prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the voice of the character in Spongebob Squarepants with the same name as the creature that annelid larvae live like?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Mary Jo Catlett
Mary Jo Catlett (born September 2, 1938) is an American actress  She is a main cast member on the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants, providing the voice of Mrs  Puff  She is also known for originating the role of Ernestina in the 1964 Broadway production of Hello, Dolly! and for playing Pearl Gallagher, the third housekeeper on Diff'rent Strokes Catlett was born in Denver, Colorado, where she performed in a variety of plays and eventually directed a company of Pirates of Penzance  Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, she performed in Off-Broadway and Broadway musicals, often taking light-hearted, humorous roles  Since the late 1960s, Catlett has appeared in television shows such as M*A*S*H, The Dukes of Hazzard, and General Hospital  Catlett received Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards in 1978 and 1980, a nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical at the Ovation Awards in 1995, and a Daytime Emmy Award nomination in 1990 In 1998, Catlett joined the main cast of the then-upcoming cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants as the voice of Mrs  Puff, the title character's teacher, who has become her longest-running and most well-known role  Series creator Stephen Hillenburg had seen Catlett perform on stage and sought her out for the part himself  She quickly accepted and has since voiced Mrs  Puff in every season of the cartoon, in addition to all of the theatrical SpongeBob films and video games  In 2001, she received an Annie Award nomination for her voice-over work as Mrs  Puff 

Early life
Catlett was born in Denver, Colorado, on September 2, 1938, the daughter of Cornelia M  (née Callaghan) and Robert J  Catlett  She has a sister, Patricia Marie, who is a nun with the Dominican Order  Catlett is a Catholic 

Career
In 1974, Catlett originated the role of Mrs  Tiffany in Fashion: or, Life in New York  Her performance was well-received; The New York Times' theater critic Clive Barnes called Catlett and co-star Henrietta Valor "exceptional     both particular delights," and Jerry Tallmer of the New York Post said that the play's casting was "top-notch, with particular praise from this quarter for Mary Jo Catlett " Catlett would reprise her role in the 1994 revival of Fashion Catlett described herself as a character actress  In a 1988 interview with the Orlando Sentinel, she said, "It has been a plus to be a character actress  There are plenty of them out there but far fewer than ingenues and leading ladies, who perhaps eventually become character actresses  But I always was a character actress  I always was round and funny "

In 1976 and 1980, Catlett received Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards for her roles in Come Back, Little Sheba and Philadelphia, Here I Come!, respectively  In 1995, Catlett's role as Madame de la Grande Bouche in Beauty and the Beast earned her a nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical at the Ovation Awards  Catlett became a main cast member on Diff'rent Strokes in its fifth season, playing the third housekeeper, Pearl Gallagher  She also played characters on General Hospital (for which she was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award) and in several episodes of the television sitcom M*A*S*H 
In 1987, Catlett directed a production of Dan Goggin's Nunsense after meeting with Goggin and discussing the character of Sister Mary Regina  It was staged at the Mark Two Dinner Theatre in Orlando, Florida  Catlett decided to play Sister Mary as well, taking on a dual role as both director and performer  She was partially inspired to direct the show after witnessing directors' unfair treatment of her castmates in previous productions  She said, "I have worked with many directors who were tyrannical  You get afraid to do anything because he'll yell, 'Don't do that!' It makes you crazy    as a director, I believe that there can be a democracy "

SpongeBob SquarePants
In 1998, Catlett was cast as the voice of Mrs  Puff, one of the main characters of Nickelodeon's then-upcoming animated series SpongeBob SquarePants  She is one of the show's nine main cast members and has performed in every season, as well as in all of the theatrical SpongeBob films and video games  Mrs  Puff has become her longest-running and most well-known role  Stephen Hillenburg, the creator of the cartoon, specifically sought out Catlett to voice Mrs  Puff  He had seen her perform on stage and had a strong vision for Mrs  Puff as a character  Catlett quickly accepted and attended early practice sessions with the rest of the voice cast  Her first official recording as Mrs  Puff took place on August 24, 1998; she recorded dialogue with Tom Kenny as SpongeBob SquarePants and Bill Fagerbakke as Patrick Star in a single booth at Nickelodeon Animation Studio for the episode "Boating School" 
In 2001, Catlett was nominated for an Annie Award for her voice-over work as Mrs  Puff, placing in the category "Best Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Production " Kenny was also nominated at the same ceremony, making Catlett and Kenny the first two SpongeBob cast members to be nominated for an award 
As of 2017, voicing Mrs  Puff is Catlett's only regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she is good friends with the other SpongeBob cast members, making the SpongeBob recording booth an easy environment that requires less preparation than in-person performances  The About Group's Nancy Basille noted in 2016 that Catlett's "rich, low tones as teacher Mrs  Puff recall other roles she has had," citing Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H as programs on which she had used a similar voice 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Theatre
Passage 2:
Annelid
The annelids  (Annelida , from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches  The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies – some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments 
The Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms  They also have parapodia for locomotion  Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species  Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes  In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes  Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, and nemerteans 
The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments  Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychates, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion  Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation  In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts  The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia  In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment 
Earthworms are oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil  The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor  In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait  Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water  Although blood-letting is used less frequently by doctors than it once was, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries  Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength 
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted  Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period  Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago  Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Paleogene period, which began 66 million years ago 

Classification and diversity
There are over 22,000 living annelid species, ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian giant Gippsland earthworm and Amynthas mekongianus, which can both grow up to 3 meters (9 8 ft) long  to the largest annelid, Microchaetus rappi which can grow up to 6 7 m (22 ft)  Although research since 1997 has radically changed scientists' views about the evolutionary family tree of the annelids, most textbooks use the traditional classification into the following sub-groups:
Polychaetes (about 12,000 species)  As their name suggests, they have multiple chetae ("hairs") per segment  Polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, and nuchal organs that are thought to be chemosensors  Most are marine animals, although a few species live in fresh water and even fewer on land 
Clitellates (about 10,000 species )  These have few or no chetae per segment, and no nuchal organs or parapodia  However, they have a unique reproductive organ, the ring-shaped  clitellum ("pack saddle") around their bodies, which produces a cocoon that stores and nourishes fertilized eggs until they hatch  or, in moniligastrids, yolky eggs that provide nutrition for the embryos  The clitellates are sub-divided into:Oligochaetes ("with few hairs"), which includes earthworms  Oligochaetes have a sticky pad in the roof of the mouth  Most are burrowers that feed on wholly or partly decomposed organic materials 
Hirudinea, whose name means "leech-shaped" and whose best known members are leeches  Marine species are mostly blood-sucking parasites, mainly on fish, while most freshwater species are predators  They have suckers at both ends of their bodies, and use these to move rather like inchworms The Archiannelida, minute annelids that live in the spaces between grains of marine sediment, were treated as a separate class because of their simple body structure, but are now regarded as polychaetes  Some other groups of animals have been classified in various ways, but are now widely regarded as annelids:

Pogonophora / Siboglinidae were first discovered in 1914, and their lack of a recognizable gut made it difficult to classify them  They have been classified as a separate phylum, Pogonophora, or as two phyla, Pogonophora and Vestimentifera  More recently they have been re-classified as a family, Siboglinidae, within the polychaetes 
The Echiura have a checkered taxonomic history: in the 19th century they were assigned to the phylum "Gephyrea", which is now empty as its members have been assigned to other phyla; the Echiura were next regarded as annelids until the 1940s, when they were classified as a phylum in their own right; but a molecular phylogenetics analysis in 1997 concluded that echiurans are annelids 
Myzostomida live on crinoids and other echinoderms, mainly as parasites  In the past they have been regarded as close relatives of the trematode flatworms or of the tardigrades, but in 1998 it was suggested that they are a sub-group of polychaetes  However, another analysis in 2002 suggested that myzostomids are more closely related to flatworms or to rotifers and acanthocephales 
Sipuncula was originally classified as annelids, despite the complete lack of segmentation, bristles and other annelid characters  The phylum Sipuncula was later allied with the Mollusca, mostly on the basis of developmental and larval characters  Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of Sipuncula within Annelida  Subsequent analysis of the mitochondrion's DNA has confirmed their close relationship to the Myzostomida and Annelida (including echiurans and pogonophorans)  It has also been shown that a rudimentary neural segmentation similar to that of annelids occurs in the early larval stage, even if these traits are absent in the adults Mitogenomic and phylogenomic analysis also implies that Orthonectida, a group of extremely simplified parasites traditionally placed in Mesozoa, are actually reduced annelids 

Distinguishing features
No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features  Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing  Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent  Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size  Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels 

Description
Segmentation
Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages  The frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments  The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek προ- meaning "in front of" and στομα meaning "mouth") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek πυγιδιον, meaning "little tail") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside  The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments The segments develop one at a time from a growth zone just ahead of the pygidium, so that an annelid's youngest segment is just in front of the growth zone while the peristomium is the oldest  This pattern is called teloblastic growth  Some groups of annelids, including all leeches, have fixed maximum numbers of segments, while others add segments throughout their lives 
The phylum's name is derived from the Latin word annelus, meaning "little ring" 

Body wall, chaetae and parapodia
Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other  These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer)  A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins  Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen  Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips,  whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter  But several families have lost the circular muscles, and it has been suggested that the lack of circular muscles is a plesiomorphic character in Annelida  Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities  The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment  The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked  Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta  The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta  When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta  Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae ("bristles") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them  Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body  They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae  The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae  In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri (fused bundles of cilia) and gills 

Nervous system and senses
The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it  The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the prostomium  In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections  The rest of the central nervous system, the ventral nerve cord, is generally "ladder-like", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection  From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body  However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons  Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers  Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons (the output signal lines of nerve cells)  Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast  This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies  Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body  Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors  Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli ("little eyes") that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images  The compound eyes probably evolved independently of arthropods' eyes  Some tube-worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes  Some burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes have statocysts (tilt and balance sensors) that tell them which way is down  A few polychaete genera have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as "feelers", and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as "feelers" 

Coelom, locomotion and circulatory system
Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries  Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side  Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it   The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall  The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut  Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted 

Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia  to crawl or swim  In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon"  However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections  In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segments  Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma  Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards  Networks of capillaries in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients  Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting  In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many earthworms some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts  Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata  In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body, and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body  They function as the main blood vessels, although they are side-by-side rather than upper and lower  However, they are lined with mesothelium, like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids  Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like inchworms  The anus is on the upper surface of the pygidium 

Respiration
In some annelids, including earthworms, all respiration is via the skin  However, many polychaetes and some clitellates (the group to which earthworms belong) have gills associated with most segments, often as extensions of the parapodia in polychaetes  The gills of tube-dwellers and burrowers usually cluster around whichever end has the stronger water flow 

Feeding and excretion
Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets  Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it)  In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly  Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter  On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges   Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths  Filter feeders use "crowns" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths  Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized  Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey  Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium  However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight  The bacteria convert inorganic matter – such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents, or methane from seeps – to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia  Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine  The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia  In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment  As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine 

Reproduction and life cycle
Asexual reproduction
Polychaetes can reproduce asexually, by dividing into two or more pieces or by budding off a new individual while the parent remains a complete organism  Some oligochaetes, such as Aulophorus furcatus, seem to reproduce entirely asexually, while others reproduce asexually in summer and sexually in autumn  Asexual reproduction in oligochaetes is always by dividing into two or more pieces, rather than by budding  However, leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually Most polychaetes and oligochaetes also use similar mechanisms to regenerate after suffering damage  Two polychaete genera, Chaetopterus and Dodecaceria, can regenerate from a single segment, and others can regenerate even if their heads are removed  Annelids are the most complex animals that can regenerate after such severe damage  On the other hand, leeches cannot regenerate 

Sexual reproduction
It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia  The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton  Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head);  a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth) However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern  About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae  The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch  These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female  There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons  While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives  Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm  In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn Most mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity  All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate  Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae ("sperm stores") and then the clitellum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spermathecae  Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon  Leeches' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon  In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while they are developing  All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae 

Ecological significance
Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility  Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter  The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily  Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations  In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from Asia   Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity  Especially of concern is Amynthas agrestis and at least one state (Wisconsin) has listed it as a prohibited species 
Earthworms migrate only a limited distance annually on their own, and the spread of invasive worms is increased rapidly by anglers and from worms or their cocoons in the dirt on vehicle tires or footwear 
Marine annelids may account for over one-third of bottom-dwelling animal species around coral reefs and in tidal zones  Burrowing species increase the penetration of water and oxygen into the sea-floor sediment, which encourages the growth of populations of aerobic bacteria and small animals alongside their burrows Although blood-sucking leeches do little direct harm to their victims, some transmit flagellates that can be very dangerous to their hosts  Some small tube-dwelling oligochaetes transmit myxosporean parasites that cause whirling disease in fish 

Interaction with humans
Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility  The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy  Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss   Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations  Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations Scientists study aquatic annelids to monitor the oxygen content, salinity and pollution levels in fresh and marine water Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe  In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES  More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading Ragworms' jaws are strong but much lighter than the hard parts of many other organisms, which are biomineralized with calcium salts  These advantages have attracted the attention of engineers  Investigations showed that ragworm jaws are made of unusual  proteins that bind strongly to zinc 

Evolutionary history
Fossil record
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare  Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted  Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence  The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i e  in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong)  Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian  Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid  However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla   Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date  There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid  Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago   It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later  By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared  Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes, but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago  In 2012, a 508 million year old species of annelid found near the Burgess shale beds in British Columbia, Kootenayscolex, was found that changed the hypotheses about how the annelid head developed  It appears to have bristles on its head segment akin to those along its body, as if the head simply developed as a specialized version of a previously generic segment 
The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago  A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago  Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed 

Internal relationships
Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates  In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches  For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups  In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:
Scolecida, less than 1,000 burrowing species that look rather like earthworms 
Palpata, the great majority of polychaetes, divided into:
Canalipalpata, which are distinguished by having long grooved palps that they use for feeding, and most of which live in tubes 
Aciculata, the most active polychaetes, which have parapodia reinforced by internal spines (aciculae) 
Also in 1997 Damhnait McHugh, using molecular phylogenetics to compare similarities and differences in one gene, presented a very different view, in which: the clitellates were an offshoot of one branch of the polychaete family tree; the pogonophorans and echiurans, which for a few decades had been regarded as a separate phyla, were placed on other branches of the polychaete tree  Subsequent molecular phylogenetics analyses on a similar scale presented similar conclusions In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared three genes in 81 taxa, of which nine were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life  For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in ten taxa  This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree  It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa  It also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates  Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and three previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates  Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies  It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought  The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal than previously thought in both annelids and arthropods The updated phylogenetic tree of the Annelid phylum is comprised by a grade of basal groups of polychaetes: Palaeoannelida, Chaetopteriformia and the Amphinomida/Sipuncula/Lobatocerebrum clade  This grade is followed by Pleistoannelida, the clade containing nearly all of annelid diversity, divided into two highly diverse groups: Sedentaria and Errantia  Sedentaria contains the clitellates, pogonophorans, echiurans and some archiannelids, as well as several polychaete groups  Errantia contains the eunicid and phyllodocid polychaetes, and several archiannelids  Some small groups, such as the Myzostomida, are more difficult to place due to long branching, but belong to either one of these large groups 

External relationships
Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates  Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla  However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids  Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented  It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla  The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa  Meanwhile, arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented 
The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development  When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these four cells form a spiral pattern  In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage  Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate cleavage" 

Fossil discoveries lead to the hypothesis that Annelida and the lophophorates are more closely related to each other than any other phyla  Because of the body plan of lophotrochozoan fossils, a phylogenetic analysis found the lophophorates as the sister group of annelids  Both groups share in common: the presence of chaetae secreted by microvilli; paired, metameric coelomic compartments; and a similar metanephridial structure 

Notes
Passage 3:
Lori Alan
Lori Alan is an American actress  She has played a long-running role as Pearl Krabs on the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants  She also voiced Diane Simmons on Family Guy, the Invisible Woman on Fantastic Four, and The Boss in the Metal Gear video game series 

Personal life
Alan had a mixed-faith family: her mother is a Southern Baptist and her father is Jewish  Both of her parents were performers and supported her choice to be an actress  Alan lives in Los Angeles 
She started acting at age five, making her television debut in a Shakey's Pizza commercial Alan is active in animal rescue and welfare causes  She has spoken out against animal cruelty and has campaigned for the anti-dog meat charity World Protection for Dogs and Cats in the Meat Trade  She is also on the board of Pickle Pants Rescue, an animal rescue organization in Los Angeles 

Career
Alan has done vocal work for over three decades  Her process of getting to the authentic personality of the character she is providing the voice for is to improvise and trust her own choices, something she learned at her first voice acting job Alan voices Pearl the Whale on SpongeBob SquarePants, Sue Richards (the Invisible Woman) on Marvel Comics' The Fantastic Four, newsreader-turned-murderer Diane Simmons on Family Guy, and The Boss in the Metal Gear series  Lori has done voices in feature films: Monsters University, Toy Story 3, Despicable Me 2, WALL·E, Inside Out, and each movie in the SpongeBob SquarePants film series  She has also voiced roles for Henry Hugglemonster, Cow and Chicken, Animaniacs, and Futurama  Her rendition of The Boss was rated as one of the top 25 "Greatest Acting Performances in Video Games" by Complex In 2005, she joined Warren Beatty, Rob Reiner, Kurtwood Smith and Jason George to help voice commercials against proposals made by California's Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger In 2014, she won a Voice Arts Award (VAA) for outstanding body of work and outstanding national television commercial Alan's on-camera roles include Desperate Housewives, Ray Donovan, Comedy Central's Workaholics, Bones, Southland, CSI, 90210, Law & Order: LA, Law & Order and many more  On stage credits include The Pee-wee Herman Show, solo show Lori Alan: The Musical, Queen Celia in the hit musical Sneaux!, and the award-winning musical Reefer Madness  Her 1999 performance in Reefer Madness as a "Reefer Madam" was praised by the Los Angeles Times She revisited her role in the Reefer Madness tenth Anniversary Cast in 2015  Her vocals on the song "The Stuff" was considered both sultry and comical by Broadway World 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Video games
Passage 4:
Hilo March
"Hilo March" is a Hawaiian popular song written by Joseph Kapeau Ae`a  It was originally called "Ke Ala Tuberose"  It has been covered by a number of musicians, Polynesian and non-Polynesian alike  It was also used in the soundtrack of SpongeBob SquarePants (arranged by The Hawaiian Serenaders as "Hilo March", and arragnged by Kapono Beamer as "Old Hilo March") 

