prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Frances Freeling Broderip's sibling?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Esther Cleveland
Esther Cleveland (September 9, 1893 – June 25, 1980) was the second child of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States, and his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland 

Biography
Esther Cleveland was born on September 9, 1893, in the White House, to the President of the United States, Grover Cleveland and the First Lady, Frances Folsom  She remains the only child of a President to have been born there  Into her maturity, the US press still referred to her as "The White House baby" (in a photograph of her in her early 20s, from a now unknown newspaper archive source) 
In April 1896, she contracted measles when it spread through the White House, leading to a quarantine  Five years later, she contracted diphtheria She made her debut in 1912 and was rumored to be engaged to Randolph D  West shortly after (which was denied by her relatives)  On March 14, 1918, at Westminster Abbey, she married Captain William Sidney Bence Bosanquet (May 9, 1883 – March 5, 1966) of the Coldstream Guards of the British Army  He had liaised with the US over steel production and was the son of Sir Albert Bosanquet, the Common Serjeant of London  After WWII he was the manager of Skinningrove Iron Works in East Cleveland, England  They lived in Kirkleatham Old Hall, now Kirkleatham Museum, on the outskirts of Redcar  They bought the whole building in 1930 after half of it was initially occupied by soldiers   Following his death, she returned to the United States and she sold the house to the local Council in 1970 As Mrs Bosanquet, she was known locally in the 1940s and 1950s for her philanthropy  Esther bridged the divergent views of her mother's opposition to suffrage, stemming from Frances Cleveland's belief that women were not ready to vote, through to supporting her daughter who went to Somerville College, Oxford  She was the mother of British philosopher Philippa Foot, who was a fellow at Oxford before holding several professorships in the States  Philippa Foot clearly had a sense of liberation from early governess education to high academic success  She said that she learned nothing from home tuition in Kirkleatham  It was "the sort of milieu where there was a lot of hunting, shooting, and fishing, and where girls simply did not go to college " Nevertheless, she had the subsequent financial support from Esther and William Bosanquet to go to school in Ascot and later to Oxford 
Esther Cleveland Bosanquet died in Tamworth, New Hampshire, in 1980 at age 86 
Passage 2:
Lucy Kennedy
Lucy Kennedy (Irish: Lusaí Ní Chinnéide; born 21 April 1976) is an Irish television and radio presenter 
Kennedy first came to public attention from co-hosting The Podge and Rodge Show on RTÉ Two  She has also presented the dating show The Ex-Files, the celebrity show Livin' with Lucy, her own chat show The Lucy Kennedy Show and the reality boxing show Charity Lords of the Ring  She is doing full-time radio work, The Colm and Lucy breakfast Show on Ireland's Classic Hits Radio  She presented The Six O'Clock Show on TV3 

Early life
Kennedy grew up in Sandycove, Dublin, the middle child of three girls  Her father is John Kennedy who would later feature alongside his daughter as her pianist on The Lucy Kennedy Show 
Lucy attended Holy Child Killiney secondary school  Kennedy's first career was as a flight attendant with Cityjet, followed by a course in television presenting and production  In 2002, she worked as a contestant researcher for an Irish version of The Weakest Link   She later worked as a production assistant on An Tuath Nua and production co-ordinator on A Scare at Bedtime and briefly worked in sales for SPIN 1038 

Television presenter
Kennedy began presenting two series of The Ex-Files in 2004 and was approached to co-host The Podge and Rodge Show in February 2006  She described the duo as "like the older brothers I never had" but left the show after three series  In 2007, Kennedy made numerous television appearances on other shows such as No Frontiers and People in Need Telethon, as well as winning the TV Now Award for Female Personality of the Year  The same year she starred in Debbie does Dallas 21 
In April – May 2008, Kennedy featured in her own show, Livin' with Lucy, the premise of which she shared a house with celebrities such as Brian McFadden and Calum Best for a weekend  The show aired on RTÉ2 on Monday nights  During the show she was hunted by the paparazzi and the press when she stayed with the British reality-television personality Jade Goody  Kennedy encountered controversy whilst staying with Samantha Mumba when Mumba launched a verbal attack on Irish radio presenter Dave Fanning using expletives Kennedy presented The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show when regular host Ian Dempsey was absent on 18 July 2008 Kennedy was subject to speculation that she would take over the role of host of travel series No Frontiers from Kathryn Thomas but this did not come to pass Her chat show, The Lucy Kennedy Show, an inhouse RTÉ production, began on 6 January 2009  Her father John was her pianist on the show  She co-presented Charity Lords of the Ring alongside Barry McGuigan in August 2009  After this she took maternity leave  She began filming the third series of Livin' with Lucy in July 2010 In September 2013, Kennedy began co-hosting Late Lunch Live alongside weatherman Martin King  Late Lunch Live replaced The Morning Show  In February 2014, she signed a contract with Virgin Media One (formerly TV3)  Late Lunch Live subsequently became The Seven O'Clock Show in 2015, and now airs as The Six O'Clock Show due to the return of Emmerdale and Coronation Street to Virgin Media One in 2016 On 30 August 2017, it was announced that Kennedy would host Ireland's Got Talent  She hosted two series of Ireland's Got Talent until its cancellation in 2019 

Radio presenter
Kennedy had a "recent stint" in RTÉ 2fm with Bazil Ashmawy On 7 May 2010, it was announced she would co-present with Colm Hayes for one month the 9 am – 12 noon slot vacated by the death of Gerry Ryan  However, she was not given the job permanently stating that she did not have the necessary experience for it She did Weekend Breakfast with Baz & Lucy  This is a "less visible" role in the organisation that is RTÉ  On 18 April 2018 Lucy co-hosted the first edition of a new breakfast show on Radio Nova 100FM (Ireland) with Colm Hayes, called The Colm and Lucy Breakfast Show  (Colm Hayes had joined Radio Nova 100FM as its Programming Director in June 2017 ) Some months prior to this launch, they had presented a one-off show on Radio Nova 100FM 

Personal life
Kennedy is married to Richard Governey; the couple have three children, two daughters and a son  She models her mother/career-oriented lifestyle on that of Miriam O'Callaghan 

Awards
Kennedy won Favourite Female TV Presenter at the 2009 TV Now Awards 
Passage 3:
Georges Bégué
Georges Pierre André Bégué (22 November 1911 – 18 December 1993), code named Bombproof, was a French engineer and agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine organization, the Special Operations Executive (SOE)   The purpose of SOE in France, occupied by Nazi Germany in World War II, was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance  SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England 
Bégué was the first of 470 SOE F (France) Section agents infiltrated into France  He was a wireless operator  He proposed the use of BBC to transmit coded messages to resistance groups in Europe, a practice which became ubiquitous   He also arranged for the first of many thousands of airdrops of supplies and arms to resistance groups in France   He was captured by the French police in October 1941   He escaped from prison in 1942 and returned to the United Kingdom 

Early life
Georges Bégué was born 22 November 1911 in Périgueux, France  His father was a railway engineer and the family moved to Egypt when Bégué was a child  Bégué also trained as an engineer at University of Hull where he learned English and met his wife  He went through his military service as a signaller 

World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, Bégué was recalled to the French army  Because of his knowledge of English he was assigned to liaison with the British troops  He eventually escaped to Britain during the Dunkirk evacuation  After the surrender of France, he joined the Royal Signals as a sergeant, meeting Thomas Cadett, the Paris correspondent of the BBC, who was working in SOE's F section who recruited him 

The first SOE agent
In 1940 SOE Bégué joined the new F (French) section  He was given the alias George Noble and trained as a wireless operator  After training, he parachuted "blind" (nobody met him on arrival) into Indre Department on the night of 5/6 May 1941 with a heavy wireless transmitter in a suitcase  He was the first SOE agent in France  He was lucky to have arrived at all, as the night before his flight the house he was staying in had been destroyed by a bomb while he was out  He contacted socialist Max Hymans near Châteauroux and persuaded him that he was a legitimate English agent  Hymans introduced him to other socialists in the area  On 9 May, he sent his first wireless message back to SOE headquarters in London  On 10/11 May, he was joined by SOE agent Pierre de Vomécourt and on 12/13 May by Roger Cottin, both also parachuted blind The Germans quickly detected Bégué's wireless transmissions and jammed them and began to hunt for him around Châteauroux   Nevertheless, he was able to arrange the first airdrop of supplies into France by SOE on 13 June 1941  Two containers were dropped at Bas Soleil, the estate of Pierre de Vomécourt's brother, Philippe, near Limoges  The containers were dropped by an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bomber and contained sub-machine guns, explosives, and other material   They were the first of nearly 60,000 containers of supplies and arms air-dropped to SOE operatives and resistance groups during World War II Bégué and Pierre de Vomécourt created the first of about 90 SOE networks (also called circuits and reseau) in France  Their network was called Autogiro  Georges Bégué is sometimes called "Georges One" as he was the first SOE wireless operator in France   Subsequent wireless operators were called "Georges Two, Georges Three, etc  The SOE's slang term for a wireless operator was a "pianist "

Engaging the BBC
Bégué had an exhausting schedule, often transmitting and receiving messages to and from SOE three times a day  In addition he often had to serve as a courier traveling by train to deliver or receive messages to other SOE agents  As the Germans and French police were attempting to locate him and his wireless through direction-finding equipment, Bégué proposed sending seemingly obscure personal messages to agents in the field in order to reduce risky radio traffic  In accordance with his proposal, the BBC's Radio Londres broadcasts began with "Please listen to some personal messages," followed by spoken messages, often amusing, and without context  Representative messages include "Jean has a long mustache" and "There is a fire at the insurance agency," each one having some meaning to a certain resistance group  They were used primarily to provide messages to the resistance, but also to thank SOE agents and sometimes to mislead the enemy  Because these messages were in code, not cipher, the German occupiers could not hope to decipher them unless they had infiltrated a resistance group, so they focused their efforts on jamming the messages instead  The transmission of coded messages by Radio Londres became ubiquitous in World War II 

Arrest
The SOE parachuted in a number of additional agents in September 1941   One agent, Gerry Morel, went his own way to recruit resistance members  The Milice, the Vichy France police, arrested him at Limoges on 3 October 1941  His arrest led to more arrests and eventually to Bégué, who was arrested 24 October in a Marseilles safe house  He was sent to join a dozen SOE agents in the Beleyme prison in Périgueux  They were later transferred to a prison camp in Mauzac-et-Grand-Castang, Dordogne in March 1942, thanks to intervention of the American Consul-General Hugh Fullerton  Bégué smuggled out a message to London, bribed a guard, and created a duplicate key and the group escaped 16 July 1942  SOE agent Michael Trotobas was one of the escapees as was Jean-Pierre Bloch, whose wife, Gabrielle Sadourny, assisted in the escape Bégué and the other escapees hid in a forest while the French police searched for them and then continued to Lyon in separate groups  Bégué arrived on 23 July  SOE agent, American Virginia Hall, was in contact with the Vic escape network and eventually the escapees were led over the Pyrenees to neutral Spain where Bégué was interned at Figueres and sent to Miranda de Ebro prison camp but was later released to continue to England  He arrived in London in October 1942 The SOE in London had changed leadership in his absence and Bégué had little confidence in the new SOE leader, Maurice Buckmaster   He was named signals officer, but believed his talents were under-utilized 

After the war
After the war Bégué emigrated to the United States  He worked in a number of lower-level jobs until he could officially become an electronics engineer  He also became an American citizen  He died 18 December 1993 in Falls Church, Virginia  He was 82 years old  Begues was survived by his wife Rosemary and two daughters, Brigitte and Suzanne 

See also
SOE F Section timeline
SOE F Section networks
Passage 4:
Frances Freeling Broderip
Frances Freeling Broderip (née Hood) (11 September 1830 – 3 November 1878) was an English children's writer 

Early life
Broderip, second daughter of Thomas Hood, the poet, who died in 1845, by his wife, Jane Reynolds, who died in 1846, was born at Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, in 1830  She was named after her father's friend, Sir Francis Freeling, the secretary to the general post office  Her younger brother was the humourist Tom Hood 

Marriage
On 10 September 1849 she married the Rev  John Somerville Broderip, son of Edward Broderip of Cossington Manor, (d  1847), by his wife Grace Dory, daughter of Benjamin Greenhill  Her husband was born at Wells, Somersetshire, in 1814, educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his B A  1837, M A  1839, became rector of Cossington, Somersetshire, 1844, and died at Cossington on 10 April 1866  The couple had four daughters 

Publications
In 1857 Mrs  Broderip commenced her literary career by the publication of Wayside Fancies, which was followed in 1860 by Funny Fables for Little Folks, the first of a series of her works to which the illustrations were supplied by her brother, Tom Hood  Her other books appeared in the following order:

Chrysal, or a Story with an End 1861
Fairyland, or Recreations for the Rising Generation  By T  and J  Hood, and their Son and Daughter 1861
Tiny Tadpole, and other Tales 1862
My Grandmother's Budget of Stories 1863
Merry Songs for Little Voices  By F  F  Broderip and T  Hood 1865
Crosspatch, the Cricket, and the Counterpane 1865
Mamma's Morning Gossips 1866
Wild Roses: Simple Stories of Country Life 1867
The Daisy and her Friends: Tales and Stories for Children 1869
Tales of the Toys told by Themselves 1869
Excursions into Puzzledom  By T  Hood the Younger, and F  F  Broderip 1879In 1860, with the assistance of her brother, Tom Hood, she edited Memorials of Thomas Hood, 2 vols , and in 1869 selected and published the Early Poems and Sketches of her father  She also, in conjunction with her brother, published in a collected form The Works of T  Hood, 1869–73, 10 vols 

Death
She died at Clevedon on 3 November 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and was buried in St  Mary's churchyard, Walton by Clevedon, on 9 November, leaving issue four daughters 
Passage 5:
Andy Barclay
Andy Barclay is a fictional character and protagonist of the Child's Play horror film series  He is a young boy who, after receiving a Good Guy doll for his sixth birthday, is the prime suspect in a series of mysterious murders  In reality the murders are being committed by the doll, which was possessed by serial killer Charles Lee Ray (aka Chucky)  The duo go on to become archenemies  Andy Barclay is portrayed by actor Alex Vincent in the original Child's Play film, Child's Play 2, Curse of Chucky, Cult of Chucky and in the Chucky television series  Justin Whalin played Andy in Child's Play 3, while Gabriel Bateman played Andy in the 2019 reboot of Child's Play  Andy is mentioned, but does not appear in Bride of Chucky and Seed of Chucky 

History
Child's Play (1988)
Andy Barclay is celebrating his sixth birthday and really wants a Good Guy doll for his present  He even makes his mother breakfast in bed, to show her how good he is  However, the dolls are too expensive for her salary, and he ends up getting clothes instead  Seeing her son's disappointment, after she drops him off at daycare, Karen buys a doll for half price from a peddler unaware that the doll is possessed by the soul of a serial killer named Charles Lee Ray  Karen takes the doll back home to him, and he is very overjoyed to have a new best friend 
As Karen must go back to work, her best friend Maggie volunteers to babysit  The night goes by uneventfully until Maggie tells him that it is time for bed  Andy says that his doll, Chucky, wants to stay up to watch the 9 o'clock news  Thinking he is lying, she sends him to go brush his teeth but confronts him again when she finds Chucky on the couch with the TV on  Although Andy denies moving Chucky to the couch, she thinks Andy is really joking  She tucks him into bed, then goes to read a book  Later that night, when Maggie mysteriously falls to her death from the window, Andy is questioned by detective Mike Norris  During the investigation, Karen comes back home and is angered by Norris falsely implying that her son had something to do with Maggie's death  She kicks the detectives out and then goes to check on her son  She sees him talking to his doll, and thinks it is innocent enough until Andy says that the doll told him, "Aunt Maggie was a real b**** and got what she deserved "
The next day, Chucky gets Andy to bring him to the house of Chucky's former accomplice, Eddie Caputo  While Andy goes to urinate, Chucky manages to blow up the building, killing Eddie  The detectives are called in to check out the scene and again find Andy there  As they see this as more than a coincidence, they get Dr  Ardmore to monitor as Jack questions, Andy  When Jack asks why Maggie fell out of the window, Andy says that she saw Chucky, and it scared her so much she fell down  Karen comes to Andy's side, and explains that no one believes him; if he does not tell the truth, the police will take him away from her  Afraid, Andy confronts Chucky, begging him to say something  As he simply repeats his doll lines, he runs to his mother, telling her Chucky is doing it on purpose and would kill him if he ever told anyone about him  From behind the glass, Dr  Ardmore announces his presence  Seeing more than enough, he suggests Andy stay a few days at the hospital, and with no real choice, Karen reluctantly hands over her son 
At his hospital room, Andy hears Chucky coming up the stairs and screams for Dr  Ardmore to help which he does nothing  Chucky manages to get into Andy's room, but by that time Andy had escaped  Andy finds his way downstairs and into the operating room, followed by Chucky  After being knocked to the ground by Chucky, he picks a scalpel up and prepares to defend himself  However, he is seized by Dr  Ardmore, who puts him on the bed  Despite Andy's claims that Chucky is in the room, Ardmore goes to sedate him  Before he can do it though, Chucky kills Ardmore, allowing Andy to escape the hospital 
Andy makes it back to the apartment, but Chucky follows him  Chucky knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat and begins the ritual to transfer his soul  Luckily Norris and Karen burst in just in time to save Andy  After a brief fight, Karen throws Chucky into the fireplace, and despite Chucky's pleading, Andy lights a match and sets Chucky on fire  Hearing Norris in the bedroom, the two go to his side, and Karen tells Andy to retrieve the first aid kit from under the sink  However, as he goes, he notices that Chucky is missing from the fireplace  Completely charred, Chucky chases Andy, who runs back to the bedroom  Karen shoots him several times, missing his heart, but knocking off his head 
Jack later arrives and brings the doll's head into the bedroom  Unbeknownst to him, Chucky's body breaks through the air vent behind Jack and strangles him  As Karen pulls Chucky's body off Jack, Mike shoots him in the heart, finally killing him  Fearfully looking at Chucky's remains, Andy leaves with Karen and Jack to take Mike to the hospital 

Child's Play 2
Now eight years old, Andy is sent to a foster home with Phil and Joanne Simpson, as his mother Karen is undergoing a psychiatric evaluation after what transpired in the previous movie  Although the family is very nice, they become suspicious the next morning when one of Joanne's antiques is broken (by Chucky, who used the antique to destroy the family's existing Good Guy doll)  Both Andy and his foster sister Kyle deny doing anything, so Phil sends them to do the laundry  Later that night, Chucky manages to track Andy down and invades the house, and goes into Andy's room  He ties him to the bed and begins the voodoo chant to transfer his soul  However, before he can finish, Kyle sneaks back into the house through Andy's window after seeing her boyfriend  She tries to untie Andy as Phil and Joanne walk in on them  They accuse Kyle of tying up Andy as a sick joke and ignore Andy's pleas that the doll is alive  Chucky is thrown in the basement by Phil  Chucky realizes he has a nosebleed, which he attributes because he is becoming more human as time goes on 
The next morning, Andy goes to his first day of school, and Chucky follows  While his teacher Miss Kettlewell is reading a story to the class, there is a disruption by a bully teasing Andy  She thinks Andy is the source and scolds him for it  During recess, Chucky enters the classroom and writes obscenities on Andy's test paper  When the day is over, Miss Kettlewell uncovers the paper and forces him to stay after school for detention  She mistakenly locks him inside the classroom after throwing Chucky in the closet, while she leaves to phone Phil  Andy tries to call for help from anybody on the other side of the locked door, but to no avail  Chucky begins shouting from the closet for Andy to let him out, but Andy instead escapes by opening the window and running home  Miss Kettlewell returns to the classroom to find Andy gone  Hearing a sound from the closet and believing Andy is hiding within, she opens the door to reveal a fully alive Chucky  Chucky stabs her with an air pump that knocks her back, after which he beats her to death with a yardstick 
When Andy comes home, Phil confronts him about his test paper, and Andy explains that Chucky did it  Phil takes him to the basement to prove the doll is not alive and surprisingly, Chucky is there  In the middle of the night, Andy hears a sound coming from downstairs  He arms himself with a knife and proceeds into the basement  From there he is attacked by Chucky but is saved by Phil coming downstairs  Andy tries to warn Phil about Chucky, but Chucky trips him, causing him to fall and break his neck  When Joanne finds Phil's dead body, she blames Andy for Phil's death and sends him back to the orphanage 
While at the orphanage, the fire alarm is pulled, Andy and his caseworker Grace run into Kyle as they try to evacuate  Grace blames Kyle, who is being held at knifepoint by Chucky, and pulls her and Andy back to her office  When Grace takes the doll from Kyle, Chucky pulls out his knife and stabs the caseworker to death  Chucky grabs Andy and forces him to go to the Play Pals factory, with Kyle running after them  From there, he knocks Andy unconscious and begins to say the chant  However, the chant fails; Chucky is trapped in his doll form forever  Enraged, Chucky goes to kill Andy but is subdued by Kyle  She takes Andy and runs through the factory, while Chucky tries to stop them  But before getting them, Andy pours molten plastic on Chucky, partially melting his head  Andy and Kyle then jam an air hose into his mouth, causing his head to explode, finally killing him  Both Andy and Kyle leave the factory together, towards uncertain futures 

Child's Play 3
Eight years later, Andy is now sixteen years old  He has been thrown out of numerous foster homes, and Social Services has enrolled him in a military academy as a last destination  The head of the school, Cochran, agrees to let Andy in because he has had a rough life, but tells him to grow up and forget the killer doll fantasies  Andy is placed in a bunk with another student, Harold Whitehurst, who he finds bound and gagged in their closet  This was done by Cadet/Lieutenant/Colonel Brett Shelton, who uses his position to bully Andy  Regardless of Shelton's bullying, he is able to keep his friend Whitehurst; he also meets another student named Kristen De Silva, and the two develop a strong romantic relationship 
Unbeknownst to Andy, Chucky has shipped himself to the academy, in order to transfer his soul into his now teenaged nemesis  During the night, he confronts Andy in his room and reveals his plan to transfer his soul into a different child's body: Ronald Tyler, an 8-year-old returning cadet whom Andy had befriended when he first arrived at the academy  Tyler was tasked with delivering a package to Andy (which was in fact Chucky) earlier, but Tyler realized it was a Good Guy doll and planned to keep it for himself  When Chucky burst free from the package, he was initially furious that Tyler didn't take the package to Andy, but soon realizes it would be way easier to possess this unsuspecting new child  Chucky now plans to kill Andy so he can't stop him but Andy thwarts him off until Shelton enters the room  He finds Andy slamming Chucky against the floor, and rudely takes Chucky from him  The next morning, Andy approaches Tyler and asks him about Chucky and not to trust him, mentioning all the bad Chucky did when he was a little boy  Tyler snaps that he is just jealous that Chucky did not pick him first  Still worried for Tyler's life and knowing he must be a protector like his mother Karen and his foster sister Kyle were to him when he was younger, Andy decides to give him a pocket knife in case Chucky tries to transfer his soul into Tyler's body again and he is not around to protect him 
When the school's annual paintball war begins, Andy sneaks off to find Tyler, who had run away from Chucky in the woods  Realizing that Andy was right and that Chucky is truly alive and evil, Tyler stabs the doll with the pocket knife and escapes  He later meets up with Andy and the rest of the blue team  Chucky next attacks Kristen, using her as a hostage to lure out Andy and exchange Tyler for her  After their exchange, the red team comes into the area, and instead of shooting paintballs, they shoot live bullets that Chucky secretly placed in their guns  In the chaos, Tyler briefly escapes only to find himself once again held hostage by Chucky  Kristen and Andy follow Chucky and Tyler into a haunted house at a nearby carnival 
In an attempt to keep her from rescuing Tyler, Chucky shoots Kristen in the leg, leaving Andy to fight him alone  After a struggle, Tyler is knocked out, and Chucky begins his ritual chant  However, before he finishes, Andy reaches them on the top of a skull-covered mountain prop  He shoots Chucky in the arm and chest, causing Chucky to lose his weapon  Even after being disarmed, Chucky pounces on Andy and attempts to strangle him  Tyler awakens and gives Andy his pocket knife from earlier  Andy uses it to slice off Chucky's remaining hand, causing the doll to fall into a giant fan that shreds him to pieces  After leaving the haunted house, Andy visits Kristen, who is being treated by medics, and allows himself to be arrested  Andy is last seen riding off in the backseat of a police car 

Bride of Chucky
Andy is briefly mentioned in a newspaper article titled "Boy claims doll possessed by killer's soul" 

Seed of Chucky
Andy is indirectly mentioned by Chucky during his "what's so great about being human anyway" speech by referencing his numerous victims and enemies 

Curse of Chucky
Six months after Chucky attacked Nica, the adult Andy gets a package delivered, and brings it inside  Before opening it, he receives a phone call from his mother, Karen  As Andy talks about his birthday dinner at Karen's place, Chucky cuts his way out of the box  Ready to kill, Chucky turns around, only to see Andy pointing a shotgun directly at his face  When Chucky shockingly says Andy, Andy says to play with this to Chucky, and before Chucky can explain where Andy has been since Child's Play 3, Andy fires his shotgun through Chucky's head 

Cult of Chucky
After the events of Curse of Chucky, Andy now keeps Chucky's severed head to torture in retribution for his crimes  Tapes later reveal that Andy had tried to prove Nica Pierce's innocence by showing Chucky to her psychiatrist Dr  Foley, but it was dismissed as special effects  Learning that Chucky had managed to transfer his soul into multiple Good Guy dolls, Andy sends a Good Guy that he had shaved to the asylum and drives there  When he is unable to get in due to visiting hours being over, he commits himself by punching the security guard, being locked in a cell  When a Chucky doll he previously maimed arrives at his cell to kill him, Andy restrains the doll and rips a gun out of the doll's stomach  Andy shoots the short-haired Chucky three times and stomps its head in, killing it instantly  When Nica, now possessed by Chucky's soul, arrives at his cell, Andy attempts to shoot her but his gun jams  Chucky/Nica then locks Andy inside of his cell and escapes, but it is later implied that Andy had escaped the hospital to find and track down the remaining Chucky dolls with his foster sister Kyle after he sent her to his cabin to torture the still alive Chucky head from the first seven films 

Chucky (TV Series)
After the events of the film Cult of Chucky, in the premiere of Chucky the series, Andy calls Jake after he posts online finding a Good Guy Doll and he's selling it  Andy tells Jake if the doll's name is Chucky he is possessed and to check to see if he has batteries to believe him  Andy asks who is there implying someone is at his location and the phone goes dead 
In the sixth episode of the series, Andy and his foster sister, Kyle, are seen hunting down the remaining possessed Chucky dolls  After entering a family's home, Chucky reveals himself to Andy while holding a knife to a child's throat, Andy shoots Chucky in the head with his pistol and then continues to shoot him with Kyle by his side and he is finally dead 
Later in the same episode, Andy is contacted by Jake Wheeler and Devon Evans in hopes of help with defeating Chucky  Andy and Kyle pick up the phone, and ask Jake for his location and how many people he has told about the murderous doll 
In the seventh episode of the series, Andy had left his foster sister Kyle behind at a gas station for her own good and at the end of the episode, Andy rings the doorbell of Junior Wheeler's house with Chucky and his protege Junior (who just got through murdering his father) looking on from the window 
The season finale picks up directly after the ending of episode 7, with Junior letting Andy inside the house  Andy asks for Jake, under the guise of being a collector of Good Guy dolls whom Jake was going to sell Chucky to  After asking Junior if he knows where his father or Chucky could be (as he slyly investigates the house), Junior lies, claiming that his father must've left and took the doll with him  Seemingly convinced, Andy leaves the house  Later in the episode, Andy arrives at Charles Lee Ray's old house and rescues Devon, who had been held hostage by Chucky/Nica the previous night  Devon quickly warns Andy that Tiffany had rigged a bomb to go off at the front door as a death trap if anyone opens it and Andy takes caution  Kyle arrives at the house, calling out Andy's name  Chucky decides to use the generic Good Guy Doll voice to sound like a child crying for help in order to lure Kyle to the front door and trick her into opening it  Andy attempts to warn Kyle about the bomb but it appears to be too late, as the bomb destroys the house and presumably takes the lives of Andy, Devon, and Kyle  However, Andy is ultimately revealed to have survived the explosion, along with Devon, who'd originally believed Andy to be dead after he managed to escape  Andy had hidden out in the delivery truck carrying the boxes of Good Guy dolls (which Chucky had possessed at the end of episode 7) at the town's benefit screening of Frankenstein  Andy knocks out the truck's driver, and takes the wheel  Before he drives off to apparently destroy the dolls, he shares a brief glance with Jake, Devon, and Lexy (who are standing outside of the theater after defeating the Chuckys inside), and gives them a thumbs up and a silent nod  As he makes his exit, he flips off an upset Tiffany and leaves Hackensack  The doll version of Tiffany suddenly appears and holds Andy at gunpoint and tells him to drive the truck to the airport so the Good Guy dolls can still be shipped out, however Andy foils this plan by driving the truck off a cliff 
He is not seen again until season 2, episode 5, where Lexy and Devon discover a cabin on the outskirts of the Incarnate Lord School while on a search for the source of the Chuckys in the school  In this cabin, they discover Andy, revealed to have survived the crash, held captive alongside Dr  Mixter and being tortured by The Colonel, a bald-headed Chucky that had also survived the crash  Lexy and Devon free Andy, and he returns to the school  He kills The Colonel but is disturbed to see another Chucky doll, named Good Chucky, who had seemingly undergone a redemption at the hands of Jake and Devon; Andy's suspicions are proven accurate when Chucky takes over Good Chucky's psyche and kills Lexy's roommate, Nadine  Andy reunites with Kyle, who had faked her death, and he assists the school's headmaster, Father Bryce, with performing an exorcism on Good Chucky to send Chucky to Hell  After Nica Pierce performs a voodoo ritual to transfer Chucky Prime - the Chucky who had possessed her over a year earlier - into Good Chucky's body, Dr  Mixter and Chucky Prime flee  Andy chases them down and kills Chucky Prime, but Dr  Mixter escapes  Andy and Kyle, now finally considering themselves free from Chucky, leave the school to an optimistic future 

Other appearances
In 1991, Andy appeared in 3 issues (1,2, & 5) of the "Child's Play" comics, which were based on the first film  He was also in all issues based on Child's Play 2 in 1992 and all based on Child's Play 3 in 1993 
Andy appears in the novelization of Child's Play 2 and the novelization of Child's Play 3 
In 1999,  clips of Andy are shown in the television series Where Are They Now?, as part of the episode Horror Movie Stars 
Andy is shown throughout the documentary Evil Comes in Small Packages, which was included as a special feature in the 20th anniversary edition of Child's Play in 2008 
Archive footage of Andy is shown in the 2001 horror documentary Boogeymen: The Killer Compilation 

Reception
Alex Vincent's performance as Andy has been praised for being "one of the best child performances in a horror movie" and for being able to create an "emotional connection" with the audience  From his first scene in the movie to his sobbing in the hospital room he is able to bring out emotions that seem far too real  The article went on to say:

"Watching him sob alone in his tiny hospital room feels like seeing my own kid cry – but not the kind of crying when he doesn't get his way or stubs his toe  It's the kind of crying informed by genuine sadness  There is a hopelessness to the way Alex Vincent plays that scene that's impossible to reproduce  What makes his performance great is that it is totally, effortlessly authentic  He is not manufacturing motivation, nor calculating his delivery  He is reacting purely in the moment  When they are best friends, he interacts with Chucky like it's an actual toy that he loves (the way he excitedly talks to the doll way too loudly when they first interact is another great moment in the movie)  When Chucky goes bad, Vincent's fear – and even heartbreak – is totally real "Dustin Putman stated in a review that he was "always convincing as an endangered    son faced with an unthinkable terror " Another article went as far as to say Vincent's portrayal "was what made that series as much as Brad Dourif doing the voice of Chucky "
Passage 6:
Giovanni Pisano
Giovanni Pisano (c  1250 – c  1315) was an Italian sculptor, painter and architect, who worked in the cities of Pisa, Siena and Pistoia   He is best known for his sculpture which shows the influence of both the French Gothic and the Ancient Roman art   Henry Moore, referring to his statues for the facade of Siena Cathedral, called him "the first modern sculptor" 

History
Born in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano was the son of the famous sculptor Nicola Pisano  He received his training in the workshop of his father and in 1265–1268 he worked with his father on the pulpit in Siena Cathedral   His next major work with his father was the fountain Fontana Maggiore in Perugia (completed 1278)   Nicola Pisano is thought to have died either around 1278 or in 1284 when Giovanni took up residence in Siena  These first works were made in Nicola's style and it is difficult to separate the contributions of the two artists  However the Madonna with Child can be attributed with certainty to Giovanni, showing a new style with a certain familiarity between Mother and Child 

 
Giovanni's next work was at Pisa Cathedral, sculpting the statues in the two rows of traceried gables at the exterior of the Baptistry (1277–1284)  The vivacity of these statues is a new confirmation that he had left the serene style of his father behind  Between 1287 and 1296 he was appointed chief architect of Siena Cathedral  The architectural design and elegant sculptures for the facade of the cathedral in Siena show his tendency to blend Gothic art with reminders of Roman art  The work was continued after his death, with still greater Gothic elaboration, by Memmo di Filippuccio 
In 1296 he returned to Pisa to begin work on the Church of San Giovanni  In 1301 he continued his work on the Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia which he had already started in 1297  The pulpit has five reliefs: the Annunciation and Nativity; the Adoration, the Dream of the Magi and the Angel warning Joseph; the Massacre of the Innocents; the Crucifixion; and the Last Judgement 
Giovanni's work between 1302 and 1310 at the new pulpit for the Cathedral of Pisa shows his distinct preference for animation in his characters and moved his father's style even further away  This pulpit with its dramatic scenes has become his masterwork   It shows nine scenes from the New Testament, carved in white marble with a chiaroscuro effect  It contains even a bold, naturalistic depiction of a naked Hercules  His figure Prudence in the pulpit may have been an inspiration for the Eve in the painting The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by Masaccio   After the fire of 1595, it was packed away during the redecoration and was not rediscovered and re-erected until 1926 
The church of San Nicola in Pisa was enlarged between 1297 and 1313 by the Augustinians, perhaps by the design of Giovanni Pisano  He was also responsible of the façade of San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno   His last major work dates probably from 1313 when he made a monument in memory of Margaret of Brabant (who died in 1311) at the request of her husband emperor Henry VII 

Legacy
One of his pupils was Giovanni di Balduccio, who also became a famous sculptor, and the architect and sculptor Agostino da Siena  He also had an influence on the painter Pietro Lorenzetti  Giorgio Vasari included a biography of Pisano in his book Le vite dei più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architetti
The asteroid 7313 Pisano was named to honour Nicola and Giovanni Pisano 

Gallery
See also
Giovanni di Cecco
Duccio
Arnolfo di Cambio
Passage 7:
Jazziza
Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (Azerbaijani: Əzizə Mustafazadə; born December 19, 1969) is an Azerbaijani singer, pianist, and composer who plays a fusion of jazz and mugham (a traditional improvisational style of Azerbaijan) with classical and avant-garde influences 

Biography
Aziza was born in Baku to musical parents Vagif and Elza Mustafa Zadeh (née Bandzeladze) 
Aziza's parents first noticed their daughter's sensitivity to music when she was eight months old  Aziza recalls the story as her mother tells it: Once, my father was improvising at the piano playing in the mugam mode known as 'Shur', which creates a mood that evokes very deep, sad emotions  As my father was playing, I started to cry  Everyone wondered what was happening to me  Why was I crying? And then mother realized the correlation between my feelings and the music  'Vagif, please,' she told my father, 'change the scale  Go to Rast  Play Rast ' And he did  Now 'Rast' is characterized by its joyfulness and optimism  And sure enough, with tears still running down my cheeks, I started to make dance-like movements  And Mom pointed out, 'Look, look what she's doing! Change back to Shur!' And when he did, I started crying again louder than before  At least, that's what they tell me  Back to Rast, and I began dancing again 
Aziza enjoyed all forms of art, especially dancing, painting and singing  At the age of three, she made her stage debut with her father, improvising vocals  She began studying classical piano at an early age, showing special interest in the works of famous composers Johann Sebastian Bach and Frédéric Chopin  Soon thereafter, she showed a growing talent for improvisation On December 16, 1979, Aziza's father died of a severe heart attack in Tashkent at the age of 39  In order to help her daughter cope with this blow, Aziza's mother gave up her career as a singer to help nurture her daughter's own musical talents 
In 1988, at the age of 18, Aziza's mugam-influenced style helped her win third place together with American Matt Cooper in the Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz (formerly Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz) piano competition in Washington, D C  It was around this time that she moved to Germany with her mother 
Aziza released her debut album, Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, in 1991  The album showed influence of Chick Corea and  Keith Jarrett, as well as Near Eastern music  Her second album, Always, won her the Phono Academy Prize, a prestigious German music award, and the Echo Prize from Sony  She has since performed in many countries with many jazz and traditional luminaries and released several more albums, the most recent being Generations, released in 2020 
Aziza currently resides in Mainz, Germany, with her mother, Elza Mustafa Zadeh, who is also her manager  Her two favorite leisure activities, she says, are painting and sleeping  She is a vegetarian  She believes in God, though she does not consider herself as belonging to any religion 

Baku Jazz Festival 2007
Aziza visited Azerbaijan in June 2007 for the Baku Jazz Festival, starring in her own concert at the Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater and headlining the end-of-festival concert at the open-air Green Theater 

Discography
Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (1991)
Always (1993)
Dance of Fire (1995)
Seventh Truth (1996)
Jazziza (1997)
Inspiration – Colors & Reflections (2000)
Shamans (2002)
Contrasts (2006)
Contrasts II (2007)
Generations (2020)
Passage 8:
Heather O'Rourke
Heather Michele O'Rourke (December 27, 1975 – February 1, 1988) was an American child actress  She had her breakthrough starring as Carol Anne Freeling in the supernatural horror film Poltergeist (1982), which received critical acclaim and established her as an influential figure in the genre  She went on to reprise the role in Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986) and Poltergeist III (1988), the latter of which was released posthumously 
O'Rourke also worked in television, appearing in the recurring roles of Heather Pfister on the comedy series Happy Days (1982–1983) and Melanie in the sitcom Webster (1983), as well as starring as Sarah Brogan in the television-film Surviving: A Family in Crisis (1985) 
Throughout her career, O'Rourke was nominated for six Young Artist Awards, winning once for her role in Webster  On February 1, 1988, O'Rourke died following two cardiac arrests, her cause of death later being ruled as congenital stenosis of the intestine complicated by septic shock 

Early life
Heather Michele O'Rourke was born on December 27, 1975, in San Diego, to Kathleen and Michael O'Rourke  Her mother worked as a seamstress and her father was a carpenter  She had an older sister, Tammy O'Rourke, also an actress  Her parents divorced in 1981, and O'Rourke's mother married part-time truck driver Jim Peele in 1984, while they were living in a trailer park in Anaheim, California  Her success later allowed the family to purchase a home in Big Bear Lake, California  Between acting jobs, O'Rourke attended Big Bear Elementary School, where she was president of her 5th grade class  At the time of her death, the family was living in Lakeside, California, a suburb of San Diego 

Acting career
In a contemporary interview with American Premiere magazine, producer Steven Spielberg explained that he was looking for a "beatific four-year-old child   every mother's dream" for the lead in his horror film Poltergeist (1982)  While eating in the MGM commissary, Spielberg saw five-year-old O'Rourke having lunch with her mother while older sister Tammy was shooting Pennies from Heaven  After his lunch, Spielberg approached the family and offered O'Rourke the Poltergeist role; she was signed the next day, beating out Drew Barrymore, who instead received the role of Gertie in E T  the Extra-Terrestrial 

In Poltergeist, O'Rourke played Carol Anne Freeling, a young suburban girl who becomes the conduit and target for supernatural entities  During production, Spielberg twice accommodated the child actress when frightened; when scared by performing a particular stunt, Spielberg replaced O'Rourke with a stunt double wearing a blonde wig, and when disturbed by the portrayal of child abuse, Spielberg did not require her to perform the take again  For her work on the film, O'Rourke earned between $35,000 and $100,000  Poltergeist would go on to receive a cult following and critical acclaim, garnering three Academy Award nominations and a Young Artist Award nomination for O'Rourke  She was lauded for her performance, with The New York Times noting that she played a key role, writing that "With her wide eyes, long blonde hair and soft voice, she was so striking that the sequel played off her presence " Her delivery of the lines "They're here!" in the first film, and "They're baa-aack!" in the second (that film's tagline), placed her in the collective pop culture consciousness of the United States  "They're here!" is ranked No  69 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Movie Quotes, and PopSugar included the line on their list of "100 Greatest Movie Quotes" After her work in Poltergeist (1982), O'Rourke secured several television and TV movie roles  In April 1983, she starred as herself alongside Morey Amsterdam and well-known Walt Disney animated characters in the hour-long television special, Believe You Can   and You Can! She also appeared in CHiPs, Webster, The New Leave It to Beaver, Our House, and had a recurring role on Happy Days as Heather Pfister  For Webster, O'Rourke won her first Young Artist Award  She also appeared in the television movies Massarati and the Brain and Surviving: A Family in Crisis  O'Rourke went on to reprise the role of Carol Anne Freeling in the second and third installments, Poltergeist II: The Other Side in 1986 and Poltergeist III in 1988 respectively; unlike its predecessor, the films garnered mixed reviews, although O'Rourke's performances were praised  Poltergeist III was her final feature, released in June 1988, four months after her death 

Illness and death
In early 1987, O'Rourke became ill with giardiasis, which she contracted from well water at her family's home in Big Bear Lake  She was subsequently diagnosed as having Crohn's disease  She was prescribed cortisone injections to treat the disease during the time she was filming Poltergeist III  The steroidal injections resulted in facial swelling of the cheeks, which O'Rourke's mother said she was very self-conscious about 
On January 31, 1988, O'Rourke began exhibiting flu-like symptoms  The following morning, she collapsed in her home, and was rushed to Community Hospital in El Cajon  En route, she suffered cardiac arrest, but paramedics were able to restart her heart at 9:25 a m  She was subsequently flown to the Children's Hospital of San Diego, where it was discovered she had intestinal stenosis and went into emergency surgery  She survived the surgery, but suffered another cardiac arrest while in the recovery room  Doctors performed CPR for over 30 minutes, but O'Rourke was pronounced dead at 2:43 that afternoon  O'Rourke's cause of death was ruled congenital stenosis of the intestine complicated by septic shock Daniel Hollander, the head of gastroenterology at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center stated that O'Rourke's death was "distinctly unusual" as she lacked prior symptoms of the bowel defect: "I would have expected a lot of [digestive] difficulties throughout her life and not just to have developed a problem all of a sudden " However, Dr  Hollander further stated that it was possible for congenital bowel narrowing to cause sudden death without symptoms if an infection caused the bowel to rupture  A private funeral was held for O'Rourke on February 5 in Los Angeles, and she was entombed at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 

Filmography
Film
Television
Accolades
Awards and nominations
O'Rourke was nominated for a collective six Young Artist Awards, one of which was won for her performance on the series Webster in 1985 

Honors
On the American Film Institute's 2005 list of "100 Movie Quotes", O'Rourke's delivery of "They're here!" in Poltergeist is ranked No  69 
On PopSugar's 2021 list of "100 Greatest Movie Quotes", O'Rourke's delivery of "They're here!" in Poltergeist is listed 
Passage 9:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 10:
Lina Medina
Lina Marcela Medina de Jurado (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlina meˈðina]; born 23 September 1933) is a Peruvian woman who became the youngest confirmed mother in history when she gave birth on 14 May 1939, aged five years, seven months, and 21 days  Based on the medical assessments of her pregnancy, she was less than five years old when she became pregnant, which was possibly due to precocious puberty 

Early life and development
Lina Medina was born in 1933 in Ticrapo, Castrovirreyna Province, Peru, to parents Tiburelo Medina, a silversmith, and Victoria Losea  She was one of nine children Her parents took her to a hospital in Pisco at age five due to increasing abdominal size  Doctors originally thought she had a tumor but then determined that she was in her seventh month of pregnancy  Dr Gerardo Lozada had specialists in Lima confirm the pregnancy There was widespread interest in the case  The San Antonio Light newspaper in Texas reported in its 16 July 1939 edition that a Peruvian obstetrician and midwife association had demanded she be admitted to a national maternity hospital, and quoted reports in the Peruvian paper La Crónica that an American film studio had sent a representative "with authority to offer the sum of $5,000 to benefit the minor" in return for filming rights, but "we know that the offer was rejected"  The article noted that Lozada had made films of Medina for scientific documentation and had shown them while addressing Peru's National Academy of Medicine  Some of the films had fallen into a river on a visit to the girl's hometown, but enough remained to "intrigue the learned savants" Six weeks after the diagnosis,  on 14 May 1939, Medina gave birth to a boy by caesarean section  She was 5 years, 7 months, and 21 days old, the youngest person in history to give birth  The caesarean birth was necessitated by her small pelvis  The surgery was performed by Lozada and Dr Busalleu, with Dr Colareta providing anaesthesia  The doctors found she had fully mature sexual organs from precocious puberty  Dr  Edmundo Escomel reported her case in the medical journal La Presse Médicale, including that her menarche had occurred at eight months of age, in contrast to previous reports that she had had regular periods since the age of three or two and a half Medina's son weighed 2 7 kg (6 0 lb; 0 43 st) at birth and was named Gerardo after her doctor  He was raised believing Medina to be his sister before finding out at age 10 that she was his mother  After initially remaining with the family, Lozada was allowed to take custody of the son at Lozada's home in Lima   Subsequently, he employed Lina at his clinic in Lima (where she also resided), though Lina was only able to see her son occasionally   Her son grew up healthy, but died in 1979 at the age of 40 from bone marrow disease 

Identity of the father
According to Peruvian law, the mere fact of Medina's pregnancy meant that she had been raped at some point before her fifth birthday  Medina has never revealed the identity of the father nor the circumstances of her impregnation  Escomel suggests that she might not know herself, as she "couldn't give precise responses"  Lina's father was arrested on suspicion of child sexual abuse but released due to lack of evidence 

Later life
In young adulthood, Medina worked as a secretary in the Lima clinic of Lozada, which gave her an education and helped put her son through high school  She married and had a second son in 1972  In 2002, she refused an interview with Reuters, just as she had turned away many reporters in years past 

Documentation
Although it was speculated that the case was a hoax, a number of doctors over the years have verified it based on biopsies, X rays of the fetal skeleton in utero, and photographs taken by the doctors caring for her There are two published photographs documenting the case  The first was taken around the beginning of April 1939, when Medina was seven and a half months into pregnancy  Taken from her left side, it shows her standing naked in front of a neutral backdrop  It is the only published photograph taken during her pregnancy  Hers is a rare, well-documented case of extreme precocious pregnancy in a child under six 

See also
Erramatti Mangamma
Passage 11:
Loekman Hakim
Loekman Hakim, stage name Loekman Noah (born December 30, 1975), is a guitar player for the popular Indonesian musical group Noah 

Career
Loekman joined Peterpan in 2000  At that time, the band had three members: Ariel, Uki, and Reza  Together with Peterpan, Loekman released six albums: Taman Langit, Bintang di Surga, Ost  Alexandria, Hari Yang Cerah, Sebuah Nama Sebuah Cerita and an instrumental album, Suara Lainnya  Peterpan was renamed Noah in August 2012 and continues to release new albums During his career as guitarist in this band, Loekman has earning a nomination for Most Famous Guitarist Player in 2013 SCTV Music Awards 

Personal life
Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini  Loekman is the third child of five siblings  His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung  Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and they have two children 

Filmography
Film
Book
Kisah Lainnya (2012)
6 903 mil – Cerita di Balik Konser 2 Benua 5 Negara (2013)

Awards and nominations
Passage 12:
Charles de Biencourt de Saint-Just
Baron Charles de Biencourt de Saint-Just (1591 or 1592, Champagne, France –  1623 or 1624, Port-Royal of what was then Acadia, New France)  was a member of the French nobility and a military officer  He is best known as the successor to his father, Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just as commander of the settlement at Port-Royal and the King's Governor of Acadia from his father's death in 1615 until his own death  Because of his father's frequent trips to France, he had been previously acting in that capacity 
Poutrincourt oversaw Acadia under the authority of Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons until 1607 when he was notified that the King had rescinded de Mons' monopoly and that the Crown's contribution to the costs to maintain Port-Royal would not be continued 
Following the murder of King Henry IV and the ascension to the French throne by Louis XIII, under Marie de' Medici's regency, Biencourt and his father were authorized to return to Acadia  Their mandate required them to take along a Roman Catholic priest who would be responsible for the colony's welfare and for missionary work to convert the native peoples 
In 1611, Biencourt returned to France with a shipload of furs during which time the Crown appointed him Vice-Admiral of Acadia  Biencourt arranged financing for his colonial business ventures from two Huguenot businessmen from Dieppe but that was withdrawn when he was compelled by the King to take two Jesuit priests with him to Acadia to expand the Roman Catholic missionary work among the natives  New financing was arranged with the Jesuit Society becoming the partners of Jean de Poutrincourt and Thomas Robin de Coulogne, sharing in the profits from their colonial trading activities 

Conflicts with the Jesuits
Biencourt proved highly successful in his fur-trading ventures until 1618 when the industry went into decline  Port-Royal was gradually falling apart as a result of neglect and the lack of new immigrant settlers and it is thought that in the final few years before his death, Biencourt lived primarily with the natives 

Conflict with the English Capt  Samuel Argall


== References and notes ==
Passage 13:
Tom Hood
Tom Hood (19 January 1835 – 20 November 1874) was an English humorist, playwright and author  He was the son of the poet and author Thomas Hood  Pen and Pencil Pictures (1857) was the first of his illustrated books  His most successful novel was Captain Master's Children (1865) 

Biography
Hood was born at Lake House, Leytonstone, England, the son of the poet Thomas Hood and his wife Jane (née Reynolds) (1791–1846)  His older sister was the children's writer, Frances Freeling Broderip  After attending University College School and Louth Grammar School, he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1853  There he studied for the Church and passed all the examinations for the degree of BA, but did not graduate At Oxford, he wrote his Farewell to the Swallows (1853) and Pen and Pencil Pictures (1854)  He began to write for the Liskeard Gazette in 1856, and edited that paper in 1858 and 1859  In 1861 he wrote Quips and Cranks, and Daughters of King Daher, and other Poems  The next year, he published Loves of Tom Tucker and Little Bo-Peep, a Rhyming Rigmarole, followed in 1864 by Vere Vereker's Vengeance, a Sensation, and in 1865 by Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks  His novels included A Disputed Inheritance (1863), A Golden Heart (1867), The Lost Link (1868), Captain Masters's Children (1865), and Love and Valour (1872)  In 1866 he translated Ernest L'Épine's La Légende de Croquemitaine He also wrote two books on English verse composition, several children's books (in conjunction with his sister, Frances Freeling Broderip), and a body of magazine and journal articles  Hood drew with considerable facility, and illustrated several of his father's comic verses, some of which were collected in his father's book, Precocious Piggy Meanwhile, in 1860, the younger Hood obtained a position in the War Office, which he served for five years  In 1865 he left the War Office when selected as editor of Fun Magazine, a Victorian weekly magazine which became very popular under his direction   In 1867, he first issued Tom Hood's Comic Annual, not to be confused with the similarly-named Comic Annual that had been published in 1830 through 1842 by his father, the senior Thomas Hood (who, by then, had already died) 
In private life, Hood's geniality and sincere friendliness secured him the affection and esteem of a wide circle of acquaintance  Some of these friends became contributors to his publications  For example, he befriended the dramatist W  S  Gilbert and the American journalist Ambrose Bierce, both frequent contributors to Fun  Hood wrote the burlesque, Robinson Crusoe; or, The Injun Bride and the Injured Wife (1867), together with Gilbert, H  J  Byron, H  S  Leigh and Arthur Sketchley  Hood's Fun gang also included playwright Thomas W  Robertson, among others Hood's first wife, Susan, (on occasion called "Mrs Tom"), died in 1873, at the age of only thirty-seven  He married Justine Rudolphine Charotton (b  1844/5) on 15 August 1874, only a few months before his own death Hood died suddenly in his cottage at Peckham Rye, Surrey on 20 November 1874 and was buried in Nunhead cemetery 

Controversy over Alice in Wonderland
In 1887 the literary critic Edward Salmon suggested that Lewis Carroll had plagiarised Hood's From Nowhere to the North Pole (1875) when writing Alice:

Between Tom Hood and Mr  Lewis Carroll—to call Mr  D  C  Lutwidge by his famous nom de plume—there is more than a suspicion of resemblance in some particulars  Alice's Adventures in Wonderland narrowly escapes challenging a comparison with From Nowhere to the North Pole  The idea of both is so similar that Mr  Carroll can hardly have been surprised if some people have believed he was inspired by Hood 
Carroll replied a month later, in a terse letter to editor of The Nineteenth Century:

SIR, I find it stated, in an article on 'Literature for the Little Ones,' in your October number, that my little book, 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' first published in 1865, was probably suggested by the late Mr  T  Hood's 'From Nowhere to the North Pole,' first published in 1864  May I mention, first, that I have never read Mr  Hood's book; secondly, that I composed mine in the summer of 1862, and wrote it out, in the form lately published in facsimile, during 1863? Thus it will be seen that neither book could have been suggested by the other 
As it is, in my view, and no doubt in that of many others of your readers, an act of dishonesty to imitate another man's book without due acknowledgment, I trust to your sense of justice to allow this reply to the charge brought against me in the above-named article to appear in your forthcoming number 
In 1889 Carroll even inserted an announcement in the back of The Nursery "Alice", correcting his previous explanation and further denying Tom Hood's influence:

In October 1887, the writer of an article on "Literature for the Little Ones": in The Nineteenth Century, stated that, in 1864 "TOM HOOD was delighting the world with such works as From Nowhere to the North Pole  Between TOM HOOD and Mr  LEWIS CARROLL there is more than a suspicion of resemblance in some particulars  Alice's Adventures in Wonderland narrowly escapes challenging a comparison with From Nowhere to the North Pole  The idea of both is so similar that Mr  Carroll can hardly have been surprised if some people have believed he was inspired by HOOD " The date 1864 is a mistake  From Nowhere to the North Pole was first published in 1874 

Legacy and honours
British dramatist Thomas W  Robertson dedicated his play Society (1864) to Hood — "To my dear friend Tom Hood this play is dedicated "
His sister, Frances Freeling Broderip, wrote a memoir of him that was published with an 1877 edition of his poems 
Ambrose Bierce's short story "The Damned Thing" was inspired by an alleged encounter with Tom Hood's spirit 
In 1925, Tom Hood School in Leytonstone was renamed after Hood 

Notes
Passage 14:
Vincent Perrot
Vincent Perrot (born 3 August 1965, in Confolens) is a French journalist, radio and television presenter and drag racing driver 

Biography
Perrot's father was the Mayor of the town and died when Vincent was 11  His mother Marina decided  to move the family to Limoges  As a child, Vincent Perrot used to listen to the radio France Bleu Limousin, in which a program about the cinema was broadcast  He wrote every week to the presenter to tell him that he did not agree with his point of view on the films he introduced  The presenter later invited him at his program and it was his beginning of his career at 17 on channel FR3 

Career
Perrot started being well known in the late 1980s when he replaced Jean Rochefort who presented Disney Channel on FR3 and then hosting summer afternoons the program 40° à l'ombre on the same channel  During the rest of the year, he presented a number of programs including On va gagner, Vincent à l'heure and Zapper n'est pas jouer  In 1989, still on FR3, he co-hosts the teenager program C'est pas juste 
During summer 1997, Perrot joined TF1 and presents the game show Mokshû Patamû, which had a moderate success  After that, it took him a few years to find again his success on television  He then presented in 2001 L'été des records on the same channel and Un contre tous (French version of the Belgian game show Septante et un) on France 3 
Perrot is one of the most famous radio presenters on RTL, in which he presents Vendredi c'est VIP and Le Cékoidon  He is also one of the most famous guests of the program Les Grosses Têtes hosted by Philippe Bouvard 
In 1998, Perrot became the fastest in the world accelerating with a speed of 402 8 km/h (251 8 mph) with a dragster  In September 2006, he made another record of 530 7 km/h (331 6 mph) in a stopped start  He is the founder of the Perrot Feeler Racing, dedicated to different categories of dragsters  He produces and presents in June 2009 the program Vincent Limites on channel Motors TV 
Since summer 2010, with the agreement and the collaboration of Jean-Paul Belmondo, Perrot co-produces the first official documentary about the life and career of the actor  The program had an excellent distribution due to the exceptional participation of Alain Delon, Jean Dujardin, Vanessa Paradis, Albert Dupontel, Vincent Cassel, Jean Rochefort, Jean-Pierre Marielle, Claude Lelouch, Claudia Cardinale, and even Zinedine Zidane  This documentary was broadcast on primetime on France 2 on May 17, 2011, and in the official selection of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival 



ground_truth: Tom Hood

Thomas Hood

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The city where Dmitry Borisovich was born is located where in Russia?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Kaributas
Kaributas (Koribut, Korybut, baptized Dmitry; after 1350 – after 1404) was a son of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned in Severian Novgorod until 1393 
Kaributas was born some time after 1350 (exact date is unknown) to Algirdas of Lithuania and Uliana of Tver  Born a pagan, around 1380 he was baptised in the Orthodox rite and became the prince of Severian Novgorod  He adopted the Christian name of Dmitry and hence is sometimes referred to as Dmitry Korybut (a combination of his Slavicised Lithuanian name Kaributas and his Christian name)  He appeared in politics during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) when he supported his brother Jogaila against his uncle Kęstutis and cousin Vytautas  In 1382 he began a rebellion in Severian Novgorod, engaging Kęstutis' forces so that Jogaila could attack and capture lightly guarded Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy  He also witnessed the Treaty of Dubysa with the Teutonic Knights 
For his service, he was awarded possessions in Navahrudak and Lida  Kaributas continued to support Jogaila: he witnessed the Union of Krewo and fought in the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)  After the Ostrów Agreement, he refused to recognize Vytautas' superiority and was defeated in a battle near Lida in early 1393  Kaributas was imprisoned and stripped of his possessions  However, he was soon released and given Zbarazh, Bratslav, and Vinnytsia  Severian Novgorod was given to Fedor, son of Liubartas  Kaributas appeared last in written sources in 1404 during a military campaign waged by Vytautas against the Principality of Smolensk 
Kaributas' male-line descendants included Princes Zbaraski, Wiśniowiecki and, in the Russian Empire, Woroniecki, and Nieswicki, making these families Gediminid  King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki was named Korybut to foreground his agnatic descent from Kaributas 

Marriage and issue
Kaributas married Princess Anastasia, daughter of Grand Prince Oleg II of Ryazan, with whom he had three daughters and three sons  
Kaributas issue originated the Korybut coat of arms 

Helena (wife of John II "the Iron" Duke of Racibórz),
Fedor of Nesvich, Volhynia
Sigismund Korybut (a claimant to the Bohemian Crown),
Nastasia (wife of Fedor of Kashin)
Ivan
Passage 2:
Gmina Tarnów
Gmina Tarnów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland  Its seat is the city of Tarnów, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 82 81 square kilometres (32 0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 23,060 

Villages
Gmina Tarnów contains the villages and settlements of Biała, Błonie, Jodłówka-Wałki, Koszyce Małe, Koszyce Wielkie, Łękawka, Nowodworze, Poręba Radlna, Radlna, Tarnowiec, Wola Rzędzińska, Zawada, Zbylitowska Góra and Zgłobice 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Tarnów is bordered by the city of Tarnów and by the gminas of Czarna, Lisia Góra, Pleśna, Skrzyszów, Tuchów, Wierzchosławice, Wojnicz and Żabno 
Passage 3:
Kis-Küküllő County
Kis-Küküllő was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary  Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania)  Kis-Küküllő is the Hungarian name for the river Târnava Mică  The capital of the county was Dicsőszentmárton (now Târnăveni) 

Geography
Kis-Küküllő county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Alsó-Fehér, Torda-Aranyos, Maros-Torda, Udvarhely and Nagy-Küküllő  The river Mureș formed part of its northern border, the river Târnava Mare its southern border  Târnava Mică river flowed through the county  Its area was 1,724 km² around 1910 

History
Kis-Küküllő county came into existence in 1876, when the administrative structure of Transylvania was changed and Küküllő County was split  In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania  After the Second Vienna Award, a little part of the former county became part of Hungary again and was assigned to the recreated Maros-Torda County  Its territory lies in the present Romanian counties Mureș (a o  Târnăveni), Alba (the south-west) and Sibiu (the south, a o  Dumbrăveni) 

Demographics
Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Kis-Küküllő county were:

Notes
Passage 4:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 5:
Rostov
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в, IPA: [rɐˈstof]) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring  It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, 202 kilometers (126 mi) northeast of Moscow  Population: 30,406 (2021 Census); 31,792 (2010 Census); 34,141 (2002 Census); 35,707 (1989 Census) While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is popularly known to Russians as Rostov Veliky (Russian: Ростов Великий, Rostov the Great) to distinguish it from the much larger city of Rostov-on-Don  The name of the town railway station is Rostov Yaroslavsky, due to its location in Yaroslavl Oblast 

History
Rostov was preceded by Sarskoye Gorodishche, which some scholars interpret as the capital of the Finnic Merya tribe  Others believe it was an important Viking trade enclave and fortress guarding the Volga trade route  It is known from Norse sources as Raðstofa  Scythians also settled there  These different ethnicities, such as the Vikings, Scyths, Slavs and Finns, were likely the ancestors of many of today's people in that region  First mentioned in documents in the year 862 as an already important settlement, by the 10th century Rostov became the capital city of Vladimir-Suzdal, one of the most prominent principalities in Rus'  It was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1474 After losing its independent status, Rostov was still an ecclesiastic center – from 988 it was the see of the Diocese of Yaroslavl, one of the first Russian bishoprics  In the 14th century, the bishops of Rostov became archbishops, and late in the 16th century, metropolitans  One of those metropolitans, Iona (Jonah) Sysoyevich (c  1607–1690), commissioned the town's main landmark: the Rostov Kremlin  This is regarded by some as the finest outside that of Moscow Ravaged by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries (last sack by Edigu in 1408), and the Poles in 1608, Rostov survived as a medium-sized town  Late in the 18th century, the metropolitan see was transferred to Yaroslavl 
Rostov is renowned for manufacturing enamels 
On August 24, 1953, the town was hit by an F3 tornado, causing severe damage  The tornado traveled 6 kilometers with a maximum width of up to 550 meters 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Rostov serves as the administrative center of Rostovsky District, even though it is not a part of it  As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Rostov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts  As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Rostov is incorporated within Rostovsky Municipal District as Rostov Urban Settlement 

Main sights
The architecture of the city shows many examples of early Russian Orthodox architecture  The central square of Rostov is occupied by the Assumption Cathedral  It is unknown when the present building was erected, the mid-16th century being the most likely date  Lower parts of the cathedral walls are dated to the 12th century  The ponderous bell-tower was constructed mostly in the 17th century  Its bells are among the largest and most famous in Russia - each has its own name  The largest bell, cast in 1688, weighs 32,000 kilograms (71,000 lb)  It is named Sysoy to honor the city's founding father  The church is home to the incorrupt body of Saint Leontius of Rostov An area situated between the cathedral square and the lake was chosen by Iona Sysoevich as a place for his fairy-tale residence  All the construction works were carried out between 1667 and 1694  Major buildings include the ornate Savior Church-na-Senyakh (1675), the sombre Church of St  Gregory (1670), and the barbican churches of St  John the Apostle (1683) and of the Resurrection of Christ (1670)  The residence, often erroneously called kremlin, also includes eleven ornate tower bells, numerous palaces, several small belfries, and the diminutive baroque Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1693)  All the churches are elaborately painted and decorated 
The cathedral and four tall kremlin churches with their silver "blind" domes were imitated throughout the city  This is particularly evident in the Savior-on-the-Market church and the cathedral church of the Nativity convent, both dating from the 17th century and situated near the kremlin walls  The oldest church within the town center was consecrated to St  Isidore the Blessed in 1565  They say that Ivan the Terrible had the architect executed, because his church was so much smaller than its predecessor 
The kremlin is flanked by two monasteries, both facing the Lake Nero  To the right from the kremlin stands the Abraham monastery, founded in the 11th century and one of the oldest in Russia  Its cathedral, commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1553 to commemorate the conquest of Kazan, inspired numerous churches in the region, particularly in Yaroslavl 
Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery, situated to the left from the Kremlin on the town's outskirts, has been venerated as the shrine of St  Dmitry of Rostov  Most of the monastery structures were built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the fine neoclassical style  There are also two 17th-century churches: the Conception of St  Anna, and the Transfiguration of Our Savior  Unlike most other churches in the town, the monastery belongs to the Russian Orthodoxy and houses a theological seminary 

Surroundings
The vicinity of Rostov is rich in old architecture  For example, an old wooden church (1687–1689) may be seen in Ishnya  One of the best preserved monasteries in Russia, named after the saints Boris and Gleb, is situated in Borisoglebsky, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) west of the town  The monastery was favored by Ivan the Terrible, who personally supervised the construction of towered walls and bell-tower around an even more ancient cathedral  The only addition made to the monastery after Ivan's death is a barbican church, commissioned by the metropolitan Iona Sysoyevich 

Twin towns/sister cities
Jämsä, Finland
 Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA

Rostov in films
Peter I (Russian: Пётр Первый) (1937), by Vladimir Petov
Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future (Russian: Иван Васильевич меняет профессию, Ivan Vasilievich Changes His Profession) (1973), by Leonid Gaidai

Notable people
Dmitry Borisovich (1253–1294), Russian nobleman
Konstantin of Rostov (1186–1218), the eldest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest and Maria Shvarnovna
Vasilko Konstantinovich (1209–1238), the first Prince of Rostov
Olena Kryvytska (born 1987), Ukrainian fencer
Lev Naumov (1925–2005), Russian classical pianist, composer and educator
Yuri Alexandrovich Bilibin (1901–1952), geologist
Vera Dmitrievna Titova (1888–?), Russian scientist and educator
Passage 6:
Dmitry Liss
Dmitry Liss (born 1960) is a Russian conductor  He is also the artistic director and chief conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra 

Biography
Born in 1960, Dmitry Liss is a graduate of the Moscow Conservatory  Upon graduation from the conservatory in 1984 he became a conductor of the Kuzbass Symphony Orchestra  In 1991 he was appointed to the position of Chief Conductor of this orchestra and at this time became the youngest chief conductor in Russia  Since 1995, Dmitry Liss has served as Artistic Director/Chief Conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra  Most recently, Liss was appointed Associate Conductor of the Russian National Orchestra (1999)  In 1997–1999 he was Principal Russian Conductor of the American Russian Youth Orchestra 

Activities
He has taken part in numerous international festivals and has recorded CDs for a variety of American, Russian, Japanese, Taiwanese, Belgian and Swiss companies 

Awards
Winner of the 1st International Competition of Young Conductors Lovro von Matačić (Zagreb, 1995) 
Artist Emeritus of Russia

External links
Dmitry Liss on the web-site of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra
Dmitry Liss on the web-site of the Russian National Orchestra
(in English) Productions Internationales Albert Sarfati (World Management) : Dmitry Liss
DMITRY LISS: CONDUCTING IS SORT OF A DISEASE
Passage 7:
Gallaratese
Gallaratese is a district ("quartiere") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city  It is located about 7 km north-west of the city centre  It borders on the comune of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to 

Overview
The district is clearly subdivided into two parts; the first one, in the area of Via Cechov, has developed after the other one, enclosed between Via Cilea and Via Apennini; this latter, older part of the district is sometimes referred to as quartiere San Leonardo  These two parts are connected by a major shopping mall called Bonola  
Gallaratese is one of the largest districts in Italy to have been built "from scratch" in the 20th century (between the 1960s and 1980s) in a previously rural area  The Olona river, which traverses the district, has been laid underground  The first buildings to be created in Gallaratese were large apartment blocks; smaller palaces were added later  Today, the district has a population of about 60,000  The district is well connected by public transportation; it has four stops of the Milan Metro subway and five bus lines traversing it  It is also close to major thoroughfares such as the Tangenziale and the Strada del Sempione  
A major landmark of the Gallaratese district is Monte Amiata, a complex of apartment blocks that were designed by Carlo Aymonino, and that are characterized by a futuristic architecture  The most typical buildings are the so-called "tower houses" (case torri in Italian, tower-shaped apartment blocks 

History
The project for the Gallaraterse district was first laid down by architect Piero Bottoni in the mid 20th century  The objective was to create a low-income housing district with green areas, effective traffic connection to the city, and functional public services  Construction began in 1957, from a first core of the district named "Gallaratese G 1"  The original plan by Bottoni was then refined and developed by over 60 architects, led by Gianluigi Reggio   A second and third part of the district, named "Gallaratese G 2" and "San Leonardo" respectively, were developed between 1964 and 1974   In those years, the "tower houses" that now characterize the Gallaratese' skyline were built   The final outcome was quite different from the original plans; the district was in fact developed with less green areas and less services than it had been planned, resulting in a definitely "satellite" district  
In the last decades of the 20th century the district has grown larger, gradually extending north up to the borders of Pero; the Bonola shopping mall was also created 

Footnotes
External links
Portal of the Gallaratese district (in Italian)
Passage 8:
Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta
Pesanggrahan is a district of South Jakarta one of the administrative cities which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia  The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan District  To the west of Pesanggrahan District is Tangerang and South Tangerang, Banten Province 
Pesanggrahan District was originally part of the Kebayoran Lama District, which was later made into a separate district 
A southwestern portion of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road and the Serpong-Jakarta railway passed through Pesanggrahan District 

Toponym
The name Pesanggrahan is derived from the name of the river Pesanggrahan along the eastern edge of the district 

Kelurahan (Administrative villages)
The district of Pesanggrahan is divided into five administrative villages (kelurahan):

Ulujami - area code 12250
Petukangan Utara - area code 12260
Petukangan Selatan - area code 12270
Pesanggrahan - area code 12320
Bintaro - area code 12330

List of important places

Budi Luhur University
Darunnajah Islamic Boarding School
Metro Mall Cipulir
Taman Swadharma
Passage 9:
Anatoly Chubais
Anatoly Borisovich Chubais (Russian: Анатолий Борисович Чубайс; born 16 June 1955) is a Russian politician and economist who was responsible for privatization in Russia as an influential member of Boris Yeltsin's administration in the early 1990s  During this period, he was a key figure in introducing a market economy and the principles of private ownership to Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union  He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation From 1998 to 2008, he headed the state-owned electrical power monopoly RAO UES  A 2004 survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Financial Times named Chubais the world's 54th most respected business leader  He was the head of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation (RUSNANO) in 2008–2020  He was a member of the Advisory Council for JPMorgan Chase from September 2008 until 2013  From December 2020, he served as a special envoy of the Russian president for relations with international organisations On 23 March 2022, Chubais resigned from his position of special envoy and left Russia due to his opposition to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, according to media reports  He is the highest ranked Russian figure to resign due to the invasion 

Early life
Chubais was born on 16 June 1955 in the town of Borisov, Belarus, which was then part of the Soviet Union, the son of Raisa Efimovna (Sagal) and Boris Matveyevich Chubais  His father was Russian and his mother was Lithuanian Jewish  His father, a retired army colonel and veteran of World War II, was in the military at the time of Chubais' birth, and later worked as a lecturer of Philosophy  Though his mother received a degree in economics at university, she opted to stay home to care for their children on the military bases where her husband was regularly assigned  Anatoly Chubais has an older brother, Igor Chubais (born 1947), a philosopher In 1977, Chubais graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Economics (LEEI) in present-day St  Petersburg and joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until 1991 when he left it 

Career
Early career (1977–1991)
While later working at LEEI, Chubais started a club called Reforma, which helped turn the city of Leningrad into a model of political reform by constructing platforms for both local and national elections  Reforma also engaged in drafting reformist legislation, an important step down the road when Chubais would work in the city government  In 1982, he attained the rank of associate professor (доцент) at LEEI, while in 1983, he received his Candidate of Sciences (Ph D ) degree in Economics for the dissertation entitled "Исследование и разработка методов планирования совершенствования управления в отраслевых научно-технических организациях" (Research and Development of Methods for the Planned Improvement of Management in Industrial Research and Development Organizations) Starting in the early 1980s, Chubais became a leader of an informal circle of market-oriented economists in Leningrad  In 1982, together with economists Yury Yarmagayev and Grigory Glazkov, he published an article titled "Вопросы расширения хозяйственной самостоятельности предприятий в условиях научно-технического прогресса" (Questions of Expanding the Autonomy of Business Enterprises under the conditions of Scientific and Technological Progress) in which the authors argue that no amount of central planning can predict the end-demand for products  In 1982, Chubais was introduced to the future Prime Minister of Russia Yegor Gaidar, who was invited to and attended seminars led by Chubais By 1987, Chubais had become the organiser of the Leningrad chapter of the club Perestroyka, whose mission was to promote and discuss democratic ideas among the local intelligentsia  Among the people involved were his brother, Igor, who had founded the Moscow-based chapter of the Perestroyka and Perestroyka-88 clubs, future Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexei Kudrin, future Chubais associates Pyotr Mostovoy and Alexander Kazakov, the future President of Saint Petersburg bank Vladimir Kogan, future Minister of Anti-Monopoly Policy and Entrepreneurship Support Ilya Yuzhanov, and future Deputy Governor of Saint Petersburg Mikhail Manevich The dissident economists organized a tulip farm to finance their seminars  In the four days before the International Women's Day (8 March), they managed to get income equivalent to the price of several Lada cars  The tulip money was used to finance the elections of Anatoly Sobchak, Yury Boldyrev and many other democratic candidates  As a result, 2/3 of the deputies winning the 1990 elections to Leningrad Soviet were from the opposition  Chubais himself later stated that he personally did not participate in growing or selling of the flowers At the end of 1990, the economist Vitaly Nayshul proposed the idea of using vouchers to facilitate mass privatization in order to transform the Soviet Union into a market economy  Chubais strongly criticized the scheme at the time, citing the inevitable inequality and social tensions that would result if implemented as proposed  Ironically, Chubais would later become the champion of the same concept just several years later 

Privatization chief in Leningrad (1990–1994)
In 1990, upon the election of Anatoly Sobchak as Chairman of the Leningrad City Council, Chubais assumed the position of his Deputy  He was trying to implement Sobchak's idea of creating a Free Economic Zone in Leningrad  In 1991, Chubais declined the offer to become the Chairman of Leningrad Ispolkom to instead become an advisor to the mayoral administration in Leningrad (by now renamed St  Petersburg) where Sobchak had just been elected mayor  At the same time, Chubais worked as the president of newly established Wassily Leontief Center for Research in Economics 

In Yeltsin government (1992–1999)
In November 1991, Chubais became a minister in the Yeltsin Cabinet where he managed the portfolio of Rosimushchestvo (the Committee for the Management of State Property) which was handling privatization in Russia Chubais originally advocated rapid privatization in order to raise revenue, similar to the model used in Hungary  However, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia rejected this model  Eventually, a compromise was proposed in the form of a voucher privatization program akin to the program used in the Czech Republic at the time  On 11 June 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Russia adopted this compromise and the massive program was officially initiated by decree of President Boris Yeltsin on 19 August 1991  This privatization program later came under heavy criticism  While most Russian citizens lost their savings in only a few weeks, a few oligarchs rapidly became billionaires by arbitraging the vast difference between the old domestic prices for Russian commodities versus the prices prevailing on the world market  The people who benefited from this arbitrage became known as "kleptocrats" because they stashed billions of dollars in Swiss bank accounts rather than investing in the Russian economy 
From November 1994 until January 1996, Chubais held the position of deputy prime minister for economic and financial policy in the Russian government  Thanks to liberalizing reforms carried out in 1995, the Russian Government was finally enjoying a measure of financial stability, something its politicians had been seeking ever since the resignation of Yegor Gaidar in 1993  By the end of 1995, the average annual inflation rate had declined from 18% down to 3% From April 1995 until February 1996, Chubais also represented Russia in two international financial institutions – the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) After resigning as deputy prime minister in January 1996, Chubais agreed to manage Boris Yeltsin's reelection campaign  By this time according to public opinion surveys, Yeltsin's approval rating had fallen to roughly 3%  Chubais established the Civil Society Foundation as well as Yeltsin's Campaign Analytical Group, which became one part of the Foundation  The group helped Yeltsin regain popularity and win re-election in the second round of the polls on 3 July 1994, capturing 53 82% of the popular vote From July 1996 until March 1997, Chubais was the chief of the Russian Presidential Administration  During his tenure, his office grew increasingly influential Chubais participated in the Bilderberg Club session in Turnberry, Scotland in 1998, and co-chaired the Round Table of Industrialists of Russia and the EU during the joint session of the Government Commission of the Russian Federation and the European Union  He was also elected to the Board of Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs in 2000 According to Yeltsin's daughter and chief of staff Tatyana Yumasheva, Chubais opposed the nomination of Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister of Russia and Yeltsin's successor in 1999  Although Chubais believed Putin was qualified for the position, he feared that his appointment would be rejected by the State Duma, allow the Communist Party of the Russian Federation to gain a large enough parliamentary majority to amend the constitution, and start a civil war 

RAO Unified Energy System of Russia (1998–2008)
In 1998, Chubais was elected to the chairman of the board of RAO UES of Russia, the state-owned electricity monopoly, at a special general meeting of shareholders; he soon was also appointed chairman of the board Since 2000, Chubais consistently defended the need for further reform, which included dis-aggregating power generation, transmission, and distribution activities from the monopoly holding company in order to facilitate the subsequent sale of a majority of shares to private investors  Chubais was convinced that the un-bundling and privatization of the state monopoly were the only mechanisms able to raise the substantial funds needed to modernize Russia's electricity sector He was elected president of the CIS Electric Power Council (2000), and later was repeatedly re-elected to that post from 2001 to 2004 In addition to reforms, Chubais and his team raised more than $30 billion in private investments for the Russian electric power sector  The funds were used to finance the construction of new facilities: 130 new units with a total capacity of about 29,000 MW, 10,000 kilometers of transmission lines, 60,000 kilometers of distribution network lines, and thousands of electrical sub-stations of all classes of voltage  His reforms also helped eliminate the use of barter payments and significantly reduced the number of payment defaults in the sector On 17 March 2005, he survived an assassination attempt  Vladimir Kvachkov was charged for the crime, but was acquitted by a jury In 2007, the Russian newspaper Vedomosti named Chubais the "Professional of the Year"  The paper called him the only professional reformer in Russia because of his achievements in breaking of one monopoly into dozens of independent entities, introducing market forces into the electricity distribution system, and transforming a government institution structure into one attractive for private investment and management In July 2008, RAO UES of Russia ceased to exist as a legal entity 

RUSNANO (2008–2020)
Since September 2008, Chubais has been General Manager of the State Corporation Rosnanotech The official business of the corporation is to promote innovation and modernization in Russia's economy in several areas  For example, RUSNANO forms an important part of the government's strategy to find economic alternatives to fossil fuels   The corporation has set a target of 900 billions rubles in sales by 2015  In the past, Chubais has compared RUSNANO to a garden in which the corporation cultivates innovative business ventures  Over its eight years of operation (2007–2015), RUSNANO has completed over 100 investment projects which resulted in the opening of 68 new plants and 28 R&D centers  As stated in the annual RUSNANO groups' financial report, the value of RUSNANO's portfolio was estimated in 2015 at 227 7 billion rubles and its net income at 17 billion rubles Chubais has been a member of the Skolkovo Foundation Council since 2010, and in 2011 was elected chairman of the board of LTD RUSNANO He left the organization in December 2020 

Resignation (2022)
On 23 March 2022, after Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, Chubais quit his official positions, including that as climate envoy, stating that he was opposed to the invasion, according to media reports  Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov confirmed that Chubais had resigned, but did not specify why, stating: "Whether he left or not is his personal matter"  Chubais left Russia, arriving in Istanbul, Turkey, on the same day, planning to remain abroad  Alexei Navalny's spokesperson, Kira Yarmysh, suggested that Chubais had "left Russia only out of fear for his own skin and his own money"  He was the highest ranked Kremlin official to resign following the start of the invasion, though he is not a member of Putin's inner circle 

Personal life
Chubais is married to Dunya Smirnova (a screenwriter and TV presenter), and has two children from his first marriage: a son, Aleksey, and a daughter, Olga On 1 August 2022, Chubais told Russian journalist Ksenia Sobchak that he had been hospitalised with the neurological disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome, though Sardinian newspaper L’Unione Sarda reported that Italian authorities had not yet ruled out poisoning, and Italian intelligence services are awaiting his blood toxicology results in order to make sure he was not poisoned Chubais currently lives in Israel and received Israeli citizenship in May 2023 

Involvement in political parties
In June 1993, Anatoly Chubais co-founded the "Russia's Choice" electoral bloc (Vybor Rossii), which was headed by Yegor Gaidar  In December 1993, running under this bloc, Chubais was elected as a deputy to the Russian State Duma in its first convocation On 12–13 July 1994, Chubais was elected to the governing council of the party "Democratic Choice of Russia", which had been built off the electoral bloc "Russia's Choice"  In December 1998, Chubais became a member of the Organizing Committee of Right Cause coalition and was elected to the Steering Committee of the Organizing Committee of this coalition In July 1996, Chubais founded the "Center for Protection of Private Property" Foundation In May 2000, Chubais was elected co-chairman of the Coordinating Council of the Russian National Political Organization "Union of Right Forces" at its founding congress  He was also later elected co-president and a member of the Federal Political Council on 26 May 2001, during the founding congress of the "Union of Right Forces" Party (SPS) On 24 January 2004, he resigned from his post as co-chair of the party but remained on the Federal Political Council of the SPS party In May 2010, Chubais became the chairman of the board of trustees of the Gaidar Foundation, jointly established by the Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy and Maria Strugatsky 

Awards
In 1997, the British magazine Euromoney named him the world's best Minister of Finance In December 2001, Chubais was awarded an honorary diploma of International Award by the International Union of Economists for his significant contributions to the Russian Federation, specifically his work applying advanced international experience to introduce contemporary methods of organizing administration, economics, finances and production processes In 2008, Chubais was awarded a Presidential Commendation for helping draft part of the Russian Constitution as well as his overall contributions to democracy in Russia In 2010, Chubais was honored by with IV degree Order For Merit to the Fatherland "for outstanding contribution to the implementation of state policy in the field of nanotechnology and many years of favorable work" Chubais received three presidential commendations (awarded in 1995, 1997 and 1998) and as well as one honorary Ph D  from the St  Petersburg State Engineering and Economic University 
Passage 10:
Sokolniki District
Sokolniki District (Russian: райо́н Соко́льники) is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city  Population: 57,444 (2010 Census); 54,975 (2002 Census) 

Etymology
Sokolniki derives its name from the word "сокол" (sokol,  meaning "falcon") in view of the Tsar's falcon hunting grounds which were located there, primarily on the territory of the present-day Sokolniki Park  The district also provides the name for one of its metro stations: Sokolniki Metro Station 

Sports
The district is home to the FC and HC Spartak Moscow  The latter plays its games in the Sokolniki Sports Palace located within Sokolniki Park 

Miscellaneous
 
In 2006, after twenty years of construction and changing ownership, a twenty-storey hotel finally opened overlooking the Sokolniki metro station and Sokolniki Square  This hotel is now the Holiday Inn Sokolniki 
In Tolstoy's War and Peace, Pierre fights a duel in Sokolniki 
The Elite House in Sokolniki will soon be one of the largest buildings in the world with DuPont Tyvek used as a weather and water barrier 
Passage 11:
Dmitri N  Smirnov (footballer)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Smirnov (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Смирнов; born 9 November 1980) is a Russian former footballer  He is not related to Dmitry Alexandrovich Smirnov with whom he played on the same team for several years for FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, Luch and Tom  To avoid confusion, he is usually referred to as Dmitri N  Smirnov 

External links
(in Russian) Player page on the official Luch website
Dmitri N  Smirnov at Russian Premier League
Passage 12:
Cyprus Popular Bank
Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second-largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts  The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds  The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity   As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4 8% but does not hold a board seat  All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015  She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016  The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group 
Its shares were listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange and the Athens Stock Exchange  CPB had a network of more than 295 branches in Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, the UK and Malta  The bank had applied to open a representative office in Beijing, People's Republic of China Trading on the island as Laiki Bank (Laiki being the Greek word for Popular), as of September 2012 it held a 16% share of the market in loans and a 14 4% share of deposits   The Bank made a series of large loans, many to Greek companies prior to and during their financial crisis  What followed has been described as "billions handed out in bad loans created a financial time-bomb"  After the bank collapsed, it was rescued by the Cypriot government, which took 84% ownership on 30 June 2012 and as of March 2013 it is being dismantled as part of the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 

History
In 1901, four leading citizens of Limassol—Agathoclis Francoudis, Ioannis Kyriakides, Christodoulos Sozos and Neoklis Ioannides—established the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to encourage saving among the workforce  More than two decades later, in 1924, the bank changed its name from the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to the Popular Bank of Limassol  The bank also became the first company in Cyprus to register as a public-traded company 
Then in 1967, the Popular Bank of Limassol changed its name to Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) to reflect the bank’s expansion beyond Limassol  Expansion beyond Limassol followed quickly, with the establishment of its first branches in Nicosia,  Famagusta (1969), and Paphos and Larnaca (1970)  Also in 1970, Midland Bank acquired 22% of the company's shares, making Midland a major shareholder in CPB  The next year CPB relocated its headquarters from Limassol to Nicosia 

1974 CPB established its first London branch 
1983 CPB acquired all the Cyprus operations of Grindlays Bank located in the area under government control 
1992 CPB opened the first branch of European Popular Bank in Athens  CPB owned 58% of the shares of the bank; other shareholders included HSBC (formerly Midland Bank) and Greek and Cypriot investors  CPB retained branches in Heraklion and Thessaloniki
1995 CPB opened its first representative offices in South Africa and in Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
1996 CPB opened its first representative offices in Australia 
1997 CPB opened its first representative offices in Serbia and in Russia ("Rosprombank")
1998 CPB establishes a representative office in New York  (NY State Banking Dept says State chartered) 
2000 The Cyprus Popular Bank Group changed its name to Laiki Group 
2001 The Laiki Group established a subsidiary in Australia with five branches 
2005 The Group established Laiki Bank (Guernsey), and purchased Bank Centrobank in Serbia 
2006 The Greek Marfin Investment Group acquired HSBC's shares in Laiki Bank, establishing a strong minority share position   Subsequently, the Marfin Investment Group through more acquisitions managed to take control of Laiki Bank, which it re-branded as Marfin Popular Bank   In Greece, the Marfin Group consolidated Egnatia, Laiki and Marfin to form Marfin Egnatia Bank, which is the 95%-owned Greek subsidiary of Marfin Popular Bank 
2007 The bank announced the planned takeover of 50 12% of the share capital of AS SBM Pank, a bank in Estonia MPB also acquired 99 2% of the shares of Marine Transport Bank Ukraine for US$156 million  This bank was founded in 1993 as Marine Trade Bank and changed its name to Marine Transport Bank in 1996  It has its headquarters in the Odesa region and has 86 branches 
Lastly, MPB acquired 43% of the share capital of Lombard Bank Malta for €48 million from Banca della Svizzera Italiana (BSI) of Lugano  CPB now holds c  49% of Lombard Bank Malta In 2007, the bank announced a multi-million financial deal to sponsor the football First Division in Cyprus until 2010 
2008 Marfin Popular Bank completed its acquisition of 50 4% of the shares of CJSC RPB Holding, parent company of the Rossisysky Promishlenny Bank (Rosprombank), for €83 million  The acquisition makes Marfin the first Greek or Cypriot bank to acquire control of a bank in Russia 
In 2010, they launched a new mobile banking and mobile trading service  In the same year, the company was selected as the bank of the year in Cyprus by the Banker 
2010 MPB sold 85% of Laiki Bank Australia to Bank of Beirut  The Australian bank received a new name, Beirut Hellenic Bank  At the time, the bank had a branch in Adelaide, four branches in Melbourne and five branches in Sydney 
2011 MPB sold the majority of its shareholding in its Estonian subsidiary and returned to its historic name of Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) 
In 2012 CPB converted its Greek subsidiary into a branch of the parent bank 
The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis resulted in financial difficulties at CPB  The Cypriot state recapitalized CPB on 30 June 2012 with the result that the government acquired 84% of the bank's equity  This increased the bank's core tier 1 capital ratio towards 9%, the level mandated by the European Banking Authority 
In early 2013 CPB renamed its Greek branches to CPB Bank and on 26 March the bank sold them to Piraeus Bank  Laiki was split into a good and bad bank, the good bank (Cyprus operations) merged with Bank of Cyprus and the bad bank is in the process of being sold and finally shuttered  The board and CEO were replaced on 27 March  The bad bank was being run by a Special Administrator Ms Andri Antoniadou who was acting CEO until 3 March 2015  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou took over as Special Administrator in April 2015 until December 2016 In 2018 European Court dismisses compensation claim in Cyprus 2013 deposit-grab 
Passage 13:
Shostakovich Peninsula
Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica  The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U S  National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U S  Geological Survey  Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975)  Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island 

See also
Derocher Peninsula
Harris Peninsula
Pesce Peninsula
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Shostakovich Peninsula"  Geographic Names Information System  United States Geological Survey 
Passage 14:
Sikyona
Sikyona (Greek: Σικυώνα) is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece  The seat of the municipality is in Kiato  Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory 

Municipality
The municipality Sikyona was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Feneos
Sikyona
StymfaliaThe municipality has an area of 602 539 km2, the municipal unit 171 268 km2  The municipal unit Sikyona is subdivided into the following communities:
Archaia Sikyona-Vasiliko
Bozikas
Diminio
Gonoussa
Kato Diminio
Sikyona (Kiato)
Klimenti
Kryoneri
Laliotis
Megas Valtos
Mikros Valtos
Moulki
Paradeisi
Pasi
Souli
Titani

Historical population
Passage 15:
Federalism
Federalism is a combined and compound mode of government that combines a general government (the central or "federal" government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two  Federalism in the modern era was first adopted in the unions of states during the Old Swiss Confederacy Federalism differs from confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level  It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state Examples of a federation or federal province or state include Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States  Some characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the "federal union of states" 

Overview
Etymology
The terms "federalism" and "confederalism" share a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning "treaty, pact or covenant"  Their common early meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based on a treaty  They were therefore initially synonyms  It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist No 39 had referred to the new US Constitution as "neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both" (i e  as constituting neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two)  In the course of the nineteenth century United States, the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form established at the Philadelphia Convention, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states 

Origin
In the narrow sense, federalism refers to the mode in which the body politic of a state is organized internally, and this is the meaning most often used in modern times  Political scientists, however, use it in a much broader sense, referring instead to a "multi-layer or pluralistic concept of social and political life "The first forms of federalism took place in ancient times, in the form of alliances between states  Some examples from the seventh to second century B C  were the Archaic League, the Aetolic League, the Peloponnesian League, and the Delian League  An early ancestor of federalism was the Achaean League in Hellenistic Greece  Unlike the Greek city states of Classical Greece, each of which insisted on keeping its complete independence, changing conditions in the Hellenistic period drove many city states to band together even at the cost of losing part of their sovereignty  Subsequent unions of states included the first and second Swiss Confederations (1291–1798 and 1815–48), the United Provinces of the Netherlands (1579–1795), the German Bund (1815–66), the first American union known as the Confederation of the United States of America (1781–89), and second American union formed as the United States of America (1789–1865) 

Political theory
Modern federalism is a political system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments  The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context  Since the term federalization also describes distinctive political processes, its use as well depends on the context In political theory, two main types of federalization are recognized:

integrative, or aggregative federalization, designating various processes like: integration of non-federated political subjects by creating a new federation, accession of non-federated subjects into an existing federation, or transformation of a confederation into a federation
devolutive, or dis-aggregative federalization: transformation of a unitary state into a federation

Reasons for adoption
According to Daniel Ziblatt, there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems:

Ideational theories, which hold that a greater ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted 
Cultural-historical theories, which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations 
"Social contract" theories, which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center 
"Infrastructural power" theories, which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures (e g  they are already constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized states) Immanuel Kant noted that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution which pits opposing factions against each other with a system of checks and balances  In particular individual states required a federation as a safeguard against the possibility of war Proponents for federal systems have historically argued that the power-sharing inherent in federal systems reduces both domestic security threats and foreign threats  Federalism allows states to be large and diverse, mitigating the risk of a tyrannical government through centralization of powers 

Examples
Many countries have implemented federal systems of government with varying degree of central and regional sovereignty  The federal government of these countries can be divided into minimalistic federations, consisting of only two sub-federal units or multi-regional, those that consist of three to dozens of regional governments  They can also be grouped based on their body polity type, such as emirate, provincial, republican or state federal systems  Another way to study federated countries is by categorizing them into those whose entire territory is federated as opposed to only part of its territory comprising the federal portion of the country  Some federal systems are national systems while others, like the European Union are supra national 
In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a confederation in actuality  Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina 
The governments of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, and Mexico, among others, are also organized along federalist principles 
In Canada, federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements (most commonly Quebec separatism)  In 1999, the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries  Headquartered in Ottawa, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Switzerland 

Europe vs  the United States
In Europe, "federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels  The Union of European Federalists advocates for this development within the European Union, ultimately leading to the United States of Europe  Although there are medieval and early modern examples of European states which used confederal and federal systems, contemporary European federalism originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill's speech in Zürich in 1946 In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government  When the U S  Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government  This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States  The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state  The U S  Constitution was written as a replacement for the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government 
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state  The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense  As the power of the U S  federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended  Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism) 
The contemporary concept of federalism came about with the creation of an entirely new system of government that provided for democratic representation at two governing levels simultaneously, which was implemented in the US Constitution  In the United States implementation of federalism, a bicameral general government, consisting of a chamber of popular representation proportional to population (the House of Representatives), and a chamber of equal State-based representation consisting of two delegates per State (the Senate), was overlaid upon the pre-existing regional governments of the thirteen independent States  With each level of government allocated a defined sphere of powers, under a written constitution and the rule of law (that is, subject to the independent third-party arbitration of a supreme court in competence disputes), the two levels were thus brought into a coordinate relationship for the first time 
In 1946, Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were "co-equally supreme"  In this, he echoed the perspective of American founding father James Madison who saw the several States as forming "distinct and independent portions of the supremacy" in relation to the general government 

Constitutional structure
Division of powers
In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution  Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, but in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched  Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence 
In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers  Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition  Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871  The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states  The Constitution of some countries, like Canada and India, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial/state governments are retained by the federal government  Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility  Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of Union competence or shared between the Union and the Member States as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent States 

Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'  Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do  This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions  In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country  They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history  However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federation, but a system of asymmetric devolved government within a unitary state 
It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances  The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts 
Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities  Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities  Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government  Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica)  Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions  Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states  However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly 
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves  For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No  39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both  In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national   " This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent  This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people 

Bicameralism
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states  One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions  Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole  A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population 
Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union  The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats 

Intergovernmental relations
In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government  A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution 

Constitutional change
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution  As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent  An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect  In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons  In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority 
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state  The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent  In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states  Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces  The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system 

Other technical terms
Fiscal federalism – the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system 
Formal federalism (or 'constitutional federalism') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice 
Executive federalism refers in the English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made centrally 
Gleichschaltung – the conversion from a federal governance to either a completely unitary or more unitary one, the term was borrowed from the German for conversion from alternating to direct current  During the Nazi era the traditional German states were mostly left intact in the formal sense, but their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended and replaced with the Gau system  Gleichschaltung also has a broader sense referring to political consolidation in general 
defederalize – to remove from federal government, such as taking a responsibility from a national level government and giving it to states or provinces

In relation to conflict
It has been argued that federalism and other forms of territorial autonomy are a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level  Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states  Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries Federalism is sometimes viewed in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center " However, those skeptical of federal prescriptions sometimes believe that increased regional autonomy can lead to secession or dissolution of the nation  In Syria, for example, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out "

See also
Notes and references
Sources
External links

P -J  Proudhon (1863), The Principle of Federation 
Passage 16:
Yuri Chesnokov (volleyball)
Yuri Borisovich Chesnokov (Russian: Юрий Борисович Чесноков; January 22, 1933 – May 30, 2010) was a Russian volleyball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1964 Summer Olympics  He was born in Moscow 
Chesnokov was a two-time world champion, having won gold at the 1960 and the 1962 competitions  In 1964 he was part of the Soviet team which won the gold medal in the Olympic tournament  He played eight matches  After his active career, he coached the Soviet team at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics, and later served as a FIVB vice-president for many years  In 2000 he was inducted into the Volleyball Hall of Fame 
Passage 17:
Dmitry Borisovich
Dmitry Borisovich (Russian: Дмитрий Борисович; 11 September 1253, in Rostov – 1294, in Rostov) was a Russian nobleman  He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom  He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288) 

Sources
http://www biografija ru/show_bio aspx?id=112862
Context 3: Passage 1:
Marketed Health Products Directorate
The Marketed Health Products Directorate (MHPD) is the Canadian federal authority that monitors the safety and effectiveness of health products marketed in Canada  These include:
Prescription and non-prescription medications
Biologic medical products, including fractionated blood products
Therapeutic and diagnostic vaccines
Natural health products;
Radiopharmaceutical products
Medical devices
Cells, tissues and organsAs part of Health Canada, MHPD collects and analyzes reports of adverse health product reactions through its network of regional reporting centres and disseminates new health product safety information 
Passage 2:
Blood substitute
A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood  It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into another  Thus far, there are no well-accepted oxygen-carrying blood substitutes, which is the typical objective of a red blood cell transfusion; however, there are widely available non-blood volume expanders for cases where only volume restoration is required  These are helping doctors and surgeons avoid the risks of disease transmission and immune suppression, address the chronic blood donor shortage, and address the concerns of Jehovah's Witnesses and others who have religious objections to receiving transfused blood 
The main categories of "oxygen-carrying" blood substitutes being pursued are hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) and perfluorocarbon emulsions  Oxygen therapeutics are in clinical trials in the U S  and European Union, and Hemopure is available in South Africa 

History
After William Harvey discovered blood pathways in 1616, many people tried to use fluids such as beer, urine, milk, and non-human animal blood as blood substitute  Sir Christopher Wren suggested wine and opium as blood substitute At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of modern transfusion medicine initiated through the work of Landsteiner and co-authors opened the possibility to understanding the general principle of blood group serology   Simultaneously, significant progress was made in the fields of heart and circulation physiology as well as in the understanding of the mechanism of oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation Restrictions in applied transfusion medicine, especially in disaster situations such as World War II, laid the grounds for accelerated research in the field of blood substitutes  Early attempts and optimism in developing blood substitutes were very quickly confronted with significant side effects, which could not be promptly eliminated due to the level of knowledge and technology available at that time  The emergence of HIV in the 1980s renewed impetus for development of infection-safe blood substitutes  Public concern about the safety of the blood supply was raised further by mad cow disease  The continuous decline of blood donation combined with the increased demand for blood transfusion (increased ageing of population, increased incidence of invasive diagnostic, chemotherapy and extensive surgical interventions, terror attacks, international military conflicts) and positive estimation of investors in biotechnology branch made for a positive environment for further development of blood substitutes Efforts to develop blood substitutes have been driven by a desire to replace blood transfusion in emergency situations, in places where infectious disease is endemic and the risk of contaminated blood products is high, where refrigeration to preserve blood may be lacking, and where it might not be possible or convenient to find blood type matches In 2023, DARPA announced funding twelve universities and labs for synthetic blood research  Human trials would be expected to 2028~2030 

Approaches
Efforts have focused on molecules that can carry oxygen, and most work has focused on recombinant hemoglobin, which normally carries oxygen, and perfluorocarbons (PFC), chemical compounds which can carry and release oxygen The first approved oxygen-carrying blood substitute was a perfluorocarbon-based product called Fluosol-DA-20, manufactured by Green Cross of Japan  It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989  Because of limited success, complexity of use and side effects, it was withdrawn in 1994  However, Fluosol-DA remains the only oxygen therapeutic ever fully approved by the FDA   As of 2017 no hemoglobin-based product had been approved 

Perfluorocarbon based
Perfluorochemicals are not water soluble and will not mix with blood, therefore emulsions must be made by dispersing small drops of PFC in water  This liquid is then mixed with antibiotics, vitamins, nutrients and salts, producing a mixture that contains about 80 different components, and performs many of the vital functions of natural blood  PFC particles are about 1/40 the size of the diameter of a red blood cell (RBC)  This small size can enable PFC particles to traverse capillaries through which no RBCs are flowing  In theory this can benefit damaged, blood-starved tissue, which conventional red cells cannot reach  PFC solutions can carry oxygen so well that mammals, including humans, can survive breathing liquid PFC solution, called liquid breathing Perfluorocarbon-based blood substitutes are completely man-made; this provides advantages over blood substitutes that rely on modified hemoglobin, such as unlimited manufacturing capabilities, ability to be heat-sterilized, and PFCs' efficient oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal  PFCs in solution act as an intravascular oxygen carrier to temporarily augment oxygen delivery to tissues  PFCs are removed from the bloodstream within 48 hours by the body's normal clearance procedure for particles in the blood – exhalation  PFC particles in solution can carry several times more oxygen per cubic centimeter (cc) than blood, while being 40 to 50 times smaller than hemoglobin Fluosol was made mostly of perfluorodecalin or perfluorotributylamine suspended in an albumin emulsion  It was developed in Japan and first tested in the United States in November 1979  In order to "load" sufficient amounts of oxygen into it, people who had been given it had to breathe pure oxygen by mask or in a hyperbaric chamber  It was approved by the FDA in 1989, and was approved in eight other countries  Its use was associated with a reduction in ischemic complications and with an increase in pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure   Due to difficulty with the emulsion storage of Fluosol use (frozen storage and rewarming), its popularity declined and its production ended in 1994 
Oxygent was a second-generation, lecithin-stabilized emulsion of a PFC that was under development by Alliance Pharmaceuticals    In 2002 a Phase III study was halted early due an increase in incidences of strokes in the study arm 

Haemoglobin based
Haemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells, comprising about 33% of the cell mass  Haemoglobin-based products are called haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) Unmodified cell-free haemoglobin is not useful as a blood substitute because its oxygen affinity is too high for effective tissue oxygenation, the half-life within the intravascular space that is too short to be clinically useful, it has a tendency to undergo dissociation in dimers with resultant kidney damage and toxicity, and because free haemoglobin tends to take up nitric oxide, causing vasoconstriction Efforts to overcome this toxicity have included making genetically engineered versions, cross-linking, polymerization, and encapsulation HemAssist, a diaspirin cross-linked haemoglobin (DCLHb) was developed by Baxter Healthcare; it was the most widely studied of the haemoglobin-based blood substitutes, used in more than a dozen animal and clinical studies    It reached Phase III clinical trials, in which it failed due to increased mortality in the trial arm, mostly due to severe vasoconstriction complications    The results were published in 1999 Hemolink (Hemosol Inc , Mississauga, Canada) was a haemoglobin solution that contained cross-linked an o-rafinose polymerised human haemoglobin  Hemosol struggled after Phase II trials were halted in 2003 on safety concerns and declared bankruptcy in 2005 Hemopure was developed by Biopure Corp and was a chemically stabilized, cross-linked bovine (cow) haemoglobin in a salt solution intended for human use; the company developed the same product under the trade name Oxyglobin for veterinary use in dogs   Oxyglobin was approved in the US and Europe and was introduced to veterinary clinics and hospitals in March 1998  Hemopure was approved in South Africa and Russia  Biopure filed for bankruptcy protection in 2009  Its assets were subsequently purchased by HbO2 Therapeutics in 2014 PolyHeme was developed over 20 years by Northfield Laboratories and began as a military project following the Vietnam War  It is human haemoglobin, extracted from red blood cells, then polymerized, then incorporated into an electrolyte solution  In April 2009, the FDA rejected Northfield's Biologic License Application and in June 2009, Northfield filed for bankruptcy Dextran-Haemoglobin was developed by Dextro-Sang Corp as a veterinary product, and was a conjugate of the polymer dextran with human haemoglobin Hemotech was developed by HemoBiotech and was a chemically modified haemoglobin 
Somatogen developed a genetically engineered and crosslinked tetramer it called Optro  It failed in a phase II trial that was published in 2014 and development was halted A pyridoxylated Hb conjugated with polyoxyethylene was created by scientists at Ajinomoto and eventually developed by Apex Biosciences, a subsidiary of Curacyte AG; it was called "PHP" and failed in a Phase III trial published in 2014, due to increased mortality in the control arm, which led to Curacyte shutting down Similarly, Hemospan was developed by Sangart, and was a pegylated haemoglobin provided in a powdered form  While early trials were promising Sangart ran out of funding and closed down 

Stem cells
Stem cells offer a possible means of producing transfusable blood  A study performed by Giarratana et al  describes a large-scale ex-vivo production of mature human blood cells using hematopoietic stem cells  The cultured cells possessed the same haemoglobin content and morphology as native red blood cells  The authors contend that the cells had a near-normal lifespan, when compared to natural red blood cells Scientists from the experimental arm of the United States Department of Defense began creating artificial blood for use in remote areas and transfuse blood to wounded soldiers more quickly in 2010  The blood is made from the hematopoietic stem cells removed from the umbilical cord between human mother and newborn using a method called blood pharming  Pharming has been used in the past on animals and plants to create medical substances in large quantities  Each cord can produce approximately 20 units of blood  The blood is being produced for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency by Arteriocyte  The Food and Drug Administration has examined and approved the safety of this blood from previously submitted O-negative blood  Using this particular artificial blood will reduce the costs per unit of blood from $5,000 to equal or less than $1,000  This blood will also serve as a blood donor to all common blood types 

See also
Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology
Blood plasma substitute (disambiguation)
Blood transfusion
Bloodless surgery
Erythromer
Induced blood stem cells
Respirocyte
Theatrical blood
Passage 3:
Over-the-counter drug
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a requirement for a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be supplied only to consumers possessing a valid prescription   In many countries, OTC drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they contain ingredients that are safe and effective when used without a physician's care  OTC drugs are usually regulated according to their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) rather than final products   By regulating APIs instead of specific drug formulations, governments allow manufacturers the freedom to formulate ingredients, or combinations of ingredients, into proprietary mixtures The term over-the-counter (OTC) refers to a medication that can be purchased without a medical prescription  In contrast, prescription drugs require a prescription from a doctor or other health care professional and should only be used by the prescribed individual  Some drugs may be legally classified as over-the-counter (i e  no prescription is required), but may only be dispensed by a pharmacist after an assessment of the patient's needs or the provision of patient education  Regulations detailing the establishments where drugs may be sold, who is authorized to dispense them, and whether a prescription is required vary considerably from country to country 

Usage
As of 2011, around a third of older adults in the U S  reportedly used OTC drugs, and this number is increasing  By 2018, the prevalence of use by adults in the U S  as first-line treatment for minor illnesses had reached 81%, however there is some debate as to whether this figure relates to an actual improvement of health 

Regulation by country
Canada
In Canada, there are four drug schedules:
Schedule 1: Requires a prescription for sale and is provided to the public by a licensed pharmacist 
Schedule 2: Does not require a prescription but requires an assessment by a pharmacist prior to sale  These drugs are kept in an area of the pharmacy where there is no public access and may also be referred to as "behind-the-counter" drugs 
Schedule 3: Does not require a prescription but must be kept in an area under the supervision of a pharmacist  These drugs are kept in an area of the retail outlet where self-selection is possible, but a pharmacist must be available to assist in the self-selection of medication if required 
Unscheduled: Does not require a prescription and may be sold in any retail outlet All medications other than Schedule 1 may be considered an OTC drug, as they do not require prescriptions for sale  While the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities provides recommendations on the scheduling of drugs for sale in Canada, each province may determine its own scheduling  The drugs found in each schedule may vary from province to province 

India
In November 2016, India's Drug Consultative Committee announced it was embarking on establishing a definition of drugs which could be dispensed without a prescription  Prior to this, the general assumption was that any drug which did not fall into a prescription schedule could be purchased without a prescription   However, the needed definition had not been enacted by early 2018  The lack of a legal definition for OTC drugs has led to this US$4 billion market segment being effectively unregulated 

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, there are four categories:
UR (Uitsluitend Recept): prescription only
UA (Uitsluitend Apotheek): pharmacist only
UAD (Uitsluitend Apotheek of Drogist): pharmacist or drugstore only
AV (Algemene Verkoop): may be sold in general storesA drug that is UA may be sold OTC but only by pharmacists  The drug can be on the shelves like any other product  Examples are domperidone, 400 mg ibuprofen up to 50 tablets and dextromethorphan  A drug that is UAD can also be sold at drugstores which are stores where no prescription can be filled  The drugs are usually on the shelves, and the store also sells items like toys, gadgets, perfumes and homeopathic products  The drugs in this category have limited risk and addiction potential  Examples are naproxen and diclofenac in small amounts, cinnarizine, 400 mg ibuprofen up to 20 tablets and also 500 mg paracetamol up to 50 tablets  Drugs in the AV category can be sold at supermarkets, gas stations, etc  and include only drugs with minimal risk to the public, like paracetamol up to 20 tablets, 200 mg ibuprofen up to 10 tablets, cetirizine and loperamide 

United States
In the United States, the manufacture and sale of OTC substances are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration  The FDA requires that all "new drugs" obtain a New Drug Application (NDA) before entering interstate commerce, but the act exempts any drugs generally recognized as safe and effective (GRAS/E)  To deal with the vast number of OTC drugs that were already on the market before the requirement that all drugs obtain an NDA, the FDA created the OTC monograph system to review classes of drugs and to categorize them as GRAS/E after review by expert panels  Certain classes of OTC drugs would not be required to obtain an NDA and could remain on the market if they conformed to the monograph guidelines for doses, labeling, and warnings finalized in the Code of Federal RegulationsThus, an OTC drug product is allowed to be marketed either (1) pursuant to an FDA monograph or (2) pursuant to an NDA for products that do not fit within a specific monograph  There is also the possibility that certain OTC drug products are marketed under the grandfathering provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, but the FDA has never formally acknowledged that any legitimate grandfathered OTC drug exists 
Examples of OTC substances approved in the United States are sunscreens, anti-microbial and anti-fungal products, external and internal analgesics such as lidocaine and aspirin, psoriasis and eczema topical treatments, anti-dandruff shampoos containing coal tar, and other topical products with a therapeutic effect 
The Federal Trade Commission regulates advertising of OTC products, in contrast to prescription drug advertising, which is regulated by the FDA The FDA requires OTC products to be labeled with an approved "Drug Facts" label to educate consumers about their medications  The labels comply to a standard format and are intended to be easy for typical consumers to understand  Drug Facts labels include information on the product's active ingredient(s), indications and purpose, safety warnings, directions for use, and inactive ingredients The 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) includes reforms that modernize the way certain OTC drugs are regulated in the United States  Many OTC monographs need to be updated but updating or changing an OTC monograph requires the slow and burdensome notice-and-comment rulemaking process  The CARES Act includes OTC monograph reform provisions that replace the rulemaking process with an administrative order process 

Restricted over-the-counter substances
An ill-defined third category of substances is products having over-the-counter status from the FDA while being simultaneously subject to other restrictions on sale  While they are legally classified as OTC drugs, they are typically stored behind the counter and are sold only in stores that are registered with their state  They may be unavailable in convenience and grocery stores that stock other non-restricted OTC medications 
For example, many drugstores have moved products containing pseudoephedrine, an OTC product, into locations where customers must ask a pharmacist for them  A prescription is not required; the change has been made in an effort to reduce methamphetamine production  Since the passage of the Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act and the subsequent federal Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, the purchase of pseudoephedrine is restricted  Sellers of pseudoephedrine must obtain and record the identity of the purchaser and enforce quantity restrictions  After initial attempts to control methamphetamine use (by requiring documentation of sale with government issued ID as well as limits on the quantity an individual could purchase) failed to realize meaningful reductions in methamphetamine use and production, Mississippi passed House Bill 512 in the State Senate on February 2, 2010 "to require a prescription from a licensed medical professional to purchase over-the-counter medicines with pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, or any other precursor chemical that can readily and illicitly be converted into methamphetamine, Methcathinone or any active/scheduled analogs of Phenylethylamines/ amphetamine " However, products containing the substance are still OTC in most states, since no prescription is required 

A similar regulation once applied to some forms of emergency contraception  However, on February 25, 2014, the FDA approved generic one-pill emergency contraception products for unrestricted sale on the shelf  There is no age limit or need for ID to purchase Furthermore, some Schedule V controlled substances may be classified as OTC products in certain states  Such drugs are sold without a prescription but are subject to record-keeping rules and quantity and/or age restrictions, and they must be dispensed by a pharmacy  Finally, pharmacies frequently require a prescription for Schedule V drugs as a matter of policy, despite their OTC status according to applicable laws and regulations 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, medication is governed by the Medicines Regulations 2012  Medication falls into one of three categories:
Prescription Only Medication (POM), which are legally available only with a valid prescription from a prescriber  A pharmacist has to be on the premises for POM medicines to be dispensed, required by law  The medicine has been specifically prescribed for the patient holding the prescription, so it is considered safe for only the recipient to take  Just a small example of these include most antibiotics and all antidepressants or antidiabetic medications  Certain POM medicines are additionally marked Controlled Drug (CD) due to risk of abuse and the possibility of diversion for sale as street drugs  Examples of CDs include all benzodiazepines and strong opioids such as heroin and fentanyl 
General Sales List (GSL), available off the shelf with no pharmacy training required to sell (so they can be sold anywhere, such as supermarkets)  In general, they are considered safe for most people when taken correctly  Examples of these include 16-packs (or less) of painkillers such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, and aspirin as well as a host of other medications such as small pack sizes of some antihistamines, some laxative medication, and skin creams  Also includes the recreational substances alcohol, caffeine, and some nicotine preparations 
Pharmacy Medicines (P) are medicines that are legally neither a POM or GSL medication  These can be sold from a registered pharmacy but should not be available for self-selection (although directions to discuss a 'P' product may be allocated shelf space with associated GSL items)  'P' medications are reserved from the GSL list as they are either associated with a need for advice on use, or used in conditions which may require referral to a medical prescriber  Suitable trained counter assistants may sell a 'P' medication under the supervision of a pharmacist and will ask questions to determine if the customer needs to be referred for a discussion with a pharmacist  Some 'POM' medicines are available for use in certain situations and doses as 'P' medicines If it is not appropriate to sell a 'P' medication – i e  the condition is not suitable for self-management and requires referral to a medical prescriber – then a sale should not occur and the pharmacist has a legal and professional obligation to refer this on to an appropriate service 
Examples of these include some sleep aid tablets such as diphenhydramine, human deworming tablets such as Mebendazole, painkillers with small amounts of codeine (up to 12 8 mg per tablet), and pseudoephedrine  Medication available only with a prescription is marked somewhere on the box/container with [POM]  Pharmacy-only products are marked with [P]  A prescription is not required for [P] medicines, and pharmacy sales assistants are required by Royal Pharmaceutical Society codes to ask certain questions, which varies for what the customer says  If they ask for a specific product, the pharmacy assistant must ask "Who is it for," "How long have you had the symptoms," "Are you allergic to any medication," "Are you taking any medication" ('WHAM' questions)  If a customer asks for a remedy, e g , hay fever, then the two WHAM questions must be followed "Who is it for," "What are the symptoms," "How long have you had the symptoms," "Have you taken any action towards your symptoms," and "Are you taking any other medication " It is with this information that the pharmacist can halt the sale, if need be  No [POM], [P] or [GSL] products that are stocked in a pharmacy can be sold, dispensed, or pre-made until a responsible pharmacist is signed in and on the premises  Some medication available in supermarkets and petrol stations is sold only in smaller packet sizes  Often, larger packs will be marked as [P] and available only from a pharmacy  Frequently, customers buying larger-than-usual doses of [P] medicines (such as DXM, promethazine, codeine or Gee's Linctus) will be queried, due to the possibility of abuse 

Transitions between prescription and OTC
As a general rule, over-the-counter drugs have to be used primarily to treat a condition that does not require the direct supervision of a doctor and must be proven to be reasonably safe and well tolerated  OTC drugs are usually also required to have little or no abuse potential, although in some areas drugs such as codeine are available OTC (usually in strictly limited formulations or requiring paperwork or identification to be submitted during purchase) Over time, often 3–6 years, drugs that prove themselves safe and appropriate as prescription medicines may be switched from prescription to OTC  An example of this is diphenhydramine (Benadryl), an anti-histamine which once required a prescription but now is available OTC nearly everywhere  More recent examples are cimetidine and loratadine in the United States, and ibuprofen in Australia It is somewhat unusual for an OTC drug to be withdrawn from the market as a result of safety concerns, rather than market forces, though it does happen occasionally  For example, phenylpropanolamine was removed from sale in the United States over concern regarding strokes in young women  A study has been done examining consumer's perceptions about the risk of and access to nonprescription medication  The study concluded that a small percentage of consumers prefer having access to medication over potential risks of taking non-prescribed medication  Ranitidine was suspended in multiple markets due to concerns over the presence of the carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) In the United Kingdom, it was announced in February 2007 that Boots the Chemist would try over-the-counter sales of Viagra in stores in Manchester, England (previous available as prescription only)  Men aged between 30 and 65 could buy four tablets after a consultation with a pharmacist 

See also
Passage 4:
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act
The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4, 2011  The FSMA has given the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) new authority to regulate the way foods are grown, harvested and processed  The law grants the FDA a number of new powers, including mandatory recall authority, which the agency has sought for many years  The FSMA requires the FDA to undertake more than a dozen rulemakings and issue at least 10 guidance documents, as well as a host of reports, plans, strategies, standards, notices, and other tasks 
The law was prompted after many reported incidents of foodborne illnesses during the first decade of the 2000s and was largely crafted by members of the Grocery Manufacturers Association  Tainted food has cost the food industry billions of dollars in recalls, lost sales and legal expenses 
This bill is similar to the Food Safety Enhancement Act which passed the House in 2009  It is considered the first major piece of federal legislation addressing food safety since 1938  It is also the first piece of legislation to address intentional adulteration and Food Defense 

Background
The U S  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated in 2011 that each year 48 million people (1 in 6 Americans) get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die of foodborne diseases  31 pathogens are notorious for causing foodborne illness  Unspecified agents have insufficient data to estimate with certainty the agent-specific burden  Known agents that have not been identified as causing foodborne illness include microbes, chemicals, or other substance known to be in food  The ability for these known agents to cause illness has not been proven so they remain unidentified  
Considering that about 30% of the population is at risk for food borne sicknesses, over 14% of food supply to the United States is imported from other countries, and also new and more food items are becoming more complex or intricate, the FSMA was indeed needed 
 The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), enables FDA to better protect public health by strengthening the food safety system  It enables the FDA to focus more on preventing food safety problems rather than relying primarily on reacting to problems after they occur 
In 1998, the FDA announced a publication entitled "Guidance for Industry: Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables" in response to President Clinton's 1997 "Initiative to Ensure the Safety of Imported and Domestic Fruits and Vegetables"  They resulted in Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Handling Practices (GHP) certifications that became de facto industry requirements, but were not enforceable High-profile outbreaks related to various foods, from spinach and peanut products to eggs, have underscored the need to make continuous improvements in food safety 
Under this law the FDA will be allowed to mandate a system that is based on science and addresses the hazards from farm to table  This means that the FDA has the power to oversee how foods are produced and how they are maintained in food markets  This puts greater emphasis on preventing food-borne illness  The reasoning is simple: The better the system handles producing, processing, transporting, and preparing foods, the safer our food supply will be Under the new law, the FDA will now have new prevention-focused tools and a clear regulatory framework to help make substantial improvements in their approach to food safety  For example, for the first time, the FDA has a legislative mandate to require comprehensive, preventive-based controls across the food supply chain  Preventive controls include steps that a food facility would take to prevent or significantly minimize the likelihood of problems occurring  The new law also significantly enhances the FDA's ability to achieve greater oversight of the millions of food products coming into the United States from other countries each year 

Legislative history
The events of September 11, 2001, reinforced the need to enhance the security of the United States  Congress responded by passing the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act, "The Bioterrorism Act," which President Bush signed into law June 12, 2002 
The Bioterrorism Act of 2002 granted the FDA administrative detention authority over food items if there is credible evidence or information that indicates the food presents a threat of serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals  The new (FSMA) law broadens that authority, allowing for administrative detention based on ‘reason to believe’ that the food item has been misbranded or adulterated’ and thus violates a legal standard for the product 

The first version of the law, the Food Safety Enhancement Act, passed the House on June 9, 2009  However, negotiations with the Senate led to the final product, the "Food Safety and Modernization Act " The bill was passed by the Senate in November 2010 by a vote of 73–25  However, because of a tax provision added to the bill, (which is constitutionally required to begin in the House), the vote did not count  There was concern that with the short time left in the lame-duck session, the bill would not get the time needed to be voted on and passed  Attempts to add the bill to the continuing resolution for government funding were scrapped over the objection of Senator Tom Coburn  Eventually, however, the Senate moved on December 19, 2010, to pass the fixed bill by unanimous consent by a voice vote  The House went on to approve the bill by a vote of 215 to 144 on December 21, 2010  President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on Tuesday, January 4, 2011 Although this bill is meant to address food safety, there are, according to food safety advocate Bill Marler, some issues with its effectiveness  Many facilities, such as farms, restaurants, and nonprofit food establishments in which food is prepared for or served directly to the consumer are exempt from the requirements of the bill  Also exempt are facilities that produce food solely for non-human animals 

Tester-Hagan Amendment
Senators Jon Tester and Kay Hagan sponsored two amendments that removed farmers, ranchers and local processors from federal oversight, leaving them—as they currently are—within the existing regulatory framework of state and local health and sanitation laws and rules The amendment offered protections for operations (a k a  “qualified facilities”) that sell less than $500,000 a year and sell most (greater than 50%) of their products directly to consumers in the same state and within a 400-mile radius  The amendment also applies to all operations that the FDA classified as a "very small business " Small, local farmers would not necessarily need to comply with some of the requirements and produce safety regulations implemented under S  510  Instead, these small-scale producers (like those who sell their goods at farmers' markets or roadside stands) would continue to be regulated by local and state entities  In addition, consumers would know whom they are buying from either by direct sales or clear labeling Farmers who qualify must provide documentation that the farm is in compliance with state regulations  Documentation may include licenses, inspection reports, or other evidence that the farm is in compliance with State, local, county, or other applicable non-Federal food safety law  The farm must also prominently and conspicuously display the name and address of farm/facility on its label  For foods without a label then by poster, sign, or placard, at the point of purchase or, in the case of Internet sales, in an electronic notice, or in the case of sales to stores and restaurants, on the invoice 

Provisions
Impact and fees
The legislation affects every aspect of the U S  food system, from farmers to manufacturers to importers  It places significant responsibilities on farmers and food processors to prevent contamination—a departure from the country's reactive tradition, which has relied on government inspectors to catch tainted food after the fact The legislation requires food producers and importers to pay an annual $500 registration fee, which would help fund stepped-up FDA inspections, enforcement and related activities such as food-safety research
About 360,000 facilities in the United States and abroad would be subject to the fees  The Congressional Budget Office reported that the fees would not cover the cost of the new system, leaving the FDA to incur a net cost of $2 2 billion over five years 

Prevention
For the first time, the FDA will have a legislative mandate to require comprehensive, science-based preventive controls across the food supply, including pet food and animal feed 

Mandatory preventive controls for food facilities
Food facilities are required to implement a written Hazard Analysis and Risk-based Preventive Controls (HARPC) plan  This involves: (1) evaluating the hazards that could affect food safety, (2) specifying what preventive steps, or controls, will be put in place to significantly minimize or prevent the hazards, (3) specifying how the facility will monitor these controls to ensure they are working, (4) maintaining routine records of the monitoring, and (5) specifying what actions the facility will take to correct problems that arise  Animal food manufacturers must implement current Good Manufacturing Practices and Preventive Controls (Final rule published September 17, 2015)Mandatory produce safety standards
The FDA must establish science-based, minimum standards for the safe production and harvesting of fruits and vegetables  Those standards must consider naturally occurring hazards, as well as those that may be introduced either unintentionally or intentionally, and must address soil amendments (materials added to the soil such as compost), hygiene, packaging, temperature controls, animals in the growing area and water  (Final regulation due about 2 years following enactment)Radiological hazards
For the first time, firms must explicitly consider radioactive contamination as part of their hazard analysis, under chemical safety  The FDA does not anticipate that this will be a hazard that requires continuous monitoring with a Geiger counter  Rather, as an example, a firm that uses spring water in its products should consider having the water tested regularly for the presence of dissolved radon, tritium and heavy metal contaminants Authority to prevent intentional contamination
The FDA must issue regulations to protect against the intentional adulteration of food, including the establishment of science-based mitigation strategies to prepare and protect the food supply chain at specific vulnerable points  (Final rule due 18 months following enactment) This is the first time language involving Food Defense has been incorporated into law 

Inspection and compliance
The FSMA recognizes that preventive control standards improve food safety only to the extent that producers and processors comply with them  FSMA provides the FDA with new authority to conduct inspections and ensure compliance 

Mandated inspection frequency
The FSMA establishes a mandated inspection frequency, based on risk, for food facilities and requires the frequency of inspection to increase immediately  All high-risk domestic facilities must be inspected within five years of enactment and no less than every three years thereafter  Within one year of enactment, the law directs the FDA to inspect at least 600 foreign facilities and double those inspections every year for the next five years  To accomplish this projected goal, the USFDA and other agencies in the United States will work in partnership or collaborate with foreign governing bodies for help, due to lack of resources to meet the demand Records access
FDA will have access to records, including industry food safety plans and the records firms will be required to keep documenting implementation of their plans Testing by accredited laboratories
The FSMA requires certain food testing to be carried out by accredited laboratories and directs the FDA to establish a program for laboratory accreditation to ensure that U S  food testing laboratories meet high- quality standards  (Establishment of accreditation program due 2 years after enactment)Visual inspection
During an unannounced inspection by the FDA, a visual inspection will be conducted   During the inspection they will look at the building and equipment to see if there is any possibility of food contamination   The will probe into poor welds, condensation leaks especially over open product lines Swabbing of environment
During their cursory walk, the agent will also look for any areas and niches that they feel may be a harborage point for bacteria   The agents can and will take anywhere form 150- 200 swabs depending on how big the facility is   The agent will also take raw material samples as well as finished product   It is advised that the company does not take companion samples because this can double the chances of a lab error, and does not look good if the FDA's samples come up negative and the facilities positive and vice versa 

Response to contaminants/violations
The bill gives the FDA the authority to recall food in the case of contamination or illness  In addition, it requires farms to track their food and implement plans to deal with recalls or outbreaks of disease  FDA officials will also be given access to food growers records in the case of an outbreak  The bill also requires food importers to verify that they meet US food safety standards  Small farms that sell locally or sell less than $500,000 a year are exempt from these new rules  New authorities include:

Mandatory recall
The FSMA provides the FDA with authority to issue a mandatory recall when a company fails to voluntarily recall unsafe food after being asked to by the FDA 
Expanded administrative detention
The FSMA provides the FDA with a more flexible standard for administratively detaining products that are potentially in violation of the law (administrative detention is the procedure the FDA uses to keep suspect food from being moved) 
Suspension of registration
The FDA can suspend registration of a facility if it determines that the food poses a SOMEWHAT reasonable probability of serious adverse health consequences or death  A facility that is under suspension is prohibited from distributing food  (Effective 6 months after enactment)Enhanced product tracing abilities
The FDA is directed to establish a system that will enhance its ability to track and trace both domestic and imported foods  In addition, FDA is directed to establish pilot projects to explore and evaluate methods to rapidly and effectively identify recipients of food to prevent or control a food borne illness outbreak  (Implementation of pilots due 9 months after enactment)Additional Record keeping for High Risk Foods
The FDA is directed to issue proposed rule making to establish record keeping requirements for facilities that manufacture, process, pack, or hold foods that the Secretary designates as high-risk foods  (Implementation due 2 years after enactment) 

Additional information on imported goods
The FSMA gives the FDA authority to better ensure that imported products meet U S  standards and are safe for U S  consumers, with the vision that imported foods should be held to the same standards as domestic foods  These standards will be met by implementing the following components:

Importer accountability
For the first time, importers have an explicit responsibility to verify that their foreign suppliers have adequate preventive controls in place to ensure that the food they produce is safe  (Final regulation and guidance due 1 year following enactment)Third Party Certification
The FSMA establishes a program through which qualified third parties can certify that foreign food facilities comply with U S  food safety standards  This certification may be used to facilitate the entry of imports  (Establishment of a system for the FDA to recognize accreditation bodies is due 2 years after enactment)Certification for high risk foods
The FDA has the authority to require that high-risk imported foods be accompanied by a credible third party certification or other assurance of compliance as a condition of entry into the U S Voluntary qualified importer program
The FDA must establish a voluntary program for importers that provides for expedited review and entry of foods from participating importers  Eligibility is limited to, among other things, importers offering food from certified facilities  (Implementation due 18 months after enactment)Authority to deny entry
The FDA can refuse entry into the U S  of food from a foreign facility if the FDA is denied access by the facility or the country in which the facility is located 

Enhanced partnerships
The FSMA builds a formal system of collaboration with other government agencies, both domestic and foreign  In doing so, the statute explicitly recognizes that all food safety agencies need to work together in an integrated way to achieve our public health goals  The following are examples of enhanced collaboration:

State and local capacity building
The FDA must develop and implement strategies to leverage and enhance the food safety and defense capacities of State and local agencies  The FSMA provides the FDA with a new multi-year grant mechanism to facilitate investment in State capacity to more efficiently achieve national food safety goals Foreign capacity building
The law directs the FDA to develop a comprehensive plan to expand the capacity of foreign governments and their industries  One component of the plan is to address training of foreign governments and food producers on U S  food safety requirements Reliance on inspections by other agencies
The FDA is explicitly authorized to rely on inspections of other Federal, State and local agencies to meet its increased inspection mandate for domestic facilities  The FSMA also allows the FDA to enter into inter-agency agreements to leverage resources with respect to the inspection of seafood facilities, both domestic and foreign, as well as seafood imports 

Employee protections
The FSMA also includes provisions that protect employees who try to prevent food safety problems  Section 402 of the FSMA prohibits employers engaged in the manufacture, processing, packing, transporting, distribution, reception, holding or importation of food from retaliating against employees who disclose violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act  This particular portion of the FSMA is administered by the U S  Department of Labor 

Implementation
With the Act in place, the FDA began the rulemaking process to codify how to enforce the new laws Effective June 12, 2011, many food companies became required to develop food safety plans based on an evaluation of hazards related to food manufactured, processed, packed or held in all registered facilities  Following a hazard analysis, firms were required to identify and implement preventive controls to significantly minimize or prevent the occurrence of such hazards  Examples of preventive controls include sanitation procedures for food contact surfaces; employee hygiene training; environmental monitoring to verify pathogen controls; a recall plan; supplier verification activities; and a food allergen control program Even after completion of the rulemaking process, it was estimated that time would be required for the FDA to become fully equipped to enforce the new laws  The agency estimated that it would require at least 1,000 more inspectors and $1 4 billion over the following five years, with uncertainty that Congress would appropriate such funds given the economic climate at the time, and calls for spending cuts 

Rules
In 2012, the FDA was sued by consumer groups the Center for Food Safety (CFS) and the Center for Environmental Health for its failure to meet deadlines  In settling the litigation, the agency agreed to deadlines in 2015 and 2016 for certain rules The first public comment period occurred in 2013, and the agency received tens of thousands of comments in that period  The FDA previously submitted their proposed regulations to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review, and in that process the OMB weakened the regulations in a variety of ways 

FSMA progress report
The FDA has planned to make available to the general public and to Congress significant progress they have made towards implementing the FSMA  In March 2012, the FDA's Senior Advisor, Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network, Sherri McGarry, on a blog reported the types of foods to be used in the pilot project on tracing products to prevent illnesses  The list includes tomatoes, frozen Kung Pao-style dishes, jarred peanut butter, and dry, packaged peanut/spice  Tomatoes both sliced and whole were chosen because of the significant number of outbreaks recorded; mirroring a multifaceted food supply chain  It was recommended by majority of the food industry associations as the number one food product to be used in the pilot program The Frozen Kung Pao-style dishes contain ingredients such as chicken, red pepper spice and peanut products which are foods that are involved in outbreaks, and for this reason were included in the pilot project  In addition, it is supplied to diverse food chain distribution channels which could involve imported and domestic products  To increase the intricacy of the pilot project, the jarred peanut butter and dry, packaged spice peanut were included  That summer, the pilot projects results were expected to be accomplished with hopes of developing a complete product tracing system with the information received 

Funding
The Safety Act was signed into law along with the Government Performance and Results Modernization Act of 2010  The cost for the first five years was projected to be $1 4 billion, without being fully funded at that time 

Food facility registration
On October 22, 2012, the updated food facility registration system by the US FDA was made available  This update required all facilities previously registered prior to October 1, 2012, to renew registration  Failure to do so became a prohibited act, leading to refusal of entry for foreign products and illegal trade for domestic facilities  Every 2 years in even numbered years, every registered facility would be required to renew its registration between October 1 and December 31  Registration would be accepted by fax, mail and electronics means on the FDA food facility registration website 
As of January 22, 2014, there were 195,518 food facilities registered with the FDA 

Reaction and controversy
Large trade organizations joined public health advocates in supporting the bill, while groups aligned with individuals and small farms generally opposed it  However, after Senate adoption of Jon Tester's amendment, which allows for the possible exemption of producers that sell less than $500,000 a year, many large food companies objected, arguing that the exemption puts consumers at risk A year after enactment the agency had fallen behind on expected progress  It has yet to implement "a specific timetable for issuing" a process to create rule for science-based produce standards, has not completed rules for foreign supplier verification, and must still create a guidance that will help schools and childcare programs lessen allergy risks for school-age children A similar set of New Zealand rules, Food Bill 160-2, has been towards passage since 2010  The primary effects expected are to tie New Zealand to Codex Alimentarius and the World Trade Organization permanently, although those international agreements will be constantly adjusted  Despite its 366 pages, Food Bill 160-2 cannot directly resolve many threats to food safety, as there is no added Produce traceability nor methods to control Antibiotic resistance  Controversy has been intense in NZ regarding introduction of genetically-engineered plants and animals (GE); concern is that WTO and Codex will require opening up NZ to GE  The Soil & Health Association of New Zealand would not be able to complete their campaign towards making New Zealand organic by 2020 

Alcoholic beverage facilities exemption
There has been criticism that the FDA's proposed rule would be prohibitively expensive on the practice of alcoholic beverage facilities selling spent grain to farmers for animal food  Under current law, alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, cider and spirits, are exempt from the FDA's normal oversight of food products  The FDA will open up the rule to comments again this summer and then revise the proposal, which is due to be finalized by August 2015 The proposed rules regulate the "good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, processing, packing or holding of animal food" and "require that certain facilities establish and implement hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls for food for animals", but animal food at alcoholic beverage facilities would not be exempt pursuant to section 116 of FSMA since "those spent grains are not alcoholic beverages themselves, and they are not in a prepackaged form that prevents any direct human contact with the food" As of September 18, 2018, all brewers need to be in compliance with the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) 
Under the final rules the FDA is obligated to inspect every brewery in the USA over the next few years 
The FDA inspector will inspect and observe every level of the brewers operations 
They may and will review all record keeping files and are allowed to make copies and photographs for their records 
If the brewing facility fails the FDA inspection they will not only get fined but a stricter re-inspection will be required at a cost of over $200 per hour payable by the inspected brewer 
The USA brewing industry is legally obliged to provide a safe for consumption product and to ensure safety throughout the supply and manufacturing chain 
Brewing beer generally creates a much safer product than non-alcoholic beverages and foods, naturally protected from certain mycotoxins and bacteria, however it can still be contaminated by foreign bodies and chemicals at various stages within the manufacturing process 

See also
Codex Alimentarius
Food Bill 160-2 of New Zealand
Passage 5:
Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, also known as Dr  Wiley's Law, was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration  Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U S  Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors  It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary 
In the late 1800s, the quality of food in the United States decreased significantly as populations moved to cities and the time from farm to market increased  Many food producers turned to using dangerous preservatives, even formaldehyde, to keep food fresh  Simultaneously, the quality of medicine was abysmal  Quack medicine was frequent, and many drugs were addictive or dangerous without actually providing a curative effect  Opium and alcohol were chief ingredients, even in infant medicines  The work of muckraking journalists exposed the horrific practices of both industries and caused public outcry 
Foremost among such exposés was The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, published the same year as the act  With its graphic and revolting descriptions of unsanitary conditions and unscrupulous practices rampant in the meatpacking industry, it was an inspirational piece that kept the public's attention on the important issue of unhygienic meat processing plants   Sinclair quipped, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach," as outraged readers demanded and got the Pure Food and Drug Act, as well as the 1906 Federal Meat Inspection Act 

Historical significance
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act  Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U S  Department of Agriculture which was renamed the U S  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930  The Meat Inspection Act was assigned to what is now known as the Food Safety and Inspection Service, which remains in the U S  Department of Agriculture  The first federal law regulating foods and drugs, the 1906 Act's reach was limited to foods and drugs moving in interstate commerce  Although the law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration" for the first time and prescribed penalties for each  The law recognized the U S  Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards  The law was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen 

Particular drugs deemed addictive
Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed "addictive" and/or "dangerous" on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present  Alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannabis were all included on the list of these "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs  The law also established a federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as "a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors and other employees " Penalties under the law were modest, but an under-appreciated provision of the Act proved more powerful than monetary penalties  Goods found in violation of various areas of the law were subject to seizure and destruction at the expense of the manufacturer  That, combined with a legal requirement that all convictions be published as Notices of Judgment, proved to be important tools in the enforcement of the statute and had a deterrent effect upon would-be violators Deficiencies in this original statute, which had become noticeable by the 1920s, led to the replacement of the 1906 statute with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which was enacted in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt  This act, along with its numerous amendments, remains the statutory basis for federal regulation of all foods, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco, and radiation-emitting devices by the U S  Food and Drug Administration 

History of passage
An 1882 article in Scientific American describes "New Laws for Analyzing Food and Drugs" and highlights historical aspects  Part of the draft stated:"An article shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning of this act A -In the case of drugs:* If, when sold under or by a name recognized in the United States Pharmacopeia, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work * If when sold under or by a name not recognized in the United States Pharmacopeia, but which is found in some other pharmacopeia or ether standard work on materia medica, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work * If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard under which it is soldB -In the case of food or drink:* If any substance or substances has or have been mixed with it as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality of strength* If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted wholly or in part for the article*If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or is part abstracted* If it be an imitation of or be sold under the name of another article* If it consists wholly or in part of a diseased or decomposed, or putrid or rotten, animal or vegetable substance, whether manufactured or not, or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal* If it be colored, or coated, or polished, or powdered, whereby damage is concealed, or it is made to appear better than it really is, or of greater value"―Scientific American, 7 Jan 1882
It took 27 years to adopt the 1906 statute, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with foods and drugs in the U S  Muckraking journalists, such as Samuel Hopkins Adams, targeted the patent medicine industry with its high-alcoholic content patent medicines, soothing syrups for infants with opium derivatives, and "red clauses" in newspaper contracts providing that patent medicine ads (upon which most newspapers of the time were dependent) would be withdrawn if the paper expressed support for food and drug regulatory legislation 
The Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr  Harvey Washington Wiley, captured the country's attention with his hygienic table studies, which began with a modest Congressional appropriation in 1902  The goal of the table trial was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in foods during a period of rapid changes in the food supply brought about by the need to feed cities and support an industrializing nation increasingly dependent on immigrant labor  Wiley recruited young men to eat all their meals at a common table as he added increased "doses" of preservatives including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates  The table trials captured the nation's fancy and were soon dubbed "The Poison Squad" by newspapers covering the story  The men soon adopted the motto "Only the Brave dare eat the fare" and at times the publicity given to the trials became a burden  Though many results of the trial came to be in dispute, there was no doubt that formaldehyde was dangerous and it disappeared quickly as a preservative  Wiley himself felt that he had found adverse effects from large doses of each of the preservatives and the public seemed to agree with Wiley  In many cases, most particularly with ketchup and other condiments, the use of preservatives was often used to disguise insanitary production practices  Although the law itself did not proscribe the use of some of these preservatives, consumers increasingly turned away from many products with known preservatives 
The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous patent medicines  The Act arose due to public education and exposés from public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W  Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt 

Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration
The 1906 Act paved the way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is generally considered to be that agency's founding date, though the agency existed before the law was passed and was not named FDA until later  "While the Food and Drug act remains a foundational law of the FDA mission, it's not the law that created the FDA  [Initially,] the Bureau of Chemistry (the precursor to the FDA) regulated food safety  In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils  The FDIA was renamed the FDA in 1930 "The law itself was largely replaced by the much more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 

Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications
The Pure Food and Drug Act was initially concerned with ensuring products were labeled correctly  Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective  For example, there was an attempt to outlaw Coca-Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content; caffeine had replaced cocaine as the active ingredient in Coca-Cola in 1903  In the case United States v  Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, the judge found that Coca-Cola had a right to use caffeine as it saw fit, although Coca-Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court  It reached a settlement with the United States government to reduce the caffeine amount 
In addition to caffeine, the Pure Food and Drug Act required that drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage  Previously many drugs had been sold as patent medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels  Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled  It is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated  The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is cited by drug policy reform advocates such as Jim Gray as a successful model for re-legalization of currently prohibited drugs by requiring accurate labels, monitoring of purity and dose, and consumer education 
Passage 6:
List of Walmart brands
Walmart, Inc , like many large retail and grocery chain stores, offers private brands 

Apparel brands
Major brands
In March 2018, to better compete with Amazon and Target, Walmart introduced three new clothing lines and revamped an existing clothing line 
George – men's casual and dress clothing, shoes, and accessories (previously also women's and children's)
Terra & Sky – plus size women's clothing
Time and Tru – misses size women's clothing, shoes, and accessories
Wonder Nation – children's clothing, shoes, and accessories
K Alexander – Men's Accessories

Other brands
Athletic Works – men's, women's, and children's activewear
Brahma – men's and women's work boots
EV1 – women's casual clothing, accessories, and shoes endorsed by American television personality Ellen DeGeneres
No Boundaries, often abbreviated as NOBO – junior size women's and young men's clothing, shoes, and accessories
Joyspun – women's sleepwear and intimates

Major brands
Sam's Choice
Sam's Choice, originally introduced as Sam's American Choice in 1991, is a retail brand in food and selected hard goods  Named after Sam Walton, founder of Walmart, Sam's Choice forms the premium tier of Walmart's two-tiered core corporate grocery branding strategy that also includes the larger Great Value brand of discount-priced staple items Compared to Great Value products and to other national brands, Sam's Choice is positioned as a premium retail brand and is offered at a price competitive with standard national brands  It typically offers either competitive items in a given product category, or items in categories where the market leader is an "icon" (for example, Coca-Cola in the soft drink category) 
Most Sam's Choice beverage products (excluding Grapette and Orangette) are manufactured for Walmart by Cott Beverages  Other products in the line, including cookies, snack items, frozen meals, and similar grocery items, are made by a variety of agricultural and food manufacturers 
Competitive pricing of the Sam's Choice brand and store-branded and generic goods is possible because of the lower expense required to market a retail chain's house brand, compared to advertising and promotional expenses typically incurred by the national brands 
Most Sam's Choice-branded products have been replaced by either the relaunched Great Value brand, or the new Marketside brand  The brand was reintroduced in 2013 with a new logo and a focus on premium food products with organic ingredients 

Great Value
Great Value was launched in 1993 (but products were made as early as 1992) and forms the second tier, or national brand equivalent ("NBE"), of Walmart's grocery branding strategy Products offered through the Great Value brand are often claimed by Walmart to be as good as national brand offerings, but are typically sold at a lower price because of lower marketing and advertising expense  As a house or store brand, the Great Value line does not consist of goods produced by Walmart, but is a labeling system for items manufactured and packaged by a number of agricultural and food corporations, such as ConAgra, and Sara Lee which, in addition to releasing products under its own brand and exclusively for Walmart, also manufactures and brands foods for a variety of other chain stores  Often, this labeling system does not list location of manufacture of the product  Walmart contends that all Great Value products are produced in the United States  Otherwise, the country of origin would be listed 
As Walmart's most extensively developed retail brand, covering hundreds of household consumable items, the Great Value line includes sliced bread, frozen vegetables, frozen dinners, canned foods, light bulbs, trash bags, buttermilk biscuits, cinnamon rolls, pies, and many other traditional grocery store products  The wide range of items marketed under the Great Value banner makes it Walmart's top-selling retail brand 
The Great Value brand can also be seen in Canada, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and Brazil and some Trust Mart stores in Hunza Pakistan, through a partnership with Walmart but China is not included anywhere  Bharti EasyDay retail grocery stores sell Great Value brand products in India as well  Great Value brand products as well as Walmart merchandise are also present in Seiyu grocery stores (owned by Walmart) in Tokyo, Japan as of October 2014, despite at least one report of a transition away from the brand In 2009, the Great Value labels were redesigned to be predominantly white  The new redesign also includes over 80 new items, including thin-crust pizza, fat-free caramel swirl ice cream, strawberry yogurt, organic cage-free eggs, double-stuffed sandwich cookies, and teriyaki beef jerky  Walmart changed the formulas for 750 items, including: breakfast cereal, cookies, yogurt, laundry detergent, and paper towels  Great Value went through another redesign in 2013 for most of its food items, replacing predominantly white designs with more colorful packaging 

Equate
Equate is a brand used by Walmart for consumable pharmacy and health and beauty items, such as shaving cream, skin lotion, over-the-counter medications, and pregnancy tests  Before its takeover by Walmart, the formerly independent Equate brand sold consumer products at both Target and Walmart at lower prices than those of name brands  Equate is an example of the strength of Walmart's private label store brand  In a 2006 study, The Hartman Group marketing research firm issued a report which found that "Five of the top 10 "likely to purchase" private label brands are managed by Walmart including: Great Value, Equate, Sam's Choice, Walmart, and Member's Mark (Sam's Club), per the study " The report further noted that "   we are struck by the magnitude of mind-share Walmart appears to hold in shoppers' minds when it comes to awareness of private label brands and retailers "In mid-2010, the brand underwent a logo redesign, as well as packaging changes similar to the Great Value brand 

Mainstays
Mainstays is a brand marketed by Walmart for bedding, kitchen utensils, ready-to-assemble furniture, and home decor  Walmart also has the Better Homes & Gardens brand of home goods and furniture 

Ol' Roy
Ol' Roy is Walmart's store brand of dog food, created in 1983 and named after Sam Walton's dog  It has become the number-one selling brand of dog food in the United States  It is comparable to Nestlé's Purina In 1998, samples of Ol' Roy (together with various other brands) were subject to qualitative analyses for pentobarbital residue by the U S  Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine due to suspicion that the anesthetizing drug may have found its way into pet foods through euthanized animals  Pentobarbital was found in 5 out of the 8 Ol' Roy samples in the initial survey  The highest level of pentobarbital detected among all dog foods tested was an Ol' Roy formulation (Puppy Formula, Chicken and Rice) at 32ppb  The CVM concluded this level of pentobarbital would be unlikely to cause adverse effects even to the smallest dogs 

Special Kitty
Special Kitty is Walmart's store brand of cat food and other cat care products, such as litter and treats 

Parent's Choice
Parent's Choice is Walmart's store brand; including diapers, formula, and accessories  Like other Walmart store brands, its design and packaging was relaunched in 2010  Parent's Choice is manufactured by Wyeth, a pharmaceutical company that is a subsidiary of Pfizer  On October 15, 2009, representatives of Pfizer signed the final acquisition papers, making Wyeth a wholly owned subsidiary of that company, thus completing the US$68-billion dollar deal 

Play Day
Play Day is a wide-ranging brand of budget-priced children's toys  Play Day launched in between mid-2014 and early-2015, as a replacement brand for Kid Connection 

Pen+Gear
Pen+Gear is Walmart's store brand for school and office supplies  From notebooks, pens, markers, paper, binders, pencils and even paper shredders  Pen+Gear replaced the brand name Casemate in late 2016 

Additional brands
Homelines
Better Homes and Gardens is a product line with designs inspired from the popular magazine of the same name  It forms the premium tier to the Mainstays home brand, producing goods such as furniture, kitchen products, bedding, curtains and window blinds, decor, and other home products 
Hometrends products include small furniture, tableware and various home decor accessories, such as rugs and faux plants  (Discontinued in USA market)
Mainstays Kids
Your Zone is a home product line that tailors toward teenagers and college students 

Others
Adventure Force − toys suitable for outdoor use  Products include waterarms (water blaster guns) 
Allswell, a luxury bedding and mattress brand owned by Walmart, but only sold direct to consumer
AutoDrive – car care products, auto detailing products, interior accessories and some low price exterior accessories such as license plate frames
Best Occasions – party decorations and accessories, such as candles and hats
Bike Shop - bicycle tires, tubes, and accessories
Clear American – carbonated and flavored water  Was previously known as Sam's Choice Clear American
Co Squared, a cosmetics brand owned by Walmart, but only sold direct to consumer
ColorPlace – paint and painting tools  ColorPlace paint is made by PPG
Douglas – budget priced tires  Models include Xtra-Trac and Touring  Some models are made in a Goodyear plant 
Earth Spirit - shoes
EverStart is the brand for automotive and lawn mower batteries  The brand is also used for battery-related accessories, such as jumper cables  EverStart batteries are manufactured by Johnson Controls, Inc , (who also manufactures batteries for other store brands) primarily at plants in Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Fort Wayne, Indiana 
Expert Grill – grills, charcoal, and grilling accessories (Replaced Backyard Grill)
Fire Side Gourmet – pre-cooked burgers and steaks (was previously under the Sam's Choice label)
Gold's Gym – athletic and exercise equipment such as weights  Named after and licensed from the chain of fitness centers 
Hart - power tools and outdoor power equipment
Holiday Time – Christmas items such as Christmas trees, decorations, and wrapping paper
Home Bake Value – bread
Hyper Tough – hand tools, hardware and storage, some power tools (power tool lineup is gradually being replaced by Hart)
Kid Connection is used primarily for children's toys, but was also used for children's clothing and shoes 
Marketside – fresh foods usually found in Walmart's deli, produce, and bakery departments, such as salads, soups, breads, and sandwiches
Mash-Up Coffee (Walmart-exclusive) – luxury coffee beans
Motile - laptops, miscellaneous tech, and tech accessories
Oak Leaf – low-cost wines produced and bottled for Walmart selling at approximately $3 a bottle 
Onn (stylized as onn ) – consumer electronics, computer accessories, audio/visual accessories, and phone/tablet accessories
Our Finest/Notre Excellence is a brand for upscale chips, cookies, frozen dinners, etc  which are sold exclusively in Canada  This brand is comparable to World Table and is manufactured in Canada exclusively for Walmart Canada 
Overpowered – pre-built gaming desktops and laptops
Ozark Trail – outdoor equipment and footwear  (The Walmart Home Office is located in the Ozark mountain region in northwest Arkansas )
Price First/Prix Budget – entry-level everyday products, similar to Great Value, but generally at the lowest price point
Protege – luggage and travel accessories
ReliOn – diabetes care products, including blood glucose and blood pressure monitors, as well as medical thermometers, portable humidifiers and replacement filters for both ReliOn and name brand humidifiers
Spark Imagine - simple children's toys made with high-quality materials; comparable to Melissa and Doug
SuperTech is Walmart's brand of motor oil  Oil for both gasoline and diesel engines is sold under the SuperTech brand  The brand is also used on other consumable automotive products, such as oil filters, windshield wiper fluid, and transmission fluid 
Tasty - kitchen tools (Walmart exclusive under license from BuzzFeed)
The Office – office supplies and stationery
Uniquely J, a brand under Walmart's Jet com website
Walmart Family Mobile is Walmart's exclusive prepaid mobile phone (cell phone) service provided through the T-Mobile cellular network 
World Table – upscale salsa, pizza, chips, cookies, etc , which are manufactured exclusively for Walmart and fancier than the Great Value entry
WAY TO CELEBRATE! – holidays such as Halloween, Valentine's Day, and St  Patrick's Day are manufactured exclusively at Walmart

Former brands
Backyard Grill – grills, charcoal, and grilling accessories (Discontinued)
Durabrand was a brand used for home electronics, such as televisions and DVD players  The brand was also used on various small kitchen appliances 
iLo Technologies was another brand of home electronics, consisting of more upscale items such as televisions, small electronics and digital music players 
Blackweb were premium electronics products; discontinued after a rebranding of the Onn line in 2020 
Canopy was a home product line for rooms and other domestic goods  The brand was replaced by the Better Homes and Gardens line in 2012 
Casemate was Walmart's school and office supplies brand in 2015  In late 2016, it was replaced by Pen+Gear 
Faded Glory was an apparel brand for women, men, and children  It was replaced by Time & Tru (for women), George (for men), and Wonder Nation (for children) in 2018 
Metro 7 was an upscale brand of women's apparel that was originally released in the fall of 2006 and eventually was discontinued 
Price First was a bottom-tier, low-priced generic brand that Walmart introduced in late 2013  It included very basic grocery items, trash bags, and paper goods  It was launched as an experimental brand targeted towards the most budget-conscious shoppers  It was the lowest priced brand at Walmart and availability varied by stores  Some of the grocery items included milk (which is often brand-name milk with a Price First label, as is Great Value milk), bread, granulated sugar, canned fruit/vegetables, boxed brownie mix, toaster pastries, elbow pasta, egg noodles, spaghetti, and skillet meals  Non-grocery items included paper towels, toilet tissue, trash bags, and food storage bags  The brand was discontinued in 2016 
Promark was a brand for tools in the 1980s and early 1990s  It was replaced by Popular Mechanics branding 
Puritan was a brand for men's basic clothing, including shirts, pants, undergarments, socks, ties, and some accessories  In late 2010, the brand was discontinued and replaced by Faded Glory (with undergarments, socks and casual clothing) and George (with ties, shirts, pants and formal clothing) 
725 Originals was a brand at Walmart Canada that targeted teens  It was consolidated into the George label in 2010 [1]
Dr Thunder was a brand of soft drink produced for Walmart stores  It was originally called "Southern Lightning", but the name was changed to reflect its similarities to Dr Pepper  Since 2009, Walmart has sourced their store brand sodas from multiple companies, having previously exclusively used Cott Beverages as its manufacturer  The soda, as with all Walmart store brands, is also carried by Asda stores in the UK 

See also
Big-box store
Niagara Bottling



ground_truth: Yaroslavl Oblast

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The food safety system of the agency that has the authority to decide if a drug is marketed otc or prescription is known as?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

History
Rio Frio had its origins with the establishment and development of the Camino Real (Royal Road) linking Mexico City and Veracruz via Puebla, during the colonial era and renamed Camino Nacional (National Road) in the early years of the independent Mexico when there was no other major roadway to the capital from the east coast 
Rio Frio was established at the pass at the top of the mountain range between the Valley of Mexico and Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley surrounded by lush pine forests  It provided food and lodging for the huge number of travelers and riches that were transported along this road, since it was often necessary stay to over night in this place 
During the early years of independent Mexico, this area known as El Monte Rio Frio, became the haunt of bands of raiders who robbed travelers passing through the area   The Mexican government had no ability to protect the roads from these bandits which became common in the area of Rio Frio 
During the Mexican–American War, Río Frío was the post of E,F,G,H,I,J and L companies of the Second Ohio Volunteer Infantry   It was one of the American garrisons protecting their line of communications from Mexico City via Puebla to Vera Cruz from the guerrilla forces of Mexico The story of the banditry of Río Frío was made famous by the novel, Los bandidos de Río Frío, by the writer Manuel Payno; this situation ended with the arrival of the government of Porfirio Diaz, who with the use of the Guardia Rural restored security on the roads   This novel was made into a telenovela in 1976 
Popular for hikers and climbers, the town is the main point of access to the Zoquiapan National Forest, which has large areas covered in high mountain forests and volcanos, such as Iztaccíhuatl, Telapón, mount Tlaloc and Cerro Gordo  From the north west part of town there are antique trails that lead to the summit of mount Tlaloc, an extinct volcano on which stands an archeological ceremonial site which at 4,120 m is the highest standing archeological site in the Americas  It was historically recorded as a place of  pilgrimship during precolonial times, intended to the adoration of the Mesoamerican rain deity Tlaloc  Today there are still followers of these traditions, most notably people who believe the site to be the Tlalocan, a mythological utopia referred in various ancient Toltec and aztec codexes  In this Mythology the site regarded as the dwelling place of Tlaloc 
The  town is also famous for its alpine architecture  and for having one of the lowest average temperature rates in central Mexico; the surroundings of the town are also famous for having a large number of weekend alpine style farms and cabins, and for the High Mountain food style stands along the main roads between Mexico City and Puebla 
Passage 8:
Taifa of Morón
The Taifa of Morón (Arabic: طائفة مورور) was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom that existed from around 1010 to 1066  From 1066 until 1091 it was under the forcible control of Seville, by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid 

List of Emirs
Dammarid dynasty
Abu Tuziri al-Dammari: ?–1013/4
Nuh: 1013/4–1041/2
Muhammad: 1041/2–1057
Manad: 1057–1066

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Passage 9:
Mission San Francisco Solano (California)
Mission San Francisco Solano was the 21st, last, and northernmost mission in Alta California  It was named for Saint Francis Solanus  It was the only mission built in Alta California after Mexico gained independence from Spain  The difficulty of its beginning demonstrates the confusion resulting from that change in governance   The California Governor wanted a robust Mexican presence north of the San Francisco Bay to keep the Russians who had established Fort Ross on the Pacific coast from moving further inland   A young Franciscan friar from Mission San Francisco de Asis wanted to move to a location with a better climate and access to a larger number of potential converts The Mission was successful, given its short eleven year life, but was smaller in number of converts and with lower productivity and diversity of industries than the older California missions The mission building is now part of the Sonoma State Historic Park and is located in the city of Sonoma, California 

History
The mission was founded then managed by a succession of priests and friars over its duration 

Fr  Altamira
Fr  José Altimira at age 33 arrived from Barcelona, Spain, to serve at Mission San Francisco de Asís  The mission was not thriving because of its climate and had established a medical asistencia ("sub-mission") in San Rafael to help the mission's ill neophytes (baptized Native Americans) recover their health  California Governor Luis Argüello was interested in blocking the Russians at Bodega Bay and Fort Ross from moving further inland  Together they developed and presented to the church authorities and the territory (legislature) a plan for moving Mission San Francisco de Asís and the San Rafael asistencia to a new location north of the Bay  The legislature approved but the church authorities did not respond (they had forwarded the plan to their superiors in Mexico)  Under the old Spanish regime, founding a new mission required the approval of both New Spain's Bishop and the King's Viceroy Beginning in 1823, while waiting for a response from the church authorities, Fr  Altimira, with military escorts, began exploring north of the Bay for a suitable mission site  On July 4, 1823, the soldiers placed a large redwood cross on the place in the Sonoma Valley where they expected the new Mission San Francisco de Assis to be established  They celebrated Mass to consecrate the location, then returned south to begin gathering men and materials to begin construction The area around the selected site was not empty  It was near the northeast corner of the territory of the Coast Miwok, Southern Pomo to the northwest, Wappo to the northeast, Suisunes and Ptwin peoples to the east  A detachment of soldiers from the Presidio of San Francisco would be provided to protect the Mission and guard the neophytes Altimira with soldiers and neophytes primarily from Mission San Francisco de Asís returned to the Sonoma area near the end of August  Altimira decided there was a better place to build on the other side of the valley  Just after starting he received a letter from Father-President Sarria who refused Altimira permission to continue building  Fr  Altimira obeyed and the month of September saw continuing negotiations between California's civil and religious leaders  On September 30 an agreement was reached:  a new mission could be built and Fr  Altimira would be its minister, but Mission San Francisco de Asís would not be closed and the San Rafael asistencia had already been designated as a full mission (Mission San Rafael Arcángel) Beginning in October 1823 Fr  Altimira had the opportunity to build his new mission at the location he chose, but since Mission San Francisco de Asís would remain open this Mission needed a different patron saint  Altimira chose San Francisco Solano, a 17th-century Franciscan missionary to South America  His company of soldiers and neophytes set about building all the facilities needed in a California mission  His annual report for 1823 listed no baptisms, one marriage, one funeral, a population of 482 Indians (all transferred from other missions) and 1341 animals  The work had started too late in the year for anything to be planted and harvested 
On April 4, 1824, Passion Sunday, Father Altimira proudly dedicated his church  It was a crude, temporary structure but it symbolized development at the Mission  The church was built of whitewashed boards but was well furnished and decorated  Many of the articles were gifts from the Russians at Fort Ross  It also held a canvas painting of San Francisco Solano which had been donated by the Father-President  Furthermore, the Mission had been promised a relic of the patron saint to put in the altar The Mission continued to develop until an argument arose about the sharing of the bountiful 1826 harvest  Indians not living at the Mission were unhappy with the amount allocated for their work; they burned some of the wooden buildings in protest  Fr  Altimira with a few faithful neophytes fled to Mission San Rafael Arcángel 

Fr  Fortuni
Fr  Buenaventura Fortuni, an aging Spanish Franciscan who had been working at Mission San José in California, was assigned to replace Altimira  Fr  Fortuni quickly reestablished order and morale and the work of building the mission restarted  He arranged the main buildings to form a large, square enclosure 
In 1830 Fr  Fortuni, having labored alone at this mission for three and a half years, felt the need to transfer to another mission where the workload could be shared  He was 58 years old  The Mexican government had in 1826 required that all the Spanish friars who would not pledge loyalty to Mexico leave  Fr  Fortuni had been exempt from this rule but all new churchmen would be required to take the pledge 

Fr  Gutierrez
Fr  Fortuni was replaced by Fr  José Gutiérrez, a Franciscan friar from South America  Fr  Gutierrez continued to build and increased the agricultural effort  By 1832 the mission had 27 rooms in the convento or priest's quarters, with a great adobe church at the east end, and a wooden storehouse (the original mission chapel) at the west end  Completing this enclosure were workshops where the Indians were taught to be craftsmen and created the items needed to help the mission be self-sufficient  Along the back of the courtyard were the living quarters and workrooms for the young Indian girls  In addition to the quadrangle, there were orchards, gardens, vineyards, fields of grain, a gristmill, houses for the soldiers and Indian families, a jail, a cemetery, and an infirmary The most successful year of this mission's short life span (11 years) was 1832  In his annual report for that year, Fr  Gutierrez recorded the following: 127 baptisms, 34 marriages, and 70 deaths; a total of 996 neophytes (coming from 35 area villages); the livestock inventory included 6,000 sheep and goats, 900 horses, 13 mules, 50 pigs and 3,500 head of cattle  Crops were measured in fanegas, or Spanish bushels, a variable measure of volume generally between 50 and 60 liters  In 1832 the mission produced 800 fanegas of wheat, 1025 fanegas of barley, 52 fanegas of peas, 300 fanegas of corn, 32 fanegas of beans, and 2 fanegas of garbanzos 

Secularization
In 1833 the Mexican Congress decided to close all of the missions in Alta California with the passage of the Mexican secularization act of 1833  Governor Figueroa issued a regulation (Reglamento Provisional para la secularization de las Misiones) on August 9, 1834, outlining the requirements for the distribution of property (land, cattle, and equipment) to each mission's neophytes  Among the provisions were that "5  To each head of a family and to all over 20 years old, will be given from the Mission lands a lot not over 400 nor less than 100 varas square" (28 to 7 acres)  Plus "6     pro rata   one-half of the livestock" and "7      half or less of the existing chattels, tools, and seed   " 

Closure
Mission San Francisco Solano officially ceased to exist on November 3, 1834, when it was designated a First Class Parish  The Spanish missionaries were to be replaced by parish priests – the first was Fr  Lorenzo Quijas who had earlier been assigned to Sonoma and San Rafael Lieutenant (teniente) Mariano Vallejo, Commandant of the Presidio of San Francisco, was named administrator (comisionado) to oversee the closing of the Mission under the Reglamento  Fr  Quijas moved back to San Rafael in July 1835, after many disputes with Guadalupe Antonio Ortega, Vallejo's majordomo to whom he had delegated the work of secularization  Ortega (sometimes called Sergeant Ortega) was “uneducated, coarse and licentious"  Right after returning to San Rafael, Padre Quijas wrote a letter to Commissary Perfect Garcia Diego, his superior, complaining about the situation in Sonoma and specifically the "abominable deeds of Ortega " Quijas then gives names of witnesses to be called against Ortega  Upon receipt of the letter, Fr  Diego forwarded it to Governor José Figueroa demanding some action against Ortega  The Governor was critically ill and died at the end of the following month  No action was taken  It wasn't until the summer of 1837, because of new scandals and unsatisfactory accounts, that Ortega was removed After Fr  Quijas left, the neophyte population decreased rapidly, most returning to their home villages – taking their movable property with them – or moving to ranchos {including Vallejo's Petaluma Adobe} to work, or staying in Sonoma as servants  Some former Mission Indians reportedly received their allotted land and cattle from the Mission (none of these small plots of land were permanently recorded ) In August 1839, the government sent William Edward Petty Hartnell as Visitador General de Misiones to check compliance with the Reglamento but Vallejo avoided responding – claiming he did not have time because of military affairs  No effective review of the secularization of the Sonoma mission was ever completed 

Decline
The mission buildings rapidly fell into disrepair  The town of Sonoma was growing and building materials were in great demand  Roof tiles, timbers, and adobe bricks were salvaged from the mission buildings  After the settlers had ransacked the old buildings, nature began recycling the remnants 

In 1841, Mariano Vallejo ordered a small adobe chapel to be built on the location of the first wooden mission chapel  It became the church of the parish and replaced the large mission church which was rapidly deteriorating  It stood on the west end of the Convento and so is often thought to be the church of the old mission During 1863 President Abraham Lincoln transferred ownership of all the mission churches in California to the Roman Catholic Church  In 1881, the Sonoma church property was sold to a local businessman and a new parish church was built across town  At one time, the old adobe chapel was used as a warehouse  The Convento may have been used as a winery 

Reconstruction, memorial and hospital
In 1903, the two remaining mission buildings were purchased by California Historic Landmarks League, and became part of the California Park System in 1906  By 1913, both had been reconstructed  After the 1940s, the former church and Convento were remodeled along more authentic lines suited to exhibits devoted exclusively to mission history Dedicated in 1999, the Sonoma Mission Indian Memorial honors the more than 800 native people (including over 200 children) who died while living and working at the Mission between 1824 and 1839   Their Christian names, as recorded by the priests in the Mission's records, are inscribed on this granite memorial  European diseases such as measles and smallpox, for which Native Americans had no inherited resistance, together with the overcrowded and unhealthy living conditions (by today's standards) at all California missions (especially for women and children) contributed to the high death rate  However, the missions served, with the resources of the time, the health needs of its inhabitants, including those of Indian origin  Thus, the first hospital in California was founded in 1817 to care for the Indians of the Mission San Francisco de Asís, in what later became an independent Mission, the Mission San Rafael Arcangel, in San Rafael, California 

California Historic Landmark
On June 1, 1932, Mission San Francisco Solano was designated California Historical Landmark #3 

See also
San Francisco Bay Area portal

Spanish missions in California
List of Spanish missions in California
Mission San Gabriel
Mission San Rafael Arcángel
El Presidio de Sonoma
USNS Mission Solano (AO-135) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II
Sonoma Plaza – the U S  National Historic Landmark District in front of the mission
Mission Guadalupe - the final Dominican mission to be founded, June 1834

Notes
Passage 10:
Taifa of Tejada
The Taifa of Tejada (Arabic: طائفة تيجادا) was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom that existed only from 1146 to 1150 when it was conquered by the Almohad Caliphate  It was centered at the town of Tejada located in the present day Province of Burgos in northern Spain  It was ruled by an Arab family of the Banu Khazraj tribe  They claimed descent from Anas ibn Malik who was a sahaba (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad 

List of Emirs
Khazraj dynasty
Yusuf al-Khazraji (in Niebla 1145–?): 1146–1150
Passage 11:
Taifa of Mértola
The Taifa of Mértola (Arabic: طائفة مارتلة) was a medieval Islamic Moorish taifa that existed in what is now southeastern Portugal  It existed during three distinct periods: from 1033 to 1044, from 1144 to 1145, and from 1146 to 1151  From 1044 until 1091 it was under the forcible control of the Taifa of Seville, by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid  Its short-lived history ended in 1151, when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate 

List of Emirs
Abbadid dynasty
Abbad II al-Mu'tadid:1033-1044Becomes part of Seville: 1044–1091 (Abbadid Family)

Almoravid dynasty
To Almoravid dynasty: 1091–1144

Qasid dynasty
Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi: 1144–1145, d  1151
To Badajoz: 1145–1146
Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi (restored): 1146–1151
To Almohads: 1151–1250
Passage 12:
Taifa of Jaén
The Taifa of Jaén (Arabic: طائفة جيان) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom centered in Al-Andalus  It existed for only two very short periods: first in 1145 and then in 1168  It was ruled by Arabs of the Banu Khazraj tribe  The Taifa was centred in the present day region of Jaén in southern Spain 

List of Emirs
Yuzaid dynasty
Ibn Yuzai: 1145

Huddid dynasty
Abu Dja'far Ahmad Zafadola (also Cord , Gran , Val ): 1145
To Almohads: 1145–1159
To Murcia: 1159–1168

Hamuskid dynasty
Ibrahim: 1168
To Murcia: 1168–1232
Passage 13:
Taifa of Murviedro and Sagunto
The Taifa of Murviedro and Sagunto was a medieval taifa kingdom that existed in a short period from 1086 to 1092 

List of Emirs
Lubbunid dynasty
Abu 'Isa Lubbun: 1086–1092
Passage 14:
Taifa of Guadix and Baza
The Taifa of Guadix and Baza was a medieval Moorish taifa kingdom  It existed from 1145 to 1151, when it was conquered by the Taifa of Murcia 

List of Emirs
Malyanid dynasty
Ahmed ibn Muhammed ibn Malyan al-Muta'yyad: 1145–1151
Passage 15:
Taifa of Santarém
The Taifa of Santarém (Arabic: طائفة شنترين) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom in what is now central Portugal  It existed from 1144 to 1145  It was centered in the city of Santarém and encompassed much of the present day Santarém District  The Taifa was ruled by the Arab tribe of Banu Khazraj which had its origin in the Hejaz region of Arabia 

List of Emirs
Labidid dynasty
Labid: 1144–1145
To Badajoz: c  1145–1147
Passage 16:
Gonzalo Güell
Gonzalo Güell y Morales de los Ríos (February 16, 1895, in Havana, Cuba – September 2, 1985, in Coral Gables, Florida, U S ) was a Cuban lawyer and a career diplomat (1919–1959) 

Career
Guell was Foreign Minister of Cuba from 1956 to 1959 and Prime Minister of Cuba from March 12, 1958, to January 1, 1959  He also served as the Cuban Ambassador to Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Norway and the United Nations 
He was one of the 40 persons that flew with Fulgencio Batista to the Dominican Republic on New Year's Eve 1959 when Fidel Castro took over Cuba 

Personal life
He was married three times  Two of his wives were Francisca Pubill and Juana Inigo  He had one daughter 
Passage 17:
Taifa of Tortosa
The Taifa of Tortosa (Arabic: طائفة طرطوشة) was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom  It existed for two separate periods, from 1010 to 1060 and 1081 to 1099  It was founded by the Slavic warlord Labib al-Fata al-Saqlabi 

List of Emirs
Saqlabi (Servile Rulers) dynasty
Labib al-Fata al-Saqlabi (Valencia 1017–1019): c  1009–bfr  1039/40
Muqatil Sayf al-Milla: bfr  1039/40–1053/4
Ya'la: 1053/4–1057/8
Nabil: 1057/8–1060
To Zaragoza: 1060–1081 or 2/3

Huddid dynasty
al-Mundir 'Imad ad-Dawla: 1081 or 1082/3–1090
Sulayman Sayyid: 1090–c 1115
To Morocco: c 1115–1148

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Passage 18:
Taifa of Tavira
The Taifa of Tavira (Arabic: طائفة تاويرا) was a medieval Islamic taifa Moorish kingdom in what is now southern Portugal  It existed only from around 1146 to 1150  It was centered in the city of Tavira 

List of Emirs
'Umarid dynasty
'Umar: fl  mid-12th century (1146–1150)
To Almoravids: c  1150–1250
Passage 19:
Taifa of Carmona
The Taifa of Carmona (Arabic: طائفة قرمونة) was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom  It existed for two distinct periods: first from 1013 to 1066 when it was conquered by the Taifa of Seville, and secondly from around 1143 to 1150 when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate  The taifa was established and ruled by the Zenata Berber Birzalid dynasty 

Origins
The Banu Birzal was a Zenata Berber tribe  settled in the Zab region and belonging to the confederations of the central Maghreb (Maghreb al-Awsat) 

List of emirs
Birzalid dynasty
'Abd Allah: 1013/4–1023/4
Muhammad: 1023/4–1042/3
Ishaq: 1042/3–1052/3
Al-'Aziz: 1052/3–1066/7
To Seville: 1066/7–1091
To Morocco: 1091-c  1143

Darddusid dynasty
Darddus: fl  mid-12th century
To Morocco: 1150–1248

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Passage 20:
Taifa of Ronda
The Taifa of Ronda (Arabic: طائفة رندة) was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom centered in Moorish al-Andalus in what is now southern Spain  It existed from 1039 to 1065  The taifa was ruled by a family from the Berber Banu Ifran tribe of North Africa  Its capital was the city of Ronda  From 1065 until 1091, the taifa was under the control of the Taifa of Seville, led by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid 

List of Emirs
Yafranid dynasty
Abu Nour: 1039/40–1053/4
Badis ibn Hilal: 1053/4–1057/8
Abu Nur Hilal (restored): 1057/8
Abu Nars Fatuh: 1057/8–1065

See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties



ground_truth: Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)