prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county in which Valley New School is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of capitals in the United States
This is a list of capital cities of the United States, including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals 
Washington has been the federal capital of the United States since 1800  Each U S  state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas  Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times  There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments 

National capitals
The buildings in cities identified in below chart served either as official capitals of the United States under the United States Constitution, or, prior to its ratification, sites where the Second Continental Congress or Congress of the Confederation met  The United States did not have a permanent capital under the Articles of Confederation 
The U S  Constitution was ratified in 1787, and gave the Congress the power to exercise "exclusive legislation" over a district that "may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States " The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York  In 1790, it passed the Residence Act, which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D C  For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital  There, Congress met at Congress Hall  On November 17, 1800, the 6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D C  Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution; and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks  Both meetings were ceremonial 
On July 2, 1923, President Warren G  Harding commented in a speech (or, as a historic marker tells it, "reporters noted")  that the little town of Meacham, Oregon, was the nation's capital "all day long" 

State capitals
Each state has a capital that serves as the seat of its government  Ten of the thirteen original states and 15 other states have changed their capital city at least once; the last state to move its capital city was Oklahoma in 1910 
In the following table, the "Since" column shows the year that the city began serving as the state's capital (or the capital of the entities that preceded it)  The MSA/µSA and CSA columns display the population of the metro area the city is a part of, and should not be construed to mean the population of the city's sphere of influence or that the city is an anchor for the metro area  Fields colored light yellow denote that the population is a micropolitan statistical area 

Insular area capitals
An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district  Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below 

Former national capitals
Two of the 50 U S  states, Hawaii and Texas, were once de jure sovereign states with diplomatic recognition from the international community 

Hawaii
During its history as a sovereign nation (Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1893; Republic of Hawaii, 1894–1898), five sites served as the capital of Hawaii:

Waikīkī, 1795–1796
Hilo, 1796–1803
Honolulu, 1803–1812
Kailua-Kona, 1812–1820
Lahaina, 1820–1845
Honolulu, 1845–1898Annexed by the United States in 1898, Honolulu remained the capital, first of the Territory of Hawaii (1900–1959), and then of the state (since 1959) 

Texas
During its history as a sovereign nation (Republic of Texas, 1836–1845), seven sites served as the capital of Texas:

Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos), 1836
Harrisburg (now part of Houston), 1836
Galveston, 1836
Velasco, 1836
West Columbia, 1836
Houston, 1837–1839
Austin, 1839–1845Annexed by the United States in 1845, Austin remains the capital of the state of Texas 

Native American capitals
Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style  Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status  Since they did business with the U S  Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense 

Cherokee Nation
New Echota 1825–1832New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia, was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge  Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers  The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D C  and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation  Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements 

Red Clay 1832–1838The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee, on the Georgia state line, in order to evade the Georgia state militia  The log cabins, limestone springs, and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears 
Tahlequah 1839–1907, 1938–presentTahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal  After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick  The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma  The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 

Cherokee 20th century–present (Eastern Band of Cherokee)Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee River deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina  Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army, sent for the "round up", fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina, in order to remain in their homeland  In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary 

Muscogee Creek Nation
Hot Springs, Arkansas c  1837–1866After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta  Because some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over 3,000,000-acre (1,200,000 ha) - half of their land in what is now Arkansas 
Okmulgee 1867–1906Served as the National capital after the American Civil War  It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal  The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs 

Iroquois Confederacy
Onondaga (Onondaga privilege c  1450–present)The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse," was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York  These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations  Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation  Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy "

Seneca Nation of Indians
Jimerson Town (Allegany Reservation)
Irving (Cattaraugus Reservation)The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years  Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir  The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital 

Navajo Nation
Window RockWindow Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America  It lies within the boundaries of the St  Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line  Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings 

Unrecognized national capitals
There have been a handful of self-declared or undeclared nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence 

Colonies of British America
Prior to the independence of the United States from Great Britain, declared July 4, 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and ultimately secured in the American Revolutionary War, several congresses were convened on behalf of some of the colonies of British America  However, these bodies did not address the question of independence from England, and therefore did not designate a national capital  The Second Continental Congress encompassed the period during which the United States declared independence, but had not yet established a permanent national capital 

Vermont Republic
Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic (1777–1791)  Three cities served as the capital of the Republic:

Westminster, 1777
Windsor, 1777–?
Castleton, ?–1791The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier 

State of Franklin
The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created not long after the end of the American Revolution from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government  Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee  Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years 

Jonesborough, Tennessee, 1784–?
Greeneville, Tennessee, 1785?–?

State of Muskogee
The State of Muskogee was a Native American state in Spanish Florida created by the Englishman William Augustus Bowles, who was its "Director General," author of its Constitution, and designer of its flag  It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles  It existed from 1799 to 1803  It had one capital:

Miccosukee, 1799–1803

Republic of West Florida
The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived nation that broke away from the territory of Spanish West Florida in 1810   It comprised the Florida Parishes of the modern state of Louisiana and the Mobile District of the modern states of Mississippi and Alabama  (The Republic of West Florida did not include any part of the modern state of Florida ) Ownership of the area had been in dispute between Spain and the United States, which claimed that it had been included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803  Within two months of the settlers' rebellion and the declaration of an independent nation, President James Madison sent American forces to peaceably occupy the new republic  It was formally annexed by the United States in 1812 over the objections of Spain and the land was divided between the Territory of Orleans and Territory of Mississippi  During its brief existence, the capital of the Republic of West Florida was:

St  Francisville, Louisiana, 1810

Republic of Indian Stream
The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire 

The area that would become Pittsburg, New Hampshire, 1832–1835

California Republic
Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt)   The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself to join the advancing American army; its claimed territory later became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican Cession 

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation   The flag, featuring a silhouette of a California grizzly bear, a star, and the words "California Republic", became known as the Bear Flag and was later the basis for the official state flag of California 
There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:

Sonoma, 1846

Confederate States
The Confederate States of America (C S A ) had two capitals during its existence  The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23 
The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U S A ), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies 

Montgomery, February 4, 1861 – May 29, 1861
Richmond, May 29, 1861 – April 3, 1865

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals
Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War   State governments operated where and as they could   The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783   A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico 

Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic  Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously-running capital in the United States  Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt  An even older Spanish city, St  Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years 
The table below includes the following information:

The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown in bold type   NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution  (See List of U S  states by date of admission to the Union )
The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated 
In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders  (Those cities are generally indicated with the two-letter abbreviation for the U S  state in which the former administrative capital is now located )

See also
History of the United States
List of largest cities of U S  states and territories by population
List of state and territorial capitols in the United States
List of states and territories of the United States
Lists of capitals
Outline of United States history
Relocation of the United States Government to Trenton (1799)
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territories of the United States
Timeline of geopolitical changes

Explanatory notes
Passage 2:
Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta
Pesanggrahan is a district of South Jakarta one of the administrative cities which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia  The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan District  To the west of Pesanggrahan District is Tangerang and South Tangerang, Banten Province 
Pesanggrahan District was originally part of the Kebayoran Lama District, which was later made into a separate district 
A southwestern portion of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road and the Serpong-Jakarta railway passed through Pesanggrahan District 

Toponym
The name Pesanggrahan is derived from the name of the river Pesanggrahan along the eastern edge of the district 

Kelurahan (Administrative villages)
The district of Pesanggrahan is divided into five administrative villages (kelurahan):

Ulujami - area code 12250
Petukangan Utara - area code 12260
Petukangan Selatan - area code 12270
Pesanggrahan - area code 12320
Bintaro - area code 12330

List of important places

Budi Luhur University
Darunnajah Islamic Boarding School
Metro Mall Cipulir
Taman Swadharma
Passage 3:
Goleszewo
Goleszewo [ɡɔlɛˈʂɛvɔ] (German: Wilhelmshof) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of Braniewo and 70 km (43 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn 
The village has a population of 51 
Passage 4:
Krasnolipie
Krasnolipie [krasnɔˈlipjɛ] (German: Schönlinde) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Braniewo and 70 km (43 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn 
The village has a population of 62 
Passage 5:
Valley New School
Valley New School (VNS) is a charter school in Appleton, Wisconsin operated by the Appleton Area School District  It has a capacity of 68 students in grades 7 through 12  The school operates through a project-based learning model, with the philosophy that 21st century skills and the process of learning is more important than learning a standard curriculum 

History
Valley New School opened in fall 2003 after several years of development  In its first year the school served students in seventh through tenth grade, but in the next two years it expanded one grade each year to serve students in seventh through twelfth grade  The original intention of the school was to expand each year to eventually serve upwards of two hundred students  However, it has remained small in keeping with its mission of creating a community 

Facility
Valley New School is located in downtown, Appleton, Wisconsin, on the second floor of the City Center  When the site of Valley New School was selected, it was decided that a location surrounded by the businesses, organizations and opportunities of downtown would be optimal  The City Center is near the bus station, which creates access to transportation in the Fox Valley  It is also situated near the Appleton Public Library  Pairs of students share computers located at their workstations  The school also has a music room, study room, woodshop, kitchen, library, science lab, an area dedicated to creating art and pottery 

Advisors
The teachers of Valley New School are referred to as advisors because they serve as coaches and mentors for the students  Advisors coach students in academics, projects and personal issues  The student advisor ratio is limited to 17:1  Each student receives individual time with his or her advisor weekly, along with daily interactions  Advisors also make up the Site Management Committee, which governs the daily operation of Valley New School 

Project process
Valley New School students use research projects aligning with their interests to gain school credit and cover state-issued learning standards  Although projects range across a wide variety of topics, each follows the same basic process  The process has five phases: proposal, research, planning, production and evaluation  In the proposal phase, students choose a topic and perform preliminary research to further understand what the topic is about  After that, they create a rationale detailing their interests in the project topic and a list of questions they plan to answer in the course of the project  The proposal phase ends when students meet with two advisors in a proposal meeting and discuss the plan for the project  Then students begin the research phase, during which they takes notes from a variety of sources  After students answers the questions they set out to resolve, they start the planning phase  In this phase, students meet with their advisors and decide how to represent their research in a product  Students then creates their products and written products in the production phase  In the evaluation phase, student write an analysis evaluating their progress over the course of the project as well as their learning and level of thinking  Finally, students meet with their advisors and discuss their performance and what they learned  Students earn school credit based on the time spent (typically 1 credit per 100 hours) and the quality of the project 

Math and reading
Because of Valley New School's lack of a formal class structure, math and reading are studied at an individual pace  Students learn math with an online program called ALEKS math and each student is required to spend an allotted half-hour each morning using the program  Reading is completed using a modified project process  Students create plans for a reading study, proposing their projects with their advisors  At the end of the year, students create a product that reflects what they read for the year 

Service learning
Valley New School requires each student to have a yearly service learning project, which use a modified project process  Student chooses a social issue within the community that interests them, find an organization in the area that addresses those issues, and perform service for them in effort to help solve the problem  Throughout the project, students document their experiences in time logs and produce an analysis document at the end of the project 

Awards and recognition
Valley New School is recognized as a lab school for the EdVisions organization, a national project-based schools cooperative  It received its first dissemination grant in 2008 and used the money to hire an alumnus for the development of a website and videos describing the school’s structure and philosophy  It also used the grant money to develop promotional brochures and DVDs and to fund workshops to help teachers, administrators and board members in the creation of charter schools in other areas  Valley New School received a distinguished merit for Charter School Innovator of the Year in 2009 and a Silver Charter School of the Year in 2008, both by the Wisconsin Charter School Association (WCSA)  The school was nominated for School of the Year for the WCSA Annual Awards Gala in 2010  For achievements in service learning, Valley New School received the Youth Alliance 2010 group award from the Volunteer Center of East Central Wisconsin 

Notes
Passage 6:
Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ʁon alp] (listen)) was an administrative region of France  Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes  It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south  The region was named after the river Rhône and the Alps mountain range  Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris  Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region 

Geography
Rhône-Alpes is located in the southeast of France  The neighboring (pre-2016) regions are Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté to the north, Auvergne to the west, Languedoc-Roussillon to the southwest, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the south  The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy  The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border  The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône  The confluence of these two rivers is at Lyon  The western part of the region contains the start of the Massif Central mountain range  The region also borders or contains major lakes such as Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) and Lake Annecy  The Ardèche flows through the southwest portion of the region, where it has carved the deepest gorge in Europe 
As with the rest of France, French is the only official language of the region  Until the mid-20th century, Arpitan was widely spoken in the whole region, while many of the inhabitants of the south spoke varieties of Occitan; both are in steep decline in this region  There are immigrant populations from Armenia, Italy, North Africa, Poland and Portugal, and elsewhere 
Rhône-Alpes is made up of the following departments:

Ain (01)  Capital: Bourg-en-Bresse
Ardèche (07)  Capital: Privas
Drôme (26)  Capital: Valence
Isère (38)  Capital: Grenoble
Loire (42)  Capital: Saint-Étienne
Rhône (69)  Capital: Lyon
Savoie (73)  Capital: Chambéry
Haute-Savoie (74)  Capital: AnnecyAnd, since 2015, Metropolis with territorial collectivity statute:

Metropolis of Lyon (69)  Capital: Lyon

Lakes
There are six main lakes in Rhône-Alpes:

Lac de Paladru
Lac d'Aiguebelette
Lac du Bourget
Lac d'Annecy
Lac de Nantua
Lac Léman

Prefectures
Prefectures listed in descending order of size:

Lyon (Rhône)
Grenoble (Isère)
Saint-Étienne (Loire)
Valence (Drôme)
Chambéry (Savoie)
Annecy (Haute-Savoie)
Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain)
Privas (Ardèche)

History
Although there have been people in Rhône-Alpes since pre-historic times, the earliest recorded settlers of the region were the Gauls (Celts)  Cities such as Lyon were founded by them and the region traded with both northern and southern Europe  Most of the area became part of Roman territory during the invasion of Celtic Gaul led by Julius Caesar and was at various times part of the regions of Lugdunensis and Gallia  Lyon itself became a major city in the Roman Empire 
The region, excepting Savoy, was part of the Merovingian and Carolingian Kingdoms before becoming a royal territory under the Capetians  As it became a royal territory early on in French history, its cultural, political and economic influences and developments paralleled those of greater France  (See History of France )

Transportation
Rhône-Alpes is a major European transit hub, linking northern France and Europe to the Mediterranean area  Millions travel along its motorways in summertime from Paris to holidays at the sea  The E15 Euroroute (Britain to Spain) runs through the region  There are international airports at Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne and many other minor airports and airfields 
The region is also a transport hub for the rail network with the TGV running through Lyon from Paris and the north, to the Mediterranean  A high-speed rail link is planned from Lyon to Turin 

Economy
Rhône-Alpes is a prosperous region which can be seen by its per capita GDP of about €31,231 ($40,000), which is higher than the French average, and an average income of €35,910 ($50,246), its economy second in size only to Île-de-France in France  This can be attributed to the diversity of the production in different sectors  The region is one of the Four Motors for Europe 

Industry, in particular:
Light engineering and high-tech
Mechanical engineering in the area of Annecy
Precision machining in the area of Cluses
Services, in particular:
High-tech industries, nanotechnology, biotechnology especially in Grenoble with 62,300 jobs in these sectors thanks to the presence of the Polygone Scientifique, Inovallée and some large companies as Schneider Electric 
Optic and design in Saint-Étienne
Tourism with the Alps (for skiing), Lyon and Grenoble (for culture) and the Ardèche (adventure sports/camping) particularly popular
Education, with major universities in Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne In the past mining, especially coal mining was an important sector, particularly around Saint-Étienne, although this has declined since the 1970s 
The area of the region that lies close to Switzerland has an economy linked to that of Geneva  This area forms a hinterland for the Geneva hub The Triangle of Lyon, Saint-Étienne and Grenoble contribute a GDP of €145 billion to the region  Add Valence to it, it is almost €150 billion  In addition, Lyon alone has a Gross Metropolitan Product of about €85 billion 
The region has been part of Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion since 10 July 2007 

Major cities
Winter Olympics
Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times; in 1924 at Chamonix, 1968 at Grenoble, and 1992 at Albertville 

Tourism
Situated between Paris and the Côte d’Azur, on the border with both Switzerland and Italy, and offering access to two international airports (Lyon and Geneva), rail connections and a vast motorway network, the Rhône-Alpes region is at "the crossroads of Europe" 
Boasting eight natural parks and peerless sites such as Mont Blanc and the Gorges de l’Ardèche, Rhône-Alpes offers a wide range of different landscapes: mountains, vineyards and gentle valleys, fields of lavender and olive groves 
Every form of sport is readily available, set against a natural backdrop: skiing, hiking, mountain biking or even paragliding and canoeing  Besides hosting three Winter Olympics games due to its being the largest ski area in the world, Rhône-Alpes is the second most important golfing region in France with over 60 courses 

Enthusiasts of art and culture will not be disappointed by the region's Villes d’Art: Lyon, which is classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, Annecy, Grenoble, Chambéry, and Saint-Étienne 
And last but not least, connoisseurs of good food and wine will be spoilt for choice by the range of local specialties available to taste along with a Beaujolais or a Côtes du Rhône, and by the sheer number of famous restaurants (with Paul Bocuse at the top of the list) in the region 

Gastronomy
Lyon is noted as a gastronomic centre of France and specialities served in its traditional bouchons include Lyon sausage, sophisticated salami (known there as "rosette"), tripe and quenelles  In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard  The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin du Haut-Doubs Wines in this region include Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine  Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region 
Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants: the bouchons  Bouchons are usually convivial restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines 
Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie, especially the rosette and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine  Traditional local dishes include saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg), marrons glacés and cardoon au gratin 

See also
List of châteaux in Rhône-Alpes
Transport in Rhône-Alpes
Passage 7:
Rodnowo
Rodnowo [rɔdˈnɔvɔ] (German: Reddenau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Bartoszyce and 51 km (32 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn 
Passage 8:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 9:
Union territory
A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India  Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed, in part or in whole, by the Union Government of India  There are currently eight union territories in India, namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry 

History
When the Constitution of India was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included:

Part C states, which were chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, each governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India  The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh 
One Part D state (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Part C and Part D states were combined into a single category of "Union territory"  Due to various other reorganisations, only 6 union territories remained: 

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands (later renamed Lakshadweep)
Delhi
Manipur
Tripura
Himachal PradeshBy the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and Chandigarh became a union territory  Another three (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu and Puducherry) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers (Portuguese India and French India, respectively) 
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019  The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one to be eponymously called Jammu and Kashmir, and the other Ladakh on 31 October 2019 
In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 

Administration
The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry  Generally, the President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant governor for each UT Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir operate differently from the other five  They were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the [National Capital Territory] (NCT) and incorporated into a larger area known as the National Capital Region (NCR)  Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir have an elected legislative assembly and an executive council of ministers with a partially state-like function Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation  Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development  The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on  These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states  The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government  Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government  As union territories are directly ruled by the union government, some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states 
After the introduction of GST, UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly  UT- GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories 

Constitutional status
Article 1 (1) of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts V (The Union) and VI (The States) of the constitution  Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired  The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956  Article 366(30) also defines Union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that Schedule  In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories  Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories  Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights (part III), Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), Article 245, etc  apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India  The executive power of the Union (i e  union of states only) rests with President of India  The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per Article 239  The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in Part XIV 
The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial president's rule per Article 356 subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly  As Per Article 240 (1), supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, NCT and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India  Article 240 (2) allows implementing tax haven laws in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign tax haven countries 
The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in the constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly (Part VIII) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states) 
Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha: Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry  Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only 3 Union Territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected legislative assembly and have a Chief Minister 

