prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the story of the character from The Bourne Deception based on?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Bourne Ultimatum (film)
The Bourne Ultimatum is a 2007 action-thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass loosely based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Robert Ludlum   The screenplay was written by Tony Gilroy, Scott Z  Burns and George Nolfi and based on a screen story of the novel by Gilroy  The Bourne Ultimatum is the third installment in the Jason Bourne film series, after The Bourne Identity (2002) and The Bourne Supremacy (2004)  The fourth film, The Bourne Legacy, was released in August 2012, without the involvement of Damon, and the fifth film (a direct sequel to Ultimatum), Jason Bourne, was released in July 2016 
Matt Damon reprises his role as Ludlum's signature character, former CIA assassin and psychogenic amnesiac Jason Bourne  In the film, Bourne continues his search for information about his past before he was part of Operation Treadstone and becomes a target of a similar assassin program 
The Bourne Ultimatum was produced by Universal Pictures and was released on August 3, 2007, and grossed a total of $444 1 million worldwide becoming, at the time, Damon's highest-grossing film with him as the lead  The film received universal acclaim from critics, who considered it to be the best film in the series  It was chosen by National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2007 and went on to win all three of its nominations at the 80th Academy Awards: Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing 

Plot
Following his pursuit by Kirill, Jason Bourne evades Moscow police while wounded and deals with more flashbacks of when he first joined Operation Treadstone 
Six weeks later, CIA Deputy Director Pamela Landy reveals the audiotaped confession of Ward Abbott, the late former head of Treadstone, to Director Ezra Kramer  Meanwhile, in Turin, journalist Simon Ross of The Guardian learns about Bourne and Operation Blackbriar, the program succeeding Treadstone  Using the ECHELON system, the CIA detects Ross when he mentions Blackbriar during a phone call to his editor  Bourne reappears in Paris to inform Martin Kreutz, the brother of his girlfriend Marie, of her assassination in India 
Bourne reads Ross's articles and arranges a meeting with him at London Waterloo station  Bourne realizes that the CIA is following Ross and helps him evade capture for a while  However, after panicking, Ross ignores Bourne's instructions, and is shot to death by Blackbriar assassin Paz on orders of Deputy Director Noah Vosen  Vosen's team, reluctantly assisted by Landy, analyzes Ross's notes and identifies his source as Neal Daniels, a CIA station chief  Bourne makes his way to Daniels' office in Madrid but finds it empty  Nicky Parsons, a former Treadstone operative who shares a history with Bourne, tells him that Daniels has fled to Tangier and aids his escape from an arriving CIA unit 
Meanwhile, Blackbriar "asset" Desh Bouksani is tasked with killing Daniels  Noticing that Nicky accessed information about Daniels, Vosen sends Bouksani after her and Bourne, a decision with which Landy fiercely disagrees  Bourne follows Bouksani to Daniels but fails to prevent Daniels's assassination  However, Bourne manages to kill Bouksani and save Nicky  Bourne then sends her into hiding  Examining the contents of Daniels' briefcase, Bourne finds the address of the deep-cover CIA bureau in New York City, where Vosen directs Blackbriar  Bourne travels to New York 
Landy receives a phone call from Bourne, which is intercepted by Vosen  Landy tells him that his real name is David Webb and gives him the birth date "4-15-71"  Vosen also intercepts a text to Landy from Bourne of a location to meet up, and leaves his office with a tactical team  Bourne, however, waits for them all to leave, enters Vosen's office, and takes classified Blackbriar documents  Realizing what is going on, Vosen sends Paz after Bourne  The resulting chase ends with Bourne and Paz crashing their cars  Bourne holds the injured Paz at gunpoint, but spares his life 
Bourne arrives at a hospital at 415 East 71st Street, having figured out Landy's coded message  He gives Landy the Blackbriar files before going inside  On an upper floor, Bourne confronts Dr  Albert Hirsch, the man who ran Treadstone's behavior modification program  Bourne now remembers that he was forced to volunteer for Treadstone  While fleeing to the roof, he is confronted by Paz, who asks, "Why didn't you take the shot?"  Bourne asks Paz if he knows why he is supposed to kill him, and repeats the final words of the Professor: Look at us  Look at what they make you give  Paz lowers his gun, as Vosen appears and shoots at Bourne, who jumps into the East River 
Three days later, Nicky watches a news broadcast about the exposure of Operation Blackbriar, the arrests of Hirsch and Vosen, a criminal investigation against Kramer, and the status of David Webb, a k a  Jason Bourne  Upon hearing that his body has not been found, Nicky smiles  Bourne turns out to have survived the fall and swims deep to the water 

Cast
Matt Damon as Jason Bourne, a former operative for the black ops Operation Treadstone 
Julia Stiles as Nicolette "Nicky" Parsons, Bourne's former Treadstone contact in Paris 
David Strathairn as Noah Vosen, CIA deputy director in charge of the new Treadstone black ops upgrade called Operation Blackbriar 
Scott Glenn as Ezra Kramer, director of the CIA 
Paddy Considine as Simon Ross, a reporter for The Guardian who has been investigating Treadstone 
Édgar Ramírez as Paz, a Blackbriar assassin 
Albert Finney as Dr  Albert Hirsch, the psychologist who oversaw Treadstone's behavioral modification program 
Joan Allen as Pamela Landy, CIA deputy director and task force chief, sent in to aid Vosen in tracking down Bourne 
Daniel Brühl as Martin Kreutz, Marie's brotherTom Gallop reprises his role as special agent Tom Cronin, Pamela Landy's assistant  Corey Johnson plays Ray Wills, Vosen's deputy at Operation Blackbriar  Joey Ansah plays Desh Bouksani, a Blackbriar asset tasked to kill Bourne in Tangier  Colin Stinton plays Neal Daniels, CIA station chief in Madrid and a former member of Treadstone, who observed David Webb's initiation into the project and his transition to Jason Bourne  Lucy Liemann plays Lucy, a Blackbriar technician  Franka Potente has an appearance in a flashback as Marie Kreutz, Bourne's murdered girlfriend 

Production
The Bourne Ultimatum was filmed at Pinewood Studios near London and in multiple locations around the world, including Tangier, London, Paris, Madrid (as itself and double for Turin), Berlin (as double for Moscow), New York City including the Springs Mills Building (as the deep cover CIA offices), and other locations in the U S Tony Gilroy, who had co-written the screenplays of the first two Bourne films, had intended The Bourne Supremacy to emphasise Bourne's repentance and atonement for his murders, but felt that the released film omitted this focus  Gilroy was persuaded to write an initial draft of The Bourne Ultimatum, but did not participate further, and as of 2009 had not watched the finished film   Gilroy's screenplay draft was subsequently criticized by Matt Damon Tom Stoppard wrote a draft of the screenplay, later saying "I don't think there's a single word of mine in the film " Greengrass said the film included several allusions to scenes from previous Bourne films; for example, the opening chase sequence of The Bourne Ultimatum is a continuation of the Russian police attempts to capture Bourne in Moscow near the end of The Bourne Supremacy and takes place soon after Bourne's apology to Neski's daughter Paul Greengrass spoke about the characterization of Jason Bourne in The Bourne Ultimatum shortly before its release:

Bourne is a real man in a real world in pursuit of a mythic quest  What's wonderful is that it's an oppositional story  Is he a killer, or was he made to be a killer? There is an underlying feeling that Bourne is one of us, and he's running away from "them " He's trying to get answers, and he doesn't trust them  They're all bad, and the system's corrupted  To convey that with a sense of excitement in a very contemporary land-scape is great fun  [   ] If you opened your door in New York or Paris or London or whatever, you've got to believe that whatever the story it is that Bourne's engaged in [, something] could be happening there  [   ] What attracts me to Bourne's world is that it is a real world and I think I'm most comfortable there 

Music
As with the previous films in the trilogy, the score was composed by John Powell  A new version of Moby's "Extreme Ways", entitled "Extreme Ways (Bourne's Ultimatum)", was recorded for the film's end credits 
"Scotty Doesn't Know", which Bourne listens to while sniping, is a song which Damon's character sings in EuroTrip 

Release
A premiere of The Bourne Ultimatum was held in downtown Oklahoma City on July 31, 2007, at Harkins Bricktown Theaters to benefit The Children's Center, located in suburban Bethany  The film was shown simultaneously on three screens  Matt Damon was at the event to greet guests  The film premiered at Leicester Square in London on August 15, 2007, with Matt Damon, Julia Stiles and Joan Allen attending  The film was released the next day  The film premiered in Sydney on August 8, 2007, at the State Theatre, with Matt Damon attending  An advance screening of The Bourne Ultimatum was held at The Egyptian Theatre to benefit Boise Contemporary Theater on July 30, 2007  Producer Frank Marshall and actor Matt Damon were in attendance  The first two films, The Bourne Identity and The Bourne Supremacy, also had advance charity screenings in Boise  The Bourne Ultimatum was released nationwide on August 30, 2007 

Home media
The film was released on both DVD and HD DVD on December 11, 2007 in North America  The DVD was released in both Fullscreen and 2 35:1 Widescreen aspect ratios  The HD DVD and DVD special features include several deleted scenes, featurettes, audio commentary, and exclusively on the HD DVD version, HDi Interactive Format features such as Picture-in-Picture Video Commentary  In addition to the stand-alone DVD release, there is a limited edition 'The Jason Bourne Collection' gift set, featuring all three films on DVD and a bonus disc with myriad bonus features such as deleted scenes and featurettes  The gift set features Swiss Bank safe deposit box packaging including foreign currency and a Jason Bourne passport  The film and special features on the HD DVD version are presented in 2:35:1 Widescreen high definition 1080i and offer Dolby TrueHD 5 1 lossless and Dolby Digital Plus 5 1 audio options 

Reception
Box office
The Bourne Ultimatum earned $69,283,690 during its opening weekend at the box office, which at the time had the highest August opening weekend, beating Rush Hour 2  It would hold that record for seven years until it was overtaken by Guardians of the Galaxy in 2014  At the end of its theatrical release, the film grossed a total of $227,471,070 in the U S  and $215,353,068 in foreign markets for a worldwide total of $442,824,138, making it the highest-grossing film in the series 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an overall approval rating of 92% based on 265 reviews and an average score of 8/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "The Bourne Ultimatum is an intelligent, finely tuned non-stop thrill ride  Another strong performance from Matt Damon and sharp camerawork from Paul Greengrass make this the finest installment of the Bourne trilogy " On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 based on 38 critics, indicating "universal acclaim"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A+ to F  All segments of the audience gave it a grade "A" or better  The audience was 56% male, and 82% was 25 or older Like its predecessor, The Bourne Supremacy, the film was criticized for its use of "shaky camera" work, as Richard Corliss of Time magazine, in an otherwise positive review, wondered "why, in the chat scenes, the camera is afflicted with Parkinson's? The film frame trembles, obscures the speaker with the listener's shoulder, annoys viewers and distracts them from the content of the scene "In the British press, the inclusion of a fictional journalist from the real British paper The Guardian and scenes set in the United Kingdom (particularly Waterloo railway station) were commented upon  In particular, that newspaper's reviewer joked that "dodging bullets from a CIA sniper    is the sort of thing which happens to us Guardian journalists all the time "The film was also well received in the hacker subculture, as it showed actual real-world applications such as the Bourne-again shell and Nmap, unlike many other films featuring hacking scenes (such as Hackers) 

Top ten lists
The film appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2007 
1st — Empire
1st — Best Action/Adventure, Rotten Tomatoes
2nd — Claudia Puig, USA Today
2nd — Steven Rea, The Philadelphia Inquirer
2nd — Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York
9th — Rene Rodriguez, The Miami Herald
10th — Christy Lemire, Associated Press

Accolades
Other awards
ITV3 Crime Thriller Award for Film of the Year, 2008
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture, 2007

Sequels
In May 2007, prior to the release of The Bourne Ultimatum, Matt Damon claimed that he would not be interested in returning for a fourth Bourne film, stating (of his participation in the Bourne franchise): "We have ridden that horse as far as we can "  Damon said in August 2007:

I think in terms of another one, the story of this guy's search for his identity is over, because he's got all the answers, so there's no way we can trot out the same character, and so much of what makes him interesting is that internal struggle that was happening for him, am I a good guy, am I a bad guy, what is the secret behind my identity, what am I blocking out, why am I remembering these disturbing images? So all of that internal propulsive mechanism that drives the character is not there, so if there was to be another one then it would have to be a complete reconfiguration, you know, where do you go from there? For me I kind of feel like the story that we set out to tell is has now been told  I love the character, and if Paul Greengrass calls me in ten years and says, 'Now we can do it, because it's been ten years and I have a way to bring him back,' then there's a world in which I can go, 'Yeah, absolutely ' We could get the band back together if there was a great idea behind it, but in terms of now and this story, that part—the story's been told    
However, on February 22, 2008, Variety reported that a fourth film was indeed in the works, with both Damon and Greengrass on board On October 16, 2008, it was announced that George Nolfi would write the script, with Frank Marshall producing, and Jeffrey Weiner and Henry Morrison executive producing  Matt Damon, Julia Stiles, Joan Allen, and Paul Greengrass were also attached to the film  Joshua Zetumer had been hired to write a parallel script—a draft which could be combined with another (Nolfi's, in this instance)—by August 2009 since Nolfi would be directing The Adjustment Bureau that September On February 1, 2010, Damon, speaking at the U K  premiere of Invictus, revealed that a follow-up to The Bourne Ultimatum was "at least five years away"  Greengrass, also at the premiere, re-stated that he would not be part of any further Bourne films "unless the right script came along"  However, Damon revealed that in the meantime there may be a Bourne "prequel of some kind, with another actor and another director"  Matt Damon reconfirmed this on a March 10, 2010 appearance of Today and that he would only be involved if Greengrass was directing In June 2010, it was announced that Tony Gilroy would be writing The Bourne Legacy and it would have a 2012 release date   That October, Gilroy was announced as the director of The Bourne Legacy; he confirmed that Damon would not return for this film and that there would be "a whole new hero":

This is not a reboot, it's a whole new chapter  The easiest way to think of it is an expansion or a reveal  Jason Bourne will not be in this film, but he's very much alive  What happened in the first three films is the trigger for The Bourne Legacy, and everyone who got into them will be rewarded for paying attention  I'm building a legend and an environment and a wider conspiracy  We're going to show you the bigger picture, the bigger canvas    The world we're making enhances and advances and invites Jason Bourne's reappearance somewhere down the road "
The Bourne Legacy was released in the U S  on August 10, 2012 Universal Pictures stated at a media conference in Los Angeles, California, that they are likely to release more Bourne films, despite The Bourne Legacy being given mixed reviews by critics  On September 15, 2014, it was announced that Damon and Greengrass will indeed return for the next Bourne film, taking the release date, with Renner returning as Cross in a separate film at a later date  On June 18, 2014, the studio pushed back the film from August 14, 2015, to July 15, 2016  The film Jason Bourne premiered in the United States on July 29, 2016 to mixed reviews 

See also
List of films featuring surveillance

Notes
Passage 2:
Bourne (film series)
The Bourne franchise consists of action-thriller installments based on the character Jason Bourne, created by author Robert Ludlum  The franchise includes five films and a spin-off prequel/sequel television series  The overall plot centers around Jason Bourne, a CIA assassin suffering from dissociative amnesia, portrayed by Matt Damon All three of Ludlum's novels were adapted for the screen, featuring Matt Damon as the title character in each  Doug Liman directed The Bourne Identity (2002) and Paul Greengrass directed The Bourne Supremacy (2004), The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), and Jason Bourne (2016)  Tony Gilroy co-wrote each film except for Jason Bourne and directed The Bourne Legacy (2012) 
Damon chose not to return for the fourth film, The Bourne Legacy, which introduces a new main character, Aaron Cross (Jeremy Renner), a Department of Defense operative who runs for his life because of Bourne's actions in Ultimatum  The character of Jason Bourne does not appear in Legacy, but mention of his name and pictures of Damon as Bourne are shown throughout the film  Damon returned for the fifth installment, Jason Bourne 
The Bourne series has received generally positive critical reception and grossed over US$1 6 billion  Unlike many contemporary action series, it is distinguished by its use of real stunt work, in contrast to the growing use of computer-generated imagery in action scenes 

Films
The Bourne Identity (2002)
A man is found floating in the Mediterranean Sea with two gunshot wounds in his back and a device with the number of a Swiss safe deposit box embedded in his hip  He remembers nothing about his life before  Upon reaching shore, the man assumes the name Jason Bourne after finding a passport under that name in the safe deposit box, along with other alien passports, large amounts of assorted currencies, and a gun  He subsequently attempts to discover his true identity while countering attempts on his life by CIA assassins, eventually realizing that he is one such assassin who failed to complete his most recent mission  Bourne breaks his connections to the CIA and unites with Marie Kreutz (Franka Potente), a woman who helped him learn about his most recent actions prior to his memory loss  Bourne's conflict with the CIA reaches a climax when he takes the fight to their doorstep 

The Bourne Supremacy (2004)
Some two years after learning that he is a trained assassin and breaking his connections with the CIA, Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) is framed for a crime to cover up the true perpetrator  An attempt on his life by Kirill (Karl Urban), a member of the Russian secret service, results in Marie's (Franka Potente) death in India  Bourne, thinking that the CIA is hunting him again, proceeds to hunt those responsible for her death and his forgotten past  Bourne discovers that Ward Abbott (Brian Cox), one of the men who oversaw the program which trained Bourne to be an assassin (Operation Treadstone), had stolen millions of dollars from the CIA  Abbott had planned to frame Bourne for the theft, followed by assassinating Bourne in India  Bourne exposes Abbott to Pamela Landy (Joan Allen), the CIA officer in charge of finding Bourne  Abbott kills himself  Bourne goes to Moscow where he is identified, resulting in a long car chase through Moscow   At the end of the chase, Kirill dies  Bourne is in Moscow to find the daughter of a Russian couple killed in his first mission  He lets her know (in person) that, despite what she had been led to believe for a long time, one of her parents did not kill the other and then commit suicide, but that they were actually both murdered  Bourne then goes back into hiding 

The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)
After six weeks of disconnection from his job, Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) learns that a British journalist (Paddy Considine) has been investigating his past and contacts him to find out who his source is  Bourne is subsequently targeted by Operation Blackbriar, an upgraded Operation Treadstone, which also has taken note of the investigation  Believing that Bourne is a threat and is seeking revenge, Blackbriar's director Noah Vosen (David Strathairn) begins a new hunt for Bourne  Bourne manages to take classified documents proving that Blackbriar has targeted U S  citizens; he is aided by Pamela Landy, who disagreed with Vosen from the beginning and does not support Blackbriar's existence, and former Treadstone logistics technician Nicky Parsons (Julia Stiles)  She may have had romantic feelings for Bourne before his final mission and resultant amnesia  Bourne finally comes face to face with the person who oversaw his behavior modification as the first Treadstone operative some years earlier, memories of which resurface  Those responsible for Treadstone and Blackbriar are exposed, and Bourne goes underground 

The Bourne Legacy (2012)
Aaron Cross (Jeremy Renner) is a member of Operation Outcome, a United States Department of Defense black ops program which enhances the physical and mental abilities of field operatives through pills referred to as "chems"  Cross, deployed to Alaska for a training assignment, traverses rugged terrain to reach a cabin operated by an exiled Outcome operative  Meanwhile, Jason Bourne has exposed the Blackbriar and Treadstone programs in public, leading the FBI and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence to investigate those involved  Retired Air Force Colonel Eric Byer (Edward Norton), who is responsible for overseeing the Beta program from which the CIA's Treadstone and Blackbriar were developed, decides to end Outcome and kill its agents  Cross manages to survive several attempts on his life and seeks a way to get more chems, as his supply runs out  Cross eventually comes upon Dr  Marta Shearing (Rachel Weisz), his last link to gain more chems  He discovers she has no pills but that his physical enhancements can be "viraled-out" and can become genetically permanent, so he would no longer need physical chems  He, in turn, reveals to her that without the help of the mental chem enhancements, he possesses a well-below average IQ  To avoid this mental regression, and the operatives hunting them, the two travel to a factory in Manila and with Shearing's help, Cross initiates and survives the potentially fatal process of viraling-out of his dependency on the remaining mental-enhancing pills  Cross and Shearing, now fugitives, evade the Manila police as well as an operative from the new LARX program  The film ends showing they successfully escape from the Philippines as passengers on an old trading ship 

