prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is Frances Freeling Broderip's sibling?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Esther Cleveland
Esther Cleveland (September 9, 1893 – June 25, 1980) was the second child of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States, and his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland 

Biography
Esther Cleveland was born on September 9, 1893, in the White House, to the President of the United States, Grover Cleveland and the First Lady, Frances Folsom  She remains the only child of a President to have been born there  Into her maturity, the US press still referred to her as "The White House baby" (in a photograph of her in her early 20s, from a now unknown newspaper archive source) 
In April 1896, she contracted measles when it spread through the White House, leading to a quarantine  Five years later, she contracted diphtheria She made her debut in 1912 and was rumored to be engaged to Randolph D  West shortly after (which was denied by her relatives)  On March 14, 1918, at Westminster Abbey, she married Captain William Sidney Bence Bosanquet (May 9, 1883 – March 5, 1966) of the Coldstream Guards of the British Army  He had liaised with the US over steel production and was the son of Sir Albert Bosanquet, the Common Serjeant of London  After WWII he was the manager of Skinningrove Iron Works in East Cleveland, England  They lived in Kirkleatham Old Hall, now Kirkleatham Museum, on the outskirts of Redcar  They bought the whole building in 1930 after half of it was initially occupied by soldiers   Following his death, she returned to the United States and she sold the house to the local Council in 1970 As Mrs Bosanquet, she was known locally in the 1940s and 1950s for her philanthropy  Esther bridged the divergent views of her mother's opposition to suffrage, stemming from Frances Cleveland's belief that women were not ready to vote, through to supporting her daughter who went to Somerville College, Oxford  She was the mother of British philosopher Philippa Foot, who was a fellow at Oxford before holding several professorships in the States  Philippa Foot clearly had a sense of liberation from early governess education to high academic success  She said that she learned nothing from home tuition in Kirkleatham  It was "the sort of milieu where there was a lot of hunting, shooting, and fishing, and where girls simply did not go to college " Nevertheless, she had the subsequent financial support from Esther and William Bosanquet to go to school in Ascot and later to Oxford 
Esther Cleveland Bosanquet died in Tamworth, New Hampshire, in 1980 at age 86 
Passage 2:
Lucy Kennedy
Lucy Kennedy (Irish: Lusaí Ní Chinnéide; born 21 April 1976) is an Irish television and radio presenter 
Kennedy first came to public attention from co-hosting The Podge and Rodge Show on RTÉ Two  She has also presented the dating show The Ex-Files, the celebrity show Livin' with Lucy, her own chat show The Lucy Kennedy Show and the reality boxing show Charity Lords of the Ring  She is doing full-time radio work, The Colm and Lucy breakfast Show on Ireland's Classic Hits Radio  She presented The Six O'Clock Show on TV3 

Early life
Kennedy grew up in Sandycove, Dublin, the middle child of three girls  Her father is John Kennedy who would later feature alongside his daughter as her pianist on The Lucy Kennedy Show 
Lucy attended Holy Child Killiney secondary school  Kennedy's first career was as a flight attendant with Cityjet, followed by a course in television presenting and production  In 2002, she worked as a contestant researcher for an Irish version of The Weakest Link   She later worked as a production assistant on An Tuath Nua and production co-ordinator on A Scare at Bedtime and briefly worked in sales for SPIN 1038 

Television presenter
Kennedy began presenting two series of The Ex-Files in 2004 and was approached to co-host The Podge and Rodge Show in February 2006  She described the duo as "like the older brothers I never had" but left the show after three series  In 2007, Kennedy made numerous television appearances on other shows such as No Frontiers and People in Need Telethon, as well as winning the TV Now Award for Female Personality of the Year  The same year she starred in Debbie does Dallas 21 
In April – May 2008, Kennedy featured in her own show, Livin' with Lucy, the premise of which she shared a house with celebrities such as Brian McFadden and Calum Best for a weekend  The show aired on RTÉ2 on Monday nights  During the show she was hunted by the paparazzi and the press when she stayed with the British reality-television personality Jade Goody  Kennedy encountered controversy whilst staying with Samantha Mumba when Mumba launched a verbal attack on Irish radio presenter Dave Fanning using expletives Kennedy presented The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show when regular host Ian Dempsey was absent on 18 July 2008 Kennedy was subject to speculation that she would take over the role of host of travel series No Frontiers from Kathryn Thomas but this did not come to pass Her chat show, The Lucy Kennedy Show, an inhouse RTÉ production, began on 6 January 2009  Her father John was her pianist on the show  She co-presented Charity Lords of the Ring alongside Barry McGuigan in August 2009  After this she took maternity leave  She began filming the third series of Livin' with Lucy in July 2010 In September 2013, Kennedy began co-hosting Late Lunch Live alongside weatherman Martin King  Late Lunch Live replaced The Morning Show  In February 2014, she signed a contract with Virgin Media One (formerly TV3)  Late Lunch Live subsequently became The Seven O'Clock Show in 2015, and now airs as The Six O'Clock Show due to the return of Emmerdale and Coronation Street to Virgin Media One in 2016 On 30 August 2017, it was announced that Kennedy would host Ireland's Got Talent  She hosted two series of Ireland's Got Talent until its cancellation in 2019 

Radio presenter
Kennedy had a "recent stint" in RTÉ 2fm with Bazil Ashmawy On 7 May 2010, it was announced she would co-present with Colm Hayes for one month the 9 am – 12 noon slot vacated by the death of Gerry Ryan  However, she was not given the job permanently stating that she did not have the necessary experience for it She did Weekend Breakfast with Baz & Lucy  This is a "less visible" role in the organisation that is RTÉ  On 18 April 2018 Lucy co-hosted the first edition of a new breakfast show on Radio Nova 100FM (Ireland) with Colm Hayes, called The Colm and Lucy Breakfast Show  (Colm Hayes had joined Radio Nova 100FM as its Programming Director in June 2017 ) Some months prior to this launch, they had presented a one-off show on Radio Nova 100FM 

Personal life
Kennedy is married to Richard Governey; the couple have three children, two daughters and a son  She models her mother/career-oriented lifestyle on that of Miriam O'Callaghan 

Awards
Kennedy won Favourite Female TV Presenter at the 2009 TV Now Awards 
Passage 3:
Georges Bégué
Georges Pierre André Bégué (22 November 1911 – 18 December 1993), code named Bombproof, was a French engineer and agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine organization, the Special Operations Executive (SOE)   The purpose of SOE in France, occupied by Nazi Germany in World War II, was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance  SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England 
Bégué was the first of 470 SOE F (France) Section agents infiltrated into France  He was a wireless operator  He proposed the use of BBC to transmit coded messages to resistance groups in Europe, a practice which became ubiquitous   He also arranged for the first of many thousands of airdrops of supplies and arms to resistance groups in France   He was captured by the French police in October 1941   He escaped from prison in 1942 and returned to the United Kingdom 

Early life
Georges Bégué was born 22 November 1911 in Périgueux, France  His father was a railway engineer and the family moved to Egypt when Bégué was a child  Bégué also trained as an engineer at University of Hull where he learned English and met his wife  He went through his military service as a signaller 

World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, Bégué was recalled to the French army  Because of his knowledge of English he was assigned to liaison with the British troops  He eventually escaped to Britain during the Dunkirk evacuation  After the surrender of France, he joined the Royal Signals as a sergeant, meeting Thomas Cadett, the Paris correspondent of the BBC, who was working in SOE's F section who recruited him 

The first SOE agent
In 1940 SOE Bégué joined the new F (French) section  He was given the alias George Noble and trained as a wireless operator  After training, he parachuted "blind" (nobody met him on arrival) into Indre Department on the night of 5/6 May 1941 with a heavy wireless transmitter in a suitcase  He was the first SOE agent in France  He was lucky to have arrived at all, as the night before his flight the house he was staying in had been destroyed by a bomb while he was out  He contacted socialist Max Hymans near Châteauroux and persuaded him that he was a legitimate English agent  Hymans introduced him to other socialists in the area  On 9 May, he sent his first wireless message back to SOE headquarters in London  On 10/11 May, he was joined by SOE agent Pierre de Vomécourt and on 12/13 May by Roger Cottin, both also parachuted blind The Germans quickly detected Bégué's wireless transmissions and jammed them and began to hunt for him around Châteauroux   Nevertheless, he was able to arrange the first airdrop of supplies into France by SOE on 13 June 1941  Two containers were dropped at Bas Soleil, the estate of Pierre de Vomécourt's brother, Philippe, near Limoges  The containers were dropped by an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bomber and contained sub-machine guns, explosives, and other material   They were the first of nearly 60,000 containers of supplies and arms air-dropped to SOE operatives and resistance groups during World War II Bégué and Pierre de Vomécourt created the first of about 90 SOE networks (also called circuits and reseau) in France  Their network was called Autogiro  Georges Bégué is sometimes called "Georges One" as he was the first SOE wireless operator in France   Subsequent wireless operators were called "Georges Two, Georges Three, etc  The SOE's slang term for a wireless operator was a "pianist "

Engaging the BBC
Bégué had an exhausting schedule, often transmitting and receiving messages to and from SOE three times a day  In addition he often had to serve as a courier traveling by train to deliver or receive messages to other SOE agents  As the Germans and French police were attempting to locate him and his wireless through direction-finding equipment, Bégué proposed sending seemingly obscure personal messages to agents in the field in order to reduce risky radio traffic  In accordance with his proposal, the BBC's Radio Londres broadcasts began with "Please listen to some personal messages," followed by spoken messages, often amusing, and without context  Representative messages include "Jean has a long mustache" and "There is a fire at the insurance agency," each one having some meaning to a certain resistance group  They were used primarily to provide messages to the resistance, but also to thank SOE agents and sometimes to mislead the enemy  Because these messages were in code, not cipher, the German occupiers could not hope to decipher them unless they had infiltrated a resistance group, so they focused their efforts on jamming the messages instead  The transmission of coded messages by Radio Londres became ubiquitous in World War II 

Arrest
The SOE parachuted in a number of additional agents in September 1941   One agent, Gerry Morel, went his own way to recruit resistance members  The Milice, the Vichy France police, arrested him at Limoges on 3 October 1941  His arrest led to more arrests and eventually to Bégué, who was arrested 24 October in a Marseilles safe house  He was sent to join a dozen SOE agents in the Beleyme prison in Périgueux  They were later transferred to a prison camp in Mauzac-et-Grand-Castang, Dordogne in March 1942, thanks to intervention of the American Consul-General Hugh Fullerton  Bégué smuggled out a message to London, bribed a guard, and created a duplicate key and the group escaped 16 July 1942  SOE agent Michael Trotobas was one of the escapees as was Jean-Pierre Bloch, whose wife, Gabrielle Sadourny, assisted in the escape Bégué and the other escapees hid in a forest while the French police searched for them and then continued to Lyon in separate groups  Bégué arrived on 23 July  SOE agent, American Virginia Hall, was in contact with the Vic escape network and eventually the escapees were led over the Pyrenees to neutral Spain where Bégué was interned at Figueres and sent to Miranda de Ebro prison camp but was later released to continue to England  He arrived in London in October 1942 The SOE in London had changed leadership in his absence and Bégué had little confidence in the new SOE leader, Maurice Buckmaster   He was named signals officer, but believed his talents were under-utilized 

After the war
After the war Bégué emigrated to the United States  He worked in a number of lower-level jobs until he could officially become an electronics engineer  He also became an American citizen  He died 18 December 1993 in Falls Church, Virginia  He was 82 years old  Begues was survived by his wife Rosemary and two daughters, Brigitte and Suzanne 

See also
SOE F Section timeline
SOE F Section networks
Passage 4:
Frances Freeling Broderip
Frances Freeling Broderip (née Hood) (11 September 1830 – 3 November 1878) was an English children's writer 

Early life
Broderip, second daughter of Thomas Hood, the poet, who died in 1845, by his wife, Jane Reynolds, who died in 1846, was born at Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, in 1830  She was named after her father's friend, Sir Francis Freeling, the secretary to the general post office  Her younger brother was the humourist Tom Hood 

Marriage
On 10 September 1849 she married the Rev  John Somerville Broderip, son of Edward Broderip of Cossington Manor, (d  1847), by his wife Grace Dory, daughter of Benjamin Greenhill  Her husband was born at Wells, Somersetshire, in 1814, educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his B A  1837, M A  1839, became rector of Cossington, Somersetshire, 1844, and died at Cossington on 10 April 1866  The couple had four daughters 

Publications
In 1857 Mrs  Broderip commenced her literary career by the publication of Wayside Fancies, which was followed in 1860 by Funny Fables for Little Folks, the first of a series of her works to which the illustrations were supplied by her brother, Tom Hood  Her other books appeared in the following order:

Chrysal, or a Story with an End 1861
Fairyland, or Recreations for the Rising Generation  By T  and J  Hood, and their Son and Daughter 1861
Tiny Tadpole, and other Tales 1862
My Grandmother's Budget of Stories 1863
Merry Songs for Little Voices  By F  F  Broderip and T  Hood 1865
Crosspatch, the Cricket, and the Counterpane 1865
Mamma's Morning Gossips 1866
Wild Roses: Simple Stories of Country Life 1867
The Daisy and her Friends: Tales and Stories for Children 1869
Tales of the Toys told by Themselves 1869
Excursions into Puzzledom  By T  Hood the Younger, and F  F  Broderip 1879In 1860, with the assistance of her brother, Tom Hood, she edited Memorials of Thomas Hood, 2 vols , and in 1869 selected and published the Early Poems and Sketches of her father  She also, in conjunction with her brother, published in a collected form The Works of T  Hood, 1869–73, 10 vols 

Death
She died at Clevedon on 3 November 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and was buried in St  Mary's churchyard, Walton by Clevedon, on 9 November, leaving issue four daughters 
Passage 5:
Andy Barclay
Andy Barclay is a fictional character and protagonist of the Child's Play horror film series  He is a young boy who, after receiving a Good Guy doll for his sixth birthday, is the prime suspect in a series of mysterious murders  In reality the murders are being committed by the doll, which was possessed by serial killer Charles Lee Ray (aka Chucky)  The duo go on to become archenemies  Andy Barclay is portrayed by actor Alex Vincent in the original Child's Play film, Child's Play 2, Curse of Chucky, Cult of Chucky and in the Chucky television series  Justin Whalin played Andy in Child's Play 3, while Gabriel Bateman played Andy in the 2019 reboot of Child's Play  Andy is mentioned, but does not appear in Bride of Chucky and Seed of Chucky 

History
Child's Play (1988)
Andy Barclay is celebrating his sixth birthday and really wants a Good Guy doll for his present  He even makes his mother breakfast in bed, to show her how good he is  However, the dolls are too expensive for her salary, and he ends up getting clothes instead  Seeing her son's disappointment, after she drops him off at daycare, Karen buys a doll for half price from a peddler unaware that the doll is possessed by the soul of a serial killer named Charles Lee Ray  Karen takes the doll back home to him, and he is very overjoyed to have a new best friend 
As Karen must go back to work, her best friend Maggie volunteers to babysit  The night goes by uneventfully until Maggie tells him that it is time for bed  Andy says that his doll, Chucky, wants to stay up to watch the 9 o'clock news  Thinking he is lying, she sends him to go brush his teeth but confronts him again when she finds Chucky on the couch with the TV on  Although Andy denies moving Chucky to the couch, she thinks Andy is really joking  She tucks him into bed, then goes to read a book  Later that night, when Maggie mysteriously falls to her death from the window, Andy is questioned by detective Mike Norris  During the investigation, Karen comes back home and is angered by Norris falsely implying that her son had something to do with Maggie's death  She kicks the detectives out and then goes to check on her son  She sees him talking to his doll, and thinks it is innocent enough until Andy says that the doll told him, "Aunt Maggie was a real b**** and got what she deserved "
The next day, Chucky gets Andy to bring him to the house of Chucky's former accomplice, Eddie Caputo  While Andy goes to urinate, Chucky manages to blow up the building, killing Eddie  The detectives are called in to check out the scene and again find Andy there  As they see this as more than a coincidence, they get Dr  Ardmore to monitor as Jack questions, Andy  When Jack asks why Maggie fell out of the window, Andy says that she saw Chucky, and it scared her so much she fell down  Karen comes to Andy's side, and explains that no one believes him; if he does not tell the truth, the police will take him away from her  Afraid, Andy confronts Chucky, begging him to say something  As he simply repeats his doll lines, he runs to his mother, telling her Chucky is doing it on purpose and would kill him if he ever told anyone about him  From behind the glass, Dr  Ardmore announces his presence  Seeing more than enough, he suggests Andy stay a few days at the hospital, and with no real choice, Karen reluctantly hands over her son 
At his hospital room, Andy hears Chucky coming up the stairs and screams for Dr  Ardmore to help which he does nothing  Chucky manages to get into Andy's room, but by that time Andy had escaped  Andy finds his way downstairs and into the operating room, followed by Chucky  After being knocked to the ground by Chucky, he picks a scalpel up and prepares to defend himself  However, he is seized by Dr  Ardmore, who puts him on the bed  Despite Andy's claims that Chucky is in the room, Ardmore goes to sedate him  Before he can do it though, Chucky kills Ardmore, allowing Andy to escape the hospital 
Andy makes it back to the apartment, but Chucky follows him  Chucky knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat and begins the ritual to transfer his soul  Luckily Norris and Karen burst in just in time to save Andy  After a brief fight, Karen throws Chucky into the fireplace, and despite Chucky's pleading, Andy lights a match and sets Chucky on fire  Hearing Norris in the bedroom, the two go to his side, and Karen tells Andy to retrieve the first aid kit from under the sink  However, as he goes, he notices that Chucky is missing from the fireplace  Completely charred, Chucky chases Andy, who runs back to the bedroom  Karen shoots him several times, missing his heart, but knocking off his head 
Jack later arrives and brings the doll's head into the bedroom  Unbeknownst to him, Chucky's body breaks through the air vent behind Jack and strangles him  As Karen pulls Chucky's body off Jack, Mike shoots him in the heart, finally killing him  Fearfully looking at Chucky's remains, Andy leaves with Karen and Jack to take Mike to the hospital 

Child's Play 2
Now eight years old, Andy is sent to a foster home with Phil and Joanne Simpson, as his mother Karen is undergoing a psychiatric evaluation after what transpired in the previous movie  Although the family is very nice, they become suspicious the next morning when one of Joanne's antiques is broken (by Chucky, who used the antique to destroy the family's existing Good Guy doll)  Both Andy and his foster sister Kyle deny doing anything, so Phil sends them to do the laundry  Later that night, Chucky manages to track Andy down and invades the house, and goes into Andy's room  He ties him to the bed and begins the voodoo chant to transfer his soul  However, before he can finish, Kyle sneaks back into the house through Andy's window after seeing her boyfriend  She tries to untie Andy as Phil and Joanne walk in on them  They accuse Kyle of tying up Andy as a sick joke and ignore Andy's pleas that the doll is alive  Chucky is thrown in the basement by Phil  Chucky realizes he has a nosebleed, which he attributes because he is becoming more human as time goes on 
The next morning, Andy goes to his first day of school, and Chucky follows  While his teacher Miss Kettlewell is reading a story to the class, there is a disruption by a bully teasing Andy  She thinks Andy is the source and scolds him for it  During recess, Chucky enters the classroom and writes obscenities on Andy's test paper  When the day is over, Miss Kettlewell uncovers the paper and forces him to stay after school for detention  She mistakenly locks him inside the classroom after throwing Chucky in the closet, while she leaves to phone Phil  Andy tries to call for help from anybody on the other side of the locked door, but to no avail  Chucky begins shouting from the closet for Andy to let him out, but Andy instead escapes by opening the window and running home  Miss Kettlewell returns to the classroom to find Andy gone  Hearing a sound from the closet and believing Andy is hiding within, she opens the door to reveal a fully alive Chucky  Chucky stabs her with an air pump that knocks her back, after which he beats her to death with a yardstick 
When Andy comes home, Phil confronts him about his test paper, and Andy explains that Chucky did it  Phil takes him to the basement to prove the doll is not alive and surprisingly, Chucky is there  In the middle of the night, Andy hears a sound coming from downstairs  He arms himself with a knife and proceeds into the basement  From there he is attacked by Chucky but is saved by Phil coming downstairs  Andy tries to warn Phil about Chucky, but Chucky trips him, causing him to fall and break his neck  When Joanne finds Phil's dead body, she blames Andy for Phil's death and sends him back to the orphanage 
While at the orphanage, the fire alarm is pulled, Andy and his caseworker Grace run into Kyle as they try to evacuate  Grace blames Kyle, who is being held at knifepoint by Chucky, and pulls her and Andy back to her office  When Grace takes the doll from Kyle, Chucky pulls out his knife and stabs the caseworker to death  Chucky grabs Andy and forces him to go to the Play Pals factory, with Kyle running after them  From there, he knocks Andy unconscious and begins to say the chant  However, the chant fails; Chucky is trapped in his doll form forever  Enraged, Chucky goes to kill Andy but is subdued by Kyle  She takes Andy and runs through the factory, while Chucky tries to stop them  But before getting them, Andy pours molten plastic on Chucky, partially melting his head  Andy and Kyle then jam an air hose into his mouth, causing his head to explode, finally killing him  Both Andy and Kyle leave the factory together, towards uncertain futures 

Child's Play 3
Eight years later, Andy is now sixteen years old  He has been thrown out of numerous foster homes, and Social Services has enrolled him in a military academy as a last destination  The head of the school, Cochran, agrees to let Andy in because he has had a rough life, but tells him to grow up and forget the killer doll fantasies  Andy is placed in a bunk with another student, Harold Whitehurst, who he finds bound and gagged in their closet  This was done by Cadet/Lieutenant/Colonel Brett Shelton, who uses his position to bully Andy  Regardless of Shelton's bullying, he is able to keep his friend Whitehurst; he also meets another student named Kristen De Silva, and the two develop a strong romantic relationship 
Unbeknownst to Andy, Chucky has shipped himself to the academy, in order to transfer his soul into his now teenaged nemesis  During the night, he confronts Andy in his room and reveals his plan to transfer his soul into a different child's body: Ronald Tyler, an 8-year-old returning cadet whom Andy had befriended when he first arrived at the academy  Tyler was tasked with delivering a package to Andy (which was in fact Chucky) earlier, but Tyler realized it was a Good Guy doll and planned to keep it for himself  When Chucky burst free from the package, he was initially furious that Tyler didn't take the package to Andy, but soon realizes it would be way easier to possess this unsuspecting new child  Chucky now plans to kill Andy so he can't stop him but Andy thwarts him off until Shelton enters the room  He finds Andy slamming Chucky against the floor, and rudely takes Chucky from him  The next morning, Andy approaches Tyler and asks him about Chucky and not to trust him, mentioning all the bad Chucky did when he was a little boy  Tyler snaps that he is just jealous that Chucky did not pick him first  Still worried for Tyler's life and knowing he must be a protector like his mother Karen and his foster sister Kyle were to him when he was younger, Andy decides to give him a pocket knife in case Chucky tries to transfer his soul into Tyler's body again and he is not around to protect him 
When the school's annual paintball war begins, Andy sneaks off to find Tyler, who had run away from Chucky in the woods  Realizing that Andy was right and that Chucky is truly alive and evil, Tyler stabs the doll with the pocket knife and escapes  He later meets up with Andy and the rest of the blue team  Chucky next attacks Kristen, using her as a hostage to lure out Andy and exchange Tyler for her  After their exchange, the red team comes into the area, and instead of shooting paintballs, they shoot live bullets that Chucky secretly placed in their guns  In the chaos, Tyler briefly escapes only to find himself once again held hostage by Chucky  Kristen and Andy follow Chucky and Tyler into a haunted house at a nearby carnival 
In an attempt to keep her from rescuing Tyler, Chucky shoots Kristen in the leg, leaving Andy to fight him alone  After a struggle, Tyler is knocked out, and Chucky begins his ritual chant  However, before he finishes, Andy reaches them on the top of a skull-covered mountain prop  He shoots Chucky in the arm and chest, causing Chucky to lose his weapon  Even after being disarmed, Chucky pounces on Andy and attempts to strangle him  Tyler awakens and gives Andy his pocket knife from earlier  Andy uses it to slice off Chucky's remaining hand, causing the doll to fall into a giant fan that shreds him to pieces  After leaving the haunted house, Andy visits Kristen, who is being treated by medics, and allows himself to be arrested  Andy is last seen riding off in the backseat of a police car 

