prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What administrative territorial entity is the owner of Ciudad Deportiva located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands  Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country  Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils  It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east 
The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia approximately 65,000 years ago, during the last ice age  Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world  Australia's written history commenced with the European maritime exploration of Australia  The Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon was the first known European to reach Australia, in 1606  In 1770, the British explorer James Cook mapped and claimed the east coast of Australia for Great Britain, and the First Fleet of British ships arrived at Sydney in 1788 to establish the penal colony of New South Wales  The European population grew in subsequent decades, and by the end of the 1850s gold rush, most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and an additional five self-governing British colonies established  Democratic parliaments were gradually established through the 19th century, culminating with a vote for the federation of the six colonies and foundation of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901  This began a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, and culminating in the Australia Act 1986 Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, comprising six states and ten territories  Australia's population of nearly 27 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard  Canberra is the nation's capital, while its most populous city and financial centre is Sydney  The next four largest cities are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide  It is ethnically diverse and multicultural, the product of large-scale immigration, with almost half of the population having at least one parent born overseas  Australia's abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy, which generates its income from various sources including services, mining exports, banking, manufacturing, agriculture and international education  Australia ranks amongst the highest in the world for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights Australia has a highly developed market economy and one of the highest per capita incomes globally  Australia is a regional power, and has the world's thirteenth-highest military expenditure  It is a member of international groupings including the United Nations; the G20; the OECD; the World Trade Organization; Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation; the Pacific Islands Forum; the Pacific Community the Commonwealth of Nations; and the defence/security organisations ANZUS, AUKUS, and the Five Eyes  It is a major non-NATO ally of the United States 

Etymology
The name Australia (pronounced  in Australian English) is derived from the Latin Terra Australis ("southern land"), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times  Several sixteenth century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia  When Europeans began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was naturally applied to the new territories Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as New Holland, a name first applied by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 (as Nieuw-Holland) and subsequently anglicised  Terra Australis still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts  The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who said it was "more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the Earth"  The first time that Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledged the receipt of Flinders' charts of Australia from Lord Bathurst  In December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted  In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially by that name  The first official published use of the new name came with the publication in 1830 of The Australia Directory by the Hydrographic Office Colloquial names for Australia include "Oz" and "the Land Down Under" (usually shortened to just "Down Under")  Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", "the Lucky Country", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land"  The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country" 

History
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous Australians comprise two groups: the Aboriginal peoples of the Australian mainland (and surrounding islands including Tasmania), and the Torres Strait Islanders, who are a distinct Melanesian people  Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia  It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians  The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is recognised as the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia  The oldest human remains found are the Lake Mungo remains, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth  At the time of first European contact, Aboriginal Australians were complex hunter-gatherers with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups  Recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 750,000 could have been sustained  Aboriginal Australians have an oral culture with spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime The Torres Strait Islander people first settled their islands around 4000 years ago  Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas 

European exploration and colonisation
The northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically for trade by Makassan fishermen from what is now Indonesia  The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch  The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon  He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February 1606 at the Pennefather River near the modern town of Weipa on Cape York  Later that year, Spanish explorer Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through and navigated the Torres Strait Islands  The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "New Holland" during the 17th century, and although no attempt at settlement was made, a number of shipwrecks left men either stranded or, as in the case of the Batavia in 1629, marooned for mutiny and murder, thus becoming the first Europeans to permanently inhabit the continent  In 1770, Captain James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named "New South Wales" and claimed for Great Britain Following the loss of its American colonies in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the First Fleet, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to establish a new penal colony in New South Wales  A camp was set up and the Union Flag raised at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on 26 January 1788, a date which later became Australia's national day  Most early convicts were transported for petty crimes and assigned as labourers or servants to "free settlers" (non-convict immigrants)  While the majority of convicts settled into colonial society once emancipated, convict rebellions and uprisings were also staged, but invariably suppressed under martial law  The 1808 Rum Rebellion, the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia, instigated a two-year period of military rule  The following decade, social and economic reforms initiated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie saw New South Wales transition from a penal colony to a civil society The indigenous population declined for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease  Thousands more died as a result of frontier conflict with settlers 

Colonial expansion
The British continued to push into other areas of the continent in the early 19th century, initially along the coast  In 1803, a settlement was established in Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania), and in 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement  The British claim extended to the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major Edmund Lockyer established a settlement on King George Sound (modern-day Albany)  The Swan River Colony (present-day Perth) was established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, Western Australia  In accordance with population growth, separate colonies were carved from New South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1841, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859  South Australia was founded as a "free province" — it was never a penal colony  Western Australia was also founded "free" but later accepted transported convicts, the last of which arrived in 1868, decades after transportation had ceased to the other colonies In 1823, a Legislative Council nominated by the governor of New South Wales was established, together with a new Supreme Court, thus limiting the powers of colonial governors  Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, thus becoming elective democracies managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire  The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs and defence In the mid-19th century, explorers such as Burke and Wills went further inland to determine its agricultural potential and answer scientific questions  A series of gold rushes beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from China, North America and continental Europe, as well as outbreaks of bushranging and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against gold license fees From 1886, Australian colonial governments began introducing policies resulting in the removal of many Aboriginal children from their families and communities (referred to as the Stolen Generations) 

Federation to the World Wars
On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, constitutional conventions and referendums, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation and the entering into force of the Australian Constitution After the 1907 Imperial Conference, Australia and several other self-governing British settler colonies were given the status of self-governing "dominions" within the British Empire  Australia was one of the founding members of the League of Nations in 1920, and subsequently of the United Nations in 1945  Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom  Australia adopted it in 1942, but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra  Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed  The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911  Australia became the colonial ruler of the Territory of Papua (which had initially been annexed by Queensland in 1883) in 1902 and of the Territory of New Guinea (formerly German New Guinea) in 1920  The two were unified as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975 
In 1914, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the First World War, and took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front  Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded  Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli in 1915 as the nation's "baptism of fire" — its first major military action, with the anniversary of the landing at Anzac Cove commemorated each year on Anzac Day From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the Allies in fighting the Second World War  Australia's armed forces fought in the Pacific, European and Mediterranean and Middle East theatres  The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin and other Japanese attacks on Australian soil, led to a widespread belief in Australia that a Japanese invasion was imminent, and a shift from the United Kingdom to the United States as Australia's principal ally and security partner  Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the United States, under the ANZUS treaty 

Post-war and contemporary eras
In the decades following World War II, Australia enjoyed significant increases in living standards, leisure time and suburban development  Using the slogan "populate or perish", the nation encouraged a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with such immigrants referred to as "New Australians" A member of the Western Bloc during the Cold War, Australia participated in the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency during the 1950s and the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1972  During this time, tensions over communist influence in society led to unsuccessful attempts by the Menzies Government to ban the Communist Party of Australia, and a bitter splitting of the Labor Party in 1955 As a result of a 1967 referendum, the Federal Government received a mandate to implement policies to benefit Aboriginal people, and all Indigenous Australians were included in the Census  Traditional ownership of land ("native title") was recognised in law for the first time when the High Court of Australia held in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) that the legal doctrine of terra nullius ("land belonging to no one") did not apply to Australia at the time of European settlement Following the final abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia's demography and culture transformed as a result of a large and ongoing wave of non-European immigration, mostly from Asia  The late 20th century also saw an increasing focus on foreign policy ties with other Pacific Rim nations  While the Australia Act 1986 severed the remaining vestigial constitutional ties between Australia and the United Kingdom, a 1999 referendum resulted in 55% of voters rejecting a proposal to abolish the Monarchy of Australia and become a republic Following the September 11 attacks on the United States, Australia joined the United States in fighting the Afghanistan War from 2001 to 2021 and the Iraq War from 2003 to 2009  The nation's trade relations also became increasingly oriented towards East Asia in the 21st century, with China becoming the nation's largest trading partner by a large margin During the COVID-19 pandemic which commenced in Australia in 2020, several of Australia's largest cities were locked down for extended periods of time, and free movement across state borders was restricted in an attempt to slow the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus 

Geography
General characteristics
Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand  The world's smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the "island continent" and is sometimes considered the world's largest island  Australia has 34,218 km (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands), and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi)  This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory Mainland Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44° South, and longitudes 112° and 154° East  Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and desert in the centre  The desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land  Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm  The population density is 3 4 inhabitants per square kilometre, although the large majority of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline  The population density exceeds 19,500 inhabitants per square kilometre in central Melbourne 
The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 km (1,200 mi)  Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith, is located in Western Australia  At 2,228 m (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland  Even taller are Mawson Peak (at 2,745 m (9,006 ft)), on the remote Australian external territory of Heard Island, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies, at 3,492 m (11,457 ft) and 3,355 m (11,007 ft) respectively Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria  The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in height  The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland and shrubland  These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Mitchell Grass Downs and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland  The northernmost point of the mainland is the tropical Cape York Peninsula 
The landscapes of the Top End and the Gulf Country—with their tropical climate—include forest, woodland, wetland, grassland, rainforest and desert  At the north-west corner of the continent are the sandstone cliffs and gorges of The Kimberley, and below that the Pilbara  The Victoria Plains tropical savanna lies south of the Kimberley and Arnhem Land savannas, forming a transition between the coastal savannas and the interior deserts  At the heart of the country are the uplands of central Australia  Prominent features of the centre and south include Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock), the famous sandstone monolith, and the inland Simpson, Tirari and Sturt Stony, Gibson, Great Sandy, Tanami, and Great Victoria deserts, with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast  The Western Australian mulga shrublands lie between the interior deserts and Mediterranean-climate Southwest Australia 

Geology
Lying on the Indo-Australian Plate, the mainland of Australia is the lowest and most primordial landmass on Earth with a relatively stable geological history  The landmass includes virtually all known rock types and from all geological time periods spanning over 3 8 billion years of the Earth's history  The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine Archaean 3 6–2 7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth Having been part of all major supercontinents, the Australian continent began to form after the breakup of Gondwana in the Permian, with the separation of the continental landmass from the African continent and Indian subcontinent  It separated from Antarctica over a prolonged period beginning in the Permian and continuing through to the Cretaceous  When the last glacial period ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed Bass Strait, separating Tasmania from the mainland  Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and the mainland of Australia  The Australian continent is moving toward Eurasia at the rate of 6 to 7 centimetres a year The Australian mainland's continental crust, excluding the thinned margins, has an average thickness of 38 km, with a range in thickness from 24 km to 59 km  Australia's geology can be divided into several main sections, showcasing that the continent grew from west to east: the Archaean cratonic shields found mostly in the west, Proterozoic fold belts in the centre and Phanerozoic sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rocks in the east The Australian mainland and Tasmania are situated in the middle of the tectonic plate and have no active volcanoes, but due to passing over the East Australia hotspot, recent volcanism has occurred during the Holocene, in the Newer Volcanics Province of western Victoria and southeastern South Australia  Volcanism also occurs in the island of New Guinea (considered geologically as part of the Australian continent), and in the Australian external territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands  Seismic activity in the Australian mainland and Tasmania is also low, with the greatest number of fatalities having occurred in the 1989 Newcastle earthquake 

Climate
The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia  These factors cause rainfall to vary markedly from year to year  Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall (monsoon)  The south-west corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate  The south-east ranges from oceanic (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) to humid subtropical (upper half of New South Wales), with the highlands featuring alpine and subpolar oceanic climates  The interior is arid to semi-arid Driven by climate change, average temperatures have risen more than 1°C since 1960  Associated changes in rainfall patterns and climate extremes exacerbate existing issues such as drought and bushfires  2019 was Australia's warmest recorded year, and the 2019–2020 bushfire season was the country's worst on record  Australia's greenhouse gas emissions per capita are among the highest in the world Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought  Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in the early 2010s after the 2000s Australian drought 

Biodiversity
Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests  Fungi typify that diversity—an estimated 250,000 species—of which only 5% have been described—occur in Australia  Because of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique  About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic  Australia has at least 755 species of reptile, more than any other country in the world  Besides Antarctica, Australia is the only continent that developed without feline species  Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers  They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species  Seafaring immigrants from Asia are believed to have brought the dingo to Australia sometime after the end of the last ice age—perhaps 4000 years ago—and Aboriginal people helped disperse them across the continent as pets, contributing to the demise of thylacines on the mainland  Australia is also one of 17 megadiverse countries Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts  Among well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra  Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world  The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE  Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement, including the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species  All these factors have led to Australia's having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world  The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species  Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems; 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention, and 16 natural World Heritage Sites have been established  Australia was ranked 21st out of 178 countries in the world on the 2018 Environmental Performance Index  There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia's threatened species list, including more than 500 animals Paleontologists discovered a fossil site of a prehistoric rainforest in McGraths Flat, in South Australia, that presents evidence that this now arid desert and dry shrubland/grassland was once home to an abundance of life 

Government and politics
Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy  The country has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system under its constitution, which is one of the world's oldest, since Federation in 1901  It is also one of the world's oldest federations, in which power is divided between the federal and state and territorial governments  The Australian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United Kingdom (a fused executive, constitutional monarchy and strong party discipline) and the United States (federalism, a written constitution and strong bicameralism with an elected upper house), along with distinctive indigenous features The federal government is separated into three branches:
Legislature: the bicameral Parliament, comprising the monarch (represented by the governor-general), the Senate, and the House of Representatives;
Executive: the Federal Executive Council, which in practice gives legal effect to the decisions of the cabinet, comprising the prime minister and other ministers of state appointed by the governor-general on the advice of Parliament;Judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the governor-general on advice of ParliamentCharles III reigns as King of Australia and is represented in Australia by the governor-general at the federal level and by the governors at the state level, who by convention act on the advice of his ministers  Thus, in practice the governor-general acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the prime minister and the Federal Executive Council  The governor-general, however, does have reserve powers which, in some situations, may be exercised outside the prime minister's request  These powers are held by convention and their scope is unclear  The most notable exercise of these powers was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975 
In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory)  The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 151 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population, with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats  Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years simultaneously; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote  Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction, as is enrolment  The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister  In cases where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament  Due to the relatively unique position of Australia operating as a Westminster parliamentary democracy with an elected upper house, the system has sometimes been referred to as having a "Washminster mutation", or as a semi-parliamentary system There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition, which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National Party  The Liberal National Party and the Country Liberal Party are merged state branches in Queensland and the Northern Territory that function as separate parties at a federal level  Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is considered centre-left  Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses  The Australian Greens are often considered the "third force" in politics, being the third largest party by both vote and membership The most recent federal election was held on 21 May 2022 and resulted in the Australian Labor Party, led by Anthony Albanese, being elected to government 

States and territories
Australia has six states — New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA) — and three mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the Northern Territory (NT), and the Jervis Bay Territory (JBT)  In most respects, the ACT and NT function as states, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to modify or repeal any legislation passed by the territory parliaments Under the constitution, the states essentially have plenary legislative power to legislate on any subject, whereas the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament may legislate only within the subject areas enumerated under section 51  For example, state parliaments have the power to legislate with respect to education, criminal law and state police, health, transport, and local government, but the Commonwealth Parliament does not have any specific power to legislate in these areas  However, Commonwealth laws prevail over state laws to the extent of the inconsistency Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament — unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states  The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution  The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council  The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister  The King is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the administrator  In the Commonwealth, the King's representative is the governor-general The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the external territories of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the claimed region of Australian Antarctic Territory, as well as the internal Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales  The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the monarch  In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council  Macquarie Island is part of Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island of New South Wales 

Foreign relations
Over recent decades, Australia's foreign relations have been driven by a focus on relationships within the Asia-Pacific region and a continued close association with the United States through the ANZUS pact and its status as a major non-NATO ally of that country  A regional power, Australia is a member of regional and cultural groupings including the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community and the Commonwealth of Nations, and is a participant in the ASEAN+6 mechanism and the East Asia Summit 
Australia is a member of several defence, intelligence and security groupings including the Five Eyes intelligence alliance with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand; the ANZUS alliance with the United States and New Zealand; the AUKUS security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with the United States, India and Japan; the Five Power Defence Arrangements with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore; and the Reciprocal Access defence and security agreement with Japan 

Australia has pursued the cause of international trade liberalisation  It led the formation of the Cairns Group and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)  In recent decades, Australia has entered into the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership multilateral free trade agreements as well as bilateral free trade agreements with the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and free trade under the Closer Economic Relations agreement  The most favourably viewed countries by the Australian people in 2021 include New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States and South Korea  A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia is strongly committed to multilateralism, and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance  Australia ranked fourth in the Center for Global Development's 2021 Commitment to Development Index 

Military
Australia's armed forces — the Australian Defence Force (ADF) — comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), in total numbering 81,214 personnel (including 57,982 regulars and 23,232 reservists) as of November 2015  The titular role of Commander-in-Chief is vested in the Governor-General, who appoints a Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services on the advice of the government  In a diarchy, the Chief of the Defence Force serves as co-chairman of the Defence Committee, conjointly with the Secretary of Defence, in the command and control of the Australian Defence Organisation In the 2016–2017 budget, defence spending comprised 2% of GDP, representing the world's 12th largest defence budget  Australia has been involved in United Nations and regional peacekeeping, disaster relief, as well as armed conflicts from the First World War onwards 

Economy
Australia's high-income mixed-market economy is rich in natural resources  It is the world's thirteenth-largest by nominal terms, and the 18th-largest by PPP  As of 2021, it has the second-highest amount of wealth per adult, after Luxembourg, and has the thirteenth-highest financial assets per capita  Australia has a labour force of some 13 5 million, with an unemployment rate of 3 5% as of June 2022  According to the Australian Council of Social Service, the poverty rate of Australia exceeds 13 6% of the population, encompassing 3 2 million  It also estimated that there were 774,000 (17 7%) children under the age of 15 living in relative poverty  The Australian dollar is the national currency, which is also shared with three Island states in the Pacific: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu Australian government debt, about $963 billion, exceeds 45 1% of the country's total GDP, and is the world's eighth-highest  Australia had the second-highest level of household debt in the world in 2020, after Switzerland  Its house prices are among the highest in the world, especially in the large urban areas  The large service sector accounts for about 71 2% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (25 3%), while the agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up only 3 6% of total GDP  Australia is the world's 21st-largest exporter and 24th-largest importer  China is Australia's largest trading partner by a wide margin, accounting for roughly 40% of the country's exports and 17 6% of its imports  Other major export markets include Japan, the United States, and South Korea Australia has high levels of competitiveness and economic freedom, and is ranked eighth in the Human Development Index  As of 2022, it is ranked twelfth in the Index of Economic Freedom and nineteenth in the Global Competitiveness Report  It attracted 9 5 million international tourists in 2019, and was ranked thirteenth among the countries of Asia-Pacific in 2019 for inbound tourism  The 2021 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Australia seventh-highest in the world out of 117 countries  Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $45 7 billion 

Energy
In 2003, Australia's energy sources were coal (58 4%), hydropower (19 1%), natural gas (13 5%), liquid/gas fossil fuel-switching plants (5 4%), oil (2 9%), and other renewable resources like wind power, solar energy, and bioenergy (0 7%)  During the 21st century, Australia has been trending to generate more energy using renewable resources and less energy using fossil fuels  In 2020, Australia used coal for 62% of all energy (3 6% increase compared to 2013), wind power for 9 9% (9 5% increase), natural gas for 9 9% (3 6% decrease), solar power for 9 9% (9 8% increase), hydropower for 6 4% (12 7% decrease), bioenergy for 1 4% (1 2% increase), and other sources like oil and waste coal mine gas for 0 5% In August 2009, Australia's government set a goal to achieve 20% of all energy in the country from renewable sources by 2020  They achieved this goal, as renewable resources accounted for 27 7% of Australia's energy in 2020 

Science and technology
In 2019, Australia spent A$35 6 billion on research and development, allocating about 1 79% of GDP  A recent study by Accenture for the Tech Council shows that the Australian tech sector combined contributes $167 billion a year to the economy and employs 861,000 people  The country's most recognized and important sector of this type is mining, where Australia continues to have the highest penetration of technologies, especially drones, autonomous and remote-controlled vehicles and mine management software  In addition, recent startup ecosystems in Sydney and Melbourne are already valued at $34 billion combined  Australia consistently has ranked high in the Global Innovation Index (GII)  In 2022, Australia ranked 25th out of the 132 economies featured in the GII 2022, down from being 22nd in 2019 With only 0 3% of the world's population, Australia contributed 4 1% of the world's published research in 2020, making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world  CSIRO, Australia's national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities  Its most notable contributions include the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy, the essential components of Wi-Fi technology, and the development of the first commercially successful polymer banknote Australia is a key player in supporting space exploration  Facilities such as the Square Kilometre Array and Australia Telescope Compact Array radio telescopes, telescopes such as the Siding Spring Observatory, and ground stations such as the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex are of great assistance in deep space exploration missions, primarily by NASA 

Demographics
Australia has an average population density of 3 5 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world  The population is heavily concentrated on the east coast, and in particular in the south-eastern region between South East Queensland to the north-east and Adelaide to the south-west Australia is highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018  Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age  In 2018 the average age of the Australian population was 38 8 years  In 2015, 2 15% of the Australian population lived overseas, one of the lowest proportions worldwide 

Ancestry and immigration
Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century  In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades  Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism, and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century Today, Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, the highest proportion among major Western nations  160,323 permanent immigrants were admitted to Australia in 2018–2019 (excluding refugees), whilst there was a net population gain of 239,600 people from all permanent and temporary immigration in that year  The majority of immigrants are skilled, but the immigration program includes categories for family members and refugees  In 2020, the largest foreign-born populations were those born in England (3 8%), India (2 8%), Mainland China (2 5%), New Zealand (2 2%), the Philippines (1 2%) and Vietnam (1 1%) The Australian Bureau of Statistics does not collect data on race, but asks each Australian resident to nominate up to two ancestries each census  These ancestry responses are classified into broad standardised ancestry groups  At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses within each standardised group as a proportion of the total population was as follows: 57 2% European (including 46% North-West European and 11 2% Southern and Eastern European), 33 8% Oceanian, 17 4% Asian (including 6 5% Southern and Central Asian, 6 4% North-East Asian, and 4 5% South-East Asian), 3 2% North African and Middle Eastern, 1 4% Peoples of the Americas, and 1 3% Sub-Saharan African  At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:

At the 2021 census, 3 8% of the Australian population identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders 

Language
Although English is not the official language of Australia in law, it is the de facto official and national language  Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling  General Australian serves as the standard dialect At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population  The next most common languages spoken at home were Mandarin (2 7%), Arabic (1 4%), Vietnamese (1 3%), Cantonese (1 2%) and Punjabi (0 9%) Over 250 Australian Aboriginal languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact  The National Indigenous Languages Survey (NILS) for 2018–19 found that more than 120 Indigenous language varieties were in use or being revived, although 70 of those in use were endangered  The 2021 census found that 167 Indigenous languages were spoken at home by 76,978 Indigenous Australians  NILS and the Australian Bureau of Statistics use different classifications for Indigenous Australian languages The Australian sign language known as Auslan was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census 

Religion
Australia has no state religion; Section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion At the 2021 Census, 38 9% of the population identified as having "no religion", up from 15 5% in 2001  The largest religion is Christianity (43 9% of the population)  The largest Christian denominations are the Roman Catholic Church (20% of the population) and the Anglican Church of Australia (9 8%)  Multicultural immigration since the Second World War has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3 2%), Hinduism (2 7%), Buddhism (2 4%), Sikhism (0 8%), and Judaism (0 4%) In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions  In Australian Aboriginal mythology and the animist framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the Dreaming is a sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation  The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land 

Health
Australia's life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females), is the fifth-highest in the world  It has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world, while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7 8% of the total mortality and disease  Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7 6%, with obesity third at 7 5%  Australia ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its proportion of obese women and near the top of developed nations for its proportion of obese adults; 63% of its adult population is either overweight or obese Australia spent around 9 91% of its total GDP to health care in 2021  It introduced universal health care in 1975  Known as Medicare, it is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy, currently at 2%  The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (subsidising the costs of medicines) and general practice During the COVID-19 pandemic Australia had one of the most restrictive quarantine policies, resulting in one of the lowest death rates worldwide 

Education
School attendance, or registration for home schooling, is compulsory throughout Australia  Education is the responsibility of the individual states and territories so the rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about 16  In some states (Western Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales), children aged 16–17 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an apprenticeship Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003  However, a 2011–2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that Tasmania has a literacy and numeracy rate of only 50% Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level  The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university  There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as TAFE, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople  About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries  30 9% of Australia's population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world Australia has the highest ratio of international students per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019  Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26 7% of the student bodies of Australian universities  International education therefore represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas  Education is Australia's third-largest export, after iron ore and coal, and contributed over $28 billion to the economy in 2016–17 

Culture
The country is home to a diversity of cultures, a result of its history of immigration  Prior to 1850, Australia was dominated by Indigenous cultures  Since then, Australian culture has primarily been a Western culture, strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic settlers  Other influences include Australian Aboriginal culture, the traditions brought to the country by waves of immigration from around the world, and the culture of the United States  The cultural divergence and evolution that has occurred over the centuries since European settlement has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture 

Arts
Australia has over 100,000 Aboriginal rock art sites, and traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse contemporary Indigenous Australian art, "the last great art movement of the 20th century" according to critic Robert Hughes; its exponents include Emily Kame Kngwarreye  Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land  The impressionistic works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and other members of the 19th-century Heidelberg School—the first "distinctively Australian" movement in Western art—gave expression to nationalist sentiments in the lead-up to Federation  While the school remained influential into the 1900s, modernists such as Margaret Preston, and, later, Sidney Nolan, explored new artistic trends  The landscape remained central to the work of Aboriginal watercolourist Albert Namatjira, as well as Fred Williams, Brett Whiteley and other post-war artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the figurative and the abstract Australian literature grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous oral traditions, many of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older  In the 19th-century, Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson captured the experience of the bush using a distinctive Australian vocabulary  Their works are still popular; Paterson's bush poem "Waltzing Matilda" (1895) is regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem  Miles Franklin is the namesake of Australia's most prestigious literary prize, awarded annually to the best novel about Australian life  Its first recipient, Patrick White, went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973  Australian Booker Prize winners include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan  Australian public intellectuals have also written seminal works in their respective fields, including feminist Germaine Greer and philosopher Peter Singer Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council  There is a symphony orchestra in each state, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland  At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers  Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies  Each state has a publicly funded theatre company 

Media
The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era  After World War I, Hollywood monopolised the industry, and by the 1960s Australian film production had effectively ceased  With the benefit of government support, the Australian New Wave of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films, many exploring themes of national identity, such as Wake in Fright and Gallipoli, while Crocodile Dundee and the Ozploitation movement's Mad Max series became international blockbusters  In a film market flooded with foreign content, Australian films delivered a 7 7% share of the local box office in 2015  The AACTAs are Australia's premier film and television awards, and notable Academy Award winners from Australia include Geoffrey Rush, Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger Australia has two public broadcasters (the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services, and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations  Each major city has at least one daily newspaper, and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review  In 2020, Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 25th on a list of 180 countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (33rd) and United States (44th)  This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia; most print media are under the control of News Corporation and Nine Entertainment Co 

Cuisine
Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker  The first settlers introduced British and Irish cuisine to the continent  This influence is seen in the enduring popularity of several British dishes such as fish and chips, and in quintessential Australian dishes such as the Australian meat pie, which is related to the British steak pie  Post-war immigration transformed Australian cuisine  For instance, Southern European migrants helped to build a thriving Australian coffee culture which gave rise to Australian coffee drinks such as the flat white, while East Asian migration led to dishes such as the Cantonese-influenced dim sim and Chiko Roll, as well as a distinct Australian Chinese cuisine  Sausage sizzles, pavlovas, lamingtons, meat pies, Vegemite and Anzac biscuits are regarded as iconic Australian foods Australia is a leading exporter and consumer of wine  Australian wine is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country  The nation also ranks highly in beer consumption, with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries  Australia is also known for its cafe and coffee culture in urban centres 

Sport and recreation
Cricket and football are the predominant sports in Australia during the summer and winter months, respectively  Australia is unique in that it has professional leagues for four football codes  Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, Australian rules football is the most popular code in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union  Soccer, while ranked fourth in popularity and resources, has the highest overall participation rates  Cricket is popular across all borders and has been regarded by many Australians as the national sport  The Australian national cricket team competed against England in the first Test match (1877) and the first One Day International (1971), and against New Zealand in the first Twenty20 International (2004), winning all three games  It has also participated in every edition of the Cricket World Cup, winning the tournament a record five times Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every Summer Olympics of the modern era, and has hosted the Games twice: 1956 in Melbourne and 2000 in Sydney  It is also set to host the 2032 Games in Brisbane  Australia has also participated in every Commonwealth Games, hosting the event in 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 and 2018  As well as being a regular FIFA World Cup participant, Australia has won the OFC Nations Cup four times and the AFC Asian Cup once—the only country to have won championships in two different FIFA confederations Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix  The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race also attract intense interest  Australia is also notable for water-based sports, such as swimming and surfing  The surf lifesaving movement originated in Australia, and the volunteer lifesaver is one of the country's icons  Snow sports take place primarily in the Australian Alps and Tasmania 

See also
Outline of Australia
Index of Australia-related articles

Notes
Passage 2:
Ciudad del Niño metro station
Ciudad del Niño is an underground metro station on the Line 2 of the Santiago Metro, in Santiago, Chile  It is named for the former Ciudad del Niño Presidente Juan Antonio Ríos  The station was opened on 21 December 1978 as part of the extension of the line from Franklin to Lo Ovalle 
Passage 3:
Ciudad Deportiva (Nuevo Laredo)
The Ciudad Deportiva (Sports City) is a sports complex  in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico  It is home to the Tecolotes de Nuevo Laredo Mexican Baseball League team and the Toros de Nuevo Laredo Mexican professional basketball team from the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional  The Ciudad Deportiva's Estadio Nuevo Laredo (baseball park) can seat up to 12,000 fans at a baseball game and the Nuevo Laredo Multidisciplinary Gymnasium can seat 4,000 fans at a basketball game 

Phase II
Phase II of this project will include a new soccer stadium within Mexican Primera Division standards for a possible expansion of one of its teams to Nuevo Laredo  Part of Phase II has already been completed which includes an indoor stadium with a capacity of 4,000 fans that allows fans to enjoy basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics among other sports 

Gallery
Passage 4:
1969 Mexican Grand Prix
The 1969 Gran Premio de Mexico (Mexican Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at the Ciudad Deportiva Magdalena Mixhuca, Mexico City on October 19, 1969, two weeks after the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen  It was race 11 of 11 in both the 1969 World Championship of Drivers and the 1969 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers  The 65-lap race was won by McLaren driver Denny Hulme after he started from fourth position  Jacky Ickx finished second for the Brabham team and his teammate Jack Brabham came in third 

Report
Entry
A total of 17 F1 cars were entered for this event, the last of the season  Team Lotus had had mixed fortunes at Watkins Glen, although Jochen Rindt had won the race, his teammate Graham Hill had broken both legs in an accident  At this event, Lotus decided not to replace him  However they did run a second car, a Lotus 63 developmental car with four wheel drive for John Miles, as Mario Andretti was busy winning the Dan Gurney 200 at Pacific Raceways, USA The rest of the field was unchanged, with only one Ferrari 312 entered by NART for local hero, Pedro Rodríguez 

Qualifying
The Motor Racing Developments Ltd team proved to be very fast in Mexico, as they dominated qualifying in their Brabham-Cosworth BT26A  Jack Brabham secured pole position, for the team, averaging a speed of 96 087 mph  Next fastest was his teammate, Jacky Ickx  The 1969 World Champion, Jackie Stewart was third fastest in his Matra-Cosworth MS80, who shared the second row with the McLaren-Cosworth M7A of Denny Hulme  A pair of Lotus 49s were on row three, with Jo Siffert ahead of Jochen Rindt 

Race
The race was held over 65 laps, however, for the second consecutive race, Bruce McLaren failed to make the start  Of the 16 remaining cars, Jackie Stewart made the best start, with the Brabhams of Jacky Ickx and Jack Brabham in pursuit, Jochen Rindt fourth, and Denny Hulme close behind  By the end of the second lap, led, while Ickx was putting pressure on Stewart  By lap six, Ickx was through, into the lead, and Hulme past Brabham to take third  Hulme overtook Stewart on the next lap, and set about chasing down Ickx   On lap 10, Hulme's McLaren was ahead  Meanwhile, Stewart’s Matra had dropped behind Brabham, and this is how the top four remained throughout the remainder of the race  Rindt ran fifth early on in the race, but bent his suspension on a curb, leading to his retirement, so fifth went to Jean-Pierre Beltoise, with Jackie Oliver finishing sixth in the BRM P139, two laps adrift Hulme won in a time of 1hr 54min 5 3sec, an average speed of 99 618 mph (160 320 km/h)  Hulme finished just 2 56 seconds ahead of Ickx 

Qualifying
Qualifying classification
Race
Classification
Championship standings after the race

Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings  Only the best 5 results from the first 6 rounds and the best 4 results from the last 5 rounds counted towards the Championship  Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored 
Passage 5:
Tumaraa
Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea Tumaraa consists of the following associated communes:

Fetuna
Tehurui
Tevaitoa
VaiaauThe administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Tevaitoa  The tallest mountain on Raiatea - Mont Temehani - is located within Tumaraa 
Passage 6:
Buenos Aires Argentina Temple
The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple is the 39th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), located in Ciudad Evita, near Buenos Aires, Argentina 

History
LDS Church leaders announced plans to build a temple in Buenos Aires in April 1980   Three years later, ground was broken and the site was dedicated by Bruce R  McConkie   After the building's completion an open house was held from December 17–24, 1985   Because of the location, visitors traveling from the airport to downtown Buenos Aires drive right past the temple 
Thomas S  Monson presided over the temple dedication on January 17, 1986  The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple has a total of 17,683 square feet (1,642 8 m2), four ordinance rooms, and three sealing rooms 
The temple closed for a renovation and expansion that added two smaller wings to the temple, set at angles to the existing structure  The renovated temple was rededicated September 9, 2012 by Henry B  Eyring, First Counselor in the church's First Presidency  It reopened September 11, 2012 In 2020, the Buenos Aires Argentina Temple was temporarily closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic 

See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Argentina
Passage 7:
Ofu Airport
Ofu Airport (IATA: OFU, ICAO: NSAS, FAA LID: Z08) is a public airport located one mile (2 km) southeast of the village of Ofu on the island of Ofu in American Samoa, an unincorporated territory of the United States  This airport is publicly owned by Government of American Samoa The Ofu runway was driven as part of the Google Street View project; users looking at Street View imagery at this location will get a view from the runway as opposed to the road which was apparently under construction when the photos were taken 

History
Originally constructed in 1974, the airport runway was moved to its current location in 1986 

Facilities and aircraft
Ofu Airport covers an area of 18 acres (7 3 ha) and has one paved runway (8/26) measuring 2,000 x 60 ft (610 x 18 m) For 12-month period ending December 30, 2004, the airport had 1,944 aircraft operations, an average of 5 per day, 100% of which were air taxi flights 

Airlines and destinations
Passage 8:
Sportivo Italiano
Club Sportivo Italiano is an Argentine football club located in Ciudad Evita, La Matanza Partido, Greater Buenos Aires  The team currently plays in the Primera B Metropolitana, the third division of the Argentine football league system 
The club was founded on May 7, 1955, by Italian immigrants who lived in Florida neighbourhood (part of Vicente López Partido in the Greater Buenos Aires)  The club was originally named "Associazione del Calcio Italiano in Argentina"  In 1978 the institution merged with Sociedad Italiana and changed its name to "Club Deportivo Italiano"  The club's last name change occurred in 2000, when it became known under its current denomination "Club Sportivo Italiano" 
The team mainly appeared in the 2nd and third division of Argentine football, although in the 1986–87 played its only season in the Argentine top flight  Despite finishing bottom of the league and being relegated, this was its highest league finish ever 

Players
Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Notable managers
Ramón Cabrero (1985–87)

Honours
Primera B (3): 1986, 1995–96, 2008–09
Primera C (3): 1962, 1974, 2013–14
Primera D (1): 1960

External links

Official Website
Mundo Azzurro
Dep Italiano
Passage 9:
Juan Carlos Espinoza Mercado
Juan Carlos Espinoza Mercado (born 23 July 1987, in Machala) is an Ecuadorian professional football player who has played for Ecuadorian club Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Loja and in 2010 he joined Peruvian club Juan Aurich 

International career
Identity case
In January 2013, he was called into the 2013 South American Youth Championship for the Peruvian U20 team  He played in four games under the name of Max Barrios Prado before it was reported that he had used false documentation that implied that the player was 17 years old  The Civil Registry of Ecuador released documentation showing that the player was 25 years old and married  He was withdrawn from the competition 
The rumours were initially reported by someone who claimed to be a friend of 'Maradona', the former player of Palma de Huacho and apparent father of 'Max Barrios'  The person claimed Maradona told him that the U20 player was from "Colombia or Ecuador" and that 'Maradona' is not the player's father Jaime Villavicencio, President of Universitaria de Loja club confirmed that the player in the U20 competition is the same person as the one who played for Universitaria de Loja  The Peruvian club Juan Aurich have passed information on to their lawyers as the player signed a contract with Juan Aurich using false documentation 
Passage 10:
Nuevo Laredo Municipality
The Municipality of Nuevo Laredo is located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas  Its municipal seat is Nuevo Laredo  The municipality contains more than 60 localities which the most important ones are Nuevo Laredo, El Campanario y Oradel, and Álvarez, the last two being suburbs of the city of Nuevo Laredo  By population, the municipality is the third largest in the state of Tamaulipas (behind Reynosa and Matamoros respectively)  The Nuevo Laredo municipality is the northernmost in Tamaulipas, lying at the extreme northwestern tip of its narrow strip of land along the Río Grande  The city of Nuevo Laredo contains approximately 97 5% of the total population of the municipality 

Geography
Nuevo Laredo is located in the Northern tip of Tamaulipas on the west end of the Rio Grande Plains  Rio Grande is the only source that supplies its citizens with water  El Coyote Creek supplies Nuevo Laredo's only natural lake El Laguito (The Small Lake)   The area consists of a few hills and flat land covered with grass, oak, cacti, and mesquite 

Climate
Nuevo Laredo features a semiarid climate  Nuevo Laredo's weather is influenced by its proximity to the Chihuahuan Desert to the west, by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the south and west, and by the Gulf of Mexico to the east   Much of the moisture from the Pacific is blocked by the Sierra Madre Oriental   Therefore, most of the moisture derives from the Gulf of Mexico   Its geographic location causes Nuevo Laredo's weather to range from long periods of heat to sudden violent storms in a short period of time  Nuevo Laredo is cold for Tamaulipas standards during winter, the average daytime highs are around 66 °F (19 C) and overnight lows around 43 °F (6 C); although it is rare for snow to fall in Nuevo Laredo, there was actually snow on the ground for a few hours on the morning of Christmas Day 2004 
Nuevo Laredo experiences an average high temperature of about 99 °F (37 C), and an average low of about 75 °F (24 C) during summer, and 20 inches (510 mm) of rain per year  As Laredo sometimes undergoes  drought, a water conservation ordinance was implemented in 2003 

Government
Nuevo Laredo is governed by an elected Cabildo, which is composed of the Presidente Municipal (Municipal President or Mayor), two Síndicos,  and twenty Regidores  The PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) is in control of the city government  The Mayor is in charge of the municipal administration  The Síndicos supervise the municipal budget and expenditures, and the Regidores are elected by the party 

Public safety
Public safety is provided by three municipal departments: (1) municipal police (Dirección de Seguridad Ciudadana), (2) traffic control (Dirección de Seguridad Vial), and (3) the emergency services department (Dirección de Protección Civil, Bomberos y Desastres) 

Towns and villages
The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:

Populated places
See also
Municipalities of Tamaulipas
Nuevo Laredo (City)
Tamaulipas
Passage 11:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 12:
Pangi Territory
Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The  headquarters is the town of Pangi 
The Elila River flows through Pangi territory, entering the Lualaba River to the west 
The territory is divided into the Babene chiefdom and the Beia, Ikama, Wakabango and Wasongola sectors 
Most of the territory is inhabited by the Lega people, as are the adjoining Mwenga and Shabunda territories 
As of 1972 there were still a few Pygmies living among the Baziri tribe of Lega people 
Before independence the territory had 97,380 inhabitants of whom 35,518 were in urban and mining agglomerations 
Passage 13:
Estadio Unión Tarma
Estadio Unión Tarma is a multi-use stadium in Tarma, Peru  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Asociación Deportiva Tarma of the Liga 1 Peru  The stadium holds 9,000 spectators 

External links
Stadium information
Context 2: Passage 1:
Australian five-dollar note
The Australian five-dollar note was first issued on 29 May 1967, fifteen months after the currency was changed from the pound to the dollar on 14 February 1966  It was a new denomination with mauve colouration – the pre-decimal system had no denomination with a value of £21⁄2  The first polymer version of the note was introduced in 1992  A major design update was issued from 1 September 2016, with a minor update to the signatures in 2019 

Series
The first issue was a paper note which had a gradient of mauve, with a distinct black overprint  It was designed by Gordon Andrews, with Russell Drysdale as the Reserve Bank of Australia's artistic advisor  It featured portraits of Sir Joseph Banks and Caroline Chisholm, as well as elevations of Sydney streets from Joseph Fowles' "Sydney in 1848", the cover of the Shipping Gazette, a watercolour of the Waverley, and a handbill of a meeting of the Family Colonization Loan Society  All of these images were sourced from the State Library of New South Wales 
The first polymer banknote issue, which can be recognised for its mauve colouration and numeral font, was first issued in pale mauve in 1992  A number of people found it difficult to distinguish it from the $10 banknote, especially in poor lighting conditions 
In 1995, a second polymer issue was issued, distinguishable by its deeper shade of mauve and a different font for the numeral 
A federation commemorative was issued in 2001 for that year only  Notes featured Sir Henry Parkes on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse 
On 1 September 2016 Next Generation Banknote (NGB) $5 was issued  The NGB series banknotes contain more security features than the previous series, including a clear top-to-bottom window 

Statistics
According to Reserve Bank statistics, at the end of June 2017 there were two hundred and eleven million five dollar banknotes in circulation, fourteen percent of the total banknotes in circulation; worth one thousand and fifty five million, or one percent of the total value for all denominations Leek has the greatest value, issued for two years only; and the 1990 Fraser/Higgens being issued for less than a year From 1967 to 1974, the title identifying the country was "Commonwealth of Australia" and there were 195,504,000 of these notes issued  The title identifying the country was then changed to "Australia" and from 1974 until the end of the issuance of paper currency for this denomination (in 1992), 978,068,318 of these notes were issued 

Design
On the 1995 design, Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia at the time was on the obverse, along with eucalyptus (gum) leaves  There is a number 5 in the right hand corner of both sides  The word "Australia" is written to the bottom left of the Queen  Parliament House appears on the reverse  On the 2001 commemorative design, Sir Henry Parkes appears on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse 
On 12 April 2016, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced a new design for the 5-dollar banknote would be introduced into circulation on 1 September 2016, the fourth polymer $5 banknote issued since 1992  It is the first of a new series of banknotes that will feature a different species of Australian wattle and a native bird  The 5-dollar banknote has the prickly Moses wattle (Acacia verticillata subsp  ovoidea) and the Eastern Spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris)  It also features an image of the Federation Pavilion  The reverse features Parliament House, showing the mosaic forecourt designed by Kumantje Jagamara, called Possum and Wallaby Dreaming, as well as a plan of Parliament House The 2016 design was slightly updated in 2019, with new signatures for the Governor of the Reserve Bank and the Secretary to the Treasury After the death of Elizabeth II, the Reserve Bank of Australia said that it was discussing with the government before it decides the replacement portrait on the 5-dollar banknote  On 2 February 2023, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that King Charles III will not appear on the new five-dollar banknote, a design celebrating First Nations peoples to appear instead 

