prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the president of the group Kim Un-yong is a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Bow (film)
The Bow (Korean title: Hwal) is a 2005 film written and directed by Kim Ki-duk  It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival The film is primarily centered on a 60-year-old man and a 16-year-old girl living in near seclusion on a fishing boat  It is agreed that they will marry when the girl turns 17  Much like other movies by Kim Ki-duk, the film contains very little dialogue and is filled with symbols 

Plot
The Bow is set entirely on a rotting 40-foot boat anchored off the coast of Korea  An old man (Jeon Seong-hwang) maintains it as a fishing platform for tourists with the help of a beautiful 16-year-old girl (Han Yeo-reum) who appears to be mute   Visitors to the boat chat about the rumors  He brought her out when she was just six years old  Her parents are looking for her  He plans to marry her on her 17th birthday  The stories sound farfetched, as does the idea that the old man is also a fortune teller, but they all turn out to be basically true  She is everything to him: a kidnap victim/daughter/girlfriend/fiancée  The old man fends off the fishermen, who make advances at the girl, by shooting arrows at them while the girl just smiles  He predicts fortune by shooting three arrows at a Bodhisattva image on the side of the boat as the girl swings dangerously in front of it  The girl whispers in his ear and he whispers in the person's ear his fortune  She's not a bad archer either and is more than capable of protecting herself  When he's not wielding the bow as a weapon, the old man converts it into a musical instrument and plays it like a violin 
The old man's arrangements start to come apart when the boat is visited by a fishing party that includes a sweet-natured student (Seo Ji-seok) who falls in love with the girl at first sight and is profoundly concerned about her situation  She, too, falls for him, and the old man starts to fear that his marriage day, carefully marked on his calendar, may never come to pass 
The student comes to take her away as her parents are searching for her still, but the old man tries to prevent them from leaving by shooting arrows at him but she stands in front  The old man tries to commit suicide out of shame  She returns and marries him  They each liberate a chicken as part of the ceremony  They leave on the boat to consummate the marriage  The student releases the hen but hits the cock but later releases it too  The old man starts to play his bow and the girl falls asleep   He shoots an arrow in the sky and jumps into the ocean   The boat returns to the student  However, the girl acts as though someone is having sex with her and suddenly the arrow shot earlier strikes between her legs in the plank  She has an orgasm and bleeds  As they leave the old boat starts following them and after she waves sink  Then this message comes onscreen as an end note:
"Strength and a beautiful sound like in the tautness of a bow  I want to live like this until the day I die "

Cast
Han Yeo-reum – The young girl
Seo Ji-seok – The student
Jeon Gook-hwan – The student's father
Jeon Seong-hwang – The old man

Reception
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 83% approval for The Bow, with an average rating of 6 8/10 
Passage 2:
Kim Yong-sun
Kim Yong-sun (1934 – 26 October 2003) was a North Korean politician  At the time of his death, he was vice-chairman of the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland  He was reported to have been killed in a car accident  He also held a position as a secretary (subordinate to the general secretary) of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) 

Career
Kim was born in 1934 in South Pyongan, when the Korean Peninsula was still under Japanese rule  He was elevated to the WPK's Central Committee in October 1980  He was a recipient of the Kim Il-sung Order, the highest decoration of the North Korean government According to author Bradley K  Martin, Kim was interned in a 're-education camp' for three years from 1979 because he had an affair with a female colleague  According to author Don Oberdorfer, he was flamboyant and was demoted in the mid-1980s for decadent behavior  However, his career was saved because of his friendship with Kim Jong-il and his sister Kim Kyong-hui  In 1992, he visited New York City to prepare for North Korea's accession to the United Nations and held the highest-level US-DPRK diplomatic meetings to that time with Arnold Kanter, Richard Solomon, Douglas Paal, and James Lilley of the U S  State Department Kim played an instrumental role in the planning of the first Inter-Korean summit between Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong-il in June 2000  He came to the South in September that year as part of an official Northern delegation, and inspected POSCO facilities in Pohang; he was the first secretary of the WPK to take an inspection tour in the South since Ho Dam in 1985  After reportedly being involved in a car accident in June 2003, he was hospitalised, and succumbed to his injuries on 23 October 2003 
Passage 3:
Kim Jong-un
Kim Jong Un (English: ; Korean: 김정은, Korean: [kim dʑɔŋ ɯːn]; born 8 January 1982, 1983 or 1984) is a North Korean politician who has been Supreme Leader of North Korea since 2011 and the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) since 2012  He is the third son of Kim Jong Il, who was North Korea's second supreme leader from 1994 to 2011, and Ko Yong-hui  He is a grandson of Kim Il Sung, who was the founder and first supreme leader of North Korea from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994  Kim Jong Un is the first leader of North Korea to have been born in the country after its establishment 
From late 2010, Kim was viewed as the successor to the North Korean leadership  Following his father's death in December 2011, state television announced Kim as the "Great Successor"  Kim holds the titles of General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and President of the State Affairs  He is also a member of the Presidium of the WPK Politburo, the highest decision-making body in the country  In July 2012, Kim was promoted to the highest rank of Marshal in the Korean People's Army, consolidating his position as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces  North Korean state media often refer to him as "Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un" or "Marshal Kim Jong Un"  He has promoted the policy of byungjin, similar to Kim Il Sung's policy from the 1960s, referring to the simultaneous development of both the economy and the country's nuclear weapons program  He has also revived the structures of the WPK, expanding the party's power in expense of the military leadership 
Kim rules North Korea as a totalitarian dictatorship, and his leadership has followed the same cult of personality as his father and grandfather  In 2014, a United Nations Human Rights Council report suggested that Kim could be put on trial for crimes against humanity  He has ordered the purge and execution of several North Korean officials  He is also widely believed to have ordered the assassination of his half-brother, Kim Jong-nam, in Malaysia in 2017  He has presided over an expansion of the consumer economy, construction projects and tourist attractions in North Korea 
Kim expanded the country's nuclear weapons program, which led to heightened tensions with the United States and South Korea, as well as China  In 2018 and 2019, Kim took part in summits with South Korean president Moon Jae-in and US president Donald Trump, leading to a brief thaw between North Korea and the two countries, though the negotiations ultimately broke down without progress on denuclearization  He has claimed success in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea, as the country did not report any confirmed cases until May 2022, although many experts doubt this claim 

Early life
North Korean authorities and state-run media have stated that Kim Jong Un was born on 8 January 1982, but South Korean intelligence officials believe that the actual date is a year later  It is thought that Kim's official birth year was changed for symbolic reasons; 1982 marked the seventieth birthday of his grandfather Kim Il Sung, and forty years after the official birth of his father Kim Jong Il  Before 2018, the US Treasury Department listed Kim Jong Un's birth date as 8 January 1984 but now lists it as 8 January 1983  The claim that he was born in 1984 matches that given by his aunt and uncle, who moved to the United States in 1998 and were interrogated by the CIA Kim Jong Un is the second of three children of Ko Yong-hui and Kim Jong Il; his elder brother, Kim Jong-chul, was born in 1981, while his younger sister, Kim Yo-jong, is believed to have been born in 1987  He is a grandson of Kim Il Sung, who was the founder of and led North Korea from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994  Kim is the first leader of North Korea to have been born a North Korean citizen, his father having been born in the Soviet Union and his grandfather having been born during the Japanese colonial period 
All of Kim Jong Il's children are said to have lived in Switzerland, as well as the mother of the two youngest sons, who lived in Geneva for some time  First reports said that Kim Jong Un attended the private International School of Berne in Gümligen in Switzerland under the name "Chol-pak" or "Pak-chol" from 1993 to 1998  He was described as shy, a good student who got along well with his classmates, and was a basketball fan  He was chaperoned by an older student, thought to be his bodyguard  However, it was later suggested that the student at the Gümligen school was not Kim Jong Un, but his elder brother Kim Jong-chul 

Later, it was reported that Kim Jong Un attended the Liebefeld Steinhölzli state school in Köniz, near Bern, under the name "Pak-un" or "Un-pak" from 1998 until 2000 as the son of an employee of the North Korean embassy in Bern  Authorities confirmed that a North Korean student from North Korea attended the school during that period  Pak-un first attended a special class for foreign-language children and later attended the regular classes of the 6th, 7th, 8th and part of the final 9th year, leaving the school abruptly in the autumn of 2000  He was described as a well-integrated and ambitious student who liked to play basketball  However, his grades and attendance rating are reported to have been poor  The ambassador of North Korea in Switzerland, Ri Chol, had a close relationship with him and acted as a mentor  One of Pak-un's classmates told reporters that he had told him that he was the son of the leader of North Korea  According to some reports, Kim was described by classmates as a shy child who was awkward with girls and indifferent to political issues, but who distinguished himself in sports and had a fascination with the American National Basketball Association and Michael Jordan  One friend claimed that he had been shown pictures of Pak-un with Kobe Bryant and Toni Kukoč In April 2012, new documents came to light indicating that Kim Jong Un had lived in Switzerland since 1991 or 1992, earlier than previously thought The Laboratory of Anatomic Anthropology at the University of Lyon, France, compared the picture of Pak-un taken at the Liebefeld Steinhölzli school in 1999 with a picture of Kim Jong Un from 2012 and concluded that the faces show a conformity of 95%, suggesting that it is most likely that they are the same person The Washington Post reported in 2009 that Kim Jong Un's school friends recalled he "spent hours doing meticulous pencil drawings of Chicago Bulls superstar Michael Jordan"  He was obsessed with basketball and computer games, and was a fan of Jackie Chan action movies Most analysts agree that Kim Jong Un attended Kim Il Sung University, a leading officer-training school in Pyongyang, from 2002 to 2007  Kim obtained two degrees, one in physics at Kim Il Sung University and another as an Army officer at the Kim Il Sung Military University In late February 2018, Reuters reported that Kim and his father had used forged passports—supposedly issued by Brazil and dated 26 February 1996—to apply for visas in various countries  Both 10-year passports carry a stamp saying "Embassy of Brazil in Prague"  Kim Jong Un's passport records the name "Josef Pwag" and a date of birth of 1 February 1983 For many years, only one confirmed photograph of him was known to exist outside North Korea, apparently taken in the mid-1990s, when he was eleven  Occasionally, other supposed images of him surfaced but were often disputed  It was only in June 2010, shortly before he was given official posts and publicly introduced to the North Korean people, that more pictures were released of Kim, taken when he was attending school in Switzerland  The first official image of him as an adult was a group photograph released on 30 September 2010, at the end of the party conference that effectively anointed him, in which he is seated in the front row, two places from his father  This was followed by newsreel footage of him attending the conference 

Succession
Pre-2010 Party Conference speculation
Kim Jong Un's eldest half-brother, Kim Jong-nam, had been the favorite to succeed, but reportedly fell out of favor after 2001, when he was caught attempting to enter Japan on a fake passport to visit Tokyo Disneyland  Kim Jong-nam was killed in Malaysia in 2017 by suspected North Korean agents Kim Jong Il's former personal chef, Kenji Fujimoto, revealed details regarding Kim Jong Un, with whom he had a good relationship, stating that he was favored to be his father's successor  Fujimoto also said that Jong Un was favored by his father over his elder brother, Kim Jong-chul, reasoning that Jong-chul is too feminine in character, while Jong Un is "exactly like his father"  Furthermore, Fujimoto stated that "if power is to be handed over then Jong Un is the best for it  He has superb physical gifts, is a big drinker and never admits defeat " Also, according to Fujimoto, Jong Un smokes Yves Saint Laurent cigarettes, loves Johnnie Walker whisky and has a Mercedes-Benz 600 luxury sedan  When Jong Un was 18, Fujimoto described an episode where Jong Un once questioned his lavish lifestyle and asked, "we are here, playing basketball, riding horses, riding jet skis, having fun together  But what of the lives of the average people?" On 15 January 2009, the South Korean news agency Yonhap reported that Kim Jong Il had appointed Kim Jong Un to be his successor On 8 March 2009, BBC News reported that Kim Jong Un was on the ballot for 2009 elections to the Supreme People's Assembly, the rubber stamp parliament of North Korea  Subsequent reports indicated that his name did not appear on the list of lawmakers, but he was later elevated to a mid-level position in the National Defense Commission, which is a branch of the North Korean military From 2009, it was understood by foreign diplomatic services that Kim was to succeed his father Kim Jong Il as the head of the Korean Workers' Party and de facto leader of North Korea  He has been named "Yŏngmyŏng-han Tongji" (영명한 동지), which loosely translates to "Brilliant Comrade"  His father had also asked embassy staff abroad to pledge loyalty to his son  There have also been reports that citizens in North Korea were encouraged to sing a newly composed "song of praise" to Kim Jong Un, in a similar fashion to that of praise songs relating to Kim Jong-il and Kim Il Sung  Later, in June, Kim was reported to have visited China secretly to "present himself" to the Chinese leadership  The Chinese foreign ministry has strongly denied that this visit occurred In September 2009, it was reported that Kim Jong Il had secured support for the succession plan, after a propaganda campaign  It is believed by some that Kim Jong Un was involved in the Cheonan sinking and the bombardment of Yeonpyeong to strengthen his military credentials and facilitate a successful transition of power from his father 

Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Kim Jong Un was made a daejang, the equivalent of a four-star general in the United States, on 27 September 2010, a day ahead of a rare Workers' Party of Korea conference in Pyongyang, the first time North Korean media had mentioned him by name and despite him having no previous military experience  Despite the promotion, no further details, including verifiable portraits of Kim, were released  On 28 September 2010, he was named vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and appointed to the Central Committee of the Workers' Party, in an apparent nod to become the successor to Kim Jong Il On 10 October 2010, Kim Jong Un was alongside his father when he attended the ruling Workers' Party's 65th-anniversary celebration  This was seen as confirming his position as the next leader of the Workers' Party  Unprecedented international press access was granted to the event, further indicating the importance of Kim Jong Un's presence  In January 2011, the regime reportedly began purging around 200 protégés of both Jong Un's uncle-in-law Jang Song-thaek and O Kuk-ryol, the vice chairman of the National Defence Commission, by either detention or execution to further prevent either man from rivaling Jong Un 

Leader of North Korea
On 17 December 2011, Kim Jong Il died  Despite the elder Kim's plans, it was not immediately clear after his death whether Kim Jong Un would in fact take full power, and what his exact role in a new government would be  Some analysts had predicted that when Kim Jong Il died, Jang Song Thaek would act as regent, as Kim Jong Un was too inexperienced to immediately lead the country Following his father's death, Kim Jong Un was hailed as the "great successor to the revolutionary cause of Juche", "outstanding leader of the party, army and people", and "respected comrade who is identical to Supreme Commander Kim Jong Il", and was made chairman of the Kim Jong Il funeral committee  The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) described Kim Jong Un as "a great person born of heaven", a propaganda term only his father and grandfather had enjoyed  The ruling Workers' Party of Korea also said in an editorial, "We vow with bleeding tears to call Kim Jong Un our supreme commander, our leader "He was publicly declared Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 2011, and formally appointed to the position on 30 December 2011 when the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea "courteously proclaimed that the dear respected Kim Jong Un, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK, assumed the supreme commandership of the Korean People's Army" 

On 26 December 2011, the leading North Korean newspaper Rodong Sinmun reported that Kim Jong Un had been acting as chairman of the Central Military Commission, and supreme leader of the country, following his father's demise On 27 March 2012, Kim was elected to the 4th Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea  On 11 April, that conference wrote the post of general secretary out of the party charter and instead designated Kim Jong Il as the party's "Eternal General Secretary"  The conference then elected Kim Jong Un as leader of the party under the newly created title of First Secretary  Kim Jong Un also took his father's post as Chairman of the Central Military Commission, as well as his father's old seat on the Politburo Presidium  In a speech made prior to the Conference, Kim Jong Un declared that "Imbuing the whole society with Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism is the highest programme of our Party"  On 13 April 2012, the 5th Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly appointed Kim Jong Un First Chairman of the National Defence Commission In July 2012, Kim Jong Un was promoted to wonsu (translated as marshal), the highest active rank in the military  The decision was jointly issued on by the Central Committee and the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea, the National Defence Commission, and the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, the Korean Central News Agency subsequently announced  The only higher rank is Taewonsu (roughly translated as Grand Marshal or Generalissimo) which was held by Kim's grandfather, Kim Il Sung, and which was awarded posthumously to his father, Kim Jong Il, in February 2012  The promotion confirmed Kim's role as top leader of the North Korean military and came days after the replacement of Chief of General Staff Ri Yong-ho by Hyon Yong-chol 
On 9 March 2014, Kim Jong Un was elected to a seat in the Supreme People's Assembly, the country's unicameral legislature  He ran unopposed, but voters had the choice of voting yes or no  There was a record turnout of voters and, according to government officials, all voted "yes" in his home district of Mount Paekdu  The Supreme People's Assembly subsequently elected him first chairman of the National Defence Commission 

