prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the former name of the country where Atika Suri studied?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Atika Suri
Atika Suri (born Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau; February 10, 1968) is an Indonesian TV newscasters and newscast producer 

Education and training
Atika Suri graduated from the Design and Art Faculty of Trisakti University in Jakarta   During her career as television journalist, Suri has attended several professional trainings including Peace Journalism from the BBC in 2001, CNN Television Workshop in October 2000, and TV News Production Workshops by Frank N  Magid Associates in 1995 and 1996 

Career
Suri began her career as a reporter and news presenter for RCTI's morning show, Nuansa Pagi, in 1993  Since 1994, Suri had been assigned to report Indonesia's presidential activities including reporting overseas visits of former presidents Suharto and Abdurrahman Wahid  As a presidential correspondent, Suri had conducted many live reports from overseas, and also established networks with sources such as cabinet ministers and officials  Suri also did live reports during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders Meeting in Bogor, Indonesia in 1994, and covered the Meeting of 77 Heads of the 3rd World Countries, or G-77 Conference, in Havana, Cuba 
Atika Suri is now the news producer of RCTI's newscast, Buletin Siang, one of the news programs in Indonesia  Suri manages the production of the newscast, selects stories and arranges the rundown, writes news stories and lead-ins, copies edit and approves the scripts prior to editing and on-air  She also helps translate materials from news agencies and voices them into Indonesian language 
Since 2004, Suri has been back to serve as the main anchor of RCTI’s morning newscast Nuansa Pagi along with co-anchor Ade Novit  She had also served as the main anchor of Buletin Siang, as well as the newscaster of Seputar Indonesia 
Atika Suri had been nominated as the most favorite female news presenter of the Panasonic Awards in 2000 
Passage 2:
Surichata
Surichata (Aymara and Quechua suri rhea, Pukina chata mountain, Hispanicized spelling Zorrichata) is a  mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 4,800 metres (15,748 ft) high  It is situated in the Puno Region, Puno Province, on the border of the districts San Antonio and Pichacani  Surichata lies north of the mountain Kunturiri and northeast of Wankarani and  Ninachiri 
Passage 3:
Europe-Asia Studies
Europe-Asia Studies is an academic peer-reviewed journal published 10 times a year by Routledge on behalf of the Institute of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow, and continuing (since vol  45, 1993) the journal Soviet Studies (vols  1–44, 1949–1992), which was renamed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union  The journal focuses on political, economic and social affairs of the countries of the former Soviet bloc and their successors, as well as their history in the 20th century  Both Europe-Asia Studies and Soviet Studies are available online with subscription via JSTOR from 1949 onwards 
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2 102, ranking it --- out of 161 journals in the category "Political Science" 
Passage 4:
Khustigiri
Khustigiri (mentioned in census data as Khushtikuri) is a village in Ilambazar community development block in Bolpur subdivision of Birbhum District in the Indian state of West Bengal  It is 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Suri 

Overview
Khustigiri is famous for the Dargah Sharif which is believed to be a place of learning, getting peace of mind, and becoming free from diseases and mental distress  This sacred place was established by the great Sufi saint Syed Shah Abdullah Kermani about 500 years ago for providing service to mankind, by the order of his spiritual master, Makhdoom Shah Arzani  The serene environment draws the minds of all irrespective of race, caste, creed and religion  The Sufi saint Abdullah Kermani (in short Kermani Baba) had established khankah, Jama Masjid, madrasah, langor khana, atithi shala, nahabat khana, library, charitable dispensary etc  for the service to mankind  In addition to these, the attractions of this place are the big and beautiful tomb of Kermani with double domes, sacred Gangagore, khas mahal, tombs of 14 Kazis, Hazrat Museum, historical tamarind tree, big dias, new minar, beautiful garden and the mazars of the descendants of Kermani  Several functions and ceremonies are held throughout the year  Many centres under this dargah are being opened in various parts of West Bengal 

History
It is said that a Muslim saint Saiyad Shah Abdullah Kirmani when young left Kirman in Iran his native country and visited a Muslim saint Shah Arzani, who died at Patna during the reign of Shah Jahan in 1630 AD  Shah Arzani directed him to go to Bengal and gave him a toothpick of chambeli wood  He told him to stay at the place where the toothpick became fresh and green  He arrived in Birbum and stayed at Bargaon, where he performed several miracles (karamat) but the toothpick remained unchanged  He then moved on to Khustigiri  There one morning he found the toothpick to have become fresh and green  He planted it and it soon became a large tree   Shah Abdullah is specially renowned for his power over serpents  His dargah is in the hands of his descendants and is visited by numerous pilgrims 

Geography
Location
Khustigiri is located at 23 7605°N 87 536367°E﻿ / 23 7605; 87 536367 
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area  All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map 

Fair
Medini mela is organised around the time of Muharram and Shab e Baraat  near the mazar of Shah Abdullah Kermani at Khustigiri  Above all urs is observed every year from 11th Falgun to 15th Falgun (24 to 28 February) every year where millions of people attend 

Demographics
As per the 2011 Census of India, Khushtikuri had a total population of 1,994 of which 1,039 (52%) were males and 955 (48%) were females  Population below 6 years was 294  The total number of literates in Khushtikuri was 1,243 (73 12% of the population over 6 years) 

Transport
Khustigiri is on the Panrui-Kurmitha Road 
Passage 5:
Trisakti Museum
Trisakti Museum or May 12 Tragedy Museum is a human rights museum in Jakarta, Indonesia  The museum documents the active role of Indonesian students at Trisakti University in fighting for democracy and human rights The museum briefly tells about four students who were shot on May 12, 1998  In the museum there are short articles, a collection of news from newspapers, ornaments, demonstration photographs, photographs of the deceased, and their relics 

History
Trisakti Museum was established with the background of the Indonesian university student movement in 1998, when the students across Indonesia rallied to demand reform The students at Trisakti University, as a part of the students in Indonesia as a whole, participated in a peaceful protest movement  The movement reach its peak when four students at Trisakti University were killed on May 12, 1998  This incident triggered the fall of Orde Baru To commemorate the tragedy, the museum was placed in the lobby of the Dr Syarif Thajeb building, on the campus of Trisakti University, Grogol, West Jakarta 

See also
Indonesian Revolution of 1998
Trisakti shootings
List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia
Passage 6:
Ann McKee
Ann McKee (born 1953) is a neuropathologist and expert in neurodegenerative disease at the New England Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VISN-1) and is professor of neurology and pathology at Boston University School of Medicine and director of Boston University CTE Center  She is particularly known for her work studying Alzheimer's disease and the consequences of repetitive traumatic brain injury  In 2017, she was named "Bostonian of the Year" by The Boston Globe for her leading work in this area, and in 2018, Time named McKee one of its 100 most influential people 

Education
McKee earned her bachelor's degree at the University of Wisconsin and her medical degree at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine  McKee then completed a fellowship in neuropathology at Massachusetts General Hospital and a residency in neurology at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital 

Career
McKee is the chief neuropathologist at New England Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VISN-1), and director of the Boston University CTE Center and Neuropathology Core for the Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center (BU ADC)  Dr  McKee is also associate director of the BU ADC  Dr  McKee directs multiple brain banks including those for the BU ADC and Framingham Heart Study which are based at the Bedford VA, and the VA-BU-CLF and Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium brain banks which are based at VA Boston  Dr  McKee's research focuses on CTE and the late-effects of traumatic neurodegeneration 
McKee is a leading authority on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disease  CTE is most commonly found in athletes participating in boxing, American football, ice hockey, other contact sports, and military service  In 2013, she reported that she had found evidence of CTE in over 70 of the athletes that she examined, including three NHL enforcers and 18 NFL players  McKee has presented her findings to National Football League officials and testified before the United States House Judiciary Committee  She has also studied diseases including Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and corticobasal degeneration 

Accolades and awards
McKee has received numerous awards in recognition of her work  In 2018, the Alzheimer's Association gave her the Henry Wisniewski Lifetime Achievement Award for her work  In the same year, Time magazine named her one of the 100 Most Influential People  Chris Borland, a former linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers who retired at the age of 24 due to brain injury concerns spurred by McKee's research, said "She may have saved my life  At the very least, her work has likely spared me much of the suffering we see today among former NFL players "

Personal life
McKee has three children and lives in Massachusetts  She has a long-term boyfriend named Gary, but he is known as "Harv" by friends and family  She is a Green Bay Packers fan 
Passage 7:
Neocollyris horsfieldi
Neocollyris horsfieldii is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae, found in Indonesia  It was described by William Macleay in 1825 and was named for Thomas Horsfield, an American naturalist who had worked extensively in Indonesia 
Passage 8:
Hokkien
The Hokkien () variety of Chinese is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, where it is widely spoken in the southeastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China  In Chinese linguistics, these languages are known by their classification under the Quanzhang division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou 
Hokkien (Taiwanese) is one of the national languages in Taiwan, and it is also widely spoken within the overseas Chinese diaspora in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Hong Kong, Thailand, Brunei and across the world  The mutually intelligibility between Hokkien dialects varies, but they are still held together by ethnolinguistic identity In Maritime Southeast Asia, Hokkien historically served as the lingua franca amongst overseas Chinese communities of all dialects and subgroups, and it remains today as the most spoken variety of Chinese in the region, including in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia  This applied to a lesser extent to Mainland Southeast Asia  The Betawi Malay language, spoken by some five million people in and around the Indonesian capital Jakarta, includes numerous Hokkien loanwords due to the significant influence of the Chinese Indonesian diaspora, most of whom are of Hokkien ancestry and origin 

Names
Chinese speakers of the Quanzhang variety of Southern Min refer to the mainstream Southern Min language as

Bân-lâm-gú / Bân-lâm-ōe (闽南语/闽南话; 閩南語/閩南話, literally 'Southern Min Language/Speech') in China and Taiwan 
Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú (臺語, literally 'Taiwanese Language') or Ho̍h-ló-ōe / Hô-ló-ōe (福佬話, literally 'Hoklo Speech') in Taiwan 
Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe (咱人話 / 咱儂話, literally 'Our People's Speech') in the Philippines 
Hok-kiàn-ōe / Hok-kiàn-ōa (福建話, literally 'Hokkien Speech') in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei In parts of Southeast Asia and in the English-speaking communities, the term Hokkien ([hɔk˥kiɛn˨˩]) is etymologically derived from the Southern Min pronunciation for Fujian (Chinese: 福建; pinyin: Fújiàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-kiàn), the province from which the language hails  In Southeast Asia and the English press, Hokkien is used in common parlance to refer to the Southern Min dialects of southern Fujian, and does not include reference to dialects of other Sinitic branches also present in Fujian such as the Fuzhou language (Eastern Min), Pu-Xian Min, Northern Min, Gan Chinese or Hakka  
The word Hokkien first originated from Walter Henry Medhurst when he published the Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms in 1832  This is considered to be the earliest English-based Hokkien Dictionary and the first major reference work in POJ, although the romanization within was quite different from the modern system  In this dictionary, the word "Hok-këèn" was used  In 1869, POJ was further revised by John Macgowan in his published book A Manual Of The Amoy Colloquial  In this book, "këèn" was changed to "kien" as "Hok-kien" and from then on, the word "Hokkien" began to be used more often  
Historically, Hokkien was also known as "Amoy", after the Hokkien name of Xiamen, the principal port of Southern Fujian during the Qing dynasty as one of the five ports opened to foreign trade by the Treaty of Nanking  By 1873, Rev  Carstairs Douglas would publish his dictionary named "Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects " where he would call the language as "The Language of Amoy" or "The Amoy Vernacular" and by 1883, Rev  John Macgowan would publish another dictionary named "English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect"  Due to confusion with differentiating the Amoy dialect of Hokkien from Xiamen with the general language itself, many proscribe this usage though many old books and media may still be observed to be labeled with "Amoy" instead to generally refer to the language, besides the specific dialect of Hokkien from Xiamen 

Geographic distribution
Hokkien is spoken in the southern, seaward quarter of Fujian province, southeastern Zhejiang, and eastern Namoa Island in China; Taiwan; Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, Metro Davao and other cities in the Philippines; Singapore; Brunei; Medan, Riau and other cities in Indonesia; and from Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Taiping in Malaysia 

Hokkien originated in the southern area of Fujian province, an important center for trade and migration, and has since become one of the most common Chinese varieties overseas  The major pole of Hokkien varieties outside of Fujian is nearby Taiwan, where immigrants from Fujian arrived as workers during the 40 years of Dutch rule, fleeing the Qing dynasty during the 20 years of Ming loyalist rule, as immigrants during the 200 years of Qing dynasty rule, especially in the last 120 years after immigration restrictions were relaxed, and even as immigrants during the period of Japanese rule  The Taiwanese dialect mostly has origins with the Tung'an, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou variants, but since then, the Amoy dialect, also known as the Xiamen dialect, has become the modern prestige representative for the language in China  Both Amoy and Xiamen come from the Chinese name of the city (Chinese: 厦门; pinyin: Xiàmén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ē-mûi); the former is from Zhangzhou Hokkien, whereas the latter comes from Mandarin 
There are many Minnan (Hokkien) speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States (Hoklo Americans)  Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Vietnam, Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements)  Most of the Minnan dialects of this region have incorporated some foreign loanwords  Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 80% of the ethnic Chinese people in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lán-nâng-uē ("Our people's speech")  Hokkien speakers form the largest group of overseas Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines 

Classification
Southern Fujian is home to four principal Minnan Proper (Hokkien) dialects: Chiangchew, Chinchew, Tung'an, and Amoy, originating from the cities of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, historical Tung'an County (同安縣, now Xiamen and Kinmen) and her own Port of Amoy, respectively 
The Quanzhou dialect spoken in Quanzhou was the Traditional Representative Minnan  It is the dialect that is used in Liyuan Opera (梨園戲) and Nanguan music (南管)  The Quanzhou dialect is considered to be the most conservative Minnan dialect 
In the late 1800s, the Amoy dialect attracted special attention, because Amoy was one of the five ports opened to foreign trade by the Treaty of Nanking, but before that it had not attracted attention  The Amoy dialect is adopted as the Modern Representative Minnan  The Amoy dialect can not simply be interpreted as a mixture of the Zhangzhou and Quanzhou dialects, but rather it is formed on the foundation of the Tung'an dialect with further inputs from other sub-dialects  It has played an influential role in history, especially in the relations of Western nations with China, and was one of the most frequently learnt dialect of the Hokkien variety by Westerners during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century 
The Modern Representative form of Hokkien spoken around the city of Tainan (台南) in Taiwan heavily resembles the Tung'an dialect  All Hokkien dialects spoken throughout the whole of Taiwan are collectively known as Taiwanese Hokkien, or Holo locally, although there is a tendency to call these Taiwanese language for historical reasons  It is spoken by more Taiwanese than any Sinitic language except Mandarin, and it is known by a majority of the population; thus, from a socio-political perspective, it forms a significant pole of language usage due to the popularity of Holo-language media  Douglas (1873/1899) also noted that Formosa (Taiwan) has been settled mainly by emigrants from Amoy (Xiamen), Chang-chew (Zhangzhou), and Chin-chew (Quanzhou)  Several parts of the island are usually found to be specially inhabited by descendants of such emigrants, but in Taiwan, the various forms of the dialects mentioned prior are a good deal mixed up 

Southeast Asia
The varieties of Hokkien in Southeast Asia originate from these dialects  Douglas (1873/1899) notes that "Singapore and the various Straits Settlements [such as Penang and Malacca], Batavia [Jakarta] and other parts of the Dutch possessions [Indonesia], are crowded with emigrants, especially from the Chang-chew [Zhangzhou] prefecture; Manila and other parts of the Philippines have great numbers from Chin-chew [Quanzhou], and emigrants are largely scattered in like manner in Siam [Thailand], Burmah [Myanmar], the Malay Peninsula [Peninsular Malaysia], Cochin China [Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos], Saigon [Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam], &c  In many of these places there is also a great mixture of emigrants from Swatow [Shantou] "In modern times though, a mixed dialect descended from the Quanzhou, Amoy, and Zhangzhou dialects, leaning a little closer to the Quanzhou dialect, possibly due to being from the Tung'an dialect, is spoken by Chinese Singaporeans, Southern Malaysian Chinese, and Chinese Indonesians in Indonesia's Riau province and Riau Islands  Variants include Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien and Singaporean Hokkien in Singapore 
Among Malaysian Chinese of Penang, and other states in Northern Peninsular Malaysia and ethnic Chinese Indonesians in Medan, with other areas in North Sumatra, Indonesia, a distinct descendant dialect form of Zhangzhou Hokkien has developed  In Penang, Kedah and Perlis, it is called Penang Hokkien while across the Malacca Strait in Medan, an almost identical variant is known as Medan Hokkien 
As for Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines, a variant known as Philippine Hokkien, which is also mostly derived from Quanzhou Hokkien, particularly the Jinjiang and Nan'an dialects with a bit of influence from the Amoy (Xiamen) dialect, is still spoken amongst families as most also profess ancestors from the aforementioned areas 
There are also Hokkien speakers scattered throughout other parts of Indonesia (such as Jakarta and around the island of Java), Thailand (especially Southern Thailand on the border with Malaysia), Myanmar, other parts of Malaysia (such as Eastern (Insular) Malaysia), Brunei, Cambodia, and Southern Vietnam (such as in Saigon / Ho Chi Minh City), though there are notably more of Teochew/Swatow background among descendants of Chinese migrants in regions such as parts of Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Southern Vietnam 

History
Variants of Hokkien dialects can be traced to three sources of origin: Tong'an, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou  Both Amoy Hokkien and most of Taiwanese Hokkien is heavily based on the Tong'an dialect, and to a lesser extent, on Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects, while the rest of the Hokkien dialects spoken in South East Asia are derived their respective homelands in southern Fujian 

Southern Fujian
During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China  Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects  However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia  The Jìn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region  They brought the Old Chinese spoken in the Central Plain of China from the prehistoric era to the 3rd century into Fujian 
In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang), Chen Zheng, together with his son Chen Yuanguang, led a military expedition to suppress a rebellion of the She people  In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi, led a military expedition force to suppress the Huang Chao rebellion  Waves of migration from the north in this era brought the language of Middle Chinese into the Fujian region 

Xiamen (Amoy)
The Amoy dialect is the main dialect spoken in area of Port of Xiamen, that is, southwest corner of Xiamen island in the Chinese city of Xiamen (formerly romanized and natively pronounced as "Amoy")  Historically, Port of Xiamen had always been part of Tung'an country until after 1912 of Republic of China era  Amoy dialect cannot simply be interpreted as a mixture of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou dialects, but rather it is formed on the foundation of Tung'an dialect with further inputs from other sub-dialects, namely from the adjacent Zhangzhou dialect 

Early sources
Several playscripts survive from the late 16th century, written in a mixture of Quanzhou and Chaozhou dialects  The most important is the Romance of the Litchi Mirror, with extant manuscripts dating from 1566 and 1581 In the early 17th century, Spanish friars in the Philippines produced materials documenting the Hokkien varieties spoken by the Chinese trading community who had settled there in the late 16th century:
Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china (1593), a Hokkien version of the Doctrina Christiana 
Diccionarium Sino-Hispanicum (1604), a Spanish–Hokkien dictionary, giving equivalent words, but not definitions 
Bocabulario de la lengua sangleya (c  1617), a Spanish–Hokkien dictionary, with definitions 
Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu (1620), a Spanish–Hokkien grammar These texts appear to record a Zhangzhou dialect, from the old port of Yuegang (modern-day Haicheng, an old port that is now part of Longhai) Chinese scholars produced rhyme dictionaries describing Hokkien varieties at the beginning of the 19th century:
Lūi-im Biāu-ngō͘ (Huìyīn Miàowù) (彙音妙悟 "Understanding of the collected sounds") was written around 1800 by Huang Qian (黃謙), and describes the Quanzhou dialect  The oldest extant edition dates from 1831 
Lūi-chi̍p Ngé-sio̍k-thong Si̍p-ngó͘-im (Huìjí Yǎsútōng Shíwǔyīn) (彙集雅俗通十五音 "Compilation of the fifteen elegant and vulgar sounds") by Xie Xiulan (謝秀嵐) describes the Zhangzhou dialect  The oldest extant edition dates from 1818 Walter Henry Medhurst based his 1832 dictionary on the latter work 

Phonology
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin and Cantonese  Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Mandarin  Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties  These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e g  'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties  Along with other Min languages, which are not directly descended from Middle Chinese, Hokkien is of considerable interest to historical linguists for reconstructing Old Chinese 

Initials
Southern Min has aspirated, unaspirated as well as voiced consonant initials  For example, the word khui (開; "open") and kuiⁿ (關; "close") have the same vowel but differ only by aspiration of the initial and nasality of the vowel  In addition, Southern Min has labial initial consonants such as m in m̄-sī (毋是; "is not") 
Another example is ta-po͘-kiáⁿ (查埔囝; "boy") and cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ (查某囝; "girl"), which differ in the second syllable in consonant voicing and in tone 

All consonants but ʔ may be nasalized; voiced oral stops may be nasalized into voiced nasal stops 
Nasal stops mostly occur word-initially 
Quanzhou and nearby may pronounce ⟨j⟩/⟨dz⟩ as ⟨l⟩ or ⟨g⟩ 
⟨l⟩ is often interchanged with ⟨n⟩ and ⟨j⟩/⟨dz⟩ throughout different dialects 
⟨j⟩, sometimes into ⟨dz⟩, is often pronounced very thick so as to change to ⟨l⟩, or very nearly so 
Some dialects may pronounce ⟨l⟩ as ⟨d⟩, or a sound very like it 
Approximant sounds [w] [j], only occur word-medially, and are also realized as laryngealized [w̰] [j̰], within a few medial and terminal environments 

Finals
Unlike Mandarin, Hokkien retains all the final consonants corresponding to those of Middle Chinese  While Mandarin only preserves the n and ŋ finals, Southern Min also preserves the m, p, t and k finals and has developed the ʔ (glottal stop) 
The vowels of Hokkien are listed below:
(*)Only certain dialects

Oral vowel sounds are realized as nasal sounds when preceding a nasal consonant 

Dialectal Sound Shifts
The following table illustrates some of the more commonly seen vowel shifts between various dialects  Further example character that features the same vowel shift is shown in parenthesis 

Tones
According to the traditional Chinese system, Hokkien dialects have 7 or 8 distinct tones, including two entering tones which end in plosive consonants  The entering tones can be analysed as allophones, giving 5 or 6 phonemic tones  In addition, many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words  This means that Hokkien dialects have between 5 and 7 phonemic tones 
Tone sandhi is extensive  There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems  Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan 

Dialects
The Hokkien language (Minnan) is spoken in a variety of accents and dialects across the Minnan region  The Hokkien spoken in most areas of the three counties of southern Zhangzhou have merged the coda finals -n and -ng into -ng  The initial consonant j (dz and dʑ) is not present in most dialects of Hokkien spoken in Quanzhou, having been merged into the d or l initials 
The -ik or -ɪk final consonant that is preserved in the native Hokkien dialects of Zhangzhou and Xiamen is also preserved in the Nan'an dialect (色, 德, 竹) but are pronounced as -iak in Quanzhou Hokkien 
Quanzhou Hokkien dialects (泉州閩南片):
Anxi dialect (安溪話)
Dehua dialect (德化話)
Hui'an dialect (惠安話)
Jinjiang dialect (晋江話)
Nan'an dialect (南安話)
Quanzhou dialect (泉州話)
Yongchun dialect (永春話)
Youxi dialect (尤溪話)
Philippine Hokkien (咱人話/咱儂話/菲律賓福建話)
Zhangzhou Hokkien dialects (漳州閩南片):
Longxi dialect (龍溪話)
Longyan dialect (龍巖話)
Pinghe dialect (平和話)
Yunxiao dialect (雲霄話)
Zhangpu dialect (漳浦話)
Zhangzhou dialect (漳州話)
Zhao'an dialect (詔安話)
Haifeng dialect (海豐話)
Lufeng dialect (陸豐話)
Penang Hokkien (檳城/庇能福建話)
Medan Hokkien (棉蘭福建話)
Tong'an dialect (同安話)
Tong'an (同安)
Kinmen (金門話)
Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien (南馬福建話)
Singaporean Hokkien (新加坡福建話))
Amoy dialect (廈門話)
Taiwanese Hokkien (臺灣話/臺灣閩南語/台語)

