prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What mythology is the city where Eutychides was born in a part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ann Peoples
Ann Elizabeth Peoples (née Murphy; January 31, 1947 – November 12, 2019) was an American politician from Maine  A Democrat, Peoples was elected for the third time in 2010 to represent part of Westbrook, Cumberland County  She also has served on the Westbrook City Council and Planning Board Peoples was unable to seek re-election to the Maine House of Representatives for a 5th consecutive term in 2014 due to term-limits  She was replaced by fellow Democrat Dillon Bates  Bates resigned from the seat in September 2018  Peoples was elected again to the Maine House in November 2018, defeating Republican Jim Borque Peoples died on November 12, 2019 
Passage 2:
Nicholas Girod
Nicolas Girod (French spelling) or Nicholas Girod (April 1751—September 1840) was the fifth mayor of New Orleans, from late in 1812 to September 4, 1815  He was the first mayor of the city after Louisiana entered into the Union as a state 

Biography
Nicolas Girod, born into a prominent family in Savoy, migrated to Spanish Louisiana in the late 1770s with brother Claude François (1752-1813) and brother-in-law Andre-Marie Quetant and was later joined by brother Jean François (1773-1850)  He prospered as a commission merchant and owner of extensive property in New Orleans, especially in the American quarter  They conducted commercial enterprises with area planters in what was known as the commission or factorage business  The Girods kept a wholesale and retail store in the vicinity of the levee landing, which in later years was transferred to the building at the corner of Chartres and St  Louis streets  He owned a large number of properties in the area of today's Central Business District, in the vicinity of Girod Street In 1812, He was the first regularly-elected mayor of New Orleans after Louisiana's admission to the Union  He was initially elected on September 21, 1812  Girod took office on November 5 of that year and served until September 4, 1814; at which date he was re-elected, resigning on September 4, 1815  He was briefly out of office in his first year, most likely due to illness, before retaking his position 
It was during his time in office that The War of 1812 broke out, and he prepared the city to defend itself against a British invasion force  He welcomed in General Andrew Jackson who declared martial law upon entering New Orleans in December 1814, having marched overland from present-day southern Alabama and then crossing Lake Pontchartrain  He ruled over the city until ending martial law in March 1815  After the Battle of New Orleans, Girod retired from politics and returned to manage his many businesses Girod was a noted philanthropist  Among other provisions in his 1837 holographic will, he left a bon (obligation) of $100,000 to be applied to the construction of a facility in Orleans Parish for the housing and care of Louisiana's French orphans  Other institutions and individuals were recipients under this will, including Charity Hospital, $30,000 Nicolas Girod died on September 1, 1840, at his home located on the corner of Chartres and St  Louis streets  Both New Orleans and Mandeville, Louisiana, have a Girod Street, named in Nicolas Girod's honor  He never married and had no children 

Plot to free Napoleon
New Orleans was full of excitement in the spring of 1821 when Girod remodeled and furnished a house he owned on Chartres Street, that he inherited from Claude Francois Girod, which is now known as the Napoleon house  Girod was one of the prominent financial sponsors of a plan to rescue Napoleon Bonaparte from his exile in Saint Helena, and bring him back to live in New Orleans at the Napoleon house  The ship Seraphine was constructed and would sail out on its mission commanded by Capt  Bossier and Louisiana pirate Dominique You  The expedition set sail, but returned when signaled by a French merchantman that Napoleon had died May 5, 1821 

See also
Battle of New Orleans
Napoleon House
Girod Street Cemetery
Passage 3:
Pete Harman
Leon Weston "Pete" Harman (January 16, 1919 – November 19, 2014) was an American businessman best known for having struck a deal with Colonel Harland Sanders to open the first KFC franchise  Located in Salt Lake City, Utah, Harman's location opened for business in August 1952 

Early life
Harman was born in 1919 in Granger, now a part of West Valley City, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah to David Reese Harman (1874–1924) and Grace May Hemenway (1879–1919)   Harman was the youngest of 14 children in a Latter-day Saint family  Harman's mother died two days after he was born, and his father later married Caroline Hemenway Harman, the widow of Pete's uncle  Harman was a major donor to the construction of the Caroline Hemenway Harman Continuing Education Building at Brigham Young University, named after his step-mother Harman and his wife, Arline, opened their first restaurant, The Do Drop Inn, with two employees in 1941  They had met in the 1930s while both employees at the same restaurant in San Francisco, California, and married in 1938 

Career
Harman worked with Colonel Sanders to develop and prepare the KFC system for franchising, working to develop training manuals and product guides  His other claims to fame are the development of the bucket packaging and the emphasis on the "Finger-lickin' good" motto 
In 1990 the International Foodservice Manufacturer Association recognized Harman's achievements with its Gold Plate Award  At the time of the award the Harman Management Corp  of Los Altos, California, employed over 4,000 people and operated 238 KFC stores in four states  Credit for his success was given to his enlightened practices towards his staff including stock purchase schemes 
His original KFC building was demolished in 2004 to make way for a museum and an updated restaurant  Harman relocated to Los Altos, California as the scope of his business expanded in the 1960s  He lived there until his death on November 19, 2014, at 95 years old 
Passage 4:
Ufuoma McDermott
Ufuoma Stacey McDermott (née Ejenobor  oo-FOH-mə EJ-ə-nə-bor; born 23 April 1981) is a Nigerian film-maker, actress and former model 

Early life
Ejenobor was born in Benin City to Nigerian parents of Urhobo descent who hails from Delta State in Nigeria  She moved a lot - from Benin City to Jos, where she spent the better part of her toddler years, and later to Lagos, where she has lived for the greater part of her life and still resides till date  At the age of seven, her father coined a pet name for her: ISIO (which means "star" in Urhobo)  She was so named after the star actress of the TELEFEST programme put together by NTA Benin, The Pot of Life 

Personal life
Ejenobor got married on 23 April 2010 to Steven McDermott 
She officially changed her name to Ufuoma McDermott on 23 May 2014 at a Lagos high court 

Education
She went through Alama Private School Jos, Plateau state, Tunwase Nursery and primary school Ikeja, Lagos and finally Molly International Nursery and primary Ajao Estate for her nursery and primary education  She then attended Federal Government College, Odogbolu, Ogun State for her secondary education 
Ufuoma later bagged a degree in French language from the University of Lagos where she partook in a Federal Government scholarship holiday programme  She also has certificates and diplomas from Alliance Française and NIIT  She holds a master's degree in Public and International Affairs, also from the University of Lagos In 2011, she attended New York Film Academy in Los Angeles for an acting course and later on a film making course from Dov Simen's Hollywood Film Institute  In 2013, she obtained a certificate in Human resource management from the London Business School In Summer 2015, she was part of the Relativity Education program from Nigeria, owned by Relativity Media in Beverly Hills 

Entertainment
She started a career in entertainment with modelling in 2000 as a photographic model and later moved on to the runway and beauty pageants 

Pageants
By 2002, she had participated in two mini-pageants, won the Miss Ebony beauty pageant and partaken in her first national pageant: Miss Commonwealth(Vanessa Ekeke), where she won the Miss Congeniality prize  Later the same year, she emerged 1st runner up in the queen Afrik beauty pageant (Tamilore Kuboye) 
2003 saw her in the Queen of all Nations beauty pageant (Dubra Fufeyin) where she was again the 1st runner up 
In 2004 she contested in the Miss Nigeria beauty pageant where she emerged    yet, 1st runner up  Not long after she was crowned Miss Earth Nigeria and consequently went to represent the country at the Miss Earth 2004

Film
In February 2004, Ejenobor decided on a movie career  Starting off with Zeb Ejiro's The President Must Not Die, she has continued to have roles in movies  In May 2005, she played her first lead role in Life and Death, her third movie after The President Must Not Die and Guy on the Line  By December 2005, she played Chibuzor on the Edge of Paradise TV series produced by Royal Roots network 

In 2008 she took on the role of "Lillian Wright" in the TV series My Mum and I a role that garnered her a nomination for a best actress award at the 2010 Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo and one at The Terracotta Nigerian TV and Film Awards  She was nominated as the Actor of the year 2011 at the Future Awards

Stage
In January 2018, McDermott reprised her roles as "Mama Baby", "Women Call Leader" and "Sister Esther" in the stage production Hear Word!, which returned for the second year in a row to Harvard and was staged at the prestigious American Repertory theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U SA  The production covers various themes, which address issues against women in the society  The play, which made its debut in Lagos, Nigeria in 2014, also features the acting talents of Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett, Elvina Ibru and Bimbo Akintola Hear Word! featured at the Edinburgh International Festival in August 2019, and McDermott, Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett and other cast members performed at the Royal Lyceum, in Edinburgh, Scotland  The Guardian UK, in its review of the show described it as "at once tough and inspirational", giving the play a three-star out of five 

The USM Show with Ufuoma McDermott
In July 2019, McDermott put together a live-theater experience at the Eko Hotel and Towers in Lagos, tagged "The USM Show with Ufuoma McDermott"  The event was a potpourri of live music, dance performances and a debut of her stage production "The Magic of a Dream" The Magic of a Dream was directed by Toritseju Ejoh and featured acting performances from several notable Nigerian thespians including Femi Branch, Chioma Akpotha, Offiong Anthony (Thin Tall Tony), Akah Nnani and Zara Udofia-Ejoh  The USM Show also featured live musical and comedy performances from a range of Nigerian entertainers, including, Teni the entertainer, Seyi Law and MC Abbey 

Movie Directing/Production
At the premiere of her movie directorial debut, McDermott revealed that she had begun writing the story for the film Christmas is Coming in 2013  The movie was however released in November 2017 ahead of the Christmas holidays In 2018, she earned her sophomore production credit with the release of What Just Happened in cinemas across Nigeria 

Recognition
Best Actress in a TV series Nominee - Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2011
Actor of the Year 2011 Nominee- The Future Awards
Best Actress nominee - Golden Nymph Awards 2010 (Monte Carlo Television Festival)
Best Actress in a Drama series nominee, Terracotta TV and Film Awards
Go Red Africa, Best Female Model, 2007
African Youth Society, Role Model Award, 2009
Represented Nigeria at the Miss Earth 2004 beauty pageant
McDermott was a speaker at TEDx Rayfield, which held in December 2017Pageant

Ufuoma also received a Golden Nymph Best Actress nomination at the 2010 Monte Carlo Television Festival alongside Tina Fey, Jane Krakowski and January Jones 

Awards
Filmography
Passage 5:
Evrenli
Evrenli is a village in the Mersin Province, Turkey  It is part of Toroslar district (a part of Greater Mersin)  Evrenli at 36°56′N 34°35′E  is to the north of the Mersin city center and the  distance to the city center is 18 kilometres (11 mi)  The population of the village was 225  as of 2012 
Passage 6:
Bloomingdale, Georgia
Bloomingdale is a city in Chatham County, Georgia, United States  As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 2,790  It is part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Bloomingdale is located along the northwestern border of Chatham County at 32°7′27″N 81°18′26″W (32 124122, -81 307211)  It is bordered to the northeast by Port Wentworth, to the east by Pooler, to the south by a western portion of Savannah, and to the northwest by Effingham County  U S  Route 80 runs east–west through the center of Bloomingdale, and Interstate 16 runs parallel to it through the southern part of the city, with access from Exit 152  Both highways lead east 13 miles (21 km) to downtown Savannah 
According to the United States Census Bureau, Bloomingdale has a total area of 14 0 square miles (36 3 km2), of which 12 8 square miles (33 1 km2) is land and 1 2 square miles (3 2 km2), or 8 90%, is water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,790 people, 1,272 households, and 791 families residing in the city 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,713 people, 1,001 households, and 752 families residing in the city   The population density was 193 6 inhabitants per square mile (74 7/km2)   There were 1,141 housing units at an average density of 81 4 per square mile (31 4/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 89 0% White, 8 0% African American, 1 5% Asian, 1 0% Native American, 1 7% from other races, and 1 8% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4 7% of the population 
There were 1,141 households, out of which 30 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53 8% were married couples living together, 12 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27 8% were non-families  22 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 63 and the average family size was 3 05 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23 8% under the age of 18, 8 3% from 18 to 24, 27 4% from 25 to 44, 27 9% from 45 to 64, and 12 7% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 37 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 104 1 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,510, and the median income for a family was $55,950  Males had a median income of $37,404 versus $22,409 for females  The per capita income for the city was $22,030   About 3 8% of families and 8 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5 0% of those under age 18 and 21 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 7:
Portage, Wisconsin
Portage is a city in and the county seat of Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States  The population was 10,581 at the 2020 census, making it the largest city in Columbia County  The city is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area 
Portage was named for the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway, a portage between the Fox River and the Wisconsin River, which was recognized by Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet during their discovery of a route to the Mississippi River in 1673  The city's slogan is "Where the North Begins "

History
The Native American tribes that once lived here, and later the European traders and settlers, took advantage of the lowlands between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers as a natural "portage"  This is reflected in indigenous names for the town, such as the Menominee name Kahkāmohnakaneh, which means "at the short cut"  In May 1673, Jacques Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet, a French-Canadian explorer, to find the Mississippi River  They departed from St  Ignace on May 17, with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry (Métis)  They followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River, nearly to its headwaters  From there, they were told to portage their canoes a distance of slightly less than two miles through marsh and oak plains to the Wisconsin River  Later, French fur traders described the place as "le portage", which eventually lent itself to the name of the community  As a portage, this community developed as a center of commerce and trade; later, a canal was constructed to facilitate this trade  When the railroads came through, the community continued in this role 
Portage emerged at this place because of its unique position along the one and a half mile strip of marshy floodplain between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers  By the end of the 17th century, the Fox-Wisconsin waterway, linked at The Portage, served as the major fur trade thoroughfare between Green Bay and Prairie du Chien  It was not until the 1780s and 1790s that traders built their posts and warehouses at each end of The Portage   In the early 19th century Portage was primarily populated by Métis   In 1828, the federal government recognized the strategic economic importance of The Portage and built Fort Winnebago at the Fox River end  After 15 years of controversy, Winnebago settlement (now Portage) won the county seat in 1851   The community incorporated as Portage City in 1854 
The Portage business district lies along a hill that overlooks the Portage Canal  The buildings now in the city's downtown were once part of a bustling, urban commercial center serving a large region across north central Wisconsin  The building of the city paralleled its commercial prominence between the end of the American Civil War and the second decade of the 20th century 

Historic sites
Fort Winnebago Surgeon's Quarters Historic Site
Fox-Wisconsin Portage Site
Henry Merrell House
Old Indian Agency House
Portage Industrial Waterfront Historic District
Portage Retail Historic District
Zona Gale House
Museum at the Portage
Wisconsin American Legion Museum and Learning Center
Portage Canal Society
Historic Portage Canal
World War II History Museum
Wisconsin State Historical Markers in PortageFort Winnebago Surgeon's Quarters Historic Site
Frederick Jackson Turner
Jacques Marquette
Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet
Ketchum's Point
Potter's Emigration Society
Society Hill Historic District
Zona Gale
Veterans memorials
Revolutionary War Veteran (Cooper Pixley and Alexander Porter)
To Honor Pierre Pauquette
To the Memory of Our Historic Dead
Daughters of the American Revolution Historic MarkersSite of Fort Winnebago / Surrender of Red Bird
Pierre Pauquette and East End of Wauona Trail
Landing Place of the Ferry Built by Pierre Pauquette

