters in Copenhagen, at the time being used by the Gestapo, was bombed by Royal Air Force De Havilland Mosquitoes in Operation Carthage In 1937, Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 23 75 percent owned by Royal Dutch Shell plc, signed an oil concession agreement with the Sultan of Muscat  In 1952, IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultan in occupying the interior region of Oman, an area that geologists believed to be rich in oil  This led to the 1954 outbreak of Jebel Akhdar War in Oman that lasted for more than 5 years Around 1952, Shell was the first company to purchase and use a computer in the Netherlands  The computer, a Ferranti Mark 1*, was assembled and used at the Shell laboratory in Amsterdam  In 1970 Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it subsequently sold in 1994 In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea  Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better  Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment  Shell was subsequently criticised by the European Commission and five European Union members after deciding to leave part of its decommissioned oil rigs standing in the North Sea  Shell argued that removing them would be too costly and risky  Germany said that the estimated 11,000 tonnes of raw oil and toxins remaining in the rigs would eventually seep into the sea, and called it a 'ticking timebomb' On 15 January 1999, off the Argentinian town of Magdalena, Buenos Aires, the Shell tanker Estrella pampeana collided with a German cargo ship, emptying its contents into the lake, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals  Over a decade after the spill, a referendum held in Magdalena determined the acceptance of a US$9 5 million compensatory payout from Shell  Shell denied responsibility for the spill, but an Argentine court ruled in 2002 that the corporation was responsible 

21st century
In 2002, Shell acquired Pennzoil-Quaker State through its American division for $22 USD per share, or about $1 8 billion USD  Through its acquisition of Pennzoil, Shell became a descendant of Standard Oil  With its acquisition, Shell inherited multiple auto part brands including Jiffy Lube, Rain-X, and Fix-a-Flat  The company was notably late in its acquisition as seen by journalists, with Shell seen as streamlining its assets around the same time of other major mergers and acquisitions in the industry, such as BP's purchase of Amoco and the merger of Exxon and Mobil In 2004, Shell overstated its oil reserves, resulting in loss of confidence in the group, a £17 million fine by the Financial Services Authority and the departure of the chairman Philip Watts  A lawsuit resulted in the payment of $450 million to non-American shareholders in 2007 As a result of the scandal, the corporate structure was simplified  Two classes of ordinary shares, A (code RDSA) and B (code RDSB), identical but for the tax treatment of dividends, were issued for the company In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the LSE, a secondary listing on Euronext Amsterdam, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London  The company was already incorporated in 2002 as Forthdeal Limited, a shelf corporation incorporated by Swift Incorporations Limited and Instant Companies Limited, both based in Bristol  The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges  On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, whereas, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from the New York Stock Exchange on 18 November 2005  The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group During the 2009 Iraqi oil services contracts tender, a consortium led by Shell (45%) and which included Petronas (30%) was awarded a production contract for the "Majnoon field" in the south of Iraq, which contains an estimated 12 6 billion barrels (2 00×109 m3) of oil  The "West Qurna 1 field" production contract was awarded to a consortium led by ExxonMobil (60%) and included Shell (15%) In February 2010, Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Raízen, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses  In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme  Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2–3bn from the sale  In June 2010, Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4 7 billion  The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and canceled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana  A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 percent lower than in 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 percent as a result  Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy Shell announced on 8 April 2015 it had agreed to buy BG Group for £47 billion (US$70 billion), subject to shareholder and regulatory approval  The acquisition was completed in February 2016, resulting in Shell surpassing Chevron Corporation and becoming the world's second largest non-state oil company On 7 June 2016, Shell announced that it would build an ethane cracker plant near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, after spending several years doing an environmental cleanup of the proposed plant's site In January 2017, Shell agreed to sell £2 46bn worth of North Sea assets to oil exploration firm Chrysaor  In 2017, Shell sold its oil sands assets to Canadian Natural Resources in exchange of approximately 8 8% stake in that company  In May 2017, it was reported that Shell plans to sell its shares in Canadian Natural Resources fully exiting the oil sands business On 5 November 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Argentine Energy Minister Juan José Aranguren was revealed to have managed the offshore companies 'Shell Western Supply and Trading Limited' and 'Sol Antilles y Guianas Limited', both subsidiaries of Shell  One is the main bidder for the purchase of diesel oil by the government through the state owned CAMMESA (Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico) On 30 April 2020, Shell announced that it would cut its dividend for the first time since the Second World War, due to the oil price collapse following the reduction in oil demand during the COVID-19 pandemic  Shell stated that their net income adjusted for the cost of supply dropped to US$2 9 billion in three months to 31 March  This compared with US$5 3 billion in the same period the previous year  On 30 September 2020, the company said that it would cut up to 9,000 jobs as a result of the economic effects caused by the pandemic and announced a "broad restructuring"  In December 2020, Shell forecast another write-down of $3 5-4 5 billion for the fourth quarter due to lower oil prices, following $16 8 billion of impairment in the second quarter In February 2021, Shell announced a loss of $21 7 billion in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, despite reducing its operating expenses by 12%, or $4 5 billion, according to a Morningstar analysis cited by Barron's In November 2021, Shell announced that it is planning to relocate their headquarters to London, abandon its dual share structure, and change its name from Royal Dutch Shell plc to Shell plc  The company's name change was registered in the Companies House on 21 January 2022 In December 2021, Shell pulled out of the Cambo oil field, off the Shetland Islands, claiming that "the economic case for investment in this project is not strong enough at this time, as well as having the potential for delays"  The proposed oilfield had been the subject of intense campaigning by environmentalists in the run-up to the COP26 UN climate summit in Glasgow in November 2021 On 4 March 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine and in the midst of the growing boycott of Russian economy and related divestments, Shell bought a cargo of discounted Russian crude oil  The next day, following criticism from Ukraine's Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba, Shell defended the purchase as a short term necessity, but also announced that it intended to reduce such purchases, and it would put profits from any Russian oil it purchases into a fund that would go towards humanitarian aid to Ukraine  On 8 March, Shell announced that it would stop buying Russian oil and gas and close its service stations in the country In 2022, the major oil and gas companies, including Shell, reported sharp rises in interim revenues and profits  In fact, this rise in profit for Shell was so sharp, that 2022 was the company's best year, as Shell recorded double the profits from 2021, and the highest profit in its entire history 

Corporate affairs
Management
On 4 August 2005, the board of directors announced the appointment of Jorma Ollila, chairman and CEO of Nokia at the time, to succeed Aad Jacobs as the company's non-executive chairman on 1 June 2006  Ollila is the first Shell chairman to be neither Dutch nor British  Other non-executive directors include Maarten van den Bergh, Wim Kok, Nina Henderson, Lord Kerr, Adelbert van Roxe, and Christine Morin-Postel Since 3 January 2014, Ben van Beurden has been CEO of Shell  His predecessor was Peter Voser who became CEO of Shell on 1 July 2009 Following a career at the corporation, in locations such as Australia and Africa, Ann Pickard was appointed as the executive vice president of the Arctic at Royal Dutch Shell, a role that was publicized in an interview with McKinsey & Company in June 2014 In January 2023, Wael Sawan succeeded Ben van Beurden as CEO 

Board of directors
As of 25 January 2023, the Shell board members are:
Andrew Mackenzie (chair), former CEO of BHP Billiton
Euleen Goh, former CEO of Standard Chartered Singapore
Wael Sawan, CEO of Shell plc
Sinead Gorman, CFO of Shell plc
Dick Boer, former president and CEO of Ahold Delhaize
Neil Carson, former CEO of Johnson Matthey
Ann Godbehere, former CFO of Swiss Re and Northern Rock
Catherine J  Hughes, former executive at Nexen, Husky Oil, and Schlumberger
Jane Holl Lute, former president and CEO of SICPA North America
Martina Hund-Mejean, former CFO of Mastercard
Abraham Schot, former CEO of Audi AG
Caroline Omloo, company secretary

Historical leadership
Name and logo
The name Shell is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company  In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel Sr , founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors  When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet  Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name The Shell logo is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world  This logo is known as the "pecten" after the sea shell Pecten maximus (the giant scallop), on which its design is based  The yellow and red colours used are thought to relate to the colours of the flag of Spain, as Shell built early service stations in California, previously a Spanish colony  The current revision of the logo was designed by Raymond Loewy in 1971 The slash was removed from the name "Royal Dutch/Shell" in 2005, concurrent with moves to merge the two legally separate companies (Royal Dutch and Shell) to the single legal entity which exists today On 15 November 2021, Royal Dutch Shell plc announced plans to change its name to Shell plc 

Logo evolution
Operations
Business groupings
Shell is organised into four major business groupings:
Upstream – manages the upstream business  It searches for and recovers crude oil and natural gas and operates the upstream and midstream infrastructure necessary to deliver oil and gas to the market  Its activities are organised primarily within geographic units, although there are some activities that are managed across the business or provided through support units 
Integrated Gas and New Energies – manages to liquefy natural gas, converting gas to liquids and low-carbon opportunities 
Downstream – manages Shell's manufacturing, distribution, and marketing activities for oil products and chemicals  Manufacturing and supply include refinery, supply, and shipping of crude oil 
Projects and technology – manages the delivery of Shell's major projects, provides technical services and technology capability covering both upstream and downstream activities  It is also responsible for providing functional leadership across Shell in the areas of health, safety and environment, and contracting and procurement 

Oil and gas activities
Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company  The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded  Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits  While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence  The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague  The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the "exploration and production" sector Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generate the majority of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its various oil refineries  The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales, and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen  The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local "operating companies" – often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates 

Sponsorships
Shell has a long history of motorsport sponsorship, most notably Scuderia Ferrari (1951–1964, 1966–1973 and 1996-present), BRM (1962–1966 and 1968–1972), Scuderia Toro Rosso (2007–2013 and 2016), McLaren (1967–1968 and 1984–1994), Lotus (1968–1971), Ducati Corse (since 1999), Team Penske (2011–present), Hyundai Motorsport (since 2005), AF Corse, Risi Competizione, BMW Motorsport (2015–present with also Pennzoil) and Dick Johnson Racing (1987-2004 and 2017–present) Starting in 2023, Shell will become the official fuel for IndyCar Series, supplying E100 race fuel for all teams 

