prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who did the person considered the founder of three major monotheistic religions marry after the death of Sarah?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Keturah
Keturah (Hebrew: קְטוּרָה, Qəṭūrā, possibly meaning "incense"; Arabic: قطورة) was a wife and a concubine of the Biblical patriarch Abraham  According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah  Abraham and Keturah had six sons According to Jewish tradition, she was a descendant of Noah's son Japheth One modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah "the most ignored significant person in the Torah"  The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as Hagar, although this idea cannot be found in the biblical text According to Doctor of Anthropology Paula M  McNutt, it is generally recognized that there is nothing specific in the biblical traditions recorded in Genesis, including those regarding Abraham and his family, that can be definitively related to known history in or around Canaan in the early second millennium B C E 

Sources for Keturah
Keturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis, and also in the First Book of Chronicles  Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers Louis Feldman has said "Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who, in turn, cites the historian Cleodemus Malchus, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined Heracles' campaign in Africa, and that Heracles, without doubt the greatest Greek hero of them all, married the daughter of one of them "

Relationship of Keturah to Abraham
Keturah is referred to in Genesis as "another wife" of Abraham (Hebrew:  אִשָּה‎ ‎  Translit : 'išāh   Translated:  woman, wife)   In First Chronicles, she is called Abraham's "concubine" (Hebrew:  פִּילֶגֶשׁ‎ ‎  Translit : pilegeš   Translated:  concubine) 
According to one opinion in the midrashic work Genesis Rabbah, Keturah and Hagar are names for the same person, whom Abraham remarried after initially expelling  This opinion was adopted and popularized by 11th-century scholar Rashi  Possible justifications for this opinion include the fact that Keturah is referred to 1 Chronicles 1:32 as Abraham's concubine (in the singular), and several other verses which suggest that the descendants of Hagar and Keturah lived in the same territory or formed a single ethnic group However, this idea was rejected by another rabbi in Genesis Rabbah, as well as by traditional commentators such as Ibn Ezra, Nahmanides, and Rashbam  The Book of Jubilees also supports the conclusion that Keturah and Hagar were two different people, by stating that Abraham waited until after Hagar's death before marrying Keturah  According to modern scholar Richard Elliott Friedman, the identification of Keturah with Hagar has "no basis     in the text" Genesis Rabbah interpreted the name Keturah in accordance with the opinion that she was identical to Hagar: the name was said to be related to the Aramaic ketur (knot) to imply that she was "bound" and did not have sexual relations with anyone else from the time she left Abraham until her return  The name Keturah was alternatively said to be derived from the ketoret (meaning "incense" in Hebrew) due to her deeds being as pleasing as incense 

Descendants
Keturah bore Abraham six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah  Genesis and First Chronicles also list seven of her grandsons (Sheba, Dedan, Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida, and Eldaah)   The Book of Genesis records that Abraham gave them gifts and sent them to the East, while making Isaac son of Sarah his primary heir   Keturah's sons were said to have represented the Arab tribes who lived south and east of Israel (Genesis 25:1–6)  According to the Judean authors Josephus and Cleodemus Malchus, Punic people were descended from Epher, grandson of Abraham and Keturah According to the African writer Olaudah Equiano, the 18th-century English theologian John Gill believed the African people were descended from Abraham and Keturah According to the Baháʼí author John Able, Baháʼís consider their founder, Bahá'u'lláh, to have been "descended doubly, from both Abraham and Sarah, and separately from Abraham and Keturah "
Passage 2:
Lilian Turner
Lilian Turner (21 August 1867 – 25 August 1956) was an Australian writer 

Biography
Lilian Wattnall Burwell was born 21 August 1867  She was the elder sister of Ethel Turner and the daughter of Bennett George and Sarah Jane Burwell  Bennett George Burwell died when Lilian was still a young child, and her mother married a widower, Henry Turner, a year later  Both Lilian and Ethel would later take their step-father's name for their professional writing careers  Sarah and Henry had a daughter,  Jeannie Rose (born 1873), but Henry died suddenly in 1878  The next year, Sarah traveled to Australia with her three kids, where she fell in love with and wed Charles Cope in Sydney 
Lilian and Ethel were educated at Sydney Girls' High School where they ran their own magazine, the Iris, in opposition to the Gazette, edited by Louise Mack  After leaving school the two sisters founded and co-edited a sixpenny monthly, the Parthenon, which lasted for three years  It was always the ambition of the two women to be novelists Lilian's early novel The Lights of Sydney (1896) won first prize in a competition run by a London publisher, but the win lead nowhere  Her work was soon eclipsed by her younger sister's and, as Brenda Niall states: "Accepting what she saw as a lesser aim, she turned to the 'flapper' novel: stories of love and ambition written for schoolgirls and young women " The World's News described Turner as "a simple, wholesome, restful writer, upon whom it is a pleasure to fall back for stories for growing Australian girls to read "Turner was married on 22 February 1898 to Frederick Lindsay Thompson, a dentist, who was often out of work  The couple had two sons  She supported the family via her writing and over her career published a total of 25 novels   However, when she died on 25 August 1956 at Turramurra all of her novels were out of print 

Publications
Novels
By the Blue Mountains (1894) (serialised in The Australian Town and Country Journal)
The Lights of Sydney (1896)
Miss Elizabeth (1896) (serialised in The Australian Town and Country Journal)
Barbara (1899) (serialised in The Australasian)
Felise (1901) (serialised in The Evening News)
Young Love (1902)
An Australian Lassie (1903)
Betty the Scribe (1906)
Paradise and the Perrys (1908)
The Perry Girls (1909)
Three New Chum Girls (1910)
April Girls (1911)
Stairways to the Stars (1913)
The Girl From the Back-blocks (1914)
War's Heart Throbs (1915)
The Noughts and Crosses (1917)
Rachel (1920)
Peggy the Pilot (1922)
Jill of the Fourth (1924)
The Happy Heriots (1926)
Nina Comes Home (1927)
Ann Chooses Glory (1928)
Lady Billie (1929)
There Came a Call (1930)
Two Take the Road (1931)

Collections
Written Down (1912)
Passage 3:
Abrahamic religions
The Abrahamic religions are a group of religions centered around the worship of the God of Abraham  Abraham, a Hebrew patriarch, is extensively mentioned throughout the Abrahamic religious scriptures of the Quran, and the Hebrew and Christian Bibles Jewish tradition claims that the Twelve Tribes of Israel are descended from Abraham through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob, whose sons formed the nation of the Israelites in Canaan (or the Land of Israel); Islamic tradition claims that twelve Arab tribes known as the Ishmaelites are descended from Abraham through his son Ishmael in the Arabian Peninsula In its early stages, the Israelite religion was derived from the Canaanite religions of the Bronze Age; by the Iron Age, it had become distinct from other Canaanite religions as it shed polytheism for monolatry  The monolatrist nature of Yahwism was further developed in the period following the Babylonian captivity, eventually emerging as a firm religious movement of monotheism  In the 1st century CE, Christianity emerged as a splinter movement out of Judaism in the Land of Israel, developed under the Apostles of Jesus of Nazareth; it spread widely after it was adopted by the Roman Empire as a state religion in the 4th century CE  In the 7th century CE, Islam was founded by Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula; it spread widely through the early Muslim conquests, shortly after his death Alongside the Indian religions, the Iranian religions, and the East Asian religions, the Abrahamic religions make up the largest major division in comparative religion  By total number of adherents, Christianity and Islam comprise the largest and second-largest religious movements in the world, respectively  Abrahamic religions with fewer adherents include Judaism, the Baháʼí Faith, Druzism, Samaritanism, and Rastafari 

Etymology
The Catholic scholar of Islam Louis Massignon stated that the phrase "Abrahamic religion" means that all these religions come from one spiritual source  The modern term comes from the plural form of a Quranic reference to dīn Ibrāhīm, 'religion of Ibrahim', Arabic form of Abraham's name God's promise at Genesis 15:4–8 regarding Abraham's heirs became paradigmatic for Jews, who speak of him as "our father Abraham" (Avraham Avinu)  With the emergence of Christianity, Paul the Apostle, in Romans 4:11–12, likewise referred to him as "father of all" those who have faith, circumcised or uncircumcised  Islam likewise conceived itself as the religion of Abraham  All the major Abrahamic religions claim a direct lineage to Abraham:

Abraham is recorded in the Torah as the ancestor of the Israelites through his son Isaac, born to Sarah through a promise made in Genesis 
Christians affirm the ancestral origin of the Jews in Abraham  Christianity also claims that Jesus was descended from Abraham 
Muhammad, as an Arab, is believed by Muslims to be descended from Abraham's son Ishmael, through Hagar  Jewish tradition also equates the descendants of Ishmael, Ishmaelites, with Arabs, while the descendants of Isaac by Jacob, who was also later known as Israel, are the Israelites 
The Bahá'í Faith states in its scripture that Bahá'ullah descended from Abraham through his wife Keturah's sons 

Debates regarding the term
The appropriateness of grouping Judaism, Christianity, and Islam by the terms "Abrahamic religions" or "Abrahamic traditions" has, at times, been challenged  The common Christian beliefs of Incarnation, Trinity, and the resurrection of Jesus, for example, are not accepted by Judaism or Islam (see for example Islamic view of Jesus' death)  There are key beliefs in both Islam and Judaism that are not shared by most of Christianity (such as abstinence from pork), and key beliefs of Islam, Christianity, and the Baháʼí Faith not shared by Judaism (such as the prophetic and Messianic position of Jesus, respectively) Adam Dodds argues that the term "Abrahamic faiths", while helpful, can be misleading, as it conveys an unspecified historical and theological commonality that is problematic on closer examination  While there is a commonality among the religions, in large measure their shared ancestry is peripheral to their respective foundational beliefs and thus conceals crucial differences  Alan L  Berger, professor of Judaic Studies at Florida Atlantic University, wrote that although "Judaism birthed both Christianity and Islam," the three faiths "understand the role of Abraham" in different ways  Aaron W  Hughes, meanwhile, describes the term as "imprecise" and "largely a theological neologism" An alternative designation for the "Abrahamic religions", "desert monotheism", may also have unsatisfactory connotations 

Religions
Judaism
One of Judaism's primary texts is the Tanakh, an account of the Israelites' relationship with God from their earliest history until the building of the Second Temple (c  535 BCE)  Abraham is hailed as the first Hebrew and the father of the Jewish people  One of his great-grandsons was Judah, from whom the religion ultimately gets its name  The Israelites were initially a number of tribes who lived in the Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah 
After being conquered and exiled, some members of the Kingdom of Judah eventually returned to Israel  They later formed an independent state under the Hasmonean dynasty in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, before becoming a client kingdom of the Roman Empire, which also conquered the state and dispersed its inhabitants  From the 2nd to the 6th centuries, Rabbinical Jews (believed to be descended from the historical Pharisees) wrote the Talmud, a lengthy work of legal rulings and Biblical exegesis which, along with the Tanakh, is a key text of Rabbinical Judaism  Karaite Jews (believed to be descended from the Sadducees) and the Beta Israel reject the Talmud and the idea of an Oral Torah, following the Tanakh only 

Christianity
Christianity began in the 1st century as a sect within Judaism initially led by Jesus  His followers viewed him as the Messiah, as in the Confession of Peter; after his crucifixion and death they came to view him as God incarnate, who was resurrected and will return at the end of time to judge the living and the dead and create an eternal Kingdom of God  Within a few decades the new movement split from Judaism  Christian teaching is based on the Old and New Testaments of the Bible 
After several periods of alternating persecution and relative peace vis a vis the Roman authorities under different administrations, Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire in 380, but has been split into various churches from its beginning  An attempt was made by the Byzantine Empire to unify Christendom, but this formally failed with the East–West Schism of 1054  In the 16th century, the birth and growth of Protestantism during the Reformation further split Christianity into many denominations  The largest post-Reformation branching is the Latter Day Saint movement 

Islam
Islam is based on the teachings of the Quran  Although it considers Muhammad to be the Seal of the prophets, Islam teaches that every prophet preached Islam, as the word Islam literally means submission to God, the main concept preached by all Abrahamic prophets  Although the Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God, other Islamic books considered to be revealed by God before the Quran, mentioned by name in the Quran are the Tawrat (Torah) revealed to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel, the Zabur (Psalms) revealed to Dawud (David) and the Injil (the Gospel) revealed to Isa (Jesus)  The Quran also mentions God having revealed the Scrolls of Abraham and the Scrolls of Moses 
The teachings of the Quran are believed by Muslims to be the direct and final revelation and words of God  Islam, like Christianity, is a universal religion (i e  membership is open to anyone)  Like Judaism, it has a strictly unitary conception of God, called tawhid, or "strict" monotheism 

Other Abrahamic religions
Historically, the Abrahamic religions have been considered to be Judaism, Christianity, and Islam  Some of this is due to the age and larger size of these three  The other, similar religions were seen as either too new to judge as being truly in the same class, or too small to be of significance to the category 
However, some of the restrictions of Abrahamic to these three is due only to tradition in historical classification  Therefore, restricting the category to these three religions has come under criticism  The religions listed below here claim Abrahamic classification, either by the religions themselves, or by scholars who study them 

Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith, which developed from Shi'a Islam during the late 19th century, is a world religion that has been listed as Abrahamic by scholarly sources in various fields  Monotheistic, it recognizes Abraham as one of a number of Manifestations of God including Adam, Moses, Zoroaster, Krishna, Gautama Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad, the Báb, and ultimately Baháʼu'lláh  God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through these intermediaries, in a process known as progressive revelation 

Druzism
The Druze faith or Druzism is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of high Islamic figures like Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad and Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle The Epistles of Wisdom is the foundational text of the Druze faith  The Druze faith incorporates elements of Islam's Ismailism, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism, Pythagoreanism, Christianity, Hinduism and other philosophies and beliefs, creating a distinct and secretive theology known to interpret esoterically religious scriptures, and to highlight the role of the mind and truthfulness  The Druze follow theophany, and believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul  At the end of the cycle of rebirth, which is achieved through successive reincarnations, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind (Al Aaqal Al Kulli)  In the Druze faith, Jesus is considered one of God's important prophets 

Rastafari
The heterogeneous Rastafari movement, sometimes termed Rastafarianism, which originated in Jamaica is classified by some scholars as an international socio-religious movement, and by others as a separate Abrahamic religion  Classified as both a new religious movement and social movement, it developed in Jamaica during the 1930s  It lacks any centralised authority and there is much heterogeneity among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas Rastafari refer to their beliefs, which are based on a specific interpretation of the Bible, as "Rastalogy"  Central is a monotheistic belief in a single God—referred to as Jah—who partially resides within each individual  The former Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, is given central importance; many Rastas regard him as the returned Messiah, the incarnation of Jah on Earth, and as the Second Coming of Christ  Others regard him as a human prophet who fully recognised the inner divinity within every individual  Rastafari is Afrocentric and focuses its attention on the African diaspora, which it believes is oppressed within Western society, or "Babylon` Many Rastas call for the resettlement of the African diaspora 
in either Ethiopia or Africa more widely, referring to this continent as the Promised Land of "Zion"  Other interpretations shift focus on to the adoption of an Afrocentric attitude while living outside of Africa  Rastas refer to their practices as "livity"  Communal meetings are known as "groundations", and are typified by music, chanting, discussions, and the smoking of cannabis, the latter being regarded as a sacrament with beneficial properties  Rastas place emphasis on what they regard as living 'naturally', adhering to ital dietary requirements, allowing their hair to form into dreadlocks, and following patriarchal gender roles 

Samaritanism
The Samaritans adhere to the Samaritan Torah, which they believe is the original, unchanged Torah, as opposed to the Torah used by Jews  In addition to the Samaritan Torah, Samaritans also revere their version of the Book of Joshua and recognize some later Biblical figures such as Eli 
Samaritanism is internally described as the religion that began with Moses, unchanged over the millennia that have since passed  Samaritans believe Judaism and the Jewish Torah have been corrupted by time and no longer serve the duties God mandated on Mount Sinai  While Jews view the Temple Mount in Jerusalem as the most sacred location in their faith, Samaritans regard Mount Gerizim, near Nablus, as the holiest spot on Earth 
Other Samaritan religious works include the Memar Markah, the Samaritan liturgy, and Samaritan law codes and biblical commentaries; scholars have various theories concerning the actual relationships between these three texts  The Samaritan Pentateuch first became known to the Western world in 1631, proving the first example of the Samaritan alphabet and sparking an intense theological debate regarding its relative age versus the Masoretic Text 

Mandaeism
Mandaeism (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ mandaiia; Arabic: المندائيّة al-Mandāʾiyya), sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnostic, monotheistic and ethnic religion : 4 : 1  Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist  Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet : 45 The Mandaeans speak an Eastern Aramaic language known as Mandaic  The name 'Mandaean' comes from the Aramaic manda, meaning knowledge  Within the Middle East, but outside their community, the Mandaeans are more commonly known as the صُبَّة Ṣubba (singular: Ṣubbī), or as Sabians (الصابئة, al-Ṣābiʾa)  The term Ṣubba is derived from an Aramaic root related to baptism  The term Sabians derives from the mysterious religious group mentioned three times in the Quran  The name of this unidentified group, which is implied in the Quran to belong to the 'People of the Book' (ahl al-kitāb), was historically claimed by the Mandaeans as well as by several other religious groups in order to gain legal protection (dhimma) as offered by Islamic law  Occasionally, Mandaeans are also called "Christians of Saint John" 

Origins and history
The civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia influenced some religious texts, particularly the Hebrew Bible and the Book of Genesis  Abraham is said to have originated in Mesopotamia Judaism regards itself as the religion of the descendants of Jacob, a grandson of Abraham  It has a strictly unitary view of God, and the central holy book for almost all branches is the Masoretic Text as elucidated in the Oral Torah  In the 19th century and 20th centuries Judaism developed a small number of branches, of which the most significant are Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform 
Christianity began as a sect of Judaism in the Mediterranean Basin of the first century CE and evolved into a separate religion—Christianity—with distinctive beliefs and practices  Jesus is the central figure of Christianity, considered by almost all denominations to be God the Son, one person of the Trinity  (See God in Christianity ) The Christian biblical canons are usually held to be the ultimate authority, alongside sacred tradition in some denominations (such as the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church)  Over many centuries, Christianity divided into three main branches (Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant), dozens of significant denominations, and hundreds of smaller ones 
Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century CE with a strictly unitary view of God  Muslims hold the Quran to be the ultimate authority, as revealed and elucidated through the teachings and practices of a central, but not divine, prophet, Muhammad  The Islamic faith considers all prophets and messengers from Adam through the final messenger (Muhammad) to carry the same Islamic monotheistic principles  Soon after its founding, Islam split into two main branches (Sunni and Shia Islam), each of which now has a number of denominations 
The Baháʼí Faith began within the context of Shia Islam in 19th-century Persia, after a merchant named Siyyid 'Alí Muḥammad Shírází claimed divine revelation and took on the title of the Báb, or "the Gate"  The Bab's ministry proclaimed the imminent advent of "He whom God shall make manifest", who Baháʼís accept as Bahá'u'lláh  Baháʼís revere the Torah, Gospels and the Quran, and the writings of the Báb, Bahá'u'lláh, and 'Abdu'l-Bahá' are considered the central texts of the faith  A vast majority of adherents are unified under a single denomination 

