prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city was the author of What We Talk About When We Talk About love born in?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Neal Asbury
Neal Asbury (born May 2, 1957) is Chief Executive of The Legacy Companies  An advocate of entrepreneurship and free enterprise,  he hosts the nationally syndicated talk radio show Neal Asbury's Truth for America (now Neal Asbury's Made in America) 

Early life
Neal Asbury attended Jefferson Township High School in Jefferson Township, New Jersey  After graduation he enrolled in Rowan University in New Jersey graduating in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music 

Career
After graduating from Rowan University Neal began working in the mail room of a Fifth Avenue as a food service exporter  A year later, Asbury moved on to Manila, working as a director of sales for a large trading company and traveling to capitals in the Far East  Seven years later, he founded Asbury Worldwide  By 1987, the firm had grown to include twelve distribution facilities around the globe   In 1989, he started began FAB Asia, Inc  in Manila, Philippines, an  Asian fabricator of commercial kitchens for McDonald's as well as other American restaurant chains 
After selling his group of companies in July 1999, Asbury established Greenfield World Trade, a global trading company selling and servicing American manufactured products in over 130 countries to both  retail and commercial markets  He acquired J  Cobo (a distribution company with operations throughout Latin America), General (a manufacturer of food preparation equipment), Zeroll (a manufacturer of kitchen gadgets), and Omega (a manufacturer of electrical kitchen appliances) 

Awards and distinctions
Asbury has received the E-Star Export Award and the Export Achievement Award from the U S  Department of Commerce  Asbury's company was recognized as National Champion Exporter of The Year(2008) after they were first recognized in February as Exporter of the Year for Florida, which was preceded by being selected as the Region IV Exporter of the Year, covering the Southeast United States   Greenfield World Trade's Neal Asbury Named SBA's National Champion Exporter of the Year 

Radio show and blog
Each week Asbury hosts a talk radio show, Neal Asbury's Made In America, (formerly Truth For America), produced by Atlantic Radio Network   It is broadcast around the US by Radio America and deals with topics related to America's entrepreneurial spirit and the American Dream Asbury also writes the Conscientious Equity blog, which focuses on his interest for small business, entrepreneurship and the benefits of expanding the U S  role in global commerce  Topics discussed on the blog range from the health care crisis to job creation and international trade  Asbury's blog entries have been syndicated online, appearing on Moneynews com 

Personal life
On December 29 in 1984 Neal married Elizabeth Trixia Gomez Carpio, an actress from the Philippines  They have two daughters 
Passage 2:
Steve Somers
Steve Somers (born April 17, 1947), nicknamed the Schmoozer, is an American talk radio host best known for his work on the New York City sports radio station WFAN (660 AM)  He has been with the station since its inception in 1987 

Personal life
Somers is a native of San Francisco, California, and became a fan of the San Francisco Giants upon the team's arrival to the city in 1958  He graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1969  He currently resides in Manhattan  
His nickname is  "The Schmoozer " He roots for the New York Mets (or Metropolitans as he refers to them), the New York Knicks (or Knickerbockers) the New York Rangers and New York Jets (sometimes he even calls them the Jetropolitans) 

Career
Somers began his career in the Bay Area  Before graduating high school, he worked at KYA radio in San Francisco delivering on air high school sports reports   After college, Somers began hosting a news talk show on KNEW radio in Oakland  To that effect, Time Magazine ran a story naming him the youngest talk show host in the country at that period of time  Somers also worked a public address announcer for the NBA's San Francisco Warriors 
In 1970, Somers joined KPIX in San Francisco  as a weekend sports anchor and won a San Francisco Press Club Award  Over the next decade and a half he held other television sportscasting positions at KOVR in Sacramento, WXIA-TV in Atlanta and KNBC in Los Angeles  While in Los Angeles, he also launched a sports talk program at KMPC radio 
Somers joined WFAN at the station's inception in July 1987  He spent his first few years with the station as the overnight host  While he was on the overnight program he dubbed himself "Captain Midnight"  During this time he conducted one of the last ever interviews with Mark Koenig, who was the last living member of the 1927 New York Yankees  He later spent a few years co-hosting the 10am-1pm slot with WWOR-TV sports anchor Russ Salzberg  The program was titled "The Sweater and the Schmoozer " At that time, Somers developed some of the quirks that have been hallmarks of his WFAN tenure, dropping catchphrases such as "schmoooooozing S-P-O-R-T-S" (spelling out the word "sports"), giving time checks in minutes and seconds, uniquely reading the end of the station's phone number as "six-six-six-six" rather than the standard "sixty six-sixty six", joking at the expense of engineer Eddie Scozzare ("THE Eddie Scozzare?" "No, Eddie Maple, who do you think we're talking?"), and reading the catalogue numbers of live commercials ("LV-242, for those of you scoring at home, and I know you are   ") 
He is also known to refer to the New York Mets, by their official name "The New York Metropolitans" drawing out the parts as Metro-Politans, and referring to the Islanders as the Ice-landers 
Currently, Somers usually works during the evening on weekdays  His program can be heard anywhere from 6:30pm to 2am, depending on whether WFAN airs a sporting event that night  He is also sometimes heard on weekends  He is colloquially known as "The Schmoozer " Somers has said of the infrequent scheduling, "Sometimes, just sometimes, I forget what time zone I live in "
In October 2021, Somers stated that WFAN's owner Audacy had requested to move his show back into the overnight hours, a request Somers declined as he was no longer willing to work a graveyard slot  He stated that, because of the request, he was planning on retiring from his regular shift at WFAN "sooner rather than later," with the intention of remaining at WFAN on a reduced schedule as a fill-in host if Audacy allows 

Film
Somers appeared in the 1979 film The Visitor 
Passage 3:
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes is an American talk show hosted by artist Andy Warhol, that aired on MTV from 1985 to 1987  One of the network's earliest series, it featured interviews with up-and-coming musicians such as Courtney Love  Other such talk show guests include Debbie Harry and Chris Stein of Blondie, Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran, Ric Ocasek of the Cars, the Ramones, Grace Jones, Yoko Ono, Judd Nelson, Kevin Dillon, John C  McGinley, and William S  Burroughs 

See also
15 minutes of fame
Passage 4:
Treat Her Like a Lady (Diana King song)
"Treat Her Like a Lady" is a song by Jamaican-American singer Diana King from the 1995 album, Tougher Than Love  It was written by King, Andy Marvel and Billy Mann, and produced by Marvel  In 1997, it was covered by Canadian singer Celine Dion for her album, Let's Talk About Love 

Celine Dion version
Canadian singer Celine Dion recorded a cover version of "Treat Her Like a Lady" for her 1997 album, Let's Talk About Love  It was produced by Ric Wake  Dion changed some lyrics, gaining a co-writing credit  Diana King and Brownstone recorded guest vocals for the track  "Treat Her Like a Lady" was released as the final single in Europe between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It peaked inside top 40 in the United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland, Austria and Iceland 

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne called Dion's cover an "overarranged stab at reggae dancehall" and "unintentionally amusing"  The New York Observer editor Jonathan Bernstein wrote, "She's fallen on her face before when attempting to be as one with the rhythm, but Celine Dion has never humiliated herself as comprehensively as she does when mashing it up in a dance-hall style on "Treat Her Like a Lady"  As Seinfeld' s George Costanza remarked in a similar situation, "Sweet fancy Moses!"" Steven Wells from NME commented, "Celine raps hardcore radical feminism! Yes she does! She says that we've got to treat women like "ladies"  Otherwise they might go "crazy"  This is possibly the most profound statement on the subject of women's oppression since Germaine Greer's The Female Eunuch" 

Commercial performance
After the success of "My Heart Will Go On", radio stations in Quebec started playing "Treat Her Like a Lady" in May 1998  Because of that, it entered the airplay chart on 30 May 1998 and peaked at number nine  The commercial single was released in selected European countries between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It was issued almost a year after the previous single from Let's Talk About Love, "Immortality" 
In April 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in Austria and Germany, peaking at numbers 16 and 64, respectively  In May 1999, it debuted on the charts in the Netherlands and Belgium, reaching numbers 62 in the Netherlands, 70 in Wallonia and 78 in Flanders  In July 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in few other countries, peaking at numbers 29 in the United Kingdom, 33 in Scotland, 40 in Ireland, 54 in Sweden, and as a result number 91 on the European Hot 100 Singles  The song also reached numbers 13 in Iceland and 38 on the airplay chart in Spain 

Music video
The live music video was recorded on 18 December 1998, during the Let's Talk About Love World Tour in Montreal, Canada  It was directed by Gérard Pullicino  The video was included on the UK enhanced CD single in June 1999  In November 2022, it was uploaded into Dion's official YouTube channel 

Track listing and formats
Charts
Release history
Passage 5:
Roamin' Holiday
Roamin' Holiday is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 155th Our Gang short released (156th episode, 67th talking short, and 68th talking episode) 

Plot
Upset at being forced to do the household chores all weekend long (and the threat of taking dancing lessons), Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat, and Porky decide to run away from home  Taking a breather in the tiny village of Jenksville, the boys manage to cadge a meal from kindly storekeeper Mrs  Jenks  But when she finds out that the kids are runaways, she passes this information along to her husband, Constable Hi Jenks, who jovially decides to teach the boys a lesson  Pretending to arrest the four youngsters, Constable Jenks dresses them in convict stripes and forces them to work on the rock pile, figuring that after an hour or so they will be glad to return home  But an unanticipated swarm of bees brings this little morality play to a sudden and painful conclusion for the four roamin' rascals 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Darla Hood as Darla
Pete the Pup as himself

Additional cast
Joe White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Tom White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Otis Harlan as Hiram Jenks
May Wallace as 'Ma' Jenks

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 6:
Bangkok Love Story
Bangkok Love Story (Thai: เพื่อน   กูรักมึงว่ะ; RTGS: Phuean   Ku Rak Mueng Wa; literally "Friend     I love you") is a 2007 Thai film written and directed by Poj Arnon  A gay romantic crime action drama, it is the story of a man who falls in love with a gunman assigned to kill him 

Plot
A loner gunman named Maek is assigned to kidnap a police informant named Iht, but Maek has a change of heart when he takes Iht to the 'hit house'  Maek is ordered to kill Iht, but because he only kills scum and has discovered that Iht isn't bad, he refuses, turning the gun on the enforcers who had hired him to murder Iht  A gun battle ensues during which Maek is wounded, but Iht grabs Maek's gun and shoots their way out of the mobsters' headquarters  The two men then escape on Maek's motorcycle  Maek tells Iht to leave at gun point but he won't and takes Maek back to his rooftop hide-out  There, over a period of time, Iht tends to Maek's wound and finds himself attracted to him 
In fact, Maek is also attracted to Iht, but keeps it hidden, while Iht cares for his former would-be killer with great tenderness 
While giving Maek a bath one day, Iht kisses him on the mouth   Maek reciprocates and the two men engage in a passionate sexual experience  The next day, however, a conflicted Maek demands that Iht go away and leave him alone  Iht returns home to his fiancée, Sai, but is no longer interested in continuing a relationship with her  Iht spends his days pining over Maek, and tracks down Maek's brother, Mhok, and their mother  Mhok is HIV positive, as the result of sexual abuse by his and Maek's stepfather, and their mother is dying of AIDS 
Maek remains elusive, hiding from Iht when he visits the hideout, but leaving signs that he's there so Iht will return 
Though Maek avoids making contact with Iht, eventually he goes to visit his mother and brother, and Iht corners him at the entrance to the building, declaring his love for Maek and stressing how much he misses him   They kiss passionately  They are unfortunately covertly observed by Sai, Iht's live-in fiancée 
Maek's dream is to take his mother and brother away from Bangkok to the mountains of Mae Hong Son Province  But after Maek's mother overhears that Mhok has prostituted himself to survive after contracting AIDS from his stepfather, she commits suicide by hanging herself  The brothers take her down, and as they are rushing her from the apartment, she is killed by a gunshot fired by an unseen sniper  The bullet is presumably intended for Maek 
Maek's former mobster employers are gunning for him and Iht  Maek decides to hunt them down first, and he succeeds in killing them  After Mohk informs Iht what Maek is doing, Iht goes to the capo's house to try to stop Maek, but he is too late and misses Maek by a second  Iht is injured when the capo's wife shoots at a clock that shatters in Iht's face 
Maek, meanwhile meets his brother at the railway station to leave Bangkok for good  But before he can board the train, he is apprehended by the police and taken away  Mhok breaks down  He's the sole witness to his brother being apprehended 
Years pass by  Iht visits Maek in prison and reveals that he was left blind in the final gunbattle with Maek's ex-boss  Mhok commits suicide while at a Hospice of Watphrabahtnamphu in Lopburi because he no longer has the energy to fight his disease  Eventually, Maek is released from prison, and Iht meets him  But before the two men can leave to start their life together, Maek is shot dead by a single bullet fired by an unseen assassin  A bewildered, blind Iht collapses over his lover's corpse, swearing his love for him again and again 
Iht eventually regains his sight, and is finally able to view on his mobile phone a video recorded by Maek himself many years before, admitting that all along, he had loved Iht and that he would love him to his last breath 

Cast
Rattanaballang Tohssawat as Maek (Cloud)
Chaiwat Thongsaeng as Iht (Stone)
Weeradit Srimalai as Mhok (Fog)
Chatcha Rujinanon as Sai (Sand)
Suchao Pongwilai
Chonprakhan Janthareuang
Uthumporn Silaphan
Rachanu Boonchuduang

Production
When Bangkok Love Story was in pre-production in 2006, the Royal Thai Police raised objections to the script, which originally depicted a policeman (Iht) falling in love with the assassin Maek  The character Iht's exact connection to the police department was then made ambiguous so that the film would be passed by the Board of Censors, which includes members of the Royal Thai Police Both lead actors, Chaiwat Thongsang (Iht) and Ratanabanrang Tosawat (Maek), are heterosexual, according to a profile of the two actors in BK Magazine  Chaiwat said he took the role because he wanted the "challenge" and to "become famous"  Ratanabanrang simply stated playing a gay man "is an honor" Chaiwat said he had hoped camera angles could be used so he could avoid having to kiss his co-star, but director Poj Arnon insisted the kisses must be real  "It was totally disgusting at first, but we kind of got used to it after a while", Chaiwat said  Ratanabanrang said he had to imagine he was kissing his girlfriend  "Actually, we acted so well, that my girlfriend got paranoid" Both actors acknowledged that the film would be compared to Brokeback Mountain, but Ratanabanrang noted that Poj Arnon had the idea for Bangkok Love Story long before Brokeback had been adapted into a film 

Release and reception
Bangkok Love Story was released in Thailand cinemas on August 13, 2007  The film proved popular, with the Bangkok Post stating it was "the movie everybody has been talking about"  The film earned US$325,000 in its Thailand theatrical run Critical reception was mixed  The weekly BK Magazine stated that the film suffered from being overly melodramatic, but praised the cinematography by Tiwa Moeithaisong, which "turns Bangkok into a character in its own right "Reviews from the Bangkok English-language daily The Nation were characterised as "dismissive" 
LGBT-related website Fridae praised Bangkok Love Story as "the boldest Thai gay movie to date " It additionally praised the film for being a departure from the Thai LGBT genre, which generally features coarsely stereotyped kathoey transvestite caricatures Gay Thai independent film producer Vitaya Saeng-aroon similarly praised the film, saying director Poj Arnon was "brave enough to shake society up" Bangkok Love Story was screened at the 34th Brussels International Independent Film Festival, where it won the top prize, the Grand Award in all Categories  It was also the Opening Night selection for the 2007 Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, and played at the 2008 London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival 
TLA Releasing acquired theatrical, home video, television and video on demand rights for North America and the United Kingdom  The company plans to release the film in those territories in summer 2008 

Soundtrack
The film also produced a popular theme song "Yahk-Roo   Tae-Mai-Yahk-Taam" (in Thai: "อยากรู้   แต่ไม่อยากถาม meaning "I want to know, but I don't want to ask") by Calories Blah Blah (in Thai: แคลอรี่ส์ บลาห์ บลาห์) 
Passage 7:
Glove Taps
Glove Taps is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 151st Our Gang short (152nd episode, 63rd talking short, and 64th talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Butch explains that he clobbers every kid in school to prove that he is in charge  By a fluke, weak-kneed Alfalfa is chosen to face Butch in the barnyard boxing ring—and he has only one day to train for the big bout 
Spanky volunteers to be Alfalfa's trainer, which consists mostly of Alfalfa pulling him around in a little red wagon 
Porky and Buckwheat have had "this will not end well" expressions on their faces the whole time  They take matters into their own hands once the bout starts; knocking Butch out from behind a curtain and allowing Alfalfa to take the credit 

Notes
After appearing as a peripheral player in several earlier Our Gang shorts, Tommy Bond made a spectacular return to the series in Glove Taps  Here and in all future appearances, Bond is cast as neighborhood bully Butch, the bane of the existence of Spanky McFarland, Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer and the rest of the Gang 
Another Our Ganger debuts as Glove Taps Marks the first appearance of Darwood Kaye 
The background music in this one-reel comedy came from Marvin Hatley's Oscar-nominated score for the Laurel and Hardy feature Way Out West 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
Tommy Bond as Butch
Sidney Kibrick as Woim
Darla Hood as Darla
Darwood Kaye as Waldo

Extra kids
Hugh Chapman, John Collum, Rex Downing, Larry Harris, Joe Levine, Jackie Lindquist, Donald Proffitt, Hugh Sheridan, Harold Switzer, Jerry Tucker, Bobs Watson, Robert Winkler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 8:
Full House (season 2)
The second season of the family sitcom Full House originally aired on ABC between October 14, 1988 and May 5, 1989  From this season onward, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen are credited in the opening credits 

Plot
In season two, Danny is fired from his job as a sportscaster and instead is promoted to a higher position as the host of a morning talk show titled Wake Up San Francisco, earning him a co-host named Rebecca Donaldson (Lori Loughlin) and Jesse's potential love interest  Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey become best friends (much to Danny's jealousy) and start doing advertising jingles together  D  J  begins sixth grade and Stephanie enters first grade 

Main cast
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D  J  Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner

Episodes
See also
List of Full House episodes
Passage 9:
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a 1981 collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver, as well as the title of one of the stories in the collection  Considered by many one of American literature's most ambitious short-story collections, it was this collection that turned Raymond Carver into a household name in the publishing industry 

Content
"Why Don't You Dance?"
In 1977, Carver submitted a story with this title to Esquire, which Gordon Lish subsequently edited and retitled "I Am Going to Sit Down", but no version ever appeared in Esquire  The story was first published in Quarterly West in Autumn 1978 and later in The Paris Review in Spring 1981  The Quarterly West version incorporated many of Lish's suggested changes, while the final version was 9% shorter  It tells the story of a drinking man overseeing his yard sale  The reader gets the feeling that he may be selling all his possessions, looking to start life anew  A young couple stops by to select furniture for their new apartment  They haggle a little over prices and buy a TV and a bed  The drinking man tells the young woman to put a record on  When the music begins the man asks the couple to dance  Uncomfortably, they comply  Then the drinking man dances with the girl, and she says to him: "You must be desperate or something " Several weeks later, the woman is telling her friends about the man at his yard sale  She mocks the record player and records he gave them, saying: "Will you look at this shit?" The story ends with her trying to make sense of the man's situation before quitting her wondering altogether 
The story was adapted in the 2010 film Everything Must Go starring Will Ferrell and written and directed by Dan Rush 

"Viewfinder"
A hook-handed man takes a photograph of the narrator's house from the street, then sells it to him  The narrator asks the photographer in for coffee  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Mr  Coffee and Mr  Fixit"
A man reflects "about three years back" on his struggle to come to grips with a couple of troublesome relationships  He was surprised to see his elderly single mother kissing a man on the sofa upstairs  He says his kids were crazy and so was his wife, Myrna, who eventually fell for another man named Ross whom she met at Alcoholics Anonymous  He remembers how his father died and suggests to Myrna that they "hug awhile" and have a "real nice supper," and she responds somewhat lukewarmly  The manuscript version titled "Where Is Everyone?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Gazebo"
Set in a roomy upstairs suite, motel managers Holly & Duane discuss the disintegration of their marriage  Duane has been having an affair with a cleaning lady, Juanita  Duane tries to convince Holly that their love can be rekindled and reconciled but Holly does not agree  Duane is left hopelessly bemoaning the future he had envisioned with Holly  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"I Could See the Smallest Things"
Nancy wakes up in the middle of the night because of a noise outside  She realizes it's the open gate, and hesitantly she goes to the kitchen to smoke for a while before going out to investigate, leaving her alcoholic husband Cliff "passed out" and snoring loudly in bed  At the fence, Nancy meets her neighbor Sam, a widower, who is spreading insecticide to kill slugs which are ruining his garden  Nancy & Sam talk and it becomes clear Sam and Cliff, once good friends, have had a falling-out  Lonely and wishing to patch up their relationship, Sam asks Nancy to tell Cliff he said hello  Nancy says she will and goes back to bed, realizing she forgot to latch the gate shut  The manuscript version titled "Want to See Something?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Sacks"
Les, a textbook salesman, reflects back a year ago on an incident where he met up with his father in a Sacramento airport  It's been two years since his father's divorce from his mother  While the wife was away, the father had been having an extramarital affair with a Stanley Products saleswoman  The father asks Les if everything is okay, and Les lies, saying everything is fine  A fissure seems to grow between the father and son during the uncomfortable, transient, confusing meeting  Fairly sure that his father will play a negligent to nonexistent role in his future, Les boards his flight  The manuscript version titled "The Fling" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Bath"
On his birthday, young Scotty is walking to school when he is hit by a car and knocked unconscious  "The Bath" is a predecessor of "A Small, Good Thing," one of Carver's most famous stories, which was published in Cathedral  It is much shorter than "A Small, Good Thing" and ends on an ambiguous note as Scotty's mother goes home from the hospital to take a bath, which is where this version of the story gets its name 

