prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the person who acted in the film Sous les pieds des femmes born?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
A Summer in La Goulette
A Summer in La Goulette (French: Un été à La Goulette, Arabic: صيف حلق الوادي, romanized: ṣayf Ḥalq el-Wādī) is a 1996 film by Tunisian director Férid Boughedir  It is a narrative of how intercommunal relations deteriorated in cosmopolitan La Goulette after the end of French rule, especially Muslim-Jewish relations affected by the Six-Day War and the rising impact of Islam on Tunisian society 
The film also features La Goulette native Claudia Cardinale as herself  The film was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival 

Plot
Youssef (Mustapha Adouani) is a Muslim who works on the TGM and lives in La Goulette  His best friends are Jewish Jojo the brik seller and Sicilian Catholic Giuseppe the fisherman, who are also his neighbours  Their daughters grow up together and share their prospects for life, but the landlord Hadj Beji (Gamil Ratib) has his eyes on Youssef's daughter Meriem (Sonia Mankaï) 

Cast
Gamil Ratib : Hadj Beji
Mustapha Adouani : Youssef
Guy Nataf : Jojo
Ivo Salerno : Giuseppe
Michel Boujenah : TSF
Claudia Cardinale : herself
Sonia Mankaï : Meriem
Ava Cohen-Jonathan : Tina
Sarah Pariente : Gigi
Kais Ben Messaoud : Chouchou
Mohamed Driss : Miró

See also
Le Chant des mariées
Passage 2:
Isabelle Carré
Isabelle Carré (born 28 May 1971) is a French actress  She has appeared in more than 70 films since 1989  She won a César Award for Best Actress for her role in Se souvenir des belles choses (2001), and has been nominated a further six times for Beau fixe (1992), Le Hussard sur le toit (1995), La Femme défendue (1997), Les Sentiments (2003), Entre ses mains (2005) and Anna M  (2007) 
Since 26 August 2006, she has been married to film producer Bruno Pésery, with whom she has a son, Antoine, born on 11 October 2008  Her brother, Benoît Carré, is a member of the band Lilicub 

Selected filmography
Theatre
1990: Une nuit de Casanova
1990: The Cherry Orchard
1992: L'École des Femmes
1993: On ne badine pas avec l'amour
1993: Il ne faut jurer de rien
1993: Le Mal court
1995: Dostoïevsky va à la plage
1995: Le Père humilié
1995: Arloc
1996: Slaves
1999: Mademoiselle Else
2000: Résonances
2001: The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice
2001: Léonce et Léna
2002: Hugo à deux voix
2003: La Nuit chante
2004: L'Hiver sous la table
2006: Blanc
2009: Un garçon impossible (by Petter S  Rosenlund, directed by Jean-Michel Ribes)

Awards
Prix Romy Schneider, 1998
Lumières Award for Best Actress, Se souvenir des belles choses, 2003
César Award for Best Actress, Se souvenir des belles choses, 2003

Nominations
1993: Nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actress for Beau fixe
1996: Nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actress for Le Hussard sur le toit
1998: Nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actress for La Femme défendue
2004: Nominated for the César Award for Best Actress for Les Sentiments
2006: Nominated for the César Award for Best Actress for Entre ses mains (In His Hands)
2006: Nominated for the Globes de Cristal Award for Best Actress for Entre ses mains (In His Hands)
2008: Nominated for the César Award for Best Actress for Anna M 
2008: Nominated for the Globes de Cristal Award for Best Actress for Anna M 
2011: Nominated for the César Award for Best Actress for Les Émotifs anonymes

Theatre
1999: Molière Award for Best Actress, Mademoiselle Else
2004: Molière Award for Best Actress, L'Hiver sous la table

Decorations
Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters (2016)
Passage 3:
La femme enfant
La femme enfant (German: Die Stumme Liebe) is a 1980 French drama film directed by Raphaële Billetdoux and starring Klaus Kinski  It competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival 

Cast
Klaus Kinski – Marcel
Pénélope Palmer – Élisabeth
Michel Robin – Le père
Hélène Surgère – La mère
Ary Aubergé – L'épicier
Georges Lucas – Le curé

Production
According to Raphaële Billetdoux, the shooting with Klaus Kinski was a nightmare and at one point she had the temptation to stop there, as it was no longer possible to continue  For example, during the bathing scene that Kinski is preparing for the girl, then 14-year-old Pénélope Palmer was already very anxious about shooting a nude scene, even shot in a very modest way  So Billetdoux had reduced the technical team to and set the stage so that Kinski had his back to her (and to the camera), as Palmer was about to enter the bathtub  He then freaked out: "What ?! I turn my back ?! Never ! And then, I want to see her naked     "

See also
Klaus Kinski filmography
Passage 4:
La Rosiere de Pessac
La Rosière de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively)   The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous   Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries 

External links
La Rosière de Pessac at IMDb
La Rosière de Pessac at IMDb
Passage 5:
Cubism
Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related artistic movements in music, literature, and architecture  In Cubist works of art, the subjects are analysed, broken up, and reassembled in an abstract form—instead of depicting objects from a single perspective, the artist depicts the subject from multiple perspectives to represent the subject in a greater context  Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century  The term cubism is broadly associated with a variety of artworks produced in Paris (Montmartre and Montparnasse) or near Paris (Puteaux) during the 1910s and throughout the 1920s 
The movement was pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, and joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Juan Gris, and Fernand Léger  One primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne  A retrospective of Cézanne's paintings was held at the Salon d'Automne of 1904, current works were displayed at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne, followed by two commemorative retrospectives after his death in 1907 In France, offshoots of Cubism developed, including Orphism, abstract art and later Purism  The impact of Cubism was far-reaching and wide-ranging  In France and other countries Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism, Vorticism, De Stijl and Art Deco developed in response to Cubism  Early Futurist paintings hold in common with Cubism the fusing of the past and the present, the representation of different views of the subject pictured at the same time or successively, also called multiple perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity, while Constructivism was influenced by Picasso's technique of constructing sculpture from separate elements  Other common threads between these disparate movements include the faceting or simplification of geometric forms, and the association of mechanization and modern life 

History
Historians have divided the history of Cubism into phases  In one scheme, the first phase of Cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France  A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity  English art historian Douglas Cooper proposed another scheme, describing three phases of Cubism in his book, The Cubist Epoch  According to Cooper there was "Early Cubism", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque; the second phase being called "High Cubism", (from 1909 to 1914) during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent (after 1911); and finally Cooper referred to "Late Cubism" (from 1914 to 1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement  Douglas Cooper's restrictive use of these terms to distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and Léger (to a lesser extent) implied an intentional value judgement 

Proto-Cubism: 1907–1908
Cubism burgeoned between 1907 and 1911  Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon has often been considered a proto-Cubist work 
In 1908, in his review of Georges Braque's exhibition at Kahnweiler's gallery, the critic Louis Vauxcelles called Braque a daring man who despises form, "reducing everything, places and a figures and houses, to geometric schemas, to cubes" Vauxcelles recounted how Matisse told him at the time, "Braque has just sent in [to the 1908 Salon d'Automne] a painting made of little cubes"  The critic Charles Morice relayed Matisse's words and spoke of Braque's little cubes  The motif of the viaduct at l'Estaque had inspired Braque to produce three paintings marked by the simplification of form and deconstruction of perspective Georges Braque's 1908 Houses at L’Estaque (and related works) prompted Vauxcelles, in Gil Blas, 25 March 1909, to refer to bizarreries cubiques (cubic oddities)  Gertrude Stein referred to landscapes made by Picasso in 1909, such as Reservoir at Horta de Ebro, as the first Cubist paintings  The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris during the spring of 1911 in a room called 'Salle 41'; it included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, yet no works by Picasso or Braque were exhibited By 1911 Picasso was recognized as the inventor of Cubism, while Braque's importance and precedence was argued later, with respect to his treatment of space, volume and mass in the L’Estaque landscapes  But "this view of Cubism is associated with a distinctly restrictive definition of which artists are properly to be called Cubists," wrote the art historian Christopher Green: "Marginalizing the contribution of the artists who exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants in 1911 [   ]"The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space, mass, time, and volume supports (rather than contradicts) the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920, but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s, especially by Clement Greenberg Contemporary views of Cubism are complex, formed to some extent in response to the "Salle 41" Cubists, whose methods were too distinct from those of Picasso and Braque to be considered merely secondary to them  Alternative interpretations of Cubism have therefore developed  Wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the "Salle 41" artists, e g , Francis Picabia; the brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who beginning in late 1911 formed the core of the Section d'Or (or the Puteaux Group); the sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens; and painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, František Kupka, Diego Rivera, Léopold Survage, Auguste Herbin, André Lhote, Gino Severini (after 1916), María Blanchard (after 1916) and Georges Valmier (after 1918)  More fundamentally, Christopher Green argues that Douglas Cooper's terms were "later undermined by interpretations of the work of Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger that stress iconographic and ideological questions rather than methods of representation "John Berger identifies the essence of Cubism with the mechanical diagram  "The metaphorical model of Cubism is the diagram: The diagram being a visible symbolic representation of invisible processes, forces, structures  A diagram need not eschew certain aspects of appearance but these too will be treated as signs not as imitations or recreations "

Early Cubism: 1909–1914
There was a distinct difference between Kahnweiler's Cubists and the Salon Cubists  Prior to 1914, Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger (to a lesser extent) gained the support of a single committed art dealer in Paris, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, who guaranteed them an annual income for the exclusive right to buy their works  Kahnweiler sold only to a small circle of connoisseurs  His support gave his artists the freedom to experiment in relative privacy  Picasso worked in Montmartre until 1912, while Braque and Gris remained there until after the First World War  Léger was based in Montparnasse In contrast, the Salon Cubists built their reputation primarily by exhibiting regularly at the Salon d'Automne and the Salon des Indépendants, both major non-academic Salons in Paris  They were inevitably more aware of public response and the need to communicate  Already in 1910 a group began to form which included Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and Léger  They met regularly at Henri le Fauconnier's studio near the boulevard du Montparnasse  These soirées often included writers such as Guillaume Apollinaire and André Salmon  Together with other young artists, the group wanted to emphasise a research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color Louis Vauxcelles, in his review of the 26th Salon des Indépendants (1910), made a passing and imprecise reference to Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, Léger and Le Fauconnier as "ignorant geometers, reducing the human body, the site, to pallid cubes " At the 1910 Salon d'Automne, a few months later, Metzinger exhibited his highly fractured Nu à la cheminée (Nude), which was subsequently reproduced in both Du "Cubisme" (1912) and Les Peintres Cubistes (1913) The first public controversy generated by Cubism resulted from Salon showings at the Indépendants during the spring of 1911  This showing by Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, le Fauconnier and Léger brought Cubism to the attention of the general public for the first time  Amongst the Cubist works presented, Robert Delaunay exhibited his Eiffel Tower, Tour Eiffel (Solomon R  Guggenheim Museum, New York) 

At the Salon d'Automne of the same year, in addition to the Indépendants group of Salle 41, were exhibited works by André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka  The exhibition was reviewed in the October 8, 1911 issue of The New York Times  This article was published a year after Gelett Burgess' The Wild Men of Paris, and two years prior to the Armory Show, which introduced astonished Americans, accustomed to realistic art, to the experimental styles of the European avant garde, including Fauvism, Cubism, and Futurism  The 1911 New York Times article portrayed works by Picasso, Matisse, Derain, Metzinger and others dated before 1909; not exhibited at the 1911 Salon  The article was titled The "Cubists" Dominate Paris' Fall Salon and subtitled Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition – What Its Followers Attempt to Do 
Among all the paintings on exhibition at the Paris Fall Salon none is attracting so much attention as the extraordinary productions of the so-called "Cubist" school  In fact, dispatches from Paris suggest that these works are easily the main feature of the exhibition  [   ]
In spite of the crazy nature of the "Cubist" theories the number of those professing them is fairly respectable  Georges Braque, André Derain, Picasso, Czobel, Othon Friesz, Herbin, Metzinger—these are a few of the names signed to canvases before which Paris has stood and now again stands in blank amazement 

What do they mean? Have those responsible for them taken leave of their senses? Is it art or madness? Who knows?

Salon des Indépendants
The subsequent 1912 Salon des Indépendants located in Paris (20 March to 16 May 1912) was marked by the presentation of Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No  2, which itself caused a scandal, even amongst the Cubists  It was in fact rejected by the hanging committee, which included his brothers and other Cubists  Although the work was shown in the Salon de la Section d'Or in October 1912 and the 1913 Armory Show in New York, Duchamp never forgave his brothers and former colleagues for censoring his work  Juan Gris, a new addition to the Salon scene, exhibited his Portrait of Picasso (Art Institute of Chicago), while Metzinger's two showings included La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911–1912 (National Gallery of Denmark)  Delaunay's monumental La Ville de Paris (Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris) and Léger's La Noce, The Wedding (Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris), were also exhibited 

Galeries Dalmau
In 1912, Galeries Dalmau presented the first declared group exhibition of Cubism  worldwide (Exposició d'Art Cubista), with a controversial showing by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Juan Gris, Marie Laurencin and Marcel Duchamp (Barcelona, 20 April to 10 May 1912)  The Dalmau exhibition comprised 83 works by 26 artists  Jacques Nayral's association with Gleizes led him to write the Preface for the Cubist exhibition, which was fully translated and reproduced in the newspaper La Veu de Catalunya  Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No  2 was exhibited for the first time Extensive media coverage (in newspapers and magazines) before, during and after the exhibition launched the Galeries Dalmau as a force in the development and propagation of modernism in Europe  While press coverage was extensive, it was not always positive  Articles were published in the newspapers Esquella de La Torratxa and El Noticiero Universal attacking the Cubists with a series of caricatures laced with derogatory text  Art historian Jaime Brihuega writes of the Dalmau show: "No doubt that the exhibition produced a strong commotion in the public, who welcomed it with a lot of suspicion 

Salon d'Automne
The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais, to exhibit such artwork  The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué made the front page of Le Journal, 5 October 1912  The controversy spread to the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art  The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du "Cubisme" (published by Eugène Figuière in 1912, translated to English and Russian in 1913)  Among the works exhibited were Le Fauconnier's vast composition Les Montagnards attaqués par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears) now at Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Joseph Csaky's Deux Femme, Two Women (a sculpture now lost), in addition to the highly abstract paintings by Kupka, Amorpha (The National Gallery, Prague), and Picabia, La Source (The Spring) (Museum of Modern Art, New York) 

Abstraction and the ready-made
The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction  Other Cubists, by contrast, especially František Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, Léger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely  Kupka's two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation  Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes  Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete  In 1913–14 Léger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form  His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life  Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913), writing of a new "pure" painting in which the subject was vacated  But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category Also labeled an Orphist by Apollinaire, Marcel Duchamp was responsible for another extreme development inspired by Cubism  The ready-made arose from a joint consideration that the work itself is considered an object (just as a painting), and that it uses the material detritus of the world (as collage and papier collé in the Cubist construction and Assemblage)  The next logical step, for Duchamp, was to present an ordinary object as a self-sufficient work of art representing only itself  In 1913 he attached a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool and in 1914 selected a bottle-drying rack as a sculpture in its own right 

Section d'Or
The Section d'Or, also known as Groupe de Puteaux, founded by some of the most conspicuous Cubists, was a collective of painters, sculptors and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism, active from 1911 through about 1914, coming to prominence in the wake of their controversial showing at the 1911 Salon des Indépendants  The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1912, was arguably the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition; exposing Cubism to a wide audience  Over 200 works were displayed, and the fact that many of the artists showed artworks representative of their development from 1909 to 1912 gave the exhibition the allure of a Cubist retrospective The group seems to have adopted the name Section d'Or to distinguish themselves from the narrower definition of Cubism developed in parallel by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the Montmartre quarter of Paris, and to show that Cubism, rather than being an isolated art-form, represented the continuation of a grand tradition (indeed, the golden ratio had fascinated Western intellectuals of diverse interests for at least 2,400 years) The idea of the Section d'Or originated in the course of conversations between Metzinger, Gleizes and Jacques Villon  The group's title was suggested by Villon, after reading a 1910 translation of Leonardo da Vinci's Trattato della Pittura by Joséphin Péladan 
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Europeans were discovering African, Polynesian, Micronesian and Native American art  Artists such as Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures  Around 1906, Picasso met Matisse through Gertrude Stein, at a time when both artists had recently acquired an interest in primitivism, Iberian sculpture, African art and African tribal masks  They became friendly rivals and competed with each other throughout their careers, perhaps leading to Picasso entering a new period in his work by 1907, marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian and African art  Picasso's paintings of 1907 have been characterized as Protocubism, as notably seen in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, the antecedent of Cubism 

The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne "were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907"  Cooper goes on to say: "The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture  This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist  The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit  Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it "The most serious objection to regarding the Demoiselles as the origin of Cubism, with its evident influence of primitive art, is that "such deductions are unhistorical", wrote the art historian Daniel Robbins  This familiar explanation "fails to give adequate consideration to the complexities of a flourishing art that existed just before and during the period when Picasso's new painting developed " Between 1905 and 1908, a conscious search for a new style caused rapid changes in art across France, Germany, The Netherlands, Italy, and Russia  The Impressionists had used a double point of view, and both Les Nabis and the Symbolists (who also admired Cézanne) flattened the picture plane, reducing their subjects to simple geometric forms  Neo-Impressionist structure and subject matter, most notably to be seen in the works of Georges Seurat (e g , Parade de Cirque, Le Chahut and Le Cirque), was another important influence  There were also parallels in the development of literature and social thought In addition to Seurat, the roots of cubism are to be found in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work: first his breaking of the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint, thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision, and second his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders, spheres, and cones  However, the cubists explored this concept further than Cézanne  They represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time  This new kind of depiction revolutionized the way objects could be visualized in painting and art 

The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s, drawing at first from sources of limited data, namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire  It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus (published in 1920), which centered on the developments of Picasso, Braque, Léger, and Gris  The terms "analytical" and "synthetic" which subsequently emerged have been widely accepted since the mid-1930s  Both terms are historical impositions that occurred after the facts they identify  Neither phase was designated as such at the time corresponding works were created  "If Kahnweiler considers Cubism as Picasso and Braque," wrote Daniel Robbins, "our only fault is in subjecting other Cubists' works to the rigors of that limited definition "The traditional interpretation of "Cubism", formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso, has affected our appreciation of other twentieth-century artists  It is difficult to apply to painters such as Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, whose fundamental differences from traditional Cubism compelled Kahnweiler to question whether to call them Cubists at all  According to Daniel Robbins, "To suggest that merely because these artists developed differently or varied from the traditional pattern they deserved to be relegated to a secondary or satellite role in Cubism is a profound mistake "The history of the term "Cubism" usually stresses the fact that Matisse referred to "cubes" in connection with a painting by Braque in 1908, and that the term was published twice by the critic Louis Vauxcelles in a similar context  However, the word "cube" was used in 1906 by another critic, Louis Chassevent, with reference not to Picasso or Braque but rather to Metzinger and Delaunay:

"M  Metzinger is a mosaicist like M  Signac but he brings more precision to the cutting of his cubes of color which appear to have been made mechanically [   ]" The critical use of the word "cube" goes back at least to May 1901 when Jean Béral, reviewing the work of Henri-Edmond Cross at the Indépendants in Art et Littérature, commented that he "uses a large and square pointillism, giving the impression of mosaic  One even wonders why the artist has not used cubes of solid matter diversely colored: they would make pretty revetments " (Robert Herbert, 1968, p  221)The term Cubism did not come into general usage until 1911, mainly with reference to Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, and Léger  In 1911, the poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire accepted the term on behalf of a group of artists invited to exhibit at the Brussels Indépendants  The following year, in preparation for the Salon de la Section d'Or, Metzinger and Gleizes wrote and published Du "Cubisme" in an effort to dispel the confusion raging around the word, and as a major defence of Cubism (which had caused a public scandal following the 1911 Salon des Indépendants and the 1912 Salon d'Automne in Paris)  Clarifying their aims as artists, this work was the first theoretical treatise on Cubism and it still remains the clearest and most intelligible  The result, not solely a collaboration between its two authors, reflected discussions by the circle of artists who met in Puteaux and Courbevoie  It mirrored the attitudes of the "artists of Passy", which included Picabia and the Duchamp brothers, to whom sections of it were read prior to publication  The concept developed in Du "Cubisme" of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously, i e , the act of moving around an object to seize it from several successive angles fused into a single image (multiple viewpoints, mobile perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity), is a generally recognized device used by the Cubists The 1912 manifesto Du "Cubisme" by Metzinger and Gleizes was followed in 1913 by Les Peintres Cubistes, a collection of reflections and commentaries by Guillaume Apollinaire  Apollinaire had been closely involved with Picasso beginning in 1905, and Braque beginning in 1907, but gave as much attention to artists such as Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, Picabia, and Duchamp The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du "Cubisme" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the general public)  Undoubtedly, due to the great success of the exhibition, Cubism became avant-garde movement recognized as a genre or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal 

Crystal Cubism: 1914–1918
A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity  This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector Léonce Rosenberg  The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal as 'crystal' Cubism  Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I—such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration—had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference Crystal Cubism, and its associative rappel à l'ordre, has been linked with an inclination—by those who served the armed forces and by those who remained in the civilian sector—to escape the realities of the Great War, both during and directly following the conflict  The purifying of Cubism from 1914 through the mid-1920s, with its cohesive unity and voluntary constraints, has been linked to a much broader ideological transformation towards conservatism in both French society and French culture 