Jason Bourne (2016)
Nicky Parsons (Julia Stiles), whom Bourne sent into hiding in The Bourne Ultimatum, gains access to sensitive CIA files  She contacts Bourne to share information about his past, including how he was recruited for Operation Treadstone and his father's role in that operation  Bourne learns that his father, Richard Webb (Gregg Henry), designed Operation Treadstone and was assassinated by the CIA because he did not want his son to enter the program and become a killer  CIA director Robert Dewey (Tommy Lee Jones) hunts down Parsons and Bourne using a foreign asset (Vincent Cassel) and the technical skills of CIA Cyber Ops Division head Heather Lee (Alicia Vikander), while Bourne plans to avenge his father's death  Bourne first tries to make the man who recruited him into the CIA confirm his understanding of his father's death  He then plans to avenge himself against Dewey  Meanwhile, Lee wants to bring Bourne back into the CIA's special operations and Dewey allows her to believe she has his support even though he plans to eliminate Bourne 
There is a subplot involving Operation Iron Hand, a surveillance program that will have secret access to a giant social media service called Deep Dream  In the past the CIA and Deep Dream have had a contract to work together, but Aaron Kalloor (Riz Ahmed), its founder and CEO, wants to end this cooperation  When Dewey refuses to allow any such change, Kalloor plans to reveal his relationship with the CIA and its plans to violate the privacy expectations of Deep Dream's millions of users  Dewey plans to assassinate Kalloor before his planned revelations 

Future
In November 2016, producer Frank Marshall acknowledged that Universal Pictures is optimistic regarding a Jason Bourne sequel  In the same interview, he reported that a follow-up installment to The Bourne Legacy is unlikely although the studio has not ruled it out  In March 2017, franchise star Matt Damon cast doubt upon a sequel stating that the audience "might be done" with the character By October 2019, Ben Smith—who has served as a producer on the franchise—confirmed that a film is currently in development  Though he would not detail the plot, nor the studio's plans, he confirmed that the sequel will tie into the Treadstone television series 

Television
Treadstone (2019)
In April 2018, USA Network ordered a pilot for a series titled Treadstone, which was written by Tim Kring  The series explores the origins of the Treadstone program and its sleeper agents associated with the agency  By August of the same year, it was announced Treadstone will bypass the pilot stage in favor of a straight-to-series commitment from the network  In October 2019, producer Ben Smith confirmed that the television series has ties to the films, with the show having connection to a future Bourne movie  The series aired for one season before being cancelled in May 2020 

Cast and characters
Crew and other
Production
Director Doug Liman stated that he had been a fan of The Bourne Identity by Robert Ludlum since he read it in high school  Near the end of production of Liman's previous film Swingers, Liman decided to develop a film adaptation of the novel  After more than two years of securing rights to the book from Warner Brothers and a further year of screenplay development with screenwriter Tony Gilroy, the film went through two years of production  Liman approached a wide range of actors for the role of Bourne, including Russell Crowe and Sylvester Stallone, before he eventually cast Matt Damon  Liman found that Damon understood and appreciated that, though The Bourne Identity would have its share of action, the focus was primarily on character and plot  Production was difficult, with screenplay rewrites occurring throughout the entire filming and Liman constantly arguing with Universal's executives  The Bourne Identity was released in June 2002 
Universal confirmed at a media conference in Los Angeles, California, that they have plans to release more Bourne films, despite Legacy being given mixed reviews by critics  In a December 2012 interview, Matt Damon revealed that he and Paul Greengrass are interested in returning for the next film  On November 8, 2013, Deadline reported that the fifth installment in the franchise will feature Renner's Cross, with Justin Lin directing  Andrew Baldwin was attached for the film's screenplay writing  On September 15, 2014, it was announced that Damon and Greengrass will indeed return for the next Bourne film, taking the release date, with Renner returning as Cross in a separate film, at a later date  In November 2014, Damon confirmed that he and Greengrass would return with a script from themselves and film editor Christopher Rouse  On May 23, 2015, Deadline reported that Alicia Vikander is in talks to star with Damon in the fifth film  In June 2015, Variety reported that Stiles will reprise her role as Nicky Parsons and Viggo Mortensen is in talks to appear in the film as an assassin who's tracking down Bourne  Deadline reported that Vikander is confirmed to appear in the film  On July 28, 2015, Tommy Lee Jones was cast in a role in the fifth film  On September 1, 2015, Variety reported that French actor Vincent Cassel is cast as the film's villain Producer Frank Marshall confirmed principal photography for the new film had commenced on September 8, 2015  The film itself was released in the UK on July 27, 2016 and in the U S  on July 29, 2016 The films have been noted for their "well placed", "understated" and "tastefully done" product placement of a "diverse" range of brands, which in the case of the third film, earned the producers tens of millions of dollars  The Bourne Identity features brands such as The Guardian newspaper, BT Tower in London and Tag Heuer watches  The Bourne Supremacy features mobile phones made by Sony Ericsson   The Bourne Ultimatum features a total of 54 brands including The Guardian and BT for the second time; mobile phones made by Motorola, Nokia and Carphone Warehouse, most prominently the RAZR 2 and SLVR, as Motorola was a major sponsor and had a movie tie-in customized phone; cars made by BMW, Ford, Mercedes, and Volkswagen, most prominently the Volkswagen Touareg 2, as Volkswagen provided $25 million in funding; and technology products such as CTX computer monitors, Norton AntiVirus and the Google web search engine 

Music
The scores of the first three films of the series were written by English composer John Powell, with James Newton Howard scoring the fourth film, The Bourne Legacy  
Powell returned, with David Buckley to compose the score of the fifth film  
Powell was not the original choice as composer for The Bourne Identity—a score for the film had already been composed by Carter Burwell and recorded by an orchestra, when director Doug Liman contacted Powell to provide an alternative soundtrack as he was dissatisfied with the music  Partly for budgetary reasons, Powell scaled down the orchestral score to a mostly electronic soundtrack with strings overlaid to give it a "cinematic feel" The song "Extreme Ways" by musician Moby is used as the end title theme of all five films 

Reception
The Bourne series has received both critical and commercial success  Ultimatum won three Academy Awards: Best Film Editing, Sound and Best Sound Editing  Both Supremacy and Ultimatum won the Empire Award for Best Film 

Box office performance
Critical response
Theme park attraction
A theme park attraction based on the Bourne films, The Bourne Stuntacular, opened at Universal Studios Florida on June 30, 2020  The attraction combines live actors, special effects, and cutting-edge technology to create an immersive theatre experience that simulates Bourne on a high-stakes chase  The show features stunts, fight choreography, physical set pieces, cars, and a large-scale screen  Julia Stiles reprises her role from the film series during the filmed portions of the attraction 
Passage 3:
The Bourne Supremacy
The Bourne Supremacy is the second Jason Bourne novel written by Robert Ludlum, first published in 1986  It is the sequel to Ludlum's bestseller The Bourne Identity (1980) and precedes Ludlum's final Bourne novel, The Bourne Ultimatum (1990) 
The Bourne Supremacy gave its name to the second Bourne film, The Bourne Supremacy, starring Matt Damon in 2004; however, the movie adaptation has a completely different plot from the novel 

Plot
Jason Bourne has recovered from most of his mental and physical injuries and is teaching Asian studies at a university in Maine under his real name of David Webb, living happily on campus with his wife Marie under supervision of psychiatrist Morris Panov 
Meanwhile, high-ranking U S  officials Ambassador Raymond Havilland and Undersecretary Edward McAllister discuss an increasingly alarming situation in the People's Republic of China, where the popular Communist official Sheng Chou Yang is boosting his rise to power with assassinations perpetrated by someone impersonating Jason Bourne  They fear that Sheng, a fanatical nationalist, might trigger a war, and therefore want him to be found and killed  Webb would be ideal for this, but they plan to involve him indirectly owing to his mistrust of the U S  government and Webb's deep-seated emotional instability due to the loss of his first wife and children in Vietnam 
McAllister arrives and informs Webb of the assassin in Asia who is killing under the name of Jason Bourne  Webb is told he requires a more visible security force because someone wants him dead 
Soon thereafter, Marie is abducted by unknown people  Webb returns to the house, finds clues to her abduction, and immediately phones government officials, threatening to leak information about Treadstone and Medusa in an attempt to get assistance  He finds out information has been manipulated in order to make him seem crazy and delusional, and that his only course of action is to follow the instructions left by the kidnappers  He turns to the only person he thinks will be able to help him, Alexander Conklin, even though Conklin once tried to kill him  Conklin, now limping, is convinced there is government involvement but that they have lost control of the situation and the hired guns holding Marie are no longer in their control  Webb, who has transformed back into the persona of Jason Bourne, now has no choice but to go to Hong Kong and play out the scenario to get Marie back  In Hong Kong Bourne is led to a wealthy Tai-Pan who wants Webb to locate the impostor Jason Bourne because the impostor killed his wife; the Taipan is actually a British intelligence officer named Lin Wenzu collaborating with the CIA to make Bourne find the impostor  Bourne agrees, saying that if his wife is not heard from the very moment he returns, he will kill his nabbed impostor without a second thought  Lin Wenzu is later fatally injured when he uncovers and kills traitors on his team passing information to Sheng 
Marie, held captive in a British hospital, fakes illness and escapes, taking refuge with Catherine Staples, a former colleague now employed at the Canadian consulate in Hong Kong  The duo make runs and go incognito to avoid the CIA and to find Webb  Unfortunately Marie runs away from Staples thinking she has joined forces with her captors who want to take her back, and Staples gets killed by Sheng's men  Marie later contacts Conklin and Panov, who arrive in Hong Kong and confront McAllister and Havilland 
Webb, tracking the impostor Bourne on land, water and air, through Kowloon and Macau, encounters D'Anjou, alias Echo, another former Medusa operative, who is also tracking down the impostor Bourne, whom he had personally trained to be like Bourne  They join forces and track the impostor to mainland China, where they realise that a trap was laid by Sheng who was anticipating them following the impostor, and Echo is captured  Webb tracks him to a bird sanctuary at night, where Sheng Chou Yang is seen holding an open air conference with his rebel supporters and captured "traitors" to his cause, whom he is going to "judge", including Echo and the impostor Bourne  Echo is executed but not before he manages to delay Sheng and buy enough time for Bourne to mount a surprise attack on everyone  Amidst explosions and gunfire and killings, Webb captures the impostor Bourne, hijacks an empty charter plane and brings him to Kowloon, but in attempting to swap the impostor for Marie, is misled by McAllister, as Marie is not with them as was agreed, and still hidden by Conklin  Thinking Marie has been killed, an angry Webb now attacks and bombs Havilland's estate, Victoria Peak, where the impostor Bourne is killed and Webb nearly is as well, saved only by the timely arrival of Marie, Panov, and Conklin 
Webb and Marie learn he was selected because no one was more skilled and lethal, and Marie was abducted because Webb would have never agreed to the mission had the CIA told him the truth  Since Webb has now seen what Sheng is capable of and since Echo died for his sake, he decides to go back into the fray and kill Sheng  McAllister accompanies Webb, and during their search for Sheng, McAllister explains that he should be the one to kill Sheng, and Sheng will only trust McAllister for agreeing to rendezvous, and this has been McAllister's plan from the start  They fool Sheng into meeting with them, proposing to destroy the only copy of confidential documents that can expose him in return for money  The meeting between Sheng, Webb and McAllister takes place on the Chinese border with the assistance of Wong, a previous acquaintance of Bourne  During the meeting, McAllister sees that Sheng has already grabbed the confidential documents from Victoria Peak, and is shot by Sheng before he can shoot the latter  But Bourne arrives and stabs Sheng dead  Webb, McAllister, and Wong escape in Sheng's helicopter amidst gunfire 
In the end, it is shown that Lin Wenzu and McAllister have survived, Havilland commends McAllister for his acts of bravado, saying he will be promoted, Panov and Conklin have left for the U S , and Webb and Marie have flown to Hawaii to rest 

Publication history
Passage 4:
The Bourne Deception
The Bourne Deception is a novel by Eric Van Lustbader, the seventh in the Jason Bourne series created by Robert Ludlum  It was released on June 9, 2009  It is Lustbader's fourth Bourne novel, following The Bourne Sanction, which was published in 2008 

Plot
The Bourne Deception picks up where The Bourne Sanction left off  Jason Bourne's nemesis, Arkadin, is still hot on his trail and the two continue their struggle, reversing roles of hunter and hunted  When Bourne is ambushed and badly wounded in Bali, he fakes his death and goes into hiding  Only his close friends, Moira Trevor and Freddie Willard are aware that he is alive  In safety, he takes on a new identity, and begins a mission to find out who tried to assassinate him  Jason begins to question who he really is, how much of him is tied up in the Bourne identity, and what he would become if that was suddenly taken away from him  Shortly after, an American passenger airliner is shot down over Egypt by an Iranian missile  This is where a global conspiracy is revealed  Bud Halliday is at the helm of manipulations by NSA assisted by a wet-work outfit known as Black River  DCI Veronica Hart was an ex-employee of Black River like Moira Trevor and is at loggerheads with the intentions of Bud Halliday  Moira Trevor has started her own company which is a direct competitor of Black River  A global investigative team, led by Soraya Moore, is assembled to get at the truth of the situation before it can escalate into an international scandal  The conspiracy is discovered by one of Moira's employees and he is subsequently killed with Moira being left in grave danger  The trail to his assassin leads Bourne to Seville  On the way there, he meets Tracy Atherton, who tells him that she is going to Seville to buy the 14th Black Painting  In Seville, Bourne is attacked in a bullfighting arena by a killer named The Torturer  Later on, search for the man who shot him intersects with the search for the people that brought down the airliner, leading Bourne into one of the most deadly and challenging situations he has ever encountered  With the threat of a new world war brewing, Bourne finds himself in a race against time to uncover the truth and find the person behind his assault, all the while stalked by his unknown nemesis 

Publication history
Passage 5:
Heart of Glass (film)
Heart of Glass (German: Herz aus Glas) is a 1976 German film directed and produced by Werner Herzog, set in 18th century Bavaria  The film was written by Herzog, based partly on a story by Herbert Achternbusch  The main character is Hias, based on the legendary Bavarian prophet Mühlhiasl 

Plot
The setting is an 18th-century Bavarian town with a glassblowing factory that produces a brilliant ruby glass  When the master glass blower dies, the secret of producing it is lost  The local Baron, who owns the factory, is obsessed with the ruby glass and believes it to have magical properties  With the loss of the secret, he descends into madness along with the rest of the townspeople  The main character is Hias, a seer from the hills, who predicts the destruction of the factory in a fire 

Production
During shooting, almost all of the actors performed while under hypnosis  Every actor in every scene was hypnotized, with the exception of the character Hias and the professional glassblowers who appear in the film  The hypnotized actors give very strange performances, which Herzog intended to suggest the trance-like state of the townspeople in the story  Herzog provided the actors with most of their dialogue, memorised during hypnosis  However, many of the hypnotised actors' gestures and movements occurred spontaneously during filming The majority of the film was shot in Bavaria, just a few miles from where Herzog was raised in the remote village of Sachrang (nestled in the Chiemgau Alps), and also at a nearby village in Switzerland  Other brief shots of landscape scenes were filmed in various locations around the world that Herzog scouted out, including Yellowstone National Park  The conclusion of the film was shot on the Skellig Islands 
Herzog, along with other members of the crew, has a cameo as one of the men carrying a load of ruby glass to the river 
Passage 6:
Fildes Point
Fildes Point is a point which forms the north side of Neptunes Bellows, the entrance to Port Foster, Deception Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica  Deception Island was known to sealers in the area as early as 1821; the point was later named for Robert Fildes, a British sealer in these waters at that early time 

See also
Stanley Patch
Passage 7:
Much Ado About Nothing
Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599  The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623 
The play is set in Messina and revolves around two romantic pairings that emerge when a group of soldiers arrives in the town  The first, between Claudio and Hero, is nearly scuppered by the accusations of the villain, Don John  The second, between Claudio's friend Benedick and Hero's cousin Beatrice, takes centre stage as the play continues, with both characters' wit and banter providing much of the humour 
Through "noting" (sounding like "nothing" and meaning gossip, rumour, overhearing), Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their love for each other, and Claudio is tricked into believing that Hero is not a maiden (virgin)  The title's play on words references the secrets and trickery that form the backbone of the play's comedy, intrigue, and action 

Characters
Synopsis
In Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro will return that night from a successful battle, along with Claudio and Benedick  Beatrice asks the messenger about Benedick and mocks Benedick's ineptitude as a soldier  Leonato explains, "There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signor Benedick and her "On the soldiers' arrival, Don Pedro tells Leonato that they will stay a month at least, and Benedick and Beatrice resume their "merry war"  Pedro's illegitimate brother, Don John, is also introduced  Claudio's feelings for Hero are rekindled, and he informs Benedick of his intention to court her  Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade him  Don Pedro encourages the marriage  Benedick swears that he will never marry  Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him he will when he finds the right person 
A masquerade ball is planned  Therein a disguised Don Pedro woos Hero on Claudio's behalf  Don John uses this situation to sow chaos by telling Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself  Claudio rails against the entrapments of beauty  But the misunderstanding is later resolved, and Claudio is promised Hero's hand in marriage 
Meanwhile, Benedick and Beatrice have danced together, trading disparaging remarks under the cover of their masks  Benedick is stung at hearing himself described as "the prince's jester, a very dull fool", and yearns to be spared the company of "Lady Tongue"  Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, concoct a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice  They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love with him but too afraid to tell him  Hero and Ursula likewise ensure that Beatrice overhears a conversation in which they discuss Benedick's undying love for her  Both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think that they are the object of unrequited love, and both resolve to mend their faults and declare their love 
Meanwhile, Don John plots to stop the wedding, embarrass his brother, and wreak misery on Leonato and Claudio  He tells Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is "disloyal", and arranges for them to see his associate, Borachio, enter her bedchamber and engage amorously with her (it is actually Hero's chambermaid)  Claudio and Don Pedro are duped, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly 

The next day, at the wedding, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests and storms off with Don Pedro  Hero faints  A humiliated Leonato expresses his wish for her to die  The presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero innocent  He suggests that the family fake Hero's death to fill Claudio with remorse  Prompted by the stressful events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other  Beatrice then asks Benedick to kill Claudio as proof of his devotion  Benedick hesitates but is swayed  Leonato and Antonio blame Claudio for Hero's supposed death and threaten him, to little effect  Benedick arrives and challenges him to a duel 

On the night of Don John's treachery, the local Watch overheard Borachio and Conrade discussing their "treason" and "most dangerous piece of lechery that ever was known in the commonwealth", and arrested them therefore  Despite their ineptitude (headed by constable Dogberry), they obtain a confession and inform Leonato of Hero's innocence  Don John has fled, but a force is sent to capture him  Remorseful and thinking Hero dead, Claudio agrees to her father's demand that he marry Antonio's daughter, "almost the copy of my child that's dead" After Claudio swears to marry this other bride, she is revealed to be Hero  Claudio is overjoyed  Beatrice and Benedick publicly confess their love for each other  Don Pedro taunts "Benedick the married man", and Benedick counters that he finds the Prince sad, advising him: "Get thee a wife"  As the play draws to a close, a messenger arrives with news of Don John's capture, but Benedick proposes to postpone deciding Don John's punishment until tomorrow so that the couples can enjoy their newfound happiness  The couples dance and celebrate as the play ends 

Sources
Shakespeare's immediate source may have been one of Matteo Bandello of Mantua's Novelle ("Tales"), possibly the translation into French by François de Belleforest, which dealt with the tribulations of Sir Timbreo and his betrothed Fenicia Lionata, in Messina, after Peter III of Aragon's defeat of Charles of Anjou  Another version, featuring lovers Ariodante and Ginevra, with the servant Dalinda impersonating Ginevra on the balcony, appears in Book V Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (published in an English translation in 1591)   The character of Benedick has a counterpart in a commentary on marriage in Orlando Furioso  But the witty wooing of Beatrice and Benedick is apparently original and very unusual in style and syncopation  Edmund Spenser tells one version of the Claudio–Hero plot in The Faerie Queene (Book II, Canto iv) 

Date and text
According to the earliest printed text, Much Ado About Nothing was "sundry times publicly acted" before 1600  The play likely debuted in the autumn or winter of 1598–99  The earliest recorded performances are two at Court in the winter of 1612–13, during festivities preceding the marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Frederick V, Elector Palatine (14 February 1613)  In 1600, the stationers Andrew Wise and William Aspley published the play in quarto  This was the only edition prior to the First Folio in 1623 

Analysis and criticism
Style
The play is predominantly written in prose  The substantial verse sections achieve a sense of decorum 

Setting
Much Ado About Nothing is set in Messina, a port city on the island of Sicily, when Sicily is ruled by Aragon  Its action takes place mainly at the home and grounds of Leonato's Estate 

Themes and motifs
Gender roles
Benedick and Beatrice quickly became the main interest of the play  They are considered the leading roles even though their relationship is given equal or lesser weight in the script than Claudio's and Hero's situation  Charles II wrote, 'Benedick and Beatrice' beside the title of the play in his copy of the Second Folio  The provocative treatment of gender is central and should be considered in its Renaissance context  This was reflected and emphasized in certain plays of the period but was also challenged  Amussen notes that the undoing of traditional gender clichés seems to have inflamed anxieties about the erosion of social order  It seems that comic drama could be a means of calming such anxieties  Ironically, the play's popularity suggests that this only increased interest in such behavior  Benedick wittily gives voice to male anxieties about women's "sharp tongues and proneness to sexual lightness"  In the play's patriarchal society, the men's loyalties are governed by conventional codes of honour, camaraderie, and a sense of superiority over women  Assumptions that women are by nature prone to inconstancy are shown in the repeated jokes about cuckoldry, and partly explain Claudio's readiness to believe the slander against Hero  This stereotype is turned on its head in Balthasar's song "Sigh No More", which presents men as the deceitful and inconstant sex that women must abide 

