prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the person who voices Jarvis in the Avengers Age of Ultron?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Paul Bettany
Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is a British actor  He is best known for his roles as J A R V I S  and Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and for starring in the Disney+ miniseries WandaVision (2021), for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie 
Bettany first gained popularity for appearing in the films Gangster No  1 (2000), A Knight's Tale (2001) and A Beautiful Mind (2001)  He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for playing Stephen Maturin in the film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)  Other films in which Bettany has appeared include Dogville (2003), Wimbledon (2004), The Da Vinci Code (2006), The Tourist (2010), Margin Call (2011), Legend (2015) and Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018)  He made his directorial debut with the film Shelter (2014), which he also wrote and co-produced 
In television and theatre, Bettany has portrayed Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll in the series A Very British Scandal and Andy Warhol in the play The Collaboration in the West End, which is set to transfer to Broadway 

Early life
Bettany was born on 27 May 1971 in London, to Anne (née Kettle), a stage singer, theatre teacher, and stage manager, and Thane Bettany, a dancer, actor, drama teacher and godfather to Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh  Bettany was raised Roman Catholic, although his church attendance drifted after his confirmation  Bettany then experimented with other Christian denominations among which were Methodist and Church of England congregations with his father  Bettany is now an atheist  While his father taught at the all-girls boarding school Queenswood School, near Hatfield, Hertfordshire, the family lived on the school grounds When Bettany was 16, his brother Matthew died at age 8 after falling onto concrete from a tennis pavilion roof at Queenswood  Soon after, Bettany dropped out of school, left home, and became a street performer in London  He lived in a small flat and earned money by playing his guitar in the streets as a busker  His parents later divorced  After two years, he found a new job in a home for the elderly  After working there for a year, Bettany enrolled at the Drama Centre London  He had dyslexia prior to it being recognised as a learning difficulty 

Career
In 1990, at the age of 19, Bettany began a three-year course at the Drama Centre London in Chalk Farm  He made his stage debut in Stephen Daldry's acclaimed West End revival of An Inspector Calls at the Aldwych Theatre, playing the part of Eric Birling  He also appeared in the Royal Shakespeare Company's productions of Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, and Julius Caesar (for which he received a Charleson Award nomination)  When Bettany was 21, he appeared in a BBC production of Oliver Twist, playing Bill Sikes 
After appearing in the finale of Sean Bean's series Sharpe as William II of the Netherlands at the Battle of Waterloo, he made his film debut with a small part in Bent, a Holocaust drama which also featured Clive Owen, Jude Law, and Ian McKellen  He continued doing work in stage and television: these included Joe Penhall's Love and Understanding, which played at London's Bush Theatre and then ran in Connecticut  He had roles in the television productions Killer Net and Coming Home, during which he met and dated Emily Mortimer  His last stage work was in One More Wasted Year and Stranger's House at the Royal Court Theatre  He filmed several more movies, including his first leading role in Gangster No  1  The British Independent Film Awards nominated him for Best Actor, and the London Film Critics' Circle nominated him for British Newcomer of the Year Back in Hollywood, writer/director Brian Helgeland (L A  Confidential) was planning a new film called The Sin Eater (also known as The Order)  He was impressed by Bettany's audition tape, though Helgeland eventually decided to film A Knight's Tale instead  The studio executives were not impressed, but Helgeland was determined to cast him, even writing the part of Chaucer for him  A Knight's Tale would be Bettany's first big Hollywood production  He received critical acclaim for A Knight's Tale, including winning the London Film Critics Circle Award for Best British Supporting Actor  After the movie wrapped, Helgeland, determined that Hollywood should recognize Bettany's talent, showed the audition tape to many of his peers, including Ron Howard, who promptly cast Bettany in A Beautiful Mind alongside Russell Crowe and Jennifer Connelly  After A Beautiful Mind, Bettany was offered the role of serial killer Francis Dolarhyde in Red Dragon, opposite Edward Norton and Anthony Hopkins  He turned down the role due to his commitment to a role in Lars von Trier's Dogville Bettany's next major project saw him starring again alongside A Beautiful Mind costar Russell Crowe in Peter Weir's Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World  His portrayal of surgeon and naturalist Stephen Maturin brought him a BAFTA nomination, and he was named British Actor of the Year (London Film Critics' Circle), and Best Actor (Evening Standard) 
On 28 June 2004, Bettany and 13 other actors were included in the 2004 invitation to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences  Dogville and The Reckoning were released in limited cinemas in 2004  In September of that year, Bettany made his leading-man debut in Wimbledon, a romantic comedy with Kirsten Dunst  The film's cast would also introduce him to Jon Favreau, playing his manager, a relationship that would return when Favreau cast him as the voice of J A R V I S  in Iron Man  In mid-2005, Bettany filmed Firewall in Vancouver, Canada, a thriller also starring Harrison Ford and Virginia Madsen, which reunited him with Wimbledon director Richard Loncraine  He spent the autumn of 2005 filming The Da Vinci Code, based on Dan Brown's best-selling novel and starring Tom Hanks, Audrey Tautou and Ian McKellen  In the film, he played an Opus Dei monk named Silas 
In 2007, Bettany went to London to star in There For Me, written by his friends Dan Fredenburgh and Doraly Rosen  In 2008, he appeared in the New Line Cinema family fantasy Inkheart, playing the part of a fire-eater named Dustfinger  In 2009, he appeared as Charles Darwin in Creation, starring opposite his own wife Jennifer Connelly  In 2010, Bettany appeared alongside Johnny Depp and Angelina Jolie in The Tourist and portrayed the archangel Michael in Legion, a film depicting divine vengeance upon humanity  He starred in the films Priest and Margin Call, both released in 2011 
Bettany reprised his voice role as J A R V I S  in 2010's Iron Man 2, 2012's The Avengers, 2013's Iron Man 3, and Disneyland's Innoventions attraction  In 2014, Bettany starred alongside Johnny Depp and fellow British actor Rebecca Hall in the feature film Transcendence  He was once again paired with Depp in Mortdecai, a 2015 motion picture also starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Ewan McGregor  After voicing J A R V I S  for five years, Bettany made his first onscreen appearance in a Marvel Cinematic Universe film in the 2015 film Avengers: Age of Ultron, playing Vision  He reprised the role in the sequels Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018) Bettany portrayed Ted Kaczynski in the Discovery Channel television show, Manhunt: Unabomber  Bettany replaced Michael K  Williams in Solo: A Star Wars Story, after Williams was removed from the final film, as he was unable to return to set during the film's reshoots  Bettany was cast in his place, with the character being reworked from a motion-capture alien to a human  On 20 January 2018, it was reported that Bettany was nearing a deal to play Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on the Netflix series The Crown, succeeding Matt Smith  Days later, on 25 January, it was reported by TVLine that Bettany was ultimately unable to sign on due to scheduling conflicts Bettany starred alongside Elizabeth Olsen in the Marvel television miniseries WandaVision, portraying a new version of his Marvel Cinematic Universe character, Vision, with Olsen portraying the titular Wanda  It premiered on Disney+ in January 2021, garnering praise from critics  Reviewing the series, Matt Purslow of IGN wrote Bettany "effortlessly takes to the comedic skits" and that he and Olsen "provide a fantastic amount of life, wit, and emotion"  For his performance, Bettany received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Bettany starred in the 2021 miniseries A Very British Scandal  He played artist Andy Warhol in a production of the play The Collaboration by Anthony McCarten at the Young Vic in London from February to April 2022  He is slated to reprise the role in a film adaptation of the play  Bettany is attached to portray businessman Alexander Nix in a film about the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal as well as co-write and star in the dramedy film Harvest Moon Bettany will reprise his role as Vision in the television series Vision Quest 

Personal life
On 1 January 2003, Bettany married American actress Jennifer Connelly in Scotland; they met when they starred together in the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind  They did not become a couple until some time after filming, as both were in other relationships at the time  As a teenager, he had developed a crush on her after seeing her in the 1986 film Labyrinth  The September 11 attacks motivated him to act on his feelings for her, and after two days of attempting to contact her, he proposed, despite the fact that they were not yet in a relationship  Soon after their marriage, they moved to Brooklyn Heights after living in Tribeca  The couple have two children together  Bettany is stepfather to Connelly's son from a previous relationship Bettany is close friends with actor Johnny Depp  Text messages between Bettany and Depp from 2013 were used as evidence in 2020 during Depp's defamation trial against The Sun and in 2022 as part of Depp's defamation trial against his ex-wife, actress Amber Heard 

Acting credits
Film
Television
Theatre
Awards and nominations
Notes
Passage 2:
Adriana Caselotti
Adriana Elena Loreta Caselotti (May 6, 1916 – January 18, 1997) was an American actress and singer  Caselotti was the voice of the title character of the first Walt Disney animated feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, for which she was named a Disney Legend in 1994, making her the first female voice-over artist to achieve this 

Early life
Adriana Caselotti was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, to an Italian-American family   Her father, Guido Luigi Emanuele Caselotti, was an immigrant from Udine, and worked as a music teacher and vocal coach, and served as the organist for the Holy Rosary Church; and her mother, Maria Josephine née Orefice Caselotti from Casavatore, was a singer in the Royal Opera Theatre of Rome   Her older sister, Louise, sang opera and gave voice lessons—Maria Callas being a student of hers   When Caselotti was seven years old, her family left Connecticut for Italy, while her mother toured with an opera company   Caselotti was educated and boarded at the San Getulio convent, near Rome   When her family returned to New York three years later, Caselotti re-learned English and studied singing with her father   In 1934, Caselotti attended Hollywood High School where she sang in the senior class Girls' Glee Club and had a leading role in the school's annual musical, The Belle of New York 

Career
In 1935, after her brief stint as a chorus girl and session singer at MGM, Walt Disney hired Caselotti as the voice of the heroine, Snow White   She was paid a total of $970 for working on the film (equivalent to $19,746 in 2022)   She was not credited for the role, and had trouble finding new opportunities later in life   Jack Benny specifically mentioned that he had asked Walt Disney for permission to use her on his radio show and was told, "I'm sorry, but that voice can't be used anywhere  I don't want to spoil the illusion of Snow White " Caselotti had two more jobs in the film business  The first was an uncredited role in MGM's The Wizard of Oz (1939); she provided the voice of Juliet during the Tin Man's song, "If I Only Had a Heart", speaking the line, "Wherefore art thou Romeo?" In 1946, she had an uncredited role in Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life, singing in Martini's bar as James Stewart is praying Adriana Caselotti appeared in several promotional spots for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and signed memorabilia during promotional events   On November 22, 1972 (Thanksgiving Day), she guest-starred on an episode of The Julie Andrews Hour saluting the music of Walt Disney, singing "I'm Wishing" and "Some Day My Prince Will Come" with Julie Andrews  She also made a guest appearance on the syndicated The Mike Douglas Show   Caselotti later wrote a how-to book, Do You Like to Sing? Later in life, she sold autographs and sang opera, including performing in Rigoletto  In the early 1990s, when the Snow White Grotto at Disneyland was refurbished, Caselotti, at the age of 75, re-recorded "I'm Wishing" for the Snow White Wishing Well exhibit  In 1994, she was named a Disney Legend 

Personal life
Caselotti was married four times  Her first husband was Robert James Chard, a local theater ticket broker whom she married in 1945  The marriage ended in divorce  She later met actor Norval Weir Mitchell, whom she married in 1952  He retired after marrying her and died in 1972  The same year, she was married to a podiatrist, Joseph Dana Costigan, who died in 1982  Caselotti married her last husband, Joseph Laureat Florian St  Pierre, a retired postal employee, in 1989 and they later divorced 

Illness and death
On January 18, 1997, Caselotti died of cancer at her Los Angeles home, at the age of 80 

Filmography
Television
Television shows
Film
Radio
Awards and recognition
Passage 3:
Samuel L  Jackson
Samuel Leroy Jackson (born December 21, 1948) is an American actor and producer  One of the most widely recognized actors of his generation, the films in which he has appeared have collectively grossed over $27 billion worldwide, making him the second highest-grossing actor of all time  According to a more recent rating, he is the highest-grossing actor of all time  In 2022, he received the Academy Honorary Award as "a cultural icon whose dynamic work has resonated across genres and generations and audiences worldwide" Jackson made his professional theatre debut in Mother Courage and her Children in 1980 at The Public Theatre  From 1981 to 1983 he originated the role of Private Louis Henderson in A Soldier's Play off-Broadway  He also originated the role of Boy Willie in August Wilson's The Piano Lesson in 1987 at the Yale Repertory Theatre  He portrayed Martin Luther King Jr  in the Broadway play The Mountaintop (2011)  He returned to Broadway in the 2022 revival of The Piano Lesson playing Doaker Charles, for which he received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination Jackson's early film roles include Coming to America (1988), Juice (1992), True Romance (1993), Menace II Society (1993), and Fresh (1994)  His collaborations with Spike Lee led to greater prominence with films such as School Daze (1988), Do the Right Thing (1989), Mo' Better Blues (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Oldboy (2013), and Chi-Raq (2015)  Jackson's breakout performance was as Jules Winnfield	in Quentin Tarantino's crime drama Pulp Fiction (1994) which earned him a BAFTA Award win and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor  He further collaborated with Tarantino, acting in Jackie Brown (1997), Django Unchained (2012), and The Hateful Eight (2015) 
He also gained widespread recognition as the Jedi Mace Windu in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005), and Nick Fury in 11 Marvel Cinematic Universe films, beginning with Iron Man (2008), as well as guest-starring in the ABC series Agents of S H I E L D   Jackson has provided his voice for Lucius Best / Frozone in the Pixar films The Incredibles (2004) and Incredibles 2 (2018)  He has also acted in a number of big-budget films, including Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), A Time to Kill (1996), Unbreakable (2000), Shaft (2000) and its reboot (2019), XXX (2002), Coach Carter (2005), Snakes on a Plane (2006), Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014), Kong: Skull Island (2017), and Glass (2019) 

Early life
Samuel Leroy Jackson was born in Washington, D C , on December 21, 1948, the only child of Elizabeth Harriett (née Montgomery) and Roy Henry Jackson  He grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee  His father lived away from the family in Kansas City, Missouri, and later died of alcoholism  Jackson met him only twice during his life  He was raised by his mother, a factory worker and later a supplies buyer for a mental institution; he was also raised by his maternal grandparents, Edgar and Pearl Montgomery, as well as extended family  According to DNA tests, Jackson partially descends from the Benga people of Gabon, and he became a naturalized citizen of Gabon in 2019  He attended several segregated schools and graduated from Riverside High School in Chattanooga  He played the French horn, piccolo, trumpet, and flute in the school orchestra  He developed a stutter during childhood and learned to "pretend to be other people who didn't stutter"  He still uses the word "motherfucker" to get through a speech block  He still has days where he stutters  Initially intent on pursuing a degree in marine biology, he attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia  After joining a local acting group to earn extra points in a class, he found an interest in acting and switched his major  Before graduating in 1972, he co-founded the Just Us Theatre After Martin Luther King Jr 's assassination in 1968, Jackson attended King's funeral in Atlanta as one of the ushers  He then travelled to Memphis, Tennessee, to join an equal rights protest march  In a 2005 Parade interview, he said, "I was angry about the assassination, but I wasn't shocked by it  I knew that change was going to take something different—not sit-ins, not peaceful coexistence " In 1969, Jackson and several other students held members of the Morehouse College board of trustees (including Martin Luther King Sr ) hostage on the campus, demanding reform in the school's curriculum and governance  The college eventually agreed to change its policy, but Jackson was charged with and eventually convicted of unlawful confinement, a second-degree felony  He was suspended for two years for his criminal record and his actions  He would later return to the college to earn a BA in drama in 1972  While he was suspended, he took a job as a social worker in Los Angeles  He decided to return to Atlanta, where he met with Stokely Carmichael, H  Rap Brown, and others active in the Black Power movement  He began to feel empowered with his involvement in the movement, especially when the group began buying guns  However, before he could become involved with any significant armed confrontations, his mother sent him to Los Angeles after the FBI warned her that he would die within a year if he remained with the group  In a 2018 interview with Vogue, he denied having been a member of the Black Panther Party 

Career
1972-1987: Early roles and theatre work
Jackson initially majored in marine biology at Morehouse College before switching to architecture  He later settled on drama after taking a public speaking class and appearing in a version of The Threepenny Opera  Jackson began acting on the stage, including Home and A Soldier's Play, which was the inspiration for the 1984 film, A Soldier's Story  He appeared in several television films, and made his feature film debut in the blaxploitation independent film Together for Days (1972)  After these initial roles, Jackson moved from Atlanta to New York City in 1976, and spent the next decade appearing in stage plays, including the premiers of The Piano Lesson and Two Trains Running at the Yale Repertory Theater  To supplement his income while auditioning, he worked at the Manhattan Plaza apartment complex as an overnight security guard   Jackson developed addictions to alcohol and cocaine, which prevented him from proceeding with the two plays to Broadway (actors Charles S  Dutton and Anthony Chisholm took his place) 

1988-1993: Rise to prominence
After a 1981 performance in the play A Soldier's Play, Jackson was introduced to director Spike Lee, who cast him for small roles in School Daze (1988) and Do the Right Thing (1989)  He also worked for three years as a stand-in for Bill Cosby on The Cosby Show  Throughout his early film career, mainly in minimal roles in films such as Coming to America (1988) and various television films, Jackson was mentored by Morgan Freeman Jackson played a minor role in the 1990 Martin Scorsese film Goodfellas, as real-life Mafia associate Stacks Edwards  Having overdosed on heroin several times, he switched to cocaine  His family entered him into a New York rehabilitation clinic  After he completed rehabilitation, he appeared in Jungle Fever as a crack cocaine addict  Jackson said that the role was cathartic, commenting, "It was a funny kind of thing  By the time I was out of rehab, about a week or so later I was on set and we were ready to start shooting " His performance was so acclaimed that the jury of 1991 Cannes Film Festival added a special "Supporting Actor" award just for him  Following this role, Jackson became involved with the comedy Strictly Business and dramas Juice and Patriot Games  He then moved on to two other comedies: National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1 (his first starring role) and Amos & Andrew  Jackson worked with the director Steven Spielberg in 1993's Jurassic Park 

1994-1998: Career breakthrough
After a turn as the criminal Big Don in 1993's True Romance—written by Quentin Tarantino and directed by Tony Scott—Tarantino asked Jackson to play Jules Winnfield in Pulp Fiction (1994)  Jackson was surprised to learn that the part had been specifically written for him: "To know that somebody had written something like Jules for me  I was overwhelmed, thankful, arrogant—this whole combination of things that you could be, knowing that somebody's going to give you an opportunity like that " Pulp Fiction, Jackson's thirtieth film, made him internationally recognized and he received praise from critics  Entertainment Weekly wrote: "As superb as Travolta, Willis, and Keitel are, the actor who reigns over Pulp Fiction is Samuel L  Jackson  He just about lights fires with his gremlin eyes and he transforms his speeches into hypnotic bebop soliloquies " For the Academy Awards, Miramax Films pushed for, and received, the Best Supporting Actor nomination for Jackson  He also received a Golden Globe nomination and won the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Role After Pulp Fiction, Jackson received multiple scripts to review: "I could easily have made a career out of playing Jules over the years  Everybody's always sending me the script they think is the new Pulp Fiction " With a succession of poor-performing films such as Kiss of Death, The Great White Hype, and Losing Isaiah, Jackson began to receive poor reviews from critics who had praised his performance in Pulp Fiction  This ended with his involvement in the two box-office successes, Die Hard with a Vengeance, starring alongside Bruce Willis in the third installment of the Die Hard series; and A Time to Kill, where he played a father put on trial for killing two men who raped his daughter  For A Time to Kill, Jackson earned an NAACP Image for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture and a Golden Globe nomination for a Best Supporting Actor Quickly becoming a box office star, Jackson continued with three starring roles in 1997  In 187 he played a dedicated teacher striving to leave an impact on his students  He received an Independent Spirit award for Best First Feature alongside first-time writer/director Kasi Lemmons in the drama Eve's Bayou, for which he also served as executive producer  He worked again with Tarantino on Jackie Brown and received the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin Film Festival and a fourth Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of the arms merchant Ordell Robbie  In 1998, he worked with established actors: Sharon Stone and Dustin Hoffman in Sphere; and Kevin Spacey in The Negotiator, playing a hostage negotiator who resorts to taking hostages himself when he is falsely accused of murder and embezzlement  In 1999, Jackson starred in the horror film Deep Blue Sea, and as Jedi Master Mace Windu in George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace  In an interview, Jackson claimed that he did not have a chance to read the script for the film and did not learn he was playing the character Mace Windu until he was fitted for his costume (though he later said that he was eager to accept any role, just for the chance to be a part of the Star Wars saga) 