Current union territories
Former union territories
Proposed union territories
There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories 

See also
Staff Selection Commission
Federalism in India
Lawmaking procedure in India
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
List of Acts of the Parliament of India
Passage 10:
Naas River
The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia 

Course
The river rises in the southern ranges of Namadgi National Park, south of Canberra, with flow generated by runoff and melting snow during spring from the Snowy Mountains  The river flows generally north, joined by four minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Gudgenby River, south of Tharwa; descending 266 metres (873 ft) over its 26-kilometre (16 mi) course The watershed boundary of the Naas River defines the southern and south-eastern border of the Australian Capital Territory with New South Wales 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Australian Capital Territory
Australian Alps Walking Track
Passage 11:
Kis-Küküllő County
Kis-Küküllő was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary  Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania)  Kis-Küküllő is the Hungarian name for the river Târnava Mică  The capital of the county was Dicsőszentmárton (now Târnăveni) 

Geography
Kis-Küküllő county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Alsó-Fehér, Torda-Aranyos, Maros-Torda, Udvarhely and Nagy-Küküllő  The river Mureș formed part of its northern border, the river Târnava Mare its southern border  Târnava Mică river flowed through the county  Its area was 1,724 km² around 1910 

History
Kis-Küküllő county came into existence in 1876, when the administrative structure of Transylvania was changed and Küküllő County was split  In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania  After the Second Vienna Award, a little part of the former county became part of Hungary again and was assigned to the recreated Maros-Torda County  Its territory lies in the present Romanian counties Mureș (a o  Târnăveni), Alba (the south-west) and Sibiu (the south, a o  Dumbrăveni) 

Demographics
Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Kis-Küküllő county were:

Notes
Passage 12:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Passage 13:
Gmina Ujsoły
Gmina Ujsoły is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border  Its seat is the village of Ujsoły, which lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of Żywiec and 88 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice 
The gmina covers an area of 109 95 square kilometres (42 5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 4,466 

Villages
Gmina Ujsoły contains the villages and settlements of Cicha, Danielka, Glinka, Herdula, Kotrysia Polana, Kręcichłosty, Młada Hora, Okrągłe, Smereków Wielki, Soblówka, Stawiska, Szczytkówka, Ujsoły and Złatna 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Ujsoły is bordered by the gminas of Jeleśnia, Milówka, Rajcza and Węgierska Górka  It also borders Slovakia 
Passage 14:
Bondary
Bondary [bɔnˈdarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Michałowo, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus  It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Michałowo and 44 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok 
The village has a population of 330 
Passage 15:
Cielętnik
Cielętnik [t͡ɕɛˈlɛntnik] (German: Kälberhaus) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Braniewo and 82 km (51 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn 
The village has a population of 51 
Passage 16:
Tymce
Tymce [ˈtɨmt͡sɛ] (Ukrainian: Тимці, Tymtsi) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubaczów, within Lubaczów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine  It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Lubaczów and 90 km (56 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów The village has a population of 307 
Passage 17:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 
Passage 18:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 19:
Confederate Arizona
Arizona Territory, colloquially referred to as Confederate Arizona, was an organized incorporated territory of the Confederate States that existed from August 1, 1861 to May 26, 1865, when the Confederate States Army Trans-Mississippi Department, commanded by General Edmund Kirby Smith, surrendered at Shreveport, Louisiana  However, after the Battle of Glorieta Pass, the Confederates had to retreat from the territory, and by July 1862, effective Confederate control of the territory had ended 
Delegates to the secession convention had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the Union, and seek to join the Confederacy  It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona  The capital was Mesilla, along the southern border  The breakaway region overlapped Arizona Territory, established by the Union government in February 1863 
Arizona was proclaimed a Confederate territory on August 1, 1861, after Colonel John R  Baylor's victory at the Battle of Mesilla  His hold on the area was broken after Glorieta Pass (March 26–28, 1862), the defining battle of the New Mexico Campaign  In July 1862, the Confederate territorial government withdrew to El Paso, Texas  With the approach of Union troops, it relocated to San Antonio, where it remained for the duration of the civil war  The territory continued to be represented in the Confederate States Congress, and Confederate troops continued to fight under the Arizona banner until the war ended 
The political geography of the two Arizona Territories differed in that the Confederate Arizona was approximately the southern half of the historic New Mexico Territory, while the Union-defined Arizona Territory was approximately the western half of what had been New Mexico Territory, which became the basis for present-day Arizona 

Background
Before the start of the war, the land of the current states of New Mexico and Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory and the Gadsden Purchase, which ran parallel to William Walker's Republics of Lower California and Sonora  As early as 1856, the territorial government in Santa Fe had raised concerns about being able to effectively govern the southern part of the territory  It was separated from the rest by the Jornada del Muerto, a difficult stretch of desert 
In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona Territory  The border was to be defined along the 32nd meridian west from Washington  The legislature proposed that all the Indians of New Mexico would be removed to northern Arizona 
In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, the territory called a convention and 31 delegates met in Tucson  In July 1860, the convention drafted a constitution for a "Territory of Arizona" to be organized out of the New Mexico Territory south of 34th parallel north  The convention elected Lewis S  Owings as the Territorial Governor, and elected a delegate to Congress 
Anti-slavery Representatives opposed creating a new territory, as they feared it had the potential to become a slave state  Many people in the area were pro-slavery, with business connections in southern states, from which some had migrated  In addition, all of this new territory lay below the old Missouri Compromise line of demarcation between slave and free states 
Since the proceedings of the Tucson convention were never ratified by the United States Congress, the Provisional Territory was not considered a legal entity  For a time it operated as a de facto, if not de jure, government for the intended Arizona Territory  Lewis S  Owings, Governor of the Provisional Territory, appointed James Henry Tevis to raise the first Territorial Militia  This comprised three companies of Arizona Rangers for the protection of the Territory from marauding Apaches and bandits  Two companies were raised in the Pinos Altos mining camp, and another at Mesilla 

Secession
After the start of the American Civil War, support for the Confederacy was strong in the southern part of the New Mexico Territory  Some residents felt neglected by the United States government  They worried about the lack of sufficient troops to fight the Apache  These Native Americans were attacking White settlers, killing off ranchers and mining camps all over Traditional Arizona   This became open warfare following the February 3–9, 1861 Bascom Affair, that brought Cochise into the war   Arizona settlers were also disturbed by the closing of the Butterfield Overland Mail route and their stations in March 1861, which had connected the Arizona frontier colonies to the East and California 
In March 1861, the citizens of Mesilla called a secession convention to join the Confederacy  On March 16 the convention adopted a secession ordinance, citing the region's common interests and geography with the Confederacy, their political sympathy with the Southern secession movement, their opposition to the "sectional" party, the "Black" Republicans, the need of frontier protection, and the loss of postal service routes under the United States government, as reasons for their separation  The ordinance proposed the question of secession to the western portions of the territory  On March 28 a second convention in present-day Tucson met and ratified the ordinance  The conventions subsequently established a provisional territorial government for the Confederate "Territory of Arizona " Owings was elected again as provisional governor and Granville Henderson Oury was chosen as a delegate to petition for the territory's admission into the Confederacy 

Confederate units
Arizona Militia (1860–1862)
Arizona Guards (Pinos Altos mining camp)
Arizona Rangers (Mesilla)
Minute Men (Pinos Altos mining camp)
Herbert's Battalion, Arizona Cavalry (1862–1863)
Capt  Thomas Helm's Company (Arizona Guards)
Capt  G  H  Oury's Company (Arizona Rangers)
Capt  R  L  Swope's Company (Arizona Rangers)

Major campaigns
Arizona was thought to be important to the role of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War primarily because it offered Confederate access to California  Consequently, it was the scene of several important battles in the war's Trans-Mississippi Theater 
In July 1861 a force under Lieutenant-Colonel John R  Baylor arrived in El Paso, Texas across the border from Mesilla  With support from the secessionist residents of Mesilla, Baylor's 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles entered the territory and took a position in the town on July 25  Union forces under Major Isaac Lynde at nearby Fort Fillmore prepared to attack Baylor  On July 25 the two armies met outside of town at the Battle of Mesilla in a brief engagement in which the Union troops were defeated 
Major Lynde then abandoned Fort Fillmore and began a march north to join the troops at Fort Craig under Colonel Edward R  S  Canby  However, his retreat came to a halt in severe heat and was overtaken by Baylor  Lynde surrendered his command without a shot fired at San Augustine Springs, in the Organ Mountains On August 1, 1861, the victorious Baylor proclaimed the existence of a Confederate Arizona Territory, which comprised the area defined in the Tucson convention the previous year  He appointed himself as permanent governor  Among his cabinet members was the Mesilla attorney Marcus H  MacWillie, who served as the territorial attorney general The next month, Baylor's cavalrymen under Bethel Coopwood, marched north from Camp Robledo along the Rio Grande and surprised a Union force of New Mexican militia cavalry in a small engagement west of the Rio Grande at the village of Canada Alamosa, ending with another Confederate victory and the capture of 25 men of that unit including its commander  The next day after disarming and paroling the captured New Mexican enlisted men, Coopwood retired southward along the west bank of the river with the two captured Union officers and an NCO to a camp 15 miles to the north of Fort Thorn   There a Union column of Mounted Infantry sent to relieve the New Mexican militia force caught up with Coopwood, and skirmished for a few hours with the Confederates until their ammunition was depleted, forcing the Mounted Infantry to retire northward to their base at Fort Craig 
The proposal to organize the Confederate Territory of Arizona was passed by the Confederate Congress in early 1862 and proclaimed by President Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862  Coincidentally, Arizona statehood was approved exactly fifty years later on February 14, 1912 

Efforts by the Confederacy to secure control of the region led to the New Mexico Campaign  Baylor sent Company A, Arizona Rangers to Tucson to protect the population from the Apache and delay the advance of Union troops from Fort Yuma 
In 1862 Baylor was ousted as governor of the territory by President Davis, and the Confederate loss at the Battle of Glorieta Pass forced Confederate retreat from the territory  On March 30, Union forces fought a smaller engagement against a detachment of Company A, Arizona Rangers, a Confederate force destroying supply depots along the California Column route of advance on the Gila River, 80 miles east of its base at Fort Yuma  This skirmish, known as the Battle of Stanwix Station, was the westernmost engagement of regular forces in the Civil War, and successfully delayed the advance of the California forces 
The following month a small picket troop of the Rangers north of Tucson fought with an equally small Union cavalry patrol from the California Column in the so-called Battle of Picacho Pass again delaying the advance of the California Column to Tucson 
By July 1862, Union forces of the California Column were approaching the territorial capital of Mesilla from the west but severe flooding of the Rio Grande barred their way and they had to divert north to Fort Thorn and the San Diego Crossing and wait two weeks for the water to fall enough for a crossing   With Canby advancing down the east bank of the Rio Grande and the loss of control of the countryside to New Mexican guerillas after the Second Battle of Mesilla the Confederates abandoned Mesilla and retreated south to Franklin, Texas 
In 1862 the California Column volunteers who fought at Stanwix Station and Picacho Pass fought at the Battle of Apache Pass against 500 Apaches  The battle is considered part of the American Civil War  There were also several engagements between Apaches and Confederates  The Battle of Dragoon Springs marks the only known Confederate combat deaths in the modern confines of Arizona  Other engagements include the Siege of Tubac, the Battle of Cookes Canyon, the Battle of the Florida Mountains, the Battle of Pinos Altos and a number of other smaller skirmishes and massacres 
The territorial government relocated to Franklin, then with Confederate military units retreated to San Antonio abandoning West Texas  For the rest of the war, California Column troops controlled all of Confederate Arizona, Franklin and Fort Quitman in West Texas   The government in exile remained in Texas for the duration of the war, although MacWillie continued to represent the territory in the First and 2nd Confederate States Congresses  Minor resistance in Arizona continued at the partisan level, and Confederate units under the banner of Arizona fought until the end of the war in May 1865 

See also
List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century
New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
E  Denise Simmons
E  Denise Simmons (born October 2, 1951) is the former mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts, having served her first mayoral term 2008–2009 term and her second mayoral term 2016-2017  She was the first openly lesbian African-American mayor in the United States  Simmons has been on the Cambridge City Council continuously from 2001 to present, serving ten consecutive terms 

Early life and education
Simmons was born on October 2, 1951  She grew up in Cambridge's Area 4 neighborhood and attended Cambridge schools  She received a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology from the University of Massachusetts Boston, and a Master's degree in Psychotherapy from Antioch College 
In 1982, Simmons established her own business, the Cambridgeport Insurance Agency 

Public Service and Political Career
Public Service
Simmons served as Executive Director of the Cambridge Civic Unity Committee in the 1980s  Among the work performed while in this role was her successful fight to increase the diversity within the Cambridge public school faculty 
In 1992, Simmons ran for and won a spot on the Cambridge School Committee  She quickly won praise from across Cambridge for her tremendous work ethic, and for her efforts to find ways to build consensus with her colleagues  Over the next several years, Simmons gained a reputation as a calm, thoughtful voice on the school committee, and as a person who always kept her door open to anyone who wished to speak with her 
Simmons is a Justice of the Peace and Notary Public 

City Council Member - 2001 to present
In 2001, Simmons ran for and won a seat on the Cambridge City Council  She immediately set out to make local government more accessible to a wider range of people, and through efforts such as holding "town hall" style meetings, Simmons worked to get more people involved in their own governance   Simmons – being Black, a woman, and a member of the GLBT community – worked hard to make sure that each of these constituencies was given a voice inside City Hall  Simmons was a member of the City Council when Cambridge City Hall became the first municipality, in 2004, to issue same-sex marriage licenses  She also promoted efforts to help local minority business owners network and establish themselves in Cambridge  Simmons also helped initiate community conversations about the role of race and class in contemporary Cambridge society 

First Term As Mayor
Her election to mayor of Cambridge by the Cambridge City Council on January 14, 2008, was unanimous  The previous mayor of Cambridge, Kenneth Reeves, was the first openly gay African-American mayor in the United States  As Cambridge mayor, Simmons served as head of the city's legislative body—while the non-elected city manager serves as the city's chief executive officer  Simmons brought the same sensibilities to the mayor's office that she brought to her previous endeavors – notably, she took pains to create an open-door atmosphere to her constituents  She opened the "mayor's parlor" to the people of Cambridge, where she convened meetings on everything from environmental policy, to the coordination of the city's various social services providers, to a senior citizens' advisory group  Simmons developed a reputation as a workhorse, with an emphasis on constituent services 
Simmons was mayor during the summer of 2009, during which time Cambridge was thrust into the international spotlight due to the arrest of Harvard University Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr   As a result of the attention this incident generated, Simmons was sought after as a spokesperson for the city, and she was careful to avoid inflaming an already volatile situation   Simmons was interviewed on ABC's Good Morning America, CBS's The Early Show, CNN's State Of The Union with John King, among several other national media outlets   Simmons won praise from her constituents for giving measured, thoughtful responses in public, as well as for her diligent work to contain the situation behind the scenes  Simmons noted that she had a lengthy record of leading public discussions on how race and class impact contemporary Cambridge, and this work would continue long after the Professor Gates arrest faded from the headlines 

State Senate Bid
In February 2010, Councillor Simmons announced that she was running for an open state Senate seat in the Middlesex, Suffolk and Essex district that was vacated by Anthony Galluccio   She came in third, behind Everett City Councilor Sal DiDomenico and Cambridge Attorney Tim Flaherty, in the April 13, 2010 primary   She released a statement to the press that said, in part: "Despite coming up a little short at the end, this campaign was still a winning experience for me  I have had a tremendous opportunity to get to meet so many people, to learn more about the issues impacting the people in this district, and to make many new friends in Cambridge and beyond  The volunteers that made phone calls and knocked on doors every day were phenomenal, and their dedication and enthusiasm for civic engagement energized me every day "  Having lost the primary, Councillor Simmons returned her attention to her duties on the Cambridge City Council 

Career 2012 - Present
In the 2012–2013 term, she served as Vice Mayor of Cambridge 
Simmons was again elected Mayor on January 4, 2016 On November 5, 2019, Simmons was elected to her 10th term on the Cambridge City Council

Personal
Simmons is also a photo archivist and family historian and has facilitated workshops for public and private organizations both nationally and locally—including for the Cambridge Public Schools  Simmons has received numerous awards and commendations for her work in the community 

See also
List of first African-American mayors
List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
List of mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge, Massachusetts municipal election, 2013
Passage 2:
Mother-in-Law Lounge
The Mother-in-Law Lounge is a live music venue, pub and a shrine in New Orleans, Louisiana dedicated to the memory of rhythm and blues singer, Ernie K-Doe    It is at the downtown river corner of Claiborne Avenue and Columbus Street in the 7th Ward of New Orleans   The exterior of the building is decorated with colorful murals depicting K-Doe and other prominent figures in New Orleans music, especially people who collaborated with K-Doe 
The lounge was originally opened by Ernie K-Doe in 1994, and it has become a historical icon in the local community   It was flooded with five and a half feet of water during Hurricane Katrina in 2005   With the help of the Hands on Network and Chet Haines, the lounge reopened its doors on 29 August 2006, on the first anniversary of Hurricane Katrina   Mother-in-Law Lounge was owned and operated by K-Doe's widow and musician, Antoinette K-Doe, before she died during Mardi Gras 2009   
In 2011, local musician Kermit Ruffins agreed to lease the site, and it reopened on January 20, 2014 
Ruffins is now running the establishment as Kermit's Mother-In-Law Lounge 
Passage 3:
2017 Raleigh mayoral election
The biennial nonpartisan election for the Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina, was held on Tuesday, Oct  10, 2017  As no candidate won a majority of the vote in the first round, a runoff was held on November 7, 2017, as requested by the second-place finisher, Charles Francis  Incumbent Mayor Nancy McFarlane defeated Francis in the runoff, winning a fourth term in office 
This was the first Raleigh mayoral election to advance to a second round since 2001 

Candidates
Declared
Paul Fitts
Charles Francis, attorney and former City Council member
Nancy McFarlane, Mayor since 2011, former City Council member

First-round Results
Runoff Results


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
Hardin Bigelow
Hardin Bigelow (1809 in Michigan Territory – November 27, 1850 in San Francisco, California) was the first elected mayor of the city of Sacramento, California, which was known then as "Sacramento City " Bigelow's efforts to construct Sacramento's first levees won him enough support to become mayor in Sacramento's first mayoral elections in February 1850  Bigelow served seven months, from April to November, before succumbing to cholera; while he was mayor, Sacramento averted disaster in a potentially devastating flood, but fell victim to a series of April fires, a riot, and a cholera epidemic 

1850 floods
Bigelow gained popularity when he advocated and carried out the construction of Sacramento City's first levees and dams in the aftermath of the destruction caused by the 1850 Sacramento flood in January, which devastated the commercial operations on Sacramento City's Embarcadero and washed away hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of store merchandise  Bigelow's efforts prevented a second inundation event in March 1850 from enacting devastation similar to that of the flood that had destroyed the city two months earlier 

Mayoral office (1850)
Hardin Bigelow was the first mayor to be elected in Sacramento City, succeeding Major General Albert Maver Winn as city mayor in February 1850  Bigelow was chosen because of his foresight, which protected the city from a March 1850 flood event  Under Bigelow, the Sacramento dropped the "City" portion of its name and was chartered as a city by the newly formed California State Legislature in late February Bigelow was mayor during the 1850 Sacramento fires in April, which destroyed a number of wooden structures on the Embarcadero apiece; he was mayor during the aftermath as well, when Sacramento City rebuilt with iron-shuttered structures and with brick and stone rather than wood to reduce the likelihood of fire damage 

