prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What county shares a border with the county where She Did It's performer was born?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Sant Martí d'Empúries
Sant Martí d'Empúries is an entity of the town of L'Escala  It is located next to the ruins of Empúries or Empòrion  Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC  It was the county seat until 1079 Empúries moved to Castelló d'Empúries place less exposed to attack 
Sant Martí d'Empúries is a staging point on the GR 92 long distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranean coast of Spain  Stage 5, to the north, takes a route behind the coast to the El Cortalet pond in the Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, a distance of 20 2 kilometres (12 6 mi)  Stage 6, to the south, follows the coast to l'Escala and then takes an inland route across the Montgri Massif to reach the next staging point of Torroella de Montgrí, a distance of 20 0 kilometres (12 4 mi) 

History
It was an inhabited place since the arrival of Greeks from Massalia, actual Marseille (France) in the 6th century BC  Greeks established a settlement there called it, Kypsela (Greek: Κύψελα)  At the ancient times there is a possibility that there was a temple of Artemis on the island It was Christianized by Saint Feliu, an African martyr who died in 304 in Girona  He was bishop between 516 and 693  Charlemagne mentions Ermenguer as first Count of Empúries in 812 
Passage 2:
British nationality law
The primary law governing nationality in the United Kingdom is the British Nationality Act 1981, which came into force on 1 January 1983  Regulations apply to the British Islands, which include the UK itself and the Crown dependencies, and the 14 British Overseas Territories 
The six classes of British nationality each have varying degrees of civil and political rights, due to the UK's historical status as a colonial empire  The principal class of British nationality is British citizenship, which is associated with the British Islands  British nationals associated with an overseas territory are British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs)  Almost all BOTCs (except for those from Akrotiri and Dhekelia) have also been British citizens since 2002  Individuals connected with former British colonies may hold residual forms of British nationality, which do not confer an automatic right of abode in the United Kingdom and generally may no longer be acquired  These residual nationalities are the statuses of British Overseas citizen, British subject, British National (Overseas), and British protected person 
All persons born in the British Islands before 1 January 1983 were automatically granted citizenship by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents  Individuals born in those territories since that date only receive citizenship at birth if at least the mother is a British citizen or holds settled status  Foreign nationals may naturalise as British citizens after meeting a minimum residence requirement (usually five years) and acquiring settled status 
The United Kingdom was previously a member state of the European Union (EU) and British citizens held full EU citizenship  They had held automatic and permanent permission to live and work in any EU or European Free Trade Association (EFTA) country and were able to vote in elections to the European Parliament  Despite the UK's withdrawal from the union in 2020, British citizens continue to hold permanent permission to work and reside in the Republic of Ireland as part of the Common Travel Area 

Terminology
The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country  Generally, nationality refers to a person's legal belonging to a sovereign state and is the common term used in international treaties when addressing members of a country, while citizenship usually means the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation  This distinction is clearly defined in many non-English speaking countries but not in the Anglosphere  Historically, an individual associated with Britain was neither a national nor a citizen, but a British subject  British citizenship was not created until passage of the British Nationality Act 1981  This Act defined six types of nationality with varying degrees of civil and political rights, dependent on a person's connections with the United Kingdom, overseas territories, or former colonies  British citizens hold their status because of a close connection with the British Islands, usually through their own (or parents' or grandparents') birth, adoption, naturalisation, or registration as citizens of the UK 

Types of British nationality
There are six types of British nationality: any person who is a British citizen, British Overseas Territories citizen (BOTC), British Overseas citizen (BOC), British National (Overseas) (BN(O)), British subject, or British protected person is a British national  Of these statuses, only British citizenship grants automatic right of abode in the United Kingdom  British Overseas Territories are areas outside of the British Islands where the UK holds sovereignty  Since 2002, nearly all BOTCs also hold British citizenship, except for those associated with Akrotiri and Dhekelia The other four categories are residual nationality classes that generally cannot be acquired  BOCs are people connected with former British colonies who have no close ties to the UK or overseas territories  BN(O)s are Hong Kong residents who voluntarily registered for this status before the territory's transfer to China in 1997  British subjects hold their status through a connection either to former  British India or to what is now the Republic of Ireland as they existed before 1949  British protected persons come from areas controlled by the British Empire but were never formally incorporated as Crown territory; this includes protectorates, protected states, mandated territories, and Indian princely states 

History
Development from feudal allegiance
Before the concept of nationality was codified in legislation, inhabitants of English communities owed allegiance to their feudal lords, who were themselves vassals of the monarch  This system of loyalty, indirectly owed to the monarch personally, developed into a general establishment of subjecthood to the Crown  Calvin's Case in 1608 established the principle of jus soli, that all those who were born within Crown dominions were natural-born subjects  After passage of the Acts of Union 1707, English and Scottish subjects became British subjects  Similarly, the Kingdom of Ireland was merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801  Natural-born subjects were considered to owe perpetual allegiance to the Crown and could not voluntarily renounce British subject status until this was first permitted in 1870 Prior to 1708, foreigners could only be naturalised through Acts of Parliament  Protestants fleeing religious persecution in mainland Europe were allowed to naturalise as subjects in 1708, but this was quickly repealed in 1711 in response to the number of migrants exercising that ability  A standard administrative process was not introduced until 1844, when applicants were first able to acquire naturalisation grants from the Home Office  Despite the creation of this pathway, personalised naturalising legislation continued to be enacted until 1975 The monarch could personally make any individual a subject by royal prerogative  By this method, a foreigner became a denizen – although they were no longer considered an alien, they could not pass subject status to their children by descent and were barred from Crown service and public office  This mechanism was no longer used after 1873 Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether nationality regulations in the United Kingdom were applicable elsewhere in the British Empire  Individual colonies had each developed their own procedures and requirements for naturalisation, granting subject status at the discretion of the local governments  In 1847, Parliament formalised a clear distinction between subjects who were naturalised in the UK and those who became British subjects in other territories  Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire  Those naturalising in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalised in Canada was a British subject there, but not in England or New Zealand  When travelling outside of the Empire, British subjects who were locally naturalised in a colony were still entitled to imperial protection Certain territories that came under British jurisdiction were not formally incorporated as Crown territory proper  These included protectorates, protected states, mandated territories, and Indian princely states  Because domestic law treated these areas as foreign territory, birth in one of these areas did not automatically confer British subject status  Instead, most people associated with these territories were designated as British protected persons  British protected persons were treated as aliens in the United Kingdom, but both British subjects and protected persons could be issued British passports  Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside of the Empire 

Imperial common code
Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914  British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire  Dominions that adopted Part II of this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation The 1914 regulations codified the doctrine of coverture into imperial nationality law, where a woman's consent to marry a foreigner was also assumed to be intent to denaturalise; British women who married foreign men automatically lost their British nationality  There were two exceptions to this: a wife married to a husband who lost his British subject status was able to retain British nationality by declaration, and a British-born widow or divorcée who had lost her British nationality through marriage could reacquire that status without meeting residence requirements after the dissolution or termination of her marriage By the end of the First World War, the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity  Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference, jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations  Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931 Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government during this time to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband  Because the government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have  Imperial legal uniformity was nevertheless eroded during the 1930s; New Zealand and Australia amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects, and Ireland changed its regulations in 1935 to cause no change to a woman's nationality after her marriage 

Irish independence
Irish resistance to the Union and desire for local self-governance led to the Irish War of Independence  Following the war, the island of Ireland was partitioned into two parts  Southern Ireland became the Irish Free State in 1922, while Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom  Under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Northern Ireland was included in the Irish Free State on independence, but had the right to opt out of the new state within one month of its establishment  This option was exercised on 7 December 1922  The 24-hour period in which Northern Ireland was officially part of the Irish Free State meant that every person ordinarily resident in Northern Ireland on 6 December who fulfilled the citizenship provisions in the Constitution of the Irish Free State had automatically become an Irish citizen on that date At its inception, the Irish Free State gained independence as a Dominion within the British Empire  Imperial legislation at the time dictated that although individual Dominions could define a citizenship for their own citizens, that citizenship would only be effective within the local Dominion's borders  A Canadian, New Zealand, or Irish citizen who traveled outside of their own country would have been regarded as a British subject  This was reinforced by Article 3 of the 1922 Free State Constitution, which stated that Irish citizenship could be exercised "within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Irish Free State" When Free State authorities were first preparing to issue Irish passports in 1923, the British government insisted on the inclusion of some type of wording that described the holders of these passports as "British subjects"  The two sides could not reach agreement on this issue and when the Irish government began issuing passports in 1924, British authorities refused to accept these documents  British consular staff were instructed to confiscate any Irish passports that did not include the term "British subject" and replace them with British passports  This situation continued until 1930, when Irish passports were amended to describe its holders as "one of His Majesty's subjects of the Irish Free State"  Despite these disagreements, the two governments agreed not to establish border controls between their jurisdictions and all Irish citizens and British subjects continued to have the ability to move freely within the Common Travel Area  Although Irish citizens have not been considered British subjects under Irish law since 1935, the British government continued to treat virtually all Irish citizens as British subjects, except for those who had acquired Irish citizenship by naturalisation since the Free State had not incorporated Part II of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 into its legislation 

Changing relationship with the Empire and Commonwealth
Diverging developments in Dominion legislation, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the creation of a substantive Canadian citizenship in 1946, breaking the system of a common imperial nationality  Combined with the approaching independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, comprehensive reform to nationality law was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system The British Nationality Act 1948 redefined British subject as any citizen of the United Kingdom, its colonies, or other Commonwealth countries  Commonwealth citizen was first defined in this Act to have the same meaning  This alternative term was necessary to retain a number of newly independent countries in the Commonwealth that wished to become republics rather than preserve the monarch as head of state  The change in naming also indicated a shift in the base theory to this aspect of British nationality; allegiance to the Crown was no longer a requirement to possess British subject status and the common status would be maintained by voluntary agreement among the various members of the Commonwealth British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country  A person born in Australia would be both an Australian citizen and a British subject  British subjects under the previous meaning who held that status on 1 January 1949 because of a connection with the United Kingdom or a remaining colony became Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC)  CUKC status was the principal form of British nationality during this period of time There was also a category of people called British subjects without citizenship  Irish citizens who fulfilled certain requirements could file formal claims with the Home Secretary to remain British subjects under this definition  Additionally, those who did not qualify for CUKC status or citizenship in other Commonwealth countries, or were connected with a country that had not yet defined citizenship laws, would transitionally remain British subjects in this group 

Irish departure from the Commonwealth
Despite the accommodations for republics, Ireland ended its Commonwealth membership in 1948 when it formally declared itself a republic and removed the British monarch's remaining official functions in the Irish state  This was recognised by Britain after passage of the Ireland Act 1949  Although Irish citizens have no longer been defined as British subjects in British law since 1949, they continue to be treated as non-foreign in the United Kingdom and retain the same rights and privileges exercised by Commonwealth citizens; Irish citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for parliament in the UK The British Nationality Act 1948 unintentionally excluded certain British subjects associated with Ireland from acquiring CUKC status  The wording of that law did not take into account the 24-hour period during which Northern Ireland was part of the Irish Free State in 1922  Individuals born before 1922 in the area that became the Republic of Ireland to fathers also born in that area but were domiciled in Northern Ireland on Irish independence had nevertheless automatically acquired Irish citizenship  The Ireland Act 1949 specifically addresses this by deeming any person in such circumstances who had never registered for Irish citizenship and had not permanently resided in the Republic between 10 April 1935 and 1 January 1949 as a CUKC and having never ceased to be a British subject 

Restricting Commonwealth free movement
All British subjects under the reformed system initially continued to hold free movement rights in both the UK and Ireland  Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration  This entitlement was part of a wider initiative to preserve close relationships with certain Dominions and colonies (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and Southern Rhodesia) and to moderate nationalist attitudes within the Commonwealth  In response, Parliament imposed immigration controls on any subjects originating from outside the British Islands with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962  This restriction was somewhat relaxed by the Immigration Act 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens  Ireland mirrored this restriction and limited free movement only to people born on the islands of Great Britain or Ireland  However, individuals born in the UK since 1983 are only British citizens if at least one parent is already a British citizen  The Irish regulation created a legal anomaly where persons born in Britain without British citizenship nevertheless held an unrestricted right to settle in Ireland; this inconsistency was removed in 1999 In other parts of the Commonwealth, British subjects already did not have an automatic right to settle  Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa had immigration restrictions in place for British subjects from outside their jurisdictions targeted at non-white migrants since the late 19th century  After 1949, non-local British subjects under the new definition who were resident in these independent Commonwealth countries continued to retain certain privileges  This included eligibility to vote in elections, for preferred paths to citizenship, and for welfare benefits  British subjects were eligible to vote in New Zealand until 1975 and Australia until 1984 (though subjects on the electoral roll in that year are still eligible)  In Canada, voting eligibility was revoked at the federal level in 1975, but not fully phased out in provinces until 2006  All Commonwealth citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK 

Post-imperial redefinition of nationality classes
By the 1970s and 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent and remaining ties to the United Kingdom had been significantly weakened  The UK updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries of its remaining territory and possessions with the British Nationality Act 1981  CUKCs were reclassified in 1983 into different nationality groups based on their ancestry, birthplace, and immigration status: CUKCs who had right of abode in the United Kingdom became British citizens while those connected with a remaining colony became British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs)  Remaining CUKCs who were no longer associated with a British territory became British Overseas citizens  The definition of "British subject" became limited to include only the category of people previously called British subjects without citizenship who held that status through a connection with former British India or Ireland before 1949 

Former membership in the European Union
In 1973, the United Kingdom joined the European Communities (EC), a set of organisations that later developed into the European Union (EU)  British citizens were able to work in other EC/EU countries under the freedom of movement for workers established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome and participated in their first European Parliament elections in 1979  With the creation of European Union citizenship by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, free movement rights were extended to all nationals of EU member states regardless of their employment status  The scope of these rights was further expanded with the establishment of the European Economic Area in 1994 to include any national of an EFTA member state except for Switzerland, which concluded a separate free movement agreement with the EU that came into force in 2002 Not all British nationals were EU citizens  Only British citizens, British Overseas Territories citizens connected with Gibraltar, and British subjects under the 1981 Act who held UK right of abode were defined as UK nationals for the purposes of EU law  Although the Crown dependencies were part of the European Union Customs Union, free movement of persons was never implemented in those territories  Following the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020, British nationals have no longer been EU citizens  Despite this, British citizens continue to have free movement in Ireland as part of the preexisting arrangement for the Common Travel Area While the UK was a member state of the EU, Cypriot and Maltese citizens held a particularly favoured status there  While non-EU Commonwealth citizens continued to need a residence visa to live in the UK, Cypriot and Maltese citizens were able to settle there and immediately hold full rights to political participation due to their status as both Commonwealth and EU citizens  This group of EU citizens (along with Irish citizens) domiciled in the UK were able to vote in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum while all other non-British EU citizens could not 

Acquisition and loss of nationality
British citizenship
Prior to 1983, all Individuals born within the British Islands (the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies) received British citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents  Individuals born afterwards only receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a British citizen or considered to have settled status in the UK  Children born overseas are British citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen otherwise than by descent, subject to regulations  Adopted children are treated as if they were naturally born to the adopting parents at the time of adoption  Children born abroad to members of the British Armed Forces or British citizens on Crown service are treated as if they were born in the UK Children born in the UK to a resident Irish citizen at any time are always British citizens at birth  Since 1983, the status of a child born in the UK is dependent on whether their parents held British citizenship or settled status at the time of their birth  Irish citizens residing in the UK are deemed to hold settled status upon arrival  Regulations concerning settled status for other European Union (EU), European Economic Area (EEA), and Swiss citizens have changed greatly over time, affecting the status of their children born during the different regulatory periods  EU/EEA citizens living in the UK before 2 October 2000 were automatically considered to be settled  Between that date and 29 April 2006, EU/EEA citizens were required to apply for permanent residency  Swiss citizens became subject to the same regulations on 1 June 2002  From 30 April 2006 until 30 June 2021, EU/EEA and Swiss citizens living in the UK for at least five years automatically received permanent resident status  Permanent resident status for these citizens expired on 1 July 2021, after which they have been required to hold settled status through the European Union Settlement Scheme or another path Foreign nationals may naturalise as British citizens after residing in the UK for more than five years and possessing indefinite leave to remain (ILR) for at least one year  The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant is married to a British citizen and they immediately become eligible for naturalisation after receiving ILR or equivalent  Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in the English, Welsh, or Scottish Gaelic languages and pass the Life in the United Kingdom test 

British Overseas Territories citizenship
Individuals born in a territory automatically receive BOTC status if at least one parent is a BOTC or has belonger status  Children born in an overseas territory to British citizen parents who are not settled in a territory are British citizens at birth, but not BOTCs  Parents do not necessarily need to be connected with the same overseas territory to pass on BOTC status  Alternatively, a child born in an overseas territory may be registered as a BOTC if either parent becomes a BOTC or settles in any overseas territory subsequent to birth  A child who lives in the same territory until age 10 and is not absent for more than 90 days in each year is also entitled to registration as a BOTC  Furthermore, an adopted child automatically become a BOTC on the effective day of adoption if either parent is a BOTC or has belonger status  In all cases that an individual is a British Overseas Territories citizen at birth or adoption within the territories, that person is a BOTC otherwise than by descent Individuals born outside of the territories are BOTCs by descent if either parent is a BOTC otherwise than by descent  Unmarried fathers cannot automatically pass on BOTC status, and it would be necessary for them to register children as BOTCs  If a parent is a BOTC by descent, additional requirements apply to register children as BOTCs  Parents in Crown service who have children abroad are exempted from these circumstances, and their children would be BOTCs otherwise than by descent, as if they had been born on their home territory Foreigners and non-BOTC British nationals may naturalise as British Overseas Territories citizens after residing in a territory for more than five years and possessing belonger status or permanent residency for more than one year  The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant is married to a BOTC  All applicants for naturalisation and registration are normally considered by the governor of the relevant territory, but the Home Secretary retains discretionary authority to grant BOTC status  Since 2004, BOTC applicants aged 18 or older are required to take an oath of allegiance to the Sovereign and loyalty pledge to the relevant territory during their citizenship ceremonies All British Overseas Territories citizens other than those solely connected with Akrotiri and Dhekelia became British citizens on 21 May 2002, and children born on qualified overseas territories to dual BOTC-British citizens since that date are both BOTCs and British citizens otherwise than by descent  Prior to 2002, only BOTCs from Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands were given unrestricted access to citizenship  BOTCs naturalised after that date may also become British citizens by registration at the discretion of the Home Secretary  Becoming a British citizen has no effect on BOTC status; BOTCs may also simultaneously be British citizens 

Other nationality classes
It is generally not possible to acquire other forms of British nationality  British Overseas citizenship, British subjecthood, and British protected person status are only transferred by descent if an individual born to a parent holding one of these statuses would otherwise be stateless  British Overseas citizens retain their status by association with most former British colonies, British subjects are connected specifically with Ireland or British India before 1949, and British protected persons are associated with territories that were under British control but not formally incorporated as part of the British Empire  British National (Overseas) status was exclusively granted by voluntary registration to Hong Kong residents who had been British Dependent Territories citizens prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997 and cannot be newly acquired in any case  Noncitizen British nationals may become British citizens by registration, rather than naturalisation, after residing in the United Kingdom for more than five years and possessing ILR for more than one year 