1999-2007: Established actor
On June 13, 2000, Jackson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7018 Hollywood Blvd  He began the next decade of his film career playing a Marine colonel put on trial in Rules of Engagement, co-starred with Bruce Willis for a third time in the supernatural thriller Unbreakable, and starred in the 2000 remake of the 1971 film Shaft  He reprised both of the latter roles in 2019, his Unbreakable character Mr  Glass in Glass and Shaft in another film titled Shaft  Jackson's sole film in 2001 was The Caveman's Valentine, a murder thriller directed by Lemmons in which he played a homeless musician  In 2002, he played a recovering alcoholic, attempting to keep custody of his kids while fighting a battle of wits (in Changing Lanes) with Ben Affleck's character  He returned for Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, seeing his minor supporting role develop into a major character  Mace Windu's purple lightsaber in the film was the result of Jackson's suggestion; he wanted to be sure that his character would stand out in a crowded battle scene  Jackson then acted as an NSA agent, alongside Vin Diesel in XXX, and as a kilt-wearing drug dealer in The 51st State  In 2003, Jackson again worked with John Travolta in Basic and then as a police sergeant alongside Colin Farrell in the television show remake SWAT A song within the soundtrack was named after him, entitled Sammy L  Jackson by Hot Action Cop  Jackson also appeared in HBO's documentary Unchained Memories, as a narrator along many other stars like Angela Bassett and Whoopi Goldberg 
Based on reviews gathered by Rotten Tomatoes, in 2004 Jackson starred in both his lowest and highest ranked films in his career  In the thriller Twisted, Jackson played a mentor to Ashley Judd  The film garnered a 2% approval rating on the website, with reviewers calling his performance "lackluster" and "wasted"  He then lent his voice to the computer-animated film The Incredibles as the superhero Frozone  The film received a 97% approval rating, and Jackson's performance earned him an Annie Award nomination for Best Voice Acting  He made a cameo in another Quentin Tarantino film, Kill Bill: Volume 2 In 2005, he starred in the sports drama Coach Carter, where he played a coach (based on the actual coach Ken Carter) dedicated to teaching his players that education is more important than basketball  Although the film received mixed reviews, Jackson's performance was praised despite the film's storyline  Bob Townsend of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution commended Jackson's performance, "He takes what could have been a cardboard cliché role and puts flesh on it with his flamboyant intelligence " Jackson also returned for two sequels: XXX: State of the Union, this time commanding Ice Cube, and the final Star Wars prequel film, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith  His last film for 2005 was The Man alongside comedian Eugene Levy  On November 4, 2005, he was presented with the Hawaii International Film Festival Achievement in Acting Award On January 30, 2006, Jackson was honored with a hand and footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre; he is the seventh African American and 191st actor to be recognized in this manner  In an interview that year, he said that he chooses roles that are "exciting to watch" and have an "interesting character inside of a story", and that in his roles he wanted to "do things [he hasn't] done, things [he] saw as a kid and wanted to do and now [has] an opportunity to do"  He next starred opposite actress Julianne Moore in the box office bomb Freedomland, where he depicted a police detective attempting to help a mother find her abducted child while quelling a citywide race riot  Jackson's second film of the year, Snakes on a Plane, gained cult film status months before it was released based on its title and cast  Jackson's decision to star in the film was solely based on the title  To build anticipation for the film, he also cameoed in the 2006 music video "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" by Cobra Starship  On December 2, 2006, Jackson won the German Bambi Award for International Film, based on his many film contributions  In December 2006, Jackson starred in Home of the Brave, as a doctor returning home from the Iraq War 
On January 30, 2007, Jackson was featured as narrator in Bob Saget's direct-to-DVD Farce of the Penguins  The film was a spoof of the box office success March of the Penguins (which was narrated by Morgan Freeman)  Also in 2007, he portrayed a blues player who imprisons a young woman (Christina Ricci) addicted to sex in Black Snake Moan, and the horror film 1408, an adaptation of the Stephen King short story  Later the same year, Jackson portrayed an athlete who impersonates former boxing heavyweight Bob Satterfield in director Rod Lurie's drama, Resurrecting the Champ  In 2008, Jackson reprised his role of Mace Windu in the CGI film, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, followed by Lakeview Terrace where he played a racist cop who terrorizes an interracial couple  In November of the same year, he starred along with Bernie Mac and Isaac Hayes (who both died before the film's release) in Soul Men 

2008-2019: Career expansion
In 2008, he portrayed the villain in The Spirit, which was poorly received by critics and the box office  In 2009, he again worked with Quentin Tarantino when he narrated several scenes in the World War II film Inglourious Basterds In 2010, he starred in the drama Mother and Child and portrayed an interrogator who attempts to locate several nuclear weapons in the direct-to-video film Unthinkable  Alongside Dwayne Johnson, Jackson again portrayed a police officer in the opening scenes of the comedy The Other Guys  He also co-starred with Tommy Lee Jones for a film adaptation of The Sunset Limited 
Throughout Jackson's career, he has appeared in many films alongside mainstream rappers  These include Tupac Shakur (Juice), Queen Latifah (Juice/Sphere/Jungle Fever), Method Man (One Eight Seven), LL Cool J (Deep Blue Sea/S W A T ), Busta Rhymes (Shaft), Eve (xXx), Ice Cube (xXx: State of the Union), Xzibit (xXx: State of the Union), David Banner (Black Snake Moan), and 50 Cent (Home of the Brave)  Additionally, Jackson has appeared in five films with actor Bruce Willis (National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1, Pulp Fiction, Die Hard with a Vengeance, Unbreakable, and Glass) and the actors were slated to work together in Black Water Transit before both dropped out 
In 2002, Jackson gave his consent for Marvel Comics to design their "Ultimate" version of the character Nick Fury after his likeness  In the 2008 film Iron Man, he made a cameo as the character in a post-credit scene  In February 2009, Jackson signed on to a nine-picture deal with Marvel Studios which would see him appear as the character in Iron Man 2, Thor, Captain America: The First Avenger, and The Avengers, as well as any other subsequent film they would produce  He reprised the role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)  In February 2015, Jackson stated that he only has two movies left on his Marvel contract following Age of Ultron  In 2018 and 2019, Jackson made cameo appearances as Fury in the Avengers sequels Infinity War and Endgame, and starred as a younger, de-aged Fury in Captain Marvel alongside Brie Larson 
Among his more recent film roles, Jackson appeared in Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained, which was released December 25, 2012, Tarantino's The Hateful Eight, which was released in 70mm on December 25, 2015, and Jordan Vogt-Roberts' Kong: Skull Island, which was released on March 10, 2017  In 2019, Jackson reprised his Unbreakable role as Mr  Glass in the film Glass, and his Shaft role in Shaft, both sequels to his 2000 films  Also in 2019, he appeared in the Brie Larson film Unicorn Store, and had a prominent role as Fury in the Marvel film Spider-Man: Far From Home  Additionally, he reprised his role as Fury in a cameo appearance on the ABC television series Agents of S H I E L D  in 2013 and the season finale in 2014 

2020-present: Return to theatre
In 2020, he appeared in the television documentary series Enslaved  He also appeared in the 2021 movie Spiral: From the Book of Saw alongside Chris Rock  After an eleven-year absence from the stage Jackson returned to Broadway as Doaker Charles in a revival of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson opposite John David Washington and Danielle Brooks  The 2022 production was directed by Jackson's wife LaTanya Richardson Jackson  For his performance he received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination 

Upcoming projects
He is set to produce a live-action film adaptation of Afro Samurai, and will play the role of Sho'nuff in a remake of The Last Dragon  He is set to reprise his MCU role as Nick Fury in the upcoming Disney+ series Secret Invasion, and in The Marvels, the sequel to Captain Marvel 

Other appearances
He's known for his extensive voice roles including Whiplash in Turbo (2013), the title character of the anime series Afro Samurai (2007), and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004)  He also narrated the acclaimed documentary I Am Not Your Negro (2016) 
In addition to films, Jackson also appeared in several television shows, a video game, music videos, as well as audiobooks  Jackson had a small part in the Public Enemy music video for "911 Is a Joke"  Jackson voiced several television show characters, including the lead role in the anime series, Afro Samurai, in addition to a recurring part as the voice of Gin Rummy in several episodes of the animated series The Boondocks  He was in the Pilot for Ghostwriter  He guest-starred as himself in an episode of the BBC/HBO sitcom Extras  He voiced the main antagonist, Officer Frank Tenpenny, in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas  Jackson also hosted a variety of awards shows  He has hosted the MTV Movie Awards (1998), the ESPYs (1999, 2001, 2002, and 2009), and the Spike TV Video Game Awards (2005, 2006, 2007, and 2012)  In November 2006, he provided the voice of God for The Bible Experience, the New Testament audiobook version of the Bible  He was given the lead role because producers believed his deep, authoritative voice would best fit the role  He also recorded the Audible com audiobook of Go the Fuck to Sleep  For the Atlanta Falcons' 2010 season, Jackson portrayed Rev  Sultan in the Falcons "Rise Up" commercial 
He also appeared in the Capital One cash-back credit card commercials  Jackson too appeared in a Sky Broadband Shield commercial, Sky UK's broadband service as Nick Fury to promote Captain America: The Winter Soldier  He also played Nick Fury in an ad for the video game Marvel Snap  Jackson released a song about social justice with KRS-One, Sticky Fingaz, Mad Lion & Talib Kweli about violence in America called "I Can't Breathe" which were the last words said by Eric Garner 

Box-office performance
Throughout the 1990s, A C  Neilson E C I , a box office–tracking company, determined that Jackson appeared in more films than any other actor who grossed $1 7 billion domestically  By 2011, the films that featured Jackson as a leading actor or supporting co-star had grossed a total of $2 81 to $4 91 billion at the North American box office  This placed him as the seventh-highest-grossing lead actor and the second-highest-grossing actor, behind only voice actor Frank Welker  The 2009 edition of The Guinness World Records, which uses a different calculation to determine film grosses, stated that Jackson is the world's highest-grossing actor, with $7 42 billion generated across 68 films  Subsequently, as of 2022, according to data crunched by the Golden Globes, this total has ballooned out to more than $27 billion grossed across 152 movies, locking him in as the highest-grossing actor, and second-highest grossing person in film in general behind Stan Lee, who was primarily known for his cameo work 

Audiobooks
2011: Adam Mansbach: Go the Fuck to Sleep, publisher: BRILLIANCE CORP, ISBN 978-1-4558-4165-3
2014: Chester Himes: A Rage in Harlem, publisher: BRILLIANCE CORP, ISBN 978-1-4915-1908-0

Personal life
In 1980, Jackson married actress and producer LaTanya Richardson, whom he met while attending Morehouse College  The couple have a daughter named Zoe (born 1982)  In 2009, they started their own charity to help support education  Jackson has said that he watches his own films in cinemas: "Even during my theater years, I wished I could watch the plays I was in—while I was in them! I dig watching myself work " He also enjoys collecting the action figures of the characters he portrays in his films, including Jules Winnfield, Shaft, Mace Windu, and Frozone Jackson is bald but enjoys wearing wigs in his films  He said about his decision to shave his head, "I keep ending up on those 'bald is beautiful' lists  It's cool  You know, when I started losing my hair, it was during the era when everybody had lots of hair  All of a sudden, I felt this big hole in the middle of my afro  I couldn't face having a comb over so I had to quickly figure what the haircut for me was " His first bald role was in The Great White Hype  He usually gets to pick his own hairstyles for each character he portrays  He poked fun at his baldness the first time he appeared bald on The Tonight Show, explaining that he had to shave his head for one role, but then kept receiving more and more bald roles and had to keep shaving his head so that wigs could be made for him  He joked that "the only way [he's] gonna have time to grow [his] hair back is if [he's] not working"  He is noted for often wearing a Kangol hat in public Jackson has a clause in his contracts that allows him to play golf during film shoots  He has played in the Gary Player Invitational charity golf tournament to assist Gary Player in raising funds for children in South Africa  He is a keen basketball fan, supporting the Toronto Raptors and the Harlem Globetrotters  He has supported English football team Liverpool FC since appearing in The 51st State, which was shot in Liverpool, and also supports Irish football team Bohemian FC 
Jackson campaigned during the 2008 Democratic Primary for Barack Obama in Texarkana, Texas  He said, "Barack Obama represents everything I was told I could be growing up  I am a child of segregation  When I grew up and people told me I could be president, I knew it was a lie  But now we have a representative    the American Dream is a reality  Anyone can grow up to be a president " He also said, "I voted for Barack because he was black  That's why other folks vote for other people—because they look like them " In December 2012, he compared his Django Unchained character, a villainous house slave who sides with his white oppressors, to black conservative Justice Clarence Thomas and said that the character had "the same moral compass as Clarence Thomas does"  Following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v  Wade in June 2022, he again criticized Thomas, referring to him as "Uncle Clarence" and asking how Clarence—who is married to white attorney Ginni Thomas—feels about overturning Loving v Virginia, a Supreme Court ruling which allowed interracial marriages In June 2013, Jackson launched a joint campaign with Prizeo in an effort to raise money to fight Alzheimer's disease  As part of the campaign, he recited various fan-written monologues and a popular scene from the AMC series Breaking Bad  In August 2013, he started following a vegan diet for health reasons, explaining that he is "just trying to live forever"  He attributed his 40 lb (18 kg) weight loss to the diet  He had largely abandoned the diet by March 2017, but still praised and recommended it  He launched a campaign called "One for the Boys", which teaches men about testicular cancer and urges them to "get themselves checked out" He was granted Gabonese citizenship in 2019 after the results of a DNA test claimed to link him to the country's Benga ethnic group  In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Jackson encouraged people to wear face masks as part of California's "Your Actions Save Lives" campaign  Along with Dwayne Johnson, he also encouraged those who had recovered from COVID-19 to donate their blood to help others fighting the virus  He additionally appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! to read a satirical book, Stay the Fuck at Home, which spread awareness of social distancing 

Filmography
Awards and honors
Over his career, Jackson has received various awards for his performances on film  At the 44th Cannes Film Festival he received the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in Spike Lee's Jungle Fever (1991)  He received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead for his performance in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994)  He also received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for the performance as well  At the 48th Berlin International Film Festival, he received Silver Bear for Best Actor for his leading performance in Tarantino's Jackie Brown (1997)  In 2021, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences named Jackson as one of its Academy Honorary Award recipients as "A cultural icon whose dynamic work has resonated across genres and generations and audiences worldwide " At the 12th Annual Governors Awards, friend and actor Denzel Washington presented Jackson with his Oscar 

Notes
Passage 4:
Andy Serkis
Andrew Clement Serkis (born 20 April 1964) is an English actor, director and producer  He is best known for his performance capture roles comprising motion capture acting, animation and voice work for computer-generated characters such as Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003) and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), King Kong in the eponymous 2005 film, Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot trilogy (2011–2017), Captain Haddock / Sir Francis Haddock in Steven Spielberg's The Adventures of Tintin (2011), Baloo in his self-directed film Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018) and Supreme Leader Snoke in the Star Wars sequel trilogy films The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017), also portraying Kino Loy in the Star Wars Disney+ series Andor (2022) 
Serkis is the tenth highest-grossing actor of all time, and his film work in motion capture has been critically acclaimed  He has received an Empire Award and two Saturn Awards for his motion-capture acting  He earned a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of serial killer Ian Brady in the British television film Longford (2006) and was nominated for a BAFTA for his portrayal of new wave and punk rock musician Ian Dury in the biopic Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll (2010)  In 2020, Serkis received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema  In 2021, he won a Daytime Emmy Award for the series The Letter for the King (2020) Serkis portrayed Ulysses Klaue in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and Black Panther (2018), as well as the Disney+ series What If…? (2021)  He has played Alfred Pennyworth in The Batman (2022)  Serkis has his own production company and motion capture workshop, The Imaginarium in London, which he used for Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle  He made his directorial debut with Imaginarium's 2017 film Breathe  He directed Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), which is set in Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) 

Early life
Serkis was born on 20 April 1964 in Ruislip Manor in Middlesex (now within Greater London)  He grew up in both Ruislip and Baghdad, Iraq  His mother, Lylie Weech, was half Iraqi and half English, and taught disabled children; his father, Clement Serkis, was an Iraqi-Armenian gynaecologist  His parents are Catholic  His ancestors' original surname was "Sarkisian"  His father often worked abroad in the Middle East, while Serkis and his siblings were raised in Britain, with regular holidays in the Middle Eastern cities of Tyre, Sidon, Damascus and Baghdad Serkis was educated at St Benedict's School, Ealing  He studied visual arts and theatre as part of his degree at Lancaster University and graduated in 1985  Serkis was a member of The County College and part of the student radio station Bailrigg FM  He joined the Nuffield Studio, getting involved in designing and producing plays Having agreed to act in a couple of productions towards the end of his first year, Serkis played the lead role in Barrie Keeffe's play Gotcha as a rebellious teenager holding a teacher hostage  As a result, he changed his major subject to acting, constructing his Independent Studies Degree around acting and set design, studying Konstantin Stanislavski and Bertolt Brecht, and including minor modules in art and visual graphics  In his final year at Lancaster he adapted Raymond Briggs's graphic novel The Tin-Pot Foreign General and the Old Iron Woman, a satire about the Falklands War, as a one-man show, which he performed to acclaim 

Career
In his third year at university, Serkis joined the backstage team at the local Duke's Playhouse to earn his Equity card  On graduating, although advised to take a one-year post-graduate acting course, he joined Dukes as an actor  Under director Jonathan Petherbridge, who used workshops based on the methods of Augusto Boal, he spent 18 months acting in a broad range of productions from Brecht, Shakespeare and modern British playwrights After 16 months, and having gained his Equity card, Serkis joined a series of touring companies, including productions of: Bouncers opposite Hull Truck; Florizel in The Winter's Tale; and the fool in King Lear with director Max Stafford-Clark  In the early 1990s he settled in London, and took a role in April de Angelis' Hush (Royal Court) as Dogboy  Also the Royal Court Theatre's production of Mojo, and Wilson Milam's production of Hurlyburly (1997) at the Queen's Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, with Rupert Graves and David Tennant  Serkis also developed a career in television, appearing in small roles such as Greville in an episode of The Darling Buds of May (1992) and a criminal called Maxwell in an episode of Pie in the Sky (1994)  Serkis joined director Mike Leigh's ensemble for two film productions, and appeared in the romantic comedy Loop (1997) alongside Susannah York  Serkis portrayed Victorian choreographer John D'Auban in Topsy-Turvy, a 1999 film about Gilbert and Sullivan's creation of The Mikado  In 1999, Serkis played Bill Sikes in ITV's adaptation of Oliver Twist  He appeared alongside Sacha Baron Cohen in The Jolly Boys' Last Stand in 2000 
Serkis first came to wide public notice for his performance as Sméagol / Gollum, in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003), for which he provided motion capture movements and voice for the CGI character  His work on The Lord of the Rings started a debate on the legitimacy of CGI-assisted acting  Some critics felt Serkis should have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, since his voice, body language and facial expressions were used Serkis has performed motion capture work in several other films, including the title character in the 2005 version of King Kong (in which he also played the ship's cook in live action) and as Caesar in Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011), Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), and War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)  He also worked with game developers Ninja Theory on the 2007 release Heavenly Sword, providing the motion capture and voice for King Bohan (the game's main villain) In 2006, Serkis starred as serial killer Ian Brady in the BAFTA-nominated Longford, co-starring Samantha Morton as Myra Hindley and Jim Broadbent as Lord Longford  That same year, Serkis appeared in the role of Mr  Grin in the film rendition of Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider novel Stormbreaker  He also acted in the film The Prestige as Mr  Alley (assistant to Nikola Tesla), as the voice of one of the henchrats in the Aardman Animations film Flushed Away named Spike, and appeared in Jim Threapleton's improvised feature film Extraordinary Rendition, which premiered in 2007  In 2007, he appeared in Sugarhouse, a low-budget independently made film, playing local crime lord Hoodwink, who terrorises an east London housing estate  For the role, Serkis shaved his head and had sessions lasting 20 hours each to have temporary tattoos stencilled onto his body  The film premiered at the 2007 Edinburgh Festival and released in the UK on 24 August  Also that year, Serkis provided the voiceover for Monkey Life, on Five broadcast for three weeks from 13 to 31 August 2007  This series was about Monkey World, the popular ape and monkey sanctuary and zoo near Wool, Dorset  In the joint BBC/HBO production Einstein and Eddington, (2008) Serkis played Albert Einstein, following the development of his theory of relativity, while David Tennant played scientist Sir Arthur Eddington  In 2008, Serkis appeared as Rigaud in the BBC Television adaptation of Charles Dickens' Little Dorrit and as Capricorn in Inkheart, the film adaptation of Cornelia Funke's novel  In 2010, Serkis played 1970s new wave singer Ian Dury in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll 
Serkis reunited with Peter Jackson, as a cast member in Jackson's and Steven Spielberg's Tintin trilogy, based on The Adventures of Tintin  Serkis supplied the voice and motion capture performance of Captain Haddock (adopting a Scottish accent) as well as his ancestor, Sir Francis Haddock  Filming began in January 2009 and the film was released in 2011  Filming was due to begin in September 2008, but was delayed due to Universal pulling out of backing the project In 2009, Serkis voiced the role of the demon Screwtape in Focus on the Family's Radio Theatre audio adaptation of C  S  Lewis's The Screwtape Letters  In 2010, Serkis was cast as William Hare, with Simon Pegg as Burke, in the John Landis black comedy film Burke and Hare based on the Burke and Hare murders in Scotland in 1828  He also featured in the TV series The Accused, in "Liam's Story", written by Danny Brocklehurst and Jimmy McGovern  He played Caesar in the 20th Century Fox science-fiction film Rise of the Planet of the Apes  Serkis was acclaimed for his performance as Caesar in 2011, and in a high-profile campaign by 20th Century Fox for him to be honoured with a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination, his co-star James Franco stated: "Andy Serkis is the undisputed master of the newest kind of acting called 'performance capture,' and it is time that Serkis gets credit for the innovative artist that he is " In 2010, Serkis played Monkey, the lead character along with Lindsey Shaw in the videogame Enslaved: Odyssey to the West 
In January 2011, it was confirmed that Serkis would reprise the role of Gollum in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey the first film in the three-part The Hobbit films  It was released in 2012, and the follow-ups were released in 2013 and 2014  He was also the trilogy's second unit director, which included directing aerial shots and battle scenes  He was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012 along with 175 other individuals  In 2014, Serkis reprised his role as Caesar in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, and again in 2017 for War for the Planet of the Apes, the last of the trilogy In Gareth Edwards' 2014 science-fiction monster film Godzilla, Serkis was the consultant on the film's motion capture sequences in order to "control the souls" of the creatures  Serkis played Ulysses Klaue in Marvel Studios' Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and was also a motion capture consultant on the film  He reprised the role in Marvel Studios' Black Panther (2018), and provided the voice in the sixth episode of Marvel's What If   ?  He played Supreme Leader Snoke in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) and reprised the role in Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019)  Serkis appeared as the Ghost of Christmas Past in the 2019 BBC/FX three-part miniseries A Christmas Carol  In 2019, it was announced that Serkis would play Alfred Pennyworth in The Batman (2022) In late 2015, it was announced that Serkis was working on a modern film adaptation of Rumpelstiltskin, titled Steelskin  In addition to starring in the film, Serkis will serve as producer and director In 2021, he received a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Daytime Fiction Program for his role as Mayor of Mistrinaut, the father of his real life daughter Ruby's character, in the Netflix fantasy series The Letter for the King  Also for Netflix, Serkis is scheduled to star alongside Idris Elba and Cynthia Erivo in a new TV movie of Elba's show, Luther In 2022, Serkis returned to the Star Wars franchise in a different, non-CGI role in the Disney+ television series Andor, as Kino Loy 