"Tell the Women We're Going"
Two close childhood friends, identified by the author as Bill Jamison & Jerry Roberts, are out of school and have married  After Jerry married, Bill sensed a change in his friend, something that he'd never once shown  One afternoon, the two men leave both their wives and Jerry's kids to go out for a drive, for old-time's sake  They play pool and drink beer at the Rec Center, while reminiscing about the olden days  On their way out, they see two women biking down the road  Jerry proposes turning back and chatting them up, juvenile and excited  They pull up to the women and Bill introduces himself and Jerry, but the girls, named Barbara and Shannon, seem completely uninterested  They drive ahead and wait for the women to pass  The women, when they arrive, drop their bikes and cut down a path away from the men, which doesn't really bother Bill but does angers Jerry, who devises a plan to cut them off  The story ends in a surprise twist, with Jerry bashing Shannon and Barbara over their heads with a rock, ostensibly killing them both and proving Jerry's deep unhappiness with life  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"After the Denim"
James and Edith Packer, an elderly couple, go out for the night to play bingo at the local community center  While there, James is perturbed by a young hippy-like couple dressed in denim who go on to ruin his fun and evening: they take the Packers' parking spot; James sees the young man cheating and confronts him but the man denies the allegation  Later, when the young girl gets bingo, everybody but James claps  James is certain the couple will use the victory money on drugs  That night as the Packers are getting ready for bed, Edith reveals to James that she's been "bleeding" and "spotting," and she'll require medical attention  Restless and upset over his wife's sickness, James wonders why it isn't the young couple who has all the problems  The manuscript version titled "If It Please You" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"So Much Water So Close to Home"
As she was having breakfast, Claire, is shocked to learn that her husband, Stuart, and his three buddies, found the body of a girl washed up on the rivershore upon arriving in the afternoon for their yearly camping trip, as reported by the morning newspaper that day  Instead of reporting the body to the police immediately, the four rather enjoy their vacation, spending some time fishing, getting to eating, and drinking whisky as they sit by the fire, all the while the body of the dead girl lays there  As the quartet packs up the next morning, Stuart uses a payphone to alert the police about the corpse found by the riverbed  Claire feels deeply distanced from her husband, who she thought she knew, and cannot stop wondering about the dead girl, to whom she feels oddly connected  Inevitably, she starts believing Stuart and his friends could be behind the girl's murder  Claire wonders why they didn't go fishing locally, why didn't they report the body quickly, as she'd have  Later, after the body is identified and Stuart is at work, Claire reads the funeral plans in the newspaper and decides to attend  On her way to the funeral, a man in a pickup truck pulls her over and asks to talk to her, wants to make sure she's safe  Claustrophobic and frightened, Claire clicks her car locks shut and says she's fine  After the funeral Claire overhears a woman saying they caught the killer, but Claire is not so certain they have the right man  The story ends with Stuart making a sexual advance on Claire in the kitchen  As he reaches for her breasts, she hears water running in the sink and is reminded of the girl floating in the river  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off"
The character of Jack Fraser, in classical Carver style, tells the story of a local outsider named Dummy who worked in the same sawmill as Jack's father Del  Del gets Dummy to fill a pond on his land with bass, but Dummy eventually builds an electric fence around it so people stop coming by  Dummy drifts further into isolation and his wife starts going around with another man, much to his discontent  The story ends with Dummy murdering his wife and committing suicide by drowning in his beloved pond  Del impresses upon Jack what a wrong woman can turn a man into  Later, Jack understands Dummy's plight more clearly  The manuscript version titled "Dummy" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"A Serious Talk"
Burt finds himself incapable of leaving his wife Vera alone  On Boxing Day, Burt comes back to his wife's house to try and explain away his poor behavior from the night before  On Christmas Day, Burt put too many logs in the fire which could've burned the place down, reckless as he always was  On his way out to make room for Vera's boyfriend Charlie, Burt finds it appropriate to steal six pies from the kitchen counter left unattended  On the 26th, Vera does not want to talk to Burt; she doesn't have the time, it's obvious she has plans already  Burt tries again and again to apologize but Vera does not think it's sincere  Burt notices cigarette butts that are not Vera's regular brand collected in the ashtray, "their ashtray," and feels out of place  While Vera is the bathroom the phone rings and she shouts at Burt to answer it  It's a call for Charlie and Burt responds curtly, saying he's "not here" before leaving the phone off the hook  Vera comes back into the kitchen, and it's clear she cannot tolerate Burt sticking around  The phone rings again and Vera says she'll answer it from the bedroom  Instead of hanging up when Vera commands, Burt takes a knife from the cabinet and cuts the cord in two  Vera realizes what's happened and yells for Burt to leave, saying she'll get a restraining order  Burt leaves calmly and, as he drives away in his car holding their ashtray, he is deludedly convinced that in a few weeks they'll have a "serious talk" and get back together  The manuscript version titled "Pie" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Calm"
A man sitting in a barber's chair getting a haircut listens as three men waiting their turn argue about a hunting story one of the men is telling  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2004) 

"Little Things" (aka “Popular Mechanics”)
The protagonist is seen first packing a suitcase, all the while a woman swears at him and yells loudly, glad that he's finally leaving her  Their baby won't stop crying  The protagonist decides he wants to bring the baby with him but the woman won't let him even get near their baby  The two get into a tussle and a tug-of-war over the baby  The story ends with the man and the woman pulling tremendously on the baby, with somewhat ambiguously grim and dark possibilities  Titled "Little Things" in Where I'm Calling From (1988); the manuscript version titled "Mine" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Everything Stuck to Him"
A father tells his young adult daughter what life was like for their family when she was a young child, all while on vacation in Milan  The manuscript version titled "Distance" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"One More Thing"
At the kitchen table, L D  argues with his daughter Rae, age 15, about her beliefs  Maxine, the wife, comes home and notices L D  is drunk  Maxine sides with Rae, saying she can like what she likes  In a moment of fury, L D  throws a pickle jar through the window, shattering the glass  Maxine gives L D  an ultimatum: he must pack his things and go or she'll call the police  L D  starts packing, stuffing not only his belongings into his suitcase but also vindictively taking womanly toiletries he could make no use of  Taking one last look around, about to leave for good, L D  says he has one more thing to tell his wife and daughter but, suddenly inarticulate, he is unable to put what he feels into words  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love"
Mel McGinnis is a 45-year-old cardiologist married to Teresa, also known as Terri  They live together in Albuquerque  The narrator, Nick, describes Mel as tall and rangy with curly soft hair and Teresa (who is Mel's second wife) as bone-thin with a pretty face, dark eyes, and brown hair  Nick is 38 years old, and married to Laura, 35, who works as a legal secretary  The four sit around a table at Mel and Terri's, drinking gin in the afternoon 
They soon start to talk about love  Terri has had an abusive relationship; the abuse, she says, derives from love  Ed, Terri's former abusive boyfriend, "loved her so much he tried to kill her " Ed would beat Terri; he dragged her around the living room by her ankles knocking her into things along the way  Terri believes that Ed loved her and his abuse was his way of showing it  No matter what Terri says, Mel refuses to believe that was "love"  Ed also stalked Mel and Terri and called Mel at work with threatening messages  At one point, Mel was so scared he bought a gun and made out a will  Mel even wrote to his brother in California, saying that "if something happened to him" to look for Ed 
Terri's abusive boyfriend eventually committed suicide after two attempts (as Terri sees it, another act of love)  Ed's first attempt at suicide was when Terri had left him  Ed had drunk rat poison, but was rushed to the hospital where he was saved  In Ed's second, successful attempt he shot himself in the mouth  Terri and Mel argued about whether she could be in the hospital bedroom with him when he died  Terri won and was with Ed as he died; as Terri puts it, "He never came up out of it "
Soon afterward, Mel begins a story about an elderly couple struck by a drunk driver, a teenager who was pronounced dead at the scene  Mel was called into the hospital and saw how badly the elderly couple had been injured  He says that they had "multiple fractures, internal injuries, hemorrhaging, contusions, and lacerations " The couple were in casts and bandages from head to toe  Mel's point in telling the story is the husband's consternation when the couple was moved into the intensive care unit  Mel would visit the couple daily, and when he put his ear to the husband's mouth-hole, the latter told Mel he was upset because he could not see his wife through his eye-holes 
Mel strays from the topic with more talk about Ed, his personal thoughts about love, hatred toward his ex-wife, and life as a knight  Mel feels even though one loves a person, if something were to happen to them, the survivor would grieve but love again 
After finishing the second bottle of gin, the couples discuss going to dinner, but no one makes any moves to proceed with their plans 

Earlier version
Carver's original draft of the story "Beginners" was heavily edited by Gordon Lish, who cut out nearly half of Carver's story, adding in details of his own  Carver's original draft, released by his widow Tess Gallagher and published in a December 2007 issue of the New Yorker, reveals the extensive edits  For instance, the character Mel was originally named Herb, and the abusive boyfriend, renamed Ed by Lish, was originally named Carl  Additionally, Herb's story about the old couple was cut nearly in half, with Lish removing the story of the old couple's home life, love, and reunion in the hospital   In Carver's original version, the two had separate rooms, which caused them to pine for each other and eventually led to a scene when they met again   Lish removed all of this, rewrote the couple into the same room, but in body casts that prevented them from seeing each other, and then explained the old man's distress thus:

     "I mean, the accident was one thing, but it wasn't everything  I'd get up to his mouth-hole, you know, and he'd say no, it wasn't the accident exactly but it was because he couldn't see her through the eye-holes  He said that that was making him feel so bad  Can you imagine? I'm telling you, the man's heart was breaking because he couldn't turn his goddamn head and 'see' his goddamn wife "
      Mel looked around the table and shook his head at what he was going to say 
      "I mean, it was killing the old fart just because he couldn't 'look' at the fucking woman "

Lish also cut out eight paragraphs at the end, in which Terri communicates her worry over Herb's depression to Laura and Nick, and another aspect of love is shown as Laura comforts Terri, tying together all the types of love discussed in the story 

Editing
There was some contention between Raymond Carver and his editor Gordon Lish over several stories in the collection; the author complained about the "surgical amputation and transplant that might make them someway fit into the carton so the lid will close " Eventually, the book was published with Lish's extensive alterations, and received critical acclaim 
Shortly before his death, Carver arranged the publication of his own selection of 37 of his stories, Where I'm Calling From: Selected Tales   He included some stories as edited by Lish, some restored  from his original manuscripts, and some unpublished stories  
Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, fought with Knopf for permission to republish the 17 stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver  These original versions eventually appeared in Beginners, published by Jonathan Cape in 2009, and in the Library of America volume Collected Stories 

In popular culture
The stories "So Much Water So Close to Home" and "Tell the Women We're Going" were adapted for Robert Altman's 1993 feature film Short Cuts  The former was the inspiration for the Paul Kelly song "Everything's Turning to White" on the album So Much Water So Close to Home and was also later adapted for the 2006 film Jindabyne 
The story "Why Don't You Dance?" serves as the basis for the award-winning 2004 short film Everything Goes as well as for the 2010 feature film Everything Must Go 
The 2012 film Stuck in Love uses the quote, "I could hear my heart beating  I could hear everyone's heart  I could hear the human noise we sat there making, not one of us moving, not even when the room went dark" from "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as the main character's, author Bill Borgens's, favorite quote  They are the last words spoken in the film 
Alejandro González Iñárritu's 2014 film Birdman or: The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance depicts an eclipsed Hollywood star, Riggan Thomson, who mounts a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The Broadway production includes several aspects of the Carver story—such as the four friends telling stories over a bottle of gin, and Mel's story about the couple in the car crash—but also includes other, more melodramatic storylines that are not part of the Carver story  Thomson attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Carver written on a cocktail napkin 
Passage 10:
Love Is on the Way
Love Is On the Way may refer to:

Love Is On the Way (album), a 1998 compilation album by American R&B/soul singer Luther Vandross
"Love Is On the Way" (song), a 1992 song by American rock band Saigon Kick
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Billy Porter, released on The First Wives Club soundtrack, later covered by Celine Dion
"Love Is On the Way", a song by R  Kelly from the 1995 album R  Kelly
"Love is On the Way", a song by Natalie Cole from the 1985 album Dangerous
"Love is On the Way", a song by Dave Koz from the 1999 album The Dance
"Love is On the Way", a 2004 single by Little Louie Vega and Blaze
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Austins Bridge from the 2010 album Times Like These
"Love Is On The Way", a song by Viktor Lazlo from the 1996 album Back to Front

See also
"Good Love is On the Way", a song by the John Mayer Trio from the 2005 album Try!
"My Love Is On the Way", a song from the 1954 musical The Golden Apple
Passage 11:
WMMW
WBOM (1470 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Meriden, Connecticut, and covering Central Connecticut  The station broadcasts an R&B format, aimed at the Hartford area  The station is owned by Full Power Radio, through Red Wolf Broadcasting Corporation  WBOM's programming is also heard on FM translator W273DS (102 5); the station's branding emphasizes the FM frequency 

History
The station's original construction permit was granted by the Federal Communications Commission on January 2, 1947; it was initially assigned the call sign WMMB, but changed to WMMW on March 4  It began broadcasting June 8, 1947, on 1470 kHz with 1,000 watts of power  The station was licensed to Silver City Crystal Company  An FM sister station, WMMW-FM (95 7), would be added by that December On March 5, 2014, Buckley Broadcasting announced that it would sell its Connecticut radio stations, including WMMW, to Connoisseur Media  The sale was completed on July 7, 2014, at a price of $7,922,035  Connoisseur sold WMMW, along with the other Talk of Connecticut stations (except for WWCO in Waterbury), WDRC-FM in Hartford, and W272DO in New Haven, to Red Wolf Broadcasting for $8 million in January 2018; the sale was completed on March 29, 2018 The call sign was changed to WBOM on April 28, 2020  The station went silent in March 2022, and returned as "The New 102 5" on March 11, 2022 
Passage 12:
Morals for Women
Morals for Women (known in the UK as Farewell Party and in re-release as Big City Interlude) is a 1931 American pre-Code film produced and released by Tiffany Pictures, often considered a low budget studio  The film stars Bessie Love and Conway Tearle  It is preserved at the Library of Congress, has been released on DVD, and is in the public domain 
This film is a follow-up to Tiffany's 1925 silent Morals for Men, which also starred Conway Tearle and is also preserved at the Library of Congress 

Plot
Stenographer and gold digger Helen Huston (Love) has a personal relationship with her employer Van Dyne (Tearle), who has set her up in an apartment on Park Avenue  Her childhood beau visits New York and proposes to her, which prompts her to return to her hometown and seek advice from her family  News of her living situation is the talk of her hometown  In defending Helen's honor, her younger brother injures the town bully and must pay his large hospital bill  Helen returns to her New York boss to get the money  Her hometown sweetheart interrupts one of her parties to see her, and even upon learning about Helen's relationship with her boss, he wants to marry her 

Cast
Reception
The film received lukewarm reviews, and the morality of the story was questioned 
Passage 13:
The Pigskin Palooka
The Pigskin Palooka is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 159th Our Gang short (160th episode, 70th talking short, and 71st talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Having written of his football heroics in military school, Alfalfa returns home to a hero's welcome  But the fact is that Alfalfa never played a game in his life and borrowed Rex's, a classmate and football player's uniform to take a picture, angering him as well  No sooner has he stepped off the train than his old pal Spanky, manager of the gang's football team, informs Alfalfa that he's been slated to be star player in an upcoming gridiron battle—which is to be staged within the next few hours  Alfalfa winds up winning the game in a total fluke, which Buckwheat and Porky helped cause 

Cast
The Gang
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Pete The Pup as himself

Additional cast
Rex Downing as Cadet (photographer)
Gary Jasgur as Junior (timekeeper)
Cullen Johnson as Scorekeeper
Dickie Jones as Spike
Sidney Kibrick as Spike's sidekick
Delmar Watson as Captain of the military academy's football team

Members of Spanky's team
Daniel Boone, John Collum, Charles Flickinger, Larry Harris, Paul Hilton, Darwood Kaye, Tommy McFarland, Donald Proffitt, Drew Roddy, Harold Switzer

Members of Spike's team
Hugh Chapman, Dix Davis, Barry Downing, Roger McGee, Fred Walburn, Robert Winkler

Game spectators and band players
Barry Downing, Bobby Callahan, Dix Davis, Floyd Fisher, Vincent Graeff, Payne B  Johnson, Henry Lee, Joe Levine, Priscilla Lyon, Drew Roddy, Norman Salling, Joe Straunch, Jr , Fred Walburn, Robert Winckler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 14:
Raymond Carver
Raymond Clevie Carver Jr  (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet  He contributed to the revitalization of the American short story during the 1980s 

Early life
Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver  His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker  Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk  His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943 
Carver was educated at local schools in Yakima  In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family 
After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California  In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls  Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957  Their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born a year later  Carver worked as a delivery man, janitor, library assistant, and sawmill laborer, while Maryann worked as an administrative assistant, high school English teacher, salesperson, and waitress 

Writing career
Carver moved to Paradise, California, with his family in 1958 to be close to his mother-in-law  He became interested in writing while attending Chico State College and enrolled in a creative writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner, then a recent doctoral graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career  In 1961, Carver's first published story, "The Furious Seasons", appeared  More florid than his later work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner  "Furious Seasons" was later used as a title for a collection of stories published by Capra Press, and is part of the collection, No Heroics, Please and Call If You Need Me Carver continued his studies under the short story writer Richard Cortez Day (like Gardner, a recent PhD alumnus of the Iowa program) beginning in autumn 1960 at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California  He chose not to take the foreign language courses required by the English program and received a B A  in general studies in 1963  During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon, the college's literary magazine, in which he published several of his own pieces under his own name as well as the pseudonym John Vale With his B-minus average, exacerbated by his penchant to forsake coursework for literary endeavors, ballasted by a sterling recommendation from Day, Carver was accepted into the Iowa Writers' Workshop on a $1,000 fellowship for the 1963–1964 academic year  Homesick for California and unable to fully adjust to the program's upper middle class milieu, he only completed 12 credits out of the 30 required for a M A  degree or 60 for the M F A  degree  Although program director Paul Engle awarded him a fellowship for a second year of study after Maryann Carver personally interceded and compared her husband's plight to Tennessee Williams' deleterious experience in the program three decades earlier, Carver decided to leave the University of Iowa at the end of the semester  According to biographer Carol Sklenicka, Carver falsely claimed to have received an M F A  from Iowa in 1966 on later curricula vitae  Maryann, who postponed completing her education to support her husband's educational and literary endeavors, eventually graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977  After completing graduate work at Stanford, she briefly enrolled in the University of California, Santa Barbara's English doctoral program when Carver taught at the institution as a visiting lecturer in 1974 In the mid-1960s, Carver and his family resided in Sacramento, California, where he briefly worked at a bookstore before taking a position as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital  He did all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then wrote through the rest of his shift  He audited classes at what was then Sacramento State College, including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz  Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver wrote and published his first book of poems, Near Klamath, under Schmitz's guidance 1967 was a landmark year for Carver with the appearance of "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?" in Martha Foley's annual Best American Short Stories anthology and the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College  He briefly enrolled in the library science graduate program at the University of Iowa that summer but returned to California following the death of his father  Shortly thereafter, the Carvers relocated to Palo Alto, California, so he could take his first white-collar job, at Science Research Associates, a subsidiary of IBM in nearby Menlo Park, California, where he worked intermittently as a textbook editor and public relations director through 1970 Following a 1968 sojourn to Israel, the Carvers relocated to San Jose, California; as Maryann finished her undergraduate degree, he continued his graduate studies in library science at San Jose State through the end of 1969 before failing once again to take a degree  During this period, he established vital literary connections with Gordon Lish, who worked across the street from Carver as director of linguistic research at Behavioral Research Laboratories, and the poet/publisher George Hitchcock After the publication of "Neighbors" in the June 1971 issue of Esquire at the instigation of Lish (by now ensconced as the magazine's fiction editor), Carver began to teach at the University of California, Santa Cruz at the behest of provost James B  Hall, an Iowa alumnus and early mentor to Ken Kesey at the University of Oregon, commuting from his new home in Sunnyvale, California 
Having endured a succession of failed applications to the Stegner Fellowship, Carver was admitted to the prestigious non-degree Stanford University graduate creative writing program for the 1972–1973 term, where he cultivated friendships with Kesey-era luminaries Ed McClanahan and Gurney Norman in addition to contemporaneous fellows Chuck Kinder, Max Crawford, and William Kittredge  The $4,000 stipend enabled the Carvers to buy a house in Cupertino, California  He also took on another teaching job at the University of California, Berkeley that year and briefly rented a pied-à-terre in the city; this development was precipitated by his initiation of an extramarital affair with Diane Cecily, a University of Montana administrator and mutual friend of Kittredge who would subsequently marry Kinder During his years of working at miscellaneous jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started abusing alcohol  By his own admission, he gave up writing and took to full-time drinking  In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a visiting lecturer in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing  With the assistance of Kinder and Kittredge, he attempted to simultaneously commute to Berkeley and maintain his lectureship at Santa Cruz; after missing all but a handful of classes due to the inherent logistical hurdles of this arrangement and various alcohol-related illnesses, Hall gently enjoined Carver to resign his position  The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Carver went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism, but continued drinking for another three years His first short story collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, was published in 1976  The collection itself was shortlisted for the National Book Award, though it sold fewer than 5,000 copies that year 