Operations by region
Arctic
Kulluk oil rig
Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4 5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the "Kulluk" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship  At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the North Sea  However, after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008, Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012, due to the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits  The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups, particularly Greenpeace; furthermore, analysts in the energy field, as well as related industries, also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is "too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations" Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel, and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment  Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the "Kulluk" incident at the end of the year  Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the rig  As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island  Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that "A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay     A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season "It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident, and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration  In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues A June 2014 interview with Pickard indicated that, following a forensic analysis of the problems encountered in 2012, Shell will continue with the project and Pickard stated that she perceives the future of the corporation activity in the Arctic region as a long-term "marathon"  Pickard stated that the forensic "look back" revealed "there was an on/off switch" and further explained:

In other words, don't spend the money unless you're sure you're going to have the legal environment to go forward  Don't spend the money unless you're sure you're going to have the permit  No, I can't tell you that I'm going to have that permit until June, but we need to plan like we're going to have that permit in June  And so probably the biggest lesson is to make sure we could smooth out the on/off switches wherever we could and take control of our own destiny 
Based upon the interview with Pickard, Shell is approaching the project as an investment that will reap energy resources with a lifespan of around 30 years According to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management report in 2015 the chances of a major spill in a deep-sea Arctic drilling is 75% before century's end 

Kodiak Island
In 2010, Greenpeace activists painted "No Arctic Drilling" using spilled BP oil on the side of a ship in the Gulf of Mexico that was en route to explore for Arctic oil for Shell  At the protest, Phil Radford of Greenpeace called for "President Obama [to] ban all offshore oil drilling and call for an end to the use of oil in our cars by 2030 "On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica, multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska  Around the same time period, a reporter for Fortune magazine spoke with Edward Itta, an Inupiat leader and the former mayor of the North Slope Borough, who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat peoples hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community In July 2012, Greenpeace activists shut down 53 Shell petrol stations in Edinburgh and London in a protest against the company's plans to drill for oil in the Arctic  Greenpeace's "Save the Arctic" campaign aims to prevent oil drilling and industrial fishing in the Arctic by declaring the uninhabited area around the North Pole a global sanctuary A review was announced after the Kulluk oil rig ran aground near Kodiak Island in December 2012 In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was "trampling Americans' rights " According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to take down video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which "SaveTheArctic org" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony  In the video, the banners rise up automatically—activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas—revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo Shell then announced a "pause" in the timeline of the project in early 2013 and, in September 2015, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic 

Polar Pioneer rig
A June 2014 interview with the corporation's new executive vice president of the Arctic indicated that Shell will continue with its activity in the region In Seattle protests began in May 2015 in response to the news that the Port of Seattle made an agreement with Shell to berth rigs at the Port's Terminal 5 during the off-season of oil exploration in Alaskan waters  The arrival of Shell's new Arctic drilling vessel, Polar Pioneer (IMO number: 8754140), a semi-submersible offshore drilling rig, was greeted by large numbers of environmental protesters paddling kayaks in Elliott Bay On 6 May 2015, it was reported that during a coast guard inspection of Polar Pioneer, a piece of anti-pollution gear failed, resulting in fines and delay of the operation  Oil executives from Total and Eni interviewed by the New York Times, expressed scepticism about Shell's new ambitions for offshore drilling in the Arctic, and cited economic and environmental hurdles  ConocoPhillips and Equinor (formerly Statoil) suspended Arctic drilling earlier, after Shell's failed attempt in 2012 

Australia
On 20 May 2011, Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field—located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves—in 2007  FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way The floating vessel to be used for the Prelude field, known as Prelude FLNG, is promoted as the longest floating structure in the world and will take in the equivalent of 110,000 barrels of oil per day in natural gas—at a location 200 km (125 miles) off the coast of Western Australia—and cool it into liquefied natural gas for transport and sale in Asia  The Prelude is expected to start producing LNG in 2017—analysts estimated the total cost of construction at more than US$12 billion Following the decision by the Shell fuel corporation to close its Geelong Oil Refinery in Australia in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets  Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth A$203 million and was preceded by a A$638m writedown in 2012 and a A$407m writedown in 2011, after the closure of the Clyde Refinery in Sydney, Australia In February 2014, Shell sold its Australian refinery and petrol stations for US$2 6 billion (A$2 9 billion) to Swiss company Vitol At the time of the downstream sale to Vitol, Shell was expected to continue investment into Australian upstream projects, with projects that involve Chevron Corp , Woodside Petroleum and Prelude  In June 2014, Shell sold 9 5% of its 23 1% stake in Woodside Petroleum and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9 5% of its shares at a later stage  Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets  At a general body meeting, held on 1 August 2014, 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back, short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval  A statement from Shell read: "Royal Dutch Shell acknowledges the outcome of Woodside Petroleum Limited's shareholders' negative vote on the selective buy-back proposal  Shell is reviewing its options in relation to its remaining 13 6 percent holding "

Brunei
Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) is a joint venture between the Government of Brunei and Shell  The British Malayan Petroleum Company (BMPC), owned by Royal Dutch Shell, first found commercial amounts of oil in 1929  It currently produces 350,000 barrels of oil and gas equivalent per day  BSP is the largest oil and gas company in Brunei, a sector which contributes 90% of government revenue  In 1954, the BMPC in Seria had a total of 1,277 European and Asian staff 

China
The company has upstream operations in unconventional oil and gas in China  Shell has a joint venture with PetroChina at the Changbei tight gas field in Shaanxi, which has produced natural gas since 2008  The company has also invested in exploring for shale oil in Sichuan  The other unconventional resource which Shell invested in in China was shale  The company was an early entrant in shale oil exploration in China but scaled down operations in 2014 due to difficulties with geology and population density  It has a joint venture to explore for oil shale in Jilin through a joint venture with Jilin Guangzheng Mineral Development Company Limited 

Hong Kong
Shell has been active in Hong Kong for a century, providing Retail, LPG, Commercial Fuel, Lubricants, Bitumen, Aviation, Marine and Chemicals services, and products  Shell also sponsored the first Hong Kong-built aircraft, Inspiration, for its around-the-world trip 

India
Shell India has inaugurated its new lubricants laboratory at its Technology Centre in Bangalore 

Ireland
Shell first started trading in Ireland in 1902  Shell E&P Ireland (SEPIL) (previously Enterprise Energy Ireland) is an Irish exploration and production subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell  Its headquarters are on Leeson Street in Dublin  It was acquired in May 2002  Its main project is the Corrib gas project, a large gas field off the northwest coast, for which Shell has encountered controversy and protests in relation to the onshore pipeline and licence terms In 2005, Shell disposed of its entire retail and commercial fuels business in Ireland to Topaz Energy Group  This included depots, company-owned petrol stations and supply agreements stations throughout the island of Ireland  The retail outlets were re-branded as Topaz in 2008/9 The Topaz fuel network was subsequently acquired in 2015 by Couchetard and these stations began re-branding to Circle K in 2018 

Malaysia
Shell discovered the first oil well in Malaysia in 1910, in Miri, Sarawak  Today the oil well is a state monument known as the Grand Old Lady  In 1914, following this discovery, Shell built Malaysia's first oil refinery and laid a submarine pipeline in Miri 

Nigeria
Shell began production in Nigeria in 1958  In Nigeria, Shell told US diplomats that it had placed staff in all the main ministries of the government  Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa  In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested  In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields  On 29 January 2021 a Dutch court ruled that Shell was responsible for multiple oil leaks in Nigeria The presence of companies like Shell has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta  Many pipelines in the Niger Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded  Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes  This has led to mass protests from the Niger Delta inhabitants, Amnesty International, and Friends of the Earth the Netherlands against Shell  It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental and human rights groups  In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer 

Nordic countries
On 27 August 2007, Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country  In April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations  In October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy 

North America
Through most of Shell's early history, Shell USA business in the United States was substantially independent  Its stock was traded on the NYSE, and the group's central office had little direct involvement in running the operation  However, in 1984, Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and, despite opposition from some minority shareholders which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5 7 billion 

Philippines
Royal Dutch Shell operates in the Philippines under its subsidiary, Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation  Its headquarters is in Makati and it has facilities in the Pandacan oil depot and other key locations In January 2010, the Bureau of Customs claimed 7 34 billion pesos worth of unpaid excise taxes against Pilipinas Shell for importing Catalytic cracked gasoline (CCG) and light catalytic cracked gasoline (LCCG) stating that those imports are bound for tariff charges In August 2016, Pilipinas Shell filed an application to sell US$629 million worth of primary and secondary shares to the investing public (registration statement) with the SEC  This was a prelude to filing its IPO listing application with the Philippine Stock Exchange  On 3 November 2016 the Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation was officially listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol SHLPH after they held its initial public offering on 19 to 25 October of the same year Due to the economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the global, regional and local economies, continually low refining margins, and competition with imported refined products, the management of Pilipinas Shell announced in August 2020 that the 110,000 bbl/d refinery in Tabangao, Batangas, which started operations in 1962, will be shutting down permanently and turned into an import terminal instead 

Russia
In February 2022, Shell exited all its joint ventures with Gazprom because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and, in March 2022, Shell announced that it would stop buying oil from Russia and close all its service stations there  In April 2022, it emerged that Shell was to book up to $5 billion in impairment charges from exiting its interests in Russia 

Singapore
Singapore is the main centre for Shell's petrochemical operations in the Asia Pacific region  Shell Eastern Petroleum limited (SEPL) have their refinery located in Singapore's Pulau Bukom island  They also operate as Shell Chemicals Seraya in Jurong Island  In November 2020, Shell announced that, as part of efforts to curtail pollution emissions, it will cut its oil-processing capacity in Singapore 

United Kingdom
In the UK sector of the North Sea Shell employs around 4,500 staff in Scotland as well as an additional 1,000 service contractors: however in August 2014 it announced it was laying off 250 of them, mainly in Aberdeen  Shell paid no UK taxes on its North Sea operations over the period 2018 to 2021 