Renunciation and restoration
Any type of British nationality can be renounced by making a declaration to the Home Secretary, provided that the declarant possesses or intends to acquire another nationality  Former British citizens or BOTCs may subsequently apply for nationality restoration  Applicants who had originally renounced their British nationality in order to retain or acquire another nationality are entitled to register as British citizens or BOTCs once  Any subsequent renunciation and application for restoration, or someone applying for restoration who originally renounced their British nationality for a reason unrelated to acquiring or retaining an alternate nationality, would be subject to the discretionary approval of the Home Secretary 

Automatic loss of British nationality
British subjects (other than British subjects by virtue of a connection with the Republic of Ireland) and British protected persons lose British nationality upon acquiring any other form of nationality 

These provisions do not apply to British citizens 
British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs) who acquire another nationality do not lose their BOTC status but they may be liable to lose belonger status in their home territory under its immigration laws  Such persons are advised to contact the governor of that territory for information 
British Overseas citizens (BOCs) do not lose their BOC status upon acquisition of another citizenship, but any entitlement to registration as a British citizen on the grounds of having no other nationality no longer applies after acquiring another citizenship 

Deprivation of British nationality
The British government does not publish the number of people it strips of citizenship, but independent research by a lawyer-run website, in 2022, found at least 464 people's citizenship was revoked in the last 15 years  After the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 came into force British nationals could be deprived of their citizenship if and only if the Secretary of State was satisfied they were responsible for acts seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom or an Overseas Territory This was extended under the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006: people with dual nationality who are British nationals can be deprived of their British citizenship if the Secretary of State is satisfied that "deprivation is conducive to the public good", or if nationality was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact  Between 2006 and the end of 2021 at least 464 people have had their citizenship removed by the government since the law was introduced  There is a right of appeal  This provision has been in force since 16 June 2006 when the Immigration, Nationality and Asylum Act 2006 (Commencement No 1) Order 2006 brought it into force  Loss of British nationality in this way applies also to dual nationals who are British by birth  The Secretary of State may not deprive a person of British nationality, unless obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact, if they are satisfied that the order would make a person stateless This provision was again modified by the Immigration Act 2014 so as not to require that a third country would actually grant nationality to a person; British nationality can be revoked if "the Secretary of State has reasonable grounds for believing that the person is able, under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom, to become a national of such a country or territory "The powers to strip citizenship were initially very rarely used  Between 2010 and 2015, 33 dual nationals had been deprived of their British citizenship  In the two years to 2013 six people were deprived of citizenship; then in 2013, 18 people were deprived, increasing to 23 in 2014  In 2017, over 40 people had been deprived as of July (at this time increased numbers of British citizens went to join "Islamic State" and then tried to return) The Home Office does not issue information on these cases and is resistant to answering questions, for example under the Freedom of Information Act 2000  It appears that the government usually waits until the person has left Britain, then sends a warning notice to their British home and signs a deprivation order a day or two later  Appeals are heard at the highly secretive Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC), where the government can submit evidence that cannot be seen or challenged by the appellant Home Secretary Sajid Javid said in 2018 that until then deprivation of nationality had been restricted to "terrorists who are a threat to the country", but that he intended to extend it to "those who are convicted of the most grave criminal offences"  The acting director of Liberty responded "The home secretary is taking us down a very dangerous road      making our criminals someone else’s problem is     the government washing its hands of its responsibilities     Banishment belongs in the dark ages "A Nationality and Borders Bill was introduced to the British House of Commons in July 2021, sponsored by the Home Office under Home Secretary Priti Patel  In November 2021, an amendment to the Bill was introduced which, if passed, would allow people to be deprived of British citizenship without being given notice  At the time the Home Office reiterated its position on citizenship: "British citizenship is a privilege, not a right" 

British citizenship ceremonies
From 1 January 2004, all new applicants for British citizenship by naturalisation or registration aged 18 or over if their application is successful must attend a citizenship ceremony and either make an affirmation or take an oath of allegiance to the monarch, and make a pledge to the UK 
Citizenship ceremonies are normally organised by:

local councils in England, Scotland, and Wales
the Northern Ireland Office
the governments of the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey
the Governors of British Overseas Territories
British consular offices outside the United Kingdom and territories Persons from what is now the Republic of Ireland born before 1949 reclaiming British subject status under section 31 of the 1981 Act do not need to attend a citizenship ceremony  If such a person subsequently applies for British citizenship by registration or naturalisation, attendance at a ceremony is required 
For those who applied for British citizenship before 2004:

the oath of allegiance was administered privately through signing a witnessed form in front of a solicitor or other accredited person
those who already held British nationality (other than British protected persons) were exempt, as were those citizens of countries with the King as Head of State (such as Australia and Canada) 

See also
Visa policy of the United Kingdom
Visa requirements for British citizens
Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas)
Visa requirements for British Overseas citizens
Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens

Notes
Passage 3:
She Did It
"She Did It" is a song written and originally recorded by Eric Carmen in 1977  Carmen's single was a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, reaching number 23  "She Did It" was covered in 1981 by actor and singer Michael Damian, who reached number 69 on the Hot 100 with his version 

Eric Carmen version
Background and release
"She Did It" was first recorded and performed by Eric Carmen  Released in August 1977, it was the first and greatest hit on Carmen's second solo LP, Boats Against the Current   It reached number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, number 15 on the Cashbox Top 100, and number 11 in Canada This ballad is an upbeat love song about finally finding the right person and experiencing love after being lonely for an extended period of time   It is a happy answer to Carmen's more melancholy hits the year before, "All By Myself" and "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again " It has been hailed as "the best Beach Boys song Brian Wilson never wrote "Back-up vocals for "She Did It" were provided by Bruce Johnston and Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys, whose 1968 hit "Do It Again" is credited by Carmen with being the initial inspiration for the song because of the 'did-its'  "She Did It" also features Burton Cummings, formerly of the Guess Who, and a guitar solo by Andrew Gold ("Lonely Boy"), featuring his distinctive harmonized lead guitar sound, and drumming by Toto's Jeff Porcaro   Carmen has stated that "She Did It" was in turn a source of inspiration for another song, the 1982 hit "Did It in a Minute" by Hall & Oates, with whom he was touring at the time their song became a hit The 45 rpm cover sheath for "She Did It" was a black and white of the full-color photo taken for the album, with manuscript lettering instead of the cursive text which appeared on the cover of the LP   The B side, "Someday," was omitted from the "Boats" LP, but was placed on Carmen's follow-up album, Change of Heart 
Two other songs penned and recorded by Carmen, "That's Rock 'n' Roll" and "Hey Deanie", but made into hits by Shaun Cassidy, charted concurrently with "She Did It" in late 1977, reaching numbers three and seven, respectively On the Canadian singles chart, "She Did It" spent four consecutive weeks at number 11  One of the songs blocking it from entering the Top 10 was Carmen's own composition, "That's Rock 'n' Roll," a number-one hit in Canada  "She Did It" ranks as the 104th biggest Canadian hit of 1977 Chicago radio superstation WLS, which gave the song much airplay, ranked "She Did It" as the 56th most popular hit of 1977 
It reached as high as number 6 (for two weeks) on their surveys of November 19 and 26, 1977  Other cities where the song was played heavily include Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Jose, Las Vegas, Oklahoma City and Dallas in the west, and Boston, Philadelphia, Richmond, Charlotte, Atlanta and New Orleans in the east, in addition to Ohio, Carmen's home base "She Did It" also performed particularly well in Vancouver, where radio station CKLG-AM 1070 ranked "She Did It" as the 27th biggest hit of the year   It peaked at number 3 for two weeks on their surveys of October 19 and 26, 1977 While not charting nationally in Australia, the song did become a Top 40 hit (#23) in the Sydney area on radio station 2SM 

Television performance
Carmen performed "She Did It" on The Midnight Special television program (season 6, episode 5) on October 14, 1977   The show was hosted by Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis Jr 

Other appearances
"She Did It" was featured on several compilation albums featuring music from 1977 and 1978  It was included on "20 Monster Hits" by EMI, as well as appearing on other similar collections by Ronco and K-Tel   In 1993, it was included on My Crescent Love 2 – Afternoon AOR (BMG Victor) 
"She Did It" has been included on the following collections of Carmen's material:

The Best of Eric Carmen (1988)
Definitive Collection (1997)
The Essential Eric Carmen (2014)

Chart performance
Michael Damian version
Background and release
Almost four years after Eric Carmen's release of "She Did It," the song was covered by actor and singer Michael Damian   This version was Damian's debut single release   It was a non-album single from 1981 that reached number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 95 on the Cash Box Top 100 chart   It was released almost eight years before his subsequent hit, a cover of "Rock On," which reached number one in 1989  "She Did It" was backed with "I Love How You Love Me", a cover of the Paris Sisters 

Television performance
On April 11, 1981, Damian performed "She Did It" on the ABC-TV Saturday-afternoon program, American Bandstand 

Chart performance
Passage 4:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Passage 5:
Thirukkanur
Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India  It is one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk  It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west 
Thirukkanur has a primary health center, police station, post office, electricity office and registrar office   The area is mainly oriented to agriculture  Thirukkanur market is the only bazaar catering to the needs of about 20 nearby villages   There is no major industry within the purview area of the Thirukkanar Police Station 


== Notes ==
Passage 6:
Virginia, Lempira
Virginia (Spanish pronunciation: [biɾˈxinja]) is a municipality in the Honduran department of Lempira 
Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador  Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia 
It is one of the smallest municipalities of the Lempira department  It is 15 km or 30 minutes away from Mapulaca if accessed through Gracias 

History
It was founded back in 1830  In the national division of 1889 it was one municipality of Candelaria 

Geography
It is situated in a semi flat place and surrounded by many hills   The predominant vegetation corresponds to the sub tropical dry forest  In the municipality capital there are some inclined streets 

Boundaries
Its boundaries are: 

North : Candelaria municipality 
South : El Salvador 
East  : Piraera municipality 
West  : Mapulaca municipality 
Surface Extents: 36 km2

Resources
Since it is on the border with El Salvador, it is much easier for people to go there to establish commercial activities  Also there are more and better jobs on the other side of the border, with the advantage of receiving their wages in US dollars  It is not an ideal location for coffee plantations, therefore corn and beans crops became important (even though they are for local consumption); followed by cattle raising  Like the rest of the department, it has electricity and mobile communication services 

Population
Population: The amount of inhabitants was 2,734 and according to INE Honduras estimates, there will be 2,574 in 2015 
Villages: 5
Settlements: 35

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Virginia municipality had a population of 2,548  Of these, 97 06% were Mestizo, 2 90% Indigenous (2 86% Lenca) and 0 04% Black or Afro-Honduran 

Tourism
As for the remaining 15 km, although this dirt road is not in the best condition, it is still an easy drive  A half-hour visit will be enough to see all there is to see in the municipality capital  For those who are interested in rural and quiet towns, this is a good place to visit  Surprisingly, the mobile phone signal from El Salvador is stronger than the Honduran signal  Since it is near the Lempa River, the local pastime is going there to bathe  The local holidays and festivals attract many visitors 

Local Holidays: "Santa Lucia" day on December 13 
Passage 7:
The Definitive Collection (Eric Carmen album)
The Definitive Collection is a 1997 greatest hits album of all the singles released by Cleveland, Ohio singer-songwriter Eric Carmen  It features five hits by the Raspberries, a power pop group which he led in the early 1970s  It also contains his versions of two major hits which he wrote for Shaun Cassidy, two popular songs from the movie Dirty Dancing, and his greatest hit, "All By Myself", which peaked at No  2 on the Billboard Hot 100 on March 5, 1976 

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writes, "The Definitive Collection lives up to its title  Over the course of a single disc, the compilation features all of Eric Carmen's best-known songs and biggest hits"

Track listing
Musicians
Eric Carmen – Bass, Drums, Guitar, Acoustic Guitar, Electric Guitar, Rhythm Guitar, Harpsichord, Mellotron, Percussion, Piano, Electric Piano, Synthesizer, Tack Piano, Vocals, Background Vocals
Jim Bonfanti – Drums, Vocals
Mike Botts – Drums
Ollie E  Brown – Percussion
Wally Bryson – Guitar, Acoustic Guitar, Rhythm Guitar, Vocals
Charles Calello – Horn Arrangements
Tony Camillo – Horn Arrangements
Burton Cummings – Piano
– Percussion
Jimmie Haskell – Horn Arrangements
James Newton Howard – Synthesizer
Dan Hrdlicka – Guitar, Background Vocals
Bruce Johnston – Background Vocals
Steve Knill – Bass, Background Vocals
Danny Kortchmar – Acoustic Guitar
D  Dwight Krueger – Drums, Percussion, Background Vocals
Michael McBride – Drums, Percussion, Vocals, Background Vocals
Scott McCarl – Bass, Acoustic Guitar, Vocals
Tommy Morgan – Harmonica
Nigel Olsson – Drums, Background Vocals
Joe Porcaro – Drums, Percussion
Richard Reising – Guitar, Electric Guitar, Harpsichord, Synthesizer, Background Vocals
Valerie Carter – Background Vocals
Joe Chemay – Background Vocals
Curt Becher – Background Vocals
Brenda Russell – Background Vocals
Brian Russell – Background Vocals
Samantha Sang – Background Vocals
George Sipl – Organ, Synthesizer, Background Vocals
Dave Smalley – Bass, Rhythm Guitar, Vocals
Jai Winding – Piano, Electric Piano
Dave Wintour – Bass
Richie Zito – Electric Guitar

Production
Eric Carmen – Arranger, Producer
Bob Irwin – Compilation Producer, Mastering, Producer
Bob Gaudio – Producer
Jimmy Ienner – Executive Producer, Producer
Tom Rabstenek – Mastering
George Marino – Mastering
Greg Calbi – Mastering
Doug Sax – Mastering
Bernie Grundman – Mastering
Mark Howlett – Engineer
Tim Kramer – Engineer
Jim Bell – Engineer
Kevin Beamish – Engineer
Arnei Rosenberg – Engineer
Shelly Yakus – Engineer
Howard Steele – Engineer
Thom Wilson – Engineer
Jack Sherdel – Engineer
Dennis Kirk – Engineer
David Henson – Engineer
Don Gehman – Engineer
Larry Emerine – Engineer
Tony d'Amico – Engineer
Jim DeMain – Engineer, Remixing
Val Garay – Mixing
Joe Barbaria – Assistant Engineer
Rod O'Brien – Assistant Engineer
George Ybara – Assistant Engineer
Corky Stasiak – Assistant Engineer
David Thoener – Assistant Engineer
Kevin Herron – Assistant Engineer
Dennis Ferrante – Assistant Engineer
George Sipl – Remixing
Rita Karidis – Art DirectionTrack information and credits adapted from AllMusic and the album's liner notes 
Passage 8:
Swan Miara
Swan Miara (ساون میرا) is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan  It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District Formerly it was a part of the Princely State of Amb 
Passage 9:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 10:
Adaba (woreda)
Adaba (Oromo: Aadabbaa) is one of the Aanaas in the Oromia of Ethiopia; it shares the name of its administrative center, Adaba  Part of the West Arsi Zone, Adaba is bordered on the southwest by Nensebo, on the west by Dodola, on the northwest by the Shabelle River which separates it from the Gedeb Asasa, and on the east and south by Bale Zone 
Ulrich Braukämper theorizes that the name "Adaba" comes from a Hadiya subgroup mentioned in the Royal Chronicle of Zara Yaqob, where they are referred to as the "Hababo"  Braukämper has argued that the Hadiya kingdom prior to the 16th century included in this area, presenting a number of facts supporting his argument, as opposed to other experts who argue that it extended to the east 

Overview
The highest point in this woreda is Mount Darkeena; other notable peaks include Mount Doda and Mount Gamma; most rivers are tributaries of the Shabelle River and include the Meribo, Ieliso, Furuna, Ashiro and Mancha Kara  A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 16 9% is arable or cultivable, 23 3% pasture, 52 2% forest, and the remaining 7 6% is considered swampy, mountainous or otherwise unusable  Notable landmarks include Bale Mountains National Park  Linseed, sugar cane, cereals and fruits and vegetables are important cash crops Industry in the woreda includes 39 grain mills, 12 edible oil mills and 5 wood-working shops, as well as 91 wholesalers, 271 retailers and 153 service providers  There were 19 Farmers Associations with 43,154 members and 5 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 3454 members  Adaba has 6 kilometers of dry-weather and 91 all-weather road, for an average of road density of 42 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers 

Demographics
The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 138,717, of whom 68,775 were men and 69,942 were women; 12,099 or 8 72% of its population were urban dwellers  The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 84 39% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 14 46% of the population said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 138,232, of whom 70,638 were males and 67,594 were females; 17,875 or 12 93% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 13 5%  With an estimated area of 2,166 41 square kilometers, Adaba has an estimated population density of 63 8 people per square kilometer, which is greater than the Zone average of 27 The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 97,586, of whom 47,820 were men and 49,766 women; 9,997 or 10 24% of its population were urban dwellers at the time  The two largest ethnic groups reported in Adaba were the Oromo (93%), and the Amhara (5 49%); all other ethnic groups made up 1 51% of the population  oromo was spoken as a first language by 91 88%, and 7 49% spoke Amharic; the remaining 0 63% spoke all other primary languages reported  The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 79 97% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 19 26% of the population said they professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity 


== Notes ==
Passage 11:
Cleveland, North Carolina
Cleveland is a town in the Cleveland Township of Rowan County, North Carolina, United States  The population was 871 at the 2010 census 

History
The town dates from 1831 but was not incorporated until 1833   The first post office in Cleveland, Cowansville, was established in 1831   By 1850, prior to the US Civil War and the completion of the Western Carolina Railroad, the town was named Rowan Mills   Rowan Mills was named for the five story flour mill that Osborn Giles Foard owned in Cleveland   The Rowan Mills Post Office served the area north of the rail line and extended into Scotch Irish Township after the Civil War in 1870   The town and post office kept the name Rowan Mills until 1876 when it was renamed Third Creek Station   In the 1880 U S  Census, there were 17 families and 89 persons living in the Village of Third Creek Station   It was not until 1884 that the townspeople renamed the town after Grover Cleveland, who is supposed to have visited the town during his presidential campaign 

Geography
Cleveland is located at 35°43′52″N 80°40′44″W (35 731021, -80 678963) According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1 5 square miles (3 9 km2), all  land 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 846 people, 392 households, and 283 families residing in the town 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 871 people, 328 households, and 236 families residing in the town  The population density was 580 7 inhabitants per square mile (224 2/km2)  There were 377 housing units at an average density of 251 3 per square mile (97 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 66 9% White, 24 1% African American, 5 4% from other races, and 3 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 5% of the population 
There were 328 households, out of which 34 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 6% were married couples living together, 16 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28 0% were non-families  24 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 66 and the average family size was 3 10 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28 4% under the age of 18, 7 2% from 18 to 24, 29 3% from 25 to 44, 23 4% from 45 to 64, and 11 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 34 8 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 3 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 2 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $39,474, and the median income for a family was $58,000  Males had a median income of $51,000 versus $29,500 for females  The per capita income for the town was $19,506  About 13 1% of families and 20 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25 0% of those under age 18 and 8 9% of those age 65 or over 

Town twinning / sister city
Since February 8, 2008, Cleveland has been twinned with Killyleagh, Northern Ireland 

See also
Cleveland Township
2007 Freightliner wildcat strike
Passage 12:
Oak Lawn, Illinois
Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States   The population was 58,362 at the 2020 census  Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city  It shares borders with the city in two areas but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs 

