prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the record label for the band which performed Pythons?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pythons (album)
Pythons is the second studio album by indie rock band Surfer Blood  It was released in June 2013 under Sire Records and produced by Gil Norton  Following the release of their EP, Tarot Classics, Surfer Blood had been writing songs whilst on tour  The first song to be written for the album is technically "Prom Song", as they have had the guitar parts for this song for a few years now  The album features all the qualities that define Surfer Blood's sound, but is stripped of its reverb and given a more polished production, as opposed to the production that took place in front-man John Paul Pitts' apartment  "Pixies" guitarist Joey Santiago lent the band equipment such as amplifiers and guitars during the album's production, as Norton is a close friend of his because he produced most of the Pixies discography 

Track listing
Personnel
John Paul Pitts - vocals, guitar
Thomas Fekete - guitar, vocals
Kevin Williams- bass, keyboards, vocals
Tyler Schwarz - drums
Gil Norton - producer
Dan Austin - engineer, programming
Brian Gardner - mastering
Rob Schnapf - mixing
Chris Szczech - mixing assistant
Brendan Dekora - assistant engineer
Jeff Sosnow - A&R
Alex Black - A&R
Julia Pitts - photography
Frank Maddocks - art direction, photography
Esteban Neumann - illustrations
Passage 2:
Waterfalls (album)
Waterfalls is a live album by American saxophonist and composer John Klemmer featuring studio enhanced live performances recorded in Los Angeles for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars stating it is "Worth investigating by open-eared listeners" 

Track listing
All compositions by John Klemmer"Prelude I" – 3:33
"Waterfalls" – 4:19
"Utopia: Man's Dream, Part 1" – 8:47
"Utopia: Man's Dream, Part 2" – 3:50
"There's Some Light Ahead" – 4:29
"Centrifugal Force" – 5:59
"Prelude II" – 4:02
"Waterfall II" – 6:08Recorded in performance at the Ash Grove in Los Angeles, California on June 17, 1972 and "enchanted" at The Village Recorder in Los Angeles on June 22, 1972

Personnel
John Klemmer – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, echoplex
Mike Nock – electric piano
Wilton Felder – electric bass
Eddie Marshall – drums
Victor Feldman – percussion
Diana Lee – vocals (tracks 3, 4 & 6)
Passage 3:
2 Horns / 2 Rhythm
2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham, featuring performances with Ernie Henry  It was recorded in 1957 and released on Riverside Records  This was Henry's last recording session 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album four stars and stated "The sparse setting (unusual for a Dorham session) works quite well" 

Track listing
Recorded in New York City on November 13 (tracks 1–3, 5–7 & 9) and December 2 (tracks 4 & 8), 1957

Personnel
Kenny Dorham – trumpet, piano (track 3)
Ernie Henry – alto saxophone
Eddie Mathias (tracks 1–3, 5–7 & 9), Wilbur Ware (tracks 4 & 8) – bass
G T  Hogan – drums
Passage 4:
Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)
Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label 

Critical reception
In an Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states "There are some magical moments on this quartet set    Jamal's control of dynamics and inventive use of space proved to be as effective as it had been when he first made his mark in the 1950s, although his chord voicings and general style had evolved  Jamal and his group perform ten of his originals with taste, swing and subtle surprises" 

Track listing
All compositions by Ahmad Jamal

"Quest for Light" – 4:48
"Arabesque" – 4:48
"Avo" – 7:04
"Piano Solo" – 1:57
"For My Daughter" – 3:34
"Perugia" – 3:57
"The Last Day" – 6:00
"Crystal" – 4:58
"Swahililand" – 4:08
"The Canteen" – 3:08

Personnel
Ahmad Jamal – piano
James Cammack – bass
David Bowler – drums
Willie White – percussion
Passage 5:
Plenty, Plenty Soul
Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated that "these all-star dates still sound fresh and enthusiastic decades later" 

Track listing
All compositions by Milt Jackson, except as indicated"Plenty, Plenty Soul" (Milt Jackson, Quincy Jones) - 9:33
"Boogity Boogity" (Jones) - 4:55
"Heartstrings" - 4:53
"Sermonette" (Cannonball Adderley) - 5:23
"The Spirit-Feel" - 4:22
"Ignunt Oil" - 5:35
"Blues at Twilight" (Jones) - 6:46Recorded in New York City on January 5 (tracks 4–7) and January 7 (tracks 1–3), 1957

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Joe Newman - trumpet
Jimmy Cleveland - trombone (tracks 1–3)
Cannonball Adderley - alto saxophone (tracks 1–3)
Frank Foster (tracks 1–3), Lucky Thompson (tracks 4–7) - tenor saxophone
Sahib Shihab - baritone saxophone (tracks 1–3)
Horace Silver - piano
Percy Heath (tracks 1–3), Oscar Pettiford (tracks 4–7) - bass
Art Blakey (tracks 1–3), Connie Kay (tracks 4––7) – drums
Quincy Jones - arranger (tracks 1–3)
Passage 6:
The Main Attraction (album)
The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album two stars and stated "While it's true that this isn't one of Green's best records, it's not by any means his worst    Contrary to jazz critics' opinions, Green had nothing to be ashamed of on Main Attraction  If funky '70s soul-jazz is your thing, you won't go wrong with this one" 

Track listing
"The Main Attraction" (Don Grolnick, Steve Khan, Will Lee, David Matthews, Andy Newmark) - 19:35
"Future Feature" (Matthews) - 7:47
"Creature" (Grant Green) - 10:20Recorded at Rudy Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in March 1976 with additional recording at A&R Studios, NYC

Personnel
Grant Green - guitar
Burt Collins, Jon Faddis - trumpet
Sam Burtis - trombone
Hubert Laws - flute
Michael Brecker, Joe Farrell - tenor saxophone
Ronnie Cuber - baritone saxophone
Don Grolnick - electric piano, clavinet
Steve Khan - rhythm guitar
Will Lee - electric bass
Andy Newmark - drums
Carlos Charles - conga, percussion
Sue Evans - percussion
Dave Matthews - arranger, conductor
Passage 7:
It's What's Happenin'
It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label   Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, The Happy Horns of Clark Terry 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Richard S  Ginell awarded the album 3 stars stating "Not many will bother to recall that Clark Terry was the first trumpeter to make a recording with Selmer's Varitone attachment -- an electronic hookup to an amplifier that allowed a horn player to play octaves  Though the instrument quickly fell out of favor after a very brief vogue, it still produced an attractively soulful sound that was a good fit with Terry's jaunty, slurry, note-bending manner    there is nothing unmusically sensational about anything that happens here " 

Track listing
All compositions by Clark Terry except where noted 

"Electric Mumbles" - 3:51
"Secret Love" (Paul Francis Webster, Sammy Fain) - 6:15
"Take Me Back to Elkhart" - 7:11
"Take the "A" Train" (Billy Strayhorn) - 5:03
"Tee Pee Time" - 6:25
"Grand Canyon Suite" (Ferde Grofé) - 7:05

Personnel
Clark Terry - Varitone trumpet
Don Friedman - piano
George Duvivier - bass
Dave Bailey - drums
Passage 8:
Foolin' Myself
Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden awarded the album 2+1⁄2 stars, stating "While the pianist's technique is impressive as always, his songs are not as strong as on many of his other releases" 

Track listing
All compositions by Jaki Byard except as indicated"Suite 27: Waterfalls, Highways, Skyways, Waterways" - 5:11
"Oslo to Kristiansund to Malmo" - 3:10
"Searchlight No  2" - 9:22
"Stage I / Stage II" - 4:17
"Breath" (Ralph Hamperian) - 8:27
"Foolin' Myself" (Jack Lawrence, Peter Tinturin) - 3:50
"Land of Love" - 6:36Recorded at Sound Ideas Studios in New York City on August 25, 1988

Personnel
Jaki Byard – piano
Ralph Hamperian - bass
Richard Allen - drums
Passage 9:
Three for Shepp
Three for Shepp is an album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4½ stars, stating: "Marion Brown's Three for Shepp is the image-in-the-mirror companion to Archie Shepp's Four for Trane recorded the year before  The program is equally divided between Brown's originals, which occupy the first half of the album, and Shepp tunes that take up the latter half  What is immediately striking is how similar in tone, color, and texture the two men were when it came to composition  Brown arms himself here with crack bands for these recordings    This is a classic Impulse! recording of the period by an overlooked master "The authors of the Penguin Jazz Guide wrote: "Brown's Impulse! records are routinely overlooked    In the wake of this, his first successful record, Brown took to the road, playing tirelessly but curbing his studio activities  Impulse! had already released Shepp's Four For Trane  This was explicitly intended as a companion project and its arresting opening    establishes it as one of the most inventive in the label's distinguished catalogue    Brief as it is at just 35 minutes, Three For Shepp is so densely packed with musical information that it takes many, many listens to deconstruct: a living lesson in musical history, a passionate manifesto for the future "A reviewer at SoundOhm included the album in the "Best of 2019" playlist, and stated: "Three For Shepp balances fiery energy and delicate precision    Even this early in his career, Brown stood apart from his peers in "the new thing " His solos were as gentle as they were furious  Informed by the African American folk traditions of his native Georgia and an enthusiastic embrace of the avant-garde, his music would confront and challenge society  As Brown says in the original liner notes, 'The music is definitely a part of what's going on in the black revolution in America '  Three For Shepp still sounds crucial today (over 50 years later) and remains a vital statement of jazz's past, present and future "

Track listing
All compositions by Marion Brown except as noted

"New Blue" - 5:11
"Fortunato" - 8:54
"The Shadow Knows" - 3:04
"Spooks" (Archie Shepp) - 4:32
"West India" (Shepp) - 6:24
"Delicado" (Shepp) - 6:38

Personnel
Marion Brown - alto saxophone
Grachan Moncur III - trombone
Dave Burrell (tracks 1-3), Stanley Cowell (tracks 4-6) - piano
Norris Jones - bass
Bobby Capp (tracks 1-3), Beaver Harris (tracks 4-6) – drums
Passage 10:
Benny Golson's New York Scene
Benny Golson's New York Scene is the debut album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in late 1957 and originally released on the Contemporary label 

Reception
John S  Wilson's contemporaneous review was positive, noting that both quintet and nonet bands feature "Farmer playing with broad authority no matter what the fare at hand while Golson's warm, dark lines flare and glide through all the pieces " Scott Yanow of Allmusic stated, "this underrated gem served as a strong start to Benny Golson's influential solo career" 

Track listing
All compositions by Benny Golson except as indicated "Something in B flat" (Ray Bryant) - 6:04
"Whisper Not" - 6:01
"Step Lightly" - 6:54
"Just by Myself" - 4:12
"Blues It" - 6:52
"You're Mine, You" (Johnny Green, Edward Heyman) - 4:22
"Capri" (Gigi Gryce) - 3:59
"B G 's Holiday" - 5:34 Bonus track on CD

Personnel
Benny Golson - tenor saxophone
Art Farmer - trumpet
Jimmy Cleveland - trombone  (tracks 2, 4 & 7)
Julius Watkins - French horn (tracks 2, 4 & 7)
Gigi Gryce - alto saxophone (tracks 2, 4 & 7)
Sahib Shihab - baritone saxophone (tracks 2, 4 & 7)
Wynton Kelly - piano
Paul Chambers - bass
Charlie Persip - drums
Passage 11:
Tarot Classics
Tarot Classics is an EP by Florida-based indie rock band Surfer Blood released on October 25, 2011, on Kanine Records  It is their last release for Kanine 

Reception
Tarot Classics received generally favorable reviews from music critics 

Track listing
All songs written by John Paul Pitts, Thomas Fekete, Tyler Schwarz and Kevin Williams, except as noted 

I'm Not Ready (John Paul Pitts, Thomas Fekete, Tyler Schwarz)
Miranda
Voyager Reprise
Drinking Problem
Voyager Reprise (Another Summer of Love Remix)
Drinking Problem (Speculator Remix)
Passage 12:
Soundsigns
Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating "Recorded at the same sessions that resulted in Musics, this LP (which has not yet been reissued on CD) is actually more exploratory" 

Track listing
All compositions by Redman except as indicated"Piece for Tenor and Two Basses"  - 8:23
"Half Nelson" (Miles Davis) - 10:07
"Adesso Lo Sai" - 13:59
"Come Earth" - 8:00Recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California on October 18 & 19, 1978

Personnel
Dewey Redman - tenor saxophone (tracks 1-3), harp (track 4)
Fred Simmons - piano (tracks 2 & 3)
Charlie Haden (tracks 1 & 4), Mark Helias - bass
Eddie Moore - drums, saw, cymbal (tracks 2-4)
Passage 13:
Tijuana Jazz
Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label  The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating: "McFarland's arrangements are fine, but the solos are quite short, and the Mexican-flavored music is not particularly memorable  A blown opportunity" 

Track listing
All compositions by Gary McFarland except as indicated"South of the Border" (Jimmy Kennedy, Michael Carr) - 2:06
"Acapulco at Night" - 2:52
"Fantastic, That's You" (George Cates, George Douglas) - 2:54
"Limehouse Blues" (Philip Braham, Douglas Furber) - 3:37
"Tijuana" (Cates, Douglas) - 2:09
"Marcheta" (Victor Schertzinger) - 2:55
"Granny's Samba" - 3:30
"Soul Bird (Tin Tin Deo)" (Gil Fuller, Chano Pozo) - 4:01
"Mexicali Rose" (Jack Tenney, Helen Stone) - 2:27
"Ira Schwartz's Golden Dream" - 3:32
"Mary Jane" - 3:05
"Sweet Georgia Brown" (Ben Bernie, Kenneth Casey, Maceo Pinkard) - 2:06Recorded in New York City on December 3, 1965 (tracks 1, 2, 6 & 9), December 6, 1965 (tracks 4, 8, 11 & 12), and December 7, 1965 (tracks 3, 5, 7 & 10)

