prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: By how much of the population of the region where Baton a feu originated reduced by the black death?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Le Saut à la couverture
Le Saut à la couverture (also known as Brimade dans une caserne) is an 1895 French short black-and-white silent documentary film directed and produced by Louis Lumière 
The film formed part of the first commercial presentation of the Lumière Cinématographe on 28 December 1895 at the Salon Indien, Grand Café, 14 Boulevard des Capuchins, Paris 

Production
As with all early Lumière movies, this film was made in a 35 mm format with an aspect ratio of 1 33:1  It was filmed by means of the Cinématographe, an all-in-one camera, which also serves as a film projector and developer 

Plot
Four men stand holding what appears to be a blanket, while one wearing a hat stands watching  A sixth man then runs towards them and attempts to jump into the blanket  He attempts this unsuccessfully twice in a row failing to jump high enough  On the third attempt he is able to jump and spin in the air, nearly clearing in the blanket  The man who are holding it then flip it a little in the air causing him to fall to the ground  His fourth attempt is more successful and he is able to roll on the blanket and land on his feet at the other side  He runs around for a fifth and final attempt but this is less successful and he gets stuck in the blanket and has difficulty getting out despite the attempts by the four men to throw him free 
Passage 2:
Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353  It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351  Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis spread by fleas, but during the Black Death it probably also took a secondary form, spread by person-to-person contact via aerosols, causing pneumonic plague The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic  The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history 
The origin of the Black Death is disputed  Genetic analysis points to the evolution of Yersinia pestis in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China 2,600 years ago  The immediate territorial origins of the Black Death and its outbreak remains unclear with some pointing towards Central Asia, China, the Middle East and Europe  The pandemic was reportedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of the Genoese trading port of Kaffa in Crimea by the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg in 1347  From Crimea, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese ships, spreading through the Mediterranean Basin and reaching North Africa, Western Asia and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily and the Italian Peninsula  There is evidence that once it came ashore, the Black Death mainly spread person-to-person as pneumonic plague, thus explaining the quick inland spread of the epidemic, which was faster than would be expected if the primary vector was rat fleas causing bubonic plague  In 2022, it was discovered that there was a sudden surge of deaths in what is today Kyrgyzstan from the Black Death in the late 1330s; when combined with genetic evidence, this implies that the initial spread may not have been due to Mongol conquests in the 14th century, as previously speculated The Black Death was the second great natural disaster to strike Europe during the Late Middle Ages (the first one being the Great Famine of 1315–1317) and is estimated to have killed 30 percent to 60 percent of the European population, as well as about one-third of the population of the Middle East  The plague might have reduced the world population from c  475 million to 350–375 million in the 14th century  There were further outbreaks throughout the Late Middle Ages and, with other contributing factors (the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages), the European population did not regain its level in 1300 until 1500  Outbreaks of the plague recurred around the world until the early 19th century 

Names
European writers contemporary with the plague described the disease in Latin as pestis or pestilentia, 'pestilence'; epidemia, 'epidemic'; mortalitas, 'mortality'  In English prior to the 18th century, the event was called the "pestilence" or "great pestilence", "the plague" or the "great death"  Subsequent to the pandemic "the furste moreyn" (first murrain) or "first pestilence" was applied, to distinguish the mid-14th century phenomenon from other infectious diseases and epidemics of plague The 1347 pandemic plague was not referred to specifically as "black" in the time of occurrence in any European language, though the expression "black death" had occasionally been applied to fatal disease beforehand  "Black death" was not used to describe the plague pandemic in English until the 1750s; the term is first attested in 1755, where it translated Danish: den sorte død, lit  'the black death'  This expression as a proper name for the pandemic had been popularized by Swedish and Danish chroniclers in the 15th and early 16th centuries, and in the 16th and 17th centuries was transferred to other languages as a calque: Icelandic: svarti dauði, German: der schwarze Tod, and French: la mort noire  Previously, most European languages had named the pandemic a variant or calque of the Latin: magna mortalitas, lit  'Great Death' The phrase 'black death' – describing Death as black – is very old  Homer used it in the Odyssey to describe the monstrous Scylla, with her mouths "full of black Death" (Ancient Greek: πλεῖοι μέλανος Θανάτοιο, romanized: pleîoi mélanos Thanátoio)  Seneca the Younger may have been the first to describe an epidemic as 'black death', (Latin: mors atra) but only in reference to the acute lethality and dark prognosis of disease  The 12th–13th century French physician Gilles de Corbeil had already used atra mors to refer to a "pestilential fever" (febris pestilentialis) in his work On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases (De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium)  The phrase mors nigra, 'black death', was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino (or Couvin), a Belgian astronomer, in his poem "On the Judgement of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn" (De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni), which attributes the plague to an astrological conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn  His use of the phrase is not connected unambiguously with the plague pandemic of 1347 and appears to refer to the fatal outcome of disease The historian Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the Great Pestilence in 1893 and suggested that it had been "some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"  In 1908, Gasquet said use of the name atra mors for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J  I  Pontanus: "Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocitabant) 

Previous plague epidemics
Research from 2017 suggests plague first infected humans in Europe and Asia in the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age  Research in 2018 found evidence of Yersinia pestis in an ancient Swedish tomb, which may have been associated with the "Neolithic decline" around 3000 BCE, in which European populations fell significantly  This Y  pestis may have been different from more modern types, with bubonic plague transmissible by fleas first known from Bronze Age remains near Samara The symptoms of bubonic plague are first attested in a fragment of Rufus of Ephesus preserved by Oribasius; these ancient medical authorities suggest bubonic plague had appeared in the Roman Empire before the reign of Trajan, six centuries before arriving at Pelusium in the reign of Justinian I  In 2013, researchers confirmed earlier speculation that the cause of the Plague of Justinian (541–542 CE, with recurrences until 750) was Y  pestis  This is known as the first plague pandemic  In 610, the Chinese physician Chao Yuanfang described a "malignant bubo" "coming in abruptly with high fever together with the appearance of a bundle of nodes beneath the tissue " The Chinese physician Sun Simo who died in 652 also mentioned a "malignant bubo" and plague that was common in Lingnan (Guangzhou)  Ole Jørgen Benedictow believes that this indicates it was an offshoot of the first plague pandemic which made its way eastward to Chinese territory by around 600 

14th-century plague
Causes
Early theory
The most authoritative contemporary account is found in a report from the medical faculty in Paris to Philip VI of France  It blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air" (miasma theory)  Muslim religious scholars taught that the pandemic was a "martyrdom and mercy" from God, assuring the believer's place in paradise  For non-believers, it was a punishment  Some Muslim doctors cautioned against trying to prevent or treat a disease sent by God  Others adopted preventive measures and treatments for plague used by Europeans  These Muslim doctors also depended on the writings of the ancient Greeks 

Predominant modern theory
Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried-out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease  The plague disease, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas, including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, North India, Uganda and the western United States Y  pestis was discovered by Alexandre Yersin, a pupil of Louis Pasteur, during an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894; Yersin also proved this bacillus was present in rodents and suggested the rat was the main vehicle of transmission  The mechanism by which Y  pestis is usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y  pestis several days after feeding on an infected host  This blockage starves the fleas and drives them to aggressive feeding behaviour and attempts to clear the blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host  The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lacks resistance  When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic 

DNA evidence
Definitive confirmation of the role of Y  pestis arrived in 2010 with a publication in PLOS Pathogens by Haensch et al  They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for Y  pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences  The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, "ends the debate about the cause of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y  pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages"  In 2011, these results were further confirmed with genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England  Schuenemann et al  concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y  pestis that may no longer exist" Later in 2011, Bos et al  reported in Nature the first draft genome of Y  pestis from plague victims from the same East Smithfield cemetery and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of Y  pestis Since this time, further genomic papers have further confirmed the phylogenetic placement of the Y  pestis strain responsible for the Black Death as both the ancestor of later plague epidemics including the third plague pandemic and as the descendant of the strain responsible for the Plague of Justinian  In addition, plague genomes from significantly earlier in prehistory have been recovered DNA taken from 25 skeletons from 14th century London have shown plague is a strain of Y  pestis almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013  Further DNA evidence also proves the role of Y  Pestis and traces the source to the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan 

Alternative explanations
It is recognised that an epidemiological account of plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period  Most work has been done on the spread of the disease in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken in England between the time of publication of the Domesday Book of 1086 and the poll tax of the year 1377  Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures for the clergy 
Mathematical modelling is used to match the spreading patterns and the means of transmission  A research in 2018 challenged the popular hypothesis that "infected rats died, their flea parasites could have jumped from the recently dead rat hosts to humans"  It suggested an alternative model in which "the disease was spread from human fleas and body lice to other people"  The second model claims to better fit the trends of death toll because the rat-flea-human hypothesis would have produced a delayed but very high spike in deaths, which contradict historical death data Lars Walløe complains that all of these authors "take it for granted that Simond's infection model, black rat → rat flea → human, which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India, is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread", whilst pointing to several other possibilities  Similarly, Monica Green has argued that greater attention is needed to the range of (especially non-commensal) animals that might be involved in the transmission of plague Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of numerous rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the disease spread too quickly to support the thesis that Y  pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person  This theory is supported by research in 2018 which suggested transmission was more likely by body lice and fleas during the second plague pandemic 

Summary
Although academic debate continues, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance  Many scholars arguing for Y  pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections  In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicaemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms  In 2014, Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed in the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis  Currently, while osteoarcheologists have conclusively verified the presence of Y  pestis bacteria in burial sites across northern Europe through examination of bones and dental pulp, no other epidemic pathogen has been discovered to bolster the alternative explanations 

Transmission
Lack of hygiene
The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century with the development of the germ theory of disease; until then streets were commonly filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding, facilitating the spread of transmissible disease By the early fourteenth century so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste  In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for "shit"  There were rue Merdeux, rue Merdelet, rue Merdusson, rue des Merdons and rue Merdiere—as well as a rue du Pipi Pigs, cattle, chickens, geese, goats and horses roamed the streets of medieval London and Paris  Medieval homeowners were supposed to police their housefronts, including removing animal dung, but most urbanites were as careless as William E  Cosner, a resident of the London suburb of Farringdon Without  A complaint lodged against Cosner charges that "men could not pass [by his house] for the stink [of]       horse dung and horse piss "One irate Londoner complained that the runoff from the local slaughterhouse had made his garden "stinking and putrid", while another charged that the blood from slain animals flooded nearby streets and lanes, "making a foul corruption and abominable sight to all dwelling near " In much of medieval Europe, sanitation legislation consisted of an ordinance requiring homeowners to shout, "Look out below!" three times before dumping a full chamber pot into the street Early Christians, who thought self-abnegation a cardinal virtue, considered bathing, if not a vice, then a temptation  "Who knows what impure thoughts might arise in a tub of warm water? With this danger in mind, St  Benedict declared, "To those who are well, and especially to the young, bathing shall seldom be permitted " St  Agnes took the injunction to heart and died without ever bathing 

Territorial origins
According to a team of medical geneticists led by Mark Achtman that analysed the genetic variation of the bacterium Yersinia pestis "evolved in or near China" over 2,600 years ago  Later research by a team led by Galina Eroshenko places the origins more specifically in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China  However more recent research notes that the previous sampling had a very heavy East Asian bias and that sampling since then has discovered strains of Y  pestis in the Caucasus region that were previously thought to be restricted to China  There is also no physical or specific textual evidence of the Black Death in 14th century China  As a result, China's place in the sequence of the plague's spread is still debated to this day  According to Charles Creighton, records of epidemics in 14th century China suggest nothing more than typhus and major Chinese outbreaks of epidemic disease post-date the European epidemic by several years  The earliest Chinese descriptions of the bubonic plague do not appear until the 1640s Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague, which has led some historians and epidemiologists to think they mark the outbreak of the epidemic; this is supported by recent direct findings of Y  pestis DNA in teeth samples from graves in the area with inscriptions referring to "pestilence" as the cause of death  Epidemics killed an estimated 25 million across Asia during the fifteen years before the Black Death reached Constantinople in 1347 
The evidence does not suggest, at least at present, that these mortality crises were caused by plague  Although some scholars, including McNeill and Cao, see the 1333 outbreak as a prelude to the outbreaks in Europe from the late 1340s to the early 1350s, scholars of the Yuan and Ming periods remain skeptical about such an interpretation  Nonetheless, the remarkably high mortality rates during the Datong mortality should discourage us from rejecting the possibility of localized/regional outbreaks of plague in different parts of China, albeit differing in scale from, and unrelated to, the pandemic mortality of the Black Death  What we lack is any indication of a plague pandemic that engulfed vast territories of the Yuan Empire and later moved into western Eurasia through Central Asia 
According to John Norris, evidence from Issyk-Kul indicates a small sporadic outbreak characteristic of transmission from rodents to humans with no wide-scale impact  According to Achtman, the dating of the plague suggests that it was not carried along the Silk Road, and its widespread appearance in that region probably postdates the European outbreak  There are no records of the symptoms of the Black Death from Mongol sources or writings from travelers east of the Black Sea prior to the Crimean outbreak in 1346  Finally, the Silk Road had already been heavily disrupted before the spread of the Black Death  Western and Middle Eastern traders found it difficult to trade on the Silk Road by 1325 and impossible by 1340, making spread of the plague less likely Others still favor an origin in China or even Kurdistan, and not Central Asia  According to the theory of Chinese origin, the disease may have traveled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders, or it could have arrived via ship, but this theory is still contested  It is speculated that rats aboard Zheng He's ships in the 15th century may have carried the plague to Southeast Asia, India and Africa 
Research on the Delhi Sultanate and the Yuan Dynasty shows no evidence of any serious epidemic in fourteenth-century India and no specific evidence of plague in fourteenth-century China, suggesting that the Black Death may not have reached these regions  Ole Benedictow argues that since the first clear reports of the Black Death come from Kaffa, the Black Death most likely originated in the nearby plague focus on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea 
Demographic historians estimate that China's population fell by at least 15 percent, and perhaps as much as a third, between 1340 and 1370  This population loss coincided with the Black Death that ravaged Europe and much of the Islamic world in 1347–52  However, there is a conspicuous lack of evidence for pandemic disease on the scale of the Black Death in China at this time  War and famine – and the diseases that typically accompanied them – probably were the main causes of mortality in the final decades of Mongol rule 
Monica H  Green suggests that the reason why other parts of Eurasia outside the west do not contain the same evidence of the Black Plague is because there were actually four strains of Yersinia pestis that became predominant in different parts of the world  Mongol records of illness such as food poisoning may have been referring to the Black Plague  Another theory is that the Black Death originated near Europe and cycled through the Mediterranean, Northern Europe and Russia before making its way to China  Other historians such as John Norris and Ole Benedictaw believe the Black Death likely originated in Europe or the Middle East and never reached China 