Geography
Portage lies in the Wisconsin River valley  The city is surrounded by prairies and grasslands  Approximately three miles (5 km) west of the city are the Baraboo bluffs   According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9 62 square miles (24 92 km2), of which, 8 82 square miles (22 84 km2) is land and 0 80 square miles (2 07 km2) is water  The location of the town at the split of the Wisconsin and Fox river is what gives it the name "Portage", which means carrying a boat of its cargo between two navigable waters  In addition to the rivers, the city has access to Swan Lake and Silver Lake 

Cityscape
When Portage was first established, the streets were laid out on a traditional grid system  Today, the streets of the outlying city are contorted as a result of the many marshes and lowlands that run through much of Columbia County  The northern side of the city thus looks different from the central city, with the organized grid street system giving way to a more suburban streetscape with a lower housing density 
The city has two commercial areas  One is the downtown historic district, which features several small boutique shops and restaurants; the other is the Northridge commercial area that features big box stores  In the summer of 2007, the Portage Canal was cleaned up and now features a bike path that runs alongside part of it  In the summer of 2008, the main downtown street was redone  Historical landmarks of the city include the Museum at the Portage, the Indian Agency house, and the Surgeons Quarters 

Climate
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,324 people, 4,060 households, and 2,349 families living in the city  The population density was 1,170 5 inhabitants per square mile (451 9/km2)  There were 4,493 housing units at an average density of 509 4 per square mile (196 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 90 9% White, 5 0% African American, 0 9% Native American, 0 8% Asian, 0 7% from other races, and 1 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4 0% of the population 
There were 4,060 households, of which 31 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 5% were married couples living together, 11 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42 1% were non-families  34 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 27 and the average family size was 2 90 
The median age in the city was 37 2 years  22 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30 6% were from 25 to 44; 24 8% were from 45 to 64; and 13 9% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 53 7% male and 46 3% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,728 people, 3,770 households, and 2,228 families living in the city  The population density was 1,172 9 people per square mile (453 1/km2)  There were 3,970 housing units at an average density of 478 7 per square mile (184 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 92 76% European-American, 3 90% African American, 0 51% Native American, 0 71% Asian, 0 05% Pacific Islander, 0 85% from other races, and 1 21% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 39% of the population 
There were 3,770 households, out of which 30 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44 5% were married couples living together, 10 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40 9% were non-families  34 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 30 and the average family size was 2 96 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23 3% under the age of 18, 10 6% from 18 to 24, 31 7% from 25 to 44, 19 3% from 45 to 64, and 15 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 106 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108 7 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $35,815, and the median income for a family was $44,804  Males had a median income of $33,158 versus $23,478 for females  The per capita income for the city was $18,039  About 4 6% of families and 7 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 5% of those under age 18 and 7 8% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Portage Community School District serves Portage 
Portage High School (Wisconsin) was recently upgraded to a larger building, with the older high school building now housing the Wayne E  Bartels Middle School  Portage has three elementary schools: John Muir, Woodridge, and Rusch  Three rural elementary schools serve three of the towns in Columbia County: Lewiston, Fort Winnebago, and Caledonia  There are also two private schools: St  John's Lutheran and St  Mary's Catholic Schools  The Madison Area Technical College, also has a campus located in Portage 
The Portage scheme of support for children with special educational needs was developed in the city 

Infrastructure
Corrections
Wisconsin Department of Corrections operates the Columbia Correctional Institution 

Transportation
Major highways
Three interstate highways, Interstate 94, Interstate 90, and Interstate 39 run past Portage, giving the city a 30-minute commute to Madison and 15-minute commute to Wisconsin Dells  The city also lies only a few hours from Milwaukee, Chicago, and Minneapolis/ Saint Paul, Minnesota 

Rail
Portage is served by Amtrak's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle or Portland, with a train stopping there in each direction every day  Freight railroad service is provided by the Canadian Pacific Railway which does business in the American Midwest as the Soo Line Railroad 

Portage (Amtrak station)

Intercity bus
Portage is served by intercity bus from Milwaukee via Madison and to Wisconsin Rapids via Stevens Point, with a bus stopping in each direction daily at the Portage station 
List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin

Airport
Portage Municipal Airport (C47) serves the city and surrounding communities 

Notable people
Images
Passage 8:
Ian North
Ian North (March 24, 1952 – February 28, 2021) was an American musician, producer, and painter known for being part of the bohemian punk movement in United States with his power pop band Milk 'N' Cookies 

Early life and career
Ian North was born in Brooklyn, New York, United States  He grew up in Long Island  He received his first guitar at age 12, but being virtually tone deaf, could not play any songs other than those he composed  In 1970, he slowly started to get serious about his artwork 

Milk 'N' Cookies
In 1973, North formed a power pop and glam outfit called Milk 'N' Cookies along with Justin Strauss on vocals, Jay Weiss (replaced by Sal Maida, later in Roxy Music and Sparks) on bass and Mike Ruiz on drums (later in Paul Collins' Beat)  While the album's release was initially delayed and largely ignored upon release, it has subsequently become a cult classic  After its reissue in 2005, the band headlined the Radio Heartbeat festival in 2007 without North  As younger bands that now claim Milk 'n' Cookies as an influence have gained in popularity, like Nobunny and Cheap Time, the band has garnered even more attention  In 2016, Captured Tracks released a 3xLP Milk 'N' Cookies boxset which included a book of liners featuring notes by members of Sonic Youth, Ramones, and Blondie 

British punk and new wave scene: Radio and Neo
After the split of Milk 'N' Cookies, North moved to England and formed Radio with Sparks bassist Martin Gordon and the Simon brothers, Paul and Robert  That group transformed to Neo after Gordon's departure (he joined Radio Stars) and changed line-ups, with North being the only remaining member until 1979, when his visa ended and he returned to New York  The same year, twelve Neo tracks were released in Britain by Aura Records as a North solo album, titled Neo 

Return to US and solo career
Back in New York, North took to newly affordable synth technology and recording equipment, first on his debut full-length album as a solo artist, My Girlfriend's Dead, and then on his Rape of the Orchids EP  During this time he also produced material for The Fast; he also filled in as the band's bassist in the music videos for their songs "Kids Just Wanna Dance" and "Love Me Like a Locomotive"  From 1983 to 1993, North worked sporadically on the album Torch Songs & Arson  While the label originally slated to release the album folded in the decade over which it was created, it has since been made available for free download  In 2009, North ended the longest period of musical inactivity in his life, releasing the 12-song album, E Z Listening For Suicides, under the moniker "Darkjet" 

Death
North died in Sarasota Florida following complications from a heart attack on February 28, 2021  He is survived by his wife of 20 years, Mooshi Chapel and four children, including artist Sammy thrashLife 

See also
Milk 'N' Cookies
Neo
Passage 9:
Neuengasse
The Neuengasse is one of the streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland   It is part of the Äussere Neustadt which was built during the third expansion of the city in 1344 to 1346  It runs from Waisenhausplatz in the east toward the main train station   It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City 

History
The street has been known as Neuengasse since its construction in the 14th century when the 3rd city wall was built   The name Neuengasse means New Lane 
Passage 10:
Bissegem
Bissegem is a sub-municipality of the city of Kortrijk, Belgium  It is part of the urban area of this city  As of 2020 it had a population of 5,283 It also has a railway station, with trains to leper, Kortrijk, Dendermonde, Sint-Niklaas and Brussels 

Gallery
Passage 11:
Mounds View, Minnesota
Mounds View is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States  The population was 12,155 at the 2010 census  It is part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area 
U S  Highway 10, County Road 10, and Interstate Highway 35W are three of the main routes in the city 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4 12 square miles (10 67 km2), of which 4 03 square miles (10 44 km2) is land and 0 09 square miles (0 23 km2) is water Rice Creek flows through the southeast part of Mounds View Nearby places include Shoreview, Arden Hills, New Brighton, Fridley, Spring Lake Park, and Blaine   The boundary line between Ramsey and Anoka counties is nearby 

History
The city of Mounds View was located in the former Mounds View Township, which was organized in 1858   In 1958, 100 years after Minnesota became a state, the village of Mounds View was incorporated   Post-World War II growth was partially fueled by the proximity of the Twin Cities Arsenal  Calvin Academy relocated to the area in 1999 
The city is primarily residential, with several business parks and businesses located in Mounds View   The bulk of businesses are located along the County Road 10 corridor, with most residential areas flanking it to the north and south   Some of the businesses include Multitech's headquarters, Liberty Checks and Sysco Distributing 
A petroleum pipeline exploded in Mounds View on July 8, 1986  Two-hundred people had to evacuate their homes and two people, a mother and her young daughter, were killed   The Office of Pipeline Safety was created in response to the tragedy 
In 2005, the Mounds View City Council voted to sell the city-owned golf course, "The Bridges of Mounds View", to Medtronic, Inc , to become its new campus  The new campus is located in the north east corner of the city and opened Fall of 2007 In June 2016, the Mounds View city council voted to change the name of County Road 10 to Mounds View Blvd for the city’s portion of the road 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 12,155 people, 4,954 households, and 3,236 families residing in the city  The population density was 3,016 1 inhabitants per square mile (1,164 5/km2)  There were 5,221 housing units at an average density of 1,295 5 per square mile (500 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 81 3% White, 5 5% African American, 0 8% Native American, 7 0% Asian, 0 1% Pacific Islander, 2 3% from other races, and 3 1% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 0% of the population 
There were 4,954 households, of which 31 6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 5% were married couples living together, 12 8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34 7% were non-families  27 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 45 and the average family size was 2 98 
The median age in the city was 37 8 years  23 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27 9% were from 25 to 44; 27 6% were from 45 to 64; and 12 6% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 50 1% male and 49 9% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,738 people, 5,018 households, and 3,387 families residing in the city   The population density was 3,096 6 inhabitants per square mile (1,195 6/km2)   There were 5,130 housing units at an average density of 1,247 1 per square mile (481 5/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 90 65% White, 2 40% African American, 0 66% Native American, 3 12% Asian, 0 05% Pacific Islander, 1 02% from other races, and 2 09% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 62% of the population 
There were 5,018 households, out of which 33 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50 8% were married couples living together, 12 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32 5% were non-families  23 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 53 and the average family size was 3 02 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25 8% under the age of 18, 10 5% from 18 to 24, 32 4% from 25 to 44, 22 4% from 45 to 64, and 8 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 34 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97 5 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,974, and the median income for a family was $60,685  Males had a median income of $37,418 versus $29,196 for females  The per capita income for the city was $24,271   About 4 4% of families and 5 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9 4% of those under age 18 and 5 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 12:
Tony Dale
Anthony William Dale, known as Tony Dale (born 1969) is a public servant from suburban Cedar Park, Texas, who is a Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 136 First elected in 2012, Dale was reelected to successive two-year terms in 2014 and 2016   House District 136 consists of the Williamson County portion of Austin, the City of Cedar Park, the City of Leander, North Austin MUD #1 (Rattan Creek), Block House Creek MUD, Brushy Creek MUD, Fern Bluff MUD and a small portion of Round Rock 

Background
Dale received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from Ohio State University at Columbus in central Ohio  While at Ohio State, he was active in partisan politics and for a time was President of the Ohio State University College Republican Club and the state co-chairman of the Ohio College Republican Federation   He also worked at the Ohio Republican Party for four years as a college intern 
Dale is a US Army veteran and active member of the Texas State Guard   His military decorations include the Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, Army Achievement Medal, National Defense Service Ribbon, Army Service Ribbon, Texas Outstanding Service Medal, Texas Adjutant General's Individual Award, Texas State Guard Service Medal, Texas Cold War Service Medal, Texas Humanitarian Relief Ribbon, Commanding General's Individual Award (second award), Texas Faithful Service Medal, Texas State Guard Commendation Medal, Texas State Guard Achievement Medal, Texas State Guard Officer Professional Education Ribbon, State Guard Association of the United States Professional Development Medal, State Guard Association of the United States Meritorious Unit Award, Basic Parachutist Badge, Master Military Emergency Management Specialist Badge and Expert Marksman Badge and The Noble Patron of Armor Award  Dale is a charter member of the Hunter-Morris Memorial American Legion Post 911 in Cedar Park  Mrs  Dale was the 2014-2015 post commander  He is a Colonel in the Texas State Guard where he serves as the Operations and Plans Officer at Headquarters, Camp Mabry  In 2021 he was inducted into the Ohio State University Army ROTC Society Hall of Fame 
The former owner of a consulting company, Dale is a member of the Cedar Park Chamber of Commerce  
In 2020, Mary Lopez Dale was appointed by Governor Greg Abbott as a member of the Texas Veterans Commission  She is the past Chair of the Williamson County United Way  The Dales have been married over 30 years and they have two daughters  One is graduate of Leander ISD schools and the other attends school at LISD  They attend St  Vincent de Paul Roman Catholic Church in Austin 

Political life
From 2002 until 2009 Dale served as a precinct chairman for the Williamson County Republican Party   He also served in the capacity of election clerk and election judge From 2009 to 2012, Dale was a member of the Cedar Park City Council and for a year served as the mayor pro tem  Earlier, he was the secretary and later vice chairman of the Cedar Park Planning and Zoning Commission  As a member of the board of the Williamson County Conservation Foundation, he pushed for local control over federal regulations  He served too on the Cedar Park Charter Review Committee In 2014 Dale was unopposed in the Republican Primary   In the November 4, 2014 Dale received 20,862 (54 2 percent) and out paced his closest opponent by 13 1 percent  Democratic nominee John Bucy of Austin received 15,821 (41 1 percent) and Libertarian nominee Justin Billiot of Cedar Park received 1,811 (4 7 percent) In the 84th Legislative Session (2015-2016) Dale served on the house committees of (1) Homeland Security and Public Safety, (2) Energy Resources and (3) Local and Consent Calendar Committee   In the 85th Legislative Session (2017-2018) Dale served on (1) Environmental Regulation Committee and (2) Vice Chairman of the Juvenile Justice & Family Issues Committee and (3) House Select Committee on Cybersecurity  He was appointed as a member of the House Working Group to reform the Child Protective Service   He is a member of the House Working Group developing internal House policies on sexual harassment   He is the Chairman of the House Energy Caucus   In the 85th legislative session Dale served as Deputy Floor Leader for the Republican Caucus   He is on the board of directors of the Texas Conservative Coalition 
The Cedar Park Chamber of Commerce named Dale the 2017 Citizen of the Year   In 2018 Cedar Park Mayor Matt Powell presented Dale with the city's highest civilian honor by bestowing upon him a key to the city  In 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2013 the Hill Country News reader poll voted Dale the "Best Elected Official"  The Texas Conservative Coalition, a bipartisan group of legislators, named him a "Courageous Conservative" following the 83rd, 84th and 85th regular sessions  After the 84th session the Texas Right To Life rated him a 100%   The Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas (CLEAT) named him Freshman of the Year in 2013 " Following the 84th legislative session in 2015 the Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas named him, "Best of the House"  In 2015 he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Texas Conservative Coalition  In 2013 and 2015 the Texas Association of Business named him a "Champion For Free Enterprise"  The Texas Alliance for Life PAC endorsed his reelection in 2015/2016   In 2015 the Texas Conservative Roundtable named him an "Effective Conservative" 
Prior to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution he traveled to Amman, Jordan to train pro-democracy Egyptians on grassroots campaign tactics  This training was conducted on behalf of the International Republican Institute 

