prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What did the singer of "Moon River" in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany win a Tony for?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" is a song by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something  Originally appearing on their 1993 album 11th Song, it was later re-recorded and released on their 1995 album Home  Released as a single in July 1995, the song was the band's only hit in the United States, peaking at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 in January 1996  Outside the United States, "Breakfast at Tiffany's" topped the UK Singles Chart and peaked within the top ten on the charts of Australia, Flanders, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, and Sweden 
Todd Pipes said in a Q magazine article about the promotion of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "As the song had 'breakfast' in the title, radio stations thought it would be genius to have us on at breakfast time  We'd be up 'til 3 am and they'd wonder why we were pissed off playing at 6 am " Follow-up singles failed to match the success of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", hence the reason for the band's classification as a one-hit wonder 

Inspiration and composition
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" is sung from the point of view of a man whose girlfriend is on the verge of breaking up with him because the two have nothing in common  Desperate to find something, the man brings up the Audrey Hepburn film Breakfast at Tiffany's, and his girlfriend recalls that they "both kinda liked it " He argues that this should serve as enough motivation for them to work out their problems based on the notion that love will always find a way to make things work 
The film Roman Holiday inspired the lyrics of the song, but songwriter Todd Pipes thought that one of Hepburn's other films would make a better song title 

Critical reception
Brian Wahlert called "Breakfast at Tiffany's" "a cute, catchy song that should fit in well on adult contemporary, Top-40 and alternative radio" with memorable melody that makes it "a perfect single, along with the mildly repetitive, conversational lyrics of the chorus and the bright, acoustic guitar"  However, Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly was unimpressed  He called it "possibly the year's most innocuous single, 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' is distressingly prosaic pop from a wimpy-sounding Texas quartet"; he added that it lacked any "musical piquancy"  The Houston Press listed the song as the second worst by an artist from Texas, after Vanilla Ice's "Ice Ice Baby"  British magazine Music Week rated it five out of five, picking it as Single of the Week  They wrote, "Radio-friendly rock at its best from the Texan trio  A mighty, bright chorus, quirky lyrics and some great guitar work should enable it to come close in the UK to matching its Top Five placing Stateside " VH1 and Blender ranked the song number six on their list of the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever" 

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Breakfast at Tiffany's" features the band members arriving to a breakfast table and being served by butlers, beside the curb in front of Tiffany & Co  in Midtown Manhattan  At the end of the video a young woman dressed in a similar style to Holly Golightly's (Audrey Hepburn) from the beginning of the film, except dressed in white rather than black, walks past on the sidewalk, and takes off her sunglasses  The band is also seen performing the song in a field, and on the bed of a flatbed truck in NYC 

Track listings
US cassette singleA1  "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (LP version) – 4:11
A2  "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (Crunch mix) – 4:11
B1  "A Water Prayer" (LP version) – 3:20
B2  "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (LP version) – 4:11Australian CD and cassette single, UK CD single"Breakfast at Tiffany's" – 4:16
"A Water Prayer" – 3:19
"Sun" – 4:15UK cassette single and European CD single"Breakfast at Tiffany's" – 4:16
"A Water Prayer" – 3:19

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Other uses
On Top Gear, episode 8 of series 5, the song can be heard attempting to drown out a rattling from the dashboard of Jeremy Clarkson's Ferrari 612 Scaglietti 
In 2008, the song was used in a commercial in Slovakia for Orange cellular phone 
In 2010, the song appeared in a Saturday Night Live skit, with four friends (played by Will Forte, Jason Sudeikis, Bill Hader and Ryan Phillippe) talking during the verses and singing the choruses 
In August 2011, it was voted into fifth place by fans on Quietdrive's upcoming cover album, Your Record, Our Spin 
In May 2012, Episode 24 of New Girl highlighted the cast members dancing to this song  The group was listening to this song from Nick's mixtape where he was trying to convince himself to stay together with a likewise dissimilar girlfriend 
The song appeared in the fifth episode of the VH1 series Hindsight 
The song also appeared in the season 2 finale of Orange Is the New Black, eliciting a comment from a prison guard 
In 2018, the song was played on Netflix series Everything Sucks! 
Passage 2:
List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career  Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken-word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work  She was five-times nominated for an Academy Award, and she was awarded the 1953 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, posthumously, for her humanitarian work  She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and she received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992  Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and she was the recipient of the Cecil B  DeMille Award in 1990  She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and she received a Special Tony Award in 1968 
Posthumously, Hepburn also received a number of awards and honors, including a Primetime Emmy Award for her television series Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn, while her contributions to a spoken-word recording titled Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales earned her a Grammy Award  Hepburn stands as one of few entertainers who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards  She has been honored on United States postage stamps, and she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  The American Film Institute has repeatedly recognized her talent, placing Hepburn third on its list of the top 100 female stars of all time and placing several of the films she starred in on its 100 best    lists 

E G O T 
Academy Awards
The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are presented annually by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry  Hepburn was nominated for five competitive awards, winning once  In addition, she was the recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award posthumously  Hepburn's son Sean H  Ferrer accepted the award on her behalf 

Emmy Awards
The Primetime Emmy Awards, presented by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), honor American prime time television entertainment  Hepburn was the recipient of one Emmy Award posthumously 

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry  Hepburn won one Grammy Award posthumously 

Tony Awards
The Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American theatre, and are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League  Hepburn won one competitive Tony Award, and was the recipient of the Special Tony Award in 1968 

Major associations
BAFTA Awards
The BAFTA Awards, presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is an annual awards show to celebrate excellence in film, television, television craft, video games, and forms of animation  Hepburn was nominated five times for a competitive award, winning three  In addition, she was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992 

Golden Globe Awards
The Golden Globe Awards are presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) to recognize outstanding achievements in the entertainment industry, both domestic and foreign, and to focus wide public attention upon the best in motion pictures and television  Hepburn was a 10-time nominee, winning twice  In addition, she received the Cecil B  DeMille Award in 1990 

New York Film Critics Circle Awards
The New York Film Critics' Circle Awards are given annually to honor excellence in cinema worldwide by an organization of film reviewers from New York City-based publications  Hepburn won two of her six competitive nominations 

Screen Actors Guild Awards
The Screen Actors Guild Awards, presented by the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), recognize outstanding performances by its members  Hepburn was the recipient of a posthumous Life Achievement Award 

Other arts recognition
In recognition of her work in the performing arts, besides those awards aforementioned, Hepburn received several other honors  In 1959, she won the Silver Shell for Best Actress at the San Sebastian International Film Festival for her work in The Nun's Story  In 1987, she was awarded the Commander of the National French Order of Arts and Letters (French: Commandeur de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres), and was a Gala Film Tribute honoree  In 1991, she received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award, an honorary Bambi Award, and was an Honoree at both the Film Society of Lincoln Center's Gala Tribute and the USA Film Festival's Master Screen  Then, in 1992, Hepburn was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film  She was posthumously awarded the 1996 Women in Film's Crystal Award for her efforts in expanding the role of women within the entertainment industry 

Humanitarian recognition
In recognition of her humanitarian work, Hepburn received the following honors:1976

Variety Club of New York's Humanitarian Award1988

UNICEF's International Danny Kaye Award for Children1989

Institute for Human Understanding's International Humanitarian Award1990

UNICEF's seventh annual ball honored Hepburn1991

Washington UNICEF Council's Children's Champion Award
Certificate of Merit for UNICEF Ambassadorship
Variety Clubs International's Humanitarian Award
UNICEF's Sidaci per L'infanzia" (Mayors for Children) Award
Children's Institute International's Champion of Children Award
Sigma Theta Tau International Audrey Hepburn Award named after Hepburn, given to individuals in recognition for their international work on behalf of children1992

Honorary Chair and Speaker at Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Awards held at Brown University
Presidential Medal of Freedom1993

The Pearl S  Buck Foundation's Women's Award2000

Women's International Center's Living Legacy Award for "stunning contributions to humanity and enduring legacies given to humankind"2002

Bronze sculpture entitled "The Spirit of Audrey", by sculptor John Kennedy, installed at the public plaza at UNICEF headquarters in New York2006

Sustainable Style Foundation inaugurated the Style & Substance Award in honour of Audrey Hepburn to recognize high-profile individuals who work to improve the quality of life for children around the world (the award was given to Hepburn posthumously and received by the Audrey Hepburn Children's Fund)

Style recognition
Hepburn was the first of only three people to wear the Tiffany Diamond
Hepburn was a member of the International Best Dressed List, and was elevated into its Hall of Fame in 1961
Included in People's "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" in 1990
Received the Council of Fashion Designers of America's Lifetime of Style Award in 1992

Other honours

She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1652 Vine Street 
She received "The Key to the City" in five American cities: Chicago and Indianapolis in 1990; Fort Worth, Texas, in 1991; and San Francisco and Providence, Rhode Island, in 1992 
In 1987, she was made a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters from France
In 1990, she was honored with a new hybrid tulip in her name, as a tribute to the actress's career and to her long-time work on behalf of UNICEF, according to the Netherlands Flowerbulb Information Center  An official dedication ceremony took place at her family's former mansion Huis Doorn in Doorn, Netherlands 
In 1991, she was honored with a rose in her name  The rose was bred by Jerry F  Twomey at Leucadia, California 
In 1991, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement  Her Golden Plate was presented by Awards Council member Ralph Lauren 
"Audrey Hepburn Day" was proclaimed on 28 February 1991 by the mayor of Fort Worth, Texas, and on 10 April 1992 by the mayor of Providence, Rhode Island 
In 2003, the United States Postal Service issued a stamp illustrated by Michael J  Deas honouring her as a Hollywood legend and humanitarian  It has a drawing of her which is based on a publicity photo from the movie Sabrina  Hepburn is one of the few non-Americans to be so honoured 
In 2008, Canada Post issued a series of pre-paid postcards based on the work of Yousuf Karsh, one of which was a portrait of Hepburn 
In Arnhem, there is a square named after Audrey Hepburn 
KLM named a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 PH-KCE, Audrey Hepburn, in her honour 
Passage 3:
Fists of Legend
Fists of Legend (Korean: 전설의 주먹; RR: Jeonseolui Jumeok) is a 2013 South Korean sports drama film directed by Kang Woo-suk  It is based on the popular webtoon of the same title written by Lee Jong-gyu and illustrated by Lee Yoon-gyun  The film stars Hwang Jung-min, Yoo Jun-sang, Yoon Je-moon, Lee Yo-won, and Jung Woong-in 

Plot
A moment of bad luck derailed Deok-kyu's Olympic dreams and led him and his friends to jail  Jin-ho got out of jail quickly because of his rich parents, but Deok-kyu, Jae-seok, and Sang-hoon were not so lucky 
Years later, while running a noodle shop to earn extra money following an accident involving his daughter, Deok-kyu accepts an invitation to join a televised mixed martial arts tournament, Fists of Legend  A group of middle-aged men who used to be called "legends" during their teenage high school days take part in the "real action fighting" reality show, and the winner gets a prize of ₩20 million every round, for a total of ₩200 million (US$183,823)  Among the contestants are Deok-kyu's old friends Sang-hoon, currently a manager at a large company who lacks in self-respect after getting passed over for a promotion, and Jae-seok, now a good-for-nothing guy who dreams of becoming a somebody 

Cast
Hwang Jung-min - Im Deok-kyuPark Jung-min young Deok-kyu
Yoo Jun-sang- Lee Sang-hoon
Gu Won - young Sang-hoon
Yoon Je-moon - Shin Jae-seok
Park Doo-shik - young Jae-seok
Lee Yo-won - Hong Gyu-min
Jung Woong-in - Son Jin-ho
Lee Jung-hyuk - young Jin-ho
Sung Ji-ru - Seo Kang-gook
Ji Woo - Im Soo-bin
Kang Shin-il - Director Jo
Kang Sung-jin - announcer
Kwon Hyun-sang - Author
Choi Hyo-eun - Eun-soo
Kwon Eun-soo - Writer Kwon
Kim Jae-yong - Writer Jae

Production
Filming began on July 15, 2012 at the Shin Joon-sub boxing gym in Namwon, North Jeolla Province, and wrapped on November 28, 2012 in Paju Actor Yoo Jun-sang injured the cruciate ligament in his left knee while filming and underwent surgery on October 30, 2012 

Awards and nominations
2013 50th Grand Bell Awards

Nomination - Best Actor - Hwang Jung-min
Nomination - Best Supporting Actor - Yoo Jun-sang
Nomination - Best New Actor - Park Doo-shik
Nomination - Best New Actor - Park Jung-min
Nomination - Best Lighting - Kang Dae-hee
Passage 4:
On the Good Ship Lollipop
"On the Good Ship Lollipop" is a song composed by Richard A  Whiting with lyrics by Sidney Clare   It was the signature song of child actress Shirley Temple  Temple first sang it in the 1934 film, Bright Eyes In the song, the "Good Ship Lollipop" travels to a candy land   The "ship" referred to in the song is an aircraft; the scene in Bright Eyes where the song appears takes place on a taxiing American Airlines Douglas DC-2 400,000 copies of the sheet music, published by Sam Fox Publishing Company, were sold, and one recording by Mae Questel (the cartoon voice of Betty Boop and Olive Oyl) reputedly sold more than two million copies  It finished at #69 in the survey AFI's 100 Years   100 Songs of top tunes in cinema in the United States in June 2004 
The song was parodied on an episode of The Simpsons from May 2000, the episode being "Last Tap Dance in Springfield"  It was being sung as "On the Spaceship Lollipop" by Vicki Valentine (voiced by Tress MacNeille) herself spoofing Temple  The actual song was used on an earlier episode, "Treehouse of Horror III", which aired in October 1992 in which Shirley Temple was seen singing it during her concert before being devoured by King Homer, the sketch parodying King Kong The song was also parodied on an episode of The Brady Bunch from February 1974, the episode being "The Snooperstar" in which Cindy becomes convinced that Mike's fussy client Penelope Fletcher (Natalie Schafer) is a talent scout and is trying to make her into the next Shirley Temple 
The moniker "Good Ship Lollipop" was famously used by Chicago Outfit underboss Ernest "Rocky" Infelice and his inner circle to refer to the Cicero Crew, which he ran in the mid-to-late 1980's with his second in command, Salvatore "Solly D" DeLaurentis  It is unknown as to how the crew gained the nickname 
In the 2007 film Shrek the Third, The Gingerbread Man is heard singing the song after Captain Hook threatens him 

Other recordings
1935: Rudy Vallee and His Connecticut Yankees, recorded for Victor on December 24, 1934 (Christmas Eve) (catalog No  24838)  This was very popular in 1935 
1935: Ted Fio Rito – recorded for Brunswick Records (catalog No  7364) on August 1, 1935 
1952: Rosemary Clooney – on an unbreakable children’s record Columbia MJV138
1969: Tiny Tim covered the song, reaching #82 in Canada 
1980: Margaret Whiting (for her album Too Marvellous for Words) 
Passage 5:
The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon
The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon (also known simply as The Philadelphia Phenomenon)  is a 1998 American television movie starring Tony Danza from Walt Disney Pictures 

Plot
Barney Gorman (Tony Danza) works hard as a garbageman in Philadelphia, but his career indirectly embarrasses his family  Barney's frustration is made worse by being a fan of the Philadelphia Eagles, who are mired in a slump  Due to a sticky lever on his garbage truck, Barney has (without realizing it) developed a very strong kick  One day at the city dump, Barney kicks a water jug extremely far and catches the attention of a group of Eagles executives, who are scouting the location for land to build a new stadium  The Eagles coach offers Barney a job as the team's new kicker, which the owner feels is an excellent publicity stunt in "giving an average Joe a shot at the NFL" 
Barney joins the Eagles, but at first isn't really accepted by his teammates, especially his roommate, Bubba Downs  But once Barney starts playing and makes a lot of important field goals, his teammates and football fans all over town begin to love him, giving him the nickname "G-Man"  Unfortunately, the fame and popularity begin to go to Barney's head, and he becomes conceited and talks down to his teammates  In the next game, Barney misses a potential game-winning field goal, knocking the Eagles out of contention for the playoffs 
Barney goes to a bar, depressed and lonely, when an attractive blonde woman approaches him  She asks him if he is Barney Gorman and if she could take a picture with him  Barney is caught off guard when the woman kisses him as the photo is being taken  She says thanks while giving him an alluring smile as she walks away 
Barney's mood goes from bad to worse and he is suspended from the team  He misses a date with his wife (Jessica Tuck), who then sees the picture of him kissing the blonde woman in the newspaper  When Barney arrives at home, he finds that his wife has kicked him out as well, leaving his suitcase outside the door with the photo from the newspaper 
After some soul-searching, Barney comes to his senses and apologizes to his wife, son, father, and his teammates  The Eagles let him back on the team, just in time for the final game of the season  Barney is given a chance to redeem himself as the game again comes down to a last-second field goal  The holder fumbles the snap, and Barney grabs it and scores the game-winning touchdown  At the end-of-season press conference, Barney remembers his roots as a garbageman and points out that garbagemen are deserving of respect, too, as they work hard to keep the city clean 

Cast
Tony Danza as Barney Gorman
Jessica Tuck as Marie Gorman, Barney's wife
Art LaFleur as Gus Rogenheimer
Jaime Cardriche as Bubba
Al Ruscio as Mr  Gorman, Barney's father
Ray Wise as Randolph Pratt
Julie Stewart as Eagles Recruiter
Gil Filar as Danny Gorman, Barney & Marie's sonThe cast also included many well known figures in the world of professional football playing minor roles or making cameo appearances  Jeffrey Lurie, the owner of the Philadelphia Eagles played Barney's friend who was seen at the cafe and had the line "This new Eagles owner must be a good guy "  The kicking stand-in for Tony Danza was Mike Vanderjagt, a Canadian football player and professional placekicker  The movie also featured sportscaster Chris Berman and NFL footage with Troy Aikman of the Dallas Cowboys 

Production
Most of the movie was actually filmed in Toronto, Ontario  Other filming locations for the movie included Hollywood, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

See also
List of American football films
Passage 6:
Saturday Breakfast
Saturday Breakfast was a New Zealand morning news and talkshow based on Breakfast, that aired on Saturday mornings from 7-9 am from 3 September 2011 until 15 December 2012 on TV One 

Presenters
Anchors
Tāmati Coffey and Nadine Chalmers-Ross (2012)
Tāmati Coffey and Toni Street (2012)
Rawdon Christie and Toni Street (2011-2012)

Show format
10 minutes of news, sport and weather is presented every half hour between 7:00 and 8:30  News is presented by Brooke Dobson  Weather, presented by Sam Wallace is presented from a location around the country, usually where an event is happening 
The show has interviews with newsmakers and/or TVNZ reporters  The rest of the show has entertainment/light-hearted/special interest segments presented by Toni Street and Tāmati Coffey 
The show was cancelled by TVNZ due to its lack of commercial sustainability, caused by the withdrawal of key sponsor Lotteries New Zealand  The last show was broadcast on 15 December 2012  This coincided with host Tāmati leaving TVNZ to go overseas, and Weather reporter Sam Wallace being elevated to the Weekday Breakfast weather reporter upon Tāmati's departure  Nadine will remain as Business host on the weekday show as will newsreader, Brooke Dobson, in her primary role as Auckland reporter 
Passage 7:
Tiffany Blue
Tiffany Blue is the colloquial name for the light medium robin egg blue color associated with Tiffany & Co , the New York City jewelry company created by Charles Tiffany and John Young in 1837  The color was used on the cover of Tiffany's Blue Book, first published in 1845   Since then, Tiffany & Co  has used the color extensively on promotional materials like boxes and bags 
Since 1998, the Tiffany Blue color has been registered as a color trademark by Tiffany & Co  It is produced as a private custom color by Pantone, with PMS number 1837, the number deriving from the year of Tiffany's foundation 

