prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the story of the character from The Bourne Deception based on?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Bourne Ultimatum (film)
The Bourne Ultimatum is a 2007 action-thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass loosely based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Robert Ludlum   The screenplay was written by Tony Gilroy, Scott Z  Burns and George Nolfi and based on a screen story of the novel by Gilroy  The Bourne Ultimatum is the third installment in the Jason Bourne film series, after The Bourne Identity (2002) and The Bourne Supremacy (2004)  The fourth film, The Bourne Legacy, was released in August 2012, without the involvement of Damon, and the fifth film (a direct sequel to Ultimatum), Jason Bourne, was released in July 2016 
Matt Damon reprises his role as Ludlum's signature character, former CIA assassin and psychogenic amnesiac Jason Bourne  In the film, Bourne continues his search for information about his past before he was part of Operation Treadstone and becomes a target of a similar assassin program 
The Bourne Ultimatum was produced by Universal Pictures and was released on August 3, 2007, and grossed a total of $444 1 million worldwide becoming, at the time, Damon's highest-grossing film with him as the lead  The film received universal acclaim from critics, who considered it to be the best film in the series  It was chosen by National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2007 and went on to win all three of its nominations at the 80th Academy Awards: Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing 

Plot
Following his pursuit by Kirill, Jason Bourne evades Moscow police while wounded and deals with more flashbacks of when he first joined Operation Treadstone 
Six weeks later, CIA Deputy Director Pamela Landy reveals the audiotaped confession of Ward Abbott, the late former head of Treadstone, to Director Ezra Kramer  Meanwhile, in Turin, journalist Simon Ross of The Guardian learns about Bourne and Operation Blackbriar, the program succeeding Treadstone  Using the ECHELON system, the CIA detects Ross when he mentions Blackbriar during a phone call to his editor  Bourne reappears in Paris to inform Martin Kreutz, the brother of his girlfriend Marie, of her assassination in India 
Bourne reads Ross's articles and arranges a meeting with him at London Waterloo station  Bourne realizes that the CIA is following Ross and helps him evade capture for a while  However, after panicking, Ross ignores Bourne's instructions, and is shot to death by Blackbriar assassin Paz on orders of Deputy Director Noah Vosen  Vosen's team, reluctantly assisted by Landy, analyzes Ross's notes and identifies his source as Neal Daniels, a CIA station chief  Bourne makes his way to Daniels' office in Madrid but finds it empty  Nicky Parsons, a former Treadstone operative who shares a history with Bourne, tells him that Daniels has fled to Tangier and aids his escape from an arriving CIA unit 
Meanwhile, Blackbriar "asset" Desh Bouksani is tasked with killing Daniels  Noticing that Nicky accessed information about Daniels, Vosen sends Bouksani after her and Bourne, a decision with which Landy fiercely disagrees  Bourne follows Bouksani to Daniels but fails to prevent Daniels's assassination  However, Bourne manages to kill Bouksani and save Nicky  Bourne then sends her into hiding  Examining the contents of Daniels' briefcase, Bourne finds the address of the deep-cover CIA bureau in New York City, where Vosen directs Blackbriar  Bourne travels to New York 
Landy receives a phone call from Bourne, which is intercepted by Vosen  Landy tells him that his real name is David Webb and gives him the birth date "4-15-71"  Vosen also intercepts a text to Landy from Bourne of a location to meet up, and leaves his office with a tactical team  Bourne, however, waits for them all to leave, enters Vosen's office, and takes classified Blackbriar documents  Realizing what is going on, Vosen sends Paz after Bourne  The resulting chase ends with Bourne and Paz crashing their cars  Bourne holds the injured Paz at gunpoint, but spares his life 
Bourne arrives at a hospital at 415 East 71st Street, having figured out Landy's coded message  He gives Landy the Blackbriar files before going inside  On an upper floor, Bourne confronts Dr  Albert Hirsch, the man who ran Treadstone's behavior modification program  Bourne now remembers that he was forced to volunteer for Treadstone  While fleeing to the roof, he is confronted by Paz, who asks, "Why didn't you take the shot?"  Bourne asks Paz if he knows why he is supposed to kill him, and repeats the final words of the Professor: Look at us  Look at what they make you give  Paz lowers his gun, as Vosen appears and shoots at Bourne, who jumps into the East River 
Three days later, Nicky watches a news broadcast about the exposure of Operation Blackbriar, the arrests of Hirsch and Vosen, a criminal investigation against Kramer, and the status of David Webb, a k a  Jason Bourne  Upon hearing that his body has not been found, Nicky smiles  Bourne turns out to have survived the fall and swims deep to the water 

Cast
Matt Damon as Jason Bourne, a former operative for the black ops Operation Treadstone 
Julia Stiles as Nicolette "Nicky" Parsons, Bourne's former Treadstone contact in Paris 
David Strathairn as Noah Vosen, CIA deputy director in charge of the new Treadstone black ops upgrade called Operation Blackbriar 
Scott Glenn as Ezra Kramer, director of the CIA 
Paddy Considine as Simon Ross, a reporter for The Guardian who has been investigating Treadstone 
Édgar Ramírez as Paz, a Blackbriar assassin 
Albert Finney as Dr  Albert Hirsch, the psychologist who oversaw Treadstone's behavioral modification program 
Joan Allen as Pamela Landy, CIA deputy director and task force chief, sent in to aid Vosen in tracking down Bourne 
Daniel Brühl as Martin Kreutz, Marie's brotherTom Gallop reprises his role as special agent Tom Cronin, Pamela Landy's assistant  Corey Johnson plays Ray Wills, Vosen's deputy at Operation Blackbriar  Joey Ansah plays Desh Bouksani, a Blackbriar asset tasked to kill Bourne in Tangier  Colin Stinton plays Neal Daniels, CIA station chief in Madrid and a former member of Treadstone, who observed David Webb's initiation into the project and his transition to Jason Bourne  Lucy Liemann plays Lucy, a Blackbriar technician  Franka Potente has an appearance in a flashback as Marie Kreutz, Bourne's murdered girlfriend 

Production
The Bourne Ultimatum was filmed at Pinewood Studios near London and in multiple locations around the world, including Tangier, London, Paris, Madrid (as itself and double for Turin), Berlin (as double for Moscow), New York City including the Springs Mills Building (as the deep cover CIA offices), and other locations in the U S Tony Gilroy, who had co-written the screenplays of the first two Bourne films, had intended The Bourne Supremacy to emphasise Bourne's repentance and atonement for his murders, but felt that the released film omitted this focus  Gilroy was persuaded to write an initial draft of The Bourne Ultimatum, but did not participate further, and as of 2009 had not watched the finished film   Gilroy's screenplay draft was subsequently criticized by Matt Damon Tom Stoppard wrote a draft of the screenplay, later saying "I don't think there's a single word of mine in the film " Greengrass said the film included several allusions to scenes from previous Bourne films; for example, the opening chase sequence of The Bourne Ultimatum is a continuation of the Russian police attempts to capture Bourne in Moscow near the end of The Bourne Supremacy and takes place soon after Bourne's apology to Neski's daughter Paul Greengrass spoke about the characterization of Jason Bourne in The Bourne Ultimatum shortly before its release:

Bourne is a real man in a real world in pursuit of a mythic quest  What's wonderful is that it's an oppositional story  Is he a killer, or was he made to be a killer? There is an underlying feeling that Bourne is one of us, and he's running away from "them " He's trying to get answers, and he doesn't trust them  They're all bad, and the system's corrupted  To convey that with a sense of excitement in a very contemporary land-scape is great fun  [   ] If you opened your door in New York or Paris or London or whatever, you've got to believe that whatever the story it is that Bourne's engaged in [, something] could be happening there  [   ] What attracts me to Bourne's world is that it is a real world and I think I'm most comfortable there 

Music
As with the previous films in the trilogy, the score was composed by John Powell  A new version of Moby's "Extreme Ways", entitled "Extreme Ways (Bourne's Ultimatum)", was recorded for the film's end credits 
"Scotty Doesn't Know", which Bourne listens to while sniping, is a song which Damon's character sings in EuroTrip 

Release
A premiere of The Bourne Ultimatum was held in downtown Oklahoma City on July 31, 2007, at Harkins Bricktown Theaters to benefit The Children's Center, located in suburban Bethany  The film was shown simultaneously on three screens  Matt Damon was at the event to greet guests  The film premiered at Leicester Square in London on August 15, 2007, with Matt Damon, Julia Stiles and Joan Allen attending  The film was released the next day  The film premiered in Sydney on August 8, 2007, at the State Theatre, with Matt Damon attending  An advance screening of The Bourne Ultimatum was held at The Egyptian Theatre to benefit Boise Contemporary Theater on July 30, 2007  Producer Frank Marshall and actor Matt Damon were in attendance  The first two films, The Bourne Identity and The Bourne Supremacy, also had advance charity screenings in Boise  The Bourne Ultimatum was released nationwide on August 30, 2007 

Home media
The film was released on both DVD and HD DVD on December 11, 2007 in North America  The DVD was released in both Fullscreen and 2 35:1 Widescreen aspect ratios  The HD DVD and DVD special features include several deleted scenes, featurettes, audio commentary, and exclusively on the HD DVD version, HDi Interactive Format features such as Picture-in-Picture Video Commentary  In addition to the stand-alone DVD release, there is a limited edition 'The Jason Bourne Collection' gift set, featuring all three films on DVD and a bonus disc with myriad bonus features such as deleted scenes and featurettes  The gift set features Swiss Bank safe deposit box packaging including foreign currency and a Jason Bourne passport  The film and special features on the HD DVD version are presented in 2:35:1 Widescreen high definition 1080i and offer Dolby TrueHD 5 1 lossless and Dolby Digital Plus 5 1 audio options 

Reception
Box office
The Bourne Ultimatum earned $69,283,690 during its opening weekend at the box office, which at the time had the highest August opening weekend, beating Rush Hour 2  It would hold that record for seven years until it was overtaken by Guardians of the Galaxy in 2014  At the end of its theatrical release, the film grossed a total of $227,471,070 in the U S  and $215,353,068 in foreign markets for a worldwide total of $442,824,138, making it the highest-grossing film in the series 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an overall approval rating of 92% based on 265 reviews and an average score of 8/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "The Bourne Ultimatum is an intelligent, finely tuned non-stop thrill ride  Another strong performance from Matt Damon and sharp camerawork from Paul Greengrass make this the finest installment of the Bourne trilogy " On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 based on 38 critics, indicating "universal acclaim"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A+ to F  All segments of the audience gave it a grade "A" or better  The audience was 56% male, and 82% was 25 or older Like its predecessor, The Bourne Supremacy, the film was criticized for its use of "shaky camera" work, as Richard Corliss of Time magazine, in an otherwise positive review, wondered "why, in the chat scenes, the camera is afflicted with Parkinson's? The film frame trembles, obscures the speaker with the listener's shoulder, annoys viewers and distracts them from the content of the scene "In the British press, the inclusion of a fictional journalist from the real British paper The Guardian and scenes set in the United Kingdom (particularly Waterloo railway station) were commented upon  In particular, that newspaper's reviewer joked that "dodging bullets from a CIA sniper    is the sort of thing which happens to us Guardian journalists all the time "The film was also well received in the hacker subculture, as it showed actual real-world applications such as the Bourne-again shell and Nmap, unlike many other films featuring hacking scenes (such as Hackers) 

Top ten lists
The film appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2007 
1st — Empire
1st — Best Action/Adventure, Rotten Tomatoes
2nd — Claudia Puig, USA Today
2nd — Steven Rea, The Philadelphia Inquirer
2nd — Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York
9th — Rene Rodriguez, The Miami Herald
10th — Christy Lemire, Associated Press

Accolades
Other awards
ITV3 Crime Thriller Award for Film of the Year, 2008
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture, 2007

Sequels
In May 2007, prior to the release of The Bourne Ultimatum, Matt Damon claimed that he would not be interested in returning for a fourth Bourne film, stating (of his participation in the Bourne franchise): "We have ridden that horse as far as we can "  Damon said in August 2007:

I think in terms of another one, the story of this guy's search for his identity is over, because he's got all the answers, so there's no way we can trot out the same character, and so much of what makes him interesting is that internal struggle that was happening for him, am I a good guy, am I a bad guy, what is the secret behind my identity, what am I blocking out, why am I remembering these disturbing images? So all of that internal propulsive mechanism that drives the character is not there, so if there was to be another one then it would have to be a complete reconfiguration, you know, where do you go from there? For me I kind of feel like the story that we set out to tell is has now been told  I love the character, and if Paul Greengrass calls me in ten years and says, 'Now we can do it, because it's been ten years and I have a way to bring him back,' then there's a world in which I can go, 'Yeah, absolutely ' We could get the band back together if there was a great idea behind it, but in terms of now and this story, that part—the story's been told    
However, on February 22, 2008, Variety reported that a fourth film was indeed in the works, with both Damon and Greengrass on board On October 16, 2008, it was announced that George Nolfi would write the script, with Frank Marshall producing, and Jeffrey Weiner and Henry Morrison executive producing  Matt Damon, Julia Stiles, Joan Allen, and Paul Greengrass were also attached to the film  Joshua Zetumer had been hired to write a parallel script—a draft which could be combined with another (Nolfi's, in this instance)—by August 2009 since Nolfi would be directing The Adjustment Bureau that September On February 1, 2010, Damon, speaking at the U K  premiere of Invictus, revealed that a follow-up to The Bourne Ultimatum was "at least five years away"  Greengrass, also at the premiere, re-stated that he would not be part of any further Bourne films "unless the right script came along"  However, Damon revealed that in the meantime there may be a Bourne "prequel of some kind, with another actor and another director"  Matt Damon reconfirmed this on a March 10, 2010 appearance of Today and that he would only be involved if Greengrass was directing In June 2010, it was announced that Tony Gilroy would be writing The Bourne Legacy and it would have a 2012 release date   That October, Gilroy was announced as the director of The Bourne Legacy; he confirmed that Damon would not return for this film and that there would be "a whole new hero":

This is not a reboot, it's a whole new chapter  The easiest way to think of it is an expansion or a reveal  Jason Bourne will not be in this film, but he's very much alive  What happened in the first three films is the trigger for The Bourne Legacy, and everyone who got into them will be rewarded for paying attention  I'm building a legend and an environment and a wider conspiracy  We're going to show you the bigger picture, the bigger canvas    The world we're making enhances and advances and invites Jason Bourne's reappearance somewhere down the road "
The Bourne Legacy was released in the U S  on August 10, 2012 Universal Pictures stated at a media conference in Los Angeles, California, that they are likely to release more Bourne films, despite The Bourne Legacy being given mixed reviews by critics  On September 15, 2014, it was announced that Damon and Greengrass will indeed return for the next Bourne film, taking the release date, with Renner returning as Cross in a separate film at a later date  On June 18, 2014, the studio pushed back the film from August 14, 2015, to July 15, 2016  The film Jason Bourne premiered in the United States on July 29, 2016 to mixed reviews 

See also
List of films featuring surveillance

Notes
Passage 2:
Bourne (film series)
The Bourne franchise consists of action-thriller installments based on the character Jason Bourne, created by author Robert Ludlum  The franchise includes five films and a spin-off prequel/sequel television series  The overall plot centers around Jason Bourne, a CIA assassin suffering from dissociative amnesia, portrayed by Matt Damon All three of Ludlum's novels were adapted for the screen, featuring Matt Damon as the title character in each  Doug Liman directed The Bourne Identity (2002) and Paul Greengrass directed The Bourne Supremacy (2004), The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), and Jason Bourne (2016)  Tony Gilroy co-wrote each film except for Jason Bourne and directed The Bourne Legacy (2012) 
Damon chose not to return for the fourth film, The Bourne Legacy, which introduces a new main character, Aaron Cross (Jeremy Renner), a Department of Defense operative who runs for his life because of Bourne's actions in Ultimatum  The character of Jason Bourne does not appear in Legacy, but mention of his name and pictures of Damon as Bourne are shown throughout the film  Damon returned for the fifth installment, Jason Bourne 
The Bourne series has received generally positive critical reception and grossed over US$1 6 billion  Unlike many contemporary action series, it is distinguished by its use of real stunt work, in contrast to the growing use of computer-generated imagery in action scenes 

Films
The Bourne Identity (2002)
A man is found floating in the Mediterranean Sea with two gunshot wounds in his back and a device with the number of a Swiss safe deposit box embedded in his hip  He remembers nothing about his life before  Upon reaching shore, the man assumes the name Jason Bourne after finding a passport under that name in the safe deposit box, along with other alien passports, large amounts of assorted currencies, and a gun  He subsequently attempts to discover his true identity while countering attempts on his life by CIA assassins, eventually realizing that he is one such assassin who failed to complete his most recent mission  Bourne breaks his connections to the CIA and unites with Marie Kreutz (Franka Potente), a woman who helped him learn about his most recent actions prior to his memory loss  Bourne's conflict with the CIA reaches a climax when he takes the fight to their doorstep 

The Bourne Supremacy (2004)
Some two years after learning that he is a trained assassin and breaking his connections with the CIA, Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) is framed for a crime to cover up the true perpetrator  An attempt on his life by Kirill (Karl Urban), a member of the Russian secret service, results in Marie's (Franka Potente) death in India  Bourne, thinking that the CIA is hunting him again, proceeds to hunt those responsible for her death and his forgotten past  Bourne discovers that Ward Abbott (Brian Cox), one of the men who oversaw the program which trained Bourne to be an assassin (Operation Treadstone), had stolen millions of dollars from the CIA  Abbott had planned to frame Bourne for the theft, followed by assassinating Bourne in India  Bourne exposes Abbott to Pamela Landy (Joan Allen), the CIA officer in charge of finding Bourne  Abbott kills himself  Bourne goes to Moscow where he is identified, resulting in a long car chase through Moscow   At the end of the chase, Kirill dies  Bourne is in Moscow to find the daughter of a Russian couple killed in his first mission  He lets her know (in person) that, despite what she had been led to believe for a long time, one of her parents did not kill the other and then commit suicide, but that they were actually both murdered  Bourne then goes back into hiding 

The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)
After six weeks of disconnection from his job, Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) learns that a British journalist (Paddy Considine) has been investigating his past and contacts him to find out who his source is  Bourne is subsequently targeted by Operation Blackbriar, an upgraded Operation Treadstone, which also has taken note of the investigation  Believing that Bourne is a threat and is seeking revenge, Blackbriar's director Noah Vosen (David Strathairn) begins a new hunt for Bourne  Bourne manages to take classified documents proving that Blackbriar has targeted U S  citizens; he is aided by Pamela Landy, who disagreed with Vosen from the beginning and does not support Blackbriar's existence, and former Treadstone logistics technician Nicky Parsons (Julia Stiles)  She may have had romantic feelings for Bourne before his final mission and resultant amnesia  Bourne finally comes face to face with the person who oversaw his behavior modification as the first Treadstone operative some years earlier, memories of which resurface  Those responsible for Treadstone and Blackbriar are exposed, and Bourne goes underground 

The Bourne Legacy (2012)
Aaron Cross (Jeremy Renner) is a member of Operation Outcome, a United States Department of Defense black ops program which enhances the physical and mental abilities of field operatives through pills referred to as "chems"  Cross, deployed to Alaska for a training assignment, traverses rugged terrain to reach a cabin operated by an exiled Outcome operative  Meanwhile, Jason Bourne has exposed the Blackbriar and Treadstone programs in public, leading the FBI and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence to investigate those involved  Retired Air Force Colonel Eric Byer (Edward Norton), who is responsible for overseeing the Beta program from which the CIA's Treadstone and Blackbriar were developed, decides to end Outcome and kill its agents  Cross manages to survive several attempts on his life and seeks a way to get more chems, as his supply runs out  Cross eventually comes upon Dr  Marta Shearing (Rachel Weisz), his last link to gain more chems  He discovers she has no pills but that his physical enhancements can be "viraled-out" and can become genetically permanent, so he would no longer need physical chems  He, in turn, reveals to her that without the help of the mental chem enhancements, he possesses a well-below average IQ  To avoid this mental regression, and the operatives hunting them, the two travel to a factory in Manila and with Shearing's help, Cross initiates and survives the potentially fatal process of viraling-out of his dependency on the remaining mental-enhancing pills  Cross and Shearing, now fugitives, evade the Manila police as well as an operative from the new LARX program  The film ends showing they successfully escape from the Philippines as passengers on an old trading ship 