Personnel
Gary McFarland – marimba, electric piano
Joe Newman, Clark Terry - trumpet, flugelhorn
Bob Brookmeyer – valve trombone
Toots Thielemans - harmonica, guitar
Barry Galbraith - guitar
Bob Bushnell – electric bass
Mel Lewis, Grady Tate – drums
Passage 14:
More Blues and the Abstract Truth
More Blues and the Abstract Truth is an album by American jazz composer, conductor and arranger Oliver Nelson featuring performances recorded in 1964 for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars, stating: "Unlike the original classic Blues and the Abstract Truth set from three years earlier, Oliver Nelson does not play on this album  He did contribute three of the eight originals and all of the arrangements but his decision not to play is disappointing    The emphasis is on blues-based pieces and there are some strong moments even if the date falls short of its predecessor" 

Track listing
All compositions by Oliver Nelson except as noted

"Blues and the Abstract Truth" - 5:14
"Blues O'Mighty" (Hodges) - 6:48
"Theme from Mr  Broadway" (Brubeck) - 5:45
"Midnight Blue" (Neal Hefti) - 4:06
"The Critic's Choice" - 2:21
"One for Bob" - 6:07
"Blues for Mr  Broadway" (Brubeck) - 8:12
"Goin' to Chicago Blues" (Count Basie, Jimmy Rushing) - 4:37
"One for Phil" - 3:58 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Night Lights" (Arnold Shaw) - 2:46 Bonus track on CD reissueRecorded on November 10, 1964 (tracks 4 & 6–9), and November 11, 1964 (tracks 1–3, 5 & 10) 

Personnel
Oliver Nelson - arranger, conductor
Thad Jones, Danny Moore (tracks 1 & 5) - trumpet
Phil Woods - alto saxophone
Ben Webster - tenor saxophone (tracks 4 & 7)
Phil Bodner - tenor saxophone, English horn
Pepper Adams - baritone saxophone
Roger Kellaway - piano
Richard Davis – bass
Grady Tate – drums
Passage 15:
Groovin' with Golson
Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states, "the hard bop music does indeed groove in its own fashion" 

Track listing
All compositions by Benny Golson except where noted 

"My Blues House" - 9:25
"Drum Boogie" (Roy Eldridge, Gene Krupa) - 3:59
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 5:25
"The Stroller" - 9:18
"Yesterdays" (Jerome Kern, Otto Harbach) - 5:54

Personnel
Benny Golson - tenor saxophone
Curtis Fuller - trombone
Ray Bryant - piano
Paul Chambers - bass
Art Blakey - drums
Passage 16:
At the Village Vanguard
At the Village Vanguard (subtitled You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart) is a live album by jazz drummer Paul Motian recorded at the Village Vanguard and originally released on the German JMT label  Recorded in 1995 it features performances by Motian with guitarist Bill Frisell and tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano  The album was rereleased on the Winter & Winter label in 2005 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 3½ stars, stating: "This is a prime Motian date, not to be missed this time around" 

Track listing
All compositions by Paul Motian except as indicated

"You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart" (Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin) - 7:58
"Abacus" - 9:38
"Folk Song for Rosie" - 10:19
"The Owl of Cranston" - 8:30
"5 Miles to Wrentham" - 4:46
"Yahllah" - 14:16
"The Sunflower" - 8:33
"Circle Dance" - 5:04Recorded at the Village Vanguard in New York City in June 1995

Personnel
Paul Motian - drums
Bill Frisell - electric guitar
Joe Lovano - tenor saxophone
Passage 17:
Thinking of Home
Thinking of Home is an album by jazz saxophonist Hank Mobley recorded on July 31, 1970 but not released by the Blue Note label until 1980  It features performances by Mobley with trumpeter Woody Shaw, pianist Cedar Walton, guitarist Eddie Diehl, bassist Mickey Bass, and drummer Leroy Williams  This was Mobley's 26th (and final) recording for Blue Note 

Reception
Allmusic awarded the album 4½ stars and the review by Scott Yanow stated "It is only fitting that Hank Mobley would record one of the last worthwhile Blue Note albums before its artistic collapse (it would not be revived until the 1980s) for his consistent output helped define the label's sound in the 1960s" On All About Jazz Richton Guy Thomas said "this is a fitting farewell session  It features the powerful trumpet playing of Woody Shaw and the exciting pianist Cedar Walton  Hank Mobley's playing has a fire that ought to remind you of the Jazz Messengers, as it should since he was one of the original members of the group     Thinking of Home should remind diehard jazz fans (and enlighten those newer to the genre) that Mobley was an innovative and stimulating tenor saxophonist who consistently swung" 

Track listing
All compositions by Hank Mobley except where noted

"Suite: Thinking of Home/The Flight/Home at Last" - 10:06
"Justine" - 13:04
"You Gotta Hit It" - 5:34
"Gayle's Groove" (Mickey Bass) - 5:33
"Talk About Gittin' It" - 8:38

Personnel
Hank Mobley — tenor saxophone
Woody Shaw — trumpet
Cedar Walton — piano
Eddie Diehl — guitar
Mickey Bass — bass
Leroy Williams — drums
Passage 18:
Opus de Jazz
Opus de Jazz (subtitled A Hi-Fi Recording for Flute, Vibes, Piano, Bass, Drums) is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1955 and released on the Savoy label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "This is not essential, but it is enjoyable music "

Track listing
"Opus de Funk" (Horace Silver) – 13:28
"Opus Pocus" (Ozzie Cadena) – 7:25
"You Leave Me Breathless" (Ralph Freed, Frederick Hollander) – 6:27
"Opus and Interlude" (Cadena) – 6:30Recorded in New York City on October 28, 1955

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Frank Wess – tenor saxophone, track 2; flute, tracks 1, 3 and 4
Hank Jones – piano
Eddie Jones – bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Passage 19:
The Jazz Skyline
The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Bob Rusch states: "This session has interest as an example of Milt Jackson's mid-'50s work in a non-Modern Jazz Quartet context  And despite the many critical assertions that the vibist was restrained by pianist John Lewis' direction, his playing here revealed no marked change" 

Track listing
"Lover" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) - 7:45
"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) - 4:35
"The Lady Is a Tramp" (Hart, Rodgers) - 7:18
"Angel Face" (Hank Jones) - 6:38
"Sometimes I'm Happy" (Irving Caesar, Vincent Youmans) - 7:15
"What's New?" (Johnny Burke, Bob Haggart) - 3:51

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Lucky Thompson - tenor saxophone
Hank Jones - piano
Wendell Marshall - bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Passage 20:
Jazz Contemporary
Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label  The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 2½ stars and stated "The results are not quite essential but everyone plays up to par    It's fine hard bop, the modern mainstream music of the period" 

Track listing
All compositions by Kenny Dorham except as indicated"A Waltz" - 5:34
"Monk's Mood" (Thelonious Monk) - 8:09
"In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) - 8:01
"Horn Salute" - 8:27
"Tonica" - 2:57
"This Love of Mine" (Sol Parker, Henry W  Sanicola Jr , Frank Sinatra) - 6:49Bonus tracks on CD reissue:

"Sign Off" - 5:29
"A Waltz" [alternate take] - 5:36
"Monk's Mood" [alternate take] (Monk) - 2:53
"This Love of Mine" [alternate take] (Parker, Sanicola, Sinatra) - 7:55Recorded on February 11 (tracks 2, 3, 7, 8, 10) and February 12, 1960 (tracks 1, 4-6, 9) 

Personnel
Kenny Dorham - trumpet
Charles Davis - baritone saxophone
Steve Kuhn - piano
Jimmy Garrison (tracks 2, 3, 7, 8 & 10), Butch Warren (tracks 1, 4-6 & 9)  - bass
Buddy Enlow - drums
Context 2: Passage 1:
Meg Griffin
Meg Griffin is a fictional character in the animated television series Family Guy  Meg is the eldest child of Peter and Lois Griffin and older sister of Stewie and Chris, but is also the family's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and tolerates the brunt of their abuse  She is often bullied, belittled, ridiculed, and ignored 
Meg first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in a 15-minute short on December 20, 1998  She was created and designed by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane, who was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company, based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle-aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve  After the series pilot was given the greenlight, the Griffin family appeared in the episode "Death Has a Shadow" 
Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season, Meg has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 

Personality
Meg is a self-conscious and insecure adolescent girl  She is treated unfairly and abused by various people and has numerous insecurities that prompt her to try to be part of the "in-crowd"  However, this only results in her getting rebuffed by the many bullies of this circle, particularly Connie D'Amico, the head cheerleader of the local high school, James Woods Regional High School  However, a nerdy Jewish student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her Meg is usually the butt of Peter's jokes due to her unpopularity and "ugliness"; Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names  Stewie and Brian tend to disdain her kindness, but they typically do it behind Meg's back  Lois constantly puts Meg down, while boosting her own ego  Lois is usually of little to no help to Meg when she is abused by others; though her attitude is more negligent or apathetic than the more overt and direct abuse given by Peter 
While Meg is usually a pushover, she can get angry when pushed too far, though such occasions are usually rare  This can be seen in the episode "Seahorse Seashell Party", where she strongly insults and defames Peter, Lois, and even Chris for their inconsiderate actions toward her  This causes Peter, Lois, and Chris to distance themselves in shame and sends Peter into depression; though she later apologizes upon realizing that the family needs a "lightning rod" to absorb the dysfunction  In the episode "Road to Rupert", Meg assaults a man for insulting her after a fender-bender 
Despite her persistent mistreatment, Meg has proven a variety of times throughout the series that she is more talented and has greater potential than most people bother to realize, such as bird calls, playing the saxophone, speaking and singing in foreign languages, and even sports such as bowling, field hockey, basketball, roller derby, and even Olympic sports  However, she seldom earns any notable accolades for these abilities, mostly due to her family's lack of regard or interest in her or her inability to stick up against them 
Many of the show's storylines about Meg involve her trying to improve her life, find a boyfriend, being a Russian sleeper agent, and reaching breaking points with her family and others who victimize her  She often becomes obsessed with men who show any kindness or affection to her, including the Griffin's friend and neighbor Joe Swanson in the episode "The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair", and Brian in "Barely Legal" 
Out of all the members of the family, her father Peter abuses her the most, however he is shown to actually care about Meg in various episodes, such as in "Meg and Quagmire" when he goes out of his way to prevent friend and neighbor Glenn Quagmire from having sex with her, and in "This Little Piggy" where he tries to get Meg out of a foot fetishism business objectifying her for men's sexual amusement  Peter occasionally cares about Meg but is not open about it to anyone 

Voice actors
On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode "Hot Tub", Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers  Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season, and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and her role on Party of Five, although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order  Mila Kunis won the role after a series of auditions and callbacks where she was asked to speak more slowly and enunciate more; she was ultimately hired despite being unsure she understood what was expected of her  MacFarlane felt that Kunis invigorated the character, and that her work on That '70s Show showed she could command a scene  MacFarlane stated that Kunis "had a very natural quality to Meg" and she's "in a lot of ways [   ] almost more right for the character"  Kunis' voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two "Da Boom", and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis  Tara Strong provides Meg's singing voice in "Don't Make Me Over"  Archival recordings of Lacey Chabert's voice that she provided as Meg Griffin are used in the tenth season episode "Back to the Pilot" in which Brian and Stewie go back in time to the events of "Death Has a Shadow"  However, Chabert does in fact return for the eleventh season episode "Yug Ylimaf" as Stewie references the fact that time has reversed so much that Meg's voice has reverted back from that of Kunis' to Chabert's 

Lacey Chabert (1999–2000; 2011 archive recordings, 2012)
Mila Kunis (1999–present)
Tara Strong (singing voice)

Social life
Meg is very unpopular in high school due to both her plain appearance and personality  She desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd, but is usually coldly rebuffed  Because of her eagerness for acceptance, she has been recruited "unknowingly" into a suicidal religious cult, and later recruited again unwittingly into her school's Lesbian Alliance (in the episode "Brian Sings and Swings" )  However, Meg does have a moderate number of friends, the best of whom being a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys  In later episodes, these girls, known by the names Beth, Patty, Collette, Esther, and Ruth, are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless, much like Meg 
Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own abdomen twice (in shop class) in order to avoid a date with her, and then in a later episode, another student shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night  In "Don't Make Me Over", Lois is looking for new clothes for Meg, but with no luck; a saleswoman ends up pouring gasoline on herself, lighting a match, catching fire, and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans  However, she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman  In "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter", Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia, Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous  This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil's girlfriend and (not knowing at first) his slave, but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him  Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her, mostly due to his very low standards, asking if she has reached the age of consent  Quagmire comes close to succeeding in "Meg and Quagmire" when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire's 'dates'  Then, they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin, Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens  In several episodes she is shown dating, including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell  She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover; but, before all that happens, she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman  In "Jerome is the New Black", Jerome, an old flame of Lois's and Peter's new friend, admits to having sex with Meg, to which Peter replies indifferently 
In the episode "Brian Sings and Swings", a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club, with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was  Desperate to fit in, she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it  At the end of the episode, Meg goes over to Sarah's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian (Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied), much to Glenn's (who was hiding in Sarah's closet) disappointment  She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker, but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness  In other episodes, she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend  For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian, the family dog and only after threatening suicide Earlier in season 2, she dated Joe Swanson's son Kevin Swanson, but in "Stew-Roids" it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq  In the episode, "Prick Up Your Ears", she dates a boy named Doug, but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex  In the episode "Peter's Daughter", Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma (caused by Peter when he asked her to "rescue" beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen) and they start to date  After he breaks up with Meg (because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma, he would "treat her like a princess"), she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged  After finding out that she is not actually pregnant, Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay, however, Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar  In the episode "Dial Meg for Murder", she is dating a convict, while in the episode "Go, Stewie, Go!" she dates an attractive young man named Anthony, who is absolutely normal (much to the surprise of many of the other characters)  They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg  It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair  Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse 
Overall, Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series  However, there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian: examples of this include "Brian Sings and Swings", "Stew-Roids", and "Dial Meg for Murder" 
In November 2016, when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes, showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian, taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics, like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in "Brian Sings and Swings" and is identified as a "transgender man" named "Ron" in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, the latter which takes place in the future  However, Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus isn't officially set to be used in an episode 