The Imaginarium Studios
In 2011, Serkis founded The Imaginarium Studios with film producer Jonathan Cavendish  The Imaginarium is a production company and creative digital studio based in Ealing, London and is dedicated to invention of believable, emotionally engaging digital characters using Performance Capture technology, in which Serkis specialises  On 20 October 2012, the studio acquired rights to The Bone Season by Samantha Shannon and a new motion capture adaptation of Animal Farm, which Serkis has confirmed is his next film he will be directing 

Directing
Serkis has served as the second unit director for The Hobbit films and made his directorial debut with Breathe  He also directed and starred in the film, Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle  In 2021, Serkis directed the sequel to Venom, titled, Venom: Let There Be Carnage  It was released on 1 October in the US and 15 October in the UK  In 2022, he was set to direct Animal Farm an animated adaptation of George Orwell's novel of the same name 

Other work
Serkis made an appearance in the music video for Neneh Cherry's "Woman", portraying an abusive boyfriend, in 1996  After portraying Gollum in The Lord of the Rings series, he published a memoir about his experiences, titled Gollum: How We Made Movie Magic, published in late 2004  In 2015, Serkis collaborated with rock band Coldplay in the making of the music video for "Adventure of a Lifetime"  The group performed as chimpanzees with Serkis acting as a performance capture consultant In December 2018, he appeared in a video for People's Vote as UK Prime Minister Theresa May using the voice of Gollum, spoofing May's Brexit deal  He also appears in the BBC Earth programme, Neanderthals: Meet Your Ancestors Serkis, together with fellow Lord of the Rings castmates Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban and Elijah Wood, plus writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson, on 1 May 2020 joined Josh Gad's YouTube series Reunited Apart which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and promotes donations to non-profit charities During the COVID-19 lockdown, on VE Day, Serkis read the entire book of The Hobbit to raise money for NHS Charities Together and Best Beginnings, a pregnancy charity of which he has been an ambassador  More than 650,000 people tuned in worldwide, and Serkis raised more than £283,000 ($351,000)  On 2 July 2020, HarperCollinsUK announced that Serkis would professionally narrate The Hobbit again to be published for Audible  The audiobook was released on 3 September 2020 in the UK, published by HarperCollins, and 21 September in the US, published by Recorded Books  The cover art, by Alan Lee, was drawn specially for the release                              
On 7 July 2021, HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books announced Serkis would follow up his narration of The Hobbit with a professional recording of all three The Lord of the Rings novels that were released on 16 September  The CDs were released on 14 October 2021 
Serkis and producer Andrew Levitas will release a seven-part comic book series in 2022, titled Eternus, about Heracles, the son of Zeus, trying to identify Zeus's killer  The series will be published by Thunder Books In 2023 he starred in the Netflix Film Luther: The Fallen Sun, based on the BBC TV Series Luther', playing a psychopathic killer 

Personal life
Serkis was born to Catholic parents, and though he has been an atheist since his teenage years, he is "drawn to the karmic possibilities of energy transference", specifically "the idea that your energy lives on after you" Serkis married actress Lorraine Ashbourne in July 2002  He lives in Crouch End, North London with Ashbourne and their three children: Ruby (b  1998), Sonny (b  2000) and Louis (b  2004), all of whom are actors  Louis and Ruby starred in the 2019 film The Kid Who Would Be King and the 2020 Netflix series The Letter for the King respectively  Serkis also starred alongside Ruby, and they played father and daughter  Louis also voiced Bhoot in Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle, which was directed by and co-starred his father as Baloo 

Filmography and accolades
Selected theatre
The Porter in Macbeth  Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1988)
Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith  Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1990)
Sean Grogan in Your Home in the West by Rod Wooden  World premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1991)
Doctor Jan Heart in Doctor Heart by Peter Muller  English premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1991)
David in Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love by Brad Fraser  Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1995)
Iago in Othello  Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (2002)

See also
Motion-capture acting
Passage 5:
Linda Cardellini
Linda Edna Cardellini (born June 25, 1975) is an American actress  In television, she is known for her leading roles in the teen drama Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000), the medical drama ER (2003–09), the drama thriller Bloodline (2015–17), and the tragicomedy Dead to Me (2019–2022), the latter of which earned her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  She also guest starred in the period drama Mad Men (2013–15), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination  Her voice work includes the animated series Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (2010–13), Regular Show (2012–15), Gravity Falls (2012–16), and Sanjay and Craig (2013–16) 
In film, Cardellini is best known for her portrayal of Velma Dinkley in Scooby-Doo (2002) and its sequel Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004), and her supporting roles in Legally Blonde (2001), Brokeback Mountain (2005), Grandma’s Boy (2006), Kill the Irishman (2011),  Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), The Founder (2016), Green Book, A Simple Favor (both 2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019)  She also starred in the drama Return (2011), earning an Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead nomination, the comedies Daddy's Home (2015) and Daddy's Home 2 (2017), the horror film The Curse of La Llorona (2019), and the Disney+ television series Hawkeye as Laura Barton, which she also portrayed in Avengers: Age of Ultron and Avengers: Endgame  She also voiced Lylla in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  3, making her one of the few actresses in the Marvel Cinematic Universe to play two characters 

Early life and education
Cardellini was born and raised in Redwood City, California, the daughter of Lorraine Cardellini (née Hernan), a homemaker, and Wayne David Cardellini, a businessman  She is the youngest of four children  Cardellini is of Italian, Irish, German, and Scottish descent  She was raised Catholic  She made her first public appearance at age 10, when she sang in a school play  Subsequently, she acted in several school productions and started attending drama lessons  She graduated from nearby Mountain View's Catholic St  Francis High School in 1993, then moved to Los Angeles to seek roles in television and film Cardellini was a contestant in a 1994 episode of The Price Is Right, winning a fireplace She attended Loyola Marymount University's College of Communication and Fine Arts, graduating in 1997 with a degree in theater arts  In 2007, she was recognized as a "Distinguished Alumna" by the university 

Career
Cardellini received her first big break role in 1996 as Sarah on ABC's Saturday morning live-action children's series, Bone Chillers  Following this, she made guest appearances on prime-time programs including Step by Step, Clueless, 3rd Rock from the Sun, and she played Lauren on Boy Meets World, a girl that came between the show's star couple  Cardellini starred in the first season of the AMC series The Lot in 1999, and spent the summer in Europe as part of a touring production of Lancelot, a fourteenth-century Dutch tragedy 
Cardellini had her first major success when she landed one of the starring roles in the NBC series Freaks and Geeks, which debuted during the 1999–2000 season  As Lindsay Weir, an honor student in the midst of an identity crisis, Cardellini earned positive response that subsequently catapulted her to fame  Cardellini starred in the live-action adaptation of Scooby-Doo in 2002, in which she played the cartoon character Velma Dinkley  She later reprised the role of Velma in 2004's Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed  She joined the cast of the hospital drama ER in 2003 as Samantha Taggart, a free-spirited nurse  Cardellini acted for six seasons on ER, until the series finale, "And in the End   ", and with the cast won the TV Land ensemble Icon Award in 2009 
Her other film work includes roles in Dead Man on Campus, Strangeland, Good Burger, Legally Blonde, Brokeback Mountain (for which she was nominated for the ensemble Gotham and Screen Actors Guild awards), and a starring role in the Happy Madison film Grandma's Boy as Samantha  She was the voice of Ursula in the role-playing video game Gladius and played the voice of Bliss Goode on the ABC animated series The Goode Family  In 2007, Cardellini was chosen to play lovelorn Clara in the CBS miniseries Comanche Moon, a prequel to 1989's Lonesome Dove In 2010 and 2011, Cardellini returned to the stage with the Dr  God comedy group in Los Angeles and San Francisco, appeared in Kill the Irishman and Super, and starred in the independent film Return  She appeared with cast members and producers of Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared at the Paley Center for Media PaleyFest on March 12, 2011  From June 15, 2012, to February 15, 2016, she was the voice of Wendy on the Disney Channel show Gravity Falls 
Cardellini voice acts periodically on the podcast and live show The Thrilling Adventure Hour,  on the Sparks Nevada: Marshal on Mars segments  In 2013, she was chosen to play Sylvia Rosen, a love interest of Don Draper on Mad Men  For her performance on Mad Men, she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series  In 2015, she played Hawkeye's wife Laura Barton in Avengers: Age of Ultron, a role she reprised in the 2019 sequel Avengers: Endgame, which was briefly the highest-grossing film of all time  Starting in 2015, she joined Kyle Chandler on a new Netflix drama series Bloodline, from the creators of Damages  The show was canceled in 2016, and ended after its third season  That same year, she also had a starring role as Sara Whitaker in the comedy film Daddy's Home  In 2017, she reprised her role in the sequel film Daddy's Home 2 
In August 2018, Cardellini was cast to co-star with Christina Applegate in Netflix's dark comedy series Dead to Me  It premiered on May 3, 2019  For her performance, she received critical acclaim and a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  That same year, she co-starred with Viggo Mortensen and Mahershala Ali in the film Green Book, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture  
In 2019, she starred in the horror film The Curse of La Llorona  In 2020, Cardellini appeared in the biographical drama film Capone as Mae Capone, the wife of the title character In 2021, she reprised her role of Laura Barton in the Marvel Studios show Hawkeye, which premiered on Disney+ in November 2021 

Personal life
Cardellini dated her Freaks and Geeks co-star Jason Segel for several years following the show's cancellation in 2000  In October 2011, she and her boyfriend Steven Rodriguez announced her pregnancy  She gave birth to their daughter in February 2012  She and Rodriguez became engaged in June 2013 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
A Beautiful Mind (soundtrack)
A Beautiful Mind is the original soundtrack album, on the Decca Records label, of the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind starring Russell Crowe, Jennifer Connelly (who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as "Alicia Nash"), Christopher Plummer and Paul Bettany  The original score and songs were composed and conducted by James Horner 
The album garnered nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Best Original Score  Music critics felt that the musical score fit the film well, but believed it to be similar to several of Horner's previous films 

Development
Composer James Horner was a frequent collaborator with Ron Howard, the director of A Beautiful Mind  Horner desired to feature vocals reminiscent of being midway between a girl and woman, and wrote the score specifically for 15-year-old Welsh singer Charlotte Church  To convey "the beauty of mathematics", Horner decided to use the idea of a kaleidoscope, as its "patterns are always changing, and things move very quickly, but in moving so quickly, they create other patterns that move very slowly underneath"  He added that these changing patterns were conveyed with the piano and Church's voice 

Release and reception
Writing for Empire magazine, Danny Graydon gave the soundtrack four out of five stars  He thought the score contained elements of Horner's previous films Sneakers (1992) and Bicentennial Man (1999), but said "if you can forgive that, this is a clever, masterful and romantic score that captures a brilliant mind in conflict"  In the tracks "Creating Government Dynamics" and "Cracking The Russian Codes", Graydon opined that Church's "poignant vocals mix well with the frenetic piano and strings to represent Nash’s brilliance" and wished that her voice had been used more in the film Dan Goldwasser of Soundtrack net also found similarities to the score in Bicentennial Man, but thought Horner's work fit the film regardless, explaining "it effectively underscores the drama and romance, and even provides a few bits of tension for the action scene"  Goldwasser concluded that "while it all works well in the film, there is enough about this score that just seemed to  [sic] 'familiar' to make it stand out"  Contributing to National Public Radio, Andy Trudeau believed Church's particular voice adds a "human element  It's the sound that, I think, gives a sense of--the center of this character, if you will  I think it's the soul  And it's trying to be normal in a way, and underneath it it's trying to be crazy" Horner's score garnered nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Best Original Score  It lost the Golden Globe to the film Moulin Rouge! and the Oscar to The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring 

Track listing
Adapted from:
Passage 7:
Roy Jarvis
Leroy Gilbert Jarvis (June 7, 1926 – January 13, 1990) was an American professional baseball player  He debuted at age 17 in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1944 during the World War II manpower shortage   He struck out in his only at bat, but later appeared in another 20 games for the 1946–1947 Pittsburgh Pirates, in addition to having a ten-year playing career in minor league baseball 
Born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, Jarvis batted and threw right-handed and was listed at 5 feet 9 inches (1 75 m) tall and 160 pounds (73 kg)  He signed with Brooklyn after graduation from Central High School in Oklahoma City  In his one game for the Dodgers, an April 30, 1944, 26–8 defeat at the hands of the New York Giants, Jarvis relieved starting catcher Mickey Owen and fanned against Harry Feldman  He spent the remainder of the 1944 season in the minors, then was drafted by the Pirates that autumn in the Rule 5 draft  After serving in the United States Navy during 1945, the final wartime year, he resumed his baseball career in 1946 by appearing in two games for the Pirates  Jarvis split 1947 between Pittsburgh and the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, hitting his only MLB home run off Clayton Lambert of the Cincinnati Reds on April 18 In all, Jarvis made 57 plate appearances in the Majors, with eight hits and seven bases on balls 
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes
Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series, airing on the E! network  Its premise originated with Rhys Parkin, who additionally serves as an executive producer  The series focuses on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian, along with Kylie and Kendall Jenner 
It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step-parent Caitlyn Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick  Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast from the fourth season onwards, though he rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé  Along in season seven, Kanye West became a recurring cast member after entering into a relationship with Kim  West later developed a more prominent role from season 16 onwards  In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's ex-wife, Leah became recurring cast members  Blac Chyna appeared as a recurring cast member throughout season 12 whilst engaged to Rob 
The series has produced the spin-offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, Dash Dolls, I Am Cait,  Kocktails with Khloé , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian, Rob & Chyna, Life of Kylie and Flip It Like Disick 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2007)
Season 2 (2008)
Season 3 (2009)
Season 4 (2009-10)
Season 5 (2010)
Season 6 (2011)
Season 7 (2012)
Season 8 (2013)
Season 9 (2014)
Season 10 (2015)
Season 11 (2015-2016)
Season 12 (2016)
Season 13 (2017)
Season 14 (2017-18)
Season 15 (2018)
Season 16 (2019)
Season 17 (2019)
Season 18 (2020)
Season 19 (2020)
Season 20 (2021)
Specials
Passage 2:
Tim Credeur
Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist  He was a cast member of Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter 7 and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals  He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor  He fought C B  Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision 

Mixed martial arts career
The Ultimate Fighter 7
Tim is a member of Louisiana's Gladiator Academy and appeared on "The Ultimate Fighter" series 
Tim advanced to the semifinals with victories over Erik Charles, Matthew Riddle, and Dan Cramer (all by submission)  During the show's semi-final fight between him and Jesse Taylor, Taylor won by unanimous decision after 3 rounds  However, after Taylor was removed from the finale for disciplinary reasons, Credeur fought C B  Dollaway to determine who would match up against Amir Sadollah in the show's live finale 
Tim lost the match by unanimous decision after 3 rounds, though the match was very closely contested 

UFC career
He was scheduled to fight fellow Team Forrest member Cale Yarbrough at the TUF 7 finale  However, Tim admitted to using the prescription drug Adderall five days prior to the event; Adderall is a drug banned by the Nevada State Athletic Commission  A drug test was performed and the prescription drug was still in Tim's system  As a result, the match was cancelled 
As Tim admitted to the recent use of the drug and he did not fight, there was no disciplinary action taken against him; his bout with Yarbrough was rescheduled for the UFC's July 19 show, UFC: Silva vs  Irvin    This time the match did happen and Tim won by TKO at 1:54 of round 1  Tim took on Nate Loughran at UFC: Fight For The Troops, Tim beat Loughran, due to Loughran withdrawing at the end of round two 
His next fight would be against Nick Catone at UFC Fight Night: Condit vs  Kampmann which he won by Submission (Guillotine Choke) at 3:45 of round 2, giving him his third consecutive victory in the UFC 
Tim fought on the UFC Fight Night 19 card against former middleweight title contender Nate Quarry  Tim lost the fight by unanimous decision after winning the first round but losing the second and third  The fight was shown live and free on the main card  The fight earned Fight of the Night 
Credeur was scheduled to face Mike Massenzio at UFC Fight Night 20, but was replaced by fellow TUF castmate and UFC newcomer Gerald Harris after being forced off the card with an injury Credeur was scheduled to face Tom Lawlor on May 8, 2010 at UFC 113, but was forced off the card with another injury   He was replaced by Joe Doerksen  Credeur later revealed that he was forced out of the scheduled UFC 113 bout due to an abnormality found during a brain scan Credeur faced Ed Herman on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale   He lost the fight via TKO in the first round 
Credeur was expected to face Brad Tavares on October 29, 2011 at UFC 137   However, Creduer was forced out of the bout and replaced by promotional newcomer Dustin Jacoby In 2013 Credeur quietly retired from fighting to focus on teaching and coaching in his MMA gym in Lafayette, Louisiana 

Personal life
Credeur and his wife Mamie had their first child, a daughter named Audrey on January 4, 2011 

Mixed martial arts record
Passage 3:
Money (1921 film)
Money is a 1921 British silent comedy film directed by Duncan McRae and starring Henry Ainley, Faith Bevan and Margot Drake  It is an adaptation of the 1840 comic play Money by Edward Bulwer-Lytton 

Cast
Henry Ainley      Alfred Evelyn
Faith Bevan      Georgina Vesey
Margot Drake      Clare Douglas
Sam Wilkinson      Sir Frederick Blount
James Lindsay      Captain Smooth
Olaf Hytten      Henry Graves
Sidney Paxton      Sir John Vesey
Ethel Newman      Lady Franklyn
Adelaide Grace      Nanny
Passage 4:
List of Ghost Whisperer characters
The following are fictional characters from the television drama Ghost Whisperer created by John Gray 

Main characters
Melinda Gordon
Melinda Gordon, played by Jennifer Love Hewitt, is the protagonist of  Ghost Whisperer   Melinda has been able to see ghosts since she was a little girl  Specifically, she sees ghosts who are not able to pass to the other side due to tasks they need her help with  She helps them find peace and cross into the light  The gift has been passed on for many generations  She is married to Jim Clancy (David Conrad) and owns an antique store, located in the fictional town of Grandview  She has many enemies who dislike her abilities, including Gabriel Lawrence (Ignacio Serricchio) and Romano (John Walcutt) 