About the song
It has been adopted as the school song by the University of Hawaii at Hilo  Along with another popular song, "Aloha ʻOe", every person from child to senior citizen know is said to the words and music to these songs  Originally the song was called "Ke Ala Tuberose" and was composed by Joseph Kapeau Ae`a, who was a member of the Royal Hawaiian Band and also a friend of Princess Liliuokalani  The princess requested  Ae`a and the band come to Hilo and that is where he composed the song  In August 1881, the title was changed from "Ke Ala Tuberose" to "Hilo March" and played by the Royal Hawaiian band under Captain Henri Berger's direction  Besides being a favorite of the Royal Hawaiian band and its popularity in the Islands, it has been picked up as a favorite by many steel guitarists on the mainland  The lyrics of the song tell of Hilo's beauty as well as the beauty of the Lehua flower 

Covers
It has been covered by artists such as Trevor Edmondson, Christopher Homer & Raney Van Vink, the Four Hawaiians, Lani McIntyre and his Aloha Islanders, the Mena Moeria Minstrels, Tau Moe's Original Hawaiians, Johnny Pineapple And His Orchestra, Hank Snow, Bashful Brother Oswald, and Bill Wolfgramme and his Islanders
Passage 5:
Derek Drymon
Derek Drymon (born November 19, 1968) is an American animator, writer, storyboard artist, director, comedian, and producer  He has worked on numerous animated cartoon productions of the 1990s and 2000s, best known for his work on Rocko's Modern Life, SpongeBob SquarePants and Adventure Time 

Early life
Derek Drymon was born in New Jersey  He attended Jefferson Township and Dover public schools as a child and enjoyed drawing and making comic books  Drymon graduated from Jefferson Township High School in 1987  Drymon attended the School of Visual Arts (SVA) in New York, where he majored in Illustration, sharpening his drawing skills and moving from still images to animation  He graduated from SVA in 1992 

Career
Drymon obtained an internship with Disney on the strength of his life drawings Drymon was discovered by Nickelodeon in 1993  He moved to California to work as an animator for Nickelodeon  In 1993, Drymon also began working as a storyboard artist and writer for Rocko's Modern Life  It was here he met two of his future employers, Tim Hill and Stephen Hillenburg; Hill was a writer, Hillenburg a co-producer and storyboard artist  In 1997, Hillenburg created SpongeBob SquarePants  Drymon performed many duties on SpongeBob, including being a writer on all episodes, the creative director, and, on his last season with the show, supervising producer  Drymon also worked on the Cartoon Network animated series Camp Lazlo  Drymon worked on Tim Hill's side project, the popular KaBlam! skit Action League Now!, as a storyboard artist  He also wrote the Emmy Award-nominated episode of CatDog "Doggone" Drymon met Stephen Hillenburg on the Nickelodeon cartoon Rocko's Modern Life  Hillenburg recalled Drymon as "one of the main people in the genesis of SpongeBob"  Drymon teamed up with Hillenburg, Hill, and Nick Jennings who was also a companion from Nickelodeon  Drymon was the creative director for the first three seasons and became Supervising Producer in season 3 until being replaced by Paul Tibbitt starting in season 4  Along with Stephen Hillenburg, Drymon approved the writers' ideas and outlines for episodes and controlled the creative and production process on SpongeBob Drymon was eventually promoted to Executive producer on television show Adventure Time, and become a lead writer for DreamWorks Pictures, and a director at Illumination Entertainment  During the first three seasons of SpongeBob, Drymon being creative director allowed him to work with executive story editor Merriwether Williams and the rest of the writing team 
Staff writer Kent Osborne responded to the writing process with Drymon and other writers by saying  "By the third season we had done 26 half-hours  I came up with millions of ideas"  Despite the issues with writing new episodes, Drymon collaborated with the writers to create episode ideas like the half-hour specials and episodes that focused on other characters, for example the season three episodes "The Algae Always Greener" and "Plankton's Army" focused on Sheldon Plankton and "Doing Time" focused on Mrs  Puff  Drymon said in an interview "Coming up with episode ideas was always tough"  The writers were influenced for the episode "The Secret Box", which was influenced by Drymon because he told them when he was younger he kept a "secret box", the writers thought it was hilarious and weird and used Drymon's idea to create the story of the episode   Drymon co-wrote the pilot episode "Help Wanted"  Drymon earned two Emmy nominations and along with the crew of SpongeBob won the "Best Animated Television Production" Annie award in 2005 for season 3 of SpongeBob Drymon hired a large amount of the staff writers, including Sam Henderson, a friend and fellow alumnus of SVA, along with Kent Osborne and Walt Dohrn From 2008 to 2017, Drymon work as a Storyboard Artist for DreamWorks Animation, working on films such as the Kung Fu Panda trilogy, Monsters vs  Aliens, Shrek Forever After, Puss in Boots, Turbo, Penguins of Madagascar, and Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie 
Drymon was an executive producer (with Fred Seibert) on the Cartoon Network series Adventure Time, created by Pendleton Ward for the show's first season  He was no longer credited on episodes starting with the second season On September 17, 2020, Drymon was set to co-direct Hotel Transylvania: Transformania with story artist Jennifer Kluska In April 2023, Drymon was announced as the director of the fourth SpongeBob SquarePants theatrical film titled The SpongeBob Movie: Search for SquarePants 

Filmography
Television
Film
Bibliography
Passage 6:
List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg that debuted on Nickelodeon in the United States on May 1, 1999  The regular voice cast consists of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Doug Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan  Most one-off and background characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Sirena Irwin, Bob Joles, Mark Fite, Thomas F  Wilson, Carlos Alazraqui and Jess Harnell  Throughout the show's run, it has employed numerous guest stars from many ranges of professions  Repeat guests include Ernest Borgnine, Tim Conway, Brian Doyle-Murray, Marion Ross, John O'Hurley and Michael McKean 
SpongeBob SquarePants chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom  Many of the ideas for the show originated in an unpublished, educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in the mid-1980s  He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, another Nickelodeon animated series which Hillenburg directed  While creating the show, Hillenburg, with colleague Derek Drymon, was also conducting auditions to find voices for the show's characters  He turned to Kenny, who had worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life, to voice the title character 
The cast members receive residuals every time a new episode they appeared in has aired, which Carolyn Lawrence described as "a very complicated mathematical calculation " Lawrence said in 2008 that it was a "declining scale" and the entertainment industry were "still in negotiations    both sides are still talking " She further stated that "they're still trying to work it out "Kenny and Catlett were the first cast members to receive award nominations for their performance on SpongeBob SquarePants  They each received Annie Award nominations in 2001, but did not win  In 2010, Kenny won the Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in a Television Production, making it the first time a cast member had won this type of award  Bumpass was the first cast member to be nominated for an Emmy Award, receiving a nomination in 2012  In 2018, Kenny won both an Annie Award and an Emmy Award for his performance as SpongeBob 

Regular cast
Background
SpongeBob SquarePants has featured the voices of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke,  Rodger Bumpass,  Clancy Brown, Mr  Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan since it began  Stephen Hillenburg started developing the SpongeBob concept into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, which he directed  While creating the show and writing its pilot episode in 1997, he and the show's then-creative director Derek Drymon were also conducting auditions to find voices for the show's characters For the voice of SpongeBob, the main character, Hillenburg approached Kenny, who previously worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life  Drymon said, "Steve [Hillenburg] wanted to find an original sounding voice [for SpongeBob] " Hillenburg utilized Kenny's and other people's personalities to help create the personality of SpongeBob  The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a minor character in Rocko's Modern Life  Kenny forgot the voice initially as he created it only for that single use  Hillenburg, however, remembered it when he was coming up with SpongeBob and used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice  Kenny says that SpongeBob's high-pitched laugh was specifically created to be unique   They wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker  Fagerbakke voices SpongeBob's best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star  He auditioned for the role after Kenny had been cast as SpongeBob  Fagerbakke said, "Steve is such a lovely guy, and I had absolutely no feeling for the material whatsoever " He described his experience in the audition, saying "I was just going in for another audition, and I had no idea what was in store there in terms of the remarkable visual wit and really the kind of endearing child-like humanity in the show  I couldn't pick that up from the audition material at all  I was just kind of perfunctorially trying to give the guy what he wanted "Rodger Bumpass provides the voice of Squidward Tentacles, and other characters  Squidward was "a very nasally, monotone kind of guy", said Bumpass  He said that the character "became a very interesting character to do" because of "his sarcasm, and then his frustration, and then his apoplexy, and so he became a wide spectrum of emotions"  Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown voices Mr  Krabs, SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab  For the character, Brown uses a voice that he describes as "piratey" with "a little Scottish brogue"  According to Brown, his Mr  Krabs voice was improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice Mr  Lawrence had met Hillenburg previously on Rocko's Modern Life  When working on the pilot episode of SpongeBob, Hillenburg invited him to audition for all of the characters  Since other voices had been found for the main cast already, Lawrence started out by voicing a variety of minor characters  This included Plankton, who was initially only set to appear in one episode  Mr  Lawrence stated in an interview with Thomas F  Wilson that Nickelodeon executives told Hillenburg, "'we could stunt-cast this  You know, we could have Bruce Willis do this voice ' And Steve was just like, 'it's Doug [Lawrence], don't you hear it? This is the character! This is the guy!'" Jill Talley, Tom Kenny's wife, voices Karen Plankton  Being a Chicago native, she uses a Midwestern accent for the character  Electronic sound effects are underlaid by the series' audio engineers to create a robotic sound whenever she speaks  Talley and Lawrence often improvise their characters' dialogue  In 2009, Lawrence called improvisation his "favorite part of the voice over"  He elaborated in a 2012 interview, saying, "I always enjoy the back-and-forth  [Talley and I] start to actually overlap so much talking to each other that [the voice directors] have to tell us, 'hey, stop doing that, separate what you're saying!'"Carolyn Lawrence provides Sandy Cheeks' voice  When Lawrence was on a sidewalk in Los Feliz, Los Angeles with a friend who knew SpongeBob SquarePants casting director Donna Grillo, her friend said to the director that Lawrence had "an interesting voice"  Grillo invited Lawrence to audition and she then got the role  American actress Mary Jo Catlett, who is known for her live-action roles on television programs from the 1970s such as Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H, provides Mrs  Puff's voice  As of 2017, voicing Mrs  Puff has become her only regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she is good friends with the other SpongeBob cast members, making the SpongeBob recording booth an easy environment that requires less preparation than in-person performances  Lori Alan voices Pearl  During her audition for the role, she was shown an early drawing of Pearl and took note of how the character was much larger than the rest of the cast  She decided to reflect the character's size in her voice by making it deep and full in tone  She aimed to make Pearl's voice invoke the sound of whales’ low vocalizations while also sounding "spoiled and lovable " In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, Alan said that she knew Pearl "had to sound somewhat like a child," but at the same time needed "an abnormally large voice "In the Christmas special "Christmas Who?", the characters of Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club, and his pet called Potty the Parrot debuted  The former is portrayed by Kenny in live-action, while series creator Hillenburg voiced the latter  After Hillenburg's departure as the series' showrunner in 2004, staff writer Paul Tibbitt was given the role voicing Potty the Parrot  Mr  Krabs' mother, Mama Krabs, who debuted in the episode "Sailor Mouth", was voiced by Tibbitt  However, voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode "Enemy In-Law" in 2005  Irwin also provides the voices of other characters in the show, including Margaret SquarePants, SpongeBob's mother 
Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual"  Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel  Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style  It's how the stuff we like was recorded"  It takes about four hours to record an 11-minute episode  For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on recording sessions at Nickelodeon Studios, and they directed the actors  In the fourth season, Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director  Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999  Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays" 

Main cast
Other regular cast
Recurring guest voices
Former cast members
Awards and nominations
Notes
Passage 7:
List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg that premiered on Nickelodeon on May 1, 1999  The series is set in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom, and centers on the adventures and endeavors of SpongeBob SquarePants, an over-optimistic sea sponge  Many of the ideas for the show originated in an unpublished, educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in the mid-1980s  He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 after the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, another Nickelodeon television series that Hillenburg previously directed As of April 7, 2023, 288 episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants have aired, currently in its thirteenth season  The thirteenth season consists of 26 episodes  The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters on November 19, 2004, and grossed over US$140 million worldwide  Atlantis SquarePantis, a television film guest starring David Bowie, debuted as part of the fifth season  In 2009, Nickelodeon celebrated the show's tenth anniversary with Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants and SpongeBob's Truth or Square  The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, a stand-alone sequel, was released in theaters on February 6, 2015, and grossed over US$324 million worldwide Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants have been nominated for a variety of different awards, including 17 Annie Awards (with six wins), 17 Golden Reel Awards (with eight wins), 15 Emmy Awards (with one win), 21 Kids' Choice Awards (with 20 wins), and four BAFTA Children's Awards (with two wins)  Several compilation DVDs have been released  In addition, the first twelve seasons have been released on DVD, and are available for Regions 1, 2 and 4 as of January 12, 2021 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1999–2001)
The first season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (41 segments, since the first episode has three segments)  This is the only season that used cel animation  The episodes are ordered according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 2 (2000–03)
The second season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (39 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 3 (2001–04)
The third season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (37 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 4 (2005–07)
The fourth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (38 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 5 (2007–09)
The fifth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (41 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 6 (2008–10)
The sixth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (47 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 7 (2009–11)
The seventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (50 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 8 (2011–12)
The eighth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (47 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 9 (2012–17)
The ninth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (49 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 10 (2016–17)
The tenth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 11 episodes (22 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order  It is the shortest season, lacking the usual 26 episode length 

Season 11 (2017–18)
The eleventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (50 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 12 (2018–22)
The twelfth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 31 episodes (53 segments), including 5 specials, which are ordered according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order  This was the last season that series creator Stephen Hillenburg was involved in, before his death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on November 26, 2018, at age 57 

Season 13 (2020–23)
The thirteenth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes, which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Films
Notes
DVD Notes
Passage 8:
Nannochoristidae
Nannochoristidae is a family of scorpionflies with many unusual traits  It is a tiny, relict family with a single extant genus, Nannochorista, with eight species occurring in New Zealand, southeastern Australia, Tasmania, Argentina and Chile  Due to the group's distinctiveness from other scorpionflies, it is sometimes placed in its own order, the Nannomecoptera  Some studies have placed them as the closest living relatives of fleas  Most mecopteran larvae are eruciform, or shaped like caterpillars  Nannochoristid larvae, however, are elateriform, and have elongated and slender bodies  The larvae are aquatic, which is unique among mecopterans  The larvae are predatory, hunting on the beds of shallow streams, primarily on the larvae of aquatic Diptera like chironomids Fossils indicate that Nannochoristidae formerly had a wider distribution, being present in the Northern Hemisphere during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Some research suggests the nannochoristids are the only holometabolous insects with true larval compound eyes  All other eyed larvae have stemmata, which are structurally different from adult compound eyes with ommatidia  This is unusual, since most adult features are present as imaginal discs in larvae and not formed until pupation  The presence of compound eyes in nannochoristid larvae suggests the timing of the development of adult features can be initiated earlier in development, which has important implications for insect evolutionary development 

Phylogeny
The cladogram of external relationships, based on a 2008 DNA and protein analysis, shows the family as a clade, sister to the Siphonaptera (fleas) and rest of Mecoptera, and more distantly related to the Diptera (true flies) and Mecoptera (scorpionflies) 
A more recent study in 2021 found Nannochoristidae to be the sister group to fleas, with strong support 

Genera
After Cao et al  2022 
Nannochorista Tillyard, 1917 (8 species: Argentina, Chile, Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand) Koonwarra fossil bed, Australia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
†Dahurochorista Sukatsheva 1985 (one species: Ichetuy Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)
†Dahurolarva Sukatsheva 1985 (one species: Ichetuy Formation, Oxfordian, Russia) (based on larvae only)
†Itaphlebia Sukatsheva 1985 (14 species) Itat Formation, Russia, Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Daohugou, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) Doronino Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
†Namdyrus Sukacheva 1993 Khaya Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
†Tarantogus Sukatsheva, 1985 Itat Formation, Russia, Bathonian (based on larvae only)
†Undisca Sukatsheva, 1990 Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Tithonian
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nickelodeon (film)
Nickelodeon is a 1976 comedy film directed by Peter Bogdanovich, and stars Ryan O'Neal, Burt Reynolds and Tatum O'Neal  According to Bogdanovich, the film was based on true stories told to him by silent film directors Allan Dwan and Raoul Walsh  It was entered into the 27th Berlin International Film Festival 

Plot
In 1914, Leo Harrigan (Ryan O'Neal) goes from being a lawyer to a writer and then to a film director while having problems, such as being hopelessly smitten with Kathleen Cooke 
While directing a scene of his friend Buck rising in a balloon, Kathleen gets trapped in a rope and is hoisted in a most undignified manner  They keep filming, including the balloon crashing onto a moving train  As the footage is excellent, they incorporate it into the film and rewrite the story to fit  Kathleen therefore accidentally becomes the leading lady 
Due to Kathleen's life being saved by Buck in the balloon they are now engaged  After shooting a scene where they get married they drive off to really wed 
When they go to a small town nickelodeon, they are surprised to see a film Tuttle's Muddle which is a spliced version of the ten films which they have made to date  Their attitude changes when the audience follow them, recognising them as the stars of the film  The group are offered a contract by Atlantic Pictures who are relocating to the Pacific and they all head to Hollywood 
Leo moves from New Jersey to California to keep one step ahead of the Motion Picture Patents Company, which is out to destroy any non-authorized equipment violating the Edison Trust  Leo finally settles in with other filmmakers in Hollywoodland, California, and makes a series of dramatic, romantic, and comedic shorts as throwaways 
While initially believing movies are just a brief flickering kind of entertainment, Leo and the crew are profoundly affected when they go to see the 1915 world premiere of D  W  Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, which transforms the motion picture industry  The film gets a standing ovation and Leo is left feeling inadequate  After the film, they re-encounter Cobb who speaks to camera enthusing about what the cinema can bring  He wants Leo to make a film about the war, getting "what war?" in response 

Cast
Ryan O'Neal as Leo Harrigan
Burt Reynolds as Buck Greenway
Tatum O'Neal as Alice Forsyte
Jane Hitchcock as Kathleen Cooke
Brian Keith as H H  Cobb
Stella Stevens as Marty Reeves
John Ritter as Franklin Frank
Brion James as Bailiff
Sidney Armus as Judge
Joe Warfield as Defence Attorney
Lorenzo Music as Mullins
Jeffrey Byron as Steve
Priscilla Pointer as Mabel
Philip Bruns as Duncan
Frank Marshall as Dinsdale's Assistant
Harry Carey, Jr  as Dobie
James Best as Jim
George Gaynes as Reginald Kingsley
M  Emmet Walsh as 'Father' Logan
Miriam Byrd-Nethery as Aunt Lula
Les Josephson as Nickelodeon Bouncer
Griffin O'Neal as Boy On A Bicycle
Hamilton Camp as Blacker
Elaine Partnow as Movie Fanatic

