prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the highest city in the state where Dell ranks sixth by revenue?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of U S  states and territories by elevation
This list includes the topographic elevations of each of the 50 U S  states, the District of Columbia, and the U S  territories The elevation of a geographic area may be stated in several ways  These include:

The maximum elevation of the area (high point);
The minimum elevation of the area (low point);
The arithmetic mean elevation of the area (statistical mean elevation);
The median elevation of the area (statistical 50% elevation); and
The elevation range of the area All topographic elevations are adjusted to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)  All geographic coordinates are adjusted to the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84)  The mean elevation for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are accurate to the nearest 100 feet (30 m)  Mean elevation data is not available for the other U S  territories 

Elevations
Minor outlying islands
The highest points in the U S  minor outlying islands, mostly unnamed:

Baker Island high point – 26 feet (8 m)
Howland Island high point – 10 feet (3 m)
Jarvis Island high point – 23 feet (7 m)
Johnston Atoll, Sand Island high point – 33 feet (10 m)
Kingman Reef high point – less than 7 feet (2 m)
Midway Atoll, Sand Island high point – 50 feet (15 m) – The highest point of the U S  minor outlying islands in the Pacific Ocean 
Navassa Island high point – 280 feet (85 m) – The highest point of all the U S  minor outlying islands 
Palmyra Atoll high point – 10 feet (3 m)
Wake Island high point – 26 feet (8 m)

Gallery
See also
Highpointing
List of elevation extremes by country
List of elevation extremes by region
Lists of highest points
List of highest U S  county high points
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of the highest major summits of the United States
List of the most prominent summits of the United States
List of the most isolated major summits of the United States
List of highest counties in the United States
List of highest United States cities by state

Notes
Passage 2:
Fort Davis, Texas
Fort Davis is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jeff Davis County, Texas, United States  The population was 1,201 at the 2010 census, up from 1,050 at the 2000 census  It is the county seat of Jeff Davis County 

History
It was the site of Fort Davis, established in 1854 on the San Antonio–El Paso Road through west Texas and named after Jefferson Davis, who was then the Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce  It was reestablished in 1867 following the civil war 

Geography
Fort Davis is located in southeastern Jeff Davis County at the southeast foot of the Davis Mountains  Texas State Highway 17 (State Street) passes through the center of town, leading northeast 38 miles (61 km) to Interstate 10 at Balmorhea and southwest 21 miles (34 km) to Marfa  Texas State Highway 118 joins Highway 17 through the center of Fort Davis, but leads northwest through the Davis Mountains 52 miles (84 km) to I-10 and southeast 23 miles (37 km) to Alpine 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10 1 square miles (26 1 km2), all land Fort Davis has the highest elevation above sea level of any county seat in Texas; the elevation is 4,900 feet (1,500 m) 

Climate
Fort Davis experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with cool, dry winters and hot, wet summers  There is a large degree of diurnal temperature variation due to the high elevation of the area 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,024 people, 415 households, and 317 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000,  1,050 people, 415 households, and 298 families resided in the CDP  The population density was 188 2 inhabitants per square mile (72 7/km2)  The 525 housing units averaged 94 1 per square mile (36 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 88 29% White, 0 19% African American, 0 48% Native American, 7 62% from other races, and 3 43% from two or more races  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 49 33% of the population 
Of the 415 households, 32 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57 6% were married couples living together, 10 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28 0% were not families  About 24 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 53 and the average family size was 3 02 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24 7% under the age of 18, 7 4% from 18 to 24, 26 9% from 25 to 44, 25 4% from 45 to 64, and 15 6% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 102 3 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97 3 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,882, and  for a family was $27,955  Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $20,000 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $14,249  About 20 7% of families and 21 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26 3% of those under age 18 and 26 0% of those age 65 or over 

Arts and culture
Points of interest
Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens at the Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute
Fort Davis National Historic Site
The McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin
Fort Davis is home to one of 10 dishes comprising the Very Long Baseline Array
Davis Mountains State Park

Education
Fort Davis is served by the Fort Davis Independent School District 

Dirks-Anderson Elementary School
Fort Davis High SchoolAll of Jeff Davis County is zoned to Odessa College 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Dell
Dell Inc  is an American based technology company  It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services  Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, and electronics built by other manufacturers  The company is known for how it manages its supply chain and electronic commerce  This includes Dell selling directly to customers and delivering PCs that the customer wants  Dell was a pure hardware vendor until 2009 when it acquired Perot Systems   Dell then entered the market for IT services  The company has expanded storage and networking systems  It is now expanding from offering computers only to delivering a range of technology for enterprise customers Dell is a publicly traded company (Nasdaq: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500  It is the third-largest personal computer vendor as of January 2021  Dell is ranked 31st on the Fortune 500 list in 2022, up from 76th in 2021  It is also the sixth-largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine  It is the second-largest non-oil company in Texas In 2015, Dell acquired the enterprise technology firm EMC Corporation  Dell and EMC became divisions of Dell Technologies  Dell EMC sells data storage, information security, virtualization, analytics, and cloud computing 

History
Founding and start-up
Michael Dell founded Dell Computer Corporation, doing business as PC's Limited in 1984 while a student at the University of Texas at Austin, operating from Michael Dell's off-campus dormitory room at Dobie Center  The start-up aimed to sell IBM PC compatible computers built from stock components  Michael Dell started trading in the belief that, by selling personal computer systems directly to customers, PC's Limited could better understand customers' needs and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs  Dell dropped out of college upon completion of his freshman year at the University of Texas in order to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting about $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family  As of April 2021, Dell's net worth was estimated to be over $50 billion 
In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the "Turbo PC", selling for US$795 and containing an Intel 8088-compatible processor capable of running at a maximum speed of 8 MHz  PC's Limited advertised the systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers, and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options  This offered buyers prices lower than those of retail brands, but with greater convenience than assembling the components themselves  Pc's Limited was not the first company to use this business model, but they became one of the first to succeed with it  The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of trading 
The company dropped the PC's Limited name in 1987 to become Dell Computer Corporation and began expanding globally  The reasoning was that this new company name better reflected its presence in the business market, and also resolved issues with the use of "Limited" in a company name in certain countries   The company set up its first international operations in Britain; 11 more followed within the next four years  In June 1988, Dell Computer's market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million from its June 22 initial public offering of 3 5 million shares at $8 50 a share  In 1989, Dell Computer set up its first on-site service programs in order to compensate for the lack of local retailers prepared to act as service centers 

Growth in the 1990s and early 2000s
In 1990, Dell Computer tried selling its products indirectly through warehouse clubs and computer superstores, but met with little success, and the company re-focused on its more successful direct-to-consumer sales model  In 1992, Fortune included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the world's 500 largest companies, making Michael Dell the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company at that time 
In 1993, to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, which would have brought in an additional $125 million in annual revenue  Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals, believing they would be money losers in the long run  Margins at retail were thin at best and Dell left the reseller channel in 1994  Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company president and CEO 
Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company's Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997  While the industry's average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell  Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days  In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users From 1997 to 2004, Dell steadily grew and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps  During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out  Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999  Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco  In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett-Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett-Packard took the top spot for a time but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead  Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s In 2002, Dell expanded its product line to include televisions, handhelds, digital audio players, and printers  Chairman and CEO Michael Dell had repeatedly blocked President and COO Kevin Rollins's attempt to lessen the company's heavy dependency on PCs, which Rollins wanted to fix by acquiring EMC Corporation; a move that would eventually occur over 12 years later In 2003, at the annual company meeting, the stockholders approved changing the company name to "Dell Inc " to recognize the company's expansion beyond computers In 2004, the company announced that it would build a new assembly-plant near Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the city and county provided Dell with $37 2 million in incentive packages; the state provided approximately $250 million in incentives and tax breaks  In July, Michael Dell stepped aside as chief executive officer while retaining his position as chairman of the board  Kevin Rollins, who had held a number of executive posts at Dell, became the new CEO  Despite no longer holding the CEO title, Dell essentially acted as a de facto co-CEO with Rollins Under Rollins, Dell purchased the computer hardware manufacturer Alienware in 2006  Dell Inc 's plan anticipated Alienware continuing to operate independently under its existing management  Alienware expected to benefit from Dell's efficient manufacturing system 

Key events
In 2005, while earnings and sales continued to rise, sales growth slowed considerably, and the company stock lost 25% of its value that year  By June 2006, the stock traded around US$25 which was 40% down from July 2005—the high-water mark of the company in the post-dotcom era  By June 2021, the stock had reached an all-time high of over US$100 per share, reflecting the company's successful transition to a technology solutions provider that helps customers navigate digital transformation The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC business segments such as storage, services, and servers  Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation  Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers  As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins  The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores [4] CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on US corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and 64 percent of its revenue comes from North and South America, according to its 2006 third-quarter results  US shipments of desktop PCs were shrinking, and the corporate PC market, which purchases PCs in upgrade cycles, had largely decided to take a break from buying new systems  The last cycle started around 2002, three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems, and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft's Windows Vista (expected in early 2007), putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008  Heavily dependent on PCs, Dell had to slash prices to boost sales volumes, while demanding deep cuts from suppliers Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model  Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first  Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift  The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players  Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York Dell had a reputation as a company that relied upon supply chain efficiencies to sell established technologies at low prices, instead of being an innovator  By the mid-2000s many analysts were looking to innovating companies as the next source of growth in the technology sector  Dell's low spending on R&D relative to its revenue (compared to IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Apple Inc )—which worked well in the commoditized PC market—prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments, such as MP3 players and later mobile devices  Increasing spending on R&D would have cut into the operating margins that the company emphasized  Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s, but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver an end-to-end IT product, and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett-Packard and Oracle Dell's reputation for poor customer service, which was exacerbated as it moved call centers offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web  The original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs sold for thousands of dollars but by the 2000s, the company could not justify that level of service when computers in the same line-up sold for hundreds of dollars  Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from the head of manufacturing to head of customer service  Hunter, who noted that Dell's DNA of cost-cutting "got in the way," aimed to reduce call transfer times and have call center representatives resolve inquiries in one call  By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly  In July 2006, the company started its Direct2Dell blog, and then in February 2007, Michael Dell launched IdeaStorm com, asking customers for advice including selling Linux computers and reducing the promotional "bloatware" on PCs  These initiatives did manage to cut the negative blog posts from 49% to 22%, as well as reduce the "Dell Hell" prominent on Internet search engines There was also criticism that Dell used faulty components for its PCs, particularly the 11 8 million OptiPlex desktop computers sold to businesses and governments from May 2003 to July 2005 that suffered from faulty capacitors  A battery recall in August 2006, as a result of a Dell laptop catching fire, caused much negative attention for the company though later, Sony was found responsible for the manufacturing of the batteries, however a Sony spokesman said the problem concerned the combination of the battery with a charger, which was specific to Dell 2006 marked the first year that Dell's growth was slower than the PC industry as a whole  By the fourth quarter of 2006, Dell lost its title of the largest PC manufacturer to Hewlett Packard whose Personal Systems Group was invigorated thanks to a restructuring initiated by their CEO Mark Hurd 

SEC investigation
In August 2005, Dell became the subject of an informal investigation by the United States SEC  In 2006, the company disclosed that the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York had subpoenaed documents related to the company's financial reporting dating back to 2002  The company delayed filing financial reports for the third and fourth fiscal quarter of 2006, and several class-action lawsuits were filed   Dell Inc's failure to file its quarterly earnings report could have subjected the company to de-listing from the NASDAQ, but the exchange granted Dell a waiver, allowing the stock to trade normally  In August 2007, the Company announced that it would restate its earnings for fiscal years 2003 through 2006 and the first quarter of 2007 after an internal audit found that certain employees had changed corporate account balances to meet quarterly financial targets  In July 2010, the SEC announced charges against several senior Dell executives, including Dell Chairman and CEO Michael Dell, former CEO Kevin Rollins, and former CFO James Schneider, "with failing to disclose material information to investors and using fraudulent accounting to make it falsely appear that the company was consistently meeting Wall Street earnings targets and reducing its operating expenses " Dell, inc  was fined $100 million, with Michael Dell personally fined $4 million 

Michael Dell resumes CEO role
After four out of five quarterly earnings reports were below expectations, Rollins resigned as president and CEO on January 31, 2007, and founder Michael Dell assumed the role of CEO again On March 1, 2007, the company issued a preliminary quarterly earnings report showing gross sales of $14 4 billion, down 5% year-over-year, and net income of $687 million (30 cents per share), down 33%  Net earnings would have declined even more if not for the effects of eliminated employee bonuses, which accounted for six cents per share  NASDAQ extended the company's deadline for filing financials to May 4 

Dell 2 0 and downsizing
Dell announced a change campaign called "Dell 2 0," reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company's products  While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position, Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins' years as CEO  With the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company  Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the "Dell 2 0" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance  These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of "bureaucracy"  Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices On April 23, 2008, Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata, Ontario, terminating approximately 1100 employees, with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot, and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer  The call-center had opened in 2006 after the city of Ottawa won a bid to host it  Less than a year later, Dell planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers add a new building  These plans were reversed, due to a high Canadian dollar that made the Ottawa staff relatively expensive, and also as part of Dell's turnaround, which involved moving these call-center jobs offshore to cut costs 
 
The company had also announced the shutdown of its Edmonton, Alberta, office, losing 900 jobs  In total, Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007–2008 — 10% of its workforce By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities  Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively  The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010  Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife  Much work was transferred to manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas  On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in Łodź in Poland 

Attempts at diversification
The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs  Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android  The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen  InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers  Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets  The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012  In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8 In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world  Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and were willing to accept lower profit margins  In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design—for instance, Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops—Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping  Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple's Mac that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer Dell attempted to offset its declining PC business, which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow, by expanding into the enterprise market with servers, networking, software, and services  It avoided many of the acquisition write-downs and management turnover that plagued its chief rival Hewlett Packard  Despite spending $13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware, the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world, as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price  Dell's market share in the corporate segment was previously a "moat" against rivals but this has no longer been the case as sales and profits have fallen precipitously 

2013 buyout
After several weeks of rumors, which started around January 11, 2013, Dell announced on February 5, 2013, that it had struck a $24 4 billion leveraged buyout deal, that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private  Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners, aided by a $2 billion loan from Microsoft, would acquire the public shares at $13 65 apiece  The $24 4 billion buyout was projected to be the largest leveraged buyout backed by private equity since the 2007 financial crisis  It is also the largest technology buyout ever, surpassing the 2006 buyout of Freescale Semiconductor for $17 5 billion Michael Dell said of the February offer "I believe this transaction will open an exciting new chapter for Dell, our customers and team members"  Dell rival Lenovo responded to the buyout, saying, "the financial actions of some of our traditional competitors will not substantially change our outlook "In March 2013, the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell  In April 2013, Blackstone withdrew their offer, citing deteriorating business  Other private equity firms such as KKR & Co  and TPG Capital declined to submit alternative bids for Dell, citing the uncertain market for personal computers and competitive pressures, so the "wide-open bidding war" never materialized  Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an "exit strategy" to profit from its investment, which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again, and one warned "But even if you can get a $25bn enterprise value for Dell, it will take years to get out "In May 2013, Michael Dell joined his board in voting for the offer  The following August he reached a deal with the special committee on the board for $13 88 per share, a raised price of $13 75 plus a special dividend of 13 cents, as well as a change to the voting rules  The $13 88 cash offer (plus a $ 08 per share dividend for the third fiscal quarter) was accepted on September 12 and closed on October 30, 2013, ending Dell's 25-year run as a publicly-traded company 
After the buyout, the newly private Dell offered a Voluntary Separation Program that they expected to reduce their workforce by up to seven percent  The reception to the program so exceeded the expectations that Dell may be forced to hire new staff to make up for the losses 

Recent history
On November 19, 2015, Dell, alongside ARM Holdings, Cisco Systems, Intel, Microsoft, and Princeton University, founded the OpenFog Consortium, to promote interests and development in fog computing 

Acquisition of EMC
On October 12, 2015, Dell Inc  announced its intent to acquire EMC Corporation in a cash-and-stock deal valued at $67 billion, which has been considered the largest-ever acquisition in the technology sector  As part of the acquisition, Dell would take over EMC's 81% stake in the cloud-computing and virtualization company VMWare  This would combine Dell's enterprise server, personal computer, and mobile businesses with EMC's enterprise storage business in a significant Vertical merger of IT giants  Dell would pay $24 05 per share of EMC, and $9 05 per share of tracking stock in VMware The announcement came two years after Dell Inc  returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business  It was thought that the company's value had roughly doubled since then  EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2 2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual "Federation" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies  Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core "EMC II" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies  The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27 3 billion from personal computers and $8 9 billion from servers, while EMC had $16 5 billion from EMC II, $1 billion from RSA Security, $6 billion from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software  EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware  The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell  Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013 The combined business was expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell  Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a "ton of sense" for Dell, it's a "nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies" for EMC  Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but "does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not " The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would "blow up the current IT chess board", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration  The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63–64bn rather than the $67bn originally reported  Key investors backing the deal besides Dell were Singapore's Temasek Holdings and Silver Lake Partners On September 7, 2016, Dell completed the merger with EMC, which involved the issuance of $45 9 billion in debt and $4 4 billion of common stock  At the time, some analysts claimed that Dell's acquisition of the former Iomega could harm the LenovoEMC partnership In July 2018, Dell announced intentions to become a publicly traded company again by paying $21 7 billion in both cash and stock to buy back shares from its stake in VMware, offering shareholders roughly 60 cents on the dollar as part of the deal  In November, Carl Icahn (9 3% owner of Dell) sued the company over plans to go public  As a result of pressure from Icahn and other activist investors, Dell renegotiated the deal, ultimately offering shareholders about 80% of market value  As part of this deal, Dell once again became a public company, with the original Dell computer business and Dell EMC operating under the newly created parent, Dell Technologies Post-acquisition, Dell was re-organized with a new parent company, Dell Technologies; Dell's consumer and workstation businesses are internally referred to as the Dell Client Solutions Group, and is one of the company's three main business divisions alongside Dell EMC and VMware In January 2021, Dell reported $94 billion in sales and $13 billion operating cash flow during 2020 

Dell and AMD
When Dell acquired Alienware early in 2006, some Alienware systems had AMD chips  On August 17, 2006, a Dell press release stated that starting in September, Dell Dimension desktop computers would have AMD processors and that later in the year Dell would release a two-socket, quad-processor server using AMD Opteron chips, moving away from Dell's tradition of only offering Intel processors in Dell PCs 
CNet's News com on August 17, 2006, cited Dell's CEO Kevin Rollins as attributing the move to AMD processors to lower costs and to AMD technology  AMD's senior VP in commercial business, Marty Seyer, stated: "Dell's wider embrace of AMD processor-based offerings is a win for Dell, for the industry and most importantly for Dell customers "
On October 23, 2006, Dell announced new AMD-based servers — the PowerEdge 6950 and the PowerEdge SC1435 
On November 1, 2006, Dell's website began offering notebooks based on AMD processors (the Inspiron 1501 with a 15 4-inch (390 mm) display) with the choice of a single-core MK-36 processor, dual-core Turion X2 chips or Mobile Sempron In 2017, Dell released the AlienWare 17  The model was primarily based on NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 systems 

Dell and desktop Linux
In 1998, Ralph Nader asked Dell (and five other major OEMs) to offer alternate operating systems to Microsoft Windows, specifically including Linux, for which "there is clearly a growing interest"  Possibly coincidentally, Dell started offering Linux notebook systems that "cost no more than their Windows 98 counterparts" in 2000, and soon expanded, with Dell becoming "the first major manufacturer to offer Linux across its full product line"  However, by early 2001 Dell had "disbanded its Linux business unit "On February 26, 2007, Dell announced that it had commenced a program to sell and distribute a range of computers with pre-installed Linux distributions as an alternative to Microsoft Windows  Dell indicated that Novell's SUSE Linux would appear first  However, the next day, Dell announced that its previous announcement related to certifying the hardware as ready to work with Novell SUSE Linux and that it (Dell) had no plans to sell systems pre-installed with Linux in the near future  On March 28, 2007, Dell announced that it would begin shipping some desktops and laptops with Linux pre-installed, although it did not specify which distribution of Linux or which hardware would lead  On April 18, a report appeared suggesting that Michael Dell used Ubuntu on one of his home systems  On May 1, 2007, Dell announced it would ship the Ubuntu Linux distribution  On May 24, 2007, Dell started selling models with Ubuntu Linux 7 04 pre-installed: a laptop, a budget computer, and a high-end PC On June 27, 2007, Dell announced on its Direct2Dell blog that it planned to offer more pre-loaded systems (the new Dell Inspiron desktops and laptops)  After the IdeaStorm site supported extending the bundles beyond the US market, Dell later announced more international marketing  On August 7, 2007, Dell officially announced that it would offer one notebook and one desktop in the UK, France and Germany with Ubuntu "pre-installed"  At LinuxWorld 2007 Dell announced plans to provide Novell's SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop on selected models in China, "factory-installed"  On November 30, 2007, Dell reported shipping 40,000 Ubuntu PCs  On January 24, 2008, Dell in Germany, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom launched a second laptop, an XPS M1330 with Ubuntu 7 10, for 849 euro or GBP 599 upwards  On February 18, 2008, Dell announced that the Inspiron 1525 would have Ubuntu as an optional operating system  On February 22, 2008, Dell announced plans to sell Ubuntu in Canada and in Latin America From September 16, 2008, Dell has shipped both Dell Ubuntu Netbook Remix and Windows XP Home versions of the Inspiron Mini 9 and the Inspiron Mini 12  As of November 2009 Dell shipped the Inspiron Mini laptops with Ubuntu version 8 04 As of 2021, Dell continues to offer select laptops and workstations with Ubuntu Linux pre-installed, under the "Developer Edition" moniker 