Andrea Marino
Andrea Joyce Marino, played by Aisha Tyler, is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) best friend and was part of the main cast during season one  Andrea once worked in New York City, as a lawyer, until she moved to Grandview  She set up an antique store, named The Same As It Never Was, that she owns along with Melinda 
Melinda even comes to trust Andrea enough to tell her about her gift of being able to communicate with earthbound spirits, or ghosts  Andrea becomes essential to the store and Melinda, because of the very fact she knows about Melinda's gift  Whenever Melinda has to run off and help a ghost, Andrea is left to keep the store  Andrea also helps Melinda with difficult crossovers removing some of the stress from Melinda's husband, Jim (David Conrad)  In "The One", a plane crashes and Andrea notices Melinda is hiding something  She believes her brother Mitch died during the plane crash and Melinda is seeing his ghost 
At the end of season one, it was revealed it was Andrea who had died during the crash and not Mitch  While Andrea was not on the plane, she died because her car had been on the path on which the plane had crashed  Romano attempts to prevent Andrea from crossing over into the Light and get her to join him on the Dark Side  Melinda would not allow such a horrific occurrence to happen to her friend, so she sets out to stop Romano and warn Andrea  With the help of an occult professor at Rockland University, Rick Payne, Melinda is able to help Andrea find peace and cross over into the Light  Her death was foreshadowed in Season 1, Episode 15  Romano is seen sitting in a chair in the antique store  When he disappears, a faint sound of an airplane engine is heard 
Andrea is later mentioned in "Drowned Lives", "A Grave Matter", "Delia's First Ghost" and "The Prophet"  Also, while having been successfully crossed over into the Light for over a year, two ghosts taunt Melinda by calling her Andrea during "Bad Blood" 
In the season four episode, "Leap of Faith", when Jim swims to rescue Melinda and hits his head, he has flashbacks of his past as Jim, and Andrea can be seen briefly when remembering his wedding with Melinda  Andrea's date of death is in the book of changes backwards and was mentioned before a flashback of the plane crash which killed her 

Jim Clancy
Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband  He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode 
Jim and Melinda get married and move in at the start of the first season  Jim was a paramedic and firefighter, and the two met when he rescued her from her apartment complex, which had a structural issue  Jim knew of Melinda's unique ability to communicate with ghosts at the start of the series; he helped her as much as he could, though Melinda's good friend, Andrea Marino, provided most of the aid until her death at the end of the first season  It was revealed in the pilot episode that Jim witnessed his older brother, Dan, die when they were young  After having seen Dan die and being unable to save him, Jim decides to become a paramedic  Dan attended Jim and Melinda's wedding as a ghost and conversed with Melinda during the reception 
After Melinda's near death experience during the season two finale, "The Gathering", Jim becomes worried about what else could happen to Melinda because of the ghosts  Jim also helps to try to find information about Melinda's father (Tom Gordon), who might or might not be dead, as well as try to find any information about Melinda's brother, Gabe  In "Haunted Hero", Jim and Melinda welcome a returning soldier from Iraq, Matt, back to Grandview  When Matt becomes paranoid due to being haunted by his dead comrades and post-traumatic stress disorder, Jim confronts Matt in the town square and talks Matt out of trying to kill himself  Jim delivered some of his convincing argument with Matt's gun pointed at him 
In "Weight of What Was", Gabriel returns to Grandview and Jim warns him away, though not before Gabriel reveals that he is Melinda's half-brother  Jim, Rick, and Delia go in search of Melinda, who is trapped in old Grandview, which is buried under present day Grandview  Tessa, the ghost of Melinda's maternal ancestor who was also a Ghost Whisperer, helps them find Melinda by communicating with Delia and Jim  Jim also begins thinking of moving out of Grandview to attend medical school   At first, Melinda does not like the idea, but she later agrees to it  In "Deadbeat Dads", Jim admits he would like to have children someday; Jim and Melinda try to get pregnant and succeed, but Melinda loses the baby 
Near the end of "Imaginary Friends and Enemies" (early season 4), Jim is shot in the shoulder and rushed to the hospital, where he is immediately taken into surgery  Relieved to hear his surgery went well, Melinda is taken to his room and asks if she may stay with him until he awakens  It is implied she waits several hours, and she eventually falls asleep next to him  She wakes up to find Jim next to her, and believing him to be awake, she tells him she loves him  When Jim tells her softly he suffered an embolism, Melinda tries to get a doctor but Jim tells her not to and says that he wants her to remember him as he is now  This causes Melinda to realize Jim is appearing to her as a ghost; his body then flatlines in the background  As doctors rush in to revive him, Melinda tearfully pleads with Jim for it not be him  Jim then says, "I will always love you, Melinda", and then his ghost disappears as Melinda sobs and the doctors are unable to revive him  His death was foreshadowed in the season premiere, when a ghost warned Melinda death might rub off on those she loves 
In the next episode ("Threshold"), Jim refuses to cross over because he still loves Melinda and believes their love is what is holding him back  Even though Melinda wants Jim to stay, she knows it's selfish of her and begs him to go into the light, promising she'll be there one day  But when Jim and Melinda witness paramedics trying to revive a motorcycle accident victim named Sam Lucas (Kenneth Mitchell), they see the ghost of the victim go into the light  Jim goes over to the body and tells Melinda it's the only way  Before Melinda can stop him, Jim's ghost enters Sam's body, thus bringing him back to "life " However, the viewers continue to see him as Jim while everyone else in the show including Melinda sees him as Sam  When Melinda says "You're back", Jim, who now believes he is Sam and has no memory as Jim, says "Do I know you?" This leads Melinda to try to prove to him who he really is, especially when pieces of Jim's memory start to show  At first, he thinks she's crazy and doesn't believe her  When Melinda is trapped underground, Jim goes to save her, but he starts to drown and he has flashes of memories as Jim, thus bringing Jim fully back  When he finds Melinda, she calls him Sam to which Jim replies "Why are you calling me Sam?" Melinda then realizes Jim is back and she happily hugs him 
Later on, Melinda finds out she is pregnant again and it turns out Jim had gotten her pregnant shortly before he died  Later Melinda begins to worry about their unborn baby  She began to have nightmares and visions the baby was in danger  She was sure by the things she was being told the baby was a girl after Melinda runs into the faceless child again, who puts her hand on Melinda's tummy and says, "You can't save her  You can't " Jim reveals to Melinda he had seen her chart accidentally and knew it was a boy, although he knew they agreed not to find out, but he told her to ease her mind, so she’d see her visions and dreams were wrong  Jim and Melinda marry again at the same place they met - in front of witnesses, Eli James (best man) and Delia Banks (matron of honor), and a full gathering of spirits 
In Season 5, Melinda believes her due date is the exact date in the book, which causes doubts in Jim, Delia, Ned, and Eli  Melinda finally needs an emergency C-Section  When the baby suddenly goes into fetal distress in the operating room, the season’s first ghosts appear to Melinda  First the watcher, who warned Melinda of her child’s power and the danger he may come into, stops time to tell her Fate and Free Will will work together to decide whether or not the baby will live  The second ghost comes in the form of a young woman in a white gown  She quickly disappears and time restarts  While the baby isn’t breathing at first, he suddenly recovers to full health  Later in recovery, Melinda tells Jim they’ll name the baby Aiden Lucas, in honor of Jim’s father and Sam Lucas 
The series then jumps ahead to 2014 and the celebration of Aiden's upcoming fifth birthday  Jim is now a resident at Rockland Memorial Teaching Hospital, as Sam, and he takes the name Jim as his middle name  Ned is also in college, taking classes with Eli, while Delia has become a big realtor  There were always problems every year on Aiden's birthday  He would become strangely sick, for example  Every year a woman would visit Aiden and sing him happy birthday  The woman, Amber, had died in childbirth the night Melinda gave birth to Aiden  Amber was convinced her son’s spirit had jumped into Aiden, as he had stopped breathing shortly after he was born  Later on in the episode, it is revealed the son was actually adopted by the birth father and his wife 
Melinda helps Amber into the light and learns from the watcher that Aiden is an empath  He feels and takes on emotions of those around him  This is revealed as the reason why each year Amber would show up and he gets sick  Melinda also finds out she shares a psychic link with Aiden, which allows them to communicate with one another, though he doesn’t fully understand it  Melinda and Jim decide to not tell Aiden, because they want him to have a normal life, with his own dreams  In 5 19 "Lethal Combination", Jim is caught by Dr  Mavis, a morgue coroner, snooping through the files in the hospital morgue 

Delia Banks
Delia Banks (portrayed by Camryn Manheim) joined the main cast of Ghost Whisperer at the start of season 2  She and her teenage son, Ned, lost their husband and father, Charlie, three years prior to their appearance on the show  Delia became a real estate agent after Charlie's death 
Delia meets Melinda Gordon after Melinda calls Delia about Ned's having tried to shoplift from Melinda's antique store  Delia tells Melinda about how stressful her job as a real estate agent is, so Melinda offers her a job to help work at the antique store, which Delia accepts  They begin a friendship, though Delia does not know about Melinda's gift at first  In the episode "Delia's First Ghost", Melinda has to tell Delia about her gift because Charlie's spirit is haunting her  At first Delia calls Melinda crazy, admitting she had seen Melinda talking to herself and was worried  Delia even goes as far as to tell Melinda not to expect her at work again  By the end of the episode Delia learns, with Melinda's help, Charlie is only haunting her because he wants her to be safe  While still a little skeptical of Melinda's gift, Delia tells her that she will open the shop the next morning 
Delia remains skeptical concerning Melinda's gift in season three, but discusses the various ghosts Melinda encounters to help Melinda with them  When Melinda was stalked by a lawyer, Shane, he tampered with Ned's records because Delia was trying to get him into private school  Nevertheless, when Shane was caught with Ned's records, Ned got in  In episode 5, "Weight of What Was", Delia travels along with Jim and Rick into a series of tunnels and alleyways from a much older Grandview to find Melinda  With the help of a ghost named Tessa, they manage to locate her and get her to safety  In "Bad Blood", Delia's need to find a rational explanation for every situation, including ones involving ghosts, is brought up  Delia tells Melinda that she will try harder to accept the notion of ghosts  In the episode "Heart and Soul", Delia's need for a rational explanation nearly destroys her relationship with Melinda, but a conversation with her son and a moment with "Sam" at a basketball court provides her with faith in Melinda's gift  She now believes Jim is living in Sam's body  Sometime within the five-year leap between seasons 4 and 5 she left working for Melinda to open a Real Estate agency next to the shop, however she is frequently seen helping Melinda in the shop at various points in the series and remains Melinda's best friend 

Ned Banks
Ned Banks was originally portrayed by Tyler Patrick Jones, but starting with season 3 episode "Slambook!" Christoph Sanders took over the role  Ned is a nice guy who has dedicated his life to helping Melinda with the occult  He is the son of Delia and Charlie Banks  The events of his adolescence have been part of the plots of some episodes 
Ned was caught shoplifting at Melinda's antique shop, stealing Grateful Dead backstage passes  Melinda realized his behavior was the result of a spirit's urging  Ned found out Melinda's secret before his mother did when he overheard Melinda in the episode "Curse of the Ninth " He is always eager to help Melinda with her ghosts  A few episodes later, when his deceased father Charlie visits him and his mother, Melinda helps his father go into the Light  In the season three episode "No Safe Place," Ned gets into a private school 
In "Slambook," Ned (played by Christoph Sanders from then on) is on the basketball team when a ghost begins tampering with the scoreboard  In the episode "Home But Not Alone," Ned has his first girlfriend and (probably) his first kiss  In season 4, there was a plot which involved his mother suspecting him of smoking marijuana, but as it turned out, it was his mother's friend's joint  As of season five, he is a student at Rockland University  In "Dead Air" he is a host of a radio show, and has cheated on his girlfriend TJ (which he later regrets and apologizes for) 
In season 5, Ned is studying Anthropology of the Occult at Rockland University  He uses his knowledge to help Melinda and Eli solve the mystery of the Shadows and Shinies, also aiding them in crossing over spirits  Ned, Melinda, and Eli take turns keeping the Book of Changes 

Rick Payne
Rick Payne (portrayed by Jay Mohr) is a professor at Rockland University  He is a widower; his wife, Kate, died in a crane accident before his first appearance in the series 
At the beginning of season two, Melinda Gordon first seeks Rick Payne's help to save her deceased friend, Andrea Marino, who is being attacked by a dark spirit, Romano  She finds him teaching an occult class at Rockland University  She continues to seek Rick's help for various paranormal occurrences throughout the rest of the season  Rick first meets Melinda's husband, Jim Clancy, when Melinda recommends Jim talk to him about a ghost  It is in "The Night We Met" that Rick first questions Melinda about whether or not she believes she has supernatural abilities, as well as meets Melinda's close friend and co-worker, Delia Banks  It is only in the episode "Cat's Claw" that Melinda finally informs Rick of her abilities  In the season finale, Rick and Melinda are seen working very closely trying to figure out who Gabriel Lawrence, a dark Ghost Whisperer, really is  Rick, Jim, and Melinda go as far as breaking into Gabriel's home  It is also revealed Rick's wife, Kate, is a ghost who worked for the dark side but would later cross over into the Light after telling her husband a secret she had been keeping from him since she died 
The character joins the main cast in season three  At the beginning of this season, Rick appears to be worried about Melinda after her near-death experience  He also works a large deal more with Melinda on some things  In "The Weight of What Was", Rick, Jim, and Delia all travel into old Grandview to try finding Melinda  Jim and Delia are aided by a ghost named Tessa, an ancestor of Melinda's, and locate the trapped Melinda  Rick also helps Melinda search town death records for information about Tessa, who at the time Melinda believed to be Gabriel's mother, though a group of ghosts attempt to stop them from finding anything  In "Double Exposure", Rick's date and co-worker, Claudia, is haunted by a ghost who makes it so she cannot appear in any pictures 
It seems Rick had somewhat of a crush on Melinda when they first met; he was clearly embarrassed by everything he said to her, afraid it might sound stupid  The crush dissipated after he met Jim, Melinda's husband, but they remain very close friends 
Abrasive at times, Professor Rick Payne is often perceived as obnoxious on first impression, but most of the time he means well  Sarcastic and sometimes insensitive, he has a tendency to shout randomly and hates to be awakened by late night telephone calls  Even though he does not appreciate the title, he is rather well known as a genius, and spouts useless information at times  He has admitted that he talks a lot when he is nervous, but he talks a lot whether he is nervous or not  Professor Payne is quick-witted and highly intelligent, taking delight in annoying people and considers the reactions he gets from being rude amusing  He feels that he is taken for granted too often and likes to tell people so, though some believe it is only a technique to make others feel sorry for him  He has a certain charm, despite his ability to annoy even those with saintly amounts of patience, and he is a good friend to those who can stand to stick with him 

Eli James
Dr  Eli James (Jamie Kennedy) was introduced in the first episode of season four  He was a psychology professor at Rockland University 
During a building fire on the Rockland University campus on October 3, 2008, he died but was brought back, causing him to have a near death experience  It unlocked an ability which allows him to hear ghosts, but doesn't allow him to see them like Melinda  Throughout the fourth season, he adjusts to his newfound ability and starts helping her cross ghosts over  Eli also helps Melinda when she needs information from the Police 
Zoe, previous Guardian of the Book of Changes and Eli's ex-girlfriend, died after falling off the stairs in an attempt to stop a thief influenced by a Watcher  At the end of Season 4, Zoe crossed into the light (or so it seems) after telling Eli he was the next Guardian of the Book of Changes  In Season 5, it is revealed Eli is one of Ned's university lecturers  Evelyn, Eli's mother, died 7 years ago, even though in "Stage Fright" he told Melinda and Jim he was getting an autograph for his mom who watches the show which was visiting Grandview  Eli's father, Ray James, died from a heart-attack in the third episode of Season 5, "Till Death Do Us Start," which shared more shocking secrets about Eli's parents 
Eli and Melinda over time become very close friends  At first, Eli thought that Melinda was crazy (as almost everyone always does when she shares about her gift) until he realized he could do the same thing (almost)  As he learns more about his gift, he becomes more and more willing to help Melinda with the hauntings and even enjoys it 

Supporting characters
Beth Gordon
Beth Gordon (portrayed by Anne Archer), Melinda's mother and Aiden's grandmother, has the ability to communicate with ghosts, but chooses not to  She never came to terms with her mother or Melinda when it came to their gifts and prefers not to speak of anything that has to do with ghosts, or her husband Tom Gordon  Before she met Tom, she was in a relationship with a man named Paul Eastman, whom she was having a baby with when he went to jail  Once he died, Beth married Tom and never told Melinda about her real father  In "Pater Familias", Paul convinces Beth to tell Melinda the truth  She is then invited to watch the tall ships come into the harbor with Melinda, Jim and their friends, Rick, Delia, and Ned  She appeared in the episodes "Melinda's First Ghost", "The Vanishing", "The Underneath", and "Pater Familias" 

Mary Ann Patterson
Mary Ann Patterson, (played by June Squibb) - Melinda's grandmother and Aiden's great grandmother, now deceased, was a person who spoke to ghosts  It was she who gave lost spirits the title "earthbound " She helped them cross over into the Light (Heaven)  Her gift was passed down to Melinda, the current "ghost whisperer " Mary Ann crossed over into the Light so she is currently a "Light" Spirit  She helps Melinda bring ghosts to peace through dreams in two episodes: "Voices" and "The Gathering"  It is later revealed, in Season 3, that Melinda's maternal great-great-great-grandmother, Tessa (Amy Acker), could also communicate with ghosts and Melinda helps her cross over  When Melinda tells Tessa the fate of her daughter (in "Weight of What Was"), it is revealed that Mary Anne was the granddaughter of Julie Lee Lucas   Her married name was Patterson, according to Melinda  Melinda was in high school when her grandmother died and Melinda did not realize it until her grandmother said something about presence and then it dawned on Melinda that her grandmother was talking about her death and Melinda's loss of her grandmother 

Romano
Romano (John Walcutt), also known as "Wide Brim" (due to his outfit: black suit and black hat) was an American evil cult leader who lived in Spain, and who committed suicide along with 100 followers in 1939  The energy of the mass suicide made him powerful and strong, and he went to the Dark Side  He can be considered Melinda's true archenemy  He started to trick souls to go with him, by making them refuse to "cross over" into The Light 
When Romano first appeared on the show, his appearances were quick and mysterious, and he was usually attached to a laughing man who had, theretofore, never spoken  He always seemed to be observing Melinda  When in the episode "The One", the final episode of season one, a plane crashes outside Grandview, he attempts to gather all of the lost souls from the accident  This is the first time he declares his hatred and rivalry to Melinda, and he says he would release all "his earthbound souls" in exchange for her one soul 
Romano and Melinda confront each other verbally, each using persuasive speeches directed to the souls from the plane crash  Finally, Romano manages to get at least seven of the souls, including a stewardess who later does go into the Light in season two 
In "Love Never Dies", season two episode one, Romano tries to prevent Melinda's friend Andrea from crossing over into The Light  Melinda gathers all her strength to make Andrea cross over, and she learns with the help of Professor Rick Payne the identity of Romano  Payne also warns Melinda about Romano's real purpose: to destroy good spirits (the ones in charge of helping souls to "cross over" into The Light, such as Melinda) in order to make the dead stronger than the living, and to be endlessly powerful  According to Payne, Dark Spirit Romano would literally take over a weak soul in a weak body to make too much harm to humanity, until the last trace of joy and happiness vanished from earth  It is impossible for Romano to get closer when Melinda helps spirits to "cross over" into The Light, because there is too much love, and love is what Romano hates 
Romano last appeared in season two, episode one, when he was unsuccessful in trying to possess Andrea's soul  However, mid-season two, Melinda seems to foreshadow Romano's comeback, when Delia Banks tries on a black hat which resembles Romano's, although nothing arises from this  Melinda loosely references Romano in an episode of season five; when discussing the Shadows, she mentions that she's seen similar ghosts before, ones which didn't "cross over, so much as "cross under" much like Romano does with his followers  This reference could tell viewers that Romano ultimately became a Shadow after Andrea crossed over, and this is why he does not appear to Melinda for the rest of the series 

Charlie Banks
Delia was married to Charlie Banks (Fredric Lehne) until he died three years prior to Delia's first appearance on the show  They had a loving relationship  After a fire at the place where Charlie worked, Charlie was said to be different and more of a family man  We also learn that it was Tim who saved Charlie's life  Together with Charlie, Delia had her twelve-year-old son, Ned  Charlie died after being shot 