See also
Lists of colors
Passage 8:
Daybreak Northern Ireland
Daybreak Northern Ireland (previously GMTV Northern Ireland) is the regional news strand for Northern Ireland provided for the ITV breakfast station ITV Breakfast 
Unlike the ITV plc-owned  regions, UTV - the ITV contractor for Northern Ireland - did not provide regional news broadcasts during Daybreak (previously GMTV)  This was due to a dispute between UTV and GMTV which dates back to 1994 when UTV opted out of the national breakfast contractor in breach of their broadcasting licence to provide live coverage of the breaking news of the Combined Loyalist ceasefire 
GMTV Northern Ireland was rebranded as Daybreak Northern Ireland in September 2010, when GMTV was replaced by new breakfast programme, Daybreak  Regional bulletins aired three times each weekday, and included a look at the days main headlines, a travel news update, and a weather forecast 

Service
In January 1995, GMTV contracted the service out to Reuters, who then provided the GMTV national news service  The service was produced by ITN from March 2000  Macmillan Media, a company founded by former ITN and BBC correspondent Michael Macmillan, won the contract to provide news bulletins in 2005 
Macmillan Media took over from STV as the regional breakfast news provider in the Central Scotland and Northern Scotland regions in 2007 The Daybreak Northern Ireland service by Macmillan Media ended on Friday 21 December 2012, with UTV resuming production of the breakfast news opt-outs from January 2013 onwards 

The team
Sonia Butterworth (Now with U105)
Richard Cull
Lynda Fulford
Lindsey Armstrong (now freelancing with UTV after working at BBC Northern Ireland)
Vicki Hawthorne (now freelance, appears on Sky News)
Emma Johnston
Aideen Kennedy (now with UTV)
Barbara McCann (now with BBC Northern Ireland)
Siobhan McGarry
Maura O'Brien
Kirsteen O'Sullivan (Now with TV3)
Charlie Oundo
Paul Reilly (now with UTV)
Nicola Thompson (now with BBC)
Jane Veitch
Patricia Wilkinson (now with BBC Northern Ireland)
Adrian Horsman (now with Christian Aid Ireland)
Passage 9:
Stein Endresen
Stein Endresen (born 4 October 1959) is a Norwegian show jumping competitor At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Endresen originally won the bronze medal as part of the Norwegian team in team jumping, together with Morten Djupvik, Geir Gulliksen, and Tony Andre Hansen  However the Norwegian team lost its bronze medal and finished tenth following the disqualification of Tony Andre Hansen 
Passage 10:
Breakfast Creek
The Breakfast Creek (Aboriginal: Barrambin) is a small urban stream that is a tributary of the Brisbane River, located in suburban Brisbane in the South East region of Queensland, Australia 

Course and features
Rising as the Enoggera Creek that drains the D'Aguilar Range in the D'Aguilar National Park, Breakfast Creek forms near Herston where it flows a short meandering course of 2 kilometres (1 2 mi) before reaching its confluence with the Brisbane River at Newstead, next to Newstead Park   Travelling up the Brisbane River the creek is the first to join the river on its northern banks 
The heritage-listed Breakfast Creek Hotel is located near the confluence with the Brisbane River and is known for serving XXXX beer exclusively from wooden barrels   Also here the Breakfast Creek Green Bridge is under construction 
The shorter race in the annual Bridge to Brisbane fun run starts at the Breakfast Creek bridge 

History
John Oxley and Allan Cunningham met members of an Aboriginal clan at the mouth of the creek in 1824  After they had breakfast at the site minor conflict with the clan arose after one of them grabbed Oxley's hat  Oxley named the waterway in remembrance of the incident An important Aboriginal camping ground occupied the Breakfast Creek / Hamilton area until it was broken up by police raids in the 1860s  The camp was one of the major sources from which local Aboriginal people supplied the Moreton Bay colony with fish  It was also where Aboriginal leader Dalaipi spoke his famous "Indictments" which were published in the Moreton Bay Courier in 1858 One of the white first settlers on the creek was Patrick Leslie who in 1845 built the still-standing Newstead House  Brisbane's Cantonese community, who had established businesses in Fortitude Valley and built the Temple of the Holy Triad in 1886, settled in the flats around Breakfast Creek and Eagle Farm  During dry times in the early colony of Moreton Bay, when water from the Roma Street reservoir was depleted, supplies were carted from Breakfast Creek Various streets close to Breakfast Creek were affected by Brisbane floods in 1893, 1974 and in 2011 

Bridges
A number of floods destroyed early bridges across the creek  The first permanent bridge was built in 1858 using ironbark  As the timber of the bridge eroded, a second metal bridge was built in 1889  As traffic levels over the bridge increased, it became necessary to build a third larger concrete bridge in 1958, which stands to this day (2017) Remnants of the second bridge can still be seen and are listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register A new rail bridge as part of Cross River Rail is due for operation by 2025 

Gallery
See also
List of rivers of Australia § Queensland
Passage 11:
Newstead House, Brisbane
Newstead House is Brisbane's oldest surviving residence and is located on the Breakfast Creek bank of the Brisbane River, in the northern Brisbane suburb of Newstead, in Queensland, Australia  Built as a small cottage in the Colonial-Georgian style in 1846, the cottage was extended and today is painted and furnished in a late Victorian style Newstead House is the oldest surviving home in Brisbane, but not the oldest surviving building, built in 1846, for Patrick Leslie and his wife Catherine (née McArthur)  In 1847 he sold Newstead House to his brother-in-law John Clements Wickham (married to Anna McArthur), the Police Magistrate and Government Resident Newstead House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 1992 

History
Newstead House is said to have taken its name from Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, England, a former Augustinian priory which became the Byron family home The property was referred to as Newstead until it left the possession of J C  Wickham in 1859 after which it became known as Newstead House Newstead House was built as a residence by Brisbane's first architect and builder Andrew Petrie for fellow Scottish settler Patrick Leslie; it was soon acquired by Captain John Wickham  Then it was leased to Attorney-General Ratcliffe Pring  It was later leased, then sold, then leased again to merchant and Member of the Queensland Legislative Council George Harris  George Harris and his wife Jane (née Thorn) lived in the house for 27 years A prominent Jewish businessman named Lewis Flegeltaub with his large family was in residence at Newstead House from 1891 to 1894; the family previously lived at Palma Rosa, another Brisbane heritage-listed mansion nearby The Lysaght Brothers bought the property in March 1898 with the intention to demolish the house and build a factory that produced iron and rabbit-proof wire fencing  These plans to establish a factory at the property were abandoned due to the downturn in the agricultural sector It was purchased by the Brisbane City Council in 1918 and was the residence of the superintendent of their council parks  The Council leased part of the property to the Historical Society of Queensland in 1934 and it was used to store historical records  In 1939, the Queensland Parliament created a Trust and ownership was transferred to the Newstead House Trust 
The building was occupied by American troops during World War II  There is an Australian–American War Memorial in the grounds in memory of this  It was dedicated on 3 May 1952 by the Queensland Governor, Sir John Lavarack Other than the war-time occupation it was operated as a museum and research library by the Historical Society of Queensland (now known as the Royal Historical Society of Queensland) until 1973 when they moved to the Commissariat Store Newstead House is now a museum  It is open to the public, and concerts are sometimes held at the house and grounds  
Newstead House is now maintained by the Newstead House Board of Trustees assisted the Friends of Newstead, a volunteer group who also organise various events to attract visitors  Newstead Park is still managed and maintained by the Brisbane City Council 

Heritage listing
Newstead House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 1992 

Newstead Park
Newstead Park is a significant historic park The land originally formed a part of the land purchased by Patrick Leslie in 1845 on which he built Newstead House In the 1920s, the Brisbane City Council constructed an electrical substation for its tramway system in the grounds of the House  Since the closure of the tram system in 1969 the substation was purchased by the Newstead House Board of Trustees and has been used as a Resource Centre and offices for management staff 
In May each year, the park is host to the commemoration of the Battle of the Coral Sea  The Australian-American monument in the park is dedicated to the United States service men and women for helping in the defence of Australia during World War II A playspace featuring an "Alice through the Looking Glass" theme has been developed by the Brisbane City Council is located on the southern side of the park, near Newstead Avenue 

See also
Old Government House
Passage 12:
Tiffany Stiegler
Tiffany Stiegler (born January 14, 1984) is an American figure skater who competed in both pair skating and ice dancing  Competing in pairs with her brother Johnnie Stiegler, she won the bronze medal at the 1998 Sparkassen Cup on Ice and placed fourth at the 1999 World Junior Championships 

Personal life
Tiffany Stiegler was born on January 14, 1984, in Santa Monica, California  She is the sister of Stephanie and Johnnie, both of whom also competed in figure skating 
She married Joseph ("Woody") Woodrow Stahl on June 28, 2014 

Career
Tiffany Stiegler's first partner was her brother Johnnie, with whom she competed until 2003  They are the 1998 and 1999 U S  pewter medalists and the 1997 junior national champions  They were coached by Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev in El Segundo, California  They represented the Los Angeles Figure Skating Club In the 2003–04 season, Stiegler skated with Bert Cording  They placed 9th at the 2004 U S  Championships 
In the 2004–05 season, Stiegler began competing in ice dancing with Sergei Magerovski  They won the pewter medal at the 2005 U S  Championships  They were coached by Igor Sphilband and Marina Zueva in Canton, Michigan Stiegler became a co-coach with her sister at the Toyota center in El Segundo, California 

Programs
With Magerovski
With Stiegler
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Series / Junior Grand Prix)

Pair skating with Stiegler
Pair skating with Cording
Ice dancing with Magerovski
Passage 13:
Andy Blankenbuehler
Andy Blankenbuehler (born March 7, 1970) is an American dancer, choreographer and director primarily for stage and concerts  He has been nominated for the Tony Award for Best Choreography five times, and has won three times: for In the Heights (2008), Hamilton (2016), and Bandstand (2017)  Blankenbuehler's other Broadway choreography work includes 9 to 5, Bring it On: The Musical, and the 2016 Cats revival  Blankenbuehler was awarded the Kennedy Center Honor in 2018 for his work on Hamilton  He also choreographed the movie adaptation of Cats  Most recently he choreographed, directed and co-wrote Only Gold - a new musical with Music by Kate Nash at MCC Theater 

Life and career
Blankenbuehler was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and is a 1988 graduate of St  Xavier High School and 1984 graduate of Nativity School in Cincinnati  He received his bachelor's degree from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas 
As a performer, he has appeared on Broadway in many musicals, from Guys and Dolls (1992–1995) to Fosse (1999–2001) His Broadway work as a choreographer includes the musicals In the Heights (2007–08) and 9 to 5 (2008–09)  He won the Tony Award and Drama Desk Award for his choreography for In the Heights   Other New York work includes choreography for the "Broadway By The Year:1930, 1938 and 1978" series, and the City Center Encores! productions of The Apple Tree (2006) and The Wiz (2009)  He is the director and choreographer of Bring It On: The Musical, written by Jeff Whitty, with music by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Tom Kitt and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Amanda Green, which premiered at the Alliance Theatre, Atlanta, Georgia, on January 16, 2011  This production also performed at the Ahmanson Theater in Los Angeles where Blankenbuehler won the 2011 L A  Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Choreography 
Additionally, Blankenbuehler choreographed the Frank Wildhorn world premiere production of Waiting for the Moon  The show featured 6 full-length dance sequences, including one that lasted over 10 minutes  He was nominated for a Barrymore Award for Choreographing the show 
Blankenbuehler has choreographed for Bette Midler and directed, choreographed, and co-conceived the production "Nights On Broadway" at Caesars Palace 
Blankenbuehler appears briefly in the 2008 documentary Every Little Step about the 2006 Broadway revival of A Chorus Line, with his Polaroid shown as one of the people being cut from a callback for the show 
He choreographed the 2012 Broadway revival of Annie  He is the choreographer for the musical Hamilton (2015), both Off-Broadway and on Broadway  He received a special 2015 Drama Desk Award for Hamilton   The award was described: "For his inspired and heart-stopping choreography in Hamilton, which is indispensable to the musical's storytelling  His body of work is versatile, yet a dynamic and fluid style is consistently evident  When it's time to 'take his shot,' Blankenbuehler hits the bull's-eye "  His choreography for Hamilton won the Tony Award for Best Choreography in 2016 
He both directed and choreographed a new musical, Bandstand, which premiered at the Paper Mill Playhouse (New Jersey) in October 2015  The music is by Richard Oberacker and book and lyrics by Robert Taylor and Oberacker  He directed and choreographed a developmental lab of this musical in August and September 2014, then titled Bandstand: A Musical In 2016, Blankenbuehler choreographed the revival of the movie Dirty Dancing starring Abigail Breslin and Shane Harper  He also choreographed the revival of the Broadway musical Cats with previews beginning July 14 and an August 2 opening 

Awards and nominations
Passage 14:
Moon River
"Moon River" is a song composed by Henry Mancini with lyrics by Johnny Mercer  It was originally performed by Audrey Hepburn in the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's, winning an Academy Award for Best Original Song  The song also won the 1962 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year The song has been recorded by many other artists  It became the theme song for Andy Williams, who first recorded it in 1962 (and performed it at the Academy Awards ceremony that year)  He sang the first eight bars of the song at the beginning of each episode of his eponymous television show and named his production company and venue in Branson, Missouri, after it; his autobiography is called "Moon River" and Me  Williams' version was never released as a single, but it charted as an LP track that he recorded for Columbia on a hit album of 1962, Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes  In 2022, Williams' rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress The song's success was responsible for relaunching Mercer's career as a songwriter, which had stalled in the mid-1950s because rock and roll had replaced jazz standards as the popular music of the time  The song's popularity is such that it has been used as a test sample in a study on people's memories of popular songs  Comments about the lyrics have noted that they are particularly reminiscent of Mercer's youth in the southern United States and his longing to expand his horizons  Robert Wright wrote in The Atlantic Monthly, "This is a love sung [sic] to wanderlust  Or a romantic song in which the romantic partner is the idea of romance " An inlet near Savannah, Georgia, Johnny Mercer's hometown, was named Moon River in honor of him and this song 

Versions
Original
Mercer and Mancini wrote the song for Audrey Hepburn to sing in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's  The lyrics, written by Mercer, are reminiscent of his childhood in Savannah, Georgia, including its waterways  As a child, he had picked huckleberries in summer, and he connected them with a carefree childhood and Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn  Although an instrumental version is played over the film's opening titles, the lyrics are first heard in a scene where Paul "Fred" Varjak (George Peppard) discovers Holly Golightly (Hepburn) singing the song, accompanying herself on the guitar while sitting on the fire escape outside their apartments There was an eruption of behind-the-scenes consternation when a Paramount Pictures executive, Martin Rackin, suggested removing the song from the film after a tepid Los Angeles preview  Hepburn's reaction was described by Mancini and others in degrees varying from her saying, "Over my dead body!" to her using more colorful language to make the same point An album version was recorded by Mancini and his orchestra and chorus (without Hepburn's vocal) on December 8, 1960  It was released as a single in 1961 and became a number 11 hit in December of that year  Due to unpublished charts in Billboard, Joel Whitburn's Top Adult (Contemporary) Songs variously reported the song as a number 3 or number 1 easy listening hit  Mancini's original version was also featured in the film Born on the Fourth of July (1989)  In 1993, following Hepburn's death, her version was released on an album titled Music from the Films of Audrey Hepburn  In 2004, Hepburn's version finished at number 4 on AFI's 100 Years   100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema 

Early recordings
"Moon River" was a hit single for Jerry Butler in late 1961  Released simultaneously with Mancini's, it reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 3 Easy Listening in December, two weeks before Mancini's recording reached the same chart ranking  British singer Danny Williams had a hit version of the song that reached number one in the UK in the final week of 1961  Although Andy Williams never released the song as a single, his LP Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes (1962), was certified gold in 1963 for selling one million units  The album reached number 3 on the Billboard Top 200, eventually selling more than two million copies by 1967  In 2002, a 74-year-old Andy Williams sang the song at the conclusion of the live NBC special telecast celebrating the network's 75th anniversary In 2022, Andy Williams' recording of the song was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry 

Chart history
Henry Mancini & OrchestraJerry ButlerDanny Williams

Later versions
Hundreds of versions of the song have been recorded and it has been featured in many media  Mercer recorded the song in 1974 for his album My Huckleberry Friend  In 2007, saxophonist Dave Koz recorded a version from his standards music album, At the Movies, sung by Barry Manilow  In 2013, Neil Finn and Paul Kelly performed the song on their Goin' Your Way Tour, during which their performance at the Sydney Opera House Concert Hall was recorded for the live album, Goin' Your Way, released the same year  The title of the album comes from a phrase in the song's chorus: "Wherever you're goin', I'm goin' your way"  Lawrence Welk's 1961 instrumental version was featured in Mad Men season 6, episode 13, "In Care Of" (2013)  A version of the song was featured in Asif Kapadia's documentary film, Amy (2015), about Amy Winehouse  Winehouse's version, sung at age 16 with the National Youth Jazz Orchestra in 2000, is the opening song in the film The Telegraph listed, among prominent covers of the song, those by Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Sarah Vaughan, Louis Armstrong, Sarah Brightman and Chevy Chase (in the comedy film Fletch)  Other stars who have covered the song include Rod Stewart in Fly Me to the Moon    The Great American Songbook Volume V (2010), which charted at No  4 on the Billboard 200, Barbra Streisand in The Movie Album (2003), a Grammy-nominated gold album, and Frank Ocean, who released a cover on Valentine's Day 2018 that debuted in the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot R&B chart  Diffuser fm named these the "Top 5 Alt-Rock" versions of the song: Morrissey, Glasvegas, R E M , The Killers and Josh Ritter  Jacob Collier's a capella cover won the 2020 Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella 

See also
"Charade" (1963 song)
The Sweetheart Tree
"Days of Wine and Roses" (song)
Moon River radio program
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1960s
Passage 15:
Some Enchanted Evening
"Some Enchanted Evening" is a show tune from the 1949 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific   It has been described as "the single biggest popular hit to come out of any Rodgers and Hammerstein show " Andrew Lloyd Webber describes it as the "greatest song ever written for a musical" The song is a three-verse solo for the leading male character, Emile, in which he describes first seeing a stranger, knowing that he will see her again, and dreaming of her laughter  He sings that when you find your "true love", you must "fly to her side, and make her your own, / Or all through your life you may dream all alone "

In South Pacific
The song appears in the first act of the musical  It is sung as a solo by the show's male lead, Emile de Becque, a middle-aged French expatriate who has become a plantation owner on a South Pacific island during World War II   Emile falls in love with Ensign Nellie Forbush, an optimistic and naive young American navy nurse from Little Rock, Arkansas   The two have known each other for only a few weeks, and each worries that the other may not return his or her love   In the song, Emile expresses his romantic feelings for Nellie, recalling how they met at an officers' club dance and instantly were attracted to each other   He describes a man seeing a stranger and instantly knowing he will see her again, hearing her laughter and dreaming of it  He says that when you find your "true love", you must "fly to her side, and make her your own"; otherwise, all your life you will "dream all alone"   He later asks her to marry him  The song is then reprised several times during the show by Nellie and/or Emile as their relationship experiences setbacks and reconciliations 
In the original Broadway production, "Some Enchanted Evening" was sung by former Metropolitan Opera star Ezio Pinza  Pinza won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 1950 for this role, and the song made him a favorite with audiences and listeners who normally did not attend or listen to opera  In the 2001 London revival of the show, Philip Quast won an Olivier Award for Best Actor for his role as Emile, and seven years later, international opera singer Paulo Szot won a Tony for his portrayal in the 2008 New York revival In the film version of South Pacific, the first and second scenes of the play are switched around   Because of the switch, Emile enters later in the film, and "Some Enchanted Evening" is not heard until nearly 45 minutes into the film, while in the original stage version it is heard about 15 minutes after Act I begins  In the film, the song is sung by Metropolitan Opera bass Giorgio Tozzi, who dubbed the singing for actor Rossano Brazzi  Tozzi's version finished at No  28 on the 2004 American Film Institute list and television special, AFI's 100 Years   100 Songs, selecting the top 100 songs in American cinema 

