prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county where WAPL is licensed to broadcast?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Union territory
A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India  Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed, in part or in whole, by the Union Government of India  There are currently eight union territories in India, namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry 

History
When the Constitution of India was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included:

Part C states, which were chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, each governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India  The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh 
One Part D state (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Part C and Part D states were combined into a single category of "Union territory"  Due to various other reorganisations, only 6 union territories remained: 

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands (later renamed Lakshadweep)
Delhi
Manipur
Tripura
Himachal PradeshBy the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and Chandigarh became a union territory  Another three (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu and Puducherry) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers (Portuguese India and French India, respectively) 
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019  The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one to be eponymously called Jammu and Kashmir, and the other Ladakh on 31 October 2019 
In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 

Administration
The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry  Generally, the President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant governor for each UT Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir operate differently from the other five  They were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the [National Capital Territory] (NCT) and incorporated into a larger area known as the National Capital Region (NCR)  Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir have an elected legislative assembly and an executive council of ministers with a partially state-like function Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation  Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development  The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on  These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states  The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government  Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government  As union territories are directly ruled by the union government, some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states 
After the introduction of GST, UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly  UT- GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories 

Constitutional status
Article 1 (1) of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts V (The Union) and VI (The States) of the constitution  Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired  The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956  Article 366(30) also defines Union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that Schedule  In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories  Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories  Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights (part III), Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), Article 245, etc  apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India  The executive power of the Union (i e  union of states only) rests with President of India  The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per Article 239  The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in Part XIV 
The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial president's rule per Article 356 subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly  As Per Article 240 (1), supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, NCT and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India  Article 240 (2) allows implementing tax haven laws in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign tax haven countries 
The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in the constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly (Part VIII) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states) 
Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha: Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry  Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only 3 Union Territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected legislative assembly and have a Chief Minister 

Current union territories
Former union territories
Proposed union territories
There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories 

See also
Staff Selection Commission
Federalism in India
Lawmaking procedure in India
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
List of Acts of the Parliament of India
Passage 2:
Bondary
Bondary [bɔnˈdarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Michałowo, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus  It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Michałowo and 44 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok 
The village has a population of 330 
Passage 3:
Baranya County
Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya vármegye, pronounced [ˈbɒrɒɲɒ ˈvaːrmɛɟɛ]; German: Branau; Croatian: Baranjska županija) is a county (vármegye) in southern Hungary  It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century  Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II  It is bordered by Somogy County to the northwest, Tolna County to the north, Bács-Kiskun County and the Danube to the east, and the border with Croatia (part of which is formed by the Drava River) to the south 
As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 386,441 residents  Of the 19 counties of Hungary (excluding Budapest), it is ranked 10th by both geographic area and population  Its county seat and largest city is Pécs 

Etymology
In German, it is known as Komitat Branau, and in Croatian as Baranjska županija (Baranja) 
The county was probably named after its first comes 'Brana' or 'Braina' 

Geography
This county has a total area of 4,430 km2 (1,710 sq mi) – 4 76% of Hungary, it is divided in Upper Baranya and Lower Baranya 
The northern part of the county is a mountain area with large forests, the Mecsek Mountains  The central areas are shared between the Baranya Hills and Villány Mountains  The very eastern and southern parts are flat 
The highest point in the county is Zengő in the Mecsek Mountains, at 682 metres  This is also the highest point of the mountain range 
Baranya is rich in mineral and thermal water, and also in other resources  98% of Hungary's coal resources are found here 

Neighbours
Tolna County in the North 
Bács-Kiskun County in the East  (across the Danube river)
Croatia in the south (across the Drava river) – Osijek-Baranja County and Virovitica-Podravina County
Somogy County in the Northwest 

Climate
The climate of Baranya is a mix of continental and temperate, which makes it unique in Hungary, as the rest of the country is primarily continental  Its milder climate is due to its southern location and relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea in comparison to other parts of the country, leaving it with warmer winters  It has the highest average annual rainfall of the Hungarian counties and a high amount of sunshine hours 

History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times  Before the Hungarian tribes conquered the area, it was inhabited by Slavs and Avars  Stephen I founded an episcopal seat here 
In 1526, the county was occupied by Ottomans and was freed in 1689  Its medieval borders remained unchanged until 1919  According to the peace treaty of Trianon, the southern part of the county (1,163 km2, 449 sq mi) reverted to Slavic rule (present-day Croatia)  The re-organizing of the counties (1950) brought only minor changes (town of Szigetvár got there) 
Baranya has the largest number of minorities in Hungary (more than twice the country average), providing home to 34% of the German minority the so-called Danube Swabians, and 32% of the Southern Slav minorities in Hungary 
The Stifolder or Stiffoller Shvove are a Roman Catholic subgroup of the so-called Danube Swabians  Their ancestors once came ca  1717 - 1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings, (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in the Baranya  They retained their own German dialect and culture, until the end of WW2  After WW2, the majority of Danube Swabians were expelled to allied-occupied Germany and allied-occupied Austria as a result of the Potsdam Agreement Only a few people can speak the old Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect  Also a salami is named after these people  Electoral History

Demographics
In 2015, it had a population of 371,110 and the population density was 84/km2 

2011 census
As of the census of 2011, there were 386,441 residents, 160,040 households, and 105,646 families living in the county  The population density was 226 inhabitants per square mile (87/km2)  There were 167,453 housing units at an average density of 98 per square mile (38/km2) 
There were 160,040 households, of which 63 2% were one-family households, 1 4% were multi-family households, 32 1% were one-person households, and 3 4% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 15 9% of all households  The average household size was 2 34 
There were 105,646 families, of which 44 1% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 36 4% were couples without children, 16 7% were single females with children, and 2 8% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 82 
The age breakdown of the county was 20 1% under the age of 20, 7 0% between ages 20 and 24, 27 4% aged 25 to 44, 28 3% aged 45 to 64, and 17 2% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 2% male and 52 8% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 46 8% Roman Catholic, 6 4% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 2% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 3% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 1 5% other religions  The non-religious were 16 2% and atheists were 1 5%, with 26 0% declining to answer 

2001 census
As of the census of 2001, there were 407,448 residents, 151,956 households, and 115,946 families living in the county  The population density was 238 inhabitants per square mile (92/km2)  There were 156,632 housing units at an average density of 92 per square mile (35/km2) 
There were 151,956 households, of which 68 5% were one-family households, 3 8% were multi-family households, 24 9% were one-person households, and 2 7% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 13 1% of all households  The average household size was 2 60 
There were 115,946 families, of which 48 7% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 35 4% were couples without children, 13 7% were single females with children, and 2 1% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 87 
The age breakdown of the county was 23 0% under the age of 20, 8 1% between ages 20 and 24, 28 0% aged 25 to 44, 26 0% aged 45 to 64, and 14 9% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 5% male and 52 5% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 64 2% Roman Catholic, 8 7% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 5% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 5% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 0 8% other religions  The non-religious were 13 4%, with 10 8% declining to answer 

Ethnicity
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Germans (approx  22,000), Roma (17,000), Croats (6,000), and Serbs (500) 
Total population (2011 census): 386,441
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 364,801 persons:

Hungarians: 315,713 (86 54%)
Germans: 22,150 (6 07%)
Romani: 16,995 (4 66%)
Croats: 6,343 (1 74%)
Others and indefinable: 3,600 (0 99%)Approx  58,000 persons in Baranya County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census 

Regional structure
Politics
County Assembly
The Baranya County Council, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 counselors, with the following party composition:

President of the Assembly
Members of the National Assembly
The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election:

Municipalities
Baranya County has 1 urban county, 13 towns, 3 large villages and 284 villages  There are 301 municipalities 

Like Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Baranya is a county of extremes when it comes to regional structure  The county seat is one of the five largest cities (and three largest agglomerations) of Hungary, but more than 2/3 of the municipalities are small hamlets with a population under 500  Half of the county's population lives in the county seat or in its immediate vicinity, while 22% of the population lives in villages that have less than 1000 inhabitants 

Cities with county rights(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)

Pécs (156,049) – county seatTowns
Villages
 municipalities are large villages 

Gallery
Notes
Passage 4:
Tymce
Tymce [ˈtɨmt͡sɛ] (Ukrainian: Тимці, Tymtsi) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubaczów, within Lubaczów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine  It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Lubaczów and 90 km (56 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów The village has a population of 307 
Passage 5:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 6:
Naas River
The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia 

Course
The river rises in the southern ranges of Namadgi National Park, south of Canberra, with flow generated by runoff and melting snow during spring from the Snowy Mountains  The river flows generally north, joined by four minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Gudgenby River, south of Tharwa; descending 266 metres (873 ft) over its 26-kilometre (16 mi) course The watershed boundary of the Naas River defines the southern and south-eastern border of the Australian Capital Territory with New South Wales 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Australian Capital Territory
Australian Alps Walking Track
Passage 7:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 
Passage 8:
Gmina Ujsoły
Gmina Ujsoły is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border  Its seat is the village of Ujsoły, which lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of Żywiec and 88 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice 
The gmina covers an area of 109 95 square kilometres (42 5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 4,466 

Villages
Gmina Ujsoły contains the villages and settlements of Cicha, Danielka, Glinka, Herdula, Kotrysia Polana, Kręcichłosty, Młada Hora, Okrągłe, Smereków Wielki, Soblówka, Stawiska, Szczytkówka, Ujsoły and Złatna 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Ujsoły is bordered by the gminas of Jeleśnia, Milówka, Rajcza and Węgierska Górka  It also borders Slovakia 
Passage 9:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 10:
WAPL
WAPL (105 7 FM) is a classic rock formatted radio station licensed to Appleton, Wisconsin, that serves the Green Bay and Appleton-Oshkosh areas  The station is owned by Woodward Communications, and has studios on College Avenue in Appleton, with transmitting facilities located near the WGBA Tower west of unincorporated Shirley in the Town of Glenmore in southeastern Brown County 

Beginnings
WAPL radio made its on-air debut in 1952, operating on a frequency of 1570 AM under the ownership of the Bartell family  It was the third AM station in the market, but the first to serve the younger audience with rock and roll music 
WAPL-FM, operating on a frequency of 105 7 MHz, was added in 1965 when an FM antenna was installed on the existing WAPL (AM) tower in Menasha  The initial power was around 20,000 watts at an antenna height of 160 feet  The station's format was beautiful music 
In 1965, WAPL-FM was upgraded to a 50,000-watt signal at 200 feet with a new tower on The Zuelke Building in downtown Appleton 
By 1977, having gone through a number of ownership and format changes, WAPL-FM changed its call letters to WCXR and briefly became a Christian station  This change lasted only eight months before changing format again, this time to album rock  Shortly thereafter, the station's call letters reverted to WAPL-FM  The on-air line up included Laura Morgan, Dan Adams and program director Steve Brown 

The Rockin' Apple
In 1978, WAPL AM and FM were offered for sale  WAPL-FM was purchased by Woodward Communications, Inc , of Dubuque, Iowa   Woodward already owned an AM station, WHBY, in the Appleton market  A strategy was developed to include the newly purchased station in the already planned new facility for WHBY on Appleton's southeast side  The plans included an upgrade of WAPL's signal to 100,000 watts of power and 450 feet of height for the antenna 
The new facilities were completed in the early fall of 1979, and WAPL and its new sister station, WHBY, won the Broadcast Management and Engineering award for "Best AM/FM Station" of 1979  Soon after the construction was complete, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled that high power FM station like WAPL should be at least 100,000 watts at 1000 feet  Immediately, the planning began for a new transmitter site which would allow WAPL to remain a Class C FM transmitting facility  During this time, most of the WAPL air staff went by only their first names and was composed of Robin, Dale, Cliff, Carl King, Laura Morgan, Mark Coulter and Operations Manager Dan Davis 
In October 1980, WAPL-FM began identifying itself as "The Rockin' Apple", under program director Wayne Shayne  WAPL would continue to use the nickname until 2002, at which time the station was re-branded as "Wisconsin's Rock Station"  "The Rockin' Apple" was brought back as a station identifier in 2007 as preparations were being made for WAPL's 30th Anniversary celebration  In addition to Shayne, other members of the air staff during WAPL's history have included Rick Panneck, David Lee, Laura Morgan, Bob Baron, Rick Blades, and Nate Wright (Night Nate) 
In April 1985, "The Mark and McNeal Morning Show" debuted with Mark Coulter, Rick McNeal and newsman Len Nelson  While Coulter departed after only eight months, McNeal and Nelson continued doing the morning show together until January 1999, when Nelson left the station to become news director of WGEE (now WTAQ) and was replaced by John Jordan  McNeal and Jordan would continue on the "Rockin' Apple Morning Show" until April 2002, when WAPL management dropped the show in favor of "Bob and Brian," a show originating from Milwaukee's WLZR (now WHQG)  "Bob and Brian" aired on WAPL until March 2003  The syndicated show was a bust with Rockin' Apple listeners, causing WAPL to drop it in favor of a local, music-intensive morning shift  ("Bob and Brian" would eventually resurface in the Fox Cities radio market on WWWX ) In September 2003, WAPL reunited Rick McNeal and Len Nelson at their 25th Anniversary Celebration and announced that they would return to the station to once again helm the morning show 
WAPL received a construction permit August 27, 1987 to increase tower height and become a full Class C FM, nearly eight years after applying for it  The new transmitting facility was completed southeast of Green Bay in rural Shirley at a height of 1,175 feet above average terrain near WGBA-TV's transmitter, making the station "The 100,000 Watt Blowtorch of the Midwest"  The station can be heard as far west from towns west of Wausau, as far east as cities across Lake Michigan such as Ludington and as far north as Iron Mountain, MI  The signal easily reaches the northern portions of the Milwaukee market, though a translator activated in 2015 broadcasting Milwaukee's AM sports station WSSP, also carried on 105 7, has removed some access to WAPL in that market 
The Rockin' Apple celebrated its 30th Anniversary in 2008  WAPL was recognized by the American Red Cross in 2002 as Outstanding Media Partner for their fund raising efforts following the September 11 attacks in 2001  In addition to being a national Marconi Award finalist in 2006, WAPL has won numerous Wisconsin Area Music Industry Awards and was nominated for 2008 Station of the Year  WAPL remains radio-active in the community through charitable campaigns such as Rock Against Hunger, Rock For Kids, and Rock For The Cure  They partner annually with the Leukemia-Lymphoma Society, American Cancer Society, Children's Hospital, Paul's Pantry, and area domestic abuse shelters in raising nearly a million dollars for local charities  The current WAPL line-up includes The Rick and Cutter Show with news anchor Erin Davisson, The Liquid Lunch with Ross Maxwell, The Afternoon Road Show with Elwood and John Jordan, Andy Gardner, Home Brewed, House of Hair with Dee Snider, Nights with Alice Cooper, and Sammy Hagar's Top Rock Countdown 
In 2002, 105 7 FM and AM 1570 once again became sister stations  WAPL owner Woodward Communications, Inc  purchased 1570 WRJQ and immediately changed the call letters to WSCO and installed a Sports Talk format, replacing WRJQ's big band format  In addition to WHBY and WSCO, WAPL's other sister stations include the to

95 9 WKSZ, running a Top 40 (CHR) format as "95 9 KISS FM"
94 7 WZOR, Active Rock-formatted "Razor 94 7"
104 3 WFZZ, Alternative rock-formatted "The Fuse"In late 2007, WAPL began streaming its radio broadcast online via the World Wide Web 
On April 8, 2008, the station's official call letters were changed by the FCC from WAPL-FM to simply WAPL  (AM 1570's "WAPL" call sign had been changed in 1978, enabling 105 7 FM to drop the "-FM" suffix )In the 2009 NFL season, the station began to carry Green Bay Packers radio broadcasts, sharing rights with WHBY, giving Green Bay/Fox Cities listeners three choices to listen to the games via FM, including Midwest Communications's WTAQ (1360/97 5), which came to FM in 2010, and WIXX (101 1)  Technically, however, WAPL is considered only the network's Appleton/Fox Cities FM affiliate, and not a primary station in the Packers Radio Network, despite its near-equivalent signal from Glenmore to WIXX  This had a consequence of forcing WAPL to carry the Westwood One national call instead of Packers Radio Network coverage for the 2011 NFC Championship Game and Super Bowl XLV, leaving listeners to WTAQ and WIXX for the local call of both games  Midwest outbid Woodward for the Fox Cities rights in April 2022, and the rights have now shifted to WYDR (94 3) 

Awards
In 1990, under Program Director Garrett Hart, WAPL-FM was chosen "Best Radio Station" by the readers of Rolling Stone Magazine  The award was the first of five such awards won by the staff of The Rockin' Apple  The station's line-up included Hart, Nelson and McNeal, Baron, Tony Scott, Jeannie Wilde, Shane Reno, Dave Wayne, Sharon Hunter, Chris Dare and Bob Crew 
After being the runner-up in 1991, WAPL would again win the "Best Radio Station" award from the readers of Rolling Stone in 1992, followed by a third award in four years in 1993  Joining Hart, Nelson, McNeal, Baron, Wilde, Scott and Crew were Miles Walker, Karla Moore, Andy Hammer and Linda Shane  The Rockin' Apple repeated yet again in 1994 and 1995, with an airstaff including Pete Burns, Susan Currie, Ross Maxwell, Roxanne Steele, Randy Hawke, Jamie Powers and Bill Kidd  Rolling Stone discontinued the "Best Radio Station" category from it annual Readers' Poll the following year 
After replacing longtime WAPL Program Director Garrett Hart in 1997, new PD Randy Hawke led WAPL to a win as Radio and Records' "Best Small Market Rock Radio Station" in 1999  At that time, the airstaff included Rick McNeal and John Jordan in mornings, Hawke, Roxanne Steele, Ross Maxwell, Pete Burns, Scott Stevens, Rex Charger, and Desiree 
In 2006, under Program Director Joe Calgaro, WAPL was selected as one of five finalists for the Marconi Award for National Rock Radio Station of the Year  The Marconis, presented by the National Association of Broadcasters are considered the Oscars of the radio industry 
Nominated again in 2008, this time WAPL brought home the Marconi Award for National Rock Station of the Year  The Staff included Program Director Joe Calgaro, Promotions Director Elwood, and Music Director Borna Velic  The on-air line-up consisted of Rick McNeal, Len Nelson, and Jeanne Anthony of The Rick & Len Show, Karla Moore, Elwood, Joe Calgaro, Scott Stevens, and Ross Maxwell  WAPL won the 2010 Radio Station of the Year award at the Wisconsin Area Music Industry (WAMI) awards In May 2011, WAPL was named the first ever Medium Market Music Station of the Year by the Wisconsin Broadcasters Association  The air-staff included Rick and Len in the morning, Roxanne Steele, Elwood, Joe Calgaro and John Jordan in the afternoon, Scott Stevens, Borna Velic, and Ross Maxwell 
In September 2011, WAPL again won the National Association of Broadcaster's Marconi Award for National Rock Station of the Year  It was the second time WAPL received the award in 3 years 
In May 2012, WAPL was named Medium Market Music Station of the Year for the second consecutive year by the Wisconsin Broadcasters Association  The air-staff included Rick and Len in the morning, Roxanne Steele, Elwood, Joe Calgaro and John Jordan in the afternoon, Scott Stevens, Borna Velic, and Ross Maxwell 

Birth gift to Prince William
WAPL shares its "initials" with Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the heir to the British throne, whose full name is William Arthur Philip Louis  Upon the birth of the future king in June 1982, WAPL sent gifts to Buckingham Palace  The story was reported in papers and radio broadcasts in the US, Canada, Australia and throughout the United Kingdom  WAPL received a note of thanks from Prince Charles and Princess Diana that informed them that the Royal Family is not allowed to accept gifts, but that the items would be donated to charity 
Passage 11:
Rodnowo
Rodnowo [rɔdˈnɔvɔ] (German: Reddenau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Bartoszyce and 51 km (32 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn 
Passage 12:
Geography of the United States
The term "United States," when used in the geographical sense, refers to the contiguous United States (sometimes referred to as the Lower 48), the state of Alaska, the island state of Hawaii, the five insular territories of Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, U S  Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, and minor outlying possessions  The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime borders with Russia, Cuba, The Bahamas, and many other countries, mainly in the Caribbeanin addition to Canada and Mexico  The northern border of the United States with Canada is the world's longest bi-national land border 