Comparison
The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a variant of the Tung'an dialect  Majority of Taiwanese, from Tainan, to Taichung, to Taipei, is also heavily based on Tung'an dialect while incorporating some vowels of Zhangzhou dialect, whereas Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien, including Singaporean Hokkien, is based on the Tung'an dialect, with Philippine Hokkien on the Quanzhou dialect, and Penang Hokkien on Zhangzhou dialect  There are some variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects  The grammar is generally the same 
Additionally, extensive contact with the Japanese language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien  On the other hand, the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent, from English and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese  Meanwhile, in the Philippines, there are also a few Spanish and Filipino (Tagalog) loanwords, while it is also currently a norm to frequently codeswitch with English, Filipino (Tagalog), and in some cases other Philippine languages, such as Cebuano 

Mutual intelligibility
Tong'an, Xiamen, Taiwanese, Singaporean dialects as a group are more mutually intelligible, but it is less so amongst the forementioned group, Quanzhou dialect, and Zhangzhou dialect Although the Min Nan varieties of Teochew and Amoy are 84% phonetically similar including the pronunciations of un-used Chinese characters as well as same characters used for different meanings, and 34% lexically similar,, Teochew has only 51% intelligibility with the Tong'an Hokkien|Tung'an dialect (Cheng 1997) whereas Mandarin and Amoy Min Nan are 62% phonetically similar and 15% lexically similar  In comparison, German and English are 60% lexically similar Hainanese, which is sometimes considered Southern Min, has almost no mutual intelligibility with any form of Hokkien 

Grammar
Hokkien is an analytic language; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning  A basic sentence follows the subject–verb–object pattern (i e  a subject is followed by a verb then by an object), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent  Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and plural by inflection  Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context  Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation 
A verb itself indicates no grammatical tense  The time can be explicitly shown with time-indicating adverbs  Certain exceptions exist, however, according to the pragmatic interpretation of a verb's meaning  Additionally, an optional aspect particle can be appended to a verb to indicate the state of an action  Appending interrogative or exclamative particles to a sentence turns a statement into a question or shows the attitudes of the speaker 
Hokkien dialects preserve certain grammatical reflexes and patterns reminiscent of the broad stage of Archaic Chinese  This includes the serialization of verb phrases (direct linkage of verbs and verb phrases) and the infrequency of nominalization, both similar to Archaic Chinese grammar 

Choice of grammatical function words also varies significantly among the Hokkien dialects  For instance, khit (乞) (denoting the causative, passive or dative) is retained in Jinjiang (also unique to the Jinjiang dialect is thō͘ 度) and in Jieyang, but not in Longxi and Xiamen, whose dialects use hō͘ (互/予) instead 

Pronouns
Hokkien dialects differ in the pronunciation of some pronouns (such as the second person pronoun lí or lú or lír), and also differ in how to form plural pronouns (such as -n or -lâng)  Personal pronouns found in the Hokkien dialects are listed below:

1 Exclusive
2 Inclusive
3 儂 (-lâng) is typically suffixed in Southeast Asian Hokkien dialects (with the exception of Philippine Hokkien)Possessive pronouns can be marked by the particle ê (的), in the same way as normal nouns  In some dialects, possessive pronouns can also be formed with a nasal suffix, which means that possessive pronouns and plural pronouns are homophones:

The most common reflexive pronoun is ka-kī (家己)  In formal contexts, chū-kí (自己) is also used 
Hokkien dialects use a variety of demonstrative pronouns, which include:

this – che (這, 即), chit-ê (即個)
that – he (許, 彼), hit-ê (彼個)
here – chia (遮), chit-tau (即兜)
there – hia (遐), hit-tau (彼兜)The interrogative pronouns include:

what – siáⁿ-mih (啥物), sím-mih (甚麼), há-mi̍h (何物)
when – tī-sî (底時), kúi-sî (幾時), tang-sî (當時), sím-mih sî-chūn (甚麼時陣)
where – tó-lo̍h (倒落), tó-uī (倒位)
who – siáⁿ-lâng (啥人), siáng (誰),
why – ūi-siáⁿ-mih (為啥物), ūi-sím-mih (為甚物), án-chóaⁿ (按怎), khah (盍)
how – án-chóaⁿ (按怎), lû-hô (如何), cháiⁿ-iūⁿ (怎樣)

Copula ("to be")
States and qualities are generally expressed using stative verbs that do not require the verb "to be":

With noun complements, the verb sī (是) serves as the verb "to be" 

To indicate location, the words tī (佇) tiàm (踮), leh (咧), which are collectively known as the locatives or sometimes coverbs in Chinese linguistics, are used to express "(to be) at":

Negation
Hokkien dialects have a variety of negation particles that are prefixed or affixed to the verbs they modify  There are six primary negation particles in Hokkien dialects (with some variation in how they are written in characters):

m̄ (毋, 呣, 唔, 伓)
bē (未)
bōe ()
mài (莫, 【勿愛】)
bô (無)
put (不) – literaryOther negative particles include:

bâng (甭)
bián (免)
thài (汰)The particle m̄ (毋, 呣, 唔, 伓) is general and can negate almost any verb:

The particle mài (莫, 【勿爱】), a concatenation of m-ài (毋愛) is used to negate imperative commands:

The particle bô (無) indicates the past tense:

The verb 'to have', ū (有) is replaced by bô (無) when negated (not 無有):

The particle put (不) is used infrequently, mostly found in literary compounds and phrases:

Vocabulary
The majority of Hokkien vocabulary is monosyllabic  Many Hokkien words have cognates in other Chinese varieties  That said, there are also many indigenous words that are unique to Hokkien and are potentially not of Sino-Tibetan origin, while others are shared by all the Min dialects (e g  'congee' is 糜 mê, bôe, bê, not 粥 zhōu, as in other dialects) 
As compared to Mandarin, Hokkien dialects prefer to use the monosyllabic form of words, without suffixes  For instance, the Mandarin noun suffix 子 (zi) is not found in Hokkien words, while another noun suffix, 仔 (á) is used in many nouns  Examples are below:

'duck' – 鴨 ah or 鴨仔 ah-á (SC: 鴨子 yāzi)
'color' – 色 sek (SC: 顏色 yán sè)In other bisyllabic morphemes, the syllables are inverted, as compared to Mandarin  Examples include the following:

'guest' – 人客 lâng-kheh (SC: 客人 kèrén)In other cases, the same word can have different meanings in Hokkien and Mandarin  Similarly, depending on the region Hokkien is spoken in, loanwords from local languages (Malay, Tagalog, Burmese, among others), as well as other Chinese dialects (such as Southern Chinese dialects like Cantonese and Teochew), are commonly integrated into the vocabulary of Hokkien dialects 

Literary and colloquial readings
The existence of literary and colloquial readings is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south  The bulk of literary readings (文讀, bûn-tha̍k), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e g  philosophical concepts, given names, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (白讀, pe̍h-tha̍k) are usually used in spoken language, vulgar phrases and surnames  Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents  
The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon  The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital Some commonly seen sound correspondences (colloquial → literary) are as follows:

p- ([p-], [pʰ-]) → h ([h-])
ch-, chh- ([ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]) → s ([s-], [ɕ-])
k-, kh- ([k-], [kʰ-]) → ch ([tɕ-], [tɕʰ-])
-ⁿ ([-ã], [-uã]) → n ([-an])
-h ([-ʔ]) → t ([-t])
i ([-i]) → e ([-e])
e ([-e]) → a ([-a])
ia ([-ia]) → i ([-i])This table displays some widely used characters in Hokkien that have both literary and colloquial readings:
This feature extends to Chinese numerals, which have both literary and colloquial readings  Literary readings are typically used when the numerals are read out loud (e g  phone numbers, years), while colloquial readings are used for counting items 

Semantic differences between Hokkien and Mandarin
Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu, where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated, and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings  The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments 
This table shows some Hokkien dialect words from Classical Chinese, as contrasted to the written Mandarin:

For other words, the classical Chinese meanings of certain words, which are retained in Hokkien dialects, have evolved or deviated significantly in other Chinese dialects  The following table shows some words that are both used in both Hokkien dialects and Mandarin Chinese, while the meanings in Mandarin Chinese have been modified:

Words from Minyue
Some commonly used words, shared by all Min Chinese languages, came from the ancient Minyue languages  Jerry Norman suggested that these languages were Austroasiatic  Some terms are thought be cognates with words in Tai Kadai and Austronesian languages  They include the following examples, compared to the Fuzhou dialect, a Min Dong language:

Loanwords
Loanwords are not unusual among Hokkien dialects, as speakers readily adopted indigenous terms of the languages they came in contact with  As a result, there is a plethora of loanwords that are not mutually comprehensible among Hokkien dialects 
Taiwanese Hokkien, as a result of linguistic contact with Japanese and Formosan languages, contains many loanwords from these languages  Many words have also been formed as calques from Mandarin, and speakers will often directly use Mandarin vocabulary through codeswitching  Among these include the following examples:

'toilet' – piān-só͘ (便所) from Japanese benjo (便所)
Other Hokkien variants: 屎礐 (sái-ha̍k), 廁所 (chhek-só͘)
'car' – chū-tōng-chhia (自動車) from Japanese jidōsha (自動車)
Other Hokkien variants: 風車 (hong-chhia), 汽車 (khì-chhia)
'to admire' – kám-sim (Chinese: 感心) from Japanese kanshin (感心)
Other Hokkien variants: 感動 (kám-tōng)
'fruit' – chúi-ké / chúi-kóe / chúi-kér (水果) from Mandarin (水果; shuǐguǒ)
Other Hokkien variants: 果子 (ké-chí / kóe-chí / kér-chí)Singaporean Hokkien, Penang Hokkien and other Malaysian Hokkien dialects tend to draw loanwords from Malay, English as well as other Chinese dialects, primarily Teochew  Examples include:

'but' – ta-pi, from Malay
Other Hokkien variants: 但是 (tān-sī)
'doctor' – 老君 ló-kun, from Malay dukun
Other Hokkien variants: 醫生(i-seng)
'stone/rock' – bà-tû, from Malay batu
Other Hokkien variants: 石头(chio̍h-thâu)
'market' – 巴剎 pa-sat, from Malay	pasar from Persian bazaar (بازار)Other Hokkien variants: 市場 (chhī-tiûⁿ), 菜市 (chhài-chhī)
'they' – 伊儂 i-lâng from Teochew (i1 nang5)
Other Hokkien variants: 𪜶 (in)
'together' – 做瓠 chò-bú from Teochew 做瓠 (jo3 bu5)
Other Hokkien variants: 做夥 (chò-hóe), 同齊 (tâng-chê) or 鬥陣 (tàu-tīn)
'soap' – 雪文 sap-bûn from Malay sabun from Arabic ṣābūn (صابون) Philippine Hokkien, as a result of centuries-old contact with both Philippine languages and Spanish also incorporate words from these languages  Speakers today will also often directly use English and Filipino (Tagalog), or other Philippine languages like Bisaya, vocabulary through codeswitching  Examples include:

'cup' – ba-sù, from either Filipino (Tagalog) baso or Spanish vaso
Other Hokkien variants: 杯仔 (poe-á), 杯 (poe)
'office' – o-pi-sín, from Filipino (Tagalog) opisina, which itself is from Spanish oficina
Other Hokkien variants: 辦公室 (pān-kong-sek/pān-kong-siak)
'soap' – sap-bûn, from either Filipino (Tagalog) sabon or Early Modern Spanish xabon
'coffee' – ka-pé, from Filipino (Tagalog) kape, which itself is from Spanish café
Other Hokkien variants: 咖啡 (ko-pi), 咖啡 (ka-pi)
'to pay' – pá-lâ, from Spanish paga
Other Hokkien variants: 予錢 (hō͘-chîⁿ), 還錢 (hêng-chîⁿ)
'dozen' – lo-sin, from English  dozen
Other Hokkien variants: 打 (táⁿ)Also, Philippine Hokkien usually follows the 3 decimal place numerical system used worldwide, but still retains the concept of 萬 (bān, "ten thousand") from the Chinese numerical system, so 10,000 would be 一萬 (chi̍t-bān), but 11,000 would be 十一千 (cha̍p-it-chheng) instead of 一萬一千 (chi̍t-bān chi̍t-chheng) and so on  Also, it additionally has words for the concept of "million", that being 桶 (tháng) or 面桶 (bīn-tháng) instead of 百萬 (pah-bān), so "one million" would be 一桶 (chi̍t-tháng) or 一面桶 (chi̍t-bīn-tháng), and sometimes "one hundred million" would be 一百桶 (chi̍t-pah-tháng) or 一億 (chi̍t-iak) 

Comparison with Mandarin and Sino-Xenic pronunciations
Cultural center
Quanzhou was historically the cultural center for Hokkien, as various traditional Hokkien cultural customs such as Nanguan music, Beiguan music, glove puppetry, and the Kaoka (高甲戲) and Lewan (梨園戲) genres of Hokkien opera originated from Quanzhou  This was mainly due to the fact that Quanzhou had become an important trading and commercial port since the Tang dynasty and had prospered into an important city  After the Opium War in 1842, Xiamen (Amoy) became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world  From the mid-19th century onwards, Xiamen slowly developed to become the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China  This caused the Amoy dialect to gradually replace the position of dialects from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou  From the mid-19th century until the end of World War II, western diplomats usually learned Amoy as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or Southeast Asia  In the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan also tended to incline towards Amoy dialect 
The retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan in 1949 drove party leaders to seek to both culturally and politically assimilate the islanders  As a result, laws were passed throughout the 1950s to suppress Hokkien and other languages in favor of Mandarin  By 1956, speaking Hokkien in ROC schools or military bases was illegal  However, popular outcry from both older islander communities and more recent Mainlander immigrants prompted a general wave of education reform, during which these and other education restrictions were lifted  The general goal of assimilation remained, with Amoy Hokkien seen as less ‘native’ and therefore preferred However, from the 1980s onwards, the development of Taiwanese Min Nan pop music and media industry in Taiwan caused the Hokkien cultural hub to shift from Xiamen to Taiwan  The flourishing Taiwanese Min Nan entertainment and media industry from Taiwan in the 1990s and early 21st century led Taiwan to emerge as the new significant cultural hub for Hokkien 
In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development  In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools  In 2001, the local Taiwanese language program was further extended to all schools in Taiwan, and Taiwanese Hokkien became one of the compulsory local Taiwanese languages to be learned in schools  The mother tongue movement in Taiwan even influenced Xiamen (Amoy) to the point that in 2010, Xiamen also began to implement the teaching of Hokkien dialect in its schools  In 2007, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed Tai-lo as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide  A number of universities in Taiwan also offer Taiwanese degree courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents to work for the Hokkien media industry and education  Taiwan also has its own Hokkien literary and cultural circles whereby Hokkien poets and writers compose poetry or literature in Hokkien 
Thus, by the 21st century, Taiwan had become one of the most significant Hokkien cultural hubs of the world  The historical changes and development in Taiwan had led Taiwanese Hokkien to become the most influential pole of the Hokkien dialect after the mid-20th century  Today, the Taiwanese prestige dialect (Taiyu Youshiqiang/Tongxinqiang 台語優勢腔/通行腔) is heard on Taiwanese media 

Writing systems
Chinese script
Hokkien dialects are typically written using Chinese characters (漢字, Hàn-jī)  However, the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, which is based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form  Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters (替字, thè-jī or thòe-jī; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien (as is the case with Cantonese)  For instance, about 20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic  Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme  Examples include "beautiful" (美 bí is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme suí is represented by characters like 媠 (an obsolete character), 婎 (a vernacular reading of this character) and even 水 (transliteration of the sound suí), or "tall" (高 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme kôan is 懸  Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m̄ (not) is variously represented by 毋, 呣 or 唔, among others  In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character 𪜶 in, which represents the personal pronoun "they")  In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words  For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character 肉, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he̍k and jio̍k, respectively)  Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia̍h, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as 呷 (a Mandarin transliteration, xiā, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is 食 Moreover, unlike Cantonese, Hokkien does not have a universally accepted standardized character set  Thus, there is some variation in the characters used to express certain words and characters can be ambiguous in meaning  In 2007, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China formulated and released a standard character set to overcome these difficulties  These standard Chinese characters for writing Taiwanese Hokkien are now taught in schools in Taiwan 

Latin script
Hokkien, especially Taiwanese Hokkien, is sometimes written in the Latin script using one of several alphabets  Of these the most popular is POJ, developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan  Use of this script and orthography has been actively promoted since the late 19th century  The use of a mixed script of Han characters and Latin letters is also seen, though remains uncommon  Other Latin-based alphabets also exist 
Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century  One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written around 1593 by the Spanish Dominican friars in the Philippines  Another is a Ming dynasty script of a play called Tale of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text, although it is written in Teochew dialect 
Taiwan has developed a Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien, derived from POJ, known as Tai-lo  Since 2006, it has been officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education and taught in Taiwanese schools  Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin called Bbánlám pìngyīm 

Computing
Hokkien is registered as "Southern Min" per RFC 3066 as zh-min-nan When writing Hokkien in Chinese characters, some writers create 'new' characters when they consider it impossible to use directly or borrow existing ones; this corresponds to similar practices in character usage in Cantonese, Vietnamese chữ nôm, Korean hanja and Japanese kanji  Some of these are not encoded in Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), thus creating problems in computer processing 
All Latin characters required by Pe̍h-ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters  Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right, was not encoded  The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character Interpunct (U+00B7, ·) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307)  As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC working group in charge of ISO/IEC 10646—namely, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2—to encode a new combining character dot above right  This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents N1593, N2507, N2628,
N2699, and N2713) 

Cultural and political role
Hokkien (or Min Nan) can trace its roots through the Tang dynasty and also even further to the people of the Minyue, the indigenous non-Han people of modern-day Fujian  Min Nan (Hokkien) people call themselves "Tang people," (唐人; Tn̂g-lâng) which is synonymous to "Chinese people"  Because of the widespread influence of the Tang culture during the great Tang dynasty, there are today still many Min Nan pronunciations of words shared by the Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese languages 
In 2002, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party with about 10% of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese a second official language  This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages  Because of these objections, support for this measure was lukewarm among moderate Taiwan independence supporters, and the proposal did not pass 
Hokkien was finally made an official language of Taiwan in 2018 by the ruling DPP government 

See also
Hokkien Kelantan
Hokkien people
Languages of China
Languages of Taiwan
List of Hokkien dictionaries
List of Hokkien people
Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list
Passage 9:
Aloysius Orjinta
Aloysius Orjinta is a Nigerian Roman Catholic priest and senior lecturer in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka  He was ordained a priest in 1990  A holder of two doctorates in French Studies and in German Studies and Political Science, with specialty in International Relations, he is a former Head of Department of Foreign Languages and Literary Studies in the university  He has studied and worked in Italy, Germany, France, and in Nigeria where he currently lives  He attended Urban University, Rome, the University of Saarland, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, University of Grenoble, and the University of Ibadan in addition to his current workplace where he was an undergraduate  A researcher and critic, his academic publications and interest cover religious writings on Christianity and Islam, gender and feminist studies, political discourse, and Euro-African literature with emphasis on German, Francophone and Anglophone works  He is a member of, and has served on, the managing boards of many organisations in Nigeria and outside the country, most times as the head  Currently, he is the editor of Interdisciplinary Academic Essays, Elite University Journal, Munchen, Germany, as well as of the Nsukka Journal of Humanities, Nsukka, Nigeria  He is also an editorial board member and reviewer of the Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hong Kong 
At the present, Orjinta has to his name thirty-five books and close to fifty publications in several international journals 
Passage 10:
Firuz Shah Suri
Firuz Shah Suri (died 1554) was the third ruler of the Suri dynasty  He was the son of Islam Shah Suri and succeeded him in 1554 when he was twelve years old  Firuz Shah Suri was assassinated within days of his coronation by Sher Shah Suri's nephew Muhammad Mubariz Khan, who later ruled as Muhammad Shah Adil 

See also
History of Bengal
History of India
Sur Empire
Passage 11:
Qezel Suri
Qezel Suri (Persian: قزلسوري, also Romanized as Qezel Sūrī) is a village in Avajiq-e Jonubi Rural District, Dashtaki District, Chaldoran County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran  At the 2006 census, its population was 263, in 57 families 
Passage 12:
Woh Lamhe
Woh Lamhe    (transl  Those Moments   ) is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Mohit Suri, starring Kangana Ranaut and Shiney Ahuja  The film is supposedly based on Parveen Babi's life, her battle with schizophrenia and her relationship with Mahesh Bhatt to whom she was a lover as well as a mentor in his struggling days 
Bhatt said that it is his tribute to the actress and time he spent with her, hence the name Woh Lamhe    ("Those Moments")  Parveen Babi's character is played by Ranaut who is named Sana Azim in the film to avoid direct reference to the actress  The film was critically acclaimed for its screenplay, direction, and a noteworthy performance of Ranaut  Ranaut’s performance in the film is considered to be one of her best Despite the film getting a lot of praise, it could not recover its budget in the box office and was a massive flop, recovering most of its cost from DVD and satellite television revenue  For her performance in the film, Ranaut won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut at the 52nd Filmfare Awards 

Plot
The film begins with a woman in a hotel room  She goes to the bathroom and slits her wrists in an attempt to kill herself  That woman is later revealed to be Sana Azim (Kangana Ranaut), a famous Bollywood actress  When this news reaches film-maker Aditya Pankaj Garewal (Shiney Ahuja), he is devastated  Aditya has been searching for Sana, who was intensely involved with him and who had mysteriously disappeared from his life without any explanation three years ago, only to surface now in what could be the last moments of her life 
As Aditya waits outside of the ICU alongside his friend Sam (Purab Kohli), praying to be reunited with her, he has a flashback of moments spent with her three years ago 
Sana had achieved stardom while Aditya was a struggling film director  He spots Sana at a fashion show where he rebukes her for being ugly inside-out  He insults her to a point where she throws her underwear on him, thus garnering media attention  Nikhil (Shaad Randhawa), her abusive boyfriend, scolds her and rapes her  Sana's mother also scolds her for this act 
Sana agrees at first to work with Aditya for his film but later she declines as she is bound by a contract  However, she breaks free from Nikhil's misery and agrees to work with Aditya 
Aditya starts shooting his film  During the shoot, both become close to each other  During the last day of the shoot, Sana tearfully says that she will miss him and those memories spent during the shoot  Aditya compares those memories to the sand castles on the beach by saying that those sand castles remain in our memories forever even though they are knocked down by the waves  During the film premiere, both fall in love with each other 
One day Sana spots a girl forcefully entering her hotel room  She tells Aditya that a girl named Rani (Masumeh Makhija) entered the room  However through the CCTV footage there was no girl who entered  It later revealed that Sana is a patient with schizophrenia, who has excessive hallucinations of Rani who doesn't even exist, which gradually ruins both Sana's life and career  When Aditya realizes that the only way he can save Sana from total devastation is to take her away from Bollywood and the vested interests that threaten to destroy her completely, he kidnaps her from the hospital, thus putting his career on the line 
Aditya tries his best to bring Sana back on track but in vain  She secretly stops taking her medication  During her birthday party, she faces her hallucinations once again and stabs Aditya 
One day, suddenly, she disappears, leaving him with unanswered questions  Aditya is shocked  Meanwhile, Nikhil and the police reach the place and take Aditya  Nikhil asks him in anger about Sana's whereabouts, to which Aditya repeatedly answers that he doesn't know 
Back in the present, Aditya is told that Sana has very little time and wants to meet him  They both profess their love for each other and she breathes her last  Nikhil asks him what he will do next, to which Aditya replies that he doesn't know 
The film ends with Aditya reminiscing about her on a beach  He spots some children making a sand castle and remembers his metaphor  He goes and makes castles with them 

Cast
Kangana Ranaut as Sana Azim
Shiney Ahuja as Aditya Pankaj Garewal
Shaad Randhawa as Nikhil Rai
Masumeh Makhija as Rani Mukherjee
Purab Kohli as Sam aka Sammy
Candida Fernandes as Saloni Awasthi