Bride of Chucky
Andy is briefly mentioned in a newspaper article titled "Boy claims doll possessed by killer's soul" 

Seed of Chucky
Andy is indirectly mentioned by Chucky during his "what's so great about being human anyway" speech by referencing his numerous victims and enemies 

Curse of Chucky
Six months after Chucky attacked Nica, the adult Andy gets a package delivered, and brings it inside  Before opening it, he receives a phone call from his mother, Karen  As Andy talks about his birthday dinner at Karen's place, Chucky cuts his way out of the box  Ready to kill, Chucky turns around, only to see Andy pointing a shotgun directly at his face  When Chucky shockingly says Andy, Andy says to play with this to Chucky, and before Chucky can explain where Andy has been since Child's Play 3, Andy fires his shotgun through Chucky's head 

Cult of Chucky
After the events of Curse of Chucky, Andy now keeps Chucky's severed head to torture in retribution for his crimes  Tapes later reveal that Andy had tried to prove Nica Pierce's innocence by showing Chucky to her psychiatrist Dr  Foley, but it was dismissed as special effects  Learning that Chucky had managed to transfer his soul into multiple Good Guy dolls, Andy sends a Good Guy that he had shaved to the asylum and drives there  When he is unable to get in due to visiting hours being over, he commits himself by punching the security guard, being locked in a cell  When a Chucky doll he previously maimed arrives at his cell to kill him, Andy restrains the doll and rips a gun out of the doll's stomach  Andy shoots the short-haired Chucky three times and stomps its head in, killing it instantly  When Nica, now possessed by Chucky's soul, arrives at his cell, Andy attempts to shoot her but his gun jams  Chucky/Nica then locks Andy inside of his cell and escapes, but it is later implied that Andy had escaped the hospital to find and track down the remaining Chucky dolls with his foster sister Kyle after he sent her to his cabin to torture the still alive Chucky head from the first seven films 

Chucky (TV Series)
After the events of the film Cult of Chucky, in the premiere of Chucky the series, Andy calls Jake after he posts online finding a Good Guy Doll and he's selling it  Andy tells Jake if the doll's name is Chucky he is possessed and to check to see if he has batteries to believe him  Andy asks who is there implying someone is at his location and the phone goes dead 
In the sixth episode of the series, Andy and his foster sister, Kyle, are seen hunting down the remaining possessed Chucky dolls  After entering a family's home, Chucky reveals himself to Andy while holding a knife to a child's throat, Andy shoots Chucky in the head with his pistol and then continues to shoot him with Kyle by his side and he is finally dead 
Later in the same episode, Andy is contacted by Jake Wheeler and Devon Evans in hopes of help with defeating Chucky  Andy and Kyle pick up the phone, and ask Jake for his location and how many people he has told about the murderous doll 
In the seventh episode of the series, Andy had left his foster sister Kyle behind at a gas station for her own good and at the end of the episode, Andy rings the doorbell of Junior Wheeler's house with Chucky and his protege Junior (who just got through murdering his father) looking on from the window 
The season finale picks up directly after the ending of episode 7, with Junior letting Andy inside the house  Andy asks for Jake, under the guise of being a collector of Good Guy dolls whom Jake was going to sell Chucky to  After asking Junior if he knows where his father or Chucky could be (as he slyly investigates the house), Junior lies, claiming that his father must've left and took the doll with him  Seemingly convinced, Andy leaves the house  Later in the episode, Andy arrives at Charles Lee Ray's old house and rescues Devon, who had been held hostage by Chucky/Nica the previous night  Devon quickly warns Andy that Tiffany had rigged a bomb to go off at the front door as a death trap if anyone opens it and Andy takes caution  Kyle arrives at the house, calling out Andy's name  Chucky decides to use the generic Good Guy Doll voice to sound like a child crying for help in order to lure Kyle to the front door and trick her into opening it  Andy attempts to warn Kyle about the bomb but it appears to be too late, as the bomb destroys the house and presumably takes the lives of Andy, Devon, and Kyle  However, Andy is ultimately revealed to have survived the explosion, along with Devon, who'd originally believed Andy to be dead after he managed to escape  Andy had hidden out in the delivery truck carrying the boxes of Good Guy dolls (which Chucky had possessed at the end of episode 7) at the town's benefit screening of Frankenstein  Andy knocks out the truck's driver, and takes the wheel  Before he drives off to apparently destroy the dolls, he shares a brief glance with Jake, Devon, and Lexy (who are standing outside of the theater after defeating the Chuckys inside), and gives them a thumbs up and a silent nod  As he makes his exit, he flips off an upset Tiffany and leaves Hackensack  The doll version of Tiffany suddenly appears and holds Andy at gunpoint and tells him to drive the truck to the airport so the Good Guy dolls can still be shipped out, however Andy foils this plan by driving the truck off a cliff 
He is not seen again until season 2, episode 5, where Lexy and Devon discover a cabin on the outskirts of the Incarnate Lord School while on a search for the source of the Chuckys in the school  In this cabin, they discover Andy, revealed to have survived the crash, held captive alongside Dr  Mixter and being tortured by The Colonel, a bald-headed Chucky that had also survived the crash  Lexy and Devon free Andy, and he returns to the school  He kills The Colonel but is disturbed to see another Chucky doll, named Good Chucky, who had seemingly undergone a redemption at the hands of Jake and Devon; Andy's suspicions are proven accurate when Chucky takes over Good Chucky's psyche and kills Lexy's roommate, Nadine  Andy reunites with Kyle, who had faked her death, and he assists the school's headmaster, Father Bryce, with performing an exorcism on Good Chucky to send Chucky to Hell  After Nica Pierce performs a voodoo ritual to transfer Chucky Prime - the Chucky who had possessed her over a year earlier - into Good Chucky's body, Dr  Mixter and Chucky Prime flee  Andy chases them down and kills Chucky Prime, but Dr  Mixter escapes  Andy and Kyle, now finally considering themselves free from Chucky, leave the school to an optimistic future 

Other appearances
In 1991, Andy appeared in 3 issues (1,2, & 5) of the "Child's Play" comics, which were based on the first film  He was also in all issues based on Child's Play 2 in 1992 and all based on Child's Play 3 in 1993 
Andy appears in the novelization of Child's Play 2 and the novelization of Child's Play 3 
In 1999,  clips of Andy are shown in the television series Where Are They Now?, as part of the episode Horror Movie Stars 
Andy is shown throughout the documentary Evil Comes in Small Packages, which was included as a special feature in the 20th anniversary edition of Child's Play in 2008 
Archive footage of Andy is shown in the 2001 horror documentary Boogeymen: The Killer Compilation 

Reception
Alex Vincent's performance as Andy has been praised for being "one of the best child performances in a horror movie" and for being able to create an "emotional connection" with the audience  From his first scene in the movie to his sobbing in the hospital room he is able to bring out emotions that seem far too real  The article went on to say:

"Watching him sob alone in his tiny hospital room feels like seeing my own kid cry – but not the kind of crying when he doesn't get his way or stubs his toe  It's the kind of crying informed by genuine sadness  There is a hopelessness to the way Alex Vincent plays that scene that's impossible to reproduce  What makes his performance great is that it is totally, effortlessly authentic  He is not manufacturing motivation, nor calculating his delivery  He is reacting purely in the moment  When they are best friends, he interacts with Chucky like it's an actual toy that he loves (the way he excitedly talks to the doll way too loudly when they first interact is another great moment in the movie)  When Chucky goes bad, Vincent's fear – and even heartbreak – is totally real "Dustin Putman stated in a review that he was "always convincing as an endangered    son faced with an unthinkable terror " Another article went as far as to say Vincent's portrayal "was what made that series as much as Brad Dourif doing the voice of Chucky "
Passage 6:
Giovanni Pisano
Giovanni Pisano (c  1250 – c  1315) was an Italian sculptor, painter and architect, who worked in the cities of Pisa, Siena and Pistoia   He is best known for his sculpture which shows the influence of both the French Gothic and the Ancient Roman art   Henry Moore, referring to his statues for the facade of Siena Cathedral, called him "the first modern sculptor" 

History
Born in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano was the son of the famous sculptor Nicola Pisano  He received his training in the workshop of his father and in 1265–1268 he worked with his father on the pulpit in Siena Cathedral   His next major work with his father was the fountain Fontana Maggiore in Perugia (completed 1278)   Nicola Pisano is thought to have died either around 1278 or in 1284 when Giovanni took up residence in Siena  These first works were made in Nicola's style and it is difficult to separate the contributions of the two artists  However the Madonna with Child can be attributed with certainty to Giovanni, showing a new style with a certain familiarity between Mother and Child 

 
Giovanni's next work was at Pisa Cathedral, sculpting the statues in the two rows of traceried gables at the exterior of the Baptistry (1277–1284)  The vivacity of these statues is a new confirmation that he had left the serene style of his father behind  Between 1287 and 1296 he was appointed chief architect of Siena Cathedral  The architectural design and elegant sculptures for the facade of the cathedral in Siena show his tendency to blend Gothic art with reminders of Roman art  The work was continued after his death, with still greater Gothic elaboration, by Memmo di Filippuccio 
In 1296 he returned to Pisa to begin work on the Church of San Giovanni  In 1301 he continued his work on the Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia which he had already started in 1297  The pulpit has five reliefs: the Annunciation and Nativity; the Adoration, the Dream of the Magi and the Angel warning Joseph; the Massacre of the Innocents; the Crucifixion; and the Last Judgement 
Giovanni's work between 1302 and 1310 at the new pulpit for the Cathedral of Pisa shows his distinct preference for animation in his characters and moved his father's style even further away  This pulpit with its dramatic scenes has become his masterwork   It shows nine scenes from the New Testament, carved in white marble with a chiaroscuro effect  It contains even a bold, naturalistic depiction of a naked Hercules  His figure Prudence in the pulpit may have been an inspiration for the Eve in the painting The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by Masaccio   After the fire of 1595, it was packed away during the redecoration and was not rediscovered and re-erected until 1926 
The church of San Nicola in Pisa was enlarged between 1297 and 1313 by the Augustinians, perhaps by the design of Giovanni Pisano  He was also responsible of the façade of San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno   His last major work dates probably from 1313 when he made a monument in memory of Margaret of Brabant (who died in 1311) at the request of her husband emperor Henry VII 

Legacy
One of his pupils was Giovanni di Balduccio, who also became a famous sculptor, and the architect and sculptor Agostino da Siena  He also had an influence on the painter Pietro Lorenzetti  Giorgio Vasari included a biography of Pisano in his book Le vite dei più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architetti
The asteroid 7313 Pisano was named to honour Nicola and Giovanni Pisano 

Gallery
See also
Giovanni di Cecco
Duccio
Arnolfo di Cambio
Passage 7:
Jazziza
Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (Azerbaijani: Əzizə Mustafazadə; born December 19, 1969) is an Azerbaijani singer, pianist, and composer who plays a fusion of jazz and mugham (a traditional improvisational style of Azerbaijan) with classical and avant-garde influences 

Biography
Aziza was born in Baku to musical parents Vagif and Elza Mustafa Zadeh (née Bandzeladze) 
Aziza's parents first noticed their daughter's sensitivity to music when she was eight months old  Aziza recalls the story as her mother tells it: Once, my father was improvising at the piano playing in the mugam mode known as 'Shur', which creates a mood that evokes very deep, sad emotions  As my father was playing, I started to cry  Everyone wondered what was happening to me  Why was I crying? And then mother realized the correlation between my feelings and the music  'Vagif, please,' she told my father, 'change the scale  Go to Rast  Play Rast ' And he did  Now 'Rast' is characterized by its joyfulness and optimism  And sure enough, with tears still running down my cheeks, I started to make dance-like movements  And Mom pointed out, 'Look, look what she's doing! Change back to Shur!' And when he did, I started crying again louder than before  At least, that's what they tell me  Back to Rast, and I began dancing again 
Aziza enjoyed all forms of art, especially dancing, painting and singing  At the age of three, she made her stage debut with her father, improvising vocals  She began studying classical piano at an early age, showing special interest in the works of famous composers Johann Sebastian Bach and Frédéric Chopin  Soon thereafter, she showed a growing talent for improvisation On December 16, 1979, Aziza's father died of a severe heart attack in Tashkent at the age of 39  In order to help her daughter cope with this blow, Aziza's mother gave up her career as a singer to help nurture her daughter's own musical talents 
In 1988, at the age of 18, Aziza's mugam-influenced style helped her win third place together with American Matt Cooper in the Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz (formerly Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz) piano competition in Washington, D C  It was around this time that she moved to Germany with her mother 
Aziza released her debut album, Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, in 1991  The album showed influence of Chick Corea and  Keith Jarrett, as well as Near Eastern music  Her second album, Always, won her the Phono Academy Prize, a prestigious German music award, and the Echo Prize from Sony  She has since performed in many countries with many jazz and traditional luminaries and released several more albums, the most recent being Generations, released in 2020 
Aziza currently resides in Mainz, Germany, with her mother, Elza Mustafa Zadeh, who is also her manager  Her two favorite leisure activities, she says, are painting and sleeping  She is a vegetarian  She believes in God, though she does not consider herself as belonging to any religion 

Baku Jazz Festival 2007
Aziza visited Azerbaijan in June 2007 for the Baku Jazz Festival, starring in her own concert at the Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater and headlining the end-of-festival concert at the open-air Green Theater 

Discography
Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (1991)
Always (1993)
Dance of Fire (1995)
Seventh Truth (1996)
Jazziza (1997)
Inspiration – Colors & Reflections (2000)
Shamans (2002)
Contrasts (2006)
Contrasts II (2007)
Generations (2020)
Passage 8:
Heather O'Rourke
Heather Michele O'Rourke (December 27, 1975 – February 1, 1988) was an American child actress  She had her breakthrough starring as Carol Anne Freeling in the supernatural horror film Poltergeist (1982), which received critical acclaim and established her as an influential figure in the genre  She went on to reprise the role in Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986) and Poltergeist III (1988), the latter of which was released posthumously 
O'Rourke also worked in television, appearing in the recurring roles of Heather Pfister on the comedy series Happy Days (1982–1983) and Melanie in the sitcom Webster (1983), as well as starring as Sarah Brogan in the television-film Surviving: A Family in Crisis (1985) 
Throughout her career, O'Rourke was nominated for six Young Artist Awards, winning once for her role in Webster  On February 1, 1988, O'Rourke died following two cardiac arrests, her cause of death later being ruled as congenital stenosis of the intestine complicated by septic shock 

Early life
Heather Michele O'Rourke was born on December 27, 1975, in San Diego, to Kathleen and Michael O'Rourke  Her mother worked as a seamstress and her father was a carpenter  She had an older sister, Tammy O'Rourke, also an actress  Her parents divorced in 1981, and O'Rourke's mother married part-time truck driver Jim Peele in 1984, while they were living in a trailer park in Anaheim, California  Her success later allowed the family to purchase a home in Big Bear Lake, California  Between acting jobs, O'Rourke attended Big Bear Elementary School, where she was president of her 5th grade class  At the time of her death, the family was living in Lakeside, California, a suburb of San Diego 

Acting career
In a contemporary interview with American Premiere magazine, producer Steven Spielberg explained that he was looking for a "beatific four-year-old child   every mother's dream" for the lead in his horror film Poltergeist (1982)  While eating in the MGM commissary, Spielberg saw five-year-old O'Rourke having lunch with her mother while older sister Tammy was shooting Pennies from Heaven  After his lunch, Spielberg approached the family and offered O'Rourke the Poltergeist role; she was signed the next day, beating out Drew Barrymore, who instead received the role of Gertie in E T  the Extra-Terrestrial 

In Poltergeist, O'Rourke played Carol Anne Freeling, a young suburban girl who becomes the conduit and target for supernatural entities  During production, Spielberg twice accommodated the child actress when frightened; when scared by performing a particular stunt, Spielberg replaced O'Rourke with a stunt double wearing a blonde wig, and when disturbed by the portrayal of child abuse, Spielberg did not require her to perform the take again  For her work on the film, O'Rourke earned between $35,000 and $100,000  Poltergeist would go on to receive a cult following and critical acclaim, garnering three Academy Award nominations and a Young Artist Award nomination for O'Rourke  She was lauded for her performance, with The New York Times noting that she played a key role, writing that "With her wide eyes, long blonde hair and soft voice, she was so striking that the sequel played off her presence " Her delivery of the lines "They're here!" in the first film, and "They're baa-aack!" in the second (that film's tagline), placed her in the collective pop culture consciousness of the United States  "They're here!" is ranked No  69 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Movie Quotes, and PopSugar included the line on their list of "100 Greatest Movie Quotes" After her work in Poltergeist (1982), O'Rourke secured several television and TV movie roles  In April 1983, she starred as herself alongside Morey Amsterdam and well-known Walt Disney animated characters in the hour-long television special, Believe You Can   and You Can! She also appeared in CHiPs, Webster, The New Leave It to Beaver, Our House, and had a recurring role on Happy Days as Heather Pfister  For Webster, O'Rourke won her first Young Artist Award  She also appeared in the television movies Massarati and the Brain and Surviving: A Family in Crisis  O'Rourke went on to reprise the role of Carol Anne Freeling in the second and third installments, Poltergeist II: The Other Side in 1986 and Poltergeist III in 1988 respectively; unlike its predecessor, the films garnered mixed reviews, although O'Rourke's performances were praised  Poltergeist III was her final feature, released in June 1988, four months after her death 

Illness and death
In early 1987, O'Rourke became ill with giardiasis, which she contracted from well water at her family's home in Big Bear Lake  She was subsequently diagnosed as having Crohn's disease  She was prescribed cortisone injections to treat the disease during the time she was filming Poltergeist III  The steroidal injections resulted in facial swelling of the cheeks, which O'Rourke's mother said she was very self-conscious about 
On January 31, 1988, O'Rourke began exhibiting flu-like symptoms  The following morning, she collapsed in her home, and was rushed to Community Hospital in El Cajon  En route, she suffered cardiac arrest, but paramedics were able to restart her heart at 9:25 a m  She was subsequently flown to the Children's Hospital of San Diego, where it was discovered she had intestinal stenosis and went into emergency surgery  She survived the surgery, but suffered another cardiac arrest while in the recovery room  Doctors performed CPR for over 30 minutes, but O'Rourke was pronounced dead at 2:43 that afternoon  O'Rourke's cause of death was ruled congenital stenosis of the intestine complicated by septic shock Daniel Hollander, the head of gastroenterology at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center stated that O'Rourke's death was "distinctly unusual" as she lacked prior symptoms of the bowel defect: "I would have expected a lot of [digestive] difficulties throughout her life and not just to have developed a problem all of a sudden " However, Dr  Hollander further stated that it was possible for congenital bowel narrowing to cause sudden death without symptoms if an infection caused the bowel to rupture  A private funeral was held for O'Rourke on February 5 in Los Angeles, and she was entombed at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 

Filmography
Film
Television
Accolades
Awards and nominations
O'Rourke was nominated for a collective six Young Artist Awards, one of which was won for her performance on the series Webster in 1985 

Honors
On the American Film Institute's 2005 list of "100 Movie Quotes", O'Rourke's delivery of "They're here!" in Poltergeist is ranked No  69 
On PopSugar's 2021 list of "100 Greatest Movie Quotes", O'Rourke's delivery of "They're here!" in Poltergeist is listed 
Passage 9:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 10:
Lina Medina
Lina Marcela Medina de Jurado (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlina meˈðina]; born 23 September 1933) is a Peruvian woman who became the youngest confirmed mother in history when she gave birth on 14 May 1939, aged five years, seven months, and 21 days  Based on the medical assessments of her pregnancy, she was less than five years old when she became pregnant, which was possibly due to precocious puberty 

Early life and development
Lina Medina was born in 1933 in Ticrapo, Castrovirreyna Province, Peru, to parents Tiburelo Medina, a silversmith, and Victoria Losea  She was one of nine children Her parents took her to a hospital in Pisco at age five due to increasing abdominal size  Doctors originally thought she had a tumor but then determined that she was in her seventh month of pregnancy  Dr Gerardo Lozada had specialists in Lima confirm the pregnancy There was widespread interest in the case  The San Antonio Light newspaper in Texas reported in its 16 July 1939 edition that a Peruvian obstetrician and midwife association had demanded she be admitted to a national maternity hospital, and quoted reports in the Peruvian paper La Crónica that an American film studio had sent a representative "with authority to offer the sum of $5,000 to benefit the minor" in return for filming rights, but "we know that the offer was rejected"  The article noted that Lozada had made films of Medina for scientific documentation and had shown them while addressing Peru's National Academy of Medicine  Some of the films had fallen into a river on a visit to the girl's hometown, but enough remained to "intrigue the learned savants" Six weeks after the diagnosis,  on 14 May 1939, Medina gave birth to a boy by caesarean section  She was 5 years, 7 months, and 21 days old, the youngest person in history to give birth  The caesarean birth was necessitated by her small pelvis  The surgery was performed by Lozada and Dr Busalleu, with Dr Colareta providing anaesthesia  The doctors found she had fully mature sexual organs from precocious puberty  Dr  Edmundo Escomel reported her case in the medical journal La Presse Médicale, including that her menarche had occurred at eight months of age, in contrast to previous reports that she had had regular periods since the age of three or two and a half Medina's son weighed 2 7 kg (6 0 lb; 0 43 st) at birth and was named Gerardo after her doctor  He was raised believing Medina to be his sister before finding out at age 10 that she was his mother  After initially remaining with the family, Lozada was allowed to take custody of the son at Lozada's home in Lima   Subsequently, he employed Lina at his clinic in Lima (where she also resided), though Lina was only able to see her son occasionally   Her son grew up healthy, but died in 1979 at the age of 40 from bone marrow disease 