Personal life and death
Decline of first marriage
The following excerpt from Scott Driscoll's review of Maryann Burk Carver's 2006 memoir describes the decline of her and Raymond's marriage 

The fall began with Ray's trip to Missoula, Mont , in '72 to fish with friend and literary helpmate Bill Kittredge  That summer Ray fell in love with Diane Cecily, an editor at the University of Montana, whom he met at Kittredge's birthday party  "That's when the serious drinking began  It broke my heart and hurt the children  It changed everything "
"By fall of '74", writes Carver, "he was more dead than alive  I had to drop out of the PhD program so I could get him cleaned up and drive him to his classes"  Over the next several years, Maryann's husband physically abused her  Friends urged her to leave Raymond 
"But I couldn't  I really wanted to hang in there for the long haul  I thought I could outlast the drinking  I'd do anything it took  I loved Ray, first, last and always "
Carver describes, without a trace of rancor, what finally put her over the edge  In the fall of '78, with a new teaching position at the University of Texas at El Paso, Ray started seeing Tess Gallagher, a writer from Port Angeles, who would become his muse and wife near the end of his life  "It was like a contretemps  He tried to call me to talk about where we were  I missed the calls  He knew he was about to invite Tess to Thanksgiving " So he wrote a letter instead 

"I thought, I've gone through all those years fighting to keep it all balanced  Here it was, coming at me again, the same thing  I had to get on with my own life  But I never fell out of love with him "
After being hospitalized three times between June 1976 and February or March 1977, Carver began his "second life" and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous  While he continued to regularly smoke marijuana and later experimented with cocaine at the behest of Jay McInerney during a 1980 visit to New York City, Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 had he not overcome his drinking 

Second marriage
In November 1977, Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas  Gallagher later remembered feeling "as if my life until then had simply been a rehearsal for meeting him " Beginning in January 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, Washington, and in Tucson, Arizona  
In 1980, the two moved to Syracuse, New York, where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University; Carver taught as a professor in the English department  He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue  In ensuing years, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" in order to be left alone  
In 1982, he and his first wife, Maryann, were divorced In 1988, six weeks prior to his death, Carver and Gallagher married in Reno, Nevada 

Death
On August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50  In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters  He is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, Washington  The inscription on his tombstone reads:

His poem "Gravy" is also inscribed 
As Carver's will directed, Tess Gallagher assumed the management of his literary estate 

Awards and memorials
Carver was nominated for the National Book Award for his first major-press collection, "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please" in 1977 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his third major-press collection, Cathedral (1984), the volume generally perceived as his best  Included in the latter collection are the award-winning stories "A Small, Good Thing", and "Where I'm Calling From"  John Updike selected the latter for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century  For his part, Carver perceived Cathedral as a watershed in his career for its shift toward a more optimistic and confidently poetic style amid the diminution of Lish's literary influence 
Carver won five O  Henry Awards with "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What Is It?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988) In Carver's birth town of Clatskanie, Oregon, a memorial park and statue are at the corner of Lillich and Nehalem Streets, across from the library  A block away is the building where Carver was born 

Legacy and posthumous publications
In December 2006, Gallagher published an essay in The Sun magazine, titled "Instead of Dying", about alcoholism and Carver's having maintained his sobriety  The essay is an adaptation of a talk she initially delivered at the Welsh Academy's Academi Intoxication Conference in 2006  The first lines read: "Instead of dying from alcohol, Raymond Carver chose to live  I would meet him five months after this choice, so I never knew the Ray who drank, except by report and through the characters and actions of his stories and poems "Chuck Kinder's Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale (2001) is a roman à clef about his friendship with Carver in the 1970s  Carver's high school sweetheart and first wife, Maryann Burk Carver, wrote a memoir of her years with Carver, What it Used to be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver (2006) 
In 2009, The New York Times Book Review and San Francisco Chronicle named Carol Sklenicka's unauthorized biography, Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life (2009), published by Scribner, one of the Best Ten Books of that year; and the San Francisco Chronicle deemed it: "exhaustively researched and definitive biography"  Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, refused to engage with Sklenicka His final (incomplete) collection of seven stories, titled Elephant in Britain (included in "Where I'm Calling From") was composed in the five years before his death  The nature of these stories, especially "Errand", have led to some speculation that Carver was preparing to write a novel  Only one piece of this work has survived – the fragment "The Augustine Notebooks", first printed in No Heroics, Please Tess Gallagher fought with Knopf for permission to republish the stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver, as opposed to the heavily edited and altered versions that appeared in 1981 under the editorship of Gordon Lish  On October 1, 2009, the book, entitled Beginners, was released in hardback in Great Britain, followed by its publication in the Library of America edition which collected all of Carver's short fiction in a single volume The Raymond Carver Reading Series at Syracuse University is a reading series program which annually brings 12 to 14 prominent writers to the campus  It is presented by the Creative Writing Program in SU's College of Arts and Sciences 

Literary characteristics
Carver's career emphasized short stories and poetry  He described himself as "inclined toward brevity and intensity" and "hooked on writing short stories" (in the foreword of Where I'm Calling From, a collection published in 1988 and a recipient of an honorable mention in the 2006 New York Times article citing the best works of fiction of the previous 25 years)  Another stated reason for his brevity was "that the story [or poem] can be written and read in one sitting " This was not simply a preference but, particularly at the beginning of his career, a practical consideration as he juggled writing with work  His subject matter was often focused on blue-collar experience, and was clearly reflective of his own life Characteristics of minimalism are generally seen as one of the hallmarks of Carver's work, although, as reviewer David Wiegand notes:
Carver never thought of himself as a minimalist or in any category, for that matter 
"He rejected categories generally," Sklenicka says  "I don't think he had an abstract mind at all  He just wasn't built that way, which is why he's so good at picking the right details that will stand for many things "
Carver's editor at Esquire, Gordon Lish, was instrumental in shaping his prose in this direction – where his earlier tutor John Gardner had advised Carver to use fifteen words instead of twenty-five, Lish instructed Carver to use five in place of fifteen  Objecting to the "surgical amputation and transplantation" of Lish's heavy editing, Carver eventually broke with him  During this time, Carver also submitted poetry to James Dickey, then poetry editor of Esquire 
Carver's style has also been described as dirty realism, which connected him with a group of writers in the 1970s and 1980s that included Richard Ford and Tobias Wolff with both of whom Carver was closely acquainted, as well as others such as Ann Beattie, Frederick Barthelme, and Jayne Anne Phillips  With the exception of Beattie, who wrote about upper-middle-class people, these were writers who focused on sadness and loss in the everyday lives of ordinary people—often lower-middle class or isolated and marginalized people In his essay "On Influence", Carver states that, while he was an admirer of Ernest Hemingway's fiction, he never saw him as an influence, citing instead the work of Lawrence Durrell 

Works
Fiction
Collections
Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (first published 1976)
Furious Seasons and other stories (1977)
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981)
Cathedral (1983)
Elephant (1988) – this title only published in Great Britain; included as a section of Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories in the U S 
Beginners (2009)

Compilations
Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories (1988)
Short Cuts: Selected Stories (1993) – published to accompany the Robert Altman film Short Cuts
Collected Stories (2009) – complete short fiction including Beginners (see section above for wiki-link)

Poetry
Collections
Near Klamath (1968)
Winter Insomnia (1970)
At Night The Salmon Move (1976)
Fires (1983)
Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)
Ultramarine (1986)
A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)
Gravy (Unknown year)

Compilations
In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)
All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)

Screenplays
Dostoevsky (1982, with Tess Gallagher) (published in 1985)
Purple Lake (1983, with Michael Cimino) (unpublished)

Films and theatre adaptations
Short Cuts directed by Robert Altman (1993), based on nine Carver short stories and a poem
Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko (2004), starring Hugo Weaving, Abbie Cornish and Sullivan Stapleton based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Whoever Was Using This Bed, also directed by Andrew Kotatko (2016), starring Jean-Marc Barr, Radha Mitchell and Jane Birkin, based on Carver's short story of the same name
Jindabyne directed by Ray Lawrence (2006), based on Carver's short story "So Much Water So Close to Home"
Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush (2010), and starring Will Ferrell, based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), directed by Alejandro G  Iñárritu, depicts the mounting of a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The film's main character, Riggan Thomson, attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Raymond Carver written on a cocktail napkin  The film also preludes with Carver's poem "Late Fragment " In February 2015, Birdman won four Oscars, including the Academy Award for Best Picture 
Passage 15:
Night 'n' Gales
Night 'n' Gales is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 156th Our Gang short (157th episode, 68th talking short, and 69th talking episode that was released 

Plot
Though he would rather spend his evening in peace and quiet, Mr  Hood (Johnny Arthur) is forced to endure the offkey harmonizing of The Four Nightengales, a junior singing aggregation composed of Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat and Porky 
After interminable choruses of "Home! Sweet Home!", the four boys are finally ready to leave, but are forced to stay in the Hood home due to a sudden thunderstorm  Both Darla and her mother are delighted, but Mr  Hood is dismayed, especially when he is told that he must share his bed with the Four Nightengales  Driven crazy by the boys' unintentionally disruptive shenanigans, Mr  Hood escapes to the living room and tries to sleep on the couch, covering himself with a bear rug to keep warm  Naturally, the gang mistake him for a real bear, and comic chaos ensues 

Notes
Comedian Johnny Arthur, who played Spanky McFarland's absent-minded father in Anniversary Trouble, returns as Darla's father in Night 'n' Gales  He was so popular with audiences that he played Darla's father once again in Feed 'em and Weep 

Cast
The Gang
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Gary Jasgur as Junior

Additional cast
Johnny Arthur as Arthur Hood, Darla's father
Elaine Shepard as Darla's mother

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 16:
Freak Talks About Sex
Freak Talks About Sex, released for home video as Blowin' Smoke (its working title was Syracuse Muse), is a 1999 film starring Steve Zahn and Josh Hamilton  The movie was shot in Auburn and Syracuse, New York  It deals with issues such as love, sex, life after college, and living in a medium-sized city, in this case Syracuse 

Plot
Dave Keenan (Josh Hamilton) left Syracuse for a new life in Arizona  When that didn't work out, he moved back to Syracuse  He works a dead-end job at a department store in a mall, his car has broken down (and the mechanic is taking forever to fix it) and his ex-girlfriend (Arabella Field) wants him to join her in New York City  To make matters more complicated, one of his co-workers, a high school girl named Nichole (Heather McComb) seems to be getting romantically interested in him  His best friend Freak (Steve Zahn) is around for him to hang out with and offer such choice philosophical observations, like "I can't think of a single movie that couldn't be improved by a lesbian sex scene " Dave is stuck in a rut and has to decide what to do with his life 

Soundtrack
Tugboat Annie - "Stay Inside"
The Wrench - "Girl"
Scary Chicken - "Favorite Channel"
Chic - "Le Freak"
The Tortillas You Wanted - "Girls and Cars"
Blondie - "Heart of Glass"

External links
A trailer for the movie
Freak Talks About Sex at IMDb
Freak Talks About Sex at Rotten Tomatoes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815 between the British Army under Major General Sir Edward Pakenham and the United States Army under Brevet Major General Andrew Jackson, roughly 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the French Quarter of New Orleans, in the current suburb of Chalmette, Louisiana The battle was the climax of the five-month Gulf Campaign (September 1814 to February 1815) by Britain to try to take New Orleans, West Florida, and possibly Louisiana Territory which began at the First Battle of Fort Bowyer  Britain started the New Orleans campaign on December 14, 1814, at the Battle of Lake Borgne and numerous skirmishes and artillery duels happened in the weeks leading up to the final battle 
The battle took place 15 days after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the War of 1812, on December 24, 1814, though it would not be ratified by the United States (and therefore did not take effect) until February 16, 1815, as news of the agreement had not yet reached the United States from Europe  Despite a large British advantage in numbers, training, and experience, the American forces defeated a poorly executed assault in slightly more than 30 minutes  The Americans suffered just 71 casualties, while the British suffered over 2,000, including the deaths of the commanding general, Major General Sir Edward Pakenham, and his second-in-command, Major General Samuel Gibbs 

Background
In August 1814, Britain and the United States began negotiations to end the War of 1812  However, British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Henry Bathurst issued Pakenham's secret orders on October 24, 1814, commanding him to continue the war even if he heard rumors of peace  Bathurst expressed concern that the United States might not ratify a treaty and did not want Pakenham either to endanger his forces or miss an opportunity for victory  Prior to that, in August 1814, Vice Admiral Cochrane had convinced the Admiralty that a campaign against New Orleans would weaken American resolve against Canada and hasten a successful end to the war There was a major concern that the British and their Spanish allies wanted to reclaim the territories of the Louisiana Purchase because they did not recognize any land deals made by Napoleon (first the 1800 transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France and then the 1803–1804 transfer of Louisiana from France to the United States) so that was the reason why the British invaded New Orleans in the middle of the Treaty of Ghent negotiations  If the British had won the Battle of New Orleans, they would have likely interpreted that all territories gained from the 1803 Louisiana Purchase would be void and not part of U S  territory  It has been claimed that British military communications indicate that Great Britain intended to take and keep New Orleans, which would have halted the westward expansion of the United States  This is contradicted by the content of Bathurst's correspondence, and disputed by Latimer, with specific reference to correspondence from the Prime Minister to the Foreign Secretary dated December 23, 1814 

Opposing forces
Prelude
Lake Borgne
Sixty British ships had anchored in the Gulf of Mexico to the east of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne by December 14, 1814, under the command of Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane  An American flotilla of five gunboats, commanded by Lieutenant Thomas ap Catesby Jones, blocked British access to the lakes  On December 14, around 980 British sailors and Royal Marines under Captain Nicholas Lockyer, set out to attack Jones's force  Lockyer's men sailed in 42 rowboats, almost all armed with a small carronade  Lockyer captured Jones's vessels in a brief engagement  Casualties included 17 British sailors killed and 77 wounded, while 6 Americans were killed, 35 wounded, and the remaining crews captured  The wounded included both Jones and Lockyer 
One unintended consequence is that it is believed the gunboat crews in captivity were able to mislead the British as to Jackson's strength in numbers, when they were questioned  There is a popular story concerning Purser Thomas Shields and Surgeon Robert Morrell, who were sent under a flag of truce to negotiate the return of the prisoners on parole  They were placed in a cabin, where their conversation could be heard  Shields, having hearing difficulties, talked loudly and mentioned that 20,000 troops were under Jackson's command  There was nothing in the actions of the British commanders to indicate they believed they were faced with superior numbers 

Disembarkation by the British
Sixteen hundred British soldiers under the command of General John Keane were rowed 60 miles west from Cat Island to Pea Island (possibly now Pearl Island), situated about 30 miles (48 km) east of New Orleans  It took six days and nights to ferry the troops, each transit taking around ten hours There were three potential routes to the east of the Mississippi that the British could take, in addition to traversing up the Mississippi itself   Rather than a slow approach to New Orleans up the Mississippi River, the British chose to advance on an overland route  The first route was to take the Rigolets passage into Lake Pontchartrain, and thence to disembark two miles north of the city  One hindrance was the fort at Petit Coquilles at the Rigolets passage 
The second option was to row to the Plain of Gentilly via the Bayou Chef Menteur, and to take the Chef Menteur Road that went from the Rigolets to the city  It was narrow, and could be easily blocked  Jackson was aware of this, and had it well guarded The third option was to head to Bayou Bienvenue, then Bayou Mazant and via the Villeré Canal to disembark at a point one mile from the Mississippi and seven miles south of the city  This latter option was taken by Keane Andrew Lambert notes that Keane squandered a passing opportunity to succeed, when he decided to not take the open road to New Orleans  Reilly observes that there has been a general acceptance that Cochrane cajoled Keane into a premature and ill-advised attack, but there is no evidence to support this theory  Codrington's correspondence does imply that the first option was intended to be followed by Cochrane, based upon inaccurate map details, as documented by Cochrane's papers  The shallow waters of the narrow passes of the Rigolets and the Chef Menteur could not take any vessel drawing eight feet or more A further hindrance was the lack of shallow draft vessels, which Cochrane had requested, yet the Admiralty had refused  As a consequence, even when using all shallow boats, it was not possible to transport more than 2,000 men at a time 

Villeré Plantation
On the morning of December 23, Keane and a vanguard of 1,800 British soldiers reached the east bank of the Mississippi River, 9 miles (14 km) south of New Orleans  They could have attacked the city by advancing a few hours up the undefended river road, but Keane decided to encamp at Lacoste's Plantation and wait for the arrival of reinforcements  The British invaded the home of Major Gabriel Villeré, but he escaped through a window and hastened to warn General Jackson of the approaching army and the position of their encampment   According to historian Stanley Clisby Arthur: 'At the close of Major Villeré's narrative the General drew up his figure, bowed with disease and weakness, to its full height, and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow upon the table with his clenched fist, exclaimed: "By the Eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil!"

Commencement of battle
Jackson's raid on the British camp
Following Villeré's intelligence report, on the evening of December 23, Jackson led 2,131 men in a brief three-pronged assault from the north on the unsuspecting British troops, who were resting in their camp  He then pulled his forces back to the Rodriguez Canal, about 4 miles (6 4 km) south of the city  The Americans suffered 24 killed, 115 wounded, and 74 missing, while the British reported their losses as 46 killed, 167 wounded, and 64 missing  Consequentially, as at December 25 Pakenham's forces now had an effective strength of 5,933 out of a headcount of 6,660 soldiers  Historian Robert Quimby states that the British won a "tactical victory, which enabled them to maintain their position", but they "were disabused of their expectation of an easy conquest"  As a consequence, the Americans gained time to transform the canal into a heavily fortified earthwork 

British reconnaissance-in-force
On Christmas Day, General Edward Pakenham arrived on the battlefield  Two days later he received nine large naval artillery guns from Admiral Cochrane along with a hot shot furnace to silence the two U S  Navy warships, the sloop-of-war USS Louisiana and the schooner USS Carolina, that were harassing the army for 24 hours per day the past week from the Mississippi River  The Carolina was sunk in a massive explosion by the British, but the Louisiana survived thanks to the Baratarian pirates aboard getting into rowboats and tying the ship to the rowboats and rowing it further north away from the British artillery  The Louisiana was not able to sail northward under her own power due to the attack  These two vessels were now no longer a danger to the British, but Jackson ordered the ships' surviving guns and crew to be stationed on the west bank and provide covering fire for any British assault on the river road to Line Jackson (name of the U S  defensive line at the Rodriguez Canal) and New Orleans  After silencing the two ships, Pakenham ordered a reconnaissance-in-force on December 28 against the earthworks  The reconnaissance-in-force was designed to test Line Jackson and see how well-defended it was, and if any section of the line was weak the British would take advantage of the situation, break through, and call for thousands of more soldiers to smash through the defenses  On the right side of this offensive the British soldiers successfully sent the militia defenders into a retreating panic with their huge show of force and were just a few hundred yards from breaching the defensive line, but the left side of the reconnaissance-in-force turned into tragedy for the British  The surviving artillery guns from the two neutralized warships successfully defended the section of Line Jackson closest to the Mississippi River with enfilading fire, making it look like the British offensive completely failed even though on the section closest to the swamp the British were on the verge of breaking through  Pakenham inexplicably decided to withdraw all the soldiers after seeing the left side of his reconnaissance-in-force collapsing and retreating in panic  The British suffered 16 killed and 43 wounded and the Americans suffered 7 killed and 10 wounded  Luck saved Line Jackson on this day and this was the closest the British came during the whole campaign to defeating Jackson After the failure of this operation Pakenham met with General Keane and Admiral Cochrane that evening for an update on the situation  Pakenham wanted to use Chef Menteur Pass as the invasion route, but he was overruled by Admiral Cochrane, who insisted that his boats were providing everything needed  Admiral Cochrane believed that the veteran British soldiers would easily destroy Jackson's ramshackle army, and he allegedly said that if the army did not do it, his sailors would, and the meeting settled the method and place of the attack 

When the British reconnaissance force withdrew, the Americans immediately began constructing earthworks to protect the artillery batteries, further strengthening Line Jackson  They installed eight batteries, which included one 32-pound gun, three 24-pounders, one 18-pounder, three 12-pounders, three 6-pounders, and a 6-inch (150 mm) howitzer  Jackson also sent a detachment to the west bank of the Mississippi to man two 24-pounders and two 12-pounders on the grounded warship USS Louisiana  Even so, the British greatly outnumbered the Americans  Jackson's total of 4,732 men was made up of 968 Army regulars, 58 Marines (holding the center of the defensive line), 106 Navy seamen, 1,060 Louisiana militia and volunteers (including 462 Black people), 1,352 Tennessee militia, 986 Kentucky militia, 150 Mississippi militia, and 52 Choctaw warriors, along with a force from pirate Jean Lafitte's Baratarians   Jackson in the first week of the New Orleans land campaign that began on December 23 also had the support of the warships in the Mississippi River, including USS Louisiana, USS Carolina, the schooner USS Eagle, and the steamboat Enterprise   The naval warships were neutralized by the heavy naval artillery guns brought in by Pakenham and Cochrane a few days after Christmas  Major Thomas Hinds' Squadron of Light Dragoons, a militia unit from the Mississippi Territory, arrived at the battle on December 22 

