prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What movie did the person who acted in the comedy film Crime School win his only Oscar for?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Johnny, You're Wanted
Johnny, You're Wanted is a 1956 British crime B-movie, directed by Vernon Sewell and starring John Slater   The film features famous strongwoman Joan Rhodes performing her stage act  It was based on the 1953 BBC television series of the same name which also starred Slater 
Sewell called it "a stupid story "

Plot
Johnny (Slater) is a long-distance lorry driver returning to London from a provincial delivery, after having taken in a show by Joan Rhodes on the way   Late at night he stops to give a lift to an attractive female hitchhiker whose car has broken down and who is in a hurry to get to back to London   Later, Johnny pulls in to a transport café to make a telephone call and buy a coffee   When he returns to his truck, the woman is gone   Assuming that in her hurry she has picked up a lift with another driver, he goes on his way, and a few miles down the road is flagged down by another driver to help with a woman who has been found lying on the roadside   It turns out that the woman is Johnny's hitchhiker, and that she is dead 
The police soon establish that Johnny was the last person to see the woman alive, and consider him the prime suspect in her murder   Johnny goes on the run, and tries to find out as much as he can about the woman and why anyone should have wanted her dead, while trying to elude the police   He soon finds himself caught up in the shady world of drug smuggling and has to use all his wits to bring the real killers to justice 

Cast
John Slater as Johnny
Alfred Marks as Marks
Garry Marsh as Balsamo
Joan Rhodes as Herself
Chris Halward as Julie
Jack Stewart as Inspector Bennett
John Stuart as Surgeon
Ann Lynn as Chorine

Critical reception
TV Guide called the film a "well-conceived thriller   The situations and performances are a bit forced, but otherwise interest is easily maintained "

External links
Johnny, You're Wanted at IMDb
johnny-youre-wanted at AllMovie
Passage 2:
Chhoti Si Baat
Chhoti Si Baat (transl  A Small Matter) is a 1976 Hindi-language romantic comedy coming of age film directed by Basu Chatterjee  Considered one of the best Hindi comedy films of the 1970s, it is a nostalgic favourite for its quirky take on pre-hypercongestion Bombay  The film became a box office hit  and also earned six Filmfare nominations and a Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay for Basu Chatterjee  The movie is a remake of the 1960 British movie School for Scoundrels It also established Amol Palekar as having an uncommon comic talent for playing mousy characters, a role he would go on to repeat several times in his career  As with other Basu Chatterjee films, moviestars have small cameos playing themselves: Dharmendra and Hema Malini (whose mother Jaya Chakravarthy helped produce the film) are in a movie-within-a-movie for the song Janneman Janneman, while Amitabh Bachchan plays himself in another scene, where he seeks advice from Ashok Kumar's character   He is dressed in costume from Zameer, whose film poster is prominently displayed at the bus stop scenes in Chhoti Si Baat   B R  Chopra is the producer for Zameer, just as he is for Chhoti Si Baat 

Plot
Chhoti Si Baat is a romantic comedy about a painfully shy young man Arun Pradeep (Amol Palekar), who lacks self-confidence and fails to stand up for his convictions, in the process letting all and sundry walk all over him  One fine day he comes across Prabha Narayan (Vidya Sinha) at the bus stop en route to work and finds love at first sight for her  Lacking enough courage and unsure if his feelings are reciprocated, he pines for her from afar and follows her around, at a safe distance (or so he thinks)  Prabha, fully aware of his affections, secretly relishes his discomfort, while waiting for him to make the first move 
While Arun is hopelessly stuck, in comes the suave, brash Nagesh Shastri (Asrani), a colleague of Prabha's, and emerges a serious rival for her attention  It does not help that he appears to be miles ahead of Arun in the "race" and is all that Arun is not: He is gregarious while Arun is shy, he is confident and boastful, while Arun is besieged with self-doubt, he is smooth, while Arun is awkward, he is street smart, while Arun's naïve, and he is assertive while Arun is timid  Plus he owns a scooter and ensures that he has opportunities to offer Prabha a ride, while Arun can only look on  A gullible Arun, trying to match Nagesh with a motorbike of his own, is conned into buying a dud, further embarrassing him in front of Prabha  He seeks salvation in astrology, tarot cards, and dubious godmen only to land with egg on his face 
In desperation, he finally turns to Colonel Julius Nagendranath Wilfred Singh (Ashok Kumar) of Khandala, who has made it his mission to assist those in love find their true destiny  Colonel Singh agrees to help Arun and thus begins the turnaround as Singh begins to mould Arun into a mature, confident young man through meticulously designed lesson plans, peppered with philosophy and "hands on" training  A "born-again" Arun returns to Bombay with a distinguished swagger, brimming with newly discovered self-esteem, ready to take on the world and win over Prabha 

Cast
Soundtrack
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Humphrey Bogart
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (; December 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957), colloquially nicknamed Bogie, was an American film and stage actor  His performances in classic Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon  In 1999, the American Film Institute selected Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema Bogart began acting in Broadway shows, beginning his career in motion pictures with Up the River (1930) for 20th Century Fox, and appeared in supporting roles for the next decade, regularly portraying gangsters  He was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), but remained cast secondary to other actors at Warner Bros  who received leading roles  Bogart also received positive reviews for his performance as gangster Hugh "Baby Face" Martin, in Dead End (1937), directed by William Wyler 
His breakthrough from supporting roles to stardom was set in motion with High Sierra (1941) and catapulted in The Maltese Falcon (1941), considered one of the first great noir films  Bogart's private detectives, Sam Spade (in The Maltese Falcon) and Philip Marlowe (in 1946's The Big Sleep), became the models for detectives in other noir films  His most significant romantic lead role was with Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca (1942), which earned him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor  44-year-old Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love during filming of To Have and Have Not (1944)  In 1945, a few months after principal photography for The Big Sleep, their second film together, he divorced his third wife and married Bacall  After their marriage, they played each other's love interest in the mystery thrillers Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948)  Raymond Chandler, in a 1946 letter, wrote that "Like Edward G  Robinson when he was younger, all he has to do to dominate a scene is to enter it "Bogart's performances in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) and In a Lonely Place (1950) are now considered among his best, although they were not recognized as such when the films were released  He reprised those unsettled, unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny (1954), which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination  He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of a cantankerous river steam launch skipper opposite Katharine Hepburn's missionary in the World War I African adventure The African Queen (1951)  Other significant roles in his later years included The Barefoot Contessa (1954) with Ava Gardner and his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954)  A heavy smoker and drinker, Bogart died from esophageal cancer in January 1957  Lauren Bacall said of him, "There was something that made him able to be a man of his own and it showed through his work  There was also  a purity, which is amazing considering the parts he played  Something solid too  I think as time goes by we all believe less and less  Here was someone who believed in something "

Early life and education
Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City, the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart and Maud Humphrey  Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Welty Bogart (a Canandaigua, New York, innkeeper) and Julia Augusta Stiles, a wealthy heiress  The name "Bogart" derives from the Dutch surname, "Bogaert"  Belmont and Maud married in June 1898  He was a Presbyterian, of English and Dutch descent, and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje (the first female European Christian child born in New Netherland)  Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage, and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland  Humphrey was raised Episcopalian, but was non-practicing for most of his adult life The date of Bogart's birth has been disputed  Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros  publicity department had altered it to January 23, 1900, "to foster the view that a man born on Christmas Day couldn't really be as villainous as he appeared to be on screen"  The "corrected" January birthdate subsequently appeared—and in some cases, remains—in many otherwise-authoritative sources  According to biographers Ann M  Sperber and Eric Lax, Bogart always celebrated his birthday on December 25 and listed it on official records (including his marriage license) Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogart's birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day, saying that he joked about being cheated out of a present every year  Sperber and Lax noted that a birth announcement in the Ontario County Times of January 10, 1900, rules out the possibility of a January 23 birthdate; state and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 birthdate  Bogart's birth record confirms he was actually born on December 25, 1899 

Belmont, Bogart's father, was a cardiopulmonary surgeon  Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France, including study with James Abbott McNeill Whistler  She later became art director of the fashion magazine The Delineator and a militant suffragette  Maud used a drawing of baby Humphrey in an advertising campaign for Mellins Baby Food  She earned over $50,000 a year at the peak of her career – a very large sum of money at the time, and considerably more than her husband's $20,000  The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Side apartment, and had a cottage on a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Lake in upstate New York  When he was young, Bogart's group of friends at the lake would put on plays He had two younger sisters: Frances ("Pat") and Catherine Elizabeth ("Kay")  Bogart's parents were busy in their careers, and frequently fought  Very formal, they showed little emotion towards their children  Maud told her offspring to call her "Maud" instead of "Mother", and showed little, if any, physical affection for them  When she was pleased, she "[c]lapped you on the shoulder, almost the way a man does", Bogart recalled  "I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly  A kiss, in our family, was an event  Our mother and father didn't glug over my two sisters and me "Bogart was teased as a boy for his curls, tidiness, the "cute" pictures his mother had him pose for, the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes in which she dressed him, and for his first name  He inherited from his father a tendency to needle, a fondness for fishing, a lifelong love of boating, and an attraction to strong-willed women Bogart attended the private Delancey School until the fifth grade and then attended the prestigious Trinity School  He was an indifferent, sullen student who showed no interest in after-school activities  Bogart later attended Phillips Academy, a boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections  Although his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University, Bogart left Phillips in 1918 after one semester (although the Phillips Academy website claims he was in the graduating class of 1920)  He failed four out of six classes  Several reasons have been given; according to one, he was expelled for throwing the headmaster (or a groundskeeper) into Rabbit Pond on campus  Another cited smoking, drinking, poor academic performance, and (possibly) inappropriate comments made to the staff  In a third scenario, Bogart was withdrawn by his father for failing to improve his grades  His parents were deeply disappointed in their failed plans for his future 

Navy
With no viable career options, Bogart enlisted in the United States Navy in the spring of 1918 (during World War I), and served as a coxswain   He recalled later, "At eighteen, war was great stuff  Paris! Sexy French girls! Hot damn!" Bogart was recorded as a model sailor, who spent most of his sea time after the armistice ferrying troops back from Europe  Bogart left the service on June 18, 1919, at the rank of boatswain's mate third class  During the Second World War, Bogart attempted to re-enlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age  He then volunteered for the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve in 1944, patrolling the California coastline in his yacht, the Santana He may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint  There are several conflicting stories  In one, his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship (the USS Leviathan) was shelled  The ship was never shelled, however, and Bogart may not have been at sea before the armistice  Another story, held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley, was that Bogart was injured while taking a prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery, Maine  While changing trains in Boston, the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for a cigarette  When Bogart looked for a match, the prisoner smashed him across the mouth with the cuffs (cutting Bogart's lip) and fled before being recaptured and imprisoned  In an alternative version, Bogart was struck in the mouth by a handcuff loosened while freeing his charge; the other handcuff was still around the prisoner's wrist  By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor, a scar had formed  David Niven said that when he first asked Bogart about his scar, however, he said that it was caused by a childhood accident  "Goddamn doctor", Bogart later told Niven  "Instead of stitching it up, he screwed it up " According to Niven, the stories that Bogart got the scar during wartime were made up by the studios  His post-service physical did not mention the lip scar, although it noted many smaller scars  When actress Louise Brooks met Bogart in 1924, he had scar tissue on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had partially repaired before entering the film industry in 1930  Brooks said that his "lip wound gave him no speech impediment, either before or after it was mended "

Acting
First performances
Bogart returned home to find his father in poor health, his medical practice faltering, and much of the family's wealth lost in bad timber investments  His character and values developed separately from his family during his navy days, and he began to rebel  Bogart became a liberal who disliked pretension, phonies and snobs, sometimes defying conventional behavior and authority; he was also well-mannered, articulate, punctual, self-effacing and stand-offish  After his naval service, he worked as a shipper and a bond salesman, joining the Coast Guard Reserve 

Frank Kelly Rich writes that Bogart "dove headfirst into the Jazz Age lifestyle, always up for late night revels    When his meager wages were exhausted, he’d play chess against all comers in arcades for a dollar a match (he was a brilliant player) to fund his outings " Mike Doyle of Chess com writes that “Before he made any money from acting, he would hustle players for dimes and quarters, playing in New York parks and at Coney Island ” Bogart resumed his friendship with Bill Brady Jr  (whose father had show-business connections), and obtained an office job with William A  Brady's new World Films company  Although he wanted to try his hand at screenwriting, directing, and production, he excelled at none  Bogart was stage manager for Brady's daughter Alice's play A Ruined Lady  He made his stage debut a few months later as a Japanese butler in Alice's 1921 play Drifting (nervously delivering one line of dialogue), and appeared in several of her subsequent plays Although Bogart had been raised to believe that acting was a lowly profession, he liked the late hours actors kept and the attention they received: "I was born to be indolent and this was the softest of rackets " He spent much of his free time in speakeasies, drinking heavily  A bar-room brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogart's lip damage, dovetailing with Louise Brooks' account Preferring to learn by doing, he never took acting lessons  Bogart was persistent and worked steadily at his craft, appearing in at least 18 Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935, 11 of which were comedies  He played juveniles or romantic supporting roles in drawing-room comedies and is reportedly the first actor to say, "Tennis, anyone?" on stage  According to Alexander Woollcott, Bogart "is what is usually and mercifully described as inadequate " Other critics were kinder  Heywood Broun, reviewing Nerves, wrote: "Humphrey Bogart gives the most effective performance     both dry and fresh, if that be possible"  He played a juvenile lead (reporter Gregory Brown) in Lynn Starling's comedy Meet the Wife, which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre from November 1923 through July 1924  Bogart disliked his trivial, effeminate early-career parts, calling them "White Pants Willie" roles While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922, he met actress Helen Menken; they were married on May 20, 1926, at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City  Divorced on November 18, 1927, they remained friends  Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career more than marriage, citing neglect and abuse  He married actress Mary Philips on April 3, 1928, at her mother's apartment in Hartford, Connecticut; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the play Nerves during its brief run at the Comedy Theatre in 1924 
Theatrical production dropped off sharply after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and many of the more-photogenic actors headed for Hollywood  Bogart debuted on film with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler, The Dancing Town, a complete copy of which has not been found  He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in a Vitaphone short, Broadway's Like That (1930), which was rediscovered in 1963 

Broadway to Hollywood
Bogart signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week  There he met Spencer Tracy, a Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired, and the two men became close friends and drinking companions  In 1930, Tracy first called him "Bogie"  Tracy made his feature film debut in his only movie with Bogart, John Ford's early sound film Up the River (1930), in which their leading roles were as inmates  Tracy received top billing, but Bogart's picture appeared on the film's posters  He was billed fourth behind Tracy, Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but his role was almost as large as Tracy's and much larger than Luce's or Hymer's  A quarter of a century later, the two men planned to make The Desperate Hours together  Both insisted upon top billing, however; Tracy dropped out, and was replaced by Fredric March Bogart then had a supporting role in Bad Sister (1931) with Bette Davis  Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935, out of work for long periods  His parents had separated; his father died in 1934 in debt, which Bogart eventually paid off  He inherited his father's gold ring, which he wore in many of his films  At his father's deathbed, Bogart finally told him how much he loved him  Bogart's second marriage was rocky; dissatisfied with his acting career, depressed and irritable, he drank heavily 

In Hollywood permanently: The Petrified Forest
In 1934, Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque (renamed the John Golden Theatre in 1937)  Its producer, Arthur Hopkins, heard the play from offstage; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E  Sherwood's forthcoming play, The Petrified Forest  Hopkins later recalled:

When I saw the actor I was somewhat taken aback, for [I realized] he was the one I never much admired  He was an antiquated juvenile who spent most of his stage life in white pants swinging a tennis racquet  He seemed as far from a cold-blooded killer as one could get, but the voice[,] dry and tired[,] persisted, and the voice was Mantee's 
The play had 197 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York in 1935  Although Leslie Howard was the star, The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that the play was "a peach     a roaring Western melodrama     Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor " Bogart said that the play "marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek, sybaritic, stiff-shirted, swallow-tailed 'smoothies' to which I seemed condemned to life " However, he still felt insecure  Warner Bros  bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935  The play seemed ideal for the studio, which was known for its socially-realistic pictures for a public entranced by real-life criminals such as John Dillinger and Dutch Schultz  Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast  Howard, who held the production rights, made it clear that he wanted Bogart to star with him 

The studio tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role and chose Edward G  Robinson, who had star appeal and was due to make a film to fulfill his contract  Bogart cabled news of this development to Howard in Scotland, who replied: "Att: Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L H "  When Warner Bros  saw that Howard would not budge, they gave in and cast Bogart  Jack Warner wanted Bogart to use a stage name but Bogart declined, having built a reputation with his name in Broadway theater  The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936  According to Variety, "Bogart's menace leaves nothing wanting"  Frank S  Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the actor "can be a psychopathic gangster more like Dillinger than the outlaw himself " The film was successful at the box office, earning $500,000 in rentals, and made Bogart a star  He never forgot Howard's favor and named his only daughter, Leslie Howard Bogart, after him in 1952 

Supporting gangster and villain roles
Despite his success in The Petrified Forest (an "A movie"), Bogart signed a tepid 26-week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of B movie crime dramas  Although he was proud of his success, the fact that it derived from gangster roles weighed on him: "I can't get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument  There must be something in my tone of voice, or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody  Nobody likes me on sight  I suppose that's why I'm cast as the heavy "In spite of his success, Warner Bros  had no interest in raising Bogart's profile  His roles were repetitive and physically demanding; studios were not yet air-conditioned, and his tightly scheduled job at Warners was anything but the indolent and "peachy" actor's life he hoped for  Although Bogart disliked the roles chosen for him, he worked steadily  "In the first 34 pictures" for Warner's, he told journalist George Frazier, "I was shot in 12, electrocuted or hanged in 8, and was a jailbird in 9"  He averaged a film every two months between 1936 and 1940, sometimes working on two films  at the same time  Bogart used these years to begin developing his film persona: a wounded, stoical, cynical, charming, vulnerable, self-mocking loner with a code of honor 
Amenities at Warners were few, compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer  Bogart thought that the Warners wardrobe department was cheap, and often wore his own suits in his films  He chose his own dog named Zero, to play Pard (his character's dog) in High Sierra  His disputes with Warner Bros  over roles and money were similar to those waged by the studio with more established and less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney 

Leading men at Warner Bros  included George Raft, James Cagney and Edward G  Robinson  Most of the studio's better scripts went to them or others, leaving Bogart with what was left: films like San Quentin (1937), Racket Busters (1938), and You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939)  His only leading role during this period was in Dead End (1937, on loan to Samuel Goldwyn), as a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shute's 1939 novel, What Happened to the Corbetts, the protagonist replies "I've seen Humphrey Bogart with one often enough" when asked if he knows how to operate an automatic weapon  Although he played a variety of supporting roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Bogart's roles were either rivals of characters played by Cagney and Robinson or a secondary member of their gang  In Black Legion (1937), a movie Graham Greene described as "intelligent and exciting, if rather earnest", he played a good man who was caught up with (and destroyed by) a racist organization 
The studio cast Bogart as a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady (1938), a "hillbilly musical" which he reportedly considered his worst film performance  He played a rejuvenated, formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Doctor X (1939), his only horror film: "If it'd been Jack Warner's blood     I wouldn't have minded so much  The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie " His wife, Mary, had a stage hit in A Touch of Brimstone and refused to abandon her Broadway career for Hollywood  After the play closed, Mary relented; she insisted on continuing her career, however, and they divorced in 1937 

On August 21, 1938, Bogart entered a turbulent third marriage to actress Mayo Methot, a lively, friendly woman when sober but paranoid and aggressive when drunk  She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her (which he eventually was, with Lauren Bacall, while filming To Have and Have Not in 1944)  They drifted apart; Methot's drinking increased, and she threw plants, crockery and other objects at Bogart  She set their house afire, stabbed him with a knife, and slashed her wrists several times  Bogart needled her; apparently enjoying confrontation, he was sometimes violent as well  The press called them "the Battling Bogarts" According to their friend, Julius Epstein, "The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War"  Bogart bought a motor launch which he named Sluggy, his nickname for Methot: "I like a jealous wife    We get on so well together (because) we don't have illusions about each other     I wouldn't give you two cents for a dame without a temper " Louise Brooks said that "except for Leslie Howard, no one contributed as much to Humphrey's success as his third wife, Mayo Methot " Methot's influence was increasingly destructive, however, and Bogart also continued to drink He had a lifelong disdain for pretension and phoniness, and was again irritated by his inferior films  Bogart rarely watched his own films and avoided premieres, issuing fake press releases about his private life to satisfy journalistic and public curiosity  When he thought an actor, director or studio had done something shoddy, he spoke up publicly about it  Bogart advised Robert Mitchum that the only way to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an "againster"  He was not the most popular of actors, and some in the Hollywood community shunned him privately to avoid trouble with the studios   Bogart once said,
All over Hollywood, they are continually advising me, "Oh, you mustn't say that  That will get you in a lot of trouble," when I remark that some picture or writer or director or producer is no good  I don't get it  If he isn't any good, why can't you say so? If more people would mention it, pretty soon it might start having some effect  The local idea that anyone making a thousand dollars a week is sacred and is beyond the realm of criticism never strikes me as particularly sound 
The Hollywood press, unaccustomed to such candor, was delighted 

Early stardom
High Sierra
High Sierra (1941, directed by Raoul Walsh) featured a screenplay written by John Huston, Bogart's friend and drinking partner, adapted from a novel by W  R  Burnett, author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based  Paul Muni, George Raft, Cagney and Robinson turned down the lead role, giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character with some depth  Walsh initially opposed Bogart's casting, preferring Raft for the part  It was Bogart's last major film as a gangster; a supporting role followed in The Big Shot, released in 1942  He worked well with Ida Lupino, sparking jealousy from Mayo Methot The film cemented a strong personal and professional connection between Bogart and Huston  Bogart admired (and somewhat envied) Huston for his skill as a writer; a poor student, Bogart was a lifelong reader  He could quote Plato, Alexander Pope, Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare, and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review  Bogart admired writers; some of his best friends were screenwriters, including Louis Bromfield, Nathaniel Benchley, and Nunnally Johnson  He enjoyed intense, provocative conversation (accompanied by stiff drinks), as did Huston  Both were rebellious and enjoyed playing childish pranks  Huston was reportedly easily bored during production and admired Bogart (also bored easily off-camera) for his acting talent and his intense concentration on-set 

The Maltese Falcon
Now regarded as a classic film noir, The Maltese Falcon (1941) was John Huston's directorial debut  Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel, it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the basis of two earlier film versions; the second was Satan Met a Lady (1936), starring Bette Davis  Producer Hal B  Wallis initially offered to cast George Raft as the leading man, but Raft (then better known than Bogart) had a contract stipulating he was not required to appear in remakes  Fearing that it would be nothing more than a sanitized version of the pre-Production Code The Maltese Falcon (1931), Raft turned down the role to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh, with whom he had worked on The Bowery in 1933  Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart as his Sam Spade 
Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Elisha Cook Jr , and Mary Astor as the treacherous female foil  Bogart's sharp timing and facial expressions were praised by the cast and director as vital to the film's quick action and rapid-fire dialogue  It was a commercial hit, and a major triumph for Huston  Bogart was unusually happy with the film: "It is practically a masterpiece  I don't have many things I'm proud of     but that's one" 