Tim Flaherty
In the episode "The Walk-In", Tim Flaherty (Thomas Wilson), a friend and co-worker of Jim's, is trying to get Delia to go out on a date with him, something Delia refuses to do  In "Delia's First Ghost", Tim tries to get Jim to tell him what Delia likes so he can impress her  Charlie, Delia's dead husband, helps him by knocking over a pot of lavender roses Delia likes  Tim also buys a motorcycle exactly like the one Charlie used to have  At the end of the episode, they are seen walking away hand in hand  He reappears in the fourth season in the episode Threshold  He is at Jim's funeral and talks about Jim before turning on an iPod with rock music which he says Jim would have wanted 

Gabriel Lawrence
Gabriel Lawrence (Ignacio Serricchio) claims to be Melinda's half-brother  He is also a "ghost whisperer"  It is unclear from whom he inherited this gift, since neither of his parents has that gift 
When he was a child, Gabriel knew he could interact with the dead, but nobody believed him, and he received psychiatric treatment in a mental health institution  Gabriel never had a living friend  In fact, all of his friends were dead, and he always hated watching them "cross over" into The Light  He managed to get out of the mental health institution by lying  He was in the same mental health institution where his mother resided 
In "The Collector" episode, Gabriel is now in his late twenties, and he has recently moved to Grandview  He mentions Grandview always brings him memories   Melinda Gordon has the opportunity to meet him, and she is amazed by the gift they have in common  Melinda warns Gabriel about a shift in the "other world": ghosts are becoming stronger  She tells him how she struggled against a very dark spirit called Romano the year before, when a plane crashed in Grandview 
However, Melinda discovers she was naive to believe in Gabriel, who had invited her to work with him in the difficult task of dealing with ghosts  Gabriel turns out to be a Ghost Whisperer from the Dark Side, and he had been gathering souls to prepare for what "was coming", a complex prophecy of the death of a "loved one" 
Gabriel, along with the dark spirits, was blocking The Light, because he was trying to make the dead stronger than the living



ground_truth: Jennifer Connelly

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who published Communications of the organization that Andries van Dam is a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Natural Dam, Arkansas
Natural Dam is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States  Natural Dam is located on Arkansas Highway 59, 6 miles (9 7 km) north-northwest of Cedarville  Natural Dam has a post office with ZIP code 72948  The now-replaced Lee Creek Bridge, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was located in the community The community was named for a natural dam near the original town site 

Notable person
Shay Mooney, half of country duo Dan + Shay
Passage 2:
Yaté Dam
The Yaté Dam is an arch dam on the Yaté River in Yaté commune of New Caledonia, France  The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 68 MW power station  Plans for the project began in the early 1950s and the dam was designed by Coyne et Bellier  The owner and operator of the project, New Caledonian Society Energy (ENERCAL), was established on 27 August 1955 to implement the project  Construction began that year and the power station was commissioned in 1958  The dam and entire scheme was inaugurated by Jacques Soustelle, then Minister of State in charge of Overseas Departments, on 21 September 1959  It is the tallest dam and creates the largest reservoir in New Caledonia While the main retaining portion of the dam is an arch design, it also has a concrete gravity section and an earthen and rock-fill section  The arch dam has a height of 60 m (200 ft) and length of 200 m (660 ft)  On its left side adjoins the gravity section which serves as a spillway and is 61 m (200 ft) tall  It is 100 m (330 ft) long  The embankment section located direct the northwest of the gravity portion is 280 m (920 ft) long  Water from the dam is diverted through the hillsides via two 2,600 m (8,500 ft) long penstocks to the power station downstream along the Yaté River in the town of Yaté  The difference in elevation between the dam and power station affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of 157 m (515 ft)  Within the power station lies four 17 MW Francis turbine-generates which produce an average of 307 GWh annually 
Passage 3:
Van, Oregon
Van is an unincorporated community in Harney County, Oregon, United States  It is along Van–Drewsey Road about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Burns, in the Wolf Creek Valley Van post office was established in 1891 and named for local settler Van Middlesworth  The office closed in 1953  As of 2008, the former United States Forest Service Van Guard Station was for sale 

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Van has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps 
Passage 4:
De Stijl
De Stijl (; Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈstɛil]), Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden  De Stijl consisted of artists and architects   In a more narrow sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands  Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors 
De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg that served to propagate the group's theories  Along with van Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszár, Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff, and J  J  P  Oud  The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as Neoplasticism—the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in Dutch) 
According to Theo van Doesburg in the introduction of the magazine De Stijl 1917 no 1, the "De Stijl"-movement was a reaction to the "Modern Baroque" of the Amsterdam School movement (Dutch expressionist architecture) with the magazine Wendingen (1918–1931) 

Principles and influences
Mondrian sets forth the delimitations of Neoplasticism in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art"  He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour  On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour"  With these constraints, his art allows only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles, only straight and horizontal or vertical lines  The De Stijl movement posited the fundamental principle of the geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines The name De Stijl is supposedly derived from Gottfried Semper's Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Künsten oder Praktische Ästhetik (1861–3), which Curl suggests was mistakenly believed to advocate materialism and functionalism  The "plastic vision" of De Stijl artists, also called Neo-Plasticism, saw itself as reaching beyond the changing appearance of natural things to bring an audience into intimate contact with an immutable core of reality, a reality that was not so much a visible fact as an underlying spiritual vision  In general, De Stijl proposed ultimate simplicity and abstraction, both in architecture and painting, by using only straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms  Furthermore, their formal vocabulary was limited to the primary colours, red, yellow, and blue, and the three primary values, black, white, and grey  The works avoided symmetry and attained aesthetic balance by the use of opposition  This element of the movement embodies the second meaning of stijl: "a post, jamb or support"; this is best exemplified by the construction of crossing joints, most commonly seen in carpentry 
In many of the group's three-dimensional works, vertical and horizontal lines are positioned in layers or planes that do not intersect, thereby allowing each element to exist independently and unobstructed by other elements  This feature can be found in the Rietveld Schröder House and the Red and Blue Chair 
De Stijl was influenced by Cubist painting as well as by the mysticism and the ideas about "ideal" geometric forms (such as the "perfect straight line") in the neoplatonic philosophy of mathematician M  H  J  Schoenmaekers  The De Stijl movement was also influenced by Neopositivism   The works of De Stijl would influence the Bauhaus style and the international style of architecture as well as clothing and interior design  However, it did not follow the general guidelines of an "-ism" (e g , Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism), nor did it adhere to the principles of art schools like the Bauhaus; it was a collective project, a joint enterprise 
In music, De Stijl was an influence only on the work of composer Jakob van Domselaer, a close friend of Mondrian  Between 1913 and 1916, he composed his Proeven van Stijlkunst ("Experiments in Artistic Style"), inspired mainly by Mondrian's paintings  This minimalistic—and, at the time, revolutionary—music defined "horizontal" and "vertical" musical elements and aimed at balancing those two principles  Van Domselaer was relatively unknown in his lifetime, and did not play a significant role within De Stijl 

History
Early history
From the flurry of new art movements that followed the Impressionist revolutionary new perception of painting, Cubism arose in the early 20th century as an important and influential new direction  In the Netherlands, too, there was interest in this "new art" 
However, because the Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, Dutch artists were not able to leave the country after 1914 and were thus effectively isolated from the international art world—and in particular, from Paris, which was its centre then 
During that period, Theo van Doesburg started looking for other artists to set up a journal and start an art movement  Van Doesburg was also a writer, poet, and critic, who had been more successful writing about art than working as an independent artist  Quite adept at making new contacts due to his flamboyant personality and outgoing nature, he had many useful connections in the art world 

Founding of De Stijl
Around 1915, Van Doesburg started meeting the artists who would eventually become the founders of the journal  He first met Piet Mondrian at an exhibition in Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam  Mondrian, who had moved to Paris in 1912 (and there, changed his name from "Mondriaan"), had been visiting the Netherlands when war broke out  He could not return to Paris, and was staying in the artists' community of Laren, where he met Bart van der Leck and regularly saw M  H  J  Schoenmaekers  In 1915, Schoenmaekers published Het nieuwe wereldbeeld ("The New Image of the World"), followed in 1916 by Beginselen der beeldende wiskunde ("Principles of Plastic Mathematics")  These two publications would greatly influence Mondrian and other members of De Stijl 
Van Doesburg also knew J  J  P  Oud and the Hungarian artist Vilmos Huszár  In 1917 the cooperation of these artists, together with the poet Antony Kok, resulted in the founding of De Stijl  The young architect Gerrit Rietveld joined the group in 1918   At its height De Stijl had 100 members and the journal had a circulation of 300 During those first few years, the group was still relatively homogeneous, although Van der Leck left in 1918 due to artistic differences of opinion  Manifestos were being published, signed by all members  The social and economic circumstances of the time formed an important source of inspiration for their theories, and their ideas about architecture were heavily influenced by Hendrik Petrus Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright 
The name Nieuwe Beelding was a term first coined in 1917 by Mondrian, who wrote a series of twelve articles called De Nieuwe Beelding in de schilderkunst ("Neo-Plasticism in Painting") that were published in the journal De Stijl  In 1920 he published a book titled Le Néo-Plasticisme 

After 1920
Around 1921, the group's character started to change  From the time of van Doesburg's association with Bauhaus, other influences started playing a role  These influences were mainly Malevich and Russian Constructivism, to which not all members agreed  In 1924 Mondrian broke with the group after van Doesburg proposed the theory of elementarism, suggesting that a diagonal line is more vital than horizontal and vertical ones  In addition, the De Stijl group acquired many new "members"  Dadaist influences, such as I  K  Bonset's poetry and Aldo Camini's "antiphilosophy" generated controversy as well  Only after Van Doesburg's death was it revealed that Bonset and Camini were two of his pseudonyms 

After van Doesburg's death
Theo van Doesburg died in Davos, Switzerland, in 1931  His wife, Nelly, administered his estate 
Because of van Doesburg's pivotal role within De Stijl, the group did not survive  Individual members remained in contact, but De Stijl could not exist without a strong central character  Thus, it may be wrong to think of De Stijl as a close-knit group of artists  The members knew each other, but most communication took place by letter  For example, Mondrian and Rietveld never met in person 
Many, though not all, artists did stay true to the movement's basic ideas, even after 1931  Rietveld, for instance, continued designing furniture according to De Stijl principles, while Mondrian continued working in the style he had initiated around 1920  Van der Leck, on the other hand, went back to figurative compositions after his departure from the group 

Influence on architecture
The De Stijl influence on architecture remained considerable long after its inception; Mies van der Rohe was among the most important proponents of its ideas  Between 1923 and 1924, Rietveld designed the Rietveld Schröder House, the only building to have been created completely according to De Stijl principles  Examples of Stijl-influenced works by J J P  Oud can be found in Rotterdam (Café De Unie) and Hook of Holland  Other examples include the Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames, and the interior decoration for the Aubette dance hall in Strasbourg, designed by Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Jean Arp and van Doesburg 

Present day
Works by De Stijl members are scattered all over the world, but De Stijl-themed exhibitions are organised regularly  Museums with large De Stijl collections include the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague (which owns the world's most extensive, although not exclusively De Stijl-related, Mondrian collection) and Amsterdam's Stedelijk Museum, where many works by Rietveld and Van Doesburg are on display  The Centraal Museum of Utrecht has the largest Rietveld collection worldwide; it also owns the Rietveld Schröder House, Rietveld's adjacent "show house", and the Rietveld Schröder Archives 
The movement inspired the design aesthetics of Rumyantsevo and Salaryevo stations of Moscow Metro opened in 2016 

Neoplasticists
Ilya Bolotowsky (1907–1981), painter and sculptor
Burgoyne Diller (1906–1965), painter
Theo van Doesburg (1883–1931), painter, designer, and writer; co-founder of De Stijl movement; published De Stijl, 1917–1931
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897–1981), architect
Jean Gorin (1899–1981), painter, sculptor
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979), architect
Vilmos Huszár (1884–1960), painter
Frederick John Kiesler (1890–1965), architect, theater designer, artist, sculptor
Antony Kok (1882–1969), poet
Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), painter
Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), painter, co-founder of De Stijl
Marlow Moss (1889–1958), painter
J  J  P  Oud (1890–1963), architect
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964), architect and designer
Kurt Schwitters (1887–1948), painter, sculptor
Georges Vantongerloo (1886–1965), sculptor
Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart (1899–1962), painter
Jan Wils (1891–1972), architect

See also
Art Concret
Abstraction-Création
Concrete art
Form follows function
Fourth dimension in art
Mathematics and art
Modern architecture

References and sources
Passage 5:
Nieuwsblad van het Noorden
The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈniuzblɑt fɑn ət ˈnoːrdə(n)]; "Newspaper of the North") is a former regional daily newspaper from the city of Groningen in the Netherlands  It was published from 1888 to 2002, when it was merged with the Groninger Dagblad and the Drentse Courant into the Dagblad van het Noorden, which published its first edition on 2 April 2002 
The first issue of the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden appeared on 2 June 1888  Until 1997 its offices were in a 1903 Jugendstil building in the Gedempte Zuiderdiep designed by Gerrit Nijhuis 
During the German occupation in World War II, the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden, like many other Dutch newspapers, published anti-Semitic and pro-German articles  In 1944 they refused to hire a chief editor who was a member of the Dutch National Socialist Movement—at the time the only legal party in the Netherlands—and publication of the newspaper was suspended  The paper reappeared on 26 January 1946, some time after the liberation of the Netherlands, with a circulation of 35,000 copies 
The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden came under criticism in 2000 with the publication of Het Schandaal (The Scandal) by Johan van Gelder, which threw new light on the newspaper's relationship with the German occupiers  The revelations in the book were in stark contrast to the representations of the two owners, the brothers Nico and Jan Abraham Hazewinkel From 2 April 2002 the newspaper was succeeded by the Dagblad van het Noorden, a fusion with the Groninger Dagblad and the Drentse Courant, which had previously been publishing together  All were published at that time by Hazewinkel Pers (Press)  The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden published at midday; the other two were morning papers, as is the Dagblad van het Noorden 

Notes
Passage 6:
Johannes van Dam
Johannes van Dam (Amsterdam 9 October 1946 - Amsterdam 18 September 2013) was a Dutch journalist and the country's best-known writer on food  Van Dam wrote a regular column on food for the national daily Het Parool for almost 25 years 

Van Dam studied medicine and psychology and worked in the newspaper business from 1967 to 1981 (for Het Vrije Volk and Haagse Post), before running a cookbook store in Amsterdam, in 1983  In 1986 he started writing a column on food for the Dutch weekly Elsevier, and in 1989 sold the bookstore and began writing full-time, for Het Parool and the Belgian daily De Morgen in addition to Elsevier  He published a book on food, De Dikke Van Dam, in 2005  He died in an Amsterdam hospital in 2013 after suffering for some time from health problems, including diabetes  His biography, written by Jeroen Thijssen, was published on November 9, 2018 
Passage 7:
Andries Bonger
Andries Bonger (20 May 1861 – 20 January 1936) was a Dutch art collector, as well as Johanna van Gogh-Bonger's brother and Theo van Gogh's friend, who later became his brother-in-law 

Relationship with Theo
In December 1879, after finishing a course at the Amsterdam Trade School, Bonger traveled to Paris to work at Geo Wehry, a commodity trading firm that focused on tobacco, coffee, tea, and rubber  In 1881, he became librarian at the Hollandsche Club, an expatriate club in Paris, where he became friends with Theo van Gogh  He later introduced his sister Jo to Theo; they married in Amsterdam in 1889, but he and his wife did not attend the wedding because he thought the wedding cost too much and they could not afford to travel Through Theo, he knew Vincent van Gogh, who called him "André" in letters  In a letter that Bonger wrote to his parents on March 31, 1885, he describes Theo van Gogh as having received unexpected news the prior week that his father had died due to a "stroke of apoplexy" after having received a letter the previous day that he was in perfect health  He mentioned that Van Gogh was not very strong, and so this was a very melancholy circumstance  In several letters over the remainder of the year, Bonger comments on a growing appreciation for and friendship with Theo  In 1886, Vincent van Gogh arrived in Paris, which meant that Bonger saw less of Theo  Bonger expressed his concern that Vincent's harshness towards Theo, who had begun to look haggard  Theo met Bonger's parents during a visit to the Netherlands in 1886 Theo had hoped to open a gallery of his own, with his brother-in-law Andries as a partner  Despite promising talks, it never came to fruition 
Theo died six months after his older brother Vincent's death, leaving Andries's sister Jo holding the letters of Vincent to Theo and in control of Vincent's artwork   Andries believed that his younger sister should not have sole say about what became of these remnants of her marriage and attempted to exert his influence over her  She resisted and the close of the siblings were at odds  Andries managed the sales of some of Vincent's artwork whose sale Jo authorized 

Later life
In 1892, he returned to the Netherlands after taking a job with an insurance company based in Hilversum  Around this time, Bonger started collecting art, especially works by Odilon Redon and Émile Bernard, who were his friends  He also owned works by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne  He is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery in Amsterdam 

See also
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
Passage 8:
Indianford, Wisconsin
Indianford (also Fosters Ferry, Fulton Center, Indian Ford, or Morses Landing) is an unincorporated community located in the town of Fulton, in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States, on the Rock River  The Rock River is dammed at Indianford 


== Notes ==
Passage 9:
Navacerrada Dam
Navacerrada Dam is a reservoir at Navacerrada in the Community of Madrid, Spain  At an elevation of 1200 m, its maximum surface area is 93 hectares (230 acres) 

External links
 Media related to Embalse de Navacerrada at Wikimedia Commons
Sociedad Española de Presas y Embalses (in Spanish) profile
Passage 10:
ACM SIGGRAPH
ACM SIGGRAPH is the international Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques based in New York  It was founded in 1969 by Andy van Dam (its direct predecessor, ACM SICGRAPH was founded two years earlier in 1967) ACM SIGGRAPH convenes the annual SIGGRAPH conference, attended by tens of thousands of computer professionals  The organization also sponsors other conferences around the world, and regular events are held by its professional and student chapters in several countries 

Committees
Professional and Student Chapters Committee
The Professional and Student Chapters Committee (PSCC) is the leadership group that oversees the activities of ACM SIGGRAPH Chapters around the world  Details about Local Chapters can be found below 

International Resources Committee
The International Resources Committee (IRC) facilitates throughout the year worldwide collaboration in the ACM SIGGRAPH community, provides an English review service to help submitters whose first language is not English, and encourages participation in all SIGGRAPH  conference venues, activities, and events 

Awards
ACM SIGGRAPH presents six awards to recognize achievement in computer graphics  The awards are presented at the annual SIGGRAPH conference 

Steven A  Coons Award
The Steven Anson Coons Award for Outstanding Creative Contributions to Computer Graphics is considered the highest award in computer graphics, and is presented each odd-numbered year to individuals who have made a lifetime contribution to computer graphics  It is named for Steven Anson Coons, an early pioneer in interactive computer graphics Recipients:

Computer Graphics Achievement Award
The Computer Graphics Achievement award is given each year to recognize individuals for an outstanding achievement in computer graphics and interactive techniques that provided a significant advance in the state of the art of computer graphics and is still significant and apparent Recipients:

Significant New Researcher Award
The Significant New Researcher Award is given annually to a researcher with a recent significant contribution to computer graphics Recipients:

Distinguished Artist Award
The Distinguished Artist Award is presented annually to an artist who has created a significant body of digital art work that has advanced the aesthetic content of the medium 
Recipients:

Professional and Student Chapters
Within their local areas, Chapters continue the work of ACM SIGGRAPH on a year-round basis via their meetings and other activities  Each ACM SIGGRAPH Professional and Student Chapter consists of individuals involved in education, research & development, the arts, industry and entertainment  ACM SIGGRAPH Chapter members are interested in the advancement of computer graphics and interactive techniques, its related technologies and applications  For the annual conference, some of the Chapters produce a "Fast Forward" overview of activities 
Listed below are some examples of Chapter activities:

MetroCAF is the annual NYC Metropolitan Area College Computer Animation Festival, organized by the New York City chapter of ACM SIGGRAPH 
Bogota ACM SIGGRAPH has become one of the largest Animation and VFX events in Latin America, counting more than 6,000 registered attendees in 2015’s edition 
ACM SIGGRAPH Helsinki runs an evening-long graphics conference called SyysGraph, which is held autumn every year  The seminar strives to bring the latest updates of the 3D graphics field, demos, animations and interactive technologies  The presentations are held in English 
Silicon Valley ACM SIGGRAPH held "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" Visual Effects Panel with Industrial Light & Magic 

See also
Association for Computing Machinery
ACM Transactions on Graphics
Computer Graphics, its defunct quarterly periodical publication 
SIGGRAPH Conferences
Passage 11:
Communications of the ACM
Communications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)  It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor  It is sent to all ACM members 
Articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areas of computer science and information systems  The focus is on the practical implications of advances in information technology and associated management issues; ACM also publishes a variety of more theoretical journals  The magazine straddles the boundary of a science magazine, trade magazine, and a scientific journal  While the content is subject to peer review, the articles published are often summaries of research that may also be published elsewhere  Material published must be accessible and relevant to a broad readership From 1960 onward, CACM also published algorithms, expressed in ALGOL  The collection of algorithms later became known as the Collected Algorithms of the ACM According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 14 065 