Jason Bourne (2016)
Nicky Parsons (Julia Stiles), whom Bourne sent into hiding in The Bourne Ultimatum, gains access to sensitive CIA files  She contacts Bourne to share information about his past, including how he was recruited for Operation Treadstone and his father's role in that operation  Bourne learns that his father, Richard Webb (Gregg Henry), designed Operation Treadstone and was assassinated by the CIA because he did not want his son to enter the program and become a killer  CIA director Robert Dewey (Tommy Lee Jones) hunts down Parsons and Bourne using a foreign asset (Vincent Cassel) and the technical skills of CIA Cyber Ops Division head Heather Lee (Alicia Vikander), while Bourne plans to avenge his father's death  Bourne first tries to make the man who recruited him into the CIA confirm his understanding of his father's death  He then plans to avenge himself against Dewey  Meanwhile, Lee wants to bring Bourne back into the CIA's special operations and Dewey allows her to believe she has his support even though he plans to eliminate Bourne 
There is a subplot involving Operation Iron Hand, a surveillance program that will have secret access to a giant social media service called Deep Dream  In the past the CIA and Deep Dream have had a contract to work together, but Aaron Kalloor (Riz Ahmed), its founder and CEO, wants to end this cooperation  When Dewey refuses to allow any such change, Kalloor plans to reveal his relationship with the CIA and its plans to violate the privacy expectations of Deep Dream's millions of users  Dewey plans to assassinate Kalloor before his planned revelations 

Future
In November 2016, producer Frank Marshall acknowledged that Universal Pictures is optimistic regarding a Jason Bourne sequel  In the same interview, he reported that a follow-up installment to The Bourne Legacy is unlikely although the studio has not ruled it out  In March 2017, franchise star Matt Damon cast doubt upon a sequel stating that the audience "might be done" with the character By October 2019, Ben Smith—who has served as a producer on the franchise—confirmed that a film is currently in development  Though he would not detail the plot, nor the studio's plans, he confirmed that the sequel will tie into the Treadstone television series 

Television
Treadstone (2019)
In April 2018, USA Network ordered a pilot for a series titled Treadstone, which was written by Tim Kring  The series explores the origins of the Treadstone program and its sleeper agents associated with the agency  By August of the same year, it was announced Treadstone will bypass the pilot stage in favor of a straight-to-series commitment from the network  In October 2019, producer Ben Smith confirmed that the television series has ties to the films, with the show having connection to a future Bourne movie  The series aired for one season before being cancelled in May 2020 

Cast and characters
Crew and other
Production
Director Doug Liman stated that he had been a fan of The Bourne Identity by Robert Ludlum since he read it in high school  Near the end of production of Liman's previous film Swingers, Liman decided to develop a film adaptation of the novel  After more than two years of securing rights to the book from Warner Brothers and a further year of screenplay development with screenwriter Tony Gilroy, the film went through two years of production  Liman approached a wide range of actors for the role of Bourne, including Russell Crowe and Sylvester Stallone, before he eventually cast Matt Damon  Liman found that Damon understood and appreciated that, though The Bourne Identity would have its share of action, the focus was primarily on character and plot  Production was difficult, with screenplay rewrites occurring throughout the entire filming and Liman constantly arguing with Universal's executives  The Bourne Identity was released in June 2002 
Universal confirmed at a media conference in Los Angeles, California, that they have plans to release more Bourne films, despite Legacy being given mixed reviews by critics  In a December 2012 interview, Matt Damon revealed that he and Paul Greengrass are interested in returning for the next film  On November 8, 2013, Deadline reported that the fifth installment in the franchise will feature Renner's Cross, with Justin Lin directing  Andrew Baldwin was attached for the film's screenplay writing  On September 15, 2014, it was announced that Damon and Greengrass will indeed return for the next Bourne film, taking the release date, with Renner returning as Cross in a separate film, at a later date  In November 2014, Damon confirmed that he and Greengrass would return with a script from themselves and film editor Christopher Rouse  On May 23, 2015, Deadline reported that Alicia Vikander is in talks to star with Damon in the fifth film  In June 2015, Variety reported that Stiles will reprise her role as Nicky Parsons and Viggo Mortensen is in talks to appear in the film as an assassin who's tracking down Bourne  Deadline reported that Vikander is confirmed to appear in the film  On July 28, 2015, Tommy Lee Jones was cast in a role in the fifth film  On September 1, 2015, Variety reported that French actor Vincent Cassel is cast as the film's villain Producer Frank Marshall confirmed principal photography for the new film had commenced on September 8, 2015  The film itself was released in the UK on July 27, 2016 and in the U S  on July 29, 2016 The films have been noted for their "well placed", "understated" and "tastefully done" product placement of a "diverse" range of brands, which in the case of the third film, earned the producers tens of millions of dollars  The Bourne Identity features brands such as The Guardian newspaper, BT Tower in London and Tag Heuer watches  The Bourne Supremacy features mobile phones made by Sony Ericsson   The Bourne Ultimatum features a total of 54 brands including The Guardian and BT for the second time; mobile phones made by Motorola, Nokia and Carphone Warehouse, most prominently the RAZR 2 and SLVR, as Motorola was a major sponsor and had a movie tie-in customized phone; cars made by BMW, Ford, Mercedes, and Volkswagen, most prominently the Volkswagen Touareg 2, as Volkswagen provided $25 million in funding; and technology products such as CTX computer monitors, Norton AntiVirus and the Google web search engine 

Music
The scores of the first three films of the series were written by English composer John Powell, with James Newton Howard scoring the fourth film, The Bourne Legacy  
Powell returned, with David Buckley to compose the score of the fifth film  
Powell was not the original choice as composer for The Bourne Identity—a score for the film had already been composed by Carter Burwell and recorded by an orchestra, when director Doug Liman contacted Powell to provide an alternative soundtrack as he was dissatisfied with the music  Partly for budgetary reasons, Powell scaled down the orchestral score to a mostly electronic soundtrack with strings overlaid to give it a "cinematic feel" The song "Extreme Ways" by musician Moby is used as the end title theme of all five films 

Reception
The Bourne series has received both critical and commercial success  Ultimatum won three Academy Awards: Best Film Editing, Sound and Best Sound Editing  Both Supremacy and Ultimatum won the Empire Award for Best Film 

Box office performance
Critical response
Theme park attraction
A theme park attraction based on the Bourne films, The Bourne Stuntacular, opened at Universal Studios Florida on June 30, 2020  The attraction combines live actors, special effects, and cutting-edge technology to create an immersive theatre experience that simulates Bourne on a high-stakes chase  The show features stunts, fight choreography, physical set pieces, cars, and a large-scale screen  Julia Stiles reprises her role from the film series during the filmed portions of the attraction 
Passage 3:
The Bourne Supremacy
The Bourne Supremacy is the second Jason Bourne novel written by Robert Ludlum, first published in 1986  It is the sequel to Ludlum's bestseller The Bourne Identity (1980) and precedes Ludlum's final Bourne novel, The Bourne Ultimatum (1990) 
The Bourne Supremacy gave its name to the second Bourne film, The Bourne Supremacy, starring Matt Damon in 2004; however, the movie adaptation has a completely different plot from the novel 

Plot
Jason Bourne has recovered from most of his mental and physical injuries and is teaching Asian studies at a university in Maine under his real name of David Webb, living happily on campus with his wife Marie under supervision of psychiatrist Morris Panov 
Meanwhile, high-ranking U S  officials Ambassador Raymond Havilland and Undersecretary Edward McAllister discuss an increasingly alarming situation in the People's Republic of China, where the popular Communist official Sheng Chou Yang is boosting his rise to power with assassinations perpetrated by someone impersonating Jason Bourne  They fear that Sheng, a fanatical nationalist, might trigger a war, and therefore want him to be found and killed  Webb would be ideal for this, but they plan to involve him indirectly owing to his mistrust of the U S  government and Webb's deep-seated emotional instability due to the loss of his first wife and children in Vietnam 
McAllister arrives and informs Webb of the assassin in Asia who is killing under the name of Jason Bourne  Webb is told he requires a more visible security force because someone wants him dead 
Soon thereafter, Marie is abducted by unknown people  Webb returns to the house, finds clues to her abduction, and immediately phones government officials, threatening to leak information about Treadstone and Medusa in an attempt to get assistance  He finds out information has been manipulated in order to make him seem crazy and delusional, and that his only course of action is to follow the instructions left by the kidnappers  He turns to the only person he thinks will be able to help him, Alexander Conklin, even though Conklin once tried to kill him  Conklin, now limping, is convinced there is government involvement but that they have lost control of the situation and the hired guns holding Marie are no longer in their control  Webb, who has transformed back into the persona of Jason Bourne, now has no choice but to go to Hong Kong and play out the scenario to get Marie back  In Hong Kong Bourne is led to a wealthy Tai-Pan who wants Webb to locate the impostor Jason Bourne because the impostor killed his wife; the Taipan is actually a British intelligence officer named Lin Wenzu collaborating with the CIA to make Bourne find the impostor  Bourne agrees, saying that if his wife is not heard from the very moment he returns, he will kill his nabbed impostor without a second thought  Lin Wenzu is later fatally injured when he uncovers and kills traitors on his team passing information to Sheng 
Marie, held captive in a British hospital, fakes illness and escapes, taking refuge with Catherine Staples, a former colleague now employed at the Canadian consulate in Hong Kong  The duo make runs and go incognito to avoid the CIA and to find Webb  Unfortunately Marie runs away from Staples thinking she has joined forces with her captors who want to take her back, and Staples gets killed by Sheng's men  Marie later contacts Conklin and Panov, who arrive in Hong Kong and confront McAllister and Havilland 
Webb, tracking the impostor Bourne on land, water and air, through Kowloon and Macau, encounters D'Anjou, alias Echo, another former Medusa operative, who is also tracking down the impostor Bourne, whom he had personally trained to be like Bourne  They join forces and track the impostor to mainland China, where they realise that a trap was laid by Sheng who was anticipating them following the impostor, and Echo is captured  Webb tracks him to a bird sanctuary at night, where Sheng Chou Yang is seen holding an open air conference with his rebel supporters and captured "traitors" to his cause, whom he is going to "judge", including Echo and the impostor Bourne  Echo is executed but not before he manages to delay Sheng and buy enough time for Bourne to mount a surprise attack on everyone  Amidst explosions and gunfire and killings, Webb captures the impostor Bourne, hijacks an empty charter plane and brings him to Kowloon, but in attempting to swap the impostor for Marie, is misled by McAllister, as Marie is not with them as was agreed, and still hidden by Conklin  Thinking Marie has been killed, an angry Webb now attacks and bombs Havilland's estate, Victoria Peak, where the impostor Bourne is killed and Webb nearly is as well, saved only by the timely arrival of Marie, Panov, and Conklin 
Webb and Marie learn he was selected because no one was more skilled and lethal, and Marie was abducted because Webb would have never agreed to the mission had the CIA told him the truth  Since Webb has now seen what Sheng is capable of and since Echo died for his sake, he decides to go back into the fray and kill Sheng  McAllister accompanies Webb, and during their search for Sheng, McAllister explains that he should be the one to kill Sheng, and Sheng will only trust McAllister for agreeing to rendezvous, and this has been McAllister's plan from the start  They fool Sheng into meeting with them, proposing to destroy the only copy of confidential documents that can expose him in return for money  The meeting between Sheng, Webb and McAllister takes place on the Chinese border with the assistance of Wong, a previous acquaintance of Bourne  During the meeting, McAllister sees that Sheng has already grabbed the confidential documents from Victoria Peak, and is shot by Sheng before he can shoot the latter  But Bourne arrives and stabs Sheng dead  Webb, McAllister, and Wong escape in Sheng's helicopter amidst gunfire 
In the end, it is shown that Lin Wenzu and McAllister have survived, Havilland commends McAllister for his acts of bravado, saying he will be promoted, Panov and Conklin have left for the U S , and Webb and Marie have flown to Hawaii to rest 

Publication history
Passage 4:
The Bourne Deception
The Bourne Deception is a novel by Eric Van Lustbader, the seventh in the Jason Bourne series created by Robert Ludlum  It was released on June 9, 2009  It is Lustbader's fourth Bourne novel, following The Bourne Sanction, which was published in 2008 

Plot
The Bourne Deception picks up where The Bourne Sanction left off  Jason Bourne's nemesis, Arkadin, is still hot on his trail and the two continue their struggle, reversing roles of hunter and hunted  When Bourne is ambushed and badly wounded in Bali, he fakes his death and goes into hiding  Only his close friends, Moira Trevor and Freddie Willard are aware that he is alive  In safety, he takes on a new identity, and begins a mission to find out who tried to assassinate him  Jason begins to question who he really is, how much of him is tied up in the Bourne identity, and what he would become if that was suddenly taken away from him  Shortly after, an American passenger airliner is shot down over Egypt by an Iranian missile  This is where a global conspiracy is revealed  Bud Halliday is at the helm of manipulations by NSA assisted by a wet-work outfit known as Black River  DCI Veronica Hart was an ex-employee of Black River like Moira Trevor and is at loggerheads with the intentions of Bud Halliday  Moira Trevor has started her own company which is a direct competitor of Black River  A global investigative team, led by Soraya Moore, is assembled to get at the truth of the situation before it can escalate into an international scandal  The conspiracy is discovered by one of Moira's employees and he is subsequently killed with Moira being left in grave danger  The trail to his assassin leads Bourne to Seville  On the way there, he meets Tracy Atherton, who tells him that she is going to Seville to buy the 14th Black Painting  In Seville, Bourne is attacked in a bullfighting arena by a killer named The Torturer  Later on, search for the man who shot him intersects with the search for the people that brought down the airliner, leading Bourne into one of the most deadly and challenging situations he has ever encountered  With the threat of a new world war brewing, Bourne finds himself in a race against time to uncover the truth and find the person behind his assault, all the while stalked by his unknown nemesis 

Publication history
Passage 5:
Heart of Glass (film)
Heart of Glass (German: Herz aus Glas) is a 1976 German film directed and produced by Werner Herzog, set in 18th century Bavaria  The film was written by Herzog, based partly on a story by Herbert Achternbusch  The main character is Hias, based on the legendary Bavarian prophet Mühlhiasl 

Plot
The setting is an 18th-century Bavarian town with a glassblowing factory that produces a brilliant ruby glass  When the master glass blower dies, the secret of producing it is lost  The local Baron, who owns the factory, is obsessed with the ruby glass and believes it to have magical properties  With the loss of the secret, he descends into madness along with the rest of the townspeople  The main character is Hias, a seer from the hills, who predicts the destruction of the factory in a fire 

Production
During shooting, almost all of the actors performed while under hypnosis  Every actor in every scene was hypnotized, with the exception of the character Hias and the professional glassblowers who appear in the film  The hypnotized actors give very strange performances, which Herzog intended to suggest the trance-like state of the townspeople in the story  Herzog provided the actors with most of their dialogue, memorised during hypnosis  However, many of the hypnotised actors' gestures and movements occurred spontaneously during filming The majority of the film was shot in Bavaria, just a few miles from where Herzog was raised in the remote village of Sachrang (nestled in the Chiemgau Alps), and also at a nearby village in Switzerland  Other brief shots of landscape scenes were filmed in various locations around the world that Herzog scouted out, including Yellowstone National Park  The conclusion of the film was shot on the Skellig Islands 
Herzog, along with other members of the crew, has a cameo as one of the men carrying a load of ruby glass to the river 
Passage 6:
Fildes Point
Fildes Point is a point which forms the north side of Neptunes Bellows, the entrance to Port Foster, Deception Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica  Deception Island was known to sealers in the area as early as 1821; the point was later named for Robert Fildes, a British sealer in these waters at that early time 

See also
Stanley Patch
Passage 7:
Much Ado About Nothing
Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599  The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623 
The play is set in Messina and revolves around two romantic pairings that emerge when a group of soldiers arrives in the town  The first, between Claudio and Hero, is nearly scuppered by the accusations of the villain, Don John  The second, between Claudio's friend Benedick and Hero's cousin Beatrice, takes centre stage as the play continues, with both characters' wit and banter providing much of the humour 
Through "noting" (sounding like "nothing" and meaning gossip, rumour, overhearing), Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their love for each other, and Claudio is tricked into believing that Hero is not a maiden (virgin)  The title's play on words references the secrets and trickery that form the backbone of the play's comedy, intrigue, and action 

Characters
Synopsis
In Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro will return that night from a successful battle, along with Claudio and Benedick  Beatrice asks the messenger about Benedick and mocks Benedick's ineptitude as a soldier  Leonato explains, "There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signor Benedick and her "On the soldiers' arrival, Don Pedro tells Leonato that they will stay a month at least, and Benedick and Beatrice resume their "merry war"  Pedro's illegitimate brother, Don John, is also introduced  Claudio's feelings for Hero are rekindled, and he informs Benedick of his intention to court her  Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade him  Don Pedro encourages the marriage  Benedick swears that he will never marry  Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him he will when he finds the right person 
A masquerade ball is planned  Therein a disguised Don Pedro woos Hero on Claudio's behalf  Don John uses this situation to sow chaos by telling Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself  Claudio rails against the entrapments of beauty  But the misunderstanding is later resolved, and Claudio is promised Hero's hand in marriage 
Meanwhile, Benedick and Beatrice have danced together, trading disparaging remarks under the cover of their masks  Benedick is stung at hearing himself described as "the prince's jester, a very dull fool", and yearns to be spared the company of "Lady Tongue"  Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, concoct a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice  They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love with him but too afraid to tell him  Hero and Ursula likewise ensure that Beatrice overhears a conversation in which they discuss Benedick's undying love for her  Both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think that they are the object of unrequited love, and both resolve to mend their faults and declare their love 
Meanwhile, Don John plots to stop the wedding, embarrass his brother, and wreak misery on Leonato and Claudio  He tells Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is "disloyal", and arranges for them to see his associate, Borachio, enter her bedchamber and engage amorously with her (it is actually Hero's chambermaid)  Claudio and Don Pedro are duped, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly 

The next day, at the wedding, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests and storms off with Don Pedro  Hero faints  A humiliated Leonato expresses his wish for her to die  The presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero innocent  He suggests that the family fake Hero's death to fill Claudio with remorse  Prompted by the stressful events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other  Beatrice then asks Benedick to kill Claudio as proof of his devotion  Benedick hesitates but is swayed  Leonato and Antonio blame Claudio for Hero's supposed death and threaten him, to little effect  Benedick arrives and challenges him to a duel 

On the night of Don John's treachery, the local Watch overheard Borachio and Conrade discussing their "treason" and "most dangerous piece of lechery that ever was known in the commonwealth", and arrested them therefore  Despite their ineptitude (headed by constable Dogberry), they obtain a confession and inform Leonato of Hero's innocence  Don John has fled, but a force is sent to capture him  Remorseful and thinking Hero dead, Claudio agrees to her father's demand that he marry Antonio's daughter, "almost the copy of my child that's dead" After Claudio swears to marry this other bride, she is revealed to be Hero  Claudio is overjoyed  Beatrice and Benedick publicly confess their love for each other  Don Pedro taunts "Benedick the married man", and Benedick counters that he finds the Prince sad, advising him: "Get thee a wife"  As the play draws to a close, a messenger arrives with news of Don John's capture, but Benedick proposes to postpone deciding Don John's punishment until tomorrow so that the couples can enjoy their newfound happiness  The couples dance and celebrate as the play ends 