Analysis
According to Popular Music in America, the song's "lush orchestration, expansive form, and above all its soaring melody" allow the singer and character (Emile) to "linger in the moment" of immediate infatuation  Gerald Mast's history of the American musical notes that the song is a climactic moment which reveals that two characters have fallen in love, and it expresses a seize-the-opportunity lyric: "When you find your true love     Then fly to her side / And make her your own"   According to the running commentary on the 2006 Fox DVD release of the 1958 film version of South Pacific, Lehman Engel remembered that Oscar Hammerstein II wanted to write a song based around verbs but waited ten years to do so before he wrote this song, in which the verses are built around the verbs "see", "hear" and "fly" 

Selected recorded versions
Many popular singers have recorded and performed "Some Enchanted Evening"   Perry Como's version was a #1 hit in 1949, and Frank Sinatra recorded the song several times 

Ezio Pinza (recorded April 18, 1949, Original Broadway cast recording of South Pacific)  His single version reached No  7 in the Billboard charts in 1949 
Perry Como (1949)  His single reached No  1 in 1949
Frank Sinatra (1949), (1963, including a duet with Rosemary Clooney), (1967)  The 1949 version reached the No  6 position in the Billboard charts 
Bing Crosby (1949), recorded March 10, 1949 and reached No  3 in the Billboard charts during a 20-week stay 
Jo Stafford - Autumn in New York  (1950)  Her single version reached No  4 in the Billboard charts in 1949 
Giorgio Tozzi (1958 for the film soundtrack; 1967 for the Lincoln Center revival cast recording with Florence Henderson)
Andy Williams (from the 1958 album Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein)
Jay & The Americans (1965)  The Group's single version reached No  13 on the Hot 100, Billboard charts in 1965 
José Carreras (1986) for a studio cast recording of South Pacific with Kiri Te Kanawa, Mandy Patinkin and Sarah Vaughan
Willie Nelson included the song on his 1988 album, What a Wonderful World
Barbra Streisand (from her No  1 1993 album Back to Broadway)
The Temptations (1995, For Lovers Only)
Bryn Terfel  – Something Wonderful: Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein (1996)
Philip Quast for the 2002 London revival cast recording of South Pacific
Art Garfunkel (from his 2007 album Some Enchanted Evening)
Paulo Szot – South Pacific (The New Broadway Cast) (2008)
Bob Dylan (from his No 1 2015 album Shadows in the Night)

In popular culture
The song's title has been used as the name for albums, such as one by Blue Öyster Cult, one by Art Garfunkel and a cast album and PBS special of the revue "Some Enchanted Evening" – The Songs of Rodgers & Hammerstein  It was used as the name for television episodes in such TV series as The Simpsons, Last of the Summer Wine, Man About the House, and Bless This House The song has been sung in films and on TV shows, for example by Harrison Ford in the film American Graffiti (1978 reissue), by an itinerant chanteuse in Crossing Delancey (1988), by Jon Bon Jovi on Ally McBeal in the episode "Homecoming" (2002) and by Bert in episode 102 on The Muppet Show (1977) to Connie Stevens  In April 2023, the song featured in the BBC Radio 4 series Soul Music 

Notes
Passage 16:
Tiffany Lam
Tiffany Lam or Tiffany Lam Man Lei (Chinese: 林敏俐, born 25 October 1980) is a former beauty queen from San Francisco  She held the title of Miss Hong Kong 2002 and Miss Chinese International 2003 runner up 

Early life
Lam was born in Hong Kong in 1980  During her childhood, she immigrated to San Francisco, California, where she studied for many years  Lam later attended the University of California, Davis  She is a member of Sigma Omicron Pi sorority, Delta Chapter  She then returned to Hong Kong to compete in the Miss Hong Kong 2002 pageant  Her younger cousin, Sandy Lau, won the 2009 Miss Hong Kong 

Miss Hong Kong 2002
She was chosen out of many delegates from USA and Canada to go back to Hong Kong to compete  She made the top 12 of the Miss Hong Kong 2002 pageant in early July  Three weeks later, she competed and won the Miss Hong Kong pageant final on its 30th anniversary, also winning two side awards, "Miss International Goodwill" and "Miss Modern Style" 

Miss Chinese International 2003
After winning the Miss Hong Kong title, Lam became an ambassador for Hong Kong, representing Hong Kong at the Miss Chinese International Pageant 2003 in January 2003, where she finished second behind Rachel Tan of Kuala Lumpur 

Post-pageant
Lam subsequently starred in two TVB dramas, Net Deception and Not Just A Pretty Face  Her 1st runner up and friend, Victoria Jolly, also appeared in Not Just A Pretty Face  After she crowned her successor, Mandy Cho Man Li, Lam returned to San Francisco to continue her studies  She returned to Hong Kong to crown the 1st runner up of the Miss Chinese International Pageant 2004 
As of 2007, Lam works for her family restaurant business in the San Francisco Bay Area 

Awards
Miss Hong Kong 2002: Winner, Miss International Goodwill, and Miss Modern Style 
Miss Chinese International 2003: 1st runner up 

TVB Dramas
Net Deception (2002)
Not Just A Pretty Face (2003)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Red Dragon (2002 film)
Red Dragon is a 2002 psychological thriller film based on the 1981 novel by Thomas Harris  It was directed by Brett Ratner and written by Ted Tally  It is the third film of the Dino De Laurentiis Company production, last produced by Universal and last starred by actor Anthony Hopkins  It follows The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and Hannibal (2001) as a prequel, being followed by Hannibal Rising (2007)  The film sees FBI agent Will Graham (Edward Norton) enlisting the help of serial killer Hannibal Lecter (Anthony Hopkins) to catch another killer, Francis Dolarhyde (Ralph Fiennes)  Harvey Keitel, Emily Watson, Mary-Louise Parker, and Philip Seymour Hoffman also star 
It is considered the fourth of the five released films regarding Hannibal Lecter  The novel was previously adapted into the film Manhunter (1986)  Both films feature the same cinematographer, Dante Spinotti  After turning down the Silence of the Lambs sequel, Hannibal (2001), Silence of the Lambs screenwriter Ted Tally returned to write Red Dragon  It was released on October 4, 2002 to generally positive reviews from critics, who deemed it to be an improvement over Hannibal, but inferior to The Silence of the Lambs       It was a box office success, earning $209 million worldwide against a $78 million budget  An origin story, titled Hannibal Rising was released in 2007 

Plot
In 1980, FBI agent Will Graham visits forensic psychiatrist Hannibal Lecter to discuss a case  Graham has been working with Lecter on a psychological profile of a serial killer who removes edible body parts from his victims; Graham is certain the killer is a cannibal  Realizing Graham is close to discovering he is the killer, Lecter stabs him, but Graham subdues him before falling unconscious  Lecter is imprisoned in an institution for the criminally insane, and Graham, traumatized, retires to Florida with his family 
Years later, in 1986, another serial killer nicknamed the Tooth Fairy has killed two families – the Jacobis and the Leeds – during full moons  With another full moon approaching, special agent Jack Crawford persuades Graham to help develop the killer's profile  After visiting the crime scenes in Atlanta, Georgia, and Birmingham, Alabama, and speaking with Crawford, Graham concludes that he must consult Lecter  Lecter taunts Graham but agrees to help 

The Tooth Fairy is Francis Dolarhyde, who kills as directed by his alternate personality, which he calls the Great Red Dragon, named after the William Blake painting The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in Sun, which he has tattooed on his back  He believes that each victim brings him closer to becoming the Dragon, as his psychopathology originates from his childhood abuse by his grandmother 
Freddy Lounds, a tabloid reporter for the National Tattler, pursues Graham for leads on the Tooth Fairy  A letter from the Tooth Fairy is discovered hidden in Lecter's cell, expressing admiration for Lecter and an interest in Graham and suggesting that Lecter reply through the personals section of the Tattler, which he does with Graham's home address, forcing Graham's wife, Molly, and son, Josh, to relocate  While in hiding, Graham teaches Molly how to fire a handgun 
To lure out the Tooth Fairy, Graham gives an interview to Lounds, disparaging the killer as an impotent homosexual and that Lecter was only feigning interest in him  Enraged, Dolarhyde kidnaps Lounds, glues him to a wheelchair and reveals himself as the Great Red Dragon  Dolarhyde shows Lounds photos he took of his victims before and after he murdered them  Dolarhyde forces Lounds to recant his allegations on tape, sets him on fire and sends him rolling and crashing into a company sign outside the Tattler offices 
At his job in a St  Louis photo lab, Dolarhyde gives blind co-worker Reba McClane a ride to her home and they begin a relationship  However, his alternate personality demands that he kill her  Desperate to stop the Dragon's control over him, Dolarhyde goes to the Brooklyn Museum, tears apart the Blake painting, and eats it 
Graham realizes that the Tooth Fairy knew the layout of his victims' houses from their home videos  He deduces that he works for the company that edits the home movies and transfers them to video  He visits the company processing plant to ask for information, and is spotted by Dolarhyde as he returns from Brooklyn 
In a panic, Dolarhyde goes to Reba's house  She has spent the evening with a co-worker, Ralph Mandy  After Reba enters her home, Dolarhyde kills Ralph, kidnaps Reba, takes her to his house, and sets it ablaze  Unable to shoot her, Dolarhyde apparently shoots himself  Reba escapes as the police arrive 
After an autopsy is performed on the corpse, it is revealed that Dolarhyde used Ralph's body to stage his death  Dolarhyde later infiltrates Graham's home in Florida and takes Josh hostage, threatening to kill him  To save Josh, Graham loudly insults him, reminding Dolarhyde of his grandmother's abuse and provoking him to furiously attack Graham  Both are severely wounded in a shootout, which ends when Molly kills Dolarhyde 
Graham survives and receives a letter from Lecter praising his work and bidding him well  Lecter's jailer, Dr  Frederick Chilton, tells him that he has a visitor, a young woman from the FBI 

Cast
Production
The 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs, starring Anthony Hopkins as Lecter, was a critical and commercial success, winning five Academy Awards  Hopkins was the only major member of the Silence of the Lambs team to return for the 2001 sequel, Hannibal; it was also a commercial success, but received less positive reviews  Both films were adapted from novels by Thomas Harris Husband-and-wife producers Dino and Martha De Laurentiis decided to produce a film based on the 1981 novel Red Dragon, the first Hannibal Lecter novel, as a prequel to The Silence of the Lambs  Dino said that people thought he was "crazy" for adapting the book, as it had been previously adapted as Manhunter (1986), with Brian Cox as Lecter  Both Manhunter and Red Dragon had the same cinematographer, Dante Spinotti Hopkins hesitated to sign on, worried that three Lecter films might be too much  Screenwriter Ted Tally, who wrote The Silence of the Lambs but not Hannibal, had turned down many offers to write more serial killer stories  He said he liked the idea of Hopkins' Lecter films forming a trilogy: "If it ends here, it will end gracefully  I would hate to see this become Hannibal Lecter XIII " To satisfy expectations, Tally added Lecter scenes not in the novel, describing it as a "commercial reality"  He had the support of Harris, who sent Tally dialogue and ideas for scenes  Edward Norton and Ralph Fiennes admired The Silence of the Lambs but had not enjoyed Hannibal  The cast were persuaded to join by Tally's screenplay; Fiennes felt it worked "only on suspense", without overt violence Norton and Ratner disagreed on the scene in which Graham approaches the incarcerated Lecter for the first time  Ratner wanted Norton to incorporate a gesture or look to indicate Graham's fear, but Norton felt the audience would not need this if it were filmed correctly  They compromised by showing Graham's sweat stains when he removes his jacket in the next scene  Whereas Fiennes wanted to avoid overplaying his serial killer character, Hopkins aimed to play Lecter with more "danger and rage" than before  Fiennes spent 90 minutes of each day for months building his physique, and wore a prosthetic to give him a cleft palate  The tattoo on his back took around eight hours to apply 

Soundtrack
Red Dragon: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was composed by Danny Elfman, and produced by Mark Helfrich and Brett Ratner  Decca Records released it on September 24, 2002, in the United States and Canada 

Reception
Box office
Red Dragon was released on October 4, 2002, and opened in 3,357 theaters in the United States, grossing $13,478,355 on its opening day and $36,540,945 on its opening weekend, ranking #1 ahead of Sweet Home Alabama with a per theater average of $10,885  It went on to achieve the highest October opening weekend, beating Meet the Parents  This record was surpassed by Scary Movie 3 the following year  On its second weekend, it remained #1 and grossed $17,655,750 – $5,250 per theater  By its third weekend it dropped down to #3 and made $8,763,545 – $2,649 per theater In the UK, Red Dragon collected $4 6 million during its opening weekend, ranking in first place at the box office above Lilo & Stitch Red Dragon grossed $93,149,898 in the United States and Canada and $116,046,400 in other territories  In total, the film has grossed $209,196,298 worldwide 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 69% based on 191 reviews, with an average rating of 6 40/10  The site's consensus said the film is "competently made, but everything is a bit too familiar"  On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review, stating: "This darkly seductive, flawlessly acted piece is worlds removed from most horror films  Here monsters have their grandeur, heroes their gravity  And when they collide, a dance of death ensues between two souls doomed to understand each other " Todd McCarthy of Variety also gave the film a positive review, saying that the "audiences will be excused for any feelings of déjà vu the new film might inspire  That won't prevent them from watching it in rapt, anxious silence, however, as the gruesome crimes, twisted psychology and deterministic dread that lie at the heart of Harris' work are laid out with care and skill "Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 5 out of four, praising Brett Ratner's directing and the film's atmosphere  He stated: "To my surprise, Ratner does a sure, stylish job, appreciating the droll humor of Lecter's predicament, creating a depraved new villain in the Tooth Fairy (Ralph Fiennes), and using the quiet, intense skills of Norton to create a character whose old fears feed into his new ones  There is also humor, of the uneasy he-can't-get-away-with-this variety, in the character of a nosy scandal-sheet reporter (Philip Seymour Hoffman) " David Sterritt of the Christian Science Monitor gave the film a positive review, stated that "the most refreshing aspect of Red Dragon is its reliance on old-fashioned acting instead of computer-aided gizmos  Hopkins overdoes his role at times—his vocal tones are almost campy—but his piercing eyes are as menacing as ever, and Ralph Fiennes is scarily good as his fellow lunatic "David Grove of Film Threat, who gave the film four stars out of five, said: "Is Red Dragon a better film than Manhunter? I don't know  I think it stands on its own, but I wonder how much people who are intimately familiar with Manhunter will be shocked by it, although the ending is altogether different and much more realized, I think"  Rick Kisonak, who also wrote for Film Threat, also gave the film a positive review, but he gave it three stars out of five, saying: "The only downside to this delectable third course? The regrettable likelihood that Lecter fans will have to make do without dessert "Edward Guthmann of San Francisco Chronicle, gave the film a mixed review, saying that "in Hollywood, where integrity is rapidly consumed and careers defined by market value, there's trash and there's trash with a pedigree " Stephanie Zacharek, for Salon, also gave the film a mixed review, stating: "If you buy the overprocessed headcheese of the serial killer as refined genius, you'll love Red Dragon  Or maybe not  Even Hannibal Lecter devotees may lose patience with this picture's grandiose, self-serious ponderousness—that's Lecterese for, 'It's kind of boring in patches, actually '" William Arnold of Seattle Post-Intelligencer, who gave the film a mixed review, said that the film "basically lives up to the old adage that the final work in a trilogy is invariably the weakest " Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review; he stated: "Red Dragon's formula is so risible and rote by now that the natural reaction to scenes of peril, torture, and suffering is flippant laughter "

Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD on April 1, 2003  It was released in two extras-packed DVD editions, a single-disc package and two-disc "Director's Edition"  The single-disc package includes deleted scenes, director's commentary by Brett Ratner, Interview with FBI profiler John E  Douglas, Four featurettes: "The Hannibal Lecter Story," "The Making of Red Dragon," "The Art of Criminal Profiling" and "The Making of a Killer"  The Director's Edition includes Ratner's video diary, featurette "The Red Dragon Tattoo", screen and film tests, and storyboard-to-final-feature comparisons 

Awards
Red Dragon was nominated for 13 awards, and won several, including Empire Award for Best British Actress (Emily Watson) and Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actor Age Ten or Younger (Tyler Patrick Jones) 

See also
List of films featuring home invasions

Notes
Passage 2:
Rod Smith (wide receiver)
Roderick Duane Smith (born May 15, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for 14 seasons for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL)   He played college football for the Missouri Southern Lions   He was originally signed by the Broncos as an undrafted free agent and played his entire career with the team   As of 2023's offseason, his 849 career receptions and 11,389 receiving yards ranked him 30th all-time for receptions and 34th for yards 

Personal life
At Arkansas Senior High School in Texarkana, Arkansas, Smith lettered two years in football and basketball, and one year in baseball  As a senior in football, he was All-League, All-Area, and All-State  Outside of football Rod Smith has three kids (Roderick Smith Jr , Devin Smith, and Vanessa Webb)  He is a business entrepreneur as he has expressed in many interviews  Some of these have featured his kids speaking about their father's accomplishments on and off the field 

College career
Smith enjoyed a stellar career at Missouri Southern State University, finishing with conference records in career receiving yards (3,043) and touchdowns (34)  He also broke the school’s reception record (153), and was named first-team All-America by AP, Kodak, Football Gazette and NCAA Division II sports information directors after his senior year  In his final season, Smith caught 63 passes for 986 yards and 13 touchdowns, and was a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy, given annually to the top football player at the Division II level  He was named Missouri Southern’s Outstanding Graduate in 1994 after completing his collegiate studies with three degrees, in economics and finance, general business, as well as marketing and management 

Professional career
After the 1994 draft, Smith went undrafted and was signed by the Denver Broncos as a free agent  His first NFL catch was a last-minute 43-yard touchdown from John Elway in a 38–31 win against the Washington Redskins on September 17, 1995  In fourteen seasons as an NFL player, Smith had eight seasons of at least 1,000 receiving yards  He had two seasons of at least 100 receptions (2000: 100; 2001: 113)  In 2000, Smith and teammate Ed McCaffrey became only the second wide receiver duo on the same team to each gain 100 receptions in the same season (with Herman Moore and Brett Perriman)  His 113 receptions in 2001 led the league  He was a starting wide receiver of the Broncos' back-to-back Super Bowl championships in 1997 and 1998  In the Broncos' 34–19 win in Super Bowl XXXIII, Smith had 5 receptions for 152 yards, tied for 5th most in Super Bowl history, including an 80-yard touchdown reception  He was a finalist for the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award in 2004 
A hip injury that he suffered in 2006 required a complete hip replacement  On December 28, 2007 it was revealed that Smith needed another hip surgery, possibly ending his career  He was placed on the reserve/retired list on February 15, 2008, and announced his formal retirement from professional football on July 24, 2008 in a press conference at the team's Dove Valley headquarters 
Smith finished his career as the Broncos all-time leader in receptions (849), receiving yards (11,389), and touchdown receptions (68)   Also an accomplished punt returner, Smith returned 53 punts for 647 yards and a touchdown   His 12 2 yards per return average ranked him 2nd all time among Broncos players with at least 50 punt returns   With two Super Bowls, three Pro Bowls, and a controversy-free career noted for professionalism, Smith left the Broncos as one of the most well-loved players of all time  In May 2012 it was announced that he would be inducted into the Broncos Ring of Fame in his first year of eligibility for the honor  The induction ceremony took place on Sunday, Sep 23, at halftime of the Broncos' home game against the Houston Texans at Sports Authority Field at Mile High 