History
Founding
In August 1835, James B  Campbell purchased the land stretching between Cicero Avenue and Central Avenue from 95th Street to 103rd Street  It is unclear what Campbell's intentions with the area were, but by 1840, he had lost a court battle with the Illinois State Bank and his land was sold in a public auction  John Simpson, a prominent figure in early Oak Lawn history, bought the northern half of the property in 1842  By 1859, the recently incorporated government of Worth Township paid for the construction of Black Oak Grove Road, an early name for 95th Street  Black Oak Grove is also the earliest known name of the area that would become Oak Lawn  It was later shortened to Black Oak or Black Oaks, but in 1882, the post office, train depot and surrounding community became known simply as Oak Lawn  Before this however, the area now known as Oak Lawn was, briefly during the early 1800s, called Agnes  It was also on some occasion referred to as Oak Park  Over the next two decades, the area grew in population as more homes were built and local business sprang into being  As the area continued to grow, many residents visited Englewood by train to shop  Oak Lawn residents also made income during early days by selling their farm and dairy products to various markets in Chicago 

Incorporation
In 1909, Oak Lawn was incorporated as a village  The following years, there were major improvements to local infrastructure and government services, such as the introduction of the police magistrate and village marshal, along with the building of a village hall and jailhouse  Electric lights were brought to 95th Street in 1911, the volunteer fire department began in 1923, Oak Lawn's first bank opened in 1925, and the Community High School District 218 was formed  The population had grown to 2,045 by 1930, and civic improvements were steadily made over the next decade  In 1934, a collection of one hundred books was the beginning of the Oak Lawn Public Library  By 1935, President Franklin D  Roosevelt created the Works Progress Administration as part of the New Deal, which supported a variety of public works, including libraries  With the help of a WPA grant, the new library opened its doors in 1936 

Post 1945
After World War II, with veterans returning home and taking advantage of the G I  Bill, Oak Lawn experienced a major population boom  Beginning in 1949, Oak Lawn Round-Up Days became an annual event and helped to promote the village  It started with 25,000 people, and the Western-themed celebration brought in over 100,000 attendees in 1952  In this year, Jack Brickhouse was master of ceremonies, and the parade was televised on WGN-TV  By 1957, Round-Up Days had become too large, and the next year a final scaled-down version was held In the 1950s, a village managerial government began, and a new library and fire station were constructed  By 1960, there were nearly 20,000 residents in Oak Lawn 
On April 21, 1967, a tornado touched down in Oak Lawn that is recorded as one of the worst to strike an urban area  Roughly 900 buildings were damaged or destroyed, and over 30 people were killed 
The town was rebuilt in the coming years, and witnessed further population growth, peaking at 63,500 between 1973 and 1976  However, there was a decrease in residents in the 1980s, and an aging population led to the closure of several schools during this time  In response, the village began a process of redevelopment to counteract the decrease  This redevelopment has focused primarily on businesses and structures in the core area of Oak Lawn, around 95th Street between Cicero Avenue and Central Avenue 

1967 tornado
On April 21, 1967, an F4 tornado touched down at 105th Street and Kean Avenue in Palos Hills, 5 miles (8 km) west of Oak Lawn  There were no deaths in Palos Hills, although a number of homes were destroyed and two transmission towers collapsed  After rising from the ground, the tornado touched down again at the Starlite Drive-In Theater at 6400 West 95th Street  With winds estimated to be over 200 miles per hour (320 km/h), the tornado tore through Oak Lawn, tossing cars and buses in the air  After cutting Oak Lawn Community High School in half, it caused damage to St  Gerald's and continued to 91st Street and Cicero Avenue, heavily damaging the Airway Trailer Park and the Oak Lawn Roller Rink before rising from ground level  It touched down again in nearby Hometown, Evergreen Park, and Chicago before dissipating over Lake Michigan  In just 16 minutes, the storm left a 16-mile (26 km) path of destruction and over 30 people dead 

Downtown redevelopment
Starting in 2002, downtown Oak Lawn (95th Street between Tulley Avenue and 55th Court) became the target of a massive redevelopment program; properties on the north and south sides of 95th Street were demolished  Eventually, several square blocks were leveled, making room for several multistory, high-end condominium complexes with retail space on the main floors  Part of the project was the expansion of the Metra commuter train station that houses a retail/office center and a new  children's museum  This complex also includes a multistory parking garage  Downtown Oak Lawn as seen today bears little resemblance to the downtown from 2002  It now features modern high-rise buildings, new shopping areas, a large contemporary Metra train station, and several new retail and service facilities 

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Oak Lawn has a total area of 8 59 square miles (22 25 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 58,362 people, 21,154 households, and 13,544 families residing in the village  The population density was 6,809 24 inhabitants per square mile (2,629 06/km2)  There were 23,362 housing units at an average density of 2,725 70 per square mile (1,052 40/km2)  The racial makeup of the village was 68 31% White, 7 65% African American, 0 87% Native American, 2 83% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 9 43% from other races, and 10 89% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 56% of the population 
There were 21,154 households, out of which 48 24% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46 89% were married couples living together, 11 64% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35 97% were non-families  32 16% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 73% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 33 and the average family size was 2 60 
The village's age distribution consisted of 21 7% under the age of 18, 7 0% from 18 to 24, 25 3% from 25 to 44, 27 6% from 45 to 64, and 18 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 41 0 years  For every 100 females, there were 96 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 8 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $69,352, and the median income for a family was $90,690  Males had a median income of $54,168 versus $38,363 for females  The per capita income for the village was $33,998  About 7 5% of families and 10 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 2% of those under age 18 and 9 6% of those age 65 or over 

Parks and recreation
Oak Lawn maintains an expansive park system  From small corner play lots to the 38-acre (150,000 m2) Centennial Park, there are over 300 acres (1 2 km2) of parks, recreational facilities and open land  These include playgrounds, walking paths, baseball fields, basketball, volleyball and tennis courts, plus outdoor swimming pools, an indoor ice arena, two fitness centers, and an 18-hole golf course  Each area in Oak Lawn has its own recreational area, totaling 22 parks 

Education
Oak Lawn has public education schooling children from K–5 in its many elementary schools, including Kolb, Lieb, Harnew, Columbus Manor, Covington, Hannum, Hometown, Kolmar, and Sward  Oak Lawn has two public middle schools:  Simmons Middle School, and Oak Lawn-Hometown Middle School 
There are two public high schools, Oak Lawn Community High School and Harold L  Richards High School 
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools  Catholic grammar schools include St  Germaine, St  Catherine, St  Linus, and St  Gerald  St  Louis de Montfort School closed in 2017 with 133 students that year 

Infrastructure
Stop sign program
In mid-2007, Oak Lawn began hanging additional messages to village stop signs in an attempt to have drivers obey the signs  The signs were the idea of the village President and local residents were encouraged to submit their own ideas  Found throughout the village, the signs garnered attention with the press and were not well received by residents, nor did they noticeably impact public safety  While considered humorous by some, many others considered it a publicity stunt at tax payer's expense The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and IDOT voiced their concerns about the use of these nonconforming stop signs and the village removed them in April 2008  Initially, the Village President refused to remove the signs until IDOT threatened to withhold millions of dollars in funding for infrastructure 

Notable people
Diandra Asbaty (born 1980), professional bowler; Team USA member and spokesperson for USBC
Brian Bogusevic (born 1984), former outfielder for Chicago Cubs
Tim Byrdak (born 1973), Major League Baseball pitcher 1998 to 2013; born in Oak Lawn
Kevin Cronin (born 1951), lead vocalist for rock band REO Speedwagon
David Diehl (born 1980), football player, two-time Super Bowl champion for New York Giants
Mark Donahue, football player, lineman for Cincinnati Bengals, two-time Consensus All-American at University of Michigan
Dan Donegan, guitarist for rock band Disturbed
John Joseph Duda, actor; born in Oak Lawn
Michael Flatley (born 1958), Irish step dancer; attended St  Linus and Brother Rice High School
Jack Gwynne, illusionist and actor, died in Oak Lawn (1969)
David A  Johnston, volcanologist, killed during 1980 Mount St  Helens eruption
Benn Jordan, recording artist known as The Flashbulb; attended Oak Lawn Community High School
C J  Kupec, basketball player, Oak Lawn High School star, played for Michigan and NBA's Los Angeles Lakers
Rob Mackowiak, player for several Major League Baseball teams
Bobby Madritsch, former pitcher for Seattle Mariners
Rory Markham, UFC and IFL mixed martial arts fighter
Mike Mollo, heavyweight boxer
Bryan Rekar, former pitcher for Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, and Kansas City Royals; born in Oak Lawn
Michael A  Ruddy, Illinois state representative and businessman, lived in Oak Lawn
Marc Rzepczynski, pitcher for Seattle Mariners; born in Oak Lawn
Dwyane Wade, former NBA player and three-time NBA champion with Miami Heat, attended Richards High School in Oak Lawn
Harry Yourell, Illinois state representative and businessman
Kanye West, musician, rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer
Juice WRLD, rapper, died in Oak Lawn (2019)
Passage 13:
Gold Hill, North Carolina
Gold Hill is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in southeastern Rowan County, North Carolina, United States near the Cabarrus County line  It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 372  It is situated near the Yadkin River and is served by U S  Highway 52 and Old Beatty Ford Road  Gold was found in this small town outside Salisbury in the 19th century 

Mining
Gold was first discovered in what would become the town of Gold Hill in southeastern Rowan County in 1824  $6 million in gold was mined here prior to the Civil War and a mint was located in Charlotte as a result  In the 1840s, Gold Hill was "a raucous mining camp town with a considerable number of saloons and brothels " The Barnhardt shaft, named for Col  George Barnhardt of the Reed Mine (NC State Historic Site) family, was opened in 1842 and reached a depth of 435 feet  The Earnhardt/Randolph Mine Shaft was opened in 1843 across the street from the Barnhardt Mine and reached a depth of 850 feet becoming the deepest gold mine in the United States  The Barnhardt and Randolph mines together were described as "the richest and most productive gold mines east of the Mississippi"  Gold Hill was incorporated in 1843 and had a population of 3000 people and a total of 23 mines in the Gold Hill Mining District  The California Gold Rush and the American Civil War significantly reduced the mining activity  Although some mining occurred in the years following the Civil War a greater resurgence of mining began with the purchase of the Gold Hill Mines and the establishment of 'The New Gold Hill Mining Company' based in London, England  Considerable profits were realized with gold being shipped to England during the period of 1880-1900  Production came to an end by 1915 

Tourist attraction
The town's first Founders' Day, which was not called by that name, took place in 1989 and was not intended to become an annual event, but it ended up being so popular that a steering committee was formed for the purpose of starting a foundation to find and preserve the town's heritage  The Historic Gold Hill and Mines Foundation, Inc  began in 1992, and that year, a second Founders' Day took place  Gold Hill Mines Historic Park began with a donation of 16 acres by Billie Johnson and was dedicated in 1993; by the 25th Founders' Day it was 70 acres  Founders' Day became an annual event on the fourth Saturday in September, and they were moved from the fire department to the park located  at 735 St  Stephens Church Road E H  Montgomery General Store, Mauney’s Store, the jail and a rock wall date back to the 1840s  Several buildings were moved to and restored for what has been described as a "re-creation" of a historic village  A gas station built in 1928 was moved from U S  52 in 1998  The File Store from Craven, North Carolina near Salisbury was built in 1906 and moved to Gold Hill in 2001  A miner's cabin was moved to Gold Hill in 2011 and became a bakery The Daniel Isenhour House and Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 Website: https://historicgoldhill org

Demographics
2020 census
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category  This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category  Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race 
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Things They Carried
The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War   His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division 
O'Brien generally refrains from political debate and discourse regarding the Vietnam War  He was dismayed that people in his home town seemed to have so little understanding of the war and its world  It was in part a response to what he considered ignorance that he wrote The Things They Carried  It was published by Houghton Mifflin in 1990 Many of the characters are semi-autobiographical, sharing similarities with figures from his memoir If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home (1973/paperback 1999)  In The Things They Carried, O'Brien plays with the genre of metafiction; he writes using verisimilitude  His use of real place names and inclusion of himself as the protagonist blurs fiction and non-fiction  As part of this effect, O'Brien dedicates The Things They Carried to the fictional men of the "Alpha Company," giving it “the form of a war memoir,” states O’Brien 

Plot summaries
"The Things They Carried"
Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, the leader of a platoon of soldiers in Vietnam, carries physical reminders of Martha, the object of his unrequited love  Thoughts of Martha often distract Lieutenant Cross from his team's objectives  A death in the squad under his supervision causes Cross to reconsider his priorities; as he was heartbroken, he burns and throws away all reminders of Martha in order to focus on the mission and avoid distractions : 1 
"Love"
Cross and O'Brien reminisce about the war and about Martha  O'Brien asks if he can write a story about Cross, expressing his memories and hopes for the future; Cross agrees, thinking that perhaps Martha will read it and come find him : 26 
"Spin"
A series of unrelated memories from the war are narrated from O'Brien's point of view  It includes moments of camaraderie and beauty: a joke of a hate letter to the Draft Board; learning a rain dance between battles : 30 
"On the Rainy River"
O'Brien gets drafted as soon as he graduates from college  He is reluctant to go to war and considers fleeing the draft; he begins to travel north to the Canada–US border on the Rainy River  Near the border, he encounters an elderly stranger who allows him to work through his internal struggle  O'Brien is given the opportunity to escape; however, the societal pressures are too much for him  He goes to war ashamed with his inability to face the consequences of leaving : 37 
"Enemies and Friends"Told in two sections, the developing relationship between soldiers Jensen and Strunk is shown  At first regularly antagonized by one another, the two are drawn toward respect and friendship by the stress and horrors of warfare  Ultimately, they agree that if one should be wounded, the other must deal a fatal blow as a form of mercy : 59 
"How to Tell a True War Story"
O'Brien explores the telling of war stories by comrades, revealing that truth is delicate and malleable  Anything can be faked     but generally, only the worst events can be proven real  He concludes that, in the end, the truth of a story doesn't matter so much as what the story is trying to say : 62 
"The Dentist"
In order to mourn Curt Lemon, a man O'Brien did not know well, he shares a brief recollection about a bizarre interaction between Lemon and an army dentist  Lemon, who is afraid of dentists, faints before the dentist can examine him  Later that night, however, he complains of a phantom tooth ache so severe a tooth is pulled - even though it's perfectly healthy  Lemon has felt he needs to prove himself in front of his men and be the fearless man all soldiers are supposed to be : 82 
"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong"
O'Brien recounts the legendary (and almost certainly exaggerated) tale of Rat Kiley's first assignment, near the Song Tra Bong river  The area is so isolated that one of the soldiers flies his hometown girlfriend in by helicopter  At first, she cooks, cleans, and tends to the soldiers' wounds, but she gradually assimilates into Vietnamese guerrilla culture, even wearing a necklace made of human tongues, and disappears into the jungle : 85 
"Stockings"
O'Brien explains how Henry Dobbins wore the stockings of his girlfriend around his neck to bed, and sometimes to battle  Even when the girlfriend breaks things off, he keeps the stockings around his neck, as their powers have been demonstrated : 111 
"Church"
The platoon discovers an abandoned building being used as a sort of church, inhabited by monks who bring them food and supplies  The men discuss their relationships with churches, and for the most part, appreciate the interaction with other people and the peace of the building  Henry Dobbins wants to become a priest, but decides otherwise : 113 
"The Man I Killed"
O'Brien describes a man he killed in My Khe, and how he did it  He makes up a life story for the man, torturing himself with the idea that the victim had been a gentle soul : 118 
"Ambush"
O'Brien's daughter asks if he killed anyone in the war; he lies to her that he did not  He then tells the story of an ambush outside My Khe, in which O'Brien kills a young man who may or may not have wanted to harm him : 125 
"Style"The platoon witnesses a young Vietnamese girl dancing through the burned remains of her village, and argue over whether it's a ritual or simply what she likes to do  Later, Azar mocks the girl, and Dobbins rebukes him : 129 
"Speaking of Courage"
After his service, Norman Bowker is at a loss  His former girlfriend has married someone else, his closest friends are dead  He reflects on the medals he won in Vietnam, and imagines telling his father about both these and the medals he did not win  Ultimately, although he has no one to share these memories with, he finds catharsis in imagined conversations : 131 
"Notes"
O'Brien says that Bowker asked him to write the previous story, and that he hanged himself three years later unable to regain his footing and find any meaning in life after the war  O'Brien muses over the suspicion that, without Harvard and writing, he too might have lost the will to live after returning from Vietnam : 149 
"In the Field"
When Kiowa is killed on the banks of a river, during a mission led by Jimmy Cross, Cross takes responsibility for his death  He writes to Kiowa's father while the others search for the body - as usual, Azar jokes around at first  Another soldier also feels responsible for the death, as he did not save Kiowa; the story ends with the body being found in the mud, and both soldiers left to their guilt : 155 
"Good Form"
O'Brien reiterates that the real truth does not have to be the same as the story truth, and that it is the emotions evoked by the story that matter  He says that his story about killing a man on the trail outside My Khe was fabricated, but he wanted to provoke the same feelings in the reader that he felt during the war : 171 
"Field Trip"
After finishing the story, "In the Field," O'Brien says, he and his ten-year-old daughter visit the site of Kiowa's death with an interpreter  The field looks different from his memory of it, but he leaves a pair of Kiowa's moccasins in the spot where he believes Kiowa sank  In this way, he comes to terms with his friend's death : 173 
"The Ghost Soldiers"
O'Brien recounts the two times he was wounded  The first time, he is treated by Rat Kiley, and is impressed with the man's courage and skill  The second time, he is treated by Kiley's replacement, Bobby Jorgenson; Jorgenson is incompetent, and nearly kills O'Brien  Furious, O'Brien promises revenge, but can recruit only Azar  They scare Jorgenson by pretending to be enemy soldiers, but the soldier proves that he is not a coward, so O'Brien lets go of his resentment : 180 
"Night Life"
O'Brien tells the second-hand account of Rat Kiley's injury: warned of a possible attack, the platoon is on edge  Kiley reacts by distancing himself, the stress causing him first to be silent for days on end, and then to talk constantly  He has a breakdown from the pressure of being a medic, and shoots himself in the toe in order to get released from combat  No one questions his bravery : 208 
"The Lives of the Dead"
O'Brien remembers his very first encounter with a dead body, that of his childhood sweetheart Linda  Suffering from a brain tumor, Linda died at the age of nine and O'Brien was deeply affected by her funeral  In Vietnam, O'Brien explains, the soldiers keep the dead alive by telling stories about them; in this way, he keeps Linda alive by telling her story : 213  The thought and presence of death has shown to have a large effect on O'Brien 