Sources
Shakespeare's immediate source may have been one of Matteo Bandello of Mantua's Novelle ("Tales"), possibly the translation into French by François de Belleforest, which dealt with the tribulations of Sir Timbreo and his betrothed Fenicia Lionata, in Messina, after Peter III of Aragon's defeat of Charles of Anjou  Another version, featuring lovers Ariodante and Ginevra, with the servant Dalinda impersonating Ginevra on the balcony, appears in Book V Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (published in an English translation in 1591)   The character of Benedick has a counterpart in a commentary on marriage in Orlando Furioso  But the witty wooing of Beatrice and Benedick is apparently original and very unusual in style and syncopation  Edmund Spenser tells one version of the Claudio–Hero plot in The Faerie Queene (Book II, Canto iv) 

Date and text
According to the earliest printed text, Much Ado About Nothing was "sundry times publicly acted" before 1600  The play likely debuted in the autumn or winter of 1598–99  The earliest recorded performances are two at Court in the winter of 1612–13, during festivities preceding the marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Frederick V, Elector Palatine (14 February 1613)  In 1600, the stationers Andrew Wise and William Aspley published the play in quarto  This was the only edition prior to the First Folio in 1623 

Analysis and criticism
Style
The play is predominantly written in prose  The substantial verse sections achieve a sense of decorum 

Setting
Much Ado About Nothing is set in Messina, a port city on the island of Sicily, when Sicily is ruled by Aragon  Its action takes place mainly at the home and grounds of Leonato's Estate 

Themes and motifs
Gender roles
Benedick and Beatrice quickly became the main interest of the play  They are considered the leading roles even though their relationship is given equal or lesser weight in the script than Claudio's and Hero's situation  Charles II wrote, 'Benedick and Beatrice' beside the title of the play in his copy of the Second Folio  The provocative treatment of gender is central and should be considered in its Renaissance context  This was reflected and emphasized in certain plays of the period but was also challenged  Amussen notes that the undoing of traditional gender clichés seems to have inflamed anxieties about the erosion of social order  It seems that comic drama could be a means of calming such anxieties  Ironically, the play's popularity suggests that this only increased interest in such behavior  Benedick wittily gives voice to male anxieties about women's "sharp tongues and proneness to sexual lightness"  In the play's patriarchal society, the men's loyalties are governed by conventional codes of honour, camaraderie, and a sense of superiority over women  Assumptions that women are by nature prone to inconstancy are shown in the repeated jokes about cuckoldry, and partly explain Claudio's readiness to believe the slander against Hero  This stereotype is turned on its head in Balthasar's song "Sigh No More", which presents men as the deceitful and inconstant sex that women must abide 

Infidelity
Several characters seem obsessed with the idea that a man cannot know whether his wife is faithful and that women can take full advantage of this  Don John plays upon Claudio's pride and fear of cuckoldry, leading to the disastrous first wedding  Many of the men readily believe that Hero is impure; even her father condemns her with very little evidence  This motif runs through the play, often referring to horns (a symbol of cuckoldry) 
In contrast, Balthasar's song "Sigh No More" tells women to accept men's infidelity and continue to live joyfully  Some interpretations say that Balthasar sings poorly, undercutting the message  This is supported by Benedick's cynical comments about the song, comparing it to a howling dog  In Kenneth Branagh's 1993 film, Balthasar sings it beautifully: it is given a prominent role in the opening and finale, and the women seem to embrace its message 

Deception
The play has many examples of deception and self-deception  The games and tricks played on people often have the best intentions: to make people fall in love, to help someone get what they want, or to lead someone to realize their mistake  But not all are well-meant: Don John convinces Claudio that Don Pedro wants Hero for himself, and Borachio meets 'Hero' (actually Margaret) in Hero's bedroom window  These modes of deceit play into a complementary theme of emotional manipulation, the ease with which the characters' sentiments are redirected and their propensities exploited as a means to an end  The characters' feelings for each other are played as vehicles to reach the goal of engagement rather than as an end in themselves 

Masks and mistaken identity
Characters are constantly pretending to be others or mistaken for others  Margaret is mistaken for Hero, leading to Hero's disgrace  During a masked ball (in which everyone must wear a mask), Beatrice rants about Benedick to a masked man who is actually Benedick, but she acts unaware of this  During the same celebration, Don Pedro pretends to be Claudio and courts Hero for him  After Hero is proclaimed dead, Leonato orders Claudio to marry his 'niece', who is actually Hero 

Nothing
Another motif is the play on the words nothing and noting  These were near-homophones in Shakespeare's day  Taken literally, the title implies that a great fuss ('much ado') is made of something insignificant ('nothing'), such as the unfounded claims of Hero's infidelity and that Benedick and Beatrice are in love with each other  Nothing is also a double entendre: 'an O-thing' (or 'n othing' or 'no thing') was Elizabethan slang for "vagina", derived from women having 'nothing' between their legs  The title can also be understood as Much Ado About Noting: much of the action centres on interest in others and critique of others, written messages, spying, and eavesdropping  This attention is mentioned several times directly, particularly concerning 'seeming', 'fashion', and outward impressions 
Examples of noting as noticing occur in the following instances: (1 1 131–132)

Claudio: Benedick, didst thou note the daughter of Signor Leonato?Benedick: I noted her not, but I looked on her 
and (4 1 154–157) 

Friar: Hear me a little,For I have only been silent so long
And given way unto this course of fortune
By noting of the lady 
At (3 3 102–104), Borachio indicates that a man's clothing doesn't reveal his character:

Borachio: Thou knowest that the fashion of a doublet, or a hat, or a cloak is nothing to a man 
A triple play on words in which noting signifies noticing, musical notes, and nothing, occurs at (2 3 47–52):

Don Pedro: Nay pray thee, come;Or if thou wilt hold longer argument,
Do it in notes Balthasar: Note this before my notes:
There's not a note of mine that's worth the noting Don Pedro: Why, these are very crotchets that he speaks –
Note notes, forsooth, and nothing!
Don Pedro's last line can be understood to mean 'Pay attention to your music and nothing else!' The complex layers of meaning include a pun on 'crotchets', which can mean both 'quarter notes' (in music) and whimsical notions 
The following are puns on notes as messages: (2 1 174–176),

Claudio: I pray you leave me Benedick: Ho, now you strike like the blind man – 'twas the boy that stole your meat, and you'll beat the post 
in which Benedick plays on the word post as a pole and as mail delivery in a joke reminiscent of Shakespeare's earlier advice 'Don't shoot the messenger'; and (2 3 138–142)

Claudio: Now you talk of a sheet of paper, I remember a pretty jest your daughter told us of Leonato: O, when she had writ it and was reading it over, she found Benedick and Beatrice between the sheet?
in which Leonato makes a sexual innuendo, concerning sheet as a sheet of paper (on which Beatrice's love note to Benedick is to have been written), and a bedsheet 

Performance history
The play was very popular in its early decades and continues to be one of Shakespeare's most performed plays  In a poem published in 1640, Leonard Digges wrote: "let but Beatrice / And Benedick be seen, lo in a trice / The Cockpit galleries, boxes, all are full "

After the theatres reopened during the Restoration, Sir William Davenant staged The Law Against Lovers (1662), which inserted Beatrice and Benedick into an adaptation of Measure for Measure  Another adaptation, The Universal Passion, combined Much Ado with a play by Molière (1737)  John Rich had revived Shakespeare's text at Lincoln's Inn Fields (1721)  David Garrick first played Benedick in 1748 and continued to play him until 1776 In 1836, Helena Faucit played Beatrice at the very beginning of her career at Covent Garden, opposite Charles Kemble as Benedick in his farewell performances  The great 19th-century stage team Henry Irving and Ellen Terry counted Benedick and Beatrice as their greatest triumph  John Gielgud made Benedick one of his signature roles between 1931 and 1959, playing opposite Diana Wynyard, Peggy Ashcroft, and Margaret Leighton  The longest-running Broadway production is A  J  Antoon's 1972 staging, starring Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes, and Barnard Hughes  Derek Jacobi won a Tony Award for playing Benedick in 1984  Jacobi had also played Benedick in the Royal Shakespeare Company's highly praised 1982 production, with Sinéad Cusack playing Beatrice  Director Terry Hands produced the play on a stage-length mirror against an unchanging backdrop of painted trees  In 2013, Vanessa Redgrave and James Earl Jones (then in their seventies and eighties, respectively) played Beatrice and Benedick onstage at The Old Vic, London 

Actors, theatres, and awards
c  1598: In the original production by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, William Kempe played Dogberry and Richard Cowley played Verges 
1613: Wedding festivities of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate 
1748: David Garrick played Benedick for the first time 
1836: Helena Faucit and Charles Kemble as Beatrice and Benedick, Covent Garden 
1882: Henry Irving and Ellen Terry played Benedick and Beatrice at the Lyceum Theatre 
1931: John Gielgud played Benedick for the first time at the Old Vic Theatre, and it stayed in his repertory until 1959 
1960: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" went to Margaret Leighton for her role played in Much Ado 
1965: A National Theatre production directed by Franco Zeffirelli with Maggie Smith, Robert Stephens, Ian McKellen, Lynn Redgrave, Albert Finney, Michael York and Derek Jacobi among others
1965: A Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word or Drama Recording nomination went to a recording of a National Theatre production with Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens
1973: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Featured Actor in a Play" went to Barnard Hughes as Dogberry in the New York Shakespeare Festival production 
1973: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" went to Kathleen Widdoes 
1980: Sinéad Cusack and Derek Jacobi in a Royal Shakespeare Company production directed by Terry Hands 
1983: The Evening Standard Award for the "Best Actor" went to Derek Jacobi 
1985: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" was received by Sinéad Cusack 
1985: The Tony Award for "Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play" went to Derek Jacobi as Benedick 
1987: Tandy Cronyn as Beatrice and Richard Monette as Benedick in a production at the Stratford Festival directed by Peter Moss
1989: The Evening Standard Award for "Best Actress" went to Felicity Kendal as Beatrice in Elijah Moshinsky's production at the Strand Theatre 
1994: The Laurence Olivier Award for "Best Actor" went to Mark Rylance as Benedick in Matthew Warchus' production at the Queen's Theatre 
2006: The Laurence Olivier Award for "Best Actress" was received by Tamsin Greig as Beatrice in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, directed by Marianne Elliott 
2007: Zoë Wanamaker appeared as Beatrice and Simon Russell Beale as Benedick in a National Theatre production directed by Nicholas Hytner 
2011: Eve Best appeared as Beatrice and Charles Edwards as Benedick at Shakespeare's Globe, directed by Jeremy Herrin 
2011: David Tennant as Benedick alongside Catherine Tate as Beatrice in a production of the play at the Wyndham's Theatre, directed by Josie Rourke  An authorized recording of this production is available to download and watch from Digital Theatre 
2012: Meera Syal as Beatrice and Paul Bhattacharjee as Benedick in an Indian setting, directed by Iqbal Khan for the Royal Shakespeare Company, part of the World Shakespeare Festival 
2013: Vanessa Redgrave as Beatrice and James Earl Jones as Benedick in a production at The Old Vic directed by Mark Rylance 
2013: A German-language production (Viel Lärm um Nichts), translated and directed by Marius von Mayenburg at the Schaubuhne am Lehniner Platz, Berlin 
2017: Beatriz Romilly as Beatrice and Matthew Needham as Benedick in a Mexican setting, at Shakespeare's Globe, directed by Matthew Dunster 
2018: Mel Giedroyc as Beatrice and John Hopkins as Benedick in a modern Sicilian setting, at the Rose Theatre, Kingston, directed by Simon Dormandy 
2019: Danielle Brooks as Beatrice and Grantham Coleman as Benedick with an all-Black cast set in contemporary Georgia, at The Public Theater, directed by Kenny Leon  This version was broadcast on PBS Great Performances on 22 November 2019 
2023: Maev Beaty as Beatrice and Graham Abbey as Benedick in a production at the Stratford Festival directed by Chris Abraham 

Adaptations
Music
The operas Montano et Stéphanie (1799) by Jean-Élie Bédéno Dejaure and Henri-Montan Berton, Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) by Hector Berlioz, Beaucoup de bruit pour rien (pub  1898) by Paul Puget and Much Ado About Nothing by Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (1901) are based upon the play The composer Edward MacDowell said he was inspired by Ellen Terry's portrayal of Beatrice in this play for the scherzo of his Piano Concerto No  2 Erich Wolfgang Korngold composed music for a 1917 production at the Vienna Burgtheater by Max Reinhardt In 2006 the American Music Theatre Project produced The Boys Are Coming Home, a musical adaptation by Berni Stapleton and Leslie Arden that sets Much Ado About Nothing in America during the Second World War 
The title track of the 2009 Mumford & Sons album Sigh No More uses quotes from this play in the song  The title of the album is also a quotation from the play In 2015, Billie Joe Armstrong wrote the music for a rock opera adaptation of the play, These Paper Bullets, which was written by Rolin Jones Opera McGill commissioned an operatic adaptation of the play with music by James Garner and libretto adapted by Patrick Hansen, to premiere in Montréal in the 2023/24 season 

Film
The first cinematic version in English may have been the 1913 silent film directed by Phillips Smalley Martin Hellberg's 1964 East German film Viel Lärm um nichts was based on the play  In 1973 a Soviet film adaptation was directed by Samson Samsonov, starring Galina Jovovich and Konstantin Raikin The first sound version in English released to cinemas was the highly acclaimed 1993 film by Kenneth Branagh  It starred Branagh as Benedick, Branagh's then-wife Emma Thompson as Beatrice, Denzel Washington as Don Pedro, Keanu Reeves as Don John, Richard Briers as Leonato, Michael Keaton as Dogberry, Robert Sean Leonard as Claudio, Imelda Staunton as Margaret, and Kate Beckinsale in her film debut as Hero 
The 2001 Hindi film Dil Chahta Hai is a loose adaptation of the play In 2011, Joss Whedon completed filming an adaptation, released in June 2013  The cast includes Amy Acker as Beatrice, Alexis Denisof as Benedick, Nathan Fillion as Dogberry, Clark Gregg as Leonato, Reed Diamond as Don Pedro, Fran Kranz as Claudio, Jillian Morgese as Hero, Sean Maher as Don John, Spencer Treat Clark as Borachio, Riki Lindhome as Conrade, Ashley Johnson as Margaret, Tom Lenk as Verges, and Romy Rosemont as the sexton  Whedon's adaptation is a contemporary revision with an Italian-mafia theme 
In 2012 a filmed version of the live 2011 performance at The Globe was released to cinemas and on DVD  The same year, a filmed version of the 2011 performance at Wyndham's Theatre was made available for download or streaming on the Digital Theatre website In 2015, Owen Drake created a modern movie version of the play, Messina High, starring Faye Reagan 

Television and web series
There have been several screen adaptations of Much Ado About Nothing, almost all of them made for television  An adaptation is the 1973 New York Shakespeare Festival production by Joseph Papp, shot on videotape and released on VHS and DVD, that includes more of the text than Branagh's version  It is directed by A  J  Antoon  The Papp production stars Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes, and Barnard Hughes 
The 1984 BBC Television version stars Lee Montague as Leonato, Cherie Lunghi as Beatrice, Katharine Levy as Hero, Jon Finch as Don Pedro, Robert Lindsay as Benedick, Robert Reynolds as Claudio, Gordon Whiting as Antonio and Vernon Dobtcheff as Don John  An earlier BBC television version with Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens, adapted from Franco Zeffirelli's stage production for the National Theatre Company's London stage production, was broadcast in February 1967 In 2005, the BBC adapted the story by setting it in the modern-day studios of Wessex Tonight, a fictional regional news programme, as part of the ShakespeaRe-Told season, with Damian Lewis, Sarah Parish, and Billie Piper The 2014 YouTube web series Nothing Much to Do is a modern retelling of the play, set in New Zealand In 2019, PBS recorded a live production of the Public Theater's 2019 Shakespeare in the Park production at the Delacorte Theater in New York City’s Central Park for Great Performances  The all-Black cast features Danielle Brooks and Grantham Coleman as Beatrice and Benedick, directed by Kenny Leon, with choreography by Camille A  Brown  The cast also includes Jamar Brathwaite (Ensemble), Chuck Cooper (Leonato), Javen K  Crosby (Ensemble), Denzel DeAngelo Fields (Ensemble), Jeremie Harris (Claudio), Tayler Harris (Ensemble), Erik Laray Harvey (Antonio/Verges), Kai Heath (Messenger), Daniel Croix Henderson (Balthasar), Tyrone Mitchell Henderson (Friar Francis/Sexton), Tiffany Denise Hobbs (Ursula), Lateefah Holder (Dogberry), LaWanda Hopkins (Dancer), Billy Eugene Jones (Don Pedro), Margaret Odette (Hero), Hubert Point-Du Jour (Don John), William Roberson (Ensemble), Jaime Lincoln Smith (Borachio), Jazmine Stewart (Ensemble), Khiry Walker (Conrade/Ensemble), Olivia Washington (Margaret) and Latra A  Wilson (Dancer) 

Literature
In 2016, Lily Anderson released the young adult novel The Only Thing Worse Than Me Is You, a modern adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing whose main characters, Trixie Watson and Ben West, attend a "school for geniuses" In 2017, Mckelle George released a YA adaptation, Speak Easy, Speak Love, in which the play's events take place in the 1920s, focused around a failing speakeasy In 2018, Molly Booth released a summer YA novel adaptation, Nothing Happened, in which Claudio and Hero are a homosexual couple, Claudia and Hana In 2019, Laura Wood released Under a Dancing Star, a YA modernized version set in Florence 

Citations
In his text on Jonathan Swift from 1940, Johannes V  Jensen cited Don John's line

 I am trusted with a muzzle and enfranchised with a clog; therefore I have decreed not to sing in my cage  If I had my mouth, I would bite; if I had my liberty, I would do my liking: in the meantime let me be that I am and seek not to alter me  
Jensen later explained that this was a reference to the censorship imposed after the German invasion of Denmark in 1940 

See also
Margaret (moon), a moon of Uranus, named after the character from Much Ado About Nothing
Passage 8:
It Happens Every Spring
It Happens Every Spring is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Ray Milland, Jean Peters and Paul Douglas 

Plot
A college professor is working on a long-term scientific experiment when a baseball comes through the window, destroying all of his glassware and spilling the fluids that the flasks and test tubes contained  The pooled fluids combine to form the chemical "methylethylpropylbutyl," which then covers a large portion of the baseball  The professor soon discovers that the fluid, along with any object with which it makes contact, is repelled by wood (cf  Alexander Fleming's serendipitous discovery of penicillin) 
Suddenly, he realizes the possibilities and takes a leave of absence to go to St  Louis to pitch in the big leagues, where he becomes a star and propels his team to the World Series 

Cast
Ray Milland as Prof  Vernon K  Simpson / King Kelly (not based on the 19th-century ball player Mike "King" Kelly)
Jean Peters as Deborah Greenleaf
Paul Douglas as Monk Lanigan
Ed Begley as Edgar Stone
Ted de Corsia as Jimmy Dolan
Ray Collins as Prof  Alfred Greenleaf
Jessie Royce Landis as Mrs  Greenleaf
Alan Hale Jr  as Schmidt
William Murphy as Tommy Isbell (as Bill Murphy)

Production
Alan Hale, Jr  has a small role as a catcher on the college baseball team 
Although the home team is "St  Louis", and both St  Louis major league teams (the Cardinals and the Browns) played at Sportsman's Park at the time, the exteriors for the movie were filmed in Los Angeles' Wrigley Field, which was built to resemble Wrigley Field in Chicago 
A novelization of the film was written by Valentine Davies 