Awards and accomplishments
First undrafted player to reach 10,000 receiving yards, and the 24th in history to eclipse that figure 
Has the most receiving yards (11,389) and touchdown receptions (68) of any undrafted player in NFL history 
Ranks second on the most receptions (849) by any undrafted player in NFL history, behind Wes Welker 
Holds Broncos franchise records in career receptions, receiving yards and touchdown catches 
Ranks first on Denver's all-time yards from scrimmage list 
Only the sixth player in NFL history to have 100 receptions against at least 3 teams (Kansas City Chiefs, San Diego Chargers and Oakland Raiders) 
AFC Offensive Player of the Week (week 15; 12/17/05 against the Buffalo Bills at Buffalo) 
Associated Press second-team All-Pro (2000, 2001) 
Football Digest first-team All-Pro (2000, 2001) 
USA Today first-team All-Pro (2000) 
College and Pro Newsweekly first-team All-Pro (2000) 
Pro Football Weekly All-AFC (2000, 2001) 
Division II Hall of Fame (Inducted in 2008)
College Football Hall of Fame (Inducted in 2009)
Denver Broncos Ring of Fame (Inducted in 2012)

Franchise records
As of 2023's NFL off-season, Rod Smith held at least 11 Broncos franchise records, including:

Receptions: career (849), season (113 in 2001)
Receiving Yds: career (11,389), playoffs (860)
Receiving TDs: career (68), playoffs (6)
Total TDs: career (71)
Yds from Scrimmage: career (11,737)
All Purpose Yds: career (12,488)
Games with 1+ TD scored: career (66)
Seasons with 1000+ receiving yards: career (8)
Passage 3:
Ron Smith (wide receiver)
Ronnie Bernard Smith (born November 20, 1956) is a former professional American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons with the Los Angeles Rams, the San Diego Chargers, and the Philadelphia Eagles 
Smith played defensive end at Kathleen High School in Lakeland, Florida  At 6 feet (1 8 m) and 185 pounds (84 kg), he received an offer to play for Cal State Fullerton, and instead enrolled at Fullerton College  He switched to playing wide receiver after his first year, and was a Junior College All-American the following season, when he earned a scholarship to play with San Diego State  As a senior in 1977, Smith caught 49 passes for around 700 yards and 14 touchdowns and was a key to the Aztecs' 10–1 season In the 1978 NFL draft, Smith was selected in the second round by the Los Angeles Rams  He caught just one pass as a rookie in 1978  A seldom-used sophomore in 1979, he caught a 43-yard touchdown from Vince Ferragamo at the end of the first half to give the Rams a 14–5 lead in an eventual 21–19 win over Dallas in the divisional playoffs  In Super Bowl XIV, Smith caught a 24-yard touchdown on a halfback option pass from Lawrence McCutcheon, but the Rams loss 31–19 to Pittsburgh  The San Diego Chargers acquired him from the Rams at the end of the preseason in 1980 for a middle-round draft pick  He caught just four passes for 48 yards during the regular season for San Diego   However, he came up with another key playoff touchdown when he caught a game-winning 50-yard score from Dan Fouts with 2:08 remaining in a 20–14 win over the Buffalo Bills, advancing the Chargers to the AFC Championship Game After his NFL career, Smith signed with the Oakland Invaders of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1984   Smith played in six games, starting five, and caught nine passes for 107 yards and one touchdown before being placed on injured reserve on May 30, 1984 

External links

Career statistics and player information from NFL com · Pro Football Reference
Passage 4:
Clarice Starling
Clarice M  Starling is a fictional character and protagonist of the novels The Silence of the Lambs (1988) and Hannibal (1999) by Thomas Harris 
In the 1991 film adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs, she was played by Jodie Foster, while in the 2001 film adaptation of Hannibal, she was played by Julianne Moore  In the CBS television series Clarice, she is played by Rebecca Breeds 
Clarice Starling, as portrayed by Foster, is ranked by the American Film Institute as the greatest heroine in film history  Rolling Stone and Entertainment Weekly ranked Starling as one of the "50 Greatest Movie Protagonists" and "100 Greatest Movie Characters" respectively  Foster's interpretation of Starling is highly ranked amongst the greatest screen performances of all-time, receiving a multitude of accolades including the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1992 

The Silence of the Lambs
In The Silence of the Lambs, Starling is a student at the FBI Academy  Her mentor, Behavioral Sciences Unit chief Jack Crawford, sends her to interview Dr  Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer  He is housed in a Baltimore mental institution  Upon arriving at the asylum for her first interview with Lecter, the asylum manager Frederick Chilton makes a crude pass at her, which she rebuffs; this helps her bond with Lecter, who despises Chilton  "Multiple" Miggs, the inmate in the cell next to Lecter, throws his semen at her; this offends Lecter, who "influences" Miggs to commit suicide as a way of apologizing to her 
As time passes, Lecter gives Starling information about Buffalo Bill, a currently active serial killer being hunted by the FBI, but only in exchange for personal information, which Crawford had specifically warned her to keep secret from Lecter 
Starling tells Lecter that she was raised in a small town in West Virginia by her father, a night marshal  When she was a young child, her father was shot when responding to a robbery; he died a month after the incident  Her mother managed to keep the family together for more than two years after his death, working as a motel maid in the daytime and cooking at a café at night, but she was ultimately unable to support the entire family  When Starling was 10 years old, she was sent to live with her mother's cousin on a Montana sheep and horse ranch, but she ran away when she witnessed the spring lambs being slaughtered, fleeing with a mare also destined for the slaughterhouse whom she named Hannah  Starling was caught, but her mother's cousin eventually agreed to let her go, and she and Hannah both went to a Lutheran orphanage, where she spent the rest of her childhood 
According to the novel, Starling attended the University of Virginia as a double major in psychology and criminology  During that time, she spent two summers working as a counselor in a mental health center



ground_truth: for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine

leading role

star

leading actress

lead

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the person who provided evidence to suggest the existence of the neutron a participant of?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
James Chadwick
Sir James Chadwick,  (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was a British physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932  In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report, which inspired the U S  government to begin serious atom bomb research efforts  He was the head of the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II  He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in physics 
Chadwick graduated from the Victoria University of Manchester in 1911, where he studied under Ernest Rutherford (known as the "father of nuclear physics")  At Manchester, he continued to study under Rutherford until he was awarded his MSc in 1913  The same year, Chadwick was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851  He elected to study beta radiation under Hans Geiger in Berlin  Using Geiger's recently developed Geiger counter, Chadwick was able to demonstrate that beta radiation produced a continuous spectrum, and not discrete lines as had been thought  Still in Germany when World War I broke out in Europe, he spent the next four years in the Ruhleben internment camp 
After the war, Chadwick followed Rutherford to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, where Chadwick earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree under Rutherford's supervision from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in June 1921  He was Rutherford's assistant director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory for over a decade at a time when it was one of the world's foremost centres for the study of physics, attracting students like John Cockcroft, Norman Feather, and Mark Oliphant  Chadwick followed his discovery of the neutron by measuring its mass  He anticipated that neutrons would become a major weapon in the fight against cancer  Chadwick left the Cavendish Laboratory in 1935 to become a professor of physics at the University of Liverpool, where he overhauled an antiquated laboratory and, by installing a cyclotron, made it an important centre for the study of nuclear physics 
During the Second World War, Chadwick carried out research as part of the Tube Alloys project to build an atom bomb, while his Manchester lab and environs were harassed by Luftwaffe bombing  When the Quebec Agreement merged his project with the American Manhattan Project, he became part of the British Mission, and worked at the Los Alamos Laboratory and in Washington, D C  He surprised everyone by earning the almost-complete trust of project director Leslie R  Groves, Jr  For his efforts, Chadwick received a knighthood in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1945  In July 1945, he viewed the Trinity nuclear test  After this, he served as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission  Uncomfortable with the trend toward Big Science, he became the Master of Gonville and Caius College in 1948  He retired in 1959 

Education and early life
James Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire, on 20 October 1891, the first child of John Joseph Chadwick, a cotton spinner, and Anne Mary Knowles, a domestic servant  He was named James after his paternal grandfather  In 1895, his parents moved to Manchester, leaving him in the care of his maternal grandparents  He went to Bollington Cross Primary School, and was offered a scholarship to Manchester Grammar School, which his family had to turn down as they could not afford the small fees that still had to be paid  Instead he attended the Central Grammar School for Boys in Manchester, rejoining his parents there  He now had two younger brothers, Harry and Hubert; a sister had died in infancy  At the age of 16, he sat two examinations for university scholarships, and won both of them Chadwick chose to attend Victoria University of Manchester, which he entered in 1908  He meant to study mathematics, but enrolled in physics by mistake  Like most students, he lived at home, walking the 4 miles (6 4 km) to the university and back each day  At the end of his first year, he was awarded a Heginbottom Scholarship to study physics  The physics department was headed by Ernest Rutherford, who assigned research projects to final-year students, and he instructed Chadwick to devise a means of comparing the amount of radioactive energy of two different sources  The idea was that they could be measured in terms of the activity of 1 gram (0 035 oz) of radium, a unit of measurement which would become known as the curie  Rutherford's suggested approach was unworkable—something Chadwick knew but was afraid to tell Rutherford—so Chadwick pressed on, and eventually devised the required method  The results became Chadwick's first paper, which, co-authored with Rutherford, was published in 1912  He graduated with first class honours in 1911 Having devised a means of measuring gamma radiation, Chadwick proceeded to measure the absorption of gamma rays by various gases and liquids  This time the resulting paper was published under his name alone  He was awarded his Master of Science (MSc) degree in 1912, and was appointed a Beyer Fellow  The following year he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, which allowed him to study and research at a university in continental Europe  He elected to go to the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin in 1913, to study beta radiation under Hans Geiger  Using Geiger's recently developed Geiger counter, which provided more accuracy than the earlier photographic techniques, he was able to demonstrate that beta radiation did not produce discrete lines, as has been previously thought, but rather a continuous spectrum with peaks in certain regions  On a visit to Geiger's laboratory, Albert Einstein told Chadwick that: "I can explain either of these things, but I can't explain them both at the same time " The continuous spectrum would remain an unexplained phenomenon for many years Chadwick was still in Germany at the start of the First World War, and was interned in the Ruhleben internment camp near Berlin, where he was allowed to set up a laboratory in the stables and conduct scientific experiments using improvised materials such as radioactive toothpaste  With the help of Charles Drummond Ellis, he worked on the ionisation of phosphorus, and the photochemical reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine  He was released after the Armistice with Germany came into effect in November 1918, and returned to his parents' home in Manchester, where he wrote up his findings over the previous four years for the 1851 Exhibition commissioners Rutherford gave Chadwick a part-time teaching position at Manchester, allowing him to continue research  He looked at the nuclear charge of platinum, silver, and copper, and experimentally found that this was the same as the atomic number within an error of less than 1 5 per cent  In April 1919, Rutherford became director of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, and Chadwick joined him there a few months later  Chadwick was awarded a Clerk-Maxwell studentship in 1920, and enrolled as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) student at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge  The first half of his thesis was his work with atomic numbers  In the second, he looked at the forces inside the nucleus  His degree was awarded in June 1921  In November, he became a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College 

Researcher
Cambridge
Chadwick's Clerk-Maxwell studentship expired in 1923, and he was succeeded by the Russian physicist Pyotr Kapitza  The Chairman of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Sir William McCormick arranged for Chadwick to become Rutherford's assistant director of research  In this role, Chadwick helped Rutherford select PhD students  Over the next few years these would include John Cockcroft, Norman Feather and Mark Oliphant, who would become firm friends with Chadwick  As many students had no idea what they wanted to research, Rutherford and Chadwick would suggest topics  Chadwick edited all the papers produced by the laboratory 

In 1925, Chadwick met Aileen Stewart-Brown, the daughter of a Liverpool stockbroker  The two were married in August 1925, with Kapitza as Best Man  The couple had twin daughters, Joanna and Judith, who were born in February 1927 In his research, Chadwick continued to probe the nucleus  In 1925, the concept of spin had allowed physicists to explain the Zeeman effect, but it also created unexplained anomalies  At the time it was believed that the nucleus consisted of protons and electrons, so nitrogen's nucleus, for example, with a mass number of 14, was assumed to contain 14 protons and 7 electrons  This gave it the right mass and charge, but the wrong spin At a conference at Cambridge on beta particles and gamma rays in 1928, Chadwick met Geiger again  Geiger had brought with him a new model of his Geiger counter, which had been improved by his post-doctoral student Walther Müller  Chadwick had not used one since the war, and the new Geiger–Müller counter was potentially a major improvement over the scintillation techniques then in use at Cambridge, which relied on the human eye for observation  The major drawback with it was that it detected alpha, beta and gamma radiation, and radium, which the Cavendish laboratory normally used in its experiments, emitted all three, and was therefore unsuitable for what Chadwick had in mind  However, polonium is an alpha emitter, and Lise Meitner sent Chadwick about 2 millicuries (about 0 5 μg) from Germany In Germany, Walther Bothe and his student Herbert Becker had used polonium to bombard beryllium with alpha particles, producing an unusual form of radiation  Chadwick had his Australian 1851 Exhibition scholar, Hugh Webster, duplicate their results  To Chadwick, this was evidence of something that he and Rutherford had been hypothesising for years: the neutron, a theoretical nuclear particle with no electric charge  Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result  Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie had succeeded in knocking protons from paraffin wax using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation  Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that  But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect  In Rome, Ettore Majorana came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it 

Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of the neutron, assisted by Feather and frequently working late at night  He devised a simple apparatus that consisted of a cylinder containing a polonium source and beryllium target  The resulting radiation could then be directed at a material such as paraffin wax; the displaced particles, which were protons, would go into a small ionisation chamber where they could be detected with an oscilloscope 
In February 1932, after only about two weeks of experimentation with neutrons, Chadwick sent a letter to Nature titled "Possible Existence of a Neutron"  He communicated his findings in detail in an article sent to Proceedings of the Royal Society A titled "The Existence of a Neutron" in May  His discovery of the neutron was a milestone in understanding the nucleus  Reading Chadwick's paper, Robert Bacher and Edward Condon realised that anomalies in the then-current theory, like the spin of nitrogen, would be resolved if the neutron has a spin of 1/2 and that a nitrogen nucleus consisted of seven protons and seven neutrons The theoretical physicists Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg considered whether the neutron could be a fundamental nuclear particle like the proton and electron, rather than a proton–electron pair   Heisenberg showed that the neutron was best described as a new nuclear particle, but its exact nature remained unclear   In his 1933 Bakerian Lecture, Chadwick estimated that a neutron had a mass of about 1 0067 u  Since a proton and an electron had a combined mass of 1 0078 u, this implied the neutron as a proton–electron composite had a binding energy of about 2 MeV, which sounded reasonable, although it was hard to understand how a particle with so little binding energy could be stable   Estimating such a small mass difference required challenging precise measurements, however, and several conflicting results were obtained in 1933–4   By bombarding boron with alpha particles, Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie obtained a large value for the mass of a neutron, but Ernest Lawrence's team at the University of California produced a small one   Then Maurice Goldhaber, a refugee from Nazi Germany and a graduate student at the Cavendish Laboratory, suggested to Chadwick that deuterons could be photodisintegrated by the 2 6 MeV gamma rays of 208Tl (then known as thorium C"):

An accurate value for the mass of the neutron could be determined from this process  Chadwick and Goldhaber tried this and found that it worked   They measured the kinetic energy of the proton produced as 1 05 MeV, leaving the mass of the neutron as the unknown in the equation   Chadwick and Goldhaber calculated that it was either 1 0084 or 1 0090 atomic units, depending on the values used for the masses of the proton and deuteron   (The modern accepted value for the mass of the neutron is 1 00866 u ) The mass of the neutron was too large to be a proton–electron pair For his discovery of the neutron, Chadwick was awarded the Hughes Medal by the Royal Society in 1932, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935, the Copley Medal in 1950 and the Franklin Medal in 1951  His discovery of the neutron made it possible to produce elements heavier than uranium in the laboratory by the capture of slow neutrons followed by beta decay  Unlike the positively charged alpha particles, which are repelled by the electrical forces present in the nuclei of other atoms, neutrons do not need to overcome any Coulomb barrier, and can therefore penetrate and enter the nuclei of even the heaviest elements such as uranium  This inspired Enrico Fermi to investigate the nuclear reactions brought about by collisions of nuclei with slow neutrons, work for which Fermi would receive the Nobel Prize in 1938 Wolfgang Pauli proposed another kind of particle on 4 December 1930 in order to explain the continuous spectrum of beta radiation that Chadwick had reported in 1914  Since not all of the energy of beta radiation could be accounted for, the law of conservation of energy appeared to be violated, but Pauli argued that this could be redressed if another, undiscovered, particle was involved  Pauli also called this particle a neutron, but it was clearly not the same particle as Chadwick's neutron  Fermi renamed it the neutrino, Italian for "little neutron"  In 1934, Fermi proposed his theory of beta decay which explained that the electrons emitted from the nucleus were created by the decay of a neutron into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino   The neutrino could account for the missing energy, but a particle with little mass and no electric charge was difficult to observe  Rudolf Peierls and Hans Bethe calculated that neutrinos could easily pass through the Earth, so the chances of detecting them were slim  Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan would confirm the neutrino on 14 June 1956 by placing a detector within a large antineutrino flux from a nearby nuclear reactor 

Liverpool
With the onset of the Great Depression in the United Kingdom, the government became more parsimonious with funding for science  At the same time, Lawrence's recent invention, the cyclotron, promised to revolutionise experimental nuclear physics, and Chadwick felt that the Cavendish laboratory would fall behind unless it also acquired one  He therefore chafed under Rutherford, who clung to the belief that good nuclear physics could still be done without large, expensive equipment, and turned down the request for a cyclotron 

Chadwick was himself a critic of Big Science in general, and Lawrence in particular, whose approach he considered careless and focused on technology at the expense of science  When Lawrence postulated the existence of a new and hitherto unknown particle that he claimed was a possible source of limitless energy at the Solvay Conference in 1933, Chadwick responded that the results were more likely attributable to contamination of the equipment  While Lawrence rechecked his results at Berkeley only to find that Chadwick was correct, Rutherford and Oliphant conducted an investigation at the Cavendish that found that deuterium fuses to form helium-3, thereby causing the effect that Lawrence had observed  This was another major discovery, but the Oliphant-Rutherford particle accelerator was an expensive state-of-the-art piece of equipment In March 1935, Chadwick received an offer of the Lyon Jones Chair of physics at the University of Liverpool, in his wife's home town, to succeed Lionel Wilberforce  The laboratory was so antiquated that it still ran on direct current electricity, but Chadwick seized the opportunity, assuming the chair on 1 October 1935  The university's prestige was soon bolstered by Chadwick's Nobel Prize, which was announced in November 1935  His medal was sold at auction in 2014 for $329,000 Chadwick set about acquiring a cyclotron for Liverpool  He started by spending £700 to refurbish the antiquated laboratories at Liverpool, so some components could be made in-house  He was able to persuade the university to provide £2,000 and obtained a grant for another £2,000 from the Royal Society  To build his cyclotron, Chadwick brought in two young experts, Bernard Kinsey and Harold Walke, who had worked with Lawrence at the University of California  A local cable manufacturer donated the copper conductor for the coils  The cyclotron's 50-ton magnet was manufactured in Trafford Park by Metropolitan-Vickers, which also made the vacuum chamber  The cyclotron was completely installed and running in July 1939  The total cost of £5,184 was more than Chadwick had received from the University and the Royal Society, so Chadwick paid the rest from his 159,917 kr (£8,243) Nobel Prize money At Liverpool the Medicine and Science faculties worked together closely  Chadwick was automatically a committee member of both faculties, and in 1938 he was appointed to a commission headed by Lord Derby to investigate the arrangements for cancer treatment in Liverpool  Chadwick anticipated that neutrons and radioactive isotopes produced with the 37-inch cyclotron could be used to study biochemical processes, and might become a weapon in the fight against cancer 