Security features
The paper design included a watermark of Captain James Cook in the white field  The same watermark was also used in the last issue of pound banknotes  A new feature of the decimal currency was metallic strip embedded within the paper of the note, first near the centre of the note, then from 1976 moved to the left side on the obverse of the note 
The polymer issue includes: a shadow image of the Australian coat of arms which is visible under other printing when the note is held up to light; a pointed star with four points on the obverse and three on the reverse that come together under light; a clear window that has a stylised gum flower showing; and raised print and micro printing of the denomination value Some features of the banknote glow under UV light  These features include the serial number and a square patch on the reverse of the note  There is also raised printing around the portraits and major design elements of the note which can be felt by rubbing the finger or fingernail against them 
Passage 2:
The White Princess (miniseries)
The White Princess is a historical drama television miniseries developed for Starz  It is based on Philippa Gregory's 2013 novel of the same name and, to a lesser extent, its 2014 sequel The King's Curse  It is a sequel to the 2013 miniseries The White Queen, which adapted three of Gregory's previous novels, and begins immediately where The White Queen finished 
In the eight episode series, the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York effectively ends the Wars of the Roses by uniting the houses of Lancaster and York  However, their mutual enmity and distrust, as well as the political plots of their mothers, threaten to tear both the marriage and the kingdom apart 

Cast and characters
Main
Jodie Comer as Elizabeth "Lizzie" of York, the Queen of England
Rebecca Benson as Margaret "Maggie" Plantagenet, the Queen's paternal cousin, sister of Teddy
Jacob Collins-Levy as Henry VII, the King of England, Elizabeth's husband
Kenneth Cranham as Bishop (later Cardinal) John Morton, a confidant of the King's mother
Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville, the Queen's mother
Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile, the Queen of Castile
Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley, Margaret Beaufort's husband
Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell, a Yorkist supporter
Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English crown who claims to be Richard of York 
Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the Queen's paternal grandmother  Goodall was the only actor to appear in both The White Queen and The White Princess 
Amy Manson as Catherine "Cathy" Gordon, wife of Perkin Warbeck
Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, husband of Eliza de la Pole
Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor, the King's uncle
Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, the Queen's sister
Joanne Whalley as Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the Queen's paternal aunt
Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole, husband of Maggie Plantagenet
Michelle Fairley as  Margaret Beaufort, the King's mother

Recurring
Nicholas Audsley as Lord Strange
Rhys Connah (child) and Albert de Jongh (teen) as Edward "Teddy" Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, the Queen's cousin, brother of Maggie
Heidi Ely as Princess Bridget, the Queen's sister
Oliver Hembrough as John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, the Duke of Suffolk's son
Rosie Knightley as Princess Anne, the Queen's sister
Ava Masters as Princess Catherine, the Queen's sister
Rollo Skinner as Ned, a stable boy
Susie Trayling as Elizabeth "Eliza" de la Pole, Duchess of Suffolk, the Queen's paternal aunt
Guy Williams as William Stanley, Lord Thomas's brother
Iain Batchelor as Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Dorian Grover as Philip
Zazie Hayhurst as Rettie
Billy Barratt as Prince Arthur, the King's first son
Woody Norman as Prince Harry, the King's second son
Philip Arditti as Rodrigo de Puebla, the Spanish ambassador

Guest
Ned Elliott as Prince Richard, the Queen's brother
Luc Webb as Prince Edward, the Queen's brother
Derek Frood as the Mayor of York
Kitty Smith as Ruth
Emmanuelle Bouaziz as Mary of Burgundy
Max True as Lambert Simnel
Nia Roberts as Catherine "Kate" Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham
Norman Arthur Eshley as the Abbot
Marc Danbury as the Priest
Juan Echenique as Ferdinand II of Aragon, the King of Aragon
Nicholas Gecks as the Wimborne Priest
Alex Sawyer as Kofi, Novice Monk
Mark Edel-Hunt as Thomas Wolsey
Alasdair McLaughlin as Noah Luff

Episodes
Production
Development
The 10-part 2013 television series The White Queen adapted Gregory's previous novels The White Queen (2009), The Red Queen (2010) and The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012)  The series was broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and on Starz in the United States, and features Freya Mavor as a young Elizabeth of York  Despite initial plans for a second series, on 20 August 2013 the BBC announced they were not commissioning one, possibly because of the lukewarm reception the series received However, in October 2013, The Telegraph reported that Starz was planning to develop a sequel miniseries called The White Princess, based on Gregory's novel  Starz CEO Chris Albrecht announced in January 2014 that the network was working with White Queen screenwriter Emma Frost on the project  Starz would produce the White Princess miniseries without involvement from the BBC  Gregory confirmed that the project was underway in August 2015  On 7 February 2016, Gregory announced on Facebook that the sequel was officially confirmed to be in production, with the scripts being written  The series was confirmed to be eight episodes in May 2016 Jamie Payne, who directed three episodes of The White Queen, directed episodes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8  Frost was the showrunner and executive producer  Lachlan MacKinnon is served as producer, with Gregory as executive producer  Playground's Colin Callender and Scott Huff also executive produced with Company Pictures' Michele Buck 

Casting
Jodie Comer was cast in the title role of Elizabeth of York in April 2016, with Michelle Fairley added as Margaret Beaufort in May  In June 2016, Starz announced the casting of Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth, Jacob Collins-Levy as Henry VII, Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, Rebecca Benson as Margaret Plantagenet, and Joanne Whalley as  Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy  The remaining cast includes Caroline Goodall as Duchess Cecily, Kenneth Cranham as Bishop Morton, Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor and Rhys Connah as Teddy Plantagenet 

Filming
Principal photography began in June 2016, with locations including Bradford on Avon, Bristol, Berkeley Castle, Gloucester Cathedral, Lacock, Salisbury Cathedral, and Wells 

Release
In early January 2017, the producers released a video clip from the series as a teaser trailer  In February 2017, Starz announced that The White Princess would premiere on 16 April 2017  In the UK the series began its satellite and terrestrial broadcasts on the Drama channel on 18 November 2017 

Reception
The miniseries received generally favorable reviews  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 17 critics, with an average rating of 6 95/10  The website's critics consensus indicated the series was "well-acted and enlivened by its fresh perspective" and "delivers more than enough intrigue to satisfy fans of period British royal court drama " On Metacritic, the show has a weighted average score of 71 based on reviews from 9 critics 

Continuation
On 15 March 2018, Starz announced that it will create a continuation of The White Queen and The White Princess to be titled The Spanish Princess, which will be based on Gregory's novels The Constant Princess and The King's Curse and center on Catherine of Aragon 
Passage 3:
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022  She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and remained the monarch of 15 realms by the time of her death  Her reign of over 70 years is the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female head of state in history 
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother)  Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive  She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service  In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021  They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward 
When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as head of the Commonwealth  Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union  The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics  As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms  Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents 
Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively  Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity  Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in September 2022 and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III 

Early life
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother)  Her father was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne  She was delivered at 02:40 (GMT) by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair  The Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised her in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May, and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother  She was called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first  She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England", and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930  The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford  Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music  Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family  The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility  Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character  She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant " Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved"  Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) and Royal Lodge in Windsor 

Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father  Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession  When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father  Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis  Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI  Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive  If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College, and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses  A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age  Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States  As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours  She "looked tearful" as her parents departed  They corresponded regularly, and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May 

Second World War
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War  Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe  This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me  I won't leave without the King  And the King will never leave " The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk  From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years  At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments  In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities  She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war  We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well "In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year  As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944  In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number 230873  She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later 

At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London  Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves  I remember we were terrified of being recognised     I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief "During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales  Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war  Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday  Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent  In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa  During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong " The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times 

Marriage
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937  They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria  After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters  She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947 The engagement attracted some controversy  Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links  Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her  He was a prince without a home or kingdom  Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin " Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun"  In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman" 

Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family  Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness  Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey  They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world  Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war  In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding  Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, in November 1948  One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince  A second child, Princess Anne, was born in August 1950 Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London  At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer  He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle Lord Mountbatten  Their two children remained in Britain 

Reign
Accession and coronation
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events  When she visited Canada and Harry S  Truman in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary Martin Charteris carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour  In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya  On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of Elizabeth's father  Philip broke the news to the new queen  She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name, and was therefore called Elizabeth II  The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland  She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom  Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the royal house would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time  Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, and Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title  The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor  Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor  Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children " In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage  Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out " Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce  If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession  Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend  In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year  They were divorced in 1978  She did not remarry Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested  The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the anointing and communion  On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries 

Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations  By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established  In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air  She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations  During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her  Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth  The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union  In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal  Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it  Eden resigned two months later 

The governing Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government following Eden's resignation  Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the lord president of the council  Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the lord chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth  In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch"  Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments  Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, advice she followed  Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister  In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement 

In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth  On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session  Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada  In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran  On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins  Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through     She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as     a film star     She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man'     She loves her duty and means to be a Queen " Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination  No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857  Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964 On 21 October 1966, the Aberfan disaster in Wales saw 116 children and 28 adults killed when a colliery spoil tip collapsed, engulfing Pantglas Junior School and the surrounding houses in the village  The Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before deciding to visit the village, and her delay in visiting the scene was a mistake that she later regretted 

Acceleration of decolonisation
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean  More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government  In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia"  Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade  As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973 Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country  She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain  The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals  When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned, and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals  As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision  She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General  The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism 

Silver Jubilee
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession  Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours  The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon  In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands"  The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her uncle-in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army According to Paul Martin Sr , by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister  Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing"  Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office  In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed     than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats"  She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state 

Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese  Police later discovered the shots were blanks  The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three  Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised  That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand  Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a  22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed  Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with attempted murder or treason was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm  Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William 

From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety and pride  On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her  In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard  After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid  As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals  Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards " Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of     it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not " It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa  The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation  Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents  Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making"  Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated, and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major  Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid 

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country  The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors  At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602"  Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997 By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire  The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed  In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau  The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup  As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement  Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic 

Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991 

On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year")  Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family  In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April; angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October; and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November  The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny  In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding"  Two days later, John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list  In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated  At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast  The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity  Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell  In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil  In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien  Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued  In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury (George Carey) and her private secretary (Robert Fellowes), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris  Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral  Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning  Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay  Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral  In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes  As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects  Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back", and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier  At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence  As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off  That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary  Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay" In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May, and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July 

Golden Jubilee
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome  Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch  Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome  During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession  Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure  She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness  As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion  One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated 

In 2003, Elizabeth sued the Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace  The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs  Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees  In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair  She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland  She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007  On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth  The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age"  During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the 9/11 attacks  Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954  By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011 

Diamond Jubilee and longevity
Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond  She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf  On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world  On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781 Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries  For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond  On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony 

On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis  A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth  Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years  She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles  On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish"  She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018  In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015  She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015  She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017  On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee, and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary  Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017 

COVID-19 pandemic
On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution  Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble" 

On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK, she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again " On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair"  In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic  On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial  In 2021, she received her first and second COVID-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria  She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died, and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void"  Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world  In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him" Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May, and the 47th G7 summit in June  On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS would be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations"  In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004  Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland, the COP26 summit in Glasgow, and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds  On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a crossbow with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the Amritsar massacre  Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the Mental Health Act  In 2023, he pled guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign 

Platinum Jubilee
Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death  On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers  In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947 Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members  She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February, but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border, following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal  On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore  On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis  She later remarked that COVID infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted     It's not a nice result" Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March, but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month or the Royal Maundy service in April, due to "episodic mobility problems"  She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years  (She did not attend the 1959 and 1963 state openings as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively ) In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving  For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace  On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand  On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland  This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign  No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers  The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September to her Canadian people, in the aftermath of the Saskatchewan stabbings Elizabeth never planned to abdicate, though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties  The Queen told Canadian governor-general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition  Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something"  In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength "

Death
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision  The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral " Her immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side  She died peacefully at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and Anne, by her side  Her death was announced to the public at 18:30, setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn  Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542  Her death certificate recorded her cause of death as "old age" On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it  Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin  It was taken by air to London on 13 September  On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days  The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division  An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures  On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same 

Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760  More than a million people lined the streets of central London, and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries  In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed  Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession  After a committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members 

Legacy
Beliefs, activities, and interests
Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public  It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views  When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked her about the miners' strike of 1984–85 during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge disagreed  Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols  After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome  She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome  It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation Oath seriously  Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and with the national Church of Scotland  She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis  A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth  In 2000, she said:
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance  For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life  I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example 
Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities  The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1 4 billion for her patronages during her reign  Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis  Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family  Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards 

Media depiction and public opinion
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen"  After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age"  Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism  In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales  Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970  Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion  In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic; but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny  Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s  Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public  Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings  Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions  Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death 

In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state  Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia  In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign  Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime  "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists"  Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy, and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent  Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the working royal family and subsequent move to the United States  Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong  As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg  Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding  The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926 

Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world  In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc  In the Isle of Man, which is a Crown Dependency rather than a separate realm, she was known as Lord of Mann  Elizabeth was also styled Defender of the Faith 

Arms
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George  Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign  Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere 

Issue
Ancestry
See also
Finances of the British royal family
Household of Elizabeth II
List of things named after Elizabeth II
List of jubilees of Elizabeth II
List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II
Royal eponyms in Canada
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
List of covers of Time magazine (1920s), (1940s), (1950s), (2010s)

Notes
Passage 4:
Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth
The wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth II) was worn at her wedding to Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947 in Westminster Abbey  Given the rationing of clothing at the time, she still had to purchase the material using ration coupons  The dress was designed by Norman Hartnell  Hartnell's signature was said to be embroidery, and he enjoyed "working with soft, floating fabrics, particularly tulle and chiffon, and with plain, lustrous silks"  The dress was made of Chinese silk, with a high neckline, tailored bodice and a short train  Without straps and with long sleeves, it provided a "fit and flare silhouette" 

Design
The wedding was a royal event held following the end of the Second World War  The dress, designed by the Court Designer Norman Hartnell, had a star-patterned fan-shaped bridal train that was 13 feet (4 0 m) in length  The train, symbolic of rebirth and growth after the war, was stated to be inspired by Botticelli's c  1482 painting of Primavera, particularly the elaborate embroidery motifs of scattered flowers on the rich satin dress and the tulle veil worn by the royal bride  The material used was ivory silk and a diamond fringe tiara secured her veil  The dress was decorated with crystals and 10,000 seed pearls, imported from the United States of America  Hartnell, who had been Court Designer since 1938, claimed it as "the most beautiful dress I had so far made" On account of the austerity measures following the war, Princess Elizabeth had to use clothing ration coupons to show her entitlement to the dress  The government allowed her 200 extra ration coupons  She was given hundreds of clothing coupons by brides-to-be from all parts of the country to help her acquire the dress  She had to return these coupons as it was illegal for them to have been given away in the first instance The designs for the dress were approved three months before the wedding  Hartnell's search for suitable designs in London art galleries had led to him to the Botticelli figure  This was the inspiration for the use of ivory silk with flower designs of jasmine, smilax, lilac and white rose-like blossoms added to the train, embellished by white crystals and pearls  These motifs were transferred to drawings to enable embroidery experts to work on them  The dress featured a "heart-shaped neckline and long tight sleeves" The silk cloth was chosen at the specific directive of her mother, the Queen, who desired an "unusually rich, lustrous stiff satin which was made at Lullingstone Castle"  The silkworms to manufacture the silk were bought from Nationalist China, and not from Japan and Fascist Italy, the UK's enemies during the war  Satin was chosen for the train, and a more flexible material of the same tone as the train was chosen for the dress  However, in spite of the careful choice of the silk, the curator of the London Museum observed 30 years later when the dress was on display at the museum that "the choice of silk was not a good one" as the fabric had deteriorated considerably due to being weighted with tin salts, effectively rotting the fabric  It was also noted that the "weight of the embroidery dragged the skirt down, increasing the strain on the weave " Round the hem of the dress, "a border of orange blossom was appliqued with transparent tulle outlined in seed pearls and crystal" The final design of the dress was kept secret, although much speculation surrounded it  It was said the princess feared that if details were published fashion house copies would make it impossible for her to make last-minute design alterations  The dress was taken to the palace a day before the wedding in a 4-foot (1 2 m) box  On the wedding day, the dress glittered, bejewelled with pearls "skilfully combined with flowing lines of wheat ears, the symbol of fertility, and worked in pearl and diamante "

Similarities
Princess Elizabeth's wedding dress has drawn parallels with both the similarly designed dress worn by Grace Kelly in 1956 and the "Westminster décor" wedding dress that Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen designed for Catherine Middleton; particular points of similarity have been highlighted in the pleats and silhouette of the skirt The dress was put on display at St James's Palace and was then exhibited in the major cities and towns of the UK 

See also
Coronation gown of Elizabeth II
List of individual dresses
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nico van der Laan
Nico van der Laan (25 August 1908 – 20 September 1986) was a Dutch architect, as were his father Leo van der Laan and his brothers Jan and Hans, with whom he was closely associated 

Life and work
Nico van der Laan was born in Leiden, son of the architect Leo van der Laan  He studied to 1937 at the Technische Hogeschool in Delft  His eldest brother Jan took over their father's architectural practice in Leiden 
Together with his brother Hans, who in 1927 became a Benedictine monk at Oosterhout Abbey, Nico immersed himself in the theory of the origins of architecture 
After World War II, with his brother Hans, he led a course in Church Architecture in the Kruithuis in 's-Hertogenbosch, using the early Christian basilica as an example, for training architects in the post-war reconstruction of ecclesiastical buildings  From these courses arose the Bossche School, a name given by opponents of the Van der Laan brothers and their followers 
One of his most notable buildings is St  Martin's Church in Gennep  His brother Hans was also very probably involved in the construction of this church, and drawings of it in Hans' hand are known  Nico also supported his brother in other ways, in terms of finance and morale 
From 1946 Nico van der Laan also had his own architectural practice 

Sources
Remery, Michael, 2010: Mystery and Matter: On the Relationship Between Liturgy and Architecture in the Thought of Dom Hans van der Laan OSB (1904-1991 (Studies in Religion and the Arts vol  3)  Brill ISSN 1877-3192 Online version
Passage 2:
M  Suryanarayan
Mothavarapu Suryanarayan (1930 – 2010) was an Indian first-class cricketer who was born on 1 February 1930 during Madras presidency  M  Suryanarayan is the first son of M Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the 'Father of South Indian Cricket' the doyen of Madras Cricket  He was also a  member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamil Nadu in 1954–1955, which the Madras team won against Holkar  He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium bowler  The Hindu describing his Cricket, once said: " His batting resembles very closely that of his father -dashing and carefree -and his cover-drive, a joy to watch, has amazing impetus   "And it added that he had "enriched Madras sport as his father had"  His only younger brother M M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy 

Career
M  Suryanarayan was a stylish right-hand middle order batsman who played off and cover drives in particularly elegant fashion  A stalwart of Madras cricket in the forties and fifties, `Suri' as he was popularly known, played 11 matches for the state in the Ranji Trophy and earned selection for the Indian team for the fifth and final `Test' against the SJOC team at Lucknow in 1953–54  Suryanarayan proved his mettle by scoring two unbeaten half-centuries against bowlers of the class of Frank Worrell, Fazal Mahmood, Amir Elahi, Khan Mohamed, Loxton, Peter Loader, and Jim McConnel  He Captained Madras and Mysore at the highest levels, besides scoring three centuries before lunch in first-class cricket in Madras and Bangalore  He won the All-India University Tennis Doubles title, Partnering Ramanathan Krishnan, and played in the qualifying rounds of the doubles tournament at Wimbledon  He also won several titles in Table tennis and golf in South Indian Competitions 

Later life
M  Suryanarayan followed in his father's footsteps in many ways  He was a natural at all ball games  M  Suryanarayan did a University of Madras Science degree from Presidency College, then moved into the British Indian world of commerce in Madras and Bangalore before going into business on his own  He also spent some years abroad promoting Indian handlooms on behalf of the Government of India  He published a book written by Suri & Raja (ed), Buchi Babu (Father of Madras Cricket) and his sporting clan, 1993 
Passage 3:
Peter Griffin
Peter Löwenbräu Griffin Sr  (born Justin Peter McFinnigan) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American animated sitcom Family Guy  He is voiced by the series' creator, Seth MacFarlane, and first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in the 15-minute pilot pitch of Family Guy on December 20, 1998  Peter was created and designed by MacFarlane himself  MacFarlane was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company based on Larry & Steve, a short made by MacFarlane which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve  After the series pilot was given the green light, the Griffin family appeared in the episode "Death Has a Shadow" 
Peter is married to Lois and is the father of Meg, Chris, and Stewie  He also has a dog named Brian, with whom he is best friends  He has worked at a toy factory and at Quahog's Brewery  Peter's voice was inspired by the security guards that MacFarlane heard at his school  His appearance was a redesign of the protagonist Larry from MacFarlane's previous animated short films The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve  He has appeared in several pieces of Family Guy merchandise—including toys, T-shirts, and video games—and he has made crossover appearances in other shows, including The Simpsons, Drawn Together, American Dad!, and Family Guy's spin-off series The Cleveland Show 

