prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the president of the new country that jointly established a Commission of Truth and Friendship with the country that broadcasts Dahsyat?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
East Timor
East Timor ( (listen)), also known as Timor-Leste (; Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia  It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, of which the western half is administered by Indonesia, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco  Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea  The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi)  Dili is its capital and largest city 
East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975  Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation  Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory  On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century  That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN  
The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament  Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence  The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership  The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid 
The total population is over 1 1 million, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate  Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum  High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country  The majority of the population is Catholic, which exists alongside strong local traditions, especially in rural areas 

Name
"Timor" is derived from timur, meaning 'east' in Malay, thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'  In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur  (this name only refers to the former de facto Indonesian province, Timor Leste is used instead to refer this country)  In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east')  In Tetum it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises') The official names under its constitution are "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" in English, "República Democrática de Timor-Leste" in Portuguese, and "Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste" in Tetum  The official short form of the name is "Timor-Leste", and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL 

History
Prehistory and Classical era
Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago  The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages  A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain  The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island  Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south  These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra  Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law  Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai  Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom  These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule : 11–15 From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume  Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood, honey, and wax  The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute : 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century  Early European presence was limited to trade, with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor : 90

Portuguese era (1769–1975)
Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands  Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch : 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores  In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652  The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave : 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited  A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century  Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal : 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance  The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal : 269 During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942  The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor  Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians  The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943  Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited : 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%  Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975 
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975  Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975  Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976  The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration" 

Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance  The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality  A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness  The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data  One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000  Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia : 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia  Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence  A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999  A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military  In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons  On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN 

Contemporary era
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly  On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution  By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned  On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN  The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president  On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order  The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term  While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president  In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party  In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed  Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order  In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities  The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012 Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017  The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election  This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018  In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister  José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres 

Politics and government
The political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system : 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary : 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch  The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions : 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers : 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference : 13, 39  Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas  Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful : 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85% : 17  The political system has wide public acceptance : 17 : 106 The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms  Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers  However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence : 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget : 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority : 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter : 10  As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet 

Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term  The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five  Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method  Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system  Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance  Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system  Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis : 173 Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system  One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women  This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party : 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines  There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule  Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas : 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology : 16  The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections : 168–169  While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an "old guard" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia : 175 : 10–11 Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services : 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy : 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations : 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown  An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets : 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups  Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions : 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country : 40

Foreign relations and military
International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them : 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999  The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012 : 4, 14 East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,: 42–44  and was granted observer status and accepted "in principle" in November 2022  Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership  ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia  Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states : 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group  More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states  It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries : 42–44 Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds  Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions  These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country : 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili : 12 The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border  The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case  The dispute was resolved in 2018 following negotiations at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when a maritime boundary between the two was established along with an agreement on natural resource revenues The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006  It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor  These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component  A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component  There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States 

Administrative divisions
East Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets)  The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule : 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili : 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government  In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration  In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers : 88–92  In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government  This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders : 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime  Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region  The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015  In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households : 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants  Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration : 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself : 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives : 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers  An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services : 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration  Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state  They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration : 7–10

Geography
Located in between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay archipelago : 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south : 2  East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country  The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco  The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse : 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi) : 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude : 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long : 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere  East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi) The interior of the country is mountainous,: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island : 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%  The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline : 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft)  Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season : 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor : 13 : 2  The capital and largest city is Dili  The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau : 22 

The climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year  A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia : 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8 7–9 9 in) per month  In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0 47–0 71 in) : 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect : 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts  Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change : 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall : 6 Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west  These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot : 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park  It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country  It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated  The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country  Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid 2010s : 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct : 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion  There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority : 27 : 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution : 2–3

Economy
The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities and has a large public sector  Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty : 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions  The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country : 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers  There are far more imports than exports,: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries : 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending : 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2 5% per year from 2011 to 2021 : 24 Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line  This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen  Even in urban areas, the majority are poor  Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers : 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth : 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were  There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account : 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population : 214 Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports : 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government : 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries : 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards : 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses  A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each : 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers : 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks : 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually : 257 

This poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country  Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas  The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth : 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund  $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent : 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010 : 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget  As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted  Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009 : 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging  Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy : 264–272 The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors  Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years  The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects  Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth : 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes  Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies  Other government income comes from 23 "autonomous agencies", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor : 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible : 260 

Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment  Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights : 23  As of 2010, 87 7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18 9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38 2%  The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population  Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence : 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop, and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue : 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse  Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually : 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists 

Demographics
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census  The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located : 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare  While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital  The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes : 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20 : 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world : 212 The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese  Other reference sources list it as East Timorese  The word Maubere formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021 : 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48 5 to 69 5  Expected years of schooling rose from 9 8 to 12 4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2 8 to 4 4  Progress since 2010 for these has been limited  Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since : 3  As of 2016, 45 8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16 3% severely so : 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7 8, dropped to 4 2 by 2016  It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer: 3  and less literate households  As of 2016, the average household size was 5 3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women : 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003 : 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010  Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period  As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia : 11

Ethnicity and language
Timorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group  Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups : 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity : 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect : 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups : 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent  There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka  Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation  East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically Goan descent, as well as historical immigration from Africa and Yemen Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan : 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects : 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a  According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a  The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum, mostly around Dili or the western border  Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast  The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality : 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30 6% of the population), Mambai (16 6%), Makasai (10 5%), Tetum Terik (6 05%), Baikenu (5 87%), Kemak (5 85%), Bunak (5 48%), Tokodede (3 97%), and Fataluku (3 52%)  Other indigenous languages accounted for 10 47%, while 1 09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum  In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as "working languages" : 3  This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date  In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report  Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools  The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it  Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country : 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77 8% in Tetum, 55 6% in Indonesian, and 39 3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012  According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese  The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English 

Education
East Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021  It is slightly higher among women than men : 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty : 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education  Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate : 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor  Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals  Education takes up 10% of the national budget : 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor  There are also four colleges Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8 4% of primary school and 6 8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81 6% for primary and 46 3% for secondary schools  Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73 7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district  Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language : 28

Religion
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble  Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities According to the 2015 census, 97 57% of the population is Catholic; 1 96% Protestant; 0 24% Muslim; 0 08% Traditional; 0 05% Buddhist; 0 02% Hindu, and 0 08% other religions  A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98 3% of the population, Protestants 1 2%, and Muslims 0 3% The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs  East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity  Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese mass was replaced by Indonesian mass  While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion  The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana  In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretised with local animist beliefs  The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia  Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor 

Culture
The many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom  Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems : 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited  The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited : 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language  At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration : 98–99 The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity : 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule : 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop  This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones : 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices : 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands  Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili : 53–54 The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country : 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers  Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership  Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today  An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness  Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country  Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families : 7–13 

Community life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community : 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials : 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community : 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses  Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities : 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status : 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house : 96 Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island  Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns  Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders  For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women  Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups : 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture : I-5 Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects : 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry  This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge : 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry  Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior" In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013  Shot with a limited budget by a mix of local filmmakers and a volunteer Australian film crew, the film depicted East Timorese life under Indonesian occupation in the 1970s, with producer Lurdes Pires acknowledging their aim to diverge from the government's "friendship and forgiveness" policy for its past conflicts by telling a story of truth-seeking and justice 

See also
Outline of East Timor
Index of East Timor-related articles
List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East
Passage 2:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1264
United Nations Security Council resolution 1264, adopted unanimously on 15 September 1999, after recalling previous resolutions on East Timor (Timor-Leste), the Council authorised the establishment of the multinational International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) to restore peace and security in the territory, facilitate humanitarian assistance and protect the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) The Security Council welcomed the successful conduct of the East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum on 30 August 1999, in which the East Timorese people voted for independence from Indonesia  Meanwhile, there was concern about the deteriorating security situation and the violence that had displaced many residents  Attacks also took place against UNAMET and other international and national humanitarian personnel and this had particularly affected vulnerable groups  There were reports of widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights law across East Timor, and Indonesia had accepted the presence of a United Nations international peacekeeping force in the region Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council condemned the violence in East Timor, called for those responsible to be brought to justice and emphasised the need for immediate unrestricted humanitarian assistance to the area  In this regard, it authorised the establishment of an Australian-led multinational force under joint command with the task of restoring peace, protecting the UNAMET mission and assisting in humanitarian operations using all necessary measures  The force consisted of 8,000 personnel from 17 countries  The Government of Indonesia, which had temporary responsibility for the security of East Timor, would co-operate with the multinational force or INTERFET 
The resolution noted that part of the agreement between Indonesia and Portugal on the future of East Timor stipulated a peaceful and orderly transfer of authority in East Timor to the United Nations and INTERFET was asked to support the process  The multinational force would be present in East Timor for four months until replaced by a United Nations peacekeeping force and would be required to submit periodic reports on its progress Finally, the Secretary-General was asked to make preparations for a transitional administration in East Timor that would include a peacekeeping operation during the implementation phase following the referendum 

See also
1999 East Timorese crisis
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1201 to 1300 (1998–2000)
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
Passage 3:
Zeferino Martins
Zeferino Martins, also known as Ze Martins (born September 5, 1985) is an East Timorese footballer who plays as midfielder for Ad  Dili Oeste and the Timor-Leste national team 
Passage 4:
The Trouble with the Truth (song)
"The Trouble with the Truth" is a song written by Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in April 1997 as the fifth and final single and title track from her album  The Trouble with the Truth 
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 15 during the week of July 12, 1997 

Other versions
Joan Baez also cut a version of the song during an early 1990s recording session in Nashville, but the recording remained unissued until released in 2012 as a bonus track on the remastered rerelease of her 1992 album Play Me Backwards 

Chart positions
Passage 5:
Dahsyat
Dahsyat (or Strikes, also stylized as dahSyat) is an Indonesian television show broadcast daily on Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI)  The first episode of Dahsyat since 24 March 2008  The show broadcasts subject matter related to music, and each show is two hours long  It was initially presented by Olga Syahputra, Raffi Ahmad, and Luna Maya  Presenters have since included a variety of actors, directors, comedians, and musicians 
As evidence of its popularity, Indonesian TV audiences voted Dahsyat their Favorite Music & Variety Show in the Panasonic Awards for five consecutive years from 2010 to 2014 and 2016  In 2016, Dahsyat subsequently had winning for Most Popular Morning Program at the Indonesian Television Awards 

Dahsyat presenters
The Dahsyat presenters have not been immune to controversy during the show's lengthy run 
In June 2010, Luna Maya left the show after video clips surfaced allegedly showing her taking part in sex acts with Ariel from the band, Peterpan (now known as Noah) and with Cut Tari Raffi Ahmad's house was raided by police looking for drugs, including marijuana and methylone in 2013  Indonesia's agency responsible for monitoring narcotics charged Ahmad with possession and distribution of category one narcotics; Ahmad spent three months in an outpatient drug rehabilitation clinic The Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) repeatedly reprimanded Olga Syahputra for coarse humor, which included references to male genitalia and jokes about transvestites, rape and, overweight people  He subsequently died in Singapore on March 27, 2015 of meningitis 

Fixed presenter
Co-presenter
Former presenters
Popularity
The daily Dahsyat show draws millions of viewers 
On 12 Dec 2014, the show had a TVR of 1 3 and a share of 12 7%, ranking it 62nd  On 14 Dec 2014, the show had a TVR of 2 0 and a share of 18 7%, ranking it 25th Dahsyat has made efforts to improve ratings  The show followed SCTV's Eat Bulaga! Indonesia's by offering prizes and instituted the new Gaspol format focused on dance events, similar to Trans TV's Yuk Keep Smile's Caesar Dance  However, the show's programming has been widely criticized by viewers for a decline in music, increased attention on the presenters' personal lives, long advertisements, and frequent presenter changes  These criticisms have been compounded by both the success of rival show Inbox on SCTV and incidents involving the presenters, notably Raffi Ahmad's drug charges and a reprimand by the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission for insulting Islam 

New format
On August 27, 2013, Dahsyat launched the Gaspol dance event format, adding a DJ 

Dahsyatnya Awards
Dahsyatnya Awards is an awards ceremony for Indonesian music, hosted by the Dahsyat presenters and airing on the same television station, RCTI  The show first was held on April 19, 2009  In 2015, the 2014 Dahsyatnya Awards show won the category "Best Special Event" at 2015 Panasonic Gobel Awards 

Special guest stars
Special guest stars have included politicians like Hillary Clinton - United States Secretary of State;  several Miss World winners including:
Ksenia Sukhinova - Miss World 2008, Kaiane Aldorino - Miss World 2009, Alexandria Mills - Miss World 2010, Ivian Sarcos - Miss World 2011, Yu Wenxia - Miss World 2012, Megan Young - Miss World 2013 and Julia Morley the CEO of the Miss World Organization 
Musical guests have included: Anggun - Indonesia international Singer and Ambassador of FAO, finalist on Eurovision Song Contest 2012, Christian Bautista - Filipino international Singer, host and model, Siti Nurhaliza - Malaysian international Singer, McFly - English Pop Rock Band, Lee Ji-hoon - South Korean singer and actor, * David Foster - Canadian composer, Minami Takahashi - Japanese singer, Lee DeWyze a contestant on American Idol 2010, Depapepe - Japanese Acoustic Group, Fabrizio Faniello - Eurovision Song Contest 2001 and Eurovision Song Contest 2006 performer, Thia Megia a contestant on American Idol 2011, Destine - Dutch Rock Band, Han Geng a Chinese singer, AKB48 the Japanese Girl Group; Simple Plan the Canadian Rock Band, Secondhand Serenade an American Rock Band, and Daimaou Kosaka a Japanese recording artist 
Other musical guests have included: The American heavy metal band The Iron Maidens, Rick Price the Australian singer,
Eru the Korean singer and actor, BtoB a Korean Boy Group, Filipino singer and actor Sam Concepcion, Justice Crew the Australian Boy Group, David Cook a contestant on American Idol 2008, Sinclarity an American Acoustic Group, Connie Talbot the English singer, Scandal the Japanese Rock Band, Dutch Rock Band Kensington, Eir Aoi the Japanese singer,  Irish singer Shane Filan, Tommy Page an American singer, Korean Pop Grou Lunafly, Wouter Hamel a Dutch singer, and Danish rock band Carpark North 
Footballer guests have included: Franco Baresi and Paolo Maldini (Italy), Ray Wilkins, Anton Ferdinand, David May and John Barnes (England), Jesper Blomqvist (Sweden), Fernando Morientes and Roberto Soldado (Spain), Edwin van der Sar (the Netherlands) Adlène Guedioura (Algeria), Andriy Shevchenko  (Ukraine), Jonas Gonçalves Oliveira and Roque Junior (Brazil), Robert Pires (France) and Luís Figo (Portugal) 
Other guests from varied backgrounds have included: Moymoy Palaboy a comedian lipsync duo from the Philippines, Paul O'Brien the Australian actor, Horace Grant and Rafer Alston  American basketball players, Samantha Jade from The X Factor Australia 2012, and World motivational speaker Nick Vujicic 

Awards and nominations
See also
RCTI
2011 Panasonic Gobel Awards
Variety Show
Passage 6:
The Truth About Men
The Truth About Men is the eighth studio album by American country music artist Tracy Byrd  Released in 2003 as the third and final album for RCA Nashville, it features the singles "The Truth About Men", "Drinkin' Bone", and "How'd I Wind Up in Jamaica"  Before its release, Byrd charted in the country top 40 with the single "Lately (Been Dreamin' 'bout Babies)", which does not appear on the album 
The track "Making Memories of Us" was later recorded by The Notorious Cherry Bombs on their self-titled debut album, and again by Keith Urban on his 2004 album Be Here  Urban's rendition of the song was a Number One hit on the country music charts in 2005 

Track listing
Personnel
Tracy Byrd - lead vocals
Billy Carpenter - drums
Johnny Lee Carpenter - fiddle
Britt Godwin - electric guitar
Larry Shelton - trumpet
Stacy Clark - trumpet
Lisa Cochran - background vocals
Jim Cox - piano
Eric Darken - percussion
Randall Dennis - piano
Dan Dugmore - dobro, steel guitar
Stuart Duncan - fiddle
Paul Franklin - steel guitar
Troy Gentry - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Andy Griggs - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Aubrey Haynie - fiddle, mandolin
Wes Hightower - background vocals
John Hobbs - piano
John Barlow Jarvis - Hammond organ, piano, synthesizer
Troy Lancaster - electric guitar
Paul Leim - drums, percussion
B  James Lowry - acoustic guitar
Liana Manis - background vocals
Jay Dee Maness - steel guitar
Brent Mason - electric guitar
Mark Matoska - steel guitar
Eddie Montgomery - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
John J  Moore - bass guitar, background vocals
John Robinson - drums
John Wesley Ryles - background vocals
Blake Shelton - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Leland Sklar - bass guitar
Carey Stone - electric guitar
Michael Thompson - electric guitar
Neil Thrasher - background vocals
Billy Joe Walker Jr  - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Gabe Witcher - fiddle
Glenn Worf - bass guitar
Reggie Young - electric guitar

Charts
Passage 7:
Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship
The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005  The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the "conclusive truth" behind the events  After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor  The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral 

Background
East Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974  East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist  The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory  It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support  The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken  The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government 
Indonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades  During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia  Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area, with UN workers being attacked in Maliana  It soon became clear in the wake of the referendum that the referendum result would be overwhelmingly in favor of the "no" option on the ballot; this raised tensions to a boiling point, and within two hours of the announcement of the results, armed militia groups began attacking civilians  Militia continued to attack civilians as they withdrew from the country, and several massacres occurred as the troops filtered out of the area  A UN peacekeeping force known as INTERFET was deployed to stabilize the situation, made up of mostly Australian troops, and was withdrawn with the arrival of normal UN peacekeepers  East Timor eventually transitioned from a UN mandate to an independent country 