Casablanca
Bogart played his first romantic lead in Casablanca (1942): Rick Blaine, an expatriate nightclub owner hiding from a suspicious past and negotiating a fine line among Nazis, the French underground, the Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings for his ex-girlfriend  Bosley Crowther wrote in his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogart's character was used "to inject a cold point of tough resistance to evil forces afoot in Europe today"  The film, directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal Wallis, featured Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, Sydney Greenstreet, Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt, Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson 
Bogart and Bergman's on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than actual rapport, although Mayo Methot assumed otherwise  Off the set, the co-stars hardly spoke  Bergman (who had a reputation for affairs with her leading men) later said about Bogart, "I kissed him but I never knew him " Because she was taller, Bogart had 3-inch (76 mm) blocks attached to his shoes in some scenes Bogart is reported to have been responsible for the notion that Rick Blaine should be portrayed as a chess player, a metaphor for the relationships he maintained with friends, enemies, and allies  He played tournament-level chess (one division below master) in real life, often enjoying games with crew members and cast but finding his better in Paul Henreid Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards for 1943  Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role, but lost to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine  The film vaulted Bogart from fourth place to first in the studio's roster, however, finally overtaking James Cagney  He more than doubled his annual salary to over $460,000 by 1946, making him the world's highest-paid actor Bogart went on United Service Organizations and War Bond tours with Methot in 1943 and 1944, making arduous trips to Italy and North Africa (including Casablanca)  He was still required to perform in films with weak scripts, leading to conflicts with the front office  He starred in Conflict (1945, again with Greenstreet), but turned down God is My Co-Pilot that year 

Bogart and Bacall
To Have and Have Not
Howard Hawks introduced Bogart and Lauren Bacall (1924–2014) while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille (1944)  The three subsequently collaborated on To Have and Have Not (1944), a loose adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novel, and Bacall's film debut  It has several similarities to Casablanca: the same kind of hero and enemies, and a piano player (portrayed this time by Hoagy Carmichael) as a supporting character  When they met, Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44; he nicknamed her "Baby " A model since age 16, she had appeared in two failed plays  Bogart was attracted by Bacall's high cheekbones, green eyes, tawny blond hair, lean body, maturity, poise and earthy, outspoken honesty; he reportedly said, "I just saw your test  We'll have a lot of fun together" Their emotional bond was strong from the start, their difference in age and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student dynamic  In contrast to the Hollywood norm, their affair was Bogart's first with a leading lady  His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and brief, their separations bridged by love letters  The relationship made it easier for Bacall to make her first film, and Bogart did his best to put her at ease with jokes and quiet coaching  He encouraged her to steal scenes; Howard Hawks also did his best to highlight her role, and found Bogart easy to direct However, Hawks began to disapprove of the relationship  He considered himself Bacall's protector and mentor, and Bogart was usurping that role  Not usually drawn to his starlets, the married director also fell for Bacall; he told her that she meant nothing to Bogart and threatened to send her to the poverty-row studio Monogram Pictures  Bogart calmed her down, and then went after Hawks; Jack Warner settled the dispute, and filming resumed  Hawks said about Bacall, "Bogie fell in love with the character she played, so she had to keep playing it the rest of her life "

The Big Sleep
Months after wrapping To Have and Have Not, Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore: the film noir The Big Sleep (1946), based on the novel by Raymond Chandler with script help from William Faulkner  Chandler admired the actor's performance: "Bogart can be tough without a gun  Also, he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt " Although the film was completed and scheduled for release in 1945, it was withdrawn and re-edited to add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacall's box-office chemistry in To Have and Have Not and the publicity surrounding their offscreen relationship  At the insistence of director Howard Hawks, production partner Charles K  Feldman agreed to a rewrite of Bacall's scenes to heighten the "insolent" quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee and audiences of the earlier film, and a memo was sent to studio head Jack Warner The dialogue, especially in the added scenes supplied by Hawks, was full of sexual innuendo  The film was successful, although some critics found its plot confusing and overly complicated  According to Chandler, Hawks and Bogart argued about who killed the chauffeur; when Chandler received an inquiry by telegram, he could not provide an answer 

Marriage to Bacall
Bogart filed for divorce from Methot in February 1945  He and Bacall married in a small ceremony at the country home of Bogart's close friend, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield, at Malabar Farm (near Lucas, Ohio) on May 21, 1945 They moved into a $160,000 ($2,600,000 in 2022) white brick mansion in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeles' Holmby Hills  At the time of the 1950 United States census, the couple was living at 2707 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills with their son and nursemaid  Bacall is listed as Betty Bogart  The marriage was a mostly happy one but not without its troubles  Bogart's drinking was sometimes problematic and he initially wasn't happy about having his first child  He was a homebody, and Bacall liked the nightlife; he loved the sea, which made her seasick  Bogart and Bacall both had affairs but they never stopped loving each other; a fact Bacall mentions throughout her memoir "By Myself"  Bacall, in a 1997 Parade Magazine cover story told reporter Dotson Rader that Bogart said ‘If you want a career more than anything, I will do everything I can to help you, and I will send you on your way, but I will not marry you  I’ve been through it, and I know it doesn’t work ’ He was right  He loved me and wanted me with him  I made the deal, and I stuck to it, and I’m damn glad that I did ”Bogart bought the Santana, a 55-foot (17 m) sailing yacht, from actor Dick Powell in 1945  He found the sea a sanctuary and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water, with a particular fondness for sailing around Catalina Island: "An actor needs something to stabilize his personality, something to nail down what he really is, not what he is currently pretending to be " Bogart joined the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve (a forerunner of the modern Coast Guard Auxiliary), offering the Coast Guard use of the Santana  He reportedly attempted to enlist, but was turned down due to his age 

Dark Passage and Key Largo
The suspenseful Dark Passage (1947) was Bogart and Bacall's next collaboration  Vincent Parry (Bogart) is intent on finding the real murderer for a crime of which he was convicted and sentenced to prison  According to Bogart's biographer, Stefan Kanfer, it was "a production line film noir with no particular distinction" Bogart and Bacall's last pairing in a film was in Key Largo (1948)  Directed by John Huston, Edward G  Robinson was billed second (behind Bogart) as gangster Johnny Rocco: a seething, older synthesis of many of his early bad-guy roles  The billing question was hard-fought and at the end of at least one of the trailers, Robinson is listed above Bogart in a list of the actors' names in the last frame; and in the film itself, Robinson's name, appearing between Bogart's and Bacall's, is pictured slightly higher onscreen than the other two  Robinson had top billing over Bogart in their four previous films together: Bullets or Ballots (1936), Kid Galahad (1937), The Amazing Dr  Clitterhouse (1938) and Brother Orchid (1940)  In some posters for Key Largo, Robinson's picture is substantially larger than Bogart's, and in the foreground manhandling Bacall while Bogart is in the background  The characters are trapped during a hurricane in a hotel owned by Bacall's father-in-law, portrayed by Lionel Barrymore  Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Rocco's physically abused, alcoholic girlfriend 

Later career
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Riding high in 1947 with a new contract which provided limited script refusal and the right to form his own production company, Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre: a stark tale of greed among three gold prospectors in Mexico  Lacking a love interest or a happy ending, it was considered a risky project  Bogart later said about co-star (and John Huston's father) Walter Huston, "He's probably the only performer in Hollywood to whom I'd gladly lose a scene "The film was shot in the heat of summer for greater realism and atmosphere and was grueling to make  James Agee wrote, "Bogart does a wonderful job with this character     miles ahead of the very good work he has done before " Although John Huston won the Academy Award for Best Director and screenplay and his father won the Best Supporting Actor award, the film had mediocre box-office results  Bogart complained, "An intelligent script, beautifully directed—something different—and the public turned a cold shoulder on it "

House Un-American Activities Committee
Bogart, a liberal Democrat, organized the Committee for the First Amendment (a delegation to Washington, D C ) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committee's harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors  He later wrote an article, "I'm No Communist", for the March 1948 issue of Photoplay magazine distancing himself from the Hollywood Ten to counter negative publicity resulting from his appearance  Bogart wrote, "The ten men cited for contempt by the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us "

Santana Productions
Bogart created his film company, Santana Productions (named after his yacht and the cabin cruiser in Key Largo), in 1948  The right to create his own company had left Jack Warner furious, fearful that other stars would do the same and further erode the major studios' power  In addition to pressure from freelancing actors such as Bogart, James Stewart, and Henry Fonda, they were beginning to buckle from the impact of television and the enforcement of antitrust laws which broke up theater chains  Bogart appeared in his final films for Warners, Chain Lightning (1950) and The Enforcer (1951) 

Except for Beat the Devil (1953), originally distributed in the United States by United Artists, the company released its films through Columbia Pictures; Columbia re-released Beat the Devil a decade later  In quick succession, Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door (1949), Tokyo Joe (1949), In a Lonely Place (1950), and Sirocco (1951)  Santana also made two films without him: And Baby Makes Three (1949) and The Family Secret (1951) 
Although most lost money at the box office (ultimately forcing Santana's sale), at least two retain a reputation; In a Lonely Place is considered a film-noir high point  Bogart plays Dixon Steele, an embittered writer with a violent reputation who is the primary suspect in the murder of a young woman and falls in love with failed actress Laurel Gray (Gloria Grahame)  Several Bogart biographers, and actress-writer Louise Brooks, have felt that this role is closest to the real Bogart  According to Brooks, the film "gave him a role that he could play with complexity, because the film character's pride in his art, his selfishness, drunkenness, lack of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by the real Bogart"  The character mimics some of Bogart's personal habits, twice ordering the actor's favorite meal (ham and eggs) A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon, Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart and John Huston  Co-written by Truman Capote, the eccentrically filmed story follows an amoral group of rogues, one of whom was portrayed by Peter Lorre, chasing an unattainable treasure  Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955 

The African Queen
Outside Santana Productions, Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951  The C  S  Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked and left undeveloped for 15 years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights  Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book; she suggested Bogart for the male lead, believing that "he was the only man who could have played that part"  Huston's love of adventure, his deep, longstanding friendship (and success) with Bogart, and the chance to work with Hepburn convinced the actor to leave Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo  Bogart was to get 30 percent of the profits and Hepburn 10 percent, plus a relatively small salary for both  The stars met in London and announced that they would work together 
Bacall came for the over-four-month duration, leaving their young son in Los Angeles  The Bogarts began the trip with a junket through Europe, including a visit with Pope Pius XII  Bacall later made herself useful as a cook, nurse and clothes washer; her husband said: "I don't know what we'd have done without her  She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa " Nearly everyone in the cast developed dysentery except Bogart and Huston, who subsisted on canned food and alcohol; Bogart said, "All I ate was baked beans, canned asparagus and Scotch whisky  Whenever a fly bit Huston or me, it dropped dead " Hepburn (a teetotaler) fared worse in the difficult conditions, losing weight and at one point becoming very ill  Bogart resisted Huston's insistence on using real leeches in a key scene where Charlie has to drag his steam launch through an infested marsh, and reasonable fakes were employed  The crew overcame illness, army-ant infestations, leaky boats, poor food, attacking hippos, poor water filters, extreme heat, isolation, and a boat fire to complete the film  Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps, rivers and marshes, The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogart's early love of boats; when he returned to California, he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death 
His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnutt earned Bogart an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1951 (his only award of three nominations), and he considered it the best of his film career  Promising friends that if he won his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight, Bogart advised Claire Trevor when she was nominated for Key Largo to "just say you did it all yourself and don't thank anyone"  When Bogart won, however, he said: "It's a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre  It's nicer to be here  Thank you very much     No one does it alone  As in tennis, you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you  John and Katie helped me to be where I am now " Despite the award and its accompanying recognition, Bogart later said: "The way to survive an Oscar is never to try to win another one     too many stars     win it and then figure they have to top themselves     they become afraid to take chances  The result: A lot of dull performances in dull pictures " The African Queen was Bogart's first starring Technicolor role 

The Caine Mutiny
Bogart dropped his asking price to obtain the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryk's drama, The Caine Mutiny (1954)  Though he retained some of his old bitterness about having to do so, he delivered a strong performance in the lead; he received his final Oscar nomination and was the subject of a June 7, 1954, Time magazine cover story 
Despite his success, Bogart was still melancholy; he grumbled to (and feuded with) the studio, while his health began to deteriorate  Like his portrayal of Fred C  Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, Bogart's Queeg is a paranoid, self-pitying character whose small-mindedness eventually destroys him  Henry Fonda played a different role in the Broadway version of The Caine Mutiny, generating publicity for the film 

Final roles
For Sabrina (1954), Billy Wilder wanted Cary Grant for the older male lead and chose Bogart to play the conservative brother who competes with his younger, playboy sibling (William Holden) for the affection of the Cinderella-like Sabrina (Audrey Hepburn)  Although Bogart was lukewarm about the part, he agreed to it on a handshake with Wilder without a finished script but with the director's assurance that he would take good care of Bogart during filming  The actor, however, got along poorly with his director and co-stars; he complained about the script's last-minute drafting and delivery, and accused Wilder of favoring Hepburn and Holden on and off the set  Wilder was the opposite of Bogart's ideal director (John Huston) in style and personality; Bogart complained to the press that Wilder was "overbearing" and "is [a] kind of Prussian German with a riding crop  He is the type of director I don't like to work with     the picture is a crock of crap  I got sick and tired of who gets Sabrina " Wilder later said, "We parted as enemies but finally made up " Despite the acrimony, the film was successful; according to a review in The New York Times, Bogart was "incredibly adroit     the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blends the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show" Joseph L  Mankiewicz's The Barefoot Contessa (1954) was filmed in Rome  In this Hollywood backstory, Bogart is a broken-down man, a cynical director-narrator who saves his career by making a star of a flamenco dancer modeled on Rita Hayworth  He was uneasy with Ava Gardner in the female lead; she had just broken up with his Rat Pack buddy Frank Sinatra, and Bogart was annoyed by her inexperienced performance  The actor was generally praised as the film's strongest part  During filming and while Bacall was home, Bogart resumed his discreet affair with Verita Bouvaire-Thompson (his long-time studio assistant, whom he drank with and took sailing)  When Bacall found them together, she extracted an expensive shopping spree from her husband; the three traveled together after the shooting 

Bogart could be generous with actors, particularly those who were blacklisted, down on their luck or having personal problems  During the filming of the Edward Dmytryk-directed The Left Hand of God (1955), he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and behaving oddly; he coached her, feeding Tierney her lines  Familiar with mental illness because of his sister's bouts of depression, Bogart encouraged Tierney to seek treatment  He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in Michael Curtiz's We're No Angels (1955) when a scandal made her persona non grata with studio head Jack Warner Bogart had already been diagnosed with terminal cancer when shooting The Harder They Fall, a boxing drama with Rod Steiger in a supporting role  Steiger later mentioned Bogart's courage and geniality during his final performance:

"Bogey and I got on very well  Unlike some other stars, when they had closeups, you might have been relegated to a two-shot, or cut out altogether  Bogey didn't play those games  He was a professional and had tremendous authority  He'd come in exactly at 9am and leave at precisely 6pm  I remember once walking to lunch in between takes and seeing Bogey on the lot  I shouldn't have because his work was finished for the day  I asked him why he was still on the lot, and he said, 'They want to shoot some retakes of my closeups because my eyes are too watery'  A little while later, after the film, somebody came up to me with word of Bogey's death  Then it struck me  His eyes were watery because he was in pain with the cancer  I thought: 'How dumb can you be, Rodney'!"

Television and radio
Bogart rarely performed on television, but he and Bacall appeared on Edward R  Murrow's Person to Person and disagreed on the answer to every question  He also appeared on The Jack Benny Show, where a surviving kinescope of the live telecast captures him in his only TV sketch-comedy performance (October 25, 1953) 
Bogart and Bacall worked on an early color telecast in 1955, an NBC adaptation of "The Petrified Forest" for Producers' Showcase  Bogart received top billing, Henry Fonda played Leslie Howard's role and Bacall played Bette Davis's part   Jack Klugman, Richard Jaeckel, and Jack Warden played supporting roles  In the late 1990s, Bacall donated the only known kinescope of the 1955 performance (in black and white) to the Museum Of Television & Radio (now the Paley Center for Media), where it remains archived for viewing in New York City and Los Angeles  It is now in the public domain 
Bogart also performed radio adaptations of some of his best-known films, such as Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon, and recorded a radio series entitled Bold Venture with Bacall 

Personal life
Children
Bogart became a father at age 49, when Bacall gave birth to their son Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6, 1949, during the filming of Tokyo Joe  The name was taken from Steve, Bogart's character's nickname in To Have and Have Not  Stephen became an author and biographer and hosted a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies  The couple's second child and daughter, Leslie Howard Bogart, was born on August 23, 1952  Her first and middle names honor Leslie Howard, Bogart's friend and co-star in The Petrified Forest 

Rat Pack
Bogart was a founding member and the original leader of the Hollywood Rat Pack  In the spring of 1955, after a long party in Las Vegas attended by Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, her husband Sidney Luft, Michael Romanoff and his wife Gloria, David Niven, Angie Dickinson and others, Bacall surveyed the wreckage and said: "You look like a goddamn rat pack "The name stuck and was made official at Romanoff's in Beverly Hills  Sinatra was dubbed pack president; Bacall den mother; Bogart director of public relations, and Sid Luft acting cage manager  Asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the group's purpose was, Bacall replied: "To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late "

Illness and death
After signing a long-term deal with Warner Bros , Bogart predicted with glee that his teeth and hair would fall out before the contract ended  In 1955, however, his health was failing  In the wake of Santana, Bogart had formed a new company and had plans for a film (Melville Goodwin, U S A ) in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate  His persistent cough and difficulty eating became too serious to ignore, though, and he dropped the project A heavy smoker and drinker, Bogart had developed esophageal cancer  He did not talk about his health and visited a doctor in late January 1956 after considerable persuasion from Bacall  The disease worsened and several weeks later, on March 1, Bogart had surgery to remove his esophagus, two lymph nodes and a rib  The surgery was unsuccessful, and chemotherapy followed  He had additional surgery in November 1956, when the cancer had metastasized  Although he became too weak to walk up and down stairs, he joked despite the pain: "Put me in the dumbwaiter and I'll ride down to the first floor in style " It was then altered to accommodate his wheelchair  Frank Sinatra, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy visited him on January 13, 1957  In an interview, Hepburn said:

Spence patted him on the shoulder and said, "Goodnight, Bogie " Bogie turned his eyes to Spence very quietly and with a sweet smile covered Spence's hand with his own and said, "Goodbye, Spence " Spence's heart stood still  He understood  
Bogart lapsed into a coma and died the following day, 20 days after his 57th birthday; at the time of his death he weighed only 80 pounds (36 kg)  A simple funeral was held at All Saints Episcopal Church, with music by Bogart's favorite composers: Johann Sebastian Bach and Claude Debussy  In attendance were some of Hollywood's biggest stars: Hepburn, Tracy, Judy Garland, David Niven, Ronald Reagan, James Mason, Audrey Hepburn, Bette Davis, Danny Kaye, Joan Fontaine, Marlene Dietrich, Gene Tierney, Laurence Olivier, Barbara Stanwyck, Lana Turner, Bob Hope, Barton MacLane, Lex Barker, Olivia de Havilland, Michael Curtiz, James Cagney, David O  Selznick, William Wyler, Richard Brooks, Harry Cohn, Jane Wyman, Jean Arthur, Claude Rains, Raymond Massey, George Raft, Myrna Loy, Lee J  Cobb, Gene Kelly, Henry Fonda, John Wayne, Jimmy Stewart, Jack Benny, Robert Taylor, Eleanor Parker, Greer Garson, Bing Crosby, Ronald Colman, Lena Horne, Joan Crawford, Marilyn Monroe, Ingrid Bergman, Glenda Farrell, Don Ameche, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino, Joan Blondell, Alexander Knox, Veronica Lake, Randolph Scott, Miriam Hopkins, José Ferrer, Charles Laughton, Mary Astor, Bruce Bennett, Margaret Lindsay, Sylvia Sidney, Alexis Smith, Priscilla Lane, Mary Pickford, Ralph Bellamy, Cyd Charisse, Cesar Romero, Ann Sothern, Zero Mostel, Walter Brennan, Jennifer Jones, Louella Parsons, Joel McCrea, Norma Shearer, John Huston, Agnes Moorehead, Rosalind Russell, Adolphe Menjou, Fredric March, Errol Flynn, Edward G  Robinson, Gregory Peck, Gary Cooper, Billy Wilder, studio head Jack L  Warner, and others  Bacall asked Tracy to give the eulogy; he was too upset, however, and John Huston spoke instead:

Himself, he never took his work too seriously  He regarded the somewhat gaudy figure of Bogart, the star, with an amused cynicism; Bogart, the actor, he held in deep respect     In each of the fountains at Versailles there is a pike which keeps all the carp active; otherwise they would grow over-fat and die  Bogie took rare delight in performing a similar duty in the fountains of Hollywood  Yet his victims seldom bore him any malice, and when they did, not for long  His shafts were fashioned only to stick into the outer layer of complacency, and not to penetrate through to the regions of the spirit where real injuries are done     He is quite irreplaceable  There will never be another like him  
Bogart was cremated, and his ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Columbarium of Eternal Light in its Garden of Memory in Glendale, California  He was buried with a small, gold whistle that had been part of a charm bracelet he had given to Bacall before they married  On it was inscribed, "If you want anything, just whistle " This alluded to a scene in To Have and Have Not when Bacall's character says to Bogart shortly after their first meeting, "You know how to whistle, don't you, Steve? You just put your lips together and blow "
Bogart's estate had a gross value of $910,146 and a net value of $737,668 ($9 5 million and $7 7 million, respectively, in 2022) 

Awards and honors
On August 21, 1946, he recorded his hand- and footprints in cement in a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre  On February 8, 1960, Bogart was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion-picture star at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard 

Legacy and tributes
After his death, a "Bogie cult" formed at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in Greenwich Village, and in France; this contributed to his increased popularity during the late 1950s and 1960s  In 1997, Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Bogart the number-one movie legend of all time; two years later, the American Film Institute rated him the greatest male screen legend 
Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960) was the first film to pay tribute to Bogart  Over a decade later, in Woody Allen's comic paean Play It Again, Sam (1972), Bogart's ghost aids Allen's character: a film critic having difficulties with women who says that his "sex life has turned into the 'Petrified Forest'" The United States Postal Service honored Bogart with a stamp in its "Legends of Hollywood" series in 1997, the third figure recognized  At a ceremony attended by Lauren Bacall and the Bogart children, Stephen and Leslie, USPS governing-board chair Tirso del Junco delivered a tribute:

"Today, we mark another chapter in the Bogart legacy  With an image that is small and yet as powerful as the ones he left in celluloid, we will begin today to bring his artistry, his power, his unique star quality, to the messages that travel the world "
On June 24, 2006, 103rd Street between Broadway and West End Avenue in New York City was renamed Humphrey Bogart Place  Lauren Bacall and her son, Stephen Bogart, attended the ceremony  "Bogie would never have believed it", she said to the assembled city officials and onlookers 

In popular culture
Bogart has inspired multiple artists  Two Bugs Bunny cartoons featured the actor: Slick Hare (1947) and 8 Ball Bunny (1950, based on The Treasure of the Sierra Madre)  The Man with Bogart's Face (1981, starring Bogart lookalike Robert Sacchi) was an homage to the actor  The lyrics of Bertie Higgins' 1981 song, "Key Largo", refer to two of Bogart's films, Key Largo and Casablanca 