Role in Family Guy
Peter Griffin is a middle-class Irish American in his mid‑forties, who is a bespectacled, obese blue-collar worker with a prominent Rhode Island and Eastern Massachusetts accent  Peter's age has never been officially confirmed and has fluctuated  Peter and his wife, Lois, have three children: Meg, Chris, and Stewie  He also has two deceased children: Peter Jr , who was shaken to death, and Dave, Stewie's twin who is implied to have been killed by Stewie during childbirth  He is the illegitimate son of Thelma Griffin and Mickey McFinnigan, and was raised by Thelma and his stepfather, Francis Griffin  It is uncertain whether Peter's legal parents were married before he was conceived, however, as Peter has a flashback in which Francis directly tells him, "I'm not your father!" in the episode "Peter's Two Dads", in which Peter realizes that Francis is not his true father, implying he knew that Peter is not his biological son  Peter and his family live in the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island, which is modeled after Providence, Rhode Island  Peter primarily worked as a safety inspector at the Happy-Go-Lucky Toy Factory until his boss, Jonathan Weed, choked to death on a dinner roll while dining with Peter and Lois; he then became a fisherman on his own boat, which was known as the "S S  More Powerful than Superman, Batman, Spider-Man, and The Incredible Hulk Put Together", with the help of two Portuguese immigrants, Santos and Pasqual, until his boat was destroyed  He now works in the shipping department of the Pawtucket Patriot brewery  Peter is also shown in various jobs for single episodes and cutaway gags  In one episode, Peter played for the NFL's New England Patriots until his behavior resulted in his being kicked off the team  In a running gag, storylines are randomly interrupted by extremely long, unexpected fights between Peter and Ernie the Giant Chicken, an anthropomorphic chicken who serves as an archenemy to Peter  These battles parody the action film genre, with explosions, high-speed chases, and immense devastation to the town of Quahog 

Character
Creation
MacFarlane initially conceived Family Guy in 1995 while studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)  During college, he created his thesis film entitled The Life of Larry, which was submitted by his professor at RISD to Hanna-Barbera  MacFarlane was hired by the company  Then in 1996, MacFarlane created a sequel to The Life of Larry entitled Larry & Steve, which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve; the short was broadcast in 1997 as one of Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons  Executives at Fox saw the Larry shorts and contracted MacFarlane to create a series, entitled Family Guy, based on the characters  Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15-minute short, and gave him a budget of $50,000  Several aspects of Family Guy were inspired by the Larry shorts  While working on the series, the characters of Larry and his dog Steve slowly evolved into Peter and Brian  MacFarlane stated that the difference between The Life of Larry and Family Guy was that "Life of Larry was shown primarily in my dorm room and Family Guy was shown after the Super Bowl "

Voice
The voice of Peter is provided by MacFarlane, who also provides the voice for Brian, Stewie, Quagmire, Tom Tucker, Carter Pewterschmidt, Dr  Hartman, and others  MacFarlane has been part of the main voice cast from the beginning of the series including the pilot, and has voiced Peter from the start  MacFarlane chose to voice Peter and several other characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it  MacFarlane's speaking voice is not very close to Peter's; he uses his normal voice as the voice of Brian  MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from the security guards he overheard talking while he was attending the Rhode Island School of Design; according to him, "I knew a thousand Peter Griffins growing up in New England  Guys who would not think before they spoke, like [switching to Peter's voice] there was no self-editing mechanism  [Pointing to himself] Everything in here, [pointing to his front] it's coming out here, with no gateway"  MacFarlane also voices many of Peter's ancestors who share the same type of voice  He noted in an interview that he voices Peter and the rest of the characters partly because they initially had a small budget, but also that he prefers to have the freedom to do it himself  In another interview, he pointed out that Peter's voice is one of the most difficult to do There have been rare occasions where MacFarlane does not voice Peter  In the episode "No Meals on Wheels" (season 5, 2007), actor Patrick Stewart voiced Peter in a cutscene, but MacFarlane voices Peter for the rest of the episode  In the episode "Family Gay" (season 7, 2009), Seth Rogen provided a guest-voice as Peter under the effects of the "Seth Rogen gene"  In "Road to the Multiverse" (season 8, 2009), he was voiced by actor Jamison Yang, who was required for a scene where everything in the world was Japanese  In Friends of Peter G (season 9, 2011), John Viener voiced Peter in an alternate timeline where he gave up drinking 

Personality
Peter Griffin is a stereotypical blue-collar worker who frequently gets drunk with his neighbors and friends Cleveland Brown, Joe Swanson and Glenn Quagmire at "The Drunken Clam," Quahog's local tavern  In the season 4 episode "Petarded", Peter discovered his low intellect falls slightly below the level for mental retardation after taking an I Q  test, which places his I Q  at around 70  In that same episode, Peter is declared mentally retarded because of his low I Q  level  Peter also might have brain damage in Wernicke's area as he cutaways into seemingly random situations and speaks in perfect grammar but can't seem to choose how to create a sentence  Peter is known for his brash impulsiveness, which has led to several awkward situations, such as attempting to molest Meg in order to adopt a redneck lifestyle  He is easily influenced by anyone he finds interesting and will often try to replicate their lifestyle and behavior merely out of curiosity  He is incredibly jealous of other attractions Lois has in her life, an attitude which has led to extreme situations, such as when he assaulted a whale that kissed Lois at SeaWorld  In the third season episode "Stuck Together, Torn Apart", Peter and Lois split up because of Peter's jealousy, only to discover that Lois has the same character flaw and the two decide to live together with their mutually jealous nature  Peter has a very short attention span which frequently leads him to bizarre situations, as Chris points out in "Long John Peter", after Peter's parrot dies "He will get over it pretty quickly and then move on to another wacky thing", to which Peter finds a pipe organ and forgets about his parrot (Peter then destroys the pipe organ within seconds and then finds a deed to a cattle ranch)   Peter is also naïve with one example in "Airport '07" where he thinks his truck will fly by filling it with airplane fuel 
Peter has complex relationships with all three of his children  He normally makes fun of Meg and treats her badly, such as in the episode "FOX-y Lady", where he, Meg and Chris try to create a cartoon and they exclude Meg and her ideas  Though in some episodes Peter has had a good relationship with Meg, in "Hell Comes to Quahog" (season 5, 2006), Peter almost tells Meg he loves her and in "Road to Rupert" (season 5, 2007), he told Meg that he would treat her badly in front of the family, but that he would be her friend in secret  It was presumed though that in "Peter's Sister", (season 14, 2015) that Peter would stop bullying Meg  Peter has a much better relationship with Stewie  Peter and Stewie had their adventures when he took him to Walt Disney World Resort in the episode "The Courtship of Stewie's Father" (season 4, 2005)  With Chris, Peter communicates well, but at times when in need of advice or in an adventure Peter tells Chris to do the opposite of what he should do, like in "Long John Peter" (season 6, 2008), where Chris is asking for advice on dating and Peter tells him to treat women horribly Peter is best friends with his anthropomorphic dog, Brian  In earlier seasons, Brian often served as a voice of reason for Peter, helping him out with issues  Brian is extremely grateful to Peter for picking him up on the side of the road as a stray, shown during a flashback in the episode, "Brian: Portrait of a Dog"  His gratitude was affirmed in "New Kidney in Town", where Brian offers to give up both his kidneys and his life so that Peter could undergo a kidney transplant, although he did not have to do it thanks to another, more suitable donor being found  At Brian's funeral in "Life of Brian", Peter said that Brian was his "best friend in the whole world" and "like a brother to him" 

Ancestry
Before Peter was born, his mother Thelma went to Mexico City to have an abortion but gave birth during the procedure, and smuggled him home to Providence, Rhode Island, where he spent his childhood  Peter was raised by Francis and Thelma Griffin in the Roman Catholic faith  In "Peter's Two Dads", he discovers that his biological father is an Irishman named Mickey McFinnigan  Peter visits Mickey, who initially rejects him  Mickey later accepts him as his son after beating him in the "game of drink" (the game of drink referring to matching shots until one passes out)  Mickey is based on the friends of MacFarlane's father  MacFarlane said: "When I was growing up, my father had lots of friends: big, vocal, opinionated New England, Irish Catholics  They were all bursting at the seams with personality, and Family Guy came out of a lot of those archetypes that I spent years observing "

Reception
Praise
Editors of Variety put Family Guy in their contenders for the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series; they stated that, depending on your sense of humor, Peter is either "a comedy genius" or "an obnoxious idiot"  MacFarlane has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Voice-Over Performance category several times for voicing Peter and other characters; he won in 2016  He was also nominated in 2008 for an Annie Award in the Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production or Short Form for voicing Peter Peter has ranked in several of IGN's top 10s (generally these lists are related to the show)  Among these, Peter ranked the third spot on IGN's "Top 25 Family Guy Characters," in which it was stated that many of the show's best gags come from Peter and his shenanigans and that "Peter practically invented the "manatee joke"  Entertainment Weekly placed Peter in its "18 Bad TV Dads" list (the list also included characters like Homer Simpson and Al Bundy) 

Criticism and controversy
Peter has been criticized for being too similar to Homer Simpson  Peter has appeared in some episodes of The Simpsons; in these episodes which he has been featured, he has been depicted as Homer Simpson's clone or is accused of plagiarism  Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Peter is Homer Simpson "as conceived by a singularly sophomoric mind that lacks any reference point beyond other TV shows"  Robin Pierson from The TV Critic criticized the Griffin family for being too similar to the Simpson family, and said that Peter "has Homer Simpson written all over him"  This is eventually made fun of in the episode "Ratings Guy" when, after Peter ruins television and goes to the networks to reverse the changes, Homer Simpson shows up with the same plight, with Peter going "A-ha! Looks like this is one we beat you to!" In "The Simpsons Guy", a crossover episode between Family Guy and The Simpsons, the Griffins end up in the town of Springfield after their car is stolen, where they meet the Simpsons 
Peter has created some controversy in various episodes of Family Guy  The episode "The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire" (season 4, 2005) featured a sequence titled "You Have AIDS", in which Peter dances and sings in a barbershop quartet fashion around the bed of a man with end-stage AIDS about his diagnosis, which drew protests from several AIDS service organizations  In the episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (season 3, 2003), Peter sings a parody song of "When You Wish upon a Star", entitled "I Need a Jew"; on October 3, 2007, Bourne Co  Music Publishers filed a lawsuit accusing the show of infringing its copyright on the original song; Bourne Co , the sole United States copyright owner of the song, alleged the parody pairs a "thinly veiled" copy of their music with antisemitic lyrics  The complaint was not upheld 

Cultural influence
Appearances in the media
Peter has made several television appearances outside of Family Guy, often in the form of direct parody  Peter has appeared in two episodes of The Simpsons, poking fun at how the two shows are frequently compared to each other  In the fourteenth season episode "Treehouse of Horror XIII", Peter is depicted as one of Homer Simpson's clones, and in the seventeenth season episode, "The Italian Bob", a photo of Peter is in a book of criminals, which says he is wanted for "plagiarismo"  Peter also appeared in various episodes of the show's spin-off The Cleveland Show  In addition, Peter has appeared at the end of the American Dad! episode "Hurricane!" with guns on both Stan Smith and former neighbor Cleveland Brown  During the stand-off, Stan accidentally shoots his wife Francine, which Peter declares as "classic American Dad!" 

Merchandise
Peter is also featured on the Family Guy: Live in Vegas CD, and plays a significant part in Family Guy Video Game!, the first Family Guy video game, which was released by 2K Games in 2006  Peter was used in the game Family Guy Online as a character class for the game's character creator  MacFarlane recorded exclusive material of Peter's voice and other Family Guy characters for a 2007 pinball machine based the show, created by Stern Pinball  In 2004, the first series of Family Guy toy figurines was released by Mezco Toyz; each member of the Griffin family had their own toy, with the exception of Stewie, of whom two different figures were made  Over the course of two years, four more series of toy figures have been released, with various forms of Peter  Alongside the action figures, Peter has been included in various other Family Guy-related merchandise As of 2009, six books have been released about the Family Guy universe, all published by HarperCollins since 2005  This include Family Guy: It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One (ISBN 978-0-7528-7593-4), which covers the entire events of the episode "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One", and Family Guy and Philosophy: A Cure for the Petarded (ISBN 978-1-4051-6316-3), a collection of 17 essays exploring the connections between the series and historical philosophers  which include Peter as a character  Peter appears in comic-book based on the Family Guy universe; by Titan Comics  The first comic book was released July 27, 2011 In 2008, the character appeared in advertisements for Subway, promoting the restaurant's massive feast sandwich  Chief marketing officer Tony Pace commented "Peter's a good representation of the people who are interested in the Feast, and Family Guy is a show "that appeals to that target audience " The Boston Globe critic Brian Steinberg praised the restaurant's use of the character for the commercials 

Notes
Passage 4:
Louis Chedid
Louis Chedid (born 1 January 1948, in Ismaïlia) is a French singer-songwriter of Lebanese and Egyptian origin 

Biography
Louis Chedid is the son of the writer Andrée Chedid and the father of Matthieu Chedid (better known as -M-) 
As a child he made his first footsteps into the singing world as a member of the "Manécanterie des Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois", a famous French catholic boys choir 
Chedid was a fan of the jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt and decided that he would set forth into a career in the world of music as soon as he left school  After his first album "Balbutiements" (Mumblings – 1973) attracted little attention, his talent was first recognised after the release of titles like "La Belle" and "T'as beau pas être beau" released in 1977 
In 1981, "Ainsi soit-il" (Amen) rose to the top of the charts, followed four years later by "Anne ma sœur Anne" (My sister Anne) which criticised the increasing popularity of the extreme-right in France  His first, autobiographical novel – 40 Berges Blues – was published in 1992 
Chedid is also the composer of Pierre-Dominique Burgaud's "Le Soldat Rose" (The Pink Soldier, 2006), a fairytale musical whose songs have been interpreted by singers including -M-, Vanessa Paradis, Jeanne Cherhal, Francis Cabrel, Alain Souchon and Bénabar 

Discography
Albums
Promotional singles
"Miss Melissa" (1974)
"Je chante sous les transistors" (1977)
"La Belle" / "Chapeau de paille" (1977)
"T'as beau pas être beau" / "L'Amour S M P M" (1978)
"Papillon" / "Dans la rue de Sherbrooke" (1979)

Collaborations
Fairytale-Musical "Émilie Jolie" (Philippe Chatel, 1979) : chanson du raton-laveur-rêveur (Song of the dreaming racoon)
Duo with his son Matthieu Chedid : Tel père tel fils (like father like son) – for Solidays, a French AIDS charity appeal
Passage 5:
Joffrey Baratheon
Joffrey Baratheon  is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R  R  Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones  Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, he subsequently appears in A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000) 
Joffrey is officially the eldest son and heir of king Robert Baratheon and Cersei Lannister, but in actuality is the eldest child of Cersei and her twin brother Jaime Lannister   Joffrey inherits the throne after Robert's death, which, along with his execution of Lord Ned Stark of Winterfell, triggers a power struggle in Westeros known as the War of Five Kings  He is characterized as a spoiled, sadistic bully and frequently torments his family as well as Sansa Stark, to whom he is betrothed in the first novel  He later marries Margaery Tyrell, but is killed by poison during his wedding reception  Joffrey's demise is referred to as The Purple Wedding 
Joffrey is portrayed by Irish actor Jack Gleeson in the television adaptation Game of Thrones, a role for which he received international recognition and critical praise 

Overview
Joffrey Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fiancée Sansa Stark  He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome  His appearance is referred to as his one redeeming quality 

Character description
In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the "Mad King" Aerys II Targaryen   In reality, his biological father is his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister   He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship   Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm   This is best epitomized by his response when his (then) betrothed offends him: Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman, and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead   He enjoys forcing people to fight to the death, and enforces cruel punishments for lesser crimes   He has no sense of personal responsibility, blaming failures on others   He lacks self-control and often insults his allies and family members  He is also impulsive, which frequently leads him to make rash decisions  He appears to have virtually no interests other than sadism and extreme violence, paying no attention to actually governing his kingdom or to anything involving sex, even when he is offered exceptionally beautiful women  Though he takes pleasure in violence, Joffrey is shown to be a coward when confronted with danger to himself, and often shies away from any real fighting 
Joffrey is 12 years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996) 

Storylines
A Game of Thrones
Prince Joffrey is taken by his parents to Winterfell and is betrothed to Sansa Stark in order to create an alliance between House Baratheon and House Stark  At first, Joffrey is kind and polite to Sansa  However, he refuses to show sympathy with the family when Bran Stark falls from a tower, until physically forced to by his uncle, Tyrion Lannister  While on the Kingsroad to King's Landing, Joffrey and Sansa come across Arya Stark practicing swordplay with a commoner Mycah  Joffrey accuses Mycah of assaulting a noble girl and makes a cut on his face with a sword  This causes Arya to hit Joffrey, allowing Mycah to escape  When Joffrey then turns on Arya, her direwolf Nymeria attacks Joffrey, injuring him  Later, Joffrey lies about the attack, saying it was unprovoked and demands Nymeria to be killed; however, Sansa's direwolf Lady is killed instead  He later has his bodyguard Sandor "The Hound" Clegane hunt down and kill Mycah 
Later, Eddard Stark discovers that Joffrey is not King Robert's biological son and refuses to acknowledge Joffrey's claim to the throne when King Robert dies  He is taken into custody  On Sansa's pleas, Eddard issues a false confession of his treason  Joffrey promised Sansa that he would be merciful but then beheads Eddard anyway and later forces Sansa to look upon her father's head 

A Clash of Kings
Joffrey is briefly seen in A Clash of Kings (1998)  He rules with whim and caprice, proving difficult for even his mother to control  Sansa becomes imprisoned to his will, and he frequently has his guards beat her when she displeases him  When Stannis Baratheon attacks King's Landing, Joffrey leaves the battlefield, damaging the morale of his army  The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion's use of wildfire and his grandfather Tywin's last-minute counterattack aided by the forces of House Tyrell 

A Storm of Swords
Joffrey sets aside his earlier betrothal to Sansa Stark in favor of Margaery Tyrell, cementing an alliance between the Lannisters and House Tyrell  At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage  Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king  Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head  His uncle Tyrion and his grandfather Tywin are outraged and the former threatens Joffrey once again  After another disagreement, Tywin sends Joffrey to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin  During his wedding feast, he repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, presenting an offensive play about "The War of the Five Kings", with each of the kings played by dwarves to humiliate his uncle, whom he also forces to act as his cupbearer  At the conclusion of the dinner, however, Joffrey dies from poisoned wine  Tyrion is falsely accused and arrested by Cersei in A Storm of Swords (2000) but it is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators 

Family tree
TV adaptation
Season 1
After Robert's death, Cersei Lannister and her father Tywin Lannister) make Joffrey King, and his mother uses him as a puppet  He is also betrothed to Sansa Stark to cement an alliance between the Houses of Stark and Lannister  A cruel tyrant, Joffrey makes sadistic torture and mass murder the main features of his kingdom, and even has Sansa's father Ned executed for treason (which he declares he will never allow to go unpunished) over Sansa's pleas for mercy and Cersei's disapproval 

Season 2
Joffrey's tyranny worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort, as his uncle (and secretly, father) Jaime (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) is captured by the Starks, and Joffrey's "paternal uncles" Renly (Gethin Anthony) and Stannis (Stephen Dillane) challenge his claim to the Iron Throne  Joffrey frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa  His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his "father"'s bastard children in King's Landing; consequently, he is almost killed during a riot  When Stannis attacks King's Landing, Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting  When the battle eventually turns in Stannis' favor, Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle, damaging the morale of his army  The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion (Peter Dinklage) and grandfather Tywin, aided by the forces of House Tyrell  To cement the alliance between those families, Joffrey's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell (Natalie Dormer) 

Season 3
The marriage is yet to take place, and rifts are growing between Joffrey, and his uncle Tyrion and grandfather Tywin, who are (in their respective ways) rebutting his cruelty  Joffrey also seems to take little interest in his betrothed, but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people's favor, in which he takes part  At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after Joffrey commands him to consummate the marriage  Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that Tyrion was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king  Later, after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother Robb's (Richard Madden) head  Tyrion and Tywin are outraged, and the former threatens Joffrey once again  After another disagreement, Tywin sends Joffrey to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin 

Season 4
Joffrey finally marries Margaery  During his wedding feast, he repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, presenting an offensive play about "The War of the Five Kings", with each of the kings played by dwarves to humiliate his uncle, whom he also forces to act as his cupbearer  At the height of the festivities, Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison and dies  His last act is an attempt to point at Tyrion, and as a result Tyrion is falsely accused and ordered arrested by Cersei, but it is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators  Olenna, Margaery's grandmother, later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry "that beast"  Following Joffrey's funeral, his younger brother and heir, Tommen, is crowned King and proceeds to marry Margaery 

Development and reception

In January 2007, HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television  Jack Gleeson was cast as Joffrey Baratheon  Gleeson received critical acclaim for his portrayal  In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked the character #4 in their list of the "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time"  Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to "five or six people that I went to school with     a classic bully     incredibly spoiled"  Gleason would cite Joaquin Phoenix's portrayal of Commodus in Gladiator as a big influence for his performance 
Passage 6:
Paul Chomnycky
Paul Patrick Chomnycky, OSBM, (born 19 May 1954) is a bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Church and the current bishop of the Diocese of Stamford, Connecticut 

Education
Paul Chomnycky was born in Vancouver, Canada, the son of a Ukrainian-immigrant father and Canadian-born mother (both of whom died in 1996), and graduated from the University of British Columbia with a bachelor's degree in Commerce in 1980   After working as an accountant for two years, he entered the novitate of the Order of St  Basil the Great, working in the Basilian monastery in New York 
On 1 October 1988, he was ordained as a priest of the Order of St  Basil the Great   Then, he continued with further studies in Philosophy at the University of St  Anselm and the Gregorian University in Rome, receiving a Bachelor's in Sacred Theology in 1990 
Upon his return to Canada, he served briefly as an assistant pastor at Sts  Peter and Paul Church in Mundare, Alberta and St  Basil's, Edmonton  Eventually he would return to both parishes as their pastor in 1997 and 2000 and also served as the pastor of St  Mary's Church in Vancouver from 1994 to 1997  During his tenure as pastor at St  Basil's in Edmonton and St  Paul's in Mundare, he was also the superior of the local Basilian monastery 
Bishop Chomnycky also served as the Director of the Basilian Fathers museum in Mundare, a member of the Provincial Council of the Basilian Fathers of Canada, and a member of the college of consultors of the Edmonton Eparchy  He was appointed Exarch for Ukrainian Catholics in Great Britain on April 5, 2002 and consecrated bishop on June 11, 2002 by Cardinal Lubomyr Husar 

See also
Passage 7:
Rosalie Loveling
Rosalie Loveling (20 March 1834 – 4 May 1875) was a Flemish author of poetry, novels, and essays 