Report
The commission itself was announced in August 2006 and sought to establish "the conclusive truth regarding human rights violations to have occurred prior to, immediately after the Popular Consultation on 30 August 1999" as well as "prepare recommendations that can contribute to healing wounds of the past and strengthen friendship"  The timing of the commission's creation was criticized by some, as it was believed that it was created to intentionally subvert calls for an international tribunal to deal with the events surrounding the 1999 plebiscite  The commission's mandate allowed it to review documents pertaining to four other inquiries surrounding the events that predated it: "The Indonesian National Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights Violations in East Timor in 1999", "The Indonesian Ad Hoc Human Rights Court on East Timor", "The Special Panels for Serious Crimes", and "The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation" The commission was made up of four members appointed from each nation, and these commissioners were instructed to conduct a document review and analyze previous trials and investigations into the subject, including the UN Special Panels for Serious Crimes and Serious Crime Units in Dili, and the report of the Commission of Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste  The commission also stated its intent to research the "historical background, political dynamics, and institutional structures that shaped events before and during 1999" to "inform its conclusions with a broader understanding of the way in which the causes of the violence in 1999 were connected to previously established institutional structures and practices "Operating over three years, the commission gave its final report on July 15, 2008, and presented it to the Presidents of Indonesia and East Timor, concluding that "gross human rights violations in the form of crimes against humanity did occur in East Timor in 1999" and that "pro-autonomy militia groups, TNI, the Indonesian civil government, and Polri must all bear institutional responsibility", as well as stating that "from a moral and political perspective the respective states must accept state responsibility for the violations identified in the report " The commission also made recommendations that both nations begin institutional reform enhancing the strength of investigative and prosecuting bodies involved with investigations into the events, as well as forming joint security policy to ensure the safety of individuals in case of the recurrence of violence  It also noted the need to resolve other standing border and security issues between the two nations to allow for more cooperation  Notably, the report gave no recommendations of amnesty or rehabilitation  The report was endorsed by the president of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, making it the first recognition of the Indonesian government's complicity in human rights violations in East Timor by Indonesia 

Reception
In Indonesia and Timor, the report was presented to both governments and accepted by both the Timorese and Indonesian governments  However, Timorese NGO Timor-Leste National Alliance for International Tribunal wrote an open letter in response to the commission's findings with several criticisms, including the lack of public consultation with victims and parliamentary approval of the commission, as well as noting that the commission assigned institutional responsibility rather than individual responsibility, "which is contrary to the principles of international laws which were ratified by the state of Timor-Leste and to Article 160 of its constitution which says that there must be a justice process for crimes against humanity ", as well as stating their belief that the CAVR was a more trustworthy and support worthy commission for the government to support Internationally, the report had a mixed reception  Some, such as the War Crimes Studies Center at the University of California, Berkeley, said that the commission could be seen as "widely acknowledged as credible and far-reaching ", noting that the Indonesian government's affirmation of the results was important and that the commission made arguments that "there was credible evidence to indicate that Timorese institutions were also responsible for illegal detentions and possibly other crimes "

See also
History of East Timor
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Santa Cruz massacre
Passage 8:
List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
The Ramon Magsaysay Award (Filipino: Gawad Ramon Magsaysay) is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society  The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government  It is often called the "Nobel Prize of Asia" 

History
In May 1957, seven prominent Filipinos were named to the founding board of trustees of the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, the non-profit corporation tasked with implementing the awards program  Later on, the board of trustees diversified and included prominent Asians from all over the Asian continent and outlying islands  The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation gives the prize to Asian individuals achieving excellence in their respective fields 
The award is named after Ramon Magsaysay, the seventh president of the Republic of the Philippines after World War II  This has generated criticism due to allegations of brutal suppression of dissent and subserviency to the US government during Magsaysay's tenure as defence secretary and president 

Award categories
The award recognizes and honors individuals and organizations in Asia regardless of race, creed, sex, or nationality, who have achieved distinction in their respective fields and have helped others generously without anticipating public recognition   
The awards used to be given in six categories, five of which were discontinued in 2009:

Government Service (1958–2008)
Public Service (1958–2008)
Community Leadership (1958–2008)
Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008)
Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008)
Emergent Leadership (2001– )
Uncategorized (2009– )

Awardees
The winners of the Ramon Magsaysay Awards come from different parts of Asia, although there are some instances where the winners came from countries outside Asia who had served, worked or accomplished something in different Asian countries  As of 2021, recipients have come from twenty-two Asian countries 
The following is a partial list of the awardees of the Ramon Magsaysay Award  Awardees' individual nationality or country of origin and citizenship are indicated 
Starting 2009, the Award is no longer being given in fixed categories except for Emergent Leadership 

Government Service (1958–2008)
Public Service (1958–2008)
Community Leadership (1958–2008)
Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008)
Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008)
Emergent Leadership (2001–present)
Uncategorized (2009–present)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Randall Munroe
Randall Patrick Munroe (born October 17, 1984) is an American cartoonist, author, and engineer best known as the creator of the webcomic xkcd  Munroe has worked full-time on the comic since late 2006  In addition to publishing a book of the webcomic's strips, he has written four books: What If?, Thing Explainer, How To: Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems, and What If? 2 

Early life
Munroe was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, and his father has worked as an engineer and marketer  He has two younger siblings, including a brother named Doug, and was raised as a Quaker  He was a fan of comic strips in newspapers from an early age, starting off with Calvin and Hobbes  After graduating from the Chesterfield County Mathematics and Science High School at Clover Hill in Midlothian, Virginia, he graduated from Christopher Newport University in 2006 with a degree in physics 

Career
NASA
Munroe worked as a contract programmer and roboticist for NASA at the Langley Research Center, before and after his graduation with a physics degree  In late 2006, he left NASA and moved to Boston to focus on webcomics full time 

Webcomic
Munroe's webcomic, entitled xkcd, is primarily a stick figure comic  Its tagline describes it as "A webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math, and language" Munroe had originally used xkcd as an instant messaging screenname because he wanted a name without a meaning so he would not eventually grow tired of it  He registered the domain name, but left it idle until he started posting his drawings, perhaps in September 2005  The webcomic quickly became very popular, garnering up to 70 million hits a month by October 2007  Munroe has said, "I think the comic that's gotten me the most feedback is actually the one about the stoplights" Munroe now supports himself by the sale of xkcd-related merchandise, primarily thousands of t-shirts a month  He licenses his xkcd creations under the Creative Commons attribution-noncommercial 2 5, stating that it is not just about the free culture movement, but that it also makes good business sense In 2010, he published a collection of the comics  He has also toured the lecture circuit, giving speeches at places such as Google's Googleplex in Mountain View, California The popularity of the strip among science fiction fans resulted in Munroe being nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist in 2011 and again in 2012  In 2014, he won the Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story for the xkcd strip "Time" 

Other projects
Munroe is the creator of the now defunct websites "The Funniest", "The Cutest", and "The Fairest", each of which presents users with two options and asks them to choose one over the other In January 2008, Munroe developed an open-source chat moderation script named "Robot9000"  Originally developed to moderate one of Munroe's xkcd-related Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channels, the software's algorithm attempts to prevent repetition in IRC channels by temporarily muting users who send messages that are identical to a message that has been sent to the channel before  If users continue to send unoriginal messages, Robot9000 mutes the user for a longer period, quadrupling for each unoriginal message the user sends to the channel  Shortly after Munroe's blog post about the script went live, 4chan administrator Christopher Poole adapted the script to moderate the site's experimental /r9k/ board  Twitch trialed R9K mode but it did not pass beta In October 2008, The New Yorker magazine online published an interview and "Cartoon Off" between Munroe and Farley Katz, in which each cartoonist drew a series of four humorous cartoons In early 2010, Munroe ran the xkcd Color Name Survey, in which participants were shown a series of RGB colors and asked to enter a suitable name for each specific color  Munroe wanted to identify colors which were given identical or highly similar names by a large number of survey participants, which would then serve as an approximate list of the most common colors rendered similarly across a range of computer monitors  Over 200,000 people eventually completed the survey, and Munroe published the resulting list of 954 named RGB web colors on the xkcd website  They have since been adopted as conventional color identifiers in various programming and markup languages, including Python and LaTeX 

What If?
Munroe has a blog entitled What If?, where he has answered questions sent in by fans of his comics  These questions are usually absurd and related to math or physics, and he explains them using both his knowledge and various academic sources  In 2014, he published a collection of some of the responses, as well as a few new ones and some rejected questions, in a book entitled What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  Starting in November 2019, Munroe began writing a monthly column in the New York Times titled Good Question, answering user-submitted questions in the same style as What If 
A sequel, What If? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, was published in September 2022 

Radioactivity visualization
In response to concerns about the radioactivity released by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, and to remedy what he described as "confusing" reporting on radiation levels in the media, Munroe created a radiation chart of comparative radiation exposure levels  The chart was rapidly adopted by print and online journalists in several countries, including being linked to by online writers for The Guardian, and The New York Times  As a result of requests for permission to reprint the chart and to translate it into Japanese, Munroe placed it in the public domain, but requested that his non-expert status be clearly stated in any reprinting Munroe published an xkcd-style comic on scientific publishing and open access in Science in October 2013 

Thing Explainer
Munroe's book Thing Explainer, announced in May 2015 and published later that year, explains concepts using only the 1,000 most common English words  The book's publisher, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, saw these illustrations as potentially useful for textbooks, and announced in March 2016 that the next editions of their high-school-level chemistry, biology, and physics textbooks will include selected drawings and accompanying text from Thing Explainer 

How To
In February 2019, Munroe announced his next book, How To, which was released in September of that year  The book deals with everyday problems by using physics to find absurd, and generally extreme, solutions to them 

Influence
In September 2013, Munroe announced that a group of xkcd readers had submitted his name as a candidate for the renaming of asteroid (4942) 1987 DU6 to 4942 Munroe  The name was accepted by the International Astronomical Union 

Personal life
As of May 2008, Munroe lives in Somerville, Massachusetts In October 2010, Munroe's fiancée was diagnosed with stage three breast cancer; there had been no prior family history  The emotional effect of her illness was referenced in the comic panel "Emotion", published 18 months later in April 2012  In September 2011, he announced that they had married  In November 2012, he published a comic entitled "Two Years', and in December 2017, Munroe followed this with a comic entitled "Seven Years"  He revisited the subject in November 2020 in a comic entitled "Ten Years" His hobbies and interests include kite photography, in which cameras are attached to kites and photographs are then taken of the ground or buildings 

Publications
Publications by Munroe
xkcd: volume 0  Breadpig  2009  ISBN 9780615314464 
What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  London: John Murray  2014  ISBN 9781848549579 
Thing Explainer  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt  2015  ISBN 9780544668256 
How To: Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems  John Murray  2019  ISBN 9780525537090 
What If? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  Riverhead Books  2022  ISBN 9780525537113 

Publications with contributions by Munroe
North, Ryan; Matthew, Bennardo; Malki, David (2010)  Machine of Death (PDF)  ISBN 9780982167120  Archived from the original on August 15, 2014 
Passage 2:
Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 –  June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor  His productions included the TV series Family (1976–1980), Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), The Love Boat (1977–1986), Hart to Hart (1979–1984), Dynasty (1981–1989), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006)  He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976), and Sunset Beach (1997–1999) 
Through his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in US television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits  Forbes ranked him the 11th top-earning deceased celebrity in 2009 

Early life
Spelling was born in Dallas, Texas  He was the son of Pearl (née Wald) and David Spelling, Russian Jewish immigrants  His father worked as a tailor and changed his surname from Spurling to Spelling after emigrating to the United States  Spelling was the youngest of five children  He had three older brothers: Maxwell “Max” Seltzer (circa 1909–?), Sam Spelling (1916–2001) and Daniel Spelling (1921–2009) and an older half-sister, Becky Seltzer Giller (1910–1978) At the age of eight, Spelling psychosomatically lost the use of his legs due to trauma caused by constant anti-semitic bullying from his schoolmates, and was confined to bed for a year  He made a full recovery After attending Forest Avenue High School in Dallas, he served in the United States Army Air Corps as a pilot during World War II 
Spelling later graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1949, where he was a cheerleader 

Career
Spelling made his first appearance as an actor in a film as Harry Williams in Vicki, directed by Harry Horner, in 1953  That same year, he appeared in the TV series I Led Three Lives and Dragnet (six episodes, 1953–55)  Spelling appeared in episode 112 of I Love Lucy ("Tennessee Bound," season 4, 1955) and Alfred Hitchcock Presents ("Breakdown", 1955) , as Weed Pindle in Gunsmoke's season one, episode 35, "The Guitar" (1956); He continued to appear in films and TV (often uncredited) over 25 times by 1957, appearing briefly as an actor in 1963, 1995, and 1998 (all uncredited )Spelling sold his first script to Jane Wyman Presents in 1954  He guest-starred that same year as a dogcatcher in the premiere episode of the CBS situation comedy, Willy, starring June Havoc as a young lawyer in New Hampshire, who later relocates to New York City to represent a vaudeville troupe Two years later, Spelling gained experience as a producer and additional credits as a script writer working for Four Star Television on the series Zane Grey Theater, which aired between 1956 and 1961  Of the 149 episodes in that series, he wrote 20 of the teleplays and produced many others  Spelling produced Burke's Law while at Four Star   The show was the first success for Spelling and pioneered the multiple guest star format, later seen on The Love Boat and Fantasy Island  Thomas-Spelling Productions was a television production company formed by comedian Danny Thomas and producer Aaron Spelling on April 15, 1966, as a partnership with 24 properties  Thomas continued his existing partnership, T&L Productions, with Sheldon Leonard  The company adapted its name by July 18, 1966, when it announced the financial involvement of ABC with its first show, Range (later Rango), a half-hour comedy western starring Tim Conway and its rented space on Desilu Productions' Gower lot  ABC also picked up another show for a pilot, just in an outline treatment, in The Guns of Will Sonnett   Thomas-Spelling Productions' active operations ended with the last season of The Mod Squad in 1972   Spelling formed a new partnership with Leonard Goldberg, Spelling-Goldberg Productions 
Beginning in 1965, Spelling began producing successful television shows including The Mod Squad, The Rookies, Family, Charlie's Angels, Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, Dynasty, Beverly Hills, 90210 (which starred his daughter Tori), Melrose Place, 7th Heaven, Charmed, Jane's House and Sunset Beach  Spelling founded Spelling Entertainment in 1965, alongside partnerships with comedian/actor Danny Thomas (Thomas-Spelling Productions, 1966–1972), and television/film producer Leonard Goldberg (Spelling-Goldberg Productions, 1972–1986) He produced the unsuccessful situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums in 1977 
In 2004, Spelling was portrayed in two television movies: Dan Castellaneta portrayed Spelling in Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels, and Nicholas Hammond portrayed Spelling in television movie Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure 

Personal life
Spelling married actress Carolyn Jones in 1953, in California when he was 30 and she was 23  They divorced in 1964  He briefly dated actress Jill Haworth when he was 42 and she was 19  Spelling married Candy Gene (née Marer) in 1968 when he was 45 and she was 23  The couple had daughter Tori in 1973 and son Randy in 1978 In 1988, Spelling bought the 6-acre (2 4 ha) property of Bing Crosby's former Los Angeles house  He demolished the property and built a 123-room home on the lot in 1991  Known as "The Manor", it has 56,500 square feet (5,250 m2) of floor space and as of 2006 was the largest single-family home in Los Angeles  Spelling's widow Candy listed the home for sale in 2008 for $150 million  Heiress Petra Ecclestone ultimately purchased the property for $85 million in 2011 through a brokered agreement that was developed by Brandon Davis, the brother of Jason Davis and grandson of wealthy industrialist, Marvin Davis In 1992, Candy, Spelling's second wife, commissioned pinball manufacturer Data East to produce a personalized table as a gift to Spelling  The game, a modified version of Data East's Lethal Weapon 3 table, has since appeared publicly at collector's expos 

Legacy and death
On September 15, 1978, Spelling was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6667 Hollywood Blvd  In 1996, he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame 
In 1983, he was accorded the NAACP Humanitarian Award for his monetary donation that permitted a 21-year-old's heart transplant operation In 2001, Spelling was diagnosed with oral cancer On June 23, 2006, Spelling died at The Manor, his estate in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, from complications of a stroke he suffered five days prior  He also suffered from Alzheimer's disease  A private funeral was held several days later, and Spelling was entombed in a mausoleum in Culver City's Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery 
On August 27, 2006, Spelling was posthumously honored at the 58th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards by former employees Joan Collins, Stephen Collins, Heather Locklear, Farrah Fawcett, Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith 
7th Heaven's May 13, 2007, episode, the last before the series finale, was dedicated to Spelling  When 7th Heaven ended its run, it was touted by the network as being Spelling's longest-running series and the longest-running "family drama" in American television history 

Filmography
Spelling was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted 

Film
As writerAs an actor

Television
As writerAs an actorMiscellaneous crewSoundtrackAs directorThanks

Awards and nominations
See also
Norman Lear
David L  Wolper
Alan Landsburg
Passage 3:
Arman Arian
Arman Arian (Persian: آرمان آرین; born 1 September 1981) is an Iranian author, novelist and researcher, best known for his first trilogy, Persians and I (Persian:  پارسیان و من: کاخ اژدها)  He is the youngest winner of the annual “The Book of The Year of Iran”  In addition to many national awards, he received the honorary diploma in the 31st IBBY World Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark (2008) by the International Board on Books for Young People the highest recognition available to creators of children's books 
Although Arian is known as a children and young adults fantasy writer, he doesn't limit his genre to fantasy and also, his books are well received by wide range of readers from all age groups  Persians and I became the best-selling novel in the 19th Tehran International Book Fair, 2006 In his writings, Arman Arian has combined an affluent academic background in Cinema studies with an extensive knowledge of myths, religions and history “We need to look back to our cultural heritage to survive in the intricate modern life”, says this Iranian young author in an interview with Borna News in order to explain his intention to dig into Iranian ancient literature, history, mythical and epical stories 

Awards
Winner of the annual prize by The Children's Book Council of Iran for the trilogy of "Ash vaz dang heh" as the best fiction book of the year, 2016 
Winner of the annual book prize of "Payvar" for the trilogy of "Ashvazdangheh", 2016,
Winner of the diploma of the first book prize of Mehdi Azar Yazdi for the trilogy of "Ash vaz dang heh", 2016
The board of appreciation in “the Millennium Festival of Ferdowsi” For young researchers in Ferdowsi's Shaahname by the Youth Institute of Tehran's Municipality  2010 
Winner of the honorary diploma in the 31st IBBY World Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark by the International Board on Books for Young people 2008, for the book the Persians and I
The annual prize of “The Book of The Year of the Islamic Republic of Iran” was featured as the youngest recipient of this prestigious prize since its establishment in 1955, 2005 
The annual prize of -“Mehrgan e Adab” for writers and publishers, 2005