Family life
In the first three seasons of the show, Meg was portrayed with a more whiny and uptight personality who was often embarrassed by the family’s acts of bumbling and stupidity, though they cared for her and meant well  In the post-cancellation seasons, this began to change as the inadvertent embarrassment became deliberate bullying and disrespect  Additionally, the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it appears that most of the population of Quahog who knows her, or even just meets her, picks on or disdains her for no reason other than her simply being "Meg"  This basically means that she is a victim of circumstance, as Meg is normally docile and well-behaved and never seems to do anything mean or inconsiderate  In an interview, Mila Kunis stated: "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in perpetual mode of humiliation, and it's fun "While Meg is, in reality, the least obnoxious or self-involved of the family, she is also the least respected and most misunderstood, often shown by people avoiding her company, disparaging her in person, gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs, etc  Peter reminds Lois, "We agreed that if we could only save two, we'd leave Meg!" even randomly shooting her when she simply said "Hi Dad" ("Peter's Daughter") but despite this he also was going to say "I love you" in "Hell Comes to Quahog", and in "Road to Rupert" he stated they were 'secret best friends' before throwing lemonade in her face, saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to "peer pressure", thus giving hope that they may be on good terms  Occasionally, when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room, Peter responds by saying "Shut up, Meg", which is immediately followed by a line from another character 
When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them, Meg finds Peter's letter to her, which says, "Dear Meg, for the first four years of your life, I thought you were a house cat " And in Peter's short story of her birth, they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth  In the episode "Stewie Kills Lois", Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand  He then says "two and a half months later, our daughter Meg was born" – indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant  Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation, says, "Hey Meg, did you know that if you're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work? 'Cause no one told me! I just thought you should know" and laughs awkwardly  On Meg's 17th birthday, her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age  Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode "PTV", and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in "Long John Peter"  In "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven", Brian says to Meg's face that she lives in a home "where nobody respects or cares about [her], not even enough to get [her] a damn mumps shot!" Chris, however, has more of a typical brother-sister relationship with Meg, with Chris telling those who condemn her that it is never her fault  Chris, at one point, threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss didn't re-hire Meg (at the insistence of Lois)  Like Chris, Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet, and although she has proved it, her father coldly state that they were talking about Chris', not hers  Cleveland comments to Peter "Meg is my least favorite of your children "Apparently, a double standard also exists against Meg, further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her  In "Big Man on Hippocampus", an episode wherein Peter loses his memory, as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex, Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children; in response, Meg attempts an incest joke  She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room  However, in the season finale "Partial Terms of Endearment", Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie, and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter, Lois receives no such violent reaction  Additionally, in "Model Misbehavior", when Lois starts a modeling career, Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois' pictures, followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming "Me too!" to which Peter shouts "Oh God, Meg, that's sick! That's your mother!", ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing first  Meg responded by saying "I was only trying to fit in!" Peter immediately kicked her out of the house  Later, during an unrelated conversation, when she tried to insight Peter on how Lois' behavior from modeling made a poor example for women, he said "Meg, who let you back in the house?"
Brian's attention initially softens the lack of respect from Peter and the rest of family; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West  While initially seeming to have more common decency for Meg than most people, this appears to almost completely disappear after the tenth season, as Brian's increasingly shallow and self-centered character begins to take more pleasure and joy in being rotten to Meg and often refuses to give her the time of day, such as desperately trying to avoid having to comfort her, rejecting an offer by Peter to be Meg's godfather, attempting to pin the blame on (or trying to frame) her for a misdeed, finding humor in her being puked on, and even willing to deliberately urinate on her bed  Meg's most complicated relationship among the family members after Peter would be with her mother Lois  Although not as abusive as Peter, Lois seldom (if ever) reprimands her husband for their treatment of their daughter and tends to be rather thoughtless of Meg herself, often putting her down for her lack of social achievement or social popularity  Throughout the series, Lois can best be described as a general foil to her daughter, being more rebellious, outgoing, and loose-spirited compared to her daughter's own uptight demeanor, easily-embarrassed personality, and lack of confidence  Before the more recent seasons of the series, Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg and tried to boost her confidence in terms of teenage social matters  Occasionally however, such occasions resulted in the former getting carried away and stealing the show, for example, taking her to Spring Break at the beach, only for her former younger wild side to kick in and completely exclude Meg from the excitement  Lois would very often comfort Meg when she is down; however, she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien, and with a "Whatever happens, happens", leaves Meg to her misery 
One of the most cruel examples of the family's lack of humanity or gratitude for Meg comes in the episode "You Can't Do That On Television, Peter"  When Peter is mauled by a puma, Meg uses medical training to save his life  However, no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out, Peter just tells her to get him water 
The family's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in "Dial Meg for Murder" when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal, abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her  It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways  However, it comes to a head once again in "Seahorse Seashell Party", when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter, informing them of their own flaws  Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother's delinquent past  Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent, harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg's shortcomings  Lois tries to justify that she's a better person because of her past and she is open that she isn't the perfect parent, but Meg tells her that she's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to guide her through life and navigate her through the hardships and difficulties of being a young woman  Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18, she may never want to see her again  This breaks Lois' heart and she finally admits that she's been a terrible mother to Meg  Finally, Meg turns on Peter who, unable to comprehend her insults, thinks that his daughter's argument is amusing, even when she points out Peter's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her  It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a "waste of a man " A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to "knock it off", but Lois refuses because he didn't stick up for her  Within moments, Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois  Peter finally runs to his room crying, with Lois running after him, leaving behind Meg and Brian, who is now fully recovered from his trip, to discuss what just happened  Brian likes that Meg stood up for herself, but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word, seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins' "lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction"  He commends her on her maturity, and even goes on to say that Meg is the "strongest person" in the family  She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault 
Since this episode, the abuse that Meg receives begins to fade away as a storyline  She also notices that Peter's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her, and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show—which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and (as it is implied) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion 

Notes
Passage 2:
List of Family Guy cast members
Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors, and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars  The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis (who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season (her last episode is "Holy Crap," now marketed as the second episode of season two)), Seth Green, and Mike Henry  Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton, Adam West, John G  Brennan, Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly, and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller, Charles Durning, Rush Limbaugh, James Woods and Phil LaMarr 
Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters  The voice actors, in portraying the various character personalities on the show, draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture  Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor, after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations 
Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode "Barely Legal" and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production, though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series 

Current cast
From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members  Since season 5, there have been five main cast members  The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 

Seth MacFarlane
Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire  MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it  MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design  Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady  The voice for Glenn Quagmire is based on 1940s and 1950s radio commercials  MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, including news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr  Hartman   He is the only cast member to be in every episode 

Alex Borstein
Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt  Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv  She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen"  At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins  The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original season), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying     and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours "

Seth Green
Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman  Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's 

Mila Kunis
Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin  Kunis won the role after the auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show  MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more  Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her  Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat"  She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation  And it's fun "

Mike Henry
Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert “The Pervert”, Bruce, Consuela, and various other characters  A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005  Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy  On June 26, 2020, after twenty years of voicing the character, Mike Henry announced on Twitter that he was stepping down from voicing Cleveland, stating "persons of color should play characters of color " On September 25, 2020, it was announced that Arif Zahir would take over as the voice of Cleveland 

Recurring cast
In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors  Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently  Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags 
The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

Recurring guest voices
The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson, Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown and Emily Osment as Ruth Cochamer  Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis  Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost  Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists and James Woods as himself  In 2020, it was announced that Sam Elliott would take over as Quahog's new mayor, Mayor West's estranged cousin Wyld West 

Casting changes
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited  Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork 
Jon Cryer voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance before the role passed to Seth MacFarlane  The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned 
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character from the third to eighteenth seasons 
Natasha Melnick was the original voice of Meg Griffin's Friend Ruth Cochamer until Emily Osment took over the character in the eleventh season 
Beginning in 2021-onward, Arif Zahir took over voicing Cleveland Brown from Mike Henry 

Awards and nominations
See also
Television portal
Passage 3:
The Cleveland Show
The Cleveland Show is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Richard Appel, and Mike Henry for the Fox Broadcasting Company  A spin-off of Family Guy, and the second television series in the franchise, the series centers on Cleveland Brown, his new wife Donna Tubbs-Brown, and their children Cleveland Brown Jr , Roberta Tubbs, and Rallo Tubbs  Similar to Family Guy, it exhibited much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture, though it uses significantly fewer than Family Guy  Fox cancelled the series after 4 seasons  The animation was produced by Fox Television Animation 
The series was conceived by MacFarlane in 2007 after developing Family Guy and American Dad! for the Fox network  MacFarlane centered the show on Family Guy character Cleveland Brown and created new characters for Cleveland's family members  One preexisting character, Cleveland's son Cleveland Jr  (Junior), was redesigned as an obese, soft-spoken teen, as opposed to his depiction as a younger, hyperactive child with average body weight on Family Guy 
The series premiered on September 27, 2009, and ended on May 19, 2013, with a total of 88 episodes over the course of 4 seasons  The Cleveland Show was nominated for one Annie Award, one Primetime Emmy Award, and two Teen Choice Awards, but received mixed reviews from media critics  Nearly a year after the series' cancelation, Cleveland returned to Family Guy, accompanied by the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family, in the season 12 episode "He's Bla-ack!" during which his show was mercilessly mocked by his friends 

Production
Development
Seth MacFarlane initially conceived The Cleveland Show in 2007 while working on his other two animated series, Family Guy and American Dad! 

The Cleveland Show first appeared on the development slate at Fox in early 2008, under no official name for the pilot, after a report that Fox had purchased the series from creators  The pilot was named The Cleveland Show in May 2008, when it appeared on the primetime slate for the 2008–09 television season, although it wasn't officially on the network schedule  Shortly after a report that King of the Hill just ended, leaving air time for The Cleveland Show, the show was picked up for a full season after an additional nine episodes of the show were ordered  In May 2009, The Cleveland Show appeared on the primetime slate for the 2009–10 television season, for airing on Sunday nights at 8:30 pm On June 15, 2009, it was announced that The Cleveland Show would premiere on September 27, 2009 MacFarlane and Henry pitched a 22-minute to Fox which aired on September 27, 2009 but had been leaked on the internet in June 2009  Even before the pilot episode premiered, the show had already been renewed for a 22-episode second season  After the first season of the show aired, it was given the green light to start production  On June 10, 2010, less than three weeks into the first season's summer hiatus, it was announced that Fox was ordering a third season  A fourth season was announced on May 9, 2011, just a few days before the second season concluded 

Executive producers
Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry and Richard Appel have served as executive producers on the series since the first season 

Voice cast
Mike Henry voices two of the show's main characters: Cleveland Brown and Rallo Tubbs  The voice of Cleveland was developed originally for Family Guy by Henry after being influenced by one of his best friends who had a very distinct regional accent  For the voice of Rallo, Henry stated that he created the voice over twenty years before; he had used it while making prank phone calls 
Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland, stepmother of Cleveland Brown Jr , and mother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs  In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers "wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge " Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled The Golden Blaze  In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs  Predator, Blade, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys 
Reagan Gomez-Preston plays Roberta Tubbs, the stepdaughter of Cleveland  Gomez has stated that she uses her own voice to portray Roberta and that she herself gets mistaken for a fifteen-year-old over the phone "all the time " Before Gomez was cast as Roberta, Nia Long (who co-starred with Lathan in The Best Man franchise) provided the character's voice during the first thirteen episodes  According to Long, she was replaced because producers decided they wanted an actress with a younger-sounding voice, given that the character is a teenager Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on Family Guy and American Dad!, portrays Cleveland, Jr , as well as Cleveland's next-door neighbor Lester Krinklesac  In portraying Cleveland, Jr , Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series ER who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet  For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had "run into a few rednecks in [his] time", and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable  Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode "Harder, Better, Faster, Browner", he was promoted to a series regular 
Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a "Steve Martin impression [   ] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression"  Jess Harnell voices the character for the rest of the series from the next episode onward, as MacFarlane grew tired of voicing the character 
Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a k a  " Federline Jones", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn "Cookie" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar "Freight Train" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender 

Characters
Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife, Donna Tubbs-Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan); Donna's daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's son Rallo (voiced by Mike Henry)  Cleveland, Jr  underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken 

Episodes
Crossovers with other animated sitcoms
The Cleveland Show characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa  The Cleveland Show crossovers have all involved two other animated programs  Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane—Family Guy and American Dad!  There are also many brief cameos of characters from three other Fox animated shows, The Simpsons, Futurama, and King of the Hill 

Syndication and streaming
In July 2010, the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights, for their networks TBS and later, Adult Swim  The series first aired on Adult Swim in the United States on September 29, 2012  On July 14, 2018, Viacom later picked up the rights to the series and the series left Adult Swim and TBS on September 9, 2018  The series began airing on Comedy Central in the United States on October 8, 2018 until April 29, 2022 with ViacomCBS sister networks BET and VH1 airing the series starting on August 31, 2020 and September 14, 2020, respectively  The series is available for streaming on Hulu 
The series began airing on FXX on September 20, 2021 Internationally, The Cleveland Show is available to stream on Star on Disney+ 

Cancellation
On April 17, 2013, Fox dismissed increasing rumors that The Cleveland Show had been canceled, reporting rather that renewal of the series was undetermined as of that time  However, on May 13, 2013, in the New York Daily News, Fox Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly confirmed the show's cancellation  Following the series cancellation, it was confirmed that Cleveland would be moving back to Quahog with the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family to rejoin the Family Guy cast 