List of Dell marketing slogans
Be direct (1998-2001)
Easy as Dell (2001-2004)
Get more out of now (2004–2005)
It's a Dell (2005-2006)
Dell  Purely You (2006–2007)
Yours is Here (2007–2011)
The power to do more (2011–present)

Senior leadership
List of chairmen
Michael Dell (1984– )

List of chief executives
Michael Dell (1984–2004)
Kevin Rollins (2004–2007)
Michael Dell (2007–present); second term

Acquisitions
Dell facilities
Dell's headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas  As of 2013 the company employed about 14,000 people in central Texas and was the region's largest private employer, which has 2,100,000 square feet (200,000 m2) of space  As of 1999 almost half of the general fund of the city of Round Rock originated from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas  In 1989 Dell occupied 127,000 square feet (11,800 m2) in the Arboretum complex  In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters  In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled "Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design " Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters  In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum  The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room  Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock  Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994 

By 1996, Dell was moving its headquarters to Round Rock  As of January 1996, 3,500 people still worked at the current Dell headquarters  One building of the Round Rock headquarters, Round Rock 3, had space for 6,400 employees and was scheduled to be completed in November 1996  In 1998 Dell announced that it was going to add two buildings to its Round Rock complex, adding 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of office space to the complex In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters  100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000  In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360  Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions  Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3  After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex  In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured  By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock  It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003  By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants In 2008, Dell switched the power sources of the Round Rock headquarters to more environmentally friendly ones, with 60% of the total power coming from TXU Energy wind farms and 40% coming from the Austin Community Landfill gas-to-energy plant operated by Waste Management, Inc Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin, Texas; Nashua, New Hampshire; Nashville, Tennessee; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Peoria, Illinois; Hillsboro, Oregon (Portland area); Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Eden Prairie, Minnesota (Dell Compellent); Bowling Green, Kentucky; Lincoln, Nebraska; and Miami, Florida  Facilities located abroad include Penang, Malaysia; Xiamen, China; Bracknell, UK; Manila, Philippines Chennai, India; Hyderabad, India; Noida, India; Hortolândia and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bratislava, Slovakia; Łódź, Poland; Panama City, Panama; Dublin and Limerick, Ireland; Casablanca, Morocco and Montpellier, France 
The US and India are the only countries that have all Dell's business functions and provide support globally: research and development, manufacturing, finance, analysis, and customer care 

Manufacturing
From its early beginnings, Dell operated as a pioneer in the "configure to order" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications  In contrast, most PC manufacturers in those times delivered large orders to intermediaries on a quarterly basis To minimize the delay between purchase and delivery, Dell has a general policy of manufacturing its products close to its customers  This also allows for implementing a just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing approach, which minimizes inventory costs  Low inventory is another signature of the Dell business model—a critical consideration in an industry where components depreciate very rapidly Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including "burn-in"), and quality control  Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out the manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house  The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, "We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships " The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that "Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell" their plants  By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas, (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee, (opened in 1999), which were closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively  The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, opened in 2005 but ceased operations in November 2010  Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's US plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas  The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland, and once employed about 4,500 people in that country  Dell began manufacturing in Limerick in 1991 and went on to become Ireland's largest exporter of goods and its second-largest company and foreign investor  On January 8, 2009, Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell's new plant in the Polish city of Łódź by January 2010  European Union officials said they would investigate a €52 7million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland  European Manufacturing Facility 1 (EMF1, opened in 1990) and EMF3 form part of the Raheen Industrial Estate near Limerick  EMF2 (previously a Wang facility, later occupied by Flextronics, situated in Castletroy) closed in 2002, and Dell Inc  has consolidated production into EMF3 (EMF1 now contains only offices)  Subsidies from the Polish government did keep Dell for a long time  After ending assembly in the Limerick plant the Cherrywood Technology Campus in Dublin was the largest Dell office in the republic with over 1200 people in sales (mainly UK & Ireland), support (enterprise support for EMEA) and research and development for cloud computing, but no more manufacturing except Dell's Alienware subsidiary, which manufactures PCs in an Athlone, Ireland, plant  Whether this facility will remain in Ireland is not certain  Dell started production at EMF4 in Łódź, Poland, in late 2007 Dell moved desktop, notebook and PowerEdge server manufacturing for the South American market from the Eldorado do Sul plant opened in 1999, to a new plant in Hortolândia, Brazil, in 2007 

Products
Scope and brands
The corporation markets specific brand names to different market segments 
Its Business/Corporate class includes:

OptiPlex (office desktop computer systems)
Dimension (home desktop computer systems)
Vostro (office/small business desktop and notebook systems)
n Series (desktop and notebook computers shipped with Linux or FreeDOS installed)
Latitude (business-focused notebooks)
Precision (workstation systems and high-performance "Mobile Workstation" notebooks),
PowerEdge (business servers)
PowerVault (direct-attach and network-attached storage)
Force10 (network switches)
PowerConnect (network switches)
Dell Compellent (storage area networks)
EqualLogic (enterprise class iSCSI SANs)
Dell EMR (electronic medical records)Dell's Home Office/Consumer class includes:

Inspiron (budget desktop and notebook computers)
XPS (high-end desktop and notebook computers)
G Series (high/medium-performance gaming laptops)
Alienware (high-performance gaming systems)
Venue (Tablets Android / Windows)Dell's Peripherals class includes USB keydrives, LCD televisions, and printers; Dell monitors includes LCD TVs, plasma TVs and projectors for HDTV and monitors  Dell UltraSharp is further a high-end brand of monitors 
Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station (extended domestic support services, previously "Dell on Call"), Dell Support Center (extended support services abroad), Dell Business Support (a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues), Dell Everdream Desktop Management ("Software as a Service" remote-desktop management, originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk's cousin, Lyndon Rive, which Dell bought in 2007), and Your Tech Team (a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell's website or through Dell phone-centers) 
Discontinued products and brands include Axim (PDA; discontinued April 9, 2007), Dimension (home and small office desktop computers; discontinued July 2007), Dell Digital Jukebox (MP3 player; discontinued August 2006), Dell PowerApp (application-based servers), Dell Optiplex (desktop and tower computers previously supported to run server and desktop operating systems), Dell Unix (an SVR4-based Unix operating system for its Dell-branded PCs and workstations; discontinued in 1993) and Dell Mobile Connect（Windows Mobile application; discontinued July 31st, 2022) 

Security
Self-signed root certificate
In November 2015, it emerged that several Dell computers had shipped with an identical pre-installed root certificate known as "eDellRoot"  This raised such security risks as attackers impersonating HTTPS-protected websites such as Google and Bank of America and malware being signed with the certificate to bypass Microsoft software filtering  Dell apologized and offered a removal tool 

Dell Foundation Services
Also in November 2015, a researcher discovered that customers with diagnostic program Dell Foundation Services could be digitally tracked using the unique service tag number assigned to them by the program  This was possible even if a customer enabled private browsing and deleted their browser cookies  Ars Technica recommended that Dell customers uninstall the program until the issue was addressed 

Commercial aspects
Organization
The board consists of nine directors  Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer  Other board members include Don Carty, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, and Sam Nunn  Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation  The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters  These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including the nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws Day-to-day operations of the company are run by the Global Executive Management Committee, which sets strategic direction  Dell has regional senior vice-presidents for countries other than the United States 

Marketing
Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs, and newspapers  Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors  In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19 2% market share  This also cut profit margins by more than half, from 8 7 to 4 3 percent  To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador A popular United States television and print ad campaign in the early 2000s featured the actor Ben Curtis playing the part of "Steven", a lightly mischievous blond-haired youth who came to the assistance of bereft computer purchasers  Each television advertisement usually ended with Steven's catch-phrase: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"A subsequent advertising campaign featured interns at Dell headquarters (with Curtis' character appearing in a small cameo at the end of one of the first commercials in this particular campaign) 
In 2007, Dell switched advertising agencies in the US from BBDO to Working Mother Media  In July 2007, Dell released new advertising created by Working Mother to support the Inspiron and XPS lines  The ads featured music from the Flaming Lips and Devo who re-formed especially to record the song in the ad "Work it Out"  Also in 2007, Dell began using the slogan "Yours is here" to say that it customizes computers to fit customers' requirements Beginning in 2011, Dell began hosting a conference in Austin, Texas, at the Austin Convention Center titled "Dell World"  The event featured new technology and services provided by Dell and Dell's partners  In 2011, the event was held October 12–14  In 2012, the event was held December 11–13  In 2013, the event was held December 11–13  In 2014, the event was held November 4–6 

Dell partner program
In late 2007, Dell Inc  announced that it planned to expand its program to value-added resellers (VARs), giving it the official name of "Dell Partner Direct" and a new Website Dell India has started Online Ecommerce website with its Dell Partner www compuindia com GNG Electronics Pvt Ltd termed as Dell Express Ship Affiliate(DESA) 
The main objective was to reduce the delivery time  Customers who visit Dell India official site are given the option to buy online which then will be redirected to Dell affiliate website compuindia com 

Global analytics
Dell also operates a captive analytics division which supports pricing, web analytics, and supply chain operations  DGA operates as a single, centralized entity with a global view of Dell's business activities  The firm supports over 500 internal customers worldwide and has created a quantified impact of over $500 million 

Criticisms of marketing of laptop security
In 2008, Dell received press coverage over its claim of having the world's most secure laptops, specifically, its Latitude D630 and Latitude D830  At Lenovo's request, the (US) National Advertising Division (NAD) evaluated the claim, and reported that Dell did not have enough evidence to support it 

Retail
Dell first opened their retail stores in India 

United States
In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States  Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade  In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the US  In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the US once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart  Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the US, and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the US, became Dell retail partners later that same year 

Kiosks
Starting in 2002, Dell opened kiosk locations in the United States to allow customers to examine products before buying them directly from the company  Starting in 2005, Dell expanded kiosk locations to include shopping malls across Australia, Canada, Singapore and Hong Kong  On January 30, 2008, Dell announced it would shut down all 140 kiosks in the US due to expansion into retail stores  By June 3, 2010, Dell had also shut down all of its mall kiosks in Australia 

Retail stores
As of the end of February 2008, Dell products shipped to one of the largest office supply retailers in Canada, Staples Business Depot  In April 2008, Future Shop and Best Buy began carrying a subset of Dell products, such as certain desktops, laptops, printers, and monitors 
Since some shoppers in certain markets show reluctance to purchase technological products through the phone or the Internet, Dell has looked into opening retail operations in some countries in Central Europe and Russia  In April 2007, Dell opened a retail store in Budapest  In October of the same year, Dell opened a retail store in Moscow 
In the UK, HMV's flagship Trocadero store has sold Dell XPS PCs since December 2007  From January 2008 the UK stores of DSGi have sold Dell products (in particular, through Currys and PC World stores)  As of 2008, the large supermarket chain Tesco has sold Dell laptops and desktops in outlets throughout the UK 
In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with the office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range  These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store  Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year  In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with the discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for "Slashing Prices"  Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008  Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks—owned by Coles Group—reached a deal)  The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range  As of 2009, Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centers throughout Australia  On March 31, 2010, Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program 
In Germany, Dell is selling selected smartphones and notebooks via Media Markt and Saturn, as well as some shopping websites 

Competition
Dell's major competitors include Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard (HP), Hasee, Acer, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Gateway, Sony, Asus, MSI, Panasonic, Samsung and Apple  Dell and its subsidiary, Alienware, compete in the enthusiast market against AVADirect, Falcon Northwest, VoodooPC (a subsidiary of HP), and other manufacturers  In the second quarter of 2006, Dell had between 18% and 19% share of the worldwide personal computer market, compared to HP with roughly 15% 
In late 2006, Dell lost its lead in the PC business to Hewlett-Packard  Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did  Dell's 3 6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period  The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8 9% (versus HP's 23 9% growth)  As a result, at the end of 2006 Dell's overall PC market share stood at 13 9% (versus HP's 17 4%) 
IDC reported that Dell lost more server market share than any of the top four competitors in that arena  IDC's Q4 2006 estimates show Dell's share of the server market at 8 1%, down from 9 5% in the previous year  This represents an 8 8% loss year-over-year, primarily to competitors EMC and IBM  As of 2021, Dell is the third-largest PC manufacturer after Lenovo and HP 

Partnership with EMC
In 2001, Dell and EMC entered into a partnership whereby both companies jointly design products, and Dell provided support for certain EMC products including midrange storage systems, such as fibre channel and iSCSI storage area networks  The relationship also promotes and sells OEM versions of backup, recovery, replication and archiving software  On December 9, 2008, Dell and EMC announced the multi-year extension, through 2013, of the strategic partnership with EMC  In addition, Dell expanded its product lineup by adding the EMC Celerra NX4 storage system to the portfolio of Dell/EMC family of networked storage systems and partnered on a new line of data deduplication products as part of its TierDisk family of data storage devices On October 17, 2011, Dell discontinued reselling all EMC storage products, ending the partnership 2 years early  Later Dell would acquire and merge with EMC in the largest tech merger to date 

Environmental record
Dell committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with the 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year   It is listed in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are  In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5 1 from 4 9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010) Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009  It revised this commitment and now aims to remove toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products 
In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell's founder and CEO Michael Dell to "drop the toxics" and claiming that Dell's aspiration to be 'the greenest technology company on the planet' was "hypocritical"   Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009 In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Dell the eighth-highest of 24 consumer electronics companies 

Green initiatives
Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006 
On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its "Recycling Works" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility 
On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009  The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12 4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier On June 5, 2007, Dell set a goal of becoming the greenest technology company on Earth for the long term  The company launched a zero-carbon initiative that includes:

reducing Dell's carbon intensity by 15 percent by 2012
requiring primary suppliers to report carbon emissions data during quarterly business reviews
partnering with customers to build the "greenest PC on the planet"
expanding the company's carbon-offsetting program, "Plant a Tree for Me"Dell reports its environmental performance in an annual Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report that follows the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) protocol  Dell's 2008 CSR report ranked as "Application Level B" as "checked by GRI" The company aims to reduce its external environmental impact through an energy-efficient evolution of products, and also reduce its direct operational impact through energy-efficiency programs 

Criticism
In the 1990s, Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors  This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts  While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003, Dell remains secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals (such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs) In 2005, complaints about Dell more than doubled to 1,533, after earnings grew 52% that year In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service  Issues included call transfers
of more than 45% of calls and long wait times  Dell's blog detailed the response: "We're spending more than a $100 million—and a lot of blood, sweat, and tears of talented people—to fix this " Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million  Since 2018, Dell has seen significant increase in consumer satisfaction  Moreover, their customer service has been praised for its prompt and accurate answers to most questions, especially those directed to their social media support On August 17, 2007, Dell Inc  announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $50 million and $150 million, or 2 cents to 7 cents per share  The investigation, begun in November 2006, resulted from concerns raised by the US Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc  had submitted  It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD  In 2010 Dell finally paid $100 million to settle the SEC's charges of fraud  Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges In July 2009, Dell apologized after drawing the ire of the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission for twice refusing to honor a flood of orders against unusually low prices offered on its Taiwanese website  In the first instance, Dell offered a 19" LCD panel for $15  In the second instance, Dell offered its Latitude E4300 notebook at NT$18,558 (US$580), 70% lower than the usual price of NT$60,900 (US$1900)  Concerning the E4300, rather than honor the discount taking a significant loss, the firm withdrew orders and offered a voucher of up to NT$20,000 (US$625) a customer in compensation  The consumer rights authorities in Taiwan fined Dell NT$1 million (US$31250) for customer rights infringements  Many consumers sued the firm for unfair compensation  A court in southern Taiwan ordered the firm to deliver 18 laptops and 76 flat-panel monitors to 31 consumers for NT$490,000 (US$15,120), less than a third of the normal price  The court said the event could hardly be regarded as mistakes, as the prestigious firm said the company mispriced its products twice in Taiwanese website within 3 weeks After Michael Dell made a $24 4 billion buyout bid in August 2013, activist shareholder Carl Icahn sued the company and its board in an attempt to derail the bid and promote his own forthcoming offer In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including BYD, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang 

See also
List of computer system manufacturers
List of Dell ownership activities
Configurator
Mass customization
Passage 4:
Adam Dell
Adam R  Dell (born January 14, 1970) is an American venture capitalist and is the brother of Michael Dell, the founder of computer manufacturing company Dell Inc 

Early life and education
Dell was born in Houston, Texas to a German Jewish family  He attended Tulane University and the University of Texas School of Law 

Career
He began his career working as a corporate attorney for Winstead Sechrest & Minick, in Austin, Texas, before joining the venture capital firm of Enterprise Partners in La Jolla, California  He then joined Crosspoint Venture Partners, in Woodside, California, where he became a partner in 1999  In 2000 he formed Impact Venture Partners, a $100mm early stage venture capital firm, in New York City  Dell joined Austin Ventures as a venture partner in 2009  Dell joined Goldman Sachs as a partner in 2018 
During the course of his career, Dell invested in numerous technology companies such as Hotjobs com, which was acquired by Yahoo! in 2002; Ingenio, which was acquired by AT&T in 2007; and OpenTable He founded six companies: Clarity Money, which was acquired by Goldman Sachs in 2018, Civitas Learning, Buzzsaw com, which was acquired by AutoDesk in 2002, MessageOne which was acquired by Dell, Inc  in 2008, Domain Money, and Shared Earth  
Dell has served as an adjunct professor at both Columbia Business School and the University of Texas School of Law 

Personal life
In 2010, Dell had a daughter with Padma Lakshmi 
Passage 5:
The Dice Spelled Murder
The Dice Spelled Murder, by American novelist Al Fray, was published in 1957 by Dell Publishing Company, Inc  as a Dell (paperback) First Edition  The jacket notes
to Fray's subsequent novel, Come Back for More, refer to The Dice Spelled Murder as a "best selling" novel 

Plot introduction
Danny is a master with the dice and Velma could con any man into anything  As a pair they cruise the California convention circuit, hustling suckers and raking in the dough  Where will their greed finally take them? To the fulfillment of their dreams? Or to sudden, violent death?