Common aspects
All Abrahamic religions accept the tradition that God revealed himself to the patriarch Abraham  All of them are monotheistic, and all of them conceive God to be a transcendent creator and the source of moral law  Their religious texts feature many of the same figures, histories, and places, although they often present them with different roles, perspectives, and meanings  Believers who agree on these similarities and the common Abrahamic origin tend to also be more positive towards other Abrahamic groups In the three main Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), the individual, God, and the universe are highly separate from each other  The Abrahamic religions believe in a judging, paternal, fully external god to which the individual and nature are both subordinate  One seeks salvation or transcendence not by contemplating the natural world or via philosophical speculation, but by seeking to please God (such as obedience with God's wishes or his law) and see divine revelation as outside of self, nature, and custom 

Monotheism
All Abrahamic religions claim to be monotheistic, worshiping an exclusive God, although one who is known by different names  Each of these religions preaches that God creates, is one, rules, reveals, loves, judges, punishes, and forgives  However, although Christianity does not profess to believe in three gods—but rather in three persons, or hypostases, united in one essence—the Trinitarian doctrine, a fundamental of faith for the vast majority of Christian denominations, conflicts with Jewish and Muslim concepts of monotheism  Since the conception of a divine Trinity is not amenable to tawhid, the Islamic doctrine of monotheism, Islam regards Christianity as variously polytheistic Christianity and Islam both revere Jesus (Arabic: Isa or Yasu among Muslims and Arab Christians respectively) but with vastly differing conceptions:

Christians view Jesus as the saviour and regard him as God incarnate 
Muslims see Isa as a Prophet of Islam and Messiah However, the worship of Jesus, or the ascribing of partners to God (known as shirk in Islam and as shituf in Judaism), is typically viewed as the heresy of idolatry by Islam and Judaism 

Theological continuity
All the Abrahamic religions affirm one eternal God who created the universe, who rules history, who sends prophetic and angelic messengers and who reveals the divine will through inspired revelation  They also affirm that obedience to this creator deity is to be lived out historically and that one day God will unilaterally intervene in human history at the Last Judgment  Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have a teleological view on history, unlike the static or cyclic view on it found in other cultures (the latter being common in Indian religions) 

Scriptures
All Abrahamic religions believe that God guides humanity through revelation to prophets, and each religion believes that God revealed teachings to prophets, including those prophets whose lives are documented in its own scripture 

Ethical orientation
An ethical orientation: all these religions speak of a choice between good and evil, which is associated with obedience or disobedience to a single God and to Divine Law 

Eschatological world view
An eschatological world view of history and destiny, beginning with the creation of the world and the concept that God works through history, and ending with a resurrection of the dead and final judgment and world to come 

Importance of Jerusalem
Jerusalem is considered Judaism's holiest city  Its origins can be dated to 1004 BCE, when according to Biblical tradition David established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel, and his son Solomon built the First Temple on Mount Moriah  Since the Hebrew Bible relates that Isaac's sacrifice took place there, Mount Moriah's importance for Jews predates even these prominent events  Jews thrice daily pray in its direction, including in their prayers pleas for the restoration and the rebuilding of the Holy Temple (the Third Temple) on mount Moriah, close the Passover service with the wistful statement "Next year in built Jerusalem," and recall the city in the blessing at the end of each meal  Jerusalem has served as the only capital for the five Jewish states that have existed in Israel since 1400 BCE (the United Kingdom of Israel, the Kingdom of Judah, Yehud Medinata, the Hasmonean Kingdom, and modern Israel)  It has been majority Jewish since about 1852 and continues through today Jerusalem was an early center of Christianity  There has been a continuous Christian presence there since  William R  Kenan, Jr , professor of the history of Christianity at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, writes that from the middle of the 4th century to the Islamic conquest in the middle of the 7th century, the Roman province of Palestine was a Christian nation with Jerusalem its principal city  According to the New Testament, Jerusalem was the city Jesus was brought to as a child to be presented at the temple and for the feast of the Passover  He preached and healed in Jerusalem, unceremoniously drove the money changers in disarray from the temple there, held the Last Supper in an "upper room" (traditionally the Cenacle) there the night before he was crucified on the cross and was arrested in Gethsemane  The six parts to Jesus' trial—three stages in a religious court and three stages before a Roman court—were all held in Jerusalem  His crucifixion at Golgotha, his burial nearby (traditionally the Church of the Holy Sepulchre), and his resurrection and ascension and prophecy to return all are said to have occurred or will occur there 
Jerusalem became holy to Muslims, third after Mecca and Medina  The Al-Aqsa Mosque, which translates to "farthest mosque" in sura Al-Isra in the Quran and its surroundings are addressed in the Quran as "the holy land"  Muslim tradition as recorded in the ahadith identifies al-Aqsa with a mosque in Jerusalem  The first Muslims did not pray toward Kaaba, but toward Jerusalem  The qibla was switched to Kaaba later on to fulfill the order of Allah of praying in the direction of Kaaba (Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:144–150)  Another reason for its significance is its connection with the Miʿrāj, where, according to traditional Muslim, Muhammad ascended through the Seven heavens on a winged mule named Buraq, guided by the Archangel Gabriel, beginning from the Foundation Stone on the Temple Mount, in modern times under the Dome of the Rock 

Significance of Abraham
Even though members of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam do not all claim Abraham as an ancestor, some members of these religions have tried to claim him as exclusively theirs For Jews, Abraham is the founding patriarch of the children of Israel  God promised Abraham: "I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you " With Abraham, God entered into "an everlasting covenant throughout the ages to be God to you and to your offspring to come"  It is this covenant that makes Abraham and his descendants children of the covenant  Similarly, converts, who join the covenant, are all identified as sons and daughters of Abraham Abraham is primarily a revered ancestor or patriarch (referred to as Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו in Hebrew) "Abraham our father") to whom God made several promises: chiefly, that he would have numberless descendants, who would receive the land of Canaan (the "Promised Land")  According to Jewish tradition, Abraham was the first post-Flood prophet to reject idolatry through rational analysis, although Shem and Eber carried on the tradition from Noah Christians view Abraham as an important exemplar of faith, and a spiritual, as well as physical, ancestor of Jesus  For Christians, Abraham is a spiritual forebear as well as/rather than a direct ancestor depending on the individual's interpretation of Paul the Apostle, with the Abrahamic covenant "reinterpreted so as to be defined by faith in Christ rather than biological descent" or both by faith as well as a direct ancestor; in any case, the emphasis is placed on faith being the only requirement for the Abrahamic Covenant to apply (see also New Covenant and supersessionism)  In Christian belief, Abraham is a role model of faith, and his obedience to God by offering Isaac is seen as a foreshadowing of God's offering of his son Jesus Christian commentators have a tendency to interpret God's promises to Abraham as applying to Christianity subsequent to, and sometimes rather than (as in supersessionism), being applied to Judaism, whose adherents rejected Jesus  They argue this on the basis that just as Abraham as a Gentile (before he was circumcised) "believed God and it was credited to him as righteousness"  (cf  Rom  4:3, James 2:23), "those who have faith are children of Abraham"  (see also John 8:39)  This is most fully developed in Paul's theology where all who believe in God are spiritual descendants of Abraham  However, with regards to Rom  4:20 and Gal  4:9, in both cases he refers to these spiritual descendants as the "sons of God" rather than "children of Abraham" For Muslims, Abraham is a prophet, the "messenger of God" who stands in the line from Adam to Muhammad, to whom God gave revelations,[Quran %3Averse%3D163 4 :163], who "raised the foundations of the House" (i e , the Kaaba)[Quran %3Averse%3D127 2 :127] with his first son, Isma'il, a symbol of which is every mosque  Ibrahim (Abraham) is the first in a genealogy for Muhammad  Islam considers Abraham to be "one of the first Muslims" (Surah 3)—the first monotheist in a world where monotheism was lost, and the community of those faithful to God, thus being referred to as ابونا ابراهيم or "Our Father Abraham", as well as Ibrahim al-Hanif or "Abraham the Monotheist"  Also, the same as Judaism, Islam believes that Abraham rejected idolatry through logical reasoning  Abraham is also recalled in certain details of the annual Hajj pilgrimage 

Differences
God
The Abrahamic God is the conception of God that remains a common feature of all Abrahamic religions  The Abrahamic God is conceived of as eternal, omnipotent, omniscient and as the creator of the universe  God is further held to have the properties of holiness, justice, omnibenevolence, and omnipresence  Proponents of Abrahamic faiths believe that God is also transcendent, but at the same time personal and involved, listening to prayer and reacting to the actions of his creatures  God in Abrahamic religions is always referred to as masculine only 

Jewish theology is strictly monotheistic  God is an absolute one, indivisible and incomparable being who is the ultimate cause of all existence  Jewish tradition teaches that the true aspect of God is incomprehensible and unknowable and that it is only God's revealed aspect that brought the universe into existence, and interacts with mankind and the world  In Judaism, the one God of Israel is the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who is the guide of the world, delivered Israel from slavery in Egypt, and gave them the 613 Mitzvot at Mount Sinai as described in the Torah 
The national god of the Israelites has a proper name, written Y-H-W-H (Hebrew: יהוה) in the Hebrew Bible  The etymology of the name is unknown  An explanation of the name is given to Moses when YHWH calls himself "I Am that I Am", (Hebrew: אהיה אשר אהיה ’ehye ’ăšer ’ehye), seemingly connecting it to the verb hayah (הָיָה), meaning 'to be', but this is likely not a genuine etymology  Jewish tradition accords many names to God, including Elohim, Shaddai, and Sabaoth 

In Christian theology, God is the eternal being who created and preserves the world  Christians believe God to be both transcendent and immanent (involved in the world)  Early Christian views of God were expressed in the Pauline Epistles and the early creeds, which proclaimed one God and the divinity of Jesus 
Around the year 200, Tertullian formulated a version of the doctrine of the Trinity which clearly affirmed the divinity of Jesus and came close to the later definitive form produced by the Ecumenical Council of 381  Trinitarians, who form the large majority of Christians, hold it as a core tenet of their faith  Nontrinitarian denominations define the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit in a number of different ways The theology of the attributes and nature of God has been discussed since the earliest days of Christianity, with Irenaeus writing in the 2nd century: "His greatness lacks nothing, but contains all things " In the 8th century, John of Damascus listed eighteen attributes which remain widely accepted  As time passed, theologians developed systematic lists of these attributes, some based on statements in the Bible (e g , the Lord's Prayer, stating that the Father is in Heaven), others based on theological reasoning 

In Islamic theology, God (Arabic: الله Allāh) is the all-powerful and all-knowing creator, sustainer, ordainer and judge of everything in existence  Islam emphasizes that God is strictly singular (tawḥīd) unique (wāḥid) and inherently One (aḥad), all-merciful and omnipotent  According to Islamic teachings, God exists without place and according to the Quran, "No vision can grasp him, but His grasp is over all vision: He is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things " God, as referenced in the Quran, is the only God  Islamic tradition also describes the 99 names of God  These 99 names describe attributes of God, including Most Merciful, The Just, The Peace and Blessing, and the Guardian 
Islamic belief in God is distinct from Christianity in that God has no progeny  This belief is summed up in chapter 112 of the Quran titled Al-Ikhlas, which states "Say, he is Allah (who is) one, Allah is the Eternal, the Absolute  He does not beget nor was he begotten  Nor is there to Him any equivalent "[Quran %3Averse%3D1  112 :1]

Scriptures
All these religions rely on a body of scriptures, some of which are considered to be the word of God—hence sacred and unquestionable—and some the work of religious men, revered mainly by tradition and to the extent that they are considered to have been divinely inspired, if not dictated, by the divine being 
The sacred scriptures of Judaism are the Tanakh, a Hebrew acronym standing for Torah (Law or Teachings), Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings)  These are complemented by and supplemented with various (originally oral) traditions: Midrash, the Mishnah, the Talmud and collected rabbinical writings  The Tanakh (or Hebrew Bible) was composed between 1,400 BCE, and 400 BCE by Jewish prophets, kings, and priests 
The Hebrew text of the Tanakh, and the Torah in particular is considered holy, down to the last letter: transcribing is done with painstaking care  An error in a single letter, ornamentation or symbol of the 300,000+ stylized letters that make up the Hebrew Torah text renders a Torah scroll unfit for use; hence the skills of a Torah scribe are specialist skills, and a scroll takes considerable time to write and check 

The sacred scriptures of most Christian groups are the Old Testament and the New Testament  Latin Bibles originally contained 73 books; however, 7 books, collectively called the Apocrypha or Deuterocanon depending on one's opinion of them, were removed by Martin Luther due to a lack of original Hebrew sources, and now vary on their inclusion between denominations  Greek Bibles contain additional materials 
The New Testament comprises four accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus (the Four Gospels), as well as several other writings (the epistles) and the Book of Revelation  They are usually considered to be divinely inspired, and together comprise the Christian Bible 
The vast majority of Christian faiths (including Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, and most forms of Protestantism) recognize that the Gospels were passed on by oral tradition, and were not set to paper until decades after the resurrection of Jesus and that the extant versions are copies of those originals  The version of the Bible considered to be most valid (in the sense of best conveying the true meaning of the word of God) has varied considerably: the Greek Septuagint, the Syriac Peshitta, the Latin Vulgate, the English King James Version and the Russian Synodal Bible have been authoritative to different communities at different times 
The sacred scriptures of the Christian Bible are complemented by a large body of writings by individual Christians and councils of Christian leaders (see canon law)  Some Christian churches and denominations consider certain additional writings to be binding; other Christian groups consider only the Bible to be binding (sola scriptura) 

Islam's holiest book is the Quran, comprising 114 Suras ("chapters of the Qur'an")  However, Muslims also believe in the religious texts of Judaism and Christianity in their original forms, albeit not the current versions  According to the Quran (and mainstream Muslim belief), the verses of the Quran were revealed by God through the Archangel Jibrail to Muhammad on separate occasions  These revelations were written down and also memorized by hundreds of companions of Muhammad  These multiple sources were collected into one official copy  After the death of Muhammad, Quran was copied on several copies and Caliph Uthman provided these copies to different cities of Islamic Empire 
The Quran mentions and reveres several of the Israelite prophets, including Moses and Jesus, among others (see also: Prophets of Islam)  The stories of these prophets are very similar to those in the Bible  However, the detailed precepts of the Tanakh and the New Testament are not adopted outright; they are replaced by the new commandments accepted as revealed directly by God (through Gabriel) to Muhammad and codified in the Quran 
Like the Jews with the Torah, Muslims consider the original Arabic text of the Quran as uncorrupted and holy to the last letter, and any translations are considered to be interpretations of the meaning of the Quran, as only the original Arabic text is considered to be the divine scripture Like the Rabbinic Oral Law to the Hebrew Bible, the Quran is complemented by the Hadith, a set of books by later authors recording the sayings of the prophet Muhammad  The Hadith interpret and elaborate Qur'anic precepts  Islamic scholars have categorized each Hadith at one of the following levels of authenticity or isnad: genuine (sahih), fair (hasan) or weak (da'if) By the 9th century, six major Hadith collections were accepted as reliable to Sunni Muslims 

Sahih al-Bukhari
Sahih Muslim
Sunan ibn Majah
Sunan Abu Dawud
Jami al-Tirmidhi
Sunan an-Nasa'iiShi'a Muslims, however, refer to other authenticated hadiths instead  They are known collectively as The Four Books 
The Hadith and the life story of Muhammad (sira) form the Sunnah, an authoritative supplement to the Quran  The legal opinions of Islamic jurists (Faqīh) provide another source for the daily practice and interpretation of Islamic tradition (see Fiqh )
The Quran contains repeated references to the "religion of Abraham" (see Suras 2:130,135; 3:95; 6:123,161; 12:38; 16:123; 22:78)  In the Quran, this expression refers specifically to Islam; sometimes in contrast to Christianity and Judaism, as in Sura 2:135, for example: 'They say: "Become Jews or Christians if ye would be guided (to salvation) " Say thou (O Muslims): "Nay! (I would rather) the Religion of Abraham the True, and he joined not gods with God " ' In the Quran, Abraham is declared to have been a Muslim (a hanif, more accurately a "primordial monotheist"), not a Jew nor a Christian (Sura 3:67) 

Eschatology
In the major Abrahamic religions, there exists the expectation of an individual who will herald the time of the end or bring about the Kingdom of God on Earth; in other words, the Messianic prophecy  Judaism awaits the coming of the Jewish Messiah; the Jewish concept of Messiah differs from the Christian concept in several significant ways, despite the same term being applied to both  The Jewish Messiah is not seen as a "god", but as a mortal man who by his holiness is worthy of that description  His appearance is not the end of history, rather it signals the coming of the world to come 
Christianity awaits the Second Coming of Christ, though Full Preterists believe this has already happened  Islam awaits both the second coming of Jesus (to complete his life and die) and the coming of Mahdi (Sunnis in his first incarnation, Twelver Shia as the return of Muhammad al-Mahdi) 
Most Abrahamic religions agree that a human being comprises the body, which dies, and the soul, which is capable of remaining alive beyond human death and carries the person's essence, and that God will judge each person's life accordingly on the Day of Judgement  The importance of this and the focus on it, as well as the precise criteria and end result, differ between religions Judaism's views on the afterlife ("the Next World") are quite diverse  This can be attributed to an almost non-existent tradition of souls/spirits in the Hebrew Bible (a possible exception being the Witch of Endor), resulting in a focus on the present life rather than future reward 
Christians have more diverse and definite teachings on the end times and what constitutes afterlife  Most Christian approaches either include different abodes for the dead (Heaven, Hell, Limbo, Purgatory) or universal reconciliation because all souls are made in the image of God  A small minority teach annihilationism, the doctrine that those persons who are not reconciled to God simply cease to exist 
In Islam, God is said to be "Most Compassionate and Most Merciful" (Quran 1:2, as well as the start of all Suras but one)  However, God is also "Most Just"; Islam prescribes a literal Hell for those who disobey God and commit gross sin  Those who obey God and submit to God will be rewarded with their own place in Paradise  While sinners are punished with fire, there are also many other forms of punishment described, depending on the sin committed; Hell is divided into numerous levels 
Those who worship and remember God are promised eternal abode in a physical and spiritual Paradise  Heaven is divided into eight levels, with the highest level of Paradise being the reward of those who have been most virtuous, the prophets, and those killed while fighting for Allah (martyrs) 
Upon repentance to God, many sins can be forgiven, on the condition they are not repeated, as God is supremely merciful  Additionally, those who believe in God, but have led sinful lives, may be punished for a time, and then eventually released into Paradise  If anyone dies in a state of Shirk (i e  associating God in any way, such as claiming that He is equal with anything or denying Him), this is not pardonable—he or she will stay forever in Hell 
Once a person is admitted to Paradise, this person will abide there for eternity 