European outbreak
Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347  During a protracted siege of the city, in 1345–1346 the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants, though it is more likely that infected rats travelled across the siege lines to spread the epidemic to the inhabitants  As the disease took hold, Genoese traders fled across the Black Sea to Constantinople, where the disease first arrived in Europe in summer 1347 The epidemic there killed the 13-year-old son of the Byzantine emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos, who wrote a description of the disease modelled on Thucydides's account of the 5th century BCE Plague of Athens, but noting the spread of the Black Death by ship between maritime cities  Nicephorus Gregoras also described in writing to Demetrios Kydones the rising death toll, the futility of medicine, and the panic of the citizens  The first outbreak in Constantinople lasted a year, but the disease recurred ten times before 1400 Carried by twelve Genoese galleys, plague arrived by ship in Sicily in October 1347; the disease spread rapidly all over the island  Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy  Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseilles From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain (the epidemic began to wreak havoc first on the Crown of Aragon in the spring of 1348), Portugal and England by June 1348, then spread east and north through Germany, Scotland and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350  It was introduced into Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland  Finally, it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351  Plague was somewhat more uncommon in parts of Europe with less developed trade with their neighbours, including the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated Alpine villages throughout the continent According to some epidemiologists, periods of unfavourable weather decimated plague-infected rodent populations and forced their fleas onto alternative hosts, inducing plague outbreaks which often peaked in the hot summers of the Mediterranean, as well as during the cool autumn months of the southern Baltic region  Among many other culprits of plague contagiousness, malnutrition, even if distantly, also contributed to such an immense loss in European population, since it weakened immune systems 

Western Asian and North African outbreak
The disease struck various regions in the Middle East and North Africa during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures  As infected rodents infected new rodents, the disease spread across the region, entering also from southern Russia 
By autumn 1347, plague had reached Alexandria in Egypt, transmitted by sea from Constantinople; according to a contemporary witness, from a single merchant ship carrying slaves  By late summer 1348 it reached Cairo, capital of the Mamluk Sultanate, cultural centre of the Islamic world, and the largest city in the Mediterranean Basin; the Bahriyya child sultan an-Nasir Hasan fled and more than a third of the 600,000 residents died  The Nile was choked with corpses despite Cairo having a medieval hospital, the late 13th century bimaristan of the Qalawun complex  The historian al-Maqrizi described the abundant work for grave-diggers and practitioners of funeral rites, and plague recurred in Cairo more than fifty times over the following one and a half centuries During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza by April; by July it had reached Damascus, and in October plague had broken out in Aleppo  That year, in the territory of modern Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine, the cities of Ascalon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon and Homs were all infected  In 1348–1349, the disease reached Antioch  The city's residents fled to the north, but most of them ended up dying during the journey  Within two years, the plague had spread throughout the Islamic world, from Arabia across North Africa  The pandemic spread westwards from Alexandria along the African coast, while in April 1348 Tunis was infected by ship from Sicily  Tunis was then under attack by an army from Morocco; this army dispersed in 1348 and brought the contagion with them to Morocco, whose epidemic may also have been seeded from the Islamic city of Almería in al-Andalus Mecca became infected in 1348 by pilgrims performing the Hajj  In 1351 or 1352, the Rasulid sultan of the Yemen, al-Mujahid Ali, was released from Mamluk captivity in Egypt and carried plague with him on his return home  During 1348, records show the city of Mosul suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease 

Signs and symptoms
Bubonic plague
Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise  Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days Contemporary accounts of the pandemic are varied and often imprecise  The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, neck and armpits, which oozed pus and bled when opened  Boccaccio's description:

In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg     From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous  As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death, such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves 
This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood  Most people died two to seven days after initial infection  Freckle-like spots and rashes, which could have been caused by flea-bites, were identified as another potential sign of plague 

Pneumonic plague
Lodewijk Heyligen, whose master the Cardinal Colonna died of plague in 1348, noted a distinct form of the disease, pneumonic plague, that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems  Symptoms include fever, cough and blood-tinged sputum  As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red  Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent 

Septicaemic plague
Septicaemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%  Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation)  In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicaemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes 

Consequences
Deaths
There are no exact figures for the death toll; the rate varied widely by locality  In urban centres, the greater the population before the outbreak, the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality  It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia  A study published in 2022 of pollen samples across Europe between 1250 and 1450 was used to estimate changes in agricultural output before and after the Black Death  The authors found great variability in different regions, with evidence for high mortality in areas of Scandinavia, France, western Germany, Greece and central Italy, but uninterrupted agricultural growth in central and eastern Europe, Iberia and Ireland The mortality rate of the Black Death in the 14th century was far greater than the worst 20th-century outbreaks of Y  pestis plague, which occurred in India and killed as much as 3% of the population of certain cities  The overwhelming number of deceased bodies produced by the Black Death caused the necessity of mass burial sites in Europe, sometimes including up to several hundred or several thousand skeletons  The mass burial sites that have been excavated have allowed archaeologists to continue interpreting and defining the biological, sociological, historical and anthropological implications of the Black Death According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague  Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it could have been as much as 60% of the European population  In 1348, the disease spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished  In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die  Half of Paris' population of 100,000 people died  In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from between 110,000 and 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 down to 50,000 in 1351  At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well, with a death toll of approximately 62,000 between 1346 and 1353  Florence's tax records suggest that 80% of the city's population died within four months in 1348  Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450  The disease bypassed some areas, with the most isolated areas being less vulnerable to contagion  Plague did not appear in Douai in Flanders until the turn of the 15th century, and the impact was less severe on the populations of Hainaut, Finland, northern Germany and areas of Poland  Monks, nuns and priests were especially hard-hit since they cared for people with the Black Death 
The physician to the Avignon Papacy, Raimundo Chalmel de Vinario (Latin: Magister Raimundus, lit  'Master Raymond'), observed the decreasing mortality rate of successive outbreaks of plague in 1347–48, 1362, 1371 and 1382 in his 1382 treatise On Epidemics (De epidemica)  In the first outbreak, two thirds of the population contracted the illness and most patients died; in the next, half the population became ill but only some died; by the third, a tenth were affected and many survived; while by the fourth occurrence, only one in twenty people were sickened and most of them survived  By the 1380s in Europe, it predominantly affected children  Chalmel de Vinario recognised that bloodletting was ineffective (though he continued to prescribe bleeding for members of the Roman Curia, whom he disliked), and said that all true cases of plague were caused by astrological factors and were incurable; he himself was never able to effect a cure The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death toll of about a third of the population  The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population  In Cairo, with a population numbering as many as 600,000, and possibly the largest city west of China, between one third and 40% of the inhabitants died within eight months Italian chronicler Agnolo di Tura recorded his experience from Siena, where plague arrived in May 1348:

Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through the breath and sight  And so they died  And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship  Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could, without priest, without divine offices     great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead  And they died by the hundreds both day and night     And as soon as those ditches were filled more were dug     And I, Agnolo di Tura     buried my five children with my own hands  And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city  There was no one who wept for any death, for all awaited death  And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world 

Economic
It has been suggested that the plague, like some others in history, disproportionately affected the poorest people, who were already in generally worse physical condition than the wealthier citizens   Nevertheless, with such a large overall population decline from the pandemic, wages soared in response to a labour shortage  On the other hand, in the quarter century after the Black Death in England, it is clear many labourers, artisans and craftsmen, those living from money-wages alone, did suffer a reduction in real incomes owing to rampant inflation  Landowners were also pushed to substitute monetary rents for labour services in an effort to keep tenants 

Environmental
A study performed by Thomas Van Hoof of the Utrecht University suggests that the innumerable deaths brought on by the pandemic cooled the climate by freeing up land and triggering reforestation  This may have led to the Little Ice Age 

Persecutions
Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death  Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims", lepers and Romani, blaming them for the crisis  Lepers, and others with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were killed throughout Europe 
Because 14th-century healers and governments were at a loss to explain or stop the disease, Europeans turned to astrological forces, earthquakes and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for outbreaks  Many believed the epidemic was a punishment by God for their sins, and could be relieved by winning God's forgiveness There were many attacks against Jewish communities  In the Strasbourg massacre of February 1349, about 2,000 Jews were murdered  In August 1349, the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated  By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed  During this period many Jews relocated to Poland, where they received a warm welcome from King Casimir the Great 

Social
One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th-century Italy and led to the Renaissance  Italy was particularly badly hit by the pandemic, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on spirituality and the afterlife  It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art This does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred in Italy in the 14th century  The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy  The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors, in combination with an influx of Greek scholars following the fall of the Byzantine Empire  As a result of the drastic reduction in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom  To answer the increased need for labour, workers travelled in search of the most favorable position economically Prior to the emergence of the Black Death, the workings of Europe were run by the Catholic Church and the continent was considered a feudalistic society, composed of fiefs and city-states  The pandemic completely restructured both religion and political forces; survivors began to turn to other forms of spirituality and the power dynamics of the fiefs and city-states crumbled Cairo's population, partly owing to the numerous plague epidemics, was in the early 18th century half of what it was in 1347  The populations of some Italian cities, notably Florence, did not regain their pre-14th century size until the 19th century  The demographic decline due to the pandemic had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400  Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall  The survivors of the pandemic found not only that the prices of food were lower but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives, and this probably destabilised feudalism The word "quarantine" has its roots in this period, though the concept of isolating people to prevent the spread of disease is older  In the city-state of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia), a thirty-day isolation period was implemented in 1377 for new arrivals to the city from plague-affected areas  The isolation period was later extended to forty days, and given the name "quarantino" from the Italian word for "forty" 

Recurrences
Second plague pandemic
The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries  According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671  (Note that some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data ) The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67  Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century)  The historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 1900s  However, other sources suggest that the Second pandemic did indeed reach Sub-Saharan Africa According to historian Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31 " In the first half of the 17th century, a plague killed some 1 7 million people in Italy  More than 1 25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world  Plague could be found in the Islamic world almost every year between 1500 and 1850  Sometimes the outbreaks affected small areas, while other outbreaks affected multiple regions  Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa  Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42  Cairo suffered more than fifty plague epidemics within 150 years from the plague's first appearance, with the final outbreak of the second pandemic there in the 1840s  Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century  Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800  Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population had died 

Third plague pandemic
The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone  The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney  This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908 

Modern-day
Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine  It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat  One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995  A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014  In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands An estimate of the case fatality rate for the modern bubonic plague, following the introduction of antibiotics, is 11%, although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions 

See also
Black Death in England
Black Death in medieval culture
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Flagellant
Globalization and disease
List of epidemics
Second plague pandemic
Timeline of plague
Passage 3:
Saint-Laurent-des-Bâtons
Saint-Laurent-des-Bâtons (French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃ loʁɑ̃ de batɔ̃]; Occitan: Sent Laurenç deus Bastons) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in southwestern France  On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Sainte-Alvère-Saint-Laurent Les Bâtons, which merged into the new commune Val de Louyre et Caudeau on 1 January 2017 

Population
See also
Communes of the Dordogne department
Passage 4:
Bâton à feu
The Bâton à feu, or Baston à feu (French for "Fire stick"), is a type of hand cannon developed in the 14th century in Western Europe  This weapon type corresponds to the portable artillery of the second half of 14th century The Bâton à feu at the Musée de l'Armée in Paris has an hexagonal cross-section, and looks like a steel tube  It weighs 1 04 kg, and has a length of 18 cm  Its caliber is 2 cm 

In order to facilitate handling, the metal piece was placed at the end of a wooden pole  The powder was ignited through a small hole at the top, with a red-hot steel stick 

See also
Hand cannon


== Notes ==
Passage 5:
Consequences of the Black Death
The Black Death peaked in Europe between 1348 and 1350, with an estimated third of the continent's population ultimately succumbing to the disease  Often simply referred to as "The Plague", the Black Death had both immediate and long-term effects on human population across the world as one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, including a series of biological, social, economic, political and religious upheavals that had profound effects on the course of world history, especially European history  Symptoms of the Bubonic Plague included painful and enlarged or swollen lymph nodes, headaches, chills, fatigue, vomiting, and fevers, and within 3 to 5 days, 80% of the victims would be dead  Historians estimate that it reduced the total world population from 475 million to between 350 and 375 million  In most parts of Europe, it took nearly 80 years for population sizes to recover, and in some areas, it took more than 150 years From the perspective of many of the survivors, the effect of the plague may have been ultimately favourable, as the massive reduction of the workforce meant their labor was suddenly in higher demand  R  H  Hilton has argued that the English peasants who survived found their situation to be much improved  For many Europeans, the 15th century was a golden age of prosperity and new opportunities  The land was plentiful, wages were high and serfdom had all but disappeared  A century later, as population growth resumed, the lower classes once again faced deprivation and famine 

Death toll
Figures for the death toll vary widely by area and from source to source, and estimates are frequently revised as historical research brings new discoveries to light  Most scholars estimate that the Black Death killed up to 75 million people in the 14th century, at a time when the entire world population was still less than 500 million  Even where the historical record is considered reliable, only rough estimates of the total number of deaths from the plague are possible 

Europe
Europe suffered an especially- significant death toll from the plague  Modern estimates range between roughly one third and one half of the total European population in the five-year period of 1347 to 1351 died during which the most severely-affected areas may have lost up to 80% of the population  Contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart estimated the toll to be one-third, which modern scholars consider less an accurate assessment than an allusion to the Book of Revelation meant to suggest the scope of the plague  Deaths were not evenly distributed across Europe, and some areas were affected very little, but others were all but entirely depopulated The Black Death hit the culture of towns and cities disproportionately hard although rural areas, where most of the population lived at the time, were also significantly affected  Larger cities were the worst off, as population densities and close living quarters made disease transmission easier  Cities were also strikingly filthy, infested with lice, fleas, and rats, and subject to diseases caused by malnutrition and poor hygiene  The population of the city of Florence was reduced from 110,000 to 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 to 50,000 in 1351  In the cities of Hamburg and Bremen, 60–70% of the inhabitants died  In Provence, Dauphiné, and Normandy, historians observe a decrease of 60% of fiscal hearths  In some regions, two thirds of the population was annihilated  In the town of Givry, in the Bourgogne region of France, the local friar, who used to note 28–29 funerals a year, recorded 649 deaths in 1348, half of them in September  About half the population of Perpignan died over the course of several months (only two of the eight physicians survived the plague)  Over 60% of Norway's population died between 1348 and 1350  London may have lost two thirds of its population during the 1348–49 outbreak; England as a whole may have lost 70% of its population, which declined from 7 million before the plague to 2 million in 1400 Some places, including the Kingdom of Poland, parts of Hungary, the Brabant region, Hainaut, and Limbourg (in modern Belgium), as well as Santiago de Compostela, were unaffected for unknown reasons  Some historians have assumed that the presence of resistant blood groups in the local population helped them resist infection, but the regions were touched by the second plague outbreak in 1360–1363 (the "little mortality") and later during the numerous resurgences of the plague (in 1366–1369, 1374–75, 1400, 1407 etc )  Other areas escaping the plague were isolated in mountainous regions such as the Pyrenees 
All social classes were affected, but the lower classes, living together in unhealthy places, were most vulnerable  Alfonso XI of Castile and Joan of Navarre (daughter of Louis X le Hutin and Margaret of Burgundy) were the only European monarchs to die of the plague, but Peter IV of Aragon lost his wife, his daughter and a niece in six months  Joan of England, daughter of Edward III, died in Bordeaux on her way to Castile to marry Alfonso's son Pedro  The Byzantine Emperor lost his son, while in the Kingdom of France, Bonne of Luxembourg, the wife of the future John II of France, died of the plague 

