prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city was the author of What We Talk About When We Talk About love born in?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Neal Asbury
Neal Asbury (born May 2, 1957) is Chief Executive of The Legacy Companies  An advocate of entrepreneurship and free enterprise,  he hosts the nationally syndicated talk radio show Neal Asbury's Truth for America (now Neal Asbury's Made in America) 

Early life
Neal Asbury attended Jefferson Township High School in Jefferson Township, New Jersey  After graduation he enrolled in Rowan University in New Jersey graduating in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music 

Career
After graduating from Rowan University Neal began working in the mail room of a Fifth Avenue as a food service exporter  A year later, Asbury moved on to Manila, working as a director of sales for a large trading company and traveling to capitals in the Far East  Seven years later, he founded Asbury Worldwide  By 1987, the firm had grown to include twelve distribution facilities around the globe   In 1989, he started began FAB Asia, Inc  in Manila, Philippines, an  Asian fabricator of commercial kitchens for McDonald's as well as other American restaurant chains 
After selling his group of companies in July 1999, Asbury established Greenfield World Trade, a global trading company selling and servicing American manufactured products in over 130 countries to both  retail and commercial markets  He acquired J  Cobo (a distribution company with operations throughout Latin America), General (a manufacturer of food preparation equipment), Zeroll (a manufacturer of kitchen gadgets), and Omega (a manufacturer of electrical kitchen appliances) 

Awards and distinctions
Asbury has received the E-Star Export Award and the Export Achievement Award from the U S  Department of Commerce  Asbury's company was recognized as National Champion Exporter of The Year(2008) after they were first recognized in February as Exporter of the Year for Florida, which was preceded by being selected as the Region IV Exporter of the Year, covering the Southeast United States   Greenfield World Trade's Neal Asbury Named SBA's National Champion Exporter of the Year 

Radio show and blog
Each week Asbury hosts a talk radio show, Neal Asbury's Made In America, (formerly Truth For America), produced by Atlantic Radio Network   It is broadcast around the US by Radio America and deals with topics related to America's entrepreneurial spirit and the American Dream Asbury also writes the Conscientious Equity blog, which focuses on his interest for small business, entrepreneurship and the benefits of expanding the U S  role in global commerce  Topics discussed on the blog range from the health care crisis to job creation and international trade  Asbury's blog entries have been syndicated online, appearing on Moneynews com 

Personal life
On December 29 in 1984 Neal married Elizabeth Trixia Gomez Carpio, an actress from the Philippines  They have two daughters 
Passage 2:
Steve Somers
Steve Somers (born April 17, 1947), nicknamed the Schmoozer, is an American talk radio host best known for his work on the New York City sports radio station WFAN (660 AM)  He has been with the station since its inception in 1987 

Personal life
Somers is a native of San Francisco, California, and became a fan of the San Francisco Giants upon the team's arrival to the city in 1958  He graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1969  He currently resides in Manhattan  
His nickname is  "The Schmoozer " He roots for the New York Mets (or Metropolitans as he refers to them), the New York Knicks (or Knickerbockers) the New York Rangers and New York Jets (sometimes he even calls them the Jetropolitans) 

Career
Somers began his career in the Bay Area  Before graduating high school, he worked at KYA radio in San Francisco delivering on air high school sports reports   After college, Somers began hosting a news talk show on KNEW radio in Oakland  To that effect, Time Magazine ran a story naming him the youngest talk show host in the country at that period of time  Somers also worked a public address announcer for the NBA's San Francisco Warriors 
In 1970, Somers joined KPIX in San Francisco  as a weekend sports anchor and won a San Francisco Press Club Award  Over the next decade and a half he held other television sportscasting positions at KOVR in Sacramento, WXIA-TV in Atlanta and KNBC in Los Angeles  While in Los Angeles, he also launched a sports talk program at KMPC radio 
Somers joined WFAN at the station's inception in July 1987  He spent his first few years with the station as the overnight host  While he was on the overnight program he dubbed himself "Captain Midnight"  During this time he conducted one of the last ever interviews with Mark Koenig, who was the last living member of the 1927 New York Yankees  He later spent a few years co-hosting the 10am-1pm slot with WWOR-TV sports anchor Russ Salzberg  The program was titled "The Sweater and the Schmoozer " At that time, Somers developed some of the quirks that have been hallmarks of his WFAN tenure, dropping catchphrases such as "schmoooooozing S-P-O-R-T-S" (spelling out the word "sports"), giving time checks in minutes and seconds, uniquely reading the end of the station's phone number as "six-six-six-six" rather than the standard "sixty six-sixty six", joking at the expense of engineer Eddie Scozzare ("THE Eddie Scozzare?" "No, Eddie Maple, who do you think we're talking?"), and reading the catalogue numbers of live commercials ("LV-242, for those of you scoring at home, and I know you are   ") 
He is also known to refer to the New York Mets, by their official name "The New York Metropolitans" drawing out the parts as Metro-Politans, and referring to the Islanders as the Ice-landers 
Currently, Somers usually works during the evening on weekdays  His program can be heard anywhere from 6:30pm to 2am, depending on whether WFAN airs a sporting event that night  He is also sometimes heard on weekends  He is colloquially known as "The Schmoozer " Somers has said of the infrequent scheduling, "Sometimes, just sometimes, I forget what time zone I live in "
In October 2021, Somers stated that WFAN's owner Audacy had requested to move his show back into the overnight hours, a request Somers declined as he was no longer willing to work a graveyard slot  He stated that, because of the request, he was planning on retiring from his regular shift at WFAN "sooner rather than later," with the intention of remaining at WFAN on a reduced schedule as a fill-in host if Audacy allows 

Film
Somers appeared in the 1979 film The Visitor 
Passage 3:
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes is an American talk show hosted by artist Andy Warhol, that aired on MTV from 1985 to 1987  One of the network's earliest series, it featured interviews with up-and-coming musicians such as Courtney Love  Other such talk show guests include Debbie Harry and Chris Stein of Blondie, Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran, Ric Ocasek of the Cars, the Ramones, Grace Jones, Yoko Ono, Judd Nelson, Kevin Dillon, John C  McGinley, and William S  Burroughs 

See also
15 minutes of fame
Passage 4:
Treat Her Like a Lady (Diana King song)
"Treat Her Like a Lady" is a song by Jamaican-American singer Diana King from the 1995 album, Tougher Than Love  It was written by King, Andy Marvel and Billy Mann, and produced by Marvel  In 1997, it was covered by Canadian singer Celine Dion for her album, Let's Talk About Love 

Celine Dion version
Canadian singer Celine Dion recorded a cover version of "Treat Her Like a Lady" for her 1997 album, Let's Talk About Love  It was produced by Ric Wake  Dion changed some lyrics, gaining a co-writing credit  Diana King and Brownstone recorded guest vocals for the track  "Treat Her Like a Lady" was released as the final single in Europe between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It peaked inside top 40 in the United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland, Austria and Iceland 

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne called Dion's cover an "overarranged stab at reggae dancehall" and "unintentionally amusing"  The New York Observer editor Jonathan Bernstein wrote, "She's fallen on her face before when attempting to be as one with the rhythm, but Celine Dion has never humiliated herself as comprehensively as she does when mashing it up in a dance-hall style on "Treat Her Like a Lady"  As Seinfeld' s George Costanza remarked in a similar situation, "Sweet fancy Moses!"" Steven Wells from NME commented, "Celine raps hardcore radical feminism! Yes she does! She says that we've got to treat women like "ladies"  Otherwise they might go "crazy"  This is possibly the most profound statement on the subject of women's oppression since Germaine Greer's The Female Eunuch" 

Commercial performance
After the success of "My Heart Will Go On", radio stations in Quebec started playing "Treat Her Like a Lady" in May 1998  Because of that, it entered the airplay chart on 30 May 1998 and peaked at number nine  The commercial single was released in selected European countries between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It was issued almost a year after the previous single from Let's Talk About Love, "Immortality" 
In April 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in Austria and Germany, peaking at numbers 16 and 64, respectively  In May 1999, it debuted on the charts in the Netherlands and Belgium, reaching numbers 62 in the Netherlands, 70 in Wallonia and 78 in Flanders  In July 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in few other countries, peaking at numbers 29 in the United Kingdom, 33 in Scotland, 40 in Ireland, 54 in Sweden, and as a result number 91 on the European Hot 100 Singles  The song also reached numbers 13 in Iceland and 38 on the airplay chart in Spain 

Music video
The live music video was recorded on 18 December 1998, during the Let's Talk About Love World Tour in Montreal, Canada  It was directed by Gérard Pullicino  The video was included on the UK enhanced CD single in June 1999  In November 2022, it was uploaded into Dion's official YouTube channel 

Track listing and formats
Charts
Release history
Passage 5:
Roamin' Holiday
Roamin' Holiday is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 155th Our Gang short released (156th episode, 67th talking short, and 68th talking episode) 

Plot
Upset at being forced to do the household chores all weekend long (and the threat of taking dancing lessons), Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat, and Porky decide to run away from home  Taking a breather in the tiny village of Jenksville, the boys manage to cadge a meal from kindly storekeeper Mrs  Jenks  But when she finds out that the kids are runaways, she passes this information along to her husband, Constable Hi Jenks, who jovially decides to teach the boys a lesson  Pretending to arrest the four youngsters, Constable Jenks dresses them in convict stripes and forces them to work on the rock pile, figuring that after an hour or so they will be glad to return home  But an unanticipated swarm of bees brings this little morality play to a sudden and painful conclusion for the four roamin' rascals 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Darla Hood as Darla
Pete the Pup as himself

Additional cast
Joe White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Tom White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Otis Harlan as Hiram Jenks
May Wallace as 'Ma' Jenks

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 6:
Bangkok Love Story
Bangkok Love Story (Thai: เพื่อน   กูรักมึงว่ะ; RTGS: Phuean   Ku Rak Mueng Wa; literally "Friend     I love you") is a 2007 Thai film written and directed by Poj Arnon  A gay romantic crime action drama, it is the story of a man who falls in love with a gunman assigned to kill him 

Plot
A loner gunman named Maek is assigned to kidnap a police informant named Iht, but Maek has a change of heart when he takes Iht to the 'hit house'  Maek is ordered to kill Iht, but because he only kills scum and has discovered that Iht isn't bad, he refuses, turning the gun on the enforcers who had hired him to murder Iht  A gun battle ensues during which Maek is wounded, but Iht grabs Maek's gun and shoots their way out of the mobsters' headquarters  The two men then escape on Maek's motorcycle  Maek tells Iht to leave at gun point but he won't and takes Maek back to his rooftop hide-out  There, over a period of time, Iht tends to Maek's wound and finds himself attracted to him 
In fact, Maek is also attracted to Iht, but keeps it hidden, while Iht cares for his former would-be killer with great tenderness 
While giving Maek a bath one day, Iht kisses him on the mouth   Maek reciprocates and the two men engage in a passionate sexual experience  The next day, however, a conflicted Maek demands that Iht go away and leave him alone  Iht returns home to his fiancée, Sai, but is no longer interested in continuing a relationship with her  Iht spends his days pining over Maek, and tracks down Maek's brother, Mhok, and their mother  Mhok is HIV positive, as the result of sexual abuse by his and Maek's stepfather, and their mother is dying of AIDS 
Maek remains elusive, hiding from Iht when he visits the hideout, but leaving signs that he's there so Iht will return 
Though Maek avoids making contact with Iht, eventually he goes to visit his mother and brother, and Iht corners him at the entrance to the building, declaring his love for Maek and stressing how much he misses him   They kiss passionately  They are unfortunately covertly observed by Sai, Iht's live-in fiancée 
Maek's dream is to take his mother and brother away from Bangkok to the mountains of Mae Hong Son Province  But after Maek's mother overhears that Mhok has prostituted himself to survive after contracting AIDS from his stepfather, she commits suicide by hanging herself  The brothers take her down, and as they are rushing her from the apartment, she is killed by a gunshot fired by an unseen sniper  The bullet is presumably intended for Maek 
Maek's former mobster employers are gunning for him and Iht  Maek decides to hunt them down first, and he succeeds in killing them  After Mohk informs Iht what Maek is doing, Iht goes to the capo's house to try to stop Maek, but he is too late and misses Maek by a second  Iht is injured when the capo's wife shoots at a clock that shatters in Iht's face 
Maek, meanwhile meets his brother at the railway station to leave Bangkok for good  But before he can board the train, he is apprehended by the police and taken away  Mhok breaks down  He's the sole witness to his brother being apprehended 
Years pass by  Iht visits Maek in prison and reveals that he was left blind in the final gunbattle with Maek's ex-boss  Mhok commits suicide while at a Hospice of Watphrabahtnamphu in Lopburi because he no longer has the energy to fight his disease  Eventually, Maek is released from prison, and Iht meets him  But before the two men can leave to start their life together, Maek is shot dead by a single bullet fired by an unseen assassin  A bewildered, blind Iht collapses over his lover's corpse, swearing his love for him again and again 
Iht eventually regains his sight, and is finally able to view on his mobile phone a video recorded by Maek himself many years before, admitting that all along, he had loved Iht and that he would love him to his last breath 

Cast
Rattanaballang Tohssawat as Maek (Cloud)
Chaiwat Thongsaeng as Iht (Stone)
Weeradit Srimalai as Mhok (Fog)
Chatcha Rujinanon as Sai (Sand)
Suchao Pongwilai
Chonprakhan Janthareuang
Uthumporn Silaphan
Rachanu Boonchuduang

Production
When Bangkok Love Story was in pre-production in 2006, the Royal Thai Police raised objections to the script, which originally depicted a policeman (Iht) falling in love with the assassin Maek  The character Iht's exact connection to the police department was then made ambiguous so that the film would be passed by the Board of Censors, which includes members of the Royal Thai Police Both lead actors, Chaiwat Thongsang (Iht) and Ratanabanrang Tosawat (Maek), are heterosexual, according to a profile of the two actors in BK Magazine  Chaiwat said he took the role because he wanted the "challenge" and to "become famous"  Ratanabanrang simply stated playing a gay man "is an honor" Chaiwat said he had hoped camera angles could be used so he could avoid having to kiss his co-star, but director Poj Arnon insisted the kisses must be real  "It was totally disgusting at first, but we kind of got used to it after a while", Chaiwat said  Ratanabanrang said he had to imagine he was kissing his girlfriend  "Actually, we acted so well, that my girlfriend got paranoid" Both actors acknowledged that the film would be compared to Brokeback Mountain, but Ratanabanrang noted that Poj Arnon had the idea for Bangkok Love Story long before Brokeback had been adapted into a film 

Release and reception
Bangkok Love Story was released in Thailand cinemas on August 13, 2007  The film proved popular, with the Bangkok Post stating it was "the movie everybody has been talking about"  The film earned US$325,000 in its Thailand theatrical run Critical reception was mixed  The weekly BK Magazine stated that the film suffered from being overly melodramatic, but praised the cinematography by Tiwa Moeithaisong, which "turns Bangkok into a character in its own right "Reviews from the Bangkok English-language daily The Nation were characterised as "dismissive" 
LGBT-related website Fridae praised Bangkok Love Story as "the boldest Thai gay movie to date " It additionally praised the film for being a departure from the Thai LGBT genre, which generally features coarsely stereotyped kathoey transvestite caricatures Gay Thai independent film producer Vitaya Saeng-aroon similarly praised the film, saying director Poj Arnon was "brave enough to shake society up" Bangkok Love Story was screened at the 34th Brussels International Independent Film Festival, where it won the top prize, the Grand Award in all Categories  It was also the Opening Night selection for the 2007 Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, and played at the 2008 London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival 
TLA Releasing acquired theatrical, home video, television and video on demand rights for North America and the United Kingdom  The company plans to release the film in those territories in summer 2008 

Soundtrack
The film also produced a popular theme song "Yahk-Roo   Tae-Mai-Yahk-Taam" (in Thai: "อยากรู้   แต่ไม่อยากถาม meaning "I want to know, but I don't want to ask") by Calories Blah Blah (in Thai: แคลอรี่ส์ บลาห์ บลาห์) 
Passage 7:
Glove Taps
Glove Taps is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 151st Our Gang short (152nd episode, 63rd talking short, and 64th talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Butch explains that he clobbers every kid in school to prove that he is in charge  By a fluke, weak-kneed Alfalfa is chosen to face Butch in the barnyard boxing ring—and he has only one day to train for the big bout 
Spanky volunteers to be Alfalfa's trainer, which consists mostly of Alfalfa pulling him around in a little red wagon 
Porky and Buckwheat have had "this will not end well" expressions on their faces the whole time  They take matters into their own hands once the bout starts; knocking Butch out from behind a curtain and allowing Alfalfa to take the credit 

Notes
After appearing as a peripheral player in several earlier Our Gang shorts, Tommy Bond made a spectacular return to the series in Glove Taps  Here and in all future appearances, Bond is cast as neighborhood bully Butch, the bane of the existence of Spanky McFarland, Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer and the rest of the Gang 
Another Our Ganger debuts as Glove Taps Marks the first appearance of Darwood Kaye 
The background music in this one-reel comedy came from Marvin Hatley's Oscar-nominated score for the Laurel and Hardy feature Way Out West 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
Tommy Bond as Butch
Sidney Kibrick as Woim
Darla Hood as Darla
Darwood Kaye as Waldo

Extra kids
Hugh Chapman, John Collum, Rex Downing, Larry Harris, Joe Levine, Jackie Lindquist, Donald Proffitt, Hugh Sheridan, Harold Switzer, Jerry Tucker, Bobs Watson, Robert Winkler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 8:
Full House (season 2)
The second season of the family sitcom Full House originally aired on ABC between October 14, 1988 and May 5, 1989  From this season onward, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen are credited in the opening credits 