Characters
Main characters
Tim O'Brien
The narrator and the protagonist  While modeled after the author and sharing the same name, O'Brien (within the book) is a fictional character  The author intentionally blurs this distinction 
Lt  Jimmy Cross
The platoon leader, who is obsessed with a young woman back home, Martha (who does not return his feelings)  He later believes that his obsession led to the death of Ted Lavender 
Bob "Rat" Kiley
A young medic whose exaggerations are complemented by his occasional cruelty  Eventually, he sees too much gore and begins to break down, imagining "the bugs are out to get [him] "
Norman Bowker
A soldier who O'Brien says attempted to save Kiowa the night he died  When Kiowa slips into the "shitfield", Bowker repeatedly tries to save him but is unable to; as a result, he feels guilty for Kiowa's death after the war  His memories continue to haunt Norman at home as he realizes that the world has moved on from the war, and wants nothing to do with the "hell" in Vietnam  He is continually haunted by the fact that he could not save Kiowa from sinking under the "shitfield" on a rainy night  However, O'Brien admits eventually that Norman did not fail to save Kiowa, that was fictional, and it is implied that O'Brien himself was the one who could not save him  After the war he briefly assists O'Brien in writing a story about Vietnam, but he hangs himself with a jump rope in an Iowa YMCA facility, leaving no note and his family shocked 
Henry Dobbins
Machine gunner   A man who, despite having a rather large frame, is gentle and kind  He is very superstitious; as a result, he wears his girlfriend's pantyhose around his neck as a protective "charm", even after she dumps him  He briefly contemplates becoming a monk after the war due to their acts of charity 
Kiowa
A compassionate and talkative soldier; he demonstrates the importance of talking about one's problems and traumatic experiences  He is also a devout Baptist and a Native American that occasionally feels contempt and distrust towards white people  However, he appears to be Tim O'Brien's best friend in the company  Kiowa often helps other soldiers deal with their own actions, such as taking the lives of other human beings  He is eventually killed when camping out in the "shitfield "
Mitchell Sanders
He is the radiotelephone operator for the platoon  Like O'Brien, he is also a storyteller and is portrayed as a mentor 
Ted Lavender
A grenadier  He dies from a gunshot wound to the back of the head  He is notorious for using tranquilizers to cope with the pain of war, and for carrying a (rather large—six to eight ounces) stash of "premium dope" with him  Cross blames himself for Lavender's death, as he was fantasizing about Martha when Lavender was shot 
Curt Lemon
A young man who frequently attempts to assume the role as a tough soldier  However, he is also good friend of Rat Kiley  Lemon dies after setting off a rigged artillery shell  In one of the book's more disturbing scenes, O'Brien and Dave Jensen help clear the trees of Curt's scattered remains, during which Jensen sings "Lemon Tree" (something that "wakes [Tim] up")  After Lemon dies, Kiley writes a long, eloquent letter to Lemon's sister, describing his friendship with Lemon and emphasizing how good a person Lemon was; Lemon's sister never responds, which crushes Kiley emotionally 
Azar
A young, rather unstable soldier who engages in needless and frequent acts of brutality  In one story, he blows up an orphan puppy that Ted Lavender had adopted by strapping it to a Claymore mine, then detonating it  He also aids Tim O'Brien in gaining revenge on Bobby Jorgenson, but mocks O'Brien when he's not willing to take the revenge further  At one point, Azar breaks down emotionally, revealing that his cruelty is merely a defense mechanism 
Dave Jensen and Lee Strunk
Minor soldiers who are the main characters of "Enemies" and "Friends"  Jensen fights with Strunk over a stolen jackknife, but they became uneasy friends afterwards  They each sign a pact to kill the other if he is ever faced with a "wheelchair wound"  After Strunk steps on a rigged mortar round and loses a leg, he begs Jensen not to kill him  Jensen obliges, but seems to have an enormous weight relieved when he learns "Strunk died somewhere over in Chu Lai"  Jensen is sometimes mentioned singing "Lemon Tree" after Curt Lemon's abrupt death  Jensen also appears in "The Lives of the Dead", where he pressures O'Brien to shake hands with a dead Vietnamese 
Bobby Jorgenson
Rat Kiley's replacement, after Rat "put a round through his foot" due to breaking under pressure  Green and terrified, he is slow to aid O'Brien when he is shot in the behind   Jorgenson nearly kills O'Brien after failing to treat him for shock  Filled with rage after his recovery, O'Brien elicits help from Azar to conspire and punish Jorgenson with a night of terrifying pranks   Later, O'Brien and Jorgenson become friends  Jorgenson may be a reference to a similarly-named character from The Caine Mutiny 

Themes
Genre
The Things They Carried is a war novel   Literary Critic David Wyatt points out that O'Brien's novel is similar to the works of Wilfred Owen, Stephen Crane, George Orwell, and Ernest Hemingway  O’Brien utilizes a style of writing that combines both fiction and nonfiction together into one piece  When asked to describe how he blurs this line between the two genres, O’Brien says "I set out to write a book with the feel of utter and absolute reality, a work of fiction that would read like nonfiction and adhere to the conventions of a memoir: dedicating the book to the characters, using my name, drawing on my own life  This was a technical challenge  My goal was to compose a fiction with the texture, sound and authentic-seeming weight of nonfiction "Truth vs Reality
Another theme that is highlighted in the short story "Good Form" is when the narrator makes a distinction between "story truth" and "happening truth " O’Brien talks about truth and reality in relation to the story by describing, "I can say that the book’s form is intimately connected to how I, as a human being, tend to view the world unfolding itself around me  It’s sometimes difficult to separate external 'reality' from the internal processing of that reality " O'Brien's fluid and elliptical negotiation of truth in this context finds echoes in works labeled as 'non-fiction novels' 
Imagination/Comedy
Another important theme O'Brien highlights is the emphasis on imagination and pretending  He says that this theme, "That’s an important part of my work  I’m a believer in the power of the imagination in ordinary human lives, and it’s much more important that we often credit " O'Brien goes on to say, "And that is, I think, key to why I’m a fiction writer  If that element were not present, I’d be doing nonfiction  Or I wouldn’t be a writer at all " Tim O'Brien also alludes to the difficulty in using dark comedy as a theme by say, "My guess is that I’ll be remembered, if I’m remembered at all, for my so-called tragedies: The Things They Carried, Going After Cacciato, If I Die in a Combat Zone and In the Lake of the Woods  Personally, I consider Tomcat in Love, if not my best book, certainly up there among the best  Yet I realize the most “literary” folks will disagree  In the end, it’s a matter of taste, I suppose  My sense of humor, which tends toward the outrageous, is plainly not for everyone "Morality
O’Brien also shows the constant struggle of morality throughout the story during the Vietnam War  A paper from Brigham Young University highlights the conflict that soldiers face when transitioning from civilian life to soldier life in relation to morality  It states, “As demonstrated through the soldiers’ experiences with pleasure, the soldiers’ moral code must change from that of their civilian lives in order for them to find moral justification in the everyday violence war requires ” The paper goes on to acknowledge that, “In O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, the concept of morality is complicated by the treatment of violence and a connection between violence and pleasure; resultantly, morality must be defined on a spectrum rather than a binary scale ”Belief
Additionally, the character Tim references writing the book Going After Cacciato which the author Tim had written and published previously  The theme of believing in the people around you and having reliable people with you comes from the time period being filled with people who are opposed to the action of war  This causes the people who are drafted into the mutual hate to band together to live 

Publication
Before the book's publication in 1990, five of the stories: "The Things They Carried," "How to Tell a True War Story,"  "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong," "The Ghost Soldiers," and "The Lives of the Dead" were published in Esquire "Speaking of Courage" was originally published (in heavily modified form) as a chapter of O'Brien's earlier novel Going After Cacciato 
"The Things They Carried" was also included in the 1987 volume of The Best American Short Stories, edited by Ann Beattie and the second edition of Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama by Robert DiYanni 

Reception
The Things They Carried has received critical acclaim and has been established as one of the preeminent pieces of Vietnam War literature  It has sold over 2 million copies worldwide and celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2010  It has received multiple awards such as France's Prix du Meilleur Livre Etranger Award and the Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize, as well as being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Critics Circle Award O'Brien has expressed surprise at how the book has become a staple in middle schools and high schools, stating that he "certainly hadn't imagined fourteen year-old kids and eighteen year-olds and those even in their early twenties reading the book and bringing such fervor to it, which comes from their own lives, really  The book is applied to a bad childhood or a broken home, and these are the things they're carrying  And in a way, it's extremely flattering, and other times, it can be depressing "In 2014, the book was included in Amazon com's list of 100 Books to Read in a Lifetime and credited as the inspiration for a National Veterans Art Museum exhibit It was included in the Library of Congress 2016 exhibit "America Reads" of the public’s choice of 65 of "the most influential books written and read in America and their impact on our lives" 

Adaptations
Film
The story "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong" was made into a film in 1998 titled A Soldier's Sweetheart, starring Kiefer Sutherland A film adaptation of the book, directed by Rupert Sanders and starring Tom Hardy, is currently in pre-production  Scott B  Smith is adapting the script 

Theatre
The legal rights to adapt the book into a play were awarded to James R  Stowell  The book was adapted into a play and it premiered at The History Theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota, March 14, 2014  A second production was performed at The Lied Center, Lincoln Nebraska November 5, 2015  The stories "The Things They Carried", "On the Rainy River", "How to Tell a True War Story", "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong", "The Man I Killed", and "Lives of the Dead" were adapted for the theatre in March 2011 by the Eastern Washington University Theatre Department as part of the universities' Get Lit! Literary Festival in cooperation with the National Endowment for the Arts The Big Read 2011, of which The Things They Carried was the featured novel  The same department remounted the production in December 2011 for inclusion as a Participating Entry in the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival  The production was selected as an alternate for KCACTF Region VII, as well as receiving other KCACTF honors for the production's director, actors, and production staff 

Music
The band TV Girl features a song off their 2014 album French Exit called "Pantyhose"  The song alludes to the "Stockings" chapter from the book and references Henry Dobbins and his girlfriend's stockings, which he ties around his neck to keep him from harm  Lyrics such as, "And when the bullets came, he didn't duck; He wrapped her pantyhose around his neck; And he could feel their magic working; Keeping him from harm; Away to some place mystical and warm; His lucky charm" clearly references to Dobbins and his tactic that the scent of his girlfriend's stockings protect him and take him some place far from Vietnam 

Games
Carry  A game about war  is a 2006 tabletop role-playing game designed by Nathan D  Paoletta  Its author describes it as "heavily inspired by the films Platoon and Full Metal Jacket and the novel The Things They Carried" 
Passage 2:
Winter Saloon
The Winter Saloon, also known as Harm's Bar, is a historic structure in Norwood Young America, Minnesota, United States  The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on January 4, 1980 

Structure
The Winter Saloon is located on the corner of Elm and Hazel Streets in the central business district of historic Norwood, Minnesota   The town merged with neighboring Young America in 1997 to become Norwood Young America   The L-shaped, two story wood frame structure is sheathed in clapboard and topped with a gable roof   The orientation of the plan allows the commercial section to front the main street while the residential section is set back to allow for a front porch and small lawn The gable end of the commercial section forms the street facade   The original fenestration remains, including the design of the store front, the four-over-four double hung windows with peaked cornices and a fanlight near the top of the gable   The second floor of the commercial section originally served as a meeting hall and has an exterior enclosed staircase   The residential section is divided into three bays which front on the street   A one-story porch running the length of the street facade, and uses a simple configuration supported by three square posts with beveled corners   The windows for this section are two-over-two double hung and capped with simple cornices 

Significance
The Winter Saloon is the oldest and best preserved of Norwood Young America's bars, and is a dominating architectural feature in the small downtown   The original owners, the Winter Brothers, received the first liquor license in Norwood in 1891   Known as a "thirst parlor", it was located on the first floor of the commercial portion of the building   The second floor meeting hall was used by various fraternal organizations such as the Degree of Honor and Modern Woodmen   The proprietor lived in the residential section of the building At the time the first liquor license was issued in 1891 it cost $2 08   The bar went through a series of owners until Prohibition in 1919   In 1934, after the law was repealed, the bar was purchased by George Harm, Sr   A liquor license at that time cost $200 00   The bar remained in three generations of his family and was open at the time the building was listed on the NRHP in 1980; during this period the cost of a liquor license peaked at $1500 in 1954 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Carver County, Minnesota
Passage 3:
Take Me Home, Country Roads
"Take Me Home, Country Roads", also known simply as "Country Roads", is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert and John Denver  It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971, peaking at number two on Billboard's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971  The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017  The song became one of John Denver's most popular songs  It has continued to sell, with over 1 6 million digital copies sold in the United States The song is considered a symbol of West Virginia  In March 2014, it became one of the four official state anthems of West Virginia  In 2023, the song was selected by the Library of Congress for inclusion in the National Recording Registry 

Composition
Inspiration for the title line had come while Taffy Nivert and Bill Danoff, who were married, were driving along Clopper Road in Montgomery County, Maryland to a gathering of Nivert's family in Gaithersburg, with Nivert behind the wheel while Danoff played his guitar  "I just started thinking, country roads, I started thinking of me growing up in western New England and going on all these small roads," Danoff said  "It didn't have anything to do with Maryland or anyplace "To Danoff, the lyric "(t)he radio reminds me of my home far away" in the bridge is quintessentially West Virginian, an allusion to when he listened to the program Saturday Night Jamboree, broadcast from Wheeling, West Virginia, on WWVA at his home in Springfield, Massachusetts during his childhood in the 1950s Danoff was influenced by friend and West Virginian actor Chris Sarandon and members of a West Virginia commune who attended Danoff's performances  Of the commune members, Danoff remarked, "They brought their dogs and were a very colorful group of folks, but that is how West Virginia began creeping into the song " While the song was inspired by Danoff's upbringing in Springfield, Massachusetts, he "didn't want to write about Massachusetts because [he] didn't think the word was musical "Starting December 22, 1970, Denver was heading the New Year's bill at The Cellar Door, with Fat City opening for him, just as Denver had opened at the same club for then-headliner David Steinberg  After the club's post-Christmas reopening night on Tuesday, December 29 (Cellar Door engagements ran from Tuesday to Sunday, and this booking was for two weeks), the three returned to the couple's apartment for an impromptu jam  On the way, Denver's left thumb was broken in a collision  He was rushed to the emergency room, where the thumb was splinted  When they returned to the apartment, Denver said he was "wired, you know "When Danoff and Nivert ran through what they had of the song they had been working on for about a month, planning to sell to Johnny Cash, Denver "flipped"  He decided he had to have it, prompting them to abandon plans for the sale  The verses and chorus were still missing a bridge, so the three of them went about finishing 
Nivert got out an encyclopedia to learn more about West Virginia  The first thing she encountered was the Rhododendron, the state flower, so she kept trying to work the word Rhododendron into the song  Rhododendron was the title that Nivert had written down on the lyric sheet, which they later sent to ASCAP  The three stayed up until 6:00 a m , changing words and moving lines around When they finished, on the morning of Wednesday, December 30, 1970, Denver announced that the song had to go on his next album  Later that night, during Denver's first set, Denver called his two collaborators back to the spotlight, where the trio changed their career trajectories, reading the lyrics from a single, handheld, unfolded piece of paper  According to Len Jaffe, a Washington, D C -based singer-songwriter who attended the show where Denver premiered the song, this resulted in a five-minute standing ovation  The next day was Denver's 28th birthday  They recorded it in New York City in January 1971 
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" is written in a Key of A major and composed in a tempo of 82 beats per minute per common time 

Commercial performance and legacy
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" appeared on the LP Poems, Prayers & Promises and was released as a 45 in the spring of 1971  Original pressings credited the single to "John Denver with Fat City"  It broke nationally in mid-April but moved up the charts very slowly  After several weeks, RCA Records called John and told him they were giving up on the single  His response: "No! Keep working on it!" They did, and the single went to number 1 on the Record World Pop Singles Chart and the Cash Box Top 100, and number 2 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100, topped only by "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" by The Bee Gees 
On August 18, 1971, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for a million copies shipped  The song continued to sell in the digital era  As of January 2020, the song has also sold 1,591,000 downloads since it became available digitally Denver's recording of "Take Me Home, Country Roads" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2023 

Reception in West Virginia
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" received an enthusiastic response from West Virginians  On November 1, 2017, the West Virginia Tourism Office announced it had obtained the rights to use "Take Me Home, Country Roads", in its marketing efforts  "'Country Roads' has become synonymous with West Virginia all over the world," said West Virginia Tourism Commissioner Chelsea Ruby  "It highlights everything we love about our state: scenic beauty, majestic mountains, a timeless way of life, and most of all, the warmth of a place that feels like home whether you've lived here forever or are just coming to visit " The opening phrase of the song, "Almost heaven", became a primary tourism office slogan The song is the theme song of West Virginia University, and it has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972  The song is played for other athletic events and university functions, including after football games, for which the fans are encouraged to stay in the stands and sing the song along with the team  On September 6, 1980, at the invitation of West Virginia Governor Jay Rockefeller, songwriters Danoff, Nivert, and Denver performed the song during pregame festivities to a sold-out crowd of Mountaineer fans  This performance marked the dedication of the current West Virginia University Mountaineer Field and the first game for head coach Don Nehlen The popularity of the song inspired resolutions in the West Virginia Legislature to adopt "Take Me Home, Country Roads" as an official state song  On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song of West Virginia, alongside three other pieces: "West Virginia Hills", "This Is My West Virginia", and "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home"  Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014 The song was played at the funeral for West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston, West Virginia on July 2, 2010 The Mountain State Brewing Company based in Thomas, West Virginia, produces an amber ale named "Almost Heaven", which it says is "named after John Denver's ode to West Virginia, 'Country Roads'" 

Personnel
John Denver – vocals, 6- & 12-string acoustic guitar
Bill Danoff – backing vocals
Taffy Nivert – backing vocals
Eric Weissberg – banjo, steel guitar
Mike Taylor – acoustic guitar
Richard Kniss – double bass
Gary Chester – drums, percussion

Charts
Certifications
Cover versions
Hermes House Band version
Dutch pop band Hermes House Band covered the song and released it as "Country Roads"  This version was first released in Germany on May 21, 2001, and was issued in the United Kingdom on December 3, 2001, where it was a contender for the 2001 Christmas number-one single  This version was a chart success in Europe, reaching number one in Scotland, number two in Germany and Ireland, and the top 10 in Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Olivia Newton-John version
Olivia Newton-John released a cover version in January 1973 that reached number 6 in Japan and number 15 in the UK  It was the lead single from her third studio album, Let Me Be There  This version, as well as the song itself, features prominently in the Japanese animated film, Whisper of the Heart 

Fallout 76 version
A cover version of the song, a collaboration between Copilot Music and Sound and the vocal group Spank, was commissioned for and featured in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game Fallout 76, with its plot events are set in West Virginia  Released as an iTunes-only single on July 4, 2018, the song reached No  1 on the iTunes singles chart  It debuted at No  41 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart that week and at No  21 on Billboard's Country Digital Songs the following week  The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording, initially uploaded in 2013, would later edit its description in response to the song's use for the game  In Australia, a promotional Fallout 76 vinyl featuring the cover was included with the December 2018 issue of STACK Magazine exclusively from retailer JB Hi-Fi 

Forever Country
The song found further chart success as part of the Forever Country medley and video, created in 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Country Music Association Awards 
Passage 4:
Absorption of water
In higher plants water and minerals are absorbed through root hairs which are in contact with soil water and  from the  root hairs zone a little the root tips 

Active absorption
Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of adenosine triphosphate, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption  According to Jenner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well-watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process  The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption  In this process, energy is not required 
Active absorption is important for the plants 

Active osmotic water absorption
The root cells behave as an ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from the soil solution to the root xylem along an increasing gradient of D P D  (suction pressure, which is the real force for water absorption)  If the solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells, water can enter from soil to root cells through endosmosis  Mineral nutrients are absorbed actively by the root cells due to utilisation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  As a result, the concentration of ions (osmotica) in the xylem vessels is more in comparison to the soil water  A concentration gradient is established between the root and the soil water  The solute potential of xylem water is more in comparison to that of soil and correspondingly water potential is low than the soil water  If stated, water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water  This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis  The endosmosis of water continues until the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal  It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption  Hence, the absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life  Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion 