Infidelity
Several characters seem obsessed with the idea that a man cannot know whether his wife is faithful and that women can take full advantage of this  Don John plays upon Claudio's pride and fear of cuckoldry, leading to the disastrous first wedding  Many of the men readily believe that Hero is impure; even her father condemns her with very little evidence  This motif runs through the play, often referring to horns (a symbol of cuckoldry) 
In contrast, Balthasar's song "Sigh No More" tells women to accept men's infidelity and continue to live joyfully  Some interpretations say that Balthasar sings poorly, undercutting the message  This is supported by Benedick's cynical comments about the song, comparing it to a howling dog  In Kenneth Branagh's 1993 film, Balthasar sings it beautifully: it is given a prominent role in the opening and finale, and the women seem to embrace its message 

Deception
The play has many examples of deception and self-deception  The games and tricks played on people often have the best intentions: to make people fall in love, to help someone get what they want, or to lead someone to realize their mistake  But not all are well-meant: Don John convinces Claudio that Don Pedro wants Hero for himself, and Borachio meets 'Hero' (actually Margaret) in Hero's bedroom window  These modes of deceit play into a complementary theme of emotional manipulation, the ease with which the characters' sentiments are redirected and their propensities exploited as a means to an end  The characters' feelings for each other are played as vehicles to reach the goal of engagement rather than as an end in themselves 

Masks and mistaken identity
Characters are constantly pretending to be others or mistaken for others  Margaret is mistaken for Hero, leading to Hero's disgrace  During a masked ball (in which everyone must wear a mask), Beatrice rants about Benedick to a masked man who is actually Benedick, but she acts unaware of this  During the same celebration, Don Pedro pretends to be Claudio and courts Hero for him  After Hero is proclaimed dead, Leonato orders Claudio to marry his 'niece', who is actually Hero 

Nothing
Another motif is the play on the words nothing and noting  These were near-homophones in Shakespeare's day  Taken literally, the title implies that a great fuss ('much ado') is made of something insignificant ('nothing'), such as the unfounded claims of Hero's infidelity and that Benedick and Beatrice are in love with each other  Nothing is also a double entendre: 'an O-thing' (or 'n othing' or 'no thing') was Elizabethan slang for "vagina", derived from women having 'nothing' between their legs  The title can also be understood as Much Ado About Noting: much of the action centres on interest in others and critique of others, written messages, spying, and eavesdropping  This attention is mentioned several times directly, particularly concerning 'seeming', 'fashion', and outward impressions 
Examples of noting as noticing occur in the following instances: (1 1 131–132)

Claudio: Benedick, didst thou note the daughter of Signor Leonato?Benedick: I noted her not, but I looked on her 
and (4 1 154–157) 

Friar: Hear me a little,For I have only been silent so long
And given way unto this course of fortune
By noting of the lady 
At (3 3 102–104), Borachio indicates that a man's clothing doesn't reveal his character:

Borachio: Thou knowest that the fashion of a doublet, or a hat, or a cloak is nothing to a man 
A triple play on words in which noting signifies noticing, musical notes, and nothing, occurs at (2 3 47–52):

Don Pedro: Nay pray thee, come;Or if thou wilt hold longer argument,
Do it in notes Balthasar: Note this before my notes:
There's not a note of mine that's worth the noting Don Pedro: Why, these are very crotchets that he speaks –
Note notes, forsooth, and nothing!
Don Pedro's last line can be understood to mean 'Pay attention to your music and nothing else!' The complex layers of meaning include a pun on 'crotchets', which can mean both 'quarter notes' (in music) and whimsical notions 
The following are puns on notes as messages: (2 1 174–176),

Claudio: I pray you leave me Benedick: Ho, now you strike like the blind man – 'twas the boy that stole your meat, and you'll beat the post 
in which Benedick plays on the word post as a pole and as mail delivery in a joke reminiscent of Shakespeare's earlier advice 'Don't shoot the messenger'; and (2 3 138–142)

Claudio: Now you talk of a sheet of paper, I remember a pretty jest your daughter told us of Leonato: O, when she had writ it and was reading it over, she found Benedick and Beatrice between the sheet?
in which Leonato makes a sexual innuendo, concerning sheet as a sheet of paper (on which Beatrice's love note to Benedick is to have been written), and a bedsheet 

Performance history
The play was very popular in its early decades and continues to be one of Shakespeare's most performed plays  In a poem published in 1640, Leonard Digges wrote: "let but Beatrice / And Benedick be seen, lo in a trice / The Cockpit galleries, boxes, all are full "

After the theatres reopened during the Restoration, Sir William Davenant staged The Law Against Lovers (1662), which inserted Beatrice and Benedick into an adaptation of Measure for Measure  Another adaptation, The Universal Passion, combined Much Ado with a play by Molière (1737)  John Rich had revived Shakespeare's text at Lincoln's Inn Fields (1721)  David Garrick first played Benedick in 1748 and continued to play him until 1776 In 1836, Helena Faucit played Beatrice at the very beginning of her career at Covent Garden, opposite Charles Kemble as Benedick in his farewell performances  The great 19th-century stage team Henry Irving and Ellen Terry counted Benedick and Beatrice as their greatest triumph  John Gielgud made Benedick one of his signature roles between 1931 and 1959, playing opposite Diana Wynyard, Peggy Ashcroft, and Margaret Leighton  The longest-running Broadway production is A  J  Antoon's 1972 staging, starring Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes, and Barnard Hughes  Derek Jacobi won a Tony Award for playing Benedick in 1984  Jacobi had also played Benedick in the Royal Shakespeare Company's highly praised 1982 production, with Sinéad Cusack playing Beatrice  Director Terry Hands produced the play on a stage-length mirror against an unchanging backdrop of painted trees  In 2013, Vanessa Redgrave and James Earl Jones (then in their seventies and eighties, respectively) played Beatrice and Benedick onstage at The Old Vic, London 

Actors, theatres, and awards
c  1598: In the original production by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, William Kempe played Dogberry and Richard Cowley played Verges 
1613: Wedding festivities of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate 
1748: David Garrick played Benedick for the first time 
1836: Helena Faucit and Charles Kemble as Beatrice and Benedick, Covent Garden 
1882: Henry Irving and Ellen Terry played Benedick and Beatrice at the Lyceum Theatre 
1931: John Gielgud played Benedick for the first time at the Old Vic Theatre, and it stayed in his repertory until 1959 
1960: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" went to Margaret Leighton for her role played in Much Ado 
1965: A National Theatre production directed by Franco Zeffirelli with Maggie Smith, Robert Stephens, Ian McKellen, Lynn Redgrave, Albert Finney, Michael York and Derek Jacobi among others
1965: A Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word or Drama Recording nomination went to a recording of a National Theatre production with Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens
1973: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Featured Actor in a Play" went to Barnard Hughes as Dogberry in the New York Shakespeare Festival production 
1973: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" went to Kathleen Widdoes 
1980: Sinéad Cusack and Derek Jacobi in a Royal Shakespeare Company production directed by Terry Hands 
1983: The Evening Standard Award for the "Best Actor" went to Derek Jacobi 
1985: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" was received by Sinéad Cusack 
1985: The Tony Award for "Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play" went to Derek Jacobi as Benedick 
1987: Tandy Cronyn as Beatrice and Richard Monette as Benedick in a production at the Stratford Festival directed by Peter Moss
1989: The Evening Standard Award for "Best Actress" went to Felicity Kendal as Beatrice in Elijah Moshinsky's production at the Strand Theatre 
1994: The Laurence Olivier Award for "Best Actor" went to Mark Rylance as Benedick in Matthew Warchus' production at the Queen's Theatre 
2006: The Laurence Olivier Award for "Best Actress" was received by Tamsin Greig as Beatrice in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, directed by Marianne Elliott 
2007: Zoë Wanamaker appeared as Beatrice and Simon Russell Beale as Benedick in a National Theatre production directed by Nicholas Hytner 
2011: Eve Best appeared as Beatrice and Charles Edwards as Benedick at Shakespeare's Globe, directed by Jeremy Herrin 
2011: David Tennant as Benedick alongside Catherine Tate as Beatrice in a production of the play at the Wyndham's Theatre, directed by Josie Rourke  An authorized recording of this production is available to download and watch from Digital Theatre 
2012: Meera Syal as Beatrice and Paul Bhattacharjee as Benedick in an Indian setting, directed by Iqbal Khan for the Royal Shakespeare Company, part of the World Shakespeare Festival 
2013: Vanessa Redgrave as Beatrice and James Earl Jones as Benedick in a production at The Old Vic directed by Mark Rylance 
2013: A German-language production (Viel Lärm um Nichts), translated and directed by Marius von Mayenburg at the Schaubuhne am Lehniner Platz, Berlin 
2017: Beatriz Romilly as Beatrice and Matthew Needham as Benedick in a Mexican setting, at Shakespeare's Globe, directed by Matthew Dunster 
2018: Mel Giedroyc as Beatrice and John Hopkins as Benedick in a modern Sicilian setting, at the Rose Theatre, Kingston, directed by Simon Dormandy 
2019: Danielle Brooks as Beatrice and Grantham Coleman as Benedick with an all-Black cast set in contemporary Georgia, at The Public Theater, directed by Kenny Leon  This version was broadcast on PBS Great Performances on 22 November 2019 
2023: Maev Beaty as Beatrice and Graham Abbey as Benedick in a production at the Stratford Festival directed by Chris Abraham 

Adaptations
Music
The operas Montano et Stéphanie (1799) by Jean-Élie Bédéno Dejaure and Henri-Montan Berton, Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) by Hector Berlioz, Beaucoup de bruit pour rien (pub  1898) by Paul Puget and Much Ado About Nothing by Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (1901) are based upon the play The composer Edward MacDowell said he was inspired by Ellen Terry's portrayal of Beatrice in this play for the scherzo of his Piano Concerto No  2 Erich Wolfgang Korngold composed music for a 1917 production at the Vienna Burgtheater by Max Reinhardt In 2006 the American Music Theatre Project produced The Boys Are Coming Home, a musical adaptation by Berni Stapleton and Leslie Arden that sets Much Ado About Nothing in America during the Second World War 
The title track of the 2009 Mumford & Sons album Sigh No More uses quotes from this play in the song  The title of the album is also a quotation from the play In 2015, Billie Joe Armstrong wrote the music for a rock opera adaptation of the play, These Paper Bullets, which was written by Rolin Jones Opera McGill commissioned an operatic adaptation of the play with music by James Garner and libretto adapted by Patrick Hansen, to premiere in Montréal in the 2023/24 season 

Film
The first cinematic version in English may have been the 1913 silent film directed by Phillips Smalley Martin Hellberg's 1964 East German film Viel Lärm um nichts was based on the play  In 1973 a Soviet film adaptation was directed by Samson Samsonov, starring Galina Jovovich and Konstantin Raikin The first sound version in English released to cinemas was the highly acclaimed 1993 film by Kenneth Branagh  It starred Branagh as Benedick, Branagh's then-wife Emma Thompson as Beatrice, Denzel Washington as Don Pedro, Keanu Reeves as Don John, Richard Briers as Leonato, Michael Keaton as Dogberry, Robert Sean Leonard as Claudio, Imelda Staunton as Margaret, and Kate Beckinsale in her film debut as Hero 
The 2001 Hindi film Dil Chahta Hai is a loose adaptation of the play In 2011, Joss Whedon completed filming an adaptation, released in June 2013  The cast includes Amy Acker as Beatrice, Alexis Denisof as Benedick, Nathan Fillion as Dogberry, Clark Gregg as Leonato, Reed Diamond as Don Pedro, Fran Kranz as Claudio, Jillian Morgese as Hero, Sean Maher as Don John, Spencer Treat Clark as Borachio, Riki Lindhome as Conrade, Ashley Johnson as Margaret, Tom Lenk as Verges, and Romy Rosemont as the sexton  Whedon's adaptation is a contemporary revision with an Italian-mafia theme 
In 2012 a filmed version of the live 2011 performance at The Globe was released to cinemas and on DVD  The same year, a filmed version of the 2011 performance at Wyndham's Theatre was made available for download or streaming on the Digital Theatre website In 2015, Owen Drake created a modern movie version of the play, Messina High, starring Faye Reagan 

Television and web series
There have been several screen adaptations of Much Ado About Nothing, almost all of them made for television  An adaptation is the 1973 New York Shakespeare Festival production by Joseph Papp, shot on videotape and released on VHS and DVD, that includes more of the text than Branagh's version  It is directed by A  J  Antoon  The Papp production stars Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes, and Barnard Hughes 
The 1984 BBC Television version stars Lee Montague as Leonato, Cherie Lunghi as Beatrice, Katharine Levy as Hero, Jon Finch as Don Pedro, Robert Lindsay as Benedick, Robert Reynolds as Claudio, Gordon Whiting as Antonio and Vernon Dobtcheff as Don John  An earlier BBC television version with Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens, adapted from Franco Zeffirelli's stage production for the National Theatre Company's London stage production, was broadcast in February 1967 In 2005, the BBC adapted the story by setting it in the modern-day studios of Wessex Tonight, a fictional regional news programme, as part of the ShakespeaRe-Told season, with Damian Lewis, Sarah Parish, and Billie Piper The 2014 YouTube web series Nothing Much to Do is a modern retelling of the play, set in New Zealand In 2019, PBS recorded a live production of the Public Theater's 2019 Shakespeare in the Park production at the Delacorte Theater in New York City’s Central Park for Great Performances  The all-Black cast features Danielle Brooks and Grantham Coleman as Beatrice and Benedick, directed by Kenny Leon, with choreography by Camille A  Brown  The cast also includes Jamar Brathwaite (Ensemble), Chuck Cooper (Leonato), Javen K  Crosby (Ensemble), Denzel DeAngelo Fields (Ensemble), Jeremie Harris (Claudio), Tayler Harris (Ensemble), Erik Laray Harvey (Antonio/Verges), Kai Heath (Messenger), Daniel Croix Henderson (Balthasar), Tyrone Mitchell Henderson (Friar Francis/Sexton), Tiffany Denise Hobbs (Ursula), Lateefah Holder (Dogberry), LaWanda Hopkins (Dancer), Billy Eugene Jones (Don Pedro), Margaret Odette (Hero), Hubert Point-Du Jour (Don John), William Roberson (Ensemble), Jaime Lincoln Smith (Borachio), Jazmine Stewart (Ensemble), Khiry Walker (Conrade/Ensemble), Olivia Washington (Margaret) and Latra A  Wilson (Dancer) 

Literature
In 2016, Lily Anderson released the young adult novel The Only Thing Worse Than Me Is You, a modern adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing whose main characters, Trixie Watson and Ben West, attend a "school for geniuses" In 2017, Mckelle George released a YA adaptation, Speak Easy, Speak Love, in which the play's events take place in the 1920s, focused around a failing speakeasy In 2018, Molly Booth released a summer YA novel adaptation, Nothing Happened, in which Claudio and Hero are a homosexual couple, Claudia and Hana In 2019, Laura Wood released Under a Dancing Star, a YA modernized version set in Florence 

Citations
In his text on Jonathan Swift from 1940, Johannes V  Jensen cited Don John's line

 I am trusted with a muzzle and enfranchised with a clog; therefore I have decreed not to sing in my cage  If I had my mouth, I would bite; if I had my liberty, I would do my liking: in the meantime let me be that I am and seek not to alter me  
Jensen later explained that this was a reference to the censorship imposed after the German invasion of Denmark in 1940 

See also
Margaret (moon), a moon of Uranus, named after the character from Much Ado About Nothing
Passage 8:
It Happens Every Spring
It Happens Every Spring is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Ray Milland, Jean Peters and Paul Douglas 

Plot
A college professor is working on a long-term scientific experiment when a baseball comes through the window, destroying all of his glassware and spilling the fluids that the flasks and test tubes contained  The pooled fluids combine to form the chemical "methylethylpropylbutyl," which then covers a large portion of the baseball  The professor soon discovers that the fluid, along with any object with which it makes contact, is repelled by wood (cf  Alexander Fleming's serendipitous discovery of penicillin) 
Suddenly, he realizes the possibilities and takes a leave of absence to go to St  Louis to pitch in the big leagues, where he becomes a star and propels his team to the World Series 

Cast
Ray Milland as Prof  Vernon K  Simpson / King Kelly (not based on the 19th-century ball player Mike "King" Kelly)
Jean Peters as Deborah Greenleaf
Paul Douglas as Monk Lanigan
Ed Begley as Edgar Stone
Ted de Corsia as Jimmy Dolan
Ray Collins as Prof  Alfred Greenleaf
Jessie Royce Landis as Mrs  Greenleaf
Alan Hale Jr  as Schmidt
William Murphy as Tommy Isbell (as Bill Murphy)

Production
Alan Hale, Jr  has a small role as a catcher on the college baseball team 
Although the home team is "St  Louis", and both St  Louis major league teams (the Cardinals and the Browns) played at Sportsman's Park at the time, the exteriors for the movie were filmed in Los Angeles' Wrigley Field, which was built to resemble Wrigley Field in Chicago 
A novelization of the film was written by Valentine Davies 

Reception
New York Times critic Bosley Crowther found the film trying, particularly Valentine Davies's "monotonous" script  He did have measured praise for Paul Douglas, however Leonard Maltin gives the film three and a half stars, calling it “a most enjoyable, unpretentious picture” 

See also
List of American films of 1949
List of baseball films
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bartow, West Virginia
Bartow is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States   The population was 111 at the 2010 census Bartow is situated along U S  Route 250 and West Virginia Route 92 and on the East Fork Greenbrier River, approximately 2 miles (3 2 km) east of Durbin  It has a post office with ZIP code 24920 Bartow is named for Col  Francis S  Bartow, a Confederate commander who died at the Battle of First Manassas on July 21, 1861  The Battle of Greenbrier River, also known as the Battle of Camp Bartow, took place on October 3, 1861 about one mile (1 6 km) southeast of the present town 
The Camp Bartow Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995   Located near Bartow is the Camp Allegheny Historic District, listed in 1990 
Passage 2:
Lost in Space (film)
Lost in Space is a 1998 American science-fiction adventure film directed by Stephen Hopkins, and starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, Gary Oldman, and Heather Graham  The plot is adapted from the 1965–1968 CBS television series of the same name (itself inspired by the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson by Johann David Wyss)  Several actors from the TV show make cameo appearances 
The film focuses on the Robinson family, who undertake a voyage to a nearby star system to begin large-scale emigration from a soon-to-be uninhabitable Earth, but are thrown off course by a saboteur and must try to find their way home 
Lost in Space received negative reviews from critics, and grossed $136 2 million worldwide with an $80 million budget 

Plot
In 2058, Earth will soon be uninhabitable due to the irreversible effects of pollution and ozone depletion  In an effort to save humanity, the United Global Space Force sends Professor John Robinson, his wife Maureen, daughters Judy and Penny, and young prodigy son Will on the spaceship Jupiter II to complete construction of a hypergate over the planet Alpha Prime, which will allow the population of Earth to be instantly transported and populate the new planet  Penny rebels by breaking curfew, while Will's prize-winning science experiment involving time travel goes largely unnoticed by John  Global Sedition, a mutant terrorist group, assassinates the Jupiter II's pilot, who is replaced by hotshot fighter pilot Major Don West, to his chagrin 
The family's physician Dr  Zachary Smith, a Sedition spy, sabotages the ship's on-board robot before launch, but is betrayed by his cohorts and left unconscious as the ship launches and the family enters cryosleep  The robot activates and begins to destroy the navigation and guidance systems, en route to destroying the family  Smith awakens the Robinsons and West, who subdue the robot, but the ship is falling uncontrollably into the Sun  Forced to use the experimental hyperdrive with an unplotted course, the ship is transported through hyperspace to a remote planet in an uncharted part of the universe 
Passing through a strange distortion in space, the crew finds two abandoned ships in orbit: the Earth ship Proteus, and another ship clearly not of human origin  They board the Proteus, with Will controlling the now-modified robot  They find navigational data to reach Alpha Prime, and a camouflaging creature Penny calls "Blarp", along with evidence suggesting the ship is from the future  They are attacked by spider-like creatures; one scratches Smith, and the robot's body is irreparably damaged but Will saves its computerized intelligence 
West destroys the vessel to eradicate the spiders, causing the ship to crash-land on the nearby planet, where another distortion appears  Will theorizes they are distortions in time, as his experiment predicted, but John ignores his input  Exploring the time bubble, he and West encounter a future version of Will and a robot he rebuilt with the saved intelligence  The older Will explains that surviving spiders killed Maureen, Penny, and Judy  Constructing a time machine, the future Will intends to return to Earth to prevent Jupiter II from launching 
Young Will and Smith investigate the time bubble on their own  Smith tricks Will into handing over his weapon, but is foiled by a future version of himself, transformed by his spider injury into a spider-like creature, who has been protecting Will since the rest of the family was killed  The present Will and West return to the Jupiter II with an injured Smith and the robot in tow, while the future Smith reveals his true plan: He killed the Robinsons, but kept Will alive to build the time machine, so Smith could return to Earth and populate it with a race of spiders 
John, remembering that spiders eat their wounded, rips open Smith's egg sac with a trophy Will turned into a weapon  Smith's spider army devours him and he is thrown into the time portal, ripping him apart  The planet's increasing instability forces the Jupiter II to take off, but they are unable to reach escape velocity and are destroyed by the planet's debris  Realizing his father never actually abandoned them, Will sets the time machine to send John back to his family, but there is only enough power for one person  Saying goodbye to his family, the future Will is killed by falling debris, and John reunites with his living family 
Realizing they do not have enough power to escape the planet's gravitational pull, John suggests they drive the ship down through the planet, using the gravity well to slingshot them back into space  They are successful, but the planet turns into a black hole, and they activate the hyperdrive to escape  Using the Proteus’ navigational data to set a potential course for Alpha Prime, the ship blasts off into hyperspace 

