prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the country with ISO code ISO 3166-2:CV located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
ISO 3166-2:JP
ISO 3166-2:JP is the entry for Japan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g  provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Japan, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 47 prefectures 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is JP, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Japan  The second part is two digits (01–47), which is the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS X 0401 code of the prefecture  The codes are assigned roughly from north to south 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 

See also
Administrative divisions of Japan
FIPS region codes of Japan

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: JP
Districts of Japan, Statoids com
Passage 2:
ISO 3166-2:IN
ISO 3166-2:IN is the entry for India in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for India, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 28 states and 8 union territories 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is IN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for India  The second part is two letters, currently used in vehicle registration plates with some exceptions 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of India
FIPS region codes of India
Passage 3:
ISO 3166-2:DM
ISO 3166-2:DM is the entry for Dominica in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Dominica, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 10 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is DM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Dominica  The second part is two digits (02–11) 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Dominica
FIPS region codes of Dominica

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: DM
Parishes of Dominica, Statoids com
Passage 4:
ISO 3166-2:BY
ISO 3166-2:BY is the entry for Belarus in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Belarus, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 6 oblasts and 1 city  The city Minsk is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the oblasts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BY, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Belarus  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(be): Belarusian — Romanization system: BGN/PCGN 1979, UN X/6 2012
(ru): Russian — Romanization system: BGN/PCGN 1947, GOST 1983 = UN V/18 1987Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

See also
Subdivisions of Belarus
FIPS region codes of Belarus

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BY
Regions of Belarus, Statoids com
Passage 5:
ISO 3166-2:JM
ISO 3166-2:JM is the entry for Jamaica in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Jamaica, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 14 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is JM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Jamaica  The second part is two digits (01–14)  The codes are assigned in the 
counter-clockwise direction starting from Kingston Parish 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

See also
Subdivisions of Jamaica
FIPS region codes of Jamaica

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: JM
Parishes of Jamaica, Statoids com
Passage 6:
ISO 3166-2:AD
ISO 3166-2:AD is the entry for Andorra in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Andorra, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 7 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is AD, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Andorra  The second part is two digits:

02–06: parishes created before 1978 except Andorra la Vella
07–08: Andorra la Vella and Escaldes-Engordany (Escaldes-Engordany split from Andorra la Vella in 1978)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

See also
Subdivisions of Andorra
FIPS region codes of Andorra
Neighbouring countries: ES, FR 

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AD
Parishes of Andorra, Statoids com
Passage 7:
ISO 3166-2:BN
ISO 3166-2:BN is the entry for Brunei in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Brunei, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 4 districts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Brunei  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Brunei
FIPS region codes of Brunei

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BN
Districts of Brunei Darussalam, Statoids com
Passage 8:
ISO 3166-2:GR
ISO 3166-2:GR is the entry for Greece in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Greece, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two categories of subdivisions:

13 administrative regions
1 self-governed partThe departments (also called prefectures) were abolished in 2011, and were replaced approximately by regional units  The regional units were deleted from the entry in 2016 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GR, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Greece  The second part is either of the following:

one letter (A–M): administrative regions
two digits: self-governed part

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Administrative regions
Notes

Self-governed part
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

Codes changed in Newsletter II-1
Codes removed on 15 November 2016
See also
Subdivisions of Greece
FIPS region codes of Greece
NUTS codes of Greece

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: GR
Departments of Greece, Statoids com
Passage 9:
ISO 3166-2:BE
ISO 3166-2:BE is the entry for Belgium in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g  provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Belgium, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

3 regions
10 provincesEach code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BE, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Belgium  The second part is three letters  For the provinces, the first letter indicates the region where the province is in:

V: Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest)
W: Walloon Region (French: Région wallonne)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(fr): French
(nl): DutchClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Regions
Notes

Provinces
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Belgium
FIPS region codes of Belgium
NUTS codes of Belgium

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BE
Provinces of Belgium, Statoids com
Passage 10:
ISO 3166-2:BT
ISO 3166-2:BT is the entry for Bhutan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Bhutan, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 20 districts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BT, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Bhutan  The second part is two digits, except Gasa and Trashi Yangtse, which use two letters instead  The first digit indicates the zone where the district is in:

1: Western
2: Central (Gasa is also in this zone)
3: Southern
4: Eastern (Trashi Yangtse is also in this zone)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Bhutan
FIPS region codes of Bhutan

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BT
Districts of Bhutan, Statoids com
Passage 11:
ISO 3166-2:CH
ISO 3166-2:CH is the entry for Switzerland in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
The abbreviation is derived from Latin name for Switzerland, Confoederatio Helvetica ("Helvetic Confederation") 
Currently for Switzerland, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 26 cantons 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is CH, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Switzerland  The second part is two letters, currently used in vehicle registration plates 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(de): German
(fr): French
(it): Italian
(rm): RomanshClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Switzerland
FIPS region codes of Switzerland
NUTS codes of Switzerland
Comparison of ISO, FIPS, and NUTS codes of the cantons of Switzerland

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: CH
Cantons of Switzerland, Statoids com
Passage 12:
ISO 3166-2:HU
ISO 3166-2:HU is the entry for Hungary in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Hungary, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital city, 19 counties, and 23 cities with county rights  The capital of the country Budapest has special status equal to the counties, while the cities with county rights, often called urban counties, have extended powers but are technically not independent of the counties 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is HU, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Hungary  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Hungary
FIPS region codes of Hungary
NUTS codes of Hungary

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: HU
Counties of Hungary, Statoids com
Passage 13:
ISO 3166-2:AI
ISO 3166-2:AI is the entry for Anguilla in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently no ISO 3166-2 codes are defined in the entry for Anguilla 
Anguilla is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code AI 

See also
Subdivisions of Anguilla

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AI
Districts of Anguilla, Statoids com
Passage 14:
ISO 3166-2:GN
ISO 3166-2:GN is the entry for Guinea in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Guinea, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

7 administrative regions and 1 governorate
33 prefecturesThe governorate Conakry is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the administrative regions 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Guinea  The second part is either of the following:

one letter: administrative regions and governorate
two letters: prefectures

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Administrative regions and governorate
Prefectures
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Guinea
FIPS region codes of Guinea
Passage 15:
ISO 3166-2:GA
ISO 3166-2:GA is the entry for Gabon in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Gabon, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 9 provinces 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GA, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Gabon  The second part is a digit (1–9) 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

See also
Subdivisions of Gabon
FIPS region codes of Gabon

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: GA
Provinces of Gabon, Statoids com
Passage 16:
ISO 3166-2:KM
ISO 3166-2:KM is the entry for the Comoros in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for the Comoros, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 3 islands 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is KM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the Comoros  The second part is a letter 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages  The Shikomor language does not have a single ISO 639 code 

(ar): Arabic using two romanization systems
(fr): French
(—): ShikomorClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of the Comoros
FIPS region codes of the Comoros

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: KM
Autonomous Islands of Comoros, Statoids com
Passage 17:
Cape Verde
Cape Verde ( (listen)) or Cabo Verde ( (listen), ; Portuguese: [ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ]), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 sq mi)  These islands lie between 600 and 850 kilometres (320 and 460 nautical miles) west of Cap-Vert, the westernmost point of continental Africa  The Cape Verde islands form part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles 
The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century, when Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized the islands, thus establishing the first European settlement in the tropics  Because the Cape Verde islands were located in a convenient location to play a role in the Atlantic slave trade, Cape Verde became economically prosperous during the 16th and 17th centuries, attracting merchants, privateers, and pirates  It declined economically in the 19th century after the suppression of the Atlantic slave trade, and many of its inhabitants emigrated during that period  However, Cape Verde gradually recovered economically by becoming an important commercial center and useful stopover point along major shipping routes  Cape Verde became independent in 1975 
Since the early 1990s, Cape Verde has been a stable representative democracy and has remained one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa  Lacking natural resources, its developing economy is mostly service-oriented, with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment  Its population of around 483,628 (as of the 2021 Census) is mostly of mixed African and a minor European heritage, and predominantly Roman Catholic, reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule  A sizeable Cape Verdean diaspora community exists across the world, especially in the United States and Portugal, considerably outnumbering the inhabitants on the islands  Cape Verde is a member state of the African Union 
Cape Verde's official language is Portuguese   It is the language of instruction and government  It is also used in newspapers, television, and radio  The recognized national language is Cape Verdean Creole, which is spoken by the vast majority of the population 
As of the 2021 census the most populated islands were Santiago, where the capital Praia is located (269,370), São Vincente (74,016), Santo Antão (36,632), Fogo (33,519) and Sal (33,347)  The largest cities are Praia (137,868), Mindelo (69,013), Espargos (24,500) and Assomada (21,297) 

Etymology
The country is named after the Cap-Vert peninsula, on the Senegalese coast  The name Cap-Vert, in turn, comes from the Portuguese language Cabo Verde ('green cape'), the name that Portuguese explorers gave the cape in 1444, a few years before they came across the islands 
On 24 October 2013, the country's delegation to the United Nations informed it that other countries should no longer use Cape Verde or any other translations of Cabo Verde as part of its official name: all countries should use Republic of Cabo Verde as the country's official name  Speakers of English have used the name Cape Verde for the archipelago and, since independence in 1975, for the country  In 2013, the Cape Verdean government determined that it would thenceforth use the Portuguese name Cabo Verde for official purposes, including at the United Nations, even when speaking or writing in English 

History
The archipelago of modern-day Cape Verde was formed approximately 40–50 million years ago during the Eocene era 
Before the arrival of Europeans, the Cape Verde Islands were uninhabited  They were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456  According to Portuguese official records, the first discoveries were made by Genoa-born António de Noli, who was afterwards appointed governor of Cape Verde by the Portuguese king Afonso V  Other navigators mentioned as contributing to discoveries on the Cape Verde archipelago are Diogo Dias, Diogo Afonso, Venetian Alvise Cadamosto, and Diogo Gomes (who had accompanied António de Noli on his voyage of discovery, and who claimed to have been the first to land on the Cape Verdean island of Santiago, and the first to name that island) 
In 1462, Portuguese settlers arrived at Santiago and founded a settlement they called Ribeira Grande  Today it is called Cidade Velha ("Old City"), to distinguish it from a town of the same name on a different Cape Verdean island (Ribeira Grande on the island of Santo Antão)  The original Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics 
In the 16th century, the archipelago prospered from the Atlantic slave trade  Pirates occasionally attacked the Portuguese settlements  Francis Drake, an English privateer, twice sacked the (then) capital Ribeira Grande in 1585 when it was a part of the Iberian Union  After a French attack in 1712, the town declined in importance relative to nearby Praia, which became the capital in 1770 The decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis  Cape Verde's early prosperity slowly vanished  However, the islands' position astride mid-Atlantic shipping lanes made Cape Verde an ideal location for re-supplying ships  Because of its excellent harbour, the city of Mindelo, located on the island of São Vicente, became an important commercial centre during the 19th century  Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Cape Verde in 1832  Cape Verde was the first stop of Charles Darwin's voyage with HMS Beagle in 1832 
With few natural resources and inadequate sustainable investment from the Portuguese, the citizens grew increasingly discontented with the colonial masters, who refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy  In 1951, Portugal changed Cape Verde's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism In 1956, Amílcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organized (in Portuguese Guinea) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)  It demanded improvement in economic, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations' independence movement  Moving its headquarters to Conakry, Guinea in 1960, the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961  Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet Bloc-supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops By 1972, the PAIGC controlled much of Portuguese Guinea despite the presence of the Portuguese troops, but the organization did not attempt to disrupt Portuguese control in Cape Verde  Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974  A budding independence movement – originally led by Amílcar Cabral, assassinated in 1973 – passed on to his half-brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975 

Independence (1975)
Following the April 1974 revolution in Portugal, the PAIGC became an active political movement in Cape Verde  In December 1974, the PAIGC and Portugal signed an agreement providing for a transitional government composed of Portuguese and Cape Verdeans  On 30 June 1975, Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975  In the late 1970s and 1980s, most African countries prohibited South African Airways from overflights but Cape Verde allowed them and became a centre of activity for the airline's flights to Europe and the United States 
Immediately following the November 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau, relations between Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau became strained  Cape Verde abandoned its hope for unity with Guinea-Bissau and formed the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV)  Problems have since been resolved and relations between the countries are good  The PAICV and its predecessor established a one-party system and ruled Cape Verde from independence until 1990 Responding to growing pressure for pluralistic democracy, the PAICV called an emergency congress in February 1990 to discuss proposed constitutional changes to end one-party rule  Opposition groups came together to form the Movement for Democracy (MpD) in Praia in April 1990  Together, they campaigned for the right to contest the presidential election scheduled for December 1990 
The one-party state was abolished on 28 September 1990, and the first multi-party elections were held in January 1991  The MpD won a majority of the seats in the National Assembly, and MpD presidential candidate António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated the PAICV's candidate with 73 5% of the votes  Legislative elections in December 1995 increased the MpD majority in the National Assembly  The party won 50 of the National Assembly's 72 seats 
A February 1996 presidential election returned President Monteiro to office  Legislative elections in January 2001 returned power to the PAICV, with the PAICV holding 40 of the National Assembly seats, MpD 30, and Party for Democratic Convergence (PCD) and Labour and Solidarity Party (PTS) 1 each  In February 2001, the PAICV-supported presidential candidate Pedro Pires defeated former MpD leader Carlos Veiga by only 13 votes  
President Pedro Pires was narrowly re-elected in 2006 elections President Jorge Carlos Fonseca led the country since 2011 Cape Verde presidential election and he was re-elected in the 2016 election  He was supported by the Movement for Democracy Party  MpD also won in the 2016 parliamentary elections, taking back parliamentary majority after 15 year-rule of African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV)  In April 2021, the ruling center-right Movement for Democracy (MpD) of Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva won the parliamentary election On 26 August 2021, Cape Verde became the 150th country to ratify the 2005 Convention and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions In October 2021, opposition candidate and former prime minister, Jose Maria Neves of PAICV, won Cape Verde's presidential election  On 9 November 2021, Jose Maria Neves was sworn in as the new President of Cape Verde 

Government and politics
Cape Verde is a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic  It was 2020 the most democratic nation in Africa, ranking 2023 as 45th in the world, according to the electoral democracy score of the V-Dem Democracy indices The constitution – adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992, 1995 and 1999 – defines the basic principles of its government  The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state  The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president  Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for five-year terms  In 2016, three parties held seats in the National Assembly – MpD (36), PAICV (25), and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union (UCID) (3) The two main political parties are PAICV and MpD Movement for Democracy (MpD) ousted the ruling African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV) for the first time in 15 years in the 2016 parliamentary election, at which time its leader, Ulisses Correia e Silva, became prime minister  Jorge Carlos Almeida Fonseca was elected president in August 2011 and re-elected in October 2016  He is also supported by the MpD In November 2021, Cape Verde opened its first embassy in Nigeria 

International recognition
Cape Verde is often praised as an example among African nations for its stability and developmental growth despite its lack of natural resources  In 2013 then United States President Barack Obama said Cape Verde is "a real success story"  Among other achievements, it has been recognized with the following assessments:

Foreign relations
Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states  Angola, Brazil, China, Libya, Cuba, France, Guinea-Bissau, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Russia, Luxembourg, and the United States maintain embassies in Praia  Cape Verde maintains a vigorously active foreign policy, especially in Africa Cape Verde is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language 
Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organizations  It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues  Since 2007, Cape Verde has a special partnership status with the EU, under the Cotonou Agreement, and might apply for special membership, in particular because the Cape Verdean escudo, the country's currency, is indexed to the euro  In 2011 Cape Verde ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court  In 2017 Cape Verde signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 

Judiciary
The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court of Justice – whose members are appointed by the president, the National Assembly, and the Board of the Judiciary – and regional courts  Separate courts hear civil, constitutional, and criminal cases  Appeals are to the Supreme Court 

Military
The military of Cape Verde consists of the National Guard and the Coast Guard; 0 7% of the country's GDP was spent on the military in 2005 
Having fought their only battles in the war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975, the efforts of the Cape Verdean armed forces have turned to combating international drug trafficking  In 2007, together with the Cape Verdean Police, they carried out Operation Flying Launch (Operacão Lancha Voadora), a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point  The operation took more than three years, being a secret operation during the first two years, and ended in 2010  In 2016, Cape Verdean Armed Forces were involved in the Monte Tchota massacre, a green-on-green incident that resulted in 11 deaths Although located in Africa and being black Africans, Cape Verde has always had close relations with Europe  Because of this, some scholars argue that Cape Verde may be eligible to join the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and NATO 

Geography
The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) off the western coast of the African continent, near Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania as well as part of the Macaronesia ecoregion  It lies between latitudes 14° and 18°N, and longitudes 22° and 26°W 
The country is a horseshoe-shaped cluster of ten islands (nine inhabited) and eight islets, that constitute an area of 4033 km2 (1557 sq mi) The islands are spatially divided into two groups:

The Barlavento Islands (windward islands): Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Sal, Boa Vista; and
The Sotavento Islands (leeward): Maio, Santiago, Fogo, Brava The largest island, both in size and population, is Santiago, which hosts the nation's capital, Praia, the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago Three of the Cape Verde islands, Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio, are fairly flat, sandy, and dry; the others are generally rockier with more vegetation 

Physical geography and geology
Geologically, the islands, covering a combined area of slightly over 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 square miles), are principally composed of igneous rocks, with volcanic structures and pyroclastic debris comprising the majority of the archipelago's total volume  The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic; the archipelago is a soda-alkaline petrographic province, with a petrologic succession similar to that found in other Macaronesian islands 
Magnetic anomalies identified in the vicinity of the archipelago indicate that the structures forming the islands date back 125–150 million years: the islands themselves date from 8 million (in the west) to 20 million years (in the east)  The oldest exposed rocks occurred on Maio and the northern peninsula of Santiago and are 128–131 million-year-old pillow lavas  The first stage of volcanism in the islands began in the early Miocene, and reached its peak at the end of this period when the islands reached their maximum sizes  Historical volcanism (within human settlement) has been restricted to the island of Fogo The islands lie on a bathymetric swell known as the Cape Verde Rise  The Rise is one of the largest protuberances in the world's oceans, rising 2 2 kilometres (1 4 miles) in a semi-circular region of 1200 km2 (460 sq mi), associated with a rise of the geoid Pico do Fogo, the largest active volcano in the region, erupted in 2014  It has an eight-kilometre-diameter (five-mile) caldera, the rim of which is at an elevation of 1,600 metres (5,249 feet) and an interior cone that rises to 2,829 metres (9,281 feet) above sea level  The caldera resulted from subsidence, following the partial evacuation (eruption) of the magma chamber, along a cylindrical column from within the magma chamber (at a depth of 8 kilometres (5 miles)) 
Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio  On Santiago, Santo Antão, and São Nicolau, arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains  Ocean cliffs have been formed by catastrophic debris landslides 