Filmography
Notable radio appearances
See also
Bogart–Bacall syndrome
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
List of amateur chess players
List of members of the American Legion
Passage 4:
The Master Mind
Mastermind, Master Mind or The Mastermind may refer to:

Fictional characters
Mastermind (Jason Wyngarde), a fictional supervillain in Marvel Comics, a title also held by his daughters:
Martinique Jason, the first daughter and successor of the Mastermind
Lady Mastermind, the second daughter and successor of the Mastermind
Mastermind (computer), a character in Marvel Comics' Captain Britain
Mastermind, an enemy of the Challengers of the Unknown in DC Comics

Literature
"Master Mind" (comics), a comic strip in British comic Buster
Mastermind: How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes, a 2013 non-fiction book by Maria Konnikova
Masterminds, a novel series by Gordon Korman

Film and TV
Films
Master Minds (1949 film), a 1949 American comedy film in The Bowery Boys series
Mastermind (1976 film), a Charlie Chan spoof feature film, released in 1976
Masterminds (1997 film), an American action comedy
Masterminds (2013 film), a direct to DVD film
Masterminds (2016 film), an American comedy film
The Master Mind (1914 film), an American crime/drama film, based on a 1913 play
The Master Mind (1920 film), a lost American silent crime drama, also based on the play
Wallander: Mastermind, a 2005 Swedish film
Master Mind (2015 film), an Indian Kannada-language film
Master Mind, the original title of 2010 film Megamind

Television
Mastermind (British game show), a British quiz show
Mastermind India, an Indian quiz show based on the British show
Mastermind (Irish game show), an Irish quiz show based on the British show
Mastermind (Australian game show), an Australian version of the show
Masterminds (Canadian TV series), a true crime documentary
Masterminds (quiz bowl), an American TV show
Master Minds (game show), a successor to Best Ever Trivia Show
Mastermind (audio drama), a 2013 Doctor Who drama

Music
Mastermind (American band), a progressive rock band
Dr  Mastermind, an American heavy metal band
Herbie the Mastermind, a British DJ

Albums
Mastermind (Tina Cousins album), 2005
Mastermind (Monster Magnet album), 2010
Mastermind (Rick Ross album), 2014
Mastermind (EP), by Beast, 2010

Songs
"Mastermind", a song by Mike Oldfield from the 1999 album The Millennium Bell
"Mastermind", a song by Mindless Self Indulgence from the 2008 album If
"Mastermind", a song by Megadeth from the 1997 album Cryptic Writings
"Mastermind", a song by Deltron 3030 from the 2000 album Deltron 3030
Mastermind (song), a song by Taylor Swift from the 2022 album Midnights

Other uses
Mastermind (board game), a classic board game
Mastermind (role variant), in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Mastermind Toys, a Canadian chain of toy stores
Mastermind School, in Dhaka, Bangladesh

See also
All pages with titles beginning with Mastermind
All pages with titles containing Mastermind
All pages with titles beginning with Master Mind
Genius (disambiguation)
Mastermind group, a peer-to-peer mentoring concept
Criminal mastermind, or crime boss
Passage 5:
Heureux Anniversaire
Heureux Anniversaire (also known as Happy Anniversary) is a 1962 French short comedy film directed by Pierre Étaix  It won an Oscar in 1963 for Best Short Subject 

Cast
Robert Blome
Pierre Étaix
Lucien Frégis
Laurence Lignières
Georges Loriot
Ican Paillaud
Nono Zammit
Passage 6:
Lost in Munich
Lost in Munich (Czech: Ztraceni v Mnichově) is a 2015 Czech comedy film directed by Petr Zelenka  The movie plot and title is inspired by Lost in La Mancha, a documentary film about Terry Gilliam's unfinished movie The narrative revolves a haunted making of the movie Lost in Munich which tells the story about unsuccessful journalist and 90-year-old parrot who used to live with the French prime minister Édouard Daladier and is still repeating Daladier's quotes related to the Munich Agreement  The failed film production (with the feigned French co-production) is the allegory to the alleged French betrayal in 1938 The film received the Czech Film Critics' Awards for Best Film, Director and Screenplay  It was selected as the Czech entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards but it was not nominated 

Cast
Martin Myšička as journalist Pavel Liehm, as himself
Marek Taclík as journalist Jakub, as himself
Jana Plodková as secretary of the French Institute, as herself
Václav Kopta as editor in chief
Václav Neužil as husband of actress Plodková
Tomáš Bambušek as film director Tomáš
Vladimír Škultéty as producent Vladimír
Jiří Rendl as the assistant director Adam
Jitka Schneiderová as Pavel's wife Dana, as herself
Stanislas Pierret as director of French Institute, as actor Gérard Pierret
Marcial Di Fonzo Bo as parrot assistant/assistant director Jean Dupont

Reception
Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter wrote:

Paying explicit homage to Francois Truffaut's classic behind-the-scenes film-set comedy Day for Night, Zelenka's mischievous mix of farce and tragedy is a much smarter animal than it first appears  Behind its zany premise and sometimes bumpy tone, Lost in Munich eventually emerges as a sardonic commentary on the Czech people's simplistic self-image as eternal victims of more powerful European neighbors      Lost in Munich is unlikely to take much business from Judd Apatow in the multiplex laughter league, but it is both entertaining and educational, a largely successful experiment in navel-gazing meta-comedy 

See also
List of submissions to the 89th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Czech submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Passage 7:
Crime School
Crime School is a 1938 Warner Bros  film directed by Lewis Seiler and starring the Dead End Kids and Humphrey Bogart 

Plot
A junkman does business with the Dead End Kids: Frankie, Squirt, Spike, Goofy, Fats, and Bugs  When the boys ask for a $20 payoff, "Junkie" says "Five is all you'll get  Now take it and get out of here " In a rage, Spike strikes the man in the back of the head with a hard object, and the junkman falls to the floor and doesn't move   When Judge Clinton cannot convince the boys to divulge which one struck the damaging blow, they are all sent to reform school 
The harsh warden of the reformatory, Morgan, inflicts discipline at the school and flogs Frankie after he tries to escape  The superintendent of the state reformatories, Mark Braden, visits the school and finds evidence of Morgan's subtle cruelty, as in feeding his new inmates poor-quality food   He then visits Frankie in the hospital ward, finding him untreated and the doctor inebriated  As a way of starting over, he fires the doctor, Morgan, and four ex-convict guards, while retaining the head guard, Cooper    Braden takes charge of the reformatory himself and wins over the boys' cooperation by considerate treatment, while romancing Frankie's sister, Sue Warren 
Meanwhile, Cooper is afraid that Braden will learn of Morgan's embezzlement of the food budget, which would implicate him as well   He learns that Spike is the one who dealt the blow to the junkman and blackmails him   He gets him to tell Frankie that Braden's generous treatment is due to his sister's acceptance of Braden's attentions   Although untrue, it causes the kids to escape from the school in Cooper's car with his gun  They go to Sue's apartment, and Frankie climbs the fire escape with the gun to confront Braden, but Sue and Braden dispel Frankie's suspicions 
Meanwhile, Cooper "discovers" that the kids have escaped, and Morgan calls the press to discredit Braden and get him fired   But, Braden drives the boys back to the reformatory and gets them into their beds, before the Commissioner, alerted by Morgan, arrives for an inspection with the police in tow   Their plot foiled and their fraud uncovered, Morgan and Cooper are arrested  The boys are subsequently paroled into the care of their parents 

Cast
The Dead End Kids
Billy Halop as Frankie Warren
Bobby Jordan as Lester "Squirt" Smith
Huntz Hall as Richard "Goofy" Slade
Leo Gorcey as Charles "Spike" Hawkins
Bernard Punsly as George "Fats" Papadopolos
Gabriel Dell as Timothy "Bugs" Burke

Additional cast
Background
As this was a Warner Bros  film and not a United Artists' film like Dead End, they advertised the kids as 'The Crime School Kids' in this film, and their next, Angels with Dirty Faces   However, the name did not catch on and they remained 'The Dead End Kids' 
Before the film was released, Halop, Dell, Hall, and Punsly were released from their contracts by Warner Brothers and they went on to make a film at Universal, Little Tough Guy   The success of this film caused Warner to reconsider and they were rehired at a substantial raise 
The Dead End Kids received top billing over Humphrey Bogart for Crime School, with their typeface also larger than Bogart's in posters and advertising 

Home media
Warner Archives released the film on made to order DVD in the United States on August 4, 2009 
Context 3: Passage 1:
I'm Feelin' U
"I'm Feelin' U" is a 2007 song by the musician CeCe Peniston  The song was originally released in February on the partially mixed dance compilation Miami 2007, a part of Defected In The House series, that featured overall thirty-eight tracks by various artists and was issued on ITH Records 
In May 2007, "I'm Feelin' U" was released also on single on Soulfuric Recordings with four remixes, of which one was produced also by Ron Carroll  The rest three were mixed by DJ Fudge and Brian Tappert 
The title was available also in a digital format, as a virtual single for a direct download, and became the tenth most downloaded track of 2007 at Traxsource, an independent dance music digital downloads site in USA 

Credits and personnel
CeCe Peniston – lead vocal, writer
Ron Carroll – writer, remix, producer
Stéphane Juif (aka DJ Fudge) – remix, arranger, producer
Brian Tappert – remix, keyboards, drums, additional programming
Matt Hennessy – engineer
Rob "Diggy" Morrison – additional keyboards
Alex Finkine – guitar
Kris Anderson – recording vocals

Track listings
12", US, #SFR 0033"I'm Feelin' U" (Ron Carroll's Original BMC Vocal) – 7:23
"I'm Feelin' U" (B Room Dub) – 6:10
"I'm Feelin' U" (Fudge Main Remix) – 6:17
"I'm Feelin' U" (Subsonic Fudge Dub) – 5:56MD, US, #SFR0033
MCD, US, TP, #SFR0033"I'm Feelin' U" (Ron Carroll's Original BMC Vocal) – 7:23
"I'm Feelin' U" (Fudge Main Remix) – 6:17
"I'm Feelin' U" (Subsonic Fudge Dub) – 5:56
"I'm Feelin' U" (B Room Dub) – 6:10
Passage 2:
The Goodies
The Goodies were a trio of British comedians: Tim Brooke-Taylor (17 July 1940–12 April 2020), Graeme Garden (b  18 February 1943) and Bill Oddie (b  7 July 1941)  The trio created, wrote for and performed in their eponymous television comedy show from 1970 until 1982, combining sketches and situation comedy 

Beginnings
The three actors met each other while undergraduates at the University of Cambridge, where Brooke-Taylor (Pembroke) was a law student, Garden (Emmanuel) was studying medicine and Oddie (Pembroke) was reading English  Their contemporaries included Graham Chapman, John Cleese and Eric Idle, who later became members of Monty Python, and with whom they became close friends  Brooke-Taylor and Cleese studied together and swapped lecture notes, for they were both law students, but at different colleges within the university  All three Goodies became members of the Cambridge University Footlights Club, with Brooke-Taylor becoming president in 1963, and Garden succeeding him as president in 1964 In 1965, Eric Idle succeeded Garden as Footlights Club president  Idle had initially become aware of the Footlights when he auditioned for a "smoker concert" at Pembroke College in front of Brooke-Taylor and Oddie 

Career before The Goodies
Brooke-Taylor, Garden and Oddie were cast members of the 1960s BBC radio comedy show I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again, which also featured John Cleese, David Hatch and Jo Kendall, and lasted until 1973   I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again resulted from the 1963 Cambridge University Footlights Club revue A Clump of Plinths  After having its title changed to Cambridge Circus, the revue went on to play in the West End in London, England, followed by a tour of New Zealand, then on Broadway in New York City (including an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show) 
They also took part in various TV shows with other people, including Brooke-Taylor in At Last the 1948 Show (with Cleese, Chapman and Marty Feldman)  Brooke-Taylor also took part in Marty (with Marty Feldman, John Junkin and Roland MacLeod)  In 1968 Brooke-Taylor appeared with Cleese, Michael Palin and Graham Chapman in How to Irritate People  Garden and Oddie took part in Twice a Fortnight (with Michael Palin, Terry Jones and Jonathan Lynn), before Brooke-Taylor, Garden, and Oddie worked on the late-1960s TV show Broaden Your Mind (of which only about ten minutes survives) 

The Goodies television series
The original BBC television series ran from November 1970 to February 1980 on BBC 2, with 67 half-hour episodes and two forty-five-minute Christmas specials  The series was created by Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, and originally co-written by all three, with Oddie providing the music for the show  Later episodes were co-written by Garden and Oddie 
It was one of the first shows in the UK to use chroma key and one of the first to use stop-motion techniques in a live action format  Other effects include hand editing for repeated movement, mainly used to make animals "talk" or "sing", and play speed effects as used in the episode "Kitten Kong"  In the series, the threesome travelled on, and frequently fell off, a three-seater bicycle known to them as a 'trandem' In September 1978, the trio appeared in character in an episode of the BBC1 television game show Star Turn Challenge, presented by Bernard Cribbins, in which teams of celebrities competed in acting games  Their opponents were three members of the cast of The Liver Birds, Nerys Hughes, Elizabeth Estensen and Michael Angelis  They also presented the Christmas 1976 edition of Disney Time from the toy department of Selfridges store in London, broadcast on BBC1 on Boxing Day at 5 50 pm 
The Goodies never had a formal contract with the BBC, and when the BBC Light Entertainment budget for 1980 was exhausted by the production of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy TV series, the Goodies signed a contract with London Weekend Television (LWT) for ITV  However, after one half-hour Christmas special ("Snow White 2") in 1981, and a six-part series in early 1982, the series was cancelled  In later interviews the cast suggest the reasons were mainly economic, and that a typical Goodies sketch was more expensive than it appeared 

DVD and VHS releases
Awards and nominations
"The Goodies" won the Silver Rose at the Festival Rose d'Or, held in Montreux, Switzerland, in 1972 for a special episode, based on the original 1971 Goodies' "Kitten Kong" episode, titled "Kitten Kong: Montreux '72 Edition"  In the first episode of the next series, "The New Office", Tim Brooke-Taylor can be seen painting the trophy gold 
"The Goodies" was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment Programme in 1972, losing to The Benny Hill Show "The Goodies" won the Silver Rose in 1975 at the Festival Rose d'Or for their episode "The Movies" "The Goodies" was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment Programme in 1976, losing to The Two Ronnies 

International releases and repeats of the TV series
Britain
Unlike many long-running BBC comedy series, The Goodies has not enjoyed extensive repeats on terrestrial television in the UK  In 1986, BBC2 broadcast the episode "Kitten Kong" during a week of programmes screened under the banner "TV-50", when the BBC celebrated 50 years of broadcasting  In the late 1980s the pan-European satellite-channel Super Channel broadcast a couple of episodes, and the short-lived Comedy Channel broadcast some of the later Goodies episodes in the early 1990s  Later UK Gold screened many of the earlier episodes, often with commercial timing cuts  The same episodes subsequently aired on UK Arena, also cut  When UK Arena became UK Drama, later UKTV Drama, The Goodies was dropped along with its other comedy and documentary shows 
The cast finally took matters into their own hands and arranged with Network Video for the release of a digitally-remastered 'best of' selection entitled The Goodies     At Last on VHS and Region 0 DVD in April 2003  A second volume, The Goodies     At Last a Second Helping was released on Region 2 in February 2005  Series 9 (including the Xmas special) was released on Region 2 as The Goodies – The Complete LWT Series on 26 March 2007 and a fourth volume The Goodies     At Last Back for More, Again was released on region 2 in 2010 as well as a DVD box set containing all four volumes to celebrate 40 years of The Goodies 
In 2004, an episode of the BBC documentary series Comedy Connections was devoted to the Goodies  During Christmas that year, Channel 5 repeated the classic 1973 episode "The Goodies and the Beanstalk"   Christmas 2005 saw a 90-minute Goodies special, a documentary about the series, Return of the Goodies, broadcast on BBC Two Early in 2006, a single episode ("Winter Olympics") was broadcast on BBC Two  In February 2007, the 1982 LWT series was repeated on pay-TV channel Paramount 2 
In December 2010, BBC Two showed selected late-night repeats of the BBC series, which ran nightly from 23 to 30 December  This apparent gesture followed years of campaigning by The Goodies that the shows had not been repeated like other BBC shows such as Dad's Army, Only Fools and Horses and Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em  The episodes shown were: "Bunfight at the O K  Tea Rooms" / "Earthanasia" / "The Goodies and the Beanstalk" / "Kitten Kong" / "Lighthouse Keeping Loonies" / "Saturday Night Grease" / "The Baddies" (a k a  "Double Trouble") and "The Stone Age", although "Scoutrageous", "Kung Fu Kapers" and "Scotland" (a k a  "Loch Ness Monster") were originally billed as episodes 1, 2 and 7 of the repeat run  The episodes garnered good ratings given their time slot, and the first six episodes were taken from the BBC's own master tapes, rather than the digital remasters, the rights to which are currently owned by Network Video  "The Baddies" and "The Stone Age" have never been digitally remastered 
On Sunday 8 June 2014, during a 1970s weekend, BBC Two repeated the Montreux '72 Edition of "Kitten Kong" once again; however, this has been the only episode to be repeated twice, and no full series have been repeated since 
In September 2018, Network released a box set titled The Goodies: The Complete BBC Collection  This set contains every single episode from 1970-1980 (excepting the lost, original version of "Kitten Kong") and, as a bonus feature, a one-hour edit of the show "An Audience with the Goodies", hosted by Stewart Lee and filmed live at Leicester Square in June 2018 
In late September 2022 the TV channel 'That's TV' (numbered 183 on SKY TV listings and 65 on Freeview) started showing the BBC episodes, one episode every day, starting with series one episode one on 26th September at 21 40  Series 2 started airing at 21 45 on October 5th  Series 3 started airing at 21:40 on October 11th  Series 4 started airing at 21:30 on October 17th  Series 5 started airing at 21:30 on October 24th  Series 6 started airing at 21:30 on November 6th  Some episodes are being aired in poor quality and/or black & White as the tapes were sadly wiped for reuse by the BBC in the 1970s  Although there is a message before each episode stating; 'This programme reflects the standards, language and attitudes of its time  Some viewers may find this content offensive', it seems that not all episodes are being aired - noticeably the 'Kitten Kong', 'Special Tax Edition' & 	'The Goodies Rule – O K ?' specials, but also series 2 episodes 'Pollution', 'The Lost Tribe', 'Come Dancing', 'Gender Education, 'Charity Bounce' & 'The Baddies', series 3 episode 'Superstar', series 4 episodes 'The Goodies and the Beanstalk' & 'The Race', series 5 episodes 'Scatty Safari' & 'South Africa' were not aired, with no notice or reason given 

Australia
In Australia, the series has had continued popularity  It was especially popular when it was repeated through the 1970s and 1980s by the ABC  As the show was typically broadcast in the 25-minute 6:00 pm children's timeslot, portions often had to be cut  The 1981-82 LWT series was played once on the Seven Network in the early 1980s  The ABC screened the BBC episodes again in the early 1990s, but skipped several stories due to either inappropriate material for a children's timeslot, or a lack of colour prints at the time  The BBC episodes were then heavily edited to allow time for commercials when repeated on Network Ten in the 1990s, before moving to the pay television channel UK TV during the late 1990s and early 2000s, where they were screened in full  ABC2  ran re-runs of the series, beginning in 2010 
Three of the Goodies DVDs are available in Australia under different titles to the UK releases: The Goodies: 8 Delicious Episodes, The Goodies: A Tasty Second Helping and The Goodies: The Final Episodes, respectively  The Goodies' DVDs are also available in a boxed set with a commemorative booklet (The Goodies: The Tasty Box)  This collection contains the same 16 episodes as the original two DVD releases but with additional material such as commentaries on several episodes and the original scripts of some episodes in PDF format  Picture quality has been greatly improved using digital restoration techniques and the episode "Come Dancing", which was originally thought to only have survived as a black-and-white film recording, is presented in colour from a 625-line low-band broadcast standard PAL VT recording, made for training purposes, which has had the low-level colour boosted  (The original Australian DVD release, The Goodies – A Tasty Second Helping (2 disc set), and The Goodies – A Second Helping: 4 tasty serves (1 Disc), featured the b/w telerecording of this episode )

Canada
In Canada, the series was shown in on the CBC national broadcast network during the late 1970s and early 1980s, in the traditional "after school" time slot, later a Friday night 10 pm slot, and occasionally in a midnight slot  Several episodes were also shown on the CTV Television Network  In the mid-1970s it was shown on TVOntario on Saturday evenings, repeated on Thursday evenings, until it was replaced by Doctor Who in 1976 

Germany
In Germany in 1972, German TV screened the 13-part variety show Engelbert and the Young Generation, a co-production between the BBC and German station ZDF in which The Goodies appeared in short 3-to-4-minute film sequences  The first six of these sequences were culled from the first and second series of The Goodies: "Pets" (from "Kitten Kong"), "Pop Festival" (from "The Music Lovers"), "Keep Fit" (from "Commonwealth Games"), "Post Office" (from "Radio Goodies"), "Sleepwalking" (from "Snooze") and "Factory Farm" (from "Fresh Farm Foods"); and there were seven new film sequences, "Good Deed Day", "The Gym", "The Country Code", "Street Entertainers", "Plum Pudding", "Bodyguards" and "Pan's Grannies" – these also featured intro sequences with host Engelbert Humperdinck visiting the Goodies at their office  The shows were dubbed into German and because the Goodies part of the shows was more visual than dialogue-based, it translated very well 
Five of these new films were also cut together, with a new story involving The Goodies filling out their "Tax Evasion" form, as a special 25-minute Goodies compilation episode, "A Collection of Goodies", first broadcast on BBC1 at 8 15 pm on 24 September 1972, and produced by Jim Franklin  "The Country Code" and "Bodyguards" were not used 

New Zealand
In New Zealand, the series was originally shown in full by the NZBC (later TV One) during the 1970s and 1980s  Since then, it has been re-run on SKY Network Television's Comedy Central 

Spain
In Spain, a couple of episodes of The Goodies were shown as part of a season of television-award-winning programmes (the Goodies were Montreux Festival winners) on TVE 2 entitled Festival TV in 1981 

United States
In the US, the series was shown widely in syndication during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but has been little seen since  It was shown also on PBS stations, sometimes in tandem with Monty Python's Flying Circus 

Books
Goodies books, written by the Goodies
In their heyday The Goodies also produced successful books:

The Goodies File – Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, Sphere Books Ltd , London 1975  (This book was reprinted eight times between 1976 and 1981)
The Goodies Book of Criminal Records – Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, Sphere Books Ltd , London 1975
The Making of The Goodies Disaster Movie – Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd , London 1977   (First Sphere Books Ltd , London edition 1978)

Books about the Goodies, written by other people
The Complete Goodies – Robert Ross, B T Batsford, London, 2000
The Goodies Rule OK – Robert Ross, Carlton Books Ltd, Sydney, 2006
The Clue Bible: The Fully Authorised History of ISIHAC – Jem Roberts, Preface Publishing 2009
The Goodies Superchaps Three – Andrew Pixley, 2011
The Goodies Episode Summaries – Brett Allender
The Goodies – Fact File – Matthew K  Sharp
The Goodies, the name of a chapter (pages 162-179) within the book From Fringe to Flying Circus – Celebrating a Unique Generation of Comedy 1960-1980 – Roger Wilmut, Eyre Methuen Ltd, 1980

