prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the first African American student at the university Robert Khayat was educated at?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Robert Robinson Taylor
Robert Robinson Taylor (June 8, 1868 – December 13, 1942) was an American architect and educator  Taylor was the first African-American student enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the first accredited African-American architect when he graduated in 1892  He was an early and influential member of the Tuskegee Institute faculty 
A native of Wilmington, North Carolina, Taylor remained in architectural practice in the American South for over forty years  He was part of what was possibly the nation’s first black architecture firm, Taylor and Persley, a partnership founded in July 1920 with Louis H  Persley  He designed many of the early buildings of the Tuskegee Institute, and at several other Historically black colleges and universities  As second-in-command to Booker T  Washington, the Tuskegee Institute's founder, Taylor was instrumental in both campus planning and inventing the school's industrial curriculum 

Early life
Robert Robinson Taylor was born on June 8, 1868, in Wilmington, North Carolina  His father, Henry Taylor, worked as a carpenter and businessman, born into slavery but freed in 1847 by his father and owner Angus Taylor  His mother, Emily Still, was the daughter of freedmen even prior to the Civil War  He left home for MIT in 1888, where he studied architecture  In June 1890 and again in September 1891, he was recommended for the Loring Scholarship, which he held for two consecutive academic years: 1890–1891 and 1892–1893 During his course of study at MIT, he talked in person on more than one occasion with Booker T  Washington  What Washington had in mind was for Taylor to develop the industrial program at Tuskegee and to plan and direct the construction of new buildings for the campus  At the MIT faculty meeting on May 26, 1892, Taylor was one of twelve students in Course IV, the architectural program, recommended for a degree  The class of 1892 was the largest on record since MIT's founding  After graduation Taylor did not head directly to Tuskegee  He finally accepted the Tuskegee offer in the fall or winter of 1892 

Career
Taylor's first building project on the Tuskegee University campus was the Science Hall (Thrasher Hall) completed in 1893  The new Science Hall was constructed entirely by students, using bricks made also by students under Taylor's supervision  The project epitomized Washington's philosophy of instilling in Tuskegee students, the descendants of former enslaved Africans, the value and dignity of physical labor   It exemplified of the capabilities of African Americans in the building trades, and it underscored the larger potential of the manual training curricula being developed at Tuskegee  A number of other buildings followed, including the original Tuskegee Chapel, erected between 1895 and 1898, and The Oaks, built in 1899 as Tuskegee's presidential residence From 1899 to 1902, he returned to Cleveland, Ohio, to work on his own and for the architectural firm of Charles W  Hopkinson  Upon his return to Tuskegee from Cleveland in 1902, he was architect and director of "mechanical industries" until his retirement in the mid-1930s  To develop a sound curriculum at Tuskegee, both Washington and Taylor drew inspiration from MIT as a model  Taylor's own admiration for MIT as a model for Tuskegee's development was conveyed in a speech that he delivered at MIT in 1911  Taylor cited examples to the 1911 US Congress in a paper to illustrate the kinds of rigorous ideas, approaches, and methods that Tuskegee had adopted from MIT and successfully applied within the context of a black educational institution Taylor also designed buildings that were not at Tuskegee  These include Carnegie libraries at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and at Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina  With his later partner, the black architect Louis H  Persley, he did large buildings at Selma University in Selma, Alabama, and the Colored Masonic Temple, which is also an office building and entertainment venue, in Birmingham, Alabama He served for a period as vice-principal of Tuskegee, beginning in 1925  In 1929, under the joint sponsorship of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, the Liberian government, and Firestone Rubber, he went to Kakata, Liberia to lay out architectural plans and devise a program in industrial training for the proposed Booker Washington Institute – "the Tuskegee of Africa " Robert Taylor served on the Mississippi Valley Flood Relief Commission, appointed by President Herbert Hoover, and was chairman of the Tuskegee chapter of the American Red Cross Following his retirement to his native Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1935, the governor of North Carolina appointed Taylor to the board of trustees of what is now Fayetteville State University  Moreover, in 1942, less than a decade after his retirement from Tuskegee, he wrote to the secretary of his MIT class indicating that he had just been released from treatment for an unspecified illness at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota  "Thanks to a kind Providence and skillful physicians," he said, "I am much better now "

Personal life
In 1898, he married Beatrice Rochon Taylor  They had four children, one of whom, Robert Rochon Taylor, became a noted housing advocate in Chicago  Beatrice's younger sister was teacher and pharmacist Etnah Rochon Boutte  After Beatrice died in 1906, Robert remarried in 1912 to Nellie Chestnutt; they had one child 

Death
He died on December 13, 1942, while attending services in the Tuskegee Chapel, the building that he considered his most outstanding achievement as an architect  He was buried at the Pine Forest Cemetery in Wilmington, North Carolina 

Legacy
The Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science at Tuskegee University is named for Taylor  The housing project in Chicago, Robert Taylor Homes, was named after his son, Robert Rochon Taylor, a civic leader and former Chairman of the Chicago Housing Authority 
The US Postal Service has a postage stamp with his likeness His great-granddaughter, Valerie Jarrett, was a senior advisor to Former President Barack Obama 

Projects
Huntington Hall (1900)
Emery dormitories 4 buildings (1900)
Dorothy Hall (1901) Tuskegee Institute
Women's Trades Building (1901)
Carnegie Library (1901)
Administration Building (1902–03)
Rockefeller Hall (1903)
Men's residence Hall (1904)
Douglass Hall (1904)
Collis P  Huntington Memorial Building academic building(1904–05)
Tantum Hall (1907)
Milbank Agriculture Building (1909)
Tompkins Hall, dining facility (1910)
White Hall, women's dormitory (1910)
John A  Andrew Memorial Hospital (1913)
Laundry, now The George Washington Carver Museum (1915)
James Hall (1921)
Prince Hall Masonic Temple (1924)
Sage Hall (1927)
Wilcox Trade Buildings, architecture buildings (1928)
Logan Hall, old gym (1931)
Armstrong Science Building (1932)
Hollis Burke Frissell Library (1932)

See also
African-American architects
Robert Charles Bates, an early architecture teacher at Claflin University
Passage 2:
Helen Eugenia Hagan
Helen Eugenia Hagan (January 10, 1891 – March 6, 1964) was an American pianist, music educator and composer of African descent 

Life
Helen Eugenia Hagan was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the daughter of John A  and Mary Estella Neal Hagan  She studied piano with her mother and then in the public schools of New Haven, Connecticut  Around the age of nine, she began playing organ for the Dixwell Avenue Congregational United Church in New Haven She studied at Yale School of Music with pianist H Stanley Knight and composer Horatio Parker, graduating in 1912 with a bachelor's degree in music  In doing so, she became the first known African American woman to earn a Yale degree She performed as soloist on her own Piano Concerto in C Minor in May 1912 with the New Haven Symphony Orchestra conducted by Parker  She received the Samuel Simmons Stanford scholarship to study in Paris, with Blanche Selva and Vincent d'Indy, and graduated from Schola Cantorum in 1914 Hagan returned to the United States as World War I began and began a career as a concert pianist, touring from 1915 to 1918  In 1918 she was music director (i e  music department chair) at Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State College  In early 1919 she left for France to entertain black troops of the American Expeditionary Forces, along with spirituals singer Joshua Blanton and the Rev  Henry Hugh Proctor, under the auspices of the YMCA  General John Pershing personally requested that Ms  Hagan entertain the troops In 1920 Hagan married John Taylor Williams of Morristown, New Jersey but continued her concert career  They divorced ca  1931 She had a music studio in Morristown for at least a decade and was the first African American woman admitted to the Morristown Chamber of Commerce  She taught at the Mendelssohn Conservatory of Music in Chicago and pursued a Masters of Arts degree from Teachers College, Columbia University  In the 1930s she served as dean of music at Bishop College in Marshall, Texas  She also continued to work as a choir director and church organist  She died in New York City after an extended illness On September 29, 2016, a crowdfunded monument for Hagan's previously unmarked grave was unveiled at New Haven's Evergreen Cemetery, and the day was declared "Women Making Music Day" by New Haven mayor Toni Harp  The New Haven Symphony Orchestra's season opening concert that evening was performed in Ms  Hagan's honor The only known video footage of Helen Hagen is in the 1954 New York Board of Education documentary Let Us Break Bread Together, where she is shown performing in a school context 

Works
The Piano Concerto is the only work by Helen Hagan to survive  In 2014 Lola Perrin and the Ivory Duo Piano Ensemble made a transcription from the 1912 manuscript to create a performable version in a piano reduction  In 2022, pianist Samantha Ege recorded a two piano version on her album Black Renaissance Woman  Composer and Yale School of Music alum Soomin Kim has re-orchestrated the work based on the existing sources  The new version was first performed by the Yale Philharmonia and Samantha Ege on October 21, 2022 Her other compositions, including songs, piano pieces, a violin sonata (pre-1912), and string quartets, have all been lost  The New Haven Symphony Orchestra is an active advocate for Ms  Hagan's legacy and encourages anyone who might be in possession of a score or manuscript of her music to please contact the Symphony 
Passage 3:
Todd Duncan
Robert Todd Duncan (February 12, 1903 – February 28, 1998) was an American baritone opera singer and actor  One of the first African-Americans to sing with a major opera company, Duncan is also noted for appearing as Porgy in the premier production of Porgy and Bess (1935) 

Early life
Duncan was born February 12, 1903, in Danville, Kentucky, to John and Lettie (Cooper) Duncan   They were married in Danville 1901, he being born in Danville, and she born in Frankfort  John was a garage owner and Lettie was a music teacher   He obtained his musical training at Butler University in Indianapolis with a B A  in music followed by an M A  from Columbia University Teachers College 

Career
In 1934, Duncan debuted in Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana at the Mecca Temple in New York with the Aeolian Opera, a black opera company Duncan was George Gershwin's personal choice as the first performer of the role of Porgy in Porgy and Bess in 1935 and played the role more than 1,800 times   He led the cast during the Washington run of Porgy and Bess at the National Theatre in 1936, to protest the theatre's policy of segregation  Duncan stated that he "would never play in a theater which barred him from purchasing tickets to certain seats because of his race " Eventually management would give into the demands and allow for the first integrated performance at National Theatre   Duncan was also the first performer for the role of Stephen Kumalo in Kurt Weill's Lost in the Stars which opened on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre on October 30, 1949, and closed on July 1, 1950, after 281 performances 
In 1938, Duncan appeared on the London stage at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in C B Cochran's musical production The Sun Never Sets  The cast included fellow American Adelaide Hall, Leslie Banks, Edna Best and Stewart Granger  The musical was adapted by Pat Wallace and Guy Bolton from various stories written by Edgar Wallace and the show included original music by Cole Porter  Costumes were designed by Elizabeth Haffenden  One of the numbers Duncan sang was 'River God'  After the London run closed, Duncan and Adelaide Hall from the original cast toured Britain with the production 
Duncan taught voice at Howard University in Washington, D C  from 1930 until 1945  While teaching at Howard, he continued touring as a soloist with pianists William Duncan Allen and George Malloy   He had a very successful career as a concert singer with over 2,000 performances in 56 countries and two film roles  He retired from Howard and opened his own voice studio teaching privately and giving periodic recitals 
In 1945, he became the first African American to sing with a major opera company, and the first black person to sing in an opera with an otherwise white cast, when he performed the role of Tonio in Leoncavallo's Pagliacci with the New York City Opera   In the same year he sang the role of Escamillo, the bullfighter, in Bizet's Carmen   In 1954, Duncan was the first to record "Unchained Melody", a popular song with music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret   The recording was made for the soundtrack of the obscure prison film Unchained, in which Duncan also played a minor character   Following Duncan's version, the song went on to become one of the most recorded songs of the 20th century 
In his final interview, Todd Duncan spoke of his love for spirituals: "    spirituals are so deep inside of me, it's difficult for me to find words that are meaningful   Spirituals are a part of whatever I am   When I sing them my being sings them, not my throat     It is very difficult for me to put into words something that is at the bottom of my very being "In addition to singing, Duncan was also a voice teacher  Among his notable pupils was operatic bass Philip Booth who was a mainstay at the Metropolitan Opera for two decades 

Honors and death
In 1978, the Washington Performing Arts Society presented his 75th birthday gala   Duncan was awarded the George Peabody Medal of Music from the Peabody Conservatory of Music of Johns Hopkins University in 1984   Other awards he received include a medal of honor from Haiti, an NAACP award, the Donaldson Award, the New York Drama Critics' Award for Lost in the Stars, and honorary doctorates from Valparaiso University and Butler University 
Duncan was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity He died of a heart ailment at his home in Washington, D C , February 28, 1998, survived by his wife, Gladys Jackson Duncan, and adopted son, Charles, a successful attorney 

See also
List of African American firsts
Passage 4:
Franklinton Elementary School (North Carolina)
Franklin County Schools is a PK–12 graded school district serving Franklin County, North Carolina, United States  Its 16 schools serve 7,769 students as of the 2022–23 school year  The administrative offices are located in Louisburg 

Student demographics
For the 2022–23 school year, Franklin County Schools had a total population of 7,769 students and 582 66 teachers on a (FTE) basis  This produced a student-teacher ratio of 14 87:1  That same year, out of the student total, the gender ratio was 52% male to 48% female  The demographic group makeup was: 37% White, 31% Black, 25% Hispanic, 6% Two or more Races,  6% Asian,  4% American Indian  For the same school year, 72% of the students received free and reduced-cost lunches 

Governance
The primary governing body of Franklin County Schools follows a council–manager government format with a seven-member Board of Education appointing a Superintendent to run the day-to-day operations of the system  The school system currently resides in the North Carolina State Board of Education's Third District 

Board of education
The seven members of the Board of Education are elected by district (five districts and two at-large seats) in staggered four-year terms with general elections being held during the North Carolina State Primary on even numbered years   They generally meet on the second Monday of each month  The current members of the board are: Dr  Elizabeth Keith (District 3, Chair), Meghan Jordan (District 5), Bernard Hall (District 1), Tommy Piper (District 2), Debra Brodie (District 4), Rosemary Champion (At-large, Vice-Chair), and Paige Sayles (At-large) 

Superintendent
Dr  Rhonda Schuhler currently serves as the Franklin County Schools Superintendent 

Member schools
Franklin County Schools has 16 schools ranging from pre-kindergarten to twelfth grade  Those 16 schools are separated into four high schools, four middle schools, and eight elementary schools 

High schools
Bunn High School (Bunn)
Franklin County Early College (Louisburg)
Franklinton High School (Franklinton)
Louisburg High School (Louisburg)

Middle schools
Bunn Middle School (Bunn)
Cedar Creek Middle School (Youngsville)
Franklinton Middle School (Franklinton)
Terrell Lane Middle School (Louisburg)

Elementary schools
Bunn Elementary School (Bunn)
Edward Best Elementary School (Louisburg)
Franklinton Elementary School (Franklinton)
Laurel Mill Elementary School (Louisburg)
Long Mill Elementary School (Youngsville)
Louisburg Elementary School (Louisburg)
Royal Elementary School (Louisburg)
Youngsville Elementary School [year-round] (Youngsville)

Athletics
According to the North Carolina High School Athletic Association, for the 2021-2025 conference realignment: Bunn, Franklinton and Louisburg high schools are all in the Big East Conference, with Bunn and Louisburg being Class 2A and Franklinton being Class 3A  The early college does not have any athletic teams, but students that attend the early college are eligible to try out for the high school team in their home district 

See also
List of school districts in North Carolina
Passage 5:
Sierra Linda High School
Sierra Linda High School is a high school located in the west part of Phoenix, Arizona, USA, administered by the Tolleson Union High School District  It had 1,787 students as of October 1, 2013, but currently holds about 1,867 as of the 2018–19 school year  It opened in 2008; due to facility issues, students attended the first semester of classes at La Joya Community High School, then moved into the campus in January 2009  Students of the 2012 cohort were the first graduating class, with approximately 355 students 
Passage 6:
Oblate Sisters of Providence
The Oblate Sisters of Providence (OSP) is a Catholic women's religious institute founded by Mother Mary Elizabeth Lange, and James Nicholas Joubert in 1829 in Baltimore, Maryland for the education of girls of African descent  It was the first permanent community of Black Catholic sisters in the United States  
The Oblate Sisters were free women of color who sought to provide Baltimore's African American population with education and "a corps of teachers from its own ranks " The congregation is also a member of the Women of Providence in Collaboration 

History
Founding
James Nicholas Joubert was born in France, and working in Saint-Domingue, (Haiti), when he was forced by the Revolution to escape to the United States  Arriving in Baltimore, he entered St  Mary's Seminary to become a Sulpician priest  After his ordination, he was given charge of the black French-speaking Catholics of St  Mary's chapel  Finding he was making no headway as the children were having trouble reading and learning their catechism he had the idea of founding a school for the purpose of educating these children  In this he was encouraged by his two friends, Fathers Babade and Tessier He was introduced to two women of African descent who kept a small private school and had a hope of consecrating their lives to God  Father Joubert made known to them his plans for a school for girls of African descent and they offered to be at his service  Father Joubert proposed that they also form a religious institute as well as conducting a school  This idea would become St  Frances Academy in 1828 With the approval of James Whitfield, Archbishop of Baltimore, a novitiate was begun  A little over a year later, on 2 July 1829, the first four sisters, Miss Elisabeth Lange from Santiago, Cuba, Miss Mary Rosine Boegues of Saint Domingue, Miss Mary Frances Balas of Saint Domingue, Miss Mary Theresa Duchemin of Baltimore made their vows Sister Mary Lange was chosen superior, and Rev  Father Joubert was appointed director  Pope Gregory XVI approved the institute on 2 October 1831 under the title of Oblate Sisters of Providence  The sisters opened other Catholic schools for African American girls in the city as well as teaching adult women in evening classes and opened a home for widows  The sisters educated youth and nursed the terminally ill during the cholera epidemic of 1832  They provided a home for orphans and sheltered the elderly  The sisters took in washing, ironing and mending to care for the "children of the house"  The organization did not consider "previous condition of servitude a liability for Oblate membership" and eight of the forty women who joined in the antebellum years (1828-1860) had been slaves 

Expansion
In 1871 the sisters vacated the motherhouse on Richmond St  because the city needed the property  A new location was found on a knoll on what was then the outskirts of the city and a new motherhouse was built on Chase St  The sisters continued to operate an orphanage as well as a day and boarding school within the convent walls 
Foreign missions began in 1900 when the Oblates opened their first mission in Havana, Cuba  The OSPs established seven missions in Cuba but left in 1961 when the regime of Fidel Castro made it impossible for them to continue their work  In 1903 a convent and school opened on Old Providence Island in the western Caribbean  Due to extremely harsh conditions, the mission closed after fifteen months 
By 1910 the sisters conducted schools and orphanages at Baltimore, Washington, Leavenworth, St  Louis, and Normandy, Missouri  Eventually the institute founded schools in eighteen states  Some missions only lasted a few years while others endured and changed with the needs of the community 