Reception
Critical reception
The Cleveland Show initially received mixed reviews from critics  Review aggregator Metacritic gave the show a score of 57 out of 100  Tom Shales of The Washington Post spoke very negatively about both the show and MacFarlane himself, describing him as "no better than the dirty old man hanging around playgrounds with naughty pictures or risque jokes as lures"  Roberto Bianco of USA Today wrote a similarly negative review, suggesting that the easiest fix for its problem was "cancellation"  John McWhorter of The New Republic called it "a patronizing mess" and "basically Family Guy in blackface"  He added: "What isn't black in it is so shamelessly ripped off from Family Guy that it's hard to believe it's the product of creators who are usually so studiously 'post-' obvious stunts of the sort "Matt Rouse of TV Guide wrote, "The lamest, most unnecessary spin-off since Private Practice, Cleveland rests on the shoulders of the hopelessly bland title character"  However, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was more positive about the program, writing that although The Cleveland Show was "just as rude-crude" as Family Guy, it also had "more warmth" due to Cleveland being a more likable character than Peter Griffin  Owen also praised the character of Tim the Bear, stating that "Tim is by far the most amusing creation " Jonathan Storm of the Philadelphia Inquirer, also spoke positively, stating that "[Cleveland] sounds funnier, and he shows way more personality than we've seen in his many years on Family Guy  [   ] While it seems to be missing some of the over-the-top offensive bites we're used to on Family Guy, and Cleveland's new drinking buddies aren't quite as amusing as the Quagmire, Joe, and Peter combination - there's a lot to like here "

Nielsen ratings
Awards and nominations
Home media
Internationally The Cleveland Show is available to stream on Star on Disney + with all four seasons 
Passage 4:
Big Chuck and Lil' John
Charles "Big Chuck" Schodowski (born June 28, 1934) and "Lil' John" Rinaldi (born January 19, 1946) – together commonly known as Big Chuck and Lil' John – are a duo of entertainers who served as late-night horror hosts of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show on television station WJW in Cleveland, Ohio from 1963 to 2008   In addition to hosting a movie with a live audience, they also performed original sketch comedy routines   At the end of each sketch was a very distinctive laugh (see external links section below) voiced by comedian/actor Jay Lawrence, who was a disc jockey for KYW radio in Cleveland during the early 1960s 
On September 10, 2011, WJW began airing a weekly half-hour program – simply titled Big Chuck and Lil' John – featuring classic show skits along with limited new production 

History
Chuck Schodowski (b  June 28, 1934) started as a producer/engineer at WJW-TV (and before that at KYW-TV), and became a close friend of Ernie Anderson  When Anderson's previous sidekick, eventual Hollywood actor Tim Conway, was fired for a fabrication on his résumé, Schodowski was hired as Conway's replacement  Schodowski worked closely with Anderson (as Ghoulardi) on Shock Theater, and was instrumental in bringing in the blend of blues and polka music that helped define the show, adding comic audio drop-ins to enliven the often awful movies, and immortalized The Rivingtons' tune "Papa Oom Mow Mow" by marrying it to the image of an old man gurning When Anderson left Cleveland for California in 1966, his popular Ghoulardi character was retired, and a talent search ensued to find a replacement  Schodowski agreed to help Bob Wells (WJW's "Hoolihan the Weatherman") with his audition, and the management decided they liked the way the two performed together  They became co-hosts of The Hoolihan and Big Chuck Show, which launched on December 23, 1966  In addition to screening horror films, the duo soon started filming comedy skits interspersed within the host segments After Wells left the show in 1979, John Rinaldi, a jeweler by trade who had already been featured on many of the program's skits, took over as co-host



ground_truth: Kanine Records

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who did the original voice of the character played by mila kunis in the cleveland show?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The show itself was relaunched as The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show, and while effectively a separate and distinct show, the familiar Catch As Catch Can theme was retained, among other show elements  Moreover, taped skits from the preceding show often would be rerun on The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show through various "oldies nights" 
For many years, the show aired at 11:30 p m  on Friday nights before moving to 11:30 p m  on Saturday nights starting on October 1, 1988 (to accommodate The Arsenio Hall Show, which WJW was airing following their weeknight 11 p m  newscasts), then back to Fridays following WJW's affiliation switch to Fox in 1994 
After Fox acquired WJW in 1996, the movies selected for The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show were no longer done by either host, and began to deviate from the original horror/science fiction genre into more conventional movie fare  In addition, the start time was again moved in 1996 to Saturdays at midnight following Mad TV, then after Fox debuted Talkshow with Spike Feresten in 2006, the show settled in its final start time of 12:30 a m  Saturday nights/Sunday mornings 
Along with the Saturday night shows, Schodowski and Rinaldi hosted a companion Couch Potato Theater program airing from 10 a m  - noon on Saturday mornings, which featured at various times Three Stooges shorts, episodes of The Abbott and Costello Show, movies, cartoons, or (due to schedule conflicts) an hour long skits only show In December 2006, Schodowski announced he would retire in June 2007   As part of his farewell, WJW broadcast the hour-long retrospective Big Chuck and Lil' John: The End of an Era 
This also marked the end of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show, with the last regular episode airing the afternoon of June 16, 2007 and again in the early morning of June 17 In October 2008, Schodowski released his autobiography, Big Chuck!: My Favorite Stories from 47 Years on Cleveland TV, co-written by The Plain Dealer media writer Tom Feran  The book debuted at the 2008 Ghoulardifest convention 
During the summer of 2011, it was announced that Big Chuck and Lil' John would return to TV on WJW every Saturday morning at 11 a m  (this time, in a 30-minute all skits show similar to the Couch Potato Theater format)   This version of the show began on September 10, 2011  In 2015, the show was moved to Sunday nights at 11:30 p m  The show moved to Monday mornings at 12:30 a m  in 2021, and as of July 2021 the show has been retitled The Best of Big Chuck and Lil' John and introductions to the skits have been dropped Lil' John made news in December 2014, after Cincinnati Bengals head coach Marvin Lewis referred to Cleveland Browns quarterback Johnny Manziel as a "midget"  WJW sent the 4'3" Rinaldi to Cincinnati to cover Lewis' weekly press conference, and he asked the coach some questions In 2019 the duo reunited with Wells to film the five-episode web series Space Ship One 

Notable sketches and parodies
Ben Crazy - a parody of a popular 60's TV medical drama, Ben Casey with Big Chuck as the title character  Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck, but had additional sketches filmed throughout the entire run of Big Chuck & Lil' John 
The Certain Ethnic _____ - a play on Big Chuck's Polish heritage featuring Chuck as "Stash Kowalski" – a stereotypical Polish Clevelander (e g , The Certain Ethnic Motorist, who drives through red traffic lights and stops at green lights)  Big Chuck specifically created the term "certain ethnic" as a euphemism for "Polish" 
The Kielbasa Kid - a parody of TV westerns, with Big Chuck as the bumbling hero  Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Readings By Robert - originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck as a carbon copy of an Ernie Kovacs routine, with Bob Wells in the title role (patterned after Kovacs' "Percy Dovetonsils" character), and Big Chuck as his jazz-ukulele-playing assistant, Carlos  Occasionally rerun throughout the entire run of Big Chuck & Lil' John 
Parma Place - a parody of the 60's soap-opera Peyton Place  Originated on Ghoulardi but was continuously rerun throughout the entire course of Hoolihan & Big Chuck and Big Chuck & Lil' John
Soul Man - a parody of Superman where Big Chuck (as "Ed Tarboosh"  –  mild mannered TV producer) would – with the help of his "soul pills" – become Soul Man, who was a big, black, and bumbling superhero (played by longtime station cameraman Herb Thomas)   Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Mary Hartski, Mary Hartski - a parody of the 70's TV show Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman 
Mariano "Mushmouth" Pacetti - king of the weekly "Pizza Fight" during a six-year period on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Cuyahoga Jones and the Castle of Doom - a parody of the Indiana Jones series, with Big Chuck as the title character – and Lil' John as his sidekick "Short Stuff" – chronicling their attempts to capture the "Kapusta Diamond"  These skits were filmed at Squire's Castle in suburban Willoughby Hills, Ohio 

Other cast members
Big Chuck and Lil' John would use some of WJW's personalities, like station meteorologist Dick Goddard, in their skits   A popular Goddard sketch revolved around Goddard's claims that WJW had the best doppler radar in Cleveland   He bragged that WJW's "Super Doppler Google-Plex" was powerful enough to see clearly to a neighborhood, close enough to reveal a woman taking a bath (strategically covered with bubbles) through her bathroom sunroof, as Goddard sheepishly tried to hide the image with his suit jacket   Goddard would appear in numerous skits through the years, sometimes even playing different characters Other longtime supporting players were veteran cameraman/technician Art Lofredo, who appeared in many skits through the years (most frequently as "The Old Man") and had several "Art Lofredo Nights" dedicated to him;  Herb Thomas, a longtime station cameraman who portrayed "Soul Man", and Mary Allen ("the pride of Maple Heights"), who was an older lady and was a viewer who had won an auction in the late 70s to appear on a skit   She impressed Big Chuck with her performance so much, she became a regular player on the show until the late 90s, appearing most frequently as Stash Kowalski's wife Stella in "The Certain Ethnic ______" skits News anchor Robin Swoboda was famously featured as the main villain (a Catwoman takeoff) with several Cleveland Browns players portraying her henchmen in "Batguy & Rinaldi" (a parody of Batman & Robin), and sportscasters Casey Coleman, John Telich and Dan Coughlin were used in sports themed skits  Other later skits featured WJW station announcer Bill Ward announcing introductions to skits or for faux testimonial advertisements in the style of Hoolihan 
Owing to the station's long affiliation with the CBS television network, CBS stars like Buddy Ebsen and Andy Griffith made cameos in several skits, as well as Tim Conway (who like Big Chuck began his career on WJW as a sidekick of Ernie Anderson – though on a separate program) who by then was a star on CBS' The Carol Burnett Show  Athletes like Muhammad Ali, Earnie Shavers and Jack Lambert also made guest appearances in skits 

Other show features
Both The Hoolihan and Big Chuck Show and The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show also made music video parodies as well, including Ray Stevens songs like "Gitarzan", "Indian Love Call" (the skit was titled "The Audio Engineer" and made extensive use of chromakey), "Along Came Jones", "The Streak" and "Bridget the Midget" (which was Lil' John's on-air debut on the show back in 1970), plus other songs like Scott McKenzie's "San Francisco", Jimmy Castor Bunch's "Troglodyte", and Larry Groce's "Junk Food Junkie "
Both shows occasionally would feature a "New Talent Time" sketch where Cleveland area performers, usually performing some sort of offbeat stunt, would be featured  One week featured songwriter Robert McGuire performing his original song "Moon Over Parma", a song that mentioned a journey through the suburbs of Cleveland; the song would later become the theme song for the first season of The Drew Carey Show 

Awards and honors
Big Chuck
29-time Lower Great Lakes Emmy Awards recipient
1994 Silver Circle Award, presented by Local Great Lakes Emmy Awards chapter
Ohio Broadcasters Hall of Fame Inductee (class of 1991)
Cleveland Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame (class of 1999)

Lil' John
1995 Silver Circle Award, presented by Local Great Lakes Emmy Awards chapter
2001 Lower Great Lakes Emmy Award recipient (as co-host of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show) - Regularly Scheduled Entertainment Program
Ohio Broadcasters Hall of Fame Inductee (class of 1996)
Cleveland Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame (class of 1999)
Passage 5:
Cleveland Bulldogs
The Cleveland Bulldogs were a team that played in Cleveland, Ohio in the National Football League  They were originally called the Indians in 1923, not to be confused with the Cleveland Indians NFL franchise in 1922  However, after team owner Samuel Deutsch purchased the Canton Bulldogs in 1924, he merged the Canton team with his Indians and renamed his franchise the Cleveland Bulldogs  The Canton Bulldogs remained a part of the team until 1925, when they were sold back to Canton  The Cleveland Bulldogs played in the NFL until 1928 when they were relocated to Detroit and became the Detroit Wolverines  The team was later incorporated into the New York Giants in 1929  The Cleveland Bulldogs won the 1924 NFL championship 

History
Origins
Sam Deutsch, a Cleveland jeweler and boxing promoter who also owned a minor-league baseball team, bought an NFL franchise in 1923 and named the team the Indians  They played only seven games in that first season, but they had a shot at the championship, with a 3–0–3 record going into their final game against the Canton Bulldogs, who were also undefeated  The Indians were defeated 46–0 and posted a 3–1–3 league record, finishing fifth in the league, which comprised twenty teams at the time 

Purchase of the Canton Bulldogs
However, in August 1924, Deutsch, bought the defending NFL champions Canton Bulldogs for $2,500  The Bulldogs were experiencing heavy financial troubles at time and were sold to Deutsch without much of a struggle  Duestch combined the Cleveland Indians with the Canton Bulldogs, creating a new team, the Cleveland Bulldogs  Only seven of the Canton players actually joined the new Bulldogs; among them was player-coach Guy Chamberlin  The team played all of its home games at Dunn Field although Deutsch returned the team to Canton for the Thanksgiving game that season 

1924 NFL champions and controversy
The Cleveland Bulldogs won the NFL championship that year with a 7–1–1 record  After winning their first six games, the Bulldogs lost to the Frankford Yellow Jackets and entered a virtual tie with the Chicago Bears for first place in the standings  The Bears played more games, but also had more ties, and their one loss had come in the season opener against the Bulldogs  The Bears attempted to have an after-season exhibition game counted toward the standings, however in 1924 this was against the NFL's rules  In July 1924, NFL owners had agreed on a proposal that the 1924 NFL season would begin on September 27 and end on November 30  Ironically, as it turned out, the proposal was made by Dutch Sternaman, co-owner of the Bears  On the official end date, Cleveland had a 7–1–1 record to Bears' 6–1–4  Ties didn't count at all in those days, so the Bulldogs were in first place with an  875 winning percentage to Chicago's  857  However, on December 7, 1924 the Bulldogs went to Chicago for a challenge match  The Bears won the game, 23–0, and claimed that they deserved the NFL championship; they cited as precedent the 1921 championship decision (which the Bears had won over the Buffalo All-Americans) that declared there was no such thing as an exhibition game  However, the issue wasn't settled until the owners' meeting in January, when the owners voted for Cleveland to take the title  The owners also decided at that meeting that the 1925 season would run through December 20 