Goodies songs
"All Things Bright and Beautiful" was released as a single credited to The Goodies in 1973, although it had been recorded in 1966 when they were part of I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again 
The first true Goodies album, The Goodies Sing Songs From The Goodies, was released in 1973 and reissued as The World of the Goodies in 1974  "The Goodies Theme" was released as a single in 1973 
They had a string of successful chart singles penned by Bill Oddie  In 1974–75, they chalked up five hit singles in twelve months: "The Inbetweenies", "Black Pudding Bertha", "Nappy Love" and "The Funky Gibbon" (all performed during the episode "The Goodies – Almost Live"), and "Make a Daft Noise for Christmas" 
"The Funky Gibbon" was their biggest hit, reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart  The Goodies made an appearance on Top of the Pops with the song  They also performed it during the Amnesty International show A Poke in the Eye (with a Sharp Stick)  "The Funky Gibbon" became a favourite in the United States on Dr  Demento's radio shows and reached number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975 
The New Goodies LP, which featured most of the hit singles, reached number 25 on the UK Albums Chart in 1975 

Goodies Theme
Three variations of the Goodies Theme were used on the opening titles for the 1970–1982 television series  Apart from the original Goodies Theme, used from 1970–1972 and released as a single, two other variations surfaced, one, with a contemporary feel from 1973–1974, sung by Bill and then the third and final theme for the rest of the series from 1975 onwards, again sung by Bill  This variation lasted for the rest of the TV series and also surfaced on later Goodies LPs and, eventually, singles 

Other collaborations
Tim Brooke-Taylor was a writer/performer on the television comedy series At Last the 1948 Show (which also included John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman in the cast), in which Eric Idle and Bill Oddie guest-starred in some of the episodes  The famous "Four Yorkshiremen" sketch was co-written by the four writers/performers of the series – Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman 
Tim Brooke-Taylor was a cast member of the television comedy series Marty with Marty Feldman and John Junkin – a compilation of the two series of Marty has been released on a DVD with the title of It's Marty 
Brooke-Taylor was also a cast member of John Cleese's special How to Irritate People 
Along with John Junkin and Barry Cryer, Brooke-Taylor was a regular cast member of the long-running Radio 2 comedy sketch show Hello, Cheeky!, which ran from 1973 to 1979  The series also transferred to Yorkshire Television for two series in 1975 and 1976 
Tim Brooke-Taylor also appeared on BBC's hospital comedy TLC, as well as the sitcoms You Must Be The Husband (with Diane Keen and Sheila Steafel), and Me and My Girl (with Richard O'Sullivan and Joan Sanderson)  He also played in a televised pro-celebrity golf match opposite Bruce Forsyth 
Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie were writers/performers on the television comedy series Twice a Fortnight (which also included Terry Jones, Michael Palin and Jonathan Lynn in the cast) 
Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden were writers/performers on the television comedy series Broaden Your Mind, with Bill Oddie joining them for the second series 
The three writers and performers also collaborated on the 1983 animated children's programme Bananaman, where they played various voice roles 
Bill Oddie has occasionally appeared on the BBC Radio 4 panel game I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, on which Garden and Brooke-Taylor are regular panellists 
Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie worked on the television comedy Doctor in the House: they co-wrote most of the first series and all of the second   Garden also appeared as a television interviewer in the series, in the episode titled "On the Box" 
Between 1981 and 1983 Garden and Oddie wrote, but did not perform in, a science fiction sitcom called Astronauts for Central and ITV  The show was set in a British space station in the near future 
Garden was a regular team captain on the political satire game show If I Ruled the World  Brooke-Taylor appeared as a guest in one episode, and during the game "I Couldn't Disagree More" he proposed that it was high time The Goodies episodes were repeated  Garden was obliged by the rules of the game to refute this statement, and replied "I couldn't disagree more   it was time to repeat them ten, fifteen years ago " This was followed by uproarious applause from the studio audience 
In 2004, Garden and Brooke-Taylor were co-presenters of Channel 4's daytime game show Beat the Nation, in which they indulged in usual game show "banter", but took the quiz itself seriously  Oddie hosts a very successful series of nature programmes for the BBC 

Goodies reunion shows
2005 Australian reunion shows
The trio reunited in Australia for The Goodies (Still A) Live on Stage as part of Sydney's Big Laugh Comedy Festival in March 2005  The show toured the country, visiting Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra and selling out most of the 13 performances A further Australian tour by the Goodies, sans Bill, took place during November and December 2005 

"Return of the Goodies" (2005)
On 30 December, BBC2 broadcast a feature-length special, featuring some new material by Brooke-Taylor, Garden and Oddie, linking clips from the original television series and interview footage 

2006 and 2007 UK reunion shows
Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden took their Goodies Live show to the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe festival  The show was similar to the second leg of the Goodies Australian tour, with Bill Oddie participating via video (due to his many filming commitments)  The show was also performed at the Paramount Comedy Festival in Brighton in October 2006 Brooke-Taylor and Garden performed the show at 22 further UK venues in 2007 

2009 World's Funniest Island and Riverside
Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden appeared at Sydney's Riverside Theatre (Parramatta) on 15 October 2009 and the World's Funniest Island comedy festival on Cockatoo Island, Sydney Harbour on 17–18 October 2009  The show was hosted by Andrew Hansen of Australian comedy team The Chaser 

2010 The One Show
On the 4th November 2010, The Goodies were once again reunited when the BBC1 magazine and chat show The One Show brought them back together 

2013: An Oldie but a Goodie
Bill Oddie toured Australia to present a series of one-man shows, An Oldie but a Goodie, during June 2013  The tour took in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth  A video with the three Goodies was shown during the shows On 19 June 2013, Oddie made personal appearances on both The Project and the Adam Hills Tonight television shows in conjunction with the tour 

2019: The Big Ben Theory
The final time that The Goodies collaborated on a commercially available project was a single, hour-long audiobook created for Audible UK, entitled The Big Ben Theory  Scripted by Gareth Gwynn and John-Luke Roberts, along with Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, and recorded in front of a highly appreciative live audience, the cast comprised Tim, Bill (an indisposed Graeme was replaced at the last minute by the project's originator and producer, Barnaby Eaton-Jones), Joanna Lumley, Philip Pope, Jon Culshaw and Kate Harbour, with direction from Dirk Maggs  Graeme Garden's own description reads ‘As Parliament falls apart and sinister dictators threaten the world, Tim, Graeme and Bill must save the day  They defeated Kitten Kong! They stuffed the Funky Gibbon! They invented Ecky Thump! Can they save Parliament as well? 52% say yes  48% say no  But you just can't rely on statistics, can you?!’ The audiobook, released by Audible on 9 October 2019, was intended to be the pilot for a forthcoming series of new episodes to be written and recorded in 2020; however, the project ended with Tim Brooke-Taylor’s death from complications from COVID-19 on April 12 that year in Cookham, Berkshire, aged 79 
In January 2022 it was announced that a series of novellas based on the planned Audible episodes was set to be published by Chinbeard Books, commencing with "Avengers Dissemble", adapted by producer and writer Barnaby Eaton Jones, with a foreword by Joanna Lumley, and based on material co-devised with the Goodies  The first book is dedicated to Tim Brooke-Taylor, 2 years since his death from COVID-19 complications and published with the backing of Tim's family and the 2 remaining Goodies: Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, with a percentage of the royalties going to the charity Tim was President of for over 25 years – Thames Valley Adventure Playground 

Cultural influence
The Mighty Boosh was started when Julian Barratt asked Noel Fielding if he wanted to make a modern-day Goodies The official Goodies fan club's (Goodies Rule-OK!) newsletter is called the Clarion & Globe  It was named after the newspaper in The Goodies' episode "Fleet Street Goodies" (a k a  "Cunning Stunts") During the 1970s, Cor!! comic, released by Fleetway publications, had a Goodies comics strip  When the comic later merged with Buster, the Goodies did not move across, although the TV show was still running Australian rock band Spiderbait released a 1993 album and EP which contained a rocked-up fast cover version of the Goodies song "Run" Australian theatre company Shaolin Punk produced a short play titled "A Record or an OBE", written by Melbourne comedian and actor Ben McKenzie, and featuring Tim and Graeme as characters  Set in 1975, the two remaining Goodies struggle to carry on after Bill leaves the group to pursue a music career  The play premiered in the 2007 Melbourne Fringe Festival, where it was highly commended in the Comedy category  Later seasons were also performed for the Adelaide Fringe and Melbourne International Comedy Festival in 2008 U S  rock band The White Stripes named their 6th album Icky Thump in reference to The Goodies sketch "The Battle of Ecky Thump"  The name was changed from "Ecky Thump" to "Icky Thump" to make the title more palatable to an American teenage audience 

Honours
All three Goodies were awarded OBEs  Bill Oddie received his OBE in 2003 for wildlife conservation, while Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden received their OBEs in 2011 for services to light entertainment  The show often mocked OBEs: in particular, a running joke was that Tim desperately wanted to receive one 

Awards
All three Goodies have been regular attendees at Slapstick Festival in Bristol, and in 2011 they were awarded the Aardman Slapstick Visual Comedy Legend Award at the festival for the significant contributions to the field of visual comedy they have made during their careers 

Viewer incidents
On 24 March 1975, Alex Mitchell, a 50-year-old bricklayer from King's Lynn, literally died laughing while watching an episode of The Goodies  According to his wife, who was a witness, Mitchell was unable to stop laughing whilst watching a sketch in the episode "Kung Fu Kapers" in which Tim Brooke-Taylor, dressed as a kilted Scotsman, used a set of bagpipes to defend himself from a black pudding-wielding Bill Oddie (master of the ancient Lancastrian martial art "Ecky-Thump") in a demonstration of the Scottish martial art of "Hoots-Toot-ochaye"  After twenty-five minutes of continuous laughter Mitchell finally slumped on the settee and died from heart failure  His widow later sent the Goodies a letter thanking them for making Mitchell's final moments so pleasant  In 2012, Mitchell's granddaughter was diagnosed with Long QT Syndrome after suffering cardiac arrest  Because this condition is genetic, it is believed that Mitchell's heart failure was triggered by an undiagnosed case of LQTS On 1 November 1977, Seema Bakewell, a 32-year-old housewife from Leicester, went into labour whilst laughing at a sketch in the Goodies episode "Alternative Roots"  She refused to leave home for the hospital until the episode had finished   Thirty years later, she visited the 2007 UK reunion tour with "her baby, Ayesha, and the baby's husband" and recounted the story to Graeme Garden 

See also
List of The Goodies episodes
The Goodies discography
The Goodies videography
Passage 3:
Book of Ways
Book of Ways, the feeling of strings, is a one-in-a-kind double album of improvised music performed by Keith Jarrett on clavichord recorded in July 1986 and released by ECM Records in 1987 

Making of
As Jarrett stated in an interview with pianist Ted Rosenthal appeared in the Jan-Feb 1997 issue of "Piano and Keyboard magazine", 

"That whole recording was done in one afternoon and everything was a first take and nothing was coming from any pre--ordained thing  I had no material " (  )
"I think Book of Ways is one of the recordings I wish more people would know  I think it has more of what I hear on it than a lot of things (I do) on piano because piano is piano  These two clavichords together made a different instrument  You could use vibrato on one of them and not the other one, and play unison  I was playing two at the same time as you probably could tell"

In the original notes for the compilation album "Keith Jarrett Selected Recordings", with music selected by Mr  Jarrett himself, he states that:

A Note on "Book of ways": To my knowledge, this recording is unique in several ways  We had three clavichords in the studio, two of which were angled together so that I could play them both simultaneously, and the third off to the side  Also we miked the instruments very closely so that the full range of dynamics could be used (clavichords are very quiet and cannot be heard more than a few feet away)  The two CDs were made on an off day between concerts with my Trio, and no material was organized beforehand  Everything was spontaneous  The recording was done in four hours 

Reception
For his 2002 "Keith Jarrett Selected Recordings" album review (which contains "Book of Ways" #12, #14 and #18), Peter Marsh at BBC calls it "extraordinary" and that "the results echo back to Baroque's original role as context for improvisation and simultaneously (through the use of unconventional techniques) rockets it forward a few hundred years "The Allmusic review by Richard S  Ginell awarded the album 3 stars, noting, "Jarrett occasionally tries to stretch the instrument's limited possibilities, hammering percussively on the close-miked strings  Yet for the most part, Jarrett reins in his world-class technique in order to make unpretentiously minimal music on this ancient keyboard  Some of it sounds like folk music, some like new age contemplation, there are convincing neo-baroque musings, and a few of these untitled though numbered selections kick into a higher gear  Sometimes this music is charming; a lot of the time, it gets wearisome  But hey, they also laughed when Keith started putting out massive sets of solo piano   "

Track listing
All music by Keith JarrettDisc One:

"Book of Ways 1" - 9:08
"Book of Ways 2" - 3:41
"Book of Ways 3" - 4:03
"Book of Ways 4" - 4:54
"Book of Ways 5" - 2:58
"Book of Ways 6" - 4:09
"Book of Ways 7" - 3:36
"Book of Ways 8" - 5:35
"Book of Ways 9" - 5:02
"Book of Ways 10" - 3:35Disc Two:  

"Book of Ways 11" - 6:16
"Book of Ways 12" - 4:08
"Book of Ways 13" - 4:38
"Book of Ways 14" - 7:13
"Book of Ways 15" - 5:48
"Book of Ways 16" - 7:37
"Book of Ways 17" - 3:56
"Book of Ways 18" - 7:16
"Book of Ways 19" - 5:38

Personnel
Keith Jarrett – clavichordProduction

Manfred Eicher - producer
Martin Wieland - recording engineer
Kishin Shinoyama - photo
Barbara Wojirsch - cover design and layout
Passage 4:
The Stars and Stripes Forever
"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is a patriotic American march written and composed by John Philip Sousa in 1896  By a 1987 act of the U S  Congress, it is the official National March of the United States of America 

History
In his 1928 autobiography, Marching Along, Sousa wrote that he composed the march on Christmas Day, 1896  He was on board an ocean liner on his way home from a vacation with his wife in Europe and had just learned of the recent death of David Blakely, the manager of the Sousa Band  He composed the march in his head and committed the notes to paper on arrival in the United States  It was first performed at Willow Grove Park, just outside Philadelphia, on May 14, 1897, and was immediately greeted with enthusiasm  Following an Act of Congress in 1987, it was officially adopted as the national march of the United States of America Historically, in show business and particularly in theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March"  In the early 20th century, when it was common for theaters and circuses to have house bands, this march was a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency  It subtly notified personnel of emergency situations and ideally allowed them to organize the audience's exit without causing the chaos and panic that an overt declaration might  Except for impending disaster, circus bands never played the tune under any circumstances  One memorable example of its use was during the Hartford circus fire of July 6, 1944  At least 168 people were killed, though some estimates are much higher 

Music
"The Stars and Stripes Forever" follows the standard U S  military march form—of repeated phrasing of different melodies performed in sections called strains: a Sousa legacy  Performances vary according to the arrangements of individual band directors or orchestrators, especially regarding tempo and the number and sequence of strains employed 

Analysis
The march begins with a four-bar introduction, following with the first strain, which is repeated; then the second strain, which is also repeated; and sometimes both are repeated again if (the band is) marching in parade (or the breakstrain may be interjected and repeated)  Now follows the dominant woodwinds in the first run of the famous Trio strain—familiar to many for the nonsense lyrics: "Be kind to your web-footed friends   "—which repeats, and later repeats again as the piccolos obligato  (Here, in some performances, Sousa's patriotic lyrics may be sung in a choral overlay ) Then follows the breakstrain, the final strain, and the breakstrain repeated



ground_truth: The African Queen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the country with ISO code ISO 3166-2:CV located?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
ISO 3166-2:JP
ISO 3166-2:JP is the entry for Japan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g  provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Japan, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 47 prefectures 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is JP, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Japan  The second part is two digits (01–47), which is the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS X 0401 code of the prefecture  The codes are assigned roughly from north to south 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 

See also
Administrative divisions of Japan
FIPS region codes of Japan

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: JP
Districts of Japan, Statoids com
Passage 2:
ISO 3166-2:IN
ISO 3166-2:IN is the entry for India in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for India, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 28 states and 8 union territories 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is IN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for India  The second part is two letters, currently used in vehicle registration plates with some exceptions 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of India
FIPS region codes of India
Passage 3:
ISO 3166-2:DM
ISO 3166-2:DM is the entry for Dominica in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Dominica, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 10 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is DM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Dominica  The second part is two digits (02–11) 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Dominica
FIPS region codes of Dominica

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: DM
Parishes of Dominica, Statoids com
Passage 4:
ISO 3166-2:BY
ISO 3166-2:BY is the entry for Belarus in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Belarus, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 6 oblasts and 1 city  The city Minsk is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the oblasts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BY, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Belarus  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(be): Belarusian — Romanization system: BGN/PCGN 1979, UN X/6 2012
(ru): Russian — Romanization system: BGN/PCGN 1947, GOST 1983 = UN V/18 1987Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

See also
Subdivisions of Belarus
FIPS region codes of Belarus

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BY
Regions of Belarus, Statoids com
Passage 5:
ISO 3166-2:JM
ISO 3166-2:JM is the entry for Jamaica in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Jamaica, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 14 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is JM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Jamaica  The second part is two digits (01–14)  The codes are assigned in the 
counter-clockwise direction starting from Kingston Parish 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

See also
Subdivisions of Jamaica
FIPS region codes of Jamaica

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: JM
Parishes of Jamaica, Statoids com
Passage 6:
ISO 3166-2:AD
ISO 3166-2:AD is the entry for Andorra in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Andorra, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 7 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is AD, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Andorra  The second part is two digits:

02–06: parishes created before 1978 except Andorra la Vella
07–08: Andorra la Vella and Escaldes-Engordany (Escaldes-Engordany split from Andorra la Vella in 1978)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

See also
Subdivisions of Andorra
FIPS region codes of Andorra
Neighbouring countries: ES, FR 

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AD
Parishes of Andorra, Statoids com
Passage 7:
ISO 3166-2:BN
ISO 3166-2:BN is the entry for Brunei in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Brunei, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 4 districts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Brunei  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Brunei
FIPS region codes of Brunei

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BN
Districts of Brunei Darussalam, Statoids com
Passage 8:
ISO 3166-2:GR
ISO 3166-2:GR is the entry for Greece in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Greece, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two categories of subdivisions:

13 administrative regions
1 self-governed partThe departments (also called prefectures) were abolished in 2011, and were replaced approximately by regional units  The regional units were deleted from the entry in 2016 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GR, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Greece  The second part is either of the following:

one letter (A–M): administrative regions
two digits: self-governed part

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Administrative regions
Notes

Self-governed part
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

Codes changed in Newsletter II-1
Codes removed on 15 November 2016
See also
Subdivisions of Greece
FIPS region codes of Greece
NUTS codes of Greece

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: GR
Departments of Greece, Statoids com
Passage 9:
ISO 3166-2:BE
ISO 3166-2:BE is the entry for Belgium in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g  provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Belgium, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

3 regions
10 provincesEach code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BE, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Belgium  The second part is three letters  For the provinces, the first letter indicates the region where the province is in:

V: Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest)
W: Walloon Region (French: Région wallonne)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(fr): French
(nl): DutchClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Regions
Notes

Provinces
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Belgium
FIPS region codes of Belgium
NUTS codes of Belgium

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BE
Provinces of Belgium, Statoids com
Passage 10:
ISO 3166-2:BT
ISO 3166-2:BT is the entry for Bhutan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Bhutan, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 20 districts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BT, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Bhutan  The second part is two digits, except Gasa and Trashi Yangtse, which use two letters instead  The first digit indicates the zone where the district is in:

1: Western
2: Central (Gasa is also in this zone)
3: Southern
4: Eastern (Trashi Yangtse is also in this zone)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Bhutan
FIPS region codes of Bhutan

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BT
Districts of Bhutan, Statoids com
Passage 11:
ISO 3166-2:CH
ISO 3166-2:CH is the entry for Switzerland in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
The abbreviation is derived from Latin name for Switzerland, Confoederatio Helvetica ("Helvetic Confederation") 
Currently for Switzerland, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 26 cantons 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is CH, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Switzerland  The second part is two letters, currently used in vehicle registration plates 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(de): German
(fr): French
(it): Italian
(rm): RomanshClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Switzerland
FIPS region codes of Switzerland
NUTS codes of Switzerland
Comparison of ISO, FIPS, and NUTS codes of the cantons of Switzerland

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: CH
Cantons of Switzerland, Statoids com
Passage 12:
ISO 3166-2:HU
ISO 3166-2:HU is the entry for Hungary in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Hungary, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital city, 19 counties, and 23 cities with county rights  The capital of the country Budapest has special status equal to the counties, while the cities with county rights, often called urban counties, have extended powers but are technically not independent of the counties 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is HU, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Hungary  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Hungary
FIPS region codes of Hungary
NUTS codes of Hungary

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: HU
Counties of Hungary, Statoids com
Passage 13:
ISO 3166-2:AI
ISO 3166-2:AI is the entry for Anguilla in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently no ISO 3166-2 codes are defined in the entry for Anguilla 
Anguilla is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code AI 

See also
Subdivisions of Anguilla

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AI
Districts of Anguilla, Statoids com
Passage 14:
ISO 3166-2:GN
ISO 3166-2:GN is the entry for Guinea in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Guinea, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

7 administrative regions and 1 governorate
33 prefecturesThe governorate Conakry is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the administrative regions 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Guinea  The second part is either of the following:

one letter: administrative regions and governorate
two letters: prefectures

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Administrative regions and governorate
Prefectures
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Guinea
FIPS region codes of Guinea
Passage 15:
ISO 3166-2:GA
ISO 3166-2:GA is the entry for Gabon in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Gabon, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 9 provinces 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GA, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Gabon  The second part is a digit (1–9) 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

See also
Subdivisions of Gabon
FIPS region codes of Gabon

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: GA
Provinces of Gabon, Statoids com
Passage 16:
ISO 3166-2:KM
ISO 3166-2:KM is the entry for the Comoros in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for the Comoros, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 3 islands 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is KM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the Comoros  The second part is a letter 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages  The Shikomor language does not have a single ISO 639 code 

(ar): Arabic using two romanization systems
(fr): French
(—): ShikomorClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of the Comoros
FIPS region codes of the Comoros

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: KM
Autonomous Islands of Comoros, Statoids com
Passage 17:
Cape Verde
Cape Verde ( (listen)) or Cabo Verde ( (listen), ; Portuguese: [ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ]), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 sq mi)  These islands lie between 600 and 850 kilometres (320 and 460 nautical miles) west of Cap-Vert, the westernmost point of continental Africa  The Cape Verde islands form part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles 
The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century, when Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized the islands, thus establishing the first European settlement in the tropics  Because the Cape Verde islands were located in a convenient location to play a role in the Atlantic slave trade, Cape Verde became economically prosperous during the 16th and 17th centuries, attracting merchants, privateers, and pirates  It declined economically in the 19th century after the suppression of the Atlantic slave trade, and many of its inhabitants emigrated during that period  However, Cape Verde gradually recovered economically by becoming an important commercial center and useful stopover point along major shipping routes  Cape Verde became independent in 1975 
Since the early 1990s, Cape Verde has been a stable representative democracy and has remained one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa  Lacking natural resources, its developing economy is mostly service-oriented, with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment  Its population of around 483,628 (as of the 2021 Census) is mostly of mixed African and a minor European heritage, and predominantly Roman Catholic, reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule  A sizeable Cape Verdean diaspora community exists across the world, especially in the United States and Portugal, considerably outnumbering the inhabitants on the islands  Cape Verde is a member state of the African Union 
Cape Verde's official language is Portuguese   It is the language of instruction and government  It is also used in newspapers, television, and radio  The recognized national language is Cape Verdean Creole, which is spoken by the vast majority of the population 
As of the 2021 census the most populated islands were Santiago, where the capital Praia is located (269,370), São Vincente (74,016), Santo Antão (36,632), Fogo (33,519) and Sal (33,347)  The largest cities are Praia (137,868), Mindelo (69,013), Espargos (24,500) and Assomada (21,297) 

