prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What administrative territorial entity includes the place that KTRP is licensed to broadcast to?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
WNDE
WNDE (1260 AM) is a commercial radio station in Indianapolis, Indiana   It is owned by iHeartMedia with the broadcast license held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WNDE broadcasts a sports radio format, with some afternoon talk programs, including The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show 
WNDE is powered at 5,000 watts   By day, it uses a non-directional antenna   But at night, to protect other stations on 1260 AM from interference, it switches to a directional antenna with a three-tower array   The transmitter is off Fall Creek Road in Indianapolis   Programming is also heard on the HD Radio digital subchannel of co-owned WFBQ 94 7 FM 

History
WFBM
The station signed on as WFBM on October 23, 1924   It is the oldest radio station still operating in Indianapolis, and third oldest in the state of Indiana   It was started by the Merchants Heating & Light Co , later Indianapolis Power & Light   In its early years, it broadcast on 1130 kilocycles   In 1927, it moved to 1330 kHz, then to 1090 kHz in 1928, and to 1230 kHz in 1929   It arrived at its current frequency after the enactment of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) in 1941, when all stations in the United States at 1230 kHz were moved to 1260 kHz 
In 1949, WFBM-TV (now WRTV) went on the air in time to broadcast the 1949 Indianapolis 500 (May 30, 1949)   The WFBM "family" grew on November 26, 1959, when WFBM-FM went on the air at 94 7 MHz (now WFBQ)   In 1957, WFBM-AM-FM-TV were sold to Time-Life, Inc   McGraw-Hill bought the stations in 1972, and almost immediately put the radio stations on the market   The WFBM stations had been grandfathered when the FCC banned common ownership of television and radio stations, but lost that protection with the McGraw-Hill purchase 

WNDE
In 1973, WFBM became WNDE, followed by WFBM-FM becoming WFBQ in Spring 1974   The WNDE call letters were chosen as the letters "NDE" phonetically sound like "Indy" Through much of the 1960s and 70s, WNDE had a Top 40 format, using the identifier "Windy Twelve Sixty "  WNDE and 1310 WIFE (now WTLC) had a spirited competition for youthful Top 40 listeners   But in the 1980s, contemporary music listening switched to the FM dial   WNDE needed to find a new format and eventually it switched to Sports Radio 

Sports Radio
WNDE has been a Fox Sports Radio network affiliate since 2002  It had previously been an ESPN Radio affiliate on two occasions   In September 2012, the network switched from Fox Sports Radio to NBC Sports Radio in the 10 p m -5 a m  weekday hours, remaining with Fox in other dayparts   Former hosts of the afternoon drive local show include former WISH-TV sports anchor and Hoosier Millionaire host Mark Patrick, the team of Tim Bragg & Bill Benner, Indiana Pacers announcer Mark Boyle, JMV (John Michael Vincent, currently with WFNI), IndyCar Radio announcer Jake Query, and Derek Schultz 

On July 7, 2015, WNDE added W248AW, an FM translator on 97 5 MHz  On July 22, 2019, the translator ended its simulcast  The next month, iHeart announced it was returning the translator originally owned by Christian radio company Educational Media Foundation back to that organization as part of a translator trade 

Programming
Most programming comes from the Fox Sports Radio network   In late mornings, it carries Premiere Networks' The Dan Patrick Show   And unusual for a sports radio station, it carries The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show from noon to 3 p m  weekdays   Travis & Sexton are followed by a two-hour financial talk show   Sports programming resumes at 5 p m  on weekdays 
WNDE's long-running local afternoon drive time show, "Query & Schultz", hosted by Jake Query and Derek Schultz, aired from 2011 to 2020  Query and Schultz were released in January 2020 as part of iHeart's cut backs  The 2020 iHeartRadio reduction in force (RIF) impacted over 1,000 employees across the USA  WNDE has not had a local sportstalk show in any daypart since 
On July 6, 2015, WNDE became the Indianapolis outlet for The Rush Limbaugh Show, which had been on WIBC for over two decades but whose carriage was ended for local programming   Coinciding with iHeart taking the show in-house to WNDE (the only choice it had locally due to incompatible music formats on iHeart's three other FM stations in the market), the company also acquired FM translator station W248AW 97 5 FM from the Educational Media Foundation to simulcast WNDE  The surrounding sports format did not change   Limbaugh began airing on WNDE the same day as the station rebranded to "Fox Sports 97 5 " That FM simulcast ended in 2019 and WNDE became "Fox Sports 1260" (named for the AM frequency)   When Limbaugh died in 2020 and Travis & Sexton succeeded him in the time slot, WNDE continued carrying the replacement program 
WNDE is the Indianapolis outlet for Purdue University football and men's basketball, sharing flagship status with Lafayette's WAZY   It also airs Westwood One's NFL and NCAA football and basketball coverage  After years of broadcasting Cincinnati Reds baseball, WNDE was briefly a part of the Chicago Cubs network in 2009 and 2010   In 2011, WNDE dropped NASCAR programming after many years, and began broadcasting Indianapolis Indians baseball 
Passage 2:
Notus, Idaho
Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho  The population was 531 at the time of the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County  It is part of the Boise metropolitan area 

History
The present day location of the City of Notus is located along Highway 20/26 
in 1874, the Lower Boise Post Office was established on the homestead of C L F Peterson  The inclusion of the Lower Boise Post Office is considered to be the primary reason for the present location of Notus  According to an Idaho Press Tribune article from 1986, Notus got its name from the daughter of a local railroad official  The daughter reportedly thought "notus" was of Native American origin and meant "it's all right " The town of Notus was almost known as 'Lemp' In 1926, the Notus secondary school was founded  In 2017, the old building was demolished 

Geography
Notus is located at 43°43′34″N 116°48′7″W (43 726082, -116 801866) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 39 square miles (1 01 km2), of which, 0 38 square miles (0 98 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water 

Features
Notus has one secondary school and one elementary school  Notus also has a city park, a museum located along highway 20/26, a public library, and one restaurant 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 531 people, 182 households, and 139 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,397 4 inhabitants per square mile (539 5/km2)  There were 198 housing units at an average density of 521 1 per square mile (201 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 73 3% White, 0 2% African American, 2 4% Native American, 0 4% Asian, 18 5% from other races, and 5 3% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29 8% of the population 
There were 182 households, of which 41 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61 5% were married couples living together, 9 3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23 6% were non-families  18 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 92 and the average family size was 3 34 
The median age in the city was 35 5 years  31 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 25 4% were from 45 to 64; and 11 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 1% male and 52 9% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 458 people, 147 households, and 113 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,160 7 inhabitants per square mile (448 1/km2)  There were 156 housing units at an average density of 395 4 per square mile (152 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 86 90% White, 1 31% Native American, 0 66% Asian, 8 73% from other races, and 2 40% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 05% of the population 
There were 147 households, out of which 44 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 6% were married couples living together, 6 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 1% were non-families  18 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 12 and the average family size was 3 58 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 33 4% under the age of 18, 7 6% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 20 1% from 45 to 64, and 11 1% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 31 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $43,750  Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $21,250 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,801  About 10 4% of families and 13 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11 2% of those under age 18 and 28 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Chris Horn, former NFL wide receiver
Passage 3:
WHRZ-LP
WHRZ-LP (104 1 FM, "The Z") is a non-commercial low-power radio station in Spartanburg, South Carolina  Owned by the First Baptist Church of Spartanburg, it broadcasts a youth-oriented Christian CHR format  The station is licensed by the FCC to broadcast with an ERP of 47 watts ( 047 kW)  Its transmitter is located on the former WSPA-TV tower in downtown Spartanburg  The station has a range of approximately 10 miles, although it reaches a wider audience via FM translators, and syndication of its programming on HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM and WLFS 

History
The station originally signed on in May 2005, broadcasting a Christian CHR format targeting teenagers and young adults  It initially used the branding Hangar Radio Z, referencing the nickname for the Church's recently-constructed youth center ("The Hangar"), which also housed the station's studios 

Translators
In addition to the main station at 104 1, the station operates multiple FM translators to broaden its coverage over the upstate of South Carolina, as well as the Charleston area:

As part of an agreement with Radio Training Network, the station's programming is also syndicated on the HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM/Greenville and WLFS/Port Wentworth—co-branded as His Radio Z 
Passage 4:
KOLL
KOLL (106 3 FM, "La Zeta") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area  KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format   The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus 

History
Prior to their current format, the station aired Urban Contemporary format as KWTD in the early 1980s later changing their call letters to KMZX in 1990 with the same format  Later the station was named "The River" and played and All Favorites Hits English Format  Also prior to their current call letters, the station was "KLEC" which featured a modern rock format from the summer of 1998 until the fall of 2004  The station was known as "Lick 1063" On-air personalities were chosen from the local public through a series of studio interviews, then on-air interviews in a type of sink-or-swim competition of sorts 
The station logo was chosen through an internet poll on their website  Lick 1063 moved around on the radio dial several times, starting out at 101 1 FM in a "format" of a variety of about 35 compact discs, some home-recorded from the head engineer's (Steve Gimbert's) vinyl collection, then to 96 5 FM, when the station adopted a harder sound with groups such as Type O Negative, Marilyn Manson, Rob Zombie, Korn and Pantera 
Later, the format moved to the stronger 106 3 frequency 
Lick 1063 also featured The Corey and Jay Show in morning drive   They were fired when Archway Broadcasting purchased the station from Equity Broadcasting in late 2002  Corey and Jay later moved to KMJX, a classic rock station, replacing Tommy Smith and his long-running "Rock and Roll Breakfast" morning show  They later moved to KDJE 
On September 1, 2012, at 12:00am, after playing "Black Velvet" by Alannah Myles, KOLL flipped to a Regional Mexican format branded as "La Zeta 106 3″ 
Passage 5:
WRNX
WRNX (100 9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts   The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC 
The station was assigned the WRNX call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on September 21, 1990 

Programming
WRNX airs a country music format   The format change to country music from WRNX's longtime adult album alternative format was part of sister station WPKX's move to the Hartford, Connecticut market, where it became WUCS In addition to its usual music programming, WRNX has served as the flagship station for University of Massachusetts Amherst athletics broadcasts  The station has carried all of the school's men's basketball, hockey and football games plus coaches shows and women's basketball games since 2002 
They also carry NASCAR races 

Ownership
In spring 2003, Pamal Broadcasting Ltd  (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) reached an agreement to acquire WPNI and WRNX from Western Massachusetts Radio Co  (Thomas G  Davis, president), for a reported sale price of $8 million  The broker for this transaction was Doug Ferber of Star Media Group, Inc  At the time of the purchase, WRNX broadcast a rock-leaning adult album alternative music format In the summer of 2006, iHeartMedia, under its former name of Clear Channel Communications (John Hogan, CEO, radio), reached an agreement to acquire WRNX from Pamal Broadcasting Ltd (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) in exchange for five radio stations on other states  The other stations in the deal are WBPM and WGHQ in upstate New York, WZRT and WSYB in Rutland, Vermont, and WPYR in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Published reports state that no cash changed hands in this transaction 

Alumni
Rachel Maddow, host of The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC and former Air America Radio personality, got her start through a contest to find a new sidekick for The Dave in the Morning Show  Maddow says, "I was crashing with friends in Massachusetts, working odd jobs, when they told me to try out  And they hired me on the spot  Radio came to me, I didn't come to it "
Passage 6:
CJXY-FM
CJXY-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 107 9 FM and serving the Hamilton, Ontario market, licensed to the suburb of Burlington  The station broadcasts an alternative-leaning active rock format as Y108  CJXY's studios are located on Main Street West (next to Highway 403) in Hamilton, while its transmitter is located atop the Niagara Escarpment near Burlington 

History
The station was originally launched in 1948 as 94 1 CHML-FM, a simulcast of AM station CHML  The simulcast was subsequently dropped in the 1950s, leaving the station silent  The owners relaunched the FM signal on 95 3 in 1964, with distinct programming from its AM sister station  In 1967, the station adopted the new callsign CKDS-FM, in honour of company founder Kenneth D  Soble, who had died in 1966 
In 1974, CHML and CKDS-FM were purchased by ML Radio, a division of what was to become Western International Communications  On September 1, 1991, CKDS-FM dropped its long-time adult contemporary/easy listening format, and adopted the CJXY callsign and a classic rock format as Y95 
In 2000, CHML and CJXY were acquired by Corus Entertainment  On August 31, 2001, CJXY swapped frequencies with Corus' CING-FM, taking over CING's former 107 9 frequency; at the same time, it changed its moniker to the current Y108 
Passage 7:
WRLS-FM
WRLS-FM (92 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States   The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc 
WRLS-FM broadcasts an adult contemporary music format to the greater Hayward, Wisconsin-Spooner, Wisconsin, area  The station airs select news programming from NBC News Radio   WRLS-FM airs the National Football League games of the Green Bay Packers as an affiliate of the Packers Radio Network The station was assigned the call sign WRLS-FM by the Federal Communications Commission on January 15, 1980 
Passage 8:
WRMN
WRMN (1410 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Elgin, Illinois  It serves the Fox Valley in the northwest suburbs of Chicago    The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC   It has a format of talk radio shows and shopping programs 
By day, WRMN is powered at 1,000 watts non-directional   At night, it increases its power to 1,300 watts but it also uses a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1410 AM from interference   The transmitter is on Sundown Road at North La Fox Street in South Elgin   Programming is also heard on FM translator W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 

Programming
Weekdays begin with a local news and information morning drive time show, First Shift with Markie B   Middays and some hours on Saturdays feature shopping shows and Tradio   The rest of the weekday schedule is nationally syndicated talk shows, including Brian Kilmeade and Friends, The Jesse Kelly Show, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory Weekend syndicated shows include Rich DiMuro on Tech, The Weekend with Michael Brown, Bill Handel on the Law and Somewhere in Time with Art Bell   Starting with the 2012 season, WRMN became the flagship station for the Schaumburg Boomers of minor league baseball's Frontier League   Most hours begin with an update from Townhall Radio News 

History
In 1949 (1949), the station signed on the air   It has always used the call sign WRMN   It was originally powered at 500 watts and was a daytimer station, required to go off the air at sunset   It was owned by the Elgin Broadcasting Company with studios at 188 Division Street 
In Septemeber 1960, it added an FM station, 94 3 WRMN-FM   It is now a contemporary worship music station owned by the Educational Media Foundation, WAWE  
An agreement was signed October 26, 2016 to sell WRMN, along with commonly-owned stations KSHP and WBIG, to Pollack Broadcasting for $2 million  The sale was consummated on January 31, 2017   In August 2019, WRMN signed-on FM translator station W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 
Passage 9:
WGFX
WGFX (104 5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Gallatin, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area  It is branded as 104 5 The Zone, broadcasting a sports radio format  It is owned by Cumulus Media, with studios in Nashville's Music Row district   Most of its daytime schedule has local hosts, with programming from Fox Sports Radio heard nights and weekends 
WGFX has an effective radiated power of 58,000 watts   The transmitter is on Blevins Road off Interstate 24 in Whites Creek, Tennessee, amid the towers for other Nashville-area FM and TV stations 