Decline
In 1925, several Canton businessmen purchased the rights to the old Canton Bulldogs team from Deutsch for $3,000  The Bulldogs, now known as the Canton Bulldogs, played in Canton during the 1925 and 1926 seasons  However Deutsch continued to call his Cleveland franchise the Bulldogs  He also sold his Cleveland Indians half of the club to Herb Brandt in August 1925  That season the Cleveland Bulldogs fell to a dismal 5–8–1 record  The team performed poorly on the field and at the bank  By mid-November the organization was nearly bankrupt 

In 1926 Brandt received authority from the league to suspend operations for a year  The Bulldogs then returned in 1927, bolstered by players from the folded Kansas City Cowboys franchise  Deutsch returned as the principal owner of this new Cleveland Bulldogs club  He, along with fellow investors Max Rosenblum, Brandt, Harold Gould, and Clinton Winfrey, built the new Bulldogs around native Clevelander Benny Friedman, a star quarterback at the University of Michigan  The team finished fourth in the National Football League this season, with an 8–4–1 record 

Ties to the New York Giants
At the end of the season, Elliott Fisher purchased the Bulldogs and moved the team to Detroit, renaming them the Detroit Wolverines  The 1928 Wolverines team consisted of 12 former Bulldogs players  Before the 1929 season, Tim Mara, owner of the New York Giants, purchased the entire Wolverines squad, including Benny Friedman, and absorbed the team into his New York Giants franchise  Eight former Bulldogs players ended up playing for the Giants that season 

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Season-by-season
External links
Peterson, Robert W  (1997)  Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football  Oxford University Press  ISBN 0-19-511913-4 
Lahman, Sean (2008)  The Pro Football Historical Abstract  The Lyons Press  ISBN 1-59228-940-1 
Ohio History Central: Cleveland Bulldogs
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Cleveland Bulldogs
Passage 6:
Black Swan dance double controversy
The Black Swan dance double controversy concerns an American film and the credit its production gave to performers  Black Swan is a 2010 American psychological horror film about a ballerina directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, and Mila Kunis  After the 83rd Academy Awards, where Portman won Best Actress for her performance in the film as a ballerina, controversy arose over how much credit for the dancing in the film was being given to her and how much to her "dance double", American Ballet Theatre soloist Sarah Lane In a March 3, 2011 blog post (written prior to the DVD release) for Dance Magazine, its editor-in-chief Wendy Perron asked why a visual effects video clip showing Lane's face being replaced by Portman's had been available online but was removed prior to the Oscars  She also speculated as to whether Portman's omission of Lane's name during her acceptance speech was a case of "forgetfulness in the heat of the moment? Or was this omission, and the deletion from the video, planned by the studio's publicity machine?" It was also noted that Lane is credited as "Lady in the Lane" and as "Stunts" rather than as Portman's double in the theatrical release of the film  This led to a number of responses regarding Portman  Aronofsky and Fox Searchlight issued a joint statement, arguing: "We were fortunate to have Sarah there to cover the more complicated dance sequences and we have nothing but praise for the hard work she did  However, Natalie herself did most of the dancing featured in the final film " Benjamin Millepied and Kunis also argued in defense of Portman's dancing  Lane responded through an essay published in The Wall Street Journal (Portman declined through a representative to write one as well) and an interview on 20/20 that her interest lies primarily in defense of ballet as an art form that cannot be mastered in a year 
The DVD of Black Swan was released on March 29, 2011 and includes the featurette with Sarah Lane 

Before the Academy Awards
The film's director Darren Aronofsky stated in a July 2010 interview: "Most of these women who are here started dancing when they were 4, 5, or 6 years old  Their bodies are shaped differently because they started so young  She was able to pull it off  Except for the wide shots when she has to be en pointe for a real long time, it's Natalie on screen  I haven't used her double a lot " Another time when asked whether Portman did all the dancing, he replied "Not everything, but a lot of it  That shot, in the opening prologue when she walks off into the light and she’s flapping her wings, and she’s on pointe, that is 100%, untouched, no digital Natalie Portman  When the camera pulls out on her and she’s on top of the ramp and she’s bleeding, and she’s on pointe, right before she jumps—that is Natalie Portman en pointe" In a November 29, 2010 interview, Portman's other dance double, Kimberly Prosa, also added: "Natalie took class, she studied for several months, from the waist up is her  Sarah Lane a soloist at ABT, did the heavy tricks, she did the fouettés, but they only had her for a limited time, a couple of weeks, so I did the rest of whatever dance shots they needed " In addition, Portman said in an interview with MSN: "I did everything, and the dance double — Sarah Lane, who's a really wonderful dancer — they shot us both doing everything, but because most of the film is in close-up, they're able to use me  The parts I couldn't do were because it's doing very complicated turns en pointe  They would shoot me doing it in flat shoes and Sarah doing it in pointe shoes and find a way to make that work " She also stated in a November 2010 interview with WBUR that "there's a wonderful dancer, Sarah Lane, who did the more complicated pointe work  But I did the stuff that was possible to learn in a year "In December 2010, Lane also gave an interview to Kina Poon of Dance Magazine in which she responds to the question "and how does it feel to be part of a performance that some critics are giving Natalie Portman rave reviews for?" by saying that "I'm not really looking for any sort of recognition  The process was a huge learning experience and I got everything I wanted out of it  But [Portman] deserves the recognition  She worked really hard " Lane's involvement in Black Swan was also mentioned in two other dance magazines and in an article on The New York Times website 

Perron's blog
After the Oscar ceremony on February 27, 2011 in which Portman won the Academy Award for Best Actress and where she thanked many people but did not mention Lane, dancer and editor-in-chief of Dance Magazine Wendy Perron published a March 3, 2011 blog post in which she asks why a visual effects video clip showing Lane's face being replaced by Portman's was once available online but later removed from the Internet prior to the Oscars  She also speculates as to whether Portman deliberately did not mention Lane, by asking if this was a case of "forgetfulness in the heat of the moment? Or was this omission, and the deletion from the video, planned by the studio's publicity machine?" Perron also asks, "Do people really believe that it takes only one year to make a ballerina? We know that Natalie Portman studied ballet as a kid and had a year of intensive training for the film, but that doesn't add up to being a ballerina  However, it seems that many people believe that Portman did her own dancing in Black Swan "Perron followed up the next week with a second blog post on the subject  She interviewed Lane, who states that she did not expect to be named during Portman's acceptance speech because a Fox Searchlight producer had asked her to stop giving interviews until after the Oscars were over: "They were trying to create this façade that [Portman] had become a ballerina in a year and a half     So I knew they didn't want to publicize anything about me " Perron then states that Lane "says she was more offended by that myth than any slight to her as a dancer who worked 'painstaking' hours on the set  She says she's talked to her colleagues about 'how unfortunate it is that, as professional dancers, we work so hard, but people can actually believe that it's easy enough to do it in a year  That's the thing that bothered me the most "

Aftermath
Millepied
Benjamin Millepied (Portman's husband and a principal dancer from New York City Ballet who debuted in Black Swan as both actor and choreographer) responded to Perron's blog in a March 23 interview with the Los Angeles Times  He states in this interview that "there are articles now talking about her dance double [American Ballet Theatre dancer Sarah Lane] that are making it sound like [Lane] did a lot of the work, but really, she just did the footwork, and the fouettés, and one diagonal [phrase] in the studio  Honestly, 85% of that movie is Natalie "

Lane
Lane was then asked about the subject in a March 25 interview with Entertainment Weekly to which she responded that "of the full body shots, I would say 5 percent are Natalie     All the other shots are me " In a later interview with Christopher John Farley of The Wall Street Journal, Lane states that   

I did all of the dancing  Natalie and I alternated shots  They would do close-up shots with her, just of her face and kind of from her arms up  Then they would do the same shot with me, and then they would do a full body shot from far away, or a close-up of my feet, etc  And then there were a few shots they did that were closer full body shots and then they digitally put her face on my body 
This happened, she states, because only someone who has had years of training is able to perform in this manner  On the subject of whether she was being credited as she "deserves", she said, "Definitely not" and elaborates   

It was all my fault really because I didn't have a manager     When I was going to sign my contract, it said on screen credit is up to the producer's discretion      So I signed the contract and I left it  I thought they would kind of take care of me because they were really encouraging and really sweet and always saying how amazing I was  They were kind of rooting me on when I would have to do shots that were really hard and almost impossible even for a professional ballet dancer 
However, she states that her response to the issue of credit is being misrepresented as it is "kind of making me look greedy"  Instead she was actually responding to Perron's blog about the possibility of a "cover-up" and wanted to clarify that "I do want people to know that you cannot absolutely become a professional ballet dancer in a year and a half no matter how hard you work  I've been doing this for 22 years " Lane also reiterates that she was asked by producers to stop giving interviews until after the Oscars were over and as to why she thinks that happened, explained:

I had read a lot of articles that Natalie had done where she said she did 90 percent of the dancing  And never mentioned my name once  Nobody ever mentioned my name hardly ever  I'm not stupid, I got the idea that they really want to make it look like she [Portman] had accomplished something incredible 
Lane continued, "I do want people to know that she did work really hard  And she lost a lot of weight so that if you looked at her, you would say she could pass from the arms up as a dancer  She's an amazing actor  I can't act like that  But to say that she did all of the dancing is absolutely ridiculous to anyone that knows anything about ballet "

Aronofsky and Fox Searchlight
In response, people involved with the film (particularly Aronofsky) and Fox Searchlight disputed Lane's claim  They released statements that stated: "We were fortunate to have Sarah there to cover the more complicated dance sequences and we have nothing but praise for the hard work she did  However, Natalie herself did most of the dancing featured in the final film " Aronofsky stated in an interview with Entertainment Weekly:

I had my editor count shots  There are 139 dance shots in the film  111 are Natalie Portman untouched  28 are her dance double Sarah Lane  If you do the math, that's 80% Natalie Portman  What about duration? The shots that feature the double are wide shots and rarely play for longer than one second  There are two complicated longer dance sequences that we used face replacement  Even so, if we were judging by time, over 90% would be Natalie Portman  And to be clear, Natalie did dance on pointe in pointe shoes  If you look at the final shot of the opening prologue, which lasts 85 seconds, and was danced completely by Natalie, she exits the scene on pointe  That is completely her without any digital magic  I am responding to this to put this to rest and to defend my actor  Natalie sweated long and hard to deliver a great physical and emotional performance  And I don't want anyone to think that's not her they are watching  It is 

Kunis
Mila Kunis, Portman's co-star in the film, also gave an interview with Entertainment Weekly in which she said, "Natalie danced her ass off" and that "[Portman will] tell you [that], no, she was not on pointe when she did a fouetté [turn]  No one's going to deny that  But she did do every ounce of every one of her dances      [Lane] wasn't used for everything  It was more like a safety net  If Nat wasn't able to do something, you'd have a safety net  The same thing that I had — I had a double as a safety net  We all did  No one ever denied it" 

Perron
In an email exchange with Farley published on March 28 in The Wall Street Journal, Wendy Perron stated, "the publicity department for Fox Searchlight, the studio behind the film, is just 'doing its job' in promoting Portman's work"  She also noted: "'Natalie did most of the dancing where you see her in closeup, and she worked hard to make them convincing', Perron said via email  'Obviously, the far shots plus the pirouettes and closeups on the feet were Sarah or another double '"

Lane and Portman further responses
Lane The Wall Street Journal essay
On March 30, The Wall Street Journal published an essay by Lane on the subject  (It had asked both Portman and Lane to write about these events, but Portman declined through a representative ) Lane's essay, "My (Double) Life as A Black Swan", describes the life of a ballet dancer and concludes by stating:

I know that some people are getting very defensive about Black Swan and my role in it, but back-stabbing is not my purpose when people ask me about the legitimacy of the dance shots in the movie  I only care to speak the truth  The truth is that no one, not Natalie Portman, or even myself can come anywhere close to the level of a professional ballerina in a year and a half  Period  That doesn't mean that I don't admire Natalie and her acting  She is so talented and can inspire people, as well, with her own art form  She did an amazing job portraying her character in Black Swan  (Though the movie wasn't a completely realistic reflection of ballet or dancers ) My only wish is that Natalie, Darren, and certain others who worked closely on the movie could have grasped the beauty and the heart of true ballet  If they had, they would have advocated for this art more and given the real dancers the credit that they deserve 

Portman E! interview
In an April 6 interview with E!, Natalie Portman responded to the question: "What do you want to say to people who are questioning your dancing in the film?" by stating: "I had a chance to make something beautiful with this film and I don't want to give in to the gossip"  She also said, "I know what went on  We had an amazing experience making the movie  I don't want to tarnish it by entering into nastiness      I'm really proud of everyone's work on the movie and of my experience  And I'll have that forever  So it's nice for me to always know about that, no matter what kind of nastiness or gossip is going around " In response to a question regarding her Oscar acceptance speech, Portman responded, "I don't remember my Oscar speech at all, and I'm actually too embarrassed to watch it "

Lane 20/20 interview
In an April 15 interview with Elizabeth Vargas for ABC's 20/20, Lane stated: "I didn't really specify anything in my contract about getting onscreen credit or anything     I didn't do the movie to get fame or recognition or anything " She added, "I'm not speaking because I feel like I should be heralded      I'm speaking because [the filmmakers] are completely lying about the amount of dancing Natalie did in the movie  When those incorrect things are coming out, and they threaten the entire principle of ballet, then I feel like I need to say something " When Vargas asked if it is possible that both interpretations of the "math" can be correct, Lane responded: "It's possible, like I said, if you're counting the close-ups of her face as actual dancing shots  But I don't call close-ups of her face actual dancing "20/20 also asked Black Swan editor Andy Weisblum for his take on the math  He responded that "there are about 35 shots that are full body shots in the movie  Of those 35 shots, 12 are Natalie, and then the rest are Sarah  But over the overall film, Natalie did a lot more than that  I mean, she did most of the other shots  It was sometimes hard for me to tell the difference as the editor, it was so close " Lane further reiterated the point that prior to the Oscar ceremony, she gave an interview with Glamour for an article titled The Real Black Swan  After this interview, a Black Swan producer contacted her: "He asked if I would please not do any more interviews until after the Oscars because it was bad for Natalie's image     They were trying to create this image, this facade, really, that Natalie had done something extraordinary  Something that is pretty much impossible     to become a professional ballerina in a year and half " Lane also emphasized that her criticism was not directed at Portman's acting: "I think she is a really beautiful actress     I loved working with her  And she was really focused on her character every day  I definitely think she deserves all the credit that she got with the Oscar "

