prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who played the monarch at the end of WW2 in The King's Speech?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Veera Ballala II
Veera Ballala II (Kannada: ವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ 2) (r  1173–1220 CE) was the most notable monarch of the Hoysala Empire  His successes against the Yadavas of Devagiri, the Southern Kalachuris, the Pandyas of Madurai and the waning Western Chalukya Empire, and his domination over the diminishing Cholas of Tanjore took the Hoysalas to their peak of power  The historian Chaurasia claims by the end of the 12th century, Ballala II's conquests had made the Hoysalas the most powerful dynasty of the Deccan  According to historian Derrett, Ballala II was "the most outstanding among Hoysala kings", and historian William Coelho in comparing Ballala II to King Vishnuvardhana writes, "he vied in glory with his grandfather" His court was adorned with some of the most notable of medieval Kannada language poets including the Jain poets Janna and Nemichandra, and the Brahman poet Rudrabhatta  According to the historians Chopra et al , during his rule, the Hoysala kingdom consolidated into an independent empire commencing an age of "Hoysala imperialism"  His architectural legacy includes among numerous ornate temples, the Kedareshwara temple, the Veera Narayana temple and the Amrutesvara temple  He was ably supported in war and in administrative matters by his son, prince Vira Narasimha II, and crowned queen Umadevi  His other queen Cholamahadevi was a Chola princes  His daughter Somaladevi was given in marriage to the Chola monarch Kulothunga Chola III 

Wars against the neighbouring kingdoms
Ballala II's ascendancy to the Hoysala throne in c  1173 was preceded by his successful rebellion against his weak father Narasimha I with the help of some malnad chiefs, such as the Chengalvas and the Kongalvas  He later ensured the same chiefs' could not rise against him  In the late 12th century, the weakening Chalukya throne became the bone of contention between the main vassals, the Yadavas, the Hoysalas and the Kalachuris  Around c 1168, the Kalachuri King Bijjala II had gained control of the Chalukyan capital Basavakalyan (then called Kalyani, in modern Bidar district of Karnataka state)  According to historian Kamath, in c 1171, an ambitious Ballala tasted first victory against Pandya king Kavadeva of the Uchchangi family  This was followed by the annexation of Hangal in c 1178  But an attempt by him to invade Belvola-300 in c 1179 led to his defeat by Kalachuri commander Sankama who seized Hangal  According to Chopra et al , in c 1179, a Kalachuri invasion into the Hoysala territory resulted in a truce with Ballala II agreeing to accept nominal subordination and to help the Kalachuri in their designs against the Chalukyas  However, by c 1183, the Kalachuris themselves were in serious decline due to the inept rule of the sons of Bijjala II  The last Chalukya scion, Someshvara IV, was back in control of his capital Basavakalyan with help from the Kalachuri commander Brahma 
The real contention now, for the territories in the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab region was between the Yadava King Bhillama V and the Hoysala monarch Ballala II  By c 1189, Basavakalyana had fallen to Bhillama V who nevertheless failed to gain recognition from Chalukya vassals such as the Rattas, the Kadambas of Banavasi and the Shilahara  Taking advantage of this uncertainty, Ballala II led several expeditions to Banavasi against the exiled Chalukya King Someshvara VI and defeated him by c 1190  In c 1191, the Hoysala monarch gained the upper hand over Yadava Bhillama V in the critical battles of Soratur and Lakkundi (in the modern Gadag district) where he appears to have spent much time consolidating his gains  Thus, Ballala II was able to push the northern boundaries of the Hoysala empire up to the Malaprabha river and Krishna rivers  By c 1192, Ballala II had crowned himself the emperor over the entire modern Karnataka region  A record of his dated c 1196 claims him victorious over several minor ruling families including those of Banavasi, Hangal, Halashi, Nolambavadi (Nolamba dynasty), Bagalkot, and Gulbarga (Yelburgi) indicating he had complete control over the rich Tungabhadra-Krishna river region  After c 1212, he lost all these territories north of the Tungabhadra river to Yadava king Singhana II 

Relationship with Cholas
Around c 1216, Maravarman Sundara Pandya ascended the throne at Madurai  To seek revenge for the humiliation of his elder brother Jatavarman Kulashekara by the Chola monarch Kulothunga III, he invaded the Chola territory and drove Kulothunga into exile  Kulothunga III sought the help of the Hoysalas  Ballala II promptly sent his forces under the command of prince Narasimha II who succeeded in repulsing the Pandya and re-establishing the Chola kingdom  With this victory, Ballala II not only assumed imperial titles such as Cholarajyapratishtacharya ("Establisher of the Chola kingdom"), Hoysala Chakravarti ("Hoysala emperor") and Dakshina Chakravarti ("Emperor of the south"), he also brought under his direct control parts of the rich Kaveri plains around Srirangam (central Tamil Nadu)  A Hoysala army was left standing in Kanchi to pursue hostilities with the Telugu Chodas and their overlords, the Kakatiya dynasty  In words of historian John Keay, "Gloriously if briefly the Hoysalas were paramount throughout most of the Kannada speaking Deccan, and could pose a arbiters in the lusher lands below the Eastern Ghats" 

Patron of art and architecture
Veera Ballala II was a great patron of Kannada literature  Janna, one of the most influential Kannada poets of the 13th century, graced his court and was honored with the title Kavichakravarthi ("Emperor among poets")  His most noteworthy writing and magnum opus, the Yashodhara Charitre (c 1209) deals with Jain tenets  Nemichandra was court poet to both Ballala II and the Shilahara King Lakshmana of Kholapur  He wrote Lilavati Prabandha (about c 1170), the earliest available romantic true fiction in Kannada, and an unfinished Jain epic called Neminathapurana at the instance of Ballala II's minister  Rudrabhatta, a noteworthy Brahman writer of the late 12th century was patronized by the king and one of his ministers  He composed the Jagannatha Vijaya in c 1180, the earliest available Vaishnava epic in the Kannada language Ballala II's rule saw the proliferation of the temple construction adhering to the Vesara architecture, a style first made popular by the Western Chalukyas  Some of the best known temples built during his rule were the Kedareshwara temple at Halebidu, the Veera Narayana temple at Belavadi, the Amrutesvara Temple at Amruthapura and the twin ensemble of the Chennakeshava and Nageshvara temples at Mosale Ballala II donated Meruhalli village and other lands in 1174 CE for providing food to Jain monks  He further gifted two villages to Vajranandi-Siddhantadeva for the same purpose  Nanjedevaragudda stone inscription of 1192 CE describes the donations by Hoysala rulers and subjects for Jain monks at Abhinava Shantideva temple at Somepur, Hassan district 
Passage 2:
George VI
George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death on 6 February 1952  He was also the last Emperor of India from 1936 until the British Raj was dissolved in August 1947, and the first Head of the Commonwealth following the London Declaration of 1949 
The future George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Victoria; he was named Albert at birth after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort, and was known as "Bertie" to his family and close friends  His father ascended the throne as George V in 1910  As the second son of the king, Albert was not expected to inherit the throne  He spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Prince Edward, the heir apparent  Albert attended naval college as a teenager and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War  In 1920, he was made Duke of York  He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret  In the mid-1920s, he engaged speech therapist Lionel Logue to treat his stutter, which he learned to manage to some degree  His elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII after their father died in 1936, but Edward abdicated later that year to marry the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson  As heir presumptive to Edward VIII, Albert thereby became the third monarch of the House of Windsor, taking the regnal name George VI 
In September 1939, the British Empire and most Commonwealth countries—but not Ireland—declared war on Nazi Germany  War with the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively  George VI was seen as sharing the hardships of the common people and his popularity soared  Buckingham Palace was bombed during the Blitz while the King and Queen were there, and his younger brother the Duke of Kent was killed on active service  George became known as a symbol of British determination to win the war  Britain and its allies were victorious in 1945, but the British Empire declined  Ireland had largely broken away, followed by the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947  George relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 and instead adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth  He was beset by smoking-related health problems in the later years of his reign and died at Sandringham House, aged 56, of a coronary thrombosis in 1952  He was succeeded by his elder daughter, Elizabeth II 

Early life
Albert was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria  His father was Prince George, Duke of York (later King George V), the second and only surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra)  His mother, the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), was the eldest child and only daughter of Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck  His birthday, 14 December 1895, was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort  Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed"  Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her "The Queen was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good " Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham on 17 February 1896  Formally he was His Highness Prince Albert of York; within the royal family he was known informally as "Bertie"  The Duchess of Teck did not like the first name her grandson had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one"  Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth, after his grandfather, father and elder brother, Edward 
Albert was ill often and was described as "easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears"  His parents were generally removed from their children's day-to-day upbringing, as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era  He had a stutter that lasted for many years  Although naturally left-handed, he was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time  He had chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees, for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII  Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother 

Military career and education
Beginning in 1909, Albert attended the Royal Naval College, Osborne, as a naval cadet  In 1911 he came bottom of the class in the final examination, but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth  When his grandfather Edward VII died in 1910, his father became King George V  Prince Edward became Prince of Wales, with Albert second in line to the throne Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada  He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913  He spent three months in the Mediterranean, but never overcame his seasickness  Three weeks after the outbreak of World War I he was medically evacuated from the ship to Aberdeen, where his appendix was removed by Sir John Marnoch  He was mentioned in dispatches for his actions as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), the great naval battle of the war  He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917 In February 1918 Albert was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell  With the establishment of the Royal Air Force Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force  He served as Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting for duty on the staff of the RAF's Cadet Brigade at St Leonards-on-Sea and then at Shorncliffe  He completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing  He was the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot Albert wanted to serve on the Continent while the war was still in progress and welcomed a posting to General Trenchard's staff in France  On 23 October, he flew across the Channel to Autigny  For the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France  Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as an RAF staff officer until posted back to Britain  He accompanied King Albert I of Belgium on his triumphal re-entry into Brussels on 22 November  Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and was promoted to squadron leader the following day In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year, with the historian R  V  Laurence as his "official mentor"  On 4 June 1920 his father created him Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney  He began to take on more royal duties  He represented his father and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards  Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince"  His stutter, and his embarrassment over it, together with a tendency to shyness, caused him to appear less confident in public than his older brother, Edward  However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis  He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round  He developed an interest in working conditions, and was president of the Industrial Welfare Society  His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds 

Marriage
In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife  An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Lady Loughborough came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her  That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore  He became determined to marry her  Elizabeth rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family  In the words of Lady Strathmore, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife  After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him Albert and Elizabeth were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey  Albert's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture  The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio, but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea (although the Dean, Herbert Edward Ryle, was in favour) 

From December 1924 to April 1925, the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya, Uganda, and the Sudan, travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden  During the trip, they both went big-game hunting Because of his stutter, Albert dreaded public speaking  After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist  The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently  Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation  With his delivery improved, Albert opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire with the Duchess in 1927  Their journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took them via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, Bertrand Clark, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races The Duke and Duchess had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family, and the future Elizabeth II) who was born in 1926, and Margaret who was born in 1930  The close family lived at White Lodge, Richmond Park, and then at 145 Piccadilly, rather than one of the royal palaces  In 1931, the Canadian prime minister, R  B  Bennett, considered Albert for Governor General of Canada—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J  H  Thomas 

Reign
Reluctant king
King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward, saying "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months" and "I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne " On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII  In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers (the new king, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Prince George, Duke of Kent) took a shift standing guard over their father's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall 
As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne  Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated in order to marry Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second  Edward had been advised by British prime minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands  He abdicated and Albert, though he had been reluctant to accept the throne, became king  The day before the abdication, Albert went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary  He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child "On the day of Edward's abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution  The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties  The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth Across Britain, gossip spread that Albert was physically and psychologically incapable of being king  No evidence has been found to support the contemporaneous rumour that the government considered bypassing him, his children and his brother Prince Henry, in favour of their younger brother Prince George, Duke of Kent  This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son 

Early reign
Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy  The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain  He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession, Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness"  In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title "Duke of Windsor" with the style "Royal Highness", but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles  George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to him automatically  Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter 

George VI's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation  In a break with tradition, his mother Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son  There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the Government of India  Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War  Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI  The King was constitutionally bound to support British prime minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler  When the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them  This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family  While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe George's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century" 

In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States; it was the first visit of a reigning British monarch to North America, although George had been to Canada prior to his accession  From Ottawa, George and Elizabeth were accompanied by Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada  Both Mackenzie King and the Canadian governor general, Lord Tweedsmuir, hoped that George's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions  On 19 May, George personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U S  ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave royal assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two   international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada  The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth" The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe  Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public  The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor was dispelled  They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D  Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York  A strong bond of friendship was forged between Roosevelt and the royal couple during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years 

Second World War
Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the United Kingdom and the self-governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany  The King and Queen resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids  They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle  The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End  On 13 September, the couple narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there  In defiance, Elizabeth declared: "I am glad we have been bombed  It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face " The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country  They were subject to British rationing restrictions, and U S  First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace  In August 1942, the King's brother, the Duke of Kent, was killed on active service 

In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as prime minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax  After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister"  Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness  George related much of what the two discussed in his diary, which is the only extant first-hand account of these conversations Throughout the war, George and Elizabeth provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops  George visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944  Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance  At a social function in 1944, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, he thought Montgomery was after his job  George replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"In 1945, crowds shouted "We want the King!" in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations  In an echo of Chamberlain's appearance, the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim  In January 1946, George addressed the United Nations at its first assembly, which was held in London, and reaffirmed "our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small" 

Empire to Commonwealth
George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire  The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states  The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War  During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent Dominions of India and Pakistan in August 1947  George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead  In late April 1949, the Commonwealth leaders issued the London Declaration, which laid the foundation of the modern Commonwealth and recognised George as Head of the Commonwealth  In January 1950, he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic  He remained King of Pakistan until his death  Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949 In 1947, George and his family toured southern Africa  The prime minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit  George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo"  Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation 

Illness and death
The stress of the war had taken its toll on George's health, made worse by his heavy smoking, and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and Buerger's disease  A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after George developed an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949  His elder daughter and heir presumptive, Elizabeth, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated  The delayed tour was re-organised, with Princess Elizabeth and her husband, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen 
George was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 4 June it was announced that he would need immediate and complete rest for the next four weeks, despite the arrival of Haakon VII of Norway the following afternoon for an official visit  On 23 September 1951, he underwent a surgical operation where his entire left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found  In October 1951, Elizabeth and Philip went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to George's illness  At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds, read the King's speech from the throne  The King's Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, George went to London Airport to see Elizabeth and Philip off on their tour to Australia via Kenya  It was his last public appearance  Six days later, at 07:30 GMT on the morning of 6 February, he was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk  He had died in the night from a coronary thrombosis at the age of 56  His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II From 9 February George's coffin rested in St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February  His funeral took place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th  He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St George's on 26 March 1969  In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter, Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him  In 2022, the remains of Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, were also interred in the chapel 

Legacy
In the words of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda"  George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne" and tried "to make it steady again"  He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb  During his reign, his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded  However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery  He bestowed the George Cross on the entire "island fortress of Malta" in 1943  He was posthumously awarded the Order of Liberation by the French government in 1960, one of only two people (the other being Churchill in 1958) to be awarded the medal after 1946 Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in the 2010 film The King's Speech 

Titles, honours and arms
As Duke of York, Albert bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure—a difference earlier awarded to his father, George V, when he was Duke of York, and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew, Duke of York  As king, he bore the royal arms undifferenced 

Issue
Ancestry
Notes
Passage 3:
The King's Speech
The King's Speech is a 2010 historical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler  Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who, to cope with a stammer, sees Lionel Logue, an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush  The men become friends as they work together, and after his brother abdicates the throne, the new king relies on Logue to help him make his first wartime radio broadcast upon Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1939 
Seidler read about George VI's life after learning to manage a stuttering condition he developed during his own youth  He started writing about the relationship between the therapist and his royal patient as early as the 1980s, but at the request of the King's widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, postponed work until her death in 2002  He later rewrote his screenplay for the stage to focus on the essential relationship between the two protagonists  Nine weeks before filming began, the filmmakers learned of the existence of notes written by Logue that were being used by his grandson Mark and Peter Conradi as the basis of a book, and were granted permission to incorporate material from the notes and book into the script 
Principal photography took place in London and around Britain from November 2009 to January 2010  Hard light was used to give the story a greater resonance and wider-than-normal lenses were employed to recreate the Duke of York's feelings of constriction  A third technique Hooper employed was the off-centre framing of characters 
The King's Speech was a major box office and critical success  It was widely praised by film critics for its visual style, art direction, screenplay, directing, score, and acting  Other commentators discussed the film's representation of historical detail, especially the reversal of Winston Churchill's opposition to abdication  The film received many awards and nominations, particularly for Colin Firth's performance, which resulted in his first Academy Award for Best Actor  At the 83rd Academy Awards, The King's Speech received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year, and subsequently won four, including Best Picture  Censors initially gave it adult ratings due to profanity, though these were later revised downwards after criticism by the makers and distributors in the UK and some instances of swearing were muted in the US  On a budget of £8 million, it earned over £250 million internationally 

Plot
At the official closing of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium, Prince Albert, Duke of York, the second son of King George V, addresses the crowd with a strong stammer  His search for treatment has been discouraging, but his wife, Elizabeth, persuades him to see the Australian-born Lionel Logue, a non-medically trained Harley Street speech defects therapist  "Bertie", as he is called by his family, believes the first session is not going well, but Lionel, who insists that all his patients address him as such, has his potential client recite Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" soliloquy while hearing classical music played on a pair of headphones  Bertie is frustrated at the experiment but Lionel gives him the acetate recording that he has made of the reading as a souvenir 
After Bertie's father, King George V, broadcasts his 1934 Royal Christmas Message, he explains to Bertie that the wireless will play a significant part in the role of the royal family, allowing them to enter the homes of the people, and that Bertie's brother's neglect of his responsibilities make training in it necessary  The attempt at reading the message himself is a failure, but that night Bertie plays the recording Lionel gave him and is astonished at the lack of stutter there  He therefore returns for daily treatments to overcome the physical and psychological roots of his speaking difficulty 
George V dies in 1936, and his eldest son David ascends the throne as King Edward VIII  A constitutional crisis arises with the new king over a prospective marriage with the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson  Edward, as the supreme governor of the Church of England, cannot marry her, even if she receives her second divorce, since both her previous husbands are alive 
At an unscheduled session, Bertie expresses his frustration that, while his speech has improved when speaking to most people, he still stammers when talking to David, at the same time revealing the extent of Edward VIII's folly with Simpson  When Lionel insists that Bertie himself could make a good king, Bertie accuses Lionel of speaking treason and quits Lionel in anger  Bertie must now face the Accession Council without any assistance 
Bertie and Lionel only come together again after King Edward decides to abdicate in order to marry  Bertie, urged ahead by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, ascends the throne as King George VI and visits Lionel's home with his wife before their coronation, much to the surprise of Mrs  Logue when she comes upon Queen Elizabeth having tea at her dining room table  This is the first time that she learns who her husband's patient has been 
Bertie and Lionel's relationship is questioned by the King's advisors during the preparations for his coronation in Westminster Abbey  The archbishop of Canterbury, Cosmo Gordon Lang, brings to light that George never asked for advice from his advisors about his treatment and that Lionel has never had formal training   Lionel explains to an outraged Bertie that at the time he started with speech defects there were no formal qualifications and that the only known help that was available for returning Great War shell-shocked Australian soldiers was from personal experience  Bertie remains unconvinced until provoked to protest at Lionel's disrespect for King Edward's Chair and the Stone of Scone  Only at this pivotal moment, after realising he has just expressed himself without impairment, is Bertie able to rehearse with Lionel and complete the ceremony 
As the new king, Bertie is in a crisis when he must broadcast to Britain and the Empire following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany in 1939  Lionel is summoned to Buckingham Palace to prepare the king for his speech  Knowing the challenge that lies before him, Lang, Winston Churchill, and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain are present to offer support  The King and Logue are then left in the broadcasting room  He delivers his speech with Logue conducting him, but by the end he is speaking freely  Preparing to leave the room for the congratulations of those present, Logue mentions to the King that he still has difficulty enunciating w and the King jokes back, "I had to throw in a few so they'd know it was me "
As the Royal Family step onto the palace balcony and are applauded by the crowd, a title card explains that Logue, who received the Royal Victorian Order for service to the Crown, was always present at King George VI's speeches during the war and that they remained friends until the King's death from lung cancer in 1952 

Cast
Colin Firth as King George VI
Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue
Helena Bonham Carter as Queen Elizabeth
Guy Pearce as King Edward VIII
Timothy Spall as Winston Churchill
Derek Jacobi as Cosmo Gordon Lang
Jennifer Ehle as Myrtle Logue
Michael Gambon as King George V
Freya Wilson as Princess Elizabeth
Ramona Marquez as Princess Margaret
Patrick Ryecart as Lord Wigram
Simon Chandler as Lord Dawson of Penn
Claire Bloom as Queen Mary
Orlando Wells as Prince George, Duke of Kent
Tim Downie as Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Eve Best as Wallis Simpson
Anthony Andrews as Stanley Baldwin
Andrew Havill as Robert Wood

Production
Development
As a child, David Seidler developed a stammer, which he believes was caused by the emotional trauma of World War II and the murder of his grandparents during the Holocaust  King George VI's success in overcoming his stammer inspired the young Seidler, "Here was a stutterer who was a king and had to give radio speeches where everyone was listening to every syllable he uttered, and yet did so with passion and intensity " When Seidler became an adult, he resolved to write about King George VI  During the late 1970s and 1980s he voraciously researched the King, but found a dearth of information on Logue  Eventually Seidler contacted Valentine Logue, who agreed to discuss his father and make his notebooks available if the Queen Mother gave her permission  She asked him not to do so in her lifetime, and Seidler halted the project 

The Queen Mother died in 2002  Three years later, Seidler returned to the story during a bout of creative work inspired by a recovery from cancer  His research, including a chance encounter with an uncle whom Logue had treated, indicated he used mechanical breathing exercises combined with psychological counselling to probe the underlying causes of the condition  Thus prepared, Seidler imagined the sessions  He showed the finished screenplay to his wife, who liked it, but pronounced it too "seduced by cinematic technique"  She suggested he rewrite it as a stage play to focus on the essential relationship between the King and Logue  After he had completed it, he sent it to a few friends who worked in theatre in London and New York for feedback In 2005, Joan Lane of Wilde Thyme, a production company in London, received the script  Lane started talking with Simon Egan and Gareth Unwin of Bedlam Productions, and they invited Seidler to London to rewrite the play again, this time for the screen  Together, Lane and Bedlam Productions organised a reading of the play in Pleasance Theatre, a small house in north London, to a group of Australian expatriates, among whom was Tom Hooper's mother  She called her son and said, "I've found your next project" Instead of trying to contact his agent, Lane asked an Australian staff member to hand-deliver the script to Geoffrey Rush's house, not far away from hers in Melbourne  Unwin reports that he received a four-page e-mail from Rush's manager admonishing them for the breach of etiquette, but ending with an invitation to discuss the project further  Iain Canning from See-Saw Films became involved and, in Gareth Unwin's words: "We worked with ex-chair of BAFTA Richard Price, and started turning this story about two grumpy men sitting in a room into something bigger " Hooper liked the story, but thought that the original ending needed to be changed to reflect events more closely: "Originally, it had a Hollywood ending     If you hear the real speech, he's clearly coping with his stammer  But it's not a perfect performance  He's managing it "

The production team learned – some nine weeks prior to the start of filming – of a diary containing Logue's original notes on his treatment of the Duke, which was in the process of being turned into a non-fiction book by Logue's grandson Mark and journalist Peter Conradi, titled The King's Speech: How One Man Saved the British Monarchy  Striking an agreement with the authors, they then went back and re-worked the script to reflect what was in the notes and the book  Some lines, such as at the climax, when Logue smiles and says, "You still stammered on the W" to the King, who replies, "I had to throw in a few so they would know it was me" were direct quotations from Logue's notes  Changes from the script to reflect the historical record included Michael Gambon improvising the ramblings of George V as he signed away authority, and the decision in the opening scene to dress the Duke in an overcoat rather than regal finery Seidler thought Paul Bettany would be a good choice to play King George VI, while Hooper preferred Hugh Grant, though both actors declined the offer  Once they met with Firth and heard him read for the part, Seidler and Hooper were convinced of his suitability for the role The UK Film Council awarded the production £1 million in June 2009  Filming began in December 2009, and lasted 39 days  Most was shot in the three weeks before Christmas because Rush would be performing in a play in January  The schedule was further complicated by Bonham Carter's availability: she worked on Harry Potter during the week, so her scenes had to be filmed during the weekend 

Location and design
The film depicted both regal opulence and scruffy, depression-era London  On 25 November 2009 the crew took over the Pullens buildings in Southwark and gave it the appearance of a street from 1930s London  Large advertisements for (among other things) Bovril and fascism were added to walls, and grit and grime to streets and buildings  To reproduce London smog of the time – thick enough that cars might need guidance from someone walking ahead – so much artificial smoke was used that fire alarms were triggered On 26 November, a week's filming with Firth, Rush, and Jacobi began at Ely Cathedral, the location used for Westminster Abbey  The production had asked for permission to film in the Abbey but were denied due to the demands of tourism  Though Lincoln Cathedral is architecturally a closer match to the Abbey, they preferred Ely, a favoured filming location  Its size allowed them to build sets showing not just the coronation, but the preparations before it Lancaster House, an opulent government-owned period house in London, was rented (at £20,000 per day) for interior scenes of Buckingham Palace  The 1936 Accession Council at St  James's Palace, where George VI swore an oath, was filmed in the Livery Hall of Drapers' Hall  The room, ornate and vast, met the occasion: the daunting nature of the new King's responsibilities was shown by surrounding him with rich detail, flags and royal portraiture The crew investigated Logue's former consultation rooms, but they were too small to film in  Instead, they found a high, vaulted room not far away in 33 Portland Place  Eve Stewart, the production designer, liked the mottled, peeling wallpaper there so much that she recreated the effect throughout the entire room  In his DVD commentary, Hooper said he liked Portland Place as a set because it felt "lived in", unlike other period houses in London  The scenes of the Duke of York at home with his family were also filmed here; showing the Prince living in a townhouse "subverted" expectations of a royal drama 

The opening scene, set at the closing ceremony of the 1925 British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium, was filmed on location at Elland Road, home of Leeds United, and Odsal Stadium, home of Bradford RLFC  Elland Road was used for the speech elements of the prince stammering his way through his first public address, and Odsal Stadium was selected because of the resemblance of its curved ends to Wembley Stadium in 1925  The crew had access to the stadium only at 10 pm, after a football game  They filled the terraces with inflatable dummies and over 250 extras dressed in period costumes  Live actors were interspersed to give the impression of a crowd  Additional people, as well as more ranks of soldiers on the pitch, were added in post-production with visual effects Other locations include Cumberland Lodge, Harley Street, Knebworth, Hatfield House, the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, Queen Street Mill Textile Museum in Burnley, and Battersea Power Station, which doubled as a BBC wireless control room  The final cut of the film was completed on 31 August 2010 