Worship and religious rites
Worship, ceremonies and religion-related customs differ substantially among the Abrahamic religions  Among the few similarities are a seven-day cycle in which one day is nominally reserved for worship, prayer or other religious activities—Shabbat, Sabbath, or jumu'ah; this custom is related to the biblical story of Genesis, where God created the universe in six days and rested in the seventh 
Orthodox Judaism practice is guided by the interpretation of the Torah and the Talmud  Before the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jewish priests offered sacrifices there two times daily; since then, the practice has been replaced, until the Temple is rebuilt, by Jewish men being required to pray three times daily, including the chanting of the Torah, and facing in the direction of Jerusalem's Temple Mount  Other practices include circumcision, dietary laws, Shabbat, Passover, Torah study, Tefillin, purity and others  Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism and the Reconstructionist movement all move away, in different degrees, from the strict tradition of the law 
Jewish women's prayer obligations vary by denomination; in contemporary Orthodox practice, women do not read from the Torah and are only required to say certain parts of these daily services 
All versions of Judaism share a common, specialized calendar, containing many festivals  The calendar is lunisolar, with lunar months and a solar year (an extra month is added every second or third year to allow the shorter lunar year to "catch up" to the solar year)  All streams observe the same festivals, but some emphasize them differently  As is usual with its extensive law system, the Orthodox have the most complex manner of observing the festivals, while the Reform pay more attention to the simple symbolism of each one 
Christian worship varies from denomination to denomination  Individual prayer is usually not ritualised, while group prayer may be ritual or non-ritual according to the occasion  During church services, some form of liturgy is frequently followed  Rituals are performed during sacraments, which also vary from denomination to denomination and usually include Baptism and Communion, and may also include Confirmation, Confession, Last Rites and Holy Orders 
Catholic worship practice is governed by documents, including (in the largest, Western, Latin Church) the Roman Missal  Individuals, churches and denominations place different emphasis on ritual—some denominations consider most ritual activity optional (see Adiaphora), particularly since the Protestant Reformation 
The followers of Islam (Muslims) are to observe the Five Pillars of Islam  The first pillar is the belief in the oneness of Allah, and in Muhammad as his final and most perfect prophet  The second is to pray five times daily (salat) towards the direction (qibla) of the Kaaba in Mecca  The third pillar is almsgiving (Zakah), a portion of one's wealth given to the poor or to other specified causes, which means the giving of a specific share of one's wealth and savings to persons or causes, as is commanded in the Quran and elucidated as to specific percentages for different kinds of income and wealth in the hadith  The normal share to be paid is two and a half percent of one's earnings: this increases if labour was not required, and increases further if only capital or possessions alone were required (i e  proceeds from renting space), and increases to 50% on "unearned wealth" such as treasure-finding, and to 100% on wealth that is considered haram, as part of attempting to make atonement for the sin, such as that gained through financial interest (riba) 
Fasting (sawm) during the ninth month of the Muslim lunar calendar, Ramadan, is the fourth pillar of Islam, to which all Muslims after the age of puberty in good health (as judged by a Muslim doctor to be able fast without incurring grave danger to health: even in seemingly obvious situations, a "competent and upright Muslim physician" is required to agree), that are not menstruating are bound to observe—missed days of the fast for any reason must be made up, unless there be a permanent illness, such as diabetes, that prevents a person from ever fasting  In such a case, restitution must be made by feeding one poor person for each day missed 
Finally, Muslims are also required, if physically able, to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's life: it is strongly recommended to do it as often as possible, preferably once a year  Only individuals whose financial position and health are severely insufficient are exempt from making Hajj (e g  if making Hajj would put stress on one's financial situation, but would not end up in homelessness or starvation, it is still required)  During this pilgrimage, the Muslims spend three to seven days in worship, performing several strictly defined rituals, most notably circumambulating the Kaaba among millions of other Muslims and the "Stoning of the Devil" at Mina 
At the end of the Hajj, the heads of men are shaved, sheep and other halal animals, notably camels, are slaughtered as a ritual sacrifice by bleeding out at the neck according to a strictly prescribed ritual slaughter method similar to the Jewish kashrut, to commemorate the moment when, according to Islamic tradition, Allah replaced Abraham's son Ishmael (contrasted with the Judaeo-Christian tradition that Isaac was the intended sacrifice) with a sheep, thereby preventing human sacrifice  The meat from these animals is then distributed locally to needy Muslims, neighbours and relatives  Finally, the hajji puts off ihram and the hajj is complete 

Circumcision
Judaism and Samaritanism commands that males be circumcised when they are eight days old, as does the Sunnah in Islam  Despite its common practice in Muslim-majority nations, circumcision is considered to be sunnah (tradition) and not required for a life directed by Allah  Although there is some debate within Islam over whether it is a religious requirement or mere recommendation, circumcision (called khitan) is practiced nearly universally by Muslim males 
Today, many Christian denominations are neutral about ritual male circumcision, not requiring it for religious observance, but neither forbidding it for cultural or other reasons  Western Christianity replaced the custom of male circumcision with the ritual of baptism, a ceremony which varies according to the doctrine of the denomination, but it generally includes immersion, aspersion, or anointment with water  The Early Church (Acts 15, the Council of Jerusalem) decided that Gentile Christians are not required to undergo circumcision  The Council of Florence in the 15th century prohibited it  Paragraph #2297 of the Catholic Catechism calls non-medical amputation or mutilation immoral  By the 21st century, the Catholic Church had adopted a neutral position on the practice, as long as it is not practised as an initiation ritual  Catholic scholars make various arguments in support of the idea that this policy is not in contradiction with the previous edicts  The New Testament chapter Acts 15 records that Christianity did not require circumcision  The Catholic Church currently maintains a neutral position on the practice of non-religious circumcision, and in 1442 it banned the practice of religious circumcision in the 11th Council of Florence  Coptic Christians practice circumcision as a rite of passage  The Eritrean Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church calls for circumcision, with near-universal prevalence among Orthodox men in Ethiopia 

Many countries with majorities of Christian adherents in Europe and Latin America have low circumcision rates, while both religious and non-religious circumcision is widely practiced in many predominantly Christian countries and among Christian communities in the Anglosphere countries, Oceania, South Korea, the Philippines, the Middle East and Africa  Countries such as the United States, the Philippines, Australia (albeit primarily in the older generations), Canada, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, and many other African Christian countries have high circumcision rates  Circumcision is near universal in the Christian countries of Oceania  In some African and Eastern Christian denominations male circumcision is an integral or established practice, and require that their male members undergo circumcision  Coptic Christianity and Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Eritrean Orthodoxy still observe male circumcision and practice circumcision as a rite of passage  Male circumcision is also widely practiced among Christians from South Korea, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, and North Africa  (See also aposthia )
Male circumcision is among the rites of Islam and is part of the fitrah, or the innate disposition and natural character and instinct of the human creation Circumcision is widely practiced by the Druze, the procedure is practiced as a cultural tradition, and has no religious significance in the Druze faith  Some Druses do not circumcise their male children, and refuse to observe this "common Muslim practice" Circumcision is not a religious practice of the Bahá'í Faith, and leaves that decision up to the parents 

Dietary restrictions
Judaism and Islam have strict dietary laws, with permitted food known as kosher in Judaism, and halal in Islam  These two religions prohibit the consumption of pork; Islam prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages of any kind  Halal restrictions can be seen as a modification of the kashrut dietary laws, so many kosher foods are considered halal; especially in the case of meat, which Islam prescribes must be slaughtered in the name of God  Hence, in many places, Muslims used to consume kosher food  However, some foods not considered kosher are considered halal in Islam With rare exceptions, Christians do not consider the Old Testament's strict food laws as relevant for today's church; see also Biblical law in Christianity  Most Protestants have no set food laws, but there are minority exceptions The Roman Catholic Church believes in observing abstinence and penance  For example, all Fridays through the year and the time of Lent are penitential days  The law of abstinence requires a Catholic from 14 years of age until death to abstain from eating meat on Fridays in honor of the Passion of Jesus on Good Friday  The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops obtained the permission of the Holy See for Catholics in the U S  to substitute a penitential, or even a charitable, practice of their own choosing  Eastern Rite Catholics have their own penitential practices as specified by the Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches The Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA) embraces numerous Old Testament rules and regulations such as tithing, Sabbath observance, and Jewish food laws  Therefore, they do not eat pork, shellfish, or other foods considered unclean under the Old Covenant  The "Fundamental Beliefs" of the SDA state that their members "are to adopt the most healthful diet possible and abstain from the unclean foods identified in the Scriptures"  among othersIn the Christian Bible, the consumption of strangled animals and of blood was forbidden by Apostolic Decree and are still forbidden in the Greek Orthodox Church, according to German theologian Karl Josef von Hefele, who, in his Commentary on Canon II of the Second Ecumenical Council held in the 4th century at Gangra, notes: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of Gangra, the rule of the Apostolic Synod [the Council of Jerusalem of Acts 15] with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force  With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show " He also writes that "as late as the eighth century, Pope Gregory the Third, in 731, forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days "Jehovah's Witnesses abstain from eating blood and from blood transfusions based on Acts 15:19–21 
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints prohibits the consumption of alcohol, coffee, and non-herbal tea  While there is not a set of prohibited food, the church encourages members to refrain from eating excessive amounts of red meat 

Sabbath observance
Sabbath in the Bible is a weekly day of rest and time of worship  It is observed differently in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and informs a similar occasion in several other Abrahamic faiths  Though many viewpoints and definitions have arisen over the millennia, most originate in the same textual tradition 

Proselytism
Judaism accepts converts, but has had no explicit missionaries since the end of the Second Temple era  Judaism states that non-Jews can achieve righteousness by following Noahide Laws, a set of moral imperatives that, according to the Talmud, were given by God as a binding set of laws for the "children of Noah"—that is, all of humanity  It is believed that as much as ten percent of the Roman Empire followed Judaism either as fully ritually obligated Jews or the simpler rituals required of non-Jewish members of that faith Moses Maimonides, one of the major Jewish teachers, commented: "Quoting from our sages, the righteous people from other nations have a place in the world to come if they have acquired what they should learn about the Creator " Because the commandments applicable to the Jews are much more detailed and onerous than Noahide laws, Jewish scholars have traditionally maintained that it is better to be a good non-Jew than a bad Jew, thus discouraging conversion  In the U S , as of 2003 28% of married Jews were married to non-Jews  See also Conversion to Judaism 

Christianity encourages evangelism  Many Christian organizations, especially Protestant churches, send missionaries to non-Christian communities throughout the world  See also Great Commission  Forced conversions to Catholicism have been alleged at various points throughout history  The most prominently cited allegations are the conversions of the pagans after Constantine; of Muslims, Jews and Eastern Orthodox during the Crusades; of Jews and Muslims during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, where they were offered the choice of exile, conversion or death; and of the Aztecs by Hernán Cortés  Forced conversions to Protestantism may have occurred as well, notably during the Reformation, especially in England and Ireland (see recusancy and Popish plot) 
Forced conversions are now condemned as sinful by major denominations such as the Roman Catholic Church, which officially states that forced conversions pollute the Christian religion and offend human dignity, so that past or present offences are regarded as a scandal (a cause of unbelief)  According to Pope Paul VI, "It is one of the major tenets of Catholic doctrine that man's response to God in faith must be free: no one, therefore, is to be forced to embrace the Christian faith against his own will " The Roman Catholic Church has declared that Catholics should fight anti-Semitism Dawah is an important Islamic concept which denotes the preaching of Islam  Da‘wah literally means "issuing a summons" or "making an invitation"  A Muslim who practices da‘wah, either as a religious worker or in a volunteer community effort, is called a dā‘ī, plural du‘āt  A dā‘ī is thus a person who invites people to understand Islam through a dialogical process and may be categorized in some cases as the Islamic equivalent of a missionary, as one who invites people to the faith, to the prayer, or to Islamic life 
Da'wah activities can take many forms  Some pursue Islamic studies specifically to perform Da'wah  Mosques and other Islamic centers sometimes spread Da'wah actively, similar to evangelical churches  Others consider being open to the public and answering questions to be Da'wah  Recalling Muslims to the faith and expanding their knowledge can also be considered Da'wah 
In Islamic theology, the purpose of Da‘wah is to invite people, both Muslims and non-Muslims, to understand the commandments of God as expressed in the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet, as well as to inform them about Muhammad  Da‘wah produces converts to Islam, which in turn grows the size of the Muslim Ummah, or community of Muslims 

Dialogue between Abrahamic religions
This section reports on writings and talks which describe or advocate dialogue between the Abrahamic religions 
Amir HussainIn 2003, a book titled Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism contains a chapter by Amir Hussain which is titled "Muslims, Pluralism, and Interfaith Dialogue" in which he claims that interfaith dialogue has been an integral part of Islam since its origin  After he received his "first revelation" and for the rest of his life, Muhammad was "engaged in interfaith dialogue"  Islam would not have spread without "interfaith dialogue" Hussain gives an early example of "the importance of pluralism and interfaith dialogue" in Islam  After some of Muhammad's followers were subjected to "physical persecution" in Mecca, he sent them to Abyssinia, a Christian nation, where they were "welcomed and accepted" by the Christian king  Another example is Córdoba, Andalusia in Muslim Spain, in the ninth and tenth centuries  Córdoba was "one of the most important cities in the history of the world"  In Córdoba, "Christians and Jews were involved in the Royal Court and the intellectual life of the city " Thus, there is "a history of Muslims, Jews, Christians, and other religious traditions living together in a pluralistic society" Turning to the present, Hussain says that one of the challenges which Muslims currently face is the conflicting passages in the Qur̀an some of which support interfaith "bridge-building", but other passages of it can be used to "justify mutual exclusion" 

Trialogue
The 2007 book Trialogue: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Dialogue starkly states the importance of interfaith dialogue: "We human beings today face a stark choice: dialogue or death!"
The Trialogue book gives four reasons why the three Abrahamic religions should engage in dialogue:
1  They "come from the same Hebraic roots and claim Abraham as their originating ancestor" 
2  "All three traditions are religions of ethical monotheism "
3  They "are all historical religions" 
4  All three are "religions of revelation" 

Pope Benedict XVI
In 2010, Pope Benedict XVI spoke about "Interreligious dialogue"  He said that "the Church's universal nature and vocation require that she engage in dialogue with the members of other religions " For the Abrahamic religions, this "dialogue is based on the spiritual and historical bonds uniting Christians to Jews and Muslims"  It is dialogue "grounded in the sacred Scriptures" and "defined in the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium and in the Declaration on the Church's Relation to Non-Christian Religions Nostra Aetate  The Pope concluded with a prayer: "May Jews, Christians and Muslims     give the beautiful witness of serenity and concord between the children of Abraham "

Learned Ignorance
In the 2011 book Learned Ignorance: Intellectual Humility Among Jews, Christians and Muslims, the three editors address the question of "why engage in interreligious dialogue; its purpose?":

James L  Heft, a Roman Catholic priest, suggests "that the purpose of interreligious dialogue is, not only better mutual understanding     but also trying     to embody the truths that we affirm "
Omid Safi, a Muslim, answers the question of "why engage in interreligious dialogue?" He writes, "because for me, as a Muslim, God is greater than any one path leading to God"  Therefore, "neither I nor my traditions has a monopoly on truth, because in reality, we belong to the Truth (God), Truth to us "
Reuven Firestone, a Jewish rabbi writes about the "tension" between the "particularity" of one's "own religious experience" and the "universality of the divine reality" that as expressed in history has led to verbal and violent conflict  So, although this tension may never be "fully resolved", Firestone says that "it is of utmost consequence for leaders in religion to engage in the process of dialogue "

The Interfaith Amigos
In 2011, TED broadcast a 10-minute program about "Breaking the Taboos of Interfaith Dialogue" with Rabbi Ted Falcon (Jewish), Pastor Don Mackenzie (Christian), and Imam Jamal Rahman (Muslim) collectively known as The Interfaith Amigos  See their TED program by clicking here 

Divisive matters should be addressed
In 2012, a PhD thesis Dialogue Between Christians, Jews and Muslims argues that "the paramount need is for barriers against non-defensive dialogue conversations between Christians, Jews, and Muslims to be dismantled to facilitate the development of common understandings on matters that are deeply divisive " As of 2012, the thesis says that this has not been done 

Cardinal Koch
In 2015, Cardinal Kurt Koch, the President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, an organization that is "responsible for the Church's dialogue with the Jewish people", was interviewed  He noted that the Church is already engaging in "bilateral talks with Jewish and Muslim religious leaders" but stated that it is too early for the Church to host "trialogue" talks with representatives of the three Abrahamic religions  Yet, Koch added, "we hope that we can go in this [direction] in the future "

Omid Safi
In 2016, a 26-minute interview with Omid Safi, a Muslim and Director of the Duke Islamic Studies Center, was posted on YouTube  In it, Safi stated that he has spent his life trying to combine "love and tenderness" which are the "essence of being human" with "social justice" 

Ahmed el-Tayeb
In November 2021, Ahmed el-Tayeb announced the rejection of the call to the "new Abrahamic religion", and asked in his speech whether the call was intended to "cooperate with believers in religions on their common and noble human values, or is it intended to create a new religion that has no color, taste, or smell", as he put it  Al-Tayeb said that the call to "Ibrahimism" "appears to be a call for human unity and the elimination of the causes of disputes and conflicts, and in fact it is a call to confiscate freedom of belief, freedom of faith and choice" 
Al-Tayeb believes that the call to unite the religion is a call that is "closer to troubled dreams than to realizing the facts and nature of things", because "the meeting of creation on one religion is impossible in the habit that God created people with " He continued, saying that "respecting the faith of the other is one thing, and believing in it is another" 

Demographics
Christianity is the largest Abrahamic religion with about 2 3 billion adherents, constituting about 31 1% of the world's population  Islam is the second largest Abrahamic religion, as well as the fastest-growing Abrahamic religion in recent decades  It has about 1 9 billion adherents, called Muslims, which constitute about 24 1% of the world's population  The third largest Abrahamic religion is Judaism with about 14 1 million adherents, called Jews  The Baháʼí Faith has over 8 million adherents, making it the fourth largest Abrahamic religion, and the fastest growing religion across the 20th century usually at least twice the rate of population growth  The Druze Faith has between one million and nearly two millions adherents 

See also
Abraham
Abraham in Islam
Abrahamites
Ancient Semitic religion
Bible
Chosen people
Christianity
Christianity and Islam
Christianity and Judaism
Christianity and other religions
Gnosticism
Hebrew Bible
Islam
Islamic–Jewish relations
Islam and other religions
Jewish Christian
Jews as the chosen people
Judaism
Judeo-Christian ethics
Messianic Judaism
Messianism
Manichaeism
Milah Abraham
Nigerian Chrislam
People of the Book
Quran
Sabians
Torah
Yazidism
Zoroastrianism

Notes
Passage 4:
Elmer George
Elmer Ray George (July 15, 1928 – May 31, 1976) was an American race car driver 
Born in Hockerville, Oklahoma, George died in Terre Haute, Indiana   He drove in the AAA and USAC Championship Car series, racing in the 1956–1963 seasons with 64 starts, including the Indianapolis 500 races in 1957, 1962, and 1963 He finished in the top ten 36 times, with one victory, in 1957 at Syracuse 
George was also the 1957 USAC Sprint Car Series champion 