Dance Channel TV Network interview
In another interview for the Dance Channel network, Lane was asked, "Looking back and having experienced what you had and deciding to talk about what happened, would you do Black Swan again?" Her answer was, "Yeah, I would "
Context 3: Passage 1:
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands  Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country  Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils  It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east 
The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia approximately 65,000 years ago, during the last ice age  Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world  Australia's written history commenced with the European maritime exploration of Australia  The Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon was the first known European to reach Australia, in 1606  In 1770, the British explorer James Cook mapped and claimed the east coast of Australia for Great Britain, and the First Fleet of British ships arrived at Sydney in 1788 to establish the penal colony of New South Wales  The European population grew in subsequent decades, and by the end of the 1850s gold rush, most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and an additional five self-governing British colonies established  Democratic parliaments were gradually established through the 19th century, culminating with a vote for the federation of the six colonies and foundation of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901  This began a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, and culminating in the Australia Act 1986 Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, comprising six states and ten territories  Australia's population of nearly 27 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard  Canberra is the nation's capital, while its most populous city and financial centre is Sydney  The next four largest cities are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide  It is ethnically diverse and multicultural, the product of large-scale immigration, with almost half of the population having at least one parent born overseas  Australia's abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy, which generates its income from various sources including services, mining exports, banking, manufacturing, agriculture and international education  Australia ranks amongst the highest in the world for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights Australia has a highly developed market economy and one of the highest per capita incomes globally  Australia is a regional power, and has the world's thirteenth-highest military expenditure  It is a member of international groupings including the United Nations; the G20; the OECD; the World Trade Organization; Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation; the Pacific Islands Forum; the Pacific Community the Commonwealth of Nations; and the defence/security organisations ANZUS, AUKUS, and the Five Eyes  It is a major non-NATO ally of the United States 

Etymology
The name Australia (pronounced  in Australian English) is derived from the Latin Terra Australis ("southern land"), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times  Several sixteenth century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia  When Europeans began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was naturally applied to the new territories Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as New Holland, a name first applied by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 (as Nieuw-Holland) and subsequently anglicised  Terra Australis still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts  The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who said it was "more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the Earth"  The first time that Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledged the receipt of Flinders' charts of Australia from Lord Bathurst  In December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted  In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially by that name  The first official published use of the new name came with the publication in 1830 of The Australia Directory by the Hydrographic Office Colloquial names for Australia include "Oz" and "the Land Down Under" (usually shortened to just "Down Under")  Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", "the Lucky Country", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land"  The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country" 

History
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous Australians comprise two groups: the Aboriginal peoples of the Australian mainland (and surrounding islands including Tasmania), and the Torres Strait Islanders, who are a distinct Melanesian people  Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia  It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians  The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is recognised as the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia  The oldest human remains found are the Lake Mungo remains, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth  At the time of first European contact, Aboriginal Australians were complex hunter-gatherers with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups  Recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 750,000 could have been sustained  Aboriginal Australians have an oral culture with spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime The Torres Strait Islander people first settled their islands around 4000 years ago  Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas 

European exploration and colonisation
The northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically for trade by Makassan fishermen from what is now Indonesia  The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch  The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon  He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February 1606 at the Pennefather River near the modern town of Weipa on Cape York  Later that year, Spanish explorer Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through and navigated the Torres Strait Islands  The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "New Holland" during the 17th century, and although no attempt at settlement was made, a number of shipwrecks left men either stranded or, as in the case of the Batavia in 1629, marooned for mutiny and murder, thus becoming the first Europeans to permanently inhabit the continent  In 1770, Captain James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named "New South Wales" and claimed for Great Britain Following the loss of its American colonies in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the First Fleet, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to establish a new penal colony in New South Wales  A camp was set up and the Union Flag raised at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on 26 January 1788, a date which later became Australia's national day  Most early convicts were transported for petty crimes and assigned as labourers or servants to "free settlers" (non-convict immigrants)  While the majority of convicts settled into colonial society once emancipated, convict rebellions and uprisings were also staged, but invariably suppressed under martial law  The 1808 Rum Rebellion, the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia, instigated a two-year period of military rule  The following decade, social and economic reforms initiated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie saw New South Wales transition from a penal colony to a civil society The indigenous population declined for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease  Thousands more died as a result of frontier conflict with settlers 

Colonial expansion
The British continued to push into other areas of the continent in the early 19th century, initially along the coast  In 1803, a settlement was established in Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania), and in 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement  The British claim extended to the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (modern-day Albany)  The Swan River Colony (present-day Perth) was established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, Western Australia  In accordance with population growth, separate colonies were carved from New South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1841, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859  South Australia was founded as a "free province" — it was never a penal colony  Western Australia was also founded "free" but later accepted transported convicts, the last of which arrived in 1868, decades after transportation had ceased to the other colonies In 1823, a Legislative Council nominated by the governor of New South Wales was established, together with a new Supreme Court, thus limiting the powers of colonial governors  Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, thus becoming elective democracies managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire  The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs and defence In the mid-19th century, explorers such as Burke and Wills went further inland to determine its agricultural potential and answer scientific questions  A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from China, North America and continental Europe, as well as outbreaks of bushranging and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against gold license fees From 1886, Australian colonial governments began introducing policies resulting in the removal of many Aboriginal children from their families and communities (referred to as the Stolen Generations) 

Federation to the World Wars
On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, constitutional conventions and referendums, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation and the entering into force of the Australian Constitution After the 1907 Imperial Conference, Australia and several other self-governing British settler colonies were given the status of self-governing "dominions" within the British Empire  Australia was one of the founding members of the League of Nations in 1920, and subsequently of the United Nations in 1945  Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom  Australia adopted it in 1942, but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra  Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed  The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911  Australia became the colonial ruler of the Territory of Papua (which had initially been annexed by Queensland in 1883) in 1902 and of the Territory of New Guinea (formerly German New Guinea) in 1920  The two were unified as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975 
In 1914, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the First World War, and took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front  Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded  Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli in 1915 as the nation's "baptism of fire" — its first major military action, with the anniversary of the landing at Anzac Cove commemorated each year on Anzac Day From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the Second World War  Australia's armed forces fought in the Pacific, European and Mediterranean and Middle East theatres  The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin and other Japanese attacks on Australian soil, led to a widespread belief in Australia that a Japanese invasion was imminent, and a shift from the United Kingdom to the United States as Australia's principal ally and security partner  Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the United States, under the ANZUS treaty 

Post-war and contemporary eras
In the decades following World War II, Australia enjoyed significant increases in living standards, leisure time and suburban development  Using the slogan "populate or perish", the nation encouraged a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with such immigrants referred to as "New Australians" A member of the Western Bloc during the Cold War, Australia participated in the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency during the 1950s and the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1972  During this time, tensions over communist influence in society led to unsuccessful attempts by the Menzies Government to ban the Communist Party of Australia, and a bitter splitting of the Labor Party in 1955 As a result of a 1967 referendum, the Federal Government received a mandate to implement policies to benefit Aboriginal people, and all Indigenous Australians were included in the Census  Traditional ownership of land ("native title") was recognised in law for the first time when the High Court of Australia held in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) that the legal doctrine of terra nullius ("land belonging to no one") did not apply to Australia at the time of European settlement Following the final abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia's demography and culture transformed as a result of a large and ongoing wave of non-European immigration, mostly from Asia  The late 20th century also saw an increasing focus on foreign policy ties with other Pacific Rim nations  While the Australia Act 1986 severed the remaining vestigial constitutional ties between Australia and the United Kingdom, a 1999 referendum resulted in 55% of voters rejecting a proposal to abolish the Monarchy of Australia and become a republic Following the September 11 attacks on the United States, Australia joined the United States in fighting the Afghanistan War from 2001 to 2021 and the Iraq War from 2003 to 2009  The nation's trade relations also became increasingly oriented towards East Asia in the 21st century, with China becoming the nation's largest trading partner by a large margin During the COVID-19 pandemic which commenced in Australia in 2020, several of Australia's largest cities were locked down for extended periods of time, and free movement across state borders was restricted in an attempt to slow the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus 

Geography
General characteristics
Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand  The world's smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the "island continent" and is sometimes considered the world's largest island  Australia has 34,218 km (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands), and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi)  This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory Mainland Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44° South, and longitudes 112° and 154° East  Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and desert in the centre  The desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land  Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm  The population density is 3 4 inhabitants per square kilometre, although the large majority of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline  The population density exceeds 19,500 inhabitants per square kilometre in central Melbourne 
The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 km (1,200 mi)  Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith, is located in Western Australia  At 2,228 m (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland  Even taller are Mawson Peak (at 2,745 m (9,006 ft)), on the remote Australian external territory of Heard Island, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies, at 3,492 m (11,457 ft) and 3,355 m (11,007 ft) respectively Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria  The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in height  The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland and shrubland  These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Mitchell Grass Downs and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland  The northernmost point of the mainland is the tropical Cape York Peninsula 
The landscapes of the Top End and the Gulf Country—with their tropical climate—include forest, woodland, wetland, grassland, rainforest and desert  At the north-west corner of the continent are the sandstone cliffs and gorges of The Kimberley, and below that the Pilbara  The Victoria Plains tropical savanna lies south of the Kimberley and Arnhem Land savannas, forming a transition between the coastal savannas and the interior deserts  At the heart of the country are the uplands of central Australia  Prominent features of the centre and south include Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock), the famous sandstone monolith, and the inland Simpson, Tirari and Sturt Stony, Gibson, Great Sandy, Tanami, and Great Victoria deserts, with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast  The Western Australian mulga shrublands lie between the interior deserts and Mediterranean-climate Southwest Australia 

Geology
Lying on the Indo-Australian Plate, the mainland of Australia is the lowest and most primordial landmass on Earth with a relatively stable geological history  The landmass includes virtually all known rock types and from all geological time periods spanning over 3 8 billion years of the Earth's history  The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine Archaean 3 6–2 7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth Having been part of all major supercontinents, the Australian continent began to form after the breakup of Gondwana in the Permian, with the separation of the continental landmass from the African continent and Indian subcontinent  It separated from Antarctica over a prolonged period beginning in the Permian and continuing through to the Cretaceous  When the last glacial period ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed Bass Strait, separating Tasmania from the mainland  Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and the mainland of Australia  The Australian continent is moving toward Eurasia at the rate of 6 to 7 centimetres a year The Australian mainland's continental crust, excluding the thinned margins, has an average thickness of 38 km, with a range in thickness from 24 km to 59 km  Australia's geology can be divided into several main sections, showcasing that the continent grew from west to east: the Archaean cratonic shields found mostly in the west, Proterozoic fold belts in the centre and Phanerozoic sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rocks in the east The Australian mainland and Tasmania are situated in the middle of the tectonic plate and have no active volcanoes, but due to passing over the East Australia hotspot, recent volcanism has occurred during the Holocene, in the Newer Volcanics Province of western Victoria and southeastern South Australia  Volcanism also occurs in the island of New Guinea (considered geologically as part of the Australian continent), and in the Australian external territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands  Seismic activity in the Australian mainland and Tasmania is also low, with the greatest number of fatalities having occurred in the 1989 Newcastle earthquake 

Climate
The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia  These factors cause rainfall to vary markedly from year to year  Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall (monsoon)  The south-west corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate  The south-east ranges from oceanic (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) to humid subtropical (upper half of New South Wales), with the highlands featuring alpine and subpolar oceanic climates  The interior is arid to semi-arid Driven by climate change, average temperatures have risen more than 1°C since 1960  Associated changes in rainfall patterns and climate extremes exacerbate existing issues such as drought and bushfires  2019 was Australia's warmest recorded year, and the 2019–2020 bushfire season was the country's worst on record  Australia's greenhouse gas emissions per capita are among the highest in the world Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought  Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in the early 2010s after the 2000s Australian drought 

Biodiversity
Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests  Fungi typify that diversity—an estimated 250,000 species—of which only 5% have been described—occur in Australia  Because of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique  About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic  Australia has at least 755 species of reptile, more than any other country in the world  Besides Antarctica, Australia is the only continent that developed without feline species  Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers  They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species  Seafaring immigrants from Asia are believed to have brought the dingo to Australia sometime after the end of the last ice age—perhaps 4000 years ago—and Aboriginal people helped disperse them across the continent as pets, contributing to the demise of thylacines on the mainland  Australia is also one of 17 megadiverse countries Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts  Among well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra  Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world  The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE  Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement, including the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species  All these factors have led to Australia's having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world  The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species  Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems; 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention, and 16 natural World Heritage Sites have been established  Australia was ranked 21st out of 178 countries in the world on the 2018 Environmental Performance Index  There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia's threatened species list, including more than 500 animals Paleontologists discovered a fossil site of a prehistoric rainforest in McGraths Flat, in South Australia, that presents evidence that this now arid desert and dry shrubland/grassland was once home to an abundance of life 