Alternative energy
In the early 2000s Shell moved into alternative energy and there is now an embryonic "Renewables" business that has made investments in solar power, wind power, hydrogen, and forestry  The forestry business went the way of nuclear, coal, metals and electricity generation, and was disposed of in 2003  In 2006 Shell paid SolarWorld to take over its entire solar business and in 2008, the company withdrew from the London Array which when built was the world's largest offshore wind farm Shell also is involved in large-scale hydrogen projects  HydrogenForecast com describes Shell's approach thus far as consisting of "baby steps", but with an underlying message of "extreme optimism"  In 2015, the company announced plans to install hydrogen fuel pumps across Germany, planning on having 400 locations in operation by 2023 Shell holds 44% of Raízen, a joint venture with Brazilian sugarcane producer Cosan which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues and a major producer of ethanol  In 2015, the company partnered with Brazilian start-up company Insolar to install solar panels in Rio de Janeiro to deliver electricity to the Santa Marta neighbourhood Shell is the operator and major shareholder of The Shell Canada Quest Energy project, based within the Athabasca Oil Sands Project, located near Fort McMurray, Alberta  It holds a 60% share, alongside Chevron Canada Limited, which holds 20%, and Marathon Canadian Oil Sands Holding Limited, which holds the final 20%  Commercial operations launched in November 2015  It was the world's first commercial-scale oil and sand carbon capture storage (CCS) project  It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in Canada by 1 08 million tonnes per year In December 2016, Shell won the auction for the 700 MW Borssele III & IV offshore wind farms at a price of 5 45 c/kWh, beating 6 other consortia  In June 2018, it was announced that the company and its co-investor Partners Group had secured $1 5bn for the project, which also involves Eneco, Van Oord, and Mitsubishi/DGE In October 2017, it bought Europe's biggest vehicle charging network, "NewMotion "In November 2017, Shell's CEO Ben van Beurden announced Shell's plan to cut half of its carbon emissions by 2050, and 20 percent by 2035  In this regard, Shell promised to spend $2 billion annually on renewable energy sources  Shell began to develop its wind energy segment in 2001, the company now operates six wind farms in the United States and is part of a plan to build two offshore wind farms in the Netherlands In December 2017, the company announced plans to buy UK household energy and broadband provider First Utility  In March 2019 it rebranded to Shell Energy and announced that all electricity would be supplied from renewable sources In December 2018, the company announced that it had partnered with SkyNRG to begin supplying sustainable aviation fuel to airlines operating out of San Francisco Airport (SFO), including KLM, SAS, and Finnair  In the same month, the company announced plans to double its renewable energy budget to investment in low-carbon energy to $4 billion US each year, with an aim to spend up to $2 billion US on renewable energy by 2021 In January 2018, the company acquired a 44% interest in Silicon Ranch, a solar energy company run by Matt Kisber, as part of its global New Energies project  The company took over from Partners Group, paying up to an estimated $217 million for the minority interest In February 2019, the company acquired German solar battery company Sonnen  It first invested in the company in May 2018 as part of its New Energies project  As of late 2021, the company had 800 employees and has installed 70 000 home battery systems On 27 February 2019, the company acquired British VPP operator Limejump for an undisclosed amount In July 2019, Shell installed their first 150 kW electric car chargers at its London petrol stations with payments handled via SMOOV  They also plan to provide 350 kW chargers in Europe by entering into an agreement with IONITY On 26 January 2021, Shell said it would buy 100 per cent of Ubitricity, owner of the largest public charging network for electric vehicles in the United Kingdom, as the company expands its presence along the power supply chain On 25 February 2021, Shell announced the acquisition of German Virtual Power Plant (VPP) company Next Kraftwerke for an undisclosed amount  Next Kraftwerke connects renewable electricity generation- and storage projects to optimize the usage of those assets  The company mostly operates in Europe In November 2022, it was announced Shell's wholly-owned subsidiary, Shell Petroleum NV, had acquired the Odense-headquartered renewable natural gas producer, Nature Energy Biogas A/S for nearly $2 billion USD 

Controversies
General issues
Shell's public rhetoric and pledges emphasize that the company is shifting towards climate-friendly, low-carbon and transition strategies  However, a 2022 study found that the company's spending on clean energy was insignificant and opaque, with little to suggest that the company's discourse matched its actions In 1989, Shell redesigned a $3-billion natural gas platform in the North Sea, raising its height one to two meters, to accommodate an anticipated sea level rise due to global warming  In 2013, Royal Dutch Shell PLC reported CO2 emissions of 81 million metric tonnes In 2017, Shell sold non-compliant foreign fuel to consumers In 2020, the Northern Lights CCS project was announced, which is a joint project between Equinor, Shell and Total, operating in the European Union (Norway) and aiming to store liquid CO2 beneath the seabed Environmentalists have expressed concern that Shell is processing oil from the Amazon region of South America  In the United States, the Martinez refinery (CA) and the Puget Sound Refinery (WA) carry Amazonian oil  In 2015, 14% of the Martinez refinery's gross, at 19,570 barrels per day, came from the Amazon In 2021, Shell was ranked as the 10th most environmentally responsible company out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI) In December 2021, Royal Dutch Shell decided to move ahead with seismic tests to explore for oil in humpback whale breeding grounds along South Africa's eastern coastline  On 3 December 2021, a South African high court struck down an urgent application brought by environmentalists to stop the project, which will involve a vessel regularly firing an air gun that produces a very powerful shock wave underwater to help map subsea geology  According to Greenpeace Africa and the South African Deep Sea Angling Association, this could cause "irreparable harm" to the marine environment, especially to migrating humpback whales in the area 

Climate change
In 2017, a public information film ("Climate of Concern") unseen for years resurfaced and showed Shell had clear grasp of global warming 26 years earlier but has not acted accordingly since, said critics The burning of the fossil fuels produced by Shell are responsible for 1 67% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions from 1988 to 2015  In April 2020, Shell announced plans to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 or sooner  However, internal documents from the company released by the Democratic-led House committee reveal a private 2020 communication saying Shell does not have any plans to bring emissions to zero for next 10–20 years 

Climate case
On 5 April 2019, Milieudefensie (Dutch for "environmental defense"), together with six NGOs and more than 17,000 citizens, sued Shell, accusing the company of harming the climate despite knowing about global warming since 1986  In May 2021, the district court of The Hague ruled that Shell must reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 45% by 2030 (compared to 2019 levels) 

Oil spills
Shell was responsible for around 21,000 gallons of oil spilled near Tracy, California, in May 2016 due to a pipeline crack 
Shell was responsible for an 88,200-gallon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in May 2016 
Two ruptures in a Shell Oil Co  pipeline in Altamont, California – one in September 2015 and another in May 2016 – led to questions on whether the Office of the State Fire Marshal, charged with overseeing the pipeline, was doing an adequate job 
On 29 January 2021, a Dutch court ordered Royal Dutch Shell plc's Nigerian unit to compensate for oil spills in two villages over 13 years ago  Shell Nigeria is liable for damages from pipeline leaks in the villages of Oruma and Goi, the Hague Court of Appeals said in a ruling  Shell said that it should not be liable, as the spills were the result of sabotage 

Accusations of greenwashing
On 2 September 2002, Shell Chairman Philip Watts accepted the "Greenwash Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Greenwash Academy's Oscar Green, near the World Summit on Sustainable Development In 2007, British ASA ruled against a Shell ad involving chimneys spewing flowers, which depicted Shell's waste management policies, claiming it was misleading the public about Shell's environmental impact In 2008, the British ASA ruled that Shell had misled the public in an advertisement when it claimed that a $10 billion oil sands project in Alberta, Canada, was a "sustainable energy source" In 2021, Netherlands officials told Shell to stop running a campaign which claimed customers could turn their fuel "carbon neutral" by buying offsets, as it was concluded that this claim was devoid of evidence In December 2022, U S  House Oversight and Reform Committee Chair Carolyn Maloney and U S  House Oversight Environment Subcommittee Chair Ro Khanna sent a memorandum to all House Oversight and Reform Committee members summarizing additional findings from the Committee's investigation into the fossil fuel industry disinformation campaign to obscure the role of fossil fuels in causing global warming, and that upon reviewing internal company documents, accused Shell  along with BP, Chevron Corporation, and ExxonMobil of greenwashing their Paris Agreement carbon neutrality pledges while continuing long-term investment in fossil fuel production and sales, for engaging in a campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a clean energy source and bridge fuel to renewable energy, and of intimidating journalists reporting about the companies' climate actions and of obstructing the Committee's investigation, which ExxonMobil, Shell, and the American Petroleum Institute denied 

Health and safety
A number of incidents over the years led to criticism of Shell's health and safety record, including repeated warnings by the UK Health and Safety Executive about the poor state of the company's North Sea platforms 

Reaction to the War in Ukraine
Shell already had previous experience exiting markets that were subject to sanctions pressure from NATO or EU member states  In particular, in 2013, Shell announced that it was suspending its operations in Syria  On 8 March 2022, Shell announced its intention to phase out all Russian hydrocarbon production and acquisition projects, including crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG)   In early 2022 the company criticized by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine for its slow response to the war in Ukraine  As of April 2023, Shell still had shares in Russian companies, such as 27 5% in Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC), a joint venture with Gazprom (50%), Mitsui (12 5%) and Mitsubishi (10%) 

royaldutchshellplc com
This domain name was first registered by a former marketing manager for Royal Dutch Shell plc, Alfred Donovan, and has been used as a "gripe site"  It avoids being an illegal cybersquatter as long as it is non-commercial, active, and no attempt is made to sell the domain name, as determined by WIPO proceedings  In 2005, Donovan said he would relinquish the site to Shell after it "gets rid of all the management he deems responsible for its various recent woes " The site has been recognized by several media outlets for its role as an Internet leak  In 2008 the Financial Times published an article based on a letter published by royaldutchshellplc com, which Reuters and The Times also covered shortly thereafter  On 18 October 2006, the site published an article stating that Shell had for some time been supplying information to the Russian government relating to Sakhalin II  The Russian energy company Gazprom subsequently obtained a 50% stake in the Sakhalin-II project  Other instances where the site has acted as an Internet leak include a 2007 IT outsourcing plan, as well as a 2008 internal memo where CEO Jeroen van der Veer expressed disappointment in the company's share-price performance The gripe site has also been recognized as a source of information regarding Shell by several news sources  In the 2006 Fortune Global 500 rankings, in which Royal Dutch Shell placed third, royaldutchshellplc com was listed alongside shell com as a source of information  In 2007 the site was described as "a hub for activists and disgruntled former employees " A 2009 article called royaldutchshellplc com "the world's most effective adversarial Web site " The site has been described as "an open wound for Shell "

See also
Notes
Passage 7:
Total Bellas
Total Bellas is an American reality television series that aired from October 5, 2016, to January 28, 2021 on E!  A spin-off of Total Divas, the series gave viewers a further look into the lives of twin sisters and professional wrestlers Brie and Nikki Bella, along with their immediate family and partners 