Etymology
The country is named after the Cap-Vert peninsula, on the Senegalese coast  The name Cap-Vert, in turn, comes from the Portuguese language Cabo Verde ('green cape'), the name that Portuguese explorers gave the cape in 1444, a few years before they came across the islands 
On 24 October 2013, the country's delegation to the United Nations informed it that other countries should no longer use Cape Verde or any other translations of Cabo Verde as part of its official name: all countries should use Republic of Cabo Verde as the country's official name  Speakers of English have used the name Cape Verde for the archipelago and, since independence in 1975, for the country  In 2013, the Cape Verdean government determined that it would thenceforth use the Portuguese name Cabo Verde for official purposes, including at the United Nations, even when speaking or writing in English 

History
The archipelago of modern-day Cape Verde was formed approximately 40–50 million years ago during the Eocene era 
Before the arrival of Europeans, the Cape Verde Islands were uninhabited  They were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456  According to Portuguese official records, the first discoveries were made by Genoa-born António de Noli, who was afterwards appointed governor of Cape Verde by the Portuguese king Afonso V  Other navigators mentioned as contributing to discoveries on the Cape Verde archipelago are Diogo Dias, Diogo Afonso, Venetian Alvise Cadamosto, and Diogo Gomes (who had accompanied António de Noli on his voyage of discovery, and who claimed to have been the first to land on the Cape Verdean island of Santiago, and the first to name that island) 
In 1462, Portuguese settlers arrived at Santiago and founded a settlement they called Ribeira Grande  Today it is called Cidade Velha ("Old City"), to distinguish it from a town of the same name on a different Cape Verdean island (Ribeira Grande on the island of Santo Antão)  The original Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics 
In the 16th century, the archipelago prospered from the Atlantic slave trade  Pirates occasionally attacked the Portuguese settlements  Francis Drake, an English privateer, twice sacked the (then) capital Ribeira Grande in 1585 when it was a part of the Iberian Union  After a French attack in 1712, the town declined in importance relative to nearby Praia, which became the capital in 1770 The decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis  Cape Verde's early prosperity slowly vanished  However, the islands' position astride mid-Atlantic shipping lanes made Cape Verde an ideal location for re-supplying ships  Because of its excellent harbour, the city of Mindelo, located on the island of São Vicente, became an important commercial centre during the 19th century  Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Cape Verde in 1832  Cape Verde was the first stop of Charles Darwin's voyage with HMS Beagle in 1832 
With few natural resources and inadequate sustainable investment from the Portuguese, the citizens grew increasingly discontented with the colonial masters, who refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy  In 1951, Portugal changed Cape Verde's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism In 1956, Amílcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organized (in Portuguese Guinea) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)  It demanded improvement in economic, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations' independence movement  Moving its headquarters to Conakry, Guinea in 1960, the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961  Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet Bloc-supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops By 1972, the PAIGC controlled much of Portuguese Guinea despite the presence of the Portuguese troops, but the organization did not attempt to disrupt Portuguese control in Cape Verde  Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974  A budding independence movement – originally led by Amílcar Cabral, assassinated in 1973 – passed on to his half-brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975 

Independence (1975)
Following the April 1974 revolution in Portugal, the PAIGC became an active political movement in Cape Verde  In December 1974, the PAIGC and Portugal signed an agreement providing for a transitional government composed of Portuguese and Cape Verdeans  On 30 June 1975, Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975  In the late 1970s and 1980s, most African countries prohibited South African Airways from overflights but Cape Verde allowed them and became a centre of activity for the airline's flights to Europe and the United States 
Immediately following the November 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau, relations between Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau became strained  Cape Verde abandoned its hope for unity with Guinea-Bissau and formed the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV)  Problems have since been resolved and relations between the countries are good  The PAICV and its predecessor established a one-party system and ruled Cape Verde from independence until 1990 Responding to growing pressure for pluralistic democracy, the PAICV called an emergency congress in February 1990 to discuss proposed constitutional changes to end one-party rule  Opposition groups came together to form the Movement for Democracy (MpD) in Praia in April 1990  Together, they campaigned for the right to contest the presidential election scheduled for December 1990 
The one-party state was abolished on 28 September 1990, and the first multi-party elections were held in January 1991  The MpD won a majority of the seats in the National Assembly, and MpD presidential candidate António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated the PAICV's candidate with 73 5% of the votes  Legislative elections in December 1995 increased the MpD majority in the National Assembly  The party won 50 of the National Assembly's 72 seats 
A February 1996 presidential election returned President Monteiro to office  Legislative elections in January 2001 returned power to the PAICV, with the PAICV holding 40 of the National Assembly seats, MpD 30, and Party for Democratic Convergence (PCD) and Labour and Solidarity Party (PTS) 1 each  In February 2001, the PAICV-supported presidential candidate Pedro Pires defeated former MpD leader Carlos Veiga by only 13 votes  
President Pedro Pires was narrowly re-elected in 2006 elections President Jorge Carlos Fonseca led the country since 2011 Cape Verde presidential election and he was re-elected in the 2016 election  He was supported by the Movement for Democracy Party  MpD also won in the 2016 parliamentary elections, taking back parliamentary majority after 15 year-rule of African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV)  In April 2021, the ruling center-right Movement for Democracy (MpD) of Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva won the parliamentary election On 26 August 2021, Cape Verde became the 150th country to ratify the 2005 Convention and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions In October 2021, opposition candidate and former prime minister, Jose Maria Neves of PAICV, won Cape Verde's presidential election  On 9 November 2021, Jose Maria Neves was sworn in as the new President of Cape Verde 

Government and politics
Cape Verde is a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic  It was 2020 the most democratic nation in Africa, ranking 2023 as 45th in the world, according to the electoral democracy score of the V-Dem Democracy indices The constitution – adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992, 1995 and 1999 – defines the basic principles of its government  The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state  The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president  Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for five-year terms  In 2016, three parties held seats in the National Assembly – MpD (36), PAICV (25), and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union (UCID) (3) The two main political parties are PAICV and MpD Movement for Democracy (MpD) ousted the ruling African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV) for the first time in 15 years in the 2016 parliamentary election, at which time its leader, Ulisses Correia e Silva, became prime minister  Jorge Carlos Almeida Fonseca was elected president in August 2011 and re-elected in October 2016  He is also supported by the MpD In November 2021, Cape Verde opened its first embassy in Nigeria 

International recognition
Cape Verde is often praised as an example among African nations for its stability and developmental growth despite its lack of natural resources  In 2013 then United States President Barack Obama said Cape Verde is "a real success story"  Among other achievements, it has been recognized with the following assessments:

Foreign relations
Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states  Angola, Brazil, China, Libya, Cuba, France, Guinea-Bissau, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Russia, Luxembourg, and the United States maintain embassies in Praia  Cape Verde maintains a vigorously active foreign policy, especially in Africa Cape Verde is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language 
Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organizations  It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues  Since 2007, Cape Verde has a special partnership status with the EU, under the Cotonou Agreement, and might apply for special membership, in particular because the Cape Verdean escudo, the country's currency, is indexed to the euro  In 2011 Cape Verde ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court  In 2017 Cape Verde signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 

Judiciary
The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court of Justice – whose members are appointed by the president, the National Assembly, and the Board of the Judiciary – and regional courts  Separate courts hear civil, constitutional, and criminal cases  Appeals are to the Supreme Court 

Military
The military of Cape Verde consists of the National Guard and the Coast Guard; 0 7% of the country's GDP was spent on the military in 2005 
Having fought their only battles in the war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975, the efforts of the Cape Verdean armed forces have turned to combating international drug trafficking  In 2007, together with the Cape Verdean Police, they carried out Operation Flying Launch (Operacão Lancha Voadora), a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point  The operation took more than three years, being a secret operation during the first two years, and ended in 2010  In 2016, Cape Verdean Armed Forces were involved in the Monte Tchota massacre, a green-on-green incident that resulted in 11 deaths Although located in Africa and being black Africans, Cape Verde has always had close relations with Europe  Because of this, some scholars argue that Cape Verde may be eligible to join the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and NATO 

Geography
The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) off the western coast of the African continent, near Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania as well as part of the Macaronesia ecoregion  It lies between latitudes 14° and 18°N, and longitudes 22° and 26°W 
The country is a horseshoe-shaped cluster of ten islands (nine inhabited) and eight islets, that constitute an area of 4033 km2 (1557 sq mi) The islands are spatially divided into two groups:

The Barlavento Islands (windward islands): Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Sal, Boa Vista; and
The Sotavento Islands (leeward): Maio, Santiago, Fogo, Brava The largest island, both in size and population, is Santiago, which hosts the nation's capital, Praia, the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago Three of the Cape Verde islands, Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio, are fairly flat, sandy, and dry; the others are generally rockier with more vegetation 

Physical geography and geology
Geologically, the islands, covering a combined area of slightly over 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 square miles), are principally composed of igneous rocks, with volcanic structures and pyroclastic debris comprising the majority of the archipelago's total volume  The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic; the archipelago is a soda-alkaline petrographic province, with a petrologic succession similar to that found in other Macaronesian islands 
Magnetic anomalies identified in the vicinity of the archipelago indicate that the structures forming the islands date back 125–150 million years: the islands themselves date from 8 million (in the west) to 20 million years (in the east)  The oldest exposed rocks occurred on Maio and the northern peninsula of Santiago and are 128–131 million-year-old pillow lavas  The first stage of volcanism in the islands began in the early Miocene, and reached its peak at the end of this period when the islands reached their maximum sizes  Historical volcanism (within human settlement) has been restricted to the island of Fogo The islands lie on a bathymetric swell known as the Cape Verde Rise  The Rise is one of the largest protuberances in the world's oceans, rising 2 2 kilometres (1 4 miles) in a semi-circular region of 1200 km2 (460 sq mi), associated with a rise of the geoid Pico do Fogo, the largest active volcano in the region, erupted in 2014  It has an eight-kilometre-diameter (five-mile) caldera, the rim of which is at an elevation of 1,600 metres (5,249 feet) and an interior cone that rises to 2,829 metres (9,281 feet) above sea level  The caldera resulted from subsidence, following the partial evacuation (eruption) of the magma chamber, along a cylindrical column from within the magma chamber (at a depth of 8 kilometres (5 miles)) 
Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio  On Santiago, Santo Antão, and São Nicolau, arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains  Ocean cliffs have been formed by catastrophic debris landslides 

Climate
Cape Verde's climate is milder than that of the African mainland because the surrounding sea moderates temperatures on the islands and cold Atlantic currents produce an arid atmosphere around the archipelago  Conversely, the islands do not receive the upwelling (cold streams) that affect the West African coast, so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal, but the sea is warmer  Due to the relief of some islands, such as Santiago with its steep mountains, the islands can have orographically induced precipitation, allowing rich woods and luxuriant vegetation to grow where the humid air condenses soaking the plants, rocks, soil, logs, moss, etc  On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands, exclusively in mountainous areas, like Santo Antão island, the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forests, and laurel forests  Average temperatures range from 22 °C (72 °F) in February to 27 °C (80 6 °F) in September  Cape Verde is part of the Sahelian arid belt, with nothing like the rainfall levels of nearby West Africa  It rains irregularly between August and October, with frequent brief heavy downpours  A desert is usually defined as terrain that receives less than 250 mm (9 8 in) of annual rainfall  Sal's total of 145 mm (5 7 in) confirms this classification  Most of the year's rain falls in September Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio have a flat landscape and arid climate, whilst the other islands are generally rockier and have more vegetation  Because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall, where not mountainous, the landscape is so arid that less than two percent of it is arable  The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones – arid, semiarid, subhumid and humid, according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from less than 100 millimetres (3 9 inches) in the arid areas of the coast as in the Deserto de Viana (67 millimetres (2 6 inches) in Sal Rei) to more than 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) in the humid mountain  Most rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist 

In some islands, like Santiago, the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the drier one on the south/southwest coast  Praia, on the southeast coast, is the largest city on the island and the largest city and capital of the country 
While most of Cape Verde receives little precipitation throughout the year, the northeastern slopes of high mountains see significant rainfall due to orographic lift, especially in areas far from the sea  In some such areas this precipitation is sufficient to support a rainforest habitat, albeit one significantly affected by the islands' human presence  These umbria areas are identified as cool and moist  Cape Verde lies in the Cape Verde Islands dry forests ecoregion Western Hemisphere-bound hurricanes often have their early beginnings near the Cape Verde Islands  These are referred to as Cape Verde-type hurricanes  These hurricanes can become very intense as they cross warm Atlantic waters away from Cape Verde  The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land  The five largest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record have been Cape Verde-type hurricanes  Most of the longest-lived tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin are Cape Verde hurricanes As of 2015, the islands themselves have only been struck by hurricanes twice in recorded history (since 1851): once in 1892, and again in 2015 by Hurricane Fred, the easternmost hurricane ever to form in the Atlantic 

Climate Change
According to the president of Nauru, in 2011 Cape Verde was ranked the eighth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change  In 2023 UN Secretary-General António Guterres arrived in Cabo Verde to raise concerns about climate change  He said that the country is on the frontlines of the existential crisis generated by climate disruptions and that world leaders need to take action to address the climate crisis  Cabo Verde is a leader in renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa  Currently, 20% of its energy comes from renewable sources, and the goal is to increase that to 50% by 2030  In 2023, Portugal signed an agreement to forgive €140 million of Cape Verde's debt in exchange for the country investing in environmental projects  This agreement is one of the first debt-for-nature swap in Africa 

Biodiversity
Cape Verde's isolation has resulted in the islands having several endemic species, particularly birds and reptiles, many of which are endangered by human development  Endemic birds include Alexander's swift (Apus alexandri), Bourne's heron (Ardea purpurea bournei), the Raso lark (Alauda razae), the Cape Verde warbler (Acrocephalus brevipennis), and the Iago sparrow (Passer iagoensis)  The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde shearwater  Reptiles include the Cape Verde giant gecko (Tarentola gigas) 

Administrative divisions
Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities (concelhos) and subdivided into 32 parishes (freguesias), based on the religious parishes that existed during the colonial period:

Economy
Cape Verde's notable economic growth and improvement in living conditions despite a lack of natural resources have garnered international recognition, with other countries and international organizations often providing development aid  Since 2007, the UN has classified it as a developing nation rather than a least developed country 
Cape Verde has few natural resources  Only five of the ten main islands (Santiago, Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Fogo, and Brava) normally support significant agricultural production, and over 90% of all food consumed in Cape Verde is imported  Mineral resources include salt, pozzolana (a volcanic rock used in cement production), and limestone  Its small number of wineries making Portuguese-style wines have traditionally focused on the domestic market, but have recently met with some international acclaim  Several wine tours of Cape Verde's various microclimates began to be offered in spring 2010 
The economy of Cape Verde is service-oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for more than 70% of GDP  Although nearly 35% of the population lives in rural areas, agriculture and fishing contribute only about 9% of GDP  Light manufacturing accounts for most of the remainder  Fish and shellfish are plentiful, and small quantities are exported  Cape Verde has cold storage and freezing facilities and fish processing plants in Mindelo, Praia, and on Sal  Expatriate Cape Verdeans contribute an amount estimated at 20% of GDP to the domestic economy through remittances 
Despite having few natural resources and being semi-desert, the country boasts the highest living standards in the region and has attracted thousands of immigrants of different nationalities 
Since 1991, the government has pursued market-oriented economic policies, including an open welcome to foreign investors and a far-reaching privatization programme  It established as top development priorities the promotion of a market economy and the private sector; the development of tourism, light manufacturing industries, and fisheries; and the development of transport, communications, and energy facilities  From 1994 to 2000 about $407 million in foreign investments were made or planned, of which 58% were in tourism, 17% in industry, 4% in infrastructure, and 21% in fisheries and services In 2011, on four islands a wind farm was built that supplies about 30% of the electricity of the country 
As host to the ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, inaugurated in 2010, Cape Verde plans to lead by example by becoming entirely reliant on renewable energy sources by 2025  This policy is consistent with the plethora of documents adopted in 2015 paving the way to more sustainable development, including Cape Verde's Transformational Agenda to 2030, its National Renewable Energy Plan and its Low Carbon and Climate-resilient Development Strategy  Two years later, these were followed by a Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development, 2017–2021 Between 2000 and 2009, real GDP increased on average by over seven percent a year, well above the average for Sub-Saharan countries and faster than most small island economies in the region  Strong economic performance was bolstered by one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world, as well as by substantial capital inflows that allowed Cape Verde to build up national currency reserves to the current 3 5 months of imports  Unemployment has been falling rapidly, and the country is on track to achieve most of the UN Millennium Development Goals – including halving its 1990 poverty level 
In 2007, Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in 2008 the country graduated from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Middle Income Country (MIC) status 
Cape Verde has significant cooperation with Portugal at every level of the economy, which has led it to link its currency first to the Portuguese escudo and, in 1999, to the euro  On 23 June 2008 Cape Verde became the 153rd member of the WTO In early January 2018, the government announced that the minimum wage would be raised to 13,000 CVE (US$140 or EUR 130) per month, from 11,000 CVE, which was effective in mid-January 2018 

Development
The European Commission's total allocation for the period of 2008–2013 foreseen for Cape Verde to address "poverty reduction, in particular in rural and peri-urban areas where women are heading the households, as well as good governance" amounts to €54 1 million 

Tourism
Cape Verde's strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes has been enhanced by significant improvements at Mindelo's harbour (Porto Grande) and at Sal's and Praia's international airports  A new international airport was opened in Boa Vista in December 2007 and on the island of São Vicente, the newest international airport (Cesária Évora Airport) in Cape Verde was opened in late 2009  Ship repair facilities at Mindelo were opened in 1983 The major ports are Mindelo and Praia, but all other islands have smaller port facilities  In addition to the international airport on Sal, airports have been built on all of the inhabited islands  All but the airports on Brava and Santo Antão enjoy scheduled air service  The archipelago has 3,050 km (1,895 mi) of roads, of which 1,010 km (628 mi) are paved, most using cobblestone The country's future economic prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the encouragement of tourism, remittances, outsourcing labour to neighbouring African countries, and the momentum of the government's development programme 

Demographics
The official Census recorded that Cape Verde had a population of 512,096 in 2013  A large proportion (236,000) of Cape Verdeans live on the main island, Santiago Cape Verdeans are descendants of Africans (free or slaves) and Europeans of various origins  There are also Cape Verdeans who have Jewish ancestors from North Africa, mainly on the islands of Boa Vista, Santiago and Santo Antão  A large part of Cape Verdeans emigrated abroad, mainly to the United States, Portugal and France, so that there are more Cape Verdeans residing abroad than at home 
Unlike countries on the African continent, there are no tribes in Cape Verde  On the other hand, the country's historical trajectory included, from the beginning, a process of social class formation  At this moment, the absence of a "bourgeoisie" can be seen, but the existence of several types of "petty bourgeoisie", numerically significant  The majority of the population is, however, made up of the peasantry and some working class 

Languages
Cape Verde's official language is Portuguese  It is the language of instruction and government  It is also used in newspapers, television, and radio 
Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu) is used colloquially throughout Cape Verde and is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans  The national constitution calls for measures to give it parity with Portuguese  There is a substantial body of literature in Creole, especially in the Santiago Creole and the São Vicente Creole  Kriolu has been gaining prestige since the nation's independence from Portugal 
The differences between the forms of the language within the islands have been a major obstacle in the way of standardization of the language  Some people have advocated the development of two standards: a North (Barlavento) standard, centred on the São Vicente Creole, and a South (Sotavento) standard, centred on the Santiago Creole  Manuel Veiga, Ph D , a linguist and Minister of Culture of Cape Verde, is the premier proponent of Kriolu's officialization and standardization 

Religion
The vast majority of Cape Verdeans are Christian; reflecting centuries of Portuguese rule, Roman Catholics make up the single largest religious community, at just under 80 percent, as of 2010 (slightly down from 85 percent of the population in 2007)  Most other religious groups are Protestant, with the evangelical Church of the Nazarene forming the second largest community; other sizeable denominations are the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Assemblies of God, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  Islam is the largest minority religion  Judaism had a historical presence during the colonial era  Atheists constitute less than 1 percent of the population  Many Cape Verdeans syncretize Christianity with indigenous African beliefs and customs 

Emigration and immigration
Almost twice as many Cape Verdeans live abroad (nearly one million) than in the country itself  The islands have a long history of emigration and Cape Verdeans are highly dispersed worldwide, from Macau to Haiti and Argentina to Sweden  The diaspora may be much larger than official statistics indicate, as, until independence in 1975, Cape Verdean immigrants had Portuguese passports 
The majority of Cape Verdeans live in the United States and Western Europe, with the former hosting the largest overseas population at 500,000  Most Cape Verdeans in the U S  are concentrated in New England, particularly the cities of Providence, New Bedford, and Boston; Brockton, has the largest community of any American city (18,832) Cape Verdeans have been migrating to Massachusetts since the 1840s, but most of the current population arrived in the 1970s  They are now one of the top ten immigrant groups in Boston, and the largest hailing from Africa  The first wave of Cape Verdean immigrants came to Massachusetts to work in the whaling industry  When whaling declined, they moved into maritime jobs, seasonal agricultural work (like picking cranberries) , and factory work  The second wave of Cape Verdean immigrants arrived after Cape Verde gained independence in 1975  They also found work in factories, but as manufacturing plants closed down, they moved into the service industry in the 1990's  Cape Verdean immigrants have also developed a vibrant small business sector, including restaurants, groceries, real estate and insurance offices, and other enterprises  Cape Verdean immigrants in the U S  have a long history of enlistment in the U S  military, with a presence in every major conflict from the Revolutionary War to the Vietnam War Due to centuries of colonial ties, the second largest number of Cape Verdeans live in Portugal (150,000), with sizable communities in the former Portuguese colonies of Angola (45,000) and São Tomé and Príncipe (25,000)  Major populations exist in countries with cultural and linguistic similarities, such as Spain (65,500), France (25,000), Senegal (25,000), and Italy (20,000)  Other large communities live in the United Kingdom (35,500), the Netherlands (20,000, of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam), and Luxembourg and Scandinavia (7,000)  Outside the U S  and Europe, the biggest Cape Verdean populations are in Mexico (5,000) and Argentina (8,000) 
Over the years, Cape Verde has increasingly become a net recipient of migrants, due to its relatively high per capita income, political and social stability, and civil freedom  Chinese make up a sizeable and important segment of the foreign population, while nearby West African countries account for most immigration  In the 21st century, a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country, mostly professionals, entrepreneurs, and retirees  Over 22,000 foreign-born residents are naturalized, hailing from over 90 countries 
The Cape Verdean diaspora experience is reflected in many artistic and cultural expressions, most famously the song Sodade by Cesária Évora 