Dialogue
In developing his portrayal of George VI's stammer, Firth worked with Neil Swain, the voice coach for the film  His sister, Kate Firth, also a professional voice coach to actors, proposed exercises the King might have done with Logue, and made suggestions on how to imagine Logue's mix of physical and psychological coaching for the film In addition, Firth watched archive footage of the King speaking  In an interview with Allan Tyrer published by the British Stammering Association, Swain said: "[It] was very interesting while we were working on the film just to think tonally how far we could go and should go with the strength of George's stammer  I think a less courageous director than Tom [Hooper] – and indeed a less courageous actor than Colin [Firth] – might have felt the need to slightly sanitise the degree and authenticity of that stammer, and I'm really really pleased that neither of them did " In May 2011 Firth said he was finding traces of the stammer difficult to eliminate: "You can probably hear even from this interview, there are moments when it's quite infectious  You find yourself doing it and if I start thinking about it the worse it gets  If nothing else it's an insight into what it feels like "

Music
The film's original music is composed by Alexandre Desplat, which consisted of a sparse arrangement of strings and piano  The London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Terry Davies, limited orchestral score by only adding oboe and harp in one cut, to convey the character of the king, while also using single note to represent the stickiness of the King's speech  Old microphones extracted from the EMI archives, specially made for the royal family, had been used to record the score, to create a dated sound The use of the 2nd movement (Allegretto) of Beethoven's 7th Symphony, played during the broadcast of the 1939 radio speech from the film's climax, was played as a temp track added by editor Tariq Anwar  Desplat did not want to change the track and defended Anwar's suggestion, as the theme has a universal quality  Hooper further remarked that the stature of the piece helps elevate the status of the speech to a public event  The score album also featured Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Marriage of Figaro overture  The score was nominated for several awards, including Best Original Score at the Oscars, Golden Globes, and BAFTAs, winning the latter award  The score also won a Grammy at the 54th Grammy Awards 

Visual style
Hooper employed a number of cinematic techniques to evoke the King's feelings of constriction  He and cinematographer Danny Cohen used wider than normal lenses to photograph the film, typically 14mm, 18mm, 21mm, 25mm and 27mm, where the subtle distortion of the picture helps to convey the King's discomfort  For instance, the subjective point of view shot during the Empire exhibition speech used a close up of the microphone with a wider lens, similar to the filming technique used for one of the Duke's early consultations with a physician  In The New York Times, Manohla Dargis wrote that the feeling of entrapment inside the King's head was rendered overly literal with what she believed to be a fisheye lens, though in these scenes the wider lenses were used  Hooper also discussed using the 18mm lens, one he likes "because it puts human beings in their context" Roger Ebert noted that the majority of the film was shot indoors, where oblong sets, corridors, and small spaces manifest constriction and tightness, in contrast to the usual emphasis on sweep and majesty in historical dramas  Hooper used wide shots to capture the actors' body language, particularly that of Geoffrey Rush, who trained at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris and "is consequently brilliant in the way he carries his body"  Hooper widened his scope first to capture Rush's gestures, then full body movements and silhouettes  The approach carried over to Firth as well  In the first consultation scene, the Duke is squeezed against the end of a long couch framed against a large wall, "as if to use the arm of the sofa as a kind of friend, as a security blanket?" Martin Filler praised the "low-wattage" cinematography of Danny Cohen's, as making everything look like it has been "steeped in strong tea" At other times, the camera was positioned very close to the actors to catch the emotion in their faces: "If you put a lens 6 inches from somebody's face, you get more emotion than if you're on a long lens 20 feet away," Cohen said in an interview  Hooper sought a second subtlety while filming the first consultation room scene between the two men, having placed the camera 18 inches from Colin Firth's face: "I wanted the nervousness of the first day to percolate into his performances," he said Historical dramas traditionally tend to use "soft light", but Hooper wanted to use a harsher glare, which gives a more contemporary feel, and thus a greater emotional resonance  To achieve the effect, the lighting team erected huge blackout tents over the Georgian buildings and used large lights filtered through Egyptian cotton 

Historical accuracy
Several events in the film did not happen, or were exaggerated  The visual blog Information is Beautiful deduced that, while taking creative licence into account, the film was 74 4% accurate when compared to real-life events, summarising: "Some nips and tucks of the historical record, but mostly an accurate retelling of a unique friendship" 

Relationship with Lionel Logue
The filmmakers not only tightened the chronology of the events to just a few years but even shifted the timeline of treatment  The Duke of York actually began working with Logue in October 1926, ten years before the abdication crisis, and the improvement in his speech was apparent in months rather than years as suggested by the film  When he was dispatched to Australia to open their new Parliament House in Canberra in 1927, the Duke gave numerous speeches during the journey and performed well despite Logue not accompanying him on the trip  He wrote to Logue from the Caribbean, "You remember my fear of 'The King'  I give it every evening at dinner on board  This does not worry me any more " Of his speech opening Parliament it was observed that he spoke "resonantly and without stuttering" Robert Logue, a grandson of Lionel, doubted the film's depiction of the speech therapist, stating "I don't think he ever swore in front of the King and he certainly never called him 'Bertie'"  Andrew Roberts, an English historian, states that the severity of the King's stammer was exaggerated and the characters of Edward VIII, Wallis Simpson, and George V made more antagonistic than they really were, to increase the dramatic effect 

Politics
Christopher Hitchens and Isaac Chotiner have criticised the film for failing to indict the appeasement of the era or to portray Edward VIII's sympathetic attitude to Nazi Germany   The Guardian also corrected the portrayal of Stanley Baldwin as having resigned due to his refusal to order Britain's re-armament, when he in fact stepped down as "a national hero, exhausted by more than a decade at the top"  Stanley's grandson, Earl Baldwin, was particularly unhappy with this film due to its factual distortions and portrayal of his grandfather as a dithering fool who misunderstood Hitler's intentions Hugo Vickers, an adviser on the film, agreed that the alteration of historical details to preserve the essence of the dramatic story was sometimes necessary  The high-ranking officials, for instance, would not have been present when the King made his speech, nor would Churchill have been involved at any level, "but the average viewer knows who Churchill is; he doesn't know who Lord Halifax and Sir Samuel Hoare are "Hitchens and Chotiner also challenged the film's portrayal of Winston Churchill's role in the abdication crisis  It is well established that Churchill encouraged Edward VIII to resist pressure to abdicate, whereas he is portrayed in the film as supportive of the Duke of York and not opposed to the abdication  Hitchens attributes this treatment to the "cult" surrounding Churchill's legacy  In a smart, well-made film "would the true story not have been fractionally more interesting for the audience?", he wondered 

Realism
Martin Filler acknowledged that the film legitimately used artistic licence to make valid dramatic points, such as in the probably imagined scene when George V lectures his son on the importance of broadcasting  Filler cautions that George VI would never have tolerated Logue addressing him casually, nor swearing, and the King almost certainly would have understood a newsreel of Hitler speaking in German  Filler makes the larger point that both the King and his wife were, in reality, lukewarm towards Churchill because of the latter's support for his brother during the abdication crisis Commenting on the film's final scene on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, Andrew Roberts has written, "The scene is fairly absurd from a historical point of view – Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill were not present and there were no cheering crowds outside Buckingham Palace " However, Roberts praises the film overall as a sympathetic portrayal of the King's "quiet, unassuming heroism [   ] The portrayals by Firth and Bonham Carter are sympathetic and acute, and the movie's occasional factual bêtises should not detract from that "

Release
Cinema release
The film had its world première on 6 September 2010 at the Telluride Film Festival in the United States  It was screened at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, on Firth's 50th birthday, where it received a standing ovation and won the People's Choice Award  The cinema release poster was re-designed to show an extreme close-up of Firth's jaw and a microphone after Hooper criticised the first design as a "train smash"  Tim Appelo called the original, air-brushed effort, which showed the three leads, "shockingly awful" though the new one "really is worthwhile" The film was distributed by Transmission Films in Australia and by Momentum Pictures in the United Kingdom  The Weinstein Company distributed it in North America, Germany, Benelux, Scandinavia, China, Hong Kong, and Latin America  The film was released in France on 2 February 2011 by Wild Bunch under the title Le discours d'un roi 

Ratings controversy
The film was initially given a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification, due to a minute-long scene where Logue encourages the King to swear, which he could do without stuttering  At the London Film Festival, Hooper criticised the decision, questioning how the board could certify the film "15" for bad language but allow films such as Salt (2010) and Casino Royale (2006) to have "12A" ratings, despite their graphic torture scenes  Following Hooper's criticism, the board lowered the rating to "12A", allowing children under 12 years of age to see the film if they are accompanied by an adult  Hooper levelled the same criticism at the Motion Picture Association of America, which gave the film an "R" rating, preventing anyone under the age of 17 from seeing the film without an adult  In his review, Roger Ebert criticised the "R" rating, calling it "utterly inexplicable", and wrote, "This is an excellent film for teenagers "In January 2011 Harvey Weinstein, the executive producer and distributor, said he was considering having the film re-edited to remove some profanity, so that it would receive a lower classification and reach a larger audience  Hooper refused to cut the film, though he considered covering the swear words with bleeps  Helena Bonham Carter also defended the film, saying, "[The film] is not violent  It's full of humanity and wit  [It's] for people not with just a speech impairment, but who have got confidence [doubts] " After receiving his Academy Award, Colin Firth noted that he does not support re-editing the film; while he does not condone the use of profanity, he maintains that its use was not offensive in this context  "The scene serves a purpose", Firth states  An alternative version, with some of the profanities muted out, was classified as "PG-13" in the United States; this version was released to cinemas on 1 April 2011, replacing the R-rated one  The PG-13 version of this film is not available on DVD and Blu-ray 

Reception
Box office
In Great Britain and Ireland, the film was the highest earning film on its opening weekend  It took in £3,510,000 from 395 cinemas  The Guardian said that it was one of the biggest takes in recent memory, and compared it to Slumdog Millionaire (2008), which, two years earlier, earned £1 5 million less  The King's Speech continued a "stunning three weeks" atop the UK Box office, and earned over £3 million for four consecutive weekends, the first film to do so since Toy Story 3 (2010)  After five weeks on UK release, it was hailed as the most successful independent British film ever In the United States The King's Speech opened with $355,450 (£220,000) in four cinemas  It holds the record for the highest per-cinema gross of 2010  It was widened to 700 screens on Christmas Day and 1,543 screens on 14 January 2011  It eventually made $138 million in North America overall In Australia The King's Speech made more than A$6,281,686 (£4 million) in the first two weeks, according to figures collected by the Motion Picture Distributors Association of Australia  The executive director of Palace Cinemas, Benjamin Zeccola, said customer feedback on the film was spectacular  "It's our No 1 for all the period, all throughout the country      I think this is more successful than Slumdog Millionaire and a more uplifting film  It's a good example of a film that started out in the independent cinemas and then spread to the mainstream cinemas "Of the film's net profit, estimated to amount to $30–40 million (£20–25 million) from the cinema release alone, roughly 20% was to be split between Geoffrey Rush (as executive producer), Tom Hooper and Colin Firth, who were to receive their bonuses before the other stakeholders  The remaining profit was to be split equally between the producers and the equity investors  The UK Film Council invested £1 million of public funds from the United Kingdom lottery into the film  In March 2011 Variety estimated that the return could be between fifteen and twenty times that  The Council's merger into the British Film Institute means that the profits were to be returned to that body 

Critical response
The King's Speech has received widespread critical acclaim, with Firth's performance receiving universal praise  Bonham Carter and Rush were also widely praised with both going on to win BAFTAs and receiving Academy Award nominations  Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 94% based on reviews from 297 critics; the film's average rating was calculated as 8 60/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "Colin Firth gives a masterful performance in The King's Speech, a predictable but stylishly produced and rousing period drama " Metacritic gave the film a weighted score of 88/100, based on 41 critical reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim"  CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade  Empire gave the film five stars out of five, commenting, "You'll be lost for words " Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film full marks for its humane qualities and craftsmanship: "It is an intelligent, winning drama fit for a king – and the rest of us", she said  Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars, commenting that "what we have here is a superior historical drama and a powerful personal one " Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave four stars out of five, stating, "Tom Hooper's richly enjoyable and handsomely produced movie     is a massively confident crowd-pleaser "Manohla Dargis, whilst generally ambivalent towards the film, called the lead performances one of its principal attractions  "With their volume turned up, the appealing, impeccably professional Mr  Firth and Mr  Rush rise to the acting occasion by twinkling and growling as their characters warily circle each other before settling into the therapeutic swing of things and unknowingly preparing for the big speech that partly gives the film its title," she wrote  The Daily Telegraph called Guy Pearce's performance as Edward VIII "formidable     with glamour, charisma and utter self-absorption"  Empire said he played the role well as "a flash harry flinty enough to shed a nation for a wife " The New York Times thought he was able to create "a thorny tangle of complications in only a few abbreviated scenes"  Hooper praised the actor in the DVD commentary, saying he "nailed" the 1930s royal accent  Richard Corliss of Time magazine named Colin Firth's performance one of the Top 10 Movie Performances of 2010 

Allociné, a French cinema website, gave the film an average of four out of five stars, based on a survey of 21 reviews  Le Monde, which characterised the film as the "latest manifestation of British narcissism" and summarised it as "We are ugly and boring, but, By Jove!, we are right!", nevertheless admired the performances of Firth, Rush, and Bonham Carter  It said that, though the film swept British appeasement under the carpet, it was still enjoyable Slovenian Marxist philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek has incorporated the film into his critique of ideology by describing it as "reactionary," interpreting the king's stutter as evidence that he "displays a minimum of common sense, experiencing the stupidity of seriously accepting that one is king by divine will" and claiming that "the task of the Australian voice-coach is to render him stupid enough to accept his being a king as his natural property " Žižek thus interprets the king's stutter as a case of what is referred to in Lacanian psychoanalysis as "symbolic castration "Queen Elizabeth II, the daughter and successor of King George VI, was sent two copies of the film before Christmas 2010  The Sun newspaper reported she had watched the film in a private screening at Sandringham House  A palace source described her reaction as being "touched by a moving portrayal of her father"  Seidler called the reports "the highest honour" the film could receive 

Depiction of stuttering
The British Stammering Association welcomed the release of The King's Speech, congratulating the film makers on their "realistic depiction of the frustration and the fear of speaking faced by people who stammer on a daily basis " It said that "Colin Firth's portrayal of the King's stammer in particular strikes us as very authentic and accurate " The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists welcomed the film, and launched their "Giving Voice" campaign around the time of its commercial release Disfluency advocate Jonah Lehrer called the film "an inspiring tale" and praised its portrayal of the troubles suffered by Firth's character 
 However, Lehrer and other advocates criticized the film's depiction of stuttering as a result of emotional repression and childhood trauma  The treatment performed by Rush's character also drew criticism  Lehrer did admit it was a necessary artistic license: "[the film] would have been a rather tedious piece of entertainment if the climactic scene involved Logue telling the monarch that his primary motor cortex was to blame "Science journalist Jeremy Hsu wrote that the film "mainly succeeds by tackling the social stigma that surrounds stuttering " However, similar to Lehrer, he disapproved that it perpetuated myths about the condition, namely its relationship with childhood trauma and overly strict parenting Columnist Jane Ahlin praised the film as it "brings out of the shadows a common problem figuring into the lives of children and adults from every culture around the world " At the same time, she stated, "heartwarming though the movie The King's Speech is, as someone who married a stutterer and is the mother of a stutterer, I'm not sure it does anything to put myths about stuttering to rest " She criticized the depiction of family and social dynamics as causes of the condition, as well as the portrayal of stutterering as connected to emotional or psychological problems 

Awards and nominations
At the 83rd Academy Awards, The King's Speech won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler)  The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year  Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-scène: Art Direction and Costumes At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, it won seven awards, including Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Actor for Firth, Best Supporting Actor for Rush, Best Supporting Actress for Bonham Carter, Best Original Screenplay for Seidler, and Best Music for Alexandre Desplat  The film had been nominated for 14 BAFTAs, more than any other film  At the 68th Golden Globe Awards, Firth won for Best Actor   The film won no other Golden Globes, despite earning seven nominations, more than any other film At the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Firth won the Best Actor award and the entire cast won Best Ensemble, meaning Firth went home with two acting awards in one evening  Hooper won the Directors Guild of America Awards 2010 for Best Director  The film won the Darryl F  Zanuck Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture at the Producers Guild of America Awards 2010 The King's Speech won the People's Choice Award at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, Best British Independent Film at the 2010 British Independent Film Awards, and the 2011 Goya Award for Best European Film from the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España (Spanish Academy of Cinematic Art and Science) 

See also
Bertie & Elizabeth (2002), a television film which also addresses the stammering of the king (played by James Wilby)  It was a co-production of PBS (Masterpiece Theatre) and Carlton Television 
Passage 4:
H  Vernon Watson
H  Vernon Watson (1886–1952), better known under his stage name Nosmo King, was a popular English variety artist  He was touring the music halls before World War I, but he remained relatively obscure until the 1920s, when he went by Nosmo King  He was the father of actor Jack Watson 

Early years
Coming from a rural background near Peterborough, Watson showed a leaning towards things theatrical and it was evident that he had a rare talent for mimicry  In 1911, he turned professional, using his real name, doing impressions of the leading comedians of the day 
Then, when Frank Tinney, the American black-faced comedian, came to the UK, Watson added an impression of him to his repertoire  He noticed that this impression gained him great applause, and when Tinney returned to the United States, Watson gave thought to a different style of act based on a black-faced personality 

Fame
Opportunity for this came about in the early 1930s in Leeds, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, which boasted two variety theatres, run by two rival organisations  The Great Depression was beginning to bite, and on hearing that the rival theatre had lost its comic, he determined to double his income by doing both shows (four performances a night), travelling between the two theatres by taxi, disguising himself by blacking up 
Watson had the black-face study ready, but was stuck for a name  Then inspiration came to his aid  The scene dock doors backstage were partly open and the two halves read "No Smo" & "king"  That was it  From then on, the character would be Nosmo King 
Nosmo King became a huge star and a household name  The stage act of Nosmo King & Hubert developed when his son Jack Watson joined him as straight man directly from school  Vernon Watson made his last bow and he was to be Nosmo for good when his speciality became long comic monologues 
During a later interview, he made two remarkable confessions  Someone pointed out that a cigar-smoking figure was hardly compatible with the name and suggested he gave up  This he found remarkably difficult, but he eventually accomplished it with the aid of snuff  The second confession was that he had never at any time set eyes on Frank Tinney 
During World War II, Nosmo King reverted to going solo, the reason being that his son, playing "Hubert," had joined up 
The end came for Nosmo King early in 1952 when Watson died in his sleep in his Chelsea flat 
He is buried in Thorney Cemetery near Peterborough, with "Nosmo King" on his headstone 

Acts
One of Nosmo's act starters was when a young pageboy would come over to him carrying his luggage  Once he had handed it to Nosmo, Nosmo would say to him "how much do I owe you" and the boy would say "2 nicker" (a colloquialism for two pounds) whilst making a V sign at him  Nosmo took this as an insult and would slap the boy across the face, then the boy would slap Nosmo across his face in return 

See also
Paul Shannon, a Pittsburgh radio announcer, also used the name 'Nosmo King' for a character 
Nosmo King was the name of a 1994 album by jazz guitarist John Abercrombie and Andy LaVerne 
See also English singer Jonathan King who appeared on Top of the Pops in the early 1970s as Nosmo King  When he was asked about the name, he said it was a pun which I didn't get at the time as I was very young  He also implied that he had come up with the name himself 
Context 2: Passage 1:
1958 Asian Games
The 1958 Asian Games, officially the Third Asian Games (Japanese: 第3回アジア競技大会) and commonly known as Tokyo 1958, was a multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 May to 1 June 1958  It was governed by the Asian Games Federation  A total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 Asian National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Games  The program featured competitions in 13 different sports encompassing 97 events, including four non-Olympic sports, judo, table tennis, tennis and volleyball  Four of these competition sports – field hockey, table tennis, tennis and volleyball – were introduced for the first time in the Asian Games 
This is the first time that Japan hosted the Asian Games 

Background
The Asian Games is a multi-sport event, much like the Summer Olympics (albeit on a much smaller scale), with participation exclusively for Asian countries  The first edition was held in the capital city of India, New Delhi, in 1951, attracting 489 competitors from 11 nations 

Sports
The programme for the Tokyo 1958 Games included 13 different sports divided into 97 events  Four of these sports – judo, table tennis, tennis and volleyball – were not on the official Olympic sports programme at that time  Badminton was added as a demonstration sport, which, from 1962 onwards, became a regular competitive sport in the Asian Games  Judo was another demonstration sport 

Torch relay
The tradition of torch relay, inspired by the Olympic Games, was introduced for the first time in the Asian Games in 1958  The relay officially began from the main venue of the Second Asian Games, Rizal Memorial Coliseum, in Manila, Philippines  In the host nation, Japan, it was relayed from Okinawa to Kyushu Island  Okinawa was under the United States administration at that time  At the opening ceremony, the Games cauldron was ignited by the first Japanese Olympic gold medallist and the first Asian Olympic champion in an individual event, Mikio Oda 

Participating nations
A record total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 member nations of the Asian Games Federation participated in the Games  The number of participating countries was also greatest in comparison to the first two editions of the Games 
The Thai delegation held a meeting on 22 May 1958 in Tokyo, and invitations were sent to the representatives of Malaysia, Burma and Laos  The agenda of the meeting was to discuss the possibility of forming a regional multi-sport event on the lines of Asian Games for the countries of Southeast Asia  This way the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (SEAP Games), which later became the Southeast Asian Games, were established and the first SEAP Games were held in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1959 

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Tokyo 1958 Games was organised on 24 May 1958 at the National Olympic Stadium  The ceremony, among other dignitaries and guests, included the Emperor of Japan Hirohito, crown prince Akihito and Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi  Around 70,000 people attended the opening ceremony 

Calendar
In the following calendar for the 1958 Asian Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day  The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport were held  The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day  On the left, the calendar lists each sport with events held during the Games, and at the right, how many gold medals were won in that sport  There is a key at the top of the calendar to aid the reader 

Medal table
Athletes from 16 countries won medals, leaving four countries without a medal, and 11 of them won at least one gold medal  Afghanistan, Cambodia, Nepal and North Borneo did not win any medal  The Japanese 4 × 100 metres medley relay team of Keiji Hase (backstroke), Masaru Furukawa (breaststroke), Manabu Koga (freestyle) and Takashi Ishimoto (butterfly) won the gold medal with a time of 4:17 2 and broke the world record The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables  By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a nation is an entity represented by a NOC)  The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next, followed by the number of bronze medals  If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given; they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code 
The top ten ranked NOCs at these Games are listed below  The host nation, Japan, is highlighted 

  *   Host nation (Japan)
Passage 2:
Capital punishment in Illinois
Capital punishment has been repealed in the U S  state of Illinois since 2011  
Illinois used death by hanging as a form of execution until 1928  The last person executed by this method was the public execution of Charles Birger the same year  After being struck down by Furman v  Georgia in 1972, the death penalty was reinstated in Illinois on July 1, 1974, but voided by the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1975  Illinois officially reinstated the death penalty on July 1, 1977  
On September 8, 1983, the state adopted lethal injection as the default method of execution in Illinois, but the electric chair remained operational to replace lethal injection if needed 
In 1994, the state executed serial killer John Wayne Gacy by lethal injection, who sexually assaulted, tortured and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Cook County (a part of metropolitan Chicago)  The last man executed in Illinois was Ripper Crew member Andrew Kokoraleis in 1999  Another man condemned in Illinois, Alton Coleman, was executed in Ohio 
On January 11, 2003, the Republican Governor George Ryan blanket-commuted the sentences of all the 167 inmates condemned to death, and pardoned four of them, a gesture that his opponents attribute to the fact that he was rendered ineligible by his unpopularity and charged with conspiracy, racketeering and fraud Democratic Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation on March 9, 2011, to abolish the death penalty in Illinois to go into effect July 1, 2011, and commuted the death sentences of the fifteen inmates on Illinois' death row to life imprisonment  Quinn was criticized for signing the bill after saying that he supported the death penalty during the 2010 gubernatorial campaign, after which he defeated the Republican candidate with 46 8% of the vote In 2018, then Republican Governor Bruce Rauner called for the reintroduction of the death penalty for those convicted of killing police officers  This was opposed by state lawmakers and Rauner was subsequently defeated by Democrat J  B  Pritzker 

See also
List of people executed in Illinois
Crime in Illinois
Law of Illinois
Passage 3:
Somalia at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Somalia sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China  The country's participation at Beijing marked its seventh in the Summer Olympics since its debut in 1972 Games  The delegation included two track and field athletes: sprinter Samiya Yuusf Omar and long-distance runner Abdinasir Said Ibrahim  Neither athlete progressed past the first round of their respective competitions  Omar's story, having trained in Mogadishu during the Somali Civil War, was covered by the media at the time, and later featured in a graphic novel following her death 

Background
Somalia participated in seven Summer Olympics between its debut in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China  The highest number of Somalis participating at any single Summer Games was seven at the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, United States  No Somali has ever won a medal at an Olympics Abdinasir Said Ibrahim was chosen to compete in the Men's 5000 metres and Samiya Yuusf Omar in the Women's 200 metres  Somali official Duran Farah was chosen as the nation's flag bearer for the Parade of Nations 

Athletics

Somalia was represented by one male athlete at the 2008 Games in athletics – Abdinasir Said Ibrahim, a 5000 metres runner, an 18-year-old  He competed in the third and final heat of the first round, with a time of 14:21:58  This placed him in 12th and final place, over sixteen seconds behind Abdelaziz El Idrissi of Morocco in 11th position  However, there were two runners slower than Ibrahim in other heats; Nader al-Masri of Palestine and Soe Min Thu of Myanmar At the age of 16 years old, Samiya Yuusf Omar was the only female athlete competing for Somalia at the 2008 Summer Olympics  Prior to the competition, she trained at the Mogadishu Stadium on a gravel track pitted by mortar craters  She explained that she would be routinely harassed while training by local militia groups, fighting in the Somali Civil War, and both friends and family had been pressuring her to stop training  She explained, "Traditionally Somalis view the girls as corrupted if they join in with things like sports and music  It's because they sometimes wear transparent clothes or shorts  Therefore I have been coming under pressure from all different sides " She continued to practice following encouragement from her mother, although had not expected to be chosen for the Games due to her age and as she was from a minority ethnic group She competed in the fifth out of six heats of the women's 200 metre competition on 19 August  She finished in a time of 32 16 in eighth and last place, nine seconds behind South African Isabel Le Roux in seventh position  Having had no funding, Omar competed in loose fitting equipment donated by the Sudanese team, but despite finishing in last place, the media coverage of her meant that she was cheered loudly by the crowd as she finished Following the Games, she received death threats upon returning to Somalia, and after being confronted by Al-Shabaab, she began to deny that she was an athlete  The organisation banned woman from participating in sports, and Omar eventually made her way to Ethiopia in order to pursue the hope of competing in the 2012 Summer Olympics  She attempted to make her way to Europe, travelling to Libya in September 2011  Alongside other refugees, she attempted to cross the Mediterranean by sea in 2012; she drowned while attempting to board an Italian naval vessel when the boat she was on was intercepted off the coast of Libya  Omar's life story was later dramatised as the graphic novel An Olympic Dream: The story of Samia Yusuf Omar by German artist Reinhard Kleist 