Reception
New York Times critic Bosley Crowther found the film trying, particularly Valentine Davies's "monotonous" script  He did have measured praise for Paul Douglas, however Leonard Maltin gives the film three and a half stars, calling it “a most enjoyable, unpretentious picture” 

See also
List of American films of 1949
List of baseball films
Context 2: Passage 1:
Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos
Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos (19 July 1871 – 25 May 1935) was a Dominican political figure  He served as provisional president of the Dominican Republic between 1922 and 1924 during the U S  military occupation 

Early life
Juan Bautista Vicini was born on 19 July 1871 to Italian immigrant Juan Bautista Vicini Cánepa (born Giovanni Battista Vicini) and his concubine María Burgos Brito  His father arrived to the Dominican Republic during the boom in the sugar industry which he took advantage of to create a respectable operation within a relatively short amount of time  According to the Dutch author H  Hoetink in his book El Pueblo Dominicano, 1850–1900, his father owned two sugar plantations by 1882 and by 1893 was the owner of the sugar mill "Angelina"  His friendly relationship with General Ulises Heureaux (Lilís) helped him consolidate a respectable fortune  Vicini inherited his father's business and was able to become a successful businessman mainly by part of his strict European education  Vicini was fluent in Spanish, Italian, English and French at a very young age 
Juan Bautista Vicini never married and had no wife during his presidency 

Political career
The Dominican Republic had been occupied by American Troops since 1916 and after the approval of the Hughes-Peynado plan Vicini was a candidate for the position of provisional President of the Dominican Republic  He was elected President in 1922 and his main goal was to facilitate the evacuation of the United States troops that were present in the Dominican Republic  The day after he was elected, Vicini named the five men who would make up his cabinet  They were as follows:

José del Carmen Ariza, Secretary of Internal Affairs
Cayetano Armando Rodríquez, Secretary of Justice and Instruction
Eladio Sánchez, Secretary of Promotion and Communications
Manuel Sanabia, Secretary of Health and Charity
Pedro Pérez, Secretary of Agriculture and ImmigrationWith these steps, Vicini assured the removal of the North American forces in a peaceful manner  Despite its good intentions, Vicini's regime was plagued and pressured by the tight grip of the Hughes-Peynado plan and by the American forces that were still in the country  Even so, he set up the cleanest elections that the Dominican Republic had ever seen in which Horacio Vásquez won on 15 March 1924 against Francisco J  Peynado 
When Vicini left the presidency after the elections, he went back to his sugar business and abandoned politics for the remainder of his life  At the time of his death on 25 May 1935 Juan Bautista Vicini left his relatives one of the largest sugar enterprises in the Caribbean, which is still operating as of 2010 
Passage 2:
Plymouth Notch Cemetery
The Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr  1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family Other notable burials include Howard E  Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W  Sprague 
Passage 3:
Ceredig
Ceredig ap Cunedda (died 453), was king of Ceredigion in Wales He may have been born c  420 in the Brythonic kingdom of Manaw Gododdin (modern Lothian in Scotland), centred on the Firth of Forth in the area known as Yr Hen Ogledd 
Little is known of him  One of the sons of Cunedda, grandfather of Saint David, according to Nennius' Historia Brittonum, he arrived in what is now modern Wales from Gododdin with his father's family when they were invited to help ward off Irish invaders  As a reward for his bravery, his father gave him the southernmost part of the territories in north-west Wales reconquered from the Irish  The realm is traditionally supposed to have been called Ceredigion after him, which led to the name of modern Ceredigion, one of the principal areas of Wales 
He married Meleri, one of the many daughters of King Brychan Brycheiniog of Brycheiniog (now Brecknockshire)  Amongst their children was a daughter named Ina who is thought to be the Saint Ina to whom St Ina's Church in Llanina near New Quay, Ceredigion is dedicated 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Niels Henrik Abel
Niels Henrik Abel ( AH-bəl, Norwegian: [ˌnɪls ˈhɛ̀nːɾɪk ˈɑ̀ːbl̩]; 5 August 1802 – 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian mathematician who made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields   His most famous single result is the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation in radicals  This question was one of the outstanding open problems of his day, and had been unresolved for over 250 years  He was also an innovator in the field of elliptic functions, discoverer of Abelian functions  He made his discoveries while living in poverty and died at the age of 26 from tuberculosis  He and his contemporary Évariste Galois (who also died young at 20) developed the branch of mathematics now known as group theory  
Most of his work was done in six or seven years of his working life  Regarding Abel, the French mathematician Charles Hermite said: "Abel has left mathematicians enough to keep them busy for five hundred years " Another French mathematician, Adrien-Marie Legendre, said: "What a head the young Norwegian has!"The Abel Prize in mathematics, originally proposed in 1899 to complement the Nobel Prizes (but first awarded in 2003), is named in his honour 

Life
Early life
Niels Henrik Abel was born prematurely in 
Nedstrand, Norway, as the second child of the pastor Søren Georg Abel and Anne Marie Simonsen  When Niels Henrik Abel was born, the family was living at a rectory on Finnøy  Much suggests that Niels Henrik was born in the neighboring parish, as his parents were guests of the bailiff in Nedstrand in July / August of his year of birth Niels Henrik Abel's father, Søren Georg Abel, had a degree in theology and philosophy and served as pastor at Finnøy  Søren's father, Niels's grandfather, Hans Mathias Abel, was also a pastor, at Gjerstad Church near the town of Risør  Søren had spent his childhood at Gjerstad, and had also served as chaplain there; and after his father's death in 1804, Søren was appointed pastor at Gjerstad and the family moved there  The Abel family originated in Schleswig and came to Norway in the 17th century 

Anne Marie Simonsen was from Risør; her father, Niels Henrik Saxild Simonsen, was a tradesman and merchant ship-owner, and said to be the richest person in Risør  Anne Marie had grown up with two stepmothers, in relatively luxurious surroundings  At Gjerstad rectory, she enjoyed arranging balls and social gatherings  Much suggests she was early on an alcoholic and took little interest in the upbringing of the children  Niels Henrik and his brothers were given their schooling by their father, with handwritten books to read  An addition table in a book of mathematics reads: 1+0=0 

Cathedral School and Royal Frederick University
With Norwegian independence and the first election held in Norway, in 1814, Søren Abel was elected as a representative to the Storting  Meetings of the Storting were held until 1866 in the main hall of the Cathedral School in Christiania (now known as Oslo)  Almost certainly, this is how he came into contact with the school, and he decided that his eldest son, Hans Mathias, should start there the following year  However, when the time for his departure approached, Hans was so saddened and depressed over having to leave home that his father did not dare send him away  He decided to send Niels instead In 1815, Niels Abel entered the Cathedral School at the age of 13  His elder brother Hans joined him there a year later  They shared rooms and had classes together  Hans got better grades than Niels; however, a new mathematics teacher, Bernt Michael Holmboe, was appointed in 1818  He gave the students mathematical tasks to do at home  He saw Niels Henrik's talent in mathematics, and encouraged him to study the subject to an advanced level  He even gave Niels private lessons after school 
In 1818, Søren Abel had a public theological argument with the theologian Stener Johannes Stenersen regarding his catechism from 1806  The argument was well covered in the press  Søren was given the nickname "Abel Treating" (Norwegian: "Abel Spandabel")  Niels' reaction to the quarrel was said to have been "excessive gaiety"  At the same time, Søren also almost faced impeachment after insulting Carsten Anker, the host of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly; and in September 1818 he returned to Gjerstad with his political career in ruins  He began drinking heavily and died only two years later, in 1820, aged 48 
Bernt Michael Holmboe supported Niels Henrik Abel with a scholarship to remain at the school and raised money from his friends to enable him to study at the Royal Frederick University 
When Abel entered the university in 1821, he was already the most knowledgeable mathematician in Norway  Holmboe had nothing more he could teach him and Abel had studied all the latest mathematical literature in the university library  During that time, Abel started working on the quintic equation in radicals  Mathematicians had been looking for a solution to this problem for over 250 years  In 1821, Abel thought he had found the solution  The two professors of mathematics in Christiania, Søren Rasmussen and Christopher Hansteen, found no errors in Abel's formulas, and sent the work on to the leading mathematician in the Nordic countries, Carl Ferdinand Degen in Copenhagen  He too found no faults but still doubted that the solution, which so many outstanding mathematicians had sought for so long, could really have been found by an unknown student in far-off Christiania  Degen noted, however, Abel's unusually sharp mind, and believed that such a talented young man should not waste his abilities on such a "sterile object" as the fifth degree equation, but rather on elliptic functions and transcendence; for then, wrote Degen, he would "discover Magellanian thoroughfares to large portions of a vast analytical ocean"  Degen asked Abel to give a numerical example of his method  While trying to provide an example, Abel found a mistake in his paper  This led to a discovery in 1823 that a solution to a fifth- or higher-degree equation was impossible Abel graduated in 1822  His performance was exceptionally high in mathematics and average in other matters 

Career
After he graduated, professors from university supported Abel financially, and Professor Christopher Hansteen let him live in a room in the attic of his home  Abel would later view Ms  Hansteen as his second mother  While living here, Abel helped his younger brother, Peder Abel, through examen artium  He also helped his sister Elisabeth to find work in the town 
In early 1823, Niels Abel published his first article in "Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne", Norway's first scientific journal, which had been co-founded by Professor Hansteen  Abel published several articles, but the journal soon realized that this was not material for the common reader  In 1823, Abel also wrote a paper in French  It was "a general representation of the possibility to integrate all differential formulas" (Norwegian: en alminnelig Fremstilling af Muligheten at integrere alle mulige Differential-Formler)  He applied for funds at the university to publish it  However, the work was lost while being reviewed, never to be found thereafter 

In mid-1823, Professor Rasmussen gave Abel a gift of 100 speciedaler so he could travel to Copenhagen and visit Ferdinand Degen and other mathematicians there  While in Copenhagen, Abel did some work on Fermat's Last Theorem  Abel's uncle, Peder Mandrup Tuxen, lived at the naval base in Christianshavn, Copenhagen, and at a ball there Niels Abel met Christine Kemp, his future fiancée  In 1824, Christine moved to Son, Norway to work as a governess and the couple got engaged over Christmas After returning from Copenhagen, Abel applied for a government scholarship in order to visit top mathematicians in Germany and France, but he was instead granted 200 speciedaler yearly for two years, to stay in Christiania and study German and French  In the next two years, he was promised a scholarship of 600 speciedaler yearly and he would then be permitted to travel abroad  While studying these languages, Abel published his first notable work in 1824, Mémoire sur les équations algébriques où on démontre l'impossibilité de la résolution de l'équation générale du cinquième degré (Memoir on algebraic equations, in which the impossibility of solving the general equation of the fifth degree is proven)  By 1823, Abel had at last proved the impossibility of solving the quintic equation in radicals (now referred to as the Abel–Ruffini theorem)  However, this paper was in an abstruse and difficult form, in part because he had restricted himself to only six pages in order to save money on printing  A more detailed proof was published in 1826 in the first volume of Crelle's Journal 

In 1825, Abel wrote a personal letter to King Carl Johan of Norway/Sweden requesting permission to travel abroad  He was granted this permission, and in September 1825 he left Christiania together with four friends from university (Christian P B Boeck, Balthazar M  Keilhau, Nicolay B  Møller and Otto Tank)  These four friends of Abel were traveling to Berlin and to the Alps to study geology  Abel wanted to follow them to Copenhagen and from there make his way to Göttingen  The terms for his scholarship stipulated that he was to visit Gauss in Göttingen and then continue to Paris  However, when he got as far as Copenhagen, he changed his plans  He wanted to follow his friends to Berlin instead, intending to visit Göttingen and Paris afterwards On the way, he visited the astronomer Heinrich Christian Schumacher in Altona, now a district of Hamburg  He then spent four months in Berlin, where he became well acquainted with August Leopold Crelle, who was then about to publish his mathematical journal, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik  This project was warmly encouraged by Abel, who contributed much to the success of the venture  Abel contributed seven articles to it in its first year 
From Berlin Abel also followed his friends to the Alps  He went to Leipzig and Freiberg to visit Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich Naumann and his brother the mathematician August Naumann  In Freiberg Abel did research in the theory of functions, particularly, elliptic, hyperelliptic, and a new class now known as abelian functions 
From Freiberg they went on to Dresden, Prague, Vienna, Trieste, Venice, Verona, Bolzano, Innsbruck, Luzern and Basel  From July 1826 Abel traveled on his own from Basel to Paris  Abel had sent most of his work to Berlin to be published in Crelle's Journal, but he had saved what he regarded as his most important work for the French Academy of Sciences, a theorem on addition of algebraic differentials  With the help of a painter, Johan Gørbitz, he found an apartment in Paris and continued his work on the theorem  He finished in October 1826 and submitted it to the academy  It was to be reviewed by Augustin-Louis Cauchy  Abel's work was scarcely known in Paris, and his modesty restrained him from proclaiming his research  The theorem was put aside and forgotten until his death 
Abel's limited finances finally compelled him to abandon his tour in January 1827  He returned to Berlin, and was offered a position as editor of Crelle's Journal, but opted out  By May 1827 he was back in Norway  His tour abroad was viewed as a failure  He had not visited Gauss in Göttingen and he had not published anything in Paris  His scholarship was therefore not renewed and he had to take up a private loan in Norges Bank of 200 spesidaler  He never repaid this loan  He also started tutoring  He continued to send most of his work to Crelle's Journal  But in mid-1828 he published, in rivalry with Carl Jacobi, an important work on elliptic functions in Astronomische Nachrichten in Altona 

Death
While in Paris, Abel contracted tuberculosis  At Christmas 1828, he traveled by sled to Froland, Norway, to visit his fiancée  He became seriously ill on the journey  Although a temporary improvement allowed the couple to enjoy the holiday together, he died relatively soon after on 6 April 1829, just two days before a letter arrived from August Crelle telling Abel that Crelle had secured him an appointment as a professor at the University of Berlin 

Contributions to mathematics
Abel showed that there is no general algebraic solution for the roots of a quintic equation, or any general polynomial equation of degree greater than four, in terms of explicit algebraic operations with the Abel-Ruffini theorem  To do this, he invented (independently of Galois) a branch of mathematics known as group theory,  which is invaluable not only in many areas of mathematics, but for much of physics as well  Abel sent a paper on the unsolvability of the quintic equation to Carl Friedrich Gauss, who proceeded to discard without a glance what he believed to be the worthless work of a crank As a 16-year-old, Abel gave a rigorous proof of the binomial theorem valid for all numbers, extending Euler's result which had held only for rationals  Abel wrote a fundamental work on the theory of elliptic integrals, containing the foundations of the theory of elliptic functions 
While travelling to Paris he published a paper revealing the double periodicity of elliptic functions, which Adrien-Marie Legendre later described to Augustin-Louis Cauchy as "a monument more lasting than bronze" (borrowing a famous sentence by the Roman poet Horatius)  The paper was, however, misplaced by Cauchy While abroad Abel had sent most of his work to Berlin to be published in the Crelle's Journal, but he had saved what he regarded as his most important work for the French Academy of Sciences, a theorem on addition of algebraic differentials  The theorem was put aside and forgotten until his death  While in Freiberg, Abel did research in the theory of functions, particularly, elliptic, hyperelliptic, and a new class now known as abelian functions 
In 1823 Abel wrote a paper titled "a general representation of the possibility to integrate all differential formulas" (Norwegian: en alminnelig Fremstilling af Muligheten at integrere alle mulige Differential-Formler)  He applied for funds at the university to publish it  However the work was lost, while being reviewed, never to be found thereafter Abel said famously of Carl Friedrich Gauss's writing style, "He is like the fox, who effaces his tracks in the sand with his tail " Gauss replied to him by saying, "No self-respecting architect leaves the scaffolding in place after completing his building "

Legacy
Under Abel's guidance, the prevailing obscurities of analysis began to be cleared, new fields were entered upon and the study of functions so advanced as to provide mathematicians with numerous ramifications along which progress could be made  His works, the greater part of which originally appeared in Crelle's Journal, were edited by Bernt Michael Holmboe and published in 1839 by the Norwegian government, and a more complete edition by Ludwig Sylow and Sophus Lie was published in 1881  The adjective "abelian", derived from his name, has become so commonplace in mathematical writing that it is conventionally spelled with a lower-case initial "a" (e g , abelian group, abelian category, and abelian variety) 
On 6 April 1929, four Norwegian stamps were issued for the centenary of Abel's death  His portrait appears on the 500-kroner banknote (version V) issued during 1978–1985  On 5 June 2002, four Norwegian stamps were issued in honour of Abel two months before the bicentenary of his birth  There is also a 20-kroner coin issued by Norway in his honour  A statue of Abel stands in Oslo, and crater Abel on the Moon was named after him  In 2002, the Abel Prize was established in his memory 
Mathematician Felix Klein wrote about Abel:

But I would not like to part from this ideal type of researcher, such as has seldom appeared in the history of mathematics, without evoking a figure from another sphere who, in spite of his totally different field, still seems related  Thus, although Abel shared with many mathematicians a complete lack of musical talent, I will not sound absurd if I compare his kind of productivity and his personality with Mozart's  Thus one might erect a monument to this divinely inspired mathematician like the one to Mozart in Vienna: simple and unassuming he stands there listening, while graceful angels float about, playfully bringing him inspiration from another world 
Instead, I must mention the very different type of memorial that was in fact erected to Abel in Christiania and which must greatly disappoint anyone familiar with his nature  On a towering, steep block of granite a youthful athlete of the Byronic type steps over two greyish sacrificial victims, his direction toward the heavens  If needed be, one might take the hero to be a symbol of the human spirit, but one ponders the deeper significance of the two monsters in vain  Are they the conquered quintic equations or elliptic functions? Or the sorrows and cares of his everyday life? The pedestal of the monument bears, in immense letters, the inscription ABEL 

See also
List of things named after Niels Henrik Abel
Évariste Galois

Notes
Passage 5:
NASCAR Speedway Division
The NASCAR Speedway Division was a short-lived series brought forth in 1952 by NASCAR president and founder Bill France Sr  The series consisted of open-wheel race cars competing with stock engines  The idea of the series was to draw from the popularity of other open-wheel racing events such as the Indianapolis 500 

History
1952 season
The first Speedway Division race was held at Darlington Raceway and was won by Buck Baker with a Cadillac engine  The series' second race was held at Martinsville Speedway on May 25, with only 17 entries  The pole at Martinsville was won by Bill Miller in an "Olds 88 Special"  Tex Keene, driving a car with a stock Mercury engine came from 16th place to win the race  A total of seven races were run in 1952 with Buck Baker becoming the series champion 

1953 season
In 1953, Speedway Division events were paired with those in the Sportsman Division   Three races were held with few entries before the series was quietly discontinued   The final series champion was Pete Allen 

Statistics
Race wins
Championships
Passage 6:
Richard Fink
Richard Harold Fink (born May 31, 1951) is an American businessman and academic  He is the former executive vice president of Koch Industries, the second largest privately held company in the U S 

Education and academic career
Fink received a B A  in economics from Rutgers University, an M A  in economics from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a Ph D  in economics from New York University  Between 1980 and 1986, Fink was on the economics faculty at George Mason University, where he was the founder and director of the Center for Market Processes, which later became the Mercatus Center  Under his leadership, during the 1980s, George Mason was a center of Austrian Economics 

Relationship with Charles Koch
In the late '70s, Richard Fink met Charles Koch to discuss founding a research center devoted to teaching Austrian economics thought at Rutgers  Fink met with Koch in Wichita and planned what became the Mercatus Center in 1999 

Koch Industries
Fink served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries, Inc  He was also chairman and CEO of Koch Companies Public Sector, LLC, which provides legal and government and public affairs services to Koch Industries and its affiliate  He was on the board of directors of Koch Industries Inc , Georgia-Pacific and Flint Hills Resources, LLC 