Cast
William Hurt as Professor John Robinson
Mimi Rogers as Professor Maureen Robinson
Heather Graham as Dr  Judy Robinson
Lacey Chabert as Penny Robinson
Jack Johnson as Will Robinson
Jared Harris as Older Will Robinson
Matt LeBlanc as Major Don West
Gary Oldman as Dr  Zachary Smith / Spider Smith
Dick Tufeld as the voice of Robot
Lennie James as Jeb Walker
Mark Goddard as General
June Lockhart as Principal
Marta Kristen as Reporter #1
Angela Cartwright as Reporter #2
Edward Fox as Businessman
Gary A  Hecker as voice of Blarp

Production
Filming began on March 3, 1997 in London's Shepperton Studios, with more than 700 special effects shots planned, done by Industrial Light & Magic and Jim Henson's Creature Shop  The $70 million Lost in Space film was New Line's hope to launch a multimedia franchise, followed by animated and live-action television series  Licensing deals were made with Trendmasters for toys and Harper Prism and Scholastic for tie-in novels 

Music
TVT Records released a soundtrack album on March 31, 1998, featuring 11 tracks of Bruce Broughton's original score (which makes no reference to either of the TV themes composed by John Williams) and eight tracks of electronic techno music (most of which is heard only over the film's end credits)  A European version of the soundtrack album was released that omits the tracks "Spider Attack", "Jupiter Crashes", and "Spider Smith", and instead includes three new songs unused in the film ("Aah-Yah" by O P  Phoenix, "Asphalt Ostrich" by HeadCrash, and "Anarchy" by KMFDM)  Intrada Records released a score album for the film the following year, and the complete score in 2016  The track "Thru the Planet" on the TVT album is not the same as "Through the Planet" on the Intrada release, but is a shortened version of Broughton's unused end-title music heard on the score album as "Lost in Space "

TVT Records Soundtrack Album
Intrada score album
Reception
Box office
On its opening weekend, Lost in Space grossed $20,154,919 and debuted at number one at the US box office, ending Titanic's 15-week-long hold on the first-place position  It opened in a record 3,306 theaters and grossed an average of $6,096 per screening  Lost in Space grossed $69,117,629 in the United States and Canada, and $67,041,794 internationally, bringing its worldwide total to $136,159,423 

Critical response
Lost in Space received negative reviews from critics upon release  Roger Ebert gave the film a rating of one and a half out of four, calling it a "dim-witted shoot-'em-up"  Wade Major of BoxOffice rated the film at 1 and a half out of 5, calling it "the dumbest and least imaginative adaptation of a television series yet translated to the screen " James Berardinelli was slightly more favorable, giving the film a rating of 2 and a half out of 4  While praising the film's set design, he criticized its "meandering storyline and lifeless protagonists", saying that "Lost in Space features a few action sequences that generate adrenaline jolts, but this is not an edge-of-the-seat motion picture "Online aggregators have tracked both contemporary and recent reviews of Lost in Space  At Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 27% based on 84 appraisals, with an average score of 4 9/10  The site's consensus reads: "Clumsily directed and missing most of the TV series' campy charm, Lost in Space sadly lives down to its title " The film holds a score of 42 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on the opinions of 19 journalists, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale 

Accolades
Lost in Space received six Saturn Award nominations, including Best Supporting Actor for Oldman  The film also received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Remake or Sequel, but lost to the tied Godzilla, The Avengers and Psycho 
At the 1998 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film won Worst Supporting Actress for Chabert and was nominated for four other awards: Worst Song in a Movie for "Lost in Space" (lost to "Come with Me"), Worst Resurrection of a TV Show (lost to The Avengers), Worst Director for Hopkins (lost to Jeremiah Chechik for The Avengers), and Worst Picture (lost to Spice World) 

Home media
VHS, DVD, and later a Blu-ray have been released for the film  Both the DVD and Blu-ray releases contain deleted scenes 
Passage 3:
Rachael MacFarlane
Rachael Ann MacFarlane Laudiero (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress and singer  Her voice credits include Hayley Smith on the animated television show American Dad!, Supreme Leader Numbuh 362 in the television series Codename: Kids Next Door, and Kate Lockwell in the video game Starcraft II  She is the younger sister of Seth MacFarlane 
In addition to voice acting, MacFarlane has also been involved in other aspects of animation, such as being a production manager for The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Welcome to Eltingville and she wrote an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, titled "Educating Grim" 

Early life
MacFarlane was born in Kent, Connecticut  Her parents, Ronald Milton MacFarlane (born 1946) and Ann Perry Sager (1947–2010), were born in Newburyport, Massachusetts  Her brother is filmmaker, animator, and actor Seth MacFarlane (born 1973)  MacFarlane's parents met in 1970, when they both lived and worked in Boston, Massachusetts, and married later that year  The couple moved to Kent in 1972, where Ann began working in the Admissions Office at South Kent School  She later worked in the College Guidance and Admissions Offices at the Kent School, a selective college preparatory school where Ronald also was a teacher MacFarlane went to Boston Conservatory but did not graduate before moving to Los Angeles to begin a career in voice acting 

Career
MacFarlane first started voicing characters on Hanna-Barbera shows including Johnny Bravo  Then after her work with Hanna-Barbera ended, MacFarlane began voicing many characters on Cartoon Network 
In addition to voice acting, Rachael has also been involved in other aspects of animation, such as being a production manager for The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Welcome to Eltingville, and wrote an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, titled "Educating Grim" –  where she also met her husband  Seth MacFarlane asked her to help him with his new pilot for the Fox Broadcasting Company, which would become Family Guy  She remained an incidental cast member on Family Guy for several years, as well as working for both The Walt Disney Company and Cartoon Network  In 2005, she was cast in American Dad!, where she voices Hayley Smith, protagonist Stan Smith’s rebellious teenage daughter 
MacFarlane also continues to contribute to Family Guy, on a regular basis  In September 2012, she released her first album Hayley Sings, which is a jazz vocal tribute to Hayley Smith, her character on American Dad! 
MacFarlane and her husband, Spencer Laudiero, have also published picture books for children 

Personal life
MacFarlane is married to animator Spencer Laudiero  They have two daughters On July 16, 2010, MacFarlane's mother, Ann Perry Sager, died of cancer  Her death was reported by Larry King on his show Larry King Live, who acknowledged a conversation he had with her during an interview with her son in May 2010 

Filmography
Film
Animation
Video games
Discography
Studio albums
Bibliography
Eleanor Wyatt, Princess and Pirate (Imprint, 2018, illustrated by Spencer Laudiero)
Harrison Dwight, Ballerina and Knight (Imprint, 2019; illustrated by Spencer Laudiero)
Passage 4:
Pocahontas (1995 film)
Pocahontas is a 1995 American animated musical historical drama film based on the life of Powhatan woman Pocahontas and the arrival of English colonial settlers from the Virginia Company  The film romanticizes Pocahontas' encounter with John Smith and her legendary saving of his life  The film was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures  It is the 33rd Disney animated feature film and the sixth film produced and released during the Disney Renaissance 
The film was directed by Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg (in his feature directorial debut) and produced by Jim Pentecost, from a screenplay written by Philip LaZebnik, Carl Binder, and Susannah Grant  The voice cast features Irene Bedard and Mel Gibson as Pocahontas and Smith, respectively, with David Ogden Stiers, Russell Means, Christian Bale, Billy Connolly, and Linda Hunt providing other voices  The score was composed by Alan Menken, who also wrote the film's songs with lyricist Stephen Schwartz 
After making his directorial debut with The Rescuers Down Under (1990), Gabriel conceived the film during a Thanksgiving weekend  The project went into development concurrently with The Lion King (1994), and attracted most of Disney's top animators  Meanwhile, Disney studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg decided that the film should be an emotional romantic epic in the vein of Beauty and the Beast (1991), in hope that like Beauty, it would also be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture  Screenwriters Binder, Grant, and LaZebnik took creative liberties with history in an attempt to make the film palatable to audiences 
Pocahontas premiered at Central Park on June 10, 1995, and was released in the United States on June 16, to mixed reactions from reviewers, who praised its animation, voice performances, and music, but criticized its story with its lack of focus on tone  The film's historical inaccuracies and artistic license received polarized responses  Pocahontas earned over $346 million at the box office  The film received two Academy Awards for Best Musical or Comedy Score for Menken and Best Original Song for "Colors of the Wind"  According to critics, the depiction of Pocahontas as an empowered heroine influenced subsequent Disney films like Mulan (1998) and Frozen (2013) 

Plot
In 1607, the Susan Constant travels from London to the New World, carrying English settlers from the Virginia Company  The settlers, including Captain John Smith, talk of adventure, finding gold, fighting "Injuns" and potentially settling in the new land 
In the Powhatan tribe in Werowocomoco, Tsenacommacah, Virginia, Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan, fears being possibly wed to Kocoum, a warrior whom she sees as too serious for her own free-spirited personality  After having a dream about a spinning arrow, Pocahontas visits Grandmother Willow, a spiritual talking willow tree that alerts her to the arriving English 
The voyage's leader Governor Ratcliffe, who only seeks wealth and status, has Jamestown built in a wooded clearing and immediately has the crewmen dig for gold  John departs to explore the wilderness and encounters Pocahontas  At first, she hides her ability to speak English, but Grandmother Willow lets her know there is nothing to be afraid of  They quickly bond, fascinated by each other's worlds, and end up falling in love  After a fight between settlers and natives, Powhatan orders the natives to stay away from the Englishmen  Pocahontas, however, disobeys him and keeps meeting with John  Unfortunately, Pocahontas's best friend, Nakoma, discovers the secret relationship and warns Kocoum  Ratcliffe also learns of John's encounters and angrily warns him against sparing any Natives 
Later, John and Pocahontas meet with Grandmother Willow and plan to bring peace between the colonists and the tribe  While by both parties spy on the couple, John and Pocahontas share a kiss  Furious, Kocoum attacks and attempts to kill John, but a young settler, Thomas, whose life John previously saved and who had been ordered by Ratcliffe to follow John, intervenes and kills Kocoum  John orders Thomas to leave before the tribesmen arrive and capture John, before retrieving Kocoum’s body  Enraged at Kocoum's death, Powhatan angrily berates Pocahontas for leaving the village and declares war on the English, beginning with John's execution at dawn 
After reaching Jamestown, Thomas warns the settlers of John's capture  Ratcliffe then rallies his men to battle, using this as an excuse to annihilate the tribe and find their nonexistent gold  That same night, Powhatan also orders his men to prepare for battle  A desperate Pocahontas visits Grandmother Willow and realizes the arrow from John's compass is the same spinning arrow from her dream, which leads to her destiny  Morning comes, and Powhatan and his tribe drag John to a cliff for his execution  Meanwhile, Ratcliffe leads the armed colonists to fight Powhatan's warriors  Just as Powhatan is about to execute John and start the war, Pocahontas intervenes and finally convinces him to end the fighting between the two groups and spare John's life  Both sides stand down, and John is released  Unmoved, Ratcliffe orders his men to attack anyway, but they refuse  Ratcliffe fires his musket at Powhatan, but John takes the shot to save him  Livid, the settlers turn on Ratcliffe and detain him for hurting their comrade 
John is nursed back to health by the tribe but must return to England for his wounds to fully heal  Ratcliffe is also sent back to face punishment for his crimes against the settlement  John asks Pocahontas to come with him, but she chooses to stay with her tribe to help keep the peace  John leaves without Pocahontas, but with Powhatan's blessing to return anytime in the future  At the end, Pocahontas stands atop a cliff, watching the ship carrying John depart 

Voice cast
Irene Bedard as Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan  She is a very adventurous person who defies her father's strict prohibition of meeting the English settlers and falls in love with Captain John Smith  Glen Keane served as the supervising animator for Pocahontas Judy Kuhn as the singing voice of PocahontasMel Gibson as John Smith, the love interest of Pocahontas  He is the only settler in Jamestown willing to befriend the Natives due to his love for Pocahontas and acceptance of other cultures Although Gibson provides most of Smith's singing in the film, Jess Harnell claims he provided about 20 percent of Smith's singing voice in certain scenes David Ogden Stiers as Governor Ratcliffe, the greedy and arrogant governor of the settlers who leads an expedition to Virginia to find gold and other riches that he wants to keep for himself 
Stiers also provided the voice of Wiggins, Ratcliffe's manservant  Unlike Ratcliffe, Wiggins is gentle and good-hearted, but he's stuck serving a terrible man 
John Kassir as Meeko, Pocahontas' mischievous pet raccoon who is friendly to John Smith and loves eating 
Russell Means as Chief Powhatan, Pocahontas's father and chief of the Powhatan tribe who is, at first, distrustful of the English settlers, but eventually learns to make peace with them through his daughter Jim Cummings provides the singing voice of Chief PowhatanChristian Bale as Thomas, a loyal friend of John Smith who, like the other English settlers, is ordered by Ratcliffe to fire upon the Natives on sight, but eventually defies his orders 
Billy Connolly as Ben and Joe Baker as Lon, two settlers and friends of John Smith 
Linda Hunt as Grandmother Willow, a speaking willow tree that acts as Pocahontas's guide in times of uncertainty 
Danny Mann as Percy, Governor Ratcliffe's snooty and short-tempered pet pug who, at first, harbors animosity towards Meeko, but eventually befriends him and abandons his owner 
Frank Welker as Flit, Pocahontas's feisty pet hummingbird who prefers Kocoum over John Smith but eventually befriends the latter 
Michelle St  John as Nakoma, Pocahontas's best friend who is more easygoing as opposed to Pocahontas's adventurous spirit 
James Apaumut Fall as Kocoum, a strong and brave but stern and aggressive Powhatan warrior who Chief Powhatan wants Pocahontas to marry 
Gordon Tootoosis as Kekata, the medicine man of the Powhatan Jim Cummings provides the singing voice of KekataThree actors in the film have been involved in other Pocahontas-related projects  Gordon Tootoosis acted as Chief Powhatan in Pocahontas: The Legend (1995)  Christian Bale and Irene Bedard would portray John Rolfe and Pocahontas's mother, respectively, in Terrence Malick's The New World (2005) 

Production
Development
Following the release of The Rescuers Down Under (1990), director Mike Gabriel was eager to collaborate with veteran Disney story artist Joe Grant on a follow-up project that was vastly different from the animated adventure film  In April and May 1991, they first partnered on an adaptation of Swan Lake with both of them writing story outlines and creating conceptual artwork  Gabriel and Grant then submitted their outline for approval, but it was negatively received by the studio's live-action script readers  Earlier, during Thanksgiving weekend, 1990, Gabriel had wanted to direct an animated musical set in the American West  At a relative's Thanksgiving dinner, while glancing through numerous titles in their bookcase, Gabriel struck on the idea of adapting the life of Pocahontas after finding a book about her  Following the cancellation of Swan Lake, Gabriel returned to the idea Shortly after, Gabriel pitched his idea at the "Gong Show" meeting held by Michael Eisner, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Peter Schneider, and Roy E  Disney  He had written the title Walt Disney's Pocahontas on an image of Tiger Lily from Peter Pan (1953) to the back of which he taped a brief pitch that read "an Indian princess who is torn between her father's wishes to destroy the English settlers and her wishes to help them – a girl caught between her father and her people, and her love for the enemy " Coincidentally, Feature Animation president Peter Schneider had been developing an animated version of William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, and observed several similarities between his idea and Gabriel's Pocahontas pitch; Schneider recalled: "We were particularly interested in exploring the theme of 'If we don't learn to live with one another, we will destroy ourselves '" Gabriel's pitch was quickly accepted, becoming the quickest story turnaround in Disney studio history 
After Beauty and the Beast (1991) was unprecedentedly nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture at the 64th Academy Awards, then-studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg opted to produce another animated romance film in the hopes of achieving a similar feat  While Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994) were considered to be too far into development, Katzenberg deemed Pocahontas a promising candidate, and thus pushed for the heroine to be older, the romance between her and Smith to be more mature, and the animals to be mute  Head of story Tom Sito went on the record stating he wanted to include "broader" jokes, but the "higher-ups wanted it more winsome, more gentle  Some of the folks were so concerned about political correctness, they didn't want to be cuckoo-wacky about it "Eric Goldberg—following his contributions to Aladdin as the supervising animator of the Genie and with all animation units for The Lion King already occupied—was asked to co-direct Pocahontas alongside Gabriel, to which he agreed  Likewise, he had originally expected the film to be more comedic and cartoonish like Aladdin, but Schneider informed him that the film would be produced in a vein more similar to that of Beauty and the Beast; the then-ongoing 1992 Los Angeles riots further convinced Goldberg to commit to the film due to its racial themes  However, executive interference would grow so much that Goldberg himself decided to work for Chuck Jones Productions under the pseudonym "Claude Raynes" during production  It eventually reached a peak when Joe Grant drew Percy wearing a Native American feather, by which the animators took the concept one step further by placing a Spanish ruff on Meeko  One executive exclaimed, "Animals don't have the intelligence to switch their clothes! They don't even have opposing thumbs " The animators would retain their concept for the film Under Katzenberg, Frank Wells, and Michael Eisner, the Disney studios had begun a correlation of hiring Broadway personnel to manage the Disney animation staff on their feature films that brought such producers as Amy Pell to Aladdin and Sarah McArthur and Thomas Schumacher to The Lion King  Before making his producing debut on Pocahontas, James Pentecost had earlier worked as a production stage manager on several Broadway productions including La Cage aux Folles and Crimes of the Heart In June 1992, the filmmakers embarked on a research trip to the Jamestown Settlement where Pentecost first met Shirley "Little Dove" Custalow-McGowan and Debbie "White Dove" Custalow, both descendants of the Powhatan Native Americans  The trip also included a visit to the Pamunkey Indian Reservation, and conducted interviews with historians at Old Dominion University  Following the research trip, Custalow-McGowan served as a consultant traveling to the Disney studios three times, and while Custalow-McGowan offered her services for free, Disney paid her a $500 daily consulting fee plus expenses  Ultimately, when it came to light that historical accuracy was not being pursued to the extent she had hoped, McGowan has voiced her feelings of shame she felt in conjunction with her work on the film, saying "[she] wish[ed her] name wasn't on it"  Additional Native American consultants were brought in to authenticate the clothing and war dance choreography  That same month, Katzenberg held a meeting with the Feature Animation staff in which he predicted that Pocahontas would be a commercial hit, while deeming The Lion King experimental and less likely to succeed  As a result, most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on Pocahontas instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two 

