prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What company is the school where Lawrence Landweber was educated a part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Poptropica
Poptropica is an online role-playing game, developed in 2007 by Pearson Education's Family Education Network, and targeted towards children aged 6 to 15  Poptropica was primarily the creation of Jeff Kinney, the author of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series  As of 2015, he remains at the company as the Creative Director  The game primarily focuses on problem-solving through game quest scenarios, called "islands"  Islands all center on a problem that the player must resolve by going through multiple obstacles, collecting and using items, talking to various characters, and completing goals  All islands, upon completion, award "credits," which are non-negotiable currency that may be used to buy costumes and special effects in the Poptropica store 
In 2011, Poptropica was listed on Time magazine's list of "50 Websites that Make the Web Great", where it was described as "an inventive megasite for kids with a wholesome and slightly educational bent"  By 2012, the game had grown to have over 75 million registered users, with 35 million in the 15-25 age group  Versions of the game have been released on Nintendo DS and 3DS, iOS, and Android mobile devices  In May 2015, it was announced that Family Education Network was sold by Pearson to the interactive-education venture capitalist Sandbox Networks, and that Poptropica had "over 3 2 million monthly unique users in 200 countries and territories" In 2015, Poptropica was sold to educational-technology investment group, Sandbox Partners In 2020, because of the discontinuation of Adobe Flash, Poptropica began porting their old islands that were built on Adobe Flash over to an HTML5 format  As a result of Poptropica's utilization of varying Flash engines, a number of islands were unable to be ported immediately, and were effectively removed from the game  Fan archivists later made 35 islands available once again via the Basilisk browser within the Flashpoint program In April 2022, Poptropica announced that some of the old islands would return as part of a bundle on Steam  Though delayed by a day, the game was eventually released on May 26, 2022, and includes seventeen islands and Poptropica Realms 

Gameplay
When it first launched in 2007, Poptropica only had one island, titled Early Poptropica Island  By 2017, it had 58 islands to be explored, all with a different theme: examples include Back Lot Island, where the player helps produce a movie, and Super Power Island, where their goal is to defeat six super villains  Each island had its own quest, for which a player could receive an island medallion as well as 150 credits to spend in the in-game Poptropica Store  Starting July 6, 2011, Poptropica allowed players to replay islands without creating a new account, while still keeping track of all the Medallions the player had earned 

Advertisements
In addition to the available island quests, advertisers contract for temporary mini-games that appear on the site, sometimes targeted to players of a certain age group or gender  Regular advertisers have included Disney, Kellogg's Froot Loops, Lego toys, and various animated movies and DVD releases  Advertisement mini-games normally appear only during a two-week period  If the player completes an advertisement mini-game, they receive a temporary prize, usually related to the media being advertised 
A few Poptropica islands are themed after certain book series: these include Big Nate, Timmy Failure, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, and Magic Tree House  These islands are permanent, and can be played at any time  In 2015, a total of seven of these islands became members-only 

Mini-games
Poptropica features different mini-games that users can play with other people  These include Switch, Sudoku, Hoops, Sky Dive, Paint War, Star Link, Balloons, Soupwords and Pathwise  The game keeps track of how many times the player wins or loses a certain mini-game 

Spin-offs
Poptropica Adventures
In 2012, in partnership with Ubisoft, Poptropica released a video game for the Nintendo DS, titled Poptropica Adventures 

Poptropica: Forgotten Islands
On September 5, 2013, Poptropica launched Poptropica: Forgotten Islands, an iOS game, which allows players to meet new characters and discover story elements about Poptropica by finding artifacts littered throughout the game  It was also released on the Nintendo 3DS system through Ubisoft in 2014  It has been replaced on iOS and Android with a mobile version of the desktop Poptropica game 

Poptropica Worlds
On January 11, 2017, Poptropica announced via their blog that they were introducing another game called Poptropica Worlds, developed in Unity  It was released in spring 2017  Poptropica Worlds has new features, such as redesigned characters, customizable homes, and new islands  Returning players are able to port over their avatar's look and name to Poptropica Worlds  Poptropica Worlds can be played on both the web and mobile  If membership was bought for Poptropica, it carries over to Poptropica Worlds, and vice versa 
Passage 2:
Eldridge Park, New Jersey
Eldridge Park is an unincorporated community located within Lawrence Township in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States  The neighborhood is named for Stephen Eldridge, a farm owner in the township in the early 20th century  The neighborhood itself was established in 1906 as a settlement along the Trenton & Princeton Traction Company trolleyline and Lawrence Road (U S  Route 206) for European immigrants to purchase small houses in the suburbs of Trenton  The growing population led to the construction of the Eldridge Park Elementary School and St  Ann's, the township's first Roman Catholic church  As it was in the past, the area is mostly made up of small houses with businesses clustered around US 206 
Passage 3:
5th arrondissement of Paris
The 5th arrondissement of Paris (Ve arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France  In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as le cinquième 
The arrondissement, also known as Panthéon, is situated on the Rive Gauche of the River Seine  It is one of the capital's central arrondissements  The arrondissement is notable for being the location of the Latin Quarter, a district dominated by universities, colleges, and prestigious high schools since the 12th century when the University of Paris was created  It is also home to the National Museum of Natural History and Jardin des plantes in its eastern part 
The 5th arrondissement is also one of the oldest districts of the city, dating back to ancient times  Traces of the area's past survive in such sites as the Arènes de Lutèce, a Roman amphitheatre, as well as the Thermes de Cluny, a Roman thermae 

Geography
The 5th arrondissement covers some 2 541 km² (0 981 sq  miles, or 628 acres) in central Paris 

Demography
The population of the arrondissement peaked in 1911 when the population density reached almost 50,000 inhabitants per km²  In 2009, the population was 61,531, while 48,909 worked in the arrondissement 

Historical population
Immigration
History
The Ve arrondissement is the oldest arrondissement in Paris, and was first built by the Romans 
The construction of the Roman town Lutetia dates back from the 1st century BC, which was built after the conquest of the Gaulish site, situated on the île de la Cité by the Romans 
Saint-Hilaire is a ruined 12th-century church in Paris, active until the French Revolution 

Government and infrastructure
The Ministry of Higher Education and Research has its head office in the arrondissement Previously the Bureau d'Enquêtes sur les Événements de Mer (BEAmer) had its head office in the 5th arrondissement 

Economy
Sony Computer Science Laboratories (ソニーコンピュータサイエンス研究所) Paris is in the arrondissement 

Maps
Cityscape
Colleges and universities
As part of the Latin Quarter, the 5th arrondissement is known for its high concentration of educational and research establishments 

Collège de France
Collège international de philosophie
École Polytechnique (historical campus; the school has now been relocated)
PSL University
École Normale Supérieure
ENSCP - Chimie Paris
ESPCI Paris
Sorbonne University - Faculté des sciences
Jussieu Campus
Université Paris Cité
Faculté de médecine de Paris Centre
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
Sorbonne
Sorbonne University - Faculté des Lettres
University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne
University of Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle
Rectorate of Paris
Famous lycées with preparatory classes to the Grandes écoles
Lycée Louis-le-Grand
Lycée Henri IV

Main streets and squares
Passage 4:
Brooklyn College
Brooklyn College is a public university in Brooklyn in New York City  It is part of the City University of New York system and enrolls over 17,000 undergraduate and over 2,800 graduate students on a 35-acre campus as of 2019 
Being New York City's first public coeducational liberal arts college, it was formed in 1930 by the merger of the Brooklyn branches of Hunter College, then a women's college, and of the City College of New York, then a men's college, both established in 1926  Initially tuition-free, Brooklyn College suffered from the New York City government's near-bankruptcy in 1975, when the college closed its campus in downtown Brooklyn  During 1976, with its Midwood campus intact and now its only campus, Brooklyn College charged tuition for the first time 
Prominent alumni of Brooklyn College include US senators, federal judges, US financial chairmen, Olympians, CEOs, and recipients of Academy Awards, Emmy Awards, Pulitzer Prizes, and Nobel Prizes 

College history
Early decades
Brooklyn College was founded in 1930  That year, as directed by the New York City Board of Higher Education on April 22, the college authorized the combination of the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College, at that time a women's college, and the City College of New York, then a men's college, both established in 1926   Meanwhile, Brooklyn College became the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City  The school opened in September 1930, holding separate classes for men and women until their junior years  Admission would require passing a stringent entrance exam 

In 1932, architect Randolph Evans drafted a plan for the campus on a substantial plot that his employer owned in Brooklyn's Midwood section  Evans sketched a Georgian campus facing a central quadrangle, and anchored by a library building with a tower   Evans presented the sketches to the college's then president, Dr  William A  Boylan, who approved the layout 
The land was bought for $1 6 million ($34,300,000 today), and construction allotment was $5 million ($107,000,000 today)  Construction began in 1935  At the groundbreaking ceremony was Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Brooklyn Borough President Raymond Ingersoll  In 1936, United States President Franklin D  Roosevelt visited and laid the gymnasium's cornerstone  The new campus opened for the fall 1937 semester  In the 1940s, Boylan, Ingersoll, Roosevelt and La Guardia each became namesake of a campus building During the tenure of its second president, Harry Gideonse, from 1939 to 1966, Brooklyn College ranked high nationally in number of alumni with doctorate degrees  As academics fled Nazi Germany, nearly a third of refugee historians who were female would at some point work at Brooklyn College  In 1944, sociologist Marion Vera Cuthbert became the first permanent black faculty member appointed at any of the New York municipal colleges  And in 1956, with John Hope Franklin joining, Brooklyn College became the first "white" college to hire on a permanent basis a historian who was black In 1959, still tuition-free, about 8,000 undergraduates were enrolled  In 1962, the college joined six other colleges to form the City University of New York, creating the world's second-largest university  In 1983, Brooklyn College named its library the Harry D  Gideonse Library Nevertheless, Gideonse remains a controversial figure in the college's history; as one account noted, he is "either lauded as a hero and great educator in hagiographic accounts       or decried by faculty and alumni as an autocrat who stifled academic freedom and students' rights "In addition to his curricular and student life reforms, Gideonse was known for his decades-long campaign to ferret out Communists among the college community and his testimony before congressional and state investigating committees during the Second Red Scare On the other hand, perhaps retaining the memory of the time when, as a University of Chicago professor, he was unjustly accused of being a Communist and advocating "free love," Gideonse also attacked those who, without evidence, charged faculty, staff and students with being subversives and defended faculty free speech rights against outside critics The college's third president, Francis Kilcoyne, served from 1966 to 1967  The fourth president, Harold Syrett, resigned due to ill health in February 1969, when George A  Peck was named acting president  John Kneller, Brooklyn College's fifth president, served from 1969 until 1979  These presidents served during what were perhaps the most tumultuous years for Brooklyn College 
During the Vietnam War, as they did on other U S  campuses, student protests rocked Brooklyn College  President Gideonse, in a 1965 television interview, blamed demonstrations on Communists who were "duping the innocents" into demanding more freedom on campus, leading the New York Civil Liberties Union to criticize Gideonse for "his efforts to smear student groups at the college with the Communist label "Also in 1965, student protests forced the Gideonse administration to rescind new, stricter dress rules that forbade male students from wearing dungarees or sweatshirts on campus at any time and mandated that female students wear skirts and blouses even in extremely cold weather  After Gideonse's retirement in June 1966, a newly-appointed dean of administration, Dante Negro, said he was not bothered by the students' more casual dress "that makes it hard to distinguish between the sexes," calling it "a passing fad "On October 21, 1967, a front-page story in The New York Times reported that the college was virtually closed down by a strike of thousands of students angered by police action against antiwar demonstrators protesting U S  Navy recruiters earlier in the week  Five days later, another front-page Times story reported that students had agreed to return to classes after an agreement was reached with college administrators after negotiations  A few days after that, President Kilcoyne walked out when New York Mayor John V  Lindsay appeared at the college, citing Lindsay's insult in calling the school "Berkeley East "Around the same time, the college's students were involved in campus protests involving racial issues  In May 1968, Brooklyn College news again made the front page of The New York Times when police broke up a 16-hour sit-in at the registrar's office to demand that more Black and Puerto Rican students be admitted to the school  At trial, a Black Brooklyn judge reacted angrily when one student said they had been reacting to racism and sentenced him and 32 other white students to five days in jail for the sit-in  In May 1969, 19 or 20 Brooklyn College students faced criminal charges in connection with campus disorders during the spring semester, including raids  in which students allegedly ransacked files and smoke-bombed the library In late April 1970, students demanding more open admissions and racial diversity staged a sit-in at President Kneller's office, holding him and five deans there for several hours  The next week, in early May 1970, students seized the president's office and other buildings during a student strike upon the Kent State shootings and the Cambodian Campaign  President Kneller terminated classes, but kept campus buildings open for students and faculty, obtaining a court order against students occupying buildings In October 1974, 200 Hispanic students took over the registrar's office to protest President Kneller's appointment of a chair of the Puerto Rican Studies Department different from that of the person selected by a faculty search committee  Defying a judge's temporary court order to leave the building, the protesters were supported at a rallies outside Boylan Hall by many student groups and the alumni association, but Kneller refused to rescind his controversial appointment  Protests flared up again in the spring 1975 semester with another takeover of the registrar's office  By January 1976, the college's faculty union voted "no confidence" in Kneller, charging that he "consistently ignored faculty rights" and failed to provide leadership Brooklyn College, along with the rest of CUNY, shut down for two weeks in May and June 1976 as the university was unable to pay its bills  Amid New York City's financial crisis, near bankruptcy, Brooklyn College's campus in downtown Brooklyn closed, leaving the Midwood campus as the Brooklyn College's only campus  In the fall of 1976, with some 30,000 undergraduates enrolled, the college charged tuition for the first time In January 1978, the college's Faculty Council approved a vote of "no confidence" in President Kneller on Wednesday and recommended to the Board of Higher Education that he be replaced Brooklyn College's sixth president was Robert Hess, who served from 1979 to 1992  Hess initiated major changes in the college curriculum, mandating a standard core for all students  Implementation of the new curriculum was aided by a large grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities  By 1984, in a national report's otherwise gloomy assessment of humanities education, Brooklyn College was singled out as "a bright spot" among American universities for stressing the study of the humanities In a 1988 survey of thousands of American college deans, Brooklyn College ranked 5th in providing students with a strong general education, and was the only public institution among the top five  As of 1989, Brooklyn College ranked 11th in the US, and ahead of six of the eight Ivy League universities, by number of graduates who had acquired doctoral degrees  At Brooklyn College being called “the poor man’s Harvard,” President Hess quipped, “I like to think of Harvard as the rich man’s Brooklyn College ”Vernon Lattin was the seventh president of Brooklyn College, from 1992 to 2000 

Modern history
Brooklyn College's campus leafy East Quad looks much like it did when it was originally constructed  The campus also serves as home to BCBC/ Brooklyn College Presents complex and its four theaters, including the George Gershwin 
The demolition of Gershwin Hall, replaced by The Leonard & Claire Tow Center for the Performing Arts for which ground was broken in 2011, is the most recent construction on an evolving campus  Alumni Leonard and Claire Tow gifted $10 million to the college  Other changes to the original design include the demolition of Plaza Building, due to its inefficient use of space, poor ventilation, and significant maintenance costs  To replace the Plaza Building, the college constructed West Quad Center, designed by the notable Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly  The new building contains classroom space, offices, gymnasiums and a swimming pool  It houses the offices of Registration, Admissions, Financial Aid, and the Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science  The grounds contain a quadrangle with grassy areas and trees  New façades are being constructed on Roosevelt and James halls where they once connected with Plaza Building  The 2009–10 CUNYAC championship men's basketball team now plays its home games in the West Quad Center 
This followed a major $70 million library renovation completed in 2003 that saw the library moved to a temporary home while construction took place  The Brooklyn College library is now located in its original location in a completely renovated and expanded LaGuardia Hall 
From 2000 to 2009 when he retired, Christoph M  Kimmich was the eighth President of Brooklyn College  In the 2003 edition of The Best 345 Colleges, the Princeton Review named Brooklyn College as the most beautiful campus in the country, and ranked it fifth in the nation for “Best Academic Bang for the Buck ”Karen L  Gould was named the ninth president of Brooklyn College in 2009  Michelle Anderson became the 10th President of Brooklyn College in 2016  In 2016, Brooklyn College announced a new home for the Koppelman School of Business, with the planned construction of a new building, Koppelman Hall, on property adjacent to the 26-acre campus bought in 2011  This increased the campus size to 35 acres 

Schools
Brooklyn College has five schools:

Murray Koppelman School of Business
School of Education
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
School of Natural and Behavioral Sciences
School of Visual, Media, and Performing Arts

Academics
Undergraduate curriculum
Beginning in 1981, the college instituted a group of classes that all undergraduates were required to take, called "Core Studies"  The classes were: Classical Origins of Western Culture, Introduction to Art, Introduction to Music, People, Power, and Politics, The Shaping of the Modern World, Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning and Computer Programming, Landmarks of Literature, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Geology, Studies in African, Asian, and Latin American Cultures, and Knowledge, Existence and Values In 2006, the Core Curriculum was revamped, and the 13 required courses were replaced with 15 courses in 3 disciplines, from which students were required to take 11  In the fall of 2013, Brooklyn College embarked on CUNY's new general education alternative, the Pathways curriculum, consisting of three components: Required Core (four courses), Flexible Core (six courses) and College Option (four courses)—totaling 42 credits   Brooklyn College offers over a hundred majors varying from the visual arts to Women's Studies 