Modern era
By the 1950s there were over 300 Oblate Sisters of Providence teaching and caring for African American children  The Oblates had missions in the Dominican Republic and opened missions in Costa Rica in 1964, where they continue today The motherhouse remained on Chase Street in Baltimore until a new motherhouse was built in 1961 at 701 Gun Rd  in southwest Baltimore County  It is called Our Lady of Mount Providence and remains the motherhouse today  Several missions operated on the motherhouse property including Mt  Providence Junior College from 1963–1966  
The sisters began a Child Development Center and Reading and Math Center in 1972 on the motherhouse property  The sisters continue to operate St  Francis Academy on Chase Street in Baltimore 

Bill and Camille Cosby donations
In 2005, Camille Cosby (wife of Bill Cosby), an alumna of a school in Washington run by the Oblates, made a donation to the school to create an endowment that will pay the tuition for 16 students a year The Cosbys made another donation in 2012 to assist St  Frances Academy in building a community center in East Baltimore  The community center was originally named after her and her husband, but his name was removed after the revelation of multiple sexual offenses 

Charism
"The original inspiration of the Oblate Sisters of Providence is that gift of the Spirit so evident in the life of Mother Mary Lange   This charism enables us, with total trust in God's Providence, to bring joy, healing and the liberating, redemptive love of the suffering Jesus to the victims of poverty, racism, and injustice despite contradictions, prejudice and pain "Currently the institute has approximately eighty members  The Oblate Sisters continue in Baltimore, Maryland, Miami, Florida, Buffalo, New York, Alajuela and Siquirres, Costa Rica 

Motherhouse
The motherhouse houses the administrative offices, a health care unit, a novitiate (there is also a novitiate in Costa Rica), the Mother Lange Guild (supporting the cause for canonization of Mother Lange), and the Oblate Sisters of Providence Archives and Special Collections Library  Offices for the affiliated organizations of the National Oblate Sisters of Providence Alumni Association and Cojourners of the Oblate Sisters of Providence are also located at the Motherhouse 

See also
Oblate (religion)
Passage 7:
Robert Swirsky
Robert Swirsky (born December, 1962, Brooklyn, NY) is a computer scientist, author and pianist  In the early 1980s, he was one of the first regular contributors to the nascent computer magazine industry, including Popular Computing, Kilobaud Microcomputing, and Interface Age to Creative Computing Swirsky holds bachelor's and master's degrees in computer science from Hofstra University, and is one of Hofstra's Alumni of Distinction  While there, he met VOIP pioneer Jeff Pulver who attended Hofstra as an undergraduate student  After graduating, Swirsky worked on projects ranging from aircraft avionics to one of the first all-software digital radio receivers for a VLF submarine application 
In 1989, Swirsky moved to California and joined Olivetti Advanced Technology's Unix group  He was a frequent speaker at Uniforum, Usenix, and other Unix shows, and hosted parties where he entertained people with song parodies about the Unix computer operating system, some of which were featured in a special Evatone Soundsheet issue of Interface Age magazine  He studied music and piano at Hofstra University with professor Morton Estrin 
After Olivetti, Swirsky went to Adobe Systems, where he was a member of the core PostScript team, and the team that developed the first versions of Photoshop for Microsoft Windows, including Win32s on Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3 11  His work made him a participant in many industry standards committees, such as TWAIN, and he was a frequent speaker and contributor at ACM SIGGRAPH events  Before leaving Adobe in 1998, he worked with Will Harvey on HTML rendering technology 

The Disney years
In 1998, Swirsky began working for Walt Disney Imagineering R&D as Director, Creative Technology, under Bran Ferren, developing electronic games and digital imaging systems  He developed technology to play interactive games synchronized with live television shows, and electronic toys including Disney's Magical Moments Pin  His digital photography projects included systems to synchronize picture-taking with ride vehicles, and active infrared badges to identify picture-takers 
Swirsky was a major technical contributor to ABC's Enhanced TV, an Emmy Award-winning technology that allowed television viewers to play along with game shows and sporting events, and to answer live polls during talk shows  His interactive media research also involved working with nerdcore rapper Monzy, then an intern at Walt Disney Imagineering, on a variety of cutting-edge display technologies, including the display of digital data on a spherical surface 
Swirsky continues to work as a consultant for the themed entertainment industry, including Disney 

3D photography
Swirsky is known for his work in 3D digital photography  He has developed algorithms for generating full-color anaglyph images from stereo pairs that can be viewed through red/cyan glasses  A popular freeware program, Callipygian 3D, is widely used and has been featured on TechTV's The Screen Savers show several times, with Swirsky demonstrating it  The popularity of anaglyph images from Mars, and of anaglyph movies like Spy Kids 3D, introduced new audiences to anaglyph technology  Swirsky's software played a major role in enabling people to create their own anaglyph images 

Production company
In 2003, Swirsky started a production company, Thrill Science, Inc  "Thrill Science" , to produce and distribute short films and related media for the portable media player market  The company has a 20-acre (81,000 m2) lot adjacent to Walt Disney World in Florida  The property, known as Swampworth, is used as a filming location for productions, and as a studio for Swirsky's other projects 

Code used in The Terminator
Some of Swirsky's computer code, from the May 1984 issue of 73 Magazine, was used in the movie The Terminator in a scene where COBOL code was briefly displayed 
Passage 8:
Emma Azalia Hackley
Emma Azalia Hackley, also known as E  Azalia Hackley and Azalia Smith Hackley (1867–1922), was a concert soprano, newspaper editor, teacher, and political activist  An African American, she promoted racial pride through her support and promotion of music education for African-Americans  She was a choir director and she organized Folk Songs Festivals in African American churches and schools  Hackley studied music for years, including in Paris under opera singer Jean de Reszke  She was a music teacher who taught Roland Hayes, Marian Anderson, and R  Nathaniel Dett  She founded the Vocal Normal Institute in Chicago 
She co-founded both the Imperial Order of Libyans and the Colored Women's League  She was a newspaper editor for the women's section of The Statesman and an author  Hackley published The Colored Girl Beautiful, a "how to" on becoming an accomplished and refined African American lady 

Early life
Born Emma Azalia Smith on June 29, 1867, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, she was the daughter of Henry B  and Corilla (Carrilla) Smith  Her mother, formerly Corilla Beard, lived in Detroit and her father was from Murfreesboro  They moved south after their marriage  The daughter of an escaped slave, Corilla founded a school in Murfreesboro for former enslaved people and their children  She gave voice lessons at night  In 1870, the school was threatened and attacked by the Ku Klux Klan and other hostile groups during evening singing lessons  Concerned for the safety of their family, the Smiths moved to Detroit, Michigan, in 1870 or in the 1870s  Her father was a blacksmith  Corilla was a teacher and supported herself and the girls after the Smiths separated  Hackley had a younger sister named Marietta Hackley learned to play the piano at age three and took voice and violin lessons as a child  She was the first African American student to attend public school there  She sang and played piano at high school dances, which contributed to the Smith family's income  She completed her education at Capital High School and a normal school at the same time, graduating with honors from the Washington Normal School in 1886  She received a teaching certificate in 1887 and taught at Clinton Elementary School in Detroit from that year to 1894 She continued her voice and violin lessons, and she also took French lessons  She sang for the Detroit Musical Society  She paid for her lessons by giving piano lessons  Hackley also gave voice recitals  Due to her very light skin color and auburn hair, many people suggested that she try to pass for white in order to further her musical career  She refused to deny her heritage and remained intensely proud of her roots throughout her life 

Marriage
She married Edwin Henry Hackley, an attorney and newspaper publisher from Denver, Colorado in 1894  After the marriage, she moved to Colorado with him  Edwin Henry Hackley, educated at the University of Michigan, was the first African American admitted to the Colorado bar  He co-founded The Statesman with Joseph D D  Rivers Hackley and her husband co-founded the Imperial Order of Libyans, to combat racial prejudice and foment equality  At the turn of the twentieth century, Edwin sold his interest in The Statesman and published the Statesman-cum-Denver Star with his wife Her health suffered due to the high altitude and Hackley decided to move east for her health  In 1901 or 1905, Hackley separated from her husband and left Denver for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  Hackley lived with her husband in Philadelphia in 1910 and 1912  Her mother-in-law lived with them in 1910  At the time, Edwin worked as a letter carrier and she was a singer and a music teacher  There is no record of the Hackleys having divorced  She was identified as a married woman on her death certificate of 1922; Edwin H  Hackley was identified as her husband  Identified as a widower and a playwright, Edwin died in 1940  Hackley was on his birth certificate as his deceased wife 

Career
She received her bachelor's degree from the Denver School of Music in 1900  She was the first African American graduate  Trained in the bel canto vocal style, she was a concert soprano  While receiving her education, she was the assistant director of a large choir in Denver and was the choir director at her church She promoted racial pride through music  She defined herself as a "race musical missionary"  She wanted children to be inspired, stimulated, and trained at her concerts  The Denver Post acknowledged her efforts to draw African Americans into music and said that she was "one of the best vocalists in the city "She established the Colorado branch of the Colored Women's League and was the editor of the Statesman Exponent, the woman's section of The Colorado Statesman  She wrote articles about African American literature and music, including the influence of music on children and home life  Other topics include civil government, current events, and the importance of compiling facts on blacks  She also wrote about household economies and hygiene  In one column she wrote of the Colored Women's League:

In mapping out this program we have borne in mind the great need for thought and talk on the practical as well as cultural side of woman's life  Our first work will be toward the education and improvement of our Colored women and the promotion of their interests 
She held her first performance of a concert tour in Denver in 1901  In 1901, Hackley moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to continue her career as a notable choral director  She was the director of music at the Episcopal Church of the Crucifixion  In 1904, she founded and led the 100-member People's Choir, which became known as the Hackley Choral She organized Folk Songs Festivals to present African American Spirituals  She introduced Black folk music to an international audience at the World Sunday School Convention in Tokyo  She held large community concerts with programs that included classical music, operatic arias, and African American spirituals performed by her and local performers  She financed the programs and provided training sessions for local performers about ten days before the concert In Paris, she studied under Jean de Reszke, a well-known opera singer and vocal coach in 1905 and 1906  She trained artists such as Roland Hayes, Marian Anderson, and R  Nathaniel Dett Hackley wrote newspaper and magazine articles and short books  She gave lectures at churches, colleges, and schools throughout the United States and Canada  Hackley raised funds by holding benefit concerts, which was used to provide foreign scholarships for African American classical musicians In 1912, she formed the Vocal Normal Institute in Chicago, Illinois, which operated until 1916  She had intended for it to be her headquarters and a central location for the school that she could return to between her tours  Instead it put a strain on her  As a result, her health began to decline She gathered recommendations that she had made during her lecture tours for Black woman to succeed  In 1916, Hackley published The Colored Girl Beautiful, a "how to" on becoming a refined African American lady  She defined beauty, duty, and career and leadership opportunities for black women  She was described as one of W  E  B  Du Bois's Talented Tenth by Lois Brevard, her biographer She was driven by a philosophy to uplift people, which she did by delivering lectures inspired by the 19th-century New Thought spiritual movement  She also enjoyed giving music lessons to large audiences  Juanita Karpf wrote the book Performing Racial Uplift: E  Azalia Hackley and African American Activism in the Post-Bellum to Pre-Harlem Era 

Death
Hackley collapsed on stage while performing in San Diego in 1921 and was brought back to Detroit  She died on December 13, 1922, at the home of her sister, Mrs  Marieta Johnson, in Detroit, Michigan  She is buried at the Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit A special collection, the E  Azalia Hackley Collection of African Americans in the Performing Arts, was founded in her name at the Detroit Public Library in 1943 

In popular culture
A portrait of Hackley, painted by Detroit artist Telitha Cumi Bowens, was included in the 1988/89 exhibit Ain't I A Woman at the Museum of African American History, Detroit  The exhibit featured a dozen prominent Black women from the state of Michigan, including the Honorable Cora M  Brown, Ethelene Jones Crockett, M D , and teacher Fannie M  Richards 

See also
List of African American pioneers of Colorado

Notes
Passage 9:
Thurgood Marshall College
Thurgood Marshall College (Marshall) is one of the seven undergraduate colleges at the University of California, San Diego   The college, named after Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court Justice and lawyer for the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v  Board of Education, emphasizes "scholarship, social responsibility and the belief that a liberal arts education must include an understanding of [one's] role in society " Marshall College's general education requirements emphasize the culture of community involvement and multiculturalism; accordingly Marshall houses the minors in Public Service and Film Studies for the campus  Significant academic programs and departments have come out of the college over many decades: Communication, Ethnic Studies, Third World Studies, African American Studies, Urban Studies & Planning, and Education Studies 
Founded as Third College in 1970 amid the student activism of the period, TMC's original aim was to help students understand their own community through a critical examination of diversity and community in the United States  Marshall College's required writing program is called Dimensions of Culture (DOC), and is a 3 quarter (1 year) sequence that explores race, identity, imagination, tradition, and the law in the United States  During President Obama's administration, the White House honored UC San Diego and Marshall College's Public Service minor and charter school outreach as exemplary community service institutions serving the United States 

Early history
In November 1965, the College III Preliminary Planning Committee released the first substantial report on what form UCSD's third college would take  The committee, comprising faculty members George Backus, Henry Booker, Gabriel Jackson, C D  Keeling, and committee chair Andrew Wright, suggested that College III should focus itself on history and theory 
The Wright Committee report suggested that the college have a muse—namely Clio, the Greek muse of history  History was chosen by the committee because it mixed humanism with science—College III would be a sort of "common ground" between the science of Revelle and the humanities of Muir 
In a quiet act of rebelliousness (or perhaps it was just individuality), the committee planned that College III students would only have to take three courses per quarter to graduate in four years, as opposed to the four it took at the other UCSD colleges  Citing the three-course "full load" at UC Santa Cruz, the committee suggested that taking four courses in one quarter would "make the students ride off in all directions," and that three-in depth courses would be preferable 
The final note of the Wright Committee report described what the committee felt was needed in a College III Provost "a paragon of intellectual vitality, scholarly accomplishment, and administrative talent    sympathetic with the aims of College III, but independent enough    to be able to shape the College in important ways " They asked that a provost be appointed as soon as possible 
By 1967, College III had found its first provost, Armin Rappaport, a history professor at U C  Berkeley  It was appropriate that the provost of a college with Clio as its muse would be a historian, and Rappaport was that  By the time May rolled around, College III was now "Third College "
However, with the swirling political changes of the late 1960s, the college of Clio and Rappaport was never to be  Once the controversy and battles among students, faculty, and administration commenced—featuring lively figures such as Herbert Schiller, Herbert Marcuse, and Angela Davis—the future of Third College would be in a turmoil that didn't fully clear until it finally received its official name, Thurgood Marshall College, in 1993 
Chancellor William J  McGill persuaded Dr  Joseph Watson to become the first operational provost of Third College during this very turbulent time in 1970  Provost Watson's term lasted eleven years as he then assumed a higher campus position as Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs   Professor Faustina Solís then followed as the second college administrator and was also the university's first Latina provost  She served in that capacity from 1981 to 1988  Solís established public health coursework for undergraduates and medical students, following years of social work and health care for under-served populations  She was honored in 1990 when Thurgood Marshall Lecture Hall was renamed the Faustina F  Solís Hall 

Student activism
Naming controversy
At its inception, students pushed for the new college to be named "Lumumba-Zapata College" in honor of the legendary twentieth century revolutionaries Patrice Lumumba and Emiliano Zapata  Unable to get approval for this name from UC Administration, the college was renamed Third College  This name did also inspire the idea that the student body would be one-third white students, one-third black students, and one-third definable minority students  Third College took up much of the activism that the campus was lacking, and the naming controversy was a catalyst for this movement  However, UCSD failed to attract enough black students for this plan to reach fruition and the UC Regents would not allow large scale deviation from the University of California's admission guidelines In the early 1990s, an attempt was made to name the college after Martin Luther King Jr , but failed when UCSD students objected to naming the college after someone who was charged with plagiarizing his doctoral dissertation  More to the point, King's family announced that they would rather see a full-fledged King College built in the South, and preferably in Atlanta 
In 1993 UCSD's Third College finally received its official name in honor of the famous lawyer and Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall  Before becoming the first African American Supreme Court Justice, Marshall argued the 1954 landmark civil rights case Brown v  Board of Education  Justice Marshall was widely known and recognized for his historic contributions to American life and dedication to breaking down barriers to education, civil rights, freedom of speech, women's rights, and the right to privacy  Today Thurgood Marshall College continues to honor the legacy of its namesake by promoting a curriculum and environment that empowers students to become both scholars and citizens 

DOC controversy
In the early 1990s, Thurgood Marshall College created a core freshman writing program that provided a critical examination of identity and diversity in American culture  The intellectual program was inspired by the University of Chicago and Columbia University's freshman humanities programs  The program, Dimensions of Culture (DOC), periodically generated heated debates among students, families, and alumni, based on difficult political issues 
In the spring of 2007, a new curriculum controversy arose pertaining to DOC as students at TMC began protesting against the administrators of the college  The Lumumba-Zapata Coalition (which had resurfaced with the addition of graduate students) along with other students claimed that DOC had lost some of its original messages, protesting against what they termed a "new and diluted" core writing requirement with a decreased focus on race and the ethnic significance of the individual within society  The protests, including picketing, began with the controversial non-renewal of two DOC Teaching Assistants’ contracts for the subsequent year  Others believed that the coalition was pushing an agenda of political indoctrination that conflicted with the academic goals of the Dimensions of Culture Program and the sensibility of a science oriented campus 
The protests had mixed effects  In response to the complaints in regards to the curriculum a new committee was set up to review and change the curriculum accordingly with an emphasis on hiring tenured faculty to teach DOC  Student positions with voting rights were included on the permanent committee so an equitable curriculum will be created reflecting full community input from both students and faculty  Thurgood Marshall College Student Council (TMCSC) issued a report recommending that DOC have an upper division course which also sparked the public service course  In August 2009, Co-Director of the DOC Program, Robert Horwitz stated, "Various criticisms were leveled at DOC in the last few years, and faculty and student investigations concluded that changes needed to be made  Those changes have been implemented and have resulted in a new DOC ”