1962 Bobby Ball Memorial race
On November 18, 1962, George suffered cuts and a left shoulder injury in a USAC Champ Car race held at the Arizona State Fairgrounds  Having hit another car's bumper, George lost control of his HOW Special, hit the guard rail before the grandstand, slid and headed towards the stands where he broke through a chain-link fence, landing upside down  22 spectators were injured as a result 

Personal
Elmer George was married to Mari Hulman George, daughter of Tony Hulman, owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway  Elmer and Mari had three daughters and one son, Tony George, founder of the Indy Racing League, and Ex-CEO of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway  Elmer had two children from a previous marriage, Joseph F  George and Carolyn Coffey 
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, George was the director of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network On May 3, 1976, Mari filed for divorce  On the day of the 1976 Indianapolis 500 (May 30, 1976), Elmer George argued by telephone with Guy Trolinger, a horse trainer at the family farm near Terre Haute, and Mari's alleged boyfriend  After the race, George drove to the farm, broke into the house and confronted Trolinger, then around 1:00 a m , gunfire broke out, and George was shot and killed as a result of multiple gunshot wounds  A grand jury ruled that Trolinger killed George in self-defense at which point the charges were dropped 

Award
He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 2005 

Complete AAA/USAC Championship Car results
Indianapolis 500 results
World Championship career summary
The Indianapolis 500 was part of the FIA World Championship from 1950 through 1960  Drivers competing at Indy during those years were credited with World Championship points and participation  George participated in the 1957 Indianapolis 500, his only World Championship race  He finished 33rd and did not accumulate any championship points 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Thursday Night Football
Thursday Night Football (often abbreviated as TNF) is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League (NFL) games that broadcast primarily on Thursday nights  Most of the games kick off at 8:15 Eastern Time (8:20 prior to 2022 and 8:25 prior to 2018) 
In the past, games in the package also air occasionally on Saturdays in the later portion of the season, as well as select games from the NFL International Series (these games were branded since 2017 as NFL Network Special) 
Debuting on November 23, 2006, the telecasts were originally part of NFL Network's Run to the Playoffs package, which consisted of eight total games broadcast on Thursday and Saturday nights (five on Thursdays, and three on Saturdays, originally branded as Saturday Night Football) during the latter portion of the season  Since 2012, the TNF package has begun during the second week of the NFL season; the NFL Kickoff Game and the NFL on Thanksgiving are both broadcast as part of NBC Sports' Sunday Night Football contract and are not included in Thursday Night Football, although the Thanksgiving primetime game was previously part of the package from 2006 until 2011 
In 2014, the NFL shifted the package to a new model to increase its prominence  The entire TNF package would be produced by a separate rightsholder, who would hold rights to simulcast a portion of the package on their respective network  CBS was the first rightsholder under this model, airing nine games on broadcast television, and producing the remainder of the package to air exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage agreements  The package was also extended to Week 16 of the season, and included a new Saturday doubleheader split between CBS and NFL Network  On January 18, 2015, CBS and NFL Network extended the same arrangement for a second season  In 2016 and 2017, the NFL continued with a similar arrangement, but adding NBC as a second rightsholder alongside CBS, with each network airing five games on broadcast television each  In 2018, the rights shifted to Fox, through the 2022 season 
In 2016, the NFL also began to sub-license digital streaming rights to the broadcast television portion of the package to third-parties, beginning with Twitter in 2016, and Amazon in 2017—initially on Prime Video, and later being carried freely on Amazon-owned live streaming platform Twitch 
In 2021, it was announced that Amazon had acquired the exclusive rights to Thursday Night Football beginning in the 2023 season under the NFL's new broadcasting deals, marking the first time that the NFL had sold one of its main television packages to a digital media company  NFL Network and Fox ceded the final season of the existing contract to Amazon, resulting in its coverage launching in 2022  As before, all of the games are also streamed for free on Twitch, and aired on local broadcast television stations in the markets of the opposing teams as per NFL rules 
As with all other nationally televised games, they are also carried on radio as part of the NFL on Westwood One Sports package 

Background
Early history
The NFL Network's coverage was not the first time that NFL games were covered on Thursday or Saturday  ABC televised occasional Thursday night games from 1978 to 1986 as part of its Monday Night Football package  Prior to the new contract, ESPN carried a handful of sporadic Thursday night games (usually those displaced from Sunday night) and the broadcast networks used to air several national games on Saturday afternoons in mid-to-late December after the college football regular season ended  Incidentally, the only reason the league is even allowed to televise football games on Saturday night stems from a legal loophole: the league's antitrust exemption, the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961, was written when the NFL regular season ended in mid-December, and as such, it contains specific language that prohibits televising NFL games in most markets on Friday nights and all day on Saturdays between the second week of September and the second week of December, to protect high school and college football  Since most high school and college seasons have ended by mid-December, other than bowl games, there has been little desire to close this loophole, even though the regular season has expanded well beyond mid-December since the law's passage 
In 2005, when the NFL negotiated a new set of television contracts, Comcast-owned OLN offered to pay $450 million for an eight-year contract to carry NFL prime time games  In exchange, Comcast planned to add NFL Network to its digital cable lineup  The channel was added, but NFL Network decided to air the games itself, foregoing a rights fee  The other television deals generated $3 735 billion per year over an eight-year period for CBS, Fox, NBC, ESPN and DirecTV (owner of the out-of-market sports package NFL Sunday Ticket) As previously mentioned, Thursday Night Football debuted on November 23, 2006, with the Kansas City Chiefs handing the visiting Denver Broncos a 19–10 Thanksgiving defeat  Each of the game broadcasts were titled either Thursday Night Football or Saturday Night Football, depending on the night on which it aired  This format carried over to the 2007 season 
At its launch, the package proved highly controversial mainly due to the relative unavailability of NFL Network at the time; the league used the games as leverage to encourage television providers to carry NFL Network on their basic service tiers, rather than in premium, sports-oriented packages that required subscribers to pay a higher fee; although, as with all other national cable telecasts of NFL games, the league's own regulations require the games to be syndicated to over-the-air television stations in the local markets of the teams  These issues were magnified in 2007, when a game that saw the New England Patriots close out a perfect regular season was simulcast nationally on both CBS and NBC, in addition to NFL Network and the local stations that the game was sold to, following concerns from politicians and other critics 
Starting in 2008, NFL Network eliminated all but one of the Saturday night games and started their Thursday night package three weeks earlier  This was done to accommodate the earlier schedule and the league's antitrust exemption that prohibits Saturday games from being held for most of the season  In the following season, all references to Saturday Night Football were dropped, and any games that are not played on Thursday (such as in 2016, two Christmas weekend games and an NFL International Series game) have since been branded as "special editions" of Thursday Night Football, and later Thursday Night Special or NFL Network Special  The Thanksgiving matchup was moved from NFL Network to NBC's Sunday Night Football package as part of the new broadcast contract after the 2011 season 
During Super Bowl week in 2012, it was announced that the Thursday Night Football package would expand from eight to 13 games and air on NFL Network, again soliciting and rejecting offers from Turner Sports and Comcast  Starting with the 2012 season, all 32 teams play a Thursday game following a Sunday game that guarantees each team a nationally televised game with 26 of them playing on Thursday Night Football and the other six playing on Thanksgiving  In addition, matchups are created with the intent to minimize travel in the leadup to the Thursday game  In general, the road team will always play a home game the Sunday prior, while the home team will either play at home or a road game against a nearby opponent the Sunday before hosting the Thursday game 
For the 2012 season, a Spanish-language broadcast was added as second audio program 

2014–2015: partnership with CBS Sports
In January 2014, it was reported that the NFL was planning to sub-license a package of up to eight Thursday Night Football games to another broadcaster for the 2014 season  The league had negotiated with its existing broadcast partners, along with Turner Sports  These eight games were to be simulcast by NFL Network, and reports indicated that ESPN planned to place the games on ABC in the event it won the rights, bringing the NFL back to the network for the first time since Super Bowl XL and the move of Monday Night Football to ESPN in 2006  The remaining games would remain exclusive to NFL Network, in order to satisfy carriage agreements with television providers guaranteeing a minimum number of games to air exclusively on the channel  The decision came as the league wished to heighten the profile of its Thursday night games, which had suffered from relatively lower viewership and advertising revenue in comparison to other games On February 5, 2014, the NFL announced that CBS had acquired the partial rights to TNF for the 2014 season  Under the agreement, all of the Thursday Night Football telecasts would be produced by CBS Sports and called by the network's primary announcing team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms  The first eight games of the season were simulcast nationally on NFL Network and CBS; the remaining games in the package only aired nationally on NFL Network, but per league broadcast policies, were simulcast on local stations in the participating teams' markets  CBS affiliates were given right of first refusal to air the local simulcast before it is offered to another station (as had occurred in Cincinnati, Ohio where the market's NBC affiliate WLWT aired a game between the Cincinnati Bengals and the Cleveland Browns instead of CBS affiliate WKRC-TV)  A Saturday doubleheader was also added on Week 16: NFL Network aired the early game, while CBS aired the second, prime time game The NFL considered CBS's bid to be the most attractive, owing to the network's overall ratings stature (CBS had been the highest-rated broadcast network in the U S  since the 2005-06 television season), a commitment to aggressively promote the Thursday games across its properties, and its plans to utilize CBS Sports' top NFL talent and production staff across all of the games in the package to ensure a major improvement in quality over the previous, in-house productions  CBS staff also cited experience with its joint coverage of the NCAA Men's basketball tournament with Turner Sports as an advantage in its collaboration with NFL Network staff, as talent from both networks collaborate on pre-game, halftime and post-game coverage  During the games, a distinct graphics package co-branded with both CBS and NFL Network logos was used, certain players on each team wore microphones, and 4K cameras were used to allow zoom-in shots during instant replays With the move of selected games to CBS, media executives expected more major match-ups to appear on Thursday Night Football than in previous years in order to attract better viewership; in the past, Thursday Night Football had been criticized for often featuring games between lesser and poorer-performing teams  CBS and the NFL unveiled the games scheduled for Thursday Night Football in April 2014; CBS's slate of games featured a number of major divisional rivalries, including New York Giants–Washington, Green Bay–Minnesota, and its opening game on September 11, 2014, featuring the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Baltimore Ravens In the wake of the controversy surrounding Ravens player Ray Rice (who had been removed from the team and suspended from the NFL earlier in the week following the discovery of footage showing the player physically assaulting his wife, Janay, who was engaged to Rice at the time the security camera footage was recorded), changes were made to pre-game coverage on the first game in order to accommodate additional interviews and discussion related to the incident  Among these changes were the removal of an introductory segment featuring Rihanna (who was similarly assaulted by fellow performer Chris Brown in 2009) performing her song "Run This Town"  Following complaints by Rihanna on Twitter regarding the removal, the song was pulled entirely from future broadcasts The rights were negotiated under a one-year contract valued at $275 million; on January 18, 2015, the NFL announced that it would renew the arrangement with CBS for the 2015 season, with its value increasing to around $300 million 

2016–2017: CBS, NBC, and tri-cast with Twitter and Amazon Prime Video
In November 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that in response to the success of the package under CBS, the NFL was planning to negotiate a long-term contract for TNF, with CBS, Fox, NBC, and Turner Sports showing interest  The New York Post reported that this deal would also include the sale of a stake in NFL Network itself On December 16, 2015, it was reported that the NFL was shopping the TNF package as a one-year deal with an option for a second year, similarly to the current arrangement with CBS; the league also requested that bidders outline goals for "growing" NFL Network  The league was also reportedly interested in selling non-exclusive digital rights to simulcast the games to another partner, such as Amazon com, Apple Inc , Google, or Yahoo! (which exclusively streamed an International Series as part of a trial during the 2015 season, but would shut down its original video content service in January 2016)  In January 2016, it was reported that the NFL was considering splitting the TNF package across multiple broadcasters in tandem with the possibility of expanding the overall package to 17 games  It was also reported that ESPN and Turner Sports were not interested in the package due to its short-term nature, and that Fox was attempting to outbid CBS On February 1, 2016, the NFL announced that TNF would be shared between CBS, NBC, and NFL Network for the 2016 and 2017 seasons  CBS and NBC would each air five games (resulting in a schedule of ten games on broadcast television in comparison to eight under the previous deal), followed by an additional eight games exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy NFL Network's retransmission consent contracts with cable providers; the eight NFL Network-exclusive games included six Thursday contests, a Sunday morning International Series contest, and a Christmas Day game  As with the previous contract, all games will be simulcast by NFL Network  Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league was "thrilled to add NBC to the TNF mix, a trusted partner with a proven track record of success broadcasting NFL football in primetime, and look forward to expanding with a digital partner for what will be a unique tri-cast on broadcast, cable and digital platforms " On April 5, 2016, it was revealed that Twitter had acquired non-exclusive worldwide digital streaming rights to the ten broadcast television TNF games  The collaboration will also include streaming content on Twitter's Periscope service, such as behind the scenes access  This also gave NBC a rare distinction of holding two primetime NFL packages, with them already holding Sunday Night games 
Rogers Media, who owns television rights to the TNF package in Canada through the end of the 2016 season but has not yet acquired digital rights (the majority of the NFL's media rights in Canada are owned by Rogers's rival, Bell Media), successfully forced Twitter to block the game streams in that country, overriding the league's insistence that the free stream be global  Due to the streaming deal, over-the-top television providers PlayStation Vue and Sling TV are also required to black out the simulcast of the games on NFL Network The first game produced by NBC Sports was broadcast exclusively on NFL Network on November 3, 2016, while the first game simulcast nationally on NBC aired on November 17  A cappella group Pentatonix recorded a reworked version of their song "Sing" ("Weekend Go") to serve as the opening theme song for NBC's TNF telecasts; NBC also commissioned new instrumental theme music by Jimmy Greco, "Can't Hold Us Down", which was performed by members of the orchestra from the Broadway musical Hamilton  Both were retained for NBC's games in 2017 
On April 4, 2017, it was announced that Amazon com had acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the ten broadcast television games for the 2017 season over their Amazon Prime Video service, under a deal valued at $50 million, a five-fold increase over the $10 million paid by Twitter  The streams were exclusive to paid Prime subscribers  The deal includes $30 million worth of promotion  Amazon planned several special features for its inaugural game, including broadcasting alternate feeds with Spanish, Portuguese, and a secondary English broadcast featuring soccer commentators Ross Dyer and Tommy Smyth (intended for international viewers unfamiliar with the rules and terminology of American football), and a pre-show hosted by Tiki Barber and Curtis Stone that featured presentations of NFL merchandise available for purchase on Amazon The November 16, 2017 telecast between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Tennessee Titans was the first NFL broadcast to intentionally use the Skycam as its primary camera angle, as opposed to the usual sideline camera that has been used since telecasts of NFL games began in 1939  NBC Sports had previously switched to a skycam-only presentation for portions of two Sunday night games earlier that season because of fog and smoke (and, sixteen years prior, during its coverage of the XFL); positive reaction to the impromptu change prompted NBC to experiment with using the strategy for the full game  The Skycam Angle was also used for the December 14 telecast between the Denver Broncos and the Indianapolis Colts 

2018–2021: Fox and Amazon Prime Video
In early January 2018, Bloomberg reported that ABC/ESPN and Fox Sports had both made bids for the next TNF package  Both Fox and Fox Sports 1 were named as potential outlets for the package in the Fox Sports bid, which was intended to showcase Fox's continued commitment to sports after the sale of its entertainment businesses to ESPN's majority-owner The Walt Disney Company (which excluded the Fox network itself and Fox Sports' national operations, such as FS1, among other assets)  CBS and NBC were also considering renewing their existing contracts, but had requested a lower rights fee to compensate for the decreasing viewership of the NFL (TNF had been cited as one factor in the downturn, due to a perceived oversaturation of nationally televised games)  It was also reported that the NFL would also allow digital companies to make bids for exclusive rights to the TNF package which forego a television partner entirely, unlike the previous non-exclusive deals with Twitter and Amazon On January 30, 2018, it was reported by multiple sources that Fox had won the package  The next day, the NFL officially announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the TNF package under a five-year deal lasting from 2018 through 2022 (which is aligned with the conclusion of the NFL's other television deals)  The Fox network would air eleven games per season in simulcast with NFL Network, and Fox Sports would produce all games within the package  ESPN reported that Fox would be paying around $60 million per game—an increase over the estimated $45 million per game paid by CBS and NBC under the previous contract, totaling an estimated $660 million per season  The Fox deal was terminated a season early in 2021 Amazon renewed its digital rights for the 2018 and 2019 seasons; in contrast to 2017 in which the games required an Amazon Prime subscription, for 2018 and 2019, Amazon also carries game coverage for free on its live streaming platform Twitch  Alongside the main Fox feed, British English, and Spanish options, the Amazon Prime streams offer an alternate commentary feed featuring ESPN anchor Hannah Storm and NFL Network chief correspondent Andrea Kremer—the first all-female commentary team in NFL history  The Twitch streams offer access to the service's standard chat room (along with special football-themed emotes), an interactive extension, and co-streams featuring prominent personalities, while streams on Amazon Fire devices offer integration with the X-Ray feature to access statistics and other content Fox employed 45 cameras, a dual-skycam setup, triple-lens pylon cameras, and Intel True View replay systems where available  Fox NFL Thursday originated from Fox News Channel's Studio F in New York City, as well as an outdoor plaza setup on Sixth Avenue (Fox Square) with a scaled football field and an audience  A new graphics package was produced by Drive Studio, inspired by Times Square to reflect its New York City-based studio programming; unlike CBS and NBC, Fox utilized the same in-game presentation it uses for all other NFL games broadcast by the network For 2019, Fox announced that it would produce all of its games in 1080p upscaled to 4K, with hybrid log–gamma (HLG) high-dynamic-range color, beginning with its season premiere September 26, 2019  The telecasts were distributed via the Fox Sports app, Prime Video, and to participating television providers  HDR was only supported through television providers, but Fox stated that HDR and surround sound support would be enabled via streaming "soon" Due a carriage dispute between Dish Network and Fox resulting in the removal of its owned-and-operated stations and cable networks, it was reported that Fox had pushed NFL Network to black out its simulcast of the October 3, 2019 game between the Los Angeles Rams and the Seattle Seahawks for Dish Network subscribers to prevent circumvention  However, due to a clause in Dish's carriage agreement that forbade the channel from performing provider-specific programming substitutions, NFL Network agreed to forego the simulcast entirely, and the game was made exclusive to Fox (making it the first TNF game to not air in some capacity on NFL Network)  Fox and Dish agreed to a multi-year carriage agreement on October 6, 2019 On April 29, 2020, Amazon renewed its digital rights through the 2022 season, maintaining the TNF simulcasts and digital content, and also adding exclusive international rights to one late-season game per-season outside of the package (which will be produced by CBS)  For its simulcasts, Amazon replaced the British feed with a new "Scout's Feed" with extended analysis by Bucky Brooks and Daniel Jeremiah (akin to the ESPN "film room" broadcasts of college football games), and "NFL Next Live" on Twitch (with viewer interactivity) On October 19, because of a COVID-19 outbreak involving the Tennessee Titans, the originally scheduled Thursday Night game between the Kansas City Chiefs and the Buffalo Bills, was moved to the following Monday due to the Titans playing the Bills the previous Tuesday  The Chiefs won 26–17  In a similar move, the Baltimore Ravens had their scheduled Week 13 TNF game against the Dallas Cowboys postponed to the following Tuesday  The Ravens had dealt with their own outbreak, which included positive tests from players including reigning MVP Lamar Jackson  For that reason, the Ravens had to postpone their Thanksgiving game against the Pittsburgh Steelers three times, the first time was originally postponed to the Sunday after Thanksgiving in the afternoon, then postponed a second time to the following Tuesday night, then postponed again to the following Wednesday in the afternoon  The postponements forced the Steelers' Week 13 game against the Washington Football Team to be moved from Sunday, December 6, to Monday, December 7, and as mentioned, the Cowboys-Ravens game a day later, with both games remaining on NFL Network, Fox, and Prime Video 