See also
Journal of the ACM
Passage 12:
Calamus, Wisconsin
Calamus is a town in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States  The population was 1,005 at the 2000 census  The unincorporated community of South Beaver Dam is located in the town  The unincorporated community of Lost Lake is also located partially in the town 

History
The town was founded on January 22, 1846 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36 5 square miles (94 7 km2), of which, 36 1 square miles (93 4 km2) of it is land and 0 5 square miles (1 2 km2) of it (1 29%) is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,005 people, 379 households, and 297 families living in the town  The population density was 27 9 people per square mile (10 8/km2)   There were 396 housing units at an average density of 11 0 per square mile (4 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 97 71% White, 0 70% African American, 0 90% Native American, 0 30% from other races, and 0 40% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 00% of the population 
There were 379 households, out of which 31 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67 0% were married couples living together, 5 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 6% were non-families  14 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 65 and the average family size was 2 95 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23 2% under the age of 18, 7 7% from 18 to 24, 29 8% from 25 to 44, 26 8% from 45 to 64, and 12 6% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 105 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110 4 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $50,000, and the median income for a family was $54,107  Males had a median income of $33,636 versus $24,671 for females  The per capita income for the town was $19,818  About 5 5% of families and 7 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 0% of those under age 18 and 5 4% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 13:
Andries Stockenström
Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet, (6 July 1792 in Cape Town – 16 March 1864 in London) was lieutenant governor of British Kaffraria from 13 September 1836 to 9 August 1838 
His efforts in restraining colonists from moving into Xhosa lands served to make him immensely unpopular among the settlers of the Cape Colony frontier  As a historical figure, he long remained controversial in South Africa for supposedly hindering colonisation, and pro-imperialist histories have traditionally vilified him  However his relatively far-sighted and respectful policies towards the Xhosa have increasingly gained recognition in modern South Africa 
On Stockenström's legacy, historian Christopher Saunders concluded: "No man in the 19th century Cape had greater breadth of vision, none gained the respect of a wider constituency, black as well as white "

Early life
The eldest son of Anders Stockenström (1757-1811), a Cape landdrost of Swedish ancestry, he received an elementary education in Cape Town and in 1808 took up an appointment as clerk in his father's office at Graaff-Reinet  En route he met up with Lt-Col R Collins and accompanied him as a Dutch interpreter on a journey that took them to the Orange River and into the Xhosa country  Inclined to pursue a military career, Andries accompanied the expedition sent in 1810 to inform Ndlambe, the Rharhabe paramount chief, of the government's aim to expel him from the Zuurveld 

Military career
In the 19th century, the Cape frontier was afflicted by a recurring series of Frontier Wars, between the Cape Colony on the one side, and the Xhosa chiefs on the other  Stockenström's military career additionally saw growing disagreement between the leadership of the local Cape forces (the Burgher commandos) and the settlers on the frontier who supported greater imperial control 
While the young Stockenström was a great and sometimes ruthless soldier in the frontier wars, in the coming years he came to develop a growing sympathy with his Xhosa opponents  
The frontier policy of the colonial government at the time was the so-called "Reprisals System", whereby frontier settlers were permitted to cross the border to reclaim stolen cattle from any Xhosa settlement to which the cattle-tracks led – even if the stolen cattle were not in fact there  Stockenström was fiercely opposed to this system  His opinion that the Cape Colony colonists of the frontier were unfairly treating of their Xhosa neighbours led to his later conclusion that a strictly-enforced system of treaties must be enforced on both sides in order for peace and mutual respect to develop 

The 4th Frontier War (1811-1812)
In 1811 he was commissioned as an ensign in the Cape Regiment, took part in the 4th Cape Frontier War (1811–12), and in the campaign against Ndlambe  During this time, Andries served as aide-de-camp to his father, Anders Stockenström 
When his father was ambushed and killed, the young Andries rode from Bruintjieshoogte with 18 mounted burghers  He hunted down and overtook a number of the killers near Doringnek, slaying 13 of them 
Upon returning from Doringnek, Andries was appointed to his father's position in command of the burgher forces  Following Ndlambe's expulsion, he assisted Colonel John Graham in fortifying the Fish River frontier  Governor Sir John Cradock then appointed him as assistant landdrost of Graaff-Reinet, stationed initially at Van Stadensdam on the (upper) Fish River, and afterwards at the newly founded town of Cradock  Andries retained his commission as his duties remained mostly of a military nature 
In a rapid and successful campaign in 1813, he struck across the Fish River against Xhosa tribes that had violated the new frontier, and in May 1814 he was appointed a lieutenant in the Cape Regiment  He rose through the ranks rapidly after fighting in the fourth frontier war 

The 5th Frontier War (1818-1819)
Due in part to overcrowding, a civil war broke out between the amaNgqika (Ngqika Xhosa) and the amaGcaleka (Gcaleka Xhosa)  As the Cape had signed a defence treaty with Ngqika, it was legally required to respond to Ngqika's request for military assistance in 1818  Stockenström was thus ordered to lead his commando, as an ally of Ngqika, against Ndlambe's amaGcaleka 
After swiftly intercepting and defeating the Gcaleka army, he withdrew his commando and stationed his Graaff-Reinet burghers to defend the left flank at the Kat River  However, after the Cape withdrawal, the amaGcaleka regrouped in 1819 and this time invaded the Cape Colony itself, attacking Grahamstown 
Stockenström thus took to the field again  He was first ordered to position his Graaff-Reinet commando to meet any attack across the northern section of the frontier  Then while the Cape, Stellenbosch and Swellendam commandos advanced against the main amaGcaleka army, Stockenström's Graaff-Reinet commando was ordered to clear insurgents from the dense bush in the Fish River area – previously regarded as impenetrable  After successfully implementing this supposedly impossible campaign, Stockenström was promoted to captain in the Cape Regiment 
The war ended in October 1819, when Gcaleka agreed to recognise Ngqika's independent leadership of the Western Xhosa, and the area between the Keiskamma and Fish rivers was declared a neutral zone, closed off from both black and white settlement 
From about this period, Stockenström's relationship with Governor Lord Charles Somerset declined, in part because of his "outspoken criticism of Somerset’s frontier policy or his refusal to allow the settlement of the 1820 Settlers in his district and his opposition to their location on the frontier", Duminy suggests, and in part because of a quarrel with the Governor's son, Col  Henry Somerset  In addition, Stockenström was friendly with Acting Governor Sir Rufane Donkin, and since Grahamstown editor Robert Godlonton was a staunch supporter of Col  Somerset, this "meant that the remainder of his public career was characterized by personal and political feuds" 
His military career ended in July 1820 when he was transferred to the Corsican Rangers 
The Graaff-Reinet district's involvement with the frontier was also reduced by the creation in 1821 of the separate district of Albany (out of Uitenhage) and in 1826 of the district of Somerset East (out of Graaff-Reinet)  However Stockenström remained landdrost until the reform of 1828 which abolished his office 
In his final year as landdrost, he played a significant role in the Cape by lobbying for Ordinance 50 (1828) to grant the right to own land to the Khoikhoi and all other free black inhabitants of the Cape  A project that led to his later establishing of the Kat River Khoi Settlement 

Commissioner-General for the Eastern Province (1829-1833)
In 1827 the Council of Advice was enlarged to include two unofficial members, and in June that year Stockenström was appointed to fill one of these positions  
Early in 1829 Major-General Richard Bourke, who had arrived in the colony in 1826 as lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province, but instead became acting governor when Lord Charles Somerset departed, appointed Stockenström to the new post of commissioner-general for the Eastern Province 

The Kat River Khoi Settlement
In spite of the many political hindrances to his actions, Stockenström nonetheless set to work to reach an agreement for peace on the frontier and to stabilise the Ceded Territory between the Fish and Keiskamma rivers 
He decided to set aside this extensive and very fertile area for settlement, not by the white settlers of the frontier, but by the Cape's extensive Khoi and Griqua population  Some of Stockenström's top commanders were Khoi; he had long fought alongside Khoi soldiers in the frontier wars, and claimed to hold their bravery and loyalty in high esteem  He granted this displaced and marginalised people full and equal rights of land ownership and facilitated the establishment of their settlement, in what became known as the "Kat River Khoi Settlement" The dense settlements thrived and expanded, and the Kat River Settlement quickly became a large, peaceful and successful region of the Cape that subsisted more or less autonomously from the rest of the country  Stockenström was later to regard the creation of this settlement as his proudest achievement 

Frontier policy
Cattle raiding across the frontier, by both sides, was a persistent cause for frontier violence  For this reason, Stockenström promulgated new regulations dealing with the recovery of stolen stock  The previous "Reprisals System" of the frontier meant that the reaction to a cattle raid was simply to launch a counter-raid  Stockenström ruled that armed parties were only permitted to cross the frontier and recover stolen stock by force if the civil authorities gave permission 
This policy nonetheless proved to be very problematic because, when deciding whether to authorise punitive action, Stockenström depended on information from sources which were often unreliable  
In 1830 Stockenström permitted settlers to launch a punitive expedition against Tyali, having been shown evidence that this Xhosa chief was led raids across the border  However, the expedition resulted in the shooting of another chief, Zeko, which caused considerable controversy  Based on false information, Stockenström had at first commended Field Commandant Erasmus for his conduct, but later investigations showed that reports of Zeko being armed and removing livestock were false 
Faced with growing demands for punitive expeditions, Stockenström became increasingly suspicious of the motives of Col Somerset and the frontier settler group  The issue became critical in June 1831, when the colonial government directly authorised Somerset to launch an attack on the Xhosa, without Stockenström's permission and in spite of his objections 
Stockenström became increasingly critical of the frontier policy implemented, both in his reports from Graaff-Reinet and in the proceedings of the Council of Advice  After Lord Stanley, Secretary for the Colonies, requested his resignation from the council, Stockenström left the Cape in 1833 and traveled to London where he resigned as Commissioner-General, after having failed to persuade the Colonial Office to give him more independence in his frontier work 
He moved from London to Sweden – his ancestral home – in 1834 and, at roughly the same time, the Sixth Frontier War broke out in the Cape 

Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province (1836-1838)
In August 1835 he travelled to London to give evidence to the House of Commons on relations with the Xhosa in Southern Africa  In a hugely influential testimony, he blamed imperial policies and the frontier settlers' behaviour for causing repeated outbreaks of war with the Xhosa  In particular, the settlers' use of raids into Xhosa territory, to attack suspected cattle thieves 
His opinions – though hugely controversial – impressed the new Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Glenelg, who appointed him Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province 

New frontier policy
As lieutenant-governor, Stockenström now had the ability to construct a completely new policy for Cape-Xhosa relations 
He began by returning the recently annexed "Province of Queen Adelaide" to the Xhosa  He then instituted his own unique treaty system, recognising the Xhosa chiefs as independent and equal authorities in his diplomacy 
This system involved the exchange of diplomatic agents as reliable "ambassadors" between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa chiefs  The diplomatic agent system was underlain by formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side  Importantly, Stockenström forbade colonial expansion into Xhosa land  With this key provision, the treaty system soon brought a degree of peace to the frontier In his frontier policy, Stockenström was also in disagreement with the liberals and philanthropists of the Cape, in that he believed that the authority of the chiefs must be preserved, and that the relations of the borderlands needed to be strictly regulated and policed 

Legal pressure and decline of the treaty system
However many frontier colonists resented Stockenström's restrictions on their expansion into Xhosa land  
The Eastern Cape settler movement, which advocated dismantling Stockenström's treaty system and annexing the Xhosa land, was led by Godlonton and Col Somerset  This movement increasingly conducted a virulent and libellous campaign against Stockenström and his treaty system 
Godlonton had control of the most influential newspapers of the frontier region, and used them to advocate for his campaign  Godlonton also used his considerable influence in the religious institutions of the 1820 settlers to drive his opinions, declaring that the settlers were "selected by God himself to colonize Kaffraria" Officially, Stockenström was also beset by the problem that, as lieutenant-governor, he was still legally dependent on Sir Benjamin d’Urban, the overall Governor of the Cape, who resented the fact that he had been overlooked when the British parliament authorised Stockenström to take over the frontier  An additional problem was that he also still lacked authority over the military 
Under immense pressure from the frontier settlers' press campaign, Stockenström became increasingly drawn into a series of bitter legal battles  In February 1838 he started a libel action, after being publicly accused of murder, and requested the new governor, Sir George Napier, to launch a full inquiry  Stockenström was exonerated by the court of inquiry in June 1838, but nonetheless felt his position hopeless, and travelled to Britain to consult Glenelg  Glenelg refused to accept Stockenström's resignation, but his successor, Lord Normanby, dismissed Stockenström in August 1839 
Dispirited, Stockenström returned to the Cape in May 1840 and retired to his farm Klipkraal (in the Swaershoek Valley near Somerset East), making only occasional trips to Uitenhage and Cape Town 
In 1842, a severe drought effected the region, causing an increasing in cross-border cattle raiding  This, together with the growing neglect of Stockenström's treaty system, began to lead to growing violence along the frontier 
In 1844, the new governor of the Cape, Sir Peregrine Maitland, abolished Stockenström's treaty system altogether, imposing instead a unilateral system of more severe treaties  Certain provisions of the new treaty system, such as those allowing frontier settlers to counter-raid their Xhosa neighbours if they believed that cattle had been stolen, led to a sharp increase in violence  Maitland's system also involved building a system of military fortifications on Xhosa lands so as to secure the frontier militarily 
The new governor also began to settle Mfengu in frontier Xhosa territory, and opened parts of it up for permanent white settlement 
Aware of impending war, in 1845 Stockenström moved to his farm Maasström, at the foot of the Kaga Mountains, where he remained until April 1846 when the Seventh Frontier War broke out 

The 7th Frontier War (1846-1847)
When the Seventh Frontier War (the "Amatola War") erupted, the conventional imperial troops soon suffered setbacks in the rough frontier terrain  Their long troop columns were slow and easily ambushed by the elusive Xhosa gunmen  
Faced with increasing losses and a full-scale invasion of the Xhosa armies across the frontier, the British Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland called upon the local Cape Burgher Commandos  The Cape burghers were mounted frontier gunmen, recruited locally from Boer, Mfengu, settler, Khoikhoi and Griqua populations, and fiercely loyal to Stockenström  They objected to serving under an imperial commander, so Governor Maitland promoted Stockenström to colonel, so as to place him in command of the local mixed commandos 

Stockenström's burgher force first cleared the south-western part of the Eastern Province up to the Fish River, inflicting a string of defeats on the amaNgqika, and then advanced to Fort Beaufort, where it was initially ordered that he would invade the Xhosa country  Instead of launching a military invasion to destroy the Xhosa armies, Stockenström selected a small group of his mounted commandos, crossed the Colony's border and rapidly rode deep into the Transkei Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of Sarhili ("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa  Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili's capital 
Paramount Chief Sarhili and his generals agreed to meet Stockenström (with his commandants Groepe, Molteno and Brownlee), unarmed, on a nearby mountain ridge  The meeting was initially tense - the fathers of both Sarhili and Stockenström had been killed whilst unarmed  Both men were also veterans of several frontier wars against each other and, while they treated each other with extreme respect, Stockenström nonetheless made the extreme demand that Sarhili assume responsibility for any future Ngqika attacks   After protracted negotiations, Sarhili agreed to return any raided cattle & other property and to relinquish claims to the Ngqika land west of the Kei  He also promised to use his limited authority over the frontier Ngqika to restrain cross-border attacks  
A treaty was signed and the commandos departed on good terms However, Governor Maitland rejected the treaty and sent an insulting letter back to the Xhosa paramount-chief, demanding greater acts of submission and servility  Furious, Stockenstrom and his local commandos resigned and departed from the war, leaving the imperial troops and the Xhosa - both starving and afflicted by fever - to a long, drawn-out war of attrition Andries, his health ruined by this expedition (he remained in poor health the rest of his life), called on the British government to institute an inquiry into the war, maintaining that it had been prolonged needlessly but the new governor, Sir Harry Smith, ostentatiously blamed the Stockenström treaty system for being the cause of the war  In a meeting with the Xhosa chiefs, the Governor famously tore up a piece of paper in front of the chiefs and announced: "No more treaties"  Historian Piers Brendon described "Smith, placing his foot on the neck of the Xhosan ruler and proclaiming, 'I am your Paramount Chief, and the Kaffirs are my dogs!'"Sir Andries publicly condemned Governor Smith's policies, and warned that they would precipitate a further crisis, but Earl Grey, the Secretary for the Colonies, declined to take action 

Political career
Campaign for Representative Government
Stockenström's response to what he perceived as the incompetence of direct imperial control was to back calls for the Cape Colony to get greater local control over its affairs, through the institution of elected representative government  Stockenström was created a baronet in 1849, and used his military pension to support his drive for an elected parliament 
When Governor Smith called an election in 1850 (the only one of its kind) to get around the difficulty of finding suitable people to serve on the legislative council, Sir Andries received the most votes cast for any candidate from the Eastern Province  However, Robert Godlonton led several Legislative Council members in denying that the elections represented popular opinion, and Sir Andries and the other popularly elected members resigned in September 
In 1851 he and John Fairbairn travelled to Britain in the hope of persuading the British government to introduce representative government in the Cape  But as a result of his call for an inquiry into Governor Harry Smith's policies, Sir Andries was in turn made the scapegoat for their failure, and was additionally blamed for the Kat River rebellion during the Eighth Frontier War of 1850  
Instead of a commission of inquiry, a select committee was appointed  Duminy writes that it "neither recommended an inquiry nor prepared a report" 
During his absence, his opponents destroyed his farm, Maasström, in 1851 

Member of Parliament
Representative government was nonetheless instituted in 1853, and Sir Andries was approached to run for election to the new Cape Parliament to represent the Eastern Divisions  To meet the expenses of the campaign and of the destruction of his property, he arranged for the subdivision of a part of Maasström (one-third of the 4 985 morgen) as a township, which was named Bedford, after Sir Andries's friend, the 8th Duke of Bedford 
Following a heated electoral campaign, Sir Andries defeated his old enemy, Godlonton – despite renewed publication of all the old accusations against him in Godlonton's newspaper, the Graham's Town Journal 
As a member of the Cape legislative council, Sir Andries piloted the passage of the Divisional Councils Act, which in his view restored a link between the government and the governed, which had been broken in 1828 (with the abolition of landdrosts)  He also supported the passing of the Burgher Force Bill, which placed the local Cape commandos on an equal footing with the already-established military carrison 
In one of his final political acts, he gave his support to the infant movement for "Responsible Government" in the Cape, as a way to curtail what he saw as the ineptitude of direct imperial control in Southern Africa In other respects, he was frustrated  The Khoikhoi settlement on the Kat River was broken up, and little was done to rein in frontier warmongers and land speculators 

Retirement and later life
Failing health saw him resign his seat in March 1856, and he left the colony the following month  He lived for a while in Nice, Naples and England, returned to the Cape in 1860, and again went to London in 1862, where he would die in 1864 aged 71 of bronchitis that had plagued him for years  He was interred in Kensal Green Cemetery, London 

Family
Anders Andersen Stockenström (*1707 †1764), inspector of mines and mayor of Filipstad x Caterina Margarita Ekman (*1723) 

Anders Stockenström *6 January 1757 Filipstad in Värmland, Sweden x 1 June 1786 Maria Geertruyda Broeders (baptised 11 March 1764), daughter of Peter Caspar Brodersen (or Broders), from Rantrum, a North Frisian town in Schleswig, and Elsabe Cornelia Colijn  The couple had four sons and four daughters 
Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st baronet x 8 December 1828 Elsabe Helena Maasdorp (1808-1889), daughter of Gijsbert Henry Maasdorp  The couple had six children, of whom the firstborn died as a baby 
Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström (1841-1912), 2nd baronet - no issue
Elizabeth Maria Henrietta Stockenström x 1852 farmer and politician Charles William Hutton (13 July 1826 – 1 February 1905), who in 1887 edited Sir Andries's autobiography in two volumes, and was Cape Colony treasurer from 1881 to 1884 
Ella Elizabeth Hutton *1 February 1853 x Christian Maasdorp - 6 children
Andries Stockenström Hutton x Blanche Giddy
Charles Henry Hutton d 1897 x Elizabeth Leonard - 3 children
Edward Drummond Hutton d 1941 x Sara Maria Nel - 2 children
Maria Susanna Stockenström d 1870 x 1864 Sir Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard (1838/40-1902), lawyer and administrator
Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 – 22 March 1880) x 24 December 1867 Maria Henrietta Hartzenberg, of Graaff-Reinet
Sir Andries Stockenström, 3rd baronet (1868-1922)(only son), advocate of the Transvaal Supreme Court and a member of the Transvaal and Union parliaments 
Sir Anders Johan Booysen Stockenström, 4th baronet (1908-1957)
Andrée Mabel Stockenström (only child, owner of Maasström) x Gardiner