Biography
Rosalie Loveling was born in Nevele, Belgium, and was the older sister of Virginie Loveling, also an author, with whom she co-wrote part of her oeuvre  After the death of their father Herman Loveling, the family moved to Ghent where the sisters moved in circles of French-speaking, mainly anti-clerical intelligentsia before eventually returning to Nevele 
She made her literary debut influenced by Klaus Groth, whose 'Trinia' she translated into Dutch  Together with her sister, she went on to write realistic and descriptive poetry with a romantic undertone  They also published two collections of essays on life in the rural communities as well as the city bourgeoisie 
Rosalie Loveling died on 4 May 1875 in Nevele 

Bibliography
Co-authored with Virginie Loveling
Gedichten (1870)
Novellen (1874) Rosalie : Jan-oom en Belle-Trezeken, De baan der kunst, Serafine, Broeder en zuster, Meester Huyghe ; Virginie: Drie kleine schetsen, Sidon, In de Hope van Vrede, De verdwaalden, Emiliaantje
Nieuwe novellen (1876) Rosalie: Mijnheer Daman en zijn erfgenamen, Juffrouw Leocadie Stevens, Po en Paoletto ; Virginie: Octavie en Estelle, De kwellende gedachte, De vijftig franken
Polydoor en Theodoor en andere novellen en schetsen (1883) Virginie: Polydoor en Theodoor ; Rosalie: De hond, Uwe tweede vrouw, Het eenig kind, De gierigheid, Kinderverdriet, Onbehendige troostwoorden, Iets over het onderwijs der vrouw, Beloften en bedreigingen, Mijn verre neef
Onze Rensen (1950)
Niets is onbeduidend (compilation and commentary by A  Van Elslander, 1978)

Sole author
Vreest gij niet (1853)
Trinia, translated from Klaus Groth's work (1864)
Het licht op oog (1866)
De eerst opvoeding (1863)
Het meesterschap (1868)
Het geschenk

See also
Flemish literature
Passage 8:
Ahmet Zappa
Ahmet Emuukha Rodan Zappa (born May 15, 1974) is an American musician and writer, and trustee of the Zappa Family Trust 

Early life
Ahmet Zappa was born in Los Angeles, California, the third of four children born to musician Frank Zappa and businesswoman Gail Zappa (née Sloatman)  His father was of Italian (Sicilian), Greek, Arab, and French descent, and his mother was of German and Portuguese ancestry  He is said to be named after music executive Ahmet Ertegun (co-founder and president of Atlantic Records), whom his father greatly admired  This is contradicted by Neil Slaven in Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story Of Frank Zappa, who notes:

His first name was that of an imaginary person we always had hanging around back when we had no one on our payroll," Gail told Victoria Balfour  "We'd snap our fingers and say, 'Ahmet? Dishes  Coffee, please ' He was also named Rodan after a giant pterodactyl that would have ravaged the world if the Japanese film director Ishiro Honda hadn't destroyed it in 1957 
His older brother and sister are Dweezil Zappa and Moon Zappa, and his younger sister is Diva Zappa 

Career
Ahmet Zappa has released several albums with his brother Dweezil, and wrote the song "Frogs with Dirty Little Lips" with his father 
He has appeared in several feature films and television programs  In the late 1990s, he appeared on Channel 4 UK's The Adam and Joe Show, in a regular segment called "Vinyl Justice", in which hosts Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish, dressed as policemen, examined his vinyl collection for "criminal records"  In 2000, he appeared in the film Ready to Rumble  With his brother Dweezil, he performed a cover of Britney Spears' song "   Baby One More Time" for the film's soundtrack  Other appearances include hosting the TV shows Robotica (TV series) and But Can They Sing? 
In July 2006, Zappa saw the release of his debut novel, entitled The Monstrous Memoirs of a Mighty McFearless, aimed at younger readers  The rights to a movie were purchased by Bruckheimer Films and Disney  The movie is in production with screenwriter Tim Firth assisting, no release date has been announced On October 19, 2006, The Jim Henson Company announced it had hired Zappa to write a treatment for a feature film version of the hit 1980s television show Fraggle Rock  He is also writing a sequel to The Monstrous Memoirs of a Mighty McFearless, which had also been optioned to adapt to a screenplay  Zappa proposed to Disney's studio head Bob Iger that the company form a graphic novel-to-film division; the result was "Disney's Kingdom Comics " Zappa was also given a first-look deal at Walt Disney Studios for motion picture productions  His company is called Monsterfoot Productions  His first film, The Odd Life of Timothy Green, was released in 2012 by Walt Disney Pictures, and starred Jennifer Garner and Joel Edgerton 
Following the death of Zappa's mother, Gail, in October 2015, it was revealed that Ahmet and his sister Diva were given control of the Zappa Family Trust with shares of 30% each, while his siblings Moon and Dweezil were given smaller shares of 20% each  As beneficiaries only, Moon and Dweezil will not see any money from the trust until it is profitable—in 2016, it was "millions of dollars in debt"—and must seek permission from Ahmet, the trustee, to make money from their father's music or merchandise bearing his name  The uneven divide of the trust has resulted in several conflicts between Zappa's children, including a feud between Dweezil and Ahmet over Dweezil's use of his father's music in live performances 
Under Ahmet's direction, the trust proposed a trademark on the name Zappa, which would prevent Dweezil from using the name for commercial purposes without authorization  Since 2006, Dweezil toured with an act called Zappa Plays Zappa, playing his father's music  The trust sought to collect a fee from Dweezil for continued use of the name, as well as proceeds from merchandise sold at Zappa Plays Zappa concerts  In response to the trust's action, Dweezil renamed his performance series "50 Years of Frank: Dweezil Zappa Plays Whatever the F@%k He Wants—the Cease and Desist Tour  In more recent times, the Zappa siblings have legally reconciled their differences with Dweezil noting "It may be a bumpy road at times – we are a passionate Italian family – but we have decided to work toward privately discussing issues rather than using public forums and lawyers "

Personal life
Zappa married actress Selma Blair on January 24, 2004, at Carrie Fisher's mansion in Beverly Hills, California  Blair filed for divorce at the Los Angeles Superior Court on June 21, 2006, citing irreconcilable differences  In a statement to People, a spokesman for the couple said, "Selma and Ahmet have decided to divorce but love each other very much and will continue to be close friends" Zappa is now married to Shana Muldoon—designer, writer, and creator of Disney Star Darlings and the sister of actor Patrick Muldoon  They have a daughter, Halo Violetta Zappa, born in 2010, and a son, Arrow D'Oro Leon Zappa, born in 2016 

Discography
Confessions (1991)
Shampoohorn (1994)
Music for Pets (1996)

Filmography
Pump Up the Volume (1990) – Jaime
Anarchy TV (1998) - Officer Sweitzer
Jack Frost (1998) – Snow plow driver
Children of the Corn V: Fields of Terror (1998) – Lazlo
Ready to Rumble (2000) – Cashier
Gen¹³ (2000) – Additional Voices (voice)
The Odd Life of Timothy Green (2012) – story by and producer

Television
2 Hip 4 Tv – Host (1988)
Roseanne (1994)
webRIOT – host (1999)
Happy Hour – host (1999)
Robotica – host for three seasons (2001–2002)
But Can They Sing? – host (2005)
Head Case Ep No  105 (Parental Guidance Required) – Starz Channel Original Series – self (2008)
Passage 9:
Labo M
Labo M (2003) is the third studio album by French singer-songwriter Matthieu Chedid in his persona as -M-  It's an all-instrumental work which, considering that one of -M-'s trademarks had previously been his inventive wordplay, caused some degree of discontent amongst parts of his fan base  Remarkably successful for an instrumental work, the album entered the French charts at number 27 but proved to be a stopgap with the full studio album Qui de nous deux appearing later the same year 
The album's title meaning "M's Laboratory", is a pun on La Bohème as well as the name of Chedid's recording studio 

Track listing
Tapis Volant 1
Slide Melody
Les Saules
L'Automat
Ricken
Stan est Stone
Au Kazoo
Jam à la Mer
Tapis Volant 2
Coup d'Trash
La Nébuleuse
Passage 10:
Chen Peisi
Chen Peisi (Chinese: 陈佩斯; born 1 February 1954) is a Chinese sketch comedian, film and stage actor, and voice actor   Chen's oft-time comedy partner is Zhu Shimao 

Name
Chen Peisi is the second son of famous stage and film actor Chen Qiang  Chen Qiang's first son (Chen Peisi's brother) was born in 1951 while he was overseas in the Hungarian capital Budapest performing The White-Haired Girl, so he named his first son Chen Buda (陈布达) after Buda, the western half of Budapest, as he loved the city during the visit   When the second son was born three years later, he named the son Peisi after Pest, the eastern half of Budapest, as the Standard Chinese phonetic translation of Budapest is "Bù Dá Peì Sī"   Chen Qiang's youngest child and daughter Chen Lida (陈丽达) was also named after a part of Budapest — the Margaret Island in the Danube between Buda and Pest 

Biography
Chen was born in Changchun, Jilin on 1 February 1954  In 1966, Chen studied at The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University  In 1969, during the Cultural Revolution, he worked in Inner Mongolia Production and Construction Corps  In 1973, Chen worked in August First Film Studio as an actor  In 1991, Chen set up a company named Hainan Comedy Film and Television Limited Company (海南喜剧影视有限公司), then renamed it Dadao Film and Television Limited Company (大道影业有限公司)  In 2000, Chen and his partner Zhu Shimao sued the China International Television Corporation over royalties from broadcasts which they won, but they were then taken off air by the parent company, China Central Television On October 26, 2020, he returned to the CCTV stage and served as the first instructor of the variety show "Gold Medal Comedy Class" after 20 years 

Filmography
Film
Television
Variety show
Passage 11:
Jodie Rimmer
Jodie Rimmer (born 1974) is a New Zealand voice and performer actress best known for starring on Young Hercules, as Lilith  Her work includes Xena: Warrior Princess,  Channelling Baby, The Strip, and In My Father's Den 

Biography
Rimmer was educated at Glenfield College on Auckland's North Shore 

Awards
In 2005, Rimmer won in the Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role category at the New Zealand Screen Awards for her role in the film In My Father's Den (2004) 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 12:
David Wm  Sims
David William Sims (born September 17, 1963) is an American musician, best known as the bass guitarist of the bands Scratch Acid (with whom he initially played guitar), Rapeman, and The Jesus Lizard  He has also recorded or performed with Sparklehorse, Rhys Chatham, Shivaree, Pigface, Flour, and others  Sims currently performs experimental solo electric bass as Unfact 
Sims was born and raised in Austin, Texas  His parents were an American-history professor and a nurse  Besides being a musician, Sims is a Certified Public Accountant and blogged on his personal website from 2008 to 2011, with only updates subsequently  In a Kreative Kontrol podcast in 2014, it was discussed that Sims "always had issues with the name" of Rapeman and that it was "the biggest musical regret" of his life  He lives in New York City 

Solo discography (as Unfact)
2010 "Dead Wasp" 7" single (Ox-Ghost Recordings)
2010 "Bleached Valentine" - split LP with Noveller (Ox-Ghost Recordings/Saffron Recordings)
Passage 13:
Lucy Walker (climber)
Lucy Walker (1836–1916) was a British mountaineer and the first woman to climb the Matterhorn 
Walker was born in 1836, in British North America, in what would later become Canada  Her mother, Jane McNeil McMurdo, moved from Scotland to North America with her husband and infant daughter in 1836  Mrs McMurdo left her husband to live with Francis (Frank) Walker; Lucy Walker and her brother Horace were born before their parents moved to England  The McMurdos divorced in 1841, and Frank Walker and Jane McMurdo married on 24 April 1841  The family then moved to Liverpool, England, where Frank Walker became a lead merchant   Walker began her climbing rather modestly in 1858 when she was advised by her doctor to take up walking as a cure for rheumatism   Accompanied by her father Frank Walker and her brother Horace Walker, both of whom were early members of the Alpine Club, and Oberland guide Melchior Anderegg, she became the first woman to regularly climb in the Alps 
Walker's achievements were, at first, largely unnoticed except by those in her immediate company   Early successes included the first ascent of the Balmhorn (1864), and the first female ascent of the Eiger (1864), Wetterhorn (1866), and Piz Bernina (1869)  In 1871 her long-standing guide, Melchior Anderegg, learned that a contemporary Meta Brevoort, an American female mountaineer, was planning an expedition to climb the Matterhorn   Walker's party hastily rearranged their plans and on 21 July, she became the first woman to stand atop the Matterhorn, and with it gained world renown  As well as the Eiger she had already been the first woman to climb the Aiguille Verte (1870), Lyskam (1868), Gross Fiescherhorn (1868), Schreckhorn (1867), Weisshorn (1866), Dom (1866), Rimpfischhorn (1864), Grand Combin (1864), Zumsteinspitze (1863), Finsteraarhorn (1862) and the Strahlhorn (1860)  In 1873 she added the Taschhorn to this enviable  list of first ascents In all Lucy Walker completed a total of 98 expeditions  In 1909 she became a member of the newly formed Ladies' Alpine Club where she was acclaimed as the pioneer of women climbers   In 1913 she was elected its second President and served in that capacity until 1915  She died at her home in Liverpool on 10 September 1916 

See also
Annie Smith Peck
Frederica Plunket

Further reading
Brown, Rebecca (2003)  Women on high : pioneers of mountaineering  [S l ]: Appalachian Mountain Club  ISBN 9781929173426  OCLC 795297761 
Passage 14:
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island is a 2012 American science fantasy action-adventure film directed by Brad Peyton and produced by Beau Flynn, Tripp Vinson and Charlotte Huggins  A sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008), the film is based on Jules Verne's The Mysterious Island (1875)  It stars Dwayne Johnson, Michael Caine, Josh Hutcherson, Vanessa Hudgens, Luis Guzmán, and Kristin Davis  The storyline was written by Richard Outten, Brian Gunn and Mark Gunn, and the screenplay by Brian and Mark Gunn 
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released in cinemas on February 10, 2012, by Warner Bros  Pictures, New Line Cinema and Walden Media to mixed reviews, but was a box office success with a worldwide gross of $335 million, surpassing its predecessor  It was released on DVD/Blu-ray on June 5, 2012 

Plot
Four years after his adventure in the center of the earth, 17-year-old Sean Anderson is arrested by the police for breaking into a satellite control center in hopes of enhancing a coded signal that could have been sent by his long-missing grandfather, Alexander Anderson  
Wanting to bond with Sean, his new stepfather Hank Parsons helps decipher the code, which leads to three books: Treasure Island, Gulliver's Travels, and Jules Verne's Mysterious Island  Using the books' individual maps, Hank uses a backlight to make them a single island, complete with the coordinates to its location  Hoping to prove to Sean that there is no mysterious island there, Hank agrees to take him to where the coordinates point to 
In Palau, Hank reluctantly hires helicopter tourism guide Gabato and his daughter Kailani (on whom Sean develops an immediate crush) to fly to the coordinates, as they are the only ones willing to take them  The helicopter gets caught in a cyclone and they crash into the Pacific, waking up on the island 
Moving in land, they are shocked to discover miniature elephants (which belong to a prehistoric species, the Dwarf sicilian elephant) and giant butterflies, meaning the animal sizes are opposite  After coming across an egg clutch, Gabato accidentally wakes up a giant frilled lizard, which chases them throughout the jungle  
They nearly get eaten, but are saved by Alexander  He takes them to a hut he built from the wreckage of the ship that brought him to the island  He has a working radio, but due to the positioning of the satellite, it will be two weeks before they can call out 
The next morning, Alexander leads the group to the lost city of Atlantis, which rises every 70 years and sinks again after a couple of days  Although Alexander assures them the island won't sink for many years, Hank discovers sea water coming from underground, meaning they only have days before the island sinks  Their only means of salvation seems to be the legendary Nautilus, Captain Nemo's submarine  Kailani enters Nemo's crypt and finds his journal, which shows that Nautilus is in a cave at Poseidon's Cliffs 
To go there, they mount giant bees and fly over a high ridge  When giant bee-eater birds try to devour them, Sean saves Kailani's life, but dislocates his ankle  Hank and Alexander reset Sean's ankle, then the group has a bonding moment when Hank sings his rendition of "What a Wonderful World" to ease Sean's pain 
The next morning, the water rises greatly and Hank deduces that the island will sink in a matter of hours  Gabato is missing, having gone toward the island's volcano in search of gold  While Alexander and Kailani go after him, Sean and Hank head for Poseidon's Cliffs 
To reach Nautilus' underwater cave, Sean and Hank create makeshift oxygen tanks and dive down fifty feet, but are nearly killed by a giant electric moray eel  The 140-year-old batteries have run down, so they engineer a way to start the submarine with the eel's electricity 
Kailani and Alexander find Gabato and convince him to escape with them instead of trying to take some volcano gold  As they near Poseidon's Cliffs, the volcano erupts  Sean and Hank arrive in Nautilus just in time to rescue the others from the water  Gabato pilots the submarine out of harm's way while Hank and Sean fire torpedoes into the path of falling debris  As they clear the dangers, Kailani kisses Sean for his bravery 
Six months later, Kailani and Gabato are well off, as he runs the most popular tourist attraction on Palau – tours aboard the Nautilus  Kailani visits Sean on his birthday  While the family celebrates, Alexander arrives with a book for Sean's birthday present – Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon, Alexander's suggestion for the next new adventure with the family 
The film ends with the camera panning to the moon 

Cast
Dwayne Johnson as Hank, Sean's stepfather and a former Navy code breaker 
Josh Hutcherson as Sean, Hank's stepson who wants to find his missing grandfather on the Mysterious Island 
Michael Caine as Alexander, Sean's grandfather who is the father of Max and Trevor Anderson from the previous film 
Luis Guzmán as Gabato, Kailani's father, who is part of the father-daughter tour guide team 
Vanessa Hudgens as Kailani, part of the father-daughter tour guide company and Sean's love interest 
Kristin Davis as Liz, Sean's mother and Hank's wife  Portrayed by Jane Wheeler in the previous film 
Anna Colwell as Jessica
Stephen Caudill as Cop, a police officer who is a friend of Hank's 
Branscombe Richmond as Tour Guide
Walter Bankson as Hockey Player

Production
After the commercial success of the first film, New Line Cinema and Walden Media purchased Richard Outten's spec script, Mysterious Travels, in March 2009 to serve as the basis for the film  In the story, the characters embark on a journey to a mysterious uncharted island thought to have inspired the writing of three literary classics: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, and Jules Verne's Mysterious Island  Brian Gunn and Mark Gunn were chosen to revise Outten's script  Warner Bros  and New Line Cinema announced that Journey 2: The Mysterious Island would be released on February 10, 2012 

Casting
Josh Hutcherson was the only actor to reprise his role  Due to scheduling issues, Brendan Fraser and Anita Briem did not return  Kristin Davis replaced Jane Wheeler as Sean's mother Liz  Dwayne Johnson played Sean's stepfather, who is forced to accompany Sean on the trip to find his missing grandfather Alexander (played by Michael Caine) on a mythical and monstrous island  Vanessa Hudgens was cast as Hutcherson's love interest, Kailani 

Short film
The theatrical release of the film was preceded by a Looney Tunes short film titled Daffy's Rhapsody, featuring Daffy Duck and Elmer Fudd in the first CG or 3-D depiction of these specific Looney Tunes characters  The short film's director, Matthew O'Callaghan, noted that "Daffy Rhapsody was originally recorded in the early 1950s as part of a kids' album"  Unlike the earlier CG Looney Tunes shorts that appeared before Happy Feet Two and Yogi Bear, this short did not appear on the home video release of the film it accompanied 

Release
Theatrical release
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released in cinemas on February 10, 2012, by Warner Bros  Pictures, Walden Media and New Line Cinema  The film was accompanied by a 3D Looney Tunes short titled Daffy's Rhapsody  The short was originally going to play before Happy Feet Two, but was replaced with I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat to go along with the bird theme 

Home media
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released on DVD/Blu-ray on June 5, 2012 

Reception
Box office
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island grossed $103 9 million in North America and $231 4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $335 3 million, against a production budget of $79 million surpassing its predecessor  In North America, the film earned a $6 54 million on its debut Friday, ranking fourth at the box office  Over the weekend, it earned $27 3 million, coming in third place, much higher than the original's $21 0 million debut  Outside North America, Journey 2 began its run three weeks before its North American release  It topped the box office outside North America for two consecutive weekends and three in total  It surpassed the original's total outside North America  Its highest-grossing region after North America was China ($58 4 million), followed by Russia and the CIS ($17 6 million) and Mexico ($12 7 million) 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 131 reviews with an average rating of 4 92/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Aggressively unambitious, Journey 2 might thrill teen viewers, but most others will find it too intense for young audiences and too cartoonishly dull for adults"  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade, stating that "the movie flies by pleasantly, and is then instantly forgettable  Perhaps Jules Verne can explain the science of that"  Randy Cordova from the Arizona Republic said: "Johnson can't save the movie, directed by Brad Peyton, from being a sloppy skip from one seemingly unrelated idea to the next"  Roger Ebert, who gave the first film two stars, gave the sequel two-and-a-half stars, stating: "It isn't a "good" movie in the usual sense (or most senses), but it is jolly and goodnatured, and Michael Caine and Dwayne Johnson are among the most likable of actors" 

Accolades
Soundtrack
Letterbomb - Performed by Green Day
Sleep Forever - Performed by Crocodiles
Aloha Oe - Performed by Dwayne Johnson
Hello Again - Performed by Meta & The Cornerstones
Three Little Birds - Performed by Bob Marley & The Wailers
What a Wonderful World - Performed by Dwayne Johnson

Future
In August 2014, Carey Hayes and Chad Hayes were announced to write the script for a third film  Brad Peyton and Dwayne Johnson were expected to direct and star in the sequel, respectively  It was later stated that there would be two sequels  By January 2018 however, Johnson stated despite the financial success of The Mysterious Island, and although a third film titled Journey from the Earth to the Moon was intended, its development had been cancelled due to a lack of immediate interest and troubles in adequately adapting the novel  Despite this, reports from Hollywood production insiders arose in August 2020, stating that a sequel was once again in development  In December 2021, Hiram Garcia confirmed that Warner Bros  Pictures wants a sequel film, though Seven Bucks Productions decided to delay development in favor of pursuing other projects 