List of books
Patash Khoargar 2,(Persian:پَتَش خوآرگر 2: مردی از تبار اژدها), Ofogh publishing house, 2016
Writing about Writing, (نوشتن درباره نوشتن), Moaj publishing house, 2016
Shahnamag:Myths Six volumes,(Persian:شاهنامَگ: اسطوره ها), Chekke publishing house, 2015
Patash Khoargar 1,(Persian:پَتَش خوآرگر۱: حماسه سرآغاز), Ofogh publishing house, 2015
Ash vaz dang heh 2: Invincible Demons,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 2), Moaj publishing house, 2014
Ash vaz dang heh 3: Emancipatory Epic,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 3), Moaj publishing house, 2013
Shadowy light (Persian: تاریک روشنا), Ghatreh Publication House, 2014
Ancient Future3: The First Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
Ancient Future2: The First Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
Ancient Future1: The Last Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
The book of spell(Persian: افسون نامه), Iranban publishing house, 2011
The nightmare of the dark garden(Persian: کابوس باغ سیاه), Iranban publishing house, 2011
The encyclopedia of the Avesta’s dramatic elements(Persian:دانشنامه تصویری و نمایشی اوستا), Moaj publishing house, 2011
The Book of Wisdom (Persian: صد پند هزار بار شنیده), Iranban publishing house, 2012
The quiet hubbub, a collection of thoughts and articles (Persian: غوغای خموش ), Moaj publishing house, 2011
The dream of the white garden(Persian: رویای باغ سپید), Iranban publishing house, 2010
The guide to storytelling for computer games(Persian:راهنمای بازی نامه نویسی ), Co-authored, The National Computer game organization, 2010 
Sepit maan: the story of Zoroaster's life (Persian: سپیتمان), Iranban publishing house, 2009
Ash vaz dang heh 4:God, The World, and Thoughts: Ash vaz dang heh's Six-Thousand-Year-Old Manuscripts  (Persian: اشوزدنگهه 4), Moaj publishing house, 2009
Ash vaz dang heh 1: the myth now,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 1), Moaj publishing house, 2008
Bitter Earrings: a collection of short stories(Persian: گوشواره تلخ), Moaj publishing house, 2007  Bitter Earring is published in Turkish (Turkish: Acı Küpe)by Demavand Publication House, 2015
The Trilogy of the Persians and I(Persian: سه گانه پارسیان و من), Moaj publishing house, 2006 
Persians and I: the resurrection begins(Persian: پارسیان و من، رستاخیز فرا می رسد), Moaj publishing house, 2005
Persians and I: the secret of the bird mountain (Persian: پارسیان و من، راز کوه پرنده)),  Moaj publishing house, 2004
Persians and I: Azh dahak Fortress(Persian: کاخ اژدها), Moaj publishing house, 2003

Computer games and script
Ario: The little hero: An animated serial, produced by Saba & paarsima corporations, 2007  It participated in the 27th International Children Film Festival under the name of Legend of the Jewels Land, 2013 

Other activities
Conducting the "Creative Writing Workshop" in Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, 2014
He teaches the first professional workshop of scenario writing held by Iran National Foundation of Computer Game, 2010 
Conducting and teaching in a "Myths and Legends" workshop, 2009
He was a juror of the 1st International Tehran Game Expo and Festival, 2011
He was the judge in the First NoGhalam (Persian:نوقلم) amateur Story-writing Competition, 2009 
Passage 4:
Living Out Loud
Living Out Loud is a 1998 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Richard LaGravenese and set in New York City, starring Holly Hunter, Danny DeVito, Queen Latifah, Martin Donovan, and Elias Koteas 

Plot
Judith Moore had what she thought was a perfect marriage, with both her and her husband studying to be doctors  But after she puts her studies on hold to find a job and support them, many years pass until suddenly he leaves Judith to be with another doctor  Depressed, she holes up in her apartment, where the middle-aged Pat Francato serves as a building superintendent and elevator operator  He is as lonely as she is, beset with gambling problems, and Judith and Pat make a connection  Yet what he wishes to pursue as a romantic relationship, Judith sees only as a friendship  Her friend Liz Bailey, who sings at a nightclub, makes attempts to improve Judith's love life as well as her own 

Cast
Holly Hunter as Judith Moore
Danny DeVito as Pat Francato
Queen Latifah as Liz Bailey
Martin Donovan as Robert Nelson
Elias Koteas as The Kisser
Richard Schiff as Philly Francato
Mariangela Pino as Donna
Suzanne Shepherd as Mary
Eddie Cibrian as The Masseur
Tamlyn Tomita as Mrs  Nelson
Carmit Bachar as Dancer

Reception
Living Out Loud received mixed reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 59% rating based on 34 reviews  The site's consensus states: "Unoriginal, with one-dimensional characters " On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 64% based on reviews from 24 critics  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars and wrote that he enjoyed that the movie provided "the comfort of these lives flowing briefly in the same stream  The sense that the unexpected was free to enter the story, and would not be shouldered aside by the demands of conventional plotting "  Ebert gave particular praise to writer and director Richard LaGravenese, who he wrote is "more interested in characters and dialogue than in shaping everything into a conventional story   He aims for the kind of bittersweet open ends that life itself so often supplies; he doesn't hammer his square pegs into round holes " Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune also gave the film a positive review, but noted that the "story also has a tendency to wander, which enhances the slice-of-life feel but at the expense of the movie feeling fully formed "  The New York Times critic Janet Maslin was less favorable, writing that LaGravenese "has borrowed from Chekhov the soul-baring introspection that can be so ineffable on the page or stage yet becomes so damply sensitive and dramatically vague on the screen" and, in describing some of the "wild flights of fancy springing from Judith's imagination," observed that "free-spirited as the film hopes to be, it can't easily reconcile such flamboyant departures with an otherwise static pace " Maslin credited Latifah as the film's "one big saving grace," and also offered praise for DeVito for "turning Pat into a three-dimensional figure and singing They Can't Take That Away from Me with brio on the nightclub's amateur night "
Passage 5:
A Kid for Two Farthings
A Kid for Two Farthings may refer to:

A Kid for Two Farthings (novel)
A Kid for Two Farthings (film)
Passage 6:
Dan Mirvish
Dan Mirvish is an American filmmaker and author, best known as the co-founder of the Slamdance Film Festival and co-creator of the Martin Eisenstadt hoax during the 2008 Presidential election 

Early life and education
Mirvish was born to a Jewish family in Omaha, the son of Linda  and Sidney Mirvish  His father was a prominent cancer researcher at the University of Nebraska Medical Center  In 1985, Mirvish graduated from Omaha Central High School  He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Washington University in St  Louis  After school, he worked as a freelance journalist and as a speechwriter for Tom Harkin, U S  Senator from Iowa before taking a sabbatical to travel around the world  He then returned to California to complete his education in film at the University of Southern California film school 

Career
In 1994, while still in school, he released his first feature film entitled Omaha as his master’s thesis for and then founded the Slamdance Film Festival in Park City, Utah after the film was not accepted at the Sundance Film Festival In 2004, Mirvish spearheaded the effort to get the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences to reactivate their Best Original Musical Oscar category  In a controversial move, the Academy canceled the category after Mirvish and others submitted the requisite number of films, including two by Mirvish In 2009, he co-authored the satirical novel I Am Martin Eisenstadt: One Man's (Wildly Inappropriate) Adventures with the Last Republicans published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 978-0-86547-914-2 Mirvish directed the film Between Us, based on the play of the same name by Joe Hortua  The four-person drama stars Taye Diggs, Melissa George, David Harbour and Julia Stiles   The original play premiered at Manhattan Theatre Club, and Hortua and Mirvish co-wrote the screenplay adaptation   The film version won the grand jury prize at the 2012 Bahamas International Film Festival, and was the Closing Night Film at the 50th Annual Gijón International Film Festival in Spain  The film had its world premiere at the Oldenburg International Film Festival, and also screened at such festivals as Athens International Film Festival, the Hamptons, Woodstock Film Festival, Slamdance Film Festival, Napa Valley Film Festival, and Whistler Film Festival In 2016, Mirvish wrote the nonfiction book The Cheerful Subversive's Guide to Independent Filmmaking  The phrase "cheerful subversive" comes from a New York Times article describing the original Slamdance filmmakers In 2016, Mirvish directed the feature film Bernard and Huey written by Oscar/Pulitzer/Obie-winner Jules Feiffer Mirvish directed the feature film 18½ which had its world premiere at the 2021 Woodstock Film Festival  The film had its international premiere at the São Paulo International Film Festival The film had its European premiere at the Gijón International Film Festival  The film won the Stubbornly Independent Award at the Tallgrass Film Festival in 2021 Mirvish is widely credited as the discoverer of the Hathaway effect, which indicates that when actress Anne Hathaway is in the news, the share price for Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway increases He was also a speechwriter for Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa 

Filmography
18½ (2021)
Bernard and Huey (2017)
Between Us (2012)
The Last Republican (2008)
Sheldon (2007)
The Few & the Proud (2007)
Half Empty (2006)
A Message from the President of Iran (2006)
Open House (2004)
Omaha (1994)
Passage 7:
Growing Up American
Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States, by Min Zhou and Carl L  Bankston III is one of the most influential books on the Vietnamese American experience  Published in 1998 by the Russell Sage Foundation, it is widely used in college classes on international migration, contemporary American history, and Asian Studies  The book emphasizes the role of Vietnamese communities in promoting the adaptation of Vietnamese American young people  
One of the unique characteristics of the book is its combination of a general history of the growth and nature of Vietnamese American communities around the United States with an in-depth study of one specific Vietnamese community, on the eastern edge of New Orleans, Louisiana 

Organization of the book
Chapter 1 traces the history of Vietnamese settlement in the United States, giving special attention to how the process of refugee resettlement and popular opinions of the American public have influenced Vietnamese American children  Chapter 2 gives a description of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the U S  Vietnamese population and describes the social and economic challenges facing the Vietnamese  Chapter 3 offers examples of how families and surrounding ethnic communities can serve as sources of social capital for young people  Chapter 4 discusses the patterns of social and kinship relations in Vietnamese ethnic communities  Here, Zhou and Bankston develop their theory that ethnic social relations can serve as a form of social capital for young people growing up in immigrant communities  Chapter 5 examines how Vietnamese language abilities promote the adaptation of young Vietnamese to American society by connecting them to the supports of their families and communities  Chapter 6 considers Vietnamese American adaptation to American schools and argues that generally high levels of school performance are products of tightly integrated ethnic communities  Chapter 7 examines bicultural conflict and gender role issues faced by Vietnamese growing up in the United States  Chapter 8 discusses peer group associations and problems of juvenile delinquency  It provides evidence that young people who follow delinquent patterns tend to be those who assimilate to the youth culture of Vietnamese and other subgroups, rather than remain bound within their ethnic communities  Chapter 9 gives a general summary and offers conclusions of relevance to the study of immigrant and minority groups in the United States 

Critical reception
Growing Up American has received widespread critical praise  Writing in the journal Social Forces, reviewer Jiannbin Shiao described the analysis of delinquency in the Vietnamese community as “contestable but refreshingly bold” and described it as “a fine contribution to the sociology of education, social stratification, social demography, Asian American Studies, and, one hopes, also U S  urban policy ” In the International Migration Review, Kimberly Goyette praised the book for “…elaborat[ing] a detailed and elegant framework for conceptualizing the relationship between children and their various environments and also the relationship between these environments ” Kelly Chong, reviewing the book for the American Journal of Sociology, observed “this comprehensive investigation of the adaptation process of second generation Vietnamese in the United States fills an important gap in the study of contemporary “new” immigrants and the second generation assimilation experience ”
In addition to the praise, though, reviewers have also had some reservations  In particular, critics have questioned the generalizability of the books findings to other ethnic groups and they have suggested the book may be too optimistic in its account of the future of young Vietnamese Americans  Critics of more radical orientations have often objected the authors’ acceptance of American society and the focus on adapting to that society  For example, Karin Aguilar-San Juan, in the book Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America, accuses Zhou and Bankston of ignoring the processes of racialization and systemic racism in encouraging Asian immigrant achievement while frustrating black American achievement 

Awards
1999 Thomas and Znaniecki Award, Outstanding Book in International Migration, American Sociological Association
2000 Distinguished Book Award, Mid-South Sociological Association

See also
Asian American
Diaspora studies
List of U S  cities with large Vietnamese American populations
List of Vietnamese Americans
Little Saigon
Overseas Vietnamese
Refugees
Vietnamese people

External links
Article title
Article title
http://tulane edu/liberal-arts/sociology/carlbankston cfm
http://www eric ed gov/PDFS/ED439180 pdf
http://blogs bauer uh edu/vietDiaspora/contributors-5/
Passage 8:
The Loud House
The Loud House is an American animated television series created by Chris Savino that premiered on Nickelodeon on May 2, 2016  The series revolves around the chaotic everyday life of a boy named Lincoln Loud, who is the middle child and only son in a large family of 11 children  It is set in a fictional town in southeastern Michigan called Royal Woods, based on Savino's hometown of Royal Oak  The series was pitched to the network in 2013 as a two-minute short film entered in the annual Animated Shorts Program  It entered production the following year  The series is based on Savino's own childhood growing up in a large family, and its animation is largely influenced by newspaper comic strips 
Since its debut, the series has gained high ratings, becoming the top-rated children's animated series on American television within its first month on the air  The series has received considerable media attention and nominations at both the 28th and the 29th GLAAD Media Awards for its inclusion of Howard and Harold McBride, two supporting characters who are an interracial gay married couple  Their introduction into the series was reported in the news as being historic and caused a ratings surge  In May 2017, the characters of Lincoln Loud and Clyde McBride were featured on the front cover of Variety as an example of diverse characters in children's television As of May 2023, seven seasons of the series have been broadcast  The series has spawned a multimedia franchise, including the spin-off series The Casagrandes, which aired from October 2019 to September 2022, an animated feature film that was released on Netflix in August 2021, a live-action television film that premiered in November 2021, and live-action series The Really Loud House that premiered in November 2022  Additionally, a second live-action television film is in development, set to premiere in fall 2023 

Premise
Lincoln Loud is the only boy and the middle child in a family of eleven children residing in the fictional town of Royal Woods, Michigan  He has ten sisters with distinctive personalities consisting of bossy eldest child Lori, ditzy fashionista Leni, musician Luna, comedian Luan, athletic Lynn Jr , gloomy poetic goth Lucy, polar opposite twins Lana and Lola, child genius Lisa, and baby Lily  Lincoln occasionally breaks the fourth wall to explain to the viewers the chaotic conditions and sibling relationships of the household, and continually devises plans to make his life in the Loud House better 
During the first four seasons, Lori, Leni, Luna, and Luan were in high school, Lynn was in middle school, and Lincoln, Lucy, Lana, Lola, and Lisa were in elementary school  In the fifth season, the Loud siblings aged up a year with Lori going to Fairway University, Lincoln going to middle school, and Lily going to preschool 

Episodes
Production
Development
The Loud House was created by Chris Savino for Nickelodeon  Savino based the series on his own experiences growing up in a large family  Early in development, the Loud family was going to be composed of rabbits, but this was terminated when an executive, Jenna Boyd, asked Savino to make them human  The idea of the Loud family being rabbits became used as Lincoln's dream in the Season 3 episode "White Hare"  He pitched the idea to Nickelodeon in 2013 as a 2+1⁄2-minute short for their annual Animated Shorts Program  In June 2014, Nickelodeon announced that The Loud House had been picked up for a season of 13 episodes  The episode order was later increased to 26  On May 25, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that the series had been picked up for a second season of 14 episodes later increased to 26  On October 19, 2016, the series had been picked up for a third season of 26 episodes  Savino has cited Peanuts and Polly and Her Pals as influences on the show's characterizations and animation  Newspaper comic strips are also influences on the show's background art 
Episodes are produced at Nickelodeon Animation Studio in Burbank, California, USA and animated by Canadian studio Jam Filled Entertainment 

Savino's firing
On October 17, 2017, Cartoon Brew reported that Chris Savino was suspended from the studio due to allegations of sexual harassment, the report noting that rumors of Savino's behavior have existed for "at least a decade " On October 19, a Nickelodeon spokesperson confirmed that Savino had been fired from the studio, and that the series will continue production without him  Six days later on October 23, Savino spoke for the first time since his firing saying he said he was "deeply sorry" for his actions  Alongside the announcement of the series being greenlit for a fourth season, it was revealed that story editor Michael Rubiner had now been named executive producer and showrunner  On May 30, 2018, Savino was suspended from The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839, for one year 

Broadcast
The series debuted on Nickelodeon on May 2, 2016, with new episodes premiering every weekday that month



ground_truth: Francisco Guterres

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the voice of the character in Spongebob Squarepants with the same name as the creature that annelid larvae live like?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Mary Jo Catlett
Mary Jo Catlett (born September 2, 1938) is an American actress  She is a main cast member on the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants, providing the voice of Mrs  Puff  She is also known for originating the role of Ernestina in the 1964 Broadway production of Hello, Dolly! and for playing Pearl Gallagher, the third housekeeper on Diff'rent Strokes Catlett was born in Denver, Colorado, where she performed in a variety of plays and eventually directed a company of Pirates of Penzance  Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, she performed in Off-Broadway and Broadway musicals, often taking light-hearted, humorous roles  Since the late 1960s, Catlett has appeared in television shows such as M*A*S*H, The Dukes of Hazzard, and General Hospital  Catlett received Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards in 1978 and 1980, a nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical at the Ovation Awards in 1995, and a Daytime Emmy Award nomination in 1990 In 1998, Catlett joined the main cast of the then-upcoming cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants as the voice of Mrs  Puff, the title character's teacher, who has become her longest-running and most well-known role  Series creator Stephen Hillenburg had seen Catlett perform on stage and sought her out for the part himself  She quickly accepted and has since voiced Mrs  Puff in every season of the cartoon, in addition to all of the theatrical SpongeBob films and video games  In 2001, she received an Annie Award nomination for her voice-over work as Mrs  Puff 