Track events
Passage 4:
Capital punishment in New Zealand
Capital punishment in New Zealand – the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes (capital crimes) and carrying out that sentence, as ordered by a legal system – first appeared in a codified form when New Zealand became a British colony in 1840  It was first carried out with a public hanging in Victoria Street, Auckland in 1842, while the last execution occurred in 1957 at Mount Eden Prison, also in Auckland   In total, 85 people have been executed in New Zealand Capital punishment was first abolished for murder in 1941 by the First Labour Government, with all death sentences commuted to life imprisonment  However, the succeeding First National Government reinstated it in 1949, following which eight more executions took place in the period up to 1957  Subsequently, public opinion turned against the use of capital punishment, and it was once again abolished for murder in 1961, and abolished for all crimes, including treason, in 1989 

Method
The method of execution was always by hanging  At first, there were many possible execution sites all around the country, but later, the only two cities where hangings were carried out were Wellington (the capital) and Auckland (now the largest city) 
Initially, there was no professional hangman employed—the executioner was simply chosen from among any who were deemed qualified  On occasion, convicted criminals were employed as hangmen, often in exchange for reduced sentences or monetary reward  In 1877, the sheriff of Blenheim recommended that a professional executioner be hired  Tom Long, an Irishman who claimed to have been an executioner in Australia, was hired as the official hangman  He was the only official hangman to be publicly known; others remained anonymous 

History
At the time of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when New Zealand became a British colony, the most current legislation governing capital punishment in England, and henceforth New Zealand, was the Punishment of Offences Act (1837), which had abolished the death penalty for a number of statutory offences, including cattle stealing, and replaced it with penal transportation for life  However, some capital crimes remained on the British law books, including murder, treason, espionage, arson in the royal dockyards, and piracy with violence All those executed were convicted of murder, with the exception of Hamiora Pere, who was convicted of treason in 1869  All bar one were men; the exception being Minnie Dean, who was found guilty of infanticide in 1895  However, before Dean's trial, imprisonment and execution, several other women had been found guilty of Infanticide in nineteenth-century New Zealand, but had their death sentences commuted to life imprisonment  These were Caroline Whitting (1872), Phoebe Veitch (1883) and Sarah-Jane and Anna Flannagan (1891) 

Public executions
The first eight executions were carried out in public, from 1842 to 1858; five outside the gate of the Auckland Gaol on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West in central Auckland; one on King Edward Parade on the waterfront at Devonport; and two outside Mount Cook Gaol in Wellington, which is today the site of the Dominion Museum building and National War Memorial on Puke Ahu At the first execution, on 7 March 1842, approximately a thousand people gathered at the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West, now the centre of the Auckland CBD, to witness the hanging of Wiremu Kīngi Maketū  He had been found guilty of murdering five people on Motuarohia Island, in the Bay of Islands  The people killed were Thomas Bull, employed by Elisabeth Roberton, who was also murdered along with her son aged eight, her daughter of two, and a girl of nearly three named Isabella Brind, the natural daughter of one Captain Brind by a Māori woman, the daughter of Rewa, chief of Ngapuhi in that area  Mrs Roberton's husband, Captain John Roberton, had drowned prior in Paroa Bay, just opposite the island  Thomas Bull had a reputation for strength and brutality  He seemed at all times to have made a set at Maketū and had on several occasions struck, thrown, or otherwise maltreated him  Maketū was unable to defend himself against such an opponent; nor indeed did it conform with his notions of dignity to do so, he being (by virtue of his chiefly rank) above combat with one who was a servant and whom he therefore regarded on the same plane as a slave  Maketū, therefore, bided his time for revenge  Maketū then killed Thomas Bull in the night with an axe; he then brutally murdered Mrs Roberton, who was shouting abuse at him and then went to murder the two girls (ransacking the house and then burning Mrs Roberton and the two children within it)  The boy ran up Pa Hill, where Maketū chased him and threw him off the 200-foot (60 m) cliff  He was sentenced to death by an all-white jury (his defence had wanted a half-white, half-Māori jury) in an Auckland court, and executed on 7 March 1842 

The second execution in New Zealand was the public hanging of Joseph Burns on 17 June 1848  On the day of his execution, he was paraded down Auckland's Queen St, seated in a coffin, and taken by boat across the Waitemata Harbour to the Devonport waterfront, where he was hanged on King Edward Parade, not far from the scene of his crimes  Burns was the first European settler to be executed in New Zealand The third execution in New Zealand, and first in Wellington, occurred on 19 April 1849  Maroro of Ngāti Kahungunu descent was hanged outside Mount Cook Gaol in front of approximately 500 people, following his conviction of the murder of John Branks and his three children The fourth execution occurred in the same location in Wellington on 17 June 1850, in front of a similar sized crowd, when William Good was hanged for the murder of John Ellis  The scaffold was "erected on Cook's Mount, immediately in front of the brick wall of the gaol "The fifth execution was that of escaped Australian convict, William Bowden, on 27 April 1852  He was hanged on the scaffold erected outside the entrance gate of the Auckland Gaol, on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West, in front of approximately 300 people The sixth execution in New Zealand, and the third public hanging to take place outside the Auckland Gaol on the corner of Queen and Victoria Streets was that of Charles Marsden on 12 February 1856  It took approximately 14 minutes for Marsden to die, with accusations that his execution was "clumsily performed" The seventh execution took place in Auckland at sunrise on 11 July 1856 with the public hanging of John White  In a sign of changing attitudes to the spectacle of public executions, the Superintendent had ordered that the scaffold be erected after dark the previous evening, and the front of the scaffold, under the drop, be partially boarded up  Due to the early hour of the execution, no more than twenty to thirty people witnessed the event on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West The last public execution was that of John Killey, who had been found guilty of murdering John Butler in Whangarei on 17 December 1857  At his later sentencing in Auckland, the judge, Sir George Alfred Arney, was "said to have been moved to tears" in passing sentence, while Killey "fell down in the dock in a fainting fit"  He was hanged on 18 March 1858, also outside the gate of the Auckland Gaol 

Move to abolish public executions in the British colonies of Australasia
Throughout the British colonies of Australasia public hangings came to be seen as "barbarous spectacles"  The last public hanging in Sydney took place outside Darlinghurst Gaol on 21 September 1852, in which local press noted disapprovingly the "extraordinary attendance of children, upon whose tender minds the shocking spectacle of a fellow creature dangling at the end of a rope, had no other more serious effect than that of eliciting from them three cheers for the hangman"  New South Wales, where public executions were also "associated with the hated convict era", became the first of the British colonies in Australia to abolish public executions, when the Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 1855 (NSW) came into force on 10 January 1855 Victoria and Tasmania followed shortly after with the Private Execution Act 1855 (Vic) and the Criminals’ Execution Act 1855 (Tas) respectively  When the Moreton Bay settlement separated from NSW to become the self-governing colony of Queensland in 1859, the New South Wales legislation automatically applied While South Australia and Western Australia abolished public executions in 1858 and 1870 respectively, both colonies subsequently passed amendments which allowed for the hanging of capitally convicted Aboriginal Australians at the scene of their alleged crimes: the Act to Amend an Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 1861 (SA) and the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1871 Amendment Act 1875 (WA) In New Zealand, public executions were abolished under Section 1 of the Executions of Criminals Act 1858, which specified that executions had to be carried out "within the walls or the enclosed yard of some gaol, or within some other enclosed space"  The Act came into force on 3 June 1858, three months after the country's last public hanging in central Auckland By way of comparison with other English-speaking countries which share an historical legacy of English common law, the last public execution in the United Kingdom was the hanging of Michael Barrett outside Newgate Prison in London on 26 May 1868, in front of a crowd of approximately 2000 people  Canada's last public execution occurred on 7 December 1869 when Nicholas Melady was hanged in front of "a few hundred spectators", outside the Huron County Gaol, now called the Huron Historic Gaol, in Goderich, Ontario  The last judicial execution carried out in public in the United States was the hanging of Rainey Bethea in a parking lot in Owensboro, Kentucky on 14 August 1936, in front of an estimated crowd of 20,000 

Executed out of public view
In 1862, in Wellington, James Collins became the first person in New Zealand to be executed out of public view In 1866, the site of the old Auckland Gaol was made ready for a temporary market  The Sheriff approved the removal of the graves of the five executed criminals, to respect "public decency"  The bodies were reinterred in "a remote and unused spot" of the Symonds St Cemetery The last person to be executed was Walter James Bolton, for poisoning his wife, on 18 February 1957 

Abolition: 1949–1961
When the Labour Party formed its first government following the 1935 general election, it commuted all death sentences to life imprisonment  The Crimes Amendment Act 1941  changed the penalty for murder from death to life imprisonment with hard labour  The only crimes for which the death penalty still applied were treason and piracy 
The Labour Party lost power to the more conservative National Party, which had pledged to reintroduce capital punishment, in 1949  During that earlier period, support and opposition for capital punishment were clearly delineated on partisan grounds  The National Party supported the restoration and maintenance of the death penalty, while the Labour Party opposed it  During debate over the Capital Punishment Act 1950 (which exempted expectant mothers and young persons under the age of 18 years), Labour expressed concern about the constitutional implications of the concentration of executive power in this context (although Labour had used this power from 1935 to 1941), while National Party Attorney-General Clifton Webb referred to the alleged "deterrent" value of the death penalty as potential threat and punitive severity  However, Webb was relatively sparing in his use of the death penalty, while his successor, Attorney-General Jack Marshall (1955–1957), was a hardliner on that issue and the number and pace of executions accelerated, arousing debate 
During the time that the National Party was in office (1949–1957), 36 people were convicted of murder, and 22 of those were sentenced to death (George Horry was convicted of murder in 1951 but not hanged because the death penalty was not in force in 1942)  The final decision on executions rested with Cabinet, and only eight of the condemned were executed  The rest were commuted to life imprisonment  Even then, professional opinion was divided  Film censor Gordon Mirams did not regard spectacles of hanging as appropriate content within crime dramas and western films and excised such content and dialogue on the basis of family propriety According to Department of Justice historian Pauline Engel, the British Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1953) may have heavily influenced the rise of abolitionism, as did the controversies that surrounded the executions of Harry Whiteland and Edward Te Whiu, which raised questions about post-war trauma, intellectual and developmental disability as factors for leniency 
Social historian Redmer Yska has argued that such concern arose much earlier  When the National Party restored capital punishment in 1950, it became an administrative ordeal for civil servants involved, particularly those within correctional facilities like Mount Eden Prison in Auckland, law enforcement and the judiciary  Corrections staff needed to maintain suicide watch for the convicted felon, conduct regular health checks and provide pastoral care for the condemned individual's relatives, as well as insure prison security during executions Official requirements mandated the presence of a magistrate, doctor and sheriffs  During the late fifties, Attorney-General Jack Marshall accelerated the pace of executions and post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism and duodenal haemorrhaging developed amongst two of the three staff obliged to participate during execution procedures  In cases of political import, prudent reprieves and commuted penalties did occur, as happened when three Niue Islanders were sentenced to death after killing a manifestly brutal and oppressive Resident Commissioner (and were reprieved only after New Zealand prison officials had reached Niue to carry out the hangings)  On that occasion, the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand became involved in strenuously lobbying against the verdict Class differences were also seen to affect the verdict  Dr  Senga Wintringham was convicted of manslaughter, rather than murder, in February 1955, after shooting and killing Dr Bill Saunders  Wintringham claimed that she had only meant to intimidate him, rather than kill him  The Peoples Voice, newspaper of the Communist Party of New Zealand, criticised the perceived "double standard" in this context, as the courts had just convicted and sentenced 26-year-old British migrant and itinerant labourer Frederick Foster to death, despite questions about mental illness and intellectual impairment in his context, as well as appeals from his mother  Foster had shot and killed Sharon Skeffington, his former girlfriend  Although Foster was sentenced to death and executed, defence counsel Dr Martyn Finlay succeeded in raising questions about the limited intellectual capabilities and mental health of the condemned person in this context  Similar questions would arise in the trial, conviction and execution of Albert Webb  The New Zealand Listener editorialised against the death penalty in July 1955, and received supportive feedback from its letters page correspondents Eddie Te Whiu was hanged in August 1955, after he had killed an elderly widow in Ngararatunua, near Kamo, when an attempted burglary went wrong  Abolitionist sentiment grew again, as, with the Foster and Black cases, there was perceptible anxiety about the failure of "deterrence" value in the context of violent homicides, and whether Te Whiu should have been convicted of manslaughter instead, due to his dysfunctional family origins and limited intellectual capabilities  As a result, a National Committee for Abolition of the Death Penalty was formed in November 1956, with branches in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin 
Engel and Maureen Garing have drawn attention to the involvement of Protestant Christian opposition to capital punishment  In 1941 and 1951, the Christian Social Justice League, Christchurch Anglican Diocesan Synod and Methodist Public Questions Committee supported abolition, as did individual Catholics, although their hierarchy remained neutral in this debate  The New Zealand Theosophical Society also opposed capital punishment, and the Churches of Christ and Baptist Union declared its opposition in the late fifties  As religious opposition grew, it provided opponents of capital punishment with an organisational base that was used to good effect  Redmer Yska notes that clergy often refused to participate in legitimising executions through their presence, of whatever denomination As a consequence of controversy over the perceived escalation in use of capital punishment, abolitionist petitions started to circulate as well  In 1956, a proposal for a referendum on capital punishment was put forward by the Minister of Justice, Jack Marshall  This referendum was to be voted on during the 1957 general election, but the proposal was defeated Meanwhile, Walter James Bolton (1888–1957) was executed at Mount Eden Prison in Auckland in February 1957, after he had allegedly poisoned his wife with arsenic  Given that the National Party lost that election, there were to be no further executions within New Zealand  However, while the election saw a short-lived Labour government elected, capital punishment was not debated in Parliament again before the National party regained power after the 1960 election 
In 1961, the National Party reaffirmed its support for the death penalty, although restricted its use to premeditated murders, and those committed during another crime or during an escape from custody  The issue of capital punishment generated intensive debate within the National Party—the Minister of Justice in the Second National Government, who was responsible for introducing the Crimes Bill 1961, Ralph Hanan, strongly opposed the death penalty, while Jack Marshall, the Deputy Prime Minister, had supported its use while serving as Minister of Justice and Attorney General, as noted above 

Abolition and its aftermath: 1961 onwards
Aware of growing public opposition to capital punishment, the National Party allowed its MPs to exercise a conscience vote in Parliament, and ten National MPs subsequently voted in favour of abolition  The result was a majority of 11 against capital punishment, 41–30  The ten National MPs were Ernest Aderman, Gordon Grieve, Ralph Hanan, Duncan MacIntyre, Robert Muldoon, Lorrie Pickering, Logan Sloane, Brian Talboys, Esme Tombleson and Bert Walker  The death penalty was therefore abolished for murder, being retained only for treason and other similar acts in theory  In principle, this meant that de facto abolition had occurred from that point onward These last theoretical vestiges of capital punishment were abolished under the Palmer Labour cabinet in November 1989 with the passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act 1989, and there were no further executions during the interim period  Passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act ended all capital punishment in New Zealand  The Cook Islands, which based its statutes on New Zealand law, formally retained the death penalty for treason until it was abolished in 2007  The death penalty was never used in the Cook Islands Occasional calls to reinstate capital punishment still occur, but no major political party has made capital punishment an element of any of their election manifestos since the 1989 Abolition act  As for minor political parties, the solitary exception was the fundamentalist Christian Heritage New Zealand, which has been defunct since 2005 
A 2004 1 News Colmar Brunton  poll found 28% were in favour of bringing back the death penalty, 67% did not want to bring the death penalty back, and 5% were undecided  In a 2013 Curia poll for TV3's The Nation, 38% of New Zealanders were in favour of the death penalty—a nominal increase from the 28% in 2004—while 55% were opposed it, and 7% were undecided  Also in the poll, 35% of Labour voters favoured the death penalty and National voters' support polled at 44%  Least likely to be in favour were Green Party voters at 19%, but the strongest support came from New Zealand First voters at 84% 

See also
Capital punishment in the Cook Islands
List of people executed in New Zealand
Passage 5:
1952 Winter Olympics
The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games (Norwegian: De 6  olympiske vinterleker; Nynorsk: Dei 6  olympiske vinterleikane) and commonly known as Oslo 1952, was a winter multi-sport event held from 14 to 25 February 1952 in Oslo, the capital of Norway 
Discussions about Oslo hosting the Winter Olympic Games began as early as 1935; the city was keen to host the 1948 Winter Olympics, but that was made impossible by World War II  Instead, Oslo won the right to host the 1952 Games in a contest that included Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy and Lake Placid in the United States  All of the Olympic venues were in Oslo's metropolitan area, except for the alpine skiing events, which were held at Norefjell, 113 km (70 mi) from the capital  A new hotel was built for the press and dignitaries, along with three dormitories to house athletes and coaches, creating the first modern athlete's village  Oslo bore the financial burden of hosting the Games in return for the revenue they generated  The 1952 Winter Olympics was the first of the two consecutive Olympics to be held in Northern Europe, preceding the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland 
The 1952 Winter Games attracted 694 athletes representing 30 countries, who participated in four sports and 22 events  Japan and Germany made their returns to Winter Olympic competition after being forced to miss the 1948 Games in the aftermath of World War II  Germany was represented solely by West German athletes after East Germany declined to compete as a unified team  Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic debuts, and women were allowed to compete in cross-country skiing for the first time 
Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of four speed skating events to become the most decorated athlete of the 1952 Winter Olympics  Germany resumed its former prominence in bobsleigh, with wins in the four- and two-man events  Dick Button of the United States performed the first triple jump in international competition to claim his second consecutive men's figure skating Olympic title  The popular Nordic sport bandy featured as a demonstration sport, but only three Nordic countries competed in the tournament  Norway dominated the overall medal count with 16 medals, including seven golds  The Games closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed to the host city of the next Winter Olympics  The flag, which became known as the "Oslo flag", has been displayed in the host city during subsequent Winter Games 

Host city selection
Oslo had unsuccessfully bid to host the 1936 Winter Olympics, losing to Germany, which had hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics  At that time, the nation that hosted the Summer Olympics also hosted the Winter Olympics  After the 1936 Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to award the Winter and Summer Games to different countries, but the Games were suspended during World War II  London hosted the first post-war Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, and recommended Oslo as the host city for the 1948 Winter Games, but the city council declined  Instead, the 1948 Winter Olympics were held in St  Moritz, Switzerland Norwegians were undecided about hosting a Winter Olympics  Culturally, they were opposed to competitive winter sports, particularly skiing events, despite the success of Norwegian athletes at previous Winter Games  But the organizers believed the 1952 Games could be an opportunity to promote national unity and to show the world that Norway had recovered from the war  Vying with Oslo for the right to host the Games were Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, New York, United States  The IOC voted to award the 1952 Winter Games to Oslo on 21 June 1947 at the 40th IOC Session in Stockholm, Sweden  Later, Cortina d'Ampezzo was awarded the 1956 Games, and Lake Placid—which had hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics—was chosen to host the 1980 Winter Games  Norway became the first Scandinavian country to host a Winter Olympics, and the 1952 Winter Games were the first to be held in a nation's capital 

Results
Organization
A special committee was assigned to organize the 1952 Games, which consisted of four Norwegian sports officials and four representatives from the municipality of Oslo, including mayor Brynjulf Bull  The committee was in place by December 1947  The city of Oslo funded the Games entirely, in exchange for keeping all the revenue generated  To accommodate the influx of athletes and coaches, quarters for competitors and support staff were designed and constructed, with three new facilities (forerunners of the athlete's villages of later Games) built  The city of Oslo paid to have a new hotel constructed, the Viking, used for IOC delegates, out-of-town dignitaries, and as the communication hub of the Games  For the first time in a Winter Games, an indoor ice hockey arena was constructed, which hosted the eight-team tournament  Oslo's existing central arena, Bislett Stadium, was used for the opening and closing ceremonies, and for speed skating events  Improvements to the arena included better sound and lighting systems, remodeled club house and press rooms, and the addition of a medical center 

Politics
In the aftermath of the German occupation of Norway during World War II, anti-German sentiment began to affect preparations for the 1952 Olympics  Discussions were held to consider whether Germany should be allowed to participate in the Games  When in 1950, the West German Olympic Committee requested recognition by the IOC, it raised the question of whether their participation would cause political boycotts in the upcoming Games  Once the IOC recognized the West German Olympic Committee, West Germany was then formally invited to compete at the 1952 Winter Games  East Germany was invited to participate with West Germany, as a unified team, but they declined At first Norway was reluctant to welcome German athletes and others considered Nazi sympathizers  For example, Norwegian speed skater Finn Hodt was not allowed to compete in the Norwegian speed skating team because he collaborated with the Nazis during the war  Eventually, despite the concern, Norway agreed to allow German and Japanese athletes to compete  The Soviet Union sent no athletes to Oslo, despite being recognized by the IOC 

Events
Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in four sports (eight disciplines) 

 Bobsleigh (2) ()
 Ice hockey (1) ()
Skating
 Figure skating (3) ()
 Speed skating (4) ()
Skiing
 Alpine skiing (6) ()
 Nordic skiing  ()
 Cross-country skiing (4) ()
 Nordic combined (1) ()
 Ski jumping (1) ()

Demonstration sport
Bandy (1) (details)

Opening ceremonies
The opening ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium on 15 February  King George VI of Great Britain had died on 6 February 1952 with his daughter Elizabeth II taking the throne as Queen, eight days before the start of the Games  As a result, all national flags were flown at half-mast, and Princess Ragnhild opened the Games in place of her grandfather, King Haakon VII, who was in London attending the state funeral  This was the first time an Olympic Games had been declared open by a female official  The parade of nations was held according to tradition, with Greece first and the rest of the nations proceeding by alphabetical order in the Norwegian language, with the host nation last  The British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand teams all wore black arm bands at the opening ceremonies in memory of their monarch  Following the parade of nations, the Olympic flame was lit  On 13 February, at the start of the inaugural Winter Olympics torch relay, the torch was lit in the hearth of the Morgedal House, birthplace of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim  The torch relay lasted two days and was conducted entirely on skis  At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Eigil Nansen, received the Olympic torch and skied to a flight of stairs where he removed his skis, ascended, and ignited the flame The bobsleigh and alpine skiing events were held the day before the opening ceremonies  Competitors in these events were unable to attend the festivities in Oslo; consequently simple opening ceremonies were held at Frognerseteren, site of the bobsleigh events, and Norefjell, site of the alpine skiing events 

Bobsleigh
After a 16-year hiatus from the Olympics, Germany made a triumphant return to the bobsleigh competition, winning the two- and four-man events  The results for both bobsleigh events were the same, with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze respectively  Fritz Feierabend from Switzerland competed in both the two- and four-man competitions  His two bronze medals were the fourth and fifth in an Olympic career that spanned 16 years and three Olympics  There were no weight restrictions on the bobsleigh athletes, and the average weight for each member of the winning German four-man team was 117 kg (258 lb), which was more than the Olympic heavyweight boxing champion in 1952  Seeing the undue advantage overweight athletes brought to their teams, the International Federation for Bobsleigh and Toboganning instituted a weight limit for future Olympics 

Speed skating
All of the speed skating events were held at Bislett Stadium  Americans Ken Henry and Don McDermott placed first and second in the 500-meter race, but Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen electrified the partisan crowd by winning the 1,500, 5,000 and 10,000-meter events; his margins of victory were the largest in Olympic history  Dutchman Wim van der Voort placed second in the 1,500 meters and his countryman Kees Broekman placed second to Andersen in the 5,000 and 10,000-meter races, becoming the first Olympic speed skating medalists from the Netherlands  Absent from the competition was former world champion Kornél Pajor  The Hungarian-born speed skater had won both long-distance races at the World Championships held in Oslo in 1949 and then defected to Sweden, but was unable to obtain Swedish citizenship in time to compete in 1952 

Alpine skiing
There were three alpine skiing events on the Olympic program: the slalom, giant slalom and downhill  Both men and women competed in all three events, held at Norefjell and Rødkleiva  The giant slalom made its Olympic debut at the 1952 Games  Austrian skiers dominated the competition, winning seven out of a possible 18 medals, including Othmar Schneider who won gold and silver in the men's slalom and downhill  Norwegian Stein Eriksen won gold in the men's giant slalom and silver in the slalom  Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos fell 18 times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards  American skier Andrea Mead Lawrence was the only double gold medalist, winning the giant slalom and the slalom  She was the first skier from the United States to win two alpine skiing gold medals 

Cross-country skiing
All the cross-country events were held next to the ski jump hill at Holmenkollbakken  As had been the case in 1948 there were three men's events: 18 kilometers, 50 kilometers, and a relay  Added to the Olympic program for the first time was a ten-kilometer race for women  All the cross-country medals were won by Nordic countries, and Finnish skiers won eight of the twelve possible  Lydia Wideman of Finland became the first female Olympic champion in cross-country skiing; her teammates Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen won silver and bronze respectively  Veikko Hakulinen won the 50-kilometer men's race to begin an Olympic career that would culminate in seven medals, three of them gold  Hallgeir Brenden won the 18-kilometer race and helped Norway take the silver in the 4 × 10-kilometer relay  Brenden went on to win another gold in the men's 15-kilometer race in 1956, and a silver in the relay in 1960 

Nordic combined
The nordic combined event was held at the cross-country and ski jump venues  For the first time, the ski jump part took place first with competitors taking three jumps from the Holmenkollbakken  The 18-km cross country skiing event took place the next day  Results were tallied by the best two marks were scored, along with the results of the cross-country race, to determine a winner  Norwegians Simon Slåttvik and Sverre Stenersen won the gold and bronze respectively  Stenersen went on to win the gold at the 1956 Games in the same event  Heikki Hasu from Finland won the silver, preventing a Norwegian sweep of the medals 

Ski jumping
Crowds in excess of 100,000 greeted the ski jumpers as they competed at Holmenkollbakken  In 1952 there was only one event, the men's normal hill, which was held on 24 February  The King, Prince Harald, and Princess Ragnhild were in attendance  The Norwegian athletes did not disappoint the crowd, as Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second; Swedish jumper Karl Holmström took the bronze  Norwegian athletes won the ski jumping gold medal in every Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1952 