See also
Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 film)
Passage 15:
Matthieu Chedid
Matthieu Chedid (born 21 December 1971) is a French multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter 
Chedid began his career as a session musician playing both acoustic and electric guitar  In the late 1990s, he rose to fame as a singer-songwriter and musician under the alias M (often stylized as -M-), blending Nouvelle Chanson, electronic and rock music  In studio, he experiments with various instruments and electronic music, while on tour as -M- he mostly plays the guitar, and is known for his eccentric outfits and dramatic live performances, sometimes including special effects 
Chedid has also performed in the 2005 stage musical Le soldat rose and is part of French-Malian band Lamomali  Since 2018, he has been the most awarded artist at the Victoires de la Musique Awards with 13 awards, tied with Alain Bashung 

Biography
Matthieu Chedid was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, France  His father Louis Chedid is a singer from a family of Lebanese extraction, of Maronite and Greek Orthodox Christian background  Louis Chedid's mother Andrée (née Saab) was an Egyptian-born French writer and poet, who has written lyrics for Matthieu Chedid's songs  Matthieu Chedid's sisters are the music video and concert director Émilie Chedid (born in 1970) and French singer Anna Chedid (born in 1987), also known by her stage name Nach  His brother Joseph "Selim" Chedid (born in 1986) is also a French singer and a guitar and drums player 
Chedid took an interest in music early on  In 1978, at the age of six, Chedid lent his voice to the chorus of his father's hit song T'as beau pas être beau alongside older sister, Émilie  During his teenage years and early twenties, Chedid was part of short-lasting groups such as Tam Tam , Les Bébés fous and Les Poissons Rouges with Mathieu Boogaerts, as well as Julien Voulzy and Pierre Souchon (respectively the sons of singers Laurent Voulzy and Alain Souchon) who went on to form the duo Les Cherche Midi 
He has collaborated with a number of artists, both on stage and in the recording studio  Early into his solo career, Chedid was the opening act for Texas concerts  He has recorded with NTM, Sinclair, Billy Ze Kick, Brigitte Fontaine, Sean Lennon, Vanessa Paradis, and Johnny Hallyday 
Until 2008, Chedid was in a relationship with French actress Audrey Tautou 

-M-
Chedid performs and records under the stage name -M-  Chedid created -M- as means of overcoming his shyness on stage and also as a way of distancing his work from that of his father and grandmother  The pseudonym comes from Chedid's first initial but also refers to the similar-sounding French word aime, meaning love  The character -M- is a superhero, noted for having a playful nature, and recognized for his flamboyant costumes (primarily monochrome suits with slim trousers and long jackets with upward pointed collars) and hair styled into the shape of an M In 1997, -M- released his first solo album Le Baptême  During this time; he played mainly solo or with the cellist Vincent Ségal  The album received overall positive critical reception, but public recognition only came a few months later, with the release of the single "Machistador" 

Je dis aime
In 1999, -M- published his second album, Je dis aime a title that puns 'aime' (like/love) with 'M'  A few months later, the album was 11th on the French Charts, with more than 500,000 albums sold, thanks to a number of successful songs ("Je dis aime", "Onde Sensuelle", "Monde Virtuel", "Le complexe du corn-flakes", "Mama Sam") 
Live, -M- played with Cyril Atef, Vincent Segal and DJ Shalom for the samples on some songs  He still works with his sister Emilie Chedid for the realisation of the clips  His live performance largely contributed to his success, playing on his character of -M- to transform every concert into a show  He won his first Victoire de la Musique awards for Male Artist of the Year and Concert of the Year 

"Belleville Rendez-vous" and Qui de nous deux
-M- gained international exposure through his recording of the song "Belleville Rendez-vous" for the soundtrack of the 2003 Sylvain Chomet animated film The Triplets of Belleville in both French and English   The song, with lyrics by Chomet and music by Benoit Charest, was nominated for a 2003 Academy Award   The music video for "Belleville Rendez-vous" uses both a live-action depiction of -M- and an animated depiction incorporated into footage from the film 
In autumn 2003, he released his 3rd album Qui de nous deux (Which one of us two) with the singles "Qui de nous deux", "La bonne étoile", "Mon ego"  Softer, this album saw the birth of his first daughter, Billie, for whom an all-pink guitar was built by instrument-maker Cyril Guérin  A pink guitar can be seen in the video for "Qui de nous deux" 
In 2007, he worked once again with Vanessa Paradis on her album Divinidylle, released in September 2007 

Mister Mystère
Rumors circulated before the release of his 2009 studio album, Mister Mystère, that Chedid had decided to drop the character -M- to record and perform under his given name  The album, however, was released under the name -M- but included photographs of the singer without the wild costumes and hair associated with the -M- character  The music video for the first single, "Le Roi des ombres", showed Chedid burning a tiny effigy of his alterego 

Louis, Matthieu, Joseph et Anna Chedid
Chedid was part of the musical group Louis, Matthieu, Joseph et Anna Chedid with several members of his family  They began with a tour in 2015, which was followed by a studio recording 

Îl, Lamomali, and Lettre infinie
In autumn 2012, he released the album, Îl, played with Lawrence Clais and Brad Thomas Ackley 
He worked with Toumani Diabaté and Sidiki Diabaté on a collective album, Lamomali, released in March 2017 The album also features Philippe Jaroussky as well as Oxmo Puccino lending a mesmeric world music flavour to it that celebrates cultural diversity and world peace 
In 2019, he released the studio album, Lettre infinie, featuring collaborations from Thomas Bangalter and Phillipe Zdar  He announced new album, R Ê V A L I T É, to be released in June of 2022 

Public image
Chedid is mostly known for his on-stage persona -M- whose signature hairstyle is reminiscent of the letter M and was initially achieved using hair wax  According to Chedid, the hairstyle was inspired by the ear tufts of certain species of owls, from a lithography of an owl given by his grandmother Andrée  The letter M also appears as a pattern in the character's clothes, in music videos and stage sets  With his energetic personality, eccentric outfits and hairstyle, the character has drawn comparisons with English musician David Bowie's stage persona Ziggy Stardust  Besides Matthieu Chedid, the character -M- has also been portrayed by actor Vincent Lindon in the music video for Chedid's song La bonne étoile  In promotional material and music videos for his 2009 album Mister Mystère, Chedid is seen with natural hair instead of the signature M-shaped hairstyle  The lyrics of some of the songs, and the music video of Le Roi des Ombres ending with Chedid burning a tiny effigy of the -M- character, led to speculation about whether he would abandon his alter ego  Chedid eventually kept performing the character, showing his natural hair or wearing M-shaped wigs or helmets 

Awards
Matthieu Chedid holds the gold place in number of Victoires de la Musique awards, with 13 awards

Discography
Albums
Studio albums

Collaborations

Live albums

Soundtracks

Rereleases

Singles
As main artist
Collaborations
Other hits
Charity
2016: "Vole" (with Nolwenn Leroy, Alain Souchon, Laurent Voulzy   )

Bibliography
Les Âmes de Mogador (2003), with Patrice Renson : tribute to Essaouira (Maroc)  A CD of ten unreleased tracks is included 
-M-, qui de nous deux (2004), with Claude Gassian : book produced during the recording of the album Qui de nous deux
-M- de A à Z (2005), by Mathias Goudeau
Le monde de -M- (2005), with Marianne Chedid, Sonia Rachline and Sophie Laurent : insight on his career, with a lot of pictures
-M- le mot dit : esthétique d'un funkistador by Marc Borbon: analysis of M's world through a fan's own experience
Le Livre Extraordinaire de -M- by Lisa Roze: package of an archival photographs, unpublished shootings, a book, postcards, a pop-up, a new song (Si Si No No), etc 



ground_truth: Tamaulipas

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the current queen of England?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
American Horror Story: Freak Show
The fourth season of the American horror anthology television series American Horror Story, subtitled Freak Show, is set in 1952 Jupiter, Florida, telling the story of one of the last remaining freak shows in the United States and their struggle for survival  The ensemble cast includes Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Michael Chiklis, Frances Conroy, Denis O'Hare, Emma Roberts, Finn Wittrock, Angela Bassett, Kathy Bates, and Jessica Lange, with all returning from previous seasons, except newcomers Chiklis and Wittrock  The season marks the first not to be strictly anthological, with Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, and John Cromwell reprising their roles from the series' second cycle, Asylum 
Created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk for cable network FX, the series is produced by 20th Century Fox Television  Freak Show was broadcast between October 8, 2014, to January 21, 2015, consisting of 13 episodes  Like its predecessors, the season was met with positive reviews and consistently strong ratings  The premiere episode attracted a series high of 6 13 million viewers, making it the most viewed episode of the series  It ultimately became FX's most-watched program ever, surpassing its previous installment, Coven  The season garnered a total of twenty Emmy Award nominations, the most for any season of American Horror Story to date, including nominations for Outstanding Limited Series, and six acting nominations for Lange, O'Hare, Wittrock, Paulson, Bassett, and Bates  In addition, Paulson won for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series at the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards 

Cast and characters
Main
Sarah Paulson as Bette and Dot Tattler
Evan Peters as Jimmy Darling
Michael Chiklis as Dell Toledo
Frances Conroy as Gloria Mott
Denis O'Hare as Stanley
Emma Roberts as Maggie Esmerelda
Finn Wittrock as Dandy Mott
Angela Bassett as Desiree Dupree
Kathy Bates as Ethel Darling
Jessica Lange as Elsa Mars

Special guest stars
Wes Bentley as Edward Mordrake
Celia Weston as Lillian Hemmings
Gabourey Sidibe as Regina Ross
Matt Bomer as Andy
Danny Huston as Massimo Dolcefino
Lily Rabe as Sister Mary Eunice McKee
Neil Patrick Harris as Chester Creb

Recurring
Naomi Grossman as Pepper
Grace Gummer as Penny
Chrissy Metz as Barbara / Ima Wiggles
Malcolm-Jamal Warner as Angus T  Jefferson
Erika Ervin as Amazon Eve
Mat Fraser as Paul the Illustrated Seal
Jyoti Amge as Ma Petite
Rose Siggins as Legless Suzi
Ben Woolf as Meep
Lee Tergesen as Vince
Christopher Neiman as Salty
Drew Rin Varick as Toulouse
PJ Marshall as Detective Colquitt
John Carroll Lynch as Twisty the Clown
Major Dodson as Corey Bachman
Skyler Samuels as Bonnie Lipton
Patti LaBelle as Dora Ross

Guest stars
Jamie Brewer as Marjorie
Mare Winningham as Rita Gayheart
Matthew Glave as Larry Gayheart
David Burtka as Michael Beck
Heather Langenkamp as Female Toulouse
Jerry Leggio as Dr  Bonham
Dalton E  Gray as Mike
Shauna Rappold as Lucy Creb
Kathy Deitch as young Ethel Darling
Edward Gelhaus as young Dell Toledo
Jyoti Amge as Ma Petite
Angela Sarafyan as Alice
John Cromwell as young Arthur Arden

Episodes
Production
Development
In November 2013, FX announced that the show had been renewed for a fourth season  Series co-creator Ryan Murphy hinted that clues about the fourth season would be hidden in the final episodes of the third season  In March 2014, the season was revealed to be set at a carnival, according to co-executive producer/writer Douglas Petrie  It was also revealed that Lange would be playing a role similar to Marlene Dietrich  Murphy revealed that the season would take place in 1950, adding: "If you look historically what happened in the year 1950, there's some more clues in that year  It's a period piece  We try and do the opposite of what we've done before  Jessica Lange has already started practicing her German accent, so I'm very excited!" Murphy indicated that this season drew inspiration from Tod Browning's Freaks and Herk Harvey's Carnival of Souls  This season featured the largest set ever constructed for American Horror Story, with Murphy stating: "We had to build an entire city  We built an entire huge compound, and then we had to build the interior of all those buildings on set  It's all, period  And it's all based on [production designer] Mark Worthington's immaculate research "

Casting
Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although said to be in a reduced capacity  She portrayed Elsa Mars, the owner of the freak show  In November 2013, Murphy said he approached Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett to return  Bassett later confirmed in an interview with Access Hollywood that she would be indeed coming back  They portrayed Ethel Darling and Desiree Dupree, respectively  In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Sarah Paulson revealed she would be returning, possibly for a main role, which was later revealed to be the conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler  It was announced at the PaleyFest 2014 that the cast members present at the panel would all be returning for the fourth season in some capacity, including Denis O'Hare (Stanley), Emma Roberts (Maggie Esmerelda), Frances Conroy (Gloria Mott), Evan Peters (Jimmy Darling), and Gabourey Sidibe (Regina Ross)  Jamie Brewer was also added to the present roster, although Murphy later indicated Brewer may not appear during the season  She was later confirmed to portray the ventriloquist dummy Marjorie after appearing in a promo for the final episodes  Additionally, Michael Chiklis was announced to play the father of Peters' character and ex-husband of Bates' character, the strongman Dell Toledo  Finn Wittrock was the last lead actor joining the cast  He portrayed the psychopathic Dandy Mott 
In July 2014, TVLine reported that Wes Bentley would appear in the season' two-part Halloween episode as Edward Mordrake  At the Comic-Con 2014, it was announced that John Carroll Lynch would portray one of the central antagonist during the season, Twisty the Clown  In August 2014, R&B singer Patti LaBelle joined the cast for a four-episode story arc as the mother of Sidibe's character, named Dora, the Motts' housekeeper  Also in August 2014, it was revealed that Matt Bomer would  be guest-starring in one episode as Andy, Dell's secret lover  Murphy took to his Twitter account to announce that the world's smallest woman Jyoti Amge has joined the cast as Ma Petite  Murphy had written a role specifically for Coven alum Leslie Jordan, but he did not appear on the show due to scheduling conflicts In September 2014, it was reported that Asylum alum Naomi Grossman would return to portray Pepper, which marked the first time a character appeared in multiple seasons of the series  Lily Rabe also reprised her Asylum character Sister Mary Eunice McKee in the tenth episode, "Orphans"  Mare Winningham made an appearance in the same episode, as Pepper's sister Rita  Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in two episodes as Chester, who takes over the freak show when Elsa leaves for Hollywood  Harris' husband, David Burtka, appeared in the season finale as Elsa's husband 

Filming
At Paley Center for Media's 2014 PaleyFest event, Ryan Murphy announced that the season's filming would take place again in New Orleans, Louisiana, although the show's setting is in Jupiter, Florida  The premiere episode was directed by co-creator Murphy, his first effort since the pilot  Principal photography for the season began on July 15, 2014  Production on the season concluded on December 19, 2014 

Marketing
A video released in July 2014, entitled "Fallen Angel", was reported by many news sources to be an official Freak Show trailer  The video – which featured the American Horror Story title card – was later taken down after FX confirmed it was fan-made  Before the debut of the fan-made video, FX had not released any official trailers concerning the upcoming season  The first official teaser was released on August 20, 2014, entitled "Admit One" As with previous seasons, FX released a series of teaser trailers on the show's YouTube page  FX also used the marketing hashtag #WirSindAlleFreaks in the German language, and its English translation #WeAreAllFreaks 

Reception
Critical response
American Horror Story: Freak Show has received mostly positive reviews from critics  On Metacritic, it scored a 69 out of 100 based on 19 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 77% approval rating with an average rating of 7 29/10 based on 35 reviews  The website's consensus reads, "Though it may turn off new viewers unaccustomed to its unabashed weirdness, Freak Show still brings the thrills, thanks to its reliably stylish presentation and game cast "

Awards and nominations
In its fourth season, the series was nominated for 76 awards, 21 of which were won 

Home media
Soundtrack
The opening theme for the 4th season of AHS is "Carousel" by Melanie Martinez, a song from her debut album "Cry Baby" 
Every cover song performed in Freak Show was released by 20th Century Fox TV Records in online music stores following the broadcast of the episode in which it appeared, except the cover of David Bowie's "Heroes", performed by Jessica Lange in "Curtain Call "
Passage 2:
Adelaide Malanotte
Adelaide Malanotte (1785 – 31 December 1832) was an Italian operatic contralto who performed in major opera houses in Italy from 1806–1821  She is best known for creating the title role in the world premiere of Gioachino Rossini's Tancredi in 1813  After her marriage, she performed under the name Adelaide Montresor  Her son, Giovanni Battista Montresor, had a career as a tenor and impresario in the United States  From 1812 until her death 20 years later she carried on an extra-marital affair with the poet Luigi Lechi 

Life and career
Born in Verona, Malanotte made her professional opera debut in her native city in 1806  In 1808 she was heard at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna as Ariodante in Simon Mayr's Ginevra di Scozia  In 1809 she performed the role of Enrico in the world premiere of Stefano Pavesi's Elisabetta regina d'Inghilterra at the Teatro Regio di Torino  She returned to that theatre the following year to perform the role of Itaferne in the premiere of Giuseppe Nicolini's Dario Istaspe  She also appeared at the Teatro Valle in Rome in 1810 in the premiere of Nicola Antonio Manfroce's Alzira In 1811 Malanotte made appearances at the opera house in Ravenna and sang in Alzira again at the opera house in Monza  In 1812 she sang at La Fenice in the title role of Gaetano Rossi's Teodoro for the work's world premiere  She was also heard that year in Florence  She had a major triumph at La Fenice in 1813 when she performed the title role in the world premiere of Gioachino Rossini's Tancredi  She later performed that role in Ferrara (1814), Bologna (1814), Livorno (1816), and Naples (1818)  The latter performance was attended by composer Ferdinand Hérold who "did not like the timbre of her voice but thought her style, taste and intonation perfect" Malanotte sang in two more world premieres at La Fenice during her career: Pavesi's Le Danaidi romane (1816, Cajo Valerio) and Francesco Basili's L'ira d'Achille (1817, Achille)  She retired from the stage in 1821  She died in Salò in 1832 at the age of 47 
Passage 3:
Today Is the Day (Lincoln Brewster album)
Today Is the Day is the fourth studio album from contemporary Christian musician Lincoln Brewster  It was released on September 23, 2008 and debuted at No  56 on the Billboard 200  Lincoln has embedded many personal connections into the audio on this record, the foremost of which is his son's unborn heartbeat, setting the tempo in the first seconds of "The Power of Your Name" 

Release
The song "Today is the Day" marked the first all-new studio single released by Brewster since 2002, in his album Amazed  Christianity Today's Russ Breimeier attributed this six-year hiatus in new material to Brewster's new family and to his responsibilities as Worship Arts pastor at Bayside Church nearby Sacramento, California  The song's lyrics were written by Paul Baloche, combining the themes of Bible verses Matthew 6 and Psalm 118  The second track, "Everywhere I Go", was written with Glenn Packiam, a member of Desperation Band 

Track listing
Personnel
Reception
Christianity Today's Russ Breimeier stated that "Today Is the Day" and "Everywhere I Go", the first two tracks of the album, were a "welcome return to form, even if the first two songs aren't the strongest way to start " He said that "Today Is the Day" was neither bad nor boring, but felt it was "on par with the average modern worship song " Russmeier compared the familiarity of "Today Is the Day" with the more experimental songs later in the eponymous album, praising Brewster's ability to experiment over his first few songs Breimeier noted the similarities in style between Brewster's "The Arms of My Savior" and John Mayer's Gravity, and between "This Love" and Mayer's Waiting on the World to Change  He also related the "bluesy gospel-rock"  song "Give Him Praise" to Robert Randolph and the Family Band, praising it for its "thrilling and joyful" feel 
Passage 4:
Hummingbird Heartbeat
"Hummingbird Heartbeat" is a song recorded by American singer Katy Perry for her third studio album, Teenage Dream (2010)  It was written by Perry, Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, Stacy Barthe, and Monte Neuble  Stewart handled the production of the song, while Kuk Harrell produced Perry's vocals  "Hummingbird Heartbeat" was inspired by Perry's boyfriend at the time, Russell Brand Musically, it is a 1980s-styled hard rock song that contains a mixture of elements from rock and electronica  Lyrically, the song compares the feeling of being in love to the speed of a hummingbird's heartbeat  The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, many of whom labeled it as a potential single choice  Upon the release of Teenage Dream, "Hummingbird Heartbeat" charted on the lower regions of the South Korea Gaon International Chart, peaking at 124 

Background and composition
In an interview with YouTube about Teenage Dream in August 2010, Perry revealed that "Hummingbird Heartbeat" was one of the first songs she wrote for the album after she finished her Hello Katy Tour (2009)  When speaking about the song, Perry said she first had the idea for the song while she was in her hometown of Santa Barbara, California:
"I was at breakfast when I saw this hummingbird, and the hummingbird was having breakfast as well      and I don't know if you know this but hummingbirds are supposedly good luck and I was thinking 'How fast does their hearts beat?' , like 'how many beats per minute?' And using that idea for how someone makes you feel, instead of those butterflies, it makes your heart beat really, really fast ""Hummingbird Heartbeat" is a 1980s-styled hard rock song that contains a mixture of elements from rock and electronica  The song encompasses electric guitars, a piano, and synthesizers in its production  The song also features an acoustic drum kit, unlike the other songs in the album 

Reception
Upon the release of the Teenage Dream album, "Hummingbird Heartbeat" charted on the lower regions of the South Korea Gaon International Chart, peaking at 124  Tom Thorogood from MTV gave a positive review of the song, labeling it a strong single choice and calling it a: "nice companion to Teenage Dream, 'the story of the birds and the bees' is more grown up with proper guitars " Jeb Inge of The Journal called "Hummingbird Heartbeat" the strongest song on the album, while Michael Gallucci of Cleveland Scene declared the song an album highlight and compared it to "Teenage Dream", adding that they were both "top-down bangers " Gary Trust from Billboard compared "Hummingbird Heartbeat" to the first five Teenage Dream singles, and felt that if released as a single, would help Perry become the first artist with six number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100  In July 2013, Robert Copsey and Lewis Corner of Digital Spy said "a full music video and worldwide push would have been more satisfactory" From February 20, 2011 to January 22, 2012, Perry embarked on the California Dreams Tour, where she performed "Hummingbird Heartbeat"  For most of its shows, the song was the second track performed  It preceded "Waking Up in Vegas" and followed "Teenage Dream" 