2022–2033: Amazon Prime Video
In March 2021, Amazon acquired exclusive rights to TNF as part of the next round of NFL broadcasting agreements from 2023 through 2033  NFL Network, Fox, and Amazon subsequently opted out of the final year of the current agreement, meaning that Amazon's rights would begin in the 2022 NFL season instead Along with lead play-by-play announcer Al Michaels, Sunday Night Football producer Fred Gaudelli moved from NBC Sports to Amazon; Gaudelli explained that his production operated under a notion that they needed to produce a "great" broadcast before they could start "breaking things and being different", as NFL viewers had specific expectations as to how a game should be broadcast  Jared Stacy, Amazon's head of global live sports production, stated that they were "challenged by our leadership to figure out what’s next and to take some swings"  Gaudelli went as far as suggesting that the on-field down and distance graphic use Amazon's "smile" symbol as an arrow  Amazon will employ 13 "super slo-mo" cameras, two Skycams, and TrackMan ball tracking  Pinar Toprak composed new theme music for the telecasts  Features from the previous simulcasts of TNF on Amazon platforms will return, including X-Ray, and broadcasts on Twitch  Amazon also plans alternate broadcasts for Prime Video and Twitch, such as one that features the sports comedy team Dude Perfect It was reported that Amazon was seeking advertising rates 20% higher than those of Thursday games in past seasons  Per a corporate policy prohibiting advertising that "encourage, glamorize or depict excessive consumption of alcohol" on its platforms, Amazon is not allowing commercials for alcoholic beverages to air during its telecasts (although they may still appear in advertising slots sold by the league, or as part of commercial time held by local broadcasters) As with all other NFL telecasts not on national broadcast television, all Thursday Night Football games are required to be simulcast on a broadcast television station in the home market of each participating team  To ensure availability of the broadcasts at commercial establishments such as bars and restaurants (which might not be configured to handle streaming-only broadcasts), Amazon partnered with DirecTV (which had historically carried NFL Sunday Ticket) to carry its Thursday Night Football telecasts on special channels for its business customers  In addition, Amazon reached an agreement with Nielsen Media Research to provide audience measurement under a three-year deal, allowing the games' viewership on Prime Video, Twitch, out-of-home, and on local broadcast stations to be tabulated in the Nielsen ratings Amazon carried a preseason game on August 25, 2022, featuring the San Francisco 49ers at the Houston Texans  The first regular season game on September 15, 2022 featured the Los Angeles Chargers at the Kansas City Chiefs  Nielsen reported an average of 13 million viewers across all measured platforms, which were in line with the average numbers that were garnered by Fox's Thursday Night Football broadcasts in the 2021 season, and an increase of five million over that year's season opener (which was an NFL Network-exclusive game) On October 18, 2022, the NFL announced that Thursday Night Football would add a Friday afternoon game on the Friday after Thanksgiving beginning in 2023  The game will compete directly with the long-standing slate of college football games held on the Friday after Thanksgiving  As an e-commerce company, the game is expected to leverage a captive audience of holiday shoppers for "Black Friday" as a potential audience, including the potential for advertising retail products and "Cyber Monday" promotions  The strategy is comparable to Prime Video's acquisition of Premier League soccer fixtures in early-December in the United Kingdom, which similarly leverages holiday shopping activity On March 28, 2023, following an underwhelming slate of games for the 2022 season that led to a 46% drop in viewership, significant changes were made in response to Amazon's demands for more compelling games  Starting in the 2023 season, teams are not required to have a Thursday game following a Sunday, while teams can play up to two Thursday games following a Sunday game per season  The league also approved the option of flexing Sunday games into Thursday despite overwhelming opposition from players and coaches   Up to two games from weeks 13 through 17 can be flexed with 28 days advanced notice, up from 15 days that was originally proposed  Additionally, only games between teams that have not played two Thursday games are eligible to be flexed 

Coverage
Game announcers
The initial NFL Network team consisted of HBO Sports' Bryant Gumbel as play-by-play announcer, NBC Sports' Cris Collinsworth as the color commentator for the Thursday telecasts, and Dick Vermeil replacing Collinsworth for Saturday telecasts  In 2007, Collinsworth replaced Vermeil alongside Gumbel for all games 
Gumbel left the network after the 2007 season and his then-HBO colleague Bob Papa, who is also the radio voice of the New York Giants, was brought in to replace him  Collinsworth stayed on until the end of the 2008 season, then left to take over for the retiring John Madden as lead analyst on NBC Sunday Night Football  NFL Network replaced him with Matt Millen, who returned to broadcasting in 2009,   and then added former ESPN analyst Joe Theismann for 2010 
For 2011, then ESPN and now CBS play-by-play man Brad Nessler took over the Thursday night broadcast  He was joined by NFL Network draft analyst and NBC Notre Dame color man Mike Mayock, and the pairing spent three seasons calling games 
As a result of CBS taking over production responsibilities for the TNF broadcasts, its number one broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms took over the broadcast booth  With NBC adding games in 2016, Al Michaels and Cris Collinsworth, the broadcast team of NBC Sunday Night Football, were required under league contract to do the same  NBC had initially hired former Monday Night Football play-by-play man Mike Tirico for Thursdays before the league nixed the idea of any separate broadcast teams for Sunday and Thursday nights  Tirico would eventually call three Sunday Night Football games, including the Thanksgiving night game which is in the SNF package, in order for NBC to allow Michaels over a week's rest before the end of the season   Tirico would also call the December 22, 2016 TNF game alongside Collinsworth, as well as two NBC-produced Thursday Night Special game broadcasts on December 18 and Christmas Day, respectively, both alongside former USFL and NFL quarterback Doug Flutie, who serves as the analyst for NBC's college football coverage as well  On May 31, 2017, it was announced that Tirico would replace Michaels full-time for NBC's Thursday Night Football games  For 2017, Kurt Warner would similarly fill in for Collinsworth on two non-Thursday games For 2017, CBS hired Tony Romo as its lead color commentator  Numerous complications needed to be resolved, namely Romo's reluctance to cover both Sunday and Thursday nights as required under the Thursday Night Football contract, and the fact that Simms remains under contract with CBS through the next several years  However, the network confirmed via press release that Romo's duties would include Sunday and Thursday games With TNF moving to Fox in 2018, the network announced that its top team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman would call the games, after months of speculation that five-time NFL MVP Peyton Manning would be hired by the network to call their Thursday games  The duo was joined by Erin Andrews, who normally works with Buck and Aikman on Sundays, Kristina Pink, and Mike Pereira, one of two rule analysts for Fox  In previous seasons prior to Fox's TNF contract, Buck did not call any NFL games during late October, working Major League Baseball playoff games instead  For 2018, none of Fox's scheduled MLB playoff broadcasts landed on a Thursday (Fox carried the NLCS and the World Series that year), so Buck continued to broadcast both sports, crisscrossing the country in seven cities over a 22-day period  The following year, the Chiefs–Broncos telecast fell on the same evening as Game 4 of the ALCS, requiring Buck to leave New York City for Denver and Joe Davis to fill in on baseball NFL Network has occasionally used non-Fox Sports broadcast teams for the games that air exclusively on that network  On October 14, 2018, the NFL announced via press release, that the NFL GameDay Morning studio team of Rich Eisen, Steve Mariucci, Kurt Warner, and Michael Irvin, would be calling the Eagles-Jaguars London Game on October 28  They were joined by Melissa Stark, who made her first appearance as a sideline reporter since ABC's coverage of Super Bowl XXXVII, and Peter Schrager, from Fox Sports, and NFL Network's Good Morning Football  The network kept the four-man booth for the 2019 London Games 
For 2018 and 2019, NFL Network borrowed Mike Tirico from former TNF holder NBC to serve as play-by-play for the network's Saturday games (Browns-Broncos and Ravens-Chargers in 2018, and Bills-Patriots in 2019), and reunited him with Warner on color commentary  Tirico and Warner were joined by Schrager on the sidelines  The early Saturday games in 2018 (Texans-Jets and Redskins-Titans) were announced by the trio of Curt Menefee, Steve Mariucci, and Nate Burleson, with Stark on the sideline  Menefee and Mariucci were both dropped from Saturday coverage in 2019, as they was replaced by Eisen and Joe Thomas for Texans-Buccaneers, the early game of the tripleheader in 2019, while Fox's B-Team of Kevin Burkhardt, Charles Davis, and Pam Oliver called Rams-49ers, the third game of the 2019 Saturday tripleheader 
Tirico had been scheduled to call Saturday games again in 2020, but after Al Michaels failed to clear NBC protocols for COVID-19, Tirico was dispatched to Sunday Night Football and Joe Davis worked the Saturday broadcasts with Warner  In 2021 NFL London Game was produced by CBS with Greg Gumbel and Adam Archuleta, Joe Davis and Kurt Warner paired up again Raiders vs  Browns in week 15 and Colts vs  Cardinals in week 16, Kevin Burkhardt and Greg Olsen worked Colts vs  Patriots in week 15 and the TNF game between the 49ers and Titans in week 16 
After unsuccessfully attempting to lure Aikman away from Fox for TNF full-time (with both Joe Buck and Aikman ultimately leaving Fox for ESPN and Monday Night Football instead), Amazon hired Al Michaels and ESPN college football analyst Kirk Herbstreit as its lead broadcast team  In July 2022, Amazon then added former ESPN and ABC News reporter Kaylee Hartung as its sideline reporter 

Pregame coverage
Each game telecast on NFL Network was preceded by NFL GameDay Kickoff, which broadcast live from the site of each game and featured Colleen Wolfe as its host, with Joe Thomas, Michael Irvin, and Steve Smith Sr , or other NFL Network colleagues as analysts  The show generally begins two hours before game time (6:00 p m  ET)  NFL Network later introduced a second studio show earlier in the afternoon, TNF First Look, hosted by Andrew Siciliano CBS games were preceded by Thursday Night Kickoff, hosted by James Brown, Bill Cowher, and Deion Sanders, and was simulcast on CBS and NFL Network  NBC games were preceded by Football Night in America (which was renamed in reference of the host city of the game, such as Football Night in Tampa), hosted by Liam McHugh, Tony Dungy, and Rodney Harrison, and were likewise simulcast on NBC and NFL Network  NFL Network’s pregame crew typically joined the NBC and CBS crews for pregame coverage  NBC and CBS would join NFL Network’s pregame coverage at 7:30 p m  Eastern Time during its games  This resulted in some controversy among viewers and the producers of syndicated programming in the locally programmed timeslot before network primetime, where the pre-game affects programs such as Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy! and Entertainment Tonight (all distributed by CBS's sister syndication division CBS Media Ventures), along with several other programs, which then require pre-emption or slotting on lower-profile alternate timeslots or stations to air in markets where they are carried by CBS, Fox, or NBC affiliates in order to accommodate the Thursday games For Fox, game telecasts were preceded by Fox NFL Thursday  In 2018, it was hosted with a fixed lineup hosted by Michael Strahan, with analysts Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, and insider Jay Glazer  Unlike CBS and NBC, the NFL Network crew would not join Fox’s pregame coverage, as the latter’s pregame became the main pregame show for TNF  In 2019, Strahan remained host, but with Bradshaw and Long rotating as analyst, alongside analyst Tony Gonzalez, and insider Peter Schrager, serving as insider  Fox also signed Rob Gronkowski to make appearances on the program  To accommodate Strahan's commitments to ABC's morning show Good Morning America, the program was broadcast from New York City, with studio segments originating from Fox News Channel's studios rather than Fox Sports' Los Angeles studios   Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the pre-game show moved to Los Angeles with Curt Menefee serving as main host  Strahan made remote appearances during the season due to his GMA commitments  Gonzalez left Fox prior to the 2021 season to pursue other film and television projects Amazon's games are preceded by TNF Tonight, which is hosted from the game site by Charissa Thompson, Ryan Fitzpatrick, Tony Gonzalez, and Richard Sherman, and Andrew Whitworth, with contributions by Taylor Rooks and Michael Smith 

Radio coverage
As with all other national games, Westwood One provides radio broadcasts of Thursday Night Football games as part of its national radio package for the NFL  Ian Eagle handles play-by-play, with Tony Boselli handling color analysis 

Game announcers
Television
Current
Game coverage
Al Michaels – play-by-play announcer (2022–present); NBC play-by-play (2016)
Kirk Herbstreit – color analyst (2022–present)
Kaylee Hartung – sideline reporter (2022–present)
Terry McAulay – rules analyst (2022–present)

Alternate broadcasts
Dude Perfect – alternate broadcast announcers (2022–present; select games)
Hannah Storm – alternate broadcast announcer (2022–present; select games); Prime Video/Twitch play-by-play (2018–2021)
Andrea Kremer – alternate broadcast announcer (2022–present; select games); Prime Video/Twitch game analyst (2018–2021)
LeBron James – alternate broadcast announcer (2022–present; select games)
Maverick Carter – alternate broadcast announcer (2022–present; select games)
Paul Rivera – alternate broadcast announcer (2022–present; select games)

Pregame coverage
Charissa Thompson – pregame host (2022–present); Fox secondary host and contributor (2018-2021)
Tony Gonzalez – pregame analyst (2022–present); Fox fill-in studio analyst (2018); full-time studio analyst (2019–2020)
Ryan Fitzpatrick – pregame analyst (2022–present)
Richard Sherman – pregame analyst (2022–present)
Andrew Whitworth – pregame analyst (2022–present)
Marshawn Lynch - contributor (2022–present)
Taylor Rooks – contributor (2022–present)
Michael Smith – contributor (2022–present)

Former
Kay Adams – fill-in play-by-play (2021)
Troy Aikman – Fox color analyst (2018–2021)
Adam Amin – Fox fill-in play-by-play (2020)
Erin Andrews – Fox sideline reporter (2018–2021)
Adam Archuleta – London game analyst (2021)
Dean Blandino – rules expert (2019–2021)
Terry Bradshaw – Fox studio analyst (2018, 2020); rotating studio analyst (2019, 2021)
James Brown – CBS Host (2014–2017)
Joe Buck – Fox play-by-play (2018–2021)
Kevin Burkhardt – Fox fill-in play-by-play (2019; 2021)
Nate Burleson – fill-in game analyst (2018–2019)
Reggie Bush – Fox fill-in studio analyst (2019)
Andrew Catalon – Prime Video/Twitch Saturday play-by-play (2020)
Fran Charles – NFLN pre-game host (2010)
Cris Collinsworth – NFLN color commentator (2006–2008); NBC Color Commentator (2016–2017)
Bob Costas – NBC Host (2016)
Bill Cowher – CBS Analyst (2014–2017)
Heather Cox – NBC Sideline Reporter (2016–2017)
Lindsay Czarniak – Fox fill-in sideline reporter (2020)
Charles Davis – NFLN fill-in analyst (2019)
Joe Davis – Fox fill-in play-by-play (2020–2021)
Jenny Dell – CBS Fill-in Sideline Reporter (2014)
Tony Dungy – NBC Analyst and Fill-in Color Analyst (2016–2017)
Ross Dyer – UK Feed/Amazon Prime Video Fill-in Play-by-Play (2017)
Ian Eagle – CBS Fill-in Play-by-Play (2014–2015) (Still calls TNF on the Radio)
Rich Eisen – Host (2006-2017); fill-in play-by-play (2018–2019)
Jamie Erdahl – CBS Fill-in Sideline Reporter (2017)
Marshall Faulk – Analyst (2006–2017 Week 14)
Alex Flanagan – NFLN sideline reporter (2010–2013)
Doug Flutie – NBC Fill-in Color Commentator (2016)
Jay Glazer – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010–2011); Fox insider (2018); contributor (2020–2021)
Trent Green – CBS Fill-in Color Commentator (2015–2017)
Bryant Gumbel – NFLN play-by-play (2006–2007)
Greg Gumbel – CBS fill-in play-by-play (2017); London play-by-play (2021)
Tom Hammond – NFLN substitute play-by-play (2007)
Scott Hanson – NFLN sideline reporter (2009)
Rodney Harrison – NBC Analyst (2016–2017)
Dan Hellie – Fill-in Host (2017)
Kara Henderson – NFLN pre-game host (2011)
’Cousin’ Sal Iacono - Fox prognosticator (2019–2021)
Michael Irvin – studio analyst (2011–2021); fill-in game analyst (2018–2019)
Jimmy Johnson – Fox contributor (2020)
Harry Kalas – NFLN sponsorship announcer (2006–2008; deceased)
Howie Long – Fox studio analyst (2018); rotating studio analyst (2019, 2021); contributor (2020)
Steve Mariucci – studio analyst (2006–2019); fill-in game analyst (2018–2019)
Mike Mayock – NFLN color analyst (2011–2013)
Liam McHugh – Fill-in NBC Host (2016); NBC Host (2017)
Curt Menefee – NFLN fill-in play-by-play (2018); Fox host (2020–2021)
Matt Millen – NFLN color analyst (2009–2010)
Jim Mora – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010)
Jim Nantz – CBS Play-by-Play (2014–2017)
Brad Nessler – NFLN play-by-play (2011–2013)
Pam Oliver – Fox fill-in sideline reporter (2019; 2021)
Greg Olsen – Fox rotating studio analyst and fill-in game analyst (2021)
Bob Papa – NFLN play-by-play (2008–2010)
Dan Patrick – NBC Fill-in Host (2017)
Mike Pereira – Fox rules expert (2018–2021)
Kristina Pink – Fox sideline reporter (2018–2021)
Tom Rinaldi – fill-in sideline reporter (2021)
Tony Romo – CBS Color analyst (2017)
A J  Ross – London sideline reporter (2021)
Mark Sanchez – Fox rotating studio analyst (2021)
Deion Sanders – NFLN/CBS pre-game analyst (2006–2017)
Warren Sapp – NFLN pre-game analyst (2008)
Adam Schefter – NFLN sideline reporter (2006–2008)
Mark Schlereth – Fox fill-in color commentator (2020)
Peter Schrager – fill-in sideline reporter (2018–2019; 2021); Fox insider (2019)
Sterling Sharpe – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010–2011)
Phil Simms – CBS Color analyst (2014–2016)
Steve Smith Sr  – studio analyst (2017–2021)
Melissa Stark – fill-in sideline reporter (2018–2021)
Michael Strahan – Fox host (2018–2019); contributor (2020–2021)
Pat Summerall – NFLN sponsorship announcer (2009; deceased)
Joe Theismann – NFLN color commentator (2010)
Joe Thomas – studio analyst (2018–2021); fill-in game analyst (2019)
Amber Theoharis – Fill-in Host (2016–2017)
Mike Tirico – NBC fill-in host and fill-in play-by-play (2016); full-time play-by-play (2017); fill-in play-by-play (2018–2019)
Dick Vermeil – NFLN Saturday color commentator (2006)
Michael Vick – Fox fill-in studio analyst (2020)
Kurt Warner – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010–2011); fill-in game analyst (2017–2021)
Evan Washburn – CBS fill-in Sideline Reporter (2015)
Colleen Wolfe – studio host (2018–2021)
Tracy Wolfson – CBS Sideline Reporter (2014–2017)
Steve Wyche – fill-in sideline reporter (2021)