Writing
In January 1993, Carl Binder joined the project, having previous expertise as a television writer on shows such as Punky Brewster, War of the Worlds, Friday the 13th: The Series, and Top Cops  Four months later, Susannah Grant and Philip LaZebnik joined the writing team  Susannah Grant was selected by Disney as a screenwriter on Pocahontas after winning the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting awarded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences the year before while still attending film school  On board as a screenwriter, she was only one of the many who was contributing the specific vision the upper management at Disney had in mind, and collaborated with Native American consultants  While working on the film, Susannah Grant wrote to a specific story outline, and no scene was rewritten less than thirty-five times until she felt it was perfect Story supervisor Tom Sito, who became the project's unofficial historical consultant, did extensive research into the early colonial era and the story of John Smith and Pocahontas, but was confronted over the historical inaccuracies by historians  Already knowing that in reality, Pocahontas married John Rolfe, Gabriel explained it was felt that "the story of Pocahontas and Rolfe was too complicated and violent for a youthful audience" so instead, they would focus on Pocahontas's meeting with John Smith  The filmmakers discovered that Pocahontas was around twelve years old and Smith was "not a very likeable character", in which producer James Pentecost confessed that dramatic license was needed to be taken  Likewise, when searching for an appropriate age for Pocahontas to begin her relationship with Smith, Glen Keane explained, "We had the choice of being historically accurate or socially responsible, so we chose the socially responsible side" by increasing Pocahontas's age from a girl into a young woman 
One of Gabriel's early ideas was for Pocahontas's mother to be embodied in a certain star in the sky that would help Pocahontas find her path to Smith  The Lion King however had concurrently carried a similar idea of the ancestors giving wisdom and guidance to the protagonist so the idea was discarded  Michael Eisner pushed for Pocahontas to have a mother, lamenting that "We're always getting fried for having no mothers " The writers countered that Powhatan was polygamous and formed dynastic alliances among other neighboring tribes by impregnating a local woman and giving away the child, so it was believed that Pocahontas herself probably did not see her mother that much  "Well", Eisner conceded, "I guess that means we're toasted " Ultimately, her mother's spirit would become the swirling wind that occurs throughout the film For the villain, they chose John Ratcliffe, whose portrayal was based on actual English captains, including John Martin, Christopher Newport, and Edward Maria Wingfield  In reality, it was Wingfield who despised John Smith, but the filmmakers preferred the sinister sound of "Ratcliffe"  The writers tried to adapt actual events from Pocahontas's life into the film such as her warning Smith that the Native Americans were after him so he could escape in the middle of the night, Powhatan ordering the captured Smith to make bead necklaces to humiliate him, and Pocahontas being captured by Ratcliffe (instead of Samuel Argall), though none of them worked with the story Sito mentioned that Joe Grant contributed heavily towards the film, as he was the creator of Redfeather, Meeko, and Flit  Redfeather was a wise-cracking turkey who was intended to be voiced by John Candy, and Percy, who was to be voiced by Richard E  Grant, was revised to become mute  Following the death of John Candy in March 1994, co-screenwriter Susannah Grant decided the turkey was inappropriate for the script she co-wrote for Pocahontas, and a more realistic approach would have the animals pantomime instead of talking  Joe Grant stated Redfeather "had comic potential–he thought he was handsome, a lady's man  When we decided he couldn't talk, and, having no hands, he couldn't mime    " Joe Grant would later draw a concept sketch of a hair-braiding raccoon, in which Glen Keane animated and claimed the directors "loved the idea and got rid of the turkey character " Similarly, according to Sito, Meeko was created because they were "naturally enigmatic, because they have little hands and a little mask over their face like a thief " Gabriel described the inspiration for Flit the hummingbird from having "hummingbirds all over my backyard, [and] I thought, 'That's a great animal to animate '" According to the directors, Governor Ratcliffe's pampered pet, Percy, was based on history as the royalty of the time often carried small pugs wherever they went For the spiritual ancestor, a male character named Old Man River was originally envisioned, and Gregory Peck was cast in the role  Peck later realized that the character ought to be a maternal figure and reluctantly turned down the role  Conceived as a tree of life whose seasonal changes would frame the story, Grandmother Willow grew out of a concept sketch of a sawed-off tree with a branch pointing to its rings drawn by Joe Grant, which would serve as a narrator that would "remember back to Pocahontas 300 years earlier"  Joe Grant would continue to protest to have the tree be more a character within the story, and her character flowered into the idea of a grandmotherly spiritual adviser to Pocahontas  Because of Katzenberg's opposition to having Grandmother Willow in the story, Joe Grant assisted fellow veteran story artist Burny Mattinson with coming up tree puns such as "My bark is worse than my bite", "The roots of all problems", and "They're barking up the wrong tree " Mattinson reluctantly added them to his pitch for the next morning, and during the story meeting, he exclaimed, "Everybody loved it! All of a sudden: 'Oh, I want her in!' 'Let's build her part bigger!'"

Casting
In September 1992, Disney began casting actors for Pocahontas telling talent agents that they were particularly interested in Native American actors for the project  For the role of Pocahontas, Broadway actress-singer Judy Kuhn was hired to provide the singing voice for the eponymous character before Irene Bedard was cast  Kuhn explained "They said, 'You are going to do the dialogue unless we find a Native American actress whose singing voice matched yours ' I was cast before Irene, so it actually went backwards " Bedard herself was filming Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee (1994) where she was informed by the casting director that they were looking for someone to voice the title role  According to Bedard, she took a train to Buffalo, New York, where she walked in wearing a sundress and a straw hat, and read for the part  Back on the set of Lakota Woman, she learned that she was cast in the role  Michelle St  John had also auditioned for the role of Pocahontas, and was given the role of Nakoma after Bedard was cast Mel Gibson was cast as English settler John Smith following a desire to make "something for my kids " In a notable contrast to previous voice actors for Disney animated features, Gibson provided the singing voice for his character, which the actor has described as the most difficult part of his role Christian Bale auditioned for the role of Thomas  As he explained in an interview with Disney Adventures, "the directors played with Thomas being Irish and Scottish and younger than I am, so I had to raise my voice and do different accents  But the more we did it, the more he became like me–older and English
Context 3: Passage 1:
Meg Griffin
Meg Griffin is a fictional character in the animated television series Family Guy  Meg is the eldest child of Peter and Lois Griffin and older sister of Stewie and Chris, but is also the family's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and tolerates the brunt of their abuse  She is often bullied, belittled, ridiculed, and ignored 
Meg first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in a 15-minute short on December 20, 1998  She was created and designed by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane, who was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company, based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle-aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve  After the series pilot was given the greenlight, the Griffin family appeared in the episode "Death Has a Shadow" 
Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season, Meg has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 

Personality
Meg is a self-conscious and insecure adolescent girl  She is treated unfairly and abused by various people and has numerous insecurities that prompt her to try to be part of the "in-crowd"  However, this only results in her getting rebuffed by the many bullies of this circle, particularly Connie D'Amico, the head cheerleader of the local high school, James Woods Regional High School  However, a nerdy Jewish student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her Meg is usually the butt of Peter's jokes due to her unpopularity and "ugliness"; Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names  Stewie and Brian tend to disdain her kindness, but they typically do it behind Meg's back  Lois constantly puts Meg down, while boosting her own ego  Lois is usually of little to no help to Meg when she is abused by others; though her attitude is more negligent or apathetic than the more overt and direct abuse given by Peter 
While Meg is usually a pushover, she can get angry when pushed too far, though such occasions are usually rare  This can be seen in the episode "Seahorse Seashell Party", where she strongly insults and defames Peter, Lois, and even Chris for their inconsiderate actions toward her  This causes Peter, Lois, and Chris to distance themselves in shame and sends Peter into depression; though she later apologizes upon realizing that the family needs a "lightning rod" to absorb the dysfunction  In the episode "Road to Rupert", Meg assaults a man for insulting her after a fender-bender 
Despite her persistent mistreatment, Meg has proven a variety of times throughout the series that she is more talented and has greater potential than most people bother to realize, such as bird calls, playing the saxophone, speaking and singing in foreign languages, and even sports such as bowling, field hockey, basketball, roller derby, and even Olympic sports  However, she seldom earns any notable accolades for these abilities, mostly due to her family's lack of regard or interest in her or her inability to stick up against them 
Many of the show's storylines about Meg involve her trying to improve her life, find a boyfriend, being a Russian sleeper agent, and reaching breaking points with her family and others who victimize her  She often becomes obsessed with men who show any kindness or affection to her, including the Griffin's friend and neighbor Joe Swanson in the episode "The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair", and Brian in "Barely Legal" 
Out of all the members of the family, her father Peter abuses her the most, however he is shown to actually care about Meg in various episodes, such as in "Meg and Quagmire" when he goes out of his way to prevent friend and neighbor Glenn Quagmire from having sex with her, and in "This Little Piggy" where he tries to get Meg out of a foot fetishism business objectifying her for men's sexual amusement  Peter occasionally cares about Meg but is not open about it to anyone 

Voice actors
On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode "Hot Tub", Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers  Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season, and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and her role on Party of Five, although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order  Mila Kunis won the role after a series of auditions and callbacks where she was asked to speak more slowly and enunciate more; she was ultimately hired despite being unsure she understood what was expected of her  MacFarlane felt that Kunis invigorated the character, and that her work on That '70s Show showed she could command a scene  MacFarlane stated that Kunis "had a very natural quality to Meg" and she's "in a lot of ways [   ] almost more right for the character"  Kunis' voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two "Da Boom", and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis  Tara Strong provides Meg's singing voice in "Don't Make Me Over"  Archival recordings of Lacey Chabert's voice that she provided as Meg Griffin are used in the tenth season episode "Back to the Pilot" in which Brian and Stewie go back in time to the events of "Death Has a Shadow"  However, Chabert does in fact return for the eleventh season episode "Yug Ylimaf" as Stewie references the fact that time has reversed so much that Meg's voice has reverted back from that of Kunis' to Chabert's 

Lacey Chabert (1999–2000; 2011 archive recordings, 2012)
Mila Kunis (1999–present)
Tara Strong (singing voice)

Social life
Meg is very unpopular in high school due to both her plain appearance and personality  She desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd, but is usually coldly rebuffed  Because of her eagerness for acceptance, she has been recruited "unknowingly" into a suicidal religious cult, and later recruited again unwittingly into her school's Lesbian Alliance (in the episode "Brian Sings and Swings" )  However, Meg does have a moderate number of friends, the best of whom being a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys  In later episodes, these girls, known by the names Beth, Patty, Collette, Esther, and Ruth, are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless, much like Meg 
Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own abdomen twice (in shop class) in order to avoid a date with her, and then in a later episode, another student shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night  In "Don't Make Me Over", Lois is looking for new clothes for Meg, but with no luck; a saleswoman ends up pouring gasoline on herself, lighting a match, catching fire, and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans  However, she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman  In "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter", Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia, Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous  This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil's girlfriend and (not knowing at first) his slave, but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him  Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her, mostly due to his very low standards, asking if she has reached the age of consent  Quagmire comes close to succeeding in "Meg and Quagmire" when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire's 'dates'  Then, they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin, Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens  In several episodes she is shown dating, including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell  She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover; but, before all that happens, she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman  In "Jerome is the New Black", Jerome, an old flame of Lois's and Peter's new friend, admits to having sex with Meg, to which Peter replies indifferently 
In the episode "Brian Sings and Swings", a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club, with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was  Desperate to fit in, she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it  At the end of the episode, Meg goes over to Sarah's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian (Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied), much to Glenn's (who was hiding in Sarah's closet) disappointment  She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker, but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness  In other episodes, she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend  For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian, the family dog and only after threatening suicide Earlier in season 2, she dated Joe Swanson's son Kevin Swanson, but in "Stew-Roids" it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq  In the episode, "Prick Up Your Ears", she dates a boy named Doug, but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex  In the episode "Peter's Daughter", Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma (caused by Peter when he asked her to "rescue" beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen) and they start to date  After he breaks up with Meg (because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma, he would "treat her like a princess"), she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged  After finding out that she is not actually pregnant, Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay, however, Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar  In the episode "Dial Meg for Murder", she is dating a convict, while in the episode "Go, Stewie, Go!" she dates an attractive young man named Anthony, who is absolutely normal (much to the surprise of many of the other characters)  They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg  It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair  Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse 
Overall, Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series  However, there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian: examples of this include "Brian Sings and Swings", "Stew-Roids", and "Dial Meg for Murder" 
In November 2016, when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes, showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian, taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics, like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in "Brian Sings and Swings" and is identified as a "transgender man" named "Ron" in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, the latter which takes place in the future  However, Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus isn't officially set to be used in an episode 

Family life
In the first three seasons of the show, Meg was portrayed with a more whiny and uptight personality who was often embarrassed by the family’s acts of bumbling and stupidity, though they cared for her and meant well  In the post-cancellation seasons, this began to change as the inadvertent embarrassment became deliberate bullying and disrespect  Additionally, the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it appears that most of the population of Quahog who knows her, or even just meets her, picks on or disdains her for no reason other than her simply being "Meg"  This basically means that she is a victim of circumstance, as Meg is normally docile and well-behaved and never seems to do anything mean or inconsiderate  In an interview, Mila Kunis stated: "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in perpetual mode of humiliation, and it's fun "While Meg is, in reality, the least obnoxious or self-involved of the family, she is also the least respected and most misunderstood, often shown by people avoiding her company, disparaging her in person, gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs, etc  Peter reminds Lois, "We agreed that if we could only save two, we'd leave Meg!" even randomly shooting her when she simply said "Hi Dad" ("Peter's Daughter") but despite this he also was going to say "I love you" in "Hell Comes to Quahog", and in "Road to Rupert" he stated they were 'secret best friends' before throwing lemonade in her face, saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to "peer pressure", thus giving hope that they may be on good terms  Occasionally, when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room, Peter responds by saying "Shut up, Meg", which is immediately followed by a line from another character 
When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them, Meg finds Peter's letter to her, which says, "Dear Meg, for the first four years of your life, I thought you were a house cat " And in Peter's short story of her birth, they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth  In the episode "Stewie Kills Lois", Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand  He then says "two and a half months later, our daughter Meg was born" – indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant  Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation, says, "Hey Meg, did you know that if you're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work? 'Cause no one told me! I just thought you should know" and laughs awkwardly  On Meg's 17th birthday, her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age  Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode "PTV", and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in "Long John Peter"  In "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven", Brian says to Meg's face that she lives in a home "where nobody respects or cares about [her], not even enough to get [her] a damn mumps shot!" Chris, however, has more of a typical brother-sister relationship with Meg, with Chris telling those who condemn her that it is never her fault  Chris, at one point, threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss didn't re-hire Meg (at the insistence of Lois)  Like Chris, Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet, and although she has proved it, her father coldly state that they were talking about Chris', not hers  Cleveland comments to Peter "Meg is my least favorite of your children "Apparently, a double standard also exists against Meg, further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her  In "Big Man on Hippocampus", an episode wherein Peter loses his memory, as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex, Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children; in response, Meg attempts an incest joke  She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room  However, in the season finale "Partial Terms of Endearment", Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie, and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter, Lois receives no such violent reaction  Additionally, in "Model Misbehavior", when Lois starts a modeling career, Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois' pictures, followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming "Me too!" to which Peter shouts "Oh God, Meg, that's sick! That's your mother!", ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing first  Meg responded by saying "I was only trying to fit in!" Peter immediately kicked her out of the house  Later, during an unrelated conversation, when she tried to insight Peter on how Lois' behavior from modeling made a poor example for women, he said "Meg, who let you back in the house?"
Brian's attention initially softens the lack of respect from Peter and the rest of family; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West  While initially seeming to have more common decency for Meg than most people, this appears to almost completely disappear after the tenth season, as Brian's increasingly shallow and self-centered character begins to take more pleasure and joy in being rotten to Meg and often refuses to give her the time of day, such as desperately trying to avoid having to comfort her, rejecting an offer by Peter to be Meg's godfather, attempting to pin the blame on (or trying to frame) her for a misdeed, finding humor in her being puked on, and even willing to deliberately urinate on her bed  Meg's most complicated relationship among the family members after Peter would be with her mother Lois  Although not as abusive as Peter, Lois seldom (if ever) reprimands her husband for their treatment of their daughter and tends to be rather thoughtless of Meg herself, often putting her down for her lack of social achievement or social popularity  Throughout the series, Lois can best be described as a general foil to her daughter, being more rebellious, outgoing, and loose-spirited compared to her daughter's own uptight demeanor, easily-embarrassed personality, and lack of confidence  Before the more recent seasons of the series, Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg and tried to boost her confidence in terms of teenage social matters  Occasionally however, such occasions resulted in the former getting carried away and stealing the show, for example, taking her to Spring Break at the beach, only for her former younger wild side to kick in and completely exclude Meg from the excitement  Lois would very often comfort Meg when she is down; however, she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien, and with a "Whatever happens, happens", leaves Meg to her misery 
One of the most cruel examples of the family's lack of humanity or gratitude for Meg comes in the episode "You Can't Do That On Television, Peter"  When Peter is mauled by a puma, Meg uses medical training to save his life  However, no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out, Peter just tells her to get him water 
The family's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in "Dial Meg for Murder" when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal, abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her  It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways  However, it comes to a head once again in "Seahorse Seashell Party", when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter, informing them of their own flaws  Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother's delinquent past  Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent, harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg's shortcomings  Lois tries to justify that she's a better person because of her past and she is open that she isn't the perfect parent, but Meg tells her that she's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to guide her through life and navigate her through the hardships and difficulties of being a young woman  Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18, she may never want to see her again  This breaks Lois' heart and she finally admits that she's been a terrible mother to Meg  Finally, Meg turns on Peter who, unable to comprehend her insults, thinks that his daughter's argument is amusing, even when she points out Peter's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her  It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a "waste of a man " A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to "knock it off", but Lois refuses because he didn't stick up for her  Within moments, Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois  Peter finally runs to his room crying, with Lois running after him, leaving behind Meg and Brian, who is now fully recovered from his trip, to discuss what just happened  Brian likes that Meg stood up for herself, but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word, seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins' "lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction"  He commends her on her maturity, and even goes on to say that Meg is the "strongest person" in the family  She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault 
Since this episode, the abuse that Meg receives begins to fade away as a storyline  She also notices that Peter's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her, and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show—which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and (as it is implied) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion 

Notes
Passage 2:
List of Family Guy cast members
Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors, and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars  The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis (who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season (her last episode is "Holy Crap," now marketed as the second episode of season two)), Seth Green, and Mike Henry  Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton, Adam West, John G  Brennan, Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly, and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller, Charles Durning, Rush Limbaugh, James Woods and Phil LaMarr 
Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters  The voice actors, in portraying the various character personalities on the show, draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture  Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor, after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations 
Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode "Barely Legal" and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production, though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series 

Current cast
From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members  Since season 5, there have been five main cast members  The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 

Seth MacFarlane
Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire  MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it  MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design  Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady  The voice for Glenn Quagmire is based on 1940s and 1950s radio commercials  MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, including news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr  Hartman   He is the only cast member to be in every episode 

Alex Borstein
Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt  Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv  She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen"  At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins  The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original season), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying     and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours "

Seth Green
Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman  Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's 

Mila Kunis
Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin  Kunis won the role after the auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show  MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more  Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her  Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat"  She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation  And it's fun "

Mike Henry
Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert “The Pervert”, Bruce, Consuela, and various other characters  A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005  Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy  On June 26, 2020, after twenty years of voicing the character, Mike Henry announced on Twitter that he was stepping down from voicing Cleveland, stating "persons of color should play characters of color " On September 25, 2020, it was announced that Arif Zahir would take over as the voice of Cleveland 

Recurring cast
In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors  Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently  Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags 
The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

Recurring guest voices
The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson, Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown and Emily Osment as Ruth Cochamer  Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis  Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost  Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists and James Woods as himself  In 2020, it was announced that Sam Elliott would take over as Quahog's new mayor, Mayor West's estranged cousin Wyld West 

Casting changes
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited  Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork 
Jon Cryer voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance before the role passed to Seth MacFarlane  The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned 
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character from the third to eighteenth seasons 
Natasha Melnick was the original voice of Meg Griffin's Friend Ruth Cochamer until Emily Osment took over the character in the eleventh season 
Beginning in 2021-onward, Arif Zahir took over voicing Cleveland Brown from Mike Henry 

Awards and nominations
See also
Television portal
Passage 3:
The Cleveland Show
The Cleveland Show is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Richard Appel, and Mike Henry for the Fox Broadcasting Company  A spin-off of Family Guy, and the second television series in the franchise, the series centers on Cleveland Brown, his new wife Donna Tubbs-Brown, and their children Cleveland Brown Jr , Roberta Tubbs, and Rallo Tubbs  Similar to Family Guy, it exhibited much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture, though it uses significantly fewer than Family Guy  Fox cancelled the series after 4 seasons  The animation was produced by Fox Television Animation 
The series was conceived by MacFarlane in 2007 after developing Family Guy and American Dad! for the Fox network  MacFarlane centered the show on Family Guy character Cleveland Brown and created new characters for Cleveland's family members  One preexisting character, Cleveland's son Cleveland Jr  (Junior), was redesigned as an obese, soft-spoken teen, as opposed to his depiction as a younger, hyperactive child with average body weight on Family Guy 
The series premiered on September 27, 2009, and ended on May 19, 2013, with a total of 88 episodes over the course of 4 seasons  The Cleveland Show was nominated for one Annie Award, one Primetime Emmy Award, and two Teen Choice Awards, but received mixed reviews from media critics  Nearly a year after the series' cancelation, Cleveland returned to Family Guy, accompanied by the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family, in the season 12 episode "He's Bla-ack!" during which his show was mercilessly mocked by his friends 

Production
Development
Seth MacFarlane initially conceived The Cleveland Show in 2007 while working on his other two animated series, Family Guy and American Dad! 