Asia
Estimates of the demographic effect of the plague in Asia are based on population figures during the time and estimates of the disease's toll on population centers  The most severe outbreak of plague, in the Chinese province of Hubei in 1334, claimed up to 80% of the population  China had several epidemics and famines from 1200 to the 1350s and its population decreased from an estimated 125 million to 65 million in the late 14th century The precise demographic effect of the disease in the Middle East is very difficult to calculate  Mortality was particularly high in rural areas, including significant areas of Gaza and Syria  Many rural people fled, leaving their fields and crops, and entire rural provinces are recorded as being totally depopulated  Surviving records in some cities reveal a devastating number of deaths  The 1348 outbreak in Gaza left an estimated 10,000 people dead, and Aleppo recorded a death rate of 500 per day during the same year  In Damascus, at the disease's peak in September and October 1348, a thousand deaths were recorded every day, with overall mortality estimated at between 25 and 38 percent  Syria had lost a total of 400,000 people when the epidemic subsided, in March 1349  In contrast to some higher mortality estimates in Asia and Europe, scholars such as John Fields of Trinity College, Dublin, believe the mortality rate in the Middle East to have been less than one third of the total population, with higher rates in selected areas 

Social, environmental, and economic effects
Because 14th-century healers were at a loss to explain the cause of the Black Death, many Europeans gave supernatural forces, earthquakes, malicious conspiracies and other things as possible reasons for the plague's emergence  No one in the 14th century considered rat control a way to ward off the plague, and people began to believe that only God's anger could produce such horrific displays of suffering and death  Giovanni Boccaccio, an Italian writer and poet of the era, questioned whether it was sent by God for their correction, or if it came through the influence of the heavenly bodies  Christians accused Jews of poisoning public water supplies and alleged that Jews were making an effort to ruin European civilization  The spreading of those rumours led to the complete destruction of entire Jewish towns  In February 1349, 2,000 Jews were murdered in Strasbourg  In August that year, the Jewish communities of Mainz and Cologne were murdered Where government authorities were concerned, most monarchs instituted measures that prohibited exports of foodstuffs, condemned black market speculators, set price controls on grain and outlawed large-scale fishing  At best, those proved mostly unenforceable; at worst, they contributed to a continental downward spiral  The hardest-hit lands, like England, were unable to buy grain abroad from France because of the prohibition and from most of the rest of the grain producers because of crop failures from shortage of labour  Any grain that could be shipped was eventually taken by pirates or looters to be sold on the black market  Meanwhile, many of the largest countries, most notably England and Scotland, had been at war, used up much of their treasury which exacerbated inflation  In 1337, on the eve of the first wave of the Black Death, England and France went to war in what would become known as the Hundred Years' War  Malnutrition, poverty, disease and hunger, coupled with war, growing inflation and other economic concerns, made Europe in the mid-14th century ripe for tragedy 
The historian Walter Scheidel contends that waves of plague following the initial outbreak of the Black Death had a levelling effect, which changed the ratio of land to labour by reducing the value of the former and boosting that of the latter, which lowered economic inequality by making landowners and employers less well-off and improved the lot of the workers: "the observed improvement in living standards of the laboring population was rooted in the suffering and premature death of tens of millions over the course of several generations"  The levelling effect was reversed by a "demographic recovery that resulted in renewed population pressure"  On the other hand, in the quarter-century after the Black Death, many labourers, artisans, and craftsmen, those living from money-wages alone, suffer a reduction in real incomes in England from rampant inflation  In 1357, a third of property in London was unused because of a severe outbreak in 1348–49  However, for reasons still debated, population levels declined after the Black Death's first outbreak until around 1420 and did not begin to rise again until 1470 and so the initial Black Death event on its own does not entirely provide a satisfactory explanation to that extended period of decline in prosperity  See medieval demography for a more complete treatment of this issue and current theories on why improvements in living standards took longer to evolve 

Peasantry
The great population loss brought favorable results to the surviving peasants in England and the rest of Western Europe  There was increased social mobility, as depopulation further eroded the peasants' already-weakened obligations to remain on their traditional holdings  Seigneurialism never recovered  Land was plentiful, wages high, and serfdom had all but disappeared  It was possible to move about and rise higher in life  Younger sons and women especially benefited  As population growth resumed, however, peasants again faced deprivation and famine In Eastern Europe, by contrast, renewed stringency of laws tied the remaining peasantry more tightly to the land than ever before through serfdom 
Furthermore, the plague's great population reduction brought cheaper land prices; more food for the average peasant; and a relatively large increase in per capita income among the peasantry, if not immediately, in the coming century  Since the plague left vast areas of farmland untended, they were made available for pasture and put more meat on the market  The consumption of meat and dairy products went up, as did the export of beef and butter from the Low Countries, Scandinavia and northern Germany  However, the upper class often attempted to stop the changes, initially in Western Europe and more forcefully and successfully in Eastern Europe, by instituting sumptuary laws  They regulated what people (particularly of the peasant class) could wear so that nobles could ensure that peasants did not begin to dress and act as a higher-class member with their increased wealth  Another tactic was to fix prices and wages so that peasants could not demand more with increasing value  In England, the Statute of Labourers 1351 was enforced, which stated that no peasant could ask for more wages than in 1346  That was met with varying success depending on the amount of rebellion it inspired  Such a law was one of the causes of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England 
The rapid development of the use was probably one of the consequences of the Black Death during which many landowning nobles died and left their realty to their widows and minor orphans 

Urban workers
In the wake of the drastic population decline brought on by the plague, wages shot up, and labourers could move to new localities in response to wage offers  Local and royal authorities in Western Europe instituted wage controls  The government controls sought to freeze wages at the old levels before the Black Death  Within England, for example, the Ordinance of Labourers, enacted in 1349, and the Statute of Labourers, enacted in 1351, restricted both wage increases and the relocation of workers  If workers attempted to leave their current post, employers were given the right to have them imprisoned  The statute was poorly enforced in most areas, and farm wages in England on average doubled between 1350 and 1450, but they were then static until the late 19th century Cohn, comparing numerous countries, argues that the laws were not designed primarily to freeze wages  Instead, he says that the energetic local and royal measures to control labour and artisans' prices were responses to elite fears of the greed and the possible new powers of the lesser classes that had gained new freedom  Cohn continues that the laws reflected the anxiety that followed the Black Death's new horrors of mass mortality and destruction and from elite anxiety about manifestations, such as the flagellant movement and the persecution of Jews, Catalans (in Sicily) and beggars 

Labour-saving adaptations
The Black Death encouraged innovation of labour-saving technologies, leading to higher productivity  There was also a shift from grain farming to animal husbandry  Grain farming was very labor-intensive, but animal husbandry needed only a shepherd and a few dogs and pastureland By 1200, virtually all of the Mediterranean basin and most of northern Germany had been deforested and cultivated  Indigenous flora and fauna were replaced by domestic grasses and animals, and domestic woodlands were lost  With depopulation, the process was reversed  Much of the primeval vegetation returned, and abandoned fields and pastures were reforested 

Changing land-contracts and end of serfdom
Plague brought an eventual end of serfdom in Western Europe  The manorial system was already in trouble, but the Black Death assured its demise throughout much of Western and Central Europe by 1500  Severe depopulation and migration of the village to cities caused an acute shortage of agricultural labourers  Many villages were abandoned  In England, more than 1300 villages were deserted between 1350 and 1500  Wages of labourers were high, but the rise in nominal wages after the Black Death was swamped by inflation and so real wages fell Labour was in such a short supply that landlords were forced to give better terms of tenure  That resulted in much lower rents in Western Europe  By 1500, a new form of tenure called copyhold became prevalent in Europe  In copyhold, both a landlord and peasant made their best business deal, whereby the peasant got use of the land and the landlord got a fixed annual payment, and both possessed a copy of the tenure agreement  Serfdom did not end everywhere and lingered in parts of Western Europe and was introduced to Eastern Europe only after the Black Death There was also a change in inheritance law  Before the plague, only sons, especially the eldest son, inherited the ancestral property  After the Plague, all sons and daughters started to inherit property 

Persecutions
Renewed religious fervor and fanaticism came in the wake of the Black Death  Some Europeans targeted "groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims" lepers and Romani, who were thought to have caused the crisis 
Differences in cultural and lifestyle practices also led to persecution  As the plague swept across Europe in the mid-14th century and annihilating more than half the population, Jews were taken as scapegoats, in part because better hygiene among Jewish communities and isolation in the ghettos meant that Jews were less affected  Accusations spread that Jews had caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells  Mobs attacked Jewish settlements across Europe; by 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed, and more than 350 separate massacres had occurred 
According to Joseph P  Byrne, women also faced persecution during the Black Death  Muslim women in Cairo became scapegoats when the plague struck  Byrne writes that in 1438, the sultan of Cairo was informed by his religious lawyers, that the arrival of the plague was "Allah's punishment for the sin of fornication" and that in accordance with that theory, a law was set in place stating that women were not allowed to make public appearances, as "they may tempt men into sin"  Byrne describes that law as being lifted only when "the wealthy complained that their female servants could not shop for food" 

Religion
The Black Death hit the monasteries very hard because of their proximity with the sick who sought refuge there  That left a severe shortage of clergy after the epidemic cycle  Eventually, the losses were replaced by hastily-trained and inexperienced clergy members, many of whom knew little of the rigours of their predecessors  New colleges were opened at established universities, and the training process was sped up  The shortage of priests opened new opportunities for laywomen to assume more extensive and more important service roles in the local parish 

Flagellants practiced self-flogging (whipping of oneself) to atone for sins  The movement became popular after the Black Death  It may be that the flagellants' later involvement in hedonism was an effort to accelerate, to absorb God's wrath and to shorten the time with which others suffered  More likely, the focus of attention and popularity of their cause contributed to a sense that the world itself was ending and that their individual actions were of no consequence 
Reformers rarely pointed to failures on the part of the Church in dealing with the catastrophe 

Cultural effects
The Black Death had profound effects on art and literature  After 1350, European culture in general turned very morbid  The general mood was one of pessimism, and contemporary art turned dark with representations of death  The widespread image of the "dance of death" showed death (a skeleton) choosing victims at random  Many of the most graphic depictions come from writers such as Boccaccio and Petrarch  Peire Lunel de Montech, writing about 1348 in the lyric style long out of fashion, composed the following sorrowful sirventes "Meravilhar no·s devo pas las gens" during the height of the plague in Toulouse:

They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in    ditches and covered with earth  And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug  And I, Agnolo di Tura    buried my five children with my own hands     And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world 
Boccaccio wrote:

How many valiant men, how many fair ladies, breakfast with their kinfolk and the same night supped with their ancestors in the next world! The condition of the people was pitiable to behold  They sickened by the thousands daily, and died unattended and without help  Many died in the open street, others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies  Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies, which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches, like goods in a ship's hold and covered with a little earth 

Medicine
Although the Black Death highlighted the shortcomings of medical science in the Middle Ages, it also led to positive changes in the field of medicine  As described by David Herlihy in The Black Death and the Transformation of the West, more emphasis was placed on "anatomical investigations" after the Black Death  The way that individuals studied the human body notably changed and became a process that dealt more directly with the human body in varied states of sickness and health  Furthermore, the importance of surgeons became more evident A theory put forth by Stephen O'Brien is that the Black Death is likely responsible by natural selection for the high frequency of the CCR5-Δ32 genetic defect in people of European descent  The gene affects T cell function and provides protection against HIV, smallpox and possibly plague, but for the last, no explanation exists on how it would do that  However, that is now challenged since the CCR5-Δ32 gene has been found to be just as common in Bronze Age tissue samples 

Architecture
The Black Death also inspired European architecture to move in two different directions: (1) a revival of Greco-Roman styles, and (2) a further elaboration of the Gothic style  Late medieval churches had impressive structures centred on verticality in which one's eye is drawn up towards the high ceiling  The basic Gothic style was revamped with elaborate decoration in the late medieval period  Sculptors in Italian city-states emulated the work of their Roman forefathers, and sculptors in Northern Europe, no doubt inspired by the devastation they had witnessed, gave way to a heightened expression of emotion and an emphasis on individual differences  A tough realism came forth in architecture as in literature  Images of intense sorrow, decaying corpses and individuals with faults as well as virtues emerged  North of the Alps, painting reached a pinnacle of precise realism with Early Dutch painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck (c  1390 – 1441)  The natural world was reproduced in those works with meticulous detail whose realism was not unlike photography 

See also
Economic consequences of population decline
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has had occurrences of actors nominated for two different Academy Awards in acting categories in a single year, with the first instance in 1938 
Provided that they receive enough votes from the Academy in both categories to earn a nomination, there are no restrictions on male actors being nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor or actresses being nominated for both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress in any given year  The only two rules with regard to multiple nominations is that an actor or actress cannot receive multiple nominations for different performances in the same category (one nomination must be for a lead role and the other must be for a supporting role), and they cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance  The second rule was introduced in 1944 after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor nomination and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way As of 2022, 12 actors and actresses have been nominated for two different Academy Awards in the same year  The first was Fay Bainter, who received nominations for her performances in White Banners and Jezebel at the 11th Academy Awards  The most recent occurrence was the 92nd Academy Awards when Scarlett Johansson received (her first ever) nominations for Marriage Story and Jojo Rabbit  Seven of these actors and actresses received an Academy Award in one of the categories they were nominated in, but none have won two Academy Awards in the same year  Five did not receive an Academy Award in either category: Sigourney Weaver (nominations for Gorillas in the Mist and Working Girl), Emma Thompson (nominations for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father), Julianne Moore (nominations for Far from Heaven and The Hours), Cate Blanchett (nominations for Elizabeth: The Golden Age and I'm Not There) and Johansson  Thompson is notable for not only her dual nominations, but also for being the only person to win Academy Awards for both acting and writing   In 1993, the only time to date, two actors were nominated in two categories each in a single year: Holly Hunter (for The Piano and The Firm) and Thompson (for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father) 

Nominees
See also
List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for non-English performances
Passage 2:
François Bégaudeau
François Bégaudeau (French pronunciation: ​[fʁɑ̃swa beɡodo]; born 27 April 1971) is a French writer, journalist, and actor  He is best known for co-writing and starring in Entre les murs (2008), a film based on his 2006 novel of the same name  The film won the Palme d'Or at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film in 2009 

Early life
He was born in Luçon, Vendée, France and was a member of the 1990s punk rock group Zabriskie Point  After receiving his degree in Literature, he taught high school in Dreux and in an inner city middle school in Paris 

Career
Bégaudeau published his first novel, Jouer juste in 2003  In 2005, he published Dans la diagonale and Un démocrate, Mick Jagger 1960-1969, a fictionalized account of the life of Mick Jagger  In 2006, his third novel entitled Entre les murs earned him the Prix France Culture/Télérama Bégaudeau works as a movie critic for the French version of Playboy, having previously worked for the Cahiers du cinéma  He was also a regular contributor for several French magazines, including Inculte, Transfuge and So Foot  Since 2006, he has been a columnist for La Matinale and Le Cercle on Canal+ television He worked on the screenplay for Entre les murs (2008), a film based on his 2006 novel of the same name, in collaboration with the film's director Laurent Cantet  Bégaudeau also starred as the lead in the film, which went on to win the Palme d'Or at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival  The film also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film in 2009, though it ultimately lost to Japan's Departures  The English-language version of Entre les murs was published in April 2009 by Seven Stories Press under the title The Class 