Early life
Catlett was born in Denver, Colorado, on September 2, 1938, the daughter of Cornelia M  (née Callaghan) and Robert J  Catlett  She has a sister, Patricia Marie, who is a nun with the Dominican Order  Catlett is a Catholic 

Career
In 1974, Catlett originated the role of Mrs  Tiffany in Fashion: or, Life in New York  Her performance was well-received; The New York Times' theater critic Clive Barnes called Catlett and co-star Henrietta Valor "exceptional     both particular delights," and Jerry Tallmer of the New York Post said that the play's casting was "top-notch, with particular praise from this quarter for Mary Jo Catlett " Catlett would reprise her role in the 1994 revival of Fashion Catlett described herself as a character actress  In a 1988 interview with the Orlando Sentinel, she said, "It has been a plus to be a character actress  There are plenty of them out there but far fewer than ingenues and leading ladies, who perhaps eventually become character actresses  But I always was a character actress  I always was round and funny "

In 1976 and 1980, Catlett received Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards for her roles in Come Back, Little Sheba and Philadelphia, Here I Come!, respectively  In 1995, Catlett's role as Madame de la Grande Bouche in Beauty and the Beast earned her a nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical at the Ovation Awards  Catlett became a main cast member on Diff'rent Strokes in its fifth season, playing the third housekeeper, Pearl Gallagher  She also played characters on General Hospital (for which she was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award) and in several episodes of the television sitcom M*A*S*H 
In 1987, Catlett directed a production of Dan Goggin's Nunsense after meeting with Goggin and discussing the character of Sister Mary Regina  It was staged at the Mark Two Dinner Theatre in Orlando, Florida  Catlett decided to play Sister Mary as well, taking on a dual role as both director and performer  She was partially inspired to direct the show after witnessing directors' unfair treatment of her castmates in previous productions  She said, "I have worked with many directors who were tyrannical  You get afraid to do anything because he'll yell, 'Don't do that!' It makes you crazy    as a director, I believe that there can be a democracy "

SpongeBob SquarePants
In 1998, Catlett was cast as the voice of Mrs  Puff, one of the main characters of Nickelodeon's then-upcoming animated series SpongeBob SquarePants  She is one of the show's nine main cast members and has performed in every season, as well as in all of the theatrical SpongeBob films and video games  Mrs  Puff has become her longest-running and most well-known role  Stephen Hillenburg, the creator of the cartoon, specifically sought out Catlett to voice Mrs  Puff  He had seen her perform on stage and had a strong vision for Mrs  Puff as a character  Catlett quickly accepted and attended early practice sessions with the rest of the voice cast  Her first official recording as Mrs  Puff took place on August 24, 1998; she recorded dialogue with Tom Kenny as SpongeBob SquarePants and Bill Fagerbakke as Patrick Star in a single booth at Nickelodeon Animation Studio for the episode "Boating School" 
In 2001, Catlett was nominated for an Annie Award for her voice-over work as Mrs  Puff, placing in the category "Best Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Production " Kenny was also nominated at the same ceremony, making Catlett and Kenny the first two SpongeBob cast members to be nominated for an award 
As of 2017, voicing Mrs  Puff is Catlett's only regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she is good friends with the other SpongeBob cast members, making the SpongeBob recording booth an easy environment that requires less preparation than in-person performances  The About Group's Nancy Basille noted in 2016 that Catlett's "rich, low tones as teacher Mrs  Puff recall other roles she has had," citing Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H as programs on which she had used a similar voice 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Theatre
Passage 2:
Annelid
The annelids  (Annelida , from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches  The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies – some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments 
The Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms  They also have parapodia for locomotion  Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species  Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes  In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes  Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, and nemerteans 
The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments  Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychates, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion  Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation  In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts  The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia  In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment 
Earthworms are oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil  The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor  In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait  Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water  Although blood-letting is used less frequently by doctors than it once was, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries  Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength 
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted  Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period  Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago  Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Paleogene period, which began 66 million years ago 

Classification and diversity
There are over 22,000 living annelid species, ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian giant Gippsland earthworm and Amynthas mekongianus, which can both grow up to 3 meters (9 8 ft) long  to the largest annelid, Microchaetus rappi which can grow up to 6 7 m (22 ft)  Although research since 1997 has radically changed scientists' views about the evolutionary family tree of the annelids, most textbooks use the traditional classification into the following sub-groups:
Polychaetes (about 12,000 species)  As their name suggests, they have multiple chetae ("hairs") per segment  Polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, and nuchal organs that are thought to be chemosensors  Most are marine animals, although a few species live in fresh water and even fewer on land 
Clitellates (about 10,000 species )  These have few or no chetae per segment, and no nuchal organs or parapodia  However, they have a unique reproductive organ, the ring-shaped  clitellum ("pack saddle") around their bodies, which produces a cocoon that stores and nourishes fertilized eggs until they hatch  or, in moniligastrids, yolky eggs that provide nutrition for the embryos  The clitellates are sub-divided into:Oligochaetes ("with few hairs"), which includes earthworms  Oligochaetes have a sticky pad in the roof of the mouth  Most are burrowers that feed on wholly or partly decomposed organic materials 
Hirudinea, whose name means "leech-shaped" and whose best known members are leeches  Marine species are mostly blood-sucking parasites, mainly on fish, while most freshwater species are predators  They have suckers at both ends of their bodies, and use these to move rather like inchworms The Archiannelida, minute annelids that live in the spaces between grains of marine sediment, were treated as a separate class because of their simple body structure, but are now regarded as polychaetes  Some other groups of animals have been classified in various ways, but are now widely regarded as annelids:

Pogonophora / Siboglinidae were first discovered in 1914, and their lack of a recognizable gut made it difficult to classify them  They have been classified as a separate phylum, Pogonophora, or as two phyla, Pogonophora and Vestimentifera  More recently they have been re-classified as a family, Siboglinidae, within the polychaetes 
The Echiura have a checkered taxonomic history: in the 19th century they were assigned to the phylum "Gephyrea", which is now empty as its members have been assigned to other phyla; the Echiura were next regarded as annelids until the 1940s, when they were classified as a phylum in their own right; but a molecular phylogenetics analysis in 1997 concluded that echiurans are annelids 
Myzostomida live on crinoids and other echinoderms, mainly as parasites  In the past they have been regarded as close relatives of the trematode flatworms or of the tardigrades, but in 1998 it was suggested that they are a sub-group of polychaetes  However, another analysis in 2002 suggested that myzostomids are more closely related to flatworms or to rotifers and acanthocephales 
Sipuncula was originally classified as annelids, despite the complete lack of segmentation, bristles and other annelid characters  The phylum Sipuncula was later allied with the Mollusca, mostly on the basis of developmental and larval characters  Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of Sipuncula within Annelida  Subsequent analysis of the mitochondrion's DNA has confirmed their close relationship to the Myzostomida and Annelida (including echiurans and pogonophorans)  It has also been shown that a rudimentary neural segmentation similar to that of annelids occurs in the early larval stage, even if these traits are absent in the adults Mitogenomic and phylogenomic analysis also implies that Orthonectida, a group of extremely simplified parasites traditionally placed in Mesozoa, are actually reduced annelids 

Distinguishing features
No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features  Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing  Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent  Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size  Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels 

Description
Segmentation
Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages  The frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments  The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek προ- meaning "in front of" and στομα meaning "mouth") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek πυγιδιον, meaning "little tail") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside  The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments The segments develop one at a time from a growth zone just ahead of the pygidium, so that an annelid's youngest segment is just in front of the growth zone while the peristomium is the oldest  This pattern is called teloblastic growth  Some groups of annelids, including all leeches, have fixed maximum numbers of segments, while others add segments throughout their lives 
The phylum's name is derived from the Latin word annelus, meaning "little ring" 

Body wall, chaetae and parapodia
Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other  These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer)  A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins  Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen  Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips,  whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter  But several families have lost the circular muscles, and it has been suggested that the lack of circular muscles is a plesiomorphic character in Annelida  Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities  The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment  The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked  Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta  The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta  When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta  Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae ("bristles") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them  Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body  They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae  The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae  In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri (fused bundles of cilia) and gills 

Nervous system and senses
The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it  The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the prostomium  In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections  The rest of the central nervous system, the ventral nerve cord, is generally "ladder-like", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection  From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body  However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons  Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers  Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons (the output signal lines of nerve cells)  Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast  This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies  Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body  Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors  Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli ("little eyes") that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images  The compound eyes probably evolved independently of arthropods' eyes  Some tube-worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes  Some burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes have statocysts (tilt and balance sensors) that tell them which way is down  A few polychaete genera have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as "feelers", and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as "feelers" 

Coelom, locomotion and circulatory system
Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries  Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side  Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it   The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall  The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut  Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted 

Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia  to crawl or swim  In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon"  However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections  In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segments  Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma  Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards  Networks of capillaries in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients  Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting  In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many earthworms some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts  Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata  In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body, and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body  They function as the main blood vessels, although they are side-by-side rather than upper and lower  However, they are lined with mesothelium, like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids  Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like inchworms  The anus is on the upper surface of the pygidium 

Respiration
In some annelids, including earthworms, all respiration is via the skin  However, many polychaetes and some clitellates (the group to which earthworms belong) have gills associated with most segments, often as extensions of the parapodia in polychaetes  The gills of tube-dwellers and burrowers usually cluster around whichever end has the stronger water flow 

Feeding and excretion
Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets  Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it)  In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly  Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter  On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges   Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths  Filter feeders use "crowns" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths  Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized  Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey  Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium  However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight  The bacteria convert inorganic matter – such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents, or methane from seeps – to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia  Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine  The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia  In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment  As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine 

Reproduction and life cycle
Asexual reproduction
Polychaetes can reproduce asexually, by dividing into two or more pieces or by budding off a new individual while the parent remains a complete organism  Some oligochaetes, such as Aulophorus furcatus, seem to reproduce entirely asexually, while others reproduce asexually in summer and sexually in autumn  Asexual reproduction in oligochaetes is always by dividing into two or more pieces, rather than by budding  However, leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually Most polychaetes and oligochaetes also use similar mechanisms to regenerate after suffering damage  Two polychaete genera, Chaetopterus and Dodecaceria, can regenerate from a single segment, and others can regenerate even if their heads are removed  Annelids are the most complex animals that can regenerate after such severe damage  On the other hand, leeches cannot regenerate 

Sexual reproduction
It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia  The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton  Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head);  a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth) However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern  About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae  The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch  These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female  There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons  While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives  Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm  In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn Most mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity  All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate  Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae ("sperm stores") and then the clitellum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spermathecae  Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon  Leeches' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon  In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while they are developing  All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae 

Ecological significance
Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility  Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter  The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily  Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations  In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from Asia   Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity  Especially of concern is Amynthas agrestis and at least one state (Wisconsin) has listed it as a prohibited species 
Earthworms migrate only a limited distance annually on their own, and the spread of invasive worms is increased rapidly by anglers and from worms or their cocoons in the dirt on vehicle tires or footwear 
Marine annelids may account for over one-third of bottom-dwelling animal species around coral reefs and in tidal zones  Burrowing species increase the penetration of water and oxygen into the sea-floor sediment, which encourages the growth of populations of aerobic bacteria and small animals alongside their burrows Although blood-sucking leeches do little direct harm to their victims, some transmit flagellates that can be very dangerous to their hosts  Some small tube-dwelling oligochaetes transmit myxosporean parasites that cause whirling disease in fish 

Interaction with humans
Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility  The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy  Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss   Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations  Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations Scientists study aquatic annelids to monitor the oxygen content, salinity and pollution levels in fresh and marine water Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe  In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES  More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading Ragworms' jaws are strong but much lighter than the hard parts of many other organisms, which are biomineralized with calcium salts  These advantages have attracted the attention of engineers  Investigations showed that ragworm jaws are made of unusual  proteins that bind strongly to zinc 

Evolutionary history
Fossil record
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare  Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted  Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence  The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i e  in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong)  Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian  Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid  However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla   Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date  There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid  Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago   It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later  By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared  Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes, but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago  In 2012, a 508 million year old species of annelid found near the Burgess shale beds in British Columbia, Kootenayscolex, was found that changed the hypotheses about how the annelid head developed  It appears to have bristles on its head segment akin to those along its body, as if the head simply developed as a specialized version of a previously generic segment 
The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago  A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago  Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed 

Internal relationships
Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates  In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches  For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups  In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:
Scolecida, less than 1,000 burrowing species that look rather like earthworms 
Palpata, the great majority of polychaetes, divided into:
Canalipalpata, which are distinguished by having long grooved palps that they use for feeding, and most of which live in tubes 
Aciculata, the most active polychaetes, which have parapodia reinforced by internal spines (aciculae) 
Also in 1997 Damhnait McHugh, using molecular phylogenetics to compare similarities and differences in one gene, presented a very different view, in which: the clitellates were an offshoot of one branch of the polychaete family tree; the pogonophorans and echiurans, which for a few decades had been regarded as a separate phyla, were placed on other branches of the polychaete tree  Subsequent molecular phylogenetics analyses on a similar scale presented similar conclusions In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared three genes in 81 taxa, of which nine were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life  For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in ten taxa  This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree  It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa  It also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates  Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and three previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates  Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies  It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought  The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal than previously thought in both annelids and arthropods The updated phylogenetic tree of the Annelid phylum is comprised by a grade of basal groups of polychaetes: Palaeoannelida, Chaetopteriformia and the Amphinomida/Sipuncula/Lobatocerebrum clade  This grade is followed by Pleistoannelida, the clade containing nearly all of annelid diversity, divided into two highly diverse groups: Sedentaria and Errantia  Sedentaria contains the clitellates, pogonophorans, echiurans and some archiannelids, as well as several polychaete groups  Errantia contains the eunicid and phyllodocid polychaetes, and several archiannelids  Some small groups, such as the Myzostomida, are more difficult to place due to long branching, but belong to either one of these large groups 

External relationships
Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates  Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla  However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids  Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented  It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla  The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa  Meanwhile, arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented 
The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development  When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these four cells form a spiral pattern  In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage  Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate cleavage" 

Fossil discoveries lead to the hypothesis that Annelida and the lophophorates are more closely related to each other than any other phyla  Because of the body plan of lophotrochozoan fossils, a phylogenetic analysis found the lophophorates as the sister group of annelids  Both groups share in common: the presence of chaetae secreted by microvilli; paired, metameric coelomic compartments; and a similar metanephridial structure 

Notes
Passage 3:
Lori Alan
Lori Alan is an American actress  She has played a long-running role as Pearl Krabs on the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants  She also voiced Diane Simmons on Family Guy, the Invisible Woman on Fantastic Four, and The Boss in the Metal Gear video game series 

Personal life
Alan had a mixed-faith family: her mother is a Southern Baptist and her father is Jewish  Both of her parents were performers and supported her choice to be an actress  Alan lives in Los Angeles 
She started acting at age five, making her television debut in a Shakey's Pizza commercial Alan is active in animal rescue and welfare causes  She has spoken out against animal cruelty and has campaigned for the anti-dog meat charity World Protection for Dogs and Cats in the Meat Trade  She is also on the board of Pickle Pants Rescue, an animal rescue organization in Los Angeles 

Career
Alan has done vocal work for over three decades  Her process of getting to the authentic personality of the character she is providing the voice for is to improvise and trust her own choices, something she learned at her first voice acting job Alan voices Pearl the Whale on SpongeBob SquarePants, Sue Richards (the Invisible Woman) on Marvel Comics' The Fantastic Four, newsreader-turned-murderer Diane Simmons on Family Guy, and The Boss in the Metal Gear series  Lori has done voices in feature films: Monsters University, Toy Story 3, Despicable Me 2, WALL·E, Inside Out, and each movie in the SpongeBob SquarePants film series  She has also voiced roles for Henry Hugglemonster, Cow and Chicken, Animaniacs, and Futurama  Her rendition of The Boss was rated as one of the top 25 "Greatest Acting Performances in Video Games" by Complex In 2005, she joined Warren Beatty, Rob Reiner, Kurtwood Smith and Jason George to help voice commercials against proposals made by California's Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger In 2014, she won a Voice Arts Award (VAA) for outstanding body of work and outstanding national television commercial Alan's on-camera roles include Desperate Housewives, Ray Donovan, Comedy Central's Workaholics, Bones, Southland, CSI, 90210, Law & Order: LA, Law & Order and many more  On stage credits include The Pee-wee Herman Show, solo show Lori Alan: The Musical, Queen Celia in the hit musical Sneaux!, and the award-winning musical Reefer Madness  Her 1999 performance in Reefer Madness as a "Reefer Madam" was praised by the Los Angeles Times She revisited her role in the Reefer Madness tenth Anniversary Cast in 2015  Her vocals on the song "The Stuff" was considered both sultry and comical by Broadway World 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Video games
Passage 4:
Hilo March
"Hilo March" is a Hawaiian popular song written by Joseph Kapeau Ae`a  It was originally called "Ke Ala Tuberose"  It has been covered by a number of musicians, Polynesian and non-Polynesian alike  It was also used in the soundtrack of SpongeBob SquarePants (arranged by The Hawaiian Serenaders as "Hilo March", and arragnged by Kapono Beamer as "Old Hilo March") 

About the song
It has been adopted as the school song by the University of Hawaii at Hilo  Along with another popular song, "Aloha ʻOe", every person from child to senior citizen know is said to the words and music to these songs  Originally the song was called "Ke Ala Tuberose" and was composed by Joseph Kapeau Ae`a, who was a member of the Royal Hawaiian Band and also a friend of Princess Liliuokalani  The princess requested  Ae`a and the band come to Hilo and that is where he composed the song  In August 1881, the title was changed from "Ke Ala Tuberose" to "Hilo March" and played by the Royal Hawaiian band under Captain Henri Berger's direction  Besides being a favorite of the Royal Hawaiian band and its popularity in the Islands, it has been picked up as a favorite by many steel guitarists on the mainland  The lyrics of the song tell of Hilo's beauty as well as the beauty of the Lehua flower 