Identity of the father
According to Peruvian law, the mere fact of Medina's pregnancy meant that she had been raped at some point before her fifth birthday  Medina has never revealed the identity of the father nor the circumstances of her impregnation  Escomel suggests that she might not know herself, as she "couldn't give precise responses"  Lina's father was arrested on suspicion of child sexual abuse but released due to lack of evidence 

Later life
In young adulthood, Medina worked as a secretary in the Lima clinic of Lozada, which gave her an education and helped put her son through high school  She married and had a second son in 1972  In 2002, she refused an interview with Reuters, just as she had turned away many reporters in years past 

Documentation
Although it was speculated that the case was a hoax, a number of doctors over the years have verified it based on biopsies, X rays of the fetal skeleton in utero, and photographs taken by the doctors caring for her There are two published photographs documenting the case  The first was taken around the beginning of April 1939, when Medina was seven and a half months into pregnancy  Taken from her left side, it shows her standing naked in front of a neutral backdrop  It is the only published photograph taken during her pregnancy  Hers is a rare, well-documented case of extreme precocious pregnancy in a child under six 

See also
Erramatti Mangamma
Passage 11:
Loekman Hakim
Loekman Hakim, stage name Loekman Noah (born December 30, 1975), is a guitar player for the popular Indonesian musical group Noah 

Career
Loekman joined Peterpan in 2000  At that time, the band had three members: Ariel, Uki, and Reza  Together with Peterpan, Loekman released six albums: Taman Langit, Bintang di Surga, Ost  Alexandria, Hari Yang Cerah, Sebuah Nama Sebuah Cerita and an instrumental album, Suara Lainnya  Peterpan was renamed Noah in August 2012 and continues to release new albums During his career as guitarist in this band, Loekman has earning a nomination for Most Famous Guitarist Player in 2013 SCTV Music Awards 

Personal life
Loekman Hakim was born in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, on December 30, 1975, to Eman Sulaeman and Iis Martini  Loekman is the third child of five siblings  His father was a teacher at SMP 5 Bandung  Loekman married Rika Nurhayati and they have two children 

Filmography
Film
Book
Kisah Lainnya (2012)
6 903 mil – Cerita di Balik Konser 2 Benua 5 Negara (2013)

Awards and nominations
Passage 12:
Charles de Biencourt de Saint-Just
Baron Charles de Biencourt de Saint-Just (1591 or 1592, Champagne, France –  1623 or 1624, Port-Royal of what was then Acadia, New France)  was a member of the French nobility and a military officer  He is best known as the successor to his father, Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just as commander of the settlement at Port-Royal and the King's Governor of Acadia from his father's death in 1615 until his own death  Because of his father's frequent trips to France, he had been previously acting in that capacity 
Poutrincourt oversaw Acadia under the authority of Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons until 1607 when he was notified that the King had rescinded de Mons' monopoly and that the Crown's contribution to the costs to maintain Port-Royal would not be continued 
Following the murder of King Henry IV and the ascension to the French throne by Louis XIII, under Marie de' Medici's regency, Biencourt and his father were authorized to return to Acadia  Their mandate required them to take along a Roman Catholic priest who would be responsible for the colony's welfare and for missionary work to convert the native peoples 
In 1611, Biencourt returned to France with a shipload of furs during which time the Crown appointed him Vice-Admiral of Acadia  Biencourt arranged financing for his colonial business ventures from two Huguenot businessmen from Dieppe but that was withdrawn when he was compelled by the King to take two Jesuit priests with him to Acadia to expand the Roman Catholic missionary work among the natives  New financing was arranged with the Jesuit Society becoming the partners of Jean de Poutrincourt and Thomas Robin de Coulogne, sharing in the profits from their colonial trading activities 

Conflicts with the Jesuits
Biencourt proved highly successful in his fur-trading ventures until 1618 when the industry went into decline  Port-Royal was gradually falling apart as a result of neglect and the lack of new immigrant settlers and it is thought that in the final few years before his death, Biencourt lived primarily with the natives 

Conflict with the English Capt  Samuel Argall


== References and notes ==
Passage 13:
Tom Hood
Tom Hood (19 January 1835 – 20 November 1874) was an English humorist, playwright and author  He was the son of the poet and author Thomas Hood  Pen and Pencil Pictures (1857) was the first of his illustrated books  His most successful novel was Captain Master's Children (1865) 

Biography
Hood was born at Lake House, Leytonstone, England, the son of the poet Thomas Hood and his wife Jane (née Reynolds) (1791–1846)  His older sister was the children's writer, Frances Freeling Broderip  After attending University College School and Louth Grammar School, he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1853  There he studied for the Church and passed all the examinations for the degree of BA, but did not graduate At Oxford, he wrote his Farewell to the Swallows (1853) and Pen and Pencil Pictures (1854)  He began to write for the Liskeard Gazette in 1856, and edited that paper in 1858 and 1859  In 1861 he wrote Quips and Cranks, and Daughters of King Daher, and other Poems  The next year, he published Loves of Tom Tucker and Little Bo-Peep, a Rhyming Rigmarole, followed in 1864 by Vere Vereker's Vengeance, a Sensation, and in 1865 by Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks  His novels included A Disputed Inheritance (1863), A Golden Heart (1867), The Lost Link (1868), Captain Masters's Children (1865), and Love and Valour (1872)  In 1866 he translated Ernest L'Épine's La Légende de Croquemitaine He also wrote two books on English verse composition, several children's books (in conjunction with his sister, Frances Freeling Broderip), and a body of magazine and journal articles  Hood drew with considerable facility, and illustrated several of his father's comic verses, some of which were collected in his father's book, Precocious Piggy Meanwhile, in 1860, the younger Hood obtained a position in the War Office, which he served for five years  In 1865 he left the War Office when selected as editor of Fun Magazine, a Victorian weekly magazine which became very popular under his direction   In 1867, he first issued Tom Hood's Comic Annual, not to be confused with the similarly-named Comic Annual that had been published in 1830 through 1842 by his father, the senior Thomas Hood (who, by then, had already died) 
In private life, Hood's geniality and sincere friendliness secured him the affection and esteem of a wide circle of acquaintance  Some of these friends became contributors to his publications  For example, he befriended the dramatist W  S  Gilbert and the American journalist Ambrose Bierce, both frequent contributors to Fun  Hood wrote the burlesque, Robinson Crusoe; or, The Injun Bride and the Injured Wife (1867), together with Gilbert, H  J  Byron, H  S  Leigh and Arthur Sketchley  Hood's Fun gang also included playwright Thomas W  Robertson, among others Hood's first wife, Susan, (on occasion called "Mrs Tom"), died in 1873, at the age of only thirty-seven  He married Justine Rudolphine Charotton (b  1844/5) on 15 August 1874, only a few months before his own death Hood died suddenly in his cottage at Peckham Rye, Surrey on 20 November 1874 and was buried in Nunhead cemetery 

Controversy over Alice in Wonderland
In 1887 the literary critic Edward Salmon suggested that Lewis Carroll had plagiarised Hood's From Nowhere to the North Pole (1875) when writing Alice:

Between Tom Hood and Mr  Lewis Carroll—to call Mr  D  C  Lutwidge by his famous nom de plume—there is more than a suspicion of resemblance in some particulars  Alice's Adventures in Wonderland narrowly escapes challenging a comparison with From Nowhere to the North Pole  The idea of both is so similar that Mr  Carroll can hardly have been surprised if some people have believed he was inspired by Hood 
Carroll replied a month later, in a terse letter to editor of The Nineteenth Century:

SIR, I find it stated, in an article on 'Literature for the Little Ones,' in your October number, that my little book, 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' first published in 1865, was probably suggested by the late Mr  T  Hood's 'From Nowhere to the North Pole,' first published in 1864  May I mention, first, that I have never read Mr  Hood's book; secondly, that I composed mine in the summer of 1862, and wrote it out, in the form lately published in facsimile, during 1863? Thus it will be seen that neither book could have been suggested by the other 
As it is, in my view, and no doubt in that of many others of your readers, an act of dishonesty to imitate another man's book without due acknowledgment, I trust to your sense of justice to allow this reply to the charge brought against me in the above-named article to appear in your forthcoming number 
In 1889 Carroll even inserted an announcement in the back of The Nursery "Alice", correcting his previous explanation and further denying Tom Hood's influence:

In October 1887, the writer of an article on "Literature for the Little Ones": in The Nineteenth Century, stated that, in 1864 "TOM HOOD was delighting the world with such works as From Nowhere to the North Pole  Between TOM HOOD and Mr  LEWIS CARROLL there is more than a suspicion of resemblance in some particulars  Alice's Adventures in Wonderland narrowly escapes challenging a comparison with From Nowhere to the North Pole  The idea of both is so similar that Mr  Carroll can hardly have been surprised if some people have believed he was inspired by HOOD " The date 1864 is a mistake  From Nowhere to the North Pole was first published in 1874 

Legacy and honours
British dramatist Thomas W  Robertson dedicated his play Society (1864) to Hood — "To my dear friend Tom Hood this play is dedicated "
His sister, Frances Freeling Broderip, wrote a memoir of him that was published with an 1877 edition of his poems 
Ambrose Bierce's short story "The Damned Thing" was inspired by an alleged encounter with Tom Hood's spirit 
In 1925, Tom Hood School in Leytonstone was renamed after Hood 

Notes
Passage 14:
Vincent Perrot
Vincent Perrot (born 3 August 1965, in Confolens) is a French journalist, radio and television presenter and drag racing driver 

Biography
Perrot's father was the Mayor of the town and died when Vincent was 11  His mother Marina decided  to move the family to Limoges  As a child, Vincent Perrot used to listen to the radio France Bleu Limousin, in which a program about the cinema was broadcast  He wrote every week to the presenter to tell him that he did not agree with his point of view on the films he introduced  The presenter later invited him at his program and it was his beginning of his career at 17 on channel FR3 

Career
Perrot started being well known in the late 1980s when he replaced Jean Rochefort who presented Disney Channel on FR3 and then hosting summer afternoons the program 40° à l'ombre on the same channel  During the rest of the year, he presented a number of programs including On va gagner, Vincent à l'heure and Zapper n'est pas jouer  In 1989, still on FR3, he co-hosts the teenager program C'est pas juste 
During summer 1997, Perrot joined TF1 and presents the game show Mokshû Patamû, which had a moderate success  After that, it took him a few years to find again his success on television  He then presented in 2001 L'été des records on the same channel and Un contre tous (French version of the Belgian game show Septante et un) on France 3 
Perrot is one of the most famous radio presenters on RTL, in which he presents Vendredi c'est VIP and Le Cékoidon  He is also one of the most famous guests of the program Les Grosses Têtes hosted by Philippe Bouvard 
In 1998, Perrot became the fastest in the world accelerating with a speed of 402 8 km/h (251 8 mph) with a dragster  In September 2006, he made another record of 530 7 km/h (331 6 mph) in a stopped start  He is the founder of the Perrot Feeler Racing, dedicated to different categories of dragsters  He produces and presents in June 2009 the program Vincent Limites on channel Motors TV 
Since summer 2010, with the agreement and the collaboration of Jean-Paul Belmondo, Perrot co-produces the first official documentary about the life and career of the actor  The program had an excellent distribution due to the exceptional participation of Alain Delon, Jean Dujardin, Vanessa Paradis, Albert Dupontel, Vincent Cassel, Jean Rochefort, Jean-Pierre Marielle, Claude Lelouch, Claudia Cardinale, and even Zinedine Zidane  This documentary was broadcast on primetime on France 2 on May 17, 2011, and in the official selection of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival 



ground_truth: Tom Hood

Thomas Hood

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did military instruction start at the place where Larry Alcala was educated?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Félix Enríquez Alcalá
Félix Enríquez Alcalá (sometimes credited as Felix Alcala) (born March 7, 1951, in Bakersfield, California) is an Argentinean-American film and television director 

Career
Alcalá's first major breakthrough came in 1991 when he was hired by Lynn Marie Latham and Bernard Lechowick to direct an episode of ABC's short lived drama series Homefront  Since then he has guest directed on a vast number of series including CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, ER, Dollhouse and House  In 1997, Alcalá made his theatrical film directing debut with the film Fire Down Below starring Steven Seagal 
In 2007, Alcalá was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards for directing the Battlestar Galactica episode Exodus, Part II

Selected directing credits
Passage 2:
Larry Alcala
Lauro "Larry" Zarate Alcala (August 18, 1926 – June 24, 2002) was a well-known editorial cartoonist and illustrator in the Philippines  In 2018, he was posthumously conferred the National Artist for Visual Arts title and the Grand Collar of the Order of National Artists (Order ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) 

Biography
He was born on August 18, 1926, to Ernesto Alcala and Elpidia Zarate in Daraga, Albay  Through a scholarship from Manila Times granted by the publisher Ramón Roces, he obtained a degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts in Painting at the University of the Philippines (UP) in 1950  He became a professor at the same university from 1951 to 1981  He also received the Australian Cultural Award accompanied by a travel study grant in 1975 He started his cartooning career in 1946 while still attending school  After World War II, he created his very first comic strip, Islaw Palitaw, which was printed on the pages of the Filipino weekly magazine Liwayway  In 1947, he created the comic strip Kalabog en Bosyo, using Taglish as the medium of communication of his characters 
He pioneered animated cartoons for television commercials of products such as Darigold Milk in 1957 and Caltex in 1965  His campaign for the advancement of illustration and commercial art in the Philippines resulted to the establishment of the Visual Communication Department at the UP College of Fine Arts In 1997, the Philippine Board on Books for Young People (PBBY) granted him the title Dean of Filipino Cartoonists, an achievement award for his lifetime dedication to the art of capturing humor in the character and everyday life in the Philippines  In 1991, he promoted the formation of a group of young children's book illustrators called Ang Ilustrador ng Kabataan (Ang INK) All in all, he made over 500 cartoon characters, twenty comic strips, six movies, two murals, and 15,000 published pages in his 56 years of professional cartooning career  He believed in the far-reaching role of cartoons in education and value formation 

Death
Alcala died at the age of 75 on June 24, 2002, due to heart failure on Monday night at the Riverside Medical Centre, Bacolod City, central Philippines  His remains will lie in state at the Rolling Hills Memorial Chapel in the Visayas 

His Cartoons
His most popular cartoon series was Slice of Life, which is a reflection of the many unique aspects of everyday life in the Philippines  He captured the interest of his weekend patrons by giving them the task of looking for his image cleverly concealed within the weekend cartoon  He did the same with his other comic strip Kalabog en Bosyo  His cartoons had been tapped in advertising campaigns, such as corporate calendars, print ads, promotional T-shirts and in San Miguel Beer cans In 1988, his Slice of Life received the Best in Humor award and was also cited for helping to keep alive the Filipino's ability to laugh at himself, through the lively marriage of art and humor, and through commentaries that are at once critical and compassionate, evoking laughter and reflection Slice of Life appeared on the pages of the Weekend Magazine 

Mang Ambo
Mang Ambo is the personification of the Filipino according to Larry Alcala  Mang Ambo, the character, is an incorrigible cock-eyed innocent, possessing a small town charm amidst urban sophistication  Through Mang Ambo and the other characters of a fictional place called Barrio Bulabog, Alcala exposed the follies and foibles of Philippine society in general and of cosmopolitan life in particular  In this cartoon strip's characters, he also affirmed the Filipino's peculiar coping mechanism of laughing at himself in the face of adversity but still absorbing life's vicissitudes with resilience  Mang Ambo made its debut in 1960 as a full-page feature in the Weekly Graphic  The cartoon series later became the first Alcala comic strip to be compiled in book form 

Kalabog en Bosyo
Alcala's most enduring comic strip was Kalabog en Bosyo that first appeared on the pages of Pilipino Komiks in 1947  It eventually became the longest running cartoon series created by a Filipino Decades before Slice of Life, Alcala was already doing cameo roles in his Kalabog en Bosyo comic strips, but instead of portraying himself with a moustach, spectacles and side burns, he rendered himself in a crew-cut, younger and about 100-pounds thinner profile An onomatopoeic Tagalog word, the name of the character, Kalabog, refers to the thud sound produced after the impact of a falling object finally reaching solid ground  In Kalabog en Bosyo, Alcala pioneered in the blending of Tagalog and English or Taglish as the medium of communication among his characters  The comic misadventures of the two bungling detectives namely Kalabog and Bosyo had been transposed into films by Sampaguita Pictures in 1957, starring the Filipino actors-comedians, Dolphy and Panchito Alba 

Summary of published works
The following is a summary of Alcala's published works:
International Cartoons, Athens, Greece (1980)
Salon of Cartoons, Montreal, Canada (1980)
Laugh and Live, Life Today (1981–2002)
Slice of Life, Weekend (1980–1986), Sunday Tribune (1986–1987), Sunday Times (1987–1995), Philstar (1995–2002)
Bing Bam Bung, Pilipino Funny Komiks (1978–1989)
Asiong Aksaya, Daily Express, Tagalog Klasiks (1976–1984)
Mod-Caps, Mod Magazine (1974–2002)
Snickerteens, TSS Magazine (1973–1984)
Smolbateribols, Darna Komiks (1972–1984)
Siopawman, Daily Express (1972–1983, 2002)
Kalambogesyons, Pinoy Komiks (1966–1972)
Congressman Kalog, Aliwan Komiks (1966–1972)
Barrio Pogspak, Holiday Komiks (1966–1972)
Project 13, Pioneer Komiks (1966–1972)
Loverboy, Redondo Komiks (1964–1969)
Cartoon Feature, Asia Magazine (1963)
Mang Ambo, Weekly Graphic (1963–1965), Weekly Nation (1965–1972) Manila Standard (1993–1998)
This Business of Living, Weekly Graphic (1951–1965), Weekly Nation (1965–1972)
Best Cartoons from Abroad, New York, US (1955–1956)
Tipin, Hiwaga Komiks (1951–1965)
Kalabog en Bosyo, Pilipino Komiks (1949–1983), Manila Times (1984–1995)
Islaw Palitaw (1946–1948)
A Cover for Asiaweek Magazine, February 10, 1984
Mga Salawikain ni Lolo Brigido, Pambata Magazine
A Cartoon Mural for the Philippine Village Hotel
A Mural for the Philippine Commission on Audit
Contributions for Duty Free
Contributions for Jollibee restaurant
Caricatures and Cartoons, Private collections
Cover designs, brochures and catalogs, University of the Philippines
San Miguel Corporation Calendar, 1983
SPIC Cartoonists Exhibit on Wheels, 1967 Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists (SPIC)
Asiong Aksaya TV show, Energy Conservation Movement of the Philippines, 1977

Contributions to Philippine education
The following are Alcala's contributions to education in the Philippines:
Introduced the first college degree course on Commercial Design in the Philippines, 1953
Introduced the first 8 mm film production of animated cartoons in Visual Communications course, 1972
Chairman Department of Visual Communications, University of the Philippines, 1978–1981
Professor, College of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines, 1976–1979
Associate Professor, College of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines, 1971–1976
Assistant Professor, College of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines, 1962–1970
Instructor, College of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines, 1951–1962

Cartoon exhibitions
The following are exhibitions of Alcala's cartoons:
1999 Larry Alcala & Friends: Cartoons and Caricatures Show, The Westin Philippine Plaza (now Sofitel Philippine Plaza), CCP Complex, Roxas Boulevard,
1998 Larry Alcala, Life and Times of a Cartoonist, Museo Pambata Foundation, Inc 
1998 Cartoon Festival, Seoul, Korea
1995 Asian Cartoonist Exhibition and Symposium, Japan
1995 Slices of Larry's Art, SM Megamall Art Center & Liongoren Art Gallery
1993 Cartoons, Solo exhibit, San Jose & San Francisco, California, U S A 
1991 Cartoons, Group exhibit, Japan
1990 ASEAN Cartoonist Exhibit, Tokyo, Japan
1989 Cartoon Exhibit, China
1988 Slices of Life Part 2, Art Association of Bacolod Gallery
1987 Slices of Life Here and Abroad, Hyatt Regency Manila
1987 Cartoons, Group exhibit, Hiroshima, Japan
1986 Cartoons, Solo exhibit, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
1985 Cartoons, Group exhibit, Chicago, San Francisco & Los Angeles, U S A 
1984 1st Asian Cartoonist Conference, Hiroshima, Japan
1984 Larry Alcala's First One-Man Exhibition, Heritage Art Center
1982 SKP Exhibit in Australia

Professional and journalistic achievements
The following is an enumeration of Alcala's professional and journalistic accomplishments:
Art Director, Weekly Nation, 1965–1972
Editorial Cartoonist and Illustrator, Weekly Graphic, 1961–1964
TV Art Consultant, Citizens Award for Television (CCMM) 1971–1972
TV Animated Cartoon Commercial for Darigold Milk, 1969
Art Consultant, U P  Public Affairs TV, Channel 13, 1963–1964
Design artist, Mobil Philippines, 1961–1962
Supervising Animator, Universal Animated Productions, 1959–1960
Movie Consultant, Kalabog and Bosyo, 1986
Movie Consultant, Asiong Aksaya, GP Productions, 1977
Movie Consultant, Kalabog and Bosyo, Sampaguita Pictures, 1957
Movie Consultant, Tipin, Sampaguita Pictures, 1956
Scriptwriter, Dos por Dos, Channel 2, 1974
Advertising Artist, Pan Pacific Advertising, 1948–1949

Clubs and organizations
Alcala had been affiliated with the following clubs and organizations:
Adviser, Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas (SKP), 1989–2002
President, Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas (SKP), 1979– 1989
President, Art Directors Club of the Philippines, 1963–1964
Vice President, Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists (SPIC) 1962–1963

Awards, citations and recognitions
He received recognition from the following entities:
U P  College of Fine Arts
The Board of Directors of the U P  Alumni Association,
The Office of the Mayor of the City of Manila, Philippines
The Philippine Board on Books for Young People (PBBY)
The Archdiocese of Manila Catholic Press Awards
The Citizens' Council for Mass Media 1970 CAM Awards
The Komiks Operation Brotherhood, Inc  (Komopeb) (Life Achievement Award)
Samahan ng mga Manunulat, Artist, at Patnugot at mga Manggagawa sa Komiks
SPIC-NPC Annual Art Awards
The Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists
The Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists (3rd SPIC Annual Art Awards)
The Galleria Bernice L
The U P  College of Fine Arts Alumni Foundation, Inc 
The University of the Philippines Alumni Association
The Philippine Council of Industrial Editors
The United Artists and Core Corporation, the Philippine Tuberculosis Society, Inc 
Operation Smile
The Bureau of Land Transportation
The Safety Organization of the Philippines, Inc 
The Veterans Memorial Medical Center Diabetes Association
The University of St  La Salle, Bacolod City
The Positive Artists Group (Pamana award)
The U P  College of Fine Arts
The University of the Philippines (Service Award, 25 years of service)
Caltex and D O S T
Philips -Boy Scouts of the Philippines, Parol Festïval 1986
The National Manpower and Youth Council Office of Vocational Preparation
The Department of Laboratories Veterans Memorial Medical Center
NAFC, DECS, DENR, DA
The Gawad CCP Para sa Telebisyon sa Taong 1988
St  Patrick Commercial Appreciation Award
The National Environmental Protection Council Awards
The City of Bacolod
Caltex-DECS-DOST Science Art Contest
Passage 3:
Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy
Al-Ameen Educational Society was started in the year 1966 to meet the needs of education in the city of Bangalore and of the minority Muslim community  Mumtaz Ahmed Khan is the founder of al-Ameen Educational Society  Number of social workers supported him to start and establish around 20 branches of Al-Ameen Educational Society and 200 institutions throughout India 