Cubism after 1918
The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914  After World War I, with the support given by the dealer Léonce Rosenberg, Cubism returned as a central issue for artists, and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Surrealism in Paris  Many Cubists, including Picasso, Braque, Gris, Léger, Gleizes, and Metzinger, while developing other styles, returned periodically to Cubism, even well after 1925  Cubism reemerged during the 1920s and the 1930s in the work of the American Stuart Davis and the Englishman Ben Nicholson  In France, however, Cubism experienced a decline beginning in about 1925  Léonce Rosenberg exhibited not only the artists stranded by Kahnweiler's exile but others including Laurens, Lipchitz, Metzinger, Gleizes, Csaky, Herbin and Severini  In 1918 Rosenberg presented a series of Cubist exhibitions at his Galerie de l’Effort Moderne in Paris  Attempts were made by Louis Vauxcelles to argue that Cubism was dead, but these exhibitions, along with a well-organized Cubist show at the 1920 Salon des Indépendants and a revival of the Salon de la Section d’Or in the same year, demonstrated it was still alive The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917–24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, Léger and Gleizes  The occasional return to classicism—figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubist work—experienced by many artists during this period (called Neoclassicism) has been linked to the tendency to evade the realities of the war and also to the cultural dominance of a classical or Latin image of France during and immediately following the war  Cubism after 1918 can be seen as part of a wide ideological shift towards conservatism in both French society and culture  Yet, Cubism itself remained evolutionary both within the oeuvre of individual artists, such as Gris and Metzinger, and across the work of artists as different from each other as Braque, Léger and Gleizes  Cubism as a publicly debated movement became relatively unified and open to definition  Its theoretical purity made it a gauge against which such diverse tendencies as Realism or Naturalism, Dada, Surrealism and abstraction could be compared 

Influence in Asia
Japan and China were among the first countries in Asia to be influenced by Cubism  Contact first occurred via European texts translated and published in Japanese art journals in the 1910s  In the 1920s, Japanese and Chinese artists who studied in Paris, for example those enrolled at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, brought back with them both an understanding of modern art movements, including Cubism  Notable works exhibiting Cubist qualities were Tetsugorō Yorozu's Self Portrait with Red Eyes (1912) and Fang Ganmin's Melody in Autumn (1934) 

Interpretation
Intentions and criticism
The Cubism of Picasso and Braque had more than a technical or formal significance, and the distinct attitudes and intentions of the Salon Cubists produced different kinds of Cubism, rather than a derivative of their work  "It is by no means clear, in any case," wrote Christopher Green, "to what extent these other Cubists depended on Picasso and Braque for their development of such techniques as faceting, 'passage' and multiple perspective; they could well have arrived at such practices with little knowledge of 'true' Cubism in its early stages, guided above all by their own understanding of Cézanne " The works exhibited by these Cubists at the 1911 and 1912 Salons extended beyond the conventional Cézanne-like subjects—the posed model, still-life and landscape—favored by Picasso and Braque to include large-scale modern-life subjects  Aimed at a large public, these works stressed the use of multiple perspective and complex planar faceting for expressive effect while preserving the eloquence of subjects endowed with literary and philosophical connotations In Du "Cubisme" Metzinger and Gleizes explicitly related the sense of time to multiple perspective, giving symbolic expression to the notion of ‘duration’ proposed by the philosopher Henri Bergson according to which life is subjectively experienced as a continuum, with the past flowing into the present and the present merging into the future  The Salon Cubists used the faceted treatment of solid and space and effects of multiple viewpoints to convey a physical and psychological sense of the fluidity of consciousness, blurring the distinctions between past, present and future  One of the major theoretical innovations made by the Salon Cubists, independently of Picasso and Braque, was that of simultaneity, drawing to greater or lesser extent on theories of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, Charles Henry, Maurice Princet, and Henri Bergson  With simultaneity, the concept of separate spatial and temporal dimensions was comprehensively challenged  Linear perspective developed during the Renaissance was vacated  The subject matter was no longer considered from a specific point of view at a moment in time, but built following a selection of successive viewpoints, i e , as if viewed simultaneously from numerous angles (and in multiple dimensions) with the eye free to roam from one to the other This technique of representing simultaneity, multiple viewpoints (or relative motion) is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Metzinger's Nu à la cheminée, exhibited at the 1910 Salon d'Automne; Gleizes' monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing), exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or; Le Fauconnier's Abundance shown at the Indépendants of 1911; and Delaunay's City of Paris, exhibited at the Indépendants in 1912  These ambitious works are some of the largest paintings in the history of Cubism  Léger's The Wedding, also shown at the Salon des Indépendants in 1912, gave form to the notion of simultaneity by presenting different motifs as occurring within a single temporal frame, where responses to the past and present interpenetrate with collective force  The conjunction of such subject matter with simultaneity aligns Salon Cubism with early Futurist paintings by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini and Carlo Carrà; themselves made in response to early Cubism Cubism and modern European art was introduced into the United States at the now legendary 1913 Armory Show in New York City, which then traveled to Chicago and Boston  In the Armory show Pablo Picasso exhibited La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910), the sculpture Head of a Woman (Fernande) (1909–10), Les Arbres (1907) amongst other cubist works  Jacques Villon exhibited seven important and large drypoints, while his brother Marcel Duchamp shocked the American public with his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No  2 (1912)  Francis Picabia exhibited his abstractions La Danse à la source and La Procession, Seville (both of 1912)  Albert Gleizes exhibited La Femme aux phlox (1910) and L'Homme au balcon (1912), two highly stylized and faceted cubist works  Georges Braque, Fernand Léger, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye and Alexander Archipenko also contributed examples of their cubist works 

Cubist sculpture
Just as in painting, Cubist sculpture is rooted in Paul Cézanne's reduction of painted objects into component planes and geometric solids (cubes, spheres, cylinders, and cones)  And just as in painting, it became a pervasive influence and contributed fundamentally to Constructivism and Futurism 
Cubist sculpture developed in parallel to Cubist painting  During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman (Fernande) with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa  According to Douglas Cooper: "The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso's impressive Woman's Head, modeled in 1909–10, a counterpart in three dimensions to many similar analytical and faceted heads in his paintings at the time " These positive/negative reversals were ambitiously exploited by Alexander Archipenko in 1912–13, for example in Woman Walking  Joseph Csaky, after Archipenko, was the first sculptor in Paris to join the Cubists, with whom he exhibited from 1911 onwards  They were followed by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and then in 1914 by Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine Indeed, Cubist construction was as influential as any pictorial Cubist innovation  It was the stimulus behind the proto-Constructivist work of both Naum Gabo and Vladimir Tatlin and thus the starting-point for the entire constructive tendency in 20th-century modernist sculpture 

Architecture
Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture  The historical, theoretical, and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting, sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia  Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn  Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective  Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationships  Cubism had become an influential factor in the development of modern architecture from 1912 (La Maison Cubiste, by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare) onwards, developing in parallel with architects such as Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius, with the simplification of building design, the use of materials appropriate to industrial production, and the increased use of glass 

Cubism was relevant to an architecture seeking a style that needed not refer to the past  Thus, what had become a revolution in both painting and sculpture was applied as part of "a profound reorientation towards a changed world"  The Cubo-Futurist ideas of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti influenced attitudes in avant-garde architecture  The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris  De Stijl was also linked by Gino Severini to Cubist theory through the writings of Albert Gleizes  However, the linking of basic geometric forms with inherent beauty and ease of industrial application—which had been prefigured by Marcel Duchamp from 1914—was left to the founders of Purism, Amédée Ozenfant and Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier,) who exhibited paintings together in Paris and published Après le cubisme in 1918  Le Corbusier's ambition had been to translate the properties of his own style of Cubism to architecture  Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier concentrated his efforts on Purist theory and painting  In 1922, Le Corbusier and his cousin Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres  His theoretical studies soon advanced into many different architectural projects 

La Maison Cubiste (Cubist House)
At the 1912 Salon d'Automne an architectural installation was exhibited that quickly became known as Maison Cubiste (Cubist House), with architecture by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and interior decoration by André Mare along with a group of collaborators  Metzinger and Gleizes in Du "Cubisme", written during the assemblage of the "Maison Cubiste", wrote about the autonomous nature of art, stressing the point that decorative considerations should not govern the spirit of art  Decorative work, to them, was the "antithesis of the picture"  "The true picture" wrote Metzinger and Gleizes, "bears its raison d'être within itself  It can be moved from a church to a drawing-room, from a museum to a study  Essentially independent, necessarily complete, it need not immediately satisfy the mind: on the contrary, it should lead it, little by little, towards the fictitious depths in which the coordinative light resides  It does not harmonize with this or that ensemble; it harmonizes with things in general, with the universe: it is an organism   " La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished model house, with a  facade, a staircase, wrought iron banisters, and two rooms:  a living room—the Salon Bourgeois, where paintings by Marcel Duchamp, Metzinger (Woman with a Fan), Gleizes, Laurencin and Léger were hung, and a bedroom  It was an example of L'art décoratif, a home within which Cubist art could be displayed in the comfort and style of modern, bourgeois life  Spectators at the Salon d'Automne passed through the plaster facade, designed by Duchamp-Villon, to the two furnished rooms  This architectural installation was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show, New York, Chicago and Boston, listed in the catalogue of the New York exhibit as Raymond Duchamp-Villon, number 609, and entitled "Facade architectural, plaster" (Façade architecturale) 

The furnishings, wallpaper, upholstery and carpets of the interior were designed by André Mare, and were early examples of the influence of cubism on what would become Art Deco   They were composed of very brightly colored roses and other floral patterns in stylized geometric forms 
Mare called the living room in which Cubist paintings were hung the Salon Bourgeois  Léger described this name as 'perfect'  In a letter to Mare prior to the exhibition Léger wrote: "Your idea is absolutely splendid for us, really splendid  People will see Cubism in its domestic setting, which is very important "Mare's ensembles were accepted as frames for Cubist works because they allowed paintings and sculptures their independence", Christopher Green wrote, "creating a play of contrasts, hence the involvement not only of Gleizes and Metzinger themselves, but of Marie Laurencin, the Duchamp brothers (Raymond Duchamp-Villon designed the facade) and Mare's old friends Léger and Roger La Fresnaye" In 1927, Cubists Joseph Csaky, Jacques Lipchitz, Louis Marcoussis, Henri Laurens, the sculptor Gustave Miklos, and others collaborated in the decoration of a Studio House, rue Saint-James, Neuilly-sur-Seine, designed by the architect Paul Ruaud and owned by the French fashion designer Jacques Doucet, also a collector of Post-Impressionist and Cubist paintings (including Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, which he bought directly from Picasso's studio)  Laurens designed the fountain, Csaky designed Doucet's staircase, Lipchitz made the fireplace mantel, and Marcoussis made a Cubist rug 

Czech Cubist architecture
The original Cubist architecture is very rare  Cubism was applied to architecture only in Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially in its capital, Prague  Czech architects were the first and only ones to ever design original Cubist buildings  Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910 and 1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after World War I  After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes 

In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer  This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids, cubes and prisms, by arrangements and compositions of oblique surfaces, mainly triangular, sculpted facades in protruding crystal-like units, reminiscent of the so-called diamond cut, or even cavernous that are reminiscent of the late Gothic architecture  In this way, the entire surfaces of the facades including even the gables and dormers are sculpted  The grilles as well as other architectural ornaments attain a three-dimensional form  Thus, new forms of windows and doors were also created, e  g  hexagonal windows  Czech Cubist architects also designed Cubist furniture 
The leading Cubist architects were Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol  They worked mostly in Prague but also in other Bohemian towns  The best-known Cubist building is the House of the Black Madonna in the Old Town of Prague built in 1912 by Josef Gočár with the only Cubist café in the world, Grand Café Orient  Vlastislav Hofman built the entrance pavilions of Ďáblice Cemetery in 1912–1914, Josef Chochol designed several residential houses under Vyšehrad  A Cubist streetlamp has also been preserved near the Wenceslas Square, designed by Emil Králíček in 1912, who also built the Diamond House in the New Town of Prague around 1913 

Cubism in other fields
The influence of Cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture  In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters  Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The Making of Americans (1906–08)  Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well  In turn, Picasso was an important influence on Stein's writing  In the field of American fiction, William Faulkner's 1930 novel As I Lay Dying can be read as an interaction with the cubist mode  The novel features narratives of the diverse experiences of 15 characters which, when taken together, produce a single cohesive body 
The poets generally associated with Cubism are Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy  As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains, Cubism in poetry "is the conscious, deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture  This is quite different from the free association of the Surrealists and the combination of unconscious utterance and political nihilism of Dada " Nonetheless, the Cubist poets' influence on both Cubism and the later movements of Dada and Surrealism was profound; Louis Aragon, founding member of Surrealism, said that for Breton, Soupault, Éluard and himself, Reverdy was "our immediate elder, the exemplary poet " Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters, these poets continue to influence and inspire; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy's work  Wallace Stevens' "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" is also said to demonstrate how cubism's multiple perspectives can be translated into poetry John Berger said: "It is almost impossible to exaggerate the importance of Cubism  It was a revolution in the visual arts as great as that which took place in the early Renaissance  Its effects on later art, on film, and on architecture are already so numerous that we hardly notice them "

Gallery
Press articles and reviews
See also
Fourth dimension in art
Precisionism
Proto-Cubism
Rayonism
Section d'Or
Vorticism
Passage 6:
Pour Un Maillot Jaune
Pour Un Maillot Jaune is a French 1965 documentary – described as a cinematic tribute – about the 1965 Tour de France  It was made by the French film director, Claude Lelouch  Lelouch is best known as the director of Un Homme et Une Femme (A Man and a Woman in English) in 1966 

The film
Pour Un Maillot Jaune (For a yellow jersey) follows the 1965 Tour de France not as a sports documentary but an atmospheric film of the events that surround it  Where riders are shown racing, it is an illustration of the hardship or the danger they face  The main events are the daily routines of the competitors, the bossing about of spectators by officials (which Lelouch emphasises by adding animal noises to the soundtrack), the monotonous days of journalists who follow the race for hours to write only a few hundred words, and the evening entertainment laid on by the Europe-1 radio station 
The film starts with a scene of riders arriving at the start by train and then of race organisers Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan and an anonymous man with a cigarette in his mouth supervising the cutting of a blue, white and red ribbon across the road as a band plays the Marseillaise, the French national anthem  The film then jumps – as it does throughout its 30 minutes – to an open-air mass for riders wearing their race clothes 
There are dramatic shots of riders climbing mountains, often with breathtaking views, a struggle which Lelouch emphasises by slowly fading down the heartbeat-like music to near silence, stressing each rider's lone and silent battle with himself  In more light-hearted scenes, the team manager Raphael Géminiani is shown angrily realising he has been filmed while he has been asleep, and the soigneur Louis Guerlacher is shown kneading a rider's muscles as though they were soggy baguettes 

The technique
Unlike Vive Le Tour, an earlier film by Louis Malle and with which Pour Un Maillot Jaune is inevitably associated, Claude Lelouch uses no narrator and depends on the film to tell its own story  He portrays the spirit of the moment with repeated musical themes, some of them not always perfectly edited  Only occasionally does the sound of the moment reach the screen and in one scene, when riders are descending at speed from a mountain, Lelouch has made the error of adding the sound of squealing brakes that would never have happened in real life Throughout, the film jumps from colour to black and white and back 

The race
The 1965 Tour de France was won by a young Italian called Felice Gimondi, riding only as a late inclusion  The French had hoped that the winner would be Raymond Poulidor relieved for once of riding against Jacques Anquetil who had always beaten him  By the Chartreuse, however, Gimondi was unbeatable and even attacked Poulidor and left him behind "just to show Raymond that I could go faster and that I was the better man "
The film ends as Gimondi takes his lap of honour at the Parc des Princes Paris 
The charm of the film to cycling enthusiasts is to see the Tour as it was four decades ago, when the winners stood on rickety podiums of scaffold poles, slept in shabby hotels and retrieved a spanner from their pockets to change the height of their handlebars as they rode 

External links
   pour un maillot jaune at IMDb
Passage 7:
Women's Games
Women's Games (French: Jeux de femmes) is a 1946 French comedy film directed by Maurice Cloche and starring Jacques Dumesnil, Hélène Perdrière and Saturnin Fabre The film's sets were designed by the art director Raymond Nègre 

Cast
Passage 8:
Le casseur de pierres
Le casseur de pierres is a 1989 Tunisian short drama film directed by Mohamed Zran  It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival 

Cast
Abdallah Maymoun - Sabeur
Monia Tkitik - Monia
Fatha Mahdoui - Fatima
Moufida Zran - Scheherezade
Passage 9:
Les Accords de Bella
Les Accords de Bella (lit  'Bella's Accords') is a 2007 anthropological documentary film directed by David Constantin  It was selected by the African Film Festival of Cordoba - FCAT 

Synopsis
Rodrigues Island, lost in the middle of the Indian Ocean, has something particular: There are more than 500 accordions for 35,000 people  Polkas, mazurkas and waltzes are part of the history and mestization of an island forgotten by all for a very long time  Here, the accordion is not a forgotten instrument, quite the contrary; its sound mixes with African drums so that young and old can dance  With Philippe Imbert's help, a French craftsman, the Rodrigues Accordion Association has set out on a new adventure: Making their own accordion  The first one, the prototype, completely made on the island, is called Bella 
Passage 10:
Sous les pieds des femmes
Sous les pieds des femmes (also known as Under Women's Feet) is a 1997 French drama film written and  directed by Rachida Krim and starring Claudia Cardinale 

Plot
Cast
Claudia Cardinale  as  Aya   in 1996
Fejria Deliba	  as  Aya  in 1958
Nadia Farès  as Fouzia
Mohammad Bakri  as Amin
Yorgo Voyagis as  Moncef
Bernadette Lafont as Suzanne
Samy Naceri  as Mohammed
Éric Atlan as Captain Bertrand
Roland Bertin  as Le Président du tribunal
Guy Bedos as  Le Procureur
Kader Boukhanef as  Mourad
Safy Boutella as  Addellah
Olivier Brunhes as  Jacques
Arnaud Meunier as  Jeannot
Catherine Samie as  La Voisine
Passage 11:
Gai pied
Gai pied or Gai pied hebdo was a monthly, then weekly (hence the name Hebdo), French gay magazine, founded by Jean Le Bitoux  Its name, which literally means "Gay foot", is a homophone of guêpier, which means a hornet's nest or, figuratively, a trap or pitfall — a reference to the magazine's determination to torment the status-quo 

History and profile
The magazine's name was suggested by Michel Foucault, who wrote an article for the first issue and continued to contribute material to the magazine throughout its existence 
The first issue was sold at two thousand kiosks throughout France on 1 April 1979  It was published by Pink Triangle publications and printed by the Revolutionary Communist League 
Among the magazine's collaborators were Yves Navarre, Tony Duvert, Gianni De Martino, Guy Hocquenghem, Renaud Camus, Alain Pacadis, Copi, Hugo Marsan, Emmanuel Dreuilhe and others  The magazine enjoyed great success among French gays, and increased their visibility  Apart from its articles, the magazine published personal ads and erotic photographs 
In 1980, Jean-Paul Sartre agreed to an interview with the magazine, as did artists David Hockney and Barbara and politicians Pierre Bérégovoy and Gaston Defferre, showing their support for the magazine's cause 
In 1987, minister of the interior Charles Pasqua attempted to ban the publication of Gai pied  A demonstration on 19 March, along with statements of support from many public figures including minister of culture François Léotard, prevented the ban 
Between 1987 and 1990 the magazine controlled FG DJ Radio 
Despite early success, the magazine struggled to respond to the menace of AIDS, and was dealt a financial blow by the success of Minitel  After losing much of its readership, the magazine ended publication in 1991 

See also
Illico
Têtu
Passage 12:
Family Pack
Family Pack may refer to:

Family Pack (2000 film), a French-Balgian drama film directed by Chris Vander Stappen
Family Pack (2022 film), an Indian comedy film directed by Arjun Kumar S 
Passage 13:
Eriq Ebouaney
Eriq Ebouaney (born 3 October 1967) is a French actor  He is best known for his portrayal as the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba in the 2000 film Lumumba, as "Blacktie" in Brian De Palma's Femme Fatale and as "Ice" in the 2008 action film Transporter 3 in which he starred opposite Jason Statham 

Early life
Ebouaney was born in Angers, France, the son of Cameroonian immigrants  As a child he didn't show an interest in acting and was set on becoming a businessman  However, at the age of 30, he joined a theatre company and left his job as a sales manager to become a professional actor 

Career
He made his film debut in 1996 in the Cédric Klapisch directed film Chacun cherche son chat  He landed a leading role in the 2000 film Lumumba in which he portrayed Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba  The film was shot in Beira, Mozambique 
In 2002, he starred in Brian De Palma's Femme Fatale alongside Antonio Banderas  In 2004, he played the character of Jean Claude in Mark Bamford's debut feature Cape of Good Hope  In 2005 he starred in the award-winning Ridley Scott film, Kingdom of Heaven, in which he starred alongside Michael Sheen, Liam Neeson, Orlando Bloom, David Thewlis, Martin Hancock and Nathalie Cox 
In 2006, he starred in The Front Line and La piste 
In 2008, he played a supporting role in the critically acclaimed Australian film Disgrace featuring American actor John Malkovich, a small role in the Italian film Bianco e nero and later was cast as "Ice" in Transporter 3, featuring British actor Jason Statham 

Filmography
Passage 14:
Les Sous-doués en vacances
Les Sous-doués en vacances is a 1982 French comedic film, directed by Claude Zidi  It is the sequel to Les sous-doués (1980) 