Area
From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km2 (3,618,780 sq mi) (land + inland water only)  The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi) in 1997 (Great Lakes area and coastal waters added), to 9,631,418 km2 (3,718,711 sq mi) in 2004, to 9,631,420 km2 (3,718,710 sq mi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630 km2 (3,794,080 sq mi) in 2007 (territorial waters added)  Currently, the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km2 (3,794,100 sq mi), the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi), and the Encyclopedia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km2 (3,676,486 sq mi) (Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters)  These sources consider only the 50 states and the Federal District and exclude overseas territories  The US has the 2nd largest Exclusive Economic Zone of  11,351,000 km2 (4,383,000 sq mi) 
By total area (water as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth-largest country  China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area but are larger than Brazil  By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada in fourth  Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors: (1) the validity of China's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract (both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted); and (2) how the US calculates its surface area  Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of the United States several times 

General characteristics
The United States shares land borders with Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas  The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast  Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, and Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean 
Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico  This group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the contiguous United States, and as the "Lower 48"  Alaska, which is included in the term "continental United States", is located at the northwestern end of North America 
The nation's capital city, Washington, D C , was established in 1800 after being relocated there from Philadelphia  It was established as a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland; Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1849  The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of autonomy and organization, including the Caribbean territories of Puerto Rico and the U S  Virgin Islands, formerly known as the Danish Virgin Islands and purchased by the United States at the beginning of World War II, the Pacific territories of American Samoa, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, and several uninhabited island territories  Some of the territories acquired were part of the territorial evolution of the United States or a product of the nation's effort to gain access to the east 
Nearly all of the United States is in the northern hemisphere with the exception of American Samoa and Jarvis Island 

Physiographic divisions
The eastern United States has a varied topography  A broad, flat coastal plain lines the Atlantic and Gulf shores from the Texas-Mexico border to New York City, and includes the Florida peninsula  This broad coastal plain and barrier islands make up the widest and longest beaches in the United States, much of it composed of soft, white sands  The Florida Keys are a string of coral islands that reach the southernmost city on the United States mainland at Key West in South Florida  
Areas further inland feature rolling hills, mountains, and a diverse collection of temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests  Parts of interior Florida and South Carolina are also home to sandhill communities  The Appalachian Mountains form a line of low mountains separating the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin  New England features rocky seacoasts and rugged mountains with peaks up to 6200 feet and valleys dotted with rivers and streams  Offshore Islands dot the Atlantic and Gulf coasts  A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 6,622 km² of tidal flats in the United States, making it the 4th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part of the border with Canada; only Lake Michigan is situated entirely within the United States  The southeast United States, generally stretching from the Ohio River southwards, includes a variety of warm temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests, as well as warm temperate and subtropical dry forests nearer the Great Plains in the west of the region  West of the Appalachians lies the lush Mississippi River basin and two large eastern tributaries, the Ohio River and the Tennessee River  The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills, interior highlands and small mountains, jungle-like marsh and swampland near the Ohio River, and productive farmland, stretching south to the Gulf Coast  The Midwest also has a vast amount of cave systems 
The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains  A large portion of the country's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains  Before their general conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands, from tallgrass prairie in the eastern plains to shortgrass steppe in the western High Plains  Elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi River to more than a mile high in the High Plains  The generally low relief of the plains is broken in several places, most notably in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which form the U S  Interior Highlands, the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the Rocky Mountains  The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U S , entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico  The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation  The Rocky Mountains generally contain fairly mild slopes and wider peaks compared to some of the other great mountain ranges, with a few exceptions, including the Teton Mountains in Wyoming and the Sawatch Range in Colorado  The highest peaks of the Rockies are found in Colorado, the tallest peak being Mount Elbert at 14,440 ft (4,400 m)  In addition, instead of being one generally continuous and solid mountain range, it is broken up into a number of smaller, intermittent mountain ranges, forming a large series of basins and valleys 
West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus, also known as the Intermountain West, a large, arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges  The large southern portion, known as the Great Basin, consists of salt flats, drainage basins, and many small north–south mountain ranges  The Southwest is predominantly a low-lying desert region  A portion known as the Colorado Plateau, centered around the Four Corners region, is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world  It is accentuated in such national parks as Grand Canyon, Arches, Mesa Verde and Bryce Canyon, among others  Other smaller Intermontane areas include the Columbia Plateau, which covers eastern Washington state, western Idaho and northeast Oregon and the Snake River Plain in southern Idaho 
The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada  The Cascades consist of largely intermittent, volcanic mountains, many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape  The Sierra Nevada, further south, is a high, rugged, and dense mountain range  It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney (14,505 ft or 4,421 m)  It is located at the boundary between California's Inyo and Tulare counties, just 84 6 mi or 136 2 km west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well, as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier  West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys, such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon  Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges 
Alaska contains some of the most dramatic scenery in the country  Tall, prominent mountain ranges rise up sharply from broad, flat tundra plains  On the islands off the south and southwest coast are many volcanoes  Hawaii, far to the south of Alaska in the Pacific Ocean, is a chain of tropical, volcanic islands, popular as a tourist destination for many from East Asia and the mainland United States 
The territories of Puerto Rico and the U S  Virgin Islands encompass a number of tropical isles in the northeastern Caribbean Sea   In the Pacific Ocean the territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands occupy the limestone and volcanic isles of the Mariana archipelago, and American Samoa (the only populated US territory in the southern hemisphere) encompasses volcanic peaks and coral atolls in the eastern part of the Samoan Islands chain 

Physiographic regions
The geography of the United States varies across its immense area  Within the continental U S , eight distinct physiographic divisions exist, though each is composed of several smaller physiographic subdivisions  These major divisions are:

Laurentian Upland – part of the Canadian Shield that extends into the northern United States Great Lakes area 
Atlantic Plain – the coastal regions of the eastern and southern parts include the continental shelf, the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast 
Appalachian Highlands – lying on the eastern side of the United States, it includes the Appalachian Mountains, the Watchung Mountains, the Adirondacks and New England province originally containing the Great Eastern Forest, a stretch of mixed temperature and subtropical montane forests, some of which are rainforests 
Interior Plains – part of the interior continental United States, it includes the Great Plains, as well as a number of highland and mountainous regions, like the Black Hills, dense cave systems, painted hills and badland features 
Interior Highlands – also part of the interior continental United States, this division includes the Ozark Plateau, the Ouachita Mountains, and other smaller mountain systems  This region is located largely in the warm temperate/subtropical moist and dry forest biomes 
Rocky Mountain System – one branch of the Cordilleran system lying far inland in the western states 
Intermontane Plateaus – also divided into the Columbia Plateau, the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Province, it is a system of plateaus, basins, ranges and gorges between the Rocky and Pacific Mountain Systems  It is the setting for the Grand Canyon, the Great Basin and Death Valley 
Pacific Mountain System – the coastal mountain ranges and features in the west coast of the United States The Atlantic coast of the United States is low, with minor exceptions  The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast–southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian Mountain system  This system had its climax of deformation so long ago (probably in Permian time) that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low relief  It owes its present-day altitude either to renewed elevations along the earlier lines or to the survival of the most resistant rocks as residual mountains  The oblique trend of this coast would be even more pronounced but for a comparatively modern crustal movement, causing a depression in the northeast resulting in an encroachment of the sea upon the land  Additionally, the southeastern section has undergone an elevation resulting in the advance of the land upon the sea 
While the Atlantic coast is relatively low, the Pacific coast is, with few exceptions, hilly or mountainous  This coast has been defined chiefly by geologically recent crustal deformations, and hence still preserves a greater relief than that of the Atlantic  The low Atlantic coast and the hilly or mountainous Pacific coast foreshadow the leading features in the distribution of mountains within the United States 
The east coast Appalachian system, originally forest covered, is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain  The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty, broad and complicated, having two branches, the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System  In between these mountain systems lie the Intermontane Plateaus  Both the Columbia River and Colorado River rise far inland near the easternmost members of the Cordilleran system, and flow through plateaus and intermontane basins to the ocean  Heavy forests cover the northwest coast, but elsewhere trees are found only on the higher ranges below the Alpine region  The intermontane valleys, plateaus and basins range from treeless to desert with the most arid region being in the southwest 
The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean  The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion  It is from the United States side that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico  The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses  The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has an arid climate supporting only scanty native plant life, and in the south, it is practically barren 
Elevation extremes:

Lowest point: Death Valley, Inyo County, California  −280 ft (−85 3 m)
Highest point: Denali, Denali Borough, Alaska  20,310 ft (6,190 5 m)

Climate
Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features, the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate  The climate is subtropical in the Southern United States, continental in the north, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin and the Southwest  Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate contributed (in part) to the country's rise as a world power, with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions, a general lack of widespread flooding, and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation 
The main influence on U S  weather is the polar jet stream which migrates northward into Canada in the summer months, and then southward into the US in the winter months  The jet stream brings in large low-pressure systems from the northern Pacific Ocean that enters the US mainland over the Pacific Northwest  The Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains pick up most of the moisture from these systems as they move eastward via the orographic effect, and they are greatly diminished by the time they reach the High Plains 
Once they move over the Great Plains, uninterrupted flat land allows them to reorganize and can lead to major clashes of air masses  In addition, moisture from the Gulf of Mexico is often drawn northward  When combined with a powerful jet stream, this can lead to violent thunderstorms, especially during spring and summer  Sometimes during winter, these storms can combine with another low-pressure system as they move up the East Coast and into the Atlantic Ocean, where they intensify rapidly  
These storms are known as Nor'easters and often bring widespread, heavy rain, wind, and snowfall to New England  The uninterrupted grasslands of the Great Plains also lead to some of the most extreme climate swings in the world  Temperatures can rise or drop rapidly, winds can be extreme, and the flow of heat waves or Arctic air masses often advance uninterrupted through the plains 
The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau (the Intermontane Plateaus) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada  Precipitation averages less than 15 inches (38 cm)  The Southwest is a hot desert, with temperatures exceeding 100 °F (37 8 °C) for several weeks at a time in summer  The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September, which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region 
Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate, with sometimes excessive rainfall from October–April and nearly no rain the rest of the year  In the Pacific Northwest rain falls year-round but is much heavier during winter and spring  The mountains of the west receive abundant precipitation and very heavy snowfall  The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world, with some places averaging over 600 inches (1,524 cm) of snow annually, but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow 
Florida has a subtropical climate in the northern part of the state and a tropical climate in the southern part of the state  Summers are wet and winters are dry in Florida  Annually, much of Florida and the deep southern states is frost-free  The mild winters of Florida allow a massive tropical fruit industry to thrive in the central part of the state, making the US second to only Brazil in citrus production worldwide 
Another significant (but localized) weather effect is lake-effect snow that falls south and east of the Great Lakes, especially in the hilly portions of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and on the Tug Hill Plateau in New York  The lake effect dumped well over 5 feet (1 52 m) of snow in the area of Buffalo, New York throughout the 2006–2007 winter  The Wasatch Front and Wasatch Range in Utah can also receive significant lake effect accumulations from the Great Salt Lake 

Extremes
In northern Alaska, tundra and arctic conditions predominate, and the temperature has fallen as low as −80 °F (−62 2 °C)  On the other end of the spectrum, Death Valley, California once reached 134 °F (56 7 °C), the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth On average, the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth  The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington, at 692 inches (1,758 cm); the record there was 1,122 inches (2,850 cm) in the winter of 1971–72  This record was broken by the Mt  Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported 1,140 inches (2,896 cm) of snowfall for the 1998–99 snowfall season  Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the Wasatch Mountains in Utah, the San Juan Mountains in Colorado, and the Sierra Nevada in California 
In the east, the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most snowfall, although they do not near snowfall levels in the western United States  Along the northwestern Pacific coast, rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U S , with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches (348 cm)  Hawaii receives even more, with 404 inches (1,026 cm) measured annually in the Big Bog, in Maui  Pago Pago Harbor in American Samoa is the rainiest harbor in the world (because of the 523 meter Rainmaker Mountain)  The Mojave Desert, in the southwest, is home to the driest locale in the U S  Yuma, Arizona, has an average of 2 63 inches (6 7 cm) of precipitation each year In central portions of the U S , tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer  Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico  The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, though virtually no area in the U S  is immune to flooding  The Southwest has the worst droughts; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt Ancestral Pueblo peoples  The West is affected by large wildfires each year 

Natural disasters
The United States is affected by a variety of natural disasters yearly  Although drought is rare, it has occasionally caused major disruption, such as during the Dust Bowl (1931–1942)  Farmland failed throughout the Plains, entire regions were substantially depopulated, and dust storms ravaged the land 

Tornadoes and hurricanes
According to a 2023 Gallup survey, around one in three Americans said that they directly experienced a severe weather condition over the previous two years  The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, see frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during spring and summer with around 1,000 tornadoes occurring each year  The strip of land from north Texas north to Kansas and Nebraska and east into Tennessee is known as Tornado Alley, where many houses have tornado shelters and many towns have tornado sirens, due to the very frequent tornado formation in the region 
Hurricanes are another natural disaster found in the US, which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coast or the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean  Particularly at risk are the central and southern Texas coasts, the area from southeastern Louisiana east to the Florida Panhandle, peninsular Florida, and the Outer Banks of North Carolina, although any portion of the coast could be struck  The U S  territories and possessions in the Caribbean, including Puerto Rico and the U S  Virgin Islands, are also vulnerable to hurricanes due to their location in the Caribbean Sea 
Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, with a peak from mid-August through early October  Some of the more devastating hurricanes have included the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Maria in 2017 
Hurricanes (known as cyclones in the Pacific Ocean) fail to make landfall on the Pacific Coast of the United States due to water temperatures being too cool to sustain them  However, the remnants of tropical cyclones from the Eastern Pacific occasionally impact the western United States, bringing moderate to heavy rainfall 

Flooding
Occasional severe flooding is experienced in the United States  Significant floods throughout history include the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the Great Flood of 1993, and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982–83 El Niño event in the western United States  Flooding is still prevalent, mostly on the Eastern Coast, during hurricanes or other inclement weather, for example in 2012, when Hurricane Sandy devastated the region  Localized flooding can, however, occur anywhere, and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems in any mountainous area, particularly the Southwest  Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spread of wildfires  The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to flash floods as well, which can sometimes be devastating, while nor'easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast (although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere) 

Geologic
The West Coast of the continental United States makes up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes  The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, in Washington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains  There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii, including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983, but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands  There has not been a major life-threatening eruption on the Hawaiian Islands since the 17th century  Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating, such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St  Helens in Washington 
The Ring of Fire makes California and southern Alaska particularly vulnerable to earthquakes  Earthquakes can cause extensive damage, such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Good Friday earthquake near Anchorage, Alaska  California is well known for seismic activity and requires large structures to be earthquake resistant to minimize loss of life and property  Outside of devastating earthquakes, California experiences minor earthquakes on a regular basis 
There have been about 100 significant earthquakes annually from 2010 to 2012  Past averages were 21 a year  This is believed to be due to the deep disposal of wastewater from fracking  None have exceeded a magnitude of 5 6, and no one has been killed 

Other natural disasters
Other natural disasters include tsunamis around the Pacific Basin, mudslides in California, and forest fires in the western half of the contiguous U S  Although drought is relatively rare, it has occasionally caused major economic and social disruption, such as during the Dust Bowl (1931–1942), which resulted in widespread crop failures and dust storms, beginning in the southern Great Plains and reaching to the Atlantic Ocean 

Consequences
According to report by U S  Census Bureau, in 2022 natural disasters led to the forced displacement of 3 3 million people, more than 1 3% of the U S  adult population, with half of the displacements being caused by the hurricanes  The survey-report stated that in Florida, the devastation caused by Hurricanes Ian and Nicole resulted in the relocation of around 1 million people, or about one in every 17 adult residents  In Louisiana, where inhabitants were still dealing with the devastating results of Hurricane Ida the year before, more than 409,000 people, or almost one in every eight residents, were moved  Despite this, the Louisiana state saw a relatively calm hurricane season in 2022 

Public lands
The United States holds many areas for the use and enjoyment of the public  These include national parks, national monuments, national forests, wilderness areas, and other areas  For lists of areas, see the following articles:

List of National Parks of the United States
List of National Natural Landmarks
List of U S  National Forests
List of U S  Wilderness Areas

Human
In terms of human geography, the United States is inhabited by a diverse set of ethnicities and cultures 

See also
United States portal

Notes
Passage 13:
Cyprus Popular Bank
Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second-largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts  The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds  The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity   As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4 8% but does not hold a board seat  All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015  She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016  The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group 
Its shares were listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange and the Athens Stock Exchange  CPB had a network of more than 295 branches in Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, the UK and Malta  The bank had applied to open a representative office in Beijing, People's Republic of China Trading on the island as Laiki Bank (Laiki being the Greek word for Popular), as of September 2012 it held a 16% share of the market in loans and a 14 4% share of deposits   The Bank made a series of large loans, many to Greek companies prior to and during their financial crisis  What followed has been described as "billions handed out in bad loans created a financial time-bomb"  After the bank collapsed, it was rescued by the Cypriot government, which took 84% ownership on 30 June 2012 and as of March 2013 it is being dismantled as part of the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 

History
In 1901, four leading citizens of Limassol—Agathoclis Francoudis, Ioannis Kyriakides, Christodoulos Sozos and Neoklis Ioannides—established the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to encourage saving among the workforce  More than two decades later, in 1924, the bank changed its name from the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to the Popular Bank of Limassol  The bank also became the first company in Cyprus to register as a public-traded company 
Then in 1967, the Popular Bank of Limassol changed its name to Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) to reflect the bank’s expansion beyond Limassol  Expansion beyond Limassol followed quickly, with the establishment of its first branches in Nicosia,  Famagusta (1969), and Paphos and Larnaca (1970)  Also in 1970, Midland Bank acquired 22% of the company's shares, making Midland a major shareholder in CPB  The next year CPB relocated its headquarters from Limassol to Nicosia 