Works
Jouer juste, Éditions Verticales, 2003
Dans la diagonale, Éditions Verticales, 2005
Un démocrate : Mick Jagger 1960-1969, Naïve Records, 2005
Entre les murs, Éditions Verticales, 2006
Collaboration for Débuter dans l'enseignement : Témoignages d'enseignants, conseils d'experts, ESF, 2006
Collaboration  for Devenirs du roman, Naïve Records, 2007
Collaboration for Une année en France : Réferendum/banlieues/CPE, Gallimard, 2007
Fin de l'histoire, Éditions Verticales, 2007
Vers la Douceur, Éditions Verticales, 2009
Histoire de ta bêtise, Éditions Fayard/Pauvert, 2019
Notre Joie, Éditions Fayard/Pauvert, 2021
Passage 3:
List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception  Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, or Best Supporting Actress  The only restriction is that actors cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance  This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way As of 2021, 44 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories  Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four (all Best Actress)  Six have won exactly three acting Academy Awards:  Daniel Day-Lewis (three Best Actor awards), Frances McDormand (three Best Actress awards), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards)  Brennan became the first to receive three or more Academy Awards (winning the third for a 1940 film), followed by Hepburn (1968), Bergman (1974), Nicholson (1997), Streep (2011), Day-Lewis (2012), and, most recently, McDormand (2020)  Of the seven, only Nicholson, Streep, McDormand, and Day-Lewis are still living 
While there is no restriction on a performer winning the Best Actor/Actress and Best Supporting Actor/Actress awards in the same year for two roles in two movies, this has yet to happen—although there have been occasions where performers have been nominated for both in the same year 

List
† = deceased

See also
List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories
List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances
List of Academy Award records
Passage 4:
Charlie Wilson's War (film)
Charlie Wilson's War is a 2007 American biographical comedy-drama film based on the story of U S  Congressman Charlie Wilson and CIA operative Gust Avrakotos, whose efforts led to Operation Cyclone, a program to organize and support the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) 
The film was directed by Mike Nichols (his final film) and written by Aaron Sorkin, who adapted George Crile III's 2003 book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History  It stars Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, and Philip Seymour Hoffman, with Amy Adams and Ned Beatty in supporting roles  It earned five nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and Hoffman earned a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the 80th Academy Awards 

Plot
In 1980, Congressman Charlie Wilson is more interested in partying than legislating, frequently throwing huge galas and staffing his congressional office with attractive young women  His social life eventually brings about a federal investigation into allegations of his cocaine use, conducted by federal prosecutor Rudy Giuliani as part of a larger investigation into congressional misconduct  The investigation results in no charge against Wilson 
A friend and romantic interest, Joanne Herring, encourages Charlie to do more to help the Afghan people, and persuades him to visit the Pakistani leadership  The Pakistanis complain about the inadequate support of the U S  to oppose the Soviet Union, and they insist that Wilson visit a major Pakistan-based Afghan refugee camp  The Congressman is deeply moved by their misery and determination to fight, but is frustrated by the regional CIA personnel's insistence on a low key approach against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan  Wilson returns home to lead an effort to substantially increase funding to the mujahideen 
As part of this effort, Charlie befriends maverick CIA operative Gust Avrakotos and his understaffed Afghanistan group to find a better strategy, especially including a means to counter the Soviets' formidable Mil Mi-24 Hind helicopter gunship  This group was composed in part of members of the CIA's Special Activities Division, including a young paramilitary officer named Michael Vickers  As a result, Charlie's deft political bargaining for the necessary funding and Avrakotos' careful planning using those resources, such as supplying the guerrillas with FIM-92 Stinger missile launchers, turns the Soviet occupation into a deadly quagmire with their heavy fighting vehicles being destroyed at a crippling rate  Charlie enlists the support of Israel and Egypt for Soviet weapons and consumables, and Pakistan for distribution of arms   The CIA's anti-communism budget evolves from $5 million to over $500 million (with the same amount matched by Saudi Arabia), startling several congressmen  This effort by Charlie ultimately evolves into a major portion of the U S  foreign policy known as the Reagan Doctrine, under which the U S  expanded assistance beyond just the mujahideen and began also supporting other anti-communist resistance movements around the world  Charlie states that senior Pentagon official Michael Pillsbury persuaded President Ronald Reagan to provide the Stingers to the Afghans 
Gust vehemently advises Charlie to seek support for post-Soviet occupation Afghanistan, referencing the "zen master's" story of the lost horse  He also emphasizes that rehabilitating schools in the country will help educate young children before they are influenced by the "crazies"  Charlie attempts to appeal this with the government but finds no enthusiasm for even the modest measures he proposes  In the end, Charlie receives a major commendation for his support of the U S  clandestine services, but his pride is tempered by his fears of the blowback his secret efforts could yield in the future and the implications of U S  disengagement from Afghanistan 

Cast
Release and reception
Box office
The film was originally set for release on December 25, 2007; but on November 30, the timetable was moved back to December 21  In its opening weekend, the film grossed $9 6 million in 2,575 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking No  4 at the box office  It grossed a total of $119 million worldwide—$66 7 million in the United States and Canada and $52 3 million in other territories 

Critical reaction
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 205 reviews, with an average rating of 7 00/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Charlie Wilson's War manages to entertain and inform audiences, thanks to its witty script and talented cast of power players " Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 67 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale 

Governmental criticism and praise
Some Reagan Era officials, including former Under Secretary of Defense Fred Ikle, have criticized some elements of the film  The Washington Times reported claims that the film wrongly promotes the notion that the CIA-led operation funded Osama bin Laden and ultimately produced the September 11 attacks; however, other Reagan-era officials have been more supportive of the film   Michael Johns, the former foreign policy analyst at The Heritage Foundation and White House speechwriter to President George H  W  Bush, praised the film as "the first mass-appeal effort to reflect the most important lesson of America's Cold War victory: that the Reagan-led effort to support freedom fighters resisting Soviet oppression led successfully to the first major military defeat of the Soviet Union    Sending the Red Army packing from Afghanistan proved one of the single most important contributing factors in one of history's most profoundly positive and important developments "

Russian reception
In February 2008, it was revealed that the film would not release in Russian theaters  The rights for the film were bought by Universal Pictures International (UPI) Russia  It was speculated that the film would not appear because of a certain point of view that depicted the Soviet Union unfavorably  UPI Russia head Yevgeny Beginin denied that, saying, "We simply decided that the film would not make a profit " Reaction from Russian bloggers was also negative  One wrote: "The whole film shows Russians, or rather Soviets, as brutal killers "

Historical accuracy
Mujahideen support
While the film depicts Wilson as an immediate advocate for supplying the mujahideen with Stinger missiles, a former Reagan administration official recalls that he and Wilson, while advocates for the mujahideen, were actually initially "lukewarm" on the idea of supplying these missiles  Their opinion changed when they discovered that rebels were successful in downing Soviet gunships with them  As such, they were actually not supplied until 1987, during the second Reagan term, and their provision was advocated mostly by Reagan defense officials and influential conservatives 

Happy ending
According to Melissa Roddy, a Los Angeles film maker with inside information from the production, the film's happy ending where Wilson receives an award came about because Tom Hanks did not feel comfortable with an original draft which ended on a scene featuring the September 11 attacks   Citing the original screenplay, which was very different from the final product, in Reel Power: Hollywood Cinema and American Supremacy Matthew Alford wrote that the film gave up "the chance to produce what at least had the potential to be the Dr  Strangelove of our generation" 

Academic research
The book and the film based on it are mostly rated negatively in terms of historical accuracy 

Charlie Wilson’s War (2007) is amusing but has only an intermittent connection with historical reality 
George Crile's magnificent book Charlie Wilson's War, and the movie that was made from it, is an excellent account, but it is told from the perspective of one Texas congressman and tends to distort his importance 
George Crile's Charlie Wilson's War has been made into a film, and features the same degree of fantasy and escapism as Rambo III, which was also set in the Soviet-Afghan War 

Aftermath
The film depicts the concern expressed by Charlie and Gust that Afghanistan was being neglected in the 1990s, following the Soviet withdrawal  In one of the film's final scenes, Gust dampens Charlie's enthusiasm over the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, saying "I'm about to give you an NIE (National Intelligence Estimate) that shows the crazies are rolling into Kandahar "  As he says this, the sound of jet airliners soar overhead, a premonition of the coming 9/11 attacks 

George Crile III, author of the book on which the film is based, wrote that the mujahideen's victory in Afghanistan ultimately opened a power vacuum for bin Laden: By the end of 1993, in Afghanistan itself there were no roads, no schools, just a destroyed country—and the United States was washing its hands of any responsibility  It was in this vacuum that the Taliban and Osama bin Laden would emerge as the dominant players  It is ironic that a man who had almost nothing to do with the victory over the Red Army, Osama bin Laden, would come to personify the power of the jihad 
In 2008, Canadian journalist Arthur Kent sued the makers of the film, claiming that they had used material he produced in the 1980s without obtaining the proper authorization  On September 19, 2008, Kent announced that he had reached a settlement with the film's producers and distributors, and that he was "very pleased" with the terms of the settlement, which remain confidential 

Awards and nominations
Home media
The film was released on DVD April 22, 2008, while a HD DVD/DVD combo was also made available
Passage 5:
Heureux Anniversaire
Heureux Anniversaire (also known as Happy Anniversary) is a 1962 French short comedy film directed by Pierre Étaix  It won an Oscar in 1963 for Best Short Subject 

Cast
Robert Blome
Pierre Étaix
Lucien Frégis
Laurence Lignières
Georges Loriot
Ican Paillaud
Nono Zammit
Passage 6:
Beyond the Hills
Beyond the Hills (Romanian: După dealuri) is a 2012 Romanian drama film directed by Cristian Mungiu, starring Cristina Flutur and Cosmina Stratan  The narrative follows two young women at an Eastern Orthodox convent in Romania 

Plot
Two Romanian orphaned young women, Voichița and Alina, visit a Romanian Orthodox convent during Lent, where Voichița tells Alina the altar includes an icon that grants wishes  Alina had been working in Germany, and the two girls were previously roommates at a children's home and had shared a physical relationship  The monastery is led by a 30-year-old Priest who speaks ill of declining faith in Western Europe, citing same-sex marriage, and forbids anyone outside of the faith from entering  He inquires about Alina to Voichița, who tells him Alina irregularly attends church and does not go to confession  They urge Alina to begin confessing  Alina hopes to sleep with Voichița, but Voichița tells her they must be cautious given it is Lent 
Some time later after Alina has left the convent, Voichița retrieves her, but Voichița tells Alina she is now a nun, that she has chosen to be with God so she will never be alone, and her love of Alina is different from before  They return to the convent, but Alina asks Voichița that they escape together  After Voichița refuses, Alina attempts to jump down a well, but is restrained by the nuns and taken to the hospital  There, doctors restrain Alina to prevent her self-harm, after which they send her back to the convent to assist with recovery  There, the nuns read to Alina about sin  Alina begins a Black Fast, but when the Priest learns of this when Alina is not at the table, they see Alina is attempting to enter the altar to make a wish to the icon  The Priest admits the icon exists, but says entering the altar is a severe sin, and tells the nuns the Devil is in Alina and the convent 
Alina remains tied down to a board with chains and towels  The nuns witness a worsening in her condition and take her back to the hospital  There, the hospital staff find Alina is dead on arrival, and observe the wounds on her wrists and ankles from the restraints  The staff tells the nuns this constitutes homicide and threatens to call the police and media  An officer investigates the convent  Seeing the board Alina was tied to, the officer interprets it as a cross  The officer also says forcible restraint leading to death is a homicide  The Priest denies criminal intent, saying the restraints were to prevent self-harm, and invoking the analogy of a parent's right to force children to take medicine, though the officer replies Alina was not a child and the Priest was not her guardian  The nuns also cite Alina's strength as mysterious, but Voichița says Alina studied martial arts  The police take the Priest and the nuns who tied up Alina away, with Voichița choosing to go with them 

Cast
Cosmina Stratan as Voichița
Cristina Flutur as Alina
Valeriu Andriuță as Priest
Dana Tapalagă as Mother superior
Cătălina Harabagiu as Antonia
Gina Țandură as nun Iustina
Vica Agache as nun Elisabeta
Nora Covali as Nun Pahomia
Dionisie Vitcu as Mr  Valerică

Production
The screenplay was inspired by two novels by the writer Tatiana Niculescu Bran, documenting the Tanacu exorcism, in which a young member of a monastery in Moldavia died in 2005 after an exorcism ritual  Mungiu was inspired to make the film after seeing the stage version in New York while promoting 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days The film production was made through the director's company, Mobra Films  It also received production support from Belgium and France  It received €273,100  from Romania's National Centre for Cinema and €400,000 from Eurimages  Filming took place from November 2011 to February 2012 

Release
The film premiered in the main competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, where it was screened on 19 May  At Cannes, Mungiu won the award for Best Screenplay, while Cristina Flutur and Cosmina Stratan shared the award for Best Actress  It was selected as the Romanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards,  making the January shortlist  The film also won the Golden Ástor for Best Film at the 2012 Mar del Plata International Film Festival 

Critical response
Dan Fainaru of Screen Daily wrote from Cannes: "Spare, unadorned and strikingly shot, Cristian Mungiu's film is an unusual rendering of a Romanian exorcism case and is bound to split both audience and critical opinions, some considering it a major achievement and others blaming it for overlong pretentious sensationalism  But it will certainly not pass unnoticed "Sight & Sound film magazine listed the film at #8 on its list of best films of 2012 

See also
Romanian New Wave
List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Romanian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films of 2012
Passage 7:
78th Academy Awards
The 78th Academy Awards presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 5, 2006, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p m  PST / 8:00 p m  EST  The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid a clash with the 2006 Winter Olympics  During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005  The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J  Horvitz  Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time  Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California held on February 18, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams Crash won three awards, including Best Picture  Other winners included Brokeback Mountain, King Kong, and Memoirs of a Geisha with three awards and Capote, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Constant Gardener, Hustle & Flow, March of the Penguins, The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation, A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin, Six Shooter, Syriana, Tsotsi, Walk the Line, and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one  The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States 

Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 78th Academy Awards were announced on January 31, 2006, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in the Academy's Beverly Hills headquarters by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino  Brokeback Mountain earned the most nominations with eight total; Crash, Good Night, and Good Luck, and Memoirs of a Geisha tied for second with six nominations each  All five Best Picture nominees received corresponding Best Director nominations (the fourth occurrence in Oscar history since the Best Picture nominees roster was limited to five films) The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 5, 2006  Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony  Crash was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's Rocky to win only three Oscars  Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category  For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees  At age 20, Keira Knightley was the second-youngest Best Actress nominee for her performance as Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice  Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films  By virtue of his nominations for both Memoirs of a Geisha and Munich, composer John Williams earned a total of 45 nominations tying him with Alfred Newman as the second most nominated individual in Oscar history  "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" became the second rap song to win Best Original Song and the first such song to be performed at an Oscars ceremony 

Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡) 

Academy Honorary Award
Robert Altman — In recognition of a career that has repeatedly reinvented the art form and inspired filmmakers and audiences alike 

Films with multiple nominations and awards
Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers 

Presenters
Performers
Ceremony information
Despite the negative reception from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy rehired Gilbert Cates to oversee production of the awards gala  However, in an article published in The New York Times, it was stated that 2005 host Chris Rock would not return to host the show  According to a statement released by his publicist, "He didn't want to do it in perpetuity, He'd like to do it again down the road " Furthermore, many media outlets speculated that several AMPAS members felt uncomfortable with Rock's disparaging comments about Colin Farrell, Jude Law, and Tobey Maguire  Initially, Cates sought actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony again



ground_truth: 30% to 65%

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is Sean Hampton's birth place in the state of Florida?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
South Beach, Florida
South Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) on North Hutchinson Island in Indian River County, Florida, United States  The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census  It is ranked tenth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010 
South Beach is part of the Sebastian–Vero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
South Beach is located in southeastern Indian River County at 27°35′45″N 80°20′17″W, on Orchid Island  It is bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the border between Indian River and St Lucie counties, on the west by the Indian River Lagoon, and on the north by the Vero Beach city limits 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6 8 square miles (17 7 km2), of which 2 7 square miles (7 0 km2) are land and 4 1 square miles (10 7 km2), or 60 31%, are water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,457 people, 1,610 households, and 1,220 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 1,279 8 inhabitants per square mile (494 1/km2)   There were 2,066 housing units at an average density of 764 9 per square mile (295 3/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 98 15% White, 0 58% African American, 0 09% Native American, 1 01% Asian, 0 06% from other races, and 0 12% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 36% of the population 
There were 1,610 households, out of which 15 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72 7% were married couples living together, 2 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 2% were non-families  21 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 14 and the average family size was 2 45 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13 7% under the age of 18, 1 4% from 18 to 24, 11 3% from 25 to 44, 30 3% from 45 to 64, and 43 2% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 61 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $108,702, and the median income for a family was $126,755  Males had a median income of $89,395 versus $26,607 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $90,938   About 1 4% of families and 3 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 0% of those under age 18 and 3 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 2:
Hampton Double Square Historic District
The Hampton Double Square Historic District is a historic district located in Hampton, Iowa, United States  It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003  At the time of its nomination it contained 43 resources, which included 28 contributing buildings, two contributing sites, 10 non-contributing buildings, one non-contributing site, one non-contributing structures, and one non-contributing object  The town of Hampton was laid out by H  P  Allen, who was the county surveyor, in June 1856  The original plat was eight blocks by eight blocks in the shape of an "L"  Near the center of the "L" was the two-block, or double, square  While many county seats in Iowa have a courthouse square, the double square is a rarity  Four double squares were platted in Iowa, but only those in Hampton and Sidney survived their early period of development  Estherville's square was platted as a four-block square, but its development created a double square instead  Hampton has the only symmetrical double square plan in the state  The double square exemplifies the two primary functions of a public square, both commercial and public development 
The district's period of significance is from 1856, when it was of platted, to 1935 when the last public building was constructed  Building usage is largely commercial with a few public/government buildings, and the Congregational Church  The buildings are largely two stories tall and constructed of brick in the styles that were popular at the time  Many of the commercial blocks are Italianate in design  The Franklin County Sheriff's Residence and Jail (1880), the Franklin County G  A  R  Soldiers' Memorial Hall (1890; Edward Carl Keifer), and the Franklin County Courthouse (1891; T  D  Allen) are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places 
Passage 3:
Carver Ranches, West Park, Florida
Carver Ranches was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States  The population was 4,299 at the 2000 census 
In 2005 it became one of four neighborhoods to incorporate into the new city of West Park 

Geography
Carver Ranches is located at 25°59′30″N 80°11′30″W (25 991718, -80 191716) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 7 km2 (0 7 mi2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,299 people, 1,340 households, and 1,027 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,477 4/km2 (6,376 5/mi2)   There were 1,428 housing units at an average density of 822 9/km2 (2,118 1/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 2 19% White (1 4% were Non-Hispanic White,) 96 42% African American, 0 16% Native American, 0 02% Asian, 0 56% from other races, and 0 65% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 65% of the population 
There were 1,340 households, out of which 33 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36 0% were married couples living together, 33 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 3% were non-families  18 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 20 and the average family size was 3 62 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32 3% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 28 1% from 25 to 44, 19 4% from 45 to 64, and 11 5% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 5 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82 2 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,613, and the median income for a family was $27,412  Males had a median income of $22,604 versus $21,213 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $10,090   About 25 6% of families and 25 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31 5% of those under age 18 and 36 4% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, before being annexed to West Park, English as a first language accounted for 96 90% of all residents, while Spanish accounted for 2 19%, and French Creole as a mother tongue made up 0 90% of the population 
Passage 4:
Wade Hampton, South Carolina
Wade Hampton is a census-designated place (CDP) in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States  The population was 20,622 at the 2010 census  It is named for American Civil War general and South Carolina governor Wade Hampton 
Wade Hampton is part of the Greenville–Mauldin–Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Wade Hampton is located in central Greenville County at 34°52′59″N 82°20′0″W (34 883084, -82 333227)  It is bordered to the southwest by the city of Greenville and to the northeast by Taylors, an unincorporated community  U S  Route 29 (Wade Hampton Boulevard) passes through the CDP, leading southwest 5 miles (8 km) to the center of Greenville and northeast 7 miles (11 km) to Greer 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9 0 square miles (23 3 km2), of which 9 0 square miles (23 2 km2) are land and 0 04 square miles (0 1 km2), or 0 55%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 21,482 people, 9,016 households, and 5,368 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,458 people, 9,210 households, and 5,645 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 2,331 4 inhabitants per square mile (900 2/km2)  There were 9,793 housing units at an average density of 1,116 0 per square mile (430 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 84 85% White, 8 08% African American, 0 18% Native American, 3 34% Asian, 0 06% Pacific Islander, 2 39% from other races, and 1 11% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 13% of the population 
There were 9,210 households, out of which 22 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49 4% were married couples living together, 9 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 7% were non-families  32 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 21 and the average family size was 2 81 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19 0% under the age of 18, 9 6% from 18 to 24, 28 9% from 25 to 44, 24 3% from 45 to 64, and 18 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 40 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 9 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,487, and the median income for a family was $54,106  Males had a median income of $40,528 versus $27,613 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $26,376  About 6 4% of families and 9 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 9% of those under age 18 and 5 3% of those age 65 or over 

Education
The French Bilingual School of South Carolina is located in Wade Hampton The Greenville Saturday School (グリーンビル日本語補習授業校 Gurīnbiru Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a Japanese Saturday supplementary school, holds its classes at the French Bilingual School  The school was scheduled to open in 1989  The school received $2,500 from the city council of Greenville 
Passage 5:
Sean Hampton
Sean Hampton (born February 1, 1981) is an American actor, director, and producer 
Born in Ocala, Florida, Hampton is the youngest of five children of a dentist father and a professional model mother  After graduating high school, Hampton enrolled at Stetson University to pursue a career in law  While in school he not only joined Sigma Nu fraternity (Delta Mu chapter), but caught onto acting   After college he married his current wife Jennifer and the two moved to Los Angeles where they currently reside Hampton's first television appearance was on the series Dr  G :  Medical Examiner (2004)  On this series Hampton played real life Orlando Detective Reggie Campbell  Because of a miscommunication, the local police temporarily issued an A P B  for Hampton, believing he was impersonating a police officer   After seeing his image on the news as "Wanted", Hampton's wife called the newsdesk to explain the mixup   A camera crew was dispatched and the retraction story aired before any serious harm was caused  Since then Hampton has appeared in several other series including: General Hospital, Eleventh Hour, The Young and the Restless, CSI, and more 
In 2009 Hampton took on a dual role as supporting actor and associate producer on the feature film Sandcastles, set to release in 2010  During the same year he worked on the feature films Getting Back to Zero starring Wayne Newton, and The Arcadian, a feature produced by The Fringe Majority LLC 
Hampton's grandmother, Effie Carrie Mitchell-Hampton, was the first licensed female physician in the state of Florida   She was also one of the founders of the Florida Medical, Dental and Pharmaceutical Association 
In 2012 Hampton co-created a sketch comedy series with producer Matt Getic named The S&M Experience 

Film
Television
Director
Writer
Producer
Passage 6:
Hampton Bluffs
The Hampton Bluffs (64°25′S 59°18′W) are a group of three rock bluffs on the east side of Larsen Inlet, Graham Land, Antarctica  They were mapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1960–61), and were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Ian F G  Hampton, an FIDS physiologist at Hope Bay in 1959 and 1960 
Passage 7:
Ives Estates, Florida
Ives Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida  The population was 25,005 at the 2020 census, up from 19,525 in 2010 

Geography
Ives Estates is located in northeastern Miami-Dade County at 25°57′47″N 80°10′55″W  It is bordered to the north by Broward County  Neighboring communities are Ojus to the east and southeast, North Miami Beach to the south and Miami Gardens to the west  To the north, in Broward County, are West Park and Pembroke Park, while Miramar is to the northwest and Hallandale Beach is to the northeast 
Interstate 95 forms the border between Ives Estates and Ojus, with access from Exit 16 (Ives Dairy Road)  Downtown Miami is 16 miles (26 km) to the south, and Fort Lauderdale is 11 miles (18 km) to the north  County Road 854 (Ives Dairy Road/NE 203rd Street/NE 199th Street) is the main road through the center of Ives Estates, leading east to Aventura and west to Miami Gardens 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 76 square miles (7 1 km2), of which 2 55 square miles (6 6 km2) are land and 0 21 square miles (0 54 km2), or 7 71%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 25,005 people, 7,859 households, and 5,279 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,586 people, 6,923 households, and 4,506 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 6,645 9 inhabitants per square mile (2,566 0/km2)   There were 7,449 housing units at an average density of 2,815 0 per square mile (1,086 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 51 10% White (33 3% were Non-Hispanic White,) 35 11% African American, 0 17% Native American, 4 63% Asian, 0 05% Pacific Islander, 3 76% from other races, and 5 17% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24 08% of the population 
There were 6,923 households, out of which 32 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 8% were married couples living together, 19 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34 9% were non-families  28 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 54 and the average family size was 3 13 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24 8% under the age of 18, 8 6% from 18 to 24, 33 6% from 25 to 44, 20 6% from 45 to 64, and 12 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 83 8 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79 3 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,717, and the median income for a family was $43,370  Males had a median income of $29,512 versus $27,544 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $19,118   About 7 0% of families and 8 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 4% of those under age 18 and 8 8% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 54 25% of residents, while Spanish made up 24 45%, French Creole was at 11 65%, French was at 2 35%, Urdu at 1 23%, Portuguese 1 11%, and Arabic was 1 08% of the population  Hebrew made up 0 73% of speakers, Russian made up 0 69%, and both Chinese and Tagalog was the mother tongue of 0 57% of the population 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools 
Madie Ives K-8 Preparatory Academy
Dr  Michael M  Krop High School
Passage 8:
Gladeview, Florida
Gladeview is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  The population was 14,927 at the 2020 census, up from 11,535 in 2010 
Gladeview was originally a neighborhood of the city of Miami when it was annexed in 1925  With the arrival of the Great Depression, Miami gave up its jurisdiction and Gladeview became an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County 

Geography
Gladeview is located 7 miles (11 km) northwest of downtown Miami at 25°50′24″N 80°14′8″W (25 839874, -80 235645)  Gladeview is bordered by Brownsville to the south, the Miami neighborhood of Liberty City to the east, and West Little River to the north  The city of Hialeah is located to the west of Gladeview 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 6 square miles (6 7 km2), of which 0 005 square miles (3 acres), or 0 19%, are water 

Demographics
2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 14,927 people, 4,206 households, and 2,758 families residing in the CDP 

2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,468 people, 4,359 households, and 3,199 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 5,694 2 inhabitants per square mile (2,198 5/km2)  There were 5,107 housing units at an average density of 2,010 0 per square mile (776 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 17 59% White (1 8% were Non-Hispanic White,) 76 98% African American, 0 21% Native American, 0 17% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 2 48% from other races, and 2 54% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21 32% of the population 
There were 4,359 households, out of which 39 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25 3% were married couples living together, 40 3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 6% were non-families  21 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 30 and the average family size was 3 88 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 38 0% under the age of 18, 10 3% from 18 to 24, 25 9% from 25 to 44, 16 1% from 45 to 64, and 9 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 26 years  For every 100 females, there were 86 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77 5 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,981, and the median income for a family was $17,625  Males had a median income of $20,732 versus $19,923 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $7,941  About 48 4% of families and 52 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 65 5% of those under age 18 and 32 7% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 74 32% of residents while Spanish made up 22 48%, and French Creole was at 2 39%, and French consisted of 0 79% of the population 

Government and infrastructure
The Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation Department is headquartered in Gladeview The Miami-Dade Fire Rescue operates Station 2 Model Cities in Gladeview 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools:

Elementary schools
Poinciana Park Elementary School
Lillie C Evans Elementary School
Liberty City Elementary School
Gladeview Christian School

Middle schools
Charles Drew Middle School

High schools
Miami Northwestern Senior High School

Transportation
Gladeview is served by Metrobus throughout the area, the Miami Metrorail, Tri-Rail, and Amtrak:
Metrorail:

     Northside (NW 79th Street and NW 32nd Avenue)
     Dr  Martin Luther King Jr  Plaza (NW 62nd Street and NW 27th Avenue)Tri-Rail:

     Tri-Rail/Metrorail Transfer (NW 79th Street and NW 37th Avenue)Amtrak:

     Amtrak-Miami: Silver Star and Silver Meteor service, (NW 79th Street and NW 37th Avenue)
Passage 9:
Villas, Florida
Villas, Florida  is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lee County, Florida, United States  It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Villas is located in central Lee County at 26°33′18″N 81°52′9″W (26 555003, -81 869036)  It is an unincorporated community, bordered to the north by Page Park and Pine Manor and to the west by Whiskey Creek and Cypress Lake, all unincorporated as well  U S  Route 41 passes through Villas, leading north 6 miles (10 km) to the center of Fort Myers, the Lee county seat, and south 9 miles (14 km) to Estero 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Villas CDP has a total area of 4 9 square miles (12 6 km2), of which 4 6 square miles (12 0 km2) are land and 0 2 square miles (0 6 km2), or 4 61%, are water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,346 people, 5,682 households, and 2,909 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,421 0 inhabitants per square mile (934 8/km2)   There were 6,574 housing units at an average density of 1,402 8 per square mile (541 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 23% White, 1 65% African American, 0 17% Native American, 1 17% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 33% from other races, and 1 41% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 59% of the population 
There were 5,682 households, out of which 15 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 4% were married couples living together, 8 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48 8% were non-families  38 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 1 94 and the average family size was 2 56 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13 6% under the age of 18, 7 7% from 18 to 24, 28 2% from 25 to 44, 21 2% from 45 to 64, and 29 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 45 years  For every 100 females, there were 87 3 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84 4 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,483, and the median income for a family was $49,975  Males had a median income of $31,517 versus $25,782 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $25,880   About 3 5% of families and 6 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 9% of those under age 18 and 7 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 10:
Lacoochee, Florida
Lacoochee is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 1,345 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Lacoochee is located at 28°27′48″N 82°10′18″W (28 463248, -82 171774) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 8 square miles (7 3 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,345 people, 417 households, and 321 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 471 6 inhabitants per square mile (182 1/km2)   There were 457 housing units at an average density of 160 2 per square mile (61 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 60 59% White, 24 24% African American, 2 23% Native American, 0 07% Asian, 0 07% Pacific Islander, 9 74% from other races, and 3 05% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 37 55% of the population 
There were 417 households, out of which 47 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 0% were married couples living together, 20 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22 8% were non-families  19 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 23 and the average family size was 3 66 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 40 1% under the age of 18, 9 8% from 18 to 24, 26 1% from 25 to 44, 15 8% from 45 to 64, and 8 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 25 years  For every 100 females, there were 103 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92 8 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,197, and the median income for a family was $16,553  Males had a median income of $40,300 versus $11,250 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $6,780   About 45 5% of families and 51 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 57 4% of those under age 18 and 26 6% of those age 65 or over 

Notable person
Mudcat Grant, professional baseball player
Passage 11:
Ocala, Florida
Ocala ( oh-KAL-ə) is a city in and the county seat of Marion County, Florida, United States  Located in North Florida, the city's population was 63,591 as of the 2020 census, making it the 54th-most populated city in Florida  Ocala is the principal city of the Ocala metropolitan area, which had a population of 375,908 in 2020 
Home to over 400 thoroughbred farms and training centers, Ocala was officially named the Horse Capital of the World in 2007  Notable attractions include the Ocala National Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center 

History
Ocala is located near what is thought to have been the site of Ocale or Ocali, a major Timucua village and chiefdom recorded in the 16th century  The modern city takes its name from the historical village, the name of which is believed to mean "Big Hammock" in the Timucua language  The Spaniard Hernando de Soto's expedition recorded Ocale in 1539 during his exploration through what is today the southeastern United States  Ocale is not mentioned in later Spanish accounts; it appears to have been abandoned in the wake of de Soto's attack In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Creek people and other Native Americans, and free and fugitive African Americans sought refuge in Florida  The Seminole people formed  After foreign colonial rule shifted between Spain and Great Britain and back again, in 1821 the United States acquired the territory of Florida  After warfare to the north, in 1827 the U S  Army built Fort King near the present site of Ocala as a buffer between the Seminole, who had long occupied the area, and white settlers moving into the region  The fort was an important base during the Second Seminole War and later served in 1844 as the first courthouse for Marion County The modern city of Ocala, which was established in 1849, developed around the fort site  Greater Ocala is known as the "Kingdom of the Sun"  Plantations and other agricultural development dependent on slave labor were prevalent in the region  Ocala was an important center of citrus production until the Great Freeze of 1894–1895 
During the Reconstruction era Ocala was represented by several African Americans in the Florida House of Representatives and on the local level 

Rail service reached Ocala in June 1881, encouraging economic development with greater access to markets for produce  Two years later, much of the Ocala downtown area was destroyed by fire on Thanksgiving Day, 1883  The city encouraged rebuilding with brick, granite and steel rather than lumber  By 1888, Ocala was known statewide as "The Brick City" In December 1890, the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, a forerunner of the Populist Party, held its national convention in Ocala  At the convention, the Alliance adopted a platform that would become known as the "Ocala Demands"  This platform included abolition of national banks, promoting low-interest government loans, free and unlimited coinage of silver, reclamation of excess railroad lands by the government, a graduated income tax, and direct election of United States senators  Most of the "Ocala Demands" were to become part of the Populist Party platform 

In the last decades of the twentieth century, the greater Ocala area had one of the highest growth rates in the country for a city its size 

Ocala Historic District
Many historic homes are preserved in Ocala's large residential Historic District, designated in 1984  East Fort King Street features many excellent examples of Victorian architecture  Ocala structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places include the Coca-Cola Building, the E  C  Smith House, East Hall, the Marion Hotel, Mount Zion A M E  Church, the Ritz Historic Inn, and Union Train Station 
The original Fort King site was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2004 

Geography
Ocala is located at 29°11′16″N 82°07′50″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 47 31 square miles (122 5 km2), all land  The surrounding farms are famous for their thoroughbred horses, in terrain similar to Kentucky bluegrass  Ocala is also known for nearby Silver Springs, site of one of the largest artesian spring formations in the world and Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, one of the earliest tourist attractions in Florida 
The 110-mile (180 km) long Ocklawaha River passes 10 miles (16 km) east of Ocala, flowing north from Central Florida until it joins the St  Johns River near Palatka 
Marion County is also home to the Ocala National Forest which was established in 1908 and is now the second largest national forest in the state  The Florida Trail, also known as the Florida National Scenic Trail, cuts through Ocala National Forest  Silver Springs State Park was formed as Silver River State Park in 1987, out of land the state purchased around the Silver Springs attraction to spare it from development  The state took over Silver Springs itself in 1993 and incorporated it into the park in 2013 

Climate
Ocala has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with hot, humid summers and mild winters 

Demographics
Ocala first appeared in the 1850 U S  Census, with a total recorded population of 243  Ocala did not report separately in 1860 As of the 2010 through 2014 census, Ocala was 63 3% non Hispanic white, 20 4% African American, 11 7% Hispanic or Latino, 2 6% Asian, 2% all other  As of the census of 2000, there were 45,943 people, 18,646 households, and 11,280 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,189 2 inhabitants per square mile (459 2/km2)  There were 20,501 housing units at an average density of 530 7 per square mile (204 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 72 9% White, 22 1% African American, 0 4% Native American, 1 2% Asian, <0 1% Pacific Islander, 1 8% from other races, and 1 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 7% of the population 
There were 18,646 households  40 9% were married couples living together, 15 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39 5% were non-families  33 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 29 and the average family size was 2 91 
In the city the population was spread out, with 23 2% under the age of 18, 9 3% from 18 to 24, 26 2% from 25 to 44, 20 9% from 45 to 64, and 20 4% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 89 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85 5 males 

Economy
The median income for a household in the city was $30,888, and the median income for a family was $38,190  Males had a median income of $29,739 versus $24,367 for females  The per capita income for the city was $18,021  About 13 2% of families and 18 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28 6% of those under age 18 and 9 8% of those age 65 or over 
Ocala is the headquarters of Emergency One, a worldwide designer and manufacturer of fire rescue vehicles 

Top employers
According to Ocala's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Culture
The first thoroughbred horse farm in Florida was developed in Marion County in 1943 by Carl G  Rose  Other farms were developed, making Ocala the center of a horse-breeding area  Local horses have won individual races of the Triple Crown series; in 1978, Affirmed, who was bred and trained in Marion County, won all three races, boosting interest in the industry there 
Ocala is one of only five cities (four in the US and one in France) permitted under Chamber of Commerce guidelines to use the title, "Horse Capital of the World", based on annual revenue produced by the horse industry  44,000 jobs are sustained by breeding, training, and related support of the equine industry, which generates over $2 2 billion in annual revenue  Postime Farms and Ocala serve as host to one of the largest horse shows in the country: H I T S or "Horses in the Sun", a Dressage/Jumper event lasting about two months  It generates some 6 to 7 million dollars for the local Marion County economy each year  The show features classes for over 100 different breeds, including Tennessee Walker, Paso Fino, Morgan horse, Saddlebred, Draft horse and the American Quarter Horse  Other equine events in the area include mounted shooting by the Florida Outlaws, as well as endurance rides, barrel races, extreme cowboy events, jumper shows, trick shows, parades, draft pulls, rodeo events and more 

Government and politics
Ocala is governed by a five-member board of councillors and a mayor, all of which are elected on a nonpartisan basis  It has a council-manager form of government, relying on a manager hired by the city  The mayor sets policy but has few powers other than vetoing legislation passed by the council and tending to some duties involving the police department  The current mayor is Kent Guinn  The city manager handles most administrative and financial matters A number of county offices are housed at the McPherson Governmental Complex As of 2020, Republicans outnumber Democrats in Marion County, 112,000 to 80,000  In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain carried both the city and the county, the latter by a landslide, although Florida as a whole voted for Democrat Barack Obama by a narrow margin 

Education
The public schools in Ocala are run by the Marion County School Board  There are 30 elementary, ten middle and ten public high schools in Marion County, which include the following schools in Ocala:

Elementary schools
Middle schools
High schools
Private schools
Colleges and universities
Ocala is home to the College of Central Florida, a member of the Florida College System, accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges  CF offers  bachelor's degrees in Business and Organizational Management, Early Childhood Education, and Nursing, as well as associate degrees and certificates  The college offers specialty programs in equine studies, agribusiness, and logistics and supply chain management   It also has one of 21 campuses of Rasmussen College, a Higher Learning Commission regionally accredited post secondary institution  Webster University offers on-site, regionally accredited graduate degree programs in business and counseling at their Ocala Metropolitan Campus 

Libraries
Three of the eight libraries in the Marion County Public Library System are located in Ocala  Those three libraries are:

Freedom Public Library
Marion Oaks Public Library
Ocala Public Library – Headquarters for the Marion County Public Library System 

Transportation
Several major highways pass through Ocala, including Interstate 75, U S  Highway 27, U S  Route 301, and U S  Highway 441  Ocala was on the western leg of the historic Dixie Highway 

 Interstate 75 runs north and south across the western edge of the city, with interchanges at SR 200 (exit 350), SR 40 (exit 352), and US 27 (exit 354) 
 U S  Route 27 runs north and south throughout Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 301 and 441 until it reaches SR 492(Northwest 10th Street), then makes a sharp turn onto NW 10th Street then curves northwest through Williston, Perry, Tallahassee, and beyond 
 U S  Route 301 is the main local north and south road through Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 441 throughout the city 
 U S  Route 441 is the main local north and south road through Ocala  It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 301 throughout the city 
 State Road 492 runs east and west through the northern part of the city from the northern terminus of the US 27 multiplex with US 301–441 to SR 40 just southwest of the Silver Springs city limit 
 State Road 40 runs east and west through Ocala  It spans from Rainbow Lakes Estates through Ocala National Forest to Ormond Beach in Volusia County, although a bi-county extension exists, spanning from Yankeetown in Levy County to Dunnellon, south of the western terminus of SR 40 
 State Road 464 runs east and west from SR 200 through the southeastern part of the city  Beyond the city limits, it continues southeast towards State Road 35, and continues as County Road 464 
 State Road 200 runs northeast and southwest from Hernando in Citrus County through US 27-301-441 where it becomes a "hidden state road" along US 301 until it reaches Callahan, and is multiplexed with SR A1A into Fernandina Beach Ocala International Airport provides general aviation services to the community  Ocala Suntran provides bus service throughout select parts of the city  One of the major hubs for Suntran is the former Ocala Union Station, which served Amtrak trains until November 2004  Amtrak serves Ocala by bus connection to Jacksonville and Lakeland 
Ocala is also served by Greyhound Bus Lines   Marion Transit is the complementary ADA paratransit service for SunTran the fixed route in the City of Ocala   Marion Transit was established in 1976 and operates paratransit buses providing public transportation throughout Marion County for the Transportation Disadvantaged population 

Healthcare
On April 18, 2018, Community Health Systems sold its lease of Munroe Regional Medical Center to Adventist Health System  On August 1, 2018, Adventist Health System acquired Munroe Regional Medical Center and its subsidiary Florida Hospital took over the operations of the hospital under the name of Florida Hospital Ocala 

Notable people
Notable musical groups
Underoath, metalcore band

Sister cities
Ocala has two sister cities:

 Newbridge, County Kildare, in Ireland (2008)
 Pisa and San Rossore in Italy  (2004)

See also
Appleton Museum of Art
Emergency Medical Services Alliance
Jumbolair Airport
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
Ocala National Forest
Sholom Park
Star–Banner
United Hebrews of Ocala
Passage 12:
Tamiami, Florida
Tamiami is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  The population was 54,212 at the 2020 census 

Name
The name Tamiami is a portmanteau of the phrase "Tampa to Miami"  The Tamiami Trail, a roadway that goes through the Everglades, connecting the two cities, was the reason for this combination 

Geography
Tamiami is located 14 miles (23 km) west of downtown Miami at 25°45′18″N 80°24′13″W (25 754945, -80 403611)  It is bordered to the east by Sweetwater and Westchester, to the southeast by Westwood Lakes, and to the south by Kendale Lakes  U S  Route 41, the Tamiami Trail, passes through the center of the community, leading east into Miami and west through the Everglades 95 miles (153 km) to Naples  Tampa is an additional 160 miles (260 km) north beyond Naples 

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Tamiami CDP has a total area of 7 4 sq mi (19 km2), of which 0 4 sq mi (1 0 km2), or 5 16%, are water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 54,212 people, 16,057 households, and 13,185 families residing in the CDP 

2010 census
As of 2010, there were 17,256 households, with 3 0% being vacant  As of 2000, 42 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66 0% were married couples living together, 16 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12 6% were non-families  9 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 33 and the average family size was 3 50 

2000 census
As of 2000, the CDP population was spread out, with 24 4% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 30 0% from 25 to 44, 24 1% from 45 to 64, and 12 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 4 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85 4 males 
As of 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $47,503, and the median income for a family was $49,763  Males had a median income of $30,716 versus $26,426 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $17,601   About 7 6% of families and 9 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12 0% of those under age 18 and 9 7% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 92 39% of residents, while English was the mother tongue of 6 99% of the population  Other languages spoken were well below 1% of the population 

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools Elementary schools:

Marjory Stoneman Douglas Elementary School
Greenglade Elementary School
Joe Hall Elementary School
Zora Neale Hurston Elementary School
Wesley Matthews Elementary School
Village Green Elementary SchoolMiddle schools:

Paul W  Bell Middle School
W  R  Thomas Middle SchoolThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami operates Catholic schools  St  Kevin School is in Tamiami It opened in August 1980  Belen Jesuit Preparatory School is also in Tamiami 
Passage 13:
West DeLand, Florida
West DeLand is a census-designated place (CDP) in Volusia County, Florida, United States  The population was 3,908 at the 2020 census 

Geography
West DeLand is located at 29°1′7″N 81°19′44″W (29 018654, -81 328754) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 1 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,424 people, 1,283 households, and 934 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 565 0/km2 (1,465 0/mi2)   There were 1,342 housing units at an average density of 221 4/km2 (574 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 88 70% White, 6 57% African American, 0 20% Native American, 0 55% Asian, 2 63% from other races, and 1 34% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 45% of the population 
There were 1,283 households, out of which 32 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 1% were married couples living together, 12 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27 2% were non-families  22 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 65 and the average family size was 3 05 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25 3% under the age of 18, 7 4% from 18 to 24, 28 0% from 25 to 44, 24 4% from 45 to 64, and 14 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 9 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 0 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,832, and the median income for a family was $40,560  Males had a median income of $29,145 versus $21,902 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $19,496   About 4 8% of families and 9 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 0% of those under age 18 and 9 5% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 14:
Solana, Florida
Solana is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Charlotte County, Florida, United States  The population was 671 at the 2020 census  It is part of the Sarasota-Bradenton-Punta Gorda Combined Statistical Area 