History
Mumtaz Ahmed Khan is the founder of Al-Ameen Educational Society  At the age of 31, in 1966 Khan founded the Al-Ameen Movement  He had decided to name it The Bangalore Educational Society  He was advised against this by his friend Khader Hussein who suggested Al-Ameen Educational Society as a reference to the title given to Prophet Muhammad which meant The Trustworthy  Hussein later became the principle of Saboo Siddiq Polytechnic, Bombay 
Abbasiya Begum, a female member of the Karnataka Legislative Council was elected the first chairperson of this society A number of social workers supported him for starting and establishing around 20 branches of Al-Ameen Educational Society and 200 institutions throughout India 

Structure
Activities
Planning Commission of India member Syeda Saiyidain Hameed was awarded Al-Ameen All India Community Leadership Award - 2006 by the Secretary, Chairman and Vice Chairman on 23 January 2007 

Institutions
Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy
Al-Ameen College of Law
Al-Ameen Arts, Science and Commerce Degree College
Al-Ameen College of Education
Al-Ameen Institute of Management Studies
Al-Ameen Institute of Information Sciences
Al-Ameen Pre University College
Al-Ameen Primary & High School
Passage 4:
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) in the Philippines is one of three components of the National Service Training Program, the civic education and defense preparedness program for Filipino college students  ROTC aims to provide military education and training for students to mobilize them for national defense preparedness  Its specific objectives include preparation of college students for service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event of an emergency and their training to become reservists and potential commissioned officers of the AFP 
Graduates of the ROTC advance program serve in all branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines  In 2008, ROTC graduates of the officer candidate schools of the various services constituted roughly 75% of the AFP officer corps  The ROTC grants qualified student-cadets scholarship benefits through a merit-based incentive program in return for an obligation of military service in the reserve force, or active duty in the AFP if given the opportunity, after graduation 
ROTC student-cadets attend college like other students, but also receive basic military training and officer training from the branch of service that handles their school's ROTC unit  The students participate in regular ROTC instruction during the school year (one school year for Basic ROTC student-cadets and three school years for Advance ROTC cadet-officers), and extended training activities during the summer, such as the ROTC Summer Camp Training (RSCT) and the Advance ROTC Academic Phase Training (ARAPT) 
ROTC units in colleges and universities are organized through the Department of Military Science and Tactics (DMST) which is under joint supervision by the school administration and the Department of National Defense  These ROTC units are in turn managed by active duty officers of the AFP and the reservist organization representatives of the major services, the Philippine Army Reserve Command of the Philippine Army, the Philippine Navy Reserve Command of the Philippine Navy and the Philippine Air Force Reserve Command of the Philippine Air Force 

Nomenclature
Commonwealth Act No  1, the National Defense Act of 1935, referred to the ROTC as the "Reserve Officers Training Corps", whereas Republic Act No  7077, the Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act of 1991, referred to the ROTC as the "Reserve Officers' Training Corps", ascribing the possessive form to the word "officers"  
Republic Act No  9163, the National Service Training Program Act of 2001 likewise uses the same possessive form as RA 7077 

History
ROTC in the Philippines began in 1912 when the Philippine Constabulary commenced with military instruction at the University of the Philippines  The university's Board of Regents then made representations to the United States Department of War through the Governor-General and received the services of a United States Army officer who took on the duties of a professor of Military Science  Through this arrangement, the first official ROTC unit in the Philippines was established in the University of the Philippines on July 3, 1922 In 1921, National University became the first private college in the Philippines to have an ROTC unit   Later in the same year, Ateneo de Manila University, Liceo de Manila, and Colegio de San Juan de Letran soon followed suit and organized their own respective ROTC units  In 1936, the Office of the Superintendent for ROTC Units under the Philippine Army was activated to supervise all ROTC units in the country 

National Defense Act of 1935
President Manuel L  Quezon issued Executive Order No  207 in 1939 in order to implement the National Defense Act of 1935, otherwise known as Commonwealth Act No  1, the embodiment of the national defense plan formulated by General Douglas MacArthur for the Philippine Commonwealth  This executive order made ROTC obligatory at all colleges and universities with a total enrollment of 100 students and greater  This measure was made in order to help fill out the reserve force requirement of 400,000 men by 1946 and especially for junior reserve officers 

World War II
At the onset of World War II in 1941, thirty-three colleges and universities in the Philippines had organized ROTC units, the cadets and officers of which would see action for the first time  Elements from different ROTC units in Metro Manila took part in the Battle of Bataan  ROTC cadets of Silliman University in the Visayas made up 45% of the strength of the 75th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)  Various ROTC units joined volunteers from the Philippine Military Academy to form the Hunters ROTC guerrilla group, which took part in the resistance movement during the Japanese occupation after the last American and Filipino forces had surrendered 

Post-World War II
On September 13, 1946, the Philippine Army Headquarters reactivated the pre-war ROTC units  The Philippine Army became the Armed Forces of the Philippines on December 23, 1950, at which time the Philippines was divided into four military areas and ROTC units operating within these areas fell under the supervision of their respective Area Commanders  On February 8, 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos rescinded Executive Order No  207 of 1939, promulgating Executive Order No  59 in its place  This executive order made ROTC mandatory at all colleges, universities, and other institutions with an enrollment of 250 male students and greater  President Marcos also issued Presidential Decree No  1706, otherwise known as the "National Service Law", on August 8, 1980  It made national service obligatory for all Filipino citizens and specified three categories of national service: civic welfare service, law enforcement service, and military service 

Republic Act 7077
Republic Act 7077, otherwise known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act", was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines on June 27, 1991  The Reservist Act provided for the organization, training, and utilization of reservists, referred to in the Act as "Citizen Soldiers"  The primary pool of manpower for the reservist organization is graduates of the ROTC basic and advanced courses 

Controversy
A period of discontent over ROTC's conduct and the corruption that often plagued its individual units had long been fermenting prior to 2000  Filipino student websites often contain short essays regarding the alleged pointlessness of the program  Student groups would occasionally include ROTC in their roster of grievances, whereas lawmakers would introduce resolutions intended to abolish ROTC Into this national mood of resentment fell a tragedy that would have a significant impact on the Philippine ROTC program  Mark Welson Chua, a student of the University of Santo Tomas and a member of the UST ROTC unit, was found dead, his body floating in the Pasig River on March 18, 2001  Prior to his death, he and another student had reported an account of alleged corruption within the UST ROTC unit to the school's student publication  The National Bureau of Investigation would later conclude that members of the UST ROTC unit were responsible for Chua's death  One of the suspects would be sentenced to death three years later The incident set off an explosion of anti-ROTC sentiment as student associations, school administrators and other cause-oriented groups focused on protests and parliamentary approaches to the matter  The Congress of the Philippines took up the legal challenge; generating no less than seventeen bills and resolutions in both houses of Congress, in response to the clamor  Many of the bills mentioned Mark Chua in the text, acknowledging his death as the catalyst for reform 

Republic Act 9163
Republic Act 9163, otherwise known as the "National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001", was Congress' answer to the clamor for change in the ROTC program  It was promulgated by the 12th Congress of the Philippines on January 23, 2002  Under the NSTP Program, both male and female college students of any baccalaureate degree course or technical vocational course in public or private educational institutions are obliged to undergo one of three program components, one of which is ROTC, for an academic period of two semesters  However, ROTC as a pre-requisite for graduation was rescinded 

Impact on Philippine society
The ROTC program of the Philippines was for many decades a compelling aspect affecting the lives of male youths whom many despises it and even question it as to its relevance in pursuing a college education  It was also a significant contributor to the corruption and abuses within the ranks of the subject as expose by Mark Welson Chua before being murdered by his fellow ROTC Officers  But unbeknownst to the public, the ROTC program has undergone numerous unacknowledged name changes, like in the 1960s through the mid-1970s it was called "Philippine Military Training" or PMT, and then from the late 1970s up to the early 1990s it was called "Citizen Military Training" or CMT, also advance training did not begin until the mid-1970s when cadets who desired to be cadet officers underwent what was called "Cadet Officers Candidate Course" or COCC 

Armed Forces of the Philippines
As of 2008, ROTC graduates of the various services constituted roughly 75% of the AFP officer corps; the rest come from the ranks of the Philippine Military Academy  Among the more prominent graduates of the Philippine ROTC program are Gen  Alfredo M  Santos, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines from 1962 to 1965 and the first four-star general of the AFP, Gen  Rigoberto J  Atienza, 9th Chief of Staff of the AFP and for whom Camp Atienza in Quezon City is named, and Gen  Romeo C  Espino, the longest-serving AFP Chief of Staff who served from January 15, 1972, to August 16, 1981  Gen  Santos was a civil engineering graduate of Mapua Institute of Technology and was the Corp Commander of the Mapua Institute of Technology Reserve Officers' Training Corps; Gen  Atienza, a civil engineering graduate of the University of the Philippines, and Gen  Espino an agriculture graduate of University of the Philippines Los Baños  Another notable ROTC graduate was Gen  Fabian C  Ver, AFP Chief of Staff under Ferdinand Marcos and director general of the National Intelligence and Security Authority 

Post-2001 ROTC
At present, ROTC is no longer a mandatory program for college students, but an optional program component of the NSTP  The ROTC program accepts both male and female cadets  According to the latest available data, there has been a significant reduction in the number of students enrolling in ROTC  From more than 800,000 enrolled cadets during the 1999-2000 school year, ROTC enrollment has dropped to 150,000 as of 2011  During the first quarter of 2011, 500 colleges and universities were participating in the ROTC program  This is a sharp decline from the 2,000 schools offering ROTC before the National Service Training Program was enforced According to the Commission on Higher Education, the ROTC component of NSTP has produced 1,435,000 graduates over a ten-year period from 2002 to 2012  In comparison, the CWTS and LTS components of NSTP has produced 8,614,000 and 538,700 graduates respectively 

Proposals for and against mandatory implementation
In 2006, Alfredo Lim sponsored Senate Bill 2224 and Representative Eduardo Gullas sponsored House Bill 5460, seeking to make ROTC again mandatory  In June 2013, Department of National Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin aired a proposal to make ROTC once again mandatory for college students, a move ardently being protested by progressive youth groups such as Anakbayan  There have also been reports of schools offering merchant marine courses that want to retain the ROTC program as mandatory, arguing that maritime companies prefer mariners with ROTC training Members of the House of Representatives of the 16th Congress of the Philippines have filed at least six house bills related to the ROTC program  Congressmen Francis Abaya, Rodolfo Biazon, Erico Aumentado, Sherwin Gatchalian and Manny Pacquiao have proposed reinstating the mandatory nature of ROTC training, while Kabataan Party-list representative Terry Ridon has proposed the outright abolishment of the program 
In February 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte approved the proposal to revive the mandatory nature of ROTC training for senior high school students in both public and private schools  Duterte certified the proposal as urgent and forwarded it to the Congress of the Philippines - House of Representatives (Lower House) and Senate (Upper House)  On May 21, 2019, the Lower House passed their version of the proposed law  Some camps have criticized Duterte's inclination on this issue for admitting in a speech in 2016 that he himself did not finish his supposed ROTC service during his university days,  and two years later, expounded that he even falsified medical documents to be able to do so After the 2022 presidential elections, Vice President-elect Sara Duterte stated that she wants mandatory ROTC training under priority legislation  In July, Senators Francis Tolentino and Robin Padilla announced support for a bill by Senator Ronald Dela Rosa that would introduce mandatory ROTC for students in grades 11 and 12, with a voluntary advanced ROTC program available for the first two years of higher education  President Bongbong Marcos stated in his first State of the Nation address, also in July, that reinstituting the ROTC as a mandatory component of senior high school programs in all public and private tertiary-level educational institutions is one of his priority bills  
Groups such as the Student Christian Movement of the Philippines denounced Marcos, Jr  for prioritizing the reinstitution of mandatory Reserve Officers' Training Corps as was said in his 2022 State of the Nation Address, saying that it will teach students blind obedience and make them vulnerable to abuses 

Notable Philippine ROTC units
The University of the Philippines Diliman ROTC Unit
University of Santo Tomas Golden Corps of Cadets
Mapúa Institute of Technology ROTC Unit
FEATI University ROTC Unit
Ateneo de Manila University ROTC Unit 131st Department of Air Science and Tactics

See also
Conscription in the Philippines
Student Regiment (Indonesia)
Reserve Officer Training Unit (Malaysia)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (South Korea)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Taiwan)
University Regiments (Australia)
Officers' Training Corps (United Kingdom)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (United States)
Passage 5:
Helmut Schmidt University
The Helmut Schmidt University (German: Helmut-Schmidt-Universität), located in Hamburg, Germany, is a German military educational establishment that was founded in 1973 at the initiative of the then-Federal Minister of Defence, Helmut Schmidt  Originally known as the "University of the Bundeswehr Hamburg" (Universität der Bundeswehr), its complete official name today is "Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg"  Teaching first started in Autumn of 1973  It is one of two universities that were established by the Bundeswehr to train and educate its future and existing officers 
In general, it is accessible only to officers and officer candidates of the Bundeswehr, hence its original name  However, since it started teaching, there have been cooperation agreements with allied countries, on the basis of which a handful of selected officers from these states have been able to study in Hamburg 
Since 2002 there has been a small number of civilian students at the university  A prerequisite for studying as a civilian at the Helmut Schmidt University is a business scholarship  These scholarships are usually awarded by foundations with close relationships to industry – thus, these students are at least indirectly being supported by their future employer, usually large companies  As of 2022 tuition costs are currently 2941 euros (humanities), 4403 euros (economics) or 3423 euros (engineering) per academic term Academic degrees and titles obtained at HSU are equivalent to those awarded by state universities and are equally valid, since the courses comply with the requirements of Hamburg's higher education legislation  The university is authorised to confer habilitations and doctoral degrees 

History
Chronology of establishment
On 11 June 1970, the Federal Minister of Defense at the time, Helmut Schmidt, for whom the university was later named and who later would become chancellor of Germany, published a decree that a university be established for the purpose of schooling certain members of the German Federal Armed Forces 
On 17 May 1971 the decree, passed a year earlier by Schmidt, was appraised The German Federal Armed Forces agreed 29 June 1972 to collaborate with Schmidt's ideas for the university  The agreement was finalised 3 October 1972 and legally concluded 
The first classes of students began schooling on 1 October 1973 and the first graduate left the university on 30 September 1976 

Presidents
Since the beginning of the university in 1973, there have been eight presidents of the institution, including the current president, Wilfried Seidel, who has been in office since 2010 

Renaming
It was in the December 2003 that the University of the German Federal Armed Forces Hamburg was rechristened "Helmut Schmidt University / University of the German Federal Armed Forces Hamburg" to honour the man who passed the decree for the university's establishment  The idea of a university is his brainchild  Schmidt was present at the ceremony and was awarded an honorary degree 

Organisation and courses
At the Helmut Schmidt University there is a specific organizational structure, in addition to the division between the areas of teaching and administration that is common to all universities, there is a military side, to accommodate the HSU's dual function as an educational establishment and a military authority for the students 

Academic division
The academic division takes care of teaching and research, to which end it maintains 4 faculties  The number of departments was designed so as to allow for intensive study through teaching in small groups, and for the pursuing of research at the same time 

Faculty of Electrical Engineering: 13 professorships
Electrical Engineering
Parts of Industrial Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering: 7 departments, 19 professorships
Mechanical Engineering
Computational Science and Engineering
Parts of Industrial Engineering
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences: 9 departments, 28 professorships
Educational Sciences
History
Psychology
Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences: 19 departments, 40 professorships
Business Administration
Economics
Political Science
Parts of Industrial Engineering
Notes:The course Industrial Engineering is not assigned to any one faculty, due to its mixed nature, but the Faculty of Electrical Engineering has taken the leading role in teaching it  The exam board consists of members of the 3 participating faculties in equal number 
The "ISA-Modul", with ISA standing for "Interdisziplinäre Studienanteile" (Interdisciplinary parts of study) is not assigned to a particular faculty  Its classes take place in all faculties  All ISA courses are coordinated by a research associate, who liaises with the teaching staff of the 4 faculties 

Student Body Regiment
The student body of the university is organised in the Student Body Regiment (German: "Studierendenbereich", short: StudBer, lit : "student area")  The regiment is commanded by an officer of the rank of colonel or captain at Sea (NATO Rank Code OF-5)  Apart from headquarters staff, they oversee 3 battalions (German: "Studierendenfachbereiche", short: StudFBer, lit : "student subject area")  These are commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel or Commander (NATO Rank Code OF-4)  To ensure parity between the branches, A battalion is usually commanded by a member of the navy (German: Marine), B battalion by a member of the air force (German: Luftwaffe) and C battalion by a member of the army (German: Heer)  They usually also hold the title of Senior Branch Officer (i e  Senior Naval/Air Force/Army Officer on Campus) 

A Battalion: Engineering
B Battalion: Educational Sciences, History, Psychology
C Battalion: Political and Economic SciencesEach battalion consists of several companies (German: "Studierendenfachbereichsgruppen", short: StudFBerGrp, lit : "student subject area groups"), commandend by an army or air force captain or a naval lieutenant (NATO Rank Code OF-2)  In the course of the reforms of army training and the correspondingly higher student numbers in 2007 and 2008, further company commanders were added for the period 2007–2011 and again in 2019  A battalion currently has 5 companies, B battalion has 8 companies and C battalion has 9  Each company has between 100 and 150 student officers and cadets  Apart from the administrative management of the soldiers, the Student Body Regiment undertakes the military training and advanced education of their personnel, in order to hone individual common core skills 

Studying
The academic year at the HSU usually begins on 1 October  The officers and officer candidates are generally posted to the university a week before that date  An orientation week takes place first, during which the students may settle into their accommodation and receive an introduction to studying at the HSU from the more advanced students 
In contrast to the semester format usually practised in Germany, a year at the HSU is divided into 3 terms (trimesters) which means that it consists not of a winter and summer semester, but of autumn, winter and spring terms, 3 blocks of 3 months each  There are no classes in the summer quarter (1 July – 30 September)  This period may be used for performing required periods of practical training and internships, and for holidays 
Exams are taken at the end of every term, and test the material that was studied in that term  In a few cases, exams at the end of a term may concern the material of more than one term  For the purpose of revision, one or two weeks in mid-December, late March and late June may be devoid of classes 
Due to the short length of revision time and the fact that all the exams are "en bloc", resits are greatly feared by the students, particularly the engineering students  Resit exams occur during the exam block of the next term, and in this way a "bow wave" of an ever-increasing number of exams to take can accumulate, which may be very difficult to remain on top of 
The standard period of study for the master's degree (the standard degree) is 4 years  A Bachelor's degree can be obtained in 3 years  The maximum period of study is 4 years, which means that one's Master's thesis must be submitted on 30 September of the 4th year of study at the latest  The study period may only be extended over 4 years with the permission of the Personnel Office of the Bundeswehr, and even then, one requires a certificate from the university stating that the student is likely to successfully complete his or her studies in the near future 
After completion of one's studies, that is after one has submitted one's final dissertation, the officer will return to a post in the army or the fleet relatively quickly, according to availability of vacant posts, the officer's leave entitlement and course plans 
The award of the study diplomas always occurs in mid-October in a formal ceremony  As part of the graduation ceremony, the Böttcher-Preis, founded by the Hamburg businessman Johann Max Böttcher, is awarded to the highest-performing students of each year 
Some alumni officers will return to their alma mater as researchers or doctoral students 

Facilities
The maintains some central facilities  These include the computer centre, the language centre, the media centre, and the Centre for Technology-Assisted Education (Zentrum für technologiegestützte Bildung: ZTB)  A further facility is the library of the HSU  According to the library ranking list "Bibliotheksindex" (BIX), it has been amongst the best libraries in Germany for years  The library primarily exists to support the teaching and research of the HSU, but is also accessible to the general public 

Research focus
In Mechanical Engineering, one of the areas of research is in automotive engineering  7 professorships work on projects in this area, including:
Acoustics,
Propulsion,
Computer-aided engineering,
Chassis,
Production engineering, and
Simulators 
For example, a hybrid drive unit is being researched for industrial trucks in cooperation with industry 
In Electrical Engineering, one of the areas of research is telecommunications, which includes: 
Audio coding,
Wireless transmission systems, and
Video recognition systems 
In educational sciences, the focus is on the areas of professional and organizational education, adult education and history  The establishment of a uniform German Qualifications Framework in the context of the European Qualifications Framework may be traced back in no small part to the work of the professor for professional and organizational education in the working group of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research, through expert advice and support 
In economic and management sciences, the emphasis is on logistics, business administration and economics, and political science  Gender topics have also been researched for years 

Student life
Campus and accommodation
The HSU is designed as a campus university, and its campus in the Wandsbek district consists of 3 parts  Studying activities take place on the premises of the former Douaumont barracks on the Holstenhofweg in Hamburg-Jenfeld  The university administration is located here, as well as all departments and faculties, lecture theatres and laboratories and central facilities; it also contains sports facilities, the canteen and the management of the Student Division  Students of Engineering are accommodated here in 10 quite modern-looking residential buildings  South of the BAB 24, on the premised of the former Hanseatic barracks in the Stoltenstraße in Horn, is the accommodation for students of humanities and social sciences, and economics, and the medical facility  A third residence, rapidly constructed, is located since 2007 on the Jenfelder Allee and will be used until 2010  In addition, from 2007 to 2010, flats will be rented on the private market, in order to absorb the overload of students, which is due to the unusually well-attended years of 2007 and 2008  In the private flats, 2 to 3 students will be accommodated together  In principle, every student receives a single room with area of 14 to 20 m2 (151 to 215 sq ft), mostly with en-suite bathroom and toilet  During the time of higher than usual student numbers however, there will inevitably be some instances where 2 students share a larger room  Residents may cook in the shared kitchens, where the social life between studies and the Hamburg night life will take place  Due to structural changes in military training, several external residences had to be acquired including the former Lettow-Vorbeck Barracks, which is now used by the Federal Police (Bundespolizei)  Another facility frequented by students and staff is the casino, the officer's club of the HSU (not a gambling establishment), located opposite the campus 

Financing
Whilst studying, the soldiers are paid according to their rank and length of service, sometimes including a residence allowance and a family allowance  They pay a fixed fee for their accommodation, which is waived if the student takes up a private residence 

Leisure activities and nightlife
Due to the quite strict study plan, compared with public universities, it is often not easy for students to pursue leisure activities  In the course of the years, however, many different clubs and societies have been formed, to enable leisure activities without clashing with study obligations 
One large event in the academic year is the "TAF ("Trimesteranfangsfeier" or "Start of term ceremony")  This takes place annually to greet the new students  It is organized by the members of the "Studentischer Konvent" and enjoys widespread popularity  The Studentischer Konvent is the students' representation at the HSU  The offers first-term students a possibility to get to know each other, and more advanced students the possibility to swap tales from their holidays 
Further events are organized in the faculties  These include:

"WI-Party" (last weekend of October, organized by the senior year of engineering students, with about 900 guests the largest closed event at the HSU)
"Päd-Party" (mid- to late June, an open-air party in the Douaumont area, the home of the engineering students, organized by Education Sciences students)

Conditions of enrollment
There are several conditions of enrollment which are strictly observed at the university 
In general, studying at the HSU entails a mandatory service of 12 years as an officer in the Bundeswehr  Since 2008, that time has been increased to 13 years, in response to changes in the education caused by the introduction of the Bachelor/Master system  To join the officer corps, a 3-day selection process must be successfully completed at the officer candidates selection centre in Köln-Porz at the Mudra barracks  Depending on which service branch and which specialty one chooses, one will complete the requisite military training with that unit, before being posted to the university and completing the academic education there, which is a part of the training for becoming an officer 
The educational requirement for attending the HSU is a general higher education entrance qualification that is recognized by the law on higher education of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg 

Military aspects of student life
Prior to their studies, soldiers must train at one of the three respective Officer Training school: for the Army in Dresden /('OSH'), for the Air Force in Fürstenfeldbruck ('OSLw') and for the Navy in Flensburg ('MSM') 
During their stay at the HSU, military personnel are required to complete certain standard procedures every year  These include:

6/12 km marches on foot with 15 kg backpack
German Sports Badge
Basic Fitness Tests
NBC Training
First Aid Training
Small Arms TrainingOn occasion:

political education
Training courses (such as MOUT etc )
Military ceremonies (such as changing of Commandants etc )

See also
Education in Hamburg
List of universities in Germany
University of the German Federal Armed Forces
Bundeswehr University Munich
Passage 6:
North Dakota School for the Deaf
The North Dakota School for the Deaf (NDSD) is a state-funded residential school located in Devils Lake, North Dakota that provides services to meet the educational needs of children who are deaf and hard of hearing  NDSD is under the direction, control, and management of the North Dakota Department of Public Instruction  The current superintendent of the school is Dr  Connie Hovendick 

History
Before the Dakota Territory was divided, deaf children living in the part of the territory now known as North Dakota had to do without an education or attend the school in Sioux Falls, South Dakota  Because of poor roads, great distances, meager railroads, and general financial inability, few of the North Dakota children could attend the South Dakota School for the Deaf  In the fall of 1889 Anson R  Spear, a deaf man from Minneapolis, Minnesota, came to North Dakota to establish a school for the deaf  Mr  Spear's political backers, Senator Swanston and Representative McCormick, introduced a bill in the Legislature for the immediate establishment for the proposed school in Devils Lake  The bill passed March 15, 1890, over the veto of Governor John Miller The citizens of Devils Lake furnished free for two years a wooden building located at the corner of Third Avenue and Fifth Street  Mr  Spear was appointed superintendent on August 1, 1890, and the first term began September 10, 1890  The first student to be enrolled was 10-year-old Mabel Alice Newton  By the end of the first school year, 23 children were enrolled  The combined method of communication - use of signs, hand alphabet, and oral method - was used to teach the students  In January 1891, money was appropriated by the State Legislature for a permanent building 
The Great Northern Railway donated an 18-acre (73,000 m2) tract of land one mile (1 6 km) north of the heart of Devils Lake for the permanent site of NDSD, and construction of the first building "Old Main" began on May 30, 1892  "Old Main" was designed by Olof Hanson, a rising Deaf architect from Faribault, Minnesota 
The school previously had an in-house high school  In the late 1930s it had 140 students, its peak enrollment  The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), first passed in the 1970s, started a trend of deaf students enrolling at local public schools as well as in specialized programs in the larger towns around the state  The average enrollment in the 1980s was 97 students  By the 1990s the average enrollment was down to 48  The last graduating class was in 2004, and in 2012 it ended direct high school operations  In 2019 the school had 18 students 

Campus
It includes dormitory facilities  The Blackhurst Dormitory and the cafeteria serve the students 

Operations
NDSD directly teaches grades K-8 while it sends students in grades 9-12 to Devils Lake High School, operated by Devils Lake Public Schools 

Athletics
In the past, NDSD fielded teams in baseball, football, basketball, track and field, etc  Back then, the school had a large enough student population to have enough athletes to compete with various small towns in the area  Due to the reduction in the number of students through mainstream school placement, the school entered into co-op athletic agreements with a couple towns - one was with Crary, although the school now has a co-op agreement with the Devils Lake public schools  In the past, the nickname for the school's teams has always been the Bulldogs; the school's team colors have also always been green and white 

Boys' Sports
Football (with Devils Lake High School)
Basketball (began in 1914)
Track
Girls' Sports
Basketball
Track

Newsletter
The Banner, the official newsletter of NDSD, was first published in 1891  Clara Halvorson, the first teacher employed at the school, is credited with naming the Banner  The purpose of the newsletter was to keep parents informed on what happened at the school, publish pupils’ school work, and to provide publishing experience to students  The Banner is still published today 

Superintendents
Past Superintendents of the North Dakota School for the Deaf include:
Anson R  Spear
Dwight F  Bangs
J  W  Blattner
Frank Read
W  C  McClure
Burton W  Driggs
Arthur P  Buchanan
Carl F  Smith
Allen J  Hayek
Gary L  Holman
Alan J  Mealka
Jaime D  Galloway
Rocklyn Cofer
Roger Riefer
Carmen Grove Suminski
Dennis J  Fogelson
Connie Hovendick

Notable alumni / past students
John L  Clarke - wood carver
Phyllis Frelich - actress
Michael J  Olson - archivist & actor
Passage 7:
Tiberius Coruncanius
Tiberius Coruncanius (died 241 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 280 BC  As a military commander in that year and the following, he was known for the battles against Pyrrhus of Epirus that led to the expression "Pyrrhic victory"  He was the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus, and possibly the first teacher of Roman law to offer public instruction 

Biography
Coruncanius, of plebeian descent, is believed to have hailed from Tusculum He was first elected consul in 280 BC with Publius Valerius Laevinus, and led an expedition into Etruria against the Etruscan cities   When Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Italia, and defeated the Roman legions of Laevinus at the Battle of Heraclea, Tiberius' legions were recalled to Rome to bolster the defense of Roman territory 
In 254 BC or 253 BC, he was the first plebeian elected Pontifex Maximus, or chief priest of the Roman Republic, which position had been previously monopolized by patricians  He died in 241 BC and was succeeded by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, another plebeian 

Impact
He was the first who publicly professed law (publice professus est), known to be both eloquent and full of knowledge  Like Socrates, he left no writings 
His public legal instruction had the effect of creating a class of legally skilled non-priests (jurisprudentes), a sort of consultancy  After Coruncanius' death, instruction gradually became more formal, with the introduction of books on law beyond the then scant official Roman legal texts It is possible that as the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus, Coruncanius allowed members of the public and students of the law of Ancient Rome to attend his consultations tasked with giving legal advice to citizens  These consultations were probably held outside the College of Pontiffs, and thus accessible to all those interested  As such, he became the first teacher of Roman law (how students of law learned their material earlier is unknown) 
Passage 8:
Grace Fernald
Grace Maxwell Fernald (November 29, 1879 – January 16, 1950) was an educational psychologist and influential figure in early twentieth century literacy education  Fernald established "the first clinic for remedial instruction in 1921 at the University of California, Los Angeles"  Tracing tactile learning tendencies back to Quintilian, Séguin, and Montessori, Fernald's kinesthetic spelling and reading method prompted struggling students to trace words  Years of research culminated in 1943 with her classic work, Remedial Techniques in Basic School Subjects  The popular kinesthetic method anchors modern instruction in the areas of special education and remedial reading  Kinesthetic learning is also included as one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences  Fernald's notion of incorporating the physical with the auditory, verbal, and visual elements of reading instruction, now known as "VAKT", multimodal learning, or multisensory imagery, continues to guide educators today 

Early years and education
Grace Maxwell Fernald was born on November 29, 1879 in Clyde, Ohio  Following a youth spent in New York and New Jersey, Fernald graduated from high school and then attended college at Mount Holyoke and Bryn Mawr  In 1907 she received her doctorate in psychology from the University of Chicago  By 1911 Fernald had accepted a position at UCLA  She eventually became head of the Psychology Department and Laboratory at the State Normal School  It was at the UCLA clinic where her research into the reading and writing processes gained fame 

Early research of the Fernald method
The 1921 Journal of Educational Research contains Fernald's foundational study of four boys who learn to spell and read by her kinesthetic method  This method influenced other researchers working at the same time in the field of reading difficulties  Notable examples include Samuel Orton and Anna Gillingham  The article in the Journal of Educational Research, "The Effect of Kinaesthetic Factors in the Development of Word Recognition in the Case of Non-Readers", outlines five phases of the kinesthetic method  With an emphasis on student choice, focal words are generated by the students during the first stage  Each word is introduced by the teacher who writes it on the chalkboard  The student repeats the word while tracing it on the board  When the student is confident that he knows the word, he attempts to write it while saying each syllable  Successful word study is followed by phase two where sentences are created in a similar fashion  The third step incorporates a student-selected book where words from specific paragraphs are isolated for reading  In the fourth phase, the student is asked to read whole phrases from the paragraphs  Finally, the student is encouraged to do silent reading on his own for the fifth phase  After some time all four boys successfully learned to read well enough to perform at grade level  Follow-ups with the participants reflected the maintenance of reading levels and for some avid readers, additional leaps in reading proficiency  Though not asserting widespread generalizability, Fernald and Keller enumerate several findings  One conclusion of interest today describes each student learning by analogy, demonstrating the "ability to pronounce new words if they resemble words he has already learned " This is a compensatory strategy currently used 
Warren's 1977 dissertation study with children exhibiting mild forms of reading problems demonstrated 147% and 77% superior word recognition and comprehension respectively by Fernald tracing compared to Orton-Gillingham phonics, although O-G was 10% more effective in word decoding 

Career summary
On the eve of Fernald's retirement from the UCLA clinic, Time magazine (July 12, 1948) highlights the story of one boy's reading adventure in Fernald's clinic  The title of the article, "Reading by Touch" aptly reflects the Fernald method  Stepping down after 27 years, Fernald sums up the theory behind her "kinesthetic method" with the explanation that "reading difficulties occur most frequently in people who lack the ability to summon up a mental picture of the way a word looks"  Her only requirements for entrance into the clinic program were for students to have average intelligence and for parents to continue with the clinic as long as necessary  According to Time, remediation required from "two months to two years" for the students to reach their grade level reading equivalent  Though the article includes some criticism of the Fernald method, in the end it is a positive portrayal of a committed educator   A clinic at UCLA bears her name to this day   Critics typically do not follow the tracing directions with fidelity, such making small changes such as orally spelling the individual letters in the word rather than saying/blending the sounds of the word   Strict adherence to the steps is required for the process to be "Fernald," and any changes interfere with the development of automatic mastery  The Fernald tracing approach to spelling, traditionally speaking, is not oral spelling at all; it is creating the mental visualization of the word for the purpose of correct written spelling and proofing  Oral spelling for students experiencing problems creates interference with acquiring correct visualization 

A child's view of Fernald's method
A more powerful account of the influence of the kinesthetic method practiced in Fernald's clinic is presented by the International Reading Association’s Special Interest Group in the history of reading  In the spring 1998 edition of the History of Reading News a former student of Fernald's kinesthetic method recalls his experiences in the clinic setting  He describes a typical session with one of the student teachers where there was even finger painting  The student, now an esteemed doctor, researcher, and chair of psychiatry at a major New York hospital, wonders about the "life changes for some of the other boys as a result of her help and ministrations " He admits that he "still uses aspects of the Fernald method to this day "

A parent's view of Fernald's method
An additional article written by the mother of the same former student was also included in the 1998 edition of the History of Reading News  Though not as detailed, the passage reminds educators that their work impacts not only the student, but the entire family  The parents contacted Grace Fernald in an effort to support their intelligent second-grade son who was struggling in school  The mother even recounts a visit to Fernald's home  Grace Fernald, the caring teacher, comes alive through these two touching accounts of one boy's success story 

Influence on education
Upon Fernald's passing in 1950, her peers praised the tremendous impact of her UCLA clinic endeavors  "Grace Fernald developed and directed the clinical school  The children and adults helped by study and treatment in this clinic and the teachers and psychologists observing and learning in the clinic school run into the thousands "The Fernald Center for Early Care and Education at UCLA is named in her honor 
Fernald's Remedial Techniques in Basic School Subjects was favourably reviewed by J Bald in The Times Educational Supplement, 9 7 1982  The book contains valuable techniques for teaching grammar, arithmetic and foreign languages  It remains one of the most important collections of case study research in its field (the case studies were omitted from the reprinted edition) 
Passage 9:
Alexander Military Law Academy
Alexander Military Law Academy (Russian: Александровская военно-юридическая академия) (1867–1917) was an educational institution in Russian Empire that provided military law education for officers of Russian Army and Fleet   It was established in 1867 and named after his founder, Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1908  The Academy was situated in St  Petersburg by 96 Moika Embankment, along with many other institutions of military education 
Since 1878 it was reformed into a 3-year higher educational institution, with admittance to any of the three classes, depending on prior education of the admitted  Since 1880 officers from Serbian and Bulgarian Armies were admitted  About 1,000 officers graduated from the academy, as well as a small number or civil officials (which were admitted until 1882) 

Academy History
In 1866, by Auditor School, the two-year officers’ courses were established  In 1867, the courses were transformed into a Military Law Academy 
Since 1908, it received the name of Alexander in honour of Alexander the IIIrd  Officers of all types of military service in the rank up to the captain, who served in the ranks for at least 4 years, were admitted to the academy  Graduates received the right to occupy positions in the military judicial department  Since 1880, Serbian and Bulgarian officers also have studied at the academy  Totally, about 1,000 military lawyers graduated from Academy  It was closed in December 1917 after the unsuccessful Junker mutiny  It was located in Saint Petersburg on the Moika embankment, 96 

External links
Alexander Academy (in Russian)
Passage 10:
Brothers of Christian Instruction
The Brothers of Christian Instruction (Latin: Institutum Fratrum Instructionis Christianae de Ploërmel, F I C P ), commonly known as the La Mennais Brothers, is a Catholic educational organization founded in 1819 by Gabriel Deshayes and Jean-Marie de la Mennais for the instruction of youth  Their aim remains that of their Founder: "to educate the young and to make Jesus Christ better known and better loved" The brothers are bound by the simple vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience 

History
On June 16, 1819, Gabriel Deshayes, pastor at Auray and vicar general of Vannes, and Jean-Marie de Lamennais, vicar of Saint-Brieuc, two Catholic priests in France, established the Daughters of Providence and the Brothers of Christian Instruction 
The first brothers took their novitiates with the Christian Brothers, whose rule was to a large extent adopted  The organization dedicated itself to promoting education among the working class in France and, eventually, across the world  The motherhouse was established at Ploërmel in November 1824  In 1876, the Brothers of Gascony, founded by Bishop de la Croix d’Azolette, then Archbishop of Auch, and in 1880, the Brothers of Sainte-Marie de Tinchebray, founded by Father Charles-Augustin Duguey, subsumed themselves within the Brothers of Ploërmel The Brothers received canonical approval by Pope Leo XIII on March 13, 1891 From the motherhouse at Ploërmel, the brothers founded sites in England, Africa, Asia, North America, and Oceania  In 1886 the first brothers arrived in Montreal and were shortly afterwards introduced into the United States  To escape the effects of a 1901 French law curtailing certain kinds of religious schooling, the motherhouse was transferred to Taunton, England  In 1903, following through on the strict secularism of the 1901 law, the French government dissolved the brotherhood's French presence and confiscated its properties  At the same time, they established a presence in Bulgaria, Turkey, and Egypt The Brothers of Christian Instruction grew, extending their mission to the Philippines and Spain, and expanding it in the United Kingdom  In 2015, 1,300 members of the Brothers of Christian Instruction were spread across 25 countries 

Institutions
Collège Jean de la Mennais
St  Francis Xavier's College (Liverpool)
St  John Fisher Ibanda Secondary School
St Mary's Independent School, Southampton
St  Mary's International School
Walsh University
Institution Saint-Louis de Gonzague in Delmas, Haiti
St  Charles Lwanga Secondary School, Kasasa in Masaka, Uganda
St  Henry's College Kitovu in Masaka, Uganda
St  Mary's College, Kisubi in Wakiso, Uganda
St  Mary's Duluti Secondary School, Arusha
Seiko Gakuin Junior and Senior High School

See also
Pell Wall Hall
Cheswardine
Consecrated life
Passage 11:
United States Society for Education through Art
The United States Society for Education through Art (USSEA) is an American national association whose members work in curriculum development, teaching and research related to art education and cultural differences, and who share interests in art educational content and strategies which promote tolerance and appreciation of the arts of non-mainstream cultural peoples  The mission of the society is to promote greater understanding and respect for learners from all ethnic, minority, and socio-cultural backgrounds through research, art curricula, instruction, and practices that are inclusive and culturally sensitive The society provides a platform for networking and a resource base for art educators nationally and internationally, who seek to work collaboratively on projects of interest to multicultural or cross-cultural communities and students, publishes instructional resources for classroom teachers, encourages and sponsors cross-cultural research, and facilitates international and intra-national professional relationships through online sites, symposia, conferences, and publications Each year, USSEA honors one national and one international art educator, each of whom has demonstrated exemplary teaching, service, or research in the area of multicultural or cross-cultural art education with the Ziegfeld Art Education award  The Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education is a publication of USSEA that is made available to all members of the art educational profession  Through the website, members may access suggestions and recommendations for appropriate multi-culturally oriented K-12 art lessons, and receive up-to-date news and information about USSEA initiatives, programs and opportunities  Additionally, exhibitions of children's art from countries around the world are presented at national conferences of art educators and through an online gallery of children's art, which is organized by topical themes and maintained on the USSEA website 

History
USSEA was founded in 1977 as an affiliate of the International Society for Education Through Art (InSEA) and the National Art Education Association (NAEA)  The goals of USSEA reflect, on a national level, the goals of its international parent organization InSEA, which in turn, was inspired by the spirit of postwar hope and optimism of its parent affiliate UNESCO  In a paper describing the early history of InSEA, the motivational energy and overarching goals of UNESCO and InSEA are explained 
"The world had just come through a terrible and protracted war, one initiated by false philosophies working on ignorance through massive control of free speech  The impulse in 1945, to try to ensure that it did not happen again, and that people should understand each other better through education and all forms of cultural and scientific exchanges, the passionate emphasis on truth, justice, peace and the importance of the individual – these impulses were irresistible "These sentiments, which gave root to InSEA in 1954, are also guiding principles of USSEA  Art educator Kenneth Marantz was instrumental in establishing the United States organization and served as its first president  Other founding members who served as officers included Maryl Fletcher De Jong, Larry Kantner, Eugenia Oole, Helen Patton, and Tom Sletterhaugh 

Sponsored Activities
As a means of disseminating shared ideas about the importance of teaching art to increasingly diverse populations and to develop research agenda for determining effective practices of multicultural art education, USSEA began sponsored conferences and symposia  Fourteen such events were held between 1977 and 2010  The topics addressed included "Limits and Extents of International Research in Art Education" (1977), "Art Education: The Pacific Basin" (1982), "International Aspects of Teaching Aesthetics and Critical Skills" (1987), "Indigenous People, Art, and Place: Interactions of Culture and Environment in Contemporary Life" (1994) and "Crossing Cultural, Artistic, and Cyber Borders" (2000), and "Youth and Community Development: How the Arts Serve Economically Impoverished Communities" (2010)  The 1991 USSEA Symposium, "Beyond the Traditional in Art: Facing a Pluralistic Society," resulted in the publication of working papers and research agenda that helped focus cultural art educational research and practices during the late 20th and early 21st century Since 1986, USSEA has presented two annual awards in the name of Edwin Ziegfeld, founding president of InSEA (1954–1960) and NAEA (1947–1951), to honor an American art educator and a foreign art educator who have made distinguished leadership contributions to international art education  These awards are presented to the recipients during a USSEA Awards banquet held during the annual NAEA conference The first issue of the USSEA publication The Journal of Multicultural and Cross-cultural Research in Art Education was issued in 1983 with Larry Kantner as senior editor  In 2001, the title of the journal was changed to the Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education (JCRAE)  Articles published in JCRAE focus on social/cultural research relevant for art education, including cultural foundations of art education, cross-cultural and multicultural research in art education, and cultural aspects of art in education  These areas may be interpreted in a broad sense to include arts administration, art therapy, community arts organizations, and other disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches relevant to art education  Articles considered for publication may feature theoretical research and research in which qualitative and/or quantitative methods as well as other formats and strategies are employed  In addition to the publication of a journal, USSEA sponsors monographs and sponsors or endorses books that address issues of interest and concern to art educators 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time, daylight time (United States, Canada, and Australia), or summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks (typically by one hour) during warmer months so that darkness falls at a later clock time  The typical implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in either the late winter or spring ("spring forward"), and to set clocks back by one hour in the fall ("fall back") to return to standard time  As a result, there is one 23-hour day in early spring and one 25-hour day in the middle of autumn 
The idea of aligning waking hours to daylight hours to conserve candles was first proposed in 1784 by U S  polymath Benjamin Franklin  In a satirical letter to the editor of The Journal of Paris, Franklin suggested that waking up earlier in the summer would economize on candle usage; and calculated considerable savings  In 1895, New Zealand entomologist and astronomer George Hudson proposed the idea of changing clocks by two hours every spring to the Wellington Philosophical Society  In 1907, British resident William Willett presented the idea as a way to save energy  After some serious consideration, it was not implemented In 1908, Port Arthur in Ontario, Canada (today merged into Thunder Bay), started using DST  Starting on 30 April 1916, the German Empire and Austria-Hungary each organized the first nationwide implementation in their jurisdictions  Many countries have used DST at various times since then, particularly since the 1970s energy crisis  DST is generally not observed near the Equator, where sunrise and sunset times do not vary enough to justify it  Some countries observe it only in some regions: for example, parts of Australia observe it, while other parts do not  Conversely, it is not observed at some places at high latitudes, because there are wide variations in sunrise and sunset times and a one-hour shift would relatively not make much difference  The United States observes it, except for the states of Hawaii and Arizona (within the latter, however, the Navajo Nation does observe it, conforming to federal practice)  A minority of the world's population uses DST; Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean generally do not 

Rationale
Industrialized societies usually follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year  The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round  In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt  North and south of the tropics, daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater the farther one moves away from the equator 
After synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time in spring in anticipation of longer daylight hours, individuals following a clock-based schedule will be awakened an hour earlier in the solar day than they would have otherwise  They will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier: in most cases they will have an extra hour of daylight available to them after their workday activities Proponents of daylight saving time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine to five" workday  Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed The shift in apparent time is also motivated by practicality  In American temperate latitudes, for example, the sun rises around 04:30 at the summer solstice and sets around 19:30  Since most people are asleep at 04:30, it is seen as more practical to treat 04:30 as if it is 05:30, thereby allowing people to wake closer to the sunrise and be active in the evening light 
Because sunrise and sunset times become significantly out of phase with standard working hours at higher latitudes (such as Iceland, Scandinavia, and Alaska), the manipulation of time would have little effect on daily life, and thus is not practiced DST is similarly of little use for locations near the Equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year 