Critical reception
Woh Lamhe    received critical acclaim for its direction, screenplay, music and a noteworthy performance of Ranaut 
Subhash K  Jha of Sify stated, ‘‘Woh Lamhe shows love at its painful best’’  Praising Ranaut's performance he wrote, ‘‘Kangana makes the story of the tormented actress cross the borders of brilliancy; Ranaut keeps a tight control over overt articulations of expressions, so that when the outbursts happen they've a whiplash effect on the audience  She is a hugely expressive actress with a phemomenal ability to convey torment, hurt and incredulity through the eyes, Kangana is the first female performer of Bollywood since Smita Patil and Shabana Azmi who isn't scared to strip her soul naked for the camera’’  Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film a rating of 3 5 (out of 5) and called it a ‘‘cinematic experience’’  He wrote, ‘‘Woh Lamhe is a well-made emotional film that lingers in your memory even after it's over’’  Praising Ranaut's performance he further wrote, ‘‘Kangana gets the role of a lifetime in her second film itself and the actor sinks her teeth into it and delivers an astounding performance  If you've ever interacted with Parveen Babi, even briefly, you'd see a replica of the glamorous star in Kangana’’  Gullu Singh of Rediff awarded the film 3 5 stars (out of 5) and wrote, ‘‘The film works because the protagonist, Sana (Kangana Ranaut) has acted so brilliantly that you feel the presence of Parveen Babi from the 1970s  If there is one reason you need to watch Woh Lamhe, it is Kangana Ranaut  She is a brilliant, outstanding actress’’ Film critic Rajeev Masand in his review wrote, ‘‘Woh Lamhe is impressive in the manner in which it straddles a mainstream sensibility with such rare understanding; Remember to carry a handkerchief, or you’ll embarrass yourself with your tears’’  Praising the performances of the lead actors he further wrote, ‘‘Ranaut is remarkable as she attacks a complex role with all the right moves and Ahuja makes his presence felt in every single scene that he’s in, his performance is delectable to say the least  These actors pump life into their roles and together with Pritam’s soothing score they make Woh Lamhe an experience that’s hard to forget’’  Anupama Chopra of India Today wrote, ‘‘Woh Lamhe holds interest because it has a taut script and fine performances’’  Praising the performances of Ahuja and Ranaut she further wrote, ‘‘Ahuja is superbly restrained, his eyes convey the doom built into this relationship and Ranaut's performance has attitude; she is not afraid to be ugly or emotionally naked  Suri uses both ably to retell a familiar story persuasively’’  In a 2021 interview, film critic Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion called Ranaut's performance in the film ‘‘excellent’’ and stated, ‘‘In Woh Lamhe, Ranaut takes a piece of her soul and gives it to the audience’’ 
Filmfare listed Woh Lamhe    as one of the ten movies of Ranaut that showcased her class as an actor  They wrote, ‘‘Playing a schizophrenic, Kangana accurately depicted the trauma of the actress as her personal life went down the dumps along with her career’’  The New Indian Express listed the film as one of the ten must-watch films of Ranaut  Koimoi listed Woh Lamhe    as one of the ten film which will lose their charm without Ranaut's presence  CNN-IBN listed Ranaut's performance in Woh Lamhe    as one of her seven best performances and a film which made her the star that she is today 

Awards
Filmfare AwardsFilmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Kangana Ranaut10th Zee Cine AwardsBest Debut – Kangana Ranaut

Soundtrack
The film score was composed by Raju Singh  The songs were composed by multiple composers including Jawad Ahmed, Pritam, Roop Kumar Rathod  Lyrics were penned by Sayeed Quadri  The songs were badly plagiarized by Pritam by copying the tunes ("Kya Mujhe Pyaar Hai" lifted from "Tak Bisakah " by Noah, "Tu Jo Nahin" from a ghazal by Pakistani singer S  B  John); however, later the credits were given to the original artists and some of the tunes were recreated in musical arrangements  Singers like James, KK, Shreya Ghoshal, Jawad Ahmed, Kunal Ganjawala, and Glenn John lent their voices for the album  Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8/10 to the soundtrack 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Labyrinth (1984 video game)
Labyrinth is an action-adventure game published in 1984 by Acornsoft for the BBC Micro  Its author, Michael Mathison, describes it as: 

an amalgam of what I'd seen and liked visually and I wanted to make something like an 'arcade' version of an adventure game - with lots of creatures and lots of running around shooting at things but also with some simple puzzle elements 

Gameplay
Labyrinth consists of a complex labyrinth made up of multiple levels  Each level is made up of a number of rooms, with the player only able to see a single room at any one time  Doorways are provided allowing the player to move between rooms 
Each level contains two special rooms: the "Gate Room," and the "Key Room"  The Gate Room contains the doorway to the next level which is barred by a deadly forcefield  The Key Room contains a magical crystal which will remove the forcefield, and is generally the most well-guarded and dangerous room in the level 
Rooms are populated with a variety of monsters which become more dangerous as the player progresses through the game as they move more quickly, shoot at the player, or lay poisonous mushrooms  The player can choose to avoid the various monsters (though they may well follow the player through the labyrinth), or try to kill them by shooting at them (though some monsters are invulnerable in this way and reflect the shots back), or squash them with a "boulder" that the player is able to push around with them as they travel (trickier and more risky than shooting and therefore scores more points)   Colliding with a monster will kill it but causes the player to lose health, often leading to the player's death 
Different types of fruit are scattered throughout the labyrinth, which will increase the player's health when eaten  The player slowly loses health at all times while in the Labyrinth, and will eventually die if they don't progress through the game 

Legacy
In 1987 the game was reissued on Superior Software's Acornsoft Hits compilation 
Passage 2:
The Sense of an Ending
The Sense of an Ending is a 2011 novel written by British author Julian Barnes  The book is Barnes's eleventh novel written under his own name (he has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh) and was released on 4 August 2011 in the United Kingdom  The Sense of an Ending is narrated by a retired man named Tony Webster, who recalls how he and his clique met Adrian Finn at school and vowed to remain friends for life  When the past catches up with Tony, he reflects on the paths he and his friends have taken  In October 2011, The Sense of an Ending was awarded the Booker Prize  The following month it was nominated in the novels category at the Costa Book Awards 

Publication and marketing
The Sense of an Ending is Barnes's eleventh novel and was released in hardback on 4 August 2011   The Sense of an Ending is published by Random House (as a Jonathan Cape publication) in the United Kingdom  The book was released in October 2011 in the United States, after its previously scheduled publication date for the United States was brought forward by three months by Random House's Knopf publishing group to capitalise on the shortlisting of the book as a candidate for the Booker prize  Suzanne Dean designed the cover for The Sense of an Ending  The cover shows floating dandelion seeds, with its edge and the edges of all the pages blackened 

Title
The title is shared by a book of the same name by Frank Kermode first published in 1967, subtitled Studies in the Theory of Fiction, the stated aim of which is "making sense of the ways we try to make sense of our lives"  Kermode's book is a well-received piece of literary criticism  Critic Colin Burrow called it one of "the three most inspiring works of literary criticism written in the twentieth century", comparing Kermode's work with Erich Auerbach's Mimesis and E  R  Curtius's European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages Barnes has stated his choice of title was coincidental with that of Kermode, of whose book he had not previously heard, and which he has never read  He came up with the title before one of his friends pointed out that it had been used already, but decided "there's no copyright in titles"   Notwithstanding which, several reviewers described the novel as being "in conversation" with Kermode    For example, the critic Boyd Tonkin adds the additional interpretation that Barnes's "show-off" characters could be typical readers of Kermode's work 

Reception
The Sense of an Ending has received mostly positive reviews from critics  Michael Prodger of The Financial Times said the novel's inclusion on the Man Booker Prize longlist was "absolutely merited" and he praised the intricate mechanism of the novel and said Barnes's writing is "founded on precision as well as on the nuances of language "
Prodger added "Its brevity, however, in no way compromises its intensity – every word has its part to play; with great but invisible skill Barnes squeezes into it not just a sense of the infinite complexity of the human heart but the damage the wrong permutations can cause when combined  It is perhaps his greatest achievement that, in his hands, the unknowable does not mean the implausible " The Guardian's Justine Jordan said "With its patterns and repetitions, scrutinising its own workings from every possible angle, the novella becomes a highly wrought meditation on ageing, memory and regret " Boyd Tonkin from The Independent said The Sense of an Ending is "A slow burn, measured but suspenseful, this compact novel makes every slyly crafted sentence count " Anita Brookner, writing for The Daily Telegraph, said the novel is not a thriller, but a tragedy, which resembles Henry James's The Turn of the Screw  She opined that Barnes's reputation would be enhanced by the novel and added, "Do not be misled by its brevity  Its mystery is as deeply embedded as the most archaic of memories "Entertainment Weekly's Stephen Lee gave The Sense of an Ending a B+ and said "Barnes's latest—a meditation on memory and aging—occasionally feels more like a series of wise, underline-worthy insights than a novel  But the many truths he highlights make it worthy of a careful read " Robert McCrum writing for The Observer thought the novel would win the Man Booker Prize because it is "a work of art, in a minor key " During a feature on the 2011 Man Booker Prize nominees, the Channel 4 newsroom team gave The Sense of an Ending a nine out of ten for readability and said "It's beautifully written, very readable, and raises questions which linger in the mind long after the covers are closed " Geordie Williamson from The Australian said the novel is a pleasure to read and explained there is "a fierce and unforgiving lucidity about The Sense of an Ending, a mature reckoning with ageing that makes its competitors seem petulant and shrill " Geoff Dyer in The New York Times said the novel is average at best  "It is averagely compelling     involves an average amount of concentration and, if such a thing makes sense, is averagely well written: excellent in its averageness!" David Sexton in The Spectator drew a comparison between the narrator of the novel and the "unreliable narrator" of Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier, for which – he noted – Barnes wrote an introduction to the Folio Society edition  Although Sexton praised Barnes's skill, "Yet this novella does not move or satisfy     It is a story repelled by the responsibility of having children, and its final disclosure is offputting     where's the heart?"

Awards and nominations
In September 2011, The Sense of an Ending was shortlisted for the Booker Prize  Barnes had been shortlisted for the prize on three previous occasions for Flaubert's Parrot (1984), England, England (1998) and Arthur & George (2005)  On choosing The Sense of an Ending for the shortlist, judge Gaby Wood said: "It seems to be the most obvious book on this list  It's a quiet book, but the shock that comes doesn't break stride with the tone of the rest of the book  In purely technical terms it is one of the most masterful things I've ever read " On 18 October 2011, The Sense of an Ending was awarded the Booker Prize  Head judge Stella Rimington described the novel as "exquisitely written, subtly plotted and reveals new depths with each reading " She added: "We thought it was a book that spoke to the humankind in the 21st Century "On 15 November 2011, it was announced The Sense of an Ending had been nominated in the Best Novel category at the 2011 Costa Book Awards, though the book lost out to Andrew Miller's novel, Pure 

Film adaptation

A film adaptation of the same name made its world premiere as the opening film at the Palm Springs International Film Festival in Palm Springs, California, on 5 January 2017  The limited US release began on 10 March 2017  It was directed by Ritesh Batra from a screenplay adaptation by Nick Payne with a cast including Michelle Dockery, Emily Mortimer, Jim Broadbent, Charlotte Rampling, and Harriet Walter 
Passage 3:
Indianapolis News
The Indianapolis News was an evening newspaper published for 130 years, beginning December 7, 1869, and ending on October 1, 1999   The "Great Hoosier Daily," as it was known, at one time held the largest circulation in the state of Indiana   It was also the oldest Indianapolis newspaper until it closed and was housed in the Indianapolis News Building from 1910 to 1949 : 3–5  After Eugene C  Pulliam, the founder and president of Central Newspapers acquired the News in 1948, he became its publisher, while his son, Eugene S  Pulliam, served as the newspaper's managing editor  Eugene S  Pulliam succeeded his father as publisher of the News in 1975 The Indianapolis News was an evening paper, and its decline matched a growing circulation of the morning newspaper, the Indianapolis Star  Prior to the closing, there had been a partial merging of the newspaper staff with the Star 

Notable staff members
Medford Stanton Evans (1934–2015) was an award-winning journalist, educator, and author who became the head editorial writer for the News in 1959  He was promoted to editor of the News in 1960, at the age twenty-six, and became the youngest editor of a metropolitan daily newspaper at that time  Because of his editorial at the News, Evans was selected in 1960 to draft the Sharon Statement, which outlined the founding principles for the Young Americans for Freedom  The conservative writer remained as editor of the News through 1974, when he left the city and became a nationally syndicated columnist for The Los Angeles Times  Evans also taught journalism as Troy University in Troy, Alabama, for more than thirty years  Among his many other activities, Evans lead the American Conservative Union from 1971 to 1977, authored several books, and founded the National Journalism Center in 1977 in Washington, D C 
Frank McKinney "Kin" Hubbard (1868–1930) was a nationally known American cartoonist, humorist, and journalist whose most famous work was the Abe Martin cartoon series  Hubbard  introduced his Abe Martin character to Indianapolis News readers on December 17, 1904, and it appeared six days a week on the back page of the newspaper for twenty-six years  Hubbard also originated and illustrated a once-a-week humor essay for the "Short Furrows" column in the Sunday edition  The Abe Martin cartoon series went into national print syndication in 1910 and the "Short Furrows" column went into syndication the following year  For years after Hubbard's death in 1930, the News and other newspapers continued to print his Abe Martin cartoon series 
Eugene S  Pulliam (1914–1999) began working at the News as its managing editor in 1948 and rose through the managerial ranks to become assistant publisher of the Indianapolis News and the Star  in 1962  He succeeded his father, Eugene C  Pulliam, as publisher of both newspapers in 1975  Known for his advocacy for First Amendment rights and freedom of the press, Eugene S  Pulliam remained the publisher of the News and the Star  until his death in 1999  He also became president of Central Newspapers in 1979 following the death of his stepmother, Nina Mason Pulliam 
Juliet V  Strauss (1863–1918) was a well-known journalist, author, and public speaker from Rockville, Indiana, who wrote a regular weekly column for the News using the pseudonym of "The Country Contributor" from November 1903 until her death in May 1918  Strauss also was a leader in efforts to generate public and state government support to establish Turkey Run State Park in Parke County, Indiana, in 1916 as Indiana's second state park  She began her journalism career as a regular newspaper columnist at the Rockville Tribune in 1893  In addition to her regular newspaper columns, Strauss authored "The Ideas of a Plain Country Woman," a monthly column for the Ladies' Home Journal from 1905 until 1918  She was also a founder in 1913 of the Woman's Press Club of Indiana 
Passage 4:
Someone in the Dark
Someone in the Dark is a collection of fantasy and horror short stories by author August Derleth  It was released in 1941 and was the second book published by Arkham House   1,115 copies were printed, priced at $2 00  In Thirty Years of Arkham House, Derleth implied that this title had sold out by the end of 1944 
However, more than twenty years later, in 1967, Derleth listed Someone in the Dark in an Arkham House bulletin with this announcement: "We have acquired a small stock of this title, Derleth's first collection of macabre tales, published in 1941  They will be sold at $5 00 the copy to patrons interested in acquiring the book   "
Derleth was being disingenuous in suggesting these 'unearthed' copies were the 1941 edition   The additional 300 copies were printed in offset by Hunter Publishing Co  in Winston-Salem in 1965, the reprint probably authorized by Derleth himself   (In The Arkham House Companion, Sheldon Jaffery quotes a letter that seems to indicate this)  The 1965 reprint are a quarter-inch higher than the originals, and are bound with headbands (not present in the 1941 first editions) 
The 1965 edition is scarce  While it is not generally considered an official Arkham House publication, it is considered an essential acquisition for Arkham House completists 
A paperback reprint was issued by Jove Books in 1978 

Contents
Someone in the Dark contains the following tales:

"When the Night and House "
"Glory Hand"
"Compliments of Spectro"
"A Gift for Uncle Herman"
"McGovern's Obsession"
"Three Gentlemen in Black"
"Muggridge's Aunt"
"Bramwell's Guardian"
"Joliper's Gift"
"Altimer's Amulet"
"The Shuttered House"
"The Sheraton Mirror"
"The Wind from the River"
"The Telephone in the Library"
"The Panelled Room"
"The Return of Hastur"
"The Sandwin Compact"

Reception
E  F  Bleiler noted that "the local, regionalistic American stories are best, while those in imitation of Lovecraft are weakest"  New York Times reviewer Louise Maunsell Field gave the collection a relatively favorable review, saying that "The stories are for the most part well told, and lovers of tales of the occult will find the volume entertaining and congenial, although it has little of either sensitivity or beauty " Thrilling Wonder Stories commented that "Mr  Derleth writes quietly and with restraint, in beautifully measured sentences that stick to the essentials of the story he has to tell  His very restraint sometimes plays a trick on him -- and makes his writing appear at time to lack fire" 
Passage 5:
Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete
Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete is a 1992 role-playing adventure video game for Macintosh by Bungie; produced by Jason Jones and Alex Seropian  The game distinguished itself from other games of its time by including a multiplayer mode that functioned over the AppleTalk protocol or Point-to-Point Protocol  A single-player exploration mode was also available, but this mode had no end goal and was useful to discover how the various items found in the maze operated  The game originated in 1988 as an Apple game played over a modem between two opponents, but was never officially released on that platform 
The game's tagline was "Kill your enemies  Kill your friends' enemies  Kill your friends"  This tagline has reappeared as a description in the multiplayer menu screens for some of Bungie's other games, such as Myth: The Fallen Lords and Halo 3 
Bungie later licensed Minotaur's game engine to the studio Paranoid Productions (Richard Rouse) who used it to create Odyssey: The Legend of Nemesis, released in 1996 

Reception
Computer Gaming World favorably reviewed Minotaur although criticizing its not using the mouse and lack of a single-player option, and concluded that "a group of dedicated opponents [that] enjoy fast-thinking and ad-lib strategizing will find long-lasting enjoyment from this game"  The game was reviewed in 1992 in Dragon #188 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column  The reviewers gave the game 4 out of 5 stars  The game sold 2,500 copies 

See also
Pathways into Darkness, originally to be a sequel to this game
Passage 6:
Crónicas
Crónicas ("chronicles") is a 2004 Ecuadorian thriller film, written and directed by Sebastián Cordero  The film was produced by, among others, Guillermo del Toro, director of Pan's Labyrinth, and Alfonso Cuarón, director of Children of Men  It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival 

Overview
Set in rural Ecuador, the movie follows a television journalist named Manolo Bonilla (played by John Leguizamo) as he investigates the rape and murder of children in the area  The film also stars Leonor Watling and José María Yazpik as Manolo's producer and cameraman, respectively  The film was the official Oscar selection from Ecuador in the Best Foreign Language category 

Plot summary
After traveling to a small village in Ecuador, Miami tabloid news reporter Manolo Bonilla (Leguizamo) witnesses the death of a local boy after Vinicio Cepeda, a traveling salesman, hits the boy with his pickup truck  When Cepeda attempts to back his truck away from the boy, a mob, led by the boy's father, Don Lucho, pulls him from his car, severely beats him, and sets him on fire before the local authorities intervene  After both men are arrested, Cepeda is examined at the jail infirmary and taken to his cell where, later that night, he is attacked by Don Lucho and severely injured 
The next morning Manolo Bonilla comes to the prison to interview the men involved  After agreeing to an interview alongside Cepeda, Lucho attacks Cepeda a second time and is taken away  The interview with Cepeda is cancelled due to concerns about Manolo's safety; however, before the reporter leaves, Cepeda notifies him that he has information on the Monster of Babahoyo, a notorious murderer and rapist in the area, and tells him the location where one of the murderer's victims, a nine-year-old girl, is buried  Manolo agrees to interview Cepeda and attempts to free him from prison in exchange for information about the murders  Later that evening Manolo and his cameraman Ivan drive to the location Cepeda mentioned and dig up a shallow grave, indeed containing the body of a small girl 
Over the following days Manolo begins interviewing Cepeda, as well as Cepeda’s wife, son, and babysitter  While interviewing Cepeda, Manolo begins to suspect that Cepeda is, in fact, the Monster of Babahoyo and using him to exonerate himself  After Manolo attempts to get Cepeda to incriminate himself, Cepeda tells him to leave and never come back  Manolo then informs Cepeda that the interview which would free him will not be aired 
Manolo calls the authorities and tells them that he had been receiving anonymous calls about the location of the girl's grave   He discovers circumstantial evidence placing Cepeda at the locations of the murders on the dates they occurred; however, despite Manolo's request, the news agency airs Cepeda's interviews which help set Cepeda free  After being interviewed by authorities, Manolo and his crew return to Cepeda's home in search of him only to find that he left his pregnant wife alone at their house and took their son to school before leaving the area  Manolo is offered his own show on the news network and, after deciding against turning over the evidence to the police, the team arrives at the airport and parts ways 

Cast
John Leguizamo as Manolo Bonilla
Leonor Watling as Marisa Iturralde
Damián Alcázar as Vinicio Cepeda
José María Yazpik as Iván Suárez
Alfred Molina as Victor Hugo Puentes
Henry Layana as Don Lucho
Tamara Navas as Doña Etelvina
Washington Garzón as Joseph Juan
Rosa Alina Ortiz as Amiga Don Lucho
Raymundo Zambrano as Cura
Camilo Luzuriaga as Capitán Bolivar Rojas
Peki Andino as Sargento Saltos (as Peky Andino)
Luiggi Pulla as Robert

Awards
Crónicas was Ecuador's submission to the 77th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee 

See also
List of submissions to the 77th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
Passage 7:
Fiscal year
A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is used in government accounting, which varies between countries, and for budget purposes  It is also used for financial reporting by businesses and other organizations  Laws in many jurisdictions require company financial reports to be prepared and published on an annual basis but generally with the reporting period not aligning with the calendar year (1 January to 31 December)  Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, which usually corresponds to the fiscal year used for government purposes  The calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxes, such as income tax  Many annual government fees—such as council tax and license fees, are also levied on a fiscal year basis, but others are charged on an anniversary basis 
Some companies, such as Cisco Systems, end their fiscal year on the same day of the week each year: the day that is closest to a particular date (for example, the Friday closest to 31 December)  Under such a system, some fiscal years have 52 weeks and others 53 weeks The calendar year is used as the fiscal year by about 65% of publicly-traded companies in the United States and for most large corporations in the United Kingdom  That is the case in many countries around the world with a few exceptions such as Australia, New Zealand, and Japan Many universities have a fiscal year which ends during the summer to align the fiscal year with the academic year (and, in some cases involving public universities, with the state government's fiscal year) and also because the university is normally less busy during the summer months  In the Northern Hemisphere, that is July to the next June  In the Southern Hemisphere, that is the calendar year, January to December  In a similar fashion, many nonprofit performing arts organizations will have a fiscal year which ends during the summer, so that their performance season that begins in the fall and ends in the spring will be within one fiscal year 
Some media/communication-based organizations use a broadcast calendar as the basis for their fiscal year 

Chart of various fiscal years
Tax year
The fiscal year for individuals and entities to report and pay income taxes is often known as the taxpayer's tax year or taxable year   Taxpayers in many jurisdictions may choose their tax year  Some federal countries, such as Canada and Switzerland, require the provincial or cantonal tax year to align with the federal year  In the United States, most states retained a 30 June fiscal year-end date when the federal government switched to 30 September in 1976  Nearly all jurisdictions require that the tax year be 12 months or 52/53 weeks  However, short years are permitted as the first year or when changing tax years Most countries require all individuals to pay income tax based on the calendar year   Significant exceptions include:

Australia: individuals pay income tax based on the financial year of 1 July until 30 June 
United Kingdom: the tax year for individuals begins on 6 April  This is due to Britain historically having a calendar year starting on Lady Day (25 March) in the Julian calendar but a fiscal year ending on that day  When the UK adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752, 25 March translated to 5 April and 26 March to 6 April  (See History of taxation in the United Kingdom#Why the United Kingdom income tax year begins on 6 April for more detailed explanation )
United States: individuals may (but rarely do) elect any tax year, subject to IRS approval Many jurisdictions require that the tax year conform to the taxpayer's fiscal year for financial reporting  The United States is a notable exception: taxpayers may choose any tax year, but must keep books and records for such year 

Operation in various countries/region
In some jurisdictions, particularly those that permit tax consolidation, companies that are part of a group of businesses must use nearly the same fiscal year (differences of up to three months are permitted in some jurisdictions, such as the U S  and Japan), with consolidating entries to adjust for transactions between units with different fiscal years, so the same resources will not be counted more than once or not at all 

Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, from 2011 to 2021, the fiscal year began on 1 Hamal (20th or 21 March)  The fiscal year aligned with the Persian or Solar Hijri calendar used in Afghanistan at the time 
Following transfer of power to the Taliban administration in September 2021, Afghanistan abandoned the Solar Hijri calendar in favour of the Lunar Hijri calendar  The fiscal cycle was restarted with effect from 1 Muharram 1444 AH (30 July 2022)