Geography
Solana is located on the eastern edge of Punta Gorda at 26°56′25″N 82°1′46″W (26 940277, -82 029368)  It is bordered to the east by Interstate 75, with access from Exit 164 (U S  Route 17)  Via I-75 it is 26 miles (42 km) north of the Fort Myers area and 30 miles (48 km) southwest of the outskirts of Venice 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Solana CDP has a total area of 1 7 square miles (4 3 km2), of which 1 5 square miles (4 0 km2) is land and 0 12 square miles (0 3 km2), or 7 13%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,011 people, 459 households, and 267 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 590 3 inhabitants per square mile (227 9/km2)   There were 563 housing units at an average density of 328 7 per square mile (126 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 91 69% White, 5 44% African American, 0 20% Native American, 1 09% Asian, 0 49% from other races, and 1 09% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 37% of the population 
There were 459 households, out of which 18 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 3% were married couples living together, 12 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41 8% were non-families  31 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 20 and the average family size was 2 69 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18 2% under the age of 18, 9 1% from 18 to 24, 22 4% from 25 to 44, 26 9% from 45 to 64, and 23 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 45 years  For every 100 females, there were 101 4 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101 7 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $23,472, and the median income for a family was $30,855  Males had a median income of $28,594 versus $20,726 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $17,176   About 14 2% of families and 19 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48 5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over 
Passage 15:
Kendall Green, Pompano Beach, Florida
Kendall Green was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States, and is now a neighborhood of Pompano Beach, Florida  The population was 3,084 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Kendall Green is located at 26°16′2″N 80°7′13″W (26 267188, -80 120241) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 2 km2 (0 5 mi2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,084 people, 931 households, and 683 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,480 7/km2 (6,467 8/mi2)   There were 982 housing units at an average density of 789 9/km2 (2,059 5/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 39 40% White (28 6% were Non-Hispanic White,) 41 28% African American, 0 23% Native American, 1 04% Asian, 0 06% Pacific Islander, 4 12% from other races, and 13 88% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16 02% of the population 
There were 931 households, out of which 42 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 7% were married couples living together, 17 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 6% were non-families  18 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 31 and the average family size was 3 74 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30 0% under the age of 18, 10 6% from 18 to 24, 32 5% from 25 to 44, 19 2% from 45 to 64, and 7 8% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 102 8 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,304, and the median income for a family was $35,260  Males had a median income of $25,239 versus $18,818 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $12,621   About 20 4% of families and 22 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29 4% of those under age 18 and 6 5% of those age 65 or over 
As of 2000, English was a first language for 25 78% of all residents, while French Creole accounted for 50 22%, Spanish made up 24 26%, Portuguese was at 4 62%, and French was the mother tongue of 2 33% of the population 
Passage 16:
Zephyrhills North, Florida
Zephyrhills North is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 2,544 at the 2000 census 

Geography
Zephyrhills North is located at 28°15′0″N 82°9′56″W (28 250083, -82 165528) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 1 square miles (2 8 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,544 people, 1,298 households, and 842 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 2,360 0 inhabitants per square mile (911 2/km2)   There were 1,889 housing units at an average density of 1,752 4 per square mile (676 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 34% White, 1 14% African American, 0 67% Native American, 1 38% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 06% from other races, and 1 38% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 30% of the population 
There were 1,298 households, out of which 13 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 7% were married couples living together, 8 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35 1% were non-families  31 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 1 96 and the average family size was 2 37 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 12 9% under the age of 18, 4 8% from 18 to 24, 14 6% from 25 to 44, 20 3% from 45 to 64, and 47 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 64 years  For every 100 females, there were 81 5 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79 1 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,462, and the median income for a family was $32,897  Males had a median income of $28,214 versus $20,529 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $16,344   About 6 6% of families and 10 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 2% of those under age 18 and 5 3% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 17:
Jasmine Estates, Florida
Jasmine Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States   The population was 18,989 according to the 2010 census 

Geography
Jasmine Estates is located at 28°17′37″N 82°41′30″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2), of which 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2) is land and 0 1 square miles (0 26 km2) (1 65%) is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,213 people, 8,361 households, and 5,275 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 5,096 5 inhabitants per square mile (1,967 8/km2)   There were 9,289 housing units at an average density of 2,599 3 per square mile (1,003 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 94 46% White, 1 63% African American, 0 32% Native American, 0 88% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 1 21% from other races, and 1 49% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 07% of the population 
There were 8,361 households, out of which 21 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 4% were married couples living together, 11 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36 9% were non-families  31 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 18 and the average family size was 2 67 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19 1% under the age of 18, 6 2% from 18 to 24, 23 6% from 25 to 44, 20 6% from 45 to 64, and 30 4% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 46 years  For every 100 females, there were 86 0 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83 2 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,935, and the median income for a family was $31,584  Males had a median income of $26,077 versus $21,906 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $14,867   About 12 0% of families and 14 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 8% of those under age 18 and 9 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 18:
Ridgecrest, Florida
Ridgecrest is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinellas County, Florida, United States  The population was 2,558 at the 2010 census 

Geography
Ridgecrest is located at 27°53′45″N 82°48′17″W (27 895767, -82 804786) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1 5 km2 (0 6 mi2), of which 1 5 km2 (0 6 mi2) is land and 1 75% is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,453 people, 781 households, and 623 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 1,691 3/km2 (4,354 6/mi2)   There were 862 housing units at an average density of 594 3/km2 (1,530 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 16 23% White, 80 64% African American, 0 08% Native American, 0 16% Asian, 0 98% from other races, and 1 92% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 18% of the population 
There were 781 households, out of which 39 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32 5% were married couples living together, 41 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 2% were non-families  15 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 13 and the average family size was 3 51 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36 9% under the age of 18, 8 8% from 18 to 24, 24 8% from 25 to 44, 20 3% from 45 to 64, and 9 2% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 29 years  For every 100 females, there were 80 9 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69 4 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,535, and the median income for a family was $26,591  Males had a median income of $26,850 versus $20,664 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $13,290   About 20 1% of families and 22 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35 4% of those under age 18 and 11 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 19:
East Palatka, Florida
East Palatka is a census-designated place (CDP) in Putnam County, Florida, United States  It is located on the east side of the City of Palatka at the intersection of U S  Route 17/State Road 20/State Road 100 and the southwestern terminus of State Road 207  The population was 1,654 at the 2010 census East Palatka is home to the Palatka State Farmer's Market, as well as the Putnam County Fairgrounds 

Geography
East Palatka is located at 29°39′00″N 81°35′58″W According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4 5 square miles (12 km2), of which 3 2 square miles (8 3 km2) is land and 1 3 square miles (3 4 km2) (28 89%) is water  East Palatka is drained by the St  Johns River 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,707 people, 521 households, and 365 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 532 3 inhabitants per square mile (205 5/km2)   There were 594 housing units at an average density of 185 2 per square mile (71 5/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 59 64% White, 37 26% African American, 0 29% Native American, 1 00% Asian, 0 76% from other races, and 1 05% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 40% of the population 
There were 521 households, out of which 28 6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50 5% were married couples living together, 15 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29 9% were non-families  25 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 50 and the average family size was 2 98 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18 5% under the age of 18, 8 7% from 18 to 24, 36 7% from 25 to 44, 21 8% from 45 to 64, and 14 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 158 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 175 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,857, and the median income for a family was $46,071  Males had a median income of $31,507 versus $26,250 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $18,478   About 12 6% of families and 17 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41 4% of those under age 18 and 12 8% of those age 65 or over 

Residents
The noted southern economist Dr  R  Christopher Jones was born and raised in East Palatka 
Context 3:  However, Crystal declined the offer citing his commitment to his one-man comedy show 700 Sundays In January 2006, Cates announced that actor, comedian, and talk show host Jon Stewart, who had previously hosted two consecutive Grammy Awards ceremonies in 2001 and 2002, was chosen as host of the 2006 telecast  Cates explained the decision to hire him saying, "My wife and I watch him every night  Jon is the epitome of a perfect host — smart, engaging, irreverent and funny " In a statement, Stewart expressed that he was honored to be selected to emcee the program, jokingly adding, "Although, as an avid watcher of the Oscars, I can't help but be a little disappointed with the choice  It appears to be another sad attempt to smoke out Billy Crystal "Several other people and companies participated in the production of the ceremony  Bill Conti served as musical supervisor for the telecast  Media firm The Ant Farm produced a thirty-second trailer promoting the broadcast featuring clips highlighting past Oscar winners to the tune of the song "Our Lives" by The Calling  Previous Oscar hosts such as Whoopi Goldberg and Steve Martin, and actors Mel Gibson, George Clooney, Halle Berry appeared in an opening comedic sketch  Actor Tom Hanks participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning Oscar speeches  Stephen Colbert (host of The Colbert Report, the sister program of Stewart's The Daily Show) narrated two different mock attack ads lampooning both the intense campaigning and lobbying during Oscar season put forth by film studios and political advertising during elections  Violinist Itzhak Perlman performed excerpts from the five nominees for Best Original Score 

Box office performance of nominated films
When the nominations were announced on January 31, the field of major nominees favored independent, low-budget films over blockbusters  The combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $186 million with an average gross of $37 3 million per film  Crash was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $53 4 million in domestic box office receipts  The film was followed by Brokeback Mountain ($51 7 million), Munich ($40 8 million), Good Night and Good Luck ($25 2 million), and finally Capote ($15 4 million) Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 35 nominations went to 13 films on the list  Only  Walk the Line (19th), Cinderella Man (41st), Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (45th), and Crash (48th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting  The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (1st), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2nd), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (3rd), War of the Worlds (4th), King Kong (5th), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (7th), Batman Begins (8th), March of the Penguins, (26th), and Memoirs of a Geisha (47th) 

Critical reviews
Some media outlets received the broadcast positively  St  Louis Post-Dispatch television critic Gail Pennington praised Stewart's performance as host writing that he "did the Oscars proud Sunday night, turning in a four-star hosting performance that unfortunately made the rest of the show seem sluggish by comparison " Film critic Roger Ebert said that Stewart was "on target, topical and funny," and added, "He was as relaxed, amusing and at home as Johnny Carson " Columnist Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter commented, "He seemed at times nervous and self-conscious, but on the whole, Stewart delivered with just the right balance of reverence and smugness "Others media publications were more critical of the show  Television critic Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote that Stewart was more "amusing than funny"  He added, "Many of his jokes fell flat with the stars in the Kodak Theatre, and his tendency to bow down before celebrities quickly grew tiresome " Tom Shales from The Washington Post commented, "It's hard to believe that professional entertainers could have put together a show less entertaining than this year's Oscars, hosted with a smug humorlessness by comic Jon Stewart, a sad and pale shadow of great hosts gone by " Moreover, he derided the "piles and piles and miles and miles of clips from films present and past" writing that it "squandered the visual luster" of the ceremony  Associated Press television critic Frazier Moore remarked, "Stewart, usually a very funny guy, displayed a lack of beginner's luck as first-time host   His usually impeccable blend of puckishness and self-effacement fell flat in the service of Oscar " He also criticized the decision to play music over the winner's acceptance speeches calling it "distracting and obnoxious "

Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 38 94 million people over its length, which was an 8% decrease from the previous year's ceremony  Additionally, the show earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 23 0% of households watching over a 35 share  Furthermore, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 13 9 rating among viewers in that demographic In July 2006, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 58th Primetime Emmys  The following month, the ceremony won four of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction (Roy Christopher and Jeff Richman), Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Program (Louis J  Horvitz), Outstanding Main Title Design (Renato Grgic, Alen Petkovic, Kristijan Petrovic, and Jon Teschner), and Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Variety, Music, or Animation Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J  Greene, Jamie Santos, and Tom Vicari) 

In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actor George Clooney  The montage featured an excerpt of the theme from Now, Voyager composed by Max Steiner 

See also
12th Screen Actors Guild Awards
26th Golden Raspberry Awards
48th Grammy Awards
58th Primetime Emmy Awards
59th British Academy Film Awards
60th Tony Awards
63rd Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 78th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

Notes
a^ : Walt Disney has the most Oscar nominations for any individual with 64 
b^ : Best Foreign Language Film nominee Paradise Now was initially nominated as a submission from Palestine  However, following protests from pro-Israeli groups in the United States, the Academy decided to designate it as a submission from the Palestinian Authority, a move that was decried by the film's director Hany Abu-Assad  During the awards ceremony, the film was eventually announced by presenter Will Smith as a submission from the Palestinian territories 
Passage 8:
Fiddler on the Roof
Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in or around 1905  It is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem  The story centers on Tevye, a milkman in the village of Anatevka, who attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon his family's lives  He must cope with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters who wish to marry for love; their choices of husbands are successively less palatable for Tevye  An edict of the tsar eventually evicts the Jews from their village 
The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances  Fiddler held the record for the longest-running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run  The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed  It won nine Tony Awards, including best musical, score, book, direction and choreography  It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation and has enjoyed enduring international popularity  It has also been a popular choice for school and community productions 

Background
Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye (or Tevye the Dairyman) and his Daughters, a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century  The stories are based on Aleichem's own upbringing near modern-day Kyiv (fictionalized as Yehupetz)  It is also influenced by Life is with People, by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog  Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s  In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, called Tevye and his Daughters, was produced off-Broadway by Arnold Perl  Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea 

Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences  Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow" and superficial; Philip Roth, writing in The New Yorker, called it shtetl kitsch  For example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him  Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; at the end of Fiddler, the family members are alive, and most are emigrating together to America  The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to become "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry"  Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins  The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye, before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall (Green Violinist (1924),  Le Mort (1924), The Fiddler (1912)) that also inspired the original set design  Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting" During rehearsals, one of the stars, Jewish actor Zero Mostel, feuded with Robbins, whom he held in contempt, because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public  Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy [and] strained the good nature of Hal Prince" 

Synopsis
Act I
Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ("Tradition")  At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal  His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks  Yente, the village matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter  The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel illustrates how it could have bad results ("Matchmaker, Matchmaker")  A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor 
Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame  He asks God: Whom would it hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"?  The bookseller tells Tevye news from the outside world of pogroms and expulsions  A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk  The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters  Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar  Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand  But Motel resists: he is afraid of Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages  Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife  The family gathers for the "Sabbath Prayer" 
After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar for a drink at the village inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow  Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything  All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ("To Life")  Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town  The Constable warns him that there is going to be a "little unofficial demonstration" in the coming weeks (a euphemism for a minor pogrom)  The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence 
The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with the younger sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story  He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing  To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together  The two begin to fall in love  Later, a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf  Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her  Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry  He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife  Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone  After some soul-searching ("Tevye's Monologue"), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde  An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ("Miracle of Miracles") 
In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare  Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ("Tevye's Dream")  Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf  Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah ("frum" is a Yiddish word for a devout Jew), rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar  The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel  While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths  One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others  He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins 
The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ("Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration ("The Wedding Dance")  Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement  Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel  The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the "demonstration"   They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreak more destruction in the village  Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess 