Covers
It has been covered by artists such as Trevor Edmondson, Christopher Homer & Raney Van Vink, the Four Hawaiians, Lani McIntyre and his Aloha Islanders, the Mena Moeria Minstrels, Tau Moe's Original Hawaiians, Johnny Pineapple And His Orchestra, Hank Snow, Bashful Brother Oswald, and Bill Wolfgramme and his Islanders
Passage 5:
Derek Drymon
Derek Drymon (born November 19, 1968) is an American animator, writer, storyboard artist, director, comedian, and producer  He has worked on numerous animated cartoon productions of the 1990s and 2000s, best known for his work on Rocko's Modern Life, SpongeBob SquarePants and Adventure Time 

Early life
Derek Drymon was born in New Jersey  He attended Jefferson Township and Dover public schools as a child and enjoyed drawing and making comic books  Drymon graduated from Jefferson Township High School in 1987  Drymon attended the School of Visual Arts (SVA) in New York, where he majored in Illustration, sharpening his drawing skills and moving from still images to animation  He graduated from SVA in 1992 

Career
Drymon obtained an internship with Disney on the strength of his life drawings Drymon was discovered by Nickelodeon in 1993  He moved to California to work as an animator for Nickelodeon  In 1993, Drymon also began working as a storyboard artist and writer for Rocko's Modern Life  It was here he met two of his future employers, Tim Hill and Stephen Hillenburg; Hill was a writer, Hillenburg a co-producer and storyboard artist  In 1997, Hillenburg created SpongeBob SquarePants  Drymon performed many duties on SpongeBob, including being a writer on all episodes, the creative director, and, on his last season with the show, supervising producer  Drymon also worked on the Cartoon Network animated series Camp Lazlo  Drymon worked on Tim Hill's side project, the popular KaBlam! skit Action League Now!, as a storyboard artist  He also wrote the Emmy Award-nominated episode of CatDog "Doggone" Drymon met Stephen Hillenburg on the Nickelodeon cartoon Rocko's Modern Life  Hillenburg recalled Drymon as "one of the main people in the genesis of SpongeBob"  Drymon teamed up with Hillenburg, Hill, and Nick Jennings who was also a companion from Nickelodeon  Drymon was the creative director for the first three seasons and became Supervising Producer in season 3 until being replaced by Paul Tibbitt starting in season 4  Along with Stephen Hillenburg, Drymon approved the writers' ideas and outlines for episodes and controlled the creative and production process on SpongeBob Drymon was eventually promoted to Executive producer on television show Adventure Time, and become a lead writer for DreamWorks Pictures, and a director at Illumination Entertainment  During the first three seasons of SpongeBob, Drymon being creative director allowed him to work with executive story editor Merriwether Williams and the rest of the writing team 
Staff writer Kent Osborne responded to the writing process with Drymon and other writers by saying  "By the third season we had done 26 half-hours  I came up with millions of ideas"  Despite the issues with writing new episodes, Drymon collaborated with the writers to create episode ideas like the half-hour specials and episodes that focused on other characters, for example the season three episodes "The Algae Always Greener" and "Plankton's Army" focused on Sheldon Plankton and "Doing Time" focused on Mrs  Puff  Drymon said in an interview "Coming up with episode ideas was always tough"  The writers were influenced for the episode "The Secret Box", which was influenced by Drymon because he told them when he was younger he kept a "secret box", the writers thought it was hilarious and weird and used Drymon's idea to create the story of the episode   Drymon co-wrote the pilot episode "Help Wanted"  Drymon earned two Emmy nominations and along with the crew of SpongeBob won the "Best Animated Television Production" Annie award in 2005 for season 3 of SpongeBob Drymon hired a large amount of the staff writers, including Sam Henderson, a friend and fellow alumnus of SVA, along with Kent Osborne and Walt Dohrn From 2008 to 2017, Drymon work as a Storyboard Artist for DreamWorks Animation, working on films such as the Kung Fu Panda trilogy, Monsters vs  Aliens, Shrek Forever After, Puss in Boots, Turbo, Penguins of Madagascar, and Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie 
Drymon was an executive producer (with Fred Seibert) on the Cartoon Network series Adventure Time, created by Pendleton Ward for the show's first season  He was no longer credited on episodes starting with the second season On September 17, 2020, Drymon was set to co-direct Hotel Transylvania: Transformania with story artist Jennifer Kluska In April 2023, Drymon was announced as the director of the fourth SpongeBob SquarePants theatrical film titled The SpongeBob Movie: Search for SquarePants 

Filmography
Television
Film
Bibliography
Passage 6:
List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg that debuted on Nickelodeon in the United States on May 1, 1999  The regular voice cast consists of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Doug Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan  Most one-off and background characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Sirena Irwin, Bob Joles, Mark Fite, Thomas F  Wilson, Carlos Alazraqui and Jess Harnell  Throughout the show's run, it has employed numerous guest stars from many ranges of professions  Repeat guests include Ernest Borgnine, Tim Conway, Brian Doyle-Murray, Marion Ross, John O'Hurley and Michael McKean 
SpongeBob SquarePants chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom  Many of the ideas for the show originated in an unpublished, educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in the mid-1980s  He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, another Nickelodeon animated series which Hillenburg directed  While creating the show, Hillenburg, with colleague Derek Drymon, was also conducting auditions to find voices for the show's characters  He turned to Kenny, who had worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life, to voice the title character 
The cast members receive residuals every time a new episode they appeared in has aired, which Carolyn Lawrence described as "a very complicated mathematical calculation " Lawrence said in 2008 that it was a "declining scale" and the entertainment industry were "still in negotiations    both sides are still talking " She further stated that "they're still trying to work it out "Kenny and Catlett were the first cast members to receive award nominations for their performance on SpongeBob SquarePants  They each received Annie Award nominations in 2001, but did not win  In 2010, Kenny won the Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in a Television Production, making it the first time a cast member had won this type of award  Bumpass was the first cast member to be nominated for an Emmy Award, receiving a nomination in 2012  In 2018, Kenny won both an Annie Award and an Emmy Award for his performance as SpongeBob 

Regular cast
Background
SpongeBob SquarePants has featured the voices of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke,  Rodger Bumpass,  Clancy Brown, Mr  Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan since it began  Stephen Hillenburg started developing the SpongeBob concept into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, which he directed  While creating the show and writing its pilot episode in 1997, he and the show's then-creative director Derek Drymon were also conducting auditions to find voices for the show's characters For the voice of SpongeBob, the main character, Hillenburg approached Kenny, who previously worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life  Drymon said, "Steve [Hillenburg] wanted to find an original sounding voice [for SpongeBob] " Hillenburg utilized Kenny's and other people's personalities to help create the personality of SpongeBob  The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a minor character in Rocko's Modern Life  Kenny forgot the voice initially as he created it only for that single use  Hillenburg, however, remembered it when he was coming up with SpongeBob and used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice  Kenny says that SpongeBob's high-pitched laugh was specifically created to be unique   They wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker  Fagerbakke voices SpongeBob's best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star  He auditioned for the role after Kenny had been cast as SpongeBob  Fagerbakke said, "Steve is such a lovely guy, and I had absolutely no feeling for the material whatsoever " He described his experience in the audition, saying "I was just going in for another audition, and I had no idea what was in store there in terms of the remarkable visual wit and really the kind of endearing child-like humanity in the show  I couldn't pick that up from the audition material at all  I was just kind of perfunctorially trying to give the guy what he wanted "Rodger Bumpass provides the voice of Squidward Tentacles, and other characters  Squidward was "a very nasally, monotone kind of guy", said Bumpass  He said that the character "became a very interesting character to do" because of "his sarcasm, and then his frustration, and then his apoplexy, and so he became a wide spectrum of emotions"  Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown voices Mr  Krabs, SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab  For the character, Brown uses a voice that he describes as "piratey" with "a little Scottish brogue"  According to Brown, his Mr  Krabs voice was improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice Mr  Lawrence had met Hillenburg previously on Rocko's Modern Life  When working on the pilot episode of SpongeBob, Hillenburg invited him to audition for all of the characters  Since other voices had been found for the main cast already, Lawrence started out by voicing a variety of minor characters  This included Plankton, who was initially only set to appear in one episode  Mr  Lawrence stated in an interview with Thomas F  Wilson that Nickelodeon executives told Hillenburg, "'we could stunt-cast this  You know, we could have Bruce Willis do this voice ' And Steve was just like, 'it's Doug [Lawrence], don't you hear it? This is the character! This is the guy!'" Jill Talley, Tom Kenny's wife, voices Karen Plankton  Being a Chicago native, she uses a Midwestern accent for the character  Electronic sound effects are underlaid by the series' audio engineers to create a robotic sound whenever she speaks  Talley and Lawrence often improvise their characters' dialogue  In 2009, Lawrence called improvisation his "favorite part of the voice over"  He elaborated in a 2012 interview, saying, "I always enjoy the back-and-forth  [Talley and I] start to actually overlap so much talking to each other that [the voice directors] have to tell us, 'hey, stop doing that, separate what you're saying!'"Carolyn Lawrence provides Sandy Cheeks' voice  When Lawrence was on a sidewalk in Los Feliz, Los Angeles with a friend who knew SpongeBob SquarePants casting director Donna Grillo, her friend said to the director that Lawrence had "an interesting voice"  Grillo invited Lawrence to audition and she then got the role  American actress Mary Jo Catlett, who is known for her live-action roles on television programs from the 1970s such as Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H, provides Mrs  Puff's voice  As of 2017, voicing Mrs  Puff has become her only regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she is good friends with the other SpongeBob cast members, making the SpongeBob recording booth an easy environment that requires less preparation than in-person performances  Lori Alan voices Pearl  During her audition for the role, she was shown an early drawing of Pearl and took note of how the character was much larger than the rest of the cast  She decided to reflect the character's size in her voice by making it deep and full in tone  She aimed to make Pearl's voice invoke the sound of whales’ low vocalizations while also sounding "spoiled and lovable " In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, Alan said that she knew Pearl "had to sound somewhat like a child," but at the same time needed "an abnormally large voice "In the Christmas special "Christmas Who?", the characters of Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club, and his pet called Potty the Parrot debuted  The former is portrayed by Kenny in live-action, while series creator Hillenburg voiced the latter  After Hillenburg's departure as the series' showrunner in 2004, staff writer Paul Tibbitt was given the role voicing Potty the Parrot  Mr  Krabs' mother, Mama Krabs, who debuted in the episode "Sailor Mouth", was voiced by Tibbitt  However, voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode "Enemy In-Law" in 2005  Irwin also provides the voices of other characters in the show, including Margaret SquarePants, SpongeBob's mother 
Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual"  Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel  Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style  It's how the stuff we like was recorded"  It takes about four hours to record an 11-minute episode  For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on recording sessions at Nickelodeon Studios, and they directed the actors  In the fourth season, Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director  Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999  Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays" 

Main cast
Other regular cast
Recurring guest voices
Former cast members
Awards and nominations
Notes
Passage 7:
List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg that premiered on Nickelodeon on May 1, 1999  The series is set in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom, and centers on the adventures and endeavors of SpongeBob SquarePants, an over-optimistic sea sponge  Many of the ideas for the show originated in an unpublished, educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in the mid-1980s  He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 after the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, another Nickelodeon television series that Hillenburg previously directed As of April 7, 2023, 288 episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants have aired, currently in its thirteenth season  The thirteenth season consists of 26 episodes  The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters on November 19, 2004, and grossed over US$140 million worldwide  Atlantis SquarePantis, a television film guest starring David Bowie, debuted as part of the fifth season  In 2009, Nickelodeon celebrated the show's tenth anniversary with Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants and SpongeBob's Truth or Square  The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, a stand-alone sequel, was released in theaters on February 6, 2015, and grossed over US$324 million worldwide Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants have been nominated for a variety of different awards, including 17 Annie Awards (with six wins), 17 Golden Reel Awards (with eight wins), 15 Emmy Awards (with one win), 21 Kids' Choice Awards (with 20 wins), and four BAFTA Children's Awards (with two wins)  Several compilation DVDs have been released  In addition, the first twelve seasons have been released on DVD, and are available for Regions 1, 2 and 4 as of January 12, 2021 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1999–2001)
The first season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (41 segments, since the first episode has three segments)  This is the only season that used cel animation  The episodes are ordered according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 2 (2000–03)
The second season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (39 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 3 (2001–04)
The third season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (37 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 4 (2005–07)
The fourth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (38 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 5 (2007–09)
The fifth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 20 episodes (41 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 6 (2008–10)
The sixth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (47 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 7 (2009–11)
The seventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (50 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 8 (2011–12)
The eighth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (47 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 9 (2012–17)
The ninth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (49 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 10 (2016–17)
The tenth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 11 episodes (22 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order  It is the shortest season, lacking the usual 26 episode length 

Season 11 (2017–18)
The eleventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes (50 segments), which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Season 12 (2018–22)
The twelfth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 31 episodes (53 segments), including 5 specials, which are ordered according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order  This was the last season that series creator Stephen Hillenburg was involved in, before his death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on November 26, 2018, at age 57 

Season 13 (2020–23)
The thirteenth season of SpongeBob SquarePants consists of 26 episodes, which are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order 

Films
Notes
DVD Notes
Passage 8:
Nannochoristidae
Nannochoristidae is a family of scorpionflies with many unusual traits  It is a tiny, relict family with a single extant genus, Nannochorista, with eight species occurring in New Zealand, southeastern Australia, Tasmania, Argentina and Chile  Due to the group's distinctiveness from other scorpionflies, it is sometimes placed in its own order, the Nannomecoptera  Some studies have placed them as the closest living relatives of fleas  Most mecopteran larvae are eruciform, or shaped like caterpillars  Nannochoristid larvae, however, are elateriform, and have elongated and slender bodies  The larvae are aquatic, which is unique among mecopterans  The larvae are predatory, hunting on the beds of shallow streams, primarily on the larvae of aquatic Diptera like chironomids Fossils indicate that Nannochoristidae formerly had a wider distribution, being present in the Northern Hemisphere during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Some research suggests the nannochoristids are the only holometabolous insects with true larval compound eyes  All other eyed larvae have stemmata, which are structurally different from adult compound eyes with ommatidia  This is unusual, since most adult features are present as imaginal discs in larvae and not formed until pupation  The presence of compound eyes in nannochoristid larvae suggests the timing of the development of adult features can be initiated earlier in development, which has important implications for insect evolutionary development 

Phylogeny
The cladogram of external relationships, based on a 2008 DNA and protein analysis, shows the family as a clade, sister to the Siphonaptera (fleas) and rest of Mecoptera, and more distantly related to the Diptera (true flies) and Mecoptera (scorpionflies) 
A more recent study in 2021 found Nannochoristidae to be the sister group to fleas, with strong support 

Genera
After Cao et al  2022 
Nannochorista Tillyard, 1917 (8 species: Argentina, Chile, Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand) Koonwarra fossil bed, Australia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
†Dahurochorista Sukatsheva 1985 (one species: Ichetuy Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)
†Dahurolarva Sukatsheva 1985 (one species: Ichetuy Formation, Oxfordian, Russia) (based on larvae only)
†Itaphlebia Sukatsheva 1985 (14 species) Itat Formation, Russia, Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Daohugou, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) Doronino Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
†Namdyrus Sukacheva 1993 Khaya Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
†Tarantogus Sukatsheva, 1985 Itat Formation, Russia, Bathonian (based on larvae only)
†Undisca Sukatsheva, 1990 Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Tithonian
Context 3:  The first trailer for the series premiered on March 13, 2016  The series also aired on AFN Family 
Internationally, the series premiered in Israel and Italy on May 15  It premiered in Latin America, Brazil, Poland, Germany, France and Africa the following day  It began airing in Southeast Asia on May 20  Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland's Nickelodeon channels premiered the series on May 30  In Canada, YTV aired a sneak peek of the series on September 5, 2016, which was followed by an official premiere on September 6, 2016 The series premiered on May 15, 2016, in the Middle East and North Africa on Nickelodeon, dubbed in Gulf Arabic 
In India, the series premiered on Nick HD+ on May 18, 2020 

Home media
Reception
Critical
The Loud House has received positive reviews, specifically for its animation, voice acting, characterization, and the heartwarming themes of each episode  Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media praised the show's voice cast and thematic messages, writing that "kids will come to The Loud House for the laughs, but they'll return for the ensemble cast and the surprisingly heartwarming themes that dominate every story " Kevin Johnson of The A V  Club gave the series a B+, noting that "the female characters are defined by their traits, but never judged for them "It attracted negative attention from some fans and critics later on for its heavy amount of spin-offs and merchandising  Ryan Lewis of CBR com wrote that "Nickelodeon tried too hard to match SpongeBob's influence and immediately took to creating spin-offs, a Netflix movie, and countless merchandise  These efforts may have been justified had The Loud House not been written with one-note stock characters making up its main cast "

LGBTQIA+ representation
The characters of Howard and Harold McBride have received praise for being a positive representation of an interracial gay married couple  They are the first married gay couple to be featured in a Nicktoon  Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair stated that The Loud House "handles the topic [of same-sex marriage] in exactly the right way   this kind of casual representation in children's programming is a milestone " De Elizabeth of Teen Vogue wrote, "The best part is that the show doesn't treat these characters any differently, or even introduce them with a heavy asterisk about their marital status " The Frisky's Tai Gooden mentioned that "kids who have two dads (or moms) will be more than thrilled to see a family they can identify with on TV " Time reported that "people are thrilled about Nickelodeon's decision" to include a gay couple  Some conservative groups, by contrast, have criticized the introduction of the characters  The One Million Moms division of the American Family Association objected to scenes featuring the McBride parents and unsuccessfully pushed for the episode in which they first appeared to be edited to exclude the couple, saying that "Nickelodeon should stick to entertaining instead of pushing an agenda " The Kenya Film Classification Board also called for the suspension of the series on pay television service DStv, saying that the animated series "promotes the Lesbian, Gay and Transgender agenda "
Kenya's film and classification board (KFCB) has called for the suspension of several US-produced children's programs running on channels provided by TV company MultiChoice  The board said the cartoons featured "disturbing content glorifying homosexual behavior" which was not suitable for children 
The animation programs are The Loud House, The Legend of Korra, and Hey Arnold, which run on the Nickelodeon channel, and Clarence, Steven Universe, and Adventure Time which air on Cartoon Network 
   