Division of Graduate Studies
The Division of Graduate Studies at Brooklyn College was established in 1935 and offers more than seventy programs in the arts, education, humanities, sciences, and computer and social sciences  Among those programs is the Graduate theatre program, which is the top ranked in the CUNY system and 14th in the United States; faculty include Tony Award nominee Justin Townsend 

B A –M D  program
The Brooklyn College B A –M D  program is an eight-year program affiliated with SUNY Downstate Medical Center  The program follows a rigorous selection process, with a maximum of 15 students selected every year  Each student selected to the program receives a Brooklyn College Presidential Scholarship  B A –M D  students must engage in community service for three years, beginning in their lower sophomore semester  During one summer of their undergraduate studies, students are required to volunteer in a clinical setting where they are involved in direct patient care  B A –M D  students are encouraged to major in the humanities or social sciences 

The Scholars Program
The Scholars Program is home to a small number of students with strong writing ability and academic record  Being the oldest honors program in the CUNY system, The Scholars Program has served as a model for many other honors programs nationwide  It was established in 1960 and is an interdisciplinary liberal arts program  The program offers honors-level Core courses and seminars as well as small, personalized classes  Upon graduation from Brooklyn College, many Scholars continue their education in competitive programs at top-ranked universities like Princeton, Yale, and New York University  The program accepts incoming freshmen in addition to matriculated sophomores and transfer students (up to 48 credits)  Once admitted, they receive a Brooklyn College Foundation Presidential Scholarship of up to $4,000 for every year of their undergraduate study at Brooklyn College and a laptop computer 

Coordinated Engineering Program
The Coordinated Honors Engineering Program offers a course of study equivalent to the first two years at any engineering school  Students who maintain the required academic level are guaranteed transfer to one of the three coordinating schools—NYU-Poly, City College of New York School of Engineering, and the College of Staten Island Engineering Science Program—to complete their bachelor's degree in engineering  Coordinating Engineering students have also transferred to Stony Brook University, University of Wisconsin, University of Michigan, Cooper Union, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Students admitted as incoming First-Year receive a Brooklyn College Foundation Presidential Scholarship that provides full tuition for their two years of full-time undergraduate study in the Coordinated Engineering Program  As members of the Honors Academy, Engineering Honors students take advantage of individual advising, faculty consultation, and early registration  In the Commons they find study facilities, computer access, academic, scholarship, internship, and career opportunities, and, above all, intellectual stimulation among other talented students like themselves  Students applying to the Engineering Honors Program will also be considered for the Scholars Program 

Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema
Barry R  Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema is the first public graduate film school in New York City  It is the only film school in America to have its own classroom on a film lot with the collaboration of Steiner Studios, the largest soundstage on the East Coast  The program offers a two-year M A  in Cinema Studies, a two-year M F A  in Cinema Arts in the discipline of Producing, and a three-year M F A in Cinema Arts with five disciplines of Cinematography,
Directing, Post-production, Screenwriting, and Digital Arts and Visual Effects  The school opened in the fall of 2015  The first graduating class was in Spring 2018 

Rankings
U S  News & World Report ranked the school tied for 62nd overall as a Regional college (North region), 6th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility", 15th in "Top Public Schools", and tied for 33rd in "Best Colleges for Veterans" for 2021 

Athletics
Brooklyn College athletic teams are nicknamed as the Bulldogs  The college is a member at the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); primarily competing in the City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC) since the 1996–97 academic year (which they also competed in a previous stint from 1978–79 to 1979–80)  The Bulldogs previously competed in the East Coast Conference at the Division I level during the 1991–92 academic year 
Men's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball  The athletics stadium was used for the outdoor scenes in the 1978 adult film Debbie Does Dallas 

Mascot
In 2010, Brooklyn College adopted the Bulldog as its new mascot  The athletic program was originally known as the Kingsmen  In 1994, the mascot was changed to the Bridges  However, after the school built new facilities and underwent other changes the athletic director pushed for a new name to reflect the new program 

Notable people
Notable alumni
Notable alumni of Brooklyn College in government include Senator Bernie Sanders (1959–1960), Senator Barbara Boxer (née Barbara Levy; B A  1962), Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm (B A  1946), Securities and Exchange Commission Chairmen Manuel F  Cohen (B S  1933) and Harvey Pitt (B A  1965), and federal judges Rosemary S  Pooler (B A  1959), Jack B  Weinstein (B A  1943), Sterling Johnson Jr  (B A  1963), Edward R  Korman (B A  1963), Joel Harvey Slomsky (B A  1967), and Jason K  Pulliam (B A  1995; M A  1997) 
Notable alumni in business include Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CEO Barry Salzberg (B S  1974), Adobe Inc  CEO Bruce Chizen (B S  1978), Warner Bros  and Los Angeles Dodgers CEO Robert A  Daly, New York Mets President Saul Katz (B A  1960), Boston Celtics owner Marvin Kratter (1937), David Geffen, New Line Cinema CEO Michael Lynne (B A  1961), CBS Records CEO Walter Yetnikoff (B A  1953), Vanguard Records co-founder Maynard Solomon (B A  1950), and Gannett Chairman Marjorie Magner (B S  1969) 
Notable alumni in the sciences and academia include Nobel Prize–winning biochemist Stanley Cohen (B A  1943), Fields Medal–winning mathematician Paul Cohen (1953), social psychologists Stanley Milgram (B A  1954) and Philip Zimbardo (B A  1954), Harvard Law School professor and author Alan M  Dershowitz (A B  1959), Columbia Law School Dean Barbara Aronstein Black (B A  1953), California State University Chancellor Barry Munitz (B A  1963), City College of New York President Lisa Staiano-Coico (B S  1976), and NASA scientist and College of William & Mary professor Joel S  Levine (B S  1964) 
Notable alumni in the arts include Academy, Emmy, and Tony Award–winning director, writer, and actor Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; 1946), Golden Globe Award–winning actor James Franco (M F A  2009), Emmy Award–winning actor Jimmy Smits (B A  1980), Academy Award–winning screenwriter Frank Tarloff (B A ), Academy Award-nominated filmmakers Paul Mazursky (B A  1952) and Oren Moverman (B A  1992), Sopranos stars Steve Schirripa (B A  1980) and Dominic Chianese (B A  1961), director Joel Zwick (1962; M A  1968), Grammy Award winner Peter Nero (born Bernard Nierow; B A  1956), O  Henry Award–winning author Irwin Shaw (born Irwin Shamforoff; B A  1934); and a number of Pulitzer Prize winners: author Frank McCourt (M A  1967), playwrights Howard Sackler (B A  1950) and Annie Baker (M F A  2009), journalists Sylvan Fox (B A  1951), Stanley Penn (1947), and Harold C  Schonberg (B A  1937), photographer Max Desfor, and historian Oscar Handlin (B A  1934) 
Other notable alumni include Olympic fencers Ralph Goldstein and Nikki Franke (B S  1972), chess grandmaster and five-time U S  champion Gata Kamsky (B A  1999), Jewish Defense League founder Meir Kahane (B A  1954), and civil rights activist Al Sharpton (1975) 

Notable faculty
F  Murray Abraham (born 1939), actor of stage and screen; professor of theater, winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor
Vito Acconci, designer, landscape architect, performance and installation artist
Dorothy Inez Adams (1904-1967), anthropologist
Eric Alterman (born 1960), liberal journalist
Lennart Anderson, figurative painter
Hannah Arendt, philosopher and political theorist; author of The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) and The Human Condition (1958)
Solomon Asch, Polish-American Gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology
John Ashbery (1927–2017), poet, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winner; tenured faculty member from c  1972 to 1986
Robert Beauchamp, painter
Maír José Benardete, scholar of Sephardic studies and Professor of Spanish and Sephardic Studies
William Boylan (1869–1940), first President of Brooklyn College
Edwin G  Burrows (1943–2018), historian; Pulitzer Prize for History winner for co-writing Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 with Mike Wallace
Frances Sergeant Childs, historian; one of the college's founding faculty members
Margaret Clapp, scholar, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, President of Wellesley College
Michael Cunningham (born 1952), novelist; winner of Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and PEN/Faulkner Award for The Hours
Rudy D'Amico (born 1940), professional National Basketball Association scout, and former Brooklyn College and professional basketball coach who coached Maccabi Tel Aviv to the Euroleague Championship
Lois Dodd (born 1927), painter
Charles Dodge (born 1942), composer, founder of the Center for Computer Music
Alphonsus J  Donlon, President of Georgetown University
Paul Edwards (born Paul Eisenstein), Professor of Philosophy, editor of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy
John Hope Franklin, historian of the US, former Chairman of the History Department, president of Phi Beta Kappa, and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
Jack Gelber, playwright and theater director; taught at Brooklyn College 1972–2003
Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997), Beat Generation poet and Pulitzer Prize for Poetry finalist; Distinguished Professor of English from 1986 to 1997, replacing Ashbery (who accepted a MacArthur Fellowship and later moved to Bard College)
Betty Glad, Chair of Political Science at the University of Illinois
Ralph Goldstein (1913–1997), Olympic épée fencer
Joel Glucksman (born 1949), Olympic saber fencer
Maxine Greene (née Meyer), William F  Russell Professor in the Foundations of Education at Teachers College, Columbia University
David Grubbs (born 1967), musician, composer, recording artist
Carey Harrison (born 1944), novelist/dramatist
Amy Hempel (born 1951), short story writer, journalist, and coordinator of the MFA Fiction-Writing Program
Seymour L  Hess, meteorologist and planetary scientist
Shintaro Higashi, 6th degree black belt in judo, 2007 and 2011 USA Judo Senior National Champion
Agnieszka Holland (born 1948), film director, best known for Europa Europa (1992)
Carl Holty, painter
Karen Brooks Hopkins, President of the Brooklyn Academy of Music
John Hospers, first presidential candidate of the US Libertarian Party; professor 1956–66
Paul Jacobs, classical pianist; specialist in modern music
KC Johnson, professor of American history
Mburumba Kerina (1932–2021), Deputy Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia
Béla Király (1912–2009), professor emeritus, former Hungarian general taught military history and central European history
Alfred McClung Lee, Chairman of the Sociology and Anthropology departments at Wayne University and Brooklyn College
Tania León, Cuban-born composer and conductor, Pulitzer Prize for Music winner
Don Lemon, CNN anchor and journalist
Ben Lerner, poet and writer
Ira N  Levine (1937–2015), author and professor in the Chemistry Department
Abraham Maslow, psychologist in the school of humanistic psychology, best known for his theory of human motivation which led to a therapeutic technique known as self-actualization; taught 1937–1951
Wilson Carey McWilliams, political scientist, author of The Idea of Fraternity in America (1973, University of California Press), for which he won the National Historical Society prize in 1974
Denise O'Connor (born 1935), Olympic foil fencer
Carol J  Oja, musicologist and scholar of American Studies, William Powell Mason Professor at Harvard University
Ursula Oppens, pianist, co-founded the contemporary music ensemble Speculum Musicae, Conservatory of Music
Philip Pearlstein, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, influential painter known for his Modernist Realism nudes
Itzhak Perlman, violinist, Conservatory of Music
Roman Popadiuk, US Ambassador to Ukraine
Tubby Raskin (1902–1981), basketball player and coach
Inez Smith Reid, Senior Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals
Mark Rothko (born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz; 1903–1970), influential abstract expressionist painter
Susan Fromberg Schaeffer, novelist and Broeklundian Professor of English
Albert Schatz, microbiologist, co-discoverer of streptomycin
William Schimmel, composer
Mitchell Silver, Commissioner of the New York City Parks Department
Mabel Murphy Smythe-Haith, Ambassador for the United States to Cameroon and later Equatorial Guinea
Stephen Solarz, US Congressional Representative from New York
Eileen Southern, musicologist, researcher, author, and teacher
Mark Strand, United States Poet Laureate, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry–winning poet, essayist, and translator
Glenn Thrush, Politico senior writer, author
Hans L  Trefousse, Distinguished Emeritus Professor of History; taught 1946–1998, historian and author
Ad Reinhardt, Elizabeth Murray, Vito Acconci, William T  Williams, Archie Rand, Jennifer McCoy, Patricia Cronin, artists (1950s to present)
Mervin F  Verbit, chair of the Sociology Department at Touro College
Carleton Washburne, Director of Teacher Education, known for his progressive education works
Mac Wellman, Obie Award–winning playwright, author, and poet
Ruth Westheimer (better known as Dr  Ruth; born Karola Ruth Siegel, 1928), German-American sex therapist, author, radio, television talk show host, former Haganah sniper, and Holocaust survivor
C  K  Williams, poet, won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
Ethyle R  Wolfe, professor from 1947 to 1989, created the Ethyle R  Wolfe Humanities Institute at the college 
Theresa Wolfson, Professor of Labor Economics, won the John Dewey Award of the League for Industrial Democracy
Joel Zwick (born 1942), professor in the Film Department, director of Full House, Fuller House, Family Matters, My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and Fat Albert
Passage 5:
Dorset Park
Dorset Park is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  It is located in the western part of the district of Scarborough  The neighbourhood is bordered by Highway 401 to the north, Midland Avenue to the east, Lawrence Avenue to the south, and Birchmount Road to the west  Kennedy Road runs along the neighbourhood's centre north and south and Ellesmere Road runs along the centre east and west  The area south of Lawrence Avenue, north of the hydro corridor, is known as McGregor Park and is often included as part of Dorset Park 
The business district of Scarborough is carried right through the heart of Dorset Park along Kennedy Road from Highway 401 to Lawrence Avenue  The business district along Kennedy Road is a 3 5 kilometre stretch of the road with nothing but stores, businesses and high rise buildings  Kennedy Commons, a large strip mall, is located on Kennedy Road, between Highway 401 and Ellesmere Road 

History
The area was formerly farmland, with the majority of the housing built in the 1950s  Among the landmarks are Pizza Nova, founded in 1963 

Education
One public school board operates schools in Dorset Park, the secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB)  Public elementary schools operated by TDSB include:

General Crerar Public School
Dorset Park Public School
Ellesmere-Statton Public School is a elementary school located on Ellesmere Road between Birchmount and Kennedy Roads  This school is a merger of two schools, Ellesmere Junior Public School (founded in 1953, replacing S S No  4 that opened in the 1840s) and Wendell Statton Senior Public School (built in 1972 and opened in September 1973)  Both buildings are connected to each other and the school has a diverse population of 640 students  It is named after long time Scarborough educator Wendell W  Statton, who was a principal of Ellesmere P S 
Glamorgan Public Junior School TDSB also operates one secondary school, Winston Churchill Collegiate Institute 
Schooling for students residing in Dorset Park is also provided by the public school boards, the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (CSCM), Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSM)  CSCM and TCDSB are separate school boards, the former being French first language separate school board, whereas CSV is a French-first language secular school board 

See also
List of neighborhoods in Scarborough

External links
City of Toronto profile
Passage 6:
The Siege
The Siege is a 1998 American action thriller film directed by Edward Zwick  The film is about a fictional situation in which terrorist cells have made several attacks in New York City  The film stars Denzel Washington, Annette Bening, Tony Shalhoub, and Bruce Willis 

Plot
FBI Special Agent Anthony Hubbard and his Lebanese American partner Frank Haddad intervene at the hijacking of a bus fully loaded with passengers, which contains an explosive device  The bomb turns out to be a paint bomb and the terrorists escape  The FBI receives demands to release Sheikh Ahmed bin Talal, a suspect in an earlier bombing  Hubbard eventually comes into conflict with Central Intelligence Agency operative Elise Kraft as he takes a terrorist suspect into custody and arrests Kraft  Later, another terrorist threat is made and a Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus is bombed  FBI captures a man named Samir Nazhde, who admits to signing the visa application of one of the suicide bombers in the course of signing many applications for student visas in his job as a lecturer  However, Kraft insists that Samir is not a terrorist and that his continued freedom is vital to the investigation 
The terrorist incidents escalate with the bombing of a bus and a crowded theater and hostage-situation at an elementary school, and culminate in the destruction of One Federal Plaza, the location of the FBI's New York City field office, with over 600 casualties  In spite of objections, the President of the United States declares martial law and the United States Army's 101st Airborne Division, under General William Devereaux, occupies and seals off Brooklyn in an effort to find the remaining terrorist cells  Subsequently, all young men of Arab descent, including Haddad's son Frank Jr , are rounded up and detained in Downing Stadium  Haddad resigns in outrage  New Yorkers stage violent demonstrations against the Army and the profiling of the Arabs; the Army fights to maintain control  There are reports of Army killings 
Hubbard and Kraft, now revealed to be an intelligence operative named Sharon Bridger, continue their investigation and capture a suspect, Tariq Husseini  Devereaux's men torture and kill Husseini in the course of the interrogation  Afterward, Bridger tells Hubbard that Husseini revealed nothing of value because of the principle of compartmentalized information  Sickened, she finally admits that she herself provided training and support to militants opposed to Saddam Hussein's regime, working with Samir to recruit and train the followers of the Sheikh  After the U S  cut their funding and left them exposed, she took pity on the few of them who had not yet been slaughtered by Hussein's forces, and arranged for them to escape to the United States, ultimately leading to the present situation as they turn their bomb making and covert skills on the country that now holds their leader  She and Hubbard compel Samir to arrange a meeting with the final terrorist cell  Hubbard convinces Haddad to return to the FBI 
A multi-ethnic peace march demonstrates against the occupation of Brooklyn  As the march is getting under way Hubbard and Haddad arrive at the meeting place, but Bridger and Samir have already left  Samir reveals to Bridger that he constitutes the final cell while in another sense he says, "there will never be a last cell " He straps a bomb to his body which he intends to detonate among the marchers  Hubbard and Haddad arrive in time to prevent him from leaving a bath house, but Samir shoots Bridger in the stomach as she struggles to stop him  Hubbard and Haddad kill Samir but despite their best efforts the pair can only watch as Bridger succumbs to her wound after managing to recite certain lines of the second half of the Lord's Prayer and concluding with "Inshallah" – the Arabic phrase "God Willing" 
Hubbard, Haddad, and their team raid Devereaux's headquarters to make an arrest for the torture and murder of Husseini  Deveraux insists that under the War Powers Resolution the authority vested in himself by the President supersedes that of the court which issued the arrest warrant  He then commands his soldiers to aim their assault rifles at the agents, resulting in a Mexican standoff  Hubbard reminds Devereaux that the civil liberties and human rights which he took from Husseini are what all his predecessors have fought and died for  Devereaux finally submits and is arrested  Martial law ends and the detainees, including Haddad's son, are given their freedom 