Koch Family Foundations
Fink was a member of the boards of directors and President of the Charles G  Koch Charitable Foundation and the Claude R  Lambe Charitable Foundation  He was also on the board of the Fred C  and Mary R  Koch Foundation 

Board memberships
Fink served on the board of trustees of the Democratic Leadership Council Fink co-founded Citizens for a Sound Economy, where he served as president, and co-founded the Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation, which is now the Americans for Prosperity Foundation  
He also sat on the board of the Institute for Humane Studies, and the Mercatus Center at George Mason University  He previously served on the Consumer Advisory Council of the Federal Reserve Board and the Commission on Privatization 
Fink was a member of the boards of directors of the Charles Koch Foundation, the Claude R  Lambe Charitable Foundation, the Fred C  and Mary R  Koch Foundation, the Institute for Humane Studies, the Market-Based Management Institute, and Americans for Prosperity Foundation 
Passage 7:
Isabel Martínez de Perón
Isabel Martínez de Perón (Spanish pronunciation: [isaˈβel maɾˈtines ðe peˈɾon], born María Estela Martínez Cartas, 4 February 1931), also known as Isabelita, is an Argentine politician who served as President of Argentina from 1974 to 1976  She was one of the first female republican heads of state in the world, and the first woman to serve as president of a country 
Isabel Perón was the third wife of President Juan Perón  During her husband's third term as president from 1973 to 1974, she served as both Vice President and First Lady of Argentina  Following her husband's death in office in 1974, she served as President for almost two years before the military took over the government with the 1976 coup  Perón was then placed under house arrest for five years before she was exiled to Spain in 1981 In 2007 an Argentine judge ordered Perón's arrest over the forced disappearance of an activist in February 1976, on the grounds that the disappearance was authorized by her signing of decrees allowing Argentina's armed forces to take action against "subversives"  She was arrested near her home in Spain on 12 January 2007  Spanish courts subsequently refused her extradition to Argentina Since the death of Carlos Menem on 14 February 2021, Perón is the oldest living former Argentine president 

Early life and career
María Estela Martínez Cartas was born in La Rioja, Argentina, daughter of María Josefa Cartas Olguín and Carmelo Martínez  She dropped out of school after the fifth grade  In the early 1950s she became a nightclub dancer adopting the name Isabel, the saint's name (the Spanish form of that of Saint Elizabeth of Portugal) that she had chosen as a confirmation name 

Juan Perón
She met her future husband during his exile in Panama  Juan Domingo Perón, who was 35 years her senior, was attracted by her beauty and believed she could provide him with the female companionship he had been lacking since the death of his beloved second wife Eva Perón (Evita) in 1952  Perón brought Isabel with him when he moved to Madrid, Spain, in 1960  Authorities did not approve of Perón's cohabitation with a young woman to whom he was not married, so on 15 November 1961 the former president reluctantly married for a third time 

Early political career
As Perón resumed an active role in Argentine politics from exile, Isabel acted as a go-between from Spain to Argentina  Having been deposed in a coup in 1955, Perón was forbidden from returning to Argentina, so his new wife was appointed to travel in his stead  The CGT leader José Alonso became one of her main advisers in Perón's dispute against Steelworkers' leader Augusto Vandor's Popular Union faction during mid-term elections in 1965; Alonso and Vandor were both later assassinated in as-yet unexplained circumstances 

José López Rega
Isabel met José López Rega, who was a former policeman with an interest in occultism and fortune-telling, during a visit to Argentina in 1965  She was interested in occult matters (and as president reportedly employed astrological divination to determine national policy), so the two quickly became friends  Under pressure from Isabel, Perón appointed López as his personal secretary; López later founded the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A), a death squad accused of perpetrating 1,500 crimes in the 1970s 

Rise to power
Dr  Héctor Cámpora was nominated by Perón's Justicialist Party to run in the March 1973 presidential elections on the FREJULI ticket (a Peronist-led alliance)  Cámpora won, but it was generally understood that Juan Perón held the real power; a popular phrase at the time was "Cámpora al gobierno, Perón al poder" (Cámpora in government, Perón in power)  Later that year, Perón returned to Argentina, and Cámpora resigned to allow Perón to run for president  He chose Isabel as his nominee for the Vice Presidency to mollify feuding Peronist factions, as these could agree on no other running mate  His return from exile was marked by a growing rift between the right and left wings of the Peronist movement; while Cámpora represented the left wing, López Rega represented the right wing  The latter was, moreover, supported by the CGT labor federation leadership and Isabel herself, and this faction became known by the left as the entorno ('entourage') due to the inner circle status Perón afforded them  Juan Perón had long been inimical to the left, but cultivated their support while he was in exile  His sympathies ended, however, after the assassination of CGT leader José Ignacio Rucci by the leftist Montoneros in September Perón's victory in a snap election called by Congress in September 1973 was always considered likely, and he won with 62% of the vote  He began his third term on 12 October, with Isabel as Vice President  Perón was by then in precarious health, however; a CIA cable at the time described him as alternating between a lucid state and that of senile dependency  Isabel had to take over as Acting President on several occasions during his tenure 

Presidency
Juan Perón suffered a series of heart attacks on 28 June 1974; Isabel was summoned home from a European trade mission and secretly sworn in as acting president the next day  Juan Perón died on 1 July 1974, less than a year after his third election to office  As vice-president his widow formally ascended to the presidency, thus becoming the first woman in the world to hold the title of "President", although she was not the first woman to lead a country  She was popularly known as La Presidente Although she lacked Evita Perón's charisma, the grieving widow at first attracted support from the nation  She pledged to uphold the social market economy policies embodied in the 1973 "Social Pact" as well her husband's long-held orthodox Peronism and economic nationalism; her first significant economic policy decisions were the enactment of a new, pro-labor employment contract law and the granting to YPF a monopoly over filling stations  Even leftist groups, having fallen out with Juan Perón in previous months, publicly offered support to her  However she cancelled meetings with various constituent and political groups, and the sympathy resulting from her husband's death soon dissipated  Her government purged most leftists from university posts and the administration, and (as her husband and other Argentine presidents had done) used Federal intervention powers to unseat leftist governors  Following a string of political murders and a break by the Montoneros with the government, on 30 September Perón signed the Anti-Terrorism Law  This was the first in a series of measures which eroded constitutional rights, ostensibly for the sake of combating leftist violence Another source of contention between her and the voters was the increasing impression that José López Rega, the Minister of Social Welfare, set the agenda for a broad swath of Perón's policies, vetting nearly all domestic and foreign policy  His public behaviour – which included bizarre actions such as silently mouthing her words as she spoke – began to cost the president much-needed support among the Argentine public  Known to have fascist sympathies, López Rega was also notably corrupt and used his position to secure business partnerships with (ODESSA network principal) Otto Skorzeny, (Libyan leader) Muammar Gaddafi, and (the Italian Fascist) Licio Gelli (to whose P-2 lodge López Rega belonged) López Rega's greatest influence upon Isabel Perón's presidency came through his recently formed Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A)  A right-wing paramilitary force, between late 1973 and late 1974 the Triple A had already carried out nearly 300 murders, including that of Professor Silvio Frondizi (brother of former President Arturo Frondizi), Congressman Rodolfo Ortega Peña, activist Father Carlos Mugica, Buenos Aires Province Assistant Police Chief Julio Troxler, former Córdoba Vice-Governor Atilio López and former Chilean Army head Carlos Prats  Other prominent public servants, such as UCR Senator Hipólito Solari Yrigoyen, and left-wing University of Buenos Aires President Rodolfo Puiggrós, narrowly survived Triple A attacks; Puiggrós was then removed from his post Atrocities were also being committed by left-wing extremists  Organized in 1968, the anarchist Montoneros murdered former head of state Pedro Aramburu, popular CGT union Secretary General José Ignacio Rucci, construction workers' union leader Rogelio Coria, former Interior Minister Arturo Mor Roig and U S  Consul John Egan, among other murders and kidnappings  Throughout 1974, the rise of a new and nearly-as-violent Trotskyite group, the ERP, added to the cycle of violence  Having gained notoriety after the murder of FIAT executive Oberdan Sallustro, the ERP began the year with a violent assault on the Azul barracks  It murdered, among others, a criminal court judge, Jorge Quiroga; the writer Jordán Bruno Genta; and the publisher of La Plata's centrist El Día, David Kraiselburd  The kidnapping of Esso executive Victor Samuelson, freed for a ransom of US$12 million, ignited what would become a rash of such crimes  However, the government and paramilitaries used this environment to target and murder many legitimate opponents of the regime, as listed above Following the murder of Buenos Aires Police Chief Alberto Villar (one of López Rega's closest collaborators in the Triple A) and his wife, as well as amid increasing activity by the ERP in the Province of Tucumán, Perón was persuaded to declare a state of siege on 6 November (suspending, among other rights, habeas corpus)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Thirukkanur
Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India  It is one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk  It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west 
Thirukkanur has a primary health center, police station, post office, electricity office and registrar office   The area is mainly oriented to agriculture  Thirukkanur market is the only bazaar catering to the needs of about 20 nearby villages   There is no major industry within the purview area of the Thirukkanar Police Station 


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
Mount Bosworth
Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia  The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park  It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway 

Geology
Mount Bosworth is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods  Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny 

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Bosworth is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers  Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors  below −30 °C 

See also
List of peaks on the Alberta–British Columbia border
List of mountains of Alberta
Mountains of British Columbia
Passage 3:
Berhale (woreda)
Berahle(Baracle) is a woreda in Afar Region, Ethiopia  Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression  This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea  Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tayaraboda

Overview
The average elevation in this woreda is 233 meters above sea level  The major body of water in this woreda is the saline Lake Karum (also known as Lake Assela)  As of 2008, Berhale has 236 kilometers of all-weather gravel road; about 13% of the total population has access to drinking water Education in the principal town of Berahle consists of eight grades  In 7 of the 9 rural kebeles, school consists of grades 1 through 4, while in the remaining two kebeles, the students are taught under a tree  As of 2004, a total of 2,501 children, 445 females, are enrolled in the woreda; the number of workers who have completed Grade 12 is between 1-2% and 15% are reported to be literate  Of the woreda and kebele leaders, 3% are literate 

Demographics
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 78,881, of whom 45,501 are men and 33,380 women; with an area of 2,509 17 square kilometers, Berahle has a population density of 31 44  While 6,098 or 7 73% are urban inhabitants, a further 7,353 or 9 32% are pastoralists  A total of 11,402 households were counted in this woreda, which results in an average of 6 9 persons to a household, and 11,653 housing units  98 93% of the population said they were Muslim, and 1 03% were Orthodox Christians 


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
Troy Independent School District
Troy Independent School District is a public school district based in Troy, Texas (USA) 
Located in Bell County, the district extends into a small portion of Falls County  In addition to Troy, the district also serves the unincorporated communities of Pendleton, Belfalls, and Oenaville In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency 

Schools
Troy High School (Grades 9-12)
Raymond Mays Middle School (Grades 6-8)
Troy Elementary School (Grades 2-5)
Mays Elementary School (Grades PK-1)
Passage 5:
Notogawa, Shiga
Notogawa (能登川町, Notogawa-chō) was a town located in Kanzaki District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan 
Notogawa Station (Location: N35 179899,E136 165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi  The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west  The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest 

History
On January 1, 2006, Notogawa, along with the town of Gamō (from Gamō District), was merged into the expanded city of Higashiōmi 

Demographics
As of 2005, the town had an estimated population of 23,385 and a density of 751 45 persons per km²  The total area is 31 12 km² 

Sister town
Taber, Alberta, Canada 

External links
 Media related to Notogawa, Shiga at Wikimedia Commons
Passage 6:
Canada–United States border
The Canada–United States border (French: Frontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis) is the longest international border in the world  The terrestrial boundary (including boundaries in the Great Lakes, Atlantic, and Pacific coasts) is 8,891 km (5,525 mi) long  The land border has two sections: Canada's border with the contiguous United States to its south, and with the U S  state of Alaska to its west  The bi-national International Boundary Commission deals with matters relating to marking and maintaining the boundary, and the International Joint Commission deals with issues concerning boundary waters  The agencies currently responsible for facilitating legal passage through the international boundary are the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U S  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) 

History
18th century
The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States  In the second article of the Treaty, the parties agreed on all boundaries of the United States, including, but not limited to, the boundary to the north along then-British North America  The agreed-upon boundary included the line from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia to the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River and proceeded down along the middle of the river to the 45th parallel of north latitude 
The parallel had been established in the 1760s as the boundary between the provinces of Quebec and New York (including what would later become the State of Vermont)  It was surveyed and marked by John Collins and Thomas Valentine from 1771 to 1773 The St  Lawrence River and the Great Lakes became the boundary further west, between the United States and what is now Ontario  Northwest of Lake Superior, the boundary followed rivers to the Lake of the Woods  From the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods, the boundary was agreed to go straight west until it met the Mississippi River  In fact, that line never meets the river since the river's source is further south 

Jay Treaty (1794)
The Jay Treaty of 1794 (effective 1796) created the International Boundary Commission, which was charged with surveying and mapping the boundary  It also provided for the removal of British military and administration from Detroit, as well as other frontier outposts on the U S  side  The Jay Treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Ghent (effective 1815) concluding the War of 1812, which included pre-war boundaries 

19th century
Signed in December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812, returning the boundaries of British North America and the United States to the state they were prior to the war  In the following decades, the United States and the United Kingdom concluded several treaties that settled the major boundary disputes between the two, enabling the border to be demilitarized  The Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817 provided a plan for demilitarizing the two combatant sides in the War of 1812 and also laid out preliminary principles for drawing a border between British North America and the United States 

London Convention (1818)
The Treaty of 1818 saw expansion of both British North America and the US, where the boundary extended westward along the 49th parallel, from the Northwest Angle at Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains  The treaty extinguished British claims to the south of that line up to the Red River Valley, which was part of Rupert's Land  The treaty also extinguished U S  claims to land north of that line in the watershed of the Missouri River, which was part of the Louisiana Purchase  This amounted to three small areas, consisting of the northern part of the drainages of the Milk River (today in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan), the Poplar River (Saskatchewan), and Big Muddy Creek (Saskatchewan)  Along the 49th parallel, the border vista is theoretically straight, but in practice follows the 19th-century surveyed border markers and varies by several hundred feet in spots 

Webster–Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Disputes over the interpretation of the border treaties and mistakes in surveying required additional negotiations, which resulted in the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842  The treaty resolved the Aroostook War, a dispute over the boundary between Maine, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada  The treaty redefined the border between New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York on the one hand, and the Province of Canada on the other, resolving the Indian Stream dispute and the Fort Blunder dilemma at the outlet to Lake Champlain 
The part of the 45th parallel that separates Quebec from the U S  states of Vermont and New York had first been surveyed from 1771 to 1773 after it had been declared the boundary between New York (including what later became Vermont) and Quebec  It was surveyed again after the War of 1812  The U S  federal government began to construct fortifications just south of the border at Rouses Point, New York, on Lake Champlain  After a significant portion of the construction was completed, measurements revealed that at that point, the actual 45th parallel was three-quarters of a mile (1 2 km) south of the surveyed line  The fort, which became known as "Fort Blunder", was in Canada, which created a dilemma for the U S  that was not resolved until a provision of the treaty left the border on the meandering line as surveyed  The border along the Boundary Waters in present-day Ontario and Minnesota between Lake Superior and the Northwest Angle was also redefined 

Oregon Treaty (1846)
An 1844 boundary dispute during the Presidency of James K  Polk led to a call for the northern boundary of the U S  west of the Rockies to be 54°40′N related to the southern boundary of Russia's Alaska Territory  However, Great Britain wanted a border that followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean  The dispute was resolved in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary through the Rockies 

Boundary surveys (mid–19th century)
The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–1861) laid out the land boundary  However, the water boundary was not settled for some time  After the Pig War in 1859, arbitration in 1872 established the border between the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands 
The International Boundary Survey (or, the "Northern Boundary Survey" in the US) began in 1872  Its mandate was to establish the border as agreed to in the Treaty of 1818  Archibald Campbell led the way for the United States, while Donald Cameron, supported by chief astronomer Samuel Anderson, headed the British team  This survey focused on the border from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains 

20th century
In 1903, following a dispute that arose because of the Klondike Gold Rush, a joint United Kingdom–Canada–U S  tribunal established the boundary of southeast Alaska On April 11, 1908, the United Kingdom and the United States agreed, under Article IV of the Treaty of 1908 "concerning the boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean", to survey and delimit the boundary between Canada and the U S  through the St  Lawrence River and Great Lakes, in accordance with modern surveying techniques, and thus accomplished several changes to the border   In 1925, the International Boundary Commission's temporary mission became permanent for maintaining the survey and mapping of the border; maintaining boundary monuments and buoys; and keeping the border clear of brush and vegetation for 6 m (20 ft)  This "border vista" extends for 3 m (9 8 ft) on each side of the line In 1909, under the Boundary Waters Treaty, the International Joint Commission was established for Canada and the U S  to investigate and approve projects that affect the waters and waterways along the border 

21st century
As a result of the 2001 September 11 attacks, the Canada–U S  border was shut without any warning, and no goods or people were allowed to cross  In the wake of the impromptu border closure, procedures were jointly developed to ensure that commercial traffic could cross the border even if people were restricted from crossing  These procedures were later used for a border closure caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 

2020–2021 closure
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and the United States, the governments of Canada and the United States agreed to close the border to "non-essential" travel on March 21, 2020, for an initial period of 30 days  The closure has been extended 15 times since then; it expired on July 21, 2021  However, in mid-June 2021, the Canadian government announced it will ease some entry requirements for fully vaccinated Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and foreign nationals starting on July 5, 2021  In mid-July, the Canadian government announced that fully vaccinated American citizens and permanent residents can visit Canada starting August 9, 2021  The American government reopened its land border to fully vaccinated Canadian citizens effective November 8, 2021  Provided that COVID cases remain stable and/or decline, fully vaccinated international visitors can enter Canada starting September 7  The 2020–21 closure was reportedly the first blanket, long-term closure of the border since the War of 1812 Essential travel, as defined by Canadian and US regulations, includes travel for employment or education purposes  "Non-essential" travel to Canada, includes travel "for an optional or discretionary purpose, such as tourism, recreation or entertainment " The U S  Department of Homeland Security issued defined non-essential travel to include "tourism purposes (e g , sightseeing, recreation, gambling, or attending cultural events)" and gave an extensive, non-exhaustive definition of what sorts of travel qualify as essential Business advocacy groups, noting the substantial economic impact of the closure on both sides of the border, called for more nuanced restrictions in place of the blanket ban on non-essential travel  The Northern Border Caucus, a group in the US Congress composed of members from border communities, made similar suggestions to the governments of both countries  Beyond the closure itself, US President Donald Trump also initially suggested the idea of deploying United States military personnel near the border with Canada in connection with the pandemic  He later abandoned the idea following vocal opposition from Canadian officials 

Security
Law enforcement approach
The International Boundary is commonly referred to as the world's "longest undefended border", though this is true only in the military sense, as civilian law enforcement is present  It is illegal to cross the border outside border controls, as anyone crossing the border must be checked per immigration and customs laws  The relatively low level of security measures stands in contrast to that of the United States–Mexico border (one-third length of Canada–U S  border), which is actively patrolled by U S  Customs and Border Protection personnel to prevent illegal migration and drug trafficking 