Plot
In season two, Danny is fired from his job as a sportscaster and instead is promoted to a higher position as the host of a morning talk show titled Wake Up San Francisco, earning him a co-host named Rebecca Donaldson (Lori Loughlin) and Jesse's potential love interest  Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey become best friends (much to Danny's jealousy) and start doing advertising jingles together  D  J  begins sixth grade and Stephanie enters first grade 

Main cast
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D  J  Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner

Episodes
See also
List of Full House episodes
Passage 9:
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a 1981 collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver, as well as the title of one of the stories in the collection  Considered by many one of American literature's most ambitious short-story collections, it was this collection that turned Raymond Carver into a household name in the publishing industry 

Content
"Why Don't You Dance?"
In 1977, Carver submitted a story with this title to Esquire, which Gordon Lish subsequently edited and retitled "I Am Going to Sit Down", but no version ever appeared in Esquire  The story was first published in Quarterly West in Autumn 1978 and later in The Paris Review in Spring 1981  The Quarterly West version incorporated many of Lish's suggested changes, while the final version was 9% shorter  It tells the story of a drinking man overseeing his yard sale  The reader gets the feeling that he may be selling all his possessions, looking to start life anew  A young couple stops by to select furniture for their new apartment  They haggle a little over prices and buy a TV and a bed  The drinking man tells the young woman to put a record on  When the music begins the man asks the couple to dance  Uncomfortably, they comply  Then the drinking man dances with the girl, and she says to him: "You must be desperate or something " Several weeks later, the woman is telling her friends about the man at his yard sale  She mocks the record player and records he gave them, saying: "Will you look at this shit?" The story ends with her trying to make sense of the man's situation before quitting her wondering altogether 
The story was adapted in the 2010 film Everything Must Go starring Will Ferrell and written and directed by Dan Rush 

"Viewfinder"
A hook-handed man takes a photograph of the narrator's house from the street, then sells it to him  The narrator asks the photographer in for coffee  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Mr  Coffee and Mr  Fixit"
A man reflects "about three years back" on his struggle to come to grips with a couple of troublesome relationships  He was surprised to see his elderly single mother kissing a man on the sofa upstairs  He says his kids were crazy and so was his wife, Myrna, who eventually fell for another man named Ross whom she met at Alcoholics Anonymous  He remembers how his father died and suggests to Myrna that they "hug awhile" and have a "real nice supper," and she responds somewhat lukewarmly  The manuscript version titled "Where Is Everyone?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Gazebo"
Set in a roomy upstairs suite, motel managers Holly & Duane discuss the disintegration of their marriage  Duane has been having an affair with a cleaning lady, Juanita  Duane tries to convince Holly that their love can be rekindled and reconciled but Holly does not agree  Duane is left hopelessly bemoaning the future he had envisioned with Holly  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"I Could See the Smallest Things"
Nancy wakes up in the middle of the night because of a noise outside  She realizes it's the open gate, and hesitantly she goes to the kitchen to smoke for a while before going out to investigate, leaving her alcoholic husband Cliff "passed out" and snoring loudly in bed  At the fence, Nancy meets her neighbor Sam, a widower, who is spreading insecticide to kill slugs which are ruining his garden  Nancy & Sam talk and it becomes clear Sam and Cliff, once good friends, have had a falling-out  Lonely and wishing to patch up their relationship, Sam asks Nancy to tell Cliff he said hello  Nancy says she will and goes back to bed, realizing she forgot to latch the gate shut  The manuscript version titled "Want to See Something?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Sacks"
Les, a textbook salesman, reflects back a year ago on an incident where he met up with his father in a Sacramento airport  It's been two years since his father's divorce from his mother  While the wife was away, the father had been having an extramarital affair with a Stanley Products saleswoman  The father asks Les if everything is okay, and Les lies, saying everything is fine  A fissure seems to grow between the father and son during the uncomfortable, transient, confusing meeting  Fairly sure that his father will play a negligent to nonexistent role in his future, Les boards his flight  The manuscript version titled "The Fling" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Bath"
On his birthday, young Scotty is walking to school when he is hit by a car and knocked unconscious  "The Bath" is a predecessor of "A Small, Good Thing," one of Carver's most famous stories, which was published in Cathedral  It is much shorter than "A Small, Good Thing" and ends on an ambiguous note as Scotty's mother goes home from the hospital to take a bath, which is where this version of the story gets its name 

"Tell the Women We're Going"
Two close childhood friends, identified by the author as Bill Jamison & Jerry Roberts, are out of school and have married  After Jerry married, Bill sensed a change in his friend, something that he'd never once shown  One afternoon, the two men leave both their wives and Jerry's kids to go out for a drive, for old-time's sake  They play pool and drink beer at the Rec Center, while reminiscing about the olden days  On their way out, they see two women biking down the road  Jerry proposes turning back and chatting them up, juvenile and excited  They pull up to the women and Bill introduces himself and Jerry, but the girls, named Barbara and Shannon, seem completely uninterested  They drive ahead and wait for the women to pass  The women, when they arrive, drop their bikes and cut down a path away from the men, which doesn't really bother Bill but does angers Jerry, who devises a plan to cut them off  The story ends in a surprise twist, with Jerry bashing Shannon and Barbara over their heads with a rock, ostensibly killing them both and proving Jerry's deep unhappiness with life  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"After the Denim"
James and Edith Packer, an elderly couple, go out for the night to play bingo at the local community center  While there, James is perturbed by a young hippy-like couple dressed in denim who go on to ruin his fun and evening: they take the Packers' parking spot; James sees the young man cheating and confronts him but the man denies the allegation  Later, when the young girl gets bingo, everybody but James claps  James is certain the couple will use the victory money on drugs  That night as the Packers are getting ready for bed, Edith reveals to James that she's been "bleeding" and "spotting," and she'll require medical attention  Restless and upset over his wife's sickness, James wonders why it isn't the young couple who has all the problems  The manuscript version titled "If It Please You" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"So Much Water So Close to Home"
As she was having breakfast, Claire, is shocked to learn that her husband, Stuart, and his three buddies, found the body of a girl washed up on the rivershore upon arriving in the afternoon for their yearly camping trip, as reported by the morning newspaper that day  Instead of reporting the body to the police immediately, the four rather enjoy their vacation, spending some time fishing, getting to eating, and drinking whisky as they sit by the fire, all the while the body of the dead girl lays there  As the quartet packs up the next morning, Stuart uses a payphone to alert the police about the corpse found by the riverbed  Claire feels deeply distanced from her husband, who she thought she knew, and cannot stop wondering about the dead girl, to whom she feels oddly connected  Inevitably, she starts believing Stuart and his friends could be behind the girl's murder  Claire wonders why they didn't go fishing locally, why didn't they report the body quickly, as she'd have  Later, after the body is identified and Stuart is at work, Claire reads the funeral plans in the newspaper and decides to attend  On her way to the funeral, a man in a pickup truck pulls her over and asks to talk to her, wants to make sure she's safe  Claustrophobic and frightened, Claire clicks her car locks shut and says she's fine  After the funeral Claire overhears a woman saying they caught the killer, but Claire is not so certain they have the right man  The story ends with Stuart making a sexual advance on Claire in the kitchen  As he reaches for her breasts, she hears water running in the sink and is reminded of the girl floating in the river  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off"
The character of Jack Fraser, in classical Carver style, tells the story of a local outsider named Dummy who worked in the same sawmill as Jack's father Del  Del gets Dummy to fill a pond on his land with bass, but Dummy eventually builds an electric fence around it so people stop coming by  Dummy drifts further into isolation and his wife starts going around with another man, much to his discontent  The story ends with Dummy murdering his wife and committing suicide by drowning in his beloved pond  Del impresses upon Jack what a wrong woman can turn a man into  Later, Jack understands Dummy's plight more clearly  The manuscript version titled "Dummy" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"A Serious Talk"
Burt finds himself incapable of leaving his wife Vera alone  On Boxing Day, Burt comes back to his wife's house to try and explain away his poor behavior from the night before  On Christmas Day, Burt put too many logs in the fire which could've burned the place down, reckless as he always was  On his way out to make room for Vera's boyfriend Charlie, Burt finds it appropriate to steal six pies from the kitchen counter left unattended  On the 26th, Vera does not want to talk to Burt; she doesn't have the time, it's obvious she has plans already  Burt tries again and again to apologize but Vera does not think it's sincere  Burt notices cigarette butts that are not Vera's regular brand collected in the ashtray, "their ashtray," and feels out of place  While Vera is the bathroom the phone rings and she shouts at Burt to answer it  It's a call for Charlie and Burt responds curtly, saying he's "not here" before leaving the phone off the hook  Vera comes back into the kitchen, and it's clear she cannot tolerate Burt sticking around  The phone rings again and Vera says she'll answer it from the bedroom  Instead of hanging up when Vera commands, Burt takes a knife from the cabinet and cuts the cord in two  Vera realizes what's happened and yells for Burt to leave, saying she'll get a restraining order  Burt leaves calmly and, as he drives away in his car holding their ashtray, he is deludedly convinced that in a few weeks they'll have a "serious talk" and get back together  The manuscript version titled "Pie" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Calm"
A man sitting in a barber's chair getting a haircut listens as three men waiting their turn argue about a hunting story one of the men is telling  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2004) 

"Little Things" (aka “Popular Mechanics”)
The protagonist is seen first packing a suitcase, all the while a woman swears at him and yells loudly, glad that he's finally leaving her  Their baby won't stop crying  The protagonist decides he wants to bring the baby with him but the woman won't let him even get near their baby  The two get into a tussle and a tug-of-war over the baby  The story ends with the man and the woman pulling tremendously on the baby, with somewhat ambiguously grim and dark possibilities  Titled "Little Things" in Where I'm Calling From (1988); the manuscript version titled "Mine" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Everything Stuck to Him"
A father tells his young adult daughter what life was like for their family when she was a young child, all while on vacation in Milan  The manuscript version titled "Distance" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"One More Thing"
At the kitchen table, L D  argues with his daughter Rae, age 15, about her beliefs  Maxine, the wife, comes home and notices L D  is drunk  Maxine sides with Rae, saying she can like what she likes  In a moment of fury, L D  throws a pickle jar through the window, shattering the glass  Maxine gives L D  an ultimatum: he must pack his things and go or she'll call the police  L D  starts packing, stuffing not only his belongings into his suitcase but also vindictively taking womanly toiletries he could make no use of  Taking one last look around, about to leave for good, L D  says he has one more thing to tell his wife and daughter but, suddenly inarticulate, he is unable to put what he feels into words  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love"
Mel McGinnis is a 45-year-old cardiologist married to Teresa, also known as Terri  They live together in Albuquerque  The narrator, Nick, describes Mel as tall and rangy with curly soft hair and Teresa (who is Mel's second wife) as bone-thin with a pretty face, dark eyes, and brown hair  Nick is 38 years old, and married to Laura, 35, who works as a legal secretary  The four sit around a table at Mel and Terri's, drinking gin in the afternoon 
They soon start to talk about love  Terri has had an abusive relationship; the abuse, she says, derives from love  Ed, Terri's former abusive boyfriend, "loved her so much he tried to kill her " Ed would beat Terri; he dragged her around the living room by her ankles knocking her into things along the way  Terri believes that Ed loved her and his abuse was his way of showing it  No matter what Terri says, Mel refuses to believe that was "love"  Ed also stalked Mel and Terri and called Mel at work with threatening messages  At one point, Mel was so scared he bought a gun and made out a will  Mel even wrote to his brother in California, saying that "if something happened to him" to look for Ed 
Terri's abusive boyfriend eventually committed suicide after two attempts (as Terri sees it, another act of love)  Ed's first attempt at suicide was when Terri had left him  Ed had drunk rat poison, but was rushed to the hospital where he was saved  In Ed's second, successful attempt he shot himself in the mouth  Terri and Mel argued about whether she could be in the hospital bedroom with him when he died  Terri won and was with Ed as he died; as Terri puts it, "He never came up out of it "
Soon afterward, Mel begins a story about an elderly couple struck by a drunk driver, a teenager who was pronounced dead at the scene  Mel was called into the hospital and saw how badly the elderly couple had been injured  He says that they had "multiple fractures, internal injuries, hemorrhaging, contusions, and lacerations " The couple were in casts and bandages from head to toe  Mel's point in telling the story is the husband's consternation when the couple was moved into the intensive care unit  Mel would visit the couple daily, and when he put his ear to the husband's mouth-hole, the latter told Mel he was upset because he could not see his wife through his eye-holes 
Mel strays from the topic with more talk about Ed, his personal thoughts about love, hatred toward his ex-wife, and life as a knight  Mel feels even though one loves a person, if something were to happen to them, the survivor would grieve but love again 
After finishing the second bottle of gin, the couples discuss going to dinner, but no one makes any moves to proceed with their plans 

Earlier version
Carver's original draft of the story "Beginners" was heavily edited by Gordon Lish, who cut out nearly half of Carver's story, adding in details of his own  Carver's original draft, released by his widow Tess Gallagher and published in a December 2007 issue of the New Yorker, reveals the extensive edits  For instance, the character Mel was originally named Herb, and the abusive boyfriend, renamed Ed by Lish, was originally named Carl  Additionally, Herb's story about the old couple was cut nearly in half, with Lish removing the story of the old couple's home life, love, and reunion in the hospital   In Carver's original version, the two had separate rooms, which caused them to pine for each other and eventually led to a scene when they met again   Lish removed all of this, rewrote the couple into the same room, but in body casts that prevented them from seeing each other, and then explained the old man's distress thus:

     "I mean, the accident was one thing, but it wasn't everything  I'd get up to his mouth-hole, you know, and he'd say no, it wasn't the accident exactly but it was because he couldn't see her through the eye-holes  He said that that was making him feel so bad  Can you imagine? I'm telling you, the man's heart was breaking because he couldn't turn his goddamn head and 'see' his goddamn wife "
      Mel looked around the table and shook his head at what he was going to say 
      "I mean, it was killing the old fart just because he couldn't 'look' at the fucking woman "

Lish also cut out eight paragraphs at the end, in which Terri communicates her worry over Herb's depression to Laura and Nick, and another aspect of love is shown as Laura comforts Terri, tying together all the types of love discussed in the story 

Editing
There was some contention between Raymond Carver and his editor Gordon Lish over several stories in the collection; the author complained about the "surgical amputation and transplant that might make them someway fit into the carton so the lid will close " Eventually, the book was published with Lish's extensive alterations, and received critical acclaim 
Shortly before his death, Carver arranged the publication of his own selection of 37 of his stories, Where I'm Calling From: Selected Tales   He included some stories as edited by Lish, some restored  from his original manuscripts, and some unpublished stories  
Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, fought with Knopf for permission to republish the 17 stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver  These original versions eventually appeared in Beginners, published by Jonathan Cape in 2009, and in the Library of America volume Collected Stories 

In popular culture
The stories "So Much Water So Close to Home" and "Tell the Women We're Going" were adapted for Robert Altman's 1993 feature film Short Cuts  The former was the inspiration for the Paul Kelly song "Everything's Turning to White" on the album So Much Water So Close to Home and was also later adapted for the 2006 film Jindabyne 
The story "Why Don't You Dance?" serves as the basis for the award-winning 2004 short film Everything Goes as well as for the 2010 feature film Everything Must Go 
The 2012 film Stuck in Love uses the quote, "I could hear my heart beating  I could hear everyone's heart  I could hear the human noise we sat there making, not one of us moving, not even when the room went dark" from "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as the main character's, author Bill Borgens's, favorite quote  They are the last words spoken in the film 
Alejandro González Iñárritu's 2014 film Birdman or: The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance depicts an eclipsed Hollywood star, Riggan Thomson, who mounts a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The Broadway production includes several aspects of the Carver story—such as the four friends telling stories over a bottle of gin, and Mel's story about the couple in the car crash—but also includes other, more melodramatic storylines that are not part of the Carver story  Thomson attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Carver written on a cocktail napkin 
Passage 10:
Love Is on the Way
Love Is On the Way may refer to:

Love Is On the Way (album), a 1998 compilation album by American R&B/soul singer Luther Vandross
"Love Is On the Way" (song), a 1992 song by American rock band Saigon Kick
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Billy Porter, released on The First Wives Club soundtrack, later covered by Celine Dion
"Love Is On the Way", a song by R  Kelly from the 1995 album R  Kelly
"Love is On the Way", a song by Natalie Cole from the 1985 album Dangerous
"Love is On the Way", a song by Dave Koz from the 1999 album The Dance
"Love is On the Way", a 2004 single by Little Louie Vega and Blaze
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Austins Bridge from the 2010 album Times Like These
"Love Is On The Way", a song by Viktor Lazlo from the 1996 album Back to Front

See also
"Good Love is On the Way", a song by the John Mayer Trio from the 2005 album Try!
"My Love Is On the Way", a song from the 1954 musical The Golden Apple
Passage 11:
WMMW
WBOM (1470 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Meriden, Connecticut, and covering Central Connecticut  The station broadcasts an R&B format, aimed at the Hartford area  The station is owned by Full Power Radio, through Red Wolf Broadcasting Corporation  WBOM's programming is also heard on FM translator W273DS (102 5); the station's branding emphasizes the FM frequency 