It's wasn't immediately clear if the supposedly offending Nickelodeon episodes ever aired in Kenya  Viacom Africa, which licenses the Nickelodeon shows said last July it would not be airing such shows in South Africa and the rest of sub Saharan Africa 

Ratings
The Loud House became the number-one children's animated series on television within its first month on the air  Throughout May 2016, it received an average of 68% more viewers in its target audience of children aged 6–11 than broadcasts on Nickelodeon in May of the previous year  As of June 2016, it was Nickelodeon's highest-rated program, beating SpongeBob SquarePants with an average Nielsen rating of 4 9 among the 2–11 demographic at the time The Los Angeles Times cited The Loud House as a major factor in maintaining Nickelodeon's position as the highest-rated children's network in summer 2016  During the show's fourth week of premieres, Cyma Zarghami announced that it was continuing to draw more viewers than any other program on the channel The show's highest-rated episode, with 2 28 million viewers upon its premiere, is "Two Boys and a Baby"  This was the first episode to air after it was announced that Howard and Harold McBride would be debuting on the program  The first episode of The Loud House shown at prime time, "11 Louds a Leapin'", was the seventh most-viewed telecast across all U S  households on November 25, 2016 

Awards and nominations
The Loud House's portrayal of interracial gay married couple Howard and Harold McBride led the series to be nominated for Outstanding Individual Episode at the 28th GLAAD Media Awards and for Outstanding Kids & Family Programming at the 29th, 31st and 32nd GLAAD Media Awards  The series has also been nominated for Favorite Cartoon at the Kids' Choice Awards every year since 2017 

Franchise
The Loud House has spawned a multimedia franchise, including several video game, graphic novel, and book series adaptations, the spin-off animated series The Casagrandes, which aired from October 2019 to September 2022, an animated feature film which was released on Netflix in August 2021, a live-action television film pilot that premiered in November 2021, and live-action series, The Really Loud House, that premiered in November 2022 

Graphic novel series
The series has spawned a graphic novel series by publisher Papercutz  The graphic novels are by either crew members or other incoming artists, and dive into the world of the show and the characters within  They are usually anthology comics, however, others are arranged on certain themes, while others have overarching storylines  The first graphic novel, There Will Be Chaos, was released on May 9, 2017  There are currently two series, a running series and a special series focusing on the seasons and certain holidays 

Running series
List current as of April 2023 

Seasonal/holiday series
Chapter book series
The series has also produced a series of chapter books with original stories, initially published by Random House before switching to Scholastic 

Podcast
Listen Out Loud
Nickelodeon and its YouTube channel have done a series of podcasts called Listen Out Loud, where each member of the Loud family does a podcast revolving around their topics 

"Meet the Loud Family" – The Loud siblings start their very first podcast, but they can't come up with a topic about it 
Luna Loud – Luna and her roadie Chunk give the listeners a virtual tour of Luna's home music studio (which is actually her and Luan's bedroom) where Luna talks about her musical instruments and her inspirations, but some of her instruments keep disturbing Bud Grouse 
Lola Loud – Lola does her podcast called "The Lowdown with Lola" where she starts dishing out the latest Loud family gossip much to the dismay of her siblings 
Leni Loud – With help from Lincoln as her producer, Leni gives the listeners a virtual tour of the Royal Woods Mall, where she shows her favorite stores and the different shopkeepers that she knows 
Luan Loud – Luan teaches her listeners the basics of playing pranks on anyone  She demonstrates a few on some of her siblings much to their annoyance  But little does Luan know that she might get pranked right back 
Lori Loud – With Bobby on her phone helping out from Great Lakes City and Luna providing musical accompaniment, he and Lori talk about how they first met and eventually started dating  However, they over-romanticize the details on their first date so Luan and Lynn Jr  chime in and tell them what really happened and how they had spied on them during the date to make sure that Bobby was good for Lori 
Lincoln Loud – Lincoln and Clyde give the listeners a virtual tour of their treehouse  When their hammock goes missing, Lincoln and Clyde become Ace Savvy and One-Eyed Jack to find out who stole it  While Lincoln suspects that it's one of his sisters, they soon discover that the culprit is someone they'd least suspect 
Lynn Loud Jr  – Lynn Jr  leads the listeners in her own at-home workout, arguing that gym memberships are expensive and mentioning how some gyms tend to ban people from bringing spicy submarine sandwiches into the sauna  During every single part of the workout, Lynn causes fitness-type chaos in the house which annoys her family 
Lana Loud – Lana teaches the listeners how to handle and take care of vehicles  Using the family van Vanzilla as an example, Lana gets some more help from her faithful frog Hops, her parents (Lynn Sr  and Rita), and two of her sisters, Lori and Leni, as they are the ones who drive Vanzilla 
Lucy Loud – Lucy talks about the five main features of the Royal Woods Cemetery with the help of Lincoln since Luan was unavailable  Though they soon find evidence that there is a ghost in the area 
Rita Loud – Rita discusses what she does at her dentist job as she runs the dental office while Dr  Feinstein is away at Cavity Con  While she does the dental work on Lola, Lori, and a reluctant Lynn Loud Sr , Rita also has to deal with some malfunctioning equipment which leads to her calling Lana in to take care of them 
Lisa Loud – Lisa takes a break from solving her family's problems so that she can use her brainpower to solve the greater challenges of humankind by hosting a call-in called "Ask a Brainiac"  Though the people who call her up are Lynn Loud Sr , Luan, Rita, Lincoln, and Lynn with their respectful questions 
Lincoln & Clyde Review Gus' Games & Grub - Lincoln and Clyde work to review Gus's Games & Grub only to find it crowded  While working on reviewing the games, they have a hard time trying to get a table due to the different actions done by Lynn and Chandler 
Lola Loud's Pageant Tips - With the aid of her pageant coach Lincoln, Lola gives pageant tips to the listeners while preparing for the Little Miss Iron Ore pageant that Cheryl is helping out with  When Lola's ribbon for her ribbon dance routine goes missing, Lincoln works to find it as Lola suspects that Lindsey Sweetwater is responsible 
Lucy and the Morticians Club - Lucy and the Morticians Club (consisting of Haiku, Persephone, Boris, Dante, and Morpheus) hold a séance to speak to Royal Woods Elementary School's mascot Ricky the Rooster  They try to hold it at different locations like the Royal Woods Cemetery where the groundskeeper Hank is dealing with owls, Lucy's home where the antics of Lynn and Lana disrupt it, and Boris's house where his home decorating mother tries to treat them  When it comes to attempting a séance at Royal Woods Elementary School, Principal Huggins allows it since he still misses Ricky 
Clyde's Explosive Cooking Problems - Clyde visits Lynn's Table to find out how to run a restaurant from Lynn Loud Sr  as Clyde works as his sous chef for the day  It becomes difficult for Clyde in the kitchen during the lunch rush as Kotaro mentions that it's the weekend of the Rattlesnake Roundup where some of the guests are from the Poconos  While also dealing with Scoots' demands, Clyde does some table service to Mr  Grouse and Flip 
Lana Loud Rescues Animals - As mentioned two podcasts ago, Lana is volunteering at the Royal Woods Animal Shelter  She is assisted by Sam Sharp who is working as the head volunteer as Lana learns about its Adoption Day  They work to find pets for every one of its visitors like Rocket the German Pinscher, Feline Dion the tabby, and Captain Ron the cockatoo  While Sam goes to pick up lunch, Lana makes efforts to sell pets to possible adopters like Mayor Davis, Cheryl, and Dante 
Luan Loud Teaches Comedy - Luan and Mr  Coconuts teach a comedy workshop at the Royal Woods Community Center, though Luan gets nervous when she finds that Benny is the co-teacher alongside his marionette, Mrs  Appleblossom  After setting up the classroom, Luan and Benny get Leni, Flip, Boris, and Mrs  Bernardo who arrived on a horse named Hamlet after finishing her directing debut for Sunset Canyon's afternoon dinner theater  Mr  Coconuts makes comments towards the students that cause them to leave one by one 

Films
Feature film
On March 28, 2017, Paramount Pictures' president Marc Evans announced a film based on the series, that was originally set for a February 7, 2020 theatrical release  However, in January 2019, Paramount removed the film from their schedule for unknown reasons  On February 5, 2019, it was announced that the film would instead be produced for a release on Netflix  On January 12, 2021, it was reconfirmed that the film would release on Netflix within the same year, with the film's plot focusing on the Loud family traveling to Scotland, where they discover that they are part of Scottish royalty  In April 2021, it was revealed that the film would be released in summer 2021  On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced the film would be released on August 20, 2021 

Television films
A live-action film based on the series, titled A Loud House Christmas, premiered on Nickelodeon on November 26, 2021  The film was first announced on February 19, 2020, originally titled The Loud House: A Very Loud Christmas!, and was set to premiere in late 2020  The film depicts Lincoln and Clyde working to preserve the Christmas traditions when the Loud sisters plan to have their Christmas plans elsewhere  Filming took place in Atlanta in mid-2021  On March 18, 2021, it was announced that Wolfgang Schaeffer and Jahzir Bruno were cast as Lincoln and Clyde, respectively  On August 23, 2021, other cast members of the film were announced, including Lexi Janicek as Lisa, Ella and Mia Allan as Lola and Lana, Aubin Bradley as Lucy, Morgan McGill as Lynn, Catherine Ashmore Bradley as Luan, Sophia Woodward as Luna, Dora Dolphin as Leni, Lexi DiBenedetto as Lori, Charlotte Ann Tucker as Lily, Brian Stepanek reprising his regular series voice role as Lynn Loud Sr , and Muretta Moss as Rita Loud In April 2023, a live-action Halloween movie titled A Really Haunted Loud House was announced 

Spin-off
A spin-off, entitled The Casagrandes, was put into development by Nickelodeon in March 2018  It features Bobby and Ronnie Anne Santiago as well as their extended Casagrande family living in Great Lakes City  On May 7, 2019, it was revealed that Eugenio Derbez, Ken Jeong, and Melissa Joan Hart had joined the cast as Bobby and Ronnie Anne's father Dr  Arturo Santiago and new neighbors Stanley and Rebecca Chang, respectively  The series premiered on October 14, 2019  On February 17, 2022, the series was reported to be cancelled, with its characters set to make more appearances in The Loud House  The series concluded September 30, 2022 

Live-action series
On March 24, 2022, a live-action series of The Loud House was originally announced for Paramount+  The main cast members of A Loud House Christmas reprise their roles for the series, including Wolfgang Schaeffer as Lincoln and Jahzir Bruno as Clyde  Filming for the series began in Albuquerque, New Mexico in June 2022  In September 2022, it was announced that the series, entitled The Really Loud House, would premiere on Nickelodeon in November 2022  On October 5, 2022, it was announced that the series would premiere on November 3, 2022  The show was renewed for a second season in April 2023 

Games
A mobile game based on the series called The Loud House: Ultimate Treehouse was released on September 20, 2018, for iOS and Android  The Loud House: Outta Control was released on Apple Arcade on February 14, 2020  In the game, the siblings try to get through to their goals without running into each other Lincoln, Lucy, and Clyde appear as playable characters, with the rest of Lincoln's sisters appearing as unlockable pit crew characters, in the 2020 racing video game Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix  Lincoln, Lucy and Clyde return in the 2022 sequel Nickelodeon Kart Racers 3: Slime Speedway, with Bentley Griffin, Jessica DiCicco, and Jaeden White reprising their roles from the show Lincoln and Lucy are also playable in the 2021 title Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl; a patch to the game added voice acting with their roles being reprised by Bentley Griffin and Jessica DiCicco 
Passage 9:
MacGruder and Loud
MacGruder and Loud is an American crime drama from Aaron Spelling Productions that aired on ABC from January 20 to April 30, 1985 

Premise
The series stars John Getz and Kathryn Harrold as married police officers Malcolm MacGruder and Jenny Loud in a Los Angeles Police Department-styled police agency (where strict anti-fraternization policies were in effect)  They fought a battle every day to keep it a closely guarded secret from their boss, Sgt  Hanson (played by veteran actor Lee de Broux) Malcolm and Jenny lived in a duplex-type apartment complex where there was a secret door behind the grandfather clock in her apartment, where Malcolm could sneak in and enjoy her company 

Cast
John Getz as Det  Malcolm MacGruder
Kathryn Harrold as Det  Jenny Loud MacGruder
Ted Ross as Det  Sgt  Debbin
Frank McCarthy as Sgt  Myhrum

Episodes
Production
This was one of the few failures from Aaron Spelling's production company in its history, since it was picked by ABC to debut right after the Super Bowl in 1985 and was heavily promoted  during the game  The promotion resulted in high ratings at first, but the series was cancelled three months into its run  The ratings decline was blamed on ABC's repeated changing of the show's timeslot before settling on Monday nights at 10:00 p m , known as "the graveyard slot"  It ranked 36th out of 77 shows with a 14 9 rating and a 23 share Because of the frequent commercials during the Super Bowl, the following night Johnny Carson asked rhetorically during his monologue on The Tonight Show, "Did you see that new show, 'Frequent and Loud'?"The series was rushed into production by ABC in order to capitalize on the popularity of another crime drama at that time, Cagney & Lacey (which aired on CBS) 
Passage 10:
The Weight of the Nation
The Weight of the Nation is a four-part documentary series produced by American cable television network HBO  Addressing the growing obesity epidemic in the United States, it was first aired in May 2012  The documentary series included collaboration with National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Institute of Medicine  The series was produced by John Hoffman The scientific commentators featured in the documentary include Francis Collins, Samuel Klein, Rudolph Leibel, Robert Lustig, and Kelly D  Brownell 

Content
The series consists of four approximately hour-long films:

Consequences
Choices
Children in Crisis
Challenges
Passage 11:
List of Italian musical terms used in English
Many musical terms are in Italian because, in Europe, the vast majority of the most important early composers from the Renaissance to the Baroque period were Italian  That period is when numerous musical indications were used extensively for the first time 

Italian terms and English translations
Musical instruments
Voices
Tempo
Dynamics – volume
Moods
Musical expression (general)
Patterns within the musical score
Directions
Techniques
Roles
Criticism
Musical direction and staging
See also
Musical terminology
Sheet music
Passage 12:
Scorpion Swamp
Scorpion Swamp is a single-player adventuring gamebook written by Steve Jackson (the American game designer, as opposed to the series co-creator), illustrated by Duncan Smith and originally published in 1984 by Puffin Books  It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's Fighting Fantasy series  It is the 8th in the series in the original Puffin series (ISBN 0-14-031829-1)  It was the first Fighting Fantasy book to be written by an author other than the co-creators of the series 

Rules
Story
Scorpion Swamp is a fantasy scenario  Having acquired a magical Brass Ring (which detects evil and always indicates which direction is north) from a mysterious old woman, the player enters the notorious Scorpion Swamp 
Gameplay differed from previous titles in several ways:

The story allows the player to choose one of three quests: the patrons of said quests being either good (locate a rare plant for the wizard Selator), evil (acquire the amulets of animal/insect avatars for the wizard Grimslade) or neutral (map a trade route for the trader Poomchukker) respectively 
Gameplay has a non-linear design, allowing "free roaming": the player may explore the swamp at will and return to locations previously visited 
The game design employed a grid system of locations to explore  Whereas in previous titles choosing an option to follow a point of the compass was nebulous and backtracking almost impossible, in this title each location was equidistant from all others and options only led in the four primary compass directions  On entering a location, the player was asked if they had visited previously, and instructed accordingly  This format was an innovation for Fighting Fantasy 
The 400th reference does not contain an ending to the adventure 
Passage 13:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 14:
A Perfect Sky
"A Perfect Sky" is Bonnie Pink's twenty-fifth single and first from the album Thinking Out Loud  The single was released under the Warner Music Japan label on June 28, 2006 

Track listing
A Perfect Sky
Free
Interlude -Siesta-
A Perfect Sky (Instrumental)


== Oricon Sales Chart ==
Passage 15:
Loud Planes Fly Low
Loud Planes Fly Low is the fifth album by the American band The Rosebuds, released in 2011 on Merge Records 

Track listing
Passage 16:
Ilyasah Shabazz
Ilyasah Shabazz (born July 22, 1962) is an American author, most notably of a memoir, Growing Up X, community organizer, social activist, and motivational speaker, and the third daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz 

Early life
Shabazz was born in Brooklyn, New York, on July 22, 1962  She was named after Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, the religious and Black nationalist group to which her parents belonged  Shabazz is of African-American, African-Grenadian, English and Scottish descent  
In February 1965, when she was two years old, Shabazz was present, with her mother and sisters, at the assassination of her father  She says she has no memory of the event Shabazz had an apolitical upbringing in a racially integrated neighborhood in Mount Vernon, New York  Her family never took part in demonstrations or attended rallies  Together with her sisters, she joined Jack and Jill, a social club for the children of well-off African Americans  She considered an acting career, though her mother was not supportive  Her mother instead took interest in trying to keep her father's presence alive, and baked her cookies, which she would break a piece off to give the impression that her father had eaten it before she arrived Concerning her father, Shabazz told an interviewer, "My mother always talked about our father, her husband, but     she didn't talk about these things that defined my father as the icon " To learn about her father, Shabazz read his autobiography as a college student, and enrolled in a class to learn more Shabazz was a student at Hackley School  After high school, she attended State University of New York at New Paltz  When she arrived, other African-American students expected her to be a firebrand  They had already elected her an officer of the Black Student Union After graduating, Shabazz earned a master's degree in Education and Human Resource Development from Fordham University 