Active non-osmotic water absorption
Sometimes water is absorbed against a concentration gradient  This requires the expenditure of metabolic energy released from the respiration of root cells  There is no direct evidence, but some scientists suggest the involvement of energy from respiration  In conclusion, it is said that the evidence supporting active absorption of water are themselves poor 
This mechanism is carried out without utilisation of metabolic energy  Here, only the roots act as an organ of absorption or passage  Hence, sometimes it is called water absorption 'through roots', rather than 'by' roots  It occurs in rapidly transpiring plants during the daytime, because of the opening of stomata and the atmospheric conditions  The force for absorption of water is created at the leaf end i e  the transpiration pull  The main cause behind this transpiration pull, water is lifted up in the plant axis like a bucket of water is lifted by a person from a well  Transpiration pull is responsible for dragging water at the leaf end, the pull or force is transmitted down to the root through column of water in the xylem elements  The continuity of the water column remains intact due to the cohesion between the molecules and it act as a rope  Roots simply act as a passive organ of absorption  As transpiration proceeds, water absorption occurs simultaneously to compensate the water loss from the leaf end  Most volume of water entering plants is by means of passive absorption  Passive transport is no different from diffusion, it requires no input of energy: there is free movement of molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration  The water will enter the plant via the root cells that can be found in the roots where mainly passive absorption occurs  Also, with the absorption of water, minerals and nutrients are also absorbed 

See also
Root
Peter Atkins
Otto Renner
Kenneth Thimann
Passage 5:
Humanitarian civic assistance activities
In the United States Department of Defense, Humanitarian Civic Assistance (HCA) is relief and development activities that take place in the context of an overseas military exercise, training or operation  Under the HCA program, U S  military personnel participating in overseas deployments carry out humanitarian activities such as road and school construction, vaccination of children and animals, and well-digging  HCA programs are often executed with the involvement of host-country civilian and military personnel  U S  National Guard or reserve units are involved in many HCA activities 
HCA programs cannot be carried out solely for humanitarian purposes  The deployment's primary purpose must be training of U S  forces, readiness exercises or military operations  In describing the deployments which HCA accompanies, DoD states that

overseas deployments are an integral aspect of maintaining a forward U S  military presence, ensuring operational readiness to respond to crises, and preparing National Guard and Reserve Forces to perform their wartime missions  These exercises enhance U S  military operational readiness by providing unique training opportunities in remote and austere environments  During these deployments, U S  Forces practice command and control procedures, logistical operations and sustainment over extended distances 
HCA activities are now being described as "a key tool in the War on Terrorism " According to DoD, HCA activities 

directly support efforts to counter ideological support for terrorism - one of the fundamental elements of our national strategy and security cooperation initiatives  These humanitarian activities are often preventative in nature, focused at the root cause of ideological extremism, and provide access to regions where traditional military-to-military engagement is virtually impossible  They also provide significant training opportunities for U S  military personnel while also serving the basic economic and social needs of people in the countries supported 
The Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA) program falls within the HCA programs authorized by Section 401 of Title 10, U S  Code  The HMA program trains host nations in clearing landmines and other explosive remnants of war, while also providing U S  military personnel with training and readiness-enhancing experiences by giving them "access to geographical areas otherwise not easily available to US forces "  The program is directly supervised by the geographic combatant commanders  
The budget for Humanitarian Civic Assistance projects is presented in a yearly Defense Department report  The amounts indicate "incidental expenses" -- the cost of materials, supplies, and some services  The funding listed below does not include costs for transportation, personnel, fuel, or the repair of equipment  Expenses reported as HCA are only those components of a deployment which are directly related to the project at hand  Thus the dollar amounts categorized as "HCA" are very small when compared with the activity's actual expense 
Passage 6:
Grievous Bodily Harm
Grievous Bodily Harm is a 1988 Australian crime film directed by Mark Joffe starring Colin Friels and John Waters 

Plot
Crime reporter Tom Stewart (Colin Friels) and a cop (Bruno Lawrence) look for a deranged schoolteacher (John Waters) who goes on a murder spree while looking for the lover he thought to be dead 

Cast
John Waters as Morris Martin
Colin Friels as Tom Stewart
Bruno Lawrence as Det  Sgt  Ray Birch
Kim Gyngell as Mick
Gary Stalker as Derek Allen
Joy Bell as Claudine
Shane Briant as Stephen Enderby
Caz Lederman as Vivian Enderby
John Flaus as Neil Bradshaw

Production
The script was written by Warwick Hind, a former executive at Greater Union  Errol Sullivan showed the script to Richard Brennan, who raised up to around a $1 million of the budget; the remainder was raised through Antony I  Ginnane  Richard Brennan says the actual cost of the film was $3 million but various fees put it up to $3 4 million 

Awards
The film was nominated for 4 AFI Awards in 1988, including best picture 

Box office
Grievous Bodily Harm grossed $82,267 at the box office in Australia  However it did sell to American company Fries Entertainment for over $1 million 

See also
Cinema of Australia
Passage 7:
You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me
"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me" — also known simply as "Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me" — is a song written by Jim Weatherly, and produced by Don Law  It was first recorded in 1973 by Ray Price from his album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me  The song enjoyed two runs of popularity, each by an artist in a different genre 
Weatherly told Tom Roland in The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits that he wrote the song in 1971 and let his father-in-law first record it as a Christmas present for the latter's wife  "I thought it was really strange that nobody'd written a song with that title — possibly somebody had, but I'd never heard it — so I just sat down and let this stream of consciousness happen  I basically wrote it in a very short period of time, probably 30 minutes or an hour "

The versions
Ray Price country version
The song's first run of popularity, as "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me," came in 1973, when country music singer Ray Price took the song to number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on October 6, 1973 
For that version, it represented a last and a first  The "last" was Price's seventh and most recent No  1 single, in a string dating back to his 1956 hit "Crazy Arms " The "first": It was the No  1 single on the debut program of American Country Countdown, which used the Billboard chart in its programming  Although it fell short of the top 40 in his native United States, the song was an easy listening hit in Canada, his third such hit there 

Gladys Knight & the Pips pop/R&B version
In the early- to mid-1970s, Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded several of Weatherly's songs, and in 1974, they dipped into his catalog once again with their rendition of the song  Their version, titled "Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me," reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 that spring and topped the Hot Soul Singles for two weeks  The single was certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies  It also reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom 

James Cleveland gospel version
In 1975, legendary gospel singer Rev  James Cleveland & The Charles Fold Singers recorded a live version of the song, which was cited (in the song) as an adaptation of the Gladys Knight & The Pips version of the song 

Chart history
The Persuaders R&B version
In 1974, The Persuaders also recorded a version, taken from their album of the same name Their version was quieter, less brassy, and more introspective than The Pips' version The song reached number 85 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart 

Dean Martin pop version
The song was also recorded by Dean Martin in 1973 

Andy Williams version
Andy Williams released a version in 1974 on his album, The Way We Were 

Steve Lawrence version
Steve Lawrence released a version in 1973 under MGM Records label 

Chart performance
Ray Price version
Passage 8:
Zig & Sharko
Zig & Sharko (French: Zig et Sharko) is a French animated slapstick comedy television series created and directed by Olivier Jean-Marie and produced by Xilam Animation  The series' premise focuses on the lives of Zig, a brown hyena, and Sharko, a great white shark, over their conflicts regarding the mermaid Marina, in which Zig seeks to devour her while Sharko loves and protects her  The series employs silent comedy: characters either do not speak; rather they use unintelligible vocalizations, gestures, and occasional pictograms in speech balloons (the Indian version dubs Hindi dialogue over the animation instead) 
Three seasons with a total of 78 half-hour episodes (234 seven-minute segments) were originally broadcast on December 21, 2010, followed by an official premiere on January 10, 2011 on Canal+ Family, with the second and third seasons airing on Gulli, and reruns airing on TF1  A third season was announced in December 2018  A fourth season was announced in 2022 

Premise
The series focuses on the exploits and adventures of a group of characters - Zig, a brown hyena; Sharko, a great white shark; Marina, a mermaid with red hair; and Bernie, a hermit crab  Much of the stories of each episode revolve around an eternal war over Marina between Zig, who attempts to capture her to eat her, and Sharko, who loves her and acts as her bodyguard against Zig's various plans  The show itself draws inspiration for its plot and slapstick humor from the cartoons of Wile E  Coyote and the Road Runner, in that Zig often makes use of various items or concocts plans based on things he witnesses with Sharko and Marina, but is often foiled in the process by Sharko, bad luck, or a combination of both  Although the pair are enemies to each other because of their constant battles and grudges, they are also good friends, akin to the relationship of Tom and Jerry  Alongside the main characters, the show is frequently populated by minor background characters, many of whom are animals and aquatic creatures that, alongside Zig and Sharko, are portrayed as anthropomorphic beings 
Throughout the first season, much of the plots revolve around the oceans surrounding a tropical volcanic island, in which Marina often spends the day residing on a rocky pinnacle off the coast during the day, while residing in an underwater home that she shares with Sharko  In the second season, the plots shifted to the island itself, including its beaches, volcano, and jungle, with some changes for the main characters - Marina takes residence in an ornate, life-sized sandcastle, built by Sharko; Zig and Bernie live with a cargo plane pilot in his crashed plane within the jungle; and Sharko operates as a lifeguard for the aquatic lifeforms who frequent the beaches  In the third season, the main characters and the island's inhabitants move onto a cruise ship to travel the oceans, where much of the season's plots take place 

Characters
None of the characters in the series speak; a form of gibberish speech is sometimes used, but most interactions involve hand signals and body language to convey what a character is thinking about  The show's main characters include:

Zig is an anthropomorphic brown hyena, and best friends with Bernie since childhood  He frequently plots to capture Marina to eat her, but his schemes for this purpose are often foiled by Sharko  He is often desperate and eager to eat Marina on sight, but is no better outside of his main motive  He has a comically dry and wheezy voice  The design of the character's behavior and characteristics were in part inspired by the cartoon character Wile E  Coyote 
Sharko is an anthropomorphic great white shark, who appears brutish and tough, but is dorky with a heart of gold  He loves Marina and will do anything to protect her from harm, which include Zig's schemes  He is often portrayed as muscular and athletic, and is a fan of table tennis  In spite of his devotion to Marina, he can sometimes occasionally cause trouble for himself  During the first few episodes of the series, he was unable to get around on the island and can only swim in the ocean  Later on, he is capable of walking on dry land using his tail as feet 
Marina is a mermaid, who is good-natured, intelligent, bubbly and romantic - intrigued by anything new she encounters  She maintains a positive relationship with the other characters in the show, including Zig  although this makes her quite naive to Zig's intentions to eat her  She is portrayed as wearing a small living sea star in her hair, and capable of walking on her tail (using her fins as feet)  Her design was likely inspired by the character Ariel, from The Little Mermaid 
Bernie is a red anthropomorphic hermit crab, and Zig's best friend since childhood  He often collaborates in Zig's schemes to capture Marina, though holds no grudge against her or Sharko, in reality  He is often denoted as being quite smart, and capable of coming to the rescue when needed Aside from the main characters, various episodes feature a variety of background and minor characters to the stories - jungle animals, aquatic lifeforms, and various human characters - in the first season, one of these human characters is portrayed as a Japanese cargo ship captain, who, as a running gag, frequently crashes his ship into the island and is forced to return home with a rubber dingy  Throughout the first season, several episodes featured the supporting character of Neptune, based on the mythological Roman god of the sea and portrayed as a vain, muscular merman with numerous killer whale henchmen, who competed with Sharko for Marina's love, despite her disliking him  Marina despises him and often has to rely on Sharko and Zig to keep him at bay  The second season introduces Poseidon, portrayed as a muscular elderly merman, who served as Marina's adopted father in the episode "Father-In-Law", and an amnesiac human cargo plane pilot who often exhibits the behavior of a monkey due to his condition - one episode revolves around a flashback, where the pilot has met up with actual simians 

Episodes
Production and development
In 2008, the television group Canal+ decided to develop pilot episodes for nine out of 135 animation projects received, including Zig and Sharko, for television broadcast during the 2010–11 season  A development budget of 6 to 6 5 million euros (7 1 to 7 69 million US dollars) was allocated to the series  The original title was The Mermaid, the Hyena and the Shark, and it is a co-production between the television channels TF1 and Canal+ Family which broadcast later this series  The type of animation is similar to the American series of Tex Avery, Bob Clampett and Tom and Jerry 
Dong Woo Animation and Armada TMT were the animation studios chosen for the series, similar to that of Space Goofs' second season and Oggy and the Cockroaches' third and fourth seasons  The development of the series was carried out by the French studios Xilam Animation  The series’ first season has been ordered and picked up by Xilam in 2009, which premiered on Canal+ on December 21, 2010, the series was launched on Canal+ Family on February 12, 2011, on Cartoon+ every Saturday at 7:40 pm  Xilam then produced a second season in 2013, changing its art style to match some of its modern TV shows, like Paprika and Lupin's Tales 

Distribution
On May 6, 2015, the official YouTube channel of Zig & Sharko was created, with all of the episodes – in a high-quality, widescreen format – from seasons 1 to 3  The channel made also various compilations  The channel made episodes with English title cards  As of August 2021, the channel has 11 9 million subscribers making it one of the Top 10 most-subscribed French channels on the site  As of November 2020, "The Were-Yena" (the 67th episode of the first season) is the most-viewed episode of the official channel, with over 99 million views  The most-viewed compilation has 118 million views 

Spin-off
In 2021, a spin-off series was created by Alexandre Simard, Mathieu Peters-Houg and Lucille Briand for Xilam, named The Adventures of Bernie  The series focused on the titular character who, while helping Zig in his next scheme to target and eat Marina, is sent off their island home in a freak accident and ends up in the depths of the rock-bottom ocean  The episodes focus on Bernie's endeavors in using his intelligence and inventive skills to find a way back home, and to Zig, all while meeting with a variety of new characters along the way  The series takes place in the same universe with a different art style like Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation, and employs silent slapstick humor, but with each episode being three and a half minutes long – with the exception of the first episode 
Passage 9:
Conscription in Australia
Conscription in Australia, also known as National Service following the Second World War, has a controversial history in the country which dates back to the implementation of compulsory military training and service in the first years of nationhood  Military conscription for peacetime service was abolished in 1972        
However, in times of war, the Defence Act 1903 allows the Governor-General of Australia to authorise conscription for service in the Defence Force, provided it is approved by the Parliament of Australia within 90 days 

History
Universal Training Scheme
In 1909, the Deakin government introduced an amendment to the Defence Act 1903, the Defence Act 1909, which allowed for a form of conscription for boys from 12 to 14 years of age and for youths of 18 to 20 years of age for the purposes of home defence  The Act, which passed with the combined support of the Protectionist Party and the Australian Labor Party, did not allow soldiers to be conscripted for overseas service  
Following recommendations arising from a visit to Australia by Field Marshal Kitchener to report on the country's defence readiness, the Australian Labor Party government instituted a system of compulsory military training for all males aged between 12 and 26 from 1 January 1911 John Barrett, in his study of boyhood conscription, Falling In, noted:

In 1911 there were approximately 350,000 boys of an age (10–17 years) to register for compulsory training up to the end of 1915  Since 'universal' was a misnomer, about half that number were exempted from training, or perhaps never registered, reducing the group to 175,000 
There was quite extensive opposition to the so-called "boy conscription"  By July 1915, there had been about 34,000 prosecutions and 7,000 detentions of trainees, parents, employers or other persons required to register 

World War I
Under Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes, full conscription for overseas service was attempted during the First World War in two plebiscites 
The first plebiscite was held on 28 October 1916 and narrowly rejected conscription with a margin of 49% for and 51% against  The plebiscite of 28 October 1916 asked Australians:

Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this War, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the Commonwealth?
A second plebiscite was held on 20 December 1917 and defeated by 46% for and 54% against  This question was put to Australians:

Are you in favour of the proposal of the Commonwealth Government for reinforcing the Commonwealth Forces overseas?
After the failure of the first plebiscite, Billy Hughes and his supporters left the Australian Labor Party parliamentary caucus and took with them a good deal of the parliamentary party's talent  They created a new National Labor Party, and Hughes survived as prime minister by forming a conservative Nationalist government, which was dependent for survival on the Commonwealth Liberal Party  The remainder of the Labor Party, under the new leader, Frank Tudor, then expelled Hughes and all of those who had followed him  Following the split, Labor stayed out of office for ten years 

After the first plebiscite, the government used the War Precautions Act and the Unlawful Associations Act to arrest and prosecute anti-conscriptionists such as Tom Barker, the editor of Direct Action and many other members of the Industrial Workers of the World and E  H  Coombe, who had three sons at the front, of the Daily Herald  The young John Curtin, then a member of the Victorian Socialist Party, was also arrested  Anti-conscriptionist publications, in one case, even when it was read into Hansard, were seized by government censors in police raids 

Other notable opponents to Conscription included the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix, Queensland Labor Premier Thomas Ryan, Vida Goldstein and the Women's Peace Army  Most trade unions actively opposed conscription  Archbishop Mannix, born in County Clare, stated that Ireland had been more wronged by Great Britain than Belgium had been by Germany Many people thought positively of conscription as a sign of loyalty to Britain and thought that it would also support those men who were already fighting  However, trade unions feared that their members might be replaced by cheaper foreign or female labour and so opposed conscription  Some groups argued that the whole war was immoral, and it was unjust to force people to fight 
South Africa and India were the only other participating countries not to introduce conscription during the First World War 

Divided nation
The conscription issue deeply divided Australia with large meetings held both for and against  The women's vote was seen as important, with large women's meetings and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters  The campaigning for the first plebiscite was launched by Hughes at a huge overflow meeting at the Sydney Town Hall, where he outlined the government's proposals  That was followed by a huge pro-conscription meeting at the Melbourne Town Hall on 21 September Anti-conscriptionists, especially in Melbourne, were also able to mobilise large crowds, with a meeting filling the Exhibition Building on 20 September 1916; 30,000 people on the Yarra bank on Sunday, 15 October, and 25,000 the following week; a "parade of women promoted by the United Women's No-Conscription Committee – an immense crowd of about 60,000 people gathered at Swanston St between Guild Hall and Princes Bridge, and for upwards of an hour the street was a surging area of humanity"  An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people  It was passed on 21 September 1916, and mandatory registration and enrolment commenced while the first plebiscite campaign was underway  By 5 October, The Age reported that of 11607 men examined, 4581 were found fit, approximately 40 percent The Age noted in the article "Influence of the IWW" that "the great bulk of the opposition to conscription is centred in Victoria"  Many meetings in inner Melbourne and Sydney were disrupted by anti-conscriptionists with speakers being howled down from the audience in what The Age described as "disgraceful exhibition" and "disorderly scenes" The issue deeply divided the Labor Party, with ministers such as Hughes and George Pearce vigorously arguing the need for conscription for Australia to help the Allies win the war  They were supported by many within the party, including Labor's first prime minister, Chris Watson and NSW Labor Premier William Holman  Hughes denounced anti-conscriptionists as traitors and a climate of bitter sectarianism developed since most Roman Catholics opposed conscription and most others supported it 
By the end of the war in November 1918, a total of 416,809 men had voluntarily enlisted in the Army, representing 38 7 percent of the white male population aged between 18 and 44 On 1 November 1929, the mandatory service provisions of the Defence Act were suspended, ending 18 years of conscription for home defence 

