prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why did Roncalli leave the place of death of the maker of The Gozzi Altarpiece?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Stefaneschi Triptych
The Stefaneschi Altarpiece is a triptych by the Italian painter Giotto (c  1267 – 1337),  commissioned by Cardinal Giacomo Gaetani Stefaneschi to serve as an altarpiece for one of the altars of Old St  Peter's Basilica in Rome 
It is now at the Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome 

Description
It is a rare example in Giotto's work of a documented commission, and includes Giotto's signature, although the date, like most dates for Giotto, is disputed, and many scholars feel the artist's workshop was responsible for its execution  It had long been thought to have been made for the main altar of the church; more recent research suggests that it was placed on the "canon's altar",  located in the nave, just to the left of the huge arched opening into the transept  The altar was freestanding, and the altarpiece is painted on both sides so it could be seen by the congregation from the front and the canons of the church from the back 
The central front panel represents Saint Peter enthroned, flanked by saints, with Cardinal Stefaneschi himself kneeling at Peter's right offering up this altarpiece in reduced size   Saints James and Paul are in the left panel and John the Evangelist and Andrew are on the right  Two of the three predella panels are lost, but they surely all represented half-length figures of saints  The back main (central) panel represents Christ enthroned flanked by angels with a kneeling Cardinal Stefaneschi at his right foot   In the left panel we see the crucifixion of Peter, and on the right is the beheading of St  Paul  The predella depicts the Virgin and Child flanked by angels in the center and standing figures of the 12 apostles at the sides 
The altarpiece stood before the apse of Old St  Peter's, which in the 14th century contained a mosaic of Christ enthroned between Saints  Peter & Paul   Thus the iconography of the front of the painting paralleled the apse mosaic in form but did not repeat it in iconography   The central panel of the back of the altarpiece duplicated the apse mosaic for those who could not see it (because they sat with their backs to it), while the side panels introduced narratives  It was normal for double-sided altarpieces in this period to have an iconic image on the front and narrative images on the back   Peter echoes Christ's pose to emphasize the role of the pope (Peter was the first pope) as Christ's representative on earth 

Giotto represents the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul as taking place in recognizable locales, frequently visited by pilgrims to Rome  Peter's crucifixion is placed between the Meta Romuli (a pyramid near the Vatican, destroyed in the 15th century) and the Terebinthus Neronis (a classical monument, likely a mausoleum, that no longer exists), while Paul's beheading is outside the city, near a round building that represents the church of San Paolo alle Tre Fontane, the site of the Saint’s beheading South of Rome   These scenes could also be found in the medieval frescoes on the walls of the nave of Old St  Peter's   Although images of donors in church decorations in Rome went back to the Early Christian period, Giotto's altarpiece for St  Peter's is unusual in both the double representation of the donor (front and back) and the specificity of the face and costume of Cardinal Stefaneschi   Stefaneschi is dressed in full ceremonial costume as a cardinal on the front, appropriate for the "public" face of the altarpiece and is introduced to St  Peter by St  George   On the back, he is more modestly dressed as a canon, like the audience for this side of the painting  Vasari cited portraiture as one of the greatest strengths of Giotto's art The depiction of Stefaneschi holding this very painting suggests that it originally had a significantly more elaborate frame, which would have made the relatively small altarpiece fit better into the large space that was Old St  Peter's  The characteristic of containing a smaller version of itself provides one of the earliest known Renaissance examples of the so-called "Droste effect", common in medieval art 

Notes
Sources
Boskovits, Miklos, "Giotto a Roma", Arte Cristiana, 88 (2000) 171–180 
Gardner, Julian, "The Stefaneschi Altarpiece: A Reconsideration",  Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes,  Vol  37, (1974), pp  57–103 
Gosebruch, M , "Giottos Stefaneschi-Altarwerk aus Alt-St  Peter in Rom",  Miscellanea Bibliotecae Hertzianae, Munich, 1961, 101–130 
von den Haegen, Anne Mueller, Giotto di Bondone, trans  Lena Miller, Cologne, 1998, 80–85 
Kemp,W , "Zum Program von Stefaneschi-Altar und Navicella", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 30 (1967) 309–320 
Kempers, Bram & Sible de Blauuw  "Jacopo Stefaneschi, Patron and Liturgist: A New Hypothesis Regarding the Date, Iconography, Authorship, and Function of His Altarpiece for Old St  Peter's", Mededelingen van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome 47 (1987) 83–113 
Kessler, Herbert L , "Giotto e Roma", in Giotto e il Trecento: "Il più Sovrano Maestro stato in dipintura", exh  cat , ed  Alessandro Tomei, Milan, 2009, 85–99 
Maginnis, Hayden B J , "Giotto's World through Vasari's Eyes", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 56 Bd , H  3 (1993), pp  385–408 
Paoletti, John T  & Gary Radke, Art in Renaissance Italy, 3rd ed , London, 2005 

External links
The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this triptych (p  251)
Passage 2:
Keith Kettleborough
Keith Frank Kettleborough (29 June 1935 – 2 November 2009) was an English professional footballer born in Rotherham, Yorkshire, who made more than 400 appearances in the Football League playing for Rotherham United, Sheffield United, Newcastle United, Doncaster Rovers and Chesterfield Kettleborough started his football career with Rotherham Y M C A  and after a trial with Grimsby Town he turned professional with his home town club of Rotherham United, for whom he made his debut during the 1955–56 season  It took him two years to win a regular place at inside forward 
Sheffield United signed him in December 1960, but it was not until the following season that he earned a regular place in the first team  In five years with the Blades in the First Division he made 154 league appearances and scored 65 goals  In December 1965, he signed for Newcastle United, but only made 30 starts for the Magpies before transferring to Doncaster Rovers a year later, where he spent a short time as manager  In November 1967, he joined Chesterfield where he completed his Football League career  
Kettleborough died on 2 November 2009 in Rotherham  A minute's applause was observed before that day's match between Sheffield United and Newcastle United 
Passage 3:
The Conversion of Saint Bavo
The Conversion of Saint Bavo is an altarpiece by Peter Paul Rubens, dated 1623–1624  It was commissioned as the high altarpiece for Sint-Baafskathedraal in Ghent by bishop Antoon Triest (1577–1657)  It is still sited in the cathedral  An oil sketch for it is now in the National Gallery, London 

Bibliography
Hans Vlieghe, Saints (Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard, 8), nr  72, Arcade, Brussel, 1972
Gent, duizend jaar kunst en cultuur, Bijlokemuseum, Gent, 1975

External links
 Media related to The conversion of Saint Bavo by Peter Paul Rubens at Wikimedia Commons
Passage 4:
Gozzi Altarpiece
The Gozzi Altarpiece is an oil painting by the Italian Renaissance master Titian, dating from 1520  It is located in the Pinacoteca civica Francesco Podesti in Ancona, central Italy 

History
The painting is the first dated work by Titian  It was commissioned by  Alvise Gozzi, a merchant from Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik) who was active in Venice, for the church of San Francesco  The presence of a view of Venice in the background had a political message: in 1510 Pope Julius II had given freedom of navigation and commerce to Ancona at the expense of Venice, but in 1520 the European situation had cancelled this privilege  The presence of the Saints Francis and Blaise, respectively symbolizing Ancona and Ragusa, was thus a hint to their submission of Venice, represented by the Virgin Mary 

Description
The painting depicts the Madonna and Child appearing on a cloud, above a sunset sky with golden, orange and red colors  They are flanked by a clothed cherub and two naked cherubs, who offer Mary laurel crowns  Below are the saints Francis of Assisi, who shows his stigmata, and Blaise, patron saint of Ragusa, who points at the heavenly tableau while he rests a hand on the shoulder of the kneeling donor 
The composition was perhaps inspired by Raphael's Madonna of Foligno, although developed according to Titan's more modern and lively style 

See also
List of works by Titian

Notes
Passage 5:
Santa Maria in Porto Altarpiece
The Santa Maria in Porto Altarpiece  is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Ercole de' Roberti, executed in 1479-1481 and housed in the Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, northern Italy 
It was executed for the church of Santa Maria in Porto, just outside Ravenna  In the 16th century it was moved to the church St  Francis in the same city but, after the Napoleonic invasion of Italy, it was then moved to Milan, being housed at Brera since 1811 

Description
The painting features a mainly vertical architectural setting, under which a high octagonal podium with the Virgin's throne  The base is decorated by tiles (with the Massacre of the Innocents, Adoration of the Magi and the Presentation in the Temple) which simulated antique bas-reliefs and were inspired by the altar of the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua by Donatello 
The base supports columns with mouldings and decorations of garlands, dishes and marble rings, while in the background is a stormy sea  The latter is a reference to the legendary foundation of Santa Maria in Porto, when the Crusader Pietro degli Onesti, after escaping a shipwreck, made a vow to entitle a church to the Virgin Mary in exchange for his miraculous salvation 
The throne is enclosed in a niche with reliefs, and stands on a carpet  At the sides are red curtains  The four saints are St  Augustine, the blessed Pietro (below), St  Elizabeth and St  Anne (above, at the sides of the Virgin) 
The whole composition is an example of the pyramidal structure introduced by Antonello da Messina in the Holy Conversation scheme after 1475 

Sources
Brera, guida alla Pinacoteca  Milan: Electa, publisher  2004 
Passage 6:
Altarpiece of Saints Ursula, Martin and Anthony
The Altarpiece of Saints Ursula, Martin and Anthony is a reredo by the Spanish late Gothic painter Gonzalo Pérez, dating to 1420 and housed  in the Museu de Belles Arts of Valencia, Spain 
Painted in the International Gothic style (with influences, such as in St  Martin's  rich garments, by the Italian Gentile da Fabriano), it is one of the artist's few known works, painted for the Portaceli Monastery 

Altarpiece details
Sources
De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999)  I tempi dell'arte  Milan: Bompiani  ISBN 88-451-7212-0 

External links
Page at the museum's website (in Spanish)
Passage 7:
The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence (Titian)
The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence is a 1558 painting by Titian, now in the church of I Gesuiti in Venice  It so impressed Philip II of Spain that he commissioned a second version in 1567 for the basilica at El Escorial 

See also
List of works by Titian
Passage 8:
Santa Lucia de' Magnoli Altarpiece
The Santa Lucia de' Magnoli Altarpiece (Italian: Pala di Santa Lucia de' Magnoli) is a painting by the Italian painter Domenico Veneziano, dated to around 1445–1447  Once placed at the high altar of the church of Santa Lucia dei Magnoli, Florence, it is now in the Uffizi Gallery in the same city  The large panel had originally a predella, which has been divided between museums in Washington, Berlin and Cambridge 
It has been described as "almost certainly     the first true sacra conversazione", or painting of the Virgin and Child with saints on a unified scale and sharing the same space 

Description
The painting is one of the earliest known examples of tabula quadrata et sine civoriis as suggested by Brunelleschi, which meant a "modern" type of painting without  the inner frames and the gilded background which was typical of earlier painting  The setting is however reminiscent of the frames, with three ogival arches, the columns and the shell-shaped niches  The polychrome floor, and the architecture, including the base of the Madonna's throne, is depicted with the  use of geometrical perspective, an innovation introduced in Italian early Renaissance art The saints portrayed are St  John the Baptist and St  Zenobius (patron saints of Florence), St  Lucy (titular of the church where the painting was situated) and St  Francis, who resided in the church at his arrival in Florence in 1211  The garments  and the mitre of St  Zenobius are particularly rich, with precious stones, pearls, golden plaques and enamels 

Predella
Reconstruction of the original predella
		
		
		
		
		
The predella included panels with scenes of the saints of the main composition, and a central, double-size Annunciation: the Stygmata of St  Francis and John Baptist in the Desert are currently in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, the Annunciation and The Miracle of St  Zenobius are  in the Fitzwilliam Museum of Cambridge, and the Martyrdom of St  Lucy is in the Berlin State Museums 
Passage 9:
San Giobbe Altarpiece
The San Giobbe Altarpiece (Italian: Pala di San Giobbe) is a c  1487 oil painting by the Italian Renaissance master Giovanni Bellini  Inspired by a plague outbreak in 1485, this sacra conversazione painting is unique in that it was designed in situ with the surrounding architecture of the church (a first for Bellini), and was one of the largest sacra conversazione paintings at the time  Although it was originally located in the Church of San Giobbe, Venice, it is now housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice after having been stolen by Napoleon Bonaparte 

History
Creation
Just prior to 1478, Giovanni Bellini was commissioned to paint the altarpiece by an unknown individual from the Scuola di San Giobbe, to be placed opposite the Martini Chapel of the soon-to-be consecrated Church of San Giobbe  The friars and sisters of the San Giobbe Hospice had founded the Scuola di San Giobbe and replaced an old oratory dedicated to Job with a new church dedicated to both St  Job and St  Bernardino  This was strongly suggested by the confraternity's patron, the doge Cristoforo Moro  This altarpiece marks the first time Bellini used the concept of creating an illusionary space to house a sacra conversazione that appears as though it is an extension of the church architecture itself, and honored St  Job with the position closest to the Christ child  The painting was designed in situ to incorporate the architecture of the Church of San Giobbe; the arches inside the painting match in perspective and design the marble arches of the church framing the painting  Because the Church of San Giobbe did not have two chapels, only the Martini Chapel and an empty space opposite the chapel, the altarpiece was painted in order to create a space that would illusionistically balance the church with “two” chapels on either side  Hence the piece's size and detailed visual description of the perspective in fictive space was intended to serve as a second chapel, and the perspective, along with the similar framing within the painting and surrounding the painting, would give that proper illusion The actual patron of the painting is unknown, although it is assumed that the patron was a member of the Scuola di San Giobbe  This assumption is currently being debated, as the size and detail of this painting would warrant a large monetary compensation to Giovanni Bellini, which would be difficult for such a small church  One hypothesis is that Cristoforo Moro, who also patronized the church and influenced the rededication of the church to both St  Job and St  Bernardino, had commissioned the painting The piece, although having no textual proof of exact completion date, was recorded as being complete in the newly consecrated Church of San Giobbe by 1493  The Venetian scholar Marcus Antonio wrote about the piece in its completed form in his “De Venetae Urbis Situ” (A written guide to Venice), and Venetian historian Marin Sanudo had included a comment about the piece’s beauty in a list of Venice’s holy sites, both written in 1493, marking that year the very latest possible date of completion Although Giovanni Bellini's cursive signature has come into question and had often been used by imitators, this piece is widely accepted to be Bellini's  His signature is on a plaque just below the feet of the middle musician angel and is in an italic form, "Ioannes Bellinus", which was seldom used by imitators 

Provenance
The altarpiece remained in the church of San Giobbe until 1814–1818, until Napoleon Bonaparte, during his ransacking of Venice, stole this piece, along with many others  Eventually it was returned to its city of origin, but was given to the Galleria dell'Accademia in Venice, where it is displayed with the other altarpieces from the Church of San Giobbe 

Composition
Figures
Featured in the center are the Madonna and Child, seated above several other religious figures  Below the central figures are three angels, each playing a musical instrument  The saints flanking the throne are each met with an opposite, both physically and historically  On the viewer’s far left (to the Madonna and Child’s right) is St  Francis, to the right of him is John the Baptist, and in the most notable position and titular figure of the altarpiece’s church, St  Job  Just right of the throne (to the Madonna and Child’s left) are St  Sebastian, St  Dominic and furthest to the right is Franciscan Bishop St  Louise of Toulouse 

Job is bearded and wears only a loincloth, mirroring the youthful, long-haired, clean-shaven figure opposite him in St  Sebastian  St  Sebastian, also posed with only a loincloth, has two arrows in his body referencing his torture  However, he is not bloodied or in agony, but is quite clean and tranquil as he looks upon the Christ child  St  Dominic is posed with a religious text in his hands, and is clean-clothed, appearing to be a studious figure, even when placed in front of the Madonna and Child  As his opposite stands John the Baptist, an unkempt figure, not shaven, and staring at Christ  St  Louis shows the religious garb of his high position and represents the religiosity of the Church  St  Francis, who unlike the other characters, is not looking to the Christ child, but at the viewer, and is reaching out and welcoming the viewer into the scene 

As a recourse for the Church of San Giobbe moving their old patron, Job, into a lower position, Bellini honored St  Job in this piece by placing him not only in the position closest to the Mother and Child, but also honored him by including references to the Cathedral of Saint Mark in Venice by way of the vaulted ceiling Very few of Bellini’s works with the Madonna and Child include the full length of the saints flanking the throne  The San Giobbe Altarpiece shares this quality along with the Frari triptych, the Priuli triptych and the San Zaccaria Altarpiece 

Setting
Above the Madonna and Child is a coffered vault ceiling, which is an architectural reference to the Saint Mark's Basilica  Bellini creates a fictive chapel within the Church of San Giobbe, while combining figures that were never meant to be together in one space  He also creates a fictive space in terms of architecture, with the plaster columns framing the piece and paralleling structures from the Saint Mark’s Cathedral  This technique of placing holy figures as such in a fictive space was new to Venetian art, a technique that will be commonly repeated by future Venetian artists Common to the genre at the time, sacra conversazione paintings included some form of sky, or were placed within a structure that is somehow open to the outside world  Unlike all his other sacra conversazione paintings, the San Giobbe Altarpiece is unique in that it takes place in an interior space, due to the fact that it was meant to compensate for the Church of San Giobbe’s lack of a second chapel across from the Martini chapel The upper part features a perspective coffered ceiling, flanked with pillars which are copies of the real ones at the original altar  Behind the Madonna is a dark niche  In the latter's half-dome is a gilt mosaic decoration in the Venetian style 
This altarpiece is an example of a pala altar, or a single-paneled altar, a technique first introduced to Venice by Bellini and heavily influenced by Antonello da Messina 

Geometry
Triangles during the Renaissance were an important symbol of the Divine  Many artists in the late 15th century included triangular compositions in their pieces  This linked triangles with the divine, and was often a kind of map for the Holy Trinity  The asymmetry in this piece creates a contrast with the figures on opposing sides, and the triangles can be found with these various groupings The figures are also opposite in symmetry across the vertical center line  The older St  Job stands opposite the youthful St  Sebastian, the wild John the Baptist is across from the tame and studious St  Dominic, and the exuberant attire of St  Louis opposes St  Frances’ plain robes 

Symbols
Sacra Conversazione
The altarpiece is a sacra conversazione, a piece of art that combines holy figures from across time into one place, surrounding the Virgin and Christ child, often with angels nearby playing music  One difference between Bellini’s sacra conversazione and others is that it appears as though the figures are interacting with each other  The angels are gazing up at St  Job, St  Job is looking at the Virgin, St  Francis on the left is breaking the fourth wall of the painting and inviting the audience into the fictive scene  When compared to other sacra conversazione, examples being the San Marco Altarpiece, the Frari Triptych and the San Zaccaria Altarpiece, not only is the San Giobbe Altarpiece much larger and shows the full stature of all figures in the scene, but it also is contained in an interior space, which was very uncommon in Venetian pieces at the time, which oft included an open sky, or an airy feel to the background 

Holy Reference
Several pieces in the painting point toward reinforcement of the Virgin Mother’s immaculate nature  Her hand in the position of the Annunciation and the Latin phrase above on the vaulted-ceiling reads “Ave Virginei Flos Intemerate Pudoris”, roughly translating to “Hail, undefiled flower of virgin modesty”  St  Francis, inviting the viewer in, is also displaying his holiness by way of his Stigmata The accuracy of the angel musicians at the feet of the Mother and Child is well-portrayed in proper string-instrument technique  One studies its right hand strumming the lute, the other two peering up at St  Job standing next to them, a link that has suggested ta link between St  Job and music  Even the lutes themselves are accurate in construction to lutes, matching the rose piece in the painting with those of real ornamentations at the time 

Evocation of Saints
The plague of 1485 greatly influenced the painting by way of the inclusion of St  Sebastian and his opposite, St  Job  The arrow at St  Sebastian’s side symbolizes the plague, and his presence in the painting would be an invocation used in response to the plague that was hitting Venice at the time  St  Job symbolizes suffering through his plague-like illness, through which he relies on his faith to endure  Not only were both St  Sebastian and St  Job associated with suffering and pain, but the Scuola di San Giobbe was originally a hospice that was built in response to a plague, hence the representation of these saints and their faith to give hope to patients 