History
The station's original construction permit was granted by the Federal Communications Commission on January 2, 1947; it was initially assigned the call sign WMMB, but changed to WMMW on March 4  It began broadcasting June 8, 1947, on 1470 kHz with 1,000 watts of power  The station was licensed to Silver City Crystal Company  An FM sister station, WMMW-FM (95 7), would be added by that December On March 5, 2014, Buckley Broadcasting announced that it would sell its Connecticut radio stations, including WMMW, to Connoisseur Media  The sale was completed on July 7, 2014, at a price of $7,922,035  Connoisseur sold WMMW, along with the other Talk of Connecticut stations (except for WWCO in Waterbury), WDRC-FM in Hartford, and W272DO in New Haven, to Red Wolf Broadcasting for $8 million in January 2018; the sale was completed on March 29, 2018 The call sign was changed to WBOM on April 28, 2020  The station went silent in March 2022, and returned as "The New 102 5" on March 11, 2022 
Passage 12:
Morals for Women
Morals for Women (known in the UK as Farewell Party and in re-release as Big City Interlude) is a 1931 American pre-Code film produced and released by Tiffany Pictures, often considered a low budget studio  The film stars Bessie Love and Conway Tearle  It is preserved at the Library of Congress, has been released on DVD, and is in the public domain 
This film is a follow-up to Tiffany's 1925 silent Morals for Men, which also starred Conway Tearle and is also preserved at the Library of Congress 

Plot
Stenographer and gold digger Helen Huston (Love) has a personal relationship with her employer Van Dyne (Tearle), who has set her up in an apartment on Park Avenue  Her childhood beau visits New York and proposes to her, which prompts her to return to her hometown and seek advice from her family  News of her living situation is the talk of her hometown  In defending Helen's honor, her younger brother injures the town bully and must pay his large hospital bill  Helen returns to her New York boss to get the money  Her hometown sweetheart interrupts one of her parties to see her, and even upon learning about Helen's relationship with her boss, he wants to marry her 

Cast
Reception
The film received lukewarm reviews, and the morality of the story was questioned 
Passage 13:
The Pigskin Palooka
The Pigskin Palooka is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 159th Our Gang short (160th episode, 70th talking short, and 71st talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Having written of his football heroics in military school, Alfalfa returns home to a hero's welcome  But the fact is that Alfalfa never played a game in his life and borrowed Rex's, a classmate and football player's uniform to take a picture, angering him as well  No sooner has he stepped off the train than his old pal Spanky, manager of the gang's football team, informs Alfalfa that he's been slated to be star player in an upcoming gridiron battle—which is to be staged within the next few hours  Alfalfa winds up winning the game in a total fluke, which Buckwheat and Porky helped cause 

Cast
The Gang
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Pete The Pup as himself

Additional cast
Rex Downing as Cadet (photographer)
Gary Jasgur as Junior (timekeeper)
Cullen Johnson as Scorekeeper
Dickie Jones as Spike
Sidney Kibrick as Spike's sidekick
Delmar Watson as Captain of the military academy's football team

Members of Spanky's team
Daniel Boone, John Collum, Charles Flickinger, Larry Harris, Paul Hilton, Darwood Kaye, Tommy McFarland, Donald Proffitt, Drew Roddy, Harold Switzer

Members of Spike's team
Hugh Chapman, Dix Davis, Barry Downing, Roger McGee, Fred Walburn, Robert Winkler

Game spectators and band players
Barry Downing, Bobby Callahan, Dix Davis, Floyd Fisher, Vincent Graeff, Payne B  Johnson, Henry Lee, Joe Levine, Priscilla Lyon, Drew Roddy, Norman Salling, Joe Straunch, Jr , Fred Walburn, Robert Winckler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 14:
Raymond Carver
Raymond Clevie Carver Jr  (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet  He contributed to the revitalization of the American short story during the 1980s 

Early life
Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver  His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker  Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk  His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943 
Carver was educated at local schools in Yakima  In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family 
After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California  In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls  Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957  Their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born a year later  Carver worked as a delivery man, janitor, library assistant, and sawmill laborer, while Maryann worked as an administrative assistant, high school English teacher, salesperson, and waitress 

Writing career
Carver moved to Paradise, California, with his family in 1958 to be close to his mother-in-law  He became interested in writing while attending Chico State College and enrolled in a creative writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner, then a recent doctoral graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career  In 1961, Carver's first published story, "The Furious Seasons", appeared  More florid than his later work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner  "Furious Seasons" was later used as a title for a collection of stories published by Capra Press, and is part of the collection, No Heroics, Please and Call If You Need Me Carver continued his studies under the short story writer Richard Cortez Day (like Gardner, a recent PhD alumnus of the Iowa program) beginning in autumn 1960 at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California  He chose not to take the foreign language courses required by the English program and received a B A  in general studies in 1963  During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon, the college's literary magazine, in which he published several of his own pieces under his own name as well as the pseudonym John Vale With his B-minus average, exacerbated by his penchant to forsake coursework for literary endeavors, ballasted by a sterling recommendation from Day, Carver was accepted into the Iowa Writers' Workshop on a $1,000 fellowship for the 1963–1964 academic year  Homesick for California and unable to fully adjust to the program's upper middle class milieu, he only completed 12 credits out of the 30 required for a M A  degree or 60 for the M F A  degree  Although program director Paul Engle awarded him a fellowship for a second year of study after Maryann Carver personally interceded and compared her husband's plight to Tennessee Williams' deleterious experience in the program three decades earlier, Carver decided to leave the University of Iowa at the end of the semester  According to biographer Carol Sklenicka, Carver falsely claimed to have received an M F A  from Iowa in 1966 on later curricula vitae  Maryann, who postponed completing her education to support her husband's educational and literary endeavors, eventually graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977  After completing graduate work at Stanford, she briefly enrolled in the University of California, Santa Barbara's English doctoral program when Carver taught at the institution as a visiting lecturer in 1974 In the mid-1960s, Carver and his family resided in Sacramento, California, where he briefly worked at a bookstore before taking a position as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital  He did all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then wrote through the rest of his shift  He audited classes at what was then Sacramento State College, including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz  Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver wrote and published his first book of poems, Near Klamath, under Schmitz's guidance 1967 was a landmark year for Carver with the appearance of "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?" in Martha Foley's annual Best American Short Stories anthology and the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College  He briefly enrolled in the library science graduate program at the University of Iowa that summer but returned to California following the death of his father  Shortly thereafter, the Carvers relocated to Palo Alto, California, so he could take his first white-collar job, at Science Research Associates, a subsidiary of IBM in nearby Menlo Park, California, where he worked intermittently as a textbook editor and public relations director through 1970 Following a 1968 sojourn to Israel, the Carvers relocated to San Jose, California; as Maryann finished her undergraduate degree, he continued his graduate studies in library science at San Jose State through the end of 1969 before failing once again to take a degree  During this period, he established vital literary connections with Gordon Lish, who worked across the street from Carver as director of linguistic research at Behavioral Research Laboratories, and the poet/publisher George Hitchcock After the publication of "Neighbors" in the June 1971 issue of Esquire at the instigation of Lish (by now ensconced as the magazine's fiction editor), Carver began to teach at the University of California, Santa Cruz at the behest of provost James B  Hall, an Iowa alumnus and early mentor to Ken Kesey at the University of Oregon, commuting from his new home in Sunnyvale, California 
Having endured a succession of failed applications to the Stegner Fellowship, Carver was admitted to the prestigious non-degree Stanford University graduate creative writing program for the 1972–1973 term, where he cultivated friendships with Kesey-era luminaries Ed McClanahan and Gurney Norman in addition to contemporaneous fellows Chuck Kinder, Max Crawford, and William Kittredge  The $4,000 stipend enabled the Carvers to buy a house in Cupertino, California  He also took on another teaching job at the University of California, Berkeley that year and briefly rented a pied-à-terre in the city; this development was precipitated by his initiation of an extramarital affair with Diane Cecily, a University of Montana administrator and mutual friend of Kittredge who would subsequently marry Kinder During his years of working at miscellaneous jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started abusing alcohol  By his own admission, he gave up writing and took to full-time drinking  In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a visiting lecturer in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing  With the assistance of Kinder and Kittredge, he attempted to simultaneously commute to Berkeley and maintain his lectureship at Santa Cruz; after missing all but a handful of classes due to the inherent logistical hurdles of this arrangement and various alcohol-related illnesses, Hall gently enjoined Carver to resign his position  The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Carver went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism, but continued drinking for another three years His first short story collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, was published in 1976  The collection itself was shortlisted for the National Book Award, though it sold fewer than 5,000 copies that year 

Personal life and death
Decline of first marriage
The following excerpt from Scott Driscoll's review of Maryann Burk Carver's 2006 memoir describes the decline of her and Raymond's marriage 

The fall began with Ray's trip to Missoula, Mont , in '72 to fish with friend and literary helpmate Bill Kittredge  That summer Ray fell in love with Diane Cecily, an editor at the University of Montana, whom he met at Kittredge's birthday party  "That's when the serious drinking began  It broke my heart and hurt the children  It changed everything "
"By fall of '74", writes Carver, "he was more dead than alive  I had to drop out of the PhD program so I could get him cleaned up and drive him to his classes"  Over the next several years, Maryann's husband physically abused her  Friends urged her to leave Raymond 
"But I couldn't  I really wanted to hang in there for the long haul  I thought I could outlast the drinking  I'd do anything it took  I loved Ray, first, last and always "
Carver describes, without a trace of rancor, what finally put her over the edge  In the fall of '78, with a new teaching position at the University of Texas at El Paso, Ray started seeing Tess Gallagher, a writer from Port Angeles, who would become his muse and wife near the end of his life  "It was like a contretemps  He tried to call me to talk about where we were  I missed the calls  He knew he was about to invite Tess to Thanksgiving " So he wrote a letter instead 

"I thought, I've gone through all those years fighting to keep it all balanced  Here it was, coming at me again, the same thing  I had to get on with my own life  But I never fell out of love with him "
After being hospitalized three times between June 1976 and February or March 1977, Carver began his "second life" and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous  While he continued to regularly smoke marijuana and later experimented with cocaine at the behest of Jay McInerney during a 1980 visit to New York City, Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 had he not overcome his drinking 

Second marriage
In November 1977, Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas  Gallagher later remembered feeling "as if my life until then had simply been a rehearsal for meeting him " Beginning in January 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, Washington, and in Tucson, Arizona  
In 1980, the two moved to Syracuse, New York, where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University; Carver taught as a professor in the English department  He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue  In ensuing years, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" in order to be left alone  
In 1982, he and his first wife, Maryann, were divorced In 1988, six weeks prior to his death, Carver and Gallagher married in Reno, Nevada 

Death
On August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50  In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters  He is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, Washington  The inscription on his tombstone reads:

His poem "Gravy" is also inscribed 
As Carver's will directed, Tess Gallagher assumed the management of his literary estate 

Awards and memorials
Carver was nominated for the National Book Award for his first major-press collection, "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please" in 1977 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his third major-press collection, Cathedral (1984), the volume generally perceived as his best  Included in the latter collection are the award-winning stories "A Small, Good Thing", and "Where I'm Calling From"  John Updike selected the latter for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century  For his part, Carver perceived Cathedral as a watershed in his career for its shift toward a more optimistic and confidently poetic style amid the diminution of Lish's literary influence 
Carver won five O  Henry Awards with "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What Is It?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988) In Carver's birth town of Clatskanie, Oregon, a memorial park and statue are at the corner of Lillich and Nehalem Streets, across from the library  A block away is the building where Carver was born 

Legacy and posthumous publications
In December 2006, Gallagher published an essay in The Sun magazine, titled "Instead of Dying", about alcoholism and Carver's having maintained his sobriety  The essay is an adaptation of a talk she initially delivered at the Welsh Academy's Academi Intoxication Conference in 2006  The first lines read: "Instead of dying from alcohol, Raymond Carver chose to live  I would meet him five months after this choice, so I never knew the Ray who drank, except by report and through the characters and actions of his stories and poems "Chuck Kinder's Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale (2001) is a roman à clef about his friendship with Carver in the 1970s  Carver's high school sweetheart and first wife, Maryann Burk Carver, wrote a memoir of her years with Carver, What it Used to be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver (2006) 
In 2009, The New York Times Book Review and San Francisco Chronicle named Carol Sklenicka's unauthorized biography, Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life (2009), published by Scribner, one of the Best Ten Books of that year; and the San Francisco Chronicle deemed it: "exhaustively researched and definitive biography"  Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, refused to engage with Sklenicka His final (incomplete) collection of seven stories, titled Elephant in Britain (included in "Where I'm Calling From") was composed in the five years before his death  The nature of these stories, especially "Errand", have led to some speculation that Carver was preparing to write a novel  Only one piece of this work has survived – the fragment "The Augustine Notebooks", first printed in No Heroics, Please Tess Gallagher fought with Knopf for permission to republish the stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver, as opposed to the heavily edited and altered versions that appeared in 1981 under the editorship of Gordon Lish  On October 1, 2009, the book, entitled Beginners, was released in hardback in Great Britain, followed by its publication in the Library of America edition which collected all of Carver's short fiction in a single volume The Raymond Carver Reading Series at Syracuse University is a reading series program which annually brings 12 to 14 prominent writers to the campus  It is presented by the Creative Writing Program in SU's College of Arts and Sciences 

Literary characteristics
Carver's career emphasized short stories and poetry  He described himself as "inclined toward brevity and intensity" and "hooked on writing short stories" (in the foreword of Where I'm Calling From, a collection published in 1988 and a recipient of an honorable mention in the 2006 New York Times article citing the best works of fiction of the previous 25 years)  Another stated reason for his brevity was "that the story [or poem] can be written and read in one sitting " This was not simply a preference but, particularly at the beginning of his career, a practical consideration as he juggled writing with work  His subject matter was often focused on blue-collar experience, and was clearly reflective of his own life Characteristics of minimalism are generally seen as one of the hallmarks of Carver's work, although, as reviewer David Wiegand notes:
Carver never thought of himself as a minimalist or in any category, for that matter 
"He rejected categories generally," Sklenicka says  "I don't think he had an abstract mind at all  He just wasn't built that way, which is why he's so good at picking the right details that will stand for many things "
Carver's editor at Esquire, Gordon Lish, was instrumental in shaping his prose in this direction – where his earlier tutor John Gardner had advised Carver to use fifteen words instead of twenty-five, Lish instructed Carver to use five in place of fifteen  Objecting to the "surgical amputation and transplantation" of Lish's heavy editing, Carver eventually broke with him  During this time, Carver also submitted poetry to James Dickey, then poetry editor of Esquire 
Carver's style has also been described as dirty realism, which connected him with a group of writers in the 1970s and 1980s that included Richard Ford and Tobias Wolff with both of whom Carver was closely acquainted, as well as others such as Ann Beattie, Frederick Barthelme, and Jayne Anne Phillips  With the exception of Beattie, who wrote about upper-middle-class people, these were writers who focused on sadness and loss in the everyday lives of ordinary people—often lower-middle class or isolated and marginalized people In his essay "On Influence", Carver states that, while he was an admirer of Ernest Hemingway's fiction, he never saw him as an influence, citing instead the work of Lawrence Durrell 

Works
Fiction
Collections
Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (first published 1976)
Furious Seasons and other stories (1977)
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981)
Cathedral (1983)
Elephant (1988) – this title only published in Great Britain; included as a section of Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories in the U S 
Beginners (2009)

Compilations
Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories (1988)
Short Cuts: Selected Stories (1993) – published to accompany the Robert Altman film Short Cuts
Collected Stories (2009) – complete short fiction including Beginners (see section above for wiki-link)

Poetry
Collections
Near Klamath (1968)
Winter Insomnia (1970)
At Night The Salmon Move (1976)
Fires (1983)
Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)
Ultramarine (1986)
A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)
Gravy (Unknown year)

Compilations
In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)
All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)

Screenplays
Dostoevsky (1982, with Tess Gallagher) (published in 1985)
Purple Lake (1983, with Michael Cimino) (unpublished)

Films and theatre adaptations
Short Cuts directed by Robert Altman (1993), based on nine Carver short stories and a poem
Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko (2004), starring Hugo Weaving, Abbie Cornish and Sullivan Stapleton based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Whoever Was Using This Bed, also directed by Andrew Kotatko (2016), starring Jean-Marc Barr, Radha Mitchell and Jane Birkin, based on Carver's short story of the same name
Jindabyne directed by Ray Lawrence (2006), based on Carver's short story "So Much Water So Close to Home"
Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush (2010), and starring Will Ferrell, based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), directed by Alejandro G  Iñárritu, depicts the mounting of a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The film's main character, Riggan Thomson, attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Raymond Carver written on a cocktail napkin  The film also preludes with Carver's poem "Late Fragment " In February 2015, Birdman won four Oscars, including the Academy Award for Best Picture 
Passage 15:
Night 'n' Gales
Night 'n' Gales is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 156th Our Gang short (157th episode, 68th talking short, and 69th talking episode that was released 

Plot
Though he would rather spend his evening in peace and quiet, Mr  Hood (Johnny Arthur) is forced to endure the offkey harmonizing of The Four Nightengales, a junior singing aggregation composed of Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat and Porky 
After interminable choruses of "Home! Sweet Home!", the four boys are finally ready to leave, but are forced to stay in the Hood home due to a sudden thunderstorm  Both Darla and her mother are delighted, but Mr  Hood is dismayed, especially when he is told that he must share his bed with the Four Nightengales  Driven crazy by the boys' unintentionally disruptive shenanigans, Mr  Hood escapes to the living room and tries to sleep on the couch, covering himself with a bear rug to keep warm  Naturally, the gang mistake him for a real bear, and comic chaos ensues 