Production
On April 20, 2016, it was announced that former WWE wrestlers Brie and Nikki Bella—collectively known as the Bella Twins—would be getting a spin-off show entitled Total Bellas  The first season premiered on October 5, 2016  The show revolves around the lives of the twins and their family  Filming for the first season was set in Tampa, Florida as Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan moved in with Nikki Bella and John Cena to help Nikki after her neck surgery  Brie and Nikki's brother JJ and his wife Lauren had a recurring role along with their mother Kathy Colace and her now husband John Laurinaitis 
On November 16, 2016, it was announced that E! renewed the show for a second season  The second season premiered on September 6, 2017  The second season was filmed in Phoenix, Arizona as Nikki Bella and John Cena move in with Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan to help Brie through her first pregnancy  In addition to Brie's growing baby bump, the second season documented Daniel's travels under his new role as General Manager of WWE's SmackDown Live On January 30, 2018, it was announced that a third season would be premiering in spring of 2018  On April 5, 2018, the premiere date for the third season was announced, airing on May 20, 2018 On August 7, 2018, E! and WWE announced that Total Bellas had been renewed for a fourth season  On November 28, 2018, it was announced that the fourth season would premiere on January 13, 2019 On June 19, 2019, while appearing on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Brie and Nikki announced that the series would return for a fifth season which premiered on April 2, 2020 On June 11, 2020, the series was renewed for a sixth season which premiered on November 12, 2020 In June 2021, Essentially Sports reported that E! had canceled Total Bellas and its sister show Total Divas, citing low ratings and a lack of interest from those involved 

Cast
Main
Recurring
Episodes
Series overview
Season 1 (2016)
Season 2 (2017)
Season 3 (2018)
Season 4 (2019)
Season 5 (2020)
Season 6 (2020–21)
Awards and nominations
Broadcast
The show is broadcast in The United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, France and South Africa on the local E! network  
The series is also available on Hulu, WWE Network and Peacock 



ground_truth: in Northern Florida

Northern Florida

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the federal leader of the party that Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu is a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:   In addition to English, he is fluent in both French and Russian languages 
Date campaign announced: October 12, 2016
EndorsementsFormer MPs: (1) Yuri Shymko (Parkdale, 1978–1979)PoliciesChris Alexander has 40 detailed published policies that fall into three main categories: New Economy, New Country and New Role  These policies include how Canada should approach: employment, taxation, innovation, families, education, competitiveness, energy self-reliance, cities, agriculture, poverty, homelessness, First Nations peoples, the Métis, refugees, the Monarchy, justice, health care, protecting wilderness, forestry, mining, international diplomacy, terrorism, democratic reform, cyber-security, Canadian culture, northern development, and national defence He believes that immigration is the key to "economic growth " Is proposing to increase immigration to 400,000 a year including 40,000 refugees and calling for doubling defence spending and "for an accelerated push to settle all outstanding land claims and to sign treaties with First Nations communities that would empower them to govern themselves"  Was prominent in the Conservative government's handling of the Syrian refugee crisis and in the government's promise during the 2015 election to create a telephone tip line to report so-called "barbaric cultural practices " As minister, he was criticized over delays in meeting the government's commitment to resettle Syrian refugees 

Maxime Bernier
BackgroundMaxime Bernier, 60, was the MP for Beauce, Quebec (2006–2019) and was the Shadow Minister of Innovation (2015—2016)  He served in the Harper government as Minister of State for Small Business and Tourism (2011–2015), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2007–2008), and Minister of Industry (2006–2007), Bernier is considered an advocate of limited government and has been compared to a Libertarian  He has been nicknamed "Mad Max", the "Bloc-buster", or the "Albertan from Quebec" by his Ottawa colleagues  Prior to entering federal politics in 2006, Bernier, a lawyer by training, was vice-president of the Standard Life of Canada Insurance company, MEI, and manager of corporate and international relations at the Commission des valeurs mobilières du Québec 
Date candidacy announced: April 7, 2016
Policies
Running a campaign based on individual freedom, personal responsibility, respect and fairness  Expects support around the ideas/policies he is placing in the campaigns 
Calls for smaller government, lower taxes everywhere, paying down the national debt, increasing investments, increase pipeline developments, and opening up markets  Opposes bailout to any corporation, and use of "corporate welfare" (business subsidies)  Supports the decriminalization/legalization of marijuana Wants to allow MPs to vote their conscience and get rid of omnibus bills 
Phasing control of Canada Health Transfer to the provinces for health care by replacing it with a health transfer point systems, encourage provinces to move away from a single-payer healthcare system to a two-tier healthcare system, balance the budget within two years then reduce the number of tax brackets from five to three, increase basic exemption from $11,474 to $15,000 being paid by "boutique" tax credits  Supports abolishing capital gains taxes, and lowering corporate taxes to 10% by getting rid of corporate welfare 
Opposes a "Canadian values" test on the basis that it is logistically ineffective to fight terrorism  Abolish the Canadian Radio-television Telecommunications Commission, privatizing Canada Post Corporation, phasing out supply management on dairy and poultry, and expanding free trade  Ending inter-provincial barriers as a priority 
He also wants to "break" Quebec's maple syrup cartel and wants to allow foreign ownership for the airline industry  He wants to "streamline the process for hiring specialized workers abroad"  He wants to put more emphasis on economic immigration and "slightly reduce" family reunification class immigration   More privately sponsored refugee and fewer government sponsored  Reform temporary foreign worker programs  Bernier believes first nation communities need to be consulted before the Indian Act needs to be "abolished, or changed " Opposes federal control overreaching into other jurisdictions  Create stricter foreign aid standards and phase out development aid 

Steven Blaney
BackgroundSteven Blaney, 58, was the Shadow Minister of Public Works and Government Services (2015–2016) for the Conservative Opposition, and is the former Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (2013–2015), Minister of Veterans Affairs (2011–2013)  He is the MP for Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis, Quebec (2015–present) and Lévis—Bellechasse, Quebec (2006–2015) 

Date campaign announced: October 23, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (2)Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu (Quebec),
Jean-Guy Dagenais (Quebec)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:
Policies
Supports banning the wearing of the niqab while voting, taking the citizenship oath, or by federal public servants, even if such a ban would require invoking the notwithstanding clause of the Constitution in order to override the Charter of Rights and Freedoms  Also advocates testing of would be citizens on "their understanding and appreciation of Canada's core principles " He wants to "beef up" screening  The number of immigrants he wants to bring in will be based upon labour-market studies 

Michael Chong
BackgroundMichael Chong, 51, is the MP for Wellington—Halton Hills, Ontario (2004–present) and was the Deputy Shadow Minister of the Environment (2015–2016)  He was Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth (2006) and Minister of Sport (2006)  Chong resigned from the Harper cabinet in 2006 to protest the government's recognition of the Québécois as a nation within Canada  As a backbench MP he advocated democratic reforms in Parliament to limit the power of the Prime Minister's Office and party leaders over their caucuses and individual MPs and introduced the Reform Act to give caucuses the option of the power to remove party leaders, elect caucus chairs, and expel or readmit MPs, and elect interim leaders  He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party at the time of the merger 
Date campaign announced: May 16, 2016
Policies
Advocates modernizing democratic institutions and strengthening the independence of MPs and parliamentary committees 
Calls for the privatization of Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation's (CMHC) mortgage insurance and securitization business, a measure he says will make housing more affordable in Canada 
Supports introducing a revenue neutral carbon tax  Chong's plan would phase in a carbon tax over a decade, while immediately cutting taxes by $18 billion and getting rid of green regulations and subsidies 
Believes that Canada needs an evidence-based immigration policy that would put economic interests at the forefront  He has criticized face-to-face values screening as a divisive tactic 

Kellie Leitch
BackgroundKellie Leitch, 52, was the MP for Simcoe—Grey, Ontario (2011–2019) and Shadow Minister of Health (2015–2016)  In the Harper cabinet, she was Minister of Labour and the Status of Women (2013–2015)  She is an orthopaedic pediatric surgeon at SickKids Hospital and an associate professor at the University of Toronto 
Date campaign announced: April 6, 2016
Policies
Supports the decriminalization, but not legalization, of marijuana  Opposes a national tax on carbon emissions  Has suggested screening prospective immigrants using a "Canadian values" test  Described Donald J  Trump's win of the American presidency as an "exciting message and one that we need delivered in Canada as well " Urged by hundreds of health professionals to honour her medical oath and work against Canada's controversial asbestos industry, remained silent on the issue  Calls for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to be defunded and dismantled with the exception of the provision of emergency services to rural and remote parts of Canada 

Pierre Lemieux
BackgroundPierre Lemieux, 60, is the former MP for Glengarry—Prescott—Russell, Ontario (2006–2015)  In the Harper government he was the Parliamentary Secretary for Official Languages (2007–2008), Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture (2008–2015), and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Veterans Affairs (2015) 
Date campaign announced: August 22, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (3)Campaign Life Coalition
Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed project,
Right NowPolicies
Running as a social conservative, highlighting his opposition to abortion and same-sex marriage  Lemieux does not believe that screening potential immigration candidates to Canada would make Canada any safer  In March 2017, Pierre Lemieux received a rating of C− from the Canadian Coalition for Firearm Rights for his policies on firearms ownership in Canada 

Deepak Obhrai
BackgroundDeepak Obhrai, 73, was the MP for Calgary Forest Lawn, Alberta (2015–2019), and represented Calgary East, Alberta (1997–2015), was Shadow Minister of International Development (2015–2016), and was the Dean of the Conservative Caucus  In the Harper government he was the Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs (2006–2015)  Obhrai was a member of the Canadian Alliance at the time of the merger 

Date campaign announced: July 14, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (2)Corneliu Chisu (Pickering—Scarborough East, 2011–2015)
Joe Daniel (Don Valley East, 2011–2015)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia:
Withdrawn Endorsements: (2)Julian Fantino (Former MP for Vaughan, 2010–2015)
Martin Shields (MP for Bow River)Policies
Advocates a more inclusive party  Had promised to withdraw in favour of Peter MacKay if he were to run  He wants to increase the number of privately sponsored refugees and cut the number of government-sponsored refugees 