See also
San Zaccaria Altarpiece
Montini Altarpiece
Passage 10:
Pope John XXIII
Pope John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (Italian: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 1963  He was among 13 children born to Marianna Mazzola and Giovanni Battista Roncalli in a family of sharecroppers who lived in Sotto il Monte, a village in the province of Bergamo, Lombardy  He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey  In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice  Roncalli was unexpectedly elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after eleven ballots  Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the first session opening on 11 October 1962 
John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate  His views on equality were summed up in his statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike " He made a major impact on the Catholic Church, opening it up to dramatic unexpected changes promulgated at the Vatican Council and by his own dealings with other churches and nations  In Italian politics, he prohibited bishops from interfering with local elections, and he helped the Christian Democracy party to cooperate with the Italian Socialist Party  In international affairs, his "Ostpolitik" engaged in dialogue with the communist countries of Eastern Europe  He especially reached out to the Eastern Orthodox churches  His overall goal was to modernize the Church by emphasizing its pastoral role, and its necessary involvement with affairs of state  He dropped the traditional rule of 70 cardinals, increasing the size to 85  He used the opportunity to name the first cardinals from Africa, Japan, and the Philippines  He promoted ecumenical movements in cooperation with other Christian faiths  In doctrinal matters, he was a traditionalist, but he ended the practice of automatically formulating social and political policies on the basis of old theological propositions He did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion  In September 1962, he was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died 8 months later on June 3, 1963  His cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God  On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, based on his virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good which had come from his opening of the Second Vatican Council  He was canonized alongside Pope John Paul II on 27 April 2014  John XXIII today is affectionately known as the Good Pope (Italian: il Papa buono) 

Early life
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born on 25 November 1881 in Sotto il Monte, a small country village in the Bergamo province of the Lombardy region of Italy  He was the eldest son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli (1854–1935) and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzola (1855–1939), and fourth in a family of thirteen  His siblings were:
Maria Caterina (1877–1883)
Teresa (1879–1954), who married Michele Ghisleni in 1899
Ancilla (1880–1953)
Francesco Saverio (1883–1976), who married Maria Carrara in 1907
Maria Elisa (1884–1955)
Assunta Casilda (1886–1980), who married Giovanni Battista Marchesi in 1907
Domenico Giuseppe (1888–1888)
Alfredo (1889–1972)
Giovanni Francesco (1891–1956), who married Caterina Formenti in 1919
Enrica (1893–1918)
Giuseppe Luigi (1894–1981), who married Ida Biffi in 1922
Luigi (1896–1898)His family worked as sharecroppers, as did most of the people of Sotto il Monte – a striking contrast to that of his predecessor, Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII), who came from an ancient aristocratic family long connected to the papacy  Roncalli was nonetheless a descendant of an Italian noble family, albeit from a secondary and impoverished branch; "(he) derived from no mean origins but from worthy and respected folk who can be traced right back to the beginning of the fifteenth century"  The Roncallis maintained a vineyard and cornfields, and kept cattle In 1889, Roncalli received both his First Communion and Confirmation at the age of 8 On 1 March 1896, Luigi Isacchi, the spiritual director of his seminary, enrolled him into the Secular Franciscan Order  He professed his vows as a member of that order on 23 May 1897 In 1904, Roncalli completed his doctorate in canon law and was ordained a priest in the Catholic Church of Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Piazza del Popolo in Rome on 10 August  Shortly after that, while still in Rome, Roncalli was taken to Saint Peter's Basilica to meet Pope Pius X  After this, he would return to his town to celebrate Mass for the Assumption 

Priesthood
In 1905, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi, the new Bishop of Bergamo, appointed Roncalli as his secretary  Roncalli worked for Radini-Tedeschi until the bishop's death on 22 August 1914, two days after the death of Pope Pius X  Radini-Tedeschi's last words to Roncalli were "Angelo, pray for peace"  The death of Radini-Tedeschi had a deep effect on Roncalli 
 During this period Roncalli was also a lecturer in the diocesan seminary in Bergamo 
During World War I, Roncalli was drafted into the Royal Italian Army as a sergeant, serving in the medical corps as a stretcher-bearer and as a chaplain  After being discharged from the army in early 1919, he was named spiritual director of the seminary  On 7 May 1921, Roncalli was appointed a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness, which gave him the title of Monsignor  On 6 November, he travelled to Rome where he was scheduled to meet the Pope  After their meeting, Pope Benedict XV appointed him as the Italian president of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith  Roncalli would recall Benedict XV as being the most sympathetic of the popes he had met 

Episcopate
In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–1935)  On 3 March, Pius XI also appointed him titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan  Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he soon relented  His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March  Roncalli was consecrated a bishop by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo al Corso in Rome , on 25 March 1925 
On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria  He became known in Turkey's predominantly Muslim society as "the Turcophile Pope"  Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism)  In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying  On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died  Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff  Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI  He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939  Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff Roncalli remained in Bulgaria at the time that World War II commenced, optimistically writing in his journal in April 1939, "I don't believe we will have a war"  At the time that the war did in fact commence, he was in Rome, meeting with Pope Pius XII on 5 September 1939  In 1940, Roncalli was asked by the Vatican to devote more of his time to Greece; therefore, he made several visits in January and May of that year  He maintained close relations with the Jews and also intervened to convince Bulgaria's King Boris III to cancel deportations of Greek Jews during the Nazi occupation of Greece 

Efforts during the Holocaust
As nuncio, Roncalli made various efforts during The Holocaust in World War II to save refugees, mostly Jewish people, from the Nazis  Among his efforts were:

Delivery of "immigration certificates" to Palestine through the Nunciature diplomatic courier 
Rescue of Jews by means of certificates of "baptism of convenience" sent by Monsignor Roncalli to priests in Europe 
Children managed to leave Slovakia due to his interventions 
Jewish refugees whose names were included on a list submitted by Rabbi Markus of Istanbul to Nuncio Roncalli 
Jews held at Jasenovac concentration camp, near Stara Gradiška, were liberated as a result of his intervention 
Bulgarian Jews who left Bulgaria, a result of his request to King Boris III of Bulgaria 
Romanian Jews from Transnistria left Romania as a result of his intervention 
Italian Jews helped by the Vatican as a result of his interventions 
Orphaned children of Transnistria on board a refugee ship that weighed anchor from Constanța to Istanbul, and later arriving in Palestine as a result of his interventions 
Jews held at the Sereď concentration camp who were spared from being deported to German death camps as a result of his intervention 
Hungarian Jews who saved themselves through their conversions to Christianity through the baptismal certificates sent by Nuncio Roncalli to the Hungarian Nuncio, Monsignor Angelo Rota In 1965, the Catholic Herald newspaper quoted Pope John XXIII as saying:

 We are conscious today that many, many centuries of blindness have cloaked our eyes so that we can no longer see the beauty of Thy chosen people nor recognise in their faces the features of our privileged brethren  We realize that the mark of Cain stands upon our foreheads  Across the centuries our brother Abel has lain in blood which we drew, or shed tears we caused by forgetting Thy love  Forgive us for the curse we falsely attached to their name as Jews  Forgive us for crucifying Thee a second time in their flesh  For we know not what we did 
On 7 September 2000, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation launched the International Campaign for the Acknowledgement of the humanitarian actions undertaken by Vatican Nuncio Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli for people, most of whom were Jewish, persecuted by the Nazi regime  The launching took place at the Permanent Observation Mission of the Vatican to the United Nations, in the presence of Vatican State Secretary Cardinal Angelo Sodano 

The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation has carried out exhaustive historical research related to different events connected with interventions of Nuncio Roncalli in favour of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust  As of September 2000 three reports have been published compiling different studies and materials of historical research about the humanitarian actions carried out by Roncalli when he was nuncio In 2011, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation submitted a massive file (the Roncalli Dossier) to Yad Vashem, with a strong petition and recommendation to bestow upon him the title of Righteous among the Nations 

Relations with Israel
After 1944, he played an active role in gaining Catholic Church support for the establishment of the State of Israel  His support for Zionism, and the establishment of Israel was the result of his cultural and religious openness toward other faiths and cultures, and especially concern with the fate of Jews after the war  He was one of the Vatican's most sympathetic diplomats toward Jewish immigration to Palestine, which he saw as a humanitarian issue, and not a matter of biblical theology 

Nuncio
On 22 December 1944, during World War II, Pope Pius XII named him to be the new Apostolic Nuncio to recently liberated France  In this capacity he had to negotiate the retirement of bishops who had collaborated with the German occupying power 
Roncalli was chosen among several other candidates, one of whom was Archbishop Joseph Fietta  Roncalli met with Domenico Tardini to discuss his new appointment, and their conversation suggested that Tardini did not approve of it  One curial prelate referred to Roncalli as an "old fogey" while speaking with a journalist Roncalli left Ankara on 27 December 1944 on a series of short-haul flights that took him to several places, such as Beirut, Cairo and Naples  He ventured to Rome on 28 December and met with both Tardini and his friend Giovanni Battista Montini  He left for France the next day to commence his newest role 

Cardinal
Roncalli received a message from Mgr  Montini on 14 November 1952 asking him if he would want to become the new Patriarch of Venice in light of the nearing death of Carlo Agostini  Furthermore, Montini said to him via letter on 29 November 1952 that Pius XII had decided to raise him to the cardinalate  Roncalli knew that he would be appointed to lead the patriarchy of Venice due to the death of Agostini, who was to have been raised to the rank of cardinal On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII  Before departing Paris he invited to dinner the eight men who had served as prime minister during Roncalli's term as nuncio  Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome  On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice  As a sign of his esteem, the President of France, Vincent Auriol, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the Élysée Palace  It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground  Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the Legion of Honour 
Roncalli decided to live on the second floor of the residence reserved for the patriarch, choosing not to live in the first floor room once resided in by Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, who later became Pope Pius X  On 29 May 1954, the late Pius X was canonized and Roncalli ensured that the late pontiff's patriarchal room was remodelled into a 1903 (the year of the new saint's papal election) look in his honor  With Pius X's few surviving relatives, Roncalli celebrated a Mass in his honor 
His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s  Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week  He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice  He attended her funeral back in his hometown  In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte 
In 1958, he held a diocesan synod 

Papacy
Papal election
Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October  His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse  Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile, and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal  Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who attend the papal conclave  At the time, as opposed to modern practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals, and some Cardinals were just priests at the time of their elevation Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm  He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes  After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope  They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate  Upon his election, Cardinal Eugène Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself  Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his regnal name  Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John"  This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before 
On the choice of his papal name, Pope John XXIII said to the cardinals:

I will be called John    a name sweet to us because it is the name of our father, dear to us because it is the name of the humble parish church where we were baptized, the solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, including our own basilica [St  John Lateran]  Twenty-two Johns of indisputable legitimacy have [been Pope], and almost all had a brief pontificate  We have preferred to hide the smallness of our name behind this magnificent succession of Roman Pontiffs 
Upon his choosing the name, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV; in response, he declared that he was John XXIII, thus affirming the antipapal status of antipope John XXIII 
Before this antipope, the most recent popes called John were John XXII (1316–1334) and John XXI (1276–1277)  No Pope John XX existed, owing to confusion caused by medieval historians misreading the Liber Pontificalis to refer to another Pope John between John XIV and John XV 
After his election, he confided in Cardinal Maurice Feltin that he had chosen the name "in memory of France and in the memory of John XXII who continued the history of the papacy in France" After he answered the two ritual questions, the traditional Habemus Papam announcement was delivered by Cardinal Nicola Canali to the people at 6:08 pm, an exact hour after the white smoke appeared  A short while later, he appeared on the balcony and gave his first Urbi et Orbi blessing to the crowds of the faithful below in Saint Peter's Square  That same night, he appointed Domenico Tardini as his Secretary of State  Of the three cassocks prepared for whoever the new pope was, even the largest was not enough to fit his obese frame, which had to be let out in certain places and only to be held together with great effort by bobby pins  When he first saw himself in the mirror in his new vestments, he said with an apprising and critical look that "this man will be a disaster on television!", while later saying he felt his first appearance before the globe was as if he were a "newborn babe in swaddling clothes" His coronation took place on 4 November 1958, on the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo, and it occurred on the central loggia of the Vatican  He was crowned with the 1877 Palatine Tiara  His coronation ran for the traditional five hours 
In John XXIII's first consistory on 15 December of that same year, Montini was created a cardinal and would become John XXIII's successor in 1963, taking the name of Paul VI   That consistory was notable for being the first to expand the Sacred College membership beyond the then-traditional 70 

Following his election the new pope told the tale of how in his first weeks he was walking when he heard a woman exclaim in a loud voice: "My God, he's so fat!" The new pope casually remarked: "Madame, the holy conclave isn't exactly a beauty contest!"

Visits around Rome
On 25 December 1958, he became the first pope since 1870 to make pastoral visits in his Diocese of Rome, when he visited children infected with polio at the Bambino Gesù Hospital and then visited Santo Spirito Hospital  The following day, he visited Rome's Regina Coeli prison, where he told the inmates: "You could not come to me, so I came to you " These gestures created a sensation, and he wrote in his diary: "    great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press  I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, warders   "During these visits, John XXIII put aside the normal papal use of the formal "we" when referring to himself, such as when he visited a reformatory school for juvenile delinquents in Rome telling them "I have wanted to come here for some time"  The media noticed this and reported that "He talked to the youths in their own language" 

"Ostpolitik" and Eastern Europe
In international affairs, his  "Ostpolitik" ["Eastern policy"] engaged in dialogue with the Communist countries of Eastern Europe  He worked to reconcile the Vatican with the Russian Orthodox Church to settle tensions between the local churches   The Second Vatican Council did not condemn Communism and did not even mention it, in what some have called a secret agreement between the Holy See and the Soviet Union  In Pacem in terris, John XXIII also sought to prevent nuclear war and tried to improve relations between the Soviet Union and the United States  He began a policy of dialogue with Soviet leaders in order to seek conditions in which Eastern Catholics could find relief from persecution 

Relations with Jews
One of the first acts of Pope John XXIII, in 1960, was to eliminate the description of Jews as perfidius (Latin for "perfidious" or "faithless") in the prayer for the conversion of the Jews in the Good Friday liturgy  He interrupted the first Good Friday liturgy in his pontificate to address this issue when he first heard a celebrant refer to the Jews with that word  He also made a confession for the Church for antisemitism through the centuries While Vatican II was being held, John XXIII tasked Cardinal Augustin Bea with the creation of several important documents that pertained to reconciliation with Jewish people 

Calling the Council
Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century)  This decision was announced on 25 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls  Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up"  From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world 
Prior to the first session of the council, John XXIII visited Assisi and Loreto on 4 October 1962 to pray for the new upcoming council as well as to mark the feast day of St  Francis of Assisi  He was the first pope to travel outside of Rome since Pope Pius IX  Along the way, there were several halts at Orte, Narni, Terni, Spoleto, Foligno, Fabriano, Iesi, Falconara and Ancona where the crowds greeted him 

Moral theology
Contraception
In 1963, John XXIII established a commission of six non-theologians to investigate questions of birth control 

Human rights
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly  He wrote about human rights in his encyclical Pacem in terris  He wrote, "Man has the right to live  He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services  In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood "

Divorce
John XXIII said that human life is transmitted through the family which is founded on the sacrament of marriage and is both one and indissoluble as a union in God, therefore, it is against the teachings of the Church for a married couple to divorce 

Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial
Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use full papal ceremony, some of which was abolished after Vatican II, while the rest fell into disuse  His papal coronation ran for the traditional five hours (Pope Paul VI, by contrast, opted for a shorter ceremony, while later popes declined to be crowned)  Pope John XXIII, like his predecessor Pius XII, chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica, in view of the crowds assembled in Saint Peter's Square below 
He wore a number of papal tiaras during his papacy  On the most formal of occasions would he don the 1877 Palatine tiara he received at his coronation, but on other occasions, he used the 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI, which was used so often that it was associated with him quite strongly  The people of Bergamo gave him an expensive silver tiara, but he requested that the number of jewels used be halved and that the money be given to the poor 

Liturgical reform
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent 

Beatifications and canonization ceremonies
John XXIII beatified four individuals in his reign: Elena Guerra (26 April 1959), Innocenzo da Berzo (12 November 1961), Elizabeth Ann Seton (17 March 1963) and Luigi Maria Palazzolo (19 March 1963) 
He also canonized a small number of individuals: he canonized Charles of Sezze and Joaquina Vedruna de Mas on 12 April 1959, Gregorio Barbarigo on 26 May 1960, Juan de Ribera on 12 June 1960, Maria Bertilla Boscardin on 11 May 1961, Martin de Porres on 6 May 1962, and Antonio Maria Pucci, Francis Mary of Camporosso and Peter Julian Eymard on 9 December 1962  His final canonization was that of Vincent Pallotti on 20 January 1963 

Doctor of the Church
John XXIII proclaimed Saint Lawrence of Brindisi as a Doctor of the Church on 19 March 1959 and conferred upon him the title "Doctor apostolicus" ("Apostolic Doctor") 

Consistories
The pope created 52 cardinals in five consistories, including his successor who would become Pope Paul VI  John XXIII decided to expand the size of the College of Cardinals beyond its limit of seventy that Pope Sixtus V established in 1586  The pope also reserved three additional cardinals "in pectore" in 1960 which meant he secretly named cardinals without revealing their identities  The pope died before he could reveal these names, therefore meaning that these appointments were never legitimized  John XXIII also sought to further internationalize the College of Cardinals like Pius XII attempted, while also naming the first ever cardinals from countries such as Japan (Peter Doi) and Tanzania (Laurean Rugambwa)  Unlike his predecessor, John XXIII held frequent consistories in a marked departure from Pius XII, returning to the frequency seen in the earlier 20th century 
John XXIII also issued a rule in 1962 mandating that all cardinals should be bishops; he himself ordained as bishops the twelve non-bishop cardinals in April 1962 According to a June 2007 interview, Loris Francesco Capovilla revealed that Francesco Giuseppe Lardone was one of the cardinals that John XXIII had reserved in pectore in 1960  According to Capovilla, Lardone's precarious position in Turkey meant that he would have to abandon his position if he were named to the cardinalate  Lardone was of the opinion that he could assist bishops in the Iron Curtain from his posting which he would be unable to do if he was relocated to accept a position in Rome  In November 1960, in preparation for the next consistory, John XXIII offered the cardinalate to Diego Venini who declined the offer 

Vatican II: The first session
On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican  He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council  The day consisted of electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council  On the night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the objective of having John XXIII appear at the window to address them 
Pope John XXIII appeared at the window and delivered a speech to the people below, and told them to return home and hug their children, telling them that the hug came from the pope  This speech would later become known as the so-called 'Speech of the Moon' The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962  John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized  In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization" 

Final months and death
On 23 September 1962, Pope John XXIII was diagnosed with stomach cancer  The diagnosis, which was kept from the public, followed nearly eight months of occasional stomach hemorrhages, and reduced the pontiff's appearances  Looking pale and drawn during these events, he gave a hint to his ultimate fate in April 1963, when he said to visitors, "That which happens to all men perhaps will happen soon to the Pope who speaks to you today "
Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F  Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962  Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace  Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health  John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter  Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'  John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013 
On 10 February 1963, John XXIII officially opened the process of beatification for the late Cardinal Andrea Carlo Ferrari, Archbishop of Milan from 1894 to 1921  This conferred upon him the title of Servant of God 
On 7 March 1963, the feast of the university's patron Saint Thomas Aquinas, Pope John XXIII visited the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum and with the motu proprio Dominicanus Ordo, raised the Angelicum to the rank of Pontifical University  Thereafter it would be known as the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in the city On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII  On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace  While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do so within the Vatican  He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified Saint Peter  It was the pope's last public appearance 
On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in  The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F  Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him  Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him  By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed 

At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him  The pope began to speak for the last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord  My time on earth is drawing to a close  But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church  Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint "  Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet  Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing  John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell 
John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months  He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia  After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers  Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened  The Italian government announced three days of mourning with flags half-masted and the closure of offices and schools  Spain announced ten days of mourning with flags half-masted; Philippines announced nine days of mourning with flags half-masted; Paraguay and Guatemala announced three days of mourning; Republic of the Congo declared one day of mourning  He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos  Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona  On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb  John XXIII's tomb is located near the tombs of both Pope Pius X and Pope John Paul II 
On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B  Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America  The citation for the medal reads:

His Holiness Pope John XXIII, dedicated servant of God  He brought to all citizens of the planet a heightened sense of the dignity of the individual, of the brotherhood of man, and of the common duty to build an environment of peace for all human kind 

Beatification and canonization
He was known affectionately as the "Good Pope"  His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII  On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood, after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered  He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour  Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St  Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful At the time, the body was observed to be extremely well preserved – a condition which the Church ascribes to embalming and the lack of air flow in his sealed triple coffin rather than a miracle  When John XXIII's body was moved in 2001, it was once again treated to prevent deterioration  The original vault above the floor was removed and a new one built beneath the ground; it was here that the body of Pope John Paul II was entombed from 9 April 2005 to April 2011, before being moved for his beatification on 1 May 2011 The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope  The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from  A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required  Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council  On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday The date assigned for the liturgical celebration of John XXIII is not 3 June, the anniversary of his death as would be usual (due to the obligatory memorial of saints Charles Lwanga and his companion martyrs), but 11 October, the anniversary of his opening of the Second Vatican Council  He is also commemorated in the Anglican Church of Canada, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and some other organizations with a feast day of 3 June or 4 June 

Legacy
From his teens when he entered the seminary, he maintained a diary of spiritual reflections that was subsequently published as the Journal of a Soul  The collection of writings charts Roncalli's goals and his efforts as a young man to "grow in holiness" and continues after his election to the papacy; it remains widely read The opening titles of Pier Paolo Pasolini's film The Gospel According to St  Matthew (1964) dedicate the film to the memory of John XXIII Institutions named after John XXIII include:  John XXIII College (Perth) in Western Australia; Pope John Senior High School and Junior Seminary in Koforidua, Ghana; the Catholic Learning Community of John XXIII, a primary school in Sydney;  Roncalli College, located in Timaru, New Zealand; Roncalli High Schools in Indianapolis, Indiana, Aberdeen, South Dakota, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Omaha, Nebraska;  John XXIII School in India; and Jean-XXIII high school in Montréal, Québec  
Parishes named after John XXIII are located in Evanston, IL, Fort Collins, CO, Fort Myers, FL, and Winchester, OH During an event held on 6 May 2019 in Bulgaria, Pope Francis invoked John XXIII's encyclical Pacem in terris as a "code of conduct" for peace between Catholics and other religions 

See also
Cardinals created by John XXIII
Central Preparatory Commission
Eastern Catholic Churches
Eastern Orthodox Church
List of Catholic saints
List of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII
List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States
List of popes
List of Righteous Among the Nations by country
Vatican City

Notes
Passage 11:
Patricia Gozzi
Patricia Gozzi (born 12 April 1950) is a French actress  She is best known for her starring roles in Sundays and Cybèle and Rapture Hung Up was Gozzi's final film 

Filmography
Passage 12:
Perugia Altarpiece
The Perugia Altarpiece (Italian: Pala di Perugia) is a painting   by the Italian early Renaissance painter   Fra Angelico, housed in the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria of Perugia, Italy 

History
The painting was executed for the St  Nicholas Chapel in the Basilica of San Domenico, Perugia  In the early 19th century, it was split and partially dispersed, and some of the predella panels were acquired by the Pinacoteca Vaticana  In Perugia were executed copies of these panels, enclosed into a neo-Gothic frame  The polyptych also included some small depictions of saints, on the side piers, and two tondoes with the Annunciation Angel and the Annunciation, in the cusps 

Description
The work includes a large central panel, depicting the Madonna Enthroned with Child and Angels, which was fully painted by Fra Angelico  The two side panels, each forming  two arched sub-panels and including a figure of saint   On the left are St  Dominic and St  Nicholas, attributed to Angelico, while on the right are St  John the Baptist and St  Catherine of Alexandria, considered to be mostly by his workshop  
The central Madonna is a Maestà depiction, and sits on a large throne painted using geometric perspective  In front of her is a step with vases housing three white and red roses (symbolic of the Virgin's purity and a forecast of Christ's Passion, respectively)  The panel resembles that in the Cortona Triptych, especially for the Madonna, the throne's arch and the placement of the angels  The pavement is decorated with marble tarsia, already used by Fra Angelico in earlier works such as the San Pietro Martire Triptych (1428–1429) 
The saint's figures are less monumental than in the later Tabernacle of the Lanaioli (1433–1435)  Behind them is a table, covered by a brocade drape decorated in gold, over which is St  Nicholas' mitre 
The predella panels portray scenes of the Life of St  Nicholas 
Passage 13:
Altarpiece of the Halberd
The Altarpiece of the Halberd is an oil-on-canvas painting created ca 1539 by the Italian High Renaissance painter Lorenzo Lotto  It is housed in the Pinacoteca civica Francesco Podesti of Ancona, central Italy 

History
The work was seen by the art biographer Giorgio Vasari in the church of Sant'Agostino in Ancona, where Lotto had fled in reply to the hostility received in Venice  It was later moved to the church of Santa Maria della Piazza and, after other locations, the current one 
The painting dates to a few years after the coup by which Ancona had been restored to the Papal States  The resistance had been brutally suppressed, many of the rebels having been beheaded by order of the papal legate  The upside-down halberd has been thus interpreted as a symbol of peace 

Description
The monumental composition is taken directly from the tradition of Holy Conversations in the Venetian School, inaugurated by Antonello da Messina's San Cassiano Altarpiece  It shows the Madonna and Child on a high throne, with two angels holding the crown (a 15th-century Flemish painting element also in use in Italy)  In the lower part are four saints: Stephen, John the Evangelist, Simon the Zealot and Lawrence  Simon is holding the halberd which gives its name to the altarpiece  At the sides of the throne, between columns and draperies, are two sections of sky with clouds 
As in other paintings by Lotto, the symmetry is broken by the variety of postures and gestures  The work is characterized by a certain archaic style, explainable by the relatively provincial commissioners and the late stage of his career 

Sources
Pirovano, Carlo (2002)  Lotto  Milan: Electa 
Passage 14:
Tauberbischofsheim altarpiece
The Tauberischofsheim Altarpiece (earlier known as the Karlsruhe altarpiece or Karlsruhe panels; German: Tauberbischofsheimer Altar, Karlsruher Altar, and Karlsruher Tafeln, respectively) is a late work by the German Renaissance painter  Matthias Grünewald,  probably completed between 1523 and 1525  The earliest written references to the work come from the 18th century, when the altarpiece was still in the Church of St  Martin in Tauberbischofsheim  Its original location and the identity of the patron who commissioned it are not known, but it is assumed that they both were in Tauberbischofsheim 
The panels, which today are displayed separately, were originally painted on either side of a 196 cm by 152 cm wooden panel  Whether the pieces were the central part of a polyptych is uncertain, however  In order to display the work in an art museum, the panel was split in half during its first restoration in 1883  The paintings have been in the collection of the Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe since 1900 
Joris-Karl Huysmans' novel Là-bas (1891) has a famous chapter on the crucifixion 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Marketed Health Products Directorate
The Marketed Health Products Directorate (MHPD) is the Canadian federal authority that monitors the safety and effectiveness of health products marketed in Canada  These include:
Prescription and non-prescription medications
Biologic medical products, including fractionated blood products
Therapeutic and diagnostic vaccines
Natural health products;
Radiopharmaceutical products
Medical devices
Cells, tissues and organsAs part of Health Canada, MHPD collects and analyzes reports of adverse health product reactions through its network of regional reporting centres and disseminates new health product safety information 
Passage 2:
Blood substitute
A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood  It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into another  Thus far, there are no well-accepted oxygen-carrying blood substitutes, which is the typical objective of a red blood cell transfusion; however, there are widely available non-blood volume expanders for cases where only volume restoration is required  These are helping doctors and surgeons avoid the risks of disease transmission and immune suppression, address the chronic blood donor shortage, and address the concerns of Jehovah's Witnesses and others who have religious objections to receiving transfused blood 
The main categories of "oxygen-carrying" blood substitutes being pursued are hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) and perfluorocarbon emulsions  Oxygen therapeutics are in clinical trials in the U S  and European Union, and Hemopure is available in South Africa 

History
After William Harvey discovered blood pathways in 1616, many people tried to use fluids such as beer, urine, milk, and non-human animal blood as blood substitute  Sir Christopher Wren suggested wine and opium as blood substitute At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of modern transfusion medicine initiated through the work of Landsteiner and co-authors opened the possibility to understanding the general principle of blood group serology   Simultaneously, significant progress was made in the fields of heart and circulation physiology as well as in the understanding of the mechanism of oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation Restrictions in applied transfusion medicine, especially in disaster situations such as World War II, laid the grounds for accelerated research in the field of blood substitutes  Early attempts and optimism in developing blood substitutes were very quickly confronted with significant side effects, which could not be promptly eliminated due to the level of knowledge and technology available at that time  The emergence of HIV in the 1980s renewed impetus for development of infection-safe blood substitutes  Public concern about the safety of the blood supply was raised further by mad cow disease  The continuous decline of blood donation combined with the increased demand for blood transfusion (increased ageing of population, increased incidence of invasive diagnostic, chemotherapy and extensive surgical interventions, terror attacks, international military conflicts) and positive estimation of investors in biotechnology branch made for a positive environment for further development of blood substitutes Efforts to develop blood substitutes have been driven by a desire to replace blood transfusion in emergency situations, in places where infectious disease is endemic and the risk of contaminated blood products is high, where refrigeration to preserve blood may be lacking, and where it might not be possible or convenient to find blood type matches In 2023, DARPA announced funding twelve universities and labs for synthetic blood research  Human trials would be expected to 2028~2030 

Approaches
Efforts have focused on molecules that can carry oxygen, and most work has focused on recombinant hemoglobin, which normally carries oxygen, and perfluorocarbons (PFC), chemical compounds which can carry and release oxygen The first approved oxygen-carrying blood substitute was a perfluorocarbon-based product called Fluosol-DA-20, manufactured by Green Cross of Japan  It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989  Because of limited success, complexity of use and side effects, it was withdrawn in 1994  However, Fluosol-DA remains the only oxygen therapeutic ever fully approved by the FDA   As of 2017 no hemoglobin-based product had been approved 

Perfluorocarbon based
Perfluorochemicals are not water soluble and will not mix with blood, therefore emulsions must be made by dispersing small drops of PFC in water  This liquid is then mixed with antibiotics, vitamins, nutrients and salts, producing a mixture that contains about 80 different components, and performs many of the vital functions of natural blood  PFC particles are about 1/40 the size of the diameter of a red blood cell (RBC)  This small size can enable PFC particles to traverse capillaries through which no RBCs are flowing  In theory this can benefit damaged, blood-starved tissue, which conventional red cells cannot reach  PFC solutions can carry oxygen so well that mammals, including humans, can survive breathing liquid PFC solution, called liquid breathing Perfluorocarbon-based blood substitutes are completely man-made; this provides advantages over blood substitutes that rely on modified hemoglobin, such as unlimited manufacturing capabilities, ability to be heat-sterilized, and PFCs' efficient oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal  PFCs in solution act as an intravascular oxygen carrier to temporarily augment oxygen delivery to tissues  PFCs are removed from the bloodstream within 48 hours by the body's normal clearance procedure for particles in the blood – exhalation  PFC particles in solution can carry several times more oxygen per cubic centimeter (cc) than blood, while being 40 to 50 times smaller than hemoglobin Fluosol was made mostly of perfluorodecalin or perfluorotributylamine suspended in an albumin emulsion  It was developed in Japan and first tested in the United States in November 1979  In order to "load" sufficient amounts of oxygen into it, people who had been given it had to breathe pure oxygen by mask or in a hyperbaric chamber  It was approved by the FDA in 1989, and was approved in eight other countries  Its use was associated with a reduction in ischemic complications and with an increase in pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure   Due to difficulty with the emulsion storage of Fluosol use (frozen storage and rewarming), its popularity declined and its production ended in 1994 
Oxygent was a second-generation, lecithin-stabilized emulsion of a PFC that was under development by Alliance Pharmaceuticals    In 2002 a Phase III study was halted early due an increase in incidences of strokes in the study arm 

Haemoglobin based
Haemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells, comprising about 33% of the cell mass  Haemoglobin-based products are called haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) Unmodified cell-free haemoglobin is not useful as a blood substitute because its oxygen affinity is too high for effective tissue oxygenation, the half-life within the intravascular space that is too short to be clinically useful, it has a tendency to undergo dissociation in dimers with resultant kidney damage and toxicity, and because free haemoglobin tends to take up nitric oxide, causing vasoconstriction Efforts to overcome this toxicity have included making genetically engineered versions, cross-linking, polymerization, and encapsulation HemAssist, a diaspirin cross-linked haemoglobin (DCLHb) was developed by Baxter Healthcare; it was the most widely studied of the haemoglobin-based blood substitutes, used in more than a dozen animal and clinical studies    It reached Phase III clinical trials, in which it failed due to increased mortality in the trial arm, mostly due to severe vasoconstriction complications    The results were published in 1999 Hemolink (Hemosol Inc , Mississauga, Canada) was a haemoglobin solution that contained cross-linked an o-rafinose polymerised human haemoglobin  Hemosol struggled after Phase II trials were halted in 2003 on safety concerns and declared bankruptcy in 2005 Hemopure was developed by Biopure Corp and was a chemically stabilized, cross-linked bovine (cow) haemoglobin in a salt solution intended for human use; the company developed the same product under the trade name Oxyglobin for veterinary use in dogs   Oxyglobin was approved in the US and Europe and was introduced to veterinary clinics and hospitals in March 1998  Hemopure was approved in South Africa and Russia  Biopure filed for bankruptcy protection in 2009  Its assets were subsequently purchased by HbO2 Therapeutics in 2014 PolyHeme was developed over 20 years by Northfield Laboratories and began as a military project following the Vietnam War  It is human haemoglobin, extracted from red blood cells, then polymerized, then incorporated into an electrolyte solution  In April 2009, the FDA rejected Northfield's Biologic License Application and in June 2009, Northfield filed for bankruptcy Dextran-Haemoglobin was developed by Dextro-Sang Corp as a veterinary product, and was a conjugate of the polymer dextran with human haemoglobin Hemotech was developed by HemoBiotech and was a chemically modified haemoglobin 
Somatogen developed a genetically engineered and crosslinked tetramer it called Optro  It failed in a phase II trial that was published in 2014 and development was halted A pyridoxylated Hb conjugated with polyoxyethylene was created by scientists at Ajinomoto and eventually developed by Apex Biosciences, a subsidiary of Curacyte AG; it was called "PHP" and failed in a Phase III trial published in 2014, due to increased mortality in the control arm, which led to Curacyte shutting down Similarly, Hemospan was developed by Sangart, and was a pegylated haemoglobin provided in a powdered form  While early trials were promising Sangart ran out of funding and closed down 

Stem cells
Stem cells offer a possible means of producing transfusable blood  A study performed by Giarratana et al  describes a large-scale ex-vivo production of mature human blood cells using hematopoietic stem cells  The cultured cells possessed the same haemoglobin content and morphology as native red blood cells  The authors contend that the cells had a near-normal lifespan, when compared to natural red blood cells Scientists from the experimental arm of the United States Department of Defense began creating artificial blood for use in remote areas and transfuse blood to wounded soldiers more quickly in 2010  The blood is made from the hematopoietic stem cells removed from the umbilical cord between human mother and newborn using a method called blood pharming  Pharming has been used in the past on animals and plants to create medical substances in large quantities  Each cord can produce approximately 20 units of blood  The blood is being produced for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency by Arteriocyte  The Food and Drug Administration has examined and approved the safety of this blood from previously submitted O-negative blood  Using this particular artificial blood will reduce the costs per unit of blood from $5,000 to equal or less than $1,000  This blood will also serve as a blood donor to all common blood types 

See also
Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology
Blood plasma substitute (disambiguation)
Blood transfusion
Bloodless surgery
Erythromer
Induced blood stem cells
Respirocyte
Theatrical blood
Passage 3:
Over-the-counter drug
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a requirement for a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be supplied only to consumers possessing a valid prescription   In many countries, OTC drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they contain ingredients that are safe and effective when used without a physician's care  OTC drugs are usually regulated according to their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) rather than final products   By regulating APIs instead of specific drug formulations, governments allow manufacturers the freedom to formulate ingredients, or combinations of ingredients, into proprietary mixtures The term over-the-counter (OTC) refers to a medication that can be purchased without a medical prescription  In contrast, prescription drugs require a prescription from a doctor or other health care professional and should only be used by the prescribed individual  Some drugs may be legally classified as over-the-counter (i e  no prescription is required), but may only be dispensed by a pharmacist after an assessment of the patient's needs or the provision of patient education  Regulations detailing the establishments where drugs may be sold, who is authorized to dispense them, and whether a prescription is required vary considerably from country to country 

Usage
As of 2011, around a third of older adults in the U S  reportedly used OTC drugs, and this number is increasing  By 2018, the prevalence of use by adults in the U S  as first-line treatment for minor illnesses had reached 81%, however there is some debate as to whether this figure relates to an actual improvement of health 

Regulation by country
Canada
In Canada, there are four drug schedules:
Schedule 1: Requires a prescription for sale and is provided to the public by a licensed pharmacist 
Schedule 2: Does not require a prescription but requires an assessment by a pharmacist prior to sale  These drugs are kept in an area of the pharmacy where there is no public access and may also be referred to as "behind-the-counter" drugs 
Schedule 3: Does not require a prescription but must be kept in an area under the supervision of a pharmacist  These drugs are kept in an area of the retail outlet where self-selection is possible, but a pharmacist must be available to assist in the self-selection of medication if required 
Unscheduled: Does not require a prescription and may be sold in any retail outlet All medications other than Schedule 1 may be considered an OTC drug, as they do not require prescriptions for sale  While the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities provides recommendations on the scheduling of drugs for sale in Canada, each province may determine its own scheduling  The drugs found in each schedule may vary from province to province 

India
In November 2016, India's Drug Consultative Committee announced it was embarking on establishing a definition of drugs which could be dispensed without a prescription  Prior to this, the general assumption was that any drug which did not fall into a prescription schedule could be purchased without a prescription   However, the needed definition had not been enacted by early 2018  The lack of a legal definition for OTC drugs has led to this US$4 billion market segment being effectively unregulated 

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, there are four categories:
UR (Uitsluitend Recept): prescription only
UA (Uitsluitend Apotheek): pharmacist only
UAD (Uitsluitend Apotheek of Drogist): pharmacist or drugstore only
AV (Algemene Verkoop): may be sold in general storesA drug that is UA may be sold OTC but only by pharmacists  The drug can be on the shelves like any other product  Examples are domperidone, 400 mg ibuprofen up to 50 tablets and dextromethorphan  A drug that is UAD can also be sold at drugstores which are stores where no prescription can be filled  The drugs are usually on the shelves, and the store also sells items like toys, gadgets, perfumes and homeopathic products  The drugs in this category have limited risk and addiction potential  Examples are naproxen and diclofenac in small amounts, cinnarizine, 400 mg ibuprofen up to 20 tablets and also 500 mg paracetamol up to 50 tablets  Drugs in the AV category can be sold at supermarkets, gas stations, etc  and include only drugs with minimal risk to the public, like paracetamol up to 20 tablets, 200 mg ibuprofen up to 10 tablets, cetirizine and loperamide 