Figure skating
There were three events in the Olympic figure skating competition: men's singles, women's singles and mixed pairs  The events were held at Bislett Stadium on a rink constructed inside the speed skating track Dick Button of the United States won the men's singles event  Helmut Seibt of Austria took silver and James Grogan of the United States won bronze  Button became the first figure-skater to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate  British skater Jeannette Altwegg won the gold medal in the women's singles, the silver was won by American Tenley Albright, who went on to win gold at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, and Jacqueline du Bief of France won the bronze  The German husband and wife pair of Ria and Paul Falk won the mixed pairs competition  They defeated Americans Karol and Peter Kennedy, who placed second, and Hungarian siblings Marianna and László Nagy, who won the bronze medal 

Ice hockey
A majority of the ice hockey matches took place at Jordal Amfi, a new hockey stadium built for the Olympics  Nine teams played in the tournament and Canada again won the gold medal  Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament thus far, but in 1956 the Soviet team began to compete and ended Canadian dominance  Canada was represented by the Edmonton Mercurys, an amateur hockey team sponsored by the owner of a Mercury automobile dealership  Canada played the United States to a three all tie on the final day to clinch the gold, and the Americans won silver  The official report of the USOC for the 1952 Olympics covers the game in great detail  According to the report, by the end of the game against Canada, the Americans were mentally and physically exhausted and after scoring the third goal and tying the game they decided to focus on defense in order not to lose silver  It is important to note that Canadians at the time were considered unbeatable and even tying that team was almost impossible  Sweden and Czechoslovakia ended up tied for third (Czechoslovakia defeated the Swedes in the head-to-head game, but according to the rules at the time they had to play a tiebreaker game because they were tied in points)  Sweden won that game and avenged the loss in the round-robin  The Czechs believed they had already won the bronze when they defeated the Swedes in the round-robin, calling the decision to play a tie-breaking game a "plot of the capitalist countries"  Canadian team was criticized for its rough play; although body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams, and opponents and spectators alike took a dim view of that style of play 

Bandy
The IOC lobbied the organizing committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport  The committee instead selected bandy, which had never been included in the Winter Games  Popular in Nordic countries, bandy is played by teams of eleven on an outdoor soccer field-sized ice rink, using a small ball and sticks about 1 2 m (3 9 ft) long  As it was a demonstration sport, the players were ineligible for medals  Three nations participated: Finland, Norway and Sweden  Each of the three teams won one game and lost one game; with Sweden winning the competition based on number of goals scored, followed by Norway in second place, and Finland in third place  Two of the games were played at Dæhlenenga Stadium and one at Bislett Stadium 

Closing ceremonies
At the 1952 Winter Games, the closing ceremonies were a distinct program listing, unlike previous Winter Games when the closing ceremonies were held directly after the final event  The closing ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium, on Monday evening, 25 February  The flag bearers entered the stadium in the same order they followed for the opening ceremonies  That evening four medal ceremonies were also held for the women's cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament Since 1920, the "Antwerp flag" has been passed from host city to host city during closing ceremonies for the Summer Games  The city of Oslo gave an Olympic flag to establish the same tradition for the Winter Games  Brynjulf Bull, Oslo's mayor, passed the flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström, who declared the flag was to pass from host city to host city for future Winter Games  The flag, which came to be known as the "Oslo Flag", has since been preserved in a display case, with the name of every Winter Olympics host city engraved on brass plaques, and is brought to each Winter Games to be displayed  A replica is used during the closing ceremonies After the flag ceremony the Olympic flame was extinguished, a special speed skating race was held, and the figure skating competitors gave an exhibition, followed by 40 children dressed in national costumes performing an ice dance  For a finale, to the close the Games, the lights were extinguished and a 20-minute fireworks display lit up the night sky 

Venues
With a seating capacity of 29,000, Bislett Stadium became the centrepiece of the Games  It was the venue for the speed skating events and the figure skating competition  Bislett was large enough for a 400 m (1,300 ft) speed skating track, and a figure skating ice-rink of 30 by 60 m (98 by 197 ft); a snow bank separated the track and the rink  Because Bislett was an outdoor arena, the organizing committee chose Tryvann Stadion and Hamar Stadion as secondary alternative skating venues to be used the case of bad weather  In 1994 Hamar became the venue for the speed skating events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer The Oslo Winter Games were the first to feature an Olympic ice hockey tournament held on artificial ice  A new stadium was built for the hockey tournament in a residential area of eastern Oslo, called Jordal Amfi, which accommodated 10,000 spectators in stands rising steeply from the rink  23 of the 36 hockey matches were played at Jordal Amfi, with the remaining matches played at Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm Stadion and Marienlyst Stadion The cross-country races and ski-jump competition were held at Holmenkollbakken, located roughly 8 km (5 mi) from the center of Oslo  The expected number of spectators caused concerns about traffic, so a new road was constructed and the existing thoroughfare widened  Holmenkollbakken was built in 1892 and improvements were needed to meet international standards  The original wood ski-jump was replaced with a concrete tower and jump that was 87 m (285 ft) long  New stands were built to seat 13,000 people, and an area was added at the base of the hill to accommodate 130,000 spectators The hills and terrain in the surrounding area met the competitive demands for an elite cross-country ski event  A notice board was posted at the start and finish lines to help spectators monitor the progress of the competitors  The cross-country and nordic combined races began and ended at the base of the ski jump hill  The stands for the ski jump competition had to be removed during the cross-country races; spectators had only a small area from which to watch the races but were allowed on the course to cheer on the competitors The alpine skiing events were split between Norefjell and Rødkleiva  The slalom courses were at Rødkleiva, located on the same mountain as Holmenkollen and Frognerseteren  The course had an elevation difference, from start to finish, of  200 m (660 ft) and was 480 m (1,570 ft) in length  A rope tow had to be built to bring the skiers from the bottom to the top of the hill  The downhill race and the giant slalom—which made its Olympic debut in 1952—were held at Norefjell, which was 113 km (70 mi) from Oslo and the only venue located away from the capital city  Work had to be done to make the area suitable for Olympic competition  A bridge across Lake Krøderen was built to help alleviate transportation congestion  A new hotel, two ski lifts, and a new road were also constructed There was no permanent bobsleigh run in Norway  Instead the organizers built a temporary course out of snow and ice  This is often wrongly assumed to have been built at Korketrekkeren  From Frognerseteren a separate 1,508 m (4,948 ft) long, 13-turn course was designed and built  The bobsleigh run was first constructed and tested in 1951, then rebuilt for the Games in 1952  A car was used to return the bobsleighs to the start of the track 

Participating nations
Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games  New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time  Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence  South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games 

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees
Calendar
All dates are in Central European Time (UTC+1)The official opening ceremonies were held on 15 February, although two smaller ceremonies were held on 14 February to conform with competition schedules  From 15 February until 25 February, the day of the closing ceremonies, at least one event final was held each day 

Medal count
These are the nations that topped the medal count at the 1952 Winter Games 
  *   Host nation (Norway)

Podium sweeps
See also
1952 Summer Olympics
List of 1952 Winter Olympics medal winners

Notes
Passage 6:
The Book Thief (film)
The Book Thief is a 2013 war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie Nélisse  The film is based on the 2005 novel of the same name by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni  The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era  Taught to read by her kind-hearted foster father, the girl begins "borrowing" books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home  The film features a musical score by Oscar-winning composer John Williams 
The Book Thief premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was released for general distribution in the United States on November 8, 2013  The film received mixed reviews upon its theatrical release with some reviewers praising its "fresher perspective on the war" and its focus on the "consistent thread of humanity" in the story, with other critics faulting the film's "wishful narrative"  With a budget of $19 million, the film was successful at the box office, earning over $76 million The Book Thief received  Oscar, Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for its score  For her performance in the film, Sophie Nélisse won the Hollywood Film Festival Spotlight Award, the Satellite Newcomer Award, and the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Female  The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 11, 2014 

Plot
In February 1938, Death tells  how a young girl called Liesel Meminger had piqued his interest  In one of the opening scenes, twelve-year-old Liesel is travelling with her mother and younger brother on a train  On the way, her brother dies and is buried next to the tracks  Liesel steals her first book, titled The Grave Digger's Handbook, when it falls out of the gravedigger's pocket  Liesel is then brought to her new home in Munich, where she meets her new foster parents Rosa Hubermann and Hans Hubermann  Rudy Steiner, a boy who lives next door, accompanies her on her first day of school  When the teacher asks Liesel to write her name on the chalkboard, she is only able to write three Xs, revealing to her classmates that she is unable to write  She is taunted by her schoolmates who chant "dummkopf" ("dunce") at her  One of the boys, Franz Deutscher, challenges her to read just one word to which Liesel responds by beating him up  She impresses Rudy, and they become fast friends  When Hans, her foster father, realizes that Liesel cannot read, he begins to teach her, using the book that she took from the graveside along with a giant chalkboard  Liesel becomes captivated with reading anything she can 
Liesel and Rudy become members of the Hitler Youth movement  While at a Nazi book burning ceremony, Liesel and Rudy are harassed by Franz into throwing books onto the bonfire, but Liesel is upset to see the books being burned  When the bonfire ends and everyone leaves, Liesel is still there and she grabs a book that has been only singed  She is seen by Ilsa Hermann, wife of the Burgermeister (mayor)  When Rosa asks Liesel to take the laundry to the mayor's spacious, gated house, she realizes that the woman who saw her taking the book is the mayor's wife  Instead, Ilsa takes her into their library and tells Liesel she can come by anytime and read as much as she'd like  One day Liesel is found reading by the mayor, who not only puts a stop to her visits but dismisses Rosa as their laundress 
During Kristallnacht, Max Vandenburg and his mother, who are Jewish, are told by a friend that only one of them can escape, and Max's mother forces him to go  Max's father had saved Hans' life in World War I, and hence he goes to the Hubermanns' house, where Rosa and Hans give him shelter  Max initially stays in Liesel's room while recovering from his trip, and they begin to become friends over their mutual hatred of Hitler  World War II begins, initially making most of the children in Liesel's neighborhood very happy  Max is moved to the basement so that he can move around more, but it is cold and he becomes dangerously ill  Liesel helps him recover by reading to him at every spare moment books "borrowed" from the mayor's library 
One day while "borrowing" a book from the mayor's home, Liesel is followed by Rudy  He discovers the secret of Max, whose name he reads on a journal Max gave to Liesel for Christmas  Rudy guesses that her family is hiding someone, and he swears to never tell anyone  Franz overhears Rudy's last words and violently pushes Rudy to reveal the secret  Rudy throws the journal into the river to keep it from Franz  After Franz leaves, Rudy plunges into the icy river to rescue the journal, and Liesel realizes that she can truly trust him  Soon, a local party member comes by to check the Hubermanns' basement, and they have to hide Max 
While working, Hans sees a neighbour and friend named Lehman being taken away by the police because he is a Jew  Hans tries to intervene, telling the officer that Lehman is a good man, but Hans's name is taken by the soldiers and he is thrown to the ground  Hans realizes what a mistake he has made, since this has made his family visible  He tells the family, and Max realises he must leave in order to protect them  Hans then receives a telegram that he has been conscripted into the army and must leave immediately 
On the way home from school, Liesel believes she has seen Max in a line of Jews being forcibly marched through town, and she begins screaming his name, running through the line  She is thrown to the sidewalk twice by German soldiers and finally gives up when Rosa picks her up and takes her home 
Hans returns home after being injured, and the family is reunited only for a short time  One night the city is bombed by accident, and the air raid sirens fail to go off  Hans, Rosa, Rudy's family and Franz are killed in the blast  Liesel is spared from the bombing because she fell asleep in the basement while writing in the journal given to her by Max  She sees her foster family on the ground, dead; she cries and hugs them  Soldiers bring Rudy out of his house alive, but he dies a few moments later after almost telling Liesel he loves her  Liesel begs him to wake up, and kisses him on the lips as a goodbye  Liesel passes out, and one of the soldiers carries her to a stretcher  When she wakes up, she sees a book among the rubble and picks it up  She then sees the mayor and Ilsa drive up  With Ilsa being the only friend she has left, Liesel runs up to her and hugs her 
Two years later, after Germany has been occupied by the Allies, Liesel is working in the tailor shop owned by late Rudy's father when Max suddenly enters  Overjoyed by his survival and return, she runs to hug him  The final scene is Death speaking again about Liesel's life and her death at the age of 90, mentioning her husband, children, and grandchildren, as we look over her modern day Manhattan Upper East Side apartment with pictures of her past and a portrait of her younger self, upon which the camera lingers  The narrator does not state whom she had married but implies that she became a renowned writer 

Cast
Production
A search for an actress to play the eponymous book thief, Liesel Meminger, occurred across the world  On February 4, 2013, it was announced that Canadian actress Sophie Nélisse was cast in the role and that Australian actor Geoffrey Rush and English actress Emily Watson would be playing Meminger's foster parents Principal photography began in early March 2013 at Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, Germany  Locations included Marquardt Palace  The first trailer was released on August 21, with the Bastille song "Haunt" as the music 
Markus Zusak, Australian author of the best-selling, award-winning book on which the film is based, confirmed on his blog that the film would be narrated by the character of "Death", as was the novel  After some speculation that Death might be voiced by the anonymous American actor who was used in the official trailer, it was announced that English actor Roger Allam of Game of Thrones would portray Death in the film 

Soundtrack
The music for the film was composed by John Williams, and the soundtrack album containing the score was released by Sony Classical and Fox Music  The album was released in the United States on November 5, 2013  It was nominated for an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe for Best Original Score  It won Best Instrumental Album at the 57th Grammy Awards 
The Book Thief marked the first time since 2005 that Williams had scored a film not directed by Steven Spielberg 

Release
Originally scheduled for January 17, 2014, The Book Thief's limited theatrical release was moved forward to November 8, 2013, due to the fact that it was finished ahead of schedule and in order to compete in the 2013–14 award season  It premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was screened at the Savannah Film Festival on October 29, 2013  It expanded to a wide release on November 27, 2013 

Reception
Critical response
The Book Thief received mixed reviews from critics  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 47%, based on 149 reviews, with an average score of 5 70/10  The site's consensus states, "A bit too safe in its handling of its Nazi Germany setting, The Book Thief counters its constraints with a respectful tone and strong performances " On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" In her review for the New Empress Magazine, Mairéad Roche praised the film for providing a "fresher perspective on the war" through the experiences of ordinary Germans who lived through the Nazi era  In addition to the "Oscar-baiting beautiful" cinematography and John Williams's film score that contribute to the film's emotional appeal, Roche singled out the performance of young Sophie Nélisse as Liesel that "matches the well-measured and seemingly effortless efforts of both Rush and Watson"  Roche concluded,

The Book Thief weaves a consistent thread of humanity through its narrative via the commonality of Death, storytelling and the concept of free will  The disturbing sight of children in Hitler Youth uniforms and Allied blanket bombing, when shown through the innocence of a child, humanises the German generation just living their lives without the hindsight of history  A blurring of vision due to tears is to be expected, but that effect is delivered with respect and dignity to the audience 
In his review following the Mill Valley Film Festival, Dennis Harvey at Variety magazine wrote, "Rush generously provides the movie's primary warmth and humor; Watson is pitch-perfect as a seemingly humorless scold with a well-buried soft side " Harvey also praised the film's cinematography and film score, noting that "impeccable design contributions are highlighted by Florian Ballhaus'[s] somber but handsome widescreen lensing and an excellent score by John Williams that reps his first feature work for a director other than Steven Spielberg in years "Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post was less impressed with the film, giving it two and half out of four stars  Merry felt that the film "has its moments of brilliance, thanks in large part to an adept cast" but that the film ultimately shows the difficulties of bringing a successful novel to the screen  In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Robert Abele was also unimpressed, describing the film as "just another tasteful, staid Hollywoodization of terribleness, in which a catastrophic time acts as a convenient backdrop for a wishful narrative rather than the springboard for an honest one" 

Accolades
Home media
The Book Thief was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 11, 2014 
Passage 7:
The Messenger (Zusak novel)
The Messenger, released in the United States as I Am the Messenger, is a 2002 novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award  The story is written from the perspective of the protagonist, taxi driver Ed Kennedy, whose journey begins after he stops a robbery and receives a playing card in the mail 

Plot
The protagonist is Ed Kennedy, an uninspired 19-year old Australian taxi driver  Ed laments his mediocre life and strained relationship with his mother, as his father died recently and left Ed with only his dog, the Doorman, but does nothing to improve his situation, instead preferring to continue living alone and playing cards every week with his friends: Ritchie, who is unemployed and generally apathetic about life; Marv, a stingy carpenter; and Audrey, a fellow taxi driver whom Ed is in love with, although she does not reciprocate  After accidentally foiling a robbery he is proclaimed a hero by the public, though the robber leaves him a warning that he sees "a dead man" when he looks at Ed before being taken away by police 
One night, he receives a small unmarked envelope, inside of which is an Ace of Diamonds with three addresses and times of day written on them  His friends deny involvement, so Ed investigates the three addresses  Ed arrives at the first address at midnight, and witnesses a man raping his wife while their daughter cries on the porch  The second corresponds to a senile widow named Milla who lives alone, and the third is the address of a young girl named Sophie who runs barefoot every morning but still cannot win at her track meets  Realizing that the sender of the cards intends for Ed to involve himself with the three people, Ed researches Milla's history and discovers that she is waiting for her husband Jimmy, who died 60 years ago during World War II, so he pretends to be Jimmy and comes to read to her weekly  For Sophie, he raises her spirits by giving her an empty shoe box to encourage her to try running barefoot at her next competition; although she loses again, she still finds pride in her achievement  Ed is initially unsure how to approach the rapist, until he receives a gun in the mail with one bullet, indicating he is to shoot the man  Ed uses the gun to kidnap the man and threaten him to stop raping his wife  Ed, instead of killing the man,shoots the gun at the sky, and leaves the man, drugged to sleep with sleeping pill laced vodka, lying on the ground 
After finishing the Ace of Diamonds, two masked men break into his house, assault him, and leave him a congratulatory letter as well as an Ace of Clubs with a vague clue  Before going, the men inform Ed that the man who he threatened has left town  The next day, Ed reveals to Audrey his involvement in the cards, before telling her that he wishes the two of them could be together, but Audrey declines him  Eventually, Ed picks up a man in his cab who tells him to drive to the river before leading Ed on a chase to a rock formation on which the three names are written for Ed to "solve " The first is Thomas O'Reilly, a pastor in a run-down area of the city with a dwindling congregation; Ed helps him by organizing and advertising for a party with free beer in order to encourage everyone to come on Sunday  The next, Angie Carusso, is a single mother who Ed witnesses buying ice cream for her children, and he buys her one as well to show that she is appreciated  Finally, Gavin Rose is a young boy who constantly fights his brother, so Ed beats up Gavin in order to encourage the brother to take revenge, which they do one night by assaulting Ed and cementing their brotherhood 
After participating in a yearly football game, Ed's dog is stolen and he has to buy it back from a boy, who also gives him the Ace of Spades, on which are three names of famous authors  After trying to kiss Audrey one day and being gently rejected again, he goes to the library and eventually realizes that the street names come from parts of the title, with notes written on certain page numbers for specific addresses  The first, Glory Road, has Lua Tatupu, whose family has decorated their home for Christmas with strings of broken lights, so Ed buys new ones for them and sets them up himself  On Clown Street, Ed runs into his mother on a date, and he eventually drives to her house and confronts her about her disdain for him before reconciling  Finally, on Bell Street he meets an old man named Bernie Price who runs an antiquated theater  Ed brings Audrey there to watch Cool Hand Luke and invites Bernie to watch it with them, but eventually the screen cuts to videos of Ed performing his tasks so far 
Ed finds the Ace of Hearts on his seat in the theatre, on which is written three movie titles  After consulting with Bernie, he realizes that they are references to his three friends Ritchie, Marv, and Audrey  He talks to Ritchie late one night and the two stand in a river for an hour, as Ed encourages him to search for something he cares about  Afterwards, Ed, confused by Marv's stinginess, asks him for a loan as a ploy, causing Marv to reveal that he has been saving money to care for a child he had with a girl named Suzanne Boyd who moved away after she became pregnant years ago  After discussing it, Ed convinces him to travel to her house, and although Suzanne's father angrily claims that he brought shame upon the family, the two eventually reconcile and Marv is reconnected with Suzanne and their daughter  Finally, Ed comes to Audrey early one morning and dances with her for three minutes to show his love for her, hoping that she can love him back 
Upon returning elatedly to his place, he finds a Joker with his own address written on it, which bothers him greatly because he assumed he had finished  One day a man enters his cab and asks him to drive to every address he has been to so far, taking him on a tour of his accomplishments, before revealing that he was the robber, who asks Ed if he still sees "a dead man" when he looks in the mirror, before telling him to go back home  Inside is a man who claims responsibility for the entire series of events, before handing him a folder that details all of Ed's adventures  In a postmodern twist, the man is strongly implied to be Markus Zusak himself, who has written Ed's story right down to the current discussion they are having  He leaves Ed to consider the philosophical implications, and Ed stays inside for days before Audrey comes one afternoon and asks to stay with him for good  They kiss and Ed explains everything to her, before realizing that the story he resides in is actually a reminder to others of their true potential, ending with "I'm not the messenger at all  I'm the message "

Adaptations
Stage
In 2008 the novel was adapted for the stage by Ross Mueller  It was first performed by the Canberra Youth Theatre on 24 November 2008 In 2011 the novel was adapted again for the stage by Curtin's Hayman Theatre Company and performed at the "Subiaco Arts Centre" in Perth, Western Australia In 2015 the novel was adapted for stage by Xavier Hazard and Archie Stapleton and performed by the Redfoot Youth Theatre Company in Perth, Western Australia 

Television
A  TV series based on the novel premiered on ABC TV and iview on 14 May 2023, with William McKenna as Ed Kennedy  It was produced by Lingo Pictures productions, with major investment from Screen Australia in association with the ABC   Executive producers included Markus Zusak, and the ABC producers were Rebecca Anderson and Sally Riley 

Awards
Won – New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards: Ethel Turner Prize for Young People's Literature (2003)
Won – CBCA Children's Book of the Year Award: Older Readers (2003)
Won – Publishers Weekly Best Books of the Year for Children (2005)
Bulletin Blue Ribbon Book (2006)
Won – Honour Book, Michael L  Printz Award (2006)
Won – Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (2007)
Passage 8:
Ticks (song)
"Ticks" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley  It was released in March 2007 as the first single from his 2007 album 5th Gear  The song reached number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart  Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens 
This song was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour 

Content
The song's main character is at a bar, attempting to pick up a date  In doing so, he uses several humorous pickup lines, such as "I'd like to check you for ticks "
Paisley stated that the song is not about blood-sucking arachnids but rather about a guy flirting with a gal  Paisley was inspired to write the song from experience working on a farm  “Working out here on the farm, I literally have to check for ticks every time I come in from the woods or the fields,” he notes  “Now, if a young guy who lives in the country were to take a girl into the woods for any reason, it would totally cross his mind that she’s going to have to check for ticks when they come back out  So it seems that an enterprising guy would at least consider that he could offer to check for her ”

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a C− grade  While saying that the production was good, he went on to say "[the song] may be the very first mainstream country single to completely skeeze [him] out "

Personnel
Ron Block - banjo
Randle Currie - steel guitar
Eric Darken - percussion
Kevin "Swine" Grantt - bass guitar, upright bass
Wes Hightower - background vocals
Gary Hokker - baritone guitar, 12 string guitar
Gordon Mote - clavinet
Brad Paisley - lead vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, Tic tac bass
Ben Sesar - drums
Justin Williamson - mandolin

Chart performance
Certifications
Context 3: Passage 1:
Guy Gaunt
Admiral Sir Guy Reginald Archer Gaunt,  (25 May 1869 – 18 May 1953) was an Australian-born officer of the Royal Navy, counter-intelligence officer and a British Conservative Party politician 
Gaunt was born in Ballarat, Australia, to William Henry Gaunt and his wife Elizabeth Mary Palmer  Gaunt's brother-in-law was Alexander Stenson Palmer (banker and M P  for Victoria)  Gaunt's brother Ernest Gaunt was also an admiral  Their sister, Mary Gaunt, was a well-known author in Australia and wrote several travel books  Guy was educated at Melbourne Grammar School from 1881 to 1883 

Naval career
Gaunt's parents wanted him to become a lawyer, but he chose to go to sea  He began training for the merchant navy, but transferred to the Royal Navy in 1885, one of the "hungry hundred" merchant navy officers who were commissioned via the supplementary list 
Gaunt served as a lieutenant on several vessels in the Pacific Ocean, and was promoted to the rank of Commander in 1901  He became a captain in 1907, commanding a series of cruisers and the battleships HMS Majestic and HMS Thunderer  He saw action in the Philippines in 1897 and Samoa in 1901 In 1914 Gaunt was appointed naval attaché to the United States, and was instrumental in infiltrating the Hindu–German Conspiracy during the First World War  Gaunt headed the intelligence network operated by Courtenay Bennett's intelligence and liaised with the Czech intelligence network operated by E  V  Voska  On learning of the plot from the Czech European network at the outbreak of the war, Voska passed on the information to Gaunt and to Tomáš Masaryk who further passed on the information the American authorities  Voska's American network was a counter-espionage network of nearly 80 members who, as Habsburg subjects, were presumed to be German supporters but were involved in spying on German and Austrian diplomats 
When the U S  entered the war in 1917, Gaunt was appointed as liaison officer  In 1918 he served on convoys across the Atlantic and in June was appointed to the naval intelligence staff at the Admiralty 
Gaunt was promoted on the retired list to rear admiral in October 1918, vice admiral in July 1924 and admiral in February 1928  He was knighted as  in 1918 

Political career
Gaunt first stood as a candidate for parliament at the 1918 general election  He was the Liberal candidate for Leek and despite receiving the Coalition Coupon, he was unable to hold the seat  Gaunt was elected as Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for the Buckrose constituency in the East Riding of Yorkshire at the 1922 general election, replacing the Liberal Algernon Moreing 
Gaunt resigned from the House of Commons in 1926, when he was cited as co-respondent in the divorce case between Sir Richard Cruise and his wife 

Family
Gaunt married a widow, Mrs Margaret Elizabeth Worthington (daughter of Sir Thomas Wardle) at Hong Kong in 1904  
She divorced him in 1927 following the scandal with Lady Cruise, and he retired to Tangier  He later remarried on 1 December 1932 a 35-year-old widow, Sybil Victoria Joseph, née Grant White and had two daughters  He returned to live in Cobham, Surrey and died at Woking Hospital on 18 May 1953 and was cremated Gaunt's autobiography, The Yield of the Years, was published in 1940  His brother Ernest Gaunt was also an admiral in the Royal Navy; his sister, Mary Gaunt, was a novelist 
Passage 2:
Comprehensive school
A comprehensive school is a secondary school for pupils aged 11–16 or 11–18, that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to a selective school system where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria, usually academic performance  The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced as state schools on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965  They may be part of a local education authority or be a self governing academy or part of a multi-academy trust 