1974 CPB established its first London branch 
1983 CPB acquired all the Cyprus operations of Grindlays Bank located in the area under government control 
1992 CPB opened the first branch of European Popular Bank in Athens  CPB owned 58% of the shares of the bank; other shareholders included HSBC (formerly Midland Bank) and Greek and Cypriot investors  CPB retained branches in Heraklion and Thessaloniki
1995 CPB opened its first representative offices in South Africa and in Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
1996 CPB opened its first representative offices in Australia 
1997 CPB opened its first representative offices in Serbia and in Russia ("Rosprombank")
1998 CPB establishes a representative office in New York  (NY State Banking Dept says State chartered) 
2000 The Cyprus Popular Bank Group changed its name to Laiki Group 
2001 The Laiki Group established a subsidiary in Australia with five branches 
2005 The Group established Laiki Bank (Guernsey), and purchased Bank Centrobank in Serbia 
2006 The Greek Marfin Investment Group acquired HSBC's shares in Laiki Bank, establishing a strong minority share position   Subsequently, the Marfin Investment Group through more acquisitions managed to take control of Laiki Bank, which it re-branded as Marfin Popular Bank   In Greece, the Marfin Group consolidated Egnatia, Laiki and Marfin to form Marfin Egnatia Bank, which is the 95%-owned Greek subsidiary of Marfin Popular Bank 
2007 The bank announced the planned takeover of 50 12% of the share capital of AS SBM Pank, a bank in Estonia MPB also acquired 99 2% of the shares of Marine Transport Bank Ukraine for US$156 million  This bank was founded in 1993 as Marine Trade Bank and changed its name to Marine Transport Bank in 1996  It has its headquarters in the Odesa region and has 86 branches 
Lastly, MPB acquired 43% of the share capital of Lombard Bank Malta for €48 million from Banca della Svizzera Italiana (BSI) of Lugano  CPB now holds c  49% of Lombard Bank Malta In 2007, the bank announced a multi-million financial deal to sponsor the football First Division in Cyprus until 2010 
2008 Marfin Popular Bank completed its acquisition of 50 4% of the shares of CJSC RPB Holding, parent company of the Rossisysky Promishlenny Bank (Rosprombank), for €83 million  The acquisition makes Marfin the first Greek or Cypriot bank to acquire control of a bank in Russia 
In 2010, they launched a new mobile banking and mobile trading service  In the same year, the company was selected as the bank of the year in Cyprus by the Banker 
2010 MPB sold 85% of Laiki Bank Australia to Bank of Beirut  The Australian bank received a new name, Beirut Hellenic Bank  At the time, the bank had a branch in Adelaide, four branches in Melbourne and five branches in Sydney 
2011 MPB sold the majority of its shareholding in its Estonian subsidiary and returned to its historic name of Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) 
In 2012 CPB converted its Greek subsidiary into a branch of the parent bank 
The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis resulted in financial difficulties at CPB  The Cypriot state recapitalized CPB on 30 June 2012 with the result that the government acquired 84% of the bank's equity  This increased the bank's core tier 1 capital ratio towards 9%, the level mandated by the European Banking Authority 
In early 2013 CPB renamed its Greek branches to CPB Bank and on 26 March the bank sold them to Piraeus Bank  Laiki was split into a good and bad bank, the good bank (Cyprus operations) merged with Bank of Cyprus and the bad bank is in the process of being sold and finally shuttered  The board and CEO were replaced on 27 March  The bad bank was being run by a Special Administrator Ms Andri Antoniadou who was acting CEO until 3 March 2015  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou took over as Special Administrator in April 2015 until December 2016 In 2018 European Court dismisses compensation claim in Cyprus 2013 deposit-grab 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815 between the British Army under Major General Sir Edward Pakenham and the United States Army under Brevet Major General Andrew Jackson, roughly 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the French Quarter of New Orleans, in the current suburb of Chalmette, Louisiana The battle was the climax of the five-month Gulf Campaign (September 1814 to February 1815) by Britain to try to take New Orleans, West Florida, and possibly Louisiana Territory which began at the First Battle of Fort Bowyer  Britain started the New Orleans campaign on December 14, 1814, at the Battle of Lake Borgne and numerous skirmishes and artillery duels happened in the weeks leading up to the final battle 
The battle took place 15 days after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the War of 1812, on December 24, 1814, though it would not be ratified by the United States (and therefore did not take effect) until February 16, 1815, as news of the agreement had not yet reached the United States from Europe  Despite a large British advantage in numbers, training, and experience, the American forces defeated a poorly executed assault in slightly more than 30 minutes  The Americans suffered just 71 casualties, while the British suffered over 2,000, including the deaths of the commanding general, Major General Sir Edward Pakenham, and his second-in-command, Major General Samuel Gibbs 

Background
In August 1814, Britain and the United States began negotiations to end the War of 1812  However, British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Henry Bathurst issued Pakenham's secret orders on October 24, 1814, commanding him to continue the war even if he heard rumors of peace  Bathurst expressed concern that the United States might not ratify a treaty and did not want Pakenham either to endanger his forces or miss an opportunity for victory  Prior to that, in August 1814, Vice Admiral Cochrane had convinced the Admiralty that a campaign against New Orleans would weaken American resolve against Canada and hasten a successful end to the war There was a major concern that the British and their Spanish allies wanted to reclaim the territories of the Louisiana Purchase because they did not recognize any land deals made by Napoleon (first the 1800 transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France and then the 1803–1804 transfer of Louisiana from France to the United States) so that was the reason why the British invaded New Orleans in the middle of the Treaty of Ghent negotiations  If the British had won the Battle of New Orleans, they would have likely interpreted that all territories gained from the 1803 Louisiana Purchase would be void and not part of U S  territory  It has been claimed that British military communications indicate that Great Britain intended to take and keep New Orleans, which would have halted the westward expansion of the United States  This is contradicted by the content of Bathurst's correspondence, and disputed by Latimer, with specific reference to correspondence from the Prime Minister to the Foreign Secretary dated December 23, 1814 

Opposing forces
Prelude
Lake Borgne
Sixty British ships had anchored in the Gulf of Mexico to the east of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne by December 14, 1814, under the command of Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane  An American flotilla of five gunboats, commanded by Lieutenant Thomas ap Catesby Jones, blocked British access to the lakes  On December 14, around 980 British sailors and Royal Marines under Captain Nicholas Lockyer, set out to attack Jones's force  Lockyer's men sailed in 42 rowboats, almost all armed with a small carronade  Lockyer captured Jones's vessels in a brief engagement  Casualties included 17 British sailors killed and 77 wounded, while 6 Americans were killed, 35 wounded, and the remaining crews captured  The wounded included both Jones and Lockyer 
One unintended consequence is that it is believed the gunboat crews in captivity were able to mislead the British as to Jackson's strength in numbers, when they were questioned  There is a popular story concerning Purser Thomas Shields and Surgeon Robert Morrell, who were sent under a flag of truce to negotiate the return of the prisoners on parole  They were placed in a cabin, where their conversation could be heard  Shields, having hearing difficulties, talked loudly and mentioned that 20,000 troops were under Jackson's command  There was nothing in the actions of the British commanders to indicate they believed they were faced with superior numbers 

Disembarkation by the British
Sixteen hundred British soldiers under the command of General John Keane were rowed 60 miles west from Cat Island to Pea Island (possibly now Pearl Island), situated about 30 miles (48 km) east of New Orleans  It took six days and nights to ferry the troops, each transit taking around ten hours There were three potential routes to the east of the Mississippi that the British could take, in addition to traversing up the Mississippi itself   Rather than a slow approach to New Orleans up the Mississippi River, the British chose to advance on an overland route  The first route was to take the Rigolets passage into Lake Pontchartrain, and thence to disembark two miles north of the city  One hindrance was the fort at Petit Coquilles at the Rigolets passage 
The second option was to row to the Plain of Gentilly via the Bayou Chef Menteur, and to take the Chef Menteur Road that went from the Rigolets to the city  It was narrow, and could be easily blocked  Jackson was aware of this, and had it well guarded The third option was to head to Bayou Bienvenue, then Bayou Mazant and via the Villeré Canal to disembark at a point one mile from the Mississippi and seven miles south of the city  This latter option was taken by Keane Andrew Lambert notes that Keane squandered a passing opportunity to succeed, when he decided to not take the open road to New Orleans  Reilly observes that there has been a general acceptance that Cochrane cajoled Keane into a premature and ill-advised attack, but there is no evidence to support this theory  Codrington's correspondence does imply that the first option was intended to be followed by Cochrane, based upon inaccurate map details, as documented by Cochrane's papers  The shallow waters of the narrow passes of the Rigolets and the Chef Menteur could not take any vessel drawing eight feet or more A further hindrance was the lack of shallow draft vessels, which Cochrane had requested, yet the Admiralty had refused  As a consequence, even when using all shallow boats, it was not possible to transport more than 2,000 men at a time 

Villeré Plantation
On the morning of December 23, Keane and a vanguard of 1,800 British soldiers reached the east bank of the Mississippi River, 9 miles (14 km) south of New Orleans  They could have attacked the city by advancing a few hours up the undefended river road, but Keane decided to encamp at Lacoste's Plantation and wait for the arrival of reinforcements  The British invaded the home of Major Gabriel Villeré, but he escaped through a window and hastened to warn General Jackson of the approaching army and the position of their encampment   According to historian Stanley Clisby Arthur: 'At the close of Major Villeré's narrative the General drew up his figure, bowed with disease and weakness, to its full height, and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow upon the table with his clenched fist, exclaimed: "By the Eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil!"

Commencement of battle
Jackson's raid on the British camp
Following Villeré's intelligence report, on the evening of December 23, Jackson led 2,131 men in a brief three-pronged assault from the north on the unsuspecting British troops, who were resting in their camp  He then pulled his forces back to the Rodriguez Canal, about 4 miles (6 4 km) south of the city  The Americans suffered 24 killed, 115 wounded, and 74 missing, while the British reported their losses as 46 killed, 167 wounded, and 64 missing  Consequentially, as at December 25 Pakenham's forces now had an effective strength of 5,933 out of a headcount of 6,660 soldiers  Historian Robert Quimby states that the British won a "tactical victory, which enabled them to maintain their position", but they "were disabused of their expectation of an easy conquest"  As a consequence, the Americans gained time to transform the canal into a heavily fortified earthwork 

British reconnaissance-in-force
On Christmas Day, General Edward Pakenham arrived on the battlefield  Two days later he received nine large naval artillery guns from Admiral Cochrane along with a hot shot furnace to silence the two U S  Navy warships, the sloop-of-war USS Louisiana and the schooner USS Carolina, that were harassing the army for 24 hours per day the past week from the Mississippi River  The Carolina was sunk in a massive explosion by the British, but the Louisiana survived thanks to the Baratarian pirates aboard getting into rowboats and tying the ship to the rowboats and rowing it further north away from the British artillery  The Louisiana was not able to sail northward under her own power due to the attack  These two vessels were now no longer a danger to the British, but Jackson ordered the ships' surviving guns and crew to be stationed on the west bank and provide covering fire for any British assault on the river road to Line Jackson (name of the U S  defensive line at the Rodriguez Canal) and New Orleans  After silencing the two ships, Pakenham ordered a reconnaissance-in-force on December 28 against the earthworks  The reconnaissance-in-force was designed to test Line Jackson and see how well-defended it was, and if any section of the line was weak the British would take advantage of the situation, break through, and call for thousands of more soldiers to smash through the defenses  On the right side of this offensive the British soldiers successfully sent the militia defenders into a retreating panic with their huge show of force and were just a few hundred yards from breaching the defensive line, but the left side of the reconnaissance-in-force turned into tragedy for the British  The surviving artillery guns from the two neutralized warships successfully defended the section of Line Jackson closest to the Mississippi River with enfilading fire, making it look like the British offensive completely failed even though on the section closest to the swamp the British were on the verge of breaking through  Pakenham inexplicably decided to withdraw all the soldiers after seeing the left side of his reconnaissance-in-force collapsing and retreating in panic  The British suffered 16 killed and 43 wounded and the Americans suffered 7 killed and 10 wounded  Luck saved Line Jackson on this day and this was the closest the British came during the whole campaign to defeating Jackson After the failure of this operation Pakenham met with General Keane and Admiral Cochrane that evening for an update on the situation  Pakenham wanted to use Chef Menteur Pass as the invasion route, but he was overruled by Admiral Cochrane, who insisted that his boats were providing everything needed  Admiral Cochrane believed that the veteran British soldiers would easily destroy Jackson's ramshackle army, and he allegedly said that if the army did not do it, his sailors would, and the meeting settled the method and place of the attack 

When the British reconnaissance force withdrew, the Americans immediately began constructing earthworks to protect the artillery batteries, further strengthening Line Jackson  They installed eight batteries, which included one 32-pound gun, three 24-pounders, one 18-pounder, three 12-pounders, three 6-pounders, and a 6-inch (150 mm) howitzer  Jackson also sent a detachment to the west bank of the Mississippi to man two 24-pounders and two 12-pounders on the grounded warship USS Louisiana  Even so, the British greatly outnumbered the Americans  Jackson's total of 4,732 men was made up of 968 Army regulars, 58 Marines (holding the center of the defensive line), 106 Navy seamen, 1,060 Louisiana militia and volunteers (including 462 Black people), 1,352 Tennessee militia, 986 Kentucky militia, 150 Mississippi militia, and 52 Choctaw warriors, along with a force from pirate Jean Lafitte's Baratarians   Jackson in the first week of the New Orleans land campaign that began on December 23 also had the support of the warships in the Mississippi River, including USS Louisiana, USS Carolina, the schooner USS Eagle, and the steamboat Enterprise   The naval warships were neutralized by the heavy naval artillery guns brought in by Pakenham and Cochrane a few days after Christmas  Major Thomas Hinds' Squadron of Light Dragoons, a militia unit from the Mississippi Territory, arrived at the battle on December 22 

Artillery duel
The main British army arrived on New Year's Day 1815 and began an artillery bombardment of the American earthworks  Jackson's headquarters, Macarty House, was fired at for the first 10 minutes of the skirmish while Jackson and his officers were eating breakfast  The house was completely destroyed but Jackson and the officers escaped harm  The Americans recovered quickly and mobilized their own artillery to fire back at the British artillery  This began an exchange of artillery fire that continued for three hours  Several of the American guns were silenced, including the 32-pounder, a 24-pounder, and a 12-pounder, while some damage was done to the earthworks  The British suffered even greater, losing 13 guns (5 British batteries out of 7 total batteries were silenced by the Americans)  The remaining British artillery finally exhausted its ammunition, and Pakenham canceled the attack  Major General Gibbs during the artillery duel sent soldiers to try to outflank Line Jackson on the right due to the near-success of the December 28 skirmish  A combined force of Tennessee militia and Choctaw warriors used heavy small arms fire to repel this maneuver  The Tennessee and Choctaw soldiers even moved forward in front of Line Jackson and counterattacked, guerrilla-style, to guarantee the British withdrawal  After yet another failure to breach Line Jackson Pakenham decided to wait for his entire force of 8,000 men to assemble before continuing his attack  (The 40th Foot arrived too late, disembarking on 12 January 1815 ) The British lost 45 killed and 55 wounded in the artillery duel and the Americans lost 11 killed and 23 wounded  British morale completely collapsed after expecting an easy, bloodless victory against an opposing army heavily composed of, in their minds, non-professional militia, pirates, and squirrel hunters during the past 3 battles in the previous 10 days  Hundreds of shell-shocked British soldiers refused to follow orders and retrieve damaged but repairable guns that were abandoned in the battlefield during the afternoon  Pakenham had to personally lead the soldiers to retrieve the guns later that night 

Battle
The Americans had constructed three lines of defense, with the forward line four miles south of the city  It was strongly entrenched at the Rodriguez Canal, which stretched from a swamp to the river, with a timber, loop-holed breastwork and earthworks for artillery  General Lambert and two infantry battalions totaling 1700 soldiers disembarked and reinforced the British on January 5 

Right Bank
The British battle plan was for an attack against the 20-gun west bank battery, then to turn those guns on the American line to assist the frontal attack  In the early morning of January 8, Pakenham gave his final orders for the two-pronged assault  Colonel William Thornton was to cross the Mississippi during the night with his force, move rapidly upriver, storm the battery commanded by Commodore Daniel Patterson on the flank of the main American entrenchments, and then open an enfilading fire on Jackson's line with the captured artillery, directly across from the earthworks manned by the vast majority of American troops  Keane was to lead a column along the river, and Major General Samuel Gibbs was to lead a column along the swamp  The brigade commanded by Major General John Lambert was held in reserve 
The British dug a canal to enable 42 small boats to get to the river  Preparations for the attack had foundered early on January 8, as the canal collapsed and the dam failed, leaving the sailors to drag the boats through the mud with Thornton's west bank assault force  This left the force starting off just before daybreak, 8 hours late according to Thornton's dispatch, assessed in 2008 to be 12 hours late  The frontal attack was not postponed, however, as the British hoped that the force on the west bank would create a diversion, even if they did not succeed in the assault The only British success of the battle was the delayed attack on the west bank of the Mississippi River, where Thornton's brigade of the 85th Regiment of Foot and detachments from the Royal Navy and Royal Marines 
attacked and overwhelmed the American line  The 700 militiamen were routed  The British had the advantage of the element of surprise  The decision by General Morgan to deploy his troops in two positions a mile apart, neither defensible, was favorable for the British  Morgan's mismanagement of his Kentucky and Louisiana militiamen was an open invitation to defeat  Whilst the retreat of the militia has been criticized, such a move was no less than prudent  An inquiry found that the conduct was 'not reprehensible'  Captain Rowland Money led the Navy detachment, and Brevet Major Thomas Adair led the Marines  Money was captain of HMS Trave, and Adair was the commanding officer of HMS Vengeur's detachment of Marines  As a consequence of the sides of the canal caved in and choked the passage that night, only enough boats got through to carry 600 men, being a third of the intended force  Thornton did not make allowance for the current, and it carried him about two miles below the intended landing place 
His brigade won their battle, but Thornton was badly wounded  Army casualties among the 85th Foot were two dead, one captured, and 41 wounded, the battalion reduced to 270 effectives on the Right Bank  Royal Navy casualties were two dead, Captain Rowland Money and 18 seamen wounded  Royal Marine casualties were two dead, with three officers, one sergeant, and 12 other ranks wounded  By contrast, the defenders' casualties were two dead, eleven wounded and nineteen missing  Both Jackson and Commodore Patterson reported that the retreating forces had spiked their cannon, leaving no guns to turn on the Americans' main defense line; Major Michell's diary, however, claims that he had "commenced cleaning enemy's guns to form a battery to enfilade their lines on the left bank"   General Lambert ordered his Chief of Artillery Colonel Alexander Dickson to assess the position  Dickson reported back that no fewer than 2,000 men would be required to hold the position  Lambert issued orders to withdraw after the defeat of their main army on the east bank and retreated, taking a few American prisoners and cannon with them  The Americans were so dismayed by the loss of this battery, which would be capable of inflicting much damage on their lines when the attack was renewed, that they were preparing to abandon the town when they received the news that the British were withdrawing, according to one British regimental historian  Reilly does not agree, but does note that Jackson was eager to send Humbert and 400 men to retake the position from Thornton's troops  Carson Ritchie goes as far to assert that 'it was not Pakenham, but Sir Alexander Dickson who lost the third battle of New Orleans' in consequence of his recommendation to evacuate the Right Bank  , and that 'he could think of nothing but defense' This success, being described as 'a brilliant exploit by the British, and a disgraceful exhibition [of General Morgan's leadership] by the Americans,' had no effect on the final outcome of the battle 

Left Bank
The main attack began in darkness and a heavy fog, but the fog lifted as the British neared the main American line, exposing them to withering artillery fire  Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Mullins, the British commander of the 44th Regiment of Foot, had forgotten the ladders and fascines needed to cross the eight-foot-deep and fifteen-foot-wide canal and scale the earthworks, and the British forces fell into confusion  Most of the senior officers were killed or wounded, including Major General Samuel Gibbs, who was killed leading the main attack column on the right, and Colonel Rennie, who led a detachment on the left by the river 

The Highlanders of the 93rd Regiment of Foot were ordered to leave Keane's assault column advancing along the river, possibly because of Thornton's delay in crossing the river and the artillery fire that might hit them, and to move across the open field to join the main force on the right  Keane fell wounded as he crossed the field with the 93rd  Rennie's men managed to attack and overrun an American advance redoubt next to the river, but they could neither hold the position nor successfully storm the main American line behind it without reinforcements  Within a few minutes, the American 7th Infantry arrived, moved forward, and fired upon the British in the captured redoubt; within half an hour, Rennie and nearly all of his men were dead  In the main attack on the right, the British infantrymen flung themselves to the ground, huddled in the canal, or were mowed down by a combination of musket fire and grapeshot from the Americans  A handful made it to the top of the parapet on the right, but they were killed or captured  The riflemen of the 95th Regiment of Foot had advanced in open skirmish order ahead of the main assault force and were concealed in the ditch below the parapet, unable to advance further without support 
The two large main assaults were repulsed  Pakenham and Gibbs were fatally wounded while on horseback by grapeshot fired from the earthworks  Major Wilkinson of the 21st Regiment of Foot reformed his lines and made a third assault  They were able to reach the entrenchments and attempted to scale them  Wilkinson made it to the top before being shot  The Americans were amazed at his bravery and carried him behind the rampart  The British soldiers stood out in the open and were shot apart with grapeshot from Line Jackson, including the 93rd Highlanders, having no orders to advance further or retreat  General Lambert was in the reserve and took command  He gave the order for his reserve to advance and ordered the withdrawal of the army  The reserve was used to cover the retreat of what was left of the British army in the field 
The inability of Thornton's troops to have taken the Right Bank at night, in advance of the main assault, meant that the British were enfiladed by the American batteries  It has been observed that Keane's failure, to have taken the Chef Menteur Road, was compounded when the aggressively natured Pakenham went ahead and launched a frontal assault before the vital flank operation on the other bank of the river had been completed, at a cost of over 2,000 casualties 