United States
In the United States, the manufacture and sale of OTC substances are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration  The FDA requires that all "new drugs" obtain a New Drug Application (NDA) before entering interstate commerce, but the act exempts any drugs generally recognized as safe and effective (GRAS/E)  To deal with the vast number of OTC drugs that were already on the market before the requirement that all drugs obtain an NDA, the FDA created the OTC monograph system to review classes of drugs and to categorize them as GRAS/E after review by expert panels  Certain classes of OTC drugs would not be required to obtain an NDA and could remain on the market if they conformed to the monograph guidelines for doses, labeling, and warnings finalized in the Code of Federal RegulationsThus, an OTC drug product is allowed to be marketed either (1) pursuant to an FDA monograph or (2) pursuant to an NDA for products that do not fit within a specific monograph  There is also the possibility that certain OTC drug products are marketed under the grandfathering provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, but the FDA has never formally acknowledged that any legitimate grandfathered OTC drug exists 
Examples of OTC substances approved in the United States are sunscreens, anti-microbial and anti-fungal products, external and internal analgesics such as lidocaine and aspirin, psoriasis and eczema topical treatments, anti-dandruff shampoos containing coal tar, and other topical products with a therapeutic effect 
The Federal Trade Commission regulates advertising of OTC products, in contrast to prescription drug advertising, which is regulated by the FDA The FDA requires OTC products to be labeled with an approved "Drug Facts" label to educate consumers about their medications  The labels comply to a standard format and are intended to be easy for typical consumers to understand  Drug Facts labels include information on the product's active ingredient(s), indications and purpose, safety warnings, directions for use, and inactive ingredients The 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) includes reforms that modernize the way certain OTC drugs are regulated in the United States  Many OTC monographs need to be updated but updating or changing an OTC monograph requires the slow and burdensome notice-and-comment rulemaking process  The CARES Act includes OTC monograph reform provisions that replace the rulemaking process with an administrative order process 

Restricted over-the-counter substances
An ill-defined third category of substances is products having over-the-counter status from the FDA while being simultaneously subject to other restrictions on sale  While they are legally classified as OTC drugs, they are typically stored behind the counter and are sold only in stores that are registered with their state  They may be unavailable in convenience and grocery stores that stock other non-restricted OTC medications 
For example, many drugstores have moved products containing pseudoephedrine, an OTC product, into locations where customers must ask a pharmacist for them  A prescription is not required; the change has been made in an effort to reduce methamphetamine production  Since the passage of the Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act and the subsequent federal Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, the purchase of pseudoephedrine is restricted  Sellers of pseudoephedrine must obtain and record the identity of the purchaser and enforce quantity restrictions  After initial attempts to control methamphetamine use (by requiring documentation of sale with government issued ID as well as limits on the quantity an individual could purchase) failed to realize meaningful reductions in methamphetamine use and production, Mississippi passed House Bill 512 in the State Senate on February 2, 2010 "to require a prescription from a licensed medical professional to purchase over-the-counter medicines with pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, or any other precursor chemical that can readily and illicitly be converted into methamphetamine, Methcathinone or any active/scheduled analogs of Phenylethylamines/ amphetamine " However, products containing the substance are still OTC in most states, since no prescription is required 

A similar regulation once applied to some forms of emergency contraception  However, on February 25, 2014, the FDA approved generic one-pill emergency contraception products for unrestricted sale on the shelf  There is no age limit or need for ID to purchase Furthermore, some Schedule V controlled substances may be classified as OTC products in certain states  Such drugs are sold without a prescription but are subject to record-keeping rules and quantity and/or age restrictions, and they must be dispensed by a pharmacy  Finally, pharmacies frequently require a prescription for Schedule V drugs as a matter of policy, despite their OTC status according to applicable laws and regulations 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, medication is governed by the Medicines Regulations 2012  Medication falls into one of three categories:
Prescription Only Medication (POM), which are legally available only with a valid prescription from a prescriber  A pharmacist has to be on the premises for POM medicines to be dispensed, required by law  The medicine has been specifically prescribed for the patient holding the prescription, so it is considered safe for only the recipient to take  Just a small example of these include most antibiotics and all antidepressants or antidiabetic medications  Certain POM medicines are additionally marked Controlled Drug (CD) due to risk of abuse and the possibility of diversion for sale as street drugs  Examples of CDs include all benzodiazepines and strong opioids such as heroin and fentanyl 
General Sales List (GSL), available off the shelf with no pharmacy training required to sell (so they can be sold anywhere, such as supermarkets)  In general, they are considered safe for most people when taken correctly  Examples of these include 16-packs (or less) of painkillers such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, and aspirin as well as a host of other medications such as small pack sizes of some antihistamines, some laxative medication, and skin creams  Also includes the recreational substances alcohol, caffeine, and some nicotine preparations 
Pharmacy Medicines (P) are medicines that are legally neither a POM or GSL medication  These can be sold from a registered pharmacy but should not be available for self-selection (although directions to discuss a 'P' product may be allocated shelf space with associated GSL items)  'P' medications are reserved from the GSL list as they are either associated with a need for advice on use, or used in conditions which may require referral to a medical prescriber  Suitable trained counter assistants may sell a 'P' medication under the supervision of a pharmacist and will ask questions to determine if the customer needs to be referred for a discussion with a pharmacist  Some 'POM' medicines are available for use in certain situations and doses as 'P' medicines If it is not appropriate to sell a 'P' medication – i e  the condition is not suitable for self-management and requires referral to a medical prescriber – then a sale should not occur and the pharmacist has a legal and professional obligation to refer this on to an appropriate service 
Examples of these include some sleep aid tablets such as diphenhydramine, human deworming tablets such as Mebendazole, painkillers with small amounts of codeine (up to 12 8 mg per tablet), and pseudoephedrine  Medication available only with a prescription is marked somewhere on the box/container with [POM]  Pharmacy-only products are marked with [P]  A prescription is not required for [P] medicines, and pharmacy sales assistants are required by Royal Pharmaceutical Society codes to ask certain questions, which varies for what the customer says  If they ask for a specific product, the pharmacy assistant must ask "Who is it for," "How long have you had the symptoms," "Are you allergic to any medication," "Are you taking any medication" ('WHAM' questions)  If a customer asks for a remedy, e g , hay fever, then the two WHAM questions must be followed "Who is it for," "What are the symptoms," "How long have you had the symptoms," "Have you taken any action towards your symptoms," and "Are you taking any other medication " It is with this information that the pharmacist can halt the sale, if need be  No [POM], [P] or [GSL] products that are stocked in a pharmacy can be sold, dispensed, or pre-made until a responsible pharmacist is signed in and on the premises  Some medication available in supermarkets and petrol stations is sold only in smaller packet sizes  Often, larger packs will be marked as [P] and available only from a pharmacy  Frequently, customers buying larger-than-usual doses of [P] medicines (such as DXM, promethazine, codeine or Gee's Linctus) will be queried, due to the possibility of abuse 

Transitions between prescription and OTC
As a general rule, over-the-counter drugs have to be used primarily to treat a condition that does not require the direct supervision of a doctor and must be proven to be reasonably safe and well tolerated  OTC drugs are usually also required to have little or no abuse potential, although in some areas drugs such as codeine are available OTC (usually in strictly limited formulations or requiring paperwork or identification to be submitted during purchase) Over time, often 3–6 years, drugs that prove themselves safe and appropriate as prescription medicines may be switched from prescription to OTC  An example of this is diphenhydramine (Benadryl), an anti-histamine which once required a prescription but now is available OTC nearly everywhere  More recent examples are cimetidine and loratadine in the United States, and ibuprofen in Australia It is somewhat unusual for an OTC drug to be withdrawn from the market as a result of safety concerns, rather than market forces, though it does happen occasionally  For example, phenylpropanolamine was removed from sale in the United States over concern regarding strokes in young women  A study has been done examining consumer's perceptions about the risk of and access to nonprescription medication  The study concluded that a small percentage of consumers prefer having access to medication over potential risks of taking non-prescribed medication  Ranitidine was suspended in multiple markets due to concerns over the presence of the carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) In the United Kingdom, it was announced in February 2007 that Boots the Chemist would try over-the-counter sales of Viagra in stores in Manchester, England (previous available as prescription only)  Men aged between 30 and 65 could buy four tablets after a consultation with a pharmacist 

See also
Passage 4:
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act
The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4, 2011  The FSMA has given the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) new authority to regulate the way foods are grown, harvested and processed  The law grants the FDA a number of new powers, including mandatory recall authority, which the agency has sought for many years  The FSMA requires the FDA to undertake more than a dozen rulemakings and issue at least 10 guidance documents, as well as a host of reports, plans, strategies, standards, notices, and other tasks 
The law was prompted after many reported incidents of foodborne illnesses during the first decade of the 2000s and was largely crafted by members of the Grocery Manufacturers Association  Tainted food has cost the food industry billions of dollars in recalls, lost sales and legal expenses 
This bill is similar to the Food Safety Enhancement Act which passed the House in 2009  It is considered the first major piece of federal legislation addressing food safety since 1938  It is also the first piece of legislation to address intentional adulteration and Food Defense 

Background
The U S  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated in 2011 that each year 48 million people (1 in 6 Americans) get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die of foodborne diseases  31 pathogens are notorious for causing foodborne illness  Unspecified agents have insufficient data to estimate with certainty the agent-specific burden  Known agents that have not been identified as causing foodborne illness include microbes, chemicals, or other substance known to be in food  The ability for these known agents to cause illness has not been proven so they remain unidentified  
Considering that about 30% of the population is at risk for food borne sicknesses, over 14% of food supply to the United States is imported from other countries, and also new and more food items are becoming more complex or intricate, the FSMA was indeed needed 
 The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), enables FDA to better protect public health by strengthening the food safety system  It enables the FDA to focus more on preventing food safety problems rather than relying primarily on reacting to problems after they occur 
In 1998, the FDA announced a publication entitled "Guidance for Industry: Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables" in response to President Clinton's 1997 "Initiative to Ensure the Safety of Imported and Domestic Fruits and Vegetables"  They resulted in Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Handling Practices (GHP) certifications that became de facto industry requirements, but were not enforceable High-profile outbreaks related to various foods, from spinach and peanut products to eggs, have underscored the need to make continuous improvements in food safety 
Under this law the FDA will be allowed to mandate a system that is based on science and addresses the hazards from farm to table  This means that the FDA has the power to oversee how foods are produced and how they are maintained in food markets  This puts greater emphasis on preventing food-borne illness  The reasoning is simple: The better the system handles producing, processing, transporting, and preparing foods, the safer our food supply will be Under the new law, the FDA will now have new prevention-focused tools and a clear regulatory framework to help make substantial improvements in their approach to food safety  For example, for the first time, the FDA has a legislative mandate to require comprehensive, preventive-based controls across the food supply chain  Preventive controls include steps that a food facility would take to prevent or significantly minimize the likelihood of problems occurring  The new law also significantly enhances the FDA's ability to achieve greater oversight of the millions of food products coming into the United States from other countries each year 

Legislative history
The events of September 11, 2001, reinforced the need to enhance the security of the United States  Congress responded by passing the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act, "The Bioterrorism Act," which President Bush signed into law June 12, 2002 
The Bioterrorism Act of 2002 granted the FDA administrative detention authority over food items if there is credible evidence or information that indicates the food presents a threat of serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals  The new (FSMA) law broadens that authority, allowing for administrative detention based on ‘reason to believe’ that the food item has been misbranded or adulterated’ and thus violates a legal standard for the product 

The first version of the law, the Food Safety Enhancement Act, passed the House on June 9, 2009  However, negotiations with the Senate led to the final product, the "Food Safety and Modernization Act " The bill was passed by the Senate in November 2010 by a vote of 73–25  However, because of a tax provision added to the bill, (which is constitutionally required to begin in the House), the vote did not count  There was concern that with the short time left in the lame-duck session, the bill would not get the time needed to be voted on and passed  Attempts to add the bill to the continuing resolution for government funding were scrapped over the objection of Senator Tom Coburn  Eventually, however, the Senate moved on December 19, 2010, to pass the fixed bill by unanimous consent by a voice vote  The House went on to approve the bill by a vote of 215 to 144 on December 21, 2010  President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on Tuesday, January 4, 2011 Although this bill is meant to address food safety, there are, according to food safety advocate Bill Marler, some issues with its effectiveness  Many facilities, such as farms, restaurants, and nonprofit food establishments in which food is prepared for or served directly to the consumer are exempt from the requirements of the bill  Also exempt are facilities that produce food solely for non-human animals 

Tester-Hagan Amendment
Senators Jon Tester and Kay Hagan sponsored two amendments that removed farmers, ranchers and local processors from federal oversight, leaving them—as they currently are—within the existing regulatory framework of state and local health and sanitation laws and rules The amendment offered protections for operations (a k a  “qualified facilities”) that sell less than $500,000 a year and sell most (greater than 50%) of their products directly to consumers in the same state and within a 400-mile radius  The amendment also applies to all operations that the FDA classified as a "very small business " Small, local farmers would not necessarily need to comply with some of the requirements and produce safety regulations implemented under S  510  Instead, these small-scale producers (like those who sell their goods at farmers' markets or roadside stands) would continue to be regulated by local and state entities  In addition, consumers would know whom they are buying from either by direct sales or clear labeling Farmers who qualify must provide documentation that the farm is in compliance with state regulations  Documentation may include licenses, inspection reports, or other evidence that the farm is in compliance with State, local, county, or other applicable non-Federal food safety law  The farm must also prominently and conspicuously display the name and address of farm/facility on its label  For foods without a label then by poster, sign, or placard, at the point of purchase or, in the case of Internet sales, in an electronic notice, or in the case of sales to stores and restaurants, on the invoice 

Provisions
Impact and fees
The legislation affects every aspect of the U S  food system, from farmers to manufacturers to importers  It places significant responsibilities on farmers and food processors to prevent contamination—a departure from the country's reactive tradition, which has relied on government inspectors to catch tainted food after the fact The legislation requires food producers and importers to pay an annual $500 registration fee, which would help fund stepped-up FDA inspections, enforcement and related activities such as food-safety research
About 360,000 facilities in the United States and abroad would be subject to the fees  The Congressional Budget Office reported that the fees would not cover the cost of the new system, leaving the FDA to incur a net cost of $2 2 billion over five years 

Prevention
For the first time, the FDA will have a legislative mandate to require comprehensive, science-based preventive controls across the food supply, including pet food and animal feed 

Mandatory preventive controls for food facilities
Food facilities are required to implement a written Hazard Analysis and Risk-based Preventive Controls (HARPC) plan  This involves: (1) evaluating the hazards that could affect food safety, (2) specifying what preventive steps, or controls, will be put in place to significantly minimize or prevent the hazards, (3) specifying how the facility will monitor these controls to ensure they are working, (4) maintaining routine records of the monitoring, and (5) specifying what actions the facility will take to correct problems that arise  Animal food manufacturers must implement current Good Manufacturing Practices and Preventive Controls (Final rule published September 17, 2015)Mandatory produce safety standards
The FDA must establish science-based, minimum standards for the safe production and harvesting of fruits and vegetables  Those standards must consider naturally occurring hazards, as well as those that may be introduced either unintentionally or intentionally, and must address soil amendments (materials added to the soil such as compost), hygiene, packaging, temperature controls, animals in the growing area and water  (Final regulation due about 2 years following enactment)Radiological hazards
For the first time, firms must explicitly consider radioactive contamination as part of their hazard analysis, under chemical safety  The FDA does not anticipate that this will be a hazard that requires continuous monitoring with a Geiger counter  Rather, as an example, a firm that uses spring water in its products should consider having the water tested regularly for the presence of dissolved radon, tritium and heavy metal contaminants Authority to prevent intentional contamination
The FDA must issue regulations to protect against the intentional adulteration of food, including the establishment of science-based mitigation strategies to prepare and protect the food supply chain at specific vulnerable points  (Final rule due 18 months following enactment) This is the first time language involving Food Defense has been incorporated into law 

Inspection and compliance
The FSMA recognizes that preventive control standards improve food safety only to the extent that producers and processors comply with them  FSMA provides the FDA with new authority to conduct inspections and ensure compliance 

Mandated inspection frequency
The FSMA establishes a mandated inspection frequency, based on risk, for food facilities and requires the frequency of inspection to increase immediately  All high-risk domestic facilities must be inspected within five years of enactment and no less than every three years thereafter  Within one year of enactment, the law directs the FDA to inspect at least 600 foreign facilities and double those inspections every year for the next five years  To accomplish this projected goal, the USFDA and other agencies in the United States will work in partnership or collaborate with foreign governing bodies for help, due to lack of resources to meet the demand Records access
FDA will have access to records, including industry food safety plans and the records firms will be required to keep documenting implementation of their plans Testing by accredited laboratories
The FSMA requires certain food testing to be carried out by accredited laboratories and directs the FDA to establish a program for laboratory accreditation to ensure that U S  food testing laboratories meet high- quality standards  (Establishment of accreditation program due 2 years after enactment)Visual inspection
During an unannounced inspection by the FDA, a visual inspection will be conducted   During the inspection they will look at the building and equipment to see if there is any possibility of food contamination   The will probe into poor welds, condensation leaks especially over open product lines Swabbing of environment
During their cursory walk, the agent will also look for any areas and niches that they feel may be a harborage point for bacteria   The agents can and will take anywhere form 150- 200 swabs depending on how big the facility is   The agent will also take raw material samples as well as finished product   It is advised that the company does not take companion samples because this can double the chances of a lab error, and does not look good if the FDA's samples come up negative and the facilities positive and vice versa 

Response to contaminants/violations
The bill gives the FDA the authority to recall food in the case of contamination or illness  In addition, it requires farms to track their food and implement plans to deal with recalls or outbreaks of disease  FDA officials will also be given access to food growers records in the case of an outbreak  The bill also requires food importers to verify that they meet US food safety standards  Small farms that sell locally or sell less than $500,000 a year are exempt from these new rules  New authorities include:

Mandatory recall
The FSMA provides the FDA with authority to issue a mandatory recall when a company fails to voluntarily recall unsafe food after being asked to by the FDA 
Expanded administrative detention
The FSMA provides the FDA with a more flexible standard for administratively detaining products that are potentially in violation of the law (administrative detention is the procedure the FDA uses to keep suspect food from being moved) 
Suspension of registration
The FDA can suspend registration of a facility if it determines that the food poses a SOMEWHAT reasonable probability of serious adverse health consequences or death  A facility that is under suspension is prohibited from distributing food  (Effective 6 months after enactment)Enhanced product tracing abilities
The FDA is directed to establish a system that will enhance its ability to track and trace both domestic and imported foods  In addition, FDA is directed to establish pilot projects to explore and evaluate methods to rapidly and effectively identify recipients of food to prevent or control a food borne illness outbreak  (Implementation of pilots due 9 months after enactment)Additional Record keeping for High Risk Foods
The FDA is directed to issue proposed rule making to establish record keeping requirements for facilities that manufacture, process, pack, or hold foods that the Secretary designates as high-risk foods  (Implementation due 2 years after enactment) 

Additional information on imported goods
The FSMA gives the FDA authority to better ensure that imported products meet U S  standards and are safe for U S  consumers, with the vision that imported foods should be held to the same standards as domestic foods  These standards will be met by implementing the following components:

Importer accountability
For the first time, importers have an explicit responsibility to verify that their foreign suppliers have adequate preventive controls in place to ensure that the food they produce is safe  (Final regulation and guidance due 1 year following enactment)Third Party Certification
The FSMA establishes a program through which qualified third parties can certify that foreign food facilities comply with U S  food safety standards  This certification may be used to facilitate the entry of imports  (Establishment of a system for the FDA to recognize accreditation bodies is due 2 years after enactment)Certification for high risk foods
The FDA has the authority to require that high-risk imported foods be accompanied by a credible third party certification or other assurance of compliance as a condition of entry into the U S Voluntary qualified importer program
The FDA must establish a voluntary program for importers that provides for expedited review and entry of foods from participating importers  Eligibility is limited to, among other things, importers offering food from certified facilities  (Implementation due 18 months after enactment)Authority to deny entry
The FDA can refuse entry into the U S  of food from a foreign facility if the FDA is denied access by the facility or the country in which the facility is located 

Enhanced partnerships
The FSMA builds a formal system of collaboration with other government agencies, both domestic and foreign  In doing so, the statute explicitly recognizes that all food safety agencies need to work together in an integrated way to achieve our public health goals  The following are examples of enhanced collaboration:

State and local capacity building
The FDA must develop and implement strategies to leverage and enhance the food safety and defense capacities of State and local agencies  The FSMA provides the FDA with a new multi-year grant mechanism to facilitate investment in State capacity to more efficiently achieve national food safety goals Foreign capacity building
The law directs the FDA to develop a comprehensive plan to expand the capacity of foreign governments and their industries  One component of the plan is to address training of foreign governments and food producers on U S  food safety requirements Reliance on inspections by other agencies
The FDA is explicitly authorized to rely on inspections of other Federal, State and local agencies to meet its increased inspection mandate for domestic facilities  The FSMA also allows the FDA to enter into inter-agency agreements to leverage resources with respect to the inspection of seafood facilities, both domestic and foreign, as well as seafood imports 

Employee protections
The FSMA also includes provisions that protect employees who try to prevent food safety problems  Section 402 of the FSMA prohibits employers engaged in the manufacture, processing, packing, transporting, distribution, reception, holding or importation of food from retaliating against employees who disclose violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act  This particular portion of the FSMA is administered by the U S  Department of Labor 

Implementation
With the Act in place, the FDA began the rulemaking process to codify how to enforce the new laws Effective June 12, 2011, many food companies became required to develop food safety plans based on an evaluation of hazards related to food manufactured, processed, packed or held in all registered facilities  Following a hazard analysis, firms were required to identify and implement preventive controls to significantly minimize or prevent the occurrence of such hazards  Examples of preventive controls include sanitation procedures for food contact surfaces; employee hygiene training; environmental monitoring to verify pathogen controls; a recall plan; supplier verification activities; and a food allergen control program Even after completion of the rulemaking process, it was estimated that time would be required for the FDA to become fully equipped to enforce the new laws  The agency estimated that it would require at least 1,000 more inspectors and $1 4 billion over the following five years, with uncertainty that Congress would appropriate such funds given the economic climate at the time, and calls for spending cuts 

Rules
In 2012, the FDA was sued by consumer groups the Center for Food Safety (CFS) and the Center for Environmental Health for its failure to meet deadlines  In settling the litigation, the agency agreed to deadlines in 2015 and 2016 for certain rules The first public comment period occurred in 2013, and the agency received tens of thousands of comments in that period  The FDA previously submitted their proposed regulations to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, and in that process the OMB weakened the regulations in a variety of ways 

FSMA progress report
The FDA has planned to make available to the general public and to Congress significant progress they have made towards implementing the FSMA  In March 2012, the FDA's Senior Advisor, Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network, Sherri McGarry, on a blog reported the types of foods to be used in the pilot project on tracing products to prevent illnesses  The list includes tomatoes, frozen Kung Pao-style dishes, jarred peanut butter, and dry, packaged peanut/spice  Tomatoes both sliced and whole were chosen because of the significant number of outbreaks recorded; mirroring a multifaceted food supply chain  It was recommended by majority of the food industry associations as the number one food product to be used in the pilot program The Frozen Kung Pao-style dishes contain ingredients such as chicken, red pepper spice and peanut products which are foods that are involved in outbreaks, and for this reason were included in the pilot project  In addition, it is supplied to diverse food chain distribution channels which could involve imported and domestic products  To increase the intricacy of the pilot project, the jarred peanut butter and dry, packaged spice peanut were included  That summer, the pilot projects results were expected to be accomplished with hopes of developing a complete product tracing system with the information received 

Funding
The Safety Act was signed into law along with the Government Performance and Results Modernization Act of 2010  The cost for the first five years was projected to be $1 4 billion, without being fully funded at that time 

Food facility registration
On October 22, 2012, the updated food facility registration system by the US FDA was made available  This update required all facilities previously registered prior to October 1, 2012, to renew registration  Failure to do so became a prohibited act, leading to refusal of entry for foreign products and illegal trade for domestic facilities  Every 2 years in even numbered years, every registered facility would be required to renew its registration between October 1 and December 31  Registration would be accepted by fax, mail and electronics means on the FDA food facility registration website 
As of January 22, 2014, there were 195,518 food facilities registered with the FDA 

Reaction and controversy
Large trade organizations joined public health advocates in supporting the bill, while groups aligned with individuals and small farms generally opposed it  However, after Senate adoption of Jon Tester's amendment, which allows for the possible exemption of producers that sell less than $500,000 a year, many large food companies objected, arguing that the exemption puts consumers at risk A year after enactment the agency had fallen behind on expected progress  It has yet to implement "a specific timetable for issuing" a process to create rule for science-based produce standards, has not completed rules for foreign supplier verification, and must still create a guidance that will help schools and childcare programs lessen allergy risks for school-age children A similar set of New Zealand rules, Food Bill 160-2, has been towards passage since 2010  The primary effects expected are to tie New Zealand to Codex Alimentarius and the World Trade Organization permanently, although those international agreements will be constantly adjusted  Despite its 366 pages, Food Bill 160-2 cannot directly resolve many threats to food safety, as there is no added Produce traceability nor methods to control Antibiotic resistance  Controversy has been intense in NZ regarding introduction of genetically-engineered plants and animals (GE); concern is that WTO and Codex will require opening up NZ to GE  The Soil & Health Association of New Zealand would not be able to complete their campaign towards making New Zealand organic by 2020 

Alcoholic beverage facilities exemption
There has been criticism that the FDA's proposed rule would be prohibitively expensive on the practice of alcoholic beverage facilities selling spent grain to farmers for animal food  Under current law, alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, cider and spirits, are exempt from the FDA's normal oversight of food products  The FDA will open up the rule to comments again this summer and then revise the proposal, which is due to be finalized by August 2015 The proposed rules regulate the "good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, processing, packing or holding of animal food" and "require that certain facilities establish and implement hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls for food for animals", but animal food at alcoholic beverage facilities would not be exempt pursuant to section 116 of FSMA since "those spent grains are not alcoholic beverages themselves, and they are not in a prepackaged form that prevents any direct human contact with the food" As of September 18, 2018, all brewers need to be in compliance with the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) 
Under the final rules the FDA is obligated to inspect every brewery in the USA over the next few years 
The FDA inspector will inspect and observe every level of the brewers operations 
They may and will review all record keeping files and are allowed to make copies and photographs for their records 
If the brewing facility fails the FDA inspection they will not only get fined but a stricter re-inspection will be required at a cost of over $200 per hour payable by the inspected brewer 
The USA brewing industry is legally obliged to provide a safe for consumption product and to ensure safety throughout the supply and manufacturing chain 
Brewing beer generally creates a much safer product than non-alcoholic beverages and foods, naturally protected from certain mycotoxins and bacteria, however it can still be contaminated by foreign bodies and chemicals at various stages within the manufacturing process 

See also
Codex Alimentarius
Food Bill 160-2 of New Zealand
Passage 5:
Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, also known as Dr  Wiley's Law, was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration  Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U S  Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors  It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary 
In the late 1800s, the quality of food in the United States decreased significantly as populations moved to cities and the time from farm to market increased  Many food producers turned to using dangerous preservatives, even formaldehyde, to keep food fresh  Simultaneously, the quality of medicine was abysmal  Quack medicine was frequent, and many drugs were addictive or dangerous without actually providing a curative effect  Opium and alcohol were chief ingredients, even in infant medicines  The work of muckraking journalists exposed the horrific practices of both industries and caused public outcry 
Foremost among such exposés was The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, published the same year as the act  With its graphic and revolting descriptions of unsanitary conditions and unscrupulous practices rampant in the meatpacking industry, it was an inspirational piece that kept the public's attention on the important issue of unhygienic meat processing plants   Sinclair quipped, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach," as outraged readers demanded and got the Pure Food and Drug Act, as well as the 1906 Federal Meat Inspection Act 

Historical significance
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act  Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U S  Department of Agriculture which was renamed the U S  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930  The Meat Inspection Act was assigned to what is now known as the Food Safety and Inspection Service, which remains in the U S  Department of Agriculture  The first federal law regulating foods and drugs, the 1906 Act's reach was limited to foods and drugs moving in interstate commerce  Although the law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration" for the first time and prescribed penalties for each  The law recognized the U S  Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards  The law was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen 

Particular drugs deemed addictive
Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed "addictive" and/or "dangerous" on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present  Alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannabis were all included on the list of these "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs  The law also established a federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as "a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors and other employees " Penalties under the law were modest, but an under-appreciated provision of the Act proved more powerful than monetary penalties  Goods found in violation of various areas of the law were subject to seizure and destruction at the expense of the manufacturer  That, combined with a legal requirement that all convictions be published as Notices of Judgment, proved to be important tools in the enforcement of the statute and had a deterrent effect upon would-be violators Deficiencies in this original statute, which had become noticeable by the 1920s, led to the replacement of the 1906 statute with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which was enacted in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt  This act, along with its numerous amendments, remains the statutory basis for federal regulation of all foods, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco, and radiation-emitting devices by the U S  Food and Drug Administration 

History of passage
An 1882 article in Scientific American describes "New Laws for Analyzing Food and Drugs" and highlights historical aspects  Part of the draft stated:"An article shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning of this act A -In the case of drugs:* If, when sold under or by a name recognized in the United States Pharmacopeia, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work * If when sold under or by a name not recognized in the United States Pharmacopeia, but which is found in some other pharmacopeia or ether standard work on materia medica, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work * If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard under which it is soldB -In the case of food or drink:* If any substance or substances has or have been mixed with it as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality of strength* If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted wholly or in part for the article*If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or is part abstracted* If it be an imitation of or be sold under the name of another article* If it consists wholly or in part of a diseased or decomposed, or putrid or rotten, animal or vegetable substance, whether manufactured or not, or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal* If it be colored, or coated, or polished, or powdered, whereby damage is concealed, or it is made to appear better than it really is, or of greater value"―Scientific American, 7 Jan 1882
It took 27 years to adopt the 1906 statute, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with foods and drugs in the U S  Muckraking journalists, such as Samuel Hopkins Adams, targeted the patent medicine industry with its high-alcoholic content patent medicines, soothing syrups for infants with opium derivatives, and "red clauses" in newspaper contracts providing that patent medicine ads (upon which most newspapers of the time were dependent) would be withdrawn if the paper expressed support for food and drug regulatory legislation 
The Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr  Harvey Washington Wiley, captured the country's attention with his hygienic table studies, which began with a modest Congressional appropriation in 1902  The goal of the table trial was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in foods during a period of rapid changes in the food supply brought about by the need to feed cities and support an industrializing nation increasingly dependent on immigrant labor  Wiley recruited young men to eat all their meals at a common table as he added increased "doses" of preservatives including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates  The table trials captured the nation's fancy and were soon dubbed "The Poison Squad" by newspapers covering the story  The men soon adopted the motto "Only the Brave dare eat the fare" and at times the publicity given to the trials became a burden  Though many results of the trial came to be in dispute, there was no doubt that formaldehyde was dangerous and it disappeared quickly as a preservative  Wiley himself felt that he had found adverse effects from large doses of each of the preservatives and the public seemed to agree with Wiley  In many cases, most particularly with ketchup and other condiments, the use of preservatives was often used to disguise insanitary production practices  Although the law itself did not proscribe the use of some of these preservatives, consumers increasingly turned away from many products with known preservatives 
The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous patent medicines  The Act arose due to public education and exposés from public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W  Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt 

Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration
The 1906 Act paved the way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is generally considered to be that agency's founding date, though the agency existed before the law was passed and was not named FDA until later  "While the Food and Drug act remains a foundational law of the FDA mission, it's not the law that created the FDA  [Initially,] the Bureau of Chemistry (the precursor to the FDA) regulated food safety  In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils  The FDIA was renamed the FDA in 1930 "The law itself was largely replaced by the much more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 

Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications
The Pure Food and Drug Act was initially concerned with ensuring products were labeled correctly  Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective  For example, there was an attempt to outlaw Coca-Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content; caffeine had replaced cocaine as the active ingredient in Coca-Cola in 1903  In the case United States v  Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, the judge found that Coca-Cola had a right to use caffeine as it saw fit, although Coca-Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court  It reached a settlement with the United States government to reduce the caffeine amount 
In addition to caffeine, the Pure Food and Drug Act required that drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage  Previously many drugs had been sold as patent medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels  Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled  It is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated  The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is cited by drug policy reform advocates such as Jim Gray as a successful model for re-legalization of currently prohibited drugs by requiring accurate labels, monitoring of purity and dose, and consumer education 
Passage 6:
List of Walmart brands
Walmart, Inc , like many large retail and grocery chain stores, offers private brands 

Apparel brands
Major brands
In March 2018, to better compete with Amazon and Target, Walmart introduced three new clothing lines and revamped an existing clothing line 
George – men's casual and dress clothing, shoes, and accessories (previously also women's and children's)
Terra & Sky – plus size women's clothing
Time and Tru – misses size women's clothing, shoes, and accessories
Wonder Nation – children's clothing, shoes, and accessories
K Alexander – Men's Accessories

Other brands
Athletic Works – men's, women's, and children's activewear
Brahma – men's and women's work boots
EV1 – women's casual clothing, accessories, and shoes endorsed by American television personality Ellen DeGeneres
No Boundaries, often abbreviated as NOBO – junior size women's and young men's clothing, shoes, and accessories
Joyspun – women's sleepwear and intimates

Major brands
Sam's Choice
Sam's Choice, originally introduced as Sam's American Choice in 1991, is a retail brand in food and selected hard goods  Named after Sam Walton, founder of Walmart, Sam's Choice forms the premium tier of Walmart's two-tiered core corporate grocery branding strategy that also includes the larger Great Value brand of discount-priced staple items Compared to Great Value products and to other national brands, Sam's Choice is positioned as a premium retail brand and is offered at a price competitive with standard national brands  It typically offers either competitive items in a given product category, or items in categories where the market leader is an "icon" (for example, Coca-Cola in the soft drink category) 
Most Sam's Choice beverage products (excluding Grapette and Orangette) are manufactured for Walmart by Cott Beverages  Other products in the line, including cookies, snack items, frozen meals, and similar grocery items, are made by a variety of agricultural and food manufacturers 
Competitive pricing of the Sam's Choice brand and store-branded and generic goods is possible because of the lower expense required to market a retail chain's house brand, compared to advertising and promotional expenses typically incurred by the national brands 
Most Sam's Choice-branded products have been replaced by either the relaunched Great Value brand, or the new Marketside brand  The brand was reintroduced in 2013 with a new logo and a focus on premium food products with organic ingredients 

Great Value
Great Value was launched in 1993 (but products were made as early as 1992) and forms the second tier, or national brand equivalent ("NBE"), of Walmart's grocery branding strategy Products offered through the Great Value brand are often claimed by Walmart to be as good as national brand offerings, but are typically sold at a lower price because of lower marketing and advertising expense  As a house or store brand, the Great Value line does not consist of goods produced by Walmart, but is a labeling system for items manufactured and packaged by a number of agricultural and food corporations, such as ConAgra, and Sara Lee which, in addition to releasing products under its own brand and exclusively for Walmart, also manufactures and brands foods for a variety of other chain stores  Often, this labeling system does not list location of manufacture of the product  Walmart contends that all Great Value products are produced in the United States  Otherwise, the country of origin would be listed 
As Walmart's most extensively developed retail brand, covering hundreds of household consumable items, the Great Value line includes sliced bread, frozen vegetables, frozen dinners, canned foods, light bulbs, trash bags, buttermilk biscuits, cinnamon rolls, pies, and many other traditional grocery store products  The wide range of items marketed under the Great Value banner makes it Walmart's top-selling retail brand 
The Great Value brand can also be seen in Canada, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and Brazil and some Trust Mart stores in Hunza Pakistan, through a partnership with Walmart but China is not included anywhere  Bharti EasyDay retail grocery stores sell Great Value brand products in India as well  Great Value brand products as well as Walmart merchandise are also present in Seiyu grocery stores (owned by Walmart) in Tokyo, Japan as of October 2014, despite at least one report of a transition away from the brand In 2009, the Great Value labels were redesigned to be predominantly white  The new redesign also includes over 80 new items, including thin-crust pizza, fat-free caramel swirl ice cream, strawberry yogurt, organic cage-free eggs, double-stuffed sandwich cookies, and teriyaki beef jerky  Walmart changed the formulas for 750 items, including: breakfast cereal, cookies, yogurt, laundry detergent, and paper towels  Great Value went through another redesign in 2013 for most of its food items, replacing predominantly white designs with more colorful packaging 

Equate
Equate is a brand used by Walmart for consumable pharmacy and health and beauty items, such as shaving cream, skin lotion, over-the-counter medications, and pregnancy tests  Before its takeover by Walmart, the formerly independent Equate brand sold consumer products at both Target and Walmart at lower prices than those of name brands  Equate is an example of the strength of Walmart's private label store brand  In a 2006 study, The Hartman Group marketing research firm issued a report which found that "Five of the top 10 "likely to purchase" private label brands are managed by Walmart including: Great Value, Equate, Sam's Choice, Walmart, and Member's Mark (Sam's Club), per the study " The report further noted that "   we are struck by the magnitude of mind-share Walmart appears to hold in shoppers' minds when it comes to awareness of private label brands and retailers "In mid-2010, the brand underwent a logo redesign, as well as packaging changes similar to the Great Value brand 

Mainstays
Mainstays is a brand marketed by Walmart for bedding, kitchen utensils, ready-to-assemble furniture, and home decor  Walmart also has the Better Homes & Gardens brand of home goods and furniture 

Ol' Roy
Ol' Roy is Walmart's store brand of dog food, created in 1983 and named after Sam Walton's dog  It has become the number-one selling brand of dog food in the United States  It is comparable to Nestlé's Purina In 1998, samples of Ol' Roy (together with various other brands) were subject to qualitative analyses for pentobarbital residue by the U S  Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine due to suspicion that the anesthetizing drug may have found its way into pet foods through euthanized animals  Pentobarbital was found in 5 out of the 8 Ol' Roy samples in the initial survey  The highest level of pentobarbital detected among all dog foods tested was an Ol' Roy formulation (Puppy Formula, Chicken and Rice) at 32ppb  The CVM concluded this level of pentobarbital would be unlikely to cause adverse effects even to the smallest dogs 

Special Kitty
Special Kitty is Walmart's store brand of cat food and other cat care products, such as litter and treats 

Parent's Choice
Parent's Choice is Walmart's store brand; including diapers, formula, and accessories  Like other Walmart store brands, its design and packaging was relaunched in 2010  Parent's Choice is manufactured by Wyeth, a pharmaceutical company that is a subsidiary of Pfizer  On October 15, 2009, representatives of Pfizer signed the final acquisition papers, making Wyeth a wholly owned subsidiary of that company, thus completing the US$68-billion dollar deal 

Play Day
Play Day is a wide-ranging brand of budget-priced children's toys  Play Day launched in between mid-2014 and early-2015, as a replacement brand for Kid Connection 

Pen+Gear
Pen+Gear is Walmart's store brand for school and office supplies  From notebooks, pens, markers, paper, binders, pencils and even paper shredders  Pen+Gear replaced the brand name Casemate in late 2016 

Additional brands
Homelines
Better Homes and Gardens is a product line with designs inspired from the popular magazine of the same name  It forms the premium tier to the Mainstays home brand, producing goods such as furniture, kitchen products, bedding, curtains and window blinds, decor, and other home products 
Hometrends products include small furniture, tableware and various home decor accessories, such as rugs and faux plants  (Discontinued in USA market)
Mainstays Kids
Your Zone is a home product line that tailors toward teenagers and college students 