Artillery duel
The main British army arrived on New Year's Day 1815 and began an artillery bombardment of the American earthworks  Jackson's headquarters, Macarty House, was fired at for the first 10 minutes of the skirmish while Jackson and his officers were eating breakfast  The house was completely destroyed but Jackson and the officers escaped harm  The Americans recovered quickly and mobilized their own artillery to fire back at the British artillery  This began an exchange of artillery fire that continued for three hours  Several of the American guns were silenced, including the 32-pounder, a 24-pounder, and a 12-pounder, while some damage was done to the earthworks  The British suffered even greater, losing 13 guns (5 British batteries out of 7 total batteries were silenced by the Americans)  The remaining British artillery finally exhausted its ammunition, and Pakenham canceled the attack  Major General Gibbs during the artillery duel sent soldiers to try to outflank Line Jackson on the right due to the near-success of the December 28 skirmish  A combined force of Tennessee militia and Choctaw warriors used heavy small arms fire to repel this maneuver  The Tennessee and Choctaw soldiers even moved forward in front of Line Jackson and counterattacked, guerrilla-style, to guarantee the British withdrawal  After yet another failure to breach Line Jackson Pakenham decided to wait for his entire force of 8,000 men to assemble before continuing his attack  (The 40th Foot arrived too late, disembarking on 12 January 1815 ) The British lost 45 killed and 55 wounded in the artillery duel and the Americans lost 11 killed and 23 wounded  British morale completely collapsed after expecting an easy, bloodless victory against an opposing army heavily composed of, in their minds, non-professional militia, pirates, and squirrel hunters during the past 3 battles in the previous 10 days  Hundreds of shell-shocked British soldiers refused to follow orders and retrieve damaged but repairable guns that were abandoned in the battlefield during the afternoon  Pakenham had to personally lead the soldiers to retrieve the guns later that night 

Battle
The Americans had constructed three lines of defense, with the forward line four miles south of the city  It was strongly entrenched at the Rodriguez Canal, which stretched from a swamp to the river, with a timber, loop-holed breastwork and earthworks for artillery  General Lambert and two infantry battalions totaling 1700 soldiers disembarked and reinforced the British on January 5 

Right Bank
The British battle plan was for an attack against the 20-gun west bank battery, then to turn those guns on the American line to assist the frontal attack  In the early morning of January 8, Pakenham gave his final orders for the two-pronged assault  Colonel William Thornton was to cross the Mississippi during the night with his force, move rapidly upriver, storm the battery commanded by Commodore Daniel Patterson on the flank of the main American entrenchments, and then open an enfilading fire on Jackson's line with the captured artillery, directly across from the earthworks manned by the vast majority of American troops  Keane was to lead a column along the river, and Major General Samuel Gibbs was to lead a column along the swamp  The brigade commanded by Major General John Lambert was held in reserve 
The British dug a canal to enable 42 small boats to get to the river  Preparations for the attack had foundered early on January 8, as the canal collapsed and the dam failed, leaving the sailors to drag the boats through the mud with Thornton's west bank assault force  This left the force starting off just before daybreak, 8 hours late according to Thornton's dispatch, assessed in 2008 to be 12 hours late  The frontal attack was not postponed, however, as the British hoped that the force on the west bank would create a diversion, even if they did not succeed in the assault The only British success of the battle was the delayed attack on the west bank of the Mississippi River, where Thornton's brigade of the 85th Regiment of Foot and detachments from the Royal Navy and Royal Marines 
attacked and overwhelmed the American line  The 700 militiamen were routed  The British had the advantage of the element of surprise  The decision by General Morgan to deploy his troops in two positions a mile apart, neither defensible, was favorable for the British  Morgan's mismanagement of his Kentucky and Louisiana militiamen was an open invitation to defeat  Whilst the retreat of the militia has been criticized, such a move was no less than prudent  An inquiry found that the conduct was 'not reprehensible'  Captain Rowland Money led the Navy detachment, and Brevet Major Thomas Adair led the Marines  Money was captain of HMS Trave, and Adair was the commanding officer of HMS Vengeur's detachment of Marines  As a consequence of the sides of the canal caved in and choked the passage that night, only enough boats got through to carry 600 men, being a third of the intended force  Thornton did not make allowance for the current, and it carried him about two miles below the intended landing place 
His brigade won their battle, but Thornton was badly wounded  Army casualties among the 85th Foot were two dead, one captured, and 41 wounded, the battalion reduced to 270 effectives on the Right Bank  Royal Navy casualties were two dead, Captain Rowland Money and 18 seamen wounded  Royal Marine casualties were two dead, with three officers, one sergeant, and 12 other ranks wounded  By contrast, the defenders' casualties were two dead, eleven wounded and nineteen missing  Both Jackson and Commodore Patterson reported that the retreating forces had spiked their cannon, leaving no guns to turn on the Americans' main defense line; Major Michell's diary, however, claims that he had "commenced cleaning enemy's guns to form a battery to enfilade their lines on the left bank"   General Lambert ordered his Chief of Artillery Colonel Alexander Dickson to assess the position  Dickson reported back that no fewer than 2,000 men would be required to hold the position  Lambert issued orders to withdraw after the defeat of their main army on the east bank and retreated, taking a few American prisoners and cannon with them  The Americans were so dismayed by the loss of this battery, which would be capable of inflicting much damage on their lines when the attack was renewed, that they were preparing to abandon the town when they received the news that the British were withdrawing, according to one British regimental historian  Reilly does not agree, but does note that Jackson was eager to send Humbert and 400 men to retake the position from Thornton's troops  Carson Ritchie goes as far to assert that 'it was not Pakenham, but Sir Alexander Dickson who lost the third battle of New Orleans' in consequence of his recommendation to evacuate the Right Bank  , and that 'he could think of nothing but defense' This success, being described as 'a brilliant exploit by the British, and a disgraceful exhibition [of General Morgan's leadership] by the Americans,' had no effect on the final outcome of the battle 

Left Bank
The main attack began in darkness and a heavy fog, but the fog lifted as the British neared the main American line, exposing them to withering artillery fire  Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Mullins, the British commander of the 44th Regiment of Foot, had forgotten the ladders and fascines needed to cross the eight-foot-deep and fifteen-foot-wide canal and scale the earthworks, and the British forces fell into confusion  Most of the senior officers were killed or wounded, including Major General Samuel Gibbs, who was killed leading the main attack column on the right, and Colonel Rennie, who led a detachment on the left by the river 

The Highlanders of the 93rd Regiment of Foot were ordered to leave Keane's assault column advancing along the river, possibly because of Thornton's delay in crossing the river and the artillery fire that might hit them, and to move across the open field to join the main force on the right  Keane fell wounded as he crossed the field with the 93rd  Rennie's men managed to attack and overrun an American advance redoubt next to the river, but they could neither hold the position nor successfully storm the main American line behind it without reinforcements  Within a few minutes, the American 7th Infantry arrived, moved forward, and fired upon the British in the captured redoubt; within half an hour, Rennie and nearly all of his men were dead  In the main attack on the right, the British infantrymen flung themselves to the ground, huddled in the canal, or were mowed down by a combination of musket fire and grapeshot from the Americans  A handful made it to the top of the parapet on the right, but they were killed or captured  The riflemen of the 95th Regiment of Foot had advanced in open skirmish order ahead of the main assault force and were concealed in the ditch below the parapet, unable to advance further without support 
The two large main assaults were repulsed  Pakenham and Gibbs were fatally wounded while on horseback by grapeshot fired from the earthworks  Major Wilkinson of the 21st Regiment of Foot reformed his lines and made a third assault  They were able to reach the entrenchments and attempted to scale them  Wilkinson made it to the top before being shot  The Americans were amazed at his bravery and carried him behind the rampart  The British soldiers stood out in the open and were shot apart with grapeshot from Line Jackson, including the 93rd Highlanders, having no orders to advance further or retreat  General Lambert was in the reserve and took command  He gave the order for his reserve to advance and ordered the withdrawal of the army  The reserve was used to cover the retreat of what was left of the British army in the field 
The inability of Thornton's troops to have taken the Right Bank at night, in advance of the main assault, meant that the British were enfiladed by the American batteries  It has been observed that Keane's failure, to have taken the Chef Menteur Road, was compounded when the aggressively natured Pakenham went ahead and launched a frontal assault before the vital flank operation on the other bank of the river had been completed, at a cost of over 2,000 casualties 

Analysis
The Battle of New Orleans was remarkable both for its apparent brevity and its casualties, though some numbers are in dispute and contradict the official statistics  The defenders of the Left Bank had casualties amounting to 11 killed and 23 wounded; American losses were only 13 killed, 39 wounded, and 19 missing or captured in total on that day  Robert Remini and Anthony S Pitch make reference to the British casualty reports of 291 killed, 1,262 wounded, and 484 missing, a total loss of 2,037 men  Among the prisoners taken when the British retreated from the battlefield, Jackson estimated three hundred were mortally wounded  Colonel Arthur P  Hayne's dispatch to Jackson dated January 13 estimated the British had 700 fatalities and 1400 wounded, with 501 prisoners of war in his custody  A reduction in headcount due to 443 British soldiers' deaths since the prior month was reported on January 25, which is lower than Hayne's estimate of 700 for the battle alone The large number of casualties suffered by the British on the Left Bank reflects their failure to maintain the element of surprise, with plenty of advance notice being given to the defenders, owing to the delays in executing the attack on the Right Bank  The failure of the British to have breached the parapet and conclusively eliminated the first line of defense was to result in high casualties as successive waves of men marching in column whilst the prepared defenders were able to direct their fire into a Kill zone, hemmed in by the riverbank and the swamp   Reilly supports the assertion that it was the American artillery that won the battle  The losses among the regiments out of range of small arms fire were disproportionately high, with almost every British account emphasizing the effect of heavy gunfire  In contrast, the riflemen of the 95th Foot in skirmish order, the most difficult target for artillery, had lost only 11 killed  Dickson's eyewitness account is clear that the British were only within musket shot range for less than five minutes  The account by Latour states the battalions of Plauché, Daquin, Lacoste, along with three quarters of the 44th US Infantry did not fire at all  In order to have inflicted such a heavy toll on the British, it would not have been possible to have done this primarily with musket fire, of which the best trained men could only manage two shots per minute  Unlike their British counterparts, the American forces had larger guns, and more of them  They were situated in well-protected earthworks, with a ditch and stockade  The Americans therefore had a number of advantages, but they should not minimize the skill and bravery of their gunners   Almost universal blame was assigned to Colonel Mullins of the 44th Foot which had been detailed to carry fascines and ladders to the front to enable the British soldiers to cross the ditch and scale the parapet and fight their way to the American breastwork  Mullins was found half a mile to the rear when he was needed at the front  Pakenham learned of Mullins' conduct and placed himself at the head of the 44th, endeavoring to lead them to the front with the implements needed to storm the works, when he fell wounded after being hit with grapeshot some 500 yards from the front line  He was hit again while being helped to mount a horse, this time mortally wounded 

Aftermath
Fort St  Philip
Fort St  Philip, manned by an American garrison, defended the river approach to New Orleans  British naval forces attacked the fort on January 9 but were unsuccessful, withdrawing after ten days of bombardment with exploding bomb shells from two bomb vessels  In a dispatch sent to the Secretary of War, dated January 19, Jackson stated: "I am strengthened not only by [the defeat of the British at New Orleans] 



ground_truth: Clatskanie

Clatskanie, Oregon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the federal leader of the party that Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu is a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Franck Biancheri
Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 – 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006   The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously 
Biancheri had previously founded the largest student association in Europe, European Students' Forum (AEGEE) in 1985 and the think tank LEAP/Europe2020 in 1998 

Biography
Biancheri was born in Nice, France   He lived in Cannes, and had one daughter 
From 1991, through several networks including the Promotheus-Europe group, he contributed to enhance relationship between the European Union and several parts of the world (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, the Arabic world, South America, Asia, and North America) 
In 1997, at Blair House, during an EU-US summit in Washington, he launches TIESWeb, the first transatlantic web portal dedicated to dialog between European and American civil societies In 2003 he was among the top twenty "heroes" for being a "French champion of European unity" in a poll by Time Europe 
From 2006, he was the scientific coordinator of the Leap2020 think tank 
Biancheri died on 30 October 2012   He had been seriously ill from cancer for four years 
Passage 2:
Jean-Pierre Sueur
Jean-Pierre Sueur (born 28 February 1947) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Loiret department   He is a member of the Socialist Party 
Passage 3:
Confederation of Regions Party of Canada
The Confederation of Regions Party (CoR) was a right-wing federal political party in Canada founded in 1984 by Elmer Knutson  It was founded as a successor to the Western Canada Federation (West-Fed), a non-partisan organization, to fight the Liberal Party of Canada  The CoR aimed to fill the void on the right of the political spectrum left by the decline of the Social Credit Party of Canada and the growing unpopularity among westerners of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada under the leadership of Brian Mulroney 
The party also attracted significant support as a protest vote against official bilingualism among some voters who were not necessarily ideologically opposed to mainstream Canadian political parties on other issues  The party proposed dividing Canada into four 'regions', western Canada, Atlantic Canada, Ontario and Quebec, each with an equal number of seats in the House of Commons of Canada In the 1984 federal election, it nominated 55 candidates, who won 65,655 votes in total, or 0 52% of the popular vote across the country   The party took 2 2% of the vote in Alberta and peaked with 6 7% in Manitoba 
In the 1988 federal election, its 51 candidates won 41,342 votes, 0 31% of the popular vote   One of its candidates was Paul Fromm, leader of the far-right groups Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform and Canadian Association for Free Expression  (See also: Confederation of Regions Party candidates, 1988 Canadian federal election) 
The party's greatest success came in New Brunswick, where its provincial wing, the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party, held the status of official opposition from 1991 to 1995  After the demise of CoR, many former supporters joined the Reform Party of Canada 

Provincial wings
The CoR captured about 2% of the vote in provincial elections in the 1988 Manitoba election and the 1990 Ontario election 

Alberta
The CoR's Alberta wing nominated candidates in the 1986 provincial election and the 1993 provincial election   In 1986, the party nominated 6 candidates, who won a total of 2,866 votes, or 0 40% of the total   In 1993, the party nominated 12 candidates, who won 3,556 votes, or 0 36% of the total 
On 17 June 1996, the Chief Electoral Officer of Alberta, cancelled the registration of the Confederation of Regions Party of Alberta and the party was struck from the Register of Alberta Political Parties because the party failed to comply with the registration requirements of the Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act  The COR Party was struck from the register because two conflicting groups in the party claimed different persons were officers of the party  The party presented different addresses of record  The conflicting groups had different interpretations of the COR Party Constitution  As the Chief Electoral Officer did not have the authority to resolve such issues, he referred the participants in the dispute to the courts  Neither side in the dispute applied to the courts in an effort to resolve the problem, and the party did not run any candidates 1997 election nor any election since 

Manitoba
New Brunswick
Ontario
Party program
The party program was set out in a website that aimed to re-establish CoR as a federal political party  Grammatical, punctuation and formatting errors have been left intact 

COR wants to become a nationwide Federal Party, and wishes to represent all Canadians who want to live in a true democracy, restore Canada's prosperity and rebuild its National Institutions We want to become an egalitarian, populist party slightly to the right of center in the political spectrumWe aspire to be the elected representative of all Canadians who embrace these views about their nation A Canada that follows a policy of "CANADA FIRST"A Canada that practices true democracy, where individual rights are paramount, majority rule is applied, minorities are protected by law and all citizens are equalA Canada that teaches its people about their true history, celebrates their contributions, achievements and sacrifices and takes pride in its unique heritage and traditionA Canada that is viewed by all as a land of "the true north, strong and free"A Canada whose multi-racial and multi-cultural heritage is acknowledged but where Canadian nationality is neither divided or hyphenated and where one official language and one legal system based on common law serves to unite its peopleWe believe that Canada has evolved into four economic, geographic, commercial and political regions which, has the potential to become one strong and united nation once Canadians have been allowed to draft and ratify a true Constitution for Canada at a constituent assemble of elected delegates COR (whose name is derived from its belief) believes that in such a "CONFEDERATION of REGIONS" EACH REGION SHOULD BE FREE TO DEVELOP ITS POTENTIAL TO THE FULL WHILST COMPLEMENTING THE CANADIAN NATION AS A WHOLEWe believe that during the last 25 years Canadians have been unable to change things because of the political and economic bankruptcy of old line parties who encourage the enshrinement of flawed vision of Canada's future, a politically imposed Canadian Constitution, the greed of big business and the existence of an "establishment" consists of institutionalized elites who strive to retain power by maintaining the status quo and perpetuating myths about Canada's past Our goals have been shaped by events of our times such as the latest recession that our politicians were eventually obliged to acknowledge and the presence of an ever growing number of homeless and hungry Canadian men, women and children who are now walking the streets and roads of this land in search of personal pride and dignity and a restored sense of what is means to be a Canadian Our policies have also been influenced by the cavalier attitude of the present government with regard to how its spends the taxpayer's dollar, its contempt for the nation's ever increasing national debt and its inability to address the rising unemployment that is eroding the foundations of Canadian society and which is now impacting negatively on Canadians from all walks of life THE OVERRIDING GOAL OF THE POLICIES IS TO RESTORE CANADIAN PROSPERITY AND BUILD CANADIAN DEMOCRACY 

See also
List of political parties in Canada
Passage 4:
Party leaders of the United States Senate
The positions of majority leader and minority leader are held by two United States senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate  They serve as the chief spokespersons for their respective political parties holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate  They are each elected as majority leader and minority leader by the senators of their party caucuses: the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference 
By Senate precedent, the presiding officer gives the majority leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate  The majority leader serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate, and is considered the most powerful member of the Senate  They also serve as the chief representative of their party in the entire Congress if the House of Representatives, and thus the office of the speaker of the House, is controlled by the opposition party  The Senate's executive and legislative business is also managed and scheduled by the majority leader                                                        
The assistant majority leader and assistant minority leader of the United States Senate, commonly called whips, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership  The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues  As the second-ranking members of Senate leadership, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader 

Current floor leaders
The Senate is currently composed of 49 Republicans, 48 Democrats, and 3 independents; all the independents caucus with the Democrats 
The current leaders are Senators Chuck Schumer (D) of New York and Mitch McConnell (R) of Kentucky  The current assistant leaders, or whips, are Senators Dick Durbin (D) of Illinois and John Thune (R) of South Dakota 

History
By at least 1850, parties in each chamber of Congress began naming chairs, and while conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority, the Senate party floor leader positions arose from the position of conference chair  Senate Democrats began the practice of electing their floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority  John W  Kern was a Democratic senator from Indiana  While the title was not official, the Senate website identifies Kern as the first Senate party leader, serving in that capacity from 1913 through 1917 (and in turn, the first Senate Democratic leader), while serving concurrently as chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus  In 1925, the Republicans (who were in the majority at the time) also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first (official) majority leader, although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first (unofficial) Senate majority leader 
The United States Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as president of the Senate  The Constitution also calls for a president pro tempore, to serve as the presiding officer when the president of the Senate (the vice president) is absent  In practice, neither the vice president nor the president pro tempore—customarily the most senior (longest-serving) senator in the majority party—actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party  Since the vice president may be of a different party from the majority and is not a Senate member subject to discipline, the rules of procedure of the Senate give the Vice President no power beyond the presiding role  For these reasons, it is the majority leader who, in practice, manages the Senate  This is in contrast to the House of Representatives, where the elected speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on legislative bills 

List of party leaders
The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920  The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 

See also
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
Vice President of the United States (President of the United States Senate)
Party divisions of United States Congresses
List of political parties in the United States

Notes
Passage 5:
Inky Mark
Inky Mark (Chinese: 麥鼎鴻; pinyin: Mài Dǐnghóng; born November 17, 1947) is a Canadian politician and a former member of the House of Commons of Canada, representing the Manitoba riding of Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette  Mark was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, although he frequently criticized and took positions opposite the party and its leader, Stephen Harper  Mark ran in the 2015 federal election, noting that he is now a Green Party of Canada member but that he would still run as an independent  He lost significantly 

Early life
Mark was born in Taishan, China, and moved to Manitoba as a child  Mark's father and grandfather had emigrated from China to Canada some time previously, but were unable to bring their families with them as a result of provisions in the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923  Mark accompanied his mother when she fled China in 1953, and subsequently settled with his family in the Manitoba community of Gilbert Plains 

Education
Mark has a Bachelor of Arts from Brandon University and a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Manitoba  Before entering political life, he worked as a high school teacher and small businessman  Mark also has a certificate in broadcasting and started a master's degree in education program, although he did not graduate 

Political career
Municipal politics
Mark's political career started when joined the Board of Directors of the Dauphin First United Church  He was subsequently elected to the Dauphin town council in 1991, and became the town's mayor in 1994 

Federal politics
Mark was first elected to the House of Commons in the federal election of 1997, running as a candidate of the Reform Party in the riding of Dauphin—Swan River  From 1997 to 2000, Mark was one of only three Chinese-Canadian MPs in the House of Commons 
The Reform Party dissolved itself in 2000 in favour of the Canadian Alliance, and Mark ran as a candidate of the new party in the federal election which followed On September 12, 2001, Mark left the Canadian Alliance caucus to sit as a member of the Democratic Representative Caucus, in alliance with the Progressive Conservative Party 
The DRC came to an end on April 10, 2002, when Stephen Harper replaced Day as Canadian Alliance leader   Every other member of the DRC requested to be re-admitted to the Alliance; Mark did not join them, but instead decided to sit as an "Independent Conservative", with the intention of rejoining the Progressive Conservatives at their annual party convention later in the year; he had been a Progressive Conservative before the early 1990s   Mark formally joined the Progressive Conservatives on August 27, 2002 
In December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party formally merged to create the new Conservative Party of Canada   Mark supported the merger, and formally joined the new party's caucus on February 2, 2004  Mark was easily re-elected in the Canadian federal election of 2004 
In 2005, Mark alleged that Treasury Board President and Liberal MP Reg Alcock offered him an ambassadorship if he were to resign his seat  Alcock responded by saying, "Frankly, if I was going to recruit somebody, I'd go a little higher up the gene pool " Mark called this comment racist and filed a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission  As the CHRC does not publish its investigations, it is not possible to know the outcome of this case 