World War II
In 1939, at the start of World War II, all unmarried men aged 21 were to be called up for three months' military training  The men could serve only in Australia or its territories  Conscription was effectively introduced in mid-1942, when all men aged 18–35 and single men aged 35–45 were required to join the Citizen Military Forces (CMF)  Volunteers with the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) scorned CMF conscripts as "chocolate soldiers", or "chockos", because they were believed to melt under the conditions of battle, or it might be an allusion to George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man in which Bluntschli filled his backpack with chocolate bars, rather than ammunition  However, several CMF Militia units fought under difficult conditions, suffered extremely high casualties in 1942 and slowed the Japanese advance on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea, then an Australian territory The Papuan campaign of 1942 led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army  During the campaign, the restriction banning CMF personnel from serving outside Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and CMF  In late 1942 and early 1943, Prime Minister John Curtin overcame opposition within the Australian Labor Party to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the South West Pacific, and the necessary legislation was passed in January 1943  The 11th Brigade was the only CMF formation to serve outside Australian territory, however, when it formed part of Merauke Force in the Dutch East Indies in 1943 and 1944 

Korean War
In 1951, during the Korean War, national service was introduced under the National Service Act 1951  All Australian males aged 18 had to register for 176 days training (99 days full-time) and two years in the CMF  Later, the obligation was 140 days of training (77 days full-time) and three years' service in the CMF   In 1957 the system was changed to emphasise skill rather than numbers, then ended in 1959  The regular military forces remained voluntary 

Vietnam War
In 1964, compulsory national service for 20-year-old males was introduced under the National Service Act 1964  The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years of continuous full-time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list  The full-time service requirement was reduced to 18 months in October 1971 The Defence Act was amended May 1964 to provide that national servicemen could be obliged to serve overseas, a provision that had been applied only once before, during World War II  The 1964 amendments applied only to the permanent military forces and excluded the Citizen Military Forces  In 1965, the Defence Act was again amended to require the CMF to serve overseas, which had not been included in the 1964 amendments "Defence Act 1965"  Federal Register of Legislation  Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)  Section 16  Retrieved 26 January 2023  In March 1966, the government announced that national servicemen would be sent to South Vietnam to fight in units of the Australian Regular Army and for secondment to American forces  Requirements for overseas service were detailed by the Minister for the Army, Malcolm Fraser, on 13 May 1966  Men who wished to avoid national service could join the Citizen Military Forces and serve only inside Australia, claim a student deferment or attempt a conscientious objection application  To be exempted on the basis of conscientious objection, an applicant needed to demonstrate his moral objection to "all" wars in court and to be legalised as a pacifist  That meant that the rate of success for conscientious objection applications was generally low 

Opposition
During the late 1960s, domestic opposition to the Vietnam War and conscription grew in Australia  In 1965, a group of concerned Australian women formed the anti-conscription organisation Save Our Sons, which was established in Sydney with other branches later formed in Wollongong, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Newcastle and Adelaide  The movement protested against conscription of Australians to fight in the Vietnam War and made the plight of men under 21, who were not yet eligible to vote, a focus of their campaign  In 1970, five Save-Our-Sons women were jailed in Melbourne for handing out anti-conscription pamphlets on government property  The group, which included Jean Maclean, Irene Miller and Jo Maclaine-Ross, was dubbed "The Fairlea Five" after Fairlea women's prison in which they were incarcerated  Barbara Miller is understood to be related to the decorated conscript Simon Anderson, who mysteriously disappeared in 1970 

Young men who were subject to the conscription lottery also formed their own anti-conscription organisation, the Youth Campaign Against Conscription  Like Save Our Sons, it spread to other states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia  It was the YCAC that imported the concept of draft-card burning from the United States and ushered in a new form of resistance to conscription, active non-compliance  Instead of merely not registering (passive non-compliance with the National Service Scheme), the young conscripts actively demonstrated their distaste for the government's actions by destroying their registration cards  Unlike in the United States, that was not legal and so its importance remained symbolic 
There were several high-profile controversies caused by the government's heavy-handed treatment of conscientious objectors, including William White and Simon Townsend (who later became a well-known television personality)  In 1969 the Gorton administration was severely embarrassed by a renowned This Day Tonight story in which a conscientious objector, who had been on the run from police for several months, was interviewed live in the studio by the journalist Richard Carleton, who then posed awkward questions to the Army Minister about why TDT had been able to locate the man within hours and bring him to the studio when the federal police had been unable to capture him, and the event was made even more embarrassing for the government because the man was able to leave the studio before the police had arrived to arrest him 
By 1969, public opinion was turning against the war  A Gallup Poll in August showed that 55 percent of those surveyed favoured bringing Australian troops home, and only 40 percent favoured them staying  That was the first poll to show less than 50% approval for the government's policy, and all polls after August 1969 were to reveal a majority in favour of bringing the troops home  In October, during his policy speech for the 1969 federal elections, the opposition leader, Gough Whitlam, declared that if elected, the ALP would make sure that all Australian troops in Vietnam would be home 'by Christmas' Around then, opposition to conscription became more radical  Active non-compliers began to call themselves "draft resisters"  Instead of waiting to be called up, draft resisters wrote letters to the Minister for National Service detailing their intention not to comply with conscription  Under law, that immediately rendered them liable for service  A number of these young men formed a draft resisters' union, active in at least two states: New South Wales and Victoria  They included men such as Bob Scates and Michael Hamel-Green  They went underground while maintaining a public presence, appeared at protests and were spirited away by the crowd before they could be arrested  In December 1972, while 'underground' as a draft resister, Barry Johnson stood as the Australian Labor Party (ALP) candidate in the seat of Hotham against Minister Don Chipp 
Australian government cabinet documents released by Australian National Archives in 2001 show that in 1970, the conservative government was initially concerned about the growth of conscientious objection and of outright opposition to the National Service Act  Reportedly, the cabinet considered instituting an option of alternative civilian work program for conscientious objectors in an attempt to reduce the numbers of objectors going to jail  That was never instituted but was widely rumoured at the time  Such work would have been menial labouring jobs in remote locations such as north and western Queensland, western New South Wales and northern South Australia In Cabinet Submission Number 200 for 1970, Appendix 1, case studies of 17 men awaiting prosecution for failure to undertake service show a broad spectrum of opposition to conscription including:

Religious opposition such as Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses
Moral opposition to wars
Moral opposition to the Vietnam War in particular
Opposition based upon the compulsion and authoritarian nature of conscription and its conflict with democratic processes and ideals The documents reveal that draft resistance and draft dodging never posed a threat to the number of conscripts required, but the public opposition by draft resisters such as John Zarb, Michael Matteson and Robert Martin had an increasingly-political effect  Conscription ended in December 1972, and the remaining seven men in Australian prisons for refusing conscription were freed in mid-to-late December 1972 ef 63,735 national servicemen served in the Army, of whom 15,381 were deployed to Vietnam  Approximately 200 were killed 

See also
Australian Defence Force
Billy Hughes egg-throwing incident
Passage 10:
Get Right with the Man
Get Right with the Man is the fourth studio album by American musical duo Van Zant  It was released in 2005 by Columbia Records  It peaked at number 2 on the Top Country Albums chart, and was certified Gold by the RIAA  The album includes the singles "Help Somebody", "Nobody Gonna Tell Me What to Do" and "Things I Miss the Most" 
The song "I'm Doin' Alright", was featured in the 2006 EA Sports game NASCAR 07 
This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions 

Track listing
Personnel
Taken from liner notes 
Van ZantJohnny Van Zant – lead vocals, background vocals
Donnie Van Zant – lead vocals, background vocalsAdditional MusiciansBekka Bramlett – background vocals
Tom Bukovac – electric guitar
Perry Coleman – background vocals
Eric Darken – percussion
Glen Duncan – fiddle
Kenny Greenberg – electric guitar
Greg Morrow – drums, percussion
Russ Pahl – lap steel guitar, steel guitar, banjo
Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
Jeffrey Steele – background vocals
Trez – background vocals
John Willis – acoustic guitar
Glenn Worf – bass guitar
Reese Wynans – B3 organ, keyboards, piano, Wurlitzer

Chart performance
Singles
Certifications
Context 3: Passage 1:
Police dog
A police dog is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers, search and rescue, or the military  Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting officers and other people, and attacking suspects who flee from officers  The breeds most commonly used by law enforcement are the German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever  In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size, though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement Police dogs are used on a federal and local level for law enforcement purposes in many parts of the world  They are often assigned to a K-9 Unit with a specific handler, and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures  Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year, depending on where and how they are trained, and for what purpose  Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training  In many countries, intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense In some English-speaking countries, police dog units are referred to as K-9 or K9, which is a homophone of the word canine 

History
Early history
Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages  Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable's bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws  The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in St  Malo, France, where dogs were used to guard docks and piers  By the late 14th century, bloodhounds were used in Scotland, known as "Slough dogs" – the word "Sleuth", (meaning detective) was derived from this  Between the 12th and 20th centuries, police dogs on the British Isles and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities The rapid urbanization of England and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness  In London, the existing law enforcement, the Bow Street Runners, struggled to contain the crime on their own, and as a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime  Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals 

Modern era
One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren  Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer  He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes  The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale  Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in Ghent, Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899  These methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training  The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide  In later years, many Belgian Malinois dogs were added to the unit  The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals  
In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull  By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers, and German shepherds 

Training
Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the Airedale terrier, Akita, Groenendael, Malinois dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Boxer, Bouvier des Flandres, Croatian Sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler and English Springer Spaniel Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler  The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability  First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit  This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement  However, having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset, this could be dog obedience, crowd control, communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens 
For a dog to be considered for a police department, it must first pass a basic obedience training course  They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation  This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect  Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language  Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands  This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be "single purpose" or "dual purpose"  Single-purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking  Dual-purpose dogs, however, are more typical  Dual-purpose dogs do everything that single-purpose dogs do, and also detect either explosives or narcotics  Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics  When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on (i e  bag or vehicle) without a warrant, in most states In suspect apprehension, having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay 

Specialization
Police dogs can be specialized to perform in specific areas 

Apprehension and attack dogs – This dog is used to locate, apprehend, and sometimes subdue suspects 
Detection dogs – Trained to detect explosives or drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, or methamphetamines  Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition 
Dual purpose dog – Also known as a patrol dog, these dogs are trained and skilled in tracking, handler protection, off-leash obedience, criminal apprehension, and article, area and building search 
Search and rescue dogs (SAR) – This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects  Belgian Malinois, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Bloodhounds can all be used 

Retirement
Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, pregnant or raising puppies, or are too old or sick to continue working  Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a dog is 6–9 years However, when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing  In 2013, a pension scheme for police dogs in Nottinghamshire, England was introduced, wherein the police force offered £805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs; the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler In many countries, police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners 

Accusations of brutality and racial partiality
A 2020 investigation coordinated by the Marshall Project found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U S  as disproportionate force and disproportionately against people of color  A series of 13 linked reports found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K-9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons to catch, bite, and injure people  The rate of police K-9 bites in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a majority-Black city of 220,000 residents, averages more than double that of the next-ranked city, Indianapolis, and nearly one-third of the police dog bites are inflicted on teenage men, most of whom are Black  Medical researchers found that police dog attacks are "more like shark attacks than nips from a family pet” due to the aggressive training police dogs undergo  Many people bitten were not violent and were not suspected of crimes  Police officers are often shielded from liability, and federal civil rights laws don’t typically cover bystanders who are bitten by mistake  Even when victims can bring cases, lawyers say they struggle because jurors tend to love police dogs 

Usage by country and region
Australia
The Australian Federal Police employ "general purpose" police dogs, whose duties include searching for missing persons, suspect apprehension, and keeping the peace  The Australian Federal Police also employ police dogs trained for specialized purposes, such as detecting firearms, explosives, illegal narcotics, and currency  The Australian Border Force also utilizes detector dogs to search for concealed people or illegal products at border checkpoints 

Bangladesh
Border Guards Bangladesh, Rapid Action Battalion and the Dhaka Metropolitan Police maintain several dog squads to assist in anti-narcotic and anti-bombing campaigns 

Belgium
The Belgian Canine Support Group is part of the country's federal police  It has 35 dog teams, most of which are Belgian Malinois  Some dogs are trained to detect drugs, human remains, hormones or fire accelerants  About a third are tracker dogs trained to find or identify living people  These teams are often deployed to earthquake areas to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings   The federal police's explosive detector dogs are attached to the Federal Police Special Units 

Canada
Canadians started using police dogs occasionally in 1908  However, they used privately owned dogs until 1935 when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) saw the value of police dogs and created the first team in 1937  By the 1950s, the RCMP had German Shepherds, Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers in service Many Canadian municipalities use dog squads as a means of tracking suspects  Most municipalities in Canada employ the bite and hold technique rather than the bark and hold technique meaning once the dog is deployed, it bites the suspect until the dog handler commands it to release  This often results in serious puncture wounds and is traumatic for suspects  A dog has the legal status of property in Canada  As such, developing case law is moving towards absolute liability for the handlers of animals deliberately released to intentionally maim suspects  The dog is effectively a weapon 
In 2010, an Alberta Court of Queen's Bench judge stayed criminal charges against Kirk Steele, a man who was near-fatally shot by a police officer while he stabbed the officer's police dog  The judge found that the shooting was cruel and unusual treatment and excessive force Police require reasonable suspicion they will recover evidence in order to use a dog to sniff a person or their possessions in public  This is because using a dog to detect scents is considered a search  The main exemption to that rule are the dogs of the Canada Border Services Agency who are allowed to make searches without warrants under s 98 of the Customs Act 
In 2017, it was reported that the Canadian forces had approximately 170 RCMP dog teams across Canada, and was continuing to grow as more and more Canadian municipalities saw the value of police dogs 

Denmark
There are a total of 240 active police dogs in Denmark, each of which are ranked in one of three groups: Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3  Dogs in Group 1 are very experienced, and highly trained  Group 1 dogs are typically within the age range of four to eight years old and are used for patrolling, rescue, searching for biological evidence and major crime investigations  Group 2 dogs are employed for the same tasks as members of Group 1, but they do not participate in major crime investigations or searching for biological evidence  Group 3 is the beginner rank for police dogs, and are only employed for patrol operations 

Hong Kong
The Police Dog Unit (PDU; Chinese: 警犬隊) was established in 1949 and is a specialist force of the Hong Kong Police under the direct command of the Special Operations Bureau  Their roles are crowd control, search and rescue, and poison and explosive detection  In addition, the PDU works in collaboration with other departments for anti-crime operations 

Netherlands
The Dutch  Police Dog Brigade is part of the national police corps national unit, and supports other units with specially trained dogs  The  dogs are trained to recognize a single specific scent  They specialize in identifying scents (identifying the scent shared by an object and a person), narcotics, explosives and firearms, detecting human remains, and locating drowning people and fire accelerants 
The 10 regional units also have dog brigades of their own  For example, the canine unit of the regional police East netherlands 

India
In India, the National Security Guard inducted the Belgian Malinois into its K-9 Unit, Border Security Force, and Central Reserve Police Force use Rajapalayam as guard dogs to support the Force on the borders of Kashmir  
For regional security, the Delhi Police has recruited many of the city's street dogs to be trained for security purposes  The Bengal Police uses German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and the Indian pariah dog in its bomb-sniffing squad 

Israel
Israel utilizes canine units for border patrols to track illegal persons or objects that pose a threat  Police dogs serve in the Israel Police and Israel Prison Service 

Italy
All the law enforcement in Italy (Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato and Guardia di Finanza) have in service many patrol dogs for Public Order, Anti-Drug, Anti-explosive, Search and Rescue  The first train centers for police dogs in Italy were established after World War I and in 1924, Italy purchased German Shepherds from Germany for border patrol operations in the Alps  The Carabinieri Kennel Club was formed in 1957 to produce police dogs and train handlers in Italy  German and Belgian shepherds are used for multiple purposes, Labradors for drug, weapons and explosive surveillance and Rottweilers serve for protection 

Japan
Japan is one of the few east Asian countries that have dogs serving in law enforcement as others dislike dogs due to cultural norms  Between the 16th and 19th centuries, samurai had Akita service companions that would defend samurai while they slept at night  In modern times, the German shepherd is the common police dog of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 

Kenya
Police dogs began their service in Kenya in 1948 as part of the Kenya Police Criminal Investigation Department of the Kenya Police  Since the 1950s, the main police dog in service is the German shepherd, with Labradors, Rottweilers and English Springer Spaniels being used for specialized purposes  Since the 2000s, the Kenya Police has increased the breeding and adoption of police dogs with the long-term goal of having canines serving in each police station of Kenya 

Nepal
The Nepal Police first established a canine unit in 1975 due to increased crime rates and to help with investigations  Since then, police dogs are in service throughout various regions of Nepal and have been present at the Tribhuwan International Airport since 2009 

Pakistan
Pakistan Customs uses a K-9 unit for anti-smuggling operations  Pakistan's Sindh Police also have a specialized K-9 unit 

Peru
Peru recruits various canine units for various governmental, military and police operations  The National Service of Agrarian Health (SENASA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation has the Canine Brigade of Plant Health that detects plants that may violate phytosanitary trade practices and to prevent the contraband importation of pests in plants and fruit  The brigade is present at Jorge Chávez International Airport and in Peruvian territory For the National Police of Peru, they prefer the German Shepherd, Belgian Shepherd Malinois, Beagle, Weimaraner, Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever breeds for their service and accept donations of dogs between the ages of 12 and 24 months  The National Police use canine units for drug surveillance in the country's main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport, with the force receiving canine training from United States Customs and Border Protection The Peruvian Army has canine units trained for search and rescue as well as disaster situations  During the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, a limitation of gatherings and curfew was enforced with the assistance of canine units that served for law enforcement 

Russia
Police dogs have been used in Russia since 1909 in Saint Petersburg  Attack dogs are used commonly by police and are muzzled at all times unless ordered to apprehend a suspect  Police dogs have also been used to track fugitives, which has remained common in most Soviet Union Successor States 

Sweden
The Swedish Police Authority currently deploys around 400 police canines  There is however no requirement for the dogs to be purebred, as long as they meet mental and physical requirements set by the police  Dogs aged 18–48 months are eligible to take admission tests for the K9 training  The police dogs live with their operators, and after retirement at age 8–10 the operator often assumes the ownership of the dog 

United Kingdom
Police forces across the country, as well as the RAF Police, employ dogs and handlers and dog training schools are available to cater for the ever-increasing number of dogs being used  The use of police dogs became popular in the 1930s when Scotland Yard officially added dogs to its police force There are over 2,500 police dogs employed amongst the various police forces in the UK, with the Belgian Malinois as the most popular breed for general purpose work  In 2008, a Belgian Malinois female handled by PC Graham Clarke won the National Police Dog Trials with the highest score ever recorded 
All British police dogs, irrespective of the discipline they are trained in, must be licensed to work operationally  To obtain the licence they have to pass a test at the completion of their training, and then again every year until they retire, which is usually at about the age of 8  The standards required to become operational are laid down by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on police dogs and are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that training and licensing reflects the most appropriate methods and standards 