College programs
Minors
Thurgood Marshall College has created more academic departments and programs than any other college at UCSD, including Third World Studies, Ethnic Studies, Education Studies, African American Studies Minor, and Urban Studies and Planning  TMC is now home to two UCSD Minors: the Public Service Minor and the Film Studies Minor 
The Public Service Minor encourages students to understand the history and practices of public service and to work towards the development of civic skills  Those skills and practices are essential cornerstones of participation in a democratic society regardless of one's chosen profession  The coursework for the minor emphasizes the history and emergence of the non-profit sector as a national institution distinct from the private and public spheres  The practicum aspects of the minor couples with the traditional academic work encourages students to see the connection between the deeds of charitable service and the historic worth of citizens participation in the common public franchise The Film Studies Minor provides students an exciting opportunity to examine the many facets of American and International cinema  Students interested in exploring cinema as a multidimensional art medium will engage in the analysis of cinematic works of various forms  Study of film genres, history, theories, directors, cultural perspectives and more allow students to gain a robust understanding of cinema as a historical and contemporary means of expression  The interdisciplinary nature of the minor provides investigation of cinematic art through its connection to related fields such as Communication, Literature, Sociology and Visual Arts  Students pursuing the Film Studies Minor exhibit a wide range of interests; from those who plan graduate study in film to those who simply wish to understand better this powerful and influential medium 

Morehouse/Spelman/Xavier Student Exchange Program
The Morehouse/Spelman Student Exchange Program was officially launched in the fall quarter of 1989  This formal exchange program with two distinguished Historically Black Colleges was developed by Thurgood Marshall College and is open to all UCSD undergraduates  Morehouse College and Spelman College are both located in Atlanta, Georgia 
Xavier University in New Orleans became the third historic Black college to have this exchange with Marshall College in 2016 

Marshall partnership schools
Then Thurgood Marshall College Provost Cecil Lytle and Sociology Professor Bud Mehan were instrumental in founding the Preuss School at UCSD, which opened in 1999 on campus despite strong opposition  The project was seen by faculty as a deviation from UC San Diego's focus on science and medicine  However, providing the impetus for the founding of The Preuss School reflected the social justice oriented mission of Marshall College  Between 2007 and 2012 Preuss has consistently been listed among the top 50 American high schools by both Newsweek and U S  News & World Report After Preuss was established successfully, the idea and structure of the UCSD-supported charter school model was expanded to Gompers Preparatory Academy  Based on educational theories, the successes of Preuss should be able to be recreated in a different environment, which was why Gompers was selected   Gompers was historically one of the most dangerous and low performing schools in the district, and yet has been transformed into an academically rigorous school with 100% graduation rate with the transition to the charter school model The College maintains strong links to both charter schools by providing them with hundreds of undergraduate tutors and mentors every year from all six colleges  In addition, the College's Provost is a Preuss School Board Member 

Artist in residence
The artist-in-residence program, begun in 2006, brings to campus leading performers and visual artists from San Diego and Southern California to UC San Diego  Each artist is featured for one year and given the opportunity to develop new showcase work, which often goes on to fuller production off campus  Marshall College is the first college at UCSD to commission public art on campus, and has contributed in the creation of a vibrant campus community  Allan Havis, a professor from the Theatre Department, launched these programs during his term as college provost from 2006 to 2016 

Student life
Student involvement
Marshall College is home to an eclectic mix of student-led organizations, programs to facilitate students' success, and opportunities to give back to the Marshall community 

Student organizations
ACT (Active Community at TMC)
Commuter Board
CAUSE (Cultural Association Uniting Students through Education)
Graduation Committee
Judicial Board
LC3 (Leadership Committee for Cultural Celebration)
MAC (Marshall Activities Committee)
Marshall Memos
MSC (Marshall Spirit Crew)
Marshallpalooza Committee
SCORE (Student Committee on Residential Engagement)
TMCSC (Thurgood Marshall College Student Council)
TMTV (Thurgood Marshall Television)
TRES (Transfer and Re-Entry Student Organizations)

Student programs
Dine-with-a-Prof
Each One Reach One
Marshall Mentor Program
Transfer Connect & Success

Leadership Development
Dean's Office Internship
Lift as You Climb
Orientation Leaders (OL)
Resident Advisors (RA)
Resident Life Interns
Passage 10:
Robert Khayat
Robert Conrad Khayat (born April 18, 1938) was the 15th Chancellor of the University of Mississippi  He also played American football as a placekicker, guard, and center for Ole Miss and in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins during the 1960, 1962 and 1963 seasons  He was appointed Chancellor in 1995 

Early years
Khayat was born in Moss Point, Mississippi, to Lebanese parents  He attended Moss Point High School and the University of Mississippi  He received both bachelor of arts and Juris Doctor degrees from the University of Mississippi  He also played football for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1957 to 1959  He also received an LL M  degree from Yale University 

Professional football career
Khayat was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the 1960 NFL Draft  He was then traded to the Washington Redskins in April 1960  He played for the Redskins during the 1960, 1962, and 1963 seasons  Following the 1960 season, he was named to the Pro Bowl squad  He appeared in a total of 40 NFL games and kicked 38 field goals and 90 extra points His brother Eddie Khayat also played and coached in the NFL 

Later years
Khayat later became a lawyer and taught law at the University of Mississippi School of Law He was appointed chancellor in 1995  In one of his first acts as chancellor, Khayat arranged for a $5 4 million gift from Jim and Sally Barksdale to establish an honors college at the university  In 1996, with enrollment declining, Khayat retained the public relations firm, Burson-Marsteller, to conduct a survey of public perception — including university symbols  When The New York Times reported on the review, which included the Confederate Flag and other Old South symbols, a media frenzy ensued 
On January 6, 2009, Khayat announced his retirement effective June 30, 2009  He was succeeded by Daniel Jones on June 15, 2009 
Khayat's memoir, The Education of a Lifetime, was published on September 10, 2013 
Passage 11:
Yeni Həyat, Khachmaz
Yeni Həyat (also, Yeni-Khayat) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan   It has a population of 3,503 
Passage 12:
Fort Wagner
Fort Wagner or Battery Wagner was a beachhead fortification on Morris Island, South Carolina, that covered the southern approach to Charleston Harbor  It was the site of two American Civil War battles in the campaign known as Operations Against the Defenses of Charleston in 1863, in which United States forces took heavy casualties while trying to seize the fort 

Construction
Named for deceased Lt  Col  Thomas M  Wagner, Fort Wagner measured 250 yards (230 m) by 100 yards (91 m), and spanned an area between the Atlantic on the east and an impassable swamp on the west  Its walls, composed of sand and earth, rose 30 feet (9 1 m) above the level beach and were supported by palmetto logs and sandbags  The fort's arsenal included fourteen cannons, the largest a 10-inch (250 mm) Columbiad that fired a 128-pound shell  It was a large structure capable of sheltering nearly 1,000 of the fort's 1,700-man garrison and provided substantial protection against naval shelling  The fort's land face was protected by a water-filled trench, 10 feet (3 0 m) wide and 5 feet (1 5 m) deep, surrounded by buried land mines and sharpened palmetto stakes   The fort itself was supported by defenses throughout Morris Island 

History
The First Battle of Fort Wagner, occurred on July 11, 1863  Only 12 Confederate soldiers were killed, as opposed to 339 losses for the U S  side The Second Battle of Fort Wagner (pictured in Glory (1989 film)), a week later, is better known  It was the Union attack on July 18, 1863, led by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, one of the first major American military units made up of black soldiers  Colonel Robert Gould Shaw led the 54th Massachusetts on foot while they charged, and was killed in the assault Although a tactical defeat, the publicity of the battle of Fort Wagner led to further action for black U S  troops in the Civil War, and it spurred additional recruitment that gave the Union Army a further numerical advantage in troops over the South Union forces besieged the fort after the unsuccessful assault  By August 25, Union entrenchments were close enough to attempt an assault on the Advanced Rifle Pits, 240 yards in front of the Battery, but the attempt was defeated  A second attempt, by the 24th Massachusetts Infantry, on August 26 was successful  After enduring almost 60 days of heavy U S  shelling, the Confederates abandoned it on the night of September 6–7, 1863, withdrawing all operable cannons and the garrison The main reason the fort was abandoned was a concern about the loss of the garrison due to artillery fire and the threat of imminent assault   On September 6, the garrison commander, Colonel Keitt, wrote to his superiors, "The garrison must be taken away immediately after dark, or it will be destroyed or captured  It is idle to deny that the heavy Parrott shells have breached the walls and are knocking away the bomb-proofs  Pray have boats immediately after dark at Cummings Point to take away the men  I say deliberately that this must be done or the garrison will be sacrificed  I am sending the wounded and sick now to Cummings Point, and will continue to do so, if possible, until all are gone  I have a number of them now there  I have not in the garrison 400 effective men, including artillery  The engineers agree in opinion with me, or, rather, shape my opinion  I shall say no more " A council of war in Charleston on the 4th had already reached the same conclusion, and the evacuation was carried out as planned Within twenty years of the Civil War, the remnants of the fort had been washed away by erosion on Morris Island  A group of three ex-servicemen traveled to the fort in May 1885 and reported that the entire fort and approaches to it had washed away into the ocean The fall of Battery Wagner would have considerable strategic significance  With its loss and that of Fort Gregg, Morris Island too fell to the United States  Although Charleston remained in the hands of the rebels its port was effectively closed   At the end of the year Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles could report that "the commerce of Charleston has ceased "  The impact also showed directly in rebel customs receipts, which fell drastically from 1863 to 1864   The labors and sacrifices of the United States forces during the storms and siege had in the end shut down a vital lifeline to the rebellion 

54th Massachusetts
The most famous regiment that fought for the Union in the battle of Fort Wagner was the 54th regiment, which was one of the first African-American regiments in the war  The 54th was controversial in the North, where many people supported the abolition of slavery but still treated African Americans as lesser or inferior to whites  Though some claimed blacks could not fight as well as whites, the actions of the 54th Massachusetts demonstrated once again the fallacy in that argument, as this was not the first time blacks ever fought in war or even for the United States 
William Carney, an African American and a sergeant with the 54th, is considered the first black recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at Fort Wagner in recovering and returning the unit's American flag to Union lines  After the battle, the Confederates buried the regiment's commanding officer, Colonel Shaw, in an unmarked mass grave with the African-American soldiers of his regiment as an insult to him  Instead, his family considered it an honor that Shaw was buried with his men 
Morris Island is smaller than 1,000 acres and is subject to extensive erosion by storm and sea  Much of the site of Fort Wagner has been eroded away, including the place where the Union soldiers were buried  However, by the time that happened, the soldiers' remains were no longer there because soon after the end of the Civil War, the Army disinterred and reburied all the remains, including presumably those of Shaw, at the Beaufort National Cemetery in Beaufort, South Carolina, where their gravestones were marked as "unknown"     The number missing presumed dead at Battery Wagner was 391, among the 10 regiments involved  54th with the most at 146   100 NY with 119, 48th NY with 112  The number of unknowns at Beaufort on their Civil monument 1870s is 174 unknowns   These unknowns collected from three Southern states  Sites include East Florida,  Millen and Lawton Georgia  and Hilton Head   Two Confederate POW sites included  Given the missing at Morris island is  more than double the total unknowns at Beaufort National Cemetery, it appears many bodies were not removed and were lost to the shifting sea 

In popular culture
This fort plays a major part in the film Glory  The final scene portrays Shaw and the men of the 54th Massachusetts leading the attack and storming the fort unsuccessfully 
In the book Magnus Chase and the Ship of the Dead, a character named T J  dies charging the battlements at Fort Wagner 

Preservation
Although the Atlantic Ocean consumed Fort Wagner in the late 1800s and the original site is now offshore, the Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 118 acres (0 48 km2) of historic Morris Island, which had gun emplacements and other military installations during the war 
Passage 13:
James Meredith
James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, and United States Air Force veteran who became, in 1962, the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government (an event that was a flashpoint in the civil rights movement)  Inspired by President John F  Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional rights and apply to the University of Mississippi  His goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration to enforce civil rights for African Americans  The admission of Meredith ignited the Ole Miss riot of 1962 where Meredith's life was threatened and 31,000 American servicemen were required to quell the violence - the largest ever invocation of the Insurrection Act of 1807 In 1966, Meredith planned a solo 220-mile (350-kilometer) March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi; he wanted to highlight continuing racism in the South and encourage voter registration after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965  He did not want major civil rights organizations involved  The second day, he was shot by a white gunman and suffered numerous wounds  Leaders of major organizations vowed to complete the march in his name after he was taken to the hospital  While Meredith was recovering, more people from across the country became involved as marchers  He rejoined the march and when Meredith and other leaders entered Jackson on June 26, they were leading an estimated 15,000 marchers, in what was the largest civil rights march in Mississippi  During the march, more than 4,000 African Americans registered to vote, and it was a catalyst to continued community organizing and additional registration 
In 2002 and again in 2012, the University of Mississippi led year-long series of events to celebrate the 40th and 50th anniversaries of Meredith's integration of the institution  He was among numerous speakers invited to the campus, where a statue of him commemorates his role  The Lyceum-The Circle Historic District at the center of the campus has been designated as a National Historic Landmark for these events 

Early life and education
Meredith was born in 1933 in Kosciusko, Mississippi, the son of Roxie (Patterson) and Moses Meredith  He is of African-American, English Canadian, Scots and Choctaw heritage  His family nickname was "J-Boy"  European traders intermarried with some Choctaw during the colonial period  In the 1830s, thousands of Choctaw chose to stay in Mississippi and become United States citizens when most of the tribe left their traditional homeland for Indian Territory during the federally imposed removal  Those in the state had unions with European Americans and African Americans (some of whom were enslaved), adding to the multi-racial population in the developing territory Meredith completed 11th grade at Attala County Training School (which was segregated as "white" and "colored" under the state's Jim Crow laws) and completed 12th grade at Gibbs High School in St  Petersburg, Florida  He graduated from high school in 1951  Then, Meredith enlisted in the United States Air Force  He served from 1951 to 1960 Afterward Meredith attended Jackson State University for two years, achieving good grades 

University of Mississippi
Challenge to the University
In 1961, inspired the day before by U S  President John F  Kennedy, Meredith started to apply to the University of Mississippi, intending to insist on his civil rights to attend the state-funded university  It still admitted only white students under the state's culture of racial segregation, although the U S  Supreme Court ruled in Brown v  Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, as they are supported by all the taxpayers 
Meredith wrote in his application that he wanted admission for his country, race, family, and himself  He said,

Nobody handpicked me   I believed, and believe now, that I have a Divine Responsibility    I am familiar with the probable difficulties involved in such a move as I am undertaking and I am fully prepared to pursue it all the way to a degree from the University of Mississippi 
He was twice denied admission  During this time, he was advised by Medgar Evers, who was head of the state chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 
On May 31, 1961, Meredith, with backing of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, filed suit in the U S  District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, alleging that the university had rejected him only because of his race, as he had a highly successful record of military service and academic courses  The case went through many hearings, after which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that Meredith had the right to be admitted to the state school  The state appealed to the U S  Supreme Court, which supported the ruling of the appeals court On September 13, 1962, the District Court entered an injunction directing the members of the Board of Trustees and the officials of the University to register Meredith  The Democratic Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, declared "no school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your governor"   The state legislature quickly created a plan  They passed a law that denied admission to any person "who has a crime of moral turpitude against him" or who had been convicted of any felony offense or not pardoned  The same day it became law, Meredith was accused and convicted of "false voter registration," in absentia, in Jackson County  The conviction against Meredith was trumped up: Meredith both owned land in northern Mississippi and was registered to vote in Jackson, where he lived  "Later the clerk testified that Meredith was qualified to register and vote in Jackson [where he was registered] "
On September 20, the federal government obtained an injunction against enforcement of this Act and of the two state court decrees that had barred Meredith's registration  That day Meredith was rebuffed again by Governor Barnett in his efforts to gain admission, though university officials were prepared to admit him  On September 28, the Court of Appeals, en banc and after a hearing, found the Governor in civil contempt and ordered that he be arrested and pay a fine of $10,000 for each day that he kept up the refusal, unless he complied by October 2  On September 29, Lieutenant Governor Paul B  Johnson Jr  (elected Governor on November 5, 1963) was also found in contempt by a panel of the court, and a similar order was entered against him, with a fine of $5,000 a day Attorney General Robert F  Kennedy had a series of phone calls with Governor Barnett between September 27 to October 1  Barnett reluctantly agreed to let Meredith enroll in the university, but secretly bargained with Kennedy on a plan which would allow him to save face 
Barnett committed to maintain civil order  Robert Kennedy ordered 127 U S  Marshals as well as 316 deputized U S  Border Patrol and 97 Federal Bureau of Prisons officers to accompany Meredith during his arrival and registration  On September 29, President Kennedy issued a proclamation commanding all persons engaged in the obstruction of the laws and the orders of the courts to "cease and desist therefrom and to disperse and retire peaceably forthwith", citing his authority under 10 U S C  § 332, § 333, and § 334 to use the militia or the armed forces to suppress any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy 

Rioting at the University
On the evening of September 29, the day after State Senator George Yarbrough withdrew the State Highway Police, a riot broke out  Whites opposing integration had been gathering at the campus and began fighting with federal agents  Despite the Kennedy administration's reluctance to use force, it ordered the nationalized Mississippi National Guard and federal troops to the campus  In the violent clashes which followed, two civilians were killed by gunshot wounds, and white rioters burned cars, pelted federal agents and soldiers with rocks, bricks and small arms fire, and damaged university property 

Enrollment
The day after the riots, on October 1, 1962, after federal and state forces took control, Meredith became the first African-American student to enroll at the University of Mississippi  Meredith's admission is regarded as a pivotal moment in the history of civil rights in the United States 
Many students harassed Meredith during his two semesters on campus, but others accepted him  According to first-person accounts, students living in Meredith's dorm bounced basketballs on the floor just above his room through all hours of the night  Other students ostracized him: when Meredith walked into the cafeteria for meals, the students eating would turn their backs  If Meredith sat at a table with other students, all of whom were white, the students would immediately get up and go to another table  He persisted through harassment and extreme isolation to graduate on August 18, 1963, with a degree in political science 