Squatters' riot
Ever since 1848, land-seeking settlers had decided to disregard the right that John Sutter had to the land in what he called his personal empire, "New Helvetia;" settling on his land, the squatters grew at odds with the government in Sacramento  After a squatter named John T  Madden was tried and found guilty of unlawful occupation in May 1850, the squatting settlers charged the government with "brute force" and worked to garner support from sympathetic settlers  Rallying around future Kansas governor Charles L  Robinson, settlers marched to free jailed prisoners James McClatchy and businessman Richard Moran from the city's prison brig in August 1850, from a ship called the La Grange According to the local Placer Times, Bigelow had feared a full uprising and decided to strike pre-emptively against Robinson's army while they marched through downtown Sacramento  In the following fight, Bigelow was wounded to an extent where Demas Strong replaced him as acting mayor of the city  City sheriff Joseph McKinney ended the conflict on Bigelow's behalf with a tactical strike on a squatter's retreat to the east of Sacramento while Bigelow traveled southwest to San Francisco to recover 

Death
Two months later in October 1850, a cholera epidemic struck the city of Sacramento, driving out eighty percent of the city populace and killing seventeen of the city's physicians  Bigelow became afflicted by the disease, and died in San Francisco that month  He was buried at the Sacramento Historic City Cemetery in Sacramento, California 
Passage 5:
Eugene P  Ruehlmann
Eugene Peter Ruehlmann (February 23, 1925 – June 8, 2013)  was an American lawyer and politician  He was the Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1967 to 1971 

Early life and education
Ruehlmann was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of John and Hattie Ruehlmann  Ruehlmann had nine siblings  In 1943, he graduated from Western Hills High School  In 1948, Ruehlmann earned his bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Cincinnati, where he also was awarded the McKibbin Medal from the College of Arts and Sciences  Ruehlmann was a member of Beta Theta Pi and the varsity football team  He then  served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II  In 1950, Ruehlmann earned his law degree from Harvard Law School 

Career
Ruehlmann was a founder of the Strauss, Troy and Ruehlmann law firm in Cincinnati In 1959, Ruehlmann was elected to Cincinnati City Council and then served as Mayor of Cincinnati from 1967 to 1971  As mayor, he helped to bring professional football to the city, and was among those who negotiated a deal that resulted in the construction of Riverfront Stadium, where the Cincinnati Bengals and Cincinnati Reds played  He is also credited with reaching out to the African American community and helping to heal the city after race riots in 1967 and 1968, following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr Ruehlmann was a member of the Republican Party  In the 1990s, he served as a chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party 

Personal life and death
Ruehlmann's wife was Virginia Ruehlmann (née Juergens), who died in 2008  They had eight children On June 8, 2013, Ruehlmann died in Cincinnati at the age of 88 

Awards
1998 Great Living Cincinnatian Award  Presented by the Cincinnati USA Regional Chamber 
Passage 6:
Black people
Black is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid to dark brown complexion  Not all people considered "black" have dark skin; in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification in the Western world, the term "black" is used to describe persons who are perceived as dark-skinned compared to other populations  It is most commonly used for people of sub-Saharan African ancestry, Indigenous Australians and Melanesians, though it has been applied in many contexts to other groups, and is no indicator of any close ancestral relationship whatsoever  Indigenous African societies do not use the term black as a racial identity outside of influences brought by Western cultures  Following the murder of George Floyd in 2020, several style guides, including the AP Stylebook, changed their guides to capitalize the "b" in black in 2020  The ASA Style Guide says that the "b" should not be capitalized  Some perceive the term "black" as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result neither use nor define it, especially in African countries with little to no history of colonial racial segregation Contemporary anthropologists and other scientists, while recognizing the reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "Black race" as socially constructed  Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified "black", and these social constructs have changed over time  In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary  In the United Kingdom, "black" was historically equivalent with "person of color", a general term for non-European peoples   In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term "black" or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds 

Africa
Northern Africa
Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities  Others descend from migrants via the historical trans-Saharan trade or, after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, from slaves from the trans-Saharan slave trade in North Africa 
In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Warrior King" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black soldiers, called his Black Guard According to Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America  He claims that darker-toned Arabs, much like darker-toned Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese (Sudanese Arab) woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian  In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either  My blackness is tending to reddish" Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more African women than men  The female slaves were often put to work in domestic service and agriculture  The men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his enslaved females outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children  When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights  The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father  Because the society was patrilineal, the children inherited their fathers' social status at birth and were born free 
Some mixed-race children succeeded their respective fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608  He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa people of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically, people of Nilotic ancestry)  Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens  The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing Sudanese Arabs are also black people in that they are culturally and linguistically Arabized indigenous peoples of Sudan of mostly Nilo-Saharans, Nubian, and Cushitic ancestry; their skin tone and appearance resembles that of other black people 
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens  According to Ayittey, "In Sudan    the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid " Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practicing Arab apartheid 

Sahara
In the Sahara, the native Tuareg Berber populations kept "negro" slaves  Most of these captives were of Nilotic extraction, and were either purchased by the Tuareg nobles from slave markets in the Western Sudan or taken during raids  Their origin is denoted via the Ahaggar Berber word Ibenheren (sing  Ébenher), which alludes to slaves that only spoke a Nilo-Saharan language  These slaves were also sometimes known by the borrowed Songhay term Bella Similarly, the Sahrawi indigenous peoples of the Western Sahara observed a class system consisting of high castes and low castes  Outside of these traditional tribal boundaries were "Negro" slaves, who were drawn from the surrounding areas 

North-Eastern Africa
In Ethiopia and Somalia, the slave classes mainly consisted of captured peoples from the Sudanese-Ethiopian and Kenyan-Somali international borders or other surrounding areas of Nilotic and Bantu peoples who were collectively known as Shanqella and Adone (both analogues to "negro" in an English-speaking context)  Some of these slaves were captured during territorial conflicts in the Horn of Africa and then sold off to slave merchants  The earliest representation of this tradition dates from a seventh or eighth century BC inscription belonging to the Kingdom of Damat These captives and others of analogous morphology were distinguished as tsalim barya (dark-skinned slave) in contrast with the Afroasiatic-speaking nobles or saba qayh ("red men") or light-skinned slave; while on the other hand, western racial category standards do not differentiate between saba qayh ("red men"—light-skinned) or saba tiqur ("black men"—dark-skinned) Horn Africans (of either Afroasiatic-speaking, Nilotic-speaking or Bantu origin) thus considering all of them as "black people" (and in some case "negro") according to Western society's notion of race 

Southern Africa
In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European and Africans (Bantu peoples of South Africa and Khoisans) from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children  As the European colonialists acquired control of territory, they generally pushed the mixed-race and African populations into second-class status  During the first half of the 20th century, the white-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured  The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European ancestry (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape)  The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa  It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid 
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group  Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications  When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used  A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair  If so, the person was classified as Black  Such classifications sometimes divided families 
Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors  At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school  The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life  She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards  During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against  But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black"  The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks 
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy"  In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"  Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits  Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid  "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)" In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination  Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language  Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa  They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names 

Asia
Afro-Asians
"Afro-Asians" or "African-Asians" are persons of mixed sub-Saharan African and Asian ancestry  In the United States, they are also called "black Asians" or "Blasians"  Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalized as a result of human migration and social conflict 

Western Asia
Arab world
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650 CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million black Africans (known as the Zanj) were enslaved by east African slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries  This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas  Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries  Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards  The death toll of black African slaves from forced labor was high  The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system  As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1 2 million black people (Afro-Iraqis), and they attest to a history of discrimination  These descendants of the Zanj have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population  According to Alamin M  Mazrui et al , generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of these communities identify as both black and Arab 

Iran
Afro-Iranians are people of black African ancestry residing in Iran  During the Qajar dynasty, many wealthy households imported black African women and children as slaves to perform domestic work  This slave labor was drawn exclusively from the Zanj, who were Bantu-speaking peoples that lived along the African Great Lakes, in an area roughly comprising modern-day Tanzania, Mozambique and Malawi 

Israel
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population  The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia  In addition, Israel is home to more than 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are ancestry of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona  Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States 
Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum  Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants 

Turkey
Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Zanj captives were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul, which gave rise to the Afro-Turk population in present-day Turkey  Some of their ancestry remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns  Other black slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work Apart from the historical Afro-Turk presence Turkey also hosts a sizeable immigrant black population since the end of the 1990s  The community is composed mostly of modern immigrants from Ghana, Ethiopia, DRC, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Eritrea, Somalia and Senegal  According to official figures 1 5 million Africans live in Turkey and around 25% of them are located in Istanbul  Other studies state the majority of  Africans in Turkey lives in Istanbul and report Tarlabaşı, Dolapdere, Kumkapı, Yenikapı and Kurtuluş as having a strong African presence Most of the African immigrants in Turkey come to Turkey to further migrate to Europe   Immigrants from Eastern Africa are usually refugees, meanwhile Western and Central African immigration is reported to be economically driven  It is reported that African immigrants in Turkey regularly face economic and social challenges, notably racism and opposition to immigration by locals 

Southern Asia
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan  Members are descended from the Bantu peoples of Southeast Africa  Some were merchants, sailors, indentured servants, slaves or mercenaries  The Siddi population is currently estimated at around 270,000–350,000 individuals, living mostly in Karnataka, Gujarat, and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan  In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani  There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry 

Southeastern Asia
Negritos, are a collection of various, often unrelated peoples, who were once considered a single distinct population of closely related groups, but genetic studies showed that they descended from the same ancient East Eurasian meta-population which gave rise to modern East Asian peoples, and consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity  They inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia, and are now confined primarily to Southern Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands of India Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i e , "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the aborigines that they encountered in the Philippines  The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group 
They have dark skin, often curly-hair and Asiatic facial characteristics, and are stockily built Negritos in the Philippines frequently face discrimination  Because of their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle, they are marginalized and live in poverty, unable to find employment 

Europe
Western Europe
France
While census collection of ethnic background is illegal in France, it is estimated that there are about 2 5 – 5 million black people residing there 

Germany
As of 2020, there are approximately one million black people living in Germany 

Netherlands
Afro-Dutch are residents of the Netherlands who are of Black African or Afro-Caribbean ancestry  They tend to be from the former and present Dutch overseas territories of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Suriname  The Netherlands also has sizable Cape Verdean and other African communities 

Portugal
As of 2021, there were at least 232,000 people of recent Black-African immigrant background living in Portugal  They mainly live in the regions of Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra  As Portugal doesn't collect information dealing with ethnicity, the estimate includes only people that, as of 2021, hold the citizenship of a Sub Saharan African country or people who have acquired Portuguese citizenship from 2008 to 2021, thus excluding descendants, people of more distant African ancestry or people who have settled in Portugal generations ago and are now Portuguese citizens 

Spain
The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber ancestry, whether living in North Africa or Iberia  Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people  Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans alike Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for "black"  Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron"  "In Isidore's day, Moors were black by definition   "Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African ancestry  Today, they mainly come from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal  Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea  Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain 

United Kingdom
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were more than a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0 8% as "Black African", and 0 2% as "Black other"  Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was of those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush and, hence, those who migrated between 1948 and 1970 are known as the Windrush generation  The preferred official umbrella term is "black, Asian and minority ethnic" (BAME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin" 

Eastern Europe
As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia  Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many black Africans  This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc 

Balkans
Due to the slave trade in the Ottoman Empire that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community  In 1878, that community consisted of about 100 people 

Oceania
Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement  While originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects  Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents  Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour  The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time  A 1913 report by Baldwin Spencer states that:

the half-castes belong neither to the aboriginal nor to the whites, yet, on the whole, they have more leaning towards the former;     One thing is certain and that is that the white population as a whole will never mix with half-castes    the best and kindest thing is to place them on reserves along with the natives, train them in the same schools and encourage them to marry amongst themselves 
After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and, by 1930, fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern  Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

generally by the fifth and invariably by the sixth generation, all native characteristics of the Australian Aborigine are eradicated  The problem of our half-castes will quickly be eliminated by the complete disappearance of the black race, and the swift submergence of their progeny in the white 
The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"  This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people and prohibited from speaking their native language and practicing traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation 

The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people  In a 1967 referendum, more than 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census  During this period, many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride  Activist Bob Maza said:

I only hope that when I die I can say I'm black and it's beautiful to be black  It is this sense of pride which we are trying to give back to the aborigine [sic] today 
In 1978, Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography  In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal in 1990 to include any:

person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent who identifies as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander and is accepted as such by the community in which he [or she] lives
This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander  The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies  In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin color, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticized for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin 

Melanesians
The region of Melanesia is named from Greek μέλας, black, and νῆσος, island, etymologically meaning "islands of black [people]", in reference to the dark skin of the indigenous peoples  Early European settlers, such as Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, noted the resemblance of the people to those in Africa 

Melanesians, along with other Pacific Islanders, were frequently deceived or coerced during the 19th and 20th centuries into forced labour for sugarcane, cotton, and coffee planters in countries distant to their native lands in a practice known as blackbirding  In Queensland, some 55,000 to 62,500 were brought from the New Hebrides, the Solomon Islands, and New Guinea to work in sugarcane fields  Under the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901, most islanders working in Queensland were repatriated back to their homelands  
Those who remained in Australia, commonly called South Sea Islanders, often faced discrimination similarly to Indigenous Australians by white-dominated society  Many indigenous rights activists have South Sea Islander ancestry, including Faith Bandler, Evelyn Scott and Bonita Mabo 
Many Melanesians have taken up the term 'Melanesia' as a way to empower themselves as a collective people  Stephanie Lawson writes that the term "moved from a term of denigration to one of affirmation, providing a positive basis for contemporary subregional identity as well as a formal organisation" : 14  For instance, the term is used in the Melanesian Spearhead Group, which seeks to promote economic growth among Melanesian countries 

Other
John Caesar, nicknamed "Black Caesar", a convict and bushranger with parents born in an unknown area in Africa, was one of the first people of recent black African ancestry to arrive in Australia At the 2006 Census, 248,605 residents declared that they were born in Africa  This figure pertains to all immigrants to Australia who were born in nations in Africa regardless of race, and includes white Africans 

North America
Canada
"Black Canadians" is a designation used for people of black African ancestry who are citizens or permanent residents of Canada  The majority of black Canadians are of Caribbean origin, though the population also consists of African American immigrants and their descendants (including black Nova Scotians), as well as many African immigrants Black Canadians often draw a distinction between those of Afro-Caribbean ancestry and those of other African roots  The term African Canadian is occasionally used by some black Canadians who trace their heritage to the first slaves brought by British and French colonists to the North American mainland  Promised freedom by the British during the American Revolutionary War, thousands of Black Loyalists were resettled by the Crown in Canada afterward, such as Thomas Peters  In addition, an estimated ten to thirty thousand fugitive slaves reached freedom in Canada from the Southern United States during the Antebellum years, aided by people along the Underground Railroad 
Many black people of Caribbean origin in Canada reject the term "African Canadian" as an elision of the uniquely Caribbean aspects of their heritage, and instead identify as Caribbean Canadian  Unlike in the United States, where "African American" has become a widely used term, in Canada controversies associated with distinguishing African or Caribbean heritage have resulted in the term "black Canadian" being widely accepted there 

United States
There were eight principal areas used by Europeans to buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere  The number of enslaved people sold to the New World varied throughout the slave trade  As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity, certain areas produced far more enslaved people than others  Between 1650 and 1900, 10 24 million enslaved West Africans arrived in the Americas from the following regions in the following proportions:
Senegambia (Senegal and The Gambia): 4 8%
Upper Guinea (Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone): 4 1%
Windward Coast (Liberia and Ivory Coast): 1 8%
Gold Coast (Ghana and east of Ivory Coast): 10 4%
Bight of Benin (Togo, Benin and Nigeria west of the Niger Delta): 20 2%
Bight of Biafra (Nigeria east of the Niger Delta, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon): 14 6%
West Central Africa (Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola): 39 4%
Southeastern Africa (Mozambique and Madagascar): 4 7%
By the early 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States  In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms  After the American Civil Rights Movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black"  Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive  This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s  One well-known example is the use by Dr  Rev  Martin Luther King Jr  of "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream  During the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse  Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam Since the late 1960s, various other terms for African Americans have been more widespread in popular usage  Aside from black American, these include Afro-American (in use from the late 1960s to 1990) and African American (used in the United States to refer to Black Americans, people often referred to in the past as American Negroes) In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color  Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof  However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists  In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together  This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique  A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and African-American English  This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names The U S  racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry (in any discernible percentage)  There are also certain cultural traits associated with being "African American", a term used effectively as a synonym for "black person" within the United States 
In March 1807, Great Britain, which largely controlled the Atlantic, declared the transatlantic slave trade illegal, as did the United States  (The latter prohibition took effect 1 January 1808, the earliest date on which Congress had the power to do so after protecting the slave trade under Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution )
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic  Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the United States  They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa  In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American"  A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church  African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s The term black was used throughout but not frequently since it carried a certain stigma  In his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech, Martin Luther King Jr  uses the terms negro fifteen times and black four times  Each time that he uses black, it is in parallel construction with white; for example, "black men and white men" With the successes of the American Civil Rights Movement, a new term was needed to break from the past and help shed the reminders of legalized discrimination  In place of Negro, activists promoted the use of black as standing for racial pride, militancy, and power  Some of the turning points included the use of the term "Black Power" by Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) and the popular singer James Brown's song "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud" 
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc  Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status  However, controversy continues over which, if any, of the two terms is more appropriate  Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin  Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although black Americans helped found the United States  Still others believe that the term "black" is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones  Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings In the U S  census race definitions, black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in the black racial groups of Africa  According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa  The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification, since not all immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are "black"  The Census Bureau also notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological According to U S  Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American  The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities (~95%)  Immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term Recent surveys of African Americans using a genetic testing service have found varied ancestries that show different tendencies by region and sex of ancestors  These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73 2–80 9% West African, 18–24% European, and 0 8–0 9% Native American genetic heritage, with large variation between individuals According to studies in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, U S  residents consistently overestimate the size, physical strength, and formidability of young black men 

One-drop rule
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry  This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century  Legally, the definition varied from state to state  Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War  For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held in slavery persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662 
Outside of the United States, some other countries have adopted the one-drop rule, but the definition of who is black and the extent to which the one-drop "rule" applies varies greatly from country to country 
The one-drop rule may have originated as a means of increasing the number of black slaves and was maintained as an attempt to keep the white race "pure"  One of the results of the one-drop rule was the uniting of the African-American community  Some of the most prominent abolitionists and civil-rights activists of the 19th century were multiracial, such as Frederick Douglass, Robert Purvis and James Mercer Langston  They advocated equality for all 

Blackness
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values  To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior  Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people  Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness"  Clinton welcomed the label The question of blackness also arose in the Democrat Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign  Commentators questioned whether Obama, who was elected the first president with black ancestry, was "black enough", contending that his background is not typical because his mother was a white American and his father was a black student visitor from Kenya  Obama chose to identify as black and African American 

Mexico
Caribbean
Dominican Republic
The first Afro-Dominican slaves were shipped to the Dominican Republic by Spanish conquistadors during the Transatlantic slave trade 

Puerto Rico
Spanish conquistadors shipped slaves from West Africa to Puerto Rico  Afro-Puerto Ricans in part trace ancestry to this colonization of the island 