United States
Police dogs are in widespread use across the United States  Police dogs are operated on the federal, state, county, and local levels and are used for a wide variety of duties, similar to those of other nations  Their duties generally include detecting illegal narcotics, explosives, and other weapons, search-and-rescue, and cadaver searches  The most common breeds for everyday duties are the German Shepherd and the Belgian Malinois, though other breeds may be used to perform specific tasks On the federal level, police dogs may be seen in some airports assisting Transportation Security Administration officials search for explosives and weapons, or by Customs and Border Protection searching for concealed narcotics and people  Some dogs may also be used by tactical components of such agencies as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Marshals Service  Federally owned police dogs play a vital role in homeland security  An expert on police dogs, L  Paul Waggoner of the Canine Performance Sciences Program at Auburn University said, "detector dogs are a critical component of national security – and they also provide a very visible and proven deterrent to terrorist activities " The American Kennel Club estimates that between 80–90 percent of dogs purchased by the U S  Department of Homeland Security and U S  Department of Defense come from foreign vendors, mostly located in Europe Most police agencies in the United States – whether state, county, or local – use police dogs as means of law enforcement  Often, even the smallest of departments operates a K-9 division of at least one dog; in these cases, police dogs will usually serve all purposes deemed necessary, most commonly suspect apprehension and narcotics detection, and teams are often on call  In larger cities and metropolitan areas, police departments regularly employ dozens of police dogs  In these cases, individual dogs often serve individual purposes in which each particular animal is specialized, and teams usually serve scheduled shifts  In both cases, police dogs are almost always cared for by their specific handlers  The U S  Fish and Wildlife Services agency requires police dogs to undergo annual in-service training to recertify their skills and credentials  This training must last at least 24 hours each year 

Under the Federal Law Enforcement Animal Protection Act, it is a felony to assault or kill a law enforcement animal, including police dogs and police horses, in all 50 states  However, police dogs are not treated as police officers for the purpose of the law, and attacking or killing a police dog is not punishable in the same manner as attacking or killing a human police officer  Although many police departments formally swear dogs in as police officers, this swearing-in is purely honorary, and carries no legal significance Police dogs also play a major role in American penal systems  Many jails and prisons will use special dog teams as a means of intervening in large-scale fights or riots by inmates  Also, many penal systems will employ dogs – usually bloodhounds – in searching for escaped prisoners 
In October 2017, the U S  House Oversight and Government Reform Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee held a hearing about whether there is a sufficient supply of dogs that can be trained as police dogs  Congressman Mike Rogers (R-AL) said that the continued ISIS-inspired attacks in the U S  and all over the world "have driven demand through the roof" for police dogs 
The Marshall Project maintains a database of police dog bites across the United States 

Supreme Court cases
The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States of America  Some U S  Supreme Court cases that pertain to police dogs are:

United States v  Place (1983) – The Court held that the sniff of a specially trained police dog is sui generis and it does not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure for one to sniff a person's personal items in a public place, even if done without a warrant 
City of Indianapolis v  Edmond (2000) – The Court held that is unconstitutional to set up a highway checkpoint for the primary purpose of illegal narcotic discovery  In the case, the Indianapolis Police Department was using police dogs to detect narcotics at the checkpoint without reasonable suspicion 
Illinois v  Caballes (2005) – The Court held that police do not need probable cause to bring a drug-detection dog to a vehicle during a legal traffic stop, and searches by a police dog do not count as an invasion of privacy, because a well-trained one will only alert to the presence of illegal substances 
Florida v  Harris (2013) – The Court held that a police dog's alert to the exterior of a vehicle gives the officer probable cause to search the vehicle without a warrant  Further, the Court affirmed that the state does not have to prove each dog's reliability in order for evidence gathered from them to be valid in court 
Florida v  Jardines (2013) – The Court held that evidence collected from a police dog at the front door of a house cannot be used in court  The front porch of a house is considered a private place, and the police need probable cause and a search warrant to bring a police dog to the front door 
Rodriguez v  United States (2015) – The Court held that, without reasonable suspicion, the use of a police dog after the conclusion of a legal traffic stop violates the Fourth Amendment 

See also
Detection dog
Dogs in warfare
Nosework
Working dog
Passage 2:
Dog
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf  Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from extinct Pleistocene wolves, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative  Dogs were the first species to be domesticated by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ago before the development of agriculture  Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes  Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color  They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people  Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human–canine bond has been a topic of frequent study  This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend" 

Taxonomy
In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature)  Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal  He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus  Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other  In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W  Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793  Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo  Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision  Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade with some debating it In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 

Evolution
Domestication
The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany  Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf  The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks  The dog had died of canine distemper  Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs, but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated in the time of hunter–gatherers, which predates agriculture  DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage  Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kesslerloch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago  The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago  This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication  The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades  Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia  In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia 

Breeds
Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds  In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes  Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans  The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores  These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour  Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection  Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs  As a result, present day dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world  The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era 

Biology
Anatomy
Skeleton
All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types  The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis  Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types  The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls 

Senses
A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch  One study suggested that dogs can feel Earth's magnetic field 

Coat
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only  Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside  Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals 

Tail
There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew  As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others  In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries 

Health
Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees  Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs  Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly  Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs 
Several human foods and household ingestible are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol  The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs  Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e g , from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea  Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis 

Lifespan
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years  The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged  For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i e , the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1 2 years longer than purebred dogs 

Reproduction
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle  They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy  At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation  Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary  An average litter consists of about six puppies 

Neutering
Neutering is the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive  Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year  Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes  Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs  Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs  However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs and prostate cancer in males and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex 

Inbreeding depression
A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e g , between half and full siblings)  Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations  Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival  Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression  In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age  Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection  Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding 

Behavior
Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli  As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans  As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors  Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs  These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors  In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs  These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication  These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i e , selection for tameness) and emotional processing  Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves



ground_truth: Cabarrus County

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: During the war in which The Things They Carried is set, when was conscription introduced by the country where the film Grievous Bodily Harm was later released?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation  Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability 

Intelligence
Researchers have tested dogs' ability to perceive information, retain it as knowledge, and apply it to solve problems  Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills   A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items  He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure  A study of another Border Collie, Chaser, documented his learning and memory capabilities  He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words  Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing, pointing, and human voice commands 
One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats  One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focused on the "what" of a task rather than the "where" Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception  An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans  Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not 

Communication
Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting : xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste)  Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture 

Ecology
Population
The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment 
In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million and 987 million  About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries  In the developing world, dogs are typically feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon  Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%)  Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes 

Competitors and predators
Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans  For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves  Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together  In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed  Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs  In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size  Siberian tigers in the Amur River region have killed dogs in the middle of villages  This indicates that the dogs were targeted  Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way  Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range 

Diet
Dogs have been described as omnivores  Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet  Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet  However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh  
Of the twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms (including selenocysteine), dogs cannot synthesize ten: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine  
Also more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain nitrogen balance  These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores 

Range
As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies  Notable exceptions once included:

The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent
The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar
The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species
Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands, Palau and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro, the Marshall Islands, the Gilbert Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Marquesas, Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island, the Chatham Islands and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships) Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections 

Roles with humans
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language  These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations  These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures  Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals  This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world  In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat 

Pets
It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history  Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased  In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (the expression "in the doghouse" – recorded since 1932 – to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion  From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians  People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status  The first has been "commodification", shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior  The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion  The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries  Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack  Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships  However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions  The idea of the "alpha dog" trying to be dominant is based on a disproved theory about wolf packs  Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77 5 million people in the United States have pet dogs  The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs  There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs  Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do  This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans 

Workers
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles  In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),  hunting (hounds, pointers) and rodent control (terriers)  Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads  In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities  Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care 

Athletes and models
People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions  In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard  As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows 

Food
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, which dates back to antiquity  Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year  In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat   Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog  As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward  Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland  Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history  Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland and Central Asia  Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months  Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy  A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder  Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots  While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken 

Health risks
In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59 6% in Asia and 36 4% in Africa  Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector  Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year  Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck  They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate  Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections In the U S , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year  It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U K  hospitals are domestic accidents  The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis  In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U S  population is infected  Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision  Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans 

Health benefits
Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders  Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes  Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans  The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being  Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being have been criticized for being poorly controlled  It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal " Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people  Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets " In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition  This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets  The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term  Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival  Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs  The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets  For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety  Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis  The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans  One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not  In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders  Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease  One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program 

Cultural importance
Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love  In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine, and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her  In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection  In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs  Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion  In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades  Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate  In Norse mythology, a dog called Garmr guards Hel, a realm of the dead  In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge  In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn  In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes  They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka  A black dog is also considered to be the vahana (vehicle) of Bhairava (an incarnation of Shiva) In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness  Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the saint's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that  As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis)  In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege  Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets  Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them  The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet " Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets 

Terminology
Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same 
Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies) 
Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old 
Sire – the male parent of a litter 
Dam – the female parent of a litter 
Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping 
Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth 
Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam 

See also
Passage 3:
Flesh and Bone (film)
Flesh and Bone is a 1993 American neo noir mystery thriller film written and directed by Steve Kloves that stars Meg Ryan, Dennis Quaid and James Caan  Gwyneth Paltrow is featured in an early role, for which she received some praise 

Plot
A family in rural Texas finds a boy, Arlis, who says he is lost  They take him into their home, feed him, and give a place to sleep  But the boy later lets his father, Roy (James Caan), into the house to commit a robbery  When they are discovered, Roy brutally murders the family, which the boy witnesses  The sole survivor is a baby girl 
Time passes, and Arlis (Dennis Quaid) lives a solitary life in which he drives a truckload of goods and novelties to restock vending machines and arcade games in roadside stores and restaurants  Making a stop at a roadhouse where a rowdy party is being held, he spots Kay (Meg Ryan), a woman who pops up out of a cake at the party and then passes out because she's been drinking liquor 
Arlis ends up giving her a ride home, a long drive, while continuing to make his rounds  Upon coming home, Kay sees that her husband Reese has sold the furniture, having lost their money gambling  She packs up her remaining belongings and leaves with Arlis  They spend more time together and grow close 
Meanwhile, a young woman named Ginnie (Gwyneth Paltrow) now travels with a much older Roy  She is a grifter who will pretend to be a mourner in order to steal the jewelry from a dead body at a funeral home  Ginnie brings an injured Roy to his estranged son, Arlis, to tend to his injury 
Passing the house where he grew up, Arlis realizes that Kay was the infant who survived the long-ago murders  Roy figures this out as well  He begins talking about tying up loose ends  It leads to a confrontation, and Arlis shoots Roy dead  Ginnie goes off on her own, and Kay and Arlis go their separate ways 

Cast
Dennis Quaid as Arlis Sweeney
Meg Ryan as Kay Davies
James Caan as Roy Sweeney
Gwyneth Paltrow as Ginnie
Scott Wilson as Elliott
Gail Cronauer as Emma
John Hawkes as Groom

Location
Principal photography began on October 5, 1992 and completed on December 26, 1992 
It was filmed in Lockhart and Marfa, Texas, as well as at the Mustang Mott store owned by Maxine McCoy, in Westhoff, Texas Producer Mark Rosenberg died of a heart attack suffered on the film's location in Stanton, Texas 
As the end credits begin, the film is dedicated to him 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Flesh and Bone holds a 65% approval rating from 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale 
Passage 4:
A Dog's Purpose (film)
A Dog's Purpose is a 2017 American family comedy-drama adventure film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by W  Bruce Cameron, Cathryn Michon, Audrey Wells, Maya Forbes, and Wally Wolodarsky, based on the 2010 novel of the same name by W  Bruce Cameron  The film stars Britt Robertson, KJ Apa, Juliet Rylance, John Ortiz, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, Peggy Lipton, Dennis Quaid, and Josh Gad  The first film from the novel covers themes of loyalty, grief, dysfunctional family, and reincarnation from one lifetime to another 
The film is a co-production between Amblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media, and Pariah Entertainment Group  It was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017, and grossed $205 million worldwide  It was Peggy Lipton's final film role before her death in 2019 
A sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released on May 17, 2019 

Plot
In the 1950s, a feral puppy wonders about life's true purpose  Weeks later, he is caught by dogcatchers, whisked away to the pound, and euthanized 
The dog is reborn as a Red Retriever in 1961  Leaving his cage at a puppy mill, he is taken by two garbage men, who plan to sell him  Left locked inside their pick-up truck, he begins to die of heatstroke, but is rescued by a kindhearted mother and her eight-year-old son, Ethan Montgomery  They break the truck's window and bring him home, naming him Bailey  Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer at Ethan's grandparents' farm, and Bailey decides Ethan alone is his purpose  Ethan gives him the nickname “Boss Dog”  Years pass, and after several attempts at advancing in his job fail, Ethan's father has become an alcoholic  In 1969, Ethan meets a girl named Hannah at a fair with Bailey, and they soon begin dating  They spend their summer together, happily, through senior year  They plan to go to the same college, Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah with an academic one  At home one night, Ethan's drunken father becomes abusive towards his mother and him  Ethan kicks him out  Later in 1971 at a football game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full scholarship to Michigan State University  That night, his vindictive classmate Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house, causing a house fire  Bailey alerts Ethan, who saves his mother out through an upstairs window  Ethan lowers her, then Bailey  However, he loses his rope and must jump, fracturing his leg and ending his athletic scholarship  Bailey attacks Todd, who is arrested by the police when firecrackers fall out of his pocket  Now, Ethan must go to an agricultural school, where he will learn to take over the farm  Depressed, Ethan breaks up with Hannah before leaving for college, while Bailey stays with Ethan's grandparents  Bailey ages and Ethan comes to say goodbye 
Bailey is reborn as a female German Shepherd puppy, growing into a police dog named Ellie, in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while fully retaining memories of her past lives  Ellie is partnered with lonely officer Carlos Ruiz who has recently split up with his partner, of the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "seeking" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose  They form a close bond, ending after Ellie saves a girl, kidnapped by her mother's ex-boyfriend, from drowning and is then fatally shot by the kidnapper while protecting Carlos 
Reborn in the mid-1980s as a male Corgi, Bailey is adopted by Atlanta college student Maya, who names him Tino  Lonely, he tries to find her happiness  She meets Al, a classmate, after Tino falls for Al's dog, a female Landseer named Roxy  They marry, having three children  Tino is heartbroken when one day Roxy does not return from the vet  As Tino ages and dies, he thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives 
Bailey reincarnates again, this time as a St  Bernard/Australian Shepherd mix puppy in 2014  At first adopted by a woman named Wendi, he is named Waffles  Unfortunately, Wendi's husband neglects him, refuses to let her keep him inside, and after several years, abandons him  Waffles searches for a new life, gradually making his way back to where he spent summers as Bailey  He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, now in his 60s, lonely on his grandparents' old farm, now his  Not recognizing him, Ethan takes him to the local animal shelter, but later reclaims him, naming him Buddy  Sensing that he has finally found his true purpose, he reunites Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they get married  Buddy shows Ethan that he is his “Boss Dog”, by performing tricks and responding to phrases that were known only to the two of them many years back  Ethan finds Bailey's collar, now old and rusty, and places it back on Bailey's neck, and they resume playing exactly the way they did so long ago  Bailey narrates that life is about having fun, saving others, finding someone to be with, not getting upset over the past or the future, and living for today 

Cast
Josh Gad as the voice of Bailey, Ellie, Tino and Buddy, the reincarnations of "Boss Dog", the main protagonist 
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery, an old man who runs a farm 
KJ Apa as teenaged Ethan Montgomery, a popular football player who later gets injured and must become a farmer 
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year-old Ethan Montgomery, a young boy interested in comics and football 
Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother in an unhappy and abusive marriage to Jim, whom she later divorces 
Peggy Lipton as Hannah, an old woman who is widowed and has two children 
Britt Robertson as teenaged Hannah, the supportive and intelligent girlfriend of Ethan 
John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz, Ellie’s partner who trains her as a police dog 
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya, a shy young woman who adopts Tino 
Pooch Hall as Al, a young man who dates and later marries Maya, and has three children with her 
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father in an unhappy and abusive marriage with Elizabeth and an alcoholic 
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather and a farmer 
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother 
Logan Miller as Todd, a former friend of Ethan’s who is vindictive and jealous of him 

Production
In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel  On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film  On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast  On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film  On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play Bailey's inner voice, but the role was eventually performed by Josh Gad  Principal photography began on August 17, 2015  During production, controversy ensued over treatment of a dog during filming 

Release
In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy  The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017  Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales 

Reception
Box office
A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64 5 million in the United States and Canada and $140 5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $205 million, against a production budget of $22 million In North America, it was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for  It made $466,000 from Thursday-night previews and $5 3 million on its first day  It ended up debuting to $18 2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split  The film dropped 40 6% in its second weekend, grossing $10 8 million and finishing third at the box office 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35% based on reviews from 142 critics, with an average rating of 4 8/10  The site's critics consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale Andrew Barker of Variety wrote: "Viewed in a vacuum, it’s hard to fault the movie’s earnestness; Hallström’s canine cinema pedigree (which includes the superior Hachi: A Dog's Tale) shows through; and Rachel Portman's score is understandably sentimental without going completely saccharine " 
Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "While the human performers are more than adequate, there’s no doubt that the canine stars carry the day  Their utter irresistibility helps a long way in terms of getting past the corny plot machinations of A Dog’s Purpose "

Home media
A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Pictures Home Entertainment  The film topped the home-video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017 

Controversy
On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a male German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting  After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog  The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident was under further investigation  PETA called for a boycott of the film  Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie and was not on set during the making of the film, said he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will " Director Lasse Hallström said via Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage  Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying, "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape, so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot," and  "Hercules is happy and healthy " On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public 

Sequel
On June 21, 2017, CEO of Amblin Entertainment Michael Wright announced that a sequel was in development  On August 26, 2018, Universal began production on the sequel, which is directed by Gail Mancuso, and was released on May 17, 2019  In addition to Quaid and Gad reprising their roles, the cast also includes Marg Helgenberger (replacing Peggy Lipton, who had become seriously ill), Betty Gilpin, Kathryn Prescott, and Henry Lau  The trailer for the sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released in January 2019 



ground_truth: 1964

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the actor of Ethan in A Dog's Purpose?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
In the first case, fans were displeased that a matchup between two teams at such a critical point in the season was not available on broadcast television except in the Dallas and Green Bay markets  To avoid such a problem with the potential sixteenth victory for the Patriots, CBS and NBC bought broadcast rights to the game so it could be seen by a nationwide audience on both cable and broadcast television  This ended up causing another controversy, however, as the move by the networks infringed on the exclusivity that would normally have been enjoyed by WWOR-TV in New York City and WCVB-TV in Boston, which were the Giants' and Patriots' respective local over-the-air broadcasters for cable-televised games (the game aired on these stations, as well as on WCBS-TV, WNBC, WBZ-TV and WHDH in the teams' market areas) 