Legislative positions
During the 84th Regular Legislative Session (2015) Dale filed legislation to award the Texas Purple Heart Medal to the Fort Hood shooting victims of terrorist Nidal Hasan on 11/5/2009 (HB115)   He also filed legislation to require the use of E-Verify by all state agencies and public universities (HB183) and require the use of E-Verify by state contractors and subcontractors (HB889)   Dale filed HB861 to facilitate the prosecution of adults who solicit minors online for illicit sexual purposes His 2015 84th legislative session accomplishments also include: HB939 – Allows homeowners in HOAs to install standby generators  HB1446 – Allows sexual assault victims and stalking victims to get reimbursed by the crime victims fund    HB 1447 – streamlines protective orders for victims of sexual abuse, assault, stalking and trafficking   HB2604- Reduces red tape for police officers applying for a concealed handgun license (CHL)  HB4030 – Requires a complete background check prior to starting work as a private security licensee 
In the 84th session he also jointly authored of co-authored the following successful legislation: HB114 – Restricts the use of Capital Appreciation Bonds  HB505 – Removes limits on the number of dual-credit courses high school students may take  HB1286 – Enhanced penalties for injury to a child, elderly individual or disable person  HB1293 – Allows stalking victims to have confidentiality in court proceedings  HB1783 – Requires schools to reports crimes to police and not coerce employees to not report crimes  HB2339 – Allows customers to carry alcoholic beverages throughout all areas inside stadiums and arenas 
During the 85th session (2017) Dale authored legislation to target the teachers having inappropriate relationships with students   He authored additional child protection measures such as HB 1810 that allows for the prosecution of criminals possessing and publishing lewd visual images of children   He also passed legislation targeting online predators who blackmail individuals online using intimate images and videos   This crime known as 'sextortion" is a growing concern as reported by the National Center For Missing and Exploited Children"   The Speaker of the House appointed Dale to the House Working Group on Child Protective Service Reform   In that capacity Dale worked on legislation to transform and improve Texas' challenged child welfare system 

Interest group ratings
The Texas Association of Business scored him 93 percent for the 83rd session  The National Rifle Association scored Dale 92 percent following the 83rd session  Following the 84th session Texas Right to Life noted his score of 100%   Americans for Prosperity named him a Lone Star Leader with an A rating  Dale was in the top 24 most conservative House Members on Rice University Professor Mark Jones' 2017 Liberal-Conservative Ranking and Score of Texas House of Representatives 

Third term election in 2016
Dale won his third term in the House in the general election held on November 8, 2016  With 41,643 votes (55 percent), he defeated the Democrat Paul R  Gordon, who polled 34,077 (45 percent) 

2018 general election
Dale lost his bid for a fourth term in the general election held on November 6, 2018  He was unseated by the Democrat John Bucy III, who had lost the 2014 election to Dale: 41,485 votes (53 3) to 34,031 (43 8 percent)  The Libertarian Party choice, Zack Parks, held another 2,253 (2 9 percent) 
Passage 13:
Boriavi
Boriavi is a city in Anand district  in the state of Gujarat, India 

Demographics
As of 2001 India census, Boriavi had a population of 45,861  Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%  Boriavi has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59 5%; with male literacy of 77% and female literacy of 55%  13% of the population is under 6 years of age 
Boriavi is mainly known internationally for Mahatma Gandhiji's Dandiyatra as the town was visited and stayed overnight by all the Dandi members and that is the main cause for the Central Government to develop its roads, rail and businesses  The central government has given many projects for its development in education, roads and others  The town is the first for its RO mineral water plant in the total houses of Boriavi for all people 24 hours supplied by its Nagarpalika management 
Boriavi was internationally recognised in 1996-97 when the "Government of Canada" and "Government of India" decided to develop relations between two countries and ran students exchange program in which Canadian government had sent 24 high ranking students to live in sub part of India  At the time of calculating, 3 towns were selected in all over the country of India on the basis of culture, industries, people, education, sustainability, peace and wealth where " Boriavi " was placed into the selection and half of the international guests were stayed in the town for more than 3 months with some of the most prestigious residents of the town  Government of India have made a monument in Boriavi in the memory of relations of Canadian and Indian government 
Boriavi is very well developed for its education culture  It has very good schools and colleges for the surrounding area and the town of Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand and Nadiad have also attracted for its students to study in the community of Boriavi 
Every summer, the locals come together to celebrate the 'Batata Festival' when there are many rituals to celebrate the annual potato festival to symbolize fertility and prosperity 
Boriavi is considered as the part of Anand city and the region is very industry friendly  Also it has many industries in food, cement and agriculture  The land of Boriavi is under the " Vegetable Belt of India " and is one of the most prosperous town of India  Boriavi is also known for its unity of people  The overall wealth of Boriavi has attracted many investors from all over the country and that has given the chance to risen the prices of lands in the region  Many industries have their manufacturing and operating plants in the region 
The central government has given " National Research Center on Medicinal  and aromatic plants" funded by Indian Council of Agricultural Research and some subpart laboratories to the region of Boriavi 
Boriavi festivals are famous for its Diwali and Uttarayan (kite flying day) 
In Boriavi Transportation Facility is very good  N H no 8 and Indian Railway and also Anand -Nadiad Approach road facility in Boriavi  There are Many Big Cold storage located here 
Passage 14:
Adam Ravenstahl
Adam Ravenstahl (born November 9, 1984) is a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 20th District which includes the North Side, Strip District, Polish Hill, Stanton Heights, and Lawrenceville neighborhoods of the city of Pittsburgh, as well as parts of the suburbs of Reserve Township, Ross Township and West View Ravenstahl graduated from North Catholic High School in Pittsburgh, and then graduated from Robert Morris University with a degree in Business Management  After graduation, he was employed as a Business Analyst for UPMC Health Plan, while participating in numerous community activities, and served as a Democratic Committee Member 
He is a member of a prominent political family in Pittsburgh   He held the state house seat that was once held by his grandfather, Robert Ravenstahl   His elder brother is former Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl while his father, Robert Jr , is Magisterial District Judge of the city's 26th and 27th Wards 
Ravenstahl won a special election May 18, 2010 to become the state representative for the 20th District  In the June 2, 2020 Democratic primary election, Ravenstahl was defeated by attorney Emily Kinkead, receiving 45 2% of the vote 
Passage 15:
Sicyon (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Sicyon (; Ancient Greek: Σικυών) is the eponym of the polis of the same name, which was said to have previously been known as Aegiale and, earlier, Mecone 

Family
Sicyon's father is named variously as Marathon, Metion, Erechtheus or Pelops  He married Zeuxippe, the daughter of Lamedon, the previous king of the polis and region that would come to be named after him  They had a daughter Chthonophyle, who bore two sons: Polybus to Hermes and, later, Androdamas to Phlius, the son of Dionysus  However, in some accounts, Chthnophyle bore Phlius to Dionysus instead 

Mythology
Sicyon became the 19th king of Sicyonia after he was named as the successor of his father-in-law Lamedon  This was his reward after aiding the latter in his war against, Archander and Architeles, the sons of Achaeus  Sicyon reigned for 45 years and the kingdom was inherited by his son Polybus 

Notes
Passage 16:
John Wojcik
John Joseph Wojcik (born April 6, 1942) is an American former professional baseball player  He played parts of three seasons for the Kansas City Athletics of Major League Baseball, primarily as an outfielder 
Wojcik graduated from McKinley Vocational High School and Erie County Technical Institute where he played college baseball and college basketball Wojcik batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and was listed as 6 feet (1 8 m) tall and weighing 170 pounds (77 kg)  He was signed as an amateur free agent by the Athletics in 1961  He made his major league debut on September 9, 1962  In 148 career at bats, Wojcik collected 27 hits for a  218 batting average and had only four extra-base hits, all doubles 
Wojcik's professional baseball career ended in 1965 after five seasons 
Passage 17:
Joe Jones (baseball)
Joseph Carmack Jones (born December 13, 1941 in Lebanon, Tennessee) is an American retired professional baseball player, coach and manager   He spent all or parts of seven seasons in Major League Baseball as a coach for the Kansas City Royals (1987; 1992; 2005) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1997–2000) A second baseman during his active career, Jones stood 5 feet 9 inches (1 75 m) tall and weighed 155 pounds (70 kg); he threw and batted right-handed   He graduated from Southeastern High School, Detroit, Michigan, and played varsity baseball at the University of Michigan, where he earned a degree in education   He was signed by the Chicago White Sox in 1963 and played for seven seasons in the ChiSox' farm system, appearing in 813 minor league games, with 773 hits in 3,027 at bats for a career batting average of  255  He also pitched one inning for the Tidewater Tides in 1965, giving up one run for an earned run average of 9 00, but was credited with the win  Most of Jones' playing career occurred at the Class A level; he appeared in one game in Triple-A, for the 1967 Indianapolis Indians of the Pacific Coast League, batting five times with one hit, a single 
Jones then served as a minor league manager from 1970 through 1983, leaving the White Sox' organization for the Royals' system in 1979  His managerial record was 629 wins and 545 losses, for a  536 winning percentage in 1,178 games  Twelve of those 14 seasons were spent in the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League   From 1984–86, Jones was the Royals' field coordinator of minor league instruction, leading to the first of his three separate terms as a member of Kansas City's Major League coaching staff 
In 1987, Jones served as first-base coach for skippers Billy Gardner and John Wathan, then resumed his former role as field coordinator from 1988 through 1996—a nine-year tenure interrupted by service as interim bench coach in 1992 after Glenn Ezell required emergency surgery to repair an aneurysm    From 1997 through early June 2000, Jones was the first-base coach on the Major League staff of Pirates' manager Gene Lamont, a former colleague from the Royals' organization   But Jones was released, along with third-base coach Jack Lind, on June 5, 2000, during a shakeup of Lamont's top aides Jones then returned to the Royals in 2001 as coordinator of instruction, serving for four seasons in that role, until one final MLB term in 2005 as the Royals' first-base coach   He then worked as a special assistant for player development in the Royals' system in 2006–07 
Passage 18:
Eutychides
Eutychides  (Ancient Greek: Εὐτυχίδης, Eutukhídēs) of Sicyon in Corinthia, Greek sculptor of the early part of the 3rd century BC, was a pupil of Lysippus  His most noted work was a statue of the Tyche of Antioch, a goddess who embodied the idea of the then newly founded city of Antioch  The Tyche was seated on a rock, crowned with towers, and having the river Orontes at her feet  There is a small copy of the statue in the Vatican  It was imitated by a number of Asiatic cities; and indeed most statues since created that commemorate cities borrow something from the work of Eutychides At the invitation of king Areus, Eutychides spent some time in Sparta, where he made a statue of the Eurotas river, and perhaps another of a seated Herakles, in the 280s or 270s 

List of known works
Tyche of Antioch
Allegory of the Eurotas river, in Sparta
Allegory of the Nile
Allegory of the Orontes river
Herakles seated and reclining on his mace, in Sparta
Passage 19:
Metro Pino Suárez
Pino Suárez is a station on Line 1 and Line 2 of the Mexico City Metro system   It is located in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, on the southern part of the city center  Starting 11 July 2022, the Line 1 station will remain closed for at least eight months for modernization work on the tunnel and the line's technical equipment 

Name and pictogram
The station is named after José María Pino Suárez, Vice President of Mexico during the term of Francisco I  Madero (1911–1913)   However, the station logo depicts a pyramid dedicated to Ehecatl, the Aztec god of wind   This pyramid was discovered in the early construction of the station and it can be seen on display along the main transfer corridor 

General information
The station is located at the intersection of José María Pino Suárez and José María Izazaga avenues in downtown Mexico City, a few blocks from the Zócalo 
The Ehecatl pyramid was found during the construction of the station in 1967  While excavating was unearthed a round-shaped altar and was decided to let the pyramid remains and allow the National Institute of Archeology and History (INAH) to preserve and maintain it This pyramid is the smallest archaeological zone in Mexico and is thought to have been part of a larger ceremonial center  The Ehecatl pyramid has 4 structural construction stages and it counts on a circular base that functioned as a pedestal for the deity placed at the top  Inside the pyramid have been found a few offerings 
Pino Suárez was opened on 5 September 1969  The station is an important link to the centre of the city  It was the first transfer station of the network and it connects the two busiest lines  Pino Suárez has many corridors, the most notable among them being the Pasaje Zócalo–Pino Suárez that connects with Metro Zócalo at the north side, filled with bookstores and a mini-cinema; other corridors have cultural displays and temporary exhibitions   The station also has an information desk 

Ridership
Exits
Line 1
North: Av  José María Izazaga and Av  José María Pino Suárez, Col  Centro
West: Av  José María Izazaga and Av  José María Pino Suárez, Col  Centro

Line 2
South: San Lucas street and Av  Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, Col  Centro
North: Av  José María Izazaga and Calzada San Antonio Abad, Col  Centro

Gallery
See also
List of Mexico City metro stations
Context 2: Passage 1:
Australian five-dollar note
The Australian five-dollar note was first issued on 29 May 1967, fifteen months after the currency was changed from the pound to the dollar on 14 February 1966  It was a new denomination with mauve colouration – the pre-decimal system had no denomination with a value of £21⁄2  The first polymer version of the note was introduced in 1992  A major design update was issued from 1 September 2016, with a minor update to the signatures in 2019 

Series
The first issue was a paper note which had a gradient of mauve, with a distinct black overprint  It was designed by Gordon Andrews, with Russell Drysdale as the Reserve Bank of Australia's artistic advisor  It featured portraits of Sir Joseph Banks and Caroline Chisholm, as well as elevations of Sydney streets from Joseph Fowles' "Sydney in 1848", the cover of the Shipping Gazette, a watercolour of the Waverley, and a handbill of a meeting of the Family Colonization Loan Society  All of these images were sourced from the State Library of New South Wales 
The first polymer banknote issue, which can be recognised for its mauve colouration and numeral font, was first issued in pale mauve in 1992  A number of people found it difficult to distinguish it from the $10 banknote, especially in poor lighting conditions 
In 1995, a second polymer issue was issued, distinguishable by its deeper shade of mauve and a different font for the numeral 
A federation commemorative was issued in 2001 for that year only  Notes featured Sir Henry Parkes on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse 
On 1 September 2016 Next Generation Banknote (NGB) $5 was issued  The NGB series banknotes contain more security features than the previous series, including a clear top-to-bottom window 

Statistics
According to Reserve Bank statistics, at the end of June 2017 there were two hundred and eleven million five dollar banknotes in circulation, fourteen percent of the total banknotes in circulation; worth one thousand and fifty five million, or one percent of the total value for all denominations Leek has the greatest value, issued for two years only; and the 1990 Fraser/Higgens being issued for less than a year From 1967 to 1974, the title identifying the country was "Commonwealth of Australia" and there were 195,504,000 of these notes issued  The title identifying the country was then changed to "Australia" and from 1974 until the end of the issuance of paper currency for this denomination (in 1992), 978,068,318 of these notes were issued 