Reforms
Kim has changed North Korea's internal power dynamics, increasing the influence of the WPK while decreasing the power of the military  In May 2016, He organized WPK's 7th Congress in May 2016, its first congress since 1980  In the congress, Kim became the Chairman of the WPK, which replaced the First Secretary of the WPK The Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) amended the constitution in June 2016, abolishing the National Defence Commission (NDC) except in times of war, and replacing it with the State Affairs Commission (SAC), which was named the "supreme policy-oriented leadership body of State power"  Kim became the chairman of the State Affairs Commission on 29 June 2016  These amendments marked the decrease of the military's influence, with the newly established SAC including more civilian and less military members than the NDC The constitution was further amended in 2019  References to Juche and Songun were replaced by Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism, and the constitution stipulated that the mission of North Korea's armed forces was to "defend unto death the Party Central Committee headed by the great Comrade Kim Jong Un"; this made Kim the first North Korean leader to be named in the constitution while currently holding power  The chairman of the State Affairs Commission was amended to be the "supreme leader who represents the state", effectively making Kim Jong Un the head of state; previously the president of the Presidium of the SPA was the de facto head of state  The chairman also was named as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces as well as the "supreme representative of all the Korean people" In January 2021, the WPK held its 8th Congress, in which Kim Jong Un was elected General Secretary of the WPK, which replaced the WPK Chairman  The congress also saw the WPK reassert its commitment to communism  The Control Commission was abolished, with the Central Auditing Commission taking up its duties  The Congress was also unique in that its backdrop did not include the Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il portraits that have normally been put, suggestion a desire for Kim to make his mark on the country's politics The congress marked the consolidation of WPK control over the army, as well as a further decrease in the army's power; the number of military delegates dropped from 719 in the 7th Congress to 408  Politburo members increased from 28 to 30, though incumbent military elite membership decreased from eight to six  The influence of the KPA Party Committee and the General Political Bureau (GPB) was decreased; with the committees ranking now equal to provincial party committees, while it was above them previously  The GPB was also no longer equal to the Central Committee, while the Central Military Commission was given effective command of the armed forces  "Military-first policy" was also removed from the charter, being replaced by "people-first politics" 

Role in government
According to the North Korean constitution, Kim Jong Un is part of a triumvirate heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier Kim Tok-hun and parliament president Choe Ryong-hae  Kim Jong Un commands the armed forces, Kim Tok-hun heads the cabinet and handles domestic affairs, and Choe Ryong-hae heads the legislature  However, under the constitution, Kim Jong Un is the highest-ranking of the three, with the constitution explicitly naming his post the "supreme leader who represents the state"  Since 1998, the NDC chairmanship has been constitutionally defined as "the highest post in the state", and a constitutional amendment enacted by the regime explicitly named the NDC (first) chairman as "the supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea"  However, analysts are divided about how much actual power Kim has 

Leadership style
In July 2012, Kim Jong Un showed a change in cultural policy from his father by attending a Moranbong Band concert  The concert contained several elements of pop culture from the West, particularly the United States  Kim used this event to introduce his wife to the public, an unprecedented move in North Korea  In the same year, Kim Jong Il's personal chef Kenji Fujimoto visited North Korea and said, "Stores in Pyongyang were brimming with products and people in the streets looked cheerful  North Korea has changed a lot since Kim Jong Un assumed power  All of this is because of leader Kim Jong Un "According to analysts, Kim Jong Un has used his resemblance to his grandfather to harness Kim Il Sung's personality cult and popular nostalgia for earlier times  In 2013, Kim copied his grandfather's style when he gave his first New Year's address, a break from the approach of his father, Kim Jong Il, who never made a televised address during his 17 years in power  He has also appeared more accessible and open than his father, hugging and linking arms with young and old  In his public appearances, he appears more active than his father or grandfather, for example, weeding, riding a horse, driving a tank, riding a rollercoaster, or using information technology 

In April 2012, when a satellite launch failed, the government admitted this publicly, the first time it had ever done so  In May 2014, following the collapse of an apartment building in Pyongyang, Kim Jong Un was said to be very upset at the loss of life that resulted  A statement issued by the country's official news agency the Korean Central News Agency used the rare expression "profound consolation and apology"  An unnamed government official was quoted by the BBC as saying Kim Jong Un had "sat up all night, feeling painful"  While the height of the building and the number of casualties was not released, media reports described it as a 23-story building and indicated that more than a hundred people may have died in the collapse 

Cult of personality
Kim Jong Un frequently performs symbolic acts that associate him with the personality cult of his father and grandfather  Like them, Kim Jong Un regularly tours the country, giving "on-the-spot guidance" at various sites  North Korean state media often refers to him as "Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un" or "Marshal Kim Jong Un" On 9 January 2012, a large rally was held by the Korean People's Army in front of the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun to honor Kim Jong Un and to demonstrate loyalty 

On 15 April 2012, during a military parade to commemorate Kim Il Sung's centenary, Kim Jong Un made his first public speech, Let Us March Forward Dynamically Towards Final Victory, Holding Higher the Banner of Songun  That speech became the basis of a hymn dedicated to him, "Onwards Toward the Final Victory" In November 2012, satellite photos revealed a half-kilometer-long (1,600 ft) propaganda message carved into a hillside in Ryanggang Province, reading, "Long Live General Kim Jong Un, the Shining Sun"!

Economic policies
Kim Jong Un has been promoting a policy of byungjin, similar to his grandfather Kim il Sung's policies from the 1960s, developing the national economy in parallel with the nations nuclear weapons program  A set of comprehensive economic measures, the "Socialist Corporate Responsible Management System", were introduced in 2013  The measures increase the autonomy of enterprises by granting them "certain rights to engage in business activities autonomously and elevate the will to labor through appropriately implementing the socialist distribution system"  Another priority of economic policies that year was agriculture, where the pojon (vegetable garden) responsibility system was implemented  The system reportedly achieved a major increase in output in some collective farms North Korean media described the economy as a "flexible collectivist system" where enterprises were applying "active and evolutionary actions" to achieve economic development  These reports reflect Kim's general economic policy of reforming management, increasing the autonomy and incentives for economic actors  This set of reforms known as the "May 30th measures" reaffirms both socialist ownership and "objective economic laws in guidance and management" to improve living standards  Other objectives of the measures are to increase the availability of domestically manufactured goods on markets, introduction of defence innovations into the civilian sector and boost international trade There has been a construction boom in Pyongyang, bringing colour and creative architectural styles to the city  While in the past there was a concentration on building monuments, Kim Jong Un's government has constructed amusement parks, aquatic parks, skating rinks, a dolphinarium and a ski resort  Kim has been actively promoting a consumer culture, including entertainment and cosmetics Kim has attempted to ease North Korea's food shortages, though the food situation deteriorated during the COVID-19 pandemic  In March 2023, during a WPK plenary session, he called for boosting agricultural production, saying that it is "important to concentrate on increasing the yield at all the farms" 

Purges and executions
As with all reporting on North Korea, reports of purges and executions are difficult to verify  Allegations in 2013 that Kim Jong Un had his ex-girlfriend, singer Hyon Song-wol, executed for violating pornography laws turned out to be false  In May 2016, analysts were surprised to find that General Ri Yong-gil, reported by South Korea to have been executed earlier in the year, was, in fact, alive and well In December 2013, Kim Jong Un's uncle Jang Song-thaek was arrested and executed for treachery  Jang is believed to have been executed by firing squad  Yonhap has stated that, according to multiple unnamed sources, Kim Jong Un has also put to death members of Jang's family, to completely destroy all traces of Jang's existence through "extensive executions" of his family, including the children and grandchildren of all close relatives  Those reportedly killed in Kim's purge include Jang's sister Jang Kye-sun, her husband and ambassador to Cuba, Jon Yong-jin, and Jang's nephew and ambassador to Malaysia, Jang Yong-chol  The nephew's two sons were also said to have been killed  At the time of Jang's removal, it was announced that "the discovery and purge of the Jang group     made our party and revolutionary ranks purer    " and after his execution on 12 December 2013 state media warned that the army "will never pardon all those who disobey the order of the Supreme Commander" O Sang-hon was a deputy security minister in the Ministry of People's Security in the government of North Korea who was reportedly killed in a political purge in 2014  According to the South Korean newspaper The Chosun Ilbo, O was executed by flamethrower for his role in supporting Kim Jong Un's uncle Jang Song-taek 

Human rights violations
In January 2013, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay said that the North Korean human rights situation had not improved since Kim had taken power and called for an investigation  A report on the situation of human rights in North Korea in February 2013 by United Nations Special Rapporteur Marzuki Darusman proposed a UN commission of inquiry  The report of the commission of inquiry was published in February 2014 and suggested Kim could "possibly" be made accountable for crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court In July 2016, the United States Department of the Treasury imposed personal sanctions on Kim  Although his involvement in human rights abuses was cited as the reason, officials said the sanctions target the country's nuclear and missile programs  In June 2017, U S  President Donald Trump condemned Kim Jong Un's "brutal" regime and described Kim as a "madman" after the death of American student Otto Warmbier who had been imprisoned during a visit to North Korea  However, in 2019, President Trump said that he believed Kim was not responsible for Warmbier's death 

Alleged assassination attempts
In 2012, a machine gun was discovered beneath a juniper tree in Ryugyeongwon, located near a route that Kim was going to travel  It was assumed this was part of an assassination attempt In May 2017, the North Korean government stated that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States and the South Korean National Intelligence Service (NIS) hired a North Korean lumberjack who worked in Russia to assassinate Kim with a "biochemical weapon" that was both radioactive and nano-poisonous, and whose effect would have been delayed by a few months  North Korea said that it would seek extradition of anyone involved in the assassination attempt 

Nuclear weapons development
Under Kim Jong Un, North Korea has continued to develop nuclear weapons, testing bombs in February 2013, January and September 2016, and September 2017  As of 2021, North Korea had tested nearly 120 missiles, four times more than in the time of his father and grandfather  By 2023, this climbed up to a total of 226  According to several analysts, North Korea sees the nuclear arsenal as vital to deter an attack, and it is unlikely that North Korea would launch a nuclear war  According to a RAND Corporation senior researcher, Kim Jong Un believes that nuclear weapons are his guarantee of regime survival  In 2022, it was estimated that North Korea has around 45-55 nuclear weapons In 2012, on the 100th anniversary of Kim Il Sung's birth, he said, "the days are gone forever when our enemies could blackmail us with nuclear bombs"  At a plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party held on 31 March 2013, he announced that North Korea would adopt "a new strategic line on carrying out economic construction and building nuclear armed forces simultaneously" During the 7th WPK Congress in 2016, Kim Jong Un stated that North Korea would "not use nuclear weapons first unless aggressive hostile forces use nuclear weapons to invade on our sovereignty"  However, on other occasions, North Korea has threatened "pre-emptive" nuclear attacks against a US-led attack  In December 2015, Kim stated that his family "turned the DPRK into a powerful nuclear weapons state ready to detonate a self-reliant A-bomb and H-bomb to reliably defend its sovereignty and the dignity of the nation" In his New Year's Day speech on 2 January 2017, Kim Jong Un said that the country was in the "last stage" of preparations to test-fire an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)  On 4 July, North Korea conducted the first publicly announced flight test of its ICBM Hwasong-14, timed to coincide with the U S  Independence Day celebrations  On 3 September, the country conducted its sixth nuclear test  On 28 November 2017, North Korea tested the Hwasong-15 missile, which became the first ballistic missile developed by North Korea that is theoretically capable of reaching all of the US' mainland  In response, the United Nations Security Council enacted a series of sanctions against North Korea for its nuclear program and missile tests Until 2022, North Korea's stated policy position was that nuclear weapons "will never be abused or used as a means for preemptive strike", but if there is an "attempt to have recourse to military force against us" North Korea may use their "most powerful offensive strength in advance to punish them"  This was not a full no first use policy  This policy changed in 2022 with a law approved by the Supreme People's Assembly, which states that in the case of an attack against the top leadership or the nuclear command and control system, nuclear attacks against the enemy would be launched automatically  Additionally, the new law indicates that if Kim Jong Un was killed, the authorization of nuclear strikes would pass to a senior official 

Foreign relations
China
Relations between North Korea and China, long North Korea's closest partner, initially deteriorated under Kim due to his nuclear weapons program  On 30 November 2012, Kim met with Li Jianguo, first-ranking vice chairman of the Chinese National People's Congress Standing Committee, who "briefed Kim on the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China", according to the state's official news agency, the Korean Central News Agency  A letter from Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was hand-delivered during the discussion China condemned North Korea's nuclear tests in 2013, 2016, and 2017 China also banned imports of North Korean coal in February 2017, while enforcing UN Security Council sanctions on North Korea put in 2017  In response, the Korean Central News Agency published an unprecedented criticism of China, accusing it of "big-power chauvinism"; KCNA later published articles criticizing Chinese state-media The relationship started improving in March 2018, when Kim visited Beijing, meeting with Xi Jinping, marking his first foreign trip since assuming power  From 7–8 May, Kim made a second visit to China, meeting with Xi in Dalian  A further third meeting happened on June 19–20, when Kim travelled to Beijing to meet Xi  Kim again met Xi in Beijing on January 7–10, 2019  On 20–21 June 2019, Xi travelled to Pyongyang, the first visit by a Chinese leader to North Korea since Hu Jintao visited in 2005 

South Korea and the United States
In his 2018 New Year Speech, Kim announced that he was open to dialogue with South Korea with a view to take part in the upcoming Winter Olympics in the South  The Seoul–Pyongyang hotline was reopened after almost two years  North and South Korea marched together in the Olympics opening ceremony, and fielded a united women's ice hockey team  In addition to the athletes, Kim sent an unprecedented high-level delegation including his sister, Kim Yo-jong, and President of the Presidium, Kim Yong-nam, and performers such as the Samjiyon Orchestra  On 5 March, he had a meeting with South Korea's Chief of the National Security Office, Chung Eui-yong, in Pyongyang 

At the April 2018 inter-Korean summit, Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in signed the Panmunjom Declaration, pledging to convert the Korean Armistice Agreement into a full peace treaty, formally ending the Korean War, by the end of the year On 26 May, Kim had a second and unannounced meeting in the North Korean side of Panmunjom, meeting with Moon to discuss his proposed summit with US President Donald Trump in Singapore 

On 10 June, Kim arrived in Singapore and met with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong  On 12 June, Kim held his first summit with Trump and signed a declaration, affirming a commitment to peace, nuclear disarmament, and the repatriation of the remains of U S  war dead  This marked the first-ever meeting between leaders of North Korea and the United States In September, Kim held another summit with Moon Jae-in in Pyongyang  Kim agreed to dismantle North Korea's nuclear weapons facilities if the United States took reciprocal action  The two governments also announced that they would establish buffer zones on their borders to prevent clashes In February 2019, Kim held another summit with Trump in Hanoi, Vietnam, which Trump cut short on the second day without an agreement  The Trump administration said that the North Koreans wanted complete sanctions relief, while the North Koreans said that they were only asking for partial sanctions relief On 30 June 2019, in the Korean DMZ, Kim again met with Trump, shaking hands warmly and expressing hope for peace  Kim and Trump then joined Moon Jae-in for a brief chat  Talks in Stockholm began on 5 October 2019 between US and North Korean negotiating teams, but broke down after one day  During this period, Trump and Kim established a personal relationship and exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship However, by 2020, negotiations almost completely stalled without progress on denuclearization, with both Trump and Kim focusing on domestic issues  North Korean foreign ministry further criticized the Trump administration that year for "empty promise[s]", and further took action by demolishing the four-story joint-liaison office building it shared with South Korea on June 17  North Korea further ignored attempts at outreach by the administration of president Joe Biden, and Kim said in October 2021 that the "US has been frequently sending signals that they are not hostile towards our country, but there is no single evidence that they are not hostile", and also criticized South Korea for "destroying the military balance in the Korean peninsula and increasing military instability and danger" 

Russia
On 25 April 2019, Kim held his first summit with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Vladivostok, Russia North Korea under Kim supported Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, blaming the "hegemonic policy" of the US for the war, recognizing the independence of the breakaway states of Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics in Eastern Ukraine as well as recognizing Russia's unilateral annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts on 30 September  In September 2022, US intelligence said that Russia was buying millions of artillery shells and rockets from North Korea due to the sanctions caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine  A February 2023 report by the Center for Strategic International Studies (CSIS) stated that after dropping to nearly zero during the COVID-19 era, trade between North Korea and Russia rebounded back to prepandemic levels 