Cast
Denzel Washington as FBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge Anthony 'Hub' Hubbard
Annette Bening as CIA Operative Sharon Bridger / Elise Kraft
Bruce Willis as U S  Army General William Devereaux
Tony Shalhoub as FBI Special Agent Frank Haddad
Aasif Mandvi as Khalil Saleh
Amro Salama as Tariq Husseini
Sami Bouajila as Samir Nazhde
Ahmed Ben Larby as Sheik Akhmed Bin Talal
Lianna Pai as FBI Agent Tina Osu
Mark Valley as FBI Agent Mike Johanssen
David Proval as FBI Agent Danny Sussman
Lance Reddick as FBI Agent Floyd Rose
Lisa Lynn Masters as Reporter

Reception
Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics  Rotten Tomatoes awards the film a score of 44% based on 62 reviews  The site's consensus states: "An exciting, well-paced action film " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale Roger Ebert gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of four, writing that director Edward Zwick does a good job with crowd scenes, but criticizing it as clumsy Bruce Willis won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performances in this film, Armageddon, and Mercury Rising 

Box office
The film grossed $40,981,289 in North America and $75,691,623 in other territories on a budget of $70 million  In the film's second week, The Siege showed the teaser trailer for Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 

Controversy
When the film opened, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee came out against the film  Its spokesman Hussein Ibish said "The Siege is extremely offensive  It's beyond offensive  We're used to offensive, that's become a daily thing  This is actually dangerous " He thought it was "Insidious and incendiary" because it "reinforces stereotypes that lead to hate crimes " Ibish acknowledged that Arab terrorists did, in fact, bomb the World Trade Center in 1993, but said that Arab and Islamic groups are upset by "the very strong equation between Muslim religious practices and terrorism     [Thanks to this film] Every time someone goes through the Muslim ablution, the ritual washing of hands everybody does before they pray five times a day, that image is the announcement to the viewer of the presence of violence " Echoing such criticism, the Council on American–Islamic Relations protested the insinuation that "Muslims have total disregard for human life " The groups were "faxing and calling news organizations on a regular basis" to voice their concerns 
Director Edward Zwick had met with Arab Americans, who suggested that the story be changed to mirror the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, when Arabs were immediately assumed responsible  This idea was rejected   Zwick noted that The Siege's villains also include members of the U S  government, and dismissed the criticism, saying: Anytime you talk about issues that touch on religion of any kind, you can anticipate this kind of reaction  Should we only present every group as paragons and monoliths of virtue? The movie inspires to engender this kind of dialogue  I happen to come from the school that thinks that movies should not only make you uncomfortable, they might make you think  …You can anticipate any kind of reaction in these times in which sensitivity seems very high in the culture  I have a friend who says, if you've not offended somebody, you're a nobody  …How does it feel to be a lightning rod? It gets the blood going  I think it's better than being universally ignored  In a culture where there seems to be so much to talk about, it's good to be talked about 
What the movie is most deeply about – it's about our own latent possibilities of repression, stereotyping and prejudice [   ] To see Americans rounded up in the streets, to see Americans put into stadiums, to see people held without habeas corpus – to have their rights violated in such a way is such a chilling and just terrifying thing to see – that is what one takes away, I believe, from this film 
In a September 2007 interview, screenwriter Lawrence Wright attributed the film's failure at the box office to Muslim and Arab protests at theaters playing the film, but also claimed that it was the most rented movie in America after the September 11 attacks Scholar Moustafa Bayoumi has also critiqued the racialization of Arabs in the film and suggests it is indicative of an emerging sub-genre defined by "the notion of African-American leadership of the Arab world, intertwined with friendship with it "Scholar Alexandra Campbell quoted from former Guantanamo Bay detention camp captive Tarek Dergoul when she compared the fictional demonization and extrajudicial abuse of Muslims in the film and the abuse that Dergoul described in his first post-repatriation interview On July 12, 2006, the magazine Mother Jones provided excerpts from the transcripts of a selection of the Guantánamo detainees  Yunis Abdurrahman Shokuri was one of the detainees profiled  According to the article, his transcript contained the following comment:

[T]he only way I know the United States is through movies from Hollywood or through cartoons  I’m a big fan of a lot of their singers…  [T]he first time I saw an American soldier was at Kandahar Air Base…  When I first saw myself in Kandahar, it was like I was in a cinema or a movie  I saw a 1996 movie called The Siege  The movie was about terrorists carrying out terrorist attacks in the United States…  [In the movie] the CIA and FBI were not successful in finding that terrorist group and the United States Army interfered and gathered all the people of Arabic descent and put them in a land cage or camp just like it happened in Kandahar  I was shocked, thinking, "Am I in that movie or on a stage in Hollywood?"… Sometimes I laugh at myself and say, "When does that movie end?"
Passage 7:
Satoru Nishita
Satoru Nishita (July 4, 1927-  July 16, 2013) was a landscape architect and a partner in the architectural firm Lawrence Halprin & Associates, based in San Francisco  He was one of Lawrence Halprin's earliest employees, hired in 1951  He became a principal of Halprin's firm in 1964  During the period 1975 - 1977, he and several other employees bought and re-formed Halprin's as Carter Hull Nishita McCulley Baxter & Associates  The company later became Nishita & Carter, Inc  and operated through 1989 
Nishita worked on several of Halprin's projects in the United States and Japan, including the Lovejoy Fountain Park (as partner in charge), Pettygrove Park, and the Ira Keller Fountain, all in Portland, Oregon  He retired from practice for health reasons in the early 1990s 
Passage 8:
Sharbot Lake (Ontario)
Sharbot Lake is a lake in the municipality of Central Frontenac, Frontenac County in Eastern Ontario, Canada  It is part of the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin  The eponymous community of Sharbot Lake is located at the centre of the north shore of the lake 
The primary outflow, at the northeast, is the Fall River, which flows via the Mississippi River and the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River 
Sharbot Lake Provincial Park is named for, and is partly on the northwest shore of, the lake, but mostly envelops the neighbouring Black Lake  Ontario Highway 7 runs roughly along the northwest side of the lake, and the former Ontario Highway 38, now County Road 38, crosses the lake at the location of the community of Sharbot Lake  The same crossing point is used by the multi-use K&P Rail Trail (part of the Trans Canada Trail), formerly the rail bed of the Kingston and Pembroke Railway 
Sharbot Lake is named after a First Nations Chief named Francis Chabot, who was Mohawk and his wife Algonquin 

Tributaries
Clockwise from the Fall River outflow

Sucker Harbour Creek
Sharbot Creek

See also
List of lakes in Ontario
Passage 9:
Lawrence Landweber
Lawrence Hugh Landweber is  John P  Morgridge Professor Emeritus of computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison 
He received his bachelor's degree  in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph D  at Purdue University in 1967  His doctoral thesis was "A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic "He is best known for founding the CSNET project in 1979, which later developed into NSFNET  He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP/IP protocol 

Publications
He is co-author of  Brainerd, Walter S , and Lawrence H  Landweber  Theory of Computation  New York: Wiley, 1974  ISBN 978-0-471-09585-9 

Awards
President, Internet Society  
Fellow, ACM 
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Brooklyn College, 2009  
IEEE Award on International Communication, 2005
Member of the board of  Internet2 (2000–2008)
Jonathan B  Postel Service Award of the Internet Society, for CSNET, 2009
In 2012, Landweber was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society 
Passage 10:
Lawrence Township Historic District
The Lawrence Township Historic District is a 550-acre (220 ha) historic district encompassing the community of Lawrenceville in Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1972 for its significance in architecture, landscape architecture, literature, military history, and transportation  The district includes 45 contributing buildings 

Description
The district includes a number of buildings along US Route 206 (formerly King's Highway, as well as the Lincoln Highway), two early cemeteries associated with the Presbyterian Church of Lawrenceville (Est  1697), and the Lawrenceville School  Prominent architects represented in the district include Peabody and Stearns, William Adams Delano, and Frederick Law Olmsted 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey
Passage 11:
The Price of Happiness
The Price of Happiness is a lost 1916 silent film drama directed by Edmund Lawrence and starring Mary Boland  It was distributed through the World Film Company  The film was based on a play called (Drei Paar Schuhe: Three Pairs of Shoes) 

Cast
Mary Boland - Bertha Miller
Marion Singer - Lucille
Enid Francis - Ruth Taylor
Carlotta De Felice - Evelyn Morgan (*billed Carlotta De Felico)
Albert Bechtel - Max
David Wall - John Miller (*billed as Dave Wall)
Adolphe Menjou - Howard Neal
Passage 12:
Ministry of Higher Education (Egypt)
The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is one of the governmental ministries of Egypt and part of the cabinet  It was formed in 1961 

History
The ministry was established on 9 November 1961, when university education in Egypt became free The ministry employed seven different ministers between March 2011 and June 2013  Amr Ezzat Salama was one of the ministers during this period Mostafa Mussad served as minister of higher education from August 2012 to July 2013 when Hossam Eisa replaced him in the post  The ministry was headed by El Sayed Abdel Khalek between June 2014 and September 2015  He was replaced by Ashraf El-Shihy in the post  In February 2017, Khaled Abdel Ghaffar was appointed to head the ministry 

Organization and activities
The major function of the ministry, based in Cairo is to introduce, develop and monitor all the higher education-related policies  The ministry is responsible for the educational activity in Egyptian universities, both public and private  The ministry realizes this function through three executive bodies, namely the Supreme Council of Universities, the Supreme Council of Private Universities and the Supreme Council of Technical Institutions In addition, the ministry supervises the Academy of the Arabic Language and the National Committee of UNESCO  The ministry has international bureaus, including the Egyptian Cultural and Educational Bureau in Washington, D C  In early 2018, the ministry with Minya University, spearheaded a week-long sports event for people with disabilities  It was the first of its kind in Egypt's history, as Egypt works to include the disabled in social activities In 2018 it was announced that starting from Kindergarten, Egyptian children would be learning English 
Passage 13:
Jumping Ship
Jumping Ship is the 2001 sequel to the 1999 Disney Channel Original Movie, Horse Sense  It stars brothers Joey Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, and Andy Lawrence  The film was directed by Michael Lange 

Plot
Although Michael has become a more mature individual since the first film and shows more concern for others, he still feels that, by birthright, he deserves to start at the top of his father's law firm  Michael's father does offer him a position at the law firm: a clerking job, and explains that only after thorough knowledge of the firm, a law school graduation, and passing the state bar will he ever be considered for a partnership 
Michael takes a summer vacation with Tommy to Australia  Michael has big plans to show his cousin Tommy a good time aboard a luxury yacht, until he discovers that the yacht he chartered is actually an old, rusty fishing boat  But when modern-day pirates chase the fishing boat, the boys are forced to jump ship, leaving them stranded on a desert island  The pirates are led by Frakes, who earlier had pick-pocketed Michael and discovered through his ID that he comes from a wealthy family  The pirates plan to kidnap Michael for a large ransom 
Meanwhile, Tommy and Michael struggle to find their way on the island to be met by the boat's captain, Jake Hunter, who scuttled the fishing boat to lose the pirates  He later admits he hated being a fishing boat captain and only stuck with it because it was his late-father's calling  After several days the pirates finally find the boys when Michael shoots a flare gun to get an airplanes attention  As they attempt to leave the island on their raft two of the pirates approach them  Michael and Jake swim away and leave Tommy who can't get his life jacket off behind, promising to rescue him later  Michael and Jake come up with a plan to get Tommy back 
Jake and Tommy outwit the pirates by absconding in their speedboat, Frakes attempts to shoot Michael, but fails due to his firearm being gunked up with quicksand he had gotten trapped in earlier while chasing Michael; leaving the villains stranded  As the boys escape they call the Australian Coast Guard for help  The pirates are arrested and their speedboat is seized 
During a lunch the boys have with Michael's father and Tommy's mom, Michael arrives and tells Jake and Tommy that due to asset forfeiture, Frakes' boat is now their property  Michael proposes using the speedboat, combined with the reward money, to launch a boat tour service with Jake and Tommy as his partners, and Jake captaining the boat  Michael also tells his father that he will begin the process for law school application, and accepts his dad's clerking job to help him prepare for that  Michael's father is proud of him for going into the business with him (but now with a more mature view), now realizing that there is no royal road to success 

Cast
Joey Lawrence as Michael Woods
Matthew Lawrence as Jake Hunter
Andrew Lawrence as Tommy Biggs
Anthony Wong as Frakes
Jaime Passier-Armstrong as Jonas
Martin Dingle-Wall as Dante
Susan Walters as Jules Biggs
Stephen Burleigh as Glen Woods
Todd Worden as Mark Sanders
Carly Movizio as Heather Hitt
Jack Heywood as Valet

Home media
The film was released on DVD as an exclusive on the Disney Movie Club promotional website in early 2005  In November 2019, the film became available to stream on Disney+ 

External links
Jumping Ship at IMDb
Passage 14:
Government-granted monopoly
In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly" or "regulated monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement  As a form of coercive monopoly, government-granted monopoly is contrasted with an unregulated monopoly, wherein there is no competition but it is not forcibly excluded Amongst forms of coercive monopoly it is distinguished from government monopoly or state monopoly (in which government agencies hold the legally enforced monopoly rather than private individuals or firms) and from government-sponsored cartels (in which the government forces several independent producers to partially coordinate their decisions through a centralized organization)  Advocates for government-granted monopolies often claim that they ensure a degree of public control over essential industries, without having those industries actually run by the state  Opponents often criticize them as political favors to corporations  Government-granted monopolies may be opposed by those who would prefer free markets as well as by those who would prefer to replace private corporations with public ownership 

History
Under mercantilist economic systems, European governments with colonial interests often granted large and extremely lucrative monopolies to companies trading in particular regions, such as the Dutch East India Company Today, government-granted monopolies may be found in public utility services such as public roads, mail, water supply, and electric power, as well as certain specialized and highly regulated fields such as education and gambling  In many countries, lucrative natural resources industries, especially the petroleum industry, are controlled by government-granted monopolies  Franchises granted by governments to operate public transit through public roads are another example 

Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state or national government to an inventor or his/her assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention 
The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements  Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, inventive, and useful or industrially applicable  In many countries, certain subject areas are excluded from patents, such as business methods and mental acts  The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without permission 

Copyright
Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution  This is usually only for a limited time  The exclusive rights are not absolute but subject to limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use  A major limitation on copyright is that it protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves 

Trademark
A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities 
Trademarks can act as a form of consumer protection that lowers the transaction costs between a buyer and seller who are not personally acquainted 

Directly mandated
Governments have granted monopolies to forms of copy prevention  In the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, for example, the proprietary Macrovision copy prevention technology is required for analog video recorders  Though other forms of copy prevention aren't prohibited, legally requiring Macrovision effectively grants it a monopoly and prevents other, potentially more effective copy prevention methods from being developed 

Background of the role of government
Rent-seeking behavior can be incentivized by monopolies, foreign trade restrictions and state subsidies  Governments can also create monopolies in an attempt to reduce inefficiency in markets 
Companies can also exhibit rent-seeking behavior even if not explicitly incentivized to do so  For example, a manufacturer that has no direct competitors can limit its output, thereby producing artificial scarcity  This scarcity, in turn, is used as justification for increased prices 
Monopoly creation is not always a strict market phenomenon  Voters, government officials, and government employees can be persuaded to allow the creation or protection of monopolies due to various incentives, because of actions by special interest groups that can impose costs on the general public, or because social goals other than economic efficiency are being pursued  Government granted monopolies constitute a fair portion of monopolized industries 

Natural monopolies
A natural monopoly occurs when a single company dominates the market by having the lowest prices or the products most in demand by consumers  Fixed costs and variable costs can both be factors  If the fixed costs associated with providing a service or product are very high, it may not make economic sense for new competitors to enter the market  For example, it is rarely worthwhile to build second or third tram networks in cities where tram infrastructure already exists  Because the fixed cost of construction is too high, the expected return is not worth the investment 
According to economist Arnold Harberger, the loss of deadweight from monopolies in the US manufacturing industry is only 0 1% of GNP, so the real problem is not the existence of monopolies  The real problems are the social and opportunity costs  These include time and resources expended by lobbyists, consumers, and producers who might otherwise redirect those resources to other, more productive activities In the case of natural monopolies in private hands, regulation can be introduced to dissolve or restructure monopolies  The government can also regulate prices in certain sectors where natural monopolies develop  This can be done directly by setting the price (for example, the price of rail or gas) or by regulating the return (for example, in the case of telephone services)  Whatever method is used, the goal is to lower prices to cost levels  Some economists, such as Thomas Sowell, Walter Williams, and Wayne Winegarden argue that price controls have disastrous economic effects or are otherwise immoral 