Design
On the 1995 design, Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia at the time was on the obverse, along with eucalyptus (gum) leaves  There is a number 5 in the right hand corner of both sides  The word "Australia" is written to the bottom left of the Queen  Parliament House appears on the reverse  On the 2001 commemorative design, Sir Henry Parkes appears on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse 
On 12 April 2016, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced a new design for the 5-dollar banknote would be introduced into circulation on 1 September 2016, the fourth polymer $5 banknote issued since 1992  It is the first of a new series of banknotes that will feature a different species of Australian wattle and a native bird  The 5-dollar banknote has the prickly Moses wattle (Acacia verticillata subsp  ovoidea) and the Eastern Spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris)  It also features an image of the Federation Pavilion  The reverse features Parliament House, showing the mosaic forecourt designed by Kumantje Jagamara, called Possum and Wallaby Dreaming, as well as a plan of Parliament House The 2016 design was slightly updated in 2019, with new signatures for the Governor of the Reserve Bank and the Secretary to the Treasury After the death of Elizabeth II, the Reserve Bank of Australia said that it was discussing with the government before it decides the replacement portrait on the 5-dollar banknote  On 2 February 2023, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that King Charles III will not appear on the new five-dollar banknote, a design celebrating First Nations peoples to appear instead 

Security features
The paper design included a watermark of Captain James Cook in the white field  The same watermark was also used in the last issue of pound banknotes  A new feature of the decimal currency was metallic strip embedded within the paper of the note, first near the centre of the note, then from 1976 moved to the left side on the obverse of the note 
The polymer issue includes: a shadow image of the Australian coat of arms which is visible under other printing when the note is held up to light; a pointed star with four points on the obverse and three on the reverse that come together under light; a clear window that has a stylised gum flower showing; and raised print and micro printing of the denomination value Some features of the banknote glow under UV light  These features include the serial number and a square patch on the reverse of the note  There is also raised printing around the portraits and major design elements of the note which can be felt by rubbing the finger or fingernail against them 
Passage 2:
The White Princess (miniseries)
The White Princess is a historical drama television miniseries developed for Starz  It is based on Philippa Gregory's 2013 novel of the same name and, to a lesser extent, its 2014 sequel The King's Curse  It is a sequel to the 2013 miniseries The White Queen, which adapted three of Gregory's previous novels, and begins immediately where The White Queen finished 
In the eight episode series, the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York effectively ends the Wars of the Roses by uniting the houses of Lancaster and York  However, their mutual enmity and distrust, as well as the political plots of their mothers, threaten to tear both the marriage and the kingdom apart 

Cast and characters
Main
Jodie Comer as Elizabeth "Lizzie" of York, the Queen of England
Rebecca Benson as Margaret "Maggie" Plantagenet, the Queen's paternal cousin, sister of Teddy
Jacob Collins-Levy as Henry VII, the King of England, Elizabeth's husband
Kenneth Cranham as Bishop (later Cardinal) John Morton, a confidant of the King's mother
Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville, the Queen's mother
Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile, the Queen of Castile
Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley, Margaret Beaufort's husband
Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell, a Yorkist supporter
Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English crown who claims to be Richard of York 
Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the Queen's paternal grandmother  Goodall was the only actor to appear in both The White Queen and The White Princess 
Amy Manson as Catherine "Cathy" Gordon, wife of Perkin Warbeck
Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, husband of Eliza de la Pole
Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor, the King's uncle
Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, the Queen's sister
Joanne Whalley as Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the Queen's paternal aunt
Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole, husband of Maggie Plantagenet
Michelle Fairley as  Margaret Beaufort, the King's mother

Recurring
Nicholas Audsley as Lord Strange
Rhys Connah (child) and Albert de Jongh (teen) as Edward "Teddy" Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, the Queen's cousin, brother of Maggie
Heidi Ely as Princess Bridget, the Queen's sister
Oliver Hembrough as John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, the Duke of Suffolk's son
Rosie Knightley as Princess Anne, the Queen's sister
Ava Masters as Princess Catherine, the Queen's sister
Rollo Skinner as Ned, a stable boy
Susie Trayling as Elizabeth "Eliza" de la Pole, Duchess of Suffolk, the Queen's paternal aunt
Guy Williams as William Stanley, Lord Thomas's brother
Iain Batchelor as Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Dorian Grover as Philip
Zazie Hayhurst as Rettie
Billy Barratt as Prince Arthur, the King's first son
Woody Norman as Prince Harry, the King's second son
Philip Arditti as Rodrigo de Puebla, the Spanish ambassador

Guest
Ned Elliott as Prince Richard, the Queen's brother
Luc Webb as Prince Edward, the Queen's brother
Derek Frood as the Mayor of York
Kitty Smith as Ruth
Emmanuelle Bouaziz as Mary of Burgundy
Max True as Lambert Simnel
Nia Roberts as Catherine "Kate" Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham
Norman Arthur Eshley as the Abbot
Marc Danbury as the Priest
Juan Echenique as Ferdinand II of Aragon, the King of Aragon
Nicholas Gecks as the Wimborne Priest
Alex Sawyer as Kofi, Novice Monk
Mark Edel-Hunt as Thomas Wolsey
Alasdair McLaughlin as Noah Luff

Episodes
Production
Development
The 10-part 2013 television series The White Queen adapted Gregory's previous novels The White Queen (2009), The Red Queen (2010) and The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012)  The series was broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and on Starz in the United States, and features Freya Mavor as a young Elizabeth of York  Despite initial plans for a second series, on 20 August 2013 the BBC announced they were not commissioning one, possibly because of the lukewarm reception the series received However, in October 2013, The Telegraph reported that Starz was planning to develop a sequel miniseries called The White Princess, based on Gregory's novel  Starz CEO Chris Albrecht announced in January 2014 that the network was working with White Queen screenwriter Emma Frost on the project  Starz would produce the White Princess miniseries without involvement from the BBC  Gregory confirmed that the project was underway in August 2015  On 7 February 2016, Gregory announced on Facebook that the sequel was officially confirmed to be in production, with the scripts being written  The series was confirmed to be eight episodes in May 2016 Jamie Payne, who directed three episodes of The White Queen, directed episodes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8  Frost was the showrunner and executive producer  Lachlan MacKinnon is served as producer, with Gregory as executive producer  Playground's Colin Callender and Scott Huff also executive produced with Company Pictures' Michele Buck 

Casting
Jodie Comer was cast in the title role of Elizabeth of York in April 2016, with Michelle Fairley added as Margaret Beaufort in May  In June 2016, Starz announced the casting of Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth, Jacob Collins-Levy as Henry VII, Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, Rebecca Benson as Margaret Plantagenet, and Joanne Whalley as  Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy  The remaining cast includes Caroline Goodall as Duchess Cecily, Kenneth Cranham as Bishop Morton, Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor and Rhys Connah as Teddy Plantagenet 

Filming
Principal photography began in June 2016, with locations including Bradford on Avon, Bristol, Berkeley Castle, Gloucester Cathedral, Lacock, Salisbury Cathedral, and Wells 

Release
In early January 2017, the producers released a video clip from the series as a teaser trailer  In February 2017, Starz announced that The White Princess would premiere on 16 April 2017  In the UK the series began its satellite and terrestrial broadcasts on the Drama channel on 18 November 2017 

Reception
The miniseries received generally favorable reviews  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 17 critics, with an average rating of 6 95/10  The website's critics consensus indicated the series was "well-acted and enlivened by its fresh perspective" and "delivers more than enough intrigue to satisfy fans of period British royal court drama " On Metacritic, the show has a weighted average score of 71 based on reviews from 9 critics 

Continuation
On 15 March 2018, Starz announced that it will create a continuation of The White Queen and The White Princess to be titled The Spanish Princess, which will be based on Gregory's novels The Constant Princess and The King's Curse and center on Catherine of Aragon 
Passage 3:
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022  She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and remained the monarch of 15 realms by the time of her death  Her reign of over 70 years is the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female head of state in history 
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother)  Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive  She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service  In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021  They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward 
When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as head of the Commonwealth  Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union  The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics  As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms  Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents 
Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively  Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity  Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in September 2022 and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III 

Early life
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother)  Her father was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne  She was delivered at 02:40 (GMT) by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair  The Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised her in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May, and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother  She was called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first  She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England", and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930  The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford  Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music  Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family  The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility  Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character  She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant " Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved"  Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) and Royal Lodge in Windsor 

Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father  Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession  When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father  Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis  Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI  Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive  If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College, and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses  A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age  Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States  As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours  She "looked tearful" as her parents departed  They corresponded regularly, and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May 

Second World War
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War  Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe  This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me  I won't leave without the King  And the King will never leave " The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk  From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years  At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments  In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities  She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war  We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well "In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year  As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944  In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number 230873  She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later 

At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London  Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves  I remember we were terrified of being recognised     I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief "During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales  Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war  Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday  Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent  In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa  During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong " The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times 

Marriage
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937  They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria  After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters  She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947 The engagement attracted some controversy  Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links  Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her  He was a prince without a home or kingdom  Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin " Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun"  In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman" 

Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family  Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness  Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey  They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world  Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war  In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding  Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, in November 1948  One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince  A second child, Princess Anne, was born in August 1950 Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London  At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer  He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle Lord Mountbatten  Their two children remained in Britain 

Reign
Accession and coronation
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events  When she visited Canada and Harry S  Truman in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary Martin Charteris carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour  In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya  On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of Elizabeth's father  Philip broke the news to the new queen  She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name, and was therefore called Elizabeth II  The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland  She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom  Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the royal house would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time  Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, and Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title  The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor  Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor  Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children " In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage  Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out " Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce  If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession  Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend  In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year  They were divorced in 1978  She did not remarry Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested  The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the anointing and communion  On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries 

Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations  By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established  In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air  She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations  During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her  Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth  The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union  In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal  Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it  Eden resigned two months later 

The governing Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government following Eden's resignation  Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the lord president of the council  Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the lord chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth  In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch"  Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments  Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, advice she followed  Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister  In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement 

In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth  On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session  Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada  In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran  On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins  Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through     She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as     a film star     She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man'     She loves her duty and means to be a Queen " Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination  No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857  Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964 On 21 October 1966, the Aberfan disaster in Wales saw 116 children and 28 adults killed when a colliery spoil tip collapsed, engulfing Pantglas Junior School and the surrounding houses in the village  The Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before deciding to visit the village, and her delay in visiting the scene was a mistake that she later regretted 

Acceleration of decolonisation
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean  More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government  In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia"  Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade  As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973 Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country  She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain  The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals  When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned, and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals  As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision  She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General  The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism 

Silver Jubilee
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession  Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours  The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon  In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands"  The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her uncle-in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army According to Paul Martin Sr , by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister  Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing"  Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office  In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed     than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats"  She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state 

Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese  Police later discovered the shots were blanks  The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three  Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised  That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand  Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a  22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed  Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with attempted murder or treason was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm  Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William 

From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety and pride  On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her  In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard  After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid  As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals  Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards " Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of     it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not " It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa  The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation  Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents  Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making"  Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated, and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major  Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid 

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country  The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors  At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602"  Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997 By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire  The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed  In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau  The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup  As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement  Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic 

Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991 

On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year")  Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family  In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April; angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October; and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November  The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny  In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding"  Two days later, John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list  In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated  At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast  The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity  Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell  In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil  In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien  Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued  In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury (George Carey) and her private secretary (Robert Fellowes), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris  Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral  Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning  Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay  Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral  In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes  As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects  Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back", and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier  At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence  As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off  That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary  Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay" In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May, and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July 

Golden Jubilee
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome  Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch  Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome  During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession  Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure  She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness  As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion  One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated 

In 2003, Elizabeth sued the Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace  The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs  Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees  In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair  She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland  She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007  On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth  The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age"  During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the 9/11 attacks  Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954  By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011 

Diamond Jubilee and longevity
Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond  She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf  On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world  On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781 Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries  For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond  On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony 

On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis  A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth  Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years  She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles  On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish"  She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018  In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015  She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015  She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017  On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee, and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary  Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017 

COVID-19 pandemic
On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution  Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble" 

On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK, she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again " On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair"  In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic  On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial  In 2021, she received her first and second COVID-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria  She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died, and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void"  Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world  In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him" Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May, and the 47th G7 summit in June  On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS would be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations"  In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004  Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland, the COP26 summit in Glasgow, and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds  On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a crossbow with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the Amritsar massacre  Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the Mental Health Act  In 2023, he pled guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign 

Platinum Jubilee
Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death  On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers  In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947 Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members  She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February, but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border, following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal  On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore  On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis  She later remarked that COVID infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted     It's not a nice result" Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March, but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month or the Royal Maundy service in April, due to "episodic mobility problems"  She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years  (She did not attend the 1959 and 1963 state openings as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively ) In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving  For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace  On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand  On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland  This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign  No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers  The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September to her Canadian people, in the aftermath of the Saskatchewan stabbings Elizabeth never planned to abdicate, though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties  The Queen told Canadian governor-general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition  Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something"  In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength "

Death
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision  The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral " Her immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side  She died peacefully at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and Anne, by her side  Her death was announced to the public at 18:30, setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn  Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542  Her death certificate recorded her cause of death as "old age" On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it  Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin  It was taken by air to London on 13 September  On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days  The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division  An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures  On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same 

Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760  More than a million people lined the streets of central London, and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries  In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed  Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession  After a committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members 

Legacy
Beliefs, activities, and interests
Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public  It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views  When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked her about the miners' strike of 1984–85 during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge disagreed  Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols  After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome  She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome  It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation Oath seriously  Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and with the national Church of Scotland  She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis  A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth  In 2000, she said:
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance  For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life  I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example 
Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities  The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1 4 billion for her patronages during her reign  Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis  Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family  Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards 

Media depiction and public opinion
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen"  After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age"  Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism  In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales  Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970  Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion  In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic; but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny  Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s  Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public  Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings  Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions  Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death 

In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state  Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia  In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign  Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime  "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists"  Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy, and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent  Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the working royal family and subsequent move to the United States  Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong  As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg  Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding  The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926 

Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world  In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc  In the Isle of Man, which is a Crown Dependency rather than a separate realm, she was known as Lord of Mann  Elizabeth was also styled Defender of the Faith 

Arms
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George  Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign  Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere 

Issue
Ancestry
See also
Finances of the British royal family
Household of Elizabeth II
List of things named after Elizabeth II
List of jubilees of Elizabeth II
List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II
Royal eponyms in Canada
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
List of covers of Time magazine (1920s), (1940s), (1950s), (2010s)

Notes
Passage 4:
Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth
The wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth II) was worn at her wedding to Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947 in Westminster Abbey  Given the rationing of clothing at the time, she still had to purchase the material using ration coupons  The dress was designed by Norman Hartnell  Hartnell's signature was said to be embroidery, and he enjoyed "working with soft, floating fabrics, particularly tulle and chiffon, and with plain, lustrous silks"  The dress was made of Chinese silk, with a high neckline, tailored bodice and a short train  Without straps and with long sleeves, it provided a "fit and flare silhouette" 