Variation within a time zone
The effect of Daylight Savings Time also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its time zone, with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone  In spite of a width spanning thousands of miles, all of China is located within a single time zone per government mandate, minimizing any potential benefit of Daylight Savings Time there 

History
Ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into 12 hours regardless of daytime, so that each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn  For example, the Romans kept time with water clocks that had different scales for different months of the year; at Rome's latitude, the third hour from sunrise (hora tertia) started at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes  From the 14th century onward, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so civil time no longer varied by season  Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as monasteries of Mount Athos and in Jewish ceremonies Benjamin Franklin published the proverb "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise," and published a letter in the Journal de Paris during his time as an American envoy to France (1776–1785) suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight  This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise  Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules  However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks required a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly Cortes of Cádiz issued a regulation that moved certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes, but it did not change the clocks  It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions, but they did so of their own volition 
 
New Zealand entomologist George Hudson first proposed modern DST  His shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight  In 1895, he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch; he followed up with an 1898 paper  Many publications credit the DST proposal to prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride when he observed how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day  Willett also was an avid golfer who disliked cutting short his round at dusk  His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, and he published the proposal two years later  Liberal Party member of parliament Robert Pearce took up the proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the British House of Commons on 12 February 1908  A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law and several other bills failed in the following years  Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915 

Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST, on 1 July 1908  This was followed by Orillia, Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912  The first states to adopt DST (German: Sommerzeit) nationally were those of the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary commencing 30 April 1916, as a way to conserve coal during wartime  Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed  Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918  Most jurisdictions abandoned DST in the years after the war ended in 1918, with exceptions including Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, and the United States  It became common during World War II (some countries adopted double summer time), and was standardized in the U S  by federal law in 1966, and widely adopted in Europe from the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis  Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals It is a common myth in the United States that DST was first implemented for the benefit of farmers  In reality, farmers have been one of the strongest lobbying groups against DST since it was first implemented  The factors that influence farming schedules, such as morning dew and dairy cattle's readiness to be milked, are ultimately dictated by the sun, so the time change introduces unnecessary challenges DST was first implemented in the US with the Standard Time Act of 1918, a wartime measure for seven months during World War I in the interest of adding more daylight hours to conserve energy resources  Year-round DST, or "War Time", was implemented again during World War II  After the war, local jurisdictions were free to choose if and when to observe DST until the Uniform Time Act which standardized DST in 1966   Permanent daylight saving time was enacted for the winter of 1974, but there were complaints of children going to school in the dark and working people commuting and starting their work day in pitch darkness during the winter months, and it was repealed a year later 

Procedure
The relevant authorities usually schedule clock changes to occur at (or soon after) midnight, and on a weekend, in order to lessen disruption to weekday schedules  A one-hour change is usual, but twenty-minute and two-hour changes have been used in the past  In all countries that observe daylight saving time seasonally (i e  during summer and not winter), the clock is advanced from standard time to daylight saving time in the spring, and they are turned back from daylight saving time to standard time in the autumn  
For a midnight change in spring, a digital display of local time would appear to jump from 23:59:59 9 to 01:00:00 0  For the same clock in autumn, the local time would appear to repeat the hour preceding midnight, i e  it would jump from 23:59:59 9 to 23:00:00 0 
In most countries that observe seasonal daylight saving time, the time reverts in winter to "standard time"  An exception exists in Ireland, where its winter clock has the same offset (UTC±00:00) and legal name as that in Britain (Greenwich Mean Time)—but while its summer clock also has the same offset as Britain's (UTC+01:00), its legal name is Irish Standard Time as opposed to British Summer Time Since 2019 Morocco observes daylight saving time every month but Ramadan  During the holy month (the date of which is determined by the lunar calendar and thus moves annually with regard to the Gregorian calendar), the country's civil clocks observe Western European Time (UTC+00:00, which geographically overlaps most of the nation)  At the close of that month, its clocks are turned forward to Western European Summer Time (UTC+01:00) The time at which to change clocks differs across jurisdictions  Members of the European Union conduct a coordinated change, changing all zones at the same instant, at 01:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which means that it changes at 02:00 Central European Time (CET), equivalent to 03:00 Eastern European Time (EET)  As a result, the time differences across European time zones remain constant  North America coordination of the clock change differs, in that each jurisdiction change at 02:00 local time, which temporarily creates an imbalance with the next time zone (until it adjusts its time, one hour later, at 2 AM there)  For example, Mountain Time is for one hour in the spring two hours ahead of Pacific Time instead of the usual one hour ahead, and instead of one hour in the autumn, briefly zero hours ahead of Pacific Time 
The dates on which clocks change vary with location and year; consequently, the time differences between regions also vary throughout the year  For example, Central European Time is usually six hours ahead of North American Eastern Time, except for a few weeks in March and October/November, while the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer, three hours during the southern summer, and four hours for a few weeks per year  Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union  Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observed DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year  Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months  For example, mainland Chile observes DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time  In some countries time is governed by regional jurisdictions within the country such that some jurisdictions change and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Canada, and the United States From year to year, the dates on which to change clock may also move for political or social reasons  The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized the United States' period of daylight saving time observation as lasting six months (it was previously declared locally); this period was extended to seven months in 1986, and then to eight months in 2005  The 2005 extension was motivated in part by lobbyists from the candy industry, seeking to increase profits by including Halloween (31 October) within the daylight saving time period  In recent history, Australian state jurisdictions not only changed at different local times but sometimes on different dates  For example, in 2008 most states there that observed daylight saving time changed clocks forward on 5 October, but Western Australia changed on 26 October 

Politics, religion and sport
The concept of daylight saving has caused controversy since its early proposals  Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time"  Retailing, sports, and tourism interests have historically favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening-entertainment interests (and some religious groups) have opposed it; energy crises and war prompted its initial adoption The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues  It attracted many supporters, including Arthur Balfour, Churchill, David Lloyd George, Ramsay MacDonald, King Edward VII (who used half-hour DST or "Sandringham time" at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank Ltd  However, the opposition proved stronger, including Prime Minister H  H  Asquith, William Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre-owners  After many hearings, a parliamentary committee vote narrowly rejected the proposal in 1909  Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail  People in the US demonstrated even more skepticism; Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee 

Germany together with its allies led the way in introducing DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916, aiming to alleviate hardships due to wartime coal shortages and air-raid blackouts  The political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916  US retailing and manufacturing interests—led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland—soon began lobbying for DST, but railroads opposed the idea  The USA's 1917 entry into the war overcame objections, and DST started in 1918 The end of World War I brought change in DST use  Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it—like Germany itself, which dropped DST from 1919 to 1939 and from 1950 to 1979  Britain proved an exception; it retained DST nationwide but adjusted transition dates over the years for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings  As of 2009 summer time began annually on the last Sunday in March under a European Community directive, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016)  In the U S , Congress repealed DST after 1919  President Woodrow Wilson—an avid golfer like Willett—vetoed the repeal twice, but his second veto was overridden  Only a few U S  cities retained DST locally, including New York (so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London), and Chicago and Cleveland (to keep pace with New York)  Wilson's successor as president, Warren G  Harding, opposed DST as a "deception", reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer  He ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 8 am rather than 9 am during the summer of 1922  Some businesses followed suit, though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated Since Germany's adoption of DST in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved  The history of time in the United States features DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966  St  Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, kept different times for two weeks in May 1965: the capital city decided to switch to daylight saving time, while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law  In the mid-1980s, Clorox and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to U S  DST  Both senators from Idaho, Larry Craig and Mike Crapo, voted for it based on the premise that fast-food restaurants sell more French fries (made from Idaho potatoes) during DST A referendum on the introduction of daylight saving took place in Queensland, Australia, in 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving  It was defeated with a 54 5% "no" vote, with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, and those in the metropolitan southeast in favor In 2003, the United Kingdom's Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supported a proposal to observe year-round daylight saving time, but it has been opposed by some industries, by some postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK In 2005 the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to U S  DST In December 2008 the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time-zone arrangement for daylight saving in South East Queensland, while the rest of the state maintained standard time  DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2 5% across the 32 electorates contested  After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed  Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into the Queensland parliament on 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time-zone arrangement  The Queensland parliament rejected Wellington's bill on 15 June 2011 Russia declared in 2011 that it would stay in DST all year long (UTC+4:00); Belarus followed with a similar declaration  (The Soviet Union had operated under permanent "summer time" from 1930 to at least 1982 ) Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of winter-time mornings, and thus was abandoned in 2014  The country changed its clocks to standard time (UTC+3:00) on 26 October 2014, intending to stay there permanently In the United States, Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and the five populated territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands) do not participate in daylight saving time  Indiana only began participating in daylight saving time as recently as 2006  Since 2018, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio has repeatedly filed bills to extend daylight saving time permanently into winter, without success Mexico observed summertime daylight saving time starting in 1996  In late 2022, the nation's clocks "fell back" for the last time, in restoration of permanent standard time 

Religion
Some religious groups and individuals have opposed DST on religious grounds  For religious Muslims and Jews it makes religious practices such as prayer and fasting more difficult or inconvenient 
Some Muslim countries, such as Morocco, have temporarily abandoned DST during Ramadan In Israel, DST has been a point of contention between the religious and secular, resulting in fluctuations over the years, and a shorter DST period than in the EU and US  Religious Jews prefer a shorter DST due to DST delaying the time for morning prayers, thus conflicting with standard working and business hours  Additionally, DST is ended before Yom Kippur (a 25-hour fast day starting and ending at sunset, much of which is spent praying in synagogue until the fast ends at sunset) since DST would result in the day ending later, which many feel makes it more difficult In the US, Orthodox Jewish groups have opposed extensions to DST, as well as a 2022 bipartisan bill that would make DST permanent, saying it will "interfere with the ability of members of our community to engage in congregational prayers and get to their places of work on time "

Effects
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business  Opponents argue the actual energy savings are inconclusive A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0 3% during the days when DST applies  Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption, but a 2008 United States Department of Energy report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST  An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, once a primary use of electricity  Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then  Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of a study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate Later sunset times from DST are thought to affect behavior; for example, increasing participation in after-school sports programs or outdoor afternoon sports such as golf, and attendance at professional sporting events  Advocates of daylight saving time argue that having more hours of daylight between the end of a typical workday and evening induces people to consume other goods and services Many farmers oppose DST, particularly dairy farmers as the milking patterns of their cows do not change with the time  and others whose hours are set by the sun  There is concern for schoolchildren who are out in the darkness during the morning due to late sunrises  DST also hurts prime-time television broadcast ratings, drive-ins and other theaters It has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on U S  stock exchanges, Others have asserted that the observed results depend on methodology and disputed the findings, though the original authors have refuted points raised by disputers 

Health
There are measurable adverse effects of time-shifts on human health  It has been shown to disrupt human circadian rhythms, negatively affecting human health in the process, and that the yearly DST time-shifts can increase health risks such as heart attack, and traffic accidents A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at a social cost of $275 million annually", primarily by increasing sleep deprivation A correlation between clock shifts and increase in traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden  Four reports have found that this effect is smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities  In 2018, the European Parliament, reviewing a possible abolition of DST, approved a more in-depth evaluation examining the disruption of the human body's circadian rhythms which provided evidence suggesting the existence of an association between DST time-shifts and a modest increase of occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first week after the spring shift  However a Netherlands study found, against the majority of investigations, contrary or minimal effect  Year-round standard time (not year-round DST) is proposed by some to be the preferred option for public health and safety  Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency  Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks 

Social relations
DST likely reduces some kinds of crime, such as robbery and sexual assault, as fewer potential victims are outdoors after dusk  Artificial outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime In 2022, a publication of three replicating studies of individuals, between individuals, and transecting societies, demonstrated that sleep loss affects the human motivation to help others, which in its fMRI findings is "associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality " Furthermore, they detected, through analysis of over 3 million real-world charitable donations, that loss of sleep inflicted by the transition to Daylight Saving Time reduces altruistic giving compared to controls (being states not implementing DST)  They conclude that implications for cooperative, civil society are "non-trivial" Another study, which also examined sleep manipulation due to the shift to daylight saving time in the spring, analyzed archival data from judicial punishment imposed by U S  federal courts which showed sleep-deprived judges exact more severe penalties 

Inconvenience
DST's clock shifts have the disadvantage of complexity  People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely  People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way  The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours  Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive  During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion 

Remediation
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented  DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time  For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies  Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect Andrew D  Huberman, a professor of neurobiology at Stanford University, suggests viewing sunlight before the sun is overhead & exercise, ideally outside, before 2 pm the day following the clock adjustment  This applies regardless of if the sky were to be covered by clouds 

Terminology
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished")  Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first  This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors  ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used ") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving(s) time)  Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time  The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style explains the development and current situation as follows: "Although the singular form daylight saving time is the original one, dating from the early 20th century—and is preferred by some usage critics—the plural form is now extremely common in AmE  [   ] The rise of daylight savings time appears to have resulted from the avoidance of a miscue: when saving is used, readers might puzzle momentarily over whether saving is a gerund (the saving of daylight) or a participle (the time for saving)  [   ] Using savings as the adjective—as in savings account or savings bond—makes perfect sense  More than that, it ought to be accepted as the better form "In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation  The same or similar expressions are used in many other languages: Sommerzeit in German, zomertijd in Dutch, kesäaika in Finnish, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spanish, and heure d'été in French The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed  American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT)  In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e g  Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST) 

The North American English mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead    ", "spring up    ", and "    fall behind") helps people remember in which direction to shift the clocks 

Computing
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations  For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required that many computer systems be upgraded, with the greatest onus on e-mail and calendar programs  The upgrades required a significant effort by corporate information technologists Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences  Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require external leap second updates and time zone information to correctly calculate local time as needed  Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the tz database also known as zoneinfo 

IANA time zone database
The tz database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts  This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible  When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance  In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'  In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable is not set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files  Internal time is stored in time-zone-independent Unix time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display 
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value  For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3 2 0/02:00,M11 1 0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007  Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps 

Permanent daylight saving time
A move to permanent daylight saving time (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated and is currently implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Belarus, Iceland, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Namibia, Saskatchewan, Singapore, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Yukon  Although Saskatchewan follows Central Standard Time, its capital city Regina experiences solar noon close to 13:00, in effect putting the city on permanent daylight time  Similarly, Yukon is classified as being in the Mountain Time Zone, though in effect it observes permanent Pacific Daylight Time to align with the Pacific time zone in summer, but local solar noon in the capital Whitehorse occurs nearer to 14:00, in effect putting Whitehorse on "double daylight time" 
The United Kingdom and Ireland put clocks forward by an extra hour during World War II and experimented with year-round summer time between 1968 and 1971  Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the extremely late winter sunrises; in 2014, Russia switched permanently back to standard time  However, the change to permanent DST has proven popular in Turkey, with the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources saying the practice saves "millions in energy costs and reduces depression and anxiety levels associated with short exposure to daylight" In September 2018, the European Commission proposed to end seasonal clock changes as of 2019  Member states would have the option of observing either daylight saving time all year round or standard time all year round  In March 2019, the European Parliament approved the commission's proposal, while deferring implementation from 2019 until 2021  In response to this proposition, the European Sleep Research Society stated "installing permanent Central European Time (CET, standard time or 'wintertime') is the best option for public health " As of October 2020, the decision has not been confirmed by the Council of the European Union  The council has asked the commission to produce a detailed assessment of its effects, but the Commission considers that the onus is on the Member States to find a common position in Council  As a result, progress on the issue is effectively blocked In the United States, several states have enacted legislation to implement permanent DST, but the bills would require Congress to change federal law in order to take effect  The Uniform Time Act of 1966 permits states to opt out of DST and observe permanent standard time, it does not permit permanent DST  Florida senator Marco Rubio in particular has promoted changing the federal law to implement permanent DST, with the support of the Florida Chamber of Commerce seeking to boost evening revenue  In 2022, Rubio's "Sunshine Protection Act" passed the United States Senate without committee review by way of voice consent, with many senators afterward stating they were unaware of the vote or its topic  The bill was stopped in the U S  House, where questions were raised as to whether permanent DST or standard time would be more beneficial Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts  Additional benefits have also been cited, including safer roadways, boosting the tourism industry, and energy savings  Detractors cite the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails Some experts in circadian rhythms and sleep health recommend year-round standard time as the preferred option for public health and safety  Several chronobiology societies have published position papers against adopting DST permanently  A paper by the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms states: "based on comparisons of large populations living in DST or ST or on western versus eastern edges of time zones, the advantages of permanent ST outweigh switching to DST annually or permanently " The World Federation of Societies for Chronobiology stated that "the scientific literature strongly argues against the switching between DST and Standard Time and even more so against adopting DST permanently " The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) holds the position that "seasonal time changes should be abolished in favor of a fixed, national, year-round standard time," and that "standard time is a better option than daylight saving time for our health, mood and well-being " The AASM's position is endorsed by 20 other nonprofits, including the American College of Chest Physicians, National Safety Council, and National PTA Current public opinion polls show mixed results  Surveys reported between 2021 and 2022 by the National Sleep Foundation, YouGov, CBS, and Monmouth University indicate more Americans would prefer permanent DST  A 2019 survey by National Opinion Research Center and a 2021 survey by the Associated Press indicate more Americans would prefer permanent Standard Time  The National Sleep Foundation, YouGov, and Monmouth University polls leaned significantly in favor of seeing Daylight Saving Time made permanent  The Monmouth University poll reported 44% preferring year-round DST and 13% preferring year-round standard time  In 1973 and 1974, NORC found 79% of Americans to be in favor of permanent DST before its implementation during the Oil Crisis, and only 42% to support permanent DST the following February 

See also
Daylight saving time by country
Daylight saving time in Africa
Daylight saving time in Asia
Summer time in Europe
Daylight saving time in the Americas
Daylight saving time in Oceania
Analysis of daylight saving time
Winter time (clock lag)

Notes
Passage 2:
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
The International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples is observed on 9 August each year to raise awareness and protect the rights of the world's indigenous population  This event also recognizes the achievements and contributions that indigenous people make to improve world issues such as environmental protection  It was first pronounced by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1994, marking the day of the first meeting of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in 1982 

History
In December 1992 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution to make 1993  the International Year of the World's Indigenous Peoples The International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples was first pronounced by the UN General Assembly in December 1994, to be celebrated every year during the first International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1995–2004)  In 2004, the Assembly proclaimed a Second International Decade, from 2005–2015, with the theme of "A Decade for Action and Dignity"  People from different nations are encouraged to participate in observing the day to spread the UN's message on indigenous peoples  Activities may include educational forums and classroom activities to gain an appreciation and a better understanding of indigenous peoples By resolution 49/214 of 23 December 1994, the United Nations General Assembly decided that the International Day of the World's Indigenous People shall be observed on 9 August every year during the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People  The date marks the day of the first meeting, in 1982, of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 

International Year of Indigenous Languages 2019
In the year 2016, it was reported that about 2,680 indigenous languages were in danger and on the verge of becoming extinct  Hence, UN designated 2019 to be the International Year of Indigenous Languages to persuade, convince and create awareness to people about indigenous languages 

Symbols
Artwork by Rebang Dewan, a Chakma boy from Bangladesh, was chosen as the visual identifier of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues  It has also been seen on material to promote the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples  It features two ears of green leaves facing each other and a globe resembling planet earth  Within the globe is a picture of a handshake (two different hands) in the middle and above the handshake is a landscape background  The handshake and the landscape background are encapsulated by blue at the top and bottom within the globe 

Celebration in Canada
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples is celebrated as an all nations community celebration with artists, speakers, poets, performers, and a wide range of vendors and community service booths in Kingston, Ontario, by Ollin 

Celebration in Taiwan
In 2016, the administration under President Tsai Ing-wen approved a proposal that designated 1 August as Indigenous Peoples' Day in Taiwan  In celebration of the special day, President Tsai issued an official apology to the country's aboriginal people and outlined steps to further promote legislation and involve organizations related to aboriginal causes, like the Presidential Office's Indigenous Historical Justice and Transitional Justice Committee  The government hopes the day will remind the public of the diverse ethnic groups in Taiwan by bringing greater respect for indigenous peoples' cultures and history and promoting their rights 

See also
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous Peoples' Day
National Indigenous Peoples Day
Passage 3:
The Loneliest Planet
The Loneliest Planet is a 2011 German-American film written and directed by Julia Loktev, starring Gael García Bernal, Hani Furstenberg, and Georgian actor Bidzina Gujabidze  The plot centers around a young couple who travel with a local guide through a twisted backpacking trip across the Georgian wilderness 
The film had its international premiere at the 2011 Locarno International Film Festival followed by its North American premiere at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival  It then went on to be featured during the New York Film Festival, the BFI London Film Festival, and the 2011 AFI Fest in Los Angeles, where it won the Grand Jury Prize  On March 24, 2012, The Loneliest Planet was awarded the top prize of "Lady Harimaguada de Oro" (The Golden Lady) at the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival, where actress Hani Furstenberg also won for Best Actress  On April 14, 2012, the film also won the Golden Tulip International Competition award at the 31st International Istanbul Film Festival On October 11, 2011, it was announced that Sundance Selects, a division of IFC Films, had acquired North American distribution rights  The film's theatrical release in the United States was on October 26, 2012 
The film is adapted from McSweeney's writer Tom Bissell's short story "Expensive Trips Nowhere," published in his collection God Lives in St  Petersburg 

Plot
Alex (Gael García Bernal) and Nica (Hani Furstenberg) are in love and engaged to be married  They are seasoned travelers on a trip in the country of Georgia, formerly a republic of the Soviet Union  They hire a local guide (Bidzina Gujabidze) to take them backpacking through the breathtaking scenery of the Caucasus Mountains 
While on their journey, they meet an older man with two boys on their route; he is suspicious of the two foreigners  After a short conversation with their guide, the older man suddenly aims a hunting rifle aggressively at Alex and Nica at point-blank range   For a moment, Alex's reaction is to shield himself behind Nica  He immediately regains his composure and pushes himself in front of Nica to face the stranger's gun, while their guide in turn persuades the stranger to lower his gun and go on his way  A seemingly traumatized Nica walks away on her own 
A few scenes show the couple not speaking or walking together while on their journey to the mountains, although Alex repeatedly attempts to reconnect with Nica  At one point, they cross a stream where Nica accidentally falls only to be saved by the local guide  Alex tries to offer a shivering Nica some help, but she rebuffs him  At night, the local guide tells Nica the story of his failed marriage, and they kiss  Soon after, Nica returns to Alex and the couple have sex  At dawn, the trio start packing up their camps, and it remains ambiguous as to whether or not the couple have finally reconciled 

Cast
Gael García Bernal as Alex
Hani Furstenberg as Nica
Bidzina Gujabidze as local guide
Amiran Gudrshauri as kebab seller