Production
The film was shot between 10 August and 3 October 1981  Roland Moreno, the real life inventor of the smart card, was cast in the film as a "mad inventor" who creates a "love computer "Florence Guérin recalls how she gave her first line to the cinema in this film: "After passing a day doing a walk-on part, I knew that the next day they needed a girl for a nude scene, but she had a line in it  I begged Claude Zidi, going in front of his boat and he gave in, telling me that maybe the scene would be cut and that they already had another actress  Finally I shot, the scene was not cut, and the end credits read: B B 1: Florence Guérin "Sandrine Bonnaire in an extra in the movie 

Release
The film was released in 1982  It was shown in Paris for 22 weeks 
Passage 15:
Vaux-sous-Aubigny
Vaux-sous-Aubigny (French pronunciation: ​[vo su z‿obiɲi]) is a former commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France  On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Le Montsaugeonnais  Its population was 710 in 2019  It is the natal village of beekeeper Charles Dadant 

See also
Communes of the Haute-Marne department
Passage 16:
La naissance d'Osiris
La naissance d'Osiris, ou La fête Pamilie (The Birth of Osiris, or The Festival of Pamylia) is a one-act opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, first performed on 12 October 1754 at Fontainebleau to celebrate the birth of the future King Louis XVI  The libretto is by Rameau's frequent collaborator Louis de Cahusac  Cahusac styled the work a ballet allégorique ("allegorical ballet"), but it is usually categorised as an acte de ballet  Its slender plot tells of Jupiter's announcement to a group of Egyptian shepherds of the birth of the god Osiris, who symbolises the baby prince  The piece may have started life as part of a larger work, Les beaux jours de l'Amour, an opéra-ballet Rameau and Cahusac planned but never completed for reasons which are still uncertain 

Background and performance history
Musicologists now think that Rameau and Cahusac originally intended La naissance d'Osiris to be part of a multi-act opéra-ballet called Les beaux jours de l'Amour  There is some evidence this work was substantially complete by May 1751, but for unknown reasons it was never staged  The other acts were Nélée et Myrthis (never completed and unperformed until the 20th century) and Anacréon, first performed separately at Fontainebleau on 23 October 1754  The Rameau scholar Sylvie Bouissou believes that La naissance would have been the first act of Les beaux jours de l'Amour Like Anacréon, La naissance d'Osiris was salvaged for performance before the court at Fontainebleau  It thus became one of a series of operas celebrating the births of the children of the Dauphin of France and his wife Maria Josepha  On this occasion the royal baby was the Duc de Berry, the future King Louis XVI  The conductor Hugo Reyne notes the historical irony of identifying Louis XVI with Osiris, a god who was murdered, just as Louis was to be guillotined in 1793  The opera appeared on 12 October 1754 as part of a triple bill alongside revivals of Rameau's Pigmalion and Les incas de Pérou (the second act of the 1735 opéra-ballet Les Indes galantes)  Documents show it went into rehearsal on 26 August, three days after the birth of the prince  The manuscripts show it was adapted for the occasion from Les beaux jours de l'Amour; originally Pamilie was merely an unnamed "shepherdess" A lengthy account of the premiere appeared in the October 1754 edition of the journal Le Mercure de France  In the same issue, Cahusac explained the Egyptian background of the work:

As she was leaving the temple of Jupiter, a Theban woman named Pamyles heard a voice announcing the birth of a hero who would one day bring happiness to Egypt  This hero was Osiris, whom Pamyles brought up and who was subsequently one of the most illustrious benefactors of humanity  To preserve the memory of this event, the Egyptians established the Festival of Pamylia 
Osiris had already featured in the first act of Rameau's opéra-ballet Les fêtes de l'Hymen et de l'Amour (premiered 1747 and revived in July 1754)  The reviewer in Le Mercure de France described the richness of the scenery in La naissance: the pillars of the temple were carved with hieroglyphics; there were sphinxes and a palm-tree  He also gave a detailed account of the final dance in which the ballerina Mademoiselle Catinon played Cupid and Mademoiselle Puvigné a shepherdess  The reviewer praised the singing of the prima donna Marie Fel as Pamylie There is no evidence La naissance d'Osiris was ever revived in the 18th century, probably because it was too closely linked with the occasion of the premiere  However, Rameau did reuse some of the music in his later works: Anacréon, Les Paladins and Les Boréades 

Music
The work is predominantly pastoral in style, containing four musettes (numbers which employ a musette de cour, a type of bagpipe)  "La flamme des éclairs, les éclats du tonnerre" is unusually virtuosic for a bass aria  It appears that the performers found some of the music so technically challenging that it was omitted from the premiere; this virtuosic writing probably derives from Italian musical style  The overture too shows Italian influence; it is in three parts (quick-slow-quick) and the music of the last section is reprised in the final chorus of the opera 

Roles
Synopsis
Scene: The stage shows the temple of Jupiter
The shepherds rejoice at the peace their land enjoys; there is only one thing missing to make their happiness complete (chorus: "Coulez jours de paix, coulez jours heureux")  They bring their presents into the temple of Jupiter  A shepherd sings a musette celebrating the return of Spring and his love for Sylvie (musette: "Du printemps sur l'herbe fleurie")  A shepherdess vows to remain faithful to her lover (ariette: "Non, non, une flamme volage")  The sky darkens, lightning flashes and thunder rumbles; believing it is the wrath of Jupiter, the terrified shepherds start to flee (chorus: "Jupiter s'arme de la foudre"), but the High Priest reassures them that the god is pleased with their sacrifices and has good news for them (ariette: "La flamme des éclairs, les éclats du tonnerre")  The sky clears and Jupiter himself descends accompanied by Cupid and the Graces  He promises the people an era of peace and announces the birth of a hero (air: "Il est né, ce héros que vos vœux demande")  The priests pay homage to Jupiter and the shepherds rejoice (chorus: "Chants d'allégresse et de victoire", ariette for a shepherdess: "Volez, plaisirs, régnez, aimables jeux")  Jupiter returns to heaven, leaving Cupid behind to rule the earth  The opera concludes with a divertissement of dances, choruses and airs in praise of Cupid 

Recordings
La naissance d'Osiris Stéphanie Révidat (Pamilie), Céline Ricci (Une bergère), François-Nicolas Geslot (Un berger), Bertrand Chuberre(Le grand prêtre), Florian Westphal (Jupiter), La Simphonie du Marais, conducted by Hugo Reyne (Musiques à la Chabotterie, 2006)
On Rameau, Maître à Danser along with Daphnis et Eglé, Les Arts Florissants conducted by William Christie (1 DVD, Alpha, 2014)
Orchestral suite, Capella Savaria, conducted by Mary Térey-Smith (Naxos, 1997)
Passage 17:
Pauvres Diables
"Pauvres Diables" is a song by Julio Iglesias recorded in 1979  The song is also commonly known as "Vous les femmes" based on the opening lyrics  The song was also recorded in Spanish language by Iglesias as "Pobre diablo" 
The song has been recorded by many artists including Johnny Hallyday and later by Arno in the film score for 2013 film Les Garçons et Guillaume, à table! (English title Me, Myself and Mum)
In 2014, the song was reinterpreted by Nuno Resende, Julio Iglesias Jr  and Damien Sargue as "Vous les femmes (Pobre diablo)" in the covers compilation album Latin Lovers 
Passage 18:
Gaspard Manesse
Gaspard Manesse (born 25 March 1975 in Paris) is a French actor, composer and musician  He is best known for his starring role as Julien Quentin in the film Au revoir, les enfants (1987)  He acted in and composed the music for the film Comme il vient  Gaspard is a composer and musician - he tours throughout the heart of France playing the trumpet with a group called "Surnatural Orchestra" from the Ile-de-France 

Filmography
Comme il vient – 2002
Erreur de jeunesse (fr)   –  1989
Au revoir, les enfants (Goodbye, Children)  – 1987

External links
Gaspard Manesse at IMDb
http://surnaturalorchestra free fr/ (in French)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Every Light in the House
"Every Light in the House" is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins  It was released in August 1996 as the second single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud  It was his first Top 5 single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, where it peaked at #3 

Content
The song is a mid-tempo ballad mostly accompanied by piano and fiddle in which the narrator has recently split from his wife  He turns every light on in the house and keeps them on for her in case she wants to return to his side 

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that "Adkins' deep, powerful voice does justice to the yearning in this lyric about a man who has left the lights on waiting for his lover to return " Rick Cohoon of AllMusic gave the song a favorable review, calling it a "creative approach to the age-old 'goodbye, I miss you' song " He commended Adkins' voice for "communicat[ing] pain so well" despite the singer's stature, although he considered some of the similes forced (e g  "the backyard's bright as the crack of dawn") 

Music video
The music video for this song is in black-and-white, and begins with Adkins sitting on the porch of a house with his dog after his woman left home  He then gets off the porch, and he and some workers get to work on a power generator  Scenes also feature him singing inside of the same house which also featured an alternative sub chorus "Drinkin' Bush Light til the crack of dawn" whilst a slew of empty Busch cans can be seen next to the generator, ultimately this scene and lyric was scrubbed and the original was used 

Chart performance
"Every Light in the House" debuted at number 72 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated August 24, 1996  It charted for 21 weeks on that chart, and peaked at number 3 on the country chart dated December 14, 1996, giving Adkins the first Top 5 single of his career  In addition, it peaked at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100, also marking his first entry on that chart 

Certifications
Parodies
On his 1998 album Did I Shave My Back for This?, country parodist Cledus T  Judd parodied the song as "Every Light in the House Is Blown"   Trace Adkins is featured in the music video when the song begins and after it ends 
Passage 2:
The Call (Mal Waldron album)
The Call is an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron recorded in 1971 and released on the JAPO label  The album was the first release on the short-lived European jazz label  It is Waldron's only album as a bandleader to feature him playing the electric piano 

Reception
AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars  It was included as one of the 640 albums covered in the 2013 Japanese book Obscure Sound, written by Chee Shimizu  Shimizu praised the album for its "funky psychedelic groove" and interplay between Waldron's electric piano and Jimmy Jackson's organ 

Track listing
All compositions by Mal Waldron"The Call" — 18:53
"Thoughts" — 21:50Recorded at Tonstudio Bauer in Ludwigsburg, West Germany on February 1, 1971 

Personnel
Mal Waldron — electric piano
Jimmy Jackson — organ
Eberhard Weber — electric bass
Fred Braceful — drums, percussion
Passage 3:
Duo Live in Concert
Duo Live in Concert is a live album by pianist Kenny Drew and bassist Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen recorded in the Netherlands in 1974 and released on the SteepleChase label 

Reception
The Allmusic review awarded the album 3 stars 

Track listing
"In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) - 9:44
"My Little Suede Shoes" (Charlie Parker) - 5:26
"You Don't Know What Love Is" (Gene DePaul, Don Raye) - 6:15 Bonus track on CD
"My Shining Hour" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) - 8:45
"Viking's Blues" (Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen) - 5:50
"Oleo" (Sonny Rollins) - 0:36 Bonus track on CD
"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?" (Louis Alter, Eddie DeLange) - 6:35 Bonus track on CD
"Serenity" (Kenny Drew) - 4:27
"All Blues" (Miles Davis) - 6:04 Bonus track on CD
"Trubbel" (Olle Adolphson) - 5:00
"There Is No Greater Love" (Isham Jones, Marty Symes) - 9:21
"Oleo" (Rollins) - 2:14

Personnel
Kenny Drew - piano
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen - bass
Passage 4:
Live at Memory Lane
Live at Memory Lane is a live album by jazz cornetist Nat Adderley released on the Atlantic label featuring performances by Adderley's Quintet with Joe Henderson, Joe Zawinul, Victor Gaskin, and Roy McCurdy 

Reception
The Allmusic review awarded the album 2½ stars 

Track listing
All compositions by Nat Adderley except as indicated"On My Journey Now" - 4:49
"Fun" - 6:40
"In the Good Old Summertime" (George Evans, Ren Shields) - 9:49
"Lavender Woman" (Joe Zawinul) - 8:16
"Painted Desert" (Zawinul) - 8:48
"Theme" (Adderley, Zawinul) - 4:49Recorded at Memory Lane, San Francisco, CA on October 31, 1966

Personnel
Nat Adderley – cornet
Joe Henderson (tracks 2-6) - tenor saxophone
Joe Zawinul  - piano
Victor Gaskin - bass
Roy McCurdy - drums
Passage 5:
Sony Music
Sony Music Entertainment (SME), simply known as Sony Music, is an American multinational music company owned by Sony Entertainment and managed by the American umbrella division of multinational conglomerate Sony  It is the recording division half of the Sony Music Group, with the other half being the publishing division, Sony Music Publishing Founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation, it was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System in 1938 and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation  In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records  Sony bought the company in 1991 and renamed it to its current name  In 2004, Sony and Bertelsmann established a 50-50 joint venture known as Sony BMG to handle the operations of Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG), but Sony bought out Bertelsmann's stake 4 years later and reverted to using the 1991 company name  This buyout led to labels formerly under BMG ownership, including Arista, Jive, LaFace and J Records into former BMG and currently Sony's co-flagship record label, RCA Records, in 2011 and led to the relaunch of BMG as BMG Rights Management  Arista Records would later be revived in 2018 
On July 17, 2019, Sony announced a merger of Sony Music Entertainment and music publishing arm Sony/ATV to form the Sony Music Group  The merger was completed on August 1, 2019 As of 2023, Sony Music Entertainment is the second largest of the "Big Three" record companies, behind Universal Music Group and followed by Warner Music Group  Its music publishing division Sony Music Publishing (formerly Sony/ATV) is the largest music publisher in the world 

History
1929–1938: American Record Corporation
The American Record Corporation (ARC) was founded in 1929 through a merger of several record companies  The company grew for the next several years, acquiring other brands such as the Columbia Phonograph Company, including its Okeh Records subsidiary, in 1934 

1938–1970: Columbia/CBS Records
In 1938, ARC was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) under the guidance of chief executive William S  Paley  The company was later renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, and changed again to Columbia Records Inc  in 1947  Edward Wallerstein, who served as the head of Columbia Records since the late 1930s, helped establish the company as a leader in the record industry by spearheading the successful introduction of the LP record  Columbia's success continued through the 1950s with the launch of Epic Records in 1953 and Date Records in 1958  By 1962, the Columbia Records productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles, California; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey Columbia's international arm was launched in 1962 under the name "CBS Records", as the company only owned the rights to the Columbia name in North America  In 1964, the company began acquiring record companies in other countries for its CBS Records International unit and established its own UK distribution outfit with the acquisition of Oriole Records By 1966, Columbia was renamed as CBS Records and was a separate unit of the parent company, CBS-Columbia Group  In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture 

1971–1991: CBS Records Group
In 1971, CBS Records was expanded into its own "CBS Records Group", with Clive Davis as its administrative vice president and general manager  In the 1980s to the early 1990s, the company managed several successful labels, including CBS Associated Records, which signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer  In 1983, CBS expanded its music publishing business by acquiring the music publishing arm of MGM/UA Communications Co  (CBS later sold the print music arm to Columbia Pictures ) By 1987, CBS was the only "big three" American TV network to have a co-owned record company  With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983 In 1986, CBS sold its music publishing division, CBS Songs, to SBK Entertainment On November 17, 1987, Sony acquired CBS Records for US$2 billion  CBS Inc , now Paramount Global, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name  The sale was completed on January 5, 1988  CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which was distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary In 1989, CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville-based Tree International Publishing 

1991–2004: Birth of Sony Music Entertainment
Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark  The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated  Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990  Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia, an unrelated company  Thus, Sony Music Entertainment Japan issues labels under Sony Records  The Columbia Records trademark's rightsholder in Spain was Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, which Sony Music subsequently subsumed via a 2004 merger, and a subsequent 2008 buyout In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing 

2004–2008: Sony BMG: Joint venture with Bertelsmann
In August 2004, Sony entered a joint venture with an equal partner Bertelsmann, by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment  However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG while BMG Japan was made part of the merger The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by CBS rival, NBC  It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold  As of 2017, Davis was still with Sony Music as a chief creative officer 

2008–present: Sony Music revival, restructuring and recent developments
On August 5, 2008, Sony Corporation of America (SCA) and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG  The company completed the acquisition on October 1, 2008  On July 1, 2009, SME and IODA announced a strategic partnership to leverage worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rights holders  In March 2010, Sony Corp partnered with The Michael Jackson Company in a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history From 2009 to 2020, Sony owned 50% of Syco Entertainment, which operates some of the world's most successful reality TV formats, including Got Talent and The X Factor with Simon Cowell  Cowell acquired Sony's stake in 2020 Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, and later Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1, 2011  Sony Music underwent restructuring upon Morris' arrival; with some artists switching labels while other labels were eliminated altogether In June 2012, a consortium led by Sony/ATV acquired EMI Music Publishing, making Sony/ATV the world's largest music publisher at the time  This acquisition also reunited the common ownership of pre-1986 CBS Songs (as SBK Songs) catalog to Sony/ATV 
Rob Stringer became CEO of Sony Music Entertainment on April 1, 2017  He previously served as chairman and CEO of Columbia Records Sony has experienced a number of changes with its international labels  In February 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Filipino office due to piracy, and Ivory Music and Video had been handling distribution for its catalog a few months earlier in July 2011  In early 2018, their distribution deal with Ivory expired and SME resumed its  operations in the Philippines, with the new offices still located in Ortigas Center, Pasig  In July 2013, Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis  Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists would then be carried by Feelgood Records In June 2017, Sony announced that by March 2018 it would be producing vinyl records in-house for the first time since ceasing its production in 1989  Reporting the decision, the BBC noted that, "Sony's move comes a few months after it equipped its Tokyo studio with a cutting lathe, used to produce the master discs needed for manufacturing vinyl records" but added that "Sony is even struggling to find older engineers who know how to make records" On February 5, 2019, a group of 1970s-era musicians including David Johansen and John Waite filed lawsuits accusing Sony Music Entertainment and UMG Recordings, Inc  of improperly refusing to let them reclaim the rights to songs they had signed away earlier in their careers  The lawsuit cites U S  copyright law, which gives artists who formerly bargained away their rights on unfavorable terms a chance to reclaim those rights by filing termination notices after 35 years  The plaintiffs claim that Sony and UMG have "routinely and systematically" ignored hundreds of notices, having taken the position that recordings are "works made for hire" and are therefore not subject to being reclaimed In April 2021, the Brazilian media company Grupo Globo sold its domestic record label Som Livre to Sony Music for an undisclosed amount  It was approved by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense on November 4, 2021 
In 2022, Sony Music Entertainment acquired boutique branding and merchandising agency, Ceremony of Roses(CoR)  The newly acquired company would merge with Sony's existing merch division and continue under the CoR banner  The merger brought together artists like Adele, A$AP Rocky, and Lil Nas X under one merchandising house  According to Sony, the move will help expand their merchandising team and take artists' merch to the next level In January 2023, Sony Music and Alamo Records founder Todd Moscowitz launched Santa Anna, an artist and label services company 

Sony Music UK
Sony Music UK (legal name Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited) is owned and operated by Sony Music Entertainment in the United Kingdom  Since 2014, Jason Iley has been chairman and CEO of Sony Music UK  Though owned by Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music UK has standalone operations in the UK to promote musicians within the UK In June 2017, it was announced that Sony would be merging its two independent distribution companies The Orchard and Red Essential 2014 saw Sony's best singles success for 33 years, with 11 number 1 singles  Sony Music artists won a total of five individual awards at the BRITs 2015, including Best Female Solo Artist for Paloma Faith, and Mark Ronson's "Uptown Funk", which picked up Best British Single  Several other of the label's artists - Foo Fighters, One Direction and Pharrell Williams - also collected awards Sony's performance at the BRITs 2015 was the label's best in nearly 20 years, winning a total of 5 awards  In 2017, Sony Music UK celebrated the most successful BRIT Awards in the company's history, winning seven of the 11 awards In the last three years, Sony Music UK has made key acquisitions including forming Insanity Records with Insanity Management  Craig David became the first artist to sign an album deal with Insanity Records  Sony Music UK signed Robbie Williams, who released his 11th album The Heavy Entertainment Show in 2016  Jason Iley commented that the agreement was "a once in a lifetime signing with the biggest male solo artist of our generation" Sony Music UK also incorporated the independent sales and distribution company Essential Music and Marketing - renamed to Red Essential  In August 2016, Sony Music acquired Ministry of Sound Recordings, home to London Grammar, DJ Fresh and Sigala On April 5, 2017, two of Sony Music UK's labels won awards at the annual Music Week Awards  Columbia Records received the 'A&R of the Year' Award, while Syco were awarded the 'Record Company of the Year' Award In 2021, Sony agreed to buy Kobalt neighboring rights division and independent distribution company AWAL, from the Kobalt Music Group for $430 million The UK media company Somethin' Else was acquired outright by Sony Music in 2021, to form a podcast division 

Criticism and Controversies
CD price fixing
Between 1995 and 2000, music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements such as minimum advertised pricing to artificially inflate prices of compact discs  This was done in order to end price wars of the early 1990s among discounters such as Best Buy and Target  A settlement was reached in 2002 that included music publishers and distributors Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music and Universal Music  In restitution for price fixing, they agreed to pay a $67 4 million fine and distribute $75 7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups but admitted no wrongdoing  It is estimated that customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million overall and up to $5 per album 