Health
The infant mortality rate among Cape Verdean children between 0 and 5 years old is 15 per 1,000 live births according to the latest (2017) data from the National Statistics Bureau, while the maternal mortality rate is 42 deaths per 100,000 live births  The HIV-AIDS prevalence rate among Cape Verdeans between 15 and 49 years old is 0 8% According to the latest data (2017) from the National Statistics Bureau, life expectancy at birth in Cape Verde is 76 2 years; that is, 72 2 years for males and 80 2 years for females  There are six hospitals in the Cape Verde archipelago: two central hospitals (one in the capital city of Praia and one in Mindelo, São Vicente) and four regional hospitals (one in Santa Catarina (northern Santiago region), one on São Antão, one on Fogo, and one on Sal)  In addition, there are 28 health centers, 35 sanitation centers, and a variety of private clinics located throughout the archipelago 
Cape Verde's population is among the healthiest in Africa  Since its independence, it has greatly improved its health indicators  Besides having been promoted to the group of "medium development" countries in 2007, leaving the least developed countries category (becoming the second country to do so), as of 2020 it was the 11th best ranked country in Africa in its Human Development Index 
The total expenditure on health was 7 1% of GDP (2015) 

Education
Although the Cape Verdean educational system is similar to the Portuguese system, over the years the local universities have been increasingly adopting the American educational system; for instance, all ten existing universities in the country offer four-year bachelor's degree programs as opposed to five-year bachelor's degree programs that existed before 2010  Cape Verde has the second best educational system in Africa, after South Africa 
Primary school education in Cape Verde is mandatory and free for children between the ages of six and fourteen years In 2011, the net enrolment ratio for primary school was 85%  Approximately 90% of the total population over 15 years of age is literate, and roughly 25% of the population holds a college degree; a significant number of these college graduates hold doctorate degrees in different academic fields  Textbooks have been made available to 90 percent of school children, and 98 percent of the teachers have attended in-service teacher training  Although most children have access to education, some problems remain  For example, there is insufficient spending on school materials, lunches, and books As of October 2016, there were 69 secondary schools throughout the archipelago (including 19 private secondary schools) and at least 10 universities in the country, which are based on the two islands of Santiago and São Vicente 

In 2015, 23% of the Cape Verdean population had either attended or graduated from secondary schools 
When it came to higher education, 9% of Cape Verdean men and 8% of Cape Verdean women held a bachelor's degree or had attended universities  The overall college education rate (i e , college graduates and undergraduate students) in Cape Verde is about 24%, of the local college-age population 
The total expenditure on education was 5 6% of GDP (2010) 
The mean years of schooling of adults over 25 years is 12 
These trends were held in 2017  Cape Verde stands out in West Africa for the quality and inclusiveness of its higher education system  As of 2017, one in four young people attended university and one-third of students opted for fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics  Women made up one-third of students but two-thirds of graduates in 2018 

Science and technology
In 2011, Cape Verde devoted just 0 07% of its GDP to research and development, among the lowest rates in West Africa  The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Culture plan to strengthen the research and academic sectors by emphasizing greater mobility, through exchange programmes and international cooperation agreements  As part of this strategy, Cape Verde is participating in the Ibero-American academic mobility programme that expects to mobilize 200,000 academics between 2015 and 2020  Cape Verde was ranked 89th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011, a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants  The world average was 1,083 per million in 2013  All 25 researchers were working in the government sector in 2011 and one in three were women (36%)  There was no research being conducted in either medical or agricultural sciences  Of the eight engineers involved in research and development, one was a woman  Three of the five researchers working in natural sciences were women, as were three of the six social scientists and two of the five researchers from the humanities In 2015, the government announced a project to build a technology park for business, research, and development  As of late 2020, the project, now named TechPark Cabo Verde, is slated for completion in June 2022  The project is funded by both the African Development Bank and the government of Cape Verde  The goal of the endeavour, according to Cape Verde Minister of Finance Olavo Correia, is "to attract large international companies to set up shop [in order] to help local companies and start-ups become more competitive" Cape Verde has a high rate of internet penetration and a growing mobile phone market  The government has invested in improving ICT infrastructure and has created a number of initiatives to promote the development of the digital economy  The digital economy has the potential to create jobs, boost economic growth, and improve the quality of life for people in Cape Verde 

Crime
Theft and burglary are common in Cape Verde, especially in crowded environments such as marketplaces, festivals, and celebrations  Often the perpetrators of these crimes are gangs of street children  Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo 

Culture
The culture of Cape Verde is characterized by a mixture of African and European elements  This is not a sum of two cultures living side by side, but a new culture resulting from an exchange that began in the 15th century 
Cape Verdean social and cultural patterns are unique  Football games and church activities are typical sources of social interaction and entertainment  The traditional walk around the praça (town square) to meet friends is practised regularly in Cape Verde towns 

Media
In towns with electricity, television is available on three channels; one state-owned (RTC – TCV) and three foreign-owned: RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese-based RTI in 2005; Record Cabo Verde, launched by the Brazilian-based Rede Record on 31 March 2007; and as of 2016, TV CPLP  Premium channels available include the Cape Verdean versions of Boom TV and Zap Cabo Verde, two channels owned by Brazil's Record  Other premium channels are available in Cape Verde, especially satellite network channels which are common in hotels and villas, though availability is otherwise limited  One such channel is RDP África, the African version of the Portuguese radio station RDP 
As of early 2023, about 99% of the Cape Verdean population own an active cellular phone, 70% have access to the Internet, 11% own a landline telephone, and 2% subscribe to local cable TV  In 2003, Cape Verde had 71,700 main line telephones with an additional 53,300 cellular phones in use throughout the country 
In 2004, there were seven radio stations, six independent and one state-owned  The media is operated by the Cape-Verdean News Agency (secondarily as Inforpress)  Nationwide radio stations include RCV, RCV+, Radio Kriola, and the religious station Radio Nova  Local radio stations include Rádio Praia, the first radio station in Cape Verde; Praia FM, the first FM station in the nation; Rádio Barlavento, Rádio Clube do Mindelo and Radio Morabeza in Mindelo 

Music
The Cape Verdean people are known for their musicality, well expressed by popular manifestations such as the Carnival of Mindelo  Cape Verde music incorporates "African, Portuguese and Brazilian influences " Cape Verde's quintessential national music is the morna, a melancholy and lyrical song form typically sung in Cape Verdean Creole  The most popular music genre after morna is the coladeira, followed by funaná and batuque music  Cesária Évora was the best-known Cape Verdean singer in the world, known as the "barefoot diva," because she liked to perform barefooted on stage  She was also referred to as "The Queen of Morna" as opposed to her uncle Bana, who was referred to as "King of Morna"  The international success of Cesária Évora has made other Cape Verdean artists, or descendants of Cape Verdeans born in Portugal, gain more space in the music market  Examples of this are singers Sara Tavares, Lura and Mayra Andrade 
Another great exponent of traditional music from Cape Verde was Antonio Vicente Lopes, better known as Travadinha, and Ildo Lobo, who died in 2004  The House of Culture in the center of the city of Praia is called Ildo Lobo House of Culture, in his honour 
There are also well-known artists born to Cape Verdean parents who excelled themselves in the international music scene  Amongst these artists are jazz pianist Horace Silver, Duke Ellington's saxophonist Paul Gonsalves, Teófilo Chantre, Paul Pena, the Tavares brothers and singer Lura 

Dance
Cape Verdean traditional dance is a mix of West and Central African influences  The most popular dance style in Cape Verde is called “Funana” which originated on the island of Santiago and is danced in pairs with fast hip movements and a lively rhythm  Another popular dance style is “Coladeira” which is a slower dance style that originated on the island of Sao Vicente  “Batuque” is another traditional Cape Verdean dance style that originated on the island of Santiago and involves a lot of hip movement and percussion  “Morna” is another popular Cape Verdean dance style that originated on the island of Boa Vista and has a slow tempo with a melancholic melody  Zouk and Kizomba are newer popular dance style in Cape Verde that originated in other countries 

Literature
Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa  Famous poets include Paulino Vieira, Manuel de Novas, Sergio Frusoni, Eugénio Tavares, and B  Léza, and famous authors include Baltasar Lopes da Silva, António Aurélio Gonçalves, Manuel Lopes, Orlanda Amarílis, Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, Arménio Vieira, Kaoberdiano Dambará, Dr  Azágua, and Germano Almeida  The first novel written by a woman from Cabo Verde was A Louca de Serrano by Dina Salústio; its translation, as The Madwoman of Serrano, was the first translation of any Cabo Verdean novel to English 

Cinema
The Carnival and the island of São Vicente are portrayed in the 2015 feature documentary Tchindas, nominated at the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards 

Cuisine
The Cape Verde diet is mostly based on fish and staple foods like corn and rice  Vegetables available during most of the year are potatoes, onions, tomatoes, manioc, cabbage, kale, and dried beans  Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year-round, while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal A popular dish served in Cape Verde is cachupa, a slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat  A common appetizer is the pastel, a pastry shell filled with fish or meat which is then fried 

Sports
The country's most successful sports team is the Cape Verde national basketball team, which won the bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007, after beating Egypt in its last game  The country's most well-known player is Walter Tavares, who plays for Real Madrid of Spain 
Cape Verde is famous for wave sailing (a type of windsurfing) and kiteboarding  Josh Angulo, a Hawaiian and 2009 PWA Wave World Champion, has done much to promote the archipelago as a windsurfing destination  Mitu Monteiro, a local kitesurfer, was the 2008 Kite Surfing World Champion in the wave discipline 
The Cape Verde national football team, nicknamed the Tubarões Azuis (Blue Sharks), is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Cape Verdean Football Federation  The team has played at three Africa Cup of Nations, in 2013, 2015, and 2021 The country has competed at every Summer Olympics since 1996  In 2016, Gracelino Barbosa became the first Cape Verdean to win a medal at the Paralympic Games 

Transport
Ports
There are four international ports: Mindelo, Praia, Palmeira and Sal Rei  Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise ships and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão  Praia on Santiago is the main hub for local ferry services to other islands  Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island, Amílcar Cabral International Airport, and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island  Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol 
There are smaller harbours, essentially single jetties at Tarrafal on São Nicolau, Sal Rei on Boa Vista, Vila do Maio (Porto Inglês) on Maio, São Filipe on Fogo and Furna on Brava  These act as terminals for the inter-island ferry services, which carry both freight and passengers  The pier at Santa Maria on Sal used by both fishing and dive boats has been rehabilitated 

Airports
There were seven operational airports as of 2014 – four international and three domestic  Two others were non-operational, one on Brava and the other on Santo Antão closed for safety reasons 
Due to its geographical location, Cape Verde is often flown over by transatlantic airliners  It is part of the conventional air traffic route from Europe to South America, which goes from southern Portugal via the Canary Islands and Cape Verde to northern Brazil 

International airports
Amílcar Cabral International Airport, Sal Island
Nelson Mandela International Airport, Santiago Island
Aristides Pereira International Airport, Boa Vista Island
Cesária Évora Airport, São Vicente Island

Aerial drones
Small unmanned flying drones able to carry up to 5kg were being used experimentally for tasks such as delivering medicines between the islands in 2021 

See also
Outline of Cape Verde
Index of Cape Verde–related articles
Islands of Macaronesia
Azores
Madeira
Passage 18:
ISO 3166-2:CV
ISO 3166-2:CV is the entry for Cabo Verde in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Cabo Verde, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

2 geographical regions (i e , the Barlavento Islands and the Sotavento Islands)
22 municipalitiesEach code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is CV, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Cabo Verde  The second part is either of the following:

one letter: geographical regions
two letters: municipalities

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Geographical regions
Municipalities
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Cape Verde
FIPS region codes of Cape Verde

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: CV
Counties of Cape Verde, Statoids com
Passage 19:
ISO 3166-2:AL
ISO 3166-2:AL is the entry for Albania in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Albania, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 12 counties 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is AL, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Albania  The second part is two digits 
The codes for the counties are assigned in Albanian alphabetical order, except Dibër, whose code is assigned based on its capital, Peshkopi 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency  
Subdivision names are sorted in Albanian alphabetical order: a-c, ç, d, dh, e, ë, f-g, gj, h-l, ll, m-n, nj, o-r, rr, s, sh, t, th, u-x, xh, y-z, zh 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

District codes
Before 27 November 2015, codes for the 36 districts of Albania were included   The code for Kolonjë (AL-ER) was assigned based on its capital, Ersekë 

See also
Subdivisions of Albania
FIPS region codes of Albania

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AL
Counties of Albania, Statoids com
Context 3:  The final repeats of the Trio (the Grandioso) render the famous obligato of the piccolo players—joined to a subdued but prominent countermelody by the brass section, then bringing everything to a close with once-more repeats of the grand finale 
Sousa explained to the press that the three themes of the final trio were intended to represent the three regions of the United States  The broad melody, or main theme, portrays the North  The South is represented by the famous piccolo obligato, and the West by the bold countermelody of the trombones  The three come together in the climax, representing the Union itself 

Instrumentation
This is scored for an orchestra consisting of two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, snare drum, glockenspiel, and strings 

Lyrics
Sousa's lyrics
Sousa wrote lyrics to the piece, although they are not as familiar as the music itself  A typical pairing of Sousa's lyrics with various sections of the march—here the First strain and the Grandioso strain—is noted in the colored bars 

Tidmarsh's additional lyrics
In 1942 the John Church Company published a four-part choral version of the march with a piano arrangement by Elmer Arthur Tidmarsh  This arrangement has additional lyrics written by Tidmarsh for the Breakstrain section of the march 

Parody lyrics
The exact origin of the parody is unclear, but versions of it were being quoted as early as the 1930s on college campuses, and during the 1940s, where it was sung for entertainment by soldiers at the USO  Some newspapers of that time referred to it as the "Duck Song " In 1954, Charles Grean and Joan Javits composed "Crazy Mixed Up Song", using the theme from "The Stars and Stripes Forever", with lyrics beginning "Be kind to your web-footed friends"  It was made somewhat popular by Peter Lind Hayes & Mary Healy in that year  In the early 1960s, it reached a wider audience as a part of Mitch Miller's nationally syndicated sing-along show, Sing Along with Mitch  This version has perhaps the best known lyrics, which were used to end every show:

The last two lines were later used for the theme song of the 1985 television series The Berenstain Bears, but with the lyrics changed to:

Later versions of "Be kind to your web-footed friends" extended the lyrics of the second verse  One popular version goes like this:

And the song repeats itself ad infinitum, getting higher in tone each repeat until the singer is ready for the final as per Mitch Miller:

"Well, you're right!" may be substituted for "Well, it is!" 
Another version goes like this:

The blank may be filled with appropriate adjectives like "low", "high", "silly", "fast", etc , until ready for the finale, when the singer may end with "Well, it is!" as did Mitch Miller 

Soccer chants
"Here We Go", the British soccer chant, consists of the words "here we go" continuously repeated to the tune of The Stars and Stripes Forever  It was described by Auberon Waugh as the national anthem of the working classes  It was the basis of Everton F C 's official song for the 1984 FA Cup Final  The tune has been repurposed for many other, similarly repetitive, football chants 

Variations and notable uses
"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is featured in many U S  musical performances and pop culture:

There are several orchestral transcriptions of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", including one by conductor Leopold Stokowski and one by Keith Brion and Loras Schissel  There was also an orchestral arrangement of the march by Carl Davis and David Cullen for the album Carl Conducts   Classical Festival Favourites  Orchestral versions are typically transposed one-half step lower than the original band version, to put the march in a key that is more familiar to string players 
The tune is widely used by soccer fans, with the trio/grandioso section sung with the words "Here We Go"  The supporters of Spanish side Valencia CF used to sing it with the words "Xe que bó!" which means something like "Oh! How good" in Valencian, and those words have become a symbol for the team  Another version uses the word cheerio repeatedly, normally sung to players or coaches when they have been sent off or occasionally when an underdog has ended its opponent's cup campaign  Finally, certain clubs such as Forest Green or Sunderland use the chant just using the club name; this only works if the name has three syllables  A nickname can instead be used for the chant, such as Gateshead fans chanting "Tynesiders" 
In the 1933 film Duck Soup, Harpo Marx, playing Pinky, a spy infiltrating a house in the middle of the night, attempts to open what he believes to be a safe, but turns out to be a large radio, which loudly begins playing "The Stars and Stripes Forever" when he turns the knob  Pinky spends the next several moments futilely (and loudly) trying to quell the noise before throwing the radio out a nearby window 
The march was used in the 1939 cartoon Officer Duck, after Donald Duck successfully subdues Tiny Tom, played by Pete  It is played by a marching band of police officers who further advance Tom's arrest  On the highest note of the brass, Donald kicks Tom on his rear end 
Classic Popeye the Sailor cartoons by Fleischer Studios make frequent use of the tune in the music score accompanying the climactic fight between Popeye and the villain starting with the moment Popeye gets a spinach power boost 
Parts of the tune feature in two Laurel and Hardy short films, The Chimp and Come Clean 
In show business, as said before, particularly theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March"  It is a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency  This helps theater personnel to handle events and organize the audience's exit without panic  Circus bands never play it under any other circumstances  One memorable example of its use was at the Hartford Circus Fire in July 1944, in which at least 160 people were killed 
A 1952 biographical film, Stars and Stripes Forever, gives an account of the composer's life and music 
Russian-American pianist Vladimir Horowitz wrote a famous transcription of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" for solo piano to celebrate his becoming an American citizen  In an interview, Horowitz opined that the march, being a military march, is meant to be played at a walking tempo  He complained that many conductors played the piece too fast, resulting in music that is "hackneyed" 
Timmy Mallett was fond of chanting "Wacaday, Wacaday, Wacaday" to the tune in children's TV show Wacaday, often getting child guests to do the same 
In "Evolution", the first episode of the third season of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, a malfunction in the ship's systems causes the main computer to play Sousa's march on all channels throughout the ship  The episode was first aired on September 25, 1989 
The song is usually played for the President of the United States after he gives a speech at a public forum, event, or ceremony, whereas "Hail to the Chief" is played when the President is introduced 
The tune of the song appears in the 1970 animated TV special adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! by Dr  Seuss, used as the melody for the song Be Kind To Your Small Person Friends 
In 1981, fingerstyle guitarist Guy Van Duser made an arrangement of the march for guitar  It was later performed by guitarists such as Chet Atkins, Rick Foster and Doug Smith 
The march was adapted for the theme song to The Berenstain Bears 1985 cartoon 
An 8-bit version of the song is used in the MS-DOS and Commodore 64 versions of Wheel of Fortune when solving a puzzle correctly 
The student band Strindens Promenade Orchester in Trondheim, Norway, has the world record in "speed playing" of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" (absolutely all notes must be played)  The band calls their speedy rendering of the march "Stars and Stribes", and performs the march at all solemn occasions at the Trondheim Student Society  Set during the fall term of 1999, the record time is 50 9 seconds (nominal time is 3 minutes 50 seconds)  For this, the band is noted in the Norwegian edition of the Guinness Book of Records 
The march in a specific rendition is in the soundtrack of the video game Postal 2, where it's performed by the marching band 
American composer Robert W  Smith parodied Stars and Stripes Forever along with "Jingle Bells" with his composition "Jingle Bells Forever", published by Alfred Publishing Co 
In 2008, the Muppets performed a web version starring Sam the Eagle, Beaker, a clucking chicken, Bobo the Bear, The Swedish Chef, and Crazy Harry 
The video game Fallout 3 has the Stars and Stripes Forever as one of the songs on the Enclave Radio 
In 2009, Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman used this tune as a jingle in advertising character Ruff Ruffman's "RuffMeal" in the episode "The RuffMeal Needs More Roughage" 
At the conclusion of WWE's Extreme Rules pay-per-view in 2011, Stars and Stripes Forever played following John Cena announcing the death of Osama Bin Laden  It was also played during the January 5, 2015 episode of WWE Raw from Corpus Christi, Texas, also involving Cena, during the main event segment called John Cena Appreciation Night, where The Authority (Triple H and Stephanie McMahon) thanked Cena for (kayfabe) re-hiring them following the previous year's Survivor Series event's main event match, only to slander him and then (kayfabe) fire his teammates from that night, Dolph Ziggler, Ryback and Erick Rowan  The Big Show, who was also Cena's teammate during the aforementioned match, was not fired since he turned his back on Cena during the match and then joined The Authority  Balloons and confetti then fell from the rafters as Cena and his teammates stood in the ring, dejected, as the song played 
In Argentina, a sensationalist news channel, Crónica TV, always uses the first 22 seconds of this march as a background music on reporting breaking news stories 
The Grateful Dead finished their 50th reunion concert on July 4, 2015 with fireworks accompanied by a recording of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", in front of 70,000 people in Soldier Field in Chicago 
In 2022, a March Madness-themed commercial from Capital One featured the opening notes of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" being played by a marching band led by Charles Barkley, who claimed to represent a fictional university named "Chuck U"  Samuel L  Jackson and Spike Lee are also featured in the commercial 

See also
List of marches by John Philip Sousa
"You're a Grand Old Flag"
Passage 5:
My Way
"My Way" is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra set to the music of the French song "Comme d'habitude" composed by Jacques Revaux with lyrics by Gilles Thibaut and Claude François and first performed in 1967 by Claude François  Its English lyrics were written by Paul Anka and are unrelated to the original French song   
The song was a success for a variety of performers including Sinatra, Elvis Presley, and Sid Vicious  Sinatra's version of "My Way" spent 75 weeks in the UK Top 40, which is 3rd place all-time 

Background
In 1967, Jacques Revaux wrote a ballad named "For Me", with English lyrics about a couple falling out of love  According to Revaux, the demo was then sent to Petula Clark, Dalida, and Claude François, to no avail  Revaux rejected a version by Hervé Villard, the singer of the international hit Capri c'est fini and reworked the track into Comme d'habitude ("As usual") with the help of Claude François  It was released in November 1967 and was at the top of the French pop chart for one week in February 1968 Paul Anka heard the French original, while on holiday in the south of France  He flew to Paris to negotiate the rights to the song  He acquired adaptation, recording, and publishing rights for the nominal but formal consideration of one dollar, subject to the provision that the melody's composers would retain their original share of royalty rights with respect to whatever versions Anka or his designates created or produced   Some time later, Anka had a dinner in Florida with Frank Sinatra and "a couple of Mob guys" during which Sinatra said: "I'm quitting the business  I'm sick of it; I'm getting the hell out "
Back in New York, Anka re-wrote the original French song for Sinatra, subtly altering the melodic structure and changing the lyrics: At one o'clock in the morning, I sat down at an old IBM electric typewriter and said, 'If Frank were writing this, what would he say?' And I started, metaphorically, 'And now the end is near ' I read a lot of periodicals, and I noticed everything was 'my this' and 'my that'  We were in the 'me generation' and Frank became the guy for me to use to say that  I used words I would never use: 'I ate it up and spit it out ' But that's the way he talked  I used to be around steam rooms with the Rat Pack guys—they liked to talk like Mob guys, even though they would have been scared of their own shadows  Anka finished the song at 5 in the morning: "I called Frank up in Nevada—he was at Caesars Palace – and said, 'I've got something really special for you '" Anka asserted: "When my record company caught wind of it, they were very pissed that I didn't keep it for myself  I said, 'Hey, I can write it, but I'm not the guy to sing it ' It was for Frank, no one else "Despite this, Anka would record the song in 1969 very shortly after Sinatra's recording was released  Anka recorded it four other times as well: in 1996 (as a duet with Gabriel Byrne, performed in the movie Mad Dog Time); in 1998 in Spanish as "A Mi Manera" (duet with Julio Iglesias); in 2007 (as a duet with Jon Bon Jovi); and in 2013 (as a duet with Garou) On December 30, 1968, Frank Sinatra recorded his version of the song in one take, featuring session drummer Buddy Saltzman among the band 
"My Way" was released in early 1969 on the My Way LP and as a single  It reached No  27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No  2 on the Easy Listening chart in the US  In the UK, the single achieved a still unmatched record, becoming the recording with the most weeks inside the Top 40, spending 75 weeks from April 1969 to September 1971  It spent a further 49 weeks in the Top 75 but never bettered the No  5 slot achieved upon its first chart run Billboard said that the "driving, lush and commercial Don Costa arrangement and production is an added plus to one of Sinatra's finest performances " Cash Box said that "The powerful material is matched by a splendidly moving performance which is certain to win rave comments from programmers with teen and adult audiences "Although this work became Frank Sinatra's signature song, his daughter Tina says the singer came to hate the song: "He didn't like it  That song stuck and he couldn't get it off his shoe  He always thought that song was self-serving and self-indulgent "