Design
The wedding was a royal event held following the end of the Second World War  The dress, designed by the Court Designer Norman Hartnell, had a star-patterned fan-shaped bridal train that was 13 feet (4 0 m) in length  The train, symbolic of rebirth and growth after the war, was stated to be inspired by Botticelli's c  1482 painting of Primavera, particularly the elaborate embroidery motifs of scattered flowers on the rich satin dress and the tulle veil worn by the royal bride  The material used was ivory silk and a diamond fringe tiara secured her veil  The dress was decorated with crystals and 10,000 seed pearls, imported from the United States of America  Hartnell, who had been Court Designer since 1938, claimed it as "the most beautiful dress I had so far made" On account of the austerity measures following the war, Princess Elizabeth had to use clothing ration coupons to show her entitlement to the dress  The government allowed her 200 extra ration coupons  She was given hundreds of clothing coupons by brides-to-be from all parts of the country to help her acquire the dress  She had to return these coupons as it was illegal for them to have been given away in the first instance The designs for the dress were approved three months before the wedding  Hartnell's search for suitable designs in London art galleries had led to him to the Botticelli figure  This was the inspiration for the use of ivory silk with flower designs of jasmine, smilax, lilac and white rose-like blossoms added to the train, embellished by white crystals and pearls  These motifs were transferred to drawings to enable embroidery experts to work on them  The dress featured a "heart-shaped neckline and long tight sleeves" The silk cloth was chosen at the specific directive of her mother, the Queen, who desired an "unusually rich, lustrous stiff satin which was made at Lullingstone Castle"  The silkworms to manufacture the silk were bought from Nationalist China, and not from Japan and Fascist Italy, the UK's enemies during the war  Satin was chosen for the train, and a more flexible material of the same tone as the train was chosen for the dress  However, in spite of the careful choice of the silk, the curator of the London Museum observed 30 years later when the dress was on display at the museum that "the choice of silk was not a good one" as the fabric had deteriorated considerably due to being weighted with tin salts, effectively rotting the fabric  It was also noted that the "weight of the embroidery dragged the skirt down, increasing the strain on the weave " Round the hem of the dress, "a border of orange blossom was appliqued with transparent tulle outlined in seed pearls and crystal" The final design of the dress was kept secret, although much speculation surrounded it  It was said the princess feared that if details were published fashion house copies would make it impossible for her to make last-minute design alterations  The dress was taken to the palace a day before the wedding in a 4-foot (1 2 m) box  On the wedding day, the dress glittered, bejewelled with pearls "skilfully combined with flowing lines of wheat ears, the symbol of fertility, and worked in pearl and diamante "

Similarities
Princess Elizabeth's wedding dress has drawn parallels with both the similarly designed dress worn by Grace Kelly in 1956 and the "Westminster décor" wedding dress that Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen designed for Catherine Middleton; particular points of similarity have been highlighted in the pleats and silhouette of the skirt The dress was put on display at St James's Palace and was then exhibited in the major cities and towns of the UK 

See also
Coronation gown of Elizabeth II
List of individual dresses



ground_truth: Greek mythology

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the current queen of England?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Ernst Angel
Ernst Angel (11 August 1894, Vienna, Austria – 10 January 1986, Newark, New Jersey) was an Austrian-born poet, theatre and film critic, screen play author, film director and publisher who later became a psychologist  He was Jewish For a period of time, he worked with Rollo May, co-authoring a book 
He died in Newark Airport 

Publications in psychology
Rollo May, Ernest Angel & Henry F  Ellenberger (Hg ): Existence: A new dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology  New York: Basic Book, 1958  New edition 1994 with Jason Aronson Publishers, Lanham, MD (the USA); ISBN 1-56821-271-2 Ernest Angel, Ph D  was vice-president of the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis ( NPAP) for many years  He escaped the Nazi concentration camps but many of his family members died  He told one of his students in supervision that he witnessed a prisoner in the camp being shot in the head directly in front of him  He confided that he would pretend to be invisible as a defense mechanism to the horrible conditions around him  After the war, he became a book editor in Berlin  After reading the works of Binswanger and Boss dealing with existential issues, he went to his supervisor and said that they should publish a book on existentialism  His publisher told him to find an authority who has written something on the subject  He went through " Dissertation Abstracts" and noticed that Rollo May wrote a dissertation on anxiety  He contacted him and that he told his student  is how Rollo May became the " pope of existentialism " Ernest was more comfortable remaining a Freudian  Dr  Angel was always concerned with the world around him and especially the threat of nuclear buildups  He said that the younger generations introject these threats and lose their sense of having a destiny and live only for the moment  With this in mind, he started the " Union for Concerned Psychologists and Psychoanalysts" that later merged with an international medical union  Always a snappy dresser, he was a man of style  In 1984, he encouraged his student, Philip Ingenito  to write and produce the video, " How To Choose a Therapist"  The video took a red ribbon at the American Film Awards and was voted "top 25" films by the American Library Association in 1985 

Selected filmography
Love on Wheels (1932)
Hunting You (1929)
Passage 2:
This Is My God
This is My God is a non-fiction book by Herman Wouk, first published in 1959  The book summarizes many key aspects of Judaism and is intended for both Jewish and non-Jewish audiences  The author, who served in the United States Navy and was a Pulitzer Prize–winning novelist, writes from a Modern Orthodox perspective 

Key topics
Jewish history
Shabbat
High Holy Days
Minor Holy Days (9th of Av, Purim, Hanukkah)
Jewish prayer
Kashrut (dietary laws)
Torah
Talmud
Orthodox Judaism
Reform Judaism
Israel
Zionism  This is My God, page 264, first edition (1959), published by Doubleday, Garden City 
Passage 3:
Storm of the Century
Storm of the Century, alternatively known as Stephen King's Storm of the Century, is a 1999 American horror television miniseries written by Stephen King and directed by Craig R  Baxley  Unlike many other television adaptations of King's work, Storm of the Century was not based on a novel but was an original screenplay written by the author and directly produced for television  King described the screenplay as a "novel for television " The screenplay was published as a mass-market book in February 1999 prior to the TV broadcast of the mini-series King has called Storm of the Century his personal favorite of all the TV productions related to his works 

Plot
As the people of Little Tall Island, Maine prepare for a powerful blizzard in 1989, elderly resident Martha Clarendon is brutally murdered by a menacing stranger  Town manager Robbie Beals investigates, and the stranger terrifies him by relating shameful secrets from his past  Mike Anderson, a supermarket manager and part-time constable, arrests the stranger, who identifies himself as André Linoge  Linoge seems to know the names and morbid secrets of all the island's residents, and is particularly interested in Mike's son Ralphie, who has a birthmark on his nose  Yet he gives no hint of his own background, saying only, "Give me what I want, and I'll go away " While sitting in a jail cell, Linoge possesses the minds of several townspeople, causing suicides and a murder  He then escapes the jail in the form of a wizened old man and repeats his demand before disappearing into the storm 
The residents take shelter from the storm in the town hall  As they sleep, Linoge appears on the televisions as a televangelist and lectures them on the consequences of refusing to accommodate a stranger  The residents have the same dream in which authorities find the island deserted after the storm and the word "Croaton" carved on a tree  A news reporter connects the disappearance to the lost Roanoke colony  Meanwhile Mike dreams that the townspeople walk into the ocean and drown  The next day, Linoge causes three residents to vanish while everyone is watching the lighthouse collapse  Two die and the third, Angie Carver, is discovered alive but visibly aged  Ralphie goes missing and, when found in a closet, says that he was with Linoge  With each death and abduction, Linoge sends his demand again 
The town's children fall under a spell and go to sleep, dreaming that they are flying through the clouds with Linoge  That evening Mike finds Linoge inside the town hall holding a resident hostage  Amused by Mike's sympathy for the townspeople, Linoge says that they are all sinners and criminals who merely pretend to be decent  He tells Mike to arrange a town meeting at 9:00 that night and escapes again  When the meeting gathers, Linoge tells the residents that he has lived thousands of years and, having grown old, he wants a child whom he can raise to be a sorcerer like him  He cannot take a child by force, but the dream that the residents had will come true if they refuse  He leaves them to debate for half an hour  Mike urges the people to stand up to Linoge and is horrified when all of them, even his wife Molly, decide to give in  Linoge returns and presides over a lottery in which Ralphie is chosen  Taking his natural elderly form once more, Linoge thanks the residents and warns them never to speak about what has happened  He then walks out of the town hall with Ralphie in his arms and flies into the night sky  Mike rushes outside and falls to his knees in the snow, begging Linoge to return Ralphie in exchange for anything  
In an epilogue, Mike leaves Little Tall and becomes a United States Marshal in San Francisco  Molly and Mike divorce and she gets remarried to Alton "Hatch" Hatcher, his deputy constable  Some residents succumb to their guilt and commit suicide  Years later, Linoge and Ralphie walk past Mike in Chinatown, Ralphie having become corrupted and evil  Mike considers telling Molly what he saw, but knows that it is better kept a secret 

Cast
Screenplay
The screenplay for the miniseries was written by Stephen King expressly for television  The screenplay was published as a mass-market book by Pocket Books just prior to the initial airing of Storm of the Century on ABC  The book included photographs of the TV mini-series  The book contains an introduction in which King describes the genesis of the idea as it occurred to him in late 1996  Beginning to write it in December 1996, he initially debated if the story should be either a novel or a screenplay  He described the result as a "novel for television " A hardcover edition, written as a screenplay rather than "prose", was published concurrently by the Book of the Month Club 

Release and reception
Storm of the Century aired on ABC on February 14–18, 1999  It was released on DVD on June 22 the same year On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 82% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7 33/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Chilling performances and an even darker moral dilemma shelter Storm of the Century's somewhat long-winded tale from ever being anything less than watchable "U S  Television Ratings:

See also
List of adaptations of works by Stephen King
Passage 4:
Herman Wouk Is Still Alive
"Herman Wouk Is Still Alive" is a short story by American author Stephen King  It was originally published in the May 2011 issue of The Atlantic magazine 

Synopsis
Old friends Brenda and Jasmine, along with their seven children between them, set off on a road trip in a rented Chevy Express after Brenda wins $2,700 on the Pick-3 lottery  They reflect back on their harsh childhoods and disappointing lives  Meanwhile, Phil and Pauline, two aging poets and former lovers, are on their way to a poetry festival at the University of Maine  They stop at a rest area to have lunch together  Soon, Brenda decides that their lives are no longer worth living and that the children are doomed to a pitiful future  Deliberately and with the consent and encouragement of Jasmine, she crashes the van into a tree near Phil and Pauline at high speed  Phil and Pauline hurry to the wreckage, but Brenda and Jasmine and all their children are dead  When a passer-by asks Pauline what happened, she finally loses her well-cultured disposition and asks him "What the fuck does it look like?"

Publication
"Herman Wouk Is Still Alive" came about as part of a bet between King and his son Owen during the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in which the loser would have to write a story based on a title supplied by the winner  Owen King came up with the title after reading in an article that Herman Wouk was still alive and writing despite being in his mid-nineties  King conceived of the story after reading about the 2009 Taconic State Parkway crash "Herman Wouk Is Still Alive" was first published in The Atlantic in May 2011  It was collected as part of the 2015 work The Bazaar of Bad Dreams 

Reception
Rocky Wood described "Herman Wouk Is Still Alive" as "King showing once again what a clear eye he has for observing society" and "another mainstream story that illustrates the horror that lurks in real life"  Tim Lepczyk described it as "an enjoyable and saddening story"  Herman Wouk himself was asked about the short story in a questions and answers session published as part of his 2012 novel The Lawgiver; Wouk stated "I read Mr  King's short story and enjoyed it " The story won the 2011 Bram Stoker Award for Short Fiction 

See also
2009 Taconic State Parkway crash
Herman Wouk
Stephen King short fiction bibliography
Passage 5:
David Wallechinsky
David Wallechinsky (born David Wallace, February 5, 1948) is an American populist historian and television commentator, the president of the International Society of Olympic Historians (ISOH) and the founder and editor-in-chief of AllGov com and worldfilmreviews us 

Early life
Wallechinsky was born in Los Angeles to a Jewish family, the son of writer Sylvia Kahn and the author and screenwriter Irving Wallace  His younger sister was fellow author Amy Wallace, a "witch" of Carlos Castaneda who co-wrote many books with him and their father and authored Sorcerer's Apprentice: My Life with Carlos Castaneda in 2003 
One day, after he got off an airplane in Britain, the customs officer looked at his passport and remarked, "Ah Wallace, a good Scottish boy coming home " Disquieted, back in the States he discovered that the original family name was Wallechinsky and he adopted that moniker 
He was educated at Palisades High School in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California, graduating in 1965  One of his classmates was the future film critic and talk radio host Michael Medved, and they later wrote What Really Happened to the Class of '65, based on a series of interviews with their former classmates 

Career
In 1973, Wallechinsky grew dismayed with almanacs that, in his opinion, rehashed bare facts  He began developing an idea for a reference book to be read for pleasure, that would include lesser-known history  He worked on the book for a year, before being joined by his father for an additional year of research  The People's Almanac was published by Doubleday in 1975 and became a best-seller  One of the most popular chapters was a selection of lists, leading Wallechinsky (in conjunction with his father and sister Amy) to write The Book of Lists, which became an international best-seller  Both books spawned not only follow-up editions but copycat titles such as The Ethnic Almanac, The Jewish Almanac, and The Book Of TV Lists 
In 1960, Wallechinsky's father took him to the Rome Olympic Games  In 1984, he published the first edition of his work The Complete Book of the Olympics, a reference work with full results and many anecdotes about the modern Games  The book became unwieldy so was later split into two volumes The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics and The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics series  Wallechinsky now shares the editorial duties with his nephew Jaime Loucky  The books led to work for Wallechinsky as an Olympic commentator for NBC 
In 1985, Wallechinsky followed the book previously co-authored with Medved with a sequel, going back to his high school graduation year contemporaries and solely writing a similar retrospective Midterm Report: The Class of '65: Chronicles of an American Generation about pupils from across America who left high school in that year  He interviewed twenty-eight of those 1965 graduates including President Jimmy Carter's son Jack, and Rhode Island's then-congressional Representative Claudine Schneider  It was later published as "Class Reunion '65, Tales of an American Generation," written from the perspective of two decades post-high school graduation  In the book, Wallechinsky noted the profound impact that the war on Viet Nam had on the lives of his interview subjects In 1991, he was one of the founding members of the International Society of Olympic Historians (ISOH)  He served as treasurer of the organization from 1996 to 2004, vice-president from 2004 to 2012, then served as the organization's president Wallechinsky is the founder of AllGov com, which provides news about various departments and agencies of the American government  AllGov describes the functions of each agency, their histories, and controversies, and shares critiques and suggested reforms from both the left and the right 
He has compiled the list of "The World’s 10 Worst Dictators" for Parade magazine for a number of years  In 2006, this subject became a book entitled: Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators 

Personal life
Wallechinsky is a vegetarian and is married to Flora Chavez  They have two sons: Elijah Chavez Wallechinsky, born in 1983, and Aaron Chavez Wallechinsky  born in 1986  Both brothers are photographers and designers  Wallechinsky splits his time between Santa Monica, California and the south of France 