Australia
In Australia, a fiscal year is commonly called a "financial year" (FY) and starts on 1 July and ends on the next 30 June  Financial years are designated by the calendar year of the second half of the period  For example, financial year 2024 is the 12-month period ending on 30 June 2024 and can be referred to as FY2023/24  It is used for official purposes, by individual taxpayers and by the overwhelming majority of business enterprises  Business enterprises may opt to use a financial year that ends at the end of a week (e g , 52 or 53 weeks in length, and therefore is not exactly one calendar year in length), or opt for its financial year to end on a date that matches the reporting cycle of its foreign parent  All entities within the one group must use the same financial year 
For government accounting and budget purposes, pre-Federation colonies changed the financial year from the calendar year to a year ending 30 June on the following dates: Victoria changed in 1870, South Australia in 1874, Queensland in 1875, Western Australia in 1892, New South Wales in 1895 and Tasmania in 1904  The Commonwealth adopted the near-ubiquitous financial year standard since its inception in 1901  The reason given for the change was for convenience, as Parliament typically sits during May and June, while it was difficult for it to meet in November and December to pass a budget The Financial year is split into the following four-quarters

Austria
In Austria, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, the fiscal year is 1 July to the next 30 June 

Belarus
In Belarus, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Brazil
In Brazil, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, both for personal income tax and for corporate taxes 

Canada
In Canada, the government's financial year is 1 April to 31 March (Q1 1 April - 30 June, Q2 1 July - 30 Sept, Q3 1 Oct - 31 Dec and Q4 1 Jan - 31 Mar)
For individual taxpayers, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

China
In China, the fiscal year for all entities is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and applies to the tax year, statutory year, and planning year 

Colombia
In Colombia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Costa Rica
In Costa Rica, the fiscal year is 1 October to 30 September 

Egypt
In Egypt, the fiscal year is 1 July to 30 June 

France
In France, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and has been since at least 1911 

Germany
In Germany, the fiscal year runs from 1st January until 31st December 

Greece
In Greece, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March However, a company incorporated in Hong Kong can determine its own financial year-end, which may be different from the government fiscal year 

India
In India, the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March the following year  The financial year from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021 would generally be abbreviated as FY 2020-21, but it may also be called FY 2021 on the basis of the ending year  Companies following the Indian Depositary Receipt (IDR) are given freedom to choose their financial year  For example, Standard Chartered's IDR follows the UK calendar despite being listed in India  Companies following Indian fiscal year get to know their economic health on 31 March of every Indian financial or fiscal year 
The current fiscal year was adopted by the colonial British government in 1867 to align India's financial year with that of the British Empire  Prior to 1867, India followed a fiscal year that ran from 1 May to 30 April In 1984, the LK Jha committee recommended adopting a fiscal year that ran from 1 January to 31 December  However, this proposal was not adopted by the government fearing possible issues during the transition period  A panel set up by the NITI Aayog in July 2016, recommended starting the next fiscal year from 1 January to 31 December after the end of the current five-year plan On 4 May 2017, Madhya Pradesh announced that it would move to a January–December financial year, becoming the first Indian state to do so  But later it dropped the idea 

Indonesia
In Indonesia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Iran
In Iran, the fiscal year usually starts on 21st or 22 March (1st of Farvardin in the Solar Hejri calendar) and concludes on next year's 20th or 21 March (29th or 30th of Esfand in the Solar Hijri calendar) 

Ireland
In Ireland, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December  Until 2001, it was the year ending 5 April, as in the United Kingdom, but was changed with the introduction of the euro  The 2001 tax year was nine months, from April to December 

Israel
In Israel, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Italy
In Italy, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December  It was changed in 1965, before which it was 1 July to 30 June 

Japan
In Japan, the government's financial year is from 1 April to 31 March Japan's income tax year is 1 January to 31 December, but corporate tax is charged according to the corporation's own annual period 

Lithuania
In Lithuania, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Macau
In Macau, the government's financial year is 1 January to 31 December 

Mexico
In Mexico, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Moldova
In Moldova, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Myanmar/Burma
In Myanmar, the fiscal year is 1 October to 30 September 

Nepal
In Nepal, the fiscal year is July 16 (1 Shrawan in Bikram calendar) to July 15 (31 Ashad in Bikram calendar) 

New Zealand
In New Zealand, the government's fiscal and financial reporting year is 1 July to the next 30 June and applies also to the budget  The company and personal financial year is 1 April to 31 March and applies to company and personal income tax 

Pakistan
In Pakistan, the government's fiscal year is 1 July of the previous calendar year and concludes on 30 June  Private companies are free to observe their own accounting year, which may not be the same as government's fiscal year 

Philippines
In the Philippines, the government's fiscal year is the calendar year, from 1 January to 31 December The accounting period for the private sector must follow a 12-month fiscal period which can or can not be synchronized with the calendar year  Most Philippine companies end their fiscal years in December or March 

Poland
In Poland, the fiscal year is the calendar year, from 1 January to 31 December 

Portugal
In Portugal, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December



ground_truth: Dutch East Indies

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the symbol of the Saints from the headquarters location of Ten High's manufacturer called?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sazerac
The Sazerac is a local variation of a cognac or whiskey cocktail originally from New Orleans, named for the Sazerac de Forge et Fils brand of cognac brandy that served as its original main ingredient  The drink is most traditionally a combination of
cognac or rye whiskey, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey is sometimes substituted for the rye and Herbsaint is sometimes substituted for the absinthe  Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in antebellum New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word cocktail to describe a mixture of spirits, bitters, and sugar can be traced to the dawn of the 19th century 

Characteristics
The defining feature of the Sazerac is its method of preparation, which commonly involves two chilled old-fashioned glasses  The first glass is swirled with a wash of absinthe for its flavor and strong scent  The second glass is used to combine the remaining ingredients, which are stirred with ice, then strained into the first glass  Various anisettes such as pastis, Pernod, or Herbsaint are common substitutes when absinthe is unavailable  In New Orleans, Herbsaint is most commonly used due to the absence of absinthe in the U S  market from 1912 until 2007 

History
Around 1850, Sewell T  Taylor sold his New Orleans bar, the Merchants Exchange Coffee House, to become an importer of spirits, and he began to import a brand of cognac named Sazerac-de-Forge et Fils  Meanwhile, Aaron Bird assumed proprietorship of the Merchants Exchange and changed its name to Sazerac Coffee House  On October 2, 2019, the Sazerac House opened to the public as a museum and immersive experience that shares the history of the New Orleans cocktail culture, including the Sazerac Legend has it that Bird began serving the "Sazerac Cocktail", made with Sazerac cognac imported by Taylor, and allegedly with bitters being made by the local apothecary, Antoine Amedie Peychaud  The Sazerac Coffee House subsequently changed hands several times, until around 1870 Thomas Handy became its proprietor  It is around this time that the primary ingredient changed from cognac to rye whiskey, due to the phylloxera epidemic in Europe that devastated the vineyards of France At some point before his death in 1889, Handy recorded the recipe for the cocktail, which made its first printed appearance in William T  "Cocktail Bill" Boothby's The World's Drinks and How to Mix Them (1908), although his recipe calls for Selner Bitters, not Peychaud's  After absinthe was banned in the United States in 1912, it was replaced by various anise-flavored liqueurs, most notably the locally produced Herbsaint, which first appeared in 1934 By the early 20th century, simple cocktails like the Sazerac had become rare, which eventually rekindled their popularity The creation of the Sazerac has also been credited to Antoine Amédée Peychaud, a Creole apothecary who emigrated to New Orleans from the West Indies and set up shop in the French Quarter in the early 19th century  He was known to dispense a proprietary mix of aromatic bitters from an old family recipe  
According to popular myth, he served his drink in the large end of an egg cup that was called a coquetier in French, and the Americanized mispronunciation resulted in the name cocktail  This belief was debunked when people discovered that the term "cocktail" as a type of drink first appeared in print at least as far back as 1803—and was defined in print in 1806 as, "a mixture of spirits of any kind, water, sugar and bitters, vulgarly called a bittered sling" 

Official cocktail of New Orleans
In March 2008, Louisiana state senator Edwin R  Murray (D-New Orleans) filed Senate Bill 6 designating the Sazerac as Louisiana's official state cocktail  The bill was defeated on April 8, 2008  After further debate, on June 23, 2008, the Louisiana Legislature agreed to proclaim the Sazerac as New Orleans' official cocktail In 2011, as a writer for the HBO TV series Treme, Anthony Bourdain penned a scene in which chef Janette Desautel (played by Kim Dickens) tosses one in the face of restaurant critic and food writer Alan Richman (appearing as himself)  Richman had angered many New Orleanians in 2006 with an article in the magazine GQ, in which he criticized New Orleans' food culture post-Hurricane Katrina  Despite reservations, he agreed to participate in the scene and called Sazerac "a good choice of weaponry, because it symbolizes the city", despite a running feud with Bourdain over, among other things, the review 

Similar cocktails
A cocktail named the Zazarack was included in the 1910 version of Jack's Manual, an early bartender's reference written by Jacob "Jack" Grohusko, the head bartender at Baracca's restaurant in New York  It is essentially the same cocktail as the Sazerac, but called for bourbon (and not rye) instead of cognac Later versions of the drink were spelled Zazarac and added rum, and are thought by some to be a variant of the Sazerac, although it might have originated completely independently of the more famous drink 

Brands
Sazerac is also a brand of rye whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company 

See also
List of cocktails
Old Fashioned
Passage 2:
Ten High
Ten High is a brand of American whiskey first introduced in the 1930s by Hiram Walker & Sons, now produced by the Barton Brands division of the Sazerac Company  The name Ten High refers to a barrel storage location at least ten ricks high, as barrels in the upper part of the aging warehouse mature faster  Although the brand name evoked this storage method, the manufacturer did not actually promise that the brand was from barrels aged in such locations 

History
The brand was originally produced by Hiram Walker & Sons (a company owned by Harry C  Hatch at the time) at a distillery in Peoria, Illinois, starting shortly after the end of Prohibition in 1933  It was a major brand (and the leading brand of Illinois-made bourbon) until the late 1960s when the American whiskey market went through a particularly difficult period  The Peoria distillery stopped distilling operations in 1973 and closed completely in 1981  After the Peoria distillery closed, production moved first to Heaven Hill and later to Barton, both based in Bardstown, Kentucky  The Sazerac Company acquired Barton, including the Ten High brand, in 2009 
From the early 1980s until the late 2000s, Ten High was a straight Bourbon whiskey  Starting in 2009, the brand switched to being labelled "Bourbon – a blend", a designation for a product that is 51 percent straight Bourbon, with the remainder neutral spirits 
Passage 3:
Billiken
The Billiken is a charm doll created by an American art teacher and illustrator, Florence Pretz of Kansas City, Missouri, who is said to have seen the mysterious figure in a dream  It is believed that Pretz found the name Billiken in Bliss Carman's 1896 poem "Mr  Moon: A Song Of The Little People"   In 1908, she obtained a design patent on the ornamental design of the Billiken, which she sold to the Billiken Company of Chicago   The Billiken was monkey-like with pointed ears, a mischievous smile and a tuft of hair on his pointed head  His arms were short and he was generally sitting with his legs stretched out in front of him  Billiken is known as "The God of Things as They Ought to Be" 
To buy a Billiken was said to give the purchaser luck, but to receive one as a gift would be better luck  The image was copyrighted and a trademark was put on the name  After a few years of popularity, the Billiken faded into obscurity  Although they are similar, the Billiken and the baby-like kewpie figures that debuted in the December 1909 Ladies' Home Journal are not the same 
Today, the Billiken is the official mascot of Saint Louis University and St  Louis University High School, both Jesuit institutions located in St  Louis  The Billiken is also the official mascot of the Royal Order of Jesters, an invitation only Shriner group affiliated with Freemasonry  The Billiken also became the namesake of Billiken Shokai, the Japanese toy & model manufacturing company (established 1976) 

History
The Billiken sprang from the height of the "Mind-Cure" craze in the United States at the start of the twentieth century   It represented the "no worry" ideal, and was a huge hit   Variations appeared, such as the "Teddy-Billiken Doll" and the Billycan/Billycant pair (to drive petty problems away)   The Billiken helped touch off the doll craze of the era At least two Billiken-themed songs were recorded, including "Billiken Rag" and the "Billiken Man Song " The latter was recorded by Blanche Ring The Billiken, as a good luck charm, appears multiple times in the Vivien Leigh and Robert Taylor movie Waterloo Bridge   It is employed as a device that both prompts recollections of the male lead, Robert Taylor, and that links several scenes within the movie as the plot unfolds  Wizard of Oz author L  Frank Baum kept a Billiken doll on his piano The Billiken made its Japanese debut in 1908  A statue was installed in the uppermost level of the original Tsutenkaku Tower as it was opened to the public in 1912  When the nearby Luna Park was closed in 1925, the tower's Billiken statue disappeared  In 1980, a replacement statue made its appearance in a new Tsutenkaku Tower that was built in 1956 

Sports mascot
In its heyday, the Billiken enjoyed worldwide celebrity   In the United States he became the athletic mascot of Saint Louis University, because the figure was said to resemble coach John R  Bender   The school's athletic teams remain the Billikens to this day  A bronze statue of the Billiken stands in front of the Chaifetz Arena on the Saint Louis University Campus   A junior version of the Billiken became the mascot of nearby St  Louis University High School; a stainless steel statue of the Junior Billiken stands adjacent to the Danis Fieldhouse, on the St  Louis University High School Campus  Bud Billiken was a youth-club mascot for The Chicago Defender, and was created in 1923, and is known more contemporarily as the inspiration for the yearly parade of the same name held shortly before the start of the school year 
The Billiken was the team nickname for several minor league professional baseball teams, including the Fort Wayne Billikens of the 1908–1910 Central League, the Montgomery Billikens of the 1910 Southern Association (a Class A league that ran from 1902–1935), the Bay City Billikens of the 1911 and 1912 Southern Michigan League (a league that dwelled in several classifications between 1906 and 1912), and the McLeansboro Billikens of the 1910 Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League ("KITTY League"), a Class D professional baseball league that ran from 1903 until 1955  McLeansboro is located in southern Illinois, 116 miles from St  Louis 

Alaska
In 1909, the Billiken began its appearance in souvenir shops of Alaska  In Nome, Alaska, an Inuit carver by the name Angokwazhuk copied a Billiken figurine in ivory brought to him by a merchant  Since that first appearance in Alaska, some Inuit carvers began to include the billiken in the collection of figurines they created  By the 1960s the Billiken was ubiquitous in larger Alaskan cities like Anchorage, and heavily touristed areas  Billikens were often carved from Alaskan ivory and were used in jewelry and knick-knacks  Often these souvenirs were accompanied by printed, romanticized Billiken lore  In Anchorage, the name was also adopted by merchants, as in the Billiken Drive-In movie theater 

Japan
Throughout Japan representations of the Billiken were enshrined  Pre-World War II statues of the Billiken could be found in Kobe city's Chinju Inari and Matsuo Inari shrines  Both of these statues were removed from display for many years at the onset of the war when foreign deities fell out of favor 
The most famous representation of the Billiken was in an amusement park, Luna Park, in the Shinsekai district of Osaka, Japan   In 1912, he was enshrined in the park as a symbol of Americana and there was revered as "The God of Things As They Ought to Be"  Popular Billiken souvenirs in the park included dolls and manjū  When the park closed in 1923, the wooden statue of the Billiken went missing 
A replica of the statue was placed in the second-generation Tsūtenkaku Tower in 1980  The Billiken was a star in Sakamoto Junji's 1996 comedy Billiken in which the statue is restored to the Tsutenkaku in an effort to revive the popularity of the tower and save Shinsekai The statue was a permanent fixture in the tower until September 2005 when it made its first departure and was taken, as an ambassador of sorts, to Shibuya's Tokyu Hands department store in Tokyo as a part of a fair to promote Naniwa (traditional Osaka) culture   As a part of the cultural exchange, a replica of the statue of Shibuya's most famous dog, Hachikō, was sent to Osaka 
In October 2008, the Billiken of Tsutenkaku took a journey all the way from Japan to its "home" city of St  Louis, Missouri where it was visited by students of St  Louis University, whose mascot is also the Billiken 
Due to wear (particularly to the soles of the feet), the dark, worn statue replica from 1980 was replaced in May 2012 with a new one  Presently he resides on the fifth floor observation deck and has become closely associated with the tower  Each year thousands of visitors place a coin in his donation box and rub the soles of his well-worn feet to make their wishes come true 
The Billiken also became the namesake of Billiken Shokai, the Japanese toy & model manufacturing company established in 1976 

Notes
See also
Billiken, an Argentine children's magazine named after the doll
Passage 4:
Taylorville, Alberta
Taylorville is an unincorporated community in Cardston County, Alberta, Canada  It is located on Highway 501 ten miles southeast of Cardston   The first school opened May 17, 1900 and then later served as a chapel for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) 

See also
List of provincial historic sites of Alberta
List of communities in Alberta
Passage 5:
Horton Park (Saint Paul, Minnesota)
Horton Park is a small arboretum in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States   Known primarily for its variety of trees, Horton Park has become a symbol of the Saint Paul Midway community 

Horton Park
Founded in 1895 by James R  Horton, Horton Park was used for public hearings   It is now used as a popular location among local St Paul residents for picnics and general relaxation 
In 1952 Horton Park was voted "Park of the Year" by local newspaper the St  Paul Pioneer Press 
The original name of Horton Park was Long Park, due to its long tree branches 

External links
https://web archive org/web/20100908020937/http://www friendsoftheparks org/Parks/hortonpark htm
https://groups google com/group/hortonpark
Passage 6:
Schlage
Schlage ( SHLAYG) is an American lock manufacturer founded in 1920 by Walter Schlage  Schlage was headquartered in San Francisco from its inception until it relocated to Colorado Springs, Colorado in 1997  Schlage also produces high-security key and cylinder lines Primus, Everest, and Everest Primus XP  Schlage is one of the most popular brands of consumer and commercial locks in the United States 

History
The Schlage Manufacturing Company was founded by inventor Walter Schlage (d  1946) in 1920 with the help of three businessmen who each contributed $10 to become equal partners  Walter Schlage had already secured several patents dating back to 1909, when he patented a doorknob that would also complete an electrical circuit so that, for instance, the lights would turn on when the door was opened  However, Schlage's key invention was the bored cylindrical lock, which evolved through several iterations, including a 1917 filing for a mortise mechanism which locked when the knob was tilted; two filings in 1920 (in April for a lock requiring one hole and a surface rabbet rather than a complex mortise pocket and October for a mortise with the lock mechanism activated by a button coaxial to the knob)  This series would ultimately culminate in U S  Patent 1,674,841, filed in 1923, which was sold commercially as the Schlage "A" series lock  Schlage would later make a 1925 filing for a push button cylindrical lock fusing the two 1920 patents with the 1923 patent Schlage's first shop was at 229 Minna Street, and he moved to 461 Bush Street, where many of his key patents were developed  The first factory (in 1923) was at 49 Shotwell Street  Because the bored cylindrical lock had a decided ease of installation advantage over the contemporary mortise lock, demand for the Schlage-designed lock rose and the company would purchase land in Visitacion Valley in 1925, which would eventually become the company's Bayshore factory and administration complex  Eight buildings were eventually erected at the Bayshore complex, the first two of which (the Old Office and Plant 1) were dedicated in a ceremony on June 25, 1926 attended by dignitaries including Mayor James "Sunny Jim" Rolph Charles Kendrick took over as Chief Executive after making a sizable investment in the company, and served as Chief through his retirement in 1969  During World War II, Schlage Lock manufactured shell casings and bomb rail fuses  After the war, the company supplied lock hardware to the Pan Am Building (1964) and the Bank of America Headquarters (1969) skyscrapers  The company was also busy post-war acquiring smaller hardware manufacturers, including the California Lock Company, Peabody Company, LCN Closers, the Von Duprin Factory, and the General Lock Company (Pontiac, Michigan)  In 1974, the year the company was acquired by Ingersoll Rand, Schlage employed 1,600 and was the largest manufacturer in San Francisco  Schlage had just completed a move from the Old Office building to a three-story New Office located nearby, at the corner of Bayshore and Leland  Schlage remained an Ingersoll Rand subsidiary for nearly 40 years, until Schlage and other security hardware companies were spun off as part of Allegion, formed in December 2013 After 73 years of operation, the Schlage Lock Co  Bayshore factory was closed in 1999  To settle an environmental lawsuit, the 12 3-acre (5 0 ha) Bayshore factory site was transferred to Universal Paragon Corporation (UPC) from Ingersoll Rand in 2008  UPC owned an adjacent parcel on which it had intended to develop housing, but the groundwater had been contaminated by the Schlage Lock factory, and UPC filed suit seeking to make Ingersoll Rand responsible for cleanup  In May 2009, demolition began on the Schlage Bayshore site; though the original 1926 Spanish Colonial "Old Office", designed by local architect William Peyton Day will remain, the rest of the site is planned to become affordable, green housing 

Keyway types
Like many lock manufacturers, Schlage uses milled complex keyway shapes to mechanically prevent some non-OEM keys from entering or operating a lock  New keyway designs may be protected for a limited time by patent protection, which expires after a set number of years 
There is no law against duplicating the reverse, numbered or quad-key blanks, which are not patented and are not protected against third-party manufacturing As of 2008, Primus keys are no longer protected by patents; therefore, anyone is free to duplicate them  The Everest patents expired in 2014 

Primus/Primus XP
In addition to six cuts for standard locking mechanism, there are five side finger pins to operate the secondary sidebar lock  Primus keys will operate non-Primus locks within the same system  Primus blanks and keyways are slightly thinner to prevent the entry of non-Primus keys; however, even if a standard key is altered to allow entry, it will not operate Primus locks  This design was protected until 2007 under U S  Patent 4,756,177  The current generation Primus, called the Primus XP, is a slight modification to the original design and is protected until 2024 under U S  Patent 7,159,424  Schlage did not invent, nor do they hold the patents on, Primus or Primus XP  The design is licensed to Schlage by Bo Widen of Torshälla, Sweden, the inventor and patent holder 

Everest
This design features a patented under groove in the keyway design, and was legally protected against cloning by utility patents until 2014  Relevant patents are: U S  Patent 5,715,717 (December 2, 2016) and U S  Patent 5,809,816  Just like the classic series, Everest Primus keys can operate Everest non-Primus locks, but not the other way around  Everest Primus XP is an extension to Primus Everest and the XP design is protected until 2024 under U S  Patent 7,159,424  Schlage also offers an Everest 29 SL Cylinder, the only seven pin lock they make, along with their Everest 29 Family/Primus (6 pins)  Schlage did not invent, nor do they hold the patents on, the Everest keys, which were designed and patented by Bo Widen and licensed to Schlage 

Obverse
There are seven different keyways: C, CE, E, EF, F, FG, and G  There is also a special P keyway designed to accept any of the seven sectional keys and a special L key blank (35-101 L) designed to be accepted into all seven keyways  OEM L section blanks are made of stainless steel The older type, the common residential keyway, is known as 35-100C, which is a five-pin, C section 

Reverse (restricted)
This variation was a horizontal mirror image of obverse keyways, no longer offered in new key system, and not available with a Primus option 

Numbered or Paracentric (restricted)
This is a large family of keyways expressed as four numbers  Except for zeros, digits in the keyway designation cannot repeat; i e  3578, 1358 and 1200 are valid, but 1244 and 3300 are not  Primus cannot be implemented on this series  The digit 9 is not used  Each digit represents the presence of a notch in the keyway and a corresponding protrusion along the blade of the key  The odd digits 1, 3, 5, and 7 extend along the left side of the keyway as observed from the lock face from bottom to top  The even digits are likewise, on the right side  Generally, keyways are identified by four non-zero digits in ascending order  In a large master key system, keys with fewer than four protrusions can be used to enter more than one keyway  For example, key blank 1460 will fit lock cylinder 1246, 1346, 1467, etc 

Quad (restricted)
Expressed in four characters, such as WSTP, VTQP, etc  This is a very large family, available in Primus 

Key copying
At the 2013 DEF CON conference, MIT students David Lawrence and Eric Van Albert released a piece of code that allows anyone to create a 3D-printable software model of any Primus key  With just a flatbed scanner and their software tool, they were able to produce precise models that they uploaded to the 3D-printing services Shapeways and i Materialise, who mailed them working copies of the keys in materials ranging from nylon to titanium 