Plot summary
Danny Hogan, a truck driver disaffected with his job at Torgus Trucking, meets beautiful Velma Reed in a seedy Los Angeles bar where she has been working as the bartender's shill, enticing lonely men to buy drinks  Danny doesn't recognize Velma, but the two of them attended the same high school in a distant city, where they were only casually acquainted 
Danny was expelled from high school after being caught using loaded dice in an after-school craps game  A short time later, and unbeknownst to Danny, Velma became pregnant and also left school and their home town  Now, a dozen years later, Velma recognizes Danny and renews their acquaintance  Appealing to his greed and his masculinity, she convinces him to use his skills with crooked dice in a confidence game to help her separate convention-goers from their money  At first reluctant because of a beating he received in the Army after being caught using altered dice, Danny eventually agrees, hoping to amass enough money to start his own trucking company  He soon comes to realize that Velma, too, has a loftier purpose in mind—buying a motel in Las Vegas that she can operate, in order to become "legit" and no longer feel ashamed of the way she earns money to support her young son, whom she has placed in a boarding school 
The bulk of the novel's action surrounds Velma's artful pickup of likely suckers at conventions, mostly in California cities, and Danny's subsequent fleecing of them in craps games  Their adventures bring them into contact with a number of ordinary and extraordinary characters, including a gay con artist toward whom Danny displays a disdain that was probably more politically correct in 1957 than it seems now  Various close calls ensue, and Danny loses some of his enthusiasm for the con  He tells Velma he wants to quit, but she convinces him to run the con with her one last time 
Along the way, and unbeknownst to Danny, Velma and another male friend, Joe Lovelli, have committed  blackmail  Velma has twice enticed men to her hotel room, where Joe waited in a closet with a camera  Using infrared film, Joe snapped photographs of the men in compromising positions with Velma  The blackmailers then extorted—or attempted to extort—hush-up money from their victims  Danny remains unaware of Velma and Joe's sideline until near the end of the book, when Velma's second blackmail victim, a mob-related big shot, propels the novel to its climax in a fatal car chase 
After struggling with a conflict between conscience and ambition, Danny mails the bulk of his dishonest gambling earnings to Velma's young son, keeping only enough to buy a good used truck so that he and Jill Conner—the pretty, young, former office manager at Torgus Trucking—can start their own trucking firm 
Passage 6:
Hagerty Insurance Agency
Hagerty, Inc  is an American automotive lifestyle and membership company and the world's largest provider of specialty insurance for classic vehicles  Hagerty is based in Traverse City, Michigan and also operates in Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom 

History
Hagerty was launched in 1984 by Frank and Louise Hagerty after they could not find good insurance coverage for their wooden boats  The company initially focused on providing coverage for antique boats, and later expanded into cars and other vehicles  In 1991, the company added coverage for classic cars In 2000, McKeel Hagerty, son of Frank and Louise, became CEO  Under McKeel Hagerty's guidance, the company developed an automotive media arm by launching Hagerty magazine (ISSN 2162-8033), covering the classic and enthusiast vehicle market  In 2020, the magazine was renamed Hagerty Drivers Club Magazine Hagerty published its first annual Hagerty Price Guide in 2008, a valuation tool that informs classic car buyers on how to best navigate the digital automotive age  Hagerty also originated both the Historic Vehicle Association (HVA) and the RPM Foundation In 2017, the company adopted saving driving and preserving automotive culture for future generations as its corporate mission  To support the mission, Hagerty launched Hagerty Drivers Club, offering members access to events, automotive discounts, roadside service and more  In 2017, Hagerty also acquired DriveShare  The company became the owner and organizer of the Greenwich Concours d'Elégance and established MotorsportReg com and Hagerty Garage + Social in 2019  In 2021 it bought the California Mile, the Concours d’Elegance of America, and the Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance In December 2021, Hagerty went public by merging with Aldel Financial, a SPAC, under the symbol HGTY  The merger deal was valued at $3 13 billion In January 2023, Hagerty launched Hagerty ECO (Enthusiast Carbon Offset) scheme for classic motorists to offset their carbon emissions  Hagerty partner with a third party to plant trees on your behalf  The scheme quickly came under scruitiny when the third party was found to be taking 20-30% of offset donations to simply pass the funds on to other charities  There are also no calculations provided as to how they achieve their CO2 or 'Trees' figures  A 2023 Bloomberg News article documented how within two years McKeel Hagerty turned the small family business into a conglomerate with dominance in the industry and classic car insurance markets 

In popular culture
Hagerty partnered with Japanese video game developer Polyphony Digital in 2022 to appear in the video game Gran Turismo 7  Hagerty branding appeared in the game's "Legend Cars Dealer" screen, and CEO McKeel Hagerty also featured, describing the cars that were available for the player to purchase, dubbed the "Hagerty Collection "
Context 2: Passage 1:
1958 Asian Games
The 1958 Asian Games, officially the Third Asian Games (Japanese: 第3回アジア競技大会) and commonly known as Tokyo 1958, was a multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 May to 1 June 1958  It was governed by the Asian Games Federation  A total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 Asian National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Games  The program featured competitions in 13 different sports encompassing 97 events, including four non-Olympic sports, judo, table tennis, tennis and volleyball  Four of these competition sports – field hockey, table tennis, tennis and volleyball – were introduced for the first time in the Asian Games 
This is the first time that Japan hosted the Asian Games 

Background
The Asian Games is a multi-sport event, much like the Summer Olympics (albeit on a much smaller scale), with participation exclusively for Asian countries  The first edition was held in the capital city of India, New Delhi, in 1951, attracting 489 competitors from 11 nations 

Sports
The programme for the Tokyo 1958 Games included 13 different sports divided into 97 events  Four of these sports – judo, table tennis, tennis and volleyball – were not on the official Olympic sports programme at that time  Badminton was added as a demonstration sport, which, from 1962 onwards, became a regular competitive sport in the Asian Games  Judo was another demonstration sport 

Torch relay
The tradition of torch relay, inspired by the Olympic Games, was introduced for the first time in the Asian Games in 1958  The relay officially began from the main venue of the Second Asian Games, Rizal Memorial Coliseum, in Manila, Philippines  In the host nation, Japan, it was relayed from Okinawa to Kyushu Island  Okinawa was under the United States administration at that time  At the opening ceremony, the Games cauldron was ignited by the first Japanese Olympic gold medallist and the first Asian Olympic champion in an individual event, Mikio Oda 

Participating nations
A record total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 member nations of the Asian Games Federation participated in the Games  The number of participating countries was also greatest in comparison to the first two editions of the Games 
The Thai delegation held a meeting on 22 May 1958 in Tokyo, and invitations were sent to the representatives of Malaysia, Burma and Laos  The agenda of the meeting was to discuss the possibility of forming a regional multi-sport event on the lines of Asian Games for the countries of Southeast Asia  This way the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (SEAP Games), which later became the Southeast Asian Games, were established and the first SEAP Games were held in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1959 

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Tokyo 1958 Games was organised on 24 May 1958 at the National Olympic Stadium  The ceremony, among other dignitaries and guests, included the Emperor of Japan Hirohito, crown prince Akihito and Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi  Around 70,000 people attended the opening ceremony 

Calendar
In the following calendar for the 1958 Asian Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day  The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport were held  The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day  On the left, the calendar lists each sport with events held during the Games, and at the right, how many gold medals were won in that sport  There is a key at the top of the calendar to aid the reader 

Medal table
Athletes from 16 countries won medals, leaving four countries without a medal, and 11 of them won at least one gold medal  Afghanistan, Cambodia, Nepal and North Borneo did not win any medal  The Japanese 4 × 100 metres medley relay team of Keiji Hase (backstroke), Masaru Furukawa (breaststroke), Manabu Koga (freestyle) and Takashi Ishimoto (butterfly) won the gold medal with a time of 4:17 2 and broke the world record The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables  By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a nation is an entity represented by a NOC)  The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next, followed by the number of bronze medals  If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given; they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code 
The top ten ranked NOCs at these Games are listed below  The host nation, Japan, is highlighted 

  *   Host nation (Japan)
Passage 2:
Capital punishment in Illinois
Capital punishment has been repealed in the U S  state of Illinois since 2011  
Illinois used death by hanging as a form of execution until 1928  The last person executed by this method was the public execution of Charles Birger the same year  After being struck down by Furman v  Georgia in 1972, the death penalty was reinstated in Illinois on July 1, 1974, but voided by the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1975  Illinois officially reinstated the death penalty on July 1, 1977  
On September 8, 1983, the state adopted lethal injection as the default method of execution in Illinois, but the electric chair remained operational to replace lethal injection if needed 
In 1994, the state executed serial killer John Wayne Gacy by lethal injection, who sexually assaulted, tortured and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Cook County (a part of metropolitan Chicago)  The last man executed in Illinois was Ripper Crew member Andrew Kokoraleis in 1999  Another man condemned in Illinois, Alton Coleman, was executed in Ohio 
On January 11, 2003, the Republican Governor George Ryan blanket-commuted the sentences of all the 167 inmates condemned to death, and pardoned four of them, a gesture that his opponents attribute to the fact that he was rendered ineligible by his unpopularity and charged with conspiracy, racketeering and fraud Democratic Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation on March 9, 2011, to abolish the death penalty in Illinois to go into effect July 1, 2011, and commuted the death sentences of the fifteen inmates on Illinois' death row to life imprisonment  Quinn was criticized for signing the bill after saying that he supported the death penalty during the 2010 gubernatorial campaign, after which he defeated the Republican candidate with 46 8% of the vote In 2018, then Republican Governor Bruce Rauner called for the reintroduction of the death penalty for those convicted of killing police officers  This was opposed by state lawmakers and Rauner was subsequently defeated by Democrat J  B  Pritzker 

See also
List of people executed in Illinois
Crime in Illinois
Law of Illinois
Passage 3:
Somalia at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Somalia sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China  The country's participation at Beijing marked its seventh in the Summer Olympics since its debut in 1972 Games  The delegation included two track and field athletes: sprinter Samiya Yuusf Omar and long-distance runner Abdinasir Said Ibrahim  Neither athlete progressed past the first round of their respective competitions  Omar's story, having trained in Mogadishu during the Somali Civil War, was covered by the media at the time, and later featured in a graphic novel following her death 

Background
Somalia participated in seven Summer Olympics between its debut in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China  The highest number of Somalis participating at any single Summer Games was seven at the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, United States  No Somali has ever won a medal at an Olympics Abdinasir Said Ibrahim was chosen to compete in the Men's 5000 metres and Samiya Yuusf Omar in the Women's 200 metres  Somali official Duran Farah was chosen as the nation's flag bearer for the Parade of Nations 

Athletics

Somalia was represented by one male athlete at the 2008 Games in athletics – Abdinasir Said Ibrahim, a 5000 metres runner, an 18-year-old  He competed in the third and final heat of the first round, with a time of 14:21:58  This placed him in 12th and final place, over sixteen seconds behind Abdelaziz El Idrissi of Morocco in 11th position  However, there were two runners slower than Ibrahim in other heats; Nader al-Masri of Palestine and Soe Min Thu of Myanmar At the age of 16 years old, Samiya Yuusf Omar was the only female athlete competing for Somalia at the 2008 Summer Olympics  Prior to the competition, she trained at the Mogadishu Stadium on a gravel track pitted by mortar craters  She explained that she would be routinely harassed while training by local militia groups, fighting in the Somali Civil War, and both friends and family had been pressuring her to stop training  She explained, "Traditionally Somalis view the girls as corrupted if they join in with things like sports and music  It's because they sometimes wear transparent clothes or shorts  Therefore I have been coming under pressure from all different sides " She continued to practice following encouragement from her mother, although had not expected to be chosen for the Games due to her age and as she was from a minority ethnic group She competed in the fifth out of six heats of the women's 200 metre competition on 19 August  She finished in a time of 32 16 in eighth and last place, nine seconds behind South African Isabel Le Roux in seventh position  Having had no funding, Omar competed in loose fitting equipment donated by the Sudanese team, but despite finishing in last place, the media coverage of her meant that she was cheered loudly by the crowd as she finished Following the Games, she received death threats upon returning to Somalia, and after being confronted by Al-Shabaab, she began to deny that she was an athlete  The organisation banned woman from participating in sports, and Omar eventually made her way to Ethiopia in order to pursue the hope of competing in the 2012 Summer Olympics  She attempted to make her way to Europe, travelling to Libya in September 2011  Alongside other refugees, she attempted to cross the Mediterranean by sea in 2012; she drowned while attempting to board an Italian naval vessel when the boat she was on was intercepted off the coast of Libya  Omar's life story was later dramatised as the graphic novel An Olympic Dream: The story of Samia Yusuf Omar by German artist Reinhard Kleist 

Track events
Passage 4:
Capital punishment in New Zealand
Capital punishment in New Zealand – the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes (capital crimes) and carrying out that sentence, as ordered by a legal system – first appeared in a codified form when New Zealand became a British colony in 1840  It was first carried out with a public hanging in Victoria Street, Auckland in 1842, while the last execution occurred in 1957 at Mount Eden Prison, also in Auckland   In total, 85 people have been executed in New Zealand Capital punishment was first abolished for murder in 1941 by the First Labour Government, with all death sentences commuted to life imprisonment  However, the succeeding First National Government reinstated it in 1949, following which eight more executions took place in the period up to 1957  Subsequently, public opinion turned against the use of capital punishment, and it was once again abolished for murder in 1961, and abolished for all crimes, including treason, in 1989 

Method
The method of execution was always by hanging  At first, there were many possible execution sites all around the country, but later, the only two cities where hangings were carried out were Wellington (the capital) and Auckland (now the largest city) 
Initially, there was no professional hangman employed—the executioner was simply chosen from among any who were deemed qualified  On occasion, convicted criminals were employed as hangmen, often in exchange for reduced sentences or monetary reward  In 1877, the sheriff of Blenheim recommended that a professional executioner be hired  Tom Long, an Irishman who claimed to have been an executioner in Australia, was hired as the official hangman  He was the only official hangman to be publicly known; others remained anonymous 

History
At the time of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when New Zealand became a British colony, the most current legislation governing capital punishment in England, and henceforth New Zealand, was the Punishment of Offences Act (1837), which had abolished the death penalty for a number of statutory offences, including cattle stealing, and replaced it with penal transportation for life  However, some capital crimes remained on the British law books, including murder, treason, espionage, arson in the royal dockyards, and piracy with violence All those executed were convicted of murder, with the exception of Hamiora Pere, who was convicted of treason in 1869  All bar one were men; the exception being Minnie Dean, who was found guilty of infanticide in 1895  However, before Dean's trial, imprisonment and execution, several other women had been found guilty of Infanticide in nineteenth-century New Zealand, but had their death sentences commuted to life imprisonment  These were Caroline Whitting (1872), Phoebe Veitch (1883) and Sarah-Jane and Anna Flannagan (1891) 

Public executions
The first eight executions were carried out in public, from 1842 to 1858; five outside the gate of the Auckland Gaol on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West in central Auckland; one on King Edward Parade on the waterfront at Devonport; and two outside Mount Cook Gaol in Wellington, which is today the site of the Dominion Museum building and National War Memorial on Puke Ahu At the first execution, on 7 March 1842, approximately a thousand people gathered at the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West, now the centre of the Auckland CBD, to witness the hanging of Wiremu Kīngi Maketū  He had been found guilty of murdering five people on Motuarohia Island, in the Bay of Islands  The people killed were Thomas Bull, employed by Elisabeth Roberton, who was also murdered along with her son aged eight, her daughter of two, and a girl of nearly three named Isabella Brind, the natural daughter of one Captain Brind by a Māori woman, the daughter of Rewa, chief of Ngapuhi in that area  Mrs Roberton's husband, Captain John Roberton, had drowned prior in Paroa Bay, just opposite the island  Thomas Bull had a reputation for strength and brutality  He seemed at all times to have made a set at Maketū and had on several occasions struck, thrown, or otherwise maltreated him  Maketū was unable to defend himself against such an opponent; nor indeed did it conform with his notions of dignity to do so, he being (by virtue of his chiefly rank) above combat with one who was a servant and whom he therefore regarded on the same plane as a slave  Maketū, therefore, bided his time for revenge  Maketū then killed Thomas Bull in the night with an axe; he then brutally murdered Mrs Roberton, who was shouting abuse at him and then went to murder the two girls (ransacking the house and then burning Mrs Roberton and the two children within it)  The boy ran up Pa Hill, where Maketū chased him and threw him off the 200-foot (60 m) cliff  He was sentenced to death by an all-white jury (his defence had wanted a half-white, half-Māori jury) in an Auckland court, and executed on 7 March 1842 

The second execution in New Zealand was the public hanging of Joseph Burns on 17 June 1848  On the day of his execution, he was paraded down Auckland's Queen St, seated in a coffin, and taken by boat across the Waitemata Harbour to the Devonport waterfront, where he was hanged on King Edward Parade, not far from the scene of his crimes  Burns was the first European settler to be executed in New Zealand The third execution in New Zealand, and first in Wellington, occurred on 19 April 1849  Maroro of Ngāti Kahungunu descent was hanged outside Mount Cook Gaol in front of approximately 500 people, following his conviction of the murder of John Branks and his three children The fourth execution occurred in the same location in Wellington on 17 June 1850, in front of a similar sized crowd, when William Good was hanged for the murder of John Ellis  The scaffold was "erected on Cook's Mount, immediately in front of the brick wall of the gaol "The fifth execution was that of escaped Australian convict, William Bowden, on 27 April 1852  He was hanged on the scaffold erected outside the entrance gate of the Auckland Gaol, on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West, in front of approximately 300 people The sixth execution in New Zealand, and the third public hanging to take place outside the Auckland Gaol on the corner of Queen and Victoria Streets was that of Charles Marsden on 12 February 1856  It took approximately 14 minutes for Marsden to die, with accusations that his execution was "clumsily performed" The seventh execution took place in Auckland at sunrise on 11 July 1856 with the public hanging of John White  In a sign of changing attitudes to the spectacle of public executions, the Superintendent had ordered that the scaffold be erected after dark the previous evening, and the front of the scaffold, under the drop, be partially boarded up  Due to the early hour of the execution, no more than twenty to thirty people witnessed the event on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West The last public execution was that of John Killey, who had been found guilty of murdering John Butler in Whangarei on 17 December 1857  At his later sentencing in Auckland, the judge, Sir George Alfred Arney, was "said to have been moved to tears" in passing sentence, while Killey "fell down in the dock in a fainting fit"  He was hanged on 18 March 1858, also outside the gate of the Auckland Gaol 

Move to abolish public executions in the British colonies of Australasia
Throughout the British colonies of Australasia public hangings came to be seen as "barbarous spectacles"  The last public hanging in Sydney took place outside Darlinghurst Gaol on 21 September 1852, in which local press noted disapprovingly the "extraordinary attendance of children, upon whose tender minds the shocking spectacle of a fellow creature dangling at the end of a rope, had no other more serious effect than that of eliciting from them three cheers for the hangman"  New South Wales, where public executions were also "associated with the hated convict era", became the first of the British colonies in Australia to abolish public executions, when the Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 1855 (NSW) came into force on 10 January 1855 Victoria and Tasmania followed shortly after with the Private Execution Act 1855 (Vic) and the Criminals’ Execution Act 1855 (Tas) respectively  When the Moreton Bay settlement separated from NSW to become the self-governing colony of Queensland in 1859, the New South Wales legislation automatically applied While South Australia and Western Australia abolished public executions in 1858 and 1870 respectively, both colonies subsequently passed amendments which allowed for the hanging of capitally convicted Aboriginal Australians at the scene of their alleged crimes: the Act to Amend an Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 1861 (SA) and the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1871 Amendment Act 1875 (WA) In New Zealand, public executions were abolished under Section 1 of the Executions of Criminals Act 1858, which specified that executions had to be carried out "within the walls or the enclosed yard of some gaol, or within some other enclosed space"  The Act came into force on 3 June 1858, three months after the country's last public hanging in central Auckland By way of comparison with other English-speaking countries which share an historical legacy of English common law, the last public execution in the United Kingdom was the hanging of Michael Barrett outside Newgate Prison in London on 26 May 1868, in front of a crowd of approximately 2000 people  Canada's last public execution occurred on 7 December 1869 when Nicholas Melady was hanged in front of "a few hundred spectators", outside the Huron County Gaol, now called the Huron Historic Gaol, in Goderich, Ontario  The last judicial execution carried out in public in the United States was the hanging of Rainey Bethea in a parking lot in Owensboro, Kentucky on 14 August 1936, in front of an estimated crowd of 20,000 

Executed out of public view
In 1862, in Wellington, James Collins became the first person in New Zealand to be executed out of public view In 1866, the site of the old Auckland Gaol was made ready for a temporary market  The Sheriff approved the removal of the graves of the five executed criminals, to respect "public decency"  The bodies were reinterred in "a remote and unused spot" of the Symonds St Cemetery The last person to be executed was Walter James Bolton, for poisoning his wife, on 18 February 1957 

Abolition: 1949–1961
When the Labour Party formed its first government following the 1935 general election, it commuted all death sentences to life imprisonment  The Crimes Amendment Act 1941  changed the penalty for murder from death to life imprisonment with hard labour  The only crimes for which the death penalty still applied were treason and piracy 
The Labour Party lost power to the more conservative National Party, which had pledged to reintroduce capital punishment, in 1949  During that earlier period, support and opposition for capital punishment were clearly delineated on partisan grounds  The National Party supported the restoration and maintenance of the death penalty, while the Labour Party opposed it  During debate over the Capital Punishment Act 1950 (which exempted expectant mothers and young persons under the age of 18 years), Labour expressed concern about the constitutional implications of the concentration of executive power in this context (although Labour had used this power from 1935 to 1941), while National Party Attorney-General Clifton Webb referred to the alleged "deterrent" value of the death penalty as potential threat and punitive severity  However, Webb was relatively sparing in his use of the death penalty, while his successor, Attorney-General Jack Marshall (1955–1957), was a hardliner on that issue and the number and pace of executions accelerated, arousing debate 
During the time that the National Party was in office (1949–1957), 36 people were convicted of murder, and 22 of those were sentenced to death (George Horry was convicted of murder in 1951 but not hanged because the death penalty was not in force in 1942)  The final decision on executions rested with Cabinet, and only eight of the condemned were executed  The rest were commuted to life imprisonment  Even then, professional opinion was divided  Film censor Gordon Mirams did not regard spectacles of hanging as appropriate content within crime dramas and western films and excised such content and dialogue on the basis of family propriety According to Department of Justice historian Pauline Engel, the British Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1953) may have heavily influenced the rise of abolitionism, as did the controversies that surrounded the executions of Harry Whiteland and Edward Te Whiu, which raised questions about post-war trauma, intellectual and developmental disability as factors for leniency 
Social historian Redmer Yska has argued that such concern arose much earlier  When the National Party restored capital punishment in 1950, it became an administrative ordeal for civil servants involved, particularly those within correctional facilities like Mount Eden Prison in Auckland, law enforcement and the judiciary  Corrections staff needed to maintain suicide watch for the convicted felon, conduct regular health checks and provide pastoral care for the condemned individual's relatives, as well as insure prison security during executions Official requirements mandated the presence of a magistrate, doctor and sheriffs  During the late fifties, Attorney-General Jack Marshall accelerated the pace of executions and post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism and duodenal haemorrhaging developed amongst two of the three staff obliged to participate during execution procedures  In cases of political import, prudent reprieves and commuted penalties did occur, as happened when three Niue Islanders were sentenced to death after killing a manifestly brutal and oppressive Resident Commissioner (and were reprieved only after New Zealand prison officials had reached Niue to carry out the hangings)  On that occasion, the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand became involved in strenuously lobbying against the verdict Class differences were also seen to affect the verdict  Dr  Senga Wintringham was convicted of manslaughter, rather than murder, in February 1955, after shooting and killing Dr Bill Saunders  Wintringham claimed that she had only meant to intimidate him, rather than kill him  The Peoples Voice, newspaper of the Communist Party of New Zealand, criticised the perceived "double standard" in this context, as the courts had just convicted and sentenced 26-year-old British migrant and itinerant labourer Frederick Foster to death, despite questions about mental illness and intellectual impairment in his context, as well as appeals from his mother  Foster had shot and killed Sharon Skeffington, his former girlfriend  Although Foster was sentenced to death and executed, defence counsel Dr Martyn Finlay succeeded in raising questions about the limited intellectual capabilities and mental health of the condemned person in this context  Similar questions would arise in the trial, conviction and execution of Albert Webb  The New Zealand Listener editorialised against the death penalty in July 1955, and received supportive feedback from its letters page correspondents Eddie Te Whiu was hanged in August 1955, after he had killed an elderly widow in Ngararatunua, near Kamo, when an attempted burglary went wrong  Abolitionist sentiment grew again, as, with the Foster and Black cases, there was perceptible anxiety about the failure of "deterrence" value in the context of violent homicides, and whether Te Whiu should have been convicted of manslaughter instead, due to his dysfunctional family origins and limited intellectual capabilities  As a result, a National Committee for Abolition of the Death Penalty was formed in November 1956, with branches in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin 
Engel and Maureen Garing have drawn attention to the involvement of Protestant Christian opposition to capital punishment  In 1941 and 1951, the Christian Social Justice League, Christchurch Anglican Diocesan Synod and Methodist Public Questions Committee supported abolition, as did individual Catholics, although their hierarchy remained neutral in this debate  The New Zealand Theosophical Society also opposed capital punishment, and the Churches of Christ and Baptist Union declared its opposition in the late fifties  As religious opposition grew, it provided opponents of capital punishment with an organisational base that was used to good effect  Redmer Yska notes that clergy often refused to participate in legitimising executions through their presence, of whatever denomination As a consequence of controversy over the perceived escalation in use of capital punishment, abolitionist petitions started to circulate as well  In 1956, a proposal for a referendum on capital punishment was put forward by the Minister of Justice, Jack Marshall  This referendum was to be voted on during the 1957 general election, but the proposal was defeated Meanwhile, Walter James Bolton (1888–1957) was executed at Mount Eden Prison in Auckland in February 1957, after he had allegedly poisoned his wife with arsenic  Given that the National Party lost that election, there were to be no further executions within New Zealand  However, while the election saw a short-lived Labour government elected, capital punishment was not debated in Parliament again before the National party regained power after the 1960 election 
In 1961, the National Party reaffirmed its support for the death penalty, although restricted its use to premeditated murders, and those committed during another crime or during an escape from custody  The issue of capital punishment generated intensive debate within the National Party—the Minister of Justice in the Second National Government, who was responsible for introducing the Crimes Bill 1961, Ralph Hanan, strongly opposed the death penalty, while Jack Marshall, the Deputy Prime Minister, had supported its use while serving as Minister of Justice and Attorney General, as noted above 