Climate
Cape Verde's climate is milder than that of the African mainland because the surrounding sea moderates temperatures on the islands and cold Atlantic currents produce an arid atmosphere around the archipelago  Conversely, the islands do not receive the upwelling (cold streams) that affect the West African coast, so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal, but the sea is warmer  Due to the relief of some islands, such as Santiago with its steep mountains, the islands can have orographically induced precipitation, allowing rich woods and luxuriant vegetation to grow where the humid air condenses soaking the plants, rocks, soil, logs, moss, etc  On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands, exclusively in mountainous areas, like Santo Antão island, the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forests, and laurel forests  Average temperatures range from 22 °C (72 °F) in February to 27 °C (80 6 °F) in September  Cape Verde is part of the Sahelian arid belt, with nothing like the rainfall levels of nearby West Africa  It rains irregularly between August and October, with frequent brief heavy downpours  A desert is usually defined as terrain that receives less than 250 mm (9 8 in) of annual rainfall  Sal's total of 145 mm (5 7 in) confirms this classification  Most of the year's rain falls in September Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio have a flat landscape and arid climate, whilst the other islands are generally rockier and have more vegetation  Because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall, where not mountainous, the landscape is so arid that less than two percent of it is arable  The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones – arid, semiarid, subhumid and humid, according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from less than 100 millimetres (3 9 inches) in the arid areas of the coast as in the Deserto de Viana (67 millimetres (2 6 inches) in Sal Rei) to more than 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) in the humid mountain  Most rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist 

In some islands, like Santiago, the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the drier one on the south/southwest coast  Praia, on the southeast coast, is the largest city on the island and the largest city and capital of the country 
While most of Cape Verde receives little precipitation throughout the year, the northeastern slopes of high mountains see significant rainfall due to orographic lift, especially in areas far from the sea  In some such areas this precipitation is sufficient to support a rainforest habitat, albeit one significantly affected by the islands' human presence  These umbria areas are identified as cool and moist  Cape Verde lies in the Cape Verde Islands dry forests ecoregion Western Hemisphere-bound hurricanes often have their early beginnings near the Cape Verde Islands  These are referred to as Cape Verde-type hurricanes  These hurricanes can become very intense as they cross warm Atlantic waters away from Cape Verde  The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land  The five largest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record have been Cape Verde-type hurricanes  Most of the longest-lived tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin are Cape Verde hurricanes As of 2015, the islands themselves have only been struck by hurricanes twice in recorded history (since 1851): once in 1892, and again in 2015 by Hurricane Fred, the easternmost hurricane ever to form in the Atlantic 

Climate Change
According to the president of Nauru, in 2011 Cape Verde was ranked the eighth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change  In 2023 UN Secretary-General António Guterres arrived in Cabo Verde to raise concerns about climate change  He said that the country is on the frontlines of the existential crisis generated by climate disruptions and that world leaders need to take action to address the climate crisis  Cabo Verde is a leader in renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa  Currently, 20% of its energy comes from renewable sources, and the goal is to increase that to 50% by 2030  In 2023, Portugal signed an agreement to forgive €140 million of Cape Verde's debt in exchange for the country investing in environmental projects  This agreement is one of the first debt-for-nature swap in Africa 

Biodiversity
Cape Verde's isolation has resulted in the islands having several endemic species, particularly birds and reptiles, many of which are endangered by human development  Endemic birds include Alexander's swift (Apus alexandri), Bourne's heron (Ardea purpurea bournei), the Raso lark (Alauda razae), the Cape Verde warbler (Acrocephalus brevipennis), and the Iago sparrow (Passer iagoensis)  The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde shearwater  Reptiles include the Cape Verde giant gecko (Tarentola gigas) 

Administrative divisions
Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities (concelhos) and subdivided into 32 parishes (freguesias), based on the religious parishes that existed during the colonial period:

Economy
Cape Verde's notable economic growth and improvement in living conditions despite a lack of natural resources have garnered international recognition, with other countries and international organizations often providing development aid  Since 2007, the UN has classified it as a developing nation rather than a least developed country 
Cape Verde has few natural resources  Only five of the ten main islands (Santiago, Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Fogo, and Brava) normally support significant agricultural production, and over 90% of all food consumed in Cape Verde is imported  Mineral resources include salt, pozzolana (a volcanic rock used in cement production), and limestone  Its small number of wineries making Portuguese-style wines have traditionally focused on the domestic market, but have recently met with some international acclaim  Several wine tours of Cape Verde's various microclimates began to be offered in spring 2010 
The economy of Cape Verde is service-oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for more than 70% of GDP  Although nearly 35% of the population lives in rural areas, agriculture and fishing contribute only about 9% of GDP  Light manufacturing accounts for most of the remainder  Fish and shellfish are plentiful, and small quantities are exported  Cape Verde has cold storage and freezing facilities and fish processing plants in Mindelo, Praia, and on Sal  Expatriate Cape Verdeans contribute an amount estimated at 20% of GDP to the domestic economy through remittances 
Despite having few natural resources and being semi-desert, the country boasts the highest living standards in the region and has attracted thousands of immigrants of different nationalities 
Since 1991, the government has pursued market-oriented economic policies, including an open welcome to foreign investors and a far-reaching privatization programme  It established as top development priorities the promotion of a market economy and the private sector; the development of tourism, light manufacturing industries, and fisheries; and the development of transport, communications, and energy facilities  From 1994 to 2000 about $407 million in foreign investments were made or planned, of which 58% were in tourism, 17% in industry, 4% in infrastructure, and 21% in fisheries and services In 2011, on four islands a wind farm was built that supplies about 30% of the electricity of the country 
As host to the ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, inaugurated in 2010, Cape Verde plans to lead by example by becoming entirely reliant on renewable energy sources by 2025  This policy is consistent with the plethora of documents adopted in 2015 paving the way to more sustainable development, including Cape Verde's Transformational Agenda to 2030, its National Renewable Energy Plan and its Low Carbon and Climate-resilient Development Strategy  Two years later, these were followed by a Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development, 2017–2021 Between 2000 and 2009, real GDP increased on average by over seven percent a year, well above the average for Sub-Saharan countries and faster than most small island economies in the region  Strong economic performance was bolstered by one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world, as well as by substantial capital inflows that allowed Cape Verde to build up national currency reserves to the current 3 5 months of imports  Unemployment has been falling rapidly, and the country is on track to achieve most of the UN Millennium Development Goals – including halving its 1990 poverty level 
In 2007, Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in 2008 the country graduated from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Middle Income Country (MIC) status 
Cape Verde has significant cooperation with Portugal at every level of the economy, which has led it to link its currency first to the Portuguese escudo and, in 1999, to the euro  On 23 June 2008 Cape Verde became the 153rd member of the WTO In early January 2018, the government announced that the minimum wage would be raised to 13,000 CVE (US$140 or EUR 130) per month, from 11,000 CVE, which was effective in mid-January 2018 

Development
The European Commission's total allocation for the period of 2008–2013 foreseen for Cape Verde to address "poverty reduction, in particular in rural and peri-urban areas where women are heading the households, as well as good governance" amounts to €54 1 million 

Tourism
Cape Verde's strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes has been enhanced by significant improvements at Mindelo's harbour (Porto Grande) and at Sal's and Praia's international airports  A new international airport was opened in Boa Vista in December 2007 and on the island of São Vicente, the newest international airport (Cesária Évora Airport) in Cape Verde was opened in late 2009  Ship repair facilities at Mindelo were opened in 1983 The major ports are Mindelo and Praia, but all other islands have smaller port facilities  In addition to the international airport on Sal, airports have been built on all of the inhabited islands  All but the airports on Brava and Santo Antão enjoy scheduled air service  The archipelago has 3,050 km (1,895 mi) of roads, of which 1,010 km (628 mi) are paved, most using cobblestone The country's future economic prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the encouragement of tourism, remittances, outsourcing labour to neighbouring African countries, and the momentum of the government's development programme 

Demographics
The official Census recorded that Cape Verde had a population of 512,096 in 2013  A large proportion (236,000) of Cape Verdeans live on the main island, Santiago Cape Verdeans are descendants of Africans (free or slaves) and Europeans of various origins  There are also Cape Verdeans who have Jewish ancestors from North Africa, mainly on the islands of Boa Vista, Santiago and Santo Antão  A large part of Cape Verdeans emigrated abroad, mainly to the United States, Portugal and France, so that there are more Cape Verdeans residing abroad than at home 
Unlike countries on the African continent, there are no tribes in Cape Verde  On the other hand, the country's historical trajectory included, from the beginning, a process of social class formation  At this moment, the absence of a "bourgeoisie" can be seen, but the existence of several types of "petty bourgeoisie", numerically significant  The majority of the population is, however, made up of the peasantry and some working class 

Languages
Cape Verde's official language is Portuguese  It is the language of instruction and government  It is also used in newspapers, television, and radio 
Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu) is used colloquially throughout Cape Verde and is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans  The national constitution calls for measures to give it parity with Portuguese  There is a substantial body of literature in Creole, especially in the Santiago Creole and the São Vicente Creole  Kriolu has been gaining prestige since the nation's independence from Portugal 
The differences between the forms of the language within the islands have been a major obstacle in the way of standardization of the language  Some people have advocated the development of two standards: a North (Barlavento) standard, centred on the São Vicente Creole, and a South (Sotavento) standard, centred on the Santiago Creole  Manuel Veiga, Ph D , a linguist and Minister of Culture of Cape Verde, is the premier proponent of Kriolu's officialization and standardization 

Religion
The vast majority of Cape Verdeans are Christian; reflecting centuries of Portuguese rule, Roman Catholics make up the single largest religious community, at just under 80 percent, as of 2010 (slightly down from 85 percent of the population in 2007)  Most other religious groups are Protestant, with the evangelical Church of the Nazarene forming the second largest community; other sizeable denominations are the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Assemblies of God, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  Islam is the largest minority religion  Judaism had a historical presence during the colonial era  Atheists constitute less than 1 percent of the population  Many Cape Verdeans syncretize Christianity with indigenous African beliefs and customs 

Emigration and immigration
Almost twice as many Cape Verdeans live abroad (nearly one million) than in the country itself  The islands have a long history of emigration and Cape Verdeans are highly dispersed worldwide, from Macau to Haiti and Argentina to Sweden  The diaspora may be much larger than official statistics indicate, as, until independence in 1975, Cape Verdean immigrants had Portuguese passports 
The majority of Cape Verdeans live in the United States and Western Europe, with the former hosting the largest overseas population at 500,000  Most Cape Verdeans in the U S  are concentrated in New England, particularly the cities of Providence, New Bedford, and Boston; Brockton, has the largest community of any American city (18,832) Cape Verdeans have been migrating to Massachusetts since the 1840s, but most of the current population arrived in the 1970s  They are now one of the top ten immigrant groups in Boston, and the largest hailing from Africa  The first wave of Cape Verdean immigrants came to Massachusetts to work in the whaling industry  When whaling declined, they moved into maritime jobs, seasonal agricultural work (like picking cranberries) , and factory work  The second wave of Cape Verdean immigrants arrived after Cape Verde gained independence in 1975  They also found work in factories, but as manufacturing plants closed down, they moved into the service industry in the 1990's  Cape Verdean immigrants have also developed a vibrant small business sector, including restaurants, groceries, real estate and insurance offices, and other enterprises  Cape Verdean immigrants in the U S  have a long history of enlistment in the U S  military, with a presence in every major conflict from the Revolutionary War to the Vietnam War Due to centuries of colonial ties, the second largest number of Cape Verdeans live in Portugal (150,000), with sizable communities in the former Portuguese colonies of Angola (45,000) and São Tomé and Príncipe (25,000)  Major populations exist in countries with cultural and linguistic similarities, such as Spain (65,500), France (25,000), Senegal (25,000), and Italy (20,000)  Other large communities live in the United Kingdom (35,500), the Netherlands (20,000, of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam), and Luxembourg and Scandinavia (7,000)  Outside the U S  and Europe, the biggest Cape Verdean populations are in Mexico (5,000) and Argentina (8,000) 
Over the years, Cape Verde has increasingly become a net recipient of migrants, due to its relatively high per capita income, political and social stability, and civil freedom  Chinese make up a sizeable and important segment of the foreign population, while nearby West African countries account for most immigration  In the 21st century, a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country, mostly professionals, entrepreneurs, and retirees  Over 22,000 foreign-born residents are naturalized, hailing from over 90 countries 
The Cape Verdean diaspora experience is reflected in many artistic and cultural expressions, most famously the song Sodade by Cesária Évora 

Health
The infant mortality rate among Cape Verdean children between 0 and 5 years old is 15 per 1,000 live births according to the latest (2017) data from the National Statistics Bureau, while the maternal mortality rate is 42 deaths per 100,000 live births  The HIV-AIDS prevalence rate among Cape Verdeans between 15 and 49 years old is 0 8% According to the latest data (2017) from the National Statistics Bureau, life expectancy at birth in Cape Verde is 76 2 years; that is, 72 2 years for males and 80 2 years for females  There are six hospitals in the Cape Verde archipelago: two central hospitals (one in the capital city of Praia and one in Mindelo, São Vicente) and four regional hospitals (one in Santa Catarina (northern Santiago region), one on São Antão, one on Fogo, and one on Sal)  In addition, there are 28 health centers, 35 sanitation centers, and a variety of private clinics located throughout the archipelago 
Cape Verde's population is among the healthiest in Africa  Since its independence, it has greatly improved its health indicators  Besides having been promoted to the group of "medium development" countries in 2007, leaving the least developed countries category (becoming the second country to do so), as of 2020 it was the 11th best ranked country in Africa in its Human Development Index 
The total expenditure on health was 7 1% of GDP (2015) 

Education
Although the Cape Verdean educational system is similar to the Portuguese system, over the years the local universities have been increasingly adopting the American educational system; for instance, all ten existing universities in the country offer four-year bachelor's degree programs as opposed to five-year bachelor's degree programs that existed before 2010  Cape Verde has the second best educational system in Africa, after South Africa 
Primary school education in Cape Verde is mandatory and free for children between the ages of six and fourteen years In 2011, the net enrolment ratio for primary school was 85%  Approximately 90% of the total population over 15 years of age is literate, and roughly 25% of the population holds a college degree; a significant number of these college graduates hold doctorate degrees in different academic fields  Textbooks have been made available to 90 percent of school children, and 98 percent of the teachers have attended in-service teacher training  Although most children have access to education, some problems remain  For example, there is insufficient spending on school materials, lunches, and books As of October 2016, there were 69 secondary schools throughout the archipelago (including 19 private secondary schools) and at least 10 universities in the country, which are based on the two islands of Santiago and São Vicente 

In 2015, 23% of the Cape Verdean population had either attended or graduated from secondary schools 
When it came to higher education, 9% of Cape Verdean men and 8% of Cape Verdean women held a bachelor's degree or had attended universities  The overall college education rate (i e , college graduates and undergraduate students) in Cape Verde is about 24%, of the local college-age population 
The total expenditure on education was 5 6% of GDP (2010) 
The mean years of schooling of adults over 25 years is 12 
These trends were held in 2017  Cape Verde stands out in West Africa for the quality and inclusiveness of its higher education system  As of 2017, one in four young people attended university and one-third of students opted for fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics  Women made up one-third of students but two-thirds of graduates in 2018 

Science and technology
In 2011, Cape Verde devoted just 0 07% of its GDP to research and development, among the lowest rates in West Africa  The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Culture plan to strengthen the research and academic sectors by emphasizing greater mobility, through exchange programmes and international cooperation agreements  As part of this strategy, Cape Verde is participating in the Ibero-American academic mobility programme that expects to mobilize 200,000 academics between 2015 and 2020  Cape Verde was ranked 89th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011, a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants  The world average was 1,083 per million in 2013  All 25 researchers were working in the government sector in 2011 and one in three were women (36%)  There was no research being conducted in either medical or agricultural sciences  Of the eight engineers involved in research and development, one was a woman  Three of the five researchers working in natural sciences were women, as were three of the six social scientists and two of the five researchers from the humanities In 2015, the government announced a project to build a technology park for business, research, and development  As of late 2020, the project, now named TechPark Cabo Verde, is slated for completion in June 2022  The project is funded by both the African Development Bank and the government of Cape Verde  The goal of the endeavour, according to Cape Verde Minister of Finance Olavo Correia, is "to attract large international companies to set up shop [in order] to help local companies and start-ups become more competitive" Cape Verde has a high rate of internet penetration and a growing mobile phone market  The government has invested in improving ICT infrastructure and has created a number of initiatives to promote the development of the digital economy  The digital economy has the potential to create jobs, boost economic growth, and improve the quality of life for people in Cape Verde 

Crime
Theft and burglary are common in Cape Verde, especially in crowded environments such as marketplaces, festivals, and celebrations  Often the perpetrators of these crimes are gangs of street children  Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo 

Culture
The culture of Cape Verde is characterized by a mixture of African and European elements  This is not a sum of two cultures living side by side, but a new culture resulting from an exchange that began in the 15th century 
Cape Verdean social and cultural patterns are unique  Football games and church activities are typical sources of social interaction and entertainment  The traditional walk around the praça (town square) to meet friends is practised regularly in Cape Verde towns 

Media
In towns with electricity, television is available on three channels; one state-owned (RTC – TCV) and three foreign-owned: RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese-based RTI in 2005; Record Cabo Verde, launched by the Brazilian-based Rede Record on 31 March 2007; and as of 2016, TV CPLP  Premium channels available include the Cape Verdean versions of Boom TV and Zap Cabo Verde, two channels owned by Brazil's Record  Other premium channels are available in Cape Verde, especially satellite network channels which are common in hotels and villas, though availability is otherwise limited  One such channel is RDP África, the African version of the Portuguese radio station RDP 
As of early 2023, about 99% of the Cape Verdean population own an active cellular phone, 70% have access to the Internet, 11% own a landline telephone, and 2% subscribe to local cable TV  In 2003, Cape Verde had 71,700 main line telephones with an additional 53,300 cellular phones in use throughout the country 
In 2004, there were seven radio stations, six independent and one state-owned  The media is operated by the Cape-Verdean News Agency (secondarily as Inforpress)  Nationwide radio stations include RCV, RCV+, Radio Kriola, and the religious station Radio Nova  Local radio stations include Rádio Praia, the first radio station in Cape Verde; Praia FM, the first FM station in the nation; Rádio Barlavento, Rádio Clube do Mindelo and Radio Morabeza in Mindelo 