Radio
Current
Ian Eagle – play-by-play (2008–present)
Tony Boselli – color analyst (2015–present)

Former
Bonnie Bernstein – sideline reporter (2006–2007)
Randy Cross – color analyst (2009)
Dick Enberg – play-by-play (2006–2007)--deceased
Dennis Green – color analyst (2007–2008)--deceased
Mike Mayock – color analyst (2014)
Tim Ryan – color analyst (2015) Select Games
Sam Wyche – color analyst (2006)--deceased

Results
This table shows the National Football League teams' all-time standings for games played on Thursday Night Football 
Standings are current as of Week 17 of the 2022 NFL season  

• *St  Louis Rams, 1995–2015
• **San Diego Chargers, 1961–2016
• ***Oakland Raiders, 1995–2019
• **** Washington Redskins, 1937-2019; Washington Football Team, 2020-2021

Reception
Carriage
Upon the original launch of the Thursday and Saturday night games, few television service providers carried the NFL Network due to disputes during the network's terms in its carriage contracts during negotiations  These disputes were magnified throughout the 2007 season, as two high-profile matchups were to be broadcast by the network  The first was a matchup between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers which was scheduled for the week after Thanksgiving and saw both teams at 10–1, vying for the top seed in the NFC, and the second was Week 17 Saturday night game between the New England Patriots and the New York Giants, where the Patriots had a chance to become the first team since the 1972 Miami Dolphins to end a regular season undefeated



ground_truth: Keturah

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The league playing in the Thursday night football game is a type of what?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
In the first case, fans were displeased that a matchup between two teams at such a critical point in the season was not available on broadcast television except in the Dallas and Green Bay markets  To avoid such a problem with the potential sixteenth victory for the Patriots, CBS and NBC bought broadcast rights to the game so it could be seen by a nationwide audience on both cable and broadcast television  This ended up causing another controversy, however, as the move by the networks infringed on the exclusivity that would normally have been enjoyed by WWOR-TV in New York City and WCVB-TV in Boston, which were the Giants' and Patriots' respective local over-the-air broadcasters for cable-televised games (the game aired on these stations, as well as on WCBS-TV, WNBC, WBZ-TV and WHDH in the teams' market areas) 

Game quality and viewership
Thursday Night Football games on NFL Network are among the lowest-rated nationally televised NFL broadcasts  Critics have argued that the games televised on Thursday Night Football have been of lower quality than other prime time games, as they often featured match-ups between lesser or poor-performing teams, and that the shortened rest between games triggered by Thursday games also has an effect on their overall quality  In an analysis by Sports on Earth writer Aaron Roberts, it was determined that most Thursday games were of average or above-average quality in comparison to normal, non-prime time games, but that this was "by design" due to the leverage of other NFL broadcasters on how games are scheduled throughout the season (which traditionally prioritizes "major" games for either late-afternoon or Sunday and Monday nights) The move of selected games to CBS brought improved ratings: the inaugural game was the highest-rated program of the night, with an audience share of 13 7 and an average of 20 7 million viewers, representing a 108% increase in ratings over the first NFL Network game in 2013  The game, whose ratings were boosted by coverage of the Ray Rice scandal, also brought CBS its highest prime time ratings on a Thursday night since May 2006  While lower, at 9 6 million viewers, the Week 3 game between the Atlanta Falcons and Tampa Bay Buccaneers was also the highest-rated program of the night  The first four games of the package, however, featured blowout victories  In total, average viewership of the games increased from around 7 million to around 11 8 million in the 2014 season Controversy over ratings and the quality of play in Thursday night contests escalated when on November 28, 2016, a report circulated that the league was considering ending the franchise  The NFL, however, denied this rumor  The subsequent game on December 1, 2016 between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings was the highest rated Thursday Night Football of the season During the 2016 season, current and former players including Richard Sherman, J  J  Watt, and Charles Woodson expressed their dislikes for Thursday Night Football, with Richard Sherman calling it a "poopfest" The September 20, 2018 game between the New York Jets and Cleveland Browns, which saw the debut of Cleveland's first overall pick Baker Mayfield, as well as the team breaking a nearly two-year losing streak, set a record for the highest-rated NFL Network-exclusive broadcast in Thursday Night Football history, with a 5 2 household rating and over 8 million viewers 

Player safety
As mentioned, a team needing to play a Thursday night game can result in a shortened rest period for players between games  On October 6, 2014, Arian Foster, then of the Houston Texans, made a statement considering it hypocritical for the NFL to emphasize the safety of players (particularly in regards to concussions) while allowing its players to play a game on only three days' rest, which he considered to be equally "dangerous"  Richard Sherman of the Seattle Seahawks has also voiced displeasure about Thursday night games reducing prep time, and wrote a 2016 editorial for The Players' Tribune about the games  Sherman's 2017 season (and his run with the Seahawks; he would sign a new deal with the San Francisco 49ers in the 2018 off-season) would end on November 9, 2017 during a Thursday night game against the Arizona Cardinals, when he ruptured his Achilles tendon On January 29, 2015, the NFL released its health and safety report, which states that an average of 4 8 injuries were sustained during Thursday games compared to 6 9 injuries per game on Sundays and Mondays During their September 29, 2022 game against Cincinnati, Miami Dolphins quarterback Tua Tagovailoa hit the ground with his left elbow, back and back of his helmet after taking a sack  Tagovailoa demonstrated a fencing response, and was stretchered off the field and transported to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center with head and neck injuries   He was discharged from the hospital later that night  The game took place only four days after the Dolphins' previous game against Buffalo, where Tagovailoa was briefly taken out of the game due to a head injury (initially reported by the team as a back injury), but returned to the game afterward  That decision prompted an investigation by the NFLPA as a possible violation of concussion protocol; the NFL stated there were indications that the concussion protocol had been followed in this case  The NFL faced scrutiny over its concussion policy following the game, with critics arguing that Tagovailoa should not have been cleared to play at all (especially with the shortened rest between the games and the multiple injuries); the league's chief medical officer Allen Sills stated that "we want to be thorough, and we want to be consistent and be fair to everyone involved and make sure that we have all the data on hand before we reach a final determination "The injury also prompted discussions over how such situations should be handled during broadcasts, as Amazon faced criticism for airing multiple, graphic replays of the injury during the telecast, and limiting discussion of the event during the halftime show  The first injury was discussed during a segment of the pre-game show, and acknowledged by color commentator Kirk Herbstreit after the second injury   A more extensive discussion did occur during the post-game show, where reporter Michael Smith stated that "I think there’s room for both concern for Tua — and frustration and outrage " ESPN analyst Cris Canty argued that the lack of discussion at halftime was an example of the NFL "protecting its own interest", while NBC Sports ProFootballTalk analyst Michael David Smith felt it was hypocritical of Richard Sherman to have signed with Amazon to join the Thursday Night Football studio panel, despite his previous criticisms of the games over player safety 

Notes
See also
NFL on Fox
NFL on CBS
NFL on NBC
NBC Sunday Night Football
Monday Night Football
Passage 2:
The Big Bang Theory (season 10)
The tenth season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday, September 19, 2016  The series returned to its regular Thursday night time slot on October 27, 2016 after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended  The season concluded on May 11, 2017 On March 12, 2014, The Big Bang Theory was renewed for an additional three years, extending it through the 2016–17 television season for a total of ten seasons 

Production
Like the previous two seasons, the first five episodes of the tenth season aired on a different night due to CBS acquiring the rights to Thursday Night Football games  In May 2016, CBS announced at its annual upfront presentation that the series would begin its tenth season on Mondays, before returning to the Thursday slot once the football games ended Filming for the tenth season began on August 16, 2016, according to posts on Instagram and Twitter by several of the cast members including Kaley Cuoco and Mayim Bialik Several castings for the tenth season were announced before the season began airing  Variety announced on July 22, 2016, that Katey Sagal and Jack McBrayer had been cast as Penny's mother and brother, respectively  Information about the characters was that Sagal would play Susan, who was described as stressed out and neurotic from a life with her troubled son  McBrayer would play Randall, a cheerful former drug dealer and ex-con  Entertainment Weekly reported on August 10, 2016, a week before filming began, that Dean Norris would have a multi-episode arc in the tenth season, and would be playing Colonel Williams, a tough officer from the Air Force Research Laboratory, who is interested in the men's quantum gyroscope for military applications  On November 9, 2016, TVLine reported that Christopher Lloyd had been cast as Theodore for the season's December 1 episode 

Cast
Episodes
Ratings
Passage 3:
The Big Bang Theory (season 11)
The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday, September 25, 2017  The series returned to its regular Thursday night time slot on November 2, 2017, after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended  The season concluded on May 10, 2018 
In March 2017, CBS renewed the series for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve and securing that the series would run through the 2018–19 television season 

Production
Like the previous three seasons, the first five episodes aired on Mondays due to CBS' contractual rights to air the Thursday Night Football games  After Thursday Night Football ended, the series returned to a Thursday schedule starting on November 2, 2017  Filming for the eleventh season began on August 15, 2017; it was also announced with the taping report that the premiere for the eleventh season would be titled "The Proposal Proposal"  Before the season premiered, five episodes were filmed from August 15 to September 19, 2017 According to TV Guide, Steve Holland announced on September 22, 2017, that both Bob Newhart and Wil Wheaton would return this season after their absences during Season 10 

Cast
Episodes
Ratings
Passage 4:
Roy Tuckman
Roy of Hollywood - real name, Roy Tuckman (23 June 1938 – 20 April 2023) was an American radio host  
He produced, engineered and hosted the "Something's Happening" show on Pacifica Radio station KPFK-FM in Los Angeles from 1977 until his death in 2023 Tuckman was born in Los Angeles in 1938, and earned a master's degree in social anthropology from UCLA in 1967  He joined KPFK in 1972  
Something's Happening ran from 12 midnight to 6:00 a m , Monday night/Tuesday mornings through Thursday night/Friday mornings  
Monday was "environment/anything goes" night, often featuring computer scientist and Ufologist Eben Rey  Tuesday was "health/alternative medicine" night, mainly featuring Gary Null  Wednesday was politics night, featuring anti-fascist researcher Dave Emory  Thursday was "spirituality/mysticism" night, often featuring Alan Watts, Jack Gariss, Colin Wilson, and J  Krishnamurti 
Tuckman's awards include a Major Armstrong Award for the documentary "Upton Sinclair: The Reverent Radical", and an AP Best Spot News Coverage award (shared with Elliot Mintz) for his live, on-air interview with Iranian hostage-takers inside the American embassy in Tehran in November 1979 
Passage 5:
Sports league ranking
In a sports league, the ranking of a team is the place where it is within the division  Generally, ranking is based on won-lost record of games, with the team with the best record at the top, and the worst record at the bottom  Another common method is a points-based ranking system, where a team is awarded a certain number of points per win, fewer points per tie, and none for a loss 
In most sports, with association football generally being an exception, teams with the better records are awarded the advantage of playing in the postseason and all the glory that accompanies this privilege 
In leagues that use promotion and relegation, being in or near last place typically results in relegation to the next-lower league, although in some leagues, teams that finish near but not at the bottom may enter a promotion/relegation playoff with one or more teams from the next-lower league, and some other leagues relegate teams based on performance over multiple seasons  In leagues with franchise systems, such as those in the US and Canada and in Australia, being in last place is only harmful to the team's reputation and not its place in the league  However, in some franchised leagues, the last place finisher may receive special compensation, such as being offered the first draft choice 

By sport
Association football
Most association football leagues do not directly use teams' won-drawn-lost record to determine ranking  Instead, a points system is used: 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss 
This system is also used in group stages of major international competitions (such as the FIFA World Cup) and international club competitions (such as the UEFA Champions League and Copa Libertadores) 
All competitions also have a tiebreaking procedure to separate teams that are level on points 
Most leagues determine their champions solely by regular-season standings  The most notable exceptions to this rule are leagues in North America and Australia  The top leagues in both regions—Major League Soccer (MLS) in the United States and Canada, Liga MX in Mexico, and the A-League in Australia (plus one team in New Zealand)—operate playoff systems to determine the season champion (or, in Mexico, two season champions)  MLS and the A-League are franchised, while Liga MX uses promotion and relegation 
As a general rule, teams that finish sufficiently high on the regular-season table also earn the right to play in the next edition of one of the international club competitions for their region  For example, European clubs (more precisely, clubs in areas governed by UEFA, which includes several countries that lie partially or totally outside geographic Europe) can qualify for the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, or UEFA Europa Conference League  Similarly, top teams in other parts of the world can qualify for the Copa Libertadores, AFC Champions League, CAF Champions League, CONCACAF Champions League, or OFC Champions League 

Cricket
In most T20 cricket leagues, the top four teams from the group stage advance to the playoffs, which are held under the Page playoff format  
Initially in the Indian Premier League, there were 52 matches in each league  This was increased to 96 matches in 2011  The top three teams in this league used to automatically make it to the now-defunct Champions League Twenty20, held by International Cricket Council every year 

Baseball
In Major League Baseball, there are three divisions in each league  The leader in each division automatically makes the playoffs, regardless of record  As of 2012, two additional teams, known as the wild cards, play one game to determine who will face the division winner with the best record  From 1995 to 2011, a single wild card team reached the playoffs; before 1969 one team from each league reached the World Series, and from 1969 to 1993 each league had two divisions, whose leaders played a series to determine the league champion and entrant in the World Series  The 1994 season was played using a three-division, one-wild-card setup, but a labor dispute ended the season before these honors could be earned by any team (the first time in 90 years the United States would be without a World Series) 
In the Division Series, the team with the best record of the three plays the wild card survivor, and the other two teams play each other in a best-of-five playoff  Beginning with the 2012 postseason, the team with the best record plays the wild-card survivor, regardless of divisional alignment  Previously, teams from the same division were not allowed to meet in the Division Series  The winners of each series play each other in a League Championship Series in a best-of-seven playoff to determine the pennant winner  The two pennant winners then play a best-of-seven series known as the World Series to determine the champion 

Basketball and Hockey
In the NBA and NHL, finishing in last place does not guarantee the first draft choice  Rather, a lottery is used between all of the lower-ranking teams (The 14 out of 30 that failed to reach the postseason)   The team with the worst record is given the highest odds of winning the lottery (often 4-to-1), but is not guaranteed the first choice   In the NBA, the first three draft choices are chosen via the lottery, and each winning team receives the draft place it won in the lottery   In the NHL, only one lottery winner is chosen, and if the team is not one of the four worst teams record-wise in the league, it improves four positions in the draft   If the team is one of the worst four, it receives the first draft choice   In both leagues, the remaining teams are sorted by their records during the regular season (lottery teams) or playoff performance   The lottery only affects the first round of the draft   This format is used to prevent a team from losing intentionally in order to automatically gain the first draft choice privilege 

American football
In the NFL, there are two conferences—the AFC and NFC—which are each divided into four divisions—North, South, East, and West   The winner of each division plus three "wild card" teams from each conference advance to the playoffs   The team with the best record in each conference receives a bye in the first round of the playoffs, known as the Wild Card Round, and automatically advances to the Divisional Round (second round)   The six other teams play single-elimination games; the lowest seed of the three winners advances to play the bye team, while the other two Wild Card Round winners play one another   The Divisional Round winners advance to the conference championship games and then to the Super Bowl, where the winner receives the Lombardi Trophy and title of Super Bowl Champion, along with championship rings for each member   The NFL Draft is held every April and the order of selection is based on the records from the 16-game regular season, from worst to best, with the Super Bowl champions selecting last   Trading rules are the same as in basketball and hockey, and trading the rights of players after they have been drafted but before they have signed a contract is not uncommon 

Rugby union
As with association football, most leagues in rugby union use a points system to determine ranking  The most commonly used system in the sport is:

Base points:  Win: 4, Draw: 2, Loss: 0
Bonus points:
1 point for scoring 4 or more tries  In France's professional league, the try bonus is awarded to a team that scores at least 3 more tries than its opponent 
1 point for losing by 7 points or less (the value of a converted try)This system is used in the group stages of all competitions operated by World Rugby, such as the Rugby World Cup  It is also used in group stages of most international club competitions, including the Heineken Cup 
While The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere has always used the standard bonus points system, its Northern Hemisphere counterpart, the Six Nations Championship, did not use said system until 2017  It instead used a system with no bonus points:  Win: 2 points, Draw: 1 point,  Loss: 0 points  When the Six Nations adopted the standard bonus points system, it added a provision that a team that completes the Grand Slam by defeating all other opponents receives 3 extra table points  This ensures that a Grand Slam winner will win the championship regardless of bonus points earned by any other teams  All competitions also have a tiebreaking procedure to separate teams that are level on points 
Unlike most association football leagues, rugby union leagues generally determine their champions in a knockout playoff  The most common system is a four-team Shaughnessy playoff, though France's Top 14 has a six-team playoff 

See also
Elimination from possibility of reaching postseason

Footnotes
Passage 6:
2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game played on January 8, 2018, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia, and was televised nationally by ESPN  The fourth College Football Playoff National Championship, the game determined a national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season  Aside from the all star games following this, this was the cumulating game of the 2017-18 bowl season  Sponsored by telecommunications company AT&T, the game was officially known as the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship presented by AT&T  
The Alabama Crimson Tide coming back from a 13–0 deficit at halftime, defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23  This was the first CFP National Championship game to be decided into overtime, and the first overtime National Championship game since the 2003 Fiesta Bowl  True freshman quarterback Tua Tagovailoa and defensive tackle Daron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game 
The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season  Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and Rose Bowl Game respectively on January 1, 2018 

Background
The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015 

2018 College Football Playoff
The College Football Playoff (CFP) selection committee selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide  The semifinals were played on January 1, 2018  The first semifinal, played at the Rose Bowl, Georgia won 54-48, after a 27 yard run by Sony Michel, shortly after a blocked Oklahoma field goal in the second overtime  In the second semifinal, played at the Sugar Bowl, Alabama defeated defending national champion Clemson 24-6 

Teams
Alabama
The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game  The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers  The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban 

Georgia
The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game  The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a rematch victory over the Auburn Tigers, 28–7  The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart 

Starting lineups
Source:

Game summary
First half
After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game  After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown  Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40-yard field goal  The teams each had three-and-outs for the game's first two punts  During Georgia's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41-yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three  Alabama's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted  Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10-yard-line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6–0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half  On Alabama's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama's J  K  Scott punted for the third time  Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury  Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1:19 remaining in the half on their own 31-yard-line  Nine plays later, on Alabama's 1-yard-line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13–0 going into halftime 