Government and politics
Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy  The country has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system under its constitution, which is one of the world's oldest, since Federation in 1901  It is also one of the world's oldest federations, in which power is divided between the federal and state and territorial governments  The Australian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United Kingdom (a fused executive, constitutional monarchy and strong party discipline) and the United States (federalism, a written constitution and strong bicameralism with an elected upper house), along with distinctive indigenous features The federal government is separated into three branches:
Legislature: the bicameral Parliament, comprising the monarch (represented by the governor-general), the Senate, and the House of Representatives;
Executive: the Federal Executive Council, which in practice gives legal effect to the decisions of the cabinet, comprising the prime minister and other ministers of state appointed by the governor-general on the advice of Parliament;Judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the governor-general on advice of ParliamentCharles III reigns as King of Australia and is represented in Australia by the governor-general at the federal level and by the governors at the state level, who by convention act on the advice of his ministers  Thus, in practice the governor-general acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the prime minister and the Federal Executive Council  The governor-general, however, does have reserve powers which, in some situations, may be exercised outside the prime minister's request  These powers are held by convention and their scope is unclear  The most notable exercise of these powers was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975 
In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory)  The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 151 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population, with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats  Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years simultaneously; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote  Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction, as is enrolment  The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister  In cases where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament  Due to the relatively unique position of Australia operating as a Westminster parliamentary democracy with an elected upper house, the system has sometimes been referred to as having a "Washminster mutation", or as a semi-parliamentary system There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition, which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National Party  The Liberal National Party and the Country Liberal Party are merged state branches in Queensland and the Northern Territory that function as separate parties at a federal level  Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is considered centre-left  Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses  The Australian Greens are often considered the "third force" in politics, being the third largest party by both vote and membership The most recent federal election was held on 21 May 2022 and resulted in the Australian Labor Party, led by Anthony Albanese, being elected to government 

States and territories
Australia has six states — New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA) — and three mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the Northern Territory (NT), and the Jervis Bay Territory (JBT)  In most respects, the ACT and NT function as states, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to modify or repeal any legislation passed by the territory parliaments Under the constitution, the states essentially have plenary legislative power to legislate on any subject, whereas the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament may legislate only within the subject areas enumerated under section 51  For example, state parliaments have the power to legislate with respect to education, criminal law and state police, health, transport, and local government, but the Commonwealth Parliament does not have any specific power to legislate in these areas  However, Commonwealth laws prevail over state laws to the extent of the inconsistency Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament — unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states  The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution  The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council  The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister  The King is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the administrator  In the Commonwealth, the King's representative is the governor-general The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the external territories of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the claimed region of Australian Antarctic Territory, as well as the internal Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales  The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the monarch  In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council  Macquarie Island is part of Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island of New South Wales 

Foreign relations
Over recent decades, Australia's foreign relations have been driven by a focus on relationships within the Asia-Pacific region and a continued close association with the United States through the ANZUS pact and its status as a major non-NATO ally of that country  A regional power, Australia is a member of regional and cultural groupings including the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community and the Commonwealth of Nations, and is a participant in the ASEAN+6 mechanism and the East Asia Summit 
Australia is a member of several defence, intelligence and security groupings including the Five Eyes intelligence alliance with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand; the ANZUS alliance with the United States and New Zealand; the AUKUS security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the United States, India and Japan; the Five Power Defence Arrangements with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore; and the Reciprocal Access defence and security agreement with Japan 

Australia has pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation  It led the formation of the Cairns Group and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)  In recent decades, Australia has entered into the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership multilateral free trade agreements as well as bilateral free trade agreements with the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and free trade under the Closer Economic Relations agreement  The most favourably viewed countries by the Australian people in 2021 include New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States and South Korea  A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia is strongly committed to multilateralism, and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance  Australia ranked fourth in the Center for Global Development's 2021 Commitment to Development Index 

Military
Australia's armed forces — the Australian Defence Force (ADF) — comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), in total numbering 81,214 personnel (including 57,982 regulars and 23,232 reservists) as of November 2015  The titular role of Commander-in-Chief is vested in the Governor-General, who appoints a Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services on the advice of the government  In a diarchy, the Chief of the Defence Force serves as co-chairman of the Defence Committee, conjointly with the Secretary of Defence, in the command and control of the Australian Defence Organisation In the 2016–2017 budget, defence spending comprised 2% of GDP, representing the world's 12th largest defence budget  Australia has been involved in United Nations and regional peacekeeping, disaster relief, as well as armed conflicts from the First World War onwards 

Economy
Australia's high-income mixed-market economy is rich in natural resources  It is the world's thirteenth-largest by nominal terms, and the 18th-largest by PPP  As of 2021, it has the second-highest amount of wealth per adult, after Luxembourg, and has the thirteenth-highest financial assets per capita  Australia has a labour force of some 13 5 million, with an unemployment rate of 3 5% as of June 2022  According to the Australian Council of Social Service, the poverty rate of Australia exceeds 13 6% of the population, encompassing 3 2 million  It also estimated that there were 774,000 (17 7%) children under the age of 15 living in relative poverty  The Australian dollar is the national currency, which is also shared with three Island states in the Pacific: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu Australian government debt, about $963 billion, exceeds 45 1% of the country's total GDP, and is the world's eighth-highest  Australia had the second-highest level of household debt in the world in 2020, after Switzerland  Its house prices are among the highest in the world, especially in the large urban areas  The large service sector accounts for about 71 2% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (25 3%), while the agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up only 3 6% of total GDP  Australia is the world's 21st-largest exporter and 24th-largest importer  China is Australia's largest trading partner by a wide margin, accounting for roughly 40% of the country's exports and 17 6% of its imports  Other major export markets include Japan, the United States, and South Korea Australia has high levels of competitiveness and economic freedom, and is ranked eighth in the Human Development Index  As of 2022, it is ranked twelfth in the Index of Economic Freedom and nineteenth in the Global Competitiveness Report  It attracted 9 5 million international tourists in 2019, and was ranked thirteenth among the countries of Asia-Pacific in 2019 for inbound tourism  The 2021 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Australia seventh-highest in the world out of 117 countries  Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $45 7 billion 

Energy
In 2003, Australia's energy sources were coal (58 4%), hydropower (19 1%), natural gas (13 5%), liquid/gas fossil fuel-switching plants (5 4%), oil (2 9%), and other renewable resources like wind power, solar energy, and bioenergy (0 7%)  During the 21st century, Australia has been trending to generate more energy using renewable resources and less energy using fossil fuels  In 2020, Australia used coal for 62% of all energy (3 6% increase compared to 2013), wind power for 9 9% (9 5% increase), natural gas for 9 9% (3 6% decrease), solar power for 9 9% (9 8% increase), hydropower for 6 4% (12 7% decrease), bioenergy for 1 4% (1 2% increase), and other sources like oil and waste coal mine gas for 0 5% In August 2009, Australia's government set a goal to achieve 20% of all energy in the country from renewable sources by 2020  They achieved this goal, as renewable resources accounted for 27 7% of Australia's energy in 2020 

Science and technology
In 2019, Australia spent A$35 6 billion on research and development, allocating about 1 79% of GDP  A recent study by Accenture for the Tech Council shows that the Australian tech sector combined contributes $167 billion a year to the economy and employs 861,000 people  The country's most recognized and important sector of this type is mining, where Australia continues to have the highest penetration of technologies, especially drones, autonomous and remote-controlled vehicles and mine management software  In addition, recent startup ecosystems in Sydney and Melbourne are already valued at $34 billion combined  Australia consistently has ranked high in the Global Innovation Index (GII)  In 2022, Australia ranked 25th out of the 132 economies featured in the GII 2022, down from being 22nd in 2019 With only 0 3% of the world's population, Australia contributed 4 1% of the world's published research in 2020, making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world  CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities  Its most notable contributions include the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy, the essential components of Wi-Fi technology, and the development of the first commercially successful polymer banknote Australia is a key player in supporting space exploration  Facilities such as the Square Kilometre Array and Australia Telescope Compact Array radio telescopes, telescopes such as the Siding Spring Observatory, and ground stations such as the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex are of great assistance in deep space exploration missions, primarily by NASA 

Demographics
Australia has an average population density of 3 5 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world  The population is heavily concentrated on the east coast, and in particular in the south-eastern region between South East Queensland to the north-east and Adelaide to the south-west



ground_truth: Lacey Chabert

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What administrative territorial entity is the owner of Ciudad Deportiva located?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Australia is highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018  Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age  In 2018 the average age of the Australian population was 38 8 years  In 2015, 2 15% of the Australian population lived overseas, one of the lowest proportions worldwide 

Ancestry and immigration
Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century  In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades  Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism, and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century Today, Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, the highest proportion among major Western nations  160,323 permanent immigrants were admitted to Australia in 2018–2019 (excluding refugees), whilst there was a net population gain of 239,600 people from all permanent and temporary immigration in that year  The majority of immigrants are skilled, but the immigration program includes categories for family members and refugees  In 2020, the largest foreign-born populations were those born in England (3 8%), India (2 8%), Mainland China (2 5%), New Zealand (2 2%), the Philippines (1 2%) and Vietnam (1 1%) The Australian Bureau of Statistics does not collect data on race, but asks each Australian resident to nominate up to two ancestries each census  These ancestry responses are classified into broad standardised ancestry groups  At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses within each standardised group as a proportion of the total population was as follows: 57 2% European (including 46% North-West European and 11 2% Southern and Eastern European), 33 8% Oceanian, 17 4% Asian (including 6 5% Southern and Central Asian, 6 4% North-East Asian, and 4 5% South-East Asian), 3 2% North African and Middle Eastern, 1 4% Peoples of the Americas, and 1 3% Sub-Saharan African  At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:

At the 2021 census, 3 8% of the Australian population identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders 

Language
Although English is not the official language of Australia in law, it is the de facto official and national language  Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling  General Australian serves as the standard dialect At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population  The next most common languages spoken at home were Mandarin (2 7%), Arabic (1 4%), Vietnamese (1 3%), Cantonese (1 2%) and Punjabi (0 9%) Over 250 Australian Aboriginal languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact  The National Indigenous Languages Survey (NILS) for 2018–19 found that more than 120 Indigenous language varieties were in use or being revived, although 70 of those in use were endangered  The 2021 census found that 167 Indigenous languages were spoken at home by 76,978 Indigenous Australians  NILS and the Australian Bureau of Statistics use different classifications for Indigenous Australian languages The Australian sign language known as Auslan was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census 

Religion
Australia has no state religion; Section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion At the 2021 Census, 38 9% of the population identified as having "no religion", up from 15 5% in 2001  The largest religion is Christianity (43 9% of the population)  The largest Christian denominations are the Roman Catholic Church (20% of the population) and the Anglican Church of Australia (9 8%)  Multicultural immigration since the Second World War has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3 2%), Hinduism (2 7%), Buddhism (2 4%), Sikhism (0 8%), and Judaism (0 4%) In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions  In Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation  The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land 

Health
Australia's life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females), is the fifth-highest in the world  It has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world, while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7 8% of the total mortality and disease  Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7 6%, with obesity third at 7 5%  Australia ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its proportion of obese women and near the top of developed nations for its proportion of obese adults; 63% of its adult population is either overweight or obese Australia spent around 9 91% of its total GDP to health care in 2021  It introduced universal health care in 1975  Known as Medicare, it is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy, currently at 2%  The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (subsidising the costs of medicines) and general practice During the COVID-19 pandemic Australia had one of the most restrictive quarantine policies, resulting in one of the lowest death rates worldwide 

Education
School attendance, or registration for home schooling, is compulsory throughout Australia  Education is the responsibility of the individual states and territories so the rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about 16  In some states (Western Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales), children aged 16–17 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an apprenticeship Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003  However, a 2011–2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that Tasmania has a literacy and numeracy rate of only 50% Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level  The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university  There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as TAFE, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople  About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries  30 9% of Australia's population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019  Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26 7% of the student bodies of Australian universities  International education therefore represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas  Education is Australia's third-largest export, after iron ore and coal, and contributed over $28 billion to the economy in 2016–17 

Culture
The country is home to a diversity of cultures, a result of its history of immigration  Prior to 1850, Australia was dominated by Indigenous cultures  Since then, Australian culture has primarily been a Western culture, strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic settlers  Other influences include Australian Aboriginal culture, the traditions brought to the country by waves of immigration from around the world, and the culture of the United States  The cultural divergence and evolution that has occurred over the centuries since European settlement has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture 

Arts
Australia has over 100,000 Aboriginal rock art sites, and traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse contemporary Indigenous Australian art, "the last great art movement of the 20th century" according to critic Robert Hughes; its exponents include Emily Kame Kngwarreye  Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land  The impressionistic works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and other members of the 19th-century Heidelberg School—the first "distinctively Australian" movement in Western art—gave expression to nationalist sentiments in the lead-up to Federation  While the school remained influential into the 1900s, modernists such as Margaret Preston, and, later, Sidney Nolan, explored new artistic trends  The landscape remained central to the work of Aboriginal watercolourist Albert Namatjira, as well as Fred Williams, Brett Whiteley and other post-war artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the figurative and the abstract Australian literature grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous oral traditions, many of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older  In the 19th-century, Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson captured the experience of the bush using a distinctive Australian vocabulary  Their works are still popular; Paterson's bush poem "Waltzing Matilda" (1895) is regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem  Miles Franklin is the namesake of Australia's most prestigious literary prize, awarded annually to the best novel about Australian life  Its first recipient, Patrick White, went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973  Australian Booker Prize winners include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan  Australian public intellectuals have also written seminal works in their respective fields, including feminist Germaine Greer and philosopher Peter Singer Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council  There is a symphony orchestra in each state, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland  At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers  Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies  Each state has a publicly funded theatre company 

Media
The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era  After World War I, Hollywood monopolised the industry, and by the 1960s Australian film production had effectively ceased  With the benefit of government support, the Australian New Wave of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films, many exploring themes of national identity, such as Wake in Fright and Gallipoli, while Crocodile Dundee and the Ozploitation movement's Mad Max series became international blockbusters  In a film market flooded with foreign content, Australian films delivered a 7 7% share of the local box office in 2015  The AACTAs are Australia's premier film and television awards, and notable Academy Award winners from Australia include Geoffrey Rush, Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger Australia has two public broadcasters (the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services, and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations  Each major city has at least one daily newspaper, and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review  In 2020, Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 25th on a list of 180 countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (33rd) and United States (44th)  This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia; most print media are under the control of News Corporation and Nine Entertainment Co 