George Michael
The British artist, George Michael, signed to Columbia in the U S  and Epic worldwide, advised Sony executives in 1990 that he would not be appearing in music videos to support his forthcoming album, Listen Without Prejudice Vol  1  Michael then accused Sony of not promoting the album at all  He sued in the UK in 1992, asking to be released from his contract  Sony ultimately prevailed in the courts in 1994, but Michael's contract was bought out by other labels  Some 11 years later, Michael licensed tracks to Sony for release 

Michael Jackson and Tommy Mottola
The release of Invincible was preceded by a dispute between Michael Jackson and Sony Music Entertainment  Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s, after which he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep the profits; however, clauses in the contract set the revert date years into the future  Jackson discovered that the attorney who had represented him in the deal had also been representing Sony  He was also concerned that for years Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in its music catalog venture; he feared that Sony might have had a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed, he would have had to sell his share of the catalog at a low price  Jackson sought an early exit from his contract In July 2002, Jackson alleged that the then-Sony Music chairman Tommy Mottola was a "devil" and "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own gain  He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger"  Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States 

Prosecution of copyright infringement
In May 2012, Sony Music filed charges against the website IsoHunt  The plaintiff's claims in the court document filed at the Supreme Court of British Columbia read: "The IsoHunt Websites have been designed and are operated by the defendants with the sole purpose of profiting from rampant copyright infringement which defendants actively encourage, promote, authorize, induce, aid, abet, materially contribute to and commercially profit from " In February 2016, in a lawsuit filed at a California federal court, Sony Music Entertainment and its associated brands (Arista Records and LaFace Records, formerly owned by Bertelsmann Music Group) accused Belgian radio aggregator Radionomy (owned by Universal Music Group's parent Vivendi) of copyright infringement 

Kesha v  Dr  Luke and 2016 boycott
In February 2016, 100,000 people signed an online petition in less than 24 hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr  Luke were made by musical artist Kesha  Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from her contract with Sony Music, but the court denied the request, prompting a widespread public and media response 

List of Sony Music Entertainment labels
Others
Previously affiliated labels
See also
List of Sony Music artists
Sony Music Publishing
Sony BMG
Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal
Sony Music Entertainment Japan
Sony Music Australia
Sony Music UK
Sony Music India
Tero Entertainment
Lists of record labels
Passage 6:
Loud Planes Fly Low
Loud Planes Fly Low is the fifth album by the American band The Rosebuds, released in 2011 on Merge Records 

Track listing
Passage 7:
I Wish Tonight Would Never End
I Wish Tonight Would Never End is an album by American country music artist George Jones  It was released in 1963 on the United Artists record label I Wish Tonight Would Never End features two duets with Melba Montgomery, including the standard "We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds", one of seven chart singles they would score together between 1963 and 1967   In the book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Bob Allen quotes Jones:  "Now, truthfully, Melba fit my style more than Tammy (Wynette) did   I hate to use the word 'hard-core,' but that's  what Melba is - a down-to-earth, hard-core country singer "  The other duet with Montgomery, "Flame In My Heart", was originally recorded by Jones and Virginia Spurlock when Jones was with Mercury Records   The songs would be included on the Jones/Montgomery duet album What's in Our Hearts, also released in 1963 
I Wish Tonight Would Never End also includes a more refined rerecording of "Seasons Of My Heart", a song Jones wrote with Darrell Edwards which had been one of his earliest recordings on the Starday label and had also been a hit for Johnny Cash (Jerry Lee Lewis and Willie Nelson would also cover the song) 

Track listing
"Lonesome Life" (George Jones, George Riddle)
"This Old, Old House" (Jones, Hal Bynum)
"I Saw Me" (Jones, Jimmie Davis)
"Every Time I Look at You"
"I Wish Tonight Would Never End" (Jones, "Country" Johnny Mathis)
"Flame in My Heart" (Jones, Bernard Spurlock)
"Ain't It Funny What a Fool Will Do" (Jones, Mathis)
"There's No Justice" (Leon Payne)
"We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds" (With Melba Montgomery) (Melba Montgomery)
"I Can't Change Over Night" (Jones, Mathis)
"In the Shadow of a Lie" (Jones, Dick Overby)
"Seasons of My Heart" (Jones, Darrell Edwards)
Passage 8:
Hawk Nelson
Hawk Nelson was a Canadian rock band from Peterborough, Ontario  Formed in 2000, the band has released eight studio albums to date 

History
Early independent releases (2000–2003)
In 2000, Dunn, Clark, and Paige founded a Peterborough-based group called "SWISH", while Biro sang lead vocals for a four-piece group called the "Cheese Monkeys from Planet Nine" from Barrie, Ontario  In 2000, SWISH released their first independent album, Riding Around the Park on Mime Radio, an independent record label based in Peterborough  In January 2002, Biro moved to Peterborough to join Dunn, Clark and Paige and SWISH was renamed "Reason Being", before finally settling with the name "Hawk Nelson"  In 2003, they released their second independent album, Saturday Rock Action 

Letters to the President (2004–2005)
They continued to perform and tour independently in Ontario, Canada, before being signed with Tooth & Nail Records, largely on the recommendation of Trevor McNevan, the lead singer of fellow Tooth & Nail bands Thousand Foot Krutch and FM Static  McNevan, also from Peterborough, Ontario, is credited with discovering the band  In July 2004, Hawk Nelson released their debut album Letters to the President  It was produced by Aaron Sprinkle and McNevan, who also co-wrote the album's fourteen songs  He has also appeared on some of the band's songs, as well as in their video for the song "California" 
The band has achieved some success in the mainstream as well  They portrayed The Who on an episode of the NBC drama American Dreams, and they recorded a song named "Bring 'Em Out" as the theme for the 2005 motion picture Yours, Mine and Ours featuring Drake Bell  This song and another hit song "The Show" were both used on Sunday Night Football commercials
Context 3: Passage 1:
Thirukkanur
Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India  It is one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk  It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west 
Thirukkanur has a primary health center, police station, post office, electricity office and registrar office   The area is mainly oriented to agriculture  Thirukkanur market is the only bazaar catering to the needs of about 20 nearby villages   There is no major industry within the purview area of the Thirukkanar Police Station 


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
Mount Bosworth
Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia  The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park  It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway 

Geology
Mount Bosworth is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods  Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny 

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Bosworth is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers  Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors  below −30 °C 

See also
List of peaks on the Alberta–British Columbia border
List of mountains of Alberta
Mountains of British Columbia
Passage 3:
Berhale (woreda)
Berahle(Baracle) is a woreda in Afar Region, Ethiopia  Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression  This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea  Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tayaraboda

Overview
The average elevation in this woreda is 233 meters above sea level  The major body of water in this woreda is the saline Lake Karum (also known as Lake Assela)  As of 2008, Berhale has 236 kilometers of all-weather gravel road; about 13% of the total population has access to drinking water Education in the principal town of Berahle consists of eight grades  In 7 of the 9 rural kebeles, school consists of grades 1 through 4, while in the remaining two kebeles, the students are taught under a tree  As of 2004, a total of 2,501 children, 445 females, are enrolled in the woreda; the number of workers who have completed Grade 12 is between 1-2% and 15% are reported to be literate  Of the woreda and kebele leaders, 3% are literate 

Demographics
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 78,881, of whom 45,501 are men and 33,380 women; with an area of 2,509 17 square kilometers, Berahle has a population density of 31 44  While 6,098 or 7 73% are urban inhabitants, a further 7,353 or 9 32% are pastoralists  A total of 11,402 households were counted in this woreda, which results in an average of 6 9 persons to a household, and 11,653 housing units  98 93% of the population said they were Muslim, and 1 03% were Orthodox Christians 


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
Troy Independent School District
Troy Independent School District is a public school district based in Troy, Texas (USA) 
Located in Bell County, the district extends into a small portion of Falls County  In addition to Troy, the district also serves the unincorporated communities of Pendleton, Belfalls, and Oenaville In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency 

Schools
Troy High School (Grades 9-12)
Raymond Mays Middle School (Grades 6-8)
Troy Elementary School (Grades 2-5)
Mays Elementary School (Grades PK-1)
Passage 5:
Notogawa, Shiga
Notogawa (能登川町, Notogawa-chō) was a town located in Kanzaki District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan 
Notogawa Station (Location: N35 179899,E136 165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi  The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west  The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest 

History
On January 1, 2006, Notogawa, along with the town of Gamō (from Gamō District), was merged into the expanded city of Higashiōmi 

Demographics
As of 2005, the town had an estimated population of 23,385 and a density of 751 45 persons per km²  The total area is 31 12 km² 

Sister town
Taber, Alberta, Canada 

External links
 Media related to Notogawa, Shiga at Wikimedia Commons
Passage 6:
Canada–United States border
The Canada–United States border (French: Frontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis) is the longest international border in the world  The terrestrial boundary (including boundaries in the Great Lakes, Atlantic, and Pacific coasts) is 8,891 km (5,525 mi) long  The land border has two sections: Canada's border with the contiguous United States to its south, and with the U S  state of Alaska to its west  The bi-national International Boundary Commission deals with matters relating to marking and maintaining the boundary, and the International Joint Commission deals with issues concerning boundary waters  The agencies currently responsible for facilitating legal passage through the international boundary are the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U S  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) 

History
18th century
The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States  In the second article of the Treaty, the parties agreed on all boundaries of the United States, including, but not limited to, the boundary to the north along then-British North America  The agreed-upon boundary included the line from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia to the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River and proceeded down along the middle of the river to the 45th parallel of north latitude 
The parallel had been established in the 1760s as the boundary between the provinces of Quebec and New York (including what would later become the State of Vermont)  It was surveyed and marked by John Collins and Thomas Valentine from 1771 to 1773 The St  Lawrence River and the Great Lakes became the boundary further west, between the United States and what is now Ontario  Northwest of Lake Superior, the boundary followed rivers to the Lake of the Woods  From the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods, the boundary was agreed to go straight west until it met the Mississippi River  In fact, that line never meets the river since the river's source is further south 

Jay Treaty (1794)
The Jay Treaty of 1794 (effective 1796) created the International Boundary Commission, which was charged with surveying and mapping the boundary  It also provided for the removal of British military and administration from Detroit, as well as other frontier outposts on the U S  side  The Jay Treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Ghent (effective 1815) concluding the War of 1812, which included pre-war boundaries 

19th century
Signed in December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812, returning the boundaries of British North America and the United States to the state they were prior to the war  In the following decades, the United States and the United Kingdom concluded several treaties that settled the major boundary disputes between the two, enabling the border to be demilitarized  The Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817 provided a plan for demilitarizing the two combatant sides in the War of 1812 and also laid out preliminary principles for drawing a border between British North America and the United States 

London Convention (1818)
The Treaty of 1818 saw expansion of both British North America and the US, where the boundary extended westward along the 49th parallel, from the Northwest Angle at Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains  The treaty extinguished British claims to the south of that line up to the Red River Valley, which was part of Rupert's Land  The treaty also extinguished U S  claims to land north of that line in the watershed of the Missouri River, which was part of the Louisiana Purchase  This amounted to three small areas, consisting of the northern part of the drainages of the Milk River (today in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan), the Poplar River (Saskatchewan), and Big Muddy Creek (Saskatchewan)  Along the 49th parallel, the border vista is theoretically straight, but in practice follows the 19th-century surveyed border markers and varies by several hundred feet in spots 

Webster–Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Disputes over the interpretation of the border treaties and mistakes in surveying required additional negotiations, which resulted in the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842  The treaty resolved the Aroostook War, a dispute over the boundary between Maine, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada  The treaty redefined the border between New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York on the one hand, and the Province of Canada on the other, resolving the Indian Stream dispute and the Fort Blunder dilemma at the outlet to Lake Champlain 
The part of the 45th parallel that separates Quebec from the U S  states of Vermont and New York had first been surveyed from 1771 to 1773 after it had been declared the boundary between New York (including what later became Vermont) and Quebec  It was surveyed again after the War of 1812  The U S  federal government began to construct fortifications just south of the border at Rouses Point, New York, on Lake Champlain  After a significant portion of the construction was completed, measurements revealed that at that point, the actual 45th parallel was three-quarters of a mile (1 2 km) south of the surveyed line  The fort, which became known as "Fort Blunder", was in Canada, which created a dilemma for the U S  that was not resolved until a provision of the treaty left the border on the meandering line as surveyed  The border along the Boundary Waters in present-day Ontario and Minnesota between Lake Superior and the Northwest Angle was also redefined 

Oregon Treaty (1846)
An 1844 boundary dispute during the Presidency of James K  Polk led to a call for the northern boundary of the U S  west of the Rockies to be 54°40′N related to the southern boundary of Russia's Alaska Territory  However, Great Britain wanted a border that followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean  The dispute was resolved in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary through the Rockies 

Boundary surveys (mid–19th century)
The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–1861) laid out the land boundary  However, the water boundary was not settled for some time  After the Pig War in 1859, arbitration in 1872 established the border between the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands 
The International Boundary Survey (or, the "Northern Boundary Survey" in the US) began in 1872  Its mandate was to establish the border as agreed to in the Treaty of 1818  Archibald Campbell led the way for the United States, while Donald Cameron, supported by chief astronomer Samuel Anderson, headed the British team  This survey focused on the border from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains 

20th century
In 1903, following a dispute that arose because of the Klondike Gold Rush, a joint United Kingdom–Canada–U S  tribunal established the boundary of southeast Alaska On April 11, 1908, the United Kingdom and the United States agreed, under Article IV of the Treaty of 1908 "concerning the boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean", to survey and delimit the boundary between Canada and the U S  through the St  Lawrence River and Great Lakes, in accordance with modern surveying techniques, and thus accomplished several changes to the border   In 1925, the International Boundary Commission's temporary mission became permanent for maintaining the survey and mapping of the border; maintaining boundary monuments and buoys; and keeping the border clear of brush and vegetation for 6 m (20 ft)  This "border vista" extends for 3 m (9 8 ft) on each side of the line In 1909, under the Boundary Waters Treaty, the International Joint Commission was established for Canada and the U S  to investigate and approve projects that affect the waters and waterways along the border 

21st century
As a result of the 2001 September 11 attacks, the Canada–U S  border was shut without any warning, and no goods or people were allowed to cross  In the wake of the impromptu border closure, procedures were jointly developed to ensure that commercial traffic could cross the border even if people were restricted from crossing  These procedures were later used for a border closure caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 

2020–2021 closure
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and the United States, the governments of Canada and the United States agreed to close the border to "non-essential" travel on March 21, 2020, for an initial period of 30 days  The closure has been extended 15 times since then; it expired on July 21, 2021  However, in mid-June 2021, the Canadian government announced it will ease some entry requirements for fully vaccinated Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and foreign nationals starting on July 5, 2021  In mid-July, the Canadian government announced that fully vaccinated American citizens and permanent residents can visit Canada starting August 9, 2021  The American government reopened its land border to fully vaccinated Canadian citizens effective November 8, 2021  Provided that COVID cases remain stable and/or decline, fully vaccinated international visitors can enter Canada starting September 7  The 2020–21 closure was reportedly the first blanket, long-term closure of the border since the War of 1812 Essential travel, as defined by Canadian and US regulations, includes travel for employment or education purposes  "Non-essential" travel to Canada, includes travel "for an optional or discretionary purpose, such as tourism, recreation or entertainment " The U S  Department of Homeland Security issued defined non-essential travel to include "tourism purposes (e g , sightseeing, recreation, gambling, or attending cultural events)" and gave an extensive, non-exhaustive definition of what sorts of travel qualify as essential Business advocacy groups, noting the substantial economic impact of the closure on both sides of the border, called for more nuanced restrictions in place of the blanket ban on non-essential travel  The Northern Border Caucus, a group in the US Congress composed of members from border communities, made similar suggestions to the governments of both countries  Beyond the closure itself, US President Donald Trump also initially suggested the idea of deploying United States military personnel near the border with Canada in connection with the pandemic  He later abandoned the idea following vocal opposition from Canadian officials 

Security
Law enforcement approach
The International Boundary is commonly referred to as the world's "longest undefended border", though this is true only in the military sense, as civilian law enforcement is present  It is illegal to cross the border outside border controls, as anyone crossing the border must be checked per immigration and customs laws  The relatively low level of security measures stands in contrast to that of the United States–Mexico border (one-third length of Canada–U S  border), which is actively patrolled by U S  Customs and Border Protection personnel to prevent illegal migration and drug trafficking 

Parts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas, but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans  The border also runs through the middle of the Akwesasne Nation and even divides some buildings found in communities in New England and Quebec 
The U S  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) identifies the chief issues along the border as domestic and international terrorism; drug smuggling and smuggling of products (such as tobacco) to evade customs duties; and illegal immigration  A June 2019 U S  Government Accountability Office report identified specific staffing and resource shortfalls faced by the CBP on the Northern border that adversely affect enforcement actions; the U S  Border Patrol "identified an insufficient number of agents that limited patrol missions along the northern border" while CBP Air and Marine Operations "identified an insufficient number of agents along the northern border, which limited the number and frequency of air and maritime missions "There are eight U S  Border Patrol sectors based on the Canada–U S  border, each covering a designated "area of responsibility"; the sectors are (from west to east) based in Blaine, Washington; Spokane, Washington; Havre, Montana; Grand Forks, North Dakota; Detroit, Michigan; Buffalo, New York; Swanton, Vermont; and Houlton, Maine Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, security along the border was dramatically tightened by the two countries in both populated and rural areas  Both nations are also actively involved in detailed and extensive tactical and strategic intelligence sharing 
In December 2010, Canada and the United States were negotiating an agreement titled "Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Competitiveness" which would give the U S  more influence over Canada's border security and immigration controls, and more information would be shared by Canada with the U S 

Security measures
Residents of both nations who own property adjacent to the border are forbidden to build within the 6-metre-wide (20 ft) boundary vista without permission from the International Boundary Commission  They are required to report such construction to their respective governments 
All persons crossing the border are required to report to the customs agency of the country they have entered  Where necessary, fences or vehicle blockades are used  In remote areas, where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden sensors on roads, trails, railways, and wooded areas, which are located near crossing points  There is no border zone; the U S  Customs and Border Protection routinely sets up checkpoints as far as 100 miles (160 km) into U S  territory In August 2020, the United States constructed 3 8 km (2 4 mi) of short cable fencing along the border between Abbotsford, British Columbia, and Whatcom County, Washington 

Identification
Prior to 2007, American and Canadian citizens were only required to produce a birth certificate and driver's license/government-issued identification card when crossing the Canada–United States border However, in late 2006, the U S  Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced the final rule of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), which pertained to new identification requirements for travelers entering the United States  This rule, which marked the first phase of the initiative, was implemented on January 23, 2007, specifying six forms of identification acceptable for crossing the U S  border (depending on mode):
a valid passport—required in order to enter by air;
a United States passport card;
an enhanced driver's license—issued by the U S  States of Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont, and Washington, as well as the Canadian Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec;
a trusted traveler program card (i e  NEXUS, FAST, or SENTRI);
a valid Merchant Mariner Credential—to be used when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; and
a valid U S  military identification card—to be used when traveling on official orders The requirement of a passport or an enhanced form of identification to enter the United States by air went into effect in January 2007; and went into effect for those entering the U S  by land and sea in January 2008  Although the new requirements for land and sea entry went into legal effect in January 2008, its enforcement did not begin until June 2009  Since June 2009, every traveller arriving via a land or sea port-of-entry (including ferries) has been required to present one of the above forms of identification in order to enter the United States 

Conversely in order to cross into Canada, a traveler must also carry identification, as well as a valid visa (if necessary) when crossing the border  Forms of identification include a valid passport, a Canadian Emergency Travel Document, an enhanced driver's license issued by a Canadian province or territory, or an enhanced identification/photo card issued by a Canadian province or territory  Several other documents may be used by Canadians to identify their citizenship at the border, although use of such documents requires it to be supported with additional photo identification American and Canadian citizens who are members of a trusted traveler program such as FAST or NEXUS, may present their FAST or NEXUS card as an alternate form of identification when crossing the international boundary by land or sea, or when arriving by air from only Canada or the United States  Although permanent residents of Canada and the United States are eligible for FAST or NEXUS, they are required to travel with a passport and proof of permanent residency upon arrival at the Canadian border  American permanent residents who are NEXUS members also require Electronic Travel Authorization when crossing the Canadian border 

Security issues
Smuggling
Smuggling of alcoholic beverages ("rum running") was widespread during the 1920s, when Prohibition was in effect nationally in the United States and parts of Canada 
In more recent years, Canadian officials have brought attention to drug, cigarette, and firearms smuggling from the United States, while U S  officials have made complaints of drug smuggling via Canada  In July 2005, law enforcement personnel arrested three men who had built a 110-metre (360 ft) tunnel under the border between British Columbia and Washington, intended for the use of smuggling marijuana, the first such tunnel known on this border  From 2007 to 2010, 147 people were arrested for smuggling marijuana on the property of a bed-and-breakfast in Blaine, Washington, but agents estimate that they caught only about 5% of smugglers Because of its location, Cornwall, Ontario, experiences ongoing smuggling—mostly of tobacco and firearms from the United States  The neighboring Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles the Ontario–Quebec–New York borders, where its First Nations sovereignty prevents Ontario Provincial Police, Sûreté du Québec, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada Border Services Agency, Canadian Coast Guard, United States Border Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and New York State Police from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges taking place within the territory 