Production
Screenplay
In his memoirs, Irwin Winkler says he wanted to make a movie about the silent film era  He took the idea to W D  Richter, with whom he had worked a number of times, and Richter agreed to write the project on "spec" for the producers (Winkler's producing partner was Bob Chartoff)  Richter's final script was called Starlight Parade, and attracted interest from United Artists and Columbia  David Begelman at Columbia suggested Peter Bogdanovich as director Winkler later stated:

He made David come to his office and wait until the receptionist said: 'Mr  Bogdanovich will see you now ' As soon as we came inside, we were very haughtily told that he thought the script was a piece of [garbage]  I'd been around long enough to know that I should take that as a bad sign  I remember coming out of the meeting, saying, 'David, why should we make the movie with someone who hates our script?' And all David said was, 'Hey, he's a genius '     What he filmed had nothing to do with the original script  I know it meant a lot to Peter to have all of the authentic stories about the silent period in the film, but Rick's script, authentic or not, was terrific  It was just a great drama  By the time Peter was done with it, it was authentic, but it wasn't dramatic anymore  Peter hadn't really experienced any failure yet —  we hired him before At Long Last Love had come out - so he was easily the most arrogant person I'd ever met in the business, before or since  When we shot the picture, he actually directed some of the scenes on horseback  When I asked him why he was on horseback, he said: "Because that's the way John Ford did it '"
Bogdanovich has an alternative version:

I should have never gotten involved, I should have done it myself  I'd been planning to do a big picture about the silent era, largely based on the interviews with Dwan, Walsh and McCarey  I was preparing it and I got a call from my agent and she said they're preparing a movie called Starlight Parade, there's another director involved but they want you  I said, "Well, I don't really want to do their script, I'll have to rewrite it completely " "They'll let you rewrite it, whatever you want " Basically I rewrote the whole damn thing and never used any of Starlight Parade  The trouble was, again, the picture had a balance between comedy and drama and it was a comedy-drama, no question about it, and I had wanted to do it in black and white  It was very important to do it in black and white and Columbia, the studio, wouldn't let me  I had a big fight about that and they cancelled the picture  Then Barry Spikings at British-Lion came in and funded some of the picture, threw in a few million dollars  It ended up being a Columbia-British Lion picture and but when it was all done it was a difficult picture 
The movie's title was eventually changed to Nickelodeon 

Casting
Bogdanovich said his original choices for the leads were Jeff Bridges, John Ritter, Cybill Shepherd and Orson Welles  However Columbia Pictures head David Begelman refused and Burt Reynolds and Ryan O'Neal were cast in the leads  He also refused to let Bogdanovich's then-girlfriend Shepherd in the female lead out of fear of a public backlash against her, following the poor box office performance of Daisy Miller and At Long Last Love  Brian Keith played the part Bogdanovich wanted Welles to play  (He later said he was going to play it at one stage ) Of Bogdanovich's original picks for the leads, only Ritter was cast, in a smaller role, as cameraman Franklin Frank in what would be the first of three collaborations between him and Bogdanovich (the other two being 1981's They All Laughed, and 1992's Noises Off )
"The character I play     is a sort of a Gary Cooper with a little Buster Keaton thrown in", said Reynolds  "I do a lot of pratfalls and fall into things  He's a very shy, sweet, and likeable character  This is a first for me  The part that I would normally play is being played by Ryan O'Neal  He's a fast talking guy trying to become a big success  Peter wrote the film for Ryan O'Neal and me; he sees me [in real life] as that shy guy "Tatum O'Neal, who had won an Oscar appearing in Paper Moon with her father and Bogdanovich, joined the supporting cast 
The fees for Reynolds and O'Neal were around $750,000, and Tatum O'Neal was $350,000  This caused the budget to increase and Columbia cancelled the film 
"This film is not over and done with", said Richter in November 1975  "What it comes down to is a power struggle over the budget  Columbia wants an enormous hunk cut out of it and I think if we can cut if they will make the film  By its very nature it is an expensive project  Why the studio brought this to is another question  Maybe it is the beginning of an attempt to start cutting back stars' prices  I think it is criminal to have to shorten the film just to pay a kings ransom to stars  You end up in debt before you begin "Extra finance was obtained by British Lion and it was announced that filming would proceed  "We have worked out 99% of the problems and expect to work out 100% of the creative differences", said David Begelman in December 1975 Columbia provided $6 million, British Lion $2 million  The director's fee was $700,000, $500,000 of which was held as a completion guarantee Bogdanovich later said the film "didn't have to cost half as much as it did  The producers insisted it be bigger and I fought but I finally had to accept what they wanted "

Shooting
"The whole idea was to capture the era, since obviously the original films were shot in black and white", Bogdanovich says  "My cinematographer, Laszlo Kovacs, carefully lit everything to accommodate black-and-white, which is why the lighting looks so good  We used a lot of the techniques of the silent era, irising in and out of scenes  There are no opticals at all in the film  But all the studio wanted was another broad comedy like What's Up, Doc? "During filming, Burt Reynolds collapsed on set one day  Doctors could not figure out what was wrong with him and the film had to be postponed for two weeks while he recovered  The film went over schedule and over budget and Bogdanovich had to forfeit his $500,000 "I just had a smaller picture in mind", said the director later  "Both Burt Reynolds and Ryan were good in it, and Jane Hitchcock was good but she didn't have any threat about her "Ryan O'Neal had made two pictures previously with Bogdanovich but said Nickelodeon was a "terrible experience" and that Bogdanovich "began no longer using writers     Orson Welles quit one week before he was to appear in the film     Bogdanovich rewrote what originally was a tough little script about Hollywood into a farcical series of precious little jokes  I tried to get out of the picture  I told him, 'Peter we had a good script but you changed it  You're locked up there in your house  You've got to get out and regain the gritty edge you showed in Last Picture Show  But he never did "Reynolds and his stunt man Hal Needham had an unhappy experience making the film  They later made the film Hooper which featured a pretentious film director based on Bogdanovich 

Post-production
Winkler says when he saw a rough cut of the final film he thought it was "atrocious     for Peter to blame the movie's failure on the casting and not being in black-and-white is a really terrible excuse for a guy who simply screwed up a really terrific script "

Reception
For the Los Angeles premiere, all guests (and some critics) paid five cents to see the movie in honor of the film and early Hollywood ticket prices  However, the movie was unsuccessful at the box office, and was Bogdanovich's third flop in a row, after Daisy Miller and At Long Last Love (the latter of which was also an attempt to revive an older style of film making) 
Bogdanovich reminisced in 2004:

The previews were edgy and the studio wanted me to take most of the drama out, play it more comedy and turn it more into a What's Up Doc?, which it really wasn't  So that threw it off and it got fucked up  Again, the picture came out not at all the way I wanted  I tried to recut that one and I couldn't get back to it  There's about five minutes I'd like to put back that really makes a difference, some heavy stuff where you find out that Ryan O'Neal has an affair with Stella Stevens, it becomes very clear, and you see that John Ritter knows it, all that stuff  It was just much heavier and darker  So the picture got screwed up and that's why I took three years off and went away 
Bogdanovich blamed the studio for poor marketing 

I couldn't seem to get anything across to them  I felt like I was talking into a void  When you've had a few successes you can say the stupidest things in the world and people will think it's clever  When you've had a few flops, you can say something perfectly reasonable and they look at you as if they had no idea what you are talking about 
As for Richter;

After it became clear the picture was a failure, the most amazing thing happened: I got more job offers than ever before in my life  People seemed so mad at Peter that they were eager to make excuses for me and help me out  And they all wanted to hear about working with him 

After making the film, Bogdanovich felt he had compromised so much he took three years off directing, before returning with Saint Jack (1979) 
Among contemporary reviews from critics, Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and called it "a curiously flat movie  It functions like clockwork and it looks right, but it doesn't feel like much  The laughs are telegraphed, the actors are lifeless (with the exception of Burt Reynolds), and the movie does an abrupt turnabout, from comedy to elegy, about two-thirds of the way through " Richard Eder of The New York Times called the film "two hours and two minutes of impersonations  Some of them are very good impersonations—deft and funny—but they lack a life to string them together " Arthur D  Murphy of Variety called it "an okay comedy-drama about the early days of motion pictures  Recreating a cultural era in terms of some of its artistic forms and cliches emerges as an uneven dramatic device though it sometimes works " Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars out of four and wrote that it "really bogs down with incessantly inept pratfall comedy" and "is successful only when it captures the innocence of the period " Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "In the first part of the film O'Neal, Reynolds and Miss Hitchcock often seem merely silly as they carry on like the exaggerated characters in their own movies  Alas, the effect is to make the latter portion of the movie unduly static and drawn out in comparison to its frenetic beginning  However, the more aware one is of what Bogdanovich is trying to do and the more knowledgeable one is about the era he is trying to evoke, the more enjoyable the movie  Indeed, 'Nickelodeon' is most affecting for the cineaste, and its culminating tribute to D  W  Griffith as the screen's first great artist brings tears to the eyes " Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote that while Bogdanovich's new film was not quite a disaster on par with his previous flop At Long Last Love, "this elaborate, rambling and ultimately tedious period comedy about the pioneering years of the movie business in Hollywood does not lack for crippling deficiencies, miscalculations and self-indulgences "Critic John Simon called the film "a sanity test: anyone who catches himself laughing at any of it at this late date should seriously consider committing himself to the nearest mental hospital even though in his case a cure is hardly to be hoped for "As of March 2022, the film holds a rating of 8% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 4 7 out of 10 

Alternative versions
The 2009 DVD release includes a 125-minute "Director's Cut" in black and white  "There's nothing to distract you", said Bogdanovich, "Ryan's blond hair and blue eyes don't distract you, and you focus on the action in an easier way  That's why the funniest movies ever made were silent comedies—Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd, Charlie Chaplin  It focuses the attention in a different way, and color is distracting for that sort of thing "
Passage 2:
Saturday Night Live (season 5)
The fifth season of Saturday Night Live, an American sketch comedy series, originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 13, 1979, and May 24, 1980 

Cast
Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi left the show at the end of season 4, leaving a void in the cast that most fans thought would be the beginning of the end of the late-night sketch comedy show  
To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello (also credited as Father Guido Sarducci), Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel  Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the SNL band to become a cast member  Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season 
This season was the first to have two members of the same family as cast members (Bill Murray and Brian Doyle-Murray) 
This would be the final season for everyone in the cast  Tom Davis and Jim Downey would return to the show in future seasons as writers  Al Franken, Brian Doyle-Murray, Don Novello and Harry Shearer would rejoin the cast in future seasons (Al Franken would also return as a writer) 

Cast roster
bold denotes Weekend Update anchor
Featured cast members announced and shown during the "Opening Introductions" varied from week to week, as noted below in each episode's description 

Writers
As previously mentioned, Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to cast member status, including Aykroyd, Downey, Doyle-Murray, Novello, Schiller and Zweibel  Doyle-Murray would be the only one to return, as a writer, in the following season 
This season's writers were Peter Aykroyd, Anne Beatts, Tom Davis, Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray, Al Franken, Tom Gammill, Lorne Michaels, Matt Neuman, Don Novello, Sarah Paley, Max Pross, Herb Sargent, Tom Schiller, Harry Shearer, Rosie Shuster and Alan Zweibel  The head writer was Herb Sargent 

Episodes
Home media
SNL's fifth season was released on DVD on December 1, 2009  There are no plans to release any further seasons 
Passage 3:
Peter Green Splinter Group (album)
Peter Green Splinter Group is an album by the British blues band of the same name, led by Peter Green  Released in 1997, this was their first album, and the comeback album for Green, who had been out of the music business for around 10 years  Green was the founder of Fleetwood Mac and a member of that group from 1967–70, before a sporadic solo career during the late 1970s and early 1980s 
Mostly recorded live on a tour of the UK, the album consisted of covers of blues songs 

Track listing
"Hitch Hiking Woman" (Black Ace) – 3:46 (studio recording)
"Travelling Riverside Blues" (Robert Johnson) – 3:26 (studio recording)
"Look on Yonder Wall" (Elmore James) – 6:26
"Homework" (Dave Clark, Al Perkins) – 3:56
"The Stumble" (Freddie King, Sonny Thompson) – 4:22
"Help Me" (Sonny Boy Williamson II, Willie Dixon, Ralph Bass) – 5:47
"Watch Your Step" (Bobby Parker) – 3:51
"From 4' Till Late" (Johnson) – 2:55
"Steady Rollin' Man" (Johnson) – 3:41
"It Takes Time" (Otis Rush) – 5:06
"Dark End Of The Street" (Dan Penn, Chips Moman) – 3:59
"Going Down" (Don Nix) – 7:43The album incorrectly lists the composer of track 4 as Otis Rush  Rush was the first person to record the song in 1962, but did not compose it 

Japanese issue bonus track
"The Green Manalishi" (Peter Green)

Personnel
Peter Green Splinter Group
Peter Green – guitars, vocals
Nigel Watson – guitars, vocals
Cozy Powell – drums
Neil Murray – bass guitar
Spike Edney – keyboards

Technical
Tim Summerhayes, Robin Black, Ian Dyekhoff – engineers
Spike Edney – remix engineer at Blackbarn Studios
Al at Spot On – design
Will Riley of Underworld – logo
Passage 4:
Jean Desessard
Jean Desessard (born 6 September 1952) is a French politician and a former member of the Senate of France  He represented Paris and is a member of Europe Ecology – The Greens 
Passage 5:
Cassata
Cassata or cassata siciliana ( kə-SAH-tə, Italian: [kasˈsaːta sitʃiˈljaːna], Sicilian: [ka(s)ˈsaːta sɪʃɪˈljaːna]) is a traditional cake from Sicily, Italy  Cassata is typically composed of a round sponge cake moistened with fruit juices or liqueur and layered with ricotta cheese and candied fruit (a filling also used with cannoli)  Cassata has a shell of marzipan, pink and green coloured icing, and decorative designs  Cassata may also refer to a Neapolitan ice cream containing candied or dried fruit and nuts 

Origin
Cassata is believed to have originated in Palermo in the 10th century, when under Muslim rule  The word al-qaššāṭī – القشاطي (Arabic for 'the cassata-maker') – was first mentioned in Corleone in 1178 The Arabic word qas'ah, from which cassata may derive, refers to the bowl that is used to shape the cake 

Variations
Unlike the round, traditional shape some cassata are made in the form of a rectangle, square, or box  The word "box" in Italian is cassa, although it is unlikely that the word cassata originated from this term Cassata Catanese, as it is often prepared in the Sicilian province of Catania, is made similar to a pie, containing a top and bottom crust, filled with ricotta, and baked in the oven 

The Cassatella di sant'Agata (pl  cassatelle)—colloquially named Minni di Vergini, meaning "virgin breasts"—is a similar dessert, but made in a smaller, personal-serving size,  with a candied cherry on top, and often a specifically green-coloured marzipan  It is typically made in Catania for the festival of Saint Agatha



ground_truth: Mr. Lawrence

Doug Lawrence

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the designer of the Lap Engine educated?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, (Persian: دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان, Danushgah-e Shihid-e Midâni-ye Âzerbaijan) commonly called only Azarbaijan University, is a public university located near Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, founded in 1987  The university provides both undergraduate and graduate education to approximately 7,500 students at a wide range of fields including engineering, basic sciences, literature and theology  The university has got Research Gate's total impact point of 1716 47 from 61 publications, according to the latest statistics 

History
Azarbaijan University was founded in 1987 in Tabriz as a branch of Tehran's Tarbiat Moallem (teacher education) University  The initial objective of the university was to train teachers in different area for the fulfillment of Iranian government educational development policies and the major concern of the university was focused on training teachers for high schools and technical schools 
In 1988, Azarbaijan University became an independent university under the title Tabriz University of Tarbiat Moallem and later Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem  In 2012, due to changing of Iranian educational policies, the university turned to a general educational university under the title Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University  The name "Shahid Madani" comes from an Iranian cleric from Azarshahr who became a martyr in the early years of Islamic Revolution 
Recently, the university is expanding fast and it is planning to be one of the prominent educational and research centers in Iran  New faculty buildings are being opened, new young academic staff are being employed and a lot of academic activities are underway to convert the university to one of the most dynamic universities in northwestern Iran 

Faculties
Engineering
Basic Sciences
Literature and Human Sciences
Theology and Islamic Sciences
Information Technology
Psychology & Educational Sciences
Agriculture

Campuses
Azarbaijan University has two campuses:

Main campus is located in the countryside of Tabriz alongside the Tabriz - Maragheh highway, near Azarshahr and Mamaqan, 35 km Southwest of Tabriz  Administrative part, faculties, most of student dormitories, laboratories, workshops and amphitheaters are located in main campus  The campus also has a train station, 3 restaurants, bakery, a health center, and a shopping center 
Tabriz campus, which is located in Dampezeshki neighborhood of Tabriz, was established in 2013 with a focus on graduate studies in some of the theoretical engineering and science majors  The programs in Tabriz campus include Master of Science in: Analytical Chemistry, Theoretical Physics, Structural Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering, Applied Mathematics and PhD degree programs in: Analytical Chemistry, Atomic and Molecular Physics  Tabriz Campus holds the "Virtual and Distance Learning Center" of the university and also summer and short courses are held in this campus 

International Relations
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University has cooperation and exchange programs with several universities and institutes in the Middle East and also in Asia and Europe  Some of them are as follows:

Kanazawa University in Japan
Khazar University in Azerbaijan
Gebze Technical University in Turkey
Siirt University in Turkey
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University in Turkey 
BBCA Institute in Italy

Student Communities
There are various student communities and associations with different academic, athletic or artistic objects:

Materials Student Association
Poetry and Literature Association
Music Association
Photography and Filming Association
Red Crescent Association
Charitable Association
Engineering Academic Communities
Literature Academic Communities
Basic Sciences Academic Communities
Psychology Academic Community
Botany Academic Community

Exclusive Train
Thanks to the Tehran - Tabriz railroad which passes through the university, Azarbaijan University is the only university in Iran with a railway station inside and its exclusive train which transports students between Tabriz and the university 4 times every business day  Due to the rising number of students  In morning and afternoon rush hours an older train is also used to increase the capacity 