Alternative interpretation
Dennis Thompson notes, "Corruption is bad not because money and benefits change hands, and not because of the motives of participants, but because it privatizes valuable aspects of public life, bypassing processes of representation, debate, and choice "

Criticism
Opponents of government-granted monopoly often point out that such a firm is able to set its pricing and production policies without fear of breeding potential competition  They argue that this causes inefficiencies in the market place, such as unnecessarily high prices to consumers for the good or service being supplied  It has been argued that government-imposed price caps might avert this problem 
Some economists, such as Lenoard Read, argue that government-granted monopolies are immoral, whereas con-coercive monopolies are not necessarily so 

Examples of government-granted monopolies
Saudi Aramco
British East India Company
French East India Company
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane (formerly)
K–12 education
Federal Reserve System
Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (formerly)
Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee and American Medical Association
Bell System

See also
Coercive monopoly
Legal monopoly
Copyright
Government monopoly
Monopoly
Natural monopoly
Rent seeking
Federal Reserve System

Notes
Passage 15:
A2 road (Jersey)
Victoria Avenue (classified as the A2) is a major road in Jersey, connecting the capital St Helier to Bel Royal in St Lawrence, also providing access to the western part of the A1 for non-bus traffic, due to a bus gate that prevents traffic from the A1 continuing on the A1  
The road has been referred to as "the Island's most important route and event venue", due to the fact that 30,000 vehicles travel along the road each day, and it provides a vital route between the two largest conurbations on the island  The road also plays host to the island's largest annual festival, the Battle of Flowers 
It is the longest stretch of dual carriageway in the Channel Islands  The road has three signalised junctions, one at the eastern end of the road at West Park, one at First Tower and one at Millbrook 
Running along the southern side of the road is a series of car parks (known as "lay-bys"), a cycle track and the St Aubin's Bay promenade  The road has lovely views of the bay, and there are cafés and public toilets on the sea front 

History
The road was constructed between 1895 and the Diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria, after whom the road is named, in 1897  The road had initially been named for the former Connétable of St Helier Mr  Baudins as Boulevard Baudins  The road was originally a single carriageway, extending only as far as First Tower, however over time the road was extended and converted into a dual carriageway in the late 1950s Aerial photographs from 1965 show that the two ends of the avenue were roundabouts at that time  Nowadays these have been removed Between 2009 and 2010, upgrades to the road were part of a fiscal stimulus plan in response to the 2007 financial crisis  It involved the replaced of the aged drainage system, improvement of pedestrian facilities, the replacement of street lighting columns to improve energy efficiency and the lengthening of right-turn lanes to reduce congestion In May 2020, the Government of Jersey announced that some parking in the lay-bys could be removed to promote sustainable transport in response to a rise in usage of the promenade and cycle track, and a reduction in usage of the road during the COVID-19 pandemic 

See also
Roads in Jersey
Passage 16:
Mr  Lawrence
Douglas Lawrence Osowski (born January 1, 1969), known professionally as Mr  Lawrence, is an American voice actor, animator and writer  He is best known for his work as a writer and voice actor for the Nicktoons Rocko's Modern Life and SpongeBob SquarePants  On SpongeBob, he has provided the voice of Plankton and various recurring characters since 1999 

Early life and career
Lawrence attended The Kubert School for two years, before dropping out to focus on his stand-up  He is known for his work as a writer (and, since season 10, story editor) on the animated TV series SpongeBob SquarePants  He also has long-running character roles on the show, providing the voice of Sheldon Plankton and various recurring characters, such as Potty the Parrot (replacing Paul Tibbitt from season 10 onwards), the Realistic Fish-Head, and Larry the Lobster 
He was the voice of Edward T  Platypus, Nurse Leslie, Dave, and Ping-Pong on Camp Lazlo  Lawrence also performed the voice of Filburt in Rocko's Modern Life and is the voice of the Announcer and Manant in The Aquabats! Super Show!  Lawrence is a standup comedian, cartoonist, writer-director, animator and producer on the television series Johnny Talk  He worked on The Ren and Stimpy Show in its second season as a layout assistant  He also worked as a writer on Rocko's Modern Life, The Twisted Whiskers Show, and Mighty Magiswords 
As a comedian, Lawrence performed in New Jersey and Los Angeles, collaborating with comedian Jeremy Kramer and Boston comedy writer Martin Olson  Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, a storyboard writer for Rocko's Modern Life and co-creator of Phineas and Ferb, described Lawrence as bearing a "unique sense of humor", and that one "would really have to know Doug to understand (or not understand)" his style  Marsh says that the rationale for Lawrence's humor techniques and decisions "remain a mystery to us forever "

Filmography
Films and television shows
Video games
Writer
Rocko's Modern Life (1993–96)
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995–97)
SpongeBob SquarePants (1999–2002; 2009–present) - also story editor (2016–present)
Hairballs (2000)
Do the Voice (2003)
Johnnie Talk (2003)
SpongeBob's Truth or Square (2009)
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) – Additional screenplay material
The Twisted Whiskers Show (2010)
Lucky Lady (2014)
Mighty Magiswords (2015–2016) - Story
Wabbit (2015)
Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling (2019)

Director
Looks Can Kill (1994)
Rocko's Modern Life (1993–1996) – Leap Frogs/Bedfellows (1993) - Sugar-Frosted Frights/Ed Is Dead: A Thriller! (1995) – Fish-N-Chumps/Camera Shy (1995) – Nothing to Sneeze At/Old Fogey Froggy (1995) – Speaking Terms/Tooth and Nail (1995)
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995–97)
General Chaos: Uncensored Animation (1998)
Hairballs (2000)
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) – Assistant director
Lucky Lady (2014)

Other work
The Food Album (1993) – album art

Awards and nominations
Context 3: Passage 1:
Saulkrasti Municipality
Saulkrasti Municipality (Latvian: Saulkrastu novads) is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia  The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti  In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town  The population in 2020 was 6,735 During the 2021 Latvian administrative reform, the previous municipality was merged with Sēja Municipality 
The total area of Saulkrasti municipality is 46 8 km²  The administrative territory of Saulkrasti municipality is located on the coast of the Gulf of Riga, in the western part of Vidzeme  The territory of Saulkrasti municipality includes a coastal forest zone from the Lilaste River and the lake in the south to Zvejniekciems in the north  The administrative territory stretches for 17 kilometers  More than 6 thousand inhabitants are declared to live in the county  Along with the summer season, the population increases significantly, which is related to the beginning of the tourist season and the increase in the flow of horticultural cooperatives in the region  The distance from the center of Saulkrasti to Riga is 45 km, Limbaži - 47 km, Sigulda - 40 km, Salacgrīva - 58 km  The territory of the municipality is crossed by the international highway VIA Baltica  Four rivers flow through the county - Inčupe, Pēterupe, Ķīšupe and Aģe, which were symbolically depicted in the previous coat of arms of Saulkrasti Municipality as four silver bars 

Population
Twin towns — sister cities
Saulkrasti is twinned with:
 Gnesta, Sweden
 Neringa, Lithuania
 Odolanów, Poland
 Radashkovichy, Belarus

Images
See also
Administrative divisions of Latvia
Passage 2:
List of territorial entities where English is an official language
The following is a list of countries and territories where English is an official language—that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials  As of 2020, there were 58 sovereign states and 28 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language  Many administrative divisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level 
Most states where English is an official language are former territories of the British Empire  Exceptions include Rwanda and Burundi, which were formerly German and then Belgian colonies; Cameroon, where only part of national territory was under British mandate; and Liberia, the Philippines, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau, which were American territories  English is the sole official language of the Commonwealth of Nations and of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)  English is one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, NAFTA, the African Union, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Caribbean Community, the Union of South American Nations, and many other international organisations  Although English is not de jure an official language at the national level in the United States, most states and territories within the United States have English as an official language, and only Puerto Rico uses a language other than English as a primary working language The United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, where the overwhelming majority of native English speakers reside, do not have English as an official language de jure, but English is considered their de facto official language because it dominates in these countries 

Sovereign states
Countries where English is a de jure official language
Countries where English is a predominant language conventionally spoken by both the government and main population, despite it having no de jure official status at national level
Countries where English is a de facto working language in government or education, but it is not recognized as de jure official, nor a primary language spoken by the main population
Non-sovereign entities
Non-sovereign entities where English is a de jure official language
Non-sovereign entities where English is a de facto official language
Non-sovereign entities where English is a de facto official, but not a primary language
Country subdivisions
In these country subdivisions, English has de jure official status, but English is not official in their respective countries at the national level 

See also
English-only movement
Anglo-America
Commonwealth of Nations
Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
British Overseas Territories
English-speaking world
List of countries by English-speaking population
List of languages by total number of speakers
British Empire

Footnotes
Passage 3:
Psycho Donuts
Psycho Donuts is a donut shop in Campbell, California opened in March 2009  The theme of the shop is "craziness"; it specializes in unusual donut flavors and many of its donuts' names are puns on mental illnesses or other mental health conditions, and the store's decorations include a straitjacket and a padded cell  In 2016, a third location in Santa Clara, California was opened, which along with the second location in Downtown San Jose, has closed  In 2021 A pop up location in the Valley Fair mall was opened and it still currently operating 

Description
The shop was opened by Jordan Zweigoron and Kipp Berdianski in March 2009  Berdiansky left the partnership in late July, leaving Zweigoron as the sole owner  In 2014, Web Granger (1971–2019) became the owner of Psycho Donuts Psycho Donuts describes itself as a shop that "has taken donuts to the next demented level" and "has taken the neighborhood donut and put it on medication, and given it shock treatment"  Its products have unusual toppings such as pretzels and Froot Loops, and many of the donuts' names are puns on mental health conditions—for example, there are donuts called "Bipolar", "Manic Malt", and "Cereal Killer"—although several also have names unrelated to mental illness, such as "Donut Fries", "S'Mores", and "Crispy Critters"  Some refer to other serious medical conditions, such as "Massive Head Trauma"  The shop's decor also has a psychiatric institution theme: it includes a straitjacket and padded room, an eating area called "Group Therapy", and the staff wear lab coats or nurse uniforms  Zweigoron describes the store's atmosphere as that of a "fun mental institution" 

Controversy
The shop has attracted controversy since it was opened in March 2009  Mental health advocates have claimed that the theme of the shop is offensive and perpetuates stereotypes and stigmatization of mentally ill individuals  Organizations including the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), California's Mental Health Services Oversight and Accountability Commission, and Silicon Valley Independent Living Center called on Psycho Donuts in early April to change the store's name and theme, claiming that negative portrayals of people with mental illnesses create "obstacles" for these people in daily life and can have psychological consequences  Brian Miller of NAMI pointed out that few physical illnesses are subject to the stigma that mental illnesses are, and that a "shop that made fun of cancer" would never be accepted  Author Pete Earley compared the shop's gimmick to the practice of "mak[ing] gay men and lesbians the butt of jokes, as well as blacks, other minorities, and persons who were callously labeled as 'retards, gimps and cripples'"  A city council meeting on April 7, 2009, included discussion on whether or not the shop should be forced to change its theme, and protests were held near the shop throughout April and May  Another protest was held on August 2 On the other hand, the store's owners and supporters have argued that the shop's theme has no malicious intentions and that the store is meant to be fun and unusual  The business also intended to use part of its profits to support the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, although the organization did not accept the donation  The store's owners and supporters argued that Psycho Donuts has a First Amendment right (specifically, the right to free speech) to choose the name of their business and products  Finally, some people have argued that mental health advocates should worry about larger issues instead of "going after" such a small business, and that the controversy over the store would cause people to "not take mental health issues seriously" In May 2009, a workshop on mental health issues was held in Campbell; people attending the workshop credited the Psycho Donut controversy with raising the visibility of mental health issues and prompting the workshop In late August that year Zweigoron, having become the sole owner of the shop, announced that he would remove the straitjacket and padded cell from the shop's interior, and changed the name of two donuts on the menu, "Bipolar" (changed to "Mood Swing") and "Massive Head Trauma" ("Headbanger") In June 2013, Psycho Donuts again attracted controversy with the Foie Bomb, a foie gras donut, which it gave away free on National Donut Day because of a California anti-animal cruelty law forbidding the sale of foie gras  Ron Levi, the head chef, came up with the idea together with Charlie Ayers, former head chef at Google 

Donut Showdown
In 2013, Psycho Donuts' head chef Ron Levi, assisted by Joe Cloutier, won first place in Food Network Canada's Donut Showdown 

See also
Heart Attack Grill
Passage 4:
Pettai, Karaikal
Pettai is a panchayat village and revenue village in Pondicherry Union Territory, India  Administratively, Pettai is under the Thirunallar Taluk (formerly Thirunallar Commune Panchayat) of Karaikal District, Pondicherry Union Territory  Pettai is situated on the banks of the Arasalar River, to the west of Karaikal town and south of Thirunallar 
In the 2011 census 3,208 people were recorded as living in Pettai village 


== Notes ==
Passage 5:
Campbell, California
Campbell  is a city in Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area   As of the 2020 U S  Census, Campbell's population is 43,959  Campbell is home to the Pruneyard Shopping Center, a sprawling open-air retail complex which was involved in a famous U S  Supreme Court case that established the extent of the right to free speech in California Today, the Pruneyard Shopping Center is home to the South Bay offices of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 

History
Prior to the city
Prior to the founding of the neighborhood of Campbell, the land was occupied by the Ohlone, the Native American people of the Northern California coast 
About a third of present-day Campbell was part of the 1839 Alta California Rancho Rinconada de Los Gatos land grant  The northern extent of the grant land was along present-day Rincon Avenue, and across the North end of John D  Morgan Park in central Campbell 

Industrialization
The city was founded by Benjamin Campbell (1826–1907), after whom the city is named  Benjamin came to California in 1846 with his father, William M  Campbell I (1793–1885)  William started a sawmill in Saratoga, and surveyed the cities of San Jose and Santa Clara  In 1851, Benjamin bought 160 acres (0 65 km2) in southern Santa Clara Valley and cultivated hay and grain on it  This area later became Campbell's historical downtown core 
In 1878, Campbell sold his land for $5 an acre to a railroad company  By 1887, the first subdivision was recorded west of the railroad, from Campbell Avenue to the spot where the Water Tower Plaza now stands  He and his wife Mary (née Rucker) Campbell (1834–1913) founded the city which was first known as Campbell's Place, but would later become the town of Campbell In 1888, the Campbell School District was formed The area became the center for shipping fruit grown in the surrounding area, and within a short time, the drying grounds and canneries made Campbell an important rail center  By 1892, the Campbell Fruit Growers' Union became a well-known cooperative with its 17-acre (69,000 m2) drying yard  J C  Ainsley Packing Company, Hyde Cannery, and Payne Cannery were the main fruit packing companies In 1895, The Bank of Campbell was founded and the first newspaper, the Campbell Weekly Visitor, began publication Campbell was incorporated as a city in 1952  The city then grew rapidly as orchard lands disappeared, tract by tract  Today, Campbell is a suburban residential neighborhood in the southern part of the Santa Clara Valley 

Geography
Campbell is bordered on the east and north by San Jose, on the south by Los Gatos, and on the west by a small portion of Saratoga 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5 9 square miles (15 km2), of which 5 8 square miles (15 km2) is land and 0 1 square miles (0 26 km2) is water 
Of the total area, 1 49% is water, consisting of percolation ponds in Los Gatos Creek Park and in other locations; San Tomas Aquino Creek, which flows north on the west side of the city, is completely enclosed with fences and runs through concrete culverts; and Los Gatos Creek, which flows north-north-east on the east side of the city and has paths along both banks for hikers and joggers (locally called the "Perc Ponds")  Residents are able to reach Los Gatos by continuing on the creek trail  Downtown Campbell contains many local stores and shops, and every Sunday the downtown street close from 8am-1pm for a local farmers market 
State Route 17 runs roughly parallel to Los Gatos Creek on its eastern side; State Route 85 runs roughly east–west through Los Gatos just south of Campbell and cuts through the southwest corner of the city 

Demographics
2020
The 2020 United States Census reported that Campbell had a population of 43,959 

Racial Makeup
It was reported that 16,121 people live in households, with an average of 2 64 persons per house  84 1% were living in the same house 1 year ago  35 6% of households spoke a language other than English 
49 2% of the housing in occupied by the owner  The median value of owner occupied housing units was $1,156,000  The median gross rent was $2,323 

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Campbell had a population of 39,349 
The racial makeup of Campbell was 26,315 (66 9%) White, 7,247 (18 4%) Hispanic or Latino of any race, 6,320 (16 1%) Asian, 1,158 (2 9%) African American, 275 (0 7%) Native American, and 161 (0 4%) Pacific Islander  A remaining 2,713 (6 9%) identified as other races, and 2,407 (6 1%) from two or more races 
The Census reported that 39,148 people (99 5% of the population) lived in households, 79 (0 2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 122 (0 3%) were institutionalized 
There were 16,163 households, out of which 4,897 (30 3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,133 (44 1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,741 (10 8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 812 (5 0%) had a male householder with no wife present   There were 1,092 (6 8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 138 (0 9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  4,805 households (29 7%) were made up of individuals, and 1,328 (8 2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 42   There were 9,686 families (59 9% of all households); the average family size was 3 05 
The population was spread out, with 8,271 people (21 0%) under the age of 18, 2,982 people (7 6%) aged 18 to 24, 12,834 people (32 6%) aged 25 to 44, 10,868 people (27 6%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,394 people (11 2%) who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 38 3 years  For every 100 females, there were 96 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94 2 males 
There were 16,950 housing units at an average density of 2,879 7 per square mile (1,111 9/km2), of which 8,093 (50 1%) were owner-occupied, and 8,070 (49 9%) were occupied by renters  The homeowner vacancy rate was 1 8%; the rental vacancy rate was 4 6%   20,975 people (53 3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 18,173 people (46 2%) lived in rental housing units 