South America
Approximately 12 million people were shipped from Africa to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888  Of these, 11 5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean  Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5 5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2 76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1 59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1 32 million  Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean  In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean  In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts 

Brazil
The concept of race in Brazil is complex  A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of their parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from  Between an individual of unmixed West African ancestry and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color  These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest  In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil  It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin  The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white  Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status 

Statistics
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3 5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil  The territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas  Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals  Brazil has the largest population of Afro-ancestry outside Africa  In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government in Brazil and the later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws  As in other Latin American countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward  In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white spouses, and their descendants became accepted as white  As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood  According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6 2% identified as black, and 39 5% identified as pardo (brown)—a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons In the 19th century, a philosophy of racial whitening emerged in Brazil, related to the assimilation of mixed-race people into the white population through intermarriage  Until recently the government did not keep data on race  However, statisticians estimate that in 1835, roughly 50% of the population was preto (black; most were enslaved), a further 20% was pardo (brown), and 25% white, with the remainder Amerindian  Some classified as pardo were tri-racial 
By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6 2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white  Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing  A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry 

Race relations in Brazil
According to the 2010 census, 6 7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6 2% in 2000, and 43 1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38 5%  In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities The philosophy of the racial democracy in Brazil has drawn some criticism, based on economic issues  Brazil has one of the largest gaps in income distribution in the world  The richest 10% of the population earn 28 times the average income of the bottom 40%  The richest 10 percent is almost exclusively white or predominantly European in ancestry  One-third of the population lives under the poverty line, with blacks and other people of color accounting for 70 percent of the poor 

In 2015 United States, African Americans, including multiracial people, earned 76 8% as much as white people  By contrast, black and mixed race Brazilians earned on average 58% as much as whites in 2014  The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color  Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color 

Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle, whereas the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African ancestry between those with more or less ancestry and helped sustain an image of the country as an example of post-colonial harmony  This has hindered the development of a common identity among black Brazilians Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians  The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color 
Patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity 

Colombia
Afro-Colombians are the third-largest African diaspora population in Latin America after Afro-Brazilians and Afro-Haitians 

Venezuela
Most black Venezuelans descend from people brought as slaves to Venezuela directly from Africa during colonization; others have been descendants of immigrants from the Antilles and Colombia  Many blacks were part of the independence movement, and several managed to be heroes  There is a deep-rooted heritage of African culture in Venezuelan culture, as demonstrated in many traditional Venezuelan music and dances, such as the Tambor, a musical genre inherited from black members of the colony, or the Llanera music or the Gaita zuliana that both are a fusion of all the three major peoples that contribute to the cultural heritage  Also, black inheritance is present in the country's gastronomy 
There are entire communities of blacks in the Barlovento zone, as well as part of the Bolívar state and in other small towns; they also live peaceably among the general population in the rest of Venezuela  Currently, blacks represent a plurality of the Venezuelan population, although many are actually mixed people 

See also
African diaspora
Afrophobia
Black elite
Black supremacy
Black women
Lists of black people
Mulatto
Negrito
San Basilio de Palenque, the first free African town in the Americas
Scientific racism
Zambo
Passage 7:
Mother-in-Law (song)
"Mother-in-Law" is a 1961 song recorded by Ernie K-Doe  It was a number-one hit in the U S  on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the Billboard R&B chart  The song was written and produced by Allen Toussaint, who also played the piano solo  It was issued by Minit Records 
After several unsuccessful takes, Toussaint balled up the composition and threw it away as he was leaving the room  One of the backup singers, Willie Harper, thought that it was such a good song that he convinced K-Doe to give it one more try A cover version by The Newbeats was also included on their 1965 album Big Beat Sounds By The Newbeats 

See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1961
List of number-one R&B singles of 1961 (U S )
Mother-in-law joke
Passage 8:
Balestrand
Balestrand is a former municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway  It was located on the northern shore of the Sognefjorden in the traditional district of Sogn  The administrative center was the village of Balestrand  Other villages in the municipality included Ese, Kvamme, Låne, Sæle, Tjugum, and Vetlefjorden 
The municipality was situated at the confluence of the Fjærlandsfjorden/Esefjorden and the main Sognefjorden  The major industries in the municipality were tourism and farming  Balestrand became popular early due to the interest of artists, such as Hans Gude, Kjartan Lauritzen, Alfred Heaton Cooper, Hans Dahl, and Johannes Flintoe  Their paintings of the scenery around Balestrand inspired visitors, and Balestrand maintains its connection with art  Other industries include made-to-order kitchen interiors, local apple juice, and Nesseplast which produces industrial plastic  The Norwegian County Road 13 runs through the municipality 
At the time of its dissolution in 2020, the 430-square-kilometre (170 sq mi) municipality was the 231st largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway  Balestrand was the 370th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,272  The municipality's population density was 3 1 inhabitants per square kilometre (8 0/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 5 1% over the previous decade In 2016, the chief of police for Vestlandet formally suggested a reconfiguration of police districts and stations  He proposed that the police station in Balestrand be closed 

General information
Balestrand was established as a municipality in 1850 when the three sub-parishes (sokn) of Vangsnes, Tjugum, and Mundal in the northwestern part of the large Leikanger municipality were separated to form the new municipality of Balestrand  The initial population of the municipality was 2,122  In 1861, the Mundal sub-parish was renamed Fjærland During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee  On 1 January 1964 the municipalities of Vik, Leikanger, and Balestrand changed their boundaries in a land trade  The sub-parish of Vangsnes (population: 189) was transferred from Balestrand to Vik, Balestrand gained the sub-parish of Kvamsøy (population: 389) from Vik, and Leikanger gained the Hella-Eitorn area (population: 31) from Balestrand  Balestrand had a population of 1,606 after the changes were completed The Fjærland area of Balestrand had always been isolated from the rest of the municipality, and only accessible by boat  In 1995, the Frudal Tunnel was completed connecting Fjærland to neighboring Sogndal municipality (not to the rest of Balestrand)  This caused discussions about Fjærland's municipal future  On 1 January 2000, the entire sub-parish of Fjærland in northern Balestrand was transferred to Sogndal municipality On 1 January 2020, Balestrand Municipality ceased to exist  The far western Nesse area of Balestrand was transferred to the neighboring Høyanger Municipality and the rest of Balestrand was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Leikanger and Sogndal to form a much larger municipality called Sogndal 

Name
The municipality is named Balestrand, a compound name for the area that was created in 1832 by the Norwegian writer Henrik Wergeland  The first element is the name of the old Bale farm (Old Norse: Bali)  The farm name is identical to the word bali which means "grassy hillside"  The last element is derived from the word strǫnd which means "beach" or "shore"  Thus the "shore along the grassy hillside "

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 23 October 1989  The official blazon is "Azure, a down-pointing sword argent issuant from the base" (Norwegian: På blå grunn eit oppveksande nedvend sølv sverd)  This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is the hilt of a Viking sword  The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used  The design symbolizes an old Viking sword found in the burial mound in Balestrand  The sword is belived to belong to King Bele from Frithiof's Saga  The arms were designed by Inge Rotevatn  The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms 

Churches
The Church of Norway had one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Balestrand  It was part of the Sogn prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin 

There is also one Anglican church in Balestrand:

St  Olaf's Church (built in 1897) is located in the village of Balestrand 

Government
While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads  During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives  The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council  The municipality was under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal 

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Balestrand is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms  The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Mayors
The mayors of Balestrand:

Geography
Balestrand was located between the high snow-covered Gaularfjellet mountains in the center of the beautiful, lush Sognefjorden  Three fjord arms stretch inland, winding through the mountains and dotted with charming hamlets: Lånefjorden, Esefjorden, and Vetlefjorden  The Fjærlandsfjorden runs along the eastern border of the municipality  The Jostefonn glacier sits at the very northernmost part of the municipality 
Balestrand was bordered to the west by the municipalities of Høyanger and Gaular, to the north by Førde, and to the east by Sogndal and Leikanger  Across the Sognefjorden to the south is the municipality of Vik 

Attractions
Kvikne's Hotel
Built in the 19th century, the Kvikne's Hotel is one of the most famous buildings in Balestrand  The Kvikne family, who own the place, took it over in 1877  Since then the establishment has undergone constant development which continues to this day  There are many new buildings and remodeling and expansion projects have been carried out 
Today, the hotel is a highly modern facility resounding with tradition and culture  With 200 rooms, it is also one of Norway's largest fine hotels catering to tourists  An impressive collection of art and historical pieces is a central feature of the hotel's interior, and one of the elements of its distinct personality 
Kviknes Hotel was made popular for European visitors in the early part of the 20th century by Kaiser Wilhelm II, who often visited there during his summer vacations prior to World War I  The hotel still possesses the chair he used in their restaurant  The Kaiser is accompanied on the list by a number of emperors, kings, presidents, Prime ministers, film stars, and artists from many countries 

St  Olaf's Church
St  Olaf's Church, also known as the English Church, is an Anglican church built in the style of a Stave church  The church was completed in 1897 as a memorial to Margaret Green  Margaret, an English lady, came to the fjords as a tourist to hike the mountains  She met, fell in love with and married Knut Kvikne who was an avid mountain man  Being a very pious woman, she wished for an Anglican church in Balestrand  She started the church with her husband, but died before its completion  Sunday services are held during the summer months, being conducted by rotating vicars from England St  Olaf's Church is notable as the inspiration for the chapel in Elsa's coronation scene in the 2013 Disney film Frozen 

Other attractions
Songnefjord Aquarium
Balejazz summer jazz festival
Balestrand Art Village
The Norwegian Museum of Travel and Tourism

Notable people
Christian Garup Meidell (1780 in Balestrand – 1863), a military officer and politician; first Mayor of Leikanger in 1838-1839
Jakob Sverdrup (1845–1899), a Norwegian bishop and politician, raised in Balestrand
Georg Sverdrup (1848 in Balestrand – 1907), a Norwegian-American Lutheran theologian and teacher
Edvard Sverdrup (1861 in Balestrand – 1923), a Norwegian educator, author, church leader, and a key theologian in the Church of Norway in early 20thC 
Anders Johanneson Bøyum (1890 in Balestrand – 1962), a politician who was mayor of Balestrand before and after WWII
Trygve Heltveit (1913 in Balestrand – 1985), a Norwegian philologist 

See also
List of former municipalities of Norway
Passage 9:
Lodewijk Asscher
Lodewijk Frans Asscher (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈloːdəʋɛik frɑns ˈɑʃər]; born 27 September 1974) is a Dutch politician and jurist who served as Leader of the Labour Party (PvdA) from 2016 to 2021 and parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives from 2017 to 2021 
Asscher worked as a researcher at the University of Amsterdam from 1996 until 2002  He was elected as a municipal councillor of Amsterdam on 8 March 2002 and assumed the leadership of the Labour Party in the municipal council on 3 April 2004  He worked as an associate professor of Intellectual property law at the University of Amsterdam from 1 May 2002 until 1 May 2006  Asscher was the lijsttrekker (top candidate) for the PvdA in the 2006 municipal election and became Deputy Mayor and alderman on 26 April 2006  Following the resignation of Mayor of Amsterdam Job Cohen to run for the Labour Party leadership for the election of 2010, Asscher as Deputy Mayor served as ad interim Mayor of Amsterdam from 12 March 2010 until 7 July 2010  After the election of 2012 Asscher was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Social Affairs and Employment in the Cabinet Rutte II, serving from 5 November 2012 until 26 October 2017 

Early life and education
Lodewijk Frans Asscher was born on 27 September 1974 in Amsterdam in a mixed religious family; his father is of Jewish descent and his mother is Catholic  His father is a member of the centre-right People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and his mother a member of the Labour Party Asscher went to the Christelijk Gymnasium Sorghvliet in The Hague  He studied psychology (propaedeutics in 1995) and Dutch law (master's degree in 1998) at the University of Amsterdam in Amsterdam  In 2002, he received his PhD in law from the University of Amsterdam 

Politics
Amsterdam
Asscher entered the municipal council after the Dutch municipal elections of 2002  Besides his role as the group leader of the Labour Party in the Amsterdam municipal council, he took part in the commission on General Affairs 
Until 1 January 2006, Asscher taught information law at the University of Amsterdam  In his book "New Amsterdam", Asscher advocated the eventual disappearance of the red light district  A few days after the release of the book, Asscher revoked that statement, stating that he was not against prostitution, but rather against sexual slavery 
After the Dutch municipal elections of 2006, where he led the Labour Party's campaign in Amsterdam, Asscher was installed as an alderman on 26 April  His portfolio included Economics, Airport and Harbour; he also was Deputy Mayor of Amsterdam from 2006 until 2010  He served as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam from 12 March 2010 to 7 July 2010 and then became the alderman in charge of Finances until 5 November 2012 

Netherlands
On 5 November 2012, he became Minister of Social Affairs and Employment and Deputy Prime Minister in the Second Rutte cabinet  In Amsterdam he was succeeded by Eberhard van der Laan (also PvdA) 
In September 2014, Asscher announced heightened scrutiny of four Dutch-Turkish organisations that he suspected of hindering integration, including a religious group, Millî Görüş  This led to the expulsion of 2 Dutch Turkish MPs from the Labour Party after they harshly criticised the move On 9 December 2016, Asscher won the leadership of the Labour Party in an election against incumbent Diederik Samsom  He obtained 54,5% of the vote  In the Dutch general election of 2017, the PvdA suffered the biggest defeat in Dutch electoral history, receiving only 5 7% of the votes and losing 29 of its 38 seats  The PvdA did not rejoin the government after the election  Asscher was succeeded as Minister of Social Affairs and Employment by Wouter Koolmees in the Third Rutte cabinet, on 26 October 2017  While being the presumptive party leader for the 2021 parliamentary elections, Asscher withdrew as leader on 14 January 2021 with just two months before the election, due to his role as Minister of Social Affairs in the toeslagenaffaire (social benefits scandal) 

Personal
Lodewijk Asscher is married to Jildau Piena, with whom he has three sons 

Bibliography
(1999) Constitutionele convergentie van pers, omroep en telecommunicatie (Constitutional Convergence of Press, Broadcaster, and Telecommunication)
(2002) Communicatiegrondrechten (Fundamental Rights of Communication)
(2005) Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam)
(2010) De ontsluierde stad (The Unveiled City)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Broward Correctional Institution
The Broward Correctional Institution (BCI) was a correctional facility located in the former Country Estates CDP and in Southwest Ranches, Florida, operated by the Florida Department of Corrections  The Region IV Correctional Facility Office is located on the grounds of Broward Correctional Institution in the former Country Estates CDP  The prison was in proximity to Pembroke Pines  It was located along Sheridan Street, near U S  Route 27 The facility was opened in 1977 to house a male inmate population  However, in its history the prison has had only female inmates  It housed female death row inmates until February 2003 when the female death row was moved to Lowell Annex  The Broward Correctional Institution served as a reception center for female inmates  As of 2011, a staff of approximately 272 individuals serviced the facility  As of 2012 624 prisoners, all female, were housed there  The facility was closed in 2012  Closure was scheduled for May 1 of that year  The Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel said "BCI was determined to have a relatively low population and a high per diem inmate cost of $111 48 " ($145 02 when adjusted for inflation)

Notable inmates
Death row:

Judy Buenoano
Aileen Wuornos
Passage 2:
Shooter (TV series)
Shooter is an American drama television series based on the 2007 film of the same name and the first three novels in the Bob Lee Swagger series by Stephen Hunter  The show stars Ryan Phillippe in the lead role of Swagger, a retired United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper from MARSOC living in seclusion who is coaxed back into action after learning of a plot to kill the President  USA Network picked up the pilot in August 2015 and ordered the series in February 2016 The series was originally set to premiere on July 19, 2016, but it was postponed to July 26 due to the July 7 Dallas police officer shootings  USA pulled it entirely after the Baton Rouge police officer shootings on July 17  On October 3, 2016, USA announced that the new premiere date for Shooter would be November 15, 2016  On December 19, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season that premiered on July 18, 2017  On December 4, 2017, the series was renewed for a third season On August 15, 2018, USA Network canceled Shooter after three seasons, and its final episode aired on September 13, 2018 

Cast and characters
Main
Ryan Phillippe as Bob Lee Swagger, a highly trained, retired Marine Gunnery Sergeant and MARSOC Scout Sniper
Shantel VanSanten as Julie Swagger, Bob Lee's wife
Cynthia Addai-Robinson as Nadine Memphis, an FBI agent investigating Swagger
Omar Epps as Isaac Johnson, a Secret Service Agent who is also a former Marine Captain and was Swagger's commanding officer in MARSOC
Eddie McClintock as Jack Payne, a figure involved in the conspiracy against Swagger (season 1; guest, season 3)
Josh Stewart as Solotov, a Chechen master sniper with whom Bob Lee has tangled before (seasons 2–3)
Jesse Bradford as Harris Downey, a D C  staffer who was once involved with Nadine (recurring, season 2; main, season 3)
Gerald McRaney as Red Bama Sr , owner of Bama Cattle and an Undersecretary in the Department of Agriculture (season 3)

Recurring
David Andrews as Sam Vincent, Bob Lee's close friend and lawyer  (season 1, 3)
David Marciano as Howard Utey, Nadine Memphis' superior at the FBI (season 1)
Lexy Kolker as Mary Swagger, Bob Lee's and Julie's daughter
William Fichtner as Rathford O'Brien, Bob Lee's former shooting instructor
Tom Sizemore as Hugh Meachum, a CIA black ops operative with mysterious motives (season 1)
Rob Brown as Donny Fenn, Swagger's best friend and spotter who was killed by Solotov (seasons 1–2)
Sean Cameron Michael as Grigory Krukov, a Russian FSB agent (season 1)
Delaina Mitchell as Anna Wallingford, Julie's married sister and Mary's aunt (season 1, 3)
David Chisum as Jim Wallingford, Anna's husband and Julie's brother in law (season 1)
Michelle Krusiec as Lin Johnson, Isaac's loyal wife (season 1-2)
Matt Shallenberger as John Wheeler, a mysterious and deadly Atlas operative (guest: season 1, recurring: season 3)
Desmond Harrington as Lon Scott, the CEO of Anhur Dynamics (season 1)
Beverly D'Angelo as Patricia Gregson, a former National Security Advisor
Jerry Ferrara as Kirk Zehnder, a former marine who always detects a conspiracy and is part of the core team of Bob Lee Swagger (season 2)
Todd Lowe as Colin Dobbs, a former marine in Swagger's unit, now living in Texas an hour from the Swagger Ranch (season 2)
Patrick Sabongui as Yusuf Ali, a core member of Swagger's original Marine team (season 2)
Jaina Lee Ortiz as Angela Tio, an active duty Marine who formerly served with Bob Lee's unit (season 2)
John Marshall Jones as Sheriff Brown, the local law enforcement in Bob Lee's hometown and a long-time friend (season 2–3)
Harry Hamlin as Sen  Addison Hayes, a mysterious and powerful mastermind whose agenda will collide with Swagger (seasons 2–3)
Troy Garity as Jeffrey Denning, a seasoned investigative journalist who cares deeply about justice being served (season 2)
Derek Phillips as Earl Swagger, Bob Lee's father, a Vietnam veteran who was sheriff in Bob Lee's hometown before he was killed in 1988 (season 3)
Tait Blum as Young Bob Lee (season 3)
Conor O'Farrell as Rick Culp, a West Texas prison guard who may have been involved in Earl Swagger's death (season 3)
Eric Ladin as Red Bama Jr , Red Sr's screw-up of a son who desperately wants his father's respect and confidence (season 3)
Brian Letscher as Bert Salinger, an employee of Red Bama Sr  who watches over Red Jr  (season 3)
Felisha Terrell as Carlita Cruise, a former Atlas operative embedded in the Dept  of Agriculture who helps Nadine and Isaac take down her former employers (season 3)
Mallory Jansen as Margo, an Agent for the Department of Justice who has been attempting to bring down Atlas for years (season 3)
Kurt Fuller as Andrew Gold, the Deputy Chief of Staff to the U S  President and high ranking Atlas member (season 3)
Dee Wallace as Katherine Mansfield, the long-time former mission planner for Atlas who is now forced to reside in a mental institution (season 3)
Michael O'Neill as Ray Brooks, a Federal judge nominated for a vacancy on the U S  Supreme Court and Atlas operative (season 3)