History
Early years
The station signed on as WFMG-FM on December 1, 1960, in Gallatin, Tennessee, about 30 miles (47 km) northeast of Nashville, with a big band format  The station was started by Ellis F  Jones Jr  The studio and transmitter location was located on North Water Street on Gallatin's Public Square  The transmitter power was 8 2 KW ERP according to FCC Records  In 1965, the station's studio and transmitter site was moved 5 1 miles north of the City of Gallatin to a location known as "Music Mountain"  In 1971, Sumner Country Broadcasting Co , which owned WHIN in Gallatin, purchased WFMG and changed call letters to WHIN-FM  During the early years of WHIN-FM, the format was easy listening  In 1974, the station switched to an all oldies format  In July 1978, WHIN-FM flipped formats to contemporary hit radio (CHR)  Just over one month later, the call letters were changed to WWKX using the moniker KX 104 FM 
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the station was very popular and featured morning DJ Coyote McCloud  Its 100,000 watt signal broadcasting from "Music Mountain", one of the highest points on the northern Highland Rim north of Gallatin and the site of several broadcasting facilities, boomed far into the rural areas of northern Tennessee and southern Kentucky  By the mid-1980s, KX 104 was faced with competition from two new area CHRs, "96 Kiss" (WZKS, now WCJK) and "Y107" (WYHY, now WRVW)  Additionally, McCloud defected to WYHY in 1985 to host its morning show  To try to differentiate itself, WWKX segued into a rock-leaning Top 40 format calling itself Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM  This move proved unfruitful, and the station returned to mainstream CHR a year later in 1986  Faced with the success of Y107, this would not last 

Classic Rock
In the summer of 1987, WWKX moved its tower from Music Mountain into Nashville and downgraded power, noticeably affecting signal strength in rural areas north of the city  The call letters changed to WGFX on August 13, 1987 and the moniker became 104 5 The Fox with a classic rock format In the late 1980s, Dick Broadcasting Company (DBC) took over operations of the station through a local marketing agreement (LMA), and paired it with its popular rock and roll station WKDF to form "Nashville's Rock Network"  In the early 1990s, the station became known as "Arrow 104 5" (with Arrow originally standing for "All Rock n' Roll Oldies")  This format was somewhat successful and endured until the late 1990s 
The station was purchased outright by Dick Broadcasting Company following the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which, in part, loosened broadcast ownership rules  
Shortly after the acquisition, Dick Broadcasting entered into an agreement with SFX Broadcasting, the then-owner of WLAC-FM, to trade the intellectual property of the stations  The trade, to have taken place February 2, 1998, would have moved WLAC-FM's adult contemporary format to 104 5 FM, and moved WGFX's classic rock format to 105 9 under SFX ownership  However, when the agreement fell apart, SFX converted WLAC-FM to a classic rock format of its own, changed the call letters to WNRQ, and began to compete directly with WGFX 

Rhythmic Oldies
Responding to the early ratings success of WNRQ, WGFX reformatted to rhythmic oldies as "Jammin' Oldies 104 5", on December 11, 1998, but quickly changed its name to "Groovin' Hits 104 5" after a brief trademark dispute In early 1999, WGFX was slated to convert to a country music outlet built around local air personality Carl P  Mayfield  Dick Broadcasting purchased advertising in other media promoting Mayfield's impending debut on 104 5 WGFX  However, the company ultimately succumbed to Mayfield's repeated demands that the format be installed on the stronger-signalled WKDF, leaving WGFX to continue broadcasting rhythmic oldies 

Classic Hits
In January 2000, the station reverted to a classic hits format, focusing mainly on 1970s music  First known as simply "The New 104 — That '70s Station", it became "The New 104 — The Core" a few months later, and was positioned as a lighter alternative to WNRQ 
Citadel Broadcasting purchased the station (along with all of DBC's assets outside the Greenville, South Carolina market) in September 2000   In the summer of 2002, the station broadened its playlist to include music from 1980s, and changed its name to "Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX", marking the only time the station has used those call letters in its branding 

Sports 104 5 The Zone
The All Sports format began on August 11, 2003, with the station renamed "104 5 The Zone "  Management hired popular personalities George Plaster, Willy Daunic and Darren McFarland away from Cumulus Media station WWTN (99 7 FM)  However, because of litigation surrounding a contract dispute, Plaster did not appear on the station until two months after its launch 
In the early days of the Zone, the station had a heavy focus on local news, and featured general-interest talk on weekdays from 6am-Noon, with sports in all other dayparts  For the first three weeks of the talk format, the station broadcast "The Rick and Bubba Show" (a holdover from the previous "Rockin' Hits" format)  It then brought over Mayfield's "Carl P  & The P-Team" show from WKDF, where it had been replaced in morning drive  Following Mayfield's exit in December 2003, the station began broadcasting "The Wake-Up Zone" in early mornings, featuring Mayfield's supporting cast, but led by Nashville music industry executive Charlie Monk  Popular Knoxville morning talk personality Hallerin Hilton Hill also hosted a 2-hour version of his show for the Nashville market in the late morning slot 
Over the course of 18 months, the station migrated to 24/7 sports talk  Hill's show was canceled, and "The Wake-Up Zone" was converted to a sports-focused show, replacing Charlie Monk & Mike Donegan with Kevin Ingram and retired Titans tight end Frank Wycheck  They joined Mark Howard, who continued with the show from its previous iteration  The trio of Ingram, Howard and Wycheck continued on the show until 2017, when Wycheck left the show and was replaced with another former Titans star, Blaine Bishop 

Titans and Volunteers Football
WGFX was the flagship station for the Tennessee Oilers/Titans of the National Football League from 1997 until the completion of the 2001 season, when the rights were shifted to WGFX's sister station, WKDF  (WGFX returned as an "affiliate" station of the team's network for the 2004 season only)  WGFX also aired the franchise's games in 1996, the final year the team was located in Houston, Texas  WGFX returned as the full-time flagship station of the Titans Radio Network in 2010 
WGFX is the major Nashville-area affiliate for the University of Tennessee Volunteers football and men's basketball, The Vols moved to WGFX on 2010 after many years on WLAC  
The station also broadcasts selected Belmont Bruins men's basketball games which do not conflict with the Vols In the past, WGFX has served as the flagship station for the Nashville Predators (NHL, 2005–2010), Vanderbilt Commodores (SEC, 2004–2009), and Nashville Sounds (PCL, 2010–2011) 
WGFX has previously served as the Nashville affiliate for The Jim Rome Show, The Dan Patrick Show, Sporting News Radio and ESPN Radio, and is currently on its second stint as an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio  It was announced that in 2013 the station would once again drop its Fox affiliation to be an affiliate of the upstart CBS Sports Radio network, but never did actually did so  Shortly afterwards, the CBS Sports Radio affiliation went to a competitor, WNSR, as WGFX retained the Fox Sports Radio affiliation   However, WGFX also retains the hourly minute-long commentaries by CBSSR personalities such as Boomer Esiason and Doug Gottlieb 

Cumulus ownership
Following a bankruptcy, Citadel was acquired by Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011  Shortly after the merger, WGFX and WKDF moved their studios from Rutledge Hill to Cumulus' existing cluster at Music Row, where they broadcast alongside WWTN, WSM-FM, and WQQK  WRQQ and WNFN also briefly shared studio space with WGFX until they were each sold to separate buyers 
Plaster, Daunic and McFarland left WGFX immediately after Cumulus acquired the station in September 2011, and the trio was instrumental in launching its primary competitor, WPRT-FM 
In 2017, WGFX removed all network programming during its weekday prime dayparts, focusing entirely on locally-produced shows 

Prior formats
Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX – Classic Hits, 2002–2003
The New 104 — The Core (briefly known as The New 104 — That '70s Station) – Classic rock, 2000–2002
Groovin' Hits 104 5 (briefly known as Hot 104 5 and Jammin' Oldies 104 5) – R&B Oldies, 1998–2000
Arrow 104 5 – Classic Hits, 1993–1998
104 5 The Fox – Classic Rock, 1988–1993 (call letters changed to WGFX, which stood for Gallatin's FoX)
KX104 – Top 40, 1986–1987
Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM – Rock/Top 40, 1985–1986
Kix 104 – Top 40, 1978–1985 (as WHIN-FM and WWKX)
WHIN-FM – Oldies, 1974–1978 / Easy Listening, 1971–1974
WFMG-FM – Big Bands, 1960–1971 

Notable personalities
Fiona – 1999–2000
Mike "The Duke" Donegan – 2003–2004
Hallerin Hilton Hill – 2003–2005
Carl P  Mayfield – 2003
Coyote McCloud – 1980s
Mark Howard – 1998–2020
George Plaster – 2003–2011
Rich "Brother" Robbin – 2002–2003
Frank Wycheck – 2004–2016
Kevin Ingram - 2004-2020
Clay Travis – 2009–2014
Blaine Bishop – 2010–present
Dallas Reese – 1990–1992
Lauren McCleash – 1989–1992
Melissa Johnson Sweeton – 1989–1992/1999–2001

See also
List of Nashville media
Passage 10:
WJYM
WJYM (730 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Bowling Green, Ohio, and serving the Toledo metropolitan area  It broadcasts a Christian radio format, and is owned by the ministry of noted Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart  The studios and transmitter are on Freemont Pike (U S  Route 20 - U S  Route 23) near Lime City Road in Lime City, Ohio  
By day, WJYM is powered at 1,000 watts   But 730 AM is a Mexican and Canadian clear channel frequency   So to avoid interference, at night WJYM reduces power to 359 watts   It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array   Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator W295DB at 106 9 MHz 

History
Beginnings as WHRW
The station first signed on the air on December 1954 (1954-12)   The original call sign was WHRW, selected as the initials of its then-owner and founder, Howard R  Ward   It was a daytimer with a power of 250 watts using two towers and required to go off the air at sunset   Ward served as the president and general manager   By the end of the 1950s, the station was given permission to increase its power to 1,000 watts, but still days only   The studios were at the transmitter facility 
Ward was famous for stunting including a fight he had with General Telephone (GTE) concerning a teletype circuit which they could not provide to his station in rural Bowling Green   Ward purchased an old truck and painted "WTLG Carrier Pigeon News Service" on the side   He made a ceremony each day of driving it through the streets of Bowling Green to supposedly return his birds for dispatch of news releases out to his station from downtown  The local papers and wire services picked up on the story which embarrassed GTE  When GTE still would not budge he announced that he was giving away a free savings bond to the 10th caller to his station  He did not answer the phones during the contest and successfully locked up the GTE system in Bowling Green several times until the company obtained an injunction against him 
On July 1, 1961, Ward sold WHRW to H  Max Good 

As WMGS
After WHRW was sold to Good, the studios and offices were moved to the Waldorf Hotel in Toledo, as the recent power increase afforded the station with full market signal penetration   The relocation to Toledo did not last long and the station returned to the Bowling Green area, taking space along Main Street  The call letters were then changed to WMGS, to reflect the positioning statement "with more good sounds", though some station insiders referred to "Max Good's Station" as the more accurate translation 
The station was silent until it moved to the present location in Lime City   It returned to the air with 1,000 watts, days only, using four towers   The Program Director was George Mishler who also hosted middays  The morning drive time DJ was Roy Blair, and the afternoon host was Jim Hamilton  The music was middle of the road (MOR)   When the format changed to country music, George Mishler went to work for the Voice of America (VOA) in Washington, D C   He ultimately became a manager of Special English programming  Jim Hamilton headed for Chicago, and Roy Blair went to Bowling Green State University to complete his B A  in English  During this time, Roy announced for WFOB AM/FM, Fostoria and began work at WSPD AM after graduation  After WSPD AM, Roy was next heard on WJBK-TV 2, Detroit 
Under the country format, the DJs including Jim Bonnett as "Big Jim", who also was the station manager until 1966; Roger Price as "Pistol Pete" and program director from 1962 to 1966, Johnny Dauro as "Lonesome John" and manager from 1966 to 1970; Roy Blair as "Cousin Roy", George Lubgate as "Tiny Tim"; Ron Kitchen as "Ron the Dude" and program director in 1966; Lowell Thomas (Not the famous newscaster) as "L T "; Bob Zrake as "Buffalo Bob"; Jerry Kiefer as program director in 1972; Earl Sharninghouse as "Rick Allen" and program director and Chief engineer from 1972 to 1973; Ken Robey as "Ken Roberts"; Dennis Rutherford as Chief engineer and part-time air talent in 1973; Klaus Helfers as "J P  Jones"; and The Reverend Max Good, who preached daily 

As WJYM
On October 14, 1976, WMGS was sold to the Jimmy Swaggart Evangelistic Association, and became WJYM "Son Life Radio " The call letters are evocative of the name "Jim", after owner Jimmy Swaggart  For many years, the station operated locally with a full staff of approximately 12  In the mid 1990s, WJYM carried Bowling Green State University football and basketball games 
By 1980, the station's on-air operations moved to its transmitter facility along Fremont Pike in Rossford, where they remained for the rest of the 20th Century   Advances made in hard-disk computer-based broadcast automation and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was passed, which relieved many stations of the main studio rule that required a studio and management presence within close proximity of the community of license   At that point, on-air functions were moved to the ministry's headquarters in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Though station signage remains outside the transmitter facility, it is, for the most part, unattended   Except for some computerized local announcements, WJYM is basically a simulcast of WJFM, the flagship station for Jimmy Swaggart Ministries 
Passage 11:
KAPE
KAPE (1550 AM, "KAPE Radio") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri   The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC 

The station was assigned the call sign "KAPE" by the U S  Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 2, 1987  It was licensed as "KGMO" when it signed on in 1951, and was assigned "KEWI" on April 14, 1986, and "KKPE" on May 1, 1986 

Programming
KAPE broadcasts a news/talk format  The station features programming from Fox News Radio and Salem Media Group  As of August 2022, syndicated programming includes weekday talk shows hosted by Dana Loesch, Dave Ramsey, Glenn Beck, Hugh Hewitt, Joe Pags, John Gibson, and Todd Schnitt Legendary radio broadcaster Rush Limbaugh started his career at KGMO in 1967 

Translator
KAPE programming is also carried on a broadcast translator station to extend or improve the coverage area of the station 
Passage 12:
WHOS
WHOS (800 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Decatur, Alabama, United States   The station is owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WHOS is one of five stations in the Huntsville, Alabama, market owned by iHeartMedia, Inc  The station is also simulcast on WBHP at 1230 AM in Huntsville, a 106 5 FM broadcast translator in Huntsville, and on WQRV-HD2 (HD Radio)   Its studios are located in Madison, Alabama and its transmitter is located in West Decatur, Alabama 

Programming
WHOS broadcasts a news/talk format that serves northwest Alabama and south-central Tennessee   The station's current programming is a simulcast of Huntsville, Alabama, sister station WBHP (1230 AM), "The Valley's Big Talker "  The studios for both stations are located in nearby Madison, Alabama 
Notable local weekday programming includes The WBHP Morning Program with Gary Dobbs and Toni Lowery  Notable syndicated weekday programming includes Coast to Coast AM with George Noory, The Glenn Beck Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, and The Sean Hannity Show  Weekend programming includes local news and sports, Somewhere In Time hosted by Art Bell, Fox News Sunday, and select programming from Fox Sports Radio 

History
This station began licensed operation in October 1948 as a 1,000-watt daytime-only station broadcasting at 800 kHz  Originally owned by North Alabama Broadcasting, the station was randomly assigned the WHOS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission; they do not stand for anything in particular  It ran a country music format for most of its first 40 years 
In February 1987, the broadcast license for WHOS was transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession   The transfer was approved by the FCC on February 26, 1987  Dixie Broadcasting had filed bankruptcy in an effort to stave off an adverse civil lawsuit outcome regarding the contracted sale of WDRM to W H  Pollard, Jr , the then-owner of WBHP (1230 AM) in Huntsville, Alabama In October 1988, the station, which had been airing a Southern Gospel music format, flipped to an all-Elvis Presley format using the advertising tagline "WHOS alive?"  This novel format garnered the station national media attention, but failed to gain a local audience and lasted just six months, in effect a lengthy stunt  After the stunt ended, WHOS switched to a simulcast of then co-owned WDRM and its country music format, which was by this time very successful and on the verge of becoming North Alabama's top-rated station 
In January 1992, a deal was reached for the broadcast license for WHOS to be transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession back to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 26, 1992, and the transaction was consummated on September 15, 1992 In December 1991, Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , reached an agreement to merge ownership of this station with the ownership of WBHP to a new company named Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, Inc , pending the resolution of Dixie's legal difficulties   In October 1993, with Dixie Broadcasting back in good financial standing and the legal issues settled by the appeals courts, the merger moved forward   The deal was approved by the FCC on November 3, 1993, and the transaction was consummated on November 11, 1993 In November 1996, J  Mack Bramlett, W H  Pollard Jr , and Trust B Under The Will Of W H  Pollard Sr  reached an agreement to transfer control of Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, licensee of this station as well as WDRM and WBHP, to Osborn Communications Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on January 29, 1997  In November 1997, WHOS and WBHP dropped their shared country music format for an all-news format featuring CNN Radio 24 hours a day In August 1998, Osborn-owned Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, LLC, reached an agreement to sell this station to AMFM Inc  a subsidiary of Ameron Broadcasting Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on October 2, 1998, and the transaction was consummated on November 5, 1998 In February 1999, AMFM Inc 's Ameron Broadcasting Corporation made a deal to sell this station to Clear Channel Communications through its Capstar Royalty II Corporation subsidiary   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 2, 1999, and the transaction was consummated on March 5, 1999  This deal, a small part of a larger $16 6 billion transaction, included all five of the Huntsville stations then in Clear Channel's Huntsville station group 