About 90% of English secondary school pupils attend a comprehensive school (academy schools, community schools, faith schools, foundation schools, free schools, studio schools, university technical colleges, state boarding schools, City Technology Colleges, etc )  Specialist schools may however select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in their specialism  A school may have a few specialisms, like arts (media, performing arts, visual arts), business and enterprise, engineering, humanities, languages, mathematics, computing, music, science, sports, and technology  They are not permitted to select on academic ability generally  Comprehensive schools correspond broadly to the public school in the United States, Canada and Australia 

England
Comprehensive schools provide an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment  A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools  Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students  This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11–16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by sixth form colleges and further education colleges  Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude  In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and specialist schools programmes have expanded the comprehensive model  City Technology Colleges are independent schools in urban areas that are free to go to  They're funded by central government with company contributions and emphasise teaching science and technology 

English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive (i e  no entry exam), although the intake of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several local schools  Nearly 90% of state-funded secondary schools are specialist schools, receiving extra funding to develop one or more subjects (performing arts, business, humanities, art and design, languages, science, mathematics, technology, engineering, sports, etc ) in which the school specialises, which can select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism  In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment  In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests  Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 and 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively  With the advent of Key Stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another  In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area 
Maths free schools like Exeter Mathematics School are for 16 to 19 year pupils who have a great aptitude for maths  As set out in the government's Industrial Strategy, maths schools help to encourage highly skilled graduates in sectors that depend on science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) skills  The aim of maths schools is to prepare the most mathematically able pupils to succeed in mathematics-related disciplines at highly selective maths universities and pursue mathematically intensive careers  Maths schools can also be centres of excellence in raising attainment, supporting and influencing the teaching of mathematics in their surrounding area, and are central to their associated universities' widening participation commitments 

Technical and vocational education in comprehensive schools are introduced during the secondary school years and goes on until further and higher education  Secondary vocational education is also known as further education  Further education incorporates vocational oriented education as well as a combination of general secondary education  Students can also go on to a further education college to prepare themselves for the Business and Technology Education Council, T-levels, and National Vocational Qualifications  Major provider of vocational qualifications in England include the City and Guilds of London Institute and Edexcel  Higher National Certificates and Higher National Diplomas typically require 1 and 2 years of full-time study and credit from either HNE or Diplomas can be transferred toward an undergraduate degree  Along with the HNC and HND, students who are interested in other vocational qualifications may pursue a foundation degree, which is a qualification that trains people to be highly skilled technicians  The National Apprenticeship Service also offers vocational education where people at ages of 16 and older enter apprenticeships in order to learn a skilled trade  There are over 60 different certifications can be obtained through an apprenticeship, which typically lasts from up to 3 years  Trades apprentices receive paid wages during training and spend one day at school and the rest in the workplace to hone their skills 
The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War  At that time the terms "multi-lateral" or "multi-bias" were also used to describe non-selective secondary schools  In 1946 Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council although London's first purpose built comprehensive was Kidbrooke School built in 1954  An early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949  Coventry opened two comprehensive schools in 1954 by combining grammar schools and secondary modern schools  These were Caludon Castle School and Woodlands School  Another early example was the 1956 Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton  The first, purpose-built comprehensive in the North of England was Colne Valley High School near Huddersfield in 1956 
The largest expansion of comprehensive schools resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government  The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, a request to local education authorities to plan for conversion  Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability  Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places 
In 1970 Margaret Thatcher, the Secretary of State for Education in the new Conservative government, ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Thatcher than any other education secretary  By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-Plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system  Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population  By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining  Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status  Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s 

In 1976 the future Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system  He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system  Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales  They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection  This figure varies by region 
Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead  The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down  Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills  Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools  Both Conservative Party and Labour governments experimented with alternatives to the original neighbourhood comprehensive Experiments have included:

partnerships where successful schools share knowledge and best practice with nearby schools
federations of schools, where a partnership is formalised through joint governance arrangements
City Technology Colleges, 15 new schools where one fifth of the capital cost is privately funded
Academy schools, state schools not controlled by the local authority, which are allowed to select up to 10% of admissions by ability
Free schools, state schools not controlled by the local authority, which are allowed to select up to 10% of admissions by abilityFollowing the advice of Sir Cyril Taylor—former businessman and Conservative politician, and chairman of the Specialist Schools and Academies Trust (SSAT)—in the mid-1990s, all parties have backed the creation of specialist schools, which focus on excellence in a particular subject and are theoretically allowed to select up to 10% of their intake  This policy consensus had brought to an end the notion that all children will go to their local school, and assumes parents will choose a school they feel most meets their child's needs 

Curriculum
All maintained schools in England are required to follow the National Curriculum, which is made up of twelve subjects  Every state school must offer a curriculum which is balanced and broadly based and which promotes the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils at the school and of society, and prepares pupils at the school for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of later life  For each of the statutory curriculum subjects, the Secretary of State for Education is required to set out a Programme of Study which outlines the content and matters which must be taught in those subjects at the relevant Key Stages  Teachers should set high expectations for every pupil  They should plan stretching work for pupils whose attainment is significantly above the expected standard  Teachers should use appropriate assessment to set targets which are deliberately ambitious Under the National Curriculum, all pupils undergo National Curriculum assessments at the end of Key Stage 2 in Year 6 in the core subjects of English, Mathematics and Science  Individual teacher assessment is used for foundation subjects, such as art and design, geography, history, design and technology, and computing  Pupils take GCSE exams at Key Stage 4 in Year 11, but may also choose to work towards the attainment of alternative qualifications, such as the National Vocational Qualifications and Business and Technology Education Council  Pupils take GCSEs examinations in the core English literature, English language, mathematics, science, and entitlement subjects from the arts, humanities, design and technology, and languages  The core subjects English, Mathematics and Science are compulsory for all pupils aged 5 to 16  A range of other subjects, known as foundation subjects, are compulsory in each Key Stage:

Art and design
Citizenship
Design and technology
Geography
History
Computing
Foreign languages
Music
Physical educationIn addition to the compulsory subjects, pupils at Key Stage 4 have a statutory entitlement to be able to study at least one subject from the arts (comprising art and design, music, photography, dance, drama and media arts), design and technology (comprising design and technology, electronics, engineering, food preparation and nutrition), the humanities (comprising geography and history), and modern foreign languages  Optional subjects include computer science, business studies, economics, astronomy, classical civilisation, film studies, geology, psychology, sociology, ancient languages, and ancient history The Department for Education has drawn up a list of preferred subjects known as the English Baccalaureate on the results in eight GCSEs including English, mathematics, the sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, computer science), history, geography, and an ancient or modern foreign language All schools are required to make provision for a daily act of collective worship and must teach religious education to pupils at every key stage and sex and relationships education to pupils in secondary education  Parents can withdraw their children for all or part of the lessons  Local councils are responsible for deciding the RE syllabus, but faith schools and academies can set their own  All schools should make provision for personal, social, health and economic education (PSHE)  Schools are also free to include other subjects or topics of their choice in planning and designing their own programme of education 

School years
Children are normally placed in year groups determined by the age they will attain at their birthday during the school year  In most cases progression from one year group to another is based purely on chronological age, although it is possible in some circumstances for a student to repeat or skip a year  Repetition may be due to a lack of attendance, for example from a long illness, and especially in Years requiring standard tests  A child significantly more advanced than their classmates may be forwarded one or more years 
State-funded nursery education is available from the age of 3, and may be full-time or part-time, though this is not compulsory  If registered with a state school, attendance is compulsory beginning with the term following the child's fifth birthday  Children can be enrolled in the reception year in September of that school year, thus beginning school at age 4 or 4 5  Unless the student chooses to stay within the education system, compulsory school attendance ends on the last Friday in June during the academic year in which a student attains the age of 16 In the vast majority of cases, pupils progress from primary to secondary levels at age 11; in some areas either or both of the primary and secondary levels are further subdivided  A few areas have three-tier education systems with an intermediate middle level from age 9 to 13  Years 12 and 13 are often referred to as "lower sixth form" and "upper sixth form" respectively, reflecting their distinct, voluntary nature as the A-level years  While most secondary schools enter their pupils for A-levels, some schools offer the International Baccalaureate or Cambridge Pre-U qualifications instead 

Scotland
Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education  It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision  All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive  The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005 

Australia
When the first comprehensive schools appeared in the 1950s, the Australian Government started to transition to comprehensive schooling which has been expanding and improving ever since  Prior to the transition into comprehensive schooling systems, primary and secondary state schools regularly measured students' academic merit based on their performance in public examinations  The state of Western Australia was the first to replace selective school systems, then Queensland, and finally South Australia and Victoria The Australian education system is organised through three compulsory school types  Students commence their education in Primary school, which runs for seven or eight years, starting at kindergarten through to Year 6 or 7  The next is Secondary school which runs for three or four years, from Year 7 or 8 to Year 10  Finally, Senior Secondary school which runs for two years, completing Years 11 and 12  Each school tier follows a comprehensive curriculum that is categorised into sequences for each Year-level  The Year-level follows specific sequence content and achievement for each subject, which can be interrelated through cross-curricula  In order for students to complete and graduate each tier-level of schooling, they need to complete the subject sequences of content and achievement  Once students have completed Year 12, they may choose to enter into Tertiary education  The two-tier Tertiary education system in Australia includes both higher education (i e : university, college, other institutions) and vocational education and training (VET)  Higher education works off of the Australian Qualifications Framework and prepares Australians for an academic route that may take them into the theoretical and philosophical lenses of their career options 
Passage 3:
Elizabeth and After
Elizabeth and After is a novel by Matt Cohen, first published in 1999 by Knopf Canada  His final novel, it won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction just a few weeks before Cohen's death 

Plot summary
The story is about the lives of a few people living in a small town north of Kingston, Ontario   Carl McKelvey, a "white trash male" as he describes himself, returns to the town after a three-year absence in the hope that he can live with his daughter again, and maybe even renew his relationship with his ex-wife, Chrissy   He carries deep in his heart his guilt of having driven his car into a tree, killing his mother, Elizabeth, many years earlier 
Elizabeth's sudden death ended not only an unhappy marriage she had with William McKelvey, a failed farmer, but also a secret relationship she had with Adam Goldsmith, Carl's real father   Elizabeth might have felt that the uncultured McKelvey ruined her life, or she might be too frightened to ruin her life herself by leaving him   In either case, her life has affected McKelvey, Adam and Carl so deeply that her influence is still felt eleven years later 
When Carl is attacked by Fred (Chrissy's boyfriend), Adam, even though reserved and gentle-natured, decides to do something for his son   Adam takes Fred in his car and drives him into the same tree that Elizabeth's car crashed into eleven years earlier   Both Adam and Fred are killed instantly   Carl learns about his relationship with Adam in a letter Adam left for him 

External links
Elizabeth and After weaves a twisted tale
Passage 4:
Matt Cohen (writer)
Matthew Cohen (30 December 1942 – 2 December 1999) was a Canadian writer who published both mainstream literature under his own name and children's literature under the pseudonym Teddy Jam 

History
Matt Cohen was born in Montreal, son of Morris Cohen and Beatrice Sohn, and was raised in Kingston and Ottawa  He studied political economy at the University of Toronto and taught political philosophy and religion at McMaster University in the late 1960s before publishing his first novel Korsoniloff in 1969 His fiction was translated into German, Dutch, French, Greek, Spanish and Portuguese   The Spanish Doctor, his biggest international success, continues to sell well in the French and Spanish markets 
His greatest critical success as a writer was his final novel Elizabeth and After which won the 1999 Governor General's Award for English-language Fiction only a few weeks before his death  He had been nominated twice previously, but had not won, in 1979 for The Sweet Second Summer of Kitty Malone and in 1997 for Last Seen 
A founding member of the Writers' Union of Canada, he served on the executive board for many years and as president in 1986  During his presidency, the Writer's Union was finally able to persuade the government of Canada to form a commission and establish a Public Lending Right program   He also served on the Toronto Arts Council as chair of the Literary Division and was able to obtain increased funding for writers  In recognition of this work, he was awarded a Toronto Arts Award and the Harbourfront Prize 
He also published a number of children's books under the pseudonym Teddy Jam  Cohen's authorship of the Teddy Jam books was not revealed until after his death  Dr  Kiss, illustrated by Joanne Fitzgerald won the Governor General's Award in 1991 and Fishing Summer was also nominated for a Governor General's Award for children's literature in 1997, making Cohen one of the few writers ever to be nominated for Governor General's Awards in two different categories in the same year 
He was married three times; first to Arden Ford, next to Susan Bricker and then to Patsy Aldana Cohen died at home in Toronto after a battle with lung cancer  His final book of short stories, Getting Lucky, and his final Teddy Jam title, The Kid's Line, were posthumously published in 2001  A Canadian literary award, the Matt Cohen Award, is presented in Cohen's memory by the Writers' Trust of Canada A film adaptation of his 1990 novel Emotional Arithmetic has been produced by Triptych films starring Max von Sydow, Christopher Plummer, Gabriel Byrne and Susan Sarandon  It was the closing gala at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival 

Bibliography
Years link to corresponding year in literature or, for poetry, to year in poetry 

Novels
Korsoniloff (1969)
Johnny Crackle Sings (1971)
The Disinherited (1974)
Wooden Hunters (1975)
The Colours of War (1977)
The Sweet Second Summer of Kitty Malone (1979)
Flowers of Darkness (1981)
The Spanish Doctor (1984)
Nadine (1987)
Emotional Arithmetic (1990)
Freud: The Paris Notebooks (1991)
The Bookseller (1993)
Last Seen (1997)
Elizabeth and After (1999)

Short stories
Columbus and the Fat Lady (1972)
Too Bad Galahad (1972)
Night Flights (1978)
The Leaves of Louise (1978)
The Expatriate (1982)
Café le Dog (1983)
Life on This Planet (1985)
Living on Water (1988)
Racial Memories (1990)
Lives of the Mind Slaves (1994)
Getting Lucky (2001)

Poetry
Peach Melba (1974)
In Search of Leonardo (1985)

Non-fiction
Typing: A Life in 26 Keys (2000)

Children's literature (as "Teddy Jam")
Night Cars (1987) illustrated by Eric Beddows
Doctor Kiss Says Yes (1991) illustrated by Joanne Fitzgerald
The Year of Fire (1993) illustrated by Ian Wallace
The Charlotte Stories (1994)
Jacob's Best Sisters (1996) illustrated by Joanne Fitzgerald
The Fishing Summer (1997) illustrated by Ange Zhang
This New Baby (1998)
The Stoneboat (1999) illustrated by Ange Zhang
ttuM (1999)
The Kid Line (2001) illustrated by Ange Zhang

See also
Canadian literature
Canadian poetry
List of Canadian poets
List of Canadian writers
Passage 5:
Algernon Methuen
Sir Algernon Marshall Stedman Methuen, Baronet (; 23 February 1856 – 20 September 1924) was an English publisher and a teacher of Classics and French   He is best known for founding the publishing company Methuen & Co 

Background and education
Methuen was born as Algernon Methuen Marshall Stedman in London, the third son of John Buck Stedman, FRCS, and Jane Elizabeth née Marshall  He was educated at Berkhamsted School and then Wadham College, Oxford, from which he graduated with an MA 

Career
After graduating from Oxford, Methuen entered teaching, and rose to become head of High Croft Preparatory School at Milford in Surrey from 1890 to 1895  While teaching he began, as a sideline, writing a number of school textbooks under the nom-de-plume A  W  S  Methuen, of which his series on French, Greek and Latin were best known  Among his works were books on gardening and current affairs  In June 1889, Methuen began to publish and market his own textbooks under the label Methuen & Co  (later Methuen Publishing Ltd )  Two months later he formally adopted Methuen as his surname  His first success at publishing came in 1892 with the publication of Rudyard Kipling's Barrack-Room Ballads  He later published works by Hilaire Belloc, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Oscar Wilde 
Methuen was an outspoken critic of the Boer War  He stood for Parliament as the Liberal party candidate for the seat of Guildford in the General Election of January 1910  The seat was a safe Conservative seat and he was unsuccessful  In 1916, he was created a baronet, of Haslemere in Surrey, and he later published his own memoir 

Personal life
Methuen married Emily Caroline Bedford in 1884  He died in September 1924, aged 68, when the baronetcy became extinct 
Passage 6:
Journal of Applied Philosophy
The Journal of Applied Philosophy is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society for Applied Philosophy and edited by Elizabeth Brake (Rice University)  It covers a broad spectrum of issues in all areas of applied philosophy, including work on the environment, medicine, science, engineering, policy, law, politics, economics, and education 
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1 018, ranking it 24th out of 51 journals in the category "Ethics" 

Journal for Applied Philosophy Annual Essay Prize
The Journal of Applied Philosophy awards an annual prize of £1,000 to the best article published in the year's volume 
2017: Natasha McKeever "Is the Requirement of Sexual Exclusivity Consistent with Romantic Love?"
2016: Federico Picinali "Base Rates of Negative Traits: Instructions for Use in Criminal Trials"
2015: Cheshire Calhoun "Geographies of Meaningful Living"
2014: Christopher Morgan-Knapp "Economic Envy"
2013: Daniel Friedrich "A Duty to Adopt"
2012: Avery Kolers "Floating Provisos and Sinking Islands"
2011: Jakob Elster "How Outlandish Can Imaginary Cases Be?"

Society for Applied Philosophy Annual Lectures
Each year since 2010, the Journal of Applied Philosophy has published the Annual Lecture hosted by the Society of Applied Philosophy [1]

2017: Philip Pettit presented the lecture, 'Three Mistakes about Doing Good (and Bad)'  Read the article here 
2016: Arthur Ripstein presented the lecture, 'Reclaiming Proportionality'  Read the article here 
2015: Shelley Kagan presented the lecture, 'What's Wrong with Speciesism?' 
2014: Julia Annas presented the lecture, 'Applying Virtue to Ethics'  Read the paper based on this talk here 
2013: Larry Temkin presented the lecture, 'Universal Healthcare in the Developing World: Solution or Siren? Some Preliminary Thoughts'  Read the paper based on this lecture here 
2012: Joseph Raz presented the lecture 'Death in Our Life'  The paper based on this lecture can be read here 
2011: Amartya Sen presented the lecture 'The Global Reach of Human Rights'  The paper based on this talk can be read here 
2010: Philip Kitcher presented the lecture 'Militant Modern Atheism'  The paper based on this talk can be found here 

See also
List of ethics journals
Passage 7:
The Landlord's Game
The Landlord's Game is a board game patented in 1904 by Elizabeth Magie as U S  Patent 748,626  It is a realty and taxation game intended to educate users about Georgism  It is the inspiration for the 1935 board game Monopoly 

History
In 1902 to 1903, Magie designed the game and play tested it in Arden, Delaware  The game was created to be a "practical demonstration of the present system of land grabbing with all its usual outcomes and consequences"  She based the game on the economic principles of Georgism, a system proposed by Henry George, with the object of demonstrating how rents enrich property owners and impoverish tenants  She knew that some people could find it hard to understand why this happened and what might be done about it, and she thought that if Georgist ideas were put into the concrete form of a game, they might be easier to demonstrate  Magie also hoped that when played by children the game would provoke their natural suspicion of unfairness, and that they might carry this awareness into adulthood The Landlord's Game has some similarities to the basic rules of the board game Zohn Ahl, played by the Kiowa Indians of North America  There are hints that suggest Elizabeth Magie might have known Zohn Ahl and incorporated some of the game's ideas 
In 1903, Magie filed for a patent on the game which was granted in 1904   Magie and fellow Georgists formed a company, Economic Game Company, in 1906 New York to publish the game  Besides Magie, the incorporators were E  H  Monroe of Chicago and E  G  Lenbusher of New York  Magie approached Parker Brothers to publish this and one other game in 1909  The other game was accepted while Landlord's was rejected as too complicated In the United Kingdom The Landlord's Game was first published in 1913 by the Newbie Game Company, formed by a Liberal Committee from the village of Newbie in Dumfries, under the title Brer Fox an' Brer Rabbit; although, despite the title change, it was recognizably the same game  Landlord sold well in the Northeast amongst its left-wing intellectuals, while Brer was unsuccessful Scott Nearing, socialist professor of economics at Wharton School of Finance from 1906 to 1915, lived in Arden in 1910, where Magie invented the game, learned about the game and taught it to his students  College students made up their own boards to use with her rules  Various versions of the game popped up over the following years under a variety of names, Monopoly, Finance, and Auction being among them  Among the Atlantic City and Philadelphia communities of Quakers, the game was particularly popular with college students and economics professors  Jesse and Eugene Raiford, Quakers in Atlantic City, used household items instead of pawns and changed the properties to those of Atlantic City With Magie's first patent having expired, in 1923, Magie decided to attempt to regain control by applying for another patent  On September 23, 1924, a second patent was issued to Magie for The Landlord's Game  Adgame Company (Inc ) published Landlord's Game and Prosperity under this patent in 1932 Robert Baron had Parker Brothers design its own version, Fortune, before negotiation to purchase her patents in case the discussion fell apart or she sold to another potential buyer, Dave Knapp, publisher of Finance  Magie held the patent until 1935, when she sold it to Parker Brothers for $500, equivalent to $10,672 in 2022  The company had recently started distributing Monopoly, which it purchased from Charles Darrow who claimed to have invented it   The company only printed a very small run of the game to secure the copyright  Surviving copies of The Landlord's Game by Parker Brothers are considered by many the rarest of all 20th century board games  Parker Brothers pushed her game aside for Darrow's by 1936  Magie then did two interviews showcasing copies of the original board with The Washington Post and The Evening Star to show that Darrow was not the inventor of the game In 1937, Carnival was published based on the 1904 version  Parker Brothers published their edition of the game in 1939 In a 2004 episode of PBS' History Detectives (title: "Monopoly; Japanese Internment Camp Artwork; The Lewis and Clark Cane"), the show investigated a game board belonging to a Delaware man, having an intermediate version of a game combining elements of The Landlord's Game and Monopoly  The investigators concluded that this game board was the missing link that proves that Monopoly was derived from The Landlord's Game 

Description
The set had rules for two different games, anti-monopolist and  Monopolist  The anti-monopolist rules reward all players during wealth creation, whereas the monopolist rules incentivize forming monopolies and forcing opponents out of the game  In the anti-monopolist or Single Tax version (later called "Prosperity"), the game is won when the player with the least money doubles their original stake The board featured a track around the outside edge of the board split into blocks representing properties and had their purchase price, and their rental value listed in the block  New York City's Broadway, Fifth Avenue, and Wall Street were the top properties in price and rent  The published game included Chance cards with quotes attributed to Thomas Jefferson, John Ruskin and Andrew Carnegie From the 1904 patented version to the published 1906 version, the property names were changed and the rule for increased rent for multiple railroads owned was added 

Patents
The game's first patent was the first issued for a game while claiming four features in the application, the most important feature was a continuous path game  At the time, most games had a start and end spot  With the first patent having expired in 1921, Magie applied for another patent with five new claims 
The claims of Magie's second patent could not include those of the first (now in the public domain) and leaned more towards the single tax theory of play  One common misconception is that Parker Brothers acquired the rights to Magie's original invention of Monopoly play and the unique design by purchasing the later 1924 patent  Parker Brothers acquired Magie's patent to The Landlord's Game but although both patents had the same name they covered different claims  The substitution or confusion of the early patent for the latter is still commonplace 

See also
Ralph Anspach's Anti-Monopoly
Bertell Ollman's Class Struggle
Passage 8:
Nicholas Eftimiades
Nicholas Eftimiades is an American government official, author, and educator best known for his work Chinese Intelligence Operations (1994)  He currently resides in the Tokyo area  He is a current professor at Penn State Harrisburg 

Education
Eftimiades graduated from George Washington University with a B A  in East Asian Studies and the National Defense Intelligence College with a M S  in Strategic Intelligence   He also did undergraduate and graduate work in Asia   He is a Visiting Research Fellow at King's College, War Studies Department, London, United Kingdom 

Government career
Nicholas Eftimiades' 30 year government career includes seven years at the National Security Space Office leading engineering teams designing "generation after next" national security space capabilities  He was also Senior Technical Officer in the Defense Intelligence Agency, Future's Division, and Chief of DIA's Space Division  He served as DIA's lead for national space policy and strategy development Mr  Eftimiades has provided numerous briefings and testimony on national security, technology, and space exploration issues to senior policy officials and the U S  Congress  He testified before the President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy   He has sponsored and chaired international conferences on U S  and foreign defense policy issues   He is a frequent lecturer and public speaker on future technology and societal changes and national security issues 

Chinese Intelligence Operations
Eftimiades first came into public view in 1994 with the publication of his book Chinese Intelligence Operations (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland , March 1994)  The book is an examination of the structure, operations, and methodology of the intelligence services of the People's Republic of China  The book received worldwide recognition with the Chinese government declaring Eftimiades "an enemy of the people" in the People's Daily newspaper  To date, the book remains the only scholarly analysis of China's intelligence services and operational methodology Chinese Intelligence Operations gained worldwide attention when one of the Chinese companies identified as having a relationship with China's intelligence services was identified as a donor to the Bill Clinton presidential campaign through the Democratic National Committee  This revelation resulted in Eftimiades appearing on TV, radio, and being quoted in newspapers   He appeared on CBS Evening News with Connie Chung, Dateline NBC, ABC's Day One, BBC America, National Public Radio and many other television and radio broadcasts    Some organizations protested the CBS news broadcast as being racist  Eftimiades testified before the U S  Congress on several occasions 

Science Fiction
Eftimiades' most recent work is a political and philosophical satire entitled Edward of Planet Earth   The book is influenced by authors such as Alexander Zinoviev and Ignazio Silone—names not normally associated with science fiction   The story takes place 200 years in the future and centers on a man, his computer friends, a female companion and their quest to communicate with God 

Non-Profit Activity
In 2001, Eftimiades founded a non-profit educational organization entitled the Federation of Galaxy Explorers to inspire youth interest in science and engineering   Students in the Galaxy Explorers program attend after school "Mission Team" meetings where they participate in hands-on lessons that support National Science Education Standards  Mission Team members are rewarded for participation and achievements with ribbons, patches, medals, and certificates   In addition to Mission Teams, Galaxy Explorers also have Summer Camps, Star Parities, and the Battle of the Rockets Competition 
Passage 9:
Stephen Henry Parker
Sir Stephen Henry Parker  (7 November 1846 – 13 December 1927) was a lawyer and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia from 1906 to 1914 

Biography
Early life
Stephen Henry Parker was the second son of Stephen Stanley Parker (1817–1904) and his wife Elizabeth, née Sewell  He was the grandson of Stephen Parker (c  1795 – 1879), a pioneer settler in York, Western Australia  Parker was educated at the Bishop's School, Perth, and was called to the bar in 1868 