The Cleveland Show first appeared on the development slate at Fox in early 2008, under no official name for the pilot, after a report that Fox had purchased the series from creators  The pilot was named The Cleveland Show in May 2008, when it appeared on the primetime slate for the 2008–09 television season, although it wasn't officially on the network schedule  Shortly after a report that King of the Hill just ended, leaving air time for The Cleveland Show, the show was picked up for a full season after an additional nine episodes of the show were ordered  In May 2009, The Cleveland Show appeared on the primetime slate for the 2009–10 television season, for airing on Sunday nights at 8:30 pm On June 15, 2009, it was announced that The Cleveland Show would premiere on September 27, 2009 MacFarlane and Henry pitched a 22-minute to Fox which aired on September 27, 2009 but had been leaked on the internet in June 2009  Even before the pilot episode premiered, the show had already been renewed for a 22-episode second season  After the first season of the show aired, it was given the green light to start production  On June 10, 2010, less than three weeks into the first season's summer hiatus, it was announced that Fox was ordering a third season  A fourth season was announced on May 9, 2011, just a few days before the second season concluded 

Executive producers
Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry and Richard Appel have served as executive producers on the series since the first season 

Voice cast
Mike Henry voices two of the show's main characters: Cleveland Brown and Rallo Tubbs  The voice of Cleveland was developed originally for Family Guy by Henry after being influenced by one of his best friends who had a very distinct regional accent  For the voice of Rallo, Henry stated that he created the voice over twenty years before; he had used it while making prank phone calls 
Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland, stepmother of Cleveland Brown Jr , and mother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs  In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers "wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge " Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled The Golden Blaze  In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs  Predator, Blade, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys 
Reagan Gomez-Preston plays Roberta Tubbs, the stepdaughter of Cleveland  Gomez has stated that she uses her own voice to portray Roberta and that she herself gets mistaken for a fifteen-year-old over the phone "all the time " Before Gomez was cast as Roberta, Nia Long (who co-starred with Lathan in The Best Man franchise) provided the character's voice during the first thirteen episodes  According to Long, she was replaced because producers decided they wanted an actress with a younger-sounding voice, given that the character is a teenager Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on Family Guy and American Dad!, portrays Cleveland, Jr , as well as Cleveland's next-door neighbor Lester Krinklesac  In portraying Cleveland, Jr , Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series ER who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet  For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had "run into a few rednecks in [his] time", and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable  Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode "Harder, Better, Faster, Browner", he was promoted to a series regular 
Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a "Steve Martin impression [   ] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression"  Jess Harnell voices the character for the rest of the series from the next episode onward, as MacFarlane grew tired of voicing the character 
Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a k a  " Federline Jones", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn "Cookie" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar "Freight Train" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender 

Characters
Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife, Donna Tubbs-Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan); Donna's daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's son Rallo (voiced by Mike Henry)  Cleveland, Jr  underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken 

Episodes
Crossovers with other animated sitcoms
The Cleveland Show characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa  The Cleveland Show crossovers have all involved two other animated programs  Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane—Family Guy and American Dad!  There are also many brief cameos of characters from three other Fox animated shows, The Simpsons, Futurama, and King of the Hill 

Syndication and streaming
In July 2010, the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights, for their networks TBS and later, Adult Swim  The series first aired on Adult Swim in the United States on September 29, 2012  On July 14, 2018, Viacom later picked up the rights to the series and the series left Adult Swim and TBS on September 9, 2018  The series began airing on Comedy Central in the United States on October 8, 2018 until April 29, 2022 with ViacomCBS sister networks BET and VH1 airing the series starting on August 31, 2020 and September 14, 2020, respectively  The series is available for streaming on Hulu 
The series began airing on FXX on September 20, 2021 Internationally, The Cleveland Show is available to stream on Star on Disney+ 

Cancellation
On April 17, 2013, Fox dismissed increasing rumors that The Cleveland Show had been canceled, reporting rather that renewal of the series was undetermined as of that time  However, on May 13, 2013, in the New York Daily News, Fox Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly confirmed the show's cancellation  Following the series cancellation, it was confirmed that Cleveland would be moving back to Quahog with the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family to rejoin the Family Guy cast 

Reception
Critical reception
The Cleveland Show initially received mixed reviews from critics  Review aggregator Metacritic gave the show a score of 57 out of 100  Tom Shales of The Washington Post spoke very negatively about both the show and MacFarlane himself, describing him as "no better than the dirty old man hanging around playgrounds with naughty pictures or risque jokes as lures"  Roberto Bianco of USA Today wrote a similarly negative review, suggesting that the easiest fix for its problem was "cancellation"  John McWhorter of The New Republic called it "a patronizing mess" and "basically Family Guy in blackface"  He added: "What isn't black in it is so shamelessly ripped off from Family Guy that it's hard to believe it's the product of creators who are usually so studiously 'post-' obvious stunts of the sort "Matt Rouse of TV Guide wrote, "The lamest, most unnecessary spin-off since Private Practice, Cleveland rests on the shoulders of the hopelessly bland title character"  However, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was more positive about the program, writing that although The Cleveland Show was "just as rude-crude" as Family Guy, it also had "more warmth" due to Cleveland being a more likable character than Peter Griffin  Owen also praised the character of Tim the Bear, stating that "Tim is by far the most amusing creation " Jonathan Storm of the Philadelphia Inquirer, also spoke positively, stating that "[Cleveland] sounds funnier, and he shows way more personality than we've seen in his many years on Family Guy  [   ] While it seems to be missing some of the over-the-top offensive bites we're used to on Family Guy, and Cleveland's new drinking buddies aren't quite as amusing as the Quagmire, Joe, and Peter combination - there's a lot to like here "

Nielsen ratings
Awards and nominations
Home media
Internationally The Cleveland Show is available to stream on Star on Disney + with all four seasons 
Passage 4:
Big Chuck and Lil' John
Charles "Big Chuck" Schodowski (born June 28, 1934) and "Lil' John" Rinaldi (born January 19, 1946) – together commonly known as Big Chuck and Lil' John – are a duo of entertainers who served as late-night horror hosts of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show on television station WJW in Cleveland, Ohio from 1963 to 2008   In addition to hosting a movie with a live audience, they also performed original sketch comedy routines   At the end of each sketch was a very distinctive laugh (see external links section below) voiced by comedian/actor Jay Lawrence, who was a disc jockey for KYW radio in Cleveland during the early 1960s 
On September 10, 2011, WJW began airing a weekly half-hour program – simply titled Big Chuck and Lil' John – featuring classic show skits along with limited new production 

History
Chuck Schodowski (b  June 28, 1934) started as a producer/engineer at WJW-TV (and before that at KYW-TV), and became a close friend of Ernie Anderson  When Anderson's previous sidekick, eventual Hollywood actor Tim Conway, was fired for a fabrication on his résumé, Schodowski was hired as Conway's replacement  Schodowski worked closely with Anderson (as Ghoulardi) on Shock Theater, and was instrumental in bringing in the blend of blues and polka music that helped define the show, adding comic audio drop-ins to enliven the often awful movies, and immortalized The Rivingtons' tune "Papa Oom Mow Mow" by marrying it to the image of an old man gurning When Anderson left Cleveland for California in 1966, his popular Ghoulardi character was retired, and a talent search ensued to find a replacement  Schodowski agreed to help Bob Wells (WJW's "Hoolihan the Weatherman") with his audition, and the management decided they liked the way the two performed together  They became co-hosts of The Hoolihan and Big Chuck Show, which launched on December 23, 1966  In addition to screening horror films, the duo soon started filming comedy skits interspersed within the host segments After Wells left the show in 1979, John Rinaldi, a jeweler by trade who had already been featured on many of the program's skits, took over as co-host



ground_truth: the novel of the same name by Robert Ludlum

Robert Ludlum

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What institute did the actor playing the voice of John Smith in Pocahontas attend?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: " Richard White, the voice of Gaston in Beauty and the Beast, was supposed to voice Ratcliffe, but the crew was worried he might sound too much like Gaston, so he was replaced by his co-star David Ogden Stiers, who also voices Ratcliffe's dimwitted assistant Wiggins 
Russell Means was cast as Chief Powhatan, though he initially expressed displeasure with the script in that Native Americans addressed each other using proper names rather than the traditional "my father" or "my friend"  Indigenous Canadian actor Gordon Tootoosis was also cast as the tribal medicine man Kekata  Throughout most of the production, the cast members performed their dialogue in separate recording sessions 

Design and animation
Renowned for his animation of Ariel in The Little Mermaid (1989), supervising animator Glen Keane was immediately tapped to draw the titular Native American princess  Following the demands of Jeffrey Katzenberg to make the title character "the most idealized and finest woman ever made", Keane first sought his inspirations for his depictions of Pocahontas from Shirley 'Little Dove' Custalow-McGowan and Devi White Dove, women he had met during the research trip to Virginia  Keane recalled meeting the women:So I turned around and there's this beautiful Indian woman walking up; a Native American  She said 'Are you Glen Keane? The animator that's going to do Pocahontas?' I said 'Well, yeah ' And then from behind another tree another woman came up and she said, 'Well, my name is Shirley Little Dove, and this is my sister Devi White Dove, and we are descended from Pocahontas ' And as they stood there, I mean I took a picture of both of them, and between their faces was Pocahontas' face in my mind – I could see her 
Other inspirations were Natalie Belcon, Naomi Campbell, Jamie Pillow, supermodel Kate Moss, Charmaine Craig, Christy Turlington, Dyna Taylor, and her own voice actress Irene Bedard  For almost three years, Taylor herself sat for four three-hour modeling sessions in which she was videotaped so the animators could draw poses of her from different angles  Keane also looked to a 1620 depiction of Pocahontas from a history book, though he would state the depiction was "not exactly a candidate for People's 'Most Beautiful' issue [so] I made a few adjustments to add an Asian feeling to her face " Due to the complexity of the color schemes, shapes, and expressions in the animation, a total of 55 animators worked on the animation of Pocahontas' character alone, including Mark Henn and Pres Romanillos After working at Sullivan-Bluth Studios for over fourteen years, John Pomeroy, who notoriously resigned alongside Don Bluth during work on The Fox and the Hound (1981) in 1979, returned to Disney and worked on the film  Pomeroy noted that initially John Smith was portrayed as well-groomed before the animators tried designs where the character was "sloppier", bearded, and carried daggers and knives  Pomeroy grew more satisfied with the character's design the more simple it became  Additionally, Pomeroy cited inspiration for John Smith from Errol Flynn and the facial features of Gibson Initially assigned as a supervising animator on The Lion King, Nik Ranieri did character designs and test animation for Timon, but moved over to Pocahontas growing frustrated with an indecisive vision from the directors  There, he was assigned to animate Redfeather until Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered for the animals to be mute  Finding feathers difficult for Redfeather to gesture with, he was again assigned to animate Meeko using a Little Golden Books animal book illustrated by Alice and Martin Provensen as reference  Duncan Marjoribanks utilized geometric shapes to create Ratcliffe  In early drafts of the character, he had a body similar to a pear, but to make him appear more arrogant, the animator increased the force of gravity on his chest so that he seemed more pompous and physically threatening  Chris Buck served as the supervising animator for Percy, Wiggins, and Grandmother Willow  For Grandmother Willow, the face was traditionally animated by Buck, while the cowl and the trunk of the tree were digitally animated under the supervision of Steve Goldberg  Assisted by the effect animators, a 3D software program was employed for the bark to be individually manipulated and for the face to match with the computer-generated texture  The following supervising animators also included Anthony DeRosa for Nakoma, Michael Cedeno for Kocoum, Ken Duncan for Thomas, T  Daniel Hofstedt for the settlers Lon and Ben, and Dave Pruiksma for Flit  While Mulan (1998) was within its pre-production stages, 18 minutes were animated by 170 animators and artists at the Disney-MGM Studios Initially, Gabriel asked Michael Giaimo to create conceptual paintings for the film as they both shared in a style of shape-based and secondary art details  Giaimo, himself a former assistant animator and then a CalArts teacher, accepted in which he worked several months on a freelance basis  After Goldberg became the film's co-director, the two directors asked Giaimo to officially join the staff, in which he was promoted to being the film's art director  For Giaimo, he relied on a color-saturated, elegant designs in a less-than-realistic format inspired by "prehistory Caribbean themes and creatures derived from Mexican and African folk art " Giaimo also sought out inspiration for the visual design from the works produced by earlier Disney art designers such as Richard Kelsey (who had done story sketches for his unproduced film Hiawatha), Eyvind Earle, who worked on Sleeping Beauty (1959), and Mary Blair 

Music
Howard Ashman and Alan Menken were planning to write songs for Pocahontas once they were finished working on Aladdin, but Ashman died in 1991  Following the death of his longtime collaborator, Menken wrote the remaining songs for Aladdin with Tim Rice at his home in London, which the New York-based composer found to be difficult  When Aladdin was finished, Menken was expected to write songs for Pocahontas with Rice  Kevin Bannerman, the studio's director of development, stated Rice "was always gallivanting around the world and it was difficult to get him and Alan together     And so here was Stephen [Schwartz], who had written scores that we all loved and we were huge fans of, and he lived in the New York area " Disney immediately contacted Stephen Schwartz, who, after working on Working, Rags, and Children of Eden, had quit theater and was taking psychology courses at New York University; he was brought on board to write the lyrics  This would mark the first time Menken had collaborated without Ashman for a Disney animated film  Menken commented that their work included moments of tension because Schwartz was also capable of writing music and Menken had experience with lyrics Due to corporate interest in the film surrounding its theme of promoting understanding between different groups, and its inclusion of violence and threats of greater conflict, Schwartz became heavily involved in the storytelling  Bannerman estimated that he spent a week with one of the screenwriters and helped work out the overall themes of tolerance and cooperation  In June 1992, Schwartz researched Jamestown, Virginia where he absorbed the atmosphere and bought tapes of Native American music and English sea shanties, as well as other music from the early 17th century that helped inspire numbers in the film  Schwartz modeled his lyrical writing for people of other ethnicities on that of Oscar Hammerstein II and Sheldon Harnick  "Colors of the Wind" was the first song to be written for the film  Gabriel, Goldberg, and Pentecost stated the song had defined the film's "heart and soul"  Schwartz began "Colors" with a few draft ideas for lyrics taking inspiration from Chief Seattle's letter to the United States Congress  Then, Menken wrote the melody with Schwartz listening at the piano and making suggestions  Schwartz would add lyrics before a session together where they were refined "Just Around the Riverbend", also composed by Menken and Schwartz, was devised by Schwartz's wife Carole, with the idea that Pocahontas would have a recurring dream that suggested something coming her way, paving the way for her "I Want" song  The song almost did not make it into the completed film when Disney executives doubted whether her song would have the kind of impact they wanted at that point  Schwartz however stated he and Menken "believed in it very strongly  Indeed, at one point we wrote a different song for that spot, but Alan and I were never as happy with the second song and ultimately everybody at Disney came to feel that way, too "The filmmakers had planned for a song for when Pocahontas and Smith met in the glade, just before Kocoum attacks Smith  There were an estimated three to four songs at this point, including "In the Middle of the River", "First to Dance", which was deemed too silly as it took place before Kocoum's death, and "Powerful Magic", which was another attempt at a cheerful song  A love song, titled "If I Never Knew You", had been finished by the animators, but following a test screening where child and teen audiences were not interested in the song as it played, Menken suggested that the song be removed  It was, although its melody remained in the orchestral underscoring  The soundtrack was successful, reaching number-one on the Billboard 200 charts during the week of July 22, 1995  It received a triple platinum certification 

Release
Marketing
To replicate the promotional buzz of The Lion King, the four-minute musical number, "Colors of the Wind", was released in November 1994, accompanying a theatrical re-release of The Lion King  On February 3, 1995, Disney began its promotional marketing campaign starting in San Diego, California, launching a nationwide 18-week tour of fashion malls located within twenty-five cities where a mall exhibit named Pocahontas Animation Discovery Adventure was created to help promote the release  There, a Disney animator would guide shoppers on a presentation tour, which featured a walk-through maze with interactive lily pads, flying birds, and huge video wall, a studio workshop where visitors can become the voice of their favorite animated character, and an area where visitors can electronically manipulate images  Additionally, they would demonstrate animation techniques and discuss the design and creation of Pocahontas' character  Further promotional tie-ins included Burger King distributing 55 million toy replicas of the characters with kids' meals, Payless Shoes selling a line of moccasins, and Mattel peddling a Barbie-like Pocahontas doll A behind-the-scenes documentary television special titled The Making of Pocahontas: A Legend Comes to Life aired on the Disney Channel on June 20, 1995, where the animators, voice cast, crew, and studio heads were interviewed on the production of the film  The special was hosted by actress Irene Bedard The film  had the largest premiere in history, on June 10, 1995, in New York's Central Park, followed by a live performance by Vanessa Williams  Disney officials estimated the crowd at 100,000  The premiere's attendees included then-New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, Caroline Kennedy, Mariah Carey and Michael Eisner 

Home media
At first announced to be released on March 6, 1996, Pocahontas was first released on VHS and LaserDisc in the United States on February 28, 1996, under the "Masterpiece Collection" lineup  A deluxe VHS edition included supplemental features such as a making-of documentary, alongside a special edition of The Art of Pocahontas book and Disney-certified lithograph prints  On November 13, 1996, the CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition contained the film, a historical documentary on Pocahontas, and The Making of Pocahontas, along with added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, publicity and promotional trailers, the deleted "If I Never Knew You" musical sequence, and an audio commentary on a total of four double sided discs  The release was also accompanied with a Special Edition of the Art of Pocahontas book  Disney initially shipped 17 million VHS copies to retail stores, with nine million copies sold within its first weekend  By mid-1998, the operating income of the VHS release had accumulated to $250 million in worldwide sales In January 2000, Walt Disney Home Video launched the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection, with Pocahontas re-issued on VHS and DVD on June 6, 2000  The DVD contained the film in its 1 66:1 aspect ratio enhanced with 5 1 surround sound, and was accompanied with special features including two music videos, a trivia game, the theatrical trailer, and a "Fun with Nature" activity booklet  Five years later, the film was remastered for a THX-certified 10th Anniversary 2-disc Special Edition DVD, which was released on May 3, 2005  This release features two versions of the film, which are a new extended cut with two performances of "If I Never Knew You" and the original theatrical version On August 21, 2012, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Pocahontas, alongside its sequel Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, on Blu-ray Disc as a 2-Movie Collection  Pocahontas was re-released yet again in 2016 as a Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD combo pack, available exclusively through the Disney Movie Club  It featured brand-new cover art, and, for the first time, a digital copy download of the film alongside the physical release 

Reception
Box office
Timed with Pocahontas' 400th birthday, Pocahontas had a limited release in North America on June 16, 1995, playing in only six selected theaters in Chicago, Boston, Atlanta, Detroit, St  Louis and Los Angeles  The film grossed $2 7 million during its first weekend, standing at the eighth place in the box office ranking  It beat the record set by The Lion King the previous year for the highest-grossing opening weekend on fewer than 50 screens, a record that has not been beaten  The wide release followed on June 23, 1995, in 2,596 screens  Studio estimates initially anticipated Pocahontas earning $30 5 million, ranking first and beating out the previous box office champion Batman Forever (1995)  The figure was later revised to $28 8 million with Pocahontas falling second behind Batman Forever  The final estimates placed Pocahontas narrowly ranking first grossing $29 5 million in its first weekend with Batman Forever falling into second place taking $29 2 million By January 1996, the film grossed $141 5 million in the United States, being the fourth-highest-grossing film in North America of 1995, behind Apollo 13, Toy Story, and Batman Forever  Overseas, the film was projected to gross $225 million, though foreign box office grosses eventually amounted to $204 5 million  Cumulatively, Pocahontas grossed $346 1 million worldwide  Although at the time it was seen as a commercial box office disappointment in comparison to The Lion King, in January 1996, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner contested in an annual shareholders' meeting that "Pocahontas is well on its way to being one of our most successful films of all time  It has equalled Beauty and the Beast's box office numbers domestically, and now it has taken Europe by storm and is playing well in every country in which it is being shown  Sales of Pocahontas merchandise have been phenomenal "