Reception
The film was well-received by critics  The film holds a "certified fresh" approval rating of 70% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 62 reviews with an average of 6 9/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The source material that inspired The Loneliest Planet may be brief, but this adaptation of a Tom Bissell short story compensates with studious, finely detailed filmmaking, haunting visuals, and thought-provoking subtext " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" A O  Scott of The New York Times called The Loneliest Planet, "gripping and haunting, but also coy and elusive "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2 out of 4 and wrote: "All of this grows tiresome  We're given no particular reason at the outset of The Loneliest Planet to care about these people, our interest doesn't grow along the way, the landscape grows repetitive    "
Passage 4:
Le Défenseur du Temps
Le Défenseur du Temps (The Defender of Time) is a large mechanical work of art in the form of a clock created by the French artist Jacques Monestier 

Description
Le Défenseur du Temps is a clock made of automata  Close to the dial, a man perched on a rock with a sword and shield fights against a bird, a dragon, and a crab which respectively represent air, earth, and water  As originally designed, every hour from 9 am to 10 pm, he fights one of the three animals chosen randomly by a program  At noon, 6 pm, and 10pm, all three animals attack at the same time 
The time is announced by three strokes  While the man fights, he is accompanied by sounds of breaking waves, rumbling earth or the sound of wind, depending on the animal chosen 
Le Défenseur du temps is 4 meters high and weighs about 1 ton  The characters, animals and the clock face are hammered brass and gold leaf  The rock on which they sit is composed of oxidized brass  In its original configuration, a master electronic quartz circuit board controlled the random attacks chance, and used six cam timers and five tape recorders 

Location
Le Défenseur du temps is located at 8 rue Bernard de Clairvaux, in the Quartier de l'Horloge in Paris' 3rd arrondissement  The area around the clock owes its name to this work 

History
Le Défenseur du temps was commissioned in 1975 by COGEDIM  The scales of the dragon were made by Louis Desouches, and the construction of the steel structure was by Alain Moirod 
The clock was partially installed in September 1979  It was formally dedicated on 8 October 1979 by the Mayor of Paris, Jacques Chirac The clock underwent restoration in 1995  The master clock's quartz crystal was replaced by a radio clock, and the tape recorders were replaced by a compact disc player  Without funding for maintenance, the clock has been stopped since July 1, 2003 In February 2022, the clock was taken down and the restoration of the clock has begun to take place  The Defenseur Du Temps should be fixed and reinstalled by March 2023 

External links
Conception et réalisation du "Défenseur du Temps"
Le Defenseur du Temps clock
Passage 5:
The Motorcycle Diaries (film)
The Motorcycle Diaries (Spanish: Diarios de motocicleta) is a 2004 biopic about the journey and written memoir of the 23-year-old Ernesto Guevara, who would several years later become internationally known as the Marxist guerrilla leader and revolutionary leader Che Guevara  The film recounts the 1952 expedition, initially by motorcycle, across South America by Guevara and his friend Alberto Granado  As well as being a road movie, the film is a coming-of-age film; as the adventure, initially centered on youthful hedonism, unfolds, Guevara discovers himself transformed by his observations on the life of the impoverished indigenous peasantry  Through the characters they encounter on their continental trek, Guevara and Granado witness first hand the injustices that the destitute face and are exposed to people and social classes they would have never encountered otherwise  To their surprise, the road presents to them both a genuine and captivating picture of Latin American identity  As a result, the trip also plants the initial seed of radicalization within Guevara, who would later challenge the continent's endemic economic inequalities and political repression 
The screenplay is based primarily on Guevara's trip diary of the same name, with additional context supplied by Traveling with Che Guevara: The Making of a Revolutionary by Alberto Granado  Guevara is played by Gael García Bernal (who previously played Che in the 2002 miniseries Fidel), and Granado by the Argentine actor Rodrigo de la Serna, who incidentally is a second cousin to the real-life Guevara on his maternal side  Directed by Brazilian director Walter Salles and written by Puerto Rican playwright José Rivera, the film was an international co-production among production companies from Argentina, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Chile, Peru and France  The film's executive producers were Robert Redford, Paul Webster, and Rebecca Yeldham; the producers were Edgard Tenenbaum, Michael Nozik, and Karen Tenkhoff; and the co-producers were Daniel Burman and Diego Dubcovsky 

Plot
The Che of The Motorcycle Diaries is more akin to Jack Kerouac or Neal Cassady than Marx or Lenin "
In 1952, a semester before Ernesto "Fuser" Guevara is due to complete his medical degree, he and his older friend Alberto Granado, a biochemist, leave Buenos Aires to travel across South America  While there is a goal at the end of their journey - they intend to work in a leper colony in Peru - the main purpose is initially fun and adventure  They desire to see as much of Latin America as they can, more than 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) in just four and a half months, while Granado's purpose is also to bed as many women as will fall for his pickup lines  Their initial method of transport is Granado's dilapidated Norton 500 motorcycle christened La Poderosa ("The Mighty One") 
Their planned route is ambitious, bringing them north across the Andes, along the coast of Chile, through the Atacama Desert and into the Peruvian Amazon in order to reach Venezuela just in time for Granado's 30th birthday on 2 April  However, due to La Poderosa's breakdown, they are forced to travel at a much slower pace, often walking, and do not make it to Caracas until July 
During their expedition, Guevara and Granado encounter the poverty of the indigenous peasants, and the movie assumes a greater seriousness once the men gain a better sense of the disparity between the "haves" (to which they belong) and the obviously exploited "have-nots" (who make up the majority of those they encounter) by travelling on foot  In Chile, for instance, they encounter a penniless and persecuted couple forced onto the road because of their communist beliefs  In a fire-lit scene, Guevara and Granado ashamedly admit to the couple that they are not out looking for work as well  The duo then accompanies the couple to the Chuquicamata copper mine, where Guevara becomes angry at the treatment of the workers 
However, it is a visit to the ancient Incan ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru that solidifies something in Guevara  His musings are then somberly refocused to how an indigenous civilization capable of building such beauty could be destroyed by the creators of the eventually polluted urban decay of nearby Lima Later, in Peru, they volunteer for three weeks at the San Pablo leper colony  There, Guevara observes both literally and metaphorically the division of society, as the staff live on the north side of a river, separated from the deprived lepers living across the river to the south  To demonstrate his solidarity, and his medical belief that leprosy is not contagious, Guevara refuses to wear rubber gloves during his visit as the head nun requires, choosing instead to shake bare hands and interact normally with the surprised leper patients 
At the end of the film, after his sojourn at the leper colony, Guevara confirms his nascent egalitarian, revolutionary impulses, while making a birthday toast, which is also his first political speech  In it, he invokes a pan-Latin American identity that transcends the arbitrary boundaries of both nation and race  These encounters with social injustice transform the way Guevara sees the world and his purposes in it, and by implication motivates his later political activities as a Marxist revolutionary 
Guevara makes his symbolic "final journey" at night when, despite the danger and his asthma, he swims across the river that separates the two societies of the leper colony, to spend the night in a leper shack, instead of in the doctors' cabins  Later, as they bid each other farewell at an airport, Granado reveals that his birthday was not 2 April, but rather 8 August, and that the aforementioned goal was simply a motivator: Guevara replies that he knew all along  The film closes with an appearance by the real 82-year-old Alberto Granado, along with pictures from the actual journey and a brief mention of Che Guevara's eventual 1967 CIA-assisted execution in the Bolivian jungle 

Cast
Development
The film shows what we were, which was two young men - boys, really - who went looking for adventure and found the truth and tragedy of our homeland 
Gael García Bernal agreed to reprise his role as young Che Guevara having previously portrayed him in the television film Fidel (2002 film)  To prepare for the role, he went through six months of intense preparation  This groundwork included reading "every biography" about Guevara, traveling to Cuba to speak with Guevara's family, and consulting with Guevara's then still living travel partner Alberto Granado  Despite being in his eighties, Granado was also taken on as an adviser by Salles, and enthusiastically followed the film crew as they retraced his former journey 

Moreover, García Bernal (who is Mexican) adopted an Argentine accent and spent 14 weeks reading the works of José Martí, 
Karl Marx and Pablo Neruda (Guevara's favorite poet)  García Bernal told reporters "I feel a lot of responsibility  I want to do it well because of what Che represents to the world  He is a Romantic  He had a political consciousness that changed Latin America " According to García Bernal, the role crystallized his "own sense of duty" because Guevara "decided to live on the side of the mistreated, to live on the side of the people who have no justice - and no voice " In surmising the similarities between his transformation and Guevara's, García Bernal posits that "my generation is awakening, and we're discovering a world full of incredible injustice "Granado later stated that he appreciated the film's effort "to dig beneath the "mythical Che", whose defiant image appears on T-shirts and posters around the world, "to reveal the flawed, flesh-and-blood Ernesto beneath "

Film locales
We were re-enacting a journey that was done 50 years ago, and what's surprising is that the social problems of Latin America are the same  Which is heartbreaking in a way, but it also makes you feel how important it is to tell the story "
In a journey that lasts eight months, the partners travel over 14,000 kilometers (8,700 miles), from Argentina through Chile, Peru, and Colombia to Venezuela  Key locations along the journey described in the film include: in Argentina: Buenos Aires, Miramar, Villa Gesell, San Martín de los Andes, Lago Frías, Patagonia and Nahuel Huapi Lake; in Chile: Temuco, Los Angeles, Valparaiso, the Atacama desert, and Chuquicamata; in Peru: Cuzco, Machu Picchu, Lima, The San Pablo Leper Colony; as well as Leticia, Colombia and Caracas, Venezuela 
Reviewer Nick Cowen of The Daily Telegraph described the scenery as "visually stunning" while remarking that "the cinematography of fog-cloaked mountains, lush, green forests and sunburnt deserts is breathtakingly beautiful enough to serve as a travel advert for the entire continent "

Tourist trails
The Observer reported that shortly after the film's release, tour operators in the region received a surge of inquiries, with some of them even offering Che Guevara-themed trips, where travellers could "follow in the footsteps of the revolutionary icon "The crew filmed in the same San Pablo Leper Colony that Guevara himself had visited  According to Bernal, 85% of the people suffering leprosy in the film were actual lepers, with some of them having lived there when Che and Granado worked at the colony  In fact, when Granado returned with the film crew to the leprosarium of San Pablo, he found some of the people he had treated half a century earlier, remarking that "It was wonderful and amazing that they could still remember me " Granado was also pleased that buildings constructed for the scenes shot at the leprosarium were afterwards used by the patients themselves The scene which features Guevara's character swimming across to the other side of the river was filmed during three nights in which Bernal swam across the actual Amazon River 

Soundtrack
The score for The Motorcycle Diaries was composed by Gustavo Santaolalla  The film's soundtrack was released on the Deutsche Grammophon label in 2004 

Distribution
The film was first presented at the Sundance Film Festival on 15 January 2004  Granado had an invitation to the Sundance premiere, but he was refused an entry Visa by the United States  Later it was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival on 19 May, and Granado was able to attend The film later screened at many other film festivals, including: the Auckland International Film Festival, New Zealand; the Copenhagen International Film Festival, Denmark; the Espoo Film Festival, Finland; the Telluride Film Festival, United States; the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada; the Vancouver International Film Festival, Canada; the Celebrating Literature in Cinema Film Festival Frankfurt, Germany; and the Morelia Film Festival, Mexico 
Release datesUnited States: 15 January 2004 (premiere at Sundance Film Festival)
France: 7 July 2004
Argentina: 29 July 2004
United Kingdom: 27 August 2004
United States: 24 September 2004
Chile:  21 October 2004
Germany: 28 October 2004

Critical reception
The Motorcycle Diaries may not provide any satisfactory answers as to how a 23-year-old medical student went on to become arguably the most famous revolutionary of the latter half of the 20th Century, but it has an undeniable charm in that it imbues the memories of youth with a sense of altruism and purity – which are complemented by the scenery  It's an incomplete portrait to be sure, but it's a gorgeous depiction of two best friends riding unknowingly into the history books "
The Motorcycle Diaries was released to very positive reviews by critics, and received a standing ovation at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival  The New York Times film critic, A O  Scott, wrote that "in Mr  Salles's hands what might have been a schematic story of political awakening becomes a lyrical exploration of the sensations and perceptions from which a political understanding of the world emerges " Gregory Weinkauf of the Dallas Observer espoused that the film "delivers as both biography and road movie, and proves itself a deceptively humble epic, an illuminating part of the Che legacy " Claudia Puig of USA Today postulated that "the movie achieves an impressive blend of emotional resonance and light entertainment" while describing it as "more coming-of-age story than biopic" and "a transformative adventure well worth watching " Keri Petersen of The Gainesville Sun referred to the film as "a gorgeous, poetic adventure "Paula Nechak of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised director Salles by remarking that he "presents the evolutionary course of a young man who coincidentally became the dorm-room poster boy for an idealistic generation, and captures the lovely, heart-and-eye-opening ode to youthful possibility with affection and compassion " Washington Post critic Desson Thomson lent praise for the film's starring actor by observing that "what Bernal and this well-wrought movie conveys so well is the charisma that would soon become a part of human history, and yes, T-shirts "Among the film's few detractors was Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, who described the film's positive reviews as "a matter of political correctness, I think; it is uncool to be against Che Guevara " Ebert also criticized the film's characterization: "seen simply as a film, The Motorcycle Diaries is attenuated and tedious  We understand that Ernesto and Alberto are friends, but that's about all we find out about them; they develop none of the complexities of other on-the-road couples    Nothing is startling or poetic " Jessica Winter of The Village Voice also criticized the film's simplistic representation of the peasantry, describing "the young men's encounters with conscience-pricking, generically noble locals" who are occasionally assembled "to face the camera in a still life of heroic, art-directed suffering"  The film also received criticism for its positive representation of Guevara as a youthful idealist  Anthony Daniels, an outspoken critic of Guevara's, argued that the film helps to continue his wrongful glorification, noting "The film is thus the cinematic equivalent of the Che Guevara T-shirt; it is morally monstrous and emotionally trivial " Frans Weiser agreed, saying that the film's narrative is dominated by reductive images of Guevara as an idealistic, loveable rogue Online review aggregator Metacritic gives the film a score of 75 out of 100 based on 37 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Meanwhile, Rotten Tomatoes records an 83% approval rating based on 157 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The Motorcycle Diaries is heartfelt and profound in its rendering of the formative experiences that turn Ernesto "Che" Guevara into a famous revolutionary " Furthermore, British historian Alex von Tunzelmann, who reviews films at The Guardian for historical accuracy, graded the film an A− in "History", while giving the film a B in "Entertainment"  After comparing scenes from the film to the actual diaries, Tunzelmann posited that "The Motorcycle Diaries gets a lot right, it's an entertaining and accurate portrayal of the formative youth of a revolutionary icon "

Awards won
Cannes Film Festival: François Chalais Award, Walter Salles; Prize of the Ecumenical Jury, Walter Salles; Technical Grand Prize, Eric Gautier; 2004 
Donostia-San Sebastián International Film Festival: Audience Award Walter Salles; 2004 
Academy Awards: Oscar; Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures, Original Song; Jorge Drexler; for the song "Al otro lado del río"; 2005 
Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Best Actor, Rodrigo de la Serna; Best Music, Gustavo Santaolalla; Best Adapted Screenplay, Jose Rivera; 2005 
British Academy of Film and Television Arts: Best Film Not in the English Language, Michael Nozik, Edgard Tenenbaum, Karen Tenkhoff, Walter Salles; Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music, Gustavo Santaolalla; 2005 
Goya Awards: Goya; Best Adapted Screenplay, José Rivera; 2005 
Independent Spirit Awards: Independent Spirit Award; Best Cinematography, Eric Gautier; Best Debut Performance, Rodrigo de la Serna; 2005 

Related films
Passage 6:
Noon
Noon (or midday) is 12 o'clock in the daytime  It is written as 12 noon, 12:00 m  (for meridiem, literally 12:00 midday), 12 p m  (for post meridiem, literally "after midday"), 12 pm, or 12:00 (using a 24-hour clock) or 1200 (military time) 
Solar noon is the time when the Sun appears to contact the local celestial meridian  This is when the Sun reaches its apparent highest point in the sky, at 12 noon apparent solar time and can be observed using a sundial  The local or clock time of solar noon depends on the longitude and date, with Daylight Saving Time tending to place solar noon closer to 1:00pm 

Etymology
The word noon is derived from Latin nona hora, the ninth canonical hour of the day, in reference to the Western Christian liturgical term none, one of the seven fixed prayer times in traditional Christian denominations  The Roman and Western European medieval monastic day began at 6:00 a m  (06:00) at the equinox by modern timekeeping, so the ninth hour started at what is now 3:00 p m  (15:00) at the equinox  In English, the meaning of the word shifted to midday and the time gradually moved back to 12:00 local time – that is, not taking into account the modern invention of time zones  The change began in the 12th century and was fixed by the 14th century 

Solar noon
Solar noon, also known as the local apparent solar noon and Sun transit time (informally high noon), is the moment when the Sun contacts the observer's meridian (culmination or meridian transit), reaching its highest position above the horizon on that day and casting the shortest shadow  This is also the origin of the terms ante meridiem (a m ) and post meridiem (p m ), as noted below  The Sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the Equator on the equinoxes, at the Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23°26′10 4″ N) on the June solstice and at the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26′10 4″ S) on the December solstice  In the Northern Hemisphere, north of the Tropic of Cancer, the Sun is due south of the observer at solar noon; in the Southern Hemisphere, south of the Tropic of Capricorn, it is due north 
The elapsed time from the local solar noon of one day to the next is exactly 24 hours on only four instances in any given year  This occurs when the effects of Earth's obliquity of ecliptic and its orbital speed around the Sun offset each other  These four days for the current epoch are centered on 11 February, 13 May, 26 July, and 3 November  It occurs at only one particular line of longitude in each instance  This line varies year to year, since Earth's true year is not an integer number of days  This event time and location also varies due to Earth's orbit being gravitationally perturbed by the planets  These four 24-hour days occur in both hemispheres simultaneously  The precise UTC times for these four days also mark when the opposite line of longitude, 180° away, experiences precisely 24 hours from local midnight to local midnight the next day  Thus, four varying great circles of longitude define from year to year when a 24-hour day (noon to noon or midnight to midnight) occurs 
The two longest time spans from noon to noon occur twice each year, around 20 June (24 hours plus 13 seconds) and 21 December (24 hours plus 30 seconds) 
The shortest time spans occur twice each year, around 25 March (24 hours minus 18 seconds) and 13 September (24 hours minus 22 seconds) 
For the same reasons, solar noon and "clock noon" are usually not the same  The equation of time shows that the reading of a clock at solar noon will be higher or lower than 12:00 by as much as 16 minutes  Additionally, due to the political nature of time zones, as well as the application of daylight saving time, it can be off by more than an hour 

Nomenclature
In the US, noon is commonly indicated by 12 p m , and midnight by 12 a m  While some argue that such usage is "improper" based on the Latin meaning (a m  stands for ante meridiem and p m  for post meridiem, meaning "before midday" and "after midday" respectively), digital clocks are unable to display anything else, and an arbitrary decision must be made  An earlier standard of indicating noon as "12M" or "12m" (for "meridies"), which was specified in the U S  GPO Government Style Manual, has fallen into relative obscurity; the current edition of the GPO makes no mention of it  However, due to the lack of an international standard, the use of "12 a m " and "12 p m " can be confusing  Common alternative methods of representing these times are:

to use a 24-hour clock (00:00 and 12:00, 24:00; but never 24:01)
to use "12 noon" or "12 midnight" (though "12 midnight" may still present ambiguity regarding the specific date)
to specify midnight as between two successive days or dates (as in "midnight Saturday/Sunday" or "midnight December 14/15")
to avoid those specific times and to use "11:59 p m " or "12:01 a m " instead  (This is common in the travel industry to avoid confusion to passengers' schedules, especially train and plane schedules )

See also
Afternoon
Analemma
Dipleidoscope
Hour angle
Solar azimuth angle

Notes



ground_truth: 1912

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: At what local time does the country where Fuser and Alberto meet the indigenous couple traveling to look for work change their clocks for DST?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The main cast is often female, depending on the plot  Critic Hannah McGill of Sight & Sound wrote, "Films that centralise friendship between women and girls are thus always doing something slightly radical, whatever their other themes and content  They repudiate the message that women are adjuncts to men; they emphasise the fact that women and girls still exist when there are no men or boys in the room "

Background
The buddy film was historically a genre limited to men and rooted in the literature and culture of America, with the fictional portrayal of male bonding in the United States tracing back to 19th-century author Mark Twain's characters Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer, as well as Huck and Jim in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  The occurrence of one woman interacting with another in film was so rare that concepts like the Bechdel test originated as a means of measuring the representation of women in fiction  Female buddy films appeared as early as the 1930s, with George Cukor's The Women and Gregory La Cava's Stage Door  Other prominent examples include Dance, Girl, Dance (1940), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), The Group (1966), and Daisies (1966) 1991's Thelma & Louise remains one of the most notable female buddy films to date and had a similar impact on popular culture as buddy film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid did in the late 1960s  Similar films also paved the way for onscreen female friendships such as that between Evelyn Couch and Ninny Threadgoode in Fried Green Tomatoes  Other popular duos and groups include those in Waiting to Exhale and Walking and Talking  Though there are far fewer female buddy films than there are male buddy films, their frequency has increased in conjunction with rising numbers of women in production and creative roles 

Examples
Jonathan Rosenbaum has praised Jacques Rivette's 1974 film Céline and Julie Go Boating as an example of the genre and wrote that he knows "many women who consider Céline et Julie vont en bateau their favorite movie about female friendship " Dennis Lim sees the influence of Rivette's film in other female buddy films, such as Susan Seidelman's Desperately Seeking Susan and David Lynch's Mulholland Drive  Céline and Julie was also an influence on Erick Zonca's 1998 film The Dreamlife of Angels Female buddy films are not limited to lighthearted fare, and some critics argue there is a significance in the representation of complex female friendships on screen  "For women to whom a significant component of equality is the recognition that they embody the full spectrum of human traits, not just the sugar-and-spice ones, the onscreen depiction of ‘toxic’ friendships can be as significant and affecting as the celebration of healthy ones," critic Hannah McGill wrote In 2011, the comedy film Bridesmaids was a major box-office success, crossing over the $100 million mark in just 23 days  The film's popularity arguably ushered in a trend of R-rated female buddy comedies in the following years, such as The Heat, Bad Moms, Snatched, Rough Night, and Girls Trip  Producer David T  Friendly called this phenomenon "the Bridesmaids effect" The genre is crossed with the buddy cop film in the 1988 comedy Feds and the 2013 comedy The Heat  In both films, two female cops who are opposites in personality are paired up together  Other recent examples include Booksmart (2019) and the animated TV series Tuca & Bertie 

See also
Female buddy films by decade
Womance
Feminist cinema
Bromance
Passage 6:
List of Family Guy cast members
Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors, and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars  The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis (who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season (her last episode is "Holy Crap," now marketed as the second episode of season two)), Seth Green, and Mike Henry  Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton, Adam West, John G  Brennan, Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly, and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller, Charles Durning, Rush Limbaugh, James Woods and Phil LaMarr 
Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters  The voice actors, in portraying the various character personalities on the show, draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture  Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor, after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations 
Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode "Barely Legal" and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production, though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series 