Former on-air staff
Notable former WHOS on-air staff included George Rose, who, along with his alter-ego "Cousin Josh" character, hosted "The Cousin Josh Jam-O-Ree" on several North Alabama radio stations in a career that began in 1948 and ended with his death in 2006 

Former programming
WHOS and sister station WBHP were the broadcast flagships for the 1999-2000 final season of the Huntsville Channel Cats and for the short-lived Huntsville Tornado for the 2000-2001 hockey season  Both teams played their home games at the Von Braun Center and competed in the Central Hockey League 
Passage 13:
KFGY
KFGY (92 9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California, area 
KFGY airs a country music format branded as "Froggy 92 9" 

External links
Official Website
KFGY in the FCC FM station database
KFGY on Radio-Locator
KFGY in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 14:
WKHK
WKHK (95 3 FM) is a country music formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia   WKHK is owned and operated by SummitMedia   The station's studios and offices are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Bensley, Virginia WKHK is licensed by the FCC to broadcast in the HD digital hybrid format 

WKHK-HD2
On August 7, 2016, WKHK-HD2 and simulcasting translator W282CA signed on for the first time   The new stations began stunting with Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang, by Dr  Dre and Snoop Dogg, on a loop   The stunt ended just after Noon, on August 9, and the Classic Hip Hop format began   Using Westwood One's Classic Hip Hop network, the first song heard on the station was Rock It by Master P On May 7, 2021, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the classic hip hop format and began simulcasting WKHK On January 11, 2022, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the WKHK simulcast and changed its format to classic country as "Classic Country 104 3" 

WKHK-HD3
WKHK-HD3 carries a non-commercial Contemporary Christian music format branded as "The Journey," based at WRVL in Lynchburg which feeds translator W235AI at 94 9 FM 
Passage 15:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 16:
KFRU
KFRU (1400 AM) is a radio station located in Columbia, Missouri  Its programming format consists primarily of news, talk and sports   The station is licensed to Cumulus Media  The station is also audible on translator K255DJ 98 9 FM in Columbia 

History
KFRU was founded in Bristow, Oklahoma by E H  Rollestone, in January 1925  That fall, the station was purchased by Stephens College and moved to Columbia (with Rollestone going on to found KVOO, now KTSB) On September 24, 1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of the station from Nelson R  Darragh, of St  Louis, to Luther L  Hill, of Des Moines  Several owners later, the station was purchased by the St  Louis Star-Times newspaper, mostly for its regional broadcast frequency of 630 kHz, later moved to its St  Louis radio station, KXOK  In 1940, KFRU became an affiliate of the Blue Network  The station was assigned its current 1400 kHz frequency in 1941 
Mahlon Aldridge, Jr  was appointed manager in 1945, purchasing the station in 1948 in partnership with the publisher of the Columbia Daily Tribune  In 1957, the station's format consisted of a mixture of country music, news and sports 
Aldridge sold his interest to his partner's son in the 1980s, and competition caused the station's audience share to fall   After another change in ownership, KFRU was purchased by a local ownership group headed by Al Germond, who moved the studios into the broadcast complex with their KARO-FM (now KPLA) station   The group formed and purchased additional stations in the Columbia and Jefferson City markets under the name of Premier Marketing Group 
In 2004, KFRU and the other Premier Marketing Group stations were sold to Cumulus Broadcasting   In August 2017, KFRU applied for an FM translator at 98 9 as part of the FCC's AM revitalization project   The translator signed on for the first time on August 18, 2019 

Network affiliations
ABC Radio Network
When KFRU was purchased by the Star-Times, it became affiliated with the NBC Blue Network, now the ABC Radio Network,   KFRU switched to the Westwood One/CNN news feed in 2012   After Westwood One ended their newsfeed, KFRU returned to ABC News Radio on August 31, 2020 

Missouri Tiger Network
KFRU was the longtime flagship station of play-by-play broadcasts of Missouri Tiger football and basketball teams  On December 22, 2009, Mizzou Sports Properties (owned by Learfield Sports) announced it would move Tiger broadcasts to Zimmer Radio's mid-Missouri cluster, fronted by 99,000-watt KCMQ, starting in 2010 With KMOX-AM in St  Louis as a network affiliate, the network has had many regional and national broadcasters providing play-by-play and color commentary for MU sports broadcasts, including:

Jack Buck (member of the Baseball and Radio Hall of Fame)
Harry Caray (member of the Baseball Hall of Fame)
Bob Starr
Bob Costas (NBC Sports)
Kevin Harlan (CBS Sports)
Tom Dore (Chicago Bulls)
Joe Buck (Fox Sports)
John Rooney (Chicago White Sox, St  Louis Cardinals)
Bill Wilkerson
Kellen Winslow (Fox Sports Net) (member of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame)
Dan Kelly (member of the Hockey Hall of Fame)
Jon Sundvold
Kevin CalabroFormer color commentators include Jim Kennedy and Rod Kelly 
The current broadcast teams through the 2011-12 season are:

Football - Mike Kelly (play-by-play), Howard Richards (color commentary) and Chris Gervino (sideline)
Men's Basketball - Mike Kelly (play-by-play) and Gary Link (color commentary)
Women's Basketball - David Lile or Will Palaszczuk (play-by-play) and Gary Link or Michael Porter (color commentary)

St  Louis Cardinals Baseball Network
As of the 2012 Major League Baseball season, the station is no longer a St  Louis Cardinals radio network affiliate; Zimmer Radio's KSSZ replaced KFRU as the Columbia market affiliate   According to previous years' KFRU promotional advertisements, they had been affiliated with the Cardinals for at least 60 years 

Awards
Peabody Award for Public Service by a Small Station, 1940
Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism, presented to Mahlon Aldridge
KFRU awarded the Missouri Broadcasters Association 2015 Station of the Year award   This was the first ever Station of the Year award given by the MBA 
KFRU inducted into the Boone County Historical Society's Hall of Fame, October 8, 2015, just days after the station's 90th Anniversary 

Affiliation with the University of Missouri School of Journalism
Prior to the founding of University-owned station KBIA-FM in 1971, KFRU was a primary training ground for broadcast journalism students at the University   Even after this time, the station still employs students and recent graduates; many graduates list the station on their current employment biography pages 

Former KFRU employees in TV/radio
Eric Engberg, news director, 1963-68 - retired CBS News Washington Correspondent
Ben Bradley, host, reporter and news anchor - currently WLS-TV general assignment reporter
Dave Hunziker, sports director - currently Oklahoma State Cowboys play-by-play
Chris Gervino, sports director - currently KOMU-TV sports director
Will Sterrett, board-op - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Sean Kelley - sports director - currently New Orleans Pelicans play-by-play
Ed Kilgore - currently WGRZ-TV sports director
Mike Roberts - currently KRCG-TV chief meteorologist
Mark Reardon - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
John Carney - overnight board-op/host - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
Michael Calhoun - currently KMOX-AM news anchor
Amy Miller - currently local Morning Edition host at WDET
Joe Scialfa - currently Newsradio 620 WTMJ-AM, Program Director
Michael Putney, news director - currently WPLG-TV, Miami Political Reporter
Steve Moore - currently KMOX-AM, Vice President of News/Talk, CBS Radio, Director of Programming and Operations
Ellen Schenk - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Larry Zimmer - retired KOA-AM sports director, University of Colorado play-by-play
Mark Becker - WSOC-TV reporter
Mark Davidson - KSNW-TV sports anchor/reporter
Matt Boltz - currently Houston Astrosradio network producer/engineer
Kevin Larue - currently KSL-AM news and program director
RJ McAllister, news - formerly news director at KWTO
Jim Fry - currently at WFAA
Brian Sussman - currently host at KSFO
Paul Hannigan, news director - formerly reporter at KTRH-AM
Darren Hellwege - Host of "Morning Edition" and "Thinking Out Loud with Darren Hellwege" on KBIA-FM, Columbia; formerly of KCSC and WWLS, Oklahoma City 
Dick (Kettenbrink) Preston - Currently Morning and Noon news anchor at KRCG-TV Jefferson City, Mo 

Other former employees and program hosts
James Keown - state capital reporter and Sunday Morning Roundtable contributor - currently incarcerated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts after being convicted of murdering his wife by poisoning her with antifreeze  Keown was arrested by the United States Marshal’s Service in November 2005 during a commercial break on his “Partyline” program on sister-station KLIK in Jefferson City, Mo 
Roger Gafke, news director
Scott Baker - currently press secretary for Rep  Kenny Hulshof
Rod Kelly - Missouri Basketball color commentator
Kathy Poppe (Watson)- Constituent Service Director, U S  Senator John Boozman, former talk host/reporter (KWHN - Fort Smith, Arkansas)
Barry Bennett - Currently Director of Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Brian Hauswirth, news director - currently public information officer with the Missouri Department of Corrections
Doug Ross
Dick Aldrich -Radio Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Chris Lincoln - co-founder of Winnercomm; ABC Sports and ESPN commentator on Thoroughbred racing; former sports host of KTUL-TV, Tulsa
Dr  John Williams - host, The Pet Place
Bob O'Connell - host, The Garden Spot
Ray Rothenberger - host, The Garden Spot (deceased)
Stacy Allen - meteorologist
Brendan Cosgrove - news - currently Broadcast Associate at Northwestern University
Greg Crain - sports (deceased)
Leslie Callison - news
Judd McIlvain - consumer reporter, worked at KRCG, KTTV, KCBS-TV and CBS 48 Hours 
Ara Ayer - reporter for WAAY-TV; producer for Dateline NBC, NBC Nightly News; conflict photographer: World Picture News; commercial director, DP, filmmaker for PBS, Bloomberg TV
Anne Steffens - formerly with KMOV, now Director of the Office of Communications of the Archdiocese of St  Louis
John Fougere, sportscaster - currently Press Secretary to Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon
Robert Loggia - actor
Brad Whitworth - sportscaster/announcer - now Sr  Comms Mgr, Strategic Alliances at Cisco Systems
Kevin M  Gray - sportscaster and sports director - now President of the Kansas City Sports Commission
Tony Messenger - evening show host; was concurrently a Columnist with the Columbia Daily Tribune - now Editorial Page Editor of the Springfield News-Leader
Chris Kelly - evening show host; former local and state politician; resigned to accept appointment as Boone County associate circuit judge (retired) - now Democratic candidate for Missouri House of Representatives 24th District
Mike Kelly - Morning sports reports; Missouri Men's Basketball play-by-play; Left his full-time job as Missouri Athletic Department Director of Broadcast Operations on May 30, 2007 to join The Insurance Group sales department [1], but will remain as play-by-play announcer   During the David Lile Show on June 29, 2007, it was announced that it was his last day "due to budgetary reasons" with the Cumulus stations (he also provided reports for Jefferson City station KLIK-AM)
Dave Schmidt - Weatherman for KOMU TV in Columbia, Mo 
Steve Lager- 25 year radio career in Kansas City including mornings at KCIY
Dusty Rhodes-the Midnight Mayor
Bob Pollack - Sports Director
Brad Stephenson - news anchor/reporterRichard M  Cottam (deceased)  - news anchor/reporter 1957-1963; Instructor Dept  of Journalism Univ  of Missouri- Columbia 1956-1963;  Co-host    "Conversations with Dick and Doris" 1961-1963; NBC News associate Producer Huntley-Brinkley Report 1963-1967; NBC News Election unit 1968-1971
Passage 17:
WKDM
WKDM (1380 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to New York, New York  The station is owned by Multicultural Broadcasting and broadcasts on weekdays in Mandarin Chinese  Most shows are brokered programming, where the host pays for the time and may sell commercials to support the broadcasts  On weekends, programming switches to Spanish language Christian radio 
WKDM operates at 5,000 watts by day, using a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1380 AM   After being granted a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to increase night power, it operates at 13,000 watts after sunset, using a different directional pattern  The station's transmitter is located in Carlstadt, New Jersey 

History
The station began operation in 1926 as WBNX, the call letters reflecting the station's location in the borough of The Bronx  One of the station's first permanent homes was inside Starlight Park, an amusement park located on the east bank of the Bronx River just south of East 177th Street   This tenancy lasted until 1932, when the Great Depression forced the park's closure, which then led to the station's eviction from its studios WBNX changed frequencies several times during its early years, eventually finding a permanent home on 1380 kHz, sharing time on the frequency with religious broadcaster WAWZ in central New Jersey  It operated 18 hours a day with general entertainment and brokered programming 
In 1960 WBNX was sold to United Broadcasting  By the mid-1960s, WBNX was airing a Spanish contemporary music format during most of its hours, with some Jewish-oriented and Italian-language programming on weekends 
In 1984 the station changed the call letters to WKDM and became a full-time operation as United paid WAWZ owner Pillar of Fire to give up its portion of the time-share (WAWZ continued to operate on FM)  It remained successful until the advent of a full-time Spanish language format on WSKQ-FM in 1989, which pulled away listeners  As a result, in the early 1990s the station began to carry more leased-access/brokered shows  In 1992 it went completely brokered, and was sold to Multicultural in 1994 
In 1999 Multicultural transferred WKDM to Mega Communications in exchange for cash and various Washington D C  area stations   Mega changed the call letters to WNNY and instituted an all news Spanish format (Noticas 1380)  Eventually, the all-news evolved into a news/talk format   This format was not successful, and by 2002 Mega had changed the call letters to WLXE and the format to Mexican pop music as "X-1380"   A few months later, Multicultural bought the station back and reinstated the WKDM call sign and the brokered programming policy 
Since 2007, WKDM has broadcast in Mandarin Chinese 24 hours a day Monday through Friday, featuring drama, popular music, talk shows, news program, children’s programs and sports, as well as programs from China and Taiwan 
Passage 18:
KTRP (AM)
KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States   The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano  KTRP is silent as of April 20, 2016 

History
The station went on the air June 14, 1965 as KYET  It changed its call sign to KACY on October 1, 1984  On January 30, 1990, the station changed its call sign to KIOV  The station took on the KWEI call sign on March 25, 2011; three years later, the station swapped call signs with 1260 AM and became KTRP Until April 20, 2016, KTRP broadcast a Tejano format to the greater Boise, Idaho, area and was the only full-time Tejano station in the state of Idaho  The station went off the air on April 20, 2016, following a transmitter failure 
Passage 19:
WRGV
WRGV (107 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States   The station is currently owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC   WRGV broadcasts a mainstream urban music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area   Its studios are located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG-TV on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama 