Education and activism
Meredith continued his education, focusing on political science, at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria  He returned to the United States in 1965  He attended law school through a scholarship at Columbia University and earned an LL B (law degree) in 1968 In 1966, Meredith organized and led a solo, personal March Against Fear for 220 miles from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi, beginning on June 6, 1966  Inviting only black men to join him, he wanted to highlight continuing racial oppression in the Mississippi Delta, as well as to encourage blacks to register and vote following passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965, which authorized federal oversight and enforcement of rights  Governor Paul Johnson promised to allow the march and provide State Highway Police protection  Meredith wanted blacks in Mississippi to overcome fear of violence Despite police, on the second day, Meredith was shot and wounded by Aubrey James Norvell, a white man whose motives were never determined, and who pleaded guilty at trial  Meredith was quickly taken to a hospital  Leaders of major organizations rallied at the news and vowed to complete the march in Meredith's name  They struggled to reconcile differing goals, but succeeded in attracting more than 10,000 marchers from local towns and across the country by the end Meredith recovered from his wounds and rejoined the march before it reached Jackson on June 26, when 15,000 marchers entered the city in what had become the largest civil rights march in state history  During the march, more than 4,000 black Mississippians registered to vote  Continued community organizing was catalyzed by these events, and African Americans began to enter the political system again  Black voters in Mississippi have established a high rate of voter registration and voting participation 

Political career
In 1967, while living and studying in New York, Meredith decided to run as a Republican against incumbent Adam Clayton Powell Jr , a multi-term Democrat, in a special election for the Congressional seat in Harlem  He withdrew from the race and Powell was re-elected  Meredith said later of his campaign, "The Republican Party [of New York] made me an offer: full support in every way, everything " He had full access to top New York Republicans After returning to Mississippi to live, in 1972 Meredith ran for the US Senate against Democratic senator James Eastland, who had been the incumbent for 29 years in what had operated as a one-party state  Following provisions of a new state constitution in 1890 that made voter registration extremely difficult, African Americans had been effectively disenfranchised and the Republican Party had been crippled  Meredith conceded that he had little chance of winning unless Governor George Wallace of Alabama entered the presidential race and split the white vote An active Republican, Meredith served from 1989 to 1991 as a domestic adviser on the staff of United States Senator Jesse Helms  Faced with criticism from the civil rights community for working for the avowed segregationist, Meredith said that he had applied to every member of the Senate and House offering his services, and only Helms' office responded  He also wanted a chance to do research at the Library of Congress In 2002, officials at the University of Mississippi celebrated the 40th anniversary of Meredith's historic admission and integration of the institution with a year-long series of events  Of the celebration, Meredith said,

It was an embarrassment for me to be there, and for somebody to celebrate it, oh my God  I want to go down in history, and have a bunch of things named after me, but believe me that ain't it 
He said he had achieved his main goal at the time by getting the federal government to enforce his rights as a citizen  He saw his actions as "an assault on white supremacy " In 2003, he was far more proud that his son Joseph Meredith graduated as the top doctoral student at the university's graduate business school 

Legacy and honors
In 2002, the University of Mississippi honored the 40th anniversary of Meredith's admission with numerous events 
In 2006, a statue of him was dedicated on campus in his honor 
In 2012, the University commemorated the 50th anniversary of the historic admission, featuring a range of speakers, artists, lectures and events during the year 
That year Meredith received the Harvard Graduate School of Education 'Medal for Education Impact' and was the school's convocation speaker  Meredith said it was the first award in 50 years he had accepted 

Cultural depictions
In 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, he was portrayed by Matthew G  Brown in episode five of the series, Life Sentences 

Political viewpoint
A highly independent man, Meredith has identified as an individual American citizen who demanded and received the constitutional rights held by any American, not as a participant in the Civil Rights Movement  There have been tensions between him and leaders of major organizations of the movement  When interviewed in 2002, the 40th anniversary of his enrollment at University of Mississippi, Meredith said, "Nothing could be more insulting to me than the concept of civil rights  It means perpetual second-class citizenship for me and my kind "Meredith was a supporter of the unsuccessful 1967 gubernatorial bid of ex-Mississippi Governor (and avowed segregationist) Ross Barnett, as well as the 1991 gubernatorial campaign of Louisiana State Representative and ex-Klansman David Duke In a 2002 interview with CNN, Meredith said of his efforts to integrate Ole Miss, "I was engaged in a war  I considered myself engaged in a war from Day One  And my objective was to force the federal government—the Kennedy administration at that time—into a position where they would have to use the United States military force to enforce my rights as a citizen "

Personal life
On March 14, 1956, Meredith married Mary June Wiggins  She later worked as a high school English teacher  They had three sons, James, John and Joseph Howard Meredith   Mary June Meredith died of heart failure in December 1979 
In 1982, Meredith married Judy Alsobrooks in Gary, Indiana  She had one son, Kip Naylor, from a previous marriage  Jessica Howard Meredith was born to their union   The couple live in Jackson, Mississippi 

Works
In 1966, his memoir, Three Years in Mississippi, was published by the Indiana University Press 
He has self-published several books on politics and society 

See also
List of African-American pioneers in desegregation of higher education
List of civil rights leaders
School integration in the United States
Context 2: Passage 1:
Graeme Goodall
Graeme Goodall (1932 – 3 December 2014) was an Australian recording engineer and record label owner who was a key figure in the early days of Jamaica's recording industry, constructing several of the Island's studios, co-founding Island Records, and operating other labels in the United Kingdom releasing Jamaican music 

Career
Born in 1932, Graeme Goodall grew up in Caulfield, Victoria, and studied at Caulfield North Central School and Scotch College  In the early 1950s he worked at Melbourne radio station 3UZ briefly before studying television in London and training as an engineer with the International Broadcasting Company He became involved in the independent record industry and travelled to Jamaica in 1954 to set up the first FM radio network in Kingston — Radio Jamaica Rediffusion  He went on to work as chief engineer of the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation He began recording local musicians at the Radio Jamaica studios, and went on to build Federal Records, Jamaica's first recording studio (which was rebuilt in 1961 and later became Tuff Gong Recording Studio) with local entrepreneur Ken Khouri to the rear of Khouri's furniture store on King Street  Goodall worked as a recording engineer for Ken Khouri on some of the earliest Jamaican studio recordings  The studio not only provided the Island's first recording facility but also produced acetate discs, allowing sound system operators to record tracks and have them available to play within hours Known to the local musicians as "Mr  Goody", Goddall went on to assist with the construction of several studios, including Dynamic Sound, Studio One and later Channel One Studios, and carry out engineering work for producers such as Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, Byron Lee, and Leslie Kong, engineering recordings by Laurel Aitken ("Boogie in My Bones") Millie ("My Boy Lollipop"), The Wailers, Prince Buster, The Skatalites, Derrick Morgan, and Desmond Dekker, among many others  He also trained Jamaican engineers such as Sylvan Morris and Lynford Anderson In 1959 he co-founded Island Records with Chris Blackwell and Kong, but his relationship with Blackwell broke down and he went on to start his own labels after relocating to the UK in 1965, the most successful of which were Doctor Bird and Pyramid  After Dekker's "Poor Me, Israelites" proved popular in clubs but failed to get much airplay due to its production, Goodall got Kong to send him the master tapes; he remixed it and released it in the UK in 1969 on Pyramid as "Israelites", the single going on to top the UK Singles Chart and sell over two million copies  He also ran West Indies Records and set up the Trojan Records subsidiary Attack Records Goodall married his Jamaican wife Fay in 1961 and in the early 1970s they moved to the US  Goodall later worked as Southern Regional Manager for Sony Pro Audio Graeme Goodall died at his home in Atlanta, Georgia on 3 December 2014 from natural causes, aged 82  He was survived by his wife, two children, and four grandchildren 
Passage 2:
My Moment (Rebecca Black song)
"My Moment" is a song by American recording artist Rebecca Black  It is a self-empowerment follow-up song to her first single "Friday", addressed to the "haters" who criticized her previous release  The song was written and produced by Brandon "Blue" Hamilton and Quinton Tolbert, and co-produced by Charlton Pettus  It was released on the iTunes Store under the label RB Records as Black's second single on July 19, 2011  RB Records was established by Black herself, after disputes over ownership and distribution of her previous single, "Friday" 
"My Moment" received mostly negative reviews from music critics  Though reviewers considered it an improvement from Black's previous single, they also found it less enjoyable  Unlike its predecessor, the song failed to chart on international music markets  The song's music video, which premiered a day before the single was released, portrays Black's "sudden rise to fame" and her "moments"  The video garnered more than a million views within 24 hours of its release 

Background
Rebecca Black became famous in early 2011 for her song "Friday" and its viral music video, whose reception was heavily negative from commentators and YouTube users  Black said that, after "Friday", she needed "to find the perfect song that kind of tells off the haters a little bit but still shows that [she is] a serious artist " "My Moment" was written and produced by Brandon "Blue" Hamilton and Quinton Tolbert, and co-produced by Charlton Pettus  The single release was first announced on July 11, 2011  Two days later, Black unveiled the single's artwork through her Twitter account  On July 18, the accompanying music video was uploaded on Black's YouTube channel, while the single was released digitally on the iTunes Store on July 19 

Composition
"My Moment" is a self-empowerment song that lasts for three minutes and twenty-five seconds  According to Jocelyn Vena of MTV, the song "is addressing all those haters who didn't necessarily get her last viral smash, "Friday"  Black starts singing the lyrics "Weren't you the one who said that I would be nothing? / Well, I'm about to prove you wrong / I'm not the only one who believes in something / My one wish is about to come true " As the song goes, Black addresses her negative reception even more, singing, "Haters, said I'll see you later/Can't talk to you right now/I'm getting my paper"  "My Moment" features a simple mid-tempo melody with a prominent uses of garish keyboards on its background  Uses of pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune on Black's vocals were also noticed 

Critical reception
Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly said that, unlike Black's previous song, "My Moment" was not so bad it's good, and Michelle Woo of OC Weekly described "My Moment" as "a lot less terrible" than "Friday", making it "less awesome"  Many compared the production to that of "Friday"  Mike Hale of The New York Times criticized Black's vocals for being "as heavily processed" as they were previously, but said that the tuning had "been done much more artfully", meaning Black sounded "more like a human being " A reviewer for The Huffington Post said, "if you were hoping for "Friday" part two, this certainly isn't it  Gone is the weird nasal, overly auto-tuned voice that made 'Friday' sound like she was saying 'fried egg '" Black herself was called "sweet but very self empowered" by Stransky, and Adrian Chen of Gawker called the track "a 'look-at-me-now' love letter" to all [Black's] haters"  Jason Lipshutz of Billboard saw the song in a similar light; for him, Black "does offer a bit of vitriol to those who wrote her off as a one-hit Internet wonder "The song was compared to Radio Disney songs and the music of Justin Bieber  While Chen called it "inoffensive" and "mildly catchy", other reviewers were less sympathetic  Jenni Dunning, of the Toronto Star, said that while "you might find it possible to listen to the whole song without flinching as much at her nasally voice [   ] that doesn’t make it good " Daniel Kreps, of Yahoo! Music, was even more critical, saying that nobody could like "My Moment", not even ironically 

Music video
The music video, directed by Morgan Lawley, was released through Black's YouTube channel on July 18, 2011, and a behind-the-scenes video was uploaded the day after  The video opens with Black in a studio, finishing the song recording with a studio band: guitarist Kellen McGee, bassist Jeremy Steel, and keyboardist Jourdan Steel  The video intercuts scenes of the studio with footage of Black making TV appearances, walking on red carpets, driving around Hollywood and greeting fans  Next, the singer is seen on a makeup chair and rehearsing several dance steps  She then starts the full choreography with So You Think You Can Dance finalists Robert Roldan and Kent Boyd  So You Think You Can Dance's Allison Holker and Lauren Gottlieb also appear in the dance sections of the video  The video ends with Black at the premiere of My Moment, a fictional film about her Black has stated that her favorite part of making the video was the dancing; she used to be a dancer and is a regular watcher of So You Think You Can Dance  In less than twenty-four hours after its release, the video had already attracted one million views on YouTube  Nicole James of MTV said that, in the music video, Black is "definitely a little sassier than the "Friday" singer we once knew", while Mike Hale of The New York Times noted that "a lot of people will rip “My Moment” for its relentless self-celebration "

Credits and personnel
Credits for "My Moment" adapted from MTV and CNN 
Rebecca Black – lead vocals, backing vocals
Brandon "Blue" Hamilton – songwriting, production
Quinton Tolbert – songwriting, production
Charlton Pettus – production
Passage 3:
Voices of Wonder
Voices of Wonder a k a  Voice of Wonder Records was one of the most important rock record labels in Oslo, Norway in the early 1990s  The label was fronted by a small and intimate record store on Olaf Ryes plass, which in addition to the labels own artists specialized in the English Earache Records and the American Sub Pop labels 
In the second half of the 1990s the store changed focus, from metal and grindcore to dance and electronic music  This alienated many of the old customers, and the label and store never managed to gain entry on the new scene  Thus, today the store is no more and the label is less active than before 
Voices of Wonder also distributed for Euronymous of Mayhem's Deathlike Silence Productions 
Voice of Wonder Records AS changed name to Voices Music & Entertainment in 2001, and now operates as VME's sublabel 

Roster
The 3rd and the Mortal
Anal Babes
Carpe Tenebrum
The Disciplines
Dog Age
Enslaved
Full Moon
Grady
Mayhem
Motorpsycho
Origami Teknika
Red Harvest
Sister Rain
The Tables
Tangled Edge

See also
List of record labels
Passage 4:
Kontor Records
Kontor Records is a record label based in Hamburg, Germany  The label's artist roster includes ATB, Tiësto, Armin van Buuren and Scooter  Jens Thele is the head manager of Kontor and is also the manager of Scooter Edel SE & Co  KGaA is the largest shareholder of the company and distributes its releases in German-speaking Europe  Outside Germany, Austria and Switzerland, Kontor Records have arranged multiple distribution deals with third-party labels 

History
Founded in 1996, the label originated as a club night that Jens Thele organised in Hamburg's central business district  Kontor was rapidly established as a successful musical project for local DJs and producers, and this was followed by interest from international artists  Thele has explained: "We place great importance on long-term artist relationships and development, always looking to create album projects"  In 2000 the 51% of the company was acquired by the German larger company Edel AG, with Thele and other subscribers retaining operative roles in the company  As of 2004, the company's office overlooks the Hamburg dockland area  Edel is still the largest shareholder of Kontor Records and currently owns 66,79% of shares The label launched the Kontor TV YouTube channel in 2006 and music videos, playlists and preview-mixes of new releases are uploaded onto the channel  As of February 2017, 4 5 million users are subscribed to Kontor TV  In early 2013, the label entered into a partnership with the Spotify online music streaming service and Kontor FM was launched in March 2013 In June 2013, Kontor garnered attention for a novel promotional campaign for the new song from artist Boris Dlugosch  The recipient of the music unfolds a device entitled "The Office Turntable" that serves as a 2D Technics turntable on which Dlugosch's vinyl single can be heard  The vinyl is neon orange-colored and most types of smartphones are used to scan an activating QR code on the fold-out device  Label staff explained to the Contagious Magazine's YouTube channel that they were motivated by creative directors who often ignore the music promotions they are sent 

Compilation brands
Kontor's compilation brands include "Kontor Top Of The Clubs" and "Kontor House of House" 

Affiliate and partner labels
The Sheffield Tunes imprint is a Kontor affiliate label that released the music of Scooter  Scooter's members, H  P  Baxxter and Rick J  Jordan, are company directors of Kontor Records  As of October 2013, Kontor Records is one of the numerous partners listed on the CR2 Records website, a London, United Kingdom (UK) electronic music label founded by musician Mark Brown (also known by the moniker "MYNC") In June 2020, Kontor acquired the German rock label Arising Empire 

Artists
DJ Antoine
ATB
Armin van Buuren
Aquagen
Cascada
Code Red
Blank & Jones
David Carson
DJ Dean
Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike
KCB
The Disco Boys
EDX
Fedde Le Grand
Hardwell
Mike Candys
ItaloBrothers
Klingande
Klubbingman
Alexander Marcus
Nightcrawlers
R I O 
DJ Sammy
Scooter
Giulia Siegel
Special D 
Spiller
Sunset Strippers
Alexandra Stan
Lexy & K-Paul
Martin Tungevaag
Vinylshakerz
Jan Wayne
Rania Zeriri
Tiësto
W&W
Passage 5:
Statiras Records
Statiras Records is a sub-label of Progressive Records which Progressive founder Gus Statiras launched in the 1980s that recorded jazz musical artists for release on LP and CD 

Albums
SLP-8074 Jazz Piano - Judy Carmichael, 1983
Passage 6:
Under Your Spell Again
"Under Your Spell Again"  is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Buck Owens  The song peaked at number 4 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles chart 

Chart performance
Buck Owens
Ray Price
Johnny Rivers
Waylon Jennings and Jessi Colter
Barbara Fairchild
Shelby Lynne
Cover versions
Ray Price recorded and released his version also in 1959, the same year Buck Owens did 
Jeanne Black and her sister Janie Black released a version of the song as the B-side to her 1960 hit single "He'll Have to Stay" 
Passage 7:
No Ordinary Girl
No Ordinary Girl is the debut studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records  
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week 

Track listing
Japanese edition
Bonus DVD
"Teenager" behind the scenes
"Outside Looking In" music video
"We Are Family" music video
"Jump to the Rhythm" music video

Charts
Release history
Passage 8:
Permission to Fly
Permission to Fly is the second and final studio album by American singer-songwriter Jordan Pruitt  On July 22, 2008, the album was released exclusively to Limited Too stores, and was given a wider physical release on August 26, 2008  In early September 2008, the album was released on iTunes, but was removed for unknown reasons later that month  Before its release, the worldwide premiere of the album was broadcast over Radio Disney on July 19, 2008 

Background
Before the release of Permission to Fly, Pruitt had signed on as the spokesperson for several multi-media national marketing campaigns with brand such as Kraft Foods, Kimberly-Clark, Colgate-Palmolive, Samsung and Limited Too  When picking songs for the album, Pruitt used her "5-second rule " If the track didn't grab her in five seconds, she didn't record it  Pruitt worked with a team of top songwriter/producers, including Shelly Peiken, Arnthor Birgisson, Tim James & Antonina Armato (better known as Rock Mafia), and Adam Watts & Andy Dodd  Pruitt also co-wrote many of the songs, and wanted the album to be more mature than her 2007 debut album No Ordinary Girl  Speaking on the differences between Permission to Fly and No Ordinary Girl, Pruitt said "I kind of grew up after the first record was done  I became more of myself  I really found out who I was and what I wanted to be "

Composition
Permission to Fly is mainly a pop album with influences of jazz and R&B  Several of the songs are about teen romance, with lyrics detailing love at first sight and the ups and downs of relationships  First single "One Love" is a reggae-tinged ode to a loyal partner, and second single "My Shoes" is about school crushes  "Boyfriend" is a confident assertion that her boyfriend won't be stolen by a flirtatious rival, and "Simple Things" is a song about how much pain can be caused by the smallest reminder of a former love  Other songs on the album are focused on self-empowerment and positivity  Title track "Permission to Fly" is about finding your own identity, and in "Unconditional" Pruitt sings about how her faith gets her through the toughest of times  The album consists of 11 original compositions with one cover, "The Way You Do the Things You Do" originally performed by the Temptations 