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 39,200 people, 15,920 households, and 9,122 families residing in the city   The population density was 6,802 8 inhabitants per square mile (2,626 6/km2)   There were 16,286 housing units at an average density of 2,905 0 per square mile (1,121 6/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 72 78% White, 2 53% African American, 0 65% Native American, 14 16% Asian, 0 23% Pacific Islander, 4 87% from other races, and 4 77% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13 33% of the population 
28 0% of the households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42 6% were married couples living together, 10 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42 7% were non-families  30 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 38 and the average family size was 3 02 
The city population was 21 6% under the age of 18, 7 6% from 18 to 24, 40 2% from 25 to 44, 20 9% from 45 to 64, and 9 7% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 98 6 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96 7 males 
About 48% of the adult population has at least one college-level degree  However, this has declined in recent years as a greater number of working-class immigrants move into the city 
The median income for a household in the city was $67,214, and the median income for a family was $78,663 (these figures had risen to $70,928 and $89,285 respectively as of a 2007 estimate)  Males had a median income of $52,454 versus $43,750 for females  The per capita income for the city was $34,441



ground_truth: City University of New York

The City University of New York

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Live Life Loud album's band signed to which label?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Every Light in the House
"Every Light in the House" is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins  It was released in August 1996 as the second single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud  It was his first Top 5 single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, where it peaked at #3 

Content
The song is a mid-tempo ballad mostly accompanied by piano and fiddle in which the narrator has recently split from his wife  He turns every light on in the house and keeps them on for her in case she wants to return to his side 

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that "Adkins' deep, powerful voice does justice to the yearning in this lyric about a man who has left the lights on waiting for his lover to return " Rick Cohoon of AllMusic gave the song a favorable review, calling it a "creative approach to the age-old 'goodbye, I miss you' song " He commended Adkins' voice for "communicat[ing] pain so well" despite the singer's stature, although he considered some of the similes forced (e g  "the backyard's bright as the crack of dawn") 

Music video
The music video for this song is in black-and-white, and begins with Adkins sitting on the porch of a house with his dog after his woman left home  He then gets off the porch, and he and some workers get to work on a power generator  Scenes also feature him singing inside of the same house which also featured an alternative sub chorus "Drinkin' Bush Light til the crack of dawn" whilst a slew of empty Busch cans can be seen next to the generator, ultimately this scene and lyric was scrubbed and the original was used 

Chart performance
"Every Light in the House" debuted at number 72 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated August 24, 1996  It charted for 21 weeks on that chart, and peaked at number 3 on the country chart dated December 14, 1996, giving Adkins the first Top 5 single of his career  In addition, it peaked at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100, also marking his first entry on that chart 

Certifications
Parodies
On his 1998 album Did I Shave My Back for This?, country parodist Cledus T  Judd parodied the song as "Every Light in the House Is Blown"   Trace Adkins is featured in the music video when the song begins and after it ends 
Passage 2:
The Call (Mal Waldron album)
The Call is an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron recorded in 1971 and released on the JAPO label  The album was the first release on the short-lived European jazz label  It is Waldron's only album as a bandleader to feature him playing the electric piano 

Reception
AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars  It was included as one of the 640 albums covered in the 2013 Japanese book Obscure Sound, written by Chee Shimizu  Shimizu praised the album for its "funky psychedelic groove" and interplay between Waldron's electric piano and Jimmy Jackson's organ 

Track listing
All compositions by Mal Waldron"The Call" — 18:53
"Thoughts" — 21:50Recorded at Tonstudio Bauer in Ludwigsburg, West Germany on February 1, 1971 

Personnel
Mal Waldron — electric piano
Jimmy Jackson — organ
Eberhard Weber — electric bass
Fred Braceful — drums, percussion
Passage 3:
Duo Live in Concert
Duo Live in Concert is a live album by pianist Kenny Drew and bassist Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen recorded in the Netherlands in 1974 and released on the SteepleChase label 

Reception
The Allmusic review awarded the album 3 stars 

Track listing
"In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) - 9:44
"My Little Suede Shoes" (Charlie Parker) - 5:26
"You Don't Know What Love Is" (Gene DePaul, Don Raye) - 6:15 Bonus track on CD
"My Shining Hour" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) - 8:45
"Viking's Blues" (Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen) - 5:50
"Oleo" (Sonny Rollins) - 0:36 Bonus track on CD
"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?" (Louis Alter, Eddie DeLange) - 6:35 Bonus track on CD
"Serenity" (Kenny Drew) - 4:27
"All Blues" (Miles Davis) - 6:04 Bonus track on CD
"Trubbel" (Olle Adolphson) - 5:00
"There Is No Greater Love" (Isham Jones, Marty Symes) - 9:21
"Oleo" (Rollins) - 2:14

Personnel
Kenny Drew - piano
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen - bass
Passage 4:
Live at Memory Lane
Live at Memory Lane is a live album by jazz cornetist Nat Adderley released on the Atlantic label featuring performances by Adderley's Quintet with Joe Henderson, Joe Zawinul, Victor Gaskin, and Roy McCurdy 

Reception
The Allmusic review awarded the album 2½ stars 

Track listing
All compositions by Nat Adderley except as indicated"On My Journey Now" - 4:49
"Fun" - 6:40
"In the Good Old Summertime" (George Evans, Ren Shields) - 9:49
"Lavender Woman" (Joe Zawinul) - 8:16
"Painted Desert" (Zawinul) - 8:48
"Theme" (Adderley, Zawinul) - 4:49Recorded at Memory Lane, San Francisco, CA on October 31, 1966

Personnel
Nat Adderley – cornet
Joe Henderson (tracks 2-6) - tenor saxophone
Joe Zawinul  - piano
Victor Gaskin - bass
Roy McCurdy - drums
Passage 5:
Sony Music
Sony Music Entertainment (SME), simply known as Sony Music, is an American multinational music company owned by Sony Entertainment and managed by the American umbrella division of multinational conglomerate Sony  It is the recording division half of the Sony Music Group, with the other half being the publishing division, Sony Music Publishing Founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation, it was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System in 1938 and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation  In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records  Sony bought the company in 1991 and renamed it to its current name  In 2004, Sony and Bertelsmann established a 50-50 joint venture known as Sony BMG to handle the operations of Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG), but Sony bought out Bertelsmann's stake 4 years later and reverted to using the 1991 company name  This buyout led to labels formerly under BMG ownership, including Arista, Jive, LaFace and J Records into former BMG and currently Sony's co-flagship record label, RCA Records, in 2011 and led to the relaunch of BMG as BMG Rights Management  Arista Records would later be revived in 2018 
On July 17, 2019, Sony announced a merger of Sony Music Entertainment and music publishing arm Sony/ATV to form the Sony Music Group  The merger was completed on August 1, 2019 As of 2023, Sony Music Entertainment is the second largest of the "Big Three" record companies, behind Universal Music Group and followed by Warner Music Group  Its music publishing division Sony Music Publishing (formerly Sony/ATV) is the largest music publisher in the world 

History
1929–1938: American Record Corporation
The American Record Corporation (ARC) was founded in 1929 through a merger of several record companies  The company grew for the next several years, acquiring other brands such as the Columbia Phonograph Company, including its Okeh Records subsidiary, in 1934 

1938–1970: Columbia/CBS Records
In 1938, ARC was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) under the guidance of chief executive William S  Paley  The company was later renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, and changed again to Columbia Records Inc  in 1947  Edward Wallerstein, who served as the head of Columbia Records since the late 1930s, helped establish the company as a leader in the record industry by spearheading the successful introduction of the LP record  Columbia's success continued through the 1950s with the launch of Epic Records in 1953 and Date Records in 1958  By 1962, the Columbia Records productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles, California; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey Columbia's international arm was launched in 1962 under the name "CBS Records", as the company only owned the rights to the Columbia name in North America  In 1964, the company began acquiring record companies in other countries for its CBS Records International unit and established its own UK distribution outfit with the acquisition of Oriole Records By 1966, Columbia was renamed as CBS Records and was a separate unit of the parent company, CBS-Columbia Group  In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture 

1971–1991: CBS Records Group
In 1971, CBS Records was expanded into its own "CBS Records Group", with Clive Davis as its administrative vice president and general manager  In the 1980s to the early 1990s, the company managed several successful labels, including CBS Associated Records, which signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer  In 1983, CBS expanded its music publishing business by acquiring the music publishing arm of MGM/UA Communications Co  (CBS later sold the print music arm to Columbia Pictures ) By 1987, CBS was the only "big three" American TV network to have a co-owned record company  With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983 In 1986, CBS sold its music publishing division, CBS Songs, to SBK Entertainment On November 17, 1987, Sony acquired CBS Records for US$2 billion  CBS Inc , now Paramount Global, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name  The sale was completed on January 5, 1988  CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which was distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary In 1989, CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville-based Tree International Publishing 

1991–2004: Birth of Sony Music Entertainment
Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark  The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated  Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990  Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia, an unrelated company  Thus, Sony Music Entertainment Japan issues labels under Sony Records  The Columbia Records trademark's rightsholder in Spain was Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, which Sony Music subsequently subsumed via a 2004 merger, and a subsequent 2008 buyout In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing 

2004–2008: Sony BMG: Joint venture with Bertelsmann
In August 2004, Sony entered a joint venture with an equal partner Bertelsmann, by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment  However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG while BMG Japan was made part of the merger The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by CBS rival, NBC  It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold  As of 2017, Davis was still with Sony Music as a chief creative officer 

2008–present: Sony Music revival, restructuring and recent developments
On August 5, 2008, Sony Corporation of America (SCA) and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG  The company completed the acquisition on October 1, 2008  On July 1, 2009, SME and IODA announced a strategic partnership to leverage worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rights holders  In March 2010, Sony Corp partnered with The Michael Jackson Company in a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history From 2009 to 2020, Sony owned 50% of Syco Entertainment, which operates some of the world's most successful reality TV formats, including Got Talent and The X Factor with Simon Cowell  Cowell acquired Sony's stake in 2020 Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, and later Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1, 2011  Sony Music underwent restructuring upon Morris' arrival; with some artists switching labels while other labels were eliminated altogether In June 2012, a consortium led by Sony/ATV acquired EMI Music Publishing, making Sony/ATV the world's largest music publisher at the time  This acquisition also reunited the common ownership of pre-1986 CBS Songs (as SBK Songs) catalog to Sony/ATV 
Rob Stringer became CEO of Sony Music Entertainment on April 1, 2017  He previously served as chairman and CEO of Columbia Records Sony has experienced a number of changes with its international labels  In February 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Filipino office due to piracy, and Ivory Music and Video had been handling distribution for its catalog a few months earlier in July 2011  In early 2018, their distribution deal with Ivory expired and SME resumed its  operations in the Philippines, with the new offices still located in Ortigas Center, Pasig  In July 2013, Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis  Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists would then be carried by Feelgood Records In June 2017, Sony announced that by March 2018 it would be producing vinyl records in-house for the first time since ceasing its production in 1989  Reporting the decision, the BBC noted that, "Sony's move comes a few months after it equipped its Tokyo studio with a cutting lathe, used to produce the master discs needed for manufacturing vinyl records" but added that "Sony is even struggling to find older engineers who know how to make records" On February 5, 2019, a group of 1970s-era musicians including David Johansen and John Waite filed lawsuits accusing Sony Music Entertainment and UMG Recordings, Inc  of improperly refusing to let them reclaim the rights to songs they had signed away earlier in their careers  The lawsuit cites U S  copyright law, which gives artists who formerly bargained away their rights on unfavorable terms a chance to reclaim those rights by filing termination notices after 35 years  The plaintiffs claim that Sony and UMG have "routinely and systematically" ignored hundreds of notices, having taken the position that recordings are "works made for hire" and are therefore not subject to being reclaimed In April 2021, the Brazilian media company Grupo Globo sold its domestic record label Som Livre to Sony Music for an undisclosed amount  It was approved by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense on November 4, 2021 
In 2022, Sony Music Entertainment acquired boutique branding and merchandising agency, Ceremony of Roses(CoR)  The newly acquired company would merge with Sony's existing merch division and continue under the CoR banner  The merger brought together artists like Adele, A$AP Rocky, and Lil Nas X under one merchandising house  According to Sony, the move will help expand their merchandising team and take artists' merch to the next level In January 2023, Sony Music and Alamo Records founder Todd Moscowitz launched Santa Anna, an artist and label services company 

Sony Music UK
Sony Music UK (legal name Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited) is owned and operated by Sony Music Entertainment in the United Kingdom  Since 2014, Jason Iley has been chairman and CEO of Sony Music UK  Though owned by Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music UK has standalone operations in the UK to promote musicians within the UK In June 2017, it was announced that Sony would be merging its two independent distribution companies The Orchard and Red Essential 2014 saw Sony's best singles success for 33 years, with 11 number 1 singles  Sony Music artists won a total of five individual awards at the BRITs 2015, including Best Female Solo Artist for Paloma Faith, and Mark Ronson's "Uptown Funk", which picked up Best British Single  Several other of the label's artists - Foo Fighters, One Direction and Pharrell Williams - also collected awards Sony's performance at the BRITs 2015 was the label's best in nearly 20 years, winning a total of 5 awards  In 2017, Sony Music UK celebrated the most successful BRIT Awards in the company's history, winning seven of the 11 awards In the last three years, Sony Music UK has made key acquisitions including forming Insanity Records with Insanity Management  Craig David became the first artist to sign an album deal with Insanity Records  Sony Music UK signed Robbie Williams, who released his 11th album The Heavy Entertainment Show in 2016  Jason Iley commented that the agreement was "a once in a lifetime signing with the biggest male solo artist of our generation" Sony Music UK also incorporated the independent sales and distribution company Essential Music and Marketing - renamed to Red Essential  In August 2016, Sony Music acquired Ministry of Sound Recordings, home to London Grammar, DJ Fresh and Sigala On April 5, 2017, two of Sony Music UK's labels won awards at the annual Music Week Awards  Columbia Records received the 'A&R of the Year' Award, while Syco were awarded the 'Record Company of the Year' Award In 2021, Sony agreed to buy Kobalt neighboring rights division and independent distribution company AWAL, from the Kobalt Music Group for $430 million The UK media company Somethin' Else was acquired outright by Sony Music in 2021, to form a podcast division 

Criticism and Controversies
CD price fixing
Between 1995 and 2000, music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements such as minimum advertised pricing to artificially inflate prices of compact discs  This was done in order to end price wars of the early 1990s among discounters such as Best Buy and Target  A settlement was reached in 2002 that included music publishers and distributors Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music and Universal Music  In restitution for price fixing, they agreed to pay a $67 4 million fine and distribute $75 7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups but admitted no wrongdoing  It is estimated that customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million overall and up to $5 per album 

George Michael
The British artist, George Michael, signed to Columbia in the U S  and Epic worldwide, advised Sony executives in 1990 that he would not be appearing in music videos to support his forthcoming album, Listen Without Prejudice Vol  1  Michael then accused Sony of not promoting the album at all  He sued in the UK in 1992, asking to be released from his contract  Sony ultimately prevailed in the courts in 1994, but Michael's contract was bought out by other labels  Some 11 years later, Michael licensed tracks to Sony for release 

Michael Jackson and Tommy Mottola
The release of Invincible was preceded by a dispute between Michael Jackson and Sony Music Entertainment  Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s, after which he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep the profits; however, clauses in the contract set the revert date years into the future  Jackson discovered that the attorney who had represented him in the deal had also been representing Sony  He was also concerned that for years Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in its music catalog venture; he feared that Sony might have had a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed, he would have had to sell his share of the catalog at a low price  Jackson sought an early exit from his contract In July 2002, Jackson alleged that the then-Sony Music chairman Tommy Mottola was a "devil" and "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own gain  He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger"  Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States 

Prosecution of copyright infringement
In May 2012, Sony Music filed charges against the website IsoHunt  The plaintiff's claims in the court document filed at the Supreme Court of British Columbia read: "The IsoHunt Websites have been designed and are operated by the defendants with the sole purpose of profiting from rampant copyright infringement which defendants actively encourage, promote, authorize, induce, aid, abet, materially contribute to and commercially profit from " In February 2016, in a lawsuit filed at a California federal court, Sony Music Entertainment and its associated brands (Arista Records and LaFace Records, formerly owned by Bertelsmann Music Group) accused Belgian radio aggregator Radionomy (owned by Universal Music Group's parent Vivendi) of copyright infringement 

Kesha v  Dr  Luke and 2016 boycott
In February 2016, 100,000 people signed an online petition in less than 24 hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr  Luke were made by musical artist Kesha  Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from her contract with Sony Music, but the court denied the request, prompting a widespread public and media response 