Second World War
Tube Alloys and the MAUD Report
In Germany, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann bombarded uranium with neutrons, and noted that barium, a lighter element, was among the products produced  Hitherto, only the same or heavier elements had been produced by the process  In January 1939, Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch astounded the physics community with a paper that explained this result  They theorised that uranium atoms bombarded with neutrons can break into two roughly equal fragments, a process they called fission  They calculated that this would result in the release of about 200 MeV, implying an energy release orders of magnitude greater than chemical reactions, and Frisch confirmed their theory experimentally  It was soon noted by Hahn that if neutrons were released during fission, then a chain reaction was possible  French scientists, Pierre Joliot, Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski, soon verified that more than one neutron was indeed emitted per fission  In a paper co-authored with the American physicist John Wheeler, Bohr theorised that fission was more likely to occur in the uranium-235 isotope, which made up only 0 7 percent of natural uranium 

Chadwick did not believe that there was any likelihood of another war with Germany in 1939, and took his family for a holiday on a remote lake in northern Sweden  The news of the outbreak of the Second World War therefore came as a shock  Determined not to spend another war in an internment camp, Chadwick made his way to Stockholm as fast as he could, but when he arrived there with his family, he found that all air traffic between Stockholm and London had been suspended  They made their way back to England on a tramp steamer  When he reached Liverpool, Chadwick found Joseph Rotblat, a Polish post-doctoral fellow who had come to work with the cyclotron, was now destitute, as he was cut off from funds from Poland  Chadwick promptly hired Rotblat as a lecturer, despite his poor grasp of English In October 1939, Chadwick received a letter from Sir Edward Appleton, the Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, asking for his opinion on the feasibility of an atom bomb  Chadwick responded cautiously  He did not dismiss the possibility, but carefully went over the many theoretical and practical difficulties involved  Chadwick decided to investigate the properties of uranium oxide further with Rotblat  In March 1940, Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls at the University of Birmingham re-examined the theoretical issues involved in a paper that became known as the Frisch–Peierls memorandum  Instead of looking at unenriched uranium oxide, they considered what would happen to a sphere of pure uranium-235, and found that not only could a chain reaction occur, but that it might require as little as 1 kilogram (2 2 lb) of uranium-235, and unleash the energy of tons of dynamite 

A special subcommittee of the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Warfare (CSSAW), known as the MAUD Committee, was created to investigate the matter further  It was chaired by Sir George Thomson and its original membership included Chadwick, along with Mark Oliphant, John Cockcroft and Philip Moon  While other teams investigated uranium enrichment techniques, Chadwick's team at Liverpool concentrated on determining the nuclear cross section of uranium-235  By April 1941, it had been experimentally confirmed that the critical mass of uranium-235 might be 8 kilograms (18 lb) or less  His research into such matters was complicated by all-but-incessant Luftwaffe bombings of the environs of his Liverpool lab; the windows were blown out so often that they were replaced by cardboard In July 1941, Chadwick was chosen to write the final draft of the MAUD Report, which, when presented by Vannevar Bush to President Franklin D  Roosevelt in October 1941, inspired the U S  government to pour millions of dollars into the pursuit of an atom bomb  When George B  Pegram and Harold Urey visited Britain to see how the project, now known as Tube Alloys, was going, Chadwick was able to tell them: "I wish I could tell you that the bomb is not going to work, but I am 90 per cent sure that it will "In a recent book about the Bomb project, Graham Farmelo wrote that "Chadwick did more than any other scientist to give Churchill the Bomb      Chadwick was tested almost to the breaking point " So worried that he could not sleep, Chadwick resorted to sleeping pills, which he continued to take for most of his remaining years  Chadwick later said that he realised that "a nuclear bomb was not only possible—it was inevitable  Sooner or later these ideas could not be peculiar to us  Everybody would think about them before long, and some country would put them into action"  Sir Hermann Bondi suggested that it was fortunate that Chadwick, not Rutherford, was the doyen of UK physics at the time, as the latter's prestige might otherwise have overpowered Chadwick's interest in "looking forward" to the Bomb's prospects 

Manhattan Project
Owing to the danger from aerial bombardment, the Chadwicks sent their twins to Canada as part of a government evacuation scheme  Chadwick was reluctant to move Tube Alloys there, believing that the United Kingdom was a better location for the isotope separation plant  The enormous scope of the effort became more apparent in 1942: even a pilot separation plant would cost over £1 million and strain Britain's resources, to say nothing of a full-scale plant, which was estimated to cost somewhere in the vicinity of £25 million  It would have to be built in America  At the same time that the British became convinced that a joint project was necessary, the progress of the American Manhattan Project was such that British cooperation seemed less essential, although the Americans were still eager to utilise Chadwick's talents The matter of cooperation had to be taken up at the highest level  In September 1943, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and President Roosevelt negotiated the Quebec Agreement, which reinstated cooperation between Britain, the United States and Canada  Chadwick, Oliphant, Peierls and Simon were summoned to the United States by the director of Tube Alloys, Sir Wallace Akers, to work with the Manhattan Project  The Quebec Agreement established a new Combined Policy Committee to direct the joint project  The Americans disliked Akers, so Chadwick was appointed technical advisor to the Combined Policy Committee, and the head of the British Mission Leaving Rotblat in charge in Liverpool, Chadwick began a tour of the Manhattan Project facilities in November 1943, except for the Hanford Site where plutonium was produced, which he was not allowed to see  He became the only man apart from Groves and his second in command to have access to all the American research and production facilities for the uranium bomb  Observing the work on the K-25 gaseous diffusion facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Chadwick realised how wrong he had been about building the plant in wartime Britain  The enormous structure could never have been concealed from the Luftwaffe  In early 1944, he moved to Los Alamos, New Mexico, with his wife and their twins, who now spoke with Canadian accents  For security reasons, he was given the cover name of James Chaffee 

Chadwick accepted that the Americans did not need British help, but that it could still be useful in bringing the project to an early and successful conclusion  Working closely with the director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R  Groves, Jr , he attempted to do everything he could to support the effort  He also endeavoured to place British scientists in as many parts of the project as possible in order to facilitate a post-war British nuclear weapons project to which Chadwick was committed  Requests from Groves via Chadwick for particular scientists tended to be met with an immediate rejection by the company, ministry or university currently employing them, only to be overcome by the overriding priority accorded to Tube Alloys  As a result, the British team was critical to the Project's success Although he had more knowledge of the project than anyone else from Britain, Chadwick had no access to the Hanford site  Lord Portal was offered a tour of Hanford in 1946  "This was the only plant to which Chadwick had been denied access in wartime, and now he asked Groves if he could accompany Portal  Groves replied that he could, but if he did then 'Portal will not see very much' " For his efforts, Chadwick received a knighthood in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1945  He considered this to be a recognition of the work of the whole Tube Alloys project By early 1945, Chadwick was spending most of his time in Washington, D C , and his family relocated from Los Alamos to a house on Washington's Dupont Circle in April 1945  He was present at the meeting of the Combined Policy Committee on 4 July when Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson gave Britain's agreement to use the atom bomb against Japan, and at the Trinity nuclear test on 16 July, when the first atom bomb was detonated  Inside its pit was a polonium-beryllium modulated neutron initiator, a development of the technique that Chadwick had used to discover the neutron over a decade before  William L  Laurence, The New York Times reporter attached to the Manhattan Project, wrote that "never before in history had any man lived to see his own discovery materialize itself with such telling effect on the destiny of man "

Later life
Shortly after the war ended, Chadwick was appointed to the Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (ACAE)  He was also appointed as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission  He clashed with fellow ACAE member Patrick Blackett, who disagreed with Chadwick's conviction that Britain needed to acquire its own nuclear weapons; but it was Chadwick's position that was ultimately adopted  He returned to Britain in 1946, to find a country still beset by wartime rationing and shortages At this time, Sir James Mountford, the Vice Chancellor of the University of Liverpool, wrote in his diary "he had never seen a man 'so physically, mentally and spiritually tired" as Chadwick, for he "had plumbed such depths of moral decision as more fortunate men are never called upon even to peer into     [and suffered]     almost insupportable agonies of responsibility arising from his scientific work' "In 1948, Chadwick accepted an offer to become the Master of Gonville and Caius College  The job was prestigious but ill-defined; the Master was the titular head of the College, but authority actually resided in a council of 13 fellows, of whom one was the Master  As Master, Chadwick strove to improve the academic reputation of the college  He increased the number of research fellowships from 31 to 49, and sought to bring talent into the college  This involved controversial decisions, such as hiring in 1951 the Chinese biochemist Tien-chin Tsao and the Hungarian-born economist Peter Bauer  In what became known as the Peasants' Revolt, fellows led by Patrick Hadley voted an old friend of Chadwick's off the council and replaced him with Bauer  More friends of Chadwick's were removed over the following years, and he retired in November 1958  It was during his mastership that Francis Crick, a PhD student at Gonville and Caius College, and James Watson discovered the structure of DNA Over the years, Chadwick received many honours, including the Medal for Merit from the United States, and the Pour le Mérite from Germany  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1927  He became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946 and an International member of the American Philosophical Society in 1948  He was made a Companion of Honour in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1970 for "services to science", and went to Buckingham Palace for the investiture ceremony  He became more frail, and seldom left his flat, although he travelled to Liverpool for celebrations of his eightieth birthday   A lifelong atheist, he saw no reason to adopt religious faith in later life  He died in his sleep on 24 July 1974 His papers are held at the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge, and are accessible to the public  The Chadwick Laboratory at the University of Liverpool is named after him, as is its Sir James Chadwick Chair of Experimental Physics, which was named after him in 1991 as part of celebrations of the centenary of his birth  A crater on the moon is also named after him  The James Chadwick Building, which houses part of the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, University of Manchester is named in his honour  He was described by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority official historian Lorna Arnold as "a physicist, a scientist-diplomat, and a good, wise, and humane man "

Notes
Passage 2:
Neutron temperature
The neutron detection temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's kinetic energy, usually given in electron volts  The term temperature is used, since hot, thermal and cold neutrons are moderated in a medium with a certain temperature  The neutron energy distribution is then adapted to the Maxwell distribution known for thermal motion  Qualitatively, the higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy of the free neutrons  The momentum and wavelength of the neutron are related through the de Broglie relation  The large wavelength of slow neutrons allows for the large cross section 

Neutron energy distribution ranges
But different ranges with different names are observed in other sources The following is a detailed classification:

Thermal
A thermal neutron is a free neutron with a kinetic energy of about 0 025 eV (about 4 0×10−21 J or 2 4 MJ/kg, hence a speed of 2 19 km/s), which is the energy corresponding to the most probable speed at a temperature of 290 K (17 °C or 62 °F), the mode of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for this temperature, Epeak = 1/2 k T 
After a number of collisions with nuclei (scattering) in a medium (neutron moderator) at this temperature, those neutrons which are not absorbed reach about this energy level 
Thermal neutrons have a different and sometimes much larger effective neutron absorption cross-section for a given nuclide than fast neutrons, and can therefore often be absorbed more easily by an atomic nucleus, creating a heavier, often unstable isotope of the chemical element as a result  This event is called neutron activation 

EpithermalNeutrons of energy greater than thermal
Greater than 0 025 eV

CadmiumNeutrons which are strongly absorbed by cadmium
Less than 0 5 eV 

EpicadmiumNeutrons which are not strongly absorbed by cadmium
Greater than 0 5 eV 

Cold (slow) neutronsNeutrons of lower (much lower) energy than thermal neutrons 
Less than 5 meV 
Cold (slow) neutrons are subclassified into cold (CN), very cold (VCN), and ultra-cold (UCN) neutrons, each having particular characteristics in terms of their optical interactions with matter  As the wavelength is made (chosen to be) longer,  lower values of the momentum exchange become accessible  Therefore, it is possible to study larger scales and slower dynamics  Gravity also plays a very significant role in the case of UCN  Nevertheless, UCN reflect at all angles of incidence  This is because their momentum is comparable to the optical potential of materials  This effect is used to store them in bottles and study their fundamental properties e g  lifetime, neutron electrical-dipole moment etc    The main limitations of the use of slow neutrons is the low flux and the lack of efficient optical devices (in the case of CN and VCN)  Efficient neutron optical components are being developed and optimized to remedy this lack 

ResonanceRefers to neutrons which are strongly susceptible to non-fission capture by U-238 
1 eV to 300 eV

IntermediateNeutrons that are between slow and fast
Few hundred eV to 0 5 MeV 

Fast
A fast neutron is a free neutron with a kinetic energy level close to 1 MeV (100 TJ/kg), hence a speed of 14,000 km/s or higher  They are named fast neutrons to distinguish them from lower-energy thermal neutrons, and high-energy neutrons produced in cosmic showers or accelerators Fast neutrons are produced by nuclear processes:

Nuclear fission produces neutrons with a mean energy of 2 MeV (200 TJ/kg, i e  20,000 km/s), which qualifies as "fast"  However the range of neutrons from fission follows a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution from 0 to about 14 MeV in the center of momentum frame of the disintegration, and the mode of the energy is only 0 75 MeV, meaning that fewer than half of fission neutrons qualify as "fast" even by the 1 MeV criterion 
Spontaneous fission is a mode of radioactive decay for some heavy nuclides  Examples include plutonium-240 and californium-252 
Nuclear fusion: deuterium–tritium fusion produces neutrons of 14 1 MeV (1400 TJ/kg, i e  52,000 km/s, 17 3% of the speed of light) that can easily fission uranium-238 and other non-fissile actinides 
Neutron emission occurs in situations in which a nucleus contains enough excess neutrons that the separation energy of one or more neutrons becomes negative (i e  excess neutrons "drip" out of the nucleus)  Unstable nuclei of this sort will often decay in less than one second Fast neutrons are usually undesirable in a steady-state nuclear reactor because most fissile fuel has a higher reaction rate with thermal neutrons  Fast neutrons can be rapidly changed into thermal neutrons via a process called moderation  This is done through numerous collisions with (in general) slower-moving and thus lower-temperature particles like atomic nuclei and other neutrons  These collisions will generally speed up the other particle and slow down the neutron and scatter it  Ideally, a room temperature neutron moderator is used for this process  In reactors, heavy water, light water, or graphite are typically used to moderate neutrons 

UltrafastRelativistic
Greater than 20 MeV

Other classifications
Pile

Neutrons of all energies present in nuclear reactors
0 001 eV to 15 MeV Ultracold

Neutrons with sufficiently low energy to be reflected and trapped
Upper bound of 335 neV

Fast-neutron reactor and thermal-neutron reactor compared
Most fission reactors are thermal-neutron reactors that use a neutron moderator to slow down ("thermalize") the neutrons produced by nuclear fission  Moderation substantially increases the fission cross section for fissile nuclei such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239  In addition, uranium-238 has a much lower capture cross section for thermal neutrons, allowing more neutrons to cause fission of fissile nuclei and propagate the chain reaction, rather than being captured by 238U  The combination of these effects allows light water reactors to use low-enriched uranium  Heavy water reactors and graphite-moderated reactors can even use natural uranium as these moderators have much lower neutron capture cross sections than light water An increase in fuel temperature also raises uranium-238's thermal neutron absorption by Doppler broadening, providing negative feedback to help control the reactor  When the coolant is a liquid that also contributes to moderation and absorption (light water or heavy water), boiling of the coolant will reduce the moderator density, which can provide positive or negative feedback (a positive or negative void coefficient), depending on whether the reactor is under- or over-moderated 
Intermediate-energy neutrons have poorer fission/capture ratios than either fast or thermal neutrons for most fuels  An exception is the uranium-233 of the thorium cycle, which has a good fission/capture ratio at all neutron energies 
Fast-neutron reactors use unmoderated fast neutrons to sustain the reaction, and require the fuel to contain a higher concentration of fissile material relative to fertile material (uranium-238)  However, fast neutrons have a better fission/capture ratio for many nuclides, and each fast fission releases a larger number of neutrons, so a fast breeder reactor can potentially "breed" more fissile fuel than it consumes 
Fast reactor control cannot depend solely on Doppler broadening or on negative void coefficient from a moderator  However, thermal expansion of the fuel itself can provide quick negative feedback  Perennially expected to be the wave of the future, fast reactor development has been nearly dormant with only a handful of reactors built in the decades since the Chernobyl accident due to low prices in the uranium market, although there is now a revival with several Asian countries planning to complete larger prototype fast reactors in the next few years 

See also
Passage 3:
Discovery of the neutron
The discovery of the neutron and its properties was central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics in the first half of the 20th century  Early in the century, Ernest Rutherford developed a crude model of the atom,: 188  based on the gold foil experiment of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden  In this model, atoms had their mass and positive electric charge concentrated in a very small nucleus  By 1920, isotopes of chemical elements had been discovered, the atomic masses had been determined to be (approximately) integer multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom, and the atomic number had been identified as the charge on the nucleus : §1 1 2  Throughout the 1920s, the nucleus was viewed as composed of combinations of protons and electrons, the two elementary particles known at the time, but that model presented several experimental and theoretical contradictions : 298 The essential nature of the atomic nucleus was established with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 and the determination that it was a new elementary particle, distinct from the proton : 55 The uncharged neutron was immediately exploited as a new means to probe nuclear structure, leading to such discoveries as the creation of new radioactive elements by neutron irradiation (1934) and the fission of uranium atoms by neutrons (1938)  The discovery of fission led to the creation of both nuclear power and nuclear weapons by the end of World War II  Both the proton and the neutron were presumed to be elementary particles until the 1960s, when they were determined to be composite particles built from quarks 

Discovery of radioactivity
At the start of the 20th century, the vigorous debate as to the existence of atoms had not yet been resolved  Philosophers such as Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald denied that atoms were real, viewing them as a convenient mathematical construct, while scientists such as Arnold Sommerfeld and Ludwig Boltzmann saw that physical theories required the existence of atoms : 13–14 Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by the French scientist Henri Becquerel, while working with phosphorescent materials   In 1898, Ernest Rutherford at Cavendish Laboratory distinguished two types of radioactivity, alpha rays and beta rays, which differed in their ability to penetrate, or travel into, ordinary objects or gases  Two years later, Paul Villard discovered gamma rays, which possessed even more penetrating power : 8–9  These radiations were soon identified with known particles:  beta rays were shown to be electrons by Walter Kaufmann in 1902; alpha rays were shown to be helium ions by Rutherford and Thomas Royds in 1907; and gamma rays were shown to be electromagnetic radiation, that is, a form of light, by Rutherford and Edward Andrade in 1914 : 61–62, 87  These radiations had also been identified as emanating from atoms, hence they provided clues to processes occurring within atoms   Conversely, the radiations were also recognized as tools that could be exploited in scattering experiments to probe the interior of atoms : 112–115

The gold foil experiment and the discovery of the atomic nucleus
At the University of Manchester between 1908 and 1913, Rutherford directed Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in a series of experiments to determine what happens when alpha particles scatter from metal foil  Now called the Rutherford gold foil experiment, or the Geiger–Marsden experiment, these measurements made the extraordinary discovery that although most alpha particles passing through a thin gold foil experienced little deflection, a few scattered to a high angle  The scattering indicated that some of the alpha particles ricocheted back from a small, but dense, component inside the atoms  Based on these measurements, by 1911 it was apparent to Rutherford that the atom consisted of a small, massive nucleus with positive charge surrounded by a much larger cloud of negatively charged electrons  The concentrated atomic mass was required to provide the observed deflection of the alpha particles, and Rutherford developed a mathematical model that accounted for the scattering The Rutherford model was very influential, motivating the Bohr model for electrons orbiting the nucleus in 1913 and eventually leading to quantum mechanics by the mid-1920s 

Discovery of isotopes
Concurrent with the work of Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden, the radiochemist Frederick Soddy at the University of Glasgow was studying chemistry related problems on radioactive materials  Soddy had worked with Rutherford on radioactivity at McGill University  By 1910, about 40 different radioactive elements, referred to as radioelements, had been identified between uranium and lead, although the periodic table only allowed for 11 elements  Soddy and Kazimierz Fajans independently found in 1913 that an element undergoing alpha decay will produce an element two places to the left in the periodic system and an element undergoing beta decay will produce an element one place to the right in the periodic system   Also, those radioelements that reside in the same places in the periodic system are chemically identical   Soddy called these chemically identical elements  isotopes : 3–5  For his study of radioactivity and the discovery of isotopes, Soddy was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 