Analysis
The Battle of New Orleans was remarkable both for its apparent brevity and its casualties, though some numbers are in dispute and contradict the official statistics  The defenders of the Left Bank had casualties amounting to 11 killed and 23 wounded; American losses were only 13 killed, 39 wounded, and 19 missing or captured in total on that day  Robert Remini and Anthony S Pitch make reference to the British casualty reports of 291 killed, 1,262 wounded, and 484 missing, a total loss of 2,037 men  Among the prisoners taken when the British retreated from the battlefield, Jackson estimated three hundred were mortally wounded  Colonel Arthur P  Hayne's dispatch to Jackson dated January 13 estimated the British had 700 fatalities and 1400 wounded, with 501 prisoners of war in his custody  A reduction in headcount due to 443 British soldiers' deaths since the prior month was reported on January 25, which is lower than Hayne's estimate of 700 for the battle alone The large number of casualties suffered by the British on the Left Bank reflects their failure to maintain the element of surprise, with plenty of advance notice being given to the defenders, owing to the delays in executing the attack on the Right Bank  The failure of the British to have breached the parapet and conclusively eliminated the first line of defense was to result in high casualties as successive waves of men marching in column whilst the prepared defenders were able to direct their fire into a Kill zone, hemmed in by the riverbank and the swamp   Reilly supports the assertion that it was the American artillery that won the battle  The losses among the regiments out of range of small arms fire were disproportionately high, with almost every British account emphasizing the effect of heavy gunfire  In contrast, the riflemen of the 95th Foot in skirmish order, the most difficult target for artillery, had lost only 11 killed  Dickson's eyewitness account is clear that the British were only within musket shot range for less than five minutes  The account by Latour states the battalions of Plauché, Daquin, Lacoste, along with three quarters of the 44th US Infantry did not fire at all  In order to have inflicted such a heavy toll on the British, it would not have been possible to have done this primarily with musket fire, of which the best trained men could only manage two shots per minute  Unlike their British counterparts, the American forces had larger guns, and more of them  They were situated in well-protected earthworks, with a ditch and stockade  The Americans therefore had a number of advantages, but they should not minimize the skill and bravery of their gunners   Almost universal blame was assigned to Colonel Mullins of the 44th Foot which had been detailed to carry fascines and ladders to the front to enable the British soldiers to cross the ditch and scale the parapet and fight their way to the American breastwork  Mullins was found half a mile to the rear when he was needed at the front  Pakenham learned of Mullins' conduct and placed himself at the head of the 44th, endeavoring to lead them to the front with the implements needed to storm the works, when he fell wounded after being hit with grapeshot some 500 yards from the front line  He was hit again while being helped to mount a horse, this time mortally wounded 

Aftermath
Fort St  Philip
Fort St  Philip, manned by an American garrison, defended the river approach to New Orleans  British naval forces attacked the fort on January 9 but were unsuccessful, withdrawing after ten days of bombardment with exploding bomb shells from two bomb vessels  In a dispatch sent to the Secretary of War, dated January 19, Jackson stated: "I am strengthened not only by [the defeat of the British at New Orleans]     but by the failure of his fleet to pass fort St  Philip "

British withdrawal
Despite news of capture of the American battery on the west bank of the Mississippi River, British officers concluded that continuing the Louisiana campaign would be too costly  Three days after the battle, General Lambert held a council of war  Deciding to withdraw, the British left camp at Villeré's Plantation by January 19  They were not pursued in any strength  The Chalmette battlefield was the plantation home of Colonel Denis de La Ronde's half-brother Ignace Martin de Lino (1755–1815)  The British forces burned it, reputedly causing de Lino's death from a broken heart shortly after returning home three weeks after the battle  The British returned to where they had landed, a distance in excess of sixty miles, the final troops re-embarked on January 27 The British fleet embarked the troops and sailed toward Mobile Bay on February 4, 1815    The army captured Fort Bowyer at the entrance to Mobile Bay on February 12  Preparations to attack Mobile were in progress when news arrived of the Treaty of Ghent  General Jackson also had made tentative plans to attack the British at Mobile and to continue the war into Spanish Florida  With Britain having ratified the treaty and the United States having resolved that hostilities should cease pending imminent ratification, the British left, sailing to the West Indies  The British government was determined on peace with the United States, and speculation that it planned to permanently seize the Louisiana Purchase has been rejected by historians   Thus Carr concludes, "by the end of 1814 Britain had no interest in continuing the conflict for the possession of New Orleans or any other part of American territory, but rather, due to the European situation 
and her own domestic problems, was anxious to conclude hostilities as quickly and gracefully as possible "

Assessment
For the campaign, American casualties totaled 333 with 55 killed, 185 wounded, and 93 missing, while British casualties totaled 2,459 with 386 killed, 1,521 wounded, and 552 missing, according to the respective official casualty returns  A reduction in headcount due to 443 British soldiers' deaths since the prior month was reported on January 25  The effective strength of the British had reduced from 5,933 to 4,868 soldiers of the original force, bolstered by 681 and 785 soldiers of the 7th Foot and 43rd Foot respectively  More than 600 prisoners of war were released from Jackson's captivity by March 1815 The battle became historically important mainly for the meaning Americans gave it, particularly with respect to Jackson  According to Matthew Warshauer, the Battle of New Orleans meant, "defeating the most formidable army ever arrayed against the young republic, saving the nation’ s reputation in the War of 1812, and establishing [Jackson] as America ’ s preeminent hero " News of victory "came upon the country like a clap of thunder in the clear azure vault of the firmament, and traveled with electromagnetic velocity, throughout the confines of the land "  Popular pamphlets, songs, editorials, speeches, and plays glorified Jackson's new, heroic image  Before New Orleans the war was overall a bloody stalemate with not a single overwhelming land battle victory for the Americans against an elite British Army unit (Lake Erie, Plattsburgh, and Baltimore were won primarily due to naval ships and forts near lakes or the ocean)   New England as a whole was against the war  The leaders of the Federalist Party of New England met at the Hartford Convention and decided to deliver a set of demands to the federal government in January 1815  The moderates were in charge and there was no proposal to secede from the union  When the Hartford delegation reached Washington word of the great American victory at  Orleans came and the Federalists were seen as traitors and anti-American; the Federalist Party was permanently ruined The Era of Good Feelings resulted from the Battle of New Orleans  From 1815 to 1825 there was single-party rule in Washington and an overwhelming feeling of patriotism due to the extinction of the Federalist Party  The victory at New Orleans effectively kept the United States unified for the next 45 years until the American Civil War  The Eighth of January was a federal holiday from 1828 to 1861, and it was among the earliest national celebrations, as "previously, Americans had only celebrated events such as the Fourth of July or George Washington's birthday on a national scale"  The anniversary of the battle was celebrated as an American holiday for many years called "The Eighth" Orleans Square in Savannah, Georgia, is named in commemoration of the battle 
In 1836 Ohio politician William Allen asked Jackson whether there was a point to the Battle of New Orleans  Jackson, unaware of the peace policy of the British government in 1815, speculated that if General Pakenham had won the British would have abrogated the Treaty of Ghent and would have pemanently seized the Louisiana Purchase  Poor British planning and communication, plus costly frontal assaults against an entrenched enemy, caused lopsided British casualties 

A discredited historical interpretation holds that British had an ambitious colonization plan for the "Crown colony of Louisiana" if they had succeeded in capturing New Orleans and Mobile  While some British generals did speculate, the British government under Lord Liverpool rejected all such ideas and planned to finalize the peace by ratifying the Treaty of Ghent as soon as possible, regardless of what happened in New Orleans The hundreds of dead British soldiers were likely buried at Jacques Villeré's plantation, which was the headquarters of the British Army during the New Orleans campaign  Nobody knows exactly where their final resting spot is  The only deceased British soldiers transported back to the United Kingdom were Generals Pakenham and Gibbs and Colonel Robert Rennie The Duke of Wellington faulted Cochrane and held that the attack could have succeeded were it not for his shortcomings  In a eulogy to his brother-in-law, General Edward Pakenham who died at New Orleans, he commented:

I cannot but regret that he was ever employed on such a service or with such a colleague  The expedition to New Orleans originated with that colleague     The Americans were prepared with an army in a fortified position which still would have been carried, if the duties of others, that is of the Admiral [Cochrane], had been as well performed as that of he whom we now lament 

Legacy
"Beauty and Booty" controversy
After the battle, a claim was published by George Poindexter, in a letter dated January 20 to the Mississippi Republican, that Pakenham's troops had used "Beauty and Booty" as a watchword  

The watch-word and countersign of the enemy on the morning of the 8th was,
BOOTY AND BEAUTY
Comment is unnecessary on these significant allusions held out to a licentious soldiery  Had victory declared on their side, the scenes of Havre de Grace, of Hampton, of Alexandria       would, without doubt, have been reacted at New Orleans, with all the unfeeling and brutal inhumanity of the savage foe with whom we are contending 

This was republished in Niles' Register, the National Intelligencer on February 13, and other newspapers  Whilst there were criticisms from the Federalist press, as well as from Poindexter's enemies, as to how reliable this information was, it was widely accepted elsewhere  Senator Charles Jared Ingersoll made direct reference to this in his speech to Congress on February 16, reproduced in full in the National Intelligencer  He continued, in an elated manner, 'with the tidings of this triumph from the south, to have peace from the east, is such a fullness of gratification as must overflow all hearts with gratitude ' He saw the news of victory at New Orleans against an immoral foe, followed by news of peace, as a positive sentiment to unite the different peoples of the United States, the zeitgeist of these postwar years later becoming known as the Era of Good Feelings 
This watchword claim, as originated by Poindexter, was repeated in Eaton's "Life of General Jackson", first published in 1817  A second edition of this biography was published in 1824, when Jackson made his first presidential bid  Further editions were published for the presidential elections of 1828 and 1833  Editions from 1824 onwards now contained the claim that documentary evidence proved the watchword was used  As a consequence it was reproduced in a travelogue in 1833 Following the publishing of a travelogue in 1833, whereby the author James Stuart referred to the watchword, this hitherto unknown controversy became known in Great Britain  In response to the author, five British officers who had fought in the battle, Keane, Lambert, Thornton, Blakeney and Dickson, signed a rebuttal in August 1833  It is stated this was published in The Times by American sources, but this is not the case  Somewhat ironically, Niles's Register, which originally printed Poindexter's claim, now printed the British rebuttal 
 “We, the undersigned, serving in that army, and actually present, and through whom all orders to the troops were promulgated, do, in justice to the memory of that distinguished officer who commanded and led the attack, the whole tenor of whose life was marked by manliness of purpose and integrity of view, most unequivocally deny that any such promise (of plunder) was ever held out to the army, or that the watchword asserted to have been given out was ever issued  And, further, that such motives could never have actuated the man who, in the discharge of his duty to his king and country, so eminently upheld the character of a true British soldier ”
James Stuart's account was criticised by a veteran, Major Pringle, who wrote several letters to the Edinburgh Evening Courant  In response, Stuart published a book to refute these criticisms  He quoted Major Eaton as a reliable source, and later went on to comment that as a result of Stuart, it had become accepted the watchword was a falsehood  One quote from the book 'certainly the refutation of
the charge as stated in Major Eaton’s Book is, though tardy, complete' considered the matter closed  Notwithstanding the refutation, the story had benefited both Jackson and Eaton's political careers, who had nothing left to prove The publication of Eaton's book in Britain in 1834, and in subsequent editions, still contained the story of "booty and beauty"  The British Ambassador, Sir Charles Richard Vaughan wrote to President Jackson about the matter  Vaughan wrote that Eaton 'expressed himself glad, that the report was at last contradicted' by the rebuttal, but there was no pressure on him to retract his comments from the Jackson biography  There is no recounting in 1833 of Jackson's supposed encounter with the mystery Creole planter (Denis de la Ronde), as reported by S C Arthur (see below) 
Arthur's 1915 publication, quoting from Parton's 1861 biography of Jackson, itself quoting extensively from Vincent Nolte's book published in 1854, has referred to a Creole planter reportedly visited a British military camp a few days prior to the battle, being welcomed in after claiming that he was supportive of a possible British takeover of the region  While dining at dinner with a group of British officers, the planter claimed he heard one officer offer the toast of "Beauty and Booty"  After gathering information on Pakenham's battle plans, the planter left the camp the next day and reported the information he had gathered to Jackson; the rumor that the British were offering toasts to "Beauty and Booty" soon spread throughout New Orleans, in particular among the upper-class women of the city  Nolte's book reveals the 'planter' to be no other than Denis de la Ronde, the colonel commanding the Third Regiment of the Louisiana Militia In the years since the Treaty of Ghent, not only did Jackson's reputation benefit from his major victory against the British, but also from vilifying the British as an amoral foe, against whom a second war of independence had been fought  As a national hero, it facilitated his subsequent career in politics, and tenure as President of the United States 

Distinguished service as mentioned in dispatches
In his general orders of January 21, General Jackson, in thanking the troops, paid special tributes to the Louisiana organizations, and made particular mention of Capts  Dominique and Belluche, and the Lafitte brothers, all of the Barataria privateers; of General Garrique de Flanjac, a State Senator, and brigadier of militia, who served as a volunteer; of Majors Plauche, St  Geme  Lacoste, D'Aquin, Captain Savary, Colonel De la Ronde, General Humbert, Don Juan de Araya, the Mexican Field-Marshal; Major-General Villere and General Morgan, the Engineers Latour and Blanchard; the Attakapas dragoons, Captain Dubuclay; the cavalry from the Felicianas and the Mississippi territory  General Labattut had command of the town, of which Nicolas Girod was then the mayor Among those who most distinguished themselves during this brief but memorable campaign, were, next to the Commander-in-chief, Generals Villere, Carroll, Coffee, Ganigues, Flanjac, Colonel Delaronde, Commodore Patterson, Majors Lacoste, Planche, Hinds, Captain Saint Gerne, Lieutenants Jones, Parker, Marent, and Dominique; Colonel Savary, a man of colour nor must we omit to mention Lafitte, pirate though he was Over the course of several days, the logistically and numerically superior British force was repelled, in no small part to a small contingent of Marines led by Maj  Daniel Carmick and Lt  Francis de Bellevue of the New Orleans Navy Yard At the Battle of New Orleans, [Governor Claiborne's aide-de-camp] Marigny distinguished himself by his courage and activity  It is noteworthy that the glorious victory was reaped on the fields of the plantation of his Uncle de Lino de Chalmette 

Memorials
The Louisiana Historical Association dedicated its Memorial Hall facility to Jackson on January 8, 1891, the 76th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans  The Federal government established a national historical park in 1907 to preserve the Chalmette Battlefield, which also includes the Chalmette National Cemetery  It features the 100-foot-tall Chalmette Monument and is part of the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve  The monument was supposed to be at least 150 feet tall but the very soft and wet soil limited it to 100 feet  A five-cent stamp in 1965 commemorated the sesquicentennial of the Battle of New Orleans and 150 years of peace with Britain  The bicentennial was celebrated in 2015 with a Forever stamp depicting United States troops firing on British soldiers along Line Jackson 
Prior to the twentieth century the British government commonly commissioned and paid for statues of fallen generals and admirals during battles to be placed inside St Paul's Cathedral in London as a memorial to their sacrifices  Major Generals Pakenham and Gibbs were both memorialized in a statue at St Paul's that was sculpted by Sir Richard Westmacott 

In popular culture
The Buccaneer was a 1938 American adventure film produced and directed by Cecil B  De Mille based on Jean Lafitte and the Battle of New Orleans  It was remade in 1958 
Jimmy Driftwood wrote the song "The Battle of New Orleans" using the melody from "The Eighth of January"  It was a 1959 hit for both Johnny Horton (U S  Number 1) and Lonnie Donegan (U K  Number 2)  The Horton version won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording 
The 1966 US science fiction series The Time Tunnel (series 1, episode 5) portrays the two protagonist time travelers as 'arriving' between the enemy lines the day before the battle and being arrested as 'American spies' 
Samuel Woodworth wrote the song "The Hunters of Kentucky", first performed in 1822, which was later covered by Burl Ives  The song valorizes the Kentucky militia that fought in the battle, but as historians such as Robert V  Remini have shown, their role was wildly overstated  It became the central campaign song for Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential election campaign 

See also
List of War of 1812 battles
Saint Malo, Louisiana

Notes and citations
Notes

Citations
Passage 2:
Mother-in-Law (song)
"Mother-in-Law" is a 1961 song recorded by Ernie K-Doe  It was a number-one hit in the U S  on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the Billboard R&B chart  The song was written and produced by Allen Toussaint, who also played the piano solo  It was issued by Minit Records 
After several unsuccessful takes, Toussaint balled up the composition and threw it away as he was leaving the room  One of the backup singers, Willie Harper, thought that it was such a good song that he convinced K-Doe to give it one more try A cover version by The Newbeats was also included on their 1965 album Big Beat Sounds By The Newbeats 

See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1961
List of number-one R&B singles of 1961 (U S )
Mother-in-law joke
Passage 3:
Battle of Alto de los Godos
The Battle of Alto de los Godos was a battle that took place on 25 May 1813 in Maturín, Venezuela, in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada  It resulted in a patriot victory against the forces of Spanish general Domingo de Monteverde  
It was one of the five attempts by the royalists to regain control over the region and it is notable for its inclusion of women in combat, such as Juana Ramírez, who was also known as "The Advancer" (La Avanzadora) 

See also
Colonial Venezuela
Passage 4:
Panos Kolokotronis
Panos Kolokotronis (Greek: Πάνος Κολοκοτρώνης) was the eldest son of the Greek General Theodoros Kolokotronis and his mother was Aikaterini Karousou (Greek: Αικατερίνη Καρούσου)  He was born on the island of Zakynthos in 1800, while his father was serving there as a Major in the British Infantry  He fought along with his father in the Greek War of Independence and distinguished himself in many battles 
In 1822, he married Eleni, the daughter of Laskarina Bouboulina 
In 1825, during the second civil war, he was murdered in Tripoli by order of the revolutionary government 
His skull is on display in the National Historical Museum in Athens 

See also
Theodoros Kolokotronis
Gennaios Kolokotronis
Passage 5:
Mother-in-Law Lounge
The Mother-in-Law Lounge is a live music venue, pub and a shrine in New Orleans, Louisiana dedicated to the memory of rhythm and blues singer, Ernie K-Doe    It is at the downtown river corner of Claiborne Avenue and Columbus Street in the 7th Ward of New Orleans   The exterior of the building is decorated with colorful murals depicting K-Doe and other prominent figures in New Orleans music, especially people who collaborated with K-Doe 
The lounge was originally opened by Ernie K-Doe in 1994, and it has become a historical icon in the local community   It was flooded with five and a half feet of water during Hurricane Katrina in 2005   With the help of the Hands on Network and Chet Haines, the lounge reopened its doors on 29 August 2006, on the first anniversary of Hurricane Katrina   Mother-in-Law Lounge was owned and operated by K-Doe's widow and musician, Antoinette K-Doe, before she died during Mardi Gras 2009   
In 2011, local musician Kermit Ruffins agreed to lease the site, and it reopened on January 20, 2014 
Ruffins is now running the establishment as Kermit's Mother-In-Law Lounge 
Passage 6:
Battle of Beauport
The Battle of Beauport, also known as the Battle of Montmorency, fought on 31 July 1759, was an important confrontation between the British and French Armed Forces during the Seven Years' War (also known as the French and Indian War and the War of Conquest) of the French province of Canada  The attack conducted by the British against the French defense line of Beauport, some 5 kilometres (3 1 mi) east of Quebec was checked, and the British soldiers of General James Wolfe retreated with 443 casualties and losses 