Track listing
Critical reception
Permission to Fly received generally positive reviews from critics  Common Sense Media opined "While some of the songs have a bubblegum sound and predictable lyrics, there are some very likeable bright spots on the album, including a sassy remake of the Temptations classic, The Way You Do The Things You Do, and the surprisingly jazzy, syncopated Secrets  And, not all of the songs on this album are about boy stuff  Permission to Fly is about finding your own identity; in Unconditional, Jordan reminds us that she's a girl of faith, and how that gets her through the toughest of times  If nothing else, this teen is versatile " The site gave the album three out of five stars 
AllMusic gave the album a mixed review, saying "On her 2008 sophomore outing, Permission To Fly, young Southern singer Jordan Pruitt presents another assured set of Disney-approved pop  While there are no drastic stylistic departures, Pruitt expands on her straightforward teen-pop sound with the reggae-tinged One Love (not to be confused with the Bob Marley song of the same name) and the R&B-leaning Unconditional " "One Love", "Unconditional", and "Simple Things" were listed as the stand-out tracks on the album 

Credits
Credits for Permission To Fly adapted from Allmusic

Singles
"One Love"
Released: June 10, 2008 (MySpace), June 14, 2008 (Radio Disney), July 8, 2008 (iTunes)Length: 3:02Genre: Dance-pop, reggaeLabel: HollywoodWriters: Leah Haywood, Daniel James, Shelly Peiken
"One Love" is the lead single from Permission to Fly  A snippet of the song was added on Pruitt's MySpace on June 10, 2008  She performed the song at the opening of the Disney Channel Games in 2008  It premiered on Radio Disney on June 14, 2008 and was produced by Shelly Peiken  It was available on iTunes on July 8, 2008  "One Love" was very successful on Radio Disney, appearing in the top three of Radio Disney's website multiple times  The song failed to attract Top 40 mainstream radio airplay, and therefore did not chart 

"My Shoes"
Released: October 3, 2008 (Radio Disney), October 7, 2008 (MySpace), December 21, 2008 (iTunes)Length: 3:04Genre: Dance-pop, R&BLabel: HollywoodWriters: Arnthor Birgisson, Savan Kotecha
"My Shoes" is the second single from the Permission to Fly  Pruitt performed the song at the opening of the Disney Channel Games in 2008  It premiered on Radio Disney on October 3, 2008  The music video for "My Shoes" was shot in a high school in Los Angeles, California on August 27, 2008  On December 21, 2008 "My Shoes" was released as a single on iTunes 
In March 2008, Pruitt started to discuss a second single from Permission to Fly with her record label  She and her record label went right for "My Shoes" so it was ready to be the second single  It was released on October 7, 2008  It was shown on the Disney Channel Games 2008  Like Pruitt's lead single from this album, "My Shoes" also failed to attract mainstream radio airplay and the song did not chart 

Release history
Passage 9:
The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)
"The Power of Love" is a song co-written and originally recorded by American singer-songwriter Jennifer Rush in 1984  It was released as the fifth single from her debut album, Jennifer Rush (1984), and has since been covered by Air Supply, Laura Branigan, and Celine Dion 
Recorded in Frankfurt, Germany (where Rush is based) and released in West Germany without much success in late 1984, Rush's original version reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in October 1985 and subsequently became the biggest-selling single of the year in the UK as Rush became the first female artist ever to have a million-selling single in the UK—it became the ninth best-selling single of the decade  It also topped the charts in several other European countries, as well as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa 
Dion's version peaked at number one in the United States, Canada, and Australia, and hit the top ten in several more countries in 1994  The song has been translated into several languages, becoming a pop standard 

Overview
"The Power of Love" was first recorded in Frankfurt, West Germany by Jennifer Rush for her 1984 eponymous album  This was a year after the band Frankie Goes to Hollywood conceived a song with the same title  It was released as a single in West Germany in December 1984  In June 1985, "The Power of Love" was issued as a single in the United Kingdom, where it topped the chart for five weeks in October 1985 and became the best-selling single of the year  As of March 2017, it had sold 1 45 million copies in the UK  The success of the song saw Rush perform it ‘‘live’’ on the BBC’s Top of the Pops in late 1985 The massive success of "The Power of Love" in the UK followed with widespread international success for the single in the last months of 1985 and the first of 1986, including a German re-release with a resultant number-nine charting  Eventually "The Power of Love" reached number one in Australia, Austria, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa and Spain (where Rush topped the chart with a version in Spanish called "Si tú eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer", translated as "If you are my man and I'm your woman"), number three in Switzerland, Sweden and Belgium, and number seven in the Netherlands 
CBS held off on releasing "The Power of Love" in North America feeling the disc was too European  It finally saw release in the United States and Canada in January 1986 but despite rising to number one in Canada, "The Power of Love" failed to become a significant US hit, stalling at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending of April 5, 1986, and spending 13 weeks within the Hot 100  The song was performed by Rush on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in March 1986 and American Bandstand in April 1986 

Critical reception
Michele Greppi from The Atlanta Journal-Constitution named "The Power of Love" the "best cut" of the album, complimenting Rush's voice, noting that her "operatic training shows in her incredible range (with no apparent loss of power or flexibility at either top or bottom)"  Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger stated that it's "a song about how love removes your own sense of scale, makes existence itself unfamiliar, so the disorientating disconnect between it and anything resembling my emotional reality makes a sort of warped sense " He added that the chorus is "so memorable"  Alan Jones from Music Week complimented it as "frankly superior"  Stephen Holden from The New York Times remarked that Rush "has a distinctive alto that combines an almost folkish intonation with a declamatory, quasi-operatic delivery  It is a voice that doesn't fit comfortably into any category " Richard Defendorf from The Orlando Sentinel declared it as a "goopy ballad"  People magazine wrote that "what's most impressive is Rush's voice  Throaty, intense and wide-ranging"  The reviewer also noted that there is "intelligent passion" in the "broody" "The Power of Love"  In an retrospective review, Pop Rescue praised it as a "fantastically classic power ballad" and "flawless", noting that the singer's vocals are "rich, strong, and wonderfully spine tingling"  Greg Kennedy from Red Deer Advocate viewed the song as "plaintive" and "poignant"  A writer for The Stage declared it a "superballad" Australian music channel Max included "The Power of Love" in their list of "1000 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2011 

Music video
The accompanying music video of "The Power of Love" was directed by German director Michael Leckebusch  It was filmed in New York City  As the video begins, we see the city in the early morning hours  Some villainous types are walking around an empty office, looking for something  They are being discovered by Rush's man, who obviously works at nights  Then the focus switches to Rush who is seen leaving Madison Square Garden  She starts singing and at home, she opens the door to her bedroom and finds her man lying asleep  When the chorus starts, Rush is standing in a freight elevator that is moving upwards  There are glimpses of the villainous men pushing her man to do things for them  Some scenes show Rush wearing black sunglasses, standing on the dock by the sea, while she watches the guys meeting on a pier to plot something  They are also hitting her man on the street by car  Apparently Rush is trying to help him out of the hands of these villains  Towards the end, she walks alone through the city in the evening hours, singing  At home, she once again opens the bedroom door, checking that her man is lying there asleep and then she shuts the door  As of May 2023, the video had generated more than 126 million views on YouTube[1] 

Official versions
Track listings
Charts
Certifications and sales
Air Supply version
British/Australian duo Air Supply covered "The Power of Love" for their 1985 eponymous album  Since the song was sung by Russell Hitchcock, a man, the gender roles were reversed in the lyrics ("I'm your lady and you are my man" became "You are my lady and I am your man")  It was released as a single in July 1985 in the United States, and later in Canada and New Zealand  Their version was titled "The Power of Love (You Are My Lady)" so as not to be confused with "The Power of Love" by Huey Lewis and the News which was on the charts at the same time  Air Supply's version was a moderate success in New Zealand and Canada, reaching the top 40 in both countries in late 1985  In the US, it peaked at number 68  Their cover was featured in the 2017 film Death Note 

Track listing
Credits and personnel
Russell Hitchcock – vocals
Graham Russell – background vocals
Steve Lukather – guitar
Greg Phillinganes – keyboards
David Paich – keyboards
Steve Porcaro – keyboards, synthesizer
Nathan East – bass
John "JR" Robinson – drums

Charts
Laura Branigan version
American singer Laura Branigan recorded "The Power of Love" under the title "Power of Love" for her fifth studio album, Touch (1987)  Produced by David Kershenbaum, the track was released in October 1987 as the album's second single and reached number 26 on the US Billboard Hot 100 that December, becoming Branigan's seventh and final top-40 entry  "Power of Love" also peaked at number 19 on Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary chart 
Branigan would say of "Power of Love": "There's a song on this album" ("Power Of Love") "that to me is the ultimate in singing  It's a real emotional tear-your-heart-out kind of song  It's a classic torch song with today's feeling  I think those are the ones that live on forever 
"It has a range that keeps going on and on  It is really challenging vocally and yet it is really emotional  Emotion of the most important thing for me " 

Track listing
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Touch 
Laura Branigan – vocals
David Kershenbaum – production
Bob Marlette – arrangements, keyboards, drum programming, guitars, string arrangements
Kim Scharnberg – string arrangements, conducting
Kenneth G  Kugler – copyist
Julie Ann Gigante, Ralph D  Morrison III, Clayton Haslop, Alexander Horvath, R F  Peterson, Arthur Zadinsky, Michael Nowak, Raymond J  Tischer II, Margot MacLaine, Armen Ksjikian, Dennis Karmazyn, Michael Matthews – strings
David J  Holman – engineering, mixing, PPG programming

Charts
Celine Dion version
Canadian singer Celine Dion covered "The Power of Love" for her third English-language studio album, The Colour of My Love (1993)  It was produced by David Foster and released as the first single in November 1993 in North America, in December 1993 in Japan, and in early 1994 in the rest of the world  It hit number one in the US, Canada, and Australia and a top ten hit in several other countries  Billboard later ranked it as the 46th Top Love Song of All Time 

Commercial performance
Dion's version of The Power of Love became the best-selling single by a female artist of 1994 in the United States, and 8th best-selling overall, selling 900,000 copies



ground_truth: James Howard Meredith

James Meredith

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the record label of the co-writer and recording artist of Permission to Fly?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  It became Dion's first US number-one song, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in February 1994  It also became her first Australian chart topper and her second number-one single in Canada  The song also topped the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada  In the rest of the world, "The Power of Love" reached the top ten in France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden and New Zealand  It was certified Platinum in the United States (selling 1 5 million copies) and Australia, Gold in the UK and New Zealand, and Silver in France 

Accolades
"The Power of Love" won the ASCAP Pop Award for Most Performed Song in the United States  Dion was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, the American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, two Billboard Music Awards for Hot 100 Single of the Year and Hot Adult Contemporary Single of the Year, and for the Juno Award for Single of the Year  David Foster was also nominated for the Juno Award for Producer of the Year for Dion's version 

Promotion/Live performances
A music video for the Celine Dion version was released which saw heavy rotation on many music video networks and programs 
Dion included the song in many of her tour performances  "The Power of Love" is included on many of her live albums  It is also featured on several of her greatest hits collections such as All the Way    A Decade of Song (1999), Complete Best (2008), My Love: Essential Collection (2008) and The Best of Celine Dion & David Foster (2012)  Live performances are included on À l'Olympia (album), Live à Paris (album), Live à Paris (video), Au cœur du stade (video), Live in Las Vegas: A New Day    (video), Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert (album/video), and Céline une seule fois / Live 2013 (album/video)  She also performed the song at the American Music Awards of 1995 and her CBS television special That's Just the Woman in Me on February 15, 2008 

Critical reception
Dion's cover of "The Power of Love" received acclaim from music critics  About com placed the song at number seven in their ranking of "Top 10 Celine Dion Songs", calling it a "big ballad"  Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic "highlighted" it in his review of The Colour of My Love  A reviewer from The Baltimore Sun wrote that the singer "sounds great" when she's working with "tunefully romantic stuff"  Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report commented, "A song this powerful places extraordinary demands on those who sing it  Only a rare few are up to the task    Add Celine's interpretation to producer David Foster's arrangement and the result is nothing short of superb" Another editor, Ron Fell said "it's made better than ever", adding it as "awesome!" Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian described it as a "bodice-bursting" version  Mike Wass from Idolator complimented Dion's "flawless vocal" on a "classy" Foster arrangement  Dennis Hunt from LA Times compared Dion's vocals favorably to those of Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey  He noted "that grandiose, note-stretching finish"  Pan-European magazine Music & Media described the song as a "tender rendition"  Alan Jones from Music Week said it "is so powerful it's sure to score"  A reviewer from The Network Forty declared it "a reflective ballad brought to life by Celine's brilliantly distinctive vocals"  The Plain Dealer deemed it a "soaring rendition"  Christopher Smith from Talk About Pop Music viewed the song as "powerful and faithful to the original version" 

Cultural impact
Siren kings, members of a New Zealand street subculture devoted to the volume and clarity of music via public address system loudspeakers, value the Celine Dion version of "The Power of Love" as a perfect song for the medium  Siren king Purp Ci'i stated that it "will smash anyone in a battle—that song is dangerous   It's an old favourite from when sirens first started "

Credits and personnel
Producer – David Foster
Engineers – David Reitzas, Humberto Gatica
Assistant engineers – Bill Leonard, Erich Baron, Fred Kelly
Mix – Humberto Gatica
Vocal – Celine Dion
Keyboards – David Foster
Synclavier programming – Simon Franglen
Guitars – Michael ThompsonCredits adapted from the album liner notes 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
Other cover versions
The Spanish version of Jennifer Rush's "The Power of Love," "Si tu eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer" was introduced by Dominican singer Angela Carrasco in 1986 and became very popular throughout Latin America  The same version was later recorded by a number of Latin artists including Yolandita Monge, Amanda Miguel, and La India  La India's version of the song peaked at number thirty-eight on Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States  Brazilian singer Rosana recorded a Portuguese version of the song, titled "O Amor e o Poder", which was included on the soundtrack of 8PM prime time telenovela Mandala (1987–88), as the theme song for lead character Jocasta (Vera Fischer)  Her version was largely successful, becoming the sixth most played song in the country in 1988, as well as Rosana's biggest hit  It was also included on the tracklist for her album Coração Selvagem and propelled its sales, selling over 300,000 copies  Wilfrido Vargas's New York Band covered the song in merengue which peaked at number thirty-seven on the Hot Latin Songs chart  It was also covered by Los Melódicos and Dulce López from La Academia  Italian dance act Fits of Gloom released their version in 1994 with vocals by British singer Lizzy Mack which reached No  49 on the UK Singles Chart 

See also
Passage 10:
Pointless Nostalgic
Pointless Nostalgic is Jamie Cullum's second album but his first major release on a record label  It was released in 2002 through Candid Records  It was recorded at Clowns Pocket Recording Studio, Bexley, Kent by Derek Nash who also co produced the CD 

Track listing
Musicians
Jamie Cullum – piano, vocals
Martin Shaw – trumpet
Martin Gladdish – trombone
Matt Wates – alto saxophone
Dave O'Higgins – tenor saxophone
Ben Castle – tenor saxophone
Geoff Gascoyne – bass
Sebastiaan de Krom – drums

Charts and certifications
Passage 11:
Here Comes the Hotstepper
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" is a song co-written and recorded by Jamaican dancehall artist Ini Kamoze  It was released as the lead single from his 1995 album of the same name as well as the soundtrack to the film Prêt-à-Porter  It is known for its "naaaa na na na naaaa   " chorus inspired by the Cannibal and the Headhunters version of "Land of 1000 Dances" 
The song was Kamoze's only song to reach the top 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking atop the chart on December 17, 1994, and remaining there for two weeks  It also became a number-one hit in Denmark, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe and a top-10 hit in 13 other countries  Irish DJ John Gibbons made a remix of the song in 2018 

Usages of music sampling
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" contains several samples, including vocals from "The Champ" by The Mohawks, "Hot Pants" by Bobby Byrd, and "La Di Da Di" by Doug E  Fresh and Slick Rick  The song's instrumental samples the drums and bass from "Heartbeat" by Taana Gardner and guitar notes from "Hung Up on My Baby" by Isaac Hayes  The song uses the "na na na na na   " chorus from the Cannibal and the Headhunters version of "Land of a Thousand Dances," and the verse vocal melody is reminiscent of The Beatles' "Come Together", which was inspired by Chuck Berry's "You Can't Catch Me" 

Chart performance
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" remains Kamoze's biggest hit to date  It went to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and on the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart, while peaking at number two at the US Cash Box Top 100  In Europe, it peaked at number one in Denmark as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100  The single climbed into the top 10 in Austria (6), Belgium (Flanders (4) and Wallonia (3)), Finland (2), France (2), Germany (6), Iceland (3), Ireland (3), Norway (4), Spain (2), Sweden (5), Switzerland (4), and the United Kingdom  In the latter nation, it peaked at number four during its third week on the UK Singles Chart, on January 15, 1995, and spent four weeks at that position, topping the UK R&B Chart in the process  Elsewhere, "Here Comes the Hotstepper" topped the charts in New Zealand and Zimbabwe and peaked at number two in Australia The single was awarded with a gold record in France (250,000) and Germany (250,000) and a platinum record in Australia (70,000), New Zealand (10,000), the UK (600,000), and the US (1,000,000) 

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic noted that the song "lifts a line from "Land of 1000 Dances", and places it on an infectious dancehall beat -- it's a great single that deserved to be a huge hit " Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Reggae-splashed pop/hip-hopper is fueled by a prominent sample of Taana Gardner's disco chestnut "Heartbeat"  Already getting active attention, infectious party jam percolates with innocuous but appealing rapping and familiar chants  Don't be surprised if this sleeper soars past the expected hits to the top of the Hot 100 " In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton stated that the "infectious dance track owes much of its success to the 'Na Na Na Na Na' hook"  A reviewer from Music & Media commented, "Let's go "funkin' for Jamaica" again  Included on the OST Prêt-à-Porter, the veteran reggae man unexpectedly sees himself in the US top 10 with a chunk of '80s fatback funk "British magazine Music Week's RM Dance Update complimented the song as a "catchy funk anthem doing the business in the US"  An editor, James Hamilton, described it as a "lyrical gangster's madly infectious US smash reggae jiggler using the 'naa na-na-naa' chant from 'Land of a 1000 Dances'"  Charles Aaron from Spin viewed it as a "seamless, nonsensical string of ragamuffin hip-hop clichés " He added further, "Rivaling Joey Gardner's sample constructions for K7 [with "Come Baby Come"], producer Salaam Remi drops in the bass line from Taana Gardner's 1981 club classic [   ], and next thing you know, you're humming "murderer" against your will  Kamoze is a Kingston native, a vet of four supposedly respectable albums, an author and playwright, but on this Top Ten hit, he could be Jah Blatt from down the block  Deeply disposable " Steve Pick from St  Louis Post-Dispatch wrote, "With this cut, he's distilled most of the stylistic variants of his competitors, sweetened them with some goof hooks and come up with a breakthrough pop record that threatens to keep folks dancing for the next several years  I'm not sure what's "Heartical" about this version, but this is the mix you want "