Cuisine
Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker  The first settlers introduced British and Irish cuisine to the continent  This influence is seen in the enduring popularity of several British dishes such as fish and chips, and in quintessential Australian dishes such as the Australian meat pie, which is related to the British steak pie  Post-war immigration transformed Australian cuisine  For instance, Southern European migrants helped to build a thriving Australian coffee culture which gave rise to Australian coffee drinks such as the flat white, while East Asian migration led to dishes such as the Cantonese-influenced dim sim and Chiko Roll, as well as a distinct Australian Chinese cuisine  Sausage sizzles, pavlovas, lamingtons, meat pies, Vegemite and Anzac biscuits are regarded as iconic Australian foods Australia is a leading exporter and consumer of wine  Australian wine is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country  The nation also ranks highly in beer consumption, with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries  Australia is also known for its cafe and coffee culture in urban centres 

Sport and recreation
Cricket and football are the predominant sports in Australia during the summer and winter months, respectively  Australia is unique in that it has professional leagues for four football codes  Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, Australian rules football is the most popular code in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union  Soccer, while ranked fourth in popularity and resources, has the highest overall participation rates  Cricket is popular across all borders and has been regarded by many Australians as the national sport  The Australian national cricket team competed against England in the first Test match (1877) and the first One Day International (1971), and against New Zealand in the first Twenty20 International (2004), winning all three games  It has also participated in every edition of the Cricket World Cup, winning the tournament a record five times Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every Summer Olympics of the modern era, and has hosted the Games twice: 1956 in Melbourne and 2000 in Sydney  It is also set to host the 2032 Games in Brisbane  Australia has also participated in every Commonwealth Games, hosting the event in 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 and 2018  As well as being a regular FIFA World Cup participant, Australia has won the OFC Nations Cup four times and the AFC Asian Cup once—the only country to have won championships in two different FIFA confederations Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix  The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race also attract intense interest  Australia is also notable for water-based sports, such as swimming and surfing  The surf lifesaving movement originated in Australia, and the volunteer lifesaver is one of the country's icons  Snow sports take place primarily in the Australian Alps and Tasmania 

See also
Outline of Australia
Index of Australia-related articles

Notes
Passage 2:
Ciudad del Niño metro station
Ciudad del Niño is an underground metro station on the Line 2 of the Santiago Metro, in Santiago, Chile  It is named for the former Ciudad del Niño Presidente Juan Antonio Ríos  The station was opened on 21 December 1978 as part of the extension of the line from Franklin to Lo Ovalle 
Passage 3:
Ciudad Deportiva (Nuevo Laredo)
The Ciudad Deportiva (Sports City) is a sports complex  in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico  It is home to the Tecolotes de Nuevo Laredo Mexican Baseball League team and the Toros de Nuevo Laredo Mexican professional basketball team from the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional  The Ciudad Deportiva's Estadio Nuevo Laredo (baseball park) can seat up to 12,000 fans at a baseball game and the Nuevo Laredo Multidisciplinary Gymnasium can seat 4,000 fans at a basketball game 

Phase II
Phase II of this project will include a new soccer stadium within Mexican Primera Division standards for a possible expansion of one of its teams to Nuevo Laredo  Part of Phase II has already been completed which includes an indoor stadium with a capacity of 4,000 fans that allows fans to enjoy basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics among other sports 

Gallery
Passage 4:
1969 Mexican Grand Prix
The 1969 Gran Premio de Mexico (Mexican Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at the Ciudad Deportiva Magdalena Mixhuca, Mexico City on October 19, 1969, two weeks after the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen  It was race 11 of 11 in both the 1969 World Championship of Drivers and the 1969 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers  The 65-lap race was won by McLaren driver Denny Hulme after he started from fourth position  Jacky Ickx finished second for the Brabham team and his teammate Jack Brabham came in third 

Report
Entry
A total of 17 F1 cars were entered for this event, the last of the season  Team Lotus had had mixed fortunes at Watkins Glen, although Jochen Rindt had won the race, his teammate Graham Hill had broken both legs in an accident  At this event, Lotus decided not to replace him  However they did run a second car, a Lotus 63 developmental car with four wheel drive for John Miles, as Mario Andretti was busy winning the Dan Gurney 200 at Pacific Raceways, USA The rest of the field was unchanged, with only one Ferrari 312 entered by NART for local hero, Pedro Rodríguez 

Qualifying
The Motor Racing Developments Ltd team proved to be very fast in Mexico, as they dominated qualifying in their Brabham-Cosworth BT26A  Jack Brabham secured pole position, for the team, averaging a speed of 96 087 mph  Next fastest was his teammate, Jacky Ickx  The 1969 World Champion, Jackie Stewart was third fastest in his Matra-Cosworth MS80, who shared the second row with the McLaren-Cosworth M7A of Denny Hulme  A pair of Lotus 49s were on row three, with Jo Siffert ahead of Jochen Rindt 

Race
The race was held over 65 laps, however, for the second consecutive race, Bruce McLaren failed to make the start  Of the 16 remaining cars, Jackie Stewart made the best start, with the Brabhams of Jacky Ickx and Jack Brabham in pursuit, Jochen Rindt fourth, and Denny Hulme close behind  By the end of the second lap, led, while Ickx was putting pressure on Stewart  By lap six, Ickx was through, into the lead, and Hulme past Brabham to take third  Hulme overtook Stewart on the next lap, and set about chasing down Ickx   On lap 10, Hulme's McLaren was ahead  Meanwhile, Stewart’s Matra had dropped behind Brabham, and this is how the top four remained throughout the remainder of the race  Rindt ran fifth early on in the race, but bent his suspension on a curb, leading to his retirement, so fifth went to Jean-Pierre Beltoise, with Jackie Oliver finishing sixth in the BRM P139, two laps adrift Hulme won in a time of 1hr 54min 5 3sec, an average speed of 99 618 mph (160 320 km/h)  Hulme finished just 2 56 seconds ahead of Ickx 

Qualifying
Qualifying classification
Race
Classification
Championship standings after the race

Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings  Only the best 5 results from the first 6 rounds and the best 4 results from the last 5 rounds counted towards the Championship  Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored 
Passage 5:
Tumaraa
Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea Tumaraa consists of the following associated communes:

Fetuna
Tehurui
Tevaitoa
VaiaauThe administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Tevaitoa  The tallest mountain on Raiatea - Mont Temehani - is located within Tumaraa 
Passage 6:
Buenos Aires Argentina Temple
The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple is the 39th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), located in Ciudad Evita, near Buenos Aires, Argentina 

History
LDS Church leaders announced plans to build a temple in Buenos Aires in April 1980   Three years later, ground was broken and the site was dedicated by Bruce R  McConkie   After the building's completion an open house was held from December 17–24, 1985   Because of the location, visitors traveling from the airport to downtown Buenos Aires drive right past the temple 
Thomas S  Monson presided over the temple dedication on January 17, 1986  The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple has a total of 17,683 square feet (1,642 8 m2), four ordinance rooms, and three sealing rooms 
The temple closed for a renovation and expansion that added two smaller wings to the temple, set at angles to the existing structure  The renovated temple was rededicated September 9, 2012 by Henry B  Eyring, First Counselor in the church's First Presidency  It reopened September 11, 2012 In 2020, the Buenos Aires Argentina Temple was temporarily closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic 

See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Argentina
Passage 7:
Ofu Airport
Ofu Airport (IATA: OFU, ICAO: NSAS, FAA LID: Z08) is a public airport located one mile (2 km) southeast of the village of Ofu on the island of Ofu in American Samoa, an unincorporated territory of the United States  This airport is publicly owned by Government of American Samoa The Ofu runway was driven as part of the Google Street View project; users looking at Street View imagery at this location will get a view from the runway as opposed to the road which was apparently under construction when the photos were taken 

History
Originally constructed in 1974, the airport runway was moved to its current location in 1986 

Facilities and aircraft
Ofu Airport covers an area of 18 acres (7 3 ha) and has one paved runway (8/26) measuring 2,000 x 60 ft (610 x 18 m) For 12-month period ending December 30, 2004, the airport had 1,944 aircraft operations, an average of 5 per day, 100% of which were air taxi flights 

Airlines and destinations
Passage 8:
Sportivo Italiano
Club Sportivo Italiano is an Argentine football club located in Ciudad Evita, La Matanza Partido, Greater Buenos Aires  The team currently plays in the Primera B Metropolitana, the third division of the Argentine football league system 
The club was founded on May 7, 1955, by Italian immigrants who lived in Florida neighbourhood (part of Vicente López Partido in the Greater Buenos Aires)  The club was originally named "Associazione del Calcio Italiano in Argentina"  In 1978 the institution merged with Sociedad Italiana and changed its name to "Club Deportivo Italiano"  The club's last name change occurred in 2000, when it became known under its current denomination "Club Sportivo Italiano" 
The team mainly appeared in the 2nd and third division of Argentine football, although in the 1986–87 played its only season in the Argentine top flight  Despite finishing bottom of the league and being relegated, this was its highest league finish ever 

Players
Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Notable managers
Ramón Cabrero (1985–87)

Honours
Primera B (3): 1986, 1995–96, 2008–09
Primera C (3): 1962, 1974, 2013–14
Primera D (1): 1960

External links

Official Website
Mundo Azzurro
Dep Italiano
Passage 9:
Juan Carlos Espinoza Mercado
Juan Carlos Espinoza Mercado (born 23 July 1987, in Machala) is an Ecuadorian professional football player who has played for Ecuadorian club Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Loja and in 2010 he joined Peruvian club Juan Aurich 

International career
Identity case
In January 2013, he was called into the 2013 South American Youth Championship for the Peruvian U20 team  He played in four games under the name of Max Barrios Prado before it was reported that he had used false documentation that implied that the player was 17 years old  The Civil Registry of Ecuador released documentation showing that the player was 25 years old and married  He was withdrawn from the competition 
The rumours were initially reported by someone who claimed to be a friend of 'Maradona', the former player of Palma de Huacho and apparent father of 'Max Barrios'  The person claimed Maradona told him that the U20 player was from "Colombia or Ecuador" and that 'Maradona' is not the player's father Jaime Villavicencio, President of Universitaria de Loja club confirmed that the player in the U20 competition is the same person as the one who played for Universitaria de Loja  The Peruvian club Juan Aurich have passed information on to their lawyers as the player signed a contract with Juan Aurich using false documentation 
Passage 10:
Nuevo Laredo Municipality
The Municipality of Nuevo Laredo is located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas  Its municipal seat is Nuevo Laredo  The municipality contains more than 60 localities which the most important ones are Nuevo Laredo, El Campanario y Oradel, and Álvarez, the last two being suburbs of the city of Nuevo Laredo  By population, the municipality is the third largest in the state of Tamaulipas (behind Reynosa and Matamoros respectively)  The Nuevo Laredo municipality is the northernmost in Tamaulipas, lying at the extreme northwestern tip of its narrow strip of land along the Río Grande  The city of Nuevo Laredo contains approximately 97 5% of the total population of the municipality 

Geography
Nuevo Laredo is located in the Northern tip of Tamaulipas on the west end of the Rio Grande Plains  Rio Grande is the only source that supplies its citizens with water  El Coyote Creek supplies Nuevo Laredo's only natural lake El Laguito (The Small Lake)   The area consists of a few hills and flat land covered with grass, oak, cacti, and mesquite 

Climate
Nuevo Laredo features a semiarid climate  Nuevo Laredo's weather is influenced by its proximity to the Chihuahuan Desert to the west, by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the south and west, and by the Gulf of Mexico to the east   Much of the moisture from the Pacific is blocked by the Sierra Madre Oriental   Therefore, most of the moisture derives from the Gulf of Mexico   Its geographic location causes Nuevo Laredo's weather to range from long periods of heat to sudden violent storms in a short period of time  Nuevo Laredo is cold for Tamaulipas standards during winter, the average daytime highs are around 66 °F (19 C) and overnight lows around 43 °F (6 C); although it is rare for snow to fall in Nuevo Laredo, there was actually snow on the ground for a few hours on the morning of Christmas Day 2004 
Nuevo Laredo experiences an average high temperature of about 99 °F (37 C), and an average low of about 75 °F (24 C) during summer, and 20 inches (510 mm) of rain per year  As Laredo sometimes undergoes  drought, a water conservation ordinance was implemented in 2003 

Government
Nuevo Laredo is governed by an elected Cabildo, which is composed of the Presidente Municipal (Municipal President or Mayor), two Síndicos,  and twenty Regidores  The PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) is in control of the city government  The Mayor is in charge of the municipal administration  The Síndicos supervise the municipal budget and expenditures, and the Regidores are elected by the party 

Public safety
Public safety is provided by three municipal departments: (1) municipal police (Dirección de Seguridad Ciudadana), (2) traffic control (Dirección de Seguridad Vial), and (3) the emergency services department (Dirección de Protección Civil, Bomberos y Desastres) 

Towns and villages
The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:

Populated places
See also
Municipalities of Tamaulipas
Nuevo Laredo (City)
Tamaulipas
Passage 11:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 12:
Pangi Territory
Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The  headquarters is the town of Pangi 
The Elila River flows through Pangi territory, entering the Lualaba River to the west 
The territory is divided into the Babene chiefdom and the Beia, Ikama, Wakabango and Wasongola sectors 
Most of the territory is inhabited by the Lega people, as are the adjoining Mwenga and Shabunda territories 
As of 1972 there were still a few Pygmies living among the Baziri tribe of Lega people 
Before independence the territory had 97,380 inhabitants of whom 35,518 were in urban and mining agglomerations 
Passage 13:
Estadio Unión Tarma
Estadio Unión Tarma is a multi-use stadium in Tarma, Peru  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Asociación Deportiva Tarma of the Liga 1 Peru  The stadium holds 9,000 spectators 

External links
Stadium information



ground_truth: Tamaulipas