Building from work by J  J  Thomson on the deflection of positively charged atoms by electric and magnetic fields, Francis Aston built the first mass spectrograph at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919  His aim, which he easily achieved, was to separate the two isotopes of neon, 20Ne and 22Ne  Aston discovered that the masses of all the particles are whole numbers (the whole number rule): that is, the masses of all the isotopes are whole number multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom  In these measurements, Aston arbitrarily computed his masses relative to oxygen-16, which he took to have a mass of exactly 16  (Today the atomic mass unit (amu) is relative to carbon-12 ) Ironically, the one exception to this rule was hydrogen itself, which had a mass value of 1 008  The excess mass was small, but well outside the limits of experimental uncertainty  Aston and others quickly realized that the discrepancy is due to the binding energy of atoms, that is, the mass of a number of hydrogen atoms bound into a single atom must be less than the sum of the masses of the separate hydrogen atoms   Aston's work on isotopes won him the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole number rule  Noting Aston's recent discovery of nuclear binding energy, in 1920 Arthur Eddington suggested that stars may obtain their energy by fusing hydrogen (protons) into helium and that the heavier elements may form in stars 

Atomic number and Moseley's law
Rutherford and others had noted the disparity between the mass of an atom, computed in atomic mass units, and the approximate charge required on the nucleus for the Rutherford model to work  The required charge of the atomic nucleus was usually about half its atomic mass : 82 Antonius van den Broek boldly hypothesized that the required charge, denoted by Z, was not half of the atomic weight for elements, but instead was exactly equal to the element's ordinal position in the periodic table : 228  At that time, the positions of the elements in the periodic table were not known to have any physical significance   If the elements were ordered based on increasing atomic mass, however, periodicity in chemical properties was exhibited   Exceptions to this periodicity were apparent, however, such as cobalt and nickel : 180 At the University of Manchester in 1913 Henry Moseley discussed the new Bohr model of the atom with the visiting Bohr  The model accounted for the electromagnetic emission spectrum from the hydrogen atom, and Moseley and Bohr wondered if the electromagnetic emission spectra of heavier elements such as cobalt and nickel would follow their ordering by weight, or by their position in the periodic table : 346  In 1913–1914 Moseley tested the question experimentally by using X-ray diffraction techniques  He found that the most intense short-wavelength line in the X-ray spectrum of a particular element, known as the K-alpha line, was related to the element's position in the periodic table, that is, its atomic number, Z  Indeed, Moseley introduced this nomenclature : §1 1 2  Moseley found that the frequencies of the radiation were related in a simple way to the atomic number of the elements for a large number of elements : 5 : 181 Within a year it was noted that the equation for the relation, now called Moseley's law, could be explained in terms of the 1913 Bohr model, with reasonable extra assumptions about atomic structure in other elements : 87  Moseley's result, by Bohr's later account, not only established atomic number as a measurable experimental quantity, but gave it a physical meaning as the positive charge on the atomic nucleus  The elements could be ordered in the periodic system in order of atomic number, rather than atomic weight : 127  The result tied together the organization of the periodic table, the Bohr model for the atom,: 56  and Rutherford's model for alpha scattering from nuclei  It was cited by Rutherford, Bohr, and others as a critical advance in understanding the nature of the atomic nucleus Further research in atomic physics was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I  Moseley was killed in 1915 at the Battle of Gallipoli,: 182  while Rutherford's student James Chadwick was interned in Germany for the duration of the war, 1914–1918  In Berlin, Lise Meitner's and Otto Hahn's research work on determining the radioactive decay chains of radium and uranium by precise chemical separation was interrupted : §4  Meitner spent much of the war working as a radiologist and medical X-ray technician near the Austrian front, while Hahn, a chemist, worked on research in poison gas warfare : 61–62, 68

Rutherford atom
In 1920 Rutherford gave a Bakerian lecture at the Royal Society entitled the "Nuclear Constitution of Atoms", a summary of recent experiments on atomic nuclei and conclusions as to the structure of atomic nuclei : 23 : 5  By 1920, the existence of electrons within the atomic nucleus was widely assumed   It was assumed the nucleus consisted of hydrogen nuclei in number equal to the atomic mass   But since each hydrogen nucleus had charge +1, the nucleus required a smaller number of "internal electrons" each of charge −1 to give the nucleus its correct total charge  The mass of protons is about 1800 times greater than that of electrons, so the mass of the electrons is incidental in this computation : 230–231   Such a model was consistent with the scattering of alpha particles from heavy nuclei, as well as the charge and mass of the many isotopes that had been identified   There were other motivations for the proton–electron model   As noted by Rutherford at the time, "We have strong reason for believing that the nuclei of atoms contain electrons as well as positively charged bodies   ",: 376–377  namely, it was known that beta radiation was electrons emitted from the nucleus : 21 : 5–6 In that lecture, Rutherford conjectured the existence of new particles   The alpha particle was known to be very stable, and it was assumed to retain its identity within the nucleus   The alpha particle was presumed to consist of four protons and two closely bound electrons to give it +2 charge and mass 4   In a 1919 paper, Rutherford had reported the apparent discovery of a new doubly charged particle of mass 3, denoted the X++, interpreted to consist of three protons and a closely bound electron   This result suggested to Rutherford the likely existence of two new particles: one of two protons with a closely bound electron, and another of one proton and a closely bound electron  The X++ particle was later determined to have mass 4 and to be just a low-energy alpha particle : 25  Nevertheless, Rutherford had conjectured the existence of the deuteron, a +1 charge particle of mass 2, and the neutron, a neutral particle of mass 1 : 396   The former is the nucleus of deuterium, discovered in 1931 by Harold Urey  The mass of the hypothetical neutral particle would be little different from that of the proton  Rutherford determined that such a zero-charge particle would be difficult to detect by available techniques : 396 About the time of Rutherford's lecture, other publications appeared with similar suggestions of a proton–electron composite in the nucleus, and in 1921 William Harkins, an American chemist, named the uncharged particle the neutron : 6  About that same time the word proton was adopted for the hydrogen nucleus   Neutron was apparently constructed from the Latin root for neutral and the Greek ending -on (by imitation of electron and proton)  References to the word neutron in connection with the atom can be found in the literature as early as 1899, however : 398 Rutherford and Chadwick immediately began an experimental program at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge to search for the neutron : 27 : 398   The experiments continued throughout the 1920s without success Rutherford's conjecture and the hypothetical "neutron" were not widely accepted   In his 1931 monograph on the Constitution of Atomic Nuclei and Radioactivity, George Gamow, then at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, did not mention the neutron   At the time of their 1932 measurements in Paris that would lead to the discovery of the neutron, Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot were unaware of the conjecture 

Problems of the nuclear electrons hypothesis
Throughout the 1920s, physicists assumed that the atomic nucleus was composed of protons and "nuclear electrons" : 29–32  Under this hypothesis, the nitrogen-14 (14N) nucleus would be composed of 14 protons and 7 electrons, so that it would have a net charge of +7 elementary charge units and a mass of 14 atomic mass units  This nucleus would also be orbited by another 7 electrons, termed "external electrons" by Rutherford,: 375  to complete the 14N atom  However problems with the hypothesis soon became apparent 
Ralph Kronig pointed out in 1926 that the observed hyperfine structure of atomic spectra was inconsistent with the proton–electron hypothesis  This structure is caused by the influence of the nucleus on the dynamics of orbiting electrons  The magnetic moments of supposed "nuclear electrons" should produce hyperfine spectral line splittings similar to the Zeeman effect, but no such effects were observed : 199   It seemed that the magnetic moment of the electron vanished when it was within the nucleus : 299 While on a visit to Utrecht University in 1928, Kronig learned of a surprising aspect of the rotational spectrum of N2+  The precision measurement made by Leonard Ornstein, the director of Utrecht's Physical Laboratory, showed that the spin of nitrogen nucleus must be equal to one  However, if the nitrogen-14 (14N) nucleus was composed of 14 protons and 7 electrons, an odd number of spin-1/2 particles, then the resultant nuclear spin should be half-integer  Kronig therefore suggested that perhaps "protons and  electrons do not retain their identity to the extent they do outside the nucleus" : 299–301 : 117 Observations of the rotational energy levels of diatomic molecules using Raman spectroscopy by Franco Rasetti in 1929 were inconsistent with the statistics expected from the proton–electron hypothesis  Rasetti obtained band spectra for H2 and N2 molecules   While the lines for both diatomic molecules showed alternation in intensity between light and dark, the pattern of alternation for H2 is opposite to that of the N2  After carefully analyzing these experimental results, German physicists Walter Heitler and Gerhard Herzberg showed that the hydrogen nuclei obey Fermi statistics and the nitrogen nuclei obey Bose statistics  However, a then unpublished result of Eugene Wigner showed that a composite system with an odd number of spin-1/2 particles must obey Fermi statistics; a system with an even number of spin-1/2 particle obeys Bose statistics  If the nitrogen nucleus had 21 particles, it should obey Fermi statistics, contrary to fact  Thus, Heitler and Herzberg concluded: "the electron in the nucleus     loses its ability to determine the statistics of the nucleus ": 117–118 The Klein paradox, discovered by Oskar Klein in 1928, presented further quantum mechanical objections to the notion of an electron confined within a nucleus   Derived from the Dirac equation, this clear and precise paradox suggested that an  electron approaching a high potential barrier has a high probability of passing through the barrier by a pair creation process   Apparently, an electron could not be confined within a nucleus by any potential well  The meaning of this paradox was intensely debated at the time : 199–200 By about 1930 it was generally recognized that it was difficult to reconcile the proton–electron model for nuclei with the Heisenberg uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics : 199 : 299  This relation, Δx⋅Δp ≥ 1⁄2ħ, implies that an electron confined to a region the size of an atomic nucleus typically has a kinetic energy of about 40 MeV,: 299  which is larger than the observed energy of beta particles emitted from the nucleus  Such energy is also much larger than the binding energy of nucleons,: 89  which Aston and others had shown to be less than 9 MeV per nucleon : 511 In 1927, Charles Ellis and W  Wooster at the Cavendish Laboratory measured the energies of β-decay electrons   They found that the distribution of energies from any particular radioactive nuclei was broad and continuous, a result that contrasted notably with the distinct energy values observed in alpha and gamma decay  Further, the continuous energy distribution seemed to indicate that energy was not conserved by this "nuclear electrons" process   Indeed, in 1929 Bohr proposed to modify the law of energy conservation to account for the continuous energy distribution  The proposal earned the support of Werner Heisenberg  Such considerations were apparently reasonable, inasmuch as the laws of quantum mechanics had so recently overturned the laws of classical mechanics 
While all these considerations did not "prove" an electron could not exist in the nucleus, they were confusing and challenging for physicists to interpret   Many theories were invented to explain how the above arguments could be wrong : 4–5  In his 1931 monograph, Gamow summarized all these contradictions, marking the statements regarding electrons in the nucleus with warning symbols : 23

Discovery of the neutron
In 1930, Walther Bothe and his collaborator Herbert Becker in Giessen, Germany found that if the energetic alpha particles emitted from polonium fell on certain light elements, specifically beryllium (94Be), boron (115B), or lithium (73Li), an unusually penetrating radiation was produced  Beryllium produced the most intense radiation   Polonium is highly radioactive, producing energetic alpha radiation, and it was commonly used for scattering experiments at the time : 99–110  Alpha radiation can be influenced by an electric field, because it is composed of charged particles   The observed penetrating radiation was not influenced by an electric field, however, so it was thought to be gamma radiation  The radiation was more penetrating than any gamma rays known, and the details of experimental results were difficult to interpret 

Two years later Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot in Paris showed that if this unknown radiation fell on paraffin wax, or any other hydrogen-containing compound, it ejected protons of very high energy (5 MeV)  This observation was not in itself inconsistent with the assumed gamma ray nature of the new radiation, but that interpretation (Compton scattering) had a logical problem   From energy and momentum considerations, a gamma ray would have to have impossibly high energy (50 MeV) to scatter a massive proton : §1 3 1  In Rome, the young physicist Ettore Majorana declared that the manner in which the new radiation interacted with
protons required a new neutral particle On hearing of the Paris results, neither Rutherford nor James Chadwick at the Cavendish Laboratory believed the gamma ray hypothesis  Assisted by Norman Feather, Chadwick quickly performed a series of experiments showing that the gamma ray hypothesis was untenable  The previous year, Chadwick, J E R  Constable, and E C  Pollard had already conducted experiments on disintegrating light elements using alpha radiation from polonium  They had also developed more accurate and efficient methods for detecting, counting, and recording the ejected protons  Chadwick repeated the creation of the radiation using beryllium to absorb the alpha particles: 9Be + 4He (α) →  12C + 1n  Following the Paris experiment, he aimed the radiation at paraffin wax, a hydrocarbon high in hydrogen content, hence offering a target dense with protons  As in the Paris experiment, the radiation energetically scattered some of the protons  Chadwick measured the range of these protons, and also measured how the new radiation impacted the atoms of various gases  He found that the new radiation consisted of not gamma rays, but uncharged particles with about the same mass as the proton  These particles were neutrons  Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935 for this discovery The year 1932 was later referred to as the "annus mirabilis" for nuclear physics in the Cavendish Laboratory, with discoveries of the neutron, artificial nuclear disintegration by the Cockcroft–Walton particle accelerator, and the positron 

Proton–neutron model of the nucleus
Given the problems of the proton–electron model, it was quickly accepted that the atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, although the precise nature of the neutron was initially unclear  Within months after the discovery of the neutron, Werner Heisenberg and Dmitri Ivanenko had proposed proton–neutron models for the nucleus  Heisenberg's landmark papers approached the description of protons and neutrons in the nucleus through quantum mechanics  While Heisenberg's theory for protons and neutrons in the nucleus was a "major step toward understanding the nucleus as a quantum mechanical system," he still assumed the presence of nuclear electrons  In particular, Heisenberg assumed the neutron was a proton–electron composite, for which there is no quantum mechanical explanation  Heisenberg had no explanation for how lightweight electrons could be bound within the nucleus  Heisenberg introduced the first theory of nuclear exchange forces that bind the nucleons  He considered protons and neutrons to be different quantum states of the same particle, i e , nucleons distinguished by the value of their nuclear isospin quantum numbers 
The proton–neutron model explained the puzzle of dinitrogen  When 14N was proposed to consist of 3 pairs each of protons and neutrons, with an additional unpaired neutron and proton each contributing a spin of 1⁄2 ħ in the same direction for a total spin of 1 ħ, the model became viable  Soon, neutrons were used to naturally explain spin differences in many different nuclides in the same way 
If the proton–neutron model for the nucleus resolved many issues, it highlighted the problem of explaining the origins of beta radiation  No existing theory could account for how electrons, or positrons, could emanate from the nucleus  In 1934, Enrico Fermi published his classic paper describing the process of beta decay, in which the neutron decays to a proton by creating an electron and a (as yet undiscovered) neutrino  The paper employed the analogy that photons, or electromagnetic radiation, were similarly created and destroyed in atomic processes  Ivanenko had suggested a similar analogy in 1932  Fermi's theory requires the neutron to be a spin-1⁄2 particle  The theory preserved the principle of conservation of energy, which had been thrown into question by the continuous energy distribution of beta particles  The basic theory for beta decay proposed by Fermi was the first to show how particles could be created and destroyed  It established a general, basic theory for the interaction of particles by weak or strong forces  While this influential paper has stood the test of time, the ideas within it were so new that when it was first submitted to the journal Nature in 1933 it was rejected as being too speculative 

The nature of the neutron
The question of whether the neutron was a composite particle of a proton and an electron persisted for a few years after its discovery  In 1932 Harrie Massey explored a model for a composite neutron to account for its great penetrating power through matter and its electrical neutrality, for example  The issue was a legacy of the prevailing view from the 1920s that the only elementary particles were the proton and electron 
The nature of the neutron was a primary topic of discussion at the 7th Solvay Conference held in October 1933, attended by Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Lise Meitner, Ernest Lawrence, Fermi, Chadwick, and others  As posed by Chadwick in his Bakerian Lecture in 1933, the primary question was the mass of the neutron relative to the proton  If the neutron's mass was less than the combined masses of a proton and an electron (1 0078 u), then the neutron could be a proton-electron composite because of the mass defect from the nuclear binding energy  If greater than the combined masses, then the neutron was elementary like the proton  The question was challenging to answer because the electron's mass is only 0 05% of the proton's, hence exceptionally precise measurements were required 
The difficulty of making the measurement is illustrated by the wide-ranging values for the mass of the neutron obtained from 1932 to 1934  The accepted value today is 1 00866 u  In Chadwick's 1932 paper reporting on the discovery, he estimated the mass of the neutron to be between 1 005 u and 1 008 u  By bombarding boron with alpha particles, Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie obtained a high value of 1 012 u, while Ernest Lawrence's team at the University of California measured the small value 1 0006 u using their new cyclotron In 1935 Chadwick and his doctoral student Maurice Goldhaber resolved the issue by reporting the first accurate measurement of the mass of the neutron  They used the 2 6 MeV gamma rays of Thallium-208 (208Tl) (then known as thorium C") to photodisintegrate the deuteron 
In this reaction, the resulting proton and neutron have about equal kinetic energy, since their masses are about equal   The kinetic energy of the resulting proton could be measured (0 24 MeV), and therefore the deuteron's binding energy could be determined (2 6 MeV − 2(0 24 MeV) = 2 1 MeV, or 0 0023 u)  The neutron's mass could then be determined by the simple mass balance

where md,p,n refer to the deuteron, proton, or neutron mass, and "b e " is the binding energy  The masses of the deuteron and proton were known; Chadwick and Goldhaber used values 2 0142 u and 1 0081 u, respectively   They found that the neutron's mass was slightly greater than the mass of the proton 1 0084 u or 1 0090 u, depending on the precise value used for the deuteron mass  The mass of the neutron was too large to be a proton–electron composite, and the neutron was therefore identified as an elementary particle   Chadwick and Goldhaber predicted that a free neutron would be able to decay into a proton, electron, and neutrino (beta decay) 

Neutron physics in the 1930s
Soon after the discovery of the neutron, indirect evidence suggested the neutron had an unexpected non-zero value for its magnetic moment  Attempts to measure the neutron's magnetic moment originated with the discovery by Otto Stern in 1933 in Hamburg that the proton had an anomalously large magnetic moment  By 1934 groups led by Stern, now in Pittsburgh, and I  I  Rabi in New York had independently deduced that the magnetic moment of the neutron was negative and unexpectedly large by measuring the magnetic moments of the proton and deuteron  Values for the magnetic moment of the neutron were also determined by Robert Bacher (1933) at Ann Arbor and I Y  Tamm and S A  Altshuler (1934) in the Soviet Union from studies of the hyperfine structure of atomic spectra  By the late 1930s accurate values for the magnetic moment of the neutron had been deduced by the Rabi group using measurements employing newly developed nuclear magnetic resonance techniques  The large value for the proton's magnetic moment and the inferred negative value for the neutron's magnetic moment were unexpected and raised many questions 