History
In 1976, 107 3 FM belonged to WAJB, which was a beautiful music station with studios at the Tiger Point Country Club in Gulf Breeze, until it was purchased by Colonial Broadcasting in 1979   The format was changed to country music along with new call letters, WOWW to become known as "WOW 107", moving its studios to Davis Highway in Pensacola 
As the 1980s progressed, "WOW 107" would rise up to become a country music power house, overthrowing the heritage country station in the market, WXBM-FM, and winning several Billboard Magazine's Station of the Year (small market) awards   It was also known for its full-time News department, winner of multiple AP news awards 
As the 1980s ended, so did WOW 107's run of being a ratings king, now owned by Sun Media Group   The 1990s saw several re-imaging attempts, including "The New WOW 107 3" and "107 Thunder Country", until its demise as a country station in 1995 when it became "New Rock One Zero Seven", flipping to alternative rock  Riding the popularity wave of mid-1990s alternative music, WOWW debuted at #1 in Arbitron's Persons 18-34, where it remained until the purchase and format flip by Paxson  "New Rock 107" staff included Steve Williams as Operations Manager/Morning Show host, Program Director/Midday host Joel Sampson, Music Director/Afternoon host LaLaine, and evening host Suzy Boe, among others 
In 1996, the station was purchased by Southern Broadcasting, which owned New Rock 107's only competition, WTKX, "TK101"   Two months later, both were purchased by Paxson Communications   After the Paxson purchase, TK101, being a heritage rock station since the mid-1970s, brought over WOWW's PD Joel Sampson, retained Midday personality Mark "the Shark" Dyba and added a majority of WOWW air staff and re-imaged itself as "The Rock Station", dropping the moniker "The New Rock Alternative", leaving WOWW without an airstaff or a format 
After stunting for two days playing "Macarena" by Los del Rio non-stop, WOWW changed formats to oldies from the 1950s and 1960s, and changed its call letters to WYCL (which stood for "Way Cool")   As time went on, they phased out the 1950s music to include more 1970s songs 

Then, in late 2004, the station's owner, now iHeartMedia, Inc  (formerly Clear Channel Communications), switched the format to "My 107 3", and played 1970s and 1980s music   However, the "My 70s, My 80s" positioner was discontinued and the station used "My Variety" as its main positioner, in order to include a slightly wider variety of music   The playlist remained mostly 1970s and early 1980s, with a fair amount of 1960s and other 1980s songs, making it a classic hits format 
For three years after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the station played breaking news bulletins every hour on top of the hour (first provided by ABC News, then by Clear Channel Worldwide News), as well as "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the start and close of each workday 

In February 2010, the station ceased the "My 107 3" format and began simulcasting sister station WMXC  On February 26, 2010, at 8:00 a m , WYCL flipped to rhythmic adult contemporary format, branded as "107 3 The Groove"  The first song on The Groove was "Into the Groove" by Madonna  On March 5, 2010, WYCL changed their call letters to WRGV to go with "The Groove" branding  After a year as a Rhythmic AC, WRGV evolved to Rhythmic Top 40 in April 2011  On September 2, 2011, WRGV changed their format to Top 40 (CHR), branded as "107 3 Hit Music Now"  It featured the syndicated Elvis Duran Morning Show and former WABB staffers Reid and Matt McCoy  On July 20, 2015, WRGV rebranded as "107 3 Kiss FM" On December 8, 2017, at 5 p m , after playing "1-800-273-8255" by Logic featuring Alessia Cara and Khalid, WRGV adopted W262BL/WMXC-HD2's urban contemporary format as "107 3 The Beat"  The first song on "The Beat" was "Love" by Kendrick Lamar featuring Zacari 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Chickasaw, Louisville
Chickasaw is a neighborhood in Louisville, Kentucky, USA   Its boundaries are West Broadway, 34th Street, Hale Avenue and Chickasaw Park 
Chickasaw Park is predominantly black and middle-class  Before integration, Shawnee Park was reserved for whites, while Chickasaw Park was reserved for blacks  Integration has led to a decrease in use for Chickasaw as more persons prefer the larger Shawnee to the north  In 1969, Elmer Lucille Allen, a scientist and artist from the Chickasaw Little League created the Chickasaw Little League  The little league was in operation for 3-4 years and was made to accommodate the children who lived in the Chickasaw neighborhood who could not participate in the little league held in Shawnee Park Located in north-central Mississippi, Chickasaw County possesses a notable number of creeks and lakes and is traversed by both the Yalobusha and Tombigbee Rivers 
Passage 2:
4 Little Girls
4 Little Girls is a 1997 American historical documentary film about the murder of four African-American girls (Addie May Collins, Carol Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Rosamond Robertson) in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963  The film was directed by Spike Lee and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary The events inspired the 1964 song "Birmingham Sunday" by Richard and Mimi Fariña, which was used in the opening sequence of the film, as sung by Joan Baez, Mimi's sister  They also inspired the 1963 tune "Alabama" by John Coltrane, which is also included in the soundtrack 
4 Little Girls premiered on June 25, 1997, at the Guild 50th Street Theatre in New York City  It was produced by Lee's production company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, and Home Box Office (HBO) In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Synopsis
A local chapter of the Ku Klux Klan placed bombs at the 16th Street Baptist Church and set them off as Sunday services prepared to commence on the morning of September 15, 1963  Four young girls, ranging in age from 11 to 14, were killed in the explosion, which also caused anywhere between 14 and 22 additional injuries  The deaths provoked national outrage, and, the following summer, the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was signed by President Lyndon B  Johnson  The bombing is marked in history as a critical and pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement 
The film covered the events in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 related to civil rights demonstrations and the movement to end racial discrimination in local stores and facilities  In 1963, Rev  Dr  Martin Luther King Jr  arrived in the town to help with their strategy and to speak at the funeral of the four young girls  People of the community met at the 16th Street Baptist Church while organizing their events  The demonstrations were covered by national media, and the use by police of police dogs and pressured water from hoses on young people shocked the nation  The large number of demonstrators who were arrested resulted in local jails filling to capacity 
The film ends with the trial and conviction in 1977 of Robert Edward Chambliss, also known as Dynamite Bob, as the main person responsible for the bombing, though he is said to have been only one of four Klan members involved  The film also references black churches being set on fire in Birmingham in 1993, giving the impression that, while progress has been made, there are some things that still have not changed 
Lee uses interviews with family and friends of the girls, government officials, and civil rights activists, as well as home movies and archival footage, to not only tell the story of the four girls' lives, but also to provide a greater historical and political context of the times 

Production
Lee first became interested in making a film about the Birmingham bombing in 1983, when he was a student at New York University  After reading a New York Times Magazine article about the incident, he was moved to write to Chris McNair, the father of Denise, one of the victims, to ask for permission to tell her story on film  McNair turned down the young, aspiring filmmaker  "I was entering my first semester at N Y U  So my skills as a filmmaker were nonexistent, and at that time, Chris McNair was still hesitant to talk about it," Lee said in a 1997 interview with Industry Central's The Director's Chair   "I believe timing is everything  So it took ten years of Chris thinking about this and ten years of myself making movies for this to come together "According to McNair, he changed his mind about supporting Lee's film idea due to learning about the depth and precision of Lee's research  McNair said, "[I]t's very important that this be done accurately and correctly  In all his research, he [Lee] showed that he was objective and seeking a broad section of opinion  I'm a stickler for the facts "At first, Lee had intended to create a dramatic reproduction of the incident, but eventually, he decided that would not be the best approach, and the project became a documentary  Once he secured funding, he went to Birmingham with a small skeleton film crew, as he wanted the families be as comfortable as possible during the interviews  Sam Pollard served as a producer and the editor and Ellen Kuras was the director of photography of the film 
Lee had developed a relationship with Kuras while working on an HBO project called Subway Stories, which was an anthology of short films compiled by Jonathan Demme (though Lee's film did not make the final cut due, in part, to conflict between him and Demme)  Kuras said of her desire to shoot 4 Little Girls, "I was really interested because my background is in political documentaries     I always felt that one of the reasons that I had got into filmmaking was that I wanted to use my craft to be able to say something about the human condition, however I could, in my own humble way  For me this was an opportunity to make a small contribution "
Lee's partnership with Sam Pollard had begun on Mo' Better Blues when Pollard was recommended to replace Barry Alexander Brown, who was unavailable because he was directing his own film, as editor  Pollard originally refused the overture because he was busy working on his segments of Eyes on the Prize, but ultimately, he accepted, and he has since become one of Lee's most frequent collaborators  Their first few films together were fiction, but Pollard's background was in documentary, and he was key to guiding the structure of 4 Little Girls  He said about his role: Basically it was to help with the conception of the structure, to edit it     We spent a lot of time screening dailies together   We could come to 40 Acres at 7a m , and we would spend three hours a day screening dailies for two weeks straight     We talked, selected all the material that we liked, and I started working on the structure in the editing room   Spike was asking if he needed narration and what the structure should be  I basically said the structure should be that there are parallels—the family, the history of the community—and then they come together on the explosion 

Reception
Critics and public
The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature  On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 100% based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 8 42/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "4 Little Girls finds Spike Lee moving into documentary filmmaking with his signature style intact -- and all the palpable fury the subject requires "

Box office
It was initially planned for the film to first be seen by the public when it was aired on HBO, but, after seeing the final product, the production team decided it was important to release the film in theaters before running it on television  Accordingly, 4 Little Girls opened in American theaters on July 9, 1997, and closed on October 2, 1997  It grossed $130,146 from a total of four theaters  In its opening weekend, it earned $13,528 from a single theater, which was 10 4% of its total gross  It cost approximately $1 million to make, funded by HBO 

See also
Civil rights movement in popular culture
1956 Sugar Bowl
civil rights movement
Timeline of the civil rights movement
Passage 3:
Sloane House YMCA
The Sloane House YMCA, also known as William Sloane House YMCA, at 356 West 34th Street in Manhattan was the largest residential YMCA building in the nation It was sold in 1993 for $5 million and converted to rental apartments later  It is managed by Kibel Company 
Related papers are archived Its pending closure was noted as part of a trend 

See also
List of YMCA buildings
Passage 4:
David Bjornson
David Bjornson (born 7 July 1947 in Selkirk, Manitoba) was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 1993, serving in the 34th Canadian Parliament for the Progressive Conservative party in the Selkirk riding  By career, he is an electrician 
Bjornson left federal politics after being defeated by Liberal candidate Ron Fewchuk in the 1993 federal election  Amid the Tory collapse that year, Bjornson was pushed into fourth place behind Fewchuk and the New Democratic and Reform candidates 

External links

David Bjornson – Parliament of Canada biography
Passage 5:
Mr  Noodle
Mr  Noodle and his siblings – (Mister Noodle, Ms  Noodle, and Miss Noodle in 1998–2009 and Mister Noodle, Mister Noodle and Miss Noodle in 2017–present) – are characters who appear in the "Elmo's World" segments during the educational children's television program Sesame Street  Mr  Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Arlene Sherman, executive producer of Sesame Street and co-creator of "Elmo's World", in short films for the program When Irwin became unavailable, Sherman asked Michael Jeter, who was his friend, to replace Irwin as Mr  Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, which he accepted enthusiastically, calling it his favorite role in twenty years  Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000, until his death in 2003  Kristin Chenoweth played Mr  Noodle's sister Ms  Noodle, and Sarah Jones played Mr  Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle  As of 2018, Daveed Diggs and Daniel Koren have played two more of Mr  Noodle's brothers, as well as Ilana Glazer as Mr  Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle 

Writer Louise A  Gikow calls the Noodles "a dynasty of mimes,   in the tradition of great silent film comedians like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and Harold Lloyd"  They made mistakes, but solved them with the help of "enthusiastic kid voice overs", which empowered children and helped them feel smarter than the adults 
They were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen  They would physically and humorously act out their replies to Elmo's questions According to writer and "Elmo's World" co-creator Judy Freudberg, "Mr  Noodle, who never speaks, is all about trial and error  When you throw him a hat, he acts like he's never seen one before  Kids feel empowered watching him because they can do what he can't"   According to Sesame Street researcher Lewis Bernstein, the characters, whom he called "bungling", gave young viewers "the opportunity to figure it out" before the adults did 
Passage 6:
The Little Orchestra Society
Not to be confused by The Little Orchestra of LondonThe Little Orchestra Society is an American orchestra based at 630 9th Avenue, Suite 807 in New York City  It was founded in 1947 by Thomas Scherman, who served as its conductor until his death in 1979  From 1979 to 2011 the Orchestra was led by Dino Anagnost  Its membership has ranged between 45 and 60 musicians  The orchestra's name is borrowed from The Little Orchestra of London, which was formed by Felix Mendelssohn during the Bach Revival   In 2019, the Orchestra named David Alan Miller its new Artistic Advisor 
Its first concert took place at Town Hall in Manhattan on October 27, 1947  In 1959 the orchestra toured to eight Asian countries including Vietnam, Hong Kong, India, and Japan, performing the music of Henry Cowell Pierre Monteux guest conducted the orchestra on April 2, 1957, in a concert that included Johannes Brahms' Serenade No  2 in A Major   Monteux had recorded the serenade in the preceding year, but this performance too was recorded The orchestra commissions new works and has given 65 world premieres (by composers including Franz Schubert, Douglas Moore, and David Diamond), and more than 175 U S  and New York premieres by such composers as Antonio Vivaldi, John Corigliano, and Christopher Rouse 

Discography
Ludwig van Beethoven, Octet in E-Flat Major, Op  103 & Rondino in E-Flat Major, Grove 146, Thomas Scherman conducting, EMS Recordings #1, 1950
Hello, World!/The Greatest Sound Around, Eleanor Roosevelt, narrator (on Hello World!), words and music by Susan Otto and William R  Mayer, The Little Orchestra Society, Thomas Scherman, conductor, John Langstaff, tenor (on The Greatest Sound Around)  RCA Victor Red Seal LM-2332, 1959
Passage 7:
Miracle on 34th Street
Miracle on 34th Street (initially released as The Big Heart in the United Kingdom) is a 1947 American Christmas comedy-drama film released by 20th Century Fox, written and directed by George Seaton and based on a story by Valentine Davies  It stars Maureen O'Hara, John Payne, Natalie Wood, and Edmund Gwenn  The story takes place between Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day in New York City, and focuses on the effect of a department store Santa Claus who claims to be the real Santa  The film has become a perennial Christmas favorite 
Miracle on 34th Street won three Academy Awards: Gwenn for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Valentine Davies for Best Writing, Original Story, and George Seaton for Best Writing, Screenplay  The film was nominated for Best Picture, losing to Gentleman's Agreement  In 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant"  The Academy Film Archive preserved Miracle on 34th Street in 2009 Davies also wrote a short novelization of the tale, which was published by Harcourt Brace simultaneously with the film's release 