See also
Higher education in Iran
List of universities in Iran
Passage 2:
2018 French Grand Prix
The 2018 French Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Pirelli Grand Prix de France 2018) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 24 June 2018 at the Circuit Paul Ricard in Le Castellet, France  The race was the eighth round of the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship and marked the first time that the French Grand Prix has been run since 2008  It was the 87th running of the French Grand Prix, and the 59th time the event had been included as a round of the Formula One World Championship since the inception of the series in 1950 Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel entered the race with a one-point lead over Lewis Hamilton in the World Drivers' Championship  In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes led Ferrari by seventeen points  Hamilton took the lead in the Driver's Championship by winning the race, with Vettel finishing fifth 

Background
The race returned to the calendar for the first time since 2008, with Circuit Paul Ricard chosen as the venue  The circuit last hosted the French Grand Prix in 1990 before the event moved to the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours in 1991  The race used the 5 842 km (3 630 mi) layout of the Circuit Paul Ricard for the first time  The layout includes a chicane on the Mistral straight as opposed to the 5 809 km (3 610 mi) circuit that was used nine times between 1971 and 1985 The race was run in June, filling a vacancy left by the Azerbaijan Grand Prix  The race in Azerbaijan was moved to an April date to avoid clashing with celebrations for the centenary of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 

Drag reduction system
The circuit featured two drag reduction system (DRS) zones  The first was located along the main straight, while the second was on the Mistral Straight on the approach to the chicane 

Tyres
Tyre supplier Pirelli provided teams with the soft, supersoft and ultrasoft compounds of tyres  They reverted to their narrow tread compound following feedback from the teams in the wake of mid-season testing at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya 

Free practice
Lewis Hamilton set the fastest lap in the first free practice session, which was cut short by an accident involving Sauber driver Marcus Ericsson  Ericsson lost control of his Sauber C37 on the approach to Turn 11 and spun into the barrier on the outside of the corner  The car hit the tyre wall at an angle and subsequently caught fire  Ericsson was unharmed, but with two minutes remaining the session was abandoned and the damage to his car so extensive that he was unable to take part in the second free practice session  Several drivers experienced spins during the session, most notably at Turn 6 where an intermittent and gusty local wind caught the drivers unaware as they accelerated away from the apex of the corner  Unlike Ericsson, all of the drivers avoided contact with the wall courtesy of the circuit's unique, abrasive tarmac run-off areas designed to slow down cars that left the circuit 
Hamilton was fastest again in the second free practice session despite having his flying lap interrupted by another red flag  Sergio Pérez lost a wheel as he turned onto the Mistral Straight, prompting race officials to mount an investigation as to whether Force India had released Pérez from the pit lane with his car in an unsafe condition  The session was restarted once Pérez's car was cleared away 

Qualifying
Notes^1  – Brendon Hartley received a 35-place grid penalty for exceeding his quota of power unit components 

Race
Race report
At the start Sebastian Vettel ran into the back of Valtteri Bottas, with both sustaining damage and having to pit for repairs, also there was a separate collision between Pierre Gasly and Esteban Ocon leaving both cars stranded out on the track, this brought out a brief safety car period lasting till the end of lap 5  Vettel would later receive a penalty for his collision with Bottas which meant he would only manage to finish 5th  Lance Stroll suffered a tyre puncture near the end of the race causing a virtual safety car, which ended with only half a lap left of the race  Lewis Hamilton comfortably won ahead of Max Verstappen, while Kimi Räikkönen completed the podium 

Race classification
Notes^1  – Sergey Sirotkin had 5 seconds added to his race time for driving unnecessarily slowly behind the safety car 
^2  – Fernando Alonso and Lance Stroll retired from the race, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance 

Championship standings after the race
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings 

See also
2018 Le Castellet Formula 2 round
2018 Le Castellet GP3 Series round

Notes
Passage 3:
Hans Albert Einstein
Hans Albert Einstein (May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was a Swiss-American engineer and educator, the second child and first son of physicists Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić  He was a long-time professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley Einstein was widely recognized for his research on sediment transport  To honor his outstanding achievement in hydraulic engineering, the American Society of Civil Engineers established the "Hans Albert Einstein Award" in 1988 and the annual award is given to those who have made significant contributions to the field 

Early life
Hans Albert Einstein was born on May 14, 1904, in Bern, Switzerland, where his father, Albert Einstein, worked as a clerk in the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property  His father was of German-Jewish descent and his mother, Mileva Marić, Serbian  His younger brother, Eduard Einstein, was born in 1910 and died in 1965  In 1913, Hans and Eduard were baptized as 
Orthodox Christians in the Orthodox Church of Saint Nicholas in Novi Sad  The fate of his older sister, Lieserl Einstein, Albert Einstein's and Mileva Marić's first child, is unknown, although it has been suggested she died of scarlet fever in 1903  Their parents divorced in 1919 after living apart for five years 

Career
In 1922, Hans followed in his parents' footsteps and entered ETH Zurich, where he studied civil engineering, graduating in 1926  From 1926 to 1930 he worked at the steel design company Klönne, in Dortmund, Germany  From 1931 to 1938, he worked as a research engineer at the newly founded Laboratory of Hydraulics and Soil Mechanics (VAWE) at ETH Zurich  There, in 1936 Hans Albert obtained a doctorate in technical science  His doctoral thesis "Bed Load Transport as a Probability Problem" (Der Geschiebetrieb als Wahrscheinlichkeitsproblem) is considered the definitive work on sediment transport Hans' father, Albert, left Germany in 1933 to escape the persecution of Jews by the Nazi government  Heeding his father's advice, Hans emigrated from Switzerland to Greenville, South Carolina, in 1938  He worked for the US Department of Agriculture, studying sediment transport from 1938 to 1943  He continued working for the USDA at the California Institute of Technology starting in 1943  In 1947 he took a position as associate professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley  He advanced to full professor, and later professor emeritus   Einstein traveled the world to participate in hydraulic engineering conferences  He was at a symposium at Woods Hole in Massachusetts when he collapsed and died from heart failure on July 26, 1973 Einstein was honored by a Guggenheim Fellowship (1953), research awards from the American Society of Civil Engineers (1959 and 1960), the Berkeley Citation from the University of California (1971), the Certificate of Merit from the U S  Department of Agriculture (1971), and a certificate of recognition for more than 20 years of devoted and distinguished service to Applied Mechanics Reviews by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1972) Hans was also made an member of Pi Tau Sigma in December 1949 with honorary membership grade 
In 1958 he was the principal guest of honor at the Technion's dedication of a new building housing the Albert Einstein Institute of Physics 
 
Hans Albert Einstein died due to heart failure on July 26, 1973 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts  His papers are held at the Water Resources Collections and Archives in the University of California, Riverside Libraries and in the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections and Archives 

Personal life
In 1927, Hans Albert Einstein married Frieda Knecht  They had four children:

Bernhard Caesar Einstein (10 July 1930 – 30 September 2008), who was a physicist and engineer 
Klaus Martin Einstein (1932–1939), died of diphtheria aged six 
David Einstein (October–November 1939), died aged one month 
Evelyn Einstein (28 March 1941 – 13 April 2011), adopted Knecht died in 1958, and Hans Albert married neurochemist Elizabeth Roboz (1904–1995) the following year Einstein was an avid sailor, frequently taking colleagues and family out for excursions on the San Francisco Bay  On his many field trips and academic excursions, he took thousands of pictures, many of which he developed himself and presented as slide shows  He also loved music, as denoted on his gravestone, and he played flute and piano 

See also
Einstein family
Genius, a television series depicting the Einsteins
Passage 4:
2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 2017 MotoGP season  It was held at the Losail International Circuit in Doha on 26 March 2017  For all the three classes, the starting grid was formed by each rider's best time from any of the three free practice sessions held, after rain cancelled the planned qualifying sessions In the MotoGP race, Maverick Viñales won on his first outing for Yamaha, becoming the first rider to do so on début for Yamaha since his teammate Valentino Rossi did the same back in 2004 
The Moto2 class saw the début of the KTM Moto2 chassis package, following KTM's expansion into Moto2 along with MotoGP with the RC16 

Classification
MotoGP
Moto2
Moto3
Gabriel Rodrigo suffered a broken collarbone in a crash during the opening free practice and withdrew from the event 

Championship standings after the race
MotoGP
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round one has concluded 

Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings 

Moto2
Moto3
Notes
Passage 5:
Lap Engine
The Lap Engine is a beam engine designed by James Watt, built by Boulton and Watt in 1788  It is now preserved at the Science Museum, London 
It is important as both an early example of a beam engine by Boulton and Watt, and also mainly as illustrating an important innovative step in their development for its ability to produce rotary motion The engines name comes from its use in Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory, where it was used to drive a line of 43 polishing or lapping machines, used for the production of buttons and buckles 

Innovations
Watt did not invent the steam engine and there is no single 'Watt steam engine' as such  He developed a number of separate innovations, each of which improved the existing engines of the day, beginning with Newcomen's   The Lap Engine of 1788, also the Whitbread Engine (1785), represent survivors of the first engines to show all of Watt's major improvements in one 

Parallel motion
Rotative beam engines
Sun and planet gear
The rotative beam engine needs a means to convert reciprocating motion of the piston and beam to rotary motion  The crankshaft was well known for centuries before Watt, mostly from its use in mining machinery powered by water wheels  However its use for a steam engine was covered by James Pickard's patent at this time  Watt was unwilling to pay a license fee to use the crank and so sought an alternative  The sun and planet gear was invented by another Scottish engineer, William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton and Watt  Watt patented it in October 1781 
The sun and planet gear is a simple epicyclic gear  The planet is attached rigidly to the end of the connecting rod, hung from the beam  As it rotates it applies a torque to the sun gear, just as for a crank, and so causes it to rotate  As the two gears also rotate relative to each other, like conventional gearwheels, this has the effect of giving the sun gear a further rotation  The sun, and the output crankshaft, thus rotates twice for every piston cycle of the engine, twice as fast as with a conventional crank  Beam engines were slow-moving and the output shafts driven by the Lap Engine were fast-moving, so this was an advantage 

Centrifugal governor
According to the Science Museum, it was the first steam engine to be fitted with a centrifugal governor 

History
Preservation
Notes
Passage 6:
Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College
Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College (MSEC) (Tamil:மீனாட்சி சுந்தரராஜன் பொறியியல் கல்லூரி) is an engineering college in Kodambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and it is founded in 2001 

History
The Engineering College was founded in 2001 by the educationist of South India, Professor K R Sundararajan  Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College is a part of the KRS Group of Institutions which includes the Indian Institute of Technical Education (IIET, est  1947), Meenakshi College for Women and the Meenakshi Sundararajan School of Management  Institutions dedicated to impart qualitative education and research for both under-graduate and post-graduate education in the fields of Engineering, Arts, Science, Commerce and Management 

Courses
B E  Electrical and Electronics Engineering
B Tech Information Technology
B E  Mechanical Engineering
B E  Civil Engineering
B E  Computer Science and Engineering
B E  Electronics and Communication Engineering
M E  Construction Engineering and Management
Passage 7:
Marvin R  Sambur
Marvin Robert Sambur (born March 31, 1946) is an American engineer and businessman who served as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) from 2001 to 2005 
Sambur was educated at the City College of New York, receiving his B S  in electrical engineering in 1968   He then joined the technical staff of Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, while continuing his education  He received an M S  in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969 and a Ph D  in electrical engineering from MIT in 1972 Sambur worked at Bell Labs until 1977, when he joined ITT Defense Communications in Nutley, New Jersey, as senior vice president   In 1988, he moved to Easton, Pennsylvania, to become president and general manager of the ITT's Electron Technology division   He held that position until 1991, when he became president and general manager of ITT's Aerospace/Communications division in Fort Wayne, Indiana   Finally, in 1998, he became president and CEO of ITT Defense in McLean, Virginia In 2001, President of the United States George W  Bush nominated Sambur to be Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition)   He held the office until January 2005 After leaving government service, Sambur co-founded Raptors Consulting Group, based in Potomac, Maryland   He also joined the faculty of the A  James Clark School of Engineering Sambur had been a resident of Denville Township, New Jersey 


== Notes ==
Passage 8:
1963 Mexican Grand Prix
The 1963 Mexican Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Ciudad Deportiva Magdalena Mixhuca in Mexico City on October 27, 1963  It was race 9 of 10 in both the 1963 World Championship of Drivers and the 1963 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers 
Jim Clark dominated the race from pole position, a time that was 1 7 seconds faster than anybody else  Mexico was considered one of his most successful venues  His fastest lap of the race eclipsed his pole time by 0 7 seconds, and he lapped the entire field except for second and third behind him  He eventually scored a total of five pole positions, four fastest laps and three victories at the venue in his Formula One career  This was also his sixth win, his sixth fastest lap, and his sixth pole position of the nine races completed in 1963 This was also the only World Championship Grand Prix where a car raced with the number 13 until Pastor Maldonado selected the number as his permanent race number in 2014 

Classification
Qualifying
Race
Surtees was disqualified for a push-start 

Championship standings after the race

Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings  Only the best 6 results counted towards the Championship  Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored 
Passage 9:
Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology
Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology or popularly known as TCET,  located in Vandavasi, Tamil Nadu, India is a private educational institution in India 

About
Varadhammal manickam education and charitable trust [VMECT] was founded in 1996 as a non-profitable organization at 178,vagataranam pillai street, Triplicane, Chennai 600 005  The administrative office is located at R 6/4, vaigai street, bezant nagar, Chennai -600 090  The trustees are eminent personalities in various walks of life such as education, research, industry, business, administration etc 
Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology was founded in the year 1998 by Prof  Dr  S  Arunachalam M E (Civil), PhD a Former Professor in Anna University and Former Syndicate Member - Anna University, Chennai 
The Institution is approved by A I C T E - All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University Chennai 

External links
Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology
Passage 10:
Callcott Reilly
Callcott Reilly (28 October 1828 – 21 May 1900) was a British civil and construction engineer  He is noted for his work on uniform stress, as illustrated by reference to bridge building, for which the Institution of Civil Engineers awarded him the Telford Medal in 1865   He played a prominent role in promoting the professional education of engineers and in 1871 became the first Professor of Engineering Construction at the newly formed Royal Indian Engineering College (RIEC) located at Coopers Hill near Englefield Green 
Passage 11:
André Milhoux
André Milhoux (born 9 December 1928) is a former racing driver from Belgium   He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the 1956 German Grand Prix on 5 August 1956, but had to retire after 15 laps due to an engine failure  He scored no championship points 

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Passage 12:
Malaviya Regional Engineering College
Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT or NIT Jaipur) is a public technical university located in Jaipur, India with, an emphasis on science, engineering and management 
Formerly known as Malaviya Regional Engineering College (MREC) Jaipur, it assumed its present name in 2002 and was recognised as an Institute of National Importance in 2007  It was founded in 1963 with only two engineering branches and now comprises fourteen departments, a school of management and allied centres  The institute is fully funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India and is governed by a Senate as per NIT Statutes 

History
The institute was established in 1963 as Malaviya Regional Engineering College (MREC), as a joint venture of the government of India and the Government of Rajasthan  It was named after Madan Mohan Malaviya  V G  Garde was its first principal  The college moved to the present campus in Jaipur in 1965 It used to offer five-year Bachelor of Engineering programs in Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, and Metallurgical Engineering  The duration of the B E  Degree Course was changed to four years from the year 1983 The institute was upgraded to a National Institute of Technology and was declared a Deemed University on 26 June 2002 since then the institute started offering Bachelor of Technology (B Tech ) degree instead of Bachelor of Engineering (B E ) degree On 15 August 2007, MNIT and all other NITs were declared Institutes of National Importance by the government of India under the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007  The institute is now under The Ministry of Education (MHRD), New Delhi  It has been selected to participate in the Technical Education Quality Improvement Program of the government of India and the World Bank Milestone: MNIT celebrated its Golden Jubilee foundation year in 2013 

Academics
Programmes
MNIT offers a wide variety of study in engineering, sciences, management, design, and humanities with a primary focus on engineering  Eight four-year undergraduate courses of study led to the Bachelor of Technology degree and a five-year undergraduate course leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree, with a total of over 5,000 students  Postgraduate degrees award Master of Technology (M Tech ), Master of Science (M Sc ), Master of Business Administration (M B A) and Master of Urban Planning  There are also doctoral programs with over 300 students  There are over 150 faculty members engaged in teaching and research 

Financial aid
More than 30 financial aid schemes are made available to students under different criteria to support institute fees and in some cases hostel accommodation as well 

Requisites for enrolments
Admission to undergraduate courses of the institute is through the Central Seat Allocation Board (CSAB) which takes into account the performance in Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Supernumerary seats are reserved for students from outside India who are nominated by the Ministry of External Affairs, Govt  of India, and the Indian Council of Cultural Relations and DASA students  SAT scores are criteria for selection Admission for post graduate courses namely Master of Technology (M Tech ) and Master of Urban & Regional Planning (MURP) are through Centralized Counselling for MTech/MArch and M Plan (CCMT) after Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) Admission to M Sc  is through CCMN (Centralized Counseling for MSc/MSc (Tech )), admission to M B A  is through GMAT/CAT followed by GD, PI and Ph D  are through department's respective written test followed by an interview 

Rankings
Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur was ranked 46th among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022 

Grading
MNIT follows the credit-based system of performance evaluation, with the proportional weighting of courses based on their importance  The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks  This range of marks is decided by Grade Moderation Committee and is relative in nature  For each semester, the students are graded by taking a weighted average from all the courses with their respective credit points  Each semester's evaluation is done independently with a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) reflecting the average performance across semesters 

Research
Research in the institute is sponsored by major government agencies which include the Indian Ordnance Factories, Ministry of Communication & IT, Govt  of India, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST) 

Collaboration with International Universities
University of Greenwich, London
Stevens Institute of Technology
North Dakota University
University of Saskatchewan
Deakin University
Florida International University
University of Dundee
Medine Education, Mauritius

Administration
The Organisational structure
MNIT shares a common Visitor (a position held by the President of India) who is the most powerful person in the NIT organizational structure and the NIT Council with the other sister NITs 
The board of governors consists of members nominated by the NIT Council, the director, representatives from the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource and Development, and Government of India 
The institute's director serves as the chief academic and executive officer of the institute  He is aided by the deputy director  Under the director and the deputy director are the deans, heads of departments, registrar, president of the students' council, and chairman of the hall management committee 
The registrar is the chief administrative officer and oversees day-to-day operations  He is the custodian of records, funds, and other properties of the institute 
Under the charge of the heads of departments (HODs) are the faculty (full-time professors as well as those of associate and assistant status)  The wardens of hostels are placed under the chairman of the hall management committee in the organization 