Notes
Comedian Johnny Arthur, who played Spanky McFarland's absent-minded father in Anniversary Trouble, returns as Darla's father in Night 'n' Gales  He was so popular with audiences that he played Darla's father once again in Feed 'em and Weep 

Cast
The Gang
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Gary Jasgur as Junior

Additional cast
Johnny Arthur as Arthur Hood, Darla's father
Elaine Shepard as Darla's mother

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 16:
Freak Talks About Sex
Freak Talks About Sex, released for home video as Blowin' Smoke (its working title was Syracuse Muse), is a 1999 film starring Steve Zahn and Josh Hamilton  The movie was shot in Auburn and Syracuse, New York  It deals with issues such as love, sex, life after college, and living in a medium-sized city, in this case Syracuse 

Plot
Dave Keenan (Josh Hamilton) left Syracuse for a new life in Arizona  When that didn't work out, he moved back to Syracuse  He works a dead-end job at a department store in a mall, his car has broken down (and the mechanic is taking forever to fix it) and his ex-girlfriend (Arabella Field) wants him to join her in New York City  To make matters more complicated, one of his co-workers, a high school girl named Nichole (Heather McComb) seems to be getting romantically interested in him  His best friend Freak (Steve Zahn) is around for him to hang out with and offer such choice philosophical observations, like "I can't think of a single movie that couldn't be improved by a lesbian sex scene " Dave is stuck in a rut and has to decide what to do with his life 

Soundtrack
Tugboat Annie - "Stay Inside"
The Wrench - "Girl"
Scary Chicken - "Favorite Channel"
Chic - "Le Freak"
The Tortillas You Wanted - "Girls and Cars"
Blondie - "Heart of Glass"

External links
A trailer for the movie
Freak Talks About Sex at IMDb
Freak Talks About Sex at Rotten Tomatoes



ground_truth: Clatskanie

Clatskanie, Oregon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is Sean Hampton's birth place in the state of Florida?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
South Beach, Florida
South Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) on North Hutchinson Island in Indian River County, Florida, United States  The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census  It is ranked tenth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010 
South Beach is part of the Sebastian–Vero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
South Beach is located in southeastern Indian River County at 27°35′45″N 80°20′17″W, on Orchid Island  It is bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the border between Indian River and St Lucie counties, on the west by the Indian River Lagoon, and on the north by the Vero Beach city limits 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6 8 square miles (17 7 km2), of which 2 7 square miles (7 0 km2) are land and 4 1 square miles (10 7 km2), or 60 31%, are water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,457 people, 1,610 households, and 1,220 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 1,279 8 inhabitants per square mile (494 1/km2)   There were 2,066 housing units at an average density of 764 9 per square mile (295 3/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 98 15% White, 0 58% African American, 0 09% Native American, 1 01% Asian, 0 06% from other races, and 0 12% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 36% of the population 
There were 1,610 households, out of which 15 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72 7% were married couples living together, 2 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 2% were non-families  21 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 14 and the average family size was 2 45 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13 7% under the age of 18, 1 4% from 18 to 24, 11 3% from 25 to 44, 30 3% from 45 to 64, and 43 2% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 61 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $108,702, and the median income for a family was $126,755  Males had a median income of $89,395 versus $26,607 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $90,938   About 1 4% of families and 3 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 0% of those under age 18 and 3 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 2:
Hampton Double Square Historic District
The Hampton Double Square Historic District is a historic district located in Hampton, Iowa, United States  It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003  At the time of its nomination it contained 43 resources, which included 28 contributing buildings, two contributing sites, 10 non-contributing buildings, one non-contributing site, one non-contributing structures, and one non-contributing object  The town of Hampton was laid out by H  P  Allen, who was the county surveyor, in June 1856  The original plat was eight blocks by eight blocks in the shape of an "L"  Near the center of the "L" was the two-block, or double, square  While many county seats in Iowa have a courthouse square, the double square is a rarity  Four double squares were platted in Iowa, but only those in Hampton and Sidney survived their early period of development  Estherville's square was platted as a four-block square, but its development created a double square instead  Hampton has the only symmetrical double square plan in the state  The double square exemplifies the two primary functions of a public square, both commercial and public development 
The district's period of significance is from 1856, when it was of platted, to 1935 when the last public building was constructed  Building usage is largely commercial with a few public/government buildings, and the Congregational Church  The buildings are largely two stories tall and constructed of brick in the styles that were popular at the time  Many of the commercial blocks are Italianate in design  The Franklin County Sheriff's Residence and Jail (1880), the Franklin County G  A  R  Soldiers' Memorial Hall (1890; Edward Carl Keifer), and the Franklin County Courthouse (1891; T  D  Allen) are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places 
Passage 3:
Carver Ranches, West Park, Florida
Carver Ranches was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States  The population was 4,299 at the 2000 census 
In 2005 it became one of four neighborhoods to incorporate into the new city of West Park 

Geography
Carver Ranches is located at 25°59′30″N 80°11′30″W (25 991718, -80 191716) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 7 km2 (0 7 mi2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,299 people, 1,340 households, and 1,027 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,477 4/km2 (6,376 5/mi2)   There were 1,428 housing units at an average density of 822 9/km2 (2,118 1/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 2 19% White (1 4% were Non-Hispanic White,) 96 42% African American, 0 16% Native American, 0 02% Asian, 0 56% from other races, and 0 65% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 65% of the population 
There were 1,340 households, out of which 33 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36 0% were married couples living together, 33 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 3% were non-families  18 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 20 and the average family size was 3 62 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32 3% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 28 1% from 25 to 44, 19 4% from 45 to 64, and 11 5% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 5 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82 2 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,613, and the median income for a family was $27,412  Males had a median income of $22,604 versus $21,213 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $10,090   About 25 6% of families and 25 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31 5% of those under age 18 and 36 4% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, before being annexed to West Park, English as a first language accounted for 96 90% of all residents, while Spanish accounted for 2 19%, and French Creole as a mother tongue made up 0 90% of the population 
Passage 4:
Wade Hampton, South Carolina
Wade Hampton is a census-designated place (CDP) in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States  The population was 20,622 at the 2010 census  It is named for American Civil War general and South Carolina governor Wade Hampton 
Wade Hampton is part of the Greenville–Mauldin–Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Wade Hampton is located in central Greenville County at 34°52′59″N 82°20′0″W (34 883084, -82 333227)  It is bordered to the southwest by the city of Greenville and to the northeast by Taylors, an unincorporated community  U S  Route 29 (Wade Hampton Boulevard) passes through the CDP, leading southwest 5 miles (8 km) to the center of Greenville and northeast 7 miles (11 km) to Greer 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9 0 square miles (23 3 km2), of which 9 0 square miles (23 2 km2) are land and 0 04 square miles (0 1 km2), or 0 55%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 21,482 people, 9,016 households, and 5,368 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,458 people, 9,210 households, and 5,645 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 2,331 4 inhabitants per square mile (900 2/km2)  There were 9,793 housing units at an average density of 1,116 0 per square mile (430 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 84 85% White, 8 08% African American, 0 18% Native American, 3 34% Asian, 0 06% Pacific Islander, 2 39% from other races, and 1 11% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 13% of the population 
There were 9,210 households, out of which 22 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49 4% were married couples living together, 9 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 7% were non-families  32 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 21 and the average family size was 2 81 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19 0% under the age of 18, 9 6% from 18 to 24, 28 9% from 25 to 44, 24 3% from 45 to 64, and 18 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 40 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 9 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,487, and the median income for a family was $54,106  Males had a median income of $40,528 versus $27,613 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $26,376  About 6 4% of families and 9 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 9% of those under age 18 and 5 3% of those age 65 or over 

Education
The French Bilingual School of South Carolina is located in Wade Hampton The Greenville Saturday School (グリーンビル日本語補習授業校 Gurīnbiru Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a Japanese Saturday supplementary school, holds its classes at the French Bilingual School  The school was scheduled to open in 1989  The school received $2,500 from the city council of Greenville 
Passage 5:
Sean Hampton
Sean Hampton (born February 1, 1981) is an American actor, director, and producer 
Born in Ocala, Florida, Hampton is the youngest of five children of a dentist father and a professional model mother  After graduating high school, Hampton enrolled at Stetson University to pursue a career in law  While in school he not only joined Sigma Nu fraternity (Delta Mu chapter), but caught onto acting   After college he married his current wife Jennifer and the two moved to Los Angeles where they currently reside Hampton's first television appearance was on the series Dr  G :  Medical Examiner (2004)  On this series Hampton played real life Orlando Detective Reggie Campbell  Because of a miscommunication, the local police temporarily issued an A P B  for Hampton, believing he was impersonating a police officer   After seeing his image on the news as "Wanted", Hampton's wife called the newsdesk to explain the mixup   A camera crew was dispatched and the retraction story aired before any serious harm was caused  Since then Hampton has appeared in several other series including: General Hospital, Eleventh Hour, The Young and the Restless, CSI, and more 
In 2009 Hampton took on a dual role as supporting actor and associate producer on the feature film Sandcastles, set to release in 2010  During the same year he worked on the feature films Getting Back to Zero starring Wayne Newton, and The Arcadian, a feature produced by The Fringe Majority LLC 
Hampton's grandmother, Effie Carrie Mitchell-Hampton, was the first licensed female physician in the state of Florida   She was also one of the founders of the Florida Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Association 
In 2012 Hampton co-created a sketch comedy series with producer Matt Getic named The S&M Experience 

Film
Television
Director
Writer
Producer
Passage 6:
Hampton Bluffs
The Hampton Bluffs (64°25′S 59°18′W) are a group of three rock bluffs on the east side of Larsen Inlet, Graham Land, Antarctica  They were mapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960–61), and were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Ian F G  Hampton, an FIDS physiologist at Hope Bay in 1959 and 1960 
Passage 7:
Ives Estates, Florida
Ives Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida  The population was 25,005 at the 2020 census, up from 19,525 in 2010 

Geography
Ives Estates is located in northeastern Miami-Dade County at 25°57′47″N 80°10′55″W  It is bordered to the north by Broward County  Neighboring communities are Ojus to the east and southeast, North Miami Beach to the south and Miami Gardens to the west  To the north, in Broward County, are West Park and Pembroke Park, while Miramar is to the northwest and Hallandale Beach is to the northeast 
Interstate 95 forms the border between Ives Estates and Ojus, with access from Exit 16 (Ives Dairy Road)  Downtown Miami is 16 miles (26 km) to the south, and Fort Lauderdale is 11 miles (18 km) to the north  County Road 854 (Ives Dairy Road/NE 203rd Street/NE 199th Street) is the main road through the center of Ives Estates, leading east to Aventura and west to Miami Gardens 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 76 square miles (7 1 km2), of which 2 55 square miles (6 6 km2) are land and 0 21 square miles (0 54 km2), or 7 71%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 25,005 people, 7,859 households, and 5,279 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,586 people, 6,923 households, and 4,506 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 6,645 9 inhabitants per square mile (2,566 0/km2)   There were 7,449 housing units at an average density of 2,815 0 per square mile (1,086 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 51 10% White (33 3% were Non-Hispanic White,) 35 11% African American, 0 17% Native American, 4 63% Asian, 0 05% Pacific Islander, 3 76% from other races, and 5 17% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24 08% of the population 
There were 6,923 households, out of which 32 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 8% were married couples living together, 19 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34 9% were non-families  28 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 54 and the average family size was 3 13 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24 8% under the age of 18, 8 6% from 18 to 24, 33 6% from 25 to 44, 20 6% from 45 to 64, and 12 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 83 8 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79 3 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,717, and the median income for a family was $43,370  Males had a median income of $29,512 versus $27,544 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $19,118   About 7 0% of families and 8 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 4% of those under age 18 and 8 8% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 54 25% of residents, while Spanish made up 24 45%, French Creole was at 11 65%, French was at 2 35%, Urdu at 1 23%, Portuguese 1 11%, and Arabic was 1 08% of the population  Hebrew made up 0 73% of speakers, Russian made up 0 69%, and both Chinese and Tagalog was the mother tongue of 0 57% of the population 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools 
Madie Ives K-8 Preparatory Academy
Dr  Michael M  Krop High School
Passage 8:
Gladeview, Florida
Gladeview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  The population was 14,927 at the 2020 census, up from 11,535 in 2010 
Gladeview was originally a neighborhood of the city of Miami when it was annexed in 1925  With the arrival of the Great Depression, Miami gave up its jurisdiction and Gladeview became an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County 

Geography
Gladeview is located 7 miles (11 km) northwest of downtown Miami at 25°50′24″N 80°14′8″W (25 839874, -80 235645)  Gladeview is bordered by Brownsville to the south, the Miami neighborhood of Liberty City to the east, and West Little River to the north  The city of Hialeah is located to the west of Gladeview 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 6 square miles (6 7 km2), of which 0 005 square miles (3 acres), or 0 19%, are water 

Demographics
2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 14,927 people, 4,206 households, and 2,758 families residing in the CDP 

2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,468 people, 4,359 households, and 3,199 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 5,694 2 inhabitants per square mile (2,198 5/km2)  There were 5,107 housing units at an average density of 2,010 0 per square mile (776 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 17 59% White (1 8% were Non-Hispanic White,) 76 98% African American, 0 21% Native American, 0 17% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 2 48% from other races, and 2 54% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21 32% of the population 
There were 4,359 households, out of which 39 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25 3% were married couples living together, 40 3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 6% were non-families  21 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 30 and the average family size was 3 88 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 38 0% under the age of 18, 10 3% from 18 to 24, 25 9% from 25 to 44, 16 1% from 45 to 64, and 9 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 26 years  For every 100 females, there were 86 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77 5 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,981, and the median income for a family was $17,625  Males had a median income of $20,732 versus $19,923 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $7,941  About 48 4% of families and 52 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 65 5% of those under age 18 and 32 7% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 74 32% of residents while Spanish made up 22 48%, and French Creole was at 2 39%, and French consisted of 0 79% of the population 

Government and infrastructure
The Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation Department is headquartered in Gladeview The Miami-Dade Fire Rescue operates Station 2 Model Cities in Gladeview 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools:

Elementary schools
Poinciana Park Elementary School
Lillie C Evans Elementary School
Liberty City Elementary School
Gladeview Christian School

Middle schools
Charles Drew Middle School

High schools
Miami Northwestern Senior High School

Transportation
Gladeview is served by Metrobus throughout the area, the Miami Metrorail, Tri-Rail, and Amtrak:
Metrorail:

     Northside (NW 79th Street and NW 32nd Avenue)
     Dr  Martin Luther King Jr  Plaza (NW 62nd Street and NW 27th Avenue)Tri-Rail:

     Tri-Rail/Metrorail Transfer (NW 79th Street and NW 37th Avenue)Amtrak:

     Amtrak-Miami: Silver Star and Silver Meteor service, (NW 79th Street and NW 37th Avenue)
Passage 9:
Villas, Florida
Villas, Florida  is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lee County, Florida, United States  It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Villas is located in central Lee County at 26°33′18″N 81°52′9″W (26 555003, -81 869036)  It is an unincorporated community, bordered to the north by Page Park and Pine Manor and to the west by Whiskey Creek and Cypress Lake, all unincorporated as well  U S  Route 41 passes through Villas, leading north 6 miles (10 km) to the center of Fort Myers, the Lee county seat, and south 9 miles (14 km) to Estero 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Villas CDP has a total area of 4 9 square miles (12 6 km2), of which 4 6 square miles (12 0 km2) are land and 0 2 square miles (0 6 km2), or 4 61%, are water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,346 people, 5,682 households, and 2,909 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,421 0 inhabitants per square mile (934 8/km2)   There were 6,574 housing units at an average density of 1,402 8 per square mile (541 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 23% White, 1 65% African American, 0 17% Native American, 1 17% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 33% from other races, and 1 41% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 59% of the population 
There were 5,682 households, out of which 15 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 4% were married couples living together, 8 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48 8% were non-families  38 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 1 94 and the average family size was 2 56 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13 6% under the age of 18, 7 7% from 18 to 24, 28 2% from 25 to 44, 21 2% from 45 to 64, and 29 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 45 years  For every 100 females, there were 87 3 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84 4 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,483, and the median income for a family was $49,975  Males had a median income of $31,517 versus $25,782 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $25,880   About 3 5% of families and 6 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 9% of those under age 18 and 7 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 10:
Lacoochee, Florida
Lacoochee is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 1,345 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Lacoochee is located at 28°27′48″N 82°10′18″W (28 463248, -82 171774) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 8 square miles (7 3 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,345 people, 417 households, and 321 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 471 6 inhabitants per square mile (182 1/km2)   There were 457 housing units at an average density of 160 2 per square mile (61 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 60 59% White, 24 24% African American, 2 23% Native American, 0 07% Asian, 0 07% Pacific Islander, 9 74% from other races, and 3 05% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 37 55% of the population 
There were 417 households, out of which 47 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 0% were married couples living together, 20 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22 8% were non-families  19 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 23 and the average family size was 3 66 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 40 1% under the age of 18, 9 8% from 18 to 24, 26 1% from 25 to 44, 15 8% from 45 to 64, and 8 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 25 years  For every 100 females, there were 103 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92 8 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,197, and the median income for a family was $16,553  Males had a median income of $40,300 versus $11,250 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $6,780   About 45 5% of families and 51 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 57 4% of those under age 18 and 26 6% of those age 65 or over 

Notable person
Mudcat Grant, professional baseball player
Passage 11:
Ocala, Florida
Ocala ( oh-KAL-ə) is a city in and the county seat of Marion County, Florida, United States  Located in North Florida, the city's population was 63,591 as of the 2020 census, making it the 54th-most populated city in Florida  Ocala is the principal city of the Ocala metropolitan area, which had a population of 375,908 in 2020 
Home to over 400 thoroughbred farms and training centers, Ocala was officially named the Horse Capital of the World in 2007  Notable attractions include the Ocala National Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center 