Abolition and its aftermath: 1961 onwards
Aware of growing public opposition to capital punishment, the National Party allowed its MPs to exercise a conscience vote in Parliament, and ten National MPs subsequently voted in favour of abolition  The result was a majority of 11 against capital punishment, 41–30  The ten National MPs were Ernest Aderman, Gordon Grieve, Ralph Hanan, Duncan MacIntyre, Robert Muldoon, Lorrie Pickering, Logan Sloane, Brian Talboys, Esme Tombleson and Bert Walker  The death penalty was therefore abolished for murder, being retained only for treason and other similar acts in theory  In principle, this meant that de facto abolition had occurred from that point onward These last theoretical vestiges of capital punishment were abolished under the Palmer Labour cabinet in November 1989 with the passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act 1989, and there were no further executions during the interim period  Passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act ended all capital punishment in New Zealand  The Cook Islands, which based its statutes on New Zealand law, formally retained the death penalty for treason until it was abolished in 2007  The death penalty was never used in the Cook Islands Occasional calls to reinstate capital punishment still occur, but no major political party has made capital punishment an element of any of their election manifestos since the 1989 Abolition act  As for minor political parties, the solitary exception was the fundamentalist Christian Heritage New Zealand, which has been defunct since 2005 
A 2004 1 News Colmar Brunton  poll found 28% were in favour of bringing back the death penalty, 67% did not want to bring the death penalty back, and 5% were undecided  In a 2013 Curia poll for TV3's The Nation, 38% of New Zealanders were in favour of the death penalty—a nominal increase from the 28% in 2004—while 55% were opposed it, and 7% were undecided  Also in the poll, 35% of Labour voters favoured the death penalty and National voters' support polled at 44%  Least likely to be in favour were Green Party voters at 19%, but the strongest support came from New Zealand First voters at 84% 

See also
Capital punishment in the Cook Islands
List of people executed in New Zealand
Passage 5:
1952 Winter Olympics
The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games (Norwegian: De 6  olympiske vinterleker; Nynorsk: Dei 6  olympiske vinterleikane) and commonly known as Oslo 1952, was a winter multi-sport event held from 14 to 25 February 1952 in Oslo, the capital of Norway 
Discussions about Oslo hosting the Winter Olympic Games began as early as 1935; the city was keen to host the 1948 Winter Olympics, but that was made impossible by World War II  Instead, Oslo won the right to host the 1952 Games in a contest that included Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy and Lake Placid in the United States  All of the Olympic venues were in Oslo's metropolitan area, except for the alpine skiing events, which were held at Norefjell, 113 km (70 mi) from the capital  A new hotel was built for the press and dignitaries, along with three dormitories to house athletes and coaches, creating the first modern athlete's village  Oslo bore the financial burden of hosting the Games in return for the revenue they generated  The 1952 Winter Olympics was the first of the two consecutive Olympics to be held in Northern Europe, preceding the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland 
The 1952 Winter Games attracted 694 athletes representing 30 countries, who participated in four sports and 22 events  Japan and Germany made their returns to Winter Olympic competition after being forced to miss the 1948 Games in the aftermath of World War II  Germany was represented solely by West German athletes after East Germany declined to compete as a unified team  Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic debuts, and women were allowed to compete in cross-country skiing for the first time 
Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of four speed skating events to become the most decorated athlete of the 1952 Winter Olympics  Germany resumed its former prominence in bobsleigh, with wins in the four- and two-man events  Dick Button of the United States performed the first triple jump in international competition to claim his second consecutive men's figure skating Olympic title  The popular Nordic sport bandy featured as a demonstration sport, but only three Nordic countries competed in the tournament  Norway dominated the overall medal count with 16 medals, including seven golds  The Games closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed to the host city of the next Winter Olympics  The flag, which became known as the "Oslo flag", has been displayed in the host city during subsequent Winter Games 

Host city selection
Oslo had unsuccessfully bid to host the 1936 Winter Olympics, losing to Germany, which had hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics  At that time, the nation that hosted the Summer Olympics also hosted the Winter Olympics  After the 1936 Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to award the Winter and Summer Games to different countries, but the Games were suspended during World War II  London hosted the first post-war Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, and recommended Oslo as the host city for the 1948 Winter Games, but the city council declined  Instead, the 1948 Winter Olympics were held in St  Moritz, Switzerland Norwegians were undecided about hosting a Winter Olympics  Culturally, they were opposed to competitive winter sports, particularly skiing events, despite the success of Norwegian athletes at previous Winter Games  But the organizers believed the 1952 Games could be an opportunity to promote national unity and to show the world that Norway had recovered from the war  Vying with Oslo for the right to host the Games were Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, New York, United States  The IOC voted to award the 1952 Winter Games to Oslo on 21 June 1947 at the 40th IOC Session in Stockholm, Sweden  Later, Cortina d'Ampezzo was awarded the 1956 Games, and Lake Placid—which had hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics—was chosen to host the 1980 Winter Games  Norway became the first Scandinavian country to host a Winter Olympics, and the 1952 Winter Games were the first to be held in a nation's capital 

Results
Organization
A special committee was assigned to organize the 1952 Games, which consisted of four Norwegian sports officials and four representatives from the municipality of Oslo, including mayor Brynjulf Bull  The committee was in place by December 1947  The city of Oslo funded the Games entirely, in exchange for keeping all the revenue generated  To accommodate the influx of athletes and coaches, quarters for competitors and support staff were designed and constructed, with three new facilities (forerunners of the athlete's villages of later Games) built  The city of Oslo paid to have a new hotel constructed, the Viking, used for IOC delegates, out-of-town dignitaries, and as the communication hub of the Games  For the first time in a Winter Games, an indoor ice hockey arena was constructed, which hosted the eight-team tournament  Oslo's existing central arena, Bislett Stadium, was used for the opening and closing ceremonies, and for speed skating events  Improvements to the arena included better sound and lighting systems, remodeled club house and press rooms, and the addition of a medical center 

Politics
In the aftermath of the German occupation of Norway during World War II, anti-German sentiment began to affect preparations for the 1952 Olympics  Discussions were held to consider whether Germany should be allowed to participate in the Games  When in 1950, the West German Olympic Committee requested recognition by the IOC, it raised the question of whether their participation would cause political boycotts in the upcoming Games  Once the IOC recognized the West German Olympic Committee, West Germany was then formally invited to compete at the 1952 Winter Games  East Germany was invited to participate with West Germany, as a unified team, but they declined At first Norway was reluctant to welcome German athletes and others considered Nazi sympathizers  For example, Norwegian speed skater Finn Hodt was not allowed to compete in the Norwegian speed skating team because he collaborated with the Nazis during the war  Eventually, despite the concern, Norway agreed to allow German and Japanese athletes to compete  The Soviet Union sent no athletes to Oslo, despite being recognized by the IOC 

Events
Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in four sports (eight disciplines) 

 Bobsleigh (2) ()
 Ice hockey (1) ()
Skating
 Figure skating (3) ()
 Speed skating (4) ()
Skiing
 Alpine skiing (6) ()
 Nordic skiing  ()
 Cross-country skiing (4) ()
 Nordic combined (1) ()
 Ski jumping (1) ()

Demonstration sport
Bandy (1) (details)

Opening ceremonies
The opening ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium on 15 February  King George VI of Great Britain had died on 6 February 1952 with his daughter Elizabeth II taking the throne as Queen, eight days before the start of the Games  As a result, all national flags were flown at half-mast, and Princess Ragnhild opened the Games in place of her grandfather, King Haakon VII, who was in London attending the state funeral  This was the first time an Olympic Games had been declared open by a female official  The parade of nations was held according to tradition, with Greece first and the rest of the nations proceeding by alphabetical order in the Norwegian language, with the host nation last  The British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand teams all wore black arm bands at the opening ceremonies in memory of their monarch  Following the parade of nations, the Olympic flame was lit  On 13 February, at the start of the inaugural Winter Olympics torch relay, the torch was lit in the hearth of the Morgedal House, birthplace of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim  The torch relay lasted two days and was conducted entirely on skis  At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Eigil Nansen, received the Olympic torch and skied to a flight of stairs where he removed his skis, ascended, and ignited the flame The bobsleigh and alpine skiing events were held the day before the opening ceremonies  Competitors in these events were unable to attend the festivities in Oslo; consequently simple opening ceremonies were held at Frognerseteren, site of the bobsleigh events, and Norefjell, site of the alpine skiing events 

Bobsleigh
After a 16-year hiatus from the Olympics, Germany made a triumphant return to the bobsleigh competition, winning the two- and four-man events  The results for both bobsleigh events were the same, with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze respectively  Fritz Feierabend from Switzerland competed in both the two- and four-man competitions  His two bronze medals were the fourth and fifth in an Olympic career that spanned 16 years and three Olympics  There were no weight restrictions on the bobsleigh athletes, and the average weight for each member of the winning German four-man team was 117 kg (258 lb), which was more than the Olympic heavyweight boxing champion in 1952  Seeing the undue advantage overweight athletes brought to their teams, the International Federation for Bobsleigh and Toboganning instituted a weight limit for future Olympics 

Speed skating
All of the speed skating events were held at Bislett Stadium  Americans Ken Henry and Don McDermott placed first and second in the 500-meter race, but Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen electrified the partisan crowd by winning the 1,500, 5,000 and 10,000-meter events; his margins of victory were the largest in Olympic history  Dutchman Wim van der Voort placed second in the 1,500 meters and his countryman Kees Broekman placed second to Andersen in the 5,000 and 10,000-meter races, becoming the first Olympic speed skating medalists from the Netherlands  Absent from the competition was former world champion Kornél Pajor  The Hungarian-born speed skater had won both long-distance races at the World Championships held in Oslo in 1949 and then defected to Sweden, but was unable to obtain Swedish citizenship in time to compete in 1952 

Alpine skiing
There were three alpine skiing events on the Olympic program: the slalom, giant slalom and downhill  Both men and women competed in all three events, held at Norefjell and Rødkleiva  The giant slalom made its Olympic debut at the 1952 Games  Austrian skiers dominated the competition, winning seven out of a possible 18 medals, including Othmar Schneider who won gold and silver in the men's slalom and downhill  Norwegian Stein Eriksen won gold in the men's giant slalom and silver in the slalom  Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos fell 18 times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards  American skier Andrea Mead Lawrence was the only double gold medalist, winning the giant slalom and the slalom  She was the first skier from the United States to win two alpine skiing gold medals 

Cross-country skiing
All the cross-country events were held next to the ski jump hill at Holmenkollbakken  As had been the case in 1948 there were three men's events: 18 kilometers, 50 kilometers, and a relay  Added to the Olympic program for the first time was a ten-kilometer race for women  All the cross-country medals were won by Nordic countries, and Finnish skiers won eight of the twelve possible  Lydia Wideman of Finland became the first female Olympic champion in cross-country skiing; her teammates Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen won silver and bronze respectively  Veikko Hakulinen won the 50-kilometer men's race to begin an Olympic career that would culminate in seven medals, three of them gold  Hallgeir Brenden won the 18-kilometer race and helped Norway take the silver in the 4 × 10-kilometer relay  Brenden went on to win another gold in the men's 15-kilometer race in 1956, and a silver in the relay in 1960 

Nordic combined
The nordic combined event was held at the cross-country and ski jump venues  For the first time, the ski jump part took place first with competitors taking three jumps from the Holmenkollbakken  The 18-km cross country skiing event took place the next day  Results were tallied by the best two marks were scored, along with the results of the cross-country race, to determine a winner  Norwegians Simon Slåttvik and Sverre Stenersen won the gold and bronze respectively  Stenersen went on to win the gold at the 1956 Games in the same event  Heikki Hasu from Finland won the silver, preventing a Norwegian sweep of the medals 

Ski jumping
Crowds in excess of 100,000 greeted the ski jumpers as they competed at Holmenkollbakken  In 1952 there was only one event, the men's normal hill, which was held on 24 February  The King, Prince Harald, and Princess Ragnhild were in attendance  The Norwegian athletes did not disappoint the crowd, as Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second; Swedish jumper Karl Holmström took the bronze  Norwegian athletes won the ski jumping gold medal in every Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1952 

Figure skating
There were three events in the Olympic figure skating competition: men's singles, women's singles and mixed pairs  The events were held at Bislett Stadium on a rink constructed inside the speed skating track Dick Button of the United States won the men's singles event  Helmut Seibt of Austria took silver and James Grogan of the United States won bronze  Button became the first figure-skater to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate  British skater Jeannette Altwegg won the gold medal in the women's singles, the silver was won by American Tenley Albright, who went on to win gold at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, and Jacqueline du Bief of France won the bronze  The German husband and wife pair of Ria and Paul Falk won the mixed pairs competition  They defeated Americans Karol and Peter Kennedy, who placed second, and Hungarian siblings Marianna and László Nagy, who won the bronze medal 

Ice hockey
A majority of the ice hockey matches took place at Jordal Amfi, a new hockey stadium built for the Olympics  Nine teams played in the tournament and Canada again won the gold medal  Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament thus far, but in 1956 the Soviet team began to compete and ended Canadian dominance  Canada was represented by the Edmonton Mercurys, an amateur hockey team sponsored by the owner of a Mercury automobile dealership  Canada played the United States to a three all tie on the final day to clinch the gold, and the Americans won silver  The official report of the USOC for the 1952 Olympics covers the game in great detail  According to the report, by the end of the game against Canada, the Americans were mentally and physically exhausted and after scoring the third goal and tying the game they decided to focus on defense in order not to lose silver  It is important to note that Canadians at the time were considered unbeatable and even tying that team was almost impossible  Sweden and Czechoslovakia ended up tied for third (Czechoslovakia defeated the Swedes in the head-to-head game, but according to the rules at the time they had to play a tiebreaker game because they were tied in points)  Sweden won that game and avenged the loss in the round-robin  The Czechs believed they had already won the bronze when they defeated the Swedes in the round-robin, calling the decision to play a tie-breaking game a "plot of the capitalist countries"  Canadian team was criticized for its rough play; although body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams, and opponents and spectators alike took a dim view of that style of play 

Bandy
The IOC lobbied the organizing committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport  The committee instead selected bandy, which had never been included in the Winter Games  Popular in Nordic countries, bandy is played by teams of eleven on an outdoor soccer field-sized ice rink, using a small ball and sticks about 1 2 m (3 9 ft) long  As it was a demonstration sport, the players were ineligible for medals  Three nations participated: Finland, Norway and Sweden  Each of the three teams won one game and lost one game; with Sweden winning the competition based on number of goals scored, followed by Norway in second place, and Finland in third place  Two of the games were played at Dæhlenenga Stadium and one at Bislett Stadium 

Closing ceremonies
At the 1952 Winter Games, the closing ceremonies were a distinct program listing, unlike previous Winter Games when the closing ceremonies were held directly after the final event  The closing ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium, on Monday evening, 25 February  The flag bearers entered the stadium in the same order they followed for the opening ceremonies  That evening four medal ceremonies were also held for the women's cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament Since 1920, the "Antwerp flag" has been passed from host city to host city during closing ceremonies for the Summer Games  The city of Oslo gave an Olympic flag to establish the same tradition for the Winter Games  Brynjulf Bull, Oslo's mayor, passed the flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström, who declared the flag was to pass from host city to host city for future Winter Games  The flag, which came to be known as the "Oslo Flag", has since been preserved in a display case, with the name of every Winter Olympics host city engraved on brass plaques, and is brought to each Winter Games to be displayed  A replica is used during the closing ceremonies After the flag ceremony the Olympic flame was extinguished, a special speed skating race was held, and the figure skating competitors gave an exhibition, followed by 40 children dressed in national costumes performing an ice dance  For a finale, to the close the Games, the lights were extinguished and a 20-minute fireworks display lit up the night sky 

Venues
With a seating capacity of 29,000, Bislett Stadium became the centrepiece of the Games  It was the venue for the speed skating events and the figure skating competition  Bislett was large enough for a 400 m (1,300 ft) speed skating track, and a figure skating ice-rink of 30 by 60 m (98 by 197 ft); a snow bank separated the track and the rink  Because Bislett was an outdoor arena, the organizing committee chose Tryvann Stadion and Hamar Stadion as secondary alternative skating venues to be used the case of bad weather  In 1994 Hamar became the venue for the speed skating events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer The Oslo Winter Games were the first to feature an Olympic ice hockey tournament held on artificial ice  A new stadium was built for the hockey tournament in a residential area of eastern Oslo, called Jordal Amfi, which accommodated 10,000 spectators in stands rising steeply from the rink  23 of the 36 hockey matches were played at Jordal Amfi, with the remaining matches played at Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm Stadion and Marienlyst Stadion The cross-country races and ski-jump competition were held at Holmenkollbakken, located roughly 8 km (5 mi) from the center of Oslo  The expected number of spectators caused concerns about traffic, so a new road was constructed and the existing thoroughfare widened  Holmenkollbakken was built in 1892 and improvements were needed to meet international standards  The original wood ski-jump was replaced with a concrete tower and jump that was 87 m (285 ft) long  New stands were built to seat 13,000 people, and an area was added at the base of the hill to accommodate 130,000 spectators The hills and terrain in the surrounding area met the competitive demands for an elite cross-country ski event  A notice board was posted at the start and finish lines to help spectators monitor the progress of the competitors  The cross-country and nordic combined races began and ended at the base of the ski jump hill  The stands for the ski jump competition had to be removed during the cross-country races; spectators had only a small area from which to watch the races but were allowed on the course to cheer on the competitors The alpine skiing events were split between Norefjell and Rødkleiva  The slalom courses were at Rødkleiva, located on the same mountain as Holmenkollen and Frognerseteren  The course had an elevation difference, from start to finish, of  200 m (660 ft) and was 480 m (1,570 ft) in length  A rope tow had to be built to bring the skiers from the bottom to the top of the hill  The downhill race and the giant slalom—which made its Olympic debut in 1952—were held at Norefjell, which was 113 km (70 mi) from Oslo and the only venue located away from the capital city  Work had to be done to make the area suitable for Olympic competition  A bridge across Lake Krøderen was built to help alleviate transportation congestion  A new hotel, two ski lifts, and a new road were also constructed There was no permanent bobsleigh run in Norway  Instead the organizers built a temporary course out of snow and ice  This is often wrongly assumed to have been built at Korketrekkeren  From Frognerseteren a separate 1,508 m (4,948 ft) long, 13-turn course was designed and built  The bobsleigh run was first constructed and tested in 1951, then rebuilt for the Games in 1952  A car was used to return the bobsleighs to the start of the track 

Participating nations
Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games  New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time  Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence  South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games 

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees
Calendar
All dates are in Central European Time (UTC+1)The official opening ceremonies were held on 15 February, although two smaller ceremonies were held on 14 February to conform with competition schedules  From 15 February until 25 February, the day of the closing ceremonies, at least one event final was held each day 

Medal count
These are the nations that topped the medal count at the 1952 Winter Games 
  *   Host nation (Norway)

Podium sweeps
See also
1952 Summer Olympics
List of 1952 Winter Olympics medal winners