List of Sony Music Entertainment labels
Others
Previously affiliated labels
See also
List of Sony Music artists
Sony Music Publishing
Sony BMG
Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal
Sony Music Entertainment Japan
Sony Music Australia
Sony Music UK
Sony Music India
Tero Entertainment
Lists of record labels
Passage 6:
Loud Planes Fly Low
Loud Planes Fly Low is the fifth album by the American band The Rosebuds, released in 2011 on Merge Records 

Track listing
Passage 7:
I Wish Tonight Would Never End
I Wish Tonight Would Never End is an album by American country music artist George Jones  It was released in 1963 on the United Artists record label I Wish Tonight Would Never End features two duets with Melba Montgomery, including the standard "We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds", one of seven chart singles they would score together between 1963 and 1967   In the book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Bob Allen quotes Jones:  "Now, truthfully, Melba fit my style more than Tammy (Wynette) did   I hate to use the word 'hard-core,' but that's  what Melba is - a down-to-earth, hard-core country singer "  The other duet with Montgomery, "Flame In My Heart", was originally recorded by Jones and Virginia Spurlock when Jones was with Mercury Records   The songs would be included on the Jones/Montgomery duet album What's in Our Hearts, also released in 1963 
I Wish Tonight Would Never End also includes a more refined rerecording of "Seasons Of My Heart", a song Jones wrote with Darrell Edwards which had been one of his earliest recordings on the Starday label and had also been a hit for Johnny Cash (Jerry Lee Lewis and Willie Nelson would also cover the song) 

Track listing
"Lonesome Life" (George Jones, George Riddle)
"This Old, Old House" (Jones, Hal Bynum)
"I Saw Me" (Jones, Jimmie Davis)
"Every Time I Look at You"
"I Wish Tonight Would Never End" (Jones, "Country" Johnny Mathis)
"Flame in My Heart" (Jones, Bernard Spurlock)
"Ain't It Funny What a Fool Will Do" (Jones, Mathis)
"There's No Justice" (Leon Payne)
"We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds" (With Melba Montgomery) (Melba Montgomery)
"I Can't Change Over Night" (Jones, Mathis)
"In the Shadow of a Lie" (Jones, Dick Overby)
"Seasons of My Heart" (Jones, Darrell Edwards)
Passage 8:
Hawk Nelson
Hawk Nelson was a Canadian rock band from Peterborough, Ontario  Formed in 2000, the band has released eight studio albums to date 

History
Early independent releases (2000–2003)
In 2000, Dunn, Clark, and Paige founded a Peterborough-based group called "SWISH", while Biro sang lead vocals for a four-piece group called the "Cheese Monkeys from Planet Nine" from Barrie, Ontario  In 2000, SWISH released their first independent album, Riding Around the Park on Mime Radio, an independent record label based in Peterborough  In January 2002, Biro moved to Peterborough to join Dunn, Clark and Paige and SWISH was renamed "Reason Being", before finally settling with the name "Hawk Nelson"  In 2003, they released their second independent album, Saturday Rock Action 

Letters to the President (2004–2005)
They continued to perform and tour independently in Ontario, Canada, before being signed with Tooth & Nail Records, largely on the recommendation of Trevor McNevan, the lead singer of fellow Tooth & Nail bands Thousand Foot Krutch and FM Static  McNevan, also from Peterborough, Ontario, is credited with discovering the band  In July 2004, Hawk Nelson released their debut album Letters to the President  It was produced by Aaron Sprinkle and McNevan, who also co-wrote the album's fourteen songs  He has also appeared on some of the band's songs, as well as in their video for the song "California" 
The band has achieved some success in the mainstream as well  They portrayed The Who on an episode of the NBC drama American Dreams, and they recorded a song named "Bring 'Em Out" as the theme for the 2005 motion picture Yours, Mine and Ours featuring Drake Bell  This song and another hit song "The Show" were both used on Sunday Night Football commercials  "Things We Go Through" from Letters to the President was also featured in Yours, Mine and Ours  In October 2005, the band re-released Letters to the President, with new material including their cover of The Who's "My Generation", three acoustic versions of some of their hits, and a limited edition cover  Hawk Nelson plays the party band for the film Yours, Mine and Ours (2005)  On December 20, 2005, Hawk Nelson released an EP titled Bring 'Em Out 

Smile, It's the End of the World (2006–2007)
Hawk Nelson continued to gain popularity and was voted "Favorite New Artist" by CCM Magazine in their February 2006 Reader's Choice Awards 
On April 4, 2006, Hawk Nelson released Connect Sets EP with six acoustic tracks, including "Bring Em' Out", "Thing We Go Through", and "California" The band released their second studio album, Smile, It's the End of the World, on April 4, 2006  The album was also co-written by Trevor McNevan of Thousand Foot Krutch  The album won a GMA Canada Covenant Award for "Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year" in 2006  The album's first single, "Everything You Ever Wanted", went on to hit No  1 for 9 weeks on the R&R Christian CHR chart, and was the fourth most-played song of 2006  The band spent the middle of 2006 touring the major Christian music festivals, and also took part in Jeremy Camp's Beyond Measure tour  Hawk Nelson released a three-track Christmas EP titled Gloria on November 21, 2006, and then toured with TobyMac's Winter Wonder Slam tour along with The Afters, Family Force 5, and Ayiesha Woods 
Bulletproof Records and producer Ralph Sall have assembled the compilation Charlotte's Web: Music Inspired By The Motion Picture featuring music by Christian artists including Hawk Nelson, Amy Grant, Selah, and Billy Ray Cyrus, which was released December 12, 2006  In addition, Bob Carlisle, Leigh Nash (Sixpence None The Richer), and The Send have all contributed exclusive tracks 
Hawk Nelson performed in 2006 on the Fringe Stage at Creation Festival Northwest, then again on the main stage at Creation in 2007  They performed sometime between July 25–28, 2007, at Creation Festival Northwest on the Main Stage, and they played again on the Fringe Stage at Creation Festival Northeast sometime between June 27–30, 2007  In 2007, (and again in 2009), Hawk Nelson performed at Winter Jam with a variety of other Christian bands, including Newsong, Jeremy Camp, Steven Curtis Chapman, Sanctus Real, and Britt Nicole  Hawk Nelson also toured with MxPx, Run Kid Run, Project 86, The Fold, and The Classic Crime on the Tooth and Nail Tour 
On March 27, 2007, Hawk Nelson released a "Double Take" which includes selections from Letters to the President and Smile It's the End of the World  They then released a holiday-themed EP titled Holiday Trio on November 20, 2007 In 2007, Aaron Tosti left the band to pursue other musical ventures and was replaced by Justin Benner 

Hawk Nelson Is My Friend and Live Life Loud (2008–2010)
The band's third full album, Hawk Nelson Is My Friend was released on April 1, 2008, and featured songs co-written by Trevor McNevan of Thousand Foot Krutch, Raine Maida of Our Lady Peace and Richard Marx 
In 2008, the band also contributed a cover of "Don't You (Forget About Me)", originally by Simple Minds, off the Don't You Forget About Me: The Covers EP  The song was also featured in back-to-school commercials for J C  Penney  On June 8, 2010, Hawkology: Anothology of Hawk Nelson was released containing three previously released albums: Letters to the President, Smile, It's the End of the World, and Hawk Nelson Is My Friend  On June 16, 2009, Summer EP was released through digital outlets only In January 2008, the band headlined their own tour that they called "The Green T Tour" which also featured Capital Lights and Run Kid Run Hawk Nelson was nominated for a 2009 Grammy Award in the category for Best Recording Package, for their 2008 album Hawk Nelson Is My Friend 
On July 21, 2009, Hawk Nelson released their second single from their fourth album Live Life Loud called "The Meaning of Life", and on August 8, the song "Alive" began to be played on Christian Radio  They released their fourth album, Live Life Loud on September 22, 2009  The title song "Live Life Loud" was made available in the Rock Band store during the first week of April 2010  The song "Live Life Loud" was featured in the trailer for the movie, "Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2: Rodrick Rules" 

Crazy Love and departure of Jason Dunn (2011–2012)
On February 8, 2011, Hawk Nelson released their fifth studio album titled Crazy Love, which was bundled together with a new acoustic EP titled The Light Sides Hawk Nelson released another Christmas EP, titled Christmas EP on November 1, 2011, and it included the songs "Hark the Herald Angels Sing", "The Wassail Song", and "Up on the Housetop"  On March 27, 2012, Hawk Nelson released a compilation album titled The Songs You've Already Heard: Best of Hawk Nelson On February 1, 2012, lead vocalist Jason Dunn announced he would be leaving the band in order to pursue his solo project, Lights Go Down, recording an album tentatively titled Abandon Progress  On March 11, 2012, in Fresno, California, Dunn performed his final US show with Hawk Nelson 
Following Dunn's departure, guitarist Jonathan Steingard took over as lead vocalist and bassist Daniel Biro became the last remaining original member of the band 

Post-Dunn releases, Steingard's arrival & departure  (2012–2020)
After Dunn's departure from the band, Steingard replacing him on vocals marked a shift in the band's genre from fast-paced pop punk to softer, contemporary alternative and pop rock  On December 11, 2012, Hawk Nelson announced they had signed with Fair Trade Services  Made was released on April 2, 2013  The album's release was preceded by the release of the album's debut single on January 15, 2013, "Words", featuring Bart Millard of MercyMe, which reached No  1 on the Christian Hot AC/CHR charts On December 10, 2014, Hawk Nelson released the first single off an upcoming album, "Drops In the Ocean" via YouTube and made available on iTunes January 13  The album, Diamonds was announced on January 21  Diamonds is Jonathan Steingard's second album as lead vocalist for the band and first for guitarist Micah Kuiper and drummer David Niacaris  "Just Getting Started", another song from "Diamonds", was heard in several American Idol promo spots ahead of the album's release  The album was released on iTunes and other major music websites on March 17, 2015 On December 15, 2017, the band released the single, "He Still Does (Miracles)", as part of a new album, Miracles, which was released April 6, 2018, through Fair Trade Services In May 2020, Steingard announced on his Instagram page that he had lost his faith in God and is no longer a Christian  In response, Daniel Biro made a post on the band's official Instagram page the following day thanking his bandmates and expressed continued support for them on and off the road  Soon thereafter, Steingard changed his Instagram profile to "Former lead singer Hawk Nelson" 

Personnel
Past

Daniel Biro – bass guitar, backing vocals (2000–present until 2020)
Micah Kuiper – lead guitar, backing vocals (2013–present until 2020 )
David Niacaris – drums (2015–present until 2020 )
Jason Dunn – lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar (2000–2012)
Dave 'Davin' Clark – lead guitar, backing vocals (2000–2004)
Matt 'Matty' Paige – drums (2000–2005)
Jonathan Steingard – lead guitar, backing vocals (2004–2012), lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano, synthesizers (2012–2020)
Gideon 'Gidz' Courtney – drums (late 2005)
Aaron 'Skwid' Tosti – drums (2005–2008)
Justin Benner – drums (2008–2014)Timeline

Discography
Albums
As SWISH

2000: Riding Around the Park (Independent)As Hawk Nelson

2003: Saturday Rock Action (Independent)
2004: Letters to the President (Tooth & Nail Records)
2006: Smile, It's the End of the World (Tooth & Nail Records)
2008: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend (BEC Recordings)
2009: Live Life Loud (BEC Recordings)
2011: Crazy Love (BEC Recordings)
2013: Made (Fair Trade Services)
2015: Diamonds (Fair Trade Services)
2018: Miracles (Fair Trade Services)

Awards
GMA Canada Covenant Awards

2006 Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Smile, It's the End of the World
2007 two nominations: Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "The One Thing I Have Left", and Recorded Song of the Year: "Everything You Ever Wanted"
2008 two nominations: Group of the Year, and Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend
2009 Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "Live Life Loud"
2010 two awards: Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Live Life Loud!, and Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "Never Enough"
2011 two awards: Rock Album of the Year: Crazy Love, and Rock Song of the Year: "Crazy Love"GMA Dove Awards

2007 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Smile, It's the End of the World
2009 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend
2010 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Live Life Loud
2012 nominee, Rock Recorded Song of the Year: You Love Is A Mystery
2012 nominee, Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year: Crazy Love
2012 nominee, Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year: Crazy Love
2012 nominee, Short Form Music Video of the Year: Crazy LoveGolden Ear Music Awards (Ignite Your Faith Magazine)

2006 two wins: Best Band, and Best Male Vocalist: Jason DunnGrammy Awards

2009 nominee, Best Recording Package: Hawk Nelson Is My FriendJuno Awards

2007 nominee, Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year: Smile, It's the End of the World
2012 nominee, Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year: Crazy LoveVH1

2006, No  1 spot on VH1's top 20 video countdown with "The One Thing I Have Left" music video 
Passage 9:
A Perfect Sky
"A Perfect Sky" is Bonnie Pink's twenty-fifth single and first from the album Thinking Out Loud  The single was released under the Warner Music Japan label on June 28, 2006 

Track listing
A Perfect Sky
Free
Interlude -Siesta-
A Perfect Sky (Instrumental)


== Oricon Sales Chart ==
Passage 10:
Quartets: Live at the Village Vanguard
Quartets: Live at the Village Vanguard is a live album by the American jazz saxophonist Joe Lovano recorded at the Village Vanguard in 1994 and 1995 and released on the Blue Note label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "Named Jazz Album of the Year by readers of Downbeat Magazine, this double CD features tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano during two appearances at the Village Vanguard recorded ten months apart    In both cases, Joe Lovano is heard in prime form, making this an easily recommended two-fer" 
Don Heckman of the Los Angeles Times commented, "the two CDs in this new release are demonstrations in just how good he can be, regardless of the music’s style  Recorded live in March 1994 and January 1995 with two very different ensembles, they showcase contrasting aspects of Lovano’s improvisational strengths "

Track listing
All compositions by Joe Lovano except as indicated
Disc One"Fort Worth" [Set 2] - 10:01
"Birds of Springtime Gone By" [Set 1] - 6:43
"I Can't Get Started" [Set 1] (Vernon Duke, Ira Gershwin) - 8:32
"Uprising" [Set 3] -  7:35
"Sail Away" [Set 2] (Tom Harrell) - 10:51
"Blues Not to Lose" [Set 3] (Eddie Boyd) - 9:19
"Song and Dance" [Set 2] - 8:27Disc Two"Lonnie's Lament" [Set 2] (John Coltrane) - 11:12
"Reflections" [Set 2] (Thelonious Monk) - 9:51
"Little Willie Leaps" [Set 1*] (Miles Davis) - 9:22
"This Is All I Ask" [Set 2] (Gordon Jenkins) - 9:18
"26-2" [Set 2] (Coltrane) - 9:42
"Duke Ellington's Sound of Love" [Set 3] (Charles Mingus) - 6:15
"Sounds of Joy" [Set 1] - 10:19Recorded at the Village Vanguard in New York City on March 12, 1994 (Disc One) and January 20 & *22, 1995 (Disc Two)

Personnel
Joe Lovano – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, C melody saxophone
Tom Harrell - trumpet, flugelhorn (Disc One)
Mulgrew Miller – piano (Disc Two)
Anthony Cox (Disc One), Christian McBride (Disc Two) – bass
Billy Hart (Disc One), Lewis Nash (Disc Two) – drums
Passage 11:
Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland
Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland is a live album by jazz bassist and composer Charles Mingus, recorded in 1959 and released on the United Artists label in September of that year  The original release was titled Jazz Portraits, and a subsequent edition was titled Wonderland, leading to the combined title of Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland 

Composition
Both "Alice's Wonderland" and "Nostalgia in Times Square" were originally written for the 1959 John Cassavetes film Shadows as part of a full soundtrack, but Mingus’ music was almost entirely replaced for the final version of the film  A partial reconstruction of the soundtrack was released in 2015 as the compilation album Shadows 
A reworked version of "Nostalgia in Times Square," with vocals by Honi Gordon, was recorded during Mingus' 1959  Mingus Dynasty sessions and included on reissues of that album as a bonus track titled "Strollin'" 
Though never a major part of Mingus’ repertoire, "Nostalgia in Times Square" has since become a jazz standard, widely performed and recorded by other musicians  Notably, jazz fusion trio Medeski Martin & Wood have long performed the song, usually as part of a medley with Sun Ra’s “Angel Race ”

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow called the music "advanced bop that looks toward the upcoming innovations of the avant-garde and is frequently quite exciting" 

Track listing
All compositions by Charles Mingus except as indicated"Nostalgia in Times Square" – 12:18
"I Can't Get Started" (Vernon Duke, Ira Gershwin) – 10:08
"No Private Income Blues" – 12:51
"Alice's Wonderland" – 8:54Recorded at the Nonagon Art Gallery in New York City on January 16, 1959

Personnel
Charles Mingus – bass
John Handy – alto saxophone
Booker Ervin – tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 3 & 4)
Richard Wyands – piano
Dannie Richmond – drums
Passage 12:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 13:
Raw Energy Records
Raw Energy Records was a Canadian independent record label, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  The music label was established in the late 1980s by founder entrepreneur and music journalist Graeme Boyce, initially to distribute the debut EP by King Apparatus, Loud Party  Prior to launching Raw Energy, Boyce was a staff writer for RPM The label subsequently released King Apparatus' full-length debut album in 1990; after selling over 5,000 copies of the album in just a handful of record stores in downtown Toronto, the label secured a national distribution deal with A&M Records  The company expanded over the years, and launched new divisions to manage growth, such as Raw Energy Promotions and Raw Energy Radio 
Canadian artists who released Raw Energy albums included King Apparatus, King Cobb Steelie, Dinner Is Ruined, Random Killing, Trunk, Marilyn's Vitamins, Five Knuckle Chuckle, Three Impotent Males, Out of Hand, Cut Off, Double Standard, DNS, and Sectorseven  Raw Energy also released product from two U S  acts, The Toasters and Rosie O'Shea   Grouped into the alternative genre, augmenting its roster of punk and ska, the label released a rap album from Top Secret and a noise album from Space City USA 