Music video
Two music videos were made to accompany the song  The remix version used various scenes from the film Prêt-à-Porter  It was later published by Vevo on YouTube in 2014, and had generated more than 31 million views as of January 2023 

Track listing
CD single"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartical Mix)
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allaam Mix)CD maxi – Europe (1994)"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartical Mix) – 4:13
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartipella) – 4:15
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartimental) – 4:13
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allaam Mix) – 4:36
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allamental) – 4:37
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (LP Version) – 4:09

Charts
Certifications
Impact, legacy and cover versions
Blender listed the song at number 492 in their ranking of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born" in 2005  BuzzFeed listed it at number 46 in their list of "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs Of the '90s" in 2017  Billboard placed "Here Comes the Hotstepper" at number 126 in their ranking of "Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s" in 2019 John Gibbons covered the song in 2019 as "Hotstepper"  The song charted at no  67 on the Irish Singles Chart In 2020, American singer Nicky Jam and Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee interpolated the song's hook for the single "Muévelo", from the Bad Boys for Life soundtrack, as did Israeli musical duo Static & Ben El for their single "Further Up (Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)" alongside American rapper Pitbull  That same year, Parquet Courts frontman and artist A  Savage designed a t-shirt, Excuse Me Mister Officer (Murderer), named for a line in the song's pre-chorus, to honor victims of police brutality, the proceeds from which he donated to various US- and New York-based anti-prison organizations In 2021, Philadelphia-based musician and social media personality Pat Finnerty enlisted Dr  Dog to cover the track for the "Hey, Soul Sister" episode of his YouTube series, What Makes This Song Stink The song was featured in the second episode of the twelfth season of the sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia 
The song was included in the 2022 film, Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and plays during a scene where the titular character is left home alone The song was performed by Peter Griffin and his terminator clone in Season 19 Episode 13 of the cartoon Family Guy 
It was included in the launch trailer for the video game Yakuza: Like a Dragon 
Passage 12:
Here I Am (Patty Loveless song)
"Here I Am" is a song written by Tony Arata, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in November 1994 as the second single from her seventh album, When Fallen Angels Fly (1994)  The song reached a number four peak in February 1995 

Critical reception
Richard McVey from Cash Box wrote, "A far cry from her previous release, “I Try To Think About Elvis”, this easy-paced, guitar/vocally-driven tune is classic Loveless  She pours out emotions through her vocals like few can and “Here I Am” is no exception "

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Here I am" premiered in December 1994 

Charts
Passage 13:
Ornament Records
Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A  "Ziggy" Christmann  It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany  Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well 
Artists who were recorded for the label or in some cases whose US recordings were released on the label included Doctor Ross, Willie Mabon, John Lee Hooker, Blind John Davis, Jim Kahr Group, Champion Jack Dupree, Sunnyland Slim, Tommy Tucker, Big Joe Williams, Fernest Arceneaux, Louisiana Red, Al Rapone, Katie Webster, Big Jay McNeely, Detroit Gary Wiggins & Chris Rannenberg as the International Blues Duo and Black Cat Bone Almost all of the label's original blues LPs were—some with additional bonus tracks—re-released on CD on the CMA label in 1991  Some of these were released again on the Chrisly label in 2000 under the Ornament Blues Masters series Ornament also had two short-lived blues sub-labels: Chrischaa and ESCEHA Schallplatten  Both of these folded in June 1978 

See also
List of record labels
Passage 14:
Hamburg Records
Hamburg Records is a Hamburg, Germany, based independent record label and artist management owned by Pyogenesis vocalist Flo V  Schwarz 

History
Flo V  Schwarz, who has been working in the music industry in companies such as Nuclear Blast long before, originally set up the label to exploit the Pyogenesis-rights after the band's contract ran out in 2002, but the company has evolved into a bigger and respected business  Throughout the 2000s, the company included an artist management department, while the musically focus was on any kind of Rock, particularly on Punk  In 2004 Hamburg Records, based at the world famous red-light district St  Pauli Reeperbahn, started their mail-order with just management and label attached band products  Throughout the years this changed and the company runs that business for quite a few namable bands and music-affine brands  Since 2006 Hamburg Records offers with Shirtagentur the service to print all kinds of merchandising and grew within just a few years to one of the biggest suppliers, especially for all kinds of Punk, Rock and Metal bands in Central Europe  In 2010 after being partners in co-publishing with EMI and Warner, for a few years already, Hamburg Records started their own publishing named Glorious Songs  The first signing was the Top40 chart-success of Itchy Poopzkid "Lights Out London" 
Most of the bands on Hamburg Records, especially those who sing in German, are concentrated on the European markets, but the activities for a few bands are yet territorially unlimited 

Current and former artists
See also
Pyogenesis
List of record labels
Passage 15:
Necessary Records
Necessary Records is a record label based in the UK, founded by Warren Clarke, a former A&R executive at London Records and Edel, in 2003  Clarke describes that the label was born out of a creative necessity  "It's an outlet for records that should and must be heard  An outlet for artists that deserve to and will, touch the widest possible audience "It is most notable for being the record label of English indie rock band Hard-FiThe label was responsible for the release of Hard Fi's debut album, Stars of CCTV, before the label secured a two album worldwide licensing deal with Atlantic, which saw the album re-released in the UK and subsequently nominated for a Mercury Prize and two Brit Awards  The album also peaked at #1 in the UK albums chart in January 2006, reaching sales of 1 2 million copies worldwide, with over 830,000 in the UK alone  The band's second album, Once Upon a Time in the West, released by Necessary/Atlantic, also reached #1 on the UK album charts  The band's third album, Killer Sounds, released by Necessary/Atlantic went to #9 on the UK album charts Necessary also have a publishing and management company 

Artist roster
Nights
Distophia
Hard-Fi
Maupa

See also
List of record labels
Passage 16:
Jive Records
Jive Records (later stylized as JIVE Records) was a British-American independent record label founded by Clive Calder in 1981 as a subsidiary of the Zomba Group  In the US, the label had offices in New York City and Chicago  Jive was best known for its successes with hip hop, R&B, and dance acts in the 1980s and 1990s, along with teen pop and boy bands during the late 1990s and early 2000s 
Jive was acquired by Bertelsmann Music Group in 2002  In 2008, BMG itself was bought out by Sony Music Entertainment  Jive Records thereupon remained a unit wholly owned by Sony up until the label’s dissolution in 2011, when Jive was absorbed into RCA Records 

History
1970s: Beginnings
In 1971, South African businessmen Clive Calder and Ralph Simon began a publishing and management company  It was named Zomba Records and relocated to London, England, four years later; their first client was a young Robert "Mutt" Lange  Zomba originally wanted to avoid record labels to instead focus on their songwriters and producers while allowing other established labels to release the material  Later that decade, the company opened offices in the US, where Calder began a business relationship with Clive Davis, whose Arista Records began releasing material by Zomba artists 

Formation and early distribution at Arista and RCA (1981)
In 1981, Zomba formed Jive Records, whose operations began with the release of British dance and pop music from groups such as Q-Feel, A Flock of Seagulls, and Tight Fit  Its name was inspired by township Jive, a type of music that originated in South Africa  Clive Davis had hoped that Zomba's connection with Mutt Lange would help alleviate the difficulties Arista was having with launching rock acts to success 

Hip hop sprawl and rise in popularity (1982–1995)
By 1982, Calder was introduced to Barry Weiss, a young college graduate who took Calder out to hip-hop clubs in New York City for his job interview with Zomba  Weiss and Calder began grooming musicians for what would eventually become the hip hop group Whodini  After two days, the group created and recorded its hit single "Magic's Wand " While the group would eventually leave Jive, the early success allowed the label to focus on hip-hop artists throughout the 1980s In 1987, Jive cut distribution ties with Arista, effectively separating them from Davis, who eschewed hip hop music at his label  As the 1980s drew to a close, the label entered a distribution deal with Arista's sister label RCA Records, and it continued to sign hip hop acts including DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Boogie Down Productions, Too $hort, Schoolly D, and Kid Rock 

In 1990, Calder bought Simon’s stake in Zomba and became the sole owner of Jive Records  Jive's distribution deal with RCA expired in 1991  At this time, Bertelsmann Music Group acquired a minority share of the label and began to distribute its records directly  Weiss became chief executive of Jive Records that year  Jive opened branches in Chicago and had also become a premier label in the genres of hip hop and R&B with the success of acts like D-Nice, E-40, UGK, A Tribe Called Quest, Hi-Five, KRS-One/Boogie Down Productions, R  Kelly and Aaliyah 

Teen pop acts (1996–2001)
In 1996, BMG deepened its relationship with the label by purchasing a 20-percent stake of Jive  By the late 1990s, Jive began signing pop acts Backstreet Boys, NSYNC and Britney Spears  All three acts achieved massive success as the 2000s dawned, becoming the three best-selling acts in the label's history 

2000s: Acquisition by BMG and Sony
In 2002, Calder sold Zomba to BMG for US$2 74 billion, which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution  Calder then announced his resignation from Zomba, but continued to stay on at Jive in a temporary advisory role as Zomba was integrated into BMG  Weiss succeeded Calder as the new head of Zomba  In 2004, BMG merged with Sony Music Entertainment to form Sony BMG  During this time, Jive's management and distribution were restructured under the newly formed Zomba Label Group  Artists who had previously been on LaFace and Arista Records were subsequently absorbed under the Zomba group and placed under the purview of Jive Records’ staff  Thus, artists such as Pink, Usher, and Outkast became de facto Jive artists  Though both physical record sales and teen pop had steadily declined since the early 2000s, the output from Jive’s newer artists — particularly Usher’s Confessions album and Outkast’s Speakerboxxx/The Love Below — would prove to be profitable successes for Jive  In addition to releasing Spears’ 2007 album Blackout, Jive was now also the home of a solo Justin Timberlake, whose FutureSex/LoveSounds also saw high sales  Other Jive artists at that time included Ciara and Chris Brown By early 2008, the BMG Label Group was said to include RCA Records, J Records, LaFace, Arista, Volcano Entertainment, Verity, GospoCentric and Fo Yo Soul  — all overseen by Weiss  Later that year, Sony and BMG dissolved its merger, with the former buying out shares of the latter  As a result of Sony's buyout, Jive (along with its BMG sisters RCA and Arista) became a wholly owned unit of a refreshed Sony Music Entertainment  Starting in 2008 Jive was all capital (e g  JIVE Records), this change started when BMG Label Group was renamed RCA/JIVE Label Group 

2010s: Dormancy
After two decades as president of Jive, Barry Weiss left for Universal Music Group in March 2011  On October 7, 2011, it was announced that Jive, along with Arista and J Records, would be retired to refresh and re-brand RCA Records by not confusing or diluting it with other labels  All retained artists on those labels were then moved to RCA Records The label is currently in hibernation, with the distribution of its back catalog handled by Sony Music's Legacy Recordings  Previously, the Jive brand was being exclusively used under the Sony Music France division under the name Jive Epic in France until 2019, when it was absorbed into RCA Records France 

Criticism and controversies
On September 27, 2021, singer R  Kelly was found guilty by a federal jury of acts including bribery and sexual exploitation of a child  Allegations of Kelly’s sexual misconduct had long followed the singer since his early career with Jive in the early 1990s, as well as throughout the 2000s when a video tape surfaced allegedly showing Kelly engaging in sexual acts with a minor and when Kelly was arrested for possession of child pornography  Despite the scandals, Kelly remained signed to Jive’s roster and continued to release albums with the label up to its merger with RCA in 2011  In 2018, the Washington Post ran a lengthy article alleging industry executives at Jive had been aware of Kelly's sexually abusive behavior towards young women for years, but did nothing about them due to his success as a performer and songwriter  Though the article reported Clive Calder had been warned about Kelly’s behavior as early as 1994, Calder retrospectively told the Post he regretted not having done more at the time, saying "Clearly, we missed something”  Former Jive president Barry Weiss told the newspaper that during his 20 years with the label, he never concerned himself with Kelly's private life, and was unaware of two lawsuits filed against Kelly and the label by women alleging sexual misconduct, suits in which the label had successfully argued it was not liable  Larry Khan, another Jive executive who worked closely with the singer even after viewing the sex tape, similarly implied Kelly’s misconduct was not the label's responsibility 

Discography
Artists
See also
Zomba Group of Companies
RCA/Jive Label Group
List of record labels
Passage 17:
Big Blue Note
"Big Blue Note" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith  It was released in September 2005 as the third and final single from Keith's album Honkytonk University   It peaked at number 5 on the United States country charts  Prior to that single's release, DreamWorks Records closed its doors, so Keith had a newly-formed label, Show Dog Nashville  Keith wrote the song with Scotty Emerick 

Music video
The music video was directed by Michael Salomon, and premiered on CMT on September 12, 2005  It begins on a rainy day where a businessman had a good life, until his wife ran away with a "big blue note" on the floor  The video shows him having trouble getting rid of the note, but being unable to let go of her memory  Because of this, he is having trouble focusing at work, and an inkblot test at his psychiatrist shows up  Leading to him running a cliffside, he is actually taking the big blue note by folding into a paper airplane, and throws the big blue note off the cliff  The scene switches from a rainy day to a bright sunny day, as the businessman plays the banjo on the cliff 

Chart performance
"Big Blue Note" debuted at number 57 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week ending September 17, 2005 
Passage 18:
Whiskey River
"Whiskey River" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Johnny Bush   It was a hit for both Bush and his friend Willie Nelson 

Johnny Bush version
Bush released the song in 1972 through RCA Victor and included it on his album Whiskey River  Bush later re-recorded the song in 1981 and released it through the Delta label, with "When My Conscience Hurts the Most" on the b-side 

Willie Nelson versions
Willie Nelson first recorded "Whiskey River" for the album Shotgun Willie in 1973  In 1978, a recording from Nelson's live album Willie and Family Live was released as a single through Columbia Records  "Whiskey River", despite not being a Nelson original, has come to be regarded as one of his signature songs and a concert staple 
Nelson performed the song during the pilot episode of the long-running music television series Austin City Limits—marking the first song to be performed on the program 

Chart performance
Johnny Bush
ARe-recording 

Willie Nelson
In popular culture
Willie Nelson's version of the song is featured in Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto V game soundtrack 
Passage 19:
Ellahy Amen Records
Ellahy Amen Records is an American-French independent avant-garde record label, launched in 2002 by former Pigface member and experimental/avant-garde musician Leila Bela  The record label is based both in Paris, France and Austin, Texas, United States  Currently, the label has three artists signed to the roster 

Roster
Leila Bela
Maya Bond
Lexion Blacklord

See also
List of record labels

External links
Official site



ground_truth: Hollywood Records

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The city where Dmitry Borisovich was born is located where in Russia?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Kaributas
Kaributas (Koribut, Korybut, baptized Dmitry; after 1350 – after 1404) was a son of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned in Severian Novgorod until 1393 
Kaributas was born some time after 1350 (exact date is unknown) to Algirdas of Lithuania and Uliana of Tver  Born a pagan, around 1380 he was baptised in the Orthodox rite and became the prince of Severian Novgorod  He adopted the Christian name of Dmitry and hence is sometimes referred to as Dmitry Korybut (a combination of his Slavicised Lithuanian name Kaributas and his Christian name)  He appeared in politics during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) when he supported his brother Jogaila against his uncle Kęstutis and cousin Vytautas  In 1382 he began a rebellion in Severian Novgorod, engaging Kęstutis' forces so that Jogaila could attack and capture lightly guarded Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy  He also witnessed the Treaty of Dubysa with the Teutonic Knights 
For his service, he was awarded possessions in Navahrudak and Lida  Kaributas continued to support Jogaila: he witnessed the Union of Krewo and fought in the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)  After the Ostrów Agreement, he refused to recognize Vytautas' superiority and was defeated in a battle near Lida in early 1393  Kaributas was imprisoned and stripped of his possessions  However, he was soon released and given Zbarazh, Bratslav, and Vinnytsia  Severian Novgorod was given to Fedor, son of Liubartas  Kaributas appeared last in written sources in 1404 during a military campaign waged by Vytautas against the Principality of Smolensk 
Kaributas' male-line descendants included Princes Zbaraski, Wiśniowiecki and, in the Russian Empire, Woroniecki, and Nieswicki, making these families Gediminid  King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki was named Korybut to foreground his agnatic descent from Kaributas 

Marriage and issue
Kaributas married Princess Anastasia, daughter of Grand Prince Oleg II of Ryazan, with whom he had three daughters and three sons  
Kaributas issue originated the Korybut coat of arms 

Helena (wife of John II "the Iron" Duke of Racibórz),
Fedor of Nesvich, Volhynia
Sigismund Korybut (a claimant to the Bohemian Crown),
Nastasia (wife of Fedor of Kashin)
Ivan
Passage 2:
Gmina Tarnów
Gmina Tarnów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland  Its seat is the city of Tarnów, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 82 81 square kilometres (32 0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 23,060 

Villages
Gmina Tarnów contains the villages and settlements of Biała, Błonie, Jodłówka-Wałki, Koszyce Małe, Koszyce Wielkie, Łękawka, Nowodworze, Poręba Radlna, Radlna, Tarnowiec, Wola Rzędzińska, Zawada, Zbylitowska Góra and Zgłobice 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Tarnów is bordered by the city of Tarnów and by the gminas of Czarna, Lisia Góra, Pleśna, Skrzyszów, Tuchów, Wierzchosławice, Wojnicz and Żabno 
Passage 3:
Kis-Küküllő County
Kis-Küküllő was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary  Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania)  Kis-Küküllő is the Hungarian name for the river Târnava Mică  The capital of the county was Dicsőszentmárton (now Târnăveni) 

Geography
Kis-Küküllő county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Alsó-Fehér, Torda-Aranyos, Maros-Torda, Udvarhely and Nagy-Küküllő  The river Mureș formed part of its northern border, the river Târnava Mare its southern border  Târnava Mică river flowed through the county  Its area was 1,724 km² around 1910 