Music
The Cape Verdean people are known for their musicality, well expressed by popular manifestations such as the Carnival of Mindelo  Cape Verde music incorporates "African, Portuguese and Brazilian influences " Cape Verde's quintessential national music is the morna, a melancholy and lyrical song form typically sung in Cape Verdean Creole  The most popular music genre after morna is the coladeira, followed by funaná and batuque music  Cesária Évora was the best-known Cape Verdean singer in the world, known as the "barefoot diva," because she liked to perform barefooted on stage  She was also referred to as "The Queen of Morna" as opposed to her uncle Bana, who was referred to as "King of Morna"  The international success of Cesária Évora has made other Cape Verdean artists, or descendants of Cape Verdeans born in Portugal, gain more space in the music market  Examples of this are singers Sara Tavares, Lura and Mayra Andrade 
Another great exponent of traditional music from Cape Verde was Antonio Vicente Lopes, better known as Travadinha, and Ildo Lobo, who died in 2004  The House of Culture in the center of the city of Praia is called Ildo Lobo House of Culture, in his honour 
There are also well-known artists born to Cape Verdean parents who excelled themselves in the international music scene  Amongst these artists are jazz pianist Horace Silver, Duke Ellington's saxophonist Paul Gonsalves, Teófilo Chantre, Paul Pena, the Tavares brothers and singer Lura 

Dance
Cape Verdean traditional dance is a mix of West and Central African influences  The most popular dance style in Cape Verde is called “Funana” which originated on the island of Santiago and is danced in pairs with fast hip movements and a lively rhythm  Another popular dance style is “Coladeira” which is a slower dance style that originated on the island of Sao Vicente  “Batuque” is another traditional Cape Verdean dance style that originated on the island of Santiago and involves a lot of hip movement and percussion  “Morna” is another popular Cape Verdean dance style that originated on the island of Boa Vista and has a slow tempo with a melancholic melody  Zouk and Kizomba are newer popular dance style in Cape Verde that originated in other countries 

Literature
Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa  Famous poets include Paulino Vieira, Manuel de Novas, Sergio Frusoni, Eugénio Tavares, and B  Léza, and famous authors include Baltasar Lopes da Silva, António Aurélio Gonçalves, Manuel Lopes, Orlanda Amarílis, Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, Arménio Vieira, Kaoberdiano Dambará, Dr  Azágua, and Germano Almeida  The first novel written by a woman from Cabo Verde was A Louca de Serrano by Dina Salústio; its translation, as The Madwoman of Serrano, was the first translation of any Cabo Verdean novel to English 

Cinema
The Carnival and the island of São Vicente are portrayed in the 2015 feature documentary Tchindas, nominated at the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards 

Cuisine
The Cape Verde diet is mostly based on fish and staple foods like corn and rice  Vegetables available during most of the year are potatoes, onions, tomatoes, manioc, cabbage, kale, and dried beans  Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year-round, while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal A popular dish served in Cape Verde is cachupa, a slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat  A common appetizer is the pastel, a pastry shell filled with fish or meat which is then fried 

Sports
The country's most successful sports team is the Cape Verde national basketball team, which won the bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007, after beating Egypt in its last game  The country's most well-known player is Walter Tavares, who plays for Real Madrid of Spain 
Cape Verde is famous for wave sailing (a type of windsurfing) and kiteboarding  Josh Angulo, a Hawaiian and 2009 PWA Wave World Champion, has done much to promote the archipelago as a windsurfing destination  Mitu Monteiro, a local kitesurfer, was the 2008 Kite Surfing World Champion in the wave discipline 
The Cape Verde national football team, nicknamed the Tubarões Azuis (Blue Sharks), is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Cape Verdean Football Federation  The team has played at three Africa Cup of Nations, in 2013, 2015, and 2021 The country has competed at every Summer Olympics since 1996  In 2016, Gracelino Barbosa became the first Cape Verdean to win a medal at the Paralympic Games 

Transport
Ports
There are four international ports: Mindelo, Praia, Palmeira and Sal Rei  Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise ships and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão  Praia on Santiago is the main hub for local ferry services to other islands  Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island, Amílcar Cabral International Airport, and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island  Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol 
There are smaller harbours, essentially single jetties at Tarrafal on São Nicolau, Sal Rei on Boa Vista, Vila do Maio (Porto Inglês) on Maio, São Filipe on Fogo and Furna on Brava  These act as terminals for the inter-island ferry services, which carry both freight and passengers  The pier at Santa Maria on Sal used by both fishing and dive boats has been rehabilitated 

Airports
There were seven operational airports as of 2014 – four international and three domestic  Two others were non-operational, one on Brava and the other on Santo Antão closed for safety reasons 
Due to its geographical location, Cape Verde is often flown over by transatlantic airliners  It is part of the conventional air traffic route from Europe to South America, which goes from southern Portugal via the Canary Islands and Cape Verde to northern Brazil 

International airports
Amílcar Cabral International Airport, Sal Island
Nelson Mandela International Airport, Santiago Island
Aristides Pereira International Airport, Boa Vista Island
Cesária Évora Airport, São Vicente Island

Aerial drones
Small unmanned flying drones able to carry up to 5kg were being used experimentally for tasks such as delivering medicines between the islands in 2021 

See also
Outline of Cape Verde
Index of Cape Verde–related articles
Islands of Macaronesia
Azores
Madeira
Passage 18:
ISO 3166-2:CV
ISO 3166-2:CV is the entry for Cabo Verde in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Cabo Verde, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

2 geographical regions (i e , the Barlavento Islands and the Sotavento Islands)
22 municipalitiesEach code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is CV, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Cabo Verde  The second part is either of the following:

one letter: geographical regions
two letters: municipalities

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Geographical regions
Municipalities
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Cape Verde
FIPS region codes of Cape Verde

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: CV
Counties of Cape Verde, Statoids com
Passage 19:
ISO 3166-2:AL
ISO 3166-2:AL is the entry for Albania in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Albania, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 12 counties 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is AL, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Albania  The second part is two digits 
The codes for the counties are assigned in Albanian alphabetical order, except Dibër, whose code is assigned based on its capital, Peshkopi 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency  
Subdivision names are sorted in Albanian alphabetical order: a-c, ç, d, dh, e, ë, f-g, gj, h-l, ll, m-n, nj, o-r, rr, s, sh, t, th, u-x, xh, y-z, zh 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

District codes
Before 27 November 2015, codes for the 36 districts of Albania were included   The code for Kolonjë (AL-ER) was assigned based on its capital, Ersekë 

See also
Subdivisions of Albania
FIPS region codes of Albania

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AL
Counties of Albania, Statoids com
Context 2: Passage 1:
Zeferino Martins
Zeferino Martins, also known as Ze Martins (born September 5, 1985) is an East Timorese footballer who plays as midfielder for Ad  Dili Oeste and the Timor-Leste national team 
Passage 2:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1264
United Nations Security Council resolution 1264, adopted unanimously on 15 September 1999, after recalling previous resolutions on East Timor (Timor-Leste), the Council authorised the establishment of the multinational International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) to restore peace and security in the territory, facilitate humanitarian assistance and protect the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) The Security Council welcomed the successful conduct of the East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum on 30 August 1999, in which the East Timorese people voted for independence from Indonesia  Meanwhile, there was concern about the deteriorating security situation and the violence that had displaced many residents  Attacks also took place against UNAMET and other international and national humanitarian personnel and this had particularly affected vulnerable groups  There were reports of widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights law across East Timor, and Indonesia had accepted the presence of a United Nations international peacekeeping force in the region Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council condemned the violence in East Timor, called for those responsible to be brought to justice and emphasised the need for immediate unrestricted humanitarian assistance to the area  In this regard, it authorised the establishment of an Australian-led multinational force under joint command with the task of restoring peace, protecting the UNAMET mission and assisting in humanitarian operations using all necessary measures  The force consisted of 8,000 personnel from 17 countries  The Government of Indonesia, which had temporary responsibility for the security of East Timor, would co-operate with the multinational force or INTERFET 
The resolution noted that part of the agreement between Indonesia and Portugal on the future of East Timor stipulated a peaceful and orderly transfer of authority in East Timor to the United Nations and INTERFET was asked to support the process  The multinational force would be present in East Timor for four months until replaced by a United Nations peacekeeping force and would be required to submit periodic reports on its progress Finally, the Secretary-General was asked to make preparations for a transitional administration in East Timor that would include a peacekeeping operation during the implementation phase following the referendum 

See also
1999 East Timorese crisis
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1201 to 1300 (1998–2000)
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
Passage 3:
Kiwil
Wildan Delta known as Kiwil (born August 10, 1972) is an Indonesian actor and comedian of Minangkabau descent  His first film appearance was in the horror film Tiren: Mati Kemaren in 2008 

Career
Kiwil began his career as a stand-up comedian and film actor in Indonesia  He has since appeared in the films Tulalit, Paku Kuntilanak, Setan Budeg, and Nenek Gayung  Kiwil also become one of the cast of the Indonesian comedy show Yuk Keep Smile 

Personal life
Wildan Delta was born on August 10, 1972, in Jakarta  Kiwil married his first wife, Rochimah, on February 28, 1998, and they have four sons  His second wife is Meggy Wulandari 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 4:
List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
The Ramon Magsaysay Award (Filipino: Gawad Ramon Magsaysay) is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society  The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government  It is often called the "Nobel Prize of Asia" 

History
In May 1957, seven prominent Filipinos were named to the founding board of trustees of the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, the non-profit corporation tasked with implementing the awards program  Later on, the board of trustees diversified and included prominent Asians from all over the Asian continent and outlying islands  The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation gives the prize to Asian individuals achieving excellence in their respective fields 
The award is named after Ramon Magsaysay, the seventh president of the Republic of the Philippines after World War II  This has generated criticism due to allegations of brutal suppression of dissent and subserviency to the US government during Magsaysay's tenure as defence secretary and president 

Award categories
The award recognizes and honors individuals and organizations in Asia regardless of race, creed, sex, or nationality, who have achieved distinction in their respective fields and have helped others generously without anticipating public recognition   
The awards used to be given in six categories, five of which were discontinued in 2009:

Government Service (1958–2008)
Public Service (1958–2008)
Community Leadership (1958–2008)
Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008)
Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008)
Emergent Leadership (2001– )
Uncategorized (2009– )

Awardees
The winners of the Ramon Magsaysay Awards come from different parts of Asia, although there are some instances where the winners came from countries outside Asia who had served, worked or accomplished something in different Asian countries  As of 2021, recipients have come from twenty-two Asian countries 
The following is a partial list of the awardees of the Ramon Magsaysay Award  Awardees' individual nationality or country of origin and citizenship are indicated 
Starting 2009, the Award is no longer being given in fixed categories except for Emergent Leadership 

Government Service (1958–2008)
Public Service (1958–2008)
Community Leadership (1958–2008)
Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008)
Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008)
Emergent Leadership (2001–present)
Uncategorized (2009–present)
Passage 5:
The Trouble with the Truth (song)
"The Trouble with the Truth" is a song written by Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in April 1997 as the fifth and final single and title track from her album  The Trouble with the Truth 
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 15 during the week of July 12, 1997 

Other versions
Joan Baez also cut a version of the song during an early 1990s recording session in Nashville, but the recording remained unissued until released in 2012 as a bonus track on the remastered rerelease of her 1992 album Play Me Backwards 

Chart positions
Passage 6:
Johan Ferrier
Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier (12 May 1910 – 4 January 2010) was a Surinamese politician who served as the 1st president of Suriname from 1975 to 1980  He was also the country's last governor-general before independence, serving from 1968 to 1975, before becoming the first president upon independence from the Netherlands in 1975 
He was named the twentieth century's most important politician in Suriname in 1999 

Early life
Ferrier was born in 1910 in Suriname's largest city and capital, Paramaribo  He trained as a teacher  In 1946 he assisted in the establishment of the country's National Party, while Suriname was a colony of the Netherlands 

Scouting
Ferrier was co-founder of the Boy Scouts van Suriname and its first Chief Scout  At age 16 he was a teacher in the Saramacca District and founded his first Scout Group  This group still exists and now bears the name "De Johan Ferrier groep, de groep 2 Oranje Dassers" 

Politics
In 1946, Ferrier was one of the founding members of the National Party of Suriname  Ferrier was a member of the National Council from 1946 until 1948  He then went to Amsterdam in the Netherlands to learn education theory  In 1950, he received his doctorate  When he went back to Suriname, which had by then become an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he continued to study and to have a career in education  He served as both prime minister and interior minister for a three-year period from 1955 until 1958  He also spent time as Suriname's head of education  From 1968 until 1975 he retained the post of governor   On 25 November 1975, Suriname was made independent, and Ferrier was sworn in as the first president of the country  Dési Bouterse's 1980 coup d'état prompted Ferrier to resign within six months Prime Minister Henk Chin A Sen succeeded Ferrier as president   Ferrier was made a Grand Cordon in the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star by Chin A Sen on 3 September 1980   His wife was also made a Grand Officer in the Honorary Order of the Palm 

Later life
Ferrier then accompanied his relatives to live in the Netherlands  He lived with them in Oegstgeest  Ferrier used to tell stories about the spider Anansi on Dutch children's television  In 1986, Het Grote Anansi Boek, a picture book was released with illustrations by Noni Lichtveld  The original release was monochrome  In 2010, it was re-released in colour His daughter, Kathleen Ferrier, is a former member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands for the Christian Democratic Appeal  In 2005, Ferrier's memoirs Last Governor, First President: The Century of Johan Ferrier, Surinamese were published  The Dutch Queen gave him a knighthood  An obituary in the national morning daily De Volkskrant said he had claimed: "Even in the darkest days, I kept my optimism" 

Death
Ferrier died from heart failure while sleeping at home in Oegstgeest at the age of 99, four months before his 100th birthday  His body was found in the early morning on 4 January 2010 Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands paid tribute  Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende said Ferrier was "an authoritative and wise statesman"  Politician and diplomat Jan Pronk paid tribute to his work at uniting divisions Ferrier was buried on 11 January 2010, in the Dutch town of Oegstgeest, where he had been living since 1980 

Johan Ferrier Fund
On 12 May 2010, the day Ferrier would have celebrated his 100th birthday, the Johan Ferrier Fund was officially launched  The fund strives to follow in his footsteps in supporting Surinamese projects with educational and cultural goals  The Johan Ferrier Fund is an initiative of his daughter Joan Ferrier, who first presented the fund in the presence of her father in September 2009 
Passage 7:
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 8)
The eighth season of the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, developed by Lauren Faust, originally aired on the Discovery Family channel in the United States  The series is based on Hasbro's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation, or "G4", of the My Little Pony franchise  Season 8 of the series premiered on March 24, 2018, on Discovery Family, an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro, and concluded on October 13 
The season focuses on Twilight running her newly established School of Friendship to teach ponies and creatures from Equestria and beyond about the benefits of friendship with her friends serving as the teachers  However, one of the students, a seemingly innocent pegasus filly named Cozy Glow, is secretly plotting against them 

Development
On May 25, 2017, supervising director Jim Miller announced via Twitter an eighth season for the series  At Hasbro's first self-themed convention (aptly named HasCon) on September 9, an animatic from an upcoming episode was shown On February 8, 2018, Discovery Family's March press release states that this season, "viewers will witness major milestones featuring the introduction of Starlight Glimmer’s parents and Princess Celestia's big acting debut  Additionally, the Mane 6’s Twilight Sparkle, Rarity, Applejack, Pinkie Pie, Rainbow Dash and Fluttershy are accompanied by six new creatures including Ocellus the Changeling, Silverstream the Hippogriff/Seapony, Smolder the Dragon, Gallus the Griffin, Yona the Yak and Sandbar the Pony, joining them on epic adventures throughout new and familiar lands such as Mount Aris, Everfree Forest, Las Pegasus and more  Fan-favorite characters Maud Pie, Spike, the Cutie Mark Crusaders, Queen Chrysalis and Discord return with exciting storylines and a whole lot of magic!"

Cast
Main
Tara Strong as Twilight Sparkle
Rebecca Shoichet as Twilight Sparkle (singing voice)
Tabitha St  Germain as Rarity
Kazumi Evans as Rarity (singing voice)
Ashleigh Ball as Applejack and Rainbow Dash
Andrea Libman as Fluttershy and Pinkie Pie
Shannon Chan-Kent as Pinkie Pie (singing voice)
Cathy Weseluck as Spike

Recurring
Minor
Single roles
Multiple roles
Ingrid Nilson as Maud Pie, Limestone Pie, and Marble Pie
Peter New as Big McIntosh and Goldie Delicious
Tabitha St  Germain as Granny Smith, Mrs  Cake, Princess Flurry Heart, and Muffins
Kathleen Barr as Queen Chrysalis and Trixie Lulamoon

Notes
Guest stars
Single roles
Multiple roles
Tariq Leslie as Big Bucks and Hoo'Far

Episodes
Directors for each episode are Denny Lu and Mike Myhre

Notes
Songs
DVD release
Equestria Daily reported that while Shout! Factory has not yet released season 8 on DVD or Blu-ray in North America, Myth Entertainment released the entire season on DVD in Malaysia themselves on December 18, 2019 
Passage 8:
East Timor
East Timor ( (listen)), also known as Timor-Leste (; Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia  It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, of which the western half is administered by Indonesia, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco  Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea  The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi)  Dili is its capital and largest city 
East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975  Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation  Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory  On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century  That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN  
The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament  Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence  The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership  The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid 
The total population is over 1 1 million, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate  Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum  High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country  The majority of the population is Catholic, which exists alongside strong local traditions, especially in rural areas 

Name
"Timor" is derived from timur, meaning 'east' in Malay, thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'  In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur  (this name only refers to the former de facto Indonesian province, Timor Leste is used instead to refer this country)  In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east')  In Tetum it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises') The official names under its constitution are "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" in English, "República Democrática de Timor-Leste" in Portuguese, and "Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste" in Tetum  The official short form of the name is "Timor-Leste", and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL 

History
Prehistory and Classical era
Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago  The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages  A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain  The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island  Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south  These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra  Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law  Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai  Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom  These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule : 11–15 From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume  Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood, honey, and wax  The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute : 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century  Early European presence was limited to trade, with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor : 90

Portuguese era (1769–1975)
Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands  Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch : 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores  In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652  The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave : 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited  A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century  Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal : 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance  The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal : 269 During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942  The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor  Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians  The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943  Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited : 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%  Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975 
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975  Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975  Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976  The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration" 

Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance  The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality  A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness  The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data  One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000  Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia : 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia  Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence  A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999  A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military  In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons  On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN 

Contemporary era
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly  On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution  By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned  On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN  The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president  On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order  The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term  While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president  In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party  In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed  Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order  In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities  The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012 Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017  The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election  This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018  In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister  José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres 