Critical response
Pocahontas received generally mixed reviews from film critics  The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 54% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 56 reviews, with an average score of 6/10  The site's consensus states "Pocahontas means well, and has moments of startling beauty, but it's largely a bland, uninspired effort, with uneven plotting and an unfortunate lack of fun " Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 58 based on 23 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing that Pocahontas was "the best-looking of the modern Disney animated features, and one of the more thoughtful" though he was more critical of the story and portrayal of the villain, ultimately summarizing that "on a list including Mermaid, Beauty, Aladdin and Lion King, I'd rank it fifth  It has a lot of good intentions, but a severe scoundrel shortage " On the television program Siskel & Ebert, Ebert repeated the same sentiment, while his partner Gene Siskel was more praising of the film  Both critics gave the film a "Thumbs Up"  In his print review for the Chicago Tribune, Siskel awarded the film 31⁄2 stars out of 4, stating it is a "surprisingly serious, thoughtful and beautifully drawn Disney animated feature about the American birthright of exploitation and racism"  He praised it for "sending powerful images to children about threats to the natural order", restoring "a certain majesty to the Indian culture", and for having "the courage that leads to the life-goes-on ending "The film's writing and lack of humor received mixed reviews  Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly stated: "With dismay, I realize that virtually everything in the movie – every character, every story twist, every song – is as generic as the two hygienic lovers  As a fairy-tale confection, a kind of West Side Story in Jamestown, Pocahontas is pleasant to look at, and it will probably satisfy very small kiddies, but it's the first of the new-era Disney cartoons that feels less than animated " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone bemoaned that there were "no funny, fast-talking animals – Meeko the raccoon and Flit the hummingbird remain silent pals to Pocahontas and make you miss the verbal fun that Nathan Lane's wisecracking meerkat brought to The Lion King " Desson Howe, reviewing for The Washington Post, likewise criticized the writing as recycling "elements from Snow White to The Lion King, with a father-child clash, a heroine's saintly pureness that transforms an entire people, a forbidden love, consultations with an oracle/shaman (in this case a tree spirit, voiced by Linda Hunt) and the usual sideshow of funny, fuzzy animals " While calling the screenplay the "film's weakest element", Janet Maslin of The New York Times summarized in her review: "Gloriously colorful, cleverly conceived and set in motion with the usual Disney vigor, Pocahontas is one more landmark feat of animation  It does everything a children's movie should do except send little viewers home humming its theme song "According to Chief Roy "Crazy Horse" Johnson of the Powhatan Renape Nation, an unrecognized tribe in New Jersey, the film "distorts history beyond recognition" and "perpetuates a dishonest and self-serving myth at the expense of the Powhatan Nation"  Roy claimed that Disney had refused the tribe's offers to help create a more culturally and historically accurate film  In the Los Angeles Times, Angela Aleiss said that Pocahontas and other portrayals of the Native princess rarely show her having anything more important in her life than her relationships with men  Professor and Director of Indigenous Nations Studies Cornel Pewewardy argues that the film presents damaging stereotypes of the Native American population  Pewewardy feels that the representation of Native characters, like Grandmother Willow, Meeko, and Flit, as animals, has a marginalizing effect  Anthropologist Kiyomi Kutsuzawa also observed that in the film, Kocoum and John Smith fight for Pocahontas's affection  Kutsuzawa viewed Smith's victory over Kocoum in this arena as symbolic of Western Europe's domination of the Americas and white men's domination over men of color Conversely, Native American activist Russell Means, who portrays Chief Powhatan in the film, praised the film's racial overtones, stating that "Pocahontas is the first time Eurocentric male society has admitted its historical deceit", and that it makes the "stunning admission" that the purpose of the European colonization of the Americas was "to kill Indians and rape and pillage the land " Means also said that the film marked "the first time, other than on Northern Exposure, that a human face has been put on an Indian female," dubbing Pocahontas "the finest feature film on American Indians Hollywood has turned out " Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic concurred, stating that the film's narrative "had a progressive attitude when it came to interpreting history", portraying the settlers as "plunderers searching for non-existent gold who were intent upon murdering the 'heathen savages' they encountered in the process", although she criticized the depiction of Pocahontas as stereotypical 

Accolades
Historical accuracy
Pocahontas's real name was Matoaka  "Pocahontas" was only a nickname, and it can variously be translated to "little wanton", "playful one", "little brat", or "the naughty one"  Pocahontas was around 10 or 11 at the time John Smith arrived with the Virginia Company in 1607, in contrast to her portrayal as a young adult in the film Smith is portrayed as an amiable man; in reality, he was described as having a harsh exterior and a very authoritarian personality by his fellow colonists Historically, there is no evidence of a romantic relationship emerging between Pocahontas and John Smith  Whether or not Pocahontas saved Smith's life is debated  A group of colonists led by Samuel Argall captured Pocahontas three years after John Smith departed for England; she converted to Christianity in Henricus and later married John Rolfe, who was known for introducing tobacco as a cash crop Governor Ratcliffe did not return to England, but was killed by the Powhatan in 1609 Ebert criticized the film's deviations from history, writing "Having led one of the most interesting lives imaginable, Pocahontas serves here more as a simplified symbol"  Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic wrote that "The movie might have fudged some facts", but that this allowed it to tell "a compelling romantic story" Animator Tom Sito defended the film's relationship to history, stating that "Contrary to the popular verdict that we ignored history on the film, we tried hard to be historically correct and to accurately portray the culture of Virginia's Algonquins "

Legacy
A live musical show titled The Spirit of Pocahontas was performed at the Fantasyland Theatre at Disneyland during the film's theatrical release  A video game titled Disney's Pocahontas based on the film was released on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive in 1996  The film was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, titled Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, released on August 25, 1998  Bedard and Kuhn reprised their roles as Pocahontas' speaking and singing voices, respectively  Donal Gibson starred as John Smith and Billy Zane starred as John Rolfe  Pocahontas, alongside other Disney Princesses, briefly appeared in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet, with Bedard reprising the role Critics have also discussed the influence of Pocahontas on other films  Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic argues that the strong and brave title character of Pocahontas influenced the portrayal of subsequent heroines of Disney animated films, specifically Mulan, Rapunzel, Merida, and Elsa  Similarly, The Verge's Tasha Robinson wrote that Moana (2016) "draws on" Pocahontas in its portrayal of a woman buoyed by her culture  According to HuffPost, James Cameron's Avatar (2009) is a "rip-off" of Pocahontas  Avatar's producer Jon Landau has said that Avatar is akin to Pocahontas with the Na'vi aliens taking the place of Native Americans  Cameron has said that he first conceived of Avatar in the 1960s, long before Pocahontas was released, but he has also said that Avatar does reference the story of Pocahontas, the historical figure  Kirsten Acuna of Business Insider wrote that, while Avatar may be based on Cameron's own ideas, it nevertheless takes inspiration from animated films like Pocahontas and FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992) 
Passage 5:
Chow Hound
Chow Hound is a 1951 Warner Bros  Looney Tunes animated short directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese  The short was released on June 16, 1951  The voices are performed by Mel Blanc, Bea Benaderet and John T  Smith 
Unlike many Warner Bros  cartoons featuring cats, such as Sylvester, as the antagonists of their targets (such as birds) and dogs serving to discourage their behavior, Chow Hound uses a different formula 

Plot
A large bulldog bullies two unwilling parties—a frightened cat, whom the dog refers to as 'Stupid' three times in the short, and a tough-talking mouse—into various scams to obtain dinner from various residences  The bulldog himself repeatedly punishes the cat for (so the dog believes) consistently coming back with stolen meat but no gravy  The scheme involves the dog, who forever complains that he is "starving," using the cat to pose as the pet for three residents and an exhibit at a municipal zoo  The cat poses as (in order of appearance):

"Butch," a turtleneck-wearing feline  The cat timidly walks to the waiting bulldog to hand him his steak, but the bulldog asks "What, no gravy?" and slaps the cat for forgetting the gravy 
A bow-tied "Harold," who is scolded by his female "mistress" as he comes home  "Harold" tries to eat a leg of chicken when the mistress leaves the room, but is quickly grabbed by the bulldog, who again reprimands him for forgetting the gravy 
"Timothy," the alley cat who serves as the mouse catcher for an older gentleman living in a brownstone apartment building  The cat swallows the mouse whole, earning more physical punishment; the mouse tries unsuccessfully to get away after he is spit out  After earning another steak from the owner, the cat is again slapped by the bulldog for forgetting the gravy again  The mouse tries to get tough, but is simply hit on the head 
As a "saber-tooth alley catus", complete with fake fangs  The zookeeper shrugs his shoulders at the apparently new, unannounced "exhibit " It is at this point where the cat tries to one-up his captor by wrapping a TNT stick inside the steak  The result is only a small blast in the dog's stomach, which the embarrassed dog apparently misinterprets as gas and excuses himself  He smacks the cat (off-screen) for forgetting the gravy yet again He then starts to complain that "week in, week out, it's the same thing; it's too slow!" He then sees a sign advertising a reward for lost animals and gets a sinister idea: holding the cat hostage, the dog accurately anticipates that the cat's "owners" will post rewards in the newspaper  "I've got plans for you!" the dog snarls at the cat 
The bulldog reads the missing animals article in the newspaper for the addresses of the owners as he prepares to execute his big scam (telling his cat comrade "C'mon stupid; this is the payoff!")  The bulldog returns the cat to each of his masters, collects the reward and then reclaims his cat by means of a trick-bed, and presents the "saber-tooth alley catus" as a hunting prize to the zoo (this part was cut off in the 1990s on various TV channels in USA because it showed the mouse with makeup resembling blackface to disguise him as a native African savage)  The dog, gloating that he is now "set for life" and will "never be hungry again," uses his ill-gotten gains to purchase a butcher shop, where "acres and acres" of meat hang from the ceiling 
The final scene takes place at a "dog and cat hospital"  The bulldog's gluttony has gotten the better of him, as his overindulgence on meat has rendered him grossly obese and unable to move a muscle  After two doctors diagnose "a distinct case of overeating" and depart from the operating room, two visitors march in: the cat and the mouse  The cat—speaking for the only time in the film—menacingly says, "This time, we didn't forget the gravy " The nervously-perspiring dog repeatedly mutters "no" but is helpless to stop them as the mouse jams a large funnel into the dog's mouth and smiles as the cat begins force-feeding the dog a dangerously unhealthy amount of gravy from an institutional-sized canister as the picture irises out over the sound of the dog gurgling, with the cat and mouse finally getting their revenge against their canine tormentor 

Reception
Animator Eric Goldberg writes, "This is one of my all-time favorite Chuck Jones cartoons for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is that it may be the darkest film he ever made    Talk about a morality play! I don't think I've ever seen comic retribution played out with such devilish, and deserved, relish  A masterpiece "

Home media
Chow Hound is available (uncensored and uncut) on Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4, and on Blu-ray Disc (presented uncensored and in 1080p high definition) as part of the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 
Passage 6:
Jason Keng-Kwin Chan
Jason Keng-Kwin Chan (born December 1, 1971) is a Malaysian actor best known for his role as Cameron Watanabe, the Green Samurai Ranger, as well as his clone, Cyber Cam, in Power Rangers: Ninja Storm 
He is currently a multi-award-winning writer, director, composer and actor based in Singapore  He is co-founder of BananaMana Films, which is one of Singapore's premiere production companies for creating Asian dramas in English for global distribution 

Background & Training
Born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Chan is of Chinese descent and moved to Perth, Western Australia with his family when he was only 5 years old  He entered medical school at the University of Western Australia, but Chan continued to pursue the creative arts, studying ballet, contemporary dance, and jazz dance at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts  After graduating, he obtained his Fellowship in General Practice and worked as a General Practitioner for a few years before gaining a place in the renowned National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney (other graduates include: Mel Gibson, Cate Blanchett, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Hugo Weaving) where he obtained a Bachelor of Dramatic Arts in Acting  He is the co-founder of the Production Company "BananaMana Films" along with Christian Lee  Chan currently resides in Singapore 

Current Work
Since co-founding BananaMana Films, Jason has gone on to write, direct, edit and produce for various projects  The first series he co-wrote, directed, produced and acted in was a web series: "What Do Men Want?"  However, prior to production the national broadcaster of Singapore asked to have it converted into a full length TV series and it aired in 2014 as a 13 x half hour Romantic comedic TV drama  Jason and Christian won an outstanding directing in a drama series award at LA Webfest for this drama 
Their second drama "Perfect Girl" was created as a 10 x 5-8min web series  This series went on to win 7 international awards from 16 nominations  Jason was credited as writer and composer, and shared directing and editing credits 
Recently, Jason has co-written, directed and scored a TV pilot "Bang Bang Club" which has gone on to win a Platinum REMI award at the Worldfest Houston International Film Festival 2016  Jason was also nominated for Best Editing and Best Original Score for this project at the Indie Series Awards (LA) 2016 

Awards
Jason has been a recipient of numerous awards and nominations in various categories: writing, directing, acting, editing, composing 
Awards

Platinum Remi  (Houston International Film Fest 2016)
Outstanding Writing (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Directing (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Editing (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Drama Series (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Drama (Toronto Webfest 2015)
Best International Series (Atlanta Webfest 2014)Nominations

Best Editing (Indie Series Awards 2016)
Best Score (Indie Series Awards 2016)
Outstanding Lead Actor (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Cinematography (LA Webfest 2015)
Triple Threat Auteur (Toronto Webfest 2015)
Best Overall Series (Toronto Webfest 2015)
Best Drama (Vancouver Webfest 2015)

Film
Most recently "Perfect Girl", originally a web series, was picked up as a short feature by global streaming platform VIKI com  It stars Jason Chan and Khaleila Hisham as the leads and won them both Outstanding Acting nominations and awards in US web series festivals 
His feature film credits include: the animated feature Sing to the Dawn  where he played the villain, and The Leap Years in which he plays the role of "Raymond" alongside Ananda Everingham and Wong Li-Lin  He appeared briefly in Candy, an Australian film, as Heath Ledger's doctor and very briefly in "Stealth" as one of the technicians He co-wrote, co-produced and co-directed the 2017 cross-cultural food film Jimami Tofu with Christian Lee, where it world premiered and won the Audience Choice Award at the 37th Hawaii International Film Festival 

Television
In 2014, Jason appeared as co-lead in "What Do Men Want?" - a 13 x half hour romantic drama co-created and directed by himself and his business partner Christian Lee  The drama won them both an Outstanding Directing award at LA Webfest 2016 and aired on national TV in Singapore in 2014 
On graduating from drama school, Chan appeared as host of Disney Channel's Playhouse Disney block which aired throughout Australia  In 2003, he then garnered a role as the Green Samurai Ranger, Cameron Watanabe,  in the American TV series: Power Rangers Ninja Storm 
In Singapore he has appeared in many Mediacorp Channel 5 and Art Central productions including: My Sassy Neighbour, Six Weeks, Parental Guidance, 9 Lives, Mental and The Secret Lives of Sorry Stars    In Australia he played opposite Jaqueline Macqenzie in Two Twisted 
Jason has also played leads in German telemovies including: "Love in the Lion City",  "The Last Patriarch",  "Love and Death in Java"  and "House of Harmony" 

Theatre
In theatre, Jason debuted in the lead role of 'Kevin' in "Connie and Kevin and the Secret Life of Groceries" in Sydney,  then continued in Singapore with ‘Chris’ in Action Theatre's “The Admiral’s Odyssey”, Clifford Bradshaw in Toyfactory's "Cabaret", Lysander in SRT's "A Midsummer Night's Dream", Andy in SRT's "The Office Party", Claudio in SRT's "Much Ado About Nothing" and Marc in The Ensemble Theatre's production of "ART" 
Passage 7:
Nottingham, West Virginia
Nottingham is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States  Nottingham is located on the Greenbrier River, 2 miles (3 2 km) south-southeast of Durbin 
Passage 8:
Carmen Smith
Carmen Smith (born 1984) is an Australian singer/songwriter who rose to prominence after appearing in the first season of The Voice Australia 

Early career
Since 2002, Smith has been a back-up singer for a number of Australian performers, including Guy Sebastian  She has released two of her own solo albums as well as written songs for singers Stan Walker and Jessica Mauboy In 2005, Carmen wrote "All I Ask" as the winner's single of New Zealand Idol, which was released by Rosita Vai  In 2010, Carmen was featured on "Mousetrap Heart" by Thirsty Merc 

2012–present: The Voice Australia and disqualification
In 2012, Smith appeared on the premiere episode of The Voice Australia's first season  She joined coach Joel Madden's team after singing the Alicia Keys song "How Come You Don't Call Me"  For her Battle Round, she sang the song "We Found Love" by Rihanna with Michelle Serret-Cursio whom she won against  However, after her vocals appeared in Guy Sebastian's song "Gold", she was disqualified from the show by the show's producers after she appeared in the song's music video  The Voice producers said she had broken the "spirit" of the rules as the video would give her an unfair advantage over other contestants  Smith later stated that she had performed with Sebastian for years, and had a clause in her The Voice contract which allowed her to continue to perform and record with him  This is the first disqualification of a contestant in the history of the show's format After her disqualification from the show, Smith appeared alongside Sebastian singing a duet on rival show, Australia's Got Talent She then went on to join Sebastian on his Armageddon Tour, where she performed "Gold", and other features in his songs  The tour ran nationally throughout June and July 2012 to coincide with the release of his highly anticipated seventh album Armageddon  In 2013, Smith again toured with Sebastian featuring on songs as well as providing back vocals on this 46 date tour called the Get Along Tour Smith would later join Sebastian as a backup singer for the song "Tonight Again" as part of the 2015 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest  The song finished in fifth place with 196 points Smith appears as a vocal coach on the 2023 season of Australian Idol 

Discography
Studio Albums and EPs
Carmen Smith (2007)
Ever Known (2011)
They Don't Know Me (2012)

Special Releases
Polaroid (2012)

Singles
How Come You Don't Call Me (The Voice Performance) (2012)
We Found Love (The Voice Performance) (2012)
They Don't Know Me (2012)
Breaker of Hearts (2013)
Love's on the Run (2013)



ground_truth: National Institute of Dramatic Art

NIDA

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who did the original voice of the character played by mila kunis in the cleveland show?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The show itself was relaunched as The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show, and while effectively a separate and distinct show, the familiar Catch As Catch Can theme was retained, among other show elements  Moreover, taped skits from the preceding show often would be rerun on The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show through various "oldies nights" 
For many years, the show aired at 11:30 p m  on Friday nights before moving to 11:30 p m  on Saturday nights starting on October 1, 1988 (to accommodate The Arsenio Hall Show, which WJW was airing following their weeknight 11 p m  newscasts), then back to Fridays following WJW's affiliation switch to Fox in 1994 
After Fox acquired WJW in 1996, the movies selected for The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show were no longer done by either host, and began to deviate from the original horror/science fiction genre into more conventional movie fare  In addition, the start time was again moved in 1996 to Saturdays at midnight following Mad TV, then after Fox debuted Talkshow with Spike Feresten in 2006, the show settled in its final start time of 12:30 a m  Saturday nights/Sunday mornings 
Along with the Saturday night shows, Schodowski and Rinaldi hosted a companion Couch Potato Theater program airing from 10 a m  - noon on Saturday mornings, which featured at various times Three Stooges shorts, episodes of The Abbott and Costello Show, movies, cartoons, or (due to schedule conflicts) an hour long skits only show In December 2006, Schodowski announced he would retire in June 2007   As part of his farewell, WJW broadcast the hour-long retrospective Big Chuck and Lil' John: The End of an Era 
This also marked the end of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show, with the last regular episode airing the afternoon of June 16, 2007 and again in the early morning of June 17 In October 2008, Schodowski released his autobiography, Big Chuck!: My Favorite Stories from 47 Years on Cleveland TV, co-written by The Plain Dealer media writer Tom Feran  The book debuted at the 2008 Ghoulardifest convention 
During the summer of 2011, it was announced that Big Chuck and Lil' John would return to TV on WJW every Saturday morning at 11 a m  (this time, in a 30-minute all skits show similar to the Couch Potato Theater format)   This version of the show began on September 10, 2011  In 2015, the show was moved to Sunday nights at 11:30 p m  The show moved to Monday mornings at 12:30 a m  in 2021, and as of July 2021 the show has been retitled The Best of Big Chuck and Lil' John and introductions to the skits have been dropped Lil' John made news in December 2014, after Cincinnati Bengals head coach Marvin Lewis referred to Cleveland Browns quarterback Johnny Manziel as a "midget"  WJW sent the 4'3" Rinaldi to Cincinnati to cover Lewis' weekly press conference, and he asked the coach some questions In 2019 the duo reunited with Wells to film the five-episode web series Space Ship One 

Notable sketches and parodies
Ben Crazy - a parody of a popular 60's TV medical drama, Ben Casey with Big Chuck as the title character  Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck, but had additional sketches filmed throughout the entire run of Big Chuck & Lil' John 
The Certain Ethnic _____ - a play on Big Chuck's Polish heritage featuring Chuck as "Stash Kowalski" – a stereotypical Polish Clevelander (e g , The Certain Ethnic Motorist, who drives through red traffic lights and stops at green lights)  Big Chuck specifically created the term "certain ethnic" as a euphemism for "Polish" 
The Kielbasa Kid - a parody of TV westerns, with Big Chuck as the bumbling hero  Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Readings By Robert - originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck as a carbon copy of an Ernie Kovacs routine, with Bob Wells in the title role (patterned after Kovacs' "Percy Dovetonsils" character), and Big Chuck as his jazz-ukulele-playing assistant, Carlos  Occasionally rerun throughout the entire run of Big Chuck & Lil' John 
Parma Place - a parody of the 60's soap-opera Peyton Place  Originated on Ghoulardi but was continuously rerun throughout the entire course of Hoolihan & Big Chuck and Big Chuck & Lil' John
Soul Man - a parody of Superman where Big Chuck (as "Ed Tarboosh"  –  mild mannered TV producer) would – with the help of his "soul pills" – become Soul Man, who was a big, black, and bumbling superhero (played by longtime station cameraman Herb Thomas)   Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Mary Hartski, Mary Hartski - a parody of the 70's TV show Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman 
Mariano "Mushmouth" Pacetti - king of the weekly "Pizza Fight" during a six-year period on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Cuyahoga Jones and the Castle of Doom - a parody of the Indiana Jones series, with Big Chuck as the title character – and Lil' John as his sidekick "Short Stuff" – chronicling their attempts to capture the "Kapusta Diamond"  These skits were filmed at Squire's Castle in suburban Willoughby Hills, Ohio 