History
Kis-Küküllő county came into existence in 1876, when the administrative structure of Transylvania was changed and Küküllő County was split  In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania  After the Second Vienna Award, a little part of the former county became part of Hungary again and was assigned to the recreated Maros-Torda County  Its territory lies in the present Romanian counties Mureș (a o  Târnăveni), Alba (the south-west) and Sibiu (the south, a o  Dumbrăveni) 

Demographics
Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Kis-Küküllő county were:

Notes
Passage 4:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 5:
Rostov
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в, IPA: [rɐˈstof]) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring  It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, 202 kilometers (126 mi) northeast of Moscow  Population: 30,406 (2021 Census); 31,792 (2010 Census); 34,141 (2002 Census); 35,707 (1989 Census) While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is popularly known to Russians as Rostov Veliky (Russian: Ростов Великий, Rostov the Great) to distinguish it from the much larger city of Rostov-on-Don  The name of the town railway station is Rostov Yaroslavsky, due to its location in Yaroslavl Oblast 

History
Rostov was preceded by Sarskoye Gorodishche, which some scholars interpret as the capital of the Finnic Merya tribe  Others believe it was an important Viking trade enclave and fortress guarding the Volga trade route  It is known from Norse sources as Raðstofa  Scythians also settled there  These different ethnicities, such as the Vikings, Scyths, Slavs and Finns, were likely the ancestors of many of today's people in that region  First mentioned in documents in the year 862 as an already important settlement, by the 10th century Rostov became the capital city of Vladimir-Suzdal, one of the most prominent principalities in Rus'  It was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1474 After losing its independent status, Rostov was still an ecclesiastic center – from 988 it was the see of the Diocese of Yaroslavl, one of the first Russian bishoprics  In the 14th century, the bishops of Rostov became archbishops, and late in the 16th century, metropolitans  One of those metropolitans, Iona (Jonah) Sysoyevich (c  1607–1690), commissioned the town's main landmark: the Rostov Kremlin  This is regarded by some as the finest outside that of Moscow Ravaged by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries (last sack by Edigu in 1408), and the Poles in 1608, Rostov survived as a medium-sized town  Late in the 18th century, the metropolitan see was transferred to Yaroslavl 
Rostov is renowned for manufacturing enamels 
On August 24, 1953, the town was hit by an F3 tornado, causing severe damage  The tornado traveled 6 kilometers with a maximum width of up to 550 meters 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Rostov serves as the administrative center of Rostovsky District, even though it is not a part of it  As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Rostov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts  As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Rostov is incorporated within Rostovsky Municipal District as Rostov Urban Settlement 

Main sights
The architecture of the city shows many examples of early Russian Orthodox architecture  The central square of Rostov is occupied by the Assumption Cathedral  It is unknown when the present building was erected, the mid-16th century being the most likely date  Lower parts of the cathedral walls are dated to the 12th century  The ponderous bell-tower was constructed mostly in the 17th century  Its bells are among the largest and most famous in Russia - each has its own name  The largest bell, cast in 1688, weighs 32,000 kilograms (71,000 lb)  It is named Sysoy to honor the city's founding father  The church is home to the incorrupt body of Saint Leontius of Rostov An area situated between the cathedral square and the lake was chosen by Iona Sysoevich as a place for his fairy-tale residence  All the construction works were carried out between 1667 and 1694  Major buildings include the ornate Savior Church-na-Senyakh (1675), the sombre Church of St  Gregory (1670), and the barbican churches of St  John the Apostle (1683) and of the Resurrection of Christ (1670)  The residence, often erroneously called kremlin, also includes eleven ornate tower bells, numerous palaces, several small belfries, and the diminutive baroque Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1693)  All the churches are elaborately painted and decorated 
The cathedral and four tall kremlin churches with their silver "blind" domes were imitated throughout the city  This is particularly evident in the Savior-on-the-Market church and the cathedral church of the Nativity convent, both dating from the 17th century and situated near the kremlin walls  The oldest church within the town center was consecrated to St  Isidore the Blessed in 1565  They say that Ivan the Terrible had the architect executed, because his church was so much smaller than its predecessor 
The kremlin is flanked by two monasteries, both facing the Lake Nero  To the right from the kremlin stands the Abraham monastery, founded in the 11th century and one of the oldest in Russia  Its cathedral, commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1553 to commemorate the conquest of Kazan, inspired numerous churches in the region, particularly in Yaroslavl 
Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery, situated to the left from the Kremlin on the town's outskirts, has been venerated as the shrine of St  Dmitry of Rostov  Most of the monastery structures were built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the fine neoclassical style  There are also two 17th-century churches: the Conception of St  Anna, and the Transfiguration of Our Savior  Unlike most other churches in the town, the monastery belongs to the Russian Orthodoxy and houses a theological seminary 

Surroundings
The vicinity of Rostov is rich in old architecture  For example, an old wooden church (1687–1689) may be seen in Ishnya  One of the best preserved monasteries in Russia, named after the saints Boris and Gleb, is situated in Borisoglebsky, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) west of the town  The monastery was favored by Ivan the Terrible, who personally supervised the construction of towered walls and bell-tower around an even more ancient cathedral  The only addition made to the monastery after Ivan's death is a barbican church, commissioned by the metropolitan Iona Sysoyevich 

Twin towns/sister cities
Jämsä, Finland
 Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA

Rostov in films
Peter I (Russian: Пётр Первый) (1937), by Vladimir Petov
Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future (Russian: Иван Васильевич меняет профессию, Ivan Vasilievich Changes His Profession) (1973), by Leonid Gaidai

Notable people
Dmitry Borisovich (1253–1294), Russian nobleman
Konstantin of Rostov (1186–1218), the eldest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest and Maria Shvarnovna
Vasilko Konstantinovich (1209–1238), the first Prince of Rostov
Olena Kryvytska (born 1987), Ukrainian fencer
Lev Naumov (1925–2005), Russian classical pianist, composer and educator
Yuri Alexandrovich Bilibin (1901–1952), geologist
Vera Dmitrievna Titova (1888–?), Russian scientist and educator
Passage 6:
Dmitry Liss
Dmitry Liss (born 1960) is a Russian conductor  He is also the artistic director and chief conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra 

Biography
Born in 1960, Dmitry Liss is a graduate of the Moscow Conservatory  Upon graduation from the conservatory in 1984 he became a conductor of the Kuzbass Symphony Orchestra  In 1991 he was appointed to the position of Chief Conductor of this orchestra and at this time became the youngest chief conductor in Russia  Since 1995, Dmitry Liss has served as Artistic Director/Chief Conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra  Most recently, Liss was appointed Associate Conductor of the Russian National Orchestra (1999)  In 1997–1999 he was Principal Russian Conductor of the American Russian Youth Orchestra 

Activities
He has taken part in numerous international festivals and has recorded CDs for a variety of American, Russian, Japanese, Taiwanese, Belgian and Swiss companies 

Awards
Winner of the 1st International Competition of Young Conductors Lovro von Matačić (Zagreb, 1995) 
Artist Emeritus of Russia

External links
Dmitry Liss on the web-site of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra
Dmitry Liss on the web-site of the Russian National Orchestra
(in English) Productions Internationales Albert Sarfati (World Management) : Dmitry Liss
DMITRY LISS: CONDUCTING IS SORT OF A DISEASE
Passage 7:
Gallaratese
Gallaratese is a district ("quartiere") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city  It is located about 7 km north-west of the city centre  It borders on the comune of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to 

Overview
The district is clearly subdivided into two parts; the first one, in the area of Via Cechov, has developed after the other one, enclosed between Via Cilea and Via Apennini; this latter, older part of the district is sometimes referred to as quartiere San Leonardo  These two parts are connected by a major shopping mall called Bonola  
Gallaratese is one of the largest districts in Italy to have been built "from scratch" in the 20th century (between the 1960s and 1980s) in a previously rural area  The Olona river, which traverses the district, has been laid underground  The first buildings to be created in Gallaratese were large apartment blocks; smaller palaces were added later  Today, the district has a population of about 60,000  The district is well connected by public transportation; it has four stops of the Milan Metro subway and five bus lines traversing it  It is also close to major thoroughfares such as the Tangenziale and the Strada del Sempione  
A major landmark of the Gallaratese district is Monte Amiata, a complex of apartment blocks that were designed by Carlo Aymonino, and that are characterized by a futuristic architecture  The most typical buildings are the so-called "tower houses" (case torri in Italian, tower-shaped apartment blocks 

History
The project for the Gallaraterse district was first laid down by architect Piero Bottoni in the mid 20th century  The objective was to create a low-income housing district with green areas, effective traffic connection to the city, and functional public services  Construction began in 1957, from a first core of the district named "Gallaratese G 1"  The original plan by Bottoni was then refined and developed by over 60 architects, led by Gianluigi Reggio   A second and third part of the district, named "Gallaratese G 2" and "San Leonardo" respectively, were developed between 1964 and 1974   In those years, the "tower houses" that now characterize the Gallaratese' skyline were built   The final outcome was quite different from the original plans; the district was in fact developed with less green areas and less services than it had been planned, resulting in a definitely "satellite" district  
In the last decades of the 20th century the district has grown larger, gradually extending north up to the borders of Pero; the Bonola shopping mall was also created 

Footnotes
External links
Portal of the Gallaratese district (in Italian)
Passage 8:
Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta
Pesanggrahan is a district of South Jakarta one of the administrative cities which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia  The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan District  To the west of Pesanggrahan District is Tangerang and South Tangerang, Banten Province 
Pesanggrahan District was originally part of the Kebayoran Lama District, which was later made into a separate district 
A southwestern portion of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road and the Serpong-Jakarta railway passed through Pesanggrahan District 

Toponym
The name Pesanggrahan is derived from the name of the river Pesanggrahan along the eastern edge of the district 

Kelurahan (Administrative villages)
The district of Pesanggrahan is divided into five administrative villages (kelurahan):

Ulujami - area code 12250
Petukangan Utara - area code 12260
Petukangan Selatan - area code 12270
Pesanggrahan - area code 12320
Bintaro - area code 12330

List of important places

Budi Luhur University
Darunnajah Islamic Boarding School
Metro Mall Cipulir
Taman Swadharma
Passage 9:
Anatoly Chubais
Anatoly Borisovich Chubais (Russian: Анатолий Борисович Чубайс; born 16 June 1955) is a Russian politician and economist who was responsible for privatization in Russia as an influential member of Boris Yeltsin's administration in the early 1990s  During this period, he was a key figure in introducing a market economy and the principles of private ownership to Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union  He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation From 1998 to 2008, he headed the state-owned electrical power monopoly RAO UES  A 2004 survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Financial Times named Chubais the world's 54th most respected business leader  He was the head of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation (RUSNANO) in 2008–2020  He was a member of the Advisory Council for JPMorgan Chase from September 2008 until 2013  From December 2020, he served as a special envoy of the Russian president for relations with international organisations On 23 March 2022, Chubais resigned from his position of special envoy and left Russia due to his opposition to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, according to media reports  He is the highest ranked Russian figure to resign due to the invasion 

Early life
Chubais was born on 16 June 1955 in the town of Borisov, Belarus, which was then part of the Soviet Union, the son of Raisa Efimovna (Sagal) and Boris Matveyevich Chubais  His father was Russian and his mother was Lithuanian Jewish  His father, a retired army colonel and veteran of World War II, was in the military at the time of Chubais' birth, and later worked as a lecturer of Philosophy  Though his mother received a degree in economics at university, she opted to stay home to care for their children on the military bases where her husband was regularly assigned  Anatoly Chubais has an older brother, Igor Chubais (born 1947), a philosopher In 1977, Chubais graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Economics (LEEI) in present-day St  Petersburg and joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until 1991 when he left it 

Career
Early career (1977–1991)
While later working at LEEI, Chubais started a club called Reforma, which helped turn the city of Leningrad into a model of political reform by constructing platforms for both local and national elections  Reforma also engaged in drafting reformist legislation, an important step down the road when Chubais would work in the city government  In 1982, he attained the rank of associate professor (доцент) at LEEI, while in 1983, he received his Candidate of Sciences (Ph D ) degree in Economics for the dissertation entitled "Исследование и разработка методов планирования совершенствования управления в отраслевых научно-технических организациях" (Research and Development of Methods for the Planned Improvement of Management in Industrial Research and Development Organizations) Starting in the early 1980s, Chubais became a leader of an informal circle of market-oriented economists in Leningrad  In 1982, together with economists Yury Yarmagayev and Grigory Glazkov, he published an article titled "Вопросы расширения хозяйственной самостоятельности предприятий в условиях научно-технического прогресса" (Questions of Expanding the Autonomy of Business Enterprises under the conditions of Scientific and Technological Progress) in which the authors argue that no amount of central planning can predict the end-demand for products  In 1982, Chubais was introduced to the future Prime Minister of Russia Yegor Gaidar, who was invited to and attended seminars led by Chubais By 1987, Chubais had become the organiser of the Leningrad chapter of the club Perestroyka, whose mission was to promote and discuss democratic ideas among the local intelligentsia  Among the people involved were his brother, Igor, who had founded the Moscow-based chapter of the Perestroyka and Perestroyka-88 clubs, future Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexei Kudrin, future Chubais associates Pyotr Mostovoy and Alexander Kazakov, the future President of Saint Petersburg bank Vladimir Kogan, future Minister of Anti-Monopoly Policy and Entrepreneurship Support Ilya Yuzhanov, and future Deputy Governor of Saint Petersburg Mikhail Manevich The dissident economists organized a tulip farm to finance their seminars  In the four days before the International Women's Day (8 March), they managed to get income equivalent to the price of several Lada cars  The tulip money was used to finance the elections of Anatoly Sobchak, Yury Boldyrev and many other democratic candidates  As a result, 2/3 of the deputies winning the 1990 elections to Leningrad Soviet were from the opposition  Chubais himself later stated that he personally did not participate in growing or selling of the flowers At the end of 1990, the economist Vitaly Nayshul proposed the idea of using vouchers to facilitate mass privatization in order to transform the Soviet Union into a market economy  Chubais strongly criticized the scheme at the time, citing the inevitable inequality and social tensions that would result if implemented as proposed  Ironically, Chubais would later become the champion of the same concept just several years later 

Privatization chief in Leningrad (1990–1994)
In 1990, upon the election of Anatoly Sobchak as Chairman of the Leningrad City Council, Chubais assumed the position of his Deputy  He was trying to implement Sobchak's idea of creating a Free Economic Zone in Leningrad  In 1991, Chubais declined the offer to become the Chairman of Leningrad Ispolkom to instead become an advisor to the mayoral administration in Leningrad (by now renamed St  Petersburg) where Sobchak had just been elected mayor  At the same time, Chubais worked as the president of newly established Wassily Leontief Center for Research in Economics 

In Yeltsin government (1992–1999)
In November 1991, Chubais became a minister in the Yeltsin Cabinet where he managed the portfolio of Rosimushchestvo (the Committee for the Management of State Property) which was handling privatization in Russia Chubais originally advocated rapid privatization in order to raise revenue, similar to the model used in Hungary  However, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia rejected this model  Eventually, a compromise was proposed in the form of a voucher privatization program akin to the program used in the Czech Republic at the time  On 11 June 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Russia adopted this compromise and the massive program was officially initiated by decree of President Boris Yeltsin on 19 August 1991  This privatization program later came under heavy criticism  While most Russian citizens lost their savings in only a few weeks, a few oligarchs rapidly became billionaires by arbitraging the vast difference between the old domestic prices for Russian commodities versus the prices prevailing on the world market  The people who benefited from this arbitrage became known as "kleptocrats" because they stashed billions of dollars in Swiss bank accounts rather than investing in the Russian economy 
From November 1994 until January 1996, Chubais held the position of deputy prime minister for economic and financial policy in the Russian government  Thanks to liberalizing reforms carried out in 1995, the Russian Government was finally enjoying a measure of financial stability, something its politicians had been seeking ever since the resignation of Yegor Gaidar in 1993  By the end of 1995, the average annual inflation rate had declined from 18% down to 3% From April 1995 until February 1996, Chubais also represented Russia in two international financial institutions – the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) After resigning as deputy prime minister in January 1996, Chubais agreed to manage Boris Yeltsin's reelection campaign  By this time according to public opinion surveys, Yeltsin's approval rating had fallen to roughly 3%  Chubais established the Civil Society Foundation as well as Yeltsin's Campaign Analytical Group, which became one part of the Foundation  The group helped Yeltsin regain popularity and win re-election in the second round of the polls on 3 July 1994, capturing 53 82% of the popular vote From July 1996 until March 1997, Chubais was the chief of the Russian Presidential Administration  During his tenure, his office grew increasingly influential Chubais participated in the Bilderberg Club session in Turnberry, Scotland in 1998, and co-chaired the Round Table of Industrialists of Russia and the EU during the joint session of the Government Commission of the Russian Federation and the European Union  He was also elected to the Board of Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs in 2000 According to Yeltsin's daughter and chief of staff Tatyana Yumasheva, Chubais opposed the nomination of Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister of Russia and Yeltsin's successor in 1999  Although Chubais believed Putin was qualified for the position, he feared that his appointment would be rejected by the State Duma, allow the Communist Party of the Russian Federation to gain a large enough parliamentary majority to amend the constitution, and start a civil war 

RAO Unified Energy System of Russia (1998–2008)
In 1998, Chubais was elected to the chairman of the board of RAO UES of Russia, the state-owned electricity monopoly, at a special general meeting of shareholders; he soon was also appointed chairman of the board Since 2000, Chubais consistently defended the need for further reform, which included dis-aggregating power generation, transmission, and distribution activities from the monopoly holding company in order to facilitate the subsequent sale of a majority of shares to private investors  Chubais was convinced that the un-bundling and privatization of the state monopoly were the only mechanisms able to raise the substantial funds needed to modernize Russia's electricity sector He was elected president of the CIS Electric Power Council (2000), and later was repeatedly re-elected to that post from 2001 to 2004 In addition to reforms, Chubais and his team raised more than $30 billion in private investments for the Russian electric power sector  The funds were used to finance the construction of new facilities: 130 new units with a total capacity of about 29,000 MW, 10,000 kilometers of transmission lines, 60,000 kilometers of distribution network lines, and thousands of electrical sub-stations of all classes of voltage  His reforms also helped eliminate the use of barter payments and significantly reduced the number of payment defaults in the sector On 17 March 2005, he survived an assassination attempt  Vladimir Kvachkov was charged for the crime, but was acquitted by a jury In 2007, the Russian newspaper Vedomosti named Chubais the "Professional of the Year"  The paper called him the only professional reformer in Russia because of his achievements in breaking of one monopoly into dozens of independent entities, introducing market forces into the electricity distribution system, and transforming a government institution structure into one attractive for private investment and management In July 2008, RAO UES of Russia ceased to exist as a legal entity 