Nexia Home Intelligence
Nexia Home Intelligence is a home automation system that was launched by Schlage and Ingersoll Rand that allows users to remotely control and monitor home automation devices  A wireless network is created within the home and connects the wireless door lock to the internet  Using a smart-phone or a web-enabled computer, users can monitor and send commands to the Schlage Bridge, which communicates with Z-Wave enabled wireless locks, thermostats, lights, cameras, and other components within the home 
There is a monthly fee associated with the Nexia Home Intelligence service Nexia Home Intelligence is no longer maintained by Schlage  It remained with Ingersoll Rand during the IR-Allegion spin-off process  Ingersoll Rand solely maintains the Nexia platform 
One of its key features is "depth control" which senses if someone else is using your assigned PIN: it then enhances its security by proceeding to lock out that same PIN number  All Schlage products that were designed for the Nexia platform work with major smart home platforms  All security features such as "depth control" work under certain conditions such as "HomeKit" 
Passage 7:
Auguste Levêque
Auguste Levêque (1866 – 1921) was a Belgian painter influenced both by realism and symbolism  Levêque was also a sculptor, poet and art theoretician 
Levêque was born in Nivelles, Walloon Brabant  He studied under Jean-François Portaels at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, and received the Prix Godecharle for his painting Job in 1890 
Levêque was a member of the "Salon d'Art Idéaliste", formed by Jean Delville in Brussels in 1896, which is considered the Belgian equivalent to the Parisian Rose & Cross Salon  Other members of the group were  Léon Frédéric, Albert Ciamberlani, Constant Montald, Emile Motte, Victor Rousseau, Armand Point and Alexandre Séon  The Salon was abandoned in 1898  He died in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode 

Notable paintings
Job
Les Dentelles d'airain
Panthéra et Vipérena
Mater dolorosa
Circé
Dante
Parque
Repos
Ouvriers tragiques
Triomphe de la Mort
Moisson future
Hymne d'Amour
Repos de Diane
Combat de Centaures
Portrait d'Edmond Picard (I)
Portrait d'Edmond Picard (II)

Notable sculptures
Fin de Sodome
Triomphe de la Vigne
Combat d'amazones
Vision païenne
Passage 8:
Fort Vancouver High School
Fort Vancouver High School, known as FVHS and Fort Vancouver High School Center for International Studies, is a public high school located in Vancouver, Washington  It is named after Fort Vancouver, an early trading outpost (now restored and located near the banks of the Columbia River, a few miles from where the school is located)   The FVHS symbol is the Trapper, in reference to the fur trade in the early 19th century by such groups as Hudson's Bay Company voyageurs 

History
Originally named Vancouver High School, the institution opened in 1888  Classes were first held in the basement of Central School  During 1905–1913, classes were held in the old Franklin School building, then from 1913–1970 in its own building at West 26th street and Main Street (what is now the corner of Main Street and Fourth Plain Boulevard)  The first graduating class was in June 1891, when 12 students (9 girls and 3 boys) received their diplomas  By 1912, 276 students had received diplomas from the high school, before the permanent Vancouver High School was even opened for the 1912–1913 school year 
The Vancouver School District decided to change the name of the school in 1956 when a second high school, Hudson's Bay, was built just east of the main downtown area, near Clark College  In the fall of 1970, the campus of Fort Vancouver High School was relocated to its present location in a new building at 5700 E  18th Street  In 1972, against much public protest, the original classical three-story brick high school building was demolished  In the late 1990s, most of the original interior of the present high school building was gutted, reconfigured and rebuilt 

Sports
Fort Vancouver participates in the Greater St  Helens 3A league and is a member of the Washington Interscholastic Athletics Association (WIAA) 

State championships
Baseball: 1990
Boys Basketball: 1938
Boys Track: 1956

Current
Fort Vancouver High School has 86 teachers serving a little more than 1500 students  Students at Fort Vancouver have diverse backgrounds and economic status  16 8% of the students are in Fort Vancouver's ELL (English Language Learning) program and 11 9% are in Special Education   Approximately one-third of Fort Vancouver's students speak a language other than English when at home   Fort Vancouver High School is the only high school in Vancouver School District with an ELL (English Language Learning) program 

Magnets
Fort Vancouver High School is home to several of the Vancouver School District's "magnet" programs  The Legal, Medical, Culinary Arts, Industrial Arts, and ELL magnets draw students to FVHS for specialized education programs 
The legal magnet is no longer in function at FVHS  Although, their Mock Trial program has for the past 22 years, been the district champion, moving on to the state, and on several occasions, the national level  In the 2012 district competition, they came in first place  The FVHS Legal Magnet is also one of two public high schools in the nation to have a functioning courtroom facility on its campus  The court room is no longer used for actual judicial proceedings from the Washington State Court of Appeals and the Clark County Student Traffic Court 
The Medical Magnet, founded also in 1992, strives to give students an in-depth knowledge of the medical field  Many students who enroll in the program go on to college to pursue degrees in the medical field  The medical magnet leads the students of the FVHS Red Cross Club in organizing blood drives and humanitarian aid projects 
The Culinary Arts Program at FVHS, founded in 1972, is the oldest magnet at FVHS  Students in this program gain a comprehensive knowledge of the hospitality industry as well as the experience of cooking during their class time  Many will intern at the cafes in the VSD headquarters 
The Industrial Arts Magnet provides students with an introduction to the skills necessary for a successful career in the manual trades  Students also gain knowledge of the artistic and practical side of welding and machine technologies 
The ELL program at FVHS is the only one of its kind in the district  Students from diverse backgrounds come together here to learn a common language and culture, to become better acclimated with America  Fort Vancouver has students from all over the world speaking practically every language and it is here in the ELL Magnet that a melting pot of world cultures comes together so that students can learn from one another  Starting 2016, the school has renamed the program as Center For International Studies   The school is a member of the Asia Society's International Studies Schools Network, a consortium of schools throughout the U S  that are committed to developing global competence 

Other programs
Students at Fort Vancouver High School can also be involved in Running Start, which allows students to receive both college and high school credits while attending Clark College  Students may also take advantage of vocational programs offered through Clark College  Additionally, some classes at FVHS offer credit through the WSU-Vancouver campus 

Notable alumni
Al Fagaly - 1928, Golden Age cartoonist (There Oughta be a Law! comic strip, Archie, Super Duck)
Travis Claridge - NFL, Atlanta Falcons
Steve Dils - 1974, NFL quarterback
Brian Hunter (outfielder) - MLB, Houston Astros
Jim Moeller - 1973, Washington State House of Representatives
Craig Pridemore - 1979, Washington State Senate
Eric Michael Cole - 1994, actor
Lisa Spangler - 2015, Mixed Martial Arts Fighter
Passage 9:
Boiron
Boiron (French pronunciation: ​[bwaʁɔ̃]) is a manufacturer of homeopathic products, headquartered in France and with an operating presence in 59 countries worldwide  It is the largest manufacturer of homeopathic products in the world  In 2004, it employed a workforce of 2,779 and had a turnover of € 313 million  It is currently a member of the CAC Small stock index 
In June 2005, the firm acquired Dolisos Laboratories, then the world's second largest manufacturer of homeopathic preparations Products of Boiron include mono- (Hahnemanian) preparations and poly-, which Boiron refer to as "Proprietary drugs" Homeopathy is a pseudoscience with no evidence of effectiveness for stated claims or plausible mechanism of medicinal effect, and several class action lawsuits have been filed on behalf of consumers claiming that Boiron's homeopathic products, including Children's Coldcalm and Oscillococcinum, are useless and Boiron's marketing of these products is deceptive 

Controversies
Samuele Riva
Samuele Riva, an Italian blogger, wrote an article about the implausibility of homeopathy, including images of Boiron's products  The company sent a letter to the Internet provider of the blog, but the result was a backlash in favor of freedom of speech 

Lawsuits
The non-profit educational organizations Center for Inquiry (CFI) and the associated Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) have petitioned the U S  Food and Drug Administration (FDA), criticizing Boiron for misleading labeling and advertising of Oscillococcinum  "One petition complains that Boiron’s packaging for Oscillococcinum lists the alleged active ingredient – duck liver and heart – in Latin only  Another petition complains that Boiron’s web ad for this product implies that it has received FDA approval " Ronald Lindsay, CFI and CSI president and chief executive officer, contends, "If Boiron is going to sell snake oil, the least they can do is use English on their labels ”A class action against Boiron, filed in 2011 on behalf of "all California residents who purchased Oscillo at any time within the past four years", charged that Boiron "falsely advertises that Oscillo has the ability to cure the flu because it contains an active ingredient it claims is proven to get rid of flu symptoms in 48 hours " The lawsuit also stated that the listed active ingredient in Oscillococcinum (Oscillo) "is actually Muscovy Duck Liver and Heart     and has no known medicinal quality " A settlement was reached, with Boiron denying any wrongdoing  As part of the settlement, Boiron agreed to make specific changes to its marketing, including adding to their packaging notices like "These ‘Uses’ have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration" and "C, K, CK, and X are homeopathic dilutions "While the sector is in crisis following the cessation of reimbursement of homeopathic preparations by social security decided by the Minister of Health Agnès Buzyn, the Boiron group announced that its factory at Montrichard, in Loir-et-Cher had failed to find a buyer  Consequently, the site, which employed approximately 80 people, closed on December 31, 2021 
Passage 10:
Aerotech Consumer Aerospace
Aerotech Consumer Aerospace, established in 1982, is a company that supplies motors, kits, and components for mid and high-power rocketry 
The company's headquarters are located in Cedar City, Utah and its products are sold mainly through US and international dealers   They specialize in APCP used in low-, mid-, and high-power rocket motors as well as supplying rocket kits designed around their motors 
Aerotech produces single use and reloadable motors in the mid-power range (D - G impulse)   They also produce high power rocket motor reloads, ranging from H to O impulse   High power reloads require proper certification from the National Association of Rocketry or Tripoli Rocketry Association   Until 2017, all reloads required the use of Aerotech, Rouse-Tech, or Dr  Rocket reload casings   A recent cross-use certification agreement permits the use of 98mm Aerotech reloads in CTI (Cesaroni Technology Incorporated) hardware 
Corpulent Stump is the most powerful non commercial rocket ever launched on an Aerotech motor in the United Kingdom 

External links
Official site
Passage 11:
Fleur-de-lis
The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural fleurs-de-lis or fleurs-de-lys), is a common heraldic charge in the shape of a lily (in French, fleur and lis mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively)  Most notably, the fleur-de-lis is depicted on the traditional coat of arms of France that was used from the High Middle Ages until the French Revolution in 1792, and then again in brief periods in the 19th century  This design still represents France and the House of Bourbon in the form of marshalling in e g  the arms of Spain, Quebec and Canada 
Other European nations have also employed the symbol  The fleur-de-lis became "at one and the same time, religious, political, dynastic, artistic, emblematic, and symbolic," especially in French heraldry  The Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph are among saints often depicted with a lily 
The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C ⚜  in the Miscellaneous Symbols block 

Origin
The fleur-de-lis is widely thought to be a stylized version of the species Iris pseudacorus, or Iris florentina  However, the lily (genus Lilium, family Liliaceae) and the iris (family Iridaceae) are two different plants, phylogenetically and taxonomically unrelated  Lily (in Italian: giglio) is the name usually associated with the stylized flower in the Florentine heraldic devices 
Decorative ornaments that resemble the fleur-de-lis have appeared in artwork from the earliest human civilizations  According to Pierre-Augustin Boissier de Sauvages, an 18th-century French naturalist and lexicographer:
The old fleurs-de-lis, especially the ones found in our first kings' sceptres, have a lot less in common with ordinary lilies than the flowers called flambas [in Occitan], or irises, from which the name of our own fleur-de-lis may derive  What gives some colour of truth to this hypothesis that we already put forth, is the fact that the French or Franks, before entering Gaul itself, lived for a long time around the river named Lys in the Flanders  Nowadays, this river is still bordered with an exceptional number of irises —as many plants grow for centuries in the same places—: these irises have yellow flowers, which is not a typical feature of lilies but fleurs-de-lis  It was thus understandable that our kings, having to choose a symbolic image for what later became a coat of arms, set their minds on the iris, a flower that was common around their homes, and is also as beautiful as it was remarkable  They called it, in short, the fleur-de-lis, instead of the flower of the river of lis  This flower, or iris, looks like our fleur-de-lis not just because of its yellow colour but also because of its shape: of the six petals, or leaves, that it has, three of them are alternatively straight and meet at their tops  The other three on the opposite, bend down so that the middle one seems to make one with the stalk and only the two ones facing out from left and right can clearly be seen, which is again similar with our fleurs-de-lis, that is to say exclusively the one from the river Luts whose white petals bend down too when the flower blooms 

The heraldist François Velde is known to have expressed the same opinion:
However, a hypothesis ventured in the 17th c  sounds very plausible to me  One species of wild iris, the Iris pseudacorus, yellow flag in English, is yellow and grows in marshes (cf  the azure field, for water)  Its name in German is Lieschblume (also gelbe Schwertlilie), but Liesch was also spelled Lies and Leys in the Middle Ages  It is easy to imagine that, in Northern France, the Lieschblume would have been called 'fleur-de-lis'  This would explain the name and the formal origin of the design, as a stylized yellow flag  There is a fanciful legend about Clovis which links the yellow flag explicitly with the French coat of arms 
Sauvages' hypothesis seems to be supported by the archaic English spelling fleur-de-luce and by the Luts's variant name Lits 

Alternative derivations
Another (debated) hypothesis is that the symbol derives from the angon or sting,  a typical Frankish throwing spear  The medieval Bec de Corban, a bladed and hooked polearm, bears similarities to the symbol as well  
A possibly derived symbol of Frankish royalty was the bee, of similar shape, as found in the burial of Childric I, whose royal see of power over the Salian Franks was based over the valley of the Lys Other imaginative explanations include the shape having been developed from the image of a dove descending, which is the symbol of the Holy Ghost 

Ancient usages
It has consistently been used as a royal emblem, though different cultures have interpreted its meaning in varying ways  Gaulish coins show the first Western designs which look similar to modern fleurs-de-lis  In the East it was found on the gold helmet of a Scythian king uncovered at the Ak-Burun kurgan and conserved in Saint Petersburg's Hermitage Museum 

Heraldic use
France
While the fleur-de-lis has appeared on countless European coats of arms and flags over the centuries, it is particularly associated with the French monarchy in a historical context and continues to appear in the arms of the king of Spain (from the French House of Bourbon), the grand duke of Luxembourg, and members of the House of Bourbon  It remains an enduring symbol of France which appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics  According to French historian Georges Duby, the three petals represent the three medieval social estates: the commoners, the nobility, and the clergy Although the origin of the fleur-de-lis is unclear, it has retained an association with French nobility  It is widely used in French city emblems as in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt, and Calais  Some cities that had been particularly faithful to the French Crown were awarded a heraldic augmentation of two or three fleurs-de-lis on the chief of their coat of arms; such cities include Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Reims, Le Havre, Angers, Le Mans, Aix-en-Provence, Tours, Limoges, Amiens, Orléans, Rouen, Argenteuil, Poitiers, Chartres, and Laon, among others  The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom  It has appeared on the coat-of-arms of other historical provinces of France including Burgundy, Anjou, Picardy, Berry, Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Maine, Touraine, Artois, Dauphiné, Saintonge, and the County of La Marche  Many of the current French departments use the symbol on their coats-of-arms to express this heritage 

The graphic evolution of crita to fleur-de-lis was accompanied by textual allegory  By the late 13th century, an allegorical poem by Guillaume de Nangis (d  1300), written at Joyenval Abbey in Chambourcy, relates how the golden lilies on an azure ground were miraculously substituted for the crescents on Clovis' shield, a projection into the past of contemporary images of heraldry The fleur-de-lis' symbolic origins with French monarchs may stem from the baptismal lily used in the crowning of King Clovis I  The French monarchy may have adopted the Fleur-de-lis for its royal coat of arms as a symbol of purity to commemorate the conversion of Clovis I, and a reminder of the Fleur-de-lis ampulla that held the oil used to anoint the king  So, the fleur-de-lis stood as a symbol of the king's divinely approved right to rule  The thus "anointed" kings of France later maintained that their authority was directly from God  A legend enhances the mystique of royalty by informing us that a vial of oil—the Holy Ampulla—descended from Heaven to anoint and sanctify Clovis as King, descending directly on Clovis or perhaps brought by a dove to Saint Remigius  One version explains that an angel descended with the Fleur-de-lis ampulla to anoint the king  Another story tells of Clovis putting a flower in his helmet just before his victory at the Battle of Vouillé  Through this propagandist connection to Clovis, the fleur-de-lis has been taken in retrospect to symbolize all the Christian Frankish kings, most notably Charlemagne In the 14th-century French writers asserted that the monarchy of France, which developed from the Kingdom of the West Franks, could trace its heritage back to the divine gift of royal arms received by Clovis  This story has remained popular, even though modern scholarship has established that the fleur-de-lis was a religious symbol before it was a true heraldic symbol  Along with true lilies, it was associated with the Virgin Mary, and in the 12th century Louis VI and Louis VII (House of Capet) started to use the emblem, on sceptres for example, so connecting their rulership with this symbol of saintliness and divine right  Louis VII ordered the use of fleur-de-lis clothing in his son Philip's coronation in 1179, while the first visual evidence of clearly heraldic use dates from 1211: a seal showing the future Louis VIII and his shield strewn with the "flowers"  Until the late 14th century the French royal coat of arms was Azure semé-de-lis Or (a blue shield "sown" (semé) with a scattering of small golden fleurs-de-lis), but Charles V of France changed the design from an all-over scattering to a group of three in about 1376  These two coats are known in heraldic terminology as France Ancient and France Modern, respectively 

In the reign of King Louis IX (St  Louis) the three petals of the flower were said to represent faith, wisdom and chivalry, and to be a sign of divine favour bestowed on France  During the next century, the 14th, the tradition of Trinity symbolism was established in France, and then spread elsewhere In 1328, King Edward III of England inherited a claim to the crown of France, and in about 1340 he quartered France Ancient with the arms of Plantagenet, as "arms of pretence"    After the kings of France adopted France Modern, the kings of England adopted the new design as quarterings from about 1411  The monarchs of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to quarter the French arms until 1801, when George III abandoned his formal claim to the French throne King Charles VII ennobled Joan of Arc's family on 29 December 1429 with an inheritable symbolic denomination  The Chamber of Accounts in France registered the family's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430  The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys 

France Moderne
France moderne remained the French royal standard, and with a white background was the French national flag until the French Revolution, when it was replaced by the tricolor of modern-day France  The fleur-de-lis was restored to the French flag in 1814, but replaced once again after the revolution against Charles X of France in 1830  In a very strange turn of events after the end of the Second French Empire, where a flag apparently influenced the course of history, Henri, comte de Chambord, was offered the throne as King of France, but he agreed only if France gave up the tricolor and brought back the white flag with fleurs-de-lis  His condition was rejected and France became a republic 

Other contries
In Brazil, the city of Joinville has three fleurs-de-lis surmounted with a label of three points on its flag and coat of arms  Due to the city is named after François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville, son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, who married Princess Francisca of Brazil in 1843 
The fleur-de-lis appears on the coat of Guadeloupe, an overseas département of France in the Caribbean, Saint Barthélemy, an overseas collectivity of France, and French Guiana  The overseas department of Réunion in the Indian Ocean uses the same feature  It appears on the coat of Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius which was named in honour of King Louis XV  On the coat of arms of Saint Lucia it represents the French heritage of the country 
In Ukraine, the Foreign Intelligence Service used the emblem with the coat of arms of Ukraine in conjunction with four golden fleurs-de-lis, along with the motto "Omnia, Vincit, Veritas" 

Municipal coats-of-arms
Fleurs-de-lis feature prominently in the Crown Jewels of England and Scotland  In English heraldry, they are used in many different ways, and can be the cadency mark of the sixth son  Additionally, it features in a large number of royal arms of the House of Plantagenet, from the 13th century onwards to the early Tudors (Elizabeth of York and the de la Pole family) The tressure flory–counterflory (flowered border) has been a prominent part of the design of the Scottish royal arms and Royal Standard since James I of Scotland 

In Italy, fleurs-de-lis have been used for some papal crowns and coats of arms, the Farnese Dukes of Parma, and by some doges of Venice The fleur-de-lis was also the symbol of the House of Kotromanić, a ruling house in medieval Bosnia allegedly in recognition of the Capetian House of Anjou, where the flower is thought of as a Lilium bosniacum  Today, fleur-de-lis is a national symbol of Bosniaks Other countries include Spain in recognition of rulers from the House of Bourbon  Coins minted in 14th-century Romania, from the region that was the Principality of Moldova at the time, ruled by Petru I Mușat, carry the fleur-de-lis symbol As a dynastic emblem it has also been very widely used: not only by noble families but also, for example, by the Fuggers, a medieval banking family 
Three fleurs-de-lis appeared in the personal coat of arms of Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt who ruled the Malta between 1601 and 1622  His nephew Adrien de Wignacourt, who was Grandmaster himself from 1690 to 1697, also had a similar coat of arms with three fleurs-de-lis 
The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread: among the numerous cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word 'lily', for example, Liljendal, Finland, and Lelystad, Netherlands  This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology  Other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden and Darmstadt in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania  The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats In Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms  These are derived from an arch which was part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct that had three sculpted fleurs-de-lis on top, as they were the heraldic symbols of Alof de Wignacourt, the Grand Master who financed its building  Another suburb which developed around the area became known as Fleur-de-Lys, and it also features a red fleur-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms 

Albania
In Albania, fleur-de-lys (alb: Lulja e Zambakut) has been always associated with the Noble House of Topia  After the Ottoman invasion of Albania, the symbol was removed by the Toptani family, a branch of the Topia Family 

Belarus
The Belarusian Scouting and Guiding organization that, while preserving the traditions of the past, uses a fleur-de-lis as a symbol 

Bosnia and Herzegovina
The golden lily is a traditional symbol of the Bosniak people  The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily, Lilium bosniacum  This emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998  The state insignia were changed in 1999  The former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy  Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of many cantons, municipalities, cities and towns  It is still used as official insignia of the Bosniak Regiment of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Canada
The Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon Flag"  symbolizing royal France, was the most commonly used flag in New France  The  "Bourbon Flag" has three gold fleur-de-lis on a dark blue field arranged two and one  The fleur-de-lys was also seen on New France's currency often referred to as "card money"  The white Royal Banner of France was used by the military of New France and was seen on naval vessels and forts of New France  After the fall of New France to the British Empire the fleur-de-lys remained visible on churches and remained part of French cultural symbolism  There are many French-speaking Canadians for whom the fleur-de-lis remains a symbol of their French cultural identity  Québécois, Franco-Ontarians, Franco-Ténois and Franco-Albertans, feature the fleur-de-lis prominently on their flags 
The Fleur-de-lys, as a traditional Royal symbol in Canada, has been incorporated into many national symbols, provincial symbols and
municipal symbols, The Canadian Red Ensign that served as the nautical flag and civil ensign for Canada from 1892 to 1965 and later as an informal flag of Canada before 1965 featured the traditional number of three golden fleur-de-lys on a blue background  The Arms of Canada throughout its variations has used fleur-de-lys, beginning in 1921 and subsequent various has featuring the blue "Bourbon Flag" in two locations within arms  The Canadian Royal cypher and the Arms of Canada feature St Edward's Crown that displays five cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys   The fleur-de-lis is featured on the flag of Quebec, known as the Fleurdelisé, as well as the flags of the cities of Montreal, Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières 

Italy
In Italy, the fleur de lis - called giglio bottonato (it) - is mainly known from the crest of the city of Florence  In the Florentine fleurs-de-lis  the stamens are always posed between the petals  Originally argent (silver or white) on gules (red) background, the emblem became the standard of the imperial party in Florence (parte ghibellina), causing the town government, which maintained a staunch Guelph stance, being strongly opposed to the imperial pretensions on city states, to reverse the color pattern to the final gules lily on argent background  This heraldic charge is often known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional (stamen-not-shown) design  As an emblem of the city, it is therefore found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop, and associated with Florence's patron Saint John the Baptist in the Florentine fiorino  Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens 