2009 border occupation
In May 2009, the Mohawk people of Akwesasne occupied the area around the Canada Border Services Agency port of entry building to protest the Canadian government's decision to arm its border agents while operating on Mohawk territory   The north span of the Seaway International Bridge  and the CBSA inspection facilities were closed   During this occupation, the Canadian flag was replaced with the flag of the Mohawk people  Although U S  Customs remained opened to southbound traffic, northbound traffic was blocked on the U S  side by both American and Canadian officials  The Canadian border at this crossing remained closed for six weeks   On July 13, 2009, the CBSA opened a temporary inspection station at the north end of the north span of the bridge in the city of Cornwall, allowing traffic to once again flow in both directions The Mohawk people of Akwesasne have staged ongoing protests at this border   In 2014 they objected to a process that made their crossing more tedious, believing it violated their treaty rights of free passage   When traveling from the U S  to Cornwall Island, they must first cross a second bridge into Canada, for inspection at the new Canadian border station  Discussions between inter-governmental agencies were being pursued on the feasibility of relocating the Canadian border inspection facilities on the U S  side of the border 

2017 border crossing crisis
In August 2017, the border between Quebec and New York saw an influx of up to 500 irregular crossings each day, by individuals seeking asylum in Canada  As a result, Canada increased border security and immigration staffing in the area, reiterating the fact that crossing the border irregularly had no effect on one's asylum status From the beginning of January 2017 up until the end of March 2018, the RCMP intercepted 25,645 people crossing the border into Canada from an unauthorized point of entry  Public Safety Canada estimates another 2,500 came across in April 2018 for a total of just over 28,000 

Border lengths and regions
The length of the terrestrial boundary is 8,891 km (5,525 mi), of which 6,416 km (3,987 mi) is against the contiguous 48 states, and 2,475 km (1,538 mi) against Alaska  Eight out of thirteen provinces and territories of Canada and thirteen out of fifty U S  states are located along this international boundary 

Yukon
The Canadian territory of Yukon shares its entire western border with the U S  state of Alaska, beginning at the Beaufort Sea at 69°39′N 141°00′W and proceeds southwards along the 141st meridian west  At 60°18′N, the border proceeds away from the 141st meridian west in a southeastward direction, following the St  Elias Mountains  South of the 60th parallel north, the border continues into British Columbia 

British Columbia
British Columbia has two international borders with the United States: with the state of Alaska along BC's northwest, and with the contiguous United States along the southern edge of the province, including (west to east) Washington, Idaho, and Montana BC's Alaskan border, continuing from Yukon's, proceeds through the St  Elias Mountains, followed by Mt  Fairweather at 58°54′N 137°31′W, where the border heads northwestward towards the Coast Mountains  At 59°48′N 135°28′W, the border begins a general southeastward direction along the Coast Mountains  The border eventually reaches the Portland Canal and follows it outward to the Dixon Entrance, which takes the border down and out into the Pacific Ocean, terminating it upon reaching international waters 
BC's border along the contiguous U S  begins southwest of Vancouver Island and northwest of the Olympic Peninsula, at the terminus of international waters in the Pacific Ocean  It follows the Strait of Juan de Fuca eastward, turning northeastward to enter Haro Strait  The border follows the strait in a northward direction, but turns sharply eastward through Boundary Pass, separating the Canadian Gulf Islands from the American San Juan Islands  Upon reaching the Strait of Georgia, the border turns due north and then towards the northwest, bisecting the strait until the 49th parallel north  After making a sharp turn eastbound, the border follows this parallel across the Tsawwassen Peninsula, separating Point Roberts, Washington from Delta, British Columbia, and continues into Alberta 

Prairies
The entire Canada–U S  border in the provinces of both Alberta and Saskatchewan lies along the 49th parallel north  Both provinces share borders with the state of Montana, while, farther east, Saskatchewan also shares a border with North Dakota Along with the U S  states of North Dakota and Minnesota (west to east), nearly the entire Canada–U S  border in Manitoba lies along the 49th parallel north  At the province's eastern end, however, the border briefly enters the Lake of the Woods, turning north at 48°59′N 95°09′W where it continues into land along the western end of Minnesota's Northwest Angle, the only part of the United States besides the state of Alaska that is north of the 49th parallel  The border reaches Ontario at 49°23′N 95°09′W 

Ontario
The province of Ontario shares its border (west to east) with the U S  states of Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York  The largest provincial international border, most of the border is a water boundary   It begins at the north-westernmost point of Minnesota's Northwest Angle (49°23′N 95°09′W)  From here, it proceeds eastward through the Angle Inlet into the Lake of the Woods, turning southward at 49°19′N 94°48′W where it continues into the Rainy River  The border follows the River to Rainy Lake, then subsequently through various smaller lakes, including Namakan Lake, Lac la Croix, and Sea Gull Lake, until it reaches the Pigeon River, which leads it out into Lake Superior  The border continues through Lake Superior and Whitefish Bay, into the St  Mary's River then the North Channel  At 45°59′N 83°26′W, the border turns southward into the False Detour Channel, from which it reaches Lake Huron  Through the Lake, the border heads southward until reaching the St  Clair River, leading it to Lake St  Clair  The border proceeds through Lake St  Clair, reaching the Detroit River, which leads it to Lake Erie  From Lake Erie the border is led into the Niagara River, which takes it into Lake Ontario  From here, the boundary heads northwestward until it reaches 43°27′N 79°12′W, where it makes a sharp turn towards the northeast  The border then reaches the St  Lawrence River, proceeding through it until finally, at 45°00′N 74°40′W, the border splits from the river and continues into Quebec 

Quebec
The province of Quebec borders (west to east) the U S  states of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, beginning where the Ontario-New York border ends in the St  Lawrence River at the 45th parallel north  This border heads inland towards the east, remaining on or near the parallel  At 45°00′N 71°30′W, the border begins to follow various natural features of the Appalachian Mountains, continuing to do so until  46°25′N 70°03′W, where it heads north, then northeastward at 46°41′N 69°59′W  Finally, at 47°27′N 69°13′W, the border heads toward Beau Lake, going through it and continuing into New Brunswick 

New Brunswick
The entire border of New Brunswick is shared with the U S  state of Maine, beginning at the southern tip of Beau Lake at 47°18′N 69°03′W, subsequently proceeding to the Saint John River  The border moves through the River until  47°04′N 67°47′W, where it splits from the river and heads southward into the Chiputneticook Lakes at 45°56′N 67°47′W, which subsequently leads the border to the St  Croix River  The border proceeds through the St  Croix to Passamaquoddy Bay, which then leads it to Grand Manan Island into the middle of the Bay of Fundy  Here, the border turns towards the south and terminates upon reaching international waters 

Crossings and border straddling
Airports
The U S  maintains pre-clearance facilities (i e  immigration offices) at eight Canadian airports with international air service to the United States: Calgary; Edmonton; Halifax Stanfield; Montreal–Trudeau; Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier; Toronto Island Airport (Billy Bishop Airport), Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver; and Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson  These procedures expedite travel by allowing flights originating in Canada to land at a U S  airport without being processed as an international arrival  Canada does not maintain equivalent personnel at U S  airports due to the sheer number of Canada-bound flights from numerous U S  departure locations 

Cross-border airports
One curiosity on the Canada–U S  border is the presence of six airports and eleven seaplane bases whose runways straddle the borderline  Such airports were built prior to the U S  entry into World War II as a way to legally transfer U S -built aircraft, such as the Lockheed Hudson, to Canada under the provisions of the Lend-Lease Act  In the interest of maintaining neutrality, U S  military pilots were forbidden to deliver combat aircraft to Canada  As result, the aircraft were flown to the border, where they landed, then were towed on their wheels over the border by tractors or horses overnight  The next day, the planes were crewed by RCAF pilots and flown to other locations, typically airbases in Eastern Canada and Newfoundland, from where they were flown to the United Kingdom and deployed in the Battle of Britain 

Piney Pinecreek Border Airport is located in Piney, Manitoba and Pinecreek, Minnesota  The northwest–southeast-oriented runway straddles the border, and there are two ramps: one in the U S  and one in Canada  The airport is owned by the Minnesota Department of Transportation International Peace Garden Airport is located in Boissevain, Manitoba and Dunseith, North Dakota adjacent to the International Peace Garden  The runway is entirely within North Dakota, but a ramp extends across the border to allow aircraft to access Canadian customs  While not jointly owned, it is operated as an international facility for customs clearance as part of the Peace Garden 
Coronach/Scobey Border Station Airport (or East Poplar Airport) is located in Coronach, Saskatchewan and Scobey, Montana  The airport is jointly owned by the Canadian and U S  government, with its east–west runway sited exactly on the borderline 
Coutts/Ross International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana  Like Coronach/Scobey, the east–west runway is sited exactly on the border  The airport is owned entirely by the Montana Department of Transportation (DOT) Aeronautics Division 
Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport, located in Del Bonita, Alberta and Del Bonita, Montana, has an east–west runway sited exactly on the border, similar to Coutts/Ross  The airport is officially owned by the state of Montana and run by the state's DOT Aeronautics Division, thus it has been assigned a U S  identifier only  The facility is set up for both the general public (15 passengers maximum per plane) as well as the American military Avey Field State Airport is located in Washington and British Columbia  The privately owned airfield is mostly in the U S , but several hundred feet of the north–south runway extend into Canada  As such, both Canadian and U S  customs are available  It is assigned a U S  identifier, but does not have a Canadian one 
Several seaplane bases have water runways that cross the border, though the extent to which they do may be difficult to ascertain



ground_truth: La Goulette

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Live Life Loud album's band signed to which label?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  "Things We Go Through" from Letters to the President was also featured in Yours, Mine and Ours  In October 2005, the band re-released Letters to the President, with new material including their cover of The Who's "My Generation", three acoustic versions of some of their hits, and a limited edition cover  Hawk Nelson plays the party band for the film Yours, Mine and Ours (2005)  On December 20, 2005, Hawk Nelson released an EP titled Bring 'Em Out 

Smile, It's the End of the World (2006–2007)
Hawk Nelson continued to gain popularity and was voted "Favorite New Artist" by CCM Magazine in their February 2006 Reader's Choice Awards 
On April 4, 2006, Hawk Nelson released Connect Sets EP with six acoustic tracks, including "Bring Em' Out", "Thing We Go Through", and "California" The band released their second studio album, Smile, It's the End of the World, on April 4, 2006  The album was also co-written by Trevor McNevan of Thousand Foot Krutch  The album won a GMA Canada Covenant Award for "Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year" in 2006  The album's first single, "Everything You Ever Wanted", went on to hit No  1 for 9 weeks on the R&R Christian CHR chart, and was the fourth most-played song of 2006  The band spent the middle of 2006 touring the major Christian music festivals, and also took part in Jeremy Camp's Beyond Measure tour  Hawk Nelson released a three-track Christmas EP titled Gloria on November 21, 2006, and then toured with TobyMac's Winter Wonder Slam tour along with The Afters, Family Force 5, and Ayiesha Woods 
Bulletproof Records and producer Ralph Sall have assembled the compilation Charlotte's Web: Music Inspired By The Motion Picture featuring music by Christian artists including Hawk Nelson, Amy Grant, Selah, and Billy Ray Cyrus, which was released December 12, 2006  In addition, Bob Carlisle, Leigh Nash (Sixpence None The Richer), and The Send have all contributed exclusive tracks 
Hawk Nelson performed in 2006 on the Fringe Stage at Creation Festival Northwest, then again on the main stage at Creation in 2007  They performed sometime between July 25–28, 2007, at Creation Festival Northwest on the Main Stage, and they played again on the Fringe Stage at Creation Festival Northeast sometime between June 27–30, 2007  In 2007, (and again in 2009), Hawk Nelson performed at Winter Jam with a variety of other Christian bands, including Newsong, Jeremy Camp, Steven Curtis Chapman, Sanctus Real, and Britt Nicole  Hawk Nelson also toured with MxPx, Run Kid Run, Project 86, The Fold, and The Classic Crime on the Tooth and Nail Tour 
On March 27, 2007, Hawk Nelson released a "Double Take" which includes selections from Letters to the President and Smile It's the End of the World  They then released a holiday-themed EP titled Holiday Trio on November 20, 2007 In 2007, Aaron Tosti left the band to pursue other musical ventures and was replaced by Justin Benner 

Hawk Nelson Is My Friend and Live Life Loud (2008–2010)
The band's third full album, Hawk Nelson Is My Friend was released on April 1, 2008, and featured songs co-written by Trevor McNevan of Thousand Foot Krutch, Raine Maida of Our Lady Peace and Richard Marx 
In 2008, the band also contributed a cover of "Don't You (Forget About Me)", originally by Simple Minds, off the Don't You Forget About Me: The Covers EP  The song was also featured in back-to-school commercials for J C  Penney  On June 8, 2010, Hawkology: Anothology of Hawk Nelson was released containing three previously released albums: Letters to the President, Smile, It's the End of the World, and Hawk Nelson Is My Friend  On June 16, 2009, Summer EP was released through digital outlets only In January 2008, the band headlined their own tour that they called "The Green T Tour" which also featured Capital Lights and Run Kid Run Hawk Nelson was nominated for a 2009 Grammy Award in the category for Best Recording Package, for their 2008 album Hawk Nelson Is My Friend 
On July 21, 2009, Hawk Nelson released their second single from their fourth album Live Life Loud called "The Meaning of Life", and on August 8, the song "Alive" began to be played on Christian Radio  They released their fourth album, Live Life Loud on September 22, 2009  The title song "Live Life Loud" was made available in the Rock Band store during the first week of April 2010  The song "Live Life Loud" was featured in the trailer for the movie, "Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2: Rodrick Rules" 

Crazy Love and departure of Jason Dunn (2011–2012)
On February 8, 2011, Hawk Nelson released their fifth studio album titled Crazy Love, which was bundled together with a new acoustic EP titled The Light Sides Hawk Nelson released another Christmas EP, titled Christmas EP on November 1, 2011, and it included the songs "Hark the Herald Angels Sing", "The Wassail Song", and "Up on the Housetop"  On March 27, 2012, Hawk Nelson released a compilation album titled The Songs You've Already Heard: Best of Hawk Nelson On February 1, 2012, lead vocalist Jason Dunn announced he would be leaving the band in order to pursue his solo project, Lights Go Down, recording an album tentatively titled Abandon Progress  On March 11, 2012, in Fresno, California, Dunn performed his final US show with Hawk Nelson 
Following Dunn's departure, guitarist Jonathan Steingard took over as lead vocalist and bassist Daniel Biro became the last remaining original member of the band 

Post-Dunn releases, Steingard's arrival & departure  (2012–2020)
After Dunn's departure from the band, Steingard replacing him on vocals marked a shift in the band's genre from fast-paced pop punk to softer, contemporary alternative and pop rock  On December 11, 2012, Hawk Nelson announced they had signed with Fair Trade Services  Made was released on April 2, 2013  The album's release was preceded by the release of the album's debut single on January 15, 2013, "Words", featuring Bart Millard of MercyMe, which reached No  1 on the Christian Hot AC/CHR charts On December 10, 2014, Hawk Nelson released the first single off an upcoming album, "Drops In the Ocean" via YouTube and made available on iTunes January 13  The album, Diamonds was announced on January 21  Diamonds is Jonathan Steingard's second album as lead vocalist for the band and first for guitarist Micah Kuiper and drummer David Niacaris  "Just Getting Started", another song from "Diamonds", was heard in several American Idol promo spots ahead of the album's release  The album was released on iTunes and other major music websites on March 17, 2015 On December 15, 2017, the band released the single, "He Still Does (Miracles)", as part of a new album, Miracles, which was released April 6, 2018, through Fair Trade Services In May 2020, Steingard announced on his Instagram page that he had lost his faith in God and is no longer a Christian  In response, Daniel Biro made a post on the band's official Instagram page the following day thanking his bandmates and expressed continued support for them on and off the road  Soon thereafter, Steingard changed his Instagram profile to "Former lead singer Hawk Nelson" 

Personnel
Past

Daniel Biro – bass guitar, backing vocals (2000–present until 2020)
Micah Kuiper – lead guitar, backing vocals (2013–present until 2020 )
David Niacaris – drums (2015–present until 2020 )
Jason Dunn – lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar (2000–2012)
Dave 'Davin' Clark – lead guitar, backing vocals (2000–2004)
Matt 'Matty' Paige – drums (2000–2005)
Jonathan Steingard – lead guitar, backing vocals (2004–2012), lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano, synthesizers (2012–2020)
Gideon 'Gidz' Courtney – drums (late 2005)
Aaron 'Skwid' Tosti – drums (2005–2008)
Justin Benner – drums (2008–2014)Timeline

Discography
Albums
As SWISH

2000: Riding Around the Park (Independent)As Hawk Nelson

2003: Saturday Rock Action (Independent)
2004: Letters to the President (Tooth & Nail Records)
2006: Smile, It's the End of the World (Tooth & Nail Records)
2008: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend (BEC Recordings)
2009: Live Life Loud (BEC Recordings)
2011: Crazy Love (BEC Recordings)
2013: Made (Fair Trade Services)
2015: Diamonds (Fair Trade Services)
2018: Miracles (Fair Trade Services)

Awards
GMA Canada Covenant Awards

2006 Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Smile, It's the End of the World
2007 two nominations: Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "The One Thing I Have Left", and Recorded Song of the Year: "Everything You Ever Wanted"
2008 two nominations: Group of the Year, and Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend
2009 Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "Live Life Loud"
2010 two awards: Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Live Life Loud!, and Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "Never Enough"
2011 two awards: Rock Album of the Year: Crazy Love, and Rock Song of the Year: "Crazy Love"GMA Dove Awards

2007 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Smile, It's the End of the World
2009 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend
2010 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Live Life Loud
2012 nominee, Rock Recorded Song of the Year: You Love Is A Mystery
2012 nominee, Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year: Crazy Love
2012 nominee, Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year: Crazy Love
2012 nominee, Short Form Music Video of the Year: Crazy LoveGolden Ear Music Awards (Ignite Your Faith Magazine)

2006 two wins: Best Band, and Best Male Vocalist: Jason DunnGrammy Awards

2009 nominee, Best Recording Package: Hawk Nelson Is My FriendJuno Awards

2007 nominee, Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year: Smile, It's the End of the World
2012 nominee, Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year: Crazy LoveVH1

2006, No  1 spot on VH1's top 20 video countdown with "The One Thing I Have Left" music video 
Passage 9:
A Perfect Sky
"A Perfect Sky" is Bonnie Pink's twenty-fifth single and first from the album Thinking Out Loud  The single was released under the Warner Music Japan label on June 28, 2006 

Track listing
A Perfect Sky
Free
Interlude -Siesta-
A Perfect Sky (Instrumental)


== Oricon Sales Chart ==
Passage 10:
Quartets: Live at the Village Vanguard
Quartets: Live at the Village Vanguard is a live album by the American jazz saxophonist Joe Lovano recorded at the Village Vanguard in 1994 and 1995 and released on the Blue Note label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "Named Jazz Album of the Year by readers of Downbeat Magazine, this double CD features tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano during two appearances at the Village Vanguard recorded ten months apart    In both cases, Joe Lovano is heard in prime form, making this an easily recommended two-fer" 
Don Heckman of the Los Angeles Times commented, "the two CDs in this new release are demonstrations in just how good he can be, regardless of the music’s style  Recorded live in March 1994 and January 1995 with two very different ensembles, they showcase contrasting aspects of Lovano’s improvisational strengths "

Track listing
All compositions by Joe Lovano except as indicated
Disc One"Fort Worth" [Set 2] - 10:01
"Birds of Springtime Gone By" [Set 1] - 6:43
"I Can't Get Started" [Set 1] (Vernon Duke, Ira Gershwin) - 8:32
"Uprising" [Set 3] -  7:35
"Sail Away" [Set 2] (Tom Harrell) - 10:51
"Blues Not to Lose" [Set 3] (Eddie Boyd) - 9:19
"Song and Dance" [Set 2] - 8:27Disc Two"Lonnie's Lament" [Set 2] (John Coltrane) - 11:12
"Reflections" [Set 2] (Thelonious Monk) - 9:51
"Little Willie Leaps" [Set 1*] (Miles Davis) - 9:22
"This Is All I Ask" [Set 2] (Gordon Jenkins) - 9:18
"26-2" [Set 2] (Coltrane) - 9:42
"Duke Ellington's Sound of Love" [Set 3] (Charles Mingus) - 6:15
"Sounds of Joy" [Set 1] - 10:19Recorded at the Village Vanguard in New York City on March 12, 1994 (Disc One) and January 20 & *22, 1995 (Disc Two)

Personnel
Joe Lovano – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, C melody saxophone
Tom Harrell - trumpet, flugelhorn (Disc One)
Mulgrew Miller – piano (Disc Two)
Anthony Cox (Disc One), Christian McBride (Disc Two) – bass
Billy Hart (Disc One), Lewis Nash (Disc Two) – drums
Passage 11:
Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland
Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland is a live album by jazz bassist and composer Charles Mingus, recorded in 1959 and released on the United Artists label in September of that year  The original release was titled Jazz Portraits, and a subsequent edition was titled Wonderland, leading to the combined title of Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland 

Composition
Both "Alice's Wonderland" and "Nostalgia in Times Square" were originally written for the 1959 John Cassavetes film Shadows as part of a full soundtrack, but Mingus’ music was almost entirely replaced for the final version of the film  A partial reconstruction of the soundtrack was released in 2015 as the compilation album Shadows 
A reworked version of "Nostalgia in Times Square," with vocals by Honi Gordon, was recorded during Mingus' 1959  Mingus Dynasty sessions and included on reissues of that album as a bonus track titled "Strollin'" 
Though never a major part of Mingus’ repertoire, "Nostalgia in Times Square" has since become a jazz standard, widely performed and recorded by other musicians  Notably, jazz fusion trio Medeski Martin & Wood have long performed the song, usually as part of a medley with Sun Ra’s “Angel Race ”