Production
On July 6, 2016, while filming a scene at Agua Dulce Airpark, actor Tom Sizemore accidentally ran over a stuntman  Sizemore was supposed to enter the Cadillac Escalade and stay there until the scene ended, but the stunt coordinator told him to pull out, not realizing that the stuntman was behind him On July 26, 2017, the second-season episode order was cut back from the planned ten episodes to the eight episodes already filmed after Ryan Phillippe broke his leg on July 16, 2017, in an incident unrelated to the series About the cancellation, Omar Epps said: “That was all backdoor politics  It had nothing to do with the numbers  Me and Ryan [Phillippe] had a great time  We were like kids in a candy store  We used to laugh every day we showed up to work, like, 'We're kids again!' We just get to run and jump, push, punch  You know, stuff that little boys do  It was like playing in the playground in the sandbox  I had a great, great time on that show  I have a lot of respect for John Hlavin, who's a showrunner on there  And like I said, Ryan and I got cool and had a great time on that show  That was just the backdoor politics “

Episodes
Season 1 (2016–17)
Based on the novel Point of Impact by Stephen Hunter 

Season 2 (2017)
Based on the novel Time to Hunt by Stephen Hunter 

Season 3 (2018)
Based on the novel Black Light by Stephen Hunter 

Broadcast
Shooter aired on Thursdays at 10:00 pm on USA Network  The episodes are approximately 43 minutes, and are broadcast in both high- and standard definition  In addition, the streaming service Netflix started to broadcast the series in certain regions worldwide, the first season weekly on November 15, 2016, with a one-day delay with respect to the original United States broadcast 

Reception
Shooter received mixed reviews from critics  On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 47% based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5 75/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Ryan Phillippe's efforts aren't enough to salvage Shooter, a tedious, under-developed drama that lacks an original voice or perspective " On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the series has a score 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" 

Ratings
Season 1 (2016–17)
Season 2 (2017)
Season 3 (2018)
Passage 3:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Australia located in Brisbane and covering the South East region of Queensland, Australia 
Part of the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Brisbane, the region covered was initially administered by the Archdiocese of Sydney  In 1859 the Diocese of Brisbane was erected, and elevated as an archdiocese in 1887  The archdiocese is the metropolitan of the suffragan dioceses of Cairns, Rockhampton, Toowoomba and Townsville 
The Cathedral of St Stephen is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane  On 12 May 2012 Mark Coleridge was installed as the sixth Archbishop of Brisbane, the seventh Bishop of Brisbane 

History
The Diocese of Brisbane was established in 1859, with responsibility for the entire state of Queensland  Prior to its establishment, Queensland was part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney On 27 January 1877 Pope Pius IX excised the northern part of the Diocese of Brisbane from Cape Hinchinbrook and then west to the border with South Australia (now Northern Territory) to create the Vicariate Apostolic of Queensland (later the Diocese of Cairns On 29 December 1882, the Diocese of Rockhampton was excised from the Archdiocese of Brisbane  The new Rockhampton diocese had responsibility for northern Queensland while the Brisbane archdiocese retained responsibility for southern Queensland In 1929, the Diocese of Toowoomba was excised from the Archdiocese of Brisbane 

Bishops
Ordinaries
The following people have been appointed as Roman Catholic Archbishops of Brisbane or any of its precursor titles:
Coadjutors are included in the table above 

Auxiliary bishops
CurrentTim Norton SVD (2022–present)FormerHenry Joseph Kennedy † (1967–1971), appointed [[Roman Catholic Bishop of Armidale|Bishop of Armidale]]
John Joseph Gerry † (1975–2003)
Eugene James Cuskelly, M S C  † (1982–1996)
Michael Ernest Putney † (1995–2001), appointed Bishop of Townsville
Brian Vincent Finnigan (2002–2015)
Joseph John Oudeman, O F M  Cap  (2002–2017)
Kenneth Howell (2017–2023), appointed Bishop of Toowoomba

Other priests of the diocese who became bishops
James Byrne †, appointed Bishop of Toowoomba in 1929
Andrew Gerard Tynan †, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 1946
Edward John Doody †, appointed Bishop of Armidale in 1948
John Ahern Torpie †, appointed Bishop of Cairns in 1967
Brian Heenan, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 1991
James Foley, appointed Bishop of Cairns in 1992
William Martin Morris, appointed Bishop of Toowoomba in 1992
Michael Fabian McCarthy, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 2014
Anthony Randazzo, appointed an Auxiliary Bishop of Sydney in 2016
Timothy James Harris, appointed Bishop of Townsville in 2017
† = deceased

Cathedral
The gothic revival cathedral is located on a site bounded by Elizabeth, Charlotte and Edward Streets, in the Australian city of Brisbane  Built between 1864 and 1922, with extensions made in 1989, the cathedral was established with James Quinn as its first bishop  Quinn planned to construct a large cathedral to accommodate a growing congregation   On 26 December 1863, the Feast of St Stephen, Quinn laid the foundation stone for a grand cathedral designed by Benjamin Backhouse  Backhouse's original design was changed and downsized numerous times over the course of the cathedral's completion, mainly for economic reasons 
In 1927, there was a plan to replace St Stephen's with a new Holy Name Cathedral to be built in Fortitude Valley, Brisbane  However, funding was only sufficient to build the crypt  Eventually the project was abandoned, the crypt demolished and the land sold 

Parishes
Economic contribution
The Archdiocese contributes around $2 5 billion to the economy through its schools and other institutions, providing employment to 22,000 people The Archdiocese manages 98 parishes and 144 Catholic schools  It also provides services to 12,992 aged care and disability clients, support for 8362 seniors to live at home, support to 23,000 victims of domestic violence and help for 4,000 people with mental illness 

See also
Roman Catholicism in Australia
Passage 4:
Lindhorst railway station
Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany  The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway  The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn  Lindhorst is served by the S1 

Train services
The following services currently call at Lindhorst:
Passage 5:
Take Me Home, Country Roads
"Take Me Home, Country Roads", also known simply as "Country Roads", is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert and John Denver  It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971, peaking at number two on Billboard's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971  The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017  The song became one of John Denver's most popular songs  It has continued to sell, with over 1 6 million digital copies sold in the United States The song is considered a symbol of West Virginia  In March 2014, it became one of the four official state anthems of West Virginia  In 2023, the song was selected by the Library of Congress for inclusion in the National Recording Registry 

Composition
Inspiration for the title line had come while Taffy Nivert and Bill Danoff, who were married, were driving along Clopper Road in Montgomery County, Maryland to a gathering of Nivert's family in Gaithersburg, with Nivert behind the wheel while Danoff played his guitar  "I just started thinking, country roads, I started thinking of me growing up in western New England and going on all these small roads," Danoff said  "It didn't have anything to do with Maryland or anyplace "To Danoff, the lyric "(t)he radio reminds me of my home far away" in the bridge is quintessentially West Virginian, an allusion to when he listened to the program Saturday Night Jamboree, broadcast from Wheeling, West Virginia, on WWVA at his home in Springfield, Massachusetts during his childhood in the 1950s Danoff was influenced by friend and West Virginian actor Chris Sarandon and members of a West Virginia commune who attended Danoff's performances  Of the commune members, Danoff remarked, "They brought their dogs and were a very colorful group of folks, but that is how West Virginia began creeping into the song " While the song was inspired by Danoff's upbringing in Springfield, Massachusetts, he "didn't want to write about Massachusetts because [he] didn't think the word was musical "Starting December 22, 1970, Denver was heading the New Year's bill at The Cellar Door, with Fat City opening for him, just as Denver had opened at the same club for then-headliner David Steinberg  After the club's post-Christmas reopening night on Tuesday, December 29 (Cellar Door engagements ran from Tuesday to Sunday, and this booking was for two weeks), the three returned to the couple's apartment for an impromptu jam  On the way, Denver's left thumb was broken in a collision  He was rushed to the emergency room, where the thumb was splinted  When they returned to the apartment, Denver said he was "wired, you know "When Danoff and Nivert ran through what they had of the song they had been working on for about a month, planning to sell to Johnny Cash, Denver "flipped"  He decided he had to have it, prompting them to abandon plans for the sale  The verses and chorus were still missing a bridge, so the three of them went about finishing 
Nivert got out an encyclopedia to learn more about West Virginia  The first thing she encountered was the Rhododendron, the state flower, so she kept trying to work the word Rhododendron into the song  Rhododendron was the title that Nivert had written down on the lyric sheet, which they later sent to ASCAP  The three stayed up until 6:00 a m , changing words and moving lines around When they finished, on the morning of Wednesday, December 30, 1970, Denver announced that the song had to go on his next album  Later that night, during Denver's first set, Denver called his two collaborators back to the spotlight, where the trio changed their career trajectories, reading the lyrics from a single, handheld, unfolded piece of paper  According to Len Jaffe, a Washington, D C -based singer-songwriter who attended the show where Denver premiered the song, this resulted in a five-minute standing ovation  The next day was Denver's 28th birthday  They recorded it in New York City in January 1971 
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" is written in a Key of A major and composed in a tempo of 82 beats per minute per common time 

Commercial performance and legacy
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" appeared on the LP Poems, Prayers & Promises and was released as a 45 in the spring of 1971  Original pressings credited the single to "John Denver with Fat City"  It broke nationally in mid-April but moved up the charts very slowly  After several weeks, RCA Records called John and told him they were giving up on the single  His response: "No! Keep working on it!" They did, and the single went to number 1 on the Record World Pop Singles Chart and the Cash Box Top 100, and number 2 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100, topped only by "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" by The Bee Gees 
On August 18, 1971, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for a million copies shipped  The song continued to sell in the digital era  As of January 2020, the song has also sold 1,591,000 downloads since it became available digitally Denver's recording of "Take Me Home, Country Roads" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2023 

Reception in West Virginia
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" received an enthusiastic response from West Virginians  On November 1, 2017, the West Virginia Tourism Office announced it had obtained the rights to use "Take Me Home, Country Roads", in its marketing efforts  "'Country Roads' has become synonymous with West Virginia all over the world," said West Virginia Tourism Commissioner Chelsea Ruby  "It highlights everything we love about our state: scenic beauty, majestic mountains, a timeless way of life, and most of all, the warmth of a place that feels like home whether you've lived here forever or are just coming to visit " The opening phrase of the song, "Almost heaven", became a primary tourism office slogan The song is the theme song of West Virginia University, and it has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972  The song is played for other athletic events and university functions, including after football games, for which the fans are encouraged to stay in the stands and sing the song along with the team  On September 6, 1980, at the invitation of West Virginia Governor Jay Rockefeller, songwriters Danoff, Nivert, and Denver performed the song during pregame festivities to a sold-out crowd of Mountaineer fans  This performance marked the dedication of the current West Virginia University Mountaineer Field and the first game for head coach Don Nehlen The popularity of the song inspired resolutions in the West Virginia Legislature to adopt "Take Me Home, Country Roads" as an official state song  On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song of West Virginia, alongside three other pieces: "West Virginia Hills", "This Is My West Virginia", and "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home"  Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014 The song was played at the funeral for West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston, West Virginia on July 2, 2010 The Mountain State Brewing Company based in Thomas, West Virginia, produces an amber ale named "Almost Heaven", which it says is "named after John Denver's ode to West Virginia, 'Country Roads'" 

Personnel
John Denver – vocals, 6- & 12-string acoustic guitar
Bill Danoff – backing vocals
Taffy Nivert – backing vocals
Eric Weissberg – banjo, steel guitar
Mike Taylor – acoustic guitar
Richard Kniss – double bass
Gary Chester – drums, percussion

Charts
Certifications
Cover versions
Hermes House Band version
Dutch pop band Hermes House Band covered the song and released it as "Country Roads"  This version was first released in Germany on May 21, 2001, and was issued in the United Kingdom on December 3, 2001, where it was a contender for the 2001 Christmas number-one single  This version was a chart success in Europe, reaching number one in Scotland, number two in Germany and Ireland, and the top 10 in Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Olivia Newton-John version
Olivia Newton-John released a cover version in January 1973 that reached number 6 in Japan and number 15 in the UK  It was the lead single from her third studio album, Let Me Be There  This version, as well as the song itself, features prominently in the Japanese animated film, Whisper of the Heart 

Fallout 76 version
A cover version of the song, a collaboration between Copilot Music and Sound and the vocal group Spank, was commissioned for and featured in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game Fallout 76, with its plot events are set in West Virginia  Released as an iTunes-only single on July 4, 2018, the song reached No  1 on the iTunes singles chart  It debuted at No  41 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart that week and at No  21 on Billboard's Country Digital Songs the following week  The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording, initially uploaded in 2013, would later edit its description in response to the song's use for the game  In Australia, a promotional Fallout 76 vinyl featuring the cover was included with the December 2018 issue of STACK Magazine exclusively from retailer JB Hi-Fi 

Forever Country
The song found further chart success as part of the Forever Country medley and video, created in 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Country Music Association Awards 
Passage 6:
Khong Island
Khong Island or Don Khong (Lao: ດອນໂຂງ) is the largest island and the seat of administration in the Si Phan Don riverine archipelago located in the Mekong River, Khong District, Champasak Province, southern Laos 
The island is 18 kilometers (11 mi) long (north-south), and 8 kilometers (5 0 mi) at its widest point  Its population is mainly concentrated in the two villages Muang Saen (west) and Muang Khong (east); the latter is the de facto capital of the island as well as the regional seat of government  There are 19 villages on the island and the main source of income comes from fishing  
The former President of Laos, Khamtai Siphandon, has a residence on the island, which is a possible explanation for the  high quality of its infrastructure, such as asphalted roads and electricity  Locals tend to travel on longtail boats 
Passage 7:
John Phan
Bon "John" Phan (born October 10, 1974, in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California, who is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four-time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships 

World Series of Poker
Phan has made numerous World Series of Poker (WSOP) money finishes, including the final table of the $5,000 Seven-card stud event in 2005, finished fourth and outlasted both professional poker players Dave Colclough and Rob Hollink At the 2006 WSOP, Phan finished second in the $1,000 No-Limit Hold'em event when his Q♠ 5♠ failed to improve against Jon Friedberg's A♥ 7♥ on a board of 10♥ 9♦ 3♠ 2♥ 7♠  Phan earned $289,389 for his runner-up finish the next year at the 2007 World Series of Poker Phan was runner-up to Francois Safieddine in the $2,500 No Limit Hold'em event, earning $330,846 but it was not until the 2008 World Series of Poker that Phan won his first bracelet after winning the $3,000 No-Limit Hold'em event, earning $434,789 and then he won his second bracelet the same year, this time in the $2,500 2-7 Triple Draw event, earning $151,896  Phan cashed for a total of $608,464 at the 2008 WSOP 

World Series of Poker bracelets
World Poker Tour
Phan cashed eleven times on the World Poker Tour (WPT) making the final table in four of them,  one was at the $25,000 WPT Championship of season 3, receiving $518,920 for finishing in fourth place above Hollink, Phil Ivey, Joe Beevers, Chris Ferguson and Juha Helppi  and the other was at the $9,600 No Limit Hold'em WPT season 6 event at the 2008 Bay 101 Shooting Stars where he finished 6th, earning $135,000  In July 2008, Phan made another WPT final table finishing in fifth place at the Bellagio Cup IV, earning $193,915On the WPT seventh season, Phan won his first WPT title after defeating well known online player Amit "Amak316″ Makhija during heads-up play, winning the WPT bracelet and over $1 1 million at the Legends of Poker held at The Bicycle Casino in Bell Gardens, California 

Other poker events

Phan won two events at The Fifth Annual Jack Binion World Poker Open in 2004, the $500 Limit Hold'em event, earning $160,965 and $500 Pot Limit Hold'em event, earning $85,257 also cashing three other times at that same event  He later won the $3,000 No Limit Hold'em event at the Festa al Lago II in 2004, earning $189,900  He won the $2,425 No Limit Hold'em event at the 2005 L A  Poker Classic, earning $300,578 and was runner-up to Marcel Lüske in the $3,000 No Limit Hold'em event at the Fourth Annual Five-Star World Poker Classic in 2006, earning $179,195 As of 2017, his total live tournament winnings exceed $5,525,000  His 29 cashes as the WSOP account for over $1,450,000 of those winnings He was the Cardplayer Magazine 2008 Player of the Year with 6,704 points as well as 2008 Bluff Magazine Player of the Year 


== Notes ==
Passage 8:
Icaria Planum
Icaria Planum is a region on Mars in the Thaumasia quadrangle of Mars that is 566 59 km across and is located at 43 27 S and 
253 96E   It was named after a classic albedo feature that was approved in 1979   The name of the classic feature was based on the land where according to greek mythology, Icarus died (Icaria) 

See also
HiRISE
HiWish program
Latitude dependent mantle
Thaumasia quadrangle
Passage 9:
Muang Kham, Chiang Rai
Muang Kham (Thai: ม่วงคำ) is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Phan District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand  In 2005 it had a total population of 8837 people  The tambon contains 17 villages 
Passage 10:
Dići
Dići is a village situated in Ljig municipality in Serbia  The town is known for having a medieval church dedicated to St  John, and being the burial place of 14th-century nobleman Vlgdrag 
Passage 11:
Phan Huy Quát
Phan Huy Quát (Hà Tĩnh Province, 12 June 1908 – 27 April 1979) was a South Vietnamese doctor and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam for four months in 1965 

Early life
Phan Huy Quát was born in Lộc Hà District in Hà Tĩnh Province  He attended the Lycée Pellerin, Huế, then studied medicine in Hanoi and qualified as a doctor before entering politics 
On 1 July 1949, Quát was appointed Minister of Education by Head of State Bảo Đại  On 22 January 1950, Prime Minister Nguyễn Phan Long appointed Quát Minister of Defense, at which position he had only served briefly before the Cabinet was re-organized and he returned to working for the Đại Việt Quốc dân đảng 
In June 1953, Prime Minister Nguyễn Văn Tâm appointed Quát Minister of Defense  Quát would be in this position until 1954 when Prince Bửu Lộc became Prime Minister who appointed Quát Special Minister in charge of the democratization process for Vietnam  Dr  Quát then served briefly as an interim Prime Minister until Bảo Đại appointed Ngô Đình Diệm to the position 
In April 1960, Quát signed the Caravelle Manifesto, a list of grievances and demands specifically critical of Diệm, and was promptly jailed by the GVN  After Diệm's assassination in October 1963, Quát was appointed Foreign Minister by Major General Nguyễn Khánh, one of the principal participants in the bloody coup  Though Quát frequently criticized Khánh's self-serving rule, he remained in Khánh's cabinet until November 1964, when Trần Văn Hương was installed as Prime Minister of General Khánh's freshly created High National Council (HNC) On 16 February 1965, the Armed Forces Council, a group of South Vietnamese military officers who took over when General Khánh deposed Hương and the HNC, secured Quát's appointment to Prime Minister in order to foil a power grab by the junta chief Khánh, who intended to install the economist Nguyễn Xuân Oánh as his puppet in the Prime Minister post  Khánh himself was forced to step down after a coup on 19/20 February and was subsequently exiled  Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ then led the junta that oversaw the civilian cabinet  In 1965, Kỳ was appointed Prime Minister and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu became President by a special joint meeting of military leaders following the voluntary resignation of civilian President Sửu  After leaving the Prime Minister post, Dr  Quát returned to his medical practice  He remained in politics until 1975 by working with the Asia Anti-Communist League (Liên Minh Á Châu Chống Cộng) as Chairman of its Vietnamese office 