Plot
Kris Kringle is indignant to find that the man assigned to play Santa in the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is intoxicated  When he complains to event director Doris Walker, she persuades Kris to take his place  He does so well that he is hired to play Santa at Macy's New York City store on 34th Street 
Ignoring instructions from the toy department head, Mr  Shellhammer, to recommend overstocked items to undecided shoppers, Kris directs one woman to another store to fulfill her son's Christmas request  Impressed by Kris's honesty and helpfulness, she informs Shellhammer that she will now become a loyal Macy's customer 
Attorney Fred Gailey, Doris's neighbor, takes the young divorcée's daughter Susan to see Santa  Doris has raised her to not believe in fairy tales, but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English  Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa, but he insists that he is 
Worried, Doris decides to fire him, but Kris has generated so much positive publicity and goodwill that the store's owner promises bonuses  To alleviate Doris's misgivings, Shellhammer suggests Granville Sawyer administer a "psychological evaluation", but Sawyer recommends Kris's dismissal  Meanwhile, Susan shows Kris a magazine photo of her dream house and tells him she wants it for Christmas; reluctantly he promises to do his best 
In the company cafeteria, young employee Alfred tells Kris that Sawyer convinced him that he is unstable simply because he enjoys dressing as Santa Claus  Kris immediately confronts Sawyer, eventually striking him on the head with an umbrella  Sawyer exaggerates his pain to have Kris confined to Bellevue Hospital  Tricked into cooperating and believing Doris to be in on the deception, Kris deliberately fails his examination and is recommended for permanent commitment  However, Fred persuades Kris not to give up 
At a hearing before Judge Henry X  Harper, District Attorney Thomas Mara gets Kris to assert that he is Santa Claus and rests his case, asking Harper to rule that Santa does not exist  In private, Harper's political adviser, Charlie Halloran, warns him that doing so would be disastrous for his upcoming reelection bid  Harper buys time by hearing further evidence 
Fred calls Macy as a witness and gets him to admit that he believes in Santa  On leaving the stand, Macy fires Sawyer  Next, Fred calls Mara's own young son, who testifies that his father told him that Santa is real  In the face of this, Mara has to concede the point, but goes on to demand that Fred prove that Kris is "the one and only" Santa Claus on the basis of some competent authority by the following day 
Meanwhile, Susan writes Kris a letter to cheer him up, which Doris also signs  When a New York Post Office mail sorter sees Susan's letter, addressed to Kris at the New York courthouse, he suggests delivering all of the dead letters addressed to Santa Claus to Kris  As court resumes, Fred is told of the delivery of mailbags to the courthouse; he argues that the Post Office—a branch of the U S  federal government—has acknowledged that Kris is the one and only Santa Claus by delivering the letters  When the judge insists on seeing them, Fred has them dump bag after bag on Harper's desk  Harper dismisses the case 
On Christmas morning at a party for Macy's employees, Susan loses faith in Kris when he admits he was not able to get her the house she wanted  However, after Kris offers Fred and Doris a route home that avoids traffic, Susan sees her dream house with a "For Sale" sign in front  Demanding that Fred stop the car, she runs into the house, exclaiming, "Mr  Kringle is Santa Claus!" Fred learns that Doris had encouraged Susan to have faith and suggests they get married and purchase the house  He then boasts that he must be a great lawyer since he proved an eccentric old man was Santa  However, when he and Doris spot a cane in the house that looks just like Kris's, he is not so sure 

Cast
Production
Miracle on 34th Street was shot on location in New York City, with the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade sequences filmed live while the 1946 parade was happening  "It was a mad scramble to get all the shots we needed, and we got to do each scene only once," Maureen O'Hara recalled in her memoir  "It was bitterly cold that day, and Edmund and I envied Natalie (Wood) and John Payne, who were watching the parade from a window "Although the film is set during the Christmas season, studio head Darryl F  Zanuck insisted that it be released in May, arguing that more people go to the movies in warmer weather  The studio rushed to promote it while keeping its Christmas setting a secret  Fox's promotional trailer depicted a fictional producer roaming the studio backlot and encountering such stars as Rex Harrison, Anne Baxter, Peggy Ann Garner, and Dick Haymes extolling the virtues of the film  In addition, the movie posters prominently featured O'Hara and Payne, with Gwenn's character kept in the background  The film opened in New York City at the Roxy Theatre on June 4, 1947  By contrast, modern home video packaging has Gwenn and Wood dominating the imagery, with the DVD release having Kringle in his Santa Claus costume 
O'Hara was initially reluctant to take the role, having recently moved back to post-war Ireland  She immediately changed her mind after reading the script and came back to the United States for the film 
Arthur Jacobson, assistant director, filmed the Macy's Parade on Thanksgiving morning with nine cameras simultaneously  He said he "plunked actors Edmund Gwenn and Natalie Wood in the department store cafeteria line during a weekday lunch-rush"  When Maureen O'Hara requested a special police escort for a Christmas shopping spree through Macy's he said "I know New Yorkers  They aren't going to pay any attention to you  And don't wear a bandanna around your head or dark glasses  Just be normal "Throughout the process of getting this script accepted by the PCA, the movie underwent multiple different title changes, starting as My Heart Tells Me and then progressing into The Big Heart, It's Only Human, Meet Me at Dawn, and finally ended with the name Miracle on 34th Street  These title changes all happened within a four-month time period  These title changes occurred while the filmmakers were fixing any other discrepancies that the PCA required them to fix before the production of the film could begin 

Reception
Critical reception
Miracle on 34th Street mostly received positive reviews from critics  Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said: "For all those blasé skeptics who do not believe in Santa Claus—and likewise for all those natives who have grown cynical about New York—but most especially for all those patrons who have grown weary of the monotonies of the screen, let us heartily recommend the Roxy's new picture, Miracle on 34th Street  As a matter of fact, let's go further: let's catch its spirit and heartily proclaim that it is the freshest little picture in a long time, and maybe even the best comedy of this year " A critic for the BBC called it "a clever and deeply original story, that remains true and confident in direction, while delivering considerable charm all the while "The film is considered by many to be one of the best films of 1947, and it has been dubbed a "christmas classic" by several publications  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 96% based on reviews from 52 critics, with an average rating of 8 5/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "Irrefutable proof that gentle sentimentalism can be the chief ingredient in a wonderful film, Miracle on 34th Street delivers a warm holiday message without resorting to treacle "The Catholic Legion of Decency gave the movie a "B", "morally objectionable in part" rating  This was mainly due to the fact that O'Hara portrayed a divorcée in the film 

Accolades
The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Edmund Gwenn), Best Writing, Original Story (Valentine Davies) and Best Writing, Screenplay  It was also nominated for Best Picture, losing to Gentleman's Agreement 
It was ranked ninth by the American Film Institute on 100 Years    100 Cheers, a list of America's most inspiring films  Miracle on 34th Street was listed as the fifth best film in the fantasy genre in the American Film Institute's "Ten top Ten" lists in 2008 In 2005, Miracle on 34th Street was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" American Film Institute Lists

AFI's 100 Years   100 Movies – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Cheers – #9
AFI's 100 Years   100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated
AFI's 10 Top 10 – #5 Fantasy Film

Home media and colorization
Miracle on 34th Street was first released on VHS and LaserDisc in 1987 
In 1985, it became one of the first full-length black and white films to be colorized  The 4½-month process was carried out by Color Systems Technology, Inc  In 1993, this version was released on VHS and LaserDisc, and was followed four years later by a "50th Anniversary Edition" on both formats, remastered by THX 
The first DVD release was in October 1999, featuring the B&W version alongside the original theatrical trailer and a TV spot  In November 2006, it was re-released as a two-disc "Special Edition" DVD, with disc one containing an "all new colorized version" carried out by Legend Films  The second disc had the original black-and-white version and numerous extras, including The 20th Century Fox Hour's 1955 TV remake  Both discs also included a full-length audio commentary by Maureen O'Hara  The B&W disc has since been re-released several times, including in a pairing with the 1994 remake 
In October 2009, 20th Century Fox released the B&W version on Blu-ray with all previous extras, bar the TV remake In 2017, the film was restored in 4K resolution; so far this version is only available via DCP 

Remake
A 1994 feature film starred Richard Attenborough, Elizabeth Perkins, Dylan McDermott, J  T  Walsh, Timothy Shea, James Remar, Jane Leeves, Simon Jones, William Windom and Mara Wilson  It was adapted by John Hughes from the Seaton script, and directed by Les Mayfield  Due to Macy's refusal to give permission to use its name, it was replaced by the fictitious "Cole's"  "We feel the original stands on its own and could not be improved upon," said Laura Melillo, a spokeswoman for Macy's  Gimbels no longer existed by 1994 so its name was replaced by the name of the fictional "Shopper's Express"  Alvin Greenman (Alfred in the original version) played a doorman  The 1994 remake of the film had a more serious tone than the original 1947 film had and a large portion of the plot was rewritten, although the majority of both the plot and the characters remained intact  The 1994 film also added a subtext which described concerns about religious faith 

In other media
There are numerous remakes of the movie, as well as a Broadway musical 

Radio
Lux Radio Theatre aired a one-hour adaptation of the movie on three occasions: on December 22, 1947, which starred the original cast including Natalie Wood; on December 20, 1948, without Natalie Wood's participation; and on December 21, 1954  There were also two broadcasts on Screen Directors Playhouse: as a half-hour play on December 23, 1949; and then as a one-hour play on December 21, 1950  All of these adaptations had Edmund Gwenn reprising his screen role 

Theatre
A 1963 Broadway musical version, entitled Here's Love, was written by Meredith Willson 
The novella was adapted into a stage play by Will Severin, Patricia Di Benedetto Snyder and John Vreeke in 2000  It is a favorite in many community and regional theaters during the Christmas season  The characters' names are those used in the novella, and the stage setting is distinctly late 1940s  Production rights are held by Samuel French, Inc 

Television
A 1955 one-hour television adaptation of the movie starred Thomas Mitchell as Kris, Macdonald Carey as Fred, Teresa Wright as Doris, and Sandy Descher as Susan  This version did not show the drunken Santa at all  Titled The Miracle on 34th Street, it originally aired as an episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour  It was later re-run as "Meet Mr  Kringle" 
Ed Wynn played Kris in a 1959 television adaptation of the movie  Also featured was Orson Bean  It was broadcast live and in color on NBC the day after Thanksgiving  NBC made a kinescope of the program, probably for broadcasting opening night on the West Coast  The copy was in a large collection of kinescopes donated by NBC to the Library of Congress and later unearthed by Richard Finegan, who reported his experiences in the December 2005 issue of Classic Images 
A 1973 television version featured Jane Alexander, David Hartman, Roddy McDowall, Sebastian Cabot as Kris (without his natural beard; he was forced to shave and wear a false beard for the role), Suzanne Davidson, Jim Backus, David Doyle and Tom Bosley  It was adapted by Jeb Rosebrook from the George Seaton screenplay, and directed by Fielder Cook  Mrs  Walker's first name is changed to Karen in this version  This would prove to be the final version in which the department store was actually Macy's  David Doyle, who played R  H  Macy in this version, had played Mr  Sawyer in the original Broadway cast of Here's Love 10 years earlier 

Puppets
In 2012, the flagship Macy's Department Store at Herald Square in New York City featured a 30-minute puppet version of the story within its Santaland display, featuring the voice talents of Broadway stars Brian Stokes Mitchell and Victoria Clark 

Appearances
A short clip of the film was seen on the kitchen television screen in Home Alone (a 1990 Christmas film released by Fox) and also the ending was seen in the den television screen in the 1996 film The Preacher's Wife 

See also
Trial film
List of Christmas films
Santa Claus in film
Passage 8:
Kate Kellaway
Kate Kellaway (born 15 July 1957) is an English journalist and literary critic who writes for The Observer 

Early life
The daughter of the Australians Bill and Deborah Kellaway, she is the older sister of the journalist Lucy Kellaway  Both siblings were educated at the Camden School for Girls, where their mother was a teacher, and at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where she read English 

Professional life
Following a period teaching in Zimbabwe between 1982 and 1986, she began her career in journalism at the Literary Review and became deputy to then editor Auberon Waugh around 1987 Kellaway later joined The Observer, where her posts have included features writer, deputy literary editor, deputy theatre critic and children's books editor  While The Observer's poetry editor, Kellaway was one of the five judges for the Booker Prize in 1995 Kellaway is married and has four sons and two step-sons 
Passage 9:
Bit part
In acting, a bit part is a role in which there is direct interaction with the principal actors and no more than five lines of dialogue, often referred to as a five-or-less or under-five in the United States, or under sixes in British television, or a walk-on part with no dialogue 
A bit part is higher than that of an extra and lower than that of a supporting actor  An actor who regularly performs in bit roles, either as a hobby or to earn a living, is referred to as a bit player, a term also used to describe an aspiring actor who has not yet broken into supporting or leading roles 
Unlike extras, who do not typically interact with principals, actors in bit parts are sometimes listed in the credits  An exception to this practice is the cameo appearance, wherein a well-known actor or other celebrity appears in a bit part; it is common for such appearances to be uncredited 
In MGM's 1951 screen version of the musical Show Boat, the role of the cook Queenie (Frances E  Williams) was reduced from a significant supporting role in the stage version to a bit part in the film  Williams, whose appearance was not intended as a cameo, was not listed at all in the credits  On the other hand, William Warfield, whose role as Joe, Queenie's husband, was also drastically shortened in the film from the stage original, did receive screen credit because he sang "Ol' Man River" 
Bit parts are often significant in the story line and sometimes pivotal, as in Jack Albertson's role as a postal worker in the 1947 feature film Miracle on 34th Street  Some characters with bit parts attract significant attention  Konstantin Stanislavski remarked that "there are no small parts, only small actors" Dabbs Greer, a bit actor, once said: "Every character actor, in their own little sphere, is the lead" 

See also
Extra (acting)
Ready When You Are, Mr  McGill
Passage 10:
Five Finger Exercise
Five Finger Exercise [sic] is a 1962 American drama film directed by Daniel Mann and produced by Frederick Brisson from a screenplay by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett based on the play by Peter Shaffer  The film was distributed by Columbia Pictures The film stars Rosalind Russell, Jack Hawkins, Richard Beymer, Maximilian Schell and Annette Gorman, with an early screen appearance by Lana Wood, the sister of Natalie Wood 

Plot
Stanley and Louise Harrington are a married couple who constantly argue, and their son and daughter are on the same path  When a music teacher enters their lives, things begin to change for the better, but the peace is only temporary 

Cast
Rosalind Russell as Louise Harrington
Jack Hawkins as Stanley Harrington
Richard Beymer as Philip Harrington
Annette Gorman as Pamela Harrington
Maximilian Schell as Walter
Lana Wood as Mary
Terry Huntingdon as Helen

Production
The film was based on Five Finger Exercise, a play that premiered at the Comedy Theatre in London's West End in July 1958 and played for 337 performances at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway from December 1958 until October 1960  The film project's title was temporarily changed to Five Kinds of Love before reverting to Five Finger Exercise Alec Guinness was originally cast in the role of Stanley Harrington but left the project because of other commitments  The producers asked Trevor Howard to take the role, but he was involved with a London stage play  The role finally went to Jack Hawkins 
Filming began on June 26, 1961 near Carmel, California  Action scenes were also filmed along the Pacific Coast in Ventura County  To film the scene in which Walter rescues Pamela from drowning, a special team of lifeguards, first-aid providers and highway patrol officers was assembled to ensure safety Maximilian Schell, who plays the piano in the film, was an accomplished pianist 

Reception
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther wrote:Something vital and essential to the dramatic quality of Peter Shaffer's successful British drama, ''Five Finger Exercise," has been lost, mislaid or stolen in the translation of it to the screen—and in the shift of its location from a British to an American middle-class milieu  What it is that is missing     is the solid ring of truth, the artful illusion that the people in this stark family drama are real  The measure of its artificiality is in the performance that Rosalind Russell gives as a selfish and snobbish American woman who drives her husband, son and daughter to blank despair  Miss Russell is much too blithe and bouncy, too much of a bourgeois Aunty Mame, to convey a conviction of a woman who is a serious, sinister influence in her home



ground_truth: Canyon County

Canyon County, Idaho

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the sibling of the actress that played the little girl in Miracle on 34th street 1947?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:      Obviously, Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett coarsened and cheapened the original play in rewriting it into an American situation and idiom  But Delbert Mann really lost it in his fumbling direction of the cast Reviewer Martin Russell of the San Francisco Examiner echoed similar sentiments: "It is a fine psychological drama, or so it appeared when Peter Shaffer's play came to San Francisco last year  Now the film version has arrived     and something has happened      The small additions and subtractions have made the picture barely identifiable with the original      [T]he movie characters seem to have diminished in depth and stature  You hardly care what happens to them      Daniel Mann's direction suggests that he knew what he was doing—the continuity and approach to individual scenes is fine—but at the same time it shows no grasp nor particular interest in the drama's fascinating undertones "However, critic Cyrus Durgin praised the film in his review for The Boston Globe: "'Five Finger Exercise,' on the screen as upon the stage, is theatrical enterprise of quality  It is good drama, well acted, and will appeal to those of serious tastes      [O]nce the drama of the family dissension begins to mount, so does the emotional temperature, and slowness and lack of visual variety do not seem to matter      'Five Finger Exercise' has style and polish in its progress of a disunited family toward understanding and more love  It is accordingly recommended—to the serious-minded "
Passage 11:
Light as a feather, stiff as a board
Light as a feather, stiff as a board is a game played by children at slumber parties  The phrase has also become established in popular culture as a reference to a levitation trick, and has been referred to in various media accounts  In performing magic this effect is known as abnormal lift 