RUSNANO (2008–2020)
Since September 2008, Chubais has been General Manager of the State Corporation Rosnanotech The official business of the corporation is to promote innovation and modernization in Russia's economy in several areas  For example, RUSNANO forms an important part of the government's strategy to find economic alternatives to fossil fuels   The corporation has set a target of 900 billions rubles in sales by 2015  In the past, Chubais has compared RUSNANO to a garden in which the corporation cultivates innovative business ventures  Over its eight years of operation (2007–2015), RUSNANO has completed over 100 investment projects which resulted in the opening of 68 new plants and 28 R&D centers  As stated in the annual RUSNANO groups' financial report, the value of RUSNANO's portfolio was estimated in 2015 at 227 7 billion rubles and its net income at 17 billion rubles Chubais has been a member of the Skolkovo Foundation Council since 2010, and in 2011 was elected chairman of the board of LTD RUSNANO He left the organization in December 2020 

Resignation (2022)
On 23 March 2022, after Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, Chubais quit his official positions, including that as climate envoy, stating that he was opposed to the invasion, according to media reports  Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov confirmed that Chubais had resigned, but did not specify why, stating: "Whether he left or not is his personal matter"  Chubais left Russia, arriving in Istanbul, Turkey, on the same day, planning to remain abroad  Alexei Navalny's spokesperson, Kira Yarmysh, suggested that Chubais had "left Russia only out of fear for his own skin and his own money"  He was the highest ranked Kremlin official to resign following the start of the invasion, though he is not a member of Putin's inner circle 

Personal life
Chubais is married to Dunya Smirnova (a screenwriter and TV presenter), and has two children from his first marriage: a son, Aleksey, and a daughter, Olga On 1 August 2022, Chubais told Russian journalist Ksenia Sobchak that he had been hospitalised with the neurological disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome, though Sardinian newspaper L’Unione Sarda reported that Italian authorities had not yet ruled out poisoning, and Italian intelligence services are awaiting his blood toxicology results in order to make sure he was not poisoned Chubais currently lives in Israel and received Israeli citizenship in May 2023 

Involvement in political parties
In June 1993, Anatoly Chubais co-founded the "Russia's Choice" electoral bloc (Vybor Rossii), which was headed by Yegor Gaidar  In December 1993, running under this bloc, Chubais was elected as a deputy to the Russian State Duma in its first convocation On 12–13 July 1994, Chubais was elected to the governing council of the party "Democratic Choice of Russia", which had been built off the electoral bloc "Russia's Choice"  In December 1998, Chubais became a member of the Organizing Committee of Right Cause coalition and was elected to the Steering Committee of the Organizing Committee of this coalition In July 1996, Chubais founded the "Center for Protection of Private Property" Foundation In May 2000, Chubais was elected co-chairman of the Coordinating Council of the Russian National Political Organization "Union of Right Forces" at its founding congress  He was also later elected co-president and a member of the Federal Political Council on 26 May 2001, during the founding congress of the "Union of Right Forces" Party (SPS) On 24 January 2004, he resigned from his post as co-chair of the party but remained on the Federal Political Council of the SPS party In May 2010, Chubais became the chairman of the board of trustees of the Gaidar Foundation, jointly established by the Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy and Maria Strugatsky 

Awards
In 1997, the British magazine Euromoney named him the world's best Minister of Finance In December 2001, Chubais was awarded an honorary diploma of International Award by the International Union of Economists for his significant contributions to the Russian Federation, specifically his work applying advanced international experience to introduce contemporary methods of organizing administration, economics, finances and production processes In 2008, Chubais was awarded a Presidential Commendation for helping draft part of the Russian Constitution as well as his overall contributions to democracy in Russia In 2010, Chubais was honored by with IV degree Order For Merit to the Fatherland "for outstanding contribution to the implementation of state policy in the field of nanotechnology and many years of favorable work" Chubais received three presidential commendations (awarded in 1995, 1997 and 1998) and as well as one honorary Ph D  from the St  Petersburg State Engineering and Economic University 
Passage 10:
Sokolniki District
Sokolniki District (Russian: райо́н Соко́льники) is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city  Population: 57,444 (2010 Census); 54,975 (2002 Census) 

Etymology
Sokolniki derives its name from the word "сокол" (sokol,  meaning "falcon") in view of the Tsar's falcon hunting grounds which were located there, primarily on the territory of the present-day Sokolniki Park  The district also provides the name for one of its metro stations: Sokolniki Metro Station 

Sports
The district is home to the FC and HC Spartak Moscow  The latter plays its games in the Sokolniki Sports Palace located within Sokolniki Park 

Miscellaneous
 
In 2006, after twenty years of construction and changing ownership, a twenty-storey hotel finally opened overlooking the Sokolniki metro station and Sokolniki Square  This hotel is now the Holiday Inn Sokolniki 
In Tolstoy's War and Peace, Pierre fights a duel in Sokolniki 
The Elite House in Sokolniki will soon be one of the largest buildings in the world with DuPont Tyvek used as a weather and water barrier 
Passage 11:
Dmitri N  Smirnov (footballer)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Smirnov (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Смирнов; born 9 November 1980) is a Russian former footballer  He is not related to Dmitry Alexandrovich Smirnov with whom he played on the same team for several years for FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, Luch and Tom  To avoid confusion, he is usually referred to as Dmitri N  Smirnov 

External links
(in Russian) Player page on the official Luch website
Dmitri N  Smirnov at Russian Premier League
Passage 12:
Cyprus Popular Bank
Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second-largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts  The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds  The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity   As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4 8% but does not hold a board seat  All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015  She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016  The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group 
Its shares were listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange and the Athens Stock Exchange  CPB had a network of more than 295 branches in Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, the UK and Malta  The bank had applied to open a representative office in Beijing, People's Republic of China Trading on the island as Laiki Bank (Laiki being the Greek word for Popular), as of September 2012 it held a 16% share of the market in loans and a 14 4% share of deposits   The Bank made a series of large loans, many to Greek companies prior to and during their financial crisis  What followed has been described as "billions handed out in bad loans created a financial time-bomb"  After the bank collapsed, it was rescued by the Cypriot government, which took 84% ownership on 30 June 2012 and as of March 2013 it is being dismantled as part of the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 

History
In 1901, four leading citizens of Limassol—Agathoclis Francoudis, Ioannis Kyriakides, Christodoulos Sozos and Neoklis Ioannides—established the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to encourage saving among the workforce  More than two decades later, in 1924, the bank changed its name from the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to the Popular Bank of Limassol  The bank also became the first company in Cyprus to register as a public-traded company 
Then in 1967, the Popular Bank of Limassol changed its name to Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) to reflect the bank’s expansion beyond Limassol  Expansion beyond Limassol followed quickly, with the establishment of its first branches in Nicosia,  Famagusta (1969), and Paphos and Larnaca (1970)  Also in 1970, Midland Bank acquired 22% of the company's shares, making Midland a major shareholder in CPB  The next year CPB relocated its headquarters from Limassol to Nicosia 

1974 CPB established its first London branch 
1983 CPB acquired all the Cyprus operations of Grindlays Bank located in the area under government control 
1992 CPB opened the first branch of European Popular Bank in Athens  CPB owned 58% of the shares of the bank; other shareholders included HSBC (formerly Midland Bank) and Greek and Cypriot investors  CPB retained branches in Heraklion and Thessaloniki
1995 CPB opened its first representative offices in South Africa and in Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
1996 CPB opened its first representative offices in Australia 
1997 CPB opened its first representative offices in Serbia and in Russia ("Rosprombank")
1998 CPB establishes a representative office in New York  (NY State Banking Dept says State chartered) 
2000 The Cyprus Popular Bank Group changed its name to Laiki Group 
2001 The Laiki Group established a subsidiary in Australia with five branches 
2005 The Group established Laiki Bank (Guernsey), and purchased Bank Centrobank in Serbia 
2006 The Greek Marfin Investment Group acquired HSBC's shares in Laiki Bank, establishing a strong minority share position   Subsequently, the Marfin Investment Group through more acquisitions managed to take control of Laiki Bank, which it re-branded as Marfin Popular Bank   In Greece, the Marfin Group consolidated Egnatia, Laiki and Marfin to form Marfin Egnatia Bank, which is the 95%-owned Greek subsidiary of Marfin Popular Bank 
2007 The bank announced the planned takeover of 50 12% of the share capital of AS SBM Pank, a bank in Estonia MPB also acquired 99 2% of the shares of Marine Transport Bank Ukraine for US$156 million  This bank was founded in 1993 as Marine Trade Bank and changed its name to Marine Transport Bank in 1996  It has its headquarters in the Odesa region and has 86 branches 
Lastly, MPB acquired 43% of the share capital of Lombard Bank Malta for €48 million from Banca della Svizzera Italiana (BSI) of Lugano  CPB now holds c  49% of Lombard Bank Malta In 2007, the bank announced a multi-million financial deal to sponsor the football First Division in Cyprus until 2010 
2008 Marfin Popular Bank completed its acquisition of 50 4% of the shares of CJSC RPB Holding, parent company of the Rossisysky Promishlenny Bank (Rosprombank), for €83 million  The acquisition makes Marfin the first Greek or Cypriot bank to acquire control of a bank in Russia 
In 2010, they launched a new mobile banking and mobile trading service  In the same year, the company was selected as the bank of the year in Cyprus by the Banker 
2010 MPB sold 85% of Laiki Bank Australia to Bank of Beirut  The Australian bank received a new name, Beirut Hellenic Bank  At the time, the bank had a branch in Adelaide, four branches in Melbourne and five branches in Sydney 
2011 MPB sold the majority of its shareholding in its Estonian subsidiary and returned to its historic name of Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) 
In 2012 CPB converted its Greek subsidiary into a branch of the parent bank 
The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis resulted in financial difficulties at CPB  The Cypriot state recapitalized CPB on 30 June 2012 with the result that the government acquired 84% of the bank's equity  This increased the bank's core tier 1 capital ratio towards 9%, the level mandated by the European Banking Authority 
In early 2013 CPB renamed its Greek branches to CPB Bank and on 26 March the bank sold them to Piraeus Bank  Laiki was split into a good and bad bank, the good bank (Cyprus operations) merged with Bank of Cyprus and the bad bank is in the process of being sold and finally shuttered  The board and CEO were replaced on 27 March  The bad bank was being run by a Special Administrator Ms Andri Antoniadou who was acting CEO until 3 March 2015  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou took over as Special Administrator in April 2015 until December 2016 In 2018 European Court dismisses compensation claim in Cyprus 2013 deposit-grab 
Passage 13:
Shostakovich Peninsula
Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica  The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U S  National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U S  Geological Survey  Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975)  Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island 

See also
Derocher Peninsula
Harris Peninsula
Pesce Peninsula
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Shostakovich Peninsula"  Geographic Names Information System  United States Geological Survey 
Passage 14:
Sikyona
Sikyona (Greek: Σικυώνα) is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece  The seat of the municipality is in Kiato  Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory 

Municipality
The municipality Sikyona was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Feneos
Sikyona
StymfaliaThe municipality has an area of 602 539 km2, the municipal unit 171 268 km2  The municipal unit Sikyona is subdivided into the following communities:
Archaia Sikyona-Vasiliko
Bozikas
Diminio
Gonoussa
Kato Diminio
Sikyona (Kiato)
Klimenti
Kryoneri
Laliotis
Megas Valtos
Mikros Valtos
Moulki
Paradeisi
Pasi
Souli
Titani

Historical population
Passage 15:
Federalism
Federalism is a combined and compound mode of government that combines a general government (the central or "federal" government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two  Federalism in the modern era was first adopted in the unions of states during the Old Swiss Confederacy Federalism differs from confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level  It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state Examples of a federation or federal province or state include Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States  Some characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the "federal union of states" 

Overview
Etymology
The terms "federalism" and "confederalism" share a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning "treaty, pact or covenant"  Their common early meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based on a treaty  They were therefore initially synonyms  It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist No 39 had referred to the new US Constitution as "neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both" (i e  as constituting neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two)  In the course of the nineteenth century United States, the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form established at the Philadelphia Convention, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states 

Origin
In the narrow sense, federalism refers to the mode in which the body politic of a state is organized internally, and this is the meaning most often used in modern times  Political scientists, however, use it in a much broader sense, referring instead to a "multi-layer or pluralistic concept of social and political life "The first forms of federalism took place in ancient times, in the form of alliances between states  Some examples from the seventh to second century B C  were the Archaic League, the Aetolic League, the Peloponnesian League, and the Delian League  An early ancestor of federalism was the Achaean League in Hellenistic Greece  Unlike the Greek city states of Classical Greece, each of which insisted on keeping its complete independence, changing conditions in the Hellenistic period drove many city states to band together even at the cost of losing part of their sovereignty  Subsequent unions of states included the first and second Swiss Confederations (1291–1798 and 1815–48), the United Provinces of the Netherlands (1579–1795), the German Bund (1815–66), the first American union known as the Confederation of the United States of America (1781–89), and second American union formed as the United States of America (1789–1865) 

Political theory
Modern federalism is a political system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments  The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context  Since the term federalization also describes distinctive political processes, its use as well depends on the context In political theory, two main types of federalization are recognized:

integrative, or aggregative federalization, designating various processes like: integration of non-federated political subjects by creating a new federation, accession of non-federated subjects into an existing federation, or transformation of a confederation into a federation
devolutive, or dis-aggregative federalization: transformation of a unitary state into a federation

Reasons for adoption
According to Daniel Ziblatt, there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems:

Ideational theories, which hold that a greater ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted 
Cultural-historical theories, which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations 
"Social contract" theories, which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center 
"Infrastructural power" theories, which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures (e g  they are already constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized states) Immanuel Kant noted that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution which pits opposing factions against each other with a system of checks and balances  In particular individual states required a federation as a safeguard against the possibility of war Proponents for federal systems have historically argued that the power-sharing inherent in federal systems reduces both domestic security threats and foreign threats  Federalism allows states to be large and diverse, mitigating the risk of a tyrannical government through centralization of powers 

Examples
Many countries have implemented federal systems of government with varying degree of central and regional sovereignty  The federal government of these countries can be divided into minimalistic federations, consisting of only two sub-federal units or multi-regional, those that consist of three to dozens of regional governments  They can also be grouped based on their body polity type, such as emirate, provincial, republican or state federal systems  Another way to study federated countries is by categorizing them into those whose entire territory is federated as opposed to only part of its territory comprising the federal portion of the country  Some federal systems are national systems while others, like the European Union are supra national 
In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a confederation in actuality  Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina 
The governments of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, and Mexico, among others, are also organized along federalist principles 
In Canada, federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements (most commonly Quebec separatism)  In 1999, the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries  Headquartered in Ottawa, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Switzerland 

Europe vs  the United States
In Europe, "federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels  The Union of European Federalists advocates for this development within the European Union, ultimately leading to the United States of Europe  Although there are medieval and early modern examples of European states which used confederal and federal systems, contemporary European federalism originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill's speech in Zürich in 1946 In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government  When the U S  Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government  This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States  The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state  The U S  Constitution was written as a replacement for the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government 
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state  The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense  As the power of the U S  federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended  Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism) 
The contemporary concept of federalism came about with the creation of an entirely new system of government that provided for democratic representation at two governing levels simultaneously, which was implemented in the US Constitution  In the United States implementation of federalism, a bicameral general government, consisting of a chamber of popular representation proportional to population (the House of Representatives), and a chamber of equal State-based representation consisting of two delegates per State (the Senate), was overlaid upon the pre-existing regional governments of the thirteen independent States  With each level of government allocated a defined sphere of powers, under a written constitution and the rule of law (that is, subject to the independent third-party arbitration of a supreme court in competence disputes), the two levels were thus brought into a coordinate relationship for the first time 
In 1946, Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were "co-equally supreme"  In this, he echoed the perspective of American founding father James Madison who saw the several States as forming "distinct and independent portions of the supremacy" in relation to the general government 

Constitutional structure
Division of powers
In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution  Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, but in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched  Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence 
In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers  Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition  Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871  The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states  The Constitution of some countries, like Canada and India, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial/state governments are retained by the federal government  Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility  Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of Union competence or shared between the Union and the Member States as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent States 

Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'  Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do  This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions  In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country  They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history  However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federation, but a system of asymmetric devolved government within a unitary state 
It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances  The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts 
Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities  Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities  Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government  Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica)  Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions  Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states  However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly 
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves  For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No  39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both  In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national   " This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent  This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people 

Bicameralism
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states  One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions  Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole  A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population 
Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union  The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats 

Intergovernmental relations
In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government  A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution 

Constitutional change
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution  As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent  An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect  In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons  In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority 
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state  The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent  In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states  Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces  The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system 

Other technical terms
Fiscal federalism – the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system 
Formal federalism (or 'constitutional federalism') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice 
Executive federalism refers in the English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made centrally 
Gleichschaltung – the conversion from a federal governance to either a completely unitary or more unitary one, the term was borrowed from the German for conversion from alternating to direct current  During the Nazi era the traditional German states were mostly left intact in the formal sense, but their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended and replaced with the Gau system  Gleichschaltung also has a broader sense referring to political consolidation in general 
defederalize – to remove from federal government, such as taking a responsibility from a national level government and giving it to states or provinces

In relation to conflict
It has been argued that federalism and other forms of territorial autonomy are a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level  Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states  Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries Federalism is sometimes viewed in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center " However, those skeptical of federal prescriptions sometimes believe that increased regional autonomy can lead to secession or dissolution of the nation  In Syria, for example, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out "

See also
Notes and references
Sources
External links

P -J  Proudhon (1863), The Principle of Federation 
Passage 16:
Yuri Chesnokov (volleyball)
Yuri Borisovich Chesnokov (Russian: Юрий Борисович Чесноков; January 22, 1933 – May 30, 2010) was a Russian volleyball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1964 Summer Olympics  He was born in Moscow 
Chesnokov was a two-time world champion, having won gold at the 1960 and the 1962 competitions  In 1964 he was part of the Soviet team which won the gold medal in the Olympic tournament  He played eight matches  After his active career, he coached the Soviet team at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics, and later served as a FIVB vice-president for many years  In 2000 he was inducted into the Volleyball Hall of Fame 
Passage 17:
Dmitry Borisovich
Dmitry Borisovich (Russian: Дмитрий Борисович; 11 September 1253, in Rostov – 1294, in Rostov) was a Russian nobleman  He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom  He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288) 

Sources
http://www biografija ru/show_bio aspx?id=112862



ground_truth: Yaroslavl Oblast