History
Ocala is located near what is thought to have been the site of Ocale or Ocali, a major Timucua village and chiefdom recorded in the 16th century  The modern city takes its name from the historical village, the name of which is believed to mean "Big Hammock" in the Timucua language  The Spaniard Hernando de Soto's expedition recorded Ocale in 1539 during his exploration through what is today the southeastern United States  Ocale is not mentioned in later Spanish accounts; it appears to have been abandoned in the wake of de Soto's attack In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Creek people and other Native Americans, and free and fugitive African Americans sought refuge in Florida  The Seminole people formed  After foreign colonial rule shifted between Spain and Great Britain and back again, in 1821 the United States acquired the territory of Florida  After warfare to the north, in 1827 the U S  Army built Fort King near the present site of Ocala as a buffer between the Seminole, who had long occupied the area, and white settlers moving into the region  The fort was an important base during the Second Seminole War and later served in 1844 as the first courthouse for Marion County The modern city of Ocala, which was established in 1849, developed around the fort site  Greater Ocala is known as the "Kingdom of the Sun"  Plantations and other agricultural development dependent on slave labor were prevalent in the region  Ocala was an important center of citrus production until the Great Freeze of 1894–1895 
During the Reconstruction era Ocala was represented by several African Americans in the Florida House of Representatives and on the local level 

Rail service reached Ocala in June 1881, encouraging economic development with greater access to markets for produce  Two years later, much of the Ocala downtown area was destroyed by fire on Thanksgiving Day, 1883  The city encouraged rebuilding with brick, granite and steel rather than lumber  By 1888, Ocala was known statewide as "The Brick City" In December 1890, the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, a forerunner of the Populist Party, held its national convention in Ocala  At the convention, the Alliance adopted a platform that would become known as the "Ocala Demands"  This platform included abolition of national banks, promoting low-interest government loans, free and unlimited coinage of silver, reclamation of excess railroad lands by the government, a graduated income tax, and direct election of United States senators  Most of the "Ocala Demands" were to become part of the Populist Party platform 

In the last decades of the twentieth century, the greater Ocala area had one of the highest growth rates in the country for a city its size 

Ocala Historic District
Many historic homes are preserved in Ocala's large residential Historic District, designated in 1984  East Fort King Street features many excellent examples of Victorian architecture  Ocala structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places include the Coca-Cola Building, the E  C  Smith House, East Hall, the Marion Hotel, Mount Zion A M E  Church, the Ritz Historic Inn, and Union Train Station 
The original Fort King site was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2004 

Geography
Ocala is located at 29°11′16″N 82°07′50″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 47 31 square miles (122 5 km2), all land  The surrounding farms are famous for their thoroughbred horses, in terrain similar to Kentucky bluegrass  Ocala is also known for nearby Silver Springs, site of one of the largest artesian spring formations in the world and Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, one of the earliest tourist attractions in Florida 
The 110-mile (180 km) long Ocklawaha River passes 10 miles (16 km) east of Ocala, flowing north from Central Florida until it joins the St  Johns River near Palatka 
Marion County is also home to the Ocala National Forest which was established in 1908 and is now the second largest national forest in the state  The Florida Trail, also known as the Florida National Scenic Trail, cuts through Ocala National Forest  Silver Springs State Park was formed as Silver River State Park in 1987, out of land the state purchased around the Silver Springs attraction to spare it from development  The state took over Silver Springs itself in 1993 and incorporated it into the park in 2013 

Climate
Ocala has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with hot, humid summers and mild winters 

Demographics
Ocala first appeared in the 1850 U S  Census, with a total recorded population of 243  Ocala did not report separately in 1860 As of the 2010 through 2014 census, Ocala was 63 3% non Hispanic white, 20 4% African American, 11 7% Hispanic or Latino, 2 6% Asian, 2% all other  As of the census of 2000, there were 45,943 people, 18,646 households, and 11,280 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,189 2 inhabitants per square mile (459 2/km2)  There were 20,501 housing units at an average density of 530 7 per square mile (204 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 72 9% White, 22 1% African American, 0 4% Native American, 1 2% Asian, <0 1% Pacific Islander, 1 8% from other races, and 1 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 7% of the population 
There were 18,646 households  40 9% were married couples living together, 15 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39 5% were non-families  33 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 29 and the average family size was 2 91 
In the city the population was spread out, with 23 2% under the age of 18, 9 3% from 18 to 24, 26 2% from 25 to 44, 20 9% from 45 to 64, and 20 4% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 89 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85 5 males 

Economy
The median income for a household in the city was $30,888, and the median income for a family was $38,190  Males had a median income of $29,739 versus $24,367 for females  The per capita income for the city was $18,021  About 13 2% of families and 18 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28 6% of those under age 18 and 9 8% of those age 65 or over 
Ocala is the headquarters of Emergency One, a worldwide designer and manufacturer of fire rescue vehicles 

Top employers
According to Ocala's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Culture
The first thoroughbred horse farm in Florida was developed in Marion County in 1943 by Carl G  Rose  Other farms were developed, making Ocala the center of a horse-breeding area  Local horses have won individual races of the Triple Crown series; in 1978, Affirmed, who was bred and trained in Marion County, won all three races, boosting interest in the industry there 
Ocala is one of only five cities (four in the US and one in France) permitted under Chamber of Commerce guidelines to use the title, "Horse Capital of the World", based on annual revenue produced by the horse industry  44,000 jobs are sustained by breeding, training, and related support of the equine industry, which generates over $2 2 billion in annual revenue  Postime Farms and Ocala serve as host to one of the largest horse shows in the country: H I T S or "Horses in the Sun", a Dressage/Jumper event lasting about two months  It generates some 6 to 7 million dollars for the local Marion County economy each year  The show features classes for over 100 different breeds, including Tennessee Walker, Paso Fino, Morgan horse, Saddlebred, Draft horse and the American Quarter Horse  Other equine events in the area include mounted shooting by the Florida Outlaws, as well as endurance rides, barrel races, extreme cowboy events, jumper shows, trick shows, parades, draft pulls, rodeo events and more 

Government and politics
Ocala is governed by a five-member board of councillors and a mayor, all of which are elected on a nonpartisan basis  It has a council-manager form of government, relying on a manager hired by the city  The mayor sets policy but has few powers other than vetoing legislation passed by the council and tending to some duties involving the police department  The current mayor is Kent Guinn  The city manager handles most administrative and financial matters A number of county offices are housed at the McPherson Governmental Complex As of 2020, Republicans outnumber Democrats in Marion County, 112,000 to 80,000  In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain carried both the city and the county, the latter by a landslide, although Florida as a whole voted for Democrat Barack Obama by a narrow margin 

Education
The public schools in Ocala are run by the Marion County School Board  There are 30 elementary, ten middle and ten public high schools in Marion County, which include the following schools in Ocala:

Elementary schools
Middle schools
High schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Ocala is home to the College of Central Florida, a member of the Florida College System, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges  CF offers  bachelor's degrees in Business and Organizational Management, Early Childhood Education, and Nursing, as well as associate degrees and certificates  The college offers specialty programs in equine studies, agribusiness, and logistics and supply chain management   It also has one of 21 campuses of Rasmussen College, a Higher Learning Commission regionally accredited post secondary institution  Webster University offers on-site, regionally accredited graduate degree programs in business and counseling at their Ocala Metropolitan Campus 

Libraries
Three of the eight libraries in the Marion County Public Library System are located in Ocala  Those three libraries are:

Freedom Public Library
Marion Oaks Public Library
Ocala Public Library – Headquarters for the Marion County Public Library System 

Transportation
Several major highways pass through Ocala, including Interstate 75, U S  Highway 27, U S  Route 301, and U S  Highway 441  Ocala was on the western leg of the historic Dixie Highway 

 Interstate 75 runs north and south across the western edge of the city, with interchanges at SR 200 (exit 350), SR 40 (exit 352), and US 27 (exit 354) 
 U S  Route 27 runs north and south throughout Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 301 and 441 until it reaches SR 492(Northwest 10th Street), then makes a sharp turn onto NW 10th Street then curves northwest through Williston, Perry, Tallahassee, and beyond 
 U S  Route 301 is the main local north and south road through Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 441 throughout the city 
 U S  Route 441 is the main local north and south road through Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 301 throughout the city 
 State Road 492 runs east and west through the northern part of the city from the northern terminus of the US 27 multiplex with US 301–441 to SR 40 just southwest of the Silver Springs city limit 
 State Road 40 runs east and west through Ocala  It spans from Rainbow Lakes Estates through Ocala National Forest to Ormond Beach in Volusia County, although a bi-county extension exists, spanning from Yankeetown in Levy County to Dunnellon, south of the western terminus of SR 40 
 State Road 464 runs east and west from SR 200 through the southeastern part of the city  Beyond the city limits, it continues southeast towards State Road 35, and continues as County Road 464 
 State Road 200 runs northeast and southwest from Hernando in Citrus County through US 27-301-441 where it becomes a "hidden state road" along US 301 until it reaches Callahan, and is multiplexed with SR A1A into Fernandina Beach Ocala International Airport provides general aviation services to the community  Ocala Suntran provides bus service throughout select parts of the city  One of the major hubs for Suntran is the former Ocala Union Station, which served Amtrak trains until November 2004  Amtrak serves Ocala by bus connection to Jacksonville and Lakeland 
Ocala is also served by Greyhound Bus Lines   Marion Transit is the complementary ADA paratransit service for SunTran the fixed route in the City of Ocala   Marion Transit was established in 1976 and operates paratransit buses providing public transportation throughout Marion County for the Transportation Disadvantaged population 

Healthcare
On April 18, 2018, Community Health Systems sold its lease of Munroe Regional Medical Center to Adventist Health System  On August 1, 2018, Adventist Health System acquired Munroe Regional Medical Center and its subsidiary Florida Hospital took over the operations of the hospital under the name of Florida Hospital Ocala 

Notable people
Notable musical groups
Underoath, metalcore band

Sister cities
Ocala has two sister cities:

 Newbridge, County Kildare, in Ireland (2008)
 Pisa and San Rossore in Italy  (2004)

See also
Appleton Museum of Art
Emergency Medical Services Alliance
Jumbolair Airport
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
Ocala National Forest
Sholom Park
Star–Banner
United Hebrews of Ocala
Passage 12:
Tamiami, Florida
Tamiami is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  The population was 54,212 at the 2020 census 

Name
The name Tamiami is a portmanteau of the phrase "Tampa to Miami"  The Tamiami Trail, a roadway that goes through the Everglades, connecting the two cities, was the reason for this combination 

Geography
Tamiami is located 14 miles (23 km) west of downtown Miami at 25°45′18″N 80°24′13″W (25 754945, -80 403611)  It is bordered to the east by Sweetwater and Westchester, to the southeast by Westwood Lakes, and to the south by Kendale Lakes  U S  Route 41, the Tamiami Trail, passes through the center of the community, leading east into Miami and west through the Everglades 95 miles (153 km) to Naples  Tampa is an additional 160 miles (260 km) north beyond Naples 

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Tamiami CDP has a total area of 7 4 sq mi (19 km2), of which 0 4 sq mi (1 0 km2), or 5 16%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 54,212 people, 16,057 households, and 13,185 families residing in the CDP 

2010 census
As of 2010, there were 17,256 households, with 3 0% being vacant  As of 2000, 42 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66 0% were married couples living together, 16 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12 6% were non-families  9 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 33 and the average family size was 3 50 

2000 census
As of 2000, the CDP population was spread out, with 24 4% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 30 0% from 25 to 44, 24 1% from 45 to 64, and 12 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 4 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85 4 males 
As of 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $47,503, and the median income for a family was $49,763  Males had a median income of $30,716 versus $26,426 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $17,601   About 7 6% of families and 9 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12 0% of those under age 18 and 9 7% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 92 39% of residents, while English was the mother tongue of 6 99% of the population  Other languages spoken were well below 1% of the population 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools Elementary schools:

Marjory Stoneman Douglas Elementary School
Greenglade Elementary School
Joe Hall Elementary School
Zora Neale Hurston Elementary School
Wesley Matthews Elementary School
Village Green Elementary SchoolMiddle schools:

Paul W  Bell Middle School
W  R  Thomas Middle SchoolThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami operates Catholic schools  St  Kevin School is in Tamiami It opened in August 1980  Belen Jesuit Preparatory School is also in Tamiami 
Passage 13:
West DeLand, Florida
West DeLand is a census-designated place (CDP) in Volusia County, Florida, United States  The population was 3,908 at the 2020 census 

Geography
West DeLand is located at 29°1′7″N 81°19′44″W (29 018654, -81 328754) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 1 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,424 people, 1,283 households, and 934 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 565 0/km2 (1,465 0/mi2)   There were 1,342 housing units at an average density of 221 4/km2 (574 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 88 70% White, 6 57% African American, 0 20% Native American, 0 55% Asian, 2 63% from other races, and 1 34% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 45% of the population 
There were 1,283 households, out of which 32 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 1% were married couples living together, 12 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27 2% were non-families  22 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 65 and the average family size was 3 05 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25 3% under the age of 18, 7 4% from 18 to 24, 28 0% from 25 to 44, 24 4% from 45 to 64, and 14 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 9 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 0 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,832, and the median income for a family was $40,560  Males had a median income of $29,145 versus $21,902 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $19,496   About 4 8% of families and 9 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 0% of those under age 18 and 9 5% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 14:
Solana, Florida
Solana is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Charlotte County, Florida, United States  The population was 671 at the 2020 census  It is part of the Sarasota-Bradenton-Punta Gorda Combined Statistical Area 

Geography
Solana is located on the eastern edge of Punta Gorda at 26°56′25″N 82°1′46″W (26 940277, -82 029368)  It is bordered to the east by Interstate 75, with access from Exit 164 (U S  Route 17)  Via I-75 it is 26 miles (42 km) north of the Fort Myers area and 30 miles (48 km) southwest of the outskirts of Venice 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Solana CDP has a total area of 1 7 square miles (4 3 km2), of which 1 5 square miles (4 0 km2) is land and 0 12 square miles (0 3 km2), or 7 13%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,011 people, 459 households, and 267 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 590 3 inhabitants per square mile (227 9/km2)   There were 563 housing units at an average density of 328 7 per square mile (126 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 91 69% White, 5 44% African American, 0 20% Native American, 1 09% Asian, 0 49% from other races, and 1 09% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 37% of the population 
There were 459 households, out of which 18 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 3% were married couples living together, 12 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41 8% were non-families  31 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 20 and the average family size was 2 69 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18 2% under the age of 18, 9 1% from 18 to 24, 22 4% from 25 to 44, 26 9% from 45 to 64, and 23 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 45 years  For every 100 females, there were 101 4 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101 7 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $23,472, and the median income for a family was $30,855  Males had a median income of $28,594 versus $20,726 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $17,176   About 14 2% of families and 19 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48 5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over 
Passage 15:
Kendall Green, Pompano Beach, Florida
Kendall Green was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States, and is now a neighborhood of Pompano Beach, Florida  The population was 3,084 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Kendall Green is located at 26°16′2″N 80°7′13″W (26 267188, -80 120241) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 2 km2 (0 5 mi2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,084 people, 931 households, and 683 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,480 7/km2 (6,467 8/mi2)   There were 982 housing units at an average density of 789 9/km2 (2,059 5/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 39 40% White (28 6% were Non-Hispanic White,) 41 28% African American, 0 23% Native American, 1 04% Asian, 0 06% Pacific Islander, 4 12% from other races, and 13 88% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16 02% of the population 
There were 931 households, out of which 42 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 7% were married couples living together, 17 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 6% were non-families  18 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 31 and the average family size was 3 74 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30 0% under the age of 18, 10 6% from 18 to 24, 32 5% from 25 to 44, 19 2% from 45 to 64, and 7 8% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 102 8 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,304, and the median income for a family was $35,260  Males had a median income of $25,239 versus $18,818 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $12,621   About 20 4% of families and 22 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29 4% of those under age 18 and 6 5% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, English was a first language for 25 78% of all residents, while French Creole accounted for 50 22%, Spanish made up 24 26%, Portuguese was at 4 62%, and French was the mother tongue of 2 33% of the population 
Passage 16:
Zephyrhills North, Florida
Zephyrhills North is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 2,544 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Zephyrhills North is located at 28°15′0″N 82°9′56″W (28 250083, -82 165528) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 1 square miles (2 8 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,544 people, 1,298 households, and 842 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,360 0 inhabitants per square mile (911 2/km2)   There were 1,889 housing units at an average density of 1,752 4 per square mile (676 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 34% White, 1 14% African American, 0 67% Native American, 1 38% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 06% from other races, and 1 38% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 30% of the population 
There were 1,298 households, out of which 13 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 7% were married couples living together, 8 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35 1% were non-families  31 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 1 96 and the average family size was 2 37 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 12 9% under the age of 18, 4 8% from 18 to 24, 14 6% from 25 to 44, 20 3% from 45 to 64, and 47 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 64 years  For every 100 females, there were 81 5 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79 1 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,462, and the median income for a family was $32,897  Males had a median income of $28,214 versus $20,529 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $16,344   About 6 6% of families and 10 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 2% of those under age 18 and 5 3% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 17:
Jasmine Estates, Florida
Jasmine Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 18,989 according to the 2010 census 