Others
Adventure Force − toys suitable for outdoor use  Products include waterarms (water blaster guns) 
Allswell, a luxury bedding and mattress brand owned by Walmart, but only sold direct to consumer
AutoDrive – car care products, auto detailing products, interior accessories and some low price exterior accessories such as license plate frames
Best Occasions – party decorations and accessories, such as candles and hats
Bike Shop - bicycle tires, tubes, and accessories
Clear American – carbonated and flavored water  Was previously known as Sam's Choice Clear American
Co Squared, a cosmetics brand owned by Walmart, but only sold direct to consumer
ColorPlace – paint and painting tools  ColorPlace paint is made by PPG
Douglas – budget priced tires  Models include Xtra-Trac and Touring  Some models are made in a Goodyear plant 
Earth Spirit - shoes
EverStart is the brand for automotive and lawn mower batteries  The brand is also used for battery-related accessories, such as jumper cables  EverStart batteries are manufactured by Johnson Controls, Inc , (who also manufactures batteries for other store brands) primarily at plants in Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Fort Wayne, Indiana 
Expert Grill – grills, charcoal, and grilling accessories (Replaced Backyard Grill)
Fire Side Gourmet – pre-cooked burgers and steaks (was previously under the Sam's Choice label)
Gold's Gym – athletic and exercise equipment such as weights  Named after and licensed from the chain of fitness centers 
Hart - power tools and outdoor power equipment
Holiday Time – Christmas items such as Christmas trees, decorations, and wrapping paper
Home Bake Value – bread
Hyper Tough – hand tools, hardware and storage, some power tools (power tool lineup is gradually being replaced by Hart)
Kid Connection is used primarily for children's toys, but was also used for children's clothing and shoes 
Marketside – fresh foods usually found in Walmart's deli, produce, and bakery departments, such as salads, soups, breads, and sandwiches
Mash-Up Coffee (Walmart-exclusive) – luxury coffee beans
Motile - laptops, miscellaneous tech, and tech accessories
Oak Leaf – low-cost wines produced and bottled for Walmart selling at approximately $3 a bottle 
Onn (stylized as onn ) – consumer electronics, computer accessories, audio/visual accessories, and phone/tablet accessories
Our Finest/Notre Excellence is a brand for upscale chips, cookies, frozen dinners, etc  which are sold exclusively in Canada  This brand is comparable to World Table and is manufactured in Canada exclusively for Walmart Canada 
Overpowered – pre-built gaming desktops and laptops
Ozark Trail – outdoor equipment and footwear  (The Walmart Home Office is located in the Ozark mountain region in northwest Arkansas )
Price First/Prix Budget – entry-level everyday products, similar to Great Value, but generally at the lowest price point
Protege – luggage and travel accessories
ReliOn – diabetes care products, including blood glucose and blood pressure monitors, as well as medical thermometers, portable humidifiers and replacement filters for both ReliOn and name brand humidifiers
Spark Imagine - simple children's toys made with high-quality materials; comparable to Melissa and Doug
SuperTech is Walmart's brand of motor oil  Oil for both gasoline and diesel engines is sold under the SuperTech brand  The brand is also used on other consumable automotive products, such as oil filters, windshield wiper fluid, and transmission fluid 
Tasty - kitchen tools (Walmart exclusive under license from BuzzFeed)
The Office – office supplies and stationery
Uniquely J, a brand under Walmart's Jet com website
Walmart Family Mobile is Walmart's exclusive prepaid mobile phone (cell phone) service provided through the T-Mobile cellular network 
World Table – upscale salsa, pizza, chips, cookies, etc , which are manufactured exclusively for Walmart and fancier than the Great Value entry
WAY TO CELEBRATE! – holidays such as Halloween, Valentine's Day, and St  Patrick's Day are manufactured exclusively at Walmart

Former brands
Backyard Grill – grills, charcoal, and grilling accessories (Discontinued)
Durabrand was a brand used for home electronics, such as televisions and DVD players  The brand was also used on various small kitchen appliances 
iLo Technologies was another brand of home electronics, consisting of more upscale items such as televisions, small electronics and digital music players 
Blackweb were premium electronics products; discontinued after a rebranding of the Onn line in 2020 
Canopy was a home product line for rooms and other domestic goods  The brand was replaced by the Better Homes and Gardens line in 2012 
Casemate was Walmart's school and office supplies brand in 2015  In late 2016, it was replaced by Pen+Gear 
Faded Glory was an apparel brand for women, men, and children  It was replaced by Time & Tru (for women), George (for men), and Wonder Nation (for children) in 2018 
Metro 7 was an upscale brand of women's apparel that was originally released in the fall of 2006 and eventually was discontinued 
Price First was a bottom-tier, low-priced generic brand that Walmart introduced in late 2013  It included very basic grocery items, trash bags, and paper goods  It was launched as an experimental brand targeted towards the most budget-conscious shoppers  It was the lowest priced brand at Walmart and availability varied by stores  Some of the grocery items included milk (which is often brand-name milk with a Price First label, as is Great Value milk), bread, granulated sugar, canned fruit/vegetables, boxed brownie mix, toaster pastries, elbow pasta, egg noodles, spaghetti, and skillet meals  Non-grocery items included paper towels, toilet tissue, trash bags, and food storage bags  The brand was discontinued in 2016 
Promark was a brand for tools in the 1980s and early 1990s  It was replaced by Popular Mechanics branding 
Puritan was a brand for men's basic clothing, including shirts, pants, undergarments, socks, ties, and some accessories  In late 2010, the brand was discontinued and replaced by Faded Glory (with undergarments, socks and casual clothing) and George (with ties, shirts, pants and formal clothing) 
725 Originals was a brand at Walmart Canada that targeted teens  It was consolidated into the George label in 2010 [1]
Dr Thunder was a brand of soft drink produced for Walmart stores  It was originally called "Southern Lightning", but the name was changed to reflect its similarities to Dr Pepper  Since 2009, Walmart has sourced their store brand sodas from multiple companies, having previously exclusively used Cott Beverages as its manufacturer  The soda, as with all Walmart store brands, is also carried by Asda stores in the UK 

See also
Big-box store
Niagara Bottling



ground_truth: for the conclave in Rome

Rome

Roma

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The food safety system of the agency that has the authority to decide if a drug is marketed otc or prescription is known as?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Château de Chalmazel
The Château de Chalmazel, or Château des Talaru is a castle situated in the commune of Chalmazel, in the Loire département of France  It is located in the Haut-Forez, between the  towns of Saint-Étienne and Thiers  Its name in medieval times was Saint-Jehan-des-Neiges  The castle dominates the valley of the Lignon and it was built to be an impregnable fortress on the instructions of the Count of Forez 

History
Construction of the fortress began in 1231  The work was carried out by seigneur (Lord) Arnaud de Marcilly to the order of Guy IV du Forez who financed it  The site was covered by forest and almost inaccessible  Initially, it functioned rather as a fortified house, but it was transformed into a genuine medieval fortress, intended to counteract the ambitions of the powerful neighbours of the seigneurie of Couzan, then in the hands of the Damas family, linked to the Germanic emperor 
The castle appeared gloomy and severe, with four round towers dominated by a square keep, with no openings on the sides 
When Antoine de Marcilly died aged 25 with no direct heirs in 1371, the castle passed to his sister Béatrix, last of the Marcilly line  She had married Mathieu de Talaru in 1364; thus the seigneurie of Chalmazel passed to the Talarus, an old noble family from the Lyonnais 
Following the destruction of the Château de Marcilly, the Talarus withdrew to the castle at Chamazel and, in 1400, they built the ramparts, in the form of a pentagonal enceinte and added machicolations to the keep  After the incorporation of Forez into the Kingdom of France, the Talarus served the king in his armies 
During the Renaissance, the Marquis de Talaru, returning from the Italian Wars, added Renaissance style embellishments: openwork facade, galleries to the inner court, painting in the chapel, sculptures 
But the winters were harsh, and from 1533, the Talarus preferred to live in their Château d'Écotay or in Saint-Marcel-de-Félines, acquired by marriage in 1559  Chalmazel was transformed into a summer residence and began to be neglected 
In the 18th century, the Talarus inherited by marriage the Château de Chamarande, near Arpajon, to the south of Paris, and they moved there to be closer to Versailles where Louis de Talaru held important posts in the royal court and the army  They abandoned the castle in 1650, carrying out only the most urgent work  The castle began a slow but sure deterioration 
In 1850, Louis-Justin, last Marquis of Talaru, 25th lord of Chalmazel, peer of France and ambassador, with no heirs, left the castle and the forest to the nuns of the Sœurs de Saint-Joseph, in order to establish a hospital for the canton for the care of the sick 
The nuns carried out some repair work (roof, round walk, rebuilding a tower) and decoration  Later, they transformed it into a boarding school for children from the school at Chamazel The nuns finally left the castle in 1972 and rented it to the commune, on the condition that it was maintained and opened to the public during the summer months 
The castle is now owned by new proprietors who intend to open it to visitors and to create chambres d'hôtes (bed and breakfast accommodation) 

Tourism
The castle, with its medieval aspect, has kept the elements of a fortified house from the year 1231, but with all of the later modifications and additions by the Talarus over the centuries: murder-holes, walls, keep, round walk with machicolations - but it also has Renaissance elements: the facade, the inner courtyard, galleries and chapel 
The castle is open to visitors from June to September  It is possible to rent rooms and a suite 
The Château de Chalmazel is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture 

See also
List of castles in France
Passage 2:
Spirit If   
Spirit If    is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew  It was released on September 18, 2007  The album is the first in a series entitled Broken Social Scene Presents:, with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members  Brendan Canning's album Something for All of Us, the second in the series, was released in 2008 
Spirit If    was recorded with Ohad Benchetrit and Charles Spearin of Do Make Say Think and Broken Social Scene  The track listing, album cover, as well as an mp3 download for the song "Tbtf" (an initialism for "Too Beautiful to Fuck") were released on June 19, 2007  Spirit If    reached #113 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers chart  "Backed Out on the   " was listed at #33 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and 99th on Pitchfork Media's list 

Track listing
"Farewell to the Pressure Kids" – 5:49
"Tbtf" – 3:51
"Fucked Up Kid" – 5:09
"Safety Bricks" – 4:27
"Lucky Ones" – 6:44
"Broke Me Up" – 4:24
"Gang Bang Suicide" – 6:22
"Frightening Lives" – 6:12
"Underneath the Skin" – 0:46
"Big Love" – 3:19
"Backed Out on the   " – 4:16
"Aging Faces / Losing Places" – 4:31
"Bodhi Sappy Weekend" – 4:29
"When It Begins" – 5:01
"What You Gonna Be" (iTunes bonus track) – 4:05

Sources
http://www arts-crafts ca/releases_spotlight php?search=AC027
https://web archive org/web/20070621183237/http://www pitchforkmedia com/page/news/43720-kevin-drew-bss-series-lp-details-emerge
https://web archive org/web/20070701135609/http://www pitchforkmedia com/page/news/43494-kevin-drew-preps-lp-for-broken-social-scene-series
Passage 3:
Landesmuseum Württemberg
The Landesmuseum Württemberg (Württemberg State Museum) is the main historical museum of the Württemberg part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg  It emerged from the 16th-century “Kunstkammer” (Cabinet of art and curiosities) of the dukes, later kings, of Württemberg who resided in Stuttgart  As a museum it was founded in 1862 by King William I 

Collections in Stuttgart and Waldenbuch
The museum's main location is the Old Castle in Stuttgart  The nearby granary and the cellar of the New Castle also contain parts of the collections as well as Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart 
The collections are grouped into eight divisions:

Schausammlung LegendäreMeisterWerke (Legendary Masterpieces)
archeology: Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, antiquity, Romans in Württemberg, early Middle Ages
history of art and cultural history: Württemberg crown jewels, medieval art, modern glass painting
Schausammlung Wahre Schätze (Real Treasures)
Antikensammlung - Museum of Ancient Art
Kunstkammer - Cabinet of Art and Curiosities
Kelten - Early Celtic Treasures
Glass collection of Ernesto Wolf
antique glass
modern era glass
Clocks and scientific instruments
Kindermuseum Junges Schloss - Museum for Children
Musical instruments (located in the Fruchtkasten (granary))
Roman lapidarium (located in the cellar of Neues Schloss (New Castle))
Folklore (located at the Museum of Everyday Culture in Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart): labor, belief and piety, graphic design, clothing, merchandise, culture of living Apart from these collections the museum regularly features special exhibitions 
The museum presents a whole range of archeological treasures and a notable collection of medieval art  It also includes the inventories of the former army and manufacturing museums  Some of the most valuable possessions of the museum were already acquired by the dukes for their art chamber: two of only four preserved Aztec feather shields from before 1521 and the oldest preserved card game, about 1430, richly decorated and expensive already at the time of production  Exhibits of local origin include a celestial globe of 1493 by Johannes Stöffler, an 11-digit mechanical calculator of 1774 by Philipp Matthäus Hahn (the first to build functional calculators to Gottfried Leibniz' design for all four arithmetic operations), and, probably the museum's most symbolic exhibit despite being similar to other ones: the royal Württemberg crown of 1797 

Further Collections
The museum today has a further seven branches throughout Württemberg referring to special topics:

Schlossmuseum Aulendorf (Aulendorf Castle museum): old toys and art of the classicism period
Schloss Urach (Urach Castle): sleighs of state, 25 specimens, world's biggest collection of this kind
Museum für Kutschen, Chaisen, Karren (museum for carriages, chaises, carts), Hellenstein Castle, Heidenheim
German Playing Card Museum (Deutsches Spielkartenmuseum), Leinfelden-Echterdingen: 15,000 card decks and 500,000 cards from seven centuries  The biggest public collection of playing cards in Europe
Fashion museum, Ludwigsburg Palace
Ceramics museum and Ludwigsburg porcelain, Ludwigsburg Palace
Dominican museum, Rottweil: archeological collection on arae flaviae (Rottweil), oldest town (AD 73)in Baden-Württemberg; medieval religious art collection; contemporary art collection of the Rottweil areaSeveral other former branches now belong to the separate Baden-Württemberg State Archeological Museum (Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg), which has been founded in 1990 due to the ever increasing findings of archeological heritage in the state 

Selected exhibits of Landesmuseum Württemberg
External links
Official web site (Select Language menu at top)
Museum of Everyday Culture (German)
Playing Card Museum (German)
Passage 4:
When Spirits Are Calling My Name
The song "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" (original Swedish title "När vindarna viskar mitt namn", literally translated as "When the Winds Whisper My Name") was performed by Roger Pontare in the 2000 Eurovision Song Contest 2000, in representation of Sweden 

Celebration of indigenous culture
The song extols the traditions of indigenous peoples and their efforts to protect their territories and cultures  For his solo appearance in 2000, Pontare wore a Sami costume associated with the indigenous population of Lapland in  northern Sweden (and also the northern regions of Norway, Finland, and Russia)  On his performance at the Eurovision Song Contest, Pontare was accompanied by a Cree Native American dancer, a Thule Inuit and a Norwegian Sami 

Eurovision Song Contest 2000
Melodifestivalen 2000 was the 40th edition of the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, which was being held in the Ericsson Globe Arena in Stockholm after Charlotte Nilsson's victory the year before with "Take Me to Your Heaven"  Roger Pontare won the right to represent his country after his song "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" was chosen by the Swedish public after earning 227 points in the final voting results at the 40th edition of Melodifestivalen  The song was then performed in English as "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 
The song performed 18th, after Croatia and before Macedonia, and finished in 7th place among 24 other competitors with a total of 88 points 
At the song's climax, flames erupted from two vents at the front of the stage 

Popularity
"När vindarna viskar mitt namn" was also released as a single in 2000, which sold Swedish platina (30 000 copies)  The single peaked at #3 at the Swedish singles chart  On 22 April 2000 the song directly entered Svensktoppen, where it stayed for two rounds  On 6 May 2000 the song was down at the third place after peaking for two weeks  On 5 August 2000 the song was 9th, being at the list for 16th at last time 

Covers by other bands
Swedish bands Ultima Thule and HammerFall later covered "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" 

Track listing
När vindarna viskar mitt namn - 2:58
När vindarna viskar mitt namn (singback) - 2:58
Passage 5:
Bucu
Bucu or Buku is a hill island surrounded by the Trave and Wakenitz Rivers in Lübeck, Germany  It is also the name of a medieval Slavic castle, now ruined, on the island  Count Adolf II of Holstein founded Lübeck on the island in 1143  The Burgkloster, or fortified monastery, of Lübeck is located atop the ruins of Bucu  "Bucu" is also the name of a hill 

History
Fortifications probably existed at Bucu by the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 8th century  When the Christian Obotrite prince Gottschalk was killed at Lenzen in 1066, the pagan Kruto took control of Wagria and made it his base of power  Kruto neglected the developing settlement of Liubice and instead developed Bucu between the Trave and the Wakenitz; Gottschalk's son Henry made Liubice the Obotrite capital after killing Kruto in 1093, however  With the death of Henry in 1127 and the Rani sack of Liubice the following year, Bucu began to assume greater  importance as merchants moved to the fortified hill  Count Adolf II of Holstein founded Lübeck in 1143 near the castle, which offered protection to the new harbour settlement 

Excavation
Bucu was excavated by archaeologists in the 1970s  Recovery excavations at the Kleine Gröpelgrube unearthed a nearby settlement, the suburbium, in 1997  The exposed findings indicate that the region east of the castle was inhabited by Slavs from the 8th or 9th century until the middle of the 12th century 
In a southern section of the current Große Burgstraße, a 3 5 m wide and 2 5 m deep trench protected the settlement  The northern border was presumably north of the current Königstraße  To the west the settlement bordered the castle directly, while to the east it reached the Wakenitz  The settlement area was probably about 6 ha  Discoveries in the interior include mines, mining houses, hearths, and a great number of ceramic objects  The remnants of a potter's workshop were found in the Kleine Gröpelgrube  A Slavic pottery tradition could have existed at the location until the arrival of Saxons in the 12th century  The Kleine Gröpelgrube was first mentioned in 1297 as parva platea lutifigulorum, or the small street of the loam potters 
Passage 6:
Apollo 1 Hills
The Apollo 1 Hills are three hills on Mars named to memorialize the crew of Apollo 1   The three hills were some of the first landmarks sighted following the January 7, 2004, landing of the Spirit rover on Mars 

Background
NASA astronauts Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White perished in a flash fire which engulfed their command module on January 27, 1967, while training for the first of the crewed Apollo missions, initially designated as Apollo Saturn-204 (AS-204)   Their capsule stood atop the Saturn-1B rocket which was at the time docked to the launchpad gantry at Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 34, while they performed an in-capsule training for what was to be a low Earth orbit shake-out mission for the United States' Apollo Space Program   The craft was set to launch three weeks later, on February 21, 1967   Following the fire, the mission was renamed Apollo 1 to honor the crew's work 

Mission Command Pilot Grissom had flown in both Mercury and Gemini programs   Chaffee, at 31, was the youngest member of the astronaut corp ever chosen and was prepping for his first flight   White had been the first American to perform a spacewalk during the Gemini program 

Location
The three vastly separated hills are located in the Gusev crater, part of the Aeolis quadrangle on Mars   They were photographed from Spirit's landing site, designated as the Columbia Memorial Station, shortly after the descent and soft landing on the Martian surface of the rover   The Columbia station and the nearby Columbia Hills are themselves named in honor of the seven crew members of the fatal Columbia spacecraft breakup The hills are named in memory of the three Apollo 1 astronauts   Grissom Hill is located 7 5 km (4 7 mi) southwest of the Columbia Memorial Station (at Martian co-ordinates 14 5718°S 175 4785°E﻿ / -14 5718; 175 4785); while 11 2 km (7 0 mi) to the northwest lies White Hill; and Chaffee Hill is located 14 3 km (8 9 mi) south-southwest of the station   As of January 2020, however, the International Astronomical Union has not officially designated the hills with the names of the astronauts 
"Through recorded history, explorers have had both the honor and responsibility of naming significant landmarks   Gus, Ed and Roger's contributions, as much as their sacrifice, helped make our giant leap for mankind possible     as America strides towards our next giant leap, NASA and the Mars Exploration Rover team created a fitting tribute to these brave explorers and their legacy " – written statement by former NASA Administrator, Sean O'Keefe

Panoramic view
See also
Geography of Mars
Passage 7:
Mother Ann (rock formation)
Mother Ann is a rock formation located near the Eastern Point Lighthouse in Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States   When viewed at the correct angle, the formation appears to be the silhouette of a reclining Puritan woman  It is also believed locally that the formation represents the royal mother of King Charles I, Anne of Denmark, after whom Cape Ann is named The formation may have been named by Captain William Thompson of Salem in 1891, and has since been compared to New Hampshire's Old Man in the Mountain  A nearby whistling buoy is known as "Mother Ann’s Cow" 
The Mother Ann formation inspired several local writers, including Providence author H P  Lovecraft and poet Clarence Manning Falt  Lovecraft may have used the Mother Ann formation as the basis for the setting of his short story "The Strange High House in the Mist" (1926) 