Background
The French and Indian War campaigns of 1758 were mostly successful for the British, who had sent more than 40,000 men against New France and made key gains by capturing Louisbourg and destroying Fort Frontenac, although their primary thrust was stopped by French general Louis-Joseph de Montcalm in the Battle of Carillon  William Pitt continued the aggressive policy in 1759, again organizing large campaigns aimed at the heartland of New France, the Canadien communities of Quebec and Montreal on the St  Lawrence River  For the campaign against Quebec, General James Wolfe was given command of an army of about 7,000 men 

Beauport
When he arrived before Quebec on 26 June, Wolfe observed that the northern shore of the St  Lawrence River around Beauport (the Beauport shore), the most favourable site for the landing of troops, was strongly defended by the French, who had built entrenchments on high ground, redoubts and floating batteries  Wolfe consequently had to devise a plan involving a landing on some other location of the shore  The search for the best site kept him busy for weeks 

Montmorency camp
On the night of 8th or 9 July, British forces landed on the north shore, some 1 2 km (0 75 mi) east of the Montmorency Falls, east of where the French west-east defence line ended, at the mouth of the Montmorency River  Wolfe landed first, leading the Louisbourg grenadiers, who were followed by the brigade commanded by George Townshend  The landing met no opposition from the French  James Murray, at the head of a part of his brigade, joined Wolfe and Townshend on 10 July  A camp was set up near the landing site  Wolfe ordered the construction of a battery to defend the camp, as well as rafts and floating batteries in anticipation of an attack on the French line 

Plan of attack
After establishing the Montmorency camp, Wolfe explored various plans of attack and chose his plan on 28 July  He had two main plans 
The first plan which Wolfe mentioned in his journal and the correspondence with his officers is that of 16 July  In a letter to Brigadier Robert Monckton, Wolfe wrote that he had hoped to capture one of the French redoubts, the second one counting from the east end of the Beauport line, in order to force the enemy out of their entrenchments  The plan involved an attack by the Navy, an important landing force transported from Île d'Orléans, as well as a body of troops crossing the river Montmorency on rafts and marching westward to the battle site  At the same time, the brigade commanded by Monckton was to land on the French right, between the Saint-Charles River and Beauport 
This plan was put on hold on 20 July, when an event of great import to the British occurred: the Royal Navy succeeded, on the night of 18–19 July, in passing seven ships, including the ship of the line HMS Sutherland and two frigates (HMS Diana and HMS Squirrel), through the narrow passage between Quebec and Pointe-Lévy, thus opening the possibility of a landing west of Quebec   Batteries firing at the British flotilla from the Lower Town of Quebec, as well as the floating batteries pursuing it, were unable to prevent the crossing  The Sutherland's log records that the French cannonballs flew too high to cause serious damage On 19 July Wolfe was at the Pointe-Lévy camp to reconnoiter the north shore west of Quebec  He moved further west the next day, near the mouth of the Chaudière River, to study the opposite shore between Sillery and Cap Rouge  Wolfe wrote to Monckton with orders for a plan of attack involving a landing near the village of Saint-Michel, something he had already considered in June  However, at 13:00, Wolfe countermanded his orders to Monckton, ordering him instead to wait a few days and remain ready to act quickly, because of some "particular circumstances"  It is possible that the circumstance he alluded to was a French counteroffensive in which a newly built battery at Samos (near Sillery) damaged the Squirrel 
Wolfe returned to the Montmorency camp on 26 July  Escorted by two battalions, he walked up the Montmorency river to reconnoiter the French lines  At about five kilometres (3 1 miles) from the river's mouth, he observed a ford allowing the easy crossing from the west shore to the east shore  This discovery was followed by a solid skirmish between British soldiers, attempting to cross, and French soldiers entrenched on the other side  The British reported 45 killed and wounded On 28 July, Wolfe wrote of an attack on the Beauport line to be executed on 30 July  However, poor winds did not allow for naval movements that day and the operations were postponed to the next day  The plan of attack then contemplated by Wolfe was a variation of the plan he had described to Monckton in his letter of 16 July  Unlike the earlier plan, there was no mention of a parallel landing on the French right (west of Beauport) 

Order of Battle
The order of battles were;

British Forces
British forces were commanded by Major General James Wolfe, who commanded less than 5,000 men 

Converged Grenadiers (13 Companies) from; 15th, 22nd, 28th, 35th, 40th, 43rd, 45th, 47th, 48th, 58th, 2nd Btn, 60th (Royal American), 3rd Btn, 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot, and 78th Fraser Highlanders
2 Companies of the 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot (200 men)
Monckton's Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Robert Monckton
15th Regiment of Foot
78th Fraser Highlanders

French Forces
French forces were commanded by Brigadier General Louis Joseph de Saint Véran, Marquis de Montcalm, who commanded 12,000 regulars and militia but just a part (left wing) of the force took part in the battle 

Extreme Left Wing commanded by Colonel Repentigny
800 Volunteers
Left Wing commanded by Colonel François-Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis
2nd Battalion, Régiment de Béarn
2nd Battalion, Régiment de Guyenne
2nd Battalion, Régiment Royal Roussillon
La Sarre Grenadiers (1 Company)
Mixed Battalion of Montréal (part militia, part Compagnies Franches de la Marine)
Montréal Militia
Trois-Rivières Militia, in reserve
500 Natives

Battle
Dangers of plan exposed
On the morning of 31 July the war vessel Centurion positioned itself by the Montmorency Falls to attack the easternmost French batteries  General Wolfe went on board the Russell, one of the two armed transports (the other being the Three Sisters) that were meant for the attack on the redoubt  Wolfe, who was then in the heat of the action, had a better chance to reconnoitre the French position than he could from Île d'Orléans  He immediately realized his mistake: the redoubt he hoped to seize to force the French out of their entrenchments was within range of enemy fire  The French soldiers could then very well shoot toward the redoubt without leaving their entrenchments on high ground  This fact changed everything and Wolfe's plan of attack consequently proved riskier than expected In spite of this, General Wolfe decided to proceed with the attack already underway  In his journal, he stated that it was "the confusion and disorder" he observed on the enemy's side which incited him to action  Townshend, who commanded at Montmorency, and Monckton who was doing the same at Pointe-Lévy, received the order to prepare for the attack 

Difficult landing
At around 11:00, the transport ships (Russell and Three Sisters) reached the north shore where the body of troops mobilized to take the redoubt landed  Toward 12:30, the boats transporting the main landing force left the Île d'Orléans to rendezvous with Wolfe  An unforeseen difficulty caused the landing planned a little to the west of the Montmorency Falls to be suspended: the boats met with a shoal preventing them from reaching the shore  A significant amount of time was lost trying to find a suitable site for landing, which finally occurred at around 17:30  By that time, the sky was covered by storm clouds 

Confrontation
The first troops advancing toward French lines were the thirteen companies of grenadiers and some 200 soldiers of the Royal Americans  Fire from the Montreal militia stalled their advance up the hill to the entrenchments above Shortly after the firing began, a summer storm broke out, causing gunpowder to become wet and rendering firearms unusable   When General Wolfe ordered the retreat, the troops marching from the Montmorency camp had not yet met up with the main force transported from the Île d'Orléans camp 

Consequences
The French were victorious  General Wolfe recorded 443 losses (210 killed and 233 wounded), while the French counted 60 killed and wounded on their side; losses which were attributed to the fire coming from the great battery of the Montmorency camp  The day after the battle, Wolfe wrote Monckton that the losses incurred in the battle were not great and that the defeat was no cause of discouragement While the news of the victory was celebrated in the French camp, General Montcalm remained lucid, writing to Bourlamaque that in his opinion this attack was only a prelude to a more important one, which they could do nothing but patiently wait for   The attack did eventually arrive, when on 13 September the British landed west of Quebec and defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham in a battle that claimed the lives of both Montcalm and Wolfe 

Notes
Passage 7:
Public holidays in Australia
Public holidays in Australia refer to the holidays recognised in law in Australia  Although they are declared on a state and territory basis, they comprise a mixture of nationally celebrated days and holidays exclusive to the individual jurisdictions 
Public holidays function as non-working days, with workers generally receiving full paid leave independently of annual leave  Those working on public holidays receive additional penalty rates of pay  Where they fall on a weekend, public holidays are generally declared in lieu for the following Monday 
Statutory holidays in Australia are based on varying religious, cultural and civic observations  Christian celebrations, namely Christmas and Easter, are some of the most significant ones observed  A Labour Day is observed in each state and territory, although it is varied in date  There are two significant national days, Australia Day (26 January) and Anzac Day (25 April), which are nationwide public holidays 
When a public holiday occurs on a Friday or Monday, the three-day period is colloquially known as a "long weekend" 

Nature of public holidays
Traditionally, Australians in employment (whether in the public or private sector) have had the right to take a public holiday off work with regular pay  In recent years this tradition has changed somewhat  For example, businesses that normally open on a public holiday may request employees to work on that day  Employers can deny employees a holiday only on reasonable business grounds From 2006, WorkChoices eliminated the entitlement to penalty rates in many workplaces; however since the implementation of the Fair Work Act 2009 and the modern awards in 2010, most public-holiday penalty rates have increased dramatically  As of 2018 employees generally receive pay at a penalty rate—usually 2 5 times (known as "double time and a half") the base rate of pay—when they work on a public holiday Besides designating days as public holidays, Australian authorities also designate some of these days as restricted trading days 
Public holidays are determined by a combination of:

statutes, with specific gazetting of public holidays
industrial awards and agreementsIf a standard public holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute public holiday will sometimes be observed on the first non-weekend day (usually Monday) after the weekend, whether by virtue of the public holiday legislation or by ad hoc proclamation  Workers required to work on a public holiday or substituted public holiday will usually be entitled to remuneration at a holiday penalty rate 
All states have their own public holidays in addition to national public holidays, and in some states certain public holidays, such as Melbourne Cup Day, are in force in only part of a state 
Alcohol licences in several states prevent sale of alcohol on certain public holidays, such as Good Friday 

Public holidays
Legend:
B City of Brisbane only  The Royal National Agricultural (RNA) Show Day (Brisbane only) is held on the Wednesday during the RNA Show period  The RNA Show commences on the first Friday in August, unless the first Friday is prior to 5 August, then it commences on the second Friday of August  Other Queensland show holidays: Show holiday dates | Public, school and show holidays
C = Conditional: Public Service employees or where defined in Employment Agreement/AwardH = Hobart area only
NH = Not Hobart area
P Part day, from 7 pm to midnight (6 pm to midnight for QLD)
† Often substituted with the Geelong Cup for Geelong residents  For regional Victoria other local cup days are sometimes substituted 
* The holiday is legislated for the 3rd Monday of May  Since 2006 it has been moved via the issuing of a special Proclamation by the Governor, to the 2nd Monday of March, on a trial basis 
** Sunday is nominally a public holiday in South Australia
*** Depends on occupation, generally from 6 pm to midnight

Substitute holidays for holidays falling on a weekend
When a public holiday falls on a weekend, the following work day may be considered a public holiday depending on the state/territory and the holiday in question 

Holidays that always fall on a particular day of the week are not listed in this table  Prior to 2008, Victorian law only specified substitute holidays for New Year and Boxing Day, and only if they fell on a Sunday  From 2008, Victorian law specifies the substitute holidays in the table above Since Easter Monday can occur as late as 26 April it is possible for the Easter Monday holiday to coincide with Anzac Day, as occurred in 2011   State Acts do not give a provision to separate the days when this occurs, so no additional public holiday is given by law  However an extra day is usually proclaimed by the minister, so as to have a steady number of public holidays each year  In the year 2038, Anzac Day will coincide with Easter Sunday 

Australia Day
Nationally, Australia Day was originally celebrated on 30 July 1915 Recorded celebrations of the 26 January date back to 1808 in Australia, and in 1818, Governor Lachlan Macquarie held the first official celebration of Australia Day   26 January was chosen because it is the day of the establishment of the first British settlement at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip in 1788   It was made a public holiday in New South Wales in 1836, and Victoria adopted the day as a public holiday in 1931  The 26 January commenced to be recognised by all states and territories as Australia Day in 1946 
Australia Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 26 January since 1994 Since 1960, the winner of the Australian of the Year award is announced by the Prime Minister on the eve of Australia Day (25 Jan) 

Labour Day
Labour Day commemorates the achievements of the Australian labour movement  The celebration of Labour Day has its origins in the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest  On 21 April 1856 Stonemasons and building workers on building sites around Melbourne, Australia, stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight-hour day  Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as the first organised workers in the world to achieve an eight-hour day with no loss of pay, which subsequently inspired the celebration of Labour Day and May Day  In Tasmania the public holiday is called Eight Hours Day and in the Northern Territory it is called May Day 
The Labour Day public holiday varies considerably between the various states and territories  It is the first Monday in October in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and South Australia  In Western Australia, it is the first Monday in March  In both Victoria and Tasmania, it is the second Monday in March  In the Northern Territory, and in Queensland it is the first Monday in May  More than 80 countries celebrate Labor Day  Labor Day is a long weekend 

Easter
The days of Easter vary each year depending on the day determined by the Western Christian calendar  Until 1994 Easter Tuesday was a Bank Holiday in Victoria (it retains this status partially in Tasmania)  The day after Good Friday and before Easter Sunday is traditionally known as Holy Saturday  However, the states where that day is a public holiday use different terminology – it is officially gazetted as "Easter Saturday" in the ACT, New South Wales, and the Northern Territory; as "the day after Good Friday" in Queensland and South Australia; and as "Saturday before Easter Sunday" in Victoria 

ANZAC Day
ANZAC Day is a day on which the country remembers those citizens who fell fighting or who served the country in wars  ANZAC Day is commemorated on 25 April every year  The tradition began to remember the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) soldiers who landed at Gallipoli in Turkey during World War I 
ANZAC Day commemoration features marches by veterans and by solemn "Dawn Services", a tradition started in Albany, Western Australia on 25 April 1923 and now held at war memorials around the country, accompanied by thoughts of those lost at war to the ceremonial sounds of The Last Post on the bugle  The fourth stanza of Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen (known as the "Ode of Remembrance") is often recited 

King's Birthday
In all states and territories except Queensland and Western Australia, the King's Birthday is observed on the second Monday in June  Because Western Australia celebrates Western Australia Day (formerly Foundation Day) on the first Monday in June, the Governor of Western Australia proclaims the day on which the state will observe the King's Birthday, based on school terms and the Perth Royal Show  There is no firm rule to determine this date before it is proclaimed, though it is typically the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October: in 2011 the King's Birthday holiday in Western Australia was moved from Monday, 3 October 2011 to Friday, 28 October 2011 to coincide with the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which was held in Perth  In parts of the Pilbara, it is celebrated on a different date from the rest of Western Australia, and it may even be celebrated on different dates in different parts of the Pilbara  In Queensland, it is celebrated on the 1st Monday in October The day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of King George III  Until 1936 it was held on the actual birthday of the Monarch, but after the death of King George V, it was decided to keep the date at mid-year 
On that day the "King's Birthday honours list" is released naming new members of the Order of Australia and other Australian honours  This occurs on the date observed in the Eastern States, not the date observed in Western Australia 
The King's Birthday weekend and Empire Day, 24 May, were long the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia  Although they still occur, the tradition has recently been overshadowed by larger New Year's Eve fireworks, as the sale of fireworks to the public was banned by the states in the 1980s, and in the ACT as of 24 August 2009  In the Northern Territory fireworks remain available to the public on 1 July for the celebration of Territory Day 

Christmas Day
Christmas is observed on 25 December each year to commemorate the birth of Jesus  In Australia, it was introduced with British settlement in 1788 as the cultural norms were transferred to the new colonies 

Boxing Day
Boxing Day is on the day after Christmas, i e  26 December each year, except in South Australia  In South Australia, the first otherwise working day after Christmas is a public holiday called Proclamation Day Boxing Day is noted for the start of the post-Christmas sale season  The day has also become a significant sporting day  Melbourne hosts the Boxing Day Test match; the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race also starts on this day 

Other holidays
Sunday is nominally a public holiday in South Australia 
Proclamation Day is in December in South Australia only 
Canberra Day is held on the 2nd Monday in March in the ACT  Prior to 2008, this holiday was celebrated on the 3rd Monday of March 
Melbourne Cup Day is held on the first Tuesday of November—the day of the Melbourne Cup  It was originally observed only in the Melbourne metropolitan area  From 2007 to 2009 in ACT, Melbourne Cup day was also a holiday called "Family and Community Day"  The holiday continued from 2010 to 2017 but no longer coincided with Melbourne Cup day  In Victoria, the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic) was amended from 24 September 2008 and made the Melbourne Cup Day holiday applicable in all parts of the state (unless another day is observed in substitute)  It also made the holiday applicable to employees covered by federal awards 
Recreation Day is the first Monday of November, and celebrated in Northern Tasmania where Regatta Day is not a holiday 
Regatta Day is the second Monday in February, and is celebrated in Southern Tasmania  Previously it was held on the second Tuesday in February 
Geelong Cup Day is held on the fourth Wednesday of October in the city of Geelong, Victoria
Queensland Day is celebrated on 6 June each year, but not with a public holiday 
Adelaide Cup Day is held on the second Monday in March in South Australia (held in May before 2006)
Western Australia Day in Western Australia on the first Monday in June 
Picnic Day in the Northern Territory in August, and also May Day
Tasmania has Easter Tuesday as a bank holiday (for bank and government employees only) 
New South Wales has the first Monday in August as a bank holiday (for bank employees only) 
Many cities and towns observe local public holidays for their local Agricultural Show   For example:
Darwin Show Day in Darwin area in late July
Royal Queensland Show Day in Brisbane area in August
Gold Coast Show in Gold Coast area in October
Territory Day celebrated in the Northern Territory on July 1 while not a designated public holiday, it remains the only Australian public celebration where the public may purchase fireworks for home detonation
"National Day of Mourning for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II" was a "one off" national public holiday declared by the Prime Minister for 22 September 2022 to allow people to pay their respects for the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning Australian monarch 

Public holidays by state
Queensland
The days are set in the Holidays Act 1983   Most public holidays include a second public holiday on a week-day if they happen to fall on Saturday or Sunday  In which case, both days are public holidays 
New Year's Day: 1 January, and if 1 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday 
Australia Day: 26 January, and if 26 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday 
Good Friday: on the date it is publicly observed, always a Friday 
The day after Good Friday: Always a Saturday, one day after Good Friday 
Easter Monday: The next Monday after Good Friday 
ANZAC Day: 25 April, and if 25 April is a Sunday, 26 April 
Labour Day ("May Day"): 1st Monday in May 
Birthday of the Sovereign: 1st Monday in October 
Christmas Day: 25 December 
Boxing Day: 26 December If Christmas Day (25 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 27 December is also a public holiday 
If Boxing day (26 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 28 December is also a public holiday 
Because of the variable days of Easter, Anzac day could fall on an Easter holiday  When ANZAC falls on Saturday, there is no week day public holiday  In such situations it is generally expected that the minister will proclaim extra public holidays on week-days to ensure every year has the same number of public holidays on week-days 
The minister of the state may proclaim and adjustments or additions, such as the date of the Brisbane Ekka Show day holiday  This day has historically always been proclaimed for the second Wednesday in August, except if there are 5 Wednesday's in August, in which case the third Wednesday in August 

New South Wales
Public holidays generally follow the national pattern, but special cases are resolved by the State Government and advised by proclamation  Details of future holidays can be found on the NSW Industrial Relations website  Public holidays are regulated by the New South Wales Public Holidays Act 2010 No 115, which supersedes the Banks and Bank Holidays Act 1912 No 43 
The first Monday in August is a Bank Holiday, during which banks and financial institutions are closed 

Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory
Most New South Wales public holidays are public holidays in the Australian Capital Territory, with the addition of Canberra Day and Reconciliation Day, which holiday falls on the Monday closest to May 27 

South Australia
Public holidays in South Australia are set out in the Holidays Act 1910, while additional holidays may be proclaimed in all or part of the State by the Governor  The Act defines public holidays and bank holidays, which are the same except where a holiday falls on a Saturday, in which case the public holiday is held on the following Monday and both the Saturday and Monday are bank holidays 