The discovery of the neutron immediately gave scientists a new tool for probing the properties of atomic nuclei  Alpha particles had been used over the previous decades in scattering experiments, but such particles, which are helium nuclei, have +2 charge  This charge makes it difficult for alpha particles to overcome the Coulomb repulsive force and interact directly with the nuclei of atoms  Since neutrons have no electric charge, they do not have to overcome this force to interact with nuclei  Almost coincident with their discovery, neutrons were used by Norman Feather, Chadwick's colleague and protege, in scattering experiments with nitrogen  Feather was able to show that neutrons interacting with nitrogen nuclei scattered to protons or induced nitrogen to disintegrate to form boron with the emission of an alpha particle  Feather was therefore the first to show that neutrons produce nuclear disintegrations 
In Rome, Enrico Fermi and his team bombarded heavier elements with neutrons and found the products to be radioactive  By 1934 they had used neutrons to induce radioactivity in 22 different elements, many of these elements of high atomic number  Noticing that other experiments with neutrons at his laboratory seemed to work better on a wooden table than a marble table, Fermi suspected that the protons of the wood were slowing the neutrons and so increasing the chance for the neutron to interact with nuclei  Fermi therefore passed neutrons through paraffin wax to slow them and found that the radioactivity of some bombarded elements increased by a factor of tens to hundreds  The cross section for interaction with nuclei is much larger for slow neutrons than for fast neutrons  In 1938 Fermi received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" 

In Berlin, the collaboration of Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn, together with their assistant Fritz Strassmann, furthered the research begun by Fermi and his team when they bombarded uranium with neutrons  Between 1934 and 1938, Hahn, Meitner, and Strassmann found a great number of radioactive transmutation products from these experiments, all of which they regarded as transuranic  Transuranic nuclides are those that have an atomic number greater than uranium (92), formed by neutron absorption; such nuclides are not naturally occurring  In July 1938, Meitner was forced to escape antisemitic persecution in Nazi Germany after the Anschluss, and she was able to secure a new position in Sweden  The decisive experiment on 16–17 December 1938 (using a chemical process called "radium–barium–mesothorium fractionation") produced puzzling results: what they had understood to be three isotopes of radium were instead consistently behaving as barium  Radium (atomic number 88) and barium (atomic number 56) are in the same chemical group   By January 1939 Hahn had concluded that what they had thought were transuranic nuclides were instead much lighter nuclides, such as barium, lanthanum, cerium and light platinoids  Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch immediately and correctly interpreted these observations as resulting from nuclear fission, a term coined by Frisch Hahn and his collaborators had detected the splitting of uranium nuclei, made unstable by neutron absorption, into lighter elements  Meitner and Frisch also showed that the fission of each uranium atom would release about 200 MeV of energy  The discovery of fission electrified the global community of atomic physicists and the public   In their second publication on nuclear fission, Hahn and Strassmann predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process  Frédéric Joliot and his team proved this phenomenon to be a chain reaction in March 1939  In 1945 Hahn received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei "

After 1939
The discovery of nuclear fission at the end of 1938 marked a shift in the centers of nuclear research from Europe to the United States  Large numbers of scientists were migrating to the United States to escape the troubles and antisemitism in Europe and the looming war: 407–410  (See Jewish scientists and the Manhattan Project)  The new centers of nuclear research were the universities in the United States, particularly Columbia University in New York and the University of Chicago where Enrico Fermi had relocated, and a secret research facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico, established in 1942, the new home of the Manhattan project  This wartime project was focussed on the construction of nuclear weapons, exploiting the enormous energy released by the fission of uranium or plutonium through neutron-based chain reactions 
The discoveries of the neutron and positron in 1932 were the start of the discoveries of many new particles   Muons were discovered in 1936   Pions and kaons were discovered in 1947, while lambda particles were discovered in 1950   Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a large number of particles called hadrons were discovered   A classification scheme for organizing all these particles, proposed independently by Murray Gell-Mann and
George Zweig in 1964, became known as the quark model  By this model, particles such as the proton and neutron were not elementary, but composed of various configurations of a small number of other truly elementary particles called partons or quarks  The quark model received experimental verification beginning in the late 1960s and finally provided an explanation for the neutron's anomalous magnetic moment 

Videos
Ernest Rutherford summarizes the state of nuclear physics in 1935  (7 min , Nobelprize org)
Hans Bethe discusses Chadwick and Goldhaber's work on deuteron disintegration  (2 min , Web of Stories)

Explanatory notes
Context 3:  Starling first met Crawford when he was a guest lecturer at UVA  His criminology seminars were a factor in her decision to join the FBI 
During the investigation, Starling is assigned to coax Lecter into revealing Buffalo Bill's identity  Lecter gives her clues in the form of cryptic, riddling information designed to help Starling figure it out for herself  The two grow to respect each other, so when Lecter escapes during a transfer to a state prison in Tennessee, Starling does not fear that he will kill her, as he "would consider it rude" 
Starling deduces from Lecter's hints that Buffalo Bill's first victim had a personal relationship with him, and so goes to the victim's home in Belvedere, Ohio, to interview people who knew her  She unknowingly stumbles onto the killer himself, Jame Gumb, who is living under the alias "Jack Gordon"  When she sees a Death's-head Moth, the same rare kind that Buffalo Bill stuffs in the throats of each of his victims, flutter through the house, she knows that she has found her man and tries to arrest him  Gumb flees, and Starling follows him into his basement, where his latest victim is alive and screaming for help  Gumb turns off the electricity in the basement, and stalks Starling through the rooms wearing night-vision goggles  As Gumb readies to shoot Starling, Starling hears him cock the hammer of his revolver and opens fire towards the sound, killing him  She is lauded as a hero in the press, and graduates with honors from the FBI Academy, becoming a full-fledged agent 
Weeks later, Lecter writes Starling a letter from a hotel room somewhere in St  Louis asking her if the lambs have stopped screaming 
The final scene of the novel has Starling sleeping peacefully at a friend's vacation house at the Maryland seashore 

Hannibal
At the beginning of Hannibal, Starling is in her early 30s and still working for the FBI, although her career has been held back by Paul Krendler, a Department of Justice official who resents her because he is a misogynist, because she rejected his sexual advances, and because he believes that she humiliated him  She takes part in a bungled drug raid, in which she returns fire after a drug kingpin fires at her, using an infant as a human shield; her superiors blame her for the resulting mess, and she is removed from active duty, mostly at Krendler's instigation  She receives a supportive letter from Lecter, who is (unknown to her at the time) residing in Florence, Italy under an alias  One of Lecter's surviving victims, a sadistic pedophile named Mason Verger, is searching for Lecter and has offered a huge reward, which corrupt Florentine police inspector Rinaldo Pazzi tries to claim when he deduces Lecter's true identity in Florence 
Starling finds out that Lecter is in Florence and attempts to warn Pazzi  As Starling predicted, Lecter knows about the plot to capture him and, as a result, he kills Pazzi  Lecter then flees to the United States and immediately starts to follow Starling  Starling, meanwhile, is being harassed at the FBI by various corrupt agents, especially by Krendler, who is secretly assisting Verger in his attempt to capture Lecter  Starling attempts to find Lecter first, not only to capture him but also to save him from Verger  Krendler attempts to frame Starling in a scheme planned by Verger, alleging she sent coded newspaper messages to Lecter; this only results in her being suspended, but she is now powerless to stop Verger's men  Lecter is captured by Verger, who plans to feed him to a pack of specially bred wild boars 

Starling is aware that Lecter is being held by Verger, so she attempts to save him so she can bring him in to the authorities  Following Verger's death at the hands of his sister Margot, Starling uses the distraction to try to rescue Lecter  She is wounded in the ensuing gunfight with Verger's men, but Lecter rescues her and nurses her back to health  He then subjects her to a regimen of psychoactive drugs in the course of therapy sessions to help her heal from her childhood trauma and her pent-up anger at the injustices of the world  He considers whether his long-dead younger sister Mischa may somehow be able to live again through Starling 
During this time, Lecter captures Krendler and performs a craniotomy on him while he is still alive  During an elaborate dinner, Lecter scoops spoonfuls of Krendler's forebrain to saute with lemon and capers  In the novel, he serves Krendler's brain to Starling, who finds it delicious 
Lecter's plan for Mischa to live again within Starling ultimately fails, as she refuses to have her own personality sublimated, and he only briefly entertains the idea of Mischa taking his place  Starling then opens her dress and offers her breasts to Lecter; he accepts her offer and the two become lovers  They disappear together, only to be sighted again three years later entering the Teatro Colón Opera House in Buenos Aires by former orderly Barney, who had treated Lecter with respect while he was incarcerated in Baltimore  Fearing for his life, Barney leaves Buenos Aires immediately, never to return 
The reader then learns that Lecter and Starling are living together in an "exquisite" Beaux Arts mansion, where they employ servants and engage in activities such as learning new languages and dancing together and building their own respective memory palaces, and is told that "Sex is a splendid structure they add to every day", that the psychoactive drugs "have had no part in their lives for a long time", and that Lecter is "satisfied" with the fact that Mischa cannot return 

Films
In the film adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs, Starling's role remains relatively unchanged from the book  However, the film adaptation of Hannibal significantly diverges from the novel's conclusion  In the film, Lecter neither attempts to brainwash Starling nor feeds her Krendler's brain (although he does feed portions of it to Krendler himself); instead, Starling tries to apprehend Lecter, but he overpowers her and she handcuffs both of them to the refrigerator in an attempt to keep him in the house before the imminent arrival of the police  Lecter then cuts off his own hand and escapes, leaving Starling to explain the situation to the police  He is later seen on a plane, apparently fleeing the country again 
Although she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for playing Starling in The Silence of the Lambs, Jodie Foster decided not to reprise her role in Hannibal  Julianne Moore portrayed the character in the sequel, with Anthony Hopkins himself recommending her for the role after his previous experience working with her in the film Surviving Picasso 

Television
Lifetime
In May 2012, Lifetime announced that they were developing a television series centered on Clarice Starling after her graduation from the FBI academy, titled Clarice, which was to be produced by MGM  The project did not go forward 

NBC
Bryan Fuller, the creator of the TV series Hannibal, stated prior to the show's cancellation his desire to include Clarice Starling as a character in the fifth season, provided that he could get the rights from MGM  He said that he planned for the show's fifth season to cover the events of The Silence of the Lambs, and the sixth to cover the events of Hannibal, with the seventh to be an original storyline resolving Hannibal's ending  Since the series' cancellation, Fuller has stated that should the series continue and should they obtain rights to adapt The Silence of the Lambs, Elliot Page or a person of color would be ideal casting for the role of Clarice Starling 

CBS

CBS developed the Clarice TV series as a sequel to The Silence of the Lambs set in 1993, created by Alex Kurtzman and Jenny Lumet  The series stars Rebecca Breeds as the titular character, along with Lucca De Oliveira, Devyn A  Tyler, Kal Penn, Nick Sandow, Michael Cudlitz, and Marnee Carpenter, and premiered on February 11, 2021, on CBS  It was effectively cancelled in June after one season because of low ratings and the breakdown of talks concerning the series' planned move from CBS to Paramount+ 
Passage 5:
John "Hannibal" Smith
Colonel John "Hannibal" Smith is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action-adventure television series The A-Team, played by George Peppard  The producers originally had James Coburn in mind to play the part of Hannibal, but it eventually went to Peppard The character—which was based loosely on former United States Army Special Forces officer Bo Gritz—appeared on The A-Team from its beginning in 1983 until its end in 1987  The character was played by Liam Neeson in the 2010 film adaptation  His often spoken line "I love it when a plan comes together" was included in TV Land's "The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases" in 2006 

Character biography
The A-Team is a group of ex-United States Army Special Forces soldiers who, near the end of the Vietnam War, were arrested for a crime they did not commit and managed to escape from the Military Police  As fugitives, the A-Team works as soldiers of fortune, using their military training to fight oppression or injustice  Hannibal, along with B  A  Baracus, Templeton "Faceman" Peck, and H  M  "Howlin' Mad" Murdock make up the A-Team 
In the pilot episode ("Mexican Slayride: Part 1"), Hannibal is described by a reporter colleague of Amy Allen as follows: "The leader [of the A-Team] is a Colonel named John Smith  But everybody calls him Hannibal  The guy has a very unorthodox style " Smith takes his name from the famous military commander and strategist, as alluded to by B  A  Baracus in the same episode; various items of tie-in literature for the series commented that just as the original Hannibal had led the elephants over the Alps, this Hannibal had led his men over the wall of Fort Bragg after they were wrongly arrested  He is distinguished by his unflappable demeanor, even when in peril, his constant cigar-smoking, his black leather gloves, and his many disguises  He is a master tactician (although his plans rarely turn out as they are supposed to; when asked if she thought this was going to work, Amy Allen summed it up by saying, "Hannibal's plans never work right  They just work ") and seems to have a plan for getting the team out of any situation they get into  His favorite catchphrase is, "I love it when a plan comes together"; he is often heard to remark "Nice" after part of his plan has succeeded - sometimes with destructive or explosive results 
He fought in both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, serving in the 5th Special Forces Group in Vietnam, and is a Medal of Honor recipient   His rank is inconsistent: throughout the first four seasons, he is referred to as possessing the rank of lieutenant colonel, though in keeping with US Army practice, he is most often referred to simply as "Colonel"  In the fourth-season episode "Members Only" and fifth-season episodes "Trial by Fire" and "Firing Line", however, he is wearing the eagle insignia of a full colonel  (His medals in these episodes are also different from those on display the last time he wore his Class A uniform in the first-season finale, "A Nice Place to Visit" ) Thriving on adventure and the adrenaline rush of life-threatening situations (or being "on the jazz", as the rest of the team refers to it), he seems to genuinely enjoy every challenge they encounter  He is renowned by both allies and enemies for being cool-headed and extremely clever  There is rarely a situation where he is not able to smile in the face of adversity  He will usually light up a cigar when he needs to do some thinking—often when coming up with a plan, or in the heat of a dangerous or exciting moment  He is also often seen putting on his gloves when he senses the action is about to pick up (such as a fist fight breaking out)  When captured by their enemies, he will deliver flippant or sarcastic remarks  He regularly dispenses aphorisms, especially to their foes, upon defeating them  He also has some medical skills which he picked up when in Vietnam 
He styles himself a "master of disguise", though his skill lies not so much in how convincing his disguise is, but in his ability to assume any role and convince others that his role is genuine  Most episodes begin with the prospective clients coming to meet the A-Team, only to be introduced to one of Hannibal's comic aliases  Hannibal uses his various disguises to screen all the A-Team's potential clients to assure they are not fronts for the military—sometimes playing more than one at a time  Clients often make reference to a "Mr  Lee", the owner of a Chinese laundromat who tells them where to meet the team 
Hannibal is also an aspiring actor, playing monsters in low-budget horror movies (being a fugitive, he can only choose roles in which his face cannot be seen)  His many roles include "Gatorella", "Killgator" and his most famous, "The Aquamaniac"  Naturally, Hannibal secures his roles playing his own agent; somehow always 'eluding' the Producer of his true identity 

Romantic relationships
Dr  Maggie Sullivan (season 1 episode 6 "Black Day at Bad Rock") – In an uncharacteristic moment in the series, it is Hannibal who is capable of seducing the episode's leading female role, rather than Face  The character of Maggie Sullivan returns in season 2, episode 21 "Deadly Maneuvers", where Hannibal and the doctor still seem to care for one another 
Anne Sanders (season 3 episode 4 "Fire!") - The A-Team is hired by a female firefighter played by Stepfanie Kramer who is capable of challenging Hannibal  The sexual tension between the two rises throughout the episode  Hannibal seemingly gives in to a short fling with the woman, and they share a kiss at the end of the episode  She is not seen in any subsequent episodes 

Recurring aliases
"Mr  Lee" – The owner of a Chinese laundromat, who often makes use of clichéd Chinese proverbs and is of unpredictable mood  Mr  Lee only appears on-screen in the pilot episode "Mexican Slayride: Part 1" (although a shot of Hannibal in character as Mr  Lee is used as part of the first season opening credits sequence)  However, the alias of Mr  Lee is often referred to throughout the series by clients and by the team itself, though these examples tended to fade out after the first two seasons  Typically "Mr  Lee" is the first one to screen potential clients and then refers them to a second location to meet a second liaison on behalf of the team 

Awards and decorations
"A Nice Place to Visit"
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Lieutenant Colonel Smith in "A Nice Place to Visit" 

"Members Only"
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Colonel Smith in "Members Only" 

"Trial by Fire" and "Firing Line"
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Colonel Smith in "Trial by Fire" and "Firing Line" 

2010 film
In the 2010 movie adaptation, Hannibal is portrayed by Liam Neeson  Identified as "John H  Smith" on a toe tag, Hannibal is portrayed as a character who, though still tactically brilliant and capable of making a plan come together, is not quite as unflappable as his television counterpart  In fact, due to the betrayal nature of the storyline (concerning the "crime they did not commit"), Hannibal is often shown as angry and intense  The team's conviction by military court visibly affects him, though his penchant for wisecracks is still prevalent (for the television character, more than a decade had passed since the conviction so such reactions were never shown in the show) 
Except at an airport when the A-Team is flying from Norway to Los Angeles (in which Hannibal's disguise is Neeson's real-life appearance), the character does not don any disguises in the film, instead leaving that arm of business to Face  The cigar smoking was also kept intact; despite Neeson being an ex-smoker, he kept his personal preferences aside for the role  Hannibal shows considerable leadership abilities, attempting to take the A-Team's full blame for their alleged crime, and breaking them out of prison when they reject it; however, he steps back and lets Face plan the final mission, a decision B  A  regrets 
In the film, Hannibal is a full colonel, has served in both the Army's 75th Ranger Regiment and the 7th Special Forces Group, in which he and his team are still members until their court martial, and has served a total of two and a half years in overseas combat zones  Unlike the TV series, Hannibal is not a Medal of Honor recipient  Like B A , Face, and Murdock, he has an Army Ranger tattoo (on his left arm) 

Awards and decorations
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Colonel Smith in the 2010 movie adaptation 
Passage 6:
University of Kansas
The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas  Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side: the university's medical school and hospital in Kansas City, Kansas, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park  There are also educational and research sites in Garden City, Hays, Leavenworth, Parsons, and Topeka, an agricultural education center in rural north Douglas County, and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita  The university is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866 under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the state constitution, which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,958 students in fall 2021; an additional 3,727 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center (KUMC) for an enrollment of 27,685  students across the three campuses  The university overall (including KUMC) employed 4,776 faculty members (faculty, faculty administrators, graduate student employees and librarians) in fall 2021 Kansas's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks, as members of the Big 12 Conference  They field 16 varsity sports, as well as club-level sports for ice hockey, rugby, and men's volleyball 

History
On February 20, 1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence  The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university, in or near the town, of not less than forty acres (16 hectares) of land  If Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university 
The site selected for the university was a hill known as Hogback Ridge (later known as Mount Oread), which was privately donated by Charles L  Robinson, the Republican governor of the state of Kansas from 1861 to 1863, and one of the original settlers of Lawrence, Kansas  Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre (16 ha) site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere  The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining money themselves via private donations  On November 2, 1863, Governor Carney announced Lawrence had met the conditions to get into the state university, and the following year the university was officially organized 
The school's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, which is the event that KU dates its founding from  Work on the first college building began later that year  The school opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873  According to William L  Burdick, the first degree awarded by the university was a Doctor of Divinity, bestowed upon noted abolitionist preacher Richard Cordley During World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission 

Landmarks and structures
KU is home to the Robert J  Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90 7 FM, and KANU, 91 5 FM  The university is also host to several significant museums  These include the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, founded in 1927, which contains important collections in ornithology, vertebrate paleontology, and entomology; and the Spencer Museum of Art, founded in 1928, home to a wide variety of cultural materials from all around the world, with a particular emphasis on American Indian materials  The libraries of the university include Watson Library, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, the Murphy Art and Architecture Library, Thomas Gorton Music & Dance Library, and Anschutz Library  Of athletic note, the university is home to Allen Fieldhouse, which is heralded as one of the greatest basketball arenas in the world, and David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium, which is the eighth oldest college football stadium in the country 