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow called the music "advanced bop that looks toward the upcoming innovations of the avant-garde and is frequently quite exciting" 

Track listing
All compositions by Charles Mingus except as indicated"Nostalgia in Times Square" – 12:18
"I Can't Get Started" (Vernon Duke, Ira Gershwin) – 10:08
"No Private Income Blues" – 12:51
"Alice's Wonderland" – 8:54Recorded at the Nonagon Art Gallery in New York City on January 16, 1959

Personnel
Charles Mingus – bass
John Handy – alto saxophone
Booker Ervin – tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 3 & 4)
Richard Wyands – piano
Dannie Richmond – drums
Passage 12:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 13:
Raw Energy Records
Raw Energy Records was a Canadian independent record label, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  The music label was established in the late 1980s by founder entrepreneur and music journalist Graeme Boyce, initially to distribute the debut EP by King Apparatus, Loud Party  Prior to launching Raw Energy, Boyce was a staff writer for RPM The label subsequently released King Apparatus' full-length debut album in 1990; after selling over 5,000 copies of the album in just a handful of record stores in downtown Toronto, the label secured a national distribution deal with A&M Records  The company expanded over the years, and launched new divisions to manage growth, such as Raw Energy Promotions and Raw Energy Radio 
Canadian artists who released Raw Energy albums included King Apparatus, King Cobb Steelie, Dinner Is Ruined, Random Killing, Trunk, Marilyn's Vitamins, Five Knuckle Chuckle, Three Impotent Males, Out of Hand, Cut Off, Double Standard, DNS, and Sectorseven  Raw Energy also released product from two U S  acts, The Toasters and Rosie O'Shea   Grouped into the alternative genre, augmenting its roster of punk and ska, the label released a rap album from Top Secret and a noise album from Space City USA 

Discography
Compilation albums
In 1993, Raw Energy released its first compilation, simply titled Raw Energy  Because of the cartoon drawing used on the cover, it quickly took on the name On the Road within the hardcore community  Raw Energy played on this to release a series of "On the Road" compilations, featuring unsigned and emerging Canadian punk, hardcore and alternative rock bands du jour  Some would end up signing with Raw Energy 
The series of "On the Road" compilations includes:

Raw Energy (aka On the Road, 1993)
On the Road Again (1994)
Dead on the Road: Songs Without Keyboards (1994)
On the Road to New York City (1994)
On the Road to Amsterdam (1999)
On the Road    with a Snowboard (1999)Other compilations include Twentybandcomp, co-released with Shock Records in Australia 

Track listing
The Dinner Is Ruined, "Stuck Pig"
Groovy Religion, "Wanda"
hHead, "Collide"
King Cobb Steelie, "One's a Heifer"
The Imagineers, "This is Nevada Calling"
Jale, "I Lied"
Cottage Industry, "Theme from Superstar"
Yeti, "The Crossing"
Wooden Stars, "Hate Everyone"
Wining Dining and Drilling, "Captain's a Wreck"
Deadbeat Backbone, "Til I'm Gone"
Eric's Trip, "Understanding"
Change of Heart, "Stress Monkey"

See also
List of record labels
Passage 14:
Vision Towards Essence
Vision Towards Essence is a live album of solo piano by Muhal Richard Abrams released on the Pi Recordings label in 2007 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek states "This is indeed one of the most important records ever released by this great man"  The Penguin Guide to Jazz wrote that "Part 1" "has tentative moments, areas of slow transition which are slightly dull on first hearing though their logic becomes clearer over time  The other two parts are flawless" 

Track listing
"Part 1" - 20:06
"Part 2" - 18:23
"Part 3" - 20:16All compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams
Recorded live at the Guelph Jazz Festival, Guelph, Canada on September 11, 1998 

Personnel
Muhal Richard Abrams - piano
Passage 15:
Live Life Loud
Live Life Loud (stylized as LIVE*LIFE*LOUD!) is the fourth studio album from Christian rock band Hawk Nelson  It was released on September 22, 2009  According to Daniel Biro, the dog on the cover is lead vocalist Jason Dunn's dog Murphy  The album was packaged with a pair of 3D glasses that are needed to be worn to view the album's CD booklet which is printed in 3D 
The album peaked at No  54 the first week on Billboard 200 and at No  3 on The Billboard Christian Albums charts 

Concept and musical style
Bassist Daniel Biro describes the album as "really about encouraging our fans to do just that  To live your life loud, to embrace all that life brings your way and experience every moment of it to the fullest extent  This is the message we want our fans to come away with after they hear the album "The album is the first time that the band wrote songs together by just jamming as a band, although the band collaborated with Chris Stevens, Matthew Gerrard, TobyMac, Trevor McNevan, and Bart Millard on the record 

Track listing
Personnel
Jason Dunn - lead vocals
Daniel Biro - bass guitar, backing vocals
Jonathan Steingard - guitar, backing vocals
Justin Benner - drums

Awards
In 2010, the album was nominated for a Dove Award for Recorded Music Packaging of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards  The title song was also nominated for Short Form Music Video of the Year 
Passage 16:
Ornament Records
Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A  "Ziggy" Christmann  It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany  Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well 
Artists who were recorded for the label or in some cases whose US recordings were released on the label included Doctor Ross, Willie Mabon, John Lee Hooker, Blind John Davis, Jim Kahr Group, Champion Jack Dupree, Sunnyland Slim, Tommy Tucker, Big Joe Williams, Fernest Arceneaux, Louisiana Red, Al Rapone, Katie Webster, Big Jay McNeely, Detroit Gary Wiggins & Chris Rannenberg as the International Blues Duo and Black Cat Bone Almost all of the label's original blues LPs were—some with additional bonus tracks—re-released on CD on the CMA label in 1991  Some of these were released again on the Chrisly label in 2000 under the Ornament Blues Masters series Ornament also had two short-lived blues sub-labels: Chrischaa and ESCEHA Schallplatten  Both of these folded in June 1978 

See also
List of record labels
Passage 17:
Love, Life and Feelings
Love, Life and Feelings is the 21st studio album from Shirley Bassey, released in 1976 on the United Artists label 
The album peaked at #13 in the UK album chart, and charted at #149 in the Billboard 200  Love, Life and Feelings was awarded silver record status by the British Phonographic Industry, with sales of more than 60,000 copies 
Features covers of contemporary pop songs from the late 1960s and early 1970s, such as "Alone Again (Naturally)" the 1972 UK #3 single from Gilbert O'Sullivan and "The Way I Want to Touch You" from Captain & Tennille  alongside "What I Did for Love", from the musical A Chorus Line written by Marvin Hamlisch 
Singles released from the album include "Natali", an Italian song with lyrics by Norman Newell, which was issued with the non-album track "Runaway" ("E poi   " Andrea Lovecchio, Shel Shapiro) as the B-side, the song was recorded in Italian and English by the Italian singer Mina  This track has of 2011 not been re-issued on CD 
Love, Life and Feelings was issued originally on 33 3rpm vinyl and audio cassette with a sleeve cover photography by Richard Avedon  The album was re-issued on a double CD set in 2006, by BGO Records, together with the 1974 album Nobody Does It Like Me 

Track listing
Side One 

"What I Did for Love" (Edward Kleban, Marvin Hamlisch) - 3 47
"The Hungry Years" (Howard Greenfield, Neil Sedaka) - 4 36
"Born to Lose" (Sergio Bardotti, Dario Bembo, Norman Newell) - 5:46
"Everything That Touches You" (Michael Kamen) - 3 22
"Isn't It a Shame (Randy Edelman) - 3 47
"Midnight Blue" (Melissa Manchester, Carole Bayer Sager) - 4 11Side Two 

"The Way I Want to Touch You" (Toni Tennille) - 3 17
"Natali" (Balsamo, Norman Newell) - 5 02
"You've Made Me So Very Happy" (Berry Gordy, Brenda Holloway, Patrice Holloway, Frank Wilson) - 3 41
"Alone Again (Naturally)" (Gilbert O'Sullivan) - 4 54
"Feelings" (Morris Albert) - 4 46
"If I Never Sing Another Song"  (Don Black, Udo Jürgens) - 4 04

Personnel
Shirley Bassey – vocal
Martin Davis - producer
Arthur Greenslade - arranger, conductor
Martin Rushent - engineer
Passage 18:
Live at the Lighthouse (Elvin Jones album)
Live at the Lighthouse is a live album by jazz drummer Elvin Jones featuring performances recorded in 1972 at the Lighthouse Café in California, and released on the Blue Note label  The album was originally released as a double LP and subsequently released on two CDs with additional material  It features Jones in a quartet with saxophonists Dave Liebman and Steve Grossman, and bassist Gene Perla 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars calling it "Exciting and adventurous music that stretches the boundaries of modal hard bop jazz" 

Track listing
Volume One"Fancy Free" (Donald Byrd) - 21:06
"New Breed" (Dave Liebman) - 12:06
"Small One" (Liebman) - 7:09 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Sambra" (Gene Perla) - 13:12
"My Ship" (Ira Gershwin, Kurt Weill) - 8:52
"Taurus People" (Farouq Daweud) - 6:17 Bonus track on CD reissue
"For All Those Other Times / Announcement" (Perla) - 5:40 Bonus track on CD reissueVolume Two"Happy Birthday Greeting" - 0:50
"Sweet Mama" (Perla) - 15:30
"I'm a Fool to Want You" (Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, Jack Wolf) - 11:37 Bonus track on CD reissue
"The Children, Save the Children" (Don Garcia) - 7:58
"Brite Piece" (Liebman) - 13:19 Bonus track on CD reissue
"The Children's Merry-Go-Round March" (Elvin Jones) - 28:30 Bonus track on CD reissue

Personnel
Elvin Jones - drums
Steve Grossman - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone
Dave Liebman - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute
Gene Perla - bass
Passage 19:
Eddie Cochran On The Air
This article is the discography of American rock and roll musician Eddie Cochran 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
EPs
Singles
Charting reissues
Notes
Passage 20:
This Christmas (Patti LaBelle album)
This Christmas is the first holiday album released by American singer Patti LaBelle  It was released by MCA Records on October 30, 1990, in the United States  The album was released while LaBelle was working on a follow-up to her previous album, Be Yourself (1989)  It included original compositions such as "'Twas Love", which LaBelle shot a video for, and "Nothing Could Be Better", which was sung live by LaBelle during an appearance on the television show, A Different World  This Christmas would be re-released in 1995 with all new artwork and a new bonus track, "Angel Man"  The 1995 re-release was later reissued in 2004 under the 20th Century Masters: The Christmas Collection line, labeled The Best of Patti LaBelle 

Critical reception
Allmusic editor Jose F  Promis called This Christmas a "likeable collection of easygoing holiday confections  The songs prove quite endearing, but in some cases are marred by somewhat dated production [   ] Oftentimes, holiday albums such as this – composed of new, untraditional recordings – are somewhat tepid, but that's thankfully not the case here  Despite a few dull moments and some lackluster production, this is quite an enjoyable and endearing holiday set, and will no doubt please the legendary singer's many fans "

Track listing
Notes

^[A]  denotes associate producer
^[B]  denotes co-producer

Charts
Context 3:  The land-based facilities for the bases are all contained within one country or the other, however, leading to multiple situations where twin seaplane bases may share the same body of water  The following seaplane facilities exist on the border:

Rouses Point SPB (New York / Quebec)
Van Buren SPB (Maine / New Brunswick)
Sault Ste Marie SPB and Sault Ste  Marie Water Aerodrome (Michigan / Ontario)
Sand Point Lake Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
International Falls SPB and Fort Frances Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
Baudette International Airport and Rainy River Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
Hyder Seaplane Base and Stewart Water Aerodrome (Alaska / British Columbia)

Land border crossings
Currently there are 119 legal land border crossings between the United States and Canada, 26 of which take place at a bridge or tunnel  Only 2 of the 119 crossings are one-way: the Churubusco–Franklin Centre Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only the United States; and the Four Falls Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only Canada 
There are six roads that have unstaffed road crossings, and do not have border inspection services in one or both directions, where travelers are legally allowed to cross the border  Those that cross are required to report to customs, which are stationed farther within 

Trail crossings
The Fourth Connecticut Lake Trail (New Hampshire/Quebec) crosses several times while following the border vista before heading back to the United States 
The Pacific Crest Trail crosses into E  C  Manning Provincial Park in the remote North Cascades mountains  Hikers can only legally cross into Canada from the US and not vice-versa, requiring an advance permit 

Rail crossings
There are 39 railroads that cross the U S –Canada border, nine of which are no longer in use  Eleven of these railroads cross the border at a bridge or tunnel 
Only three international rail lines currently carry passengers between the U S  and Canada  At Vancouver's Pacific Central Station, passengers are required to pass through U S  partial pre-clearance and pass their baggage through an X-ray machine before being allowed to board the Seattle-bound Amtrak Cascades train, which makes no further stops before crossing the border at Blaine, Washington, where the train stops for another CBP inspection  Pre-clearance facilities are not available for the popular Adirondack (New York City to Montreal) or Maple Leaf (New York City to Toronto) trains, since these lines have stops between Montreal or Toronto and the border  Instead, passengers must clear customs at a stop located at the actual border 

Seaports
There are 13 international ferry crossings operating between the U S  and Canada  Two of them carry passengers only and one carries only rail cars   Four of the ferries operate only on a seasonal basis 
Similar to that of the pre-clearance facilities at Canadian airports, arrangements exist at major Canadian seaports that handle sealed direct import shipments into the U S  Along the East coast, ferry services operate between the province of New Brunswick and the state of Maine, while on the West coast, they operate between British Columbia and the states of Washington and Alaska  There are also several ferry services in the Great Lakes operating between the province of Ontario and the states of Michigan, New York, and Ohio  The ferry between Maine and Nova Scotia ended its operations in 2009, resuming again in 2014 
On Heart Island in the St  Lawrence River, the Boldt Castle has a border control point with no specific location on the Canadian side  As such, Canadians must present identification to land on the island 

Cross-border buildings
A line house is a building located so that an international boundary passes through it  There are several such buildings that exist along the U S –Canada border:

The Haskell Free Library and Opera House straddles the border in Derby Line, Vermont, and Stanstead, Quebec 
Private homes divided by the boundary line between Estcourt Station, Maine, and Pohénégamook, Quebec 
Private homes divided between Beebe Plain, Quebec and Beebe Plain, Vermont;
A seasonal home divided at the intersection of Matthias Lane in Alburgh, Vermont, and Chemin au Bord de l'Eau in Noyan, Quebec;
A house divided between Richford, Vermont, and Abercorn, Quebec 
The Halfway House (also known as Taillon's International Hotel) is a tavern, built in 1820 before the border was surveyed, that straddles the border between Dundee, Quebec, and Fort Covington, New York The Maine–New Brunswick border divides the Aroostook Valley Country Club 

Boundary divisions
Practical exclaves
To be a true international exclave, all potential paths of travel from the exclave to the home country must cross over only the territory of a different country or countries  Like exclaves, practical exclaves are not contiguous with the land of the home country and have land access only through another country or countries  Unlike exclaves, they are not entirely surrounded by foreign territory  Hence, they are exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition 
The term pene-exclave, also known as a "functional" or "practical" exclave,: 31  was defined by G  W  S  Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another country ": 283  Thus, a pene-exclave has land borders with other territory but is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters : 60  Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007): 31–33  provide examples to further elaborate, including Point Roberts, Washington: "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada ": 113  Practical exclaves can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts : 47

Practical exclaves of Canada
The Quebec western portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave of Canada because of the St  Lawrence River to the north, the St  Regis River to the east, New York State, U S  to the south  To travel by land to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State 
Campobello Island is another practical exclave located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Bay of Fundy  The island is part of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, but is actually physically connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge with Lubec, Maine, the easternmost tip of the continental United States 
Premier, British Columbia is an abandoned mining site accessible only through Hyder, Alaska 

Practical exclaves of the United States
Alaska is a non-contiguous U S  state bounded by the Bering Sea; the Arctic and Pacific oceans; and Canada's British Columbia and Yukon Territory  Additionally, because of the terrain, several municipalities in southeast Alaska (the "Panhandle") are inaccessible by road, except via Canada  Specifically, the town of Hyder, Alaska, is accessible only through Stewart, British Columbia, or by floatplane  Moreover, Haines and Skagway are accessible by road only through Canada, although there are car ferries which connect them to other Alaskan places 
Point Roberts, Washington is bounded by British Columbia, the Strait of Georgia, and Boundary Bay 
In Minnesota, Elm Point, two small pieces of land to its west (Buffalo Bay Point), and the Northwest Angle are bounded by the province of Manitoba and Lake of the Woods 
In Vermont, the Alburgh Tongue, as well as Province Point, which is the small end of a peninsula east of Alburgh, are bounded by Quebec and Lake Champlain 

Split features
Between Quebec and Vermont, Province Island is a piece of land that primarily lies in Canada, though a small portion of the island is situated in the U S  state, lying south of the 45th parallel with a border vista marking the international boundary 
Canusa Street in Beebe Plain, VT is the only portion of the Canada–United States border split down the middle of a street 
Between North Dakota and Manitoba, the international border splits a peninsula within a lake on the border of Rolette County, North Dakota, and the Wakopa Wildlife Management Area, MB  Likewise, Lake Metigoshe, lying in the Township of Roland, borders the municipality of Winchester, Manitoba  The border splits a shoreline, putting Canadian cabins on one side and the beach and boat docks for those cabins on the U S  side, while land access is only through Canada 

Remaining boundary disputes
Machias Seal Island and North Rock (Maine / New Brunswick)
Dixon Entrance (Alaska / British Columbia)
Beaufort Sea (Alaska / Yukon)
Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington / British Columbia)

See also
Canada Border Services Agency
United States Customs and Border Protection
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Canada–United States relations
Illegal immigration to Canada
Illegal immigration to the United States
Indian barrier state, British plans to set up a new country in the Old Northwest
John Lewis Tiarks, a British surveyor of the border
Joseph Smith Harris' account of the Northwest Boundary Survey
Mexico–United States border

Footnotes
Passage 7:
Oak Lawn, Illinois
Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States   The population was 58,362 at the 2020 census  Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city  It shares borders with the city in two areas but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs 

History
Founding
In August 1835, James B  Campbell purchased the land stretching between Cicero Avenue and Central Avenue from 95th Street to 103rd Street  It is unclear what Campbell's intentions with the area were, but by 1840, he had lost a court battle with the Illinois State Bank and his land was sold in a public auction  John Simpson, a prominent figure in early Oak Lawn history, bought the northern half of the property in 1842  By 1859, the recently incorporated government of Worth Township paid for the construction of Black Oak Grove Road, an early name for 95th Street  Black Oak Grove is also the earliest known name of the area that would become Oak Lawn  It was later shortened to Black Oak or Black Oaks, but in 1882, the post office, train depot and surrounding community became known simply as Oak Lawn  Before this however, the area now known as Oak Lawn was, briefly during the early 1800s, called Agnes  It was also on some occasion referred to as Oak Park  Over the next two decades, the area grew in population as more homes were built and local business sprang into being  As the area continued to grow, many residents visited Englewood by train to shop  Oak Lawn residents also made income during early days by selling their farm and dairy products to various markets in Chicago 

Incorporation
In 1909, Oak Lawn was incorporated as a village  The following years, there were major improvements to local infrastructure and government services, such as the introduction of the police magistrate and village marshal, along with the building of a village hall and jailhouse  Electric lights were brought to 95th Street in 1911, the volunteer fire department began in 1923, Oak Lawn's first bank opened in 1925, and the Community High School District 218 was formed  The population had grown to 2,045 by 1930, and civic improvements were steadily made over the next decade  In 1934, a collection of one hundred books was the beginning of the Oak Lawn Public Library  By 1935, President Franklin D  Roosevelt created the Works Progress Administration as part of the New Deal, which supported a variety of public works, including libraries  With the help of a WPA grant, the new library opened its doors in 1936 

Post 1945
After World War II, with veterans returning home and taking advantage of the G I  Bill, Oak Lawn experienced a major population boom  Beginning in 1949, Oak Lawn Round-Up Days became an annual event and helped to promote the village  It started with 25,000 people, and the Western-themed celebration brought in over 100,000 attendees in 1952  In this year, Jack Brickhouse was master of ceremonies, and the parade was televised on WGN-TV  By 1957, Round-Up Days had become too large, and the next year a final scaled-down version was held In the 1950s, a village managerial government began, and a new library and fire station were constructed  By 1960, there were nearly 20,000 residents in Oak Lawn 
On April 21, 1967, a tornado touched down in Oak Lawn that is recorded as one of the worst to strike an urban area  Roughly 900 buildings were damaged or destroyed, and over 30 people were killed 
The town was rebuilt in the coming years, and witnessed further population growth, peaking at 63,500 between 1973 and 1976  However, there was a decrease in residents in the 1980s, and an aging population led to the closure of several schools during this time  In response, the village began a process of redevelopment to counteract the decrease  This redevelopment has focused primarily on businesses and structures in the core area of Oak Lawn, around 95th Street between Cicero Avenue and Central Avenue 

1967 tornado
On April 21, 1967, an F4 tornado touched down at 105th Street and Kean Avenue in Palos Hills, 5 miles (8 km) west of Oak Lawn  There were no deaths in Palos Hills, although a number of homes were destroyed and two transmission towers collapsed  After rising from the ground, the tornado touched down again at the Starlite Drive-In Theater at 6400 West 95th Street  With winds estimated to be over 200 miles per hour (320 km/h), the tornado tore through Oak Lawn, tossing cars and buses in the air  After cutting Oak Lawn Community High School in half, it caused damage to St  Gerald's and continued to 91st Street and Cicero Avenue, heavily damaging the Airway Trailer Park and the Oak Lawn Roller Rink before rising from ground level  It touched down again in nearby Hometown, Evergreen Park, and Chicago before dissipating over Lake Michigan  In just 16 minutes, the storm left a 16-mile (26 km) path of destruction and over 30 people dead 