Career
He became a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council and advocated responsible government for the colony  In 1878 he moved for the introduction of a bill to amend the constitution, but this motion was defeated  A constitution bill for responsible government was passed by the Legislative Council on 26 April 1889, but was met with some opposition in the British House of Commons  It was suggested and agreed that a delegation consisting of the retiring governor, Sir Frederick Broome, Sir Thomas Cockburn-Campbell and Parker should go to London to see the bill through the British parliament  The delegation was able to give a good answer to all objections raised, and subsequently the bill was passed and became law 
He served as colonial secretary in the John Forrest ministry from October 1892 to December 1894 when he retired  He was also chairman of the Perth City Council from November 1877 to 1879, for a few months in 1880-81 and Mayor from February to October 1892  In 1881, he joined with his brother George to form the well known law firm Parker and Parker (which in 1997 merged with the Perth office of Freehill Hollingdale & Page) 

Personal life and death
He married Amey Katharine Leake, daughter of George Walpole Leake on 27 July 1872   She died in 1914   They had four sons and seven daughters who reached adulthood  Their second son Hubert Stanley Wyborn Parker (1883-1966) was the member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly for North-East Fremantle in 1930-33, and of the Western Australian Legislative Council for Metropolitan-Suburban province in 1934-54  He was attorney-general for two months in 1933 and chief secretary in 1948-50 
Parker, and his brother George, were heavily involved with the East Perth (now known as Perth) Cricket Club in the W A C A  Competition  He was club President from 1899 to 1903 
He died on 13 December 1927 

See also
Judiciary of Australia
Passage 10:
Elizabeth Blanchard (educator)
Elizabeth Blanchard (1834–1891) was an American educator who was the seventh president of Mount Holyoke College (as Principal and Acting President) 
Blanchard graduated from Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1858, and taught there for twelve years before becoming the Associate Principal from 1872-1883   She served as Principal from 1883-1888   When Mount Holyoke Female Seminary received its collegiate charter and became Mount Holyoke College, she served as Acting President from 1888-1889 

See also
Presidents of Mount Holyoke College
Passage 11:
Elizabeth Gertrude Britton
Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (née Knight) (January 9, 1858 – February 25, 1934) was an American botanist, bryologist, and educator  She and her husband, Nathaniel Lord Britton played a significant role in the fundraising and creation of the New York Botanical Garden  She was a co-founder of the predecessor of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society  She was an activist for the protection of wildflowers, inspiring local chapter activities and the passage of legislation  Elizabeth Britton made major contributions to the literature of mosses, publishing 170 papers in that field 

Early life and family
Elizabeth Gertrude Knight was born on January 9, 1858, in New York City, one of five daughters, to James and Sophie Anne (née Compton) Knight  Her family operated a furniture factory and sugar plantation in the vicinity of Matanzas, Cuba, and she spent much of her childhood there  In later childhood, she attended a private school in New York before attending Normal College (later, Hunter College)  She graduated from Normal College in 1875, at the early age of seventeen  On August 27, 1885, she married Nathaniel Lord Britton, an assistant in geology at Columbia College who shared her growing interest in botany  The couple had no children 

Career
After graduation in 1875, Elizabeth Knight joined the staff of Normal College as a critic teacher  She joined the Torrey Botanical Club in 1879, and in 1881 she published her first scientific paper in that organization's Bulletin, reporting observations of unexpected white flowers in two species of plants  She also observed the presence of a curlygrass fern, Schizaea pusilla, in Nova Scotia  In 1883, she became a tutor in natural science  It was at this time that she began to specialize in bryology and her first paper concerning mosses appeared  Britton collected fertile specimens of Eustichium norvegicum in Wisconsin and wrote the first description of its fruits  Although known since 1827, the plant had hitherto been known only in a sterile condition  Her Observer articles were models of popular scientific writings on plants which had “fanciful” titles like “The Humpbacked Elves” and “The Brownies ”After her marriage in 1885, Britton resigned her teaching position at Normal College, and took charge of the moss collections at Columbia in an unofficial, unpaid capacity  She served as editor of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club from 1886 to 1888; in 1889, she published the first of an eleven-part series of papers titled Contributions to American Bryology in that journal  Her catalogue of the mosses of West Virginia appeared in 1892, and the first of eight articles titled How to Study the Mosses for a popular magazine was published in 1894  These papers "sufficed to place Mrs  Britton in command of the bryological field in America " She worked with her husband to acquire for Columbia the moss herbarium of August Jaeger of Switzerland; Britton persuaded wealthy friends to contribute the necessary $6,000 
Britton, along with her husband, was one of the Torrey Botanical Club members who spurred the establishment of the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG)  The couple also travelled to England in 1888 where Nathaniel was performing research at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew  At Kew Nathaniel worked on the Bolivian botanical collections of Henry Hurd Rusby, a gift to Columbia; meanwhile, Elizabeth worked on mosses at the Linnean Society of London  Inspired by the quality and quantity of Kew's herbarium, library, and gardens, the couple set about organizing an institution of comparable stature for New York  A Club meeting was held in October, 1888 where rich and prominent citizens were recruited as incorporators  The Botanical Garden was established by act of the state legislature in 1891  Britton was important in the efforts to raise funds for the organization in the 1890s  Her husband became the first director of the Botanical Garden in 1896, whilst she volunteered there  It was largely through her interest that the collection of liverworts and mosses of William Mitten was acquired for the NYBG in 1906  In recognition of her service, Britton was named Honorary Curator of the Mosses in 1912, a post which she held until her death Britton enumerated the ferns in the Rusby collection in 1888 and she published her examination of the Rusby mosses in 1896 

Britton travelled to various locations in the United States to collect botanical specimens, including the Great Dismal Swamp, the Adirondack Mountains, and the mountains of North Carolina  She accompanied Nathaniel on 23 of the 25 trips he made to the islands of the Caribbean and West Indies  Under her own name, she published her findings in the Bulletin in 1913–1915  Britton wrote the chapters concerning mosses for Nathaniel's Flora of Bermuda and The Bahama Flora Britton worked with organizations to promote the study of mosses, especially by women scientists and she chaired the division of Bryophyta for the (Women's) National Science Club (NWSC) in 1897 As part of her unofficial position at Columbia, Britton acted as advisor to doctoral students, including James Franklin Collins and Abel Joel Grout  Together, in 1898 Grout and Britton founded the Sullivant Moss Chapter of the Agassiz Association  By 1908, it was known as the Sullivant Moss Society (and after 1949, as the American Bryological and Lichenological Society)  Although relations between the two researchers later became chilly, Britton continued to participate in the Society, contributing articles to The Bryologist, its journal, and serving as its president from 1916 to 1919 Britton continued to study plants other than mosses  She published A Revision of the North American Species of Ophioglossum, the adder's-tongue ferns, in 1897  With Delia West Marble, she collected the type specimen of Thelypteris brittonae, a species of maiden fern, in 1906  Britton collected the type specimen for the orchid now named Britton's shadow witch (Ponthieva brittoniae) 

In the first decade of the 20th century, Britton began to devote her time to the conservation of wildflowers  A gift of $3,000 by Olivia and Caroline Phelps Stokes to the NYBG spurred the creation of the Wild Flower Preservation Society of America  The first meeting was held on April 23, 1902 where Frederick Vernon Coville was elected president, Charles Louis Pollard was elected secretary, and Britton was elected to the Board of Managers  Other members of the board included Charles Edwin Bessey, Liberty Hyde Bailey, William Trelease, Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Alice Eastwood  Britton went on to serve as secretary and treasurer of the organization  The Society established numerous local chapters  It was incorporated in the state of New York in 1915, then reorganized as the Wild Flower Preservation Society in 1925, with Percy L  Ricker as its head  Britton promoted the cause for nearly 35 years, by publishing, lecturing, and conducting correspondence; her efforts led to adoption of legislation in various states, as well as local conservation activities in garden clubs and public schools  She published fourteen articles in the NYBG's Journal under the series title of Wild Plants Needing Protection 
In 1925, as chair of the conservation committee of the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, Britton successfully led a boycott campaign against the common practice of harvesting wild American holly for use as a Christmas decoration  As a substitute, she promoted the propagation of the plant by cuttings for commercial use 
All told, during the period 1881 to 1930, Britton published 346 papers, of which 170 dealt with mosses  She wrote descriptions of six families of mosses for the New York Botanical Garden's Flora of America  Marshall Avery Howe described Britton as "a woman of extraordinary physical and mental energy—the possessor of a remarkably quick and brilliant intellect  She has left an enduring record in the literature of science, and her well-directed activities have had an outstanding influence in the conservation of the native flora of the United States "

Wild Plants Needing Protection
Wild Plants Needing Protection, written by Britton, is a New York Botanical Garden journal comprising fourteen articles  In the journal, she gives an in depth description of different wild plants and their importance to their environment  Each plant section included an illustration of the plant described, while also giving descriptions of both the scientific and historical background of the plants  This is shown in Britton’s journal of “Spring Beauty”: 

“The Spring Beauty was named by Linnaeus in 1753 in honor of John Clayton, an American botanist, and correspondent, who wrote, in 1743, a flora of Virginia " Britton then goes over how there are about twenty-five species of Claytonia plants  Her Journal entry of “Wild Pink” is an example of her descriptions which is conveyed within the writing when she states:“before the trees cast much shade, while their greens are still so exquisitely fresh and varied, a bright flash of color will attract the eye to the Wild Pink, growing in hilly places on rocks or often in their cracks and crevices with the Saxifrage "

Recognition and legacy
In 1893, Britton was the only woman among the 25 scientists nominated for charter membership in the Botanical Society of America  In 1905, she was one of three bryologists appointed to the nomenclature committee that would report to the 1910 meeting of the International Botanical Congress in Brussels  In 1906, Britton was one of only nineteen women listed in the first edition of American Men of Science  Her entry was marked with an asterisk: this "starred" listing was limited to the top 1,000 scientists in the book, as determined by the editors  Britton was starred in the five editions of the book that appeared through 1933 The moss genus Bryobrittonia is named for Elizabeth Britton, as well as fifteen species of plants and one of animals Mount Britton, a double peak in El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico, honors both of the Brittons In 1940, a memorial plaque in honor of Britton was installed in the new Wild Flower Garden of the New York Botanical Garden  A gift of the New York Bird and Tree Club, it is mounted on a ten-ton boulder of Bronx schist, and its text reads, "Let those who find pleasure in this garden remember Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton, lover of wildflowers and ardent advocate of their protection"  The garden is now known as the Native Plant Garden, and the boulder as Britton Rock Today, the Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton archive is held by the NYBG Mertz Library  It includes personal papers, manuscripts and published research, artwork and photographs, and printing plates  The archive documents Britton's teaching career at Normal College, as well as her participation in the Torrey Botanical Club and the NYBG  Her field notebooks can be found in the New York Botanical Garden Collectors' Field Notebook collection The character of Alma Whittaker in the 2013 novel The Signature of All Things, by Elizabeth Gilbert, is modeled in part on Britton 

Later life and death
Elizabeth Britton died at her home at 2965 Decatur Avenue in The Bronx on February 25, 1934, following an apoplectic stroke; her husband Nathaniel survived her by four months  Although she was nominally a member of the Episcopalian faith, she was buried in the Moravian Cemetery on Staten Island, where her husband's ancestors had been early settlers and he held property 

Selected publications
See also
The Britton Cottage
Timeline of women in science
Passage 12:
Mary Gaunt
Mary Eliza Bakewell Gaunt (20 February 1861 – 19 January 1942) was an Australian novelist and writer  born in Chiltern, Victoria  She also wrote collections of short stories, novellas, autobiographies, and non-fiction  She published her first novel Dave's Sweetheart in 1894  Gaunt visited many countries in her life and she wrote about her experiences in five travel books 

Early life and education
Mary was the elder daughter of William Henry Gaunt, a Victorian county court judge and Elizabeth Gaunt, née Palmer (c  1835–1922), and was born in Chiltern, Victoria  She was educated at Grenville College, Ballarat and the University of Melbourne, being one of the first two women students to be admitted there 

Career
She began writing for the press and in 1894 published her first novel Dave's Sweetheart  In the same year she married Dr Hubert Lindsay Miller (a widower) of Warrnambool, Victoria  He died in 1900, and, with only a small income, Gaunt (now also known as Mrs Mary Miller) went to London intending to earn a living by her writing  Gaunt left Melbourne on 15 March 1901 and never returned 
Gaunt had difficulties at first but eventually established herself, and was able to travel in the West Indies, in West Africa, and in China and other parts of the East  Her experiences were recorded in five pleasantly written travel books: Alone in West Africa (1912), A Woman in China (1914), A Broken Journey (1919), Where the Twain Meet (1922), Reflection - in Jamaica (1932)  In 1929 she also published George Washington and the Men Who Made the American Revolution  Between 1895 and 1934, 16 novels or collections of short stories were published, mostly with love and adventure interests  Three other novels were written in collaboration with John Ridgwell Essex  A collection of interviews with Mary were published in the 1925 Girls' Own Annual under the headings "Pioneering for Women" parts I, II, and III, and "Strange Journeys I Have Made" 
From the early 1920s, Gaunt lived mostly at Bordighera, Italy  In 1940 she fled Italy and died at Cannes in 1942  She had no children 
She had a sister Lucy, and brothers Cecil, Clive, Guy and Ernest; Guy and Ernest were both admirals of the Royal Navy, and Guy later became a Conservative Member of Parliament 

Bibliography
Novels
Dave's Sweetheart (1894)
Kirkham's Find (1897)
Deadman's: An Australian Story (1898)
Mistress Betty Carew (1903)
The Arm of the Leopard: A West African Story (1904) [with John Ridgwell Essex]
Fools Rush In (1906) [with John Ridgwell Essex]
The Silent Ones (1909) [with John Ridgwell Essex]
The Mummy Moves (1910)
The Uncounted Cost (1910)
Every Man's Desire (1913)
A Wind from the Wilderness (1919)
As the Whirlwind Passeth (1923)
The Forbidden Town (1926)
Saul's Daughter (1927)
The Lawless Frontier (1929)
Joan of the Pilchard (1930)
Harmony: A Tale of the Old Slave Days of Jamaica (1933)
Worlds Away (1934)

Novellas
Bingley's Gap (1888)
Down in the World (1893)
The Other Man (1894)

Short story collections
The Moving Finger (1895)
The Ends of the Earth : Stories (1915)
The Surrender and Other Happenings (1920)
Life at Deadman's : Stories of Colonial Victoria (2001)

Autobiography
Alone in West Africa (1912)
A Woman in China (1914)
A Broken Journey: Wanderings from the Hoang-Ho to Saghalien (1919)

Non-fiction
Where the Twain Meet (1922) - travel
Peeps at Great Men : George Washington and the Men Who Made the American Revolution (1929) - children's
Reflection in Jamaica (1932) - travel

Notes and references
Sources
E  Archer, 'Gaunt, Mary Eliza Bakewell (1861 - 1942)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 8, MUP, 1981, pp 632–633  Retrieved 30 October 2008
Serle, Percival (1949)  "Gaunt, Mary"  Dictionary of Australian Biography  Sydney: Angus & Robertson  Retrieved 30 October 2008 
Auslit Gaunt, Mary  (birth name: Gaunt, Mary Eliza Bakewell ) (a k a  Miller, Mary )

External links

Works by Mary Gaunt at Project Gutenberg
Works by Mary Gaunt at Project Gutenberg Australia
Works by or about Mary Gaunt at Internet Archive
Passage 13:
Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades
Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades, also referred to as PSAT, is a government institution of technical vocational education and training higher learning located in Alvear Street, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines  PSAT is duly registered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority  All PSAT programs are accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) 
History: 
Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades (PSAT) is an outgrowth of the intermediate school organized by American Roy E  Blackman in 1904   It served as a normal training department for teachers who intended to teach shopwork in the different municipalities of Pangasinan   Through the late Provincial Governor, Hon  Isabelo Artacho, the Pangasinan Trade School building was constructed in its present site in 1907 
Mr  Jorge Garcia was the first Filipino principal and was succeeded by Martin Mendoza   It was during the incumbency of Mr  Mendoza in 1923 that the first year high school level of the trade school was introduced 
In 1920 the first batch of students of the four-year trade curriculum graduated   The shop courses offered then were Woodworking, Building Construction and Automotive 
In 1929 – 1930, the Pangasinan Vocational High School emerged as an offshoot of the merger of Home Economics Education, Normal Training Department and Trade Courses Program 
In 1935 – 1936, the Pangasinan High School and the Pangasinan Vocational High School were fused into one high school known as the Pangasinan Secondary School 
In 1939 – 1940, the Pangasinan Vocational High School became known as Pangasinan Trade School, an entirely separate entity from the Pangasinan High School of which it has earlier been a part 
On August 15, 1945, the Pangasinan Trade School was temporarily opened at Dagupan City due to the construction of the buildings in Lingayen 
On March 14, 1953, by virtue of Republic Act 704, the Pangasinan Trade School was converted into a National School of Arts and Trades and named as Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades (PSAT) whose curricular offerings were expanded to include Master of Arts in Vocational Technical Education, major in Practical Arts   This gave PSAT the distinction of being the only vocational school offering graduate studies, in Region I 
In 1987, the offering of post-secondary technical-vocational education was retrieved from the Pangasinan State University which brought with it all post-secondary courses upon its conversion as a state university in 1978 and only the secondary courses were left with PSAT 
In 1990, PSAT  was elevated as a Higher Technical Education institution by virtue of Republic Act 7078 
In 1995, PSAT was transferred t the administrative supervision of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) by virtue o Republic Act 7845  It was, however, only in 1997 that PSAT became a full-fledged CSI (CHED-Supervised Institution) 
On April 25, 2000, by virtue of CHED-TESDA Memorandum of Agreement, PSAT was transferred to the administrative supervision of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) 
On May 10, 2000 the Joint CHED-TESDA Memorandum Circular  No  1, s  2000, the Implementing Guidelines on the Transfer of CHED-Supervised Institutions (CSIs) to Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) was issued  Dr  Geronimo S  dela Cruz, Sr  was the first Vocational School Superintendent of PSAT under TESDA supervision 
On April 1, 2001, Dr  Lina C  Alcantara took over as the Officer-In-Charge   It was during her term when eleven (11) of the school offerings were registered under UTPRAS   Three courses (Garments, Computer Technician and Hotel and Restaurant Technology) were registered WTR and seven (7) courses were registered NTR 
On August 3, 2005, Manuel A  Jaramilla, Ph  D  assumed the position of Officer-In-Charge   It was during his term when Short-term courses were first offered which eventually boomed    It was also during his term when 16 courses were registered under WTR status in June, 2007   Technology Trainers were also granted Trainers’ Qualification I (TQ I) in support of the Competency Based Training Delivery 
On June 1, 2008, Clemencia T  Ibarra, CSEE and Civil Service Commission Local Scholarship Program – Masteral Degree Program and University of the Philippines Scholarship recipient assumed her post as Vocational School Superintendent I 
Her leadership and administration shall anchor in the full implementation of Competency Based Training Delivery, registration of short-term courses under WTR Status, institutional application and accreditation by Asia Pacific Accreditation and Certification Commission (APACC), improvement of school facilities, Instructional and Administrative Staff Development and Welfare Benefit Program, efficiency and transparency on school’s communication, financial, administrative, and supplies management, systems and processes, and institutionalization of income generating project 

Program Offerings
Junior & Senior High School
Automotive Servicing NC II
Bread and Pastry Production NC II
Commercial Cooking NC II
Computer Hardware Servicing NC II
Consumer Electronics Servicing NC II
Dressmaking NC II
Electrical Installation and Maintenance NC II
Food and Beverage Services NC II
Front Office Services NC II
Hairdressing NC II
Housekeeping NC II
Shielded Metal Arc Welding NC II
Trainer's Methodology Level I

External links
TESDA Accredited Assessment Centers – Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades
Passage 14:
Arthur Kroker
Arthur Kroker (born 1945) is a Canadian author, editor, educator and researcher of political science, technology and culture 

Life and career
He earned a PhD in political science from McMaster University in 1975  In addition to being a professor of political science at the University of Victoria, Kroker serves as director of the Pacific Centre for Technology and Culture (PACTAC), located at the university  Kroker was appointed to the Canada Research Chair in technology, culture and theory in 2003  He is the editor for the online academic journal CTheory, an international journal of theory, technology and culture 
Kroker has been an outspoken critic of the transformation of the early internet into a consumer-driven system ("virtual class")  Austrian magazine Monochrom interviewed him about his political motivations in 1996 He was married to Marilouise Kroker from 1971 until her death in 2018 

Bibliography
Books
Technology and the Canadian Mind: Innis, McLuhan, Grant (1984)
The Postmodern Scene: Excremental Culture and Hyper-Aesthetics (1987) (with David Cook)
Panic Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Postmodern Scene (1989) (with David Cook and Marilouise Kroker)
The Possessed Individual: Technology and the French Postmodern (1992)
SPASM: Virtual Reality, Android Music, and Electric Flesh (1993)
Data Trash: Theory of the Virtual Class (1994) (with Michael A  Weinstein)
Hacking the Future (1996) (with Marilouise Kroker)
The Will to Technology and the Culture of Nihilism: Heidegger, Nietzsche and Marx (2004)
Body Drift: Butler, Hayles, Haraway (2012)
Exits to the Posthuman Future (2014)
Technologies of the New Real: Viral Contagion and Death of the Social (2021) (with Marilouise Kroker)

As editor
Body Invaders: Panic Sex in America (1987) (with Marilouise Kroker)
The Hysterical Male: New Feminist Theory (1991) (with Marilouise Kroker)
The Last Sex: Feminism and Outlaw Bodies (1993) (with Marilouise Kroker)
Digital Delirium (1997) (with Marilouise Kroker)
Life in the Wires: The CTheory Reader (2004) (with Marilouise Kroker)
Critical Digital Studies: A Reader (2008) (with Marilouise Kroker)
Passage 15:
Poptropica
Poptropica is an online role-playing game, developed in 2007 by Pearson Education's Family Education Network, and targeted towards children aged 6 to 15  Poptropica was primarily the creation of Jeff Kinney, the author of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series  As of 2015, he remains at the company as the Creative Director  The game primarily focuses on problem-solving through game quest scenarios, called "islands"  Islands all center on a problem that the player must resolve by going through multiple obstacles, collecting and using items, talking to various characters, and completing goals  All islands, upon completion, award "credits," which are non-negotiable currency that may be used to buy costumes and special effects in the Poptropica store 
In 2011, Poptropica was listed on Time magazine's list of "50 Websites that Make the Web Great", where it was described as "an inventive megasite for kids with a wholesome and slightly educational bent"  By 2012, the game had grown to have over 75 million registered users, with 35 million in the 15-25 age group  Versions of the game have been released on Nintendo DS and 3DS, iOS, and Android mobile devices  In May 2015, it was announced that Family Education Network was sold by Pearson to the interactive-education venture capitalist Sandbox Networks, and that Poptropica had "over 3 2 million monthly unique users in 200 countries and territories" In 2015, Poptropica was sold to educational-technology investment group, Sandbox Partners In 2020, because of the discontinuation of Adobe Flash, Poptropica began porting their old islands that were built on Adobe Flash over to an HTML5 format  As a result of Poptropica's utilization of varying Flash engines, a number of islands were unable to be ported immediately, and were effectively removed from the game  Fan archivists later made 35 islands available once again via the Basilisk browser within the Flashpoint program In April 2022, Poptropica announced that some of the old islands would return as part of a bundle on Steam  Though delayed by a day, the game was eventually released on May 26, 2022, and includes seventeen islands and Poptropica Realms 

Gameplay
When it first launched in 2007, Poptropica only had one island, titled Early Poptropica Island  By 2017, it had 58 islands to be explored, all with a different theme: examples include Back Lot Island, where the player helps produce a movie, and Super Power Island, where their goal is to defeat six super villains  Each island had its own quest, for which a player could receive an island medallion as well as 150 credits to spend in the in-game Poptropica Store  Starting July 6, 2011, Poptropica allowed players to replay islands without creating a new account, while still keeping track of all the Medallions the player had earned 

Advertisements
In addition to the available island quests, advertisers contract for temporary mini-games that appear on the site, sometimes targeted to players of a certain age group or gender  Regular advertisers have included Disney, Kellogg's Froot Loops, Lego toys, and various animated movies and DVD releases  Advertisement mini-games normally appear only during a two-week period  If the player completes an advertisement mini-game, they receive a temporary prize, usually related to the media being advertised 
A few Poptropica islands are themed after certain book series: these include Big Nate, Timmy Failure, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, and Magic Tree House  These islands are permanent, and can be played at any time  In 2015, a total of seven of these islands became members-only 

Mini-games
Poptropica features different mini-games that users can play with other people  These include Switch, Sudoku, Hoops, Sky Dive, Paint War, Star Link, Balloons, Soupwords and Pathwise  The game keeps track of how many times the player wins or loses a certain mini-game 

Spin-offs
Poptropica Adventures
In 2012, in partnership with Ubisoft, Poptropica released a video game for the Nintendo DS, titled Poptropica Adventures 

Poptropica: Forgotten Islands
On September 5, 2013, Poptropica launched Poptropica: Forgotten Islands, an iOS game, which allows players to meet new characters and discover story elements about Poptropica by finding artifacts littered throughout the game  It was also released on the Nintendo 3DS system through Ubisoft in 2014  It has been replaced on iOS and Android with a mobile version of the desktop Poptropica game 

Poptropica Worlds
On January 11, 2017, Poptropica announced via their blog that they were introducing another game called Poptropica Worlds, developed in Unity  It was released in spring 2017  Poptropica Worlds has new features, such as redesigned characters, customizable homes, and new islands  Returning players are able to port over their avatar's look and name to Poptropica Worlds  Poptropica Worlds can be played on both the web and mobile  If membership was bought for Poptropica, it carries over to Poptropica Worlds, and vice versa 



ground_truth: Colin Firth

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the death penalty abolished in the country near the country where the writer of The Book Thief is a citizen of?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Château de Chalmazel
The Château de Chalmazel, or Château des Talaru is a castle situated in the commune of Chalmazel, in the Loire département of France  It is located in the Haut-Forez, between the  towns of Saint-Étienne and Thiers  Its name in medieval times was Saint-Jehan-des-Neiges  The castle dominates the valley of the Lignon and it was built to be an impregnable fortress on the instructions of the Count of Forez 