Financing
Annually, the institute receives US$20 million from the Government of India and the World Bank 
Alumni and other bodies also donate to contribute to the development of the institute  Financial management is undertaken by the Financial Committee of the institute 

Academic policies
The academic policies of the institute are decided by its senate  It consists of the deans of the institute, all the professors, the director, educationists, and specialists  The senate controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations, and results and appoints committees to look into academic matters  The teaching, training, and research activities of the institute are reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards  The director serves as the ex-officio and chairman of the senate 

Academic Events
MNIT Jaipur AICTE – Training Program on Design Thinking for Innovative Medical Devices

Motto
"Yogaḥ Karmasu Kauśalam" (योगः कर्मसु कौशलम् in Sanskrit)  The motto literally translates to "Excellence in action is Yoga" essentially implying that doing your work well is (true) yoga or "Diligence leads to Excellence"  It is sourced to Sri Krishna's discourse to Arjuna in Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 2, Verse 50  This quote in its larger context of Gita urges man to acquire equanimity because such a soul endowed with the mind of equanimity allows him to shed the effects of his good and evil deeds in this world itself  Equanimity is the source of perfection in Karmic endeavors while leading to Salvation 

Departments, Centres and Schools
Engineering departments
Architecture
Chemical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Computer Science & Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kota (temporary campus) – Computer Science Engineering and Electronics & Communication Engineering

Centres
Energy and Environment
Earthquake and Disaster Mitigation Centre
Innovation and Incubation Centre
Advance Materials Research Centre
Tribology Laboratory
Electronics & ICT Academy
Stones

Science Departments
Applied Biology
Mathematics
Physics (Photonics and Electronics )
Chemistry

Allied Departments
Humanities and Social Sciences
Department of Physical Education

Campus
MNIT's 317-acre campus is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan, approximately 2 5 miles (4 km) from Jaipur International Airport  It is 6 miles (10 km) from Pink City and is within walking distance of the business district therefore the two locations are frequent gateways for MNIT students  The vast campus is lush green and has a hill out of Aravali Ranges  
Numerous buildings, and clusters constitute the campus  To the west are the departmental buildings, research laboratories, associations and club buildings, lecture theatres, bank (ICICI Bank), post office, canteens, lawns, auditoriums, main building, computer centre; to the east are Boys hostels, STP; to the north are guest houses, staff quarters, bank (SBI, ICICI); at the center and south are sports facilities and dispensary 

The dispensary is supervised by a team of Medical Officers and supported staff  The institute has a part-time Homeopathic doctor and Ayurvedic doctor on the campus  Canteen buildings, five in all, are near the instructional zone and hostels and in addition to it, an Amul parlor  The central canteen is run by Akshaya Patra Foundation  There are two guest houses on the campus for visitors, alumni, guests, and guardians of students 
Each Department has its own building which has laboratories, staff cabins, lecture halls, classrooms, auditoriums, departmental libraries, etc , and all are linked via a continuous gallery that runs throughout the eastern part 

Sports facilities
Facilities for sports and games include a soccer ground, a cricket ground with nets, three basketball courts, three lawn tennis courts, three volleyball courts, three raw volleyball courts, one indoor badminton court and other outdoor badminton courts, a gymnasium, a billiards room, a chess room, a jogging track, table tennis boards, and a swimming pool is in future plans 

Materials Research Center
Materials Research Center (MRC) has the infrastructure for advanced research in various streams with a focus on materials  The facilities are extended to the scientists and researchers of other institutes  Equipment at the center, set up at the cost of $6 3 million, offers a wide range of research assistance  Various machines, facilities and software are available in the lab 

Central Library
Now known as LEARNING RESOURCE CENTRE (LRC), aids the teaching and research programmes of the institute and provides facilities for general reading and information with 156,314 print books, 3,073 ebooks, 10,000 e-journals, international journals, technical pamphlets, standards, CD-ROMs and periodicals  In addition, it is connected to other library networks like DELNET, which enables students to access libraries of other 4697 Indian and International libraries  It is spread across a plinth area of 15,847 Sq  feet  The services and operations in the library are fully digital with RFID and Smart card systems with Koha (software)   In addition to books, it offers Wi-Fi and LAN services 

Computer Center
The centre has 10 computer laboratories  A Datacenter with Private Cloud using VMWare V Cloud Suite 5 and 64 TB of EMC2 Storage has also been established in the center  The Private Cloud has features of automated provisioning of IT resources, a single interface for administrators for the entire IT infrastructure, and workload elasticity  It is used for Library digitization, E-mail archival, hosting various services/applications and Research on cloud computing by Ph D  and MTech students 

Vivekananda Lecture Theatre Complex (VLTC)
Vivekananda Lecture Hall complex will have 40 classrooms that could accommodate about 5,500 students at a time  It will have a food court in its basement  Its construction was started on 19 September 2012  It holds the record of being Asia's Largest Lecture Theatre Complex Among other facilities, each hostel is equipped with Wi-fi and/or LAN, and a common room with a TV, LAN, table-tennis court, newspaper stands and a mess 

Student life
Annually MNIT conducts the MNIT Sports Tournament (MST)  Students from all across Rajasthan and other parts of North India, participate in the event  MNIT also hosts inter-NIT sports tournaments being a part of the Inter-NIT sports federation  The institute is the West zone centre for NBA JAM National level events include Neuron, Blitzschlag, Electronica, Moments, MST, Schrifftum, Taal and Zodiac 

Hostel
MNIT has 10 boys and 2 girls hostels with an accommodation capacity of about 3,000 students  The largest among them is Aurobindo Hostel comprising 950 single bedrooms  First-year students are allotted triple bedrooms and from second Year onwards everyone gets single bedrooms  Most of the hostels are equipped with the mess  Students are given Wi-Fi, LAN, common room, and sports facilities in hostels  Hostel fees in a single semester is Rs  32,000 (out of which Rs  20,000 for Hostel mess bill and 12,000 for Room rent, electricity and light bill 

Blitzschlag
Blitzschlag is the annual cultural fest of MNIT Jaipur  It is a 3-day event held towards the start of February every year and attracts a crowd of over 20,000 students from more than 20 colleges all over the country The word Blitzschlag has German origins; it means a lightning strike  Aimed at inspiring innovation, technical interest among students, and awareness among the public, the event has played host to lectures, seminars, workshops, competitions, exhibitions, and quizzes 
The event is organized by the students under the guidance of their teachers 

Sphinx
Sphinx is the annual tech-fest organized autonomously by Malaviya National Institute of Technology, a 3-day event held in late October each year  The event is organized by the students under the guidance of their teachers 

Creative Arts & Cultural Society
MNIT CACS (Creative Arts & Cultural Society) allows students to exhibit extracurricular abilities 

Student Mentorship Program
Student Mentorship Program (SMP) is a program of mentorship of junior students by senior students  Web based services consist of an The Online Mentor-Mentee platform and SMP Media  Online Mentor-Mentee platform connects mentees with their Mentors, and SMP Media acts as a knowledge sharing platform 

The Mavericks
The Mavericks is the weekly newsletter service, run by a group of students which covers all activities going on on the campus, both academic and non-academic, discussing ongoing placements, internships, achievements by students, events, projects and other happenings on the campus 

Codavids
Codavids is the official programming and coding club of the institute, under the Head of the Computer Engineering Department  It aims to improve the programming culture among the student community and encourage them to solve practical problems through coding, improve their programming skills by taking lectures, organizing Online Coding Competitions (OCC) every month, organizing Guest lectures in algorithm complexity, algorithms, data structures, operating systems and programming in general 

Zine
Zine is a creative group of engineering undergraduates of Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur who are together to learn, improve and apply their technical skills to help foster the growth of society and India in the field of technology by using their engineering skills to work on real time problems  It is composed of students from various disciplines working under guidance of Dr  Rajesh Kumar from Electrical Engineering department and various alumni working in reputed firms and doing research in Universities in India and abroad 

Housing
MNIT provides on-campus residential facilities to its students, research scholars, faculty members, and many of its staff 
Hostel rooms are wired for the internet, for which students pay a compulsory charge included in the hostel fees  Most of the rooms in the hostels are designed to accommodate one student and is available after the first year, and there are hostels designed for triple bedding which are leased to students of the first year  Some hostels have Wi-fi networks  There are twelve hostels in all, and each hostel is provided with a common room equipped with a television, table tennis board, and newspaper reading section  Students residing in hostels are issued an advisory code of conduct and ragging or harassing other students, and juniors are strictly forbidden 

Past People
Students
MNIT enrols 710 undergraduates, 500 post graduate and 500 doctoral students every year  The Ratio of male to female students is seven to one  50% of students are from Rajasthan, due to the home state quota followed by Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, North East and other states in the same order  Students from abroad are from Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Bangladesh, Nepal, Uganda, Sri Lanka and other middle-eastern countries 

Alumni
Alumni-institute interaction is developed and maintained through the Alumni Network and Alumni chapters across the world under the direction of MNIT Jaipur Alumni Association (MNITJAA)  It also helps in conducting the annual alumni meets 
Alumni from MNIT contribute to society in various fields like Academics, Science and Engineering, Public Service, Corporate Service, Entertainment, Defence, Arts & Design, etc 

Notable alumni
Thomas Abraham, president of GOPIO
Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Mechanical Engineer, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate 
Nikhil Gupta, researcher and professor based in Brooklyn, New York 
Ashok M  Raichur, nanotechnologist, N-Bios laureate 
Shivangi, Indian Navy First Woman Pilot 
Ashish Arora, founder physicsgalaxy com, author of physics textbooks in IIT-JEE Category, works at Unacademy, worked at Allen Jaipur and Bansal classes, founding member of FIITJEE

See also
National Institutes of Technology
Indian Institutes of Technology
Ministry of Human Resource Development
List of Institutes of National Importance
Passage 13:
James Watt
James Watt  (; 30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world 
While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines  He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder  Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines  Eventually, he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water 
Watt attempted to commercialise his invention, but experienced great financial difficulties until he entered a partnership with Matthew Boulton in 1775  The new firm of Boulton and Watt was eventually highly successful and Watt became a wealthy man  In his retirement, Watt continued to develop new inventions though none was as significant as his steam engine work 
As Watt developed the concept of horsepower, the SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him 

Biography
Early life and education
James Watt was born on 19 January 1736 in Greenock, Renfrewshire, the eldest of the five surviving children of Agnes Muirhead (1703–1755) and James Watt (1698–1782)  His mother came from a distinguished family, was well educated and said to be of forceful character, while his father was a shipwright, ship owner and contractor, and served as the Greenock's chief baillie in 1751  The Watt family's wealth came in part from Watt's father's trading in slaves and slave-produced goods  
Watt's parents were Presbyterians and strong Covenanters, but despite his religious upbringing he later became a deist  Watt's grandfather, Thomas Watt (1642–1734), was a teacher of mathematics, surveying and navigation and baillie to the Baron of Cartsburn Initially, Watt was educated at home by his mother, later going on to attend Greenock Grammar School  There he exhibited an aptitude for mathematics, while Latin and Greek failed to interest him 
Watt is said to have suffered prolonged bouts of ill-health as a child and from frequent headaches all his life After leaving school, Watt worked in the workshops of his father's businesses, demonstrating considerable dexterity and skill in creating engineering models  After his father suffered unsuccessful business ventures, Watt left Greenock to seek employment in Glasgow as a mathematical instrument maker 

When he was 18, Watt's mother died and his father's health began to fail  Watt travelled to London and was able to obtain a period of training as an instrument maker for a year (1755–56), then returned to Scotland, settling in the major commercial city of Glasgow, intent on setting up his own instrument-making business  He was still very young and, having not had a full apprenticeship, did not have the usual connections via a former master to establish himself as a journeyman instrument maker 
Watt was saved from this impasse by the arrival from Jamaica of astronomical instruments bequeathed by Alexander MacFarlane to the University of Glasgow - instruments that required expert attention  Watt restored them to working order and was remunerated  These instruments were eventually installed in the Macfarlane Observatory  Subsequently, three professors offered him the opportunity to set up a small workshop within the university  It was initiated in 1757 and two of the professors, the physicist and chemist Joseph Black as well as the famed economist Adam Smith, became Watt's friends At first, he worked on maintaining and repairing scientific instruments used in the university, helping with demonstrations, and expanding the production of quadrants  He made and repaired brass reflecting quadrants, parallel rulers, scales, parts for telescopes, and barometers, among other things 
It is sometimes falsely stated that he struggled to establish himself in Glasgow due to opposition from the Trades House, but this myth has been thoroughly debunked by the historian Harry Lumsden  The records from this period are lost, but it is known that he was able to work and trade completely normally as a skilled metal worker so the Incorporation of Hammermen must have been satisfied that he met their requirements for membership  It is also known that other people in the metal trades were pursued for working without being members of the Incorporation well into the 19th century, so the rules were definitely being enforced when Watt was trading freely throughout the city 
In 1759, he formed a partnership with John Craig, an architect and businessman, to manufacture and sell a line of products including musical instruments and toys  This partnership lasted for the next six years, and employed up to 16 workers  Craig died in 1765  One employee, Alex Gardner, eventually took over the business, which lasted into the 20th century In 1764, Watt married his cousin Margaret (Peggy) Miller, with whom he had 5 children, 2 of whom lived to adulthood: James Jr  (1769–1848) and Margaret (1767–1796)  His wife died in childbirth in 1773  In 1777, he married again, to Ann MacGregor, daughter of a Glasgow dye-maker, with whom he had 2 children: Gregory (1777–1804), who became a geologist and mineralogist, and Janet (1779–1794)  Ann died in 1832  Between 1777 and 1790 he lived in Regent Place, Birmingham 

Watt and the kettle
There is a popular story that Watt was inspired to invent the steam engine by seeing a kettle boiling, the steam forcing the lid to rise and thus showing Watt the power of steam  This story is told in many forms; in some Watt is a young lad, in others he is older, sometimes it's his mother's kettle, sometimes his aunt's  Watt did not actually invent the steam engine, as the story implies, but dramatically improved the efficiency of the existing Newcomen engine by adding a separate condenser  This is difficult to explain to someone not familiar with concepts of heat and thermal efficiency  It appears that the story was created, possibly by Watt's son James Watt Jr , and persists because it is easy for children to understand and remember  In this light, it can be seen as akin to the story of Isaac Newton and the falling apple and his discovery of gravity 
Although it is often dismissed as a myth, the story of Watt and the kettle has a basis in fact  In trying to understand the thermodynamics of heat and steam, James Watt carried out many laboratory experiments and his diaries record that in conducting these, he used a kettle as a boiler to generate steam 

Early experiments with steam
In 1759, Watt's friend, John Robison, called his attention to the use of steam as a source of motive power  The design of the Newcomen engine, in use for almost 50 years for pumping water from mines, had hardly changed from its first implementation   Watt began to experiment with steam, though he had never seen an operating steam engine   He tried constructing a model; it failed to work satisfactorily, but he continued his experiments and began to read everything he could about the subject  He came to realise the importance of latent heat—the thermal energy released or absorbed during a constant-temperature process—in understanding the engine, which, unknown to Watt, his friend Joseph Black had previously discovered years before  Understanding of the steam engine was in a very primitive state, for the science of thermodynamics would not be formalised for nearly another 100 years 
In 1763, Watt was asked to repair a model Newcomen engine belonging to the university  Even after repair, the engine barely worked  After much experimentation, Watt demonstrated that about 3/4 of the thermal energy of the steam was being consumed in heating the engine cylinder on every cycle  This energy was wasted because, later in the cycle, cold water was injected into the cylinder to condense the steam to reduce its pressure  Thus, by repeatedly heating and cooling the cylinder, the engine wasted most of its thermal energy rather than converting it into mechanical energy 
Watt's critical insight, arrived at in May 1765 as he crossed Glasgow Green park, was to cause the steam to condense in a separate chamber apart from the piston, and to maintain the temperature of the cylinder at the same temperature as the injected steam by surrounding it with a "steam jacket"  Thus, very little energy was absorbed by the cylinder on each cycle, making more available to perform useful work  Watt had a working model later that same year 

Despite a potentially workable design, there were still substantial difficulties in constructing a full-scale engine  This required more capital, some of which came from Black  More substantial backing came from John Roebuck, the founder of the celebrated Carron Iron Works near Falkirk, with whom he now formed a partnership  Roebuck lived at Kinneil House in Bo'ness, during which time Watt worked at perfecting his steam engine in a cottage adjacent to the house  The shell of the cottage, and a very large part of one of his projects, still exist to the rear The principal difficulty was in machining the piston and cylinder  Iron workers of the day were more like blacksmiths than modern machinists, and were unable to produce the components with sufficient precision  Much capital was spent in pursuing a patent on Watt's invention  Strapped for resources, Watt was forced to take up employment—first as a surveyor, then as a civil engineer—for 8 years Roebuck went bankrupt, and Matthew Boulton, who owned the Soho Manufactory works near Birmingham, acquired his patent rights  An extension of the patent to 1800 was successfully obtained in 1775 Through Boulton, Watt finally had access to some of the best iron workers in the world  The difficulty of the manufacture of a large cylinder with a tightly fitting piston was solved by John Wilkinson, who had developed precision boring techniques for cannon making at Bersham, near Wrexham, North Wales  Watt and Boulton formed a hugely successful partnership, Boulton and Watt, which lasted for the next 25 years 

First engines
In 1776, the first engines were installed and working in commercial enterprises  These first engines were used to power pumps and produced only reciprocating motion to move the pump rods at the bottom of the shaft  The design was commercially successful, and for the next 5 years, Watt was very busy installing more engines, mostly in Cornwall, for pumping water out of mines 
These early engines were not manufactured by Boulton and Watt, but were made by others according to drawings made by Watt, who served in the role of consulting engineer  The erection of the engine and its shakedown was supervised by Watt, at first, and then by men in the firm's employ  These were large machines  The first, for example, had a cylinder with a diameter of 50 inches and an overall height of about 24 feet, and required the construction of a dedicated building to house it  Boulton and Watt charged an annual payment, equal to 1/3 of the value of the coal saved in comparison to a Newcomen engine performing the same work 
The field of application for the invention was greatly widened when Boulton urged Watt to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston to produce rotational power for grinding, weaving and milling  Although a crank seemed the obvious solution to the conversion, Watt and Boulton were stymied by a patent for this, whose holder, James Pickard and his associates proposed to cross-license the external condenser  Watt adamantly opposed this and they circumvented the patent by their sun and planet gear in 1781 
Over the next 6 years, he made other improvements and modifications to the steam engine  A double-acting engine, in which the steam acted alternately on both sides of the piston, was one  He described methods for working the steam "expansively" (i e , using steam at pressures well above atmospheric)  A compound engine, which connected 2 or more engines, was described  Two more patents were granted for these in 1781 and 1782  Numerous other improvements that made for easier manufacture and installation were continually implemented  One of these included the use of the steam indicator which produced an informative plot of the pressure in the cylinder against its volume, which he kept as a trade secret  Another important invention, one which Watt was most proud of, was the parallel motion linkage, which was essential in double-acting engines as it produced the straight line motion required for the cylinder rod and pump, from the connected rocking beam, whose end moves in a circular arc  This was patented in 1784  A throttle valve to control the power of the engine, and a centrifugal governor, patented in 1788, to keep it from "running away" were very important  These improvements taken together produced an engine which was up to 5 times as fuel efficient as the Newcomen engine 
Because of the danger of exploding boilers, which were in a very primitive stage of development, and the ongoing issues with leaks, Watt restricted his use of high pressure steam – all of his engines used steam at near atmospheric pressure 