COVID-19 pandemic
During 2020, Kim claimed success in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea, after putting the country in isolation and limiting public gatherings In April 2020, a three-week absence from public view led to speculation that Kim was seriously ill or dead, but no clear evidence of any health problem came to light  He continued to appear in public rarely over the following months, possibly because of health problems or the risk of COVID-19  In August, it was reported that Kim had ceded a degree of authority to his sister, Kim Yo-jong, giving her responsibility for relations with South Korea and the United States and making her his de facto second-in-command On 5 September 2020, Kim toured the areas hit by Typhoon Maysak  He also replaced the local provincial party committee chairman and ordered Pyongyang officials to lead a recovery effort  His ruling party also pledged harsh punishment for the city and provincial officials, stating that they failed to protect the residents from the disaster  Kim fired Kim Song-il, who was chairman of the South Hamgyong Province Workers' Party of Korea Committee At the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea, held in early January 2021, Kim delivered a nine-hour-long report in which he admitted failures in carrying out the economic plan and lambasted leading officials' shortcomings  He also praised the country's nuclear capability and addressed the United States as the DPRK's main enemy  The congress restored the operative functions of the General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, a title previously awarded "eternally" to Kim Jong Il in 2012, and elected Kim Jong Un to it  In February 2021, state-run media began referring to Kim as "president" in English language articles  In November 2021, the South Korean National Intelligence Service reported that the North Korean government has begun using the term "Kim Jong Un-ism", in an effort to establish an independent ideological system centered on Kim  Analyst Ken Gause described this as Kim "now ready to put his stamp firmly on the regime" In January 2022, a North Korean KCTV documentary, "2021, A Great Victorious Year", was released, which appeared to address Kim's sudden weight loss and infrequent public appearances  It said that Kim's body had "completely withered away" as he "suffered" for the people during 2021, completing tasks hitherto unpublicized while North Korea faced "challenges" and "worst-ever hardships" In May 2022, North Korea announced that its first COVID-19 outbreak had started in April  In a meeting with the WPK, Kim ordered "all the cities and counties of the whole country to thoroughly lock down," and called for the mobilization of emergency reserve medical supplies  In the days that followed the country's announcement, hundreds of thousands of new cases of fevers were reported, as well as 27 related deaths related to fever of unidentified origins, among which one death was confirmed as from the Omicron variant according to state-media KCNA  Kim spoke further at a subsequent WPK meeting, stating that the virus had brought “great turmoil” to his country, and urged the party and people to remain unified and organized in their efforts to combat the virus  Kim went on to blame the crisis on incompetence and irresponsibility on the part of the party organizations, and also cast blame on “negligence including drug overdose due to lack of knowledge of treatment methods” as the reason for most of the deaths since the outbreak  As part of the country’s response to the COVID-19 outbreak, Kim stated that he looked to learn from the response mounted by China  By the end of May, North Korean state media reported the COVID-19 outbreak was “controlled and improved across the country” following a re-evaluation by Kim and the WPK 

Personal life
Personality
Kenji Fujimoto, a Japanese chef who was Kim Jong Il's personal cook, described Kim Jong Un as "a chip off the old block, a spitting image of his father in terms of face, body shape, and personality"  Kim is a fan of basketball, and his favorite teams include the Chicago Bulls and the Los Angeles Lakers On 26 February 2013, Kim Jong‑un met Dennis Rodman, which led many reporters to speculate that Rodman was the first American that Kim had met  During Rodman's trip, Vice magazine correspondent Ryan Duffy said that Kim was "socially awkward" and avoided eye contact According to Cheong Seong-chang of the Sejong Institute, Kim Jong Un has greater visible interest in the welfare of his people and engages in greater interaction with them than his father did South Koreans who saw Kim at the summit in April 2018 described him as straightforward, humorous, and attentive  After meeting him, Donald Trump said, "I learned he was a talented man  I also learned he loves his country very much " He added that Kim had a "great personality" and was "very smart" 

Public image
Forbes magazine ranked Kim as the 36th most powerful person in the world in 2018, the highest amongst Koreans In a 2013 poll, 61 7% of North Korean defectors in South Korea said that Kim Jong Un was probably supported by most of his countrymen, an increase from the 55 7% approval rating for his father in a similar survey done two years earlier In a poll of South Koreans conducted following the May 2018 inter-Korean summit, 78% of respondents said they trusted Kim, compared with 10% approval a couple months prior The nickname "Kim Fatty the Third" (Chinese: 金三胖; pinyin: Jīn Sān Pàng) began trending among Chinese users of the websites Baidu and Sina Weibo in late 2016  In response, the North Korean government successfully petitioned the Chinese government to censor the nickname on all Chinese websites 

Wealth
The International Business Times reported Kim to have 17 luxury palaces around North Korea, a fleet of 100 (mostly European) luxury cars, a private jet, and a 100-foot (30 m) yacht  Rodman described his trip to a private island owned by Kim Jong Un: "It's like Hawaii, Ibiza, or Aruba but he's the only one that lives there "In 2012, Business Insider reported that there were "[s]igns of a rise in luxury goods     creeping out of North Korea since Kim Jong Un took over" and that his "wife Ri Sol-ju (리설주) was photographed holding what appeared to be an expensive Dior handbag, worth almost $1,594 – an average year's salary in North Korea"  According to diplomatic sources, "Kim Jong Un likes to drink and party all night like his father and ordered the [imported sauna] equipment to help him beat hangovers and fatigue "In 2018, Kim received delivery of two armored Mercedes-Maybach S600s, each valued at $500,000, through an illicit shipping network in violation of international sanctions 

Health
In 2009, reports suggested that Kim Jong Un was a diabetic and suffered from hypertension  He is also known to smoke cigarettes Kim Jong Un did not appear in public for six weeks in September and October 2014  State media reported that he was suffering from an "uncomfortable physical condition"  Previously he had been limping  When he reappeared, he was using a walking stick In September 2015, the South Korean government commented that Kim appeared to have gained 30 kg (66 lb) in body fat over the previous five years, reaching a total estimated body weight of 130 kg (290 lb) In April 2020, Kim was not seen in public for 20 days, leading to rumours that he was critically ill or dead  In June 2021, following a one-month-long absence from the public eye, outside observers noted that Kim had lost considerable amount of weight  It is speculated that he had lost 10 to 20 kg (22 to 44 lb) In 2023 South Korean military intelligence reported that he missed work, may have obesity, alcohol and smoking addiction and may be sleep insomniac 

Family
On 25 July 2012, North Korean state media reported for the first time that Kim Jong Un was married to Ri Sol-ju  Ri, who was believed to be in her early 20s, had been accompanying Kim Jong Un to public appearances for several weeks prior to the announcement  According to a South Korean analyst, Kim Jong Il had hastily arranged the marriage after suffering a stroke in 2008, the two married in 2009, and they had a son in 2010  Dennis Rodman, after visiting in 2013, reported that they had a second newborn child, a daughter named Ju-ae  According to South Korean intelligence sources, the couple is believed to have had a third child, a daughter, in February 2017 On 18 November 2022, Kim Jong Un was seen reviewing key military arsenals with his daughter Ju-ae  The two were seen together again at a gathering with missile scientists later in the same month  She has since routinely accompanied him Kim is sometimes accompanied by his younger sister Kim Yo-jong, who is said to be instrumental in creating his public image and organising public events for him  According to Kim Yong-hyun, a professor of North Korean studies at Dongguk University in Seoul, and others, the promotion of Yo Jong and others is a sign that "the Kim Jong Un regime has ended its co-existence with the remnants of the previous Kim Jong-il regime by carrying out a generational replacement in the party's key elite posts" On 13 February 2017, Kim Jong-nam, the exiled half-brother of Kim Jong Un, was assassinated with the nerve agent VX while walking through Terminal 2 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport  Kim Jong Un is widely believed to have ordered the assassination 

Awards and honors
Jubilee Medal "75 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (Russia, 2020) — awarded for his efforts at preserving the memory of Soviet soldiers who died during the Soviet–Japanese War (1945) and were buried in North Korea

See also
North Korea portal
 Politics portal

Notes
Passage 4:
President of the International Olympic Committee
The president of the International Olympic Committee is head of the executive board that assumes the general overall responsibility for the administration of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the management of its affairs  The IOC Executive Board consists of the president, four vice-presidents, and ten other IOC members; all of the board members are elected by the IOC Session, using a secret ballot, by a majority vote 
The IOC organizes the modern Olympic Games, held every two years, alternating summer and winter games (each every four years)  The IOC president holds the office for two terms of four years, renewable once for another term, so would expect to lead the organization of at least two Summer Olympic Games and two Winter Olympic Games  If reelected, the president is expected to lead through three of each season Olympics 

List of IOC presidents
The IOC's first idea was that the country who was holding the games would also assume the role of president  However, this idea was quickly abandoned 

Demetrius Vikelas (1894–1896)
The Baron de Coubertin had already attempted to restart the Olympic Games at the congress for the fifth anniversary of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques in 1892  While he may have raised the enthusiasm of the public, he did not manage to establish a proper commitment He decided to reiterate his efforts at the next congress in 1894, which would openly address the issue of amateur sports, but also with the sub-text of recreating the Olympic Games  Six of the seven points that would be debated pertained to amateurism (definition, disqualification, betting, etc ) and the seventh point concerned the possibility of restoring the Games  Coubertin also sought to give an international dimension to his congress 
De Coubertin gained support from several personalities: the king of the Belgians; the prince of Wales; the crown prince Constantine of Greece; William Penny Brookes, the creator of the Wenlock Olympian Games in Shropshire, England; and Ioannis Phokianos, a professor of mathematics and physics and a college principal  Phokianos was also one of the advocates of sport in Greece; he had organized a series of Olympic Games sponsored by Evangelos Zappas in 1875, and in 1888 he had organized an elite and private Games as the founder of the Pan-Hellenic Gymnastic Club  Phokianos could not travel to Paris for financial reasons and because he was finalizing the construction of his new college  Instead, de Coubertin turned to one of the more eminent representatives of the Greek community in Paris—Demetrios Vikelas—whom he invited to take part in the congress  Athens was approved to host the 1896 Olympic Games, Greece being the original home of the Olympics (at Olympia from 776 to 393 BC), and Vikelas was duly chosen as the first president of the IOC 

Pierre, Baron de Coubertin (1896–1925)
Pierre, Baron de Coubertin, took over the IOC presidency when Demetrius Vikelas stepped down after the Olympics in his own country  Despite its initial success, the Olympic Movement faced hard times, as the 1900 Games (in de Coubertin's own Paris) and 1904 Games were both upstaged by World's Fairs—Exposition Universelle in 1900 and Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904—and received little attention The 1906 Intercalated Games revived the momentum, and the Olympic Games grew to become the most important sports event  De Coubertin created the modern pentathlon for the 1912 Summer Olympics  He subsequently stepped down from the IOC presidency after the 1924 Summer Olympics, which proved much more successful than the first attempt in Paris in 1900  He was succeeded as IOC president in 1925 by Belgian Henri de Baillet-Latour 
De Coubertin remained honorary president of the IOC until his death in 1937 in Geneva, Switzerland  He also designed the olympic flag of IOC in 1914  

Henri, Comte de Baillet-Latour (1925–1942)
Henri, Comte de Baillet-Latour was elected IOC president in 1925, after the founder of the modern Olympic Movement, Baron de Coubertin, stepped down from the post to become honorary president  The Belgian Comte led the IOC until his death in 1942, when he was succeeded by his vice-president Sigfrid Edström 

Sigfrid Edström (1942–1952)
When IOC president Henri de Baillet-Latour died in 1942, Swedish industrialist Sigfrid Edström took over as the acting president until the end of World War II, when he was formally elected IOC president  He played an important role in reviving the Olympic Movement after the war 
In 1931, Edström was involved in the controversial decision to ban legendary Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi from competing at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, as the IOC considered Nurmi to be a professional athlete  This had a negative effect on Finland's relationship with Sweden, as Nurmi was a celebrated national hero in his own country 
Edström retired from the IOC presidency in 1952 and was succeeded by Avery Brundage 

Avery Brundage (1952–1972)
Avery Brundage became vice-president of the IOC in 1945 and was subsequently elected president in 1952, at the 47th IOC Session in Helsinki, succeeding Sigfrid Edström  While he was being considered for this honor, Brundage fathered two sons with a woman to whom he was not married; in order to avoid a political scandal, he requested that his name be kept off the birth certificates During his tenure as IOC president, Brundage strongly opposed any form of professionalism in the Olympic Games  Gradually, this opinion became less accepted by the sports world and other IOC members, but his opinions led to some embarrassing incidents, such as the exclusion of Austrian skier Karl Schranz from the 1972 Winter Olympics  Likewise, he opposed the restoration of Olympic medals to Native American athlete Jim Thorpe, who had been stripped of the medals when he was found to have played semi-professional baseball before taking part in the 1912 Summer Olympics (where he had beaten Brundage in the pentathlon and decathlon)  Despite this, Brundage accepted the "shamateurism" from Eastern Bloc countries, in which team members were nominally students, soldiers, or civilians working in a non-sports profession, but in reality were paid by their states to train on a full-time basis  Brundage claimed that it was "their way of life"  Thorpe's amateur status was restored by the Amateur Athletic Union in 1973, following Brundage's retirement  The IOC officially pardoned Thorpe in 1982 and ordered that his medals be presented posthumously to his family  After his death in 1975, it was revealed that Brundage had notified the IOC that Thorpe had played semi-professional baseball years before 
Brundage also opposed anything that he viewed as politicizing sport  At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, U S  sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised their fists to show support for the Black Power movement during their medal ceremony  Brundage ordered the USOC to expel both African-American men from the Olympic Village and have them suspended from the U S  Olympic team  When the USOC refused, he threatened to ban the entire U S  Olympic team  However, Brundage made no objections against Nazi salutes during the Berlin Olympics 
He may be best remembered for his decision during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, to continue the Games following the Black September Palestinian terrorist attack which killed eleven Israeli athletes  While some criticized Brundage's decision—including L A  Times columnist Jim Murray, who wrote "Incredibly, they're going on with it  It's almost like having a dance at Dachau"—most did not, and few athletes withdrew from the Games  The Olympic competition was suspended on 5 September for one complete day  The next day, a memorial service of eighty thousand spectators and three thousand athletes was held in the Olympic Stadium  Brundage gave an address in which he stated:

"Every civilized person recoils in horror at the barbarous criminal intrusion of terrorists into peaceful Olympic precincts  We mourn our Israeli friends [   ] victims of this brutal assault  The Olympic flag and the flags of all the world fly at half-mast  Sadly, in this imperfect world, the greater and the more important the Olympic Games become, the more they are open to commercial, political, and now criminal pressure  The Games of the XXth Olympiad have been subject to two savage attacks  We lost the Rhodesian battle against naked political blackmail  I am sure that the public will agree that we cannot allow a handful of terrorists to destroy this nucleus of international cooperation and goodwill we have in the Olympic movement  The Games must go on    "
Brundage strongly opposed the exclusion of Rhodesia from the Olympics due to its racial policies  After the attacks in Munich, Brundage drew a comparison between the massacre of the Israeli athletes and the barring of the Rhodesian team, for which he later apologized Brundage is also remembered for proposing the elimination of all team sports from the Summer Olympic Games, fearing that the Games would become too expensive for all but the wealthiest nations to host; he also proposed the elimination of the Winter Olympic Games entirely due to its association with commercialism 
Brundage retired as IOC president after the 1972 Summer Games, having held the post for twenty years, and was succeeded by Lord Killanin 

Lord Killanin (1972–1980)
Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, was elected as Honorary President of the Olympic Council of Ireland (OCI) in 1950, and became the Irish delegate at the IOC in 1952  He eventually became senior vice-president of the IOC in 1968, and succeeded Avery Brundage to the presidency on 23 August 1972, being elected at the 73rd IOC Session in Munich, just prior to the 1972 Summer Olympics The Olympic Movement experienced a difficult period during his presidency, having to deal with the aftermath of the tragedy at the 1972 Munich Games and the financial failure of the 1976 Montréal Games  Due to limited interest from potential hosts, the cities of Lake Placid, New York and Los Angeles, California were chosen to host the 1980 Winter Games and the 1984 Summer Games, respectively, in the absence of any competing cities 
Killanin resigned prior to the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, after the massive political boycott of those Games in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, but retained his position until the Games were completed 

Juan Antonio Samaranch (1980–2001)
Juan Antonio Samaranch (who was later created the 1st marquess of Samaranch) was elected President of the IOC on 16 July at the 83rd IOC Session in Moscow, that was held prior to the 1980 Summer Olympics—between 15 and 18 July 1980  He officially assumed presidency at the end of the Moscow Olympics 
During his term, Samaranch managed to make the Olympic Movement financially healthy, with big television deals and sponsorships  Although the 1984 Summer Olympics were boycotted by the Eastern Bloc countries, a record number of athletes participated in those Games, and the number of nations with an IOC membership and participating increased at every Games during his presidency  Samaranch also wanted the best athletes to compete in the Olympics, which led to the gradual acceptance of professional athletes 
One achievement of Samaranch has undoubtedly been the financial rescue of the IOC, which was in financial crisis in the 1970s  The games themselves were such a burden on host cities that it appeared that no host would be found for future Olympiads  Under Samaranch, the IOC revamped its sponsorship arrangements (choosing to go with global sponsors rather than allowing each national federation to take local ones), and new broadcasting deals which brought in much money 

Criticism
Also during his tenure as IOC president, Samaranch insisted that he be addressed with the title of "Excellency", a title used for heads of state and government (the title of Excellency is, however, also used to address Grandees of Spain, and he was a Spanish Marquis and Grandee since late 1991)  In addition, when he traveled to conduct Olympic business, he would insist on a chauffeured limousine as well as a presidential suite in the finest hotel of whatever city he visited  The IOC put an annual rental (at a cost of US$500,000 per year) at a presidential suite for his stays in Lausanne, Switzerland, where the IOC headquarters are located Besides his lavish accommodations, he was increasingly criticized for the judging and doping scandals and rampant corruption that occurred under his watch  A closed-door inquiry later expelled several IOC members for accepting bribes but cleared Samaranch of wrongdoing  Samaranch declared that the IOC's worst crisis was over but a group of former Olympic athletes, led by Mark Tewksbury, continued to push for his removal 
It became a tradition for Samaranch, when giving the president's address at the close of each Summer Olympics, to praise the organizers at each Olympiad for putting on "the best ever" Games 