History
Construction of the fortress began in 1231  The work was carried out by seigneur (Lord) Arnaud de Marcilly to the order of Guy IV du Forez who financed it  The site was covered by forest and almost inaccessible  Initially, it functioned rather as a fortified house, but it was transformed into a genuine medieval fortress, intended to counteract the ambitions of the powerful neighbours of the seigneurie of Couzan, then in the hands of the Damas family, linked to the Germanic emperor 
The castle appeared gloomy and severe, with four round towers dominated by a square keep, with no openings on the sides 
When Antoine de Marcilly died aged 25 with no direct heirs in 1371, the castle passed to his sister Béatrix, last of the Marcilly line  She had married Mathieu de Talaru in 1364; thus the seigneurie of Chalmazel passed to the Talarus, an old noble family from the Lyonnais 
Following the destruction of the Château de Marcilly, the Talarus withdrew to the castle at Chamazel and, in 1400, they built the ramparts, in the form of a pentagonal enceinte and added machicolations to the keep  After the incorporation of Forez into the Kingdom of France, the Talarus served the king in his armies 
During the Renaissance, the Marquis de Talaru, returning from the Italian Wars, added Renaissance style embellishments: openwork facade, galleries to the inner court, painting in the chapel, sculptures 
But the winters were harsh, and from 1533, the Talarus preferred to live in their Château d'Écotay or in Saint-Marcel-de-Félines, acquired by marriage in 1559  Chalmazel was transformed into a summer residence and began to be neglected 
In the 18th century, the Talarus inherited by marriage the Château de Chamarande, near Arpajon, to the south of Paris, and they moved there to be closer to Versailles where Louis de Talaru held important posts in the royal court and the army  They abandoned the castle in 1650, carrying out only the most urgent work  The castle began a slow but sure deterioration 
In 1850, Louis-Justin, last Marquis of Talaru, 25th lord of Chalmazel, peer of France and ambassador, with no heirs, left the castle and the forest to the nuns of the Sœurs de Saint-Joseph, in order to establish a hospital for the canton for the care of the sick 
The nuns carried out some repair work (roof, round walk, rebuilding a tower) and decoration  Later, they transformed it into a boarding school for children from the school at Chamazel The nuns finally left the castle in 1972 and rented it to the commune, on the condition that it was maintained and opened to the public during the summer months 
The castle is now owned by new proprietors who intend to open it to visitors and to create chambres d'hôtes (bed and breakfast accommodation) 

Tourism
The castle, with its medieval aspect, has kept the elements of a fortified house from the year 1231, but with all of the later modifications and additions by the Talarus over the centuries: murder-holes, walls, keep, round walk with machicolations - but it also has Renaissance elements: the facade, the inner courtyard, galleries and chapel 
The castle is open to visitors from June to September  It is possible to rent rooms and a suite 
The Château de Chalmazel is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture 

See also
List of castles in France
Passage 2:
Spirit If   
Spirit If    is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew  It was released on September 18, 2007  The album is the first in a series entitled Broken Social Scene Presents:, with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members  Brendan Canning's album Something for All of Us, the second in the series, was released in 2008 
Spirit If    was recorded with Ohad Benchetrit and Charles Spearin of Do Make Say Think and Broken Social Scene  The track listing, album cover, as well as an mp3 download for the song "Tbtf" (an initialism for "Too Beautiful to Fuck") were released on June 19, 2007  Spirit If    reached #113 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers chart  "Backed Out on the   " was listed at #33 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and 99th on Pitchfork Media's list 

Track listing
"Farewell to the Pressure Kids" – 5:49
"Tbtf" – 3:51
"Fucked Up Kid" – 5:09
"Safety Bricks" – 4:27
"Lucky Ones" – 6:44
"Broke Me Up" – 4:24
"Gang Bang Suicide" – 6:22
"Frightening Lives" – 6:12
"Underneath the Skin" – 0:46
"Big Love" – 3:19
"Backed Out on the   " – 4:16
"Aging Faces / Losing Places" – 4:31
"Bodhi Sappy Weekend" – 4:29
"When It Begins" – 5:01
"What You Gonna Be" (iTunes bonus track) – 4:05

Sources
http://www arts-crafts ca/releases_spotlight php?search=AC027
https://web archive org/web/20070621183237/http://www pitchforkmedia com/page/news/43720-kevin-drew-bss-series-lp-details-emerge
https://web archive org/web/20070701135609/http://www pitchforkmedia com/page/news/43494-kevin-drew-preps-lp-for-broken-social-scene-series
Passage 3:
Landesmuseum Württemberg
The Landesmuseum Württemberg (Württemberg State Museum) is the main historical museum of the Württemberg part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg  It emerged from the 16th-century “Kunstkammer” (Cabinet of art and curiosities) of the dukes, later kings, of Württemberg who resided in Stuttgart  As a museum it was founded in 1862 by King William I 

Collections in Stuttgart and Waldenbuch
The museum's main location is the Old Castle in Stuttgart  The nearby granary and the cellar of the New Castle also contain parts of the collections as well as Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart 
The collections are grouped into eight divisions:

Schausammlung LegendäreMeisterWerke (Legendary Masterpieces)
archeology: Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, antiquity, Romans in Württemberg, early Middle Ages
history of art and cultural history: Württemberg crown jewels, medieval art, modern glass painting
Schausammlung Wahre Schätze (Real Treasures)
Antikensammlung - Museum of Ancient Art
Kunstkammer - Cabinet of Art and Curiosities
Kelten - Early Celtic Treasures
Glass collection of Ernesto Wolf
antique glass
modern era glass
Clocks and scientific instruments
Kindermuseum Junges Schloss - Museum for Children
Musical instruments (located in the Fruchtkasten (granary))
Roman lapidarium (located in the cellar of Neues Schloss (New Castle))
Folklore (located at the Museum of Everyday Culture in Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart): labor, belief and piety, graphic design, clothing, merchandise, culture of living Apart from these collections the museum regularly features special exhibitions 
The museum presents a whole range of archeological treasures and a notable collection of medieval art  It also includes the inventories of the former army and manufacturing museums  Some of the most valuable possessions of the museum were already acquired by the dukes for their art chamber: two of only four preserved Aztec feather shields from before 1521 and the oldest preserved card game, about 1430, richly decorated and expensive already at the time of production  Exhibits of local origin include a celestial globe of 1493 by Johannes Stöffler, an 11-digit mechanical calculator of 1774 by Philipp Matthäus Hahn (the first to build functional calculators to Gottfried Leibniz' design for all four arithmetic operations), and, probably the museum's most symbolic exhibit despite being similar to other ones: the royal Württemberg crown of 1797 

Further Collections
The museum today has a further seven branches throughout Württemberg referring to special topics:

Schlossmuseum Aulendorf (Aulendorf Castle museum): old toys and art of the classicism period
Schloss Urach (Urach Castle): sleighs of state, 25 specimens, world's biggest collection of this kind
Museum für Kutschen, Chaisen, Karren (museum for carriages, chaises, carts), Hellenstein Castle, Heidenheim
German Playing Card Museum (Deutsches Spielkartenmuseum), Leinfelden-Echterdingen: 15,000 card decks and 500,000 cards from seven centuries  The biggest public collection of playing cards in Europe
Fashion museum, Ludwigsburg Palace
Ceramics museum and Ludwigsburg porcelain, Ludwigsburg Palace
Dominican museum, Rottweil: archeological collection on arae flaviae (Rottweil), oldest town (AD 73)in Baden-Württemberg; medieval religious art collection; contemporary art collection of the Rottweil areaSeveral other former branches now belong to the separate Baden-Württemberg State Archeological Museum (Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg), which has been founded in 1990 due to the ever increasing findings of archeological heritage in the state 

Selected exhibits of Landesmuseum Württemberg
External links
Official web site (Select Language menu at top)
Museum of Everyday Culture (German)
Playing Card Museum (German)
Passage 4:
When Spirits Are Calling My Name
The song "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" (original Swedish title "När vindarna viskar mitt namn", literally translated as "When the Winds Whisper My Name") was performed by Roger Pontare in the 2000 Eurovision Song Contest 2000, in representation of Sweden 

Celebration of indigenous culture
The song extols the traditions of indigenous peoples and their efforts to protect their territories and cultures  For his solo appearance in 2000, Pontare wore a Sami costume associated with the indigenous population of Lapland in  northern Sweden (and also the northern regions of Norway, Finland, and Russia)  On his performance at the Eurovision Song Contest, Pontare was accompanied by a Cree Native American dancer, a Thule Inuit and a Norwegian Sami 

Eurovision Song Contest 2000
Melodifestivalen 2000 was the 40th edition of the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, which was being held in the Ericsson Globe Arena in Stockholm after Charlotte Nilsson's victory the year before with "Take Me to Your Heaven"  Roger Pontare won the right to represent his country after his song "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" was chosen by the Swedish public after earning 227 points in the final voting results at the 40th edition of Melodifestivalen  The song was then performed in English as "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 
The song performed 18th, after Croatia and before Macedonia, and finished in 7th place among 24 other competitors with a total of 88 points 
At the song's climax, flames erupted from two vents at the front of the stage 

Popularity
"När vindarna viskar mitt namn" was also released as a single in 2000, which sold Swedish platina (30 000 copies)  The single peaked at #3 at the Swedish singles chart  On 22 April 2000 the song directly entered Svensktoppen, where it stayed for two rounds  On 6 May 2000 the song was down at the third place after peaking for two weeks  On 5 August 2000 the song was 9th, being at the list for 16th at last time 

Covers by other bands
Swedish bands Ultima Thule and HammerFall later covered "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" 

Track listing
När vindarna viskar mitt namn - 2:58
När vindarna viskar mitt namn (singback) - 2:58
Passage 5:
Bucu
Bucu or Buku is a hill island surrounded by the Trave and Wakenitz Rivers in Lübeck, Germany  It is also the name of a medieval Slavic castle, now ruined, on the island  Count Adolf II of Holstein founded Lübeck on the island in 1143  The Burgkloster, or fortified monastery, of Lübeck is located atop the ruins of Bucu  "Bucu" is also the name of a hill 

History
Fortifications probably existed at Bucu by the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 8th century  When the Christian Obotrite prince Gottschalk was killed at Lenzen in 1066, the pagan Kruto took control of Wagria and made it his base of power  Kruto neglected the developing settlement of Liubice and instead developed Bucu between the Trave and the Wakenitz; Gottschalk's son Henry made Liubice the Obotrite capital after killing Kruto in 1093, however  With the death of Henry in 1127 and the Rani sack of Liubice the following year, Bucu began to assume greater  importance as merchants moved to the fortified hill  Count Adolf II of Holstein founded Lübeck in 1143 near the castle, which offered protection to the new harbour settlement 

Excavation
Bucu was excavated by archaeologists in the 1970s  Recovery excavations at the Kleine Gröpelgrube unearthed a nearby settlement, the suburbium, in 1997  The exposed findings indicate that the region east of the castle was inhabited by Slavs from the 8th or 9th century until the middle of the 12th century 
In a southern section of the current Große Burgstraße, a 3 5 m wide and 2 5 m deep trench protected the settlement  The northern border was presumably north of the current Königstraße  To the west the settlement bordered the castle directly, while to the east it reached the Wakenitz  The settlement area was probably about 6 ha  Discoveries in the interior include mines, mining houses, hearths, and a great number of ceramic objects  The remnants of a potter's workshop were found in the Kleine Gröpelgrube  A Slavic pottery tradition could have existed at the location until the arrival of Saxons in the 12th century  The Kleine Gröpelgrube was first mentioned in 1297 as parva platea lutifigulorum, or the small street of the loam potters 
Passage 6:
Apollo 1 Hills
The Apollo 1 Hills are three hills on Mars named to memorialize the crew of Apollo 1   The three hills were some of the first landmarks sighted following the January 7, 2004, landing of the Spirit rover on Mars 

Background
NASA astronauts Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White perished in a flash fire which engulfed their command module on January 27, 1967, while training for the first of the crewed Apollo missions, initially designated as Apollo Saturn-204 (AS-204)   Their capsule stood atop the Saturn-1B rocket which was at the time docked to the launchpad gantry at Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 34, while they performed an in-capsule training for what was to be a low Earth orbit shake-out mission for the United States' Apollo Space Program   The craft was set to launch three weeks later, on February 21, 1967   Following the fire, the mission was renamed Apollo 1 to honor the crew's work 

Mission Command Pilot Grissom had flown in both Mercury and Gemini programs   Chaffee, at 31, was the youngest member of the astronaut corp ever chosen and was prepping for his first flight   White had been the first American to perform a spacewalk during the Gemini program 

Location
The three vastly separated hills are located in the Gusev crater, part of the Aeolis quadrangle on Mars   They were photographed from Spirit's landing site, designated as the Columbia Memorial Station, shortly after the descent and soft landing on the Martian surface of the rover   The Columbia station and the nearby Columbia Hills are themselves named in honor of the seven crew members of the fatal Columbia spacecraft breakup The hills are named in memory of the three Apollo 1 astronauts   Grissom Hill is located 7 5 km (4 7 mi) southwest of the Columbia Memorial Station (at Martian co-ordinates 14 5718°S 175 4785°E﻿ / -14 5718; 175 4785); while 11 2 km (7 0 mi) to the northwest lies White Hill; and Chaffee Hill is located 14 3 km (8 9 mi) south-southwest of the station   As of January 2020, however, the International Astronomical Union has not officially designated the hills with the names of the astronauts 
"Through recorded history, explorers have had both the honor and responsibility of naming significant landmarks   Gus, Ed and Roger's contributions, as much as their sacrifice, helped make our giant leap for mankind possible     as America strides towards our next giant leap, NASA and the Mars Exploration Rover team created a fitting tribute to these brave explorers and their legacy " – written statement by former NASA Administrator, Sean O'Keefe

Panoramic view
See also
Geography of Mars
Passage 7:
Mother Ann (rock formation)
Mother Ann is a rock formation located near the Eastern Point Lighthouse in Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States   When viewed at the correct angle, the formation appears to be the silhouette of a reclining Puritan woman  It is also believed locally that the formation represents the royal mother of King Charles I, Anne of Denmark, after whom Cape Ann is named The formation may have been named by Captain William Thompson of Salem in 1891, and has since been compared to New Hampshire's Old Man in the Mountain  A nearby whistling buoy is known as "Mother Ann’s Cow" 
The Mother Ann formation inspired several local writers, including Providence author H P  Lovecraft and poet Clarence Manning Falt  Lovecraft may have used the Mother Ann formation as the basis for the setting of his short story "The Strange High House in the Mist" (1926) 

See also
Old Man of the Mountain
Old Man of Hoy
List of rock formations that resemble human beings
Passage 8:
Casa Loma
Casa Loma (improper Spanish for "Hill House") is a Gothic Revival castle-style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark  It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt  The architect was E  J  Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks  Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level, 66 metres (217 ft) above Lake Ontario 
Due to its unique architectural character in Toronto, Casa Loma has been a popular filming location for movies and television  It is also a popular venue for wedding ceremonies, and Casa Loma can be rented in the evenings after the museum closes to the public 

History
In 1903, financier Henry Pellatt purchased 25 lots from developers Kertland and Rolf  Pellatt commissioned architect E  J  Lennox to design Casa Loma, with construction beginning in 1911, starting with the massive stables, potting shed and Hunting Lodge (a k a  coach-house) a few hundred feet north of the main building  The Hunting Lodge is a two-storey 4,380-square-foot (407 m2) house with servants' quarters  As soon as the stable complex was completed, Pellatt sold his summer house in Scarborough (burned down in the 1920s but the Lennox designed groundskeeper's home at 2 Courcelette Road remains) to his son and moved to the Hunting Lodge  The stables were used as a construction site for the mansion (and also served as the quarters for the male servants), with some of the machinery still remaining in the rooms under the stables The house cost about $3 5 million and took 299 workers three years to build  Due to the start of World War I, construction was halted  At 98 rooms covering 64,700 square feet (6,011 m2), it was the largest private residence in Canada  Notable amenities included an elevator, an oven large enough to cook an ox, two vertical passages for pipe organs, a central vacuum, two secret passages in Pellatt's ground-floor office, a pool, and three bowling lanes in the basement (the last two were never completed) 
Most of the third floor was left unfinished, and today serves as the Regimental Museum for The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada  Pellatt joined the Regiment as a Rifleman and rose through the ranks to become the Commanding Officer  He was knighted for his dedication to the Regiment  Pellatt later served as the Honorary Colonel and was promoted to Major-General upon retirement 
During the depression that followed the war, the City of Toronto increased Casa Loma's property taxes from $600 per year to $1,000 a month, and Pellatt, already experiencing financial difficulties, auctioned off $1 5 million in art and $250,000 in furnishings  Pellatt was able to enjoy life in the mansion for less than ten years, leaving in 1923 
In the late 1920s, investors operated Casa Loma for a short time as a luxury hotel  During Prohibition, it became a popular nightspot for wealthy Americans  The Orange Blossoms, later known as Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, played there for eight months in 1927–1928  Shortly thereafter, they went on a tour of North America and became a major swing era dance band 

The city seized Casa Loma in 1924 for unpaid taxes, and for years, the building was left vacant  In the 1930s, CFRB broadcaster Claire Wallace spent a night at Casa Loma to gather material for a story about ghosts and supernatural phenomena, and she later broadcast an appeal to save the building from demolition  Her broadcast was heard by the vice-president of a local Kiwanis Club, and subsequently Casa Loma was leased in 1937 by the Kiwanis Club of West Toronto, later the Kiwanis Club of Casa Loma (KCCL), which began operating the mansion under a sole-source contract as a tourist destination During World War II, the stables were used to conceal research and production of sonar, and for construction of sonar devices (known as ASDIC) for U-boat detection, according to a book about the "castle"  The area was closed, behind an "Under Repairs" sign  The suggestion that the stables were under renovation allowed workers of the secret facility to come and go without suspicion  Casa Loma is often claimed to be the location of Station M that manufactured covert devices for agents, claiming that the book Inside Camp X provides this information  In 2015, however, author Lynn Philip Hodgson rejected this in an interview with the Toronto Star  "Nobody knows where Station M was  You won't read where it was in any book "

KCCL managed Casa Loma for 74 years, until 2011  Its tenure was not without controversy, with Pellatt's great-grandniece Trelawny Howell starting a campaign for an open-tender lease process in 2005, and the organization disputing her relationship with Pellatt in 2010  A 2006 advisory committee led by former MPP Ron Kanter, and its subsequent reports, recommended that the city turn the mansion's management over to a new "Casa Loma Trust"  However, a city manager's report in 2008 recommended extending the city's lease with KCCL for 20 years, and in July 2008, it was renewed Meanwhile, from 1997 until 2012, the mansion underwent a 15-year, $33-million exterior restoration largely funded by the city, which also created a new board of trustees in 2008, including seven KCCL members and seven city appointees  The city's renewed management agreement included a stipulation that KCCL would use the mansion's net revenues to help pay for upgrades; however, the organization used the fund to cover operating shortfalls instead, and there was only $335,000 in the account by 2011, rather than the $1 5-million originally projected  As a result, in 2011, the city temporarily resumed management of Casa Loma and began welcoming bids from the private sector in its search for a new operator In January 2014, the city entered a new long-term lease and operating agreement with Liberty Entertainment Group, led by President and CEO Nick Di Donato, which agreed to spend $7 4 million to continue the mansion's upgrades  The company's plans also included a fine dining facility  The restaurant, Blueblood Steakhouse, opened in summer 2017 Due to COVID-19, tour operations closed as of March 13, 2020 and reopened in September 2020 

Architecture
Sir Henry imported artisans from Europe to design much of the furniture and other features of the mansion  Casa Loma has five acres of gardens  A tunnel connects Casa Loma to the Hunting Lodge and to the stables (garage, potting shed, stalls, carriage room and tack rooms) 

Oak Room
The Oak Room (originally called the Napoleon Drawing Room) is the most decorated room in the house, and was used for formal occasions  It is encased in wood panels in the style of Grinling Gibbons, which took three artisans three years to carve  The highly ornamented plaster ceiling was made by Italian craftsmen, and was enhanced by the use of indirect lighting in the ceiling  Among other fixtures, the room featured a 10 feet (3 0 m) high Louis XVI style faux-gilt carved light standard with 24 bulbs 

Other rooms
Other rooms in Casa Loma include The Conservatory, a room that showcases plant life  The Conservatory also includes a fountain at one end of the room  The Round Room is designed to fit beneath the mansion's tower; this room is notable for its doors and windows, which curve to follow the shape of the room 

Main floor
Second floor
Third floor
Basement
Stables
Exterior
Gardens
Parking lots

Exhibits
Girl Guide exhibit
The Girl Guide Exhibit was opened on the second floor of Casa Loma in 1973  The relationship between the Girl Guides and Casa Loma extends back to Lady Pellatt, who frequently invited the Girl Guides to her home  Their first visit was in 1913, when 250 girls and their leaders toured the conservatories and stables, climbed the circular staircase to the top turret and then were served tea in the Palm Room  In March 1914, Lady Pellatt watched the Guides' annual fête from her bedroom window as she was too ill to leave her room  Rallies became an annual event at the house  Guides also skated on the house's curling rink in winter  Girl Guiding events have continued in recent years, including the 75th anniversary and the 100th anniversary celebrations of Guiding in Canada were held at Casa Loma 

Vintage car exhibition
As of 2014, the garage and carriage room feature an exhibition of vintage cars from the early 1900s 

Location
Casa Loma is located on Austin Terrace at Spadina Road, on an escarpment (Davenport Hill) above Davenport Road  Davenport runs along the bottom of the escarpment, which was the shoreline of Lake Iroquois, the predecessor of Lake Ontario (coordinates 43 678°N 79 4093°W﻿ / 43 678; -79 4093)  Casa Loma affords views down the escarpment and Spadina Avenue into the heart of Toronto  The stables are located at 330 Walmer Road and the Hunting Lodge at 328 Walmer Road 
Casa Loma is served by St  Clair West Station and Dupont Station on the Yonge-University line of the Toronto subway 

Film location
Casa Loma is a popular location for use in film and television  It has served as a location for movies such as X-Men, Strange Brew, Chicago, The Tuxedo, Scott Pilgrim vs  the World, Warehouse 13, Crimson Peak, Twitches, Twitches Too, The Pacifier, and Titans where it stands in for Wayne Manor  Comic books and children's novels that have used it include the Scott Pilgrim series and Eric Wilson's murder mystery The Lost Treasure of Casa Loma  It was also temporarily transformed into Hogwarts for the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows as well as The Beast's Castle for Disney's 2017 live action Beauty and The Beast remake of the 1991 animated film  In the CBC Television show Being Erica, the episode "Mi Casa, Su Casa Loma" features Casa Loma prominently as the place where main character Erica Strange works It also served in the film adaptation of R  L  Stine's Goosebumps series A Night In Terror Tower  Casa Loma also features prominently in the biography-documentary of Sir Henry Pellatt, The Pellatt Newsreel: the Man who Built Casa Loma, which was nominated for a 2009 Gemini for Best Biography Documentary  TV show Hemlock Grove was also filmed there as well as The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and related Shadowhunters
Exterior shots of the building were used in the Gothic TV show Strange Paradise It is also the filming location of the 2016 TV film The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again, where scenes at Dr  Frank N  Furter's castle and the movie theatre where the audience participated were filmed  Ivy Levan's performance of the song "Science Fiction Double Feature" was filmed at Casa Loma (a movie theatre marquee was placed at the front entrance of the castle for filming) In 2018, Casa Loma served as a filming location for the 2019 American black comedy thriller Ready or Not In 2022, Casa Loma was the filming location of the music video for Wait for U by Future and Drake 

See also
Mary Lake Augustinian Monastery
List of museums in Toronto

Further reading
Denison, John (1982)  Casa Loma and the Man Who Built It  Boston Mills Press  ISBN 978-0919822481 
Oreskovich, Carlie (1982)  Sir Henry Pellatt, the King of Casa Loma  MaGraw-Hill Ryerson  ISBN 978-0075484561 
Passage 9:
Castle on the Hill
"Castle on the Hill" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran  It was released on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album ÷ (2017), along with "Shape of You"  "Castle on the Hill" was written and produced by Ed Sheeran and Benny Blanco  The song refers to Framlingham Castle in Sheeran's home town of Framlingham in Suffolk, and reminisces tales of his upbringing in the town  The BBC states, "the song has been described as a love letter to Suffolk "Released on the same day as "Shape of You", "Castle on the Hill" reached number one in Iceland, Scotland and 
Israel  The song also reached  number two in a number of countries, including the UK, Australia and Germany, while "Shape of You" debuted at number one  It was the first time in the history of the UK, Australian and German charts that an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new songs  The song debuted at number six in the US, while "Shape of You" entered at number one; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10  "Castle" is certified nine-times platinum in Australia, Diamond in Canada and 6-times platinum the UK, and multiplatinum in numerous other countries 

Background
The theme of the song surrounds Sheeran's home town of Framlingham, and he reminisces tales of 'smoking hand-rolled cigarettes' and getting 'drunk [with] friends' at this place, living life as a teenager  The castle mentioned in the song is Framlingham Castle, and in January 2017, Sheeran was invited to perform at the Castle The song was written and recorded in 2015  Sheeran revealed that despite a similarity to the music of U2, the direct influence of the song came from "Fallen Empires" by Snow Patrol, a band he had toured with  He said: "I grew up on Snow Patrol, I didn't grow up on U2, but I know that Snow Patrol grew up on U2, so I know [where] that influence had come [from] "  He also said he wanted to make a song like "The River" by Bruce Springsteen, a song with similar reflective element 

Critical reception
Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said, "'Castle on the Hill' has U2 influenced nervous guitar builds and wistful, largely generic lyrics about the people who shaped him " Billboard's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying, "'Castle on the Hill' has a Train like vibe with a fast-paced, yet powerful melody that builds to an epic chorus that's just as Sheeran as all of his past singles  Needless to say, Sheeran is telling the world he's back in compelling fashion " Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review, stating that the song "sort of sounds like late period Coldplay, big, broad stroke music for arenas and Wembley performances  There's a lyric about driving down a country road while listening to Elton John's hook-free 'Tiny Dancer,' because Ed Sheeran saw Almost Famous once " Adam Starkey from news website Metro states that it "'has echoes of Mumford & Sons with the kind of climbing drums and soaring chorus sure to win over festival crowds, recalling how far he's come from 'smoking hand-rolled cigarettes' and 'running from the law in the backfields' "

Chart performance
"Castle on the Hill" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January, selling 193,000 combined units in its first week  Sheeran also debuted at number one with "Shape of You", making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions in the same week



ground_truth: 1989

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The author of Elizabeth and After attended which university?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The song was certified silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units  The song remained at number two in its second week, selling 100,000 units  The song spent a further three weeks at number two, and spent fourteen weeks in the top ten altogether  As of September 2017, the song has sold 1 7 million combined units in the UK, 479,000 of these are actual sales, with 119 million streams  On the Scottish Singles Chart, "Castle on the Hill" debuted at number one, ahead of "Shape of You" The song debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, selling 171,000 downloads and gaining 13 million streams in its debut week in the US  Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 in the same week in the history of the Hot 100, with "Shape of You" also debuting at number one  As of September 2017, "Castle on the Hill" has sold 821,000 downloads in the US 

Music video
"Castle on the Hill" was accompanied by a lyric video on 5 January 2017 with "Shape of You" upon its release  By March 2018, it had amassed over 300 million views on YouTube The official music video for the song was released on 23 January 2017  It was directed by George Belfield and produced by Tom Gardner, and it features a group of adolescents living their youth with parallels being made to Sheeran's own youth  The video was filmed throughout Suffolk with locations including Framlingham, Boyton marshes, Mildenhall Stadium and Felixstowe  The final shot shows Framlingham Castle  Ed Sheeran stated on The Graham Norton Show that the young man playing him in the video went to the same school as Sheeran, Thomas Mills High School 