Erin O'Toole
BackgroundErin O'Toole, 50, is the MP for Durham, Ontario (2012–present) and was Shadow Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (2015–2016) for the Conservative Party in Opposition  Previously, he served as Minister of Veterans Affairs (2015) 
Date campaign announced: October 14, 2016 
Policies
O'Toole policies wants to give tax credits for youth underemployment and student debt  He wants to restructure temporary foreign worker and provincial nominee programs 

Rick Peterson
BackgroundRick Peterson, 61, is a venture capitalist, party fundraiser, the principal of Peterson Capital, and a former candidate for leadership of the British Columbia Conservative Party  He was a member of the Progressive Conservatives at the time of the merger 
Date campaign announced: October 18, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (1)Bill Clarke (Vancouver Quadra, 1973–1984)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals: (3)Brian Day (Canadian Medical Association President, 2006–2008)
Karen Mortfield (Press Secretary to the Ontario PC Leader, 1990–1993)
Mark Mullins (Former Fraser Institute President)Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectPolicies
Advocates a flat federal income tax rate of 15% and eliminating corporate income taxes and raising the GST to 9%  Supports boosting terrorist surveillance and enhance security screening for immigrants 
Advocates offering citizenship to almost 250,000 skilled workers a year by 2022, triple today's levels, and to 35,000 business people, more than five times today's level while freezing refugee integration to the levels of Harper Era 
Would reform health care provincial transfer payments and equalization payments 
Calls for Canada Revenue Agency to withdraw from Quebec and to transfer the administration and collection of the income tax in the province to Revenue Quebec 
Would take Canada out of the UN firearms marking scheme and to allow open carry of restricted firearms in the bush  Received a rating of C− from the Canadian Coalition for Firearm Rights for his policies and a rating of C from the National Firearms Association 

Lisa Raitt
BackgroundLisa Raitt, 55, was the MP for Milton, Ontario (2015–2019), previously Halton, Ontario (2008–2015) and the former Shadow Minister of Finance (2015–2016), Minister of Transport (2013–2015), Minister of Labour (2010–2013), Minister of Natural Resources (2008–2010), President and CEO of the Toronto Port Authority (2002–2008)  Stepped down from shadow cabinet on October 14, 2016, to prepare for leadership bid 
Date campaign announced: November 2, 2016
 
Policies
Opposes Leitch's proposal to screen immigrants for "anti-Canadian values"  She will "introduce balanced budgets, repeal carbon pricing legislation and prioritize the development of Canada's natural resources "Firearms policy   In March 2017, Raitt received a rating of C+ from the Canadian Coalition for Firearms Rights for her policies on firearms ownership in Canada   In April, she received a rating of D from the National Firearms Association 

Andrew Saxton
BackgroundAndrew Saxton, 59, is the former Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance (2013–2015), Parliamentary Secretary to the President of the Treasury Board and for Western Economic Diversification (2011–2013), MP for North Vancouver (2008–2015), former chief executive officer of King George Financial Corporation 
Date campaign announced: October 18, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (3)Joyce Bateman (Winnipeg South Centre, 2011–2015)
John Duncan (Vancouver Island North, 1993–2006, 2008–2015)
John Fraser (Vancouver South, 1972–1993; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1986–1993)Former Senators: (1)Noël Kinsella (New Brunswick, 1990–2014; Speaker of the Senate, 2006–2014)Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia: (1)David Holmes Black (Black Press Owner)Policies
Saxton's campaign is an economic platform  He plans on lowering taxes and balancing the budget 

Andrew Scheer
BackgroundAndrew Scheer, 44, Opposition House Leader (2015–2016), MP for Regina—Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan (2004–present), Speaker of the House of Commons (2011–2015)  Scheer was a member of the Canadian Alliance at the time of the merger 

Date campaign announced: September 28, 2016
 
Policies
Running as an "unapologetic" Conservative who can unite all wings of the party  He is "committed" to lower taxes, fiscal responsibility, and "compassion"  Scheer believes that there should be a "more robust screening process " Scheer is pro-life, but doesn't intend to bring any legislation on the topic  Scheer advocates for immigration based process, economic indicators, and "what our society needs "

Brad Trost
BackgroundBrad Trost, 49, was the MP for Saskatoon—University, (2015–2019) and Saskatoon—Humboldt (2004–2015) previously  He was appointed Official Opposition Critic for Canada-U S  Relations (2015–2016) following the 2015 election  Prior to election, Trost worked as an exploration geophysicist (prospector) in natural resources extraction in the north  He was also an active participant in his family's mixed grain, oilseeds and beef cattle farm operation  In his first Parliament, he founded the Conservative Party Energy Caucus and pushed for the re-creation of the Standing Committee on Natural Resources  He has served on the Standing Committees on International Trade and on Industry, and was elected vice-chair of the Canada-U S  Parliamentary Association 
Date campaign announced: August 16, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (2)Leon Benoit (Vegreville—Wainwright, 1993–2015),
Maurice Vellacott (Saskatoon—Wanuskewin, 1997–2015)Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (2)Campaign Life Coalition,
Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia:
Policies
Running as a social conservative, opposes a carbon tax, transgender bathrooms, tax increases generally, assisted suicide and abortion, deficit financing, and legalization of marijuana  Has been outspoken against abortion and against same-sex marriage and argued unsuccessfully at the 2016 Conservative policy convention to retain the party's definition of marriage as "the Union of one man and one woman"  Advocates privatization of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 

Withdrawn candidates
Tony Clement
BackgroundTony Clement, 62, is the MP for Parry Sound—Muskoka, Ontario (2006–2019) and has been Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs (2015–2016), President of the Treasury Board (2011–2015), Minister of Industry (2008–2011), Minister of Health (2006–2008), and a 2004 leadership candidate, placing third  He was an MPP in the Ontario legislature (1995–2003) and a provincial cabinet minister (1997–2003) under Premiers Mike Harris and Ernie Eves  Clement also ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in 2002, placing third 
Date campaign announced: July 12, 2016
Date withdrawn: October 12, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (1)Leo Housakos (Quebec; Speaker of the Senate, 2015)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (1)Brad Butt (Mississauga—Streetsville, 2011–2015)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians: (1)Gary Mar (Alberta MLA for Calgary Nose Creek, 1993–2004, and Calgary-Mackay, 2004–2007)Former municipal politicians: (1)Stephen Sparling (Halton Regional Councillor for Oakville, 1991–2000)Other prominent individuals: (2)Sandra Buckler (Director of Communications, Prime Minister's Office 2006–2008),
John Capobianco (FleishmanHillard National Lead)Organizations:
Media:
Other information
Said he would bring in coherent environmental policies in the wake of the Paris climate change accord, end government subsidies to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation  Withdrew after he was unable to meet fundraising targets he'd set for his campaign 
Later endorsed Maxime Bernier 

Daniel Lindsay
BackgroundDaniel Lindsay, 60, president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, radiologist, has done five tours as a civilian medical specialist with the Canadian Armed Forces, including in Kandahar, Afghanistan 
Date campaign announced: May 25, 2016
Date withdrawn: December 28, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (1)Betty Unger (Alberta)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:
Other information
Withdrew after he was unable to fundraise enough money to meet December 31 deadline for paying the party the $50,000 leadership campaign compliance fee  Later endorsed Erin O'Toole 

Kevin O'Leary
Kevin O'Leary, 68, is a businessman, investor, journalist, writer, financial commentator and Emmy award-winning television personality 

Policies
O'Leary supported using a "big stick" federally in order to bring provincial governments in-line with federal policies, cutting waste in military spending, supports a peacekeeping role for the military, cutting carbon emissions through criminal sanctions rather than a carbon tax, supports current immigration policy but also wishes to "fast-track" the citizenship applications of skilled immigrants, asserted he would support LGBTQI people, legalize marijuana and defend reproductive rights 
Date campaign announced: January 18, 2017
Date withdrawn: April 26, 2017
Other information
O'Leary withdrew from the election despite polls showing he was the frontrunner  He stated that while he believed he could win the leadership election, he would be unable to defeat Justin Trudeau in the next federal election due to his inability to speak French fluently and his lack of support in Quebec  He endorsed Maxime Bernier  As his withdrawal took place after the deadline, O'Leary remained on the final leadership ballot 

Adrienne Snow
BackgroundAdrienne Snow, 49, Toronto-based communications consultant, former director of policy for National Foundation for Family Research and Education  Former executive director of Centre for the Study of Civic Renewal  Announced on August 23, 2016, that she intended to be a candidate but failed to register and announced in January that she was ending her campaign 
Date campaign announced: August 23, 2016
Date withdrawn: January 4, 2017