Patent trials
Edward Bull started constructing engines for Boulton and Watt in Cornwall in 1781  By 1792, he had started making engines of his own design, but which contained a separate condenser, and so infringed Watt's patents  Two brothers, Jabez Carter Hornblower and Jonathan Hornblower Jnr also started to build engines about the same time  Others began to modify Newcomen engines by adding a condenser, and the mine owners in Cornwall became convinced that Watt's patent could not be enforced  They started to withhold payments to Boulton and Watt, which by 1795 had fallen on hard times  Of the total £21,000 (equivalent to £2,310,000 as of 2021) owed, only £2,500 had been received  Watt was forced to go to court to enforce his claims He first sued Bull in 1793  The jury found for Watt, but the question of whether or not the original specification of the patent was valid was left to another trial  In the meantime, injunctions were issued against the infringers, forcing their payments of the royalties to be placed in escrow  The trial on determining the validity of the specifications which was held in the following year was inconclusive, but the injunctions remained in force and the infringers, except for Jonathan Hornblower, all began to settle their cases  Hornblower was soon brought to trial in 1799, and the verdict of the four was decisively in favour of Watt  Their friend John Wilkinson, who had solved the problem of boring an accurate cylinder, was a particularly grievous case  He had erected about 20 engines without Boulton's and Watts' knowledge  They finally agreed to settle the infringement in 1796  Boulton and Watt never collected all that was owed them, but the disputes were all settled directly between the parties or through arbitration  These trials were extremely costly in both money and time, but ultimately were successful for the firm 

Copying machine
Before 1780, there was no good method for making copies of letters or drawings  The only method sometimes used was a mechanical one using multiple linked pens  Watt at first experimented with improving this method, but soon gave up on this approach because it was so cumbersome  He instead decided to try to physically transfer ink from the front of the original to the back of another sheet, moistened with a solvent, and pressed to the original  The second sheet had to be thin, so that the ink could be seen through it when the copy was held up to the light, thus reproducing the original exactly Watt started to develop the process in 1779, and made many experiments to formulate the ink, select the thin paper, to devise a method for wetting the special thin paper, and to make a press suitable for applying the correct pressure to effect the transfer  All of these required much experimentation, but he soon had enough success to patent the process a year later  Watt formed another partnership with Boulton (who provided financing) and James Keir (to manage the business) in a firm called James Watt and Co  The perfection of the invention required much more development work before it could be routinely used by others, but this was carried out over the next few years  Boulton and Watt gave up their shares to their sons in 1794  It became a commercial success and was widely used in offices even into the 20th century 

Chemical experiments
From an early age, Watt was very interested in chemistry  In late 1786, while in Paris, he witnessed an experiment by Claude Louis Berthollet in which he reacted hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide to produce chlorine  He had already found that an aqueous solution of chlorine could bleach textiles, and had published his findings, which aroused great interest among many potential rivals  When Watt returned to Britain, he began experiments along these lines with hopes of finding a commercially viable process   He discovered that a mixture of salt, manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid could produce chlorine, which Watt believed might be a cheaper method  He passed the chlorine into a weak solution of alkali, and obtained a turbid solution that appeared to have good bleaching properties  He soon communicated these results to James McGrigor, his father-in-law, who was a bleacher in Glasgow  Otherwise, he tried to keep his method a secret With McGrigor and his wife Annie, he started to scale up the process, and in March 1788, McGrigor was able to bleach  1,500 yards (4,500 feet) of cloth to his satisfaction  About this time, Berthollet discovered the salt and sulphuric acid process, and published it, so it became public knowledge  Many others began to experiment with improving the process, which still had many shortcomings, not the least of which was the problem of transporting the liquid product  Watt's rivals soon overtook him in developing the process, and he dropped out of the race  It was not until 1799, when Charles Tennant patented a process for producing solid bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) that it became a commercial success 

By 1794, Watt had been chosen by Thomas Beddoes to manufacture apparatuses to produce, clean and store gases for use in the new Pneumatic Institution at Hotwells in Bristol  Watt continued to experiment with various gases, but by 1797, the medical uses for the "factitious airs" (artificial gases) had come to a dead end 

Personality
Watt combined theoretical knowledge of science with the ability to apply it practically  Chemist Humphry Davy said of him, "Those who consider James Watt only as a great practical mechanic form a very erroneous idea of his character; he was equally distinguished as a natural philosopher and a chemist, and his inventions demonstrate his profound knowledge of those sciences, and that peculiar characteristic of genius, the union of them for practical application" He was greatly respected by other prominent men of the Industrial Revolution  He was an important member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, and was a much sought-after conversationalist and companion, always interested in expanding his horizons  His personal relationships with his friends and business partners were always congenial and long-lasting 
According to Lord Liverpool (Prime Minister of the UK),
A more excllent and amikable man in all the relations of life I believe never existed 
Watt was a prolific correspondent  During his years in Cornwall, he wrote long letters to Boulton several times per week  He was averse to publishing his results in, for example, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society however, and instead preferred to communicate his ideas in patents  He was an excellent draughtsman 

He was a rather poor businessman, and especially hated bargaining and negotiating terms with those who sought to use the steam engine  In a letter to William Small in 1772, Watt confessed that "he would rather face a loaded cannon than settle an account or make a bargain " Until he retired, he was always very concerned about his financial affairs, and was something of a worrier  His health was often poor and he suffered frequent nervous headaches and depression  When he retired in 1800, he became a rich enough man to pass the business on to his sons 

Soho Foundry
At first, the partnership made the drawings and specifications for the engines, and supervised the work to erect them on the customers' property  They produced almost none of the parts themselves  Watt did most of his work at his home in Harper's Hill in Birmingham, while Boulton worked at the Soho Manufactory  Gradually, the partners began to actually manufacture more and more of the parts, and by 1795, they purchased a property about a mile away from the Soho Manufactory, on the banks of the Birmingham Canal, to establish a new foundry for the manufacture of the engines  The Soho Foundry formally opened in 1796 at a time when Watt's sons, Gregory and James Jr  were heavily involved in the management of the enterprise  In 1800, the year of Watt's retirement, the firm made a total of 41 engines 

Later years
Watt retired in 1800, the same year that his fundamental patent and partnership with Boulton expired  The famous partnership was transferred to the men's sons, Matthew Robinson Boulton and James Watt Jr   Longtime firm engineer William Murdoch was soon made a partner and the firm prospered 
Watt continued to invent other things before and during his semi-retirement  Within his home in Handsworth, Staffordshire, Watt made use of a garret room as a workshop, and it was here that he worked on many of his inventions  Among other things, he invented and constructed machines for copying sculptures and medallions which worked very well, but which he never patented  One of the first sculptures he produced with the machine was a small head of his old professor friend Adam Smith  He maintained his interest in civil engineering and was a consultant on several significant projects  He proposed, for example, a method for constructing a flexible pipe to be used for pumping water under the River Clyde at Glasgow He and his second wife travelled to France and Germany, and he purchased an estate in mid-Wales at Doldowlod House, one mile south of Llanwrthwl, which he much improved 
In 1816, he took a trip on the paddle-steamer Comet, a product of his inventions, to revisit his home town of Greenock He died on 25 August 1819 at his home "Heathfield Hall" near Handsworth in Staffordshire (now part of Birmingham) at the age of 83  He was buried on 2 September in the graveyard of St Mary's Church, Handsworth  The church has since been extended and his grave is now inside the church 

Family
On 16 July 1764, Watt married his cousin Margaret Miller (d  1773)  They had two children, Margaret (1767–1796) and James (1769–1848)  In 1791, their daughter married James Miller  In September 1773, while Watt was working in the Scottish Highlands, he learned that his wife, who was pregnant with their third child, was seriously ill  He immediately returned home but found that she had died and their child was stillborn In 1775, he married Ann MacGregor (d 1832) 

Freemasonry
He was Initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in The Glasgow Royal Arch Lodge, No  77, in 1763  The Lodge ceased to exist in 1810  A Masonic Lodge was named after him in his home town of Glasgow – Lodge James Watt, No  1215 

Murdoch's contributions
William Murdoch joined Boulton and Watt in 1777  At first, he worked in the pattern shop in Soho, but soon he was erecting engines in Cornwall   He became an important part of the firm and made many contributions to its success including important inventions of his own 
John Griffiths, who wrote a biography of him in 1992, has argued that Watt's discouragement of Murdoch's work with high-pressure steam on his steam road locomotive experiments delayed its development: Watt rightly believed that boilers of the time would be unsafe at higher pressures Watt patented the application of the sun and planet gear to steam in 1781 and a steam locomotive in 1784, both of which have strong claims to have been invented by Murdoch  The patent was never contested by Murdoch, however, and Boulton and Watt's firm continued to use the sun and planet gear in their rotative engines, even long after the patent for the crank expired in 1794   Murdoch was made a partner of the firm in 1810, where he remained until his retirement 20 years later at the age of 76 

Legacy
As one author states, James Watt's improvements to the steam engine "converted it from a prime mover of marginal efficiency into the mechanical workhorse of the Industrial Revolution" 

Honours
Watt was much honoured in his own time  In 1784, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was elected as a member of the Batavian Society for Experimental Philosophy, of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, in 1787  In 1789, he was elected to the elite group, the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers  In 1806, he was conferred the honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Glasgow   The French Academy elected him a Corresponding Member and he was made a Foreign Associate in 1814 The watt is named after James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine, and was adopted by the Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1889 and by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 as the unit of power incorporated in the International System of Units (or "SI") 
On 29 May 2009, the Bank of England announced that Boulton and Watt would appear on a new £50 note  The design is the first to feature a dual portrait on a Bank of England note, and presents the two industrialists side by side with images of Watt's steam engine and Boulton's Soho Manufactory  Quotes attributed to each of the men are inscribed on the note: "I sell here, sir, what all the world desires to have—POWER" (Boulton) and "I can think of nothing else but this machine" (Watt)  The inclusion of Watt is the second time that a Scot has featured on a Bank of England note (the first was Adam Smith on the 2007 issue £20 note)  In September 2011, it was announced that the notes would enter circulation on 2 November In 2011, he was one of seven inaugural inductees to the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame 

Memorials
Watt was buried in the grounds of St  Mary's Church, Handsworth, in Birmingham  Later expansion of the church, over his grave, means that his tomb is now buried inside the church The garret room workshop that Watt used in his retirement was left, locked and untouched, until 1853, when it was first viewed by his biographer J  P  Muirhead  Thereafter, it was occasionally visited, but left untouched, as a kind of shrine  A proposal to have it transferred to the Patent Office came to nothing  When the house was due to be demolished in 1924, the room and all its contents were presented to the Science Museum, where it was recreated in its entirety  It remained on display for visitors for many years, but was walled-off when the gallery it was housed in closed  The workshop remained intact, and preserved, and in March 2011 was put on public display as part of a new permanent Science Museum exhibition, "James Watt and our world" The approximate location of James Watt's birth in Greenock is commemorated by a statue  Other memorials in Greenock include street names and the Watt Memorial Library, which was begun in 1816 with Watt's donation of scientific books, and developed as part of the Watt Institution by his son (which ultimately became the James Watt College)  Taken over by the local authority in 1974, the library now also houses the local history collection and archives of Inverclyde, and is dominated by a large seated statue in the vestibule  Watt is additionally commemorated by statuary in George Square, Glasgow and Princes Street, Edinburgh, as well as others in Birmingham, where he is also remembered by the Moonstones and a school is named in his honour 
The James Watt College has expanded from its original location to include campuses in Kilwinning (North Ayrshire), Finnart Street and The Waterfront in Greenock, and the Sports campus in Largs  Heriot-Watt University near Edinburgh was at one time the School of Arts of Edinburgh, founded in 1821 as the world's first Mechanics Institute, but to commemorate George Heriot, the 16th-century financier to King James VI and I, and James Watt, after Royal Charter the name was changed to Heriot-Watt University  Dozens of university and college buildings (chiefly of science and technology) are named after him  Matthew Boulton's home, Soho House, is now a museum, commemorating the work of both men  The University of Glasgow's Faculty of Engineering has its headquarters in the James Watt Building, which also houses the department of Mechanical Engineering and the department of Aerospace Engineering  The huge painting James Watt contemplating the steam engine by James Eckford Lauder is now owned by the National Gallery of Scotland 

There is a statue of James Watt in Piccadilly Gardens, Manchester and City Square, Leeds 
A colossal statue of Watt by Francis Legatt Chantrey was placed in Westminster Abbey, and later was moved to St  Paul's Cathedral   On the cenotaph, the inscription reads, in part, "JAMES WATT     ENLARGED THE RESOURCES OF HIS COUNTRY, INCREASED THE POWER OF MAN, AND ROSE TO AN EMINENT PLACE AMONG THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS FOLLOWERS OF SCIENCE AND THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE WORLD" 
A bust of Watt is in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling, Scotland 
The French Navy submarine Watt was named for Watt 

Patents
Watt was the sole inventor listed on his 6 patents:
Patent 913:  A method of lessening the consumption of steam in steam engines – the separate condenser  The specification was accepted on 5 January 1769; enrolled on 29 April 1769, and extended to June 1800 by an Act of Parliament in 1775 
Patent 1,244:  A new method of copying letters   The specification was accepted on 14 February 1780 and enrolled on 31 May 1780 
Patent 1,306:  New methods to produce a continued rotation motion – sun and planet   The specification was accepted on 25 October 1781 and enrolled on 23 February 1782 
Patent 1,321:  New improvements upon steam engines – expansive and double acting   The specification was accepted on 14 March 1782 and enrolled on 4 July 1782 
Patent 1,432:  New improvements upon steam engines – three bar motion and steam carriage   The specification was accepted on 28 April 1782 and enrolled on 25 August 1782 
Patent 1,485: Newly improved methods of constructing furnaces  The specification was accepted on 14 June 1785 and enrolled on 9 July 1785 
Passage 14:
Archibald Barr
Archibald Barr LLD, FRS FRSE (18 November 1855, Glenfield House, Paisley, Renfrewshire – 5 August 1931) was a Scottish scientific engineer, inventor and businessman  He was a co-founder of Barr & Stroud, and invented the Barr & Stroud Rangefinder 

Early life and education
Barr was born in Glenfield House in Abbey, near Paisley, the third son of Archibald Barr, a yarn merchant, and Jeanie Stirrat, Barr was educated at Paisley Grammar School and apprenticed as an engineer to A F Craig & Co in Paisley before attending University of Glasgow to study engineering 

Academic career
Barr first worked as assistant to James Thomson, Regius Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow, a post Barr was to attain himself later in his career  In 1884 he was appointed to the chair of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the Yorkshire College (which became the University of Leeds in 1904)   In 1889 he returned to Glasgow as Regius Professor of Engineering 
In 1898 he successfully campaigned for a new chair in Electrical Engineering at Glasgow University  In 1901 he raised £54,000 to build and equip the James Watt Engineering Building at Glasgow University 

Other activities
Barr was a motoring enthusiast and as a member of the Scottish Automobile Club, he participated as an organiser of Scotland's first motor car reliability trials in 1901   He also helped to form the Scottish Aeronautical Club in 1909, becoming its president, and was a promoter of Scotland's first aviation meeting, held at Lanark in 1910 
He served as President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1910–11  Barr was also a governor of the Royal Scottish National Institution for the care of those with learning difficulties 
He also gifted £8,000 towards the cost of a new organ for Paisley Abbey 

Honours
Barr was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) by Glasgow upon his retirement in 1915   He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1923 

Marriage
Barr married Isabella Young in 1885 

Death
Barr died at his home, Westerton of Mugdock, near Milngavie, near Glasgow, on 5 August 1931 at the age of 75 

Positions held
President of the Royal Philosophical Society (Glasgow)
President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
President of the Scottish Aeronautical Society
President of the Optical Society, London
Context 3:  The allusion to the female breast relates the specific torture Saint Agatha faced as a Catholic martyr When a cassata is made, layers of gelato (Italian ice cream) can be substituted for the layers of cheese, producing a dessert similar to an ice cream cake  The version of the recipe followed in Messina is less sweet than the one used in Palermo 
"Cassata" can also refer to a flavor of ice-cream inspired by the sweet 

United States
In Cleveland, Ohio and the surrounding region, the term "Cassata Cake" uniquely refers to a layered yellow sponge cake soaked in rum or rum syrup, filled with fresh strawberries and custard, and usually decorated with whipped cream and sliced strawberries  
This Cleveland version of the Cassata Cake first appeared in the early 1920s at LaPuma Spumoni & Bakery in Cleveland  The children of the owners did not like traditional cassata cake, made with sweetened ricotta and candied fruit  Using what he had in the bakery, Tomasso LaPuma created what was to become known as the Cleveland Cassata Cake  The fifth generation of this bakery, now located in the city's eastern suburb of Chesterland, still continues to make the original version of this cake, as do many other Italian bakeries in the area  The layered cake is served for special occasions such as weddings and large family events  Some local specialty bakers or restaurants, including several in Cleveland's Little Italy neighborhood, sell Cassata Cake by the slice or have adapted the cake to be sold with ingredients layered with in a jar to-go 

See also
Cannoli
Crema de fruta
Trifle
Tipsy cake
Passage 6:
Green Party of Tennessee
The Green Party of the United States, also known as GPUS, is one of the two minor contemporary political parties in the United States with a sustained national presence, the other being the Libertarian Party  The Green Party has affiliated state parties in most states  However, not all state Green Parties are affiliated with GPUS, with those parties included separately in the following list 