Politics and government
The political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system : 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary : 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch  The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions : 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers : 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference : 13, 39  Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas  Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful : 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85% : 17  The political system has wide public acceptance : 17 : 106 The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms  Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers  However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence : 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget : 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority : 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter : 10  As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet 

Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term  The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five  Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method  Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system  Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance  Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system  Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis : 173 Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system  One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women  This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party : 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines  There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule  Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas : 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology : 16  The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections : 168–169  While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an "old guard" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia : 175 : 10–11 Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services : 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy : 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations : 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown  An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets : 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups  Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions : 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country : 40

Foreign relations and military
International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them : 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999  The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012 : 4, 14 East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,: 42–44  and was granted observer status and accepted "in principle" in November 2022  Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership  ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia  Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states : 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group  More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states  It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries : 42–44 Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds  Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions  These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country : 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili : 12 The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border  The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case  The dispute was resolved in 2018 following negotiations at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when a maritime boundary between the two was established along with an agreement on natural resource revenues The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006  It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor  These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component  A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component  There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States 

Administrative divisions
East Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets)  The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule : 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili : 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government  In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration  In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers : 88–92  In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government  This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders : 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime  Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region  The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015  In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households : 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants  Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration : 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself : 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives : 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers  An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services : 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration  Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state  They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration : 7–10

Geography
Located in between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay archipelago : 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south : 2  East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country  The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco  The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse



ground_truth: central Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Kiwil's birth country participated in a Commission of Truth and Friendship. Who is the president of the other country that participated?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: : 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi) : 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude : 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long : 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere  East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi) The interior of the country is mountainous,: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island : 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%  The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline : 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft)  Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season : 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor : 13 : 2  The capital and largest city is Dili  The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau : 22 

The climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year  A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia : 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8 7–9 9 in) per month  In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0 47–0 71 in) : 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect : 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts  Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change : 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall : 6 Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west  These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot : 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park  It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country  It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated  The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country  Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid 2010s : 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct : 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion  There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority : 27 : 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution : 2–3

Economy
The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities and has a large public sector  Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty : 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions  The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country : 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers  There are far more imports than exports,: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries : 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending : 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2 5% per year from 2011 to 2021 : 24 Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line  This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen  Even in urban areas, the majority are poor  Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers : 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth : 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were  There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account : 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population : 214 Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports : 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government : 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries : 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards : 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses  A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each : 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers : 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks : 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually : 257 

This poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country  Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas  The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth : 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund  $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent : 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010 : 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget  As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted  Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009 : 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging  Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy : 264–272 The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors  Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years  The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects  Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth : 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes  Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies  Other government income comes from 23 "autonomous agencies", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor : 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible : 260 

Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment  Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights : 23  As of 2010, 87 7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18 9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38 2%  The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population  Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence : 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop, and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue : 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse  Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually : 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists 

Demographics
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census  The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located : 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare  While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital  The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes : 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20 : 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world : 212 The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese  Other reference sources list it as East Timorese  The word Maubere formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021 : 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48 5 to 69 5  Expected years of schooling rose from 9 8 to 12 4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2 8 to 4 4  Progress since 2010 for these has been limited  Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since : 3  As of 2016, 45 8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16 3% severely so : 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7 8, dropped to 4 2 by 2016  It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer: 3  and less literate households  As of 2016, the average household size was 5 3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women : 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003 : 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010  Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period  As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia : 11

Ethnicity and language
Timorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group  Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups : 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity : 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect : 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups : 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent  There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka  Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation  East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically Goan descent, as well as historical immigration from Africa and Yemen Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan : 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects : 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a  According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a  The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum, mostly around Dili or the western border  Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast  The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality : 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30 6% of the population), Mambai (16 6%), Makasai (10 5%), Tetum Terik (6 05%), Baikenu (5 87%), Kemak (5 85%), Bunak (5 48%), Tokodede (3 97%), and Fataluku (3 52%)  Other indigenous languages accounted for 10 47%, while 1 09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum  In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as "working languages" : 3  This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date  In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report  Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools  The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it  Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country : 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77 8% in Tetum, 55 6% in Indonesian, and 39 3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012  According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese  The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English 

Education
East Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021  It is slightly higher among women than men : 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty : 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education  Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate : 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor  Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals  Education takes up 10% of the national budget : 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor  There are also four colleges Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8 4% of primary school and 6 8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81 6% for primary and 46 3% for secondary schools  Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73 7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district  Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language : 28

Religion
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble  Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities According to the 2015 census, 97 57% of the population is Catholic; 1 96% Protestant; 0 24% Muslim; 0 08% Traditional; 0 05% Buddhist; 0 02% Hindu, and 0 08% other religions  A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98 3% of the population, Protestants 1 2%, and Muslims 0 3% The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs  East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity  Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese mass was replaced by Indonesian mass  While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion  The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana  In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretised with local animist beliefs  The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia  Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor 

Culture
The many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom  Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems : 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited  The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited : 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language  At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration : 98–99 The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity : 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule : 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop  This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones : 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices : 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands  Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili : 53–54 The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country : 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers  Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership  Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today  An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness  Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country  Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families : 7–13 

Community life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community : 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials : 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community : 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses  Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities : 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status : 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house : 96 Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island  Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns  Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders  For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women  Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups : 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture : I-5 Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects : 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry  This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge : 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry  Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior" In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013  Shot with a limited budget by a mix of local filmmakers and a volunteer Australian film crew, the film depicted East Timorese life under Indonesian occupation in the 1970s, with producer Lurdes Pires acknowledging their aim to diverge from the government's "friendship and forgiveness" policy for its past conflicts by telling a story of truth-seeking and justice 

See also
Outline of East Timor
Index of East Timor-related articles
List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East
Passage 9:
Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship
The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005  The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the "conclusive truth" behind the events  After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor  The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral 

Background
East Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974  East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist  The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory  It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support  The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken  The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government 
Indonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades  During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia  Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area, with UN workers being attacked in Maliana  It soon became clear in the wake of the referendum that the referendum result would be overwhelmingly in favor of the "no" option on the ballot; this raised tensions to a boiling point, and within two hours of the announcement of the results, armed militia groups began attacking civilians  Militia continued to attack civilians as they withdrew from the country, and several massacres occurred as the troops filtered out of the area  A UN peacekeeping force known as INTERFET was deployed to stabilize the situation, made up of mostly Australian troops, and was withdrawn with the arrival of normal UN peacekeepers  East Timor eventually transitioned from a UN mandate to an independent country 

Report
The commission itself was announced in August 2006 and sought to establish "the conclusive truth regarding human rights violations to have occurred prior to, immediately after the Popular Consultation on 30 August 1999" as well as "prepare recommendations that can contribute to healing wounds of the past and strengthen friendship"  The timing of the commission's creation was criticized by some, as it was believed that it was created to intentionally subvert calls for an international tribunal to deal with the events surrounding the 1999 plebiscite  The commission's mandate allowed it to review documents pertaining to four other inquiries surrounding the events that predated it: "The Indonesian National Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights Violations in East Timor in 1999", "The Indonesian Ad Hoc Human Rights Court on East Timor", "The Special Panels for Serious Crimes", and "The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation" The commission was made up of four members appointed from each nation, and these commissioners were instructed to conduct a document review and analyze previous trials and investigations into the subject, including the UN Special Panels for Serious Crimes and Serious Crime Units in Dili, and the report of the Commission of Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste  The commission also stated its intent to research the "historical background, political dynamics, and institutional structures that shaped events before and during 1999" to "inform its conclusions with a broader understanding of the way in which the causes of the violence in 1999 were connected to previously established institutional structures and practices "Operating over three years, the commission gave its final report on July 15, 2008, and presented it to the Presidents of Indonesia and East Timor, concluding that "gross human rights violations in the form of crimes against humanity did occur in East Timor in 1999" and that "pro-autonomy militia groups, TNI, the Indonesian civil government, and Polri must all bear institutional responsibility", as well as stating that "from a moral and political perspective the respective states must accept state responsibility for the violations identified in the report " The commission also made recommendations that both nations begin institutional reform enhancing the strength of investigative and prosecuting bodies involved with investigations into the events, as well as forming joint security policy to ensure the safety of individuals in case of the recurrence of violence  It also noted the need to resolve other standing border and security issues between the two nations to allow for more cooperation  Notably, the report gave no recommendations of amnesty or rehabilitation  The report was endorsed by the president of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, making it the first recognition of the Indonesian government's complicity in human rights violations in East Timor by Indonesia 

Reception
In Indonesia and Timor, the report was presented to both governments and accepted by both the Timorese and Indonesian governments  However, Timorese NGO Timor-Leste National Alliance for International Tribunal wrote an open letter in response to the commission's findings with several criticisms, including the lack of public consultation with victims and parliamentary approval of the commission, as well as noting that the commission assigned institutional responsibility rather than individual responsibility, "which is contrary to the principles of international laws which were ratified by the state of Timor-Leste and to Article 160 of its constitution which says that there must be a justice process for crimes against humanity ", as well as stating their belief that the CAVR was a more trustworthy and support worthy commission for the government to support Internationally, the report had a mixed reception  Some, such as the War Crimes Studies Center at the University of California, Berkeley, said that the commission could be seen as "widely acknowledged as credible and far-reaching ", noting that the Indonesian government's affirmation of the results was important and that the commission made arguments that "there was credible evidence to indicate that Timorese institutions were also responsible for illegal detentions and possibly other crimes "

See also
History of East Timor
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Santa Cruz massacre
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mehmet Çetingöz
Mehmet Çetingöz (born May 12, 1991, in Şanlıurfa, Turkey) is a Turkish wheelchair basketball player in center position  He is a 4 point player competing for Beşiktaş JK wheelchair basketball team  He is part of the Turkey men's junior national wheelchair basketball team and captain of the U23 team Çetingöz became paralyzed at his right leg as a result of polio he contracted when he was four years of age  He began with wheelchair basketball with fourteen in a disabled sports club in Şanlıurfa After playing eight years for Şanlıurfa Wheelchair, he was transferred in August 2013 to Beşiktaş JK, which  competes in the Turkish Wheelchair Basketball Super League Çetingöz became champion with the national junior team at the 5th Fazza International Wheelchair Basketball Championships held on April 17–23, 2013 in Dubai and was named Top Scorer 

Awards
Individual
5th Fazza International Wheelchair Basketball Championships - "Top Scorer"

National team
5th Fazza International Wheelchair Basketball Championships -  with national junior team
Passage 2:
Mehmet Hayri Tarhan
Mehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – December 11, 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army 

See also
List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence

Sources
External links
 Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet Archive
Passage 3:
Mehmet Eroğlu
Mehmet Eroğlu (born 2 October 1948) is a Turkish novelist  His most known work is Issızlığın Ortasında ("In the Midst of Solitude") 

Life
He was born on 2 August 1948 in İzmir  In 1971, he graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering  at the Middle East Technical University  He then worked as a civil engineer at the Turkish General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, the Tourism Bank and at a private company 
He shared the first award at the Milliyet Novel Contest (of the Milliyet news paper) in 1978 with Orhan Pamuk, with his novel Issızlığın Ortasında (In the Midst of Solitude)  He also collected the Madaralı Novel Award in 1985 with the same work and the Orhan Kemal Novel Award in 1985 with Geç Kalmış Ölü (The Delayed Dead), which was a continuation of the previous book  His work reflects various situations of humanity by creating anti-heroes, while also not concealing his political point of view 

Works
Novels:
Issızlığın Ortasında (In the Midst of Isolation, 1984)
Geç Kalmış Ölü (The Delayed Dead, 1985)
Yarım Kalan Yürüyüş (The March Interrupted, 1986)
Adını Unutan Adam (The Man Who Forgot His Name, 1989)
Yürek Sürgünü (Exile of Heart, 1994)
Zamanın Manzarası (View of Time, 2002)
Kusma Kulübü (Vomit Club, 2004) 
Passage 4:
Turhan Tezol
Turhan Tezol (9 August 1932 – 27 April 2014) was a Turkish basketball player, who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics 
Turhan Tezol was born to Mehmet Şükrü, an immigrant from Kavala, (then Ottoman Empire), and his wife Zeliha at Istanbul on August 9, 1932  He had four brothers, Alaettin, Tayyar, Erdoğan and Ayhan, as well as two sisters İnal and Mualla (Kuşçu) Tezol began his playing career at the local team Modaspor  He enjoyed three times Turkish Basketball League championship title with his club  he left Modaspor, and moved to Izmir joining the basketball side of Altınordu  After retiring from active sports, he served as executive at the Izmir-based clubs Altay, Göztepe and Altınordu  Tezol worked also for the Turkish Basketball Federation At the age of 19, he was called up to the Turkey juniors national team  Later, he became member of the Turkey national team, taking part at the 1952 Summer Olympic in Helsinki, Finland, and three times at FIBA EuroBasket in 1955, 1957 and 1959  He capped 71 times in total for the national team, and served also as captain He is remembered for his capacity in dribbling technique Turhan Tezol suffered from pancreatic cancer, and was treated a long time  He died following surgery on 27 April 2014 Izmir  He was survived by his wife Nesrin (née Gündoğdu), two sons, Erhan and Ersin, and five grandchildren 
Passage 5:
Birth certificate
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a person  The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth  Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor 
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 17, an integral part of the 2030 Agenda, has a target to increase the timely availability of data regarding age, gender, race, ethnicity, and other relevant characteristics which documents like a birth certificate has the capacity to provide 

History and contemporary times
The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization  The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military manpower  In England, births were initially registered with churches, who maintained registers of births  This practice continued into the 19th century  The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853  The entire United States did not get a standardized system until 1902 Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births  In all countries, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, hospital administrator, or the parent(s) of the child to see that the birth is properly registered with the appropriate government agency 
The actual record of birth is stored with a government agency  That agency will issue certified copies or representations of the original birth record upon request, which can be used to apply for government benefits, such as passports  The certification is signed and/or sealed by the registrar or other custodian of birth records, who is commissioned by the government 
The right of every child to a name and nationality, and the responsibility of national governments to achieve this are contained in Articles 7 and 8 in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: "The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality   " (CRC Article 7) and "States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations   " (CRC Article 8) 
   it's a small paper but it actually establishes who you are and gives access to the rights and the privileges, and the obligations, of citizenship 
Despite 191 countries ratifying the convention, the births of millions of children worldwide go unregistered  By their very nature, data concerning unregistered children are approximate  About 29% of countries do not have available or sufficient data to assess global progress toward the SDG goal of universal coverage  However, from the data that is available, UNICEF estimates that more than a quarter of children under 5 worldwide are unregistered  The lowest levels of birth registration are found in sub-Saharan Africa (43 percent)  This phenomenon disproportionately impacts poor households and indigenous populations  Even in many developed countries, it contributes to difficulties in fully accessing civic rights Birth registration opens the door to rights to children and adults which many other human beings take for granted: to prove their age; to prove their nationality; to receive healthcare; to go to school; to take exams; to be adopted; to protection from underage military service or conscription; to marry; to open a bank account; to hold a driving licence; to obtain a passport; to inherit money or property; and to vote or stand for elected office There are many reasons why births go unregistered, including social and cultural beliefs and attitudes; alternative documents and naming ceremonies; remote areas, poor infrastructure; economic barriers; lack of office staff, equipment and training; legal and political restrictions; fear of discrimination and persecution; war, conflict and unrest or simply the fact that there is no system in place Retrospective registration may be necessary where there is a backlog of children whose births have gone unregistered  In Senegal, the government is facilitating retrospective registration through free local court hearings and the number of unregistered children has fallen considerably as a result 
In Sierra Leone, the government gave the National Office of Births and Deaths special permission to issue birth certificates to children over seven  In Bolivia, there was a successful three-year amnesty for the free registration of young people aged between 12 and 18 Statelessness, or the lack of effective nationality, impacts the daily lives of some 11–12 million people around the world  Perhaps those who suffer most are stateless infants, children, and adolescents  Although born and raised in their parents' country of habitual residence, they lack formal recognition of their existence 

Algeria
The establishment of the first birth certificates in Algeria dates from the 1830s, during the French colonial era  Full copies are issued only by the commune of birth  However, birth certificates can be issued by any municipality or consulate on presentation of a family record book and are valid for 10 years In 2020, the government launched an online service for requesting civil status documents The secure birth certificate, known as 12S (in Arabic: 12خ), is an extract of birth certificate issued once in a lifetime on a special and secured paper, this document is mandatory for the issuance of the biometric ID and passport 

Australia
States and territories of Australia are responsible for the issuance of birth certificates, through agencies generally titled "Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages" or similar Initially registering a birth is done by a hospital through a "Birth Registration Statement" or similar, signed by appropriately licensed and authorized health professionals, and provided to the state or territory registry  Home births are permitted, but a statement is required from a registered midwife, doctor or 2 other witnesses other than the parent(s)  Unplanned births require in some states that the baby be taken to a hospital within 24 hours  Once registered, a separate application (sometimes it can be done along with the Birth Registration Statement) can be made for a birth certificate, generally at a cost  The person(s) named or the parent(s) can apply for a certificate at any time  Generally, there is no restriction on re-applying for a certificate at a later date, so it could be possible to legally hold multiple original copies 
The Federal government requires that births be also registered through a "Proof of Birth Declaration" similarly signed as above by a doctor or midwife  This ensures the appropriate benefits can be paid, and the child is enrolled for Medicare The state or territory issued birth certificate is a secure A4 paper document, generally listing: Full name at birth, sex at birth, parent(s) and occupation(s), older sibling(s), address(es), date and place of birth, name of the registrar, date of registration, date of issue of certificate, a registration number, with the signature of the registrar and seal of the registry printed and/or embossed  Most states allow for stillbirths to be issued a birth certificate  Some states issue early pregnancy loss certificates (without legal significance if before 20 weeks)  Depending on the state or territory, amendments on the certificate are allowed to correct an entry, add ascendant, recognize same-sex relationship, changing the sex of the holder is possible in all states and territories The full birth certificate in Australia is an officially recognized identity document generally in the highest category  The birth certificate assists in establishing citizenship  Shorter and/or commemorative birth certificates are available; however, they are not generally acceptable for identification purposes Birth certificates in Australia can be verified online by approved agencies through the Attorney-General's Department Document Verification Service and can be used to validate identity digitally, e g  online 

Canada
In Canada, the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the provinces and territories  In 2008, provinces and territories started rolling out new polymer certificates to new applicants Canadian birth certificates may be obtained from the following:

Alberta – A registry agent authorised by the Province
British Columbia – British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency
Manitoba – Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency
New Brunswick – Service New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador – Service NL
Northwest Territories – Health Services Administration Office
Nova Scotia – Access Nova Scotia
Nunavut – Registrar-General of Vital Statistics
Ontario – ServiceOntario
Prince Edward Island – Vital Statistics Registry
Quebec – Director of Civil Status (Directeur de l'état civil)
Saskatchewan – eHealth Saskatchewan
Yukon – Vital Statistics, Government of Yukon

Types issued
There are three forms of birth certificates issued:

Certified true copy/photostat – contains all information available on the birth of a person 
Long-form – contains name, place and date of birth, parental information, date of issue, date of registration, registration number, certificate number, and authorised signature(s) 
Short-form – as with long-form, except for parental information  Previously in card format 
Residents of Quebec born elsewhere can have their non-Quebec birth record inserted into Quebec's birth register  Quebec birth certificates issued with regard to a birth that occurred outside of Quebec are referred to as "semi-authentic" under paragraph 137 of the Civil Code of Québec, until their full authenticity is recognised by a Quebec court  Inserting one's birth record into the Quebec register is a prerequisite for anyone born outside of Quebec to apply for a legal name and/or legal gender change in the province  Semi-authentic birth certificates are issued in the long-form only 

Languages
Depending on the province, certificates are in English, French or both languages  Birth certificates from Canadian territories are in English and French, as well as Inuktitut in Nunavut (though individual data is in the Roman alphabet only, not in Inuktitut syllabics)  The Northwest Territories previously issued certificates bearing Inuktitut 

DND 419 birth certificates
In 1963, the Department of National Defence started issuing birth certificates to dependents of Canadian Forces members born overseas  These certificates were never accorded legal status, but served as a convenient substitute for the original record of birth from the country of birth  In November 1979, production of these certificates ceased Today, the DND 419 is recognised as a proof of age, but not of citizenship  At least two Canadians have had Canadian passports withheld on the basis of their DND 419 birth certificates 

China
The People's Republic of China issued its first medical birth certificate on 1 January 1996  Persons born prior to that date can obtain a birth certificate from a Chinese notary public by way of presenting their hukou and other supporting documents  The notary then proceeds to issue a notarial birth certificate based on the information contained in the said documentation  This notarial birth certificate is acceptable for immigration purposes The fifth-generation medical birth certificate was adopted nationwide on 1 January 2014  Still, China is amongst those countries with no globally comparable data, presenting challenges to researchers who wish to assess global and regional progress towards universal birth registration 

Cuba
In Cuba, birth certificates are issued by the local civil registries 
With the passage of Extraordinary Official Gazette Number 9 of 2020, issued by the Cuban Ministry of Justice, birth certificates (as with all other vital records, excepting certificates of single status) will no longer expire after a certain amount of time Children born to Cuban citizens abroad may have the details of their birth transcribed in a Cuban civil registry through a Cuban overseas mission  This is known as a Birth Certificate Transcript  Because of the considerable difficulty of obtaining Cuban vital records for individuals residing outside of Cuba – even where Cuban overseas missions have been delegated to provide these services – private services such as the Massachusetts-based Cuba City Hall offer retrieval services, wherein they apply for a certificate from a Cuban civil registry on behalf of an overseas individual  These services have been called overpriced 

Czech Republic
The Czech Republic maintains a registry of vital records, including births, of people, regardless of nationality, or birthplace  Every citizen of the Czech Republic will need to register their birth if born abroad, effectively granting a foreign born person two birth certificates  The Czech Republic will also register foreigners in some cases  The office that registers births is colloquially called 'matrika' 

Denmark
In Denmark, the authority responsible for registering births is the Registrar of the Church of Denmark There are three types of Danish birth certificates:

Personattest (Certificate of Personal Data): issued to persons born in (or baptised in) Denmark 
Foedsels- og Daabsattest (Birth and Baptism Certificate): issued to persons born in Denmark and baptised in the Church of Denmark 
Foedsels- og Navneattest (Birth and Naming Certificate): issued to persons born in Denmark but not baptised in the Church of Denmark 

France
Civil records in France have been compulsory since the 1539 ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, in which the King Francis I ordered the parishes to record baptisms, marriages and sepultures  Then in 1667 the parishes were asked to issue two registers in two different places in order to avoid the loss of data  Jews and Protestants were allowed to have their own records by Louis XVI in 1787  In 1792, the registers were fully secularized (birth, civil marriage and death replaced baptism, religious marriage and sepulture, plus an official kept the records instead of a priest), and the Code civil did create the compulsory birth certificate in 1804 (in its articles 34, 38, 39 et 57)  This document should be completed at one's marriage since 1897, at one's divorce since 1939, at one's death since 1945 and at one's civil union since 2006  A note is added on the certificate for all these events 

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the system is similar to England and Wales, wherein the government keeps a birth register book, and the birth certificate is actually a certified copy of the birth register book entry Currently, the Immigration Department is the official birth registrar  All parents need to register their children's birth within 42 days  Birth certificates issued between 1 July 1997 and 27 April 2008 recorded whether or not the child's Hong Kong permanent resident status was established at birth  Birth certificates issued after the latter date record which provision of the Immigration Ordinance the said status has been established under 

India
Traditionally births were poorly recorded in India For official purposes, other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the birth certificate, such as matriculation certificates  Facilities are available to produce a birth certificate from a passport By law since 1969, registration of births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act  Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned  Specific rules vary by state, region and municipality 
In Delhi, for example, births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution, or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home  After registration, a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority  Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children, and undocumented orphans  Overseas births can also be registered Some municipalities, such as the Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital birth certificates to be applied for, printed, and verified online 

Indonesia
The current legislation governing the registration of births is the 2006 Act No 23 on the Administration of Civil Status (UU No  23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan), as amended by 2013 Act No 24 on Amendments to 2006 Act No 23 

Births outside Indonesia
Pursuant to Chapter 29 of the Act, Indonesian citizens born overseas must register their births with the local civil registrar using a foreign birth certificate upon returning to Indonesia, and receive a Report of Birth Abroad (Tanda Bukti Laporan Kelahiran)  If born in a jurisdiction which does not register the births of non-citizens, they will instead be issued a regular Birth Certificate by the local Indonesian overseas mission 

Births within Indonesia
Within Indonesia, local civil registrars are responsible for issuing birth certificates (akta kelahiran) 
The following Staatsbladen (state gazettes), enacted by the Dutch colonial government, were supplanted by the Act:

1849 Staatsblad 25 for persons of European descent
1917 Staatsblad 130 for persons of Chinese descent
1920 Staatsblad 751 for persons of Indigenous descent
1923 Staatsblad 75 for persons of Indigenous descent professing the Christian faithPrior to 1986, persons not born in any of the above groups had to be registered through court order  This changed by a 1986 decree of the Minister of Home Affairs, resulting in a jolt in the number of births being registered  In 1989, a subsequent decree was effected by the Minister, allowing those born between 1986 and 1989 to have their births registered There are several types of birth certificates issued to Indonesian-born individuals, per the Denpasar Civil Registry:
General Birth Certificate (Akta Kelahiran Umum)
Delayed Birth Certificate (Akta Kelahiran Terlambat)
Birth Certificate for a Child Born to a Single Mother (Akta Kelahiran Anak Seorang Ibu)Pursuant to the Act's domicile principle, a birth certificate is issued by the Civil Registry of the parents' home regency or city, as determined from their Indonesian identity card  This is not always the same place as the actual regency or city of birth of the child 
There is no such thing as a certified copy of the original birth registration form; all Indonesian birth certificates are abstracts in nature and list an individual's nationality, name, place and date of birth, birth order, parents' names and marital status only  Indonesian birth certificates are typically laminated like Malaysian and Singaporean ones; however, unlike Malaysia and Singapore, it is not done at the time of issuance by the civil registry  The Indonesian government recommends against lamination, as it may render the certificate unacceptable for use overseas (laminated certificates cannot be legalised) In 2019, Indonesian local civil registrars began to issue birth certificates with QR codes in lieu of the traditional authenticating signature and stamp  Widodo, director of civil registry services for the Bengkulu Civil Registry, is quoted as saying that "this is by decree of the Minister of Home Affairs, and will help simplify things for the general public as they will no longer be required to go through the hassle of getting [birth certificates] legalised " In July 2020, Indonesia phased out birth certificates printed on security paper, and started allowing Indonesian-born people to print out their own birth certificates on regular A4 paper; these certificates have the same legal value as birth certificates printed on security paper  The move reportedly helped the central government save 450 billion rupiahs in the 2020 fiscal year 

Iran
A shenasnameh (شناسنامه), or birth certificate is issued by the National Organization for Civil Registration  It includes the name and surname of the infant, place and date of birth, gender, information relating to the parents including their names and residences, and the "registration documentation (witness or physician's certificate)  A newer format was introduced in 2015  Those eligible to replication include newborn babies, people who are changing their names, those who have lost their original birth certificates, and those born before 2001 who have reached the age of 15 and need to change their cards to add the photograph  Those applying for a new certificate must show their old certificate 

Japan
In Japan, the household registration document (jp: 戸籍, koseki) is generally used in lieu of a birth certificate 
Since a koseki also acts as proof of Japanese citizenship, only Japanese citizens can hold one  Anyone born in Japan, including children born to non-Japanese parents, can obtain a Certificate of Matters Stated In a Written Notification (jp: 出生届記載事項証明書, shussei todoke kisai jiko shomeisho)  A Certificate of Matters Stated In a Written Notification may be obtained from the city/ward/town office the birth was reported to, and is the equivalent of a birth certificate  This is to be distinguished from a Certificate of Acceptance of Birth Notification (jp: 出生届受理証明 書, shussei todoke juri shomeisho), which, according to the Australian Embassy at Tokyo, only constitutes a receipt proving that a birth registration has been lodged with a city/ward/town office Birth records for children born to non-Japanese parents in Japan are not maintained permanently; usually only for the duration of ten years from the date of lodgement, but this varies from one city/ward/town office to another 

Malaysia
In Malaysia, the National Registration Department (Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara) is responsible for the registration of births, and for issuing birth certificates (sijil kelahiran) 
In 2011, the department started colour-coding birth certificates  Henceforth, citizens at birth would receive a pale-green birth certificate, while those who do not acquire Malaysian citizenship at birth would be given a red birth certificate  Then-director Datin Jariah Mohd Said was reported as saying that "it [would] address the wrong impression among foreign parents that their children automatically become Malaysians by virtue of them having the pale green certificate "Malaysian birth certificates are laminated at the time of issuance, forming an exception to most countries' need for an unlaminated document (e g  the United Kingdom when applying for a passport) 

Morocco
In Morocco, there are 3 birth documents: the "Extrait d'acte de naissance" (proof of Moroccan citizenship), a "Fiche individuelle de naissance" and an "Acte de naissance"  All of them are valid for 3 months  In 2017, the government opened requests for birth certificates online 

New Zealand
The Department of Internal Affairs is responsible for issuing birth certificates in New Zealand  Certain historical records including historical birth certificates are available online in a searchable format on the Birth, Death and Marriage Historical Records website  The available records are for births recorded at least one hundred years ago 

Citizenship information is recorded on New Zealand birth certificates for births after 1 January 2006, as this was when the country formally ended its practice of jus soli 

Nigeria
The birth certificate in Nigeria is a document that entails the date of birth, location (Town, L G A and state) and details of the parents  It is issued by the National Population Commission for every child and is usually issued at the hospital where the child is born and it is compulsory for everyone 
The National Population Commission (NPC) formed in 1992, is the only body responsible for registering births, and issuing certificates in the country For those who were not issued a certificate at birth, it is possible to apply for one up until their 18th birthday  However, only people aged 18 and below are issued a birth certificate  
People above age 18 are issued an 'Age Declaration Affidavit'  Although now in Nigeria, you will have to provide an attestation letter issued by the NPC as the 'Age Declaration Affidavit' is no longer a sufficient document 
An attestation letter is a written document given as backup for the 'Age Declaration Affidavit' 
However, in terms of legal value and effect, the attestation of a birth certificate is equal to a birth certificate  
The NPC Act states that only people born after 1992 are eligible to apply for birth certificate since that was when the NPC was formed  Also only birth certificate issued at birth or 60 days after birth is free any scenario after birth would require you to pay 

Philippines
A birth certificate in the Philippines is a document being issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority and has lifetime validity  In almost all cases, this document is required by other government agencies as a primary requirement for getting service or benefits 

Russia
Russian birth certificates were previously issued in a booklet format, similar to that of internal passports; today, they are issued on numbered and watermarked A4 security paper  They are typically issued in the Russian language only; however, if a birth is recorded in one of the Russian republics with federal subject status, the resulting birth certificate may be bilingual (Russian and the official language of the said republic) 

Filling a birth certificate
A Russian birth certificate may either be filled out in type or print  It is then signed and sealed by a qualified officer of the public authority issuing the certificate (a local civil registry or Russian overseas mission)  By default, information on the parents' ethnic origins is no longer recorded – however, it may be recorded upon request 

Obtaining a birth certificate
A Russian birth certificate may be applied for by the person named on the certificate if they are of full age, their parents if still vested with parental rights, their guardian(s) and/or caregiver(s)  If the certificate is lost, the public authority that issued the original document issues a replacement on application 

Singapore
In Singapore, the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority is the registrar of births  All births in the country must be registered at a gazetted birth registration centre by the parents or by authorised proxy  A Certificate of Registration of Birth is received after the registration of birth; a Certificate of Extract from Register of Births is issued for all subsequent requests for birth certificates 
The ICA annotates birth certificates with citizenship information; a child born without a claim to Singapore citizenship will have a remark on their birth certificate stating "this child is not a citizen of Singapore at the time of birth"  Conversely, a child born with a claim to Singapore citizenship will have "this child is a citizen of Singapore at the time of birth" on theirs 
Singaporean birth certificates are laminated at the time of issuance, forming an exception to most foreign countries' need for an unlaminated document (e g  the United Kingdom when applying for a passport)  This practice began on 1 January 1967 

Somalia
In Somalia, many births go unregistered – owing to the mainly nomadic nature of the populace Prior to 1991, the Siad Barre government issued birth certificates (Somali: shahaadada dhalashada or warqadda dhalashada) for events occurring in urban areas  Subsequent to the collapse of said government, Somalia ceased to have a functioning birth registration system  As of January 2014, it has been reported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs that Somalia has once again started issuing birth certificates, primarily for Somali citizens to be able to obtain the new Somali passport  In Mogadishu, this function is fulfilled by the Mayor of Mogadishu 

Somali autonomous regions, such as Jubaland, Puntland, and Somaliland, have separate, functioning birth registration systems for those born within their respective jurisdictions  In Somaliland, birth certificates are routinely issued only to babies born at a hospital  Home births are registered by way of affidavit with the Somaliland Ministry of Religious Affairs at Hargeisa 

Sweden
Sweden no longer issues birth certificates  Instead, the Swedish Tax Agency will issue a Personbevis (Extract from the Population Register) for individuals born in Sweden  This takes the place of both birth and marriage certificates for international purposes  The Extract contains, inter alia, place and date of birth, parental information, marriage status, and current registered address 

Syria
In Syria, the father is primarily responsible for registering the birth of a child  Due to the ongoing civil war, many births have gone unregistered 

South Korea
Birth certificates are not issued in Korea  When a foreign embassy requests a birth certificate, Koreans submit a basic certificate containing the place of birth, date of birth, etc , and a family relations certificate containing their parents' resident registration number and name 

United Kingdom
England and Wales
In England and Wales, the description "birth certificate" is used to describe a certified copy of an entry in the birth register Civil registration of births, marriages and deaths in England and Wales started on 1 July 1837  Registration was not compulsory until 1875, following the Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1874, which made registration of a birth the responsibility of those present at the birth  When a birth is registered, the details are entered into the register book at the local register office for the district in which the birth took
place and is retained permanently in the local register office  A copy of each entry in the birth register is sent to the General Register Office (GRO) 

Pre-1837 birth and baptism records
Before the government's registration system was created, evidence of births and/or baptisms (and also marriages and death or burials) was dependent on the events being recorded in the records of the Church of England or in those of other various churches – not all of which maintained such records or all types of those records  Copies of such records are not issued by the General Register Office; but can be obtained from these churches, or from the local or national archive, which usually now keeps the records in original or copy form 

Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales
Long-form certificates are copies of the original entry in the birth register, giving all the recorded details  Information includes; name, sex, date, and place of birth of the child, parents' name, place of birth and occupation  Certificates for births registered before 1 April 1969 do not show the parents' places of birth, and those before 1984 do not show mother's occupation Short-form certificates show the child's full name, sex, date, and place of birth  They do not give any detail(s) of the parent(s); they therefore do not prove parentage  Both versions of a certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation
provided  Where proof of parentage is required, only a full certificate will be accepted The original registrations are required by law to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee  They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars  If the birth was registered within the past 50 years, detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued  The General Register Office draws on several registers for the issuance of birth certificates: the Register of Live Births, the Register of Stillbirths, the Abandoned Children Register, the Adopted Children Register, the Parental Order Register, and the Gender Recognition Register (for holders of Gender Recognition Certificates) 
The General Register Office also issues birth certificates relating to births on UK-registered aircraft, vessels, and births of His Majesty's Armed Forces dependents  This authority is delegated to the Office by the Registry of Shipping and Seamen, part of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, for births aboard UK-flagged ships; and by the Civil Aviation Authority for births aboard UK-flagged aircraft 

Rest of the British Isles
In the rest of the British Isles, there are several different birth registration authorities:

In Scotland, the National Records of Scotland 
In Northern Ireland, the General Register Office Northern Ireland (GRONI) 
In Guernsey, the Greffe of the Royal Court of Guernsey 
In Jersey, the Office of the Superintendent Registrar 
In the Isle of Man, the Civil Registry  The registration of births became mandated in 1878 on the Isle 

Other cases
Consular birth registration is available for those who establish entitlement to British nationality at birth overseas  This is especially helpful when the jurisdiction in question does not allow multiple citizenship or the registration of an illegitimate child's birth  Prior to 1983, such registrations were accepted as proof of British nationality alone  Pursuant to a Reform Order by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, new consular birth registrations issued for children born after 1 January 1983, and certificates for people born before that date re-issued starting 1 January 2014, are no longer accepted as stand-alone proof of British nationality In addition, certificates of birth issued under the Registration of  Births, Deaths and Marriages (Special Provisions) Act 1957 (registered on HM Forces bases overseas), are also not recognised as proof of nationality status alone  Such births would also have to be registered in the local authority where the birth took place, and the parents would have to apply for a foreign certificate as proof of citizenship British Overseas Territories have their own independent regimes for issuance of a birth certificate  Additionally, as a result of Argentina's claim over the Falkland Islands, Falklander-born people may also apply for an Argentine birth certificate 