Jacques Count Rogge (2001–2013)
Jacques Rogge (later created The 1st count Rogge) was elected as president of the IOC on 16 July 2001 at the 112th IOC Session in Moscow as the successor to Juan Antonio Samaranch, who had led the IOC since 1980 
Under his leadership, the IOC aimed to create more possibilities for developing countries to bid for and host the Olympic Games  Rogge believes that this vision can be achieved in the not too distant future through government backing and new IOC policies that constrain the size, complexity and cost of hosting the Olympic Games At the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, Rogge became the first IOC president to stay in the Olympic village, to enjoy closer contact with the athletes During the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Rogge delivered a commemoration of Georgian luge athlete Nodar Kumaritashvili, after his fatal accident while practicing in Whistler on 12 February 2010 
Rogge retired at the end of the 125th IOC Session in Bueno Aires and was appointed to the lifetime position of Honorary President of the IOC  Rogge died on 29 August 2021 at the age of 79 

Controversies
For the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Rogge stated in mid-July 2008 that there would be no Internet censorship by the mainland authorities: "For the first time, foreign media will be able to report freely and publish their work freely in China " However, on 30 July 2008, IOC spokesman Kevan Gosper had to retract that statement, admitting that the Internet would indeed be censored for journalists  Gosper, who said he had not heard about this, suggested that high IOC officials (probably including the Dutch Hein Verbruggen and Swiss IOC executive director Gilbert Felli—and most likely with Rogge's knowledge) had made a secret deal with Chinese officials to allow the censorship, without the knowledge of either the press or most members of the IOC  Rogge later denied that any such meeting had taken place, but did not insist that China adhere to its prior assurances that the Internet would not be censored Rogge commented that Usain Bolt's gestures of jubilation and excitement after winning the 100 meters in Beijing are "not the way we perceive being a champion," and also said, "that he should show more respect for his competitors " In response to his comments, Yahoo Sports columnist Dan Wetzel, who covered the Games, described him as "   a classic stiff-collared bureaucrat," and further contended that "[the IOC] has made billions off athletes such as Bolt for years, yet he has to find someone to pick on " In an interview with The Irish Times' reporter Ian O'Riordan, Rogge clarified, "Maybe there was a little bit of a misunderstanding  [   ] What he does before or after the race I have no problem with  I just thought that his gesticulation during the race was maybe a little disrespectful "He rejected calls for a minute of silence to be held to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the 1972 Munich Games attack during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics, despite the standing request of the families of the 11 Israeli Olympic team members who were held hostage and murdered by the Palestinian group Black September  Calls for such a commemoration marking 40 years since the massacre had also come from Jewish organizations worldwide and politicians from the United States, Israel, Canada, Italy, Australia, and Germany  He and the IOC instead opted for a smaller ceremony in London that took place on 6 August, and one at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base on the 40th anniversary of the attack, 5 September 

Thomas Bach (2013–present)
Thomas Bach was elected President of the IOC on 10 September 2013, as the successor to Jacques Rogge, at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires  He made his first appearance at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Russia's Sochi and was one of the IOC presidents to take part in other sporting events being held 

See also
Presidents of the International Paralympic Committee
Passage 5:
Kim Yong-ju
Kim Yong-ju (Korean: 김영주; 1920 – 14 December 2021) was a North Korean politician and the younger brother of Kim Il Sung, who ruled North Korea from 1948 to 1994  Under his brother's rule, Kim Yong-ju held key posts including Politburo member in the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) during the 1960s and early 1970s, but he fell out of favour in 1974 following a power struggle with Kim Jong Il  From 1998 until his death in 2021, he held the ceremonial position of Honorary Vice President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), North Korea's parliament 

Biography
Kim Yong-ju was born to Kim Hyong-jik and Kang Pan-sok in Taedong County in 1920, eight years after his elder brother Kim Il Sung  When Kim was three years old, his family moved to southern Manchuria After graduating from the economics department at Moscow State University in 1945, where he also took a deep interest in philosophy, Kim Yong-ju joined the Workers' Party of Korea  His rise through the party's echelons was rapid; from the 1950s to the 1960s he was chief cadre (1954), vice-director (1957) and finally director (1960) of the WPK Organization and Guidance Department  He was appointed member of the WPK Central Committee at the Party's 4th Congress in 1961  In 1966, he was promoted to Organizing Secretary of the WPK Central Committee 
In 1967, he proposed to his brother the "Ten Principles for the Establishment of the One-Ideology System" (whose first principle was: "We must give our all in the struggle to unify the entire society with the revolutionary ideology of the great leader Comrade Kim Il Sung"), which were published only in 1974 In 1972, he represented North Korea in secret negotiations with Park Chung Hee's government in South Korea  The discussions led to the signing of the July 4th North–South Korea Joint Statement by Kim and his South Korean counterpart Lee Hu-rak establishing agreed preconditions for potential Korean reunification By 1970, when he was elected WPK Politburo member, Kim Yong-ju was widely believed to be Kim Il Sung's successor  He was also elected to the top Central People's Committee and the SPA Presidium in 1972  However, at the same time Kim Il Sung started grooming his own son Kim Jong Il to be his designated successor, and a power struggle erupted It was the period when the WPK was focusing ideologically on Kim Il Sung's Juche; while Kim Jong Il actively stood for this process, Kim Yong-ju, having studied in the Soviet Union, supported a more classical view of Marxism and was not fond of the extensive personality cult built around his brother  This played to Kim Jong Il's advantage: Kim Yong-ju was increasingly marginalized, his key allies Kim To-man (director of propaganda) and Pak Yong-guk (director of international liaisons) were removed, and he himself was finally attacked by Kim Il Sung  After a Central Committee plenum in February 1974, Kim Jong Il was granted the position of heir apparent and Kim Yong-ju was demoted to vice-premier Kim Yong-ju completely disappeared from the limelight until 1993, when he was called back to Pyongyang by Kim Il Sung to serve as one of North Korea's vice presidents, a ceremonial position with no real power  Kim Yong-ju was appointed Honorary Vice-President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly in 1998  In 2012, he was awarded the Order of Kim Jong Il  He was also a recipient of the Order of Kim Il Sung and the title Hero of the Republic  His death in Pyongyang at age 101 was announced by state media on 15 December 2021 

See also
Orwellian Korea (1984)
North Korean people (Citizens of the DPRK)
The Hermit Kingdom
Tourism in North Korea
Kim Il Sung bibliography
The Mother of Pyongyang
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea or the DPRK)
Soviet Occupation of Northern Korea (1945-1948)
Passage 6:
Kim Un-yong
Kim Un-yong or Un Yong Kim (19 March 1931 – 3 October 2017) was a South Korean sports administrator, vice-president of the International Olympic Committee, and founding member of the WTF executive board  Kim Un-yong was elected the president of the Korean Taekwondo Association on 23 January 1971   He received a doctorate in Political Science in 1963 from the Yonsei University  Kim retired from the WTF presidency in 2004 and was succeeded by Chungwon Choue Kim Un-yong was elected the president of the Korean Taekwondo Association on 23 January 1971  Though he initially declined the position due to the continued conflicts within the organization, he was asked by the Korean government to accept and to clean up the association 
Believing that Taekwondo was a Korean martial art and its governing body should therefore be based in Korea, Dr  Kim dissolved the relationship between the Korean Taekwondo Association and the International Taekwondo Federation 
In 1973, the World Taekwondo Federation was formed and Dr  Kim was elected its first president  Kim played a significant role in debuting Taekwondo at the Olympics and helping South Korea host the 1988 Summer Olympics 
In 2004, he was arrested for embezzlement and bribery charges and sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison Kim has served as President of the Korean Olympic Committee, President of the 2002 Pusan Asian Games Organization Committee, President of the Korea Taekwondo Association, President of World Taekwondo Headquarters (Kukkiwon), an Ambassador at Large with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Co-chairman of the Rebuilding Korea Committee, and internationally, he was the President of GAISF, Executive Board Member of the IOC, Chairman of the IOC Radio and Television Commission, and President of the World Taekwondo Federation In December 2017 he posthumously appeared on the cover of Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine in an issue dedicated to his contribution to the globalization of Taekwondo 
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Miracle Child
The Miracle Child (French: L'enfant du miracle) is a 1932 French science fiction film based on a play of the same name by Robert Charvay and Paul Gavault  The plot of the film centers around a widow named Blanche Montel who endeavours to find a man with whom to produce a child so that she can pretend that the child was her late husband's and so inherit a fortune  In a scene which has been cited as particularly humorous, a few characters interrupt a Spiritualist séance and are subsequently believed to be ghosts  Ginette Leclerc's minor role in The Miracle Child was one of her first acting roles in a long and successful career 
Passage 2:
Blood Stain Child
Blood Stain Child (stylised as BLOOD STAIN CHILD) is a Japanese melodic death metal band from the city of Osaka  The band's musical style combines melodic death metal with electronic and trance  The band formed under the name "Visionquest" in 1999, but changed their name to Blood Stain Child in 2000 

Background
Blood Stain Child, then called Visionquest, was formed in 1999 by Ryo (bass, lead vocals), Ryu (lead guitar, synth guitar), Daiki (rhythm guitar, synth guitar), Aki (keyboards, piano, synthesizers, backing vocals) and Violator (drums, percussion)  In 2000, they took on their current name and recorded their first three-track demo in August 2000  The band sent that demo to a radio station and the DJ enjoyed the music so much that he recommended the band to the record label, M&I Company, who eventually signed Blood Stain Child In 2001, Blood Stain Child recorded two songs, "The World" and "Steel Flame"  The first song was used as the theme song for professional wrestler, Kensuke Sasaki and the second song was used as the theme song for the 30th anniversary of New Japan Pro-Wrestling, a professional wrestling group  In July 2002, Blood Stain released their debut studio album, Silence of Northern Hell  In October 2002, Blood Stain Child was the supporting act for Dream Evil during their tour in Japan  In June 2003, Blood Stain Child released their second studio album, Mystic Your Heart, which was co-produced by Anssi Kippo, a popular producer from Finland 
In March 2005, Daiki left the band and was replaced by Shiromasa in April  That same year, Blood Stain Child released their third studio album, Idolator, which was co-produced by Tue Madsen, a popular producer from Denmark  In 2006, Blood Stain Child signed with Dockyard 1 and released Idolator in Europe on 27 November 2006  Idolator was later released in the United States through Locomotive Records on 17 July 2007 
In April 2007, Blood Stain Child announced the addition of a new vocalist, Sadew, and a new guitarist, G S R  On 18 July 2007, Blood Stain Child released their fourth studio album, Mozaiq in Japan, which was also co-produced by Tue Madsen  It was then released in Europe on 20 July 2007 with an exclusive bonus track "Cosmic Highway" 
On 12 June 2010, Ryu announced on his official blog that Sadew withdrew from the band due to personal reasons  Drummer Violator left the band as well, in order to take care of family business  In September the band announced new members Sophia Aslanides (also known as Sophia Aslanidou, from Greece) on vocals and Gami (ex-Youthquake) on drums, signing a contract with Italian record label Coroner Records and Japanese record label Pony Canyon 
In April 2011, Blood Stain Child took part in a Studio Ghibli cover album titled Imaginary Flying Machines - Princess Ghibli, covering the songs "Itsumo Nando Demo" (Spirited Away) and "Teru no Uta" (Tales from Earthsea)  In June 2011, the band performed at A-Kon in Dallas, Texas, together with D  Later that same month, the band released their fifth full studio album, Epsilon  The band started a Japanese tour from 19 August to 24 September  In December 2011, the band performed in Moscow, St  Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Kiev 
Blood Stain Child performed as special guests at Naka-Kon 2012, in Overland Park, Kansas, between the 10–12 February  In March 2012, the band took part in another Princess Ghibli album, covering the song "Ai wa Hana Kimi wa Sonotane" (Only Yesterday)  On 21 July, Sophia officially announced that she was leaving Blood Stain Child  She later formed the electronic metal band Season of Ghosts in 2013  New female vocalist Kiki joined the band on 3 December  In early 2013 the band introduced their new VJ/DJ - Makoto, which came along with an announcement of Aki being absent from further live shows due to "his personal issues", however, he will remain a member and take part in the creation of music  However, Makoto left in 2014 
Founding member Ryo and Kiki both left Blood Stain Child in 2016  They were replaced by bassist Yakky and male vocalist Saika, respectively In 2018, Blood Stain Child joined forces with Danceroid singer Yuzuki and created the melodic death metal supergroup Yuzukingdom 
On 1 February 2019, Blood Stain Child released a new single, entitled "Del-Sol" as well as an accompanying music video  Later that year, on 3 July, a new full-length album called Amateras was released featuring the same members as the previous single 

Musical style
A notable feature of Blood Stain Child is their tendency to incorporate both electro-industrial and euro-trance related themes and elements into their music  The band's sound includes screamed vocals complemented at times by traditional singing, with their overall musical style best classified as a mix between In Flames, Children of Bodom, and Soilwork  The band cites influences such as In Flames, Dark Tranquillity, HIM, X Japan, and Luna Sea 

Members
Ryu – lead guitar, synth guitar (1999–present)
Aki – keyboards, piano, synthesizers, backing vocals (1999–present, studio member since 2013)
G S R – rhythm guitar, synth guitar (2007–present)
Sadew – lead vocals (2007–2010, 2018–present)
Yakky – bass (2016–present)
Yasu – drums, percussion (2018–present)

Former members
Daiki – rhythm guitar, synth guitar (1999–2005)
Violator – drums, percussion (1999–2010)
Ryo – bass, lead vocals (1999–2016), backing vocals (1999–2007)
Shiromasa – rhythm guitar, synth guitar (2005–2007)
Sophia Aslanides – lead vocals (2010–2012)
Gami – drums, percussion (2010–2018)
Kiki – lead vocals (2012–2016)
Makoto – DJ, VJ, manipulator (2013–2014)
Saika – lead vocals (2016–2018)

Timeline
Discography
Demos, EPs and SinglesDemo 2000 (2000)
The World (2001)
Last Stardust (2014)
Nexus (2016)
Tri Odyssey (2017)
Del-SOl (2019)
2045 (2021)
共鳴領域 (with Pizuya's Cell, 2022)AlbumsSilence of Northern Hell (2002)
Mystic Your Heart (2003)
Idolator (2005)
mozaiq (2007)
εpsilon (2011)
The Legend (Best of-album, 2018)
Amateras (2019)Music videos"Silence of Northern Hell" from Silence of Northern Hell
"Truth" from Idolator
"Freedom" from mozaiq
"Last Stardust" from Last Stardust EP
"Nexus" from Nexus EP
"Tri Odyssey" from Tri Odyssey EP
"Trance Dead Kingdom" from Tri Odyssey EP
"gaia evolution" from Tri Odyssey EP
"KAMUI-神威-" from The Legend
"Del-Sol" from Amateras
"皇～sumeragi～" from Amateras
Passage 3:
Child labour
Child labour refers to the exploitation of children through any form of work that deprives them of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and is mentally, physically, socially and morally harmful  Such exploitation is prohibited by legislation worldwide, although these laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, and some forms of work undertaken by Amish children, as well as by indigenous children in the Americas Child labour has existed to varying extents throughout history  During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many children aged 5–14 from poorer families worked in Western nations and their colonies alike  These children mainly worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining, and services such as news boys – some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours  With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence rates of child labour fell In the world's poorest countries, around one in four children are engaged in child labour, the highest number of whom (29 percent) live in sub-saharan Africa  In 2017, four African nations (Mali, Benin, Chad and Guinea-Bissau) witnessed over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working  Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour  The vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economies; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories  Poverty and lack of schools are considered the primary cause of child labour Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25% to 10% between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank  Nevertheless, the total number of child labourers remains high, with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5–17 worldwide were involved in child labour in 2013 

History
Child labour in preindustrial societies
Child labour forms an intrinsic part of pre-industrial economies  In pre-industrial societies, there is rarely a concept of childhood in the modern sense  Children often begin to actively participate in activities such as child rearing, hunting and farming as soon as they are competent  In many societies, children as young as 13 are seen as adults and engage in the same activities as adults The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group  Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy; preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run  In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school  This is especially the case in non-literate societies  Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults 

Industrial Revolution
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century, there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour, including child labour  Industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates  These cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output  This process was replicated in other industrialising countries The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed  Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions  In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults  Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods  Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century)  Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in the summer and 52 hours in winter, while servants worked 80-hour weeks Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship  The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income  In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age  In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children  A high number of children also worked as prostitutes  The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison Child wages were often low, the wages were as little as 10–20% of an adult male's wage  Karl Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour, saying British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children’s blood too", and that U S  capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children"  Letitia Elizabeth Landon castigated child labour in her 1835 poem The Factory, portions of which she pointedly included in her 18th Birthday Tribute to Princess Victoria in 1837 
Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors because of the Growth of trade unions  The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution  The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803  As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day  These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work  This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days  Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour As technology improved and proliferated, there was a greater need for educated employees  This saw an increase in schooling, with the eventual introduction of compulsory schooling  Improved technology, automation and further legislation significantly reduced child labour particularly in western Europe and the U S 

Early 20th century
In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries  Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies  The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3,133 °F (1,723 °C))  When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat  This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cuts, and burns  Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break  Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am  Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age An estimated 1 7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900 In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States  This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries  Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south  Hine took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee 

Household enterprises
Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century  Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well  Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor  Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes  Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties Home-based manufacturing operations were active year-round  Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises  In many cases, men worked from home  In France, over 58% of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products  Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents  Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common  Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture  In 1946, Frieda S  Miller – then Director of the United States Department of Labor – told the International Labour Organization (ILO) that these home-based operations offered "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions" 

