prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what region of the country of S-Fone is The place of birth of John Phan located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Broward Correctional Institution
The Broward Correctional Institution (BCI) was a correctional facility located in the former Country Estates CDP and in Southwest Ranches, Florida, operated by the Florida Department of Corrections  The Region IV Correctional Facility Office is located on the grounds of Broward Correctional Institution in the former Country Estates CDP  The prison was in proximity to Pembroke Pines  It was located along Sheridan Street, near U S  Route 27 The facility was opened in 1977 to house a male inmate population  However, in its history the prison has had only female inmates  It housed female death row inmates until February 2003 when the female death row was moved to Lowell Annex  The Broward Correctional Institution served as a reception center for female inmates  As of 2011, a staff of approximately 272 individuals serviced the facility  As of 2012 624 prisoners, all female, were housed there  The facility was closed in 2012  Closure was scheduled for May 1 of that year  The Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel said "BCI was determined to have a relatively low population and a high per diem inmate cost of $111 48 " ($145 02 when adjusted for inflation)

Notable inmates
Death row:

Judy Buenoano
Aileen Wuornos
Passage 2:
Shooter (TV series)
Shooter is an American drama television series based on the 2007 film of the same name and the first three novels in the Bob Lee Swagger series by Stephen Hunter  The show stars Ryan Phillippe in the lead role of Swagger, a retired United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper from MARSOC living in seclusion who is coaxed back into action after learning of a plot to kill the President  USA Network picked up the pilot in August 2015 and ordered the series in February 2016 The series was originally set to premiere on July 19, 2016, but it was postponed to July 26 due to the July 7 Dallas police officer shootings  USA pulled it entirely after the Baton Rouge police officer shootings on July 17  On October 3, 2016, USA announced that the new premiere date for Shooter would be November 15, 2016  On December 19, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season that premiered on July 18, 2017  On December 4, 2017, the series was renewed for a third season On August 15, 2018, USA Network canceled Shooter after three seasons, and its final episode aired on September 13, 2018 

Cast and characters
Main
Ryan Phillippe as Bob Lee Swagger, a highly trained, retired Marine Gunnery Sergeant and MARSOC Scout Sniper
Shantel VanSanten as Julie Swagger, Bob Lee's wife
Cynthia Addai-Robinson as Nadine Memphis, an FBI agent investigating Swagger
Omar Epps as Isaac Johnson, a Secret Service Agent who is also a former Marine Captain and was Swagger's commanding officer in MARSOC
Eddie McClintock as Jack Payne, a figure involved in the conspiracy against Swagger (season 1; guest, season 3)
Josh Stewart as Solotov, a Chechen master sniper with whom Bob Lee has tangled before (seasons 2–3)
Jesse Bradford as Harris Downey, a D C  staffer who was once involved with Nadine (recurring, season 2; main, season 3)
Gerald McRaney as Red Bama Sr , owner of Bama Cattle and an Undersecretary in the Department of Agriculture (season 3)

Recurring
David Andrews as Sam Vincent, Bob Lee's close friend and lawyer  (season 1, 3)
David Marciano as Howard Utey, Nadine Memphis' superior at the FBI (season 1)
Lexy Kolker as Mary Swagger, Bob Lee's and Julie's daughter
William Fichtner as Rathford O'Brien, Bob Lee's former shooting instructor
Tom Sizemore as Hugh Meachum, a CIA black ops operative with mysterious motives (season 1)
Rob Brown as Donny Fenn, Swagger's best friend and spotter who was killed by Solotov (seasons 1–2)
Sean Cameron Michael as Grigory Krukov, a Russian FSB agent (season 1)
Delaina Mitchell as Anna Wallingford, Julie's married sister and Mary's aunt (season 1, 3)
David Chisum as Jim Wallingford, Anna's husband and Julie's brother in law (season 1)
Michelle Krusiec as Lin Johnson, Isaac's loyal wife (season 1-2)
Matt Shallenberger as John Wheeler, a mysterious and deadly Atlas operative (guest: season 1, recurring: season 3)
Desmond Harrington as Lon Scott, the CEO of Anhur Dynamics (season 1)
Beverly D'Angelo as Patricia Gregson, a former National Security Advisor
Jerry Ferrara as Kirk Zehnder, a former marine who always detects a conspiracy and is part of the core team of Bob Lee Swagger (season 2)
Todd Lowe as Colin Dobbs, a former marine in Swagger's unit, now living in Texas an hour from the Swagger Ranch (season 2)
Patrick Sabongui as Yusuf Ali, a core member of Swagger's original Marine team (season 2)
Jaina Lee Ortiz as Angela Tio, an active duty Marine who formerly served with Bob Lee's unit (season 2)
John Marshall Jones as Sheriff Brown, the local law enforcement in Bob Lee's hometown and a long-time friend (season 2–3)
Harry Hamlin as Sen  Addison Hayes, a mysterious and powerful mastermind whose agenda will collide with Swagger (seasons 2–3)
Troy Garity as Jeffrey Denning, a seasoned investigative journalist who cares deeply about justice being served (season 2)
Derek Phillips as Earl Swagger, Bob Lee's father, a Vietnam veteran who was sheriff in Bob Lee's hometown before he was killed in 1988 (season 3)
Tait Blum as Young Bob Lee (season 3)
Conor O'Farrell as Rick Culp, a West Texas prison guard who may have been involved in Earl Swagger's death (season 3)
Eric Ladin as Red Bama Jr , Red Sr's screw-up of a son who desperately wants his father's respect and confidence (season 3)
Brian Letscher as Bert Salinger, an employee of Red Bama Sr  who watches over Red Jr  (season 3)
Felisha Terrell as Carlita Cruise, a former Atlas operative embedded in the Dept  of Agriculture who helps Nadine and Isaac take down her former employers (season 3)
Mallory Jansen as Margo, an Agent for the Department of Justice who has been attempting to bring down Atlas for years (season 3)
Kurt Fuller as Andrew Gold, the Deputy Chief of Staff to the U S  President and high ranking Atlas member (season 3)
Dee Wallace as Katherine Mansfield, the long-time former mission planner for Atlas who is now forced to reside in a mental institution (season 3)
Michael O'Neill as Ray Brooks, a Federal judge nominated for a vacancy on the U S  Supreme Court and Atlas operative (season 3)

Production
On July 6, 2016, while filming a scene at Agua Dulce Airpark, actor Tom Sizemore accidentally ran over a stuntman  Sizemore was supposed to enter the Cadillac Escalade and stay there until the scene ended, but the stunt coordinator told him to pull out, not realizing that the stuntman was behind him On July 26, 2017, the second-season episode order was cut back from the planned ten episodes to the eight episodes already filmed after Ryan Phillippe broke his leg on July 16, 2017, in an incident unrelated to the series About the cancellation, Omar Epps said: “That was all backdoor politics  It had nothing to do with the numbers  Me and Ryan [Phillippe] had a great time  We were like kids in a candy store  We used to laugh every day we showed up to work, like, 'We're kids again!' We just get to run and jump, push, punch  You know, stuff that little boys do  It was like playing in the playground in the sandbox  I had a great, great time on that show  I have a lot of respect for John Hlavin, who's a showrunner on there  And like I said, Ryan and I got cool and had a great time on that show  That was just the backdoor politics “

Episodes
Season 1 (2016–17)
Based on the novel Point of Impact by Stephen Hunter 

Season 2 (2017)
Based on the novel Time to Hunt by Stephen Hunter 

Season 3 (2018)
Based on the novel Black Light by Stephen Hunter 

Broadcast
Shooter aired on Thursdays at 10:00 pm on USA Network  The episodes are approximately 43 minutes, and are broadcast in both high- and standard definition  In addition, the streaming service Netflix started to broadcast the series in certain regions worldwide, the first season weekly on November 15, 2016, with a one-day delay with respect to the original United States broadcast 

Reception
Shooter received mixed reviews from critics  On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 47% based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5 75/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Ryan Phillippe's efforts aren't enough to salvage Shooter, a tedious, under-developed drama that lacks an original voice or perspective " On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the series has a score 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" 

Ratings
Season 1 (2016–17)
Season 2 (2017)
Season 3 (2018)
Passage 3:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Australia located in Brisbane and covering the South East region of Queensland, Australia 
Part of the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Brisbane, the region covered was initially administered by the Archdiocese of Sydney  In 1859 the Diocese of Brisbane was erected, and elevated as an archdiocese in 1887  The archdiocese is the metropolitan of the suffragan dioceses of Cairns, Rockhampton, Toowoomba and Townsville 
The Cathedral of St Stephen is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane  On 12 May 2012 Mark Coleridge was installed as the sixth Archbishop of Brisbane, the seventh Bishop of Brisbane 

History
The Diocese of Brisbane was established in 1859, with responsibility for the entire state of Queensland  Prior to its establishment, Queensland was part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney On 27 January 1877 Pope Pius IX excised the northern part of the Diocese of Brisbane from Cape Hinchinbrook and then west to the border with South Australia (now Northern Territory) to create the Vicariate Apostolic of Queensland (later the Diocese of Cairns On 29 December 1882, the Diocese of Rockhampton was excised from the Archdiocese of Brisbane  The new Rockhampton diocese had responsibility for northern Queensland while the Brisbane archdiocese retained responsibility for southern Queensland In 1929, the Diocese of Toowoomba was excised from the Archdiocese of Brisbane 

Bishops
Ordinaries
The following people have been appointed as Roman Catholic Archbishops of Brisbane or any of its precursor titles:
Coadjutors are included in the table above 

Auxiliary bishops
CurrentTim Norton SVD (2022–present)FormerHenry Joseph Kennedy † (1967–1971), appointed [[Roman Catholic Bishop of Armidale|Bishop of Armidale]]
John Joseph Gerry † (1975–2003)
Eugene James Cuskelly, M S C  † (1982–1996)
Michael Ernest Putney † (1995–2001), appointed Bishop of Townsville
Brian Vincent Finnigan (2002–2015)
Joseph John Oudeman, O F M  Cap  (2002–2017)
Kenneth Howell (2017–2023), appointed Bishop of Toowoomba

Other priests of the diocese who became bishops
James Byrne †, appointed Bishop of Toowoomba in 1929
Andrew Gerard Tynan †, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 1946
Edward John Doody †, appointed Bishop of Armidale in 1948
John Ahern Torpie †, appointed Bishop of Cairns in 1967
Brian Heenan, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 1991
James Foley, appointed Bishop of Cairns in 1992
William Martin Morris, appointed Bishop of Toowoomba in 1992
Michael Fabian McCarthy, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 2014
Anthony Randazzo, appointed an Auxiliary Bishop of Sydney in 2016
Timothy James Harris, appointed Bishop of Townsville in 2017
† = deceased

Cathedral
The gothic revival cathedral is located on a site bounded by Elizabeth, Charlotte and Edward Streets, in the Australian city of Brisbane  Built between 1864 and 1922, with extensions made in 1989, the cathedral was established with James Quinn as its first bishop  Quinn planned to construct a large cathedral to accommodate a growing congregation   On 26 December 1863, the Feast of St Stephen, Quinn laid the foundation stone for a grand cathedral designed by Benjamin Backhouse  Backhouse's original design was changed and downsized numerous times over the course of the cathedral's completion, mainly for economic reasons 
In 1927, there was a plan to replace St Stephen's with a new Holy Name Cathedral to be built in Fortitude Valley, Brisbane  However, funding was only sufficient to build the crypt  Eventually the project was abandoned, the crypt demolished and the land sold 

Parishes
Economic contribution
The Archdiocese contributes around $2 5 billion to the economy through its schools and other institutions, providing employment to 22,000 people The Archdiocese manages 98 parishes and 144 Catholic schools  It also provides services to 12,992 aged care and disability clients, support for 8362 seniors to live at home, support to 23,000 victims of domestic violence and help for 4,000 people with mental illness 

See also
Roman Catholicism in Australia
Passage 4:
Lindhorst railway station
Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany  The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway  The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn  Lindhorst is served by the S1 

Train services
The following services currently call at Lindhorst:
Passage 5:
Take Me Home, Country Roads
"Take Me Home, Country Roads", also known simply as "Country Roads", is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert and John Denver  It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971, peaking at number two on Billboard's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971  The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017  The song became one of John Denver's most popular songs  It has continued to sell, with over 1 6 million digital copies sold in the United States The song is considered a symbol of West Virginia  In March 2014, it became one of the four official state anthems of West Virginia  In 2023, the song was selected by the Library of Congress for inclusion in the National Recording Registry 

Composition
Inspiration for the title line had come while Taffy Nivert and Bill Danoff, who were married, were driving along Clopper Road in Montgomery County, Maryland to a gathering of Nivert's family in Gaithersburg, with Nivert behind the wheel while Danoff played his guitar  "I just started thinking, country roads, I started thinking of me growing up in western New England and going on all these small roads," Danoff said  "It didn't have anything to do with Maryland or anyplace "To Danoff, the lyric "(t)he radio reminds me of my home far away" in the bridge is quintessentially West Virginian, an allusion to when he listened to the program Saturday Night Jamboree, broadcast from Wheeling, West Virginia, on WWVA at his home in Springfield, Massachusetts during his childhood in the 1950s Danoff was influenced by friend and West Virginian actor Chris Sarandon and members of a West Virginia commune who attended Danoff's performances  Of the commune members, Danoff remarked, "They brought their dogs and were a very colorful group of folks, but that is how West Virginia began creeping into the song " While the song was inspired by Danoff's upbringing in Springfield, Massachusetts, he "didn't want to write about Massachusetts because [he] didn't think the word was musical "Starting December 22, 1970, Denver was heading the New Year's bill at The Cellar Door, with Fat City opening for him, just as Denver had opened at the same club for then-headliner David Steinberg  After the club's post-Christmas reopening night on Tuesday, December 29 (Cellar Door engagements ran from Tuesday to Sunday, and this booking was for two weeks), the three returned to the couple's apartment for an impromptu jam  On the way, Denver's left thumb was broken in a collision  He was rushed to the emergency room, where the thumb was splinted  When they returned to the apartment, Denver said he was "wired, you know "When Danoff and Nivert ran through what they had of the song they had been working on for about a month, planning to sell to Johnny Cash, Denver "flipped"  He decided he had to have it, prompting them to abandon plans for the sale  The verses and chorus were still missing a bridge, so the three of them went about finishing 
Nivert got out an encyclopedia to learn more about West Virginia  The first thing she encountered was the Rhododendron, the state flower, so she kept trying to work the word Rhododendron into the song  Rhododendron was the title that Nivert had written down on the lyric sheet, which they later sent to ASCAP  The three stayed up until 6:00 a m , changing words and moving lines around When they finished, on the morning of Wednesday, December 30, 1970, Denver announced that the song had to go on his next album  Later that night, during Denver's first set, Denver called his two collaborators back to the spotlight, where the trio changed their career trajectories, reading the lyrics from a single, handheld, unfolded piece of paper  According to Len Jaffe, a Washington, D C -based singer-songwriter who attended the show where Denver premiered the song, this resulted in a five-minute standing ovation  The next day was Denver's 28th birthday  They recorded it in New York City in January 1971 
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" is written in a Key of A major and composed in a tempo of 82 beats per minute per common time 

Commercial performance and legacy
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" appeared on the LP Poems, Prayers & Promises and was released as a 45 in the spring of 1971  Original pressings credited the single to "John Denver with Fat City"  It broke nationally in mid-April but moved up the charts very slowly  After several weeks, RCA Records called John and told him they were giving up on the single  His response: "No! Keep working on it!" They did, and the single went to number 1 on the Record World Pop Singles Chart and the Cash Box Top 100, and number 2 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100, topped only by "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" by The Bee Gees 
On August 18, 1971, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for a million copies shipped  The song continued to sell in the digital era  As of January 2020, the song has also sold 1,591,000 downloads since it became available digitally Denver's recording of "Take Me Home, Country Roads" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2023 

Reception in West Virginia
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" received an enthusiastic response from West Virginians  On November 1, 2017, the West Virginia Tourism Office announced it had obtained the rights to use "Take Me Home, Country Roads", in its marketing efforts  "'Country Roads' has become synonymous with West Virginia all over the world," said West Virginia Tourism Commissioner Chelsea Ruby  "It highlights everything we love about our state: scenic beauty, majestic mountains, a timeless way of life, and most of all, the warmth of a place that feels like home whether you've lived here forever or are just coming to visit " The opening phrase of the song, "Almost heaven", became a primary tourism office slogan The song is the theme song of West Virginia University, and it has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972  The song is played for other athletic events and university functions, including after football games, for which the fans are encouraged to stay in the stands and sing the song along with the team  On September 6, 1980, at the invitation of West Virginia Governor Jay Rockefeller, songwriters Danoff, Nivert, and Denver performed the song during pregame festivities to a sold-out crowd of Mountaineer fans  This performance marked the dedication of the current West Virginia University Mountaineer Field and the first game for head coach Don Nehlen The popularity of the song inspired resolutions in the West Virginia Legislature to adopt "Take Me Home, Country Roads" as an official state song  On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song of West Virginia, alongside three other pieces: "West Virginia Hills", "This Is My West Virginia", and "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home"  Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014 The song was played at the funeral for West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston, West Virginia on July 2, 2010 The Mountain State Brewing Company based in Thomas, West Virginia, produces an amber ale named "Almost Heaven", which it says is "named after John Denver's ode to West Virginia, 'Country Roads'" 

Personnel
John Denver – vocals, 6- & 12-string acoustic guitar
Bill Danoff – backing vocals
Taffy Nivert – backing vocals
Eric Weissberg – banjo, steel guitar
Mike Taylor – acoustic guitar
Richard Kniss – double bass
Gary Chester – drums, percussion

Charts
Certifications
Cover versions
Hermes House Band version
Dutch pop band Hermes House Band covered the song and released it as "Country Roads"  This version was first released in Germany on May 21, 2001, and was issued in the United Kingdom on December 3, 2001, where it was a contender for the 2001 Christmas number-one single  This version was a chart success in Europe, reaching number one in Scotland, number two in Germany and Ireland, and the top 10 in Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Olivia Newton-John version
Olivia Newton-John released a cover version in January 1973 that reached number 6 in Japan and number 15 in the UK  It was the lead single from her third studio album, Let Me Be There  This version, as well as the song itself, features prominently in the Japanese animated film, Whisper of the Heart 

Fallout 76 version
A cover version of the song, a collaboration between Copilot Music and Sound and the vocal group Spank, was commissioned for and featured in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game Fallout 76, with its plot events are set in West Virginia  Released as an iTunes-only single on July 4, 2018, the song reached No  1 on the iTunes singles chart  It debuted at No  41 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart that week and at No  21 on Billboard's Country Digital Songs the following week  The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording, initially uploaded in 2013, would later edit its description in response to the song's use for the game  In Australia, a promotional Fallout 76 vinyl featuring the cover was included with the December 2018 issue of STACK Magazine exclusively from retailer JB Hi-Fi 

Forever Country
The song found further chart success as part of the Forever Country medley and video, created in 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Country Music Association Awards 
Passage 6:
Khong Island
Khong Island or Don Khong (Lao: ດອນໂຂງ) is the largest island and the seat of administration in the Si Phan Don riverine archipelago located in the Mekong River, Khong District, Champasak Province, southern Laos 
The island is 18 kilometers (11 mi) long (north-south), and 8 kilometers (5 0 mi) at its widest point  Its population is mainly concentrated in the two villages Muang Saen (west) and Muang Khong (east); the latter is the de facto capital of the island as well as the regional seat of government  There are 19 villages on the island and the main source of income comes from fishing  
The former President of Laos, Khamtai Siphandon, has a residence on the island, which is a possible explanation for the  high quality of its infrastructure, such as asphalted roads and electricity  Locals tend to travel on longtail boats 
Passage 7:
John Phan
Bon "John" Phan (born October 10, 1974, in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California, who is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four-time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships 

World Series of Poker
Phan has made numerous World Series of Poker (WSOP) money finishes, including the final table of the $5,000 Seven-card stud event in 2005, finished fourth and outlasted both professional poker players Dave Colclough and Rob Hollink At the 2006 WSOP, Phan finished second in the $1,000 No-Limit Hold'em event when his Q♠ 5♠ failed to improve against Jon Friedberg's A♥ 7♥ on a board of 10♥ 9♦ 3♠ 2♥ 7♠  Phan earned $289,389 for his runner-up finish the next year at the 2007 World Series of Poker Phan was runner-up to Francois Safieddine in the $2,500 No Limit Hold'em event, earning $330,846 but it was not until the 2008 World Series of Poker that Phan won his first bracelet after winning the $3,000 No-Limit Hold'em event, earning $434,789 and then he won his second bracelet the same year, this time in the $2,500 2-7 Triple Draw event, earning $151,896  Phan cashed for a total of $608,464 at the 2008 WSOP 

World Series of Poker bracelets
World Poker Tour
Phan cashed eleven times on the World Poker Tour (WPT) making the final table in four of them,  one was at the $25,000 WPT Championship of season 3, receiving $518,920 for finishing in fourth place above Hollink, Phil Ivey, Joe Beevers, Chris Ferguson and Juha Helppi  and the other was at the $9,600 No Limit Hold'em WPT season 6 event at the 2008 Bay 101 Shooting Stars where he finished 6th, earning $135,000  In July 2008, Phan made another WPT final table finishing in fifth place at the Bellagio Cup IV, earning $193,915On the WPT seventh season, Phan won his first WPT title after defeating well known online player Amit "Amak316″ Makhija during heads-up play, winning the WPT bracelet and over $1 1 million at the Legends of Poker held at The Bicycle Casino in Bell Gardens, California 

Other poker events

Phan won two events at The Fifth Annual Jack Binion World Poker Open in 2004, the $500 Limit Hold'em event, earning $160,965 and $500 Pot Limit Hold'em event, earning $85,257 also cashing three other times at that same event  He later won the $3,000 No Limit Hold'em event at the Festa al Lago II in 2004, earning $189,900  He won the $2,425 No Limit Hold'em event at the 2005 L A  Poker Classic, earning $300,578 and was runner-up to Marcel Lüske in the $3,000 No Limit Hold'em event at the Fourth Annual Five-Star World Poker Classic in 2006, earning $179,195 As of 2017, his total live tournament winnings exceed $5,525,000  His 29 cashes as the WSOP account for over $1,450,000 of those winnings He was the Cardplayer Magazine 2008 Player of the Year with 6,704 points as well as 2008 Bluff Magazine Player of the Year 