Bibliography
Chico's Organic Gardening and Natural Living (1972) With Frank "Chico" Bucaro
Laughing Gas: Nitrous Oxide, with Michael Sheldin and Saunie Salyer (And/Or Press, 1973)
The People's Almanac (Doubleday, 1975) (with Irving Wallace)
What Really Happened to the Class of '65? (1976) (with Michael Medved)
The Book of Lists (William Morrow, 1977) (with Irving Wallace and Amy Wallace)
The People's Almanac #2 (William Morrow, 1978) (with Irving Wallace)
The Book of Lists #2 (William Morrow, 1980) (with Irving Wallace, Amy Wallace and Sylvia Wallace)
The Book of Predictions (1980) (with Amy Wallace and Irving Wallace)
The People's Almanac #3 (William Morrow, 1981) (with Irving Wallace)
The Intimate Sex Lives of Famous People (Delacorte, 1981) (with Irving Wallace, Amy Wallace and Sylvia Wallace)
The Book of Lists #3 (William Morrow, 1983) (with Amy Wallace and Irving Wallace)
Significa (Dutton, 1983) (with Irving Wallace and Amy Wallace)
The Complete Book of the Olympics (Penguin, 1984)
Midterm Report: The Class of '65: Chronicles Of An American Generation (1986); later published as Class Reunion '65, Tales of an American Generation
The Book of Lists: The '90s Edition (Little, Brown, 1993) (with Amy Wallace)
The People's Almanac Presents The 20th Century: History With The Boring Parts Left Out (Little, Brown, 1999)
The New Book of Lists (2005) (with Amy Wallace)
Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators (ReganBooks, 2006)
The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (various editions) (with Jaime Loucky)
The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics (various editions) (with Jaime Loucky)
Passage 6:
Roger Vadim
Roger Vadim Plemiannikov (French: [ʁɔʒe vadim]; 26 January 1928 – 11 February 2000) was a French screenwriter, film director and producer, as well as an author, artist and occasional actor  His best-known works are visually lavish films with erotic qualities, such as And God Created Woman (1956), Blood and Roses (1960), Barbarella (1968), and Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) 

Early life
Vadim was born Roger Vadim Plemiannikov (sometimes transliterated Plemiannikoff) in Paris  His father, Igor Nikolaevich Plemiannikov (И́горь Никола́евич Племя́нников), a White Russian military officer and pianist, had emigrated from the Russian Empire and become a naturalized French citizen  He was a vice consul of France to Egypt, stationed in Alexandria, later posting to Mersin, Turkey as a consul  Vadim's mother, Marie-Antoinette (née Ardilouze), was a French actress  Although Vadim lived as a diplomat's child in Northern Africa and the Middle East in his early youth, the death of his father when Vadim was nine years old caused the family to return to France, where his mother found work running a hostel in the French Alps, which was functioning as a way-station for Jews and other fugitives fleeing Nazism Vadim studied journalism and writing at the University of Paris, without graduating 

Film career
Marc Allégret
At age 19, he became assistant to film director Marc Allégret, whom he met while working at the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt, and for whom he worked on several screenplays  He was an assistant director on Allegret's Blanche Fury (1948), a commercially unsuccessful melodrama which Allegret made for a British company in English 
Vadim was one of several writers on Allegret's French-British The Naked Heart (1950), aka Maria Chapdelaine, starring Michèle Morgan, as well as serving as assistant director  It was shot in French and English versions  Blackmailed (1951) was another film Allegret directed in England, starring Mai Zetterling and Dirk Bogarde; Vadim was credited as one of the writers  He was also one of several writers on Allegret's, La demoiselle et son revenant (1952) 
Vadim did the screenplay and commentary for a documentary, Le gouffre de la Pierre Saint-Marti (1953) and was assistant director on Allegret's Julietta (1953), a popular romance with Jean Marais, Dany Robin and Jeanne Moreau  Vadim wrote Allegret's Loves of Three Queens (1954), with Hedy Lamarr 

Brigitte Bardot
Vadim had begun a relationship with model-actress Brigitte Bardot  She was given a good role in a drama directed by Allegret, School for Love (1953), aka Futures Vedettes, starring Jean Marais; Vadim wrote the script with Allegret  The film was a commercial disappointment 
However the next collaboration between Allegret, Bardot and Vadim, Plucking the Daisy (1956), aka Mam'selle Striptease, was a huge success at the French box office  So too was Naughty Girl (1956), with Bardot  This allowed Vadim to get backing for his first movie as director 
Vadim's first film as director was based on an original story of his, And God Created Woman (1956)  Starring Bardot, Curt Jurgens and Christian Marquand and produced by Raoul Levy it was not only a major success in France, but around the world, and established Bardot as a world icon 
Vadim followed it with No Sun in Venice (1957) starring Françoise Arnoul and Marquand, produced by Levy, which was considerably less popular than And God Created Woman  Levy, Vadim and Bardot were to make Paris by Night with Frank Sinatra but Bardot refused to spend months in the US and Sinatra felt likewise about filming in France  Instead Vadim made The Night Heaven Fell (1958), starring Bardot and Stephen Boyd  He was one of several writers on Allegret's popular comedy, Be Beautiful But Shut Up (1958), starring Mylène Demongeot 
Vadims's next film was an adaptation of the book Les liaisons dangereuses (1959), which he wrote and directed  It starred Moreau,  Gérard Philipe (in his final film) and Annette Stroyberg, a Danish model who became Vadim's second wife  The film became a huge hit in France 
Stroyberg was also in the vampire film Blood and Roses (1960)  They divorced shortly afterwards 
Vadim was reunited with Bardot for Please, Not Now! (1961), a popular comedy  He was one of several directors of the anthology film, The Seven Deadly Sins (1962) 
Vadim began a relationship with a young Catherine Deneuve  She starred in a segment of the anthology film Tales of Paris (1962), which was written by Vadim and directed by Allegret  She starred in a film Vadim helped write and produce, And Satan Calls the Turns (1962), and was also in Vice and Virtue (1963), which Vadim directed 
Vadim had another success writing and directing for Bardot, Love on a Pillow (1962), but found less favour with Nutty, Naughty Chateau (1963) starring Monica Vitti 

Jane Fonda
Vadim tried another adaptation of a classic erotic text, La Ronde (1964)  He said at the time, "When I make a picture about relations between people, something erotic comes through; I can't help it! But sex has been an inspiration, the greatest inspiration, since art exists " One of the film's many stars was rising American actress Jane Fonda who began a romantic relationship with Vadim 
Vadim devised a vehicle for Fonda, The Game Is Over (1966), based on a book by Émile Zola  Shot in French and English versions, it was very popular in France, though less so in the US 
Dino de Laurentiis wanted Fonda to star in a science fiction sex comedy, Barbarella (1968) and she agreed provided Vadim could direct  Following this he directed Fonda in a segment of the omnibus horror film Spirits of the Dead (1968) along with her brother Peter Fonda 
During his marriage to Fonda, Vadim would accompany her back to the US periodically while she made movies there  He and Fonda broke up and Vadim directed Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) for MGM, starring Rock Hudson and Angie Dickinson  It was a commercial disappointment 

Later career
Vadim returned to France  He wrote and directed Hellé (1972), starring Gwen Welles, which was a flop  He was reunited with Bardot for Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman (1973), which was Bardot's penultimate movie and a commercial disappointment 
Not particularly successful either  were Charlotte (1974), and Game of Seduction (1976) with Sylvia Kristel and Nathalie Delon  He directed a TV movie Bonheur, impair et passe (1977), starring Danielle Darrieux 
In the 1980s Vadim based himself in the US  He directed Night Games (1980), where he attempted to make a star of Cindy Pickett, with whom he became romantically involved  He directed a caper film in Canada, The Hot Touch (1981), starring Marie-France Pisier  Back in France he wrote and directed Surprise Party (1983)  He directed episodes of Faerie Tale Theatre (1984) and Deadly Nightmares (1986) 
Vadim attempted to recapture his former success with a new version of And God Created Woman (1988), with Rebecca de Mornay  Very different from the original – it only really used the same title – it failed critically and commercially 
His final years were spent working in TV, where he directed Safari (1991) and wrote and directed Amour fou (1993), starring Marie-Christine Barrault who became his final wife  She was also in La Nouvelle tribu (1996) and its sequel Un coup de baguette magique (1997), which Vadim wrote and directed 

Personal life
Romances
Vadim was famous for his romances and marriages to beautiful actresses  In his mid-30s, he lived with the teenaged Catherine Deneuve, by whom he had a child, Christian Vadim, prior to his marriage to Fonda  He was also involved with American actresses Margaret Markov and Cindy Pickett  Later, he cohabited with screenwriter Ann Biderman for several years, announcing their engagement in 1984, but the couple never wed 

Marriages
Brigitte Bardot, 20 December 1952  – 6 December 1957 (divorced)
Annette Stroyberg, 17 June 1958  – 14 March 1961 (divorced); 1 daughter (Nathalie) b  7 December 1957
Jane Fonda, 14 August 1965  – 16 January 1973 (divorced); 1 daughter (Vanessa) b  28 September 1968
Catherine Schneider, 13 December 1975  – 10 June 1977 (divorced); 1 son (Vania) b  April 1974
Ann Biderman, partner (engaged 1984 but never wed), California
Marie-Christine Barrault, 21 December 1990  – 11 February 2000 (his death)He also had two stepsons from his marriage to Schneider (younger sister of novelist Dominique Schneidre and heiress to the Schneider-Creusot steel and armaments firm) as well as adult stepchildren from Barrault's first marriage to Daniel Toscan du Plantier, also a friend of Vadim's, who called him "a happy man  He was someone in whom there was so much satisfaction to the end of his life  The films merely reflected his happiness " Nathalie, his eldest daughter, told Fonda biographer Patricia Bosworth: "Jane was the love of my father's life "

Writing
In addition to Vadim's theatre and film work, he also wrote several books, including the memoirs "Memoires du Diable", "Le Gout du Bonheur: Souvenirs 1940–1958" and an autobiography, D'une étoile à l'autre (From One Star to the Next) as well as a tell-all about his most famous exes, Bardot, Deneuve & Fonda: My Life with the Three Most Beautiful Women in the World, published in 1986  "My attitude is that if this book makes me a little money it will be a tiny compensation for all the money I helped those actresses make", Vadim explained 
He also wrote several plays and books of fiction, including L'ange affamé 

Death
Vadim died of cancer at age 72 on 11 February 2000  Ex-wives Bardot, Fonda, Schneider and Stroyberg were all in attendance at his funeral  He is buried at St  Tropez Cemetery 

Filmography
Writer or director
The Naked Heart (1950)
Blackmailed (1951)
Plucking the Daisy aka Mam'selle Striptease (1956)
And God Created Woman (1956)
Sait-on jamais? (1957)
Sois belle et tais-toi/Be Beautiful but Shut up (1957)
Les Bijoutiers du Clair de Lune/The Night Heaven Fell (1958)
Les liaisons dangereuses/Dangerous Liaisons (1959)
Blood and Roses (1960)
La Bride sur le cou/Please Not Now! (1961)
Les Sept péchés capitaux/Seven Capital Sins (1962)
Les Parisiennes/Beds and Broads (1962)
Love on a Pillow (1962)
Un château en Suède/Castle in Sweden (1963)
Le vice et la vertu/Vice and Virtue (1963)
La Ronde/Circle of Love (1964)
La Curée/The Game is Over (1966)
Spirits of the Dead (1968)
Barbarella (1968)
Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971)
Hellé (1972)
Don Juan ou Si Don Juan était une femme  (1973)
La jeune fille Assassinée/The Murdered Young Girl (1974)
Une femme fidèle (1976)
Bonheur, impair et passe (1977)
Jeux de Nuit/Night Games (1980)
The Hot Touch (1981)
Surprise Party (1983)
Faerie Tale Theatre (1984 TV, segment "Beauty and the Beast")
The Hitchhiker (1986 TV, segment "Dead Man's Curve")
And God Created Woman (1988)
Safari (1991, TV movie)
Amour fou (1993, TV movie)
La Nouvelle tribu (1996, TV mini-series)
Mon père avait raison (1996, TV movie)
Un coup de baguette magique (1997, TV movie)

Actor
School for Love (1955)
Sweet and Sour (1963)
Ciao! Manhattan (1972)
The Assassinated Young Girl (1974)
Rich and Famous (1981)
Into the Night (1985)
Passage 7:
Maine
Maine ( (listen)) is the easternmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States  It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively  The largest state by total area in New England, Maine is the 12th-smallest by area, the 9th-least populous, the 13th-least densely populated, and the most rural of the 50 U S  states  It is also the northeasternmost among the contiguous United States, the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes, the only state whose name consists of a single syllable, and the only state to border exactly one other U S  state  Approximately half the area of Maine lies on each side of the 45th parallel north in latitude  The most populous city in Maine is Portland  Maine's capital is Augusta 
Maine has traditionally been known for its jagged, rocky Atlantic Ocean and bayshore coastlines; smoothly contoured mountains; heavily forested interior; picturesque waterways; and its wild lowbush blueberries and seafood cuisine, especially lobster and clams  Coastal and Down East Maine have emerged as important centers for the creative economy, especially in the vicinity of Portland, which is also bringing gentrification The territory of Maine has been inhabited by aboriginal populations for thousands of years after the glaciers retreated during the last ice age  At the time of European arrival, several Algonquian-speaking nations governed the area and these nations are now known as the Wabanaki Confederacy  The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, founded by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons  The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607  A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate and conflict with the local Indigenous people caused many to fail 
As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived  Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution  During the War of 1812, the largely undefended eastern region of Maine was occupied by British forces with the goal of annexing it to Canada via the Colony of New Ireland, but returned to the United States following failed British offensives on the northern border, mid-Atlantic and south which produced a peace treaty that restored the pre-war boundaries  Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820 when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become a separate state  On March 15, 1820, under the Missouri Compromise, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state 