21st century
Child labour is still common in many parts of the world  Estimates for child labour vary  It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted  If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008  This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004  Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry  Another 25% of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services  The remaining 15% laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations  Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations  Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants  Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%) 
Contrary to popular belief, most child labourers are employed by their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy  Children who work for pay or in-kind compensation are usually found in rural settings as opposed to urban centres  Less than 3% of child labour aged 5–14 across the world work outside their household, or away from their parents Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations  The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries  Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million  Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million  Latin America and the Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too 

Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour  In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty  For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as "highly secret"  China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises In 2014, the U S  Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers  The report listed electronics, garments, toys, and coal, among other goods 
The Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports that 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide  The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia  Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Vietnam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th, all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets 

Causes
The ILO suggests that poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour  For impoverished households, income from a child's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household  Income from working children, even if small, may be between 25 and 40% of the household income  Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour, and Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to the ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour  Children work because they have nothing better to do  Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60 and 70% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities  Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it 

Cultural factors
In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it  Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children  In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age  Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services 

Macroeconomics
Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour  They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines  They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem  Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history  They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side  While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side  Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, size of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour 

By country
Colonial empires
Systematic use of child labour was commonplace in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950  In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults  Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries  Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5 and 14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft  A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master  Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn  Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa  These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins Beyond laws, new taxes were imposed on colonies  One of these taxes was the Head Tax in the British and French colonial empires  The tax was imposed on everyone older than 8 years, in some colonies  To pay these taxes and cover living expenses, children in colonial households had to work In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities  The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate " Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education  Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers Proposals to regulate child labour began as early as 1786 

Africa
Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa  Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm  Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty  Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining  In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest  Along with 30% of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round 

What industries children work in depends on whether they grew up in a rural area or an urban area  Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers  While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops  Many children can also be found working in hazardous environments, with some using bare hands, stones and hammers to take apart CRT-based televisions and computer monitors  Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers  To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959  Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa 

Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child  Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour  Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development  Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business  In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit  With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century 

Australia
From European settlement in 1788, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work  Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain  With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries  Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century, when child labour laws and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain  From the 1870s, child labour was restricted by compulsory schooling Child labour laws in Australia differ from state to state  Generally, children are allowed to work at any age, but restrictions exist for children under 15 years of age  These restrictions apply to work hours and the type of work that children can perform  In all states, children are obliged to attend school until a minimum leaving age, 15 years of age in all states except Tasmania and Queensland where the leaving age is 17 

Brazil
Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since Portuguese colonization in the region began in 1500  Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid  Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood  Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period  Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century  The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits  Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked  Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to constitutional amendments that passed in 1934, 1937, and 1946  Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 1980s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988  This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14  Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work  Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil  It was not until recently in the 1980s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2 55 million 10- to 14-year-olds were illegally holding jobs  They were joined by 3 7 million 15- to 17-year-olds and about 375,000 5- to 9-year-olds  Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally, which led to many not being protected by important labour laws  Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there are still many children working illegally in Brazil  Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence  This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs  Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country 

Britain
Many factors played a role in Britain's long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age  Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially  Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family  Child labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods  Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths  Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen 
Another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century  By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14  Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home  Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there were large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families  Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work  Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation In 1933 Britain adopted legislation restricting the use of children under 14 in employment  The Children and Young Persons Act 1933, defined the term "child" as anyone of compulsory school age (age sixteen)  In general no child may be employed under the age of fifteen years, or fourteen years for light work 

Cambodia
Significant levels of child labour appear to be found in Cambodia  In 1998, ILO estimated that 24 1% of children in Cambodia aged between 10 and 14 were economically active  Many of these children work long hours and Cambodia Human Development Report 2000 reported that approximately 65,000 children between the ages of 5 and 13 worked 25 hours a week and did not attend school  There are also many initiative and policies put in place to decrease the prevalence of child labour such as the United States generalized system of preferences, the U S -Cambodia textile agreement, ILO Garment Sector Working Conditions Improvement Project, and ChildWise Tourism 

Ecuador
An Ecuadorean study published in 2006 found child labour to be one of the main environmental problems affecting children's health  It reported that over 800,000 children are working in Ecuador, where they are exposed to heavy metals and toxic chemicals and are subject to mental and physical stress and the insecurity caused by being at risk of work-related accidents  Minors performing agricultural work along with their parents help apply pesticides without wearing protective equipment 

India
In 2015, the country of India is home to the largest number of children who are working illegally in various industrial industries  Agriculture in India is the largest sector where many children work at early ages to help support their family  Many of these children are forced to work at young ages due to many family factors such as unemployment, large families, poverty, and lack of parental education  This is often the major cause of the high rate of child labour in India On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey  The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade  This led to many children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods  Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments  Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy  The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income 

A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia's child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour  Due to many children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children  International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924  This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years  These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place  This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions
Context 3: Passage 1:
Marty McFly
Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Back to the Future franchise  Canadian actor Michael J  Fox portrays him in all three films  McFly also appears in the animated series, where David Kaufman voices him  In the video game developed and published by Telltale Games, A  J  Locascio does his voice; Fox does the lines for McFly's future counterparts at the end of the game, too  Olly Dobson played him in the original stage musical adaptation (the West End production), and Casey Likes will play in the upcoming Broadway production  In 2019, Empire magazine selected McFly as the 12th Greatest Movie Character of All Time 

Biography
Marty McFly is the Back to the Future protagonist  Born in Hill Valley, California, he is a part of the McFly family of Irish descent  Little is known about the character's life before the first Back to the Future film, except that he set fire to the living room rug when he was 8 years old (in a statement of Marty's to his future parents)  Despite never explicitly being explained in the film, Bob Zemeckis confirmed that Marty met his friend Dr  Emmett "Doc" Brown when he was around 14 after hearing that Brown was a dangerous lunatic  Marty wanted to go and see what it was all about for himself  He snuck into Doc's lab and was fascinated by all his inventions  When Doc caught him, he was glad to have someone interested in his work, and their friendship began In the first film, in 1985, Marty plays guitar with his group The Pinheads and likes listening to Huey Lewis and the News, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Van Halen, and Michael Jackson  In the film, he is also a talented skateboarder and proves to be an excellent pistol shot, a skill he has honed by playing shooting games such as Wild Gunman at his local 7-Eleven In an alternate timeline shown in Back to the Future Part II, a hand injury has left Marty unable to play the guitar  This injury occurs in 1985 after Marty accepts his school nemesis Douglas J  Needles' challenge to a road race after being labeled a "chicken" and crashes into a Rolls-Royce  In 1885, Biff Tannen's great-grandfather, Buford, goads Marty into a showdown, which Marty wins despite refusing to draw a gun against Buford  Once he returns to 1985, he remembers this event and his great-great-grandfather Seamus McFly's advice and drops out of Needles' challenge, avoiding the collision that would have ruined his prospects for success as a guitarist 

Movie events and time travel
In the first film, Back to the Future, Dr  Brown shows Marty the time machine, in the form of a DeLorean, which he had invented after stealing plutonium (used as fuel for the vehicle's time circuits) from Libyan terrorists, who wanted him to build a nuclear weapon  During this exchange, the enraged terrorists shoot the doctor, and Marty escapes from them in the time machine, accidentally traveling back to 1955  There, he encounters his teenage parents and disrupts how they meet  Marty contacts the 1955 Dr  Brown and, with his help, reunites his parents and travels back to an alternate 1985, where his father, George, is a novelist, and Biff, his father's high school bully, becomes their caretaker  He also discovers that Dr  Brown is still alive because he had worn a bulletproof vest after Marty warned him about his fate in 1955 
In the second film, Back to the Future Part II, Dr  Brown brings Marty and Jennifer to 2015  They had married, and their teenage son, Marty Jr, was arrested, costing the whole McFly family  Jennifer is knocked unconscious by Brown, and Marty (from 1985) disguises himself as his son and comes into contact with the elder Biff  His son is supposed to meet Biff's grandson, Griff, who forces him to commit a crime with Griff and his gang  The disguised Marty prevents this from happening and gets into a hoverboard dash, resulting in Griff and his crew getting arrested instead of Marty Jr  Jennifer, who was left behind, is taken back to her 2015 home by the police after tracing her there using her fingerprints  Marty and Dr  Brown rescue her while, unbeknownst to them, Elder Biff steals their time machine and returns to 1955, where he gives his younger self an Almanac from the future to use for gambling  When they all return to 1985, they discover that Hill Valley is now a dystopia, with Biff becoming extraordinarily rich and corrupt  He had forcefully married Marty's mother, Lorraine, and secretly murdered Marty's father  He also legalized gambling in the process of becoming known as the 'Luckiest Man on Earth ' Marty and Dr  Brown return to 1955 again to steal the Almanac from 1955 Biff, in which they succeed  Dr  Brown, however, is sent to 1885 after lightning strikes the DeLorean  Marty receives a letter from Brown, written on September 2, 1885 
In the third film, Back to the Future Part III, Marty re-contacts 1955 Dr  Brown and informs him of everything that has happened  Together they discover that someone killed the doctor six days after he wrote the letter and that he had hidden the DeLorean in a cave  Marty goes back to 1885 and meets his great-great-grandparents, Seamus and Maggie, and their son, his great-grandfather  He searches for Dr  Brown and finds out he has become a blacksmith  Marty crosses paths with "Mad Dog" Tannen, Biff's great-grandfather, and gets into a brawl with him  While they plan their escape, Marty and Dr  Brown meet Clara Clayton, a teacher, and the doctor falls in love with her  During the festival, "Mad Dog" and Marty agree on a one-on-one showdown the next morning; however, that is the day Marty is meant to travel back to 1985  During the showdown, Marty defeats "Mad Dog" and proceeds the plan with the doctor  Finally, Dr  Brown decides to stay in 1885 with Clara while Marty travels back to 1985  The time machine is destroyed by an oncoming train, with Marty barely escaping  He reunites with Jennifer and decides not to race Needles, which would have cost him his music career 

Family
In the Back to the Future film franchise, Marty McFly is the youngest of three children of George McFly and Lorraine Baines-McFly  He has a brother, Dave McFly, and a sister, Linda McFly  In addition, he has uncles Milton, Toby, and Joey, as well as aunts Sally and Ellen (Ellen was born in 1956, so the first movie did not feature her)  Joey served a prison sentence in 1985, and the court denied his parole again  In the first movie, Lorraine is 17 (nearly 18), Milton is 12, Sally is 6, Toby is 4, and Joey is 1  Ellen was born a year later 
Marty's secondary entourage consists of his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, and best friend, Emmett Brown, a scientist Marty and Jennifer call "Doc " There is an implication that Marty is ashamed of his family and does not spend much time at home, preferring to hang out with Doc, Jennifer, or the guys in Marty's band, The Pinheads  However, Marty's relationships with his family change after he returns from 1955, with him no longer being alienated by his parents and his father working as a local college professor and a successful novelist in the alternate timeline he inadvertently created  Marty meets his great-great paternal grandparents, Seamus and Maggie, too, when stranded in 1885  He also meets their infant son William, Marty's great-grandfather  Through his interaction with Seamus and Maggie, Marty discovers that Seamus had a brother named Martin, thus Marty's great-great-granduncle, who died after being goaded into a fight and killed in Virginia City, Nevada 
By 2015, Marty married his girlfriend Jennifer and had two children, Martin "Marty" Jr  and Marlene 

Aliases
Marty has had many aliases throughout the Back to the Future series, usually because of meeting his relatives in the past, such as Lorraine mistakenly thinking his name is "Calvin Klein" due to that being Marty's brand of underwear  In the first film, Marty uses the alias "Darth Vader, an extraterrestrial from the Planet Vulcan" while wearing a radiation suit to attempt to coerce George into asking Lorraine out to the dance  In Part III, Marty uses the name "Clint Eastwood" when asked by Maggie McFly and later by Buford Tannen  In Back to the Future: The Game, he uses one of three aliases; "Sonny Crockett," "Harry Callahan," or "Michael Corleone "

Other appearances
Stage actor Olly Dobson debuted the role of Marty in Back to the Future: The Musical  In the London production, Will Haswell, Glen Facey, and Ben Joyce have since played the character  Casey Likes will play him in the upcoming Broadway production of the musical 
David Kaufman voices Marty in Back to the Future: The Animated Series 
Marty makes a cameo in the Lego Jurassic World video game 
Fox reprises his role in the crossover toys-to-life Lego video game Lego Dimensions 
Doc Brown and Marty appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on October 21, 2015, the day the characters traveled to in Part II 
A cinema scene in Season 3 of Stranger Things shows a section of Back to the Future with Marty and Doc Brown 

Influence
Morty Smith of the American animated series Rick and Morty (voiced by Justin Roiland) began as a parody of Marty McFly Japanese pro wrestler Kushida dresses as Marty McFly as part of his ring character 
Passage 2:
Giorgi Chantouria
Giorgi Chantouria (Georgian: გიორგი ჭანტურია, romanized: giorgi ch'ant'uria, pronounced [ɡiorɡi tʃʼantʼuria]; born January 23, 1989) is a former tennis player from Georgia, who played on the ITF Futures tournaments and Davis Cup  
In the 2007 Davis Cup he played against future world number one tennis player Novak Djokovic  Djokovic led 6–1, 5–0 when Chantouria retired 
Passage 3:
Back to the Future (franchise)
Back to the Future is an American science fiction comedy franchise created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale  The franchise follows the adventures of a high school student, Marty McFly, and an eccentric scientist, Dr  Emmett "Doc" Brown, as they use a DeLorean time machine to time travel to different periods in the history of the fictional town of Hill Valley, California 
The first Back to the Future film was the highest-grossing film of 1985 and became an international phenomenon, leading to the second and third films, which were back-to-back film productions, released in 1989 and 1990, respectively  Though the sequels did not perform quite as well at the box office as the first film, the trilogy remains immensely popular and has yielded such spin-offs as an animated television series and a motion-simulation ride at the Universal Studios Theme Parks in Universal City, California; Orlando, Florida; and Osaka, Japan (all now closed), as well as a video game and a stage musical  The film's visual effects were done by Industrial Light and Magic  The first film won an Academy Award for Sound Editing 

Films
Back to the Future (1985)
Seventeen-year-old Marty McFly is accidentally sent back in time from October 26, 1985, to November 5, 1955, in a time machine built from a DeLorean by eccentric scientist Emmett "Doc" Brown, when they are attacked and Doc is apparently killed by Libyan terrorists from whom he stole the plutonium that gives the flux capacitor the 1 21 gigawatts it needs to time-travel  Soon after his arrival in 1955, Marty's mother, Lorraine, falls in love with him, rather than with his father George McFly, threatening to cause a paradox that would result in Marty ceasing to exist  Without plutonium to power the time machine, Marty must find the 1955 Doc Brown to help him reunite his parents and return to 1985 
The efforts of Biff Tannen, George's bully and supervisor, further complicate Marty's situation until Marty successfully causes his parents to fall in love and simultaneously convinces George to finally stand up to Biff  Returning to the future via a lightning strike that powers the machine, Marty discovers a vastly improved situation for the McFly family, as a much more confident George has become an accomplished science fiction author, Marty's two older siblings have better lives, he owns the car of his dreams, and an apparently-softened Biff is now an auto detailer, rather than George's supervisor  Despite 1955 Doc's insistence on not knowing details of the future, a note Marty leaves in his pocket on November 12, 1955, prevents him from being killed by the terrorists  In the film's final moments, Doc Brown appears in a modified version of the DeLorean and tells Marty and his girlfriend Jennifer Parker that they must travel to the future to fix a problem caused by Marty and Jennifer's kids 

Back to the Future Part II (1989)
The series continues as Doc Brown travels with Marty and Jennifer to the year 2015, where he has discovered Marty's family is in ruins  Shortly after rectifying the situation, Marty buys a sports almanac containing the outcomes of 50 years (1950–2000) worth of sporting events to make easy money  However, Doc talks him out of it and throws the almanac in the trash bin, where the 2015 Biff Tannen finds it  A sleeping Jennifer has been taken by police to her future home, needing Marty and Doc to retrieve her before returning to 1985  While Marty and Doc are at the 2015 McFly home, 2015 Biff steals the DeLorean time machine and gives the book to his 1955 self just before he goes to the dance at the end of the first film  When Doc and Marty return to 1985, they find that Biff has used the sports almanac's knowledge for financial gain, which allowed him to turn Courthouse Square into a casino with 27 floors, take over Hill Valley, get away with the murder of Marty's father, and later marry Marty's mother  Marty learns that Biff was given the book by 2015 Biff on November 12, 1955, so he and Doc go back to that date in order to steal the almanac from Biff before he can use it to destroy their lives  They accomplish this in a complex fashion, often crossing their own past selves' paths  When the duo is about to travel back to 1985, a lightning bolt strikes the DeLorean and activates the time circuits, sending Doc back to 1885 and leaving Marty stranded once again in 1955 

Back to the Future Part III (1990)
After finding out that Doc Brown was trapped in 1885, Marty and the 1955 Doc find and fix the DeLorean  Learning that Doc gets shot in 1885 by Biff's great-grandfather, the outlaw Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen, Marty travels back in time to save Doc (who has become a blacksmith) and bring him back to the future  Arriving in the middle of a chase between the United States Cavalry and American Indians, Marty is forced to flee to a cave, discovering the DeLorean's fuel line is torn  Marty convinces Doc to come back with him and find a way to get back to his time before it is too late, but Doc is smitten after saving schoolteacher Clara Clayton  After running afoul of and defeating Buford Tannen and several dramatic action scenes involving using a speeding locomotive to push the DeLorean to 88 miles per hour (142 km/h), Marty returns to 1985 without Doc Brown  When the DeLorean appears in 1985, a modern train destroys it, with Marty barely escaping  Reuniting with Jennifer, Marty avoids a street race and the two visit the scene of the wreckage of the DeLorean  Suddenly, Doc, Clara and their children appear in a time-travelling steam locomotive  Doc reminds Marty and Jennifer that "[their] future is whatever [they] make it", so they must "make it a good one"  The locomotive lifts off the tracks and departs from 1985, ending the trilogy 