United States
In the U S , the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the vital statistics agency or equivalent of the state, federal district, territory or former territory of birth  Birth in the U S  typically confers citizenship by birth (non-citizen nationality in American Samoa), so a U S  birth certificate doubly serves as evidence of United States citizenship or non-citizen nationality  U S  birth certificates are therefore commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U S  passport The U S  State Department issues a Consular Report of Birth Abroad (which does not technically certify birth but often substitutes for a birth certificate) for children born to U S  citizens or non-citizen nationals (who are also eligible for citizenship or non-citizen nationality), including births on military bases in foreign territory  Children who do not receive the certificate at the time of birth may apply for it anytime until the age of 18  Natural-born citizens of the United States born abroad may receive a USCIS Certificate of Citizenship instead to prove their citizenship status 
The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics  From 1900 to 1946 the U S  Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates, collected vital statistics on a national basis, and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics  In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U S  Public Health Service  Unlike the British system of recording all births in "registers", the states file an individual document for each and every birth The U S  National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births  However, states are free to create their own forms  As a result, neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states  These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator, which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar, who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request 

Birth certificates for individuals born in or adopted to the United States
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, as of 2000 there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates  The Inspector General report stated that according to the staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service's Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000 

Short-form birth certificates and acceptance thereof
In the case of applying for a U S  passport, not all legitimate government-issued birth certificates are acceptable:
A certified birth certificate has a registrar's raised, embossed, impressed or multicolored seal, registrar's signature, and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar's office, which must be within 1 year of your birth  Please note, some short (abstract) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes 
Beginning June 10, 2009, all birth certificates must also include the full name of the applicant's parent(s) 
The U S  State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California  There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico, and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant  The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal, was no longer considered a secure document, and have not been issued in California since 2001 

Souvenir birth certificates
Most hospitals in the U S  issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn  However, these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship, and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications  Many Americans believe the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates when, in reality, they hold little legal value 

Birth certificates after adoption
When an adoption is finalized in the U S , most states and the District of Columbia seal the original birth certificate  In its place, a replacement or amended birth certificate is issued, with the adoptee's new name and adoptive parents listed "as if" the adoptee was born to the adoptive parents  Adopted persons in ten states have an unrestricted right to obtain a copy of the original birth certificate when they are adults: Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, and Rhode Island  The remaining states and the District of Columbia either require a court order to release a copy of the original birth certificate or have other restrictions, such as permission of biological parent(s) or redaction of information upon request of a biological parent For foreign-born intercountry adoptees, U S  jurisdictions may issue a Certificate of Foreign Birth that serves as documentary evidence of the child's birth and the child's legal relationship to the adoptive United States parents  These certificates, however, do not serve as evidence of U S  citizenship and must be supplemented by another document to prove citizenship, such as a Certificate of Citizenship, a United States passport or a Certificate of Naturalization 

Consular reports of birth for individuals born overseas
Prior to 1990, the Vital Records Section of the Department's Passport Services office was responsible for certifying American births overseas, and issued form FS-545, formally known as a Certification of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America  In 1990, the department changed its policy to make clear that a report issued by them is only supplementary to, and does not substitute for a locally issued birth certificate; the report, however, does serve as prima facie documentary evidence of the acquisition of United States citizenship or non-citizen nationality at birth  The department contends that the issuance of birth certificates is a function that is expressly reserved to local vital statistics authorities and may not be assumed by a consular officer 
Notwithstanding the Department's position, however, a consular report of birth is often the only government-issued record of birth for certain individuals  For example, those born on a U S  Armed Forces base in Germany do not have their births registered with the local German registrar, but only with the Department of State  Because they cannot receive a German birth certificate, their CRBA is their de facto birth certificate  Between 1990 and December 2010, the department issued form DS-1350, formally known as a Certification of Report of Birth of a United States Citizen; and form FS-240, formally known as the Consular Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America  Since January 2011, the Department of State has issued only form FS-240 

See also
Birth registration in ancient Rome
Birth registration campaign in Liberia
Closed adoption
Death certificate
Identity card
Use of birth certificates in smart contracts
Marriage certificate
Marriage license
Passport
Sealed birth records
Vital record
People's Republic of China Marriage Certificate
Passage 6:
Malko Tarnovo Municipality
Malko Tarnovo Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Малко Търново, Obshtina Malko Tarnovo) is a municipality in Burgas Province, Bulgaria  It includes the town of Malko Tarnovo and a number of villages 

Demographics
Religion
According to the latest Bulgarian census of 2011, the religious composition, among those who answered the optional question on religious identification, was the following:
Passage 7:
Cargo 360
Cargo 360 was a cargo airline based in Seattle, Washington, USA  It specialised in ACMI (Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance and Insurance) wet lease operations  Its main headquarters was at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport 

History
The airline started operations on 15 May 2006  It was established by H  David Greenberg, and other entrepreneurs  The airline was owned by Oak Hill Capital Partners (86%) and David Greenberg, President and CEO (14%) On July 30, 2007, Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired Southern Air and merged the two airlines into one, giving birth to Southern Air Holdings, Inc  Consequently, Cargo 360 was absorbed into Southern Air in January 2008 and ceased operating under its own colors 
The logo and aircraft livery was designed by Dave and Jackie Greenberg and Chad Hill while with Redorchestra Creative (now defunct) in Chicago, IL 

Destinations
Cargo 360 had an ACMI contract with Korean Air Cargo between Incheon International Airport Incheon, South Korea and multiple destinations within the United States 

Fleet
As of September 2007, the Cargo 360 fleet included:
1 Boeing 747-3B5M(SF) - N301JD
2 Boeing 747-2B5F/SCD - N298JD and N299JD

See also
List of defunct airlines of the United States
Passage 8:
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in the reproduction of new offspring  In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetus to full term  The internal sex organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries  The female reproductive tract includes the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes and is prone to infections  The vagina allows for sexual intercourse and childbirth, and is connected to the uterus at the cervix   The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the fetus  The uterus also produces secretions which help the transit of sperm to the fallopian tubes, where sperm fertilize ova (egg cells) produced by the ovaries  The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening During the menstrual cycle, the ovaries release an ovum, which transits through the fallopian tube into the uterus  If an egg cell meets with sperm on its way to the uterus, a single sperm cell can enter and merge with it, fertilizing it into a zygote 
Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes and marks the beginning of embryogenesis  The zygote will then divide over enough generations of cells to form a blastocyst, which implants itself in the wall of the uterus  This begins the period of gestation and the embryo will continue to develop until full-term  When the fetus has developed enough to survive outside the uterus, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the newborn through the birth canal (the vagina) 
The corresponding equivalent among males is the male reproductive system 

External organs
The female external reproductive organs are the secondary sex organs that are visible externally 

Vulva
The vulva consists of all of the external parts and tissues and includes the mons pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin's glands, Skene's glands, clitoris, urethra, and vaginal opening 

Internal organs
The female internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries 

Vagina
The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb  It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy  The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse  Semen containing spermatozoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place 

Cervix
The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina  It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall  Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view  The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where the fetus emerges during delivery 

Uterus
The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ  The uterus provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the delivery)  In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth 
The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement  The uterosacral ligaments keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly  The round ligaments restrict posterior movement of the uterus  The cardinal ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus 
The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ  Its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose  The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth  If the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus, a female begins menstruation 

Fallopian tube
The Fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus  On maturity of an ovum, the follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the ovum to escape and enter the Fallopian tube  There it travels toward the uterus, pushed along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the tubes  This trip takes hours or days   If the ovum is fertilized while in the Fallopian tube, then it normally implants in the endometrium when it reaches the uterus, which signals the beginning of pregnancy 

Ovaries
The ovaries are small, paired organs located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity  These organs are responsible for the production of the egg cells (ova) and the secretion of hormones   The process by which the egg cell (ovum) is released is called ovulation  The speed of ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the length of a menstrual cycle 
After ovulation, the egg cell is captured by the Fallopian tube, after traveling down the Fallopian tube to the uterus, occasionally being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm  During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm's surface  The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin 

Function
The female reproductive system functions to produce offspring 
In the absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through menstruation 
The reproductive tract can be used for various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy, intrauterine insemination, and transluminal sterilization 

Development
Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at conception  This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited  Since the mother's egg contains an X chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome, it is the male who determines the fetus's sex  If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a female  In this case, testosterone is not made and the Wolffian duct will degrade thus, the Müllerian duct will develop into female sex organs  The clitoris is the remnants of the Wolffian duct  On the other hand, if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a male  The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade 

Clinical significance
Vaginitis
Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection  It is the most common gynaecological condition presented  It is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and method of microbial identification  Vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a sexually transmitted infection as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions  Vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge, which can have a certain color, odor, or quality 

Bacterial vaginosis
This is a vaginal infection in women  It differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation  Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting of many bacteria species  The diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present: (1) Homogenous, thin discharge, (2) a pH of 4 5 in the vagina, (3) epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria attached to them, or (4) a fishy odor  It has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as endometritis 

Yeast infection
This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at least 75% of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime  Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as Candida  Yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the vagina, which is usually acidic  Other factors such as pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems, tight fitting clothing, or douching can also be a cause  Symptoms of yeast infections include itching, burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like discharge from the vagina  Women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well  Taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection  Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus 

Genital mutilation
There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures  The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are clitoridectomy, the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the prepuce the skin around the clitoris  They can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as bleeding, irreparable tissue damage, and sepsis which can sometimes prove fatal 

Genital surgery
Genitoplasty refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment 
There are also elective surgical procedures which change the appearance of the external genitals 

Birth control
There are many types of birth control available to females   Birth control can be hormonal or physical in nature   Oral contraception can assist with management of various medical conditions, such as menorrhagia   However, oral contraceptives can have a variety of side effects, including depression 

Reproductive rights
The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics was founded in 1954 to promote the well-being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care  As of 2010 there were 124 countries involved 
Reproductive rights are legal rights related to reproduction and reproductive health  Women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health  Violation of these rights include forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, forced abortion and genital mutilation  Female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female's external genitals 

History
It is claimed in the Hippocratic writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception; otherwise, children would not resemble either or both of their parents  Four-hundred years later, Galen "identified" the source of 'female semen' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs 

See also
Conception
Development of the reproductive system
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Female infertility
Oogenesis
Human sexuality § Female anatomy and reproductive system
Orgasm § In females
Passage 9:
Sleen
Sleen is a village in Drenthe, Netherlands of about 2,500 people  Sleen has been inhabited for centuries  Much ancient history can be found in the area, particularly in the forests (which are planted, though)  At birth and during the Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795))  Sleen became the capital of one of the six “dingspels” (administrative areas) of Drenthe  When Drenthe was recognised as a province, Sleen became a municipality capital, before it merged into the municipality of Coevorden 
Sleen has a 450-year-old church  At about 68 meters, it is the highest church in the entire province  Nowadays, it functions as a Dutch Reformed Church  There is also another Protestant church in the village 
Nowadays, Sleen has its own supermarket (behind the former police station), library,  fish stand (every Wednesday), cafés, a few other shops, hair salons, petrol station, sports park (soccer, tennis, multipurpose indoor complex), horse riding school, houses for the elderly, and other facilities 
There are also two schools: CBS “de Fontein” (Christian primary school) and OBS “de Akker” (public primary school) 
“De Brink” is the “centre” and the old part of the village, with some historic houses and a brick road  This is also where the two churches are, and other facilities like the former municipal centre  New houses were constructed over time, and an area known as “de nieuwbouw” is where the most recently constructed houses can be found 
The famous Pieterpad (a long hiking route that runs from Pieterburen in the north of the country to the St Pietersberg in Maastricht in the south) goes straight through Sleen  The windmill De Hoop has been restored to working order 

Notable people
Joël Voordewind (born 1965), politician
Passage 10:
Star Trek: Birth of the Federation
Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive  The game was initially released in 1999 for Windows personal computers 
The game is set in the Star Trek fictional universe, specifically related to Star Trek: The Next Generation  The player takes control of one of five civilisations, either the Federation, Ferengi, Klingons, Romulans or Cardassians  Thirty other races from the Star Trek universe are included as minor races in the game  In addition to the strategy mode of the game, Birth of the Federation also features a 3D combat mode which uses the Falcon 4 0 engine 
The game's release was intended to tie-in with the film Star Trek: Insurrection  Birth of the Federation received average to good ratings from critics, who praised the look of the game but were critical of the AI of enemy factions, the research technologies and the time it took to play  It was compared to other games such as Master of Orion II and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri 

Gameplay
The game is a 4X turn-based computer strategy game set in The Next Generation era of Star Trek, with only starships and races from that series and movies  There are no ships or races from The Original Series or Star Trek: Voyager unless they appeared on The Next Generation  For example, the Romulan Warbird from The Next Generation appears, but the Romulan Bird of Prey from The Original Series does not  There are two designs from Deep Space Nine that are in the game: the Heavy Escort Defiant Class and the Cardassian Starbase design used for Deep Space Nine, both of which appeared in a TNG episode or movie as well  The game is played on a 2d Galaxy Map which represents star systems, task forces, empire borders and other space phenomena via the use of icons  Map size varies: small (10x13), medium (12x16), and huge (18x26)  There are also separate screens for empire research, colony management, intelligence and diplomacy which are all accessed from a right-click main menu The player starts with a star system under their control and the purpose of the game is to create the most powerful empire in the galaxy  This is achieved through diplomacy, colonization of new worlds and defeating rivals  Winning the game in an alliance with a rival empire is also possible  Unlike similar games such as Master of Orion, diplomacy isn't the core means of winning the game for all factions  Instead the victory conditions also allow for the player to win if they control 60% of the population of the galaxy and the inhabited systems, but an alliance with another empire increases the percentage required to 75%  The "Vendetta" victory conditions requires an Empire to defeat two rivals; for the Federation it is the Romulans and the Cardassians Space Battles are turn-based, and allow for the player to issue orders to individual vessels  The player then watches the two sides follow their respective orders at the same time  These sequences can be recorded and replayed later in multiple camera angles  Space combats can also be skipped, allowing the computer to work out the results  Unlike games like Master of Orion II, there is no ability to customise the look of individual vessels or classes  Each of these use predefined designs  Multiplayer for up to five players can be played over a LAN, and was available on the internet via Hasbro Interactive's Games com The player is also required to manage resources for their empire  At an individual system level, the player must manage energy to power structures, food to feed the population and industry units which determines how quickly ships and structures can be constructed  Across an empire, the player must also manage credits which allow for structures and ships to be instantly constructed, to support ships beyond the maximum allowed by the population and to be used as gifts or bribes  In addition to population, the number of starships that an empire can build simultaneously is restricted by the number of dilithium refineries it owns 

Factions
Although the title of the game is Birth of the Federation, the player can choose from five major powers: The Federation, the Klingon Empire, the Romulan Star Empire, the Cardassian Union, and the Ferengi Alliance  Each of these factions have different advantages, so while the Federation is more proficient at diplomacy, the Klingons are better in military matters, and the Romulans at espionage  The Ferengi are the best at trading and have the unique ability to set up trade routes with minor factions without the need for treaties, and the Cardassians benefit from an increased production speed  In addition, the minor races can be befriended by the player and can eventually become part of their empire (either by joining peacefully or by conquest)  There are 30 minor races in the game  Each minor race adds a unique ability to the empire that controls them, for example the Bolians allow the player to construct a building which increases the effectiveness of spies in the game, and the Betazoids (with their telepathy) boost the effectiveness of counterintelligence 

Production
MicroProse had developed similar games such as Civilization (1991) and had been involved in the publishing of the Simtex games Master of Orion (1993), Master of Magic (1994) and Master of Orion II: Battle at Antares (1996)  Simtex itself closed in 1997, but Birth of the Federation had been described by critics as an unofficial sequel to the Orion games, and was in the mold of Civilization and Master of Magic  Microprose had the rights to create games based on Star Trek: The Next Generation, but did not hold the rights to Star Trek: The Original Series which were held by Interplay Entertainment The 3D battle sequences used the Falcon 4 0 engine, with each vessel rendered fully  In addition to being called Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation, it was also referred to as Star Trek: Birth of the Federation  Microprose previewed the game alongside Star Trek: Klingon Honour Guard at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Atlanta, Georgia, in May 1998 The release of Birth of the Federation was intended to coincide with the theatrical release of the film Star Trek: Insurrection  Birth of the Federation was released on May 25, 1999, in the United States, and on May 28, in the United Kingdom 

Reception
The game received average reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings  Peter Suciu reviewed the game for CNN, and criticised the computer AI as it didn't portray the races in the same manner as in the television series  For example, the Klingon faction will seek peace agreements when they begin to lose a war, and the Federation will request tributes in order to prevent that faction from attacking the player  He was also disappointed that the earlier ships were still from Star Trek: The Next Generation rather than Star Trek: The Original Series  Suciu felt that the game was on-par with both Master of Orion and Master of Orion II, and said that knowledge of the races "makes for a more compelling game"  Keith Ferrell in his review for Computer Gaming World said that whilst the game was "attractively presented", the learning curve was steep and took a long time to play through  However, Daniel Erickson in his review for NextGen called it "A wonderful look at the Star Trek universe, but the actual game is sleep-inducing "The review in PC Magazine described Birth of the Federation said that the game had a "cool design" and "evocative music"  Mark Hill's review in PC Zone praised the turn based strategy mode, but described the battle sequences as "somewhat lacking"  He forgave that issue as the rest of the game was so "absorbing", and said that it was an "essential purchase for hard-core strategy nuts " He called it "the best Star Trek game yet "Trent C  Ward's review for IGN said that while the menu screens were "really cool-looking", they did a poor job when the game became complex because of the expansion of the player's empire during the course of the game  This meant that it could take up to fifteen minutes for each turn because the player would have to constantly click into and out of the various menu systems  As with the review for CNN, the IGN review also criticised the lack of a link between the diplomatic characteristics in the game and those seen in the television series  It summed up the game, saying "Birth of the Federation is nothing more than a frustrating copy of earlier turn based strategy games that doesn't work like it's supposed to  My recommendation is to leave this one on the shelf "The game entered the British all-format games charts at number five, the second highest new entry for that week  After one week, it dropped to tenth place, and then moved out of the top ten altogether in the week after that In 2017, PC Gamer ranked the game among the best Star Trek games 

Notes
Passage 11:
A Prisoner of Birth
A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan  This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's 1844 novel The Count of Monte Cristo  The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade 