Parts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas, but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans  The border also runs through the middle of the Akwesasne Nation and even divides some buildings found in communities in New England and Quebec 
The U S  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) identifies the chief issues along the border as domestic and international terrorism; drug smuggling and smuggling of products (such as tobacco) to evade customs duties; and illegal immigration  A June 2019 U S  Government Accountability Office report identified specific staffing and resource shortfalls faced by the CBP on the Northern border that adversely affect enforcement actions; the U S  Border Patrol "identified an insufficient number of agents that limited patrol missions along the northern border" while CBP Air and Marine Operations "identified an insufficient number of agents along the northern border, which limited the number and frequency of air and maritime missions "There are eight U S  Border Patrol sectors based on the Canada–U S  border, each covering a designated "area of responsibility"; the sectors are (from west to east) based in Blaine, Washington; Spokane, Washington; Havre, Montana; Grand Forks, North Dakota; Detroit, Michigan; Buffalo, New York; Swanton, Vermont; and Houlton, Maine Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, security along the border was dramatically tightened by the two countries in both populated and rural areas  Both nations are also actively involved in detailed and extensive tactical and strategic intelligence sharing 
In December 2010, Canada and the United States were negotiating an agreement titled "Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Competitiveness" which would give the U S  more influence over Canada's border security and immigration controls, and more information would be shared by Canada with the U S 

Security measures
Residents of both nations who own property adjacent to the border are forbidden to build within the 6-metre-wide (20 ft) boundary vista without permission from the International Boundary Commission  They are required to report such construction to their respective governments 
All persons crossing the border are required to report to the customs agency of the country they have entered  Where necessary, fences or vehicle blockades are used  In remote areas, where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden sensors on roads, trails, railways, and wooded areas, which are located near crossing points  There is no border zone; the U S  Customs and Border Protection routinely sets up checkpoints as far as 100 miles (160 km) into U S  territory In August 2020, the United States constructed 3 8 km (2 4 mi) of short cable fencing along the border between Abbotsford, British Columbia, and Whatcom County, Washington 

Identification
Prior to 2007, American and Canadian citizens were only required to produce a birth certificate and driver's license/government-issued identification card when crossing the Canada–United States border However, in late 2006, the U S  Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced the final rule of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), which pertained to new identification requirements for travelers entering the United States  This rule, which marked the first phase of the initiative, was implemented on January 23, 2007, specifying six forms of identification acceptable for crossing the U S  border (depending on mode):
a valid passport—required in order to enter by air;
a United States passport card;
an enhanced driver's license—issued by the U S  States of Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont, and Washington, as well as the Canadian Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec;
a trusted traveler program card (i e  NEXUS, FAST, or SENTRI);
a valid Merchant Mariner Credential—to be used when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; and
a valid U S  military identification card—to be used when traveling on official orders The requirement of a passport or an enhanced form of identification to enter the United States by air went into effect in January 2007; and went into effect for those entering the U S  by land and sea in January 2008  Although the new requirements for land and sea entry went into legal effect in January 2008, its enforcement did not begin until June 2009  Since June 2009, every traveller arriving via a land or sea port-of-entry (including ferries) has been required to present one of the above forms of identification in order to enter the United States 

Conversely in order to cross into Canada, a traveler must also carry identification, as well as a valid visa (if necessary) when crossing the border  Forms of identification include a valid passport, a Canadian Emergency Travel Document, an enhanced driver's license issued by a Canadian province or territory, or an enhanced identification/photo card issued by a Canadian province or territory  Several other documents may be used by Canadians to identify their citizenship at the border, although use of such documents requires it to be supported with additional photo identification American and Canadian citizens who are members of a trusted traveler program such as FAST or NEXUS, may present their FAST or NEXUS card as an alternate form of identification when crossing the international boundary by land or sea, or when arriving by air from only Canada or the United States  Although permanent residents of Canada and the United States are eligible for FAST or NEXUS, they are required to travel with a passport and proof of permanent residency upon arrival at the Canadian border  American permanent residents who are NEXUS members also require Electronic Travel Authorization when crossing the Canadian border 

Security issues
Smuggling
Smuggling of alcoholic beverages ("rum running") was widespread during the 1920s, when Prohibition was in effect nationally in the United States and parts of Canada 
In more recent years, Canadian officials have brought attention to drug, cigarette, and firearms smuggling from the United States, while U S  officials have made complaints of drug smuggling via Canada  In July 2005, law enforcement personnel arrested three men who had built a 110-metre (360 ft) tunnel under the border between British Columbia and Washington, intended for the use of smuggling marijuana, the first such tunnel known on this border  From 2007 to 2010, 147 people were arrested for smuggling marijuana on the property of a bed-and-breakfast in Blaine, Washington, but agents estimate that they caught only about 5% of smugglers Because of its location, Cornwall, Ontario, experiences ongoing smuggling—mostly of tobacco and firearms from the United States  The neighboring Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles the Ontario–Quebec–New York borders, where its First Nations sovereignty prevents Ontario Provincial Police, Sûreté du Québec, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada Border Services Agency, Canadian Coast Guard, United States Border Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and New York State Police from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges taking place within the territory 

2009 border occupation
In May 2009, the Mohawk people of Akwesasne occupied the area around the Canada Border Services Agency port of entry building to protest the Canadian government's decision to arm its border agents while operating on Mohawk territory   The north span of the Seaway International Bridge  and the CBSA inspection facilities were closed   During this occupation, the Canadian flag was replaced with the flag of the Mohawk people  Although U S  Customs remained opened to southbound traffic, northbound traffic was blocked on the U S  side by both American and Canadian officials  The Canadian border at this crossing remained closed for six weeks   On July 13, 2009, the CBSA opened a temporary inspection station at the north end of the north span of the bridge in the city of Cornwall, allowing traffic to once again flow in both directions The Mohawk people of Akwesasne have staged ongoing protests at this border   In 2014 they objected to a process that made their crossing more tedious, believing it violated their treaty rights of free passage   When traveling from the U S  to Cornwall Island, they must first cross a second bridge into Canada, for inspection at the new Canadian border station  Discussions between inter-governmental agencies were being pursued on the feasibility of relocating the Canadian border inspection facilities on the U S  side of the border 

2017 border crossing crisis
In August 2017, the border between Quebec and New York saw an influx of up to 500 irregular crossings each day, by individuals seeking asylum in Canada  As a result, Canada increased border security and immigration staffing in the area, reiterating the fact that crossing the border irregularly had no effect on one's asylum status From the beginning of January 2017 up until the end of March 2018, the RCMP intercepted 25,645 people crossing the border into Canada from an unauthorized point of entry  Public Safety Canada estimates another 2,500 came across in April 2018 for a total of just over 28,000 

Border lengths and regions
The length of the terrestrial boundary is 8,891 km (5,525 mi), of which 6,416 km (3,987 mi) is against the contiguous 48 states, and 2,475 km (1,538 mi) against Alaska  Eight out of thirteen provinces and territories of Canada and thirteen out of fifty U



ground_truth: the novel of the same name by Robert Ludlum

Robert Ludlum

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the president born on the fourth of July born?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Censorship also increased markedly, culminating in the closure by decree of one of the leading news dailies in Latin America (Crónica) and several other publications, as well as the banning of Argentine television figures such as talk show host Mirtha Legrand and comedian Tato Bores Operation Independence began in Tucumán on 5 February 1975  This military campaign, though successful from a military standpoint, gained notoriety for its brutality; in addition to going after insurgents, it attacked elected officials, magistrates, University of Tucumán faculty, and even secondary school teachers The government turned on the labor movement, the mainstay of Peronism for the better part of a quarter-century, classifying it as "subversive" and subject to reprisals  The November 1974 election of a left-wing union shop steward at a Villa Constitución steel mill and its disapproval by steelworkers' leader Lorenzo Miguel (a leading figure in the paramount CGT), resulted in a brutal 20 March 1975 police assault on the facility  The raid, executed jointly with Triple A heavies, led to the "disappearances" of many of the 300 workers arrested 

Stacking the State Intelligence Secretariat (SIDE) with Fascists loyal to him, Lopez Rega hastened unprecedented intrigue, culminating in the kidnapping of Jorge and Juan Born, prominent local executives who paid US$60 million for their release (a world record at the time)  Using contacts from among the Montoneros' many double agents, the agency kept the Born brothers in a known SIDE safehouse for nine months until their June 1975 release without public suspicion of SIDE involvement, a successful false flag operation that led to others (albeit less ambitious ones) in the following months López Rega, meanwhile, arranged the dismissal of many of the most competent policy makers Perón had inherited from her husband's brief presidency; by May 1975, both Economy Minister José Ber Gelbard and Central Bank President Alfredo Gómez Morales had been replaced with right-wing López Rega loyalists Isabel Perón initially maintained the Social Pact inherited from her husband, and succeeded in enhancing it with reforms such as the enactment in December 1974 of payroll taxes to strengthen the Public Retirement System  Yielding to pressure from labor she ignored the incomes policy aspect of the Social Pact, however, and while the economy remained otherwise stable, a price/wage spiral ensued with inflation rising from a low of 12% a year at the height of the Social Pact in May 1974 to 80% a year later The Social Pact also faced growing opposition by employers, particularly after conservative members of the General Economic Council (CGE) split from the conciliatory CGE in March 1975 to form the more combative APEGE; this group would later adopt the tactic of staging recurring lockouts against the administration Faced with record trade and budget deficits, the new Economy Minister, Celestino Rodrigo, proceeded to apply economic shock therapy in June  These measures doubled rates and fares and ordered a surprise halving of the peso's value, which, by forcing those who could to stampede towards the U S  dollar, destroyed the fragile financial balance that had been maintained to that point  Consumer prices doubled between May and August 1975 alone, and though sharp, mandatory wage hikes had been negotiated between the government, labor and employers, the resulting shock (known as the Rodrigazo) ignited protest across Argentina, including a two-day general strike by the CGT (the first ever against a Peronist administration)  Following protests in front of his offices, the now hated José López Rega was hastily appointed Ambassador to Spain and boarded a flight into exile 

Fall from power
López Rega left the country on 19 July  Shortly afterward, Perón dismissed her protégés in the Economy Ministry, Celestino Rodrigo, and in the Armed Forces High Command, General Alberto Numa Laplane, whom she replaced in August with General Jorge Videla, a quiet career officer with an uneventful military record  The president's appointment of a pragmatic economist, Peronist wheelhorse Antonio Cafiero and her 13 September announcement of a leave of absence relieved ample sectors of society, from labor unions to business  Designating Senate President Ítalo Lúder, a moderately conservative Peronist, in her stead, it was widely hoped that her leave would become permanent; but, it was not to be Limited largely to the murder of security forces and public figures during 1974, political violence escalated during 1975 to include soft targets in the population at large as Trotskyist ERP and fascist Triple A extremists began taking to midnight lightning strikes against each other and civilian targets such as banks, buses, yachts, parking lots, and restaurants  Over 700 people died from political violence during Mrs  Perón's first 15 months in office, of which more than half were subversives and most of the remainder were security forces; by March 1976, civilians comprised fully half of the 1,358 deaths attributable to this conflict The Montoneros, moreover, began a series of audacious attacks on military installations, including August dynamiting of the nearly finished destroyer Santísima Trinidad near the port of La Plata and the Operation Primicia, a terrorist attack on a military base in Formosa Province on 5 October  Anxious to placate the exasperated public, the military, hard-line labor leaders (particularly the steelworkers' Lorenzo Miguel), and most other Peronists, on 6 October she and Lúder signed new measures giving blanket immunity for the Armed Forces that they may (in her words) "annihilate subversive elements throughout the country" – in effect a nationwide extension of the state of siege that had been imposed in Tucumán  The measure won her just enough support to return from "sick leave" and on 17 October (on Peronists' historically central Loyalty Day), Perón appeared at the balcony of the Casa Rosada, back at her post Her health remained fragile, however, and a gallbladder affliction forced her to take a second, shorter leave of absence in November  Interior Minister Ángel Robledo's proposal that elections (scheduled for March 1977) should instead be held in November 1976 was approved by the president during this leave, bringing renewed hope that an increasingly rumored coup d'état could yet be averted Anxiety over inflation, meanwhile, continued to dominate daily life  Monthly inflation did slow from the (then-record) 35% logged in July - but remained at 10–15% monthly between September and January 1976  A sudden fall in business investment had by then sent the economy into a sharp recession, however  GDP growth had already slowed from a 6 8% rate in the fourth quarter of 1974 to 1 4% in the second quarter; following the Rodrigazo crisis, the economy shrank 4 4% by the first quarter of 1976, with fixed investment falling by one sixth and auto production by a third The mid-year recession had significantly curbed the growth in imports; but because exports continued to fall, the trade deficit reached a record billion dollars in 1975, nearly depleting foreign exchange reserves  The government's 1975 budget had been derailed by the crisis and by earlier commitments to cancel its then still-modest foreign debt, something which even so cost Argentina US$2 5 billion that year, alone  The resulting budget deficits (over US$5 billion, in 1975) and a series of lockouts in the agricultural and commercial sectors began to reassert pressure on prices after November, leading to hoarding and shortages The appointment of Brigadier General Héctor Fautario, a loyalist of Perón, to the branch's high command, fueled broader support in the Air Force for action against her administration, and on 18 December, General Jesús Capellini attempted a coup d'état by seizing the Morón Airport and Air Base  The military joint chiefs, however, who obtained Fautario's dismissal, stayed the mutiny's hand, secretly concluding that the timing was premature  Partly in response, the nearly defeated ERP on 23 December besieged the important Monte Chingolo Armory, which claimed the lives of six military personnel and 85 guerrilla members; this defeat marked the end of the ERP's violent campaign Allegations had surfaced in August that Perón had embezzled large sums from the Cruzada de Solidaridad ('Solidarity Crusade'), a government-run charity, into her personal accounts in Spain  A congressional investigation launched in November over the charity fund embezzlement allegations had meanwhile dissipated her remaining support in Congress, prompting the departure of the second-largest party in the FREJULI alliance, the centrist MID, and dividing the Peronist caucus into "Vericalist" and "Rebel" factions  Her administration was dealt further political blows from within her own party by a break in December with the Governor of Buenos Aires Victorio Calabró, who declared that "we won't make it [to the next elections]" and with the resignation in January 1976 of Interior Minister Ángel Robledo, her chief legislative and military point man 

Isabel Perón granted ever more significant policy concessions to the largely conservative military in the early months of 1976, from security matters to economic  Economy Minister Antonio Cafiero, supported by labor, was dismissed in February, and his replacement, Eugenio Mondelli, announced further shock therapy measures similar to the previous year's Rodrigazo – the Mondelazo  These measures included steep hikes in utility rates and a new devaluation of the already shredded peso, causing prices to more than double over the next three months (inflation reached a new record of over 700% by April) and leading a new wave of strikes and business lockouts The UCR initiated impeachment proceedings against the President in February with the support of the "Rebel" Peronist faction in Congress  Near defeat though still active, the Montoneros detonated a bomb at Army headquarters on 15 March, killing one and injuring 29 people  The head of the CGE, Julio Broner, left Argentina with his family, altogether; CGT Secretary General Casildo Herreras followed suit, announcing from exile that he had "erased" himself  The leader of the opposition UCR Ricardo Balbín, while making efforts to form a multi-party congressional crisis committee, held a private meeting in February with Army Chief of Staff Videla and told him, "If you're planning to stage a coup, do so as soon as possible – expect no applause from us, but no obstacles either "The media were by then openly counting down the days to the expected coup d'état, and several newspapers published editorials calling for Perón's overthrow  Even as the joint chiefs professed loyalty to La Presidente, the Armed Forces High Command had already given final approval to a coup, code-named 'Operation Aries', when the president returned from her leave of absence in October 1975 After working late into the evening of 23 March 1976, in the hope of averting a renewed business lockout, Perón celebrated her executive assistant's birthday with staff  Alerted to suspicious military exercises, she boarded the presidential helicopter shortly after midnight  It did not fly her to the Quinta de Olivos presidential residence but to an Air Force base in nearby Jorge Newbery International Airport, where she was formally deposed and arrested 

Detention and exile
The majority of Peronist officials in the national, provincial, and municipal governments were promptly arrested, brutally beaten, starved, tortured, and interrogated by military police  Many "disappeared" permanently during the subsequent Dirty War, including numerous right-wing Peronists  Isabel Perón herself remained under house arrest in Villa La Angostura and other secluded locations for five years, and was eventually sent into exile in Spain in July 1981  She continued to serve as official head of her husband's Justicialist Party until her resignation in February 1985, nearly a decade after her fall from power  Though there were some who desired her return and wished for her return to power, she refused to stand for election to the presidency when elections were ultimately called in 1983  She lived in Madrid, maintained close links with Francisco Franco's family, and sometimes went to Marbella  She sold Perón's Puerta de Hierro estate in 2001, and relocated to a townhouse in the western suburb of Villafranca del Castillo 

Following the restoration of democracy in Argentina, she was pardoned from charges of corruption during her presidency and returned in December 1983 as a guest of honor at President Raúl Alfonsín's inauguration, and in May 1984 to participate in policy talks arranged by Alfonsín and opposition leaders  Still nominally head of Juan Perón's Justicialist Party, she played a constructive role in the talks, supporting cooperation between the restive CGT labor union (her party's political base) and Alfonsín  The talks concluded with a weak agreement, and she resigned from her post as titular head of the party  She returned to Argentina in 1988 to resolve probate disputes concerning the Perón estate, then resumed residence in Spain under a very low profile 

Arrest in Spain
A judge in Mendoza, Argentina in November 2006 demanded testimony from Isabel Perón, along with other Peronist ministers of her government, in a case involving forced disappearances during her presidency; on 12 January 2007, she was arrested by police in Madrid  She was charged by the Argentine authorities with the disappearance of Héctor Aldo Fagetti Gallego on 25 February 1976, and for crimes related to her issuance of 6 October 1975 decree calling the Armed Forces to "annihilate subversive elements " The Nunca Más ("Never Again") report released in 1984 by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons recorded 600 disappearances and 500 assassinations under the Peronist governments from 1973 to 1976, and it is acknowledged that the Triple A alone murdered some 600 people The 2006 capture in Spain of Triple A death-squad overseer Rodolfo Almirón, who had also been in charge of López Rega's and Isabel Perón's personal security, shed further light on the extent of Triple A involvement in the early stages of the Dirty War  Isabel Perón's extradition to Argentina was refused by Spain on 28 March 2008  Spain's National Court ruled twice that the charges against her did not constitute crimes against humanity, adding that the statute of limitations on the charges expired after 20 years The Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina unanimously dismissed on 21 June 2017 the petitions to interrogate Isabel Perón either as a witness or as a defendant 

See also
National Reorganization Process

Notes
Passage 8:
Territorial evolution of the United States
The United States of America was formed after thirteen British colonies in North America declared independence from the British Empire on July 4, 1776  In the Lee Resolution, passed by the Second Continental Congress two days prior, the colonies resolved that they were free and independent states  The union was formalized in the Articles of Confederation, which came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states  Their independence was recognized by Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which concluded the American Revolutionary War  This effectively doubled the size of the colonies, now able to stretch west past the Proclamation Line to the Mississippi River  This land was organized into territories and then states, though there remained some conflict with the sea-to-sea grants claimed by some of the original colonies  In time, these grants were ceded to the federal government 
The first great expansion of the country came with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which doubled the country's territory, although the southeastern border with Spanish Florida was the subject of much dispute until it and Spanish claims to the Oregon Country were ceded to the US in 1821  The Oregon Country gave the United States access to the Pacific Ocean, though it was shared for a time with the United Kingdom  The annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845 led directly to the Mexican–American War, after which the victorious United States obtained the northern half of Mexico's territory, including what was quickly made the state of California  However, as the development of the country moved west, the question of slavery became more important, with vigorous debate over whether the new territories would allow slavery and events such as the Missouri Compromise and Bleeding Kansas  This came to a head in 1860 and 1861, when the governments of the southern states proclaimed their secession from the country and formed the Confederate States of America  The American Civil War led to the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 and the eventual readmission of the states to the United States Congress  The cultural endeavor and pursuit of manifest destiny provided a strong impetus for westward expansion in the 19th century 
The country began expanding beyond North America in 1856 with the passage of the Guano Islands Act, causing many small and uninhabited, but economically important, islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea to be claimed  Most of these claims were eventually abandoned, largely due to competing claims from other countries  The Pacific expansion culminated in the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, after the overthrow of its government five years previously  Alaska, the last major acquisition in North America, was purchased from Russia in 1867 
Support for the independence of Cuba from the Spanish Empire, and the sinking of the USS Maine, led to the Spanish–American War in 1898, in which the United States gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, and occupied Cuba for several years  American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War  The United States purchased the U S  Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917  Guam and Puerto Rico remain territories; the Philippines became independent in 1946, after being a major theater of World War II  Following the war, many islands were entrusted to the U S  by the United Nations, and while the Northern Mariana Islands remain a U S  territory, the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau emerged from the trust territory as independent nations  The last major international change was the acquisition in 1904, and return to Panama in 1979, of the Panama Canal Zone, an unincorporated US territory which controlled the Panama Canal  The final cession of formal control over the region was made to Panama in 1999 
States have generally retained their initial borders once established  Only four states (Maine, Kentucky, Vermont, and West Virginia) have been created from land claimed by another state; all of the other states were created from territories or from acquisitions  Four states (Louisiana, Missouri, Nevada, and Pennsylvania) have expanded by acquiring additional federal territory after their initial admission to the Union  In 1912, Arizona was the last state established in the contiguous United States, commonly called the "lower 48"  In 1959, Hawaii was the 50th and most recent state admitted 