Career
Shabazz worked for the city of Mount Vernon for more than a dozen years, serving at different times as Director of Public Relations, Director of Public Affairs and Special Events, and Director of Cultural Affairs Shabazz wrote Growing Up X, her memoir of her childhood and her personal views on her father, in 2002  It was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Nonfiction  A devout Muslim, she made the pilgrimage to Mecca, the hajj, in 2006 as her father had in 1964 and her mother did in 1965 In 2014, Shabazz wrote Malcolm Little: The Boy Who Grew Up to Become Malcolm X, a children's book about her father's childhood  It was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Children's  The following year, she wrote a young-adult novel, X, about the same subject  The book was among the ten finalists considered for the National Book Award for Young People's Literature and it won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Youth/Teens  It also won honors from the Coretta Scott King Awards and the Walter Dean Myers Awards for Outstanding Children's Literature and was named as a 2016 Bank Street Children's Book Committee's Best Book of the Year  Her middle-grade novel about her mother's childhood, Betty Before X, was published in January 2018 alongside co-author Renée Watson  It was one of the 2019 Bank Street Children's Book Committee Best Books of the Year and received an "Outstanding Merit" recognitionShabazz is a trustee for the Malcolm X and Dr  Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center, the Malcolm X Foundation, and the Harlem Symphony Orchestra  As of 2017, she is an adjunct professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice 

Personal life
Shabazz is a longtime resident of Southern Westchester  She grew up in Mount Vernon and presently lives in New Rochelle 

Bibliography
with Kim McLarin (2002)  Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X  New York: One World  ISBN 978-0-345-44495-0 
——— (2014)  Malcolm Little: The Boy Who Grew Up to Become Malcolm X  Illustrated by A G  Ford  New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers  ISBN 978-1-4424-1216-3 
Boyd, Herb; ———, eds  (2014)  The Diary of Malcolm X: 1964  Chicago: Third World Press  ISBN 978-0-88378-351-1 
with Kekla Magoon (2015)  X: A Novel  Somerville, Mass : Candlewick Press  ISBN 978-0-763-66967-6 
with Renée Watson (2018)  Betty Before X  New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux  ISBN 978-0-374-30610-6 
with Tiffany D  Jackson (2021)  The Awakening of Malcolm X  Farrar, Straus and Giroux  ISBN 9780374313296 



ground_truth: Mr. Lawrence

Doug Lawrence

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the author of Growing Up this nationality of the creator MacGruder and Loud?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  1934); and a number of Pulitzer Prize winners: author Frank McCourt (M A  1967), playwrights Howard Sackler (B A  1950) and Annie Baker (M F A  2009), journalists Sylvan Fox (B A  1951), Stanley Penn (1947), and Harold C  Schonberg (B A  1937), photographer Max Desfor, and historian Oscar Handlin (B A  1934) 
Other notable alumni include Olympic fencers Ralph Goldstein and Nikki Franke (B S  1972), chess grandmaster and five-time U S  champion Gata Kamsky (B A  1999), Jewish Defense League founder Meir Kahane (B A  1954), and civil rights activist Al Sharpton (1975) 

Notable faculty
F  Murray Abraham (born 1939), actor of stage and screen; professor of theater, winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor
Vito Acconci, designer, landscape architect, performance and installation artist
Dorothy Inez Adams (1904-1967), anthropologist
Eric Alterman (born 1960), liberal journalist
Lennart Anderson, figurative painter
Hannah Arendt, philosopher and political theorist; author of The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) and The Human Condition (1958)
Solomon Asch, Polish-American Gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology
John Ashbery (1927–2017), poet, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winner; tenured faculty member from c  1972 to 1986
Robert Beauchamp, painter
Maír José Benardete, scholar of Sephardic studies and Professor of Spanish and Sephardic Studies
William Boylan (1869–1940), first President of Brooklyn College
Edwin G  Burrows (1943–2018), historian; Pulitzer Prize for History winner for co-writing Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 with Mike Wallace
Frances Sergeant Childs, historian; one of the college's founding faculty members
Margaret Clapp, scholar, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, President of Wellesley College
Michael Cunningham (born 1952), novelist; winner of Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and PEN/Faulkner Award for The Hours
Rudy D'Amico (born 1940), professional National Basketball Association scout, and former Brooklyn College and professional basketball coach who coached Maccabi Tel Aviv to the Euroleague Championship
Lois Dodd (born 1927), painter
Charles Dodge (born 1942), composer, founder of the Center for Computer Music
Alphonsus J  Donlon, President of Georgetown University
Paul Edwards (born Paul Eisenstein), Professor of Philosophy, editor of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy
John Hope Franklin, historian of the US, former Chairman of the History Department, president of Phi Beta Kappa, and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
Jack Gelber, playwright and theater director; taught at Brooklyn College 1972–2003
Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997), Beat Generation poet and Pulitzer Prize for Poetry finalist; Distinguished Professor of English from 1986 to 1997, replacing Ashbery (who accepted a MacArthur Fellowship and later moved to Bard College)
Betty Glad, Chair of Political Science at the University of Illinois
Ralph Goldstein (1913–1997), Olympic épée fencer
Joel Glucksman (born 1949), Olympic saber fencer
Maxine Greene (née Meyer), William F  Russell Professor in the Foundations of Education at Teachers College, Columbia University
David Grubbs (born 1967), musician, composer, recording artist
Carey Harrison (born 1944), novelist/dramatist
Amy Hempel (born 1951), short story writer, journalist, and coordinator of the MFA Fiction-Writing Program
Seymour L  Hess, meteorologist and planetary scientist
Shintaro Higashi, 6th degree black belt in judo, 2007 and 2011 USA Judo Senior National Champion
Agnieszka Holland (born 1948), film director, best known for Europa Europa (1992)
Carl Holty, painter
Karen Brooks Hopkins, President of the Brooklyn Academy of Music
John Hospers, first presidential candidate of the US Libertarian Party; professor 1956–66
Paul Jacobs, classical pianist; specialist in modern music
KC Johnson, professor of American history
Mburumba Kerina (1932–2021), Deputy Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia
Béla Király (1912–2009), professor emeritus, former Hungarian general taught military history and central European history
Alfred McClung Lee, Chairman of the Sociology and Anthropology departments at Wayne University and Brooklyn College
Tania León, Cuban-born composer and conductor, Pulitzer Prize for Music winner
Don Lemon, CNN anchor and journalist
Ben Lerner, poet and writer
Ira N  Levine (1937–2015), author and professor in the Chemistry Department
Abraham Maslow, psychologist in the school of humanistic psychology, best known for his theory of human motivation which led to a therapeutic technique known as self-actualization; taught 1937–1951
Wilson Carey McWilliams, political scientist, author of The Idea of Fraternity in America (1973, University of California Press), for which he won the National Historical Society prize in 1974
Denise O'Connor (born 1935), Olympic foil fencer
Carol J  Oja, musicologist and scholar of American Studies, William Powell Mason Professor at Harvard University
Ursula Oppens, pianist, co-founded the contemporary music ensemble Speculum Musicae, Conservatory of Music
Philip Pearlstein, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, influential painter known for his Modernist Realism nudes
Itzhak Perlman, violinist, Conservatory of Music
Roman Popadiuk, US Ambassador to Ukraine
Tubby Raskin (1902–1981), basketball player and coach
Inez Smith Reid, Senior Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals
Mark Rothko (born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz; 1903–1970), influential abstract expressionist painter
Susan Fromberg Schaeffer, novelist and Broeklundian Professor of English
Albert Schatz, microbiologist, co-discoverer of streptomycin
William Schimmel, composer
Mitchell Silver, Commissioner of the New York City Parks Department
Mabel Murphy Smythe-Haith, Ambassador for the United States to Cameroon and later Equatorial Guinea
Stephen Solarz, US Congressional Representative from New York
Eileen Southern, musicologist, researcher, author, and teacher
Mark Strand, United States Poet Laureate, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry–winning poet, essayist, and translator
Glenn Thrush, Politico senior writer, author
Hans L  Trefousse, Distinguished Emeritus Professor of History; taught 1946–1998, historian and author
Ad Reinhardt, Elizabeth Murray, Vito Acconci, William T  Williams, Archie Rand, Jennifer McCoy, Patricia Cronin, artists (1950s to present)
Mervin F  Verbit, chair of the Sociology Department at Touro College
Carleton Washburne, Director of Teacher Education, known for his progressive education works
Mac Wellman, Obie Award–winning playwright, author, and poet
Ruth Westheimer (better known as Dr  Ruth; born Karola Ruth Siegel, 1928), German-American sex therapist, author, radio, television talk show host, former Haganah sniper, and Holocaust survivor
C  K  Williams, poet, won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
Ethyle R  Wolfe, professor from 1947 to 1989, created the Ethyle R  Wolfe Humanities Institute at the college 
Theresa Wolfson, Professor of Labor Economics, won the John Dewey Award of the League for Industrial Democracy
Joel Zwick (born 1942), professor in the Film Department, director of Full House, Fuller House, Family Matters, My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and Fat Albert
Passage 5:
Dorset Park
Dorset Park is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  It is located in the western part of the district of Scarborough  The neighbourhood is bordered by Highway 401 to the north, Midland Avenue to the east, Lawrence Avenue to the south, and Birchmount Road to the west  Kennedy Road runs along the neighbourhood's centre north and south and Ellesmere Road runs along the centre east and west  The area south of Lawrence Avenue, north of the hydro corridor, is known as McGregor Park and is often included as part of Dorset Park 
The business district of Scarborough is carried right through the heart of Dorset Park along Kennedy Road from Highway 401 to Lawrence Avenue  The business district along Kennedy Road is a 3 5 kilometre stretch of the road with nothing but stores, businesses and high rise buildings  Kennedy Commons, a large strip mall, is located on Kennedy Road, between Highway 401 and Ellesmere Road 

History
The area was formerly farmland, with the majority of the housing built in the 1950s  Among the landmarks are Pizza Nova, founded in 1963 

Education
One public school board operates schools in Dorset Park, the secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB)  Public elementary schools operated by TDSB include:

General Crerar Public School
Dorset Park Public School
Ellesmere-Statton Public School is a elementary school located on Ellesmere Road between Birchmount and Kennedy Roads  This school is a merger of two schools, Ellesmere Junior Public School (founded in 1953, replacing S S No  4 that opened in the 1840s) and Wendell Statton Senior Public School (built in 1972 and opened in September 1973)  Both buildings are connected to each other and the school has a diverse population of 640 students  It is named after long time Scarborough educator Wendell W  Statton, who was a principal of Ellesmere P S 
Glamorgan Public Junior School TDSB also operates one secondary school, Winston Churchill Collegiate Institute 
Schooling for students residing in Dorset Park is also provided by the public school boards, the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (CSCM), Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSM)  CSCM and TCDSB are separate school boards, the former being French first language separate school board, whereas CSV is a French-first language secular school board 

See also
List of neighborhoods in Scarborough

External links
City of Toronto profile
Passage 6:
The Siege
The Siege is a 1998 American action thriller film directed by Edward Zwick  The film is about a fictional situation in which terrorist cells have made several attacks in New York City  The film stars Denzel Washington, Annette Bening, Tony Shalhoub, and Bruce Willis 

Plot
FBI Special Agent Anthony Hubbard and his Lebanese American partner Frank Haddad intervene at the hijacking of a bus fully loaded with passengers, which contains an explosive device  The bomb turns out to be a paint bomb and the terrorists escape  The FBI receives demands to release Sheikh Ahmed bin Talal, a suspect in an earlier bombing  Hubbard eventually comes into conflict with Central Intelligence Agency operative Elise Kraft as he takes a terrorist suspect into custody and arrests Kraft  Later, another terrorist threat is made and a Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus is bombed  FBI captures a man named Samir Nazhde, who admits to signing the visa application of one of the suicide bombers in the course of signing many applications for student visas in his job as a lecturer  However, Kraft insists that Samir is not a terrorist and that his continued freedom is vital to the investigation 
The terrorist incidents escalate with the bombing of a bus and a crowded theater and hostage-situation at an elementary school, and culminate in the destruction of One Federal Plaza, the location of the FBI's New York City field office, with over 600 casualties  In spite of objections, the President of the United States declares martial law and the United States Army's 101st Airborne Division, under General William Devereaux, occupies and seals off Brooklyn in an effort to find the remaining terrorist cells  Subsequently, all young men of Arab descent, including Haddad's son Frank Jr , are rounded up and detained in Downing Stadium  Haddad resigns in outrage  New Yorkers stage violent demonstrations against the Army and the profiling of the Arabs; the Army fights to maintain control  There are reports of Army killings 
Hubbard and Kraft, now revealed to be an intelligence operative named Sharon Bridger, continue their investigation and capture a suspect, Tariq Husseini  Devereaux's men torture and kill Husseini in the course of the interrogation  Afterward, Bridger tells Hubbard that Husseini revealed nothing of value because of the principle of compartmentalized information  Sickened, she finally admits that she herself provided training and support to militants opposed to Saddam Hussein's regime, working with Samir to recruit and train the followers of the Sheikh  After the U S  cut their funding and left them exposed, she took pity on the few of them who had not yet been slaughtered by Hussein's forces, and arranged for them to escape to the United States, ultimately leading to the present situation as they turn their bomb making and covert skills on the country that now holds their leader  She and Hubbard compel Samir to arrange a meeting with the final terrorist cell  Hubbard convinces Haddad to return to the FBI 
A multi-ethnic peace march demonstrates against the occupation of Brooklyn  As the march is getting under way Hubbard and Haddad arrive at the meeting place, but Bridger and Samir have already left  Samir reveals to Bridger that he constitutes the final cell while in another sense he says, "there will never be a last cell " He straps a bomb to his body which he intends to detonate among the marchers  Hubbard and Haddad arrive in time to prevent him from leaving a bath house, but Samir shoots Bridger in the stomach as she struggles to stop him  Hubbard and Haddad kill Samir but despite their best efforts the pair can only watch as Bridger succumbs to her wound after managing to recite certain lines of the second half of the Lord's Prayer and concluding with "Inshallah" – the Arabic phrase "God Willing" 
Hubbard, Haddad, and their team raid Devereaux's headquarters to make an arrest for the torture and murder of Husseini  Deveraux insists that under the War Powers Resolution the authority vested in himself by the President supersedes that of the court which issued the arrest warrant  He then commands his soldiers to aim their assault rifles at the agents, resulting in a Mexican standoff  Hubbard reminds Devereaux that the civil liberties and human rights which he took from Husseini are what all his predecessors have fought and died for  Devereaux finally submits and is arrested  Martial law ends and the detainees, including Haddad's son, are given their freedom 

Cast
Denzel Washington as FBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge Anthony 'Hub' Hubbard
Annette Bening as CIA Operative Sharon Bridger / Elise Kraft
Bruce Willis as U S  Army General William Devereaux
Tony Shalhoub as FBI Special Agent Frank Haddad
Aasif Mandvi as Khalil Saleh
Amro Salama as Tariq Husseini
Sami Bouajila as Samir Nazhde
Ahmed Ben Larby as Sheik Akhmed Bin Talal
Lianna Pai as FBI Agent Tina Osu
Mark Valley as FBI Agent Mike Johanssen
David Proval as FBI Agent Danny Sussman
Lance Reddick as FBI Agent Floyd Rose
Lisa Lynn Masters as Reporter

Reception
Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics  Rotten Tomatoes awards the film a score of 44% based on 62 reviews  The site's consensus states: "An exciting, well-paced action film " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale Roger Ebert gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of four, writing that director Edward Zwick does a good job with crowd scenes, but criticizing it as clumsy Bruce Willis won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performances in this film, Armageddon, and Mercury Rising 

Box office
The film grossed $40,981,289 in North America and $75,691,623 in other territories on a budget of $70 million  In the film's second week, The Siege showed the teaser trailer for Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 

Controversy
When the film opened, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee came out against the film  Its spokesman Hussein Ibish said "The Siege is extremely offensive  It's beyond offensive  We're used to offensive, that's become a daily thing  This is actually dangerous " He thought it was "Insidious and incendiary" because it "reinforces stereotypes that lead to hate crimes " Ibish acknowledged that Arab terrorists did, in fact, bomb the World Trade Center in 1993, but said that Arab and Islamic groups are upset by "the very strong equation between Muslim religious practices and terrorism     [Thanks to this film] Every time someone goes through the Muslim ablution, the ritual washing of hands everybody does before they pray five times a day, that image is the announcement to the viewer of the presence of violence " Echoing such criticism, the Council on American–Islamic Relations protested the insinuation that "Muslims have total disregard for human life " The groups were "faxing and calling news organizations on a regular basis" to voice their concerns 
Director Edward Zwick had met with Arab Americans, who suggested that the story be changed to mirror the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, when Arabs were immediately assumed responsible  This idea was rejected   Zwick noted that The Siege's villains also include members of the U S  government, and dismissed the criticism, saying: Anytime you talk about issues that touch on religion of any kind, you can anticipate this kind of reaction  Should we only present every group as paragons and monoliths of virtue? The movie inspires to engender this kind of dialogue  I happen to come from the school that thinks that movies should not only make you uncomfortable, they might make you think  …You can anticipate any kind of reaction in these times in which sensitivity seems very high in the culture  I have a friend who says, if you've not offended somebody, you're a nobody  …How does it feel to be a lightning rod? It gets the blood going  I think it's better than being universally ignored  In a culture where there seems to be so much to talk about, it's good to be talked about 
What the movie is most deeply about – it's about our own latent possibilities of repression, stereotyping and prejudice [   ] To see Americans rounded up in the streets, to see Americans put into stadiums, to see people held without habeas corpus – to have their rights violated in such a way is such a chilling and just terrifying thing to see – that is what one takes away, I believe, from this film 
In a September 2007 interview, screenwriter Lawrence Wright attributed the film's failure at the box office to Muslim and Arab protests at theaters playing the film, but also claimed that it was the most rented movie in America after the September 11 attacks Scholar Moustafa Bayoumi has also critiqued the racialization of Arabs in the film and suggests it is indicative of an emerging sub-genre defined by "the notion of African-American leadership of the Arab world, intertwined with friendship with it "Scholar Alexandra Campbell quoted from former Guantanamo Bay detention camp captive Tarek Dergoul when she compared the fictional demonization and extrajudicial abuse of Muslims in the film and the abuse that Dergoul described in his first post-repatriation interview On July 12, 2006, the magazine Mother Jones provided excerpts from the transcripts of a selection of the Guantánamo detainees  Yunis Abdurrahman Shokuri was one of the detainees profiled  According to the article, his transcript contained the following comment:

[T]he only way I know the United States is through movies from Hollywood or through cartoons  I’m a big fan of a lot of their singers…  [T]he first time I saw an American soldier was at Kandahar Air Base…  When I first saw myself in Kandahar, it was like I was in a cinema or a movie  I saw a 1996 movie called The Siege  The movie was about terrorists carrying out terrorist attacks in the United States…  [In the movie] the CIA and FBI were not successful in finding that terrorist group and the United States Army interfered and gathered all the people of Arabic descent and put them in a land cage or camp just like it happened in Kandahar  I was shocked, thinking, "Am I in that movie or on a stage in Hollywood?"… Sometimes I laugh at myself and say, "When does that movie end?"
Passage 7:
Satoru Nishita
Satoru Nishita (July 4, 1927-  July 16, 2013) was a landscape architect and a partner in the architectural firm Lawrence Halprin & Associates, based in San Francisco  He was one of Lawrence Halprin's earliest employees, hired in 1951  He became a principal of Halprin's firm in 1964  During the period 1975 - 1977, he and several other employees bought and re-formed Halprin's as Carter Hull Nishita McCulley Baxter & Associates  The company later became Nishita & Carter, Inc  and operated through 1989 
Nishita worked on several of Halprin's projects in the United States and Japan, including the Lovejoy Fountain Park (as partner in charge), Pettygrove Park, and the Ira Keller Fountain, all in Portland, Oregon  He retired from practice for health reasons in the early 1990s 
Passage 8:
Sharbot Lake (Ontario)
Sharbot Lake is a lake in the municipality of Central Frontenac, Frontenac County in Eastern Ontario, Canada  It is part of the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin  The eponymous community of Sharbot Lake is located at the centre of the north shore of the lake 
The primary outflow, at the northeast, is the Fall River, which flows via the Mississippi River and the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River 
Sharbot Lake Provincial Park is named for, and is partly on the northwest shore of, the lake, but mostly envelops the neighbouring Black Lake  Ontario Highway 7 runs roughly along the northwest side of the lake, and the former Ontario Highway 38, now County Road 38, crosses the lake at the location of the community of Sharbot Lake  The same crossing point is used by the multi-use K&P Rail Trail (part of the Trans Canada Trail), formerly the rail bed of the Kingston and Pembroke Railway 
Sharbot Lake is named after a First Nations Chief named Francis Chabot, who was Mohawk and his wife Algonquin 

Tributaries
Clockwise from the Fall River outflow

Sucker Harbour Creek
Sharbot Creek

See also
List of lakes in Ontario
Passage 9:
Lawrence Landweber
Lawrence Hugh Landweber is  John P  Morgridge Professor Emeritus of computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison 
He received his bachelor's degree  in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph D  at Purdue University in 1967  His doctoral thesis was "A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic "He is best known for founding the CSNET project in 1979, which later developed into NSFNET  He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP/IP protocol 

Publications
He is co-author of  Brainerd, Walter S , and Lawrence H  Landweber  Theory of Computation  New York: Wiley, 1974  ISBN 978-0-471-09585-9 

Awards
President, Internet Society  
Fellow, ACM 
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Brooklyn College, 2009  
IEEE Award on International Communication, 2005
Member of the board of  Internet2 (2000–2008)
Jonathan B  Postel Service Award of the Internet Society, for CSNET, 2009
In 2012, Landweber was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society 
Passage 10:
Lawrence Township Historic District
The Lawrence Township Historic District is a 550-acre (220 ha) historic district encompassing the community of Lawrenceville in Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1972 for its significance in architecture, landscape architecture, literature, military history, and transportation  The district includes 45 contributing buildings 

Description
The district includes a number of buildings along US Route 206 (formerly King's Highway, as well as the Lincoln Highway), two early cemeteries associated with the Presbyterian Church of Lawrenceville (Est  1697), and the Lawrenceville School  Prominent architects represented in the district include Peabody and Stearns, William Adams Delano, and Frederick Law Olmsted 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey
Passage 11:
The Price of Happiness
The Price of Happiness is a lost 1916 silent film drama directed by Edmund Lawrence and starring Mary Boland  It was distributed through the World Film Company  The film was based on a play called (Drei Paar Schuhe: Three Pairs of Shoes) 

Cast
Mary Boland - Bertha Miller
Marion Singer - Lucille
Enid Francis - Ruth Taylor
Carlotta De Felice - Evelyn Morgan (*billed Carlotta De Felico)
Albert Bechtel - Max
David Wall - John Miller (*billed as Dave Wall)
Adolphe Menjou - Howard Neal
Passage 12:
Ministry of Higher Education (Egypt)
The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is one of the governmental ministries of Egypt and part of the cabinet  It was formed in 1961 

History
The ministry was established on 9 November 1961, when university education in Egypt became free The ministry employed seven different ministers between March 2011 and June 2013  Amr Ezzat Salama was one of the ministers during this period Mostafa Mussad served as minister of higher education from August 2012 to July 2013 when Hossam Eisa replaced him in the post  The ministry was headed by El Sayed Abdel Khalek between June 2014 and September 2015  He was replaced by Ashraf El-Shihy in the post  In February 2017, Khaled Abdel Ghaffar was appointed to head the ministry 

Organization and activities
The major function of the ministry, based in Cairo is to introduce, develop and monitor all the higher education-related policies  The ministry is responsible for the educational activity in Egyptian universities, both public and private  The ministry realizes this function through three executive bodies, namely the Supreme Council of Universities, the Supreme Council of Private Universities and the Supreme Council of Technical Institutions In addition, the ministry supervises the Academy of the Arabic Language and the National Committee of UNESCO  The ministry has international bureaus, including the Egyptian Cultural and Educational Bureau in Washington, D C  In early 2018, the ministry with Minya University, spearheaded a week-long sports event for people with disabilities  It was the first of its kind in Egypt's history, as Egypt works to include the disabled in social activities In 2018 it was announced that starting from Kindergarten, Egyptian children would be learning English 
Passage 13:
Jumping Ship
Jumping Ship is the 2001 sequel to the 1999 Disney Channel Original Movie, Horse Sense  It stars brothers Joey Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, and Andy Lawrence  The film was directed by Michael Lange 

Plot
Although Michael has become a more mature individual since the first film and shows more concern for others, he still feels that, by birthright, he deserves to start at the top of his father's law firm  Michael's father does offer him a position at the law firm: a clerking job, and explains that only after thorough knowledge of the firm, a law school graduation, and passing the state bar will he ever be considered for a partnership 
Michael takes a summer vacation with Tommy to Australia  Michael has big plans to show his cousin Tommy a good time aboard a luxury yacht, until he discovers that the yacht he chartered is actually an old, rusty fishing boat  But when modern-day pirates chase the fishing boat, the boys are forced to jump ship, leaving them stranded on a desert island  The pirates are led by Frakes, who earlier had pick-pocketed Michael and discovered through his ID that he comes from a wealthy family  The pirates plan to kidnap Michael for a large ransom 
Meanwhile, Tommy and Michael struggle to find their way on the island to be met by the boat's captain, Jake Hunter, who scuttled the fishing boat to lose the pirates  He later admits he hated being a fishing boat captain and only stuck with it because it was his late-father's calling  After several days the pirates finally find the boys when Michael shoots a flare gun to get an airplanes attention  As they attempt to leave the island on their raft two of the pirates approach them  Michael and Jake swim away and leave Tommy who can't get his life jacket off behind, promising to rescue him later  Michael and Jake come up with a plan to get Tommy back 
Jake and Tommy outwit the pirates by absconding in their speedboat, Frakes attempts to shoot Michael, but fails due to his firearm being gunked up with quicksand he had gotten trapped in earlier while chasing Michael; leaving the villains stranded  As the boys escape they call the Australian Coast Guard for help  The pirates are arrested and their speedboat is seized 
During a lunch the boys have with Michael's father and Tommy's mom, Michael arrives and tells Jake and Tommy that due to asset forfeiture, Frakes' boat is now their property  Michael proposes using the speedboat, combined with the reward money, to launch a boat tour service with Jake and Tommy as his partners, and Jake captaining the boat  Michael also tells his father that he will begin the process for law school application, and accepts his dad's clerking job to help him prepare for that  Michael's father is proud of him for going into the business with him (but now with a more mature view), now realizing that there is no royal road to success 

Cast
Joey Lawrence as Michael Woods
Matthew Lawrence as Jake Hunter
Andrew Lawrence as Tommy Biggs
Anthony Wong as Frakes
Jaime Passier-Armstrong as Jonas
Martin Dingle-Wall as Dante
Susan Walters as Jules Biggs
Stephen Burleigh as Glen Woods
Todd Worden as Mark Sanders
Carly Movizio as Heather Hitt
Jack Heywood as Valet

Home media
The film was released on DVD as an exclusive on the Disney Movie Club promotional website in early 2005  In November 2019, the film became available to stream on Disney+ 

External links
Jumping Ship at IMDb
Passage 14:
Government-granted monopoly
In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly" or "regulated monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement  As a form of coercive monopoly, government-granted monopoly is contrasted with an unregulated monopoly, wherein there is no competition but it is not forcibly excluded Amongst forms of coercive monopoly it is distinguished from government monopoly or state monopoly (in which government agencies hold the legally enforced monopoly rather than private individuals or firms) and from government-sponsored cartels (in which the government forces several independent producers to partially coordinate their decisions through a centralized organization)  Advocates for government-granted monopolies often claim that they ensure a degree of public control over essential industries, without having those industries actually run by the state  Opponents often criticize them as political favors to corporations  Government-granted monopolies may be opposed by those who would prefer free markets as well as by those who would prefer to replace private corporations with public ownership 

History
Under mercantilist economic systems, European governments with colonial interests often granted large and extremely lucrative monopolies to companies trading in particular regions, such as the Dutch East India Company Today, government-granted monopolies may be found in public utility services such as public roads, mail, water supply, and electric power, as well as certain specialized and highly regulated fields such as education and gambling  In many countries, lucrative natural resources industries, especially the petroleum industry, are controlled by government-granted monopolies  Franchises granted by governments to operate public transit through public roads are another example 

Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state or national government to an inventor or his/her assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention 
The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements  Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, inventive, and useful or industrially applicable  In many countries, certain subject areas are excluded from patents, such as business methods and mental acts  The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without permission 

Copyright
Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution  This is usually only for a limited time  The exclusive rights are not absolute but subject to limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use  A major limitation on copyright is that it protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves 

Trademark
A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities 
Trademarks can act as a form of consumer protection that lowers the transaction costs between a buyer and seller who are not personally acquainted 

Directly mandated
Governments have granted monopolies to forms of copy prevention  In the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, for example, the proprietary Macrovision copy prevention technology is required for analog video recorders  Though other forms of copy prevention aren't prohibited, legally requiring Macrovision effectively grants it a monopoly and prevents other, potentially more effective copy prevention methods from being developed 

Background of the role of government
Rent-seeking behavior can be incentivized by monopolies, foreign trade restrictions and state subsidies  Governments can also create monopolies in an attempt to reduce inefficiency in markets 
Companies can also exhibit rent-seeking behavior even if not explicitly incentivized to do so  For example, a manufacturer that has no direct competitors can limit its output, thereby producing artificial scarcity  This scarcity, in turn, is used as justification for increased prices 
Monopoly creation is not always a strict market phenomenon  Voters, government officials, and government employees can be persuaded to allow the creation or protection of monopolies due to various incentives, because of actions by special interest groups that can impose costs on the general public, or because social goals other than economic efficiency are being pursued  Government granted monopolies constitute a fair portion of monopolized industries 

Natural monopolies
A natural monopoly occurs when a single company dominates the market by having the lowest prices or the products most in demand by consumers  Fixed costs and variable costs can both be factors  If the fixed costs associated with providing a service or product are very high, it may not make economic sense for new competitors to enter the market  For example, it is rarely worthwhile to build second or third tram networks in cities where tram infrastructure already exists  Because the fixed cost of construction is too high, the expected return is not worth the investment 
According to economist Arnold Harberger, the loss of deadweight from monopolies in the US manufacturing industry is only 0 1% of GNP, so the real problem is not the existence of monopolies  The real problems are the social and opportunity costs  These include time and resources expended by lobbyists, consumers, and producers who might otherwise redirect those resources to other, more productive activities In the case of natural monopolies in private hands, regulation can be introduced to dissolve or restructure monopolies  The government can also regulate prices in certain sectors where natural monopolies develop  This can be done directly by setting the price (for example, the price of rail or gas) or by regulating the return (for example, in the case of telephone services)  Whatever method is used, the goal is to lower prices to cost levels  Some economists, such as Thomas Sowell, Walter Williams, and Wayne Winegarden argue that price controls have disastrous economic effects or are otherwise immoral 

Alternative interpretation
Dennis Thompson notes, "Corruption is bad not because money and benefits change hands, and not because of the motives of participants, but because it privatizes valuable aspects of public life, bypassing processes of representation, debate, and choice "

Criticism
Opponents of government-granted monopoly often point out that such a firm is able to set its pricing and production policies without fear of breeding potential competition  They argue that this causes inefficiencies in the market place, such as unnecessarily high prices to consumers for the good or service being supplied  It has been argued that government-imposed price caps might avert this problem 
Some economists, such as Lenoard Read, argue that government-granted monopolies are immoral, whereas con-coercive monopolies are not necessarily so 

Examples of government-granted monopolies
Saudi Aramco
British East India Company
French East India Company
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane (formerly)
K–12 education
Federal Reserve System
Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (formerly)
Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee and American Medical Association
Bell System

See also
Coercive monopoly
Legal monopoly
Copyright
Government monopoly
Monopoly
Natural monopoly
Rent seeking
Federal Reserve System

Notes
Passage 15:
A2 road (Jersey)
Victoria Avenue (classified as the A2) is a major road in Jersey, connecting the capital St Helier to Bel Royal in St Lawrence, also providing access to the western part of the A1 for non-bus traffic, due to a bus gate that prevents traffic from the A1 continuing on the A1  
The road has been referred to as "the Island's most important route and event venue", due to the fact that 30,000 vehicles travel along the road each day, and it provides a vital route between the two largest conurbations on the island  The road also plays host to the island's largest annual festival, the Battle of Flowers 
It is the longest stretch of dual carriageway in the Channel Islands  The road has three signalised junctions, one at the eastern end of the road at West Park, one at First Tower and one at Millbrook 
Running along the southern side of the road is a series of car parks (known as "lay-bys"), a cycle track and the St Aubin's Bay promenade  The road has lovely views of the bay, and there are cafés and public toilets on the sea front 

History
The road was constructed between 1895 and the Diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria, after whom the road is named, in 1897  The road had initially been named for the former Connétable of St Helier Mr  Baudins as Boulevard Baudins  The road was originally a single carriageway, extending only as far as First Tower, however over time the road was extended and converted into a dual carriageway in the late 1950s Aerial photographs from 1965 show that the two ends of the avenue were roundabouts at that time  Nowadays these have been removed Between 2009 and 2010, upgrades to the road were part of a fiscal stimulus plan in response to the 2007 financial crisis  It involved the replaced of the aged drainage system, improvement of pedestrian facilities, the replacement of street lighting columns to improve energy efficiency and the lengthening of right-turn lanes to reduce congestion In May 2020, the Government of Jersey announced that some parking in the lay-bys could be removed to promote sustainable transport in response to a rise in usage of the promenade and cycle track, and a reduction in usage of the road during the COVID-19 pandemic 

See also
Roads in Jersey
Passage 16:
Mr  Lawrence
Douglas Lawrence Osowski (born January 1, 1969), known professionally as Mr  Lawrence, is an American voice actor, animator and writer  He is best known for his work as a writer and voice actor for the Nicktoons Rocko's Modern Life and SpongeBob SquarePants  On SpongeBob, he has provided the voice of Plankton and various recurring characters since 1999 

Early life and career
Lawrence attended The Kubert School for two years, before dropping out to focus on his stand-up  He is known for his work as a writer (and, since season 10, story editor) on the animated TV series SpongeBob SquarePants  He also has long-running character roles on the show, providing the voice of Sheldon Plankton and various recurring characters, such as Potty the Parrot (replacing Paul Tibbitt from season 10 onwards), the Realistic Fish-Head, and Larry the Lobster 
He was the voice of Edward T  Platypus, Nurse Leslie, Dave, and Ping-Pong on Camp Lazlo  Lawrence also performed the voice of Filburt in Rocko's Modern Life and is the voice of the Announcer and Manant in The Aquabats! Super Show!  Lawrence is a standup comedian, cartoonist, writer-director, animator and producer on the television series Johnny Talk  He worked on The Ren and Stimpy Show in its second season as a layout assistant  He also worked as a writer on Rocko's Modern Life, The Twisted Whiskers Show, and Mighty Magiswords 
As a comedian, Lawrence performed in New Jersey and Los Angeles, collaborating with comedian Jeremy Kramer and Boston comedy writer Martin Olson  Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, a storyboard writer for Rocko's Modern Life and co-creator of Phineas and Ferb, described Lawrence as bearing a "unique sense of humor", and that one "would really have to know Doug to understand (or not understand)" his style  Marsh says that the rationale for Lawrence's humor techniques and decisions "remain a mystery to us forever "

Filmography
Films and television shows
Video games
Writer
Rocko's Modern Life (1993–96)
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995–97)
SpongeBob SquarePants (1999–2002; 2009–present) - also story editor (2016–present)
Hairballs (2000)
Do the Voice (2003)
Johnnie Talk (2003)
SpongeBob's Truth or Square (2009)
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) – Additional screenplay material
The Twisted Whiskers Show (2010)
Lucky Lady (2014)
Mighty Magiswords (2015–2016) - Story
Wabbit (2015)
Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling (2019)

Director
Looks Can Kill (1994)
Rocko's Modern Life (1993–1996) – Leap Frogs/Bedfellows (1993) - Sugar-Frosted Frights/Ed Is Dead: A Thriller! (1995) – Fish-N-Chumps/Camera Shy (1995) – Nothing to Sneeze At/Old Fogey Froggy (1995) – Speaking Terms/Tooth and Nail (1995)
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995–97)
General Chaos: Uncensored Animation (1998)
Hairballs (2000)
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) – Assistant director
Lucky Lady (2014)

Other work
The Food Album (1993) – album art

Awards and nominations



ground_truth: Min Zhou

Carl L. Bankston