Description
One participant lies flat on the floor, facing upwards  The others space themselves around that person, each placing one or two fingertips underneath the participant's limbs  The person closest to the head commonly begins by saying something like "She's looking ill", which is repeated several times, and followed by, "she's looking worse", which is also repeated several times  The general direction of the call-and-repeat describes how the person is looking worse and worse, followed by saying "she is dying", and, finally, "she is dead" 
Variations of the spoken part of the game occur  In a common, modern version, the person being lifted is told a story about their death and asked to imagine it happening to them  This is intended to unsettle the participants, and to convince them that something may have changed making it easier to lift the person than before 
All versions of the game end with the phrase "light as a feather, stiff as a board" chanted by those standing around the "dead" player as they attempt to lift their companion's body using only their fingertips  Some versions omit the story entirely and only the "light as a feather   " chant is used  After these repetitions, the person being lifted is described by the group as having become lighter or even entirely weightless 
Another variation of the game takes place with one person seated in a chair  Four volunteers agree to stand around the sitter, two on the sitter's left side and the other two on their right  Each of the four places two fingers under each corner of the chair's seat and the four together will attempt to lift the chair and sitter, which generally fails  The volunteers will then perform some small ritual, usually involving rubbing their hands together or circling the chair in various direction (counter-clockwise, walking backwards, etc ) After this ritual, the volunteers hold their hands over the sitter's head to "transfer" energy into the sitter, which will presumably make them weightless  The lifters then retry lifting the sitter the same way as before  Also, it can be that the lifters lift the person sitting in the chair; doing the rest of the ritual as so, but holding at the four main points of the body (under the knees on each side and under the shoulders) 

Explanation of the trick
The key to the trick is timing: each of the lifters must apply the lifting force at the same moment  When this is done, the weight of the subject is divided equally between each lifter, requiring each person to contribute only 12–20 kilograms (26–44 lb) of lift, to raise a 50–80-kilogram (110–176 lb) person If the trick is performed without synchronising the lift, it will fail: as participants attempt to lift at slightly different times, they are instead performing a series of lifts by smaller groups, resulting in a much heavier weight per person  This fact may be used as a deliberate form of misdirection from the person explaining the trick, first asking the group to "go ahead, try to lift" to show that it cannot be done, and then asking them to try again on the count of three, where it succeeds Some people who remember performing the trick as a child will have exaggerated their memory of the effect, recalling the performance as lifting the subject high into the air for some time, when in reality they would only have lifted them for a moment 

History
The oldest known account of levitation play comes from the diary of Samuel Pepys (1633–1703), a British naval administrator  Pepys’s account of levitation play comes from a conversation with a friend of his, Mr  Brisband, who claimed to have seen four little girls playing light as a feather, stiff as a board in Bordeaux, France  Pepys’s account of Mr  Brisband’s experience reads:

He saw four little girls, very young ones, all kneeling, each of them, upon one knee; and one begun the first line, whispering in the ear of the next, and the second to the third, and the third to the fourth, and she to the first  Then the first begun the second line, and so round quite through, and putting each one finger only to a boy that lay flat upon his back on the ground, as if he was dead; at the end of the words, they did with their four fingers raise this boy high as they could reach, and he [Mr  Brisband] being there, and wondering at it, as also being afeared to see it, for they would have had him to have bore a part in saying the words, in the roome of one of the little girles that was so young that they could hardly make her learn to repeat the words, did, for feare there might be some sleight used in it by the boy, or that the boy might be light, call the cook of the 	house, a very lusty fellow, as Sir G  Carteret's cook, who is very big, and they did raise him in just the same manner 
Pepys also spoke of the chant that accompanied this performance 

The next recording of the game being played comes from The Magician’s Own Book (1857)  This account differs from that of Pepys, as it is a direct account of the game being played  Also, this account focuses on a different version of the game than the version played by the girls in Samuel Pepys’ account   In this account, the heaviest man at a party in Venice, Italy, sits in a chair, and is unable to be lifted by six other persons, initially  However, after coordinated hand-clapping and synchronized inhalations and exhalations, the man in the chair is able to be lifted on the forefingers of the six lifters The phenomenon has been observed into modern times, often being described as a form of spiritualism or seance and considered anathema by some religious groups   It is widely considered a simple spooky party game along the lines of Bloody Mary and the telling of ghost stories 
The game appears in the 1996 film The Craft, which follows the story of four high school students as they familiarize themselves with witchcraft and various arcane experiments—one of which is light as a feather, stiff as a board  In the movie, the four young women are seen performing the version of the game described in Samuel Pepys’ diary, which involves one participant lying down, while the others kneel around her  The teenagers chant “Light as a feather, stiff as a board,” several times before lifting the participant into the air  In the movie, special effects are used to show the person levitating above the hands of the lifters 
The game appears in the South Park episode "Marjorine", where Butters Stotch declares the other South Park Elementary girls, including Wendy Testaburger, "witches" for playing the game at a slumber party  Butters, as Marjorine, initially mistakes this for the girls "lezzing out" 

See also
Light as a Feather (TV series)

Footnotes
Sources
In-depth explanation of levitation including tricks from Answers com
Halloween is good clean fun October 30, 1998 Weekender Lexington Herald-Leader (KY) article for purchase link
Pajama game: Despite dramatic changes in culture and technology, girls' sleepovers have remained basically the same for generations by MaryEllen Fillo Hartford Courant Aug  30, 2005 article for purchase link
Samuel Pepys' diary highlights the experience during the London plague of 1665 as well as the Great Fire in 1666 
Levitation Revisited by Elizabeth Tucker explains the origins of the game and discusses some of its occult history \
The Magician's Own Book contains an entry on page 341-42 which describes an account of the game being played at a Venetian party 
The Craft (1996) Light as a feather, Stiff as a board scene 
Video example 1
Video example 2
Passage 12:
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade
The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is an annual parade in New York City presented by the U S -based department store chain Macy's  The Parade first took place in 1924, tying it for the second-oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States with America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit (with both parades being four years younger than Philadelphia's Thanksgiving Day Parade)  The three-hour parade is held in Manhattan, ending outside Macy's Herald Square, takes place from 9:00 a m  to 12:00 p m  Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day, and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1953  The Parade's workforce is made up of Macy's employees and their friends and family, all of whom work as volunteers 

History
Early history
In 1924, store employees marched to Macy's Herald Square, the flagship store on 34th Street, dressed in vibrant costumes  There were floats, professional bands and live animals borrowed from the Central Park Zoo  At the end of that first parade, Santa Claus was welcomed into Herald Square  At this first parade, Santa was enthroned on the Macy's balcony at the 34th Street store entrance, where he was then crowned "King of the Kiddies"  With an audience of over 250,000 people, the parade was such a success that Macy's declared it would become an annual event, despite media reports only barely covering the first parade The Macy's parade was enough of a success to push Ragamuffin Day, the typical children's Thanksgiving Day activity from 1870 into the 1920s, into obscurity  Ragamuffin Day featured children going around and performing a primitive version of trick-or-treating, a practice that by the 1920s had come to annoy most adults  The public backlash against such begging in the 1930s (when most Americans were struggling in the midst of the Great Depression) led to promotion of alternatives, including Macy's parade  While ragamuffin parades that competed with Macy's would continue into the 1930s, the competition from Macy's would overwhelm the practice, and the last ragamuffin parade in New York City would take place in 1956 Anthony "Tony" Frederick Sarg loved to work with marionettes from an early age  After moving to London to start his own marionette business, Sarg moved to New York City to perform with his puppets on the street  Macy's heard about Sarg's talents and asked him to design a window display of a parade for the store 

Growth and changes
Through the 1930s, the parade continued to grow, with crowds of over one million people lining the parade route in 1933  The first Mickey Mouse balloon entered the parade in 1934  The annual festivities were broadcast on local radio stations in New York City from 1932 to 1941 and resumed in 1945, running through 1951 The parade was suspended from 1942 to 1944 as a result of World War II because rubber and helium were needed for the war effort  The parade resumed in 1945 and became known nationwide shortly afterwards, having been prominently featured in the 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street, which included footage of the 1946 festivities  The event had its first broadcast on network television in 1948 (see § Television coverage)  From 1984 to 2019, the balloons were made by Raven Industries of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, through its Raven Aerostar division Since 1985, the parade was traditionally led by the New York City Police Department Highway Patrol  In 2019, the cast of Sesame Street led the parade in honor of the show's 50th anniversary 
Following an incident in 2005 where a balloon knocked over a street light and injured spectators (see § Injuries), new safety measures were incorporated in 2006 to prevent accidents and balloon-related injuries  One measure taken was the installation of wind measurement devices to alert parade organizers to any unsafe conditions that could cause the balloons to behave erratically  In addition, parade officials implemented a measure to keep the balloons closer to the ground during windy conditions  New York City law prohibits Macy's from flying the full-size balloons if sustained winds exceed 20 knots (23 mph) or wind gusts exceed 30 knots (35 mph); New York's tall buildings and mostly uniform grid plan can amplify wind velocity on city streets  This law, imposed in 1997, has never been activated, despite several close calls; the only time the parade balloons were ever grounded was in 1971  Each balloon has a risk profile to determine handling in windy conditions; taller, upright balloons are rotated to appear horizontal and face downward in such situations (as was the case in 2019, when a grounding was narrowly averted)  The remaining floats and performances will continue as scheduled should the balloons be grounded The 2018 parade was the coldest to date, with the temperature at 19 °F (-7 2 °C) during the event  The warmest was in 1933 at 69 °F (20 5 °C)  The 2006 parade was the wettest with 1 72" (49 mm) of rain  Actresses Caitlin Kinnunen and Isabelle McCalla's kiss during The Prom's performance at the 2018 parade received significant media attention for being the first broadcast of a same-sex kiss in the parade's history Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the 2020 parade was downsized and closed to the public—being filmed as a broadcast-only event in the Herald Square area  There were 88% fewer participants, and social distancing was enforced  The event did not include college and high school marching bands (with the affected bands having been reinvited for 2021), nor any participant under 18 years of age  Balloons were tethered to a "specially rigged anchor vehicle framework of five specialty vehicles" rather than carried by handlers  Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio stated that it will "[not be] a live parade, but something that will really give us that warmth and that great feeling we have on Thanksgiving day " In 2021, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade returned to its traditional in-person procession with 6,500 participants marching in the Parade 
The 2022 edition marks the first time that the parade was hosted entirely by women 

Balloons
The balloons were introduced in 1928, replacing live zoo animals  Sarg's large animal-shaped balloons were produced by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio from the 1920s through 1980  That year there was no procedure to deflate the balloons, and they were simply released  In 1928 five of the giant balloons were designed and filled with helium to rise above 2,000 feet (610 meters) and slowly deflate for whoever was lucky enough to capture the contestants in Macy's "balloon race[s]" and return them for a reward of $100 (equivalent to more than $1,600 with inflation as of 2021), this lasted until 1932 The balloons in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade have had several varieties  The oldest is the novelty balloon class, consisting of smaller balloons ranging widely in size and handled by between one and thirty people (the smallest balloons are shaped like human heads and fit on the heads of the handlers)  The larger and more popular class is the character balloons, primarily consisting of licensed pop-culture characters; each of these (16 in 2019) is handled by exactly 90 people  From 2005 to 2012, a third balloon class, the "Blue Sky Gallery", transformed the works of contemporary artists into full-size balloons; after a five-year hiatus, the Blue Sky Gallery returned in 2018 

Balloons listed by year introduced
Character balloons
Novelty balloons
Blue Sky Gallery
Falloon
A falloon, a portmanteau of "float" and "balloon", is a float-based balloon  They were introduced in 1986 

Balloonicle
A balloonicle, a portmanteau of "balloon" and "vehicle", is a self-powered balloon vehicle  They were introduced in 2004 

Floalloonicle
A "floalloonicle", a portmanteau of "float", "balloon" and "vehicle", is a self-powered balloon vehicle structured around a float  They were introduced in 2021 

Heritage Balloon
"Heritage Balloons" are mid-sized helium balloons that have a sponsor other than Macy's  They were introduced in 2016 

Performers and acts
In addition to the well-known balloons and floats, the parade also features live music and other performances  College and high school marching bands from across the country participate in the parade  The television broadcasts feature performances by established and up-and-coming singers and bands  The Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall are a classic performance (having performed annually since 1957 as the last pre-parade act to perform, followed by a commercial break), as are cheerleaders and dancers chosen by the National Cheerleaders Association from various high schools across the country  The parade always concludes with the arrival of Santa Claus to ring in the Christmas and holiday season (except for the 1932 parade, when Santa led the parade)  Since 2017, the Macy's Singing Christmas Tree choir precedes Santa Claus as the final performer of the parade 
On the NBC telecast from in front of the flagship Macy's store on Broadway and 34th Street, the marching bands perform live music  Most "live" performances by musicals and individual artists lip-sync to the studio, soundtrack or cast recordings of their songs, due to the technical difficulties of attempting to sing into a wireless microphone while in a moving vehicle (performers themselves typically perform on the floats); the NBC-flagged microphones used by performers on floats are almost always non-functioning props  Although rare, recent parade broadcasts have featured at least one live performance with no use of recorded vocals 

Featured performers
Broadway shows
Every year, cast members from some Broadway shows (usually shows that debuted that year) perform either in the parade or immediately preceding the parade in front of Macy's and before The Rockettes' performance (since NBC broadcasts the parade's start, the performances are shown during the wait for the parade itself)  The 2007 parade was notable as it took place during a strike by the I A T S E  (a stagehands' union)  Legally Blonde, the one performing musical affected by the strike, performed in show logo shirts, with makeshift props and no sets  The other three shows that year performed in theaters that were not affected by the strike 

Marching bands
Special guests
For the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks in 2011, the Macy's Thanksgiving Parade invited family members from Tuesday's Children (a nonprofit organization that benefits families directly impacted by terrorism) to cut the ribbon at the start of the parade with NBC's Al Roker and led the parade with Amy Kule, the Parade's executive producer 