Victoria
Public holidays in Victoria are regulated by the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993 
Victorian employees fall under the Workchoices system either as coming within the Commonwealth constitutional power (called "constitutional corporation employees") or because of Victoria's referral of its legislative powers to the Commonwealth for particular workplace relations matters 
Employee entitlements to public holidays and additional pay depend on whether they are covered by a federal award or agreement 
Employees not covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays under the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993  Also, all permanent employees not covered by a federal award or agreement who would normally work on a public holiday (or a substitute public holiday) are entitled to the holiday without loss of pay  Their employers are not required to provide additional payment if they work on a public holiday, but this does not exclude the possibility of employees and employers negotiating for additional pay 
Employees who are covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays as provided by the relevant federal award or agreement and the Public Holidays Act 1993  Many federal awards and agreements also provide for additional penalty rates for work performed on a public holiday 
Restricted shop trading laws apply to Good Friday, Christmas Day and before 1 pm on Anzac Day  On these days only exempted businesses are permitted to open for trading  All public holidays and substitute public holidays are bank holidays In August 2015, the day before the AFL Grand Final, as well as Easter Sunday, were gazetted as Public Holidays within Victoria   This date of the holiday is as gazetted by the Victorian Government and cannot be accurately predicted  In 2019, the Victorian Parliament legislated the AFL Grand Final public holiday by amending the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic) The Victorian public holidays are as follows:
* Melbourne Cup Day is observed in most of the state, but various cup days and show days in the state's west are locally substituted  See the list at Non-Metropolitan Public Holiday Dates (Victoria Online) 
Melbourne Show Day used to be observed on the Thursday in the last full week of September as a half-day public holiday—later changing to full day—until 1994 (abolished by the state government)  Easter Tuesday was observed as a Bank Holiday in Victoria until 1994 (also abolished by the state government) 

Western Australia
*If a Public Holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is also observed as a Public Holiday
#The King's Birthday may be held on a different date in regional communities

Penalty rates
Penalty rates are the rates of pay which an employee is paid higher than their standard base rate for working at times or on days, such as public holidays, which are outside the normal working week  They were introduced in 1947 for workers working on the Sabbath, as most workers were Christian, while today, these rates of pay are set by the Fair Work Commission 

See also
Australian labour law
Australian Pay and Classification Scales



ground_truth: Green Bay

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the British general in the battle named after the birth city of the person who recorded Mother-in-Law?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Esther Cleveland
Esther Cleveland (September 9, 1893 – June 25, 1980) was the second child of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States, and his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland 

Biography
Esther Cleveland was born on September 9, 1893, in the White House, to the President of the United States, Grover Cleveland and the First Lady, Frances Folsom  She remains the only child of a President to have been born there  Into her maturity, the US press still referred to her as "The White House baby" (in a photograph of her in her early 20s, from a now unknown newspaper archive source) 
In April 1896, she contracted measles when it spread through the White House, leading to a quarantine  Five years later, she contracted diphtheria She made her debut in 1912 and was rumored to be engaged to Randolph D  West shortly after (which was denied by her relatives)  On March 14, 1918, at Westminster Abbey, she married Captain William Sidney Bence Bosanquet (May 9, 1883 – March 5, 1966) of the Coldstream Guards of the British Army  He had liaised with the US over steel production and was the son of Sir Albert Bosanquet, the Common Serjeant of London  After WWII he was the manager of Skinningrove Iron Works in East Cleveland, England  They lived in Kirkleatham Old Hall, now Kirkleatham Museum, on the outskirts of Redcar  They bought the whole building in 1930 after half of it was initially occupied by soldiers   Following his death, she returned to the United States and she sold the house to the local Council in 1970 As Mrs Bosanquet, she was known locally in the 1940s and 1950s for her philanthropy  Esther bridged the divergent views of her mother's opposition to suffrage, stemming from Frances Cleveland's belief that women were not ready to vote, through to supporting her daughter who went to Somerville College, Oxford  She was the mother of British philosopher Philippa Foot, who was a fellow at Oxford before holding several professorships in the States  Philippa Foot clearly had a sense of liberation from early governess education to high academic success  She said that she learned nothing from home tuition in Kirkleatham  It was "the sort of milieu where there was a lot of hunting, shooting, and fishing, and where girls simply did not go to college " Nevertheless, she had the subsequent financial support from Esther and William Bosanquet to go to school in Ascot and later to Oxford 
Esther Cleveland Bosanquet died in Tamworth, New Hampshire, in 1980 at age 86 
Passage 2:
Lucy Kennedy
Lucy Kennedy (Irish: Lusaí Ní Chinnéide; born 21 April 1976) is an Irish television and radio presenter 
Kennedy first came to public attention from co-hosting The Podge and Rodge Show on RTÉ Two  She has also presented the dating show The Ex-Files, the celebrity show Livin' with Lucy, her own chat show The Lucy Kennedy Show and the reality boxing show Charity Lords of the Ring  She is doing full-time radio work, The Colm and Lucy breakfast Show on Ireland's Classic Hits Radio  She presented The Six O'Clock Show on TV3 

Early life
Kennedy grew up in Sandycove, Dublin, the middle child of three girls  Her father is John Kennedy who would later feature alongside his daughter as her pianist on The Lucy Kennedy Show 
Lucy attended Holy Child Killiney secondary school  Kennedy's first career was as a flight attendant with Cityjet, followed by a course in television presenting and production  In 2002, she worked as a contestant researcher for an Irish version of The Weakest Link   She later worked as a production assistant on An Tuath Nua and production co-ordinator on A Scare at Bedtime and briefly worked in sales for SPIN 1038 

Television presenter
Kennedy began presenting two series of The Ex-Files in 2004 and was approached to co-host The Podge and Rodge Show in February 2006  She described the duo as "like the older brothers I never had" but left the show after three series  In 2007, Kennedy made numerous television appearances on other shows such as No Frontiers and People in Need Telethon, as well as winning the TV Now Award for Female Personality of the Year  The same year she starred in Debbie does Dallas 21 
In April – May 2008, Kennedy featured in her own show, Livin' with Lucy, the premise of which she shared a house with celebrities such as Brian McFadden and Calum Best for a weekend  The show aired on RTÉ2 on Monday nights  During the show she was hunted by the paparazzi and the press when she stayed with the British reality-television personality Jade Goody  Kennedy encountered controversy whilst staying with Samantha Mumba when Mumba launched a verbal attack on Irish radio presenter Dave Fanning using expletives Kennedy presented The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show when regular host Ian Dempsey was absent on 18 July 2008 Kennedy was subject to speculation that she would take over the role of host of travel series No Frontiers from Kathryn Thomas but this did not come to pass Her chat show, The Lucy Kennedy Show, an inhouse RTÉ production, began on 6 January 2009  Her father John was her pianist on the show  She co-presented Charity Lords of the Ring alongside Barry McGuigan in August 2009  After this she took maternity leave  She began filming the third series of Livin' with Lucy in July 2010 In September 2013, Kennedy began co-hosting Late Lunch Live alongside weatherman Martin King  Late Lunch Live replaced The Morning Show  In February 2014, she signed a contract with Virgin Media One (formerly TV3)  Late Lunch Live subsequently became The Seven O'Clock Show in 2015, and now airs as The Six O'Clock Show due to the return of Emmerdale and Coronation Street to Virgin Media One in 2016 On 30 August 2017, it was announced that Kennedy would host Ireland's Got Talent  She hosted two series of Ireland's Got Talent until its cancellation in 2019 

Radio presenter
Kennedy had a "recent stint" in RTÉ 2fm with Bazil Ashmawy On 7 May 2010, it was announced she would co-present with Colm Hayes for one month the 9 am – 12 noon slot vacated by the death of Gerry Ryan  However, she was not given the job permanently stating that she did not have the necessary experience for it She did Weekend Breakfast with Baz & Lucy  This is a "less visible" role in the organisation that is RTÉ  On 18 April 2018 Lucy co-hosted the first edition of a new breakfast show on Radio Nova 100FM (Ireland) with Colm Hayes, called The Colm and Lucy Breakfast Show  (Colm Hayes had joined Radio Nova 100FM as its Programming Director in June 2017 ) Some months prior to this launch, they had presented a one-off show on Radio Nova 100FM 

Personal life
Kennedy is married to Richard Governey; the couple have three children, two daughters and a son  She models her mother/career-oriented lifestyle on that of Miriam O'Callaghan 

Awards
Kennedy won Favourite Female TV Presenter at the 2009 TV Now Awards 
Passage 3:
Georges Bégué
Georges Pierre André Bégué (22 November 1911 – 18 December 1993), code named Bombproof, was a French engineer and agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine organization, the Special Operations Executive (SOE)   The purpose of SOE in France, occupied by Nazi Germany in World War II, was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance  SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England 
Bégué was the first of 470 SOE F (France) Section agents infiltrated into France  He was a wireless operator  He proposed the use of BBC to transmit coded messages to resistance groups in Europe, a practice which became ubiquitous   He also arranged for the first of many thousands of airdrops of supplies and arms to resistance groups in France   He was captured by the French police in October 1941   He escaped from prison in 1942 and returned to the United Kingdom 

Early life
Georges Bégué was born 22 November 1911 in Périgueux, France  His father was a railway engineer and the family moved to Egypt when Bégué was a child  Bégué also trained as an engineer at University of Hull where he learned English and met his wife  He went through his military service as a signaller 

World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, Bégué was recalled to the French army  Because of his knowledge of English he was assigned to liaison with the British troops  He eventually escaped to Britain during the Dunkirk evacuation  After the surrender of France, he joined the Royal Signals as a sergeant, meeting Thomas Cadett, the Paris correspondent of the BBC, who was working in SOE's F section who recruited him 

The first SOE agent
In 1940 SOE Bégué joined the new F (French) section  He was given the alias George Noble and trained as a wireless operator  After training, he parachuted "blind" (nobody met him on arrival) into Indre Department on the night of 5/6 May 1941 with a heavy wireless transmitter in a suitcase  He was the first SOE agent in France  He was lucky to have arrived at all, as the night before his flight the house he was staying in had been destroyed by a bomb while he was out  He contacted socialist Max Hymans near Châteauroux and persuaded him that he was a legitimate English agent  Hymans introduced him to other socialists in the area  On 9 May, he sent his first wireless message back to SOE headquarters in London  On 10/11 May, he was joined by SOE agent Pierre de Vomécourt and on 12/13 May by Roger Cottin, both also parachuted blind The Germans quickly detected Bégué's wireless transmissions and jammed them and began to hunt for him around Châteauroux   Nevertheless, he was able to arrange the first airdrop of supplies into France by SOE on 13 June 1941  Two containers were dropped at Bas Soleil, the estate of Pierre de Vomécourt's brother, Philippe, near Limoges  The containers were dropped by an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bomber and contained sub-machine guns, explosives, and other material   They were the first of nearly 60,000 containers of supplies and arms air-dropped to SOE operatives and resistance groups during World War II Bégué and Pierre de Vomécourt created the first of about 90 SOE networks (also called circuits and reseau) in France  Their network was called Autogiro  Georges Bégué is sometimes called "Georges One" as he was the first SOE wireless operator in France   Subsequent wireless operators were called "Georges Two, Georges Three, etc  The SOE's slang term for a wireless operator was a "pianist "

Engaging the BBC
Bégué had an exhausting schedule, often transmitting and receiving messages to and from SOE three times a day  In addition he often had to serve as a courier traveling by train to deliver or receive messages to other SOE agents  As the Germans and French police were attempting to locate him and his wireless through direction-finding equipment, Bégué proposed sending seemingly obscure personal messages to agents in the field in order to reduce risky radio traffic  In accordance with his proposal, the BBC's Radio Londres broadcasts began with "Please listen to some personal messages," followed by spoken messages, often amusing, and without context  Representative messages include "Jean has a long mustache" and "There is a fire at the insurance agency," each one having some meaning to a certain resistance group  They were used primarily to provide messages to the resistance, but also to thank SOE agents and sometimes to mislead the enemy  Because these messages were in code, not cipher, the German occupiers could not hope to decipher them unless they had infiltrated a resistance group, so they focused their efforts on jamming the messages instead  The transmission of coded messages by Radio Londres became ubiquitous in World War II 

Arrest
The SOE parachuted in a number of additional agents in September 1941   One agent, Gerry Morel, went his own way to recruit resistance members  The Milice, the Vichy France police, arrested him at Limoges on 3 October 1941  His arrest led to more arrests and eventually to Bégué, who was arrested 24 October in a Marseilles safe house  He was sent to join a dozen SOE agents in the Beleyme prison in Périgueux  They were later transferred to a prison camp in Mauzac-et-Grand-Castang, Dordogne in March 1942, thanks to intervention of the American Consul-General Hugh Fullerton  Bégué smuggled out a message to London, bribed a guard, and created a duplicate key and the group escaped 16 July 1942  SOE agent Michael Trotobas was one of the escapees as was Jean-Pierre Bloch, whose wife, Gabrielle Sadourny, assisted in the escape Bégué and the other escapees hid in a forest while the French police searched for them and then continued to Lyon in separate groups  Bégué arrived on 23 July  SOE agent, American Virginia Hall, was in contact with the Vic escape network and eventually the escapees were led over the Pyrenees to neutral Spain where Bégué was interned at Figueres and sent to Miranda de Ebro prison camp but was later released to continue to England  He arrived in London in October 1942 The SOE in London had changed leadership in his absence and Bégué had little confidence in the new SOE leader, Maurice Buckmaster   He was named signals officer, but believed his talents were under-utilized 

After the war
After the war Bégué emigrated to the United States  He worked in a number of lower-level jobs until he could officially become an electronics engineer  He also became an American citizen  He died 18 December 1993 in Falls Church, Virginia  He was 82 years old  Begues was survived by his wife Rosemary and two daughters, Brigitte and Suzanne 

See also
SOE F Section timeline
SOE F Section networks
Passage 4:
Frances Freeling Broderip
Frances Freeling Broderip (née Hood) (11 September 1830 – 3 November 1878) was an English children's writer 

Early life
Broderip, second daughter of Thomas Hood, the poet, who died in 1845, by his wife, Jane Reynolds, who died in 1846, was born at Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, in 1830  She was named after her father's friend, Sir Francis Freeling, the secretary to the general post office  Her younger brother was the humourist Tom Hood 

Marriage
On 10 September 1849 she married the Rev  John Somerville Broderip, son of Edward Broderip of Cossington Manor, (d  1847), by his wife Grace Dory, daughter of Benjamin Greenhill  Her husband was born at Wells, Somersetshire, in 1814, educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his B A  1837, M A  1839, became rector of Cossington, Somersetshire, 1844, and died at Cossington on 10 April 1866  The couple had four daughters 

Publications
In 1857 Mrs  Broderip commenced her literary career by the publication of Wayside Fancies, which was followed in 1860 by Funny Fables for Little Folks, the first of a series of her works to which the illustrations were supplied by her brother, Tom Hood  Her other books appeared in the following order:

Chrysal, or a Story with an End 1861
Fairyland, or Recreations for the Rising Generation  By T  and J  Hood, and their Son and Daughter 1861
Tiny Tadpole, and other Tales 1862
My Grandmother's Budget of Stories 1863
Merry Songs for Little Voices  By F  F  Broderip and T  Hood 1865
Crosspatch, the Cricket, and the Counterpane 1865
Mamma's Morning Gossips 1866
Wild Roses: Simple Stories of Country Life 1867
The Daisy and her Friends: Tales and Stories for Children 1869
Tales of the Toys told by Themselves 1869
Excursions into Puzzledom  By T  Hood the Younger, and F  F  Broderip 1879In 1860, with the assistance of her brother, Tom Hood, she edited Memorials of Thomas Hood, 2 vols , and in 1869 selected and published the Early Poems and Sketches of her father  She also, in conjunction with her brother, published in a collected form The Works of T  Hood, 1869–73, 10 vols 

Death
She died at Clevedon on 3 November 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and was buried in St  Mary's churchyard, Walton by Clevedon, on 9 November, leaving issue four daughters 
Passage 5:
Andy Barclay
Andy Barclay is a fictional character and protagonist of the Child's Play horror film series  He is a young boy who, after receiving a Good Guy doll for his sixth birthday, is the prime suspect in a series of mysterious murders  In reality the murders are being committed by the doll, which was possessed by serial killer Charles Lee Ray (aka Chucky)  The duo go on to become archenemies  Andy Barclay is portrayed by actor Alex Vincent in the original Child's Play film, Child's Play 2, Curse of Chucky, Cult of Chucky and in the Chucky television series  Justin Whalin played Andy in Child's Play 3, while Gabriel Bateman played Andy in the 2019 reboot of Child's Play  Andy is mentioned, but does not appear in Bride of Chucky and Seed of Chucky 

History
Child's Play (1988)
Andy Barclay is celebrating his sixth birthday and really wants a Good Guy doll for his present  He even makes his mother breakfast in bed, to show her how good he is  However, the dolls are too expensive for her salary, and he ends up getting clothes instead  Seeing her son's disappointment, after she drops him off at daycare, Karen buys a doll for half price from a peddler unaware that the doll is possessed by the soul of a serial killer named Charles Lee Ray  Karen takes the doll back home to him, and he is very overjoyed to have a new best friend 
As Karen must go back to work, her best friend Maggie volunteers to babysit  The night goes by uneventfully until Maggie tells him that it is time for bed  Andy says that his doll, Chucky, wants to stay up to watch the 9 o'clock news  Thinking he is lying, she sends him to go brush his teeth but confronts him again when she finds Chucky on the couch with the TV on  Although Andy denies moving Chucky to the couch, she thinks Andy is really joking  She tucks him into bed, then goes to read a book  Later that night, when Maggie mysteriously falls to her death from the window, Andy is questioned by detective Mike Norris  During the investigation, Karen comes back home and is angered by Norris falsely implying that her son had something to do with Maggie's death  She kicks the detectives out and then goes to check on her son  She sees him talking to his doll, and thinks it is innocent enough until Andy says that the doll told him, "Aunt Maggie was a real b**** and got what she deserved "
The next day, Chucky gets Andy to bring him to the house of Chucky's former accomplice, Eddie Caputo  While Andy goes to urinate, Chucky manages to blow up the building, killing Eddie  The detectives are called in to check out the scene and again find Andy there  As they see this as more than a coincidence, they get Dr  Ardmore to monitor as Jack questions, Andy  When Jack asks why Maggie fell out of the window, Andy says that she saw Chucky, and it scared her so much she fell down  Karen comes to Andy's side, and explains that no one believes him; if he does not tell the truth, the police will take him away from her  Afraid, Andy confronts Chucky, begging him to say something  As he simply repeats his doll lines, he runs to his mother, telling her Chucky is doing it on purpose and would kill him if he ever told anyone about him  From behind the glass, Dr  Ardmore announces his presence  Seeing more than enough, he suggests Andy stay a few days at the hospital, and with no real choice, Karen reluctantly hands over her son 
At his hospital room, Andy hears Chucky coming up the stairs and screams for Dr  Ardmore to help which he does nothing  Chucky manages to get into Andy's room, but by that time Andy had escaped  Andy finds his way downstairs and into the operating room, followed by Chucky  After being knocked to the ground by Chucky, he picks a scalpel up and prepares to defend himself  However, he is seized by Dr  Ardmore, who puts him on the bed  Despite Andy's claims that Chucky is in the room, Ardmore goes to sedate him  Before he can do it though, Chucky kills Ardmore, allowing Andy to escape the hospital 
Andy makes it back to the apartment, but Chucky follows him  Chucky knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat and begins the ritual to transfer his soul  Luckily Norris and Karen burst in just in time to save Andy  After a brief fight, Karen throws Chucky into the fireplace, and despite Chucky's pleading, Andy lights a match and sets Chucky on fire  Hearing Norris in the bedroom, the two go to his side, and Karen tells Andy to retrieve the first aid kit from under the sink  However, as he goes, he notices that Chucky is missing from the fireplace  Completely charred, Chucky chases Andy, who runs back to the bedroom  Karen shoots him several times, missing his heart, but knocking off his head 
Jack later arrives and brings the doll's head into the bedroom  Unbeknownst to him, Chucky's body breaks through the air vent behind Jack and strangles him  As Karen pulls Chucky's body off Jack, Mike shoots him in the heart, finally killing him  Fearfully looking at Chucky's remains, Andy leaves with Karen and Jack to take Mike to the hospital 