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Teenage Dream 

Charts
Passage 5:
Eye of the Tiger
"Eye of the Tiger" is a song by American rock band Survivor  It was released as a single from their third album of the same name and was also the theme song for the 1982 film Rocky III, which was released a day before the single  The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik, and it was recorded at the request of Rocky III star, writer, and director Sylvester Stallone, after Queen denied him permission to use "Another One Bites the Dust", the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme  The version of the song that appears in the film is the demo version of the song  The film version also contained tiger growls, which did not appear on the album version  It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals  The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name  "Eye of the Tiger" is written in the key of C minor It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982  In the United States, it held No  1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks (the band's only song to top the chart) and was the No  2 single of 1982, behind Olivia Newton-John's "Physical"  It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten, the second-longest run of 1982, behind "Hurts So Good" by John Mellencamp (which was prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by "Eye of the Tiger")  This top ten run is tied with the aforementioned "Another One Bites the Dust" as well as "Physical" as the longest run in the top ten for a number one song during the entire 1980s decade  The band won an award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards  In September 1982, it also peaked at No  1 in the United Kingdom, remaining at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks  The single sold 956,000 copies in United Kingdom in 1982 It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA, signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies  The song had sold over 4 1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015  It was voted VH1's 63rd-greatest hard rock song 

Background
In an interview with Songfacts, co-writer Jim Peterik, who shared writing credit with Frankie Sullivan, explained the song's title 

At first, we wondered if calling it "Eye of the Tiger" was too obvious  The initial draft of the song, we started with "It's the eye of the tiger, it's the thrill of the fight, rising up to the spirit of our rival, and the last known survivor stalks his prey in the night, and it all comes down to survival " We were going to call the song "Survival"  In the rhyme scheme, you can tell we had set up "rival" to rhyme with "survival"  At the end of the day, we said, "Are we nuts?" That hook is so strong, and "rival" doesn't have to be a perfect rhyme with the word "tiger"  We made the right choice and went with "Eye of the Tiger" 

Accolades
The song was nominated for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Original Song (the only Oscar nomination for Rocky III), but it lost to "Up Where We Belong" from An Officer and a Gentleman The band won an award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards  The song was also nominated for the 1983 Grammy Award for Song of the Year, but lost to the Willie Nelson hit "Always on My Mind" 

Lawsuits
Newt Gingrich campaign
In 2012, Survivor sued Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in Illinois federal court for using "Eye of the Tiger" without authorization as entrance music at his political rallies going back as far as 2009  The suit was later settled out of court 

Mitt Romney campaign
The same year Sullivan also demanded that Mitt Romney, also a Republican candidate for president, should stop using "Eye of the Tiger" at his campaign rallies  Romney agreed to drop the song from the campaign's playlists 

Mike Huckabee's campaign
Frankie Sullivan's company Rude Music filed a lawsuit in federal court in Chicago, Illinois, on November 18, 2015, against the former Governor of Arkansas and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee's campaign organization for using "Eye of the Tiger" at a political rally without permission  The rally took place on September 8, 2015, when Kim Davis, a Kentucky county clerk, was released from jail after spending five days there for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples in Kentucky  In June 2016 it was reported by CNN that Huckabee had agreed, in a confidential, out-of-court settlement with Sullivan's Rude Music, to pay $25,000 in compensation 

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the album Eye of the Tiger 
Dave Bickler – lead vocals
Frankie Sullivan – lead and rhythm guitars
Jim Peterik – grand piano, electric guitar
Stephan Ellis – bass
Marc Droubay – drums

Charts
Weekly charts
Certifications
See also
Passage 6:
Heartbeat (Nina Sky song)
"Heartbeat" is a song by American twins duo Nina Sky  It was released as a second single from their third studio album Nicole and Natalie on June 14, 2012  The song is released independently through their official website  Music video for the song is released on July 27, 2012, four days before the album's release  Later, Heartbeat: Remixes, a remix EP, was also released 

Music video
Its filming as started on May 26, 2012 when they put pictures of filming on Facebook  It was directed by Adam Sauermlich for the second time (he also has directed music video for the song "Day Dreaming")  Concerning the video, the band stated: "We knew we wanted it to be more about the feeling of the song and less about the story  The colors, environment, and everyone dancing in their own element creates this surreal feeling of freedom  It’s just about listening to the rhythm inside you and letting that rhythm guide you " On July 27 the music video was released  It features the sisters prancing through fields during a party with multi-colored smoke and dancing with many people 

Track listing
Digital download"Heartbeat" - 4:20Heartbeat – The Remixes EP"Heartbeat" (AC Slater Remix) - 4:45
"Heartbeat" (Bailey Smalls Remix) - 6:22
"Heartbeat" (The Sizzaandz Remix)
Passage 7:
Lovely to See You
On the Threshold of a Dream is the fourth album by The Moody Blues, released in April 1969 on the Deram label 

Content
The album begins with a poem derived from Cogito, ergo sum and inspired by I have no mouth and I must scream accompanied by electronic sounds, and these sounds also appear at the close of the album –  Most European vinyl pressings of the album continue the sounds into the album's run-out groove, causing them to play continuously until the record player's tonearm is lifted  Tape and CD versions of the album employ a slow fade 

Release
On the Threshold of a Dream was released on 25 April 1969 in the UK and 30 May 1969 in the US  On the Threshold of a Dream provided the Moody Blues with their first British number-one album, and also boosted their American fortunes by becoming their first top-20 album there  It proved to be one of the group's more enduring records in the US, staying in the Billboard LPs chart for more than two and a half years 
The album, along with the subsequent To Our Children's Children's Children, was among the tapes carried by Apollo 15 astronaut Al Worden to the moon In March 2006 the album was completely remastered into SACD format and repackaged with nine extra tracks  In 2008 a remaster for standard audio CD was issued with the same bonus tracks 

Track listing
Personnel
Justin Hayward – vocals, guitars, cello, Mellotron (7)
John Lodge – vocals, bass guitar, cello, double bass
Ray Thomas – vocals, harmonica, flute, tambourine, oboe, piccolo, EMS VCS 3
Graeme Edge – drums, percussion, vocals, EMS VCS 3
Mike Pinder – vocals, Mellotron, Hammond organ, piano, celloAdditional personnelTony Clarke - Producer
Pete Jackson – triangle
Phil Travers – cover artwork
Lionel Bart, David Symonds – sleeve note

Charts
Certifications
Passage 8:
Nina Sky
Nina Sky is an American musical duo consisting of identical twins Nicole and Natalie Albino  Their debut single "Move Ya Body", released from their self-titled debut album in 2004, was a success, reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100  Their second album, Nicole & Natalie, was released in July 2012  Their third studio album, Brightest Gold, was announced for 2016 release through Tommy Boy Entertainment 

Early lives
The Albino sisters were born on March 13, 1984 to a Puerto Rican family in Queens, with Natalie being the older twin  Their parents later moved to New York City and divorced when the girls were young  The sisters grew up in Astoria, Queens in the Marine Terrace area  As a result of their stepfather working as a DJ, the twins were influenced by different types of music at an early age  By the age of 7, the twins had already written their first song, titled "Sisters"  By 10, they knew that they wanted to become singers  When they were 13, they learned how to DJ and two years later were playing concerts in many clubs 
The twins' parents were very supportive of their daughters' ambitions  Their stepfather provided guitar and drum lessons and took them to auditions  They even performed occasionally on some showcases 

History
Name origin
The sisters wanted to devise a band name of their own, so they used the first two syllables of their names ("Ni" and "Na"), to come up with Nina  They then added Sky, which for them represented "independent twins" 

2003–2006: Nina Sky and mixtapes
In 2003, The Jettsonz (Elijah Wells & Lionel Bermingham) introduced the girls to Cipha Sounds, a hip hop DJ under the Star Trak label owned by The Neptunes (Pharrell and Chad Hugo)  Cipha Sounds was impressed when he heard the duo sing and suggested that they use the "Coolie Dance" riddim  The duo then proceeded to write "Move Ya Body" (alongside The Jettsonz Elijah Wells & Lionel Bermingham, who also produced the record), mixing Caribbean, R&B, and pop rhythms  Eventually, a demo of the song was made  The demo fell into the hands of Eddie O'Loughlin, the president of Next Plateau Entertainment (which is a division of Universal Records)  O'Loughlin signed the twins to a contract and they started working on their debut album  On March 18, 2004, they had their first concert under their current name at Club Demara 
The single "Move Ya Body" was released on April 27, 2004 and reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 22 on the Billboard Year-End chart  Urban music and rhythmic top 40 stations quickly added the song to their play lists, sending the song up the charts  By July 17, "Move Ya Body" had gone to the top five on both sides of the Atlantic and had also reached the top five of a world combined R&B chart based on the US, UK, Germany, France and Australia  The song had also reached the top 50 of the Australian charts  On June 22, 2004 they released their first self-titled album, featuring Jabba and Betty Wright  The album charted #44 on the US Billboard 200 and number four on the U S  R&B chart  Another single from the album, titled "Turnin' Me On," was released on November 30, 2004  It didn't have the same success as "Move Ya Body", but charted at #5 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and was a minor success in France 
Nina Sky continued to work and promote their music  They have contributed to the reggaeton movement with songs such as "Oye Mi Canto", and "Más Maíz" with artist and producer N O R E  They were also a featured artist on Sean Paul's song "Connection" from his album The Trinity 
On October 25, 2005, they released their second mixtape called La Conexión, influenced by Latin music  The album contained the single "Ladies Night" (released April 17, 2006 and featuring Ivy Queen), released with the songs "Loving You" and "Your Time"  It also contained Kassanova's remix of their single "Turnin' Me On " The album features a lot of singers: Pitbull, N O R E , Notch, Richie Rivera, Mackie, and Yaga  It also included Tony Touch's hit "Play That Song," featuring Nina Sky and B-Real, released one month before the mixtape's release  In August 2006, Nina Sky were first featured on the cover of the publication The FADER, in its 39th issue  In 2006, their third mixtape "80's Babies" was released 

2007–2011: Label issues, marriages and The Other Side
Nina Sky collaborated with French singer Kenza Farah for the song "Celle Qu'Il Te Faut", and was released in both French and English versions  The video was shot in New York  Nina Sky were recording their second studio album, Starting Today  The album was originally due on July 27, 2007  Producers include Stereotypes, Bruno & Phil, Neo da Matrix, Ryan Leslie, Salaam Remi, and more  Guests include Rick Ross and others that have yet to be announced  In late 2007, Nina Sky left their label, Universal, and signed with Polo Grounds Music/J Records 
Nina Sky have also put together remixes of popular songs including J  Holiday's, "Bed," Elliott Yamin's, "Wait For You", Cassidy's, "My Drink n My 2 Step, and The-Dream's, "I Love Your Girl"  They have also worked with Brooklyn MC Red Cafe on his street album The Co-Op, and The Alchemist on his song "Key to the City"  In 2008, Nina Sky released two singles, for Starting Today: "Curtain Call" (featuring Rick Ross) and "On Some Bulls**t"  These singles were never a big success  On December 19, 2008 Nina Sky released their first Holiday album, an EP titled Christmas 
Nina Sky appeared on Major Lazer's album, Guns Don't Kill People    Lazers Do  They were in a battle with their record company Polo Grounds Records over the release of their album Starting Today  They have said they want to be released from their contract with the label because the label does not support them  In 2010, Nicole Albino revealed she is lesbian and married female fashion designer, Erin Magee  The couple had been dating since 2009  In an interview with Inked Magazine, Magee revealed that she had her last name legally changed to Nicole's and had gotten a tattoo of the name across her right breast  With a new masculine style, the duo independently released an eight-song EP for digital download in August 2010, entitled The Other Side, which features production from DJ Yonny, Salaam Remi, Kidz in the Hall and many more  A video for the lead single, "You Ain't Got It (Funk That)" was also released  In early 2011 they worked with Creep on their song "You"  On May 16, they released the music video on their official website 

2012–present: Nicole and Natalie, motherhood, new label contract and Brightest Gold
On February 2, 2012, Nina Sky released the lead single from their upcoming third studio album, Nicole and Natalie  The single, entitled "Day Dreaming", was produced by Beau Vallis  The video for the song, directed by Adam Sauermilch, was released on February 28  On June 14, the band released "Heartbeat", the second single from the new album  A month later, on July 27, the video for "Heartbeat" was released  Concerning the video, the band stated: "We knew we wanted it to be more about the feeling of the song and less about the story  The colors, environment, and everyone dancing in their own element creates this surreal feeling of freedom  It’s just about listening to the rhythm inside you and letting that rhythm guide you " On July 31 the album was released  Album had electro, house, pop and R&B elements in songs  The album failed to charts because of independent release  On October 14, 2012, Nina Sky released third and final single from their album "Comatose"  In 2012, they finally signed out from recording label Polo Grounds Music/J Records 
On June 9, 2012, Nina Sky performed at OUT/LOUD Queer Women's Music Festival in Eugene, Oregon along with artists such as Krudas Cubensi, Tender Forever and Andrea Gibson  Later, on November 15, Nina Sky hosted Women in Business' fourth annual "Dress for Success" fashion show at Baruch College  On March 11, 2013, group released their sixth mixtape, titled Valentine's Day, hosted by Miss KL  On December 12, group released their new promotional single titled "Overtime" for digital download  The song was produced by Slimmy Neutron, who produced their album Nicole and Natalie, released in 2012 
On March 9, 2014, Natalie Albino gave birth to her son, Max  In the same month, Nicole released her first solo project, a mixtape album titled Currently Vol  1 which contained her remixes to many popular songs by singers such as Madonna, Beyoncé, R  Kelly, Mariah Carey, etc  On April 17 they announced a new single via their official Facebook site  One day later, their new song "Stoners", featuring Smoke DZA was out  Single had better success than the previous one, released in 2013



ground_truth: Philip Mountbatten

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the father of the Labo M performer?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  It reached top 10 on New Electronic Music chart  The official music video for the single was released on July 25, via their official profiles  The extended remix for the song, made by Trayze, was also released  After the music video was released, they announced more of new music and new projects (and probably their third studio album) coming in 2015  On October 22, 2014, Nina Sky featured on Lady Bee's single "Do It All Again" from their album What Is a Jeffree?  Music video was also released 
After finishing their Euro Tour in May 2015, on June 2, their Vito Fun and Spaceplant produced electropop single titled "Forever" was released from their upcoming extended play Brightest Gold, set to release in September 2015  "We wanted something that was smooth but also had a bounce," Nina Sky told The FADER in an email  "Spaceplant finessed the verses with a modern '90s freestyle beat pattern and built up the hook just enough that song still has its original sweet vibe but if you drop it at the right time in a club, it will still go off!" twins added  EP will also be produced by Vito Fun and Spaceplant  Another tracks, including "The Brightest Gold", "Nancy", "Zero Gravity", "Champion Lover" and "Lock and Key" will also be on EP  The sample of "Champion Lover" was released on Nina Sky's official Instagram account, and is reported to be released as the second single from EP  In 2016, the twins signed a recording contract with Warner Music Group's independent recording label Tommy Boy Entertainment 

Discography
Nina Sky (2004)
The Other Side (2010)
Nicole and Natalie (2012)

See also
List of Puerto Ricans
List of twins
Passage 9:
Fischerspooner
Fischerspooner were an electroclash duo and performance troupe formed in 1998 in Chicago after meeting in school  The name is a combination of the founders' last names, Warren Fischer and Casey Spooner 

Career
Originally a duo formed by classically trained musician Warren Fischer and video-artist and experimental theater performer Casey Spooner for an impromptu rendition of their makeshift track "Indian Cab Driver" at the Astor Place Starbucks, the group grew to over 20 performers, most of whom are dancers and guest vocalists  "We started as a performance art piece about entertainment that ultimately became legitimate entertainment," said Casey Spooner, when talking about the group's origins in an April 2009 interview 

#1 (2001)
Their debut album, #1, has been released on several record labels, including International DJ Gigolo, Ministry of Sound and Capitol Records, and includes their hit singles "Sweetness", "Emerge", and a cover of Wire's "the 15th"  In the final months of 2004, Fischerspooner opened up their FS Studios in New York City to the public for a few hours once a week, allowing people to meet the band and production team, as well as preview new video, music and dance projects that they were working on 

Odyssey (2005)
In 2005, Odyssey, the band's second album, was released  The album featured songs that were more structured and more accurately described as electropop than electroclash  "Odyssey was really about being on Capitol, which was this icon of classic American music, trying to embrace that cliché and find a way to embody it and infiltrate it and take it apart at the same time", says Spooner 
The lead single, "Just Let Go", featuring live drums and guitars, possessed a markedly different sound than those heard on their debut album  "Just Let Go" was featured on season 2, episode 15 of Nip/Tuck; "All We Are" was also featured on the same TV series, in season 3, episode 1  The second single, "Never Win", went on to become the album's biggest hit, and was well received in both clubs and radio  Furthermore, it was also featured in the 2006 Happy Madison movie Grandma's Boy  "A Kick in the Teeth" was rumored to be the album's third, and possibly final, single but was only pressed on 12" that included a remix by Tiefschwarz  This was followed after a duration of silence by a 12" remix of "We Need a War" with a mix by DJ Hell  Other remixes believed to have been done are of "All We Are" and "Get Confused"  "All We Are" was featured as the credits track in the first episode of season two of Sweetbitter 
After the album's release, Fischerspooner toured a new, more elaborate show in Europe, but the band found themselves without the funds to tour the show fully in North America  "I was incredibly frustrated because I had worked two years on this huge record and I was only able to perform for three months", recalls Spooner, who subsequently retreated to his theatrical roots, joining experimental New York performance ensemble The Wooster Group  During this period, it was unclear whether the band would record together again; and, in May 2007, the band was released from its Capitol Records recording contract 

Entertainment (2009)
Early European gig recordings of "The Best Revenge" surfaced on the internet during summer 2007  "The Best Revenge" was released on January 14, 2008, with French label Kitsune Music  The track includes a remix package from the likes of Autokratz, Tocadisco, Alex Gopher, The Passions and Tony Senghore  Fischerspooner also released "Danse en France" as a single on the Kitsuné label 
Warren and Casey subsequently began to work on more material for a new album while Casey was performing the role of Ophelia's brother Laertes in The Wooster Group's production of Hamlet (Fischerspooner also contributed two original songs to the production) 
Released in North America via the band's own label FS Studios on May 4, 2009, Entertainment is their third full-length album and was produced by Jeff Saltzman (The Killers, The Black Keys, The Sounds) 
The album's cover was listed on Pitchfork's worst album covers of 2009 

Sir (2018)
The album Sir, executive-produced and co-written by Michael Stipe of R E M  and Boots, was released on February 16, 2018, on Ultra  The band released the first single "Have Fun Tonight" on June 19, 2017  The song "Top Brazil", was released on January 19, 2018; along with an electro-pop music video which Billboard called, "provocative " 
NPR interpreted the album as a retrospective collage of Reagan-era queer references framed in an undeniably contemporary style;
"Even the cheapskate metaphor passions in the lyrics, read as physical, often NSFW desires — 'raging motorcycle thoroughbred,' 'not opposed to humiliation,' 'denim on denim,' 'dorsal fins at night in Berlin,' 'Butterscotch Goddam,' 'dark pink Saturday night' — that are dated just enough to seem older and odder  Pairing these with layered synthesizer lines and drum-machines that invoke Reagan-era industrial and EBM reinforces nostalgic notions of sexual danger "In an interview with the album collaborators, it was said that, "[the album] explores Spooner’s 're-entry into the sexual playground now defined by technology, but also the muddled ways that feelings and self-image are present in that experience' while simultaneously examining the years of 'emotional and sexual turbulence' he experienced with his ex-partner "

Break-up
On October 30, 2019, the duo announced their breakup via Instagram 

Band members
Warren Fischer – composer
Casey Spooner – songwriter, vocals
Sam Kearney – guitar
Peanuts, aka Jeremiah Clancy – attendant to Casey, actor
Adam Crystal - keyboards
Cindy Greene – vocals
Lizzy Yoder – vocals
Ian Pai – musical director, drums
Vanessa Walters – choreographer, dancer
Stephanie Dixon – dancer

Discography
Albums
Bootleg (self-titled, with PS1 Cover Artwork) (1998)
Fischerspooner (2000) – "For Those Who Know" release
#1 or Best Album Ever, originally titled Best Album Ever, "International DJ Gigolos" release in 2001, Ministry of Sound release in 2002, Capitol Records reissue with DVD in 2003 - UK #92
Odyssey (2005) US #172, UK #110
Entertainment (2009)
Sir (2018)

Singles
Music videos
"Emerge" – Original version (2001)
"Emerge" – Skin version (2003)
"The 15th" (2003)
"Sweetness" (2003)
"Just Let Go" (2005)
"Never Win" (2005)
"Never Win" – Mirwais version (2005)
"All We Are" (made for a Coca-Cola project by Rex & Tennant) (2006)
"Get Confused" (2008)
"We Are Electric" (2009)
"The Best Revenge" (2011)
"Have Fun Tonight" (2017)
"Togetherness" (2017)
"TopBrazil" (2017)
Passage 10:
Rex (Live at the Fillmore)
Rex (Live at the Fillmore) is the thirteenth album by Keller Williams, recorded live on February 8, 2006 at the Fillmore Auditorium in Denver, Colorado The collaborative show features Williams, Keith Moseley (of The String Cheese Incident) and Jeff Austin (of Yonder Mountain String Band) performing bluegrass versions of Grateful Dead songs   The group performed under the name Grateful Grass The album is available only as a digital download only, and was released on April 30, 2008   Proceeds from the album go to the Rex Foundation 

Track listing
"One More Saturday Night" (Bob Weir)
"Mississippi Half Step Uptown Toodeloo" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter)
"Eyes Of The World" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Candyman" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Loose Lucy" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Black Peter" (Garcia, Hunter)
"St  Stephen" (Garcia, Phil Lesh, Hunter)
"Casey Jones" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Brown-Eyed Women" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Bird Song" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Scarlet Begonias" > "Fire On The Mountain" (Garcia, Hunter / Mickey Hart, Hunter)