Notes
Passage 6:
The Book Thief (film)
The Book Thief is a 2013 war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie Nélisse  The film is based on the 2005 novel of the same name by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni  The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era  Taught to read by her kind-hearted foster father, the girl begins "borrowing" books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home  The film features a musical score by Oscar-winning composer John Williams 
The Book Thief premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was released for general distribution in the United States on November 8, 2013  The film received mixed reviews upon its theatrical release with some reviewers praising its "fresher perspective on the war" and its focus on the "consistent thread of humanity" in the story, with other critics faulting the film's "wishful narrative"  With a budget of $19 million, the film was successful at the box office, earning over $76 million The Book Thief received  Oscar, Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for its score  For her performance in the film, Sophie Nélisse won the Hollywood Film Festival Spotlight Award, the Satellite Newcomer Award, and the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Female  The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 11, 2014 

Plot
In February 1938, Death tells  how a young girl called Liesel Meminger had piqued his interest  In one of the opening scenes, twelve-year-old Liesel is travelling with her mother and younger brother on a train  On the way, her brother dies and is buried next to the tracks  Liesel steals her first book, titled The Grave Digger's Handbook, when it falls out of the gravedigger's pocket  Liesel is then brought to her new home in Munich, where she meets her new foster parents Rosa Hubermann and Hans Hubermann  Rudy Steiner, a boy who lives next door, accompanies her on her first day of school  When the teacher asks Liesel to write her name on the chalkboard, she is only able to write three Xs, revealing to her classmates that she is unable to write  She is taunted by her schoolmates who chant "dummkopf" ("dunce") at her  One of the boys, Franz Deutscher, challenges her to read just one word to which Liesel responds by beating him up  She impresses Rudy, and they become fast friends  When Hans, her foster father, realizes that Liesel cannot read, he begins to teach her, using the book that she took from the graveside along with a giant chalkboard  Liesel becomes captivated with reading anything she can 
Liesel and Rudy become members of the Hitler Youth movement  While at a Nazi book burning ceremony, Liesel and Rudy are harassed by Franz into throwing books onto the bonfire, but Liesel is upset to see the books being burned  When the bonfire ends and everyone leaves, Liesel is still there and she grabs a book that has been only singed  She is seen by Ilsa Hermann, wife of the Burgermeister (mayor)  When Rosa asks Liesel to take the laundry to the mayor's spacious, gated house, she realizes that the woman who saw her taking the book is the mayor's wife  Instead, Ilsa takes her into their library and tells Liesel she can come by anytime and read as much as she'd like  One day Liesel is found reading by the mayor, who not only puts a stop to her visits but dismisses Rosa as their laundress 
During Kristallnacht, Max Vandenburg and his mother, who are Jewish, are told by a friend that only one of them can escape, and Max's mother forces him to go  Max's father had saved Hans' life in World War I, and hence he goes to the Hubermanns' house, where Rosa and Hans give him shelter  Max initially stays in Liesel's room while recovering from his trip, and they begin to become friends over their mutual hatred of Hitler  World War II begins, initially making most of the children in Liesel's neighborhood very happy  Max is moved to the basement so that he can move around more, but it is cold and he becomes dangerously ill  Liesel helps him recover by reading to him at every spare moment books "borrowed" from the mayor's library 
One day while "borrowing" a book from the mayor's home, Liesel is followed by Rudy  He discovers the secret of Max, whose name he reads on a journal Max gave to Liesel for Christmas  Rudy guesses that her family is hiding someone, and he swears to never tell anyone  Franz overhears Rudy's last words and violently pushes Rudy to reveal the secret  Rudy throws the journal into the river to keep it from Franz  After Franz leaves, Rudy plunges into the icy river to rescue the journal, and Liesel realizes that she can truly trust him  Soon, a local party member comes by to check the Hubermanns' basement, and they have to hide Max 
While working, Hans sees a neighbour and friend named Lehman being taken away by the police because he is a Jew  Hans tries to intervene, telling the officer that Lehman is a good man, but Hans's name is taken by the soldiers and he is thrown to the ground  Hans realizes what a mistake he has made, since this has made his family visible  He tells the family, and Max realises he must leave in order to protect them  Hans then receives a telegram that he has been conscripted into the army and must leave immediately 
On the way home from school, Liesel believes she has seen Max in a line of Jews being forcibly marched through town, and she begins screaming his name, running through the line  She is thrown to the sidewalk twice by German soldiers and finally gives up when Rosa picks her up and takes her home 
Hans returns home after being injured, and the family is reunited only for a short time  One night the city is bombed by accident, and the air raid sirens fail to go off  Hans, Rosa, Rudy's family and Franz are killed in the blast  Liesel is spared from the bombing because she fell asleep in the basement while writing in the journal given to her by Max  She sees her foster family on the ground, dead; she cries and hugs them  Soldiers bring Rudy out of his house alive, but he dies a few moments later after almost telling Liesel he loves her  Liesel begs him to wake up, and kisses him on the lips as a goodbye  Liesel passes out, and one of the soldiers carries her to a stretcher  When she wakes up, she sees a book among the rubble and picks it up  She then sees the mayor and Ilsa drive up  With Ilsa being the only friend she has left, Liesel runs up to her and hugs her 
Two years later, after Germany has been occupied by the Allies, Liesel is working in the tailor shop owned by late Rudy's father when Max suddenly enters  Overjoyed by his survival and return, she runs to hug him  The final scene is Death speaking again about Liesel's life and her death at the age of 90, mentioning her husband, children, and grandchildren, as we look over her modern day Manhattan Upper East Side apartment with pictures of her past and a portrait of her younger self, upon which the camera lingers  The narrator does not state whom she had married but implies that she became a renowned writer 

Cast
Production
A search for an actress to play the eponymous book thief, Liesel Meminger, occurred across the world  On February 4, 2013, it was announced that Canadian actress Sophie Nélisse was cast in the role and that Australian actor Geoffrey Rush and English actress Emily Watson would be playing Meminger's foster parents Principal photography began in early March 2013 at Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, Germany  Locations included Marquardt Palace  The first trailer was released on August 21, with the Bastille song "Haunt" as the music 
Markus Zusak, Australian author of the best-selling, award-winning book on which the film is based, confirmed on his blog that the film would be narrated by the character of "Death", as was the novel  After some speculation that Death might be voiced by the anonymous American actor who was used in the official trailer, it was announced that English actor Roger Allam of Game of Thrones would portray Death in the film 

Soundtrack
The music for the film was composed by John Williams, and the soundtrack album containing the score was released by Sony Classical and Fox Music  The album was released in the United States on November 5, 2013  It was nominated for an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe for Best Original Score  It won Best Instrumental Album at the 57th Grammy Awards 
The Book Thief marked the first time since 2005 that Williams had scored a film not directed by Steven Spielberg 

Release
Originally scheduled for January 17, 2014, The Book Thief's limited theatrical release was moved forward to November 8, 2013, due to the fact that it was finished ahead of schedule and in order to compete in the 2013–14 award season  It premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was screened at the Savannah Film Festival on October 29, 2013  It expanded to a wide release on November 27, 2013 

Reception
Critical response
The Book Thief received mixed reviews from critics  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 47%, based on 149 reviews, with an average score of 5 70/10  The site's consensus states, "A bit too safe in its handling of its Nazi Germany setting, The Book Thief counters its constraints with a respectful tone and strong performances " On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" In her review for the New Empress Magazine, Mairéad Roche praised the film for providing a "fresher perspective on the war" through the experiences of ordinary Germans who lived through the Nazi era  In addition to the "Oscar-baiting beautiful" cinematography and John Williams's film score that contribute to the film's emotional appeal, Roche singled out the performance of young Sophie Nélisse as Liesel that "matches the well-measured and seemingly effortless efforts of both Rush and Watson"  Roche concluded,

The Book Thief weaves a consistent thread of humanity through its narrative via the commonality of Death, storytelling and the concept of free will  The disturbing sight of children in Hitler Youth uniforms and Allied blanket bombing, when shown through the innocence of a child, humanises the German generation just living their lives without the hindsight of history  A blurring of vision due to tears is to be expected, but that effect is delivered with respect and dignity to the audience 
In his review following the Mill Valley Film Festival, Dennis Harvey at Variety magazine wrote, "Rush generously provides the movie's primary warmth and humor; Watson is pitch-perfect as a seemingly humorless scold with a well-buried soft side " Harvey also praised the film's cinematography and film score, noting that "impeccable design contributions are highlighted by Florian Ballhaus'[s] somber but handsome widescreen lensing and an excellent score by John Williams that reps his first feature work for a director other than Steven Spielberg in years "Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post was less impressed with the film, giving it two and half out of four stars  Merry felt that the film "has its moments of brilliance, thanks in large part to an adept cast" but that the film ultimately shows the difficulties of bringing a successful novel to the screen  In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Robert Abele was also unimpressed, describing the film as "just another tasteful, staid Hollywoodization of terribleness, in which a catastrophic time acts as a convenient backdrop for a wishful narrative rather than the springboard for an honest one" 

Accolades
Home media
The Book Thief was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 11, 2014 
Passage 7:
The Messenger (Zusak novel)
The Messenger, released in the United States as I Am the Messenger, is a 2002 novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award  The story is written from the perspective of the protagonist, taxi driver Ed Kennedy, whose journey begins after he stops a robbery and receives a playing card in the mail 

Plot
The protagonist is Ed Kennedy, an uninspired 19-year old Australian taxi driver  Ed laments his mediocre life and strained relationship with his mother, as his father died recently and left Ed with only his dog, the Doorman, but does nothing to improve his situation, instead preferring to continue living alone and playing cards every week with his friends: Ritchie, who is unemployed and generally apathetic about life; Marv, a stingy carpenter; and Audrey, a fellow taxi driver whom Ed is in love with, although she does not reciprocate  After accidentally foiling a robbery he is proclaimed a hero by the public, though the robber leaves him a warning that he sees "a dead man" when he looks at Ed before being taken away by police 
One night, he receives a small unmarked envelope, inside of which is an Ace of Diamonds with three addresses and times of day written on them  His friends deny involvement, so Ed investigates the three addresses  Ed arrives at the first address at midnight, and witnesses a man raping his wife while their daughter cries on the porch  The second corresponds to a senile widow named Milla who lives alone, and the third is the address of a young girl named Sophie who runs barefoot every morning but still cannot win at her track meets  Realizing that the sender of the cards intends for Ed to involve himself with the three people, Ed researches Milla's history and discovers that she is waiting for her husband Jimmy, who died 60 years ago during World War II, so he pretends to be Jimmy and comes to read to her weekly  For Sophie, he raises her spirits by giving her an empty shoe box to encourage her to try running barefoot at her next competition; although she loses again, she still finds pride in her achievement  Ed is initially unsure how to approach the rapist, until he receives a gun in the mail with one bullet, indicating he is to shoot the man  Ed uses the gun to kidnap the man and threaten him to stop raping his wife  Ed, instead of killing the man,shoots the gun at the sky, and leaves the man, drugged to sleep with sleeping pill laced vodka, lying on the ground 
After finishing the Ace of Diamonds, two masked men break into his house, assault him, and leave him a congratulatory letter as well as an Ace of Clubs with a vague clue  Before going, the men inform Ed that the man who he threatened has left town  The next day, Ed reveals to Audrey his involvement in the cards, before telling her that he wishes the two of them could be together, but Audrey declines him  Eventually, Ed picks up a man in his cab who tells him to drive to the river before leading Ed on a chase to a rock formation on which the three names are written for Ed to "solve " The first is Thomas O'Reilly, a pastor in a run-down area of the city with a dwindling congregation; Ed helps him by organizing and advertising for a party with free beer in order to encourage everyone to come on Sunday  The next, Angie Carusso, is a single mother who Ed witnesses buying ice cream for her children, and he buys her one as well to show that she is appreciated  Finally, Gavin Rose is a young boy who constantly fights his brother, so Ed beats up Gavin in order to encourage the brother to take revenge, which they do one night by assaulting Ed and cementing their brotherhood 
After participating in a yearly football game, Ed's dog is stolen and he has to buy it back from a boy, who also gives him the Ace of Spades, on which are three names of famous authors  After trying to kiss Audrey one day and being gently rejected again, he goes to the library and eventually realizes that the street names come from parts of the title, with notes written on certain page numbers for specific addresses  The first, Glory Road, has Lua Tatupu, whose family has decorated their home for Christmas with strings of broken lights, so Ed buys new ones for them and sets them up himself  On Clown Street, Ed runs into his mother on a date, and he eventually drives to her house and confronts her about her disdain for him before reconciling  Finally, on Bell Street he meets an old man named Bernie Price who runs an antiquated theater  Ed brings Audrey there to watch Cool Hand Luke and invites Bernie to watch it with them, but eventually the screen cuts to videos of Ed performing his tasks so far 
Ed finds the Ace of Hearts on his seat in the theatre, on which is written three movie titles  After consulting with Bernie, he realizes that they are references to his three friends Ritchie, Marv, and Audrey  He talks to Ritchie late one night and the two stand in a river for an hour, as Ed encourages him to search for something he cares about  Afterwards, Ed, confused by Marv's stinginess, asks him for a loan as a ploy, causing Marv to reveal that he has been saving money to care for a child he had with a girl named Suzanne Boyd who moved away after she became pregnant years ago  After discussing it, Ed convinces him to travel to her house, and although Suzanne's father angrily claims that he brought shame upon the family, the two eventually reconcile and Marv is reconnected with Suzanne and their daughter  Finally, Ed comes to Audrey early one morning and dances with her for three minutes to show his love for her, hoping that she can love him back 
Upon returning elatedly to his place, he finds a Joker with his own address written on it, which bothers him greatly because he assumed he had finished  One day a man enters his cab and asks him to drive to every address he has been to so far, taking him on a tour of his accomplishments, before revealing that he was the robber, who asks Ed if he still sees "a dead man" when he looks in the mirror, before telling him to go back home  Inside is a man who claims responsibility for the entire series of events, before handing him a folder that details all of Ed's adventures  In a postmodern twist, the man is strongly implied to be Markus Zusak himself, who has written Ed's story right down to the current discussion they are having  He leaves Ed to consider the philosophical implications, and Ed stays inside for days before Audrey comes one afternoon and asks to stay with him for good  They kiss and Ed explains everything to her, before realizing that the story he resides in is actually a reminder to others of their true potential, ending with "I'm not the messenger at all  I'm the message "

Adaptations
Stage
In 2008 the novel was adapted for the stage by Ross Mueller  It was first performed by the Canberra Youth Theatre on 24 November 2008 In 2011 the novel was adapted again for the stage by Curtin's Hayman Theatre Company and performed at the "Subiaco Arts Centre" in Perth, Western Australia In 2015 the novel was adapted for stage by Xavier Hazard and Archie Stapleton and performed by the Redfoot Youth Theatre Company in Perth, Western Australia 

Television
A  TV series based on the novel premiered on ABC TV and iview on 14 May 2023, with William McKenna as Ed Kennedy  It was produced by Lingo Pictures productions, with major investment from Screen Australia in association with the ABC   Executive producers included Markus Zusak, and the ABC producers were Rebecca Anderson and Sally Riley 

Awards
Won – New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards: Ethel Turner Prize for Young People's Literature (2003)
Won – CBCA Children's Book of the Year Award: Older Readers (2003)
Won – Publishers Weekly Best Books of the Year for Children (2005)
Bulletin Blue Ribbon Book (2006)
Won – Honour Book, Michael L  Printz Award (2006)
Won – Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (2007)
Passage 8:
Ticks (song)
"Ticks" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley  It was released in March 2007 as the first single from his 2007 album 5th Gear  The song reached number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart  Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens 
This song was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour 

Content
The song's main character is at a bar, attempting to pick up a date  In doing so, he uses several humorous pickup lines, such as "I'd like to check you for ticks "
Paisley stated that the song is not about blood-sucking arachnids but rather about a guy flirting with a gal  Paisley was inspired to write the song from experience working on a farm  “Working out here on the farm, I literally have to check for ticks every time I come in from the woods or the fields,” he notes  “Now, if a young guy who lives in the country were to take a girl into the woods for any reason, it would totally cross his mind that she’s going to have to check for ticks when they come back out  So it seems that an enterprising guy would at least consider that he could offer to check for her ”

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a C− grade  While saying that the production was good, he went on to say "[the song] may be the very first mainstream country single to completely skeeze [him] out "

Personnel
Ron Block - banjo
Randle Currie - steel guitar
Eric Darken - percussion
Kevin "Swine" Grantt - bass guitar, upright bass
Wes Hightower - background vocals
Gary Hokker - baritone guitar, 12 string guitar
Gordon Mote - clavinet
Brad Paisley - lead vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, Tic tac bass
Ben Sesar - drums
Justin Williamson - mandolin

Chart performance
Certifications



ground_truth: Fort Davis

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the death penalty abolished in the country near the country where the writer of The Book Thief is a citizen of?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Paterson River
Paterson River, a perennial river that is part of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Hunter and Mid North Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Paterson River rises in the Barrington Tops National Park, west by north of Careys Peak, and flows generally south and southeast, joined by six minor tributaries including the Allyn River at Vacy, before reaching its confluence with the Hunter River between Hinton and Morpeth  Between Hinton and Duns Creek, the Paterson River forms the border between the Port Stephens and Maitland local government areas  The river system courses through fertile the farming land of the Paterson and Allyn River Valleys and the historic Patersons Plains; descending 933 metres (3,061 ft) over its 151 kilometres (94 mi) course The river is impounded by Lostock Dam, located 48 kilometres (30 mi) downstream from the source in the Barringtons  The embankment dam was constructed by the New South Wales Department of Water Resources to supply water for irrigation and was completed in 1971  The river is tidal to above the village of Paterson and below Vacy Riverside towns within the Paterson's catchment include Gresford, Vacy, Paterson, Woodville and Hinton 
Colonel William Paterson surveyed the area along the river in 1801  Later Governor King named it in his honour 
Passage 2:
Horse Mesa Dam
The Horse Mesa Dam is a concrete thin arch dam located in the Superstition Mountains, northeast of Phoenix in Maricopa County, Arizona 
The dam is 660 feet (200 m) long, 300 feet (91 m) high and was built between 1924 and 1927  The dam includes three conventional hydroelectric generating units totaling 32 megawatts (MW) and a pumped-storage unit with a capacity of 97 MW 
The dam and associated infrastructure were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017 
A few homes are nearby for temporary employee housing  Its name is derived from when sheep-herders used to graze their saddle and pack animals on the mesa when they were driving their flocks through the area  It has an estimated elevation of 2,067 feet (630 m) above sea level 

Reservoir
The dam forms Apache Lake as it impounds the Salt River  The dam and reservoir are located downstream from the Theodore Roosevelt Dam, and upstream from the Mormon Flat Dam 
Passage 3:
Darling Mills Creek
The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Darling Mills Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of Thompsons Corner, near the intersection of Castle Hill Road and Pennant Hills Road, within the suburb of West Pennant Hills  The headwaters lie on the watershed between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally west, then south, joined by its tributaries including the Bidjigal, Sawmill, Excelsior, Blue Gum, Bellbird, Bellamy Farm creeks and the dammed Hunts Creek downstream of Lake Parramatta, before reaching its confluence with the Toongabbie Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 10 kilometres (6 2 mi); and the creek passes through the Cumberland State Forest, the Darling Mills State Forest, Bidjigal Reserve, Excelsior Park, and many smaller reserves and parks The Darling Mills Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway, the M2 Hills Motorway, and marks the boundary between Windsor Road and Church Street in North Parramatta 

History
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Darling Mills Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal clan of the Darug people, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade The Darling Mills Creek takes its name from a watermill constructed a short distance from the confluence with Toongabbie Creek 
An earlier watermill was built by Samuel Marsden near the confluence  It milled flour from 1804 to 1818 
In 1825, the Darling Flour Mills were built for John Raine, upstream on the Windsor Road 
The Darling Mills site was taken over by Sydney Woollen Mills, which operated from 1870 to 1975  Sydney Woollen Mills originally used steam rather than water power  Part of the facade of the building remains on the site, which was occupied by Bunnings Warehouse's North Parramatta store in the early 21st century  There is a weir on the creek nearby that was constructed in the nineteenth century 

See also
Great North Walk
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 4:
Lansdowne River
Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Lansdowne River rises below Mount Gibraltar in the Gibraltar Range, north northwest of Upper Lansdowne, and flows generally southeast before reaching its confluence with the Northern Arm of the Manning River, near Coopernook  The river descends 740 metres (2,430 ft) over its 51 kilometres (32 mi) course The Pacific Highway crosses the Lansdowne River south-east of Coopernook 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Passage 5:
Cabramatta Creek
Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the South Western Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cabramatta Creek rises in the rural/residential suburb of Denham Court, east south-east of Leppington, within the Liverpool local government area  From here the creek flows in a northerly direction under Camden Valley Way towards Hoxton Park, and its junction with Hinchinbrook Creek  Substantial residential development has occurred in these areas, particularly to the west of Cowpasture Road  A number of detention basins have also been constructed in conjunction with the development 
The Ingham's poultry farm also occupies a significant landholding in the area  Below Hoxton Park Road, Cabramatta Creek starts to flow in an easterly direction the Fairfield local government area, towards its confluence with the Georges River, to the east of Warwick Farm  A more prominent creek "corridor", up to 200 metres (660 ft) wide, becomes more evident throughout the lower catchment  This primarily consists of public open space, playing fields and golf courses  The Elouera Nature Reserve, which is an important pocket of native bushland, also forms part of this corridor 
Cabramatta Creek flows through established residential suburbs, including Miller, Cartwright, Sadlier, Ashcroft, Liverpool, Mount Pritchard and Warwick Farm  Major transport routes that cross the catchment includes Hoxton Park Road, Elizabeth Drive, Orange Grove Road (the Cumberland Highway), the Hume Highway and the Main Southern railway line  The catchment area of the creek is approximately 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi), and within the catchment area are the Cabramatta Creek, Hinchinbrook Creek, Maxwells Creek, and Brickmakers Creek The area around the creek was home to the Darug Aboriginal people  European settlement began on the site in the 1790s when they found good quality soil 
In the area surrounding Cabramatta Creek is a large flying fox population; located behind the Sunnybrook Motel and called the Cabrammatta Creek Flying Fox Reserve A concrete beam road bridge that carries the Hume Highway over Cabramatta Creek, constructed in 1951 and commonly known as Ireland's Bridge, is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register 
Passage 6:
Geographical feature
A feature (also called an object or entity), in the context of geography and geographic information science, is a discrete phenomenon that exists at a location in the space and scale of relevance to geography; that is, at or near the surface of Earth, at a moderate to global scale : 62  It is one of the primary types of phenomena represented in geographic information, such as that represented in maps, geographic information systems, remote sensing imagery, statistics, and other forms of geographic discourse  Such representations of features consists of descriptions of their inherent nature, their spatial form and location, and their characteristics or properties 