Declined
Rona Ambrose – Interim Leader of the CPC and Leader of the Official Opposition (2015–2017), MP for Sturgeon River—Parkland (2015–2017) and Edmonton—Spruce Grove, Alberta (2004–2015), Minister of Health (2013–2015), Minister of Public Works and Government Services (2010–2013), Minister of Labour (2008–2010), Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (2007–2008), Minister of the Environment (2006–2007)  Ambrose is barred from running for permanent leader due to her position as interim leader and has declined interest in the permanent position 
John Baird – MP for Ottawa West—Nepean, Ontario (2006–2015), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2011–2015), Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (2010–2011), Minister of the Environment (2007–2008, 2010–2011), Minister of Transport (2008–2010), President of the Treasury Board, (2006–2007), Ontario Progressive Conservative Party MPP (1995–2005) and provincial cabinet minister (1999–2003) 
Candice Bergen – Opposition House Leader (2016–2020), Shadow Minister of Natural Resources (2015–2016), State for Social Development (2013–2015), MP for Portage—Lisgar, Manitoba (2008–present) 
Paul Calandra – Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister of Canada and for Intergovernmental Affairs (2013–2015), MP for Oak Ridges—Markham, Ontario (2008–2015) Endorsed Scheer 
Jean Charest – Premier of Quebec (2003–2012), Leader of the Quebec Liberal Party (1998–2012), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (1993–1998), Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (1993), Minister of the Environment (1991–1993), MP for Sherbrooke (1984–1998)
Christy Clark – Premier of British Columbia (2011–2017), Leader of the B C  Liberal Party (2011–2017)
Gérard Deltell – Quebec lieutenant and Shadow Finance Minister (2016–present), Shadow Minister of Employment and Workforce Labour (2015–2016), MP for Louis-Saint-Laurent, Quebec (2015–present), Quebec MNA for Chauveau (2008–2015) and leader of the Action démocratique du Québec (2009–2012)  Endorsed O'Toole 
Ed Fast – Shadow Minister for the Environment (2015–present), MP for Abbotsford, British Columbia (2006–present), Minister of International Trade (2011–2015)  Endorsed O'Toole 
Doug Ford – former Toronto city councillor (2010–2014) and mayoral candidate (2014) 
Daniel Fournier – real estate development and investor 
Jason Kenney – Chair of Shadow Cabinet Committee on Strategic Operations (2015–2016), MP for Calgary Midnapore, Alberta (2015–2016) and Calgary Southeast, Alberta (1997–2015), Minister of National Defence (2015), Minister for Multiculturalism (2013–2015), Minister of Employment and Social Development (2013–2015), Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (2008–2013)
Bernard Lord – Premier of New Brunswick (1999–2006), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick (1997–2006)
Peter MacKay – MP for Central Nova, Nova Scotia (2004–2015) and Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough, Nova Scotia (1997–2004), Minister of Justice and Attorney General (2013–2015), Minister of National Defence (2007–2013), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2006–2007), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party (2003)
Caroline Mulroney – investment management executive, daughter of former prime minister Brian Mulroney 
Mark Mulroney – head of capital equity markets at the National Bank of Canada, son of former prime minister Brian Mulroney 
James Moore – MP for Port Moody—Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam, British Columbia (2000–2004) and Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam, British Columbia (2004–2015), Minister of Industry (2013–2015), Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages (2008–2013)  Elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000 
Michelle Rempel – Shadow Minister of Immigration (2015–present), MP for Calgary Nose Hill, Alberta (2015–present) and Calgary Centre-North, Alberta (2011–2015), Minister of Western Economic Diversification (2013–2015)
Brad Wall – Premier of Saskatchewan (2007–2018), Leader of the Saskatchewan Party (2004–2018) 
Dianne Watts – Shadow Minister of Infrastructure & Communities (2015–present), MP for South Surrey—White Rock, British Columbia (2015–present), Mayor of Surrey (2004–2015) Endorsed O'Toole 

Opinion polling
Some of the polls below were conducted before nominations for the leadership closed and therefore include potential candidates for the leadership race  Rona Ambrose, as interim leader, is ineligible to run for the permanent leadership unless there is a change to the party's constitution 

Conservative Party members
Conservative Party supporters
All Canadians
See also
2017 United Conservative Party leadership election
2017 New Democratic Party leadership election
Passage 8:
Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu
Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu (born February 12, 1949) is a Canadian politician and victim's rights activist, who was appointed to the Senate of Canada on January 29, 2010 on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, representing the province of Quebec under the banner of the Conservative Party of Canada 

Career
Boisvenu is the founding president of the Murdered or Missing Persons' Families' Association, which he founded after the 2002 kidnaping, forcible confinement, rape and murder of his daughter Julie 
In 2006, the Association that he leads won a battle for the rights of victims of crime with the adoption of Bill 25 by the National Assembly of Quebec  This bill provides better compensation for victims of crime He is also co-founder of the Le Nid centre, a shelter for abused women in Val-d'Or, and of a camp for underprivileged youth in Estrie Professionally, Boisvenu is a former provincial civil servant in Quebec, and was regional director for the Department of Recreation, Game and Fisheries and for the Department of the Environment before becoming Deputy Minister for the Department of Regions Boisvenu has a bachelor's degree in educational psychology from the Université de Montréal and a master's degree in administration from L'École nationale d'administration publique in Quebec City Boisvenu serves on the following  committees: Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs; Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications and the Standing Committee on National Security and Defence 
He sponsored both government and private Members’ bills: Bill C-37 (Increasing Offenders’ Accountability for Victims Act); Bill C-23 (Eliminating Pardons for Serious Crimes Act); Bill C-310 (An Act to amend the Criminal Code-trafficking in persons), Bill C-316 (An Act to amend the Employment Insurance Act - incarceration); Bill C-293 (An Act to amend the Corrections and Conditional Release Act-vexatious complainants); Bill C-452 (An Act to amend the Criminal Code - exploitation and trafficking in persons) and Bill C-479 (An Act to bring Fairness for the Victims of Violent Offenders]) 
On February 24, 2015, he introduces Bill C-32 ([An Act to Enact the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights and to amend certain Acts) 
In February 2012, Boisvenu, a key Conservative spokesman on crime issues, stated that convicted murderers should be given the choice of suicide rather than spending life in jail  He retracted the statement after it sparked controversy and later issued an apology "if his comment offended people whose close ones committed suicide" In June 2013, it was reported that a Senate ethics complaint was filed against Boisvenu  The complaints relate to Boisvenu using his position of senator to influence the clerk of the Senate and another Senator to arrange a job and time off for his assistant, with whom he had a romantic relationship  Furthermore, objections were raised because of Boisvenu's six-month delay in complying with a previous ethics order In June 2014, Senate ethics officer Lyse Ricard found that Boisvenu had acted inappropriately by renewing his assistant's contract while the two were involved in a relationship, and that he also violated the code by promising her a two-week period of sick leave between jobs  He then contacted Senate clerk Gary O'Brien and Senate leader David Tkachuk in a bid to have the time off counted as sick leave and not vacation time  However, Ricard concluded that Boisvenu was responsible for "an error of judgment made in good faith" and did not recommend he be sanctioned  In 2012, there were media reports that, after his divorce, Boisvenu continued to charge the Senate for $20,000 in out-of-town living expenses, even though he had left his home in Sherbrooke, Quebec, and was living in Gatineau, Quebec Boisvenu resigned from the Conservative caucus in June 2015 after learning that he is the subject of an RCMP investigation into his expense claims  He was readmitted to the Conservative caucus on November 22, 2016 after the RCMP decided not to lay charges against the Senator 

Alleged links to the far-right
In 2017, it was reported that Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu was a member of Facebook group for "PEGIDA Quebec" and the group for La Meute  Although Boisvenu actively participated in both groups, he later said joined one group "by accident" and the other "out of curiosity"  He initially insisted he would remain a member, but later left the two groups  Conservative Senator Leo Housakos distanced himself from Boisvenu: "In the case of Mr  Boisvenu, it seems that he's decided to endorse certain organizations that are blatantly racist, and unfortunately that doesn't represent at all who we are in the Conservative caucus "In 2019, Boisvenu was found to be actively participating in the far-right Facebook groups "Canadian Coalition of Concerned Citizens (C4)" and Yellow Vests Canada In May 2018, and again in February 2019, Boisvenu gave an interview on YouTube Channel "Le Stu-Dio", which promotes far-right conspiracy theories, including the 9/11 truther movement 

Personal life
Boisvenu founded the "Murdered or Missing Persons' Families' Association" after the 2002 kidnapping, forcible confinement, rape and murder of his daughter Julie  Boisvenu then began advocating for the rights of victims of crime, especially for the families of murdered or missing persons  In 2004, he co-founded with three other fathers of missing or murdered women, the association 
In 2005, his second daughter, Isabelle, died in a car accident 
Passage 9:
Congress of the New Right
The Congress of the New Right (Polish: Kongres Nowej Prawicy, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland  The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR)  The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015, upon revelations that he had fathered 2 children out of wedlock  The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011 

History
The political organisation KNP was founded by supporters of Liberty and Lawfulness leader, Janusz Korwin-Mikke, who finished fourth in the 2010 Polish presidential election, receiving 2 5% votes (over 400,000)  Taking advantage of his rising popularity, a group of political activists derived from both the former party of Janusz Korwin-Mikke, the Real Politics Union, and the Liberty and Lawfulness (dissolved three days earlier), came together on 9 October 2010 to form a new party: the "Real Politics Union – Liberty and Lawfulness"  The new party took part in the 2010 local Polish elections, represented by commissioner Tomasz Sommer   The committee put forward candidates in thirteen voivodeships  The "Congress of the New Right" equaled the results of its leader in two voivodeships, Lesser Poland (2 69%) and Mazovia (2 32%)  In terms of overall country-wide votes, the party concluded the election at seventh place  The committee had candidates for the position of mayor in some main cities in Poland in the same 2010 elections  Janusz Korwin-Mikke ended fourth in the mayoral election in Warsaw, gaining 3 90% of the eligible votes  Afterwards, the new party, the Congress of the New Right was founded on 25 March 2011, a day after the "Real Politics Union – Liberty and Lawfulness" had ceased to exist 

Activity
The first meeting of the new party was held on 16 April 2011 in the Palace of Culture and Science  Over 2,000 sympathizers attended the meeting, including notable people like Krzysztof Rybiński, Andrzej Sośnierz, Krzysztof Bosak, Romuald Szeremietiew, Stanisław Michalkiewicz or Tomasz Sommer  One month later, "Congress of the New Right" was formally acknowledged on 12 April 2011 as a new name of the party 
The Congress registered an electoral committee under the name "Nowa Prawica - Janusz Korwin Mikke" for the upcoming 2011 parliamentary elections  The National Election Committee ("Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza", PKW) accepted the party in 21 of 41 electoral districts, refusing the Congress to enlist for the rest on the grounds of not delivering a 'list of supporters' on time  The decision was generally received as controversial  The PKW rejected to submit motives of the refusal despite being constitutionally obliged to do so  This move effectively denied the Congress of the New Right access to the Polish Parliament as it effectively had to receive twice the votes of the constitutional threshold of five percent in order to be elected to the Polish Parliament  The party could not put forward candidates in most of the largest cities in Poland, including Warsaw, where Janusz Korwin-Mikke was denied enlistment  Representatives of other parties (UPR, LPR and others) were put on the lists of the Congress of the New Right  In the elections to the Polish Senate the party was allowed to put forward candidates on 10 out of 100 electoral districts (the number of electoral districts differ for the Polish Parliament and the Polish Senate)  The elections were disastrous for the party as it received merely 1 06% votes (151 837), a result that placed it at seventh place  Therefore, none of the party's candidates were voted into the Senate 
On 9 January 2013 The KNP Youth Section was officially founded  Access is granted to both young adults as well as those who have not reached the age of majority (18) 
In the 2015 party's leader Janusz Korwin-Mikke, along with party's MP Przemysław Wipler and MEP Robert Iwaszkiewicz split into Liberty, whose leader became Janusz Korwin-Mikke 
In the parliamentary election in 2015 KNP stood for the Sejm from the lists of Kukiz'15, gaining 1 MP 