Lithuania
The design of the arms of Jurbarkas is believed to originate from the arms of the Sapieha house, a Lithuanian noble family which was responsible for Jurbarkas receiving city rights and a coat of arms in 1611 The three fleurs-de-lis design on the Jurbarkas coat of arms was abolished during the final years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but officially restored in 1993 after the independence of present-day Lithuania was re-established  Before restoration, several variant designs, such as using one over two fleurs-de-lis, had been restored and abolished  The original two over one version was briefly readopted in 1970 during the Soviet occupation, but abolished that same year 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a fleur-de-lis has appeared in the official arms of the Norroy King of Arms for hundreds of years  A silver fleur-de-lis on a blue background is the arms of the Barons Digby In English and Canadian heraldry the fleur-de-lis is the cadence mark of a sixth son It can also be found on the arms of the Scottish clan Chiefs of both Carruthers; Gules two engrailed chevrons between three fleur-d-lis Or and the Brouns/Browns: Gules a chevron between three fleur d-lis Or 

United States
Fleurs-de-lis crossed the Atlantic along with Europeans going to the New World, especially with French settlers  Their presence on North American flags and coats of arms usually recalls the involvement of French settlers in New France of the town or region concerned, and in some cases the persisting presence there of a population descended from such settlers 

In the US, the fleur-de-lis symbols tend to be along or near the Mississippi and Missouri rivers  These are areas of strong French colonial empire settlement  Some of the places that have it in their flag or seal are the cities of Baton Rouge, Detroit, Lafayette, Louisville, Mobile, New Orleans, Ocean Springs and St  Louis  On 9 July 2008, Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal signed a bill into law making the fleur-de-lis an official symbol of the state  Following Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005, the fleur-de-lis has been widely used in New Orleans and throughout Louisiana, as a symbol of grassroots support for New Orleans' recovery  The coat of arms of St  Augustine, Florida has a fleur-de-lis on the first quarter, due to its connection with Huguenots  Several counties have flags and seals based on pre-1801 British royal arms also includes fleur-de-lis symbols  They are King George County, Virginia and Prince George's County, Somerset County, Kent County, and Montgomery County in Maryland 
It has also become the symbol for the identity of the Cajuns and Louisiana Creole people, and their French heritage 

Military
Fleurs-de-lis are featured in military healdry  E g , in the United States, the New Jersey Army National Guard unit 112th Field Artillery (Self Propelled)—part of the much larger 42nd Infantry Division Mechanized—which has it in the upper left side of their distinctive unit insignia; the U S  Army's 2nd Cavalry Regiment, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 62nd Medical Brigade, 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team; and the Corps of Cadets at Louisiana State University   The U S  Air Force's Special Operations Weather Beret Flash also used a fleurs-de-lis in its design, carried over from its Vietnam War era Commando Weatherman Beret Flash  It is also featured by the Israeli Intelligence Corps, and the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force  In the British Army, the fleur-de-lis was the cap badge of the Manchester Regiment from 1922 until 1958, and also its successor, the King's Regiment up to its amalgamation in 2006  It commemorates the capture of French regimental colours by their predecessors, the 63rd Regiment of Foot, during the Invasion of Martinique in 1759  It is also the formation sign of the 2nd (Independent) Armored Brigade of the Indian Army, known as the 7th Indian Cavalry Brigade in First World War, which received the emblem for its actions in France 

In religion and art
In the Middle Ages, the symbols of lily and fleur-de-lis overlapped considerably in Christian religious art  The historian Michel Pastoureau says that until about 1300 they were found in depictions of Jesus, but gradually they took on Marian symbolism and were associated with the Song of Solomon's "lily among thorns" (lilium inter spinas), understood as a reference to Mary  Other scripture and religious literature in which the lily symbolizes purity and chastity also helped establish the flower as an iconographic attribute of the Virgin  It was also believed that the fleur-de-lis represented the Holy Trinity In medieval England, from the mid-12th century, a noblewoman's seal often showed the lady with a fleur-de-lis, drawing on the Marian connotations of "female virtue and spirituality"  Images of Mary holding the flower first appeared in the 11th century on coins issued by cathedrals dedicated to her, and next on the seals of cathedral chapters, starting with Notre Dame de Paris in 1146  A standard portrayal was of Mary carrying the flower in her right hand, just as she is shown in that church's Virgin of Paris statue (with lily), and in the centre of the stained glass rose window (with fleur-de-lis sceptre) above its main entrance  The flowers may be "simple fleurons, sometimes garden lilies, sometimes genuine heraldic fleurs-de-lis"  As attributes of the Madonna, they are often seen in pictures of the Annunciation, notably in those of Sandro Botticelli and Filippo Lippi  Lippi also uses both flowers in other related contexts: for instance, in his Madonna in the Forest 
The three petals of the heraldic design reflect a widespread association with the Holy Trinity, with the band on the bottom symbolizing Mary  The tradition says that without Mary you can not understand the Trinity since it was she who bore the Son  A tradition going back to 14th century France added onto the earlier belief that they also represented faith, wisdom and chivalry  Alternatively, the cord can be seen as representing the one Divine Substance (godhood) of the three Persons, which binds Them together 
"Flower of light" symbolism has sometimes been understood from the archaic variant fleur-de-luce (see Latin lux, luc- = "light"), but the Oxford English Dictionary suggests this arose from the spelling, not from the etymology 

Sports
The fleur-de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag  This is true with the teams from Quebec (Nordiques (ex-NHL), Montreal Expos (ex-MLB) and CF Montréal (MLS)), the teams of New Orleans, Louisiana (Saints (NFL), Pelicans (NBA), and Zephyrs (PCL)), the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien – The Lilies), the Rugby league team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, the NPSL team Detroit City FC Marc-André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur-de-lis logo on his mask  The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St-Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur-de-lis on his right calf  The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F C  has it in their logo  France uses the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 

Education
The emblem appears in coats of arms and logos for universities (like Washington University in St  Louis, Saint Louis University in Spain, University of Lincoln in England and University of Louisiana at Lafayette) and schools such as in Hilton College (South Africa), Adamson University and St  Paul's University in the Philippines  The Lady Knights of the University of Arkansas at Monticello have also adopted the fleur de lis as one of the symbols associated with their coat of arms  The flag of Lincolnshire, adopted in 2005, has a fleur-de-lis for the city of Lincoln  It is one of the symbols of the American sororities Kappa Kappa Gamma and Theta Phi Alpha, the American fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Sigma Alpha Mu, as well as the international co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega  It is also used by the high school and college fraternity Scouts Royale Brotherhood of the Philippines 

Scouting
The fleur-de-lis is the main element in the logo of most Scouting organizations  The symbol was first used by Sir Robert Baden-Powell as an arm-badge for soldiers who qualified as scouts (reconnaissance specialists) in the 5th Dragoon Guards, which he commanded at the end of the 19th century; it was later used in cavalry regiments throughout the British Army until 1921  In 1907, Baden-Powell made brass fleur-de-lis badges for the boys attending his first experimental "Boy Scout" camp at Brownsea Island  In his seminal book Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell referred to the motif as "the arrowhead which shows the North on a map or a compass" and continued; "It is the Badge of the Scout because it points in the right direction and upward    The three points remind you of the three points of the Scout Promise", being duty to God and country, helping others, and keeping the Scout Law  The World Scout Emblem of the World Organization of the Scout Movement has elements which are used by most national Scout organizations  The stars stand for truth and knowledge, the encircling rope for unity, and its reef knot or square knot, service 

Organizations
Fleurs-de-lis appear on military insignia and the logos of many organisations  During the 20th century the symbol was adopted by various Scouting organisations worldwide for their badges  Architects and designers use it alone and as a repeated motif in a wide range of contexts, from ironwork to bookbinding, especially where a French context is implied 

Healdic feature in architecture
In building and architecture, the fleur-de-lis is often placed on top of iron fence posts, as a pointed defence against intruders  It may ornament any tip, point or post with a decorative flourish, for instance, on finials, the arms of a cross, or the point of a gable  The fleur-de-lis can be incorporated in friezes or cornices, although the distinctions between fleur-de-lis, fleuron, and other stylized flowers are not always clear, or can be used as a motif in an all-over tiled pattern, perhaps on a floor 
It may appear in a building for heraldic reasons, as in some English churches where the design paid a compliment to a local lord who used the flower on his coat of arms  Elsewhere the effect seems purely visual, like the crenellations on the 14th-century Muslim Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 
It can also be seen on the doors of the 16th-century Hindu Padmanabhaswamy Temple 

Derived non-heraldic usage
Some modern usage of the fleur-de-lis reflects "the continuing presence of heraldry in everyday life", often intentionally, but also when users are not aware that they are "prolonging the life of centuries-old insignia and emblems" 

The symbol may be used in less traditional ways  After Hurricane Katrina many New Orleanians of varying ages and backgrounds were tattooed with "one of its cultural emblems" as a "memorial" of the storm, according to a researcher at Tulane University  The US Navy Blue Angels have named a looping flight demonstration manoeuvre after the flower as well, and there are even two surgical procedures called "after the fleur "
American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet takes its name from the racing driver Louis Chevrolet, who was born in Switzerland   But, because the Chevrolet name is French, the manufacturer has used the fleur-de-lis emblems on their cars, most notably the Corvette, but also as a small detail in the badges and emblems on the front of a variety of full-size Chevys from the 1950s, and 1960s   The fleur-de-lis has also been featured more prominently in the emblems of the Caprice sedan A fleur-de-lis also appears in some of the logos of local Louisiana media, such as WGNO-TV and WVUE-TV, the local ABC-affiliated and Fox-affiliated television stations in New Orleans respectively 
The fleur-de-lis is one of the objects to drop during the New Year's Eve celebrations in New Orleans, which was broadcast for the first time during Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve '17 with Ryan Seacrest 
New Orleans sludge metal band Crowbar use it as a logo  It's appeared on every album cover since Lifesblood for the Downtrodden and is sometimes incorporated into the artwork (on The Serpent Only Lies as a snake and on Sever the Wicked Hand as a sword's hilt)  The Fleur-de-lis is also used decoratively on fire apparatus 

Compass rose
The symbol is also often used on a compass rose to mark the north direction, a tradition started by the Portuguese cartographer Jorge de Aguiar in his chart of 1492 

Slave branding
In Mauritius, slaves were branded with a fleur-de-lis, when being punished for escaping or stealing food In France, some categories of outlaws were branded with a fleur de lys iron rod as a punishment for crimes involving a banishment sentence  In 1724, the punishment evolved in a system of letters brandings relative to the crime  The fleur de lys became an exclusive punishment for slaves in the colonies 
The fleur-de-lis (or flower de Luce) could be branded on slaves as punishment for certain offenses in French Louisiana   For instance, the Louisiana Code Noir (1724) stated:

XXXII  The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the shoulder: and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder  On the third offence, he shall suffer death" 
The Code Noir was an arrangement of controls received in Louisiana in 1724 from other French settlements around the globe, intended to represent the state's slave populace  Those guidelines included marking slaves with the fleur-de-lis as discipline for fleeing 

In fiction
The symbol has featured in modern fiction on historical and mystical themes, as in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code and other books discussing the Priory of Sion  It recurs in French literature, where examples well known in English translation include Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, a character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo, and the mention in Dumas's The Three Musketeers of the old custom of branding a criminal with the sign (fleurdeliser)  During the reign of Elizabeth I of England, known as the Elizabethan era, it was a standard name for an iris, a usage which lasted for centuries, but occasionally refers to lilies or other flowers  It also appeared in the novel A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole on a sign composed by the protagonist 

In John Steinbeck's East of Eden, Cathy Ames ("Kate") wears a gold watch with a fleur-de-lis pin around her neck A variation on the symbol has also been used in the Star Wars franchise to represent the planet of Naboo  The fleur de lis is also used as the heraldic emblem for the Kingdom of Temeria in Andrzej Sapkowski's fantasy novel series The Witcher 
The fleur de lis has also been used in the TV series The Originals, in which it is used to represent the Mikaelson family, the first vampires in the world  The symbol's representation of unity and its usage in New Orleans where the show is set, are used to represent the vow three of the Mikaelson siblings made to each other that they remain together, always and forever 
The fleur de lis is displayed in Champion, a cavalry unit that appears in Heroes of Might and Magic V: Tribes of the East, and is also a symbol adopted by the Sisters of Battle, a faction in Warhammer 40,000  A heavily stylized fleur de lis symbol can also be recognized as the symbol of the ICA in the Hitman series of video games The Pokémon villain Lysandre; whose debut game was Pokémon X and Y is known in Japan as フラダリ (Furadari); a romanised name for the fleur-de-lis  Relevant is that Pokémon X and Y are inspired by France  Many locations and landmarks across Kalos have real-world inspirations, including Prism Tower (Eiffel Tower), the Lumiose Art Museum (the Louvre) and the stones outside Geosenge Town (Carnac stones) This symbol is also used as the icon for the fictional street gang "Third Street Saints" in the Saints Row series 
The symbol is also seen in the video games Gangstar: New Orleans and Persona 5, on Yusuke Kitagawa's shirt 

See also
Cross fleury
Floral emblem
Armorial of France
The Golden Lily (disambiguation)
Iris florentina
Iris pseudacorus
Jessant-de-lys
Lilium
Palmette
Prince of Wales's feathers
Shamrock
Scottish thistle
Tree of LifeUse of the lily in coinage and coat-of-arms in the Land of Israel/PalestineAcre, Israel, where the Hospitaller refectory contains two early depictions of the French fleur-de-lis
Hasmonean coinage, coins minted during Hasmonean rule, sometimes depicting a lily
Yehud coinage, Achaemenid period coinage often depicting a lily

Explanatory notes
Context 3: 

Qatar
In Qatar, the fiscal year is from 1 January to 31 December 

Romania
In Romania, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Russia
In Russia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Singapore
In Singapore, the fiscal year for the calculation of personal income taxes is 1 January to 31 December The fiscal year for the Government of Singapore and many government-linked corporations is 1 April to 31 March Corporations and organisations are permitted to select any date as the end of each fiscal year, as long as this date remains constant  However, new companies should consciously choose their financial year end to stretch as much as a duration of 12 months as possible 

South Africa
In South Africa, the financial year for the Government of South Africa is 1 April to 31 March The year of assessment for individuals covers twelve months, 1 March to the final day of February the following year  The Act also provides for certain classes of taxpayers to have a year of assessment ending on a day other than the last day of February  Companies are permitted to have a tax year ending on a date that coincides with their financial year  Many older companies still use a tax year that runs from 1 July to 30 June, inherited from the British system  A common practice for newer companies is to run their tax year from 1 March to the final day of February following, to synchronize with the tax year for individuals 

South Korea
In South Korea, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Spain
In Spain, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Sweden
In Sweden, the fiscal year for individuals is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December The fiscal year for an organisation is typically one of the following:

1 January to 31 December
1 May to 30 April
1 July to 30 June
1 September to 31 AugustHowever, all calendar months are allowed  If an organisation wishes to change into a non-calendar year, permission from the Tax Authority is required 

Switzerland
In Switzerland, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Taiwan
In Taiwan, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December  However, an enterprise may elect to adopt a special fiscal year at the time it is established and can request approval from the tax authorities to change its fiscal year 

Thailand
In Thailand, the government's fiscal year (FY) is 1 October to 30 September of the following year  For individual taxpayers it is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Turkey
In Turkey, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Ukraine
In Ukraine, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

United Arab Emirates
In the United Arab Emirates, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March for the purposes of government financial statements  For personal tax purposes the fiscal year starts on 6 April and ends on 5 April of the next calendar year Although United Kingdom corporation tax is charged by reference to the government's financial year, companies can adopt any year as their accounting year: if there is a change in tax rate, the taxable profit is apportioned to financial years on a time basis A number of major corporations that were once government-owned, such as BT Group and the National Grid, continue to use the government's financial year, which ends on the last day of March, as they have found no reason to change since privatisation The 5 April year end for income tax reflects the old civil and ecclesiastical calendar under which New Year began on 25 March (Lady Day)  The difference between the two dates is accounted for by the eleven days omitted in September 1752 due to the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 by which Great Britain also converted from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar  However, although the calendar year finished on 24 March, the tax year finished a day later, on 25 March, the Quarter Day 
For a fuller explanation about the history of the United Kingdom income tax year and its start date, see History of taxation in the United Kingdom#Why the United Kingdom income tax year begins on 6 April 

United States
Federal government
In the United States, the federal government's fiscal year is the 12-month period beginning 1 October and ending 30 September the following year  The identification of a fiscal year is the calendar year in which it ends; thus, the current fiscal year is 2023, often written as "FY2023" or "FY23", which began on 1 October 2022 and will end on 30 September 2023 
Until 1976, the fiscal year began on 1 July and ended on 30 June  The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 made the change to allow Congress more time to arrive at a budget each year, and provided for what is known as the "transitional quarter" from 1 July 1976 to 30 September 1976  An earlier shift in the federal government's fiscal year was made in 1843, shifting the fiscal year from a calendar year to one starting on 1 July For example, the United States government Fiscal Year 2023 is:

1st quarter: 1 October 2022 – 31 December 2022
2nd quarter: 1 January 2023 – 31 March 2023
3rd quarter: 1 April 2023 – 30 June 2023
4th quarter: 1 July 2023 – 30 September 2023

State governments
State governments set their own fiscal year  Forty-six of the fifty states set their fiscal year to end on 30 June  Four states have fiscal years that end on a different date:

Alabama, ends 30 September
Michigan, ends 30 September
New York, ends 31 March
Texas, ends 31 AugustThe fiscal year for the Washington, D C , government ends on 30 September Among the inhabited territories of the United States, most align with the federal fiscal year, ending on 30 September  These include American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the U S  Virgin Islands  Puerto Rico is the exception, with its fiscal year ending on 30 June 

Vietnam
In Vietnam, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December 

Businesses and organizations
The tax year for a business is governed by the fiscal year it chooses   A business may choose any consistent fiscal year that it wants; however, for seasonal businesses such as farming and retail, a good account practice is to end the fiscal year shortly after the highest revenue time of year   Consequently, most large agriculture companies end their fiscal years after the harvest season, and most retailers end their fiscal years shortly after the Christmas shopping season 

See also
4–4–5 calendar
Passage 8:
Headwall Pond
Headwall Pond (77°34′4″S 160°47′2″E) is a very small ice-covered pond in the Labyrinth of Wright Valley, in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica  The pond lies along a rock headwall close northeast of Craig Pond  The descriptive name was suggested by the United States Antarctic Program field party that sampled the pond in 2003–04 
Passage 9:
Acornsoft
Acornsoft was the software arm of Acorn Computers, and a major publisher of software for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron  As well as games, it also produced a large number of educational titles, extra computer languages and business and utility packages – these included word processor VIEW and the spreadsheet ViewSheet supplied on ROM and cartridge for the BBC Micro/Acorn Electron and included as standard in the BBC Master and Acorn Business Computer 

History
Acornsoft was formed in late 1980 by Acorn Computers directors Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry, and David Johnson-Davies, author of the first game for a UK personal computer and of the official Acorn Atom manual "Atomic Theory and Practice"  David Johnson-Davies was managing director and in early 1981 was joined by Tim Dobson, Programmer and Chris Jordan, Publications Editor 
While some of their games were clones or remakes of popular arcade games (e g  Hopper is a clone of Sega's Frogger, Snapper is Namco's Pac-Man, Arcadians is Namco's Galaxian), they also published a number of original titles such as Aviator, Elite, and Revs  Acornsoft also published text adventures by authors such as Peter Killworth, including Philosopher's Quest (previously titled Brand X) and Countdown to Doom As a result of the publication of a method to circumvent copy protection measures employed by Acornsoft titles, a High Court injunction against Computing Publications - publisher of Personal Computer World - was granted to Acorn Computers "requiring all copies of the January 1984 issue of PCW to be withdrawn from sale", with the article concerned being regarded as inciting readers to "duplicate computer programs"  This injunction was subsequently lifted as a consequence of an out-of-court settlement between the parties involving a damages payment of £65,000 plus costs to Acorn "to meet Acorn's expenses in developing a new locking device"  The article's author, Guy Kewney, and the magazine's editor, Jane Bird, argued that printing a software routine showing how to save Acornsoft cassette software to disk was a service to the magazine's readers  The cost of printing the magazine issue concerned was estimated at £100,000 Acornsoft became a subsidiary within Acorn Computer Group, distinct from Acorn Computers who were responsible for the development of Acorn's microcomputer systems, but Acornsoft ceased to operate as a separate company upon the departure of David Johnson-Davies in January 1986  Past this date, Acorn Computers used the Acornsoft name on office software it released in the VIEW family for the BBC Master series  In 1986 Superior Software was granted a licence to publish some Acornsoft games and re-released many, individually and as compilations such as the Play It Again Sam and Acornsoft Hits series  By agreement, the Acornsoft name was also used on the packaging of some of the subsequent Superior games  Superior chose not to take on Acornsoft's text adventure games, most of which were released in updated versions by Topologika along with some sequels from the same authors 
In 1997, Acorn sought to revive the Acornsoft brand for new software releases, such as upgrades to RISC OS, programming tools, a new Web browser, multitasking movie playback (using Acorn Replay), and Java for RISC OS  A stated objective was to demonstrate that a "wide range of innovative software at competitive prices" was available for RISC OS, with support also being potentially offered to third-party software producers  Acornsoft products themselves would be supported by marketing, including advertising, and the provision of press review samples 

Branding
Acornsoft titles extended their consistent branding to the software's loading screens 

Select titles
Acheton – A text adventure
Arcadians – A Galaxian clone
Aviator – A Spitfire flight simulator  With aliens   
Black Box & Gambit - 2 board game type games which were the winning entries of a 'design a game' competition on ITV's The Saturday Show  Black Box was a licensed version of the Waddingtons game of the same name developed by Ben Finn who would go on to co-write Sibelius  Gambit was created by the Oliver Twins and their first commercially released game
Bouncer – A Q*Bert clone
Business Games – An educational package
Carousel – A Carnival clone
Castle of Riddles – A text adventure
Countdown to Doom – A text adventure; first in a trilogy (although sequels Return to Doom and Last Days of Doom were not published by Acornsoft)
Crazy Tracer – An Amidar clone
Creative Graphics – A series of graphical demonstrations of the BBC Micro's visual capabilities, with user editable code
Drogna – Strategy game based on a section of the BBC TV game show The Adventure Game
Elite – A 3D space battle and trading game
Firebug – A platform and ladders game
Free Fall – Survival game set in an out of control space station
Gateway to Karos – A text adventure
Graphs and Charts – Graphical mathematical modelling
Hopper – A Frogger clone
JCB Digger – A scrolling 2D dig-em-up
Kingdom of Hamil – A text adventure
Labyrinth – A 2D maze based shoot-em-up
Magic Mushrooms – A platform and ladders game with built-in level editor
Meteor Mission – A Lunar Rescue clone
Meteors – An Asteroids clone
Missile Base – A Missile Command clone
Monsters – A Space Panic clone
Philosopher's Quest – A text adventure
Planetoid – A Defender clone originally released as Defender
Revs – A Formula Three racing car simulation
Rocket Raid – A Scramble clone
Snapper – A Pac-Man clone
Sphinx Adventure – A text adventure
Starship Command – A 2D space battle game
Super Invaders – A Space Invaders clone
Volcano – A game in which you rescue people from the other side of an active volcano with a helicopter

Acornsoft Games range
Including all arcade, text adventure and board games  All games were compatible with the BBC Micro Model B  Games followed by Model A & B were compatible with both machines  Games followed by Electron were also released separately for the Acorn Electron  Games are listed by their catalogue numbers which are roughly the order of release of the BBC versions 