Criticism and complaints
While a sitting MP, Mark gained a reputation as "an outsider" within the Conservative caucus   Mark is and has been an outspoken critic of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister's Office, and several sitting and former Conservative MPs  He frequently complained that Harper was controlling, and he responded by refusing to attend Conservative events  Mark has called Harper a "fascist" and complained that he runs a "top-down dictatorship"  He says that the Central Intelligence Agency is controlled by the United States' Republican Party, and that the Republican Party installed Stephen Harper as the Canadian Prime Minister in order to sell out Canada to the United States 
Following the announcement of his resignation, Mark complained that the nomination race for his successor was rigged, and allowed Robert Sopuck to be acclaimed without competition Following his resignation as an MP, Mark stepped up his criticisms of the Harper government  He complained that the nomination race for the Conservative candidate following the resignation of Labrador MP Peter Penashue was rigged because Harper "wants a candidate he can control"  He also complained that the nomination race to replace Merv Tweed was rigged, and that the eventual successor, Larry Maguire, was just a "rubber stamp" for Harper  Mark was featured prominently in the book Tragedy in the Commons, where almost every chapter quoted Mark's complaints about the way Harper's government was run 
Mark complained that the Conservatives' Constituent Information Management System (CIMS) was a secretive database used to track and control Canadians' information and voting preferences, and said that Harper could simply "switch off" this system to punish an MP 

Parliamentary work
For his tenure as an MP, Mark was always a "backbencher" In 2001, as the Alliance's parliamentary critic for Immigration, Mark was responsible for expressing his party's position on the Liberal government's Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, which he did during the immigration controversy involving the Sklarzyk family who, as a result of an administrative error, was deported from Canada to Poland in May 2001  He also contributed to the parliamentary committee's work in drafting the final version of the bill, and was generally regarded by MPs from all parties as having made several constructive criticisms to the legislation 
However, on June 13, 2001, Mark's position on the bill was undercut by Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day, who delivered a speech in parliament supporting tighter restrictions against refugee claimants and reduced opportunities for rejected claimants to appeal to the Refugee Board   Day's comments diverged from Mark's stated position on several particulars, and his speech was regarded as very surprising by many other MPs in the House of Commons  For example, Liberal MP Steve Mahoney referred to Day's comments as "treachery" towards Mark, for which he was ruled out of order by the Speaker 
In 2005, Mark's private members' Bill C-331 (Internment of Persons of Ukrainian Origin Recognition Act) was passed by the House of Commons and Senate of Canada, eventually resulting in the establishment of the Endowment Council of the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund, supporting educational and commemorative projects recalling Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920 

Federal resignation and return to municipal politics
Mark announced in June 2009 that he would be resigning before the next federal election  On August 16, 2010, he announced that he would step down as an MP on September 15 to campaign for another term as mayor of Dauphin  However, he lost to Eric Irwin 

Return to federal politics and switch to Green Party of Canada
Mark announced on November 13, 2014, that he would be running as an independent candidate for the 2015 federal election in Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa, which includes nearly all of his old riding  Mark announced that he is now a member of the Green Party of Canada, but would still seek election in 2015 as an independent candidate  Mark finished a distant fourth behind Sopuck, garnering only eight percent of the vote 

Electoral record
^  Change is from the total of Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance votes in the 2000 election  

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to Reform Party vote in 1997 election 
Passage 6:
Yane Yanev
Yane Yanev (Bulgarian: Яне Янев, born 22 April 1971) is a Bulgarian politician, leader of the center-right opposition party Order, Law and Justice and a member of the Bulgarian National Assembly  Known as an "anti-corruption hawk" that has brought to light many political scandals, Yanev is one of the most famous political players to emerge in Bulgaria in the past decade 
His stated political mission is the adoption of a new constitution, to replace the one adopted in the early 1990s with the fall of the former communist regime  Yanev has stated that he believes only such a "far-reaching and radical change" will allow Bulgaria to end the period of transition from communism to a law-abiding, democratic society  Following repeated threats concerning his life and health a Bulgarian-Israeli team has assumed twenty-four-hour security over the leader of RZS Yane Yanev, the press center of the party declared 

Early life
Yanev was born in Sandanski, a town in southwestern Bulgaria known for its agreeable climate and recreational resorts  He is son to Georgi Yanev and grandson to Yane Yanev (in whose honor he was named), both known as resistance figures to the communist regime  His grandfather served as mayor of the village Malak Tzalin for 11 years 
Yanev attended the local school in Sandanski and in 1990 entered the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, from which he matriculated with a degree in Agro-Engineering in 1994  He also pursued a master's degree in Economics and Management from the University of Plovdiv in 1992 to 1995 
During his student days he was active in student politics and was a member of the Students National Organization (Independent) 

Political involvement
Coming from a family long involved in agrarian politics, in his third year of university Yanev became a member of the National Alliance – Bulgarian Agricultural People's Union, and the chairman of its advisory board to the parliamentary group  He rose to prominence within the party and by the time Ivan Kostov became prime minister in 1997, he was a sought-after figure  After declining offers of positions in government, Yanev found himself in a hostile political environment that forced his resignation from politics 
He then worked as Chairman of the Board of Directors for the canned food and beverage company Kustendilski Plod 
In 2000 he returned to political involvement through the Agricultural People's Union and became the party chairman  He rose to national prominence in the early years of the decade by exposing to the public the fact the former King had abused his powers as Prime Minister (2001–2005) by privatizing state property that was formerly used by his family before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1946  Yanev also investigated abuses under the King's Minister of Finance Milen Velchev 
Yanev oversaw the transformation of the party in 2005 to Order, Law and Justice, maintaining the position of Secretary General in charge of overall organization, whilst the titular chairman position was given to former constitutional judge Georgi Markov  Following a failure to make significant electoral gains in the 2006 presidential elections, Markov resigned his position and Yanev unified the two posts under himself as chairman 

Member of Parliament
In June 2005 Yanev was elected as a member of the 40th National Assembly from the region of Blagoevgrad as part of the Union of Democratic Forces, and was a member of the committees on Agriculture and Forests, and Environment and Water 
In July 2009 Yanev retained his position in the 41st National Assembly  He is currently Chairman of the Bulgaria-Israel Friendship Committee  From July to December 2009, he also served as Chairperson of the Anti-Corruption, Conflict of Interests and Parliamentary Ethics Committee, a member of the Control Committee of the State Agency for National Security, and a member of the Advisory Board on National Security to the President of the Republic 

Personal life
Yanev announced his plans to be married by the end of 2010 during a live television interview on the popular talk show "Ivan & Andrei" 
Passage 7:
2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election
The 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017   Party members chose Andrew Scheer as leader, replacing Stephen Harper, who led the Conservative Party of Canada as its leader from 2004 following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties  Harper led the party through five federal elections: the party increased its seat count in the House of Commons in 2004, formed two minority governments in 2006, and 2008, and then a majority government in 2011  Following the defeat of the party in the 2015 federal election on October 19, Harper tendered his resignation as party leader  In a statement, Conservative Party President John Walsh said he had spoken to Harper, "and he has instructed me to reach out to the newly elected parliamentary caucus to appoint an interim Leader and to implement the leadership selection process "259,010 party members were eligible to vote in the leadership contest  141,000 members cast a vote  According to raw voting figures, Scheer received 62,593 votes on the final ballot compared to 55,544 votes for Bernier with 23,000 voters who had voted in the first round ranking neither Scheer or Bernier in their ranked ballot  Votes were apportioned among ridings so that each riding was allocated 100 points, regardless of the number of voters, resulting in 17,222 20 points (50 95%) for Scheer and 16,577 80 points (49 05%) for Bernier Subsequent to the election, fourth placed candidate Brad Trost and his campaign were fined $50,000 by the Conservative Party of Canada for allegedly leaking the party's membership list to the National Firearms Association  Trost denied that he or any of his staff leaked the list  On February 11, 2019, the Conservative Party released a statement from its Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) which concluded: "In short, LEOC does not believe there is evidence that the Trost Campaign was responsible for leaking of the membership list    " The fine was therefore removed from the Brad Trost Campaign  Trost went on to lose renomination as the party candidate for his riding during the 43rd Federal election on March 10, 2018, to Corey Tochor, former speaker of the Saskatchewan Legislature Criticism has been raised about how the party memberships were handled, with some prominent members saying they never received a ballot, even after contacting the party about it In addition, the result of the leadership race and party handling was questioned by some supporters of such as runner-up Maxime Bernier and  fifth place candidate Kellie Leitch due to discrepancies in the final ballot count, specifically a gap between the number of ballots cast and the announced result - a 7,466 vote discrepancy, which is greater than Andrew Scheer's 7,049 votes margin of victory in the final round  There was criticism over the exact role of the accounting firm Deloitte during the voting process - a deal revealed that Deloitte was not specifically tasked with auditing the vote but "observe" the counting process  It was also reported that some of  Brad Trost's supporters contravened the Elections Act and party membership rules by offering incentives to vote  Dimitri Soudas, a former Stephen Harper aide, pointed out that it violated election rules and it benefited Scheer's campaign but the ballots have been destroyed so the results stood Many considered Scheer's victory as an upset, given Bernier's consistent frontrunner status in the polls 

Interim leadership
Conservative Party president John Walsh's letter to caucus stated that only Members of Parliament (MPs) would vote for the interim leader, but Conservative Senators pointed out that the party constitution states that the entire parliamentary caucus votes  The caucus allowed senators to vote, declining to adopt the provisions of the Reform Act that would have only allowed MPs to vote The caucus chose Rona Ambrose, MP for Sturgeon River—Parkland, Alberta and former Minister of Health, as interim leader at its first meeting on November 5, 2015, in a vote by preferential ballot  Ambrose, as the interim leader, also served as Leader of the Official Opposition in the Parliament of Canada until a permanent leader was chosen  She defeated Candice Bergen, Diane Finley, Mike Lake, Rob Nicholson, Erin O'Toole, and the joint ticket of Denis Lebel and Michelle Rempel in the caucus vote Under the party's constitution, Ambrose, as the interim leader, could not run for the permanent position 

Leadership election timing
Following Harper's resignation, debate emerged within the Conservative Party regarding the timing of the leadership election  Some members of the party's national council called for a leadership convention as early as May 2016 according to Maclean's magazine  However, interim leader Rona Ambrose has said there is a consensus among the party's caucus that the leadership election shouldn't be rushed and should be held sometime in 2017  In a December 2015 interview, Ambrose said the party would take its time allowing all members, including those not already involved in politics, to build a strong candidacy  "If we take a little extra time, that will mean we'll have a better leadership race "The Conservative Party's Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) met at Toronto's Albany Club January 15–17, 2016 to discuss the process for the Party to elect its next leader  Among its decisions, LEOC selected May 27, 2017, for Conservative Party members to elect their next leader 

Rules and voting system
Only party members in good standing at 5pm Eastern Time on March 28, 2017, were allowed to vote  The fee for a party membership was raised from $15 to $25, an increase that was reversed on April 23, 2016, after criticisms that the move was "elitist"  Membership fees could only be paid via personal cheque or credit card  Cash payments were not permitted  This new requirement was intended to prevent the election being dominated by new members, and to prevent anyone other than the individual member, such as a candidate's campaign, from signing up scores of members and paying the membership fees in cash out of campaign funds  Despite this, the Conservative Party confirmed irregularities with 1,351 memberships connected to prepaid credit cards that it subsequently struck from its membership roll Voting was on a one member one vote basis using a ranked ballot; however votes were calculated so that each electoral district had equal weight with each electoral district allocated 100 points  Candidates were assigned a point total based on his or her percentage of the vote in each electoral district  To win, a candidate must receive at least 16,901 points which would be a majority To register, candidates must:
be members of the party for at least six months (can be waived),
submit nomination forms signed by 300 party members from at least 30 electoral districts in at least seven different provinces and territories,
pay a $50,000 non-refundable entrance fee, half of which must be paid when filing nomination with the other half due by the close of nominations on February 24, 2017 
pay an additional $50,000 compliance deposit, by December 31, 2016, or when filing nomination for those who register in 2017, which is refundable provided the candidate complies with campaign rules 
and fill out a 40-page questionnaire that asks for:
references,
criminal background and credit checks,
agreement with basic party principles,
a list of social media accounts,
questions about possible controversial positions the candidate has taken in the past, and
questions about affiliations and personal associations and behaviour that may be problematic A party committee reviewed the candidate's nomination form and may disqualify a potential candidate  Candidates are allowed to spend a maximum of $5 million on their campaigns 

Timeline
October 19, 2015 – Federal election results in defeat of Conservative government  As Harper spoke to supporters in Calgary, making no reference to his future, a statement was released by the party announcing Harper's resignation as party leader and his request that an interim leader be chosen to lead the party in parliament until a leadership election can be held 
November 4, 2015 – Harper resigns as prime minister; Liberal government led by Justin Trudeau sworn in 
November 5, 2015 – Conservative caucus held its first meeting since the 2015 federal election and chose former health minister Rona Ambrose interim leader of the party 
December 4–5, 2015 – National Council meets, 20-member Leadership Election Organization Committee appointed, including seven members of the National Council and MP Diane Finley, all of whom have pledged to be neutral during the leadership campaign; Dan Nowlan is appointed the committee's chair 
January 15–17, 2016 – The Leadership Election Organization Committee meets at the Albany Club in Toronto to decide on the date of the leadership vote, the deadline for candidates to be nominated, campaign spending limits, the entrance fee for candidates and the appeals process for any disputes 
May 26–28, 2016 – Conservative Party national policy convention, held at the Vancouver Convention Centre, voted on policy resolutions and elected the party president and other officials  An attempt to change the party constitution to allow the party's interim leader, Rona Ambrose, to seek the permanent leadership is defeated 
September 12, 2016 – Former Foreign Minister Peter MacKay, who had been leading public opinion polls as the most popular potential leader, announces that he will not be a candidate for the party's leadership 
November 2, 2016 – Only those who have registered as candidates by this date, including having paid at least $25,000 of the candidate deposit, are permitted to participate in the first leadership debate, to be held the following week  12 candidates meet this deadline 
November 9, 2016 – First of five official leadership debates organized by the LEOC, held in Saskatoon 
November 13, 2016 – Leadership debate organized by the Carleton Conservative Association, held in Greely, Ontario
December 6, 2016 – Second official debate held in Moncton in English and French 
December 31, 2016 – Deadline for candidates who filed their nomination papers in 2016 to have paid $50,000 compliance fee 
January 17, 2017, 6:30 pm – Third official debate held in Quebec City in French at the Quebec Convention Centre  The themes covered will be government and taxes 
February 4, 2017 – Leadership debate organized by the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia was held in Halifax, Nova Scotia  The first debate involving well-known businessman Kevin O'Leary 
February 24, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-5) – Nomination period closes; deadline for candidates to pay any remaining balance of entrance fee 
February 24, 2017 – Leadership debate organized by the Manning Centre for Building Democracy, held in Ottawa, Ontario
February 28, 2017 – Fourth official debate, held in Edmonton at the Maclab Theatre in English and French 
March 28, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-4) – Members who have joined by this date are eligible to vote 
April 26, 2017 – Presumed frontrunner Kevin O'Leary withdraws from the election and endorses Maxime Bernier; as O'Leary has withdrawn after the deadline, his name remains on the ballot  Final leadership debate is held 
April 28, 2017 – Voting by mail-in ranked ballot begins 
May 26, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-5) – Deadline for mail-in ballots to be received 
May 27, 2017 – In-person voting at Toronto Congress Centre and 14 polling stations across the country until 4 pm ET (UTC-5)  Advance and in-person ballots counted; results announced 

Full results
Provincial summary
Debates
Registered candidates
Candidates who have paid their entrance fee and compliance deposit and filed their nomination papers:

Chris Alexander
BackgroundChris Alexander, 54, is the former Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (2013–2015), Parliamentary Secretary to Minister of National Defence (2011– 2013) and the former MP for Ajax—Pickering, Ontario (2011–2015)  Prior to entering politics, he served as a member of Canada's foreign diplomatic service, most notably in the Canadian Embassy in Moscow and as the Canadian Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2003 to 2005  From 2005 to 2009 he held the post of Deputy Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General for Afghanistan   In addition to English, he is fluent in both French and Russian languages 
Date campaign announced: October 12, 2016
EndorsementsFormer MPs: (1) Yuri Shymko (Parkdale, 1978–1979)PoliciesChris Alexander has 40 detailed published policies that fall into three main categories: New Economy, New Country and New Role  These policies include how Canada should approach: employment, taxation, innovation, families, education, competitiveness, energy self-reliance, cities, agriculture, poverty, homelessness, First Nations peoples, the Métis, refugees, the Monarchy, justice, health care, protecting wilderness, forestry, mining, international diplomacy, terrorism, democratic reform, cyber-security, Canadian culture, northern development, and national defence He believes that immigration is the key to "economic growth " Is proposing to increase immigration to 400,000 a year including 40,000 refugees and calling for doubling defence spending and "for an accelerated push to settle all outstanding land claims and to sign treaties with First Nations communities that would empower them to govern themselves"  Was prominent in the Conservative government's handling of the Syrian refugee crisis and in the government's promise during the 2015 election to create a telephone tip line to report so-called "barbaric cultural practices " As minister, he was criticized over delays in meeting the government's commitment to resettle Syrian refugees 

Maxime Bernier
BackgroundMaxime Bernier, 60, was the MP for Beauce, Quebec (2006–2019) and was the Shadow Minister of Innovation (2015—2016)  He served in the Harper government as Minister of State for Small Business and Tourism (2011–2015), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2007–2008), and Minister of Industry (2006–2007), Bernier is considered an advocate of limited government and has been compared to a Libertarian  He has been nicknamed "Mad Max", the "Bloc-buster", or the "Albertan from Quebec" by his Ottawa colleagues  Prior to entering federal politics in 2006, Bernier, a lawyer by training, was vice-president of the Standard Life of Canada Insurance company, MEI, and manager of corporate and international relations at the Commission des valeurs mobilières du Québec 
Date candidacy announced: April 7, 2016
Policies
Running a campaign based on individual freedom, personal responsibility, respect and fairness  Expects support around the ideas/policies he is placing in the campaigns 
Calls for smaller government, lower taxes everywhere, paying down the national debt, increasing investments, increase pipeline developments, and opening up markets  Opposes bailout to any corporation, and use of "corporate welfare" (business subsidies)  Supports the decriminalization/legalization of marijuana Wants to allow MPs to vote their conscience and get rid of omnibus bills 
Phasing control of Canada Health Transfer to the provinces for health care by replacing it with a health transfer point systems, encourage provinces to move away from a single-payer healthcare system to a two-tier healthcare system, balance the budget within two years then reduce the number of tax brackets from five to three, increase basic exemption from $11,474 to $15,000 being paid by "boutique" tax credits  Supports abolishing capital gains taxes, and lowering corporate taxes to 10% by getting rid of corporate welfare 
Opposes a "Canadian values" test on the basis that it is logistically ineffective to fight terrorism  Abolish the Canadian Radio-television Telecommunications Commission, privatizing Canada Post Corporation, phasing out supply management on dairy and poultry, and expanding free trade  Ending inter-provincial barriers as a priority 
He also wants to "break" Quebec's maple syrup cartel and wants to allow foreign ownership for the airline industry  He wants to "streamline the process for hiring specialized workers abroad"  He wants to put more emphasis on economic immigration and "slightly reduce" family reunification class immigration   More privately sponsored refugee and fewer government sponsored  Reform temporary foreign worker programs  Bernier believes first nation communities need to be consulted before the Indian Act needs to be "abolished, or changed " Opposes federal control overreaching into other jurisdictions  Create stricter foreign aid standards and phase out development aid 

Steven Blaney
BackgroundSteven Blaney, 58, was the Shadow Minister of Public Works and Government Services (2015–2016) for the Conservative Opposition, and is the former Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (2013–2015), Minister of Veterans Affairs (2011–2013)  He is the MP for Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis, Quebec (2015–present) and Lévis—Bellechasse, Quebec (2006–2015) 

Date campaign announced: October 23, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (2)Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu (Quebec),
Jean-Guy Dagenais (Quebec)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:
Policies
Supports banning the wearing of the niqab while voting, taking the citizenship oath, or by federal public servants, even if such a ban would require invoking the notwithstanding clause of the Constitution in order to override the Charter of Rights and Freedoms  Also advocates testing of would be citizens on "their understanding and appreciation of Canada's core principles " He wants to "beef up" screening  The number of immigrants he wants to bring in will be based upon labour-market studies 

Michael Chong
BackgroundMichael Chong, 51, is the MP for Wellington—Halton Hills, Ontario (2004–present) and was the Deputy Shadow Minister of the Environment (2015–2016)  He was Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth (2006) and Minister of Sport (2006)  Chong resigned from the Harper cabinet in 2006 to protest the government's recognition of the Québécois as a nation within Canada  As a backbench MP he advocated democratic reforms in Parliament to limit the power of the Prime Minister's Office and party leaders over their caucuses and individual MPs and introduced the Reform Act to give caucuses the option of the power to remove party leaders, elect caucus chairs, and expel or readmit MPs, and elect interim leaders  He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party at the time of the merger 
Date campaign announced: May 16, 2016
Policies
Advocates modernizing democratic institutions and strengthening the independence of MPs and parliamentary committees 
Calls for the privatization of Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation's (CMHC) mortgage insurance and securitization business, a measure he says will make housing more affordable in Canada 
Supports introducing a revenue neutral carbon tax  Chong's plan would phase in a carbon tax over a decade, while immediately cutting taxes by $18 billion and getting rid of green regulations and subsidies 
Believes that Canada needs an evidence-based immigration policy that would put economic interests at the forefront  He has criticized face-to-face values screening as a divisive tactic 