Anders Stockenström
In September 1781 Anders Stockenström sailed from Texel as a quarter-gunner aboard a VOC ship, 't Zeepaard 
Scurvy broke out in the fleet when it reached the Equator, and when it reached Table Bay in December 1782, 1,202 of the 2,753 passengers and crew had died, and 915 were ill  Four of the most heavily armed ships, including 't Zeepaard, sailed for Batavia, after four weeks, to assist in defence of the city against an expected British attack  It is not known whether Anders sailed with the fleet, but two years later he was working as an assistant in the goods office in Cape Town, where he remained for some years  He also served on a vessel carrying slaves for the VOC from Madagascar to the Cape, and was afterwards, until 1795 with the British occupation of the Cape, bookkeeper to the fleet  In March 1796 General J H Craig appointed Anders secretary to Landdrost A A Faure, of Swellendam 
Following the takeover of the Cape by the Batavian Republic, Anders was appointed landdrost of Graaff-Reinet by both Governor Jan Willem Janssens and Commissioner-General Jacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist  The latter swore him in on 14 February 1804, at which time Graaff-Reinet had been without a permanent landdrost since 1801 
During his eight years as landdrost – under Batavian rule until 1806, and then under British rule – the district experienced Bushman raids in the north and north-west, and an unsettled frontier with the amaXhosa  Public buildings were in need of restoration following the Khoikhoi/Xhosa invasion of 1802-03 (the Third Frontier War)  While commandos were sent against the Bushmen, Anders also tried to reconcile the Bushmen by having game shot for them, and periodically giving them cattle 
When steps were eventually taken against the Xhosa in December 1811, Anders, in command of the burghers of Graaff-Reinet, occupied Bruintjieshoogte to protect the area north of the Zuurberg  The commandos of George, Uitenhage and Swellendam, together with the Cape Regiment, gathered at the Sundays River mouth and after Christmas, crossed the river to drive the Xhosa from the Addo bush 
On 27 December Col John Graham of Fintry sent orders to Stockenström to join the rest of the force at Coerney, where Col J G Cuyler (landdrost of Uitenhage) was in charge  Realising that this would leave the area north of the Zuurberg vulnerable to Xhosa attack, Anders went to discuss the matter with Graham 
He set out at sunset on 29 December 1811 with 24 men  About five hours later he encountered a number of Xhosa of the Imidange clan under Kasa on Doringnek, the watershed between the White and Coerney rivers, on the Zuurberg 
Relying on his popularity as the friend and benefactor of both colonists and indigenous peoples, Anders dismounted and went to meet the war party unarmed  He spent at least half an hour endeavouring to persuade Kasa to return to their country without bloodshed but when he returned to mount his horse, the Imidange had surrounded his party and attacked, killing eight burghers and an interpreter  Four were wounded but managed to escape 

Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström
Sir Andries's eldest surviving son (*1841 †1912) succeeded him as baronet and was a member of the Cape Legislative Council from 1891 to 1910  Sir Gijsbert died without issue, and the title passed to the offspring of his younger brother, also named Andries 

Justice Andries Stockenström
Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 Graaff-Reinet - 22 March 1880 Swellendam), second son of Sir Andries Stockenström (1st Baronet), was an influential judge and the Attorney-General of the Cape Colony 
His child, Andries (1868-1922), became the third and penultimate Stockenström baronet in 1912 

Notes and references
Further reading
Hutton, C  W  (1964)  The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope  C  Struik 

External links
eggsa org
geocities com (Archived 2009-10-25)
Passage 14:
Vancouver Courier
The Vancouver Courier was a Canadian semi-weekly local newspaper published in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, by the Van-Net chain owned by Glacier Media Group  In 2007, it was Canada's largest distributed community newspaper, with a weekly distribution of 265,000  The circulation estimate included the Vancouver Courier, the Vancouver Courier Downtown, and the Vancouver Courier Westside, along with the Vancouver Courier Eastside on Wednesdays 
Delivered to homes, the paper is distributed from UBC to the Vancouver proper boundary at Boundary Road The newspaper began as an independent in 1908 as the Eburne News  From the late 90s to 2007, it had several owners: first, the national Southam Inc  chain, then Hollinger, CanWest, Postmedia, and finally Glacier Media  It expanded from being a neighbourhood newspaper to its current citywide circulation area after acquiring the Vancouver Echo and the West End Times The paper was twice named "Best Community Newspaper in BC" and was the second runner-up in the Canadian Community Newspaper Association's general excellence competition Unlike most community newspapers, which feature several news stories on their front pages, the Courier's Friday front page featured a single, lengthy feature that ran over several pages  The paper also frequently published material on local Vancouver history, usually written by Lisa Smedman  Columnists included Geoff Olson, Allen Garr, Fiona Hughes, and Keith Baldrey  The poet Earle Birney worked at the paper in the mid-1920s as a summer reporter and editor 
In April 2020, the Courier announced that they had ceased publication until further notice due to a lack of advertising revenue associated with lower business activity during the COVID-19 pandemic  In September 2020, this temporary publication halt was made permanent 

See also
Vancouver Sun
Vancouver Province
List of newspapers in Canada
Passage 15:
2011 Latvian presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Latvia on 2 June 2011  Incumbent president Valdis Zatlers was standing again, as well as Andris Bērziņš (Saeima member for the Union of Greens and Farmers), a former head of SEB Unibanka (not to be confused with Andris Bērziņš, former PM from Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way); Bērziņš was nominated by five Saeima members of the Union of Greens and Farmers just two days before the nomination deadline, although the party was assumed to back Zatlers for re-election In the first round, Bērziņš got 50 votes in favour and 48 against, while Zatlers got 43 in favour and 55 against (99 lawmakers cast votes, but one was invalid), meaning none was elected; a second round was held later on the same day, with Bērziņš winning the election 53 to 44 votes in favour; Zatlers got 41 to 56 votes Analysts attributed Zatlers' defeat to his decision to call Latvia's first parliamentary dissolution referendum on 28 May 2011 
Passage 16:
Van Riebeeck Society
Historical Publications Southern Africa (HiPSA)  is a South African text publication society which publishes or republishes primary sources relating to southern African history  It was founded in 1918 as the Van Riebeeck Society for the Publication of Southern African Historical Documents, usually abbreviated as the Van Riebeeck Society (VRS)  It changed to its present name in 2017, with the first volume published under the new name appearing in 2019  Since the society's foundation, with rare exceptions, a new volume has been published annually  Fees from subscribing members finance the publications  The society sets out to make historical sources available to the average reader, but it also maintain a high academic standard and has produced valuable Africana 

Origins
Since its inception the society has had close links with the National Library of South Africa (South African Library) in Cape Town  Two men who were instrumental in the Society's founding were A  C  G  Lloyd, librarian of the South African Public Library, and John X  Merriman, at one time prime minister of the Cape Colony and a trustee of the library 
The discovery by Lloyd in November 1911 of a large fragment of Adam Tas's diary of 1704 was to a large extent responsible for the society's creation  As leader of the free burghers opposed to the Dutch East India Company and governor of the Cape, Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Tas personified the struggle against colonialism  The trustees of the library raised the funds needed to publish the diary in 1914 
With surplus money from the publication fund, it was decided to publish Baron van Pallandt's General Remarks on the Cape of Good Hope, an 1803 pamphlet originally written in French, printed clandestinely and suppressed by Uitenhage De Mist, and consequently a rare work  This was published in 1917 and met with the disapproval of General J  B  M  Hertzog, the then prime minister, who was upset by passages describing the poor treatment meted out to the Khoikhoi by the settlers  Hertzog's denunciation of the work led to enormously increased sales 
Bolstered by this success, the trustees decided to publish certain reports on the Cape by Governor Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes, and by the commissioner at the Cape, Baron Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff  However, the library's mandate did not include publishing archival documents so that a decision was taken to found a private society to deal with the management of the project  This led on 29 August 1918 to the first meeting of the society  The initial membership was 54, many being members of parliament, and the de Chavonnes reports made up the first publication 
Passage 17:
Wrong Side of Town
Wrong Side of Town is a 2010 American action film written, produced and directed by David DeFalco, scored by Jim Kaufman, and starring Rob Van Dam and Dave Bautista  The film was released direct-to-DVD in the United States on February 23, 2010 

Plot
Bobby Kalinowski, is a former Navy Seal enjoys a peaceful life as a landscape architect in Louisiana with his family  After receiving an invitation from new neighbors Clay Freeman and Elise Freeman, they go out for a night on the town to a famous club  The evening soon takes a turn for the worse when Bobby gets into a conflict with one of the club owners, named Ethan Bordas  In the middle of the conflict, Ethan accidentally falls and is stabbed by his own knife, while fighting with Bobby, who was defending his wife 
Seeking revenge, Ethan's father Seth Bordas, previously thought to be his older brother, puts a $100,000 bounty on Bobby's head  Also making matters difficult, Bobby is unable to receive help from the law, for Seth has Clay Freeman, and a corrupt police sergeant, working for him  Now Bobby must survive and escape Louisiana while being hunted by criminals, corrupt law, and many others in the city  To protect his family and neighbors, Bobby decides to separate himself from them and goes to his Navy Seal colleague Big Ronnie (or known as B R ) for help  B R  initially refuses, deciding to take the bounty, but later changes his mind and helps Bobby  Seth targets Bobby’s family and kidnaps his 16-year-old daughter Brianna  However, Bobby ends up fighting and killing Seth and his henchmen with B R 's help, and rescues his daughter 

Cast
Rob Van Dam as Bobby Kalinowski
Dave Bautista as Big Ronnie (B R )
Lara Grice as Dawn Kalinowski
Edrick Browne as Clay Freeman
Ava Santana  as Elise Freeman
Stormy Daniels as Stormy
Randal Reeder as Trouble
Jerry Katz as Seth Bordas
Louis Herthum as Briggs
Brooke Frost as Brianna Kalinowski
Ja Rule a k a  Jeffrey Atkins as Razor
Nelson Frazier, Jr  as Animal
Damon Lipari as Nicky
Scott Schwartz as Deacon
David DeFalco as Demon
Marrese Crump as Markus
Omarion a k a  Omari Grandberry as Stash
Quess a k a  Brian Wakefield as Dawg
Ross Britz as Ethan Bordas
"Big Dog" Ramar Jenkins as Big Dog
Carsten H W  Lorenz as Cab Driver
Anthony M  Frederick as Detective Hernandez
Gabriela Ostos as Abusive Woman
J  Omar Castro as Cop

Production
The film is set and filmed at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Los Angeles, California on January 18 and February 21, 2009 

Home media
On February 23, 2010, DVD was released by Lionsgate in the United States in Region 1  DVD was released in Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 15 March 2010, it was distributed by Entertainment One 

Critical response
R L  Shaffer of IGN scored the film  2/10, writing "Alas, Wrong Side of Town gets everything wrong  The producers cast a bunch of wrestlers who can't act and they gave them unbelievable dialogue and stupid characters  It's no wonder their performances are terrible  No one is guided in the right direction, and the entire production feels like a high school-produced cheapie that everyone's ashamed they made" 
Passage 18:
Andris Ameriks
Andris Ameriks (born March 5, 1961 in Jūrmala, Latvian SSR) is a Latvian politician and economist who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since the 2019 elections  He is a former deputy mayor of Riga 

Political career
Career in national politics
During his youth, he was a former first secretary of the Communist Youth organization of the Latvian SSR  From 1993 to 1998 he was a member of the Saeima, representing the National Harmony Party and later, Democratic Party "Saimnieks"  From 2001 he has been a member of the Riga City Council, from 2010 till 2018 serving as the Deputy Chairman of Riga City Council, i e  the deputy mayor of the Latvian capital Ameriks is known to be getting a significant part of his income from investments in payday loan companies  In 2017 Ameriks received the largest income among the elected municipal officials in Latvia, reporting an income of 616,386 EUR and 35,250 USD, with most of it being interest payments from Mogo non-bank lender and from the sale of securities Ameriks resigned as deputy mayor of Riga City Council on December 17, 2018, amid corruption allegations around Rīgas Satiksme  On December 19, 2018 members from the Riga City Council opposition initiated an unsuccessful vote of no confidence against Ameriks as a board chairman for Freeport of Riga 

Member of the European Parliament
Ameriks has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2019 elections  He has since been serving on the Committee on Transport and Tourism and the Committee on Petitions  
In addition to his committee assignments, Ameriks is part of the Parliament’s delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan, EU-Uzbekistan and EU-Tajikistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and for relations with Turkmenistan and Mongolia  He is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Western Sahara 



ground_truth: Association for Computing Machinery

ACM

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the child of the male star of the 1921 film Money?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  When Melinda, Jim Clancy, and Rick Payne break into Gabriel's house, they find out Gabriel's obsession with Melinda  He had been observing her moves for quite a long time  At the end of season two, both Gabriel and Melinda struggle against each other for the fate of living and dead 
Gabriel returns to Grandview in the third season episode "Weight of What Was", informing Melinda he is her half-brother  He hands her a package containing images of her father's family  An image in the package, in fact from Melinda's mother's past, leads Melinda to an underground church and her great-great-great grandmother, Tessa  A ghost which haunts the archives of Grandview tells Gabriel that Melinda has entered the tunnel, and Gabriel blocks the exit, preventing Melinda from escaping the way she entered  The episode ends with Gabriel speaking to Tom Gordon about what seems like a plan to get Melinda to help ghosts in a dark way  While in Grandview, he resided in a hotel under the name Gabriel Gordon  Gabriel also appears in "All Ghosts Lead to Grandview", wherein he has a brief conversation with Melinda at the end of the episode 

Thomas Gordon
Thomas "Tom" Gordon (Martin Donovan) first appears in the plot in season two's finale, although he has previously appeared in some flashbacks  When Melinda "dies" in season two's finale, she confronts what appears to be an already dead Tom, who tells her she is ready to find the darkness within herself, and also tells her she has a brother, later revealed to be Gabriel  In season three, Tom has contact with both Melinda and Gabriel, manifesting himself in Melinda's dreams, and speaking as a ghost with Gabriel  It has been suggested Tom is part of the Dark Side, and he is developing a plan to get Melinda into the Dark Side 
In the penultimate episode of season three, however, Tom is found alive in Gabriel's home  Melinda later learns every time she had seen Tom's "ghost", his body had in fact been taken over by Paul Eastman, when he was trying to kill Tom  Melinda then finds out Tom actually is not her father, Paul Eastman is  After discovering this shocking truth, Melinda goes to the main square in town to think, where Tom meets her  He asks her to come back to the house she grew up in  There he gets her to go back through her memories to the night Paul Eastman had come to their house  Just then Melinda realizes Tom is actually a cold-blooded killer; she remembers Tom deliberately murdering Paul Eastman  Tom then informs her that he now has to kill her to keep his secret safe  As he tries to choke her to death, Melinda cries out to her dad, to which Tom answers, "I'm not your Dad"  Melinda replies she wasn't talking to Tom but actually was asking for help from her real father  Paul Eastman then arrives and takes over Tom's body one last time, forcing him to throw himself over the staircase, effectively killing him  Soon afterwards he appears before Melinda  Tom is then pulled away by an unknown force to an unknown location 

Paul Eastman
Paul Eastman  (Corin Nemec) first appears in Melinda's dreams as someone who haunted her and/or wanted to haunt her  She soon discovers that he was an escaped prisoner accused of killing a child whose ghost Melinda was attempting to cross over  However, before he crosses over, the boy admits that his death was an accident, and that he had spoken to Eastman as a ghost to lead him to his body  This led to his wrongful incarceration  In the season 3 finale, it is revealed he is Melinda's biological father, not Tom Gordon  Paul set a series of "clues" to help Melinda see the truth  To quicken the process and save Melinda, he convinces her mother to tell Melinda the truth  Melinda is initially in disbelief and consoled by Tom, who convinces her to follow him to a safe place  The "safe" place is Melinda's childhood home and Paul Eastman's burial site  Once they arrive, Tom probes Melinda about her memory of Paul's death; she eventually has a flashback revealing Tom deliberately killed Paul  Tom decided he must kill Melinda to protect himself from the truth being revealed  Melinda cries out to her father, to which Tom replies: "Don't call me Dad  I'm not your Father " Melinda answers, "I wasn't talking to you " As Tom realizes to whom Melinda had been calling, Paul enters Tom's body and forces him to fall to his death  Paul talks to Melinda and her mother and says he thought that he would never be so angry with his former lover, and only hearing his daughter calling for her father made all of his anger disappear  He then went into The Light  He has one grandson by Melinda, Aiden  In life, he apparently had the ability to speak to ghosts just like Melinda and her maternal relations, meaning that Melinda received her ability from both parents 

Zoe Ramos
Zoe Ramos (Jaclyn DeSantis) is Eli's ex-girlfriend and a professor at Rockland University  She knows a lot about the supernatural, because she teaches a course entitled the "Science of the Occult " Zoe and Eli had broken up because at the time he didn't share her beliefs regarding ghosts, life after death, etc  At the end of the fourth season, Eli decides to resume contact with her  Zoe helps Melinda and Eli with cases involving voodoo and vampirism (episodes "Cursed" and "Endless Love") 
In season four's finale, Eli observes Zoe having lunch with a lawyer, Jeremy Bishop, and becomes very jealous   When Eli attempts the theft of an ancient book from the library of the University, Zoe tells him the true value of the book, which she has studied   Eli decides to invite Zoe out for dinner  When she fails to appear, Eli goes to Zoe's house and finds her dead  Her spirit tells Eli she died from falling down the stairs while a thief, influenced by a Watcher, entered her house to put the Book there 
After securing the Book, Eli calls to Zoe, who informs him about the Other Side  She tells him that she was the "Guardian of the Book of Changes" and, henceforth, he will need to take care of the Book  Eli agrees and realizes he still loves Zoe  After saying goodbye to Eli, Zoe goes into the light 

Aiden Lucas
Aiden Lucas (portrayed by Connor Gibbs) is the son of Melinda Gordon and Jim Clancy  Aiden is also the grandson of Paul Eastman and Beth Gordon who are Melinda's parents and Aiden and Faith Clancy who are Jim's parents 
Aiden was born on September 25, 2009  Before his birth, the watchers predict him and tell Melinda that her son is the key if the ghost's balances shift, and he will be more powerful than she is  On the day of his birth, Melinda worries about her son's fate  During his birth, Melinda needs an emergency C-section and Aiden suddenly goes into fetal distress in the operating room  First, the watcher (Carl) warned Melinda of her child’s power and the danger he may come into, stops time to tell her Fate and Free Will will work together to decide whether or not the baby will live  He quickly disappears and time restarts  While the baby is not breathing at first, he suddenly recovers to full health  Later in recovery, Melinda tells Jim they will name the baby Aiden Lucas, after Jim’s father and the late Sam Lucas 
Years later, the family is celebrating Aiden's upcoming fifth birthday  Every year on his birthday something bad happens; Aiden strangely gets sick or something happens to Melinda or Jim  Delia and Melinda call it a birthday curse  However, Aiden is actually haunted by the ghost of the woman who died during childbirth when Melinda gave birth to Aiden  The woman believes Aiden is the spirit of her dead son and she haunts Aiden every year on his birthday 
Melinda discovers this and finds out the ghost's son, Tyler, is actually alive and safe with his real father and adoptive mother  Aiden saved Tyler earlier in a bowling accident and Melinda helped the woman go into the light  Later, Carl reveals to Melinda that Aiden is an empath and can feel other people's emotions; he would get sick on his birthday and something went wrong with his birth because of the ghost 
In addition to being an empath, Aiden is able to see and communicate with ghosts like his mother and grandparents do, and he is psychically connected to Melinda  Melinda does not tell Aiden this because she wants him to have a normal life 
Aiden is able to see things Melinda can't, namely the Shinies (which Aiden refers to as "faceless" and made of "light") and the Shadows, which can be defeated easily by the Shinies, but the Shinies are too afraid of them to do so 

Spirits
Characters that appear as spirit guest stars:

Lost spirits
These are some of the spirits who either did not cross over or went to the Dark Side (Hell) 

Laughing Man (appears with Romano and is a ghostly agent for the dark side  He wears a two-piece suit and is usually seen laughing  He was portrayed by Douglas Bierman; death was from accidental ingestion of water dropwort)
Bleeding Man (a dark spirit whose right hand is bleeding, hence his name  He was portrayed by Lou Glenn; death was from exsanguination)
Bloody Mary, a girl who was accidentally buried alive and died in the coffin, scratching her nails off on the seal of the coffin  Seen in the last seconds of Episode 2, Season 3
Giles Nickelburg (plane crash due to pilot error)
Greg Carter (car accident due to car going off a cliff)
Martha Rucker (building collapse)
Unnamed Man (conjunctivitis infection)
Greta Hansen (wheelchair fell down the stairs)
Tom Gordon (fell down the stairs)
Eli's parents (death from natural causes  Melinda helps them see The Light after solving a problem between them  The problem was caused by the fact that Eli's mother was a lesbian and had an affair with a friend  Eli's father thought she was really having a love affair with her friend's husband, making his spirit unable to cross over  They decide to stay to take care of her son, although he disagrees with the idea )
Shane Carson (suicide to continue stalking Melinda)
Randy Cooper (asthma attack)