Current cast
From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members  Since season 5, there have been five main cast members  The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 

Seth MacFarlane
Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire  MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it  MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design  Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady  The voice for Glenn Quagmire is based on 1940s and 1950s radio commercials  MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, including news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr  Hartman   He is the only cast member to be in every episode 

Alex Borstein
Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt  Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv  She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen"  At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins  The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original season), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying     and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours "

Seth Green
Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman  Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's 

Mila Kunis
Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin  Kunis won the role after the auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show  MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more  Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her  Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat"  She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation  And it's fun "

Mike Henry
Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert “The Pervert”, Bruce, Consuela, and various other characters  A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005  Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy  On June 26, 2020, after twenty years of voicing the character, Mike Henry announced on Twitter that he was stepping down from voicing Cleveland, stating "persons of color should play characters of color " On September 25, 2020, it was announced that Arif Zahir would take over as the voice of Cleveland 

Recurring cast
In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors  Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently  Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags 
The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

Recurring guest voices
The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson, Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown and Emily Osment as Ruth Cochamer  Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis  Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost  Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists and James Woods as himself  In 2020, it was announced that Sam Elliott would take over as Quahog's new mayor, Mayor West's estranged cousin Wyld West 

Casting changes
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited  Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork 
Jon Cryer voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance before the role passed to Seth MacFarlane  The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned 
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character from the third to eighteenth seasons 
Natasha Melnick was the original voice of Meg Griffin's Friend Ruth Cochamer until Emily Osment took over the character in the eleventh season 
Beginning in 2021-onward, Arif Zahir took over voicing Cleveland Brown from Mike Henry 

Awards and nominations
See also
Television portal
Passage 7:
List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions
List of women's doubles Grand Slam tennis tournament champions:
The only pairing to complete the Grand Slam is the team of Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver in 1984, and their eight consecutive major win-streak remains the all-time record  Maria Bueno in 1960 and Martina Hingis in 1998 also won the Grand Slam, though with multiple partners Six players have completed a Career Golden Slam by winning an Olympic gold medal and all four majors during their respective careers: Venus Williams and Serena Williams while paired together, Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková as a team, and individually Pam Shriver and Gigi Fernández  The latter four also achieved the Career Super Slam, by achieving a Career Golden Slam and winning a Year-End Championship in their careers 

Champions by year
Champions list
Most Grand Slam doubles titles
Individual
Record title holder and tournament record indicated in bold  Players with five or more Grand Slam titles are included here 

Team
Record title holder and tournament record indicated in bold  Teams with four or more Grand Slam titles are included here 

Grand Slam achievements
Grand Slam
Players who held all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously (in a calendar year) 

Non-calendar year Grand Slam
Players who held all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously (not in a calendar year) 

Career Grand Slam
Players who won all four Grand Slam titles over the course of their careers 

The event at which the Career Grand Slam was completed indicated in bold 

Individual
Team
Career Golden Slam
Players who won all four Grand Slam titles and the Olympic gold medal over the course of their careers 
The event at which the Career Golden Slam was completed indicated in bold 

Career Super Slam
Players who won all four Grand Slam titles, the Olympic gold medal and the year-end championship over the course of their careers 

The event at which the Career Super Slam was completed indicated in bold 

Multiples titles in a season
Three titles
Two titles
Tournament stats
Most titles per tournament
Most consecutive titles
Overall record
At one tournament
Grand slam titles by decade
Grand Slam titles by country
Note: Titles, won by a team of players from same country, count as one title, not two 

All-time
as of 2023 French Open 

Open era
as of 2023 French Open 

See also
List of Grand Slam–related tennis records
List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions
Passage 8:
Vivian Alamain
Vivian Alamain is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network  Created by head writers Richard J  Allen and Beth Milstein, and introduced by executive producers Ken Corday and Al Rabin, the role is notably portrayed by actress Louise Sorel  In addition to Sorel, the role has subsequently been portrayed by Marj Dusay, Robin Strasser and Linda Dano 

Casting
Louise Sorel, who was previously best known for playing Augusta Lockridge in NBC soap opera, Santa Barbara, was cast in the role of Vivian in 1992  The Days of Our Lives casting director contacted Sorel's new agent about the role of Vivian and described her  Sorel's agent explained that they managed the actress to the casting director, who was familiar with Sorel's work in Santa Barbara  Other actresses were being considered for the role, but Sorel was eventually cast as Vivian  Sorel signed an initial one-year contract with the show  Sorel was released from her contract after only five months  Marj Dusay was cast in the role, appearing for a total of five episodes  When producers learned that they would have to continue paying Sorel, despite her departure, she was brought back to the role  In 1993, it was announced that Vivian's nephew, Lawrence Alamain (Michael Sabatino), and her nemesis, Carly Manning (Crystal Chappell), were to both leave Days of Our Lives  Sorel's future with the show was subsequently in doubt  However, it was confirmed that Sorel would remain on the show regardless  In December 1993, The Herald Journal reported that Sorel had signed a new multi-year contract  In 1995, Sorel signed a third contract term with the show In October 1999, it was announced that Sorel was to leave Days of Our Lives when her contract expired in January of the following year  Of Vivian's departure, executive producers, Ken Corday and Tom Langan, said "We love the character of Vivian, and hopefully she will return sometime in the near future " Producers confirmed that the role would not be recast  Vivian and Sorel were dismissed from the soap, and the actress admitted that it felt "horrible"  Vivian departed on February 22, 2000 In July 2009, it was announced that Sorel would be reprising the role of Vivian  Executive producer, Gary Tomlin, contacted Sorel and invited her to return to the show  Sorel was surprised as Tomlin invited her to return over the telephone without seeing her current appearance  Sorel told TV Guide "[Tomlin] didn’t ask me how I’m looking these days  For all he knew, I’ve gained 250 pounds " The actress commuted from New York to California, where Days of Our Lives is filmed, for the role  Sorel signed an initial one-year contract  Sorel was planning to sign a longer contract, but since relocating to New York, she could not speculate on her long-term future with the show  Sorel returned to filming in September 2009  Vivian's return was broadcast on October 30, 2009  Sorel's return coincided with the return of Chappell as Carly  In June 2011, it was revealed by TV Guide that Sorel had been let go following the departure of head writer Dena Higley; she last appeared on September 22 of the same year In August 2017, it was announced that Sorel would reprise the role once more  Originally reported to reappear in January 2018, Sorel made her first appearance on December 29, 2017  Sorel departed on May 23, 2018, when the character was presumed dead  In February 2019, it was reported that Robin Strasser had joined the cast in an unknown role; months later it was revealed that she had been cast as Vivian  She appeared from September 2 to October 7 of the same year In December 2019, it was announced that Sorel would once again reprise the role  She returned on June 30, 2020, and wrapped up her stint on July 20 of the same year  On December 11, 2020, it was announced Linda Dano had been cast in the role  She first appeared on February 3, 2021, and departed on April 22 of that year 
In March 2023 Sorel herself revealed she would once again return as Vivian Alamain  Her return on screen is set for later that year 

Storylines
1992–2000
Vivian, the aunt of Lawrence Alamain arrives in Salem on March 2, 1992  She is determined to take over Alamain corporations, but is foiled when John Black inherits them  Vivian looks to be rich, and powerful, so she pursues wealthy crime lord, Victor Kiriakis  Vivian marries Victor for business purposes, but the marriage is short lived  After Victor leaves her for Kate Roberts, Vivian sets out to destroy Carly Manning  Vivian is taking herbal pills from Dr  Wu, which makes her loopy  She begins to target Carly's patients, by injecting them with cleaning fluids   The police begin to investigate Carly for murder  Carly learns Vivian is the one killing off her patients, and sets out to prove it  A crazed Vivian gives Carly a strong dose of morphine to put her in a very deep sleep  Vivian gives Carly a serum that gives her a deathlike paralysis  Carly is pronounced dead, and Vivian buries Carly alive in a coffin, built with a low oxygen supply, and little water  Vivian stops taking her herbs, and realizes what she is doing is crazy, and with the help of Lawrence she digs Carly up  Vivian is arrested and put in Pine Haven Sanitarium where she meets and befriends Laura Horton  Laura sees Vivian as her ticket out of the Sanitarium, and so Laura continues her friendship with Vivian in order to get out of the Sanitarium and get back to Salem Vivian is released, and sets her sights on destroying Kate, and Victor's marriage  She finds out that Kate can't produce a male heir, so she carries Kate & Victor's baby   Vivian is now pregnant with their child, and tries to seduce Victor who doesn't fall for her tricks  Vivian gives birth to Philip Kiriakis, and Kate tries everything to get custody   Vivian also tricked Victor into marrying her by replacing Kate during the wedding rehearsal and made it the real deal   When Kate finds out, Vivian drugs Kate's coffee, but the coffee is given to the pilot of a plane Kate is on  The plane crashes, but Kate lives although they can't find her body  She and Victor make love, after they can't find Kate's body  Kate returns, and wants custody of Philip, and gets it   Vivian takes comfort in Rudolfo (who is actually Stefano DiMera) and unwillingly helps with his plan   She and Ivan are accused of helping Stefano kidnap Marlena Evans, but Stefano signs an affidavit exonerating them   She and Ivan are named accomplices in Kristen DiMera 's scheme trapping Marlena in a secret room and are arrested   In exchange for her freedom, Vivian agrees to divorce Victor and gives up her wealth 
Vivian receives bad news when she learns she is fired from Titan   She and Ivan begin taking odd jobs to make ends meet   She meets Steven "Jonesy" Jones, an elderly man whom she thinks is wealthy, but is merely a caretaker for Stefano DiMera   She marries him after a brief romance, and he dies on their wedding night after making love to her   She inherits his belongings, which makes Stefano romance her in order to get his possessions back   He implants a device in her tooth allowing him to control her moods   After they are married, she discovers what he did and files for divorce   He gives her the townhouse and money in exchange for her silence  She begins to look for alternative methods to cure Victor after he suffers a stroke   Once Victor recovers, he returns to Kate  Vivian leaves Salem with her sidekick Ivan to get a fresh start  They travel around the world, and live off Ivan's lottery winnings 

2009–2011
Vivian returned to Salem in 2009, seeking revenge on Carly Manning for killing her nephew Lawrence  She arranges for someone else to take the fall for her nephew's killing as she wants to deal with Carly personally  She discovers that Carly had an illegitimate child, the result of an affair, and that Lawrence had forced her to give up the child  Vivian resolves to find the now grown child, and kill her in order to hurt Carly  A vision of Lawrence encourages her in this scheme  Victor, her old flame and a fellow adversary of Carly, invites Vivian to live in his mansion and offers to help her in her vengeful scheme  With the help of her new manservant and henchman Gus, Vivian learns that Carly's daughter is Melanie Layton, who is engaged to Phillip  Victor forbids her from killing Melanie, and tells Viv to focus on Carly instead  Vivian ignores him and befriends Melanie  She helps with the wedding and poisons a comb that she gives Melanie to wear on her wedding day  Gus holds Carly hostage in a warehouse where she will watch her daughter's death  Carly attacks Gus and steals his phone  She texts Vivian, calling her to the warehouse  Vivian arrives and is attacked by Carly, but Hope has discovered Vivian's plot also  Hope arrives and stops Carly from killing Vivian by revealing that Melanie is fine  Victor discovered Vivian's scheme and switched the poisoned comb with a safe one  Hope begins to cuff Vivian and arrest her, but Gus awakens behind a stack of crates and topples them onto Hope and Carly  Vivian returns to the wedding at the Kiriakis mansion and lures Melanie to the rooftop terrace to hurl her off  Carly follows with Hope's gun and is about to shoot Vivian but Melanie steps in front of Vivian and is shot and falls into a coma  Victor scolds Vivian for defying him and threatens to turn her over to the police if Melanie dies  Vivian and Carly are both arrested after Hope's statement implicates Vivian  Bo interrogates Vivian to no avail  Victor has hidden all evidence pointing to Vivian's involvement and she is freed  Phillip and Daniel Jonas, who has recently learned that he is Melanie's father, also threaten Vivian  Melanie lives and Victor warns her that he will hand the police the evidence against her if she makes another attempt on Melanie 
Vivian, nevertheless, makes another attempt on her life, but Melanie wakes as Vivian is about to suffocate her in her hospital bed  The dazed Melanie tells Vivian to kill her, and reveals her tormented childhood to Vivian  Vivian is moved and relents  She tells the vision of Lawrence that she refuses to kill the young woman and, with Victor's encouragement, she focuses on Carly  Gus is arrested and questioned by Bo and Hope Williams Brady, but does not give up his mistress and is released  Vivian moves out of the mansion temporarily when Phillip tells Victor that he will not return with Melanie while Vivian is there  She soon returns, however, and makes a deal with Carly  She will leave Carly and her loved ones alone if Carly will plead guilty to shooting Melanie  Melanie, angry at finding out that Carly is the mother who gave her up, does not help and is hateful towards Carly, to Vivian's delight  Hope, however, brings Melanie around, and as Carly is about to be sentenced, Melanie exonerates her by telling the judge that the shooting was an accident  Vivian is not pleased, and threatens to kill Carly, and continues to torment her, even in spite of Bo's warning to leave her alone 
Bo goes to Vivian and threatens to kill Vivian, even if it means jail time, in order to protect Carly  Victor, who does not want Bo in jail or Vivian dead, offers to marry Vivian if she will stop her vendetta, and she agrees  She learns, however, that Carly has been threatening to ruin Chloe Lane's relationship with Daniel due to an affair Chloe had with Phillip  Vivian offers her support to Chloe in dealing with Carly  Vivian is married to Victor in a somber ceremony, both Victor and the attending guests are bitter and cynical about the bizarre proceedings  Chloe, however, turns to Vivian for help  Vivian gives Chloe the number of one of her past henchmen and tells Chloe to ensure that Carly is in an elevator at the hospital when the henchman instructs  Chloe is uncomfortable with killing Carly, but Vivian convinces her that it is the only way  When the time comes, however, Chloe attempts to stop the killing several times, finally pushing Carly from the elevator and ending up being dropped herself when the cable malfunctions 
Vivian, meanwhile, is on her honeymoon and Victor notices her preoccupation  He threatens to end the marriage and make her life very difficult if anything happens to Carly  Vivian, however, discovers that Chloe was in the elevator and has survived  She vows to punish Chloe for failing to kill Carly  Now, Vivian wants to get rid of Maggie, whom she thinks Victor has eyes on  Her evil plan is similar to Carly's but putting her in a sarcophagus and try to bury her alive  With her henchman, Gus, she may be able to pull it off, but Melanie thinks Maggie is leaving town  Under the ruse of creating a celebration of Isabella Toscano's (Brady's mother and Victor's daughter) life, Vivian commences her plan to kidnap and entomb Maggie in a new sarcophagus, which has supposedly been purchased to contain Isabella's remains  Vivian gets overly confident, and, hence, sloppy in the final stages of her plan  Her trusty assistant, Gus, gets cold feet and quits  Brady happens upon her plan and discovers what Vivian has planned and that she has deposited his mother's remains in a pet cemetery  Brady ends up interring Vivian in the sarcophagus rather than Maggie, to Vivian's horror  Vivian is freed by Gus and they entomb Maggie  Victor frees Maggie and plans for Vivian to be arrested but Brady decides she deserves to be free  Vivian and Gus are then dropped on an island but Brady rescues him in June  We discover that Vivian had an affair years ago and has a son Quinn who is a pimp  Quinn is blackmailing Chloe into becoming a prostitute but no one besides Chloe and Taylor knows what his occupation is  At first he doesn't get along with Vivian because she abandoned him but he soon turns around and agrees to give his mother a second chance much to Gus's dismay   Carly develops a drug addiction to Vivian's delight, however Quinn helps Carly through it and Vivian disowns him  Months later, Vivian and Quinn reconcile and Vivian's side-kick, Gus frames Quinn for a series of assaults on prostitutes when in reality, he is the culprit  On September 21, 2011 it is revealed that Quinn is innocent and Gus is guilty when Gus' latest victim (Chloe) comes out of the coma caused by his attack on her, at which time Gus takes Nicole Walker hostage in the police station  Gus is eventually wrestled to the ground and hauled off to a jail cell to await trial  Vivian’s friend/former-henchman, Ivan suddenly returns to Salem, shows her the great wealth he has acquired as a Bollywood movie director/producer, expresses his undying love to her, and then takes her with him to India to make her a movie star, and open a new chapter in their lives together as equals 

2017–2023
On New Year's Eve, 2017, Vivian crashes the DiMera family's New Year's Eve party claiming to have been accompanied by Stefano  In actuality, she is accompanied by her and Stefano's son, Stefan O Dimera (Tyler Christopher)  Vivian watches in admiration as Stefan seizes control of DiMera Enterprises and lays claim to the DiMera mansion  Vivian is scheming with Andre DiMera, but their plans end when Andre is killed by Abigail Deveraux (Marci Miller)  During a confrontation with Kate, Vivian is shot and presumed dead  Kate tells everyone it was self-defense  In 2019, Vivian (Robin Strasser) is revealed to be alive  She shoots and buries Kate in the cemetery, and later pulls her tubes out when she is in hospital recovering  During an altercation with Lani Price (Sal Stowers), Stefan (Brandon Barash) is shot and presumed dead after trying to save his mother, leading to a devastated Vivian leaving town  In 2020, Vivian (Sorel) makes a surprising return during Lani's wedding to Eli Grant (Lamon Archey)   She was arrested after threatening Lani with a gun  In police custody  she was convinced that Jake was Stefan brought back from the dead   Ivan explained that she had twins unknowingly due to her passing out and Jake was taken from her before she awakened  She faked her death shortly after to avoid prison and disappeared again  In 2021 Vivian (Linda Dano) got arrested after participating in the kidnapping of Eli and Lani's twins 
On January 30 2023 Vivian (Louise Sorel) returns, she is heard during a phone call (from prison) to Stefan in which she attempts to jog his memory of who he is 
In March 2023 it was revealed Louise Sorel was back on set as Vivian Alamain and episodes would begin airing from August or September 
Passage 9:
That Certain Something
That Certain Something is a 1941 Australian musical film directed by Clarence G  Badger and starring Megan Edwards and Thelma Grigg  The plot concerns an American film director who decides to make a musical in Australia  It was the last film directed by Badger, a noted silent era director 

Plot
A famous director, Robert Grimble, comes to Australia to make a film about pioneering women and seeks for an unknown to play the lead role  He casts socialist Miss Hemingway, who soon proves to be temperamental  She is tricked into walking off the job by Jimmie Jones who wants his girlfriend Patsy cast  He succeeds and Patsy becomes a star 

Cast
Production
The film was the first from Argosy Films and was made with the assistance of a bank overdraft from the New South Wales government  It was directed by Clarence Badger, a Hollywood director who had retired to Australia  The original title was Daughters of Australia Megan Edwards had only appeared in a few stage shows before being cast in the lead  She later received a three-year contract from a Hollywood manager The seven-week shoot took place at Pagewood Studios, the first movie made there in three years  The colonial sequence was especially researched  The camera crew included notable cameraman John Howes, who died aged 29 

Release
Despite securing distribution from RKO, reception to the film from critics and the public was poor 
Passage 10:
Thelma Hopkins (athlete)
Thelma Elizabeth Hopkins (born 16 March 1936) is a Northern Irish athlete, who competed in the high and the long jump 
On 5 May 1956 she broke the world record in high jump in Belfast with a jump of 1 74 metres, breaking the record of 1 73 metres set by Aleksandra Chudina of the USSR on 22 May 1954  Her record was broken on 14 July 1956 in Bucharest by Iolanda Balaș of Romania Her achievement in breaking the world record is commemorated by a plaque in Cherryvale Playing Fields, South Belfast 
Hopkins was born in Kingston upon Hull  She competed for Great Britain in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia, in the high jump event, where she won the silver medal jointly with Maria Pisareva  In the 1954 Commonwealth Games she won a gold medal for Northern Ireland 
As well as athletics she excelled at hockey where she was a regular choice for the Ireland women's national field hockey team, playing at forward and winning 40 caps  She also represented Ireland as an international Squash player 
She was one of many signatories in a letter to The Times on 17 July 1958 opposing 'the policy of apartheid' in international sport and defending 'the principle of racial equality which is embodied in the Declaration of the Olympic Games' 
Passage 11:
Thelma, Kentucky
Thelma is an unincorporated community in Johnson County, Kentucky, United States  The community was originally known as Buskirk, after a local family  But, when the community received its first post office on June 5, 1905, it was renamed Thelma after the daughter of Warren Meek  Meek was a successful pioneer in the newspaper field in the Big Sandy Valley Thelma's ZIP code is 41260 
Thelma is located at an elevation of 636 feet 
Passage 12:
Breakwater Cat
Breakwater Cat is the tenth album by American singer Thelma Houston, released in 1980 on RCA Records  The 12" single "Suspicious  Minds" became a popular club hit  Breakwater Cat contains five songs written by Jimmy Webb, who was also the executive producer of the album 

Track listing
All songs were written by Jimmy Webb; except where indicated 

"Breakwater Cat" – 3:55
"Long and Lasting Love" – 5:30
"Before There Could Be Me" – 3:12
"Gone" – 3:43
"What Was That Song" – 4:19
"Suspicious Minds" (Mark James) – 4:15
"Down the Backstairs of My Life" (Eric Mercury, William Smith) – 3:00
"Understand Your Man" (Alan Gordon) – 3:27
"Lost and Found" (Daniel Moore) – 4:20
"Something We May Never Know" (Shelby Flint) – 3:38

Personnel
MusicThelma Houston – vocals
Sonny Burke – piano, arrangements
Matthew McCauley – string and horn arrangements
David T  Walker, Tim May, Steve Beckmeier, Carlos Rios, Steve Hunter, Fred Tackett, Greg Poree – guitar
David Shields, Eddie N  Watkins Jr , Keni Burke, Scott Edwards, Dennis Belfield, Reggie McBride – bass guitar
Gary Morse - steel guitar on "Something We May Never Know"
Jerry Peters - keyboards
James Gadson – drums
Jerry Hey - horn
Paulinho da Costa – percussion
Clydie King – backing vocals
Greg Wright – backing vocals
Oren Waters – backing vocals
Tom Kelly – backing vocalsProductionJames Gadson – producer
Michael Stewart – producer
Mike Vickers – assistant producer
Jimmy Webb – executive producer
Brian Christian – engineer
Frank "Cheech" D'Amici – engineer
Mark Linett – engineer
Rick Hart – engineer
Rick Ruggieri – engineer
Gribbitt! – art direction
Henry Vizcarra – art direction
Tim Bryant – art direction
Charles Veal, Jr  – contractor
Jerry Hoff – contractor
Sid Sharp – contractor
Lynne Morse – A&R coordinator
Linda Gerrity – production coordinator
Glenn Parsons - design
Gribbitt! - design
John Arrias – mixing
Ron Slenzak – photography



ground_truth: 24:00