Ontology and terminology
The term "feature" is meant to be broad and inclusive, including both natural and human-constructed phenomena  It is metaphysically neutral, including both phenomena that exist physically (e g  a building) and those that are conceptual or social creations (e g  a neighbourhood)  In an ontological sense, the term is generally restricted to endurants, which are wholly present at any time during their lifespan (e g , the state of New York in 1820 was a complete state, and is the same state as the New York in 2021)  A feature is also discrete, meaning that it has a clear identity distinct from other phenomena, and is comprehended as a whole, defined in part by the boundary of its extent (although this can be problematic when vagueness arises, such as in the boundaries of a "valley")  This differentiates features from geographic processes and events, which are perdurants that only exist in time; and from geographic masses and fields, which are continuous in that they are not conceptualized as a distinct whole In geographic information science, the terms feature, object, and entity are generally used as roughly synonymous  In the 1992 Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), one of the first public standard models of geographic information, an attempt was made to formally distinguish them: an entity as the real-world phenomenon, an object as a representation thereof (e g  on paper or digital), and a feature as the combination of both entity and representation objects  Although this distinction is often cited in textbooks, it has not gained lasting nor widespread usage  In the ISO 19101 Geographic Information Reference Model and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Simple Features Specification, international standards that form the basis for most modern geospatial technologies, a feature is defined as "an abstraction of a real-world phenomena," essentially the object in SDTS 
Despite these attempts at formalization, the broadly interchangeable use of these English terms has persisted  That said, Phenomenon is likely the most broad, comfortably including geographic masses, processes, and events that would be difficult to call "objects" or "entities "

Types of features
Natural features
A natural feature is a phenomenon that was not created by humans, but is a part of the natural world  There has been some metaphysical debate over whether such features are "real," independent of the human mind (a realist stance), whether they are purely human conceptualizations of continuous natural phenomena (a constructivist stance), or a hybrid of discrete natural phenomena that highly motivate, but are simplified by human concepts (a experientialist stance)  It is also possible that individual features may be of any of these three types 

Ecosystems
There are two different terms to describe habitats: ecosystem and biome  An ecosystem is a community of organisms  In contrast, biomes occupy large areas of the globe and often encompass many different kinds of geographical features, including mountain ranges Biotic diversity within an ecosystem is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems  Living organisms are continually engaged in a set of relationships with every other element constituting the environment in which they exist, and ecosystem describes any situation where there is relationship between organisms and their environment 
Biomes represent large areas of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms  Biomes are defined based on factors such as plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate  Unlike biogeographic realms, biomes are not defined by genetic, taxonomic, or historical similarities  Biomes are often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and climax vegetation 

Water bodies
A body of water is any significant accumulation of water, usually covering the land  The term "body of water" most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, but it may also include smaller pools of water such as ponds, creeks or wetlands  Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are not always considered bodies of water, but they are included as geographical formations featuring water 
Some of these are easily recognizable as distinct real-world entities (e g , an isolated lake), while others are at least partially based on human conceptualizations  Examples of the latter include a branching stream network in which one of the branches has been arbitrarily designated as the continuation of the primary named stream; or a gulf or bay of an ocean, which has no meaningful dividing line from the rest of the ocean 

Landforms
A landform comprises a geomorphological unit and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such is typically an element of topography  Landforms are categorized by features such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type  They include berms, mounds, hills, cliffs, valleys, rivers, and numerous other elements  Oceans and continents are the highest-order landforms 

Artificial features
Settlements
A settlement is a permanent or temporary community in which people live  Settlements range in components from a small number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas  Other landscape features such as roads, enclosures, field systems, boundary banks and ditches, ponds, parks and woods, mills, manor houses, moats, and churches may be considered part of a settlement 

Administrative regions and other constructs
These include social constructions that are created to administer and organize the land, people, and other spatially-relevant resources  Examples include governmental units such as a state, cadastral land parcels, mining claims, zoning partitions of a city, or a church parish  There are also more informal social features, such as city neighbourhoods and other vernacular regions  These are purely conceptual entities established by edict or practice, although they may align with visible features (i e  a river boundary), and may be subsequently manifested on the ground, such as by survey markers or fences 

Engineered constructs
Engineered geographic features include highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and reservoirs, and are part of the anthroposphere because they are man-made geographic features 

Cartographic features
Cartographic features are types of abstract geographical features, which appear on maps but not on the planet itself, even though they are located on the planet  For example, latitudes, longitudes, the Equator, and the prime meridian are shown on maps of Earth, but it do not physically exist  It is a theoretical line used for reference, navigation, and measurement 

Features and Geographic Information
In GIS, maps, statistics, databases, and other information systems, a geographic feature is represented by a set of descriptors of its various characteristics  A common classification of those characteristics has emerged based on developments by Peuquet, Mennis, and others, including the following : 

 Identity, the fact that a feature is unique and distinct from all other features  This does not have an inherent description, but humans have created many systems for attempting to express identity, such as names and  identification numbers/codes 
Existence, the fact that a feature exists in the world  At first, this may seem trivial, but complex situations are common, such as features that are proposed or planned, abstract concepts (e g , the Equator), under construction, or that no longer exist 
 Kind (also known as class, type, or category), one or more groups to which a feature belongs, typically focused on those that are most fundamental to its existence  It thus completes the sentence "This is a _________ " These are generally in the form of common nouns (tree, dog, building, county, etc ), which may be isolated or part of a taxonomic hierarchy 
 Relationships to other features  These may be inherent if they are crucial to the existence and identity of the feature, or incidental if they are not crucial, but "just happen to be " These may be of at least three types:
Spatial relations, those that can be visualized and measured in space  For example, the fact that the Potomac River is adjacent to Maryland is an inherent spatial relation because the river is part of the definition of the boundary of Maryland, but the overlap relation between Maryland and the Delmarva Peninsula is incidental, as each would exist unproblematically without the other 
Meronomic relations (also known as partonomy), in which a feature may exist as a part of a larger whole, or may exist as a collection of parts  For example, the relationship between Maryland and the United States is a meronomic relation; one is not just spatially within the boundaries of the other, but is a component part of the other that in part defines the existence of both 
Genealogical relations (also known as parent-child), which tie a feature to others that existed previously and created it (or from which it was formed by another agent), and in turn to any features it has created  For example, if a county were created by the subdivision of two existing counties, they would be considered its parents 
Location, a description of where the feature exists, often including the shape of its extent  While a feature has an inherent location, measuring it for the purpose of representation as data can be a complex process, such as requiring the invention of abstract spatial reference systems, and the necessary employment of cartographic generalization, including an expedient choice of dimension (e g , a city could be represented as a region or as a point, depending on scale and need) 
Attributes, characteristics of a feature other than location, often expressed as text or numbers; for example, the population of a city  In geography, the levels of measurement developed by Stanley Smith Stevens (and further extended by others) is a common system for understanding and using attribute data 
Time is fundamental to the representation of a feature, although it does not have independent temporal descriptions  Instead, expressions of time are attached to other characteristics, describing how they change (thus, they are analogous to adverbs in common discourse)  Any of the above characteristics is  mutable, with the possible exception of identity  For example, the lifespan of a feature could be considered as the temporal extent of its existence  The location of a city can change over time as annexations expand its extent  The resident population of a country changes frequently due to immigration, emigration, birth, and death The descriptions of features (i e , the measured values of each of the above characteristics) are typically collected in Geographic databases, such as GIS datasets, based on a variety of  data models and  file formats, often based on the  vector logical model 

See also
Geographical field
Geographical location
Human geography
Landscape
Physical geography
Simple Features
Passage 7:
Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)
Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Coxs Creek rises northeast of Punchbowl railway station and flows generally north northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River, at Strathfield South  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and is now largely a storm drain that flows about 3 kilometres (1 9 mi)  Prior to development of the area the creek drained paperbark swamps that were formerly near the junction of Roberts Road and Juno Parade  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and rerouted  As with most drainage channels in the area it has been lined along much of its length  Coxs Creek drains a total catchment of 8 8 square kilometres (3 4 sq mi) The creek begins as a stormwater drain, then runs in the open through the Coxs Creek Wetland, a 1 84 hectares (4 5 acres) reserve containing significant remnant bushland including some Cooks River Castlereagh Ironbark Forest habitat



ground_truth: 1989

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What movie did the person who acted in the comedy film Crime School win his only Oscar for?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Johnny, You're Wanted
Johnny, You're Wanted is a 1956 British crime B-movie, directed by Vernon Sewell and starring John Slater   The film features famous strongwoman Joan Rhodes performing her stage act  It was based on the 1953 BBC television series of the same name which also starred Slater 
Sewell called it "a stupid story "

Plot
Johnny (Slater) is a long-distance lorry driver returning to London from a provincial delivery, after having taken in a show by Joan Rhodes on the way   Late at night he stops to give a lift to an attractive female hitchhiker whose car has broken down and who is in a hurry to get to back to London   Later, Johnny pulls in to a transport café to make a telephone call and buy a coffee   When he returns to his truck, the woman is gone   Assuming that in her hurry she has picked up a lift with another driver, he goes on his way, and a few miles down the road is flagged down by another driver to help with a woman who has been found lying on the roadside   It turns out that the woman is Johnny's hitchhiker, and that she is dead 
The police soon establish that Johnny was the last person to see the woman alive, and consider him the prime suspect in her murder   Johnny goes on the run, and tries to find out as much as he can about the woman and why anyone should have wanted her dead, while trying to elude the police   He soon finds himself caught up in the shady world of drug smuggling and has to use all his wits to bring the real killers to justice 

Cast
John Slater as Johnny
Alfred Marks as Marks
Garry Marsh as Balsamo
Joan Rhodes as Herself
Chris Halward as Julie
Jack Stewart as Inspector Bennett
John Stuart as Surgeon
Ann Lynn as Chorine

Critical reception
TV Guide called the film a "well-conceived thriller   The situations and performances are a bit forced, but otherwise interest is easily maintained "

External links
Johnny, You're Wanted at IMDb
johnny-youre-wanted at AllMovie
Passage 2:
Chhoti Si Baat
Chhoti Si Baat (transl  A Small Matter) is a 1976 Hindi-language romantic comedy coming of age film directed by Basu Chatterjee  Considered one of the best Hindi comedy films of the 1970s, it is a nostalgic favourite for its quirky take on pre-hypercongestion Bombay  The film became a box office hit  and also earned six Filmfare nominations and a Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay for Basu Chatterjee  The movie is a remake of the 1960 British movie School for Scoundrels It also established Amol Palekar as having an uncommon comic talent for playing mousy characters, a role he would go on to repeat several times in his career  As with other Basu Chatterjee films, moviestars have small cameos playing themselves: Dharmendra and Hema Malini (whose mother Jaya Chakravarthy helped produce the film) are in a movie-within-a-movie for the song Janneman Janneman, while Amitabh Bachchan plays himself in another scene, where he seeks advice from Ashok Kumar's character   He is dressed in costume from Zameer, whose film poster is prominently displayed at the bus stop scenes in Chhoti Si Baat   B R  Chopra is the producer for Zameer, just as he is for Chhoti Si Baat 

Plot
Chhoti Si Baat is a romantic comedy about a painfully shy young man Arun Pradeep (Amol Palekar), who lacks self-confidence and fails to stand up for his convictions, in the process letting all and sundry walk all over him  One fine day he comes across Prabha Narayan (Vidya Sinha) at the bus stop en route to work and finds love at first sight for her  Lacking enough courage and unsure if his feelings are reciprocated, he pines for her from afar and follows her around, at a safe distance (or so he thinks)  Prabha, fully aware of his affections, secretly relishes his discomfort, while waiting for him to make the first move 
While Arun is hopelessly stuck, in comes the suave, brash Nagesh Shastri (Asrani), a colleague of Prabha's, and emerges a serious rival for her attention  It does not help that he appears to be miles ahead of Arun in the "race" and is all that Arun is not: He is gregarious while Arun is shy, he is confident and boastful, while Arun is besieged with self-doubt, he is smooth, while Arun is awkward, he is street smart, while Arun's naïve, and he is assertive while Arun is timid  Plus he owns a scooter and ensures that he has opportunities to offer Prabha a ride, while Arun can only look on  A gullible Arun, trying to match Nagesh with a motorbike of his own, is conned into buying a dud, further embarrassing him in front of Prabha  He seeks salvation in astrology, tarot cards, and dubious godmen only to land with egg on his face 
In desperation, he finally turns to Colonel Julius Nagendranath Wilfred Singh (Ashok Kumar) of Khandala, who has made it his mission to assist those in love find their true destiny  Colonel Singh agrees to help Arun and thus begins the turnaround as Singh begins to mould Arun into a mature, confident young man through meticulously designed lesson plans, peppered with philosophy and "hands on" training  A "born-again" Arun returns to Bombay with a distinguished swagger, brimming with newly discovered self-esteem, ready to take on the world and win over Prabha 

Cast
Soundtrack
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Humphrey Bogart
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (; December 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957), colloquially nicknamed Bogie, was an American film and stage actor  His performances in classic Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon  In 1999, the American Film Institute selected Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema Bogart began acting in Broadway shows, beginning his career in motion pictures with Up the River (1930) for 20th Century Fox, and appeared in supporting roles for the next decade, regularly portraying gangsters  He was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), but remained cast secondary to other actors at Warner Bros  who received leading roles  Bogart also received positive reviews for his performance as gangster Hugh "Baby Face" Martin, in Dead End (1937), directed by William Wyler 
His breakthrough from supporting roles to stardom was set in motion with High Sierra (1941) and catapulted in The Maltese Falcon (1941), considered one of the first great noir films  Bogart's private detectives, Sam Spade (in The Maltese Falcon) and Philip Marlowe (in 1946's The Big Sleep), became the models for detectives in other noir films  His most significant romantic lead role was with Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca (1942), which earned him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor  44-year-old Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love during filming of To Have and Have Not (1944)  In 1945, a few months after principal photography for The Big Sleep, their second film together, he divorced his third wife and married Bacall  After their marriage, they played each other's love interest in the mystery thrillers Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948)  Raymond Chandler, in a 1946 letter, wrote that "Like Edward G  Robinson when he was younger, all he has to do to dominate a scene is to enter it "Bogart's performances in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) and In a Lonely Place (1950) are now considered among his best, although they were not recognized as such when the films were released  He reprised those unsettled, unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny (1954), which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination  He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of a cantankerous river steam launch skipper opposite Katharine Hepburn's missionary in the World War I African adventure The African Queen (1951)  Other significant roles in his later years included The Barefoot Contessa (1954) with Ava Gardner and his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954)  A heavy smoker and drinker, Bogart died from esophageal cancer in January 1957  Lauren Bacall said of him, "There was something that made him able to be a man of his own and it showed through his work  There was also  a purity, which is amazing considering the parts he played  Something solid too  I think as time goes by we all believe less and less  Here was someone who believed in something "

Early life and education
Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City, the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart and Maud Humphrey  Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Welty Bogart (a Canandaigua, New York, innkeeper) and Julia Augusta Stiles, a wealthy heiress  The name "Bogart" derives from the Dutch surname, "Bogaert"  Belmont and Maud married in June 1898  He was a Presbyterian, of English and Dutch descent, and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje (the first female European Christian child born in New Netherland)  Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage, and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland  Humphrey was raised Episcopalian, but was non-practicing for most of his adult life The date of Bogart's birth has been disputed  Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros  publicity department had altered it to January 23, 1900, "to foster the view that a man born on Christmas Day couldn't really be as villainous as he appeared to be on screen"  The "corrected" January birthdate subsequently appeared—and in some cases, remains—in many otherwise-authoritative sources  According to biographers Ann M  Sperber and Eric Lax, Bogart always celebrated his birthday on December 25 and listed it on official records (including his marriage license) Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogart's birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day, saying that he joked about being cheated out of a present every year  Sperber and Lax noted that a birth announcement in the Ontario County Times of January 10, 1900, rules out the possibility of a January 23 birthdate; state and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 birthdate  Bogart's birth record confirms he was actually born on December 25, 1899 

Belmont, Bogart's father, was a cardiopulmonary surgeon  Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France, including study with James Abbott McNeill Whistler  She later became art director of the fashion magazine The Delineator and a militant suffragette  Maud used a drawing of baby Humphrey in an advertising campaign for Mellins Baby Food  She earned over $50,000 a year at the peak of her career – a very large sum of money at the time, and considerably more than her husband's $20,000  The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Side apartment, and had a cottage on a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Lake in upstate New York  When he was young, Bogart's group of friends at the lake would put on plays He had two younger sisters: Frances ("Pat") and Catherine Elizabeth ("Kay")  Bogart's parents were busy in their careers, and frequently fought  Very formal, they showed little emotion towards their children  Maud told her offspring to call her "Maud" instead of "Mother", and showed little, if any, physical affection for them  When she was pleased, she "[c]lapped you on the shoulder, almost the way a man does", Bogart recalled  "I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly  A kiss, in our family, was an event  Our mother and father didn't glug over my two sisters and me "Bogart was teased as a boy for his curls, tidiness, the "cute" pictures his mother had him pose for, the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes in which she dressed him, and for his first name  He inherited from his father a tendency to needle, a fondness for fishing, a lifelong love of boating, and an attraction to strong-willed women Bogart attended the private Delancey School until the fifth grade and then attended the prestigious Trinity School  He was an indifferent, sullen student who showed no interest in after-school activities  Bogart later attended Phillips Academy, a boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections  Although his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University, Bogart left Phillips in 1918 after one semester (although the Phillips Academy website claims he was in the graduating class of 1920)  He failed four out of six classes  Several reasons have been given; according to one, he was expelled for throwing the headmaster (or a groundskeeper) into Rabbit Pond on campus  Another cited smoking, drinking, poor academic performance, and (possibly) inappropriate comments made to the staff  In a third scenario, Bogart was withdrawn by his father for failing to improve his grades  His parents were deeply disappointed in their failed plans for his future 

Navy
With no viable career options, Bogart enlisted in the United States Navy in the spring of 1918 (during World War I), and served as a coxswain   He recalled later, "At eighteen, war was great stuff  Paris! Sexy French girls! Hot damn!" Bogart was recorded as a model sailor, who spent most of his sea time after the armistice ferrying troops back from Europe  Bogart left the service on June 18, 1919, at the rank of boatswain's mate third class  During the Second World War, Bogart attempted to re-enlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age  He then volunteered for the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve in 1944, patrolling the California coastline in his yacht, the Santana He may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint  There are several conflicting stories  In one, his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship (the USS Leviathan) was shelled  The ship was never shelled, however, and Bogart may not have been at sea before the armistice  Another story, held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley, was that Bogart was injured while taking a prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery, Maine  While changing trains in Boston, the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for a cigarette  When Bogart looked for a match, the prisoner smashed him across the mouth with the cuffs (cutting Bogart's lip) and fled before being recaptured and imprisoned  In an alternative version, Bogart was struck in the mouth by a handcuff loosened while freeing his charge; the other handcuff was still around the prisoner's wrist  By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor, a scar had formed  David Niven said that when he first asked Bogart about his scar, however, he said that it was caused by a childhood accident  "Goddamn doctor", Bogart later told Niven  "Instead of stitching it up, he screwed it up " According to Niven, the stories that Bogart got the scar during wartime were made up by the studios  His post-service physical did not mention the lip scar, although it noted many smaller scars  When actress Louise Brooks met Bogart in 1924, he had scar tissue on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had partially repaired before entering the film industry in 1930  Brooks said that his "lip wound gave him no speech impediment, either before or after it was mended "

Acting
First performances
Bogart returned home to find his father in poor health, his medical practice faltering, and much of the family's wealth lost in bad timber investments  His character and values developed separately from his family during his navy days, and he began to rebel  Bogart became a liberal who disliked pretension, phonies and snobs, sometimes defying conventional behavior and authority; he was also well-mannered, articulate, punctual, self-effacing and stand-offish  After his naval service, he worked as a shipper and a bond salesman, joining the Coast Guard Reserve 