Downtown redevelopment
Starting in 2002, downtown Oak Lawn (95th Street between Tulley Avenue and 55th Court) became the target of a massive redevelopment program; properties on the north and south sides of 95th Street were demolished  Eventually, several square blocks were leveled, making room for several multistory, high-end condominium complexes with retail space on the main floors  Part of the project was the expansion of the Metra commuter train station that houses a retail/office center and a new  children's museum  This complex also includes a multistory parking garage  Downtown Oak Lawn as seen today bears little resemblance to the downtown from 2002  It now features modern high-rise buildings, new shopping areas, a large contemporary Metra train station, and several new retail and service facilities 

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Oak Lawn has a total area of 8 59 square miles (22 25 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 58,362 people, 21,154 households, and 13,544 families residing in the village  The population density was 6,809 24 inhabitants per square mile (2,629 06/km2)  There were 23,362 housing units at an average density of 2,725 70 per square mile (1,052 40/km2)  The racial makeup of the village was 68 31% White, 7 65% African American, 0 87% Native American, 2 83% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 9 43% from other races, and 10 89% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 56% of the population 
There were 21,154 households, out of which 48 24% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46 89% were married couples living together, 11 64% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35 97% were non-families  32 16% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 73% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 33 and the average family size was 2 60 
The village's age distribution consisted of 21 7% under the age of 18, 7 0% from 18 to 24, 25 3% from 25 to 44, 27 6% from 45 to 64, and 18 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 41 0 years  For every 100 females, there were 96 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 8 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $69,352, and the median income for a family was $90,690  Males had a median income of $54,168 versus $38,363 for females  The per capita income for the village was $33,998  About 7 5% of families and 10 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 2% of those under age 18 and 9 6% of those age 65 or over 

Parks and recreation
Oak Lawn maintains an expansive park system  From small corner play lots to the 38-acre (150,000 m2) Centennial Park, there are over 300 acres (1 2 km2) of parks, recreational facilities and open land  These include playgrounds, walking paths, baseball fields, basketball, volleyball and tennis courts, plus outdoor swimming pools, an indoor ice arena, two fitness centers, and an 18-hole golf course  Each area in Oak Lawn has its own recreational area, totaling 22 parks 

Education
Oak Lawn has public education schooling children from K–5 in its many elementary schools, including Kolb, Lieb, Harnew, Columbus Manor, Covington, Hannum, Hometown, Kolmar, and Sward  Oak Lawn has two public middle schools:  Simmons Middle School, and Oak Lawn-Hometown Middle School 
There are two public high schools, Oak Lawn Community High School and Harold L  Richards High School 
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools  Catholic grammar schools include St  Germaine, St  Catherine, St  Linus, and St  Gerald  St  Louis de Montfort School closed in 2017 with 133 students that year 

Infrastructure
Stop sign program
In mid-2007, Oak Lawn began hanging additional messages to village stop signs in an attempt to have drivers obey the signs  The signs were the idea of the village President and local residents were encouraged to submit their own ideas  Found throughout the village, the signs garnered attention with the press and were not well received by residents, nor did they noticeably impact public safety  While considered humorous by some, many others considered it a publicity stunt at tax payer's expense The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and IDOT voiced their concerns about the use of these nonconforming stop signs and the village removed them in April 2008  Initially, the Village President refused to remove the signs until IDOT threatened to withhold millions of dollars in funding for infrastructure 

Notable people
Diandra Asbaty (born 1980), professional bowler; Team USA member and spokesperson for USBC
Brian Bogusevic (born 1984), former outfielder for Chicago Cubs
Tim Byrdak (born 1973), Major League Baseball pitcher 1998 to 2013; born in Oak Lawn
Kevin Cronin (born 1951), lead vocalist for rock band REO Speedwagon
David Diehl (born 1980), football player, two-time Super Bowl champion for New York Giants
Mark Donahue, football player, lineman for Cincinnati Bengals, two-time Consensus All-American at University of Michigan
Dan Donegan, guitarist for rock band Disturbed
John Joseph Duda, actor; born in Oak Lawn
Michael Flatley (born 1958), Irish step dancer; attended St  Linus and Brother Rice High School
Jack Gwynne, illusionist and actor, died in Oak Lawn (1969)
David A  Johnston, volcanologist, killed during 1980 Mount St  Helens eruption
Benn Jordan, recording artist known as The Flashbulb; attended Oak Lawn Community High School
C J  Kupec, basketball player, Oak Lawn High School star, played for Michigan and NBA's Los Angeles Lakers
Rob Mackowiak, player for several Major League Baseball teams
Bobby Madritsch, former pitcher for Seattle Mariners
Rory Markham, UFC and IFL mixed martial arts fighter
Mike Mollo, heavyweight boxer
Bryan Rekar, former pitcher for Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, and Kansas City Royals; born in Oak Lawn
Michael A  Ruddy, Illinois state representative and businessman, lived in Oak Lawn
Marc Rzepczynski, pitcher for Seattle Mariners; born in Oak Lawn
Dwyane Wade, former NBA player and three-time NBA champion with Miami Heat, attended Richards High School in Oak Lawn
Harry Yourell, Illinois state representative and businessman
Kanye West, musician, rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer
Juice WRLD, rapper, died in Oak Lawn (2019)
Passage 8:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 9:
Cedar Springs, Texas
Cedar Springs is an unincorporated community in west Falls County, Texas, United States  It is located on Farm-to-market road #2027 
Passage 10:
Swan Miara
Swan Miara (ساون میرا) is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan  It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District Formerly it was a part of the Princely State of Amb 
Passage 11:
Virginia, Lempira
Virginia (Spanish pronunciation: [biɾˈxinja]) is a municipality in the Honduran department of Lempira 
Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador  Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia 
It is one of the smallest municipalities of the Lempira department  It is 15 km or 30 minutes away from Mapulaca if accessed through Gracias 

History
It was founded back in 1830  In the national division of 1889 it was one municipality of Candelaria 

Geography
It is situated in a semi flat place and surrounded by many hills   The predominant vegetation corresponds to the sub tropical dry forest  In the municipality capital there are some inclined streets 

Boundaries
Its boundaries are: 

North : Candelaria municipality 
South : El Salvador 
East  : Piraera municipality 
West  : Mapulaca municipality 
Surface Extents: 36 km2

Resources
Since it is on the border with El Salvador, it is much easier for people to go there to establish commercial activities  Also there are more and better jobs on the other side of the border, with the advantage of receiving their wages in US dollars  It is not an ideal location for coffee plantations, therefore corn and beans crops became important (even though they are for local consumption); followed by cattle raising  Like the rest of the department, it has electricity and mobile communication services 

Population
Population: The amount of inhabitants was 2,734 and according to INE Honduras estimates, there will be 2,574 in 2015 
Villages: 5
Settlements: 35

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Virginia municipality had a population of 2,548  Of these, 97 06% were Mestizo, 2 90% Indigenous (2 86% Lenca) and 0 04% Black or Afro-Honduran 

Tourism
As for the remaining 15 km, although this dirt road is not in the best condition, it is still an easy drive  A half-hour visit will be enough to see all there is to see in the municipality capital  For those who are interested in rural and quiet towns, this is a good place to visit  Surprisingly, the mobile phone signal from El Salvador is stronger than the Honduran signal  Since it is near the Lempa River, the local pastime is going there to bathe  The local holidays and festivals attract many visitors 

Local Holidays: "Santa Lucia" day on December 13 
Passage 12:
Gmina Włodawa
Gmina Włodawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine  Its seat is the town of Włodawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 243 75 square kilometres (94 1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,936 

Villages
Gmina Włodawa contains the villages and settlements of Korolówka, Korolówka-Kolonia, Korolówka-Osada, Krasówka, Luta, Okuninka, Orchówek, Połód, Różanka, Sobibór, Stawki, Suszno, Szuminka, Wołczyny, Żłobek Duży, Żłobek Mały and Żuków 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Włodawa is bordered by the town of Włodawa and by the gminas of Hanna, Hańsk, Wola Uhruska and Wyryki  It also borders Belarus and Ukraine 

See also
Sobibor extermination camp
Passage 13:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 14:
Clear Springs, Texas
Clear Springs is a historic settlement in Guadalupe County, Texas, United States  It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area  It shares its name with the nearby Clear Springs Air Force Base 

History
German settlers first immigrated to the area in the 1840s  Clear Springs was named for the natural springs water source for the settlement, which is now covered by Lake Dunlap  The location on which Clear Springs sits had been surveyed by James Bowie 
In 1873 a cotton-gin and general store were built for the processing, storage, and sale of cotton and goods  Wagon loads of cotton were brought from the region to the gin be to be weighed, sold and processed  The community had a post office in 1874 and called the location Bernhardsville  In 1875, the name was officially changed to Clear Springs 
In the 1890s, Clear Springs hosted the general store, cotton gin, and a population of 100  The post office was closed in 1906, however the residents stayed on to support the community  In later years the store was incorporated into a dance hall and saloon  The dance hall became a local favorite as it was the only establishment of the kind for several miles  Clear Springs had two businesses and a school in 1946  The school was consolidated with the New Braunfels school district in the 1950s  In 1990, several businesses as well as a church served a population of 60 
The historical Clear Springs Hall and Store now houses Clear Springs Restaurant  This establishment has tried to preserve the German small town heritage and historical atmosphere of the structure itself 
Clear Springs is located just off SH 46, at the intersection of SH 46 and FM 758, nine miles northwest of Seguin, Texas in northwestern Guadalupe County 

Geography
Clear Springs is located at 29°40′34″N 98°03′35″W (29 6760591, -98 0597292  This is about 30 miles (48 km) east of Downtown San Antonio and 50 miles (80 km) south of Austin 
Passage 15:
Wewela, South Dakota
Wewela (Lakota: wiwíla; "A spring") is an unincorporated community in Tripp County, South Dakota, United States  Wewela is located on U S  Route 183 near the Nebraska border, south of Colome 
The community most likely was named for springs near the original town site, Wewela meaning "small spring" in the Sioux language 
Passage 16:
Cedar Creek (Dix River tributary)
Cedar Creek, located in Lincoln County in south-central Kentucky, USA, is an 8-mile-long (13 km) tributary to the Dix River  Via the Dix, Kentucky and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed   In 2002, a section of Cedar Creek was impounded to form Cedar Creek Lake 

See also
List of rivers of Kentucky
Passage 17:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha



ground_truth: Fair Trade Services

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What county shares a border with Cedar Springs?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
Reverend Timothy Farthing (Frank Williams), the effete, petulant vicar of St Aldhelm's Church  He reluctantly shares his church hall and office with the platoon   In several episodes of the series, it was implied that the character was a non-active closet gay 
Maurice Yeatman (Edward Sinclair), the verger at St Aldhelm's Church and Scoutmaster of the local Sea Scout troop  He is often hostile to the platoon while frequently sycophantic towards the vicar, who often struggles to tolerate him and frequently employs the catchphrase "Oh do be quiet, Mr Yeatman" 
Mrs Mavis Pike (Janet Davies), Pike's overbearing widowed mother, who is often implied to be in a relationship with Sergeant Wilson  Liz Fraser replaced Janet Davies in the 1971 film version 
Mrs Fox (Pamela Cundell), a glamorous widow  There is a mutual attraction with Corporal Jones and the couple marry in the last episode  Illicit little "extras" are passed across the counter on her regular visits to Jones's butcher's shop and she helps the platoon with official functions  In the episode "Mum's Army", she gives her Christian name as Marcia, but by the final episode she is addressed as Mildred 
Private Sponge (Colin Bean), a sheep farmer  He led the members of the platoon's second section (the first section being led by Corporal Jones) and thus had only occasional speaking parts, although his character became more prominent in later series  He appeared in 76 of the 80 episodes 
Mr Claude Gordon (Eric Longworth), the Walmington town clerk often involved when the platoon is taking part in local parades and displays  Although generally civil with Captain Mainwaring and his men, he is an officious and somewhat pompous individual, and Hodges tends to use him to try and interfere with the platoon's activities 
Private Cheeseman (Talfryn Thomas), a Welshman who works for the town newspaper  He joined the Walmington-on-Sea platoon during the seventh series after the sudden death of James Beck, who played Private Walker 
Captain Square (Geoffrey Lumsden), the pompous commanding officer of the rival Eastgate Platoon, and a former soldier who served with Lawrence of Arabia during the First World War  He is frequently at loggerheads with Mainwaring (whose name he persists in mispronouncing as spelt, "Main-wearing", instead of the correct "Mannering") and has the catchphrase, "You blithering idiot!"
Mrs Yeatman (Olive Mercer), the somewhat tyrannical wife of Maurice Yeatman, the verger  Over the course of the series, her first name is given as either Beryl, Anthea or Tracey 
Mr Sidney Bluett (Harold Bennett), an elderly local man who is occasionally involved with the antics of both the platoon and Hodges  He and Mrs Yeatman are implied to be having an affair 
Miss Janet King (Caroline Dowdeswell), a clerk at Swallow Bank who works with Mainwaring, Wilson and Pike in the first series 
Edith Parish (Wendy Richard) also called Shirley, a cinema usherette and girlfriend of Private Walker 
Dolly (Amy Dalby and Joan Cooper) and Cissy Godfrey (Nan Braunton and Kathleen Saintsbury), Private Godfrey's spinster sisters, who reside with him at their cottage 
Elizabeth Mainwaring (Unseen character), Mainwaring's reclusive, paranoid and domineering wife who is never seen onscreen (although in the episode "A Soldier's Farewell" her "shape" is seen sleeping in the bunk above the captain while in their Anderson Shelter)  Her marriage with Mainwaring is not a happy one and Mainwaring does his best to avoid her at any opportunity  They have no children Other actors who appeared in small roles include Timothy Carlton, Don Estelle, Nigel Hawthorne, Geoffrey Hughes, Michael Knowles, John Ringham, Fulton Mackay, Anthony Sagar, Anthony Sharp, Carmen Silvera and Barbara Windsor 
Larry Martyn appeared as an unnamed private in four episodes, and later took over the part of Walker in the radio series following the death of James Beck  The former cricketer Fred Trueman appeared in "The Test" 

Opening and closing credits
The show's opening titles were originally intended to feature footage of refugees and Nazi troops, to illustrate the threat faced by the Home Guard  Despite opposition from the BBC's Head of Comedy Michael Mills, Paul Fox, the controller of BBC1, ordered that these be removed on the grounds that they were offensive  The replacement titles featured the animated sequence of swastika-headed arrows approaching Britain  The opening titles were updated twice; firstly in series 3, adding colour and improved animation and then again in series 6, which made some improvements to the animation 
There were two different versions of the closing credits for the show  The first version, used in series 1 and 2, simply showed footage of the main cast superimposed over a still photograph, with the crew credits rolling over a black background  The better-known closing credits, introduced in series 3, were a homage to the end credits of the film The Way Ahead (1944) which had covered the training of a platoon during the war  In both instances, each character is shown as they walk across a smoke-filled battlefield  One of the actors in Dad's Army, John Laurie, also appeared in that film and his performance in the end credits of The Way Ahead appears to be copied in the sitcom  Coincidentally, the film's lead character (played by David Niven) is named Lieutenant Jim Perry  After that, there is a wide angle shot of the field with bombs going off and the platoon, armed, running towards the camera and passing it before fading to black 

Music
The show's theme tune, "Who Do You Think You Are Kidding, Mr Hitler?" was Jimmy Perry's idea, intended as a gentle pastiche of wartime songs  The other songs were authentic 1940s music recordings  Perry wrote the lyrics and composed the music with Derek Taverner  Perry persuaded one of his childhood idols, wartime entertainer Bud Flanagan, to sing the theme for 100 guineas (equivalent to £2,000 in 2021)  Flanagan died less than a year after the recording  At the time it was widely believed to be a wartime song  The music over the opening credits was recorded at Riverside Studios, Flanagan being accompanied by the Orchestra of the Band of the Coldstream Guards 
The version played over the opening credits differs slightly from the full version recorded by Flanagan; an edit removes, for timing reasons, two lines of lyric with the "middle eight" tune: "So watch out Mr Hitler, you have met your match in us/If you think you can crush us, we're afraid you've missed the bus " (The latter lyric is a reference to a speech by Neville Chamberlain ) Bud Flanagan's full version appears as an Easter egg on the first series DVD release and on the authorised soundtrack CD issued by CD41  Arthur Lowe also recorded a full version of the theme The closing credits feature an instrumental march version of the song played by the Band of the Coldstream Guards conducted by Captain (later Lieutenant Colonel) Trevor L  Sharpe, ending with the air-raid warning siren sounding all-clear  It is accompanied by a style of credits that became a trademark of David Croft: the caption "You have been watching", followed by vignettes of the main cast 
The series also contains genuine wartime and period songs between scenes, usually brief quotations that have some reference to the theme of the episode or the scene  Many appear on the CD soundtrack issued by CD41, being the same versions used in the series 

TV episodes
The television programme lasted nine series and was broadcast over nine years, with 80 episodes in total, including three Christmas specials and an hour-long special  At its peak, the programme regularly gained audiences of 18 5 million  There were also four short specials broadcast as part of Christmas Night with the Stars in 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1972; one of which was also restaged as part of the Royal Variety Performance 1975 

Missing episodes
The first two series were recorded and screened in black and white, while series 3 to 9 were recorded and screened in colour  Even so, one episode in series 3, Room at the Bottom, formerly only survived in black and white and remains on the official DVDs in this form  This episode has benefited from colour recovery technology, using a buried colour signal (chroma dots) in the black-and-white telerecording to restore the episode back to colour and was transmitted on 13 December 2008 on BBC Two  Dad's Army was less affected than most from the wiping of videotape, but three second-series episodes remain missing: episode 9 "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker", episode 11 "A Stripe for Frazer" and episode 12 "Under Fire"  (All three missing episodes were among those remade for BBC Radio with most of the original cast, adapted from the original TV scripts  Audio recordings of all three were included as bonus features on The Complete Series DVD collection ) Two further series 2 episodes were thought lost until 2001  Two of the three missing episodes have since been performed as part of the latest stage show 
In 2008, soundtracks of the missing episode "A Stripe for Frazer" and the 1968 Christmas Night with the Stars segment "Present Arms" were recovered  The soundtrack of "A Stripe for Frazer" has been mixed with animation to replace the missing images  The audio soundtrack for the "Cornish Floral Dance" sketch, from the 1970 episode of Christmas Night with the Stars, has also been recovered 

Dad's Army: The Lost Episodes (2019)
In 2018, UKTV announced plans to recreate the three missing episodes for broadcast on its Gold channel  Mercury Productions, the company responsible for Saluting Dad's Army, Gold's 50th anniversary tribute series, produced the episodes, which were directed by Ben Kellett  The recreations were broadcast in August 2019, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of their original broadcast by the BBC  Kevin McNally and Robert Bathurst were the initial casting announcements as Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson, with Bernard Cribbins portraying Private Godfrey  The full cast was announced in January 2019, with McNally, Bathurst and Cribbins joined by Kevin Eldon, Mathew Horne, David Hayman and Tom Rosenthal  However, Bernard Cribbins subsequently withdrew from the project, and was replaced as Godfrey by Timothy West 

Cast
Films
1971 film
In common with many British sitcoms of that era, Dad's Army was spun-off as a feature film which was released in 1971  Backers Columbia Pictures imposed arbitrary changes, such as recasting Liz Fraser as Mavis Pike and filming locations in Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, rather than Thetford in Norfolk, which made the cast unhappy  The director, Norman Cohen, whose idea it was to make the film, was nearly sacked by the studio : 168 Jimmy Perry and David Croft wrote the original screenplay  This was expanded by Cohen to try to make it more cinematic; Columbia executives made more changes to plot and pacing  As finally realised, two-thirds of the film consists of the creation of the platoon; this was the contribution of Perry and Croft, and differs in a number of ways from the formation of the platoon as seen in the first series of the television version  The final third shows the platoon in action, rescuing hostages from the church hall where they had been held captive by the crewmen of a downed German aircraft 
Neither the cast nor Perry and Croft were happy with the result  Perry argued for changes to try to reproduce the style of the television series, but with mixed results 
Filming took place from 10 August to 25 September 1970 at Shepperton Studios and on location  After shooting the film, the cast returned to working on the fourth television series 
The film's UK première was on 12 March 1971 at the Columbia Theatre, London  Critical reviews were mixed, but it performed well at the UK box-office  Discussions were held about a possible sequel, to be called Dad's Army and the Secret U-Boat Base, but the project never came to fruition : 164–169

2016 film
A second film, written by Hamish McColl and directed by Oliver Parker, was released in 2016  The cast included Toby Jones as Captain Mainwaring, Bill Nighy as Sergeant Wilson, Tom Courtenay as Lance Corporal Jones, Michael Gambon as Private Godfrey, Blake Harrison as Private Pike, Daniel Mays as Private Walker and Bill Paterson as Private Frazer  Catherine Zeta-Jones, Sarah Lancashire and Mark Gatiss also featured  The film was primarily shot on location in Yorkshire  Filming took place on the beach at North Landing, Flamborough Head, Yorkshire and at nearby Bridlington  It opened in February 2016 to mainly negative reviews 