Child's Play 2
Now eight years old, Andy is sent to a foster home with Phil and Joanne Simpson, as his mother Karen is undergoing a psychiatric evaluation after what transpired in the previous movie  Although the family is very nice, they become suspicious the next morning when one of Joanne's antiques is broken (by Chucky, who used the antique to destroy the family's existing Good Guy doll)  Both Andy and his foster sister Kyle deny doing anything, so Phil sends them to do the laundry  Later that night, Chucky manages to track Andy down and invades the house, and goes into Andy's room  He ties him to the bed and begins the voodoo chant to transfer his soul  However, before he can finish, Kyle sneaks back into the house through Andy's window after seeing her boyfriend  She tries to untie Andy as Phil and Joanne walk in on them  They accuse Kyle of tying up Andy as a sick joke and ignore Andy's pleas that the doll is alive  Chucky is thrown in the basement by Phil  Chucky realizes he has a nosebleed, which he attributes because he is becoming more human as time goes on 
The next morning, Andy goes to his first day of school, and Chucky follows  While his teacher Miss Kettlewell is reading a story to the class, there is a disruption by a bully teasing Andy  She thinks Andy is the source and scolds him for it  During recess, Chucky enters the classroom and writes obscenities on Andy's test paper  When the day is over, Miss Kettlewell uncovers the paper and forces him to stay after school for detention  She mistakenly locks him inside the classroom after throwing Chucky in the closet, while she leaves to phone Phil  Andy tries to call for help from anybody on the other side of the locked door, but to no avail  Chucky begins shouting from the closet for Andy to let him out, but Andy instead escapes by opening the window and running home  Miss Kettlewell returns to the classroom to find Andy gone  Hearing a sound from the closet and believing Andy is hiding within, she opens the door to reveal a fully alive Chucky  Chucky stabs her with an air pump that knocks her back, after which he beats her to death with a yardstick 
When Andy comes home, Phil confronts him about his test paper, and Andy explains that Chucky did it  Phil takes him to the basement to prove the doll is not alive and surprisingly, Chucky is there  In the middle of the night, Andy hears a sound coming from downstairs  He arms himself with a knife and proceeds into the basement  From there he is attacked by Chucky but is saved by Phil coming downstairs  Andy tries to warn Phil about Chucky, but Chucky trips him, causing him to fall and break his neck  When Joanne finds Phil's dead body, she blames Andy for Phil's death and sends him back to the orphanage 
While at the orphanage, the fire alarm is pulled, Andy and his caseworker Grace run into Kyle as they try to evacuate  Grace blames Kyle, who is being held at knifepoint by Chucky, and pulls her and Andy back to her office  When Grace takes the doll from Kyle, Chucky pulls out his knife and stabs the caseworker to death  Chucky grabs Andy and forces him to go to the Play Pals factory, with Kyle running after them  From there, he knocks Andy unconscious and begins to say the chant  However, the chant fails; Chucky is trapped in his doll form forever  Enraged, Chucky goes to kill Andy but is subdued by Kyle  She takes Andy and runs through the factory, while Chucky tries to stop them  But before getting them, Andy pours molten plastic on Chucky, partially melting his head  Andy and Kyle then jam an air hose into his mouth, causing his head to explode, finally killing him  Both Andy and Kyle leave the factory together, towards uncertain futures 

Child's Play 3
Eight years later, Andy is now sixteen years old  He has been thrown out of numerous foster homes, and Social Services has enrolled him in a military academy as a last destination  The head of the school, Cochran, agrees to let Andy in because he has had a rough life, but tells him to grow up and forget the killer doll fantasies  Andy is placed in a bunk with another student, Harold Whitehurst, who he finds bound and gagged in their closet  This was done by Cadet/Lieutenant/Colonel Brett Shelton, who uses his position to bully Andy  Regardless of Shelton's bullying, he is able to keep his friend Whitehurst; he also meets another student named Kristen De Silva, and the two develop a strong romantic relationship 
Unbeknownst to Andy, Chucky has shipped himself to the academy, in order to transfer his soul into his now teenaged nemesis  During the night, he confronts Andy in his room and reveals his plan to transfer his soul into a different child's body: Ronald Tyler, an 8-year-old returning cadet whom Andy had befriended when he first arrived at the academy  Tyler was tasked with delivering a package to Andy (which was in fact Chucky) earlier, but Tyler realized it was a Good Guy doll and planned to keep it for himself  When Chucky burst free from the package, he was initially furious that Tyler didn't take the package to Andy, but soon realizes it would be way easier to possess this unsuspecting new child  Chucky now plans to kill Andy so he can't stop him but Andy thwarts him off until Shelton enters the room  He finds Andy slamming Chucky against the floor, and rudely takes Chucky from him  The next morning, Andy approaches Tyler and asks him about Chucky and not to trust him, mentioning all the bad Chucky did when he was a little boy  Tyler snaps that he is just jealous that Chucky did not pick him first  Still worried for Tyler's life and knowing he must be a protector like his mother Karen and his foster sister Kyle were to him when he was younger, Andy decides to give him a pocket knife in case Chucky tries to transfer his soul into Tyler's body again and he is not around to protect him 
When the school's annual paintball war begins, Andy sneaks off to find Tyler, who had run away from Chucky in the woods  Realizing that Andy was right and that Chucky is truly alive and evil, Tyler stabs the doll with the pocket knife and escapes  He later meets up with Andy and the rest of the blue team  Chucky next attacks Kristen, using her as a hostage to lure out Andy and exchange Tyler for her  After their exchange, the red team comes into the area, and instead of shooting paintballs, they shoot live bullets that Chucky secretly placed in their guns  In the chaos, Tyler briefly escapes only to find himself once again held hostage by Chucky  Kristen and Andy follow Chucky and Tyler into a haunted house at a nearby carnival 
In an attempt to keep her from rescuing Tyler, Chucky shoots Kristen in the leg, leaving Andy to fight him alone  After a struggle, Tyler is knocked out, and Chucky begins his ritual chant  However, before he finishes, Andy reaches them on the top of a skull-covered mountain prop  He shoots Chucky in the arm and chest, causing Chucky to lose his weapon  Even after being disarmed, Chucky pounces on Andy and attempts to strangle him  Tyler awakens and gives Andy his pocket knife from earlier  Andy uses it to slice off Chucky's remaining hand, causing the doll to fall into a giant fan that shreds him to pieces  After leaving the haunted house, Andy visits Kristen, who is being treated by medics, and allows himself to be arrested  Andy is last seen riding off in the backseat of a police car 

Bride of Chucky
Andy is briefly mentioned in a newspaper article titled "Boy claims doll possessed by killer's soul" 

Seed of Chucky
Andy is indirectly mentioned by Chucky during his "what's so great about being human anyway" speech by referencing his numerous victims and enemies 

Curse of Chucky
Six months after Chucky attacked Nica, the adult Andy gets a package delivered, and brings it inside  Before opening it, he receives a phone call from his mother, Karen  As Andy talks about his birthday dinner at Karen's place, Chucky cuts his way out of the box  Ready to kill, Chucky turns around, only to see Andy pointing a shotgun directly at his face  When Chucky shockingly says Andy, Andy says to play with this to Chucky, and before Chucky can explain where Andy has been since Child's Play 3, Andy fires his shotgun through Chucky's head 

Cult of Chucky
After the events of Curse of Chucky, Andy now keeps Chucky's severed head to torture in retribution for his crimes  Tapes later reveal that Andy had tried to prove Nica Pierce's innocence by showing Chucky to her psychiatrist Dr  Foley, but it was dismissed as special effects  Learning that Chucky had managed to transfer his soul into multiple Good Guy dolls, Andy sends a Good Guy that he had shaved to the asylum and drives there  When he is unable to get in due to visiting hours being over, he commits himself by punching the security guard, being locked in a cell  When a Chucky doll he previously maimed arrives at his cell to kill him, Andy restrains the doll and rips a gun out of the doll's stomach  Andy shoots the short-haired Chucky three times and stomps its head in, killing it instantly  When Nica, now possessed by Chucky's soul, arrives at his cell, Andy attempts to shoot her but his gun jams  Chucky/Nica then locks Andy inside of his cell and escapes, but it is later implied that Andy had escaped the hospital to find and track down the remaining Chucky dolls with his foster sister Kyle after he sent her to his cabin to torture the still alive Chucky head from the first seven films 

Chucky (TV Series)
After the events of the film Cult of Chucky, in the premiere of Chucky the series, Andy calls Jake after he posts online finding a Good Guy Doll and he's selling it  Andy tells Jake if the doll's name is Chucky he is possessed and to check to see if he has batteries to believe him  Andy asks who is there implying someone is at his location and the phone goes dead 
In the sixth episode of the series, Andy and his foster sister, Kyle, are seen hunting down the remaining possessed Chucky dolls  After entering a family's home, Chucky reveals himself to Andy while holding a knife to a child's throat, Andy shoots Chucky in the head with his pistol and then continues to shoot him with Kyle by his side and he is finally dead 
Later in the same episode, Andy is contacted by Jake Wheeler and Devon Evans in hopes of help with defeating Chucky  Andy and Kyle pick up the phone, and ask Jake for his location and how many people he has told about the murderous doll 
In the seventh episode of the series, Andy had left his foster sister Kyle behind at a gas station for her own good and at the end of the episode, Andy rings the doorbell of Junior Wheeler's house with Chucky and his protege Junior (who just got through murdering his father) looking on from the window 
The season finale picks up directly after the ending of episode 7, with Junior letting Andy inside the house  Andy asks for Jake, under the guise of being a collector of Good Guy dolls whom Jake was going to sell Chucky to  After asking Junior if he knows where his father or Chucky could be (as he slyly investigates the house), Junior lies, claiming that his father must've left and took the doll with him  Seemingly convinced, Andy leaves the house  Later in the episode, Andy arrives at Charles Lee Ray's old house and rescues Devon, who had been held hostage by Chucky/Nica the previous night  Devon quickly warns Andy that Tiffany had rigged a bomb to go off at the front door as a death trap if anyone opens it and Andy takes caution  Kyle arrives at the house, calling out Andy's name  Chucky decides to use the generic Good Guy Doll voice to sound like a child crying for help in order to lure Kyle to the front door and trick her into opening it  Andy attempts to warn Kyle about the bomb but it appears to be too late, as the bomb destroys the house and presumably takes the lives of Andy, Devon, and Kyle  However, Andy is ultimately revealed to have survived the explosion, along with Devon, who'd originally believed Andy to be dead after he managed to escape  Andy had hidden out in the delivery truck carrying the boxes of Good Guy dolls (which Chucky had possessed at the end of episode 7) at the town's benefit screening of Frankenstein  Andy knocks out the truck's driver, and takes the wheel  Before he drives off to apparently destroy the dolls, he shares a brief glance with Jake, Devon, and Lexy (who are standing outside of the theater after defeating the Chuckys inside), and gives them a thumbs up and a silent nod  As he makes his exit, he flips off an upset Tiffany and leaves Hackensack  The doll version of Tiffany suddenly appears and holds Andy at gunpoint and tells him to drive the truck to the airport so the Good Guy dolls can still be shipped out, however Andy foils this plan by driving the truck off a cliff 
He is not seen again until season 2, episode 5, where Lexy and Devon discover a cabin on the outskirts of the Incarnate Lord School while on a search for the source of the Chuckys in the school  In this cabin, they discover Andy, revealed to have survived the crash, held captive alongside Dr



ground_truth: General Edward Pakenham

Edward Pakenham

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Frances Freeling Broderip's sibling?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Mixter and being tortured by The Colonel, a bald-headed Chucky that had also survived the crash  Lexy and Devon free Andy, and he returns to the school  He kills The Colonel but is disturbed to see another Chucky doll, named Good Chucky, who had seemingly undergone a redemption at the hands of Jake and Devon; Andy's suspicions are proven accurate when Chucky takes over Good Chucky's psyche and kills Lexy's roommate, Nadine  Andy reunites with Kyle, who had faked her death, and he assists the school's headmaster, Father Bryce, with performing an exorcism on Good Chucky to send Chucky to Hell  After Nica Pierce performs a voodoo ritual to transfer Chucky Prime - the Chucky who had possessed her over a year earlier - into Good Chucky's body, Dr  Mixter and Chucky Prime flee  Andy chases them down and kills Chucky Prime, but Dr  Mixter escapes  Andy and Kyle, now finally considering themselves free from Chucky, leave the school to an optimistic future 

Other appearances
In 1991, Andy appeared in 3 issues (1,2, & 5) of the "Child's Play" comics, which were based on the first film  He was also in all issues based on Child's Play 2 in 1992 and all based on Child's Play 3 in 1993 
Andy appears in the novelization of Child's Play 2 and the novelization of Child's Play 3 
In 1999,  clips of Andy are shown in the television series Where Are They Now?, as part of the episode Horror Movie Stars 
Andy is shown throughout the documentary Evil Comes in Small Packages, which was included as a special feature in the 20th anniversary edition of Child's Play in 2008 
Archive footage of Andy is shown in the 2001 horror documentary Boogeymen: The Killer Compilation 

Reception
Alex Vincent's performance as Andy has been praised for being "one of the best child performances in a horror movie" and for being able to create an "emotional connection" with the audience  From his first scene in the movie to his sobbing in the hospital room he is able to bring out emotions that seem far too real  The article went on to say:

"Watching him sob alone in his tiny hospital room feels like seeing my own kid cry – but not the kind of crying when he doesn't get his way or stubs his toe  It's the kind of crying informed by genuine sadness  There is a hopelessness to the way Alex Vincent plays that scene that's impossible to reproduce  What makes his performance great is that it is totally, effortlessly authentic  He is not manufacturing motivation, nor calculating his delivery  He is reacting purely in the moment  When they are best friends, he interacts with Chucky like it's an actual toy that he loves (the way he excitedly talks to the doll way too loudly when they first interact is another great moment in the movie)  When Chucky goes bad, Vincent's fear – and even heartbreak – is totally real "Dustin Putman stated in a review that he was "always convincing as an endangered    son faced with an unthinkable terror " Another article went as far as to say Vincent's portrayal "was what made that series as much as Brad Dourif doing the voice of Chucky "
Passage 6:
Giovanni Pisano
Giovanni Pisano (c  1250 – c  1315) was an Italian sculptor, painter and architect, who worked in the cities of Pisa, Siena and Pistoia   He is best known for his sculpture which shows the influence of both the French Gothic and the Ancient Roman art   Henry Moore, referring to his statues for the facade of Siena Cathedral, called him "the first modern sculptor" 

History
Born in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano was the son of the famous sculptor Nicola Pisano  He received his training in the workshop of his father and in 1265–1268 he worked with his father on the pulpit in Siena Cathedral   His next major work with his father was the fountain Fontana Maggiore in Perugia (completed 1278)   Nicola Pisano is thought to have died either around 1278 or in 1284 when Giovanni took up residence in Siena  These first works were made in Nicola's style and it is difficult to separate the contributions of the two artists  However the Madonna with Child can be attributed with certainty to Giovanni, showing a new style with a certain familiarity between Mother and Child 

 
Giovanni's next work was at Pisa Cathedral, sculpting the statues in the two rows of traceried gables at the exterior of the Baptistry (1277–1284)  The vivacity of these statues is a new confirmation that he had left the serene style of his father behind  Between 1287 and 1296 he was appointed chief architect of Siena Cathedral  The architectural design and elegant sculptures for the facade of the cathedral in Siena show his tendency to blend Gothic art with reminders of Roman art  The work was continued after his death, with still greater Gothic elaboration, by Memmo di Filippuccio 
In 1296 he returned to Pisa to begin work on the Church of San Giovanni  In 1301 he continued his work on the Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia which he had already started in 1297  The pulpit has five reliefs: the Annunciation and Nativity; the Adoration, the Dream of the Magi and the Angel warning Joseph; the Massacre of the Innocents; the Crucifixion; and the Last Judgement 
Giovanni's work between 1302 and 1310 at the new pulpit for the Cathedral of Pisa shows his distinct preference for animation in his characters and moved his father's style even further away  This pulpit with its dramatic scenes has become his masterwork   It shows nine scenes from the New Testament, carved in white marble with a chiaroscuro effect  It contains even a bold, naturalistic depiction of a naked Hercules  His figure Prudence in the pulpit may have been an inspiration for the Eve in the painting The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by Masaccio   After the fire of 1595, it was packed away during the redecoration and was not rediscovered and re-erected until 1926 
The church of San Nicola in Pisa was enlarged between 1297 and 1313 by the Augustinians, perhaps by the design of Giovanni Pisano  He was also responsible of the façade of San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno   His last major work dates probably from 1313 when he made a monument in memory of Margaret of Brabant (who died in 1311) at the request of her husband emperor Henry VII 

Legacy
One of his pupils was Giovanni di Balduccio, who also became a famous sculptor, and the architect and sculptor Agostino da Siena  He also had an influence on the painter Pietro Lorenzetti  Giorgio Vasari included a biography of Pisano in his book Le vite dei più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architetti
The asteroid 7313 Pisano was named to honour Nicola and Giovanni Pisano 

Gallery
See also
Giovanni di Cecco
Duccio
Arnolfo di Cambio
Passage 7:
Jazziza
Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (Azerbaijani: Əzizə Mustafazadə; born December 19, 1969) is an Azerbaijani singer, pianist, and composer who plays a fusion of jazz and mugham (a traditional improvisational style of Azerbaijan) with classical and avant-garde influences 

Biography
Aziza was born in Baku to musical parents Vagif and Elza Mustafa Zadeh (née Bandzeladze) 
Aziza's parents first noticed their daughter's sensitivity to music when she was eight months old  Aziza recalls the story as her mother tells it: Once, my father was improvising at the piano playing in the mugam mode known as 'Shur', which creates a mood that evokes very deep, sad emotions  As my father was playing, I started to cry  Everyone wondered what was happening to me  Why was I crying? And then mother realized the correlation between my feelings and the music  'Vagif, please,' she told my father, 'change the scale  Go to Rast  Play Rast ' And he did  Now 'Rast' is characterized by its joyfulness and optimism  And sure enough, with tears still running down my cheeks, I started to make dance-like movements  And Mom pointed out, 'Look, look what she's doing! Change back to Shur!' And when he did, I started crying again louder than before  At least, that's what they tell me  Back to Rast, and I began dancing again 
Aziza enjoyed all forms of art, especially dancing, painting and singing  At the age of three, she made her stage debut with her father, improvising vocals  She began studying classical piano at an early age, showing special interest in the works of famous composers Johann Sebastian Bach and Frédéric Chopin  Soon thereafter, she showed a growing talent for improvisation On December 16, 1979, Aziza's father died of a severe heart attack in Tashkent at the age of 39  In order to help her daughter cope with this blow, Aziza's mother gave up her career as a singer to help nurture her daughter's own musical talents 
In 1988, at the age of 18, Aziza's mugam-influenced style helped her win third place together with American Matt Cooper in the Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz (formerly Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz) piano competition in Washington, D C  It was around this time that she moved to Germany with her mother 
Aziza released her debut album, Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, in 1991  The album showed influence of Chick Corea and  Keith Jarrett, as well as Near Eastern music  Her second album, Always, won her the Phono Academy Prize, a prestigious German music award, and the Echo Prize from Sony  She has since performed in many countries with many jazz and traditional luminaries and released several more albums, the most recent being Generations, released in 2020 
Aziza currently resides in Mainz, Germany, with her mother, Elza Mustafa Zadeh, who is also her manager  Her two favorite leisure activities, she says, are painting and sleeping  She is a vegetarian  She believes in God, though she does not consider herself as belonging to any religion 