Last years/death
After the Fall of Saigon, Quát went into hiding  In August 1975, he was arrested and jailed at Chí Hòa Prison after a failed attempt to escape from Vietnam  It was there that he died of liver failure on 27 April 1979  The official report indicated that Quát had died from "a stroke, heart attack and liver failure" 

See also
1965 South Vietnamese coup
Passage 12:
Mohammad Zubair Khan
Dr  Mohammad Zubair Khan has a doctorate in political economy from Johns Hopkins University  After working briefly for the World Bank, he worked at the International Monetary Fund from 1981 to 1992, assigned to a wide range of countries, including industrial countries in northern Europe and Turkey, developing countries in south Asia, the oil producing countries in the Middle East and countries in the South Pacific region Since returning to Pakistan, he has been consulting for the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, UNDP, JBIC and other international organizations on a range of issues, such as macroeconomic stabilisation policies, monetary policy, trade and exchange rate issues, fiscal and external debt sustainability, fiscal federalism, tax administration and poverty related issues  He also lectures at the Central Banks of Egypt and Sri Lanka, the National Institute of Public Administration (NIPA) campus in Lahore, the Pakistan Administrative Staff College, and the National Defence University in Islamabad 
He has been Commerce Minister of Pakistan and represented Pakistan at the first ministerial conference of the World Trade Organization  Currently, in addition to consulting, Khan is a member of the National Finance Commission, the advisory board of the  Securities and Exchange Commission, Government of Pakistan, a member of the board of directors of Bank of Khyber, and a member of the Provincial Finance Commission of the Government of North-West Frontier Province  He is also a member of the Boao Boao Forum for Asia in Hainan, China 
Khan is currently managing director of Financial Techniques International  Because of his straight talk and knowledge of economics, he is a popular guest on TV 

Family
He is the son of the late Wali Mohammad Khan, the elder brother of late Hayat Sherpao and Aftab Sherpao who were born to the family of Khan Bahadar Ghulam Haider Khan Sherpao, a key player in the Pakistan Movement 
His family tree and cross-marriages in influential families of Pakistan are unique  He is the cousin and brother-in-law of the former President of Pakistan, the late Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari, and uncle of Sumera Malik and Ayla Malik (granddaughters of Malik Amir Mohammed Khan of Kalabagh) both members of the National Assembly  He is also the uncle of Senator Jamal Leghari and Awais Leghari who was a Minister of Telecommunications and member of the National Assembly 

Publications
 Kickstarting Pakistan's Economy  Lahore: Vanguard Books, 2001  ISBN 969-402-356-4 
"Liberalization and Economic Crisis in Pakistan " In Rising to the Challenge in Asia: A Study of Financial Markets: Volume 9 - Pakistan   Asian Development Bank, 1999   ISBN 971-561-236-9 
Passage 13:
South Central Coast
In Vietnam, South Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) and South Central Region (Vietnamese: Nam Trung Bộ) are two terms which can refer to the same region or two regions that do not correspond to each other  South Central Coast (sometimes called "South Central Region") consists of the independent municipality of Đà Nẵng and seven other provinces (picture 1), which means South Central Coast does not include Central Highlands (picture 2); nevertheless the term "South Central Region" can be also used to include Central Highlands as it is part of southern part of Central Vietnam  
The region has traditionally been one of the main gateways to neighbouring Central Highlands  It has a complex geography with mountain ranges extending up to the coast, making transport and infrastructure development challenging but favouring tourism in some places, most notable around Phan Thiết, Nha Trang, and Da Nang  Tourism also benefits from Cham cultural heritage, including architecture, performances, and museums  It is generally much less industrialized and developed than the region around Ho Chi Minh City or the Red River Delta, but it has some regional industrial centers in Da Nang, around Nha Trang and Quy Nhon 
South Central Coast (Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) -  8 provinces: Da Nang, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận  The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region  In the Nguyễn dynasty, this area was known as Tả Trực Kỳ (the area located in the right of Thừa Thiên) 

Provinces
History
The region was inhabited by people of the Sa Huỳnh culture between around 1000 BC and 200 AD



ground_truth: Green Bay

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the place of birth of the performer of Mother-in-Law elect its first black Mayor?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Huntington Stadium
Huntington Stadium (formerly Ryedale Stadium) is the former stadium of English rugby league teams York Wasps, and York City Knights 

History
The stadium, which was financed by Ryedale District Council and was initially named the Ryedale Stadium, was completed in October 1989 York Wasps played their first ever match at the Huntington Stadium when they lost to Hull Kingston Rovers 36–26 in front of a crowd of 3,105 2009 saw the first ever game at the stadium live on Sky Sports  York were victorious as they beat Oldham 20–18 to go second in the Championship The 2014 season was announced as the final season for the York City Knights  They won the league and lifted the trophy at the final home league game against London Skolars  The final game at Huntington Stadium ended in a 32–24 defeat for the York City Knights by Hunslet Hawks in the Championship 1 Play Off Semi Final 

Demolition and Replacement
It had long been proposed that the Knights should share a new municipal stadium with York City F C  and it was announced in July 2010 that the preferred location would be the site of the current Huntington Stadium A community archaeology project was undertaken by York Archaeological Trust in 2015 to record the site of a Roman Marching Camp Site  The work of the local community project "Dig York Stadium" produced a historical record After the York Dig had concluded on 19 June 2015 it appeared that demolition of Huntington Stadium would be able to commence  However, the project faced more delays after a legal challenge to its planning application The new municipal stadium, known as York Community Stadium, opened in December 2020 
Passage 2:
2014–15 Oman Professional League
The 2014–15 Oman Professional League (known as the Omantel Professional League for sponsorship reasons) was the 39th edition of the top football league in Oman  The season began on 11 September 2014, and concluded on 28 May 2015  Al-Nahda Club were the defending champions, having won their third title in the previous 2013–14 season  On Saturday, 9 May 2015, Al-Oruba SC were crowned the champions of the 2014–15 Oman Professional League with three games to spare after Sur SC was held to a 2–2 draw by Al-Suwaiq Club at the Al-Seeb Stadium  Al-Oruba who had beaten Sohar SC, 1–0 on Friday took their tally to 48 points from 23 matches, gaining an unassailable lead of eight points ahead of second-placed Sur  Sur, which needed to win on Saturday to keep their title hopes alive, and settled for one point to take its tally to 40 points, helping the fierce rivals from Sur city to win their 4th domestic title 

Teams
This season the league has 14 teams  Majees SC and Al-Ittihad Club were relegated to the First Division League after finishing in the relegation zone in the 2013–14 season  Al-Nasr S C S C  however again managed to play in the top division as they won the Relegation/Promotion playoff against Al-Mudhaibi Club  The two relegated teams were replaced by First Division League winners Al-Khabourah SC, runners-up Bowsher Club 
The winner and the runner-up will qualify for the 2016 AFC Cup 

Stadiums and locations
Note: Table lists clubs in alphabetical order 

Personnel and kits
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Managerial changes
Foreign players
Restricting the number of foreign players strictly to four per team, including a slot for a player from AFC countries  A team could use four foreign players on the field during each game including at least one player from the AFC country 

League table
Results
Clubs season-progress
Promotion/relegation play-off
As of 31 May 2015

1st leg
2nd leg
Sohar secured promotion after winning 2–1 on aggregate

Season statistics
As of 29 May 2015

Hat-tricks
OFA Awards
Oman Football Association awarded the following awards for the 2014–15 Oman Professional League season 
Top Scorer: Mechac Koffi (Al-Nasr)
Best Player: Eid Al-Farsi (Al-Oruba)
Most Promising Young Player: Mohammed Al-Najashi (Sur)
Best Goalkeeper: Riyadh Al-Alawi (Al-Oruba)
Best Coach: Philippe Burle (Al-Oruba)
Best Team Manager: Hussain Mustahil (Al-Nasr)
Fair Play Award: Al-Suwaiq

Media coverage
Controversies
The league was the subject of controversies like the refusal of Omani referees to officiate in the league matches and boycott of the Professional League by clubs 
Before the beginning of the 2014–15 season, nine top clubs of the Oman Professional League demanded the cancellation of the Professional League  It was reported that the presidents of the nine clubs (Al-Oruba, Dhofar, Al-Seeb, Al-Nahda, Fanja, Bowsher, Sohar, Al-Shabab and Sur) held a meeting in the head office of Sur SC on 7 June 2014 in order to discuss the experience of different clubs of the professional league  The statement released by the clubs after this meeting sparked a wave of controversy as all these nine clubs decided to hold a meeting with Sayyid Khalid Al-Busaidi, Chairman of the Oman Football Association and demand the cancellation of the 2014–15 season of the Oman Professional League  The reason given out was that the clubs were unable to meet the financial demands laid out by the association and also that the association failed to fulfill the promises made before the beginning of the pro-league system In a major embarrassment for the Oman Football Association (OFA), all its top-division referees boycotted the three-day opening round of the prestigious Omantel Professional League (OPL), which began on 11 September 2014, over a payment issue  This was the first ever instance in Oman of OFA-accredited referees boycotting top-flight domestic league matches over a stand-off  The referees refused to officiate in the opening-round matches on 11 September 2014, 12 September 2014 and 13 September 2014 over long-standing bonus payments from the OFA  The row over pending bonus payments for the referees had been brewing since the conclusion of the inaugural edition of OPL last season  The first round match between Sur SC and Al-Seeb Club was postponed from the scheduled time to another time and the match between Dhofar S C S C  and Al-Khaboora SC which was also scheduled to be held on 11 September was postponed to the next day because of the refusal of Omani referees to officiate in the league matches  The OFA, under the chairmanship of Sayyid Khalid al Busaidy, managed to defuse the crisis by requesting the UAE football body to send match officials to get the OPL started  UAE duly responded, sending 16 officials - eight referees and eight linesmen - who officiated in the seven opening-round matches that went ahead as scheduled from Thursday to Saturday at various venues in Oman On 11 December 2014, defending champions Al-Nahda failed to turn up against Dhofar in an OPL match at the Al-Saada Stadium in Salalah; the Oman Professional League's Disciplinary Committee handed the result of the abandoned match in favour of Dhofar (3-0) and docked Al-Nahda a total of nine points - three for skipping the 11 December fixture and six more as penalty On 11 February 2015, 4 (Al-Musannah, Al-Seeb, Bowsher and Fanja) out of the 14 clubs participating in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League along with 8 other Omani clubs decided to go ahead with their demand for an Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) with the aim of introducing a no-confidence motion against the association's  board members On 7 March 2015, 10 out of 39 clubs attending a consultative meeting of the OFA walked out in protest midway into the proceedings  walkout was triggered by the OFA's decision to call off an Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM), which was originally scheduled for 7 March 2015  However, the OFA which had previously agreed for an EGM, on 6 March 2015 shelved the summit, citing a letter from the FIFA, football's world governing body  On the very next day, the OFA cancelled the membership of 11 clubs (Ahli Sidab, Al-Ittifaq, Al-Kamel Wa Al-Wafi, Al-Musannah, Al-Seeb, Bowsher, Dhofar, Fanja, Ibri, Ja'lan and Nizwa) for illegally withdrawing from the consultative meeting conducted by the OFA 

See also
Passage 3:
Bassel al-Assad Stadium (Homs)
Bassel al-Assad Stadium (Arabic: ملعب باسل الأسد) is a multi-use stadium located in the Baba Amr district in the city of Homs, Syria  It was opened in 2000, and is mostly used for football matches and serves as a second venue for the football clubs of Al-Karamah SC and Al-Wathba SC  Located in the Baba Amr district of the city, the stadium is able to hold up to 25,000 spectators  It was renovated in 2010 During the Syrian Civil War, Baba Amr was the epicentre of fighting in the 2012 Homs offensive  As a result, the stadium  was heavily damaged and the playing surface was entirely deteriorated  However, the stadium was renovated during 2016 and a new turf was installed 

See also
List of football stadiums in Syria
Passage 4:
Saoud bin Abdulrahman Stadium
The Saoud bin Abdulrahman al-Thani Stadium (Arabic: ملعب سعود بن عبدالرحمن), also known as Al-Wakrah SC Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Al Wakrah, Qatar  It is currently used mostly for football matches  It is the home venue of Al-Wakrah Sports Club  The stadium has a capacity of 12,000 seats A new stadium named Al Janoub Stadium is being built in the vicinity in time for the 2022 FIFA World Cup and will be used as Al-Wakrah Sports Club’s home, after the world cup During the 2022 FIFA World Cup, the site was used as the training base for England 
Passage 5:
Al Kharaitiyat SC
Al Kharaitiyat Sport Club (Arabic: نادي الخريطيات) is a Qatari sports club based in the town of Al Kharaitiyat, best known for its football team of the Qatari Second Division  They won promotion 
in 2004 and played in the Qatari Stars League the following season  However, they were relegated the following season  They once again regained their position in the top flight in the 2008–09 season 

History
Al Kharaitiyat is among the newest sports clubs in Qatar, having been formed in 1996 as Al-Hilal  Among the founders were:

Upon its formation, it was entered into the Qatari Second Division  After winning the second division title in 2004, they earned a spot in the top tier, the Qatar Stars League  Shortly after, the club was renamed to its current name, Al Kharaitiyat, on 19 October 2004 by a decision of the vice-president of the Qatar Olympic Committee in order to better represent the district it is located in  The team was relegated from the Stars League in the 2004–05 season after a 3–3 draw with Al Ahli on 6 April, 2005 with two matches left to play in the season In 2008 the team was once again promoted to the Stars League 

Supporters
A fan club was established in 2008 after the team won promotion to the Qatar Stars League 

Stadium history
Honours
Domestic
Qatari Second Division
Winners (2): 2004, 2020
Qatari Stars Cup
Runners-up (1): 2012

Current squad
As of Qatari Second Division:

Personnel
Club staff
Last updated 11 November 2018 

Management
Managerial history
Last updated 20 May 2021 

Notes
Note 1: Sheikh Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani served as the first president of the club 
Passage 6:
Hassan Abyan
Hassan (Arabic: حسان) is a Yemeni football team currently playing in the Yemeni League, where they finished in 2nd place in the 2007 competition  It is based in Abyan   Their home stadium is Al-Shohada'a Stadium 
Passage 7:
San Diego Spirit
The San Diego Spirit was a professional soccer team that played in the Women's United Soccer Association  The team played at Torero Stadium on the campus of the University of San Diego in San Diego, California  The team began play in 2001  The league announced on September 15, 2003, it was suspending operations 
The founding members of the Spirit were Julie Foudy, Shannon MacMillan and Joy Fawcett  The team reached the playoffs in the 2003 season, losing to the Atlanta Beat in the semifinals  Other notable members of the Spirit included Scotland's Julie Fleeting, Brazil's Daniela and Canada's Christine Latham, as well as U S  national team players Jenni Branam, Aly Wagner and Shannon Boxx 

Year-by-year
Players
The "founding players" of the Spirit were Julie Foudy, Shannon MacMillan and Joy Fawcett of the 1999 U S  Women's World Cup team 2003 Roster 
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Coach: Omid Namazi

Coaches
Carlos Juarez (2001-2002)
Kevin Crow (2002)
Omid Namazi (2003)

League suspension
The WUSA announced on September 15, 2003, that it was suspending operations 

See also
List of soccer clubs in the United States
Women's association football
Passage 8:
Al Karkh Stadium
Al-Saher Ahmed Radhi Stadium (Arabic: ملعب الساحر احمد راضي, lit  'Magician Ahmed Radhi Stadium') is a multi-use stadium in Baghdad, Iraq  It is used mostly for football matches and serves as the home stadium of Al-Karkh  The stadium holds 5,150 people 
The stadium was originally called Al-Mansour Local Administration Stadium and was renamed Al-Rasheed Stadium when Al-Rasheed SC took over the ground in 1984  It became known as  Al-Karkh Stadium after Al-Karkh replaced the dissolved Al-Rasheed in the top division in 1990 
In June 2020, following the death of former Al-Rasheed player Ahmed Radhi, the stadium was renamed Al-Saher Ahmed Radhi Stadium 

Gallery
See also
List of football stadiums in Iraq
Passage 9:
Mohammed Muddather
Mohmad Mdether Driss Rajeb (born 13 April 1988) is a Sudanese born-Qatari footballer who plays for Qatari club Al-Sailiya in the Qatar Stars League 

Club career
Rajeb started his career with Al-Ahly Shendi in Sudan and joined in the spring of 2007 to Qatar Stars League club Al-Wakrah  In December 2011 left Al-Wakrah and joined to Qatar Stars League rival Lekhwiya SC  From 2013 to 2016 he played for Al-Arabi SC  In August 2016, he joined Al-Sailiya SC 
Passage 10:
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization  One of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, MLB comprises 30 teams, divided equally between the National League (NL) and the American League (AL), with 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada  Formed in 1876 and 1901, respectively, the NL and AL cemented their cooperation with the National Agreement in 1903, making MLB the oldest major professional sports league in the world  They remained legally separate entities until 2000, when they merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball  MLB is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan Baseball's first all-professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was founded in 1869  The first few decades of professional baseball saw rivalries between leagues, and players often jumped from one team or league to another  The period before 1920 was the dead-ball era, when home runs were rarely hit  Professional baseball survived the Black Sox Scandal, a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, then rose in popularity in the following decade  It survived the Great Depression and World War II  Shortly after the war, Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier 
The 1950s and 1960s saw the AL and NL add clubs; some moved around the country  Modern stadiums with artificial turf surfaces began to change the game in the 1970s and 1980s  Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s  In the mid-2000s, media reports disclosed the use of anabolic steroids among MLB players; a 2006-07 investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which found that many players had used steroids and other performance-enhancing substances, including at least one player from each team 
Each team plays 162 games per season, and six teams in each league advance to a four-round postseason tournament that culminates in the World Series, a best-of-seven championship series between the two league champions first played in 1903  The New York Yankees have the most championships with 27  The defending champions are the Houston Astros, who defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in the 2022 World Series 
MLB is the second-wealthiest professional sport league by revenue after the National Football League (NFL)  Baseball games are broadcast on television, radio, and the internet throughout North America and in several other countries  MLB has the highest total season attendance of any sports league in the world; in 2018, it drew more than 69 6 million spectators MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises lower-tier teams affiliated with the major league clubs  MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament 