Charts
Certifications
Versions
David Bowie reportedly wrote the first English language lyrics to Claude François's original tune, though the lyrics and performance were only informally recorded and never commercially published 

Dorothy Squires
In the midst of Sinatra's multiple runs on the UK Singles Chart, Welsh singer Dorothy Squires also released a rendition of "My Way" in summer 1970  Her recording reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart and re-entered the chart twice more during that year 

Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley began performing the song in concert during the mid-1970s, despite Anka's suggestions that the song did not suit him  Nevertheless, on January 12 and 14, 1973, Presley sang the song during his satellite show Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite, beamed live and on deferred basis (for European audiences, who also saw it in prime time), to 43 countries via Intelsat 
On October 3, 1977, several weeks after Presley's death, his live recording of "My Way" (recorded for the Elvis In Concert CBS-TV special on June 21, 1977) was released as a single  In the U S , it reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in late 1977/early 1978 (higher than Frank Sinatra's peak position), number 6 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and went gold for its successful sales of over a million copies  The following year the single reached number 2 on the Billboard Country singles chart but went all the way to number 1 on the rival Cash Box Country Singles chart  In the UK, it reached number 9 on the UK Singles Chart 
Presley's version is featured in the climax of the 2001 film 3000 Miles to Graceland with Kurt Russell and Kevin Costner  (Paul Anka appears in a cameo as a casino pit boss who loathes Presley )
Presley's studio version of the song, recorded in 1971, was included on the fourth disc of "Walk a Mile in My Shoes: The Essential '70s Masters" 

Certifications
Sid Vicious
Sex Pistols' bassist Sid Vicious did a punk rock version of the song, in which a large body of the words were changed and the arrangement was sped up  The orchestral backing was arranged by Simon Jeffes 
Interviewed in 2007, Paul Anka said he had been "somewhat destabilized by the Sex Pistols' version  It was kind of curious, but I felt he [Sid Vicious] was sincere about it "Vicious and his girlfriend, Nancy Spungen, changed many of the words when it was recorded, including use of the swear words "cunt" and "fuck" as well as the word "queer" (slang for a gay man)  Vicious's reference to a "prat who wears hats" was an in-joke directed towards Vicious's friend and Sex Pistols bandmate Johnny Rotten, who was fond of wearing different kinds of hats he would pick up at rummage sales 
Leonard Cohen said of the song: I never liked this song except when Sid Vicious did it  Sung straight, it somehow deprives the appetite of a certain taste we'd like to have on our lips  When Sid Vicious did it, he provided that other side to the song; the certainty, the self-congratulation, the daily heroism of Sinatra's version is completely exploded by this desperate, mad, humorous voice  I can't go round in a raincoat and fedora looking over my life saying I did it my way – well, for 10 minutes in some American bar over a gin and tonic you might be able to get away with it  But Sid Vicious's rendition takes in everybody; everybody is messed up like that, everybody is the mad hero of his own drama  It explodes the whole culture this self-presentation can take place in, so it completes the song for me 
The 1986 film Sid and Nancy features a scene where Gary Oldman, portraying Vicious, performs his version of "My Way" while filming the song's music video Vicious's version of this song appears in Martin Scorsese's 1990 film Goodfellas, where it plays over the end credits 

Margaret Mackie and Jamie Lee Morley
In December 2019 footage of Margaret Mackie, a resident of Northcare Suites Care Home in Edinburgh who suffers from dementia, performing "My Way" with staff member Jamie Lee Morley, went viral after being posted online by Mackie's daughter Morley later arranged to have the song professionally recorded and it was released in January 2020 as a charity single to raise funds for The Alzheimer's Society and Dementia UK  The single peaked at number seven in the iTunes top 40 UK Pop Songs live chart and number five in the Amazon best seller chart 

Yuzo Kayama
In Japan, Yuzo Kayama, who is usually called the Japanese Frank Sinatra, performed "My Way" in 2008 in English  On April 23 and 30, 2015, as part of 2 vocal overdubbed sessions, Yuzo Kayama performed "My Way" with the earlier record of Frank Sinatra as a duet 

Adaptations
Besides translations more or less faithful to the original, some artists have set unrelated lyrics to the same tune 

Jozsef Gregor the renowned Hungarian bass-baritone/basso buffo recorded the song with Andras Ruszanov's Hungarian love themed lyrics version in 1996  Two years later, he sang this version in one of the most popular TV show in Budapest, since then this version has been permanently on the playlists of numerous radio stations in Hungary 
Mexican singer Vicente Fernandez did a Spanish language version, named "A Mi Manera" 
A version of the song with slightly different lyrics was used as a jingle for a Cologuard commercial in 2022 

Public use
The song is popularly associated with nostalgia to an individual's lifetime of events  Surveys beginning in 2005 have often reported that "My Way" has been the song most frequently played at funeral services in the UK  "My Way" is also a popular karaoke song around the world  However, it has been reported to cause numerous incidents of violence and homicide among karaoke singers in the Philippines, referred to in the media as the My Way killings, which has led to the song being banned in many Filipino bars The song's association with Sinatra led to Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of allowing other states in the Warsaw Pact to make their own policy decisions being nicknamed the Sinatra Doctrine, referencing "My Way"'s lyrics about doing things your own way  The term was first used by Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov in 1987, who was quoted as saying "We now have the Frank Sinatra doctrine  He has a song, I Did It My Way  So every country decides on its own which road to take "
Passage 6:
Followin' a Feelin'
Followin' a Feelin' is the third studio album by Australian country music artist Sherrié Austin  It was released in 2001 by WE Records and peaked at No  43 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart  The album's only charted single was a cover of Dolly Parton's "Jolene"  Austin's version of the song reached No  55 on the Hot Country Songs charts in July 2001 

Critical reception
Maria Konicki Dinoia of Allmusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, saying that "She's evolved into an exceptionally strong songwriter, having written or co-written nine of the album's ten virtually flawless tracks "

Track listing
"Followin' a Feelin'" (Sherrié Austin, Rob Crosby, Will Rambeaux) — 3:19
"Jolene" (Dolly Parton) — 3:17
"Goin' Goin' Gone" (Austin, Rambeaux, Jon Christopher Davis) — 4:14
"Somethin' Missin' in the Kissin'" (Austin, Rambeaux, Blair Daly) — 3:21
"In the Meantime" (Austin, Rambeaux, Crosby) — 3:41
"My Brilliant Mistake" (Austin, Rambeaux, Greg Barnhill) — 3:17
"In Our Own Sweet Time" (Austin, Rambeaux, Marcus Hummon) — 3:07
"Love Melts Even the Coldest Hearts" (Austin, Shawna Harrington-Burkhart) — 3:17
"Back Where I Belong" (Austin, Rambeaux, Kimberly Roads, Philip Sweet) — 3:00
"Time, Love and Money" (Austin, Rambeaux, Dave Berg) — 3:11

Personnel
Stephanie Bentley - backing vocals
Pat Buchanan - electric guitar
J  T  Corenflos - electric guitar
Jon Christopher Davis - backing vocals
Larry Franklin - mandolin, fiddle
Jimmy Hull - harmonica
Mike Joyce - bass
Troy Lancaster - electric guitar
Tim Lauer - keyboards
Gary McIntyre - steel guitar
Russ Pahl - steel guitar
Kim Parent - backing vocals
Paul Scholten - drums
Steven Sheehan - acoustic guitar
Barry Walsh - keyboards

Chart performance
Passage 7:
Way Out Here (song)
"Way Out Here" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Josh Thompson   It was released in March 2010 as the second single and title track from his debut album of the same name  Thompson co-wrote the song with David Lee Murphy and Casey Beathard 

Content
"Way Out Here" is a ballad, mostly accompanied by acoustic guitar  In it, the narrator tells of his rural upbringing, the way he was raised, and his desire for the United States to return to a simpler time, back when things "were run the way they ought a be"   The song further laments small town America, stating with nostalgia images of pickup trucks, unlicensed dogs running free, and hard working blue collar men who "chew and fry everything"   A further narrative relates to service in the United States armed forces, of which the narrator tells how people from small town America often wind up joining the military to earn a living and are then deployed overseas 

Music video
The music video for "Way Out Here" was filmed in Cairo, Illinois   The video begins with scenes of farms, a diner run by a young woman in her late teens (apparently married with a wedding ring and also religious locket which reads "faith") then shifts to a local bar where the narrator sings the song on his guitar   Interspersed into the video are scenes of men working on a farm as well as scenes of young men deployed in the Army to the Middle East 

Critical reception
The song and video drew mostly positive reviews from critics, however some negative reviews resulted from the portrayal in the music video of an entirely white town (Cairo, Illinois is in fact 70% African American), as well as nostalgia (instead of concern) regarding boarded up small towns steeped in rural poverty   Paul Brian of Engine 145, gave the song a thumbs-down rating  His review criticized Thompson's vocals for "[simmering] with anger, despair, and moral force as the song approaches numerous key concerns including the economy, military service, work ethic, religious belief, gun ownership, governance, and musical taste "

Chart performance
"Way Out Here" debuted at number 57 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated March 20, 2010, and then fell off the next week  However, it re-entered the country chart at number 58 on the chart dated April 3, 2010  In September 2010, it peaked at number 15 on the chart 

Year-end charts
Passage 8:
Turn Me On (Mark Dinning song)
"Turn Me On" is a song by John D  Loudermilk that was first recorded and released by Mark Dinning in 1961 as the B-side to his single "Lonely Island"  Other notable versions are by Nellie Rutherford and Nina Simone  Norah Jones released her version as the last single from her debut album Come Away with Me on May 12, 2003  The song was also performed by Shelby Dressel during her American Idol audition  It has been suggested that the song influenced the composition of Leonard Cohen's 1969 song "Bird on the Wire" 

Norah Jones version
Jones's cover was the seventh track on her debut album  This version also appeared in the movie Love Actually and appears on its soundtrack 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 9:
Kingpin (Tinsley Ellis album)
Kingpin is a 2000 blues album by Tinsley Ellis  It was recorded at Ocean Way by David Z (also the producer) who also mixed at Javelina Recording Studio (both in Nashville, Tennessee) for Supersonic Productions  It was mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound New York  Tinsley wrote/co-wrote three of the songs 

Track listing
"Heart Fixing Business" (Homer Banks/Allen Jones)
"Sweet Pea" (Wayne Burdette/Tinsley Ellis)
"Dyin' to Do Wrong" (Ellis)
"Can't Play That Way" (Ellis)
"I've Got to Use My Imagination" (Gerry Goffin/Barry Goldberg)
"I Got to Moan" (S  Boyer)
"I'll Be Loving You" (J L  Williams)
"The Other Side of Town" (Sir Mack Rice/Jon Tiven/Sally Tiven)
"Days of Old" (B B  King/Josea Taub)
"Slingshots and Boomerangs" (C C  Adcock/David Eagan)
"Let's Think About It" (Arthur Alexander/Jon Tiven)

Musicians
Tinsley Ellis on Guitar and vocals
David Smith on Bass guitar
Reese Wynans on keyboards
Jack Holder on guitar
Richie Hayward on drums
Kevin McKendree on organ
David Z on guitar, keyboards, percussion
Little Joey Hoegger on harmonica
Jim Hoke on saxophone
Passage 10:
I Got a Feelin' (Billy Currington song)
"I Got a Feelin'" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Billy Currington  It was released in January 2004 as the second and final single from his 2003 self-titled debut album  The song peaked at number 5 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in mid-2004  It also reached number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100  Currington wrote this song with Casey Beathard and Carson Chamberlain 

Critical reception
In his review of the album, Jeffrey B  Remz of Country Standard Time viewed the song favorably, saying that it showed Currington's traditional country sound by the prominence of fiddle (played by Stuart Duncan) 

Music videos
The music video for the track was directed by Philip Andelman, filmed in the Mojave Desert in California, and co-stars Gena Lee Nolin 

Chart performance
"I Got a Feelin'" debuted at number 53 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of January 17, 2004 

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Passage 11:
Separate Lies
Separate Lies is a 2005 British drama film directed by Julian Fellowes, who also wrote the screenplay, updating the 1951 novel A Way Through the Wood by Nigel Balchin, which had already been turned into a stage play under the title Waiting for Gillian in 1954  The film stars Tom Wilkinson, Emily Watson and Rupert Everett  Separate Lies marked the directorial debut of Julian Fellowes, who had worked mostly as an actor and won an Academy Award with his screenplay for Robert Altman's  Gosford Park 

Plot
"No life is perfect – even if it seems to be," says James Manning, a wealthy London solicitor  When it comes to matters of right and wrong, he likes to think of himself as inflexible  Anne, his much younger wife, is accommodating and dutiful and likes the life they lead, the house in London, the Buckinghamshire hideaway  The couple seems to have it all, yet events soon will prove them wrong 
In the village, a neighbour has reappeared: William Bule, son of a leading local family  He has recently returned from America, a bad marriage and two children, whose ages he cannot bother to remember  Bill is indolent and insinuating and at the village cricket match he catches Anne's eye  Because of him, she suggests to her reluctant husband that they should have neighbours over for drinks  However, that evening, James has to work late in the city  Before the party is set to begin, a speeding car sideswipes a man bicycling along a village lane  The man is hurled to the ground and dies a few days later  He was the husband of Maggie, the Mannings’ housekeeper 
Anne takes a special interest in Maggie's well-being, but James can't understand her sudden teary investment in their housekeeper’s personal life  James, whose priorities have become skewed toward work rather than toward his wife, soon becomes suspicious that Bill may be involved in that fatal hit-and-run  When confronted, Bill initially denies the allegation, but soon tells James that the next day he will go to the police and confess, if that is what he wants, although he sees no benefit from his confessions  Back home, when James tells Anne about his conversation with Bill, she has also some striking confessions to make  Anne reveals one hurtful secret while making a salad: she was actually driving Bill’s car when drunk and accidentally hit the cyclist   While artfully arranging ingredients on a platter, she informs her already distraught husband that she has also been having an affair with Bill  Telling her story, she asserts that Bill doesn't really mean anything to her, because he doesn't make demands or judge her, as James does in little, incessant ways  Precisely because he's a lout, Bill makes her feel oddly liberated, if not loved 
As a Buckinghamshire police inspector questions the Mannings and Bill about the accident, James is torn between doing the right thing and maintaining appearances at all costs  James really loves Anne, and the couple takes a trip to Wales in an effort to leave the accident, their guilt, and their marital troubles behind  However, Maggie, whose husband was killed, witnessed the accident  She saw the car and identifies it as belonging to Bill Bule  Yet her testimony may be biased, since Maggie knows William Bule well, having worked for his family until she was accused of stealing and dismissed  It was Anne who gave her a new start in the village 
Bule calls for a meeting  with James and Anne  There he says the inspector will come to question them later and that Maggie has identified the car  He requests James to provide an alibi for him to which James agrees  Next day the inspector meets James at his office to confirm the alibi claimed by Bule  Later a mechanic calls Bule to tell about the questioning from police about respraying the car  This makes Anne nervous and she runs to Maggie to tell her the truth and that she is responsible for her husband's death  Maggie being indebted to Anne for giving her the job after eight years takes back her statement about Bule driving the car when confronted by police  Anne goes back to stay with James until one day he's informed by a cousin of Bule that he is dying of cancer  Learning this from James, Anne rushes back to the dying Bule whose father comes to James to express his gratitude for this  Following this James meets Anne near Bule's home and expresses his undiminished love for her  Upon the demise of Bule, Anne is reunited with James 

Cast
Tom Wilkinson as James Manning
Emily Watson as Anne Manning
Rupert Everett as William "Bill" Bule
Richenda Carey as Sarah Tufnell
David Harewood as Inspector Marshall
Linda Bassett as Maggie
Hermione Norris as Priscilla
John Warnaby as Simon
John Neville as Lord Rawston
Philip Rham as French Lawyer
Unknown as Joe

External links
Separate Lies at IMDb
Separate Lies at Rotten Tomatoes
Separate Lies at Box Office Mojo
Passage 12:
Feelin' the Same Way
"Feelin' the Same Way" is a song from American singer-songwriter Norah Jones's debut album, Come Away with Me (2002)  It was written by Lee Alexander, and produced by Jones  Released in the United Kingdom on August 5, 2002, the song charted at number 72 on the UK Singles Chart 

Charts



ground_truth: central Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who wrote the song turn me on that is performed by performer of Feelin' the Same Way?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:   The other founding organizations were the Allied Arts Club, the Stinson Beach Community Church, The Volunteer Fire Department, and the Parent-Teachers Club   The Community Center complex on Belvedere Avenue includes the Fire House, which fronts on Shoreline Highway, the Community Center, and the Chapel   The land was donated by the FitzHenrys and the other heirs of the Stinson families 

Regional recreation areas
Audubon Canyon Ranch
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Mount Tamalpais State Park
Point Reyes National Seashore

Annual events
On the second Sunday of June, the town serves as the ending point for the annual running of the Dipsea Race, the second-oldest footrace in the U S  The California Road Club holds its Mount Tamalpais Hill Climb, one of the oldest bicycle races in the West, in early fall   Since 2002, the race has been held on the third Saturday of the month, with about 400 bicyclists competing in the 12 5-mile (20 1 km) road race from Stinson to the head of Bolinas Lagoon and on to the West summit of Mount Tamalpais at Rock Spring "Cuisine on the Green" is a yearly event held in the town's central park, the Village Green, each May  It features local restaurants and merchants selling a wide variety of foods, trinkets, clothing, art, and novelty items at different booths  Talent local to the area often performs on the small park stage  Cuisine on the Green benefits the Stinson Beach Community Center 
On July 4 of every year, a "tug-of-war" is held with Bolinas across the inlet dividing the two communities  Thirty women from each shore pull against each other until a winner is declared, and then 30 men from each take their turn  It is a slice of life, pure Americana, and always contested both during the actual event and then afterward in the local bars of Smiley's and the Sand Dollar, where the winners' trophies are displayed 

Notable people
Residents, landowners, and summer people important in the development, life, and culture of Stinson Beach   Arrival or tenure is shown in square brackets   Birth and death dates are shown in parentheses 

Rafael Garcia [1836–1846], first settler on Bolinas Lagoon 
Gregorio (1791–May 10, 1863) and Ramona Garcia Briones (1793/4–June 23, 1901), received the Rancho Las Baulines Mexican land grant on February 11, 1846; after being widowed, Ramona married Benancio Munos when she was almost 80; when she died at the age of 107, Ramona Garcia Munos was believed to be the oldest woman in California 
Pablo Briones [1837–?], with his uncle, Rafael Garcia, managed the Rancho for his parents, Gregorio and Ramona; trained as curandero by his aunt, Juana Briones de Miranda; settled in Bolinas 
Captain Isaac Morgan [c  1851–?], purchased the portion of Rancho Las Baulines east of Bolinas Lagoon in 1852; on this property, called Belvidere Ranch and which was to become Stinson Beach, he grew apples, cut wood, built boats, and had a dairy farm; in 1866, as lead partner in the Morgan Land Company, purchased the Page Tract, which ran from Belvidere Ranch to Dogtown and which became the Bourne and Wilkins Ranches 
Nathan and Rose Stinson [1870s–?], established first campground at Willow Camp 
Captain Alfred Easkoot [1870s–], Marin County surveyor; founder of second campground ; member of Duxbury Grove No  26, UAOD
Thaddeus Welch (1844–1919) and Ludmila Pilat Welch (1867–1925) [1896–1905], American painters
William Kent (March 29, 1864 – March 13, 1928) United States Congressman; donor of the land for the Muir Woods National Monument; owner of the beach and tidelands that became Seadrift 
Newman Lee Fitzhenry (1881–November 20, 1938) [c  1913–1938], BS, University of Chicago, 1905; married Eve Stinson and pursued real estate and resort development; suicided November 20, 1938 
William Kent Jr , began the development of the Seadrift subdivision in the 1950s 
Mildred Sadler (May 16, 1905 – February 18, 2004) (1926–2004), Principal, Stinson Beach School, 1926–1967 
Landis Everson (1960s), poet and painter 
George Hunter White, also known as Colonel White (1965–1975) (died October 23, 1975), Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent and District Supervisor, retired; OSS Counter-Intelligence Director during WWII; led Project MKULTRA in Boston and Operation Midnight Climax in New York and San Francisco brothels (or "safehouses") until the closure of the San Francisco facilities in 1965; Fire Marshall, Stinson Beach Fire Department
Elmer Collett (1966–present), former professional football player for the 49ers and the Colts
Peter Bishop Allen (November 1, 1943 – June 3, 2004) (c  1967–2004), sculptor of marine mammals; Assistant Chief, Stinson Beach Fire Department; founder of The Kids Camp nature education program
Steve Miller (1960s–1970s), musician
Jerry Garcia (1970s), musician
Carolyn Garcia, also known as Mountain Girl (1970s), member of Merry Pranksters, wife of Jerry Garcia
Keith and Donna Godchaux (1970s), musicians
Peter Rowan (1970s), musician
Richard Jencks - former President of CBS 
The Rowan Brothers – Lorin and Chris Rowan (1970s), musicians
David Grisman (1970s), musician
George Frayne (born c  1946) (c  1973–199), musician (Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen) and artist; Frayne has referred to Stinson Beach as "formerly the grooviest place on earth "
Joseph Esherick (1987), famed architect; designed a home on Sea Drift Road
James Grant (1924–1997) (c  1980–1997), painter and sculptor; the art exhibit wall at the Stinson Beach Branch Library is named in his honor
Jerry Cebe (August 10, 1940 - Sep 1, 2017), artist (abstract painting; art glass)
Klaus Kinski

In popular culture
Stinson Beach has been the setting and filming location for several movies, including:

Play It Again, Sam
The Fog
Memoirs of an Invisible Man
The Invisible Man (2020 film); this adaptation is unrelated to the novel & film listed above 
Basic Instinct
On The Edge
Shoot The Moon
 The Crazy-Quilt (1966 John Korty Film)
America Is Still the PlaceThe town was mentioned in an episode of M*A*S*H—"The Merchant of Korea"   In the episode, BJ borrows $200 from Charles to wire home to his wife as a down payment on the purchase of a one-acre lot with "trees, the beach, a view of San Francisco   everything!"
George Frayne (Commander Cody) wrote a song about Stinson Beach entitled "Midnight on The Strand"  It was recorded on his 1987 album, Let's Rock 
The town and the beach are the topic of a poem by Garrison Keillor  In We Are Still Married: Stories and Letters, Keillor has a four-page essay about his visits to Stinson Beach and how thinking of the beach helps him sleep The poet Robert Duncan wrote his influential collection Opening the Field at a house in Stinson Beach Janis Joplin's cremated ashes were scattered along this beach as well as the Pacific Ocean The story of a young surfer's recovery from a shark attack is the subject of a book, Far from Shore Author Danielle Steel writes about Stinson Beach in her novel One Day at a Time (Dell, 2009, ISBN 978-0-440-24333-5) 