Baku Jazz Festival 2007
Aziza visited Azerbaijan in June 2007 for the Baku Jazz Festival, starring in her own concert at the Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater and headlining the end-of-festival concert at the open-air Green Theater 

Discography
Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (1991)
Always (1993)
Dance of Fire (1995)
Seventh Truth (1996)
Jazziza (1997)
Inspiration – Colors & Reflections (2000)
Shamans (2002)
Contrasts (2006)
Contrasts II (2007)
Generations (2020)
Passage 8:
Heather O'Rourke
Heather Michele O'Rourke (December 27, 1975 – February 1, 1988) was an American child actress  She had her breakthrough starring as Carol Anne Freeling in the supernatural horror film Poltergeist (1982), which received critical acclaim and established her as an influential figure in the genre  She went on to reprise the role in Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986) and Poltergeist III (1988), the latter of which was released posthumously 
O'Rourke also worked in television, appearing in the recurring roles of Heather Pfister on the comedy series Happy Days (1982–1983) and Melanie in the sitcom Webster (1983), as well as starring as Sarah Brogan in the television-film Surviving: A Family in Crisis (1985) 
Throughout her career, O'Rourke was nominated for six Young Artist Awards, winning once for her role in Webster  On February 1, 1988, O'Rourke died following two cardiac arrests, her cause of death later being ruled as congenital stenosis of the intestine complicated by septic shock 

Early life
Heather Michele O'Rourke was born on December 27, 1975, in San Diego, to Kathleen and Michael O'Rourke  Her mother worked as a seamstress and her father was a carpenter  She had an older sister, Tammy O'Rourke, also an actress  Her parents divorced in 1981, and O'Rourke's mother married part-time truck driver Jim Peele in 1984, while they were living in a trailer park in Anaheim, California  Her success later allowed the family to purchase a home in Big Bear Lake, California  Between acting jobs, O'Rourke attended Big Bear Elementary School, where she was president of her 5th grade class  At the time of her death, the family was living in Lakeside, California, a suburb of San Diego 

Acting career
In a contemporary interview with American Premiere magazine, producer Steven Spielberg explained that he was looking for a "beatific four-year-old child   every mother's dream" for the lead in his horror film Poltergeist (1982)  While eating in the MGM commissary, Spielberg saw five-year-old O'Rourke having lunch with her mother while older sister Tammy was shooting Pennies from Heaven  After his lunch, Spielberg approached the family and offered O'Rourke the Poltergeist role; she was signed the next day, beating out Drew Barrymore, who instead received the role of Gertie in E T  the Extra-Terrestrial 

In Poltergeist, O'Rourke played Carol Anne Freeling, a young suburban girl who becomes the conduit and target for supernatural entities  During production, Spielberg twice accommodated the child actress when frightened; when scared by performing a particular stunt, Spielberg replaced O'Rourke with a stunt double wearing a blonde wig, and when disturbed by the portrayal of child abuse, Spielberg did not require her to perform the take again  For her work on the film, O'Rourke earned between $35,000 and $100,000  Poltergeist would go on to receive a cult following and critical acclaim, garnering three Academy Award nominations and a Young Artist Award nomination for O'Rourke  She was lauded for her performance, with The New York Times noting that she played a key role, writing that "With her wide eyes, long blonde hair and soft voice, she was so striking that the sequel played off her presence " Her delivery of the lines "They're here!" in the first film, and "They're baa-aack!" in the second (that film's tagline), placed her in the collective pop culture consciousness of the United States  "They're here!" is ranked No  69 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Movie Quotes, and PopSugar included the line on their list of "100 Greatest Movie Quotes" After her work in Poltergeist (1982), O'Rourke secured several television and TV movie roles  In April 1983, she starred as herself alongside Morey Amsterdam and well-known Walt Disney animated characters in the hour-long television special, Believe You Can   and You Can! She also appeared in CHiPs, Webster, The New Leave It to Beaver, Our House, and had a recurring role on Happy Days as Heather Pfister  For Webster, O'Rourke won her first Young Artist Award  She also appeared in the television movies Massarati and the Brain and Surviving: A Family in Crisis  O'Rourke went on to reprise the role of Carol Anne Freeling in the second and third installments, Poltergeist II: The Other Side in 1986 and Poltergeist III in 1988 respectively; unlike its predecessor, the films garnered mixed reviews, although O'Rourke's performances were praised  Poltergeist III was her final feature, released in June 1988, four months after her death 

Illness and death
In early 1987, O'Rourke became ill with giardiasis, which she contracted from well water at her family's home in Big Bear Lake  She was subsequently diagnosed as having Crohn's disease  She was prescribed cortisone injections to treat the disease during the time she was filming Poltergeist III  The steroidal injections resulted in facial swelling of the cheeks, which O'Rourke's mother said she was very self-conscious about 
On January 31, 1988, O'Rourke began exhibiting flu-like symptoms  The following morning, she collapsed in her home, and was rushed to Community Hospital in El Cajon  En route, she suffered cardiac arrest, but paramedics were able to restart her heart at 9:25 a m  She was subsequently flown to the Children's Hospital of San Diego, where it was discovered she had intestinal stenosis and went into emergency surgery  She survived the surgery, but suffered another cardiac arrest while in the recovery room  Doctors performed CPR for over 30 minutes, but O'Rourke was pronounced dead at 2:43 that afternoon  O'Rourke's cause of death was ruled congenital stenosis of the intestine complicated by septic shock Daniel Hollander, the head of gastroenterology at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center stated that O'Rourke's death was "distinctly unusual" as she lacked prior symptoms of the bowel defect: "I would have expected a lot of [digestive] difficulties throughout her life and not just to have developed a problem all of a sudden " However, Dr  Hollander further stated that it was possible for congenital bowel narrowing to cause sudden death without symptoms if an infection caused the bowel to rupture  A private funeral was held for O'Rourke on February 5 in Los Angeles, and she was entombed at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 

Filmography
Film
Television
Accolades
Awards and nominations
O'Rourke was nominated for a collective six Young Artist Awards, one of which was won for her performance on the series Webster in 1985 

Honors
On the American Film Institute's 2005 list of "100 Movie Quotes", O'Rourke's delivery of "They're here!" in Poltergeist is ranked No  69 
On PopSugar's 2021 list of "100 Greatest Movie Quotes", O'Rourke's delivery of "They're here!" in Poltergeist is listed 
Passage 9:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 10:
Lina Medina
Lina Marcela Medina de Jurado (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlina meˈðina]; born 23 September 1933) is a Peruvian woman who became the youngest confirmed mother in history when she gave birth on 14 May 1939, aged five years, seven months, and 21 days  Based on the medical assessments of her pregnancy, she was less than five years old when she became pregnant, which was possibly due to precocious puberty 

Early life and development
Lina Medina was born in 1933 in Ticrapo, Castrovirreyna Province, Peru, to parents Tiburelo Medina, a silversmith, and Victoria Losea  She was one of nine children Her parents took her to a hospital in Pisco at age five due to increasing abdominal size  Doctors originally thought she had a tumor but then determined that she was in her seventh month of pregnancy  Dr Gerardo Lozada had specialists in Lima confirm the pregnancy There was widespread interest in the case  The San Antonio Light newspaper in Texas reported in its 16 July 1939 edition that a Peruvian obstetrician and midwife association had demanded she be admitted to a national maternity hospital, and quoted reports in the Peruvian paper La Crónica that an American film studio had sent a representative "with authority to offer the sum of $5,000 to benefit the minor" in return for filming rights, but "we know that the offer was rejected"  The article noted that Lozada had made films of Medina for scientific documentation and had shown them while addressing Peru's National Academy of Medicine  Some of the films had fallen into a river on a visit to the girl's hometown, but enough remained to "intrigue the learned savants" Six weeks after the diagnosis,  on 14 May 1939, Medina gave birth to a boy by caesarean section  She was 5 years, 7 months, and 21 days old, the youngest person in history to give birth  The caesarean birth was necessitated by her small pelvis  The surgery was performed by Lozada and Dr Busalleu, with Dr Colareta providing anaesthesia  The doctors found she had fully mature sexual organs from precocious puberty  Dr  Edmundo Escomel reported her case in the medical journal La Presse Médicale, including that her menarche had occurred at eight months of age, in contrast to previous reports that she had had regular periods since the age of three or two and a half Medina's son weighed 2 7 kg (6 0 lb; 0 43 st) at birth and was named Gerardo after her doctor  He was raised believing Medina to be his sister before finding out at age 10 that she was his mother  After initially remaining with the family, Lozada was allowed to take custody of the son at Lozada's home in Lima   Subsequently, he employed Lina at his clinic in Lima (where she also resided), though Lina was only able to see her son occasionally   Her son grew up healthy, but died in 1979 at the age of 40 from bone marrow disease 

Identity of the father
According to Peruvian law, the mere fact of Medina's pregnancy meant that she had been raped at some point before her fifth birthday  Medina has never revealed the identity of the father nor the circumstances of her impregnation  Escomel suggests that she might not know herself, as she "couldn't give precise responses"  Lina's father was arrested on suspicion of child sexual abuse but released due to lack of evidence 

Later life
In young adulthood, Medina worked as a secretary in the Lima clinic of Lozada, which gave her an education and helped put her son through high school  She married and had a second son in 1972  In 2002, she refused an interview with Reuters, just as she had turned away many reporters in years past 

Documentation
Although it was speculated that the case was a hoax, a number of doctors over the years have verified it based on biopsies, X rays of the fetal skeleton in utero, and photographs taken by the doctors caring for her There are two published photographs documenting the case  The first was taken around the beginning of April 1939, when Medina was seven and a half months into pregnancy  Taken from her left side, it shows her standing naked in front of a neutral backdrop  It is the only published photograph taken during her pregnancy  Hers is a rare, well-documented case of extreme precocious pregnancy in a child under six 

See also
Erramatti Mangamma
Passage 11:
Loekman Hakim
Loekman Hakim, stage name Loekman Noah (born December 30, 1975), is a guitar player for the popular Indonesian musical group Noah 

Career
Loekman joined Peterpan in 2000  At that time, the band had three members: Ariel, Uki, and Reza  Together with Peterpan, Loekman released six albums: Taman Langit, Bintang di Surga, Ost  Alexandria, Hari Yang Cerah, Sebuah Nama Sebuah Cerita and an instrumental album, Suara Lainnya  Peterpan was renamed Noah in August 2012 and continues to release new albums During his career as guitarist in this band, Loekman has earning a nomination for Most Famous Guitarist Player in 2013 SCTV Music Awards 

Personal life
Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini  Loekman is the third child of five siblings  His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung  Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and they have two children 

Filmography
Film
Book
Kisah Lainnya (2012)
6 903 mil – Cerita di Balik Konser 2 Benua 5 Negara (2013)

Awards and nominations
Passage 12:
Charles de Biencourt de Saint-Just
Baron Charles de Biencourt de Saint-Just (1591 or 1592, Champagne, France –  1623 or 1624, Port-Royal of what was then Acadia, New France)  was a member of the French nobility and a military officer  He is best known as the successor to his father, Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just as commander of the settlement at Port-Royal and the King's Governor of Acadia from his father's death in 1615 until his own death  Because of his father's frequent trips to France, he had been previously acting in that capacity 
Poutrincourt oversaw Acadia under the authority of Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons until 1607 when he was notified that the King had rescinded de Mons' monopoly and that the Crown's contribution to the costs to maintain Port-Royal would not be continued 
Following the murder of King Henry IV and the ascension to the French throne by Louis XIII, under Marie de' Medici's regency, Biencourt and his father were authorized to return to Acadia  Their mandate required them to take along a Roman Catholic priest who would be responsible for the colony's welfare and for missionary work to convert the native peoples 
In 1611, Biencourt returned to France with a shipload of furs during which time the Crown appointed him Vice-Admiral of Acadia  Biencourt arranged financing for his colonial business ventures from two Huguenot businessmen from Dieppe but that was withdrawn when he was compelled by the King to take two Jesuit priests with him to Acadia to expand the Roman Catholic missionary work among the natives  New financing was arranged with the Jesuit Society becoming the partners of Jean de Poutrincourt and Thomas Robin de Coulogne, sharing in the profits from their colonial trading activities 

Conflicts with the Jesuits
Biencourt proved highly successful in his fur-trading ventures until 1618 when the industry went into decline  Port-Royal was gradually falling apart as a result of neglect and the lack of new immigrant settlers and it is thought that in the final few years before his death, Biencourt lived primarily with the natives 

Conflict with the English Capt  Samuel Argall


== References and notes ==
Passage 13:
Tom Hood
Tom Hood (19 January 1835 – 20 November 1874) was an English humorist, playwright and author  He was the son of the poet and author Thomas Hood  Pen and Pencil Pictures (1857) was the first of his illustrated books  His most successful novel was Captain Master's Children (1865) 

Biography
Hood was born at Lake House, Leytonstone, England, the son of the poet Thomas Hood and his wife Jane (née Reynolds) (1791–1846)  His older sister was the children's writer, Frances Freeling Broderip  After attending University College School and Louth Grammar School, he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1853  There he studied for the Church and passed all the examinations for the degree of BA, but did not graduate At Oxford, he wrote his Farewell to the Swallows (1853) and Pen and Pencil Pictures (1854)  He began to write for the Liskeard Gazette in 1856, and edited that paper in 1858 and 1859  In 1861 he wrote Quips and Cranks, and Daughters of King Daher, and other Poems  The next year, he published Loves of Tom Tucker and Little Bo-Peep, a Rhyming Rigmarole, followed in 1864 by Vere Vereker's Vengeance, a Sensation, and in 1865 by Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks  His novels included A Disputed Inheritance (1863), A Golden Heart (1867), The Lost Link (1868), Captain Masters's Children (1865), and Love and Valour (1872)  In 1866 he translated Ernest L'Épine's La Légende de Croquemitaine He also wrote two books on English verse composition, several children's books (in conjunction with his sister, Frances Freeling Broderip), and a body of magazine and journal articles  Hood drew with considerable facility, and illustrated several of his father's comic verses, some of which were collected in his father's book, Precocious Piggy Meanwhile, in 1860, the younger Hood obtained a position in the War Office, which he served for five years  In 1865 he left the War Office when selected as editor of Fun Magazine, a Victorian weekly magazine which became very popular under his direction   In 1867, he first issued Tom Hood's Comic Annual, not to be confused with the similarly-named Comic Annual that had been published in 1830 through 1842 by his father, the senior Thomas Hood (who, by then, had already died) 
In private life, Hood's geniality and sincere friendliness secured him the affection and esteem of a wide circle of acquaintance  Some of these friends became contributors to his publications  For example, he befriended the dramatist W  S  Gilbert and the American journalist Ambrose Bierce, both frequent contributors to Fun  Hood wrote the burlesque, Robinson Crusoe; or, The Injun Bride and the Injured Wife (1867), together with Gilbert, H  J  Byron, H  S  Leigh and Arthur Sketchley  Hood's Fun gang also included playwright Thomas W  Robertson, among others Hood's first wife, Susan, (on occasion called "Mrs Tom"), died in 1873, at the age of only thirty-seven  He married Justine Rudolphine Charotton (b  1844/5) on 15 August 1874, only a few months before his own death Hood died suddenly in his cottage at Peckham Rye, Surrey on 20 November 1874 and was buried in Nunhead cemetery 

Controversy over Alice in Wonderland
In 1887 the literary critic Edward Salmon suggested that Lewis Carroll had plagiarised Hood's From Nowhere to the North Pole (1875) when writing Alice:

Between Tom Hood and Mr  Lewis Carroll—to call Mr  D  C  Lutwidge by his famous nom de plume—there is more than a suspicion of resemblance in some particulars  Alice's Adventures in Wonderland narrowly escapes challenging a comparison with From Nowhere to the North Pole  The idea of both is so similar that Mr  Carroll can hardly have been surprised if some people have believed he was inspired by Hood 
Carroll replied a month later, in a terse letter to editor of The Nineteenth Century:

SIR, I find it stated, in an article on 'Literature for the Little Ones,' in your October number, that my little book, 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' first published in 1865, was probably suggested by the late Mr  T  Hood's 'From Nowhere to the North Pole,' first published in 1864  May I mention, first, that I have never read Mr  Hood's book; secondly, that I composed mine in the summer of 1862, and wrote it out, in the form lately published in facsimile, during 1863? Thus it will be seen that neither book could have been suggested by the other 
As it is, in my view, and no doubt in that of many others of your readers, an act of dishonesty to imitate another man's book without due acknowledgment, I trust to your sense of justice to allow this reply to the charge brought against me in the above-named article to appear in your forthcoming number 
In 1889 Carroll even inserted an announcement in the back of The Nursery "Alice", correcting his previous explanation and further denying Tom Hood's influence:

In October 1887, the writer of an article on "Literature for the Little Ones": in The Nineteenth Century, stated that, in 1864 "TOM HOOD was delighting the world with such works as From Nowhere to the North Pole  Between TOM HOOD and Mr  LEWIS CARROLL there is more than a suspicion of resemblance in some particulars  Alice's Adventures in Wonderland narrowly escapes challenging a comparison with From Nowhere to the North Pole  The idea of both is so similar that Mr  Carroll can hardly have been surprised if some people have believed he was inspired by HOOD " The date 1864 is a mistake  From Nowhere to the North Pole was first published in 1874 

Legacy and honours
British dramatist Thomas W  Robertson dedicated his play Society (1864) to Hood — "To my dear friend Tom Hood this play is dedicated "
His sister, Frances Freeling Broderip, wrote a memoir of him that was published with an 1877 edition of his poems 
Ambrose Bierce's short story "The Damned Thing" was inspired by an alleged encounter with Tom Hood's spirit 
In 1925, Tom Hood School in Leytonstone was renamed after Hood 

Notes
Passage 14:
Vincent Perrot
Vincent Perrot (born 3 August 1965, in Confolens) is a French journalist, radio and television presenter and drag racing driver 

Biography
Perrot's father was the Mayor of the town and died when Vincent was 11  His mother Marina decided  to move the family to Limoges  As a child, Vincent Perrot used to listen to the radio France Bleu Limousin, in which a program about the cinema was broadcast  He wrote every week to the presenter to tell him that he did not agree with his point of view on the films he introduced  The presenter later invited him at his program and it was his beginning of his career at 17 on channel FR3 

Career
Perrot started being well known in the late 1980s when he replaced Jean Rochefort who presented Disney Channel on FR3 and then hosting summer afternoons the program 40° à l'ombre on the same channel  During the rest of the year, he presented a number of programs including On va gagner, Vincent à l'heure and Zapper n'est pas jouer  In 1989, still on FR3, he co-hosts the teenager program C'est pas juste 
During summer 1997, Perrot joined TF1 and presents the game show Mokshû Patamû, which had a moderate success  After that, it took him a few years to find again his success on television  He then presented in 2001 L'été des records on the same channel and Un contre tous (French version of the Belgian game show Septante et un) on France 3 
Perrot is one of the most famous radio presenters on RTL, in which he presents Vendredi c'est VIP and Le Cékoidon  He is also one of the most famous guests of the program Les Grosses Têtes hosted by Philippe Bouvard 
In 1998, Perrot became the fastest in the world accelerating with a speed of 402 8 km/h (251 8 mph) with a dragster  In September 2006, he made another record of 530 7 km/h (331 6 mph) in a stopped start  He is the founder of the Perrot Feeler Racing, dedicated to different categories of dragsters  He produces and presents in June 2009 the program Vincent Limites on channel Motors TV 
Since summer 2010, with the agreement and the collaboration of Jean-Paul Belmondo, Perrot co-produces the first official documentary about the life and career of the actor  The program had an excellent distribution due to the exceptional participation of Alain Delon, Jean Dujardin, Vanessa Paradis, Albert Dupontel, Vincent Cassel, Jean Rochefort, Jean-Pierre Marielle, Claude Lelouch, Claudia Cardinale, and even Zinedine Zidane  This documentary was broadcast on primetime on France 2 on May 17, 2011, and in the official selection of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival 



ground_truth: Tom Hood

Thomas Hood