Legend for maps
Key to map colors

1776–1784 (American Revolution)
1784–1803 (Organization of territory)
1803–1818 (Purchase of Louisiana)
1819–1845 (Northwest expansion)
1845–1860 (Southwest expansion)
1860–1865 (Civil War)
1866–1897 (Reconstruction and western statehood)
1898–1945 (Pacific and Caribbean expansion)
1946–present (Decolonization)
Bancos along the Rio Grande
The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course   The sudden changes often created bancos (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the Lower Rio Grande Valley  When these bancos are created, the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border  In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was minuscule (ranging from one to 646 acres) and uninhabited 

See also
Geography of the United States
Territories of the United States
Historic regions of the United States
American frontier
List of U S  state partition proposals
List of U S  states by date of admission to the Union
Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States
National Atlas of the United States
Ostend Manifesto (annexation of Cuba)
List of territorial claims and designations in Colorado
Territorial evolution of Arizona
Territorial evolution of California
Territorial evolution of Idaho
Territorial evolution of Montana
Territorial evolution of Nevada
Territorial evolution of New Mexico
Territorial evolution of North Dakota
Territorial evolution of Oregon
Territorial evolution of South Dakota
Territorial evolution of Utah
Territorial evolution of Washington
Territorial evolution of Wyoming
Territories of the United States on stamps
List of U S –Native American treaties, which indicates tribal land cessions

Notes
Passage 9:
Carmen Ionesco
Carmen Ionesco (birth name Carmen Ionescu; born July 28, 1951 in Bucharest, Romania) is a retired discus thrower and shot putter, who competed for Romania and Canada at the Summer Olympics 
She represented Romania in her first Olympic appearance, at Munich in 1972  Following her emigration to Canada, Ionesco competed for Canada at two Commonwealth Games (1978 and 1982), the 1979 Pan American Games, and the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles 
Her younger sister Florența competed for Romania in the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics 

Achievements
Passage 10:
Independence Day (United States)
Independence Day, known colloquially as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the Declaration of Independence, which was ratified by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, establishing the United States of America 
The Founding Father delegates of the Second Continental Congress declared that the Thirteen Colonies were no longer subject (and subordinate) to the monarch of Britain, King George III, and were now united, free, and independent states  The Congress voted to approve independence by passing the Lee Resolution on July 2 and adopted the Declaration of Independence two days later, on July 4 Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, family reunions, political speeches, and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States  Independence Day is the national day of the United States 

Background
During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain's rule  After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author  
While Jefferson consulted extensively with the other four members of the Committee of Five, he largely wrote the Declaration of Independence in isolation over 17 days between June 11, 1776, and June 28, 1776, from the second floor he was renting in a three-story private home at 700 Market Street in Philadelphia, now known as the Declaration House, and within walking distance of Independence Hall 
Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, removing Jefferson's vigorous denunciation of King George III for importing the slave trade, finally approving it two days later on July 4  A day earlier, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail:The second day of July 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America  I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival  It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty  It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more 
Adams's prediction was off by two days  From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day  Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed By a remarkable coincidence, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, the only two signatories of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as presidents of the United States, both died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration  Although not a signatory of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected president, also died on July 4, 1831, making him the third President who died on the anniversary of independence  The only U S  president to have been born on Independence Day was Calvin Coolidge, who was born on July 4, 1872 

Observance
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island  An article in the July 18, 1777, issue of The Virginia Gazette noted a celebration in Philadelphia in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks  Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting 
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie)  Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France 
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday  The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5 
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration 
In 1783, Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy  The town claims it to be the first public July 4 event, as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church, and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations 
In 1870, the U S  Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees 
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday 

Customs
Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays  Per 5 U S C  § 6103, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day   While the legal holiday remains on July 4, if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday, then federal government employees will instead take the day off on the adjacent Friday or Monday, respectively Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with family members or friends  Decorations (e g , streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag  Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, sporting venues, fairgrounds, public shorelines, or town squares The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece  In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks  They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration  The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels  These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded  The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs, such as "The Star-Spangled Banner" (the American national anthem); "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean"; "God Bless America"; "America the Beautiful"; "My Country, 'Tis of Thee"; "This Land Is Your Land"; "Stars and Stripes Forever"; "Yankee Doodle"; "Dixie" in southern states; "Lift Every Voice and Sing"; and occasionally, but has nominally fallen out of favor, Hail Columbia  Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812 

Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show  Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed  In addition, local and regional conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed; for example, the global supply chain crisis following the COVID-19 pandemic forced cancellations of shows  Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns  On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base New York City has the largest fireworks display in the country sponsored by Macy's, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded in 2009  It generally holds displays in the East River  Other major displays are in Seattle on Lake Union; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in Philadelphia over the Philadelphia Museum of Art; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D C During the annual Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan, hosts one of the largest fireworks displays in North America, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips 

Celebration gallery
Notable celebrations
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States 
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska, has held a celebration on the same town square  In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress  Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor J  James Exon in proclamation  Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations 
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark 
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario, during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1)  It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River 
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC, and locally on WNBC-TV since 1976  In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river 
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1974  Cannons are traditionally fired during the 1812 Overture  The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV  WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime  The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G  Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks  The national broadcast was revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours  In 2017, Bloomberg Television took over coverage duty, with WHDH carrying local coverage beginning in 2018 
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D C , A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually 

Other countries
The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate the day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U S  territory and the United States officially recognized  Philippine Independence 
July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962  In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day 
Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States 

See also
Federal holidays in the United States
Juneteenth
List of occasions known by their dates

Notes
Passage 11:
David Gardiner Tyler
David Gardiner Tyler (July 12, 1846 – September 5, 1927), was a U S  Democratic Party politician and the ninth child and fourth son of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States 
Although born in New York, he went to school in Virginia and fought in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War  After attending college in Germany and Virginia, he became a lawyer  He later served in the Virginia State Senate, as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia's second congressional district, and as a Virginia Circuit Court judge 

Early life
Tyler was born in East Hampton, New York and was the first child born to former President John Tyler and his second wife, Julia Gardiner Tyler  He was named after his late maternal grandfather, David Gardiner  As a child, he attended private schools in Charles City County, Virginia 
In 1862, he entered present-day Washington and Lee University, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, but dropped out the following year to fight in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War   He was present at the surrender of Robert E  Lee at Appomattox Court House in 1865   Following the war, he and his brother, John Alexander Tyler, traveled to Germany, and attended school in the Grand Duchy of Baden  He returned to the United States, and graduated from the Washington and Lee School of Law in 1869 

Career
From 1870 to 1884, Tyler practiced law in Richmond, Virginia, before accepting an appointment as Director of the state lunatic asylum in Williamsburg, Virginia, serving until 1887  From 1891 to 1892, he served in the Virginia State Senate, and on the Board of Visitors of the College of William and Mary Tyler was elected to the United States House of Representatives from the state's 2nd District, serving from 1893 to 1897  He was defeated for renomination in 1896, and returned to private law practice until his reelection to the state senate, where he served from 1900 to 1904  From 1904 until his death in 1927, he served as a state circuit court judge 

Elections
1892; Tyler was elected to the U S  House of Representatives defeating Independent Republicans P C  Garrigan and John F  Deyendorf, H S  Collier, and Independent George Edwin Bowden, winning 55 61% of the vote 
1894; Tyler was re-elected defeating Republican Thomas R  Borland and Independent T J  Edwards, winning 56 27% of the vote 

Personal life
Tyler was married to the former Mary Morris Jones (1865–1931)  Together, they were the parents of five children, four of whom survived to adulthood:
Mary Lyon Tyler (1895–1975), who married George Peterkin Gamble (1899–1986) 
Margaret Gardiner Tyler (1897–1981), who married Stephen F  Chadwick (1894–1975), grandson of Stephen F  Chadwick, the 5th Governor of Oregon 
David Gardiner Tyler Jr  (1899–1993), who married Anne Morton Shelton (1900–1977) 
James Alfred Jones Tyler (1902–1972), who married Katherine Thomason (1909–1967) 
John Tyler (1905–1907), who died young He died at Sherwood Forest Plantation and is buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond 
Passage 12:
Karen Tandy
Karen Pomerantz Tandy is an American attorney and law enforcement official who served as the 9th Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration from 2003 to 2007  She was nominated by President George W  Bush and confirmed by the U S  Senate on July 31, 2003  She was the first female head of the DEA 

Early life and education
Tandy is a native of Fort Worth, Texas and graduated from L  D  Bell High School in Hurst, Texas  She earned a bachelor's degree from Texas Tech University and a Juris Doctor from the Texas Tech University School of Law 

Career
On October 22, 2007, she announced her retirement from the DEA, and took a position with Motorola  Tandy then became senior vice president of public affairs and communications where she served as Motorola's top public policy spokesperson on issues related to global telecom policy, trade, regulation, spectrum allocation, and country relations Since June 2016, she has served as vice chair of the Homeland Security Advisory Council  In March 2021, after Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas dismissed all 32 members of the advisory council, Tandy was one of only three senior-level members to remain in their positions 
Passage 13:
Immokolee
Immokolee (also known as the Dorothy Binney Palmer House) is a historic home in Fort Pierce, Florida  It is located at 8431 Immokolee Road  On July 29, 1994, it was added to the U S  National Register of Historic Places 
The name "Immokolee" derives from a Seminole dialect word meaning "our home" or "my home place "The Mission Revival house was constructed in 1931 by local builder Franklind Tyler from a design provided by owner Dorothy Binney Palmer  The house was restored after Palmer's death in 1985 
Context 3: S  states are located along this international boundary 

Yukon
The Canadian territory of Yukon shares its entire western border with the U S  state of Alaska, beginning at the Beaufort Sea at 69°39′N 141°00′W and proceeds southwards along the 141st meridian west  At 60°18′N, the border proceeds away from the 141st meridian west in a southeastward direction, following the St  Elias Mountains  South of the 60th parallel north, the border continues into British Columbia 

British Columbia
British Columbia has two international borders with the United States: with the state of Alaska along BC's northwest, and with the contiguous United States along the southern edge of the province, including (west to east) Washington, Idaho, and Montana BC's Alaskan border, continuing from Yukon's, proceeds through the St  Elias Mountains, followed by Mt  Fairweather at 58°54′N 137°31′W, where the border heads northwestward towards the Coast Mountains  At 59°48′N 135°28′W, the border begins a general southeastward direction along the Coast Mountains  The border eventually reaches the Portland Canal and follows it outward to the Dixon Entrance, which takes the border down and out into the Pacific Ocean, terminating it upon reaching international waters 
BC's border along the contiguous U S  begins southwest of Vancouver Island and northwest of the Olympic Peninsula, at the terminus of international waters in the Pacific Ocean  It follows the Strait of Juan de Fuca eastward, turning northeastward to enter Haro Strait  The border follows the strait in a northward direction, but turns sharply eastward through Boundary Pass, separating the Canadian Gulf Islands from the American San Juan Islands  Upon reaching the Strait of Georgia, the border turns due north and then towards the northwest, bisecting the strait until the 49th parallel north  After making a sharp turn eastbound, the border follows this parallel across the Tsawwassen Peninsula, separating Point Roberts, Washington from Delta, British Columbia, and continues into Alberta 

Prairies
The entire Canada–U S  border in the provinces of both Alberta and Saskatchewan lies along the 49th parallel north  Both provinces share borders with the state of Montana, while, farther east, Saskatchewan also shares a border with North Dakota Along with the U S  states of North Dakota and Minnesota (west to east), nearly the entire Canada–U S  border in Manitoba lies along the 49th parallel north  At the province's eastern end, however, the border briefly enters the Lake of the Woods, turning north at 48°59′N 95°09′W where it continues into land along the western end of Minnesota's Northwest Angle, the only part of the United States besides the state of Alaska that is north of the 49th parallel  The border reaches Ontario at 49°23′N 95°09′W 

Ontario
The province of Ontario shares its border (west to east) with the U S  states of Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York  The largest provincial international border, most of the border is a water boundary   It begins at the north-westernmost point of Minnesota's Northwest Angle (49°23′N 95°09′W)  From here, it proceeds eastward through the Angle Inlet into the Lake of the Woods, turning southward at 49°19′N 94°48′W where it continues into the Rainy River  The border follows the River to Rainy Lake, then subsequently through various smaller lakes, including Namakan Lake, Lac la Croix, and Sea Gull Lake, until it reaches the Pigeon River, which leads it out into Lake Superior  The border continues through Lake Superior and Whitefish Bay, into the St  Mary's River then the North Channel  At 45°59′N 83°26′W, the border turns southward into the False Detour Channel, from which it reaches Lake Huron  Through the Lake, the border heads southward until reaching the St  Clair River, leading it to Lake St  Clair  The border proceeds through Lake St  Clair, reaching the Detroit River, which leads it to Lake Erie  From Lake Erie the border is led into the Niagara River, which takes it into Lake Ontario  From here, the boundary heads northwestward until it reaches 43°27′N 79°12′W, where it makes a sharp turn towards the northeast  The border then reaches the St  Lawrence River, proceeding through it until finally, at 45°00′N 74°40′W, the border splits from the river and continues into Quebec 

Quebec
The province of Quebec borders (west to east) the U S  states of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, beginning where the Ontario-New York border ends in the St  Lawrence River at the 45th parallel north  This border heads inland towards the east, remaining on or near the parallel  At 45°00′N 71°30′W, the border begins to follow various natural features of the Appalachian Mountains, continuing to do so until  46°25′N 70°03′W, where it heads north, then northeastward at 46°41′N 69°59′W  Finally, at 47°27′N 69°13′W, the border heads toward Beau Lake, going through it and continuing into New Brunswick 

New Brunswick
The entire border of New Brunswick is shared with the U S  state of Maine, beginning at the southern tip of Beau Lake at 47°18′N 69°03′W, subsequently proceeding to the Saint John River  The border moves through the River until  47°04′N 67°47′W, where it splits from the river and heads southward into the Chiputneticook Lakes at 45°56′N 67°47′W, which subsequently leads the border to the St  Croix River  The border proceeds through the St  Croix to Passamaquoddy Bay, which then leads it to Grand Manan Island into the middle of the Bay of Fundy  Here, the border turns towards the south and terminates upon reaching international waters 

Crossings and border straddling
Airports
The U S  maintains pre-clearance facilities (i e  immigration offices) at eight Canadian airports with international air service to the United States: Calgary; Edmonton; Halifax Stanfield; Montreal–Trudeau; Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier; Toronto Island Airport (Billy Bishop Airport), Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver; and Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson  These procedures expedite travel by allowing flights originating in Canada to land at a U S  airport without being processed as an international arrival  Canada does not maintain equivalent personnel at U S  airports due to the sheer number of Canada-bound flights from numerous U S  departure locations 

Cross-border airports
One curiosity on the Canada–U S  border is the presence of six airports and eleven seaplane bases whose runways straddle the borderline  Such airports were built prior to the U S  entry into World War II as a way to legally transfer U S -built aircraft, such as the Lockheed Hudson, to Canada under the provisions of the Lend-Lease Act  In the interest of maintaining neutrality, U S  military pilots were forbidden to deliver combat aircraft to Canada  As result, the aircraft were flown to the border, where they landed, then were towed on their wheels over the border by tractors or horses overnight  The next day, the planes were crewed by RCAF pilots and flown to other locations, typically airbases in Eastern Canada and Newfoundland, from where they were flown to the United Kingdom and deployed in the Battle of Britain 

Piney Pinecreek Border Airport is located in Piney, Manitoba and Pinecreek, Minnesota  The northwest–southeast-oriented runway straddles the border, and there are two ramps: one in the U S  and one in Canada  The airport is owned by the Minnesota Department of Transportation International Peace Garden Airport is located in Boissevain, Manitoba and Dunseith, North Dakota adjacent to the International Peace Garden  The runway is entirely within North Dakota, but a ramp extends across the border to allow aircraft to access Canadian customs  While not jointly owned, it is operated as an international facility for customs clearance as part of the Peace Garden 
Coronach/Scobey Border Station Airport (or East Poplar Airport) is located in Coronach, Saskatchewan and Scobey, Montana  The airport is jointly owned by the Canadian and U S  government, with its east–west runway sited exactly on the borderline 
Coutts/Ross International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana  Like Coronach/Scobey, the east–west runway is sited exactly on the border  The airport is owned entirely by the Montana Department of Transportation (DOT) Aeronautics Division 
Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport, located in Del Bonita, Alberta and Del Bonita, Montana, has an east–west runway sited exactly on the border, similar to Coutts/Ross  The airport is officially owned by the state of Montana and run by the state's DOT Aeronautics Division, thus it has been assigned a U S  identifier only  The facility is set up for both the general public (15 passengers maximum per plane) as well as the American military Avey Field State Airport is located in Washington and British Columbia  The privately owned airfield is mostly in the U S , but several hundred feet of the north–south runway extend into Canada  As such, both Canadian and U S  customs are available  It is assigned a U S  identifier, but does not have a Canadian one 
Several seaplane bases have water runways that cross the border, though the extent to which they do may be difficult to ascertain  The land-based facilities for the bases are all contained within one country or the other, however, leading to multiple situations where twin seaplane bases may share the same body of water  The following seaplane facilities exist on the border:

Rouses Point SPB (New York / Quebec)
Van Buren SPB (Maine / New Brunswick)
Sault Ste Marie SPB and Sault Ste  Marie Water Aerodrome (Michigan / Ontario)
Sand Point Lake Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
International Falls SPB and Fort Frances Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
Baudette International Airport and Rainy River Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
Hyder Seaplane Base and Stewart Water Aerodrome (Alaska / British Columbia)

Land border crossings
Currently there are 119 legal land border crossings between the United States and Canada, 26 of which take place at a bridge or tunnel  Only 2 of the 119 crossings are one-way: the Churubusco–Franklin Centre Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only the United States; and the Four Falls Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only Canada 
There are six roads that have unstaffed road crossings, and do not have border inspection services in one or both directions, where travelers are legally allowed to cross the border  Those that cross are required to report to customs, which are stationed farther within 

Trail crossings
The Fourth Connecticut Lake Trail (New Hampshire/Quebec) crosses several times while following the border vista before heading back to the United States 
The Pacific Crest Trail crosses into E  C  Manning Provincial Park in the remote North Cascades mountains  Hikers can only legally cross into Canada from the US and not vice-versa, requiring an advance permit 