See also
List of beaches in California
List of California state parks
Passage 6:
Pao Sarasin
Police General Pao Sarasin (c  1929 – March 7, 2013) was a Thai politician and former police officer  Sarasin served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, as well as the country's Interior Minister, in 1992 

Early life and education
Pao Sarasin was the son of former Prime Minister of Thailand Pote Sarasin and his wife, Thanpuying Siri Sarasin  He was one of three brothers, including Pong Sarasin and Arsa Sarasin  Pao Sarasin graduated from Vajiravudh College, a boarding school in Bangkok  He then moved to the United States, where he received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University and a second bachelor's degree from the University of California in criminology 

Careers
Sarasin enlisted the Royal Thai Police in 1954, rising to the rank of police general during his career  He served as the Chief of the force's Office of the Narcotics Control Board from 1978 until 1983  In 1987, he became the Chief of the Royal Thai Police In 1992, Sarasin briefly held the posts of Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister under the Royal Thai Army military junta and the post-coup government of former Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun During his later life, Sarasin served as the council presidents of both Mae Fah Luang University in Chiang Rai province and Khon Kaen University in Khon Kaen province 

Death
Pao Sarasin died at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok after a month-long hospitalization for a blood infection on March 7, 2013, at the age of 83  A royal bathing rite ceremony for Sarasin was held at the Wat Benchamabophit with Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn in attendance representing the royal family  He was survived by his wife, Thapuying Tawika Sarasin, and three sons, including Thai television host, Kanit Sarasin 

Honours
Foreign honours
Malaysia : Honorary Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P S M ) (1988)
 Malaysia : Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P M N ) (1993)

See also
Sarasin family
Passage 7:
John and Elizabeth Shaw Sundy House
The John and Elizabeth Shaw Sundy House is a historic home in Delray Beach, Florida, United States  It is located at 106 South Swinton Avenue  On January 16, 1992, it was added to the U S  National Register of Historic Places 
Passage 8:
The Beach (film)
The Beach is a 2000 adventure drama film directed by Danny Boyle, from a screenplay by John Hodge, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland  The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Virginie Ledoyen, Guillaume Canet, and Robert Carlyle  It was filmed on the Thai island of Ko Phi Phi Le 
The film was a moderate box office success but received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics 

Plot
Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, stays in a drab travelers' hotel on Khao San Road where he meets a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne  He also meets Daffy, who tells him of a pristine, uninhabited island in the Gulf of Thailand with a beautiful hidden beach  Daffy explains that he settled there in secret several years earlier, but difficulties arose and he left  Daffy commits suicide, leaving Richard a map to the island  Richard persuades Françoise and Étienne to accompany him to the island, and the three travel to Ko Samui  Richard meets two American surfers who have heard rumors of the island and he gives them a copy of the map 
En route to the island, Richard becomes infatuated with Françoise  After swimming to the island from a neighbouring island, they find a cannabis plantation guarded by armed Thai farmers  Avoiding detection, they make their way across the island and meet Keaty, who brings them to a community of travellers living on the island in secret  Sal, the community's English leader, explains that the farmers allow them to stay so long as they keep to themselves and do not allow any more travelers to come to the island  Richard lies that they have not shown the map to anyone else  The trio becomes integrated into the community 
One night, Françoise invites Richard to the beach, where she tells him that she is falling in love with him and they start an affair   Despite hoping to keep it secret, the community finds out  Although he is angry, Étienne says he will not stand in their way if Françoise is happier with Richard 
Sal selects Richard to accompany her on a supply run to Ko Pha Ngan  They encounter the American surfers who are preparing to search for the island and mention Richard's map  Sal is upset but believes Richard when he says they have no map  To ensure that Sal will not tell the rest of the island about the map, Richard has sex with her at her order   On their return to the island, Richard lies to Françoise about having had sex with Sal 
Three of the community fishermen are attacked by a shark while spearfishing  One is killed and another, Christo, is severely injured  Now terrified of the water, Christo refuses to be taken to the mainland for medical treatment and Sal refuses to allow any doctors to be brought to the island to treat him  As the man's condition worsens, the islanders simply leave him in the jungle to die, but Etienne refuses to abandon him 
When the surfers turn up on the neighboring island, Sal orders Richard to send them away and destroy their map  She tells everyone that she and Richard had sex, which leaves Françoise angry and heartbroken, causing her to return to Étienne  Isolated from the group, Richard begins to lose his sanity, imagining that he is conversing with the deceased Daffy 
The surfers reach the island but are discovered and killed by the farmers  Shocked at witnessing their deaths, Richard smothers Christo to put him out of his misery and gathers Françoise and Étienne to leave the island 
Richard is captured by the farmers along with Françoise and Étienne  The farmers are furious with the community for breaking their deal not to allow any more newcomers  The lead farmer gives Sal a gun loaded with a single bullet and orders her to make a choice: kill Richard and the group will be allowed to stay, or else they must all leave immediately  Sal pulls the trigger, but the chamber is empty  Shocked by her willingness to commit murder, the other members of the community abandon Sal, leave the island, and go their separate ways 
Back in the United States, Richard receives an email at an Internet cafe from Françoise with a nostalgic group photograph of the beach community in happier times 

Cast
Leonardo DiCaprio as Richard, a freelance traveler 
Tilda Swinton as Sal, the leader of the beach community 
Virginie Ledoyen as Françoise, the girlfriend of Étienne, and Richard's love interest 
Guillaume Canet as Étienne, the boyfriend of Françoise 
Robert Carlyle as Daffy, the eccentric former member of the beach community 
Paterson Joseph as Keaty, a member of the beach community who loves cricket 
Lars Arentz-Hansen as Bugs, Sal's South-African boyfriend and the beach community's carpenter 
Daniel Caltagirone as Unhygienix, the beach community's chef who has an obsession with soap due to having to always prepare the fish for consumption 
Staffan Kihlbom, Jukka Hiltunen, and Magnus Lindgren as Christo, Karl, and Sten, the beach community's Swedish fishermen 
Victoria Smurfit as Weathergirl, a member of the beach community whose tightening pelvis has been a sign for rain 
Zelda Tinska and Lidija Zovkić as Sonja and Mirjana, two beach community members who come from Sarajevo 
Samuel Gough as Guitarman, the beach community's residential guitarist who is not a good singer 
Peter Youngblood Hills and Jerry Swindall as Zeph and Sammy, two Americans whom Richard meets in Ko Samui 
Saskia Mulder and Simone Huber as Hilda and Eva, two women who accompany Zeph and Sammy to the island 
Peter Gevisser as Gregorio, an Italian member of the beach community 
Abhijati 'Meuk' Jusakul as the leader of the cannabis farmers 

Production
Ewan McGregor was cast as the main character before leaving due to disputes with the director  It was speculated that Boyle was offered additional funding under the condition that DiCaprio be cast and his character made American  Whilst promoting T2 Trainspotting on The Graham Norton Show, the dispute was discussed in more depth, with McGregor stating "It was a mis-handling and a mis-understanding over the film and it's a big regret of mine that it went on for so very long    and it didn't matter about The Beach, it was never about that  It was about our friendship  I felt like Danny's actor and it made me a bit rudderless " 
Boyle stated, "I handled it very very badly and I have apologised to Ewan for it  I felt a great shame about it and how it was handled "Members of the cast and crew were involved in a boating accident during production  It was reported that the incident involved both Boyle and DiCaprio  No one was injured The beach seen in the film is not the same as in real life  There is a gap between mountains on the actual beach in Thailand  The special effects crew digitally added some of the surrounding mountains during the post-production phase 
The waterfall scene, where DiCaprio and others jump from a high cliff to the water below, was filmed in Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand, at the Haew Suwat Waterfall 
The map in the film was illustrated by the author of the book that The Beach was based upon, Alex Garland  He received credit for this as the cartographer 
In 1999, Hélène de Fougerolles auditioned for the film but casting directors immediately told her that she was not mysterious enough for the character as she arrived with blond hair in pigtails  She asked them if she could "be an extra or serve coffees there, three months in Thailand, it sounds idyllic!"  Although firstly reluctant because the actress was already established in the industry, they finally accepted  As journalists were not allowed to come take pictures on set, the only picture the press could have of Guillaume Canet and Virginie Ledoyen before shooting started was their departure at Paris airport with de Fougerolles  They made it the cover of Studio Magazine, from which the international press reported her as officially cast  This eventually lent her lines edited out of the final cut but present in the DVD extras 

Release
The film opened February 11, 2000 in both the United Kingdom and the United States The budget of the film was US$50 million  The film opened at number 2 at the box office in both the UK and the US, with a weekend gross of $15,277,921 in the United States and Canada behind Scream 3, and a gross of £2,418,321 in the United Kingdom behind Toy Story 2  Global takings totaled over US$144 million, of which US$39 million was from the United States and Canada 

Home video
The film has been released on VHS and DVD  It was released on Blu-ray in Spain in October 2022   The standard DVD release included nine scenes that were deleted from the film, including an alternative opening which to an extent resembles the one in the novel  These  were later included in a Special Edition DVD release, along with Danny Boyle's commentary on what might have been their purpose  There is also an alternative ending which depicts Sal committing suicide and everyone loading up on a boat from the raft 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film, co-produced by Pete Tong, features the international hits "Pure Shores" by All Saints and "Porcelain" by Moby, as well as tracks by New Order, Blur, Underworld, Orbital, Faithless, Sugar Ray, and others  Leftfield's contribution to the soundtrack, "Snakeblood", was found to have sampled Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "Almost" without permission, leading to a lawsuit; band member Neil Barnes said he forgot to remove the sample from the finished track  The songs "Synasthasia" by Junkie XL, "Out of Control" by The Chemical Brothers, "Fiesta Conga" by Movin' Melodies, "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley, "Neon Reprise" by Lunatic Calm and "Smoke Two Joints" by Chris Kay and Michael Kay were also included in the movie but omitted from the soundtrack  The teaser trailer for the film featured "Touched" by VAST 
The film score was composed by Angelo Badalamenti, and a separate album containing selections of his score was released as well 

Track listing
Year-end charts
Certifications
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 20% based on 119 reviews, and an average rating of 4 4/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The Beach is unfocused and muddled, a shallow adaptation of the novel it is based on  Points go to the gorgeous cinematography, though " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" Critics suggested that DiCaprio's fame post-Titanic might have contributed to the financial success of this film, which came out less than three years after the James Cameron blockbuster  CNN's Paul Clinton said "Leonardo DiCaprio's main fan base of screaming adolescent girls won't be disappointed with The Beach  The majority of the film displays the titanic-sized young heartthrob sans his shirt in this story about the pseudo-angst and alienation of a young man from the United States escaping civilization and his computer-obsessed generation " He agreed with most others that The Beach was "nothing to write home about"  DiCaprio was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor for his work on the film 

Controversies
Damage to filming location
Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Le to make it more "paradise-like"  The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach  Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed   Following shooting of the film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004 The lawsuits dragged on for years  In 2006, Thailand's Supreme Court upheld an appellate court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and ordered that damage assessments be made  Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials The large increase in tourist traffic to the beach as a result of the film resulted in environmental damage to the bay and the nearby coral reefs, prompting Thai authorities to close the beach in 2018 The restoration period for the bay was lengthened due to travel restrictions during the COVID pandemic  Blacktip sharks began breeding there again  In 2022, the bay reopened to tourists, under strict protocols of no boats, no swimming and no more than a one hour visit per person for a limited number of visitors at a time 

Portrayal of Thailand
After the film premiered in Thailand in 2000, some Thai politicians were upset at the way Thailand was depicted in the film and called for it to be banned  The depiction of the drug culture was said to give Thailand a bad image and having a statue of Buddha in a bar was cited as "blasphemous" 

Possible spin-off
In a 2019 interview with The Independent, Danny Boyle revealed that a television series based on his film has been written by Amy Seimetz  The proposed series is set to take place before the events from the 1996 novel, although it will be updated to occur 20 years later, in 2016 

See also
Phi Phi Islands
Passage 9:
Return of the Kung Fu Dragon
Return of the Kung Fu Dragon (Chinese: 砲傌俥; Mandarin:  Ju ma pao) is a 1976 Taiwanese film directed by Chick Lim Yu 

Plot summary
On the idyllic phoenix island in the south china sea a golden city becomes the birthplace to a new form of Kung Fu  Soon an evil tyrant threatens the peace and harmony of once such a proud city  A generation passes and a brave prince, a fearless princess and a foolish dwarf with the powers of invisibility team up to return a kingdom to its people as they wrest it from the hands of the evil tyrant 

Cast
Soundtrack
Passage 10:
Whihala Beach County Park
Whihala Beach County Park is a park in Whiting, Indiana, United States  It is a public beach with life guards  The beach was previously named Whiting Beach Whihala Beach is named after the nearby cities of Whiting and Hammond and Lake County Parks Department 
Passage 11:
Sylvan Beach Union Chapel
Sylvan Beach Union Chapel is a historic interdenominational church building located at Sylvan Beach in Oneida County, New York   It opened on July 3, 1887, and worship services have been held there every summer since then   The film The Sterile Cuckoo starring Liza Minnelli was shot in part at the church It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 
Passage 12:
Bang Bon District
Bang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bāːŋ bɔ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand  Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, Mueang Samut Sakhon district and Krathum Baen district of Samut Sakhon province, and Nong Khaem district of Bangkok 

History
Formerly Bang Bon was a tambon of amphoe Bang Khun Thian in Thonburi Province, prior to the merger of Thonburi and Phra Nakhon into a single province, after which it was a sub-district of Bang Khun Thian District 
On 14 October 1997, Bang Bon was split from Bang Khun Thian and established as a new district  The district office opened on 6 March 1998, the last of Bangkok's 50 districts to open, first established temporarily at the Thepyada Arak Fresh Market building, but later moved to a permanent location on Ekkachai Road 

Administration
The district has four sub-districts (khwaeng) 

The missing number 1 is the sub-district that was dissolved and divided into four current sub-districts 

Economy
Agriculture is an important part of the area economy  Among Bang Bon's famous products are Nam Doc Mai mangos, coconuts, orchids, and lotus 

Places
Wat Bang Bon
7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary Park, Bang Bon, otherwise known as 9 Hills Park
Sarasas Witaed Bangbon School
Suksanareewittaya School, formerly and still colloquially known as Suksanari 2 School (shared with Samut Sakhon province)

Notable people
Chalerm Yubamrung – politician
Passage 13:
John Anderson Lodge
The John Anderson Lodge was an historic home built around 1886 at 71 Orchard Lane in Ormond Beach, Florida, United States  It was built for Ormond Beach promoter John Anderson (1853–1911), who was one of the first owners of the Ormond Hotel  The lodge was originally used by employees of the hotel and to host parties  In its later years it became a single family residence  The lodge was built on pilings and featured vertical palm tree wall construction 

National Register of Historic Places
The John Anderson Lodge was added onto the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1989 

State of Disrepair
By 2017, the structure was in a bad state of disrepair as termites infested much of the building's wood, the original floors were missing in much of the building, and there were several holes in the walls and roof that were allowing water to continue to damage the interior  The most significant damage was related to the pilings which sank and jeopardized the structure's stability  To fix the pilings the structure would have had to be lifted up and suspended in the air during repairs  It was determined that the weakened walls and roof were not strong enough and would have most likely crumbled apart In October 2018, a non-destructive inspection of the foundation by EMS Forensic Associates, LLC  determined that the structure was most likely beyond economic repair 

Demolition
On August 6, 2019, the City of Ormond Beach, Florida issued Demolition Permit number 19-00005662  The John Anderson Lodge was demolished in September 2019 

Delisting from the National Register of Historic Places
In July 2022, a petition to delist the John Anderson Lodge from the National Register of Historic Places was sent to the Florida Department of Historic Resources 
Passage 14:
Dillon Beach, California
Dillon Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Marin County, California, United States  It is located 3 25 miles (5 2 km) west of Tomales, at an elevation of 89 ft (27 m)  The population was 246 at the 2020 census  Dillon Beach was named after the founder, George Dillon, who settled there in 1858  The area includes a public access beach, as well as a private beach resort, the only private beach in California 

Geography
Dillon Beach is located at Bodega Bay (near the mouth of Tomales Bay), at 38°15′03″N 122°57′55″W The Estero de San Antonio State Marine Recreational Management Area is a marine protected area located 1 5 miles (2 4 km) north of Dillon Beach  Like an underwater park, this marine protected area helps conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 98 sq mi (7 7 km2), all of it land 

History
The Coast Miwok people had a presence in the area around Dillon Beach long before Europeans arrived in the Americas  It is thought that a few of their villages lay within the greater Dillon Beach area, including one around the feature known locally as the Sand Point 
In the 1850s, local historical figure Tom Wood operated in the area, employing the natives in harvesting of grain to be milled nearby  He would attempt to ensure that they were not taken advantage of by the British, French, or American traders that would ply the coast  Hides and tallow were traded for various manufactured goods, among them whiskey  Despite Wood's efforts, many of them would fall victim to alcoholism, and while a few claim descent from the local Coast Miwoks, no full-blooded members live today  Tom's Point, immediately south of Dillon Beach on the eastern shore of the bay, is named for Tom Wood, and Wood resided there with the small village he ingratiated himself into 
Irishman George Dillon and wife Mathilda arrived at what is now Dillon Beach from the eastern U S  in 1868  When his friends and family showed interest in the area, he thought to capitalize on it; in 1888, he built an 11 bedroom hotel, restaurant, and general store  This is the Dillon Beach Resort in operation today  Visitors would explore the area on their way up the coast toward the redwood forests, strolling the beach, fishing, or digging clams from the nearby clam bars of Tomales Bay 
In 1903, Dillon sold out to John Keegan with the agreement that the beach would always be named Dillon Beach  Keegan also built cottages, one of which still stands along the road to the beach  Keegan ran a stagecoach from Dillon Beach to Tomales where it met the train 
Keegan sold the holdings to the California Eucalyptus Plantation Company in 1911  They planted the area with eucalyptus trees, a few of which still stand, but continued to operate the resort, and redoubled these efforts as the eucalyptus crop proved to warp easily and was effectively worthless  Under the subsidiary of the Dillon Beach Company, they operated the resort, ferried guests from the train in Tomales, ran a charter boat, and created Portola Beach, a subdivision along Cliff Street  Try as they might, their Dillon Beach operations were failing 
When regular visitors and Woodland ranchers Sylvester and Carrie Lawson offered to lease the property, the California Eucalyptus Plantation Company promptly agreed  Different portions of the business and land were leased or purchased by the Lawson family, and by 1942 Dillon Beach was firmly in Lawson hands  Sylvester and Carrie's older son, Howard, and his wife, Winifred, owned and ran the resort, while the younger son, Walter, and his wife, Nita, ran the southern side of the property, operating it as a ranch and opening Lawsons Landing on it  The Landing is operated by Walter's descendants to this day as a campground with a store and boating access to Tomales Bay 
During World War II, fears of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast were considered well founded, especially along sparsely populated Marin and Sonoma counties, where enemy forces could conceivably make landfall and prepare for a larger invasion of San Francisco Bay  The military commandeered many cottages and monitored the water from outposts on the surrounding hills supported by ground patrols  The sand dunes on the Lawsons Landing property were also a site for rifle and grenade practice, and the Lawson family recalls at least one instance of an armored vehicle's  50 caliber machine gun being fired around their cows, resulting in a tense conversation between soldiers and ranchers  One soldier reportedly sighted a Japanese submarine off the beach, prompting the garrison to scramble to nearby Marshall to requisition its civilian fishing boats for use in a counterattack, several of which were run by their respective owners  It took several hours to coordinate the operation, and once the soldiers finally arrived at the area of the supposed sighting, armed only with small arms, the submarine had departed, if it had been there at all 
The College of the Pacific operated from 1933 until some time in the 1980s  It stood between Portola Beach and Lawsons Landing, offering a hands-on experience for a small number of marine biology students  The concrete foundation is all that remains today, hinting at what was there before to passersby today 
During the 1960s, Oceana Marin was developed north of town by John Keegan's grandson, James Keegan of Wells Fargo Bank and Henry Trione of Sonoma County Mortgage  Fancy modern coastal houses were built on the hillsides overlooking the quaint town of small cottages, giving it a unique appeal 
The resort, day use beach, and restaurant were sold to Fred Cline in 1990 by the Lawsons  He would sell in 2018 to the group of investors owning it today 

Dillon Beach Resort
Between 2001 and 2018, Dillon Beach Resort was owned and operated by Fred and Nancy Cline of Sonoma Valley, California   In April 2018, Mike Goebel purchased the resort 
It is one of the few beaches with private (for-fee) access in northern California  
In California, public access is permitted below the high tide line  The horrible lines of traffic in Dillon Beach are caused by people waiting for entry into the parking lot of Dillon Beach Resort's beach lot  On hot holidays the line can extend all the way up to Elephant Rocks, almost a mile away 

Demographics
2010
At the 2010 census, Dillon Beach had a population of 283  The population density was 94 8 inhabitants per square mile (36 6/km2)  The racial makeup of Dillon Beach was 266 (94 0%) White, 3 (1 1%) Native American, 4 (1 4%) Asian, and 10 (3 5%) from two or more races   Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9 people (3 2%) The census reported that 100% of the population lived in households 
There were 147 households, 20 (13 6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 79 (53 7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6 (4 1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2 (1 4%) had a male householder with no wife present   There were 6 (4 1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (2 0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  48 households (32 7%) were one person and 26 (17 7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older  The average household size was 1 93   There were 87 families (59 2% of households); the average family size was 2 37 
The age distribution was 28 people (9 9%) under the age of 18, 7 people (2 5%) aged 18 to 24, 44 people (15 5%) aged 25 to 44, 127 people (44 9%) aged 45 to 64, and 77 people (27 2%) who were 65 or older   The median age was 57 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94 7 males 
There were 440 housing units at an average density of 147 5 per square mile, of the occupied units 125 (85 0%) were owner-occupied and 22 (15 0%) were rented  The homeowner vacancy rate was 5 3%; the rental vacancy rate was 59 3%  84 5% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 15 5% lived in rental housing units 

2000
At the 2000 census, there were 319 people, 155 households, and 103 families in the CDP   The population density was 107/sq mi (41 5/km2)   There were 415 housing units at an average density of 140/sq mi (54/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP in 2010 was 90 8% non-Hispanic White, 1 1% Native American, 1 4% Asian, and 3 5% from two or more races  3 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
Of the 155 households 17 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59 4% were married couples living together, 4 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33 5% were non-families  27 7% of households were one person and 10 3% were one person aged 65 or older   The average household size was 2 06 and the average family size was 2 47 
The age distribution was 14 4% under the age of 18, 1 3% from 18 to 24, 18 8% from 25 to 44, 43 6% from 45 to 64, and 21 9% 65 or older   The median age was 52 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 0 males 
The median household income was $47,679 and the median family income  was $52,000  Males had a median income of $40,714 versus $37,083 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $39,475   None of the families and 1 3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under-eighteens and none of those over 64 



ground_truth: John D. Loudermilk