G01 Philosopher's Quest (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G02 Defender (BBC 1982) deleted for legal reasons and later re-released as Planetoid
G02 Aviator (BBC 1983) released with G26-G28 but re-used the deleted Defender's number
G03 Monsters (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
G04 Snapper (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
G05 Rocket Raid (BBC 1982)
G06 Arcade Action (BBC Model A & B 1982) 4 games: Invaders, Breakout, Dodgems and Snake
G07 Sphinx Adventure (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G08 Cube Master (BBC 1982)
G09 JCB Digger (BBC 1983)
G10 Chess (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
G11 Maze (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G12 Sliding-Block Puzzles (BBC 1982)
G13 Meteors (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
G14 Arcadians (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G15 Planetoid (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G16 Super Invaders (BBC 1982)
G17 Castle of Riddles (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G18 Missile Base (BBC 1982)
G19 Countdown to Doom (BBC 1982, Electron ROM Cartridge 1984)
G20 Draughts & Reversi (BBC Model A & B 1983, Electron 1983)
G21 Snooker (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
G22 Starship Command (BBC 1983, Electron 1983)
G23 Hopper (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
G24 Carousel (BBC 1983)
G25 Kingdom of Hamil (BBC 1983)
G26 Crazy Tracer (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
G27 Drogna (BBC 1983)
G28 Free Fall (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
G29 Meteor Mission (BBC 1984)
G30 Gateway to Karos (BBC 1983)
G31 Boxer (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
G32 Tetrapod (BBC 1984)
G33 Volcano (BBC 1984)
G34 Black Box & Gambit (BBC 1984)
G35 Bouncer (BBC 1984)
G36 The Seventh Star (BBC 1984)
G37 Acheton (BBC 1984)
G38 Elite (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
G39 Firebug (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
G40 Quondam (BBC 1984)
G41 Labyrinth (BBC 1984)
G42 Go (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
G43 Revs (BBC 1985)
G44 Revs 4 Tracks (BBC 1985) extra tracks for the main game
G45 Elite original BBC Micro 6502 Second Processor version
G46 Magic Mushrooms (BBC 1985, Electron 1985)
G47 Elite enhanced (BBC 1986) incl  6502 Second Processor and Master 128 versionsThere are also a number of completed but unreleased games that have found their way into the public domain such as Crazy Balloon, Hellforce and Bandit that date from around 1983 

Acornsoft Education range
Acornsoft produced a wide range of educational titles aimed at many different age groups 

E01 Algebraic Manipulation (BBC Model A & B 198?)
E02 Peeko-Computer (BBC Model A & B 198?, Electron 1984)
E03 Business Games (BBC Model A & B 198?, Electron 1984) 2 games: Stokmark and Telemark
E04 Tree of Knowledge (BBC 198?, Electron 1983)
E05 Word Hunt (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
E06 Word Sequencing (BBC Model A & B 198?, Electron 1984)
E07 Sentence Sequencing (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
E08 Number Balance (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
E09 Missing Signs (BBC Model A & B 198?, Electron 1984)
E?? Speed and Light (BBC 198?)
E?? Density and Circuit (BBC 198?)
E12 Chemical Analysis (BBC 198?)
E13 Chemical Simulations (BBC 198?)
E14 Chemical Structures (BBC 198?)
E15 Jars (BBC 198?)
E16 Temperature Control Simulation (BBC 1983)
E17 The Examiner (BBC 198?)
E18 Spooky Manor (BBC 198?)
E19
E20
E21
E22 Talkback (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
E23 Workshop (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
E24 ABC (BBC 1984)Acornsoft also published and distributed a range of educational software developed by ASK (Applied Systems Knowledge) that were widely used in schools running BBC Micros  These included Podd (find out which actions a red blobby character can perform (e g  jump, smile, dance), Squeeze (a two player strategy game of squeezing shapes onto a board) and Cranky (solve maths problems to repair a living calculator)  These titles were part of the Acornsoft catalogue but used a different code (XBE?? – all other Acornsoft titles began with S so the Education range on BBC Micro cassettes would be SBE??)  They ran on both the BBC Micro Model B and Acorn Electron 
The Ivan Berg Software range was also mainly educational but had its own distinct code (XBX??)  This included the 6 Grandmaster Quizzes (Theatre, Crime & Detection, Music, History, Science Fiction and Royal), relationship aids "  I Do" Your Guide to a Happy Marriage and The Dating Game and GCE/CSE revision guides (Mathematics, Biology and English) 
Acornsoft also distributed other ranges of educational programs developed by companies such as ICL, Good Housekeeping and Bourne but they are not considered part of the official catalogue 

Acornsoft Business range
Acornsoft produced a range of office software for home and business use 

B01 Desk Diary (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
B02 Forecast (BBC 198?)
B03 VIEW (BBC 198?, Electron ROM cartridge 1984)
B04 VIEW Printer Drivers (BBC 198?)
B05 Personal Money Management (BBC 198?, Electron 1983)
B06 Database (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
B07 ViewSheet (BBC 1984, Electron ROM cartridge 1984)
B08 Invoicing (BBC 1984)
B09 Mailing (BBC 1984)
B10 Accounts Receivable (BBC 1984)
B11 Stock Control (BBC 1984)
B12 Order Processing (BBC 1984)
B13 Accounts Payable (BBC 1984)
B14 Purchasing (BBC 1984)
B15 Hi-View (BBC 19??)
B26 P-System (BBC with 6502 Second Processor)The series continues but mainly with add-on products for the VIEW word processor such as ViewIndex (an automatic index generator) and ViewSpell (spell-checker) as well as newer versions 
View Professional (1987) was a combined wordprocessor, spreadsheet and database similar to PipeDream on the Z88 Although primarily a programming language suite, Acornsoft released its P-System product featuring UCSD Pascal and Fortran 77 compilers as part of its business range  Developed by TDI for Acornsoft, the product required a 6502 second processor and disc system, preferably with two drives  Despite the £299 price, various tools including an assembler and linker were omitted from the product, these being made available in a separate Advanced Development Toolkit from TDI 

Acornsoft Languages range
Acorn systems came with a version of the BBC BASIC programming language as standard but Acornsoft also produced a wide range of other languages that could be loaded in by cassette or disc or in some cases, supplied in ROM form 

L01 FORTH (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
L02 LISP (BBC 1982, Electron 1983, Electron ROM cartridge 1984)
L03 BCPL (BBC 1983)
L04 Microtext (BBC 1983)
L05 6502 Development System (BBC 1985)
L06 Logo (BBC 1983, Electron ROM cartridge 1985)
L07 Turtle Graphics (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
L08 S-Pascal (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
L09 LISP Demonstrations (BBC 1984)
L10 BCPL Calculations Package (BBC 198?)
L11
L12 BCPL Stand Alone Generator (BBC 1983)
L13 FORTH – ROM version (BBC 1984)
L14 LISP – ROM version (BBC 1982)
L15
L16
L17 PROLOG Micro (BBC 1985)
L18 ISO-Pascal (BBC 1984, Electron ROM cartridge 1985)
L19 COMAL (BBC 1984) 
L20
L21
L22 BASIC Editor (BBC 1985)
L23 Termulator (BBC 1987)
L24 ISO-Pascal Stand Alone Generator (BBC 198?)The relative performance of some of Acornsoft's languages was evaluated using a benchmark based on the Takeuchi function, Tak by former Acornsoft managing director, David Johnson-Davies, noting that "it is difficult to imagine a language that performs badly on Tak being much use for anything", illustrating a diversity amongst these language implementations in terms of readability, speed and generated code size  A follow-up article expanded the comparison to other language implementations such as Oxford Pascal, Z80 versions of BBC BASIC, Turbo Pascal and Small-C 

Acornsoft Graphics range and more
The graphics range was used to demonstrate the graphical power of the Acorn computers but only three titles were made available  The X?? code was then used for other types of software 

X01 Creative Graphics (BBC 198?, Electron 1983)
X02 Graphs & Charts (BBC 198?, Electron 1983)
X03 Picture Maker (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
X04 Shirley Conran's Magic Garden (BBC 1983)
X05 Collector's Catalogue (BBC 198?)
X06 Membership Manager (BBC 198?)
X07 One To Nine (BBC 198?)
X08 Hooked on Numbers (BBC 1983)
X09
X10 Complete Cocktail Maker (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
X11 Paul Daniels' Magic Show (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
X12 100 Programs for the BBC Micro (BBC 198?)
X13 Linkword French (BBC 1984)
X14 Linkword Italian (BBC 1984)
X15 Linkword Spanish (BBC 1984)
X16 Linkword German (BBC 1984)
X17 Watch Your Weight (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
X18 Me & My Micro (Electron 1984)The range took on various themes including Creative Sound (X26) 
Passage 10:
Blast Corps
Blast Corps is an action game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64  In the game, the player uses vehicles to destroy buildings in the path of a runaway nuclear missile carrier  In the game's 57 levels, the player solves puzzles by transferring between vehicles to move objects and bridge gaps  It was released in March 1997 in Japan and North America  A wider release followed at the end of that year 
The game was Rare's first game for the Nintendo 64  Its development team ranged between four and seven members, many of whom were recent graduates  The team sought to find gameplay to fit Rare co-founder Chris Stamper's idea for a building destruction game  The puzzle game mechanics were inspired by those of Donkey Kong (1994) 
Blast Corps was released to critical acclaim and received Metacritic's second highest Nintendo 64 game ratings of 1997  The game sold one million copies—lower than the team's expectations—and received several editor's choice awards  Reviewers praised its originality, variety, and graphics, but some criticized its controls and repetition  Reviewers of Rare's 2015 Rare Replay retrospective compilation noted Blast Corps as a standout title 

Gameplay
Blast Corps is a single-player action video game  The player controls vehicles to destroy buildings, farms, and other structures in the path of a runaway nuclear missile carrier  The player fails if the carrier collides with an object  The eight demolition vehicles vary in the way they clear structures: the bulldozer rams, the dump truck drifts, the lightweight buggy crashes from higher ground, the tricycle shoots missiles, another truck presses outwards from its sides, and robot mechs tumble and stomp from the land and the air  The player must transfer between vehicles and other machinery to solve puzzles  Objectives include transporting timed explosive crates and bridging gaps  The game's puzzles increase in difficulty as the player progresses through its 57 levels The world is portrayed from a three-quarters overhead view  The player can adjust the game's viewable perspective with zoom and horizontal panning functions  Pop-up hints will guide the player in the early stages of the game, and other characters audibly encourage the player as each level wears on  The cheery soundtrack increases in tempo as the level's timer runs low  After completing a level, the player can return to explore without a time limit  By finding secrets and activating lights throughout the level, the player raises their score and final medal ranking  There are also secret levels hidden throughout the game, where the player completes objectives against the clock  The player can compete against a ghost copy of their previous path through a level  There are no settings to change the game's difficulty, and the game saves to both the game cartridge itself and external storage 

Plot
The game's story takes place on a parallel Earth, in which mankind lives in relative peace, until an event occurs that threatens the lives of the whole planet  The national government of an unnamed country discovers that the transportation of two defective nuclear missiles has gone wrong, after they begin leaking radiation  The automated carrier transporting them becomes damaged as a result and automatically sets itself on a direct course towards the site for a controlled detonation, effectively placing it in danger where the slightest jolt from hitting buildings or falling into pits would trigger the missiles, causing a catastrophic explosion 
To prevent this, the government hires the demolition company known as Blast Corps - founded by several former military soldiers who were stationed in the base the missiles came from, until an accident involving one of their members led the others to desert their post  Using a variety of different machines to assist them, Blast Corps assigns a new recruit to help clear the carrier's path, ensuring it can get past areas safely, while at the same time seeking out a group of missing scientists needed to conduct the safe detonation of the missiles  Dealing with an array of difficult situations, Blast Corps manages to prevent catastrophe, finding the scientists and putting an end to the threat from the missiles 
After Blast Corps successfully complete their mission, the company finds themselves contracted to help clear several buildings in a city in order to create an emergency runway for a space shuttle returning to Earth  The company successfully completes the mission, later earning a contract to clear debris on the moon, before its employees take a well-earned break after establishing a reputation for being the best demolition company in the business 

Development
Blast Corps was among Rare's first games for the Nintendo 64 and led a run of seven critically acclaimed Rare titles for the console  The game's production began in early 1996  The development team consisted of four recent graduates, though it expanded at times to seven concurrent staff  Martin Wakeley became the game's lead designer  He credited the team's small size for their easy progression from planning to market  Rare founder Chris Stamper was the impetus for the project  He had wanted to make a game about destroying buildings for years prior to Blast Corps's development  The team worked to fit his idea to a gameplay concept and devised a "Constantly Moving Object" conceit that would give the levels a time limit  This idea became the nuclear missile carrier 

Retro Gamer credited Wakeley for Blast Corps's idiosyncratic ideas and humor in light of the game's serious premise  For instance, the Mario Kart 64 "power slide" drift mechanics inspired that of Blast Corps's dump truck  Wakeley championed the drift controls against the rest of the team, who found them aggravating  The game's lead artist, Ricky Berwick, had developed the vehicle concepts without consideration for their in-game function, and the vehicles were only later retrofitted to the gameplay  One of the robot vehicles was designed without an arm because the developers had run out of computer memory to store the data and liked the look anyway  Wakeley determined the game's high score "goal medal" objectives, in which players would attempt to better a set completion time on each level  Blast Corps's Japanese and American quality assurance teams later competed to push the levels to their limits, which resulted in the game's platinum level objectives  Wakeley described these platinum challenges as "just insane" and said he could only finish four himself Wakeley saw Blast Corps as a puzzle game at its core  He was influenced by the 1994 Donkey Kong, in which the player begins each level with all the tools they need to finish but must learn how to use them  Wakeley said this was Blast Corp's core game mechanic  He was also inspired by the Super Mario 64 demo at Nintendo's annual trade show in 1995, which introduced him to the 3D analog stick and spurred him to achieve something similar  The team's technical accomplishments included character and environment models composed completely of polygons and the absence of distance fog to obscure the draw distance Nintendo published Blast Corps for their Nintendo 64  In its 1995 trade show preview, it was originally titled Blast Dozer, a name it retained for its Japanese release  (The team had considered other titles, including "Heavy Duty Heroes", "Blast Radius", and "Power Dozer" ) Blast Corps was first released in Japan on March 21, 1997, and in North America three days later  Its European and Australian release followed on December 22  The game had been in production for just over a year 

Reception
The game received "universal acclaim", according to review aggregator Metacritic, and "unanimous critical success", according to Retro Gamer  Reviewers highly praised the novelty and variety of Blast Corps's gameplay  Peer Schneider of IGN, in particular, lauded the game's originality  Trent Ward commented in GameSpot that the premise taps into childhood fantasies, while "the unique relationship between the terrain and the vehicles you pilot ensures that Blast Corps will exercise your mind as well as your reflexes" Reviewers struggled to master the game's controls  GamePro's Slo Mo praised this aspect of the game, saying that even mastering the extreme precision of the steering is fun, and rewards the player with both better gameplay technique and an appreciation for the strong distinction between the game's many vehicles  Schneider likewise overcame his initial concerns to appreciate the complexity of the controls and the differences between the vehicles  He considered the locked camera view restrictive when compared to the unrestricted 3D camera in the game's contemporaries  Schneider thought the game should have been longer, with fewer bonus levels and more main missions, though he did appreciate the pacing, design, and difficulty of the included levels  Slo Mo instead asserted that "Over 60 levels and hidden areas within hidden areas give you your money's worth"  A Next Generation critic agreed, asserting that the vast size of the levels and numerous secrets and bonus areas make Blast Corps "one of the few Nintendo 64 games that justifies its exorbitant price tag"  Shawn Smith and Sushi-X of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) thought the game was repetitive, as did Computer and Video Games  The latter, though, praised Blast Corps's level design and difficulty progression  Ward had fewer reservations, writing that "basically what you have here is a game with great graphics, great sound, and a great premise  What's even more impressive is that the game doesn't really have any substantial flaws to speak of – unless you want to count lack of a two-player mode, which really isn't fair " Crispin Boyer of EGM wrote that the game's best feature was its "palpable sense of suspense" as the carrier advanced on resistant buildings Critics praised the game's graphics and sound  Schneider found the game unpretentious in comparison to video game trends of photorealistic rendering and cartoonish art  He likened the slick vehicle animations and metallic elements to Micro Machines and Rare's R C  Pro-Am  Schneider praised the game's texture maps, which made the night scenes and houses look realistic, and the canyons breathtaking  He wrote that the game's 3D programming was errorless, and was particularly pleased about the game's lack of fog, usually used to cover developer limitations  EGM echoed Schneider's praise of the deep landscapes, which Boyer called "incredible"  Scott McCall (AllGame) praised the game's realistic polygonal models and technical prowess, and Steve Polak (The Weekend Australian) wrote that Blast Corps showcased the console's graphics capabilities  Schneider described the soundtrack as between "70s pop, disaster movie score, and Country Bear Jamboree"  He praised the range of engine, tire screeching, and crashing sound effects  Reviewers disliked the country music tracks with jaw harp IGN wrote that Blast Corps exemplified qualities of enjoyable Nintendo Entertainment System and arcade games, while EGM considered the game unlike all others  Retro Gamer wrote that the game's combination of puzzles and continuous destruction made the game so unique as to defy genre classification  The magazine described the gameplay concept of returning to explore without a time limit as "a stroke of genius"  Retro Gamer thought of Blast Corps as a 3D successor to "nail-biting reaction games" such as Loco-Motion  Computer and Video Games agreed with a reader that Blast Corps was part of a "Destroy" subgenre including games like Desert Strike, Return Fire, and Body Harvest, and Matt Fox of The Video Games Guide put the game in a lineage with Highway Encounter and Lunar Jetman  Slo Mo said it was "like Pilotwings with a kamikaze twist  It's a multifaceted game that melds a slick vehicle sim and a mind-thumping action/strategy challenge with massive destructive force " Schneider said Blast Corps was on par with the quality of Shigeru Miyamoto games and an excellent display of Rare's potential  Next Generation described it as "effectively every Tonka fantasy brought vividly and explosively to life" EGM named it a runner-up for "Most Original Game of the Year" (behind PaRappa the Rapper) at their 1997 Editors' Choice Awards Blast Corps sold close to a million copies  The game sold reasonably well in Japan  Metacritic ranked the title among the top ten games released in 1997  It remained Metacritic's highest ranked 1997 Nintendo 64 game after GoldenEye 007  Blast Corps was selected as Electronic Gaming Monthly's May 1997 Game of the Month and an IGN Editors' Choice  Later the same year, Electronic Gaming Monthly ranked it number 93 on their 100 best console video games of all time, remarking, "C'mon, not only are you driving all the vehicles you thought were mega cool as a kid – you're using 'em to plow through buildings " Four of six Nintendo Power reviewers recommended the game 

Legacy
Wakeley, the game's designer, considered making a sequel as an action combat game, but thought the concepts behind Blast Corps had been fully exhausted  After praising the game in a 2010 Rare retrospective feature, Retro Gamer's writers craved a sequel  The magazine said the title was proof of the company's inventiveness  Steve Ellis, who was a programmer at Rare, thought Blast Corps to be among the company's most underrated games, and though its physics were now dated, he continued to find the game fun enough to revisit regularly  Blast Corps is included in Rare Replay, a compilation of 30 Rare titles, released on the Xbox One on August 4, 2015  The release's bonus features included behind-the-scenes interviews with Blast Corps's developers  Blast Corps was a standout favorite among Rare Replay reviewers Rare's Blast Corps began a run of highly praised Nintendo 64 games, including GoldenEye 007, Banjo-Kazooie, Perfect Dark, and Jet Force Gemini  Retro Gamer wrote that Rare had doubled the number of classic Nintendo 64 games and was an important alliance for Nintendo  Microsoft acquired Rare in 2002 for a record price of $377 million  After the industry had changed, Blast Corps designer Martin Wakeley reflected a decade after the game's 1997 release  In 2009, Wakeley said, a studio would rarely entrust the scope of a project like Blast Corps to a team of four recent graduates The staff of Nintendo Power (1997) and IGN (2014) both listed Blast Corps in the bottom halves of their top 100 Nintendo games of all time  Official Nintendo Magazine ranked the game 84th on a list of the greatest Nintendo games 
Passage 11:
The Long Week-End
The Long Week-End is a social history of interwar Britain, written by Robert Graves and Alan Hodge  It was first published in 1940, just after the end of the period it treats 
Their story covers a wide range of popular and social themes, including politics, business, science, religion, art, literature, fashion, education, popular amusements, domestic life, sexual relations, and much else The Long Week-End has gone through several reprints, the latest in 2009 by the Folio Society 
Historian Adrian Tinniswood named his 2016 book, The Long Weekend: Life in the English Country House, 1918–1939, after it 

Reception
In a contemporary book review in the peer-reviewed Journal of Modern History, William D  Clark wrote, "To write a social history of England from the newspapers of the last twenty years… demands extraordinary powers of selection and interpretation  Mr  Graves has given us proof that he possesses such powers, but unfortunately in this book he resolutely refuses to use them, misled perhaps by the ideals of the Mass-Observation school  The result is a strange unfocused photograph of the times, in which, although the 'camera-eye' has not lied, it has failed entirely to introduce any perspective or integration " A 1941 review by Kirkus Reviews summarized the book with; "a graphic panorama of fads, fancies, facts, foibles and fingerposts along the way from war to war    Thoroughly good reading of the background of those years, if one wants to look back "
Passage 12:
Linguistics (journal)
Linguistics: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal of general linguistics published by De Gruyter Mouton  The journal publishes both articles and book reviews  It  publishes two special issues a year  The current Editor-in-Chief is Johan van der Auwera  Since 2010, it publishes 1400 pages per year 

History
Linguistics was started in 1963 by Mouton Publishers in The Hague, apparently on the initiative of Mouton's Peter de Ridder as well as linguist C H  van Schooneveld  In 1979, after Mouton had been bought by Walter de Gruyter, a new editorial board was established, consisting of Brian Butterworth, Bernard Comrie, Östen Dahl, Norbert Dittmar, Flip Droste, Jaap van Marle, and Jürgen Weissenborn  De facto, Brian Butterworth was editor-in-chief between 1979 and 1982  From 1982 through 2005, the editor was Wolfgang Klein, who was succeeded by Johan van der Auwera 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

The journal has a Thomson Reuters 2015 impact factor of 0 763 and a 5-year impact factor of 0 872 



ground_truth: fleur - de-lis

Fleur-de-lis

fleur-de-lis

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What year did the publisher of Labyrinth end?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Outside North America, Journey 2 began its run three weeks before its North American release  It topped the box office outside North America for two consecutive weekends and three in total  It surpassed the original's total outside North America  Its highest-grossing region after North America was China ($58 4 million), followed by Russia and the CIS ($17 6 million) and Mexico ($12 7 million) 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 131 reviews with an average rating of 4 92/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Aggressively unambitious, Journey 2 might thrill teen viewers, but most others will find it too intense for young audiences and too cartoonishly dull for adults"  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade, stating that "the movie flies by pleasantly, and is then instantly forgettable  Perhaps Jules Verne can explain the science of that"  Randy Cordova from the Arizona Republic said: "Johnson can't save the movie, directed by Brad Peyton, from being a sloppy skip from one seemingly unrelated idea to the next"  Roger Ebert, who gave the first film two stars, gave the sequel two-and-a-half stars, stating: "It isn't a "good" movie in the usual sense (or most senses), but it is jolly and goodnatured, and Michael Caine and Dwayne Johnson are among the most likable of actors" 

Accolades
Soundtrack
Letterbomb - Performed by Green Day
Sleep Forever - Performed by Crocodiles
Aloha Oe - Performed by Dwayne Johnson
Hello Again - Performed by Meta & The Cornerstones
Three Little Birds - Performed by Bob Marley & The Wailers
What a Wonderful World - Performed by Dwayne Johnson

Future
In August 2014, Carey Hayes and Chad Hayes were announced to write the script for a third film  Brad Peyton and Dwayne Johnson were expected to direct and star in the sequel, respectively  It was later stated that there would be two sequels  By January 2018 however, Johnson stated despite the financial success of The Mysterious Island, and although a third film titled Journey from the Earth to the Moon was intended, its development had been cancelled due to a lack of immediate interest and troubles in adequately adapting the novel  Despite this, reports from Hollywood production insiders arose in August 2020, stating that a sequel was once again in development  In December 2021, Hiram Garcia confirmed that Warner Bros  Pictures wants a sequel film, though Seven Bucks Productions decided to delay development in favor of pursuing other projects 

See also
Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 film)
Passage 9:
Barker, Niagara County, New York
Barker is a village in Niagara County, New York  The population was 533 at the time of the 2010 census  The mail ZIP code is 14012  It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area 
Barker is within the Town of Somerset and was incorporated in 1908  The main crossroad in the town is the intersection of West Somerset Road and Quaker Road (NY 148) 