Organizations of GPUS
Standalone state parties
Alaska
The Green Party of Alaska is a political party in the U S  state of Alaska  It was the Alaska affiliate of the national state Green Party, up from its creation to 2021, due of the state party has broken the party rules over refused to recognize the nominated presidential candidate, Howie Hawkins in the 2020 presidential election   Alaska was the first state to gain Green Party ballot access, in 1990, when Jim Sykes ran for governor   Sykes had previously filed a ballot access lawsuit, citing an earlier case, Vogler v  Miller 
Like the Alaska Libertarian Party, the Green Party organizes local affiliate groups by regions of the state rather than election districts   It is known for calling these groups bioregions   The organized bioregions of the GPAK include the Southcentral Bioregion (Anchorage area) and the Tanana-Yukon Bioregion (the Interior, around the Tanana and Yukon River areas) 

Georgia
The Georgia Green Party is a state-level political party in Georgia  Their candidate for president in 2016 was Dr  Jill Stein  Stein was denied access to the ballot  The party sued and won at the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit  The state chapter was disaffiliated by the Green Party of the United States on June 26, 2021 due to the state chapter drafting and passing a platform amendment against the rights of transgender people, counter to the GPUS platform 

Rhode Island
OSGP
The Ocean State Green Party (OSGP) is a  Green party in the United States  The party was founded in summer 2020, originally as a small group of supporters of the Hawkins-Walker 2020 campaign in Rhode Island  After the older Green Party of Rhode Island refused to support the presidential campaign, these supporters opted to reject this decision and collect signatures to gain a ballot line for the Green Party ticket  They then proceeded to file a complaint with the Accreditation Committee of the Green Party of the United States 

GPRI
The Green Party of Rhode Island (GPRI) is one of the oldest active Green parties in the United States  The party was founded on March 6, 1992, at a meeting of 40 activists from Rhode Island  In November 1996, GPRI was one of 12 founding parties in the Association of State Green Parties, renamed the Green Party of the United States in 2001  Several Rhode Island party leaders have served as officers of the national Green Party   The party's candidates run for municipal councils in several cities and towns, such as running for Mayor of Providence, the State Senate and the State House of Representatives, U S  Congress, and for Lieutenant governor  The Green Party of Rhode Island was involved in nationwide Green politics, until 2020 when the state party leadership took the rogue position to refuse to place the Green nominee for President, Howie Hawkins, on the ballot  Rather than face deaccreditation, the state party ended its affiliation with GPUS 

Virginia
The Independent Greens of Virginia, (also known as the Indy Greens), was the state affiliate of the Independence Party of America in the Commonwealth of Virginia  It became a state party around 2003 when a faction of the Arlington local chapter of the Green Party of Virginia (GPVA) split from the main party  As of 2011, it bills itself as a "fiscally conservative, socially responsible green party", with an emphasis on rail transportation and "more candidates"  In support of wider ballot participation, it endorses many independent candidates who are not affiliated with the party 

See also
List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)
List of state parties of the Libertarian Party (United States)
List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)
Passage 7:
Bowling Green Plateau
Bowling Green Plateau (79°42′S 158°36′E) is a small but prominent ice-covered plateau at the north side of the Brown Hills in the Cook Mountains in Antarctica  It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1962–63); Professor Charles C  Rich, geologist and deputy leader of the VUWAE, was affiliated with Bowling Green State University of Ohio  It is associated with the Bowling Green Col 

See also
Gatson Ridge
Passage 8:
Christopher Masterson
Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Malcolm's oldest brother Francis on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He is the younger brother of former actor Danny Masterson, and the older half-brother of Alanna Masterson and Jordan Masterson, who are also actors 

Career
Masterson played Geoff in the direct-to-video movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the sequel to Dragonheart  Masterson is best known for his role as Francis, the trouble-making oldest brother of Frankie Muniz's title character in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He took on the role for seven years, from 2000 to 2006  In 2003, he played Edward Linton in MTV's Wuthering Heights  Masterson portrayed a lead character in the films Scary Movie 2, Waterborne, Made for Each Other and Intellectual Property  He guest starred in three episodes of That '70s Show, alongside his brother, Danny  In the USA Network television series White Collar, he played Josh Roland in the episode "Where There's a Will"  He also played Scotty O'Neal in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding  In 2012, Masterson had a guest role on the TBS series Men at Work as a concierge named Archie  His brother, Danny Masterson, plays Milo on the show, but the two did not share any scenes together 

Personal life
Masterson was born on Long Island, New York, the son of Carol Masterson, a manager, and Peter Masterson, an insurance agent  Masterson, like his brother Danny Masterson, is a follower of Scientology  The two have invested in restaurants together  He also has a half-sister, actress Alanna Masterson, and a half-brother, actor Jordan Masterson  Masterson was in a relationship with his brother's That ‘70s Show co-star Laura Prepon from 1999 to 2007 On June 25, 2019, Masterson married actress Yolanda Pecoraro  In April 2021, she gave birth to their daughter Chiara 

Filmography
Passage 9:
When It's Time
"When It's Time" is a song by the American rock band Green Day from American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording, a cast recording to the musical production American Idiot, a stage adaptation of the band's 2004 concept album  The song was released as a single in the United Kingdom, where it reached no  68 on the UK Singles Chart 

Background and release
Despite originally being written in 1992, around the time that Kerplunk was released by Lookout! Records, the song was not recorded until the band began work on their seventh studio album, American Idiot, released in 2004  Since it did not make the cut for that album, the song was not released until April 13, 2010 when it appeared on American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording  It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on June 11, 2010 through the band's label Reprise Records 
The single is available in the UK iTunes store along with Amazon's digital download service 
The song was performed at 924 Gilman Street in November 18, 1992 and made rare appearances in some shows of the 21st Century Breakdown World Tour, performed solo by Billie Joe Armstrong on an acoustic guitar  
The song also appeared in most setlists during the European tour of 2010  It is also the third single from Green Day that was not accompanied by a music video, such as the cases of "She" and "J A R  (Jason Andrew Relva)" 
Due to the sensitive nature of the lyrics, the director of the American Idiot musical, Michael Mayer, had to receive special permission from the band to offer an acoustic solo version sung by John Gallagher Jr  as a number for the production 
A demo of the song was included on the 25th anniversary release of the band's fifth studio album Nimrod 

Chart performance
The song began its chart performance on the UK Singles Chart on June 20, 2010  It entered at no  71 and peaked at no  68 the next week where it stayed for one week, the highest position it achieved 
Passage 10:
Greene Point
Greene Point is an ice-covered point 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8 1 mi) northeast of Andrus Point in Lady Newnes Bay, Victoria Land, Antarctica  It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U S  Navy air photos, 1960–64, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Stanley W  Greene, a biologist at McMurdo Station, 1964–65 
Passage 11:
Ian Ewen-Street
Ian Ewen-Street (born 1949) is a New Zealand politician  He was a member of the Green Party and a Member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Greens from 1999 to 2005  He has been prominent in advocacy for organic farming, organic gardening and biosecurity in New Zealand 

Political career
In the 1996 election, when the Green Party was part of the Alliance, Ewen-Street was the Alliance candidate for the Kaikoura electorate, where he came fourth in the candidate vote  His list ranking of 52 was far too low to enter Parliament as a list MP He first entered Parliament as a list MP in the 1999 election, having been ranked third on the newly independent Green Party's party list  He was re-elected in the 2002 election  In June 2004, however, he announced that he would be retiring from politics at the next election, saying that the birth of his daughter meant that he wanted to spend more time at home 
In August 2006, Ewen-Street joined the National Party, saying his passion for the environment hasn't changed, but he believes more progress can be made through a major party such as National 

Personal life
Ewen-Street was in a relationship with Sue Grey, a Nelson lawyer  Ewen-Street resigned from parliament when he fell in love with Grey while she was appearing before his select committee on the scampi inquiry  Ewen-Street laid a police complaint when Grey was fired from the Department of Conservation, alleging judicial misconduct In 2003 Ewen-Street divorced Margaret O'Brien, his wife of 16 years, and had a daughter with Grey named Ysabella; Grey had two children from a previous relationship 
Passage 12:
Basketball Wives LA
Basketball Wives is an American reality television series franchise on VH1  It chronicles the everyday lives of women romantically linked to men in the professional basketball industry 
The original incarnation was filmed in Miami, Florida and premiered on April 11, 2010  Basketball Wives LA, a spin-off based in Los Angeles, premiered on August 29, 2011, however, both shows ran for five seasons 
On March 27, 2017, VH1 announced that Basketball Wives would be revived for a sixth season, with its setting relocated to Los Angeles, effectively combining the casts of both the original series and its spinoff  Subsequent seasons have also featured this hybrid cast On June 13, 2023, VH1 renewed the series for an eleventh season, set to air this Fall 

Franchise history
Basketball Wives (Miami) (2010–13)
Season 1
The first season premiered on April 11, 2010, and ran for eight weeks in 30-minute episodes  The announced cast included Jennifer Williams, wife of Eric Williams, Evelyn Lozada, ex-fiancé of Antoine Walker, Mesha O'Neal, wife of Jermaine O'Neal, Royce Reed, former NBA team dancer and the mother of Dwight Howard's oldest son, Faith Rein, Udonis Haslem's girlfriend, and Shaunie O'Neal, wife of Shaquille O'Neal, who would also serve as an executive producer on the series  Mesha and Faith were replaced by Michael Olowokandi's ex-girlfriend Suzie Ketcham and Matt Barnes' fiancée Gloria Govan when the show aired  Erikka Moxam, ex-girlfriend of Rasual Butler, appeared in a supporting role  A spin-off, Football Wives, featuring the wives and girlfriend of professional football players, aired from October 24 to December 19, 2010 Seasons 2–4
The show was renewed for a second season of hour-long episodes, which premiered on December 12, 2010  Tami Roman, ex-wife of Kenny Anderson, was added to the cast, replacing Gloria Govan who was demoted to a supporting role, alongside Juli Richmond, wife of Mitch Richmond, Kimberli Russell, wife of Bryon Russell, and Ashley Walker, mother of Rafer Alston's children  Meeka Claxton, wife of Speedy Claxton, joined the cast in season three, which premiered on May 30, 2011, to 1 8 million viewers The fourth season premiered on February 20, 2012, following the spin-off Basketball Wives LA, which concluded in November 2011  Meeka departed the series and was replaced by new cast members Kesha Nichols, ex-fiancée of Richard Jefferson, and Kenya Bell, wife of Charlie Bell  On March 12, 2012, VH1 announced the spin-off Ev and Ocho, starring Evelyn Lozada and her fiancé Chad Ochocinco, set to air that September  However, three weeks before the show was to premiere, they shelved the series, following Ochocinco's arrest for assaulting Lozada, and subsequent divorce Season 5
The fifth season premiered on August 19, 2013, following the second season of Basketball Wives LA, which concluded in December 2012  Tasha Marbury, wife of Stephon Marbury, joined the cast, while Royce, Jennifer and Kesha were dropped from the series  Kenya would return in the season finale  According to a 2014 tweet from Tami Roman, the show was quietly canceled 

Basketball Wives LA / Basketball Wives (2011–present)
Seasons 1–2
On June 20, 2011, VH1 announced that they had expanded the franchise to Los Angeles  The announced cast for Basketball Wives LA  included Kimsha Artest, wife of Ron Artest, Gloria Govan and her sister Laura Govan, Jackie Christie, wife of Doug Christie, and Imani Showalter, ex-fiancée of Stephen Jackson  Malaysia Pargo, wife of Jannero Pargo, and Draya Michele, a model and aspiring actress with a history of dating basketball players, were announced as cast members a month later  Tanya Williams, wife of Jayson Williams, would also appear, however, was quickly phased out of the show along with Kimsha Artest, who admittedly stopped showing up for filming because of the "shenanigans and drama"  The series premiered on August 29, 2011, to 1 81 million viewers The show was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 10, 2012, attracting 1 82 million viewers  Imani Showalter quit the show and moved back to New York, and was replaced by Brooke Bailey, girlfriend of Vernon Macklin  Adiz "Bambi" Benson, Malaysia's friend and an aspiring rapper, appeared in a supporting role 
Season 3
Following the cancellation of the original Basketball Wives, executive producer Shaunie O'Neal announced that the cast of Basketball Wives LA would be retooled for season three  Filming began in August 2013, with new members British Williams, fiancée of Lorenzo Gordon, Brandi Maxiell, wife of Jason Maxiell, and Sundy Carter, mother of Larry Hughes's daughter  Gloria and Laura Govan confirmed their exit, as did Brooke Bailey  The third-season premiere acquired 1 95 million viewers, the show's highest-rated at the time  This season is also the first and only of the series to reach over 2 million viewers for six consecutive weeks 
Seasons 4–5
Season four began production in November 2014 and wrapped in April 2015  The season premiered on July 12, 2015, to 1 90 million viewers, moving from Monday to Sunday nights  Shaunie O'Neal and Bad Girls Club's Mehgan James joined the cast, with Tyreke Evans's ex-girlfriend Angel Brinks, Eddy Curry's wife Patrice Curry, and Tami Roman appearing in supporting roles On September 23, 2015, the show was renewed for a fifth season  Filming began in January 2016 and wrapped in June, with Draya Michele and Mehgan James departing from the show  They were replaced by Tami Roman and Angel Brinks, who were promoted to the main cast, and new cast members LaTosha Duffey, fiancée of Iman Shokuohizadeh, and Angel Love, girlfriend of DeJuan Blair  It premiered on July 17, 2016, to 1 58 million viewers and a 0 5 in the adults 18–49 rating demographic, making it the lowest rated premiere for the series  It was followed by the spin-off, Shaunie's Home Court, starring Shaunie O'Neal, which aired on VH1 for two seasons Season 6
On March 27, 2017, VH1 announced that the show would be retooled, airing under its original moniker Basketball Wives after nearly four years off the air  The sixth season premiered on April 17, 2017  Basketball Wives's Evelyn Lozada would return to the franchise with Basketball Wives LA's Jackie Christie and Malaysia Pargo, along with Shaunie O'Neal and Tami Roman who starred in both incarnations  Basketball Wives's Jennifer Williams and Basketball Wives LA's Brandi Maxiell would return in supporting roles, with new cast members Keonna Green, ex-girlfriend of Nick Young, Bonnie-Jill Laflin, girlfriend of Kareem Rush, Elena Ahanzadeh, Joe Crawford's girlfriend Cristen Metoyer and her sister Aja, stylist Saniy'yah Samaa, and Hazel Renee Seasons 7–9
Jennifer was promoted to the main cast in season seven, which premiered on May 14, 2018  New cast members included Kristen Scott, wife of former league coach Thomas Scott, CeCe Gutierrez, girlfriend of Byron Scott, and professional athlete Ogom “OG” Chijindu, girlfriend of basketball player Kwame Alexander  All cast members returned for season eight, premiering on June 19, 2019, along with Feby Torres, ex-girlfriend of Lance Stephenson  Tami Roman departed the show halfway through the season, citing other career opportunities, as well as CeCe  After over a year long hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the show returned for a ninth season on February 9, 2021, with new cast members Liza Morales, ex-girlfriend of Lamar Odom, Nia Dorsey, ex-girlfriend of Lance Stephenson and her sister Noria Dorsey, wife of Shawn Taggart 
Season 10
On April 18, 2022, VH1 announced the show's return for a tenth season, which premiered on May 16, 2022  Following the conclusion of the ninth season, Evelyn Lozada announced her departure from the series in April 2022, while Kristen Scott, Ogom Chijindu, Feby Torres and Liza Morales were not asked back by producers  For the tenth season, three of the five cast members from the previous season returned  Jackie Christie, Malaysia Pargo and Jennifer Williams were joined by former Basketball Wives LA alumnae, Angel Brinks, Brandi Maxiell, Brooke Bailey, Brittish Williams and LaTosha Duffey  In addition to this, Shaunie O'Neal, Nia- and Noria Dorsey made multiple guest appearances throughout the season  
On August 1, 2022, during the mid-season finale of season 10, VH1 announced that additional episodes will air soon  On January 23, 2023, VH1 confirmed that the second half will premiere on February 13, 2023  After the sixteenth episode of the tenth season, Pargo exited the show, making Christie the last original basketball wife from the LA series  On May 8, 2023, Duffey announced her exit from the show following the conclusion of the tenth series Season 11–present
On June 14, 2023, VH1 announced the show's return for an eleventh season, with a 2023 fall premiere  Christie, Bailey and Williams returned  Lozada also returned as a full-time cast member, along with new cast members Brittany Renner, ex-wife of P  J  Washington, Vanessa Rider, wife of Isaiah Rider, Jac’Eil Duckworth, girlfriend of Natasha Howard and Clayanna Warthen, ex-girlfriend of Andre Iguodala  Brinks and Maxiell did not return whilst Henderson will appear again in a guest role 

Cast timeline
Note:

Series overview
Spin-offs
Football Wives
A spin-off, Football Wives, featuring the wives and girlfriend of professional football players, aired from October 24 to December 19, 2010 

Ev and Ocho
On March 12, 2012, VH1 announced the spin-off Ev and Ocho, starring Evelyn Lozada and her fiancé Chad Ochocinco, set to air that September  However, three weeks before the show was to premiere, they shelved the series, following Ochocinco's arrest for assaulting Lozada, and subsequent divorce 

Shaunie's Homecourt
On June 30, 2016, VH1 announced its new series "Shaunie's Home Court," which will follow O'Neal behind-the-scenes at home, where she spends the days tending to her brood of five, ranging in age from 10 to 19 years old  Shaunie's Home Court aired for two seasons 

Baller Wives
A third spin-off, Baller Wives, featuring the wives and girlfriends of professional football players, aired from August 14 to September 11, 2017 

Shaunie and Keion's Destination "I Do"
On May 18, 2022, MTV Entertainment Studios announced that a wedding special, featuring Shaunie embarking on a second chance at love with Pastor Keion Henderson, is set to air later that year on VH1  On November 7, 2022, TheWrap reported that O'Neal and Keion would be starring in a three-week-event series, Shaunie and Keion's Destination "I Do", and released an exclusive first look clip  The show would make its series premiere on November 28, 2022 

Proposed projects
Since 2015, Shaunie O'Neal has discussed expanding the franchise to other cities, such as Houston, Dallas and Orlando On July 12, 2017, Saniy'yah Samaa alleged that a spin-off in New York was in the works and had been cast, but VH1 never green-lit the project  During an interview she said the following: "I was sought out to do Basketball Wives in 2014  I was asked by someone on the show if I knew of any girls that would be good for the show, because we were doing Basketball Wives: New York



ground_truth: University of Glasgow

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the child of the cast member of Green Ice?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: "

Specials
Basketball Wives LA Overtime Special
On October 31, 2010, Tami Roman hosted a half-hour Basketball Wives LA overtime special in which she sat down with Jackie Christie and Laura Govan about the change of tide in episode ten and what it may mean to the ladies in the final episodes of the first season 