Second half
Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half  They started their drive on their own 22-yard-line  Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three-and-out  The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt  Georgia started their drive on their own 36-yard-line, but punted on 4th & 17  Alabama took over on their own 44-yard-line  The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80-yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20–7  On the second play of Alabama's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia's Deandre Baker  Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama's 39-yard-line  The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40-yard-line  The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43-yard field goal that put Bama within ten  The teams then traded punts  Just prior to Alabama's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a "serious medical emergency"  He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious  Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted  The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3:49  Alabama regained possession, and with three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game-winning 36-yard field goal wide left, sending the CFP Championship to overtime, the first in the era 

Overtime
In overtime, Georgia had an unsuccessful drive that resulted in both a three-and-out, and a 13-yard loss sack to Fromm   Georgia opted to attempt a 51-yard field goal, which they made  On Alabama's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16-yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith, in a play that has since been called 2nd and 26 by fans  Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Daron Payne was named the defensive player of the game 

Scoring summary
Statistics
Broadcasting
The game was televised nationally by ESPN and ESPN Radio  On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime  This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park 

See also
Alabama–Georgia football rivalry
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
Super Bowl LIII, the NFL championship game contested at the same venue on February 3, 2019
Passage 7:
WNFL
WNFL (1440 AM) is an American all-sports radio station located in Green Bay, Wisconsin  The station is locally owned and operated by Midwest Communications, which owns six other stations in Northeast Wisconsin  WNFL simulcasts the programming of WRNW in Milwaukee from 6 a m  to 6 p m  on weekdays  The station is also an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio, carrying much of their line-up for the remainder of the day and on weekends  It airs one minute news updates from CBS at approximately 45 minutes past the hour  In addition to the station's sports-talk offerings, WNFL airs Milwaukee Bucks basketball play-by-play and local high school football and basketball games  Milwaukee Brewers baseball games during the work week are also on WNFL, with night and weekend games on sister station WTAQ 
Former programming on the station included The Steve Czaban Show and the station's local Maino & Nick (John Maino and Nick Vitrano) show 
WNFL's studios and transmitter are located on Bellevue Street in the Green Bay suburb of Bellevue  Weather updates are provided by the "FOX 11 Severe Weather Lab" at WLUK-TV 

History
The Green Bay Press-Gazette built WJPG – a daytimer – in 1947 and it began broadcasting with 1000 watts of power on 810 kHz on December 12, 1947  Nighttime service was added in the station's early ears, and WJPG changed AM frequencies from 810 to 1440 kHz on May 24, 1951  Daytime power was increased to 5,000 watts on June 16, 1954 WJPG was a CONELRAD authorized radio station, meaning that if CONELRAD were activated, WJPG would remain on the air and transmit emergency information  A CONELRAD alarm was incorrectly sent to the WJPG control station on the evening of November 5, 1959  The message sent to the control station was "This is an air defense radio alert", rather than what should have been sent for a test, "This is an air defense line check " Northeast Wisconsin's three television stations (WFRV, WLUK, and WBAY) and radio stations WBAY and WJPG were all taken offline for 20 minutes as they prepared to implement CONELRAD alert procedures, until the error was realized and the alert preparation was reversed WJPG changed its call letters to WNFL on August 7, 1967, several months after the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowl I  WNFL changed ownership several times until 1996, when Midwest Communications acquired the station, along with sister stations WNCY and WYDR (then WROE) 

WNFL personalities
Mark Daniels: "WNFL Sports Report" anchor and high school sports play-by-play
Doug Higgins: Weekend weather (from WLUK-TV)
Pete Petoniak: Morning/early-afternoon weather (from WLUK-TV)
Patrick Powell: Late-afternoon/evening/overnight weather (from WLUK-TV)
Jason Hillery: Program Director



ground_truth: sports league

Sports league

league

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who played the girlfriend of who plays marty mcfly's daughter in back to the future 2?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of Back to the Future characters
The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale 
The lead character of the series is Marty McFly  During the course of the trilogy, he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown  He also encounters the central antagonist, Biff Tannen, in several different time periods and visits his ancestors and descendants 

Main characters
Marty McFly
Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly  Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants  Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time 

Emmett "Doc" Brown
Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine  At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel 
In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No  20 

George McFly
George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X  Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine Baines McFly and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave  Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III 
In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying  The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself  In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school  He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection  In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious  As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight  In the new future, they are both married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around  In the dystopian timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973 
George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast  Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future  The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it  However, Glover did not appreciate this and sued  The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again 

Lorraine Baines-McFly
Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson, voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave  She is the oldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey 
In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy  After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985  In Part II, Lorraine is still happily married to George in 2015 but they are constantly disappointed in Marty for giving in to peer pressures that make his life difficult  In the alternate 1985 timeline, she is widowed and married to Biff Tannen 

Clara Clayton
Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is married to Doc Brown and is the mother of Jules and Verne Brown 
Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory  This later changed after Doc rescued her, with Mayor Herburt naming it Eastwood Ravine in honor of Marty's alias Clint Eastwood, remembered as a town hero who saved Clara, defeated Buford Tannen, and allegedly died trying to stop two bandits who hijacked a locomotive  The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley  She then became a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School 

Jennifer Parker
Jennifer Jane Parker (portrayed by Claudia Wells in the first film and voiced by her in Back to the Future: The Game, Elisabeth Shue in the second and third film, voiced by Cathy Cavadini in the animated series) is dating Marty McFly  In 2015 as seen in Back to the Future Part II, they are married 
In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty  In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor  She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage  In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr  (both played by Michael J  Fox) 
Melora Hardin was initially cast in the role, to appear alongside Eric Stoltz' Marty McFly  After Stoltz was fired from the production and Michael J  Fox was brought in, Claudia Wells was cast to portray the character, as Hardin was deemed too tall to appear next to the much shorter Fox  However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character  Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future 

Biff Tannen
Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson) is the main antagonist of the first two films, and a local bully who harassed George McFly and managed to alter history in the second film  He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family, including Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson, in Part III), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s 

McFly family
Dave McFly
David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985, before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985, he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm  In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff Tannen 

Linda McFly
Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job  In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys 

Seamus and Maggie McFly
Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly  In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie  While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do  They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather)  Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen  He also had a brother, Martin, who was fatally stabbed prior to the film's events 
Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her 

William McFly
William "Willie" McFly (voiced by Michael J  Fox in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of Seamus and Maggie McFly as well as Marty's great-grandfather  Baby Willie was played by Lindsay Clark  She left acting shortly after this role 

Arthur McFly and Sylvia Miskin
Arthur "Artie" McFly and Sylvia Miskin (stage name "Trixie Trotter") are Marty's paternal grandparents and George's parents introduced in Back to the Future: The Game and voiced by Michael X  Sommers and Melissa Hutchison respectively 

Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly
Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J  Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future son and daughter in 2015 in Part II 
Originally, 17-year-old Marty Jr  was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang  Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr  break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman's prison  Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening 

Baines family
Sam Baines
Sam Baines was the husband of Stella Baines and the father of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  He is the father-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandfather of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Stella Baines
Stella Baines (portrayed by Frances Lee McCain) was the wife of Sam Baines and the mother of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  She is the mother-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandmother of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Milton Baines
Milton Samuel Baines (portrayed by Jason Hervey) is the second child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Sally, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was 12 years old in 1955  In 1955, Milton liked to wear a coonskin cap, a fad inspired by the Davy Crockett film and television show, which Stella took off his head twice while Marty was eating dinner with the family, putting it back on both times 

Sally Baines
Sally Flora Baines (portrayed by Maia Brewton) was the third child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1949, she was present when Marty McFly in 1955 had dinner with her family, but did not speak 

Toby Baines
Toby Baines was the fourth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Milton, Sally, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was born in 1951  On November 5, 1955, he sat at the dinner table with his family and Marty McFly, whom his father had hit with the car earlier that day  He remained silent while the guest was present 

Joey Baines
Joey Baines was born on August 28, 1954, to Sam and Stella Baines, and was the fifth child in the Baines family  In the early 1970s, Joey was Marty McFly's favorite uncle  Joey would allow Marty to do dangerous things, but would always be there to make sure he was all right  He spent many years in Folsom Prison  On October 25, 1985, he failed to earn his release on parole for at least the second time 
By the 21st century, USA Today ran an article on Joey Baines in their October 22, 2015 issue, titled Parole denied again, which mentioned that this was Joey's twelfth consecutive parole hearing to end in denial  He was serving a twenty-year term at Folsom for racketeering and had spent two-thirds of his life behind bars 

Ellen Baines
Ellen Baines was the sixth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Sally Toby, and Joey Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1956 (a few months after Marty's trip to 1955), she moved to Chicago at some point prior to 1986 

Brown family
Jules and Verne Brown
Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Dannel Evans in Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne 
The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series  Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted  Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage 
In the Back to the Future game when asked about his family, Doc reveals that his sons are now teenagers and their parents are discussing what time period they should attend college at 

Copernicus
Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955  Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments  When Copernicus died, he was eventually replaced by Einstein 

Einstein
Einstein (portrayed by Tiger and stuntman Dick Butler in the first film and Freddie in the other two, voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog  He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog 
In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future  In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future 

Tannen family
Irving "Kid" Tannen
Kid Tannen (voiced by Owen Thomas) is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future: The Game  Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley  He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting  Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly  He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help 

Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen
Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in Back to the Future Part III, Liam O'Brien in Lego Dimensions) is the main antagonist of the third film  He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley  He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises  Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable  He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does  He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies  Like his descendant Biff, he has a dislike for manure 

Griff Tannen
Griff Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff  He is part of a gang that also consists of Rafe "Data" Unger, Leslie "Spike" O'Malley and Chester "Whitey" Noguera  Unlike his grandfather and great-great-great-grandfather whose gangs only consisted of Caucasian males, his accomplices are one Caucasian male (Data), one Caucasian female (Spike), and one Asian-American male (Whitey) 
In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family 
Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movie, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney, but in the animated series, Ziff says that both he and Griff are Tannens 

Biff Tannen Jr 
In the animated series, Biff Jr  (voiced by Benji Gregory) is the son of Biff Tannen  Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud  In addition, Biff Jr  delights in vandalizing other people's properties  Biff Jr  lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship 

Strickland family
Gerald Strickland
Gerald Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School  He is a descendant of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885  He frequently makes a great noisy show of sternly reprimanding his students for faults such as "slacking" or liquor consumption, although he himself is revealed to sneak a drink of alcohol at his desk at school 
There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal 

James Strickland
James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and an ancestor of Mr  Strickland  He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley) 
In a deleted scene not included in the final cut, and in the movie's novelization, Strickland is killed by Buford Tannen  In the theatrical release Strickland simply remains absent for the latter half 
In the Back to the Future game, Edna Strickland in 1986 notes that James was shot and killed by Buford  Marty remarks that's a detail he doesn't remember, possibly a reference to the differences between the film and the movie novelization 

Edna Strickland
Edna Strickland (voiced by Rebcca Sweitzer) is introduced in Back to the Future: The Game where she is the sister of Gerald Strickland  She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness  After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna married Kid Tannen and became the stepmother of Biff Tannen 

Other characters
Marvin Berry
Marvin Berry (portrayed by Harry Waters Jr ) is an African-American jazz musician and electric guitar player whose band was hired in Back to the Future Part I to perform at the "Enchantment Under The Sea" dance  He is also the cousin of then-rising musician Chuck Berry  After injuring his hand while helping Marty McFly out of a car's trunk, Marty takes his place as guitarist in the evening's most important dance  When Marty subsequently performs Johnny B  Goode to the audience's excitement, Marvin immediately calls Chuck to introduce him to the new music style, thereby humorously implying that Chuck stole the song to further his musical career  This creates a time paradox, since Marty was playing a song made famous by Chuck Berry, before Berry wrote it, so the song either has no actual creator or Berry was essentially stealing a song from his alternate timeline self  Another theory was that Chuck was going to write it anyway, but after hearing it maybe wrote it faster 

Otis "Old Man" Peabody
Otis Peabody (portrayed by Will Hare) is the patriarch of a 1950s farmer family in Back to the Future Part I  For some obscure reason, he decided to plant pines on his land; while his plan ultimately came to no fruition, the area was decades later converted into a shopping mall named "Twin Pines Mall" as a testimony to his efforts  The town sees Peabody odd including Doc Brown, who himself has a similar reputation  When Marty McFly makes his involuntary time trip back to 1955, he ends up crashing into Peabody's shed with the DeLorean and then flattening one of his two growing pine saplings while escaping  The farmer's family believes that the time-traveling car and its driver in an NBC suit are extraterrestrial  As results, according to a headline of the newspaper Hill Valley Telegraph with Peabody being photographed in a straitjacket, he is committed to a county asylum after claiming "'space zombie' wrecked his barn," and after Marty returns to 1985, the mall is found having been (re)named "Lone Pine Mall" 

Douglas J  Needles
Douglas J  Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is the rival of Marty McFly in Hill Valley High School  Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang and develops a rivalry with Marty (although he doesn't outright bully him like Biff did to George and has no relation to the Tannens)  He often goads Marty into doing reckless things, leveraging on Marty's fear of being labeled as a "chicken" 

Goldie Wilson
Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in the first film) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s  By 1985, he creates a controversy when he plans to replace the damaged clock from the Hill Valley Courthouse's clock tower, which continues in 2015 after he left the office  A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth 
He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) who works as a car salesman in Back to the Future: Part II 

Match, Skinhead and 3-D
"Match" O'Malley (portrayed by Billy Zane), Joey "Skinhead" Unger (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and "3-D" Noguera (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955  Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits  Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance 
In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards  Each get their nickname from a distinctive character trait  Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s) 

Spike, Data and Whitey
Leslie "Spike" O'Malley (portrayed by Darlene Vogel), Rafe "Data" Unger (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan) and Chester "Whitey" Noguera (portrayed by Jason Scott Lee) they are high school kids who make up Griff Tannen's gang in 2015  Each one of them is also the grandchild of Biff Tannen's original gang  Spike is Match's granddaughter, Data is Skinhead's grandson, and Whitey is 3-D's grandson 
Passage 2:
Claudia Wells
Claudia Grace Wells (born July 5, 1966) is an American actress and businesswoman, best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the 1985 film Back to the Future 

Life and career
Wells was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to American parents of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (from Germany, Russia and Czechia)  Her family moved to San Francisco when she was seven weeks old  She went to Marin Country Day School and French-American Bilingual School  Her father, a parasitologist, and sister, Jennifer, still live in San Francisco, but Wells moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14, later graduating from Beverly Hills High School  Wells also has a brother She started acting with appearances in TV shows  When she was 15, she became a born-again Christian at the urging of Dean Jones on the set of Herbie, the Love Bug Wells played Jennifer Parker, Marty McFly's girlfriend, in the 1985 film Back to the Future  She almost did not end up in the first film of the successful franchise  According to Wells, she had been cast, but a pilot she had done for ABC had been picked up, and she was contractually forced to drop out of Back to the Future  During that time, Eric Stoltz had been shooting for five weeks in the role of Marty McFly  Melora Hardin was slated for the role of Jennifer though she never actually filmed any scenes  The producers halted filming and replaced Stoltz with Michael J  Fox  By then, Wells's pilot had been finished and she was recast as Jennifer, now shooting alongside Fox, having never filmed a frame with Stoltz That same year (1985), Wells co-starred in Stop the Madness, an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration, featuring several famous musicians, actors and athletes  The following year, she appeared in the TV movie Babies Having Babies, and the short-lived series Fast Times, a TV adaptation of the 1982 film Fast Times at Ridgemont High (Wells played Linda Barrett, portrayed by Phoebe Cates in the film)  Following Fast Times, she did not appear again on-screen until the 1996 independent film, Still Waters Burn (released on DVD February 12, 2008) 

Leaving acting
After her mother was diagnosed with cancer, Wells put her career on hold for family reasons, and told the studio she would be unavailable to reprise her Back to the Future role for the two sequels  Actress Elisabeth Shue replaced her 
In the early 1990s, Wells started a clothing store, Armani Wells, which she still manages as of 2023 

Return to acting
After a lengthy absence, Wells returned to acting in 2011 with a small role in the independent science-fiction film, Alien Armageddon The same year, Wells had the opportunity to reprise her role from Back to the Future 26 years after her last appearance in the series  She provided the voice of Jennifer Parker for Back to the Future: The Game  Wells announced that her next project would be a horror film titled Room & Board 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Passage 3:
Isabel Stuart
Isabel Stuart (28 August 1676 – 2 March 1681), also called Isobel and Isabella, was a daughter of the future King James II of England and his second wife, Mary of Modena 
Isabel was born at St James's Palace in London  She was the second daughter of James and Mary, after her sister Catherine Laura who died eleven months before Isabel's birth  Isabel had two older half-sisters from her father's first marriage to Anne Hyde: Mary and Anne; both would become reigning Queens of England  Isabel's paternal grandparents were Charles I of England and his wife Henrietta Maria of France, her maternal grandparents were Alfonso IV d'Este and Laura Martinozzi 

Life
For the majority of her lifetime, Isabel was the royal couple's only child and thus fourth in line to the throne (behind her father, Mary and Anne)  She was moved down a place upon the birth of her brother Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge; however, he died of smallpox after living only for a month, so Isabel was promoted back up to fourth in line  In 1678, Isabel was joined by another sister, Elizabeth, who was also short-lived 
Her family had a portrait painted of her by Sir Peter Lely In 1678 when Isabel was two years old, the Popish Plot led to her parents' being exiled to Brussels to stay with Mary  The royal couple were accompanied by Isabel and Anne 
A report that her uncle King Charles was very sick sent the family hurrying back to England  They feared that the King's eldest illegitimate son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and commander of England's armed forces, might usurp the crown if Charles died in their absence  Monmouth enjoyed the support of the Exclusionists, who held a majority in the House of Commons of England  Charles survived but, feeling the family returned to court too soon, sent James and Mary to Edinburgh, where for the next three years they stayed on-and-off in the dilapidated Holyrood Palace, while Anne and Isabel stayed in London on Charles's orders  The couple were recalled to London in February 1680, only to return again to Edinburgh that autumn; this time they went on a more honourable footing: James was created King's Commissioner to Scotland  Separation from Isabel caused her mother to sink into a state of sadness, exacerbated by the passing of the Exclusion bill in the Commons Lady Isabel, thus far the only one of Mary's children to survive infancy, died of natural causes in March 1681, five months before her fifth birthday, at St James's Palace, the place of her birth  She was buried at Westminster Abbey on 4 March (Old Style) as "The Lady Isabella, daughter to the Duke of York Isabel's death plunged Mary into a religious mania, worrying her physician  At the same time as news reached Holyrood of Isabel's death, her maternal grandmother, Laura Martinozzi, was falsely accused of offering £10,000 for the murder of the King  The accuser, a pamphleteer, was executed by order of the King Four years after Isabel's death, her father succeeded as King of England 