Frank Kelly Rich writes that Bogart "dove headfirst into the Jazz Age lifestyle, always up for late night revels    When his meager wages were exhausted, he’d play chess against all comers in arcades for a dollar a match (he was a brilliant player) to fund his outings " Mike Doyle of Chess com writes that “Before he made any money from acting, he would hustle players for dimes and quarters, playing in New York parks and at Coney Island ” Bogart resumed his friendship with Bill Brady Jr  (whose father had show-business connections), and obtained an office job with William A  Brady's new World Films company  Although he wanted to try his hand at screenwriting, directing, and production, he excelled at none  Bogart was stage manager for Brady's daughter Alice's play A Ruined Lady  He made his stage debut a few months later as a Japanese butler in Alice's 1921 play Drifting (nervously delivering one line of dialogue), and appeared in several of her subsequent plays Although Bogart had been raised to believe that acting was a lowly profession, he liked the late hours actors kept and the attention they received: "I was born to be indolent and this was the softest of rackets " He spent much of his free time in speakeasies, drinking heavily  A bar-room brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogart's lip damage, dovetailing with Louise Brooks' account Preferring to learn by doing, he never took acting lessons  Bogart was persistent and worked steadily at his craft, appearing in at least 18 Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935, 11 of which were comedies  He played juveniles or romantic supporting roles in drawing-room comedies and is reportedly the first actor to say, "Tennis, anyone?" on stage  According to Alexander Woollcott, Bogart "is what is usually and mercifully described as inadequate " Other critics were kinder  Heywood Broun, reviewing Nerves, wrote: "Humphrey Bogart gives the most effective performance     both dry and fresh, if that be possible"  He played a juvenile lead (reporter Gregory Brown) in Lynn Starling's comedy Meet the Wife, which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre from November 1923 through July 1924  Bogart disliked his trivial, effeminate early-career parts, calling them "White Pants Willie" roles While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922, he met actress Helen Menken; they were married on May 20, 1926, at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City  Divorced on November 18, 1927, they remained friends  Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career more than marriage, citing neglect and abuse  He married actress Mary Philips on April 3, 1928, at her mother's apartment in Hartford, Connecticut; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the play Nerves during its brief run at the Comedy Theatre in 1924 
Theatrical production dropped off sharply after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and many of the more-photogenic actors headed for Hollywood  Bogart debuted on film with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler, The Dancing Town, a complete copy of which has not been found  He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in a Vitaphone short, Broadway's Like That (1930), which was rediscovered in 1963 

Broadway to Hollywood
Bogart signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week  There he met Spencer Tracy, a Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired, and the two men became close friends and drinking companions  In 1930, Tracy first called him "Bogie"  Tracy made his feature film debut in his only movie with Bogart, John Ford's early sound film Up the River (1930), in which their leading roles were as inmates  Tracy received top billing, but Bogart's picture appeared on the film's posters  He was billed fourth behind Tracy, Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but his role was almost as large as Tracy's and much larger than Luce's or Hymer's  A quarter of a century later, the two men planned to make The Desperate Hours together  Both insisted upon top billing, however; Tracy dropped out, and was replaced by Fredric March Bogart then had a supporting role in Bad Sister (1931) with Bette Davis  Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935, out of work for long periods  His parents had separated; his father died in 1934 in debt, which Bogart eventually paid off  He inherited his father's gold ring, which he wore in many of his films  At his father's deathbed, Bogart finally told him how much he loved him  Bogart's second marriage was rocky; dissatisfied with his acting career, depressed and irritable, he drank heavily 

In Hollywood permanently: The Petrified Forest
In 1934, Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque (renamed the John Golden Theatre in 1937)  Its producer, Arthur Hopkins, heard the play from offstage; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E  Sherwood's forthcoming play, The Petrified Forest  Hopkins later recalled:

When I saw the actor I was somewhat taken aback, for [I realized] he was the one I never much admired  He was an antiquated juvenile who spent most of his stage life in white pants swinging a tennis racquet  He seemed as far from a cold-blooded killer as one could get, but the voice[,] dry and tired[,] persisted, and the voice was Mantee's 
The play had 197 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York in 1935  Although Leslie Howard was the star, The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that the play was "a peach     a roaring Western melodrama     Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor " Bogart said that the play "marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek, sybaritic, stiff-shirted, swallow-tailed 'smoothies' to which I seemed condemned to life " However, he still felt insecure  Warner Bros  bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935  The play seemed ideal for the studio, which was known for its socially-realistic pictures for a public entranced by real-life criminals such as John Dillinger and Dutch Schultz  Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast  Howard, who held the production rights, made it clear that he wanted Bogart to star with him 

The studio tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role and chose Edward G  Robinson, who had star appeal and was due to make a film to fulfill his contract  Bogart cabled news of this development to Howard in Scotland, who replied: "Att: Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L H "  When Warner Bros  saw that Howard would not budge, they gave in and cast Bogart  Jack Warner wanted Bogart to use a stage name but Bogart declined, having built a reputation with his name in Broadway theater  The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936  According to Variety, "Bogart's menace leaves nothing wanting"  Frank S  Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the actor "can be a psychopathic gangster more like Dillinger than the outlaw himself " The film was successful at the box office, earning $500,000 in rentals, and made Bogart a star  He never forgot Howard's favor and named his only daughter, Leslie Howard Bogart, after him in 1952 

Supporting gangster and villain roles
Despite his success in The Petrified Forest (an "A movie"), Bogart signed a tepid 26-week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of B movie crime dramas  Although he was proud of his success, the fact that it derived from gangster roles weighed on him: "I can't get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument  There must be something in my tone of voice, or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody  Nobody likes me on sight  I suppose that's why I'm cast as the heavy "In spite of his success, Warner Bros  had no interest in raising Bogart's profile  His roles were repetitive and physically demanding; studios were not yet air-conditioned, and his tightly scheduled job at Warners was anything but the indolent and "peachy" actor's life he hoped for  Although Bogart disliked the roles chosen for him, he worked steadily  "In the first 34 pictures" for Warner's, he told journalist George Frazier, "I was shot in 12, electrocuted or hanged in 8, and was a jailbird in 9"  He averaged a film every two months between 1936 and 1940, sometimes working on two films  at the same time  Bogart used these years to begin developing his film persona: a wounded, stoical, cynical, charming, vulnerable, self-mocking loner with a code of honor 
Amenities at Warners were few, compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer  Bogart thought that the Warners wardrobe department was cheap, and often wore his own suits in his films  He chose his own dog named Zero, to play Pard (his character's dog) in High Sierra  His disputes with Warner Bros  over roles and money were similar to those waged by the studio with more established and less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney 

Leading men at Warner Bros  included George Raft, James Cagney and Edward G  Robinson  Most of the studio's better scripts went to them or others, leaving Bogart with what was left: films like San Quentin (1937), Racket Busters (1938), and You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939)  His only leading role during this period was in Dead End (1937, on loan to Samuel Goldwyn), as a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shute's 1939 novel, What Happened to the Corbetts, the protagonist replies "I've seen Humphrey Bogart with one often enough" when asked if he knows how to operate an automatic weapon  Although he played a variety of supporting roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Bogart's roles were either rivals of characters played by Cagney and Robinson or a secondary member of their gang  In Black Legion (1937), a movie Graham Greene described as "intelligent and exciting, if rather earnest", he played a good man who was caught up with (and destroyed by) a racist organization 
The studio cast Bogart as a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady (1938), a "hillbilly musical" which he reportedly considered his worst film performance  He played a rejuvenated, formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Doctor X (1939), his only horror film: "If it'd been Jack Warner's blood     I wouldn't have minded so much  The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie " His wife, Mary, had a stage hit in A Touch of Brimstone and refused to abandon her Broadway career for Hollywood  After the play closed, Mary relented; she insisted on continuing her career, however, and they divorced in 1937 

On August 21, 1938, Bogart entered a turbulent third marriage to actress Mayo Methot, a lively, friendly woman when sober but paranoid and aggressive when drunk  She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her (which he eventually was, with Lauren Bacall, while filming To Have and Have Not in 1944)  They drifted apart; Methot's drinking increased, and she threw plants, crockery and other objects at Bogart  She set their house afire, stabbed him with a knife, and slashed her wrists several times  Bogart needled her; apparently enjoying confrontation, he was sometimes violent as well  The press called them "the Battling Bogarts" According to their friend, Julius Epstein, "The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War"  Bogart bought a motor launch which he named Sluggy, his nickname for Methot: "I like a jealous wife    We get on so well together (because) we don't have illusions about each other     I wouldn't give you two cents for a dame without a temper " Louise Brooks said that "except for Leslie Howard, no one contributed as much to Humphrey's success as his third wife, Mayo Methot " Methot's influence was increasingly destructive, however, and Bogart also continued to drink He had a lifelong disdain for pretension and phoniness, and was again irritated by his inferior films  Bogart rarely watched his own films and avoided premieres, issuing fake press releases about his private life to satisfy journalistic and public curiosity  When he thought an actor, director or studio had done something shoddy, he spoke up publicly about it  Bogart advised Robert Mitchum that the only way to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an "againster"  He was not the most popular of actors, and some in the Hollywood community shunned him privately to avoid trouble with the studios   Bogart once said,
All over Hollywood, they are continually advising me, "Oh, you mustn't say that  That will get you in a lot of trouble," when I remark that some picture or writer or director or producer is no good  I don't get it  If he isn't any good, why can't you say so? If more people would mention it, pretty soon it might start having some effect  The local idea that anyone making a thousand dollars a week is sacred and is beyond the realm of criticism never strikes me as particularly sound 
The Hollywood press, unaccustomed to such candor, was delighted 

Early stardom
High Sierra
High Sierra (1941, directed by Raoul Walsh) featured a screenplay written by John Huston, Bogart's friend and drinking partner, adapted from a novel by W  R  Burnett, author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based  Paul Muni, George Raft, Cagney and Robinson turned down the lead role, giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character with some depth  Walsh initially opposed Bogart's casting, preferring Raft for the part  It was Bogart's last major film as a gangster; a supporting role followed in The Big Shot, released in 1942  He worked well with Ida Lupino, sparking jealousy from Mayo Methot The film cemented a strong personal and professional connection between Bogart and Huston  Bogart admired (and somewhat envied) Huston for his skill as a writer; a poor student, Bogart was a lifelong reader  He could quote Plato, Alexander Pope, Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare, and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review  Bogart admired writers; some of his best friends were screenwriters, including Louis Bromfield, Nathaniel Benchley, and Nunnally Johnson  He enjoyed intense, provocative conversation (accompanied by stiff drinks), as did Huston  Both were rebellious and enjoyed playing childish pranks  Huston was reportedly easily bored during production and admired Bogart (also bored easily off-camera) for his acting talent and his intense concentration on-set 

The Maltese Falcon
Now regarded as a classic film noir, The Maltese Falcon (1941) was John Huston's directorial debut  Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel, it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the basis of two earlier film versions; the second was Satan Met a Lady (1936), starring Bette Davis  Producer Hal B  Wallis initially offered to cast George Raft as the leading man, but Raft (then better known than Bogart) had a contract stipulating he was not required to appear in remakes  Fearing that it would be nothing more than a sanitized version of the pre-Production Code The Maltese Falcon (1931), Raft turned down the role to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh, with whom he had worked on The Bowery in 1933  Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart as his Sam Spade 
Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Elisha Cook Jr , and Mary Astor as the treacherous female foil  Bogart's sharp timing and facial expressions were praised by the cast and director as vital to the film's quick action and rapid-fire dialogue  It was a commercial hit, and a major triumph for Huston  Bogart was unusually happy with the film: "It is practically a masterpiece  I don't have many things I'm proud of     but that's one" 

Casablanca
Bogart played his first romantic lead in Casablanca (1942): Rick Blaine, an expatriate nightclub owner hiding from a suspicious past and negotiating a fine line among Nazis, the French underground, the Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings for his ex-girlfriend  Bosley Crowther wrote in his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogart's character was used "to inject a cold point of tough resistance to evil forces afoot in Europe today"  The film, directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal Wallis, featured Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, Sydney Greenstreet, Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt, Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson 
Bogart and Bergman's on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than actual rapport, although Mayo Methot assumed otherwise  Off the set, the co-stars hardly spoke  Bergman (who had a reputation for affairs with her leading men) later said about Bogart, "I kissed him but I never knew him " Because she was taller, Bogart had 3-inch (76 mm) blocks attached to his shoes in some scenes Bogart is reported to have been responsible for the notion that Rick Blaine should be portrayed as a chess player, a metaphor for the relationships he maintained with friends, enemies, and allies  He played tournament-level chess (one division below master) in real life, often enjoying games with crew members and cast but finding his better in Paul Henreid Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards for 1943  Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role, but lost to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine  The film vaulted Bogart from fourth place to first in the studio's roster, however, finally overtaking James Cagney  He more than doubled his annual salary to over $460,000 by 1946, making him the world's highest-paid actor Bogart went on United Service Organizations and War Bond tours with Methot in 1943 and 1944, making arduous trips to Italy and North Africa (including Casablanca)  He was still required to perform in films with weak scripts, leading to conflicts with the front office  He starred in Conflict (1945, again with Greenstreet), but turned down God is My Co-Pilot that year 

Bogart and Bacall
To Have and Have Not
Howard Hawks introduced Bogart and Lauren Bacall (1924–2014) while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille (1944)  The three subsequently collaborated on To Have and Have Not (1944), a loose adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novel, and Bacall's film debut  It has several similarities to Casablanca: the same kind of hero and enemies, and a piano player (portrayed this time by Hoagy Carmichael) as a supporting character  When they met, Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44; he nicknamed her "Baby " A model since age 16, she had appeared in two failed plays  Bogart was attracted by Bacall's high cheekbones, green eyes, tawny blond hair, lean body, maturity, poise and earthy, outspoken honesty; he reportedly said, "I just saw your test  We'll have a lot of fun together" Their emotional bond was strong from the start, their difference in age and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student dynamic  In contrast to the Hollywood norm, their affair was Bogart's first with a leading lady  His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and brief, their separations bridged by love letters  The relationship made it easier for Bacall to make her first film, and Bogart did his best to put her at ease with jokes and quiet coaching  He encouraged her to steal scenes; Howard Hawks also did his best to highlight her role, and found Bogart easy to direct However, Hawks began to disapprove of the relationship  He considered himself Bacall's protector and mentor, and Bogart was usurping that role  Not usually drawn to his starlets, the married director also fell for Bacall; he told her that she meant nothing to Bogart and threatened to send her to the poverty-row studio Monogram Pictures  Bogart calmed her down, and then went after Hawks; Jack Warner settled the dispute, and filming resumed  Hawks said about Bacall, "Bogie fell in love with the character she played, so she had to keep playing it the rest of her life "

The Big Sleep
Months after wrapping To Have and Have Not, Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore: the film noir The Big Sleep (1946), based on the novel by Raymond Chandler with script help from William Faulkner  Chandler admired the actor's performance: "Bogart can be tough without a gun  Also, he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt " Although the film was completed and scheduled for release in 1945, it was withdrawn and re-edited to add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacall's box-office chemistry in To Have and Have Not and the publicity surrounding their offscreen relationship  At the insistence of director Howard Hawks, production partner Charles K  Feldman agreed to a rewrite of Bacall's scenes to heighten the "insolent" quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee and audiences of the earlier film, and a memo was sent to studio head Jack Warner The dialogue, especially in the added scenes supplied by Hawks, was full of sexual innuendo  The film was successful, although some critics found its plot confusing and overly complicated  According to Chandler, Hawks and Bogart argued about who killed the chauffeur; when Chandler received an inquiry by telegram, he could not provide an answer 

Marriage to Bacall
Bogart filed for divorce from Methot in February 1945  He and Bacall married in a small ceremony at the country home of Bogart's close friend, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield, at Malabar Farm (near Lucas, Ohio) on May 21, 1945 They moved into a $160,000 ($2,600,000 in 2022) white brick mansion in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeles' Holmby Hills  At the time of the 1950 United States census, the couple was living at 2707 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills with their son and nursemaid  Bacall is listed as Betty Bogart  The marriage was a mostly happy one but not without its troubles  Bogart's drinking was sometimes problematic and he initially wasn't happy about having his first child  He was a homebody, and Bacall liked the nightlife; he loved the sea, which made her seasick  Bogart and Bacall both had affairs but they never stopped loving each other; a fact Bacall mentions throughout her memoir "By Myself"  Bacall, in a 1997 Parade Magazine cover story told reporter Dotson Rader that Bogart said ‘If you want a career more than anything, I will do everything I can to help you, and I will send you on your way, but I will not marry you  I’ve been through it, and I know it doesn’t work ’ He was right  He loved me and wanted me with him  I made the deal, and I stuck to it, and I’m damn glad that I did ”Bogart bought the Santana, a 55-foot (17 m) sailing yacht, from actor Dick Powell in 1945  He found the sea a sanctuary and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water, with a particular fondness for sailing around Catalina Island: "An actor needs something to stabilize his personality, something to nail down what he really is, not what he is currently pretending to be " Bogart joined the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve (a forerunner of the modern Coast Guard Auxiliary), offering the Coast Guard use of the Santana  He reportedly attempted to enlist, but was turned down due to his age 

Dark Passage and Key Largo
The suspenseful Dark Passage (1947) was Bogart and Bacall's next collaboration  Vincent Parry (Bogart) is intent on finding the real murderer for a crime of which he was convicted and sentenced to prison  According to Bogart's biographer, Stefan Kanfer, it was "a production line film noir with no particular distinction" Bogart and Bacall's last pairing in a film was in Key Largo (1948)  Directed by John Huston, Edward G  Robinson was billed second (behind Bogart) as gangster Johnny Rocco: a seething, older synthesis of many of his early bad-guy roles  The billing question was hard-fought and at the end of at least one of the trailers, Robinson is listed above Bogart in a list of the actors' names in the last frame; and in the film itself, Robinson's name, appearing between Bogart's and Bacall's, is pictured slightly higher onscreen than the other two  Robinson had top billing over Bogart in their four previous films together: Bullets or Ballots (1936), Kid Galahad (1937), The Amazing Dr  Clitterhouse (1938) and Brother Orchid (1940)  In some posters for Key Largo, Robinson's picture is substantially larger than Bogart's, and in the foreground manhandling Bacall while Bogart is in the background  The characters are trapped during a hurricane in a hotel owned by Bacall's father-in-law, portrayed by Lionel Barrymore  Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Rocco's physically abused, alcoholic girlfriend 

Later career
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Riding high in 1947 with a new contract which provided limited script refusal and the right to form his own production company, Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre: a stark tale of greed among three gold prospectors in Mexico  Lacking a love interest or a happy ending, it was considered a risky project  Bogart later said about co-star (and John Huston's father) Walter Huston, "He's probably the only performer in Hollywood to whom I'd gladly lose a scene "The film was shot in the heat of summer for greater realism and atmosphere and was grueling to make  James Agee wrote, "Bogart does a wonderful job with this character     miles ahead of the very good work he has done before " Although John Huston won the Academy Award for Best Director and screenplay and his father won the Best Supporting Actor award, the film had mediocre box-office results  Bogart complained, "An intelligent script, beautifully directed—something different—and the public turned a cold shoulder on it "

House Un-American Activities Committee
Bogart, a liberal Democrat, organized the Committee for the First Amendment (a delegation to Washington, D C ) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committee's harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors  He later wrote an article, "I'm No Communist", for the March 1948 issue of Photoplay magazine distancing himself from the Hollywood Ten to counter negative publicity resulting from his appearance  Bogart wrote, "The ten men cited for contempt by the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us "

Santana Productions
Bogart created his film company, Santana Productions (named after his yacht and the cabin cruiser in Key Largo), in 1948  The right to create his own company had left Jack Warner furious, fearful that other stars would do the same and further erode the major studios' power  In addition to pressure from freelancing actors such as Bogart, James Stewart, and Henry Fonda, they were beginning to buckle from the impact of television and the enforcement of antitrust laws which broke up theater chains  Bogart appeared in his final films for Warners, Chain Lightning (1950) and The Enforcer (1951) 

Except for Beat the Devil (1953), originally distributed in the United States by United Artists, the company released its films through Columbia Pictures; Columbia re-released Beat the Devil a decade later  In quick succession, Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door (1949), Tokyo Joe (1949), In a Lonely Place (1950), and Sirocco (1951)  Santana also made two films without him: And Baby Makes Three (1949) and The Family Secret (1951) 
Although most lost money at the box office (ultimately forcing Santana's sale), at least two retain a reputation; In a Lonely Place is considered a film-noir high point  Bogart plays Dixon Steele, an embittered writer with a violent reputation who is the primary suspect in the murder of a young woman and falls in love with failed actress Laurel Gray (Gloria Grahame)  Several Bogart biographers, and actress-writer Louise Brooks, have felt that this role is closest to the real Bogart  According to Brooks, the film "gave him a role that he could play with complexity, because the film character's pride in his art, his selfishness, drunkenness, lack of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by the real Bogart"  The character mimics some of Bogart's personal habits, twice ordering the actor's favorite meal (ham and eggs) A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon, Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart and John Huston  Co-written by Truman Capote, the eccentrically filmed story follows an amoral group of rogues, one of whom was portrayed by Peter Lorre, chasing an unattainable treasure  Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955 