Kellie Leitch
BackgroundKellie Leitch, 52, was the MP for Simcoe—Grey, Ontario (2011–2019) and Shadow Minister of Health (2015–2016)  In the Harper cabinet, she was Minister of Labour and the Status of Women (2013–2015)  She is an orthopaedic pediatric surgeon at SickKids Hospital and an associate professor at the University of Toronto 
Date campaign announced: April 6, 2016
Policies
Supports the decriminalization, but not legalization, of marijuana  Opposes a national tax on carbon emissions  Has suggested screening prospective immigrants using a "Canadian values" test  Described Donald J  Trump's win of the American presidency as an "exciting message and one that we need delivered in Canada as well " Urged by hundreds of health professionals to honour her medical oath and work against Canada's controversial asbestos industry, remained silent on the issue  Calls for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to be defunded and dismantled with the exception of the provision of emergency services to rural and remote parts of Canada 

Pierre Lemieux
BackgroundPierre Lemieux, 60, is the former MP for Glengarry—Prescott—Russell, Ontario (2006–2015)  In the Harper government he was the Parliamentary Secretary for Official Languages (2007–2008), Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture (2008–2015), and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Veterans Affairs (2015) 
Date campaign announced: August 22, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (3)Campaign Life Coalition
Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed project,
Right NowPolicies
Running as a social conservative, highlighting his opposition to abortion and same-sex marriage  Lemieux does not believe that screening potential immigration candidates to Canada would make Canada any safer  In March 2017, Pierre Lemieux received a rating of C− from the Canadian Coalition for Firearm Rights for his policies on firearms ownership in Canada 

Deepak Obhrai
BackgroundDeepak Obhrai, 73, was the MP for Calgary Forest Lawn, Alberta (2015–2019), and represented Calgary East, Alberta (1997–2015), was Shadow Minister of International Development (2015–2016), and was the Dean of the Conservative Caucus  In the Harper government he was the Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs (2006–2015)  Obhrai was a member of the Canadian Alliance at the time of the merger 

Date campaign announced: July 14, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (2)Corneliu Chisu (Pickering—Scarborough East, 2011–2015)
Joe Daniel (Don Valley East, 2011–2015)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia:
Withdrawn Endorsements: (2)Julian Fantino (Former MP for Vaughan, 2010–2015)
Martin Shields (MP for Bow River)Policies
Advocates a more inclusive party  Had promised to withdraw in favour of Peter MacKay if he were to run  He wants to increase the number of privately sponsored refugees and cut the number of government-sponsored refugees 

Erin O'Toole
BackgroundErin O'Toole, 50, is the MP for Durham, Ontario (2012–present) and was Shadow Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (2015–2016) for the Conservative Party in Opposition  Previously, he served as Minister of Veterans Affairs (2015) 
Date campaign announced: October 14, 2016 
Policies
O'Toole policies wants to give tax credits for youth underemployment and student debt  He wants to restructure temporary foreign worker and provincial nominee programs 

Rick Peterson
BackgroundRick Peterson, 61, is a venture capitalist, party fundraiser, the principal of Peterson Capital, and a former candidate for leadership of the British Columbia Conservative Party  He was a member of the Progressive Conservatives at the time of the merger 
Date campaign announced: October 18, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (1)Bill Clarke (Vancouver Quadra, 1973–1984)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals: (3)Brian Day (Canadian Medical Association President, 2006–2008)
Karen Mortfield (Press Secretary to the Ontario PC Leader, 1990–1993)
Mark Mullins (Former Fraser Institute President)Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectPolicies
Advocates a flat federal income tax rate of 15% and eliminating corporate income taxes and raising the GST to 9%  Supports boosting terrorist surveillance and enhance security screening for immigrants 
Advocates offering citizenship to almost 250,000 skilled workers a year by 2022, triple today's levels, and to 35,000 business people, more than five times today's level while freezing refugee integration to the levels of Harper Era 
Would reform health care provincial transfer payments and equalization payments 
Calls for Canada Revenue Agency to withdraw from Quebec and to transfer the administration and collection of the income tax in the province to Revenue Quebec 
Would take Canada out of the UN firearms marking scheme and to allow open carry of restricted firearms in the bush  Received a rating of C− from the Canadian Coalition for Firearm Rights for his policies and a rating of C from the National Firearms Association 

Lisa Raitt
BackgroundLisa Raitt, 55, was the MP for Milton, Ontario (2015–2019), previously Halton, Ontario (2008–2015) and the former Shadow Minister of Finance (2015–2016), Minister of Transport (2013–2015), Minister of Labour (2010–2013), Minister of Natural Resources (2008–2010), President and CEO of the Toronto Port Authority (2002–2008)  Stepped down from shadow cabinet on October 14, 2016, to prepare for leadership bid 
Date campaign announced: November 2, 2016
 
Policies
Opposes Leitch's proposal to screen immigrants for "anti-Canadian values"  She will "introduce balanced budgets, repeal carbon pricing legislation and prioritize the development of Canada's natural resources "Firearms policy   In March 2017, Raitt received a rating of C+ from the Canadian Coalition for Firearms Rights for her policies on firearms ownership in Canada   In April, she received a rating of D from the National Firearms Association 

Andrew Saxton
BackgroundAndrew Saxton, 59, is the former Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance (2013–2015), Parliamentary Secretary to the President of the Treasury Board and for Western Economic Diversification (2011–2013), MP for North Vancouver (2008–2015), former chief executive officer of King George Financial Corporation 
Date campaign announced: October 18, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (3)Joyce Bateman (Winnipeg South Centre, 2011–2015)
John Duncan (Vancouver Island North, 1993–2006, 2008–2015)
John Fraser (Vancouver South, 1972–1993; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1986–1993)Former Senators: (1)Noël Kinsella (New Brunswick, 1990–2014; Speaker of the Senate, 2006–2014)Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia: (1)David Holmes Black (Black Press Owner)Policies
Saxton's campaign is an economic platform  He plans on lowering taxes and balancing the budget 

Andrew Scheer
BackgroundAndrew Scheer, 44, Opposition House Leader (2015–2016), MP for Regina—Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan (2004–present), Speaker of the House of Commons (2011–2015)  Scheer was a member of the Canadian Alliance at the time of the merger 

Date campaign announced: September 28, 2016
 
Policies
Running as an "unapologetic" Conservative who can unite all wings of the party  He is "committed" to lower taxes, fiscal responsibility, and "compassion"  Scheer believes that there should be a "more robust screening process " Scheer is pro-life, but doesn't intend to bring any legislation on the topic  Scheer advocates for immigration based process, economic indicators, and "what our society needs "

Brad Trost
BackgroundBrad Trost, 49, was the MP for Saskatoon—University, (2015–2019) and Saskatoon—Humboldt (2004–2015) previously  He was appointed Official Opposition Critic for Canada-U S  Relations (2015–2016) following the 2015 election  Prior to election, Trost worked as an exploration geophysicist (prospector) in natural resources extraction in the north  He was also an active participant in his family's mixed grain, oilseeds and beef cattle farm operation  In his first Parliament, he founded the Conservative Party Energy Caucus and pushed for the re-creation of the Standing Committee on Natural Resources  He has served on the Standing Committees on International Trade and on Industry, and was elected vice-chair of the Canada-U S  Parliamentary Association 
Date campaign announced: August 16, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (2)Leon Benoit (Vegreville—Wainwright, 1993–2015),
Maurice Vellacott (Saskatoon—Wanuskewin, 1997–2015)Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (2)Campaign Life Coalition,
Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia:
Policies
Running as a social conservative, opposes a carbon tax, transgender bathrooms, tax increases generally, assisted suicide and abortion, deficit financing, and legalization of marijuana  Has been outspoken against abortion and against same-sex marriage and argued unsuccessfully at the 2016 Conservative policy convention to retain the party's definition of marriage as "the Union of one man and one woman"  Advocates privatization of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 

Withdrawn candidates
Tony Clement
BackgroundTony Clement, 62, is the MP for Parry Sound—Muskoka, Ontario (2006–2019) and has been Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs (2015–2016), President of the Treasury Board (2011–2015), Minister of Industry (2008–2011), Minister of Health (2006–2008), and a 2004 leadership candidate, placing third  He was an MPP in the Ontario legislature (1995–2003) and a provincial cabinet minister (1997–2003) under Premiers Mike Harris and Ernie Eves  Clement also ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in 2002, placing third 
Date campaign announced: July 12, 2016
Date withdrawn: October 12, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (1)Leo Housakos (Quebec; Speaker of the Senate, 2015)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (1)Brad Butt (Mississauga—Streetsville, 2011–2015)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians: (1)Gary Mar (Alberta MLA for Calgary Nose Creek, 1993–2004, and Calgary-Mackay, 2004–2007)Former municipal politicians: (1)Stephen Sparling (Halton Regional Councillor for Oakville, 1991–2000)Other prominent individuals: (2)Sandra Buckler (Director of Communications, Prime Minister's Office 2006–2008),
John Capobianco (FleishmanHillard National Lead)Organizations:
Media:
Other information
Said he would bring in coherent environmental policies in the wake of the Paris climate change accord, end government subsidies to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation  Withdrew after he was unable to meet fundraising targets he'd set for his campaign 
Later endorsed Maxime Bernier 

Daniel Lindsay
BackgroundDaniel Lindsay, 60, president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, radiologist, has done five tours as a civilian medical specialist with the Canadian Armed Forces, including in Kandahar, Afghanistan 
Date campaign announced: May 25, 2016
Date withdrawn: December 28, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (1)Betty Unger (Alberta)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:
Other information
Withdrew after he was unable to fundraise enough money to meet December 31 deadline for paying the party the $50,000 leadership campaign compliance fee  Later endorsed Erin O'Toole 

Kevin O'Leary
Kevin O'Leary, 68, is a businessman, investor, journalist, writer, financial commentator and Emmy award-winning television personality 

Policies
O'Leary supported using a "big stick" federally in order to bring provincial governments in-line with federal policies, cutting waste in military spending, supports a peacekeeping role for the military, cutting carbon emissions through criminal sanctions rather than a carbon tax, supports current immigration policy but also wishes to "fast-track" the citizenship applications of skilled immigrants, asserted he would support LGBTQI people, legalize marijuana and defend reproductive rights 
Date campaign announced: January 18, 2017
Date withdrawn: April 26, 2017
Other information
O'Leary withdrew from the election despite polls showing he was the frontrunner  He stated that while he believed he could win the leadership election, he would be unable to defeat Justin Trudeau in the next federal election due to his inability to speak French fluently and his lack of support in Quebec  He endorsed Maxime Bernier  As his withdrawal took place after the deadline, O'Leary remained on the final leadership ballot 

Adrienne Snow
BackgroundAdrienne Snow, 49, Toronto-based communications consultant, former director of policy for National Foundation for Family Research and Education  Former executive director of Centre for the Study of Civic Renewal  Announced on August 23, 2016, that she intended to be a candidate but failed to register and announced in January that she was ending her campaign 
Date campaign announced: August 23, 2016
Date withdrawn: January 4, 2017

Declined
Rona Ambrose – Interim Leader of the CPC and Leader of the Official Opposition (2015–2017), MP for Sturgeon River—Parkland (2015–2017) and Edmonton—Spruce Grove, Alberta (2004–2015), Minister of Health (2013–2015), Minister of Public Works and Government Services (2010–2013), Minister of Labour (2008–2010), Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (2007–2008), Minister of the Environment (2006–2007)  Ambrose is barred from running for permanent leader due to her position as interim leader and has declined interest in the permanent position 
John Baird – MP for Ottawa West—Nepean, Ontario (2006–2015), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2011–2015), Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (2010–2011), Minister of the Environment (2007–2008, 2010–2011), Minister of Transport (2008–2010), President of the Treasury Board, (2006–2007), Ontario Progressive Conservative Party MPP (1995–2005) and provincial cabinet minister (1999–2003) 
Candice Bergen – Opposition House Leader (2016–2020), Shadow Minister of Natural Resources (2015–2016), State for Social Development (2013–2015), MP for Portage—Lisgar, Manitoba (2008–present) 
Paul Calandra – Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister of Canada and for Intergovernmental Affairs (2013–2015), MP for Oak Ridges—Markham, Ontario (2008–2015) Endorsed Scheer 
Jean Charest – Premier of Quebec (2003–2012), Leader of the Quebec Liberal Party (1998–2012), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (1993–1998), Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (1993), Minister of the Environment (1991–1993), MP for Sherbrooke (1984–1998)
Christy Clark – Premier of British Columbia (2011–2017), Leader of the B C  Liberal Party (2011–2017)
Gérard Deltell – Quebec lieutenant and Shadow Finance Minister (2016–present), Shadow Minister of Employment and Workforce Labour (2015–2016), MP for Louis-Saint-Laurent, Quebec (2015–present), Quebec MNA for Chauveau (2008–2015) and leader of the Action démocratique du Québec (2009–2012)  Endorsed O'Toole 
Ed Fast – Shadow Minister for the Environment (2015–present), MP for Abbotsford, British Columbia (2006–present), Minister of International Trade (2011–2015)  Endorsed O'Toole 
Doug Ford – former Toronto city councillor (2010–2014) and mayoral candidate (2014) 
Daniel Fournier – real estate development and investor 
Jason Kenney – Chair of Shadow Cabinet Committee on Strategic Operations (2015–2016), MP for Calgary Midnapore, Alberta (2015–2016) and Calgary Southeast, Alberta (1997–2015), Minister of National Defence (2015), Minister for Multiculturalism (2013–2015), Minister of Employment and Social Development (2013–2015), Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (2008–2013)
Bernard Lord – Premier of New Brunswick (1999–2006), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick (1997–2006)
Peter MacKay – MP for Central Nova, Nova Scotia (2004–2015) and Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough, Nova Scotia (1997–2004), Minister of Justice and Attorney General (2013–2015), Minister of National Defence (2007–2013), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2006–2007), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party (2003)
Caroline Mulroney – investment management executive, daughter of former prime minister Brian Mulroney 
Mark Mulroney – head of capital equity markets at the National Bank of Canada, son of former prime minister Brian Mulroney 
James Moore – MP for Port Moody—Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam, British Columbia (2000–2004) and Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam, British Columbia (2004–2015), Minister of Industry (2013–2015), Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages (2008–2013)  Elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000 
Michelle Rempel – Shadow Minister of Immigration (2015–present), MP for Calgary Nose Hill, Alberta (2015–present) and Calgary Centre-North, Alberta (2011–2015), Minister of Western Economic Diversification (2013–2015)
Brad Wall – Premier of Saskatchewan (2007–2018), Leader of the Saskatchewan Party (2004–2018) 
Dianne Watts – Shadow Minister of Infrastructure & Communities (2015–present), MP for South Surrey—White Rock, British Columbia (2015–present), Mayor of Surrey (2004–2015) Endorsed O'Toole 

Opinion polling
Some of the polls below were conducted before nominations for the leadership closed and therefore include potential candidates for the leadership race  Rona Ambrose, as interim leader, is ineligible to run for the permanent leadership unless there is a change to the party's constitution 

Conservative Party members
Conservative Party supporters
All Canadians
See also
2017 United Conservative Party leadership election
2017 New Democratic Party leadership election
Passage 8:
Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu
Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu (born February 12, 1949) is a Canadian politician and victim's rights activist, who was appointed to the Senate of Canada on January 29, 2010 on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, representing the province of Quebec under the banner of the Conservative Party of Canada 

Career
Boisvenu is the founding president of the Murdered or Missing Persons' Families' Association, which he founded after the 2002 kidnaping, forcible confinement, rape and murder of his daughter Julie 
In 2006, the Association that he leads won a battle for the rights of victims of crime with the adoption of Bill 25 by the National Assembly of Quebec  This bill provides better compensation for victims of crime He is also co-founder of the Le Nid centre, a shelter for abused women in Val-d'Or, and of a camp for underprivileged youth in Estrie Professionally, Boisvenu is a former provincial civil servant in Quebec, and was regional director for the Department of Recreation, Game and Fisheries and for the Department of the Environment before becoming Deputy Minister for the Department of Regions Boisvenu has a bachelor's degree in educational psychology from the Université de Montréal and a master's degree in administration from L'École nationale d'administration publique in Quebec City Boisvenu serves on the following  committees: Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs; Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications and the Standing Committee on National Security and Defence 
He sponsored both government and private Members’ bills: Bill C-37 (Increasing Offenders’ Accountability for Victims Act); Bill C-23 (Eliminating Pardons for Serious Crimes Act); Bill C-310 (An Act to amend the Criminal Code-trafficking in persons), Bill C-316 (An Act to amend the Employment Insurance Act - incarceration); Bill C-293 (An Act to amend the Corrections and Conditional Release Act-vexatious complainants); Bill C-452 (An Act to amend the Criminal Code - exploitation and trafficking in persons) and Bill C-479 (An Act to bring Fairness for the Victims of Violent Offenders]) 
On February 24, 2015, he introduces Bill C-32 ([An Act to Enact the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights and to amend certain Acts) 
In February 2012, Boisvenu, a key Conservative spokesman on crime issues, stated that convicted murderers should be given the choice of suicide rather than spending life in jail  He retracted the statement after it sparked controversy and later issued an apology "if his comment offended people whose close ones committed suicide" In June 2013, it was reported that a Senate ethics complaint was filed against Boisvenu  The complaints relate to Boisvenu using his position of senator to influence the clerk of the Senate and another Senator to arrange a job and time off for his assistant, with whom he had a romantic relationship  Furthermore, objections were raised because of Boisvenu's six-month delay in complying with a previous ethics order In June 2014, Senate ethics officer Lyse Ricard found that Boisvenu had acted inappropriately by renewing his assistant's contract while the two were involved in a relationship, and that he also violated the code by promising her a two-week period of sick leave between jobs  He then contacted Senate clerk Gary O'Brien and Senate leader David Tkachuk in a bid to have the time off counted as sick leave and not vacation time  However, Ricard concluded that Boisvenu was responsible for "an error of judgment made in good faith" and did not recommend he be sanctioned  In 2012, there were media reports that, after his divorce, Boisvenu continued to charge the Senate for $20,000 in out-of-town living expenses, even though he had left his home in Sherbrooke, Quebec, and was living in Gatineau, Quebec Boisvenu resigned from the Conservative caucus in June 2015 after learning that he is the subject of an RCMP investigation into his expense claims  He was readmitted to the Conservative caucus on November 22, 2016 after the RCMP decided not to lay charges against the Senator 

Alleged links to the far-right
In 2017, it was reported that Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu was a member of Facebook group for "PEGIDA Quebec" and the group for La Meute  Although Boisvenu actively participated in both groups, he later said joined one group "by accident" and the other "out of curiosity"  He initially insisted he would remain a member, but later left the two groups  Conservative Senator Leo Housakos distanced himself from Boisvenu: "In the case of Mr  Boisvenu, it seems that he's decided to endorse certain organizations that are blatantly racist, and unfortunately that doesn't represent at all who we are in the Conservative caucus "In 2019, Boisvenu was found to be actively participating in the far-right Facebook groups "Canadian Coalition of Concerned Citizens (C4)" and Yellow Vests Canada In May 2018, and again in February 2019, Boisvenu gave an interview on YouTube Channel "Le Stu-Dio", which promotes far-right conspiracy theories, including the 9/11 truther movement 

Personal life
Boisvenu founded the "Murdered or Missing Persons' Families' Association" after the 2002 kidnapping, forcible confinement, rape and murder of his daughter Julie  Boisvenu then began advocating for the rights of victims of crime, especially for the families of murdered or missing persons  In 2004, he co-founded with three other fathers of missing or murdered women, the association 
In 2005, his second daughter, Isabelle, died in a car accident 
Passage 9:
Congress of the New Right
The Congress of the New Right (Polish: Kongres Nowej Prawicy, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland  The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR)  The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015, upon revelations that he had fathered 2 children out of wedlock  The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011 

History
The political organisation KNP was founded by supporters of Liberty and Lawfulness leader, Janusz Korwin-Mikke, who finished fourth in the 2010 Polish presidential election, receiving 2 5% votes (over 400,000)  Taking advantage of his rising popularity, a group of political activists derived from both the former party of Janusz Korwin-Mikke, the Real Politics Union, and the Liberty and Lawfulness (dissolved three days earlier), came together on 9 October 2010 to form a new party: the "Real Politics Union – Liberty and Lawfulness"  The new party took part in the 2010 local Polish elections, represented by commissioner Tomasz Sommer   The committee put forward candidates in thirteen voivodeships  The "Congress of the New Right" equaled the results of its leader in two voivodeships, Lesser Poland (2 69%) and Mazovia (2 32%)  In terms of overall country-wide votes, the party concluded the election at seventh place  The committee had candidates for the position of mayor in some main cities in Poland in the same 2010 elections  Janusz Korwin-Mikke ended fourth in the mayoral election in Warsaw, gaining 3 90% of the eligible votes  Afterwards, the new party, the Congress of the New Right was founded on 25 March 2011, a day after the "Real Politics Union – Liberty and Lawfulness" had ceased to exist 