Organizational structure
MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution  This document has undergone several incarnations since its creation in 1876  Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sport's umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, and television contracts  MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball  This is due in large part to the 1922 U S  Supreme Court ruling in Federal Baseball Club v  National League, which held that baseball is not interstate commerce and therefore not subject to federal antitrust law; MLB is the only league that has such a status, and has not faced any competition since this case  This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years  The weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates  There were several challenges to MLB's primacy in the sport, with notable attempts to establish competing leagues occurring during the late 1800s, from 1913 to 1915 with the short-lived Federal League, and in 1960 with the aborted Continental League The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, currently Rob Manfred  The deputy commissioner of baseball administration and chief legal officer is currently Dan Halem  There are seven other executives: executive vice president and general counsel, chief operations and strategy officer, chief communications officer, chief financial officer and senior advisor, executive vice president and chief marketing officer, chief revenue officer, and chief baseball development officer The multimedia branch of MLB is MLB Advanced Media, which is based in New York City  This branch oversees MLB com and each of the 30 teams' websites  Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, but it is under the same ownership group and revenue-sharing plan  MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media  MLB also owns 67 percent of MLB Network, with the other 33 percent split between several cable operators and satellite provider DirecTV  It operates out of studios in Secaucus, New Jersey, and also has editorial independence from the league 

League organization
In 1920, the weak National Commission, which had been created to manage relationships between the two leagues, was replaced with the much more powerful Commissioner of Baseball, who had the power to make decisions for all of professional baseball unilaterally  From 1901 to 1960, the American and National Leagues fielded eight teams apiece 
In the 1960s, MLB expansion added eight teams, including the first non-U S  team (the Montreal Expos)  Two teams (the Seattle Mariners and the Toronto Blue Jays) were also added in the 1970s  From 1969 through 1993, each league consisted of an East and West Division  In 1993, the National League expanded with two teams, the Florida Marlins and the Colorado Rockies, to even up the number of teams in both leagues  A third division, the Central Division, was formed in each league in 1994  Until 1996, the two leagues met on the field only during the World Series and the All-Star Game  Regular-season interleague play was introduced in 1997 In March 1995, two new franchises, the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now known as the Tampa Bay Rays), were awarded by MLB, which began play in 1998  This addition brought the total number of franchises to 30  In early 1997, MLB decided to assign one new team to each league: Tampa Bay joined the AL and Arizona joined the NL  The original plan was to have an odd number of teams in each league (15 per league, with five in each division), but in order for every team to be able to play daily, this would have required interleague play to be scheduled throughout the entire season  However, it was unclear at the time if the interleague play would continue after the 1998 season, as it had to be approved by the players' union  For this and other reasons, it was decided that both leagues should continue to have an even number of teams, and therefore, one existing club would have to switch leagues  The Milwaukee Brewers agreed in November 1997 to move from the AL to the NL, thereby making the NL a 16-team league  At the same time, the Detroit Tigers agreed to move from the AL East to the AL Central (to replace Milwaukee), with the expansion Tampa Bay Devil Rays joining the AL East  Later, when the Houston Astros changed ownership prior to the 2013 season, the team moved from the NL Central to the AL West, resulting in both leagues having three divisions of five teams each and allowing all teams to have a more balanced schedule  Interleague play is now held throughout the season In 2000, the AL and NL were dissolved as legal entities, and MLB became a single, overall league de jure, similar to the National Football League (NFL), National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL)—albeit with two components called "leagues" instead of "conferences"  The same rules and regulations are used in both leagues, with one former exception: the AL operated under the designated hitter (DH) rule, while the NL did not  This difference in rules between leagues was unique to MLB, as the other major professional sports leagues in the U S  and Canada have one set of rules for all teams In 2020, the National League (NL) used the designated hitter (DH) rule for the first time  As part of the settlement of the 2021–22 Major League Baseball lockout, this change was made permanent thus making the rules in the two leagues identical 

Teams
An asterisk (*) denotes a relocation of a franchise  See respective team articles for more information 

History
Founding
In the 1860s, aided by soldiers playing the game in camp during the Civil War, "New York"-style baseball expanded into a national game and spawned baseball's first governing body, the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP)  The NABBP existed as an amateur league for 12 years  By 1867, more than 400 clubs were members  Most of the strongest clubs remained those based in the Northeastern United States  For professional baseball's founding year, MLB uses the year 1869—when the first professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was established A schism developed between professional and amateur ballplayers after the founding of the Cincinnati club  The NABBP split into an amateur organization and a professional organization  The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, often known as the National Association (NA), was formed in 1871  Its amateur counterpart disappeared after only a few years  The modern Chicago Cubs and Atlanta Braves franchises trace their histories back to the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in the 1870s In 1876, the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs (later known as the National League or NL) was established after the NA proved ineffective  The league placed its emphasis on clubs rather than on players  Clubs could now enforce player contracts, preventing players from jumping to higher-paying clubs  Clubs were required to play the full schedule of games instead of forfeiting scheduled games when the club was no longer in the running for the league championship, which happened frequently under the NA  A concerted effort was made to curb gambling on games, which was leaving the validity of results in doubt  The first game in the NL—on Saturday, April 22, 1876 (at Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia)—is often pointed to as the beginning of MLB 

The early years of the NL were tumultuous, with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated "reserve clause", which restricted the free movement of players between clubs  Teams came and went; 1882 was the first season where the league's membership was the same as the preceding season's, and only four franchises survived to see 1900  Competitor leagues formed regularly and also disbanded regularly  The most successful was the American Association (1882–1891), sometimes called the "beer and whiskey league" for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators  For several years, the NL and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series—the first attempt at a World Series  The two leagues merged in 1892 as a single 12-team NL, but the NL dropped four teams after the 1899 season  This led to the formation of the American League in 1901 under AL president Ban Johnson, and the resulting bidding war for players led to widespread contract-breaking and legal disputes The war between the AL and NL caused shock waves throughout the baseball world  At a meeting at the Leland Hotel in Chicago in 1901, the other baseball leagues negotiated a plan to maintain their independence  A new National Association was formed to oversee these minor leagues After 1902, the NL, AL, and NA signed a new National Agreement which tied independent contracts to the reserve-clause contracts  The agreement also set up a formal classification system for minor leagues, the forerunner of today's system that was refined by Branch Rickey 

Other recognized leagues
Several other early defunct baseball leagues are officially considered major leagues, and their statistics and records are included with those of the two current major leagues  In 1969, the Special Baseball Records Committee of Major League Baseball officially recognized six major leagues: the National League, American League, American Association, Union Association (1884), Players' League (1890), and Federal League (1914–1915)  The status of the National Association as a major league has been a point of dispute among baseball researchers; while its statistics are not recognized by Major League Baseball, its statistics are included with those of other major leagues by some baseball reference websites, such as Retrosheet  Some researchers, including Nate Silver, dispute the major-league status of the Union Association by pointing out that franchises came and went and that the St  Louis club was deliberately "stacked"; the St  Louis club was owned by the league's president and it was the only club that was close to major-league caliber  In December 2020, Major League Baseball announced its recognition of seven leagues within Negro league baseball as major leagues, and in 2021, baseball reference website Baseball-Reference com began to include statistics from those seven leagues into their major-league statistics 

Dead-ball era
The period between 1900 and 1919 is commonly referred to as the "dead-ball era"  Games of this era tended to be low-scoring and were often dominated by pitchers, such as Walter Johnson, Cy Young, Christy Mathewson, Mordecai Brown, and Grover Cleveland Alexander  The term also accurately describes the condition of the baseball itself  The baseball used American rather than the modern Australian wool yarn and was not wound as tightly, affecting the distance that it would travel  More significantly, balls were kept in play until they were mangled, soft and sometimes lopsided  During this era, a baseball cost three dollars, equal to $50 64 today (in inflation-adjusted USD), and owners were reluctant to purchase new balls  Fans were expected to throw back fouls and (rare) home runs  Baseballs also became stained with tobacco juice, grass, and mud, and sometimes the juice of licorice, which some players would chew for the purpose of discoloring the ball Also, pitchers could manipulate the ball through the use of the spitball  (In 1921 use of this pitch was restricted to a few pitchers with a grandfather clause ) Additionally, many ballparks had large dimensions, such as the West Side Grounds of the Chicago Cubs, which was 560 feet (170 m) to the center field fence, and the Huntington Avenue Grounds of the Boston Red Sox, which was 635 feet (194 m) to the center field fence, thus home runs were rare, and "small ball" tactics such as singles, bunts, stolen bases, and the hit-and-run play dominated the strategies of the time  Hitting methods like the Baltimore Chop were used to increase the number of infield singles  On a successful Baltimore chop, the batter hits the ball forcefully into the ground, causing it to bounce so high that the batter reaches first base before the ball can be fielded and thrown to the first baseman The adoption of the foul strike rule in the early twentieth century quickly sent baseball from a high-scoring game to one where scoring runs became a struggle  Prior to the institution of this rule, foul balls were not counted as strikes: a batter could foul off any number of pitches with no strikes counted against him; this gave an enormous advantage to the batter  In 1901, the NL adopted the foul strike rule, and the AL followed suit in 1903 After the 1919 World Series between the Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds, baseball was rocked by allegations of a game fixing scheme known as the Black Sox Scandal  Eight players—"Shoeless" Joe Jackson, Eddie Cicotte, Claude "Lefty" Williams, George "Buck" Weaver, Arnold "Chick" Gandil, Fred McMullin, Charles "Swede" Risberg, and Oscar "Happy" Felsch—intentionally lost the World Series in exchange for a ring worth $100,000 ($1,712,780 35 in 2022 dollars)  Despite being acquitted, all were permanently banned from Major League Baseball 

Rise in popularity
Baseball's popularity increased in the 1920s and 1930s  The 1920 season was notable for the death of Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians  Chapman, who was struck in the head by a pitch and died a few hours later, became the only MLB player to die of an on-field injury, a tragedy which led directly to both leagues requiring the placing into play new, white baseballs whenever a ball became scuffed or dirty, helping bring the "dead-ball" era to an end  The following year, the New York Yankees made their first World Series appearance  By the end of the 1930s, the team had appeared in 11 World Series, winning eight of them  Yankees slugger Babe Ruth had set the single-season home run record in 1927, hitting 60 home runs; a few years earlier, Ruth had set the same record with 29 home runs Affected by the difficulties of the Great Depression, baseball's popularity had begun a downward turn in the early 1930s  By 1932, only two MLB teams turned a profit  Attendance had fallen, due at least in part to a 10% federal amusement tax added to baseball ticket prices  Baseball owners cut their rosters from 25 men to 23 men, and even the best players took pay cuts  Team executives were innovative in their attempts to survive, creating night games, broadcasting games live by radio, and rolling out promotions such as free admission for women  Throughout the period of the Great Depression, no MLB teams moved or folded 

World War II era
The onset of World War II created a significant shortage of professional baseball players, as more than 500 men left MLB teams to serve in the military  Many of them played on service baseball teams that entertained military personnel in the US or in the Pacific  MLB teams of this time largely consisted of young men, older players, and those with a military classification of 4F, indicating mental, physical, or moral unsuitability for service  Men like Pete Gray, a one-armed outfielder, got the chance to advance to the major leagues  However, MLB rosters did not include any black players through the end of the war  Black players, many of whom served in the war, were still restricted to playing Negro league baseball Wartime blackout restrictions, designed to keep outdoor lighting at low levels, caused another problem for baseball  These rules limited traveling and night games to the point that the 1942 season nearly had to be canceled  On January 14, 1942, MLB Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis wrote a letter to U S  President Franklin D  Roosevelt and pleaded for the continuation of baseball during the war in hopes for a start of a new major league season  President Roosevelt responded, "I honestly feel that it would be best for the country to keep baseball going  There will be fewer people unemployed and everybody will work longer hours and harder than ever before  And that means that they ought to have a chance for recreation and for taking their minds off their work even more than before "With the approval of President Roosevelt, spring training began in 1942 with few repercussions  The war interrupted the careers of stars including Stan Musial, Bob Feller, Ted Williams, and Joe DiMaggio, but baseball clubs continued to field their teams 

Breaking the color barrier
Branch Rickey, president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began making efforts to introduce a black baseball player to the previously all-white professional baseball leagues in the mid-1940s  He selected Jackie Robinson from a list of promising Negro league players  After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to "turn the other cheek" to any racial antagonism directed at him, Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month  In what was later referred to as "The Noble Experiment", Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s, joining the Dodgers' farm club, the Montreal Royals, for the 1946 season The following year, the Dodgers called up Robinson to the major leagues  On April 15, 1947, Robinson made his major league debut at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators, including more than 14,000 black patrons  Black baseball fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town, abandoning the Negro league teams that they had followed exclusively  Robinson's promotion met a generally positive, although mixed, reception among newspaper writers and white major league players  Manager Leo Durocher informed his team, "I don't care if he is yellow or black or has stripes like a fucking zebra  I'm his manager and I say he plays "After a strike threat by some players, NL President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended  Robinson received significant encouragement from several major-league players, including Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese who said, "You can hate a man for many reasons  Color is not one of them " That year, Robinson won the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award (separate NL and AL Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949) Less than three months later, Larry Doby became the first African-American to break the color barrier in the American League with the Cleveland Indians  The next year, a number of other black players entered the major leagues  Satchel Paige was signed by the Indians and the Dodgers added star catcher Roy Campanella and Don Newcombe, who was later the first winner of the Cy Young Award for his outstanding pitching 

Women in baseball
MLB banned the signing of women to contracts in 1952, but that ban was lifted in 1992  There have been no female MLB players 

Relocation and expansion
From 1903 to 1953, the major leagues consisted of two eight-team leagues whose 16 teams were located in ten cities, all in the northeastern and midwestern United States: New York City had three teams and Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and St  Louis each had two teams  St  Louis was the southernmost and westernmost city with a major league team  The longest possible road trip, from Boston to St  Louis, took about 24 hours by railroad  After a half-century of stability, starting in the 1950s, teams began to move out of cities with multiple teams into cities that had not had them before  In three consecutive years from 1953 to 1955, three teams moved to new cities: the Boston Braves became the Milwaukee Braves, the St  Louis Browns became the Baltimore Orioles, and the Philadelphia Athletics became the Kansas City Athletics



ground_truth: 1970s

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what region of the country of S-Fone is The place of birth of John Phan located?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Remains of this ancient civilization were found in Sa Huỳnh, Quảng Ngãi province  It was succeeded by a kingdom called Lin-yi (林邑) by the Chinese or Lâm Ấp in Vietnamese that was in existence from 192 AD  Its political center was just north of the South Central Coast near Huế  Lin-yi was culturally influenced by India  According to Chinese sources, it repeatedly raided Jiaozhi (Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ), which was one factor that contributed to several wars between Jiaozhi and their Chinese colonizers against Lin-yi in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries 

The historic territory of Champa roughly equals the South Central Coast region, although it has at times extended well into the North Central Coast and its influence also extended into the Central Highlands  Except for its first capital, all of Champa's political centers were located in the South Central Coast  Some of the earlier capitals, as well as the religious center of Mỹ Sơn and the port city of Hội An were located in the territory of present-day Quảng Nam province  Probably due to defeats in wars against Đại Việt the political center shifted further south to Vijaya in what is now Bình Định province  After the fall of Vijaya to Vietnam in 1471, Champa had to retreat to the southern principality of Panduranga (now at Phan Rang in Ninh Thuận province), while much of occupied Champa continued to exist as a sort of protectorate within Vietnam for some time : 119 
Relations with the mountainous hinterland and traders from overseas were crucial  Champa's trade specialized on procuring luxury goods such as eaglewood from the Central Highlands and even as far as Attapeu in southern Laos and selling them to foreign merchants through their ports at Hội An and Thi Nai : 110–111, 114

Geography
Topography
In contrast to most other coastal regions in Vietnam, the South Central Coast's terrain is not mainly flat  It has a diverse topography with mountain ranges and hills extending not only along the entire border with Central Highlands but also to the coast, forming several passes, bays, peninsulas, and beautiful sceneries with beaches and mountain backdrops  Many of the highest mountains are at or near the border with the Central Highlands, the highest of which is Ngọc Linh mountain at 2598 meters  There are several high peaks near the coast of Da Nang city (696m on Son Tra Peninsula), Bình Định province (up to 874m), Phú Yên province (up to 814m), Khánh Hòa province (up to 978m), and Ninh Thuận province (up to 1040m)  
Several mountain passes function as geographic borders between the provinces of the region, with one or two provinces between two major passes  Major passes include the Hải Vân Pass on the northern border of the region (Da Nang), Binh De pass (đèo Bình Đê) between Quảng Ngãi province and Bình Định province, Cù Mông pass (đèo Cù Mông) between Bình Định province and Phú Yên province and Cả pass (đèo Cả) between Phú Yên province and Khánh Hòa province The region includes several islands  Some of the larger ones are the Lý Sơn Islands, the Cham Islands, and Phú Quý island  The Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands are officially administered by Da Nang City and Khánh Hòa Province  However, sovereignty over them is disputed and Vietnam actually controls only some of the Spratly Islands 

Hydrography
There are several rivers along the South Central Coast, the most significant being Thu Bồn River in Quảng Nam province and Đà Rằng River in Phú Yên province (most of the latter's river system is in the Central Highlands  Other major rivers include Trà Khúc River in Quảng Ngãi province, Côn River in Bình Định province, Ki Lo River in Phú Yên province, Cái River in Khánh Hòa province, and Dinh River in Ninh Thuận province 

Climate
Summer temperatures average above 28 °C (82 °F) along most of the coast with slightly lower temperatures further inland  Winters are significantly cooler with average temperatures ranging from around 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F)  The region includes some of the most arid (Ninh Thuận province and Bình Thuận province) as well as some of wettest climates in Vietnam (Da Nang, parts of Quảng Nam province, Quảng Ngãi province), with the rest being somewhere in between  While average precipitation per year exceeds 2,800 millimetres (110 2 in) in many parts of the three provinces in the north of the region, it is less than 800 millimetres (31 5 in) in much of Ninh Thuận province 

Economy
Agriculture, forestry, fishing
The South Central Coast's sector 1 (agriculture, forestry, fishing) performance can be seen as average in the national context, with its GDP contribution similar to its population share (9 7% and 9 5%)  Rice output is below average, but output of some other crops (see table below) as well as forestry and fishing are above average 
The province with the largest sector 1 economy is Bình Định (contributing 22 9% to the regions sector 1 GDP), due to its relatively large output in agriculture, forestry, and fishing  It is followed by Quảng Nam province with 15%, Bình Thuận province with 14 6%, Quảng Ngãi province and Khánh Hòa province with around 13% each  Forestry output is concentrated in Quảng Nam province and Bình Định province with around 25% each, with Quảng Ngãi province and Bình Thuận province contribute another 15% each, while Da Nang and especially Ninh Thuận province have very small forestry sectors  Fishing output is highest in Khánh Hòa province (22 3%) and Bình Định province (19 6%), followed by Phú Yên province and Quảng Ngãi province with around 12% each and Quảng Nam province, Bình Thuận province and Phú Yên province with 9 to 10% each 2 52 million tons of rice were harvested in the South Central Coast in 2007, 7% of Vietnam's total rice harvest  The main producers are Bình Định (580kt in 2007), Bình Thuận (434kt), Quảng Nam (395kt), Quảng Ngãi (381kt), and Phú Yên (321kt)  The region's maize harvest made up 7 5% of the nation's total 
Some tea and coffee are also planted in the region, but their output is not significant in the national context 

Industry
The South Central Coast is central Vietnam's most industrialized region, mostly due to major industrial centers such as Da Nang and Khánh Hòa province  However, industrialization in the region is still lagging behind the national average and is far behind Vietnam's two major industrial hubs around Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi  The region's industrial GDP was 35,885 4 billion VND in 2007, accounting for 37 35% of the region's total GDP and 7 54% of Vietnam's industrial GDP  More than 40% of that is produced in Khánh Hòa province and Da Nang (21 8% and 20%) and another 13 to 14% each by Quảng Nam province and Bình Định province  Bình Thuận province has been able to increase its share to 12% with growth rates in industry averaging 21 6% from 2000 to 2007  Most other provinces have achieved growth between 15 and 20%, with slower growth only in the established industrial centers of Da Nang (14 8%) and Khánh Hòa province (13%)  The region's average industrial growth rate was 16 3% per year from 2000 to 2007, making the main driving force of the economy 