See also
Old Man of the Mountain
Old Man of Hoy
List of rock formations that resemble human beings
Passage 8:
Casa Loma
Casa Loma (improper Spanish for "Hill House") is a Gothic Revival castle-style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark  It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt  The architect was E  J  Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks  Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level, 66 metres (217 ft) above Lake Ontario 
Due to its unique architectural character in Toronto, Casa Loma has been a popular filming location for movies and television  It is also a popular venue for wedding ceremonies, and Casa Loma can be rented in the evenings after the museum closes to the public 

History
In 1903, financier Henry Pellatt purchased 25 lots from developers Kertland and Rolf  Pellatt commissioned architect E  J  Lennox to design Casa Loma, with construction beginning in 1911, starting with the massive stables, potting shed and Hunting Lodge (a k a  coach-house) a few hundred feet north of the main building  The Hunting Lodge is a two-storey 4,380-square-foot (407 m2) house with servants' quarters  As soon as the stable complex was completed, Pellatt sold his summer house in Scarborough (burned down in the 1920s but the Lennox designed groundskeeper's home at 2 Courcelette Road remains) to his son and moved to the Hunting Lodge  The stables were used as a construction site for the mansion (and also served as the quarters for the male servants), with some of the machinery still remaining in the rooms under the stables The house cost about $3 5 million and took 299 workers three years to build  Due to the start of World War I, construction was halted  At 98 rooms covering 64,700 square feet (6,011 m2), it was the largest private residence in Canada  Notable amenities included an elevator, an oven large enough to cook an ox, two vertical passages for pipe organs, a central vacuum, two secret passages in Pellatt's ground-floor office, a pool, and three bowling lanes in the basement (the last two were never completed) 
Most of the third floor was left unfinished, and today serves as the Regimental Museum for The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada  Pellatt joined the Regiment as a Rifleman and rose through the ranks to become the Commanding Officer  He was knighted for his dedication to the Regiment  Pellatt later served as the Honorary Colonel and was promoted to Major-General upon retirement 
During the depression that followed the war, the City of Toronto increased Casa Loma's property taxes from $600 per year to $1,000 a month, and Pellatt, already experiencing financial difficulties, auctioned off $1 5 million in art and $250,000 in furnishings  Pellatt was able to enjoy life in the mansion for less than ten years, leaving in 1923 
In the late 1920s, investors operated Casa Loma for a short time as a luxury hotel  During Prohibition, it became a popular nightspot for wealthy Americans  The Orange Blossoms, later known as Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, played there for eight months in 1927–1928  Shortly thereafter, they went on a tour of North America and became a major swing era dance band 

The city seized Casa Loma in 1924 for unpaid taxes, and for years, the building was left vacant  In the 1930s, CFRB broadcaster Claire Wallace spent a night at Casa Loma to gather material for a story about ghosts and supernatural phenomena, and she later broadcast an appeal to save the building from demolition  Her broadcast was heard by the vice-president of a local Kiwanis Club, and subsequently Casa Loma was leased in 1937 by the Kiwanis Club of West Toronto, later the Kiwanis Club of Casa Loma (KCCL), which began operating the mansion under a sole-source contract as a tourist destination During World War II, the stables were used to conceal research and production of sonar, and for construction of sonar devices (known as ASDIC) for U-boat detection, according to a book about the "castle"  The area was closed, behind an "Under Repairs" sign  The suggestion that the stables were under renovation allowed workers of the secret facility to come and go without suspicion  Casa Loma is often claimed to be the location of Station M that manufactured covert devices for agents, claiming that the book Inside Camp X provides this information  In 2015, however, author Lynn Philip Hodgson rejected this in an interview with the Toronto Star  "Nobody knows where Station M was  You won't read where it was in any book "

KCCL managed Casa Loma for 74 years, until 2011  Its tenure was not without controversy, with Pellatt's great-grandniece Trelawny Howell starting a campaign for an open-tender lease process in 2005, and the organization disputing her relationship with Pellatt in 2010  A 2006 advisory committee led by former MPP Ron Kanter, and its subsequent reports, recommended that the city turn the mansion's management over to a new "Casa Loma Trust"  However, a city manager's report in 2008 recommended extending the city's lease with KCCL for 20 years, and in July 2008, it was renewed Meanwhile, from 1997 until 2012, the mansion underwent a 15-year, $33-million exterior restoration largely funded by the city, which also created a new board of trustees in 2008, including seven KCCL members and seven city appointees  The city's renewed management agreement included a stipulation that KCCL would use the mansion's net revenues to help pay for upgrades; however, the organization used the fund to cover operating shortfalls instead, and there was only $335,000 in the account by 2011, rather than the $1 5-million originally projected  As a result, in 2011, the city temporarily resumed management of Casa Loma and began welcoming bids from the private sector in its search for a new operator In January 2014, the city entered a new long-term lease and operating agreement with Liberty Entertainment Group, led by President and CEO Nick Di Donato, which agreed to spend $7 4 million to continue the mansion's upgrades  The company's plans also included a fine dining facility  The restaurant, Blueblood Steakhouse, opened in summer 2017 Due to COVID-19, tour operations closed as of March 13, 2020 and reopened in September 2020 

Architecture
Sir Henry imported artisans from Europe to design much of the furniture and other features of the mansion  Casa Loma has five acres of gardens  A tunnel connects Casa Loma to the Hunting Lodge and to the stables (garage, potting shed, stalls, carriage room and tack rooms) 

Oak Room
The Oak Room (originally called the Napoleon Drawing Room) is the most decorated room in the house, and was used for formal occasions  It is encased in wood panels in the style of Grinling Gibbons, which took three artisans three years to carve  The highly ornamented plaster ceiling was made by Italian craftsmen, and was enhanced by the use of indirect lighting in the ceiling  Among other fixtures, the room featured a 10 feet (3 0 m) high Louis XVI style faux-gilt carved light standard with 24 bulbs 

Other rooms
Other rooms in Casa Loma include The Conservatory, a room that showcases plant life  The Conservatory also includes a fountain at one end of the room  The Round Room is designed to fit beneath the mansion's tower; this room is notable for its doors and windows, which curve to follow the shape of the room 

Main floor
Second floor
Third floor
Basement
Stables
Exterior
Gardens
Parking lots

Exhibits
Girl Guide exhibit
The Girl Guide Exhibit was opened on the second floor of Casa Loma in 1973  The relationship between the Girl Guides and Casa Loma extends back to Lady Pellatt, who frequently invited the Girl Guides to her home  Their first visit was in 1913, when 250 girls and their leaders toured the conservatories and stables, climbed the circular staircase to the top turret and then were served tea in the Palm Room  In March 1914, Lady Pellatt watched the Guides' annual fête from her bedroom window as she was too ill to leave her room  Rallies became an annual event at the house  Guides also skated on the house's curling rink in winter  Girl Guiding events have continued in recent years, including the 75th anniversary and the 100th anniversary celebrations of Guiding in Canada were held at Casa Loma 

Vintage car exhibition
As of 2014, the garage and carriage room feature an exhibition of vintage cars from the early 1900s 

Location
Casa Loma is located on Austin Terrace at Spadina Road, on an escarpment (Davenport Hill) above Davenport Road  Davenport runs along the bottom of the escarpment, which was the shoreline of Lake Iroquois, the predecessor of Lake Ontario (coordinates 43 678°N 79 4093°W﻿ / 43 678; -79 4093)  Casa Loma affords views down the escarpment and Spadina Avenue into the heart of Toronto  The stables are located at 330 Walmer Road and the Hunting Lodge at 328 Walmer Road 
Casa Loma is served by St  Clair West Station and Dupont Station on the Yonge-University line of the Toronto subway 

Film location
Casa Loma is a popular location for use in film and television  It has served as a location for movies such as X-Men, Strange Brew, Chicago, The Tuxedo, Scott Pilgrim vs  the World, Warehouse 13, Crimson Peak, Twitches, Twitches Too, The Pacifier, and Titans where it stands in for Wayne Manor  Comic books and children's novels that have used it include the Scott Pilgrim series and Eric Wilson's murder mystery The Lost Treasure of Casa Loma  It was also temporarily transformed into Hogwarts for the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows as well as The Beast's Castle for Disney's 2017 live action Beauty and The Beast remake of the 1991 animated film  In the CBC Television show Being Erica, the episode "Mi Casa, Su Casa Loma" features Casa Loma prominently as the place where main character Erica Strange works It also served in the film adaptation of R  L  Stine's Goosebumps series A Night In Terror Tower  Casa Loma also features prominently in the biography-documentary of Sir Henry Pellatt, The Pellatt Newsreel: the Man who Built Casa Loma, which was nominated for a 2009 Gemini for Best Biography Documentary  TV show Hemlock Grove was also filmed there as well as The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and related Shadowhunters
Exterior shots of the building were used in the Gothic TV show Strange Paradise It is also the filming location of the 2016 TV film The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again, where scenes at Dr  Frank N  Furter's castle and the movie theatre where the audience participated were filmed  Ivy Levan's performance of the song "Science Fiction Double Feature" was filmed at Casa Loma (a movie theatre marquee was placed at the front entrance of the castle for filming) In 2018, Casa Loma served as a filming location for the 2019 American black comedy thriller Ready or Not In 2022, Casa Loma was the filming location of the music video for Wait for U by Future and Drake 

See also
Mary Lake Augustinian Monastery
List of museums in Toronto

Further reading
Denison, John (1982)  Casa Loma and the Man Who Built It  Boston Mills Press  ISBN 978-0919822481 
Oreskovich, Carlie (1982)  Sir Henry Pellatt, the King of Casa Loma  MaGraw-Hill Ryerson  ISBN 978-0075484561 
Passage 9:
Castle on the Hill
"Castle on the Hill" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran  It was released on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album ÷ (2017), along with "Shape of You"  "Castle on the Hill" was written and produced by Ed Sheeran and Benny Blanco  The song refers to Framlingham Castle in Sheeran's home town of Framlingham in Suffolk, and reminisces tales of his upbringing in the town  The BBC states, "the song has been described as a love letter to Suffolk "Released on the same day as "Shape of You", "Castle on the Hill" reached number one in Iceland, Scotland and 
Israel  The song also reached  number two in a number of countries, including the UK, Australia and Germany, while "Shape of You" debuted at number one  It was the first time in the history of the UK, Australian and German charts that an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new songs  The song debuted at number six in the US, while "Shape of You" entered at number one; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10  "Castle" is certified nine-times platinum in Australia, Diamond in Canada and 6-times platinum the UK, and multiplatinum in numerous other countries 

Background
The theme of the song surrounds Sheeran's home town of Framlingham, and he reminisces tales of 'smoking hand-rolled cigarettes' and getting 'drunk [with] friends' at this place, living life as a teenager  The castle mentioned in the song is Framlingham Castle, and in January 2017, Sheeran was invited to perform at the Castle The song was written and recorded in 2015  Sheeran revealed that despite a similarity to the music of U2, the direct influence of the song came from "Fallen Empires" by Snow Patrol, a band he had toured with  He said: "I grew up on Snow Patrol, I didn't grow up on U2, but I know that Snow Patrol grew up on U2, so I know [where] that influence had come [from] "  He also said he wanted to make a song like "The River" by Bruce Springsteen, a song with similar reflective element 

Critical reception
Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said, "'Castle on the Hill' has U2 influenced nervous guitar builds and wistful, largely generic lyrics about the people who shaped him " Billboard's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying, "'Castle on the Hill' has a Train like vibe with a fast-paced, yet powerful melody that builds to an epic chorus that's just as Sheeran as all of his past singles  Needless to say, Sheeran is telling the world he's back in compelling fashion " Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review, stating that the song "sort of sounds like late period Coldplay, big, broad stroke music for arenas and Wembley performances  There's a lyric about driving down a country road while listening to Elton John's hook-free 'Tiny Dancer,' because Ed Sheeran saw Almost Famous once " Adam Starkey from news website Metro states that it "'has echoes of Mumford & Sons with the kind of climbing drums and soaring chorus sure to win over festival crowds, recalling how far he's come from 'smoking hand-rolled cigarettes' and 'running from the law in the backfields' "

Chart performance
"Castle on the Hill" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January, selling 193,000 combined units in its first week  Sheeran also debuted at number one with "Shape of You", making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions in the same week



ground_truth: Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of the castle in the city where the performers of Spirit If.. became a band?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The song was certified silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units  The song remained at number two in its second week, selling 100,000 units  The song spent a further three weeks at number two, and spent fourteen weeks in the top ten altogether  As of September 2017, the song has sold 1 7 million combined units in the UK, 479,000 of these are actual sales, with 119 million streams  On the Scottish Singles Chart, "Castle on the Hill" debuted at number one, ahead of "Shape of You" The song debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, selling 171,000 downloads and gaining 13 million streams in its debut week in the US  Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 in the same week in the history of the Hot 100, with "Shape of You" also debuting at number one  As of September 2017, "Castle on the Hill" has sold 821,000 downloads in the US 

Music video
"Castle on the Hill" was accompanied by a lyric video on 5 January 2017 with "Shape of You" upon its release  By March 2018, it had amassed over 300 million views on YouTube The official music video for the song was released on 23 January 2017  It was directed by George Belfield and produced by Tom Gardner, and it features a group of adolescents living their youth with parallels being made to Sheeran's own youth  The video was filmed throughout Suffolk with locations including Framlingham, Boyton marshes, Mildenhall Stadium and Felixstowe  The final shot shows Framlingham Castle  Ed Sheeran stated on The Graham Norton Show that the young man playing him in the video went to the same school as Sheeran, Thomas Mills High School 

In popular culture
The song was used in trailers and several TV spots for the 2017 animated film Ferdinand The song is also used in the first trailer and a few TV spots for the 2019 animated film How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World 

Formats and track listings
Digital download"Castle on the Hill" – 4:21Digital download – Acoustic"Castle on the Hill" (Acoustic) – 3:46Digital download – Live at the BRITs"Castle on the Hill" (Live at the BRITs) – 1:47German CD single"Castle on the Hill" – 4:21
"Castle on the Hill" (Acoustic) – 3:46Digital download – Seeb remix"Castle on the Hill" (Seeb remix) – 3:51Digital download – Throttle remix"Castle on the Hill" (Throttle remix) – 3:40Digital download – NWYR remix"Castle on the Hill" (NWYR remix) – 3:33

Charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Lists of Scottish number-one singles of 2017
Passage 10:
Katzenstein Castle
Katzenstein Castle is one of the oldest remaining Hohenstaufen castles in Germany  It is located in a borough that shares its name with the castle in the Dischingen municipality of the Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg  The castle is open to visitors and contains several dining rooms as well as hotel rooms 

Location
This hill castle is located in the valley of a tributary of the Egau river on the Härtsfeld in Heidenheim district near an old Roman road running from Faimingen in Lauingen to Bopfingen known as the Frankensträßle (English: Frankish avenue)  Burg Katzenstein is located 538 metres (1,765 ft) above sea level 

History
In 1099, the Lords von Cassenstein were first mentioned   The family was a ministerial or unfree knightly family in the service of the Graf (or Count) von Dillingen  In 1262, Edlen von Hürnheim was listed as the owner of the castle von Katzenstein when it was sold by Hermann von Hürnheim-Katzenstein 
Ownership changed again in 1354 when the Graf von Oettingen acquired the castle   He quickly pawned the castle on the Graf von Helfenstein, who gave the castle to Berthold von Westerstetten in 1382   In 1572, the Katzenstein line wiped out the Westerstetten line   The inheritance of the Westerstetten family was sold again to the von Oettingen family 
The castle was burned to the ground by French soldiers in 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War  The castle was rebuilt in 1669 
Burg Katzenstein went to the Oettingen-Wallenstein line in 1798  Later, in 1810, the castle was taken over by the state of Württemberg and placed under the district of Neresheim 
Since 1939, the castle has been privately owned 

Sights
In 1973, the St Laurentius chapel was opened and cleaning began   Under the dirt and partially completed Baroque paintings, impressive Mediaeval paintings were discovered  The fresco paintings date from 1250 to 1280 and show the transition from Romanesque art to early Gothic art 

See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg
Passage 11:
Gowran Castle
Gowran Castle is located in the centre of Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland  The castle is a manor house and was fully restored between 2013 and 2014 

Early years
The first Gowran Castle was built in 1385 by James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, close to the centre of the town of Gowran, Co  Kilkenny, Ireland  He made it his usual residence  James was called the Earl of Gowran  In 1391 he bought Kilkenny Castle and a large part of Co  Kilkenny  James died in Gowran Castle in 1405 and is buried in St  Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran together with his father James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond  His grandfather James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond and his great-great-grandfather Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick and 6th Chief Butler of Ireland  James the 2nd Earl was usually called The Noble Earl, being a great-grandson, through his mother, of King Edward I of England 
Gowran had been a settled place and a place of importance long before the arrival of the Normans in Ireland in 1169 A D  Kings of Ossory were often referred to as kings of Gowran  The Mac Giolla Padraig (Modern day family name Fitzpatrick), Chief Rulers of Ossory, had a residence in Gowran  O’Donnchadha (Dunphy) was the chief of Gowran and most of the area around it  Local place names like Rathvaun, Rathcash, Rathcusack, and Rathgarvan, signified the presence of raths where people lived, farmed and foraged for a livelihood  Raths were also burial places  Larger sites were called Duns  The village of Dungarvan (Co  Kilkenny) also in the parish of Gowran is another example of such a settlement  The presence of the 3rd/4th Century Christianised Ogham stone on display in the historic St  Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran would also indicate a place of residence and worship dating back 2000 years 
There are other ancient sites close to Gowran  For example, nearby Tullaherin Church, graveyard and Round Tower dating to the 6th Century  Freestone Hill situated 4 km from Gowran was a Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement where Roman coins and other artefacts were found during archaeological surveys in 1948 and 1951 

Butler of Ormond Influence
The Butlers were in possession of the lands in the Gowran area for almost 500 years  Following the Norman Invasion of Ireland in 1169 a grant of 44,000 acres, the Manor of Gowran was made to Theobald Fitzwalter (Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler) 1st Chief Butler of Ireland 

Other Gowran Butler Castles
In addition to building Gowran Castle, the Butlers built other castles in the area such as Ballysean Castle (Sometimes spelt Ballyshawnmore, Ballysheanmor, Ballyshanemore) near the centre of Gowran, Neigham Castle 4 km from Gowran and Paulstown Castle situated between Gowran and Paulstown 3 km from Gowran 

Agar Family
Following the Cromwellian invasion in Ireland in 1650, Gowran was besieged by Oliver Cromwell  Gowran Castle was attacked and badly damaged  For the following 300 years, the Agar family were a major influence in the Gowran area  Several generations of the Agars occupied Gowran Castle and like the Butlers before them, many of them are buried in St  Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran 