Activity
The first meeting of the new party was held on 16 April 2011 in the Palace of Culture and Science  Over 2,000 sympathizers attended the meeting, including notable people like Krzysztof Rybiński, Andrzej Sośnierz, Krzysztof Bosak, Romuald Szeremietiew, Stanisław Michalkiewicz or Tomasz Sommer  One month later, "Congress of the New Right" was formally acknowledged on 12 April 2011 as a new name of the party 
The Congress registered an electoral committee under the name "Nowa Prawica - Janusz Korwin Mikke" for the upcoming 2011 parliamentary elections  The National Election Committee ("Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza", PKW) accepted the party in 21 of 41 electoral districts, refusing the Congress to enlist for the rest on the grounds of not delivering a 'list of supporters' on time  The decision was generally received as controversial  The PKW rejected to submit motives of the refusal despite being constitutionally obliged to do so  This move effectively denied the Congress of the New Right access to the Polish Parliament as it effectively had to receive twice the votes of the constitutional threshold of five percent in order to be elected to the Polish Parliament  The party could not put forward candidates in most of the largest cities in Poland, including Warsaw, where Janusz Korwin-Mikke was denied enlistment  Representatives of other parties (UPR, LPR and others) were put on the lists of the Congress of the New Right  In the elections to the Polish Senate the party was allowed to put forward candidates on 10 out of 100 electoral districts (the number of electoral districts differ for the Polish Parliament and the Polish Senate)  The elections were disastrous for the party as it received merely 1 06% votes (151 837), a result that placed it at seventh place  Therefore, none of the party's candidates were voted into the Senate 
On 9 January 2013 The KNP Youth Section was officially founded  Access is granted to both young adults as well as those who have not reached the age of majority (18) 
In the 2015 party's leader Janusz Korwin-Mikke, along with party's MP Przemysław Wipler and MEP Robert Iwaszkiewicz split into Liberty, whose leader became Janusz Korwin-Mikke 
In the parliamentary election in 2015 KNP stood for the Sejm from the lists of Kukiz'15, gaining 1 MP 

Aims
KNP is against interfering with the current election system  It calls for enacting a new libertarian-minded constitution, reduction of the size of the Polish Parliament and forming a State Council, which would replace the Parliament as the legislative branch  KNP is also in favor of more regional autonomy The party's main priorities are lowering taxes (including the abolition of income tax) and reducing the national debt by cutting down social programs and allowing the economy to flourish KNP is for the total decriminalisation of using and producing drugs KNP is for establishing a presidential system instead of the current parliamentary system 
KNP opposes same-sex marriage The party is for the restoration of capital punishment [10]The party supports Polish withdrawal from the European Union and wants to maintain the Polish zloty and to make it a gold-based currency 
KNP is anti-abortion only allowing in case of risk for the mother's life 

Election results
Sejm
Senate
Presidential
Regional assemblies
European Parliament
Footnotes
Further reading
Bachrynowski, Szymon (2015)  "Between Europe and Russia: The Foreign Policy of Janusz Korwin-Mikke's New Right in Poland"  The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs (2): 135–144 
Szczerbiak, Aleks (10 June 2014)  "The Congress of the New Right is the latest anti-establishment party to have success in Poland, but it may struggle to secure long-term support"  EUROPP — European Politics and Policy blog  London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) 

External links
Official website (in Polish)
Passage 10:
Patrick Brown (politician)
Patrick Brown may refer to:

Patrick Brown (cricketer) (born 1998), English cricketer
Patrick Brown (ice hockey) (born 1992), American ice hockey player
Patrick Brown (journalist), British-Canadian journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Patrick Brown (Canadian politician) (born 1978), Canadian politician and mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Canada
Patrick Brown (Northern Irish politician), Northern Irish politician
Patrick Brown (photographer) (born 1969), Australian photojournalist, recipient of World Press Award 2018
Sleepy Brown (Patrick Brown, born 1970), American R&B singer, songwriter, and record producer
Patrick O  Brown (born 1954), American professor of biochemistry at Stanford University
Patrick (Bischoff) Brown (born 1978), American engineer, producer and studio owner
Patrick Brown (American football) (born 1986), American football offensive tackle
Patsy Brown (Patrick A  Brown, 1872–1958), Irish-American maker of the uilleann pipes

See also
Pat Brown (disambiguation)
Patrick Browne (disambiguation)
Sir Patrick Broun, 1st Baronet (c  1630–1688), of the Broun baronets
Brown (surname), a surname of English and Scottish origin
Context 3:    but by the failure of his fleet to pass fort St  Philip "

British withdrawal
Despite news of capture of the American battery on the west bank of the Mississippi River, British officers concluded that continuing the Louisiana campaign would be too costly  Three days after the battle, General Lambert held a council of war  Deciding to withdraw, the British left camp at Villeré's Plantation by January 19  They were not pursued in any strength  The Chalmette battlefield was the plantation home of Colonel Denis de La Ronde's half-brother Ignace Martin de Lino (1755–1815)  The British forces burned it, reputedly causing de Lino's death from a broken heart shortly after returning home three weeks after the battle  The British returned to where they had landed, a distance in excess of sixty miles, the final troops re-embarked on January 27 The British fleet embarked the troops and sailed toward Mobile Bay on February 4, 1815    The army captured Fort Bowyer at the entrance to Mobile Bay on February 12  Preparations to attack Mobile were in progress when news arrived of the Treaty of Ghent  General Jackson also had made tentative plans to attack the British at Mobile and to continue the war into Spanish Florida  With Britain having ratified the treaty and the United States having resolved that hostilities should cease pending imminent ratification, the British left, sailing to the West Indies  The British government was determined on peace with the United States, and speculation that it planned to permanently seize the Louisiana Purchase has been rejected by historians   Thus Carr concludes, "by the end of 1814 Britain had no interest in continuing the conflict for the possession of New Orleans or any other part of American territory, but rather, due to the European situation 
and her own domestic problems, was anxious to conclude hostilities as quickly and gracefully as possible "

Assessment
For the campaign, American casualties totaled 333 with 55 killed, 185 wounded, and 93 missing, while British casualties totaled 2,459 with 386 killed, 1,521 wounded, and 552 missing, according to the respective official casualty returns  A reduction in headcount due to 443 British soldiers' deaths since the prior month was reported on January 25  The effective strength of the British had reduced from 5,933 to 4,868 soldiers of the original force, bolstered by 681 and 785 soldiers of the 7th Foot and 43rd Foot respectively  More than 600 prisoners of war were released from Jackson's captivity by March 1815 The battle became historically important mainly for the meaning Americans gave it, particularly with respect to Jackson  According to Matthew Warshauer, the Battle of New Orleans meant, "defeating the most formidable army ever arrayed against the young republic, saving the nation’ s reputation in the War of 1812, and establishing [Jackson] as America ’ s preeminent hero " News of victory "came upon the country like a clap of thunder in the clear azure vault of the firmament, and traveled with electromagnetic velocity, throughout the confines of the land "  Popular pamphlets, songs, editorials, speeches, and plays glorified Jackson's new, heroic image  Before New Orleans the war was overall a bloody stalemate with not a single overwhelming land battle victory for the Americans against an elite British Army unit (Lake Erie, Plattsburgh, and Baltimore were won primarily due to naval ships and forts near lakes or the ocean)   New England as a whole was against the war  The leaders of the Federalist Party of New England met at the Hartford Convention and decided to deliver a set of demands to the federal government in January 1815  The moderates were in charge and there was no proposal to secede from the union  When the Hartford delegation reached Washington word of the great American victory at  Orleans came and the Federalists were seen as traitors and anti-American; the Federalist Party was permanently ruined The Era of Good Feelings resulted from the Battle of New Orleans  From 1815 to 1825 there was single-party rule in Washington and an overwhelming feeling of patriotism due to the extinction of the Federalist Party  The victory at New Orleans effectively kept the United States unified for the next 45 years until the American Civil War  The Eighth of January was a federal holiday from 1828 to 1861, and it was among the earliest national celebrations, as "previously, Americans had only celebrated events such as the Fourth of July or George Washington's birthday on a national scale"  The anniversary of the battle was celebrated as an American holiday for many years called "The Eighth" Orleans Square in Savannah, Georgia, is named in commemoration of the battle 
In 1836 Ohio politician William Allen asked Jackson whether there was a point to the Battle of New Orleans  Jackson, unaware of the peace policy of the British government in 1815, speculated that if General Pakenham had won the British would have abrogated the Treaty of Ghent and would have pemanently seized the Louisiana Purchase  Poor British planning and communication, plus costly frontal assaults against an entrenched enemy, caused lopsided British casualties 

A discredited historical interpretation holds that British had an ambitious colonization plan for the "Crown colony of Louisiana" if they had succeeded in capturing New Orleans and Mobile  While some British generals did speculate, the British government under Lord Liverpool rejected all such ideas and planned to finalize the peace by ratifying the Treaty of Ghent as soon as possible, regardless of what happened in New Orleans The hundreds of dead British soldiers were likely buried at Jacques Villeré's plantation, which was the headquarters of the British Army during the New Orleans campaign  Nobody knows exactly where their final resting spot is  The only deceased British soldiers transported back to the United Kingdom were Generals Pakenham and Gibbs and Colonel Robert Rennie The Duke of Wellington faulted Cochrane and held that the attack could have succeeded were it not for his shortcomings  In a eulogy to his brother-in-law, General Edward Pakenham who died at New Orleans, he commented:

I cannot but regret that he was ever employed on such a service or with such a colleague  The expedition to New Orleans originated with that colleague     The Americans were prepared with an army in a fortified position which still would have been carried, if the duties of others, that is of the Admiral [Cochrane], had been as well performed as that of he whom we now lament 

Legacy
"Beauty and Booty" controversy
After the battle, a claim was published by George Poindexter, in a letter dated January 20 to the Mississippi Republican, that Pakenham's troops had used "Beauty and Booty" as a watchword  

The watch-word and countersign of the enemy on the morning of the 8th was,
BOOTY AND BEAUTY
Comment is unnecessary on these significant allusions held out to a licentious soldiery  Had victory declared on their side, the scenes of Havre de Grace, of Hampton, of Alexandria       would, without doubt, have been reacted at New Orleans, with all the unfeeling and brutal inhumanity of the savage foe with whom we are contending 

This was republished in Niles' Register, the National Intelligencer on February 13, and other newspapers  Whilst there were criticisms from the Federalist press, as well as from Poindexter's enemies, as to how reliable this information was, it was widely accepted elsewhere  Senator Charles Jared Ingersoll made direct reference to this in his speech to Congress on February 16, reproduced in full in the National Intelligencer  He continued, in an elated manner, 'with the tidings of this triumph from the south, to have peace from the east, is such a fullness of gratification as must overflow all hearts with gratitude ' He saw the news of victory at New Orleans against an immoral foe, followed by news of peace, as a positive sentiment to unite the different peoples of the United States, the zeitgeist of these postwar years later becoming known as the Era of Good Feelings 
This watchword claim, as originated by Poindexter, was repeated in Eaton's "Life of General Jackson", first published in 1817  A second edition of this biography was published in 1824, when Jackson made his first presidential bid  Further editions were published for the presidential elections of 1828 and 1833  Editions from 1824 onwards now contained the claim that documentary evidence proved the watchword was used  As a consequence it was reproduced in a travelogue in 1833 Following the publishing of a travelogue in 1833, whereby the author James Stuart referred to the watchword, this hitherto unknown controversy became known in Great Britain  In response to the author, five British officers who had fought in the battle, Keane, Lambert, Thornton, Blakeney and Dickson, signed a rebuttal in August 1833  It is stated this was published in The Times by American sources, but this is not the case  Somewhat ironically, Niles's Register, which originally printed Poindexter's claim, now printed the British rebuttal 
 “We, the undersigned, serving in that army, and actually present, and through whom all orders to the troops were promulgated, do, in justice to the memory of that distinguished officer who commanded and led the attack, the whole tenor of whose life was marked by manliness of purpose and integrity of view, most unequivocally deny that any such promise (of plunder) was ever held out to the army, or that the watchword asserted to have been given out was ever issued  And, further, that such motives could never have actuated the man who, in the discharge of his duty to his king and country, so eminently upheld the character of a true British soldier ”
James Stuart's account was criticised by a veteran, Major Pringle, who wrote several letters to the Edinburgh Evening Courant  In response, Stuart published a book to refute these criticisms  He quoted Major Eaton as a reliable source, and later went on to comment that as a result of Stuart, it had become accepted the watchword was a falsehood  One quote from the book 'certainly the refutation of
the charge as stated in Major Eaton’s Book is, though tardy, complete' considered the matter closed  Notwithstanding the refutation, the story had benefited both Jackson and Eaton's political careers, who had nothing left to prove The publication of Eaton's book in Britain in 1834, and in subsequent editions, still contained the story of "booty and beauty"  The British Ambassador, Sir Charles Richard Vaughan wrote to President Jackson about the matter  Vaughan wrote that Eaton 'expressed himself glad, that the report was at last contradicted' by the rebuttal, but there was no pressure on him to retract his comments from the Jackson biography  There is no recounting in 1833 of Jackson's supposed encounter with the mystery Creole planter (Denis de la Ronde), as reported by S C Arthur (see below) 
Arthur's 1915 publication, quoting from Parton's 1861 biography of Jackson, itself quoting extensively from Vincent Nolte's book published in 1854, has referred to a Creole planter reportedly visited a British military camp a few days prior to the battle, being welcomed in after claiming that he was supportive of a possible British takeover of the region  While dining at dinner with a group of British officers, the planter claimed he heard one officer offer the toast of "Beauty and Booty"  After gathering information on Pakenham's battle plans, the planter left the camp the next day and reported the information he had gathered to Jackson; the rumor that the British were offering toasts to "Beauty and Booty" soon spread throughout New Orleans, in particular among the upper-class women of the city  Nolte's book reveals the 'planter' to be no other than Denis de la Ronde, the colonel commanding the Third Regiment of the Louisiana Militia In the years since the Treaty of Ghent, not only did Jackson's reputation benefit from his major victory against the British, but also from vilifying the British as an amoral foe, against whom a second war of independence had been fought  As a national hero, it facilitated his subsequent career in politics, and tenure as President of the United States 

Distinguished service as mentioned in dispatches
In his general orders of January 21, General Jackson, in thanking the troops, paid special tributes to the Louisiana organizations, and made particular mention of Capts  Dominique and Belluche, and the Lafitte brothers, all of the Barataria privateers; of General Garrique de Flanjac, a State Senator, and brigadier of militia, who served as a volunteer; of Majors Plauche, St  Geme  Lacoste, D'Aquin, Captain Savary, Colonel De la Ronde, General Humbert, Don Juan de Araya, the Mexican Field-Marshal; Major-General Villere and General Morgan, the Engineers Latour and Blanchard; the Attakapas dragoons, Captain Dubuclay; the cavalry from the Felicianas and the Mississippi territory  General Labattut had command of the town, of which Nicolas Girod was then the mayor Among those who most distinguished themselves during this brief but memorable campaign, were, next to the Commander-in-chief, Generals Villere, Carroll, Coffee, Ganigues, Flanjac, Colonel Delaronde, Commodore Patterson, Majors Lacoste, Planche, Hinds, Captain Saint Gerne, Lieutenants Jones, Parker, Marent, and Dominique; Colonel Savary, a man of colour nor must we omit to mention Lafitte, pirate though he was Over the course of several days, the logistically and numerically superior British force was repelled, in no small part to a small contingent of Marines led by Maj  Daniel Carmick and Lt  Francis de Bellevue of the New Orleans Navy Yard At the Battle of New Orleans, [Governor Claiborne's aide-de-camp] Marigny distinguished himself by his courage and activity  It is noteworthy that the glorious victory was reaped on the fields of the plantation of his Uncle de Lino de Chalmette 

Memorials
The Louisiana Historical Association dedicated its Memorial Hall facility to Jackson on January 8, 1891, the 76th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans  The Federal government established a national historical park in 1907 to preserve the Chalmette Battlefield, which also includes the Chalmette National Cemetery  It features the 100-foot-tall Chalmette Monument and is part of the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve  The monument was supposed to be at least 150 feet tall but the very soft and wet soil limited it to 100 feet  A five-cent stamp in 1965 commemorated the sesquicentennial of the Battle of New Orleans and 150 years of peace with Britain  The bicentennial was celebrated in 2015 with a Forever stamp depicting United States troops firing on British soldiers along Line Jackson 
Prior to the twentieth century the British government commonly commissioned and paid for statues of fallen generals and admirals during battles to be placed inside St Paul's Cathedral in London as a memorial to their sacrifices  Major Generals Pakenham and Gibbs were both memorialized in a statue at St Paul's that was sculpted by Sir Richard Westmacott 

In popular culture
The Buccaneer was a 1938 American adventure film produced and directed by Cecil B  De Mille based on Jean Lafitte and the Battle of New Orleans  It was remade in 1958 
Jimmy Driftwood wrote the song "The Battle of New Orleans" using the melody from "The Eighth of January"  It was a 1959 hit for both Johnny Horton (U S  Number 1) and Lonnie Donegan (U K  Number 2)  The Horton version won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording 
The 1966 US science fiction series The Time Tunnel (series 1, episode 5) portrays the two protagonist time travelers as 'arriving' between the enemy lines the day before the battle and being arrested as 'American spies' 
Samuel Woodworth wrote the song "The Hunters of Kentucky", first performed in 1822, which was later covered by Burl Ives  The song valorizes the Kentucky militia that fought in the battle, but as historians such as Robert V  Remini have shown, their role was wildly overstated  It became the central campaign song for Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential election campaign 

See also
List of War of 1812 battles
Saint Malo, Louisiana

Notes and citations
Notes

Citations
Passage 2:
Mother-in-Law (song)
"Mother-in-Law" is a 1961 song recorded by Ernie K-Doe  It was a number-one hit in the U S  on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the Billboard R&B chart  The song was written and produced by Allen Toussaint, who also played the piano solo  It was issued by Minit Records 
After several unsuccessful takes, Toussaint balled up the composition and threw it away as he was leaving the room  One of the backup singers, Willie Harper, thought that it was such a good song that he convinced K-Doe to give it one more try A cover version by The Newbeats was also included on their 1965 album Big Beat Sounds By The Newbeats 

See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1961
List of number-one R&B singles of 1961 (U S )
Mother-in-law joke
Passage 3:
Battle of Alto de los Godos
The Battle of Alto de los Godos was a battle that took place on 25 May 1813 in Maturín, Venezuela, in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada  It resulted in a patriot victory against the forces of Spanish general Domingo de Monteverde  
It was one of the five attempts by the royalists to regain control over the region and it is notable for its inclusion of women in combat, such as Juana Ramírez, who was also known as "The Advancer" (La Avanzadora) 

See also
Colonial Venezuela
Passage 4:
Panos Kolokotronis
Panos Kolokotronis (Greek: Πάνος Κολοκοτρώνης) was the eldest son of the Greek General Theodoros Kolokotronis and his mother was Aikaterini Karousou (Greek: Αικατερίνη Καρούσου)  He was born on the island of Zakynthos in 1800, while his father was serving there as a Major in the British Infantry  He fought along with his father in the Greek War of Independence and distinguished himself in many battles 
In 1822, he married Eleni, the daughter of Laskarina Bouboulina 
In 1825, during the second civil war, he was murdered in Tripoli by order of the revolutionary government 
His skull is on display in the National Historical Museum in Athens 

See also
Theodoros Kolokotronis
Gennaios Kolokotronis
Passage 5:
Mother-in-Law Lounge
The Mother-in-Law Lounge is a live music venue, pub and a shrine in New Orleans, Louisiana dedicated to the memory of rhythm and blues singer, Ernie K-Doe    It is at the downtown river corner of Claiborne Avenue and Columbus Street in the 7th Ward of New Orleans   The exterior of the building is decorated with colorful murals depicting K-Doe and other prominent figures in New Orleans music, especially people who collaborated with K-Doe 
The lounge was originally opened by Ernie K-Doe in 1994, and it has become a historical icon in the local community   It was flooded with five and a half feet of water during Hurricane Katrina in 2005   With the help of the Hands on Network and Chet Haines, the lounge reopened its doors on 29 August 2006, on the first anniversary of Hurricane Katrina   Mother-in-Law Lounge was owned and operated by K-Doe's widow and musician, Antoinette K-Doe, before she died during Mardi Gras 2009   
In 2011, local musician Kermit Ruffins agreed to lease the site, and it reopened on January 20, 2014 
Ruffins is now running the establishment as Kermit's Mother-In-Law Lounge 
Passage 6:
Battle of Beauport
The Battle of Beauport, also known as the Battle of Montmorency, fought on 31 July 1759, was an important confrontation between the British and French Armed Forces during the Seven Years' War (also known as the French and Indian War and the War of Conquest) of the French province of Canada  The attack conducted by the British against the French defense line of Beauport, some 5 kilometres (3 1 mi) east of Quebec was checked, and the British soldiers of General James Wolfe retreated with 443 casualties and losses 

Background
The French and Indian War campaigns of 1758 were mostly successful for the British, who had sent more than 40,000 men against New France and made key gains by capturing Louisbourg and destroying Fort Frontenac, although their primary thrust was stopped by French general Louis-Joseph de Montcalm in the Battle of Carillon  William Pitt continued the aggressive policy in 1759, again organizing large campaigns aimed at the heartland of New France, the Canadien communities of Quebec and Montreal on the St  Lawrence River  For the campaign against Quebec, General James Wolfe was given command of an army of about 7,000 men 

Beauport
When he arrived before Quebec on 26 June, Wolfe observed that the northern shore of the St  Lawrence River around Beauport (the Beauport shore), the most favourable site for the landing of troops, was strongly defended by the French, who had built entrenchments on high ground, redoubts and floating batteries  Wolfe consequently had to devise a plan involving a landing on some other location of the shore  The search for the best site kept him busy for weeks 