Other cast members
Big Chuck and Lil' John would use some of WJW's personalities, like station meteorologist Dick Goddard, in their skits   A popular Goddard sketch revolved around Goddard's claims that WJW had the best doppler radar in Cleveland   He bragged that WJW's "Super Doppler Google-Plex" was powerful enough to see clearly to a neighborhood, close enough to reveal a woman taking a bath (strategically covered with bubbles) through her bathroom sunroof, as Goddard sheepishly tried to hide the image with his suit jacket   Goddard would appear in numerous skits through the years, sometimes even playing different characters Other longtime supporting players were veteran cameraman/technician Art Lofredo, who appeared in many skits through the years (most frequently as "The Old Man") and had several "Art Lofredo Nights" dedicated to him;  Herb Thomas, a longtime station cameraman who portrayed "Soul Man", and Mary Allen ("the pride of Maple Heights"), who was an older lady and was a viewer who had won an auction in the late 70s to appear on a skit   She impressed Big Chuck with her performance so much, she became a regular player on the show until the late 90s, appearing most frequently as Stash Kowalski's wife Stella in "The Certain Ethnic ______" skits News anchor Robin Swoboda was famously featured as the main villain (a Catwoman takeoff) with several Cleveland Browns players portraying her henchmen in "Batguy & Rinaldi" (a parody of Batman & Robin), and sportscasters Casey Coleman, John Telich and Dan Coughlin were used in sports themed skits  Other later skits featured WJW station announcer Bill Ward announcing introductions to skits or for faux testimonial advertisements in the style of Hoolihan 
Owing to the station's long affiliation with the CBS television network, CBS stars like Buddy Ebsen and Andy Griffith made cameos in several skits, as well as Tim Conway (who like Big Chuck began his career on WJW as a sidekick of Ernie Anderson – though on a separate program) who by then was a star on CBS' The Carol Burnett Show  Athletes like Muhammad Ali, Earnie Shavers and Jack Lambert also made guest appearances in skits 

Other show features
Both The Hoolihan and Big Chuck Show and The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show also made music video parodies as well, including Ray Stevens songs like "Gitarzan", "Indian Love Call" (the skit was titled "The Audio Engineer" and made extensive use of chromakey), "Along Came Jones", "The Streak" and "Bridget the Midget" (which was Lil' John's on-air debut on the show back in 1970), plus other songs like Scott McKenzie's "San Francisco", Jimmy Castor Bunch's "Troglodyte", and Larry Groce's "Junk Food Junkie "
Both shows occasionally would feature a "New Talent Time" sketch where Cleveland area performers, usually performing some sort of offbeat stunt, would be featured  One week featured songwriter Robert McGuire performing his original song "Moon Over Parma", a song that mentioned a journey through the suburbs of Cleveland; the song would later become the theme song for the first season of The Drew Carey Show 

Awards and honors
Big Chuck
29-time Lower Great Lakes Emmy Awards recipient
1994 Silver Circle Award, presented by Local Great Lakes Emmy Awards chapter
Ohio Broadcasters Hall of Fame Inductee (class of 1991)
Cleveland Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame (class of 1999)

Lil' John
1995 Silver Circle Award, presented by Local Great Lakes Emmy Awards chapter
2001 Lower Great Lakes Emmy Award recipient (as co-host of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show) - Regularly Scheduled Entertainment Program
Ohio Broadcasters Hall of Fame Inductee (class of 1996)
Cleveland Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame (class of 1999)
Passage 5:
Cleveland Bulldogs
The Cleveland Bulldogs were a team that played in Cleveland, Ohio in the National Football League  They were originally called the Indians in 1923, not to be confused with the Cleveland Indians NFL franchise in 1922  However, after team owner Samuel Deutsch purchased the Canton Bulldogs in 1924, he merged the Canton team with his Indians and renamed his franchise the Cleveland Bulldogs  The Canton Bulldogs remained a part of the team until 1925, when they were sold back to Canton  The Cleveland Bulldogs played in the NFL until 1928 when they were relocated to Detroit and became the Detroit Wolverines  The team was later incorporated into the New York Giants in 1929  The Cleveland Bulldogs won the 1924 NFL championship 

History
Origins
Sam Deutsch, a Cleveland jeweler and boxing promoter who also owned a minor-league baseball team, bought an NFL franchise in 1923 and named the team the Indians  They played only seven games in that first season, but they had a shot at the championship, with a 3–0–3 record going into their final game against the Canton Bulldogs, who were also undefeated  The Indians were defeated 46–0 and posted a 3–1–3 league record, finishing fifth in the league, which comprised twenty teams at the time 

Purchase of the Canton Bulldogs
However, in August 1924, Deutsch, bought the defending NFL champions Canton Bulldogs for $2,500  The Bulldogs were experiencing heavy financial troubles at time and were sold to Deutsch without much of a struggle  Duestch combined the Cleveland Indians with the Canton Bulldogs, creating a new team, the Cleveland Bulldogs  Only seven of the Canton players actually joined the new Bulldogs; among them was player-coach Guy Chamberlin  The team played all of its home games at Dunn Field although Deutsch returned the team to Canton for the Thanksgiving game that season 

1924 NFL champions and controversy
The Cleveland Bulldogs won the NFL championship that year with a 7–1–1 record  After winning their first six games, the Bulldogs lost to the Frankford Yellow Jackets and entered a virtual tie with the Chicago Bears for first place in the standings  The Bears played more games, but also had more ties, and their one loss had come in the season opener against the Bulldogs  The Bears attempted to have an after-season exhibition game counted toward the standings, however in 1924 this was against the NFL's rules  In July 1924, NFL owners had agreed on a proposal that the 1924 NFL season would begin on September 27 and end on November 30  Ironically, as it turned out, the proposal was made by Dutch Sternaman, co-owner of the Bears  On the official end date, Cleveland had a 7–1–1 record to Bears' 6–1–4  Ties didn't count at all in those days, so the Bulldogs were in first place with an  875 winning percentage to Chicago's  857  However, on December 7, 1924 the Bulldogs went to Chicago for a challenge match  The Bears won the game, 23–0, and claimed that they deserved the NFL championship; they cited as precedent the 1921 championship decision (which the Bears had won over the Buffalo All-Americans) that declared there was no such thing as an exhibition game  However, the issue wasn't settled until the owners' meeting in January, when the owners voted for Cleveland to take the title  The owners also decided at that meeting that the 1925 season would run through December 20 

Decline
In 1925, several Canton businessmen purchased the rights to the old Canton Bulldogs team from Deutsch for $3,000  The Bulldogs, now known as the Canton Bulldogs, played in Canton during the 1925 and 1926 seasons  However Deutsch continued to call his Cleveland franchise the Bulldogs  He also sold his Cleveland Indians half of the club to Herb Brandt in August 1925  That season the Cleveland Bulldogs fell to a dismal 5–8–1 record  The team performed poorly on the field and at the bank  By mid-November the organization was nearly bankrupt 

In 1926 Brandt received authority from the league to suspend operations for a year  The Bulldogs then returned in 1927, bolstered by players from the folded Kansas City Cowboys franchise  Deutsch returned as the principal owner of this new Cleveland Bulldogs club  He, along with fellow investors Max Rosenblum, Brandt, Harold Gould, and Clinton Winfrey, built the new Bulldogs around native Clevelander Benny Friedman, a star quarterback at the University of Michigan  The team finished fourth in the National Football League this season, with an 8–4–1 record 

Ties to the New York Giants
At the end of the season, Elliott Fisher purchased the Bulldogs and moved the team to Detroit, renaming them the Detroit Wolverines  The 1928 Wolverines team consisted of 12 former Bulldogs players  Before the 1929 season, Tim Mara, owner of the New York Giants, purchased the entire Wolverines squad, including Benny Friedman, and absorbed the team into his New York Giants franchise  Eight former Bulldogs players ended up playing for the Giants that season 

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Season-by-season
External links
Peterson, Robert W  (1997)  Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football  Oxford University Press  ISBN 0-19-511913-4 
Lahman, Sean (2008)  The Pro Football Historical Abstract  The Lyons Press  ISBN 1-59228-940-1 
Ohio History Central: Cleveland Bulldogs
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Cleveland Bulldogs
Passage 6:
Black Swan dance double controversy
The Black Swan dance double controversy concerns an American film and the credit its production gave to performers  Black Swan is a 2010 American psychological horror film about a ballerina directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, and Mila Kunis  After the 83rd Academy Awards, where Portman won Best Actress for her performance in the film as a ballerina, controversy arose over how much credit for the dancing in the film was being given to her and how much to her "dance double", American Ballet Theatre soloist Sarah Lane In a March 3, 2011 blog post (written prior to the DVD release) for Dance Magazine, its editor-in-chief Wendy Perron asked why a visual effects video clip showing Lane's face being replaced by Portman's had been available online but was removed prior to the Oscars  She also speculated as to whether Portman's omission of Lane's name during her acceptance speech was a case of "forgetfulness in the heat of the moment? Or was this omission, and the deletion from the video, planned by the studio's publicity machine?" It was also noted that Lane is credited as "Lady in the Lane" and as "Stunts" rather than as Portman's double in the theatrical release of the film  This led to a number of responses regarding Portman  Aronofsky and Fox Searchlight issued a joint statement, arguing: "We were fortunate to have Sarah there to cover the more complicated dance sequences and we have nothing but praise for the hard work she did  However, Natalie herself did most of the dancing featured in the final film " Benjamin Millepied and Kunis also argued in defense of Portman's dancing  Lane responded through an essay published in The Wall Street Journal (Portman declined through a representative to write one as well) and an interview on 20/20 that her interest lies primarily in defense of ballet as an art form that cannot be mastered in a year 
The DVD of Black Swan was released on March 29, 2011 and includes the featurette with Sarah Lane 

Before the Academy Awards
The film's director Darren Aronofsky stated in a July 2010 interview: "Most of these women who are here started dancing when they were 4, 5, or 6 years old  Their bodies are shaped differently because they started so young  She was able to pull it off  Except for the wide shots when she has to be en pointe for a real long time, it's Natalie on screen  I haven't used her double a lot " Another time when asked whether Portman did all the dancing, he replied "Not everything, but a lot of it  That shot, in the opening prologue when she walks off into the light and she’s flapping her wings, and she’s on pointe, that is 100%, untouched, no digital Natalie Portman  When the camera pulls out on her and she’s on top of the ramp and she’s bleeding, and she’s on pointe, right before she jumps—that is Natalie Portman en pointe" In a November 29, 2010 interview, Portman's other dance double, Kimberly Prosa, also added: "Natalie took class, she studied for several months, from the waist up is her  Sarah Lane a soloist at ABT, did the heavy tricks, she did the fouettés, but they only had her for a limited time, a couple of weeks, so I did the rest of whatever dance shots they needed " In addition, Portman said in an interview with MSN: "I did everything, and the dance double — Sarah Lane, who's a really wonderful dancer — they shot us both doing everything, but because most of the film is in close-up, they're able to use me  The parts I couldn't do were because it's doing very complicated turns en pointe  They would shoot me doing it in flat shoes and Sarah doing it in pointe shoes and find a way to make that work " She also stated in a November 2010 interview with WBUR that "there's a wonderful dancer, Sarah Lane, who did the more complicated pointe work  But I did the stuff that was possible to learn in a year "In December 2010, Lane also gave an interview to Kina Poon of Dance Magazine in which she responds to the question "and how does it feel to be part of a performance that some critics are giving Natalie Portman rave reviews for?" by saying that "I'm not really looking for any sort of recognition  The process was a huge learning experience and I got everything I wanted out of it  But [Portman] deserves the recognition  She worked really hard " Lane's involvement in Black Swan was also mentioned in two other dance magazines and in an article on The New York Times website 

Perron's blog
After the Oscar ceremony on February 27, 2011 in which Portman won the Academy Award for Best Actress and where she thanked many people but did not mention Lane, dancer and editor-in-chief of Dance Magazine Wendy Perron published a March 3, 2011 blog post in which she asks why a visual effects video clip showing Lane's face being replaced by Portman's was once available online but later removed from the Internet prior to the Oscars  She also speculates as to whether Portman deliberately did not mention Lane, by asking if this was a case of "forgetfulness in the heat of the moment? Or was this omission, and the deletion from the video, planned by the studio's publicity machine?" Perron also asks, "Do people really believe that it takes only one year to make a ballerina? We know that Natalie Portman studied ballet as a kid and had a year of intensive training for the film, but that doesn't add up to being a ballerina  However, it seems that many people believe that Portman did her own dancing in Black Swan "Perron followed up the next week with a second blog post on the subject  She interviewed Lane, who states that she did not expect to be named during Portman's acceptance speech because a Fox Searchlight producer had asked her to stop giving interviews until after the Oscars were over: "They were trying to create this façade that [Portman] had become a ballerina in a year and a half     So I knew they didn't want to publicize anything about me " Perron then states that Lane "says she was more offended by that myth than any slight to her as a dancer who worked 'painstaking' hours on the set  She says she's talked to her colleagues about 'how unfortunate it is that, as professional dancers, we work so hard, but people can actually believe that it's easy enough to do it in a year  That's the thing that bothered me the most "

Aftermath
Millepied
Benjamin Millepied (Portman's husband and a principal dancer from New York City Ballet who debuted in Black Swan as both actor and choreographer) responded to Perron's blog in a March 23 interview with the Los Angeles Times  He states in this interview that "there are articles now talking about her dance double [American Ballet Theatre dancer Sarah Lane] that are making it sound like [Lane] did a lot of the work, but really, she just did the footwork, and the fouettés, and one diagonal [phrase] in the studio  Honestly, 85% of that movie is Natalie "

Lane
Lane was then asked about the subject in a March 25 interview with Entertainment Weekly to which she responded that "of the full body shots, I would say 5 percent are Natalie     All the other shots are me " In a later interview with Christopher John Farley of The Wall Street Journal, Lane states that   

I did all of the dancing  Natalie and I alternated shots  They would do close-up shots with her, just of her face and kind of from her arms up  Then they would do the same shot with me, and then they would do a full body shot from far away, or a close-up of my feet, etc  And then there were a few shots they did that were closer full body shots and then they digitally put her face on my body 
This happened, she states, because only someone who has had years of training is able to perform in this manner  On the subject of whether she was being credited as she "deserves", she said, "Definitely not" and elaborates   

It was all my fault really because I didn't have a manager     When I was going to sign my contract, it said on screen credit is up to the producer's discretion      So I signed the contract and I left it  I thought they would kind of take care of me because they were really encouraging and really sweet and always saying how amazing I was  They were kind of rooting me on when I would have to do shots that were really hard and almost impossible even for a professional ballet dancer 
However, she states that her response to the issue of credit is being misrepresented as it is "kind of making me look greedy"  Instead she was actually responding to Perron's blog about the possibility of a "cover-up" and wanted to clarify that "I do want people to know that you cannot absolutely become a professional ballet dancer in a year and a half no matter how hard you work  I've been doing this for 22 years " Lane also reiterates that she was asked by producers to stop giving interviews until after the Oscars were over and as to why she thinks that happened, explained:

I had read a lot of articles that Natalie had done where she said she did 90 percent of the dancing  And never mentioned my name once  Nobody ever mentioned my name hardly ever  I'm not stupid, I got the idea that they really want to make it look like she [Portman] had accomplished something incredible 
Lane continued, "I do want people to know that she did work really hard  And she lost a lot of weight so that if you looked at her, you would say she could pass from the arms up as a dancer  She's an amazing actor  I can't act like that  But to say that she did all of the dancing is absolutely ridiculous to anyone that knows anything about ballet "

Aronofsky and Fox Searchlight
In response, people involved with the film (particularly Aronofsky) and Fox Searchlight disputed Lane's claim  They released statements that stated: "We were fortunate to have Sarah there to cover the more complicated dance sequences and we have nothing but praise for the hard work she did  However, Natalie herself did most of the dancing featured in the final film " Aronofsky stated in an interview with Entertainment Weekly:

I had my editor count shots  There are 139 dance shots in the film  111 are Natalie Portman untouched  28 are her dance double Sarah Lane  If you do the math, that's 80% Natalie Portman  What about duration? The shots that feature the double are wide shots and rarely play for longer than one second  There are two complicated longer dance sequences that we used face replacement  Even so, if we were judging by time, over 90% would be Natalie Portman  And to be clear, Natalie did dance on pointe in pointe shoes  If you look at the final shot of the opening prologue, which lasts 85 seconds, and was danced completely by Natalie, she exits the scene on pointe  That is completely her without any digital magic  I am responding to this to put this to rest and to defend my actor  Natalie sweated long and hard to deliver a great physical and emotional performance  And I don't want anyone to think that's not her they are watching  It is 

Kunis
Mila Kunis, Portman's co-star in the film, also gave an interview with Entertainment Weekly in which she said, "Natalie danced her ass off" and that "[Portman will] tell you [that], no, she was not on pointe when she did a fouetté [turn]  No one's going to deny that  But she did do every ounce of every one of her dances      [Lane] wasn't used for everything  It was more like a safety net  If Nat wasn't able to do something, you'd have a safety net  The same thing that I had — I had a double as a safety net  We all did  No one ever denied it" 

Perron
In an email exchange with Farley published on March 28 in The Wall Street Journal, Wendy Perron stated, "the publicity department for Fox Searchlight, the studio behind the film, is just 'doing its job' in promoting Portman's work"  She also noted: "'Natalie did most of the dancing where you see her in closeup, and she worked hard to make them convincing', Perron said via email  'Obviously, the far shots plus the pirouettes and closeups on the feet were Sarah or another double '"

Lane and Portman further responses
Lane The Wall Street Journal essay
On March 30, The Wall Street Journal published an essay by Lane on the subject  (It had asked both Portman and Lane to write about these events, but Portman declined through a representative ) Lane's essay, "My (Double) Life as A Black Swan", describes the life of a ballet dancer and concludes by stating:

I know that some people are getting very defensive about Black Swan and my role in it, but back-stabbing is not my purpose when people ask me about the legitimacy of the dance shots in the movie  I only care to speak the truth  The truth is that no one, not Natalie Portman, or even myself can come anywhere close to the level of a professional ballerina in a year and a half  Period  That doesn't mean that I don't admire Natalie and her acting  She is so talented and can inspire people, as well, with her own art form  She did an amazing job portraying her character in Black Swan  (Though the movie wasn't a completely realistic reflection of ballet or dancers ) My only wish is that Natalie, Darren, and certain others who worked closely on the movie could have grasped the beauty and the heart of true ballet  If they had, they would have advocated for this art more and given the real dancers the credit that they deserve 

Portman E! interview
In an April 6 interview with E!, Natalie Portman responded to the question: "What do you want to say to people who are questioning your dancing in the film?" by stating: "I had a chance to make something beautiful with this film and I don't want to give in to the gossip"  She also said, "I know what went on  We had an amazing experience making the movie  I don't want to tarnish it by entering into nastiness      I'm really proud of everyone's work on the movie and of my experience  And I'll have that forever  So it's nice for me to always know about that, no matter what kind of nastiness or gossip is going around " In response to a question regarding her Oscar acceptance speech, Portman responded, "I don't remember my Oscar speech at all, and I'm actually too embarrassed to watch it "

Lane 20/20 interview
In an April 15 interview with Elizabeth Vargas for ABC's 20/20, Lane stated: "I didn't really specify anything in my contract about getting onscreen credit or anything     I didn't do the movie to get fame or recognition or anything " She added, "I'm not speaking because I feel like I should be heralded      I'm speaking because [the filmmakers] are completely lying about the amount of dancing Natalie did in the movie  When those incorrect things are coming out, and they threaten the entire principle of ballet, then I feel like I need to say something " When Vargas asked if it is possible that both interpretations of the "math" can be correct, Lane responded: "It's possible, like I said, if you're counting the close-ups of her face as actual dancing shots  But I don't call close-ups of her face actual dancing "20/20 also asked Black Swan editor Andy Weisblum for his take on the math  He responded that "there are about 35 shots that are full body shots in the movie  Of those 35 shots, 12 are Natalie, and then the rest are Sarah  But over the overall film, Natalie did a lot more than that  I mean, she did most of the other shots  It was sometimes hard for me to tell the difference as the editor, it was so close " Lane further reiterated the point that prior to the Oscar ceremony, she gave an interview with Glamour for an article titled The Real Black Swan  After this interview, a Black Swan producer contacted her: "He asked if I would please not do any more interviews until after the Oscars because it was bad for Natalie's image     They were trying to create this image, this facade, really, that Natalie had done something extraordinary  Something that is pretty much impossible     to become a professional ballerina in a year and half " Lane also emphasized that her criticism was not directed at Portman's acting: "I think she is a really beautiful actress     I loved working with her  And she was really focused on her character every day  I definitely think she deserves all the credit that she got with the Oscar "

Dance Channel TV Network interview
In another interview for the Dance Channel network, Lane was asked, "Looking back and having experienced what you had and deciding to talk about what happened, would you do Black Swan again?" Her answer was, "Yeah, I would "



ground_truth: Lacey Chabert