Act II
Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kyiv to work for the revolution  He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her  She agrees ("Now I Have Everything")  They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving  When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing  After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ("Tevye's Rebuttal")  He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission 
Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde  "Love", he says, "it's the new style " Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, "Do You Love Me?" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does  Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka   News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ("The Rumor/I Just Heard"), and Hodel is determined to join him there  At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ("Far From the Home I Love") 
Time passes  Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby  Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka  Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross  He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again  When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ("Chavaleh Sequence")  Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead  Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages  While the villagers are gathered, the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town  In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long 
As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków, unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others  Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you "  Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money  As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play  Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village 

Musical numbers
Principal characters
All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted:
Tevye, a poor milkman with five daughters  A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith, he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters 
Golde, Tevye's sharp-tongued wife 
Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen  She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him, even though he's poor, begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf 
Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen  Intelligent and spirited, she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia 
Chava, their daughter, about fifteen  A shy and bookish girl, who falls in love with Fyedka 
Motel Kamzoil, a poor but hardworking tailor who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel 
Perchik, a student revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel  He leaves for Kyiv, is arrested and exiled to Siberia 
Fyedka, a young Christian  He shares Chava's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians' treatment of the Jews 
Lazar Wolf, the wealthy village butcher  Widower of Fruma-Sarah  Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel 
Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar 
Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother, who rises from the grave in Tevye's "nightmare" 
Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who also rises from the grave in the "nightmare" 
Rabbi, the wise village leader 
Constable, the head of the local Russian police, a Christian 

Casts
Notable replacements
Broadway (1964–72)Tevye: Luther Adler, Herschel Bernardi, Harry Goz, Paul Lipson
Golde: Maria Karnilova, Peg Murray, Martha Schlamme, Dolores Wilson
Tzeitel: Rosalind Harris, Joanna Merlin, Bette Midler
Lazar Wolf: Paul LipsonBroadway revival (2004–06)Tevye: Harvey Fierstein
Golde: Andrea Martin, Rosie O'Donnell
Yente: Barbara BarrieBroadway revival (2015–16)Golde: Judy Kuhn

Productions
Original productions
Following its tryout at Detroit's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964, then Washington in August to September, the original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at the Imperial Theatre, transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to the Broadway Theatre, and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances  The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins – his last original Broadway staging  The set, designed in the style of Marc Chagall's paintings, was by Boris Aronson  A colorful logo for the production, also inspired by Chagall's work, was designed by Tom Morrow  Chagall reportedly did not like the musical The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman, Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde (both won a Tony for their performances), Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker, Austin Pendleton as Motel, Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary, Gino Conforti as the fiddler, and Julia Migenes as Hodel  Mostel ad-libbed increasingly as the run went on, "which drove the authors up the wall"  Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run  Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah, Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel, and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter, Bielke



ground_truth: in Northern Florida

Northern Florida

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What other recognition did the Oscar winner for Best Actor in 2006 receive?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi, Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz (in the original Broadway run), and Leonard Nimoy  Mostel's understudy in the original production, Paul Lipson, went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor (until Chaim Topol), clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals  Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run  The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it  It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography, and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova The original London West End production opened on February 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances  It starred Topol as Tevye, a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv, and Miriam Karlin as Golde  Alfie Bass, Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye  Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and in several revivals over the next four decades  The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium 

Broadway revivals
The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre  Zero Mostel starred as Tevye  Robbins directed and choreographed  A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater  It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde  Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson  Robbins directed and choreographed  The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre  Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde  Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes  The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival 
A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre  Alfred Molina, and later Harvey Fierstein, starred as Tevye, and Randy Graff, and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell, was Golde  Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente, Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze   It was directed by David Leveaux  This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy"   The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any  In June 2014, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, a gala celebration and reunion was held at the Town Hall in New York City to benefit National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene, with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film, as well as Sheldon Harnick, Chita Rivera, Karen Ziemba, Joshua Bell, Jerry Zaks and others The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20, 2015, at the Broadway Theatre, with concept and choreography based on the original by Robbins  Bartlett Sher directed, and Hofesh Shechter choreographed  The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye, with Jessica Hecht as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel, Adam Kantor as Motel, Ben Rappaport as Perchik, Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava  Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22, 2016, for the last five weeks of the run  Designers include Michael Yeargan (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes) and Donald Holder (lighting)  Initial reviews were mostly positive, finding Burstein and the show touching  The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none  It closed on December 31, 2016, after 463 performances  The U S /Canadian tour of the Sher-directed production began in 2018 and was interrupted in March 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic; it resumed in 2021 and continued into 2023  The role of Tevye has been played by Yehezkel Lazarov into 2022, Danny Arnold then assumed the role for several months, and the last months are being played by Jonathan Hashmonay 

London revivals
Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre (a four-month season starring Topol) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf  The production was directed by Lindsay Posner  Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt A revival played at the Menier Chocolate Factory from November 23, 2018, until March 9, 2019, directed by Trevor Nunn and starring Andy Nyman as Tevye and Judy Kuhn as Golde  The production transferred to the Playhouse Theatre in the West End on March 21, 2019, with an official opening on March 27  Replacement players included Maria Friedman as Golde and Anita Dobson as Yente  The run closed on November 2, 2019 

Other UK productions
A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking  The production's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic, and Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12-foot puppet  This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood A revival played at Chichester Festival Theatre from July 10 to September 2, 2017, directed by Daniel Evans and starring Omid Djalili as Tevye and Tracy-Ann Oberman as Golde 

Australian productions
The original Australian production opened on June 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney  It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde  The production ran for two years  The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye  A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka In 1998, 2005, 2006 and 2007, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in Australian productions, with seasons in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Wellington and Auckland  The musical was again revived in Melbourne and Sydney in 2015–2016 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel 

Other notable North American productions
Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware  Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles  He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein and Theodore Bikel  The cast included Mary Stout, Susan Cella, Bill Nolte, Erik Liberman, Rena Strober, and Stephen Lee Anderson National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene mounted a Yiddish adaptation, Fidler Afn Dakh, at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City, under the direction of Joel Grey, with a translation by Shraga Friedman that was first used in a 1965 Israeli production  The cast included Jackie Hoffman as Yente, Steven Skybell as Tevye, Daniel Kahn as Pertshik, Stephanie Lynne Mason as Hodel and Raquel Nobile as Shprintze  Previews began on July 4, and opening night was July 15, 2018  The production played through the end of that year  It then transferred to Stage 42, an off-Broadway theatre, with Skybell, Hoffman, Mason and Nobile reprising their roles  Previews began February 11, with opening night on February 21, 2019  Musical staging was by Staś Kmieć (based on the original choreography by Robbins), with set design by Beowulf Boritt, costumes by Ann Hould-Ward, sound by Dan Moses Schreier and lighting by Peter Kaczorowski  The production closed on January 5, 2020  It won the 2019 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical 

International and amateur productions
The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany; and it was the longest-running musical ever seen in Tokyo  According to BroadwayWorld, the musical has been staged "in every metropolitan city in the world from Paris to Beijing "A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s  This version was so successful that in 1965 Godik produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman  A 2008 Hebrew-language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years  It was directed by Rabbi Moshe Kepten, choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970, resuming from September to January 1971 (a total of 292 performances) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde  Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde  The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore  It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye  An Italian version, Il violinista sul tetto, with lyrics sung in Yiddish and the orchestra on stage also serving as chorus, was given a touring production in 2004, with Moni Ovadia as Tevye and director; it opened at Teatro Municipale Valli in Reggio Emilia The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone 

Film adaptations and recordings
A film version was released by United Artists in 1971, directed and produced by Norman Jewison, and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay  Chaim Topol starred  The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics and became the highest-grossing film of 1971  Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director for Jewison, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey (as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son)  It won three, including best score/adaptation for arranger-conductor John Williams In the film version, the character of Yente is reduced, and Perchik's song to Hodel "Now I Have Everything" is cut and replaced by a scene in Kyiv  The "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka Theatre historian John Kenrick wrote that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964, "shimmers – an essential recording in any show lover's collection", praising the cast  The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album, the bottle dance from the wedding scene and "Rumor" performed by Beatrice Arthur  In 2020, the recording was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant"  Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and producers Dan Jinks and Aaron Harnick are planning a new film adaptation of the musical, with Thomas Kail directing and co-producing, and Steven Levenson penning the screenplay 

Cultural influence
The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere  A documentary film about the musical's history and legacy, Fiddler: A Miracle of Miracles, was released in 2019 

Parodies
Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof (Mad magazine #156, January 1973), which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America  In the film Mrs  Doubtfire (1993), Robin Williams parodies "Matchmaker"  In a 1994 Animaniacs parody, Pigeon on the Roof, the Goodfeathers decide to marry their girlfriends; song parodies include "Scorsese" ("Tradition"), "Egg Hatcher" ("Matchmaker") and others  In 2001, the H  P  Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody called A Shoggoth on the Roof, which sets music from Fiddler to a story based on the works of H  P  Lovecraft  Spanish comedian and TV-host Jose Mota parodied "If I Were a Rich Man" with the song "Si no fuera rico" ("If I weren't a rich man") during his 2008 New Year's Eve special References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled "Jews and Chinese Food", involving a production of the musical  A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair"   In the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (2003), William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler   The second episode of Muppets Tonight, in 1996, featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof   "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode of The Nanny, parodied the dream scene, when Mr  Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show   A 2011 episode of NBC's Community, entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody titled Fiddla, Please! with an all-black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes, singing "It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo"  Chabad org kicked off their 2008 "To Life" telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical Broadway references have included Spamalot, where a "Grail dance" sends up the "bottle dance" in Fiddler's wedding scene  In 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, "The Roof Is on Fiddler", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980s pop songs   The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets 

Covers
Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists  For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof, which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical  In a retrospective review AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars, stating, "Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet"  That same year, Eydie Gormé released a single of "Matchmaker", and jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery recorded the same tune for his album Movin' Wes In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof, a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by indie and experimental bands such as the Residents, Negativland, and the Magnetic Fields  Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors   Allmusic gave the album a favorable review, and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s   In 2005, Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof Gwen Stefani and Eve covered "If I Were a Rich Man" as "Rich Girl" for Stefani's 2004 debut solo album Love  Angel  Music  Baby  in 2004   The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name  Stefani's version reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it remained for over six months  It was certified gold by the RIAA and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration   It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps, poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich   The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the "Bottle Dance" from Fiddler as a "recurring trademark", including at the Drum Corps International World Championships 

Other
The song "Sunrise, Sunset" is often played at weddings, and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes  For example, for male couples, changes include "When did they grow to be so handsome" In 2015 a displaced persons camp southwest of Kyiv named Anatevka was built by Chabad Rabbi Moshe Azman to house the Jews fleeing the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine 

Awards
Fiddler's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography   Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress  In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history 
Its revivals have also been honored   At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor   Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor   The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none   The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor  The 2019 West End revival won the Olivier Award for best revival, and it received a further 7 nominations 

Notes
Passage 9:
45 Years
45 Years is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed and written by Andrew Haigh  The film is based on the short story "In Another Country" by David Constantine  The film premiered in the main competition section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival  Charlotte Rampling won the Silver Bear for Best Actress and Tom Courtenay won the Silver Bear for Best Actor  At the 88th Academy Awards, Rampling received a nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and also screened at the 2015 Telluride Festival  It was released in the United Kingdom on 28 August 2015  The film was released in the United States by Sundance Selects on 23 December 2015 

Plot
Five years after retirees Kate and Geoff Mercer had to cancel their 40th wedding anniversary because of his heart bypass surgery, the comfortably-off, childless Norfolk couple are preparing to celebrate their 45th anniversary with dozens of friends at the Assembly House in Norwich  Their morning is somewhat disturbed when Geoff opens a letter telling him that the body of Katya, his German lover in the early 1960s, has become visible in a melting glacier where she fell into a crevasse on their hike in Switzerland over five decades ago 
Kate has been told about Katya previously by Geoff and seems initially unconcerned by his controlled disquiet  Geoff tells Kate that he and Katya had pretended to be married in order to be able to share a room in the more puritanical early 1960s  Because of this, the Swiss authorities consider him to be Katya's next of kin 
As the days pass and preparations for the party continue, Geoff continues to be moody and starts smoking again  One night, Geoff climbs into the attic to look at his memorabilia of Katya and only reluctantly shows a picture of her to an angrily insistent Kate  Kate notices that Katya appears to look much like Kate did when she was young, with similar dark hair 
While Geoff is out at a reunion luncheon at his former workplace, Kate climbs the ladder to the attic  She finds Geoff's scrapbook filled with memorabilia from his time with Katya, including pressed violets from their last hike  She finds a carousel slide projector, loaded with images of Switzerland and Katya, next to a makeshift screen to view them  Kate is shocked to see slides showing that Katya was pregnant at the time of her death 
Kate also takes up smoking again and, upon learning of his visit to the local travel agency to inquire about trips to Switzerland, confronts Geoff about his recent behavior related to Katya, without revealing what she saw in the attic  She says that she now believes that many of their decisions as a couple were influenced by Katya  Geoff promises that their marriage will "start again", which the next morning he marks by serving her tea in bed and making breakfast for her  They attend their anniversary party in the historic Grand Hall  Geoff delivers a tearful speech in which he professes his love for Kate 
The first dance is announced, accompanied by the same first song from their wedding, "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" by The Platters  As Geoff and Kate slow dance, she becomes increasingly awkward and rigid, while he becomes silly and playful  As the song ends, Geoff raises their hands together in the air as the party guests cheer, but Kate yanks her arm down  Geoff, apparently oblivious, dances away  Kate stands alone amid the mass of people on the dance floor 

Cast
Charlotte Rampling as Kate Mercer
Tom Courtenay as Geoff Mercer
Geraldine James as Lena
Dolly Wells as Sally
David Sibley as George
Sam Alexander as Chris the Postman
Richard Cunningham as Mr  Watkins
Kevin Matadeen as the Waiter
Hannah Chalmers as the Travel Agent
Max Rudd as the Maître d'

Production
Filming lasted over 6 weeks and concluded in May 2014 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 97% based on 213 reviews, with an average rating of 8 6/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "45 Years offers richly thought-provoking rewards for fans of adult cinema – and a mesmerizing acting showcase for leads Charlotte Rampling and Tom Courtenay " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 94 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "universal acclaim "Mark Kermode described the film as a "subtle examination of the persistence of the past and the fragile (in)stability of the present" in The Observer, arguing that the lead performances "turn an apparently everyday story of a marriage in quiet crisis into something rather extraordinary " He concludes the review by observing "Like the final shot of The Long Good Friday, which lingers upon Bob Hoskins’s face as he revisits the events that brought him to this sorry pass, 45 Years shows us the past materialising in the expressions of those trapped in the present, staring into an uncertain future "

Accolades



ground_truth: nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor