prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The rapper who owns Aspiro was inspired by what when writing Song Cry?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Walk It Talk It
"Walk It Talk It" is a song by American hip hop trio Migos featuring Canadian rapper Drake  The single was released on March 18, 2018  It was included on the trio's third studio album, Culture II (2018)  After the album's release, it debuted at number 18 and later peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 after its release as the third single  The song was produced by frequent collaborators OG Parker and Deko 

Background
The song is the sixth track on Migos' third studio album Culture II, which was released in January 2018  It has become one of the more popular songs on the album, being the third-highest charting of all the songs, following "Stir Fry", which peaked at number eight on the Hot 100, and "MotorSport", which reached number six  American pop star Britney Spears, used elements of the song in a remix of her hit-single "I'm a Slave 4 U" during her Piece of Me Tour 

Music video
The music video, directed by Daps and Quavo, debuted on Migos' official Vevo channel on March 18, 2018  The video features guest appearances from Jamie Foxx and labelmate Lil Yachty  In the video, the trio and Drake perform on a fictional dance-themed show called Culture Ride (inspired by Soul Train), with Jamie Foxx playing fictional host Ron Delirious (a pun of the late Soul Train host Don Cornelius)  In an interview conducted by Genius, Daps said that the whole video was shot on Beta Tape, which is why the highest quality is 480p on YouTube 

Lawsuit
In October 2018, the group was sued by rapper M O S, who claimed that the song is similar to his 2007 song "Walk It Like I Talk It"  The lawsuit was later dismissed 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 2:
Song Cry
"Song Cry" is a song by American rapper Jay-Z and produced by Just Blaze  It was released on April 16, 2002  It was the fourth and final single from his sixth studio album The Blueprint and also appears on the 2001 live album Jay-Z: Unplugged 
"Song Cry" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance but lost to "Hot in Herre" by Nelly  The song samples Bobby Glenn's "Sounds Like a Love Song" 

Background and content
In an interview with Bill Maher, Jay-Z stated that this song was actually inspired by three different relationships he had in the past, and he wrote about his different experiences all together in different verses 
The song is a slow and quiet melodic rap ballad in which Jay-Z laments the break-up of an earlier relationship due to his own neglect and infidelity  Admitting that he is too prideful to publicly display his emotions ("I can't see 'em coming down my eyes"), Jay-Z forces the song to "cry" instead  This allows Jay-Z to mourn the break-up free of any damage to his masculine image as a street hustler  This furthers the notion that emotional vulnerability is a sign of weakness, especially within the Black community, as Black men in particular suppress vulnerability "in order to survive "

Live performances
The live performance of "Song Cry" from Jay-Z's 2001 MTV Unplugged album features female vocalist Jaguar Wright singing a sample of "Sounds Like a Love Song" by Bobby Glenn, though Wright is not identified in the liner notes of the album During his 2006 Water for Life Tour, Jay-Z performed "Song Cry" at the Royal Albert Hall, the venue's first ever hip hop show  American actress Gwyneth Paltrow did the chorus The song was also included on the set-lists of his all-stadium tours On the Run Tour in 2014 and OTR II in 2018, both with co-headliner and wife Beyoncé 

Credits and personnel
The credits for "Song Cry" are adapted from the liner notes of The Blueprint 
Studio locationsMastered at Masterdisk, New York City, New York 
Mixed and recorded at Baseline Studios, New York City, New York PersonnelJay-Z – songwriting, vocals
Just Blaze – production, songwriting
Douglas Gibbs – songwriting
Ralph Johnson – songwriting
Young Guru – recording
Shane Woodley – recording assistant
Jason Goldstein – mixing
Tony Dawsey – masteringSamples"Song Cry" contains samples of "Sounds Like a Love Song", as performed by Bobby Glenn and written by Douglas Gibbs and Ralph Johnson 

Charts
See also
List of songs recorded by Jay-Z
Passage 3:
Toot It and Boot It
"Toot It and Boot It" is the debut single by American rapper YG featuring vocals and production from American singer Ty$ (Ty Dolla Sign), taken from the former's second mixtape The Real 4Fingaz (2010)  The song was officially released as on June 8, 2010 by Def Jam Recordings  The song peaked at number 67 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the US Hot Rap Songs chart  An official remix along with its music video was released, featuring additional appearances from fellow American rappers 50 Cent and Snoop Dogg  The song features samples of "Songs In the Wind" by The Association, part of their 1966 album Renaissance  The track was later sampled on "Young, Wild & Free" by Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa ft  Bruno Mars 

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Passage 4:
Drop (Rich Boy song)
"Drop" is a song by American rapper Rich Boy featuring Polow da Don  The song, produced by Cha-Lo, was released as a single on January 20, 2009, under Interscope Records The single charted on Billboard's Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart where it was peaked at #1 during the week of February 28, 2009 The song is also known for being widely used by other rappers to freestyle over, including Kid Cudi, Cassidy, Childish Gambino, Jay Rock, as well as Earl Sweatshirt of OFWGKTA 

Charts
Passage 5:
It's Good
"It's Good" is a song by American rapper Lil Wayne featuring fellow American rapper Jadakiss and Canadian rapper Drake  The fourteenth track off the former's Wayne's ninth studio album, Tha Carter IV  it was solicited to radio on September 13, 2011 as the album's fifth single 

Critical reception
Allmusic complimented "It's Good" and said it was a track to "marvel" at it also commented on the controversial lyrics by saying the track is "where a Jay-Z diss meets an Alan Parsons sample"  Chicago Tribune reviewed Lil Wayne's part of the song saying "Next to Drake (and Jadakiss), Wayne just sounds petty  It’s a telling role reversal: once Wayne used to hop on other rappers’ tracks and blow them away  Now his guests magnify his lack of engagement " Pitchfork complimented Drake's verses by saying "And it's Drake who provides the record's most impassioned verse about his mentor's 2010 prison stint for criminal gun possession: "Rikers Island on this flow, eight months for that pistol/ But at least they had some bad bitches workin' in that shit hole "

Controversy
"It's Good" gained considerable notice on various social networks because a portion of the song's lyrics performed by Lil Wayne in which he raps "I got your baby money / Kidnap your bitch, get that how much you love your lady money" which has been interpreted by various sources to be a response back at Jay-Z's verse on H A M  from Watch the Throne in which he raps "Really you got baby money     You ain't got my lady's money " Kanye West played the track for Wayne but his response was "I wouldn’t ask him about a Jay-Z line because he’s not Jay-Z " Lil Wayne further elaborated on the alleged attack by saying "I know there won’t be any repercussions behind what I did  I know for a fact music is about perception  You can’t do anything but perceive what you hear  I know that for a fact  So I can’t ever be upset about someone’s reaction  I’m not going to say I don’t know what would happen before I even say [something on record]  I do know what will happen  I’m aware of it  But it is what it is " Jadakiss has distanced himself from all conflict as well and commented that he isn't involved on any attack on any rap artist  Slant commented on the alleged attack by saying that the track "generated more buzz than any other track on Tha Carter IV, not because it's especially good, but because Wayne appears to take some shots at Jay-Z, referencing an ongoing feud about who makes more money and maybe threatening to kidnap and ransom Beyoncé ("Kidnap your bitch/Get that 'How much you love your lady?' money") 

Chart performance
Release history
Passage 6:
Big Girls Don't Cry (Lynn Anderson song)
"Big Girls Don't Cry" is a single by American country music artist Lynn Anderson  Released in July 1968, it was the first single from her album Big Girls Don't Cry  The song peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart  It also reached number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada The song should not be confused with the 1962 Four Seasons hit of the same name 

Chart performance
Passage 7:
O S T R 
Adam Andrzej Ostrowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈadam ɔsˈtrɔfskʲi], born 15 May 1980 in Łódź, Poland), better known as O S T R , is a Polish rapper, musician, audio engineer and record producer, famous for his freestyle rap skills, ambitious lyrics and unique beats  He graduated from the Academy of Music in Łódź, violin class  He is one of the few Polish rappers who have received professional musical education  
He has collaborated with American rappers such as Evidence, El Da Sensei, Craig G, Keith Murray, Jeru The Damaja, Lil' Dap, Sadat X and Canadian producer Marco Polo 
He has also collaborated with many Polish artists, including jazz musicians Michał Urbaniak, Hades, SOFA, Fokus, DJ Deszczu Strugi, DonGURALesko, Vienio i Pelson, Fu, Pezet, Sistars and Slums Attack  He is a member of bands such as Tabasko, Skill Mega, Killing Skills, Beat Brothers and musical project POE  He is also a former member of Obóz TA and LWC  In 2013, he shared the position of art director of Męskie Granie festival with alternative rock vocalist Kasia Nosowska 

Discography
Studio albums
Collaborative albums
Live albums
Music videos
Movies
Z odzysku (2006, as himself)
Ziomek (2006, voice)
Passage 8:
I Guess I'll Have to Cry, Cry, Cry
"I Guess I'll Have to Cry, Cry, Cry" is a song written and performed by James Brown  Released as a single in 1968, it charted #15 R&B and #55 Pop This song is noted as the last single by Brown to give label credit to his vocal group, The Famous Flames  Although they technically stopped singing on Brown's singles in 1964, The Flames, Bobby Byrd, Bobby Bennett, and Lloyd Stallworth, were still together, touring as a live performance group with Brown, and Byrd continued to sing on record with him  In 1968, however, The Flames all left Brown, citing monetary differences, and although Byrd returned 18 months later, the other members never returned  All of Brown's King Records singles from this point on, starting with Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud, gave him sole label credit The Wailers recorded a reggae version of the song under the title "My Cup" on their 1970 album Soul Rebels 
Passage 9:
Kanye West
Ye ( YAY; born Kanye Omari West  KAHN-yay; June 8, 1977) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West gained recognition as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing singles for several artists and developing the "chipmunk soul" sampling style  Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, he released his debut studio album, The College Dropout (2004), to critical and commercial success  He founded the record label GOOD Music later that year  West explored diverse musical elements like orchestras, synthesizers, and autotune on the albums Late Registration (2005), Graduation (2007), and 808s & Heartbreak (2008)  His fifth and sixth albums My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010) and Yeezus (2013) were also met with critical and commercial success  West further diversified his musical styles on The Life of Pablo (2016) and Ye (2018) and explored Christian and gospel music on Jesus Is King (2019)  His tenth album Donda (2021) was released to continued commercial success but mixed critical reception  West's discography also includes the two full-length collaborative albums Watch the Throne (2011) with Jay-Z and Kids See Ghosts (2018) with Kid Cudi 
One of the world's best-selling music artists, with over 160 million records sold, West has won 24 Grammy Awards and 75 nominations, the joint tenth-most of all time, and the joint-most Grammy awards of any rapper along with Jay-Z  Among his other awards are the Billboard Artist Achievement Award, a joint-record three Brit Awards for Best International Male Solo Artist and the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award  Six of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 2020 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list with the same publication naming him one of the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time  He holds the joint record (with Bob Dylan) for most albums (4) topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll  Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015  As a fashion designer, he has collaborated with Nike, Louis Vuitton, Gap, and A P C  on clothing and footwear and led the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas  He is also the founder and head of the creative content company Donda 
West's outspoken views have received significant media coverage; he has been a frequent source of controversy due to his conduct on social media and at awards shows and public settings, as well as his comments on the music and fashion industries, U S  politics, race, and slavery  His Christian faith, high-profile marriage to Kim Kardashian, and mental health have also been topics of media attention  In 2020, West launched an unsuccessful independent presidential campaign that primarily advocated for a consistent life ethic  In 2022, he was widely condemned and lost many sponsors and partnerships—including his collaborations with Adidas, Gap, and Balenciaga—after making a series of antisemitic statements  In November 2022, he announced his 2024 presidential campaign, appearing publicly with Nick Fuentes, a white supremacist  West later publicly praised Adolf Hitler, denied the Holocaust, and identified as a Nazi 

Early life
West was born on June 8, 1977, in Atlanta, Georgia  After his parents divorced when he was three years old, he moved with his mother to Chicago, Illinois  His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution  Ray later became a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park, Maryland, with startup capital from his son  West's mother, Donda C  West (née Williams), was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager 
West was raised in a middle-class environment, attending Polaris School for Individual Education in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois, after living in Chicago  At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, where she was teaching at Nanjing University as a Fulbright Scholar  According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but he settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it  When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, "I got A's and B's "West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old  West started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists  West crossed paths with producer No I D , who became West's friend and mentor : 557  After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes  Shortly after, he transferred to Chicago State University to study English  At age 20, he dropped out to pursue his musical career  This greatly displeased his mother, who was also a professor at the university, although she would later accept the decision : 558

Musical career
1996–2002: Early work and Roc-A-Fella
West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, creating beats primarily for burgeoning local artists around his area  His first official production credits came at nineteen when he produced eight tracks on Down to Earth, the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper, Grav  In 1998, West was the first person signed to the management-production company Hip Hop Since 1978  For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie  Because of his association with D-Dot, West was not able to release a solo album, so he formed the Go-Getters, a rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar  The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album World Record Holders in 1999  West spent much of the late 1990s producing records for several well-known artists and music groups  He produced the third track on Foxy Brown's second studio album Chyna Doll, which became the first hip-hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the U S  Billboard 200 chart 

In 2000, West began producing for artists on Roc-A-Fella  West is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to Jay-Z's 2001 album The Blueprint, which Rolling Stone ranked among their list of greatest hip-hop albums  Serving as an in-house producer for Roc-A-Fella, West produced music for other artists on the label, including Beanie Sigel and Freeway  He also crafted hit songs for Ludacris, Alicia Keys, and Janet Jackson  Meanwhile, West struggled to attain a record deal as a rapper  Multiple record companies, including Capitol Records, denied or ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time : 556  Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella : 556 A 2002 car accident, which shattered his jaw, inspired West; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital, he recorded "Through the Wire" at the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut  The song was first available on West's "Get Well Soon    " mixtape, released in December 2002  At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout, whose overall theme was to "make your own decisions  Don't let society tell you, 'This is what you have to do '"

2003–2006: The College Dropout and Late Registration
West recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident  It was leaked months before its release date, and West used the opportunity to remix, remaster, and revise the album before its release; West added new verses, string arrangements, gospel choirs, and improved drum programming  The album was postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003, and was eventually released in February 2004, reaching No  2 on the Billboard 200 as his debut single, "Through the Wire" peaked at No  15 while on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks  "Slow Jamz", his second single, featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became the three musicians' first No  1 hit  The College Dropout received near-universal critical acclaim, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists "Jesus Walks", the album's fourth single, reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to the radio  The College Dropout was certified triple platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received)  During this period, West founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that housed affiliate artists and producers, such as No I D  and John Legend, and produced singles for Brandy, Common, Legend, and Slum Village West invested $2 million and took over a year to make his second album  West was inspired by Roseland NYC Live, a 1998 live album by English trip hop group Portishead, produced with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, incorporating string arrangements into his hip-hop production  Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration  West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks  Late Registration sold over 2 3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales When his song "Touch the Sky" failed to win Best Video at the 2006 MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for "We Are Your Friends" and argued that he should have won the award instead  Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst  On November 7, 2006, West apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane  He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd-season premiere of Saturday Night Live in September 2007 

2007–2009: Graduation, 808s & Heartbreak, and VMAs incident
West's third studio album, Graduation, garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's Curtis  Upon their September 2007 releases, Graduation outsold Curtis by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U S  Billboard 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week  Graduation continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, "Stronger", garnered his third number-one hit  "Stronger", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s  His mother's death in November 2007 and the end of his engagement to Alexis Phifer profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter 

Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak, at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, "Love Lockdown"  Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record  808s & Heartbreak was released by Island Def Jam in November 2008  Upon its release, the lead single "Love Lockdown" debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, while follow-up single "Heartless" debuted at number four  While it was criticized prior to release, 808s & Heartbreak is considered to have had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions While Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, West went on stage and grabbed the microphone from her to proclaim that Beyoncé deserved the award instead  He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions  West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a "jackass"  The incident sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes  West subsequently apologized, including personally to Swift  However, in a November 2010 interview, he seemed to recant his past apologies, describing the act at the 2009 awards show as "selfless" 

2010–2012: My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, Watch the Throne, and Cruel Summer
Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album  Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments  Noah Callahan-Bever, a writer for Complex, was present during the sessions and described the "communal" atmosphere as thus: "With the right songs and the right album, he can overcome any and all controversy, and we are here to contribute, challenge, and inspire " A variety of artists contributed to the project, including close friends Jay-Z, Kid Cudi and Pusha T, as well as off-the-wall collaborations, such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver 

My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, West's fifth studio album, was released in November 2010 to widespread acclaim from critics, many of whom considered it his best work and said it solidified his comeback  In stark contrast to his previous effort, which featured a minimalist sound, Dark Fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess  The record included the international hit "All of the Lights", and Billboard hits "Power", "Monster", and "Runaway", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name directed by and starring West  During this time, West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website, offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday, a portion of which were included on the album  This promotion ran from August to December 2010  Dark Fantasy went on to go platinum in the United States, but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards was viewed as a "snub" by several media outlets 2011 saw West embark on a festival tour to commemorate the release of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy performing and headlining numerous festivals including; SWU Music & Arts, Austin City Limits, Oya Festival, Flow Festival, Live Music Festival,
The Big Chill, Essence Music Festival, Lollapalooza and Coachella which was described by The Hollywood Reporter as "one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time", West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z in August 2011  By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart, Watch the Throne became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak  "Niggas in Paris" became the record's highest-charting single, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100  The co-headlining Watch the Throne Tour kicked off in October 2011 and concluded in June 2012  In 2012, West released the compilation album Cruel Summer, a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music 

2013–2015: Yeezus and the Yeezus Tour
Sessions for West's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel  Determined to "undermine the commercial", he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill, dancehall, acid house, and industrial music  Primarily inspired by architecture, West's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach  Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances  Yeezus, West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013, to rave reviews from critics  It became his sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales 

In September 2013, West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support Yeezus, with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him as a supporting act  The tour was met with rave reviews from critics  Rolling Stone described it as "crazily entertaining, hugely ambitious, emotionally affecting (really!) and, most importantly, totally bonkers"  Writing for Forbes, Zack O'Malley Greenburg praised West for "taking risks that few pop stars, if any, are willing to take in today's hyper-exposed world of pop", describing the show as "overwrought and uncomfortable at times, but [it] excels at challenging norms and provoking thought in a way that just isn't common for mainstream musical acts of late"  West subsequently released a number of singles featuring Paul McCartney, including "Only One" and "FourFiveSeconds", also featuring Rihanna In November 2013, West stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album, hoping to release it by mid-2014, with production by Rick Rubin and Q-Tip  Having initially announced a new album entitled Yeezus II slated for a 2014 release, West announced in March 2015 that the album would instead be tentatively called So Help Me God  In May 2015, West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music, fashion, and popular culture  The next month, West headlined at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK, despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance  Another petition aimed to block West from headlining the 2015 Pan American Games, garnering 50,000 supporters 

2016–2017: The Life of Pablo and tour cancellation
West announced in January 2016 that SWISH would be released on February 11, and later that month, released new songs "Real Friends" and a snippet of "No More Parties in LA" with Kendrick Lamar  On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves  In the weeks leading up to the album's release, West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies  Several days ahead of its release, West again changed the title, this time to The Life of Pablo  On February 11, West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line  Following the preview, West announced that he would be modifying the tracklist once more before its release to the public  He released the album exclusively on Tidal on February 14, 2016, following a performance on SNL  Following its release, West continued to tinker with mixes of several tracks, describing the work as "a living breathing changing creative expression" and proclaiming the end of the album as a dominant release form  Despite West's earlier comments, in addition to Tidal, the album was released through several other competing services starting in April 

In February 2016, West stated on Twitter that he was planning to release another album in the summer of 2016, tentatively called Turbo Grafx 16 in reference to the 1990s video game console of the same name  In June 2016, West released the collaborative lead single "Champions" off the GOOD Music album Cruel Winter, which has yet to be released  Later that month, West released a controversial video for "Famous", which depicted wax figures of several celebrities (including West, Kardashian, Taylor Swift, businessman and then-presidential candidate Donald Trump, comedian Bill Cosby, and former president George W  Bush) sleeping nude in a shared bed In August 2016, West embarked on the Saint Pablo Tour in support of The Life of Pablo  The performances featured a mobile stage suspended from the ceiling  West postponed several dates in October following the Paris robbery of several of his wife's effects  On November 21, 2016, West cancelled the remaining 21 dates on the Saint Pablo Tour, following a week of no-shows, curtailed concerts and rants about politics  He was later admitted for psychiatric observation at UCLA Medical Center  He stayed hospitalized over the Thanksgiving weekend because of a temporary psychosis stemming from sleep deprivation and extreme dehydration  Following this episode West took an 11-month break from posting on Twitter and the public in general 

2017–2019: Ye and the Wyoming Sessions
It was reported in May 2017 that West was recording new music in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, with a wide range of collaborators  In April 2018, West announced plans to write a philosophy book entitled Break the Simulation, later clarifying that he was sharing the book "in real time" on Twitter and began posting content that was likened to "life coaching"  Later that month, he also announced two new albums, a solo album and self-titled collaboration with Kid Cudi under the name Kids See Ghosts, both of which would be released in June  Additionally, he revealed he would produce upcoming albums by GOOD Music label-mates Pusha T and Teyana Taylor, as well as Nas  Shortly thereafter, West released the non-album singles "Lift Yourself", a "strange, gibberish track" featuring nonsensical lyrics, and "Ye vs  the People", in which he and T I  discussed West's controversial support of Donald Trump Pusha T's Daytona, "the first project out of Wyoming", was released in May to critical acclaim, although the album's artwork—a photograph of deceased singer Whitney Houston's bathroom that West paid $85,000 to license—attracted some controversy  The following week, West released his eighth studio album, Ye  West has suggested that he scrapped the original recordings of the album and re-recorded it within a month  The week after, West released a collaborative album with Kid Cudi, titled Kids See Ghosts, named after their group of the same name  West also completed production work on Nas' Nasir and Teyana Taylor's K T S E , which were released in June 2018 In September, West announced his ninth studio album Yandhi to be released by the end of the month and a collaborative album with fellow Chicagoan rapper Chance the Rapper titled Good Ass Job  That same month, West announced that he would be changing his stage name to "Ye"  Yandhi was originally set for release in September 2018 but was postponed multiple times  In January 2019, West pulled out of headlining that year's Coachella festival after negotiations broke down due to discord regarding stage design  In July, it was reported that songs from West's unreleased album Yandhi were leaked online  The following month, Kim Kardashian announced that West's next album would be titled Jesus Is King, effectively scrapping Yandhi  By October, the entire unfinished album was available for a short time on streaming services Spotify and Tidal 

2019–present: Jesus Is King, Donda, and Donda 2
On January 6, 2019, West started his weekly "Sunday Service" orchestration which includes soul variations of both West's and others' songs attended by multiple celebrities including the Kardashians, Charlie Wilson, and Kid Cudi  West previewed a new song, "Water" at his "Sunday Service" orchestration performance at Coachella 2019, which was later revealed to feature on his upcoming album Jesus Is King; West released the album on October 25, 2019  It became the first to ever top the Billboard 200, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, Top Rap Albums, Top Christian Albums and Top Gospel Albums at the same time  On December 25, 2019, West and Sunday Service released Jesus Is Born, containing 19 songs including several re-workings of older West songs West released a single titled "Wash Us in the Blood" on June 30, 2020, featuring fellow American rapper and singer Travis Scott, along with the music video, which was set to serve as the lead single from his tenth studio album Donda  However, in September 2020, West stated that he would not be releasing any further music until he is "done with [his] contract with Sony and Universal"  On October 16, he released the single "Nah Nah Nah"  West held several listening parties at Mercedes-Benz Stadium for his upcoming album Donda in the summer of 2021, where he had taken up temporary residence in one of the stadium's locker rooms, converting it into a recording studio to finish the recording  After multiple delays, Donda was released on August 29, 2021  West claimed the album was released early without his approval and alleged that Universal had altered the tracklist  He released a delux edition of Donda, including five new songs, to streaming services on November 14, 2021  On November 20, days after ending their long-running feud, West and rapper Drake confirmed that they would stage the "Free Larry Hoover" benefit concert on December 9 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum On January 5, 2022, West was announced as one of the 2022 headliners of Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival  Later that month on January 15, West released the first single for his upcoming album Donda 2, "Eazy" featuring The Game, to be executive produced by American rapper Future  West hosted a listening event for the album at LoanDepot Park in Miami, Florida, on February 22  In April, shortly before Coachella, West pulled out as headlining act, then proceeded to pull out of headlining Rolling Loud  West and The Game performed the single on July 22, marking West's first performance in five months following the low profile he had been keeping since Donda 2 remained unfinished  A day later, despite cancelling as headliner, he appeared at Rolling Loud during Lil Durk's set In December 2022, after weeks of controversial antisemitic statements, West released a new song "Someday We'll All Be Free" on his Instagram 

Musical style
West's musical career is defined by frequent stylistic shifts and different musical approaches  In the subsequent years since his debut, West has both musically and lyrically taken an increasingly experimental approach to crafting progressive hip hop music while maintaining accessible pop sensibilities  Ed Ledsham of PopMatters said that "West's melding of multiple genres into the hip-hop fold is a complex act that challenges the dominant white notions of what constitutes true 'art' music " West's rhymes have been described as funny, provocative and articulate, capable of seamlessly segueing from shrewd commentary to comical braggadocio to introspective sensitivity  West imparts that he strives to speak in an inclusive manner so groups from different racial and gender backgrounds can comprehend his lyrics, saying he desired to sound "just as ill as Jadakiss and just as understandable as Will Smith"  Early in his career, West pioneered a style of hip-hop production dubbed "chipmunk-soul", a sampling technique involving the manipulation of tempo in order to chop and stretch pitched-up samples from vintage soul songs On his debut studio album, The College Dropout (2004), West formed the constitutive elements of his style, described as intricate hip-hop beats, topical subject matter, and clumsy rapping laced with inventive wordplay  The record saw West diverge from the then-dominant gangster persona in hip hop in favor of more diverse, topical lyrical subjects, including higher education, materialism, self-consciousness, minimum-wage labor, institutional prejudice, class struggle, family, sexuality, his struggles in the music industry, and middle-class upbringing  Over time, West has explored a variety of music genres, encompassing and taking inspiration from chamber pop on his second studio album, Late Registration (2005), arena rock and europop on his third album, Graduation (2007), synth-driven electropop on his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak (2008), acid-house, drill, industrial rap and trap on Yeezus (2013), gospel and Christian rap on The Life of Pablo (2016), Jesus is King (2019) and Donda (2021), and psychedelic music on Kids See Ghosts (2018) 

Other ventures
Fashion
Early in his career, West made clear his interest in fashion and desire to work in the clothing design industry  He launched his own clothing line in spring 2006, and developed it over the following four years before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009  In January 2007, West's first sneaker collaboration was released, a special-edition Bapesta from A Bathing Ape  In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, becoming the first non-athlete to be given a shoe deal with the company  In January 2009, he introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week  The line was released in summer 2009  West has additionally designed shoewear for Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti In fall 2009, West moved to Rome, where he interned at Italian fashion brand Fendi, giving ideas for the men's collection  In March 2011, West collaborated with M/M Paris for a series of silk scarves featuring artwork from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy  In October 2011, West premiered his women's fashion label at Paris Fashion Week  His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews  In March 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week  Critics deemed the sophomore effort "much improved" compared to his first show On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West  After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts  In 2015, West unveiled a Yeezy clothing line, premiering in collaboration with Adidas early that year  In June 2016, Adidas announced a new long-term contract with Kanye West that extended the Yeezy line to a number of stores, planning to sell sports performance products like basketball, football, and soccer, although Adidas terminated the partnership with West in October 2022 due to his antisemitic remarks  In May 2021, West signed a 10-year deal linking Yeezy with GAP, however, in September 2022, West announced that he was ending the deal 

Business ventures
West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, The College Dropout  West, alongside then-unknown Ohio singer John Legend and fellow Chicago rapper Common were the label's inaugural artists  The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey / Mos Def, D'banj and John Legend, and producers including Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Travis Scott, No I D , Jeff Bhasker, and S1  GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  In November 2015, West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park  The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized  His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago  Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened  In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park In January 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company Donda, named after his late mother  In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would "pick up where Steve Jobs left off"; Donda would operate as a "design company" with a goal to "make products and experiences that people want and can afford"  In stating Donda's creative philosophy, West articulated the need to "put creatives in a room together with like minds" in order to "simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see, taste, touch, and feel " West is notoriously secretive about the company's operations, maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence  Contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout Donda creative projects West expressed interest in starting an architecture firm in May 2013, saying "I want to do product, I am a product person, not just clothing but water bottle design, architecture     I make music but I shouldn't be limited to one place of creativity" and then later in November 2013, delivering a manifesto on his architectural goals during a visit to Harvard Graduate School of Design  In May 2018, West announced he was starting an architecture firm called Yeezy Home, which will act as an arm of his already successful Yeezy fashion label  In June 2018, the first Yeezy Home collaboration was announced by designer Jalil Peraza, teasing an affordable concrete prefabricated home as part of a social housing project In March 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal  The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos  Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015  Sixteen artist stakeholders including Jay-Z, Rihanna, Beyoncé, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake  In October 2022, in direct response to bans he received on Twitter and Instagram stemming from his antisemitic comments, West reached an agreement in principle to acquire the alt-tech social network Parler for an undisclosed amount  Parler and West mutually agreed to terminate the proposed deal in mid-November 

Philanthropy
West, alongside his mother, founded the Kanye West Foundation in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education  In 2007, West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their "Ed in '08" campaign  As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year  In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened The Dr  Donda West Foundation  The foundation ceased operations in 2011  In 2013, Kanye West and friend Rhymefest founded Donda's House, Inc , a program aimed at helping at-risk Chicago youth West has contributed to hurricane relief in 2005 by participating in a Hurricane Katrina benefit concert after the storm had ravaged black communities in New Orleans and in 2012 when he performed at a Hurricane Sandy benefit concert  In January 2019, West donated $10 million towards the completion of the Roden Crater by American artist James Turrell  In June 2020, in the wake of the murder of George Floyd and the following protests, he donated $2 million between the family of Floyd and other victims of police brutality, Ahmaud Arbery and Breonna Taylor  The donation funded legal fees for Arbery and Taylor's families, as well as establishing a 529 plan to fully cover college tuition for Floyd's daughter 

Acting and filmmaking
West made cameo appearances as himself in the films State Property 2 (2005) and The Love Guru (2008), and in an episode of the television show Entourage in 2007  West provided the voice for "Kenny West", a rapper, in the animated sitcom The Cleveland Show  In 2009, he starred in the Spike Jonze-directed short film We Were Once a Fairytale (2009), playing himself acting belligerently while drunk in a nightclub  West wrote, directed, and starred in the musical short film Runaway (2010), which heavily features music from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy  The film depicts a relationship between a man, played by West, and a half-woman, half-phoenix creature In 2012, West wrote and directed another short film, titled Cruel Summer, which premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in a custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens constructed for the film  The film was inspired by the compilation album of the same name  West made a cameo appearance in the comedy Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013) as a MTV News representative in the film's fight scene  In September 2018, West announced starting of film production company named Half Beast, LLC  A documentary shot over 21 years featuring footage of West's early days in Chicago through the death of his mother to his presidential run was announced to debut in 2021  Titled Jeen-Yuhs, it was acquired by Netflix for $30 million 

Politics
2020 presidential campaign
On July 4, 2020, West announced on Twitter that he would be running in the 2020 presidential election  On July 7, West was interviewed by Forbes about his presidential run, where he announced that his running mate would be Wyoming preacher Michelle Tidball, and that he would run as an independent under the "Birthday Party", explaining his decision of why he chose the name, saying, "Because when we win, it's everybody's 'birthday' " West also said he no longer supported Trump because he "hid in [a] bunker" during the COVID-19 pandemic  Continuing, he said, "You know? Obama's special  Trump's special  We say Kanye West is special  America needs special people that lead  Bill Clinton? Special  Joe Biden's not special "Various political pundits speculated that West's presidential run was a publicity stunt to promote his latest music releases  On July 15, 2020, official paperwork was filed with the Federal Election Commission for West, under the "BDY" Party affiliation amid claims that he was preparing to drop out  West held his first rally that weekend, on July 19  West aligned himself with the philosophy of a consistent life ethic, a tenet of Christian democracy  His platform advocated for the creation of a culture of life, endorsing environmental stewardship, supporting the arts, buttressing faith-based organizations, restoring school prayer, providing for a strong national defense, and "America First" diplomacy  In July 2020, West told Forbes that he is ignorant on issues such as taxes and foreign policy West conceded on Twitter on November 4, 2020  He received 66,365 votes in the 12 states he had ballot access in, receiving an average of 0 32%  Reported write-in votes gave West an additional 3,931 votes across 5 states  In addition, the Roque De La Fuente / Kanye West ticket won 60,160 votes in California (0 34%)  According to Reuters, on January 4, 2021, a Kanye West-linked publicist pressured a Georgia election worker to confess to bogus charges of election tampering to assist Trump's claims of election interference  In December 2021, The Daily Beast reported that West's presidential campaign received millions of dollars in services from a secret network of Republican operatives, payments to which the committee did not report  According to campaign finance experts, this was done to conceal a connection 

2024 presidential campaign
West has stated his intentions to run for president again in the 2024 presidential election  In November 2019, he said at an event, "When I run for president in 2024, we would've created so many jobs that I'm not going to run, I'm going to walk " He was met with laughter from the audience  On October 24, 2020, while running for president, West told Joe Rogan on his podcast that he would be open to running for Governor of California  On May 19, 2021, Fox News reported that it had obtained a letter concerning an RFAI (Request for further information) from the Federal Election Commission regarding an exploratory presidential committee  West's representatives stated, "Kanye West has not decided whether to become a candidate for president in the 2024 election, and the activity of the Kanye 2020 committee that prompted this RFAI is strictly exploratory " West said he approached former president Donald Trump and asked him if he would be interested in being his running mate  On subsequent interviews, merchandise, and in songs lyrics, West would repeatedly insinuate that he will indeed run  On November 20, 2022, Kanye announced his intention to run in 2024 

Views
West has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career, receiving criticism from the mainstream media, industry colleagues and entertainers, and three U S  presidents  In a 2005 speech, West criticized both the media and the government's racial disparities in their response to Hurricane Katrina, stating on live television that "George Bush doesn't care about black people"  West has voiced his opposition to abortion in 2013, citing his belief in the Sixth Commandment, and in 2022 deemed abortion "genocide and population control" of black people  He has stated that the 400-year enslavement of Africans "sounds like a choice", before elaborating that his comment was in reference to mental enslavement and argued for free thought  He later apologized for the comment In late 2022, West made a series of antisemitic statements, resulting in the termination of his collaborations, sponsorships, and partnerships with Vogue, CAA, Balenciaga, Gap, and Adidas  West was widely condemned after appearing at a dinner hosted by Donald Trump at Mar-a-Lago beside Nick Fuentes, a white nationalist  In a subsequent December appearance on Alex Jones's InfoWars, West praised Adolf Hitler, denied the Holocaust, and identified as a Nazi  Following the interview, West's Twitter account was terminated after he posted an image depicting a swastika entangled within a Star of David  The School of the Art Institute of Chicago later rescinded West's honorary degree  According to a 2023 report published by the Anti-Defamation League, West's antisemitic rhetoric has caused several instances of hate-speech vandalism, harassment, and violence across the United States 

Personal life
West's net worth was as high as $1 8 billion in 2021  In October 2022, Forbes estimated his net worth to have dropped to $400 million in large part due to Adidas's termination of their partnership following a series of public antisemitic statements  In August 2021, West applied to have his legal name changed from "Kanye Omari West" to "Ye," with no middle or last name; he cited "personal reasons" for the change  The request was granted in October  West had alluded to wishing to change his name since 2018 and had used Ye as a nickname for several years prior, stating in a 2018 interview that "ye" () was the most commonly used word in the Bible: "In the Bible it means 'you'  So, I'm you  I'm us  It's us  It went from being Kanye, which means the only one, to just Ye "

Relationships and family
Kim Kardashian
In April 2012, West began dating reality television star Kim Kardashian, with whom he had already been long-time friends  West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married at Fort di Belvedere in Florence in May 2014  Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with which West took issue  The couple's high-profile status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as "a historic blizzard of celebrity" West and Kardashian have four children: North West (born June 2013), Saint West (born December 2015), Chicago West (born via surrogate in January 2018), and Psalm West (born via surrogate in May 2019)  In July 2020, during a presidential campaign rally of his, West revealed that he had previously considered abortion during Kardashian's first pregnancy but has since taken anti-abortion views  In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St  James In September 2018, West announced that he would be permanently moving back to Chicago to establish his Yeezy company headquarters there  This did not actually occur, and West instead went on to purchase two ranches near Cody, Wyoming, where he recorded his eighth solo studio album, Ye  Kardashian resides with their children in a home that the now-divorced couple owns in California, whereas West moved into a home across the street to continue to be near their children  In fall 2021, West began the process of selling his Wyoming ranch In July 2020, West acknowledged the possibility of Kardashian ending their marriage due to his adoption of anti-abortion views  Later that month, West wrote on Twitter that he had been attempting to divorce Kardashian  He also wrote that the Kardashian family was attempting "to lock [him] up"  In January 2021, CNN reported that the couple were discussing divorce  A month later, Kardashian filed for divorce, with the couple citing "irreconcilable differences", agreeing to joint custody of their children, and declining spousal support from each other  The divorce settlement was finalized in November 2022, and West was ordered to pay $200,000 in monthly child support and be responsible for half of the children's medical, educational, and security expenses 

Other relationships
West began an on-and-off relationship with the designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006  They ended their 18-month engagement in 2008  Phifer stated that the pair had split amicably and remained friends  West dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until mid-2010  In an interview following their split, West stated that he had to take "30 showers" before committing to his next relationship with Kim Kardashian  In response, Rose stated that she had been "bullied" and "slut-shamed" by West throughout their relationship In January 2022, actress Julia Fox confirmed in an Interview essay that she was dating West  West continued to say that he wanted his "family back" and publicly lashed out at Kardashian's new boyfriend, comedian Pete Davidson  His treatment of Davidson and Kardashian has been described by commentators as harassment and abusive; the 64th Annual Grammy Awards dropped him as a performer in response to his "concerning online behavior"  Less than two months after confirming their relationship, Fox said that she and West had split up but remained on good terms  She later said that she dated West purely to "give people something to talk about" during the COVID-19 pandemic and to "get him off Kim's case" In January 2023, it was reported that West had informally married Australian architect Bianca Censori, who works for West's Yeezy brand, in a private ceremony in Beverly Hills  The ceremony had no legal standing; the couple did not file for a marriage license  In response to West's subsequent trips to Australia to visit Censori's family, Australian Minister for Education Jason Clare commented that West may be denied a visa due to his recent antisemitic remarks  The Executive Council of Australian Jewry and the Anti-Defamation Commission further argued against granting West entry 

Legal problems
In December 2006, Robert "Evel" Knievel sued the rapper for trademark infringement of his name and likeness in West's video for "Touch the Sky"  Knievel took issue with the "vulgar and offensive" and "sexually charged video" in which West takes on the persona of "Evel Kanyevel" that Knievel claimed damaged his reputation  The suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video  West's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment  Days before his death in November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit by West, saying, "I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman "In 2014, after an altercation with a paparazzo at the Los Angeles Airport, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for a misdemeanor battery conviction, and was required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service, and pay restitution to the photographer  A separate civil lawsuit brought by the paparazzo was settled in 2015, a week before it was due for trial  According to TMZ, an appeal to have West's conviction expunged from his criminal record was granted by a judge in 2016 

Religious beliefs
After the success of his song "Jesus Walks" from the album The College Dropout, West was questioned on his beliefs and said, "I will say that I'm spiritual  I have accepted Jesus as my Savior  And I will say that I fall short every day " In a 2008 interview with The Fader, West stated that "I'm like a vessel, and God has chosen me to be the voice and the connector"  In a 2009 interview with online magazine Bossip, West stated that he believed in God, but at the time felt that he "would never go into a religion"  In 2014, West referred to himself as a Christian during one of his concerts  Kim Kardashian stated in September 2019: "He has had an amazing evolution of being born again and being saved by Christ " In October 2019, West said with respect to his past, "When I was trying to serve multiple gods it drove me crazy" in reference to the "god of ego, god of money, god of pride, the god of fame", and that "I didn't even know what it meant to be saved" and that now "I love Jesus Christ  I love Christianity "

Politics
In September 2012, West donated $1,000 to Barack Obama's re-election campaign, and in August 2015 he donated $2,700 to Hillary Clinton's 2016 campaign  He also donated $15,000 to the Democratic National Committee in October 2014  In December 2016, West met with President-elect Donald Trump to discuss bullying, supporting teachers, modernizing curriculums, and violence in Chicago  West subsequently stated he would have voted for Trump had he voted  In February 2017, however, West deleted all his tweets about Trump in purported dislike of the new president's policies, particularly the travel ban  West reiterated his support for Donald Trump in April 2018  In October 2018, West donated to progressive Chicago mayoral candidate Amara Enyia 

Mental health
On November 19, 2016, West abruptly ended a concert before being committed at the recommendation of authorities to the UCLA Medical Center with hallucinations and paranoia  While the episode was first described as one of "temporary psychosis" caused by dehydration and sleep deprivation, West's mental state was abnormal enough for his 21 cancelled concerts to be covered by his insurance policy  He was reportedly paranoid and depressed throughout the hospitalization, but remained formally undiagnosed  Some have speculated that the Paris robbery of his wife may have triggered the paranoia  On November 30, West was released from the hospital In his song "FML" and his featured verse on Vic Mensa's song "U Mad", he refers to using the antidepressant medication Lexapro, and in his unreleased song "I Feel Like That", he mentions feeling many common symptoms of depression and anxiety  In a 2018 interview, West said that he had become addicted to opioids when they were prescribed to him after liposuction  The addiction may have contributed to his nervous breakdown in 2016  West said that he often has suicidal ideation  West was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 2016, though his diagnosis was not made public until his 2018 album Ye  He told President Donald Trump that it was a misdiagnosis  He had reportedly accepted the diagnosis again by 2019, but again suggested that it had been a misdiagnosis in 2022  In December 2022, he suggested that he may be autistic 

Musical impact
West is among the most critically acclaimed popular music artists of the 21st century, earning praise from music critics, industry peers, and cultural figures  In 2014, NME named him the third most influential artist in music  Billboard senior editor Alex Gale declared West "absolutely one of the best, and you could make the argument for the best artist of the 21st century " Sharing similar sentiments, Dave Bry of Complex Magazine called West the twenty-first century's "most important artist of any art form, of any genre " The Atlantic writer David Samuels commented, "Kanye's power resides in his wild creativity and expressiveness, his mastery of form, and his deep and uncompromising attachment to a self-made aesthetic that he expresses through means that are entirely of the moment: rap music, digital downloads, fashion, Twitter, blogs, live streaming video " Joe Muggs of The Guardian argued that "there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does [   ] while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically "Rolling Stone credited West with transforming hip-hop's mainstream, "establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap" while deeming him "a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators, a flashy, free-spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college, culture, and economics, an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up " Writing for Highsnobiety, Shahzaib Hussain stated that West's first three albums "cemented his role as a progressive rap progenitor"  AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier described West as "[shattering] certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold"  Lawrence Burney of Noisey has credited West with the commercial decline of the gangsta rap genre that once dominated mainstream hip-hop  The release of his third studio album has been described as a turning point in the music industry, and is considered to have helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold to find wider mainstream acceptance Hip-hop artists like Drake, Nicki Minaj, Travis Scott, Lil Uzi Vert, and Chance the Rapper have acknowledged being influenced by West  Several other artists and music groups of various genres have named West as an influence on their work 

Awards and achievements
West is the fourth-highest certified artist in the US by digital singles (69 million)  He had the most RIAA digital song certifications by a male artist in the 2000s (19), and was the fourth best-selling digital songs artist of the 2000s in the US  In Spotify's first ten years from 2008 to 2018, West was the sixth most streamed artist, and the fourth fastest artist to reach one billion streams  West has the joint-most consecutive studio album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 (9)  He ranked third on Billboard's 2000s decade-end list of top producers and has topped the annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll the joint-most times (four albums) with Bob Dylan West has been nominated for 75 Grammys, out of which he has won 24  He has been the most nominated act at five ceremonies, and has received the fourth-most wins overall in the 2000s  In 2008, West became the first solo artist to have his first three albums receive nominations for Album of the Year  West has won a Webby Award for Artist of the Year, an Accessories Council Excellence Award for being a stylemaker, International Man of the Year at the GQ Awards, a Clio Award for The Life of Pablo Album Experience, and an honour by The Recording Academy  West is one of eight acts to have won the Billboard Artist Achievement Award  In 2015, he became the third rap act to win the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award West's first six solo studio albums were included on Rolling Stone's 2020 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time  Entertainment Weekly named The College Dropout the best album of the 2000s, Complex named Graduation the best album released between 2002 and 2012, 808s & Heartbreak was named by Rolling Stone as one of the 40 most groundbreaking albums of all time, The A V  Club named My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy the best album of the 2010s, Yeezus was the most critically acclaimed album of 2013 according to Metacritic, and The Life of Pablo was the first album to top the Billboard 200, go platinum in the US, and go gold in the UK, via streaming alone 

Discography
Studio albums

The College Dropout (2004)
Late Registration (2005)
Graduation (2007)
808s & Heartbreak (2008)
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010)
Yeezus (2013)
The Life of Pablo (2016)
Ye (2018)
Jesus Is King (2019)
Donda (2021)Collaborative albums

Watch the Throne (2011) (with Jay-Z)
Kids See Ghosts (2018) (with Kid Cudi, as Kids See Ghosts)Compilation albums

Cruel Summer (2012) (with GOOD Music)Demo albums

Donda 2 (2022)

Videography
The College Dropout Video Anthology (2004)
Late Orchestration (2006)
VH1 Storytellers (2010)
Runaway (2010)
Jesus Is King (2019)
Jeen-Yuhs (2022)

Tours
Headlining tours
School Spirit Tour (2004)
Touch the Sky Tour (2005–2006)
Glow in the Dark Tour (2008)
Watch the Throne Tour (with Jay-Z) (2011–2012)
The Yeezus Tour (2013–2014)
Saint Pablo Tour (2016)

Supporting tours
Truth Tour (with Usher) (2004)
Vertigo Tour (with U2) (2005–2006)
A Bigger Bang (with The Rolling Stones) (2006)

Books
Raising Kanye: Life Lessons from the Mother of a Hip-Hop Superstar (2007)
Thank You and You're Welcome (2009)
Through the Wire: Lyrics & Illuminations (2009)
Glow in the Dark (2009)

See also
Album era
Black conservatism in the United States
List of people with bipolar disorder
List of Christian hip hop artists

Notes
Passage 10:
Crying in the Rain
"Crying in the Rain" is a song composed by Carole King with lyrics by Howard Greenfield, originally recorded by American duo the Everly Brothers  The single peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1962 The song was the only collaboration between songwriters Greenfield and King, both of whom worked for Aldon Music at the time of the song's composition  On a whim, two Aldon songwriting partnerships decided to switch partners for a day – Gerry Goffin (who normally worked with King) partnered with Greenfield's frequent writing partner, Jack Keller, leaving King and Greenfield to pair up for the day  Despite the commercial success of their collaboration, King and Greenfield never wrote another song together 

Track listing
Charts
Tammy Wynette version
In 1981, "Crying in the Rain" was notably covered by American country artist Tammy Wynette  It became a major hit after being released as a single that year 
Wynette's version was produced by Chips Moman at the Moman Recording Studio in Las Vegas, Nevada  The recording session also included nine additional tracks that would appear on Wynette's 1981 studio album The song was released as a single in July 1981  It reached number 18 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that same year  "Crying in the Rain" became Wynette's third single to reach the country songs top 20 in the 1980s decade  The song was issued on Wynette's twenty-second studio album, You Brought Me Back (1981)  Additionally, "Crying in the Rain" peaked at number 11 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada around the same time  It was her highest-charting solo song on the RPM survey since 1979 

Track listing
7-inch singleA  "Crying in the Rain" – 3:12
B  "Bring My Baby Back to Me" – 3:25

Charts
A-ha version
In 1989, Norwegian band A-ha covered the song  It was the first single taken from their fourth studio album, East of the Sun, West of the Moon (1990)  Following its success, A-ha became closer to the Everly Brothers, who had originally recorded the song  The band members were presented a set of guitars by the Everly Brothers that A-ha continues to use 

Commercial performance
"Crying in the Rain" was A-ha's last single to reach the top 40 on a Billboard chart in the United States to date, peaking at number 26 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart during the week ending April 6, 1991  It was more popular in other countries, topping the charts in the band's native Norway, and peaking at number 13 in the UK Singles Chart  It was the 32nd most successful song of the year 2010 in Romanian Top 100, although it peaked outside the Top 20 

Music video
The video was directed by Steve Barron  The theme of the video is a robbery gone wrong  It is actually the second version of this video  The first version did not feature any of the scenes of Morten Harket singing alone  The video was filmed entirely with a specific technique of mobile cameras, and it was filmed in Big Timber, Montana  Academy Award nominated actor John Hawkes (actor) had a small role as a robber in the music video for  Crying in the Rain by A-ha in 1990 

Track listings
UK CD single"Crying in the Rain" (LP version) – 4:25
"(Seemingly) Nonstop July" – 2:55
"Cry Wolf" (LP version) – 4:05UK 7-inch singleA  "Crying in the Rain" (LP version) – 4:25
B  "(Seemingly) Nonstop July" – 2:55UK 12-inch singleA  "Crying in the Rain" (LP version) – 4:25
B1  "(Seemingly) Nonstop July" – 2:55
B2  "Cry Wolf" (LP version) – 4:05

Charts
Other cover versions
"Crying in the Rain" has been covered by many other artists  In 1969, The Sweet Inspirations recorded a rendition which reached number 38 on the US R&B chart  It was their second Everly Brothers cover hit, having charted two years earlier with "Let It Be Me "
In 1972, Penny DeHaven in duet with Del Reeves released a Country version on a single only (number 54 on the Billboard country chart) In 1976, American-Canadian trio Cotton, Lloyd and Christian released the song on a single (with "One More River" on the B-side)  "Crying in the Rain" was also included on the trio's second studio album, Number Two 
Nick Lowe and Dave Edmunds released a version of the song on their 1980 EP, Nick Lowe & Dave Edmunds Sing The Everly Brothers In 1994, Art Garfunkel had a Canadian Pop and AC hit with the song 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Deanwood
Deanwood is a neighborhood in Northeast Washington, D C , bounded by Eastern Avenue to the northeast, Kenilworth Avenue to the northwest, Division Avenue to the southeast, and Nannie Helen Burroughs Avenue to the south 
One of Northeast's oldest neighborhoods, Deanwood's relatively low-density, small wood-frame and brick homes, and dense tree cover give it a small-town character that is unique in the District of Columbia  Much of its housing stock dates from the early 20th century  Several well-known African-American architects, including William Sidney Pittman and Howard D  Woodson, and many skilled local craftsmen designed and built many of its homes  The neighborhood was once home to Nannie Helen Burroughs, an early civil rights leader and the founder of the National Training School for Women and Girls, an independent boarding school for African-American girls founded in 1909 and located on 50th Street, NE  Marvin Gaye (1939–1984) was also born and raised in this neighborhood  From 1921 to 1940, Deanwood was also home to Suburban Gardens (50th and Hayes NE), a black-owned amusement park that served thousands of African-American residents during a time of racial segregation 
It is served by the Deanwood Metro station on the Orange Line 
The neighborhood is featured prominently in crime author Jim Beane's short story "Jeanette "

Schools
Integrated Design Electronics Academy
The Monroe School
Houston Elementary School
Aiton Elementary School
The Fishing School
H D  Woodson Senior High School

Churches
Beulah Baptist Church, of Deanwood Heights, DC

Libraries
Deanwood Neighborhood Library

Public transportation
Metro stations

Deanwood
Benning Road
Minnesota AvenueMajor bus routes

X-2 Minnesota Avenue to Lafayette Square
X-9 Express Capitol Heights to Metro Center
W-4 Deanwood to Anacostia

External links
Three Things About Deanwood
Passage 2:
William Amey
William Amey VC MM (5 March 1881 – 28 May 1940) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
Amey was 37 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 1/8th Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC 
On 4 November 1918 at Landrecies, France, when many hostile machine-gun nests were missed by the leading troops owing to fog, Lance-Corporal Amey led his section against a machine-gun nest under heavy fire and drove the garrison into a neighbouring farm, finally capturing 50 prisoners and several machine-guns  Later, single-handed and under heavy fire he attacked a machine-gun post in a farmhouse, killed two of the garrison and drove the remainder into a cellar until assistance arrived  Subsequently, he rushed a strongly held post, capturing 20 more prisoners Amey later achieved the rank of corporal, and was demobilised in 1919  He is buried at Leamington Cemetery, Brunswick Street, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England  His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Museum (Royal Warwickshire), in St John's House, Warwick, England 
Passage 3:
Mego Corporation
The Mego Corporation is an American toy company that in its original iteration was first founded in 1954   Originally known as a purveyor of dime store toys, in 1971 the company shifted direction and became famous for producing licensed action figures (including the long-running "World's Greatest Super Heroes" line), celebrity dolls, and the Micronauts toy line  For a time in the 1970s, their line of 8-inch-scale action figures with interchangeable bodies became the industry standard 
In 1982 Mego filed for bankruptcy, and by 1983, the Mego Corporation ceased to exist; today, Mego action figures and playsets can be highly prized collectibles, with some fetching hundreds, or even in some cases, thousands of dollars (depending on rarity) in the collectibles market In July 2018, the newly-reformed Mego Corporation announced they would be producing a limited run of their classic style clothed dolls in their traditional 1/9 scale, as well as some 1/5 figures sold exclusively through Target  These dolls, which include recreations of action figures released in the 1970s, began seeing release later in the year 

Corporate history
Mego was founded in 1954 by D  David Abrams and Madeline Abrams  The company thrived in the 1950s and early 1960s as an importer of dime store toys until the rising cost of newspaper advertising forced Mego to change its business model  In 1971, the Abrams's son Martin, a recent business school graduate, was named company president 
Under Martin Abrams's direction, the company shifted its production to dolls with interchangeable bodies  Generic bodies could be mass-produced and different dolls created by interposing different heads and costumes on them 
In 1972 Mego secured the licenses to create toys for both National Periodical Publications (DC Comics) and Marvel Comics  The popularity of this line of 8" dolls—dubbed "The World's Greatest Super Heroes"—created the standard action-figure scale for the 1970s 
Mego began to purchase the license rights of motion pictures, television programs, and comic books, eventually producing doll lines for Planet of the Apes, Star Trek, and the Wizard of Oz  Mego also obtained licenses from Edgar Rice Burroughs for his creations, such as Tarzan 
Beginning in 1974 Mego released the Planet of the Apes action-figures, the first such toys sold as film tie-ins  1975 saw the release of figures from Star Trek: The Original Series, which was steadily gaining fandom in syndication  The Planet of the Apes and Star Trek figures proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises During this period, Mego was known for the lavish parties the company threw at the annual New York American International Toy Fair  In 1975, Mego launched its Wizard of Oz film dolls with a gala whose special guests were every surviving member of the film's main cast  Mego's party at the Waldorf-Astoria with Sonny and Cher introducing their dolls drew a thousand people  Both dolls were formally unveiled on The Mike Douglas Show  The Cher doll was the number-1-selling doll in 1976, helping to make Mego the sixth-ranked American toy manufacturer, based on retail sales In 1976, Martin Abrams hashed out a deal with the Japanese toy manufacturer Takara to bring their popular lucite 3" fully articulated Microman figures to the United States under the name "Micronauts "  While Marty was in Japan, Fox's lawyer Mark Peders dropped by the office to show stills from the upcoming motion picture Star Wars, but no one in the office could sign the deal, so Peders visited Kenner in the same building and Kenner president Bernie Loomis was in the office and signed the deal   This decision seemed of little consequence to Mego at first, because the Micronauts figures initially sold well, earning the company more than $30 million at their peak  On the other hand, the Star Wars film was extremely popular and competitor Kenner Products sold substantial numbers of Star Wars action figures Following Star Wars' huge cultural impact, and Kenner's great success with its action figure line, Mego negotiated licenses for the manufacturing rights to a host of science fiction motion pictures and television shows, including Moonraker, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, The Black Hole, and Star Trek: The Motion Picture  Although these lines of Mego dolls were of much higher quality than Kenner's 12" Star Wars figures, none were as successful  The widespread success of Kenner's Star Wars 3-3/4" toy line soon made the newer, smaller size the industry standard, shifting sales away from the 8" standard popularized by Mego 
In the late 1970s, Mego was earning about $100 million in sales  Around this time, Mego began shifting their focus toward electronic toys like the 2-XL toy robot and the Fabulous Fred hand-held game player, but sales were not commensurate with the company's investment, and Mego went deeply into debt  Other problems included a rat infestation in Mego's warehouse and a lawsuit from Kenner over illegal appropriation of trade secrets related to the manufacture of their stretch figures  In the fiscal years 1980 and 1981, Mego reported combined losses of $40 million  In fiscal year 1982, the company reported losses of between $18 and $20 million In February 1982 the remaining staff was let go and the Mego offices were closed  On June 14, 1982, Mego filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy; the company officially went under in 1983 In 1986, Martin Abrams co-founded Abrams Gentile Entertainment (AGE), in order to retain and manage Mego's licensing contracts, rights and deals  In October 1995 AGE attempted to reclaim the Mego trademark  In March 2002, they abandoned the effort  In early 2009, Martin Abrams announced that AGE had reclaimed the rights to the name Mego Mego Corporation is headquartered in Great Neck, NY, with manufacturing facilities in China and Mexico  In July 2018, Mego Corporation premiered an exclusive line
with Target stores of their classic 8 inch clothed action figures as well as several 14 inch DC Superheroes figures at San Diego Comic Con with Joe Namath on hand to autograph his own 14 inch action figure   The Target exclusive featured three waves of figures hitting Target stores in August, October, and November   These figures were limited to 10,000 of each character 
Starting in 2019, Mego has continued to work with Target and other major retailers like Wal-Mart to bring the classic Star Trek, monsters, celebrities, and superheroes back to store shelves and on-line   Mego created action figures from the iconic Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan movie, giving fans of that 1982 classic the Mego figures they expected to see back then   Mego has also expanded distribution internationally, working with distributors in other countries to bring the magic of Mego to the rest of the world as well 
In 2020 Mego launched new waves of action figures and products with the help of Dr  Mego (Paul Clarke) to a wide audience via Target Corporation stores around the United States; Marty Abrams is greeting old and new fans at comic-cons and conventions nationwide 

Products history
Fighting Yank
A toy similar to GI Joe; so similar, in fact, that Hasbro was able to show that the toy's body had been copied directly from authentic GI Joe tooling  Hasbro threatened a lawsuit and Mego discontinued the product 

Broadway Joe Namath
An action doll based on New York Jets quarterback Joe Namath  The 1970s toyline included Broadway Joe in New York Jets football uniform, plus additional fashions sold separately 

Action Jackson
One of Mego's first toys under Martin Adams was an original character, Action Jackson, meant to compete with Hasbro's popular G I  Joe line  Heavily promoted on television commercials and in newspaper advertisements, the Action Jackson line included dolls, vehicles, and playsets  It was a big seller on its 1971 launch, but soon faded in popularity and was discontinued after 1974  The body design was reused for 8-inch licensed dolls 

Dinah Mite
A fashion doll produced as a female counterpart to Action Jackson  The doll was not a success, but the body design was reused for 8-inch licensed female dolls 

World's Greatest Super Heroes!
Beginning in 1972, Mego released the first comprehensive line of DC Comics and Marvel Comics superhero and villain dolls, coining the term "World's Greatest Super Heroes!" (WGSH) as an umbrella title for all the dolls released in this line  To start the line, Mego produced Batman, Robin, Aquaman, and Superman dolls  (For the South African market, a local radio play hero, Jet Jungle, was included in the series ) The earliest dolls were released in a solid box, but these boxes were often damaged by shoppers who wanted to see the figure inside  The design was quickly changed to a "window" style box  The WGSH line was offered from 1972 until 1983 

Fashion dolls
Mego marketed various fashion doll lines designed to compete with Mattel's popular Barbie line  The company's first attempt was the 1973 "Maddie Mod" line, which included an extensive wardrobe and Maddie's boyfriend "Richie," was not a success  Next, Mego created "Dinah-Mite," a poseable eight-inch (203 mm) scale Barbie-like doll with a boyfriend named Don  Other fashion dolls included "Beautiful Lainie," a 19" doll that danced back and forth from the hips; and Candi, a line that included "Coppertone Candi," a "tanning" doll co-branded with Coppertone sunscreen 

TV and movie dolls
The popularity of the 1974 releases of the Planet of the Apes and Star Trek: The Original Series lines led Mego to produce a variety of licensed figures based on films and TV shows, including The Flintstones, Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Our Gang, Starsky & Hutch, The Waltons, and Wizard of Oz 

Mego introduced a Lynda Carter Wonder Woman doll line in 1977  The first edition of the Wonder Woman dolls and accessories included:

Wonder Woman (factory-painted bustier top with cloth star-spangled bottoms, bracelets, golden lasso, tiara, and red boots), as well as a Diana Prince Navy Yeoman outfit, featuring black glasses and black high-heeled shoes
Nubia, Wonder Woman's super-foe
Queen Hippolyta, Wonder Woman's mother
Major Steve Trevor, Wonder Woman's best friend and bossMego added 121⁄2" dolls from the Superman movie in 1978, which included Superman, Jor-El, Lex Luthor, and General Zod 
In the early 1980s Mego produced dolls and vehicles for the popular TV shows CHiPs, Dallas, Dukes of Hazzard, and The Greatest American Hero  The Dukes of Hazzard dolls sold well, but Mego failed with its CHiPs and Dallas dolls 

Comic Action Heroes!
Always thinking of ways to reduce costs of production, in 1975 Mego released a smaller plastic line of action toys called Comic Action Heroes! that had the costumes molded onto the figure (and later adopted by Star Wars and Super Powers lines), thus eliminating the extra cost of creating the suits  The line featured Batman, Robin, The Joker, and The Penguin, as well as other DC Comics characters, and Marvel characters such as Spider-Man, Captain America, and the Hulk  Later, in 1979, Mego re-released the line under the new name Pocket Super Heroes 

Celebrity dolls
In 1976, Mego launched a highly successful 12½-inch celebrity doll line  The first dolls were Sonny and Cher, with famed fashion designer Bob Mackie designing an extensive wardrobe for Cher  Farrah Fawcett, Jaclyn Smith, Diana Ross, Suzanne Somers, Captain and Tennille, and Kiss celebrity dolls followed in 1977 and 1978 

Micronauts
From 1976 to 1980 Mego produced a licensed line of Takara's Microman figures under the name Micronauts  The 3-3/4" toy line's popularity led Marvel Comics to launch a Micronauts comic book in 1979, which ran until 1986 

2-XL robot
In 1978, Martin Abrams purchased inventor Michael J  Freeman's toy robot, the 2-XL, which was introduced to the public and became a success  The toy was sold in different countries and was voiced in seven languages, including English  2-XL was a revolutionary idea, combining toys and education  A lot of games were also developed for the toy  By 1981, the 2-XL's popularity had waned, and it was later discontinued  However, the 2-XL robot was upgraded and reintroduced in the early 1990s by Tiger Electronics, a US based toy company  The programs for this version were also voiced by Freeman and sold worldwide The 2-XL was part of Mego's electronic games line, which included the handheld devices Mini-Vid and Fabulous Fred 

Military dolls
In 1976, Mego began producing a small collection of World War II-themed military dolls marketed in France, Italy (under the Polistil name), Germany, Australia, and the United Kingdom under different names  Most of these products were branded under the "Lion Rock" name, Mego's manufacturing arm  These dolls were released in United States the early 1980s as "Johnny Action" or "Combat Man " Using the 6-inch (150 mm) format, they were produced after the 12-inch (300 mm) G I  Joe dolls had lost their popularity and before the revival of the G I  Joe line in 3-¾" format; they were also intended to compete with Spain's Madelman line of soldier dolls  The 6-inch (150 mm) combat line was not a success 

Eagle Force
One of Mego's final large product lines was Eagle Force, a 2+3⁄4-inch-high (70 mm) die-cast action figure toy line co-designed by Paul Kirchner and marketed in 1981-1982  Produced during Ronald Reagan's first term as president, the Eagle Force toy line was marketed as a counter-terrorist task force, to send the message that the United States wasn't going to be "pushed around" anymore 
The line was similar to Hasbro's G I  Joe: A Real American Hero dolls 

Reissued Marx playsets
Mego acquired the moulds of World War II soldiers, vehicles and landscape terrain from Louis Marx and Company, reissuing their Battleground (1980) and Navarone (1981) playsets  Mego also reissued a Prehistoric Dinosaur, Fort Apache and Galaxy Command playsets 

Toys and games manufactured by Mego
"Mego Melt"
Several different (but not all) plastic dolls made by Mego have suffered from "Mego Melt" (also known as "Mego Molt"), a term coined by toy collectors to describe the material deteriorating over time  The plastic used for the doll's torso reacts with the rubberized plastic used for the arms and legs  The result is a melting of the torso at those joining points: shoulder, underarm, hips, and buttocks  Even when stored carefully, this melting often results in the costumes becoming stuck to the dolls  Excessive heat from storage in hot attics or garages exacerbates this problem  The dolls' hair and eyelashes are prone to similar deterioration when exposed to high temperatures 

In popular culture
From 1996–2011, Mego's 8-inch (200 mm) dolls, particularly the superhero line, found new life in Twisted ToyFare Theater (originally called "Twisted Mego Theatre"), a humorous photo comic strip appearing in ToyFare, a monthly magazine published by Wizard Entertainment  ToyFare staff posed and took photos depicting the dolls in bizarre situations, with added dialogue balloons  The series was well known in comic book and collectors' circles for its distinctive, off-the-wall sense of humor  The popular strips were later published separately in their own collections 
Mego dolls as well as similarly styled figures are used in sexually perverted adult oriented situations in the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim program Robot Chicken  The show, which debuted in February 2005, is directly based on Twisted ToyFare Theater and features three of its writers 

See also
Hasbro
Kenner Products
Mattel
Trendmasters
Passage 4:
David Ferguson Hunter
David Ferguson Hunter VC (28 November 1891 – 14 February 1965) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
Hunter was 26 years old, and a corporal in the 1/5th Battalion, The Highland Light Infantry, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC on 23 October 1918 On 16/17 September 1918 at Moeuvres, France, Corporal Hunter was detailed to take on an advanced post which was established in shell holes close to the enemy  There was no opportunity for reconnoitring adjacent ground, and the following afternoon Corporal Hunter found that the enemy had established posts all round him, isolating his command  He determined to hold out and despite being exceedingly short of food and water this NCO managed to maintain his position for over 48 hours until a counter-attack relieved him  He repelled frequent enemy attacks and also barrage from our attacks, which came right across his post 
He was subsequently promoted to the rank of sergeant on 23 October 1918  He died 14 February 1965
On 12 August 2004, his previously unmarked grave in Dunfermline Cemetery was marked by a memorial stone in a ceremony 

Freemasonry
He was initiated into Freemasonry in Lodge Union, No  250, (Dunfermline, Scotland) on 3 January, Passed on 6 February and Raised 3 May 1919 

The Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of The Royal Highland Fusiliers, Glasgow, Scotland 
Passage 5:
John Burroughs Medal
The John Burroughs Medal, named for nature writer John Burroughs (1837–1921), is awarded each year in April by the John Burroughs Association to the author of a book that the association has judged to be distinguished in the field of natural history  Only twice has the award been given to a work of fiction 

List of recipients of the John Burroughs Medal
1926 - William Beebe, Pheasants of the World
1927 - Ernest Thompson Seton, Lives of Game Animals
1928 - John Russell McCarthy, Nature Poems
1929 - Frank M  Chapman, Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America (published 1906)
1930 - Archibald Rutledge, Peace in the Heart
1931 - no award
1932 - Frederick S  Dellenbaugh, A Canyon Voyage: A Narrative of the Second Powell Expedition, ISBN 0-8165-0880-1
1933 - Oliver P  Medsker, Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter (set)
1934 - W W  Christman, Wild Pasture Pine
1935 - no award
1936 - Charles Crawford Gorst, Recordings of Bird Calls
1937 - no award
1938 - Robert Cushman Murphy, Oceanic Birds of South America
1939 - T  Gilbert Pearson, Adventures in Bird Protection
1940 - Arthur Cleveland Bent, Life Histories of North American Birds (18 title series, United States Government Printing Office)
1941 - Louis J  Halle, Jr , Birds Against Men
1942 - Edward A  Armstrong, Birds of the Grey Wind
1943 - Edwin Way Teale, Near Horizons: The Story of an Insect Garden
1944 - no award
1945 - Rutherford Platt, This Green World ISBN 0-396-09188-1
1946 - Florence Page Jaques and Francis Lee Jaques (illustrator), Snowshoe Country, ISBN 0-87351-236-7
1947 - no award
1948 - Theodora Stanwell-Fletcher, Driftwood Valley, ISBN 0-87071-524-0
1949 - Helen G  Cruickshank, Flight Into Sunshine: Bird Experiences in Florida
1950 - Roger Tory Peterson, Birds Over America, ISBN 0-396-08269-6
1951 - no award
1952 - Rachel Carson, The Sea Around Us, ISBN 0-451-61873-4
1953 - Gilbert Klingel, The Bay, ISBN 0-8018-2536-9
1954 - Joseph Wood Krutch, The Desert Year, ISBN 0-8165-0923-9
1955 - Wallace Byron Grange and Olaus J  Murie (illustrator), Those of the Forest, ISBN 1-55971-083-7
1956 - Guy Murchie, Song of the Sky
1957 - Archie Fairly Carr, The Windward Road: Adventures of a Naturalist on Remote Caribbean Shores, ISBN 0-8130-0639-2
1958 - Robert Porter Allen, On the Trail of the Vanishing Birds
1959 - no award
1960 - John Kieran, A Natural History of New York City, ISBN 0-8232-1086-3
1961 - Loren Eiseley, The Firmament of Time, ISBN 0-8032-6739-8
1962 - George Miksch Sutton, Iceland Summer: Adventures of a Bird Painter, ISBN 0-8061-0491-0
1963 - Adolph Murie, A Naturalist in Alaska, ISBN 0-8165-1168-3
1964 - John Hay, The Great Beach: A Naturalist Explores the Frontier Between Land and Sea on the Outer Reaches of Cape Cod, ISBN 0-345-02255-6
1965 - Paul Brooks, Roadless Area, ISBN 0-345-25276-4
1966 - Louis Darling, The Gull's Way, ISBN 0-688-21366-9
1967 - Charlton Ogburn, Jr , The Winter Beach, ISBN 0-688-09418-X
1968 - Hal Borland, Hill Country Harvest
1969 - Louise de Kiriline Lawrence, The Lovely and the Wild, ISBN 0-920474-43-8
1970 - Victor B  Scheffer, The Year of the Whale
1971 - John K  Terres, From Laurel Hill to Siler's Bog, ISBN 0-8078-4426-8
1972 - Robert S  Arbib, The Lord's Woods: The Passing of an American Woodland, ISBN 0-393-08639-9
1973 - Elizabeth Barlow, The Forests and Wetlands of New York City
1974 - Sigurd F  Olson, Wilderness Days, ISBN 0-394-47155-5
1975 - no award
1976 - Ann Haymond Zwinger, Run, River, Run, ISBN 0-06-014824-1
1977 - Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, ISBN 0-915024-15-2
1978 - Ruth Kirk, The American Southwest Desert, ISBN 0-395-17209-8
1979 - Barry Lopez, Of Wolves and Men, ISBN 0-7432-4936-4
1980 - no award
1981 - Mary Durant and Michael Harwood, On the Road with John James Audubon, ISBN 0-396-07740-4
1982 - Peter Matthiessen, Sand Rivers, ISBN 0-906053-22-6
1983 - Alexander F  Skutch, A Naturalist on a Tropical Farm, ISBN 0-520-03802-9
1984 - David Rains Wallace, The Klamath Knot: Explorations of Myth and Evolution, ISBN 0-520-23659-9
1985 - Mark Owens and Delia Owens, Cry of the Kalahari, ISBN 0-395-64780-0
1986 - Gary Paul Nabhan, Gathering the Desert, ISBN 0-8165-0935-2
1987 - Robert Michael Pyle, Wintergreen: Rambles in a Ravaged Land, ISBN 0-684-18321-8
1988 - Tom Horton and Charles R  Hazard (illustrator), Bay Country, ISBN 0-8018-3525-9
1989 - Lawrence Kilham, On Watching Birds, ISBN 0-930031-14-8
1990 - John McPhee, The Control of Nature, ISBN 0-374-12890-1
1991 - Richard Nelson, The Island Within, ISBN 0-86547-404-4
1992 - Kenneth S  Norris, Dolphin Days: The Life and Times of the Spinner Dolphin, ISBN 0-393-02945-X
1993 - Vincent Dethier, Crickets and Katydids, Concerts and Solos, ISBN 0-674-17577-8
1994 - David G  Campbell, The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica, ISBN 0-436-20049-X
1995 - Craig Packer, Into Africa, ISBN 0-226-64429-4
1996 - Bill Green, Water, Ice and Stone:Science and Memory on the Antarctic Lakes, ISBN 0-517-58759-9
1997 - David Quammen, The Song Of The Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction, ISBN 0-684-80083-7
1998 - John Alcock, In a Desert Garden:Love and Death Among the Insects, ISBN 0-8165-1970-6
1999 - Jan DeBlieu, Wind: How the Flow of Air Has Shaped Life, Myth, and the Land, ISBN 0-395-78033-0
2000 - Bernd Heinrich, Mind Of the Raven, ISBN 0-06-017447-1
2001 - David M  Carroll, Swampwalker's Journal, ISBN 0-395-64725-8
2002 - Ken Lamberton, Wilderness and Razor Wire, ISBN 1-56279-116-8
2003 - Carl Safina, Eye of the Albatross: Visions of Hope and Survival, ISBN 0-8050-6228-9
2004 - Ted Levin, Liquid Land: A Journey Through The Florida Everglades, ISBN 0-8203-2512-0
2005 - Robin Wall Kimmerer, Gathering Moss: A Natural and Cultural History of Mosses, ISBN 0-87071-499-6
2006 - Donald Kroodsma, The Singing Life of Birds, ISBN 0-618-40568-2
2007 - Ellen Meloy, Eating Stone: Imagination And The Loss Of The Wild, ISBN 0-375-42216-1
2008 - Julia Whitty, The Fragile Edge: Diving and Other Adventures in the South Pacific, ISBN 0-618-19716-8
2009 - Franklin Burroughs, Confluence: Merrymeeting Bay, ISBN 0-88448-282-0
2010 - Michael Welland, Sand: The Never-Ending Story, ISBN 0-520-26597-1
2011 - Elisabeth Tova Bailey, The Sound of a Wild Snail Eating, ISBN 978-1565126060
2012 - Edward (Ted) Hoagland, Sex and the River Styx, ISBN 978-1603583374
2013 - Thor Hanson, Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle, ISBN 978-0465028788
2014 - Kathleen Jamie, Sightlines, ISBN 978-0956308665
2015 - Sherry Simpson, Dominion of Bears, ISBN 978-0700619351
2016 - Sharman Apt Russell, Diary of a Citizen Scientist, ISBN 978-0870717529 
2017 - Brian Doyle, Martin Marten, ISBN 978-1250045201 
2018 - David George Haskell, The Songs of Trees, ISBN 978-0525427520; a special John Burroughs Medal was given for Lifetime Achievement in Nature Poetry to Pattiann Rogers
2020 - Marilyn Sigman, Entangled: People and Ecological Change in Alaska's Kachemak Bay, ISBN 978-1602233485
Passage 6:
Australia Day
Australia Day is the official national day of Australia  Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 landing of the First Fleet, and raising of the Union Flag by Arthur Phillip, at Sydney Cove in New South Wales  In present-day Australia, celebrations aim to reflect the diverse society and landscape of the nation and are marked by community and family events, reflections on Australian history, official community awards and citizenship ceremonies welcoming new members of the Australian community The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved and been contested over time, and not all states historically celebrated the same date as their date of historical significance  The date of 26 January 1788 marks the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia  Records of celebrations on 26 January date back to 1808, with the first official celebration of the formation of New South Wales held in 1818  It was not until 1935 that all Australian states and territories adopted use of the term "Australia Day" to mark the date of the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, and not until 1994 that 26 January was consistently marked by a public holiday on that day by all states and territories  Historically, the date was also variously named Anniversary Day, Foundation Day and ANA Day In contemporary Australia, the holiday is marked by the presentation of the Australian of the Year Awards on Australia Day Eve, announcement of the Australia Day Honours list and addresses from the Governor-General and Prime Minister  It is an official public holiday in every state and territory  With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation  Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia Indigenous Australian events are now included  However, since at least 1938, the date of Australia Day has also been marked by some Indigenous Australians and supporters mourning what is seen as the invasion of the land – which they had occupied for millennia – by the British and the start of colonisation, protesting its celebration as a national holiday  Invasion Day, Survival Day, or Day of Mourning is observed by many as a counter-observance on 26 January, with calls for the date of Australia Day to be changed or the holiday to be abolished entirely  Support for changing the date is a minority position; however, polls indicate some support, particularly among Australians under age 30 

History
Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788
On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland  Under the command of Naval Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770  The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America  The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable 
On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson, 12 kilometres (7 5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement  They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney  They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people 
They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January  That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January  However, during 24 January, they spotted the ships Astrolabe and Boussole, flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but only HMS Supply made it out, carrying Arthur Phillip, Philip Gidley King, some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon  Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, Captain John Hunter of HMS Sirius made contact with the French ships, and he and the commander, Captain de Clonard, exchanged greetings  Clonard informed Hunter that the fleet commander was Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse  Sirius successfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty  Charlotte was blown dangerously close to rocks, Friendship and Prince of Wales became entangled, both ships losing booms or sails, Charlotte and Friendship collided, and Lady Penrhyn nearly ran aground  Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January  The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm 
 
So it was on 26 January that a landing was made at Sydney Cove and clearing of the ground for an encampment immediately began  Then, according to Phillip's account: In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king's health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing presages 
The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not however occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed  It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip's governorship were read out  The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788 

1788–1838
Although there was no official recognition of the colony's anniversary, with the New South Wales Almanacks of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January, by 1808 the date was being used by the colony's immigrants, especially the emancipated convicts, to "celebrate their love of the land they lived in" with "drinking and merriment"  The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night, the chief toast of the occasion being Major George Johnston  Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict James Ruse  Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to Annandale, Johnston led the officers of the New South Wales Corps in arresting Governor William Bligh on the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the "Rum Rebellion" 
Almanacs started mentioning "First Landing Day" or "Foundation Day" and successful immigrants started holding anniversary dinners  In 1817 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of Isaac Nichols:

On Monday the 27th ult  a dinner party met at the house of Mr  Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan  1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following   The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number  At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated  After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded 
1818 was the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and Governor Lachlan Macquarie chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration  The governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of "one pound [450 grams] of fresh meat", and ordered a 30-gun salute at Dawes Point – one for each year that the colony had existed  This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow 

Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events  One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day regatta was held on Sydney Harbour  Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels to watermen's skiffs, and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including the steamboat Australian and the Francis Freeling—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day  Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make it an annual event  However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the "United Australians" dinner being limited to those born in Australia  In describing the dinner, the Sydney Herald justified the decision, saying:

The parties who associated themselves under the title of "United Australians" have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness  It is not fair so to censure them  If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate  That was a good reason  The "Australians" had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain 
The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia's first public holiday was declared  The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (Maitland, Experiment, Australia, Rapid, and the miniature steamer Firefly) to view the proceedings from the water  At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes' Battery as the Royal Standard was raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky  The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837, and the anniversary as a whole was described as a "day for everyone" 

1839–1935
Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had its own commemoration for its founding  In Tasmania, Regatta Day occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of Abel Tasman  South Australia celebrated Proclamation Day on 28 December  Western Australia had its own Foundation Day (now Western Australia Day) on 1 June



ground_truth: three different relationships he had in the past

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did Burroughs Corporation merge to form a new corporation?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: The decision to mark the occasion of the First Fleet’s arrival in 1788 at Sydney Cove and Captain Arthur Phillip’s proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern continent on 26 January was first made outside NSW by the Australian Natives' Association (ANA), a group of white "native-born" middle-class men formed in Victoria in 1871  They dubbed the day "ANA Day" In 1888, all colonial capitals except Adelaide celebrated "Anniversary Day"  In 1910, South Australia adopted 26 January as "Foundation Day", to replace another holiday known as Accession Day, which had been held on 22 January to mark the accession to the throne of King Edward VII, who died in May 1910 The first Australia Day was established in response to Australia's involvement in World War I  In 1915, Ellen "Ellie" Wharton Kirke MBE, née Clements, mother of four servicemen, thought up the idea of a national day, with the specific aim of raising funds for wounded soldiers, and the term was coined to stir up patriotic feelings  In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July, on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort  It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916, 27 July 1917, and 26 July 1918 The idea of a national day to be celebrated on 26 January was slow to catch on, partly because of competition with Anzac Day  Victoria adopted 26 January as Australia Day in 1931, and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales)  The name "Foundation Day" persisted in local usage 

1936–1960s
The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated  Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council  In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as "Australia Day" in 1946, although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the anniversary The Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 26 January 1949, creating Australian citizenship for the first time  Previously, the government-approved residents of Australia had only been "British nationals"; now they had both Australian and British nationality Historian Ken Inglis wrote in 1967 that Australia Day was not celebrated publicly in Canberra at that time 

1988: Bicentenary
In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale as the Australian Bicentenary, with many significant events taking place in all major cities  Over 2 5 million people attended the event in Sydney  These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of the Powerhouse Museum at its new location  A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part 

Contemporary celebrations
The various celebrations and civic ceremonies such as citizenship ceremonies, the Australian of the Year awards and the Australia Day Honours (introduced in 1975) only started to be performed on Australia Day from around the 1950s onwards Since 1988, participation in Australia Day has increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on 26 January – regardless of the day of the week –  for the first time  Previously, some states had celebrated the public holiday on a Monday or Friday to ensure a long weekend  Research conducted in 2007 reported that 28% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 26% celebrated with family and friends  This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005 Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia  These official events are presented by the National Australia Day Council, an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race  In Adelaide, the key celebrations are "Australia Day in the City" which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder Park, with a new outdoor art installation in 2019 designed to acknowledge, remember and recognise Aboriginal people who have contributed to the community  Featuring the People's March and the Voyages Concert, Melbourne's events focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism  In Perth, for many years until 2022, the Skyworks were the largest single event presented each Australia Day Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of Australian citizenship  On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and around 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship  In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an affirmation by existing citizens  Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78 6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day  In September 2019, the Morrison government amended the Australian Citizenship Ceremonies Code to require local councils to hold a citizenship ceremony on Australia Day The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations  In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations  The Order of Australia awards are also a feature of the day  The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations  The governor-general and prime minister both address the nation  On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a "significant contribution to the Australian community and nation" and is an "inspirational role model for the Australian community"  Subcategories of the award include Young Australian of the Year and Senior Australian of the Year, and an award for Australia's Local Hero 
Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day  Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards "our future", while 13% thought it was important to "think about the present at this time" and 3% were unsure  Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme  There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader's participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians' understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity, Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed "it was important to recognise Australia's indigenous people and culture" as part of Australia Day celebrations  A similar proportion (89%) agreed that "it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation"  Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion 

Debate
Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia's Indigenous peoples  In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premier Henry Parkes was asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations  He replied: "And remind them that we have robbed them?"The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning  A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an "Invasion Day" commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture  Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as "Invasion Day", and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events  Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne range into tens of thousands The anniversary is also termed by some as "Survival Day" and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination  In 2016, National Indigenous Television chose the name "Survival Day" as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term "recognises the invasion", but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present Several major employers, both public and private, including the Australian Public Service, permit employees to work on Australia Day and take another day off 

Polling
Polling by Essential Media since 2015 suggests that the number of people celebrating Australia Day is declining, indicating a shift in attitudes  In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%, and in 2021 it was down to 29% of over 1000 people surveyed  In 2021, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday A poll commissioned in December 2020 by the conservative think tank Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) was published in January 2021, showing that support for changing the date had remained a minority position  In January 2021, an Essential poll reported that 53% supported a separate day to recognise Indigenous Australians; however only 18% of these thought that it should replace Australia Day  A poll by Ipsos for The Age / The Sydney Morning Herald reported in January 2021 that 28% were in support of changing the date, 24% were neutral and 48% did not support changing the date  49% believed that the date would change within the next decade and 41% believed that selecting a new date would improve the lives of Indigenous Australians  Results were split by demographic factors, with age being a significant factor  47% of people aged 18–24 supported changing the date, compared to only 19% among those aged 55 years or older  Individuals who voted for the Greens were most likely to support the date change at 67%, followed by Labor voters at 31% and Coalition voters at 23% The 2022 IPA poll found 65% were opposed to changing the date, including 47% of 18–24 year olds, with 15% of the general population and 25% of 18–24 year olds in favour of changing it 

See also
Culture of Australia
Australian nationalism
Reconciliation in Australia

Notes
Passage 7:
Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997
The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997 (Act No  33 of 1997) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that abolished judicial corporal punishment  It followed the Constitutional Court's 1995 decision in the case of S v Williams and Others that caning of juveniles was unconstitutional  Although the ruling in S v Williams was limited to the corporal punishment of males under the age of 21, Justice Langa mentioned in dicta that there was a consensus that corporal punishment of adults was also unconstitutional The act contains two substantive sections  The first provides that "any law which authorises corporal punishment by a court of law, including a court of traditional leaders," is repealed to the extent that it authorises such a punishment  The second makes specific textual amendments various statutes, including the Black Administration Act, the Magistrates' Courts Act and the Criminal Procedure Act, to remove references to corporal punishment 
Passage 8:
Robert Smallwood
Robert F  Smallwood is an American writer, technologist, magazine publisher, and podcast host   A prolific writer and speaker on information technology topics, he has published 10 books, and over 100 articles in trade journals and given more than 60 conference presentations  He was a chapter founder and president for AIIM International and was elected to its international Board of Directors in 1997, and the Board's Executive Committee in 1998  In 2014 he founded the Institute for Information Governance; in 2018 he co-founded "Information Governance World" magazine, and in 2020 he founded the Certified Information Governance Officers Association 

Personal
Smallwood was born in 1959 in Davenport, Iowa   He grew up in nearby Bettendorf, where he was an academic,  athletic, and musical standout, earning All-State Honors in Band (as a drummer), and Cross Country  He broke the freshman, sophomore, and varsity track records in the 2-mile run, indoors and outdoors, running 9:32 5, and in the 3000 meters, 8:48 8  He was also part of record-breaking 2-mile and 4 mile relay teams  In 1977 he earned his varsity letter in cross country as a freshman at University of Northern Iowa 
After attending the University of Massachusetts Boston on a scholarly exchange program he graduated from the University of Northern Iowa in 1982 with honors and degrees in Business Management and Psychology  In 2000, Smallwood completed work on his Master of Business Administration degree at Loyola University New Orleans 
Smallwood moved to New Orleans where he worked for Burroughs Corporation (later Unisys after a merger with Sperry) implementing mainframe computer and document management systems for commercial banks and the Federal Reserve Bank branch in New Orleans   Later he worked for Wang Laboratories where he implemented some of the first commercially available document imaging systems, and law firm software 
In 1988 he published a paper, "Implementing Document Imaging in Financial Services Applications" internally for Wang   In 1991 he became an independent IT consultant and in 1995 he merged with and co-founded IMERGE Consulting  In 2014, he founded the Institute for Information Governance, and published the world's first textbook on Information Governance through Wiley & Sons  The second edition was released in 2020 

The Five People You Meet in Hell: Surviving Katrina
Smallwood's first book, The Five People You Meet in Hell: Surviving Katrina, was published in 2005  The book is Smallwood's account of his experience during the storm and in its aftermath  It was the first personal account of the disaster to be published   "One of the "five people" was Smallwood's friend and neighbor Harry Anderson, the comic actor who starred in Night Court, a popular 1980's sitcom In 2006, Smallwood embarked on a 21-city book tour and interviews on C-SPAN (BookTV), BBC Radio, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, ABCNews com and other major media outlets   The book was optioned for film in November, 2013, by Safier Entertainment under the working title, A Season in Hell The title was borrowed from the extended poem of the same name by French writer Arthur Rimbaud 

Other publications
2005 "Brando, Tennessee & Me " - his first play
2007 "Prisoners of Katrina"
2009 "Jackson Squared" - his first novel

Information governance publications
In 2008, Smallwood published his first nonfiction technology book, "Taming the Email Tiger" In 2012, Wiley & Sons published Smallwood's 'WikiLeaks prevention guide' entitled, "Safeguarding Critical E-Documents: Implementing a Program for Securing Confidential Information Assets" and in 2013, in collaboration with nine subject matter experts (SME), "Managing Electronic Records: Methods, Best Practices, and Technologies " A third book in the Wiley CIO series "Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices" was released in April 2014, and the second edition in January, 2020  That book is being used to guide corporate IG programs, and to teach information governance to graduate students at University of Oxford, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences in Helsinki, Finland, San Jose State and other major universities  In April 2016 Smallwood published, "Information Governance for Executives: Fundamentals and Strategies, and in 2018, "Information Governance for Healthcare Professionals," was published by HIMSS and Taylor & Francis (under CRC imprint)  Also in 2018, Smallwood founded "Information Governance World" magazine, the first magazine dedicated to coverage of Information Governance  In 2020, "Information Governance" 2nd Edition was published by Wiley 

Black & White Ball - Hurricane Katrina fundraiser
As the executive director of the Louisiana Writers' Foundation, Smallwood was responsible for organizing a "Black & White Ball" at the Hotel Monteleone on the 40th anniversary of Truman Capote's famous New York event  The event was held to raise donations for writers struggling to return to post-Katrina New Orleans, in conjunction with Habitat for Humanity   Honorees included noted Romanian writer and New Orleans resident Andrei Codrescu, Louisiana Poet Laureate Brenda Marie Osbey, and poet Dave Brinks   News anchor Angela Hill emceed the festivities 
Passage 9:
John William Sayer
Lance Corporal John William Sayer  (12 April 1879 – 18 April 1918) was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
He was 38 years old, and a Lance Corporal in the 8th Battalion, The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment), British Army during the
First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC 
On 21 March 1918 at Le Verguier, France, Lance Corporal Sayer held the flank of a small isolated post for two hours  Owing to mist the enemy approached from both sides to within 30 yards before being discovered, but the lance corporal, on his own initiative without assistance, beat off a succession of attacks, inflicting heavy losses  During the whole time he was exposed to heavy fire but his contempt of danger and skill in the use of his fire-arms enabled the post to hold out until nearly all the garrison had been killed and he himself wounded and captured  He died as a result of wounds four weeks later 
Passage 10:
Unisys
Unisys Corporation is an American multinational information technology (IT) services and consulting company founded in 1986 and headquartered in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania  The company provides digital workplace, cloud applications & infrastructure, enterprise computing and business process services 

History
Founding
Unisys was formed in 1986 through the merger of mainframe corporations Sperry and Burroughs, with Burroughs buying Sperry for $4 8 billion  The name was chosen from over 31,000 submissions in an internal competition when Christian Machen submitted the word "Unisys" which was composed of parts of the words united, information and systems The merger was the largest in the computer industry at the time and made Unisys the second largest computer company with annual revenue of $10 5 billion  Michael Blumenthal became CEO and Chairman  Soon after the merger, the market for proprietary mainframe-class systems—the mainstream product of Unisys and its competitors such as IBM—began a long-term decline that continues, at a lesser rate, today  In response, Unisys made the strategic decision to shift into high-end servers (e g , 32-bit processor Windows Servers), as well as information technology (IT) services such as systems integration, outsourcing, and related technical services, while holding onto the profitable revenue stream from maintaining its installed base of proprietary mainframe hardware and applications In 1988, the company acquired Convergent Technologies, makers of CTOS In 1990, Blumenthal resigned  James Unruh (formerly of Memorex and Honeywell) became the new CEO and Chairman after Blumenthal's departure and continued in that role until 1997, when Larry Weinbach of Arthur Andersen became the new CEO 

Product development and CEO changes
Joseph McGrath served as CEO and President from January 2005, until September, 2008  On October 7, 2008, J  Edward Coleman replaced J  McGrath as CEO and was named Chairman of the board as well  On November 10, 2008, the company was removed from the S&P 500 index as the market capitalization of the company had fallen below the S&P 500 minimum of $4 billion In 2010, Unisys sold its Medicare processing Health Information Management service to Molina Healthcare for $135 million On October 6, 2014, after six years as CEO and chairman, Unisys announced that Coleman was stepping down effective December 1, 2014 On January 1, 2015, Unisys officially named Peter Altabef as its new president and CEO, replacing Edward Coleman  Paul Weaver, who was formerly Lead Independent Director, was named Chairman 

2020–present time
In February 2020, SAIC announced plans to acquire Unisys Federal, the company’s federal defense contracting operation, for $1 2 billion  The company’s federal customer list included over a dozen military and civilian agencies   As part of the acquisition, Unisys has a licensing agreement with SAIC to continue providing its software to federal clients In June 2020, Australia’s Home Affairs’ biometric identification system, built in part through partnership with Unisys, was launched In June 2021, the company announced the acquisition of Unify Square  Unify Square provides software and services which help enterprises manage collaboration and communication platforms like Zoom and Microsoft Teams  In November, Mobinergy, a mobile device management software company, was acquired; and in December, Unisys acquired CompuGain, an Amazon Web Services Advanced Consulting Partner In July 2021, Unisys partnered with Vodafone to help the company boost its IT services  The two launched “Vodafone Digital Factory,” and Unisys helped Vodafone clients with technologies like AI, virtual and augmented reality, and blockchain In May 2022, the company joined the Plug and Play Enterprise Tech program  This allowed Unisys to source and partner with technology startups to access and use early-stage emerging technology 

Recognition and awards
In 2018, 2019, and 2020, Unisys was named an overall market segment leader in the NelsonHall Evaluation & Assessment Tool Vendor Evaluation for Advanced Digital Workplace Services 
NelsonHall: 2021 NEAT Assessment, Leader, Cognitive and Self-Healing IT Infrastructure Services
In August 2020, Unisys Corporation reported that for the third straight year, NelsonHall has listed the organization as the regional market sector leader in the Evaluation & Assessment Tool (NEAT) Vendor Analysis report for Advanced Digital Workplace Services 
Avasant: 2021 RadarView – Digital Workplace Services
NelsonHall: 2022 NEAT Assessment, Leader, End-to-end Cloud Infrastructure Services
Everest Group: 2022 PEAK Matrix - Cloud Services, Major Contender - North America and EuropeIn 2022, the company was named a Forbes’ America’s Best Employers For Women and a Leader in Advanced Digital Workplace Services Assessment 

Products and services
Unisys offers outsourcing managed services, systems integration and consulting services, application management and device management software, high end server technology, maintenance and support services, and cybersecurity services In line with larger trends in the information technology industry, an increasing amount of Unisys revenue comes from services rather than equipment sales; in 2014, the ratio was 86% for services, up from 65% in 1997  The company maintains a portfolio of over 1,500 U S  and non-U S  patents In 2014, Unisys phased out its CMOS processors, completing the migration of its ClearPath mainframes to Intel x86 chips, allowing clients to run the company's OS 2200 and MCP operating systems alongside more recent Windows and Linux workloads on Intel-based systems that support cloud and virtualization  The company announced its new ClearPath Dorado 8380 and 8390 systems in May, 2015  These new systems allowed the company to transition its ClearPath server families from proprietary CMOS processor technology to a software-based fabric architecture running on Intel processors Unisys operates data centers around the world 
Digital Workplace Services (DWS)In March 2022, Vision-Box awarded Unisys two digital workplace solutions contracts to help build automated “SmartGates,” electronic security gates, at New Zealand’s Auckland International Airport and Australia’s 10 international airports Cloud, Applications, and Infrastructure (CA & I)California State University used Unisys’ CloudForte and Managed Security Services to integrate its hybrid-cloud environment 
After acquiring Compugain, Unisys furthered its cloud capabilities, including hybrid cloud and cloud optimization, agile cloud migration, cloud-native capabilities, and data governance 
Cybersecurity
In November 2020, Unisys updated its Stealth platform to include visualization and dashboard tools to make it easier for an organization to track security in real-time  The new version made it possible for cybersecurity teams to see relationships between all network endpoints, including multiple clouds and edge computing platforms Enterprise Computing (ECS)Unisys was the first to develop a server architecture that supported four operating environments to run simultaneously on the same computer system in a single virtualized partition 
In 2013, Unisys won a $650 million Enterprise Computing Center Support contract to support the computer systems used by the Internal Revenue Service 
Business Processes (BPS)Unisys launched their business process consulting service in 2004  This service called Business Blueprints helped developers create high level models of their own software 
The company partners with Rubicon Technologies to deliver business process solutions 

Partnerships
Unisys’ company partnerships include the following:

VMware
Oracle
British Telecom
Dell Technologies
Amazon Web Services (AWS) MSP Partner and an AWS Government Competency
Microsoft Azure Expert MSP partner and a Microsoft Gold Partner
Global managed services partner to ServiceNow
Google Cloud Partner Advantage Program as a Google Cloud and Google Workspace Resell Partner

Clients
Clients include Bank ABC, Hershey, the Bank of China, Somos, Henkel, Flowserve, The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), MASkargo (the cargo division of Malaysia Airlines), Nutreco,  California State University (CSU), Air India, RAMS Home Loans, and the Georgia Technology Authority Unisys systems are used for many industrial and government purposes, including banking, check processing, income tax processing, airline passenger reservations, biometric identification, newspaper content management, and shipping port management, as well as providing weather data services 

Projects
Additional projects include the following:

Consumerization of IT
A study sponsored by Unisys and conducted by IDC revealed the gap between the activities and expectations of the new generation of "iWorkers" and the ability of organizations to support their needs  The results showed that organizations continue to work with standardized command and control IT models of the past and are not able to profit from the widespread use of newer networked technologies 

Cloud 20/20
Cloud 20/20 is an annual technical paper contest for tertiary students from India in October 2009  The contest allows students to explore the possibilities and complexities of cloud computing in areas such as automation, virtualization, application development, security, consumerization of IT and airports  The contest has drawn participation from universities across India, with over 570 institutes taking part in 2009 and more than a thousand in 2010  The contest culminates in an event where five finalists present their papers before a panel of judges that comprise academicians and technologists  Prizes include the latest technology gadgets, internship projects and career opportunities with Unisys 

People and Culture
Unisys earned a score of 100% on the 2021 Disability Equality Index  The company was recognized as a “Best Place to Work for Disability Inclusion ” The Disability Equality Index is a joint initiative of Disability:IN and the American Association of People with Disabilities  It is a “comprehensive benchmarking tool to measure disability workplace inclusion ”In November 2021, Unisys launched its UGrow program to help its employees grow internally  The program makes different courses available; each one focuses on skills needed by Unisys employees  Company employees also have access to Unisys University, which offers free certifications for over 100 different skills   A few examples include courses focused on management and team leadership skills, communication skills, and culture courses  The courses are organized around Unisys’ core business functions 

Supplier Diversity Program
Unisys has a supplier diversity program, which is a program that “encourages using companies owned by either minorities, veterans, women, or historically underutilized companies as suppliers ”

Carbon Footprint Reduction
In 2006, Unisys committed to reducing its carbon footprint by 75% by 2026  It achieved this five years early in 2021  A year later, the company announced a new goal of net zero carbon emissions by 2030  The company also participates in the Carbon Disclosure Project and UN Global Compact 

Controversies
In 1987, Unisys was sued with Rockwell Shuttle Operations Company for $5 2 million by two former employees of the Unisys Corporation, one a subcontractor responsible for the computer programs for the space shuttle  The suit filed by Sylvia Robins, a former Unisys engineer, and Ria Solomon, who worked for Robins, charges that the two were forced from their jobs and harassed after complaining about safety violations and inflated costs 
Unisys overcharged the U S  government and in 1998 was found guilty of failure to supply adequate equipment  In 1998, Unisys Corporation agreed to pay the government $2 25 million to settle allegations that it supplied refurbished, rather than new, computer materials to several federal agencies in violation of the terms of its contract  Unisys admitted to supplying re-worked or refurbished computer components to various civilian and military agencies in the early 1990s, when the contract required the company to provide new equipment  The market price for the refurbished material was less than the price for new material which the government paid 
In 1998, Unisys was found guilty of price inflation and government contract fraud, with the company settling to avoid further prosecution  Lockheed Martin and Unisys paid the government $3 15 million to settle allegations that Unisys inflated the prices of spare parts sold to the U S  Department of Commerce for its NEXRAD Doppler Radar System, in violation of the False Claims Act, 31 U S C  § 3729, et seq  "[T]he settlement resolves allegations that Unisys knew that prices it paid Concurrent Computer Corporation for the spare parts were inflated when it passed on those prices to the government  Unisys had obtained price discounts from Concurrent on other items Unisys was purchasing from Concurrent at Unisys' own expense in exchange for agreeing to pay Concurrent the inflated prices" In October 2005, the Washington Post reported that the company had allegedly overbilled on the $1-to-3-billion Transportation Security Administration contract for almost 171,000 hours of labor and overtime at up to the maximum rate of $131 13 per hour, including 24,983 hours not allowed by the contract  Unisys denied wrongdoing In 2006, the Washington Post reported that the FBI was investigating Unisys for alleged cybersecurity lapses under the company's contract with the United States Department of Homeland Security  A number of security lapses supposedly occurred during the contract, including incidents in which data was transmitted to Chinese servers  Unisys denies all charges and said it has documentation disproving the allegations In 2007, Unisys was found guilty of misrepresentation of retiree benefits  A federal judge in Pennsylvania ordered Unisys Corp  to reinstate within 60 days free lifetime retiree medical benefits to 12 former employees who were employed by a Unisys predecessor, the Burroughs Corporation  The judge ruled that Unisys "misrepresented the cost and duration of retiree medical benefits" at a time "trial plaintiffs were making retirement decisions" and while it was advising them about the benefits the company would provide during retirement 
Also in 2007, Unisys was found guilty of willful trademark infringement in Visible Systems v  Unisys (Trademark Infringement)  Computer company Visible Systems prevailed over Unisys Corp  in a trademark infringement lawsuit filed in Massachusetts federal court  In November 2007, the court entered an injunction and final judgment ordering Unisys to discontinue its use of the "Visible" trademark, upholding the jury's award to Visible Systems of $250,000 in damages, and awarding an additional $17,555 in interest  Visible Systems claimed Unisys wrongfully used the name "Visible" in marketing its software and services  The jury found the infringement by Unisys was willful  Visible Systems appealed the final judgment, believing the court wrongly excluded the issues of bad faith and disgorgement of an estimated $17 billion in unjust profits from the consideration of the jury 
In 2010, Unisys Hungary terminated the local Workers' Union representative Gabor Pinter's employment contract with immediate effect for raising concerns on the company's practice about the overtime payments and the non-respect of the health regulations in its local Shared Services Center  According to the verdict of the Labour Court of Budapest, Unisys' act was illegal and the Company must reimburse all damages of the Workers' Union representative 

See also



ground_truth: 1986

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the father of the Labo M performer?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nico van der Laan
Nico van der Laan (25 August 1908 – 20 September 1986) was a Dutch architect, as were his father Leo van der Laan and his brothers Jan and Hans, with whom he was closely associated 

Life and work
Nico van der Laan was born in Leiden, son of the architect Leo van der Laan  He studied to 1937 at the Technische Hogeschool in Delft  His eldest brother Jan took over their father's architectural practice in Leiden 
Together with his brother Hans, who in 1927 became a Benedictine monk at Oosterhout Abbey, Nico immersed himself in the theory of the origins of architecture 
After World War II, with his brother Hans, he led a course in Church Architecture in the Kruithuis in 's-Hertogenbosch, using the early Christian basilica as an example, for training architects in the post-war reconstruction of ecclesiastical buildings  From these courses arose the Bossche School, a name given by opponents of the Van der Laan brothers and their followers 
One of his most notable buildings is St  Martin's Church in Gennep  His brother Hans was also very probably involved in the construction of this church, and drawings of it in Hans' hand are known  Nico also supported his brother in other ways, in terms of finance and morale 
From 1946 Nico van der Laan also had his own architectural practice 

Sources
Remery, Michael, 2010: Mystery and Matter: On the Relationship Between Liturgy and Architecture in the Thought of Dom Hans van der Laan OSB (1904-1991 (Studies in Religion and the Arts vol  3)  Brill ISSN 1877-3192 Online version
Passage 2:
M  Suryanarayan
Mothavarapu Suryanarayan (1930 – 2010) was an Indian first-class cricketer who was born on 1 February 1930 during Madras presidency  M  Suryanarayan is the first son of M Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the 'Father of South Indian Cricket' the doyen of Madras Cricket  He was also a  member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamil Nadu in 1954–1955, which the Madras team won against Holkar  He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium bowler  The Hindu describing his Cricket, once said: " His batting resembles very closely that of his father -dashing and carefree -and his cover-drive, a joy to watch, has amazing impetus   "And it added that he had "enriched Madras sport as his father had"  His only younger brother M M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy 

Career
M  Suryanarayan was a stylish right-hand middle order batsman who played off and cover drives in particularly elegant fashion  A stalwart of Madras cricket in the forties and fifties, `Suri' as he was popularly known, played 11 matches for the state in the Ranji Trophy and earned selection for the Indian team for the fifth and final `Test' against the SJOC team at Lucknow in 1953–54  Suryanarayan proved his mettle by scoring two unbeaten half-centuries against bowlers of the class of Frank Worrell, Fazal Mahmood, Amir Elahi, Khan Mohamed, Loxton, Peter Loader, and Jim McConnel  He Captained Madras and Mysore at the highest levels, besides scoring three centuries before lunch in first-class cricket in Madras and Bangalore  He won the All-India University Tennis Doubles title, Partnering Ramanathan Krishnan, and played in the qualifying rounds of the doubles tournament at Wimbledon  He also won several titles in Table tennis and golf in South Indian Competitions 

Later life
M  Suryanarayan followed in his father's footsteps in many ways  He was a natural at all ball games  M  Suryanarayan did a University of Madras Science degree from Presidency College, then moved into the British Indian world of commerce in Madras and Bangalore before going into business on his own  He also spent some years abroad promoting Indian handlooms on behalf of the Government of India  He published a book written by Suri & Raja (ed), Buchi Babu (Father of Madras Cricket) and his sporting clan, 1993 
Passage 3:
Peter Griffin
Peter Löwenbräu Griffin Sr  (born Justin Peter McFinnigan) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American animated sitcom Family Guy  He is voiced by the series' creator, Seth MacFarlane, and first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in the 15-minute pilot pitch of Family Guy on December 20, 1998  Peter was created and designed by MacFarlane himself  MacFarlane was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company based on Larry & Steve, a short made by MacFarlane which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve  After the series pilot was given the green light, the Griffin family appeared in the episode "Death Has a Shadow" 
Peter is married to Lois and is the father of Meg, Chris, and Stewie  He also has a dog named Brian, with whom he is best friends  He has worked at a toy factory and at Quahog's Brewery  Peter's voice was inspired by the security guards that MacFarlane heard at his school  His appearance was a redesign of the protagonist Larry from MacFarlane's previous animated short films The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve  He has appeared in several pieces of Family Guy merchandise—including toys, T-shirts, and video games—and he has made crossover appearances in other shows, including The Simpsons, Drawn Together, American Dad!, and Family Guy's spin-off series The Cleveland Show 

Role in Family Guy
Peter Griffin is a middle-class Irish American in his mid‑forties, who is a bespectacled, obese blue-collar worker with a prominent Rhode Island and Eastern Massachusetts accent  Peter's age has never been officially confirmed and has fluctuated  Peter and his wife, Lois, have three children: Meg, Chris, and Stewie  He also has two deceased children: Peter Jr , who was shaken to death, and Dave, Stewie's twin who is implied to have been killed by Stewie during childbirth  He is the illegitimate son of Thelma Griffin and Mickey McFinnigan, and was raised by Thelma and his stepfather, Francis Griffin  It is uncertain whether Peter's legal parents were married before he was conceived, however, as Peter has a flashback in which Francis directly tells him, "I'm not your father!" in the episode "Peter's Two Dads", in which Peter realizes that Francis is not his true father, implying he knew that Peter is not his biological son  Peter and his family live in the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island, which is modeled after Providence, Rhode Island  Peter primarily worked as a safety inspector at the Happy-Go-Lucky Toy Factory until his boss, Jonathan Weed, choked to death on a dinner roll while dining with Peter and Lois; he then became a fisherman on his own boat, which was known as the "S S  More Powerful than Superman, Batman, Spider-Man, and The Incredible Hulk Put Together", with the help of two Portuguese immigrants, Santos and Pasqual, until his boat was destroyed  He now works in the shipping department of the Pawtucket Patriot brewery  Peter is also shown in various jobs for single episodes and cutaway gags  In one episode, Peter played for the NFL's New England Patriots until his behavior resulted in his being kicked off the team  In a running gag, storylines are randomly interrupted by extremely long, unexpected fights between Peter and Ernie the Giant Chicken, an anthropomorphic chicken who serves as an archenemy to Peter  These battles parody the action film genre, with explosions, high-speed chases, and immense devastation to the town of Quahog 

Character
Creation
MacFarlane initially conceived Family Guy in 1995 while studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)  During college, he created his thesis film entitled The Life of Larry, which was submitted by his professor at RISD to Hanna-Barbera  MacFarlane was hired by the company  Then in 1996, MacFarlane created a sequel to The Life of Larry entitled Larry & Steve, which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve; the short was broadcast in 1997 as one of Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons  Executives at Fox saw the Larry shorts and contracted MacFarlane to create a series, entitled Family Guy, based on the characters  Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15-minute short, and gave him a budget of $50,000  Several aspects of Family Guy were inspired by the Larry shorts  While working on the series, the characters of Larry and his dog Steve slowly evolved into Peter and Brian  MacFarlane stated that the difference between The Life of Larry and Family Guy was that "Life of Larry was shown primarily in my dorm room and Family Guy was shown after the Super Bowl "

Voice
The voice of Peter is provided by MacFarlane, who also provides the voice for Brian, Stewie, Quagmire, Tom Tucker, Carter Pewterschmidt, Dr  Hartman, and others  MacFarlane has been part of the main voice cast from the beginning of the series including the pilot, and has voiced Peter from the start  MacFarlane chose to voice Peter and several other characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it  MacFarlane's speaking voice is not very close to Peter's; he uses his normal voice as the voice of Brian  MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from the security guards he overheard talking while he was attending the Rhode Island School of Design; according to him, "I knew a thousand Peter Griffins growing up in New England  Guys who would not think before they spoke, like [switching to Peter's voice] there was no self-editing mechanism  [Pointing to himself] Everything in here, [pointing to his front] it's coming out here, with no gateway"  MacFarlane also voices many of Peter's ancestors who share the same type of voice  He noted in an interview that he voices Peter and the rest of the characters partly because they initially had a small budget, but also that he prefers to have the freedom to do it himself  In another interview, he pointed out that Peter's voice is one of the most difficult to do There have been rare occasions where MacFarlane does not voice Peter  In the episode "No Meals on Wheels" (season 5, 2007), actor Patrick Stewart voiced Peter in a cutscene, but MacFarlane voices Peter for the rest of the episode  In the episode "Family Gay" (season 7, 2009), Seth Rogen provided a guest-voice as Peter under the effects of the "Seth Rogen gene"  In "Road to the Multiverse" (season 8, 2009), he was voiced by actor Jamison Yang, who was required for a scene where everything in the world was Japanese  In Friends of Peter G (season 9, 2011), John Viener voiced Peter in an alternate timeline where he gave up drinking 

Personality
Peter Griffin is a stereotypical blue-collar worker who frequently gets drunk with his neighbors and friends Cleveland Brown, Joe Swanson and Glenn Quagmire at "The Drunken Clam," Quahog's local tavern  In the season 4 episode "Petarded", Peter discovered his low intellect falls slightly below the level for mental retardation after taking an I Q  test, which places his I Q  at around 70  In that same episode, Peter is declared mentally retarded because of his low I Q  level  Peter also might have brain damage in Wernicke's area as he cutaways into seemingly random situations and speaks in perfect grammar but can't seem to choose how to create a sentence  Peter is known for his brash impulsiveness, which has led to several awkward situations, such as attempting to molest Meg in order to adopt a redneck lifestyle  He is easily influenced by anyone he finds interesting and will often try to replicate their lifestyle and behavior merely out of curiosity  He is incredibly jealous of other attractions Lois has in her life, an attitude which has led to extreme situations, such as when he assaulted a whale that kissed Lois at SeaWorld  In the third season episode "Stuck Together, Torn Apart", Peter and Lois split up because of Peter's jealousy, only to discover that Lois has the same character flaw and the two decide to live together with their mutually jealous nature  Peter has a very short attention span which frequently leads him to bizarre situations, as Chris points out in "Long John Peter", after Peter's parrot dies "He will get over it pretty quickly and then move on to another wacky thing", to which Peter finds a pipe organ and forgets about his parrot (Peter then destroys the pipe organ within seconds and then finds a deed to a cattle ranch)   Peter is also naïve with one example in "Airport '07" where he thinks his truck will fly by filling it with airplane fuel 
Peter has complex relationships with all three of his children  He normally makes fun of Meg and treats her badly, such as in the episode "FOX-y Lady", where he, Meg and Chris try to create a cartoon and they exclude Meg and her ideas  Though in some episodes Peter has had a good relationship with Meg, in "Hell Comes to Quahog" (season 5, 2006), Peter almost tells Meg he loves her and in "Road to Rupert" (season 5, 2007), he told Meg that he would treat her badly in front of the family, but that he would be her friend in secret  It was presumed though that in "Peter's Sister", (season 14, 2015) that Peter would stop bullying Meg  Peter has a much better relationship with Stewie  Peter and Stewie had their adventures when he took him to Walt Disney World Resort in the episode "The Courtship of Stewie's Father" (season 4, 2005)  With Chris, Peter communicates well, but at times when in need of advice or in an adventure Peter tells Chris to do the opposite of what he should do, like in "Long John Peter" (season 6, 2008), where Chris is asking for advice on dating and Peter tells him to treat women horribly Peter is best friends with his anthropomorphic dog, Brian  In earlier seasons, Brian often served as a voice of reason for Peter, helping him out with issues  Brian is extremely grateful to Peter for picking him up on the side of the road as a stray, shown during a flashback in the episode, "Brian: Portrait of a Dog"  His gratitude was affirmed in "New Kidney in Town", where Brian offers to give up both his kidneys and his life so that Peter could undergo a kidney transplant, although he did not have to do it thanks to another, more suitable donor being found  At Brian's funeral in "Life of Brian", Peter said that Brian was his "best friend in the whole world" and "like a brother to him" 

Ancestry
Before Peter was born, his mother Thelma went to Mexico City to have an abortion but gave birth during the procedure, and smuggled him home to Providence, Rhode Island, where he spent his childhood  Peter was raised by Francis and Thelma Griffin in the Roman Catholic faith  In "Peter's Two Dads", he discovers that his biological father is an Irishman named Mickey McFinnigan  Peter visits Mickey, who initially rejects him  Mickey later accepts him as his son after beating him in the "game of drink" (the game of drink referring to matching shots until one passes out)  Mickey is based on the friends of MacFarlane's father  MacFarlane said: "When I was growing up, my father had lots of friends: big, vocal, opinionated New England, Irish Catholics  They were all bursting at the seams with personality, and Family Guy came out of a lot of those archetypes that I spent years observing "

Reception
Praise
Editors of Variety put Family Guy in their contenders for the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series; they stated that, depending on your sense of humor, Peter is either "a comedy genius" or "an obnoxious idiot"  MacFarlane has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Voice-Over Performance category several times for voicing Peter and other characters; he won in 2016  He was also nominated in 2008 for an Annie Award in the Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production or Short Form for voicing Peter Peter has ranked in several of IGN's top 10s (generally these lists are related to the show)  Among these, Peter ranked the third spot on IGN's "Top 25 Family Guy Characters," in which it was stated that many of the show's best gags come from Peter and his shenanigans and that "Peter practically invented the "manatee joke"  Entertainment Weekly placed Peter in its "18 Bad TV Dads" list (the list also included characters like Homer Simpson and Al Bundy) 

Criticism and controversy
Peter has been criticized for being too similar to Homer Simpson  Peter has appeared in some episodes of The Simpsons; in these episodes which he has been featured, he has been depicted as Homer Simpson's clone or is accused of plagiarism  Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Peter is Homer Simpson "as conceived by a singularly sophomoric mind that lacks any reference point beyond other TV shows"  Robin Pierson from The TV Critic criticized the Griffin family for being too similar to the Simpson family, and said that Peter "has Homer Simpson written all over him"  This is eventually made fun of in the episode "Ratings Guy" when, after Peter ruins television and goes to the networks to reverse the changes, Homer Simpson shows up with the same plight, with Peter going "A-ha! Looks like this is one we beat you to!" In "The Simpsons Guy", a crossover episode between Family Guy and The Simpsons, the Griffins end up in the town of Springfield after their car is stolen, where they meet the Simpsons 
Peter has created some controversy in various episodes of Family Guy  The episode "The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire" (season 4, 2005) featured a sequence titled "You Have AIDS", in which Peter dances and sings in a barbershop quartet fashion around the bed of a man with end-stage AIDS about his diagnosis, which drew protests from several AIDS service organizations  In the episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (season 3, 2003), Peter sings a parody song of "When You Wish upon a Star", entitled "I Need a Jew"; on October 3, 2007, Bourne Co  Music Publishers filed a lawsuit accusing the show of infringing its copyright on the original song; Bourne Co , the sole United States copyright owner of the song, alleged the parody pairs a "thinly veiled" copy of their music with antisemitic lyrics  The complaint was not upheld 

Cultural influence
Appearances in the media
Peter has made several television appearances outside of Family Guy, often in the form of direct parody  Peter has appeared in two episodes of The Simpsons, poking fun at how the two shows are frequently compared to each other  In the fourteenth season episode "Treehouse of Horror XIII", Peter is depicted as one of Homer Simpson's clones, and in the seventeenth season episode, "The Italian Bob", a photo of Peter is in a book of criminals, which says he is wanted for "plagiarismo"  Peter also appeared in various episodes of the show's spin-off The Cleveland Show  In addition, Peter has appeared at the end of the American Dad! episode "Hurricane!" with guns on both Stan Smith and former neighbor Cleveland Brown  During the stand-off, Stan accidentally shoots his wife Francine, which Peter declares as "classic American Dad!" 

Merchandise
Peter is also featured on the Family Guy: Live in Vegas CD, and plays a significant part in Family Guy Video Game!, the first Family Guy video game, which was released by 2K Games in 2006  Peter was used in the game Family Guy Online as a character class for the game's character creator  MacFarlane recorded exclusive material of Peter's voice and other Family Guy characters for a 2007 pinball machine based the show, created by Stern Pinball  In 2004, the first series of Family Guy toy figurines was released by Mezco Toyz; each member of the Griffin family had their own toy, with the exception of Stewie, of whom two different figures were made  Over the course of two years, four more series of toy figures have been released, with various forms of Peter  Alongside the action figures, Peter has been included in various other Family Guy-related merchandise As of 2009, six books have been released about the Family Guy universe, all published by HarperCollins since 2005  This include Family Guy: It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One (ISBN 978-0-7528-7593-4), which covers the entire events of the episode "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One", and Family Guy and Philosophy: A Cure for the Petarded (ISBN 978-1-4051-6316-3), a collection of 17 essays exploring the connections between the series and historical philosophers  which include Peter as a character  Peter appears in comic-book based on the Family Guy universe; by Titan Comics  The first comic book was released July 27, 2011 In 2008, the character appeared in advertisements for Subway, promoting the restaurant's massive feast sandwich  Chief marketing officer Tony Pace commented "Peter's a good representation of the people who are interested in the Feast, and Family Guy is a show "that appeals to that target audience " The Boston Globe critic Brian Steinberg praised the restaurant's use of the character for the commercials 

Notes
Passage 4:
Louis Chedid
Louis Chedid (born 1 January 1948, in Ismaïlia) is a French singer-songwriter of Lebanese and Egyptian origin 

Biography
Louis Chedid is the son of the writer Andrée Chedid and the father of Matthieu Chedid (better known as -M-) 
As a child he made his first footsteps into the singing world as a member of the "Manécanterie des Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois", a famous French catholic boys choir 
Chedid was a fan of the jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt and decided that he would set forth into a career in the world of music as soon as he left school  After his first album "Balbutiements" (Mumblings – 1973) attracted little attention, his talent was first recognised after the release of titles like "La Belle" and "T'as beau pas être beau" released in 1977 
In 1981, "Ainsi soit-il" (Amen) rose to the top of the charts, followed four years later by "Anne ma sœur Anne" (My sister Anne) which criticised the increasing popularity of the extreme-right in France  His first, autobiographical novel – 40 Berges Blues – was published in 1992 
Chedid is also the composer of Pierre-Dominique Burgaud's "Le Soldat Rose" (The Pink Soldier, 2006), a fairytale musical whose songs have been interpreted by singers including -M-, Vanessa Paradis, Jeanne Cherhal, Francis Cabrel, Alain Souchon and Bénabar 

Discography
Albums
Promotional singles
"Miss Melissa" (1974)
"Je chante sous les transistors" (1977)
"La Belle" / "Chapeau de paille" (1977)
"T'as beau pas être beau" / "L'Amour S M P M" (1978)
"Papillon" / "Dans la rue de Sherbrooke" (1979)

Collaborations
Fairytale-Musical "Émilie Jolie" (Philippe Chatel, 1979) : chanson du raton-laveur-rêveur (Song of the dreaming racoon)
Duo with his son Matthieu Chedid : Tel père tel fils (like father like son) – for Solidays, a French AIDS charity appeal
Passage 5:
Joffrey Baratheon
Joffrey Baratheon  is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R  R  Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones  Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones, he subsequently appears in A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000) 
Joffrey is officially the eldest son and heir of king Robert Baratheon and Cersei Lannister, but in actuality is the eldest child of Cersei and her twin brother Jaime Lannister   Joffrey inherits the throne after Robert's death, which, along with his execution of Lord Ned Stark of Winterfell, triggers a power struggle in Westeros known as the War of Five Kings  He is characterized as a spoiled, sadistic bully and frequently torments his family as well as Sansa Stark, to whom he is betrothed in the first novel  He later marries Margaery Tyrell, but is killed by poison during his wedding reception  Joffrey's demise is referred to as The Purple Wedding 
Joffrey is portrayed by Irish actor Jack Gleeson in the television adaptation Game of Thrones, a role for which he received international recognition and critical praise 

Overview
Joffrey Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fiancée Sansa Stark  He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome  His appearance is referred to as his one redeeming quality 

Character description
In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the "Mad King" Aerys II Targaryen   In reality, his biological father is his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister   He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship   Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm   This is best epitomized by his response when his (then) betrothed offends him: Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman, and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead   He enjoys forcing people to fight to the death, and enforces cruel punishments for lesser crimes   He has no sense of personal responsibility, blaming failures on others   He lacks self-control and often insults his allies and family members  He is also impulsive, which frequently leads him to make rash decisions  He appears to have virtually no interests other than sadism and extreme violence, paying no attention to actually governing his kingdom or to anything involving sex, even when he is offered exceptionally beautiful women  Though he takes pleasure in violence, Joffrey is shown to be a coward when confronted with danger to himself, and often shies away from any real fighting 
Joffrey is 12 years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones (1996) 

Storylines
A Game of Thrones
Prince Joffrey is taken by his parents to Winterfell and is betrothed to Sansa Stark in order to create an alliance between House Baratheon and House Stark  At first, Joffrey is kind and polite to Sansa  However, he refuses to show sympathy with the family when Bran Stark falls from a tower, until physically forced to by his uncle, Tyrion Lannister  While on the Kingsroad to King's Landing, Joffrey and Sansa come across Arya Stark practicing swordplay with a commoner Mycah  Joffrey accuses Mycah of assaulting a noble girl and makes a cut on his face with a sword  This causes Arya to hit Joffrey, allowing Mycah to escape  When Joffrey then turns on Arya, her direwolf Nymeria attacks Joffrey, injuring him  Later, Joffrey lies about the attack, saying it was unprovoked and demands Nymeria to be killed; however, Sansa's direwolf Lady is killed instead  He later has his bodyguard Sandor "The Hound" Clegane hunt down and kill Mycah 
Later, Eddard Stark discovers that Joffrey is not King Robert's biological son and refuses to acknowledge Joffrey's claim to the throne when King Robert dies  He is taken into custody  On Sansa's pleas, Eddard issues a false confession of his treason  Joffrey promised Sansa that he would be merciful but then beheads Eddard anyway and later forces Sansa to look upon her father's head 

A Clash of Kings
Joffrey is briefly seen in A Clash of Kings (1998)  He rules with whim and caprice, proving difficult for even his mother to control  Sansa becomes imprisoned to his will, and he frequently has his guards beat her when she displeases him  When Stannis Baratheon attacks King's Landing, Joffrey leaves the battlefield, damaging the morale of his army  The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion's use of wildfire and his grandfather Tywin's last-minute counterattack aided by the forces of House Tyrell 

A Storm of Swords
Joffrey sets aside his earlier betrothal to Sansa Stark in favor of Margaery Tyrell, cementing an alliance between the Lannisters and House Tyrell  At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage  Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king  Later after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother's head  His uncle Tyrion and his grandfather Tywin are outraged and the former threatens Joffrey once again  After another disagreement, Tywin sends Joffrey to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin  During his wedding feast, he repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, presenting an offensive play about "The War of the Five Kings", with each of the kings played by dwarves to humiliate his uncle, whom he also forces to act as his cupbearer  At the conclusion of the dinner, however, Joffrey dies from poisoned wine  Tyrion is falsely accused and arrested by Cersei in A Storm of Swords (2000) but it is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators 

Family tree
TV adaptation
Season 1
After Robert's death, Cersei Lannister and her father Tywin Lannister) make Joffrey King, and his mother uses him as a puppet  He is also betrothed to Sansa Stark to cement an alliance between the Houses of Stark and Lannister  A cruel tyrant, Joffrey makes sadistic torture and mass murder the main features of his kingdom, and even has Sansa's father Ned executed for treason (which he declares he will never allow to go unpunished) over Sansa's pleas for mercy and Cersei's disapproval 

Season 2
Joffrey's tyranny worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort, as his uncle (and secretly, father) Jaime (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) is captured by the Starks, and Joffrey's "paternal uncles" Renly (Gethin Anthony) and Stannis (Stephen Dillane) challenge his claim to the Iron Throne  Joffrey frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa  His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his "father"'s bastard children in King's Landing; consequently, he is almost killed during a riot  When Stannis attacks King's Landing, Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting  When the battle eventually turns in Stannis' favor, Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle, damaging the morale of his army  The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion (Peter Dinklage) and grandfather Tywin, aided by the forces of House Tyrell  To cement the alliance between those families, Joffrey's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell (Natalie Dormer) 

Season 3
The marriage is yet to take place, and rifts are growing between Joffrey, and his uncle Tyrion and grandfather Tywin, who are (in their respective ways) rebutting his cruelty  Joffrey also seems to take little interest in his betrothed, but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people's favor, in which he takes part  At Tyrion and Sansa's wedding, he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after Joffrey commands him to consummate the marriage  Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that Tyrion was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king  Later, after the events of the "Red Wedding", Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother Robb's (Richard Madden) head  Tyrion and Tywin are outraged, and the former threatens Joffrey once again  After another disagreement, Tywin sends Joffrey to his room, much to Joffrey's chagrin 

Season 4
Joffrey finally marries Margaery  During his wedding feast, he repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, presenting an offensive play about "The War of the Five Kings", with each of the kings played by dwarves to humiliate his uncle, whom he also forces to act as his cupbearer  At the height of the festivities, Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison and dies  His last act is an attempt to point at Tyrion, and as a result Tyrion is falsely accused and ordered arrested by Cersei, but it is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators  Olenna, Margaery's grandmother, later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry "that beast"  Following Joffrey's funeral, his younger brother and heir, Tommen, is crowned King and proceeds to marry Margaery 

Development and reception

In January 2007, HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television  Jack Gleeson was cast as Joffrey Baratheon  Gleeson received critical acclaim for his portrayal  In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked the character #4 in their list of the "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time"  Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to "five or six people that I went to school with     a classic bully     incredibly spoiled"  Gleason would cite Joaquin Phoenix's portrayal of Commodus in Gladiator as a big influence for his performance 
Passage 6:
Paul Chomnycky
Paul Patrick Chomnycky, OSBM, (born 19 May 1954) is a bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Church and the current bishop of the Diocese of Stamford, Connecticut 

Education
Paul Chomnycky was born in Vancouver, Canada, the son of a Ukrainian-immigrant father and Canadian-born mother (both of whom died in 1996), and graduated from the University of British Columbia with a bachelor's degree in Commerce in 1980   After working as an accountant for two years, he entered the novitate of the Order of St  Basil the Great, working in the Basilian monastery in New York 
On 1 October 1988, he was ordained as a priest of the Order of St  Basil the Great   Then, he continued with further studies in Philosophy at the University of St  Anselm and the Gregorian University in Rome, receiving a Bachelor's in Sacred Theology in 1990 
Upon his return to Canada, he served briefly as an assistant pastor at Sts  Peter and Paul Church in Mundare, Alberta and St  Basil's, Edmonton  Eventually he would return to both parishes as their pastor in 1997 and 2000 and also served as the pastor of St  Mary's Church in Vancouver from 1994 to 1997  During his tenure as pastor at St  Basil's in Edmonton and St  Paul's in Mundare, he was also the superior of the local Basilian monastery 
Bishop Chomnycky also served as the Director of the Basilian Fathers museum in Mundare, a member of the Provincial Council of the Basilian Fathers of Canada, and a member of the college of consultors of the Edmonton Eparchy  He was appointed Exarch for Ukrainian Catholics in Great Britain on April 5, 2002 and consecrated bishop on June 11, 2002 by Cardinal Lubomyr Husar 

See also
Passage 7:
Rosalie Loveling
Rosalie Loveling (20 March 1834 – 4 May 1875) was a Flemish author of poetry, novels, and essays 

Biography
Rosalie Loveling was born in Nevele, Belgium, and was the older sister of Virginie Loveling, also an author, with whom she co-wrote part of her oeuvre  After the death of their father Herman Loveling, the family moved to Ghent where the sisters moved in circles of French-speaking, mainly anti-clerical intelligentsia before eventually returning to Nevele 
She made her literary debut influenced by Klaus Groth, whose 'Trinia' she translated into Dutch  Together with her sister, she went on to write realistic and descriptive poetry with a romantic undertone  They also published two collections of essays on life in the rural communities as well as the city bourgeoisie 
Rosalie Loveling died on 4 May 1875 in Nevele 

Bibliography
Co-authored with Virginie Loveling
Gedichten (1870)
Novellen (1874) Rosalie : Jan-oom en Belle-Trezeken, De baan der kunst, Serafine, Broeder en zuster, Meester Huyghe ; Virginie: Drie kleine schetsen, Sidon, In de Hope van Vrede, De verdwaalden, Emiliaantje
Nieuwe novellen (1876) Rosalie: Mijnheer Daman en zijn erfgenamen, Juffrouw Leocadie Stevens, Po en Paoletto ; Virginie: Octavie en Estelle, De kwellende gedachte, De vijftig franken
Polydoor en Theodoor en andere novellen en schetsen (1883) Virginie: Polydoor en Theodoor ; Rosalie: De hond, Uwe tweede vrouw, Het eenig kind, De gierigheid, Kinderverdriet, Onbehendige troostwoorden, Iets over het onderwijs der vrouw, Beloften en bedreigingen, Mijn verre neef
Onze Rensen (1950)
Niets is onbeduidend (compilation and commentary by A  Van Elslander, 1978)

Sole author
Vreest gij niet (1853)
Trinia, translated from Klaus Groth's work (1864)
Het licht op oog (1866)
De eerst opvoeding (1863)
Het meesterschap (1868)
Het geschenk

See also
Flemish literature
Passage 8:
Ahmet Zappa
Ahmet Emuukha Rodan Zappa (born May 15, 1974) is an American musician and writer, and trustee of the Zappa Family Trust 

Early life
Ahmet Zappa was born in Los Angeles, California, the third of four children born to musician Frank Zappa and businesswoman Gail Zappa (née Sloatman)  His father was of Italian (Sicilian), Greek, Arab, and French descent, and his mother was of German and Portuguese ancestry  He is said to be named after music executive Ahmet Ertegun (co-founder and president of Atlantic Records), whom his father greatly admired  This is contradicted by Neil Slaven in Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story Of Frank Zappa, who notes:

His first name was that of an imaginary person we always had hanging around back when we had no one on our payroll," Gail told Victoria Balfour  "We'd snap our fingers and say, 'Ahmet? Dishes  Coffee, please ' He was also named Rodan after a giant pterodactyl that would have ravaged the world if the Japanese film director Ishiro Honda hadn't destroyed it in 1957 
His older brother and sister are Dweezil Zappa and Moon Zappa, and his younger sister is Diva Zappa 

Career
Ahmet Zappa has released several albums with his brother Dweezil, and wrote the song "Frogs with Dirty Little Lips" with his father 
He has appeared in several feature films and television programs  In the late 1990s, he appeared on Channel 4 UK's The Adam and Joe Show, in a regular segment called "Vinyl Justice", in which hosts Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish, dressed as policemen, examined his vinyl collection for "criminal records"  In 2000, he appeared in the film Ready to Rumble  With his brother Dweezil, he performed a cover of Britney Spears' song "   Baby One More Time" for the film's soundtrack  Other appearances include hosting the TV shows Robotica (TV series) and But Can They Sing? 
In July 2006, Zappa saw the release of his debut novel, entitled The Monstrous Memoirs of a Mighty McFearless, aimed at younger readers  The rights to a movie were purchased by Bruckheimer Films and Disney  The movie is in production with screenwriter Tim Firth assisting, no release date has been announced On October 19, 2006, The Jim Henson Company announced it had hired Zappa to write a treatment for a feature film version of the hit 1980s television show Fraggle Rock  He is also writing a sequel to The Monstrous Memoirs of a Mighty McFearless, which had also been optioned to adapt to a screenplay  Zappa proposed to Disney's studio head Bob Iger that the company form a graphic novel-to-film division; the result was "Disney's Kingdom Comics " Zappa was also given a first-look deal at Walt Disney Studios for motion picture productions  His company is called Monsterfoot Productions  His first film, The Odd Life of Timothy Green, was released in 2012 by Walt Disney Pictures, and starred Jennifer Garner and Joel Edgerton 
Following the death of Zappa's mother, Gail, in October 2015, it was revealed that Ahmet and his sister Diva were given control of the Zappa Family Trust with shares of 30% each, while his siblings Moon and Dweezil were given smaller shares of 20% each  As beneficiaries only, Moon and Dweezil will not see any money from the trust until it is profitable—in 2016, it was "millions of dollars in debt"—and must seek permission from Ahmet, the trustee, to make money from their father's music or merchandise bearing his name  The uneven divide of the trust has resulted in several conflicts between Zappa's children, including a feud between Dweezil and Ahmet over Dweezil's use of his father's music in live performances 
Under Ahmet's direction, the trust proposed a trademark on the name Zappa, which would prevent Dweezil from using the name for commercial purposes without authorization  Since 2006, Dweezil toured with an act called Zappa Plays Zappa, playing his father's music  The trust sought to collect a fee from Dweezil for continued use of the name, as well as proceeds from merchandise sold at Zappa Plays Zappa concerts  In response to the trust's action, Dweezil renamed his performance series "50 Years of Frank: Dweezil Zappa Plays Whatever the F@%k He Wants—the Cease and Desist Tour  In more recent times, the Zappa siblings have legally reconciled their differences with Dweezil noting "It may be a bumpy road at times – we are a passionate Italian family – but we have decided to work toward privately discussing issues rather than using public forums and lawyers "

Personal life
Zappa married actress Selma Blair on January 24, 2004, at Carrie Fisher's mansion in Beverly Hills, California  Blair filed for divorce at the Los Angeles Superior Court on June 21, 2006, citing irreconcilable differences  In a statement to People, a spokesman for the couple said, "Selma and Ahmet have decided to divorce but love each other very much and will continue to be close friends" Zappa is now married to Shana Muldoon—designer, writer, and creator of Disney Star Darlings and the sister of actor Patrick Muldoon  They have a daughter, Halo Violetta Zappa, born in 2010, and a son, Arrow D'Oro Leon Zappa, born in 2016 

Discography
Confessions (1991)
Shampoohorn (1994)
Music for Pets (1996)

Filmography
Pump Up the Volume (1990) – Jaime
Anarchy TV (1998) - Officer Sweitzer
Jack Frost (1998) – Snow plow driver
Children of the Corn V: Fields of Terror (1998) – Lazlo
Ready to Rumble (2000) – Cashier
Gen¹³ (2000) – Additional Voices (voice)
The Odd Life of Timothy Green (2012) – story by and producer

Television
2 Hip 4 Tv – Host (1988)
Roseanne (1994)
webRIOT – host (1999)
Happy Hour – host (1999)
Robotica – host for three seasons (2001–2002)
But Can They Sing? – host (2005)
Head Case Ep No  105 (Parental Guidance Required) – Starz Channel Original Series – self (2008)
Passage 9:
Labo M
Labo M (2003) is the third studio album by French singer-songwriter Matthieu Chedid in his persona as -M-  It's an all-instrumental work which, considering that one of -M-'s trademarks had previously been his inventive wordplay, caused some degree of discontent amongst parts of his fan base  Remarkably successful for an instrumental work, the album entered the French charts at number 27 but proved to be a stopgap with the full studio album Qui de nous deux appearing later the same year 
The album's title meaning "M's Laboratory", is a pun on La Bohème as well as the name of Chedid's recording studio 

Track listing
Tapis Volant 1
Slide Melody
Les Saules
L'Automat
Ricken
Stan est Stone
Au Kazoo
Jam à la Mer
Tapis Volant 2
Coup d'Trash
La Nébuleuse
Passage 10:
Chen Peisi
Chen Peisi (Chinese: 陈佩斯; born 1 February 1954) is a Chinese sketch comedian, film and stage actor, and voice actor   Chen's oft-time comedy partner is Zhu Shimao 

Name
Chen Peisi is the second son of famous stage and film actor Chen Qiang  Chen Qiang's first son (Chen Peisi's brother) was born in 1951 while he was overseas in the Hungarian capital Budapest performing The White-Haired Girl, so he named his first son Chen Buda (陈布达) after Buda, the western half of Budapest, as he loved the city during the visit   When the second son was born three years later, he named the son Peisi after Pest, the eastern half of Budapest, as the Standard Chinese phonetic translation of Budapest is "Bù Dá Peì Sī"   Chen Qiang's youngest child and daughter Chen Lida (陈丽达) was also named after a part of Budapest — the Margaret Island in the Danube between Buda and Pest 

Biography
Chen was born in Changchun, Jilin on 1 February 1954  In 1966, Chen studied at The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University  In 1969, during the Cultural Revolution, he worked in Inner Mongolia Production and Construction Corps  In 1973, Chen worked in August First Film Studio as an actor  In 1991, Chen set up a company named Hainan Comedy Film and Television Limited Company (海南喜剧影视有限公司), then renamed it Dadao Film and Television Limited Company (大道影业有限公司)  In 2000, Chen and his partner Zhu Shimao sued the China International Television Corporation over royalties from broadcasts which they won, but they were then taken off air by the parent company, China Central Television On October 26, 2020, he returned to the CCTV stage and served as the first instructor of the variety show "Gold Medal Comedy Class" after 20 years 

Filmography
Film
Television
Variety show
Passage 11:
Jodie Rimmer
Jodie Rimmer (born 1974) is a New Zealand voice and performer actress best known for starring on Young Hercules, as Lilith  Her work includes Xena: Warrior Princess,  Channelling Baby, The Strip, and In My Father's Den 

Biography
Rimmer was educated at Glenfield College on Auckland's North Shore 

Awards
In 2005, Rimmer won in the Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role category at the New Zealand Screen Awards for her role in the film In My Father's Den (2004) 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 12:
David Wm  Sims
David William Sims (born September 17, 1963) is an American musician, best known as the bass guitarist of the bands Scratch Acid (with whom he initially played guitar), Rapeman, and The Jesus Lizard  He has also recorded or performed with Sparklehorse, Rhys Chatham, Shivaree, Pigface, Flour, and others  Sims currently performs experimental solo electric bass as Unfact 
Sims was born and raised in Austin, Texas  His parents were an American-history professor and a nurse  Besides being a musician, Sims is a Certified Public Accountant and blogged on his personal website from 2008 to 2011, with only updates subsequently  In a Kreative Kontrol podcast in 2014, it was discussed that Sims "always had issues with the name" of Rapeman and that it was "the biggest musical regret" of his life  He lives in New York City 

Solo discography (as Unfact)
2010 "Dead Wasp" 7" single (Ox-Ghost Recordings)
2010 "Bleached Valentine" - split LP with Noveller (Ox-Ghost Recordings/Saffron Recordings)
Passage 13:
Lucy Walker (climber)
Lucy Walker (1836–1916) was a British mountaineer and the first woman to climb the Matterhorn 
Walker was born in 1836, in British North America, in what would later become Canada  Her mother, Jane McNeil McMurdo, moved from Scotland to North America with her husband and infant daughter in 1836  Mrs McMurdo left her husband to live with Francis (Frank) Walker; Lucy Walker and her brother Horace were born before their parents moved to England  The McMurdos divorced in 1841, and Frank Walker and Jane McMurdo married on 24 April 1841  The family then moved to Liverpool, England, where Frank Walker became a lead merchant   Walker began her climbing rather modestly in 1858 when she was advised by her doctor to take up walking as a cure for rheumatism   Accompanied by her father Frank Walker and her brother Horace Walker, both of whom were early members of the Alpine Club, and Oberland guide Melchior Anderegg, she became the first woman to regularly climb in the Alps 
Walker's achievements were, at first, largely unnoticed except by those in her immediate company   Early successes included the first ascent of the Balmhorn (1864), and the first female ascent of the Eiger (1864), Wetterhorn (1866), and Piz Bernina (1869)  In 1871 her long-standing guide, Melchior Anderegg, learned that a contemporary Meta Brevoort, an American female mountaineer, was planning an expedition to climb the Matterhorn   Walker's party hastily rearranged their plans and on 21 July, she became the first woman to stand atop the Matterhorn, and with it gained world renown  As well as the Eiger she had already been the first woman to climb the Aiguille Verte (1870), Lyskam (1868), Gross Fiescherhorn (1868), Schreckhorn (1867), Weisshorn (1866), Dom (1866), Rimpfischhorn (1864), Grand Combin (1864), Zumsteinspitze (1863), Finsteraarhorn (1862) and the Strahlhorn (1860)  In 1873 she added the Taschhorn to this enviable  list of first ascents In all Lucy Walker completed a total of 98 expeditions  In 1909 she became a member of the newly formed Ladies' Alpine Club where she was acclaimed as the pioneer of women climbers   In 1913 she was elected its second President and served in that capacity until 1915  She died at her home in Liverpool on 10 September 1916 

See also
Annie Smith Peck
Frederica Plunket

Further reading
Brown, Rebecca (2003)  Women on high : pioneers of mountaineering  [S l ]: Appalachian Mountain Club  ISBN 9781929173426  OCLC 795297761 
Passage 14:
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island is a 2012 American science fantasy action-adventure film directed by Brad Peyton and produced by Beau Flynn, Tripp Vinson and Charlotte Huggins  A sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008), the film is based on Jules Verne's The Mysterious Island (1875)  It stars Dwayne Johnson, Michael Caine, Josh Hutcherson, Vanessa Hudgens, Luis Guzmán, and Kristin Davis  The storyline was written by Richard Outten, Brian Gunn and Mark Gunn, and the screenplay by Brian and Mark Gunn 
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released in cinemas on February 10, 2012, by Warner Bros  Pictures, New Line Cinema and Walden Media to mixed reviews, but was a box office success with a worldwide gross of $335 million, surpassing its predecessor  It was released on DVD/Blu-ray on June 5, 2012 

Plot
Four years after his adventure in the center of the earth, 17-year-old Sean Anderson is arrested by the police for breaking into a satellite control center in hopes of enhancing a coded signal that could have been sent by his long-missing grandfather, Alexander Anderson  
Wanting to bond with Sean, his new stepfather Hank Parsons helps decipher the code, which leads to three books: Treasure Island, Gulliver's Travels, and Jules Verne's Mysterious Island  Using the books' individual maps, Hank uses a backlight to make them a single island, complete with the coordinates to its location  Hoping to prove to Sean that there is no mysterious island there, Hank agrees to take him to where the coordinates point to 
In Palau, Hank reluctantly hires helicopter tourism guide Gabato and his daughter Kailani (on whom Sean develops an immediate crush) to fly to the coordinates, as they are the only ones willing to take them  The helicopter gets caught in a cyclone and they crash into the Pacific, waking up on the island 
Moving in land, they are shocked to discover miniature elephants (which belong to a prehistoric species, the Dwarf sicilian elephant) and giant butterflies, meaning the animal sizes are opposite  After coming across an egg clutch, Gabato accidentally wakes up a giant frilled lizard, which chases them throughout the jungle  
They nearly get eaten, but are saved by Alexander  He takes them to a hut he built from the wreckage of the ship that brought him to the island  He has a working radio, but due to the positioning of the satellite, it will be two weeks before they can call out 
The next morning, Alexander leads the group to the lost city of Atlantis, which rises every 70 years and sinks again after a couple of days  Although Alexander assures them the island won't sink for many years, Hank discovers sea water coming from underground, meaning they only have days before the island sinks  Their only means of salvation seems to be the legendary Nautilus, Captain Nemo's submarine  Kailani enters Nemo's crypt and finds his journal, which shows that Nautilus is in a cave at Poseidon's Cliffs 
To go there, they mount giant bees and fly over a high ridge  When giant bee-eater birds try to devour them, Sean saves Kailani's life, but dislocates his ankle  Hank and Alexander reset Sean's ankle, then the group has a bonding moment when Hank sings his rendition of "What a Wonderful World" to ease Sean's pain 
The next morning, the water rises greatly and Hank deduces that the island will sink in a matter of hours  Gabato is missing, having gone toward the island's volcano in search of gold  While Alexander and Kailani go after him, Sean and Hank head for Poseidon's Cliffs 
To reach Nautilus' underwater cave, Sean and Hank create makeshift oxygen tanks and dive down fifty feet, but are nearly killed by a giant electric moray eel  The 140-year-old batteries have run down, so they engineer a way to start the submarine with the eel's electricity 
Kailani and Alexander find Gabato and convince him to escape with them instead of trying to take some volcano gold  As they near Poseidon's Cliffs, the volcano erupts  Sean and Hank arrive in Nautilus just in time to rescue the others from the water  Gabato pilots the submarine out of harm's way while Hank and Sean fire torpedoes into the path of falling debris  As they clear the dangers, Kailani kisses Sean for his bravery 
Six months later, Kailani and Gabato are well off, as he runs the most popular tourist attraction on Palau – tours aboard the Nautilus  Kailani visits Sean on his birthday  While the family celebrates, Alexander arrives with a book for Sean's birthday present – Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon, Alexander's suggestion for the next new adventure with the family 
The film ends with the camera panning to the moon 

Cast
Dwayne Johnson as Hank, Sean's stepfather and a former Navy code breaker 
Josh Hutcherson as Sean, Hank's stepson who wants to find his missing grandfather on the Mysterious Island 
Michael Caine as Alexander, Sean's grandfather who is the father of Max and Trevor Anderson from the previous film 
Luis Guzmán as Gabato, Kailani's father, who is part of the father-daughter tour guide team 
Vanessa Hudgens as Kailani, part of the father-daughter tour guide company and Sean's love interest 
Kristin Davis as Liz, Sean's mother and Hank's wife  Portrayed by Jane Wheeler in the previous film 
Anna Colwell as Jessica
Stephen Caudill as Cop, a police officer who is a friend of Hank's 
Branscombe Richmond as Tour Guide
Walter Bankson as Hockey Player

Production
After the commercial success of the first film, New Line Cinema and Walden Media purchased Richard Outten's spec script, Mysterious Travels, in March 2009 to serve as the basis for the film  In the story, the characters embark on a journey to a mysterious uncharted island thought to have inspired the writing of three literary classics: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, and Jules Verne's Mysterious Island  Brian Gunn and Mark Gunn were chosen to revise Outten's script  Warner Bros  and New Line Cinema announced that Journey 2: The Mysterious Island would be released on February 10, 2012 

Casting
Josh Hutcherson was the only actor to reprise his role  Due to scheduling issues, Brendan Fraser and Anita Briem did not return  Kristin Davis replaced Jane Wheeler as Sean's mother Liz  Dwayne Johnson played Sean's stepfather, who is forced to accompany Sean on the trip to find his missing grandfather Alexander (played by Michael Caine) on a mythical and monstrous island  Vanessa Hudgens was cast as Hutcherson's love interest, Kailani 

Short film
The theatrical release of the film was preceded by a Looney Tunes short film titled Daffy's Rhapsody, featuring Daffy Duck and Elmer Fudd in the first CG or 3-D depiction of these specific Looney Tunes characters  The short film's director, Matthew O'Callaghan, noted that "Daffy Rhapsody was originally recorded in the early 1950s as part of a kids' album"  Unlike the earlier CG Looney Tunes shorts that appeared before Happy Feet Two and Yogi Bear, this short did not appear on the home video release of the film it accompanied 

Release
Theatrical release
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released in cinemas on February 10, 2012, by Warner Bros  Pictures, Walden Media and New Line Cinema  The film was accompanied by a 3D Looney Tunes short titled Daffy's Rhapsody  The short was originally going to play before Happy Feet Two, but was replaced with I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat to go along with the bird theme 

Home media
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released on DVD/Blu-ray on June 5, 2012 

Reception
Box office
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island grossed $103 9 million in North America and $231 4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $335 3 million, against a production budget of $79 million surpassing its predecessor  In North America, the film earned a $6 54 million on its debut Friday, ranking fourth at the box office  Over the weekend, it earned $27 3 million, coming in third place, much higher than the original's $21 0 million debut  Outside North America, Journey 2 began its run three weeks before its North American release  It topped the box office outside North America for two consecutive weekends and three in total  It surpassed the original's total outside North America  Its highest-grossing region after North America was China ($58 4 million), followed by Russia and the CIS ($17 6 million) and Mexico ($12 7 million) 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 131 reviews with an average rating of 4 92/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Aggressively unambitious, Journey 2 might thrill teen viewers, but most others will find it too intense for young audiences and too cartoonishly dull for adults"  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade, stating that "the movie flies by pleasantly, and is then instantly forgettable  Perhaps Jules Verne can explain the science of that"  Randy Cordova from the Arizona Republic said: "Johnson can't save the movie, directed by Brad Peyton, from being a sloppy skip from one seemingly unrelated idea to the next"  Roger Ebert, who gave the first film two stars, gave the sequel two-and-a-half stars, stating: "It isn't a "good" movie in the usual sense (or most senses), but it is jolly and goodnatured, and Michael Caine and Dwayne Johnson are among the most likable of actors" 

Accolades
Soundtrack
Letterbomb - Performed by Green Day
Sleep Forever - Performed by Crocodiles
Aloha Oe - Performed by Dwayne Johnson
Hello Again - Performed by Meta & The Cornerstones
Three Little Birds - Performed by Bob Marley & The Wailers
What a Wonderful World - Performed by Dwayne Johnson

Future
In August 2014, Carey Hayes and Chad Hayes were announced to write the script for a third film  Brad Peyton and Dwayne Johnson were expected to direct and star in the sequel, respectively  It was later stated that there would be two sequels  By January 2018 however, Johnson stated despite the financial success of The Mysterious Island, and although a third film titled Journey from the Earth to the Moon was intended, its development had been cancelled due to a lack of immediate interest and troubles in adequately adapting the novel  Despite this, reports from Hollywood production insiders arose in August 2020, stating that a sequel was once again in development  In December 2021, Hiram Garcia confirmed that Warner Bros  Pictures wants a sequel film, though Seven Bucks Productions decided to delay development in favor of pursuing other projects 

See also
Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 film)
Passage 15:
Matthieu Chedid
Matthieu Chedid (born 21 December 1971) is a French multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter 
Chedid began his career as a session musician playing both acoustic and electric guitar  In the late 1990s, he rose to fame as a singer-songwriter and musician under the alias M (often stylized as -M-), blending Nouvelle Chanson, electronic and rock music  In studio, he experiments with various instruments and electronic music, while on tour as -M- he mostly plays the guitar, and is known for his eccentric outfits and dramatic live performances, sometimes including special effects 
Chedid has also performed in the 2005 stage musical Le soldat rose and is part of French-Malian band Lamomali  Since 2018, he has been the most awarded artist at the Victoires de la Musique Awards with 13 awards, tied with Alain Bashung 

Biography
Matthieu Chedid was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, France  His father Louis Chedid is a singer from a family of Lebanese extraction, of Maronite and Greek Orthodox Christian background  Louis Chedid's mother Andrée (née Saab) was an Egyptian-born French writer and poet, who has written lyrics for Matthieu Chedid's songs  Matthieu Chedid's sisters are the music video and concert director Émilie Chedid (born in 1970) and French singer Anna Chedid (born in 1987), also known by her stage name Nach  His brother Joseph "Selim" Chedid (born in 1986) is also a French singer and a guitar and drums player 
Chedid took an interest in music early on  In 1978, at the age of six, Chedid lent his voice to the chorus of his father's hit song T'as beau pas être beau alongside older sister, Émilie  During his teenage years and early twenties, Chedid was part of short-lasting groups such as Tam Tam , Les Bébés fous and Les Poissons Rouges with Mathieu Boogaerts, as well as Julien Voulzy and Pierre Souchon (respectively the sons of singers Laurent Voulzy and Alain Souchon) who went on to form the duo Les Cherche Midi 
He has collaborated with a number of artists, both on stage and in the recording studio  Early into his solo career, Chedid was the opening act for Texas concerts  He has recorded with NTM, Sinclair, Billy Ze Kick, Brigitte Fontaine, Sean Lennon, Vanessa Paradis, and Johnny Hallyday 
Until 2008, Chedid was in a relationship with French actress Audrey Tautou 

-M-
Chedid performs and records under the stage name -M-  Chedid created -M- as means of overcoming his shyness on stage and also as a way of distancing his work from that of his father and grandmother  The pseudonym comes from Chedid's first initial but also refers to the similar-sounding French word aime, meaning love  The character -M- is a superhero, noted for having a playful nature, and recognized for his flamboyant costumes (primarily monochrome suits with slim trousers and long jackets with upward pointed collars) and hair styled into the shape of an M In 1997, -M- released his first solo album Le Baptême  During this time; he played mainly solo or with the cellist Vincent Ségal  The album received overall positive critical reception, but public recognition only came a few months later, with the release of the single "Machistador" 

Je dis aime
In 1999, -M- published his second album, Je dis aime a title that puns 'aime' (like/love) with 'M'  A few months later, the album was 11th on the French Charts, with more than 500,000 albums sold, thanks to a number of successful songs ("Je dis aime", "Onde Sensuelle", "Monde Virtuel", "Le complexe du corn-flakes", "Mama Sam") 
Live, -M- played with Cyril Atef, Vincent Segal and DJ Shalom for the samples on some songs  He still works with his sister Emilie Chedid for the realisation of the clips  His live performance largely contributed to his success, playing on his character of -M- to transform every concert into a show  He won his first Victoire de la Musique awards for Male Artist of the Year and Concert of the Year 

"Belleville Rendez-vous" and Qui de nous deux
-M- gained international exposure through his recording of the song "Belleville Rendez-vous" for the soundtrack of the 2003 Sylvain Chomet animated film The Triplets of Belleville in both French and English   The song, with lyrics by Chomet and music by Benoit Charest, was nominated for a 2003 Academy Award   The music video for "Belleville Rendez-vous" uses both a live-action depiction of -M- and an animated depiction incorporated into footage from the film 
In autumn 2003, he released his 3rd album Qui de nous deux (Which one of us two) with the singles "Qui de nous deux", "La bonne étoile", "Mon ego"  Softer, this album saw the birth of his first daughter, Billie, for whom an all-pink guitar was built by instrument-maker Cyril Guérin  A pink guitar can be seen in the video for "Qui de nous deux" 
In 2007, he worked once again with Vanessa Paradis on her album Divinidylle, released in September 2007 

Mister Mystère
Rumors circulated before the release of his 2009 studio album, Mister Mystère, that Chedid had decided to drop the character -M- to record and perform under his given name  The album, however, was released under the name -M- but included photographs of the singer without the wild costumes and hair associated with the -M- character  The music video for the first single, "Le Roi des ombres", showed Chedid burning a tiny effigy of his alterego 

Louis, Matthieu, Joseph et Anna Chedid
Chedid was part of the musical group Louis, Matthieu, Joseph et Anna Chedid with several members of his family  They began with a tour in 2015, which was followed by a studio recording 

Îl, Lamomali, and Lettre infinie
In autumn 2012, he released the album, Îl, played with Lawrence Clais and Brad Thomas Ackley 
He worked with Toumani Diabaté and Sidiki Diabaté on a collective album, Lamomali, released in March 2017 The album also features Philippe Jaroussky as well as Oxmo Puccino lending a mesmeric world music flavour to it that celebrates cultural diversity and world peace 
In 2019, he released the studio album, Lettre infinie, featuring collaborations from Thomas Bangalter and Phillipe Zdar  He announced new album, R Ê V A L I T É, to be released in June of 2022 

Public image
Chedid is mostly known for his on-stage persona -M- whose signature hairstyle is reminiscent of the letter M and was initially achieved using hair wax  According to Chedid, the hairstyle was inspired by the ear tufts of certain species of owls, from a lithography of an owl given by his grandmother Andrée  The letter M also appears as a pattern in the character's clothes, in music videos and stage sets  With his energetic personality, eccentric outfits and hairstyle, the character has drawn comparisons with English musician David Bowie's stage persona Ziggy Stardust  Besides Matthieu Chedid, the character -M- has also been portrayed by actor Vincent Lindon in the music video for Chedid's song La bonne étoile  In promotional material and music videos for his 2009 album Mister Mystère, Chedid is seen with natural hair instead of the signature M-shaped hairstyle  The lyrics of some of the songs, and the music video of Le Roi des Ombres ending with Chedid burning a tiny effigy of the -M- character, led to speculation about whether he would abandon his alter ego  Chedid eventually kept performing the character, showing his natural hair or wearing M-shaped wigs or helmets 

Awards
Matthieu Chedid holds the gold place in number of Victoires de la Musique awards, with 13 awards

Discography
Albums
Studio albums

Collaborations

Live albums

Soundtracks

Rereleases

Singles
As main artist
Collaborations
Other hits
Charity
2016: "Vole" (with Nolwenn Leroy, Alain Souchon, Laurent Voulzy   )

Bibliography
Les Âmes de Mogador (2003), with Patrice Renson : tribute to Essaouira (Maroc)  A CD of ten unreleased tracks is included 
-M-, qui de nous deux (2004), with Claude Gassian : book produced during the recording of the album Qui de nous deux
-M- de A à Z (2005), by Mathias Goudeau
Le monde de -M- (2005), with Marianne Chedid, Sonia Rachline and Sophie Laurent : insight on his career, with a lot of pictures
-M- le mot dit : esthétique d'un funkistador by Marc Borbon: analysis of M's world through a fan's own experience
Le Livre Extraordinaire de -M- by Lisa Roze: package of an archival photographs, unpublished shootings, a book, postcards, a pop-up, a new song (Si Si No No), etc 



ground_truth: Louis Chedid