Television coverage
More than 44 million people typically watch the parade on television on an annual basis  It was first televised locally in New York City in 1939 as an experimental broadcast on NBC's W2XBS (now WNBC)  No television stations broadcast the parade in 1940 or 1941, but local broadcasts resumed when the parade returned in 1945 after the wartime suspension  The parade began its network television appearances on CBS in 1948, the year that major, regular television network programming began  NBC has been the official broadcaster of the event since 1953  However, CBS (which has a studio in Times Square) also carries unauthorized coverage as The Thanksgiving Day Parade on CBS  The parade committee can endorse an official broadcaster as the parade takes place in public (however, they cannot award exclusive rights as other events, such as sporting events, which take place inside restricted-access stadiums, have the authority to do so)  The rerouting of the parade starting from 2012 (see below) moved the parade out of the view of CBS's cameras and thus made it significantly more difficult for the network to cover the parade  However, the route now passes along the west side of the network's Black Rock headquarters building along Sixth Avenue (with the hosts stationed on a temporary tower platform at the Sixth/W  53rd St  corner of the building), and CBS nevertheless continues to cover the parade as before 
Since 2003, the parade has been broadcast in Spanish on the sister network of NBCUniversal (Telemundo) hosted by María Celeste Arrarás from 2003 to 2006  The parade won nine Emmy Awards for outstanding achievements in special event coverage since 1979  Since 2020, the parade also provided audio description via a second audio program channel At first, the telecasts were only an hour long  The telecast then expanded to two hours in 1961, reduced to 90 minutes in 1962, reverted to two hours in 1965, and expanded to all three hours of the parade in 1969  The event began to be broadcast in color in 1960  NBC airs the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade live in the Eastern Time Zone as well as Puerto Rico and the U S  Virgin Islands, as the network uses broadcast feeds from that time zone (which due to time differences starts at 10:00 a m  AST), but tape delays the telecast elsewhere in the continental U S  and territories from the Central Time Zone westward to allow the program to air in the same 9:00 a m  to 12:00 p m  timeslot across its owned-and-operated and affiliated stations (except for Guam, which airs it the day after Thanksgiving at 9:00 a m  local time, as the territory is located west of the International Date Line and therefore a day ahead from the rest of the United States); since the morning program's expansion to three hours in 2000 (it eventually expanded to four hours in 2007), NBC's Today only airs for two hours on Thanksgiving morning, pre-empting the last two talk-focused hours of the show for the day  NBC began airing a same-day afternoon rebroadcast of the parade in 2009 (replacing the annual broadcast of Miracle on 34th Street, which NBC had lost the broadcast television rights to that year)  CBS's unauthorized coverage airs live in most time zones, allowing viewers to see the parade as much as two hours before the official NBC coverage airs in their area; CBS still broadcasts the parade on delay on the West Coast, immediately after the Detroit Lions Thanksgiving game in even-numbered years when CBS carries it, or at 9:00 a m  local time in odd-numbered years when they carry the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving game From 1963 to 1972, NBC's coverage was hosted by Lorne Greene (who was then appearing on NBC's Bonanza) and Betty White  David Hartman and Karen Grassle hosted the parade in 1974, With Ed McMahon serving as a man on the street host, He would become a main host in 1977, until 1981  Since 1982, NBC has appointed at least one of the hosts of Today to emcee the television broadcast, starting with Bryant Gumbel, who hosted the parade until 1984  From 1987 to 1997, NBC's coverage was hosted by longtime Today weather anchor Willard Scott  During that period, their co-hosts included Mary Hart, Sandy Duncan, and Today colleagues Deborah Norville and Katie Couric  In recent years, NBC's coverage has been hosted by Today anchors Matt Lauer (from 1998 to 2017), Meredith Vieira (from 2006 to 2010), Ann Curry (2011), Savannah Guthrie (since 2012) and Hoda Kotb (since 2018) as well as Today weather anchor Al Roker who usually joins the producers of the parade or the CEO of Macy's and special guests in the ribbon cutting ceremony  In 2022, Dylan Dreyer filled in for Roker, who was recovering due to health complications involving blood clots, while Kotb hosted the ribbon cutting ceremony segment when the parade reached Herald Square, rather than when it usually takes place in the Upper West Side 
From the early 1970s until 1993, the television broadcast was produced and directed by Dick Schneider; since 1994, it has been executive produced by Brad Lachman (who has otherwise been known for producing reality television series), produced by Bill Bracken and directed by veteran sitcom director Gary Halvorson  Announcements during the telecast were first provided by Bill McCord, then followed in succession by Bill Wendell, Lynda Lopez (the telecast's only female announcer), and longtime Saturday Night Live and NBC staff announcer Don Pardo; from circa 2000 to 2010, announcer duties were helmed by Joel Godard (who also served as the announcer for Late Night with Conan O'Brien for much of that period), and then were assumed by Today announcer Les Marshak with the 2011 telecast  Milton DeLugg served as the telecast's music director until his death in 2015 
CBS's coverage was originally part of the All-American Thanksgiving Day Parade, a broadcast that included footage from multiple parades across North America, including parades at Detroit, Philadelphia and Disneyland (the latter was later replaced by Opryland USA in 1997 and after that Miami Beach), and taped footage of the Toronto Santa Claus Parade (taped usually the second or third weekend of November) and the Aloha Floral Parade in Honolulu (which usually took place in September)  Beginning in 2004, however, CBS has focused exclusively on the Macy's parade, but avoids using the Macy's name due to the lack of an official license  To compensate for the fact that the Broadway and music performances can only appear on NBC, CBS adds their own pre-recorded performances (also including Broadway shows, although different from the ones that are part of the official parade and recorded off-site) to fill out the special  With the lack of a live parade for 2020, CBS aired The CBS Thanksgiving Day Celebration—which was hosted by Kevin Frazier and Keltie Knight of Entertainment Tonight, and featured highlights and new performances For the 1997 parade, MTV guest reporters, Beavis and Butt-head, with host Kurt Loder, provided their usual style of commentary on aspects of the parade, and of their take on Thanksgiving in general  The special, titled Beavis and Butt-head Do Thanksgiving, included a balloon of Beavis and Butt-head spectating from their couch  The balloon was not participating in the parade, but stationed on top of a building alongside the parade route 
Radio coverage is provided by Audacy's WINS (1010 AM) in New York City  It is one of the few times throughout the year in which that station breaks away from its all-news radio format 
From 2016 to 2019, Verizon produced a 360-degree virtual reality live telecast of the parade, with minimal commentary, made available through YouTube  The 2019 edition, produced in cooperation with NBC, had more extensive production, adding hosts Terry Crews, Lilly Singh and Ross Matthews, also adding "virtual balloons" generated through viewers' votes  Verizon's simulcast of the 2020 event ran in a traditional flat, single-perspective format, and was the very first to be broadcast internationally, not just in the United States, thru Verizon's and Macy's YouTube and Twitter handles  Verizon did not simulcast the 2021 event in either format 
The first ever live international broadcast of the parade occurred in 2020, when Philippine cable television channel TAP TV became the first foreign-based broadcaster to air the parade's live telecast  Before that, the broadcasts were delayed and aired on Black Friday on what is now CNN Philippines until 2013  In addition, delayed broadcasts are aired to United States military installations overseas thru American Forces Network hours following the original U S  broadcast 

Current hosts
Savannah Guthrie (2012–present)
Hoda Kotb (2018–present)
Al Roker (1995–2021)
Dylan Dreyer (2022)

Past hosts
Parade route
The Parade has always taken place in Manhattan  The parade originally started from 145th Street in Harlem and ended at Macy's flagship in Herald Square (at the intersection of Broadway, Sixth Avenue, and 34th Street), making a 6-mile (9 7 km) route In the 1930s, the balloons were inflated around 110th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, near the Cathedral of St  John the Divine  The parade proceeded south on Amsterdam Avenue to 106th Street and turned east  At Columbus Avenue, the balloons had to be lowered to go under the Ninth Avenue El  Past the El tracks, the parade proceeded east on 106th Street to Central Park West and turned south to terminate at Macy's flagship 
A new route was established for the 2009 parade  From 77th Street and Central Park West, the route went south along Central Park to Columbus Circle, then east along Central Park South  The parade would then make a right turn at 7th Avenue and go south to Times Square  At 42nd Street, the parade turned left and went east, then at 6th Avenue turned right again at Bryant Park  Heading south on 6th Avenue, the parade turned right at 34th Street (at Herald Square) and proceeded west to the terminating point at 7th Avenue where the floats are taken down  The 2009 route change eliminated Broadway completely, where the parade has traveled down for decades  The City of New York said that the new route would provide more space for the parade, and more viewing space for spectators  Another reason for implementing the route change is the city's subsequent transformation of Broadway into a pedestrian-only zone at Times Square Another new route was introduced with the 2012 parade  This change is similar to the 2009 route, but eliminated Times Square altogether, instead going east from Columbus Circle along Central Park South, then south on Sixth Avenue to Herald Square Balloon teams race through Columbus Circle due to higher winds in this flat area, making it an unsuitable observation location  New York City officials preview the parade route and try to eliminate as many potential obstacles as possible, including rotating overhead traffic signals out of the way  Viewing is restricted from 38th Street through the end of the parade route, as this area is used for the NBC telecast 

Injuries
On November 25, 1993, strong gusts of wind pushed the Sonic the Hedgehog balloon into a lamppost at Columbus Circle  The lamppost damaged the balloon and the top of the post broke off while inside the balloon, dragging it down, injuring a child and an off-duty police officer in the process On November 27, 1997, very high winds pushed the Cat in the Hat balloon into a lamppost  The falling debris struck a parade-goer, fracturing her skull and leaving her in a coma for a month  Balloon size regulations were implemented the next year, eliminating larger balloons such as the Cat in the Hat On November 24, 2005, the M&M's balloon collided with a streetlight in Times Square; parts of the light fell on two sisters, who suffered minor injuries  As a result, new safety rules were introduced  The M&M's balloon was retired in 2006 

Similar parades
Other American cities also have parades held on Thanksgiving, none of which are run by Macy's  The nation's oldest Thanksgiving parade (the Gimbels parade, which has had many sponsors over the years, and is now known as the 6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade) was first held in Philadelphia in 1920  Other cities with parades on the holiday include the McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade in Chicago, Illinois and parades in Plymouth, Massachusetts; Seattle, Washington; Houston, Texas; Detroit, Michigan; and Fountain Hills, Arizona  There is also a second Thanksgiving balloon parade within the New York metropolitan area, the UBS balloon parade in Stamford, Connecticut, located 30 miles (48 km) away; that parade is held the Sunday before Thanksgiving, so as not to compete with the parade in New York City  It usually does not duplicate any balloon characters  The Celebrate the Season Parade, held the last Saturday in November in Pittsburgh, was sponsored by Macy's from 2006 to 2013 after Macy's bought the Kaufmann's store chain that had sponsored that parade prior to 2006 

Universal's Holiday Parade Featuring Macy's
Since 2002, Macy's Studios has partnered with the Universal Orlando Resort (owned by NBC parent NBCUniversal) to bring balloons and floats from New York City to the theme park in Florida every holiday season in an event known as the Macy's Holiday Parade  The parade is performed daily and includes the iconic Santa Claus float  Performers from the Orlando area are cast as various clowns, and the park used to invite guests to be "balloon handlers" for the parade  In 2017, the Macy's Holiday Parade was renamed to Universal's Holiday Parade Featuring Macy's  In 2020, as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the parade could not be run  Instead, a walkthrough experience known as Universal's Holiday Experience Featuring Macy's Balloons took place throughout the holiday season, displaying various floats and balloons that would normally be seen in the parade 

In popular culture
The 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street, begins with the parade, as do most of its remakes  The film portrays the real Santa Claus being hired to work at Macy's after its own Santa impersonator gets drunk during the parade  NBC, in its telecasts, often showed the original 1947 film on Thanksgiving afternoon, following its coverage of the parade and the National Dog Show 
The 1984 film Broadway Danny Rose features a sequence in which Danny (Woody Allen) and Tina (Mia Farrow) are chased into a warehouse containing Parade materials and helium gas supplies; near the end of the film we see Tina at the Macy's Thanksgiving Parade itself  It is the 1982 Parade, in which we briefly see Sammy Davis, Jr  Milton Berle, who has a small guest role in the film playing himself, was also featured in the Parade, but is not seen in this sequence 
In the Seinfeld episode "The Mom and Pop Store", Elaine wins a spot on the parade route for her boss, Mr  Pitt, to hold the Woody Woodpecker balloon 
The first Thanksgiving-themed episode of Friends centered on the accidental release of the (unused at the time) "Underdog" balloon 
The parade is featured in the children's book We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story and its animated film adaptation where Rex mistakenly befriends a dinosaur balloon 
"Macy's Day Parade" is a song by Green Day 
In 2008, a Coca-Cola CGI ad aired in the United States during Super Bowl XLII  The commercial's plot centered around Underdog and fictional Stewie Griffin balloons chasing a Coke bottle-shaped balloon through New York City  The spot ended with a Charlie Brown balloon holding the Coke balloon  The advertisement won a Silver Lion Award at the annual Lions International Advertising Festival in Cannes, France, that year, and the clip of the commercial with the Griffin balloon was featured in a Macy's commercial in October 2008 (along with clips from Miracle on 34th Street, I Love Lucy, Seinfeld and other media where Macy's was mentioned)  The commercial was also referenced in an episode of Family Guy  Stewie, one of its main characters, is seen watching the parade only to see the balloon of himself in the parade 
In the 2016 reboot of Ghostbusters, the Ghostbusters fight a haunted balloon parade including several Macy's balloons from the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s 

See also
Santa Claus parades
List of Christmas and holiday season parades
Passage 13:
Tora Suber
Tora Suber (born November 23, 1974) is a former professional basketball player who played for the Charlotte Sting and Orlando Miracle in the WNBA  She played a total of 83 games 

High school
Suber and Tina Nicholson were teammates at Downingtown High School in the early 1990s  Suber graduated in 1993  In total she recorded 2,420 career points and helped the team win four District 1 titles and two state crowns 

WNBA Career
On April 28, 1997, Suber was selected with the 7th overall pick of the 1997 WNBA Draft by the Charlotte Sting  Her debut game was played on June 22, 1997 in a 59 - 76 loss to the Phoenix Mercury where she recorded 6 points, 3 rebounds and 2 steals  Suber would play her rookie and sophomore seasons as a member of the Sting, playing in 58 games, scoring a total of 321 points, 142 assists and 95 rebounds  She was waived by the Sting on May 29, 1999 After being waived by the Sting, Suber would go on to play her 3rd season with the Orlando Miracle  However, she had a significantly less role and although she played in 25 games, she only averaged 4 6 minutes per game and averaged 0 8 points 

Unsuccessful WNBA Comeback Attempts
After playing the 1999 season with the Miracle, Suber would never play in the WNBA again, but she did sign multiple contracts for teams in the early 2000's  One of those teams coincidentally being the Orlando Miracle  Suber would sign with the Miracle on May 3, 2001 but would get waived 8 days later on May 11, 2001  Since she missed out on the 2001 season, Suber would try her luck again in the 2002 WNBA season by signing with the Houston Comets, even participating in the team's Media Day on April 29, 2002  Unfortunately, she would never play a game for the Comets and would be waived on May 8, 2002 
Two years later in April 2004, Suber tried another comeback by signing once again with the Houston Comets as a free agent  However, she was waived a few weeks later on May 9, 2004Due to her 2001, 2002 and 2004 comebacks not coming to fruition, Suber's final WNBA game was the last game of the 1999 season as a member of the Miracle  That game was played on August 21, 1999 in a 68 - 74 loss to the Detroit Shock where Suber only played for 13 seconds  This game was also the final career game of fellow 1997 WNBA Draftee Wanda Guyton, who was a member of the Shock 

Personal life
Suber was born prematurely to a 15-year-old mother  She earned a bachelor's degree in English literature at Virginia 

Career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
The Ramon Magsaysay Award (Filipino: Gawad Ramon Magsaysay) is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society  The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government  It is often called the "Nobel Prize of Asia" 

History
In May 1957, seven prominent Filipinos were named to the founding board of trustees of the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, the non-profit corporation tasked with implementing the awards program  Later on, the board of trustees diversified and included prominent Asians from all over the Asian continent and outlying islands  The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation gives the prize to Asian individuals achieving excellence in their respective fields 
The award is named after Ramon Magsaysay, the seventh president of the Republic of the Philippines after World War II  This has generated criticism due to allegations of brutal suppression of dissent and subserviency to the US government during Magsaysay's tenure as defence secretary and president 

Award categories
The award recognizes and honors individuals and organizations in Asia regardless of race, creed, sex, or nationality, who have achieved distinction in their respective fields and have helped others generously without anticipating public recognition   
The awards used to be given in six categories, five of which were discontinued in 2009:

Government Service (1958–2008)
Public Service (1958–2008)
Community Leadership (1958–2008)
Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008)
Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008)
Emergent Leadership (2001– )
Uncategorized (2009– )

Awardees
The winners of the Ramon Magsaysay Awards come from different parts of Asia, although there are some instances where the winners came from countries outside Asia who had served, worked or accomplished something in different Asian countries  As of 2021, recipients have come from twenty-two Asian countries 
The following is a partial list of the awardees of the Ramon Magsaysay Award  Awardees' individual nationality or country of origin and citizenship are indicated 
Starting 2009, the Award is no longer being given in fixed categories except for Emergent Leadership 