Ancestry
Passage 4:
Lily (Once Upon a Time)
"Lily" is the twentieth episode of the fourth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on April 26, 2015 
When Emma Swan discovers that a former friend from her past, Lily, is Maleficent's long lost daughter, she embarks on a quest to find her and bring her back to Storybrooke in order to reunite her with Maleficent, and Regina teams up with her in an effort to warn Robin Hood about Zelena, but the two are about to face what awaits them outside Storybrooke  Inside Storybrooke, Gold finds himself dealing with Belle, and back in Emma's past, her friendship with Lily after she is placed in a foster home could threaten their future 

Plot
Opening Sequence
Emma Swan's Volkswagen is shown driving out of Storybrooke through the forest 

In the Characters' Past
The Enchanted Forest
In the Enchanted Forest, the Apprentice starts consulting with the Sorcerer, who demands that the Author (Isaac) can never be allowed to change fate again, after he manipulated the Apprentice into sending Maleficent's daughter, Lily, to the real world after transferring Emma's potential for darkness to the child 

The Land Without Magic
In 1999 Mankato, Minnesota, the teenage Emma is grabbing a sleeping bag from the garage for a camping trip, when she finds her friend Lily hiding, saying that she's in big trouble  Lily then invokes the "friends forever" clause to get Emma's help  Before she can decline or accept, Emma's foster father appears and invites Lily to stay for dinner, but when Emma's father brings up the subject of how they met, Lily lies by saying that they knew each other through foster care  Emma pulls Lily aside afterwards and tells her she doesn't want to lie to her new family, only to see a news report on television about authorities searching for shoplifters, and Lily is among the suspects identified 
The news has now made Emma furious and now wants Lily to leave immediately, but Lily says that she just can't help it because she always does "bad" things; she then begs Emma for help with just one more thing, which is to retrieve a special necklace  Later that night, Emma follows through with getting the necklace, but Lily pulls a fast one on Emma by stealing money from Emma's parents and runs away  When Emma returned home, Emma's parents surprised her, having called her social worker, and discovering that Lily is a known criminal  The parents are now upset with Emma for not telling them and allowing such a person into their home; the actions would result in Emma's foster father saying something so cruel and disowning that it makes Emma grab her things and leave the house in sadness  Later that night, Lily catches up with a now furious Emma at a bus stop, Emma throws Lily's necklace at her and tells her to go away, now extremely cross at her for ruining her chance to have a family  But Lily claims that no matter what she does, everything goes wrong and adding that her "whole life is darkness," but when Emma is around it gets brighter  Lily then begs Emma to stay in her life and help, but a bitter Emma leaves, saying she is better off alone and that she's done helping her 
Lily's future would later come to light as Lily unknowingly sits next to the Apprentice on the bus after she boards, where he starts to tell Lily that he knows everything about her and can explain why her life is so miserable  He believes he owes the truth to her 

In Storybrooke
It has been several days since Cruella's death as Isaac and Gold mourn her passing, but Gold is quick to point out that the time has come to start moving on to their next plot  Meanwhile, at the diner, Emma wonders how they will stop Gold now that her heart is starting to change, when all of a sudden Maleficent shows up and says that she is offering her help, now that they all have a common enemy in Gold  Maleficent tells Emma about her daughter, who is alive and named Lily, which prompts Emma to race off towards the library after she hears the name 
Emma immediately does some research and uncovers the truth that the woman, Lilith "Lily" Page, is not only Maleficent's daughter, but was once the childhood friend of Emma, who also discovers that fate has controlled her life down to the finest detail, which includes influencing the one friend she ever had  Regina then suggests that it is time to turn the tables on fate, and proposes that the two travel to New York together, giving them the opportunity to help each other, with Regina hoping to warn Robin Hood about Zelena, while Emma hopes to find and reunite with Lily in order to redeem her parents  As they prepare to leave Storybrooke, Emma and Regina say their goodbyes to everyone, though Emma is still mad at Mary Margaret and David for lying to her 
With Emma and Regina out of town, Gold finds the opportunity to find Belle's heart, as it can not leave town  He finds Will after finishing his date with Belle, and tells him that Regina took her heart and then threatens Will by demanding that he help him steal it back from Regina's office  Meanwhile, Mary Margaret and David visit Maleficent and ask for her forgiveness, but she responds to the couple that the real person they need to seek forgiveness from is Lily, since Maleficent has made it clear that she will never forgive them  Hours later, Gold puts his next plan into motion as he seeks out Maleficent in pursuit of Belle's heart, but Maleficent has decided not to be part of his plot upon visiting the Mayor's office as Regina has placed a protection spell so he can't enter the office, but Gold used the distraction to allow Will to sneak in through the window and retrieve Belle's heart  After Gold leaves, Maleficent immediately texts Regina 
As Will brings Belle's heart back to her, he finally gets her attention as Gold enters the room to explain that he must stop hurting her as his heart has grown blacker and learns that he will die faster if he does not stop  Gold then restores the heart back into Belle, and as he leaves, essentially gives Will his blessing with Belle  As Gold walked out of the store, Will grabs Belle's hand but she takes it away while staring at door, seemingly showing signs that she wanted to go after him 

In the Land Without Magic
As Emma and Regina arrive in Lowell, Massachusetts, the two visit an apartment that was the most recent address that Lily once lived at, but the landlord who heard them knock on her door says she died in a car crash and adds insult to their injury by claiming that no one really misses her  Sensing that he is lying, Emma starts to snap and prepares to attack him, but Regina barely holds her back from doing so  Hours later, Emma and Regina are back on the road, when they spot a wolf in the middle of the road and just like Emma's first arrival in Storybrooke is run off the highway and it blows a tire  Emma is now convinced that this is happening all over again, only to have Regina telling Emma that she's putting too much faith in fate  Moments later, Emma and Regina stop to get a meal at diner nearby, and in a surprise shocking twist Emma quickly identifies a waitress named "Starla" as her long lost friend, Lily 
Emma and Lily begin to confront each other outside of the diner  Lily is stunned that Emma would track her down based on the birthmark on her wrist as proof, even as Emma tries to explain that there's a higher force at power here that has kept them in each other's lives and forced Lily's many bad decisions  Lily then tells Emma that she does not believe her and refuses her offer to help  She also tells Emma that she is married and has a daughter, only to walk over to the young girl who just got off a school bus and asks her to pretend to be her daughter in exchange for a free week of burgers  This leads Emma to be suspicious of Lily and follow her to her home, where they find a wall filled with newspaper clippings and clues about Storybrooke; it turns out that Lily knows everything about its existence, and is plotting revenge on the people responsible  The two then hear a car burning rubber (Emma's VW) and leaving the place  They believe Lily is ready to carry out her plot as the Snow Queen's scroll is inside, so Emma finds a monkey wrench, then smashes the window of another vehicle and the ladies race off after Lily until they catch up with her and corner her  When Lily threatens Emma by vowing to kill Mary Margaret and David, she and Emma start fighting (causing the skies to darken and an electrical strike that takes out the headlights on Emma's car) until Emma ultimately starts pointing a gun at Lily, who dares her to shoot, since all she ever does is ruin things anyway and adds that decisions are inherently part of her  Realizing that killing Lily would become a major line that would draw Emma into darkness, Regina tells her to lower the gun and Emma does just that 
With the hatchet now buried, Lily joins Emma and Regina and they race their way towards New York City to warn Robin Hood, as Regina has now learned that the leverage she has over Gold, Belle's heart, has been restored back in Belle by Gold, putting Robin in more danger  As they reach the apartment, Regina tells Robin the truth about Zelena pretending to be Marian but Robin doesn't believe her, until "Marian" shows up  Regina attempts to expose her but Robin still doesn't believe her and shouts at her, telling her, he's moved on  "Marian" eventually reveals to everyone by transforming herself back to Zelena, shocking Robin, who suddenly shocks Regina, Emma and Lily with another surprise: Zelena is now pregnant with his child 

Reception
Ratings
The episode increased from the previous two episodes, as it posted a 1 7/5 among 18-49s with 5 21 million viewers tuning in, retaining its lead among scripted programs in the 8 p m  timeslot but was tied in terms of rating numbers with Secrets & Lies, which followed this show in the 9 p m  slot 

Reviews
The episode was met with mixed to positive reviews 
Hilary Busis of Entertainment Weekly noted "It's a good thing “Lily” ended with something of a bombshell—because otherwise, tonight's highly anticipated installment felt like a bit of an anticlimax  For any other show, an episode that has a plot you can easily explain in a sentence (Emma and Regina leave Storybrooke to track down Maleficent's daughter; they do) wouldn't necessarily be cause for concern  On Once, though—which is at its best when it's being crazy-go-nuts-bonkers—these sorts of hours tend to land with a whimper instead of a bang "Amy Ratcliffe of IGN said of the episode, "The search for Lily and the memories it brought to the surface didn’t make for a stirring or emotional episode  Regina serving as Emma's life coach kept the primary plot afloat, but overall, Emma is going dark side too quickly  The build should be more gradual  Also, Emma really needs to stop saying that she knows when people are lying " Ratcliffe gave the episode a 6 5 rating out of 10 In a review from Rickey org, Nick Roman cites "“Lily” suggests nature and nurture go hand in hand, and the result is an engrossing episode "
Passage 5:
List of Back to the Future characters
The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale 
The lead character of the series is Marty McFly  During the course of the trilogy, he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown  He also encounters the central antagonist, Biff Tannen, in several different time periods and visits his ancestors and descendants 

Main characters
Marty McFly
Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly  Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants  Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time 

Emmett "Doc" Brown
Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine  At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel 
In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No  20 

George McFly
George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X  Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine Baines McFly and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave  Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III 
In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying  The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself  In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school  He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection  In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious  As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight  In the new future, they are both married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around  In the dystopian timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973 
George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast  Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future  The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it  However, Glover did not appreciate this and sued  The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again 

Lorraine Baines-McFly
Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson, voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave  She is the oldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey 
In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy  After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985  In Part II, Lorraine is still happily married to George in 2015 but they are constantly disappointed in Marty for giving in to peer pressures that make his life difficult  In the alternate 1985 timeline, she is widowed and married to Biff Tannen 

Clara Clayton
Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is married to Doc Brown and is the mother of Jules and Verne Brown 
Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory  This later changed after Doc rescued her, with Mayor Herburt naming it Eastwood Ravine in honor of Marty's alias Clint Eastwood, remembered as a town hero who saved Clara, defeated Buford Tannen, and allegedly died trying to stop two bandits who hijacked a locomotive  The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley  She then became a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School 

Jennifer Parker
Jennifer Jane Parker (portrayed by Claudia Wells in the first film and voiced by her in Back to the Future: The Game, Elisabeth Shue in the second and third film, voiced by Cathy Cavadini in the animated series) is dating Marty McFly  In 2015 as seen in Back to the Future Part II, they are married 
In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty  In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor  She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage  In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr  (both played by Michael J  Fox) 
Melora Hardin was initially cast in the role, to appear alongside Eric Stoltz' Marty McFly  After Stoltz was fired from the production and Michael J  Fox was brought in, Claudia Wells was cast to portray the character, as Hardin was deemed too tall to appear next to the much shorter Fox  However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character  Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future 

Biff Tannen
Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson) is the main antagonist of the first two films, and a local bully who harassed George McFly and managed to alter history in the second film  He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family, including Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson, in Part III), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s 

McFly family
Dave McFly
David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985, before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985, he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm  In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff Tannen 

Linda McFly
Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job  In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys 

Seamus and Maggie McFly
Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly  In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie  While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do  They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather)  Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen  He also had a brother, Martin, who was fatally stabbed prior to the film's events 
Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her 

William McFly
William "Willie" McFly (voiced by Michael J  Fox in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of Seamus and Maggie McFly as well as Marty's great-grandfather  Baby Willie was played by Lindsay Clark  She left acting shortly after this role 

Arthur McFly and Sylvia Miskin
Arthur "Artie" McFly and Sylvia Miskin (stage name "Trixie Trotter") are Marty's paternal grandparents and George's parents introduced in Back to the Future: The Game and voiced by Michael X  Sommers and Melissa Hutchison respectively 

Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly
Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J  Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future son and daughter in 2015 in Part II 
Originally, 17-year-old Marty Jr  was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang  Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr  break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman's prison  Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening 

Baines family
Sam Baines
Sam Baines was the husband of Stella Baines and the father of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  He is the father-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandfather of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Stella Baines
Stella Baines (portrayed by Frances Lee McCain) was the wife of Sam Baines and the mother of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  She is the mother-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandmother of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Milton Baines
Milton Samuel Baines (portrayed by Jason Hervey) is the second child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Sally, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was 12 years old in 1955  In 1955, Milton liked to wear a coonskin cap, a fad inspired by the Davy Crockett film and television show, which Stella took off his head twice while Marty was eating dinner with the family, putting it back on both times 

Sally Baines
Sally Flora Baines (portrayed by Maia Brewton) was the third child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1949, she was present when Marty McFly in 1955 had dinner with her family, but did not speak 

Toby Baines
Toby Baines was the fourth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Milton, Sally, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was born in 1951  On November 5, 1955, he sat at the dinner table with his family and Marty McFly, whom his father had hit with the car earlier that day  He remained silent while the guest was present 

Joey Baines
Joey Baines was born on August 28, 1954, to Sam and Stella Baines, and was the fifth child in the Baines family  In the early 1970s, Joey was Marty McFly's favorite uncle  Joey would allow Marty to do dangerous things, but would always be there to make sure he was all right  He spent many years in Folsom Prison  On October 25, 1985, he failed to earn his release on parole for at least the second time 
By the 21st century, USA Today ran an article on Joey Baines in their October 22, 2015 issue, titled Parole denied again, which mentioned that this was Joey's twelfth consecutive parole hearing to end in denial  He was serving a twenty-year term at Folsom for racketeering and had spent two-thirds of his life behind bars 

Ellen Baines
Ellen Baines was the sixth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Sally Toby, and Joey Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1956 (a few months after Marty's trip to 1955), she moved to Chicago at some point prior to 1986 

Brown family
Jules and Verne Brown
Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Dannel Evans in Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne 
The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series  Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted  Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage 
In the Back to the Future game when asked about his family, Doc reveals that his sons are now teenagers and their parents are discussing what time period they should attend college at 

Copernicus
Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955  Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments  When Copernicus died, he was eventually replaced by Einstein 

Einstein
Einstein (portrayed by Tiger and stuntman Dick Butler in the first film and Freddie in the other two, voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog  He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog 
In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future  In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future 

Tannen family
Irving "Kid" Tannen
Kid Tannen (voiced by Owen Thomas) is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future: The Game  Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley  He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting  Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly  He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help 

Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen
Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in Back to the Future Part III, Liam O'Brien in Lego Dimensions) is the main antagonist of the third film  He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley  He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises  Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable  He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does  He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies  Like his descendant Biff, he has a dislike for manure 

Griff Tannen
Griff Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff  He is part of a gang that also consists of Rafe "Data" Unger, Leslie "Spike" O'Malley and Chester "Whitey" Noguera  Unlike his grandfather and great-great-great-grandfather whose gangs only consisted of Caucasian males, his accomplices are one Caucasian male (Data), one Caucasian female (Spike), and one Asian-American male (Whitey) 
In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family 
Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movie, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney, but in the animated series, Ziff says that both he and Griff are Tannens 

Biff Tannen Jr 
In the animated series, Biff Jr  (voiced by Benji Gregory) is the son of Biff Tannen  Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud  In addition, Biff Jr  delights in vandalizing other people's properties  Biff Jr  lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship 

Strickland family
Gerald Strickland
Gerald Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School  He is a descendant of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885  He frequently makes a great noisy show of sternly reprimanding his students for faults such as "slacking" or liquor consumption, although he himself is revealed to sneak a drink of alcohol at his desk at school 
There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal 

James Strickland
James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and an ancestor of Mr  Strickland  He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley) 
In a deleted scene not included in the final cut, and in the movie's novelization, Strickland is killed by Buford Tannen  In the theatrical release Strickland simply remains absent for the latter half 
In the Back to the Future game, Edna Strickland in 1986 notes that James was shot and killed by Buford  Marty remarks that's a detail he doesn't remember, possibly a reference to the differences between the film and the movie novelization 

Edna Strickland
Edna Strickland (voiced by Rebcca Sweitzer) is introduced in Back to the Future: The Game where she is the sister of Gerald Strickland  She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness  After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna married Kid Tannen and became the stepmother of Biff Tannen 

Other characters
Marvin Berry
Marvin Berry (portrayed by Harry Waters Jr ) is an African-American jazz musician and electric guitar player whose band was hired in Back to the Future Part I to perform at the "Enchantment Under The Sea" dance  He is also the cousin of then-rising musician Chuck Berry  After injuring his hand while helping Marty McFly out of a car's trunk, Marty takes his place as guitarist in the evening's most important dance  When Marty subsequently performs Johnny B  Goode to the audience's excitement, Marvin immediately calls Chuck to introduce him to the new music style, thereby humorously implying that Chuck stole the song to further his musical career  This creates a time paradox, since Marty was playing a song made famous by Chuck Berry, before Berry wrote it, so the song either has no actual creator or Berry was essentially stealing a song from his alternate timeline self  Another theory was that Chuck was going to write it anyway, but after hearing it maybe wrote it faster 

Otis "Old Man" Peabody
Otis Peabody (portrayed by Will Hare) is the patriarch of a 1950s farmer family in Back to the Future Part I  For some obscure reason, he decided to plant pines on his land; while his plan ultimately came to no fruition, the area was decades later converted into a shopping mall named "Twin Pines Mall" as a testimony to his efforts  The town sees Peabody odd including Doc Brown, who himself has a similar reputation  When Marty McFly makes his involuntary time trip back to 1955, he ends up crashing into Peabody's shed with the DeLorean and then flattening one of his two growing pine saplings while escaping  The farmer's family believes that the time-traveling car and its driver in an NBC suit are extraterrestrial  As results, according to a headline of the newspaper Hill Valley Telegraph with Peabody being photographed in a straitjacket, he is committed to a county asylum after claiming "'space zombie' wrecked his barn," and after Marty returns to 1985, the mall is found having been (re)named "Lone Pine Mall" 

Douglas J  Needles
Douglas J  Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is the rival of Marty McFly in Hill Valley High School  Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang and develops a rivalry with Marty (although he doesn't outright bully him like Biff did to George and has no relation to the Tannens)  He often goads Marty into doing reckless things, leveraging on Marty's fear of being labeled as a "chicken" 

Goldie Wilson
Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in the first film) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s  By 1985, he creates a controversy when he plans to replace the damaged clock from the Hill Valley Courthouse's clock tower, which continues in 2015 after he left the office  A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth 
He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) who works as a car salesman in Back to the Future: Part II 

Match, Skinhead and 3-D
"Match" O'Malley (portrayed by Billy Zane), Joey "Skinhead" Unger (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and "3-D" Noguera (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955  Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits  Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance 
In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards  Each get their nickname from a distinctive character trait  Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s) 

Spike, Data and Whitey
Leslie "Spike" O'Malley (portrayed by Darlene Vogel), Rafe "Data" Unger (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan) and Chester "Whitey" Noguera (portrayed by Jason Scott Lee) they are high school kids who make up Griff Tannen's gang in 2015  Each one of them is also the grandchild of Biff Tannen's original gang  Spike is Match's granddaughter, Data is Skinhead's grandson, and Whitey is 3-D's grandson 



ground_truth: Claudia Wells