Discography
Compilation albums
In 1993, Raw Energy released its first compilation, simply titled Raw Energy  Because of the cartoon drawing used on the cover, it quickly took on the name On the Road within the hardcore community  Raw Energy played on this to release a series of "On the Road" compilations, featuring unsigned and emerging Canadian punk, hardcore and alternative rock bands du jour  Some would end up signing with Raw Energy 
The series of "On the Road" compilations includes:

Raw Energy (aka On the Road, 1993)
On the Road Again (1994)
Dead on the Road: Songs Without Keyboards (1994)
On the Road to New York City (1994)
On the Road to Amsterdam (1999)
On the Road    with a Snowboard (1999)Other compilations include Twentybandcomp, co-released with Shock Records in Australia 

Track listing
The Dinner Is Ruined, "Stuck Pig"
Groovy Religion, "Wanda"
hHead, "Collide"
King Cobb Steelie, "One's a Heifer"
The Imagineers, "This is Nevada Calling"
Jale, "I Lied"
Cottage Industry, "Theme from Superstar"
Yeti, "The Crossing"
Wooden Stars, "Hate Everyone"
Wining Dining and Drilling, "Captain's a Wreck"
Deadbeat Backbone, "Til I'm Gone"
Eric's Trip, "Understanding"
Change of Heart, "Stress Monkey"

See also
List of record labels
Passage 14:
Vision Towards Essence
Vision Towards Essence is a live album of solo piano by Muhal Richard Abrams released on the Pi Recordings label in 2007 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek states "This is indeed one of the most important records ever released by this great man"  The Penguin Guide to Jazz wrote that "Part 1" "has tentative moments, areas of slow transition which are slightly dull on first hearing though their logic becomes clearer over time  The other two parts are flawless" 

Track listing
"Part 1" - 20:06
"Part 2" - 18:23
"Part 3" - 20:16All compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams
Recorded live at the Guelph Jazz Festival, Guelph, Canada on September 11, 1998 

Personnel
Muhal Richard Abrams - piano
Passage 15:
Live Life Loud
Live Life Loud (stylized as LIVE*LIFE*LOUD!) is the fourth studio album from Christian rock band Hawk Nelson  It was released on September 22, 2009  According to Daniel Biro, the dog on the cover is lead vocalist Jason Dunn's dog Murphy  The album was packaged with a pair of 3D glasses that are needed to be worn to view the album's CD booklet which is printed in 3D 
The album peaked at No  54 the first week on Billboard 200 and at No  3 on The Billboard Christian Albums charts 

Concept and musical style
Bassist Daniel Biro describes the album as "really about encouraging our fans to do just that  To live your life loud, to embrace all that life brings your way and experience every moment of it to the fullest extent  This is the message we want our fans to come away with after they hear the album "The album is the first time that the band wrote songs together by just jamming as a band, although the band collaborated with Chris Stevens, Matthew Gerrard, TobyMac, Trevor McNevan, and Bart Millard on the record 

Track listing
Personnel
Jason Dunn - lead vocals
Daniel Biro - bass guitar, backing vocals
Jonathan Steingard - guitar, backing vocals
Justin Benner - drums

Awards
In 2010, the album was nominated for a Dove Award for Recorded Music Packaging of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards  The title song was also nominated for Short Form Music Video of the Year 
Passage 16:
Ornament Records
Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A  "Ziggy" Christmann  It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany  Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well 
Artists who were recorded for the label or in some cases whose US recordings were released on the label included Doctor Ross, Willie Mabon, John Lee Hooker, Blind John Davis, Jim Kahr Group, Champion Jack Dupree, Sunnyland Slim, Tommy Tucker, Big Joe Williams, Fernest Arceneaux, Louisiana Red, Al Rapone, Katie Webster, Big Jay McNeely, Detroit Gary Wiggins & Chris Rannenberg as the International Blues Duo and Black Cat Bone Almost all of the label's original blues LPs were—some with additional bonus tracks—re-released on CD on the CMA label in 1991  Some of these were released again on the Chrisly label in 2000 under the Ornament Blues Masters series Ornament also had two short-lived blues sub-labels: Chrischaa and ESCEHA Schallplatten  Both of these folded in June 1978 

See also
List of record labels
Passage 17:
Love, Life and Feelings
Love, Life and Feelings is the 21st studio album from Shirley Bassey, released in 1976 on the United Artists label 
The album peaked at #13 in the UK album chart, and charted at #149 in the Billboard 200  Love, Life and Feelings was awarded silver record status by the British Phonographic Industry, with sales of more than 60,000 copies 
Features covers of contemporary pop songs from the late 1960s and early 1970s, such as "Alone Again (Naturally)" the 1972 UK #3 single from Gilbert O'Sullivan and "The Way I Want to Touch You" from Captain & Tennille  alongside "What I Did for Love", from the musical A Chorus Line written by Marvin Hamlisch 
Singles released from the album include "Natali", an Italian song with lyrics by Norman Newell, which was issued with the non-album track "Runaway" ("E poi   " Andrea Lovecchio, Shel Shapiro) as the B-side, the song was recorded in Italian and English by the Italian singer Mina  This track has of 2011 not been re-issued on CD 
Love, Life and Feelings was issued originally on 33 3rpm vinyl and audio cassette with a sleeve cover photography by Richard Avedon  The album was re-issued on a double CD set in 2006, by BGO Records, together with the 1974 album Nobody Does It Like Me 

Track listing
Side One 

"What I Did for Love" (Edward Kleban, Marvin Hamlisch) - 3 47
"The Hungry Years" (Howard Greenfield, Neil Sedaka) - 4 36
"Born to Lose" (Sergio Bardotti, Dario Bembo, Norman Newell) - 5:46
"Everything That Touches You" (Michael Kamen) - 3 22
"Isn't It a Shame (Randy Edelman) - 3 47
"Midnight Blue" (Melissa Manchester, Carole Bayer Sager) - 4 11Side Two 

"The Way I Want to Touch You" (Toni Tennille) - 3 17
"Natali" (Balsamo, Norman Newell) - 5 02
"You've Made Me So Very Happy" (Berry Gordy, Brenda Holloway, Patrice Holloway, Frank Wilson) - 3 41
"Alone Again (Naturally)" (Gilbert O'Sullivan) - 4 54
"Feelings" (Morris Albert) - 4 46
"If I Never Sing Another Song"  (Don Black, Udo Jürgens) - 4 04

Personnel
Shirley Bassey – vocal
Martin Davis - producer
Arthur Greenslade - arranger, conductor
Martin Rushent - engineer
Passage 18:
Live at the Lighthouse (Elvin Jones album)
Live at the Lighthouse is a live album by jazz drummer Elvin Jones featuring performances recorded in 1972 at the Lighthouse Café in California, and released on the Blue Note label  The album was originally released as a double LP and subsequently released on two CDs with additional material  It features Jones in a quartet with saxophonists Dave Liebman and Steve Grossman, and bassist Gene Perla 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars calling it "Exciting and adventurous music that stretches the boundaries of modal hard bop jazz" 

Track listing
Volume One"Fancy Free" (Donald Byrd) - 21:06
"New Breed" (Dave Liebman) - 12:06
"Small One" (Liebman) - 7:09 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Sambra" (Gene Perla) - 13:12
"My Ship" (Ira Gershwin, Kurt Weill) - 8:52
"Taurus People" (Farouq Daweud) - 6:17 Bonus track on CD reissue
"For All Those Other Times / Announcement" (Perla) - 5:40 Bonus track on CD reissueVolume Two"Happy Birthday Greeting" - 0:50
"Sweet Mama" (Perla) - 15:30
"I'm a Fool to Want You" (Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, Jack Wolf) - 11:37 Bonus track on CD reissue
"The Children, Save the Children" (Don Garcia) - 7:58
"Brite Piece" (Liebman) - 13:19 Bonus track on CD reissue
"The Children's Merry-Go-Round March" (Elvin Jones) - 28:30 Bonus track on CD reissue

Personnel
Elvin Jones - drums
Steve Grossman - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone
Dave Liebman - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute
Gene Perla - bass
Passage 19:
Eddie Cochran On The Air
This article is the discography of American rock and roll musician Eddie Cochran 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
EPs
Singles
Charting reissues
Notes
Passage 20:
This Christmas (Patti LaBelle album)
This Christmas is the first holiday album released by American singer Patti LaBelle  It was released by MCA Records on October 30, 1990, in the United States  The album was released while LaBelle was working on a follow-up to her previous album, Be Yourself (1989)  It included original compositions such as "'Twas Love", which LaBelle shot a video for, and "Nothing Could Be Better", which was sung live by LaBelle during an appearance on the television show, A Different World  This Christmas would be re-released in 1995 with all new artwork and a new bonus track, "Angel Man"  The 1995 re-release was later reissued in 2004 under the 20th Century Masters: The Christmas Collection line, labeled The Best of Patti LaBelle 

Critical reception
Allmusic editor Jose F  Promis called This Christmas a "likeable collection of easygoing holiday confections  The songs prove quite endearing, but in some cases are marred by somewhat dated production [   ] Oftentimes, holiday albums such as this – composed of new, untraditional recordings – are somewhat tepid, but that's thankfully not the case here  Despite a few dull moments and some lackluster production, this is quite an enjoyable and endearing holiday set, and will no doubt please the legendary singer's many fans "

Track listing
Notes

^[A]  denotes associate producer
^[B]  denotes co-producer

Charts
Context 3:   About 3 2% of families and 4 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 2% of those under age 18 and 8 3% of those age 65 or over 

Climate
Campbell has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers 

Economy
8x8, Barracuda Networks, List Biological Laboratories, Move, ChargePoint, Hightail and ZURB are among the companies based in Campbell 

Top employers
According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Politics
At the county level, Campbell is located entirely within the 4th supervisorial district, represented on the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors by Susan Ellenberg 
In the California State Legislature, Campbell is in the  15th Senate District, represented by Democrat Dave Cortese, and in the  23rd Assembly District, represented by Democrat Marc Berman In the United States House of Representatives, Campbell is in California's  16th congressional district, represented by Democrat Anna Eshoo The city is represented by the city council, which internally elects a mayor and vice-mayor every calendar year  In December 2020, Liz Gibbons and Paul Resnikoff were elected mayor and vice-mayor, respectively Campbell is strongly Democratic in presidential elections, with the last Republican to win the city being Ronald Reagan in 1984  
The city is policed by its own police force, the Campbell Police Department, which shares its building with the rest of city hall  It sponsors a Law Enforcement Exploring program 

Layout
Campbell is in the southwest portion of Santa Clara Valley  It is bisected by Highway 17 passing through eastern Campbell  Highway 85 is to its south  The historic downtown section sits just west of the railroad in the central area  The southwestern area of Campbell is known as the San Tomas neighborhood and varies somewhat from most of Campbell in the size of its lots and styles of housing  East–west running Hamilton Avenue is one of the northernmost roads in Campbell 
The largest park in Campbell is Los Gatos County Park near Highway 17, and the second largest is John D  Morgan Park 

Transportation
State Route 17
 State Route 85
 Interstate 280Campbell is served by several major roads,  including State Route 17, State Route 85, Interstate 280, and San Tomas Expressway (Santa Clara County Route G4)  Major local arterial roads include Winchester Boulevard and Bascom Avenue 
Public transport in Campbell is operated by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority and includes several local and express bus lines that link the community to nearby towns, including Cupertino, Los Gatos, Palo Alto, San Jose, Santa Clara and Saratoga  Additionally, the town is served by three light rail stations on the Mountain View - Winchester line, including Hamilton Station, Downtown Campbell Station, and the line's terminus at Winchester Station  These stations were opened as part of the first phase of the Vasona Light Rail project; the line will be extended past Winchester to Vasona Junction in Los Gatos once funding is secured  That line is now served by buses The extension was the subject of a minor dispute with the Federal Railroad Administration over the sounding of train horns late at night  This dispute delayed the opening of most of the extension for two months before the grand opening on October 1, 2005 

Housing and businesses
There are few large shopping centers or business complexes in the city, as Campbell is primarily a suburban residential area   The Home Depot has a store within the city limits and is one of the city's largest employers 
Most residences are single-family homes, although there are some areas with condominiums, duplexes, and apartments  Single-family homes typically have one or two bathrooms and three or four bedrooms and are between 1,000 square feet (93 m2) and 1,600 square feet (150 m2) on lots typically measuring about 6,000 square feet (560 m2)   The vast majority were built in the 1950s through 1970s  There are pockets of older homes, mostly near downtown, often in demand for their architectural styles   There are also pockets of newer, much larger homes about 3,500 square feet (330 m2), mostly built in the 1990s on subdivided lots previously occupied by homes dating from the first half of the 20th century 
Campbell's downtown is located near where Campbell Avenue intersects with the railroad  The downtown has many shops, bars, and restaurants The oldest commercial building in the city was erected in 1920 for the Grower's Bank  The building was converted to a movie theater in 1938   In 1968, The Gaslighter Theater company purchased and refurbished the building with a small stage and bar  The Gaslighter produced melodramas and Vaudeville-style shows there until it closed in 2006  In 2013 the building was sold and underwent refurbishment to become a wine bar, tasting room, and restaurant As of October 2006, the median price of single-family homes and condos was $707,500, up 4 8% from the previous October, and averaging $472 per square foot ($5,080/m2) according to the San Jose Mercury News; the average single-family home price, excluding condos, was $645,000 in January, 2004 (according to the Santa Clara County Association of Realtors)   The price is based largely on the land value; the replacement cost for homes is about $150 to $200 per square foot ($1,600 to $2,200/m2) With the advent of the California housing crisis, property values have greatly increased; as of April 2018, the median home value was $1,453,300, according to Zillow Like many other cities in the Santa Clara Valley, Campbell was originally orchard land that was later developed into housing tracts 

Education
Campbell public schools belong to two districts, the Campbell Union School District and the Campbell Union High School District  Of these districts, the schools located within the city are Campbell School of Innovation (K-8), Capri Elementary, Rosemary Elementary, Village School, and Westmont High School  Forest Hill Elementary School's campus is partially located in Campbell as well  Westmont High School is home to one of the few enduring Future Farmers of America programs left in the San Francisco Bay Area 
Within the school districts, there are 19 Campbell elementary schools, 9 Campbell middle schools, 3 Campbell high schools and 28 Campbell preschool schools  There are also 13 private schools in Campbell 
Santa Clara County Library operates the Campbell Library, which is currently relocated to the Campbell Community Center while it's being renovated 

Points of interest
Landmarks
In the early 1990s, the Ainsley House a unique English Tudor-style house built in 1925, was moved from its original site at the corner of Hamilton and Bascom Avenues (the current site of eBay's headquarters) to the downtown quad and furnished with many of the Ainsley family's original furnishings   It has become the centerpiece for the Ainsley House and Campbell Historical Museum, which houses additional exhibits in the nearby old firehouse   The Ainsley House was built in the style of English country cottages for John Colpitts Ainsley, a canning pioneer in Santa Clara County, which was at the time known for its vast spreads of fruit orchards 

The Campbell Community Center is located on the northwest corner of Winchester and Campbell Avenues, in the building that used to be Campbell High School, the original school in the Campbell Union High School District  The Redwood Tree, which stands at the corner of Winchester Boulevard and Campbell Avenue was originally planted there on May 11, 1903, by then President Teddy Roosevelt  The city acquired the property on August 1, 1985, five years after the school shut down  The Heritage Theater, formerly the high school's auditorium, was reopened after renovations in 2004 as an entertainment and event venue  The Community Center holds classes, and portions are available to be rented for various events 

The Campbell Water Tower is a highly visible remnant of Campbell's "small town" past and located on the site of the original city water company and pumping plant near downtown 
Campbell used to be the home of the Winchester Drive-In Theater (now a business park) and is also home to a number of public parks that include John D  Morgan Park, Campbell Park, Edith Morley Park (the site of the city's community garden program), Jack Fischer Park, the Los Gatos Creek Trail Park, Orchard City Green, and Stojanovich Family Park  Joseph Gomes Park located at 217 Winchester Blvd  is the smallest park in Campbell 

The Dubcich farm located on West Campbell Ave  near John D  Morgan Park is Campbell's last remaining piece of agricultural property and connection to the city's agrarian origins  It is still intact with its original farm house dating back to the 1920s, barn, and fruit trees 

Athletics
Campbell for many years had one of the most successful youth baseball programs in the country, reaching fourteen World Series from 1960 to 1987 
Campbell's youth baseball system dates to 1909, when Campbell High School formed its first team and won the Interurban Athletic Union championship  The community's first non-scholastic youth baseball organization was the Junior Hardball League, which began in 1947  In 1954, Campbell Little League and Campbell Pony League began operation, and Moreland Little League, which is located in west San Jose but historically has served many Campbell residents, started in 1959 
Moreland in 1962 became the only Northern California team to win a Little League World Series, with 6-foot-1, 210-pound (95 kg) Ted Campbell pitching a no-hitter in a 3–0 victory over Kankakee, Illinois, in the championship game  Campbell Little League reached the Little League World Series championship game in 1970, 1976, and 1979, becoming one of only two American leagues to go to the LLWS three times in one decade  In all, Campbell-system teams have won six youth baseball World Series and finished second five times  Ten future major leaguers played in the Campbell youth baseball system: Chris Codiroli, Don Hahn, George Tsamis, Steve Davis, Dan Gladden, Doug Capilla, Rich Troedson, Joe Ferguson, John Oldham, and Greg Gohr 
The Last Baseball Town, a book by Campbell resident Chuck Hildebrand that chronicles the city's baseball heritage, was published in May 2009 