The African Queen
Outside Santana Productions, Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951  The C  S  Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked and left undeveloped for 15 years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights  Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book; she suggested Bogart for the male lead, believing that "he was the only man who could have played that part"  Huston's love of adventure, his deep, longstanding friendship (and success) with Bogart, and the chance to work with Hepburn convinced the actor to leave Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo  Bogart was to get 30 percent of the profits and Hepburn 10 percent, plus a relatively small salary for both  The stars met in London and announced that they would work together 
Bacall came for the over-four-month duration, leaving their young son in Los Angeles  The Bogarts began the trip with a junket through Europe, including a visit with Pope Pius XII  Bacall later made herself useful as a cook, nurse and clothes washer; her husband said: "I don't know what we'd have done without her  She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa " Nearly everyone in the cast developed dysentery except Bogart and Huston, who subsisted on canned food and alcohol; Bogart said, "All I ate was baked beans, canned asparagus and Scotch whisky  Whenever a fly bit Huston or me, it dropped dead " Hepburn (a teetotaler) fared worse in the difficult conditions, losing weight and at one point becoming very ill  Bogart resisted Huston's insistence on using real leeches in a key scene where Charlie has to drag his steam launch through an infested marsh, and reasonable fakes were employed  The crew overcame illness, army-ant infestations, leaky boats, poor food, attacking hippos, poor water filters, extreme heat, isolation, and a boat fire to complete the film  Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps, rivers and marshes, The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogart's early love of boats; when he returned to California, he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death 
His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnutt earned Bogart an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1951 (his only award of three nominations), and he considered it the best of his film career  Promising friends that if he won his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight, Bogart advised Claire Trevor when she was nominated for Key Largo to "just say you did it all yourself and don't thank anyone"  When Bogart won, however, he said: "It's a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre  It's nicer to be here  Thank you very much     No one does it alone  As in tennis, you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you  John and Katie helped me to be where I am now " Despite the award and its accompanying recognition, Bogart later said: "The way to survive an Oscar is never to try to win another one     too many stars     win it and then figure they have to top themselves     they become afraid to take chances  The result: A lot of dull performances in dull pictures " The African Queen was Bogart's first starring Technicolor role 

The Caine Mutiny
Bogart dropped his asking price to obtain the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryk's drama, The Caine Mutiny (1954)  Though he retained some of his old bitterness about having to do so, he delivered a strong performance in the lead; he received his final Oscar nomination and was the subject of a June 7, 1954, Time magazine cover story 
Despite his success, Bogart was still melancholy; he grumbled to (and feuded with) the studio, while his health began to deteriorate  Like his portrayal of Fred C  Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, Bogart's Queeg is a paranoid, self-pitying character whose small-mindedness eventually destroys him  Henry Fonda played a different role in the Broadway version of The Caine Mutiny, generating publicity for the film 

Final roles
For Sabrina (1954), Billy Wilder wanted Cary Grant for the older male lead and chose Bogart to play the conservative brother who competes with his younger, playboy sibling (William Holden) for the affection of the Cinderella-like Sabrina (Audrey Hepburn)  Although Bogart was lukewarm about the part, he agreed to it on a handshake with Wilder without a finished script but with the director's assurance that he would take good care of Bogart during filming  The actor, however, got along poorly with his director and co-stars; he complained about the script's last-minute drafting and delivery, and accused Wilder of favoring Hepburn and Holden on and off the set  Wilder was the opposite of Bogart's ideal director (John Huston) in style and personality; Bogart complained to the press that Wilder was "overbearing" and "is [a] kind of Prussian German with a riding crop  He is the type of director I don't like to work with     the picture is a crock of crap  I got sick and tired of who gets Sabrina " Wilder later said, "We parted as enemies but finally made up " Despite the acrimony, the film was successful; according to a review in The New York Times, Bogart was "incredibly adroit     the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blends the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show" Joseph L  Mankiewicz's The Barefoot Contessa (1954) was filmed in Rome  In this Hollywood backstory, Bogart is a broken-down man, a cynical director-narrator who saves his career by making a star of a flamenco dancer modeled on Rita Hayworth  He was uneasy with Ava Gardner in the female lead; she had just broken up with his Rat Pack buddy Frank Sinatra, and Bogart was annoyed by her inexperienced performance  The actor was generally praised as the film's strongest part  During filming and while Bacall was home, Bogart resumed his discreet affair with Verita Bouvaire-Thompson (his long-time studio assistant, whom he drank with and took sailing)  When Bacall found them together, she extracted an expensive shopping spree from her husband; the three traveled together after the shooting 

Bogart could be generous with actors, particularly those who were blacklisted, down on their luck or having personal problems  During the filming of the Edward Dmytryk-directed The Left Hand of God (1955), he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and behaving oddly; he coached her, feeding Tierney her lines  Familiar with mental illness because of his sister's bouts of depression, Bogart encouraged Tierney to seek treatment  He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in Michael Curtiz's We're No Angels (1955) when a scandal made her persona non grata with studio head Jack Warner Bogart had already been diagnosed with terminal cancer when shooting The Harder They Fall, a boxing drama with Rod Steiger in a supporting role  Steiger later mentioned Bogart's courage and geniality during his final performance:

"Bogey and I got on very well  Unlike some other stars, when they had closeups, you might have been relegated to a two-shot, or cut out altogether  Bogey didn't play those games  He was a professional and had tremendous authority  He'd come in exactly at 9am and leave at precisely 6pm  I remember once walking to lunch in between takes and seeing Bogey on the lot  I shouldn't have because his work was finished for the day  I asked him why he was still on the lot, and he said, 'They want to shoot some retakes of my closeups because my eyes are too watery'  A little while later, after the film, somebody came up to me with word of Bogey's death  Then it struck me  His eyes were watery because he was in pain with the cancer  I thought: 'How dumb can you be, Rodney'!"

Television and radio
Bogart rarely performed on television, but he and Bacall appeared on Edward R  Murrow's Person to Person and disagreed on the answer to every question  He also appeared on The Jack Benny Show, where a surviving kinescope of the live telecast captures him in his only TV sketch-comedy performance (October 25, 1953) 
Bogart and Bacall worked on an early color telecast in 1955, an NBC adaptation of "The Petrified Forest" for Producers' Showcase  Bogart received top billing, Henry Fonda played Leslie Howard's role and Bacall played Bette Davis's part   Jack Klugman, Richard Jaeckel, and Jack Warden played supporting roles  In the late 1990s, Bacall donated the only known kinescope of the 1955 performance (in black and white) to the Museum Of Television & Radio (now the Paley Center for Media), where it remains archived for viewing in New York City and Los Angeles  It is now in the public domain 
Bogart also performed radio adaptations of some of his best-known films, such as Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon, and recorded a radio series entitled Bold Venture with Bacall 

Personal life
Children
Bogart became a father at age 49, when Bacall gave birth to their son Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6, 1949, during the filming of Tokyo Joe  The name was taken from Steve, Bogart's character's nickname in To Have and Have Not  Stephen became an author and biographer and hosted a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies  The couple's second child and daughter, Leslie Howard Bogart, was born on August 23, 1952  Her first and middle names honor Leslie Howard, Bogart's friend and co-star in The Petrified Forest 

Rat Pack
Bogart was a founding member and the original leader of the Hollywood Rat Pack  In the spring of 1955, after a long party in Las Vegas attended by Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, her husband Sidney Luft, Michael Romanoff and his wife Gloria, David Niven, Angie Dickinson and others, Bacall surveyed the wreckage and said: "You look like a goddamn rat pack "The name stuck and was made official at Romanoff's in Beverly Hills  Sinatra was dubbed pack president; Bacall den mother; Bogart director of public relations, and Sid Luft acting cage manager  Asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the group's purpose was, Bacall replied: "To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late "

Illness and death
After signing a long-term deal with Warner Bros , Bogart predicted with glee that his teeth and hair would fall out before the contract ended  In 1955, however, his health was failing  In the wake of Santana, Bogart had formed a new company and had plans for a film (Melville Goodwin, U S A ) in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate  His persistent cough and difficulty eating became too serious to ignore, though, and he dropped the project A heavy smoker and drinker, Bogart had developed esophageal cancer  He did not talk about his health and visited a doctor in late January 1956 after considerable persuasion from Bacall  The disease worsened and several weeks later, on March 1, Bogart had surgery to remove his esophagus, two lymph nodes and a rib  The surgery was unsuccessful, and chemotherapy followed  He had additional surgery in November 1956, when the cancer had metastasized  Although he became too weak to walk up and down stairs, he joked despite the pain: "Put me in the dumbwaiter and I'll ride down to the first floor in style " It was then altered to accommodate his wheelchair  Frank Sinatra, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy visited him on January 13, 1957  In an interview, Hepburn said:

Spence patted him on the shoulder and said, "Goodnight, Bogie " Bogie turned his eyes to Spence very quietly and with a sweet smile covered Spence's hand with his own and said, "Goodbye, Spence " Spence's heart stood still  He understood  
Bogart lapsed into a coma and died the following day, 20 days after his 57th birthday; at the time of his death he weighed only 80 pounds (36 kg)  A simple funeral was held at All Saints Episcopal Church, with music by Bogart's favorite composers: Johann Sebastian Bach and Claude Debussy  In attendance were some of Hollywood's biggest stars: Hepburn, Tracy, Judy Garland, David Niven, Ronald Reagan, James Mason, Audrey Hepburn, Bette Davis, Danny Kaye, Joan Fontaine, Marlene Dietrich, Gene Tierney, Laurence Olivier, Barbara Stanwyck, Lana Turner, Bob Hope, Barton MacLane, Lex Barker, Olivia de Havilland, Michael Curtiz, James Cagney, David O  Selznick, William Wyler, Richard Brooks, Harry Cohn, Jane Wyman, Jean Arthur, Claude Rains, Raymond Massey, George Raft, Myrna Loy, Lee J  Cobb, Gene Kelly, Henry Fonda, John Wayne, Jimmy Stewart, Jack Benny, Robert Taylor, Eleanor Parker, Greer Garson, Bing Crosby, Ronald Colman, Lena Horne, Joan Crawford, Marilyn Monroe, Ingrid Bergman, Glenda Farrell, Don Ameche, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino, Joan Blondell, Alexander Knox, Veronica Lake, Randolph Scott, Miriam Hopkins, José Ferrer, Charles Laughton, Mary Astor, Bruce Bennett, Margaret Lindsay, Sylvia Sidney, Alexis Smith, Priscilla Lane, Mary Pickford, Ralph Bellamy, Cyd Charisse, Cesar Romero, Ann Sothern, Zero Mostel, Walter Brennan, Jennifer Jones, Louella Parsons, Joel McCrea, Norma Shearer, John Huston, Agnes Moorehead, Rosalind Russell, Adolphe Menjou, Fredric March, Errol Flynn, Edward G  Robinson, Gregory Peck, Gary Cooper, Billy Wilder, studio head Jack L  Warner, and others  Bacall asked Tracy to give the eulogy; he was too upset, however, and John Huston spoke instead:

Himself, he never took his work too seriously  He regarded the somewhat gaudy figure of Bogart, the star, with an amused cynicism; Bogart, the actor, he held in deep respect     In each of the fountains at Versailles there is a pike which keeps all the carp active; otherwise they would grow over-fat and die  Bogie took rare delight in performing a similar duty in the fountains of Hollywood  Yet his victims seldom bore him any malice, and when they did, not for long  His shafts were fashioned only to stick into the outer layer of complacency, and not to penetrate through to the regions of the spirit where real injuries are done     He is quite irreplaceable  There will never be another like him  
Bogart was cremated, and his ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Columbarium of Eternal Light in its Garden of Memory in Glendale, California  He was buried with a small, gold whistle that had been part of a charm bracelet he had given to Bacall before they married  On it was inscribed, "If you want anything, just whistle " This alluded to a scene in To Have and Have Not when Bacall's character says to Bogart shortly after their first meeting, "You know how to whistle, don't you, Steve? You just put your lips together and blow "
Bogart's estate had a gross value of $910,146 and a net value of $737,668 ($9 5 million and $7 7 million, respectively, in 2022) 

Awards and honors
On August 21, 1946, he recorded his hand- and footprints in cement in a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre  On February 8, 1960, Bogart was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion-picture star at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard 

Legacy and tributes
After his death, a "Bogie cult" formed at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in Greenwich Village, and in France; this contributed to his increased popularity during the late 1950s and 1960s  In 1997, Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Bogart the number-one movie legend of all time; two years later, the American Film Institute rated him the greatest male screen legend 
Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960) was the first film to pay tribute to Bogart  Over a decade later, in Woody Allen's comic paean Play It Again, Sam (1972), Bogart's ghost aids Allen's character: a film critic having difficulties with women who says that his "sex life has turned into the 'Petrified Forest'" The United States Postal Service honored Bogart with a stamp in its "Legends of Hollywood" series in 1997, the third figure recognized  At a ceremony attended by Lauren Bacall and the Bogart children, Stephen and Leslie, USPS governing-board chair Tirso del Junco delivered a tribute:

"Today, we mark another chapter in the Bogart legacy  With an image that is small and yet as powerful as the ones he left in celluloid, we will begin today to bring his artistry, his power, his unique star quality, to the messages that travel the world "
On June 24, 2006, 103rd Street between Broadway and West End Avenue in New York City was renamed Humphrey Bogart Place  Lauren Bacall and her son, Stephen Bogart, attended the ceremony  "Bogie would never have believed it", she said to the assembled city officials and onlookers 

In popular culture
Bogart has inspired multiple artists  Two Bugs Bunny cartoons featured the actor: Slick Hare (1947) and 8 Ball Bunny (1950, based on The Treasure of the Sierra Madre)  The Man with Bogart's Face (1981, starring Bogart lookalike Robert Sacchi) was an homage to the actor  The lyrics of Bertie Higgins' 1981 song, "Key Largo", refer to two of Bogart's films, Key Largo and Casablanca 

Filmography
Notable radio appearances
See also
Bogart–Bacall syndrome
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
List of amateur chess players
List of members of the American Legion
Passage 4:
The Master Mind
Mastermind, Master Mind or The Mastermind may refer to:

Fictional characters
Mastermind (Jason Wyngarde), a fictional supervillain in Marvel Comics, a title also held by his daughters:
Martinique Jason, the first daughter and successor of the Mastermind
Lady Mastermind, the second daughter and successor of the Mastermind
Mastermind (computer), a character in Marvel Comics' Captain Britain
Mastermind, an enemy of the Challengers of the Unknown in DC Comics

Literature
"Master Mind" (comics), a comic strip in British comic Buster
Mastermind: How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes, a 2013 non-fiction book by Maria Konnikova
Masterminds, a novel series by Gordon Korman

Film and TV
Films
Master Minds (1949 film), a 1949 American comedy film in The Bowery Boys series
Mastermind (1976 film), a Charlie Chan spoof feature film, released in 1976
Masterminds (1997 film), an American action comedy
Masterminds (2013 film), a direct to DVD film
Masterminds (2016 film), an American comedy film
The Master Mind (1914 film), an American crime/drama film, based on a 1913 play
The Master Mind (1920 film), a lost American silent crime drama, also based on the play
Wallander: Mastermind, a 2005 Swedish film
Master Mind (2015 film), an Indian Kannada-language film
Master Mind, the original title of 2010 film Megamind

Television
Mastermind (British game show), a British quiz show
Mastermind India, an Indian quiz show based on the British show
Mastermind (Irish game show), an Irish quiz show based on the British show
Mastermind (Australian game show), an Australian version of the show
Masterminds (Canadian TV series), a true crime documentary
Masterminds (quiz bowl), an American TV show
Master Minds (game show), a successor to Best Ever Trivia Show
Mastermind (audio drama), a 2013 Doctor Who drama

Music
Mastermind (American band), a progressive rock band
Dr  Mastermind, an American heavy metal band
Herbie the Mastermind, a British DJ

Albums
Mastermind (Tina Cousins album), 2005
Mastermind (Monster Magnet album), 2010
Mastermind (Rick Ross album), 2014
Mastermind (EP), by Beast, 2010

Songs
"Mastermind", a song by Mike Oldfield from the 1999 album The Millennium Bell
"Mastermind", a song by Mindless Self Indulgence from the 2008 album If
"Mastermind", a song by Megadeth from the 1997 album Cryptic Writings
"Mastermind", a song by Deltron 3030 from the 2000 album Deltron 3030
Mastermind (song), a song by Taylor Swift from the 2022 album Midnights

Other uses
Mastermind (board game), a classic board game
Mastermind (role variant), in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Mastermind Toys, a Canadian chain of toy stores
Mastermind School, in Dhaka, Bangladesh

See also
All pages with titles beginning with Mastermind
All pages with titles containing Mastermind
All pages with titles beginning with Master Mind
Genius (disambiguation)
Mastermind group, a peer-to-peer mentoring concept
Criminal mastermind, or crime boss
Passage 5:
Heureux Anniversaire
Heureux Anniversaire (also known as Happy Anniversary) is a 1962 French short comedy film directed by Pierre Étaix  It won an Oscar in 1963 for Best Short Subject 

Cast
Robert Blome
Pierre Étaix
Lucien Frégis
Laurence Lignières
Georges Loriot
Ican Paillaud
Nono Zammit
Passage 6:
Lost in Munich
Lost in Munich (Czech: Ztraceni v Mnichově) is a 2015 Czech comedy film directed by Petr Zelenka  The movie plot and title is inspired by Lost in La Mancha, a documentary film about Terry Gilliam's unfinished movie The narrative revolves a haunted making of the movie Lost in Munich which tells the story about unsuccessful journalist and 90-year-old parrot who used to live with the French prime minister Édouard Daladier and is still repeating Daladier's quotes related to the Munich Agreement  The failed film production (with the feigned French co-production) is the allegory to the alleged French betrayal in 1938 The film received the Czech Film Critics' Awards for Best Film, Director and Screenplay  It was selected as the Czech entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards but it was not nominated 

Cast
Martin Myšička as journalist Pavel Liehm, as himself
Marek Taclík as journalist Jakub, as himself
Jana Plodková as secretary of the French Institute, as herself
Václav Kopta as editor in chief
Václav Neužil as husband of actress Plodková
Tomáš Bambušek as film director Tomáš
Vladimír Škultéty as producent Vladimír
Jiří Rendl as the assistant director Adam
Jitka Schneiderová as Pavel's wife Dana, as herself
Stanislas Pierret as director of French Institute, as actor Gérard Pierret
Marcial Di Fonzo Bo as parrot assistant/assistant director Jean Dupont

Reception
Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter wrote:

Paying explicit homage to Francois Truffaut's classic behind-the-scenes film-set comedy Day for Night, Zelenka's mischievous mix of farce and tragedy is a much smarter animal than it first appears  Behind its zany premise and sometimes bumpy tone, Lost in Munich eventually emerges as a sardonic commentary on the Czech people's simplistic self-image as eternal victims of more powerful European neighbors      Lost in Munich is unlikely to take much business from Judd Apatow in the multiplex laughter league, but it is both entertaining and educational, a largely successful experiment in navel-gazing meta-comedy 

See also
List of submissions to the 89th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Czech submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Passage 7:
Crime School
Crime School is a 1938 Warner Bros  film directed by Lewis Seiler and starring the Dead End Kids and Humphrey Bogart 

Plot
A junkman does business with the Dead End Kids: Frankie, Squirt, Spike, Goofy, Fats, and Bugs  When the boys ask for a $20 payoff, "Junkie" says "Five is all you'll get  Now take it and get out of here " In a rage, Spike strikes the man in the back of the head with a hard object, and the junkman falls to the floor and doesn't move   When Judge Clinton cannot convince the boys to divulge which one struck the damaging blow, they are all sent to reform school 
The harsh warden of the reformatory, Morgan, inflicts discipline at the school and flogs Frankie after he tries to escape  The superintendent of the state reformatories, Mark Braden, visits the school and finds evidence of Morgan's subtle cruelty, as in feeding his new inmates poor-quality food   He then visits Frankie in the hospital ward, finding him untreated and the doctor inebriated  As a way of starting over, he fires the doctor, Morgan, and four ex-convict guards, while retaining the head guard, Cooper    Braden takes charge of the reformatory himself and wins over the boys' cooperation by considerate treatment, while romancing Frankie's sister, Sue Warren 
Meanwhile, Cooper is afraid that Braden will learn of Morgan's embezzlement of the food budget, which would implicate him as well   He learns that Spike is the one who dealt the blow to the junkman and blackmails him   He gets him to tell Frankie that Braden's generous treatment is due to his sister's acceptance of Braden's attentions   Although untrue, it causes the kids to escape from the school in Cooper's car with his gun  They go to Sue's apartment, and Frankie climbs the fire escape with the gun to confront Braden, but Sue and Braden dispel Frankie's suspicions 
Meanwhile, Cooper "discovers" that the kids have escaped, and Morgan calls the press to discredit Braden and get him fired   But, Braden drives the boys back to the reformatory and gets them into their beds, before the Commissioner, alerted by Morgan, arrives for an inspection with the police in tow   Their plot foiled and their fraud uncovered, Morgan and Cooper are arrested  The boys are subsequently paroled into the care of their parents 

Cast
The Dead End Kids
Billy Halop as Frankie Warren
Bobby Jordan as Lester "Squirt" Smith
Huntz Hall as Richard "Goofy" Slade
Leo Gorcey as Charles "Spike" Hawkins
Bernard Punsly as George "Fats" Papadopolos
Gabriel Dell as Timothy "Bugs" Burke

Additional cast
Background
As this was a Warner Bros  film and not a United Artists' film like Dead End, they advertised the kids as 'The Crime School Kids' in this film, and their next, Angels with Dirty Faces   However, the name did not catch on and they remained 'The Dead End Kids' 
Before the film was released, Halop, Dell, Hall, and Punsly were released from their contracts by Warner Brothers and they went on to make a film at Universal, Little Tough Guy   The success of this film caused Warner to reconsider and they were rehired at a substantial raise 
The Dead End Kids received top billing over Humphrey Bogart for Crime School, with their typeface also larger than Bogart's in posters and advertising 

Home media
Warner Archives released the film on made to order DVD in the United States on August 4, 2009 



ground_truth: The African Queen