Da Nang has a relatively diversified industrial sector including textiles, fabric, fertilizer, cement, soap, paper, pharmaceuticals etc  Khánh Hòa's industrial sector is still more reliant on basic industries such as food and seafood processing and beverages, shipbuilding, etc  The province also benefited significantly from investment related to the former Russian naval base at Cam Ranh, to which around 30 factories were attached  Quy Nhon is the region's third largest industrial center  It has been able to capitalize on its advantage as a gateway to the Central Highlands to develop resource-based industries (wood processing and stone processing) and a major furniture manufacturing cluster  Other industries are more dispersed, such as construction materials and basic food processing 
New industrial centers are currently being developed in the economic zones: Chu Lai Economic Zone in southern Quảng Nam, nearby Dung Quat Economic Zone (with Dung Quất Refinery) in northern Quảng Ngãi province, Nhơn Hội Economic Zone in Quy Nhon, and Van Phong Economic Zone in northern Khánh Hòa province  All four zones have large areas of land, major infrastructure and industrial projects  However, in contrast to the smaller industrial parks, they are not limited to industrial sectors 

Infrastructure
Transport
Vietnam's main north-south transport corridors run through the whole South Central Coast region  
The North–South Railway runs along the region, with Reunification Express stops at Đà Nẵng Railway Station, Diêu Trì Railway Station, and Nha Trang Railway Station  Stations with less frequent stops are Tam Kỳ Railway Station, Quảng Ngãi Railway Station, Quy Nhơn Railway Station, Tuy Hòa Railway Station, Tháp Chàm Railway Station, Mương Mán Railway Station, as well as several local railway stations 
The two-lane National Route 1 connects all major cities of the region to the rest of the country (Quy Nhon and Nha Trang by extension 1D and 1C)  The Ministry of Transport is planning the construction of a 139 5 km four-lane highway from Da Nang to Quảng Ngãi province in cooperation with foreign donors The region is connected to the Central Highlands by several national roads at Phan Rang (National Road 27 to Da Lat), Ninh Hòa, Khánh Hòa province (26 to Buôn Ma Thuột), Tuy Hòa (25 to Pleiku via Ayun Pa) Quy Nhon (19 to Pleiku), and western Quảng Nam province (14/ Ho Chi Minh Road to Kon Tum) The largest airport in the region is Da Nang International Airport with flights to various cities in Vietnam, Singapore, Siem Reap, Guangzhou, Shanghai and seasonal flights to other cities in mainland China and Taiwan  The region's second international airport at Cam Ranh (serving Nha Trang flights to various cities in Vietnam, Guangzhou, Shanghais, Hong Kong, etc )  Phu Cat Airport (serving Quy Nhon) and Dong Tac Airport (serving Tuy Hòa) have only domestic flights  Chu Lai in southern Quảng Nam province has an international airport, but only domestic flights 
Da Nang Port and Quy Nhơn Port are the region's major ports  Another major port is under construction at Vân Phong in Khánh Hòa province 

Energy
The South Central Coast has limited potential for hydro-power plants and has therefore not been a major part of EVN's mostly hydro-focused strategy  However, it is at the forefront of many of Vietnam's efforts to diversify electricity sources away from hydro-power  The country's first nuclear power plant is under construction in Ninh Thuận province  A second nuclear power project is being prepared with Japanese partners and will also be in Ninh Thuận A 200 MW wind power plant is under construction in Ninh Thuận province and is planned to be completed in 2012  Other wind power plants are being constructed in Bình Thuận province 
Bình Thuận is also the location of a 1200 MW electro-thermal plant currently under construction 

Demography
The South Central Coast region had a population of 8 93 million  The three northern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định have the largest populations and together make up almost half of the region's population (47 7%) 2 82 million or 31 6% of them live in cities and towns  More than half of the region's urban population is in Da Nang, Khánh Hòa province and Bình Thuận province, while more than half of the rural population is in the provinces  of Quảng Nam, Bình Định and Quảng Ngãi Annual population growth has averaged 1 22% from 2000 to 2007, with Da Nang recording the fastest population growth at 1 95%  Growth in the three northern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định has been slowest at around 1%  The four other provinces had average growth rates between 1 26% (Khánh Hòa province) and 1 59% (Ninh Thuận province) The region's population is ethnically clearly dominated by the Vietnamese people (Kinh)  There are some minorities, the most significant of which are the Cham, the descendants of Champa  They live mostly in the lowlands around Phan Rang and northern Bình Thuận province, with smaller communities in other provinces such as southern Bình Định  Other minorities live mostly in the mountainous western parts of the region  Areas inhabited by minority people make up more than half of Quảng Nam province and Quảng Ngãi province 
Passage 14:
Mueang Phan
Mueang Phan (Thai: เมืองพาน) is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Phan District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand  In 2005 it had a total population of 19,326 people  The tambon contains 25 villages 
Passage 15:
Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge
The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge is a bridge spanning the Mississippi River in the U  S  city of Sauk Rapids, Minnesota  Construction began on September 26, 2005; the bridge was completed in September 2007 and opened to traffic on October 23, 2007  The official dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony took place on November 16, 2007   The bridge replaced the former Sauk Rapids Bridge, located a short distance downriver, which was demolished in the fall and winter of 2007-2008 
The new bridge spans the BNSF Railway on the east bank of the river  Traffic flow is no longer disrupted during train crossings; this was a frequent problem with the former bridge 
The new span relied heavily on steel for its construction rather than concrete to reduce the number of piers needed to be placed in the river  This design choice increased the project cost by $2 3 million USD to a total cost estimated at $56 63 million   Construction of the bridge of itself cost an estimated $20 46 million, with other costs including right-of-way purchases, road construction, and a program to help businesses affected by the project relocate elsewhere in downtown Sauk Rapids 
The entire project was large in scope, due to the amount of business and residential properties that were affected by its chosen location   When the Sauk Rapids Bridge project began, it was considered to be the first downtown transportation project of its kind nationwide in terms of the scale of relocations of businesses that were necessary   The success of the project may set a precedent for future bridges The original design of the bridge was hotly contested between Benton County and the City of Sauk Rapids, and the dispute was nearly taken to court  The county had wished that the bridge land beyond Benton Drive (Sauk Rapids' "main street") on Second Avenue and connect with Second Street North  The city feared that such a design would adversely affect businesses in the downtown area and desired instead that the bridge land on Benton Drive  Benton County's stake in the project (Stearns County being the other contributor) was eventually handed over to the city, and it was elected that the bridge pass over the BNSF Railway, land on Benton Drive, and connect with Second Street North 
The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge features a spiral walkway on the Sauk Rapids side of the bridge that allows pedestrians to access the city parking lot under the bridge 

See also
Sauk Rapids Bridge
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River
Passage 16:
Labanoras Regional Park
Labanoras Regional Park, established in 1992, is located 80 kilometers northeast of Lithuania's capital, Vilnius  Covering 553 18 km², it is the largest regional park in the country  Its administration is in the small town of Labanoras 

Nature

The park contains about 70 lakes; about 80% of its land is forested  Its floral biodiversity is high, and it is home to the densest population of nesting white stork couples in Europe  It also contains areas with archeological, architectural, ethnographic, and historic value 
It is the largest Lithuania regional park, distinguished by a variety of landscapes, extremely rich flora and fauna  The largest part of the park is occupied by forests (80%), mostly pine forests  Labanoras forest with abundant wetlands and lakes is characterized by an abundance of protected species  Lakes occupy 14 percent  park areas  Spectacular Black Lakajai and White Lakajai, Stirniai, Siesartis and other lakes in Molėtai Lake District, 15 8 km long Aisetas lake  Lakaja, one of the most beautiful and exotic rivers, was loved not only by water birds but also by water tourists 
There are 285 lakes in Labanoras Regional Park - the largest of all Lithuanian regional parks  Largest: Stirniai, White Lakajai, Kertuojai  About 30 streams flow through the park  These are Lakaja, Peršokšna, Dumblė, Luknelė  In addition to these water bodies, the park protects swamp ecosystems, valuable calcareous marshes 
A whole complex of high marshes and lakeside low marshes is protected - Kanija raistas and many larger and smaller wetlands  In the Girutiškis Nature Reserve here, the Beržalotas upland swamp shines with the mirrors of the lakes 
Pine forests make up 81 percent  of all the forests in the park  Along with abundant lakes, swamps, hilly and undulating terrain, they are very picturesque 
The distant surroundings of Aukštaitija National Park can be seen from the observation tower of the Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology 
The park is a famous breeding ground for elks,  wolves  and lynxes 
Passage 17:
S-Fone
S-Fone was a mobile communication operator in Vietnam that used the CDMA technology  Founded on 1 July 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, S-Fone became the third network of Vietnam, breaking the duopoly of the two VNPT operators  It is the trademark of S-Telecom (CDMA Mobile Phone Centre) (set up as a joint venture between Saigon Postel Corp  (SPT) and Korea SK Telecom)  SK Telecom decided to leave the partnership in 2010  SPT has since then found it difficult to find a new partner, after a co-operation with Saigon Tel failed As of the start of 2005, breaking the old rule of the calls fee from 10 second to 1 second (6+1)7, S-Fone has 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 subscribers, contributing 3% to the total market (after Mobifone with 41%, Viettel Mobile with 34% and Vinaphone with 20%  Its market share (estimated based on revenues) fell to 0 1% by 2012 after suffering from a lack of capital, a small number of subscribers and low network quality S-Fone has become highly indebted and has been unable to pay salaries for several months in its Hanoi branch in late 2012  S-Fone ceased its operation, closed its stores and website, and released its staff from their contracts in July 2012  Its operating license expired in 2016 

Achievements
S-Fone is the first and biggest national cellular mobile phone network using CDMA in Vietnam (followed by EVN Telecom and HT Mobile)  On 9 October 2006, S-Fone officially launched CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO value added services for the first time in Vietnam: VOD/MOD (Video, TV on demand, music on demand) and mobile Internet (enabling internet access for PCs and laptops via S-Fone network) beginning in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, Hai Phong and Can Tho 
Passage 18:
Fire and Water (sculpture)
Fire and Water is a public art work by American artist John Luttropp, located on the southwest side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin  The multi-element architectural sculpture was created for the entrance of the Milwaukee Fire Department Engine Company #25 station  It is located at 300 S  84th St 

Description
The sculpture includes two primary elements: a pair of neon-topped tapering concrete walls flanking the entry sidewalk, and a wall-mounted neon sign displaying the number 25 in a stylized font  During the day, the neon is not lit  At night, the entry numbers glow red, and the tops of the tapering wall glow blue  According to the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey, the red neon symbolizes fire and the blue neon symbolizes water spray from fire hoses 

Historical information
The City of Milwaukee commissioned the work for $9,000 and it was greeted with some criticism  The Milwaukee Sentinel compared the neon look to a fast food restaurant and quoted hesitant firefighters based at the station 
Passage 19:
Bodyguard (British TV series)
Bodyguard is a British political thriller television series created and written by Jed Mercurio and produced by World Productions as part of ITV Studios for the BBC  The six-part series centres around the fictional character of Police Sergeant David Budd (Richard Madden), a British Army war veteran suffering from PTSD, who is now working for the Royalty and Specialist Protection Branch of London's Metropolitan Police Service  He is assigned as the principal protection officer (PPO) for the ambitious Home Secretary Julia Montague (Keeley Hawes), whose politics he despises  The series draws attention to controversial issues such as  government monitoring of private information and its regulation, the politics of intervention and terrorism, and PTSD The series began broadcasting on BBC One on 26 August 2018, achieving the highest viewing figures for a new BBC drama in the multichannel era and the highest BBC viewing figures since 2008  The BBC commissioned the series from the then-independent World Productions in 2016  Since ITV Studios Global Entertainment acquired the company in 2017, they have handled international distribution for the series  Netflix agreed to a distribution deal to broadcast the show outside the United Kingdom and Ireland The series was met with critical acclaim, particularly for Madden's performance  The series received numerous award nominations including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama, with Madden winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama  At the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series and a second series is in development 

Cast and characters
Main
Budd familyRichard Madden as PS David Budd, a Scottish veteran of the Afghanistan war and now dedicated Principal Protection Officer (PPO) at Protection Command  His wartime experiences have left him struggling with PTSD, prone to volatile behaviour, and mistrustful of politicians  Assigned to protect Julia Montague, whose politics he loathes, Budd is conflicted over his loyalties 
Sophie Rundle as Vicky Budd, David's wife and the mother of their two children, who works as a ward sister at a London hospital  David's unpredictable moods and issues with PTSD since returning from Afghanistan resulted in their marriage being estranged GovernmentKeeley Hawes as The Rt Hon  Julia Montague MP, the Home Secretary and Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the fictional constituency of Thames West  Montague's suspected desire to become Prime Minister, and her controversial additions to the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, dubbed "RIPA-18" and "The Snoopers' Charter", which would give greater powers to the police and Security Services to investigate personal communications and information, have resulted in many enemies 
Vincent Franklin as Mike Travis MP, Minister of State for Counter-Terrorism, who grows increasingly resentful over being excluded from Montague's dealings with MI5 
Nicholas Gleaves as The Rt Hon  Roger Penhaligon MP, the Government Chief Whip, Member of Parliament for Surrey North and Montague's ex-husband  A staunch supporter of the Prime Minister, he becomes increasingly suspicious and wary of Montague's political ambition 
David Westhead as The Rt Hon  John Vosler MP, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party 
Paul Ready as Rob MacDonald, Special Advisor to the Home Secretary, who has a crush on Montague PoliceGina McKee as Commander Anne Sampson, Head of Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) and Deepak Sharma's superior  Threatened by Montague's preference for MI5, Sampson enlists Budd's help 
Pippa Haywood as CSI Lorraine Craddock, Budd's commanding officer at Protection Command, who assigns him to protect Montague 
Ash Tandon as DCI Deepak Sharma, a senior detective in SO15 leading the investigation into the recent series of terror activities  As things fail to add up, he becomes suspicious of Budd 
Nina Toussaint-White as DS Louise Rayburn, an SO15 officer working under Sharma who starts to work with Budd Security Service / MI5Stuart Bowman as Stephen Hunter-Dunn, Director General of the Security Service (MI5), whose surveillance powers will be significantly enhanced by RIPA 18  Montague's preference for MI5 over SO15 puts him at odds with Sampson 
Michael Shaeffer as "Richard Longcross", an enigmatic MI5 agent working under Hunter-Dunn who becomes involved in a cat-and-mouse game with Budd CriminalsTom Brooke as Andrew 'Andy' Apsted, a war veteran and friend of Budd's  Scarred both physically and mentally by his experiences in Afghanistan, Apsted leads the anti-war Veterans Peace Group 
Matt Stokoe as Luke Aikens, a mysterious organised crime leader  He seeks to eliminate the Home Secretary 
Anjli Mohindra as Nadia Ali, implicated with her husband in an attempted bombing on a London-bound train service 

Recurring
FamilyMatthew Stagg as Charlie Budd, David and Vicky's 8-year-old son  Charlie attends Heath Bank Primary School in Camberwell 
Bella Padden as Ella Budd, David and Vicky's 10-year-old daughter  Ella attends Heath Bank Primary School in Camberwell GovernmentShubham Saraf as Tahir Mahmood, Montague's PR Adviser 
Stephanie Hyam as Chanel Dyson, the PR Advisor to the Home Secretary before getting fired by Montague PoliceClaire-Louise Cordwell as Constable Kim Knowles, a Protection Command bodyguard in Budd's team 
Richard Riddell as Constable Tom Fenton, a Protection Command bodyguard in Budd's team 

Episodes
Production
The series was largely filmed on location in London, including the Whittington Estate for Budd's flat and Battersea for Montague's flat  The bomb scenes in the final episode were filmed around CityPoint near Moorgate and Woburn Square and Senate House in Bloomsbury 
The train scenes in the first episode were filmed on the Mid-Norfolk Railway BBC journalists including Andrew Marr, John Pienaar, John Humphrys, and Laura Kuenssberg appear as themselves 

Reception
Audience
Viewing figures for the series were high, with 10 4 million (peaking at 11 million) viewers watching the overnight broadcast of the finale live on BBC One alone  As significant numbers of viewers watched the show on catchup service iPlayer after transmission, the series sparked a debate on how the media should handle spoilers  Radio Times revealed the fate of Montague in a cover story during the series's original transmission 

Critical response
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 93% approval rating, with an average rating of 8 2/10, based on 70 reviews  The critical consensus reads, "Bodyguard maintains a palpable tension throughout its pulpy proceedings to create an absorbing and addicting psychological thriller " On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews" In a positive review, Variety's Daniel D'Addario describes the series as "Both juicy in its delving into character psychology and rippingly ready to tear up its playbook as it goes, it’s a six-episode ride that demands, and rewards, a quick binge " D'Addario further states that the series "excels at both the daring, gasp-inducing twist and the methodical construction of slower-burning thrills", and that Madden's performance "by turns tripping on his own empathy, and angrily operating beyond rationality, makes us believe anything is possible — a wonderful asset for a show that seeks above all else to keep us watching"  Allison Keene, writing for Collider, lauds the performances of the cast, describing Madden's as "enthralling" and "absolutely heartbreaking", and depicts the series as "an exhilarating ride that truly showcases Madden as a major talent"  Writing for Time, Judy Berman states that the series "subverts thriller tropes just often enough to earn its reliance on them", and in a five-star review Guardian critic Lucy Mangan expresses that "[Mercurio] has created something as dark and moreish as ever"  Hanh Nguyen of IndieWire describes the series as "relentless", and the performances of Madden and Hawes as "mesmerizing"  Robert Rorke of the New York Post writes that the series is "gripping" and that Madden "gives a magnetic performance" In a more mixed assessment, Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Some elements of the series struck me as odd   and certain climactic revelations had me talking to the screen  But the action is well mounted and the tension tightly wound; it uncoils, when it does, with a satisfying snap"  In a similarly mixed review, The Atlantic's Sophie Gilbert acknowledged that "Hawes is elegantly unknowable as Julia   she gives just enough nuance in her performance to make you question whether she has a heart or is extremely deft at emotional manipulation", however she laments that "To watch Bodyguard’s six episodes is to suspend disbelief and submit to its surprises  It helps not to expect too much more than that, particularly when it comes to the show’s lavish employment of archetypes, which inevitably leads to its more questionable elements "Intelligent Protection International Limited’s CEO Alex Bomberg on BBC Radio 5 Live said that the plot, in particular the personal relationship that Budd developed with his charge, would be frowned upon as both unprofessional and putting the charge at risk  Detective Chief Inspector Steve Ray, of the Royal and Specialist Protection Command (RaSP) told the BBC that “the relationship that we have with our principals is purely professional”, adding that anyone who crossed the line would quickly be identified and would not last very long in Protection Command or even in the police service” 

Accolades
Red Nose Bodyguard
A skit titled Red Nose Bodyguard was filmed in support of Comic Relief, featuring many cast members from the series as well as performances from Joanna Lumley, Adrian Dunbar and Sanjeev Bhaskar  The skit was first broadcast on Red Nose Day 2019 on 15 March 2019 

See also
List of fictional prime ministers of the United Kingdom



ground_truth: South Central Coast