Plot summary
After proposing to his childhood sweetheart Beth Wilson, Danny Cartwright takes her and her brother Bernie to celebrate at a nearby pub  In the pub, they are accosted by four people  Danny, Beth and Bernie attempt to leave the pub without getting involved in a fracas, but Spencer Craig, one of the four that confronted them, follows them out of the pub along with his friends 
A fight breaks out; Bernie is stabbed and dies  Danny is blamed for his murder in a well-orchestrated plot by Spencer (a barrister) and his friends: a popular actor, an aristocrat, and a young estate agent  Danny is arrested and convicted  Sentenced to 22 years in Belmarsh prison, the highest security jail in South-east London, United Kingdom, he encounters his two cellmates, Albert Crann, known as "Big Al," and Sir Nicholas Moncrieff  Meanwhile, outside the prison, Beth is pregnant with Danny's daughter 
Sir Nicholas slowly teaches Danny to read and to write  Their friendship grows closer, and Danny decides to dress like his friend in the hope that it will help his upcoming appeal  Danny begins to gather evidence for his appeal with the help of a young lawyer, Alex Redmayne, but unable to present the new evidence, Danny's appeal is denied, and he must serve his complete sentence in Belmarsh prison  He tries to escape several times but of no avail 
Nicholas is murdered by a fellow inmate and his death is made to be seen as a suicide by the murderer  The dead body is mistakenly presumed to be that of Danny's by the guards due to similarities between Nick and Danny's height and features  The timely intervention of Big Al leads to the subsequent escape of Danny who pretends to be Nick (who had completed his sentence in prison)  On the outside of the prison, Danny pretends to be Nicholas  He finds that he must sort out his friend's family affairs before pursuing his goals of clearing his name and taking revenge upon the four individuals who framed him for Bernie's murder 
A lengthy legal battle between himself and Nicholas' hated uncle Hugo leaves Danny Cartwright in the possession of over 50 million pounds with which he plans to expose Spencer Craig and clear his name, so that he will be able to live with Beth and his daughter 
Danny is caught out by Nick's friends and is held in custody  While his counsel begins Danny's bid for freedom his accusers are all brought to justice  Alex's father (an ex-barrister, QC, and Judge at the High Court) gains Danny's freedom and his name is cleared  Danny has another child and is called Nick in honour of his friend  Alex (his barrister) is made godfather for all his hard work in freeing Danny 
Passage 12:
Sincik
Sincik (Kurdish: Sinciq) is a town of Adıyaman Province of Turkey  It is the seat of Sincik District  The town is populated by Kurds of the Reşwan tribe and had a population of 4,344 in 2021  The mayor is Mehmet Korkut (BBP) 
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Ayengin, Cumhuriyet, Fatih, Karaman, Mahmutoğlu (Serindere), Onur and Zeynel Aslan 
Passage 13:
29th government of Turkey
The 29th government of Turkey (20 February 1965 – 27 October 1965) was a caretaker government in Turkey  The prime minister was Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, an independent  Four parties supported him: Justice Party (AP), New Turkey Party (YTP), Republican Villagers Nation Party (CKMP), and Nation Party (MP)  (This was the only time Nation Party ever participated in a government) 

The government
Some of the cabinet members were changed during the lifespan of the cabinet  In the list below, the serving period of cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column "Notes" 

Aftermath
The government resigned after the elections held on 10 October 1965, which the Justice Party won by a landslide  The 29th government was succeeded by the government of Süleyman Demirel 
Passage 14:
Suat Hayri Ürgüplü
Ali Suat Hayri Ürgüplü (13 August 1903, in Damascus, Ottoman Empire – 26 December 1981, in Istanbul, Turkey) was a Turkish politician who served a brief term as Prime Minister of Turkey in 1965  He was also the last Prime Minister to be born outside the territory of present-day Turkey, being born in Damascus, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire 

Early life
Ürgüplü graduated from Galatasaray High School  He was the descendant of a distinguished line of Ottoman religious scholars and administrators  His father was the celebrated Sheikh ul-Islam Ürgüplü Hayri Efendi, minister of religious affairs under the Committee of Union and Progress (or Young Turk) regime of 1913–1918 

Career
After a brief career as a judge, Ürgüplü entered the Parliament in 1939 and served as Minister of Customs and Public Monopolies in the Şükrü Saracoğlu cabinet in 1947–1948  He returned to the senate of Parliament in 1961 and was its chairman from 27 November 1963 to 6 November 1963  Ürgüplü was asked to form a non-partisan caretaker cabinet after the collapse of Premier İsmet İnönü's coalition government in 1965  The cabinet was formed on 5 February, and served until the parliamentary elections of 10 October, although it never received a vote of confidence in Parliament 
Ürgüplü continued to serve in the senate until 1972  He died on 27 December 1981 in Istanbul and was interred at the 
Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery 
Passage 15:
Hayrat
Hayrat is a town and district of Trabzon Province, located in the Black Sea region of Turkey  The mayor is Mehmet Nuhoğlu (AKP) 

History
During World War I, occupied by the Russians, Hayrat was freed from the occupation on 28 February 1918 
Passage 16:
Naim Talu
Mehmet Naim Talu (22 July 1919 – 15 May 1998) was a Turkish economist, banker, politician and former Prime Minister of Turkey 

Biography
Naim Talu was born in Istanbul in 1919  He was educated at Kabataş Erkek Lisesi  After graduating with a degree in economics from Istanbul University in 1943, he worked for a while in Sümerbank, a state owned textile company  He transferred to the Central Bank of Turkey in 1946  He became the general director of the bank in 1967 after serving one year as deputy  Following the reorganization of the Central Bank in 1970, he was appointed Governor of this institution  He died in Istanbul in 1998 

Political career
Naim Talu started his political career in 1971 by appointment to the ministry of trade in the second Erim cabinet  He kept his post also in the cabinet of Melen until President Cevdet Sunay admitted him to the Senate in 1972  Commissioned by President Fahri Korutürk following the resignation of Prime Minister Ferit Melen, he formed the 36th government on 15 April 1973 in consensus of the Justice Party with the Republican Reliance Party  His caretaker government lasted beyond the general elections in 1973, which did not set a clear majority for any party  With the forming of a coalition cabinet of the Republican People's Party along with the National Salvation Party under Bülent Ecevit on 26 January 1974, Talu's prime ministry ended  His membership in the Senate continued until 1976 
Naim Talu was a member of the board of Akbank, one of Turkey's largest banks, between 1974 and 1976, prior to his appointment as the chairman, which lasted until shortly before his death in 1998  He served the same period as a member of the board of trustees of the Sabancı Foundation VakSA 
He was survived by his wife Gevher Talu and his two daughters Tülin Talu and Füsun San 



ground_truth: Francisco Guterres

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Mehmet Hayri Tarhan's birthplace is the capital of what municipality?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  In the East it was found on the gold helmet of a Scythian king uncovered at the Ak-Burun kurgan and conserved in Saint Petersburg's Hermitage Museum 

Heraldic use
France
While the fleur-de-lis has appeared on countless European coats of arms and flags over the centuries, it is particularly associated with the French monarchy in a historical context and continues to appear in the arms of the king of Spain (from the French House of Bourbon), the grand duke of Luxembourg, and members of the House of Bourbon  It remains an enduring symbol of France which appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics  According to French historian Georges Duby, the three petals represent the three medieval social estates: the commoners, the nobility, and the clergy Although the origin of the fleur-de-lis is unclear, it has retained an association with French nobility  It is widely used in French city emblems as in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt, and Calais  Some cities that had been particularly faithful to the French Crown were awarded a heraldic augmentation of two or three fleurs-de-lis on the chief of their coat of arms; such cities include Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Reims, Le Havre, Angers, Le Mans, Aix-en-Provence, Tours, Limoges, Amiens, Orléans, Rouen, Argenteuil, Poitiers, Chartres, and Laon, among others  The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom  It has appeared on the coat-of-arms of other historical provinces of France including Burgundy, Anjou, Picardy, Berry, Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Maine, Touraine, Artois, Dauphiné, Saintonge, and the County of La Marche  Many of the current French departments use the symbol on their coats-of-arms to express this heritage 

The graphic evolution of crita to fleur-de-lis was accompanied by textual allegory  By the late 13th century, an allegorical poem by Guillaume de Nangis (d  1300), written at Joyenval Abbey in Chambourcy, relates how the golden lilies on an azure ground were miraculously substituted for the crescents on Clovis' shield, a projection into the past of contemporary images of heraldry The fleur-de-lis' symbolic origins with French monarchs may stem from the baptismal lily used in the crowning of King Clovis I  The French monarchy may have adopted the Fleur-de-lis for its royal coat of arms as a symbol of purity to commemorate the conversion of Clovis I, and a reminder of the Fleur-de-lis ampulla that held the oil used to anoint the king  So, the fleur-de-lis stood as a symbol of the king's divinely approved right to rule  The thus "anointed" kings of France later maintained that their authority was directly from God  A legend enhances the mystique of royalty by informing us that a vial of oil—the Holy Ampulla—descended from Heaven to anoint and sanctify Clovis as King, descending directly on Clovis or perhaps brought by a dove to Saint Remigius  One version explains that an angel descended with the Fleur-de-lis ampulla to anoint the king  Another story tells of Clovis putting a flower in his helmet just before his victory at the Battle of Vouillé  Through this propagandist connection to Clovis, the fleur-de-lis has been taken in retrospect to symbolize all the Christian Frankish kings, most notably Charlemagne In the 14th-century French writers asserted that the monarchy of France, which developed from the Kingdom of the West Franks, could trace its heritage back to the divine gift of royal arms received by Clovis  This story has remained popular, even though modern scholarship has established that the fleur-de-lis was a religious symbol before it was a true heraldic symbol  Along with true lilies, it was associated with the Virgin Mary, and in the 12th century Louis VI and Louis VII (House of Capet) started to use the emblem, on sceptres for example, so connecting their rulership with this symbol of saintliness and divine right  Louis VII ordered the use of fleur-de-lis clothing in his son Philip's coronation in 1179, while the first visual evidence of clearly heraldic use dates from 1211: a seal showing the future Louis VIII and his shield strewn with the "flowers"  Until the late 14th century the French royal coat of arms was Azure semé-de-lis Or (a blue shield "sown" (semé) with a scattering of small golden fleurs-de-lis), but Charles V of France changed the design from an all-over scattering to a group of three in about 1376  These two coats are known in heraldic terminology as France Ancient and France Modern, respectively 

In the reign of King Louis IX (St  Louis) the three petals of the flower were said to represent faith, wisdom and chivalry, and to be a sign of divine favour bestowed on France  During the next century, the 14th, the tradition of Trinity symbolism was established in France, and then spread elsewhere In 1328, King Edward III of England inherited a claim to the crown of France, and in about 1340 he quartered France Ancient with the arms of Plantagenet, as "arms of pretence"    After the kings of France adopted France Modern, the kings of England adopted the new design as quarterings from about 1411  The monarchs of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to quarter the French arms until 1801, when George III abandoned his formal claim to the French throne King Charles VII ennobled Joan of Arc's family on 29 December 1429 with an inheritable symbolic denomination  The Chamber of Accounts in France registered the family's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430  The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys 

France Moderne
France moderne remained the French royal standard, and with a white background was the French national flag until the French Revolution, when it was replaced by the tricolor of modern-day France  The fleur-de-lis was restored to the French flag in 1814, but replaced once again after the revolution against Charles X of France in 1830  In a very strange turn of events after the end of the Second French Empire, where a flag apparently influenced the course of history, Henri, comte de Chambord, was offered the throne as King of France, but he agreed only if France gave up the tricolor and brought back the white flag with fleurs-de-lis  His condition was rejected and France became a republic 

Other contries
In Brazil, the city of Joinville has three fleurs-de-lis surmounted with a label of three points on its flag and coat of arms  Due to the city is named after François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville, son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, who married Princess Francisca of Brazil in 1843 
The fleur-de-lis appears on the coat of Guadeloupe, an overseas département of France in the Caribbean, Saint Barthélemy, an overseas collectivity of France, and French Guiana  The overseas department of Réunion in the Indian Ocean uses the same feature  It appears on the coat of Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius which was named in honour of King Louis XV  On the coat of arms of Saint Lucia it represents the French heritage of the country 
In Ukraine, the Foreign Intelligence Service used the emblem with the coat of arms of Ukraine in conjunction with four golden fleurs-de-lis, along with the motto "Omnia, Vincit, Veritas" 

Municipal coats-of-arms
Fleurs-de-lis feature prominently in the Crown Jewels of England and Scotland  In English heraldry, they are used in many different ways, and can be the cadency mark of the sixth son  Additionally, it features in a large number of royal arms of the House of Plantagenet, from the 13th century onwards to the early Tudors (Elizabeth of York and the de la Pole family) The tressure flory–counterflory (flowered border) has been a prominent part of the design of the Scottish royal arms and Royal Standard since James I of Scotland 

In Italy, fleurs-de-lis have been used for some papal crowns and coats of arms, the Farnese Dukes of Parma, and by some doges of Venice The fleur-de-lis was also the symbol of the House of Kotromanić, a ruling house in medieval Bosnia allegedly in recognition of the Capetian House of Anjou, where the flower is thought of as a Lilium bosniacum  Today, fleur-de-lis is a national symbol of Bosniaks Other countries include Spain in recognition of rulers from the House of Bourbon  Coins minted in 14th-century Romania, from the region that was the Principality of Moldova at the time, ruled by Petru I Mușat, carry the fleur-de-lis symbol As a dynastic emblem it has also been very widely used: not only by noble families but also, for example, by the Fuggers, a medieval banking family 
Three fleurs-de-lis appeared in the personal coat of arms of Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt who ruled the Malta between 1601 and 1622  His nephew Adrien de Wignacourt, who was Grandmaster himself from 1690 to 1697, also had a similar coat of arms with three fleurs-de-lis 
The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread: among the numerous cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word 'lily', for example, Liljendal, Finland, and Lelystad, Netherlands  This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology  Other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden and Darmstadt in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania  The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats In Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms  These are derived from an arch which was part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct that had three sculpted fleurs-de-lis on top, as they were the heraldic symbols of Alof de Wignacourt, the Grand Master who financed its building  Another suburb which developed around the area became known as Fleur-de-Lys, and it also features a red fleur-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms 

Albania
In Albania, fleur-de-lys (alb: Lulja e Zambakut) has been always associated with the Noble House of Topia  After the Ottoman invasion of Albania, the symbol was removed by the Toptani family, a branch of the Topia Family 

Belarus
The Belarusian Scouting and Guiding organization that, while preserving the traditions of the past, uses a fleur-de-lis as a symbol 

Bosnia and Herzegovina
The golden lily is a traditional symbol of the Bosniak people  The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily, Lilium bosniacum  This emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998  The state insignia were changed in 1999  The former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy  Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of many cantons, municipalities, cities and towns  It is still used as official insignia of the Bosniak Regiment of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Canada
The Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon Flag"  symbolizing royal France, was the most commonly used flag in New France  The  "Bourbon Flag" has three gold fleur-de-lis on a dark blue field arranged two and one  The fleur-de-lys was also seen on New France's currency often referred to as "card money"  The white Royal Banner of France was used by the military of New France and was seen on naval vessels and forts of New France  After the fall of New France to the British Empire the fleur-de-lys remained visible on churches and remained part of French cultural symbolism  There are many French-speaking Canadians for whom the fleur-de-lis remains a symbol of their French cultural identity  Québécois, Franco-Ontarians, Franco-Ténois and Franco-Albertans, feature the fleur-de-lis prominently on their flags 
The Fleur-de-lys, as a traditional Royal symbol in Canada, has been incorporated into many national symbols, provincial symbols and
municipal symbols, The Canadian Red Ensign that served as the nautical flag and civil ensign for Canada from 1892 to 1965 and later as an informal flag of Canada before 1965 featured the traditional number of three golden fleur-de-lys on a blue background  The Arms of Canada throughout its variations has used fleur-de-lys, beginning in 1921 and subsequent various has featuring the blue "Bourbon Flag" in two locations within arms  The Canadian Royal cypher and the Arms of Canada feature St Edward's Crown that displays five cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys   The fleur-de-lis is featured on the flag of Quebec, known as the Fleurdelisé, as well as the flags of the cities of Montreal, Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières 

Italy
In Italy, the fleur de lis - called giglio bottonato (it) - is mainly known from the crest of the city of Florence  In the Florentine fleurs-de-lis  the stamens are always posed between the petals  Originally argent (silver or white) on gules (red) background, the emblem became the standard of the imperial party in Florence (parte ghibellina), causing the town government, which maintained a staunch Guelph stance, being strongly opposed to the imperial pretensions on city states, to reverse the color pattern to the final gules lily on argent background  This heraldic charge is often known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional (stamen-not-shown) design  As an emblem of the city, it is therefore found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop, and associated with Florence's patron Saint John the Baptist in the Florentine fiorino  Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens 

Lithuania
The design of the arms of Jurbarkas is believed to originate from the arms of the Sapieha house, a Lithuanian noble family which was responsible for Jurbarkas receiving city rights and a coat of arms in 1611 The three fleurs-de-lis design on the Jurbarkas coat of arms was abolished during the final years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but officially restored in 1993 after the independence of present-day Lithuania was re-established  Before restoration, several variant designs, such as using one over two fleurs-de-lis, had been restored and abolished  The original two over one version was briefly readopted in 1970 during the Soviet occupation, but abolished that same year 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a fleur-de-lis has appeared in the official arms of the Norroy King of Arms for hundreds of years  A silver fleur-de-lis on a blue background is the arms of the Barons Digby In English and Canadian heraldry the fleur-de-lis is the cadence mark of a sixth son It can also be found on the arms of the Scottish clan Chiefs of both Carruthers; Gules two engrailed chevrons between three fleur-d-lis Or and the Brouns/Browns: Gules a chevron between three fleur d-lis Or 

United States
Fleurs-de-lis crossed the Atlantic along with Europeans going to the New World, especially with French settlers  Their presence on North American flags and coats of arms usually recalls the involvement of French settlers in New France of the town or region concerned, and in some cases the persisting presence there of a population descended from such settlers 

In the US, the fleur-de-lis symbols tend to be along or near the Mississippi and Missouri rivers  These are areas of strong French colonial empire settlement  Some of the places that have it in their flag or seal are the cities of Baton Rouge, Detroit, Lafayette, Louisville, Mobile, New Orleans, Ocean Springs and St  Louis  On 9 July 2008, Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal signed a bill into law making the fleur-de-lis an official symbol of the state  Following Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005, the fleur-de-lis has been widely used in New Orleans and throughout Louisiana, as a symbol of grassroots support for New Orleans' recovery  The coat of arms of St  Augustine, Florida has a fleur-de-lis on the first quarter, due to its connection with Huguenots  Several counties have flags and seals based on pre-1801 British royal arms also includes fleur-de-lis symbols  They are King George County, Virginia and Prince George's County, Somerset County, Kent County, and Montgomery County in Maryland 
It has also become the symbol for the identity of the Cajuns and Louisiana Creole people, and their French heritage 