Aims
KNP is against interfering with the current election system  It calls for enacting a new libertarian-minded constitution, reduction of the size of the Polish Parliament and forming a State Council, which would replace the Parliament as the legislative branch  KNP is also in favor of more regional autonomy The party's main priorities are lowering taxes (including the abolition of income tax) and reducing the national debt by cutting down social programs and allowing the economy to flourish KNP is for the total decriminalisation of using and producing drugs KNP is for establishing a presidential system instead of the current parliamentary system 
KNP opposes same-sex marriage The party is for the restoration of capital punishment [10]The party supports Polish withdrawal from the European Union and wants to maintain the Polish zloty and to make it a gold-based currency 
KNP is anti-abortion only allowing in case of risk for the mother's life 

Election results
Sejm
Senate
Presidential
Regional assemblies
European Parliament
Footnotes
Further reading
Bachrynowski, Szymon (2015)  "Between Europe and Russia: The Foreign Policy of Janusz Korwin-Mikke's New Right in Poland"  The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs (2): 135–144 
Szczerbiak, Aleks (10 June 2014)  "The Congress of the New Right is the latest anti-establishment party to have success in Poland, but it may struggle to secure long-term support"  EUROPP — European Politics and Policy blog  London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) 

External links
Official website (in Polish)
Passage 10:
Patrick Brown (politician)
Patrick Brown may refer to:

Patrick Brown (cricketer) (born 1998), English cricketer
Patrick Brown (ice hockey) (born 1992), American ice hockey player
Patrick Brown (journalist), British-Canadian journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Patrick Brown (Canadian politician) (born 1978), Canadian politician and mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Canada
Patrick Brown (Northern Irish politician), Northern Irish politician
Patrick Brown (photographer) (born 1969), Australian photojournalist, recipient of World Press Award 2018
Sleepy Brown (Patrick Brown, born 1970), American R&B singer, songwriter, and record producer
Patrick O  Brown (born 1954), American professor of biochemistry at Stanford University
Patrick (Bischoff) Brown (born 1978), American engineer, producer and studio owner
Patrick Brown (American football) (born 1986), American football offensive tackle
Patsy Brown (Patrick A  Brown, 1872–1958), Irish-American maker of the uilleann pipes

See also
Pat Brown (disambiguation)
Patrick Browne (disambiguation)
Sir Patrick Broun, 1st Baronet (c  1630–1688), of the Broun baronets
Brown (surname), a surname of English and Scottish origin



ground_truth: Andrew Scheer

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: MV Miralda's owner announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital  The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes : 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20 : 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world : 212 The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese  Other reference sources list it as East Timorese  The word Maubere formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021 : 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48 5 to 69 5  Expected years of schooling rose from 9 8 to 12 4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2 8 to 4 4  Progress since 2010 for these has been limited  Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since : 3  As of 2016, 45 8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16 3% severely so : 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7 8, dropped to 4 2 by 2016  It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer: 3  and less literate households  As of 2016, the average household size was 5 3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women : 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003 : 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010  Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period  As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia : 11

Ethnicity and language
Timorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group  Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups : 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity : 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect : 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups : 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent  There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka  Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation  East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically Goan descent, as well as historical immigration from Africa and Yemen Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan : 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects : 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a  According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a  The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum, mostly around Dili or the western border  Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast  The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality : 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30 6% of the population), Mambai (16 6%), Makasai (10 5%), Tetum Terik (6 05%), Baikenu (5 87%), Kemak (5 85%), Bunak (5 48%), Tokodede (3 97%), and Fataluku (3 52%)  Other indigenous languages accounted for 10 47%, while 1 09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum  In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as "working languages" : 3  This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date  In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report  Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools  The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it  Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country : 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77 8% in Tetum, 55 6% in Indonesian, and 39 3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012  According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese  The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English 

Education
East Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021  It is slightly higher among women than men : 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty : 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education  Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate : 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor  Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals  Education takes up 10% of the national budget : 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor  There are also four colleges Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8 4% of primary school and 6 8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81 6% for primary and 46 3% for secondary schools  Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73 7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district  Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language : 28

Religion
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble  Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities According to the 2015 census, 97 57% of the population is Catholic; 1 96% Protestant; 0 24% Muslim; 0 08% Traditional; 0 05% Buddhist; 0 02% Hindu, and 0 08% other religions  A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98 3% of the population, Protestants 1 2%, and Muslims 0 3% The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs  East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity  Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese mass was replaced by Indonesian mass  While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion  The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana  In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretised with local animist beliefs  The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia  Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor 

Culture
The many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom  Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems : 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited  The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited : 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language  At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration : 98–99 The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity : 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule : 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop  This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones : 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices : 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands  Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili : 53–54 The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country : 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers  Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership  Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today  An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness  Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country  Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families : 7–13 

Community life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community : 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials : 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community : 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses  Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities : 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status : 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house : 96 Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island  Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns  Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders  For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women  Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups : 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture : I-5 Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects : 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry  This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge : 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry  Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior" In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013  Shot with a limited budget by a mix of local filmmakers and a volunteer Australian film crew, the film depicted East Timorese life under Indonesian occupation in the 1970s, with producer Lurdes Pires acknowledging their aim to diverge from the government's "friendship and forgiveness" policy for its past conflicts by telling a story of truth-seeking and justice 

See also
Outline of East Timor
Index of East Timor-related articles
List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East
Passage 2:
Estanislau da Silva
Estanislau da Conceição Aleixo Maria da Silva (born 4 August 1952) is an East Timorese politician and a key member of Fretilin  He was acting Prime Minister from May 2007 to August 2007 
A member of Fretilin since 1974, Da Silva served on the diplomatic front for the East Timorese resistance during the years of the Indonesian occupation of Timor-Leste (1975 to 1999)  During the occupation, Da Silva resided in Mozambique (1976 to 1984), Portugal (1975 to 1976 and 1984 to 1985) and Australia (1985 to 1999), before returning to Timor-Leste in 1999 
After Timor-Leste achieved independence in 2002, Da Silva was appointed as the country's first Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries  On 10 July 2006, he was sworn in as the First Deputy Prime Minister of Timor-Leste  He was sworn in as the acting Prime Minister on 19 May 2007 to replace José Ramos-Horta who had been elected President of the young nation  He left office when Xanana Gusmão was sworn in as Prime Minister on 8 August 2007, following the June 2007 parliamentary election 

Early life
Da Silva was born in Dili in 1952 to Luis da Silva and Genoveva Aleixo  He attended primary school from 1961-1962 to 1964-1965 in Fuiloro - Lautém district, and Dili Technical School from 1965-1966 to 1970-1971  Upon graduation from Dili Technical School, Da Silva went to Lisbon to pursue further training in electrical and mechanical engineering 

Political activities
Da Silva joined Fretilin in 1974 and was a founding member of the Fretilin External Branch in Lisbon 
In 1976, Da Silva interrupted his studies in Lisbon and was sent to Australia by the Fretilin leadership to lobby support for Timor-Leste's independence struggle  During that time, Australian supporters of Timor-Leste's independence struggle (Campaign for Independence of East Timor - CIET) requested that Da Silva assist Neville Cunningham and António Belo to operate and maintain a radio connection to the Fretilin leadership based in Timor-Leste  As Da Silva was not an Australian resident, he had to operate the radio secretly and spent six months in bush of Australia's Northern Territory  
In September 1976, Da Silva and Cunningham were tracked down and arrested by the Northern Territory Police Force and the radio link severed  Da Silva was released after a one-day trial and left Australia for Mozambique  The radio link was later re-established by Fretilin members and Australian supporters of Timor-Leste's struggle for independence 
Upon his return to Australia in 1985, Da Silva campaigned tirelessly for Timor-Leste's independence  This included speaking at public forums, organising demonstrations against the illegal Indonesian occupation, organising fundraising activities and lobbying MPs  Da Silva also maintained regular contact with the clandestine movement and the Fretilin leadership in Timor-Leste and assisted in helping people at risk of persecution escape Timor-Leste and settle in Australia  In 1994 he became the Fretilin representative in Australia 
Da Silva was voted into the Fretilin Central Committee in 1998 at the Fretilin National Conference held in Sydney, Australia  His mandate was renewed at the First National Congress in 2001 as well as the Second National Congress which was held in May 2006  He was elected chairperson in both events  He is also one of the 15 members of the National Political Commission of Fretilin which leads the work of the party between the Fretilin Central Committee meetings 
He was re-elected to a seat in parliament in the June 2007 parliamentary election as the ninth name on Fretilin's candidate list 

Education and professional career
Da Silva studied Agronomy at Eduardo Mondlane University, and worked at Marracuene state enterprise as the Chief Agronomist for the Mozambican government  He also attended the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India for short training courses in agriculture systems for arid and semi arid regions 
Whilst in Australia, Da Silva continued his studies in agronomy at the University of Sydney, where he completed a post-graduate diploma in Agronomy in 1987  In 1988 Da Silva was employed by the New South Wales Agricultural Department at the Trangie Research Agricultural Centre and from 1994 to 1997 worked at the Australian Cotton Research Institute in Narrabri 
In 1999, Da Silva returned to Timor-Leste  He worked as a World Bank consultant for agriculture and later as Asian Development Bank project manager for infrastructure before becoming Minister for Agriculture during the second United Nations transitional government  In May 2002, upon the restoration of independence of Timor Leste, Da Silva became the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 
In 2002, Da Silva completed a two-year post-graduate training course in management and leadership provided by the Asian Development Bank Institute in Tokyo, Japan 
Da Silva is a capable and respected administrator and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is one of the success stories of an independent Timor Leste  Under Da Silva, Timor-Leste's rice production increased every year except for in 2006 where the political crisis had a negative effect on the country's institutions and economy as a whole  During this time Timor-Leste's rice import dependency was reduced from two thirds to one third of domestic consumption 
Da Silva is fluent in English, Portuguese and Tetum 
Passage 3:
Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship
The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005  The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the "conclusive truth" behind the events  After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor  The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral 

Background
East Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974  East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist  The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory  It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support  The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken  The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government 
Indonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades  During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia  Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area, with UN workers being attacked in Maliana  It soon became clear in the wake of the referendum that the referendum result would be overwhelmingly in favor of the "no" option on the ballot; this raised tensions to a boiling point, and within two hours of the announcement of the results, armed militia groups began attacking civilians  Militia continued to attack civilians as they withdrew from the country, and several massacres occurred as the troops filtered out of the area  A UN peacekeeping force known as INTERFET was deployed to stabilize the situation, made up of mostly Australian troops, and was withdrawn with the arrival of normal UN peacekeepers  East Timor eventually transitioned from a UN mandate to an independent country 