Rail crossings
There are 39 railroads that cross the U S –Canada border, nine of which are no longer in use  Eleven of these railroads cross the border at a bridge or tunnel 
Only three international rail lines currently carry passengers between the U S  and Canada  At Vancouver's Pacific Central Station, passengers are required to pass through U S  partial pre-clearance and pass their baggage through an X-ray machine before being allowed to board the Seattle-bound Amtrak Cascades train, which makes no further stops before crossing the border at Blaine, Washington, where the train stops for another CBP inspection  Pre-clearance facilities are not available for the popular Adirondack (New York City to Montreal) or Maple Leaf (New York City to Toronto) trains, since these lines have stops between Montreal or Toronto and the border  Instead, passengers must clear customs at a stop located at the actual border 

Seaports
There are 13 international ferry crossings operating between the U S  and Canada  Two of them carry passengers only and one carries only rail cars   Four of the ferries operate only on a seasonal basis 
Similar to that of the pre-clearance facilities at Canadian airports, arrangements exist at major Canadian seaports that handle sealed direct import shipments into the U S  Along the East coast, ferry services operate between the province of New Brunswick and the state of Maine, while on the West coast, they operate between British Columbia and the states of Washington and Alaska  There are also several ferry services in the Great Lakes operating between the province of Ontario and the states of Michigan, New York, and Ohio  The ferry between Maine and Nova Scotia ended its operations in 2009, resuming again in 2014 
On Heart Island in the St  Lawrence River, the Boldt Castle has a border control point with no specific location on the Canadian side  As such, Canadians must present identification to land on the island 

Cross-border buildings
A line house is a building located so that an international boundary passes through it  There are several such buildings that exist along the U S –Canada border:

The Haskell Free Library and Opera House straddles the border in Derby Line, Vermont, and Stanstead, Quebec 
Private homes divided by the boundary line between Estcourt Station, Maine, and Pohénégamook, Quebec 
Private homes divided between Beebe Plain, Quebec and Beebe Plain, Vermont;
A seasonal home divided at the intersection of Matthias Lane in Alburgh, Vermont, and Chemin au Bord de l'Eau in Noyan, Quebec;
A house divided between Richford, Vermont, and Abercorn, Quebec 
The Halfway House (also known as Taillon's International Hotel) is a tavern, built in 1820 before the border was surveyed, that straddles the border between Dundee, Quebec, and Fort Covington, New York The Maine–New Brunswick border divides the Aroostook Valley Country Club 

Boundary divisions
Practical exclaves
To be a true international exclave, all potential paths of travel from the exclave to the home country must cross over only the territory of a different country or countries  Like exclaves, practical exclaves are not contiguous with the land of the home country and have land access only through another country or countries  Unlike exclaves, they are not entirely surrounded by foreign territory  Hence, they are exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition 
The term pene-exclave, also known as a "functional" or "practical" exclave,: 31  was defined by G  W  S  Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another country ": 283  Thus, a pene-exclave has land borders with other territory but is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters : 60  Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007): 31–33  provide examples to further elaborate, including Point Roberts, Washington: "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada ": 113  Practical exclaves can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts : 47

Practical exclaves of Canada
The Quebec western portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave of Canada because of the St  Lawrence River to the north, the St  Regis River to the east, New York State, U S  to the south  To travel by land to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State 
Campobello Island is another practical exclave located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Bay of Fundy  The island is part of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, but is actually physically connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge with Lubec, Maine, the easternmost tip of the continental United States 
Premier, British Columbia is an abandoned mining site accessible only through Hyder, Alaska 

Practical exclaves of the United States
Alaska is a non-contiguous U S  state bounded by the Bering Sea; the Arctic and Pacific oceans; and Canada's British Columbia and Yukon Territory  Additionally, because of the terrain, several municipalities in southeast Alaska (the "Panhandle") are inaccessible by road, except via Canada  Specifically, the town of Hyder, Alaska, is accessible only through Stewart, British Columbia, or by floatplane  Moreover, Haines and Skagway are accessible by road only through Canada, although there are car ferries which connect them to other Alaskan places 
Point Roberts, Washington is bounded by British Columbia, the Strait of Georgia, and Boundary Bay 
In Minnesota, Elm Point, two small pieces of land to its west (Buffalo Bay Point), and the Northwest Angle are bounded by the province of Manitoba and Lake of the Woods 
In Vermont, the Alburgh Tongue, as well as Province Point, which is the small end of a peninsula east of Alburgh, are bounded by Quebec and Lake Champlain 

Split features
Between Quebec and Vermont, Province Island is a piece of land that primarily lies in Canada, though a small portion of the island is situated in the U S  state, lying south of the 45th parallel with a border vista marking the international boundary 
Canusa Street in Beebe Plain, VT is the only portion of the Canada–United States border split down the middle of a street 
Between North Dakota and Manitoba, the international border splits a peninsula within a lake on the border of Rolette County, North Dakota, and the Wakopa Wildlife Management Area, MB  Likewise, Lake Metigoshe, lying in the Township of Roland, borders the municipality of Winchester, Manitoba  The border splits a shoreline, putting Canadian cabins on one side and the beach and boat docks for those cabins on the U S  side, while land access is only through Canada 

Remaining boundary disputes
Machias Seal Island and North Rock (Maine / New Brunswick)
Dixon Entrance (Alaska / British Columbia)
Beaufort Sea (Alaska / Yukon)
Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington / British Columbia)

See also
Canada Border Services Agency
United States Customs and Border Protection
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Canada–United States relations
Illegal immigration to Canada
Illegal immigration to the United States
Indian barrier state, British plans to set up a new country in the Old Northwest
John Lewis Tiarks, a British surveyor of the border
Joseph Smith Harris' account of the Northwest Boundary Survey
Mexico–United States border

Footnotes
Passage 7:
Oak Lawn, Illinois
Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States   The population was 58,362 at the 2020 census  Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city  It shares borders with the city in two areas but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs 

History
Founding
In August 1835, James B  Campbell purchased the land stretching between Cicero Avenue and Central Avenue from 95th Street to 103rd Street  It is unclear what Campbell's intentions with the area were, but by 1840, he had lost a court battle with the Illinois State Bank and his land was sold in a public auction  John Simpson, a prominent figure in early Oak Lawn history, bought the northern half of the property in 1842  By 1859, the recently incorporated government of Worth Township paid for the construction of Black Oak Grove Road, an early name for 95th Street  Black Oak Grove is also the earliest known name of the area that would become Oak Lawn  It was later shortened to Black Oak or Black Oaks, but in 1882, the post office, train depot and surrounding community became known simply as Oak Lawn  Before this however, the area now known as Oak Lawn was, briefly during the early 1800s, called Agnes  It was also on some occasion referred to as Oak Park  Over the next two decades, the area grew in population as more homes were built and local business sprang into being  As the area continued to grow, many residents visited Englewood by train to shop  Oak Lawn residents also made income during early days by selling their farm and dairy products to various markets in Chicago 

Incorporation
In 1909, Oak Lawn was incorporated as a village  The following years, there were major improvements to local infrastructure and government services, such as the introduction of the police magistrate and village marshal, along with the building of a village hall and jailhouse  Electric lights were brought to 95th Street in 1911, the volunteer fire department began in 1923, Oak Lawn's first bank opened in 1925, and the Community High School District 218 was formed  The population had grown to 2,045 by 1930, and civic improvements were steadily made over the next decade  In 1934, a collection of one hundred books was the beginning of the Oak Lawn Public Library  By 1935, President Franklin D  Roosevelt created the Works Progress Administration as part of the New Deal, which supported a variety of public works, including libraries  With the help of a WPA grant, the new library opened its doors in 1936 

Post 1945
After World War II, with veterans returning home and taking advantage of the G I  Bill, Oak Lawn experienced a major population boom  Beginning in 1949, Oak Lawn Round-Up Days became an annual event and helped to promote the village  It started with 25,000 people, and the Western-themed celebration brought in over 100,000 attendees in 1952  In this year, Jack Brickhouse was master of ceremonies, and the parade was televised on WGN-TV  By 1957, Round-Up Days had become too large, and the next year a final scaled-down version was held In the 1950s, a village managerial government began, and a new library and fire station were constructed  By 1960, there were nearly 20,000 residents in Oak Lawn 
On April 21, 1967, a tornado touched down in Oak Lawn that is recorded as one of the worst to strike an urban area  Roughly 900 buildings were damaged or destroyed, and over 30 people were killed 
The town was rebuilt in the coming years, and witnessed further population growth, peaking at 63,500 between 1973 and 1976  However, there was a decrease in residents in the 1980s, and an aging population led to the closure of several schools during this time  In response, the village began a process of redevelopment to counteract the decrease  This redevelopment has focused primarily on businesses and structures in the core area of Oak Lawn, around 95th Street between Cicero Avenue and Central Avenue 

1967 tornado
On April 21, 1967, an F4 tornado touched down at 105th Street and Kean Avenue in Palos Hills, 5 miles (8 km) west of Oak Lawn  There were no deaths in Palos Hills, although a number of homes were destroyed and two transmission towers collapsed  After rising from the ground, the tornado touched down again at the Starlite Drive-In Theater at 6400 West 95th Street



ground_truth: Plymouth Notch

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What county shares a border with Cedar Springs?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  With winds estimated to be over 200 miles per hour (320 km/h), the tornado tore through Oak Lawn, tossing cars and buses in the air  After cutting Oak Lawn Community High School in half, it caused damage to St  Gerald's and continued to 91st Street and Cicero Avenue, heavily damaging the Airway Trailer Park and the Oak Lawn Roller Rink before rising from ground level  It touched down again in nearby Hometown, Evergreen Park, and Chicago before dissipating over Lake Michigan  In just 16 minutes, the storm left a 16-mile (26 km) path of destruction and over 30 people dead 

Downtown redevelopment
Starting in 2002, downtown Oak Lawn (95th Street between Tulley Avenue and 55th Court) became the target of a massive redevelopment program; properties on the north and south sides of 95th Street were demolished  Eventually, several square blocks were leveled, making room for several multistory, high-end condominium complexes with retail space on the main floors  Part of the project was the expansion of the Metra commuter train station that houses a retail/office center and a new  children's museum  This complex also includes a multistory parking garage  Downtown Oak Lawn as seen today bears little resemblance to the downtown from 2002  It now features modern high-rise buildings, new shopping areas, a large contemporary Metra train station, and several new retail and service facilities 

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Oak Lawn has a total area of 8 59 square miles (22 25 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 58,362 people, 21,154 households, and 13,544 families residing in the village  The population density was 6,809 24 inhabitants per square mile (2,629 06/km2)  There were 23,362 housing units at an average density of 2,725 70 per square mile (1,052 40/km2)  The racial makeup of the village was 68 31% White, 7 65% African American, 0 87% Native American, 2 83% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 9 43% from other races, and 10 89% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 56% of the population 
There were 21,154 households, out of which 48 24% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46 89% were married couples living together, 11 64% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35 97% were non-families  32 16% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 73% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 33 and the average family size was 2 60 
The village's age distribution consisted of 21 7% under the age of 18, 7 0% from 18 to 24, 25 3% from 25 to 44, 27 6% from 45 to 64, and 18 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 41 0 years  For every 100 females, there were 96 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 8 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $69,352, and the median income for a family was $90,690  Males had a median income of $54,168 versus $38,363 for females  The per capita income for the village was $33,998  About 7 5% of families and 10 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 2% of those under age 18 and 9 6% of those age 65 or over 

Parks and recreation
Oak Lawn maintains an expansive park system  From small corner play lots to the 38-acre (150,000 m2) Centennial Park, there are over 300 acres (1 2 km2) of parks, recreational facilities and open land  These include playgrounds, walking paths, baseball fields, basketball, volleyball and tennis courts, plus outdoor swimming pools, an indoor ice arena, two fitness centers, and an 18-hole golf course  Each area in Oak Lawn has its own recreational area, totaling 22 parks 

Education
Oak Lawn has public education schooling children from K–5 in its many elementary schools, including Kolb, Lieb, Harnew, Columbus Manor, Covington, Hannum, Hometown, Kolmar, and Sward  Oak Lawn has two public middle schools:  Simmons Middle School, and Oak Lawn-Hometown Middle School 
There are two public high schools, Oak Lawn Community High School and Harold L  Richards High School 
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools  Catholic grammar schools include St  Germaine, St  Catherine, St  Linus, and St  Gerald  St  Louis de Montfort School closed in 2017 with 133 students that year 

Infrastructure
Stop sign program
In mid-2007, Oak Lawn began hanging additional messages to village stop signs in an attempt to have drivers obey the signs  The signs were the idea of the village President and local residents were encouraged to submit their own ideas  Found throughout the village, the signs garnered attention with the press and were not well received by residents, nor did they noticeably impact public safety  While considered humorous by some, many others considered it a publicity stunt at tax payer's expense The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and IDOT voiced their concerns about the use of these nonconforming stop signs and the village removed them in April 2008  Initially, the Village President refused to remove the signs until IDOT threatened to withhold millions of dollars in funding for infrastructure 

Notable people
Diandra Asbaty (born 1980), professional bowler; Team USA member and spokesperson for USBC
Brian Bogusevic (born 1984), former outfielder for Chicago Cubs
Tim Byrdak (born 1973), Major League Baseball pitcher 1998 to 2013; born in Oak Lawn
Kevin Cronin (born 1951), lead vocalist for rock band REO Speedwagon
David Diehl (born 1980), football player, two-time Super Bowl champion for New York Giants
Mark Donahue, football player, lineman for Cincinnati Bengals, two-time Consensus All-American at University of Michigan
Dan Donegan, guitarist for rock band Disturbed
John Joseph Duda, actor; born in Oak Lawn
Michael Flatley (born 1958), Irish step dancer; attended St  Linus and Brother Rice High School
Jack Gwynne, illusionist and actor, died in Oak Lawn (1969)
David A  Johnston, volcanologist, killed during 1980 Mount St  Helens eruption
Benn Jordan, recording artist known as The Flashbulb; attended Oak Lawn Community High School
C J  Kupec, basketball player, Oak Lawn High School star, played for Michigan and NBA's Los Angeles Lakers
Rob Mackowiak, player for several Major League Baseball teams
Bobby Madritsch, former pitcher for Seattle Mariners
Rory Markham, UFC and IFL mixed martial arts fighter
Mike Mollo, heavyweight boxer
Bryan Rekar, former pitcher for Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, and Kansas City Royals; born in Oak Lawn
Michael A  Ruddy, Illinois state representative and businessman, lived in Oak Lawn
Marc Rzepczynski, pitcher for Seattle Mariners; born in Oak Lawn
Dwyane Wade, former NBA player and three-time NBA champion with Miami Heat, attended Richards High School in Oak Lawn
Harry Yourell, Illinois state representative and businessman
Kanye West, musician, rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer
Juice WRLD, rapper, died in Oak Lawn (2019)
Passage 8:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 9:
Cedar Springs, Texas
Cedar Springs is an unincorporated community in west Falls County, Texas, United States  It is located on Farm-to-market road #2027 
Passage 10:
Swan Miara
Swan Miara (ساون میرا) is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan  It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District Formerly it was a part of the Princely State of Amb 
Passage 11:
Virginia, Lempira
Virginia (Spanish pronunciation: [biɾˈxinja]) is a municipality in the Honduran department of Lempira 
Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador  Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia 
It is one of the smallest municipalities of the Lempira department  It is 15 km or 30 minutes away from Mapulaca if accessed through Gracias 

History
It was founded back in 1830  In the national division of 1889 it was one municipality of Candelaria 

Geography
It is situated in a semi flat place and surrounded by many hills   The predominant vegetation corresponds to the sub tropical dry forest  In the municipality capital there are some inclined streets 

Boundaries
Its boundaries are: 

North : Candelaria municipality 
South : El Salvador 
East  : Piraera municipality 
West  : Mapulaca municipality 
Surface Extents: 36 km2

Resources
Since it is on the border with El Salvador, it is much easier for people to go there to establish commercial activities  Also there are more and better jobs on the other side of the border, with the advantage of receiving their wages in US dollars  It is not an ideal location for coffee plantations, therefore corn and beans crops became important (even though they are for local consumption); followed by cattle raising  Like the rest of the department, it has electricity and mobile communication services 

Population
Population: The amount of inhabitants was 2,734 and according to INE Honduras estimates, there will be 2,574 in 2015 
Villages: 5
Settlements: 35

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Virginia municipality had a population of 2,548  Of these, 97 06% were Mestizo, 2 90% Indigenous (2 86% Lenca) and 0 04% Black or Afro-Honduran 

Tourism
As for the remaining 15 km, although this dirt road is not in the best condition, it is still an easy drive  A half-hour visit will be enough to see all there is to see in the municipality capital  For those who are interested in rural and quiet towns, this is a good place to visit  Surprisingly, the mobile phone signal from El Salvador is stronger than the Honduran signal  Since it is near the Lempa River, the local pastime is going there to bathe  The local holidays and festivals attract many visitors 

Local Holidays: "Santa Lucia" day on December 13 
Passage 12:
Gmina Włodawa
Gmina Włodawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine  Its seat is the town of Włodawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 243 75 square kilometres (94 1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,936 

Villages
Gmina Włodawa contains the villages and settlements of Korolówka, Korolówka-Kolonia, Korolówka-Osada, Krasówka, Luta, Okuninka, Orchówek, Połód, Różanka, Sobibór, Stawki, Suszno, Szuminka, Wołczyny, Żłobek Duży, Żłobek Mały and Żuków 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Włodawa is bordered by the town of Włodawa and by the gminas of Hanna, Hańsk, Wola Uhruska and Wyryki  It also borders Belarus and Ukraine 

See also
Sobibor extermination camp
Passage 13:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 14:
Clear Springs, Texas
Clear Springs is a historic settlement in Guadalupe County, Texas, United States  It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area  It shares its name with the nearby Clear Springs Air Force Base 

History
German settlers first immigrated to the area in the 1840s  Clear Springs was named for the natural springs water source for the settlement, which is now covered by Lake Dunlap  The location on which Clear Springs sits had been surveyed by James Bowie 
In 1873 a cotton-gin and general store were built for the processing, storage, and sale of cotton and goods  Wagon loads of cotton were brought from the region to the gin be to be weighed, sold and processed  The community had a post office in 1874 and called the location Bernhardsville  In 1875, the name was officially changed to Clear Springs 
In the 1890s, Clear Springs hosted the general store, cotton gin, and a population of 100  The post office was closed in 1906, however the residents stayed on to support the community  In later years the store was incorporated into a dance hall and saloon  The dance hall became a local favorite as it was the only establishment of the kind for several miles  Clear Springs had two businesses and a school in 1946  The school was consolidated with the New Braunfels school district in the 1950s  In 1990, several businesses as well as a church served a population of 60 
The historical Clear Springs Hall and Store now houses Clear Springs Restaurant  This establishment has tried to preserve the German small town heritage and historical atmosphere of the structure itself 
Clear Springs is located just off SH 46, at the intersection of SH 46 and FM 758, nine miles northwest of Seguin, Texas in northwestern Guadalupe County 

Geography
Clear Springs is located at 29°40′34″N 98°03′35″W (29 6760591, -98 0597292  This is about 30 miles (48 km) east of Downtown San Antonio and 50 miles (80 km) south of Austin 
Passage 15:
Wewela, South Dakota
Wewela (Lakota: wiwíla; "A spring") is an unincorporated community in Tripp County, South Dakota, United States  Wewela is located on U S  Route 183 near the Nebraska border, south of Colome 
The community most likely was named for springs near the original town site, Wewela meaning "small spring" in the Sioux language 
Passage 16:
Cedar Creek (Dix River tributary)
Cedar Creek, located in Lincoln County in south-central Kentucky, USA, is an 8-mile-long (13 km) tributary to the Dix River  Via the Dix, Kentucky and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed   In 2002, a section of Cedar Creek was impounded to form Cedar Creek Lake 

See also
List of rivers of Kentucky
Passage 17:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha



ground_truth: Bell County