Military
Fleurs-de-lis are featured in military healdry  E g , in the United States, the New Jersey Army National Guard unit 112th Field Artillery (Self Propelled)—part of the much larger 42nd Infantry Division Mechanized—which has it in the upper left side of their distinctive unit insignia; the U S  Army's 2nd Cavalry Regiment, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 62nd Medical Brigade, 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team; and the Corps of Cadets at Louisiana State University   The U S  Air Force's Special Operations Weather Beret Flash also used a fleurs-de-lis in its design, carried over from its Vietnam War era Commando Weatherman Beret Flash  It is also featured by the Israeli Intelligence Corps, and the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force  In the British Army, the fleur-de-lis was the cap badge of the Manchester Regiment from 1922 until 1958, and also its successor, the King's Regiment up to its amalgamation in 2006  It commemorates the capture of French regimental colours by their predecessors, the 63rd Regiment of Foot, during the Invasion of Martinique in 1759  It is also the formation sign of the 2nd (Independent) Armored Brigade of the Indian Army, known as the 7th Indian Cavalry Brigade in First World War, which received the emblem for its actions in France 

In religion and art
In the Middle Ages, the symbols of lily and fleur-de-lis overlapped considerably in Christian religious art  The historian Michel Pastoureau says that until about 1300 they were found in depictions of Jesus, but gradually they took on Marian symbolism and were associated with the Song of Solomon's "lily among thorns" (lilium inter spinas), understood as a reference to Mary  Other scripture and religious literature in which the lily symbolizes purity and chastity also helped establish the flower as an iconographic attribute of the Virgin  It was also believed that the fleur-de-lis represented the Holy Trinity In medieval England, from the mid-12th century, a noblewoman's seal often showed the lady with a fleur-de-lis, drawing on the Marian connotations of "female virtue and spirituality"  Images of Mary holding the flower first appeared in the 11th century on coins issued by cathedrals dedicated to her, and next on the seals of cathedral chapters, starting with Notre Dame de Paris in 1146  A standard portrayal was of Mary carrying the flower in her right hand, just as she is shown in that church's Virgin of Paris statue (with lily), and in the centre of the stained glass rose window (with fleur-de-lis sceptre) above its main entrance  The flowers may be "simple fleurons, sometimes garden lilies, sometimes genuine heraldic fleurs-de-lis"  As attributes of the Madonna, they are often seen in pictures of the Annunciation, notably in those of Sandro Botticelli and Filippo Lippi  Lippi also uses both flowers in other related contexts: for instance, in his Madonna in the Forest 
The three petals of the heraldic design reflect a widespread association with the Holy Trinity, with the band on the bottom symbolizing Mary  The tradition says that without Mary you can not understand the Trinity since it was she who bore the Son  A tradition going back to 14th century France added onto the earlier belief that they also represented faith, wisdom and chivalry  Alternatively, the cord can be seen as representing the one Divine Substance (godhood) of the three Persons, which binds Them together 
"Flower of light" symbolism has sometimes been understood from the archaic variant fleur-de-luce (see Latin lux, luc- = "light"), but the Oxford English Dictionary suggests this arose from the spelling, not from the etymology 

Sports
The fleur-de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag  This is true with the teams from Quebec (Nordiques (ex-NHL), Montreal Expos (ex-MLB) and CF Montréal (MLS)), the teams of New Orleans, Louisiana (Saints (NFL), Pelicans (NBA), and Zephyrs (PCL)), the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien – The Lilies), the Rugby league team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, the NPSL team Detroit City FC Marc-André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur-de-lis logo on his mask  The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St-Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur-de-lis on his right calf  The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F C  has it in their logo  France uses the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 

Education
The emblem appears in coats of arms and logos for universities (like Washington University in St  Louis, Saint Louis University in Spain, University of Lincoln in England and University of Louisiana at Lafayette) and schools such as in Hilton College (South Africa), Adamson University and St  Paul's University in the Philippines  The Lady Knights of the University of Arkansas at Monticello have also adopted the fleur de lis as one of the symbols associated with their coat of arms  The flag of Lincolnshire, adopted in 2005, has a fleur-de-lis for the city of Lincoln  It is one of the symbols of the American sororities Kappa Kappa Gamma and Theta Phi Alpha, the American fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Sigma Alpha Mu, as well as the international co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega  It is also used by the high school and college fraternity Scouts Royale Brotherhood of the Philippines 

Scouting
The fleur-de-lis is the main element in the logo of most Scouting organizations  The symbol was first used by Sir Robert Baden-Powell as an arm-badge for soldiers who qualified as scouts (reconnaissance specialists) in the 5th Dragoon Guards, which he commanded at the end of the 19th century; it was later used in cavalry regiments throughout the British Army until 1921  In 1907, Baden-Powell made brass fleur-de-lis badges for the boys attending his first experimental "Boy Scout" camp at Brownsea Island  In his seminal book Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell referred to the motif as "the arrowhead which shows the North on a map or a compass" and continued; "It is the Badge of the Scout because it points in the right direction and upward    The three points remind you of the three points of the Scout Promise", being duty to God and country, helping others, and keeping the Scout Law  The World Scout Emblem of the World Organization of the Scout Movement has elements which are used by most national Scout organizations  The stars stand for truth and knowledge, the encircling rope for unity, and its reef knot or square knot, service 

Organizations
Fleurs-de-lis appear on military insignia and the logos of many organisations  During the 20th century the symbol was adopted by various Scouting organisations worldwide for their badges  Architects and designers use it alone and as a repeated motif in a wide range of contexts, from ironwork to bookbinding, especially where a French context is implied 

Healdic feature in architecture
In building and architecture, the fleur-de-lis is often placed on top of iron fence posts, as a pointed defence against intruders  It may ornament any tip, point or post with a decorative flourish, for instance, on finials, the arms of a cross, or the point of a gable  The fleur-de-lis can be incorporated in friezes or cornices, although the distinctions between fleur-de-lis, fleuron, and other stylized flowers are not always clear, or can be used as a motif in an all-over tiled pattern, perhaps on a floor 
It may appear in a building for heraldic reasons, as in some English churches where the design paid a compliment to a local lord who used the flower on his coat of arms  Elsewhere the effect seems purely visual, like the crenellations on the 14th-century Muslim Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 
It can also be seen on the doors of the 16th-century Hindu Padmanabhaswamy Temple 

Derived non-heraldic usage
Some modern usage of the fleur-de-lis reflects "the continuing presence of heraldry in everyday life", often intentionally, but also when users are not aware that they are "prolonging the life of centuries-old insignia and emblems" 

The symbol may be used in less traditional ways  After Hurricane Katrina many New Orleanians of varying ages and backgrounds were tattooed with "one of its cultural emblems" as a "memorial" of the storm, according to a researcher at Tulane University  The US Navy Blue Angels have named a looping flight demonstration manoeuvre after the flower as well, and there are even two surgical procedures called "after the fleur "
American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet takes its name from the racing driver Louis Chevrolet, who was born in Switzerland   But, because the Chevrolet name is French, the manufacturer has used the fleur-de-lis emblems on their cars, most notably the Corvette, but also as a small detail in the badges and emblems on the front of a variety of full-size Chevys from the 1950s, and 1960s   The fleur-de-lis has also been featured more prominently in the emblems of the Caprice sedan A fleur-de-lis also appears in some of the logos of local Louisiana media, such as WGNO-TV and WVUE-TV, the local ABC-affiliated and Fox-affiliated television stations in New Orleans respectively 
The fleur-de-lis is one of the objects to drop during the New Year's Eve celebrations in New Orleans, which was broadcast for the first time during Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve '17 with Ryan Seacrest 
New Orleans sludge metal band Crowbar use it as a logo  It's appeared on every album cover since Lifesblood for the Downtrodden and is sometimes incorporated into the artwork (on The Serpent Only Lies as a snake and on Sever the Wicked Hand as a sword's hilt)  The Fleur-de-lis is also used decoratively on fire apparatus 

Compass rose
The symbol is also often used on a compass rose to mark the north direction, a tradition started by the Portuguese cartographer Jorge de Aguiar in his chart of 1492 

Slave branding
In Mauritius, slaves were branded with a fleur-de-lis, when being punished for escaping or stealing food In France, some categories of outlaws were branded with a fleur de lys iron rod as a punishment for crimes involving a banishment sentence  In 1724, the punishment evolved in a system of letters brandings relative to the crime  The fleur de lys became an exclusive punishment for slaves in the colonies 
The fleur-de-lis (or flower de Luce) could be branded on slaves as punishment for certain offenses in French Louisiana   For instance, the Louisiana Code Noir (1724) stated:

XXXII  The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the shoulder: and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder  On the third offence, he shall suffer death" 
The Code Noir was an arrangement of controls received in Louisiana in 1724 from other French settlements around the globe, intended to represent the state's slave populace  Those guidelines included marking slaves with the fleur-de-lis as discipline for fleeing 

In fiction
The symbol has featured in modern fiction on historical and mystical themes, as in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code and other books discussing the Priory of Sion  It recurs in French literature, where examples well known in English translation include Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, a character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo, and the mention in Dumas's The Three Musketeers of the old custom of branding a criminal with the sign (fleurdeliser)  During the reign of Elizabeth I of England, known as the Elizabethan era, it was a standard name for an iris, a usage which lasted for centuries, but occasionally refers to lilies or other flowers  It also appeared in the novel A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole on a sign composed by the protagonist 

In John Steinbeck's East of Eden, Cathy Ames ("Kate") wears a gold watch with a fleur-de-lis pin around her neck A variation on the symbol has also been used in the Star Wars franchise to represent the planet of Naboo  The fleur de lis is also used as the heraldic emblem for the Kingdom of Temeria in Andrzej Sapkowski's fantasy novel series The Witcher 
The fleur de lis has also been used in the TV series The Originals, in which it is used to represent the Mikaelson family, the first vampires in the world  The symbol's representation of unity and its usage in New Orleans where the show is set, are used to represent the vow three of the Mikaelson siblings made to each other that they remain together, always and forever 
The fleur de lis is displayed in Champion, a cavalry unit that appears in Heroes of Might and Magic V: Tribes of the East, and is also a symbol adopted by the Sisters of Battle, a faction in Warhammer 40,000  A heavily stylized fleur de lis symbol can also be recognized as the symbol of the ICA in the Hitman series of video games The Pokémon villain Lysandre; whose debut game was Pokémon X and Y is known in Japan as フラダリ (Furadari); a romanised name for the fleur-de-lis  Relevant is that Pokémon X and Y are inspired by France  Many locations and landmarks across Kalos have real-world inspirations, including Prism Tower (Eiffel Tower), the Lumiose Art Museum (the Louvre) and the stones outside Geosenge Town (Carnac stones) This symbol is also used as the icon for the fictional street gang "Third Street Saints" in the Saints Row series 
The symbol is also seen in the video games Gangstar: New Orleans and Persona 5, on Yusuke Kitagawa's shirt 

See also
Cross fleury
Floral emblem
Armorial of France
The Golden Lily (disambiguation)
Iris florentina
Iris pseudacorus
Jessant-de-lys
Lilium
Palmette
Prince of Wales's feathers
Shamrock
Scottish thistle
Tree of LifeUse of the lily in coinage and coat-of-arms in the Land of Israel/PalestineAcre, Israel, where the Hospitaller refectory contains two early depictions of the French fleur-de-lis
Hasmonean coinage, coins minted during Hasmonean rule, sometimes depicting a lily
Yehud coinage, Achaemenid period coinage often depicting a lily

Explanatory notes
Passage 8:
Sazerac
The Sazerac is a local variation of a cognac or whiskey cocktail originally from New Orleans, named for the Sazerac de Forge et Fils brand of cognac brandy that served as its original main ingredient  The drink is most traditionally a combination of
cognac or rye whiskey, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey is sometimes substituted for the rye and Herbsaint is sometimes substituted for the absinthe  Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in antebellum New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word cocktail to describe a mixture of spirits, bitters, and sugar can be traced to the dawn of the 19th century 

Characteristics
The defining feature of the Sazerac is its method of preparation, which commonly involves two chilled old-fashioned glasses  The first glass is swirled with a wash of absinthe for its flavor and strong scent  The second glass is used to combine the remaining ingredients, which are stirred with ice, then strained into the first glass  Various anisettes such as pastis, Pernod, or Herbsaint are common substitutes when absinthe is unavailable  In New Orleans, Herbsaint is most commonly used due to the absence of absinthe in the U S  market from 1912 until 2007 

History
Around 1850, Sewell T  Taylor sold his New Orleans bar, the Merchants Exchange Coffee House, to become an importer of spirits, and he began to import a brand of cognac named Sazerac-de-Forge et Fils  Meanwhile, Aaron Bird assumed proprietorship of the Merchants Exchange and changed its name to Sazerac Coffee House  On October 2, 2019, the Sazerac House opened to the public as a museum and immersive experience that shares the history of the New Orleans cocktail culture, including the Sazerac Legend has it that Bird began serving the "Sazerac Cocktail", made with Sazerac cognac imported by Taylor, and allegedly with bitters being made by the local apothecary, Antoine Amedie Peychaud  The Sazerac Coffee House subsequently changed hands several times, until around 1870 Thomas Handy became its proprietor  It is around this time that the primary ingredient changed from cognac to rye whiskey, due to the phylloxera epidemic in Europe that devastated the vineyards of France At some point before his death in 1889, Handy recorded the recipe for the cocktail, which made its first printed appearance in William T  "Cocktail Bill" Boothby's The World's Drinks and How to Mix Them (1908), although his recipe calls for Selner Bitters, not Peychaud's  After absinthe was banned in the United States in 1912, it was replaced by various anise-flavored liqueurs, most notably the locally produced Herbsaint, which first appeared in 1934 By the early 20th century, simple cocktails like the Sazerac had become rare, which eventually rekindled their popularity The creation of the Sazerac has also been credited to Antoine Amédée Peychaud, a Creole apothecary who emigrated to New Orleans from the West Indies and set up shop in the French Quarter in the early 19th century  He was known to dispense a proprietary mix of aromatic bitters from an old family recipe  
According to popular myth, he served his drink in the large end of an egg cup that was called a coquetier in French, and the Americanized mispronunciation resulted in the name cocktail  This belief was debunked when people discovered that the term "cocktail" as a type of drink first appeared in print at least as far back as 1803—and was defined in print in 1806 as, "a mixture of spirits of any kind, water, sugar and bitters, vulgarly called a bittered sling" 

Official cocktail of New Orleans
In March 2008, Louisiana state senator Edwin R  Murray (D-New Orleans) filed Senate Bill 6 designating the Sazerac as Louisiana's official state cocktail  The bill was defeated on April 8, 2008  After further debate, on June 23, 2008, the Louisiana Legislature agreed to proclaim the Sazerac as New Orleans' official cocktail In 2011, as a writer for the HBO TV series Treme, Anthony Bourdain penned a scene in which chef Janette Desautel (played by Kim Dickens) tosses one in the face of restaurant critic and food writer Alan Richman (appearing as himself)  Richman had angered many New Orleanians in 2006 with an article in the magazine GQ, in which he criticized New Orleans' food culture post-Hurricane Katrina  Despite reservations, he agreed to participate in the scene and called Sazerac "a good choice of weaponry, because it symbolizes the city", despite a running feud with Bourdain over, among other things, the review 

Similar cocktails
A cocktail named the Zazarack was included in the 1910 version of Jack's Manual, an early bartender's reference written by Jacob "Jack" Grohusko, the head bartender at Baracca's restaurant in New York  It is essentially the same cocktail as the Sazerac, but called for bourbon (and not rye) instead of cognac Later versions of the drink were spelled Zazarac and added rum, and are thought by some to be a variant of the Sazerac, although it might have originated completely independently of the more famous drink 

Brands
Sazerac is also a brand of rye whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company 

See also
List of cocktails
Old Fashioned
Passage 9:
Marie Ragghianti
Marie Fajardo Ragghianti (born June 13, 1942) is an American parole board administrator, famous as the whistleblower who exposed Tennessee Governor Ray Blanton's "clemency for cash" scandal in 1977-79 
Ragghianti grew up in Florida, where she was regarded as a beauty queen  She married a boxer, but her husband became an alcoholic  Their son nearly died from a lung infection at the age of two  They divorced, leaving Ragghianti with three young children In 1971, at the age of 29, Ragghianti won a scholarship to Vanderbilt University, and earned a Bachelor of Science in English Literature and Psychology (1975)  She was active in the Vanderbilt Young Democrats Club and caught the attention of newly elected governor Blanton's legal counsel, T  Edward "Eddie" Sisk  She was an extradition officer for the Tennessee Department of Correction (1975–76) and the chair of the Tennessee Board of Pardons and Paroles (1976–77) Ragghianti earned a M S  in Management of Human Services in 1978 from Vanderbilt University, and a Master of Public Administration (M P A ) from the Harvard University John F  Kennedy School of Government in 1992  She worked as a consultant to the Tennessee legislature in 1979  From 1979 through 1997, she worked as a criminal justice consultant  From 1997 through 1999, she worked as the chief of staff for the United States Parole Commission Ragghianti was responsible for a federal investigation of corruption in the Tennessee parole and pardon process that led to the conviction of the governor and two aides, and was the subject of the 1985 movie Marie  Her attorney during the trial was Fred Thompson, who began his acting career portraying himself in the movie 
Ragghianti received the Goldsmith Award for journalism while attending the Kennedy School of Government and was a National Institute on Drug Abuse fellow while attending the graduate program in criminal justice at the University of Albany, SUNY She was appointed a member of the U S  Parole Commission National Appeals Board on December 9, 1999, by President Bill Clinton in a recess appointment  She was designated as the board's vice chairperson on January 6, 2000  Her appointment expired December 15, 2000 after no action on her nomination had been taken by the United States Senate 
Passage 10:
Aérodrome Saint-Louis
The Aérodrome Saint-Louis, also called Aérodrome du Bois Gomin or Canadian Transcontinental Airways Airport, was the first airfield of the Quebec City area of Quebec, Canada  It was located in the suburb of Sainte-Foy 
It was established by Canadian Transcontinental Airways (1927–38)  (Compagnie Aérienne Transcontinentale) in 1928 in the fields between Cap-Rouge Road (now called Chemin Saint-Louis) and Gomin Road (Chemin Gomin), east of the Route de l'Église where the Laurier Québec and Place Sainte-Foy shopping centres are currently located  It was used during winter to transport mail between Montreal and Rimouski 
It was closed in 1938, when Canadian Transcontinental Airways ceased operations, and in 1939 a new airfield was established in Quebec City; Aéroport de l'Ancienne Lorette, today known as Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport 

See also
List of airports in Canada
Québec/Lac Saint-Augustin Water Airport

External links
Un chemin Gomin au long parcours



ground_truth: Malko Tarnovo Municipality