Notes
Passage 11:
Chen Peisi
Chen Peisi (Chinese: 陈佩斯; born 1 February 1954) is a Chinese sketch comedian, film and stage actor, and voice actor   Chen's oft-time comedy partner is Zhu Shimao 

Name
Chen Peisi is the second son of famous stage and film actor Chen Qiang  Chen Qiang's first son (Chen Peisi's brother) was born in 1951 while he was overseas in the Hungarian capital Budapest performing The White-Haired Girl, so he named his first son Chen Buda (陈布达) after Buda, the western half of Budapest, as he loved the city during the visit   When the second son was born three years later, he named the son Peisi after Pest, the eastern half of Budapest, as the Standard Chinese phonetic translation of Budapest is "Bù Dá Peì Sī"   Chen Qiang's youngest child and daughter Chen Lida (陈丽达) was also named after a part of Budapest — the Margaret Island in the Danube between Buda and Pest 

Biography
Chen was born in Changchun, Jilin on 1 February 1954  In 1966, Chen studied at The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University  In 1969, during the Cultural Revolution, he worked in Inner Mongolia Production and Construction Corps  In 1973, Chen worked in August First Film Studio as an actor  In 1991, Chen set up a company named Hainan Comedy Film and Television Limited Company (海南喜剧影视有限公司), then renamed it Dadao Film and Television Limited Company (大道影业有限公司)  In 2000, Chen and his partner Zhu Shimao sued the China International Television Corporation over royalties from broadcasts which they won, but they were then taken off air by the parent company, China Central Television On October 26, 2020, he returned to the CCTV stage and served as the first instructor of the variety show "Gold Medal Comedy Class" after 20 years 

Filmography
Film
Television
Variety show
Passage 12:
Song Beneath the Song
"Song Beneath the Song", also known as Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the 144th episode overall  It was named after a song initially performed by American singer Maria Taylor  Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011  It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program  It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011 
The episode revolves around Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), just after they are involved in a vehicular collision  Various songs are performed by the cast members, as they attempt to save the life of Torres  Rhimes originally idealized the episode at the conception of the drama, while the show remained untitled  The episode opened to polarized reviews from television critics, and it was the second most-watched program of the night  "Song Beneath the Song" was ranked in several "best and worst" lists, and the soundtrack also charted on the Billboard 200 

Plot
En route to a weekend getaway, surgeons Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) are involved in a vehicular collision, moments after Robbins proposes marriage  Torres suffers severe injuries, which endanger both her life and the life of her unborn child  She and Robbins are taken to Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, the institute at which they both work  Their colleagues attempt to save Torres, while Robbins and Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), the father of Torres's baby, stand by  Torres's many injuries include neurological trauma  While barely conscious, she hallucinates an uninjured version of herself standing beside her  The hallucinatory Torres begins to sing, and is gradually joined by the doctors treating her  This singing continues throughout the episode, as Torres's projection of herself attempts to reach out to Robbins 
Torres goes into cardiac arrest and is taken into an operating room she is temporarily stabilized, pending further surgery  She is moved into intensive care, while neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) is flown in by helicopter in case the baby has to be delivered prematurely  Robbins and Sloan argue over Torres's treatment; Robbins believes that Torres would not risk endangering the baby, but Sloan argues for saving Torres at all costs  The attending surgeons devise a treatment plan, led by trauma surgeon Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd)  As they do so, Torres dreams about the moments preceding the accident  Her dream self sings to Robbins, interspersed with shots of the hospital staff singing and dancing with their own partners  Dr  Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) suggests treating Torres with a high-risk but potentially effective cardiothoracic procedure she learned from her old mentor, Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington)  Her current mentor, Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), refuses to perform it, but when Torres's condition deteriorates and she is rushed back into surgery, Hunt agrees that Yang should attempt the procedure 
When Torres again goes into cardiac arrest, Montgomery delivers her daughter at twenty-three week's gestation  The baby is initially unable to breathe, so with Sloan's support, Robbins steps in and is able to revive her  Across the operating room, Torres's condition begins to improve  Once the surgery is complete, the doctors deal with their own affairs; Sloan's former partner Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) commits to her new relationship with resident Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams); Lexie's sister, Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) confesses that she was jealous of Torres's pregnancy, which prompts her husband Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) to promise that they will have a child together; Altman tells Yang that she can no longer teach her; Sloan and Robbins bond over their shared parenthood  Later, as Robbins keeps a vigil by Torres's bedside, the hallucinatory Torres is able to rouse her recovering self  As she regains consciousness, Torres accepts Robbins's proposal 

Production
Conception
Since Grey's Anatomy began, series creator Shonda Rhimes had planned to produce a musical episode  She first discussed the idea during filming of the pilot episode, when the program was as yet untitled  Rhimes felt that seasons 6 and 7 were the right time for the crew to "try anything and everything [they had] always wanted to do," and explained that she "finally [had] the right idea and the right talent to make [a musical episode] happen " Filming began 7-and-a-half years after Rhimes initially raised the idea  The episode was shot in approximately 2 weeks  Though cast member Dempsey jokingly referred to the episode as Glee M D , Rhimes intended for it to differ from other musical television episodes  She called it the opposite of "Once More, with Feeling," the "all-out, show-stopping," musical episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, as she aimed to "do something that was musical without being a musical "Rhimes said she had difficulty getting the network's permission  She added: "I begged the studio people  I begged the network people  I took these people to dinner and begged  I jumped out at these people in bathrooms and begged  And they all smiled politely but what they were clearly really thinking was, 'This woman is an idiot '"Rhimes also told about delays in producing this episode: 

Explaining what the heck took us so long is too complicated to go into here  There are a lot of reasons – I was busy telling other awesome stories at Seattle Grace, [   ] I was raising my tiny human, my musical talent involves oboe-playing and nothing else, the network thought it was the dumbest idea they’d ever heard of and refused to do it  
The script was written by Rhimes in November 2010  She centered the episode around Ramirez's character, Callie, and stated that the storyline would have developed regardless of whether it involved musical performances  Sara Ramirez used the opportunity to launch their career as a singer-songwriter; an alternate version of "The Story" is included on their debut EP, released four days prior to the episode's premiere  In this episode, Mark and Arizona improve their relationship  Capshaw said, "The traumatic circumstance leads to them having a greater understanding of each other and then appreciation, and then need for each other and desire to be in each other’s lives  They come to care, I think, for one another "

Musical performances
Rhimes, executive producer Betsy Beers and director Tony Phelan selected songs that had become well-known by their use in Grey's Anatomy, and chose "the most iconic ones, the ones that best suited [their] singers, and the ones that made the most sense " The multiple cover versions include the program's theme tune, "Cosy in the Rocket" by Psapp  The primary vocalists are cast members Ramirez, McKidd, Leigh and Chandra Wilson  The soundtrack also includes "How to Save a Life" by The Fray and "Running on Sunshine" by Jesus Jackson, performed as ensemble pieces by Ramirez, McKidd, Leigh, Daniel Sunjata, Scott Foley, Ellen Pompeo, Justin Chambers, Raver, Dane, and Capshaw  Ramirez, McKidd and Wilson also perform together on Snow Patrol's "Chasing Cars " Ramirez is the lead vocalist on "The Story" by Brandi Carlile, and "Grace" by Kate Havnevik, which also features the other female cast members, including Leigh and Sarah Drew on the chorus  Capshaw duets with Ramirez on KT Tunstall's "Universe & U " Wilson is the lead vocalist on "Wait" by Get Set Go, McKidd on "How We Operate" by Gomez, and Leigh on Anna Nalick's "Breathe (2 AM) "

Leigh said that some actors were not "excited" about singing but still could participate in the episode  "There were certain ways in which the scenes were written, even if there was a song in there, that perhaps a line was spoken instead of sung," she said A vocal coach was enlisted to help the cast  Music director Chris Horvath was recruited to arrange the selected songs for the cast  The arrangements took around two months, with vocals recorded over four days in February 2011  Horvath praised the cast's response to the episode, noting that only four performers had "serious vocal talent," while some had "barely sung in the shower" before  Those with professional singing experience include Ramirez, who won a Tony Award for their role in the musical Spamalot, and Wilson, who appeared in the Broadway production of Caroline, or Change  Cast members' reactions toward the episode varied  Pompeo initially deemed the idea "crazy," but changed her mind following the first read-through  Recurring cast member Sunjata stated that singing was "a bit out of [his] comfort zone," but found it an "interesting challenge," and McKidd deemed it "very exciting to do something that's completely out on a limb for the show "

Reception
Pre-broadcast commentary
Critical response prior to broadcast was mixed  TVLine's Michael Ausiello assessed that the episode would "either be a show-stopping triumph or a spectacular failure," with no possible middle ground  William Keck of TV Guide initially had "serious doubts," which were allayed by a visit to the set, during which he listened to the soundtrack  Keck likened it to the "much-beloved early seasons of Grey's, when music played a vital role on the show " Entertainment Weekly's Dan Snierson predicted heavy use of Auto Tune, though fellow EW writer Jennifer Armstrong was optimistic that the episode would be a success, commenting: "I have faith  I like musicals, I like Grey's  I'm rooting for this to work "

Ratings
During its original broadcast, "Song Beneath the Song" was watched by an average of 13 09 million American viewers  It attained a 4 9/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, making it the second highest-rated program of the night, behind only American Idol on the Fox network  The rating was the second-highest of the seventh season until that point, and a 30% increase from the previous episode, "This is How We Do It," which was watched by 2 4 million fewer viewers In Canada, where the episode also aired on March 31, 2011, it was watched by 3 18 million viewers  Viewership again increased on "This is How We Do It," which attained 2 63 million viewers  However, while the preceding episode was the most-viewed scripted show for the week of its original broadcast, "Song Beneath the Song" ranked second, behind The Big Bang Theory 

Post-broadcast commentary
Following the first minutes of the drama, reactions on Twitter were polarized  Nicole Golden from TV Fanatic gave the episode 4 5 stars out of 5 0  She found that "overall, the concept worked since music really has always played a big part in the show  Some songs were more appropriate and/or better performed than others, though " She also wrote the concept worked in part because it was new but noted "the format would probably not have the same effect if used in future episodes " Even though Boston Herald's critic Mark Perigard was not a fan of the concept, saying "the Grey's Anatomy event proved how tricky it is for an established show, especially a drama, to pull off a musical episode," he did like several actors' performances  He wrote: "Chandra Wilson and Chyler Leigh (whom I never have anything good to say about) delivered some impressive vocal work  Eric Dane did some of his best acting of his career last night as an anxious father-to-be terrified he would lose his best friend " Lyneka Little of The Wall Street Journal wrote, "If Glee and ER had a baby it would be tonight’s episode of the medical drama Grey’s Anatomy titled 'Song Beneath the Song' " In his review of the episode Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote "Like Grey's Anatomy as a whole, some parts were unintentionally silly, others were surprisingly powerful, and it was rarely dull, at least "Patrick Dempsey admitted that the musical episode might not have been showrunner Shonda Rhimes's best idea  He explained: "It's very difficult to keep it fresh when you're doing 24 episodes a year  Shonda Rhimes has a lot of ideas, and she is in a position where she can take more chances  Sometimes that works, sometimes it does not  Last year we had the singing episode, which I think was a big mistake  But you have to try "

Accolades
In 2011, the episode was ranked #19 on the TV Guide Network special, 25 Biggest TV Blunders 2  It was included in TV Guide's list "The Worst Of 2011" saying, "Sara Ramirez has powerhouse pipes, but what this episode desperately needed was a better playlist " BuddyTV, however, ranked it #43 on its list of 2011's 50 Best TV Episodes and it also appeared on Digital Spy's shortlist of "TV's Best Musical Episodes " Supervising Music Editor Jennifer Barak and Music Editors Carli Barber and Jessica Harrison were nominated in the Best Sound Editing: Short Form Musical in Television category at the 2012 Golden Reel Awards for their work on the episode 

Soundtrack
Track listing
Chart history
Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event debuted at #24 on the Billboard 200, with 19,000 copies sold  It reached #2 on the U S  Soundtracks chart, and was #5 on the Independent Album chart  "The Story" entered the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at #69, and the Canadian Hot 100 at #72 
Passage 13:
Beckmann rearrangement
The Beckmann rearrangement, named after the German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann (1853–1923), is a rearrangement of an oxime functional group to substituted amides  The rearrangement has also been successfully performed on haloimines and nitrones  Cyclic oximes and haloimines yield lactams 
The Beckmann rearrangement is often catalyzed by acid; however, other reagents have been known to promote the rearrangement  These include tosyl chloride, thionyl chloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus pentoxide, triethylamine, sodium hydroxide, trimethylsilyl iodide among others  The Beckmann fragmentation is another reaction that often competes with the rearrangement, though careful selection of promoting reagent and solvent conditions can favor the formation of one over the other, sometimes giving almost exclusively one product  The rearrangement occurs stereospecifically for ketoximes and N-chloro/N-fluoro imines, with the migrating group being anti-periplanar to the leaving group on the nitrogen  Certain conditions have been known to racemize the oxime geometry, leading to the formation of both regioisomers  The rearrangement of aldoximes occurs with stereospecificity in the gas phase and without stereospecificity in the solution phase  A few methodologies allow for the rearrangement of aldoximes to primary amides, but fragmentation commonly competes in these systems  Nitrone rearrangement also occurs without stereospecificity; the regioisomer formed has the amide nitrogen substituted with the group possessing the greatest migratory aptitude 

The archetypal Beckmann rearrangement is the conversion of cyclohexanone to caprolactam via the oxime  Caprolactam is the feedstock in the production of Nylon 6 The Beckmann solution consists of acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and acetic anhydride, and was widely used to catalyze the rearrangement   Other acids, such as sulfuric acid, polyphosphoric acid, and hydrogen fluoride have all been used  Sulfuric acid is the most commonly used acid for commercial lactam production due to its formation of an ammonium sulfate by-product when neutralized with ammonia  Ammonium sulfate is a common agricultural fertilizer providing nitrogen and sulfur 

Reaction mechanism
The most common reaction mechanism of the Beckmann rearrangement consists generally of an alkyl migration anti-periplanar to the expulsion of a leaving group to form a nitrilium ion  This is followed by solvolysis to an imidate and then tautomerization to the amide:
This nitrilium ion has been known to be intercepted by other nucleophiles, including the leaving group from the oxime 

Presumably after the phenyl group migrates and expels the cyanate, the latter then attacks the nitrilium ion formed  In carbon tetrachloride the isocyanate can be isolated, whereas in ethanol, the urethane is formed after solvolysis of the isocyanate 
One computational study has established the mechanism accounting for solvent molecules and substituents  The rearrangement of acetone oxime in the Beckmann solution involved three acetic acid molecules and one proton (present as an oxonium ion)  In the transition state leading to the iminium ion (σ-complex), the methyl group migrates to the nitrogen atom in a concerted reaction as the hydroxyl group is expelled  The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is stabilized by three acetic acid molecules  In the next step the electrophilic carbon atom in the nitrilium ion is attacked by water and a proton is donated back to acetic acid  In the transition state leading to the imidate, the water oxygen atom is coordinated to 4 other atoms  In the third step, an isomerization step protonates the nitrogen atom leading to the amide 

The same computation with a hydroxonium ion and 6 molecules of water has the same result, but when the migrating substituent is a phenyl group, the mechanism favors the formation of an intermediate three-membered π-complex  This π-complex is not found in the H3O+(H2O)6 

With the cyclohexanone-oxime, the relief of ring strain results in a third reaction mechanism, leading directly to the protonated caprolactam in a single concerted step without the intermediate formation of a π-complex or σ-complex 

Cyanuric chloride assisted Beckmann reaction
Beckmann rearrangement can be rendered catalytic using cyanuric chloride and zinc chloride as a co-catalyst  For example, cyclododecanone can be converted to the corresponding lactam, the monomer used in the production of Nylon 12 

The reaction mechanism for this reaction is based on a catalytic cycle with cyanuric chloride activating the hydroxyl group via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution  The reaction product is dislodged and replaced by new reactant via an intermediate Meisenheimer complex 

Beckmann fragmentation
The Beckmann fragmentation is a reaction that frequently competes with the Beckmann rearrangement  When the group α to the oxime is capable of stabilizing carbocation formation, the fragmentation becomes a viable reaction pathway  The reaction generates a nitrile and a carbocation, which is quickly intercepted to form a variety of products  The nitrile can also be hydrolyzed under reaction conditions to give carboxylic acids  Different reaction conditions can favor the fragmentation over the rearrangement 

Quaternary carbon centers promote fragmentation by stabilizing carbocation formation through hyperconjugation  As shown in the above picture, the "stable" carbocation is formed, which then loses a hydrogen to give a site of unsaturation  Oxygen and nitrogen atoms also promote fragmentation through the formation of ketones and imines respectively 
Sulfur is also capable of promoting fragmentation, albeit at a longer range than oxygen or nitrogen 

Silicon is capable of directing the fragmentation through the beta-silicon effect 
The carbocation intermediate in this reaction is intercepted by nucleophilic fluoride from diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST):

Semmler–Wolff reaction
The oxime of cyclohexenone with acid forms aniline in a dehydration – aromatization reaction called the Semmler–Wolff reaction or Wolff aromatization 
The mechanism can be shown as below:

The reaction is intrinsically a special case of Beckmann rearrangement combined with neighbouring group participation 

Applications in drug synthesis
An industrial synthesis of paracetamol developed by Hoechst–Celanese involves the conversion of a methyl ketone to an acetanilide via a Beckmann rearrangement The thermal rearrangement that occurs in the synthesis of ketamine was claimed to be a Beckmann rearrangement according to: url 

See also
Curtius rearrangement
Dakin reaction
Schmidt reaction
Stieglitz rearrangement
Lossen rearrangement
Passage 14:
Heartbeat in the Brain
Heartbeat in the Brain is a 1970 documentary film produced and directed by Amanda Feilding, an advocate of trepanation  It was filmed by Joseph Mellen 

Summary
In the film, Feilding, a 27-year-old student at the time, drills a hole in her forehead with a dentist's drill  In the documentary, surgical scenes alternate with motion studies of Feilding's pet pigeon Birdie 

Release and rediscovery
In 1978, Feilding screened the movie at the Suydam Gallery in New York  More than one audience member fainted during the climax The 1998 documentary A Hole in the Head contains footage from Heartbeat in the Brain The documentary, long believed to be lost, was publicly screened at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London on 28 April 2011 
Passage 15:
Eye of the Tiger
"Eye of the Tiger" is a song by American rock band Survivor  It was released as a single from their third album of the same name and was also the theme song for the 1982 film Rocky III, which was released a day before the single  The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik, and it was recorded at the request of Rocky III star, writer, and director Sylvester Stallone, after Queen denied him permission to use "Another One Bites the Dust", the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme  The version of the song that appears in the film is the demo version of the song  The film version also contained tiger growls, which did not appear on the album version  It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals  The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name  "Eye of the Tiger" is written in the key of C minor It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982  In the United States, it held No  1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks (the band's only song to top the chart) and was the No  2 single of 1982, behind Olivia Newton-John's "Physical"  It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten, the second-longest run of 1982, behind "Hurts So Good" by John Mellencamp (which was prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by "Eye of the Tiger")  This top ten run is tied with the aforementioned "Another One Bites the Dust" as well as "Physical" as the longest run in the top ten for a number one song during the entire 1980s decade  The band won an award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards  In September 1982, it also peaked at No  1 in the United Kingdom, remaining at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks  The single sold 956,000 copies in United Kingdom in 1982 It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA, signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies  The song had sold over 4 1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015  It was voted VH1's 63rd-greatest hard rock song 

Background
In an interview with Songfacts, co-writer Jim Peterik, who shared writing credit with Frankie Sullivan, explained the song's title 

At first, we wondered if calling it "Eye of the Tiger" was too obvious  The initial draft of the song, we started with "It's the eye of the tiger, it's the thrill of the fight, rising up to the spirit of our rival, and the last known survivor stalks his prey in the night, and it all comes down to survival " We were going to call the song "Survival"  In the rhyme scheme, you can tell we had set up "rival" to rhyme with "survival"  At the end of the day, we said, "Are we nuts?" That hook is so strong, and "rival" doesn't have to be a perfect rhyme with the word "tiger"  We made the right choice and went with "Eye of the Tiger" 

Accolades
The song was nominated for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Original Song (the only Oscar nomination for Rocky III), but it lost to "Up Where We Belong" from An Officer and a Gentleman The band won an award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards  The song was also nominated for the 1983 Grammy Award for Song of the Year, but lost to the Willie Nelson hit "Always on My Mind" 

Lawsuits
Newt Gingrich campaign
In 2012, Survivor sued Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in Illinois federal court for using "Eye of the Tiger" without authorization as entrance music at his political rallies going back as far as 2009  The suit was later settled out of court 

Mitt Romney campaign
The same year Sullivan also demanded that Mitt Romney, also a Republican candidate for president, should stop using "Eye of the Tiger" at his campaign rallies  Romney agreed to drop the song from the campaign's playlists 

Mike Huckabee's campaign
Frankie Sullivan's company Rude Music filed a lawsuit in federal court in Chicago, Illinois, on November 18, 2015, against the former Governor of Arkansas and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee's campaign organization for using "Eye of the Tiger" at a political rally without permission  The rally took place on September 8, 2015, when Kim Davis, a Kentucky county clerk, was released from jail after spending five days there for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples in Kentucky  In June 2016 it was reported by CNN that Huckabee had agreed, in a confidential, out-of-court settlement with Sullivan's Rude Music, to pay $25,000 in compensation 

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the album Eye of the Tiger 
Dave Bickler – lead vocals
Frankie Sullivan – lead and rhythm guitars
Jim Peterik – grand piano, electric guitar
Stephan Ellis – bass
Marc Droubay – drums

Charts
Weekly charts
Certifications
See also



ground_truth: Louis Chedid