Notable people
The following is a list of notable individuals who were born, raised, and/or residents in the City of Campbell 

Alan Aerts, world powerlifting champion, former owner (now retired) of Custom Vending Systems, and Campbell "Citizen of the Year" in 2005 and 2006
Dave Meltzer, wrestling journalist, historian and author
Sylvia Browne, psychic, spiritualist, author with her office in Campbell for many years 
Brett Dalton, actor, attended Westmont High School 
Lars Frederiksen, musician, of the bands Rancid, Lars Frederiksen & The Bastards and The Old Firm Casuals, raised in Campbell 
Claire Lobrovich, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player, born and raised in Campbell
Evan Low, state assemblyman, former mayor and city councilman, one of the youngest Asian-American and openly gay politicians in the U S 
Passage 6:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 7:
Tumaraa
Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea Tumaraa consists of the following associated communes:

Fetuna
Tehurui
Tevaitoa
VaiaauThe administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Tevaitoa  The tallest mountain on Raiatea - Mont Temehani - is located within Tumaraa 
Passage 8:
Motru Coal Mine
Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County  The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997 The exploitation has two open pits Lupoaia, Roșiuța that produced 6 6 million tonnes of lignite in 2008  The mine has around 2,300 workers and is endowed with 13 bucket-wheel excavators, seven spreaders, two mixed machines and two deposits spreader  The total proven recoverable reserves of the mine amount to 108 million tonnes of lignite 
Passage 9:
Gmina Łowicz
Gmina Łowicz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland  Its seat is the town of Łowicz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 133 38 square kilometres (51 5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,444 

Villages
Gmina Łowicz contains the villages and settlements of Bocheń, Dąbkowice Dolne, Dąbkowice Górne, Guźnia, Jamno, Jastrzębia, Klewków, Małszyce, Mystkowice, Niedźwiada, Ostrów, Otolice, Parma, Pilaszków, Placencja, Popów, Strzelcew, Świące, Świeryż Drugi, Świeryż Pierwszy, Szczudłów, Urbańszczyzna, Wygoda, Zabostów Duży, Zabostów Mały, Zawady and Zielkowice 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Łowicz is bordered by the town of Łowicz and by the gminas of Bielawy, Chąśno, Domaniewice, Kocierzew Południowy, Łyszkowice, Nieborów and Zduny 
Passage 10:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Passage 11:
Cyprus Popular Bank
Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second-largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts  The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds  The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity   As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4 8% but does not hold a board seat  All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015  She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016  The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group 
Its shares were listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange and the Athens Stock Exchange  CPB had a network of more than 295 branches in Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, the UK and Malta  The bank had applied to open a representative office in Beijing, People's Republic of China Trading on the island as Laiki Bank (Laiki being the Greek word for Popular), as of September 2012 it held a 16% share of the market in loans and a 14 4% share of deposits   The Bank made a series of large loans, many to Greek companies prior to and during their financial crisis  What followed has been described as "billions handed out in bad loans created a financial time-bomb"  After the bank collapsed, it was rescued by the Cypriot government, which took 84% ownership on 30 June 2012 and as of March 2013 it is being dismantled as part of the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 

History
In 1901, four leading citizens of Limassol—Agathoclis Francoudis, Ioannis Kyriakides, Christodoulos Sozos and Neoklis Ioannides—established the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to encourage saving among the workforce  More than two decades later, in 1924, the bank changed its name from the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to the Popular Bank of Limassol  The bank also became the first company in Cyprus to register as a public-traded company 
Then in 1967, the Popular Bank of Limassol changed its name to Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) to reflect the bank’s expansion beyond Limassol  Expansion beyond Limassol followed quickly, with the establishment of its first branches in Nicosia,  Famagusta (1969), and Paphos and Larnaca (1970)  Also in 1970, Midland Bank acquired 22% of the company's shares, making Midland a major shareholder in CPB  The next year CPB relocated its headquarters from Limassol to Nicosia 

1974 CPB established its first London branch 
1983 CPB acquired all the Cyprus operations of Grindlays Bank located in the area under government control 
1992 CPB opened the first branch of European Popular Bank in Athens  CPB owned 58% of the shares of the bank; other shareholders included HSBC (formerly Midland Bank) and Greek and Cypriot investors  CPB retained branches in Heraklion and Thessaloniki
1995 CPB opened its first representative offices in South Africa and in Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
1996 CPB opened its first representative offices in Australia 
1997 CPB opened its first representative offices in Serbia and in Russia ("Rosprombank")
1998 CPB establishes a representative office in New York  (NY State Banking Dept says State chartered) 
2000 The Cyprus Popular Bank Group changed its name to Laiki Group 
2001 The Laiki Group established a subsidiary in Australia with five branches 
2005 The Group established Laiki Bank (Guernsey), and purchased Bank Centrobank in Serbia 
2006 The Greek Marfin Investment Group acquired HSBC's shares in Laiki Bank, establishing a strong minority share position   Subsequently, the Marfin Investment Group through more acquisitions managed to take control of Laiki Bank, which it re-branded as Marfin Popular Bank   In Greece, the Marfin Group consolidated Egnatia, Laiki and Marfin to form Marfin Egnatia Bank, which is the 95%-owned Greek subsidiary of Marfin Popular Bank 
2007 The bank announced the planned takeover of 50 12% of the share capital of AS SBM Pank, a bank in Estonia MPB also acquired 99 2% of the shares of Marine Transport Bank Ukraine for US$156 million  This bank was founded in 1993 as Marine Trade Bank and changed its name to Marine Transport Bank in 1996  It has its headquarters in the Odesa region and has 86 branches 
Lastly, MPB acquired 43% of the share capital of Lombard Bank Malta for €48 million from Banca della Svizzera Italiana (BSI) of Lugano



ground_truth: Fair Trade Services

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The city that Psycho Donuts is located in is in which county?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  CPB now holds c  49% of Lombard Bank Malta In 2007, the bank announced a multi-million financial deal to sponsor the football First Division in Cyprus until 2010 
2008 Marfin Popular Bank completed its acquisition of 50 4% of the shares of CJSC RPB Holding, parent company of the Rossisysky Promishlenny Bank (Rosprombank), for €83 million  The acquisition makes Marfin the first Greek or Cypriot bank to acquire control of a bank in Russia 
In 2010, they launched a new mobile banking and mobile trading service  In the same year, the company was selected as the bank of the year in Cyprus by the Banker 
2010 MPB sold 85% of Laiki Bank Australia to Bank of Beirut  The Australian bank received a new name, Beirut Hellenic Bank  At the time, the bank had a branch in Adelaide, four branches in Melbourne and five branches in Sydney 
2011 MPB sold the majority of its shareholding in its Estonian subsidiary and returned to its historic name of Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) 
In 2012 CPB converted its Greek subsidiary into a branch of the parent bank 
The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis resulted in financial difficulties at CPB  The Cypriot state recapitalized CPB on 30 June 2012 with the result that the government acquired 84% of the bank's equity  This increased the bank's core tier 1 capital ratio towards 9%, the level mandated by the European Banking Authority 
In early 2013 CPB renamed its Greek branches to CPB Bank and on 26 March the bank sold them to Piraeus Bank  Laiki was split into a good and bad bank, the good bank (Cyprus operations) merged with Bank of Cyprus and the bad bank is in the process of being sold and finally shuttered  The board and CEO were replaced on 27 March  The bad bank was being run by a Special Administrator Ms Andri Antoniadou who was acting CEO until 3 March 2015  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou took over as Special Administrator in April 2015 until December 2016 In 2018 European Court dismisses compensation claim in Cyprus 2013 deposit-grab 
Passage 12:
Oblasts of the Soviet Union
The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level administrative units of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union 

Terminology
Oblast is a Slavic term that exists in the Russian language  Russian was official in all republics 

By location
Baltic region
In the 1950s there were 10 oblasts in the three Baltic republics 

1953-04-28 Law on abolition of Pärnu, Tallinn and Tartu oblasts (Estonia) 
1953-04-25 Law on abolition of Riga, Daugavpils and Liepāja oblasts (Latvia) 
1953-05-28 Law on abolition of Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda and Šiauliai oblasts (Lithuania)

Transcaucasian region
In the 1950s there were 4 oblasts in the two Transcaucasian republics (only in Azerbaijan and Georgia) 

1953-04-23 Law on abolition of Baku and Ganja oblasts (Azerbaijan) 
1953-04-23 Law on abolition of Kutaisi and Tbilisi oblasts (Georgia)

List
See also
Oblasts of Russia
Oblasts of the Russian Empire
Oblast
Passage 13:
Moorea-Maiao
Moʻorea-Maiʻao is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 17,816 The commune of Moʻorea-Maiʻao is made up of the island of Moʻorea (133 km2/51 sq  miles; 17,463 inhabitants at the 2017 census) and the much smaller atoll of Maiʻao (8 8 km2/3 4 sq  miles; 353 inhabitants at the 2017 census), located 78 km (48 mi) southwest of Moʻorea 
Moʻorea-Maiʻao consists of the following associated communes:

The administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Afareaitu, on the island of Moʻorea 
Passage 14:
Taputapuatea
Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792  The commune was named after a large marae complex which was the religious center of eastern Polynesia for roughly 1000 years  The archaeological site of Taputapuatea marae is still today the most famous landmark of Raiatea, and it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2017 Taputapuatea consists of the following associated communes:

Avera
Opoa
PuohineThe administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Avera 
Passage 15:
Pak Tam Chung
Pak Tam Chung (Chinese: 北潭涌) is an area in the southern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula in the New Territories of Hong Kong  It is administratively under the Sai Kung District 

Features
Pak Tam Chung was described as consisting of six villages in 1911 with fewer than 405 inhabitants: Wong Yi Chau (黃宜洲), Pak Tam (北潭), Sheung Yiu (上窰), Tsak Yue Wu (鯽魚湖), Wong Keng Tei (黃麖地) and Tsam Chuk Wan  The six villages were all inhabited by Hakka people, with the exception of two hamlets in Pak Tam There is a visitor centre for nature education set up by the Hong Kong Government  Near the centre is a vehicle barrier leading to the restricted portion of Sai Kung East Country Park in Pak Tam Chung  For vehicles, only those with authorisation can enter the area and reach places like Hoi Ha, Pak Tam Au and High Island Reservoir 
There are a number of picnic and barbecue facilities within Pak Tam Chung, including a site designed for physically disabled visitors 
Po Leung Kuk owns a holiday camp site in Pak Tam Chung, the Po Leung Kuk Pak Tam Chung Camp (保良局北潭涌渡假營) 

See also
Sheung Yiu Folk Museum
Historic churches of Sai Kung Peninsula
Sai Kung Town
Tai Po District
Passage 16:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 17:
Federalism
Federalism is a combined and compound mode of government that combines a general government (the central or "federal" government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two  Federalism in the modern era was first adopted in the unions of states during the Old Swiss Confederacy Federalism differs from confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level  It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state Examples of a federation or federal province or state include Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States  Some characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the "federal union of states" 

Overview
Etymology
The terms "federalism" and "confederalism" share a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning "treaty, pact or covenant"  Their common early meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based on a treaty  They were therefore initially synonyms  It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist No 39 had referred to the new US Constitution as "neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both" (i e  as constituting neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two)  In the course of the nineteenth century United States, the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form established at the Philadelphia Convention, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states 

Origin
In the narrow sense, federalism refers to the mode in which the body politic of a state is organized internally, and this is the meaning most often used in modern times  Political scientists, however, use it in a much broader sense, referring instead to a "multi-layer or pluralistic concept of social and political life "The first forms of federalism took place in ancient times, in the form of alliances between states  Some examples from the seventh to second century B C  were the Archaic League, the Aetolic League, the Peloponnesian League, and the Delian League  An early ancestor of federalism was the Achaean League in Hellenistic Greece  Unlike the Greek city states of Classical Greece, each of which insisted on keeping its complete independence, changing conditions in the Hellenistic period drove many city states to band together even at the cost of losing part of their sovereignty  Subsequent unions of states included the first and second Swiss Confederations (1291–1798 and 1815–48), the United Provinces of the Netherlands (1579–1795), the German Bund (1815–66), the first American union known as the Confederation of the United States of America (1781–89), and second American union formed as the United States of America (1789–1865) 

Political theory
Modern federalism is a political system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments  The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context  Since the term federalization also describes distinctive political processes, its use as well depends on the context In political theory, two main types of federalization are recognized:

integrative, or aggregative federalization, designating various processes like: integration of non-federated political subjects by creating a new federation, accession of non-federated subjects into an existing federation, or transformation of a confederation into a federation
devolutive, or dis-aggregative federalization: transformation of a unitary state into a federation

Reasons for adoption
According to Daniel Ziblatt, there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems:

Ideational theories, which hold that a greater ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted 
Cultural-historical theories, which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations 
"Social contract" theories, which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center 
"Infrastructural power" theories, which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures (e g  they are already constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized states) Immanuel Kant noted that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution which pits opposing factions against each other with a system of checks and balances  In particular individual states required a federation as a safeguard against the possibility of war Proponents for federal systems have historically argued that the power-sharing inherent in federal systems reduces both domestic security threats and foreign threats  Federalism allows states to be large and diverse, mitigating the risk of a tyrannical government through centralization of powers 

Examples
Many countries have implemented federal systems of government with varying degree of central and regional sovereignty  The federal government of these countries can be divided into minimalistic federations, consisting of only two sub-federal units or multi-regional, those that consist of three to dozens of regional governments  They can also be grouped based on their body polity type, such as emirate, provincial, republican or state federal systems  Another way to study federated countries is by categorizing them into those whose entire territory is federated as opposed to only part of its territory comprising the federal portion of the country  Some federal systems are national systems while others, like the European Union are supra national 
In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a confederation in actuality  Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina 
The governments of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, and Mexico, among others, are also organized along federalist principles 
In Canada, federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements (most commonly Quebec separatism)  In 1999, the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries  Headquartered in Ottawa, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Switzerland 

Europe vs  the United States
In Europe, "federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels  The Union of European Federalists advocates for this development within the European Union, ultimately leading to the United States of Europe  Although there are medieval and early modern examples of European states which used confederal and federal systems, contemporary European federalism originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill's speech in Zürich in 1946 In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government  When the U S  Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government  This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States  The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state  The U S  Constitution was written as a replacement for the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government 
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state  The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense  As the power of the U S  federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended  Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism) 
The contemporary concept of federalism came about with the creation of an entirely new system of government that provided for democratic representation at two governing levels simultaneously, which was implemented in the US Constitution  In the United States implementation of federalism, a bicameral general government, consisting of a chamber of popular representation proportional to population (the House of Representatives), and a chamber of equal State-based representation consisting of two delegates per State (the Senate), was overlaid upon the pre-existing regional governments of the thirteen independent States  With each level of government allocated a defined sphere of powers, under a written constitution and the rule of law (that is, subject to the independent third-party arbitration of a supreme court in competence disputes), the two levels were thus brought into a coordinate relationship for the first time 
In 1946, Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were "co-equally supreme"  In this, he echoed the perspective of American founding father James Madison who saw the several States as forming "distinct and independent portions of the supremacy" in relation to the general government 

Constitutional structure
Division of powers
In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution  Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, but in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched  Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence 
In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers  Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition  Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871  The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states  The Constitution of some countries, like Canada and India, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial/state governments are retained by the federal government  Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility  Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of Union competence or shared between the Union and the Member States as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent States 

Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'  Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do  This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions  In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country  They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history  However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federation, but a system of asymmetric devolved government within a unitary state 
It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances  The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts 
Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities  Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities  Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government  Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica)  Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions  Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states  However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly 
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves  For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No  39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both  In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national   " This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent  This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people 

Bicameralism
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states  One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions  Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole  A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population 
Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union  The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats 

Intergovernmental relations
In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government  A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution 

Constitutional change
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution  As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent  An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect  In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons  In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority 
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state  The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent  In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states  Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces  The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system 

Other technical terms
Fiscal federalism – the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system 
Formal federalism (or 'constitutional federalism') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice 
Executive federalism refers in the English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made centrally 
Gleichschaltung – the conversion from a federal governance to either a completely unitary or more unitary one, the term was borrowed from the German for conversion from alternating to direct current  During the Nazi era the traditional German states were mostly left intact in the formal sense, but their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended and replaced with the Gau system  Gleichschaltung also has a broader sense referring to political consolidation in general 
defederalize – to remove from federal government, such as taking a responsibility from a national level government and giving it to states or provinces

In relation to conflict
It has been argued that federalism and other forms of territorial autonomy are a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level  Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states  Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries Federalism is sometimes viewed in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center " However, those skeptical of federal prescriptions sometimes believe that increased regional autonomy can lead to secession or dissolution of the nation  In Syria, for example, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out "

See also
Notes and references
Sources
External links

P -J  Proudhon (1863), The Principle of Federation 



ground_truth: Santa Clara County

Santa Clara County, California