Future
Co-writer and director Robert Zemeckis, who has final rights to all films in the Back to the Future franchise, has stated that he will block all attempts to remake or reboot the original film  Co-writer Bob Gale commented that he did not wish to see another film in the series without the Marty McFly character nor any other actor than Michael J  Fox playing him, while acknowledging that Fox's current health condition would make this impossible  He illustrated this at a 2008 fan convention in Florida, stating: "The idea of making another Back to the Future movie without Michael J  Fox – you know, that's like saying, 'I'm going to cook you a steak dinner and I'm going to hold the beef '" Gale also said that the Telltale video-game adaptation is the closest thing to what a fourth film could be like  In an interview on October 21, 2015, the day of Marty McFly's purported arrival in the future, Christopher Lloyd stated that he would consider making a fourth film under the condition that the original cast and creative team returned, along with a story "worth telling"  The same day, Lloyd reprised his role as Doc Brown in a brief segment in which the character returns with a special message marking the 2015 date  In 2020, actor Tom Holland claimed in an interview with BBC Radio 1 that he was approached by an unnamed producer over a possible reboot of the franchise with him starring the lead role as Marty McFly (or a similarly new character)  However, Holland stated that he was reluctant to take up this offer as he described the existing films as "perfect films", though he would be interested in re-creating scenes from the films in a deep-fake homage video or short film 

Short film
Doc Brown Saves the World (2015)
Doc Brown Saves the World is a 2015 direct-to-video short film starring Christopher Lloyd as Emmett Brown  The short debuted on the 2015 Blu-ray and DVD release of the Back to the Future trilogy commemorating the franchise's 30th anniversary  The short was released on October 20, 2015 Emmett Brown is in an undisclosed location outside Hill Valley, California  He sets a video camera to track his body in order to videotape a message for Marty McFly  He explains that it is October 21, 2015, one hour before Marty, Doc, and Jennifer Parker arrive from 1985  He explains that when he traveled to the future, he discovered that there was a nuclear holocaust that occurred on October 21, 2045  He tracked it down to four inventions: the food hydrator, self-lacing shoes, the hoverboard, and the Mr  Fusion home energy reactor 
The former three inventions led to the world becoming lazy and obese, leading to widespread waste  The invention of hoverboards led to hovercars, which led to people throwing their trash out of the windows, causing a great trash storm in 2021  All of this trash needed to be disposed of, which led to 100 million Mr  Fusion units being manufactured  All of the Mr  Fusion units had a tiny nuclear reactor inside, and all of them detonated on October 21, 2045  The chain of events that led to this happening began less than twenty-four hours after Marty caused Griff Tannen to crash his hoverboard into the Hill Valley Courthouse when Griff was sentenced  He vowed to get back at the world for laughing at him and planned to do it through a company that he would found, GriffTech 
Doc holds up a tablet computer with a digital version of the Hill Valley Telegraph  On June 13, 2032, GriffTech invented a social media network called ThingMeme, which secured funding from Douglas J  Needles  ThingMeme allowed inanimate objects to post selfies on the internet, but it was a scam, as it allowed Griff to gain access to every object on Earth  On the 30th anniversary of his arrest, on October 21, 2045, he uploaded a virus that was supposed to flash the word "butthead" on everything  However, it short-circuited the Mr  Fusion network, causing nuclear explosions in 100 million homes worldwide 
Doc Brown travels to an unknown date to ensure these inventions are never created, which will prevent the nuclear explosion  He leaves his camera on, which captures the inventions being erased from history  He arrives back in 2015, in a winter jacket and ski goggles, declaring that the mission was more complicated than he calculated, but declaring it a success  He holds up the tablet computer, where the headline on the Hill Valley Telegraph changes from "Griff Tannen Founds Grifftech" to "Griff Tannen Found Guilty" 
Doc's excitement is short-lived, however, as he reaches in his pocket  He pulls out the Quantum Mind Jar, which he thought he disposed of in 2075  He is worried that not doing so will unravel everything they accomplished  The artificial intelligence of the Quantum Mind Jar tells Brown that they need to go back to the future, which he dismisses as he does not want to risk further time travel 
Another Emmett Brown then arrives, also declaring his experiment a success  Both versions of Brown, along with the artificial intelligence of the Quantum Mind Jar, are shocked at discovering that there are two Emmett Browns present 

Television
Back to the Future (1991–1992)
An animated television series, Back to the Future: The Animated Series, lasted two seasons, each featuring 13 episodes, and ran on CBS from September 14, 1991, to December 26, 1992 
The TV series Back to the Future was an animated science-fiction comedy adventure television series for television, based on the live-action film trilogy  Although the series takes place after the films, creator Bob Gale stated that the animated series and the comic books take place in their own 'what if' and alternate timelines The show lasted two seasons, each featuring 13 episodes, and ran on CBS from September 14, 1991 to December 26, 1992 with reruns until August 14, 1993  The network chose not to renew the show for a third season (citing low ratings)  It was later rerun on Fox, as a part of the FoxBox block, from March 22 to August 30, 2003  This show marked the debut television appearance of Bill Nye on a nationally broadcast show 
The central premise of the TV series was that, after the conclusion of Back to the Future Part III, in 1991, Dr  Emmett Brown moved into a farm in Hill Valley with his wife Clara, their sons Jules and Verne, and the family dog, Einstein  As with the films, time travel was achieved through the use of a modified DeLorean, which had apparently been re-built after it was destroyed at the end of the trilogy  The DeLorean now has voice-activated "time circuits" and can also travel instantaneously to different locations in space and time, in addition to folding into a suitcase  The characters also travel through time using the steam engine time machine Doc invented at the end of the third film 
Although Marty McFly is the show's main character and Jennifer Parker makes occasional appearances, the show focused primarily on the Brown family, whereas the films focused on the McFly family  The film's villain, Biff Tannen, also appeared frequently  In addition, relatives of McFly, Brown, and Tannen families were plentiful in the past or future parallel time zones visited  Unlike the films, which took place entirely in Hill Valley and the surrounding area, the series frequently took the characters to exotic locations  At the end of every episode, Doc Brown would appear to do an experiment, often related to the episode's plot  The first season also included post-credits segments with Biff Tannen telling a joke related to the episode, alluding to Thomas F



ground_truth: Thomas Bach

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the child of Sigrid Eskilsdotter's child?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Due to the increase of regulations and legal restrictions on child labour, there has been a 64 percent decline in child labour from 1993 to 2005  Although this is a great decrease in the country of India, there is still high numbers of children working in the rural areas of India  With 85 percent of the child labour occurring in rural areas, and 15 percent occurring in urban areas, there are still substantial areas of concern in the country of India India has legislation since 1986 which allows work by children in non-hazardous industry  In 2013, the Punjab and Haryana High Court gave a landmark order that directed that there shall be a total ban on the employment of children up to the age of 14 years, be it hazardous or non-hazardous industries  However, the Court ruled that a child can work with his or her family in family based trades/occupations, for the purpose of learning a new trade/craftsmanship or vocation 

Iran
In Isfahan province, the Iranian Department of State Welfare (behzisti) keeps a database of the scanned retina irises of a number of working street kids, and have put "child friendly" measures in place to support them, reduce the social harm from their presence, and improve their quality of life Only Tehran as of June 2023 has seventy thousand working children they also collect recycles 

Ireland
In post-colonial Ireland, the rate of child exploitation was extremely high as children were used as farm labourers once they were able to walk, these children were never paid for the labour that they carried out on the family farm  Children were wanted and desired in Ireland for the use of their labour on the family farm  Irish parents felt that it was the children's duty to carry out chores on the family farm 

Japan
Though banned in modern Japan, shonenko (child labourers) were a feature of the Imperial era until its end in 1945  During World War II labour recruiting efforts targeted youths from Taiwan (Formosa), then a Japanese territory, with promises of educational opportunity  Though the target of 25,000 recruits was never reached, over 8,400 Taiwanese youths aged 12 to 14 relocated to Japan to help manufacture the Mitsubishi J2M Raiden aircraft 

Pakistan
The Netherlands
Child labour existed in the Netherlands up to and through the Industrial Revolution  Laws governing child labour in factories were first passed in 1874, but child labour on farms continued to be the norm up until the 20th century 

Soviet Union and successor states
Although formally banned since 1922, child labour was widespread in the Soviet Union, mostly in the form of mandatory, unpaid work by schoolchildren on Saturdays and holidays  The students were used as a cheap, unqualified workforce on kolhoz (collective farms) as well as in industry and forestry  The practice was formally called "work education" From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs  This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works  By law, this is only allowed as part of specialised occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored  In 2012 there was an accident near the city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work", as well as their teacher, who was supervising them Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov's income, cotton harvesting  In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect  This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded  In 2006 it is estimated that 2 7 million children were forced to work this way 

Switzerland
As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder ("chimney sweep children") and children working p e  in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder (literally: "contract children" or "indentured child laborers") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons – usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy–Yeniche origin, so-called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc  – and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children  In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15  Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes  10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive  Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014  In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015 

United States
Child labour laws in the United States are found at the federal and state levels  The most sweeping federal law that restricts the employment and abuse of child workers is the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)  Child labour provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety  FLSA restricts the hours that youth under 16 years of age can work and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for young workers to perform 
Under the FLSA, for non-agricultural jobs, children under 14 may not be employed, children between 14 and 16 may be employed in allowed occupations during limited hours, and children between 16 and 17 may be employed for unlimited hours in non-hazardous occupations  A number of exceptions to these rules exist, such as for employment by parents, newspaper delivery, and child actors  The regulations for agricultural employment are generally less strict 
States have varying laws covering youth employment  Each state has minimum requirements such as, earliest age a child may begin working, number of hours a child is allowed to be working during the day, number of hours a child is allowed to be worked during the week  The United States Department of Labor lists the minimum requirements for agricultural work in each state  Where state law differs from federal law on child labour, the law with the more rigorous standard applies Individual states have a wide range of restrictions on labor by minors, often requiring work permits for minors who are still enrolled in high school, limiting the times and hours that minors can work by age and imposing additional safety regulations 

Child labour laws and initiatives
Almost every country in the world has laws relating to and aimed at preventing child labour  International Labour Organization has helped set international law, which most countries have signed on and ratified  According to ILO minimum age convention (C138) of 1973, child labour refers to any work performed by children under the age of 12, non-light work done by children aged 12–14, and hazardous work done by children aged 15–17  Light work was defined, under this convention, as any work that does not harm a child's health and development, and that does not interfere with his or her attendance at school  This convention has been ratified by 171 countries 
The United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, which was subsequently ratified by 193 countries  Article 32 of the convention addressed child labour, as follows:   Parties recognise the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development 
Under Article 1 of the 1990 Convention, a child is defined as "every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, a majority is attained earlier " Article 28 of this Convention requires States to, "make primary education compulsory and available free to all "195 countries are party to the convention; only two nations have not ratified the treaty, Somalia and the United States In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States  This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict  The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work  Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour 
In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992  This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour  Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking  The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability  The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey 
Targeted child labour campaigns were initiated by the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in order to advocate for prevention and elimination of all forms of child labour  The global Music against Child Labour Initiative was launched in 2013 in order to involve socially excluded children in structured musical activity and education in efforts to help protect them from child labour 

Exceptions granted
In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938  The amendment allows certain children aged 14–18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood  The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States  The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job  The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are past eighth grade in school 
Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws  Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority  Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country  Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme  The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances  Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU  For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting 

More laws vs  more freedom
Very often, however, these state laws were not enforced    Federal legislation was passed in 1916 and again in 1919, but both laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court  Although the number of child workers declined dramatically during the 1920s and 1930s, it was not until the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 that federal regulation of child labor finally became a reality 
Scholars disagree on the best legal course forward to address child labour  Some suggest the need for laws that place a blanket ban on any work by children less than 18 years old  Others suggest the current international laws are enough, and the need for more engaging approach to achieve the ultimate goals Some scholars suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital  These activists claim that child labor also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports  More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries  In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world 

Other scholars suggest that these arguments are flawed, ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good  According to them, child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty  If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive  These will increase abuse of the children  In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia, Chad, Niger and Nepal - schools are not available, and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable  The alternatives for children who currently work, claim these studies, are worse: grinding subsistence farming, militia or prostitution  Child labour is not a choice, it is a necessity, the only option for survival  It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices 

These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity  Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later  Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth  These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world  International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour The Incredible Bread Machine, a book published by "World Research, Inc " in 1974, stated:

Child labour was a particular target of early reformers  William Cooke Tatlor wrote at the time about these reformers who, witnessing children at work in the factories, thought to themselves: 'How much more delightful would have been the gambol of the free limbs on the hillside; the sight of the green mead with its spangles of buttercups and daisies; the song of the bird and the humming bee   '
But for many of these children the factory system meant quite literally the only chance for survival  Today we overlook the fact that death from starvation and exposure was a common fate before the Industrial Revolution, for the pre-capitalist economy was barely able to support the population  Yes, children were working  Formerly they would have starved  It was only as goods were produced in greater abundance at a lower cost that men could support their families without sending their children to work  It was not the reformer or the politician that ended the grim necessity for child labour; it was capitalism 

Incidents
Cocoa production
In 1998, UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children – many from surrounding countries  In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa – the main ingredient in chocolate – in West Africa  Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa  In 2001, the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees  The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away  Malian officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001  These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries  Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery  In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves  In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked, likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking  The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas  Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored  In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa  This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002  The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry  Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met 

Mining in Africa
In 2008, Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo  The children are creuseurs, that is they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs, and these are then purchased by these companies  Over 60 of Katanga's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region's minerals go to China  An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15, or about 40% of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labour, and that it was being used in lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa  Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour  The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter  Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world  This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods  It is informal sector of the economy  Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines  In west Africa, in countries such as Mali – the third largest exporter of gold in Africa – between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining  Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as six years old work with their families  These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore  The poor work practices harm the long-term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes  Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana  For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue  For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income 

Meatpacking
In early August 2008, Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors, a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, had employed 57 minors, some as young as 14, in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant  Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution, claiming that his department's inquiry had discovered "egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa's child labour laws " Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations  Agriprocessors' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010  After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010 

GAP
A 2007 report claimed some GAP products had been produced by child labourers  GAP acknowledged the problem and announced it is pulling the products from its shelves  The report found that GAP had rigorous social audit systems since 2004 to eliminate child labour in its supply chain  However, the report concluded that the system was being abused by unscrupulous subcontractors 
GAP's policy, the report claimed, is that if it discovers child labour was used by its supplier in its branded clothes, the contractor must remove the child from the workplace, provide them with access to schooling and a wage, and guarantee the opportunity of work on reaching a legal working age 
In 2007, The New York Times reported that GAP, after the child labour discovery, created a $200,000 grant to improve working conditions in the supplier community  GAP created strong relationships with developing countries to help prevent child labor and find solutions; GAP would conduct interviews and reach out to their 100,000 employees worldwide to get insight into how they feel about GAP's work environments  This survey concluded with a 68 percent response rate, and 77 percent of respondents considered GAP a great environment to work in  GAP's corporate responsibility has allowed them to strengthen their stockholder relationships and be known as one of the fast fashion industry's best companies, with a great image representing a responsible firm 

H&M and Zara
In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children  Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh  It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields  The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a "track and trace" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material 
H&M said it "does not accept" child labour and "seeks to avoid" using Uzbek cotton, but admitted it did "not have any reliable methods" to ensure Uzbek cotton did not end up in any of its products  Inditex, the owner of Zara, said its code of conduct banned child labour 

Silk weaving
A 2003 Human Rights Watch report claimed children as young as five years old were employed and worked for up to 12 hours a day and six to seven days a week in the silk industry  These children, HRW claimed, were bonded child labour in India, easy to find in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu In 2010, a German news investigative report claimed that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) had found up to 10,000 children working in the 1,000 silk factories in 1998  In other locations, thousands of bonded child labourers were present in 1994  After UNICEF and NGOs got involved, the child labour figure dropped drastically after 2005, with the total estimated to be fewer than a thousand child labourers  The report claims the released children were back in school 

Primark
In 2008, the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labour in the manufacture of clothing  In particular, a £4 hand-embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC's Panorama programme  The programme asks consumers to ask themselves, "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top? This item looks handmade  Who made it for such little cost?", in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent 
As a result of the BBC report, Royal Television Society awarded it a prize, and Primark took immediate action and fired three Indian suppliers in 2008 Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake  In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust's Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic " BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting 

Eliminating child labour
Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour  However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture  For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labor Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production"  The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved "According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture  During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work  Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation British historian and socialist E  P  Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic work and participation in the wider (waged) labour market  Further, the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed  Social historian Hugh Cunningham, author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500, notes that:

Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that, just as child labour had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so it would also, in a trickle-down fashion, in the rest of the world  Its failure to do that, and its re-emergence in the developed world, raise questions about its role in any economy, whether national or global According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D C , "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools  Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives  However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century  So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), founded in 1992, aims to eliminate child labour  It operates in 88 countries and is the largest program of its kind in the world  IPEC works with international and government agencies, NGOs, the media, and children and their families to end child labour and provide children with education and assistance From 2008 to 2013, the ILO operated a program through IPEC entitled "Combating Abusive Child Labour (CACL-II)"  The project, funded by the European Union, contributed to the Government of Pakistan by providing alternative opportunities for vocational training and education to children withdrawn from the worst forms of child labour Periodically, governments, employers' and workers' organisations have met in global conference to assess progress and remaining obstacles and to agree measures to eliminate the worst forms of child labour by 2016: first in Oslo (1997), followed by: The Hague (2010); Brasilia, 8–10 October 2013; Buenos Aires, 14–16 November 2017; and most recently Durban, South Africa, 15–20 May 2022 Between 2000 and 2012, progress was made against child labor but the elimination of its worst forms was not accomplished 
Under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda, UN Member States, employers' and workers' organizations, and civil society organizations are required to work together to eliminate child labor by 2025, forced labor, modern slavery and human trafficking by 2030  Thus, the ILO established Alliance 8 7 as a global partnership In January 2021, the ILO published the Child Labour Global Estimates 2020 in collaboration with UNICEF  According to the report child labor decreased by 38% from 246 million in 2000 million to 152 million in 2016  Due to COVID-19 pandemic the number of children in child labor increased by 9 million 

Statistics
Potential positives
The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children  It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work  Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking, caring, and more to maintain their homes  In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses  Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up 
Work can contribute to the well-being of children in a variety of ways; children often choose to work to improve their lives, both in the short- and long-term  At the material level, children's work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families; and such income is especially important when the families are poor  Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty, sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment  Young people often enjoy their work, especially paid work, or when work involves the company of peers  Even when work is intensive and enforced, children often find ways to combine their work with play While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school  Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance  On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school  Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work  Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home  In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work  If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood 

In media
Letitia Elizabeth Landon addresses this issue in scathing terms in her poem  The Factory  (1835)  'Tis an accursed thing!—she writes 
Oliver Twist, a novel by Charles Dickens that was later adapted into films and into a theater production 
"The Little Match Girl", a short story by Hans Christian Andersen that was later adapted into films and other media 

See also
International conventions and other instruments:

Pilot project on Delivery of water to households far from sources of safe water
ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No  29)
ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No  105)
ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No  138)
ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No  182)

Notes
Passage 4:
Sigrid Sture
Sigrid Svantesdotter Sture (13 December 1538, Mörkö, Södermanland – 16 March 1613), was a Swedish noble, Governor (häradshövding) of Stranda Hundred from 1577 to 1613 
She was the daughter of Svante Stensson Sture and Märta ("king Martha") Erikdotter Leijonhufvud, thereby the niece of queen Margaret Leijonhufvud and the granddaughter of regent Christina Gyllenstierna  She married Ture Pedersson Bielke and became the mother of Svante Turesson Bielke  After the death of her husband in 1577, she succeeded him as royal governor of Stranda hundred  This was an unusual position for a person of her gender in 16th century Sweden, and one she kept until her death over 30 years later  She was, however, not allowed to rule formally, but was forced to appoint male proxies to officially rule in her place 

Sources
PLF-Nytt  January 2005  Nr 72
Det medeltida Sverige (DMS)

Further reading
Sigrid Sture at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Passage 5:
Sigrid Eskilsdotter (Banér)
Sigrid Eskilsdotter (Banér) (died 1527), was a Swedish noble, the mother of the Swedish regent Christina Gyllenstierna and the maternal grandmother of King Gustav Vasa of Sweden 

Biography
Sigrid Eskilsdotter was the daughter of Eskil Isaksson (Banér) and Cecilia Haraldsdotter (Gren)  She was married twice and was by 1495 twice widowed and very wealthy  Her daughter Christina was the consort of the Swedish regent in 1512-1520 and the leader of the Stockholm resistance against Denmark in 1520  Sigrid was present at the coronation of king Christian II in Stockholm 4 November 1520  She was captured and imprisoned during the Stockholm Bloodbath  Sigrid and her daughter Christina were the only two women sentenced to death during the Bloodbath, but in neither case was the sentence carried out  Sigrid was sentenced to be sewn into a sack and drowned at sea, but the execution was interrupted when she agreed to bequeath all her assets to the monarch  Together with her daughters Christina and Cecilia, and her granddaughters as well as a large group of Swedish noblewomen, Sigrid was taken to Blåtårn in Denmark in 1521  Her daughter Cecilia and two of her granddaughters died in prison, but Sigrid was allowed to return to Sweden in 1523, where her grandson was now king 

Family
Married firstly to noble councillor Magnus Karlsson (Eka) (d  between 1484 and 1487)
Issue:

Cecilia Månsdotter (1476–1523), mother of king Gustav Vasa Married secondly to noble knight and councillor Nils Eriksson (Gyllenstierna) (d  1495) 
Issue:

Christina Gyllenstierna (1494–1559), regent of Sweden 
Passage 6:
Loekman Hakim
Loekman Hakim, stage name Loekman Noah (born December 30, 1975), is a guitar player for the popular Indonesian musical group Noah 

Career
Loekman joined Peterpan in 2000  At that time, the band had three members: Ariel, Uki, and Reza  Together with Peterpan, Loekman released six albums: Taman Langit, Bintang di Surga, Ost  Alexandria, Hari Yang Cerah, Sebuah Nama Sebuah Cerita and an instrumental album, Suara Lainnya  Peterpan was renamed Noah in August 2012 and continues to release new albums During his career as guitarist in this band, Loekman has earning a nomination for Most Famous Guitarist Player in 2013 SCTV Music Awards 

Personal life
Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini  Loekman is the third child of five siblings  His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung  Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and they have two children 

Filmography
Film
Book
Kisah Lainnya (2012)
6 903 mil – Cerita di Balik Konser 2 Benua 5 Negara (2013)

Awards and nominations
Context 3:  Wilson's career as a stand-up comedian 

Cast and crew
Cast and characters
S indicates an appearance as a character's singing voice 

Reception
Box office performance
(A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (by Box Office Mojo) As of June 2011, the Back to the Future series is the 14th-highest-grossing trilogy of all time at the domestic market (adjusted for inflation), 17th-highest-grossing trilogy of all time at the domestic market (not adjusted for inflation), and the 13th-highest-grossing trilogy of all time, worldwide (not adjusted for inflation) The trilogy was re-released in certain countries worldwide on October 21, 2015, to commemorate the date traveled to by the protagonists in Back to the Future Part II and generated $4 8 million on its opening day  In the United States and Canada, it earned $1 65 million from ticket sales across 1,815 North American theaters on its opening day  Germany opened with $1 4 million and the United Kingdom with $345,000  Revenues from other territories such as Australia, Austria, France, Italy were moderate The first movie in the trilogy returned to certain countries once again for the 35th anniversary of the first film  In the United Kingdom, this was originally scheduled to begin on May 29, 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic the opening dates of various cinemas were delayed, and on a cinema-by-cinema basis slowly reopened  Many cinemas also showed the rest of the trilogy, partially due to the coinciding 30th anniversary of Part III 

Critical and public response
Marty McFly and Doc Brown were included in Empire's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking No  39 and No  76 respectively 

Cultural impact
Back to the Future Day
October 21, 2015, the date used for the setting of the future events during the first act of the second film, has been called "Back to the Future Day" by the media  The year 2015 also commemorated the 30th anniversary of the release of the original film 
Many promotions were planned to mark the passing of the date, with many playing to the depiction of the future in the film, including:

Universal Pictures created a trailer for Jaws 19, the fictional 3D film advertised in the future setting 
Universal and Mattel produced an advertisement for the hoverboard seen in the film 
Pepsi produced a limited run of the "Pepsi Perfect" soft drink, including the unique bottles, which sold out before October 21, 2015 
The Ford Motor Company allowed users configuring a Ford Focus on their website to add a Flux Capacitor as a $1 2 million option 
Nintendo released the game Wild Gunman, which Marty is seen playing in the Cafe '80s scene, on the Wii U's Virtual Console service 
The October 22, 2015 edition of USA Today used a mock-front page which was a recreation of the one seen in the film on that date  The back of the mock page contains an advertisement for Jaws 19, as well as ads for the 30th anniversary Back to the Future box set and The Michael J  Fox Foundation  On the real front page, the USA Today blue dot is replaced with a drone camera like the one seen in the film  The print edition of this edition sold out in record time, according to USA Today 
Nike revealed that they had recreated the Nike Mag shoes that Michael J  Fox wears in the film, complete with self-lacing power laces (a 2011 design was based on the same shoes, but lacked the power laces)  Although the laces operated more slowly than those seen in the film, they were nonetheless shown to work as intended in an eight-second video featuring Fox wearing the shoes  Pairs of the shoes were sold via auction in 2016 to benefit The Michael J  Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research 
Toyota and Universal Pictures celebrated the 30th anniversary of the film series with a Toyota Tacoma Concept that was inspired by the original 1985 pickup that Toyota created for the 1985 film  The 2016 Tacoma 4WD was recreated using the same features and black color paint trim, KC HiLite driving lamps (modified with LED lighting), modified headlights and taillights (matching the 1985 version), the Toyota badging to the truck's tailgate, as well as the same D-4S fuel injection, the 1985-inspired mudflaps, and customized license plates matching the 2015 vehicles in Part II  The only difference between the 1985 original and the 2016 concept is the tires: Goodyear was featured in the 1985 film, while BF Goodrich is used on the concept  Toyota notes that this is a one-off concept as there are no plans to offer it as a package or level trim  Toyota also produced a promotional video starring Michael J  Fox and Christopher Lloyd and featuring many of the locations depicted in the film series, wherein the DeLorean's Mr  Fusion is used as a comparison for Toyota's hydrogen powered Mirai 
Universal re-released all three films on DVD and Blu-ray disc on October 20, 2015 
Telltale Games re-released their licensed Back to the Future the Game in a 30th Anniversary edition for newer consoles a week in advance of October 21  Several video games released downloadable content related to Back to the Future to coincide with October 21, 2015, including Rocket League and LittleBigPlanet 3 
Back to the Future: The Ultimate Visual History is an officially licensed book which includes 224 pages of behind-the-scenes stories, interviews, rare and never-before-seen images, concept art, storyboards, photos, and special removable replicas of paper items from the films, written by Michael Klastorin with Randal Atamaniuk  The book was released on October 16, 2015 Cast members appeared on Today and Jimmy Kimmel Live! on October 21, 2015  Nearly 2,000 theaters worldwide showed back-to-back screenings of the Back to the Future trilogy on October 21 and continuing through that weekend, which earned over $4 8M in single day ticket sales  Universal Studios offered location tours of the various filming locations around the date  The town of Reston, Virginia, temporarily changed its name to "Hill Valley" to commemorate the series during its annual film festival  Esquire Network aired the trilogy all day that day, plus all weekend 

Music
Home media box sets
2002 VHS and DVD release: "The Complete Trilogy"
In July 1997, Universal Studios announced that Back to the Future would be one of their first ten releases on the new DVD format, though it ended up being delayed for five years  The films were released as a box set on VHS and DVD on December 17, 2002 in both widescreen (1 85:1) and full screen (1 33:1) formats  The widescreen DVDs had to be reissued a year later because of framing errors in converting from open matte to widescreen 

2010 DVD and Blu-ray release: "25th Anniversary Trilogy"
In June 2008, a special screening of the trilogy was held in Celebration, Florida  Bob Gale told the crowd they were seeing the digitally remastered version that was going to be used for the Blu-ray version of the movies  The Blu-ray box set was released on October 26, 2010, and includes bonus features, such as a newly-produced six-part retrospective documentary titled Tales from the Future  There have been numerous complaints about the R1 packaging, leading to the release of an instruction sheet on how to safely remove and insert discs 

2015 DVD and Blu-ray release: "30th Anniversary Trilogy"
On October 20, 2015, one day before the date of the fictional events transpiring in the 2015 segment of Part II, the trilogy was once again released on Blu-ray and DVD  A bonus disc was included, which featured new bonus material such as Outatime which is a look into the restoration of the time machine from 2012; Doc Brown Saves the World!, a new short movie starring Christopher Lloyd; two episodes from The Animated Series; two novelty commercials about "Jaws 19" and the "2015 Hoverboard"; and other additional features 

2020 Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray release: "The Ultimate Trilogy"
A new set was released in October 2020 for The Ultimate Trilogy, to celebrate the franchise's 35th anniversary, and featured a release on Ultra HD Blu-ray for the first time  The set included a new digitally remastered 4K picture, Dolby Atmos sound, and more previously unreleased content 

Other media
Board and card games
The Back to the Future: Back in Time board game was released in 2020  It is a fully cooperative game, in which each player is a character in the film, and must collect items to help Marty McFly and Doc to return from 1955 to their own time, as depicted in the first film in the trilogy In 2010, Looney Labs introduced Back to the Future: The Card Game, a strategy game using the same mechanics as the company's game Chrononauts  In the game, a timeline of cards are laid out in a grid with each era in the movies grouped together  Randomly distributed ID cards outline goals or timeline changes necessary to make sure the future character exists  The license for this game expired in 2012 and is no longer being produced 

Comic books
A comic book series was published by Harvey Comics in 1992 detailing further adventures of the animated series  Only seven issues were produced  IDW published a mini-series which presents the first meeting of both Marty and Doc Brown and is written by co-screenwriter Bob Gale, which was released in stores on October 21, 2015, the same date that Marty travels with Doc Brown to the future depicted in the storyline for Part II  In issue #3, it was revealed that it had become an ongoing monthly comic due to popular demand 
Beginning in issue #6, the original format of one or two untold stories per issue was replaced with a multi-issue ongoing story arc  The original subtitle for the comic, "Untold Tales and Alternate Timelines", was used for the trade paperback which contained the first five comics in the series  The series has now gone on to what IDW calls "chapter 2" of the series with "Tales from the Time Train"  This is a series of stories detailing where Doc and the Brown family went after time traveling at the end of Back to the Future Part III  Other mini-series published by IDW include "Citizen Brown", which adapts the Telltale video game, and "Biff to the Future", which depicts Biff Tannen's rise to power after being given the almanac by his future self  The latter is also co-written by Gale 
Transformers/Back to the Future is a four-issue crossover comic miniseries published by IDW Publishing, to commemorate the 35th anniversaries of Back to the Future and Hasbro's Transformers franchise  It was published from October 7, 2020, to May 12, 2021 
A Japanese light novel adaptation was announced in August 2021 

Books
Each film in the trilogy also received a novelization that expanded on the movies by adding scenes, characters, and dialog, often culled from early-draft scripts In 2012, Hasslein Books released A Matter of Time: The Unauthorized Back to the Future Lexicon, written by Rich Handley  The book was released in cooperation with BTTF com, the official Back to the Future website  A second volume, Back in Time: The Unauthorized Back to the Future Chronology, by Greg Mitchell and Rich Handley, was released in 2013 Back to the Future: The Ultimate Visual History is an officially licensed book which includes 224 pages of behind-the-scenes stories, interviews, rare and never-before-seen images, concept art, storyboards, photos, and special removable replicas of paper items from the films  The book was written by Michael Klastorin, who was the production publicist on Back to the Future Part II and Part III, with Randal Atamaniuk  The book includes a foreword by Michael J  Fox, preface by Christopher Lloyd, introduction by Bob Gale and an afterword by Robert Zemeckis  It was released on October 16, 2015, to coincide with Back to the Future Day, and was published by Titan Books in the UK and Harper Design in the US  It was reissued on November 3, 2020, with added contents, to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the trilogy 

Video games
Various video games based on the Back to the Future movies have been released over the years for home video game systems, including the Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Master System, Genesis, Nintendo Entertainment System, Super Famicom, Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii, iOS, Xbox 360 and Xbox One platforms 
Lego Dimensions (2015) features two Back to the Future-themed toy packs  The Level Pack adds a bonus level that adapts the events of the first film and includes a Marty McFly Minifigure, along with a constructible DeLorean and Hoverboard  The Fun Pack includes a Doc Brown Minifigure and a constructible Time Train from Part III  Both unlock access to an in-game open world set in Hill Valley  Michael J  Fox and Christopher Lloyd reprise their roles as Marty McFly and Emmett "Doc" Brown respectively  A downloadable content pack for Planet Coaster (2016), titled the Back to the Future Time Machine Construction Kit, includes customizable in-game replicas of the DeLorean time machine 

Episodic video game
Back to the Future: The Game (2010) was released from December 22, 2010, to June 23, 2011, developed and published by Telltale Games  The game is an episodic graphic adventure, and takes place in an alternate timeline based on the original trilogy  It was released as five episodes, with Christopher Lloyd reprising his role as Emmett "Doc" Brown, Claudia Wells reprising her role as Jennifer Parker, and Michael J  Fox making cameo appearances in the final episode  A  J  Locascio provided the voice for Marty McFly, and Bob Gale assisted with the script  Thomas Wilson reprised his role as Biff Tannen in the 2015 re-release 
The plot of the video game depicts Marty traveling back to 1931 to help Doc, who is in trouble again  The video game depicts several trips by Marty and Doc back and forth from 1931 to the present, due to multiple disruptions to the timeline  In several separate differing timelines, various altered outcomes are shown for the McFly family, and then separately for the entire Hill Valley region  At the conclusion of the game, the timeline is largely restored by Marty and Doc, although with some small differences from the "original" timeline 