Geography
Jasmine Estates is located at 28°17′37″N 82°41′30″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2), of which 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2) is land and 0 1 square miles (0 26 km2) (1 65%) is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,213 people, 8,361 households, and 5,275 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 5,096 5 inhabitants per square mile (1,967 8/km2)   There were 9,289 housing units at an average density of 2,599 3 per square mile (1,003 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 46% White, 1 63% African American, 0 32% Native American, 0 88% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 1 21% from other races, and 1 49% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 07% of the population 
There were 8,361 households, out of which 21 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 4% were married couples living together, 11 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36 9% were non-families  31 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 18 and the average family size was 2 67 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19 1% under the age of 18, 6 2% from 18 to 24, 23 6% from 25 to 44, 20 6% from 45 to 64, and 30 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 46 years  For every 100 females, there were 86 0 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83 2 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,935, and the median income for a family was $31,584  Males had a median income of $26,077 versus $21,906 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $14,867   About 12 0% of families and 14 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 8% of those under age 18 and 9 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 18:
Ridgecrest, Florida
Ridgecrest is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinellas County, Florida, United States  The population was 2,558 at the 2010 census 

Geography
Ridgecrest is located at 27°53′45″N 82°48′17″W (27 895767, -82 804786) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 5 km2 (0 6 mi2), of which 1 5 km2 (0 6 mi2) is land and 1 75% is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,453 people, 781 households, and 623 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 1,691 3/km2 (4,354 6/mi2)   There were 862 housing units at an average density of 594 3/km2 (1,530 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 16 23% White, 80 64% African American, 0 08% Native American, 0 16% Asian, 0 98% from other races, and 1 92% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 18% of the population 
There were 781 households, out of which 39 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32 5% were married couples living together, 41 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 2% were non-families  15 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 13 and the average family size was 3 51 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36 9% under the age of 18, 8 8% from 18 to 24, 24 8% from 25 to 44, 20 3% from 45 to 64, and 9 2% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 29 years  For every 100 females, there were 80 9 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69 4 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,535, and the median income for a family was $26,591  Males had a median income of $26,850 versus $20,664 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $13,290   About 20 1% of families and 22 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35 4% of those under age 18 and 11 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 19:
East Palatka, Florida
East Palatka is a census-designated place (CDP) in Putnam County, Florida, United States  It is located on the east side of the City of Palatka at the intersection of U S  Route 17/State Road 20/State Road 100 and the southwestern terminus of State Road 207  The population was 1,654 at the 2010 census East Palatka is home to the Palatka State Farmer's Market, as well as the Putnam County Fairgrounds 

Geography
East Palatka is located at 29°39′00″N 81°35′58″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4 5 square miles (12 km2), of which 3 2 square miles (8 3 km2) is land and 1 3 square miles (3 4 km2) (28 89%) is water  East Palatka is drained by the St  Johns River 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,707 people, 521 households, and 365 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 532 3 inhabitants per square mile (205 5/km2)   There were 594 housing units at an average density of 185 2 per square mile (71 5/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 59 64% White, 37 26% African American, 0 29% Native American, 1 00% Asian, 0 76% from other races, and 1 05% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 40% of the population 
There were 521 households, out of which 28 6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50 5% were married couples living together, 15 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29 9% were non-families  25 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 50 and the average family size was 2 98 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18 5% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 36 7% from 25 to 44, 21 8% from 45 to 64, and 14 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 158 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 175 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,857, and the median income for a family was $46,071  Males had a median income of $31,507 versus $26,250 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $18,478   About 12 6% of families and 17 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41 4% of those under age 18 and 12 8% of those age 65 or over 

Residents
The noted southern economist Dr  R  Christopher Jones was born and raised in East Palatka 



ground_truth: in Northern Florida

Northern Florida

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many times did plague occur in the place where Venus with a Mirror's creator died?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353  It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351  Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis spread by fleas, but during the Black Death it probably also took a secondary form, spread by person-to-person contact via aerosols, causing pneumonic plague The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic  The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history 
The origin of the Black Death is disputed  Genetic analysis points to the evolution of Yersinia pestis in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China 2,600 years ago  The immediate territorial origins of the Black Death and its outbreak remains unclear with some pointing towards Central Asia, China, the Middle East and Europe  The pandemic was reportedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of the Genoese trading port of Kaffa in Crimea by the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg in 1347  From Crimea, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese ships, spreading through the Mediterranean Basin and reaching North Africa, Western Asia and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily and the Italian Peninsula  There is evidence that once it came ashore, the Black Death mainly spread person-to-person as pneumonic plague, thus explaining the quick inland spread of the epidemic, which was faster than would be expected if the primary vector was rat fleas causing bubonic plague  In 2022, it was discovered that there was a sudden surge of deaths in what is today Kyrgyzstan from the Black Death in the late 1330s; when combined with genetic evidence, this implies that the initial spread may not have been due to Mongol conquests in the 14th century, as previously speculated The Black Death was the second great natural disaster to strike Europe during the Late Middle Ages (the first one being the Great Famine of 1315–1317) and is estimated to have killed 30 percent to 60 percent of the European population, as well as about one-third of the population of the Middle East  The plague might have reduced the world population from c  475 million to 350–375 million in the 14th century  There were further outbreaks throughout the Late Middle Ages and, with other contributing factors (the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages), the European population did not regain its level in 1300 until 1500  Outbreaks of the plague recurred around the world until the early 19th century 

Names
European writers contemporary with the plague described the disease in Latin as pestis or pestilentia, 'pestilence'; epidemia, 'epidemic'; mortalitas, 'mortality'  In English prior to the 18th century, the event was called the "pestilence" or "great pestilence", "the plague" or the "great death"  Subsequent to the pandemic "the furste moreyn" (first murrain) or "first pestilence" was applied, to distinguish the mid-14th century phenomenon from other infectious diseases and epidemics of plague The 1347 pandemic plague was not referred to specifically as "black" in the time of occurrence in any European language, though the expression "black death" had occasionally been applied to fatal disease beforehand  "Black death" was not used to describe the plague pandemic in English until the 1750s; the term is first attested in 1755, where it translated Danish: den sorte død, lit  'the black death'  This expression as a proper name for the pandemic had been popularized by Swedish and Danish chroniclers in the 15th and early 16th centuries, and in the 16th and 17th centuries was transferred to other languages as a calque: Icelandic: svarti dauði, German: der schwarze Tod, and French: la mort noire  Previously, most European languages had named the pandemic a variant or calque of the Latin: magna mortalitas, lit  'Great Death' The phrase 'black death' – describing Death as black – is very old  Homer used it in the Odyssey to describe the monstrous Scylla, with her mouths "full of black Death" (Ancient Greek: πλεῖοι μέλανος Θανάτοιο, romanized: pleîoi mélanos Thanátoio)  Seneca the Younger may have been the first to describe an epidemic as 'black death', (Latin: mors atra) but only in reference to the acute lethality and dark prognosis of disease  The 12th–13th century French physician Gilles de Corbeil had already used atra mors to refer to a "pestilential fever" (febris pestilentialis) in his work On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases (De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium)  The phrase mors nigra, 'black death', was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino (or Couvin), a Belgian astronomer, in his poem "On the Judgement of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn" (De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni), which attributes the plague to an astrological conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn  His use of the phrase is not connected unambiguously with the plague pandemic of 1347 and appears to refer to the fatal outcome of disease The historian Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the Great Pestilence in 1893 and suggested that it had been "some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"  In 1908, Gasquet said use of the name atra mors for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J  I  Pontanus: "Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocitabant) 

Previous plague epidemics
Research from 2017 suggests plague first infected humans in Europe and Asia in the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age  Research in 2018 found evidence of Yersinia pestis in an ancient Swedish tomb, which may have been associated with the "Neolithic decline" around 3000 BCE, in which European populations fell significantly  This Y  pestis may have been different from more modern types, with bubonic plague transmissible by fleas first known from Bronze Age remains near Samara The symptoms of bubonic plague are first attested in a fragment of Rufus of Ephesus preserved by Oribasius; these ancient medical authorities suggest bubonic plague had appeared in the Roman Empire before the reign of Trajan, six centuries before arriving at Pelusium in the reign of Justinian I  In 2013, researchers confirmed earlier speculation that the cause of the Plague of Justinian (541–542 CE, with recurrences until 750) was Y  pestis  This is known as the first plague pandemic  In 610, the Chinese physician Chao Yuanfang described a "malignant bubo" "coming in abruptly with high fever together with the appearance of a bundle of nodes beneath the tissue " The Chinese physician Sun Simo who died in 652 also mentioned a "malignant bubo" and plague that was common in Lingnan (Guangzhou)  Ole Jørgen Benedictow believes that this indicates it was an offshoot of the first plague pandemic which made its way eastward to Chinese territory by around 600 

14th-century plague
Causes
Early theory
The most authoritative contemporary account is found in a report from the medical faculty in Paris to Philip VI of France  It blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air" (miasma theory)  Muslim religious scholars taught that the pandemic was a "martyrdom and mercy" from God, assuring the believer's place in paradise  For non-believers, it was a punishment  Some Muslim doctors cautioned against trying to prevent or treat a disease sent by God  Others adopted preventive measures and treatments for plague used by Europeans  These Muslim doctors also depended on the writings of the ancient Greeks 

Predominant modern theory
Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried-out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease  The plague disease, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas, including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, North India, Uganda and the western United States Y  pestis was discovered by Alexandre Yersin, a pupil of Louis Pasteur, during an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894; Yersin also proved this bacillus was present in rodents and suggested the rat was the main vehicle of transmission  The mechanism by which Y  pestis is usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y  pestis several days after feeding on an infected host  This blockage starves the fleas and drives them to aggressive feeding behaviour and attempts to clear the blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host  The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lacks resistance  When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic 

DNA evidence
Definitive confirmation of the role of Y  pestis arrived in 2010 with a publication in PLOS Pathogens by Haensch et al  They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for Y  pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences  The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, "ends the debate about the cause of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y  pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages"  In 2011, these results were further confirmed with genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England  Schuenemann et al  concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y  pestis that may no longer exist" Later in 2011, Bos et al  reported in Nature the first draft genome of Y  pestis from plague victims from the same East Smithfield cemetery and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of Y  pestis Since this time, further genomic papers have further confirmed the phylogenetic placement of the Y  pestis strain responsible for the Black Death as both the ancestor of later plague epidemics including the third plague pandemic and as the descendant of the strain responsible for the Plague of Justinian  In addition, plague genomes from significantly earlier in prehistory have been recovered DNA taken from 25 skeletons from 14th century London have shown plague is a strain of Y  pestis almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013  Further DNA evidence also proves the role of Y  Pestis and traces the source to the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan 

Alternative explanations
It is recognised that an epidemiological account of plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period  Most work has been done on the spread of the disease in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken in England between the time of publication of the Domesday Book of 1086 and the poll tax of the year 1377  Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures for the clergy 
Mathematical modelling is used to match the spreading patterns and the means of transmission  A research in 2018 challenged the popular hypothesis that "infected rats died, their flea parasites could have jumped from the recently dead rat hosts to humans"  It suggested an alternative model in which "the disease was spread from human fleas and body lice to other people"  The second model claims to better fit the trends of death toll because the rat-flea-human hypothesis would have produced a delayed but very high spike in deaths, which contradict historical death data Lars Walløe complains that all of these authors "take it for granted that Simond's infection model, black rat → rat flea → human, which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India, is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread", whilst pointing to several other possibilities  Similarly, Monica Green has argued that greater attention is needed to the range of (especially non-commensal) animals that might be involved in the transmission of plague Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of numerous rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the disease spread too quickly to support the thesis that Y  pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person  This theory is supported by research in 2018 which suggested transmission was more likely by body lice and fleas during the second plague pandemic 

Summary
Although academic debate continues, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance  Many scholars arguing for Y  pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections  In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicaemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms  In 2014, Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed in the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis  Currently, while osteoarcheologists have conclusively verified the presence of Y  pestis bacteria in burial sites across northern Europe through examination of bones and dental pulp, no other epidemic pathogen has been discovered to bolster the alternative explanations 

Transmission
Lack of hygiene
The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century with the development of the germ theory of disease; until then streets were commonly filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding, facilitating the spread of transmissible disease By the early fourteenth century so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste  In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for "shit"  There were rue Merdeux, rue Merdelet, rue Merdusson, rue des Merdons and rue Merdiere—as well as a rue du Pipi Pigs, cattle, chickens, geese, goats and horses roamed the streets of medieval London and Paris  Medieval homeowners were supposed to police their housefronts, including removing animal dung, but most urbanites were as careless as William E  Cosner, a resident of the London suburb of Farringdon Without  A complaint lodged against Cosner charges that "men could not pass [by his house] for the stink [of]       horse dung and horse piss "One irate Londoner complained that the runoff from the local slaughterhouse had made his garden "stinking and putrid", while another charged that the blood from slain animals flooded nearby streets and lanes, "making a foul corruption and abominable sight to all dwelling near " In much of medieval Europe, sanitation legislation consisted of an ordinance requiring homeowners to shout, "Look out below!" three times before dumping a full chamber pot into the street Early Christians, who thought self-abnegation a cardinal virtue, considered bathing, if not a vice, then a temptation  "Who knows what impure thoughts might arise in a tub of warm water? With this danger in mind, St  Benedict declared, "To those who are well, and especially to the young, bathing shall seldom be permitted " St  Agnes took the injunction to heart and died without ever bathing 

Territorial origins
According to a team of medical geneticists led by Mark Achtman that analysed the genetic variation of the bacterium Yersinia pestis "evolved in or near China" over 2,600 years ago  Later research by a team led by Galina Eroshenko places the origins more specifically in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China  However more recent research notes that the previous sampling had a very heavy East Asian bias and that sampling since then has discovered strains of Y  pestis in the Caucasus region that were previously thought to be restricted to China  There is also no physical or specific textual evidence of the Black Death in 14th century China  As a result, China's place in the sequence of the plague's spread is still debated to this day  According to Charles Creighton, records of epidemics in 14th century China suggest nothing more than typhus and major Chinese outbreaks of epidemic disease post-date the European epidemic by several years  The earliest Chinese descriptions of the bubonic plague do not appear until the 1640s Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague, which has led some historians and epidemiologists to think they mark the outbreak of the epidemic; this is supported by recent direct findings of Y  pestis DNA in teeth samples from graves in the area with inscriptions referring to "pestilence" as the cause of death  Epidemics killed an estimated 25 million across Asia during the fifteen years before the Black Death reached Constantinople in 1347 
The evidence does not suggest, at least at present, that these mortality crises were caused by plague  Although some scholars, including McNeill and Cao, see the 1333 outbreak as a prelude to the outbreaks in Europe from the late 1340s to the early 1350s, scholars of the Yuan and Ming periods remain skeptical about such an interpretation  Nonetheless, the remarkably high mortality rates during the Datong mortality should discourage us from rejecting the possibility of localized/regional outbreaks of plague in different parts of China, albeit differing in scale from, and unrelated to, the pandemic mortality of the Black Death  What we lack is any indication of a plague pandemic that engulfed vast territories of the Yuan Empire and later moved into western Eurasia through Central Asia 
According to John Norris, evidence from Issyk-Kul indicates a small sporadic outbreak characteristic of transmission from rodents to humans with no wide-scale impact  According to Achtman, the dating of the plague suggests that it was not carried along the Silk Road, and its widespread appearance in that region probably postdates the European outbreak  There are no records of the symptoms of the Black Death from Mongol sources or writings from travelers east of the Black Sea prior to the Crimean outbreak in 1346  Finally, the Silk Road had already been heavily disrupted before the spread of the Black Death  Western and Middle Eastern traders found it difficult to trade on the Silk Road by 1325 and impossible by 1340, making spread of the plague less likely Others still favor an origin in China or even Kurdistan, and not Central Asia  According to the theory of Chinese origin, the disease may have traveled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders, or it could have arrived via ship, but this theory is still contested  It is speculated that rats aboard Zheng He's ships in the 15th century may have carried the plague to Southeast Asia, India and Africa 
Research on the Delhi Sultanate and the Yuan Dynasty shows no evidence of any serious epidemic in fourteenth-century India and no specific evidence of plague in fourteenth-century China, suggesting that the Black Death may not have reached these regions  Ole Benedictow argues that since the first clear reports of the Black Death come from Kaffa, the Black Death most likely originated in the nearby plague focus on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea 
Demographic historians estimate that China's population fell by at least 15 percent, and perhaps as much as a third, between 1340 and 1370  This population loss coincided with the Black Death that ravaged Europe and much of the Islamic world in 1347–52  However, there is a conspicuous lack of evidence for pandemic disease on the scale of the Black Death in China at this time  War and famine – and the diseases that typically accompanied them – probably were the main causes of mortality in the final decades of Mongol rule 
Monica H  Green suggests that the reason why other parts of Eurasia outside the west do not contain the same evidence of the Black Plague is because there were actually four strains of Yersinia pestis that became predominant in different parts of the world  Mongol records of illness such as food poisoning may have been referring to the Black Plague  Another theory is that the Black Death originated near Europe and cycled through the Mediterranean, Northern Europe and Russia before making its way to China  Other historians such as John Norris and Ole Benedictaw believe the Black Death likely originated in Europe or the Middle East and never reached China 