Montmorency camp
On the night of 8th or 9 July, British forces landed on the north shore, some 1 2 km (0 75 mi) east of the Montmorency Falls, east of where the French west-east defence line ended, at the mouth of the Montmorency River  Wolfe landed first, leading the Louisbourg grenadiers, who were followed by the brigade commanded by George Townshend  The landing met no opposition from the French  James Murray, at the head of a part of his brigade, joined Wolfe and Townshend on 10 July  A camp was set up near the landing site  Wolfe ordered the construction of a battery to defend the camp, as well as rafts and floating batteries in anticipation of an attack on the French line 

Plan of attack
After establishing the Montmorency camp, Wolfe explored various plans of attack and chose his plan on 28 July  He had two main plans 
The first plan which Wolfe mentioned in his journal and the correspondence with his officers is that of 16 July  In a letter to Brigadier Robert Monckton, Wolfe wrote that he had hoped to capture one of the French redoubts, the second one counting from the east end of the Beauport line, in order to force the enemy out of their entrenchments  The plan involved an attack by the Navy, an important landing force transported from Île d'Orléans, as well as a body of troops crossing the river Montmorency on rafts and marching westward to the battle site  At the same time, the brigade commanded by Monckton was to land on the French right, between the Saint-Charles River and Beauport 
This plan was put on hold on 20 July, when an event of great import to the British occurred: the Royal Navy succeeded, on the night of 18–19 July, in passing seven ships, including the ship of the line HMS Sutherland and two frigates (HMS Diana and HMS Squirrel), through the narrow passage between Quebec and Pointe-Lévy, thus opening the possibility of a landing west of Quebec   Batteries firing at the British flotilla from the Lower Town of Quebec, as well as the floating batteries pursuing it, were unable to prevent the crossing  The Sutherland's log records that the French cannonballs flew too high to cause serious damage On 19 July Wolfe was at the Pointe-Lévy camp to reconnoiter the north shore west of Quebec  He moved further west the next day, near the mouth of the Chaudière River, to study the opposite shore between Sillery and Cap Rouge  Wolfe wrote to Monckton with orders for a plan of attack involving a landing near the village of Saint-Michel, something he had already considered in June  However, at 13:00, Wolfe countermanded his orders to Monckton, ordering him instead to wait a few days and remain ready to act quickly, because of some "particular circumstances"  It is possible that the circumstance he alluded to was a French counteroffensive in which a newly built battery at Samos (near Sillery) damaged the Squirrel 
Wolfe returned to the Montmorency camp on 26 July



ground_truth: Andrew Scheer

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the British general in the battle named after the birth city of the person who recorded Mother-in-Law?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Escorted by two battalions, he walked up the Montmorency river to reconnoiter the French lines  At about five kilometres (3 1 miles) from the river's mouth, he observed a ford allowing the easy crossing from the west shore to the east shore  This discovery was followed by a solid skirmish between British soldiers, attempting to cross, and French soldiers entrenched on the other side  The British reported 45 killed and wounded On 28 July, Wolfe wrote of an attack on the Beauport line to be executed on 30 July  However, poor winds did not allow for naval movements that day and the operations were postponed to the next day  The plan of attack then contemplated by Wolfe was a variation of the plan he had described to Monckton in his letter of 16 July  Unlike the earlier plan, there was no mention of a parallel landing on the French right (west of Beauport) 

Order of Battle
The order of battles were;

British Forces
British forces were commanded by Major General James Wolfe, who commanded less than 5,000 men 

Converged Grenadiers (13 Companies) from; 15th, 22nd, 28th, 35th, 40th, 43rd, 45th, 47th, 48th, 58th, 2nd Btn, 60th (Royal American), 3rd Btn, 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot, and 78th Fraser Highlanders
2 Companies of the 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot (200 men)
Monckton's Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Robert Monckton
15th Regiment of Foot
78th Fraser Highlanders

French Forces
French forces were commanded by Brigadier General Louis Joseph de Saint Véran, Marquis de Montcalm, who commanded 12,000 regulars and militia but just a part (left wing) of the force took part in the battle 

Extreme Left Wing commanded by Colonel Repentigny
800 Volunteers
Left Wing commanded by Colonel François-Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis
2nd Battalion, Régiment de Béarn
2nd Battalion, Régiment de Guyenne
2nd Battalion, Régiment Royal Roussillon
La Sarre Grenadiers (1 Company)
Mixed Battalion of Montréal (part militia, part Compagnies Franches de la Marine)
Montréal Militia
Trois-Rivières Militia, in reserve
500 Natives

Battle
Dangers of plan exposed
On the morning of 31 July the war vessel Centurion positioned itself by the Montmorency Falls to attack the easternmost French batteries  General Wolfe went on board the Russell, one of the two armed transports (the other being the Three Sisters) that were meant for the attack on the redoubt  Wolfe, who was then in the heat of the action, had a better chance to reconnoitre the French position than he could from Île d'Orléans  He immediately realized his mistake: the redoubt he hoped to seize to force the French out of their entrenchments was within range of enemy fire  The French soldiers could then very well shoot toward the redoubt without leaving their entrenchments on high ground  This fact changed everything and Wolfe's plan of attack consequently proved riskier than expected In spite of this, General Wolfe decided to proceed with the attack already underway  In his journal, he stated that it was "the confusion and disorder" he observed on the enemy's side which incited him to action  Townshend, who commanded at Montmorency, and Monckton who was doing the same at Pointe-Lévy, received the order to prepare for the attack 

Difficult landing
At around 11:00, the transport ships (Russell and Three Sisters) reached the north shore where the body of troops mobilized to take the redoubt landed  Toward 12:30, the boats transporting the main landing force left the Île d'Orléans to rendezvous with Wolfe  An unforeseen difficulty caused the landing planned a little to the west of the Montmorency Falls to be suspended: the boats met with a shoal preventing them from reaching the shore  A significant amount of time was lost trying to find a suitable site for landing, which finally occurred at around 17:30  By that time, the sky was covered by storm clouds 

Confrontation
The first troops advancing toward French lines were the thirteen companies of grenadiers and some 200 soldiers of the Royal Americans  Fire from the Montreal militia stalled their advance up the hill to the entrenchments above Shortly after the firing began, a summer storm broke out, causing gunpowder to become wet and rendering firearms unusable   When General Wolfe ordered the retreat, the troops marching from the Montmorency camp had not yet met up with the main force transported from the Île d'Orléans camp 

Consequences
The French were victorious  General Wolfe recorded 443 losses (210 killed and 233 wounded), while the French counted 60 killed and wounded on their side; losses which were attributed to the fire coming from the great battery of the Montmorency camp  The day after the battle, Wolfe wrote Monckton that the losses incurred in the battle were not great and that the defeat was no cause of discouragement While the news of the victory was celebrated in the French camp, General Montcalm remained lucid, writing to Bourlamaque that in his opinion this attack was only a prelude to a more important one, which they could do nothing but patiently wait for   The attack did eventually arrive, when on 13 September the British landed west of Quebec and defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham in a battle that claimed the lives of both Montcalm and Wolfe 

Notes
Passage 7:
Public holidays in Australia
Public holidays in Australia refer to the holidays recognised in law in Australia  Although they are declared on a state and territory basis, they comprise a mixture of nationally celebrated days and holidays exclusive to the individual jurisdictions 
Public holidays function as non-working days, with workers generally receiving full paid leave independently of annual leave  Those working on public holidays receive additional penalty rates of pay  Where they fall on a weekend, public holidays are generally declared in lieu for the following Monday 
Statutory holidays in Australia are based on varying religious, cultural and civic observations  Christian celebrations, namely Christmas and Easter, are some of the most significant ones observed  A Labour Day is observed in each state and territory, although it is varied in date  There are two significant national days, Australia Day (26 January) and Anzac Day (25 April), which are nationwide public holidays 
When a public holiday occurs on a Friday or Monday, the three-day period is colloquially known as a "long weekend" 

Nature of public holidays
Traditionally, Australians in employment (whether in the public or private sector) have had the right to take a public holiday off work with regular pay  In recent years this tradition has changed somewhat  For example, businesses that normally open on a public holiday may request employees to work on that day  Employers can deny employees a holiday only on reasonable business grounds From 2006, WorkChoices eliminated the entitlement to penalty rates in many workplaces; however since the implementation of the Fair Work Act 2009 and the modern awards in 2010, most public-holiday penalty rates have increased dramatically  As of 2018 employees generally receive pay at a penalty rate—usually 2 5 times (known as "double time and a half") the base rate of pay—when they work on a public holiday Besides designating days as public holidays, Australian authorities also designate some of these days as restricted trading days 
Public holidays are determined by a combination of:

statutes, with specific gazetting of public holidays
industrial awards and agreementsIf a standard public holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute public holiday will sometimes be observed on the first non-weekend day (usually Monday) after the weekend, whether by virtue of the public holiday legislation or by ad hoc proclamation  Workers required to work on a public holiday or substituted public holiday will usually be entitled to remuneration at a holiday penalty rate 
All states have their own public holidays in addition to national public holidays, and in some states certain public holidays, such as Melbourne Cup Day, are in force in only part of a state 
Alcohol licences in several states prevent sale of alcohol on certain public holidays, such as Good Friday 

Public holidays
Legend:
B City of Brisbane only  The Royal National Agricultural (RNA) Show Day (Brisbane only) is held on the Wednesday during the RNA Show period  The RNA Show commences on the first Friday in August, unless the first Friday is prior to 5 August, then it commences on the second Friday of August  Other Queensland show holidays: Show holiday dates | Public, school and show holidays
C = Conditional: Public Service employees or where defined in Employment Agreement/AwardH = Hobart area only
NH = Not Hobart area
P Part day, from 7 pm to midnight (6 pm to midnight for QLD)
† Often substituted with the Geelong Cup for Geelong residents  For regional Victoria other local cup days are sometimes substituted 
* The holiday is legislated for the 3rd Monday of May  Since 2006 it has been moved via the issuing of a special Proclamation by the Governor, to the 2nd Monday of March, on a trial basis 
** Sunday is nominally a public holiday in South Australia
*** Depends on occupation, generally from 6 pm to midnight

Substitute holidays for holidays falling on a weekend
When a public holiday falls on a weekend, the following work day may be considered a public holiday depending on the state/territory and the holiday in question 

Holidays that always fall on a particular day of the week are not listed in this table  Prior to 2008, Victorian law only specified substitute holidays for New Year and Boxing Day, and only if they fell on a Sunday  From 2008, Victorian law specifies the substitute holidays in the table above Since Easter Monday can occur as late as 26 April it is possible for the Easter Monday holiday to coincide with Anzac Day, as occurred in 2011   State Acts do not give a provision to separate the days when this occurs, so no additional public holiday is given by law  However an extra day is usually proclaimed by the minister, so as to have a steady number of public holidays each year  In the year 2038, Anzac Day will coincide with Easter Sunday 

Australia Day
Nationally, Australia Day was originally celebrated on 30 July 1915 Recorded celebrations of the 26 January date back to 1808 in Australia, and in 1818, Governor Lachlan Macquarie held the first official celebration of Australia Day   26 January was chosen because it is the day of the establishment of the first British settlement at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip in 1788   It was made a public holiday in New South Wales in 1836, and Victoria adopted the day as a public holiday in 1931  The 26 January commenced to be recognised by all states and territories as Australia Day in 1946 
Australia Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 26 January since 1994 Since 1960, the winner of the Australian of the Year award is announced by the Prime Minister on the eve of Australia Day (25 Jan) 

Labour Day
Labour Day commemorates the achievements of the Australian labour movement  The celebration of Labour Day has its origins in the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest  On 21 April 1856 Stonemasons and building workers on building sites around Melbourne, Australia, stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight-hour day  Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as the first organised workers in the world to achieve an eight-hour day with no loss of pay, which subsequently inspired the celebration of Labour Day and May Day  In Tasmania the public holiday is called Eight Hours Day and in the Northern Territory it is called May Day 
The Labour Day public holiday varies considerably between the various states and territories  It is the first Monday in October in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and South Australia  In Western Australia, it is the first Monday in March  In both Victoria and Tasmania, it is the second Monday in March  In the Northern Territory, and in Queensland it is the first Monday in May  More than 80 countries celebrate Labor Day  Labor Day is a long weekend 

Easter
The days of Easter vary each year depending on the day determined by the Western Christian calendar  Until 1994 Easter Tuesday was a Bank Holiday in Victoria (it retains this status partially in Tasmania)  The day after Good Friday and before Easter Sunday is traditionally known as Holy Saturday  However, the states where that day is a public holiday use different terminology – it is officially gazetted as "Easter Saturday" in the ACT, New South Wales, and the Northern Territory; as "the day after Good Friday" in Queensland and South Australia; and as "Saturday before Easter Sunday" in Victoria 

ANZAC Day
ANZAC Day is a day on which the country remembers those citizens who fell fighting or who served the country in wars  ANZAC Day is commemorated on 25 April every year  The tradition began to remember the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) soldiers who landed at Gallipoli in Turkey during World War I 
ANZAC Day commemoration features marches by veterans and by solemn "Dawn Services", a tradition started in Albany, Western Australia on 25 April 1923 and now held at war memorials around the country, accompanied by thoughts of those lost at war to the ceremonial sounds of The Last Post on the bugle  The fourth stanza of Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen (known as the "Ode of Remembrance") is often recited 

King's Birthday
In all states and territories except Queensland and Western Australia, the King's Birthday is observed on the second Monday in June  Because Western Australia celebrates Western Australia Day (formerly Foundation Day) on the first Monday in June, the Governor of Western Australia proclaims the day on which the state will observe the King's Birthday, based on school terms and the Perth Royal Show  There is no firm rule to determine this date before it is proclaimed, though it is typically the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October: in 2011 the King's Birthday holiday in Western Australia was moved from Monday, 3 October 2011 to Friday, 28 October 2011 to coincide with the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which was held in Perth  In parts of the Pilbara, it is celebrated on a different date from the rest of Western Australia, and it may even be celebrated on different dates in different parts of the Pilbara  In Queensland, it is celebrated on the 1st Monday in October The day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of King George III  Until 1936 it was held on the actual birthday of the Monarch, but after the death of King George V, it was decided to keep the date at mid-year 
On that day the "King's Birthday honours list" is released naming new members of the Order of Australia and other Australian honours  This occurs on the date observed in the Eastern States, not the date observed in Western Australia 
The King's Birthday weekend and Empire Day, 24 May, were long the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia  Although they still occur, the tradition has recently been overshadowed by larger New Year's Eve fireworks, as the sale of fireworks to the public was banned by the states in the 1980s, and in the ACT as of 24 August 2009  In the Northern Territory fireworks remain available to the public on 1 July for the celebration of Territory Day 

Christmas Day
Christmas is observed on 25 December each year to commemorate the birth of Jesus  In Australia, it was introduced with British settlement in 1788 as the cultural norms were transferred to the new colonies 

Boxing Day
Boxing Day is on the day after Christmas, i e  26 December each year, except in South Australia  In South Australia, the first otherwise working day after Christmas is a public holiday called Proclamation Day Boxing Day is noted for the start of the post-Christmas sale season  The day has also become a significant sporting day  Melbourne hosts the Boxing Day Test match; the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race also starts on this day 

Other holidays
Sunday is nominally a public holiday in South Australia 
Proclamation Day is in December in South Australia only 
Canberra Day is held on the 2nd Monday in March in the ACT  Prior to 2008, this holiday was celebrated on the 3rd Monday of March 
Melbourne Cup Day is held on the first Tuesday of November—the day of the Melbourne Cup  It was originally observed only in the Melbourne metropolitan area  From 2007 to 2009 in ACT, Melbourne Cup day was also a holiday called "Family and Community Day"  The holiday continued from 2010 to 2017 but no longer coincided with Melbourne Cup day  In Victoria, the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic) was amended from 24 September 2008 and made the Melbourne Cup Day holiday applicable in all parts of the state (unless another day is observed in substitute)  It also made the holiday applicable to employees covered by federal awards 
Recreation Day is the first Monday of November, and celebrated in Northern Tasmania where Regatta Day is not a holiday 
Regatta Day is the second Monday in February, and is celebrated in Southern Tasmania  Previously it was held on the second Tuesday in February 
Geelong Cup Day is held on the fourth Wednesday of October in the city of Geelong, Victoria
Queensland Day is celebrated on 6 June each year, but not with a public holiday 
Adelaide Cup Day is held on the second Monday in March in South Australia (held in May before 2006)
Western Australia Day in Western Australia on the first Monday in June 
Picnic Day in the Northern Territory in August, and also May Day
Tasmania has Easter Tuesday as a bank holiday (for bank and government employees only) 
New South Wales has the first Monday in August as a bank holiday (for bank employees only) 
Many cities and towns observe local public holidays for their local Agricultural Show   For example:
Darwin Show Day in Darwin area in late July
Royal Queensland Show Day in Brisbane area in August
Gold Coast Show in Gold Coast area in October
Territory Day celebrated in the Northern Territory on July 1 while not a designated public holiday, it remains the only Australian public celebration where the public may purchase fireworks for home detonation
"National Day of Mourning for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II" was a "one off" national public holiday declared by the Prime Minister for 22 September 2022 to allow people to pay their respects for the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning Australian monarch 

Public holidays by state
Queensland
The days are set in the Holidays Act 1983   Most public holidays include a second public holiday on a week-day if they happen to fall on Saturday or Sunday  In which case, both days are public holidays 
New Year's Day: 1 January, and if 1 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday 
Australia Day: 26 January, and if 26 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday 
Good Friday: on the date it is publicly observed, always a Friday 
The day after Good Friday: Always a Saturday, one day after Good Friday 
Easter Monday: The next Monday after Good Friday 
ANZAC Day: 25 April, and if 25 April is a Sunday, 26 April 
Labour Day ("May Day"): 1st Monday in May 
Birthday of the Sovereign: 1st Monday in October 
Christmas Day: 25 December 
Boxing Day: 26 December If Christmas Day (25 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 27 December is also a public holiday 
If Boxing day (26 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 28 December is also a public holiday 
Because of the variable days of Easter, Anzac day could fall on an Easter holiday  When ANZAC falls on Saturday, there is no week day public holiday  In such situations it is generally expected that the minister will proclaim extra public holidays on week-days to ensure every year has the same number of public holidays on week-days 
The minister of the state may proclaim and adjustments or additions, such as the date of the Brisbane Ekka Show day holiday  This day has historically always been proclaimed for the second Wednesday in August, except if there are 5 Wednesday's in August, in which case the third Wednesday in August 

New South Wales
Public holidays generally follow the national pattern, but special cases are resolved by the State Government and advised by proclamation  Details of future holidays can be found on the NSW Industrial Relations website  Public holidays are regulated by the New South Wales Public Holidays Act 2010 No 115, which supersedes the Banks and Bank Holidays Act 1912 No 43 
The first Monday in August is a Bank Holiday, during which banks and financial institutions are closed 

Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory
Most New South Wales public holidays are public holidays in the Australian Capital Territory, with the addition of Canberra Day and Reconciliation Day, which holiday falls on the Monday closest to May 27 

South Australia
Public holidays in South Australia are set out in the Holidays Act 1910, while additional holidays may be proclaimed in all or part of the State by the Governor  The Act defines public holidays and bank holidays, which are the same except where a holiday falls on a Saturday, in which case the public holiday is held on the following Monday and both the Saturday and Monday are bank holidays 

Victoria
Public holidays in Victoria are regulated by the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993 
Victorian employees fall under the Workchoices system either as coming within the Commonwealth constitutional power (called "constitutional corporation employees") or because of Victoria's referral of its legislative powers to the Commonwealth for particular workplace relations matters 
Employee entitlements to public holidays and additional pay depend on whether they are covered by a federal award or agreement 
Employees not covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays under the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993  Also, all permanent employees not covered by a federal award or agreement who would normally work on a public holiday (or a substitute public holiday) are entitled to the holiday without loss of pay  Their employers are not required to provide additional payment if they work on a public holiday, but this does not exclude the possibility of employees and employers negotiating for additional pay 
Employees who are covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays as provided by the relevant federal award or agreement and the Public Holidays Act 1993  Many federal awards and agreements also provide for additional penalty rates for work performed on a public holiday 
Restricted shop trading laws apply to Good Friday, Christmas Day and before 1 pm on Anzac Day  On these days only exempted businesses are permitted to open for trading  All public holidays and substitute public holidays are bank holidays In August 2015, the day before the AFL Grand Final, as well as Easter Sunday, were gazetted as Public Holidays within Victoria   This date of the holiday is as gazetted by the Victorian Government and cannot be accurately predicted  In 2019, the Victorian Parliament legislated the AFL Grand Final public holiday by amending the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic) The Victorian public holidays are as follows:
* Melbourne Cup Day is observed in most of the state, but various cup days and show days in the state's west are locally substituted  See the list at Non-Metropolitan Public Holiday Dates (Victoria Online) 
Melbourne Show Day used to be observed on the Thursday in the last full week of September as a half-day public holiday—later changing to full day—until 1994 (abolished by the state government)  Easter Tuesday was observed as a Bank Holiday in Victoria until 1994 (also abolished by the state government) 

Western Australia
*If a Public Holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is also observed as a Public Holiday
#The King's Birthday may be held on a different date in regional communities

Penalty rates
Penalty rates are the rates of pay which an employee is paid higher than their standard base rate for working at times or on days, such as public holidays, which are outside the normal working week  They were introduced in 1947 for workers working on the Sabbath, as most workers were Christian, while today, these rates of pay are set by the Fair Work Commission 

See also
Australian labour law
Australian Pay and Classification Scales



ground_truth: General Edward Pakenham

Edward Pakenham