Game quality and viewership
Thursday Night Football games on NFL Network are among the lowest-rated nationally televised NFL broadcasts  Critics have argued that the games televised on Thursday Night Football have been of lower quality than other prime time games, as they often featured match-ups between lesser or poor-performing teams, and that the shortened rest between games triggered by Thursday games also has an effect on their overall quality  In an analysis by Sports on Earth writer Aaron Roberts, it was determined that most Thursday games were of average or above-average quality in comparison to normal, non-prime time games, but that this was "by design" due to the leverage of other NFL broadcasters on how games are scheduled throughout the season (which traditionally prioritizes "major" games for either late-afternoon or Sunday and Monday nights) The move of selected games to CBS brought improved ratings: the inaugural game was the highest-rated program of the night, with an audience share of 13 7 and an average of 20 7 million viewers, representing a 108% increase in ratings over the first NFL Network game in 2013  The game, whose ratings were boosted by coverage of the Ray Rice scandal, also brought CBS its highest prime time ratings on a Thursday night since May 2006  While lower, at 9 6 million viewers, the Week 3 game between the Atlanta Falcons and Tampa Bay Buccaneers was also the highest-rated program of the night  The first four games of the package, however, featured blowout victories  In total, average viewership of the games increased from around 7 million to around 11 8 million in the 2014 season Controversy over ratings and the quality of play in Thursday night contests escalated when on November 28, 2016, a report circulated that the league was considering ending the franchise  The NFL, however, denied this rumor  The subsequent game on December 1, 2016 between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings was the highest rated Thursday Night Football of the season During the 2016 season, current and former players including Richard Sherman, J  J  Watt, and Charles Woodson expressed their dislikes for Thursday Night Football, with Richard Sherman calling it a "poopfest" The September 20, 2018 game between the New York Jets and Cleveland Browns, which saw the debut of Cleveland's first overall pick Baker Mayfield, as well as the team breaking a nearly two-year losing streak, set a record for the highest-rated NFL Network-exclusive broadcast in Thursday Night Football history, with a 5 2 household rating and over 8 million viewers 

Player safety
As mentioned, a team needing to play a Thursday night game can result in a shortened rest period for players between games  On October 6, 2014, Arian Foster, then of the Houston Texans, made a statement considering it hypocritical for the NFL to emphasize the safety of players (particularly in regards to concussions) while allowing its players to play a game on only three days' rest, which he considered to be equally "dangerous"  Richard Sherman of the Seattle Seahawks has also voiced displeasure about Thursday night games reducing prep time, and wrote a 2016 editorial for The Players' Tribune about the games  Sherman's 2017 season (and his run with the Seahawks; he would sign a new deal with the San Francisco 49ers in the 2018 off-season) would end on November 9, 2017 during a Thursday night game against the Arizona Cardinals, when he ruptured his Achilles tendon On January 29, 2015, the NFL released its health and safety report, which states that an average of 4 8 injuries were sustained during Thursday games compared to 6 9 injuries per game on Sundays and Mondays During their September 29, 2022 game against Cincinnati, Miami Dolphins quarterback Tua Tagovailoa hit the ground with his left elbow, back and back of his helmet after taking a sack  Tagovailoa demonstrated a fencing response, and was stretchered off the field and transported to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center with head and neck injuries   He was discharged from the hospital later that night  The game took place only four days after the Dolphins' previous game against Buffalo, where Tagovailoa was briefly taken out of the game due to a head injury (initially reported by the team as a back injury), but returned to the game afterward  That decision prompted an investigation by the NFLPA as a possible violation of concussion protocol; the NFL stated there were indications that the concussion protocol had been followed in this case  The NFL faced scrutiny over its concussion policy following the game, with critics arguing that Tagovailoa should not have been cleared to play at all (especially with the shortened rest between the games and the multiple injuries); the league's chief medical officer Allen Sills stated that "we want to be thorough, and we want to be consistent and be fair to everyone involved and make sure that we have all the data on hand before we reach a final determination "The injury also prompted discussions over how such situations should be handled during broadcasts, as Amazon faced criticism for airing multiple, graphic replays of the injury during the telecast, and limiting discussion of the event during the halftime show  The first injury was discussed during a segment of the pre-game show, and acknowledged by color commentator Kirk Herbstreit after the second injury   A more extensive discussion did occur during the post-game show, where reporter Michael Smith stated that "I think there’s room for both concern for Tua — and frustration and outrage " ESPN analyst Cris Canty argued that the lack of discussion at halftime was an example of the NFL "protecting its own interest", while NBC Sports ProFootballTalk analyst Michael David Smith felt it was hypocritical of Richard Sherman to have signed with Amazon to join the Thursday Night Football studio panel, despite his previous criticisms of the games over player safety 

Notes
See also
NFL on Fox
NFL on CBS
NFL on NBC
NBC Sunday Night Football
Monday Night Football
Passage 2:
The Big Bang Theory (season 10)
The tenth season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday, September 19, 2016  The series returned to its regular Thursday night time slot on October 27, 2016 after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended  The season concluded on May 11, 2017 On March 12, 2014, The Big Bang Theory was renewed for an additional three years, extending it through the 2016–17 television season for a total of ten seasons 

Production
Like the previous two seasons, the first five episodes of the tenth season aired on a different night due to CBS acquiring the rights to Thursday Night Football games  In May 2016, CBS announced at its annual upfront presentation that the series would begin its tenth season on Mondays, before returning to the Thursday slot once the football games ended Filming for the tenth season began on August 16, 2016, according to posts on Instagram and Twitter by several of the cast members including Kaley Cuoco and Mayim Bialik Several castings for the tenth season were announced before the season began airing  Variety announced on July 22, 2016, that Katey Sagal and Jack McBrayer had been cast as Penny's mother and brother, respectively  Information about the characters was that Sagal would play Susan, who was described as stressed out and neurotic from a life with her troubled son  McBrayer would play Randall, a cheerful former drug dealer and ex-con  Entertainment Weekly reported on August 10, 2016, a week before filming began, that Dean Norris would have a multi-episode arc in the tenth season, and would be playing Colonel Williams, a tough officer from the Air Force Research Laboratory, who is interested in the men's quantum gyroscope for military applications  On November 9, 2016, TVLine reported that Christopher Lloyd had been cast as Theodore for the season's December 1 episode 

Cast
Episodes
Ratings
Passage 3:
The Big Bang Theory (season 11)
The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday, September 25, 2017  The series returned to its regular Thursday night time slot on November 2, 2017, after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended  The season concluded on May 10, 2018 
In March 2017, CBS renewed the series for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve and securing that the series would run through the 2018–19 television season 

Production
Like the previous three seasons, the first five episodes aired on Mondays due to CBS' contractual rights to air the Thursday Night Football games  After Thursday Night Football ended, the series returned to a Thursday schedule starting on November 2, 2017  Filming for the eleventh season began on August 15, 2017; it was also announced with the taping report that the premiere for the eleventh season would be titled "The Proposal Proposal"  Before the season premiered, five episodes were filmed from August 15 to September 19, 2017 According to TV Guide, Steve Holland announced on September 22, 2017, that both Bob Newhart and Wil Wheaton would return this season after their absences during Season 10 

Cast
Episodes
Ratings
Passage 4:
Roy Tuckman
Roy of Hollywood - real name, Roy Tuckman (23 June 1938 – 20 April 2023) was an American radio host  
He produced, engineered and hosted the "Something's Happening" show on Pacifica Radio station KPFK-FM in Los Angeles from 1977 until his death in 2023 Tuckman was born in Los Angeles in 1938, and earned a master's degree in social anthropology from UCLA in 1967  He joined KPFK in 1972  
Something's Happening ran from 12 midnight to 6:00 a m , Monday night/Tuesday mornings through Thursday night/Friday mornings  
Monday was "environment/anything goes" night, often featuring computer scientist and Ufologist Eben Rey  Tuesday was "health/alternative medicine" night, mainly featuring Gary Null  Wednesday was politics night, featuring anti-fascist researcher Dave Emory  Thursday was "spirituality/mysticism" night, often featuring Alan Watts, Jack Gariss, Colin Wilson, and J  Krishnamurti 
Tuckman's awards include a Major Armstrong Award for the documentary "Upton Sinclair: The Reverent Radical", and an AP Best Spot News Coverage award (shared with Elliot Mintz) for his live, on-air interview with Iranian hostage-takers inside the American embassy in Tehran in November 1979 
Passage 5:
Sports league ranking
In a sports league, the ranking of a team is the place where it is within the division  Generally, ranking is based on won-lost record of games, with the team with the best record at the top, and the worst record at the bottom  Another common method is a points-based ranking system, where a team is awarded a certain number of points per win, fewer points per tie, and none for a loss 
In most sports, with association football generally being an exception, teams with the better records are awarded the advantage of playing in the postseason and all the glory that accompanies this privilege 
In leagues that use promotion and relegation, being in or near last place typically results in relegation to the next-lower league, although in some leagues, teams that finish near but not at the bottom may enter a promotion/relegation playoff with one or more teams from the next-lower league, and some other leagues relegate teams based on performance over multiple seasons  In leagues with franchise systems, such as those in the US and Canada and in Australia, being in last place is only harmful to the team's reputation and not its place in the league  However, in some franchised leagues, the last place finisher may receive special compensation, such as being offered the first draft choice 

By sport
Association football
Most association football leagues do not directly use teams' won-drawn-lost record to determine ranking  Instead, a points system is used: 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss 
This system is also used in group stages of major international competitions (such as the FIFA World Cup) and international club competitions (such as the UEFA Champions League and Copa Libertadores) 
All competitions also have a tiebreaking procedure to separate teams that are level on points 
Most leagues determine their champions solely by regular-season standings  The most notable exceptions to this rule are leagues in North America and Australia  The top leagues in both regions—Major League Soccer (MLS) in the United States and Canada, Liga MX in Mexico, and the A-League in Australia (plus one team in New Zealand)—operate playoff systems to determine the season champion (or, in Mexico, two season champions)  MLS and the A-League are franchised, while Liga MX uses promotion and relegation 
As a general rule, teams that finish sufficiently high on the regular-season table also earn the right to play in the next edition of one of the international club competitions for their region  For example, European clubs (more precisely, clubs in areas governed by UEFA, which includes several countries that lie partially or totally outside geographic Europe) can qualify for the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, or UEFA Europa Conference League  Similarly, top teams in other parts of the world can qualify for the Copa Libertadores, AFC Champions League, CAF Champions League, CONCACAF Champions League, or OFC Champions League 

Cricket
In most T20 cricket leagues, the top four teams from the group stage advance to the playoffs, which are held under the Page playoff format  
Initially in the Indian Premier League, there were 52 matches in each league  This was increased to 96 matches in 2011  The top three teams in this league used to automatically make it to the now-defunct Champions League Twenty20, held by International Cricket Council every year 

Baseball
In Major League Baseball, there are three divisions in each league  The leader in each division automatically makes the playoffs, regardless of record  As of 2012, two additional teams, known as the wild cards, play one game to determine who will face the division winner with the best record  From 1995 to 2011, a single wild card team reached the playoffs; before 1969 one team from each league reached the World Series, and from 1969 to 1993 each league had two divisions, whose leaders played a series to determine the league champion and entrant in the World Series  The 1994 season was played using a three-division, one-wild-card setup, but a labor dispute ended the season before these honors could be earned by any team (the first time in 90 years the United States would be without a World Series) 
In the Division Series, the team with the best record of the three plays the wild card survivor, and the other two teams play each other in a best-of-five playoff  Beginning with the 2012 postseason, the team with the best record plays the wild-card survivor, regardless of divisional alignment  Previously, teams from the same division were not allowed to meet in the Division Series  The winners of each series play each other in a League Championship Series in a best-of-seven playoff to determine the pennant winner  The two pennant winners then play a best-of-seven series known as the World Series to determine the champion 

Basketball and Hockey
In the NBA and NHL, finishing in last place does not guarantee the first draft choice  Rather, a lottery is used between all of the lower-ranking teams (The 14 out of 30 that failed to reach the postseason)   The team with the worst record is given the highest odds of winning the lottery (often 4-to-1), but is not guaranteed the first choice   In the NBA, the first three draft choices are chosen via the lottery, and each winning team receives the draft place it won in the lottery   In the NHL, only one lottery winner is chosen, and if the team is not one of the four worst teams record-wise in the league, it improves four positions in the draft   If the team is one of the worst four, it receives the first draft choice   In both leagues, the remaining teams are sorted by their records during the regular season (lottery teams) or playoff performance   The lottery only affects the first round of the draft   This format is used to prevent a team from losing intentionally in order to automatically gain the first draft choice privilege 

American football
In the NFL, there are two conferences—the AFC and NFC—which are each divided into four divisions—North, South, East, and West   The winner of each division plus three "wild card" teams from each conference advance to the playoffs   The team with the best record in each conference receives a bye in the first round of the playoffs, known as the Wild Card Round, and automatically advances to the Divisional Round (second round)   The six other teams play single-elimination games; the lowest seed of the three winners advances to play the bye team, while the other two Wild Card Round winners play one another   The Divisional Round winners advance to the conference championship games and then to the Super Bowl, where the winner receives the Lombardi Trophy and title of Super Bowl Champion, along with championship rings for each member   The NFL Draft is held every April and the order of selection is based on the records from the 16-game regular season, from worst to best, with the Super Bowl champions selecting last   Trading rules are the same as in basketball and hockey, and trading the rights of players after they have been drafted but before they have signed a contract is not uncommon 

Rugby union
As with association football, most leagues in rugby union use a points system to determine ranking  The most commonly used system in the sport is:

Base points:  Win: 4, Draw: 2, Loss: 0
Bonus points:
1 point for scoring 4 or more tries  In France's professional league, the try bonus is awarded to a team that scores at least 3 more tries than its opponent 
1 point for losing by 7 points or less (the value of a converted try)This system is used in the group stages of all competitions operated by World Rugby, such as the Rugby World Cup  It is also used in group stages of most international club competitions, including the Heineken Cup 
While The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere has always used the standard bonus points system, its Northern Hemisphere counterpart, the Six Nations Championship, did not use said system until 2017  It instead used a system with no bonus points:  Win: 2 points, Draw: 1 point,  Loss: 0 points  When the Six Nations adopted the standard bonus points system, it added a provision that a team that completes the Grand Slam by defeating all other opponents receives 3 extra table points  This ensures that a Grand Slam winner will win the championship regardless of bonus points earned by any other teams  All competitions also have a tiebreaking procedure to separate teams that are level on points 
Unlike most association football leagues, rugby union leagues generally determine their champions in a knockout playoff  The most common system is a four-team Shaughnessy playoff, though France's Top 14 has a six-team playoff 

See also
Elimination from possibility of reaching postseason

Footnotes
Passage 6:
2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game played on January 8, 2018, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia, and was televised nationally by ESPN  The fourth College Football Playoff National Championship, the game determined a national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season  Aside from the all star games following this, this was the cumulating game of the 2017-18 bowl season  Sponsored by telecommunications company AT&T, the game was officially known as the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship presented by AT&T  
The Alabama Crimson Tide coming back from a 13–0 deficit at halftime, defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23  This was the first CFP National Championship game to be decided into overtime, and the first overtime National Championship game since the 2003 Fiesta Bowl  True freshman quarterback Tua Tagovailoa and defensive tackle Daron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game 
The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season  Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and Rose Bowl Game respectively on January 1, 2018 

Background
The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015 

2018 College Football Playoff
The College Football Playoff (CFP) selection committee selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide  The semifinals were played on January 1, 2018  The first semifinal, played at the Rose Bowl, Georgia won 54-48, after a 27 yard run by Sony Michel, shortly after a blocked Oklahoma field goal in the second overtime  In the second semifinal, played at the Sugar Bowl, Alabama defeated defending national champion Clemson 24-6 

Teams
Alabama
The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game  The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers  The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban 

Georgia
The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game  The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a rematch victory over the Auburn Tigers, 28–7  The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart 

Starting lineups
Source:

Game summary
First half
After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game  After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown  Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40-yard field goal  The teams each had three-and-outs for the game's first two punts  During Georgia's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41-yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three  Alabama's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted  Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10-yard-line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6–0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half  On Alabama's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama's J  K  Scott punted for the third time  Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury  Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1:19 remaining in the half on their own 31-yard-line  Nine plays later, on Alabama's 1-yard-line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13–0 going into halftime 

Second half
Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half  They started their drive on their own 22-yard-line  Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three-and-out  The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt  Georgia started their drive on their own 36-yard-line, but punted on 4th & 17  Alabama took over on their own 44-yard-line  The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80-yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20–7  On the second play of Alabama's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia's Deandre Baker  Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama's 39-yard-line  The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40-yard-line  The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43-yard field goal that put Bama within ten  The teams then traded punts  Just prior to Alabama's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a "serious medical emergency"  He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious  Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted  The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3:49  Alabama regained possession, and with three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game-winning 36-yard field goal wide left, sending the CFP Championship to overtime, the first in the era 

Overtime
In overtime, Georgia had an unsuccessful drive that resulted in both a three-and-out, and a 13-yard loss sack to Fromm   Georgia opted to attempt a 51-yard field goal, which they made  On Alabama's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16-yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith, in a play that has since been called 2nd and 26 by fans  Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Daron Payne was named the defensive player of the game 

Scoring summary
Statistics
Broadcasting
The game was televised nationally by ESPN and ESPN Radio  On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime  This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park 

See also
Alabama–Georgia football rivalry
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
Super Bowl LIII, the NFL championship game contested at the same venue on February 3, 2019
Passage 7:
WNFL
WNFL (1440 AM) is an American all-sports radio station located in Green Bay, Wisconsin  The station is locally owned and operated by Midwest Communications, which owns six other stations in Northeast Wisconsin  WNFL simulcasts the programming of WRNW in Milwaukee from 6 a m  to 6 p m  on weekdays  The station is also an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio, carrying much of their line-up for the remainder of the day and on weekends  It airs one minute news updates from CBS at approximately 45 minutes past the hour  In addition to the station's sports-talk offerings, WNFL airs Milwaukee Bucks basketball play-by-play and local high school football and basketball games  Milwaukee Brewers baseball games during the work week are also on WNFL, with night and weekend games on sister station WTAQ 
Former programming on the station included The Steve Czaban Show and the station's local Maino & Nick (John Maino and Nick Vitrano) show 
WNFL's studios and transmitter are located on Bellevue Street in the Green Bay suburb of Bellevue  Weather updates are provided by the "FOX 11 Severe Weather Lab" at WLUK-TV 

History
The Green Bay Press-Gazette built WJPG – a daytimer – in 1947 and it began broadcasting with 1000 watts of power on 810 kHz on December 12, 1947  Nighttime service was added in the station's early ears, and WJPG changed AM frequencies from 810 to 1440 kHz on May 24, 1951  Daytime power was increased to 5,000 watts on June 16, 1954 WJPG was a CONELRAD authorized radio station, meaning that if CONELRAD were activated, WJPG would remain on the air and transmit emergency information  A CONELRAD alarm was incorrectly sent to the WJPG control station on the evening of November 5, 1959  The message sent to the control station was "This is an air defense radio alert", rather than what should have been sent for a test, "This is an air defense line check " Northeast Wisconsin's three television stations (WFRV, WLUK, and WBAY) and radio stations WBAY and WJPG were all taken offline for 20 minutes as they prepared to implement CONELRAD alert procedures, until the error was realized and the alert preparation was reversed WJPG changed its call letters to WNFL on August 7, 1967, several months after the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowl I  WNFL changed ownership several times until 1996, when Midwest Communications acquired the station, along with sister stations WNCY and WYDR (then WROE) 

WNFL personalities
Mark Daniels: "WNFL Sports Report" anchor and high school sports play-by-play
Doug Higgins: Weekend weather (from WLUK-TV)
Pete Petoniak: Morning/early-afternoon weather (from WLUK-TV)
Patrick Powell: Late-afternoon/evening/overnight weather (from WLUK-TV)
Jason Hillery: Program Director



ground_truth: Meg Ryan