In popular culture
The song was used in trailers and several TV spots for the 2017 animated film Ferdinand The song is also used in the first trailer and a few TV spots for the 2019 animated film How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World 

Formats and track listings
Digital download"Castle on the Hill" – 4:21Digital download – Acoustic"Castle on the Hill" (Acoustic) – 3:46Digital download – Live at the BRITs"Castle on the Hill" (Live at the BRITs) – 1:47German CD single"Castle on the Hill" – 4:21
"Castle on the Hill" (Acoustic) – 3:46Digital download – Seeb remix"Castle on the Hill" (Seeb remix) – 3:51Digital download – Throttle remix"Castle on the Hill" (Throttle remix) – 3:40Digital download – NWYR remix"Castle on the Hill" (NWYR remix) – 3:33

Charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Lists of Scottish number-one singles of 2017
Passage 10:
Katzenstein Castle
Katzenstein Castle is one of the oldest remaining Hohenstaufen castles in Germany  It is located in a borough that shares its name with the castle in the Dischingen municipality of the Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg  The castle is open to visitors and contains several dining rooms as well as hotel rooms 

Location
This hill castle is located in the valley of a tributary of the Egau river on the Härtsfeld in Heidenheim district near an old Roman road running from Faimingen in Lauingen to Bopfingen known as the Frankensträßle (English: Frankish avenue)  Burg Katzenstein is located 538 metres (1,765 ft) above sea level 

History
In 1099, the Lords von Cassenstein were first mentioned   The family was a ministerial or unfree knightly family in the service of the Graf (or Count) von Dillingen  In 1262, Edlen von Hürnheim was listed as the owner of the castle von Katzenstein when it was sold by Hermann von Hürnheim-Katzenstein 
Ownership changed again in 1354 when the Graf von Oettingen acquired the castle   He quickly pawned the castle on the Graf von Helfenstein, who gave the castle to Berthold von Westerstetten in 1382   In 1572, the Katzenstein line wiped out the Westerstetten line   The inheritance of the Westerstetten family was sold again to the von Oettingen family 
The castle was burned to the ground by French soldiers in 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War  The castle was rebuilt in 1669 
Burg Katzenstein went to the Oettingen-Wallenstein line in 1798  Later, in 1810, the castle was taken over by the state of Württemberg and placed under the district of Neresheim 
Since 1939, the castle has been privately owned 

Sights
In 1973, the St Laurentius chapel was opened and cleaning began   Under the dirt and partially completed Baroque paintings, impressive Mediaeval paintings were discovered  The fresco paintings date from 1250 to 1280 and show the transition from Romanesque art to early Gothic art 

See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg
Passage 11:
Gowran Castle
Gowran Castle is located in the centre of Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland  The castle is a manor house and was fully restored between 2013 and 2014 

Early years
The first Gowran Castle was built in 1385 by James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, close to the centre of the town of Gowran, Co  Kilkenny, Ireland  He made it his usual residence  James was called the Earl of Gowran  In 1391 he bought Kilkenny Castle and a large part of Co  Kilkenny  James died in Gowran Castle in 1405 and is buried in St  Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran together with his father James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond  His grandfather James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond and his great-great-grandfather Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick and 6th Chief Butler of Ireland  James the 2nd Earl was usually called The Noble Earl, being a great-grandson, through his mother, of King Edward I of England 
Gowran had been a settled place and a place of importance long before the arrival of the Normans in Ireland in 1169 A D  Kings of Ossory were often referred to as kings of Gowran  The Mac Giolla Padraig (Modern day family name Fitzpatrick), Chief Rulers of Ossory, had a residence in Gowran  O’Donnchadha (Dunphy) was the chief of Gowran and most of the area around it  Local place names like Rathvaun, Rathcash, Rathcusack, and Rathgarvan, signified the presence of raths where people lived, farmed and foraged for a livelihood  Raths were also burial places  Larger sites were called Duns  The village of Dungarvan (Co  Kilkenny) also in the parish of Gowran is another example of such a settlement  The presence of the 3rd/4th Century Christianised Ogham stone on display in the historic St  Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran would also indicate a place of residence and worship dating back 2000 years 
There are other ancient sites close to Gowran  For example, nearby Tullaherin Church, graveyard and Round Tower dating to the 6th Century  Freestone Hill situated 4 km from Gowran was a Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement where Roman coins and other artefacts were found during archaeological surveys in 1948 and 1951 

Butler of Ormond Influence
The Butlers were in possession of the lands in the Gowran area for almost 500 years  Following the Norman Invasion of Ireland in 1169 a grant of 44,000 acres, the Manor of Gowran was made to Theobald Fitzwalter (Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler) 1st Chief Butler of Ireland 

Other Gowran Butler Castles
In addition to building Gowran Castle, the Butlers built other castles in the area such as Ballysean Castle (Sometimes spelt Ballyshawnmore, Ballysheanmor, Ballyshanemore) near the centre of Gowran, Neigham Castle 4 km from Gowran and Paulstown Castle situated between Gowran and Paulstown 3 km from Gowran 

Agar Family
Following the Cromwellian invasion in Ireland in 1650, Gowran was besieged by Oliver Cromwell  Gowran Castle was attacked and badly damaged  For the following 300 years, the Agar family were a major influence in the Gowran area  Several generations of the Agars occupied Gowran Castle and like the Butlers before them, many of them are buried in St  Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran 

Time Line
489 AD - Kings of Ossory referred to as kings of Gowran had a residence in the area
754 - Battle of Bealach Gabhrán (Old name for Gowran)
938 - Gowran and the area around it was part of the ancient cantreds of Oskelan and Ogenty which formed part of the lands of Ossory  The Gowran area was occupied by the  O Dunphy clans  The Mac Giolla Padraig were the chief rulers of Ossory at the time 
1169 - After the Norman invasion the Manor of Gowran was 44 000 acres
1385 - James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond  builds a castle close to the town wall and makes it his usual residence 
1391 - James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond  bought Kilkenny Castle  and a large part of Kilkenny
1501 - Margaret FitzGerald, Countess of Ormond rebuilt Gowran Castle  She also decorated St  Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran 
1650 - Oliver Cromwell and his army attacks the Castle and badly damages it 
1710 - Lewis Chaigneau, a Dublin merchant owner of Gowran Castle has Gowran and Castle grounds surveyed  In the survey map produced, the castle and the walled town of Gowran are shown
1713 - Henry Agar builds a new castle close to the Butler Castle using materials from the former Castle 
1747 - Following the death of Henry Agar in 1746 his wife Ann offered for sale stock of Henry Agar decd, sheep, cattle horses, at Castle  Also, colts & fillies got on mares by horses from England  Henry inherited the Gowran Castle estate from his father James Agar in 1733  As a result of his marriage, he acquired an interest in the Ellis family's Dublin property on the R  Liffey between Arran Quay and Phoenix Park; this property later passed into the Agar family  He died on 18 November 1746  His widow married 2nd, 20 January 1753, George Dunbar of Co  Fermanagh, and died on 14 April 1765; she was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, on 17 April 1765  Administration of her effects was granted by the Prerogative Court of Armagh to her second husband, on 11 September 1765 
1700s - By the end of the 1700s, many of the aristocracy had moved away from Ireland and lived in England following the 1798 rebellion 
1816–1819 - Henry Agar 2nd Viscount Clifden rebuilt the Castle (current building) to the designs of William Robertson 
1839 - The first Ordnance Survey of Ireland maps show the Gowran Castle Demesne containing 846 Acres, 2 Rood, 10 Perches of land 
1840 - Gowran Castle Cricket Club grounds were laid out sometime after 1840 by Lord Clifden  The first recorded cricket match was played there in 1842 
1876 - Henry George Agar -  Ellis, 4th Viscount Clifden, (Henry George was son of Henry Agar-Ellis, 3rd Viscount Clifden and great-grandson of Henry Wellbore Agar  - Ellis 2nd Viscount Clifden) Gowran Castle, is listed in Griffiths Valuation as owning 35,288 acres of land 
1900 - Ordnance Survey, showing the Gowran Castle and demesne lands of c 1000 acres, additional lands being added to the estate since the 1839 ordnance surveys 
1953 - On 19 February 1953 Thomas Derrig minister for lands was asked a question in Dail Eireann by Mr Crotty regarding the propriety of the Land Commission acquiring the Annaly Estate Gowran Co  Kilkenny for division  In his reply, the minister said that proceedings were in progress for the acquisition of 774 acres of the estate 
1957 - Gowran Castle and c 68 acres of land sold to James and Mary Moran by the Land Commission on 14 May 1957  The Moran family resided in the castle until it was sold in 1998 
1998 - Castle and c 65 acres offered for sale on 27 May at public auction  Tarajan Ltd , a company registered in the Isle of Man owned by a Northern Ireland developer Alastair Jackson purchased the property from Kevin Fennelly and Caitriona Fennelly (Nee Moran)  Following the sale of the property, applications were made by Tarajan to Kilkenny Co  Council to build houses on the estate 
1999 - Planning permission was refused by Kilkenny Co  Council for a housing development consisting of 156 dwellings on the site 
2004 - Planning permission was refused for a development which included the change of use of the Castle to a hotel, building 126 residential units, 23 holiday units and other developments 
2009 - The castle lay unoccupied and unprotected for the previous eleven years and was falling into dereliction  Concerns were expressed by the Gowran Development Association to the Kilkenny Co  Council and local elected representatives about the rapid deterioration of the Castle and its state of dereliction  At a public meeting in Gowran to discuss the Local Area Plan for Gowran, further concerns were expressed  Following the meeting, a Draft Local Area plan for Gowran was drawn up by Kilkenny  Co  Council 
2010 - There was a fire in the castle on 16 May 2010  Fortunately, the fire services were quickly alerted  Following their prompt arrival on the scene, the fire was brought quickly under control  Although considerable damage was caused by the fire, the castle was saved from total destruction On 20 December 2010 the Local Area Plan for Gowran, was approved by the Kilkenny  Co  Council  The plan was drawn up in consultation with local residents of Gowran  The Castle and area surrounding it was designated "Tourism and Amenity"   The area surrounding the castle is also an archaeologically sensitive area 2011 - Following the collapse of the Irish economy in 2008, the Castle portfolio was taken over by NAMA 
2012 - NAMA appointed Lisney as receivers to the  Castle Property Portfolio  The Castle Portfolio was offered for sale after the appointment of Sherry Fitzgerald auctioneers  Kilkenny partners were Mc Creery Auctioneers 
2013 - Castle sold  Restoration work begins on the castle

See also
St  Mary's Collegiate Church GowranThe History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Ossory  Vol 3  Rev  Canon William Carrigan 1905
Life Through our Viewfinder  Published by Dalton House Gowran 2009
Passage 12:
788 Hohensteina
788 Hohensteina is a main-belt asteroid discovered on 4 April 1914 by Franz Kaiser at Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory  Named for castle Hohenstein located in the Taunus mountains 
Passage 13:
Let Your Spirit Fly
"Let Your Spirit Fly" is a song performed by Jan Johansen and Pernilla Wahlgren in Sweden's preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest, Melodifestivalen 2003  The song finished in second place 
The song was later covered by Ragni Malmsten and Philipp Kirkorov 

Charts
Passage 14:
Czocha Castle
Czocha Castle (pronounced Cho-ha [ˈt͡ʂɔxa], German: Tzschocha, Latin: Caychow) is a defensive castle in the village of Sucha (Gmina Lesna), Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland  The castle is located on the Lake Leśnia, near the Kwisa river, in what is now the Polish part of Upper Lusatia  Czocha castle was built on gneiss rock, and its oldest part is the keep, to which housing structures were later added 

History
Czocha Castle began as a stronghold, on the Bohemian-Lusatian border  Its construction was ordered by Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, in the middle of the 13th century (1241–1247)  In 1253 castle was handed over to Konrad von Wallhausen, Bishop of Meissen  In 1319 the complex became part of the dukedom of Henry I of Jawor, and after his death, it was taken over by another Silesian prince, Bolko II the Small, and his wife Agnes (see Duchy of Silesia)  Origin of the stone castle dates back to 1329 
In the mid-14th century, Czocha Castle was annexed by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia  Then, between 1389 and 1453, it belonged to the noble families of von Dohn and von Kluks  Reinforced, the complex was besieged by the Hussites in the early 15th century, who captured it in 1427, and remained in the castle for unknown time (see Hussite Wars)  In 1453, the castle was purchased by the family of von Nostitz, who owned it for 250 years, making several changes through remodelling projects in 1525 and 1611  Czocha's walls were strengthened and reinforced, which thwarted a Swedish siege of the complex during the Thirty Years War  In 1703, the castle was purchased by Jan Hartwig von Uechtritz, influential courtier of Augustus II the Strong  On August 17, 1793, the whole complex burned in a fire  
In 1909, Czocha was bought by a cigar manufacturer from Dresden, Ernst Gutschow, who ordered major remodelling, carried out by Berlin architect Bodo Ebhardt, based on a 1703 painting of the castle  Gutschow, who was close to the Russian Imperial Court and hosted several White emigres in Czocha, lived in the castle until March 1945  Upon leaving, he packed up the most valuable possessions and moved them out 
After World War II, the castle was ransacked several times, both by soldiers of the Red Army, and Polish thieves, who came to the so-called Recovered Territories from central and eastern part of the country  Pieces of furniture and other goods were stolen, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the castle was home to refugees from Greece (see Greek Civil War)  In 1952, Czocha was taken over by the Polish Army  Used as a military vacation resort, it was erased from official maps  The castle has been open to the public since September 1996 as a hotel and conference centre  
The complex was featured in several movies and television series, including a popular 1963 comedy, Gdzie jest generał? (Where is the General?), Legenda, The Hexer (film), The Hexer (TV series), Beyond Sherwood Forest, Spellbinder and serial The Secret of the Cipher Fortress 
Since 2014 the castle is also used as a setting for College of Wizardry, a live action role-playing game (LARP) that takes place in their own universe and can be compared to Harry Potter  There was a hiatus in 2019 after ongoing issues within its founding organization threatened to end the series  However, a crowdfunding action saved the LARP and a new organizing team has continued organizing events at the castle 

Gallery
See also
List of castles in Poland
Passage 15:
Spirit Mountain Wilderness
Spirit Mountain Wilderness Area is a 33,518-acre (13,564 ha) wilderness area located in the Newberry Mountains in Clark County, Nevada, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Laughlin  Spirit Mountain lies within the area   It is managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service 
Most of the wilderness is located in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, and all of it is within Avi Kwa Ame National Monument  The area is adjacent to both the Nellis Wash Wilderness Area and the Bridge Canyon Wilderness Area 
Ancient Native American petroglyphs abound in Grapevine Canyon, located just south of Spirit Mountain  Located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area just west of the 67-mile-long Lake Mohave, Grapevine Canyon offers visitors the opportunity to see numerous abstract, anthropomorphic, and animal depictions pecked directly into the basalt rock near the mount of the canyon  A parking area with restrooms is provided and a about a half-mile walk through desert scrub is required to see the petroglyphs  Ranger-guided hikes are offered by National Park Service staff based at Katherine Landing, located on the east side of Lake Mohave 2 miles north of Bullhead City, Arizona, and accessed via Arizona Highway 95 and Highway 68   
The area was in the homeland of the Yuman Indians   Yuman and Mojave people believe all life began on this mountain, which is visible for miles from Bullhead City in Arizona, Needles in California, and  Laughlin, Cal-Nev-Ari, and Searchlight in Nevada  Descendants of the first Native Americans to reside in the area still live on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation, located about 20 miles south of the Spirit Mountains Wilderness 
The United States Congress designated the Spirit Mountain Wilderness in 2002 

Notes
External links
Spirit Mountain Wilderness - NPS
Spirit Mountain Wilderness Fact Sheet - BLM
Passage 16:
Kevin Drew
Kevin Drew (born September 9, 1976) is a Canadian musician and songwriter who, together with Brendan Canning, founded the expansive Toronto baroque-pop collective Broken Social Scene  He was also part of the lesser-known KC Accidental, which consisted of Drew and Charles Spearin, another current member of Broken Social Scene 
Drew has shared in the direction of Broken Social Scene videos under the name Experimental Parachute Movement   In 2008 he wrote and directed a short film called "The Water," inspired by and starring his bandmate and former girlfriend Leslie Feist  In 2009, Drew contributed to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization 
Drew grew up in west Toronto and attended the Etobicoke School of the Arts, along with Metric's Emily Haines, Stars' Amy Millan and novelist Ibi Kaslik, where he, Amy and Emily studied drama   He was married to Jo-ann Goldsmith, a social worker and an occasional trumpet player in BSS 
Drew's second solo album, Darlings, was released on March 18, 2014 On January 15, 2013, Drew announced in an interview that he had begun working on a new album with The Archies songwriter Andy Kim  The album, It's Decided, was released in 2015 Drew's third solo album, Influences, was released on July 16, 2021  He wrote the album while staying in England during 2020, using a music making smartphone app called Endlesss  The album was recorded and mixed on Drew's return to Canada 

Production
Drew and Dave Hamelin coproduced The Tragically Hip's album Man Machine Poem, and Gord Downie's subsequent solo album Secret Path 
Drew also produced Downie's final album Introduce Yerself and Reuben and the Dark's third album, un love 

Discography
Solo
Spirit If    (2007)
Darlings (2014)
Influences (2021) (as K D A P )

Broken Social Scene
Feel Good Lost (2001)
You Forgot It in People (2002)
Bee Hives (2004)
Broken Social Scene (2005)
Forgiveness Rock Record (2010)
Hug of Thunder (2017)

KC Accidental
Captured Anthems for an Empty Bathtub - (1998)
Anthems for the Could've Bin Pills - (2000)

Videography
Experimental Parachute Movement
Apostle of Hustle
Cheap Like Sebastian
Broken Social Scene
Ibi Dreams of Pavement (A Better Day)
Almost Crimes (with Chris Mills)
Cause=Time
Fire Eye'd Boy
Constantines
Our Age 2009
Stars
Your Ex-Lover is Dead
Bitches in Tokyo
Still Life Still
Pastel
The Most Serene Republic
Content Was Always My Favourite Colour
The Water (2009) Starring Cillian Murphy, David Fox & Feist
Passage 17:
Krimulda Castle
The Krimulda Castle (German: Burg Kremon) is located just outside Sigulda, Sigulda Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia and is a tourist attraction  The castle dates from the 14th century and was destroyed in a war in 1601 
Prince Liven’s living house was built in the classic style  The manor complex consists of steward’s house, coach house, Swiss cottage, etc  Home wine tasting is available by prior arrangement 

History
During the 13th century, the left bank of the Gauja river was governed by the Order of the Brethren of the Sword,  (later known as the Order of Livonia), while the territories on the right bank were under the domain of the Archbishop of Riga  Krimulda castle belonged to the Riga High Council which was a group of twelve high priests who advised the archbishop 
Krimulda castle was built on the edge of a high bank on the right side of Gauja near the Vikmeste castle mound and the village of Livs  This placement made it nearly impossible to conquer  On one side it was protected by the steep valley wall of Gauja river, two additional sides were obstructed by the Vikmeste river, which had equally steep banks, and the fourth side bordered on a man-made ravine with a draw-bridge leading into the forecastle  The deep valley of the Vikmeste River also provided a natural borderline between the lands of Krimulda and Turaida 
The castle was built using large-sized boulders  The outer wall of the castle at ground level was about 2 meters/6–7 feet thick 
The castle was involved in a number of battles between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga as well as many of the later wars of Livonia  In the spring of 1601 during the Swedish-Polish war, it was conquered by the Swedish army  In the fall of that same year advancing Polish troops burned the castle down so it would not fall into the hands of the enemy  The castle was left unrepaired after the fire 
The castle regained purpose in the mid-19th century under the ownership of Prince Lieven, though not as a military fortification but as a romantic addition to a park 

Gallery
Krimulda Castle ruins in 2014 

See also
List of castles in Latvia
Sigulda Castle
Turaida Castle
Passage 18:
Edelweiss (song)
"Edelweiss" is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music  It is named after the edelweiss, (Leontopodium nivale), a white flower found high in the Alps  The song was created for the 1959 Broadway production of The Sound of Music, as a song for the character Captain Georg von Trapp  In the musical, Captain von Trapp and his family sing this song during the concert near the end of Act II   It is a statement of Austrian patriotism in the face of the pressure put upon him to join the navy of Nazi Germany following the Anschluss (Nazi annexation of their homeland)  It is also Captain von Trapp's subliminal goodbye to his beloved homeland, using the flower as a symbol of his loyalty to Austria  In the 1965 film adaptation, the song is also sung by the Captain earlier in the film when he rediscovers music with his children 
This was the final song of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical collaboration as well as the last song written by Oscar Hammerstein II, who died in August 1960 

Writing
While The Sound of Music was in tryouts in Boston, Richard Rodgers felt Captain von Trapp should have a song with which he would bid farewell to the Austria he knew and loved  Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II decided to write an extra song that von Trapp would sing in the festival concert sequence towards the end of the show  As they were writing it, they felt this song could also use the guitar-playing and folk-singing talents of Theodore Bikel, who had been cast as the Captain  The Lindsay and Crouse script provides the metaphor of the simple edelweiss wildflower as a symbol of the Austria that Captain von Trapp, Maria, and their children knew would live on, in their hearts, despite the Nazi annexation of their homeland  The metaphor of this song builds on an earlier scene when Gretl presents a bouquet of edelweiss flowers to Baroness Elsa Schräder, during the latter's visit to the von Trapp household 
Rodgers provided a simple, yet haunting and affecting, waltz-time melody, to the simple Italian style ritornello lyric that Hammerstein wrote about the appearance of the edelweiss flower  "Edelweiss" turned out to be one of the most beloved songs in the musical, as well as one of the best-loved songs by Rodgers and Hammerstein 
"Edelweiss" is the last song Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together; Hammerstein was suffering from stomach cancer, which took his life nine months after The Sound of Music opened on Broadway 

Film adaptation
Although the stage production uses the song only during the concert sequence, Ernest Lehman's screenplay for the film adaptation uses the song twice  Lehman created a scene that makes extra use of the song  This scene, inspired by a line in the original script by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, calls for Captain von Trapp to sing "Edelweiss" with his children in their family drawing room and rediscover the love he felt for them, with Liesl accompanying him  Lehman also expanded the scope of the song when it was sung in the Salzburg Festival concert scene, so that Captain von Trapp and his family would call on the crowds to join in the song with him, in defiance of the Nazi soldiers posted around the arena 
Christopher Plummer played the part of Captain von Trapp in the film adaptation  However, his singing was overdubbed with the voice of Bill Lee despite Plummer recording the song himself  Plummer’s original vocals were discovered by a fan and first posted on YouTube  The Blu-Ray release included a small portion of Plummer’s un-dubbed performance  However, this version has yet to be released officially in its entirety 
An instrumental version of the song is also heard as the final song played during the party as Maria leaves to return to the abbey at the end of the first half of the film 

Austrian attitudes
The edelweiss is a popular flower in Austria and was featured on the old Austrian 1 schilling coin  It can also now be seen on the 2 cent Euro coin  The flower is protected in Austria and illegal to pick  An "edelweiss" is also worn as a cap emblem by certain Austrian Army and the German Gebirgsjäger (mountain troopers) units stationed in the nearby Bavarian Alps In the original run, the musical The Sound of Music was treated with disdain by Austrians, and the song "Edelweiss" has been singled out for criticism  When US President Ronald Reagan quoted the song in 1984 to toast Austrian President Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian newspapers complained that the song was full of clichés and called it "kitsch " When the musical premiered on the national stage in Vienna in 2005, one critic called it "boring" and another referred to "Edelweiss" as "an insult to Austrian musical creation " However, attitudes have improved as film tourism became a bigger attraction than Salzburg's attraction for being the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  When the musical premiered in Salzburg in 2011, most performances were sold out 

Misconceptions
The great popularity of the song has led many of its audience to believe that it is an Austrian folk song or even the official national anthem  However, Austria's official anthem is "Land der Berge, Land am Strome", and the anthem used from 1929 until the Anschluss was "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende" 
There is similar confusion about another song co-authored by Hammerstein, "Ol' Man River" from the musical Show Boat, which is widely (though erroneously) believed to be an African-American spiritual  The similarity between the misconceptions about the two songs has been noted by two writers, both of whom see it as testament to Hammerstein's talents  Alyson McLamore, in her book Musical Theater: An Appreciation, writes, "The last song to be written for the show was 'Edelweiss,' a tender little homage to a native flower of Austria that has the effect of authentic Austrian folksong, much as 'Ol' Man River' struck listeners as a genuine African American spiritual " Hugh Fordin, in his biography of Oscar Hammerstein, writes about "the ability of the authors to simulate the quality of an authentic folk song    'Ol' Man River' had the ring of a black laborer's song    Thirty years later, 'Edelweiss' was widely believed to be an old Austrian song, though Oscar   composed it for the Sound of Music "Theodore Bikel, in his autobiography, Theo (2002), wrote that, after a performance, he was once approached by a native Austrian who said, "I love that Edelweiss" and then added, with total confidence, "Of course, I have known it for a long time, but only in German" Another misconception about the song is that it is a real-life Nazi anthem, even though "Edelweiss" is not a pro-Nazi song within the context of The Sound of Music, nor did the song even exist during the Nazi era 

Legal problems
The estates of Rodgers and Hammerstein have not authorized the use of alternative lyrics with the melody of the song, making certain commercial uses of those versions potentially infringing if they do not fall under fair use  Rodgers stated that "he would take legal action against any group" using the "Edelweiss" melody with altered words; the current rightsholders comply with his wishes, refusing to grant permission for these commercial requests, which are "inconsistent with the creators' intentions" 

Other versions
Josephine Siao (蕭芳芳) performed a Chinese (Cantonese) version in the 1967 movie Lightning Killer (閃電煞星) 
Theodore Bikel, who originated the role of Captain von Trapp on Broadway, performed "Edelweiss" (as a duet with Mary Martin) on the original cast album and included it in his album, In My Own Lifetime – 12 Musical Theater Classics 
The English singer Vince Hill reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart in 1967 with his cover version of the track 
Julie Andrews has recorded it for her Richard Rodgers tribute album Broadway: The Music of Richard Rodgers 
Andy Conaghan recorded the song for ABC Classics as part of a compilation album, I Dreamed a Dream: The Hit Songs of Broadway in 2013 
Stephen Moyer performed the song as part of his role as Captain Georg von Trapp during the December 2013 television broadcast of The Sound of Music Live! on NBC 
The song was frequently performed by The von Trapps, the real life great-grandchildren of the Captain and Maria  It appears on their A Capella album and on their 2014 album, the latter of which is also a duet with Charmian Carr (who played Liesl in the movie) 
A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used as the opening sequence music for the Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle 
Victor Garber, as his character Martin Stein impersonating Max Lorenz in a Nazi-run Parisian nightclub, sang a cover of this song in Legends of Tomorrow 



ground_truth: University of Toronto

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