Shinies and Shadows
Two different kinds of spirits that appear throughout the series  They are sworn enemies of each other, created by the emotions of ghosts, and feed upon others  Aiden Lucas, Melinda's son, is the only one who has the ability to see both of them while his mother and the Watchers cannot 

Shinies
Beings of good who are composed of light energy  Aiden reveals, in Season 5, that the Shinies are ghost children that have crossed over into The Light  He also comments that there are more Shinies than there are Shadows, and that if they were to go to war with each other, the Shinies would win  The Shadows prevent their growing numbers by consuming still-earthbound ghost children, making the Shinies fear them  But in the episode "The Children's Parade", Aiden reveals that if he, along with the other Shinies, use their combined power, they can defeat the Shadows forever 
In previous seasons, the Shinies have already revealed their presence to Melinda without her knowing  Carl, a Watcher, tells Melinda that she is surrounded by "light beings" watching over her and they are shown all throughout Grandview, watching over her during her wedding vow renewal  In later events, Melinda notices Aiden talking to himself  But later events reveal that Aiden has the ability to see these spirits (the Shinies), which she cannot see  Cassidy Peyton, a ghost girl Melinda crossed over, becomes a Shiny after going into The Light and becomes good friends with Aiden 
Shinies are attracted to "shiny things" such as flashlights, utensils, etc  Also, the Shinies are afraid of the Shadows, as depicted in the season 5 episode "Lost in the Shadows" 
In the series finale ("The Children's Parade") the Shinies, led by Aiden, destroy the Shadows once and for all 

Shadows
The Shadows are ghosts who are seen as beings of darkness  Aiden reveals that the Shadows are either "broken pieces" left behind by ghosts who have crossed over or have "crossed under"  Ghosts describe them as cold things and don't like to talk about them  They feed on the negative emotions of ghosts, especially ghost children, break their souls beyond repair, and feed on the rest of them 
In previous seasons, Gabriel was working for them, but since he disappeared they could no longer block The Light  They are extremely dangerous and use people, both living and dead, to gather the souls of ghost children so that they may feed; examples are President Bedford of Rockland University to get the Book of Changes, which helps Melinda, Eli and Aiden, but they killed him when he could not complete the task  Another is Greta Hansen, a woman in a wheelchair who helped the Shadows by luring children's spirits into her house (using Cassidy Peyton), but Melinda saved some spirits imprisoned by the ghost Greta 
Ravens are their symbols, and they fear lights, shiny things, and the Shinies 
Passage 5:
National Commission for Scheduled Castes
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is an Indian constitutional body under the jurisdiction of  Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo Indian communities to promote and protect their social, educational, economic and cultural interests, special provisions were made in the Constitution  Article 338 of the Indian constitution deals with National Commission for Scheduled Castes  Article 338 A deals with National Commission for Scheduled tribes 

History
Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as chairman and other four members  Members of the commission includes a chairman, a vice chairman and four other members  It was set up as a national level advisory body to advise the government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes  The president of India appoints the chairman of commission  The fifth schedule of Indian constitution deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes  Service condition and tenure is determined by president of India  Article 341 deals with notification of Scheduled Castes and Article 342 deals with notification of Scheduled Tribes 
The first Commission was constituted in 1992 with S  H  Ramdhan as chairman 
The second Commission was constituted in October 1995 with H  Hanumanthappa as chairman 
The third Commission was constituted in December 1998 with Dileep Singh Bhuria as the chairman 
The fourth Commission was constituted in March 2002 with Dr  Bizay Sonkar Shastri as the chairperson 
Consequent upon the Constitution (Eighty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 2003 the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been replaced by
(1) National Commission for Scheduled Castes and
(2) National Commission for Scheduled Tribes 

National Commission for Scheduled Castes
The first National Commission for Scheduled Castes was constituted in 2004 with Suraj Bhan as the chairman  The second was constituted in May 2007 (chairperson: Buta Singh); the third from October 2010 (P  L  Punia); and the fourth from 2013, also with Punia as chairperson  The fifth National Commission for Scheduled Castes began work in 2017 under chairmanship of Ram Shankar Katheria  L Murugan was made vice chairman with K Ramulu, Dr Yogendra Paswan and Dr  Swaraj Vidwan as members  The President has appointed Shri Vijaya Sampla as the chairman of the sixth National Commission for Scheduled Castes  Shri Arun Halder is the vice-chairman  Shri Subhash Ramnath Pardhi and Smt  Anju Bala are the other members of the sixth NCSC 

Functions
The following are the functions of the commission:
To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards
To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Castes
To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State
To present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards
To make in such reports recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes
To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Castes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify

Chairman
See also
National Commission for Backward Classes
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
National human rights commission
Passage 6:
Ryan Michelle Bathe
Ryan Michelle Bathé (born July 27, 1976) is an American actress 

Early life
Bathe's mother is Clare Bathé, an actress and singer who was a member of the late 1970s funk/disco/rock group Machine  She grew up in Stamford, Connecticut  She graduated from Stanford University, and she received a Master of Fine Arts degree from New York University  She is a member of the sorority Delta Sigma Theta 

Career
Bathe has had guest starring roles in a number of television shows, including ER, Half & Half, Girlfriends, Brothers & Sisters, and How I Met Your Mother  She was regular cast member during the second season of the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal playing attorney Sara Holt  From  2009 to 2010, she had a recurring role on the short-lived NBC medical drama Trauma, and in 2011 had starring role in the TV Land sitcom Retired at 35  She had main roles in the independent films All About Us and April Moon 
In 2012, Bathe co-starred opposite Katherine Heigl in the crime comedy film One for the Money  Later that year, she had a recurring role opposite her real life husband Sterling K  Brown in the Lifetime drama series Army Wives  In 2014, she was a female lead opposite Kevin Hart in the ABC comedy pilot Keep It Together  In 2016, Bathe was cast in a recurring role in the NBC drama series, This Is Us, also starring Brown In 2018, Bathe was cast as one of leads in the BET+ comedy-drama series First Wives Club based on the film of the same name written by Robert Harling  In 2020, she signed a first look deal with ViacomCBS  In 2022, Bathe was cast as a lead alongside Morena Baccarin in the NBC heist thriller series The Endgame 

Personal life
In June 2007, Bathe married fellow actor and Stanford alum Sterling K  Brown  They have two sons 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 7:
Chuck Green
Charles Green (November 6, 1919 – March 7, 1997) was an American tap dancer  Green was born in Fitzgerald, Georgia  He would stick bottle caps on his bare feet as a child and tap dance on the sidewalk for money  He won third place in a dance contest in 1925, in which Noble Sissle was the bandleader  Soon, Green would be touring the South tap dancing 
When he was nine he was brought to New York by a talent scout to study tap dancing  A famous talent agent, Nat Nazzaro, signed Green up as a client when he was just twelve years old  He and his childhood friend James Walker teamed up and called themselves "Shorty and Slim"  Walker was a talented comic dancer and would be "Slim" to Green's "Shorty" 
They changed their name to "Chuck and Chuckles," and played New York's Palace Theatre  Described as a modern Buck and Bubbles, Chuckles, an expert in legomania, played the vibes, while Green performed tap in a breathtaking yet gentle style of John Bubbles, whose protégé' he later became  Up until 1944, "Chuck and Chuckles" toured Europe, Australia, and the United States, performing in such venues as Radio City Music Hall, the Paramount, Apollo, and Capital theatres  Jobs were plentiful and they would double up on performances, averaging five stage shows a day, playing nightclubs until early morning, and touring nonstop with big bands across the country and abroad  In 1944, due to Green's stress, the team broke up and Green was committed to a mental institution where he stayed for fifteen years 
Upon his release in 1959, Green had become very introverted, but he could still dance  He quickly adapted to bebop and created his own style of tap dancing, experimenting with new harmonies and rhythmic patterns  He could easily ad-lib his dance numbers to the new music  He began performing again, on stage and on television 
He appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival on July 6, 1963, along with Honi Coles  Then, in 1964, Green faced tap dancer Groundhog in a tap challenge at the Village Vanguard  In 1969, Green appeared with members of Harlem's Hoofers Club for a series of "Tap Happenings" that were produced in New York City by Letitia Jay  Through the 1970s and 1980s, Green performed with the Copasetics  Honi Coles would introduce him as, "Chuck Green, the greatest tap dancer in the world "  In 1979, Green was featured in the documentary film No Maps on My Taps 
In 2003, Green was inducted into the Tap Dance Hall of Fame 
Chuck Green died on March 7, 1997, at the Oakridge Care Center in Oakland, Calif ,

Filmography
Passage 8:
Think I'm in Love (Eddie Money song)
"Think I'm in Love" is a 1982 hit single by American rock singer Eddie Money from his album No Control  The song was written by Money and Randy Oda (who is perhaps best known otherwise for his collaborations with former Creedence Clearwater Revival member Tom Fogerty)   The song was released as a single and reached #16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and hit #1 on the Billboard Top Tracks chart The song was Money's first Top 40 hit in several years, and sparked a brief comeback for the artist  The song remains a popular track, and gets frequent airplay on classic rock radio stations 

Music video
The music video included elements from classic vampire movies (with Eddie Money cast as a quasi-Dracula character)   It was one of the most popular early MTV music videos 

In popular culture
The song has been featured in several movies, including Joe Dirt and Paul Blart: Mall Cop, the miniseries Waco and the fourth series opener of Cuckoo 

Chart history
See also
List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 1980s
Passage 9:
Greatest Hits: The Sound of Money
Greatest Hits: Sound of Money is a compilation of American rock singer Eddie Money's biggest hits plus three new tracks: "Peace in Our Time", "Looking Through the Eyes of a Child" and "Stop Steppin' on My Heart"  The disc was originally released in 1989 by Columbia Records  A remastered CD surfaced in 2009, released by SPV 
The song "Looking Through the Eyes of a Child" was covered by Puerto Rican singer Chayanne on his album Atado a Tu Amor, as "Soy como un niño" (Spanish for "I'm Like a Child")

Track listing
Singles
"Peace in Our Time" (1990) #11 US
Passage 10:
Jenny Slate
Jenny Sarah Slate (born March 25, 1982) is an American actress, stand-up comedian, and writer 
Following early acting and stand-up roles on television, Slate gained recognition for her live variety shows in New York City and for co-creating, writing, and producing the children's short film and book series Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2010–present)  She became more widely known as a cast member on the 35th season of the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live between 2009 and 2010 and for subsequent roles in the comedic series Bob's Burgers (2012–present), Parks and Recreation (2013–2015), House of Lies (2013–2015), Kroll Show (2013–2015) 
Slate's breakout role came with her leading performance in the coming-of-age comedy-drama film Obvious Child (2014), for which she won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy and was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award and Gotham Independent Film Award  She lent voice performances to the animated films The Lorax (2012), Zootopia (2016), The Secret Life of Pets film franchise (2016–2019), The Lego Batman Movie, and Despicable Me 3 (both 2017), and she ventured into dramatic roles with her supporting performance as Bonnie in Gifted (2017)  She also appeared in the critically acclaimed science-fiction film Everything Everywhere All At Once, winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 
Starting in 2017, Slate, who is Jewish, appeared on the animated Netflix series Big Mouth as the biracial Black–Jewish character Missy Foreman-Greenwald  She exited the role in 2020 because she felt it should be played by a Black actress; Slate has continued to voice other various characters on the show 

Early life and education
Slate was born on March 25, 1982, in Milton, Massachusetts, to Ron Slate, a businessman and poet who worked as vice president of global communications for the EMC Corporation and later as CEO of a biotech startup, and Nancy (née Gilson), a housewife who also made pottery  She is the middle child of three, with an older sister, Abigail, and younger sister, Stacey  She and her family are Jewish  One of her grandmothers was born in Cuba and was raised in France  After graduating from Milton Academy as the valedictorian, Slate attended Columbia University as a literature major, where she helped form the improv group Fruit Paunch, starred in the Varsity Show and met Gabe Liedman, who would become her comedy partner  Slate graduated from Columbia in 2004 

Career
She and Gabe Liedman formed the comedy duo Gabe & Jenny  Their stand-up shows with Max Silvestri, "Big Terrific," were named best new variety show of 2008 by Time Out New York  In 2015, Slate, Liedman, and Silvestri ended the show, citing their busy schedules, though they have since occasionally performed together 
Slate first met Liedman in 2000 while attending Columbia University  They describe their relationship as a "nonsexual romance"; Slate says, "I like to think of us as kind of like Elaine Benes and George Costanza, but we like each other " Throughout 2008 and 2009, Slate regularly performed her one-woman show titled Jenny Slate: Dead Millionaire at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre (UCBT) in New York City 

Slate was a regular commentator on many VH1 "talking head" commentary programs  In early 2009, she had made several appearances on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon recurring sketch "7th Floor West", where she played an NBC page also named Jenny, who was later promoted to Fallon's assistant  She had a recurring role in Bored to Death  Slate's guest appearances on television programs include Bob's Burgers, Girls, The Whitest Kids U' Know, Important Things with Demetri Martin and Raising Hope 
Slate joined the cast of Saturday Night Live for the 2009-10 season  In her first episode, she accidentally said "fucking" during her debut sketch "Biker Chick Chat", which was heard on the live broadcast, but removed from reruns  In various sketches, she impersonated Hoda Kotb, Lady Gaga, Kristen Stewart, Ashley Olsen, and Olympia Snowe  She was best known for Tina-Tina Cheneuse, an infomercial pitchwoman who advertises personalized doorbells, car horns, and alarm clocks  Slate's contract was not renewed for another season  Despite rumors to the contrary, Slate has insisted that her SNL termination was not due to cursing but rather simply because "I didn't click "In August 2010, she co-wrote and voiced the animated short film Marcel the Shell with Shoes On, which garnered viral success  This led to Marcel the Shell with Shoes on, Two  Slate also wrote a "Marcel"-themed children's book that was released on November 1, 2011  Her first major film role was as Zoe in Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked; more films followed in 2012, including the voice of Ted's mother in The Lorax 
Her first appearance in Parks and Recreation was in the 2013 episode "Bailout", in which she portrayed Mona-Lisa Saperstein  Following her success on the NBC show, Slate released and starred in a 12-episode mini-series on YouTube called Catherine, celebrating late 1980s and early 1990s soap-opera aesthetics  On July 23, 2013, she appeared in Drunk History retelling the history of how Coca-Cola was made 
In 2014, Slate starred in the comedy-drama film Obvious Child, which follows the life of a young stand-up comic as she grapples with an unplanned pregnancy and eventual abortion  Slate went on to win the Critics Choice Award for Best Actress in a Comedy, Best Breakout Performance at the Newport Beach Film Festival, the Virtuosos Award at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and Best Comedic Actress at the Women Film Critics Circle Awards for her performance in the film 
Slate co-starred with Judy Greer and Nat Faxon in the first season of the FX series Married  She left the series as a series regular in season two, but still appeared in a few episodes  Sarah Burns took her place in the series 
Slate appeared as Liz B  in the recurring "PubLIZity" sketches in Kroll Show, as well as many other recurring and one-off characters, performing in some capacity in almost every episode until the series ended in 2015  In 2016, Slate voiced Dawn Bellwether in the Disney animated comedy-adventure film Zootopia and Gidget in the animated feature The Secret Life of Pets 
Slate and her father co-wrote a book titled About the House about their time living in Slate's childhood home in Milton, Massachusetts, which was published in December 2016 In 2017, Slate starred in the film Gifted as Bonnie Stevenson, the teacher of a 7-year-old mathematical genius 
In October 2019, Slate released a stand-up comedy special on Netflix, titled Stage Fright 
Slate published her book titled Little Weirds, about her struggles with and thoughts about life and relationships, in 2019 
From 2017 until 2019, Slate voiced the biracial character Missy Foreman-Greenwald on the animated Netflix series Big Mouth  Slate exited the role on June 24, 2020, writing on Instagram that "At the start of the show, I reasoned with myself that it was permissible for me to play Missy because her mom is Jewish and White — as am I  But Missy is also Black and Black characters on an animated show should be played by Black people "In 2022, she appeared in the critically acclaimed science fiction film Everything Everywhere All at Once as Big Nose  Her character's original name was changed to Debbie the Dog Mom for the film's digital release due to its association with Jewish stereotypes  For her performance, she won, along with the rest of the cast, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 

Personal life
Slate lived in Cobble Hill, Brooklyn, before moving with filmmaker Dean Fleischer Camp to Los Angeles in the early 2010s  In September 2012, Slate married Fleischer-Camp  They collaborated on the Marcel the Shell with Shoes On, on both the books, the short films, and later the 2021 feature film  The pair announced their separation in May 2016  She dated actor Chris Evans for a brief period In September 2019, Slate announced her engagement to art curator and author Ben Shattuck, owner of Davolls General Store  On December 10, 2020, Slate revealed on Late Night with Seth Meyers that she was expecting her first child with Shattuck  On February 3, 2021, Slate announced that she had given birth to a daughter  Shattuck and Slate married in their living room on New Year's Eve 2021, their fourth attempt at a wedding after the first three were canceled during the COVID-19 pandemic 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Podcasts
Earth Break

Awards and nominations
Bibliography
Slate, Jenny; Fleischer-Camp, Dean (2011)  Marcel the Shell with Shoes On: Things About Me  Razorbill  ISBN 978-1-59514-455-3 
Slate, Jenny; Fleischer-Camp, Dean (2014)  Marcel the Shell: The Most Surprised I've Ever Been  Razorbill  ISBN 978-1-59514-456-0 
Slate, Jenny; Slate, Ron (2016)  About the House  Concord Free Press  ISBN 9780990805922 
Slate, Jenny (2019)  Little Weirds  Little, Brown and Company (published November 5, 2019)  ISBN 978-0-316-48534-0 

Notes
Passage 11:
Richard Ainley
Richard Ainley (22 December 1910 – 18 May 1967) was a stage and film actor 
He was born in Middlesex, England, the son of Henry Ainley and a half-brother of Anthony Ainley 
Ainley made his stage debut in 1928, initially using the stage name Richard Riddle, taking his mother's maiden name  His American debut came in Foreigners at the Belasco Theater in 1939 His first motion picture appearance was in 1936 as Sylvius in As You Like It, in which his father also appeared  Other roles included Ferdinand in the television movie of The Tempest (1939), Dr  Hale in Shining Victory (1941), and a Foreign Office official in the thriller Above Suspicion (1943) 
Ainley married three times, firstly to actress Ethel Glendinning   He was divorced from his first two wives; his third wife Rowena Woolf died in 1968 
He retired from film work following a disabling wound received while he was serving in the army during World War II to return to the stage  He was briefly principal of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in the early 1960s 

Filmography
Passage 12:
Christopher Masterson
Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Malcolm's oldest brother Francis on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He is the younger brother of former actor Danny Masterson, and the older half-brother of Alanna Masterson and Jordan Masterson, who are also actors 

Career
Masterson played Geoff in the direct-to-video movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the sequel to Dragonheart  Masterson is best known for his role as Francis, the trouble-making oldest brother of Frankie Muniz's title character in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He took on the role for seven years, from 2000 to 2006  In 2003, he played Edward Linton in MTV's Wuthering Heights  Masterson portrayed a lead character in the films Scary Movie 2, Waterborne, Made for Each Other and Intellectual Property  He guest starred in three episodes of That '70s Show, alongside his brother, Danny  In the USA Network television series White Collar, he played Josh Roland in the episode "Where There's a Will"  He also played Scotty O'Neal in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding  In 2012, Masterson had a guest role on the TBS series Men at Work as a concierge named Archie  His brother, Danny Masterson, plays Milo on the show, but the two did not share any scenes together 

Personal life
Masterson was born on Long Island, New York, the son of Carol Masterson, a manager, and Peter Masterson, an insurance agent  Masterson, like his brother Danny Masterson, is a follower of Scientology  The two have invested in restaurants together  He also has a half-sister, actress Alanna Masterson, and a half-brother, actor Jordan Masterson  Masterson was in a relationship with his brother's That ‘70s Show co-star Laura Prepon from 1999 to 2007 On June 25, 2019, Masterson married actress Yolanda Pecoraro  In April 2021, she gave birth to their daughter Chiara 

Filmography
Passage 13:
List of The Young and the Restless cast members
The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J  Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS  It first aired on March 26, 1973  The longest-running cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978  Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, previously held the record for the series' longest-running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013  Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest-running current cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively  Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest-running cast members  The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series 

Cast
Main cast
Recurring cast
Previous cast members



ground_truth: Anthony Ainley