Report
The commission itself was announced in August 2006 and sought to establish "the conclusive truth regarding human rights violations to have occurred prior to, immediately after the Popular Consultation on 30 August 1999" as well as "prepare recommendations that can contribute to healing wounds of the past and strengthen friendship"  The timing of the commission's creation was criticized by some, as it was believed that it was created to intentionally subvert calls for an international tribunal to deal with the events surrounding the 1999 plebiscite  The commission's mandate allowed it to review documents pertaining to four other inquiries surrounding the events that predated it: "The Indonesian National Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights Violations in East Timor in 1999", "The Indonesian Ad Hoc Human Rights Court on East Timor", "The Special Panels for Serious Crimes", and "The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation" The commission was made up of four members appointed from each nation, and these commissioners were instructed to conduct a document review and analyze previous trials and investigations into the subject, including the UN Special Panels for Serious Crimes and Serious Crime Units in Dili, and the report of the Commission of Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste  The commission also stated its intent to research the "historical background, political dynamics, and institutional structures that shaped events before and during 1999" to "inform its conclusions with a broader understanding of the way in which the causes of the violence in 1999 were connected to previously established institutional structures and practices "Operating over three years, the commission gave its final report on July 15, 2008, and presented it to the Presidents of Indonesia and East Timor, concluding that "gross human rights violations in the form of crimes against humanity did occur in East Timor in 1999" and that "pro-autonomy militia groups, TNI, the Indonesian civil government, and Polri must all bear institutional responsibility", as well as stating that "from a moral and political perspective the respective states must accept state responsibility for the violations identified in the report " The commission also made recommendations that both nations begin institutional reform enhancing the strength of investigative and prosecuting bodies involved with investigations into the events, as well as forming joint security policy to ensure the safety of individuals in case of the recurrence of violence  It also noted the need to resolve other standing border and security issues between the two nations to allow for more cooperation  Notably, the report gave no recommendations of amnesty or rehabilitation  The report was endorsed by the president of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, making it the first recognition of the Indonesian government's complicity in human rights violations in East Timor by Indonesia 

Reception
In Indonesia and Timor, the report was presented to both governments and accepted by both the Timorese and Indonesian governments  However, Timorese NGO Timor-Leste National Alliance for International Tribunal wrote an open letter in response to the commission's findings with several criticisms, including the lack of public consultation with victims and parliamentary approval of the commission, as well as noting that the commission assigned institutional responsibility rather than individual responsibility, "which is contrary to the principles of international laws which were ratified by the state of Timor-Leste and to Article 160 of its constitution which says that there must be a justice process for crimes against humanity ", as well as stating their belief that the CAVR was a more trustworthy and support worthy commission for the government to support Internationally, the report had a mixed reception  Some, such as the War Crimes Studies Center at the University of California, Berkeley, said that the commission could be seen as "widely acknowledged as credible and far-reaching ", noting that the Indonesian government's affirmation of the results was important and that the commission made arguments that "there was credible evidence to indicate that Timorese institutions were also responsible for illegal detentions and possibly other crimes "

See also
History of East Timor
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Santa Cruz massacre
Passage 4:
The Truth About Men
The Truth About Men is the eighth studio album by American country music artist Tracy Byrd  Released in 2003 as the third and final album for RCA Nashville, it features the singles "The Truth About Men", "Drinkin' Bone", and "How'd I Wind Up in Jamaica"  Before its release, Byrd charted in the country top 40 with the single "Lately (Been Dreamin' 'bout Babies)", which does not appear on the album 
The track "Making Memories of Us" was later recorded by The Notorious Cherry Bombs on their self-titled debut album, and again by Keith Urban on his 2004 album Be Here  Urban's rendition of the song was a Number One hit on the country music charts in 2005 

Track listing
Personnel
Tracy Byrd - lead vocals
Billy Carpenter - drums
Johnny Lee Carpenter - fiddle
Britt Godwin - electric guitar
Larry Shelton - trumpet
Stacy Clark - trumpet
Lisa Cochran - background vocals
Jim Cox - piano
Eric Darken - percussion
Randall Dennis - piano
Dan Dugmore - dobro, steel guitar
Stuart Duncan - fiddle
Paul Franklin - steel guitar
Troy Gentry - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Andy Griggs - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Aubrey Haynie - fiddle, mandolin
Wes Hightower - background vocals
John Hobbs - piano
John Barlow Jarvis - Hammond organ, piano, synthesizer
Troy Lancaster - electric guitar
Paul Leim - drums, percussion
B  James Lowry - acoustic guitar
Liana Manis - background vocals
Jay Dee Maness - steel guitar
Brent Mason - electric guitar
Mark Matoska - steel guitar
Eddie Montgomery - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
John J  Moore - bass guitar, background vocals
John Robinson - drums
John Wesley Ryles - background vocals
Blake Shelton - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Leland Sklar - bass guitar
Carey Stone - electric guitar
Michael Thompson - electric guitar
Neil Thrasher - background vocals
Billy Joe Walker Jr  - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Gabe Witcher - fiddle
Glenn Worf - bass guitar
Reggie Young - electric guitar

Charts
Passage 5:
The Trouble with the Truth (song)
"The Trouble with the Truth" is a song written by Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in April 1997 as the fifth and final single and title track from her album  The Trouble with the Truth 
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 15 during the week of July 12, 1997 

Other versions
Joan Baez also cut a version of the song during an early 1990s recording session in Nashville, but the recording remained unissued until released in 2012 as a bonus track on the remastered rerelease of her 1992 album Play Me Backwards 

Chart positions
Passage 6:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1264
United Nations Security Council resolution 1264, adopted unanimously on 15 September 1999, after recalling previous resolutions on East Timor (Timor-Leste), the Council authorised the establishment of the multinational International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) to restore peace and security in the territory, facilitate humanitarian assistance and protect the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) The Security Council welcomed the successful conduct of the East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum on 30 August 1999, in which the East Timorese people voted for independence from Indonesia  Meanwhile, there was concern about the deteriorating security situation and the violence that had displaced many residents  Attacks also took place against UNAMET and other international and national humanitarian personnel and this had particularly affected vulnerable groups  There were reports of widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights law across East Timor, and Indonesia had accepted the presence of a United Nations international peacekeeping force in the region Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council condemned the violence in East Timor, called for those responsible to be brought to justice and emphasised the need for immediate unrestricted humanitarian assistance to the area  In this regard, it authorised the establishment of an Australian-led multinational force under joint command with the task of restoring peace, protecting the UNAMET mission and assisting in humanitarian operations using all necessary measures  The force consisted of 8,000 personnel from 17 countries  The Government of Indonesia, which had temporary responsibility for the security of East Timor, would co-operate with the multinational force or INTERFET 
The resolution noted that part of the agreement between Indonesia and Portugal on the future of East Timor stipulated a peaceful and orderly transfer of authority in East Timor to the United Nations and INTERFET was asked to support the process  The multinational force would be present in East Timor for four months until replaced by a United Nations peacekeeping force and would be required to submit periodic reports on its progress Finally, the Secretary-General was asked to make preparations for a transitional administration in East Timor that would include a peacekeeping operation during the implementation phase following the referendum 

See also
1999 East Timorese crisis
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1201 to 1300 (1998–2000)
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
Passage 7:
Kotamadya
In Indonesian law, the term "city" (kota) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia, an equivalent to regency (kabupaten)   The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city   However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities 
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the official dictionary of Indonesian language, city (kota) is "a densely populated area with high density and modern facilities and most of the population works outside of agriculture "Cities are divided into districts (Kecamatan, Distrik in Papua region, or Kemantren in Yogyakarta) 

Historical classification
Gemeente/municipality
During the Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente, or municipality, since the decentralisation law in 1903  The gemeente was a third-level subdivision, below residentie (residency) and gouvernement (governorate) or provincie (province) 

Kota besar and kota kecil
The terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948  Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province   Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province 

Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja
According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision)   Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts)   Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia The terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999   Jakarta continued to become the only urban area with a province status 

Kota administratif
The term kota administratif (administrative city, not to be confused with kota administrasi) was used after the implementation of Act Number 5 of 1974  Kota administratif status was granted to a town inside the territory of a regency (kabupaten) that were deemed necessary in accordance with the town's growth and development  Kota administratif does not have autonomy and its own legislature, and was responsible to its parent regency  The term kota administratif was abolished with the implementation of Act Number 22 of 1999, and all kota administratif were either granted full kota (city) status or dissolved and merged with its parent regency 

Kota
The term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia  Kota is headed by a mayor (walikota), who is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term   Each kota is divided further into districts, more commonly known as kecamatan 

Jakarta as a city
Jakarta, then known as Batavia, was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire   On the 4 March 1621, the first city government (stad) was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first municipality (gemeente) of the Dutch East Indies  Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province of West Java  With the release of the Act Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia  Although Jakarta is now written as a 'province' in Indonesian law products, it is still widely referred to as a city  The United Nations (UN) classifies Jakarta as a 'city' on its statistical database The Special Capital Region of Jakarta consists of five 'administrative cities' and one 'administrative regency'  Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are not self-governing, and were only created for bureaucracy purposes   The administrative cities do not have city councils, and their mayors were exclusively selected by the Governor of Jakarta without any public election   Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management"  Anies Baswedan, the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres   It is a city with the province status " Unlike other 36 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a 'governor office', the governor of Jakarta works in a city hall (Balai Kota DKI Jakarta) 

List of cities by date of incorporation
Notes^[a]  Incorporated as Batavia
^[b]  Incorporated as Buitenzorg
^[c]  Incorporated as Fort de Kock
^[d]  Incorporated as Kutaraja
^[e]  Incorporated as Tanjungkarang–Telukbetung

See also

City status
List of Indonesian cities by population
List of Indonesian cities by GDP
Passage 8:
Zeferino Martins
Zeferino Martins, also known as Ze Martins (born September 5, 1985) is an East Timorese footballer who plays as midfielder for Ad  Dili Oeste and the Timor-Leste national team 



ground_truth: trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland

FIN

fi

Finland