Geography
Barker is located at 43°19′39″N 78°33′13″W (43 327466, -78 553592) According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0 4 square miles (1 0 km2), all land 
Barker is situated at the junction of West Somerset Road/Coleman Road and Quaker Road (Route 148) 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 577 people, 211 households, and 150 families residing in the village  The population density was 1,372 3 inhabitants per square mile (529 8/km2)  There were 234 housing units at an average density of 556 5 per square mile (214 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the village was 98 09% White, 0 69% African American, 0 52% Native American, 0 17% from other races, and 0 52% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 56% of the population 
There were 211 households, out of which 38 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 0% were married couples living together, 10 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28 9% were non-families  24 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 73 and the average family size was 3 19 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 30 3% under the age of 18, 8 1% from 18 to 24, 26 3% from 25 to 44, 21 8% from 45 to 64, and 13 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 3 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $37,411, and the median income for a family was $49,464  Males had a median income of $41,875 versus $21,375 for females  The per capita income for the village was $16,042  About 8 1% of families and 9 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11 0% of those under age 18 and 7 6% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 10:
R359 (South Africa)
The R359 is a regional route in the Northern Cape province of South Africa that runs along the south bank of the Orange River from Augrabies Falls through Augrabies and Kakamas to Upington 

Route
The western end of the route is at the entrance to the Augrabies Falls National Park  It passes through the towns of Augrabies and Marchand to meet the N14 national route 9 kilometres (5 6 mi) west of Kakamas  The R359 overlaps the N14 route as far as Kakamas, where the N14 crosses the Orange River to run along the north bank, while the R359 continues on the south bank  It crosses the R27 provincial route opposite Keimoes before reaching its eastern end at the N10 national route across the river from Upington 
Passage 11:
American Chronicles
American Chronicles is a documentary television program that was broadcast by Fox Broadcasting Company as part of its 1990 fall lineup 
American Chronicles was produced by Mark Frost through Lynch/Frost Productions, the company that he founded with David Lynch  Featured many of the same quirky camera angles, unusual music, and a focus on violence and sexuality that were hallmarks of their ABC series Twin Peaks   The half-hour weekly program was narrated by Richard Dreyfuss 
This program had a relatively brief run, being cancelled just over three months after its premiere, after ranking last out of 98 shows with an average household rating of 3 07 

Episodes
101: Farewell to the Flesh (pilot episode; writer/director: Mark Frost; airdate: 9/8/1990)
102: The Eye of the Beholder (airdate: 9/15/1990)
103: Manhattan After Dark (writer/producer: Robin L  Sestero; airdate: 9/22/1990)
104: Auto-Obsession (airdate: 9/29/1990)
105: Biker Nation (writer/producer: Ruben Norte; airdate: 10/6/1990)
106: Semper Fidelis (writer/producer: Robin L  Sestero; airdate: 10/13/1990)
107: This Gun's for Hire / Defender of the Faith (writer/producer: Chappy Hardy; airdate: 10/27/1990)
108: After a Fashion / An American Camelot (airdate: 11/3/1990)
109: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow / Truck Stop (writer/producer: Robin L  Sestero; airdate: 10/6/1990)
110: Once Upon a Time (about Hugh Hefner) (writers: Gary H  Grossman, Michael Gross, Robert Heath; directed by Robert Heath; airdate: 11/17/1990)
111: The Class of '65 (airdate: 12/8/1990)
112: Diamonds Are Forever (Last Day at Comiskey Park) / The Future That Never Was (writer/producer: David H  Jones; airdate: 12/15/1990)
113: Champions (unaired in U S ; first aired in UK 6/21/92)

International broadcasts
American Chronicles was aired in the United Kingdom by Channel 4 (1992), in Australia by SBS (1993), in New Zealand by TV3 (1992), in France by Planète (1992) and in Spain by TVE (1992) 
Passage 12:
Teech
Teech is an American sitcom television series that briefly aired on CBS from September 18 to October 16, 1991 as part of its 1991 Fall lineup  The series was co-produced by Nikndaph Productions in association with Columbia Pictures Television for CBS 

Synopsis
Teech stars Phill Lewis as "Teech" Gibson, an African American music instructor (and the "coolest teacher") at Winthrop Academy, a prestigious, predominantly-white prep school   He has style and drives a Corvair  Teech loves music and has tremendous appeal even to troubled, disruptive students   Teech also had appeal to Cassie Lee (Maggie Han), the sexy assistant headmaster who had hired him   Headmaster Alfred Litton (Steven Gilborn) wanted to dismiss Teech's troubled students from the school   He apparently would like to have done the same to Teech except he realized that so doing would likely open him to charges of racism and discrimination 
Scheduled opposite NBC's Top 20 hit Unsolved Mysteries, Teech drew low ratings and was pulled from the lineup after only four episodes had aired 

Cast
Phill Lewis as David "Teech" Gibson
Curnal Achilles Aulisio as George Dubcek, Jr 
Steven Gilborn as Alfred W  Litton
Maggie Han as Cassie Lee
Josh Hoffman as Kenny Freedman
Kevin Lawrence Johnson as Boyd Askew
Jason Kristofer as Alby Nichols
Jack Noseworthy as Adrian Peterman

Production notes
The series was created by David Frankel and Norman Steinberg  Teech's theme song "Teach Me" was performed by B B  King 

Episodes
Passage 13:
Too Young to Fall in Love
"Too Young to Fall in Love" is a 1984 single by American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe  It was originally released on their 1983 album Shout at the Devil 

Background
Written by bass guitarist Nikki Sixx, "Too Young to Fall in Love" was released as a single in 1984 and reached #90 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #26 on the Mainstream Rock tracks The tune later appeared in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City on the fictional in-game radio station "V-Rock" 
Even though the song was a hit, it has been left off some of Mötley Crüe's compilation albums such as Decade of Decadence and Greatest Hits, though it would be included on the reissue of the latter 

Music video
An accompanying music video was released with the single 
The video concerns the members of the band coming together to rescue a young Asian woman from the clutches of the local Crime Boss 
Interspersed with footage of the band performing the song, the video also contains a fight scene where the band members fight Guards of the Crime Boss 
It is then revealed that the young woman has willingly submitted to being a consort to the Crime Boss prompting the band members to leave while shaking their heads in disbelief and disgust 
As they leave, Tommy Lee tries to sample some of the Asian cuisine in the Crime Boss's kitchen  The Chief Guard attempts to kill Tommy, but is knocked out using a heavy sack of grain 
Tommy then picks up a bit of the food and begins to eat it 
He then grimaces and spits the food out, walking from the kitchen in disgust 

Track listing
"Too Young to Fall in Love"
"Take Me to the Top"

Personnel
Vince Neil - vocals
Mick Mars - guitar
Nikki Sixx - bass
Tommy Lee - drums

Charts
Passage 14:
Crescent Falls
Crescent Falls is a series of two waterfalls located on the Bighorn River in the Bighorn River Canyon in west-central Alberta, Canada  They were originally called the Bighorn Falls, after the river they are located on  The current name is a reference to the crescent cliff over which they drop The falls are located a few kilometres upstream of the river's confluence with the North Saskatchewan River  A 4 5-kilometre-long (2 8 mi) gravel road leads north from David Thompson Highway (between Abraham Lake and Nordegg) to the falls  The Crescent Falls Provincial Recreation Area is immediately up-river from the falls The waterfall is two-tiered and has a height of 27 metres (89 ft)  Visitors are allowed at the waterfalls year-round  The rock ledges around the top of the falls are slippery and fatal drops have occurred  Additionally, people have died by being swept under the waterfall after swimming at the bottom of the falls Arthur Philemon Coleman, a professor of geology at the University of Toronto, made the first mention of the falls in 1892 and described them as having a "far better scenery than we had been used to in the foot-hills" A sitting bench next to the falls is dedicated to James Hammond and placed there by his family after his death  Hammond was an avid outdoorsman and was especially fond of this location 

Campground
Located to the north-west of Crescent Falls, is an un-serviced campground run by Westward Bound Campgrounds  It currently has 31 available sites to camp on, and is open from May 1 to October 14  The site has access to water; however, due to potential contamination from pathogens in ground water, the owners recommend that visitors bring their own drinking water The time it takes to travel to Crescent Falls and back is about 1 hour and 15 minutes  Access to the area below the first waterfall of Crescent Falls has been restricted, mostly due to unsafe travel conditions and thin ice 
Passage 15:
Cold Brook Dam
Cold Brook Dam is an earthen dam located near Hot Springs, South Dakota in Fall River County in the southwestern part of the state, in the southern Black Hills 
The earthen dam was constructed in 1953 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers with a height of 127 feet and a length at its crest of 925 feet   It impounds Cold Brook Creek, a tributary of the Cheyenne River for flood control purposes during flash flood events for nearby Hot Springs   The dam is owned and operated by the Corps of Engineers, Omaha District 
The reservoir it creates, Cold Brook Lake, has a water surface of 36 acres and has a maximum capacity of 7200 acre-feet   year-round recreation is possible and includes canoeing, fishing, swimming, wildlife viewing, camping, and (in the winter) ice fishing, skating, and cross-country skiing  Cold Brook Lake Recreation Area includes a boat ramp, picnic area, swim beach and campground is managed by the Corps of Engineers 
Cottonwood Springs Dam, another Corps of Engineers dam is located about 5 miles to the southwest 

External links
Cold Brook Lake at Recreation gov
U S  Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Brook Dam
Passage 16:
Orange River
The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa  It is the longest river in South Africa  With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north  It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean  The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa  Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities  The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power  The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon  Other names include simply the word for river, in Khoekhoegowab orthography written as !Garib, which is rendered in Afrikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click, Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ǂNū "Black"  It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu 

Course
The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft)  The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu  Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude  This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production 

The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province  In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam  From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised  Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation 
At the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province  From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude  From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ǁKaras Region  On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia 

In the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams, and several large wadis lead into it  In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible  Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised  The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi) 
The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning "Orange mouth") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town  Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches 
The river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi) 

Catchment and rainfall
In the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation  At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2 0 in) per year  The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction  In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown colored torrent  The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long-term threat to engineering projects on the river The total catchment of the Orange River (including the Vaal) extends over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i e  equivalent to about 77% of the land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi))  Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, are situated outside the country in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia 

Tributaries
Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

Dams
Armenia Dam
Egmont Dam
Gariep Dam
Newberry Dam
Vanderkloof Dam
Welbedacht Dam

History
Etymology
Some of the earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river ǂNūǃarib, referring to its black colour, or sometimes just Kai !Arib ("Great River"), from which is derived the Afrikaans version Gariep, and translation "Groote Rivier"  The early Dutch name for the river was just that translation, Groote Rivier, meaning "Great River"  The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the United East India Company (VOC) garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779  Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange  A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color of its tributary, the Vaal River, which name is derived from the name ǀHaiǃarib "pale river" (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey)  Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition  In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River, derived from the original Khoemana name 

The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change from the colonial name, for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu  The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation "

The Grootslang
In South African folklore, the Orange River is often associated with the Grootslang, a mythical being resembling a giant serpent, which is often connected to the river's alluvial diamonds  The Grootslang is described as living in a gem-filled cave connected to the Orange River by a natural pipe through which the diamonds gradually enter the river  Other sites said to be lairs of the creature include the pool beneath the King George Cataract at Aughrabies Falls, which is also said to be a source of diamonds, and a large rock in the middle of the river itself  In this version of the legend, the Grootslang is also said to prey on cattle from the river's banks 

Economy
As the collection point for the majority of South Africa's water, the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture, industry, and mining  To assist in this, two large water schemes have been created, the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project  Historically, the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush, with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth 
Because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer, the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting  Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate  The most popular trips are four-day and six-day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area 

Orange River Project
The Orange River Project (ORP) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa  It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd's government at the height of the apartheid era  The ORP was built to exploit the waters of the Orange River—which, without the Vaal River, represents some 14 1% of the total runoff in South Africa—and in the process, to satisfy an increasing demand for water  The main objectives of the project were:

to stabilise river flow,
the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power,
to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin, and
to give a new lease on life to water-deficient areas in the Eastern Cape, such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys The Gariep Dam near Colesberg is the main storage structure within the Orange River  From here, the water is supplied in two directions, westward along the Orange River (via hydroelectric power generators) to the Vanderkloof Dam and southward through the Orange-Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape 

Hydroelectricity
Eskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam  The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground  The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure 

Irrigation
Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam, which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land, was made possible by the construction of the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams  Old established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible  On the Namibian side of the river, Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange 
In recent years, the wine-producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance  Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost, not only from the additional water being made available, but also owing to improvement in water quality  Without this improvement, the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity 

Lesotho Highlands Water Project
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System  Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River, and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State, and discharges into the Ash River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) further to the north  The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, which used the Sterkfontein Dam, located near Harrismith in the Free State 

Alluvial diamonds
In 1867, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, the Eureka Diamond, was found near Hopetown on the Orange River  Two years later, a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area, causing a diamond rush  This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871, although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river, as well as the beaches around its mouth  Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river 

Rafting and canoeing
During the temperate months of March and April, given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open, a canoeist (or rafter) can easily travel 30 kilometres (19 mi) per day  The lower reaches of the river are most popular, because of the spectacular topography  Commercial tours are available, and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif 

Wildlife
The Orange River has no large animals  It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile, and although hippopotami were once abundant, they were hunted to extermination in the 19th century  The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity  A 2011 survey of 13,762 fish found only 16 species of fish present   Three of these, the common carp, the Mozambique tilapia, and the western mosquitofish are not indigenous   Another exotic species, rainbow trout, is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho 
Seven species are endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system:
Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
Maluti redfin or Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)

See also
List of rivers in South Africa
List of international border rivers
List of crossings of the Orange River
Passage 17:
Hudson City School District (Ohio)
The Hudson City School District is a school district in Ohio, covering most of Hudson and Boston Heights, and parts of Boston Township and Cuyahoga Falls  The high-school is ranked #460 in the nation, by U S  News & World Report, as of 2021 

Board of education
Current members
David Zurro (President)
Steve DiMauro (Vice President)
James Field
Alisa Wright
Tom Tobin

Administration
Steve Farnsworth (Interim Superintendent)
Doreen Osmun (Assistant Superintendent)
Phillip Butto (Treasurer)
Tom Barone (Business Manager)
Kelly Kempf (Pupil Services)
Lisa Hunt (Human Resources)
Jennifer Reece (Communications Manager)

Changes in Hudson City School District
1919: Hudson Township Rural School District is formed, consisting of the former Hudson Village School District and the township school districts 
1998: Hudson Local School District became Hudson City School District 
2010: Hudson Elementary is demolished 
2018–2022: The Administration and Board of Education begin making changes to multiple schools and facilitates around the Hudson City School District 

Schools
Hudson High School, 2500 Hudson-Aurora Road
Principal: Mike Miller
Hudson Middle School, 83 North Oviatt Street
Principal: Kimberly Cockley
East Woods Intermediate School, 120 North Hayden Parkway
Principal: Natalie Wininger
Ellsworth Hill Elementary, 7750 Stow Rd
Principal: Jen Filomeana
McDowell Early Learning School, 280 North Hayden Parkway
Principal: Beth Trivelli

Previous locations
Hudson Elementary, 34 North Oviatt Street (torn down in 2010)
Last Principal: Mark Leventhal
Evamere Elementary, 76 North Hayden Parkway (closed in 2021)
Last Principal: Beth Trivelli

Other facilities
Al Statts Transportation Facility and Koberna Salt Storage Facility opened in June 2019  Is a bus garage and salt storage facility 
Lavelli Stadium, built in 1972, named in 1975, when 1941 Hudson High School graduate Dante Lavelli was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame 
Memorial Stadium, has been built on Hudson High School (Ohio) property beside the W-wing faculty parking lot 
Ada Cooper Miller Natatorium, attached to East Woods Elementary   Ada Cooper Miller served on the Hudson Board of Education for 40 years, and presided for 25 of those years 

Previous locations
Petermann Limited, 91 Owen Brown Street (closed)
Passage 18:
George W  Childs Recreation Site
The George W  Childs Recreation Site is a former Pennsylvania state park that is the site of a number of cascade waterfalls along Dingmans Creek; it has been part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area since 1983  It is located in Dingmans Ferry in Delaware Township, Pike County, Pennsylvania and is named for the late newspaper publisher George William Childs, whose widow deeded the land to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1912    The site contains three main waterfalls: Factory Falls, Fulmer Falls and Deer Leap Falls and is a few miles upstream from Dingmans Falls and Silverthread Falls 
The pools below the waterfalls were once a popular spot for swimming during its ownership by the Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks   However, that activity had been banned upon transfer of ownership to the National Park Service 

The mill
The site is also host to the ruins of Joseph Brooks' 19th century woolen mill  In the 1820s Joseph Brooks, a Welshman who had immigrated to Philadelphia, built a woolen mill of stone, 3½ stories high   He employed about 80 workers 
His sheep, though, were devoured by wolves or died from eating poisonous Sheep Laurel  Supplies, operatives, and materials such as expensive raw wool, had to be brought in from Philadelphia, and the finished products shipped down to this city by wagons, a trip which took 10 days   Brooks died in 1832 and the mill was abandoned; the ruins are still visible 

Closures
From October 2010 to May 2013 the National Park Service (NPS) began a $2 5 million rehabilitation project  for much-needed repairs to trails, bridges, parking areas, and historic structures, and implemented measures to help maintain and preserve the forest and streamside vegetation  The project was in the planning stage for several years; public meetings were held in June 2006   and an Environmental Assessment was released for public review in May 2008   After nearly 3 years of closure to the public, reopening in May 2013, the park had accessible trails and picnic sites that met Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards  In March of 2018 two nor'easters, Winter Storm Riley (March 2) and Winter Storm Quinn (March 7), struck the United States eastern seaboard resulting in damage that caused the park to close indefinitely  In October 2022 the NPS announced that a nearly $3 million contract had been awarded to Puyenpa services, LLC from Gaithersburg, MD 20877, a company experienced in trail construction and familiar with sensitive natural and cultural resources for a final phase of restoration and construction work    During construction, other work during this phase of repairs included surveying and project layout, vegetation clearing and stump/root removal for trail work, and procurement of supplies and materials  No work would take place during the winter months and construction was planned to resume in the spring of 2023   On May 30, 2023 the NPS announced the final stage of restoration was set to start with work to continue through the fall and into early winter   Tentatively the park is expected to open to the public again in the Spring of 2024 
Passage 19:
Horicon, New York
Horicon is a town in Warren County, New York, United States  It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area  Horicon's population was 1,389 at the 2010 census Horicon is on the county's northern border and is located inside the Adirondack Park 

History
Horicon was first settled around 1800 
The town was formed in 1838 from parts of the towns of Hague and Bolton 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 71 8 square miles (186 km2), of which 66 1 square miles (171 km2)  is land and 5 7 square miles (15 km2)  (7 98%) is water 
The northern town line is the border of Essex County, New York 
New York State Route 8 crosses the town, forming a major east-west highway 
The town is also the site of the Curtis S  Read Scout Reservation, a Boy Scout camp owned by the Westchester-Putnam Council of Hawthorne 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,479 people, 642 households, and 446 families residing in the town   The population density was 22 4 people per square mile (8 6/km2)   There were 1,767 housing units at an average density of 26 7 per square mile (10 3/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 98 58% White, 0 20% African American, 0 20% Native American, 0 20% Asian, 0 20% from other races, and 0 61% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 47% of the population 
There were 642 households, out of which 23 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59 3% were married couples living together, 5 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30 4% were non-families  26 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 30 and the average family size was 2 74 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 20 6% under the age of 18, 5 2% from 18 to 24, 23 2% from 25 to 44, 32 0% from 45 to 64, and 19 0% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 46 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 1 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98 3 males 
As of 2015, the estimated median income per household was $65,804, and the median income for a family was $71,518  The per capita income for the town was $35,597  5 3% of families and 9 5% of the population were estimated as below the poverty line, including 26% of those under age 18 and 3 1% of those age 65 or over 

School district
The towns of Horicon and Chester together established North Warren Central School District, which serves residents of both towns 

Communities and locations in Horicon
Adirondack – a hamlet in the northwestern part of the town, by Schroon Lake  This hamlet has ZIP code 12808 
Brant Lake – a lake in the central part of the town
Brant Lake – a hamlet at the western end of the lake, located on Route 8
Island Pond – a lake located east of the hamlet of Brant Lake
Long Pond – a lake located east of the hamlet of Brant Lake
Pottersville – a hamlet near the western town line by Schroon Lake  The majority of this hamlet is located  in the Town of Chester  This hamlet has ZIP code 12860
Schroon Lake – a lake partly in the northwestern part of the town  This hamlet has ZIP code 12870 
South Horicon – a hamlet in the southwestern part of the town
Starbuckville – a hamlet west of Brant Lake hamlet
Passage 20:
Delta Force: Angel Falls
Delta Force is a tactical first-person shooter developed and published by NovaLogic  It was released for Microsoft Windows in 1998, and re-released on Steam in 2009  Delta Force was designed to be a military simulation loosely based on the United States' Delta Force special operations army unit 
The game was a critical and commercial success and it, along with a number of other high profile FPS games at the time, helped to popularize and define the tactical shooter genre 

Gameplay
The player assumes the role of a Delta Force operator who takes part in military operations in various theatres, and may customize their in-game avatar during the game's menu screen, selecting from various faces, as well as selecting a male or female operator  Objectives typically involve the elimination of a hostile presence in a region, assassinating a high-profile target, destroying military equipment or escorting POWs or civilians to an extraction point  Depending on the mission the player also needs to make it to an extraction point himself after fulfilling all other objectives  All five campaigns are available from the start and additional missions are unlocked as previous ones are completed  Sometimes multiple missions are unlocked at once and it is up to the player which order to play them in  The game features 40 missions in total, specifically taking place in Peru, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, and Novaya Zemlya 
The AI in the game varies depending on the difficulty you choose, as well as varying in spawn location from play-through to play-through  The lower the difficulty, the worse their aim is and the less they react and move around relative to the player  The higher the difficulty, the better their aim is, the faster they lock on to the player's location, and they use more advanced tactics, such as moving in small groups and providing cover fire while the others advance 

Equipment
Before each mission the player is able to choose his equipment  Default loadouts differ from mission to mission but the player can exchange it without any restrictions  The inventory is based on three slots: one for the main weapon, one for extra equipment and one for a sidearm  Unlike many other shooters of the era, bullets are actual objects in the game with simulated ballistics which account for drop and time to reach targets, requiring the player to lead targets that are far enough away 
On all of the maps, there are also scattered pickups that the player can use to their advantage  The player can decide whether to turn these on or off in the settings menu  Ammo pickups refill ammo, while medical pickups restore player health (despite player health not being visible through the HUD) 

Multiplayer
Delta Force also features LAN and online multiplayer for up to 32 players  All missions from the singleplayer campaign can be played cooperatively with additional players replacing the AI-controlled Delta Force operatives  Additionally deathmatch, king of the hill and capture the flag are available, along with team variations 

Development
Delta Force uses NovaLogic's own proprietary Voxel Space engine, known from their earlier games such as the Comanche series, which uses voxels to visualise terrain while polygons are used for rendering characters, vehicles, buildings and other details  This method allowed for draw distances and terrain detail unseen in first person shooters at the time and supported the game's attempt to simulate realistic outdoor combat at distances of up to several hundred meters  A limitation of the engine was that it did not support any form of 3D acceleration 

Reception
The game received "favorable" reviews according to video game review aggregator GameRankings  GameSpot's Michael Ryan called it "a very impressive game overall", particularly praising the game's mission and sound design, albeit pointing out its outdated visuals  He also drew comparisons to Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six, released earlier the same year, but noted Delta Force's limited preparation options compared to the latter  He also praised the multiplayer mode but noted that technical problems made it hard to play  PC Gamer's Todd Vaughn also drew comparisons to Rainbow Six but noted Delta Force's focus on long-distance fights and lower level of realism  He concluded: "Overall, Delta Force is a surprising and welcome addition to the genre that uses just the right mix [of] action and tactics to set itself apart from the crowd " Next Generation wrote, "Though Delta Force's standalone play is often uninspired, the multiplayer is one of the most satisfying gaming experiences available today "

Sequels
The game was successful enough to receive a direct sequel, Delta Force 2, the following year and spawn a long-running series  The last game in the series was Delta Force: Xtreme 2, released in 2009  Another game titled Delta Force: Angel Falls was announced but never released due to NovaLogic's closure in 2016 
Inspired by the popularity of Ridley Scott's war film Black Hawk Down, chronicling the Battle of Mogadishu, NovaLogic developed a Delta Force game with the same theme titled Delta Force: Black Hawk Down, which was released in 2003  Due to the rise in popularity of military-themed multiplayer shooters with vehicular combat, most notably DICE's Battlefield series, NovaLogic also developed a multiplayer focused spin-off of the Delta Force series titled Joint Operations: Typhoon Rising, released in 2004 



ground_truth: 1986