Government Service (1958–2008)
Public Service (1958–2008)
Community Leadership (1958–2008)
Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008)
Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008)
Emergent Leadership (2001–present)
Uncategorized (2009–present)
Passage 2:
Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship
The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005  The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the "conclusive truth" behind the events  After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor  The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral 

Background
East Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974  East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist  The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory  It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support  The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken  The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government 
Indonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades  During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia  Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area, with UN workers being attacked in Maliana  It soon became clear in the wake of the referendum that the referendum result would be overwhelmingly in favor of the "no" option on the ballot; this raised tensions to a boiling point, and within two hours of the announcement of the results, armed militia groups began attacking civilians  Militia continued to attack civilians as they withdrew from the country, and several massacres occurred as the troops filtered out of the area  A UN peacekeeping force known as INTERFET was deployed to stabilize the situation, made up of mostly Australian troops, and was withdrawn with the arrival of normal UN peacekeepers  East Timor eventually transitioned from a UN mandate to an independent country 

Report
The commission itself was announced in August 2006 and sought to establish "the conclusive truth regarding human rights violations to have occurred prior to, immediately after the Popular Consultation on 30 August 1999" as well as "prepare recommendations that can contribute to healing wounds of the past and strengthen friendship"  The timing of the commission's creation was criticized by some, as it was believed that it was created to intentionally subvert calls for an international tribunal to deal with the events surrounding the 1999 plebiscite  The commission's mandate allowed it to review documents pertaining to four other inquiries surrounding the events that predated it: "The Indonesian National Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights Violations in East Timor in 1999", "The Indonesian Ad Hoc Human Rights Court on East Timor", "The Special Panels for Serious Crimes", and "The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation" The commission was made up of four members appointed from each nation, and these commissioners were instructed to conduct a document review and analyze previous trials and investigations into the subject, including the UN Special Panels for Serious Crimes and Serious Crime Units in Dili, and the report of the Commission of Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste  The commission also stated its intent to research the "historical background, political dynamics, and institutional structures that shaped events before and during 1999" to "inform its conclusions with a broader understanding of the way in which the causes of the violence in 1999 were connected to previously established institutional structures and practices "Operating over three years, the commission gave its final report on July 15, 2008, and presented it to the Presidents of Indonesia and East Timor, concluding that "gross human rights violations in the form of crimes against humanity did occur in East Timor in 1999" and that "pro-autonomy militia groups, TNI, the Indonesian civil government, and Polri must all bear institutional responsibility", as well as stating that "from a moral and political perspective the respective states must accept state responsibility for the violations identified in the report " The commission also made recommendations that both nations begin institutional reform enhancing the strength of investigative and prosecuting bodies involved with investigations into the events, as well as forming joint security policy to ensure the safety of individuals in case of the recurrence of violence  It also noted the need to resolve other standing border and security issues between the two nations to allow for more cooperation  Notably, the report gave no recommendations of amnesty or rehabilitation  The report was endorsed by the president of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, making it the first recognition of the Indonesian government's complicity in human rights violations in East Timor by Indonesia 

Reception
In Indonesia and Timor, the report was presented to both governments and accepted by both the Timorese and Indonesian governments  However, Timorese NGO Timor-Leste National Alliance for International Tribunal wrote an open letter in response to the commission's findings with several criticisms, including the lack of public consultation with victims and parliamentary approval of the commission, as well as noting that the commission assigned institutional responsibility rather than individual responsibility, "which is contrary to the principles of international laws which were ratified by the state of Timor-Leste and to Article 160 of its constitution which says that there must be a justice process for crimes against humanity ", as well as stating their belief that the CAVR was a more trustworthy and support worthy commission for the government to support Internationally, the report had a mixed reception  Some, such as the War Crimes Studies Center at the University of California, Berkeley, said that the commission could be seen as "widely acknowledged as credible and far-reaching ", noting that the Indonesian government's affirmation of the results was important and that the commission made arguments that "there was credible evidence to indicate that Timorese institutions were also responsible for illegal detentions and possibly other crimes "

See also
History of East Timor
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Santa Cruz massacre
Passage 3:
The Trouble with the Truth (song)
"The Trouble with the Truth" is a song written by Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in April 1997 as the fifth and final single and title track from her album  The Trouble with the Truth 
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 15 during the week of July 12, 1997 

Other versions
Joan Baez also cut a version of the song during an early 1990s recording session in Nashville, but the recording remained unissued until released in 2012 as a bonus track on the remastered rerelease of her 1992 album Play Me Backwards 

Chart positions
Passage 4:
East Timor
East Timor ( (listen)), also known as Timor-Leste (; Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia  It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, of which the western half is administered by Indonesia, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco  Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea  The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi)  Dili is its capital and largest city 
East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975  Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation  Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory  On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century  That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN  
The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament  Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence  The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership  The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid 
The total population is over 1 1 million, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate  Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum  High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country  The majority of the population is Catholic, which exists alongside strong local traditions, especially in rural areas 

Name
"Timor" is derived from timur, meaning 'east' in Malay, thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'  In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur  (this name only refers to the former de facto Indonesian province, Timor Leste is used instead to refer this country)  In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east')  In Tetum it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises') The official names under its constitution are "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" in English, "República Democrática de Timor-Leste" in Portuguese, and "Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste" in Tetum  The official short form of the name is "Timor-Leste", and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL 

History
Prehistory and Classical era
Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago  The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages  A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain  The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island  Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south  These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra  Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law  Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai  Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom  These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule : 11–15 From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume  Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood, honey, and wax  The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute : 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century  Early European presence was limited to trade, with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor : 90

Portuguese era (1769–1975)
Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands  Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch : 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores  In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652  The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave : 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited  A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century  Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal : 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance  The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal : 269 During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942  The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor  Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians  The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943  Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited : 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%  Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975 
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975  Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975  Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976  The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration" 

Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance  The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality  A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness  The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data  One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000  Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia : 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia  Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence  A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999  A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military  In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons  On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN 

Contemporary era
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly  On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution  By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned  On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN  The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president  On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order  The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term  While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president  In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party  In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed  Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order  In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities  The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012 Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017  The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election  This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018  In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister  José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres 

Politics and government
The political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system : 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary : 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch  The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions : 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers : 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference : 13, 39  Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas  Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful : 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85% : 17  The political system has wide public acceptance : 17 : 106 The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms  Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers  However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence : 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget : 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority : 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter : 10  As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet 

Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term  The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five  Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method  Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system  Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance  Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system  Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis : 173 Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system  One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women  This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party : 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines  There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule  Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas : 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology : 16  The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections : 168–169  While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an "old guard" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia : 175 : 10–11 Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services : 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy : 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations : 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown  An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets : 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups  Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions : 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country : 40

Foreign relations and military
International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them : 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999  The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012 : 4, 14 East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,: 42–44  and was granted observer status and accepted "in principle" in November 2022  Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership  ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia  Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states : 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group  More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states  It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries : 42–44 Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds  Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions  These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country : 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili : 12 The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border  The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case  The dispute was resolved in 2018 following negotiations at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when a maritime boundary between the two was established along with an agreement on natural resource revenues The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006  It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor  These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component  A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component  There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States 

Administrative divisions
East Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets)  The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule : 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili : 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government  In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration  In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers : 88–92  In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government  This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders : 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime  Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region  The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015  In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households : 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants  Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration : 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself : 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives : 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers  An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services : 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration  Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state  They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration : 7–10

Geography
Located in between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay archipelago : 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south : 2  East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country  The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco  The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse : 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi) : 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude : 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long : 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere  East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi) The interior of the country is mountainous,: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island : 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%  The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline : 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft)  Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season : 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor : 13 : 2  The capital and largest city is Dili  The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau : 22 

The climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year  A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia : 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8 7–9 9 in) per month  In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0 47–0 71 in) : 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect : 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts  Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change : 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall : 6 Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west  These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot : 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park  It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country  It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated  The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country  Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid 2010s : 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct : 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion  There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority : 27 : 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution : 2–3

Economy
The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities and has a large public sector  Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty : 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions  The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country : 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers  There are far more imports than exports,: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries : 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending : 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2 5% per year from 2011 to 2021 : 24 Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line  This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen  Even in urban areas, the majority are poor  Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers : 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth : 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were  There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account : 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population



ground_truth: Lana Wood

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the president of the new country who has jointly established a Commission on Truth and Friendship with the birth country of Satyo Husodo?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: : 214 Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports : 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government : 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries : 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards : 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses  A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each : 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers : 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks : 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually : 257 

This poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country  Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas  The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth : 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund  $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent : 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010 : 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget  As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted  Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009 : 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging  Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy : 264–272 The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors  Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years  The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects  Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth : 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes  Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies  Other government income comes from 23 "autonomous agencies", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor : 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible : 260 

Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment  Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights : 23  As of 2010, 87 7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18 9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38 2%  The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population  Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence : 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop, and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue : 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse  Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually : 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists 

Demographics
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census  The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located : 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare  While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital  The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes : 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20 : 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world : 212 The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese  Other reference sources list it as East Timorese  The word Maubere formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021 : 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48 5 to 69 5  Expected years of schooling rose from 9 8 to 12 4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2 8 to 4 4  Progress since 2010 for these has been limited  Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since : 3  As of 2016, 45 8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16 3% severely so : 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7 8, dropped to 4 2 by 2016  It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer: 3  and less literate households  As of 2016, the average household size was 5 3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women : 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003 : 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010  Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period  As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia : 11

Ethnicity and language
Timorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group  Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups : 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity : 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect : 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups : 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent  There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka  Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation  East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically Goan descent, as well as historical immigration from Africa and Yemen Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan : 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects : 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a  According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a  The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum, mostly around Dili or the western border  Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast  The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality : 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30 6% of the population), Mambai (16 6%), Makasai (10 5%), Tetum Terik (6 05%), Baikenu (5 87%), Kemak (5 85%), Bunak (5 48%), Tokodede (3 97%), and Fataluku (3 52%)  Other indigenous languages accounted for 10 47%, while 1 09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum  In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as "working languages" : 3  This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date  In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report  Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools  The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it  Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country : 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77 8% in Tetum, 55 6% in Indonesian, and 39 3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012  According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese  The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English 

Education
East Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021  It is slightly higher among women than men : 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty : 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education  Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate : 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor  Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals  Education takes up 10% of the national budget : 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor  There are also four colleges Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8 4% of primary school and 6 8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81 6% for primary and 46 3% for secondary schools  Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73 7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district  Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language : 28

Religion
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble  Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities According to the 2015 census, 97 57% of the population is Catholic; 1 96% Protestant; 0 24% Muslim; 0 08% Traditional; 0 05% Buddhist; 0 02% Hindu, and 0 08% other religions  A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98 3% of the population, Protestants 1 2%, and Muslims 0 3% The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs  East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity  Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese mass was replaced by Indonesian mass  While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion  The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana  In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretised with local animist beliefs  The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia  Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor 

Culture
The many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom  Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems : 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited  The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited : 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language  At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration : 98–99 The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity : 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule : 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop  This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones : 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices : 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands  Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili : 53–54 The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country : 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers  Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership  Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today  An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness  Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country  Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families : 7–13 

Community life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community : 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials : 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community : 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses  Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities : 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status : 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house : 96 Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island  Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns  Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders  For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women  Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups : 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture : I-5 Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects : 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry  This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge : 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry  Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior" In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013  Shot with a limited budget by a mix of local filmmakers and a volunteer Australian film crew, the film depicted East Timorese life under Indonesian occupation in the 1970s, with producer Lurdes Pires acknowledging their aim to diverge from the government's "friendship and forgiveness" policy for its past conflicts by telling a story of truth-seeking and justice 

See also
Outline of East Timor
Index of East Timor-related articles
List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East
Passage 5:
Satyo Husodo
Satyo Husodo (born February 22, 1983) is an Indonesian former footballer 

Club statistics
Passage 6:
Independence Day (United States)
Independence Day, known colloquially as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the Declaration of Independence, which was ratified by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, establishing the United States of America 
The Founding Father delegates of the Second Continental Congress declared that the Thirteen Colonies were no longer subject (and subordinate) to the monarch of Britain, King George III, and were now united, free, and independent states  The Congress voted to approve independence by passing the Lee Resolution on July 2 and adopted the Declaration of Independence two days later, on July 4 Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, family reunions, political speeches, and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States  Independence Day is the national day of the United States 

Background
During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain's rule  After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author  
While Jefferson consulted extensively with the other four members of the Committee of Five, he largely wrote the Declaration of Independence in isolation over 17 days between June 11, 1776, and June 28, 1776, from the second floor he was renting in a three-story private home at 700 Market Street in Philadelphia, now known as the Declaration House, and within walking distance of Independence Hall 
Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, removing Jefferson's vigorous denunciation of King George III for importing the slave trade, finally approving it two days later on July 4  A day earlier, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail:The second day of July 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America  I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival  It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty  It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more 
Adams's prediction was off by two days  From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day  Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed By a remarkable coincidence, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, the only two signatories of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as presidents of the United States, both died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration  Although not a signatory of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected president, also died on July 4, 1831, making him the third President who died on the anniversary of independence  The only U S  president to have been born on Independence Day was Calvin Coolidge, who was born on July 4, 1872 

Observance
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island  An article in the July 18, 1777, issue of The Virginia Gazette noted a celebration in Philadelphia in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks  Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting 
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie)  Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France 
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday  The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5 
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration 
In 1783, Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy  The town claims it to be the first public July 4 event, as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church, and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations 
In 1870, the U S  Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees 
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday 

Customs
Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays  Per 5 U S C  § 6103, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day   While the legal holiday remains on July 4, if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday, then federal government employees will instead take the day off on the adjacent Friday or Monday, respectively Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with family members or friends  Decorations (e g , streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag  Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, sporting venues, fairgrounds, public shorelines, or town squares The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece  In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks  They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration  The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels  These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded  The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs, such as "The Star-Spangled Banner" (the American national anthem); "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean"; "God Bless America"; "America the Beautiful"; "My Country, 'Tis of Thee"; "This Land Is Your Land"; "Stars and Stripes Forever"; "Yankee Doodle"; "Dixie" in southern states; "Lift Every Voice and Sing"; and occasionally, but has nominally fallen out of favor, Hail Columbia  Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812 

Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show  Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed  In addition, local and regional conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed; for example, the global supply chain crisis following the COVID-19 pandemic forced cancellations of shows  Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns  On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base New York City has the largest fireworks display in the country sponsored by Macy's, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded in 2009  It generally holds displays in the East River  Other major displays are in Seattle on Lake Union; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in Philadelphia over the Philadelphia Museum of Art; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D C During the annual Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan, hosts one of the largest fireworks displays in North America, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips 

Celebration gallery
Notable celebrations
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States 
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska, has held a celebration on the same town square  In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress  Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor J  James Exon in proclamation  Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations 
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark 
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario, during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1)  It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River 
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC, and locally on WNBC-TV since 1976  In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river 
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1974  Cannons are traditionally fired during the 1812 Overture  The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV  WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime  The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G  Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks  The national broadcast was revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours  In 2017, Bloomberg Television took over coverage duty, with WHDH carrying local coverage beginning in 2018 
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D C , A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually 

Other countries
The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate the day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U S  territory and the United States officially recognized  Philippine Independence 
July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962  In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day 
Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States 

See also
Federal holidays in the United States
Juneteenth
List of occasions known by their dates

Notes
Passage 7:
Zeferino Martins
Zeferino Martins, also known as Ze Martins (born September 5, 1985) is an East Timorese footballer who plays as midfielder for Ad  Dili Oeste and the Timor-Leste national team 



ground_truth: Francisco Guterres