Basketball Wives Showdown: Evelyn vs  Tami
On March 27, 2017, VH1 announced a pre-season special entitled "Basketball Wives Showdown: Evelyn vs  Tami" set to premiere on April 10, 2017, highlighting fan favorite moments from Evelyn Lozada and Tami Roman's past seasons 

Tami Ever After
Tami Roman and boyfriend Reggie Youngblood starred in their own, hour-long special on June 19, 2019, on VH1  It followed Roman, and longtime love Reggie Youngblood as they take the next step in their relationship 

Notes
Passage 13:
List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes
Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series, airing on the E! network  Its premise originated with Rhys Parkin, who additionally serves as an executive producer  The series focuses on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian, along with Kylie and Kendall Jenner 
It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step-parent Caitlyn Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick  Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast from the fourth season onwards, though he rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé  Along in season seven, Kanye West became a recurring cast member after entering into a relationship with Kim  West later developed a more prominent role from season 16 onwards  In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's ex-wife, Leah became recurring cast members  Blac Chyna appeared as a recurring cast member throughout season 12 whilst engaged to Rob 
The series has produced the spin-offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, Dash Dolls, I Am Cait,  Kocktails with Khloé , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian, Rob & Chyna, Life of Kylie and Flip It Like Disick 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2007)
Season 2 (2008)
Season 3 (2009)
Season 4 (2009-10)
Season 5 (2010)
Season 6 (2011)
Season 7 (2012)
Season 8 (2013)
Season 9 (2014)
Season 10 (2015)
Season 11 (2015-2016)
Season 12 (2016)
Season 13 (2017)
Season 14 (2017-18)
Season 15 (2018)
Season 16 (2019)
Season 17 (2019)
Season 18 (2020)
Season 19 (2020)
Season 20 (2021)
Specials
Passage 14:
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 is a 2012 American romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon  It was written by Melissa Rosenberg, based on the 2008 novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer  The sequel to The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011), it is the fifth installment in The Twilight Saga film series  The film stars Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprising their roles as Bella Swan, Edward Cullen, and Jacob Black, respectively; Mackenzie Foy portrays Renesmee Cullen  The ensemble cast includes Billy Burke, Peter Facinelli, Elizabeth Reaser, Kellan Lutz, Nikki Reed, Jackson Rathbone, Ashley Greene, Michael Sheen, and Dakota Fanning 
Summit Entertainment announced that Breaking Dawn would be adapted into a two-part film on June 10, 2010  Principal photography for both parts began on November 1, 2010, and wrapped on April 22, 2011  The second part was shot in Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana; and Vancouver, Canada 
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 premiered in Los Angeles on November 12, 2012, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 16, by Summit Entertainment  The film grossed $829 7 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2012, the highest-grossing film of The Twilight Saga series, and the highest-grossing film released by Summit Entertainment, despite mixed reviews 

Plot
The movie continues from the events of the previous film, as Bella, who has just given birth, awakens from her human-to-vampire transformation  After Edward helps her satisfy her initial thirst, Bella is introduced to her daughter Renesmee  The rest of the Cullens and Jacob stay nearby, and when Jacob acts possessively towards Renesmee, Bella learns he has imprinted on her, making her furious until he explains he has no ill intentions 
Meanwhile, Bella's father, Charlie, has been trying to contact the Cullens for updates on Bella's health  Carlisle announces that they have to leave Forks, Washington, to protect their identities - especially because of Charlie  Jacob, desperate not to lose Renesmee, visits Charlie and tells him that Bella is alive and well, but that she had to change in order to get better  Jacob also tells him he doesn't live in the world he thinks he does, and then reveals his wolf form to him  Charlie goes to the Cullen house to see Bella and meet Renesmee  He accepts that Bella is now recovered and this is her chosen life, but he does not know what has changed her or where Renesmee came from, aside from she's 'adopted' 
Several months pass with Carlisle monitoring Renesmee's rapid growth  On an outing in the woods, a bitter Irina sees Renesmee from a distance and assumes she's an immortal child  Immortal children were vampires who were changed in childhood, and because they could not be trained nor restrained, they slaughtered entire villages  The creation of such children is outlawed by the Volturi and anyone caught with one is to be executed 
Irina goes to the Volturi, reporting what she has seen  Alice gets a vision of the Volturi and Irina coming to kill the Cullens and instructs the others to gather as many witnesses as they can to testify that Renesmee is not an immortal child  Alice and Jasper then leave to gather evidence of this  The Cullens begin to summon witnesses, such as the Denali family  One of the Denalis, Eleazar, later discovers that Bella has a special ability: a powerful mental shield that had protected her from Edward's mind-reading even when she was human, which she is taught to extend to protect others from vampire powers 
The Volturi, led by Aro, arrive in Forks prepared for battle  Seeing the large group of vampires (the Cullens and their witnesses) and wolves, they stop their procession  They are able to prove to Aro that Renesmee is not an immortal child; however, the Volturi are eager to add the gifted members of the Cullen coven to the guard, so they execute Irina in an attempt to provoke a battle  Before a fight breaks out, Alice and Jasper return and Alice shows Aro her visions of the future 
In this violent vision, she and Jasper are arrested for attacking Aro after Alice finds out he will not change his decision and kicks him in the face  Carlisle tries to save them but is murdered by Aro  Jasper is beheaded by Demetri and Jane  Alice and Sam together avenge Jasper by killing Jane  Caius is partially beheaded by Tanya (a member of the Denalis) as revenge for Irina's execution  Seth is killed by Felix  Leah saves Esme's life but loses hers in the process  Marcus welcomes his death as he is torn to pieces by Vladimir and Stefan  Aro tries to kill Edward but a joint effort from Bella and Edward kills him  The vision ends with Bella burning Aro's detached head as other Volturi members try to grab her from behind 
Aro, despite being afraid of the vision future, still wants to execute Renesmee as she might become savage  Alice and Jasper reveal their final witness, Nahuel, a half-human half-vampire just like Renesmee  He proves that he is not a threat, supporting the notion that Renesmee is not one either  The Volturi unhappily leave, Aro fearfully explaining that there will be no battle today 
Back at the Cullen home, Alice glimpses the future, seeing Edward and Bella greeting Jacob and a fully matured Renesmee, also a couple, on a sun-dappled beach  Edward reads Alice's mind and feels relieved that Renesmee has Jacob to protect her  Alone in the meadow, Bella pushes her mental shield away and finally allows Edward to see into her mind, showing him every moment they have shared together  They kiss after Bella tells him, "nobody has ever loved anybody as much as I love you", and he says "with one exception "

Cast
Gil Birmingham, Sarah Clarke, Michael Welch, Anna Kendrick, Christian Serratos, Justin Chon, Cam Gigandet, Edi Gathegi, Rachelle Lefevre, Kiowa Gordon, Tyson Houseman, Alex Meraz, Bronson Pelletier, Graham Greene, Tinsel Korey, Alex Rice, Xavier Samuel, Jodelle Ferland, Bryce Dallas Howard, and Carolina Virguez from the previous films make archival cameo appearances during the pre-credits montage accompanied by a duet version of Christina Perri’s “A Thousand Years” with Steve Kazee as the second voice 

Production
Development
On June 10, 2010, Summit Entertainment announced that a two-part adaptation of the novel Breaking Dawn would start filming in November and made clear that all major actors would return for both parts 

Pre-production
By August 2010, screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg said that the scripts for Part 1 and 2 were 75 to 85 percent completed  She found the greatest challenge in writing the scripts to be the final sequence of Part 2, explaining, "The final battle sequence is a big challenge because it lasts 25 pages  It's almost an entire three-act story in and of itself  You have to track [keep it all in one setting] hundreds of characters  It's an enormous challenge to choreograph on the page and for Bill [Condon] to choreograph on the stage " She had written various drafts of the scene but, at the time, hadn't revised or discussed them with Condon yet  She said, "That's the next big hurdle to sit down with the stunt coordinator and create the ballet  It's a lot of work  I'm exhausted, but we're intent on making them the best scripts yet " Producer Wyck Godfrey called Part 2 "an action film in terms of life-and-death stakes" and said that in Part 1 "there are the pangs of newlywed tension that occur that are relatable even in a fantasy film  Marriage is not quite the experience that they thought it was "Godfrey considered releasing the second film in 3D to differentiate between the time before and after Bella becomes a vampire, an idea originally proposed for The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, but said that the decision was up to Condon  However, he said that if the second film were to be released in 3D, he would like to shoot it with the proper equipment in "real" 3D as was done with Avatar (2009), not convert it into 3D in post-production as was done with Clash of the Titans (2010) 

Filming
Principal photography started on November 1, 2010, and wrapped on April 22, 2011, ending the franchise's three years of production since March 2008  Filming was shot on location in Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana; and Vancouver, Canada  Filming also occurred at Raleigh Studios in Baton Rouge On the subject of the final day and her final moment as Bella, Stewart stated, "After that scene, my true final scene, I felt like I could shoot up into the night sky and every pore of my body would shoot light  I felt lighter than I've ever felt in my life "In April 2012, the crew and some of the cast, including Pattinson and Stewart, returned for reshoots to pick up some additional shots for technical work  These re-shoots did not include any new scenes or dialogue 

Special effects
Tippett Studio first began working on the CGI (computer-generated imagery) wolves in February 2009 for The Twilight Saga: New Moon, and the look of the creatures has evolved, becoming more photo-real over the course of the saga, with the input of three different directors  "It's a subtle balance of just how anthropomorphic these wolves are," says Eric Leven  "Bill (Condon) wanted to make sure that we had a sense of the human or the shapeshifter in there  Finding that balance of how much of a human performance versus an animal performance was important for Bill "
Leven adds, "Bill has always treated the wolves as characters and never as computer-generated things, and directs them in the same way he'd direct any actor  He would always give us direction like Sam should be angrier  It's the best way to work  His treating these creatures as characters, instead of just computer bits, was really great "
"Because we've been working on this franchise for such a prolonged period of time, we've been able to improve the look from show to show," comments Phil Tippett  "Wolves generally are pretty darn clean and since Bill wanted the wolves rangier, that means a lot more fur matting and clumping, like they've lived out in the woods  We edged towards something a bit more feral "
"However, there is also a balance between look and technology," adds Tippett  "The body count of the wolves escalates and because we're adding a great deal more hair to get the right texture, that fur really ups the rendering time  We've gone from four wolves to eight to twelve, to sixteen in Part 2  So we have to be very careful about that balance because it takes hundreds of hours to render each wolf "

Music
It was revealed in January 2012 that the soundtrack for Part 2 had already started production  Confirmed for the soundtrack in advance were "Heart of Stone" by Iko, which plays when Edward and Bella are talking in the cottage after finding Alice's note and "Where I Come From" by Passion Pit, which will play when Bella wakes up from her transformation  The lead single from the soundtrack is "The Forgotten", performed by the American rock band Green Day  "A Thousand Years, Pt  2" by the American singer Christina Perri is also featured on the soundtrack album 
Carter Burwell, the composer of Twilight and Breaking Dawn: Part 1, returned to score the final installment of the series 

Release
Box office
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 earned $292 million in North America and $537 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $829 6 million  The film is the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the highest-grossing film of the Twilight series  It had a $340 9 million worldwide opening, which was the eighth-largest ever, the largest for the Twilight franchise, and the largest for a film released outside the summer period In North America, the film grossed $30 4 million in Thursday night and midnight showings, achieving the third-highest midnight gross and the highest midnight gross of the franchise  Breaking Dawn – Part 2 made $71 2 million on its opening day, which is the sixth-highest opening- and single-day gross as well as the third-highest of the franchise  For its opening weekend, the movie earned $141 1 million, which is the 13th-highest-grossing opening weekend of all time, the second-highest-grossing of the franchise, the third-largest November opening, and the fourth-largest opening of 2012  It retained first place in its second weekend by dropping 69 1% with a gross of $43 6 million over the three-day weekend and made a total of $64 4 million over the five-day Thanksgiving holiday weekend  In its third weekend, Breaking Dawn Part – 2 held onto the No  1 spot again by dropping 60 1% and grossing $17 4 million  It became the third-highest-grossing film of the franchise behind Eclipse and New Moon Outside North America, the film opened on Wednesday, November 14, 2012, in six countries earning $13 8 million  By Thursday, it had opened in 37 territories, earning $38 8 million  In all territories, it opened with similar or higher earnings than its immediate predecessor  Through its first Friday, it earned $91 0 million, after expanding to 61 territories  By the end of its opening weekend (Wednesday–Sunday), it scored a series-best $199 5 million opening from 61 territories on 12,812 screens  This is the eighth-largest opening outside North America and the largest 2012 opening  IMAX showings generated $3 million from 82 locations  The film's largest openings were recorded in the UK, Ireland, and Malta ($25 2 million), Russia and the CIS ($22 0 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($17 9 million)  In Spain, it set a three-day opening-weekend record with $11 9 million  In total earnings, its three highest-grossing markets after North America are the UK, Ireland, and Malta ($57 9 million), Brazil ($54 2 million), and Russia and the CIS ($42 8 million) 

Critical response
At Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 49% approval rating and an average score of 5 3/10 based on 200 reviews  The consensus states: "It's the most entertaining Twilight, but that's not enough to make Breaking Dawn Part 2 worth watching for filmgoers who don't already count themselves among the franchise converts " At Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on reviews from 31 critics  Audiences polled on CinemaScore gave it an average rating of "A" Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "The final installment of the immortal Bella/Edward romance will give its breathlessly awaiting international audience just what it wants"  Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "Breaking Dawn: Part 2 starts off slow but gathers momentum, and that's because, with Bella and Edward united against the Volturi, the picture has a real threat"  Sara Stewart of the New York Post wrote, "Finally, someone took the source material at its terribly written word and stopped treating the whole affair so seriously"  Justin Chang of Variety praised the performance of Stewart by saying, "No longer a mopey, lower-lip-biting emo girl, this Bella is twitchy, feral, formidable and fully energized, a goddess even among her exalted bloodsucker brethren"  Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said, "Despite the slow start Mr  Condon closes the series in fine, smooth style  He gives fans all the lovely flowers, conditioned hair and lightly erotic, dreamy kisses they deserve" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying "its audience, which takes these films very seriously indeed, will drink deeply of its blood  The sensational closing sequence cannot be accused of leaving a single loophole, not even some of those we didn't know were there"  He concluded by saying, ""Breaking Dawn, Part 2" must be one of the more serious entries in any major movie franchise    it bit the bullet, and I imagine fans will be pleased " Helen O'Hara of Empire gave the film a mixed review and said, "Fans will be left on a high; other viewers will be confused but generally entertained by a saga whose romance is matched only by its weirdness" 

Home media
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 2, 2013  As of June 1, 2014, Breaking Dawn: Part 2 has sold 4,810,249 DVDs along with 1,224,869 Blu-ray Discs for $71,418,469 and $24,472,107, respectively, totaling $99,195,325 

Spin-offs
In September 2016, Lionsgate co-chairman Patrick Wachsberger stated that a sequel was "a possibility", but would only go ahead if Stephenie Meyer wanted to do one  On August 8, 2017, Variety reported that Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer has interest in having spinoffs made for The Twilight Saga, and wants to create a writers' room to explore the idea 

Accolades
See also
Vampire films
Passage 15:
Reaching the Cold 100
Reaching the Cold 100 is an album recorded by the British blues band the Peter Green Splinter Group, led by Peter Green  Released in 2003, this was their eighth and final album  Green was the founder of Fleetwood Mac and a member of that group from 1967–70, before a sporadic solo career during the late 1970s and early 1980s 
This album is the only charting album by the group, at number 11 on the Billboard Blues album chart in March 2003 The album was recorded at the Roundel Studios, Kent, England, owned by Roger Cotton who also played on the album and composed some of the tracks 

Track listing
"Ain't Nothin' Gonna Change It" (Roger Cotton) – 3:28
"Look Out for Yourself" (Pete Stroud) – 4:29
"Cool Down" (Owen Parker, Nigel Watson) – 3:59
"Dangerous Man" (Cotton) – 4:06
"Needs Must the Devil Drives" (Parker, Watson) – 4:16
"Must Be a Fool" (Stroud) – 4:33
"Don't Walk Away" (Cotton) – 4:32
"Can You Tell Me Why (a k a  Legal Fee Blues)" (Parker, Watson) – 3:49
"Spiritual Thief" (Parker, Watson) – 4:57
"I'm Ready for You" (Stroud) – 4:39
"Smile" (Parker, Watson) – 5:17
"Nice Girl Like You" (Cotton) – 4:36
"When Somebody Cares" (Parker, Watson) – 5:26Bonus EP

"Black Magic Woman" (Peter Green) – 6:51
"It Takes Time" (Otis Rush) – 5:27
"Green Manalishi" (Green) – 4:43
"Albatross" (Green) – 3:24Some later versions including digital media (e g  Eagle Rock version in 2003) do not include the bonus EP tracks 

Personnel
Peter Green Splinter Group
Peter Green – guitars, harmonica, vocals
Nigel Watson – guitar, vocals
Roger Cotton – guitar, keyboards, Hammond C-3 organ
Pete Stroud – bass guitar, double bass
Larry Tolfree – drums, percussion

Technical
Peter Green Splinter Group – producers
Arthur Anderson – producer, engineer
Richard "Occy" Oxley – engineer
Monty Strikes – photography
Passage 16:
List of The Young and the Restless cast members
The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J  Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS  It first aired on March 26, 1973  The longest-running cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978  Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, previously held the record for the series' longest-running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013  Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest-running current cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively  Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest-running cast members  The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series 

Cast
Main cast
Recurring cast
Previous cast members
Passage 17:
Green Ice (soundtrack)
Green Ice is the soundtrack to the 1981 United Kingdom adventure film Green Ice starring Ryan O'Neal  The soundtrack was recorded by Bill Wyman and contains 18 original songs 

Track listing
All tracks written by Bill Wyman, except where noted 

Personnel
Bill Wyman – bass, guitars, harmonica, synthesizers, percussion
Terry Taylor – acoustic, electric and Spanish guitars, kyoto, synthesizers, percussion
Dave Mattacks – drums, percussion
Ray Cooper – Latin percussion
Doreen Chanter, Maria Muldaur, Stuart Epps – background vocals
Dave Richmond – bass on "Floating (Cloudhopper Theme)" and "Tenderness"
Tristan Fry – marimba on "Noche de Amore"
Kenny Baker – trumpet on "Colombia (Green Ice Opening Title)" and "Sol y Sombra"
Dave Lawson – vocoder, synthesizer on "Floating (Cloudhopper Theme)" and "Emerald Vault"
Ken Thorne – orchestral conductor and arranger



ground_truth: Tatum O'Neal