Pinball
Two pinball adaptations of the film trilogy were released   The first pinball adaptation was a physical one produced by Data East, available in 1990, and titled Back to the Future: The Pinball   Over two decades later, Zen Studios developed and released a new, digital pinball adaptation in 2017, available as add-on content for Pinball FX 3 along with two other tables based on iconic classic films from Universal Pictures, Jaws and E T  The Extra-Terrestrial  The latter table behaves differently than the original Data East version and features 3-D animated figures and visual effects that are impossible to reproduce on a physical table 

Musical
Back to the Future: The Musical is a stage musical with music and lyrics by Alan Silvestri and Glen Ballard, and a book by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, adapted from their original screenplay  The show features original music alongside hits from the film, including "The Power of Love" and "Johnny B  Goode" 
The musical originally was slated to make its world première in London's West End in 2015, the year to which the film trilogy's characters traveled in Part II  However, after director Jamie Lloyd left the production in August 2014, due to "creative differences" with Zemeckis, the production's release date was pushed to a 2016 opening  The show received its premiere at Manchester Opera House in February 2020 ahead of an expected West End transfer  The cast recording was initially set to be released on November 26, 2021, but was ultimately released on March 11, 2022 A Broadway production is set to commence in 2023 

Automotive commercials
In 2015, Fox and Lloyd starred alongside popular YouTube science personality Go Tech Yourself in an extended Toyota commercial for Toyota's new fuel cell vehicle, the Mirai, entitled Fueled by the Future  The commercial doubled as a tribute to the franchise and illustrated how the idea of converting trash into fuel had become reality  The commercial was released on October 21—the same date to which Marty, Doc and Jennifer traveled in Back to the Future Part II 

Theme park ride
Back to the Future the Ride was a simulator ride based on and inspired by the Back to the Future films and is a mini-sequel to the 1990s Back to the Future Part III  The original attraction opened on May 2, 1991, at Universal Studios Florida  It also opened on June 2, 1993, at Universal Studios Hollywood and on March 31, 2001, at Universal Studios Japan  The rides in the United States have since been replaced by The Simpsons Ride  The ride in Japan remained operational until May 31, 2016 

Documentaries
In the fall of 2015, after a successful Kickstarter project, the Back in Time documentary film was released  The film features interviews with the members of the cast and crew along with the cultural impact of the trilogy 30 years later  In 2016, the OUTATIME: Saving the DeLorean Time Machine documentary film was released and presents the efforts of Bob Gale, Universal Studios, and a team of fans as they work to restore one of the original screen-used DeLorean time machines  Like the Back in Time documentary, OUTATIME was also successfully funded by a Kickstarter project  A 2021 documentary, titled Expedition: Back to the Future, featured Josh Gates and Christopher Lloyd searching for and restoring an original DeLorean used in the film, with appearances from several original cast members 

Explanatory notes
Passage 4:
Claudia Wells
Claudia Grace Wells (born July 5, 1966) is an American actress and businesswoman, best known for her role as Jennifer Parker in the 1985 film Back to the Future 

Life and career
Wells was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to American parents of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (from Germany, Russia and Czechia)  Her family moved to San Francisco when she was seven weeks old  She went to Marin Country Day School and French-American Bilingual School  Her father, a parasitologist, and sister, Jennifer, still live in San Francisco, but Wells moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14, later graduating from Beverly Hills High School  Wells also has a brother She started acting with appearances in TV shows  When she was 15, she became a born-again Christian at the urging of Dean Jones on the set of Herbie, the Love Bug Wells played Jennifer Parker, Marty McFly's girlfriend, in the 1985 film Back to the Future  She almost did not end up in the first film of the successful franchise  According to Wells, she had been cast, but a pilot she had done for ABC had been picked up, and she was contractually forced to drop out of Back to the Future  During that time, Eric Stoltz had been shooting for five weeks in the role of Marty McFly  Melora Hardin was slated for the role of Jennifer though she never actually filmed any scenes  The producers halted filming and replaced Stoltz with Michael J  Fox  By then, Wells's pilot had been finished and she was recast as Jennifer, now shooting alongside Fox, having never filmed a frame with Stoltz That same year (1985), Wells co-starred in Stop the Madness, an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration, featuring several famous musicians, actors and athletes  The following year, she appeared in the TV movie Babies Having Babies, and the short-lived series Fast Times, a TV adaptation of the 1982 film Fast Times at Ridgemont High (Wells played Linda Barrett, portrayed by Phoebe Cates in the film)  Following Fast Times, she did not appear again on-screen until the 1996 independent film, Still Waters Burn (released on DVD February 12, 2008) 

Leaving acting
After her mother was diagnosed with cancer, Wells put her career on hold for family reasons, and told the studio she would be unavailable to reprise her Back to the Future role for the two sequels  Actress Elisabeth Shue replaced her 
In the early 1990s, Wells started a clothing store, Armani Wells, which she still manages as of 2023 

Return to acting
After a lengthy absence, Wells returned to acting in 2011 with a small role in the independent science-fiction film, Alien Armageddon The same year, Wells had the opportunity to reprise her role from Back to the Future 26 years after her last appearance in the series  She provided the voice of Jennifer Parker for Back to the Future: The Game  Wells announced that her next project would be a horror film titled Room & Board 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Passage 5:
Paul Koulibaly
Keba Paul Koulibaly (born 24 March 1986) is a Burkinabé footballer who plays as a defender for EFO and the Burkina Faso national team  He plays as a centre-back or a left-back 

Personal life
Paul's twin brother, Pierre Koulibaly is also a professional footballer 

Club
Paul Koulibaly began his career with EFO in Burkina Faso In January 2008, he signed a contract with Al-Ittihad Tripoli  club, but due to the maximum numbers of foreigners players playing in squad, they loaned him out to Al-Nasr Benghazi 
He went for a trial with Leeds United towards the end of July 2010, but was not kept 
In 2010–2011, he played for Asswehly and then left for R O C  de Charleroi-Marchienne 
In 2012, he moved to Dinamo București  Won the 2012 Romanian Supercup with the club  After playing in the club for six months, he went to the Iraqi club Al Shorta  He won the Iraqi Premier League with the club 
In 2014, he moved to the Guinean club Horoya AC  With him he won all the trophies in Guinea (championship, cup and super cup)  In 2017 he returned to the EFO 
Koulibaly made his debut for Burkina Faso in 2006  Together with the Burkina Faso national team, he took part in four African Cups of Nations  In 2013, together with her, he reached the final of the tournament, where his team lost to Nigeria 0–1  On January 10, 2015, Koulibaly played his last international match in a friendly against Swaziland 

Honours
Team
EFOBurkinabé Premier League: 2008
Coupe du Faso: 2006, 2008Dinamo București
Romanian Supercup: 2012Al-Shorta
Iraqi Premier League: 2012–13

Trivia
His twin brother Pan Pierre Koulibaly is also a footballer



ground_truth: Svante Stensson Sture

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who play's Marty's girlfriend in back to the future?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 
Passage 6:
List of Back to the Future characters
The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale 
The lead character of the series is Marty McFly  During the course of the trilogy, he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown  He also encounters the central antagonist, Biff Tannen, in several different time periods and visits his ancestors and descendants 

Main characters
Marty McFly
Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly  Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants  Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time 

Emmett "Doc" Brown
Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine  At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel 
In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No  20 

George McFly
George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X  Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine Baines McFly and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave  Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III 
In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying  The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself  In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school  He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection  In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious  As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight  In the new future, they are both married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around  In the dystopian timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973 
George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast  Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future  The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it  However, Glover did not appreciate this and sued  The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again 

Lorraine Baines-McFly
Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson, voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave  She is the oldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey 
In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy  After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985  In Part II, Lorraine is still happily married to George in 2015 but they are constantly disappointed in Marty for giving in to peer pressures that make his life difficult  In the alternate 1985 timeline, she is widowed and married to Biff Tannen 

Clara Clayton
Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is married to Doc Brown and is the mother of Jules and Verne Brown 
Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory  This later changed after Doc rescued her, with Mayor Herburt naming it Eastwood Ravine in honor of Marty's alias Clint Eastwood, remembered as a town hero who saved Clara, defeated Buford Tannen, and allegedly died trying to stop two bandits who hijacked a locomotive  The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley  She then became a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School 

Jennifer Parker
Jennifer Jane Parker (portrayed by Claudia Wells in the first film and voiced by her in Back to the Future: The Game, Elisabeth Shue in the second and third film, voiced by Cathy Cavadini in the animated series) is dating Marty McFly  In 2015 as seen in Back to the Future Part II, they are married 
In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty  In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor  She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage  In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr  (both played by Michael J  Fox) 
Melora Hardin was initially cast in the role, to appear alongside Eric Stoltz' Marty McFly  After Stoltz was fired from the production and Michael J  Fox was brought in, Claudia Wells was cast to portray the character, as Hardin was deemed too tall to appear next to the much shorter Fox  However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character  Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future 

Biff Tannen
Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson) is the main antagonist of the first two films, and a local bully who harassed George McFly and managed to alter history in the second film  He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family, including Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson, in Part III), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s 

McFly family
Dave McFly
David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985, before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985, he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm  In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff Tannen 

Linda McFly
Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job  In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys 

Seamus and Maggie McFly
Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly  In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie  While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do  They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather)  Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen  He also had a brother, Martin, who was fatally stabbed prior to the film's events 
Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her 

William McFly
William "Willie" McFly (voiced by Michael J  Fox in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of Seamus and Maggie McFly as well as Marty's great-grandfather  Baby Willie was played by Lindsay Clark  She left acting shortly after this role 

Arthur McFly and Sylvia Miskin
Arthur "Artie" McFly and Sylvia Miskin (stage name "Trixie Trotter") are Marty's paternal grandparents and George's parents introduced in Back to the Future: The Game and voiced by Michael X  Sommers and Melissa Hutchison respectively 

Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly
Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J  Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future son and daughter in 2015 in Part II 
Originally, 17-year-old Marty Jr  was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang  Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr  break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman's prison  Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening 

Baines family
Sam Baines
Sam Baines was the husband of Stella Baines and the father of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  He is the father-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandfather of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Stella Baines
Stella Baines (portrayed by Frances Lee McCain) was the wife of Sam Baines and the mother of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  She is the mother-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandmother of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Milton Baines
Milton Samuel Baines (portrayed by Jason Hervey) is the second child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Sally, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was 12 years old in 1955  In 1955, Milton liked to wear a coonskin cap, a fad inspired by the Davy Crockett film and television show, which Stella took off his head twice while Marty was eating dinner with the family, putting it back on both times 

Sally Baines
Sally Flora Baines (portrayed by Maia Brewton) was the third child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1949, she was present when Marty McFly in 1955 had dinner with her family, but did not speak 

Toby Baines
Toby Baines was the fourth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Milton, Sally, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was born in 1951  On November 5, 1955, he sat at the dinner table with his family and Marty McFly, whom his father had hit with the car earlier that day  He remained silent while the guest was present 

Joey Baines
Joey Baines was born on August 28, 1954, to Sam and Stella Baines, and was the fifth child in the Baines family  In the early 1970s, Joey was Marty McFly's favorite uncle  Joey would allow Marty to do dangerous things, but would always be there to make sure he was all right  He spent many years in Folsom Prison  On October 25, 1985, he failed to earn his release on parole for at least the second time 
By the 21st century, USA Today ran an article on Joey Baines in their October 22, 2015 issue, titled Parole denied again, which mentioned that this was Joey's twelfth consecutive parole hearing to end in denial  He was serving a twenty-year term at Folsom for racketeering and had spent two-thirds of his life behind bars 

Ellen Baines
Ellen Baines was the sixth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Sally Toby, and Joey Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1956 (a few months after Marty's trip to 1955), she moved to Chicago at some point prior to 1986 

Brown family
Jules and Verne Brown
Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Dannel Evans in Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne 
The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series  Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted  Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage 
In the Back to the Future game when asked about his family, Doc reveals that his sons are now teenagers and their parents are discussing what time period they should attend college at 

Copernicus
Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955  Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments  When Copernicus died, he was eventually replaced by Einstein 

Einstein
Einstein (portrayed by Tiger and stuntman Dick Butler in the first film and Freddie in the other two, voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog  He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog 
In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future  In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future 

Tannen family
Irving "Kid" Tannen
Kid Tannen (voiced by Owen Thomas) is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future: The Game  Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley  He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting  Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly  He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help 

Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen
Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in Back to the Future Part III, Liam O'Brien in Lego Dimensions) is the main antagonist of the third film  He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley  He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises  Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable  He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does  He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies  Like his descendant Biff, he has a dislike for manure 

Griff Tannen
Griff Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff  He is part of a gang that also consists of Rafe "Data" Unger, Leslie "Spike" O'Malley and Chester "Whitey" Noguera  Unlike his grandfather and great-great-great-grandfather whose gangs only consisted of Caucasian males, his accomplices are one Caucasian male (Data), one Caucasian female (Spike), and one Asian-American male (Whitey) 
In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family 
Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movie, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney, but in the animated series, Ziff says that both he and Griff are Tannens 

Biff Tannen Jr 
In the animated series, Biff Jr  (voiced by Benji Gregory) is the son of Biff Tannen  Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud  In addition, Biff Jr  delights in vandalizing other people's properties  Biff Jr  lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship 

Strickland family
Gerald Strickland
Gerald Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School  He is a descendant of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885  He frequently makes a great noisy show of sternly reprimanding his students for faults such as "slacking" or liquor consumption, although he himself is revealed to sneak a drink of alcohol at his desk at school 
There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal 

James Strickland
James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and an ancestor of Mr  Strickland  He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley) 
In a deleted scene not included in the final cut, and in the movie's novelization, Strickland is killed by Buford Tannen  In the theatrical release Strickland simply remains absent for the latter half 
In the Back to the Future game, Edna Strickland in 1986 notes that James was shot and killed by Buford  Marty remarks that's a detail he doesn't remember, possibly a reference to the differences between the film and the movie novelization 

Edna Strickland
Edna Strickland (voiced by Rebcca Sweitzer) is introduced in Back to the Future: The Game where she is the sister of Gerald Strickland  She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness  After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna married Kid Tannen and became the stepmother of Biff Tannen 

Other characters
Marvin Berry
Marvin Berry (portrayed by Harry Waters Jr ) is an African-American jazz musician and electric guitar player whose band was hired in Back to the Future Part I to perform at the "Enchantment Under The Sea" dance  He is also the cousin of then-rising musician Chuck Berry  After injuring his hand while helping Marty McFly out of a car's trunk, Marty takes his place as guitarist in the evening's most important dance  When Marty subsequently performs Johnny B  Goode to the audience's excitement, Marvin immediately calls Chuck to introduce him to the new music style, thereby humorously implying that Chuck stole the song to further his musical career  This creates a time paradox, since Marty was playing a song made famous by Chuck Berry, before Berry wrote it, so the song either has no actual creator or Berry was essentially stealing a song from his alternate timeline self  Another theory was that Chuck was going to write it anyway, but after hearing it maybe wrote it faster 

Otis "Old Man" Peabody
Otis Peabody (portrayed by Will Hare) is the patriarch of a 1950s farmer family in Back to the Future Part I  For some obscure reason, he decided to plant pines on his land; while his plan ultimately came to no fruition, the area was decades later converted into a shopping mall named "Twin Pines Mall" as a testimony to his efforts  The town sees Peabody odd including Doc Brown, who himself has a similar reputation  When Marty McFly makes his involuntary time trip back to 1955, he ends up crashing into Peabody's shed with the DeLorean and then flattening one of his two growing pine saplings while escaping  The farmer's family believes that the time-traveling car and its driver in an NBC suit are extraterrestrial  As results, according to a headline of the newspaper Hill Valley Telegraph with Peabody being photographed in a straitjacket, he is committed to a county asylum after claiming "'space zombie' wrecked his barn," and after Marty returns to 1985, the mall is found having been (re)named "Lone Pine Mall" 

Douglas J  Needles
Douglas J  Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is the rival of Marty McFly in Hill Valley High School  Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang and develops a rivalry with Marty (although he doesn't outright bully him like Biff did to George and has no relation to the Tannens)  He often goads Marty into doing reckless things, leveraging on Marty's fear of being labeled as a "chicken" 

Goldie Wilson
Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in the first film) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s  By 1985, he creates a controversy when he plans to replace the damaged clock from the Hill Valley Courthouse's clock tower, which continues in 2015 after he left the office  A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth 
He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) who works as a car salesman in Back to the Future: Part II 

Match, Skinhead and 3-D
"Match" O'Malley (portrayed by Billy Zane), Joey "Skinhead" Unger (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and "3-D" Noguera (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955  Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits  Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance 
In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards  Each get their nickname from a distinctive character trait  Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s) 

Spike, Data and Whitey
Leslie "Spike" O'Malley (portrayed by Darlene Vogel), Rafe "Data" Unger (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan) and Chester "Whitey" Noguera (portrayed by Jason Scott Lee) they are high school kids who make up Griff Tannen's gang in 2015  Each one of them is also the grandchild of Biff Tannen's original gang  Spike is Match's granddaughter, Data is Skinhead's grandson, and Whitey is 3-D's grandson 



ground_truth: Claudia Wells