Academics
The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university with five campuses  KU is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU) and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity"  KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration; and the schools of Architecture, Design & Planning; Business; Education; Engineering; Health Professions; Journalism & Mass Communications; Law; Medicine; Music; Nursing; Pharmacy; and Social Welfare  The university offers more than 345 degree programs  In 2017 Johnson County accounted for most of instate enrollment In its 2022 report, U S  News & World Report ranked KU as tied for 121st place among National Universities and tied for 56th place among public universities According to the National Science Foundation, KU spent $339 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 74th in the nation 

School of Architecture and Design
The University of Kansas School of Architecture and Design (ArcD), with its main building being Marvin Hall, traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU's School of Engineering in 1912  The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920  In 1969 the School of Architecture and Urban Design (SAUD) was formed with three programs: architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning  In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering  The design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the School of Architecture and Design  
The Department of Design began in 1921 with courses in Poster Design, Textiles, Metalwork, Bookbinding, Ceramics, and Weaving  The Bachelor of Fine Arts degree program began in 1929 with programs in Design, Public School Art, and Drawing & Painting and required 120 credit hours  Industrial Design was added in 1941, interior design in 1946, jewelry and silversmithing, art history, and the Masters of Fine Arts program in 1948  
In 2009, the University reorganized the School of Fine Arts  The professional design practice programs (Illustration & Animation, Industrial Design, Photography, and Visual Communication Design) became the Department of Design, administratively located in the School of Architecture and Design 

School of Business
The University of Kansas School of Business is a public business school on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas  The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review, the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting 

For 2021, U S  News & World Report ranked KU's business school 68th out of 477 evaluated In 2016, The University of Kansas completed construction on a new home for the business school, named Capitol Federal Hall  It is located at 1654 Naismith Drive, near KU's Rec Center and across the street from Allen Fieldhouse  Capitol Federal Hall is a 166,500 square-foot building complete with state-of-the-art technology and several research labs 

School of Law
The University of Kansas School of Law, founded in 1878, was the top law school in the state of Kansas, and tied for 70th out of 198 nationally, according to the 2021 U



ground_truth: Manhattan Project

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the actor who played hannibal smith in the a team?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: S  News & World Report rankings  Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr, which is named after former dean James Green 

School of Engineering
The KU School of Engineering is a public engineering school located on the main campus  The School of Engineering was founded officially in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873 In the U S  News & World Report's "America’s Best Colleges" 2021 issue, KU's School of Engineering was ranked tied for 102nd among 218 engineering schools whose highest degree is a doctorate Notable alumni include: Charles E  Spahr (1934), the former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio 

School of Journalism and Mass Communications
The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications is recognized for its ability to prepare students to work in a variety of media  The school offers two tracts of study: 1) News and Information, and 2) Strategic Communication  This professional school teaches students reporting for print, online and broadcast, strategic campaigning for PR and advertising, photojournalism and video reporting and editing  The J-School's students maintain various publications on campus, including The University Daily Kansan, Jayplay magazine, and KUJH TV  In 2008, the Fiske Guide to Colleges praised the KU J-School for its strength  In 2010, the School of Journalism and Mass Communications placed second at the prestigious Hearst Foundation national writing competition 

Medical Center
The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions that each has its own programs of graduate study  As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med  The Medical Center also offers four-year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas devoted to rural health care 
The University of Kansas Health System is co-located at the University of Kansas Medical Center 

Edwards Campus, Overland Park
KU's Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas  Established in 1993, its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete undergraduate, graduate, and certificate programs  About 2,000 students attend the Edwards Campus, with an average age of 31  Programs available at the Edwards Campus include business administration, education, engineering, social work and more 

University of Kansas Leavenworth
Near the beginning of the 2018–2019 school year, KU launched classes in Leavenworth, Kansas, offering classes to "both civilian and military" students, emphasizing a "high priority in supporting military-affiliated students"  The Leavenworth classes offer both undergraduate and graduate courses 

Tuition
Beginning in the 2007–2008 academic year, first-time freshmen at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents  For the 2014–15 academic year, tuition was $318 per credit hour for in-state freshmen and $828 for out-of-state freshmen  For transfer students, who do not take part in the compact, 2014–15 per-credit-hour tuition was $295 for in-state undergraduates and $785 for out-of-state undergraduates; subject to annual increases  Students enrolled in 6 or more credit hours also paid an annual required campus fee of $888  The schools of architecture, music, arts, business, education, engineering, journalism, law, pharmacy, and social welfare charge additional fees 
As of August 2019, the annual tuition for 30 credit hours for a resident freshman is estimated by the university to be $10,182, not counting room and board costs 

Computing innovations
KU's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965  The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations 
KU's academic computing department was an active participant in setting up the Internet and is the developer of the early Lynx text-based web browser  Lynx provided hypertext browsing and navigation prior to Tim Berners Lee's invention of HTTP and HTML 

Student activities
Athletics
The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks  They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference  The University of Kansas has won thirteen National Championships all-time: six in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and four NCAA championships, most recently in 2022), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field  The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm  Their most recent championship came in 2022, the men's basketball team won the 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament 

Kansas football dates from 1890, and is one of the oldest continuous programs in the nation  They have played in the Orange Bowl three times: 1948, 1969, and 2008, as well as nine other bowl games  They are currently coached by Lance Leipold, who was hired in May 2021  From its inception in 1890 to 1929 the program saw consistent success, winning several conference titles in 4 different conferences  After joining the Big 6 Conference (which would eventually become the Big 8) in 1929, Kansas began to struggle in the win-loss column  With the formation of the Big 8 conference in 1960, Kansas became a consistent winner again and fielded legendary coaches like Pepper Rodgers, Don Fambrough, Bud Moore, and Glen Mason  In 2008, under the leadership of Mark Mangino, the #7 Jayhawks emerged victorious in their first BCS bowl game, the FedEx Orange Bowl, with a 24–21 victory over the #3 Virginia Tech Hokies  This capstone victory marked the end of the most successful season in school history, in which the Jayhawks went 12–1 ( 923)  The team plays at David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium, which recently underwent an $85 million renovation to add an indoor practice facility with a 120-yard field, an outdoor practice facility with 2 full fields and three partial fields, new locker rooms, a new weight training facility, new residencies for players, new offices, new turf, new seats, and a state-of-the-art video board The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898  The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender, coached by Hall of Fame coach Bill Self  The team has won six national titles, including four NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, 2008, and 2022  The basketball program is currently the winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,355–877 up to their Final Four appearance in the 2021–22 season  The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse  Perhaps its best-recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s, later becoming an NBA star and Harlem Globetrotter 
Kansas has counted among its coaches James Naismith (the inventor of basketball), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen ("the Father of basketball coaching" and a Kansas alumnus himself), Dick Harp, Ted Owens, Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown  Currently, Kansas is coached by Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Bill Self  In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team  Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen  Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller  Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament  The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA Notable non-varsity sports include rugby, men's hockey, and men's soccer  The rugby team owns its private facility and tours internationally every two years  The men’s hockey team plays in nearby Kansas City 

Debate teams
The University of Kansas has had more teams (70) compete in the National Debate Tournament than any other university  Kansas has won the tournament 6 times (1954, 1970, 1976, 1983, 2009 and 2018) and had 15 teams make it to the final four  Kansas trails only Northwestern (15) and Harvard (7) for most tournaments won and is tied with Dartmouth (6)  Kansas also won the Copeland Award in 1981–82 and 2017–18 

Media
The university's newspaper is University Daily Kansan, which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition, often called "The Pulitzers of College Journalism" in 2007  In Winter of 2008, a group of students created KUpedia, a wiki about all things KU  They received student funding for operations in 2008–09  The KU Department of English publishes the Coal City Review, an annual literary journal of prose, poetry, reviews and illustrations  The Review typically features the work of many writers, but periodically spotlights one author, as in the case of 2006 Nelson Poetry Book Award-winner Voyeur Poems by Matthew Porubsky The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publicationsThe university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station  Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the nation's first public radio stations  KJHK, the campus radio has roots back to 1952 and is completely run by students 

Center for Community Health and Development
The university's Center for Community Health and Development (formerly KU Work Group) was designated as a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Community Health and Development in 2004  It is affiliated with the Department of Applied Behavioral Science and the Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies at the university, and supports community health and development through a variety of means, including its free online resource, the Community Tool Box 

Foundations
University of Kansas Memorial Corporation
The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center  The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus  The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations)  The KU Bookstore is the official bookstore of KU  The corporation also includes KU Dining Services, with more than 20 campus locations, including The Market (inside the Kansas Union) and The Underground (located in Wescoe Hall)  The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit, with proceeds supporting student programs, such as Student Union Activities 

KU Endowment
KU Endowment was established in 1891 as the university's primary institutional foundation to manage and build the university's endowment 

Notable alumni and faculty
325 Fulbright Scholars, 27 Rhodes Scholars, 10 Marshall Scholars, 2 Mitchell Scholars, 12 MacArthur Fellows, 7 Pulitzer Prize winners, 4 NASA astronauts, 3 Nobel Prize laureates, 2 Fields Medal winners, 3 Hugo Award or Nebula Award winners, and an Academy Award winner have been affiliated with the university as students, researchers, or faculty members  Additionally, one alumnus has received the Presidential Medal of Freedom  Dean Smith, who played basketball at Kansas from 1949 to 1953 and was a Hall of Fame men's basketball coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, was given the award by Barack Obama in 2013  Politician Bob Dole, who played football and basketball at the school but did not graduate, was also awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom 

See also
Bailey Hall (University of Kansas)
Budig Hall
Kansas Audio-Reader Network
Kansas Crew (University Rowing Club)
"Kansas Song"
"Home on the Range"
University of Kansas Marching Jayhawks

Notes
Passage 7:
Five Days from Home
Five Days from Home is a 1978 American drama film directed, produced and starring George Peppard, with Sherry Boucher, Savannah Smith, Neville Brand, Victor Campos, and Robert Donner 

Plot
T M  Pryor, a former cop, escapes from a prison in Louisiana where he is currently serving out a sentence for killing his wife's lover  Despite the fact that his parole hearing is only two weeks away Pryor is desperate to be at his son's hospital bedside  His nine-year-old son, Thomas, was injured in an automobile accident in Los Angeles and is in critical condition  Just days before Christmas, Pryor hits a prison guard, escapes and heads for the Louisiana swamps  Avoiding the tracking teams assisted by dogs, Pryor makes it to the highway where he hitches a farm truck ride to the nearest town  In town he breaks into a sporting goods store where he takes two firearms and ammo, a knife and hunting clothing leaving an IOU note in lieu of payment  Over the radio he gets the latest news and learns that someone has killed the prison guard who tried to prevent his escape from prison  It's obvious that someone is trying to pin the prison murder on him and frame him  Meanwhile, Louisiana's governor assigns Pryor's escape case to Inspector Markley, a tracking specialist  Inspector Markley decides to start the pursuit in Texas, on a hunch that Pryor might be heading that way in order to reach California  Things get even more complicated when Pryor starts carjacking people and taking hostages in his obsessive aim to reach his injured son in Los Angeles before Christmas 

Cast
Production
In November 1977 Peppard announced he wanted to direct and star in The Long Escape  "Directing is something I've wanted to do a long time," he said Peppard later said he decided to direct because "I couldn't hire anyone else as cheaply" and says the experience "somehow cleared my head of all the negative feelings I had towards acting "Peppard made the film with much of his own money  He later stated that it cost $1 million to produce  "I'm quite proud of it," he said in 1979  "I sold many assets to help make it but I don't mind  It was the best time of my life  Maybe it would have been a better film with a better script - I don't know - but I just didn't have any money to spare " He later said he disliked acting and directing at the same time Peppard said he wrote most of the script but did not take credit  "That would be too much of an ego trip "His then wife Sherry Boucher played a small role and Bocher's sister Savannah was cast as Peppard's love interest 
In December 1977 the film was sold to Universal, by which time Peppard and Boucher were separated  This was attributed to the stress of making the movie Peppard said he sold the film for $1,250,000, thus allowing him to repay his investors within nine months of the sale 

Release
The film received a regional release on April 21, 1978, opening in eight cities in Arizona, Louisiana and Mississippi before expanding into Southern and Central states before opening in Los Angeles on March 9, 1979 

Critical reception
The Los Angeles Times said the film was "calculated to warm the cockles of every heart in sight    pleasantly insignificant" 

Legacy
Bill Conti's love theme Come With Me Now was the inspiration to the theme tune to Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous, hosted by the late Robin Leach   It had also been used as one of the theme songs for local morning program AM Los Angeles on KABC-TV 
Passage 8:
Piper Kerman
Piper Eressea Kerman (born September 28, 1969) is an American author  She was indicted in 1998 on charges of felonious money-laundering activities, and sentenced to 15 months' detention in a federal correctional facility, of which she eventually served 13 months  Her memoir of her prison experiences, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), was adapted into the critically-acclaimed Netflix original comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black (2013)  Since leaving prison, Kerman has spoken widely about women in prison and problems with the federal prison system  She now works as a communication strategist for non-profit organizations 

Early life and education
Kerman was born in Boston into a family with a number of attorneys, doctors and educators  She graduated from Swampscott High School in Swampscott, Massachusetts, in 1987, and Smith College in 1992  Kerman is a self-described WASP; however, she had a paternal grandfather who was Russian-Jewish 

Criminal career
In 1993, Kerman became romantically involved with Catherine Cleary Wolters (Nora Janson in her memoir: Laura Prepon's character Alex Vause in the series), a heroin dealer working for an alleged Nigerian kingpin  Kerman laundered money for the drug operation In 1998, Kerman was indicted for money laundering and drug trafficking and she pled guilty  Starting in 2004, she served 13 months of a 15-month sentence at FCI Danbury, a minimum security prison located in Danbury, Connecticut During her sentence, she built her website "The Pipe Bomb" to document her life behind bars 

Later career
Kerman's best-selling memoir about her experiences in prison, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison, was published by Spiegel & Grau on April 6, 2010  A television adaptation of the same name created by Jenji Kohan, the Emmy award-winning creator of Weeds, premiered on July 11, 2013, on Netflix and aired for seven seasons  Kerman's character in the series ("Piper Chapman") is played by Taylor Schilling 
Orange is the New Black has received critical acclaim and won four Emmy Awards Kerman serves on the board of the Women's Prison Association and is frequently invited to speak to students of creative writing, criminology, gender and women's studies law, and sociology, and to groups, like the American Correctional Association's Disproportionate Minority Confinement Task Force, federal probation officers, public defenders, justice reform advocates and volunteers, book club and formerly and currently incarcerated people On February 10, 2014, Kerman received the 2014 Justice Trailblazer Award from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice Center on Media, Crime & Justice On February 25, 2014, Kerman testified at a hearing on "Reassessing Solitary Confinement" before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights chaired by Assistant Majority Leader Dick Durbin On August 4, 2015, Kerman testified at a hearing on "Oversight of the Bureau of Prisons: First-Hand Accounts of Challenges Facing the Federal Prison System" before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee chaired by Senator Ron Johnson Since 2015, Kerman has worked as a communications strategist for nonprofits Since her prison sentence, Kerman has spoken publicly many times on behalf of women in corrections and about her experience In 2019, she appeared as a guest in the last episode of Orange Is the New Black in the last scene in the Ohio prison, when Piper visited Alex  Kerman sat two seats to the left of Alex as a convict visited by her husband (in real life)  She makes a cameo appearance in the show’s opening credits as the convict who blinks 

Personal life
Kerman has said, "I'm bisexual, so I'm a part of the gay community (LGBT+)"  She came out around the age of 18, and identified herself as a lesbian during most of her youth  On May 21, 2006, Kerman married writer Larry Smith   Kerman and Smith live in Columbus, Ohio, and she teaches writing classes at the Marion Correctional Institution and the Ohio Reformatory for Women in nearby Marysville, Ohio  She does not identify with any religion  She was awarded the 'Humanist Heroine of the Year Award' from the 'Humanist Hub' group at Harvard University 

Works
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
Finding My Way Back

See also
Teresa Giudice, reality star and media personality whose prison memoir, Turning the Tables (2015), describes her 15-month incarceration from 2015 to 2016, for fraud, at the Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury, CT
Martha Stewart, celebrity who was incarcerated from 2004 to 2005, for offenses related to insider trading, at Federal Prison Camp, Alderson, WV
Passage 9:
Tanisha Smith
Tanisha Smith (born May 11, 1988) is a former professional basketball player who was drafted by the Seattle Storm in the second round of the 2011 WNBA draft  She played college basketball for Texas A&M and University of Arkansas – Fort Smith 

Texas A&M statistics
Source
Passage 10:
Joy Harmon
Patricia Joy Harmon or Joy Patricia Harmon (born May 1, 1940) is an American baker and former actress 

Early years
The daughter of Homer Harmon, Joy Patricia Harmon was born in Jackson Heights, New York, or Flushing, New York  She and her family moved to Connecticut in 1946  She was a Miss Connecticut, She tied for fourth runner-up in the 1957 competition for Miss Connecticut When she was three years old, Harmon modeled clothes in Fox Movietone News newsreels  She skipped two grades in elementary school and graduated from Staples High School in Westport, Connecticut 

Career
Harmon's stage debut came in Pajama Tops at the Klein Memorial Theatre in Bridgeport, Connecticut  She toured the United States in stock company productions, including The Marriage-Go-Round, The Solid Gold Cadillac, The Tender Trap, The Importance of Being Ernest, and Susan Slept Here  On Broadway, Harmon portrayed Betty Phillips in Make a Million (1958)  She also appeared in an off-Broadway production of Susan Slept Here (1961) Harmon was a contestant during the last season of Groucho Marx's television program You Bet Your Life (titled The Groucho Show during its last season), and later a regular on Marx's program Tell It to Groucho (credited as "Patty Harmon")  She guest-starred on several 1960s TV series, including Gidget, Batman, and The Monkees  She appeared in a cameo role as blonde Ardice in the Jack Lemmon comedy Under the Yum Yum Tree in 1963  She had a role as Tony Dow's girlfriend in the 1965–66 television soap opera Never Too Young 
Harmon's stand-out acting roles include the 30-foot-tall (9 m) Merrie in Village of the Giants (1965, in which she captures normal-sized Johnny Crawford and suspends him from her bikini top), and the car-washing Lucille in Cool Hand Luke (1967) with her purportedly 41–22–36 measurements 

Personal life
Harmon was married to film editor and producer Jeff Gourson from 1968 to 2001, raising three children  For a time, a son worked at Walt Disney Studios  She later established a bakery, Aunt Joy's Cakes, in Burbank, California 

Filmography
Passage 11:
Christine Collins (rower)
Christine Smith-Collins (born September 9, 1969 in Darien, Connecticut) is an American rower  Prior to her rowing for team USA, Collins rowed for the Trinity College women's crew team 
Passage 12:
Hannibal (Leckie novel)
Hannibal is a 1995 historical novel by Scottish writer Ross Leckie  The book relates the exploits of Hannibal's invasion of Rome beginning in 218 BC, narrated by the Carthaginian general in his retirement  It was the first of the Carthage trilogy, covering the Punic Wars  The novel received mixed reviews, mainly due to the extreme violence occasionally described in the narrative 

Synopsis
Beginning with the general's youth and a potted history of Carthage in an attempt to explain Hannibal's hatred of Rome, the bulk of the story is confined to the invasion of Italy and the epic journey Hannibal's army took to reach its goal, including the voyage across the Straits of Gibraltar with his elephants on rafts, the far from easy passage through Spain and of course, the incredible feat of taking his entire army with their elephants over the Alps  The events described are often violent and sometimes quite horrific in their cruelty both on the journey and in the fighting which took place on Italian soil as Hannibal's army sweeps through the Italian countryside seeking to out-manoeuvre his Roman opponents 

Reviews
http://www nytimes com/1996/12/29/books/torture-carnage-elephants html
Fiction Book Review: Hannibal by Ross Leckie, Author Regnery Publishing $19 95 (0p) ISBN 978-0-89526-443-5
Hannibal (The Carthage Trilogy, #1) by Ross Leckie | Goodreads



ground_truth: Sherry Boucher