Stage show
In 1975, Dad's Army transferred to the stage as a revue, with songs, familiar scenes from the show and individual "turns" for cast members  It was created by Roger Redfarn, who shared the same agent as the series' writers  Most of the principal cast transferred with it, with the exception of John Laurie, who was replaced by Hamish Roughead  Following James Beck's death two years earlier, Walker was played by John Bardon 
Dad's Army: A Nostalgic Music and Laughter Show of Britain's Finest Hour opened at Billingham in Teesside on 4 September 1975 for a two-week tryout  After cuts and revisions, the show transferred to London's West End and opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 2 October 1975  On the opening night there was a surprise appearance by Chesney Allen, singing the old Flanagan and Allen song Hometown with Arthur Lowe 
The show ran in the West End until 21 February 1976, disrupted twice by bomb scares and then toured the country until 4 September 1976  Clive Dunn was replaced for half the tour by Jack Haig (David Croft's original first choice for the role of Corporal Jones on television)  Jeffrey Holland, who went on to star in several later Croft sitcoms, also had a number of roles in the production : 178–180 The stage show, billed as Dad's Army—The Musical, was staged in Australia and toured New Zealand in 2004–2005, starring Jon English  Several sections of this stage show were filmed and have subsequently been included as extras on the final Dad's Army DVD 
In April 2007, a new stage show was announced with cast members including Leslie Grantham as Private Walker and Emmerdale actor Peter Martin as Captain Mainwaring  The production contained the episodes "A Stripe for Frazer", "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker", "Room at the Bottom" and "The Deadly Attachment" 
In August 2017, a new two-man stage show titled, Dad's Army Radio Hour, opened at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe It starred David Benson and Jack Lane  Between them, the pair voiced the entire cast of Dad's Army, including incidental characters  The episodes adapted from the original radio scripts were "The Deadly Attachment", "The Day the Balloon Went Up", "Brain Versus Brawn", "My British Buddy", "Round and Round Went the Great Big Wheel" and "Mum's Army"  The production featured three episodes not adapted for the radio series "When You've Got to Go", "My Brother and I" and "Never Too Old"  The show was well received by critics and the David Croft estate for its respectful and uncanny performances  In 2019, the production changed its name to Dad's Army Radio Show and continued to tour nationally throughout the UK until the end of 2021 

Radio series
The majority of the TV scripts were adapted for BBC Radio 4 with the original cast, although other actors played Walker after James Beck's death (which took place soon after recording and before transmission of the first radio series)  Harold Snoad and Michael Knowles were responsible for the adaptation, while wartime BBC announcer John Snagge set the scene for each episode  Different actors were used for some of the minor parts: for example Mollie Sugden played the role of Mrs Fox, and Pearl Hackney played Mrs Pike  The first episode was based on the revised version of events seen in the opening of the film version, rather than on the TV pilot  The entire radio series has been released on CD Knowles and Snoad developed a radio series, It Sticks Out Half a Mile, which recounted what happened to some of the Dad's Army characters after the war  It was originally intended to star Arthur Lowe and John Le Mesurier, reprising their Dad's Army roles, but Lowe died after recording the pilot episode in 1981, so Bill Pertwee and Ian Lavender were brought in to replace him  Ironically, if Arthur Lowe had lived the series might never have been made, as the illness from which he suffered towards the end of his career badly affected his voice, which led to an initial decision not to commission it  In the event the revised cast recorded a 13-episode series  John Le Mesurier died in November 1983, making another series impossible 
The last radio recording of Dad's Army occurred in 1995, when Jimmy Perry wrote a radio sketch entitled The Boy Who Saved England for the "Full Steam A-Hudd" evening broadcast on Radio 2, transmitted on 3 June 1995 on the occasion of the closure of the BBC's Paris studios in Lower Regent Street  It featured Ian Lavender as Pike, Bill Pertwee as Hodges, Frank Williams as the Vicar and Jimmy Perry as General Haverlock-Seabag 

Other appearances
Lowe, Le Mesurier, Laurie, Beck, Ridley and Lavender (wearing Pike's signature scarf) appeared as guests in a 1971 edition of The Morecambe & Wise Show on BBC2 in the Monty on the Bonty sketch, with Lowe as Captain Bligh and the others as crewmen on HMS Bounty 
The cast appeared in a 1974 public information film, in character but set in the modern day, showing how to cross the road safely at Pelican crossings 
Lowe, Le Mesurier, Dunn, Lavender and Pertwee, and Jones's van, appeared in character at the finish of the 1974 London to Brighton Veteran Car Run 
Lowe, Le Mesurier and Laurie again made a cameo appearance as their Dad's Army characters in the 1977 Morecambe and Wise Christmas Special  As Elton John is following incomprehensible instructions to find the BBC studios, he encounters them in a steam room  On leaving, Mainwaring calls him a "stupid boy" A pilot episode for an American remake called The Rear Guard was produced by ABC and broadcast on 10 August 1976, based on the episode "The Deadly Attachment"  However, it failed to make it past the pilot stage Lowe and Le Mesurier made a final appearance in Dad's Army garb for a 1982 television commercial advertising Wispa chocolate bars 
Clive Dunn made occasional appearances as Lance Corporal Jones at 1940s themed events in the 1980s and 1990s and on television on the BBC Saturday night entertainment show Noel's House Party on 27 November 1993 Arthur Lowe twice appeared on the BBC children's programme Blue Peter  The first time was with John Le Mesurier, in which the two appeared in costume and in character as Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson when walking around looking at and discussing a mural which schoolchildren had painted featuring the characters from the show at a Christmas party, among whom was Mainwaring's unseen wife Elizabeth – or rather, what the children thought she looked like (Mainwaring remarks "Good grief  What a remarkable likeness!")  Arthur Lowe made a second appearance as Captain Mainwaring on Blue Peter with the Dad's Army van which would appear in the forthcoming London-Brighton run and showed presenter John Noakes the vehicle's hidden anti-Nazi defences 

Awards
During its original television run, Dad's Army was nominated for multiple British Academy Television Awards, although only won "Best Light Entertainment Production Team" in 1971  It was nominated as "Best Situation Comedy" in 1973, 1974 and 1975  Also, Arthur Lowe was frequently nominated for "Best Light Entertainment Performance" in 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975 and 1978 In 2000, the show was voted 13th in a British Film Institute poll of industry professionals of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes  In 2004, championed by Phill Jupitus, it came fourth in the BBC poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom with 174,138 votes 

Legacy
In June 2010, a statue of Captain Mainwaring was erected in the Norfolk town of Thetford where most of the exteriors for the TV series were filmed  The statue features Captain Mainwaring sitting to attention on a simple bench in Home Guard uniform, with his swagger stick across his knees  The statue is mounted at the end of a winding brick pathway with a Union Flag patterned arrowhead to reflect the opening credits of the TV series and the sculpture has been designed so that members of the public can sit beside Captain Mainwaring and have their photograph taken  The statue was vandalised not long after the unveiling by a 10-year-old boy, who kicked it for 10 minutes and broke off the statue's glasses, throwing them into a nearby river  The statue has since been fixed The British sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart paid tribute to Dad's Army in episode one of its second series in 1995, "Don't Get Around Much Any More"  Here, lead character Gary Sparrow (Nicholas Lyndhurst) – a time-traveller from the 1990s – goes into a bank in 1941 and meets a bank manager named Mainwaring and his chief clerk, Wilson, both of whom are in the Home Guard  When he hears the names Mainwaring and Wilson, Gary begins singing the Dad's Army theme song 
A brief visual tribute to Dad's Army is made at the start of the episode "Rag Week" from Ben Elton's 1990s sitcom The Thin Blue Line In June 2018 the Royal Mail issued a set of 8 stamps, featuring the main characters and their catchphrases, to mark the comedy's 50th anniversary In 2020, Niles Schilder for the Dad's Army Appreciation Society wrote four short scripts which followed how the characters from the series would have, in the author's opinion, dealt with the events of that year  Titles of the scripts included Dad’s Army Negotiates Brexit and An Unauthorised Gathering 

Cultural influence
The characters of Dad's Army and their catchphrases are well known in the UK due to the popularity of the series when originally shown and the frequency of repeats 
Jimmy Perry recalls that before writing the sitcom, the Home Guard was a largely forgotten aspect of Britain's defence in the Second World War, something which the series rectified : 12  In a 1972 Radio Times interview, Arthur Lowe expressed surprise at the programme's success:

We expected the show to have limited appeal, to the age group that lived through the war and the Home Guard  We didn't expect what has happened – that children from the age of five upwards would enjoy it too 

By focusing on the comic aspects of the Home Guard in a cosy south coast setting, the TV series distorted the popular perception of the organisation  Its characters represented the older volunteers within the Home Guard but largely ignored the large numbers of teenagers and factory workers who also served  Accounts from Home Guard members and their regimental publications, inspired Norman Longmate's history The Real Dad's Army (1974) 

Media releases
The BBC released two "Best of" DVD sets in October 2001 and September 2002, but it was not until September 2004 that the full series began to be released, with the first series and the surviving episodes of the second series being released first, along with the documentary Missing Presumed Wiped  By November 2007, the entire series had been released on DVD, with the final edition featuring the specials "My Brother and I" and "The Battle of the Giants" along with various other appearances, including several "Christmas Night with the Stars" sketches and excerpts from the 1976 stage show  The DVDs also include short individual biographical documentaries about the characters and their actors called We Are the Boys  The Columbia film adaptation is separately available; as this is not a BBC production, it is not included in the box set 
In 1973 the series was adapted into a comic strip, drawn by Bill Titcombe, which was published in daily newspapers in the UK  These cartoon strips were subsequently collected together and published in book form, by Piccolo Books, in paperback 

See also
Dad's Army Appreciation Society
Dad's Army Museum
Bressingham Steam and Gardens
Charles Burrell Museum
Blitz and Pieces (another Dad's Army museum)
Jones's van
The Rear Guard (unsuccessful US adaptation)
Passage 5:
Airport (EP)
Airport (空港) is Joey Yung's second EP in 2010  The title track 空港 is the theme song for "Nokia Joey Yung Concert Number 6"  The song is the EP's third single  Her first single "綠野仙蹤" is the commercial theme song for Broadway Electronics  The music video for the second single "破相" is the first ever 3D Music Video in Hong Kong 

Released versions
First edition
Released on 20 August 2010
Plus Bonus DVD
One2free Special Edition
Version distributed by One2free only 
With ticket of One2free Musicholic 容祖兒空港見面會 
Different cover 
Same content of the EP plus a card sleeve 
Second Edition
Released on 5 November 2010
Different cover
Different package
More content in bonus DVD

Track listing


== Personnel ==
Passage 6:
The Joey Heatherton Album
The Joey Heatherton Album is a 1972 album by Joey Heatherton  Her cover of the 1957 Ferlin Husky song "Gone" became a minor hit, but the album didn't do particularly well  Tony Scotti and Tommy Oliver produced and arranged it  It was mixed by Michael Lloyd 
The album was reissued in 2004 on the Hip-O Select label, with 21 bonus tracks comprising Heatherton's singles for the Decca and Coral labels 

Track listing
Original LP
Audio CD with bonus tracks
Passage 7:
Joey Johnson (Days of Our Lives)
Joey Johnson is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera aired on the NBC network, presently portrayed by Tanner Stine  Introduced in 2008, Joey was created by head writers Hogan Sheffer and Meg Kelly as the youngest child of supercouple, Steve "Patch" Johnson and Kayla Brady (Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans)  The role was played by siblings Brody and Jonas until the character was written out in 2009  Child actor Jadon Wells appeared in the role of Joey on a recurring basis from 2012 to 2014  In 2015, the character was rapidly aged to 16 when James Lastovic was cast in to play the role  Joey returns having skipped out on boarding school suffering from abandonment issues  It is later revealed that Joey had secretly been conspiring with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to orchestrate Patch and Kayla's reunion  Unbeknownst to Joey, Ava is his father's ex-lover and Ava has caused quite a bit of trouble for Kayla and the rest of the Brady family 

Storylines
2008–2014
In February 2008, the Brady family travels to Ireland to reunite patriarch Shawn Brady (Frank Parker) with his dying sister Colleen Brady (Shirley Jones)  During their trip, Kayla and Steve learn she is pregnant  On their way back to Salem, the family is involved in a plane crash that kills Shawn  It is later revealed that, Steve's deranged ex-lover Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) is responsible for the accident  Meanwhile, Kayla is trying to save her brother Bo's life (Peter Reckell) and the stress causes pregnancy complications  Kayla goes into premature labor and gives birth to her baby boy at 26 weeks  She names him Joe after his paternal grandmother, Jo Johnson  Joe grows stronger only to be kidnapped in the summer of 2008 by Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo)  Joe leaves town in early 2009 with his parents  Though off screen, Joe comes back to town in 2011 when his parents separate and later divorce  Joe (Jadon Wells) first appears onscreen in late 2012 during the Christmas episodes  The character is limited to special appearances during Christmas episodes and is last seen in December 2014 during a Christmas party 

2015–2017
In August 2015, a now 16 year old, Joe, also known as Joey returns to Salem with Steve  Joey had left boarding school and found his father in New York City  Joey acts out because he resents Steve for abandoning the family  When Steve leaves town to find Joey's uncle Bo, Joey stows away on the plane  After the two have a heart to heart, where Steve recounts the story of how he and Kayla fell in love, Joey returns home  However, Joey continues causing trouble when he sabotages the electricity in the library at Salem High  Joey bonds with Theo Carver (Kyler Pettis) during Salem's bicentennial celebration and he ends up collapsing outside  Theo gets help and Joey is rushed to the hospital  Steve makes it back in time to see Joey in the hospital and Kayla reveals that there a drugs in his system  However, Joey denies ever taking drugs  While he recovers and gets released from the hospital, it is later revealed that Joey is working with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to orchestrate his parents' reunion—unaware of her past  After his parents reunite, Steve and Kayla discover Ava's back in Salem and assume Joey has been working with her, but he denies it  Joey later admits to Ava that he is in love with her and he kisses her but Ava rejects him and reveals that she is dying  Kayla finds them together and demands that he stay away from her  Joey confides in Steve about his feelings for Ava and is shocked to learn Ava's past and that she may have given birth to Steve's son  Ava later kidnaps Kayla forcing Steve to cooperate with her in exchange for her release and Joey walks on them as they are about to make love  Ava forces Steve to leave town with  her and gives Joey Kayla's location to free her  Though they are reunited as a family, Steve's betrayal leaves Joey bitter and angry 

Development
Creation and casting
On November 24, 2012, Mary Beth Evans announced that child actor Jadon Wells would make his debut in the role of Joey in December 2012  Wells is the real life son of actor Dan Wells who had previously appeared on the series as Stan, the male alter ego of Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney)  Jadon's appearances were limited to special Christmas episodes and he last appeared in December 2014 In March 2015, it was reported that Days of Our Lives had released two casting notices — one of which was for the contract role of the 16 year old Joey  In April 2015, talent agency John Robert Powers San Diego announced that James Lastovic had been cast in the role of Joey Johnson with a two-year contract  Five months prior, Lastovic had quit his day job to do a play for $25 a week  "I had money saved up from the one commercial that I had done and thought I could use the money from that to do the play " However, the play lasted longer than expected and Lastovic ran out of money  "I was so broke that I looked forward to the dinner scene" so he could eat  Fortunately, Lastovic booked Days as the play ended  Lastovic had actually auditioned for the series three years prior  While he wasn't sure for what role he auditioned for Lastovic revealed, "I had the same exact sides when I read for Joey!" Lastovic filmed his first scenes in March 2015 and made his debut on August 28, 2015  During the audition process, Lastovic watched a few episodes of the series to prepare  Casting director Marnie Saitta later informed the young actor that he'd be working with two "adored" veterans in Mary Beth Evans (Kayla) and Stephen Nichols (Patch)  "I looked them up online and found some of their scenes from the 1980s  I saw how good they were and I was instantly excited to get to work with them" Lastovic revealed  After he booked the role, Lastovic admitted that he got hooked on the show when he went back to watch Patch and Kayla's love story 

Teen years (2015–2017)
The production team wanted to establish a teenage set in time for the show's 50th anniversary and Lastovic's casting was just the first in a slew of castings  Executive producer Ken Corday said "Joey will be giving Patch the 'rebel' a little of his own medicine!"  Lastovic was very nervous about playing such an important role but Mary Beth Evans invited him over to her home and greeted him with freshly baked cookies  "Seeing Mary Beth holding that plate of cookies, I immediately felt that motherly connection " He credited Evans and Stephen Nichols for making him comfortable  Lastovic also founded a mentor in costar Casey Moss who had joined the series two years prior in the similar role of troubled teenager JJ Deveraux—Joey's cousin  "I think he could see a little bit of himself in me" Lastovic said  Lastovic later admitted that his nerves worked well for his first scenes as Joey had recently run away from boarding school -- "he was supposed to be nervous " So much is changing Joey at the time of his return  "He's just beginning to experience all these new emotions, so he's feeling a little lost " Joey's needing his parents helps bring Patch and Kayla back together after years of estrangement  A promo for the show's 50th anniversary in November 2015 revealed that Joey is secretly conspiring with his father's ex-lover and family rival Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to help reunite his parents 

Departure
In March 2017, after a cryptic tweet by Lastovic's mother, Lucienne, it was rumored that the actor's contract with the series had not been renewed  On Wednesday, August 16, the rumors were proven through by Lastovic himself in an Instagram post, he last aired on August 22 when the character going to prison for Ava's murder 

Return and second departure
In November 2020, it was revealed in a Christmas promo for the show, that Lastovic will be returning as Joey, Lastovic made his return on December 10, 2020, and made an unannounced exit on December 24, 2020 

Second return
In June 2022, it was announced Tanner Stein had been cast in the role of Joey and would appear in the second season of Days of Our Lives: Beyond Salem in July of the same year, and will later begin appearing in a recurring capacity on Days of Our Lives 

Reception
Omar White-Nobles of TVSource Magazine praised the decision to age Joey along with the other characters in time for the show's 50th anniversary  "I may be 29, but I'm a fan of the multi-generational aspect of the continuing narrative " Lastovic's debut was "highly anticipated" as it coincided with the onscreen return of Stephen Nichols as Patch  Soap Opera Digest included the actor in its list of the "Hottest Newcomers" for the year 2015  Daytime Confidential also listed Lastovic as number five on their own list of the "Top 20 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2015 " The blog praised Lastovic for his portrayal and said Joey's habit of acting out and causing grief for his mother "helps to further ground the Johnsons as Salem's relatable, working central family " Omar Nobles said Joey return provided Kayla with "a greater purpose and more attention in just a few short weeks than the four years since she returned to the show " He continued, "That's smart planning  That's smart creative " The website also praised Lastovic as being one of the strongest of the new younger actors 
Passage 8:
Pulse (1988 film)
Pulse is a 1988 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Paul Golding, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror, and starring Cliff De Young, Roxanne Hart, Joseph Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, and Charles Tyner  The film's title refers to a highly aggressive and intelligent pulse of electricity that terrorizes the occupants of a suburban house in Los Angeles, California  The film was produced through Columbia Pictures and the Aspen Film Society and distributed by Columbia Pictures  The titular Pulse and its accompanying elements were designed by Cinema Research Corporation 

Plot
A highly aggressive, paranormal intelligence thriving within the electrical grid system of Los Angeles, California is moving from house to house  It terrorizes the occupants by taking control of the appliances, killing them or causing them to wreck the house in an effort to destroy it  Once this has been accomplished, it travels along the power lines to the next house, and the terror restarts  Having thus wrecked one household in a quiet, suburban neighborhood, the pulse finds itself in the home of a boy's divorced father whom he is visiting  It gradually takes control of everything, injuring the stepmother, and trapping father and son, who must fight their way out 

Cast
Cliff De Young as Bill Rockland
Roxanne Hart as Ellen Rockland
Joey Lawrence as David Rockland
Matthew Lawrence as Stevie
Charles Tyner as Old Man Holger
Dennis Redfield as Pete
Robert Romanus as Paul
Myron Healey as Howard
Michael Rider as Foreman
Jean Sincere as Ruby
Terry Beaver as Policeman
Greg Norberg as Policeman
Tim Russ as Policeman

Release
The film was promoted by the taglines "It traps you in your house   then pulls the plug," "In every second of every day, it improves our lives  And in a flash, it can end them," and also "the ultimate shocker "

Production
The film was produced by Aspen Film Society, a film production company founded by Steve Martin and William E  McEuen Paul Golding got the idea for Pulse from two unrelated events with the first being when the screenwriter Caleb Deschanel spent the night in his house and told him that at night he’d been listening to “the sounds of the house…  the house was alive and it was taking care of me“, and the second was when he heard about a computer that reprogrammed itself  Golding wrote the screenplay under the working titles of House, Tract and Currents in 1981 but couldn’t get it made until Columbia eventually took it on seven years later  David Morse and Tommy Lee Jones both auditioned for the role of Bill but lost to Cliff De Young  Production was completed a day early and $1 million dollars under its $6 million dollar budget, and as a result were able to afford Oxford Scientific Films to do many of the special effects 

Release
David V  Picker, the head of Paramount Pictures at the time, was impressed by the film and intended to position it as a wide release, but changes in studio management curtailed this and it was only released theatrically in Texas and Oklahoma, while it went straight to video elsewhere  The movie did however become a success on video 

Reception
Pulse has a 64% approval rating at the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews 

Music
The musical score for Pulse was composed by Jay Ferguson, who also composed "Pictures of You" from the soundtrack to The Terminator, and the film score to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child 



ground_truth: Bell County