History
The earliest known inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, Penobscot, Androscoggin, and Kennebec  During the later King Philip's War, many of these peoples would merge in one form or another to become the Wabanaki Confederacy, aiding the Wampanoag of Massachusetts and the Mahican of New York  Afterwards, many of these people were driven from their natural territories, but most of Maine's tribes continued, unchanged, until the American Revolution  Before this point, however, most of these people were considered separate nations  Many had adapted to living in permanent, Iroquois-inspired settlements, while those along the coast tended to move from summer villages to winter villages on a yearly cycle  They would usually winter inland and head to the coasts by summer European contact with what is now called Maine may have started around 1200 CE when Vikings are believed to have interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade  If confirmed, this would make Maine the site of the earliest European discovery in the entire US  About 200 years earlier, from the settlements in Iceland and Greenland, the Norse first identified America and attempted to settle areas such as Newfoundland, but failed to establish a permanent settlement  Archeological evidence suggests that Vikings in Greenland returned to North America for several centuries after the initial discovery to trade and collect timber, with the most relevant evidence being the Maine Penny, an 11th-century Norwegian coin found at a Native American dig site in 1954 The first European confirmed settlement in modern-day Maine was in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, led by French explorer Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons  His party included Samuel de Champlain, noted as an explorer  The French named the entire area Acadia, including the portion that later became the state of Maine  The Plymouth Company established the first English settlement in Maine at the Popham Colony in 1607, the same year as the settlement at Jamestown, Virginia  The Popham colonists returned to Britain after 14 months The French established two Jesuit missions: one on Penobscot Bay in 1609, and the other on Mount Desert Island in 1613  The same year, Claude de La Tour established Castine  In 1625, Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour erected Fort Pentagouet to protect Castine  The coastal areas of eastern Maine first became the Province of Maine in a 1622 land patent  The part of western Maine north of the Kennebec River was more sparsely settled and was known in the 17th century as the Territory of Sagadahock  A second settlement was attempted in 1623 by English explorer and naval Captain Christopher Levett at a place called York, where he had been granted 6,000 acres (24 km2) by King Charles I of England  It also failed 
The 1622 patent of the Province of Maine was split at the Piscataqua River into the Province of New Hampshire to the south and New Somersetshire to the north  A disputed 1630 patent split off the area around present-day Saco as Lygonia  Justifying its actions with a 1652 geographic survey that showed an overlapping patent, the Massachusetts Bay Colony had seized New Somersetshire and Lygonia by force by 1658  The Territory of Sagadahock between the Kennebec River and St  Croix River notionally became Cornwall County, Province of New York under a 1664 grant from Charles II of England to his brother James, at the time the Duke of York  Some of this land was claimed by New France as part of Acadia  All of the English settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Province of New York became part of the Dominion of New England in 1686  All of present-day Maine was unified as York County, Massachusetts under a 1691 royal patent for the Province of Massachusetts Bay 
Central Maine was formerly inhabited by the Androscoggin tribe of the Abenaki nation, also known as Arosaguntacook  They were driven out of the area in 1690 during King William's War  They were relocated to St  Francis, Canada, which was destroyed by Rogers' Rangers in 1759, and is now Odanak  The other Abenaki tribes suffered several severe defeats, particularly during Dummer's War, with the capture of Norridgewock in 1724 and the defeat of the Pequawket in 1725, which significantly reduced their numbers  They finally withdrew to Canada, where they were settled at Bécancour and Sillery, and later at St  Francis, along with other refugee tribes from the south Maine was much fought over by the French, English, and allied natives during the 17th and 18th centuries  These natives conducted raids against settlers and each other, taking captives for ransom or, in some cases, kidnapped for adoption by Native American tribes  A notable example was the early 1692 Abenaki raid on York, where about 100 English settlers were killed and another estimated 80 taken hostage  The Abenaki took captives taken during raids of Massachusetts in Queen Anne's War of the early 1700s to Kahnewake, a Catholic Mohawk village near Montreal, where some were adopted and others ransomed After the British defeated the French in Acadia in the 1740s, the territory from the Penobscot River east fell under the nominal authority of the Province of Nova Scotia, and together with present-day New Brunswick formed the Nova Scotia county of Sunbury, with its court of general sessions at Campobello  American and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812, with the British occupying eastern Maine in both conflicts via the Colony of New Ireland  The territory of Maine was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed following the Treaty of Paris ending the revolution, although the final border with British North America was not established until the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 
Maine was physically separate from the rest of Massachusetts  Long-standing disagreements over land speculation and settlements led to Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper forcing an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts Assembly on permitting Maine to secede; the vote failed  Secessionist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the War of 1812 when Massachusetts pro-British merchants opposed the war and refused to defend Maine from British invaders  In 1819, Massachusetts agreed to permit secession, sanctioned by voters of the rapidly growing region the following year 

Statehood and Missouri Compromise
Formal secession from Massachusetts and admission of Maine as the 23rd state occurred on March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, which geographically limited the spread of slavery and enabled the admission to statehood of Missouri the following year, keeping a balance between slave and free states Maine's original state capital was Portland, Maine's largest city, until it was moved to the more central Augusta in 1832  The principal office of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court remains in Portland 
The 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, prevented the Union Army from being flanked at Little Round Top by the Confederate Army during the Battle of Gettysburg 
Four U S  Navy ships have been named USS Maine, most famously the armored cruiser USS Maine (ACR-1), whose sinking by an explosion on February 15, 1898 precipitated the Spanish–American War 

Geography
To the south and east is the Gulf of Maine, and to the west is the state of New Hampshire  The Canadian province of New Brunswick is to the north and northeast, and the province of Quebec is to the northwest  Maine is the northernmost state in New England and the largest, accounting for almost half of the region's entire land area  Maine is the only state to border exactly one other American state (New Hampshire) 
Maine is the easternmost state in the United States both in its extreme points and in its geographic center  The town of Lubec is the easternmost organized settlement in the United States



ground_truth: Philip Mountbatten

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: There is a state A where Storm of the Century was filmed based on the book by the author who wrote a short story featuring the author of This Is My God. What is the population of state A?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Its Quoddy Head Lighthouse is also the closest place in the United States to Africa and Europe  Estcourt Station is Maine's northernmost point, as well as the northernmost point in New England  (For more information see extreme points of the United States )
Maine's Moosehead Lake is the largest lake wholly in New England, since Lake Champlain is located between Vermont, New York, and Quebec  A number of other Maine lakes, such as South Twin Lake, are described by Thoreau in The Maine Woods (1864)  Mount Katahdin is the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail, which extends southerly to Springer Mountain, Georgia, and the southern terminus of the new International Appalachian Trail which, when complete, will run to Belle Isle, Newfoundland and Labrador 
Machias Seal Island and North Rock, off the state's Downeast coast, are claimed by both Canada and the American town of Cutler, and are within one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute, but it is the only one of the disputed areas containing land  Also in this easternmost area in the Bay of Fundy is the Old Sow, the largest tidal whirlpool in the Western Hemisphere 
Maine is the least densely populated U S  state east of the Mississippi River  It is called the Pine Tree State; over 80% of its total land is forested or unclaimed, the most forest cover of any U S  state  In the wooded areas of the interior lies much uninhabited land, some of which does not have formal political organization into local units (a rarity in New England)  The Northwest Aroostook unorganized territory in the northern part of the state, for example, has an area of 2,668 square miles (6,910 km2) and a population of 10, or one person for every 267 square miles (690 km2) 
Maine is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome  The land near the southern and central Atlantic coast is covered by the mixed oaks of the Northeastern coastal forests  The remainder of the state, including the North Woods, is covered by the New England–Acadian forests Maine has almost 230 miles (400 km) of ocean coastline (and 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of tidal coastline)  West Quoddy Head in Lubec is the easternmost point of land in the 48 contiguous states  Along the famous rock-bound coast of Maine are lighthouses, beaches, fishing villages, and thousands of offshore islands, including the Isles of Shoals which straddle the New Hampshire border  There are jagged rocks and cliffs and many bays and inlets  Inland are lakes, rivers, forests, and mountains  This visual contrast of forested slopes sweeping down to the sea has been summed up by American poet Edna St  Vincent Millay of Rockland and Camden, in "Renascence":

Geologists describe this type of landscape as a "drowned coast", where a rising sea level has invaded former land features, creating bays out of valleys and islands out of mountain tops  A rise in land elevation due to the melting of heavy glacier ice caused a slight rebounding effect of underlying rock; this land rise, however, was not enough to eliminate all the effect of the rising sea level and its invasion of former land features 
Much of Maine's geomorphology was created by extended glacial activity at the end of the last ice age  Prominent glacial features include Somes Sound and Bubble Rock, both part of Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island  Carved by glaciers, Somes Sound reaches depths of 175 feet (50 m)  The extreme depth and steep drop-off allow large ships to navigate almost the entire length of the sound  These features also have made it attractive for boat builders, such as the prestigious Hinckley Yachts 
Bubble Rock, a glacial erratic, is a large boulder perched on the edge of Bubble Mountain in Acadia National Park  By analyzing the type of granite, geologists discovered that glaciers carried Bubble Rock to its present location from near Lucerne, 30 miles (48 km) away  The Iapetus Suture runs through the north and west of the state, being underlain by the ancient Laurentian terrane, and the south and east underlain by the Avalonian terrane 
Acadia National Park is the only national park in New England  Areas under the protection and management of the National Park Service include:
Acadia National Park near Bar Harbor
Appalachian National Scenic Trail
Maine Acadian Culture in St  John Valley
Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada, operated by both the U S  and Canada, just across the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge from Lubec
Saint Croix Island International Historic Site at Calais
Katahdin Woods and Waters National MonumentLands under the control of the state of Maine include:

Maine State Parks
Maine Wildlife Management Areas (WMA)

Climate
Maine has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with warm and sometimes humid summers, and long, cold and very snowy winters  Winters are especially severe in the northern and western parts of Maine, while coastal areas are moderated slightly by the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in marginally milder winters and cooler summers than inland regions  Daytime highs are generally in the 75–85 °F (24–29 °C) range throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the high 50s °F (around 15 °C)  January temperatures range from highs near 30 °F (−1 °C) on the southern coast to overnight lows averaging below 0 °F (−18 °C) in the far north The state's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), set in July 1911, at North Bridgton 
Precipitation in Maine is evenly distributed year-round, but with a slight summer maximum in northern/northwestern Maine and a slight late-fall or early-winter maximum along the coast due to "nor'easters" or intense cold-season rain and snowstorms  In coastal Maine, the late spring and summer months are usually driest—a rarity across the Eastern United States  Maine has fewer days of thunderstorms than any other state east of the Rockies, with most of the state averaging fewer than twenty days of thunderstorms a year  Tornadoes are rare in Maine, with the state averaging two per year, although this number is increasing  Most severe thunderstorms and tornadoes occur in the southwestern interior portion of the state, where summer temperatures are often the warmest and the atmosphere is thus more unstable compared to northern and coastal areas  Maine rarely sees the direct landfall of tropical cyclones, as they tend to recurve out to sea or are rapidly weakening by the time they reach the cooler waters of Maine 
In January 2009, a new record low temperature for the state was set at Big Black River of −50 °F (−46 °C), tying the New England record Annual precipitation varies from 35 8 in (909 mm) in Presque Isle to 56 7 in (1,441 mm) in Acadia National Park 

Demographics
Population
The U S  Census Bureau estimates that the population of Maine was 1,344,212 on July 1, 2019, a 1 19% increase since the 2010 United States census  At the 2020 census, 1,362,359 people lived in the state  The state's population density is 41 3 people per square mile, making it the least densely populated state east of the Mississippi River  As of 2010, Maine was also the most rural state in the Union, with only 38 7% of the state's population living within urban areas  As explained in detail under "Geography", there are large tracts of uninhabited land in some remote parts of the interior of the state, particularly in the North Maine Woods 
The mean population center of Maine is located in Kennebec County, just east of Augusta  The Greater Portland metropolitan area is the most densely populated with nearly 40% of Maine's population  This area spans three counties and includes many farms and wooded areas; the 2016 population of Portland proper was 66,937 Maine has experienced a very slow rate of population growth since the 1990 census; its rate of growth (0 57%) since the 2010 census ranks 45th of the 50 states  The modest population growth in the state has been concentrated in the southern coastal counties; with more diverse populations slowly moving into these areas of the state  However, the northern, more rural areas of the state have experienced a slight decline in population from 2010 to 2016 As of 2020, Maine has the highest population age 65 or older in the United States According to the 2010 census, Maine has the highest percentage of non-Hispanic whites of any state, at 94 4% of the total population  In 2011, 89 0% of all births in the state were to non-Hispanic white parents  Maine also has the second-highest residential senior population According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 4,411 homeless people in Maine The table below shows the racial composition of Maine's population as of 2016 

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 1 5% of Maine's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (0 4%), Puerto Rican (0 4%), Cuban (0 1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (0 6%)  The six largest ancestry groups were: English (20 7%), Irish (17 3%), French (15 7%), German (8 1%), American (7 8%) and French Canadian (7 7%) People citing that they are American are of overwhelmingly English descent, but have ancestry that has been in the region for so long (often since the 17th century) that they choose to identify simply as Americans Maine has the highest percentage of French Americans of any state  Most of them are of Canadian origin, but in some cases have been living there since prior to the American Revolutionary War  There are particularly high concentrations in the northern part of Maine in Aroostook County, which is part of a cultural region known as Acadia that goes over the border into New Brunswick  Along with the Acadian population in the north, many French-Canadians came from Quebec as immigrants between 1840 and 1930 
The upper Saint John River valley area was once part of the so-called Republic of Madawaska, before the frontier was decided in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842  Over a quarter of the population of Lewiston, Waterville, and Biddeford are Franco-American  Most of the residents of the Mid Coast and Down East sections are chiefly of British heritage  Smaller numbers of various other groups, including Irish, Italian and Polish, have settled throughout the state since the late 19th and early 20th century immigration waves 

Birth data
Note: Births in table do not sum to 100% because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race 

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race 

Language
Maine does not have an official language, but the most widely spoken language in the state is English  The 2000 census reported 92 25% of Maine residents aged five and older spoke only English at home  French-speakers are the state's chief linguistic minority; census figures show that Maine has the highest percentage of people speaking French at home of any state: 5 28% of Maine households are French-speaking, compared with 4 68% in Louisiana, which is the second highest state  Although rarely spoken, Spanish is the third-most-common language in Maine, after English and French 

Religion
According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the religious affiliations of Maine were: Protestant 37% (in particular: Evangelical Protestant 14%, Mainline Protestant 21%, Historical Black Protestant 2%), Atheism or Agnosticism 6%, Nothing in Particular 26%, Roman Catholic Church 21%, other Christians 5%, non-Christian religions including Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Baháʼí 7%, and Pagans and Unitarians 5% 
In 2014, the Roman Catholic Church was the largest religious institution and the Baptists (7% Evangelical and 5% Mainline) was the state's the largest Protestant institution, followed by the Methodists (6%) and the Congregationalists (5%)  The atheists and the agnostics are only 6% of the state, but 26% of Mainers said that they "Believe in God but they are Unaffiliated " The 81% of Mainers believed in God, while 3% don't know and 16% do not believe in God  The 34% of Mainers think that "religion is very important" and 29% said that is "important," while 21% said that religion isn't important By the publication of another study in 2020 through the Public Religion Research Institute, approximately 62% of the population were Christian; the religiously unaffiliated slightly increased to 33% from the separate 2014 study by the Pew Research Center  In a 2022 study by the Public Religion Research Institute, 63% of the population were Christian, and 30% were religiously unaffiliated, reflecting a shift of population  Among the non-Christian population in 2022, 1% were Unitarian Universalist, 5% Jewish, and 1% New Ager 
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, with Christianity as the dominant faith, the largest denominations by number of adherents were Catholicism (219,233 members), non-denominational Protestantism (45,364), and United Methodists (19,686)  According to the same study, there were an estimated 16,894 Muslims in the state 

Economy
Total employment 2020:

520,969Total employer establishments 2020:

41,646The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maine's total gross state product for 2021 was $77 96 billion  Its per capita personal income for 2021 was $58,484, 30th in the nation  As of September 2022, Maine's unemployment rate is 3 3% 
Maine's agricultural outputs include poultry, eggs, dairy products, cattle, wild blueberries, apples, maple syrup, and maple sugar  Aroostook County is known for its potato crops  Potatoes make the state $166,672,000 a year  Commercial fishing, once a mainstay of the state's economy, maintains a presence, particularly lobstering and groundfishing  While lobster is the main seafood focus for Maine, the harvest of both oysters and seaweed are on the rise  In 2015, 14% of the Northeast's total oyster supply came from Maine  In 2017, the production of Maine's seaweed industry was estimated at $20 million per year  The shrimp industry of Maine is on a government-mandated hold  With an ever-decreasing Northern shrimp population, Maine fishermen are no longer allowed to catch and sell shrimp  The hold began in 2014 and is expected to continue until 2021  Western Maine aquifers and springs are a source of bottled water for companies like Poland Spring 
Maine's industrial outputs consist chiefly of paper, lumber and wood products, electronic equipment, leather products, food products, textiles, and bio-technology  Naval shipbuilding and construction remain key as well, with Bath Iron Works in Bath and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery 
Brunswick Landing, formerly Naval Air Station Brunswick, is also in Maine  Formerly a large support base for the U S  Navy, the BRAC campaign initiated the Naval Air Station's closing, despite a government-funded effort to upgrade its facilities  The former base has since been changed into a civilian business park, as well as a new satellite campus for Southern Maine Community College 
Maine is the top U S  producer of low-bush blueberries  Preliminary data from the USDA for 2012 also indicate Maine was the largest blueberry producer of the major blueberry producing states, with a total production of 91,100,000 lbs  This data includes both low (wild) and high-bush (cultivated) blueberries  
Tourism and outdoor recreation play a major and increasingly important role in Maine's economy  The state is a popular destination for sport hunting (particularly deer, moose, and bear), sport fishing, snowmobiling, skiing, boating, camping and hiking, among other activities  Along with the tourist and recreation-oriented economy, Maine has developed a burgeoning creative economy, most notably centered in the Greater Portland vicinity Historically, Maine ports played a key role in national transportation  Beginning around 1880, Portland's rail link and ice-free port made it Canada's principal winter port, until the aggressive development of Halifax, Nova Scotia in the mid-20th century  In 2013, 12,039,600 short tons passed into and out of Portland by sea, which places it 45th of U S  water ports  Portland International Jetport has been expanded, providing the state with increased air traffic from carriers such as JetBlue and Southwest Airlines 
Maine has very few large companies that maintain headquarters in the state, and that number has fallen due to consolidations and mergers, particularly in the pulp and paper industry  Some of the larger companies that do maintain headquarters in Maine include Covetrus in Portland, Fairchild Semiconductor in South Portland, IDEXX Laboratories in Westbrook, Hannaford Bros  Co  in Scarborough, and L L Bean in Freeport  Maine is also the home of the Jackson Laboratory, the world's largest non-profit mammalian genetic research facility and the world's largest supplier of genetically purebred mice 

Taxation
Maine has an income tax structure containing two brackets, 6 5 and 7 95 percent of personal income  Before July 2013, Maine had four brackets: 2, 4 5, 7, and 8 5 percent  Maine's general sales tax rate is 5 5 percent  The state also levies charges of nine percent on lodging and prepared food and ten percent on short-term auto rentals  Commercial sellers of blueberries, a Maine staple, must keep records of their transactions and pay the state 1 5 cents per pound ($1 50 per 100 pounds) of the fruit sold each season  All real and tangible personal property located in the state of Maine is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute  The administration of property taxes is handled by the local assessor in incorporated cities and towns, while property taxes in the unorganized territories are handled by the State Tax Assessor 

Shipbuilding
Maine has a long-standing tradition of being home to many shipbuilding companies, such as Bath Iron Works and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard  In the 18th and 19th centuries, Maine was home to many shipyards that produced wooden sailing ships  The main function of these ships was to transport either cargos or passengers overseas  One of these yards was located in Pennellville Historic District in what is now Brunswick, Maine  This yard, owned by the Pennell family, was typical of the many family-owned shipbuilding companies of the time period  Other such examples of shipbuilding families were the Skolfields and the Morses  During the 18th and 19th centuries, wooden shipbuilding of this sort made up a sizable portion of the economy 

Transport
Airports
Maine receives passenger jet service at its two largest airports, the Portland International Jetport in Portland, and the Bangor International Airport in Bangor  Both are served daily by many major airlines to destinations such as New York, Atlanta, and Orlando  Essential Air Service also subsidizes service to a number of smaller airports in Maine, bringing small turboprop aircraft to regional airports such as the Augusta State Airport, Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, Knox County Regional Airport, and the Northern Maine Regional Airport at Presque Isle  These airports are served by regional providers such as Cape Air with Cessna 402s, and CommutAir with Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft 
Many smaller airports are scattered throughout Maine, serving only general aviation traffic  The Eastport Municipal Airport, for example, is a city-owned public-use airport with 1,200 general aviation aircraft operations each year from single-engine and ultralight aircraft 

Highways
Interstate 95 (I-95) travels through Maine, as well as its easterly branch I-295 and spurs I-195, I-395 and the unsigned I-495 (the Falmouth Spur)  In addition, U S  Route 1 (US 1) starts in Fort Kent and travels to Florida  The eastern terminus of the eastern section of US 2 starts in Houlton, near the New Brunswick, Canada border to Rouses Point, New York, at US 11  US 2A connects Old Town and Orono, primarily serving the University of Maine campus  US 201 and US 202 flow through the state  US 2, Maine State Route 6 (SR 6), and SR 9 are often used by truckers and other motorists of the Maritime Provinces en route to other destinations in the United States or as a short cut to Central Canada 

Rail
Passenger
The Downeaster passenger train, operated by Amtrak, provides passenger service between Brunswick and Boston's North Station, with stops in Freeport, Portland, Old Orchard Beach, Saco, and Wells  The Downeaster makes five daily trips 

Freight
Freight service throughout the state is provided by a handful of regional and shortline carriers: Pan Am Railways (formerly known as Guilford Rail System), which operates the former Boston & Maine and Maine Central railroads; St  Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad; Maine Eastern Railroad; Central Maine and Quebec Railway; and New Brunswick Southern Railway 

Shipping
Cargo
The International Marine Terminal in Portland provides shipping container transport  In 2021 an estimated 36,700 shipping containers moved through the terminal  In 2017, a total of 17,515 shipping containers were transported  The Icelandic shipping company Eimskip opened its United States headquarters in Portland in 2013  Its ships stop in Portland once a week in a route that includes Atlantic Canada and Iceland with connections to northern Europe and Asia  In 2015, the terminal moved 10,500 containers  The Maine Port Authority in 2016 began a $15 5 million expansion and improvement of the terminal  The Maine Port Authority leased the International Marine Terminal from the city of Portland in 2009 

Law and government
The Maine Constitution structures Maine's state government, composed of three co-equal branches—the executive, legislative, and judicial branches  The state of Maine also has three Constitutional Officers (the Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, and the State Attorney General) and one Statutory Officer (the State Auditor) 
The legislative branch is the Maine Legislature, a bicameral body composed of the Maine House of Representatives, with 151 members, and the Maine Senate, with 35 members  The Legislature is charged with introducing and passing laws 
The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Maine (currently Janet Mills)  The Governor is elected every four years; no individual may serve more than two consecutive terms in this office  The current attorney general of Maine is Aaron Frey  As with other state legislatures, the Maine Legislature can by a two-thirds majority vote from both the House and Senate override a gubernatorial veto  Maine is one of seven states that do not have a lieutenant governor 
The highest court in the state's judicial branch is the Maine Supreme Judicial Court  The lower courts are the District Court, Superior Court and Probate Court  All judges except for probate judges serve full-time, are nominated by the Governor, and confirmed by the Legislature for terms of seven years  Probate judges serve part-time and are elected by the voters of each county for four-year terms 
In a 2020 study, Maine was ranked as the 14th easiest state for citizens to vote in 

Counties
Maine is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties  Since 1860 there have been 16 counties in the state, ranging in size from 370 to 6,829 square miles (958 to 17,700 km2) 

Politics
Maine politics are dynamic in nature, with parties loosely hung together, governors often winning by pluralities rather than majorities, and significant turnover both in members and parties in legislative districts  In his 2010 article Maine's Paradoxical Politics, Kenneth Palmer suggests that "Maine's political leaders find themselves as centrists, primarily because they want to find practical solutions to difficult problems "The results of the elections are often varied  Maine is seen as a swing state, with unusually high support for independent candidates  The Republican Party have won Maine in 11 out of the past 20 presidential elections, and the governorship has been won by Democrats and independents three times each, and Republicans four times, since 1974 

Law enforcement
Municipalities
Organized municipalities
An organized municipality has a form of elected local government which administers and provides local services, keeps records, collects licensing fees, and can pass locally binding ordinances, among other responsibilities of self-government  The governmental format of most organized towns and plantations is the town meeting, while the format of most cities is the council-manager form  As of 2022 the organized municipalities of Maine consist of 23 cities, 430 towns, and 30 plantations  Collectively these 483 organized municipalities cover less than half of the state's territory  Maine also has three Reservations: Indian Island, Indian Township Reservation, and Pleasant Point Indian Reservation 
The largest municipality in Maine, by population, is the city of Portland (pop  66,318) 
The smallest city by population is Eastport (pop  1,331) 
The largest town by population is Brunswick (pop  20,278) 
The smallest town by population is Frye Island, a resort town which reported zero year-round population in the 2000 Census; one plantation, Glenwood Plantation, also reported a permanent population of zero 
In the 2000 census, the smallest town aside from Frye Island was Centerville with a population of 26, but since that census, Centerville voted to disincorporate and therefore is no longer a town  The next smallest town with a population listed in that census is Beddington (pop  50 at the 2010 census) 
The largest municipality by land area is the town of Allagash, at 128 square miles (332 km2) 
The smallest municipality by land area is Monhegan Island, at 0 86 square miles (2 2 km2)  The smallest municipality by area that is not an island is Randolph, at 2 23 square miles (6 km2) 

Unorganized territory
Unorganized territory (UT) has no local government  Administration, services, licensing, and ordinances are handled by the state government as well as by respective county governments who have townships within each county's bounds  The unorganized territory of Maine consists of more than 400 townships (in Maine, towns are incorporated, townships are unincorporated), plus many coastal islands that do not lie within any municipal bounds  The UT land area is slightly over half the entire area of the State of Maine  Year-round residents in the UT number approximately 9,000 (about 1 3% of the state's total population), with many more people staying there only seasonally  Only four of Maine's sixteen counties (Androscoggin, Cumberland, Waldo and York) are entirely incorporated, although a few others are nearly so, and most of the unincorporated area is in the vast and sparsely populated Great North Woods of Maine 

Most populous cities and towns
Throughout Maine, many municipalities, although each separate governmental entities, nevertheless form portions of a much larger population base  There are many such population clusters throughout Maine, but some examples from the municipalities appearing in the above listing are:

Portland, South Portland, Cape Elizabeth, Westbrook, Scarborough, and Falmouth
Lewiston and Auburn
Bangor, Orono, Brewer, Old Town, and Hampden
Biddeford, Saco and Old Orchard Beach
Brunswick and Topsham
Waterville, Winslow, Fairfield, and Oakland
Presque Isle and Caribou

Education
There are thirty institutions of higher learning in Maine  These institutions include the University of Maine, which is the oldest, largest and only research university in the state  UMaine was founded in 1865 and is the state's only land grant and sea grant college  The University of Maine is located in the town of Orono and is the flagship of Maine  There are also branch campuses in Augusta, Farmington, Fort Kent, Machias, and Presque Isle Bowdoin College is a liberal arts college founded in 1794 in Brunswick, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state  Colby College in Waterville was founded in 1813 making it the second oldest college in Maine  Bates College in Lewiston was founded in 1855 making it the third oldest institution in the state and the oldest coeducational college in New England  The three colleges collectively form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium and are ranked among the best colleges in the United States; often placing in the top 10% of all liberal arts colleges Maine's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was 21st in the nation in 2012, at $12,344 The collegiate system of Maine also includes numerous baccalaureate colleges such as: the Maine Maritime Academy (MMA), College of the Atlantic, Unity College, and Thomas College  There is only one medical school in the state, (University of New England's College of Osteopathic Medicine) and only one law school (The University of Maine School of Law)  There is one art school in the state, Maine College of Art, along with a private graduate school, Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts, which offers a Doctor of Philosophy to visual artists 
The Maine Community College System, founded in 1985 also serves "to provide associate degree, diploma and certificate programs directed at the educational, career and technical needs of the State's citizens and the workforce needs of the State's employers " This system includes Southern Maine Community College (SMCC), York County Community College (YCCC), Central Maine Community College (CMCC), Eastern Maine Community College (EMCC), Kennebec Valley Community College (KVCC), Northern Maine Community College (NMCC), and Washington County Community College (WCCC) Private schools in Maine are funded independently of the state and its furthered domains  Private schools are less common than public schools  A large number of private elementary schools with under 20 students exist, but most private high schools in Maine can be described as "semi-private" 
Maine also has Vocational Schools, such as the Biddeford Regional Center of Technology and Sanford Regional Technical Center that teach trades such as welding, construction and vehicle repair to students 

Culture
Agriculture
Maine was a center of agriculture before it achieved statehood  Prior to colonization, Wabanaki nations farmed large crops of corn and other produce in southern Maine Maine was a center of grain production in the 1800s, until grain production moved westward  However, in the early 2000s the local food movement spurred renewed interested in locally grown grains  In 2007, the Kneading Conference was founded  In, 2012, the Skowhegan grist mill Maine Grains opened  The revival of grain farming and milling in Maine has led to the creation of other businesses, including bakeries and malthouses Maine has many vegetable farms and other small, diversified farms  In the 1960s and 1970s, the book "Living the Good Life" by Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing caused many young people to move to Maine and engage in small-scale farming and homesteading  These back-to-the-land migrants increased the population of some counties Maine is home to the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association and had 535 certified organic farms in 2019 

Food
Along with the growth of the local food movement over the last several decades, Maine has received national recognition for its food and restaurant scene  Portland was named Bon Appetit magazine's Restaurant City of the Year in 2018  In 2018, HealthIQ com named Maine the 3rd most vegan-friendly state  Biddeford was selected by Food & Wine in 2022 as one of America's next great food cities  Maine food shares many ingredients with Wabanaki cuisine, including corn, beans, squash, wild blueberries, maple syrup, fish, and seafood  Baked beans are a common dish in Maine, served at community suppers where the beans are sometimes cooked underground in a bean hole  In New England, Maine baked beans are one of two well-known regional styles of baked beans, the other being Boston baked beans  Maine baked beans use thicker skinned, native bean varieties such like Marafax, soldier, and yellow-eye beans 

Sports teams
Professional
Maine Celtics, basketball, NBA G League
Portland Sea Dogs, minor league baseball, Double-A Northeast
Maine Mariners, ice hockey, ECHL

Non-professional
Portland Phoenix FC, soccer, Premier Developmental League
Maine Roller Derby, roller derby, Women's Flat Track Derby Association

NCAA
Maine Black Bears

USCAA
York County Community College
University of Maine at Augusta

Terminology
Maine maintains some vernacular and terminology that is unique in comparison to the rest of the country  There are unique terms like "from away", "Upta camp" and "Ayuh" that are popular in the state 

People from Maine
Citizens of Maine are often known as Mainers, though the term is often reserved for those whose roots in Maine go back at least three generations  The term Downeaster may be applied to residents of the northeast coast of the state  The term Mainiac is considered by some to be derogatory, but is embraced with pride by others, and is used for a variety of organizations and for events such as the YMCA Mainiac Sprint Triathlon & Duathlon 

See also
Index of Maine-related articles
Outline of Maine
 Maine portal
 New England portal
 United States portal



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