European outbreak
Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347  During a protracted siege of the city, in 1345–1346 the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants, though it is more likely that infected rats travelled across the siege lines to spread the epidemic to the inhabitants  As the disease took hold, Genoese traders fled across the Black Sea to Constantinople, where the disease first arrived in Europe in summer 1347 The epidemic there killed the 13-year-old son of the Byzantine emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos, who wrote a description of the disease modelled on Thucydides's account of the 5th century BCE Plague of Athens, but noting the spread of the Black Death by ship between maritime cities  Nicephorus Gregoras also described in writing to Demetrios Kydones the rising death toll, the futility of medicine, and the panic of the citizens  The first outbreak in Constantinople lasted a year, but the disease recurred ten times before 1400 Carried by twelve Genoese galleys, plague arrived by ship in Sicily in October 1347; the disease spread rapidly all over the island  Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy  Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseilles From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain (the epidemic began to wreak havoc first on the Crown of Aragon in the spring of 1348), Portugal and England by June 1348, then spread east and north through Germany, Scotland and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350  It was introduced into Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland  Finally, it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351  Plague was somewhat more uncommon in parts of Europe with less developed trade with their neighbours, including the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated Alpine villages throughout the continent According to some epidemiologists, periods of unfavourable weather decimated plague-infected rodent populations and forced their fleas onto alternative hosts, inducing plague outbreaks which often peaked in the hot summers of the Mediterranean, as well as during the cool autumn months of the southern Baltic region  Among many other culprits of plague contagiousness, malnutrition, even if distantly, also contributed to such an immense loss in European population, since it weakened immune systems 

Western Asian and North African outbreak
The disease struck various regions in the Middle East and North Africa during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures  As infected rodents infected new rodents, the disease spread across the region, entering also from southern Russia 
By autumn 1347, plague had reached Alexandria in Egypt, transmitted by sea from Constantinople; according to a contemporary witness, from a single merchant ship carrying slaves  By late summer 1348 it reached Cairo, capital of the Mamluk Sultanate, cultural centre of the Islamic world, and the largest city in the Mediterranean Basin; the Bahriyya child sultan an-Nasir Hasan fled and more than a third of the 600,000 residents died  The Nile was choked with corpses despite Cairo having a medieval hospital, the late 13th century bimaristan of the Qalawun complex  The historian al-Maqrizi described the abundant work for grave-diggers and practitioners of funeral rites, and plague recurred in Cairo more than fifty times over the following one and a half centuries During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza by April; by July it had reached Damascus, and in October plague had broken out in Aleppo  That year, in the territory of modern Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine, the cities of Ascalon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon and Homs were all infected  In 1348–1349, the disease reached Antioch  The city's residents fled to the north, but most of them ended up dying during the journey  Within two years, the plague had spread throughout the Islamic world, from Arabia across North Africa  The pandemic spread westwards from Alexandria along the African coast, while in April 1348 Tunis was infected by ship from Sicily  Tunis was then under attack by an army from Morocco; this army dispersed in 1348 and brought the contagion with them to Morocco, whose epidemic may also have been seeded from the Islamic city of Almería in al-Andalus Mecca became infected in 1348 by pilgrims performing the Hajj  In 1351 or 1352, the Rasulid sultan of the Yemen, al-Mujahid Ali, was released from Mamluk captivity in Egypt and carried plague with him on his return home  During 1348, records show the city of Mosul suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease 

Signs and symptoms
Bubonic plague
Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise  Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days Contemporary accounts of the pandemic are varied and often imprecise  The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, neck and armpits, which oozed pus and bled when opened  Boccaccio's description:

In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg     From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous  As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death, such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves 
This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood  Most people died two to seven days after initial infection  Freckle-like spots and rashes, which could have been caused by flea-bites, were identified as another potential sign of plague 

Pneumonic plague
Lodewijk Heyligen, whose master the Cardinal Colonna died of plague in 1348, noted a distinct form of the disease, pneumonic plague, that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems  Symptoms include fever, cough and blood-tinged sputum  As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red  Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent 

Septicaemic plague
Septicaemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%  Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation)  In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicaemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes 

Consequences
Deaths
There are no exact figures for the death toll; the rate varied widely by locality  In urban centres, the greater the population before the outbreak, the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality  It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia  A study published in 2022 of pollen samples across Europe between 1250 and 1450 was used to estimate changes in agricultural output before and after the Black Death  The authors found great variability in different regions, with evidence for high mortality in areas of Scandinavia, France, western Germany, Greece and central Italy, but uninterrupted agricultural growth in central and eastern Europe, Iberia and Ireland The mortality rate of the Black Death in the 14th century was far greater than the worst 20th-century outbreaks of Y  pestis plague, which occurred in India and killed as much as 3% of the population of certain cities  The overwhelming number of deceased bodies produced by the Black Death caused the necessity of mass burial sites in Europe, sometimes including up to several hundred or several thousand skeletons  The mass burial sites that have been excavated have allowed archaeologists to continue interpreting and defining the biological, sociological, historical and anthropological implications of the Black Death According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague  Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it could have been as much as 60% of the European population  In 1348, the disease spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished  In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die  Half of Paris' population of 100,000 people died  In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from between 110,000 and 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 down to 50,000 in 1351  At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well, with a death toll of approximately 62,000 between 1346 and 1353  Florence's tax records suggest that 80% of the city's population died within four months in 1348  Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450  The disease bypassed some areas, with the most isolated areas being less vulnerable to contagion  Plague did not appear in Douai in Flanders until the turn of the 15th century, and the impact was less severe on the populations of Hainaut, Finland, northern Germany and areas of Poland  Monks, nuns and priests were especially hard-hit since they cared for people with the Black Death 

The physician to the Avignon Papacy, Raimundo Chalmel de Vinario (Latin: Magister Raimundus, lit  'Master Raymond'), observed the decreasing mortality rate of successive outbreaks of plague in 1347–48, 1362, 1371 and 1382 in his 1382 treatise On Epidemics (De epidemica)  In the first outbreak, two thirds of the population contracted the illness and most patients died; in the next, half the population became ill but only some died; by the third, a tenth were affected and many survived; while by the fourth occurrence, only one in twenty people were sickened and most of them survived  By the 1380s in Europe, it predominantly affected children  Chalmel de Vinario recognised that bloodletting was ineffective (though he continued to prescribe bleeding for members of the Roman Curia, whom he disliked), and said that all true cases of plague were caused by astrological factors and were incurable; he himself was never able to effect a cure The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death toll of about a third of the population  The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population  In Cairo, with a population numbering as many as 600,000, and possibly the largest city west of China, between one third and 40% of the inhabitants died within eight months Italian chronicler Agnolo di Tura recorded his experience from Siena, where plague arrived in May 1348:

Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through the breath and sight  And so they died  And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship  Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could, without priest, without divine offices     great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead  And they died by the hundreds both day and night     And as soon as those ditches were filled more were dug     And I, Agnolo di Tura     buried my five children with my own hands  And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city  There was no one who wept for any death, for all awaited death  And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world 

Economic
It has been suggested that the plague, like some others in history, disproportionately affected the poorest people, who were already in generally worse physical condition than the wealthier citizens   Nevertheless, with such a large overall population decline from the pandemic, wages soared in response to a labour shortage  On the other hand, in the quarter century after the Black Death in England, it is clear many labourers, artisans and craftsmen, those living from money-wages alone, did suffer a reduction in real incomes owing to rampant inflation  Landowners were also pushed to substitute monetary rents for labour services in an effort to keep tenants 

Environmental
A study performed by Thomas Van Hoof of the Utrecht University suggests that the innumerable deaths brought on by the pandemic cooled the climate by freeing up land and triggering reforestation  This may have led to the Little Ice Age 

Persecutions
Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death  Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims", lepers and Romani, blaming them for the crisis  Lepers, and others with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were killed throughout Europe 
Because 14th-century healers and governments were at a loss to explain or stop the disease, Europeans turned to astrological forces, earthquakes and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for outbreaks  Many believed the epidemic was a punishment by God for their sins, and could be relieved by winning God's forgiveness There were many attacks against Jewish communities  In the Strasbourg massacre of February 1349, about 2,000 Jews were murdered  In August 1349, the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated  By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed  During this period many Jews relocated to Poland, where they received a warm welcome from King Casimir the Great 

Social
One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th-century Italy and led to the Renaissance  Italy was particularly badly hit by the pandemic, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on spirituality and the afterlife  It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art This does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred in Italy in the 14th century  The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy  The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors, in combination with an influx of Greek scholars following the fall of the Byzantine Empire  As a result of the drastic reduction in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom  To answer the increased need for labour, workers travelled in search of the most favorable position economically Prior to the emergence of the Black Death, the workings of Europe were run by the Catholic Church and the continent was considered a feudalistic society, composed of fiefs and city-states  The pandemic completely restructured both religion and political forces; survivors began to turn to other forms of spirituality and the power dynamics of the fiefs and city-states crumbled Cairo's population, partly owing to the numerous plague epidemics, was in the early 18th century half of what it was in 1347  The populations of some Italian cities, notably Florence, did not regain their pre-14th century size until the 19th century  The demographic decline due to the pandemic had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400  Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall  The survivors of the pandemic found not only that the prices of food were lower but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives, and this probably destabilised feudalism The word "quarantine" has its roots in this period, though the concept of isolating people to prevent the spread of disease is older  In the city-state of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia), a thirty-day isolation period was implemented in 1377 for new arrivals to the city from plague-affected areas  The isolation period was later extended to forty days, and given the name "quarantino" from the Italian word for "forty" 

Recurrences
Second plague pandemic
The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries  According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671  (Note that some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data ) The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67  Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century)  The historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 1900s  However, other sources suggest that the Second pandemic did indeed reach Sub-Saharan Africa According to historian Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31 " In the first half of the 17th century, a plague killed some 1 7 million people in Italy  More than 1 25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world  Plague could be found in the Islamic world almost every year between 1500 and 1850  Sometimes the outbreaks affected small areas, while other outbreaks affected multiple regions  Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa  Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42  Cairo suffered more than fifty plague epidemics within 150 years from the plague's first appearance, with the final outbreak of the second pandemic there in the 1840s  Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century  Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800  Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population had died 

Third plague pandemic
The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone  The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney  This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908 

Modern-day
Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine  It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat  One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995  A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014  In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands An estimate of the case fatality rate for the modern bubonic plague, following the introduction of antibiotics, is 11%, although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions 

See also
Black Death in England
Black Death in medieval culture
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Flagellant
Globalization and disease
List of epidemics
Second plague pandemic
Timeline of plague
Passage 2:
Christian Ackermann
Christian Ackermann was a sculptor and carver who worked in Estonia 

Life and work
Christian Ackermann was born in Königsberg  He worked in Riga, Stockholm, and Gdańsk, before becoming active in Tallinn from about 1672 until his death in 1710  In 1675, Ackermann moved to Tallinn and worked first in the workshop of Elert Thiele, a local woodcarver  After Thiele's death in 1674, Achermann married the master's widow  He then became a citizen of Tallinn but didn't join the local guild of woodcarvers   And that was a reason why between him and the guild's masters had begun a strong struggle which finished in court  Ackermann won and got the permission to work alone, he was the first independent sculptor in Estonia and acquired his own workshop at Toompea Hill  He probably died either in 1710 or a short time later from plague 
Christian Ackermann was one of the greatest masters of the Baroque style in Estonia  He brought strong Central European influences to Northeast Europe, in particular the motifs of the Baroque and masterful Acanthus ornaments  The majority of his works consists of almost twenty altarpieces, pulpits and large coat-of-arms epitaphs 

Most important works
Baptistery for the Swedish St  Michael's Church in Tallinn (around 1680)
Altarpiece for the church of Simuna (1684)
Altar and pulpit for the church of Türi (1693)
Pulpit with figures of the apostles (1686) and altarpiece (1696) for St Mary's Cathedral of Tallinn
Emblem for St Mary's Cathedral of Tallinn
Clock for the Church of the Holy Ghost in Tallinn
Altar figures and altarpiece for the church of Martna
Pulpit for the church of Juuru Parish (1695)
Pulpit for the church of Karuse (1697)
Crucifix for the church of Koeru Parish (end of the 17th century)

See also
List of Baltic German artists
Passage 3:
The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence (Titian)
The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence is a 1558 painting by Titian, now in the church of I Gesuiti in Venice  It so impressed Philip II of Spain that he commissioned a second version in 1567 for the basilica at El Escorial 

See also
List of works by Titian
Passage 4:
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea and gastro, is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach and intestine  Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain  Fever, lack of energy, and dehydration may also occur  This typically lasts less than two weeks  It is not related to influenza, even though in the U S  it is sometimes called the "stomach flu" Gastroenteritis is usually caused by viruses; however, gut bacteria, parasites, and fungi can also cause gastroenteritis  In children, rotavirus is the most common cause of severe disease  In adults, norovirus and Campylobacter are common causes  Eating improperly prepared food, drinking contaminated water or close contact with a person who is infected can spread the disease  Treatment is generally the same with or without a definitive diagnosis, so testing to confirm is usually not needed For young children in impoverished countries, prevention includes hand washing with soap, drinking clean water, breastfeeding babies instead of using formula, and proper disposal of human waste  The rotavirus vaccine is recommended as a prevention for children  Treatment involves getting enough fluids  For mild or moderate cases, this can typically be achieved by drinking oral rehydration solution (a combination of water, salts and sugar)  In those who are breastfed, continued breastfeeding is recommended  For more severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed  Fluids may also be given by a nasogastric tube  Zinc supplementation is recommended in children  Antibiotics are generally not needed  However, antibiotics are recommended for young children with a fever and bloody diarrhea In 2015, there were two billion cases of gastroenteritis, resulting in 1 3 million deaths globally  Children and those in the developing world are affected the most  In 2011, there were about 1 7 billion cases, resulting in about 700,000 deaths of children under the age of five  In the developing world, children less than two years of age frequently get six or more infections a year  It is less common in adults, partly due to the development of immunity 

Signs and symptoms
Gastroenteritis usually involves both diarrhea and vomiting  Sometimes, only one or the other is present  This may be accompanied by abdominal cramps  Signs and symptoms usually begin 12–72 hours after contracting the infectious agent  If due to a virus, the condition usually resolves within one week  Some viral infections also involve fever, fatigue, headache and muscle pain  If the stool is bloody, the cause is less likely to be viral and more likely to be bacterial  Some bacterial infections cause severe abdominal pain and may persist for several weeks Children infected with rotavirus usually make a full recovery within three to eight days  However, in poor countries treatment for severe infections is often out of reach and persistent diarrhea is common   Dehydration is a common complication of diarrhea  Severe dehydration in children may be recognized if the skin color and position returns slowly when pressed  This is called "prolonged capillary refill" and "poor skin turgor"  Abnormal breathing is another sign of severe dehydration  Repeat infections are typically seen in areas with poor sanitation, and malnutrition  Stunted growth and long-term cognitive delays can result Reactive arthritis occurs in 1% of people following infections with Campylobacter species  Guillain–Barré syndrome occurs in 0 1%  Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) may occur due to infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli or Shigella species  HUS causes low platelet counts, poor kidney function, and low red blood cell count (due to their breakdown)  Children are more predisposed to getting HUS than adults  Some viral infections may produce benign infantile seizures 

Cause
Viruses (particularly rotavirus (in children) and norovirus (in adults)) and the bacteria Escherichia coli and Campylobacter species are the primary causes of gastroenteritis  There are, however, many other infectious agents that can cause this syndrome including parasites and fungus  Non-infectious causes are seen on occasion, but they are less likely than a viral or bacterial cause  Risk of infection is higher in children due to their lack of immunity  Children are also at higher risk because they are less likely to practice good hygiene habits  Children living in areas without easy access to water and soap are especially vulnerable 

Viral
Rotaviruses, noroviruses, adenoviruses, and astroviruses are known to cause viral gastroenteritis  Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, and produces similar rates in both the developed and developing world  Viruses cause about 70% of episodes of infectious diarrhea in the pediatric age group  Rotavirus is a less common cause in adults due to acquired immunity  Norovirus is the cause in about 18% of all cases  Generally speaking, viral gastroenteritis accounts for 21–40% of the cases of infectious diarrhea in developed countries Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis among adults in America accounting for about 90% of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks  These localized epidemics typically occur when groups of people spend time proximate to each other, such as on cruise ships, in hospitals, or in restaurants  People may remain infectious even after their diarrhea has ended  Norovirus is the cause of about 10% of cases in children 

Bacterial
In some countries, Campylobacter jejuni is the primary cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with half of these cases associated with exposure to poultry  In children, bacteria are the cause in about 15% of cases, with the most common types being Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter species  If food becomes contaminated with bacteria and remains at room temperature for a period of several hours, the bacteria multiply and increase the risk of infection in those who consume the food  Some foods commonly associated with illness include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs; raw sprouts; unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses; and fruit and vegetable juices  In the developing world, especially sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, cholera is a common cause of gastroenteritis  This infection is usually transmitted by contaminated water or food Toxigenic Clostridium difficile is an important cause of diarrhea that occurs more often in the elderly  Infants can carry these bacteria without developing symptoms  It is a common cause of diarrhea in those who are hospitalized and is frequently associated with antibiotic use  Staphylococcus aureus infectious diarrhea may also occur in those who have used antibiotics  Acute "traveler's diarrhea" is usually a type of bacterial gastroenteritis, while the persistent form is usually parasitic  Acid-suppressing medication appears to increase the risk of significant infection after exposure to a number of organisms, including Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, and Campylobacter species  The risk is greater in those taking proton pump inhibitors than with H2 antagonists 

Parasitic
A number of parasites can cause gastroenteritis  Giardia lamblia is most common, but Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp , and other species have also been implicated  As a group, these agents comprise about 10% of cases in children  Giardia occurs more commonly in the developing world, but this type of illness can occur nearly everywhere  It occurs more commonly in persons who have traveled to areas with high prevalence, children who attend day care, men who have sex with men, and following disasters 