== Notes ==
Passage 8:
Icaria Planum
Icaria Planum is a region on Mars in the Thaumasia quadrangle of Mars that is 566 59 km across and is located at 43 27 S and 
253 96E   It was named after a classic albedo feature that was approved in 1979   The name of the classic feature was based on the land where according to greek mythology, Icarus died (Icaria) 

See also
HiRISE
HiWish program
Latitude dependent mantle
Thaumasia quadrangle
Passage 9:
Muang Kham, Chiang Rai
Muang Kham (Thai: ม่วงคำ) is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Phan District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand  In 2005 it had a total population of 8837 people  The tambon contains 17 villages 
Passage 10:
Dići
Dići is a village situated in Ljig municipality in Serbia  The town is known for having a medieval church dedicated to St  John, and being the burial place of 14th-century nobleman Vlgdrag 
Passage 11:
Phan Huy Quát
Phan Huy Quát (Hà Tĩnh Province, 12 June 1908 – 27 April 1979) was a South Vietnamese doctor and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam for four months in 1965 

Early life
Phan Huy Quát was born in Lộc Hà District in Hà Tĩnh Province  He attended the Lycée Pellerin, Huế, then studied medicine in Hanoi and qualified as a doctor before entering politics 
On 1 July 1949, Quát was appointed Minister of Education by Head of State Bảo Đại  On 22 January 1950, Prime Minister Nguyễn Phan Long appointed Quát Minister of Defense, at which position he had only served briefly before the Cabinet was re-organized and he returned to working for the Đại Việt Quốc dân đảng 
In June 1953, Prime Minister Nguyễn Văn Tâm appointed Quát Minister of Defense  Quát would be in this position until 1954 when Prince Bửu Lộc became Prime Minister who appointed Quát Special Minister in charge of the democratization process for Vietnam  Dr  Quát then served briefly as an interim Prime Minister until Bảo Đại appointed Ngô Đình Diệm to the position 
In April 1960, Quát signed the Caravelle Manifesto, a list of grievances and demands specifically critical of Diệm, and was promptly jailed by the GVN  After Diệm's assassination in October 1963, Quát was appointed Foreign Minister by Major General Nguyễn Khánh, one of the principal participants in the bloody coup  Though Quát frequently criticized Khánh's self-serving rule, he remained in Khánh's cabinet until November 1964, when Trần Văn Hương was installed as Prime Minister of General Khánh's freshly created High National Council (HNC) On 16 February 1965, the Armed Forces Council, a group of South Vietnamese military officers who took over when General Khánh deposed Hương and the HNC, secured Quát's appointment to Prime Minister in order to foil a power grab by the junta chief Khánh, who intended to install the economist Nguyễn Xuân Oánh as his puppet in the Prime Minister post  Khánh himself was forced to step down after a coup on 19/20 February and was subsequently exiled  Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ then led the junta that oversaw the civilian cabinet  In 1965, Kỳ was appointed Prime Minister and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu became President by a special joint meeting of military leaders following the voluntary resignation of civilian President Sửu  After leaving the Prime Minister post, Dr  Quát returned to his medical practice  He remained in politics until 1975 by working with the Asia Anti-Communist League (Liên Minh Á Châu Chống Cộng) as Chairman of its Vietnamese office 

Last years/death
After the Fall of Saigon, Quát went into hiding  In August 1975, he was arrested and jailed at Chí Hòa Prison after a failed attempt to escape from Vietnam  It was there that he died of liver failure on 27 April 1979  The official report indicated that Quát had died from "a stroke, heart attack and liver failure" 

See also
1965 South Vietnamese coup
Passage 12:
Mohammad Zubair Khan
Dr  Mohammad Zubair Khan has a doctorate in political economy from Johns Hopkins University  After working briefly for the World Bank, he worked at the International Monetary Fund from 1981 to 1992, assigned to a wide range of countries, including industrial countries in northern Europe and Turkey, developing countries in south Asia, the oil producing countries in the Middle East and countries in the South Pacific region Since returning to Pakistan, he has been consulting for the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, UNDP, JBIC and other international organizations on a range of issues, such as macroeconomic stabilisation policies, monetary policy, trade and exchange rate issues, fiscal and external debt sustainability, fiscal federalism, tax administration and poverty related issues  He also lectures at the Central Banks of Egypt and Sri Lanka, the National Institute of Public Administration (NIPA) campus in Lahore, the Pakistan Administrative Staff College, and the National Defence University in Islamabad 
He has been Commerce Minister of Pakistan and represented Pakistan at the first ministerial conference of the World Trade Organization  Currently, in addition to consulting, Khan is a member of the National Finance Commission, the advisory board of the  Securities and Exchange Commission, Government of Pakistan, a member of the board of directors of Bank of Khyber, and a member of the Provincial Finance Commission of the Government of North-West Frontier Province  He is also a member of the Boao Boao Forum for Asia in Hainan, China 
Khan is currently managing director of Financial Techniques International  Because of his straight talk and knowledge of economics, he is a popular guest on TV 

Family
He is the son of the late Wali Mohammad Khan, the elder brother of late Hayat Sherpao and Aftab Sherpao who were born to the family of Khan Bahadar Ghulam Haider Khan Sherpao, a key player in the Pakistan Movement 
His family tree and cross-marriages in influential families of Pakistan are unique  He is the cousin and brother-in-law of the former President of Pakistan, the late Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari, and uncle of Sumera Malik and Ayla Malik (granddaughters of Malik Amir Mohammed Khan of Kalabagh) both members of the National Assembly  He is also the uncle of Senator Jamal Leghari and Awais Leghari who was a Minister of Telecommunications and member of the National Assembly 

Publications
 Kickstarting Pakistan's Economy  Lahore: Vanguard Books, 2001  ISBN 969-402-356-4 
"Liberalization and Economic Crisis in Pakistan " In Rising to the Challenge in Asia: A Study of Financial Markets: Volume 9 - Pakistan   Asian Development Bank, 1999   ISBN 971-561-236-9 
Passage 13:
South Central Coast
In Vietnam, South Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) and South Central Region (Vietnamese: Nam Trung Bộ) are two terms which can refer to the same region or two regions that do not correspond to each other  South Central Coast (sometimes called "South Central Region") consists of the independent municipality of Đà Nẵng and seven other provinces (picture 1), which means South Central Coast does not include Central Highlands (picture 2); nevertheless the term "South Central Region" can be also used to include Central Highlands as it is part of southern part of Central Vietnam  
The region has traditionally been one of the main gateways to neighbouring Central Highlands  It has a complex geography with mountain ranges extending up to the coast, making transport and infrastructure development challenging but favouring tourism in some places, most notable around Phan Thiết, Nha Trang, and Da Nang  Tourism also benefits from Cham cultural heritage, including architecture, performances, and museums  It is generally much less industrialized and developed than the region around Ho Chi Minh City or the Red River Delta, but it has some regional industrial centers in Da Nang, around Nha Trang and Quy Nhon 
South Central Coast (Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) -  8 provinces: Da Nang, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận  The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region  In the Nguyễn dynasty, this area was known as Tả Trực Kỳ (the area located in the right of Thừa Thiên) 

Provinces
History
The region was inhabited by people of the Sa Huỳnh culture between around 1000 BC and 200 AD  Remains of this ancient civilization were found in Sa Huỳnh, Quảng Ngãi province  It was succeeded by a kingdom called Lin-yi (林邑) by the Chinese or Lâm Ấp in Vietnamese that was in existence from 192 AD  Its political center was just north of the South Central Coast near Huế  Lin-yi was culturally influenced by India  According to Chinese sources, it repeatedly raided Jiaozhi (Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ), which was one factor that contributed to several wars between Jiaozhi and their Chinese colonizers against Lin-yi in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries 

The historic territory of Champa roughly equals the South Central Coast region, although it has at times extended well into the North Central Coast and its influence also extended into the Central Highlands  Except for its first capital, all of Champa's political centers were located in the South Central Coast  Some of the earlier capitals, as well as the religious center of Mỹ Sơn and the port city of Hội An were located in the territory of present-day Quảng Nam province  Probably due to defeats in wars against Đại Việt the political center shifted further south to Vijaya in what is now Bình Định province  After the fall of Vijaya to Vietnam in 1471, Champa had to retreat to the southern principality of Panduranga (now at Phan Rang in Ninh Thuận province), while much of occupied Champa continued to exist as a sort of protectorate within Vietnam for some time : 119 
Relations with the mountainous hinterland and traders from overseas were crucial  Champa's trade specialized on procuring luxury goods such as eaglewood from the Central Highlands and even as far as Attapeu in southern Laos and selling them to foreign merchants through their ports at Hội An and Thi Nai : 110–111, 114

Geography
Topography
In contrast to most other coastal regions in Vietnam, the South Central Coast's terrain is not mainly flat  It has a diverse topography with mountain ranges and hills extending not only along the entire border with Central Highlands but also to the coast, forming several passes, bays, peninsulas, and beautiful sceneries with beaches and mountain backdrops  Many of the highest mountains are at or near the border with the Central Highlands, the highest of which is Ngọc Linh mountain at 2598 meters  There are several high peaks near the coast of Da Nang city (696m on Son Tra Peninsula), Bình Định province (up to 874m), Phú Yên province (up to 814m), Khánh Hòa province (up to 978m), and Ninh Thuận province (up to 1040m)  
Several mountain passes function as geographic borders between the provinces of the region, with one or two provinces between two major passes  Major passes include the Hải Vân Pass on the northern border of the region (Da Nang), Binh De pass (đèo Bình Đê) between Quảng Ngãi province and Bình Định province, Cù Mông pass (đèo Cù Mông) between Bình Định province and Phú Yên province and Cả pass (đèo Cả) between Phú Yên province and Khánh Hòa province The region includes several islands  Some of the larger ones are the Lý Sơn Islands, the Cham Islands, and Phú Quý island  The Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands are officially administered by Da Nang City and Khánh Hòa Province  However, sovereignty over them is disputed and Vietnam actually controls only some of the Spratly Islands 

Hydrography
There are several rivers along the South Central Coast, the most significant being Thu Bồn River in Quảng Nam province and Đà Rằng River in Phú Yên province (most of the latter's river system is in the Central Highlands  Other major rivers include Trà Khúc River in Quảng Ngãi province, Côn River in Bình Định province, Ki Lo River in Phú Yên province, Cái River in Khánh Hòa province, and Dinh River in Ninh Thuận province 

Climate
Summer temperatures average above 28 °C (82 °F) along most of the coast with slightly lower temperatures further inland  Winters are significantly cooler with average temperatures ranging from around 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F)  The region includes some of the most arid (Ninh Thuận province and Bình Thuận province) as well as some of wettest climates in Vietnam (Da Nang, parts of Quảng Nam province, Quảng Ngãi province), with the rest being somewhere in between  While average precipitation per year exceeds 2,800 millimetres (110 2 in) in many parts of the three provinces in the north of the region, it is less than 800 millimetres (31 5 in) in much of Ninh Thuận province 

Economy
Agriculture, forestry, fishing
The South Central Coast's sector 1 (agriculture, forestry, fishing) performance can be seen as average in the national context, with its GDP contribution similar to its population share (9 7% and 9 5%)  Rice output is below average, but output of some other crops (see table below) as well as forestry and fishing are above average 
The province with the largest sector 1 economy is Bình Định (contributing 22 9% to the regions sector 1 GDP), due to its relatively large output in agriculture, forestry, and fishing  It is followed by Quảng Nam province with 15%, Bình Thuận province with 14 6%, Quảng Ngãi province and Khánh Hòa province with around 13% each  Forestry output is concentrated in Quảng Nam province and Bình Định province with around 25% each, with Quảng Ngãi province and Bình Thuận province contribute another 15% each, while Da Nang and especially Ninh Thuận province have very small forestry sectors  Fishing output is highest in Khánh Hòa province (22 3%) and Bình Định province (19 6%), followed by Phú Yên province and Quảng Ngãi province with around 12% each and Quảng Nam province, Bình Thuận province and Phú Yên province with 9 to 10% each 2 52 million tons of rice were harvested in the South Central Coast in 2007, 7% of Vietnam's total rice harvest  The main producers are Bình Định (580kt in 2007), Bình Thuận (434kt), Quảng Nam (395kt), Quảng Ngãi (381kt), and Phú Yên (321kt)  The region's maize harvest made up 7 5% of the nation's total 
Some tea and coffee are also planted in the region, but their output is not significant in the national context 

Industry
The South Central Coast is central Vietnam's most industrialized region, mostly due to major industrial centers such as Da Nang and Khánh Hòa province  However, industrialization in the region is still lagging behind the national average and is far behind Vietnam's two major industrial hubs around Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi  The region's industrial GDP was 35,885 4 billion VND in 2007, accounting for 37 35% of the region's total GDP and 7 54% of Vietnam's industrial GDP  More than 40% of that is produced in Khánh Hòa province and Da Nang (21 8% and 20%) and another 13 to 14% each by Quảng Nam province and Bình Định province  Bình Thuận province has been able to increase its share to 12% with growth rates in industry averaging 21 6% from 2000 to 2007  Most other provinces have achieved growth between 15 and 20%, with slower growth only in the established industrial centers of Da Nang (14 8%) and Khánh Hòa province (13%)  The region's average industrial growth rate was 16 3% per year from 2000 to 2007, making the main driving force of the economy 

Da Nang has a relatively diversified industrial sector including textiles, fabric, fertilizer, cement, soap, paper, pharmaceuticals etc  Khánh Hòa's industrial sector is still more reliant on basic industries such as food and seafood processing and beverages, shipbuilding, etc  The province also benefited significantly from investment related to the former Russian naval base at Cam Ranh, to which around 30 factories were attached  Quy Nhon is the region's third largest industrial center  It has been able to capitalize on its advantage as a gateway to the Central Highlands to develop resource-based industries (wood processing and stone processing) and a major furniture manufacturing cluster  Other industries are more dispersed, such as construction materials and basic food processing 
New industrial centers are currently being developed in the economic zones: Chu Lai Economic Zone in southern Quảng Nam, nearby Dung Quat Economic Zone (with Dung Quất Refinery) in northern Quảng Ngãi province, Nhơn Hội Economic Zone in Quy Nhon, and Van Phong Economic Zone in northern Khánh Hòa province  All four zones have large areas of land, major infrastructure and industrial projects  However, in contrast to the smaller industrial parks, they are not limited to industrial sectors 

Infrastructure
Transport
Vietnam's main north-south transport corridors run through the whole South Central Coast region  
The North–South Railway runs along the region, with Reunification Express stops at Đà Nẵng Railway Station, Diêu Trì Railway Station, and Nha Trang Railway Station  Stations with less frequent stops are Tam Kỳ Railway Station, Quảng Ngãi Railway Station, Quy Nhơn Railway Station, Tuy Hòa Railway Station, Tháp Chàm Railway Station, Mương Mán Railway Station, as well as several local railway stations 
The two-lane National Route 1 connects all major cities of the region to the rest of the country (Quy Nhon and Nha Trang by extension 1D and 1C)  The Ministry of Transport is planning the construction of a 139 5 km four-lane highway from Da Nang to Quảng Ngãi province in cooperation with foreign donors The region is connected to the Central Highlands by several national roads at Phan Rang (National Road 27 to Da Lat), Ninh Hòa, Khánh Hòa province (26 to Buôn Ma Thuột), Tuy Hòa (25 to Pleiku via Ayun Pa) Quy Nhon (19 to Pleiku), and western Quảng Nam province (14/ Ho Chi Minh Road to Kon Tum) The largest airport in the region is Da Nang International Airport with flights to various cities in Vietnam, Singapore, Siem Reap, Guangzhou, Shanghai and seasonal flights to other cities in mainland China and Taiwan  The region's second international airport at Cam Ranh (serving Nha Trang flights to various cities in Vietnam, Guangzhou, Shanghais, Hong Kong, etc )  Phu Cat Airport (serving Quy Nhon) and Dong Tac Airport (serving Tuy Hòa) have only domestic flights  Chu Lai in southern Quảng Nam province has an international airport, but only domestic flights 
Da Nang Port and Quy Nhơn Port are the region's major ports  Another major port is under construction at Vân Phong in Khánh Hòa province 

Energy
The South Central Coast has limited potential for hydro-power plants and has therefore not been a major part of EVN's mostly hydro-focused strategy  However, it is at the forefront of many of Vietnam's efforts to diversify electricity sources away from hydro-power  The country's first nuclear power plant is under construction in Ninh Thuận province  A second nuclear power project is being prepared with Japanese partners and will also be in Ninh Thuận A 200 MW wind power plant is under construction in Ninh Thuận province and is planned to be completed in 2012  Other wind power plants are being constructed in Bình Thuận province 
Bình Thuận is also the location of a 1200 MW electro-thermal plant currently under construction 

Demography
The South Central Coast region had a population of 8 93 million  The three northern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định have the largest populations and together make up almost half of the region's population (47 7%) 2 82 million or 31 6% of them live in cities and towns  More than half of the region's urban population is in Da Nang, Khánh Hòa province and Bình Thuận province, while more than half of the rural population is in the provinces  of Quảng Nam, Bình Định and Quảng Ngãi Annual population growth has averaged 1 22% from 2000 to 2007, with Da Nang recording the fastest population growth at 1 95%  Growth in the three northern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định has been slowest at around 1%  The four other provinces had average growth rates between 1 26% (Khánh Hòa province) and 1 59% (Ninh Thuận province) The region's population is ethnically clearly dominated by the Vietnamese people (Kinh)  There are some minorities, the most significant of which are the Cham, the descendants of Champa  They live mostly in the lowlands around Phan Rang and northern Bình Thuận province, with smaller communities in other provinces such as southern Bình Định  Other minorities live mostly in the mountainous western parts of the region  Areas inhabited by minority people make up more than half of Quảng Nam province and Quảng Ngãi province 
Passage 14:
Mueang Phan
Mueang Phan (Thai: เมืองพาน) is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Phan District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand  In 2005 it had a total population of 19,326 people  The tambon contains 25 villages 
Passage 15:
Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge
The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge is a bridge spanning the Mississippi River in the U  S  city of Sauk Rapids, Minnesota  Construction began on September 26, 2005; the bridge was completed in September 2007 and opened to traffic on October 23, 2007  The official dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony took place on November 16, 2007   The bridge replaced the former Sauk Rapids Bridge, located a short distance downriver, which was demolished in the fall and winter of 2007-2008 
The new bridge spans the BNSF Railway on the east bank of the river  Traffic flow is no longer disrupted during train crossings; this was a frequent problem with the former bridge 
The new span relied heavily on steel for its construction rather than concrete to reduce the number of piers needed to be placed in the river  This design choice increased the project cost by $2 3 million USD to a total cost estimated at $56 63 million   Construction of the bridge of itself cost an estimated $20 46 million, with other costs including right-of-way purchases, road construction, and a program to help businesses affected by the project relocate elsewhere in downtown Sauk Rapids 
The entire project was large in scope, due to the amount of business and residential properties that were affected by its chosen location   When the Sauk Rapids Bridge project began, it was considered to be the first downtown transportation project of its kind nationwide in terms of the scale of relocations of businesses that were necessary   The success of the project may set a precedent for future bridges The original design of the bridge was hotly contested between Benton County and the City of Sauk Rapids, and the dispute was nearly taken to court  The county had wished that the bridge land beyond Benton Drive (Sauk Rapids' "main street") on Second Avenue and connect with Second Street North  The city feared that such a design would adversely affect businesses in the downtown area and desired instead that the bridge land on Benton Drive  Benton County's stake in the project (Stearns County being the other contributor) was eventually handed over to the city, and it was elected that the bridge pass over the BNSF Railway, land on Benton Drive, and connect with Second Street North 
The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge features a spiral walkway on the Sauk Rapids side of the bridge that allows pedestrians to access the city parking lot under the bridge 

See also
Sauk Rapids Bridge
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River
Passage 16:
Labanoras Regional Park
Labanoras Regional Park, established in 1992, is located 80 kilometers northeast of Lithuania's capital, Vilnius  Covering 553 18 km², it is the largest regional park in the country  Its administration is in the small town of Labanoras 

Nature

The park contains about 70 lakes; about 80% of its land is forested  Its floral biodiversity is high, and it is home to the densest population of nesting white stork couples in Europe  It also contains areas with archeological, architectural, ethnographic, and historic value 
It is the largest Lithuania regional park, distinguished by a variety of landscapes, extremely rich flora and fauna  The largest part of the park is occupied by forests (80%), mostly pine forests  Labanoras forest with abundant wetlands and lakes is characterized by an abundance of protected species  Lakes occupy 14 percent  park areas  Spectacular Black Lakajai and White Lakajai, Stirniai, Siesartis and other lakes in Molėtai Lake District, 15 8 km long Aisetas lake  Lakaja, one of the most beautiful and exotic rivers, was loved not only by water birds but also by water tourists 
There are 285 lakes in Labanoras Regional Park - the largest of all Lithuanian regional parks  Largest: Stirniai, White Lakajai, Kertuojai  About 30 streams flow through the park  These are Lakaja, Peršokšna, Dumblė, Luknelė  In addition to these water bodies, the park protects swamp ecosystems, valuable calcareous marshes 
A whole complex of high marshes and lakeside low marshes is protected - Kanija raistas and many larger and smaller wetlands  In the Girutiškis Nature Reserve here, the Beržalotas upland swamp shines with the mirrors of the lakes 
Pine forests make up 81 percent  of all the forests in the park  Along with abundant lakes, swamps, hilly and undulating terrain, they are very picturesque 
The distant surroundings of Aukštaitija National Park can be seen from the observation tower of the Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology 
The park is a famous breeding ground for elks,  wolves  and lynxes 
Passage 17:
S-Fone
S-Fone was a mobile communication operator in Vietnam that used the CDMA technology  Founded on 1 July 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, S-Fone became the third network of Vietnam, breaking the duopoly of the two VNPT operators  It is the trademark of S-Telecom (CDMA Mobile Phone Centre) (set up as a joint venture between Saigon Postel Corp  (SPT) and Korea SK Telecom)  SK Telecom decided to leave the partnership in 2010  SPT has since then found it difficult to find a new partner, after a co-operation with Saigon Tel failed As of the start of 2005, breaking the old rule of the calls fee from 10 second to 1 second (6+1)7, S-Fone has 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 subscribers, contributing 3% to the total market (after Mobifone with 41%, Viettel Mobile with 34% and Vinaphone with 20%  Its market share (estimated based on revenues) fell to 0 1% by 2012 after suffering from a lack of capital, a small number of subscribers and low network quality S-Fone has become highly indebted and has been unable to pay salaries for several months in its Hanoi branch in late 2012  S-Fone ceased its operation, closed its stores and website, and released its staff from their contracts in July 2012  Its operating license expired in 2016 

Achievements
S-Fone is the first and biggest national cellular mobile phone network using CDMA in Vietnam (followed by EVN Telecom and HT Mobile)  On 9 October 2006, S-Fone officially launched CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO value added services for the first time in Vietnam: VOD/MOD (Video, TV on demand, music on demand) and mobile Internet (enabling internet access for PCs and laptops via S-Fone network) beginning in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, Hai Phong and Can Tho 
Passage 18:
Fire and Water (sculpture)
Fire and Water is a public art work by American artist John Luttropp, located on the southwest side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin  The multi-element architectural sculpture was created for the entrance of the Milwaukee Fire Department Engine Company #25 station  It is located at 300 S  84th St 

Description
The sculpture includes two primary elements: a pair of neon-topped tapering concrete walls flanking the entry sidewalk, and a wall-mounted neon sign displaying the number 25 in a stylized font  During the day, the neon is not lit  At night, the entry numbers glow red, and the tops of the tapering wall glow blue  According to the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey, the red neon symbolizes fire and the blue neon symbolizes water spray from fire hoses 

Historical information
The City of Milwaukee commissioned the work for $9,000 and it was greeted with some criticism  The Milwaukee Sentinel compared the neon look to a fast food restaurant and quoted hesitant firefighters based at the station 
Passage 19:
Bodyguard (British TV series)
Bodyguard is a British political thriller television series created and written by Jed Mercurio and produced by World Productions as part of ITV Studios for the BBC  The six-part series centres around the fictional character of Police Sergeant David Budd (Richard Madden), a British Army war veteran suffering from PTSD, who is now working for the Royalty and Specialist Protection Branch of London's Metropolitan Police Service  He is assigned as the principal protection officer (PPO) for the ambitious Home Secretary Julia Montague (Keeley Hawes), whose politics he despises  The series draws attention to controversial issues such as  government monitoring of private information and its regulation, the politics of intervention and terrorism, and PTSD The series began broadcasting on BBC One on 26 August 2018, achieving the highest viewing figures for a new BBC drama in the multichannel era and the highest BBC viewing figures since 2008  The BBC commissioned the series from the then-independent World Productions in 2016  Since ITV Studios Global Entertainment acquired the company in 2017, they have handled international distribution for the series  Netflix agreed to a distribution deal to broadcast the show outside the United Kingdom and Ireland The series was met with critical acclaim, particularly for Madden's performance  The series received numerous award nominations including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama, with Madden winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama  At the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series and a second series is in development 

Cast and characters
Main
Budd familyRichard Madden as PS David Budd, a Scottish veteran of the Afghanistan war and now dedicated Principal Protection Officer (PPO) at Protection Command  His wartime experiences have left him struggling with PTSD, prone to volatile behaviour, and mistrustful of politicians  Assigned to protect Julia Montague, whose politics he loathes, Budd is conflicted over his loyalties 
Sophie Rundle as Vicky Budd, David's wife and the mother of their two children, who works as a ward sister at a London hospital  David's unpredictable moods and issues with PTSD since returning from Afghanistan resulted in their marriage being estranged GovernmentKeeley Hawes as The Rt Hon  Julia Montague MP, the Home Secretary and Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the fictional constituency of Thames West  Montague's suspected desire to become Prime Minister, and her controversial additions to the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, dubbed "RIPA-18" and "The Snoopers' Charter", which would give greater powers to the police and Security Services to investigate personal communications and information, have resulted in many enemies 
Vincent Franklin as Mike Travis MP, Minister of State for Counter-Terrorism, who grows increasingly resentful over being excluded from Montague's dealings with MI5 
Nicholas Gleaves as The Rt Hon  Roger Penhaligon MP, the Government Chief Whip, Member of Parliament for Surrey North and Montague's ex-husband  A staunch supporter of the Prime Minister, he becomes increasingly suspicious and wary of Montague's political ambition 
David Westhead as The Rt Hon  John Vosler MP, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party 
Paul Ready as Rob MacDonald, Special Advisor to the Home Secretary, who has a crush on Montague PoliceGina McKee as Commander Anne Sampson, Head of Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) and Deepak Sharma's superior  Threatened by Montague's preference for MI5, Sampson enlists Budd's help 
Pippa Haywood as CSI Lorraine Craddock, Budd's commanding officer at Protection Command, who assigns him to protect Montague 
Ash Tandon as DCI Deepak Sharma, a senior detective in SO15 leading the investigation into the recent series of terror activities  As things fail to add up, he becomes suspicious of Budd 
Nina Toussaint-White as DS Louise Rayburn, an SO15 officer working under Sharma who starts to work with Budd Security Service / MI5Stuart Bowman as Stephen Hunter-Dunn, Director General of the Security Service (MI5), whose surveillance powers will be significantly enhanced by RIPA 18  Montague's preference for MI5 over SO15 puts him at odds with Sampson 
Michael Shaeffer as "Richard Longcross", an enigmatic MI5 agent working under Hunter-Dunn who becomes involved in a cat-and-mouse game with Budd CriminalsTom Brooke as Andrew 'Andy' Apsted, a war veteran and friend of Budd's  Scarred both physically and mentally by his experiences in Afghanistan, Apsted leads the anti-war Veterans Peace Group 
Matt Stokoe as Luke Aikens, a mysterious organised crime leader  He seeks to eliminate the Home Secretary 
Anjli Mohindra as Nadia Ali, implicated with her husband in an attempted bombing on a London-bound train service 

Recurring
FamilyMatthew Stagg as Charlie Budd, David and Vicky's 8-year-old son  Charlie attends Heath Bank Primary School in Camberwell 
Bella Padden as Ella Budd, David and Vicky's 10-year-old daughter  Ella attends Heath Bank Primary School in Camberwell GovernmentShubham Saraf as Tahir Mahmood, Montague's PR Adviser 
Stephanie Hyam as Chanel Dyson, the PR Advisor to the Home Secretary before getting fired by Montague PoliceClaire-Louise Cordwell as Constable Kim Knowles, a Protection Command bodyguard in Budd's team 
Richard Riddell as Constable Tom Fenton, a Protection Command bodyguard in Budd's team 

Episodes
Production
The series was largely filmed on location in London, including the Whittington Estate for Budd's flat and Battersea for Montague's flat  The bomb scenes in the final episode were filmed around CityPoint near Moorgate and Woburn Square and Senate House in Bloomsbury 
The train scenes in the first episode were filmed on the Mid-Norfolk Railway BBC journalists including Andrew Marr, John Pienaar, John Humphrys, and Laura Kuenssberg appear as themselves 

Reception
Audience
Viewing figures for the series were high, with 10 4 million (peaking at 11 million) viewers watching the overnight broadcast of the finale live on BBC One alone  As significant numbers of viewers watched the show on catchup service iPlayer after transmission, the series sparked a debate on how the media should handle spoilers  Radio Times revealed the fate of Montague in a cover story during the series's original transmission 

Critical response
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 93% approval rating, with an average rating of 8 2/10, based on 70 reviews  The critical consensus reads, "Bodyguard maintains a palpable tension throughout its pulpy proceedings to create an absorbing and addicting psychological thriller " On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews" In a positive review, Variety's Daniel D'Addario describes the series as "Both juicy in its delving into character psychology and rippingly ready to tear up its playbook as it goes, it’s a six-episode ride that demands, and rewards, a quick binge " D'Addario further states that the series "excels at both the daring, gasp-inducing twist and the methodical construction of slower-burning thrills", and that Madden's performance "by turns tripping on his own empathy, and angrily operating beyond rationality, makes us believe anything is possible — a wonderful asset for a show that seeks above all else to keep us watching"  Allison Keene, writing for Collider, lauds the performances of the cast, describing Madden's as "enthralling" and "absolutely heartbreaking", and depicts the series as "an exhilarating ride that truly showcases Madden as a major talent"  Writing for Time, Judy Berman states that the series "subverts thriller tropes just often enough to earn its reliance on them", and in a five-star review Guardian critic Lucy Mangan expresses that "[Mercurio] has created something as dark and moreish as ever"  Hanh Nguyen of IndieWire describes the series as "relentless", and the performances of Madden and Hawes as "mesmerizing"  Robert Rorke of the New York Post writes that the series is "gripping" and that Madden "gives a magnetic performance" In a more mixed assessment, Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Some elements of the series struck me as odd   and certain climactic revelations had me talking to the screen  But the action is well mounted and the tension tightly wound; it uncoils, when it does, with a satisfying snap"  In a similarly mixed review, The Atlantic's Sophie Gilbert acknowledged that "Hawes is elegantly unknowable as Julia   she gives just enough nuance in her performance to make you question whether she has a heart or is extremely deft at emotional manipulation", however she laments that "To watch Bodyguard’s six episodes is to suspend disbelief and submit to its surprises  It helps not to expect too much more than that, particularly when it comes to the show’s lavish employment of archetypes, which inevitably leads to its more questionable elements "Intelligent Protection International Limited’s CEO Alex Bomberg on BBC Radio 5 Live said that the plot, in particular the personal relationship that Budd developed with his charge, would be frowned upon as both unprofessional and putting the charge at risk  Detective Chief Inspector Steve Ray, of the Royal and Specialist Protection Command (RaSP) told the BBC that “the relationship that we have with our principals is purely professional”, adding that anyone who crossed the line would quickly be identified and would not last very long in Protection Command or even in the police service” 

Accolades
Red Nose Bodyguard
A skit titled Red Nose Bodyguard was filmed in support of Comic Relief, featuring many cast members from the series as well as performances from Joanna Lumley, Adrian Dunbar and Sanjeev Bhaskar  The skit was first broadcast on Red Nose Day 2019 on 15 March 2019 

See also
List of fictional prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Context 2: Passage 1:
3rd Berlin International Film Festival
The 3rd annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 18 to 28 June 1953 

Description
This year's festival did not give any official jury prizes; instead awards were given by audience voting  This continued until the FIAPF granted Berlin "A-Status" in 1956 The Golden Bear was awarded to Le Salaire de la peur by audience vote  It was at this edition that the first replica of the Bär first created by sculptor Renée Sintenis, produced by the Noack Foundry, was presented The festival held a retrospective on silent films 

Films in competition
The following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:

Key
Awards
The following prizes were awarded by audience votes:
Golden Bear: Le Salaire de la peur by Henri-Georges Clouzot
Silver Bear: Magia verde by Gian Gaspare Napolitano
Bronze Berlin Bear: Sie fanden eine Heimat by Leopold Lindtberg
Passage 2:
Lars Jakobson
Lars Jakobson (1959, Lund) is a Swedish author  Among the awards he won are the Svenska Dagbladet book prize and the Selma Lagerlöf Prize, both in 2006  For many years he lived in  Stockholm 

Bibliography
Vinterkvarteret (novel, 1985)
Vetten (novel, 1986)
Menageri (short stories, 1989)
Pumpan (novel, 1991)
Hemsökelser (short stories, 1994)
Kanalbyggarnas barn (novel, 1997)
I den Röda damens slott  En martiansk biografi (novel, 2000)
Stjärnfall  Om sf (essays, 2003)  (Co-written with Ola Larsmo and Steve Sem-Sandberg)
Berättelser om djur och andra (short stories, 2004)
Vid den stora floden (novel, 2006)
Vännerna (novel, 2010)
Effekter (essays and short stories, 2011)
Passage 3:
The Corrections
The Corrections is a 2001 novel by American author Jonathan Franzen  It revolves around the troubles of an elderly Midwestern couple and their three adult children, tracing their lives from the mid-20th century to "one last Christmas" together near the turn of the millennium  The novel was awarded the National Book Award in 2001 and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 2002 
The Corrections was published to wide acclaim from literary critics for its characterization and prose  While the novel's release preceded the September 11 terrorist attacks by ten days, many have interpreted The Corrections as having prescient insight into the major concerns and general mood of post-9/11 American life, and it has been listed in multiple publications as one of the greatest novels of the 21st century 

Plot summary
The novel shifts back and forth through the late 20th century, intermittently following spouses Alfred and Enid Lambert as they raise their children Gary, Chip, and Denise in the traditional Midwestern suburb of St  Jude, and the lives of each family member as the three children grow up, distancing themselves and living on the East Coast  Alfred, a rigid and strict patriarch who worked as a railroad engineer, has developed Parkinson's and shows increasingly unmanageable symptoms of dementia  Enid takes out her frustrations with him by attempting to impose her traditional judgments on her adult children's lives, to their annoyance 
The middle son, Chip, is an unemployed academic living in New York City following his termination as a tenure-track university professor due to a sexual relationship with a student  Living on borrowed money from Denise, Chip works obsessively on a screenplay, but finds no success or motivation to pay off his debts  Following a rejection of his screenplay, Chip takes a job from his girlfriend's estranged husband Gitanas, a friendly but corrupt Lithuanian government official, later moving to Vilnius and working to defraud American investors over the Internet 
Their eldest son, Gary, is a successful but increasingly depressive and alcoholic banker living in Philadelphia with his wife, Caroline, and their three young sons  When Enid attempts to persuade Gary to bring his family to St  Jude for Christmas, Caroline is reluctant, and turns Gary's sons against him and Enid, worsening his depressive tendencies  In return, Gary attempts to force his parents to move to Philadelphia so that Alfred may undergo an experimental neurological treatment that he and Denise learn about 
Also living in Philadelphia, their youngest child Denise finds growing success as an executive chef despite Enid's disapproval and persistent scrutiny of her personal life, and is commissioned to open a new restaurant  Simultaneously impulsive and a workaholic, Denise begins affairs with both her boss and his wife, and though the restaurant is successful, she is fired when they are uncovered  Flashbacks to her childhood show her responding to her repressed upbringing by beginning an affair with one of her father's subordinates, a married railroad signals worker 
As Alfred's condition worsens, Enid attempts to manipulate all of her children into going to St  Jude for Christmas, with increasing desperation  Initially only Gary and Denise are present, Gary having failed to convince his wife or children, while Chip is delayed by a violent political conflict in Lithuania, eventually arriving late after being attacked and robbed of all his savings  Denise inadvertently discovers that her father had known of her teenaged affair with his subordinate, and had kept his knowledge a secret to protect her privacy, at great personal cost  After a disastrous Christmas morning together, the three children are dismayed by their father's condition, and Alfred is finally moved into a nursing home 
As Alfred's condition deteriorates in care, Chip stays with Enid and visits his father frequently while dating a doctor, eventually having twins with her  Denise leaves Philadelphia and moves to New York to work at a new restaurant where she is much happier  Enid, freed of her responsibilities and long-time frustrations with Alfred, slowly becomes a more open-minded person, and enjoys a healthier involvement in her children's and grandchildren's lives, finally stating that she is ready to make some changes in her life 

Themes
The title of The Corrections refers most literally to the decline of the technology-driven economic boom of the late nineties  Franzen makes this clear at the beginning of the book's final chapter, also titled "The Corrections": 

The Correction, when it finally came, was not an overnight bursting of a bubble but a much more gentle let-down, a year-long leakage of value from key financial markets   
(On a more abstract level, the title is an homage to William Gaddis' The Recognitions )This economic correction parallels the simultaneous "corrections" that Franzen's characters make to their own lives in the novel's final pages  Franzen has said that "the most important corrections of the book are the sudden impingements of truth or reality on characters who are expending ever larger sums of energy on self-deception or denial " Enid becomes more flexible in her worldview and less submissive to her husband's authority, and Chip begins a more mature relationship with a woman, simultaneously reconciling with his father  Gary, the only central character who fails to learn from his mistakes and grow during the course of the novel, loses a lot of money as technology stocks begin to decline 
Another key theme in the book is America's transition from an industrial economy to an economy based largely on the financial, high-tech and service sectors  Alfred, a railroad engineer with a pension and a deep loyalty to his company, embodies the old economic order of mid-twentieth century America  His children, a chef, an investment banker, and a professor/internet entrepreneur, embody the new economic order at the turn of the millennium  Franzen depicts this economic transition most concretely in his descriptions of Denise's workplace, an abandoned Philadelphia coal plant converted into a trendy, expensive restaurant 
The narrative of Chip's involvement with Gitanas' attempt to bring the country of Lithuania to the market – "lithuania com" on the internet – comments on unrestrained capitalism and the privileges and power of the wealthy while meaningful distinctions between private and public sectors disappear  "The main difference between America and Lithuania, as far as Chip could see, was that in America the wealthy few subdued the unwealthy many by means of mind-numbing and soul-killing entertainments and gadgetry and pharmaceuticals, whereas in Lithuania the powerful few subdued the unpowerful many by threatening violence "
The book addresses conflicts and issues within a family that arise from the presence of a progressive debilitating disease of an elder  As Alfred's dementia and parkinsonism unfold mercilessly, they affect Enid and all three children, eliciting different and, over time, changing reactions  Medical help and hype – the latter in the form of the investigatory method “Corecktall” – do not provide a solution  At the end, Alfred refuses to eat and dies, the ultimate “correction” of the problem 

Reception
The novel won the 2001 National Book Award for Fiction
and the 2002 James Tait Black Memorial Prize, was a finalist for the 2002 Pulitzer Prize, was nominated for the 2001 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction and the 2002 PEN/Faulkner Award, and was shortlisted for the 2003 International Dublin Literary Award  According to John Leonard, the novel explores the generation gap and the grasp of one generation on another in a way that reminds you of "why you read serious fiction in the first place"  In 2005, The Corrections was included in TIME magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels since 1923  In 2006, Bret Easton Ellis declared the novel "one of the three great books of my generation " In 2009, website The Millions polled 48 writers, critics, and editors, including Joshua Ferris, Sam Anderson, and Lorin Stein; the panel voted The Corrections the best novel since 2000 "by a landslide" The novel was a selection of Oprah's Book Club in 2001  Franzen caused some controversy when he publicly expressed his ambivalence at his novel having been chosen by the club due to its inevitable association with the "schmaltzy" books selected in the past  As a result, Oprah Winfrey rescinded her invitation to him to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show Entertainment Weekly put The Corrections on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "Forget all the Oprah hoo-ha: Franzen's 2001 doorstop of a domestic drama teaches that, yes, you can go home again  But you might not want to "

Style and interpretations
With The Corrections, Franzen moved away from the postmodernism of his earlier novels and towards literary realism  In a conversation with novelist Donald Antrim for BOMB Magazine, Franzen said of this stylistic change, "Simply to write a book that wasn't dressed up in a swashbuckling, Pynchon-sized megaplot was enormously difficult " Critics pointed out many similarities between Franzen's childhood in St  Louis and the novel, but the work is not an autobiography   Franzen said in an interview that "the most important experience of my life     is the experience of growing up in the Midwest with the particular parents I had  I feel as if they couldn’t fully speak for themselves, and I feel as if their experience—by which I mean their values, their experience of being alive, of being born at the beginning of the century and dying towards the end of it, that whole American experience they had—[is] part of me  One of my enterprises in the book is to memorialize that experience, to give it real life and form " The novel also focuses on topics such as the multi-generational transmission of family dysfunction and the waste inherent in today's consumer economy, and each of the characters "embody the conflicting consciousnesses and the personal and social dramas of our era " Influenced by Franzen's life, the novel in turn influenced it; during its writing, he said in 2002, he moved "away from an angry and frightened isolation toward an acceptance – even a celebration – of being a reader and a writer "In a Newsweek feature on American culture during the George W  Bush administration, Jennie Yabroff said that despite being released less than a year into Bush's term and before the September 11 attacks, The Corrections "anticipates almost eerily the major concerns of the next seven years " According to Yabroff, a study of The Corrections demonstrates that much of the apprehension and disquiet that is seen as characteristic of the Bush era and post-9/11 America actually predated both  In this way, the novel is both characteristic of its time and prophetic of things to come; for Yabroff, even the controversy with Oprah, which saw Franzen branded an "elitist," was symptomatic of the subsequent course of American culture, with its increasingly prominent anti-elitist strain  She argues that The Corrections stands above later novels which focus on similar themes, because unlike its successors it addresses these themes without being "hamstrung by the 9/11 problem" which preoccupied Bush-era novels by writers such as Don DeLillo, Jay McInerney, and Jonathan Safran Foer 

Film adaptation
In August 2001, producer Scott Rudin optioned the film rights to The Corrections for Paramount Pictures  The rights still have not yet been turned into a completed film In 2002, the film was said to be in pre-production, with Stephen Daldry attached to direct and dramatist David Hare working on the screenplay  In October 2002, Franzen gave Entertainment Weekly a wish-list for the cast of the film, saying, "If they told me Gene Hackman was going to do Alfred, I would be delighted  If they told me they had cast Cate Blanchett as [Alfred's daughter] Denise, I would be jumping up and down, even though officially I really don't care what they do with the movie "In January 2005, Variety announced that, with Daldry presumably off the project, Robert Zemeckis was developing Hare's script "with an eye toward directing "  In August 2005, Variety confirmed that the director would definitely be helming The Corrections  Around this time, it was rumored that the cast would include Judi Dench as the family matriarch Enid, along with Brad Pitt, Tim Robbins and Naomi Watts as her three children  In January 2007, Variety wrote that Hare was still at work on the film's screenplay In September 2011, it was announced that Rudin and the screenwriter and director Noah Baumbach were preparing The Corrections as a "drama series project," to potentially co-star Anthony Hopkins and air on HBO  Baumbach and Franzen collaborated on the screenplay, which Baumbach would direct  In 2011, it was announced that Chris Cooper and Dianne Wiest would star in the HBO adaptation  In November 2011, it was announced that Ewan McGregor had joined the cast  In a March 7, 2012, interview, McGregor confirmed that work on the film was "about a week" in and noted that both Dianne Wiest and Maggie Gyllenhaal were among the cast members  But on May 1, 2012, HBO decided not to pick up the pilot for a full series 

Radio adaptation
In January 2015, the BBC broadcast a 15-part radio dramatisation of the work  The series of 15-minute episodes, adapted by Marcy Kahan and directed by Emma Harding, also starred Richard Schiff (The West Wing), Maggie Steed (The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus), Colin Stinton (Rush, The Bourne Ultimatum) and Julian Rhind-Tutt (Lucy, Rush, Notting Hill)  The series was part of BBC Radio 4's 15 Minute Drama "classic and contemporary original drama and book dramatisations" 
Passage 4:
Lectures on Jurisprudence
Lectures on Jurisprudence, also called Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms (1763) is a collection of Adam Smith's lectures, comprising notes taken from his early lectures  It contains the formative ideas behind The Wealth of Nations 

Background
Published as part of the 1976 Glasgow Edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith   It consists of two sets of lecture notes that were apparently taken from Smith's lectures of the 1760s, along with an 'Early Draft' of The Wealth of Nations  The same material had also appeared as An Early Draft of Part of The Wealth of Nations and as Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms 

Summary
Smith’s Lectures on Jurisprudence, originally delivered at the University of Glasgow in 1762–1763, present his ‘theory of the rules by which civil government ought to be directed ’ The chief purpose of government, according to Smith, is to preserve justice; and ‘the object of justice is security from injury ’ The state must protect the individual’s right to his person, property, reputation, and social relations  Smith specifically defines the term jurisprudence as "the theory of general principles of law and government"  It is also defined as the general guidelines about the essence of a nation's laws  Smith specifically defines the term jurisprudence as "the theory of general principles of law and government"  It is also defined as the general guidelines about the essence of a nation's laws 

Part I: Of Justice
Division I  Of Public Jurisprudence
Division II  Domestic Law
Division III  Private Law

Part II: Of Police
The pros and cons of money, prices, and financial exchanges fall under this section of the Lectures "since the regulation of prices and the creation of money by the state both came under the head of police "
Division I  Cleanliness and Security
Division II  Cheapness or Plenty

Part III: Of Revenue
Part IV: Of Arms
Part V: Of the Laws of Nations
Scholarly critique
According to William Caldwell, the lectures accomplish three goals: they detail Smith's philosophy and beliefs about economics, they explain his motivation to write about the historical origins of political societies, and they show the influence of mercantilism and Francis Hutcheson on Smith's thoughts on the political economy  In an article for Political Science Quarterly, Wilhelm Hasbach opines that Smith believed that the political economy is the foundation for morality, law, government, wealth, revenue, and arms, a position that originated from the idea of natural law  He also notes that Smith's relationship with the  physiocrats is important in the Lectures and that some critics state that Smith produced the same concepts as the physiocrats on economics   Hasbach also states that Smith expands on physiocratic ideas by advocating a freedom of  industry  Smith expects that industry - and also commerce - be  laisser-faire and relevant to all aspects of political economics  Another scholar,  C  F  Bastable, notes that Smith recognizes the need for industry for the production of wealth  Industry creates capital which is much needed in an economically viable society Hasbach has also written that the Lectures offer a perspective of Smith's view on property that differs from that of John Locke  Smith believes that property does not lie within the individual but rather that it ought to be shared within society   "The individual and his labor are in no respect the ultimate source of the  right of property in land: the origin of this right is in society " Also, according to Hasbach, Smith rejects a state of nature and the doctrine on an  original contract, two ideas supported by Locke 

Notes
External links
Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms on OLL
Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms on archive org
Passage 5:
John Dear
John Dear (born August 13, 1959) is an American Catholic priest, peace activist, lecturer, and author of 35 books on peace and nonviolence  He has spoken on peace around the world, organized hundreds of demonstrations against war, injustice and nuclear weapons and been arrested 85 times in acts of nonviolent civil disobedience against war, injustice, poverty, nuclear weapons and environmental destruction   
Dear has been nominated several times for the Nobel Peace Prize, including in January 2008 by Archbishop Desmond Tutu  He has served as the director of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and currently serves as the founder and director of the Beatitudes Center for the Nonviolent Jesus 

Biography
Early life
Dear was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, on August 13, 1959  He graduated magna cum laude from Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina, in 1981  He then worked for the Robert F  Kennedy Memorial Foundation in Washington, D C 

Jesuit formation
In August 1982, Dear entered the Society of Jesus, commonly known as the Jesuits, at their novitiate in Wernersville, Pennsylvania  He then spent two years studying philosophy at Fordham University in the Bronx, New York (1984–1986), during which time he lived and worked for the Jesuit Refugee Service in a refugee camp in El Salvador for three months in 1985  
For his period of regency, he taught at Scranton Preparatory School in Scranton, Pennsylvania, from 1986 to 1988  He then spent a year working at the Fr  McKenna Center, a drop-in center and shelter for the homeless, in Washington, D C  From 1989 to 1993, he attended the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California, and received two master's degrees in theology from the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley  
He was ordained a Catholic priest in Baltimore, Maryland on June 12, 1993, and began serving as associate pastor of St  Aloysius' Church in Washington, D C 

Promoting peace and nonviolence
Dear founded Bay Area Pax Christi, a region of Pax Christi USA, the national Catholic peace movement, and began to arrange for Mother Teresa to intervene with various governors on behalf of people scheduled to be executed on death row 
Dear was arrested in scores of nonviolent civil disobedience actions against war, injustice and nuclear weapons—from the Pentagon to Livermore Laboratories in California  On December 7, 1993, he was arrested with three others at the Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in Goldsboro, North Carolina, for hammering on an F-15 nuclear capable fighter bomber  He was jailed, tried and convicted of two felony counts, and served seven-and-a-half months in North Carolina jails and four-and-a-half months, under house arrest in Washington, D C , followed by 3 years probation  As part of the Plowshares disarmament movement, the defendants argued that they were fulfilling Isaiah's mandate to "beat swords into plowshares," and Jesus' command to "love your enemies "From 1994–1996, Dear served as executive director of the Sacred Heart Center, a community center for low-income African-American women and children, in Richmond, Virginia  In the Spring of 1997, he taught theology for one semester at Fordham University in the Bronx, New York  From 1997–98, he lived in Derry, Northern Ireland, as part of the Jesuit "tertianship" sabbatical program, and worked at a human rights center in Belfast 
From 1998–2001, Dear served as executive director of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the largest interfaith peace organization in the United States, based in Nyack, New York  In 1999, he led a delegation of Nobel Peace Prize winners on a peace mission to Iraq, and also an interfaith delegation to Palestine/Israel 
Immediately after September 11, 2001, Dear served as a Red Cross coordinator of chaplains at the Family Assistance Center in Manhattan, and personally counseled thousands of relatives and rescue workers  From 2002–04, he served as pastor to five parishes in the high desert of northeastern New Mexico, and founded Pax Christi New Mexico, a region of Pax Christi USA 
In 2006, Dear led a demonstration against the U S  war in Iraq in Santa Fe, New Mexico  In 2009, he joined the Creech 14 in a civil disobedience protest at Creech Air Force base against the U S  drone war in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and was arrested and put in the Clark County, Nevada jail for a night  He was later found guilty but given time served 
In January 2014, Dear left the Jesuits and wrote about his leaving in the National Catholic Reporter, saying that the Society of Jesus has turned from its commitment to social justice, and that he would not be permitted to work for peace and disarmament  Dear then joined the Diocese of Monterey, California where he remains a Catholic priest 

Speaker, writer, teacher
Over the years, Dear has given thousands of lectures on peace, disarmament and nonviolence in churches, schools and groups across the United States, and around the world, including national speaking tours of Australia, New Zealand, Scotland, Canada and England 
Dear formerly wrote a weekly column for the National Catholic Reporter and the Huffington Post  He is also featured in several other books and featured in a wide variety of U S  publications, including The New York Times and The Washington Post  He is featured in the DVD documentary film, The Narrow Path, and the subject of John Dear on Peace, by Patti Normile (St  Anthony Messenger Press, 2009)  He has published hundreds of articles (see: www johndear org) and over 35 books 

Awards
Dear has received several peace awards, including the 2010 Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award, from the Diocese of Davenport, Iowa; and the Courage of Conscience Award, from Peace Abbey in Boston, Massachusetts 
Dear has been also nominated several times for the Nobel Peace Prize, including a nomination in January 2008 by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and later by Senator Barbara Mikulski 

Bibliography
Disarming the Heart: Toward a Vow of Nonviolence (Foreword by John Stoner)
Jean Donovan and the Call to Discipleship
Christ Is With the Poor: Sayings of Horace McKenna, S J  (Ed )
Our God Is Nonviolent: Witnesses in the Struggle for Peace and Justice (Foreword by Elizabeth McAlister)
It's a Sin to Build a Nuclear Weapon: The Writings of Richard McSorley, S J  (Ed )
Oscar Romero and the Nonviolent Struggle for Justice
Seeds of Nonviolence (Foreword by Thomas Gumbleton)
The God of Peace: Toward a Theology of Nonviolence (Foreword by James W  Douglass) 
The Sacrament of Civil Disobedience (Foreword by Daniel Berrigan)
Peace Behind Bars: A Peacemaking Priest's Journal from Jail (Foreword by Philip Berrigan) 
The Road to Peace: Writings on Peace and Justice by Henri Nouwen (Ed )
Jesus the Rebel (Foreword by Daniel Berrigan)
The Vision of Peace: Writings by Mairead Maguire (Foreword by the Dalai Lama) (Ed )
The Sound of Listening: A Retreat Journal from Thomas Merton's Hermitage
And the Risen Bread: The Selected Poetry of Daniel Berrigan, S J  (Ed )
Living Peace: A Spirituality of Contemplation and Action
Christianity and Vegetarianism: Pursuing the Nonviolence of Jesus (online excerpt)
Mohandas Gandhi: Essential Writings (Ed )
Mary of Nazareth, Prophet of Peace (Foreword by Joan Chittister)
The Questions of Jesus (Foreword by Richard Rohr)
Testimony: Essays by Daniel Berrigan (Ed )
Transfiguration (Foreword by Desmond Tutu)
You Will Be My Witnesses (with icons by Rev  William McNichols)
The Advent of Peace
A Persistent Peace: An Autobiography (Foreword by Martin Sheen)
Put Down Your Sword: Essays on Peace and Justice
Daniel Berrigan: Essential Writings (Ed )
Lazarus Come Forth!: How Jesus Confronts the Culture of Death, and How We Can Too
Thomas Merton Peacemaker
The Nonviolent Life
Radical Prayers
They Will Inherit the Earth: Peace and Nonviolence in a Time of Climate Change
The Beatitudes of Peace
Walking the Way
The Trouble with Our State: Poetry of Daniel Berrigan (ed )
Praise be Peace
Passage 6:
Gyldendal's Endowment
Gyldendal's Endowment was a literature prize that was awarded in the period 1934–1995 by the Norwegian publisher Gyldendal Norsk Forlag   The prize was awarded to significant authors, regardless of which publisher the author was associated with 
From 1996 the Gyldendals endowment was superseded by the Gyldendal Prize for "particularly significant writing" and (since 1998) by the Sult-prisen (Hunger Award) for "eminent young authors" 

Endowment winners
1934 – Olav Duun
1935 – Peter Egge, Herman Wildenvey, Arnulf Øverland
1936 – Gabriel Scott
1937 – Cora Sandel
1938 – Arthur Omre
1939 – Johan Falkberget
1940 – Sigurd Christiansen, Ronald Fangen, Sigurd Hoel
1941 – Gunnar Reiss-Andersen, Kristian Elster
1942 – Inge Krokann
1943 – Tarjei Vesaas
1944 – Inger Hagerup
1945 – Johan Borgen
1946 – Emil Boyson, Ernst Orvil, Tore Ørjasæter
1947 – Nils Johan Rud
1948 – Ingeborg Møller, Aksel Sandemose
1949 – Gunnar Larsen, Magnhild Haalke
1950 – Egil Rasmussen, Hans Henrik Holm
1951 – Gunvor Hofmo
1952 – Jakob Sande, Mikkjel Fønhus
1953 – Engvald Bakkan
1954 – Agnar Mykle, Terje Stigen
1955 – Bjørn Rongen, Alfred Hauge
1956 – Sigbjørn Hølmebakk
1957 – Eivind Tverbak, Halldis Moren Vesaas
1958 – Astrid Tollefsen
1959 – Alf Larsen, Åge Rønning
1960 – Finn Bjørnseth
1961 – Johannes Heggland, Per Bronken
1962 – Bergljot Hobæk Haff
1963 – Åsta Holth, Arnold Eidslott, Ola Viker
1964 – Aslaug Låstad Lygre, Odd Hølaas
1965 – Marie Takvam, Gisken Wildenvey
1966 – Georg Johannesen, Odd Winger
1967 – Kåre Holt, Per Hansson
1968 – Jan Erik Vold
1969 – Knut Faldbakken
1970 – Espen Haavardsholm, Sigmund Skard, Merete Wiger
1971 – Tor Obrestad
1972 – Jens Bjørneboe
1973 – Tor Edvin Dahl
1974 – Emil Boyson, Nils Johan Rud, Gunvor Hofmo, Bergljot Hobæk Haff, Tor Åge Bringsværd
1975 – Pål Sundvor
1976 – Finn Carling, Sigurd Evensmo
1977 – Jan Jakob Tønseth
1978 – Olav Nordrå, Arne Ruste
1979 – Cecilie Løveid, Wera Sæther
1980 – Marta Schumann, Tormod Haugen
1981 – Gidske Anderson, Stein Mehren
1982 – Ola Bauer, Ketil Gjessing
1983 – Karin Bang, Terje Johanssen
1984 – Mari Osmundsen, Simen Skjønsberg
1985 – Paal-Helge Haugen, Geir Kjetsaa
1986 – Inger Elisabeth Hansen, Erland Kiøsterud
1987 – Hans Herbjørnsrud, Tor Ulven
1988 – Liv Køltzow, Øystein Lønn
1989 – Edvard Hoem, Gunnar Staalesen
1990 – Sigmund Mjelve, Atle Næss
1991 – Kjartan Fløgstad and Herbjørg Wassmo
1992 – Sissel Lie, Steinar Løding og Tor Fretheim
1993 – Britt Karin Larsen, Thorvald Steen
1994 – Kjersti Scheen, Bjørn Aamodt
1995 – Torgrim Eggen, Terje Holtet Larsen
Passage 7:
Adam Smith Prize
The Adam Smith Prizes are prizes currently awarded for the best overall examination performance and best dissertation in Part IIB of the Economics Tripos (the graduation examination for economics undergraduates) at the University of Cambridge  The prize - named after Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith - was originally established in 1891 and awarded triennially for the best submitted essay on a subject of the writer's choice 

List of past recipients
1894 Arthur Lyon Bowley
1897 Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence
1900 Sydney Chapman
1903 Arthur Cecil Pigou
1906 Ernest Alfred Benians
1909 John Maynard Keynes
1929 R  F  Kahn
1930 Ruth Cohen
1932 K  S  Isles
1933 B  P  Adarkar
1935 W  B  Reddaway
1936 D  G  Champernowne
1954 Amartya Sen
1956 Manmohan Singh
1974 Martin Osborne
1987 Richard J  Parkin
2000 Saugato Datta and Richard Fearon
2004 James Benford
2006 Mark Shields
2007 Stefanie Stantcheva
2008 Thomas Mckendrick and Shivam Patel
2009 Praneet Shah
2011 Ossie Akushie and Shafi Anwar
2013 Inna Grinis and Ivan Kuznetsov
2014 James Walker
2015 Ben Andrews and Jonathon Hazell
2016 Isar Bhattacharjee and Toni Oki
2017 Joel Flynn and Joseph Lee
2018 Tireni Ajilore, George Nikolakoudis, Laurence O’Brien and Sajan Shah
2019 Vlastimil Rasocha and Kuishuai Yi
2020 Neal Patel, David Lee, Liam Grant, Andrew Koh and Michael Bennett
2021 Valerie Chuang, Matthew Chen and Jack Golden

See also
List of economics awards
Passage 8:
Faraday Lectureship Prize
The Faraday Lectureship Prize, previously known simply as the Faraday Lectureship, is awarded once every two years (approximately) by the Royal Society of Chemistry for "exceptional contributions to physical or theoretical chemistry"  Named after Michael Faraday, the first Faraday Lecture was given in 1869, two years after Faraday's death, by Jean-Baptiste Dumas  As of 2009, the prize was worth £5000, with the recipient also receiving a medal and a certificate  As the name suggests, the recipient also gives a public lecture describing his or her work



ground_truth: South Central Coast

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who gives out the prize named after the author of Lectures on Jurisprudence?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Winners
Source: RSC

See also
List of chemistry awards
Passage 9:
Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship
The Puffin Prize for Creative Citizenship is an American award given jointly by Type Media Center (a nonprofit media organization previously associated with The Nation magazine) and the Puffin Foundation  The annual $100,000 award honors artists and others who have "challenged the status quo through distinctive, courageous, imaginative and socially responsible work of significance " The prize is intended to "encourage the recipients to continue their work, and to inspire others to challenge the prevailing orthodoxies they face in their careers " The inaugural award was in 2001 The Puffin Prize for Creative Citizenship was renamed in 2017   It was formerly known as the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship 

Winners
2001 Robert Parris Moses
2002 Dolores Huerta
2003 David Protess
2004 Barbara Ehrenreich
2005 Jonathan Kozol
2006 Amy Goodman
2007 Michael Ratner
2008 Van Jones
2009 Jim Hightower
2010 Bill McKibben
2010 Cecile Richards
2011 Tony Kushner
2012 Benjamin Todd Jealous
2013 Barry W  Lynn
2014 Frances Fox Piven
2015 William J  Barber II
2016 Bryan Stevenson
2017 Colin Kaepernick
2018 Parkland student activists
2019 The Sunrise Movement
2020 Desmond Meade
2021 The National Network for Abortion Funds
Passage 10:
List of Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine  They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation  An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) for outstanding contributions to the field of economics  Each recipient, a Nobelist or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation 

Prize
Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics; the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace  Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years  In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 8,402,670 SEK in December 2017  In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9,000,000 SEK  The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize  The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II 

Laureates
Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations  With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations  Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize  Adolf Hitler forbade four Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939) and Carl von Ossietzky (Peace, 1936) from accepting their Nobel Prizes  The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Nobel Prize (Peace, 2010) and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award  Liu Xiaobo, Carl von Ossietzky and Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Nobel Prize while in prison or detention  Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Thọ declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time 
Seven laureates have received more than one prize; of the seven, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other  UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice  Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, as was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless  Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace)  Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903  She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911 

List of laureates
50 year secrecy rule
The Committee neither informs the media nor the candidates themselves of the names of the nominees  Insofar as specific names frequently appear in the early predictions of who will receive the award in any given year, this is either pure speculation or inside information from the person or people who submitted the nomination  After fifty years, the database of nominations maintained by the Nobel Committee is made available to the public  Statutes of the Nobel Foundation, § 10, states:A prize-awarding body may, however, after due consideration in each individual case, permit access to material which formed the basis for the evaluation and decision concerning a prize, for purposes of research in intellectual history  Such permission may not, however, be granted until at least 50 years have elapsed after the date on which the decision in question was made 

See also
List of Nobel laureates by country
List of female Nobel laureates
List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature
List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics
List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize
List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize

Notes
Passage 11:
Bel Canto (novel)
Bel Canto is the fourth novel by American author Ann Patchett, published in 2001 by Perennial, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers  It was awarded both the Orange Prize for Fiction and PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction  It was placed on several top book lists, including Amazon's Best Books of the Year (2001)  It was also adapted into an opera in 2015 
Based on the Japanese embassy hostage crisis (also called the Lima Crisis) of 1996–1997 in Lima, Peru, the novel follows the relationships among a group of young terrorists and their hostages, who are mostly high-profile executives and politicians, over several months  Many of the characters form unbreakable bonds of friendship, while some fall in love 
Opera is a centralizing theme on many levels throughout the story; the operatic term bel canto literally means "beautiful singing "

Plot summary
Set in an unspecified South American country, the story begins at a birthday party thrown at the country's vice presidential home in honor of Katsumi Hosokawa, the visiting chairman of a large Japanese company and opera enthusiast  As a not-so-subtle pretext to get Hosokawa to invest in the country, famous American soprano Roxane Coss is scheduled to perform as the highlight of the party 
Near the end of the party, members of a terrorist organization break into the house, intending to take the President of the country hostage  When they realize the President is not in attendance, the terrorist group decides to take the entire party hostage  After determining they have too many hostages, the terrorists decide to release all of the hostages except those they deem most likely to return a large ransom 
Two major romantic relationships develop as the standoff drags on and serve as the backdrop to the rest of the story  The first is between Coss and Hosokawa, who develop a deep bond even though they do not speak each other's language and thus cannot communicate verbally  The second relationship is between the translator Gen and the young terrorist Carmen, who must keep their love a secret  The two lovers meet in the china closet every night 
At the end of the novel, the government breaks into the house and kills all the terrorists  All of the hostages are freed except for Hosokawa, who is shot by government forces in the struggle  
In an epilogue that takes place some years later, former hostages Simon Thibault and his wife meet with Gen and Roxane, who are getting married in Italy 

Characters
Katsumi Hosokawa is a Japanese business mogul, who is married with two daughters  He has a strong bond with his young translator Gen  He doesn't speak Spanish and must use Gen for all communication in the host country  Since attending a performance with his father as a child, opera has been his greatest love, and he is passionate about the soprano Roxane Coss, having heard her recordings  He falls in love with the woman herself during their time together  However, he knows their relationship can only last for the duration of the standoff  He is gunned down in the final scenes by the soldiers of the host country, in his attempt to save the teenaged terrorist Carmen 
Roxane Coss is an internationally renowned American soprano  At first a prima donna who sets herself apart from the rest of the guests, she eventually begins to bond with the others when she receives a box of musical scores and begins singing to them every morning  She is especially touched by her relationships with Mr  Hosokawa, with whom she falls in love; Gen, with whom she forms a strong bond and eventually marries; Carmen, who sleeps in her bed, braids her hair, and comforts her; and Cesar, another young terrorist with a gifted singing voice whom she begins tutoring 
Gen Watanabe is Mr  Hosokawa's translator and assistant  He is a quiet, sensitive and gifted young man who speaks several languages  As the translator, he is usually at the center of the action of the novel, although he is the only hostage, besides a priest, who is not fabulously wealthy and powerful  He begins tutoring Carmen when she asks him to teach her how to read and write in Spanish and English, and they begin meeting each night in the china closet to study and eventually make love 
General Benjamin is the most intelligent and thoughtful of the three generals who lead the terrorists  Benjamin was a       schoolteacher until his brother was arrested and imprisoned for handing out flyers publicizing a political protest  After that, he joined the terrorist group La Familia de Martin Suarez, named after a ten-year-old boy who was shot dead while handing out flyers for a political rally  Benjamin has left behind a wife and children, and he is fatherly to some of the young terrorists under his command  He is plagued with shingles, which rage across much of his face 
Joachim Messner is a Swiss representative for the Red Cross  who negotiates between the government and the terrorists  He is the one person allowed to come and go from the mansion  Messner punctuates the general happiness with frequent reminders that the situation will end badly 
Carmen is the terrorist whom Gen loves  Carmen remains incognito in the guise of a male terrorist for the first part of the novel  The leader of the organization, General Benjamin, notices what a beautiful young woman she has become and notes that, "had she been this pretty before, he never would have let her sign up " She often prays to Saint Rose of Lima  In the ultimate shootout, she is gunned down before Gen can get to her  In the ensuing newspaper articles, there is no record of her ever existing 
Simon Thibault is the French ambassador to the South American country where the novel is set  Because he longs for his wife Edith, who is released early with the rest of the women and children, Thibault is the hostage who is most unhappy during the long standoff  He spends much of his time cooking for both the hostages and the terrorists, and he is almost always wearing Edith's scarf  He and Edith are reunited after the standoff, and they are the witnesses to the marriage of Gen and Roxane in the final chapter 

Creative process
Patchett was inspired by the Lima Crisis as she watched the events unfold on the news and thought how operatic the crisis was  Patchett was an opera novice prior to writing the book, although she has stated that the character Roxane was modeled on Karol Bennett, an acquaintance of hers who was an opera singer  Since she was not familiar with Bennett's voice, she listened to recordings by the famous American soprano Renée Fleming and imagined Roxane Coss as possessing Fleming's voice  (Patchett and Fleming became friends only after the novel was published )
The original working title was How to Fall in Love with Opera, but her editor advised against it in case bookstores would mis-shelve it in their "how to" section  The manuscript originally contained a prologue from Gen's perspective, establishing the book as a story about how he met his wife  However, Patchett's mentor Elizabeth McCracken told her that the prologue was not needed, so Patchett cut it Patchett has stated that she always wanted to write with an omniscient third person narrator that "moves from person to person within a room"—a style she calls "Anna Karenina-third " Her first two novels were in first-person and her third novel was in third-person, but it was limited to one character's perspective  She was pleased when she was able to write in this style for Bel Canto, deeming her achievement of the style a progression in her writing 

Reception
Sue MacGregor, the broadcaster and chairman of the Orange Prize judges, praised the work, saying, "This is a fine piece of writing, mixing tenderness and danger to an impressive degree " Critic Alex Clark praised the wide range of Patchett's writing, which "encompass[es] both lightning flashes of brutality and terror and long stretches of incarcerated ennui " Several reviews note a departure in style from Patchett's earlier works and credit Bel Canto for pushing her into the national spotlight Critic James Polk largely praised the novel, but noted Patchett "strained a bit too hard" to highlight the terrorists' humanizing traits, which he argued "diminished the story's taut ambivalence, making some scenes near the end sound almost like accounts of a Boy Scout jamboree " Other reviewers also criticize the slow pacing and unrealistic characterizations, although other critics attribute this to Patchett's brand of magic realism Bel Canto has been translated into over 30 languages  According to Patchett, it was slated to become a movie five or six times, a Broadway musical, and an opera by Aaron Jay Kernis, commissioned for the Santa Fe Opera's 2006 season, all of which fell through, until the opera came together in 2015 and the film in 2018 

Adaptations
The novel has been adapted under the same title into an opera by composer Jimmy López to a libretto Nilo Cruz  It premiered at the Lyric Opera of Chicago on December 7, 2015 
A film adaptation of the same name from director Paul Weitz with Julianne Moore and Ken Watanabe was released in 2018 The television series Archer parodied Bel Canto during its seventh season with a two-episode arc called "Bel Panto": the visitors of a charity event are taken hostage by a group of clowns seeking to steal a jeweled necklace from a wealthy actress 
Passage 12:
Geoffrey Keynes
Sir Geoffrey Langdon Keynes ( KAYNZ; 25 March 1887, Cambridge – 5 July 1982, Cambridge) was a British surgeon and author  He began his career as a physician in World War I, before becoming a doctor at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where he made notable innovations in the fields of blood transfusion and breast cancer surgery  Keynes was also a publishing scholar and bibliographer of English literature and English medical history, focusing primarily on William Blake and William Harvey 

Early life and education
Geoffrey Keynes was born on 25 March 1887 in Cambridge, England  His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at the University of Cambridge and his mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer  Geoffrey Keynes was the third child, after his older brother, the prominent economist John Maynard Keynes, and his sister Margaret, who married the Nobel Prize–winning physiologist Archibald Hill 
He attended Rugby School, where he became friends with English poet Rupert Brooke  In 1915 he was appointed literary executor for Brooke's estate 
He graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he earned a first-class degree in the Natural Sciences Tripos  He was later made an honorary fellow of Pembroke College  Keynes then qualified for a scholarship to become a surgeon with the Royal College of Surgeons in London 

Career
First and Second world wars
Keynes delayed his medical education in order to serve in World War I, where he served as a Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps and then worked as a consultant surgeon, becoming an expert in blood transfusion  His experience in the First World War led him to publish Blood Transfusion, the first book on the subject written by a British author  Keynes also founded the London Blood Transfusion Service with P  L  Oliver  Alexander Bogdanov acquired a copy of this book whilst visiting London to negotiate the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement in 1922  Bogdanov went on to found the Institute for Haematology and Blood Transfusions in Moscow Keynes was deeply affected by the brutality and gore that he witnessed in the field, which may have influenced his dislike for radical surgery later in his career 
Keynes enlisted to be a consulting surgeon to the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of World War II  In 1944 he was promoted to the rank of acting air vice-marshal 

Medical career
Keynes began working full-time at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where he worked under George Gask and Sir Thomas Dunhill, after returning from World War I  Keynes used his influence as an assistant surgeon to advocate for limited surgery instead of the invasive radical mastectomy  Frustrated with the mortality rate and gruesomeness of the radical mastectomy, Keynes experimented by inserting 50 milligrams of radium in a patient's tumour  He later observed that, "The ulcer rapidly healed     and the whole mass became smaller, softer and less fixed "Keynes pursued his new idea through a number of trials, observing the effectiveness of injecting radium chloride into breast cancer tumours compared with the effectiveness of the radical mastectomy  The promising results of these trials led Keynes to be cautiously optimistic, writing in 1927 that the "extension of [an] operation beyond a local removal might sometimes be unnecessary " Keynes' outlook was considered a radical break from the medical consensus at the time  Keynes wrote in his autobiography that his work with radium "was regarded with some interest by American surgeons," but that the concept of a limited mastectomy failed to gain significant traction in the medical community at the time  His doubts regarding the radical mastectomy were vindicated some 50 years later, when innovators like Bernard Fisher and others revisited his data and pursued what became known as a lumpectomy  Limited surgeries, like the lumpectomy, accompanied by radiation are now the standard treatment for breast cancer Keynes was also a pioneer in the treatment of myasthenia gravis  Much like with breast cancer, the medical community knew little about how to treat the disease at the time  Keynes pioneered the removal of the thymus gland, which is now the standard treatment for myasthenia gravis In 1955 Keynes received a knighthood for services to medicine 

Literary work
Keynes maintained a passionate interest in English literature all his life and devoted a large amount of his time to literary scholarship and the science of bibliography  He was a leading authority on the literary and artistic work of William Blake  He also produced biographies and bibliographies of English writers such as Sir Thomas Browne, John Evelyn, Siegfried Sassoon, John Donne and Jane Austen  He was also a pioneer in the history of science, with studies of John Ray, William Harvey and Robert Hooke  His biography The Life of William Harvey was awarded the 1966 James Tait Black Memorial Prize  Keynes also collected books, with a personal library with around four thousand works His autobiography The Gates of Memory was published in 1981, and he died the following year, aged 95  The Gates of Memory includes anecdotes of Keynes' numerous run-ins and friendships with other famous public figures  For example, Keynes often went climbing with George Mallory, the renowned British mountaineer; he also once performed life-saving treatment on Virginia Woolf after the budding author overdosed on pills 

Personal life
On 12 May 1917 Keynes married Margaret Elizabeth Darwin, the daughter of Sir George Howard Darwin and granddaughter of Charles Darwin  They had one daughter, who died in infancy, and four sons:

Harriet Frances Keynes (1918–1918)
Richard Darwin Keynes (1919–2010)
Quentin George Keynes (1921–2003)
William Milo Keynes (1924–2009)
Stephen John Keynes (1927–2017)Keynes dedicated his life to his work and was also sociable with many friends  He took pride in never having been drunk, and was known by most as an affable, well-mannered man 

Legacy
Keynes' contributions profoundly influenced the fields of surgery and English literature  He pioneered limited breast cancer surgery accompanied by radiation, a strategy that has endured the test of time  His work on William Blake "was instrumental in establishing Blake as a central figure in the history of English art and literature "A library of his scholarly works, notes, and correspondences is held by the University of Cambridge 

Works
A Bibliography of Dr  John Donne (1914, 1932, 1958, 1973)
A Bibliography of William Blake (The Grolier Club, New York, 1921)
Blood Transfusion (H  Frowde, London, 1922)
A Bibliography of Sir Thomas Browne (Cambridge, 1924, 1968)
William Pickering, Publisher: A Memoir and a Hand-List of his Editions (The Fleuron, 1924)
Jane Austen: a Bibliography (Nonesuch Press, 1929)
Selected Essays of William Hazlitt 1778 : 1830 (Nonesuch Press, 1930)
The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (Faber & Gwyer / Faber & Faber 1928-1931 [6 volumes], 1964 [4 volumes])
The Note-Book of William Blake (Nonesuch Press, 1935)
John Evelyn: a Study in Bibliophily & a Bibliography of his Writings (Cambridge, 1937)
The Faber Gallery Series: Blake (Faber and Faber, 1945)
The Poetical Works of Rupert Brooke (Faber & Faber, 1946)
William Blake, 1757–1827 (1947)
Poetry and Prose of William Blake (Nonesuch Press, 1948)
The Portraiture of William Harvey (The Thomas Vicary Lecture 1948) (Royal College of Surgeons, 1949)
The Personality of William Harvey (Cambridge University Press: 1949)
William Blake's Engravings, edited with an introduction (Faber and Faber, (1950)
The Tempera Paintings of William Blake (1951)
The Apologie and Treatise of Ambroise Containing the Voyages Made into Divers Places with Many of His Writings Upon Surgery (1951)
Samuel Butler's Note-Books, selections (1951) with Brian Hill
Poems of Rupert Brooke (1954)
A Bibliography of Rupert Brooke (The Soho Bibliographies, No 4) (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954)
The Letters of William Blake (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1956, 1968)
Harvey Though John Aubrey's Eyes (1958)
A Bibliography of Dr  Robert Hooke (1960)
Essays in Biography 1961 by J  M  Keynes, editor
Dr  Timothie Bright 1550—1615  A Survey of his Life with a Bibliography of his Writings (1962)
A Study of the Illuminated Books of William Blake: Poet, Printer, Prophet (1964)
An Exhibition of the Illuminated Books of William Blake: Poet – Printer – Prophet (1964) with Lessing J  Rosenwald
On Editing Blake (1964)
Blake  The Masters 6 (1965)
Blake: Complete Writings with Variant Readings, editor, Oxford University Press, 1966 (UK-Paperback, Revised)  ISBN 0192810502
William Blake  Songs of Innocence and of Experience, editor, with Introduction and Commentary  London: Oxford University Press (1967)
Henry James in Cambridge (1967)
Sir Thomas Browne, Selected Writings (1968)
The Letters of Rupert Brooke (1968)
William Blake Engraver (1969)
William Pickering, Publisher: A Memoir and a Check-List of his Publications (London, Galahad Press, 1969; New York, Burt Franklin, 1969)
Drawings of William Blake: 92 Pencil Studies  Selection, Introduction and Commentary, Dover Publications, Inc , New York, 1970 ISBN 0-486-22303-5
A Bibliography of Sir William Petty F R S  and of 'Observations on the Bills of Mortality' by John Graunt F R S  Oxford : Clarendon Press (1971)
William Blake's Water-Colours Illustrating the Poems of Thomas Gray (1972)
Deaths Duell by John Donne (Godine, 1973)
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (Oxford University Press, 1975)
A Bibliography of Henry King D D , Bishop of Chichester (Douglas Cleverdon, 1977)
The Gates of Memory (Oxford University Press, 1981)
A Watch of Nightingales (Stourton Press, 1981) edited with Peter Davidson
Passage 13:
Sophie Prize
The Sophie Prize was an international environment and development prize (USD 100,000) awarded annually from 1998 to 2013   It was established in 1997 by the Norwegian author Jostein Gaarder and his wife Siri Dannevig, and is named after Gaarder's novel Sophie's World  It aimed to recognize individuals or organizations working with the environment and sustainable development  In 2013, representatives announced that the prize would not be awarded any longer due to a lack of funds 

Prize winners
1998: Environmental Rights Action, Nigeria
1999: Herman Daly and Thomas Kocherry
2000: Sheri Liao
2001: ATTAC France
2002: Patriarch Bartholomew I
2003: John Pilger
2004: Wangari Maathai
2005: Sheila Watt-Cloutier
2006: Romina Picolotti
2007: Göran Persson
2008: Gretchen Daily
2009: Marina Silva, Brazil
2010: James Hansen
2011: Tristram Stuart
2012: Eva Joly
2013: Bill McKibben

Board members
Åslaug Haga (chair)
Petter Nome (deputy chair)
Helene Bank
Siri Dannevig
Nikolas Dannevig Gaarder
Elin Enge
Thomas Hylland Eriksen
Jostein Gaarder
Elizabeth Hartmann
Dag Olav Hessen
Bård Lahn
Ylva Lindberg
Sidsel Mørck

See also
List of environmental awards
Passage 14:
Million Writers Award
Million Writers Award was a short story literary award presented annually by storySouth from 2003 to 2016  It honored the best online short stories  The award was structured to be egalitarian allowing for anyone to nominate a story including readers, authors, editors and publishers; prize money was donated by readers and writers; and the winners were selected by public vote from a short-list of entries selected by judges 

Overview
The Million Writers Award was founded by author Jason Sanford in 2003 at a time when the literary establishment "didn't believe online magazines were legitimate places to publish fiction," seeing it as a fad  Sanford set out to honor and highlight online only publications and stories with the award 
Stories eligible for the award include those first published in online literary journals, magazines, and e-zines that have an editorial process  The award had a variable cash prize, in 2011 for example it was $600 for the winner, $200 for the runner-up and $100 for third place  Prize money was raised through donations from writers, editors and readers and thus fluctuates each year  Anyone could nominate up to one story, while editors and publishers can nominate three stories  Stories must be at least 1000 words The award became one of the premier online literary awards and was named a Hot Site by USA Today  The award was profiled in a six-page feature interview with editor Jason Sanford in the 2005 Novel and Short Story Writer's Market and mentioned in The 100 Best Trends, 2006: Emerging Developments You Can't Afford to Ignore as an example of the emerging online literary movement In 2012 Spotlight Publishing released two anthologies of stories from the Million Writers Award, with one focused on literary stories and the other on science fiction and fantasy stories 

Winners
Previous winners 2003

Top 10 stories:2004

Best story: Randa Jarrar, "You Are a 14-Year-Old Arab Chick Who Just Moved to Texas" (Eyeshot)
Best online publication: Eclectica
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: The King's English
Best new online magazine or journal: Narrative Magazine2005

Best story: Alicia Gifford, "Toggling the Switch" (Narrative Magazine)
Best story runnerup: Terry Bisson, "Super 8" (Scifiction com)
Best story runnerup: Anjana Basu, "The Black Tongue" (Gowanus)
Best online publication: Strange Horizons
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: The King's English
Best new online magazine or journal: Anderbo2006

Best story: Richard Bowes, "There's a Hole in the City" (Scifiction com)
Best story runnerup: Michael Croley, "Two Lives" (Blackbird)
Best online publication: Storyglossia
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: Narrative Magazine (co-winner)
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: The King's English (co-winner)
Best new online magazine or journal: Menda City Review (co-winner)
Best new online magazine or journal: Clarkesworld Magazine (co-winner)2007

Best story: Catherynne M  Valente, "Urchins, While Swimming" (Clarkesword Magazine)
Best story runnerup: A  Ray Norsworthy, "All the Way to Grangeville" (Eclectica Magazine)
Best story runnerup: Marshall Moore, "The Infinite Monkey Theorem" (Word Riot)
Best online publication: Blackbird
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: Jim Baen's Universe
Best new online magazine or journal: Farrago's Wainscot2008

Best story: Matt Bell, "Alex Trebek Never Eats Fried Chicken" (Storyglossia)
Best story runnerup: Sruthi Thekkiam, "Friday Afternoons on Bus 51" (Blackbird)
Best online publication: Narrative Magazine
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: (no award)
Best new online magazine or journal: Cha: An Asian Literary Journal2009

Winner: Jenny Williams, "The Fisherman's Wife" (LitNImage)
Runner-up: Roderic Crooks, "Fuckbuddy" (Eyeshot)
Honorable mention: Geronimo Madrid, "No Bullets in the House" (Drunken Boat)
Best online publication: Fantasy Magazine
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: Subterranean Magazine
Best new online magazine or journal: Kill Author2010

Winner: Summer Block, "Hospitality" (Wheelhouse Magazine)
Runner-up: Rachel Swirsky, "Eros, Philia, Agape" (Tor com)
Honorable mention: Eric Beetner, "Ditch" (Thuglit)
Best online publication: Words Without Borders
Best new online magazine or journal: Lightspeed Magazine2011

Winner: Adam-Troy Castro, "Arvies" (Lightspeed Magazine)
Runner-up: Eric Maroney, "The Incorrupt Body of Carlo Busso" (Eclectica)
Honorable mention: Amal El-Mohtar, "The Green Book" (Apex Magazine)2012

Winner: xTx, "The Mill Pond" (StoryGlossia)
Runner-up: Kelly Cherry, "On Familiar Terms" (Blackbird)
Honorable mention: Micah Dean Hicks, "The Butcher's Chimes" (Menda City Review)2013

First place : Rachel Steiger-Meister, "Chlorine Mermaid" (Carve Magazine)
Second place: Lou Gaglia, "Hands" (Waccamaw)
Third place : Adrienne Celt, "The Eternal Youth of Everyone Else" (Carve Magazine)2014

First place: Caroline Casper, "Eminence" (Carve Magazine)
Second place: Susan Tepper, "Distance" (Thrice Fiction)
Third place: Carmen Maria Machado, "Inventory" (Strange Horizons)2015

First place: Wendy Oleson, “The Snow Children” (Carve Magazine)
Second place: Chikodili Emelumadu, “Jermyn” (Eclectica)
Third place: Allegra Hyde, “Syndication” (Nashville Review)2016

First place: Reza Ghasemi Ataee, "Anatomy of Mr wakefield" (Time magazine)
Second place: Jude Whelchel, "Big Joy Family" (North Carolina Literary Review)
Third place: Annie Reid, "Last Song" (Baltimore Review)
Passage 15:
Hickinbottom Award
The Hickinbottom Award (also referred to as the Hickinbottom Fellowship) is awarded annually by the Royal Society of Chemistry for contributions in the area of organic chemistry from an early career scientist  The prize winner receives a monetary award and will complete a lecture tour within the UK  The winner is chosen by the awards committee of the Royal Society of Chemistry's organic division 

Award history
The award was established by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1979 following Wilfred Hickinbottom's bequest  Hickinbottom was noted for supporting high standards in experimental chemistry  
Part of the monetary award is the Briggs scholarship, which was funded following a bequest from Lady Alice Lilian Thorpe, William Briggs' daughter 

Previous recipients
The award was first granted in 1981 to Steven Ley and Jeremy Sanders Subsequent recipients include:

See also
List of chemistry awards
Passage 16:
Francis Ambrière
Francis Ambrière (27 September 1907 – 1 July 1998) was a French author who was selected for the Prix Goncourt in 1940, for his book Les Grandes Vacances; the prize was awarded in 1946 because of World War II  He was born in Paris 

Biography
Francis Ambriere has been recognised for his novel Les Grandes Vacances, which chronicles the lives of French prisoners of war in 1940  He was the author of several Guides bleus for example in Paris in 1949, and then Greece in 1957, or on Italy published in 1960 

Works
Joachim du Bellay, Firmin-Didot et cie, 1930
Estaunié, John Charpentier, Francis Ambrière, Firmin-Didot et cie, 1932
Les grandes vacances, 1939-1945, Les Éditions de la nouvelle France, 1946, (reprint Éditions du Seuil, 1956)
The long holiday Translator Elaine P  Halperin, Publisher Ziff-Davis Pub  Co , 1948
Le solitaire de la Cervara, V  Attinger, 1947
The exiled, Staples Press, 1951
Le Maroc, Les Documents d'art, 1952
Théâtre et collectivité, Flammarion, 1953
Le Siecle des Valmore, Seuil, 1987 
Mademoiselle Mars et Marie Dorval: au théâtre et dans la vie, Seuil, 1992
Talma, ou l'histoire au théâtre, Madeleine Ambrière, Francis Ambrière, Éditions de Fallois, 2007, ISBN 978-2-87706-638-9
Context 3: Passage 1:
Battle of Palmito Ranch
The Battle of Palmito Ranch, also known as the Battle of Palmito Hill, is considered by some criteria as the final battle of the American Civil War  It was fought May 12 and 13, 1865, on the banks of the Rio Grande east of Brownsville, Texas, and a few miles from the seaport of Los Brazos de Santiago, at the southern tip of Texas  The battle took place more than a month after the general surrender of Confederate forces to Union forces at Appomattox Court House, which had since been communicated to both commanders at Palmito, and in the intervening weeks the Confederacy had collapsed entirely, so it could also be classified as a postwar action 
Union and Confederate forces in southern Texas had been observing an unofficial truce since the beginning of 1865, but Union Colonel Theodore H  Barrett, newly assigned to command an all-black unit and never having been involved in combat, ordered an attack on a Confederate camp near Fort Brown for unknown reasons  The Union attackers captured a few prisoners, but the following day the attack was repulsed near Palmito Ranch by Colonel John Salmon Ford, and the battle resulted in a Confederate victory  Union forces were surprised by artillery said to have been supplied by the French Army garrison occupying the up-river Mexican town of Matamoros 
Casualty estimates are not dependable, but Union Private John J  Williams of the 34th Indiana Infantry Regiment is believed to have been the last man killed during the engagement  He could then arguably be considered the last man killed in the war 

Background
After July 27, 1864, the Union Army withdrew most of the 6,500 troops deployed to the lower Rio Grande Valley, including Brownsville, which they had occupied since November 2, 1863  The Confederates were determined to protect their remaining ports, which were essential for cotton sales to Europe and the importation of supplies  The Mexicans across the border tended to side with the Confederates because of the lucrative cotton export trade  Beginning in early 1865, the rival armies in south Texas honored a gentlemen's agreement, as they saw no point in further hostilities between them Union Major General Lew Wallace proposed a negotiated end of hostilities in Texas to Confederate Brigadier General James E  Slaughter, and met with Slaughter and his subordinate Colonel Ford at Port Isabel on March 11–12, 1865  Despite Slaughter's and Ford's agreement that combat would prove tragic, Slaughter's superior, Confederate Maj  Gen  John G  Walker, rejected the ceasefire in a scathing exchange of letters with Wallace  Despite this, both sides honored a tacit agreement not to advance on the other without prior written notice 
A brigade of 1,900 Union troops commanded by Col  Robert B  Jones of the 34th Indiana Veteran Volunteer Infantry were on blockade duty at the Port of Brazos Santiago at the mouth of the present-day ship channel of the Port of Brownsville  The 400-man 34th Indiana was an experienced regiment that had served in the Vicksburg Campaign and was reorganized in December 1863 as a "Veteran" regiment, composed entirely of veterans from several other regiments whose original enlistments had expired  The 34th Indiana deployed to Los Brazos de Santiago on December 22, 1864, replacing the 91st Illinois Volunteer Infantry, which returned to New Orleans  The brigade also included the 87th and 62nd United States Colored Infantry Regiments ("United States Colored Troops", or U S C T ) which had a combined strength of about 1,100  Shortly after Gen  Walker rejected the armistice proposal, Col  Jones resigned from the army to return to Indiana  He was replaced in the regiment by Lt  Col  Robert G  Morrison and at Los Brazos de Santiago by Colonel Theodore H  Barrett, commander of the 62nd U S C T 
The 30-year-old Barrett had been an army officer since 1862, but he had yet to see combat  Anxious for higher rank, he volunteered for the newly raised "colored" regiments and was appointed in 1863 as colonel of the 1st Missouri Colored Infantry  In March 1864, the regiment became the 62nd U S C T  Regiment  Barrett contracted malaria in Louisiana that summer, and while he was on convalescent leave, the 62nd was posted to Los Brazos de Santiago  He joined it there in February 1865 

Reasons for fighting
Historians still debate why this engagement at Palmito Ranch took place  Lee had surrendered to Grant in Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, triggering a series of formal surrenders in other places throughout the country  The Confederate and Union officers in Brownsville also knew that Lee had surrendered, effectively ending the war 
Soon after the battle, Barrett's detractors claimed he desired "a little battlefield glory before the war ended altogether " Others have suggested that Barrett needed horses for the 300 unmounted cavalrymen in his brigade and decided to take them from his enemy  Louis J  Schuler, in his 1960 pamphlet "The last battle in the War Between the States, May 13, 1865: Confederate Force of 300 defeats 1,700 Federals near Brownsville, Texas", asserts that Brig  Gen  Egbert B  Brown of the U S  Volunteers had ordered the expedition to seize as contraband 2,000 bales of cotton stored in Brownsville and sell them for his own profit, but Brown was not even appointed to command at Brazos Santiago until later in May According to historian Jerry Thompson:

What was at stake was honor and money  With a stubborn reluctance to admit defeat, Ford asserted that the dignity and manhood of his men had to be defended   Having previously proclaimed that he would never capitulate to "a mongrel force of Abolitionists, Negroes, plundering Mexicans, and perfidious renegades"   Ford was not about to surrender to invading black troops     Even more important was the large quantity of Richard King and Mifflin Kenedy's cotton stacked in Brownsville waiting to be sent across the river to Matamoros  If Ford did not hold off the invading Federal force, the cotton would be confiscated by the Yankees and thousands of dollars lost "

Battle
Union Lieutenant Colonel David Branson wanted to attack the Confederate encampments commanded by Ford at White and Palmito ranches near Fort Brown outside Brownsville  Branson's Union forces consisted of 250 men of the 62nd U S C T  in eight companies and two companies of the (U S ) 2nd Texas Cavalry Battalion  The 300-man 2nd Texas, like the earlier-formed 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment, was composed largely of Texans of Mexican origin who remained loyal to the United States  They moved from Brazos Santiago to the mainland  At first Branson's expedition was successful, capturing three prisoners and some supplies, although it failed to achieve the desired surprise  During the afternoon, Confederate forces under Captain William N  Robinson counterattacked with less than 100 cavalry, driving Branson back to White's Ranch, where the fighting stopped for the night  Both sides sent for reinforcements; Ford arrived with six French guns and the remainder of his cavalry force (for a total of 300 men), while Barrett came with 200 troops of the 34th Indiana in nine under-strength companies The next day, Barrett started advancing westward, passing a half-mile to the west of Palmito Ranch, with skirmishers from the 34th Indiana deployed in advance  Ford attacked Barrett's force as it was skirmishing with an advance Confederate force along the Rio Grande about 4 p m  He sent a couple of companies with artillery to attack the Union right flank and the remainder of his force into a frontal attack  After some confusion and fierce fighting, the Union forces retreated toward Boca Chica  Barrett attempted to form a rearguard, but Confederate artillery prevented him from rallying a force sufficient to do so  During the retreat, which lasted until 14 May, 50 members of the 34th Indiana's rearguard company, 30 stragglers, and 20 of the dismounted cavalry were surrounded in a bend of the Rio Grande and captured  The battle is recorded as a Confederate victory 

Fighting in the battle involved Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, and Native American troops  Reports of shots from the Mexican side, the sounding of a warning to the Confederates of the Union approach, the crossing of Imperial cavalry into Texas, and the participation by several among Ford's troops are unverified, despite many witnesses reporting shooting from the Mexican shore In Barrett's official report of August 10, 1865, he reported 115 Union casualties: one killed, nine wounded, and 105 captured  Confederate casualties were reported as five or six wounded, with none killed  Historian and Ford biographer Stephen B  Oates, however, concludes that Union deaths were much higher, probably around 30, many of whom drowned in the Rio Grande or were attacked by French border guards on the Mexican side  He likewise estimated Confederate casualties at approximately the same number Using court-martial testimony and post returns from Brazos Santiago, historian Jerry D  Thompson of Texas A&M International University determined that:

the 62nd U S C T  incurred two killed and four wounded;
the 34th Indiana had one killed, one wounded, and 79 captured; and
the 2nd Texas Cavalry Battalion had one killed, seven wounded, and 22 captured,
totaling four killed, 12 wounded, and 101 captured Private John J  Williams of the 34th Indiana was the last fatality during the Battle at Palmito Ranch, likely making him the final combat death of the entire war 

Aftermath
President Jefferson Davis was captured and imprisoned on May 10, 1865, marking the effective end of the Confederate government  In addition, that day United States President Andrew Johnson declared "armed resistance    virtually at an end " Historian James McPherson joins other historians in concluding that the war ended when the Confederate government ended 
Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith officially surrendered all Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865, except those under the command of Brigadier General Chief Stand Watie in the Indian Territory  Stand Watie, of the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, on June 23, 1865, became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces, in Doaksville, Indian Territory  On that same day, United States President Andrew Johnson ended the Union blockade of the Southern states 

Many senior Confederate commanders in Texas (including Smith, Walker, Slaughter, and Ford) and many troops with their equipment fled across the border to Mexico  Wanting to resist capture, they may also have intended to ally with French Imperial forces, or with Mexican forces under deposed President Benito Juárez 
The Military Division of the Southwest (after June 27 the Division of the Gulf), commanded by Maj  Gen  Phillip H  Sheridan, occupied Texas between June and August  Consisting of the IV Corps, XIII Corps, the African-American XXV Corps, and two 4,000-man cavalry divisions commanded by Brig  Gen  Wesley Merritt and Maj  Gen  George A  Custer, it aggregated a 50,000-man force on the Gulf Coast and along the Rio Grande to pressure the French intervention in Mexico and garrison the Reconstruction Department of Texas 
In July 1865, Barrett proffered charges of disobedience of orders, neglect of duty, abandoning his colors, and conduct prejudicial to good order and military discipline against Morrison for actions in the battle, resulting in the latter's court martial  Confederate Col  Ford, who had returned from Mexico at the request of Union Gen  Frederick Steele to act as parole commissioner for disbanding Confederate forces, appeared as a defense witness and assisted in absolving Morrison of responsibility for the defeat at Palmito Ranch The history of this engagement provides accounts of the roles of Hispanic Confederate veterans and of the treatment by Confederates in South Texas of black prisoners-of-war  Hispanic Confederates served at Fort Brown in Brownsville and on the field of Palmito Ranch  Col  Santos Benavides, who was the highest-ranking Hispanic in either army, led between 100 and 150 Hispanic soldiers in the Brownsville Campaign in May 1865 
Some of the Sixty-Second Colored Regiment were also taken [in the Battle of Palmito Ranch]  They had been led to believe that if captured they would either be shot or returned to slavery  They were agreeably surprised when they were paroled and permitted to depart with the white prisoners  Several of the prisoners were from Austin and vicinity  They were assured they would be treated as prisoners of war  There was no disposition to visit upon them a mean spirit of revenge 
When Colonel Ford surrendered his command following the campaign of Palmito Ranch, he urged his men to honor their paroles  He insisted that "The negro had a right to vote "

"Last battle of the Civil War"
Although officially most historians say this was the last land action fought between the North and the South, some sources suggest that the battle on May 19, 1865, of Hobdy's Bridge, located near Eufaula, Alabama, was the last skirmish between the two forces  Union records show that the last Northern soldier killed in combat during the war was Corporal John W  Skinner in this action  Three others were wounded, also from the same unit, Company C, 1st Florida U S  Cavalry Historian Richard Gardiner stated in 2013 that on May 10, 1865:

A confrontation took place at Palmetto Ranch  There was no Confederacy in existence when the "battle" occurred  The ex-Confederates at Palmetto Ranch were aware that Lee had surrendered and that the war was over  What happened in Texas can only be understood as a "post-war" encounter between Federals and ex-Confederate "outlaws "The Confederates won this engagement, but as there was no organized command structure, there has been controversy about the Union casualties  In 1896 these same men had their pensions cut, although this was quickly rectified by an appeal to the commissioner of pensions  The assistant secretary to the commissioner overturned the pension cut, legally ruling the men as the last Union casualties of the war On April 2, 1866, President Johnson declared the insurrection at an end, except in Texas  There a technicality concerning incomplete formation of a new state government prevented declaring the insurrection over  Johnson declared the insurrection at an end in Texas and throughout the United States on August 20, 1866 

Battlefield
The area has remained relatively unchanged, with the marshy, windswept prairies almost the same as they were in 1865  The site is more than 5,400 acres (2,200 ha) in size, and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1997  The area is indicated by a large highway marker telling the history of the engagement, installed on the "Boca Chica Highway" (Texas State Highway 4) near where Palmito Ranch originally stood  The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 3 acres (0 012 km2) of the battlefield 

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cameron County, Texas

Notes
Passage 2:
Taifa of Baeza
The Taifa of Baeza (Arabic: طائفة بياسة) was a medieval taifa Moorish kingdom  It existed only from 1224 to 1226, when it fell to the Christian Kingdom of Castile 

List of Emirs
Bayasid dynasty
'Abd Allah al-Bayasi "El Baezano": 1224–1226
Passage 3:
Taifa of Saltés and Huelva
The Taifa of Saltés and Huelva (Arabic: طائفة ولبة وشلطيش) was a medieval Arab  taifa kingdom that existed in southern Iberia from around 1012 to 1051   From 1051 until 1091 it was under the forcible control of Seville, by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid The geographer al-Bakri (d  1094) was born in the taifa of Saltés and Huelva 

List of Emirs
Bakrid dynasty
'Abd al-'Aziz 'Izz ad-Dawla: 1012/3–1051/2 or 53
Passage 4:
Taifa of Alpuente
The Taifa of Alpuente (Arabic: طائفة ألبونت) was a medieval taifa kingdom, of Berber origin, that existed from around 1009 to 1106 created following the end of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the Iberian Peninsula in 1010  It was centered at the city of Alpuente  It was ruled by a Berber family of the Banu Qasim tribe 

List of Emirs
Qasimid dynasty
'Abd Allah I: c  1009–1030
Muhammad I Yumn ad-Dawla: 1030–1042
Ahmad b Muhammad 'Izz (o Adud) al-Dawla: 1042–1043
Muhammad II: 1043
'Abd Allah II: 1043–c  1106

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties


== Sources ==
Passage 5:
Taifa of Niebla
The Taifa of Niebla (Arabic: طائفة لبلة) was an Arab taifa kingdom that existed during three distinct time periods: from 1023 to 1053, from 1145 to 1150 and from 1234 to 1262 
From 1053 until 1091 it was under the forcible control of Taifa of Seville, by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid  It was finally conquered by the Crown of Castile  In 1262 it was eventually absorbed by Castile 

List of Emirs
Yahsubid dynasty
Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad: 1023/4–1041/2
Muhammad al-Yahsubi Izz ad-Dawla: 1041/2–1051/2
Abu Nars Fath: 1051/2–1053/4
To Seville: 1053/4–1091
To Morocco: 1091–c  1145

Bitruyid dynasty
Yusuf al-Bitruyi (in Tejada 1146–1150): 1145–11??, d  1150
al-Wahbi: 11??–1150
To Morocco: 1150–1234

Mahfuzid dynasty
Su'ayb: 1234–1262
To Castile thereafter 

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Passage 6:
Francisco Giner de los Ríos
Francisco Giner de los Ríos (10 October 1839 in Ronda, Spain – 18 February 1915 in Madrid) was a philosopher, educator and one of the most influential Spanish intellectuals at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century 

Biography
He studied philosophy in Barcelona and Granada and eventually became professor of the philosophy of law and of international law at the University of Madrid  He was strongly influenced by the ideas of the Kantian German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (as imported into Spain by Julián Sanz del Río and became an important exponent of "Krausismo" in Spain 
He openly criticized the government for its attempts to stifle academic freedom  As a consequence, in 1875, he lost his chair at the university, which led to what can be seen as his major achievement: the 1876 foundation of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (Institute of Free Teaching), a private school of higher learning  He dedicated his life to the formation of human beings along coeducation; rationalism; and freedom of teaching, research, and literary communication  The goal was a society in which free citizens would be governed by free citizens on the basis of an adequate education  Because of his "rational realist" approach to law, he can also be seen as one of the forerunners of the sociology of law 
Giner continued his work outside the university, even after he was reinstated in his university chair in 1881  Among the many important people who were at one time or another associated with the Institución Libre de Enseñanza and the related Residencia de Estudiantes were José Ortega y Gasset, Federico García Lorca, Salvador Dalí, Antonio Machado, Luis Buñuel and Miguel de Unamuno 

Further reading
Solomon Lipp: Francisco Giner de los Ríos  A Spanish Socrates  Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfried Laurier 1985 ISBN 978-08-89201-59-0
J B  Trend: The Origins of Modern Spain  New York: The Macmillan Company 1934 

External links

Francisco Giner de los Ríos  Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi
Passage 7:
Río Frío de Juárez
Río Frío de Juárez, originally Río Frío (Cold River), a Mexican populated place, is located in the municipality of Ixtapaluca in the State of Mexico   Río Frío de Juárez is located at the highest point on the highway between Mexico City to Puebla de Zaragoza being located at the top of the pass on the historic road between the two cities 
Rio Frio de Juárez, is located near the far eastern border of the State of Mexico, almost on the border of the State of Puebla, at an altitude of 3,000 meters above sea level   It is located on the main roads of the Federal Highway 150D and Mexico-Puebla Highway 190 or Mexico-Puebla Highway 
The results of the Census of Population and Housing 2005 conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography state that the total population of Rio Frio is 5,272 and that there are 2,620 men and 2,655 women 

History
Rio Frio had its origins with the establishment and development of the Camino Real (Royal Road) linking Mexico City and Veracruz via Puebla, during the colonial era and renamed Camino Nacional (National Road) in the early years of the independent Mexico when there was no other major roadway to the capital from the east coast 
Rio Frio was established at the pass at the top of the mountain range between the Valley of Mexico and Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley surrounded by lush pine forests  It provided food and lodging for the huge number of travelers and riches that were transported along this road, since it was often necessary stay to over night in this place 
During the early years of independent Mexico, this area known as El Monte Rio Frio, became the haunt of bands of raiders who robbed travelers passing through the area   The Mexican government had no ability to protect the roads from these bandits which became common in the area of Rio Frio 
During the Mexican–American War, Río Frío was the post of E,F,G,H,I,J and L companies of the Second Ohio Volunteer Infantry   It was one of the American garrisons protecting their line of communications from Mexico City via Puebla to Vera Cruz from the guerrilla forces of Mexico The story of the banditry of Río Frío was made famous by the novel, Los bandidos de Río Frío, by the writer Manuel Payno; this situation ended with the arrival of the government of Porfirio Diaz, who with the use of the Guardia Rural restored security on the roads   This novel was made into a telenovela in 1976 
Popular for hikers and climbers, the town is the main point of access to the Zoquiapan National Forest, which has large areas covered in high mountain forests and volcanos, such as Iztaccíhuatl, Telapón, mount Tlaloc and Cerro Gordo  From the north west part of town there are antique trails that lead to the summit of mount Tlaloc, an extinct volcano on which stands an archeological ceremonial site which at 4,120 m is the highest standing archeological site in the Americas  It was historically recorded as a place of  pilgrimship during precolonial times, intended to the adoration of the Mesoamerican rain deity Tlaloc  Today there are still followers of these traditions, most notably people who believe the site to be the Tlalocan, a mythological utopia referred in various ancient Toltec and aztec codexes  In this Mythology the site regarded as the dwelling place of Tlaloc 
The  town is also famous for its alpine architecture  and for having one of the lowest average temperature rates in central Mexico; the surroundings of the town are also famous for having a large number of weekend alpine style farms and cabins, and for the High Mountain food style stands along the main roads between Mexico City and Puebla 
Passage 8:
Taifa of Morón
The Taifa of Morón (Arabic: طائفة مورور) was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom that existed from around 1010 to 1066  From 1066 until 1091 it was under the forcible control of Seville, by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid 

List of Emirs
Dammarid dynasty
Abu Tuziri al-Dammari: ?–1013/4
Nuh: 1013/4–1041/2
Muhammad: 1041/2–1057
Manad: 1057–1066

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Passage 9:
Mission San Francisco Solano (California)
Mission San Francisco Solano was the 21st, last, and northernmost mission in Alta California  It was named for Saint Francis Solanus  It was the only mission built in Alta California after Mexico gained independence from Spain  The difficulty of its beginning demonstrates the confusion resulting from that change in governance   The California Governor wanted a robust Mexican presence north of the San Francisco Bay to keep the Russians who had established Fort Ross on the Pacific coast from moving further inland   A young Franciscan friar from Mission San Francisco de Asis wanted to move to a location with a better climate and access to a larger number of potential converts The Mission was successful, given its short eleven year life, but was smaller in number of converts and with lower productivity and diversity of industries than the older California missions The mission building is now part of the Sonoma State Historic Park and is located in the city of Sonoma, California 

History
The mission was founded then managed by a succession of priests and friars over its duration 

Fr  Altamira
Fr  José Altimira at age 33 arrived from Barcelona, Spain, to serve at Mission San Francisco de Asís  The mission was not thriving because of its climate and had established a medical asistencia ("sub-mission") in San Rafael to help the mission's ill neophytes (baptized Native Americans) recover their health  California Governor Luis Argüello was interested in blocking the Russians at Bodega Bay and Fort Ross from moving further inland  Together they developed and presented to the church authorities and the territory (legislature) a plan for moving Mission San Francisco de Asís and the San Rafael asistencia to a new location north of the Bay  The legislature approved but the church authorities did not respond (they had forwarded the plan to their superiors in Mexico)  Under the old Spanish regime, founding a new mission required the approval of both New Spain's Bishop and the King's Viceroy Beginning in 1823, while waiting for a response from the church authorities, Fr  Altimira, with military escorts, began exploring north of the Bay for a suitable mission site  On July 4, 1823, the soldiers placed a large redwood cross on the place in the Sonoma Valley where they expected the new Mission San Francisco de Assis to be established  They celebrated Mass to consecrate the location, then returned south to begin gathering men and materials to begin construction The area around the selected site was not empty  It was near the northeast corner of the territory of the Coast Miwok, Southern Pomo to the northwest, Wappo to the northeast, Suisunes and Ptwin peoples to the east  A detachment of soldiers from the Presidio of San Francisco would be provided to protect the Mission and guard the neophytes Altimira with soldiers and neophytes primarily from Mission San Francisco de Asís returned to the Sonoma area near the end of August  Altimira decided there was a better place to build on the other side of the valley  Just after starting he received a letter from Father-President Sarria who refused Altimira permission to continue building  Fr  Altimira obeyed and the month of September saw continuing negotiations between California's civil and religious leaders  On September 30 an agreement was reached:  a new mission could be built and Fr  Altimira would be its minister, but Mission San Francisco de Asís would not be closed and the San Rafael asistencia had already been designated as a full mission (Mission San Rafael Arcángel) Beginning in October 1823 Fr  Altimira had the opportunity to build his new mission at the location he chose, but since Mission San Francisco de Asís would remain open this Mission needed a different patron saint  Altimira chose San Francisco Solano, a 17th-century Franciscan missionary to South America  His company of soldiers and neophytes set about building all the facilities needed in a California mission  His annual report for 1823 listed no baptisms, one marriage, one funeral, a population of 482 Indians (all transferred from other missions) and 1341 animals  The work had started too late in the year for anything to be planted and harvested 
On April 4, 1824, Passion Sunday, Father Altimira proudly dedicated his church  It was a crude, temporary structure but it symbolized development at the Mission  The church was built of whitewashed boards but was well furnished and decorated  Many of the articles were gifts from the Russians at Fort Ross  It also held a canvas painting of San Francisco Solano which had been donated by the Father-President  Furthermore, the Mission had been promised a relic of the patron saint to put in the altar The Mission continued to develop until an argument arose about the sharing of the bountiful 1826 harvest  Indians not living at the Mission were unhappy with the amount allocated for their work; they burned some of the wooden buildings in protest  Fr  Altimira with a few faithful neophytes fled to Mission San Rafael Arcángel 

Fr  Fortuni
Fr  Buenaventura Fortuni, an aging Spanish Franciscan who had been working at Mission San José in California, was assigned to replace Altimira  Fr  Fortuni quickly reestablished order and morale and the work of building the mission restarted  He arranged the main buildings to form a large, square enclosure 
In 1830 Fr  Fortuni, having labored alone at this mission for three and a half years, felt the need to transfer to another mission where the workload could be shared  He was 58 years old  The Mexican government had in 1826 required that all the Spanish friars who would not pledge loyalty to Mexico leave  Fr  Fortuni had been exempt from this rule but all new churchmen would be required to take the pledge 

Fr  Gutierrez
Fr  Fortuni was replaced by Fr  José Gutiérrez, a Franciscan friar from South America  Fr  Gutierrez continued to build and increased the agricultural effort  By 1832 the mission had 27 rooms in the convento or priest's quarters, with a great adobe church at the east end, and a wooden storehouse (the original mission chapel) at the west end  Completing this enclosure were workshops where the Indians were taught to be craftsmen and created the items needed to help the mission be self-sufficient  Along the back of the courtyard were the living quarters and workrooms for the young Indian girls  In addition to the quadrangle, there were orchards, gardens, vineyards, fields of grain, a gristmill, houses for the soldiers and Indian families, a jail, a cemetery, and an infirmary The most successful year of this mission's short life span (11 years) was 1832  In his annual report for that year, Fr  Gutierrez recorded the following: 127 baptisms, 34 marriages, and 70 deaths; a total of 996 neophytes (coming from 35 area villages); the livestock inventory included 6,000 sheep and goats, 900 horses, 13 mules, 50 pigs and 3,500 head of cattle  Crops were measured in fanegas, or Spanish bushels, a variable measure of volume generally between 50 and 60 liters  In 1832 the mission produced 800 fanegas of wheat, 1025 fanegas of barley, 52 fanegas of peas, 300 fanegas of corn, 32 fanegas of beans, and 2 fanegas of garbanzos 

Secularization
In 1833 the Mexican Congress decided to close all of the missions in Alta California with the passage of the Mexican secularization act of 1833  Governor Figueroa issued a regulation (Reglamento Provisional para la secularization de las Misiones) on August 9, 1834, outlining the requirements for the distribution of property (land, cattle, and equipment) to each mission's neophytes  Among the provisions were that "5  To each head of a family and to all over 20 years old, will be given from the Mission lands a lot not over 400 nor less than 100 varas square" (28 to 7 acres)  Plus "6     pro rata   one-half of the livestock" and "7      half or less of the existing chattels, tools, and seed   " 

Closure
Mission San Francisco Solano officially ceased to exist on November 3, 1834, when it was designated a First Class Parish  The Spanish missionaries were to be replaced by parish priests – the first was Fr  Lorenzo Quijas who had earlier been assigned to Sonoma and San Rafael Lieutenant (teniente) Mariano Vallejo, Commandant of the Presidio of San Francisco, was named administrator (comisionado) to oversee the closing of the Mission under the Reglamento  Fr  Quijas moved back to San Rafael in July 1835, after many disputes with Guadalupe Antonio Ortega, Vallejo's majordomo to whom he had delegated the work of secularization  Ortega (sometimes called Sergeant Ortega) was “uneducated, coarse and licentious"  Right after returning to San Rafael, Padre Quijas wrote a letter to Commissary Perfect Garcia Diego, his superior, complaining about the situation in Sonoma and specifically the "abominable deeds of Ortega " Quijas then gives names of witnesses to be called against Ortega  Upon receipt of the letter, Fr  Diego forwarded it to Governor José Figueroa demanding some action against Ortega  The Governor was critically ill and died at the end of the following month  No action was taken  It wasn't until the summer of 1837, because of new scandals and unsatisfactory accounts, that Ortega was removed After Fr  Quijas left, the neophyte population decreased rapidly, most returning to their home villages – taking their movable property with them – or moving to ranchos {including Vallejo's Petaluma Adobe} to work, or staying in Sonoma as servants  Some former Mission Indians reportedly received their allotted land and cattle from the Mission (none of these small plots of land were permanently recorded ) In August 1839, the government sent William Edward Petty Hartnell as Visitador General de Misiones to check compliance with the Reglamento but Vallejo avoided responding – claiming he did not have time because of military affairs  No effective review of the secularization of the Sonoma mission was ever completed 

Decline
The mission buildings rapidly fell into disrepair  The town of Sonoma was growing and building materials were in great demand  Roof tiles, timbers, and adobe bricks were salvaged from the mission buildings  After the settlers had ransacked the old buildings, nature began recycling the remnants 

In 1841, Mariano Vallejo ordered a small adobe chapel to be built on the location of the first wooden mission chapel  It became the church of the parish and replaced the large mission church which was rapidly deteriorating  It stood on the west end of the Convento and so is often thought to be the church of the old mission During 1863 President Abraham Lincoln transferred ownership of all the mission churches in California to the Roman Catholic Church  In 1881, the Sonoma church property was sold to a local businessman and a new parish church was built across town  At one time, the old adobe chapel was used as a warehouse  The Convento may have been used as a winery 

Reconstruction, memorial and hospital
In 1903, the two remaining mission buildings were purchased by California Historic Landmarks League, and became part of the California Park System in 1906  By 1913, both had been reconstructed  After the 1940s, the former church and Convento were remodeled along more authentic lines suited to exhibits devoted exclusively to mission history Dedicated in 1999, the Sonoma Mission Indian Memorial honors the more than 800 native people (including over 200 children) who died while living and working at the Mission between 1824 and 1839   Their Christian names, as recorded by the priests in the Mission's records, are inscribed on this granite memorial  European diseases such as measles and smallpox, for which Native Americans had no inherited resistance, together with the overcrowded and unhealthy living conditions (by today's standards) at all California missions (especially for women and children) contributed to the high death rate  However, the missions served, with the resources of the time, the health needs of its inhabitants, including those of Indian origin  Thus, the first hospital in California was founded in 1817 to care for the Indians of the Mission San Francisco de Asís, in what later became an independent Mission, the Mission San Rafael Arcangel, in San Rafael, California 

California Historic Landmark
On June 1, 1932, Mission San Francisco Solano was designated California Historical Landmark #3 

See also
San Francisco Bay Area portal

Spanish missions in California
List of Spanish missions in California
Mission San Gabriel
Mission San Rafael Arcángel
El Presidio de Sonoma
USNS Mission Solano (AO-135) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II
Sonoma Plaza – the U S  National Historic Landmark District in front of the mission
Mission Guadalupe - the final Dominican mission to be founded, June 1834

Notes
Passage 10:
Taifa of Tejada
The Taifa of Tejada (Arabic: طائفة تيجادا) was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom that existed only from 1146 to 1150 when it was conquered by the Almohad Caliphate  It was centered at the town of Tejada located in the present day Province of Burgos in northern Spain  It was ruled by an Arab family of the Banu Khazraj tribe  They claimed descent from Anas ibn Malik who was a sahaba (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 

List of Emirs
Khazraj dynasty
Yusuf al-Khazraji (in Niebla 1145–?): 1146–1150
Passage 11:
Taifa of Mértola
The Taifa of Mértola (Arabic: طائفة مارتلة) was a medieval Islamic Moorish taifa that existed in what is now southeastern Portugal  It existed during three distinct periods: from 1033 to 1044, from 1144 to 1145, and from 1146 to 1151  From 1044 until 1091 it was under the forcible control of the Taifa of Seville, by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid  Its short-lived history ended in 1151, when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate 

List of Emirs
Abbadid dynasty
Abbad II al-Mu'tadid:1033-1044Becomes part of Seville: 1044–1091 (Abbadid Family)

Almoravid dynasty
To Almoravid dynasty: 1091–1144

Qasid dynasty
Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi: 1144–1145, d  1151
To Badajoz: 1145–1146
Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi (restored): 1146–1151
To Almohads: 1151–1250
Passage 12:
Taifa of Jaén
The Taifa of Jaén (Arabic: طائفة جيان) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom centered in Al-Andalus  It existed for only two very short periods: first in 1145 and then in 1168  It was ruled by Arabs of the Banu Khazraj tribe  The Taifa was centred in the present day region of Jaén in southern Spain 

List of Emirs
Yuzaid dynasty
Ibn Yuzai: 1145

Huddid dynasty
Abu Dja'far Ahmad Zafadola (also Cord , Gran , Val ): 1145
To Almohads: 1145–1159
To Murcia: 1159–1168

Hamuskid dynasty
Ibrahim: 1168
To Murcia: 1168–1232
Passage 13:
Taifa of Murviedro and Sagunto
The Taifa of Murviedro and Sagunto was a medieval taifa kingdom that existed in a short period from 1086 to 1092 

List of Emirs
Lubbunid dynasty
Abu 'Isa Lubbun: 1086–1092
Passage 14:
Taifa of Guadix and Baza
The Taifa of Guadix and Baza was a medieval Moorish taifa kingdom  It existed from 1145 to 1151, when it was conquered by the Taifa of Murcia 

List of Emirs
Malyanid dynasty
Ahmed ibn Muhammed ibn Malyan al-Muta'yyad: 1145–1151
Passage 15:
Taifa of Santarém
The Taifa of Santarém (Arabic: طائفة شنترين) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom in what is now central Portugal  It existed from 1144 to 1145  It was centered in the city of Santarém and encompassed much of the present day Santarém District  The Taifa was ruled by the Arab tribe of Banu Khazraj which had its origin in the Hejaz region of Arabia 

List of Emirs
Labidid dynasty
Labid: 1144–1145
To Badajoz: c  1145–1147
Passage 16:
Gonzalo Güell
Gonzalo Güell y Morales de los Ríos (February 16, 1895, in Havana, Cuba – September 2, 1985, in Coral Gables, Florida, U S ) was a Cuban lawyer and a career diplomat (1919–1959) 

Career
Guell was Foreign Minister of Cuba from 1956 to 1959 and Prime Minister of Cuba from March 12, 1958, to January 1, 1959  He also served as the Cuban Ambassador to Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Norway and the United Nations 
He was one of the 40 persons that flew with Fulgencio Batista to the Dominican Republic on New Year's Eve 1959 when Fidel Castro took over Cuba 

Personal life
He was married three times  Two of his wives were Francisca Pubill and Juana Inigo  He had one daughter 
Passage 17:
Taifa of Tortosa
The Taifa of Tortosa (Arabic: طائفة طرطوشة) was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom  It existed for two separate periods, from 1010 to 1060 and 1081 to 1099  It was founded by the Slavic warlord Labib al-Fata al-Saqlabi 

List of Emirs
Saqlabi (Servile Rulers) dynasty
Labib al-Fata al-Saqlabi (Valencia 1017–1019): c  1009–bfr  1039/40
Muqatil Sayf al-Milla: bfr  1039/40–1053/4
Ya'la: 1053/4–1057/8
Nabil: 1057/8–1060
To Zaragoza: 1060–1081 or 2/3

Huddid dynasty
al-Mundir 'Imad ad-Dawla: 1081 or 1082/3–1090
Sulayman Sayyid: 1090–c 1115
To Morocco: c 1115–1148

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Passage 18:
Taifa of Tavira
The Taifa of Tavira (Arabic: طائفة تاويرا) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom in what is now southern Portugal  It existed only from around 1146 to 1150  It was centered in the city of Tavira 

List of Emirs
'Umarid dynasty
'Umar: fl  mid-12th century (1146–1150)
To Almoravids: c  1150–1250
Passage 19:
Taifa of Carmona
The Taifa of Carmona (Arabic: طائفة قرمونة) was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom  It existed for two distinct periods: first from 1013 to 1066 when it was conquered by the Taifa of Seville, and secondly from around 1143 to 1150 when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate  The taifa was established and ruled by the Zenata Berber Birzalid dynasty 

Origins
The Banu Birzal was a Zenata Berber tribe  settled in the Zab region and belonging to the confederations of the central Maghreb (Maghreb al-Awsat) 

List of emirs
Birzalid dynasty
'Abd Allah: 1013/4–1023/4
Muhammad: 1023/4–1042/3
Ishaq: 1042/3–1052/3
Al-'Aziz: 1052/3–1066/7
To Seville: 1066/7–1091
To Morocco: 1091-c  1143

Darddusid dynasty
Darddus: fl  mid-12th century
To Morocco: 1150–1248

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Passage 20:
Taifa of Ronda
The Taifa of Ronda (Arabic: طائفة رندة) was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom centered in Moorish al-Andalus in what is now southern Spain  It existed from 1039 to 1065  The taifa was ruled by a family from the Berber Banu Ifran tribe of North Africa  Its capital was the city of Ronda  From 1065 until 1091, the taifa was under the control of the Taifa of Seville, led by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid 

List of Emirs
Yafranid dynasty
Abu Nour: 1039/40–1053/4
Badis ibn Hilal: 1053/4–1057/8
Abu Nur Hilal (restored): 1057/8
Abu Nars Fatuh: 1057/8–1065

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties



ground_truth: University of Cambridge

Cambridge

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In which year did Taifa of Francisco Giner de los Rios' birthplace cease to exist?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
The 1958 Major League Baseball season was perhaps the pivotal season in making Major League Baseball a nationwide league  Walter O'Malley, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, moved his team to Los Angeles, marking the first major league franchise on the West Coast  Called "perhaps the most influential owner of baseball's early expansion era," O'Malley appeared on the cover of Time as a result of his efforts to move baseball to a more nationwide sport O'Malley was also influential in persuading the rival New York Giants to move west to become the San Francisco Giants  The Giants were already suffering from slumping attendance records at their aging ballpark, the Polo Grounds  Had the Dodgers moved out west alone, the St  Louis Cardinals—1,600 mi (2,575 km) away—would have been the closest NL team  The joint move made West Coast road trips economical for visiting teams  O'Malley invited San Francisco Mayor George Christopher to New York to meet with Giants owner Horace Stoneham  Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minnesota, but he was convinced to join O'Malley on the West Coast at the end of 1957  The meetings between Stoneham, Christopher and O'Malley occurred against the wishes of Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball  The dual moves were successful for both franchises—and for MLB  The Dodgers set a single-game MLB attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans In 1961, the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis–St  Paul to become the Minnesota Twins  Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time: the Los Angeles Angels (who soon moved from downtown L A  to nearby Anaheim) and a new Washington Senators franchise  The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962  The Astros (known as the "Colt  45s" during their first three seasons) became the first southern major league franchise since the Louisville Colonels folded in 1899 and the first franchise to be located along the Gulf Coast  The Mets established a reputation for futility by going 40–120 during their first season of play in the nation's media capital—and by playing only a little better in subsequent campaigns—but in their eighth season (1969) the Mets became the first of the 1960s expansion teams to play in the postseason, culminating in a World Series title over the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles 
In 1966, the major leagues moved to the "Deep South" when the Braves moved to Atlanta  In 1968, the Kansas City Athletics moved west to become the Oakland Athletics  In 1969, the American and National Leagues both added two expansion franchises  The American League added the Seattle Pilots (who became the Milwaukee Brewers after one disastrous season in Seattle) and the Kansas City Royals  The NL added the first Canadian franchise, the Montreal Expos, as well as the San Diego Padres 
In 1972, the second Washington Senators moved to the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex to become the Texas Rangers  In 1977, baseball expanded again, adding a second Canadian team, the Toronto Blue Jays, as well as the Seattle Mariners  Subsequently, no new teams were added until the 1990s and no teams moved until 2005 

Pitching dominance and rule changes
By the late 1960s, the balance between pitching and hitting had swung in favor of the pitchers  In 1968—later nicknamed "the year of the pitcher"—Boston Red Sox player Carl Yastrzemski won the American League batting title with an average of just  301, the lowest in the history of Major League Baseball  Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain won 31 games, making him the only pitcher to win 30 games in a season since Dizzy Dean in 1934  St  Louis Cardinals starting pitcher Bob Gibson achieved an equally remarkable feat by allowing an ERA of just 1 12 Following these pitching performances, in December 1968 the MLB Playing Rules Committee voted to reduce the strike zone from knees to shoulders to top of knees to armpits and lower the pitcher's mound from 15 to 10 inches, beginning in the 1969 season In 1973, the American League, which had been suffering from much lower attendance than the National League, sought to increase scoring even further by initiating the designated hitter (DH) rule 

New stadiums and artificial surfaces
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, as baseball expanded, NFL football had been surging in popularity, making it economical for many of these cities to build multi-purpose stadiums instead of single-purpose baseball fields  Because of climate and economic issues, many of these facilities had playing surfaces made from artificial turf, as well as the oval designs characteristic of stadiums designed to house both baseball and football  This often resulted in baseball fields with relatively more foul territory than older stadiums  These characteristics changed the nature of professional baseball, putting a higher premium on speed and defense over home-run hitting power since the fields were often too big for teams to expect to hit many home runs and foul balls hit in the air could more easily be caught for outs Teams began to be built around pitching—particularly their bullpens—and speed on the basepaths  Artificial surfaces meant balls traveled quicker and bounced higher, so it became easier to hit ground balls "in the hole" between the corner and middle infielders  Starting pitchers were no longer expected to throw complete games; it was enough for a starter to pitch 6–7 innings and turn the game over to the team's closer, a position which grew in importance over these decades  As stolen bases increased, home run totals dropped  After Willie Mays hit 52 home runs in 1965, only one player (George Foster) reached that mark until the 1990s 

Scandals and a changing game
During the 1980s, baseball experienced a number of significant changes the game had not seen in years  Home runs were on the decline throughout the decade, with players hitting only 40 home runs just 13 times and no one hitting more than 50 home runs in a season for the first time since the Dead-ball era (1900–1919) The 1981 Major League Baseball strike from June 12 until July 31 forced the cancellation of 713 total games and resulted in a split-season format 
In 1985, Pete Rose broke Ty Cobb's all-time hits record with his 4,192nd hit, and in 1989 Rose received a lifetime ban from baseball as a result of betting on baseball games while manager of the Cincinnati Reds  Rose was the first person to receive a lifetime ban from baseball since 1943  1985 also saw the Pittsburgh drug trials which involved players who were called to testify before a grand jury in Pittsburgh related to cocaine trafficking 
The 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike from August 12, 1994, to April 25, 1995, caused the cancellation of over 900 games and the forfeit of the entire 1994 postseason In 2019, Major League Baseball opened an investigation into allegations that members of the 2017 World Series champion Houston Astros stole signs from opposing teams using technology during the 2017 and 2018 seasons  The Astros were found guilty in January 2020 and while no active players faced any repercussions, Astros general manager Jeff Luhnow and field manager A  J  Hinch were suspended for the entire 2020 season  The Astros were fined the maximum allowable $5 million and forfeited their first- and second-round picks in the 2020 and 2021 drafts 

Steroid era, further expansion and near contraction
Routinely in the late 1990s and early 2000s, baseball players hit 40 or 50 home runs in a season, a feat that was considered rare even in the 1980s  It has since become apparent that at least some of this power surge was a result of players using steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs 
In 1993, the NL added the Florida Marlins in Miami and the Colorado Rockies in Denver  In 1998, the Brewers switched leagues by joining the National League, and two new teams were added: the NL's Arizona Diamondbacks in Phoenix and the AL's Tampa Bay Devil Rays in Tampa Bay 
After the 2001 season, the team owners voted in favor of contraction  Several MLB teams had been considered for elimination in early talks about contraction, but the Montreal Expos and the Minnesota Twins were the two teams that came closest to folding under the plan  Plans for MLB contraction were halted when the Twins landlord was awarded a court injunction that required the team to play its 2002 home games at their stadium  MLB owners agreed to hold off on reducing the league's size until at least 2006 The Montreal Expos became the first franchise in over three decades to move when they became the Washington Nationals in 2005  This move left Canada with just one team, but it also returned baseball to Washington after a 33-year absence  This franchise shift, like many previous ones, involved baseball's return to a city that had been previously abandoned  Not counting the short-lived Federal League, Montreal is the only city to host an MLB franchise since 1901 that, as of December 2022, does not currently have a team 

The modern game
In recent years, with the advent of technologies such as Statcast and its use of Hawk-Eye starting in 2020 as well as with advanced statistics as provided by sites such as FanGraphs and Baseball Savant, MLB has evolved  With the ability to see precise movements of pitchers and batters, teams can assess the mechanics of a player and help them improve  Statcast also provides some features such as tracking the paths of most batted balls, tracking the speed of most batted balls, and tracking the exit velocity of most batted balls  Statcast has allowed for advanced defensive analytics that have not been possible before tracking of players due to how subjective fielding can be 
The rate of teams using a defensive shift has gone up from 13 7% in 2016 to 33 6% in 2022 because advanced statistics support this as an effective way to stop hitters from getting hits  Because the shift reduces the amount of balls in play that result in hits and MLB wishes to increase interest in baseball, MLB announced in September 2022 that extreme infield defensive shifts would be banned starting in 2023  In order to be compliant, there must be two fielders on each side of second base, and those fielders must have both of their feet on the infield dirt at the time the pitch is thrown  If this rule is not followed, the choice of an automatic ball or the outcome of the play is given to the batting team The game of baseball has also slowed down significantly due to an increased number of strikeouts and walks—two outcomes that generally take many pitches to complete—and an increased amount of time taken for a pitcher to pitch  In 2020, it took an average of three hours and six minutes to complete a 9 inning game, a number which has steadily ticked up for years  Along with the restrictions on defensive shifts, MLB announced the introduction of a pitch clock for the 2023 season and beyond, which is something that has been an experiment in MiLB for a few years  The pitch clock starts at 15 seconds  By the time the clock reaches 10 seconds, the catcher must be in their crouch behind home plate  When the clock reaches 8 seconds, the batter must be in the batter's box and be "alert"  Before the 15 second timer reaches 0 seconds, the pitcher must have started their "motion to pitch"  If any of these deadlines are violated, the count of the batter will be increased by one ball if the defending team violated the pitch clock or one strike if it is the offensive team who violated the pitch clock  Additionally, in order to prevent circumventing these rules pickoffs and step-offs which reset the pitch clock are only allowed two times total per plate appearance and, if a pitcher attempts a third pickoff and fails to get the runner out, a balk will be called  Similarly, a batter is restricted to calling a timeout (an action which resets the pitch clock) just once per plate appearance 

Uniforms
A baseball uniform is a type of uniform worn by baseball players, and by some non-playing personnel, such as field managers and coaches  It is worn to indicate the person's role in the game and—through the use of logos, colors, and numbers—to identify the teams and their players, managers, and coaches Traditionally, home uniforms display the team name on the front, while away uniforms display the team's home location  In modern times, however, exceptions to this pattern have become common, with teams using their team name on both uniforms  Most teams also have one or more alternate uniforms, usually consisting of the primary or secondary team color on the vest instead of the usual white or gray  In the past few decades throwback uniforms have become popular The New York Knickerbockers were the first baseball team to use uniforms, taking the field on April 4, 1849, in pants made of blue wool, white flannel shirts (jerseys) and straw hats  Caps and other types of headgear have been a part of baseball uniforms from the beginning  Baseball teams often wore full-brimmed straw hats or no cap at all since there was no official rule regarding headgear  Under the 1882 uniform rules, players on the same team wore uniforms of different colors and patterns that indicated which position they played  This rule was soon abandoned as impractical In the late 1880s, Detroit and Washington of the National League and Brooklyn of the American Association were the first to wear striped uniforms  By the end of the 19th century, teams began the practice of having two different uniforms, one for when they played at home in their own baseball stadium and a different one for when they played away (on the road) at the other team's ballpark  It became common to wear white pants with a white color vest at home and gray pants with a gray or solid (dark) colored vest when away  By 1900, both home and away uniforms were standard across the major leagues In June 2021, MLB announced a long-term deal with cryptocurrency exchange FTX, which includes the FTX logo appearing on umpire uniforms during all games  FTX is MLB's first-ever umpire uniform patch partner  On November 11, 2022, FTX filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection 

Season structure
Spring training
Spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season  Teams hold training camps in the states of Arizona and Florida, where the early warm weather allows teams to practice and play without worrying about the late winter cold  Spring training allows new players to compete for roster and position spots and gives existing team players practice time prior to competitive play  The teams that hold spring training in Arizona are grouped into the Cactus League, while teams that hold camp in Florida are known as the Grapefruit League  Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many college students  Autograph seekers also find greater access to players during spring training Spring training typically lasts almost two months, starting in mid-February and running until just before the season-opening day, traditionally the first week of April  As pitchers benefit from a longer training period, pitchers and catchers begin spring training several days before the rest of the team 

Regular season
Each team plays 162 games per season  A team's schedule is typically organized into three-game series, sets of consecutive games against the same opponent, with occasional two- or four-game series  Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one-game or five-game series  All games of a series are usually hosted by the same team and multiple series are typically grouped together  I e, a team usually hosts several series in a row, called a homestand, and follows that by going on several road series in a row  Teams generally play games five to seven days per week  Most games are scheduled at night, although teams will often play day games on Opening Day, holidays, and for the last game of a series to allow teams extra time to travel to their next opponent  Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon, allowing teams to travel to their next destination prior to a Monday night game 
In the current three-division structure, each team plays 19 games against each of its four divisional opponents  It plays one home series and one away series, amounting to six or seven games, against the 10 other teams in its league  A team also plays one of the divisions in the other league, rotating each year, with two opponents in a three-game home series, two in a three-game away series, and one with four games split between home and away  Furthermore, each team has an interleague "natural rival" (in many cases its counterpart in the same metro area) with which it plays two home games and two away games each year 
With an odd number of teams in each league (15), it is necessary to have two teams participate in interleague play for most days in the season, except when two or more teams have a day off  Each team plays 20 interleague games throughout the season, usually with just one interleague game per day, but for one weekend in late May, all teams will participate in an interleague series  Before 2013, interleague play was structured differently: there would be one weekend in mid-May and another period consisting typically of the last two-thirds of June in which all teams played interleague games (save for two NL teams each day), and no interleague games were scheduled outside those dates  (Before 2013, season-long interleague play was not necessary, because each league had an even number of teams  In 2013, the Houston Astros moved to the American League, so that each league would have 15 teams ) Prior to the adoption of the universal designated hitter in 2022, whether the DH was in use depended on whether the home team was from the AL, where the DH was used, or the NL, where it was not 
Starting with the 2023 season, the scheduling formula is set to change, with each team playing at least one series against every other team every year  Each team will play 14 games against teams in the same division, with one 3-game and one 4-game series at each park, six games against teams within the same league but in other divisions, with one 3-game series at each park, and one 3-game series against teams in the other league, alternating home teams each year, except for each team's designated interleague rival, which will continue to consist of two 2-game series at each of the teams' home parks 
Beginning with the 2022 season, teams compete for the six playoff berths in their respective leagues  To secure a berth, a team must either win its division or capture a wild card spot by having one of the three best records among the non-winners in its entire league  With the adoption of a third wild card, the former practice of breaking ties with an additional regular-season game, known as  game 163, was dropped in favor of a tie-breaker formula 

All-Star Game
In early-to-mid July, just after the midway point of the season, the Major League Baseball All-Star Game is held during a four-day break from the regular-season schedule  The All-Star Game features a team of players from the American League (AL)—led by the manager of the previous AL World Series team—and a team of players from the National League (NL), similarly managed, in an exhibition game  From 1959 to 1962, two games were held each season, one was held in July and one was held in August  The designated-hitter rule was used in the All-Star Game for the first time in 1989  Following games used a DH when the game was played in an AL ballpark  Since 2010, the DH rule has been in effect regardless of venue The first official All-Star Game was held as part of the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois, and was the idea of Arch Ward, then sports editor for The Chicago Tribune  Initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual one  Ward's contribution was recognized by Major League Baseball in 1962 with the creation of the "Arch Ward Trophy", given to the All-Star Game's Most Valuable Player each year  (In 1970, it was renamed the Commissioner's Trophy, until 1985, when the name change was reversed  In 2002, it was renamed the Ted Williams Most Valuable Player Award )Beginning in 1947, the eight position players in each team's starting lineup have been voted into the game by fans  The fan voting was discontinued after a 1957 ballot-box-stuffing scandal in Cincinnati: seven of the eight slots originally went to Reds players, two of whom were subsequently removed from the lineup to make room for Willie Mays and Hank Aaron  Fan voting was reinstated in 1970 and has continued ever since, including Internet voting in recent years The 2002 contest in Milwaukee controversially ended in an 11-inning tie when both managers ran out of pitchers  In response, starting in 2003 the league which wins the All-Star game received home-field advantage in the World Series: the league champion hosted the first two games at its own ballpark as well as the last two (if necessary)  The National League did not win an All-Star game and thus gain a home-field advantage until 2010; it was able to overcome this disadvantage and win in three of the seven World Series from 2003 to 2009  This was discontinued after the 2016 season MLB All-Stars from both leagues have worn uniforms from their respective teams at the game with one exception  In the 1933 All-Star Game, the National League All-Star Team members wore special gray uniforms with "National League" written in navy blue letters across the front of the jersey On July 3, 2020, it was announced that the 2020 Major League Baseball All-Star Game scheduled to be held in Los Angeles would not be played due to the COVID-19 pandemic  As compensation, Los Angeles was awarded the next available All-Star Game in 2022 

Postseason
The regular season ends after the first Sunday in October (or the last Sunday in September), after which twelve teams enter the postseason playoffs  These twelve teams consist of the six division champions and six "wild-card" teams: the team with the best overall win–loss record in each of the six divisions, and the three teams in each league with the best records other than the division champions  Four rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion:
Wild Card Series, a best of three games playoff between the lowest seeded division champion and three "wild-card teams", the higher seeds will host all three games
American League Division Series and National League Division Series, each a best-of-five-games series 
American League Championship Series and National League Championship Series, each a best-of-seven-games series played between the winning teams from the Division Series  The league champions are referred to as the pennant winners 
World Series, a best-of-seven-games series played between the pennant winners of each league Within each league, the division winners are the No  1, No  2, and No  3 seeds, based on win–loss records  The team with the best record among non-division winners will be the first wildcard and the No  4 seed  The team with the second-best record among non-division winners will be the second wildcard and the No  5 seed  The team with the third-best record will the third wild card and the No 6  seed  In the wildcard round, the No  3 seed will host the No 6 seed and the No  4 seed with host the No 5 seed with the higher team host all three games in the Wild Card Series   For the division series, the matchup will be the No  1 seed against the  winner of the No 3 and  No 6 seed and the No  2 seed against the winner of  No 4 and No 5 seed, unlike the NFL there will be no reseeding   Since 2017, home-field advantage in the World Series is determined by regular-season records of the two league champions, replacing a system used for the prior 14 seasons where the champion of the league that won the All-Star Game would receive home-field advantage Because each postseason series is split between the home fields of the two teams, the home-field advantage does not usually play a large role in the postseason unless the series goes to its maximum number of games, giving one team an additional game at home  However, the first two games of a postseason series are hosted by the same team  That team may have an increased chance of starting the series with two wins, thereby gaining some momentum for the rest of the series 

International play
Since 1986 an All-Star team from MLB is sent to a biennial end-of-the-season tour of Japan, dubbed as MLB Japan All-Star Series, playing exhibition games in a best-of format against the All-Stars from Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) or recently as of 2014 their national team Samurai Japan 
In 2008, MLB played the MLB China Series in the People's Republic of China  It was a series of two spring-training games between the San Diego Padres and Los Angeles Dodgers  The games were an effort to popularize baseball in China MLB played the MLB Taiwan All-Star Series in Taiwan in November 2011  It was a series of five exhibition games played by a team made up of MLB players called the MLB All-Stars and the Chinese Taipei national baseball team  The MLB All-Stars swept the series, five games to zero  At the end of the 2011 season, it was announced that the Seattle Mariners and the Oakland Athletics would play their season openers in Japan  In October 2013, Phil Rogers of the Chicago Tribune wrote that MLB was considering postseason all-star tours in Taiwan and Korea; baseball is increasing in popularity in both countries The Arizona Diamondbacks opened the 2014 season against Los Angeles Dodgers on March 22–23 in Australia  The teams played each other at the historic Sydney Cricket Ground, which has a seating capacity of 46,000  The two games represented the first MLB regular-season play held in that country  The games counted as home games for the Diamondbacks, so they played 79 home games at Chase Field In 2019, the Red Sox were the home team in a regular-season two-game series against the Yankees  The games, which were the first regular-season MLB games held in Europe, were played on June 29–30 at London Stadium with the Yankees winning both games Together with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB sponsors the World Baseball Classic, an international baseball tournament contested by national teams 

Performance-enhancing drugs
In 1998, both Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa hit more home runs than the record of 61 set by Yankees right fielder Roger Maris in 1961  Barry Bonds topped the record in 2001 with 73 home runs  McGwire, Bonds, and Sosa became the subjects of speculation regarding the use of performance-enhancing substances  McGwire later admitted that he used a steroid hormone that was still legal in baseball during the 1998 season  Baseball's original steroid testing policy, in effect from 2002 to 2005, provided for penalties ranging from a ten-game suspension for a first positive test to a one-year suspension for a fourth positive test  Players were tested at least once per year, with the chance that several players could be tested many times per year A 2006 book, Game of Shadows by San Francisco Chronicle investigative reporters Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada, chronicled alleged extensive use of performance enhancers, including several types of steroids and growth hormone by baseball superstars Barry Bonds, Gary Sheffield, and Jason Giambi  Former Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell was appointed by Selig on March 30, 2006 to investigate the use of performance-enhancing drugs in MLB  The appointment was made after several influential members of the U S  Congress made negative comments about both the effectiveness and honesty of MLB's drug policies and Commissioner Selig The day before the Mitchell Report was to be released in 2007, Selig said, "I haven't seen the report yet, but I'm proud I did it " The report said that after mandatory random testing began in 2004, HGH treatment for athletic enhancement became popular among players, as HGH is not detectable in tests  It pointed out that HGH is likely a placebo with no performance-enhancing effects  The report included substance use allegations against at least one player from each MLB team According to ESPN, some people questioned whether Mitchell's director role with the Boston Red Sox created a conflict of interest, especially because no "prime [Sox] players were in the report " The report named several prominent Yankees who were parts of World Series clubs; there is a long-running and fierce Yankees–Red Sox rivalry  Former U S  prosecutor John M  Dowd brought up Mitchell's conflict of interest, but he later said that the former senator had done a good job  Mitchell acknowledged that his "tight relationship with Major League Baseball left him open to criticism", but he said that readers who examine the report closely "will not find any evidence of bias, of special treatment of the Red Sox" On January 10, 2013, MLB and the players union reached an agreement to add random, in-season HGH testing  They also agreed to implement a new test to reveal the use of testosterone for the 2013 season  The current MLB drug policy provides for an 80-game suspension for a first positive test, a 162-game suspension for a second positive test, and a lifetime suspension for a third positive test  In 2009, allegations surfaced against Alex Rodriguez and David Ortiz, and Manny Ramirez received a 50-game suspension after testing positive for banned substances  In early April 2011, Ramirez retired from baseball rather than face a 100-game suspension for his second positive steroid test  He would later unretire, having the suspension dropped to 50 games, and would serve those in 2012 

Media coverage
Television
Several networks televise baseball games, including Fox, ESPN, TBS, and MLB Network  Since 2008, Fox Sports has broadcast MLB games on Fox Saturday Baseball throughout the entire season; Fox previously only broadcast games from May to September  Fox also holds rights to the All-Star Game each season  Fox also alternates League Championship Series broadcasts, broadcasting the American League Championship Series (ALCS) in odd-numbered years and the National League Championship Series (NLCS) in even-numbered years  Fox broadcasts all games of the World Series  ESPN continues to broadcast MLB games as well, beginning with national Opening Day coverage  ESPN broadcasts Sunday Night Baseball and Baseball Tonight  ESPN also has rights to the Home Run Derby at the All-Star Game each July TBS has aired Sunday afternoon regular season games (non-exclusive) nationally, but beginning in 2022 this will be replaced by Tuesday night games  In 2007, TBS began its exclusive rights to any tiebreaker games that determine division or wild card champions  It also airs exclusive coverage of the Division Series round of the playoffs  TBS carries the League Championship Series that are not included under Fox's television agreement; TBS shows the NLCS in odd-numbered years and the ALCS in even-numbered years In January 2009, MLB launched the MLB Network, featuring news and coverage from around the league, and airing 26 live games in the 2009 season  Each team also has local broadcasts for all games not carried by Fox on Saturdays or ESPN on Sunday nights  These games are typically split between a local broadcast television station and a local or regional sports network (RSN), though some teams only air local games through RSNs or through their own team networks  As Canada only contains one team, Sportsnet broadcasts Toronto Blue Jays games nationally  The channel is owned by Rogers Communications, who is also the parent company of the Blue Jays  Sportsnet also televises Fox's Saturday afternoon games, the All-Star Game, playoff games, and the World Series  In April 2011, TSN2 began carrying ESPN Sunday Night Baseball in Canada  TVA Sports airs Blue Jays games in French Several MLB games are broadcast exclusively on Internet television  After a year of exclusive games on Facebook, MLB partnered with YouTube to stream weekly games on the service beginning in the 2019 season, and extending until 2022  In 2022, MLB made a deal with Apple Inc  to launch Friday Night Baseball on its Apple TV+ streaming service, and NBC Sports to broadcast MLB Sunday Leadoff, a package of early Sunday afternoon games on Peacock 

Blackout policy
MLB has several blackout rules  A local broadcaster has priority to televise games of the team in their market over national broadcasters if the game is not exclusive to the national broadcaster  A market that has a local team playing in a non-exclusive game will receive an alternative programming feed on the national broadcaster  MLB's streaming internet video service is also subject to the same blackout rules 

Radio and Internet
ESPN Radio holds national broadcast rights and broadcasts Sunday Night Baseball weekly throughout the season in addition to all playoff games  The rights to the World Series are exclusive to ESPN  In 2021, TUDN Radio picked up Spanish-language rights to MLB games, starting with that year's postseason In addition, each team employs its own announcers, who broadcast during the regular season  Most teams operate regional networks to cover their fan bases; some of these supposedly regional networks (such as the New York Yankees Radio Network) have a national reach with affiliates located across the United States  Major League Baseball has an exclusive rights deal with XM Satellite Radio, which includes the channel MLB Network Radio and live play-by-play of all games  Many teams also maintain a network of stations that broadcast their games in Spanish; as of 2022, the Los Angeles Dodgers are the only team that produces radio broadcasts in a third language, with selected games broadcast in Korean  Both Canadian teams (the Montreal Expos before their move to Washington, DC in 2005, and the Toronto Blue Jays) have produced radio broadcasts in French MLB games are also broadcast live on the internet  All television and radio broadcasts of games are available via subscription to MLB tv at Major League Baseball's website, MLB com, and radio-only broadcasts are also available via subscription to MLB com Gameday Audio  Radio station affiliates are officially forbidden from streaming games through their Internet feeds  Blackout rules are still applied for live television broadcasts, but not radio broadcasts 

International broadcasting
ESPN Deportes televises many MLB games in Spanish throughout Latin America  Wapa 2 airs games in Puerto Rico, including spring training games and most of the World Baseball Classic games involving the team from Puerto Rico  In Brazil, ESPN Brasil has exclusive rights on TV (ESPN and ESPN2) and Internet (WatchESPN) Five in the United Kingdom previously screened MLB games, including the All-Star Game and the postseason games, on Sunday and Wednesday usually starting at 1 a m  BST  Most recently, Johnny Gould and Josh Chetwynd presented MLB on Five on that station  The channel covered baseball beginning on its opening night in 1997, but for financial reasons, the decision was made not to pick up MLB for the 2009 season  BT Sport ESPN show live and recorded games several times a week—it is available with BT Sport and (on a subscriber-basis) Virgin Media in the UK  ESPN America televised many games in the UK and dozens of other countries; in May 2013, ESPN announced that it would shut down the channel on July 31, 2013 In Australia, MLB games are regularly shown on ESPN Australia (subscription) In the Middle East, North Africa and France, MLB games are broadcast on beIN Sports channels In Germany MLB games will be broadcast from 2022 exclusively on Sport1 until 2026 In Hungary, MLB games are broadcast on Sport1 as of 2020 

See also
Passage 11:
Prince Abdul Aziz bin Musa'ed Stadium
Prince Abdul Aziz bin Musa'ed Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Ha'il, Saudi Arabia   It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Al-Ta'ee   The stadium has a capacity of 12,250 people 
Passage 12:
Pohang Baseball Stadium
Pohang Baseball Stadium is a baseball stadium in Pohang, South Korea  The stadium is currently being used as a second home of the KBO League team Samsung Lions 
Passage 13:
30 June Stadium
The 30 June Stadium is a stadium used mostly for football matches and also sometimes for athletics located in Cairo  It was built by the Egyptian Air Defense Forces  The stadium is the main venue of the Air Defense Sport Village  The stadium has a capacity of 30,000 and it is one of the venues of the Egyptian Premier League  It is the  home ground of the Egyptian Premier League side Pyramids F C 
In March 2019 it was announced that the stadium will host all bar one of the fixtures of Group C in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, as well as one Group A and Group D match and one match each in the round of 16, the quarter-finals, and the semi-finals 

Accidents
Twenty-eight football fans died on 8 February 2015 in a confrontation with the police at the gates of Egyptian stadium during a league match between two Cairo clubs, Zamalek SC and ENPPI  Most of the dead were crushed to death and suffocated when the crowd stampeded after police used tear gas to clear the fans trying to force their way into the stadium  Egypt's hardcore fans are notorious for violent behavior at matches, and Egypt has designated some as terrorist groups 

2019 Africa Cup of Nations
The stadium is one of the venues for the 2019  Africa Cup of Nations 
The following games were played at the stadium during the 2019  Africa Cup of Nations:



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