Time Line
489 AD - Kings of Ossory referred to as kings of Gowran had a residence in the area
754 - Battle of Bealach Gabhrán (Old name for Gowran)
938 - Gowran and the area around it was part of the ancient cantreds of Oskelan and Ogenty which formed part of the lands of Ossory  The Gowran area was occupied by the  O Dunphy clans  The Mac Giolla Padraig were the chief rulers of Ossory at the time 
1169 - After the Norman invasion the Manor of Gowran was 44 000 acres
1385 - James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond  builds a castle close to the town wall and makes it his usual residence 
1391 - James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond  bought Kilkenny Castle  and a large part of Kilkenny
1501 - Margaret FitzGerald, Countess of Ormond rebuilt Gowran Castle  She also decorated St  Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran 
1650 - Oliver Cromwell and his army attacks the Castle and badly damages it 
1710 - Lewis Chaigneau, a Dublin merchant owner of Gowran Castle has Gowran and Castle grounds surveyed  In the survey map produced, the castle and the walled town of Gowran are shown
1713 - Henry Agar builds a new castle close to the Butler Castle using materials from the former Castle 
1747 - Following the death of Henry Agar in 1746 his wife Ann offered for sale stock of Henry Agar decd, sheep, cattle horses, at Castle  Also, colts & fillies got on mares by horses from England  Henry inherited the Gowran Castle estate from his father James Agar in 1733  As a result of his marriage, he acquired an interest in the Ellis family's Dublin property on the R  Liffey between Arran Quay and Phoenix Park; this property later passed into the Agar family  He died on 18 November 1746  His widow married 2nd, 20 January 1753, George Dunbar of Co  Fermanagh, and died on 14 April 1765; she was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, on 17 April 1765  Administration of her effects was granted by the Prerogative Court of Armagh to her second husband, on 11 September 1765 
1700s - By the end of the 1700s, many of the aristocracy had moved away from Ireland and lived in England following the 1798 rebellion 
1816–1819 - Henry Agar 2nd Viscount Clifden rebuilt the Castle (current building) to the designs of William Robertson 
1839 - The first Ordnance Survey of Ireland maps show the Gowran Castle Demesne containing 846 Acres, 2 Rood, 10 Perches of land 
1840 - Gowran Castle Cricket Club grounds were laid out sometime after 1840 by Lord Clifden  The first recorded cricket match was played there in 1842 
1876 - Henry George Agar -  Ellis, 4th Viscount Clifden, (Henry George was son of Henry Agar-Ellis, 3rd Viscount Clifden and great-grandson of Henry Wellbore Agar  - Ellis 2nd Viscount Clifden) Gowran Castle, is listed in Griffiths Valuation as owning 35,288 acres of land 
1900 - Ordnance Survey, showing the Gowran Castle and demesne lands of c 1000 acres, additional lands being added to the estate since the 1839 ordnance surveys 
1953 - On 19 February 1953 Thomas Derrig minister for lands was asked a question in Dail Eireann by Mr Crotty regarding the propriety of the Land Commission acquiring the Annaly Estate Gowran Co  Kilkenny for division  In his reply, the minister said that proceedings were in progress for the acquisition of 774 acres of the estate 
1957 - Gowran Castle and c 68 acres of land sold to James and Mary Moran by the Land Commission on 14 May 1957  The Moran family resided in the castle until it was sold in 1998 
1998 - Castle and c 65 acres offered for sale on 27 May at public auction  Tarajan Ltd , a company registered in the Isle of Man owned by a Northern Ireland developer Alastair Jackson purchased the property from Kevin Fennelly and Caitriona Fennelly (Nee Moran)  Following the sale of the property, applications were made by Tarajan to Kilkenny Co  Council to build houses on the estate 
1999 - Planning permission was refused by Kilkenny Co  Council for a housing development consisting of 156 dwellings on the site 
2004 - Planning permission was refused for a development which included the change of use of the Castle to a hotel, building 126 residential units, 23 holiday units and other developments 
2009 - The castle lay unoccupied and unprotected for the previous eleven years and was falling into dereliction  Concerns were expressed by the Gowran Development Association to the Kilkenny Co  Council and local elected representatives about the rapid deterioration of the Castle and its state of dereliction  At a public meeting in Gowran to discuss the Local Area Plan for Gowran, further concerns were expressed  Following the meeting, a Draft Local Area plan for Gowran was drawn up by Kilkenny  Co  Council 
2010 - There was a fire in the castle on 16 May 2010  Fortunately, the fire services were quickly alerted  Following their prompt arrival on the scene, the fire was brought quickly under control  Although considerable damage was caused by the fire, the castle was saved from total destruction On 20 December 2010 the Local Area Plan for Gowran, was approved by the Kilkenny  Co  Council  The plan was drawn up in consultation with local residents of Gowran  The Castle and area surrounding it was designated "Tourism and Amenity"   The area surrounding the castle is also an archaeologically sensitive area 2011 - Following the collapse of the Irish economy in 2008, the Castle portfolio was taken over by NAMA 
2012 - NAMA appointed Lisney as receivers to the  Castle Property Portfolio  The Castle Portfolio was offered for sale after the appointment of Sherry Fitzgerald auctioneers  Kilkenny partners were Mc Creery Auctioneers 
2013 - Castle sold  Restoration work begins on the castle

See also
St  Mary's Collegiate Church GowranThe History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Ossory  Vol 3  Rev  Canon William Carrigan 1905
Life Through our Viewfinder  Published by Dalton House Gowran 2009
Passage 12:
788 Hohensteina
788 Hohensteina is a main-belt asteroid discovered on 4 April 1914 by Franz Kaiser at Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory  Named for castle Hohenstein located in the Taunus mountains 
Passage 13:
Let Your Spirit Fly
"Let Your Spirit Fly" is a song performed by Jan Johansen and Pernilla Wahlgren in Sweden's preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest, Melodifestivalen 2003  The song finished in second place 
The song was later covered by Ragni Malmsten and Philipp Kirkorov 

Charts
Passage 14:
Czocha Castle
Czocha Castle (pronounced Cho-ha [ˈt͡ʂɔxa], German: Tzschocha, Latin: Caychow) is a defensive castle in the village of Sucha (Gmina Lesna), Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland  The castle is located on the Lake Leśnia, near the Kwisa river, in what is now the Polish part of Upper Lusatia  Czocha castle was built on gneiss rock, and its oldest part is the keep, to which housing structures were later added 

History
Czocha Castle began as a stronghold, on the Bohemian-Lusatian border  Its construction was ordered by Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, in the middle of the 13th century (1241–1247)  In 1253 castle was handed over to Konrad von Wallhausen, Bishop of Meissen  In 1319 the complex became part of the dukedom of Henry I of Jawor, and after his death, it was taken over by another Silesian prince, Bolko II the Small, and his wife Agnes (see Duchy of Silesia)  Origin of the stone castle dates back to 1329 
In the mid-14th century, Czocha Castle was annexed by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia  Then, between 1389 and 1453, it belonged to the noble families of von Dohn and von Kluks  Reinforced, the complex was besieged by the Hussites in the early 15th century, who captured it in 1427, and remained in the castle for unknown time (see Hussite Wars)  In 1453, the castle was purchased by the family of von Nostitz, who owned it for 250 years, making several changes through remodelling projects in 1525 and 1611  Czocha's walls were strengthened and reinforced, which thwarted a Swedish siege of the complex during the Thirty Years War  In 1703, the castle was purchased by Jan Hartwig von Uechtritz, influential courtier of Augustus II the Strong  On August 17, 1793, the whole complex burned in a fire  
In 1909, Czocha was bought by a cigar manufacturer from Dresden, Ernst Gutschow, who ordered major remodelling, carried out by Berlin architect Bodo Ebhardt, based on a 1703 painting of the castle  Gutschow, who was close to the Russian Imperial Court and hosted several White emigres in Czocha, lived in the castle until March 1945  Upon leaving, he packed up the most valuable possessions and moved them out 
After World War II, the castle was ransacked several times, both by soldiers of the Red Army, and Polish thieves, who came to the so-called Recovered Territories from central and eastern part of the country  Pieces of furniture and other goods were stolen, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the castle was home to refugees from Greece (see Greek Civil War)  In 1952, Czocha was taken over by the Polish Army  Used as a military vacation resort, it was erased from official maps  The castle has been open to the public since September 1996 as a hotel and conference centre  
The complex was featured in several movies and television series, including a popular 1963 comedy, Gdzie jest generał? (Where is the General?), Legenda, The Hexer (film), The Hexer (TV series), Beyond Sherwood Forest, Spellbinder and serial The Secret of the Cipher Fortress 
Since 2014 the castle is also used as a setting for College of Wizardry, a live action role-playing game (LARP) that takes place in their own universe and can be compared to Harry Potter  There was a hiatus in 2019 after ongoing issues within its founding organization threatened to end the series  However, a crowdfunding action saved the LARP and a new organizing team has continued organizing events at the castle 

Gallery
See also
List of castles in Poland
Passage 15:
Spirit Mountain Wilderness
Spirit Mountain Wilderness Area is a 33,518-acre (13,564 ha) wilderness area located in the Newberry Mountains in Clark County, Nevada, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Laughlin  Spirit Mountain lies within the area   It is managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service 
Most of the wilderness is located in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, and all of it is within Avi Kwa Ame National Monument  The area is adjacent to both the Nellis Wash Wilderness Area and the Bridge Canyon Wilderness Area 
Ancient Native American petroglyphs abound in Grapevine Canyon, located just south of Spirit Mountain  Located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area just west of the 67-mile-long Lake Mohave, Grapevine Canyon offers visitors the opportunity to see numerous abstract, anthropomorphic, and animal depictions pecked directly into the basalt rock near the mount of the canyon  A parking area with restrooms is provided and a about a half-mile walk through desert scrub is required to see the petroglyphs  Ranger-guided hikes are offered by National Park Service staff based at Katherine Landing, located on the east side of Lake Mohave 2 miles north of Bullhead City, Arizona, and accessed via Arizona Highway 95 and Highway 68   
The area was in the homeland of the Yuman Indians   Yuman and Mojave people believe all life began on this mountain, which is visible for miles from Bullhead City in Arizona, Needles in California, and  Laughlin, Cal-Nev-Ari, and Searchlight in Nevada  Descendants of the first Native Americans to reside in the area still live on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation, located about 20 miles south of the Spirit Mountains Wilderness 
The United States Congress designated the Spirit Mountain Wilderness in 2002 

Notes
External links
Spirit Mountain Wilderness - NPS
Spirit Mountain Wilderness Fact Sheet - BLM
Passage 16:
Kevin Drew
Kevin Drew (born September 9, 1976) is a Canadian musician and songwriter who, together with Brendan Canning, founded the expansive Toronto baroque-pop collective Broken Social Scene  He was also part of the lesser-known KC Accidental, which consisted of Drew and Charles Spearin, another current member of Broken Social Scene 
Drew has shared in the direction of Broken Social Scene videos under the name Experimental Parachute Movement   In 2008 he wrote and directed a short film called "The Water," inspired by and starring his bandmate and former girlfriend Leslie Feist  In 2009, Drew contributed to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization 
Drew grew up in west Toronto and attended the Etobicoke School of the Arts, along with Metric's Emily Haines, Stars' Amy Millan and novelist Ibi Kaslik, where he, Amy and Emily studied drama   He was married to Jo-ann Goldsmith, a social worker and an occasional trumpet player in BSS 
Drew's second solo album, Darlings, was released on March 18, 2014 On January 15, 2013, Drew announced in an interview that he had begun working on a new album with The Archies songwriter Andy Kim  The album, It's Decided, was released in 2015 Drew's third solo album, Influences, was released on July 16, 2021  He wrote the album while staying in England during 2020, using a music making smartphone app called Endlesss  The album was recorded and mixed on Drew's return to Canada 

Production
Drew and Dave Hamelin coproduced The Tragically Hip's album Man Machine Poem, and Gord Downie's subsequent solo album Secret Path 
Drew also produced Downie's final album Introduce Yerself and Reuben and the Dark's third album, un love 

Discography
Solo
Spirit If    (2007)
Darlings (2014)
Influences (2021) (as K D A P )

Broken Social Scene
Feel Good Lost (2001)
You Forgot It in People (2002)
Bee Hives (2004)
Broken Social Scene (2005)
Forgiveness Rock Record (2010)
Hug of Thunder (2017)

KC Accidental
Captured Anthems for an Empty Bathtub - (1998)
Anthems for the Could've Bin Pills - (2000)

Videography
Experimental Parachute Movement
Apostle of Hustle
Cheap Like Sebastian
Broken Social Scene
Ibi Dreams of Pavement (A Better Day)
Almost Crimes (with Chris Mills)
Cause=Time
Fire Eye'd Boy
Constantines
Our Age 2009
Stars
Your Ex-Lover is Dead
Bitches in Tokyo
Still Life Still
Pastel
The Most Serene Republic
Content Was Always My Favourite Colour
The Water (2009) Starring Cillian Murphy, David Fox & Feist
Passage 17:
Krimulda Castle
The Krimulda Castle (German: Burg Kremon) is located just outside Sigulda, Sigulda Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia and is a tourist attraction  The castle dates from the 14th century and was destroyed in a war in 1601 
Prince Liven’s living house was built in the classic style  The manor complex consists of steward’s house, coach house, Swiss cottage, etc  Home wine tasting is available by prior arrangement 

History
During the 13th century, the left bank of the Gauja river was governed by the Order of the Brethren of the Sword,  (later known as the Order of Livonia), while the territories on the right bank were under the domain of the Archbishop of Riga  Krimulda castle belonged to the Riga High Council which was a group of twelve high priests who advised the archbishop 
Krimulda castle was built on the edge of a high bank on the right side of Gauja near the Vikmeste castle mound and the village of Livs  This placement made it nearly impossible to conquer  On one side it was protected by the steep valley wall of Gauja river, two additional sides were obstructed by the Vikmeste river, which had equally steep banks, and the fourth side bordered on a man-made ravine with a draw-bridge leading into the forecastle  The deep valley of the Vikmeste River also provided a natural borderline between the lands of Krimulda and Turaida 
The castle was built using large-sized boulders  The outer wall of the castle at ground level was about 2 meters/6–7 feet thick 
The castle was involved in a number of battles between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga as well as many of the later wars of Livonia  In the spring of 1601 during the Swedish-Polish war, it was conquered by the Swedish army  In the fall of that same year advancing Polish troops burned the castle down so it would not fall into the hands of the enemy  The castle was left unrepaired after the fire 
The castle regained purpose in the mid-19th century under the ownership of Prince Lieven, though not as a military fortification but as a romantic addition to a park 

Gallery
Krimulda Castle ruins in 2014 

See also
List of castles in Latvia
Sigulda Castle
Turaida Castle
Passage 18:
Edelweiss (song)
"Edelweiss" is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music  It is named after the edelweiss, (Leontopodium nivale), a white flower found high in the Alps  The song was created for the 1959 Broadway production of The Sound of Music, as a song for the character Captain Georg von Trapp  In the musical, Captain von Trapp and his family sing this song during the concert near the end of Act II   It is a statement of Austrian patriotism in the face of the pressure put upon him to join the navy of Nazi Germany following the Anschluss (Nazi annexation of their homeland)  It is also Captain von Trapp's subliminal goodbye to his beloved homeland, using the flower as a symbol of his loyalty to Austria  In the 1965 film adaptation, the song is also sung by the Captain earlier in the film when he rediscovers music with his children 
This was the final song of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical collaboration as well as the last song written by Oscar Hammerstein II, who died in August 1960 

Writing
While The Sound of Music was in tryouts in Boston, Richard Rodgers felt Captain von Trapp should have a song with which he would bid farewell to the Austria he knew and loved  Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II decided to write an extra song that von Trapp would sing in the festival concert sequence towards the end of the show  As they were writing it, they felt this song could also use the guitar-playing and folk-singing talents of Theodore Bikel, who had been cast as the Captain  The Lindsay and Crouse script provides the metaphor of the simple edelweiss wildflower as a symbol of the Austria that Captain von Trapp, Maria, and their children knew would live on, in their hearts, despite the Nazi annexation of their homeland  The metaphor of this song builds on an earlier scene when Gretl presents a bouquet of edelweiss flowers to Baroness Elsa Schräder, during the latter's visit to the von Trapp household 
Rodgers provided a simple, yet haunting and affecting, waltz-time melody, to the simple Italian style ritornello lyric that Hammerstein wrote about the appearance of the edelweiss flower  "Edelweiss" turned out to be one of the most beloved songs in the musical, as well as one of the best-loved songs by Rodgers and Hammerstein 
"Edelweiss" is the last song Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together; Hammerstein was suffering from stomach cancer, which took his life nine months after The Sound of Music opened on Broadway 

Film adaptation
Although the stage production uses the song only during the concert sequence, Ernest Lehman's screenplay for the film adaptation uses the song twice  Lehman created a scene that makes extra use of the song  This scene, inspired by a line in the original script by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, calls for Captain von Trapp to sing "Edelweiss" with his children in their family drawing room and rediscover the love he felt for them, with Liesl accompanying him  Lehman also expanded the scope of the song when it was sung in the Salzburg Festival concert scene, so that Captain von Trapp and his family would call on the crowds to join in the song with him, in defiance of the Nazi soldiers posted around the arena 
Christopher Plummer played the part of Captain von Trapp in the film adaptation  However, his singing was overdubbed with the voice of Bill Lee despite Plummer recording the song himself  Plummer’s original vocals were discovered by a fan and first posted on YouTube  The Blu-Ray release included a small portion of Plummer’s un-dubbed performance  However, this version has yet to be released officially in its entirety 
An instrumental version of the song is also heard as the final song played during the party as Maria leaves to return to the abbey at the end of the first half of the film 

Austrian attitudes
The edelweiss is a popular flower in Austria and was featured on the old Austrian 1 schilling coin  It can also now be seen on the 2 cent Euro coin  The flower is protected in Austria and illegal to pick  An "edelweiss" is also worn as a cap emblem by certain Austrian Army and the German Gebirgsjäger (mountain troopers) units stationed in the nearby Bavarian Alps In the original run, the musical The Sound of Music was treated with disdain by Austrians, and the song "Edelweiss" has been singled out for criticism  When US President Ronald Reagan quoted the song in 1984 to toast Austrian President Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian newspapers complained that the song was full of clichés and called it "kitsch " When the musical premiered on the national stage in Vienna in 2005, one critic called it "boring" and another referred to "Edelweiss" as "an insult to Austrian musical creation " However, attitudes have improved as film tourism became a bigger attraction than Salzburg's attraction for being the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  When the musical premiered in Salzburg in 2011, most performances were sold out 

Misconceptions
The great popularity of the song has led many of its audience to believe that it is an Austrian folk song or even the official national anthem  However, Austria's official anthem is "Land der Berge, Land am Strome", and the anthem used from 1929 until the Anschluss was "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende" 
There is similar confusion about another song co-authored by Hammerstein, "Ol' Man River" from the musical Show Boat, which is widely (though erroneously) believed to be an African-American spiritual  The similarity between the misconceptions about the two songs has been noted by two writers, both of whom see it as testament to Hammerstein's talents  Alyson McLamore, in her book Musical Theater: An Appreciation, writes, "The last song to be written for the show was 'Edelweiss,' a tender little homage to a native flower of Austria that has the effect of authentic Austrian folksong, much as 'Ol' Man River' struck listeners as a genuine African American spiritual " Hugh Fordin, in his biography of Oscar Hammerstein, writes about "the ability of the authors to simulate the quality of an authentic folk song    'Ol' Man River' had the ring of a black laborer's song    Thirty years later, 'Edelweiss' was widely believed to be an old Austrian song, though Oscar   composed it for the Sound of Music "Theodore Bikel, in his autobiography, Theo (2002), wrote that, after a performance, he was once approached by a native Austrian who said, "I love that Edelweiss" and then added, with total confidence, "Of course, I have known it for a long time, but only in German" Another misconception about the song is that it is a real-life Nazi anthem, even though "Edelweiss" is not a pro-Nazi song within the context of The Sound of Music, nor did the song even exist during the Nazi era 

Legal problems
The estates of Rodgers and Hammerstein have not authorized the use of alternative lyrics with the melody of the song, making certain commercial uses of those versions potentially infringing if they do not fall under fair use  Rodgers stated that "he would take legal action against any group" using the "Edelweiss" melody with altered words; the current rightsholders comply with his wishes, refusing to grant permission for these commercial requests, which are "inconsistent with the creators' intentions" 

Other versions
Josephine Siao (蕭芳芳) performed a Chinese (Cantonese) version in the 1967 movie Lightning Killer (閃電煞星) 
Theodore Bikel, who originated the role of Captain von Trapp on Broadway, performed "Edelweiss" (as a duet with Mary Martin) on the original cast album and included it in his album, In My Own Lifetime – 12 Musical Theater Classics 
The English singer Vince Hill reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart in 1967 with his cover version of the track 
Julie Andrews has recorded it for her Richard Rodgers tribute album Broadway: The Music of Richard Rodgers 
Andy Conaghan recorded the song for ABC Classics as part of a compilation album, I Dreamed a Dream: The Hit Songs of Broadway in 2013 
Stephen Moyer performed the song as part of his role as Captain Georg von Trapp during the December 2013 television broadcast of The Sound of Music Live! on NBC 
The song was frequently performed by The von Trapps, the real life great-grandchildren of the Captain and Maria  It appears on their A Capella album and on their 2014 album, the latter of which is also a duet with Charmian Carr (who played Liesl in the movie) 
A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used as the opening sequence music for the Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle 
Victor Garber, as his character Martin Stein impersonating Max Lorenz in a Nazi-run Parisian nightclub, sang a cover of this song in Legends of Tomorrow 



ground_truth: Casa Loma