Transmission
Transmission may occur from drinking contaminated water or when people share personal objects  Water quality typically worsens during the rainy season and outbreaks are more common at this time  In areas with four seasons, infections are more common in the winter  Worldwide, bottle-feeding of babies with improperly sanitized bottles is a significant cause  Transmission rates are also related to poor hygiene, (especially among children), in crowded households, and in those with poor nutritional status  Adults who have developed immunities might still carry certain organisms without exhibiting symptoms  Thus, adults can become natural reservoirs of certain diseases  While some agents (such as Shigella) only occur in primates, others (such as Giardia) may occur in a wide variety of animals 

Non-infectious
There are a number of non-infectious causes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract  Some of the more common include medications (like NSAIDs), certain foods such as lactose (in those who are intolerant), and gluten (in those with celiac disease)  Crohn's disease is also a non-infectious cause of (often severe) gastroenteritis  Disease secondary to toxins may also occur  Some food-related conditions associated with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea include: ciguatera poisoning due to consumption of contaminated predatory fish, scombroid associated with the consumption of certain types of spoiled fish, tetrodotoxin poisoning from the consumption of puffer fish among others, and botulism typically due to improperly preserved food In the United States, rates of emergency department use for noninfectious gastroenteritis dropped 30% from 2006 until 2011  Of the twenty most common conditions seen in the emergency department, rates of noninfectious gastroenteritis had the largest decrease in visits in that time period 

Pathophysiology
Gastroenteritis is defined as vomiting or diarrhea due to inflammation of the small or large bowel, often due to infection  The changes in the small bowel are typically noninflammatory, while the ones in the large bowel are inflammatory  The number of pathogens required to cause an infection varies from as few as one (for Cryptosporidium) to as many as 108 (for Vibrio cholerae) 

Diagnosis
Gastroenteritis is typically diagnosed clinically, based on a person's signs and symptoms  Determining the exact cause is usually not needed as it does not alter the management of the condition However, stool cultures should be performed in those with blood in the stool, those who might have been exposed to food poisoning, and those who have recently traveled to the developing world  It may also be appropriate in children younger than 5, old people, and those with poor immune function  Diagnostic testing may also be done for surveillance  As hypoglycemia occurs in approximately 10% of infants and young children, measuring serum glucose in this population is recommended  Electrolytes and kidney function should also be checked when there is a concern about severe dehydration 

Dehydration
A determination of whether or not the person has dehydration is an important part of the assessment, with dehydration typically divided into mild (3–5%), moderate (6–9%), and severe (≥10%) cases  In children, the most accurate signs of moderate or severe dehydration are a prolonged capillary refill, poor skin turgor, and abnormal breathing  Other useful findings (when used in combination) include sunken eyes, decreased activity, a lack of tears, and a dry mouth  A normal urinary output and oral fluid intake is reassuring  Laboratory testing is of little clinical benefit in determining the degree of dehydration  Thus the use of urine testing or ultrasounds is generally not needed 

Differential diagnosis
Other potential causes of signs and symptoms that mimic those seen in gastroenteritis that need to be ruled out include appendicitis, volvulus, inflammatory bowel disease, urinary tract infections, and diabetes mellitus  Pancreatic insufficiency, short bowel syndrome, Whipple's disease, coeliac disease, and laxative abuse should also be considered  The differential diagnosis can be complicated somewhat if the person exhibits only vomiting or diarrhea (rather than both) Appendicitis may present with vomiting, abdominal pain, and a small amount of diarrhea in up to 33% of cases  This is in contrast to the large amount of diarrhea that is typical of gastroenteritis  Infections of the lungs or urinary tract in children may also cause vomiting or diarrhea  Classical diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) presents with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, but without diarrhea  One study found that 17% of children with DKA were initially diagnosed as having gastroenteritis 

Prevention
Water, sanitation, hygiene
A supply of easily accessible uncontaminated water and good sanitation practices are important for reducing rates of infection and clinically significant gastroenteritis  Personal hygiene measures (such as hand washing with soap) have been found to decrease rates of gastroenteritis in both the developing and developed world by as much as 30%  Alcohol-based gels may also be effective  Food or drink that is thought to be contaminated should be avoided Breastfeeding is important, especially in places with poor hygiene, as is improvement of hygiene generally  Breast milk reduces both the frequency of infections and their duration 

Vaccination
Due to both its effectiveness and safety, in 2009 the World Health Organization recommended that the rotavirus vaccine be offered to all children globally  Two commercial rotavirus vaccines exist and several more are in development  In Africa and Asia these vaccines reduced severe disease among infants and countries that have put in place national immunization programs have seen a decline in the rates and severity of disease  This vaccine may also prevent illness in non-vaccinated children by reducing the number of circulating infections  Since 2000, the implementation of a rotavirus vaccination program in the United States has substantially decreased the number of cases of diarrhea by as much as 80 percent  The first dose of vaccine should be given to infants between 6 and 15 weeks of age  The oral cholera vaccine has been found to be 50–60% effective over two years There are a number of vaccines against gastroenteritis in development  For example, vaccines against Shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), which are two of the leading bacterial causes of gastroenteritis worldwide 

Management
Gastroenteritis is usually an acute and self-limiting disease that does not require medication  The preferred treatment in those with mild to moderate dehydration is oral rehydration therapy (ORT)  For children at risk of dehydration from vomiting, taking a single dose of the anti vomiting medication metoclopramide or ondansetron, may be helpful, and butylscopolamine is useful in treating abdominal pain 

Rehydration
The primary treatment of gastroenteritis in both children and adults is rehydration  This is preferably achieved by drinking rehydration solution, although intravenous delivery may be required if there is a decreased level of consciousness or if dehydration is severe  Drinking replacement therapy products made with complex carbohydrates (i e  those made from wheat or rice) may be superior to those based on simple sugars  Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices, are not recommended in children under five years of age as they may increase diarrhea  Plain water may be used if more specific ORT preparations are unavailable or the person is not willing to drink them  A nasogastric tube can be used in young children to administer fluids if warranted  In those who require intravenous fluids, one to four hours' worth is often sufficient 

Dietary
It is recommended that breast-fed infants continue to be nursed in the usual fashion,  and that formula-fed infants continue their formula immediately after rehydration with ORT  Lactose-free or lactose-reduced formulas usually are not necessary  Children should continue their usual diet during episodes of diarrhea with the exception that foods high in simple sugars should be avoided  The BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast and tea) is no longer recommended, as it contains insufficient nutrients and has no benefit over normal feeding A Cochrane Review from 2020 concludes that probiotics make little or no difference to people who have diarrhea lasting 2 days or longer and that there is no proof that they reduce its duration  They may be useful in preventing and treating antibiotic associated diarrhea  Fermented milk products (such as yogurt) are similarly beneficial  Zinc supplementation appears to be effective in both treating and preventing diarrhea among children in the developing world 

Antiemetics
Antiemetic medications may be helpful for treating vomiting in children  Ondansetron has some utility, with a single dose being associated with less need for intravenous fluids, fewer hospitalizations, and decreased vomiting  Metoclopramide might also be helpful  However, the use of ondansetron might possibly be linked to an increased rate of return to hospital in children  The intravenous preparation of ondansetron may be given orally if clinical judgment warrants  Dimenhydrinate, while reducing vomiting, does not appear to have a significant clinical benefit 

Antibiotics
Antibiotics are not usually used for gastroenteritis, although they are sometimes recommended if symptoms are particularly severe or if a susceptible bacterial cause is isolated or suspected  If antibiotics are to be employed, a macrolide (such as azithromycin) is preferred over a fluoroquinolone due to higher rates of resistance to the latter  Pseudomembranous colitis, usually caused by antibiotic use, is managed by discontinuing the causative agent and treating it with either metronidazole or vancomycin  Bacteria and protozoans that are amenable to treatment include Shigella Salmonella typhi, and Giardia species  In those with Giardia species or Entamoeba histolytica, tinidazole treatment is recommended and superior to metronidazole  The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of antibiotics in young children who have both bloody diarrhea and fever 

Antimotility agents
Antimotility medication has a theoretical risk of causing complications, and although clinical experience has shown this to be unlikely, these drugs are discouraged in people with bloody diarrhea or diarrhea that is complicated by fever  Loperamide, an opioid analogue, is commonly used for the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea  Loperamide is not recommended in children, however, as it may cross the immature blood–brain barrier and cause toxicity  Bismuth subsalicylate, an insoluble complex of trivalent bismuth and salicylate, can be used in mild to moderate cases, but salicylate toxicity is theoretically possible 

Epidemiology
It is estimated that there were two billion cases of gastroenteritis that resulted in 1 3 million deaths globally in 2015  Children and those in the developing world are most commonly affected  As of 2011, in those younger than five, there were about 1 7 billion cases resulting in 0 7 million deaths, with most of these occurring in the world's poorest nations  More than 450,000 of these fatalities are due to rotavirus in children under five years of age  Cholera causes about three to five million cases of disease and kills approximately 100,000 people yearly  In the developing world, children less than two years of age frequently get six or more infections a year that result in significant gastroenteritis  It is less common in adults, partly due to the development of acquired immunity In 1980, gastroenteritis from all causes caused 4 6 million deaths in children, with the majority occurring in the developing world  Death rates were reduced significantly (to approximately 1 5 million deaths annually) by 2000, largely due to the introduction and widespread use of oral rehydration therapy  In the US, infections causing gastroenteritis are the second most common infection (after the common cold), and they result in between 200 and 375 million cases of acute diarrhea and approximately ten thousand deaths annually, with 150 to 300 of these deaths in children less than five years of age 

Society and culture
Gastroenteritis is associated with many colloquial names, including "Montezuma's revenge", "Delhi belly", "la turista", and "back door sprint", among others  It has played a role in many military campaigns and is believed to be the origin of the term "no guts no glory" Gastroenteritis is the main reason for 3 7 million visits to physicians a year in the United States and 3 million visits in France  In the United States gastroenteritis as a whole is believed to result in costs of US$23 billion per year, with rotavirus alone resulting in estimated costs of US$1 billion a year 

Terminology
The first usage of "gastroenteritis" was in 1825  Before this time it was commonly known as typhoid fever or "cholera morbus", among others, or less specifically as "griping of the guts", "surfeit", "flux", "colic", "bowel complaint", or any one of a number of other archaic names for acute diarrhea  Cholera morbus is a historical term that was used to refer to gastroenteritis rather than specifically cholera 

Other animals
Many of the same agents cause gastroenteritis in cats and dogs as in humans  The most common organisms are Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella  A large number of toxic plants may also cause symptoms Some agents are more specific to a certain species  Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) occurs in pigs resulting in vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration  It is believed to be introduced to pigs by wild birds and there is no specific treatment available  It is not transmissible to humans 

See also
Enterocolitis
Passage 5:
Gender symbol
A gender symbol is a pictogram or glyph used to represent sex and gender, for example in biology and medicine, in genealogy, or in the sociological fields of gender politics, LGBT subculture and identity politics 
In his books Mantissa Plantarum (1767) and Mantissa Plantarum Altera (1771), Carl Linnaeus regularly used the planetary symbols of Mars, Venus and Mercury – ♂, ♀, ☿ – for male, female and hermaphroditic (perfect) flowers, respectively  Botanists now use ⚥ for the last In genealogy, including kinship in anthropology and pedigrees in animal husbandry, the geometric shapes △ or □ are used for male and ○ for female  These are also used on public toilets in some countries  
The modern international pictograms used to indicate male and female public toilets, 🚹︎ and 🚺︎, became widely used in the 1960s and 1970s  They are sometimes abstracted to ▽ for male and △ for female 

Biology and medicine
The three standard sex symbols in biology are male ♂, female ♀ and hermaphroditic ⚥; originally the symbol for Mercury, ☿, was used for the last  These symbols were first used by Carl Linnaeus in 1751 to denote whether flowers were male (stamens only), female (pistil only) or perfect flowers with both pistils and stamens  (Most flowering and conifer plant species are hermaphroditic and either bear flowers/cones that themselves are hermaphroditic, or bear both male and female flowers/cones on the same plant ) These symbols are now ubiquitous in biology and medicine to indicate the sex of an individual, for example of a patient 

Genealogy
Kinship charts use a triangle △ for male and circle ○ for female  Pedigree charts published in scientific papers use an earlier anthropological convention of a square □ for male and a circle ○ for female Before a shape distinction was adopted, all individuals had been represented by a circle in Morgan's 1871 System of Consanguinity and Affinity of Human Family, where gender is encoded in the abbreviations for the kin relation (e g  M for 'mother' and F for 'father')  W  H  R  River distinguished gender in the words of the language being recorded by writing male kinship terms in all capitals and female kinship terms with normal capitalization  That convention was quite influential for a time, and his convention of prioritizing male kin by placing them to the left and females to the right continues to this day though there have been exceptions, such as Margaret Mead, who placed females to the left 

Public toilets
The modern gender symbols used for public toilets, 🚹︎ for male and 🚺︎ and female, are pictograms created for the British Rail system in the mid-1960s  Before that, local usage had been more variable  For example, schoolhouse outhouses in the 19th-century United States had ventilation holes in their doors that were shaped like a starburst Sun ✴ or like a crescent Moon ☾, respectively, to indicate whether the toilet was for use by boys or girls  The British Rail pictograms – often color-coded blue and red – are now the norm for marking public toilets in much of the world, with the female symbol distinguished by a triangular skirt or dress, and in early years (and sometimes still) the male symbol stylized like a tuxedo These symbols are abstracted to varying degrees in different countries – for example, the circle-and-triangle variants  (female) and  (male) commonly found on portable toilets, to the extreme of a triangle △ (representing a skirt or dress) for female and an inverted triangle ▽ (representing a broad-shouldered tuxedo) for male in Lithuania In elementary schools, the pictograms may be of children rather than of adults, with the girl distinguished by her hair  In themed locations, such as bars and tourist attractions, a thematic image or figurine of a man and woman or boy and girl may be used In Poland, an inverted triangle ▽ is used for male while a circle ○ is used for female In mainland China, silhouettes of heads in profile may be used as gender pictograms, generally alongside the Chinese characters for male (男) and female (女) 

Sexual orientation and gender politics
Since the 1970s, variations of gender symbols have been used to express sexual orientation and gender politics  Two interlocking male symbols ⚣ are used to represent gay men while two interlocking female symbols ⚢ are often used to represent lesbians Since the 2000s, numerous such variants have been introduced in the context of LGBT culture and politics  Some of these symbols have been adopted into Unicode (in the Miscellaneous Symbols block) beginning with version 4 1 in 2005 

Encoding
See also
Alchemical symbol
Astrological symbols
Fertility symbols
LGBT symbols
Miscellaneous Symbols Unicode block

Notes
Passage 6:
Venus with a Mirror
Venus with a Mirror (c  1555) is a painting by Titian, now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, and it is considered to be one of the collection's highlights The pose of the Venus resembles the classical statues of the Venus de' Medici in Florence or the Capitoline Venus in Rome, which Titian may have seen when he wrote that was "learning from the marvelous ancient stones " The painting is said to celebrate the ideal beauty of the female form, or to be a critique of vanity, or perhaps both  It was copied by several later artists, including Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck Titian made a number of paintings of the same subject, but this is believed to be the earliest and the only version to be entirely by the hand of Titian, without additions by his assistants  It remained in his house until his death in 1576 

Painting, and versions
X-rays of the painting have revealed that Titian painted it over a double portrait which he had abandoned  Titian kept the red cloak of one of the figures in the abandoned painting and placed it under Venus's arm  The use of the cloak from the earlier painting probably played a large part in the composition of the new painting Titian is believed to have made another version of this Venus for the Venetian lawyer Niccolo Crasso, who also commissioned Titian to paint the Retable of Saint Nicholas de Bari at about the same time  A drawing of the other version was included by Anthony van Dyck in the sketchbook made during his trip to Italy  This other version is now lost, but a studio copy exists in the Hermitage Museum Titian is thought to have made a second copy, which was sent to his regular patron King Philip II of Spain, in 1567  This version was also lost, but a copy of it by Peter Paul Rubens exists, which is in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid 

Other versions
Provenance
In 1581, five years after Titian's death, the contents of his house in Venice, including the Venus with a Mirror, were sold by his son and heir Pomponio Vechellio to Christoforo Barbarigo  In 1850 the Russian Consul-General in Venice, A  Kvostov, purchased the painting, along with a large number of other masterpieces, from the Barbarigo family, for Czar Nicholas I for the sum of 525,000 francs, and it entered the collection of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg In 1931, in order to earn foreign currency for the first of the five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin and the Soviet government secretly sold the painting, along with a number of other masterpieces, to a syndicate of art dealers, who sold it to the American collector Andrew Mellon, who wished to create a national art museum for the United States  Mellon donated it to the United States Government in 1937  It was one of the first masterpieces to be displayed in the National Gallery of Art in Washington when it opened in 1941 

Works that may have influenced Titian
The pose of the painting may have been influenced by Ancient Greek and Roman statues of Venus Titian could have seen in Rome and Florence  He was also influenced by his teacher Giovanni Bellini, who was the leader of the Venetian school of painters, known for their masterful use of color 

Influence of the painting
The theme of the painting was adapted by a number of later artists, including Peter Paul Rubens and Diego Velázquez 
The painting itself was the inspiration for the protagonist Severin's imagination in the 1870 novel Venus in Furs by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch 

Gallery, influences
Notes
See also
List of paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, formerly in the Hermitage Museum
Venus in Furs, a novel containing great reference to the painting 



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