prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: At what local time does the country where Fuser and Alberto meet the indigenous couple traveling to look for work change their clocks for DST?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time, daylight time (United States, Canada, and Australia), or summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks (typically by one hour) during warmer months so that darkness falls at a later clock time  The typical implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in either the late winter or spring ("spring forward"), and to set clocks back by one hour in the fall ("fall back") to return to standard time  As a result, there is one 23-hour day in early spring and one 25-hour day in the middle of autumn 
The idea of aligning waking hours to daylight hours to conserve candles was first proposed in 1784 by U S  polymath Benjamin Franklin  In a satirical letter to the editor of The Journal of Paris, Franklin suggested that waking up earlier in the summer would economize on candle usage; and calculated considerable savings  In 1895, New Zealand entomologist and astronomer George Hudson proposed the idea of changing clocks by two hours every spring to the Wellington Philosophical Society  In 1907, British resident William Willett presented the idea as a way to save energy  After some serious consideration, it was not implemented In 1908, Port Arthur in Ontario, Canada (today merged into Thunder Bay), started using DST  Starting on 30 April 1916, the German Empire and Austria-Hungary each organized the first nationwide implementation in their jurisdictions  Many countries have used DST at various times since then, particularly since the 1970s energy crisis  DST is generally not observed near the Equator, where sunrise and sunset times do not vary enough to justify it  Some countries observe it only in some regions: for example, parts of Australia observe it, while other parts do not  Conversely, it is not observed at some places at high latitudes, because there are wide variations in sunrise and sunset times and a one-hour shift would relatively not make much difference  The United States observes it, except for the states of Hawaii and Arizona (within the latter, however, the Navajo Nation does observe it, conforming to federal practice)  A minority of the world's population uses DST; Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean generally do not 

Rationale
Industrialized societies usually follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year  The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round  In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt  North and south of the tropics, daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater the farther one moves away from the equator 
After synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time in spring in anticipation of longer daylight hours, individuals following a clock-based schedule will be awakened an hour earlier in the solar day than they would have otherwise  They will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier: in most cases they will have an extra hour of daylight available to them after their workday activities Proponents of daylight saving time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine to five" workday  Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed The shift in apparent time is also motivated by practicality  In American temperate latitudes, for example, the sun rises around 04:30 at the summer solstice and sets around 19:30  Since most people are asleep at 04:30, it is seen as more practical to treat 04:30 as if it is 05:30, thereby allowing people to wake closer to the sunrise and be active in the evening light 
Because sunrise and sunset times become significantly out of phase with standard working hours at higher latitudes (such as Iceland, Scandinavia, and Alaska), the manipulation of time would have little effect on daily life, and thus is not practiced DST is similarly of little use for locations near the Equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year 

Variation within a time zone
The effect of Daylight Savings Time also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its time zone, with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone  In spite of a width spanning thousands of miles, all of China is located within a single time zone per government mandate, minimizing any potential benefit of Daylight Savings Time there 

History
Ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into 12 hours regardless of daytime, so that each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn  For example, the Romans kept time with water clocks that had different scales for different months of the year; at Rome's latitude, the third hour from sunrise (hora tertia) started at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes  From the 14th century onward, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so civil time no longer varied by season  Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as monasteries of Mount Athos and in Jewish ceremonies Benjamin Franklin published the proverb "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise," and published a letter in the Journal de Paris during his time as an American envoy to France (1776–1785) suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight  This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise  Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules  However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks required a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly Cortes of Cádiz issued a regulation that moved certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes, but it did not change the clocks  It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions, but they did so of their own volition 
 
New Zealand entomologist George Hudson first proposed modern DST  His shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight  In 1895, he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch; he followed up with an 1898 paper  Many publications credit the DST proposal to prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride when he observed how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day  Willett also was an avid golfer who disliked cutting short his round at dusk  His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, and he published the proposal two years later  Liberal Party member of parliament Robert Pearce took up the proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the British House of Commons on 12 February 1908  A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law and several other bills failed in the following years  Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915 

Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST, on 1 July 1908  This was followed by Orillia, Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912  The first states to adopt DST (German: Sommerzeit) nationally were those of the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary commencing 30 April 1916, as a way to conserve coal during wartime  Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed  Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918  Most jurisdictions abandoned DST in the years after the war ended in 1918, with exceptions including Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, and the United States  It became common during World War II (some countries adopted double summer time), and was standardized in the U S  by federal law in 1966, and widely adopted in Europe from the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis  Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals It is a common myth in the United States that DST was first implemented for the benefit of farmers  In reality, farmers have been one of the strongest lobbying groups against DST since it was first implemented  The factors that influence farming schedules, such as morning dew and dairy cattle's readiness to be milked, are ultimately dictated by the sun, so the time change introduces unnecessary challenges DST was first implemented in the US with the Standard Time Act of 1918, a wartime measure for seven months during World War I in the interest of adding more daylight hours to conserve energy resources  Year-round DST, or "War Time", was implemented again during World War II  After the war, local jurisdictions were free to choose if and when to observe DST until the Uniform Time Act which standardized DST in 1966   Permanent daylight saving time was enacted for the winter of 1974, but there were complaints of children going to school in the dark and working people commuting and starting their work day in pitch darkness during the winter months, and it was repealed a year later 

Procedure
The relevant authorities usually schedule clock changes to occur at (or soon after) midnight, and on a weekend, in order to lessen disruption to weekday schedules  A one-hour change is usual, but twenty-minute and two-hour changes have been used in the past  In all countries that observe daylight saving time seasonally (i e  during summer and not winter), the clock is advanced from standard time to daylight saving time in the spring, and they are turned back from daylight saving time to standard time in the autumn  
For a midnight change in spring, a digital display of local time would appear to jump from 23:59:59 9 to 01:00:00 0  For the same clock in autumn, the local time would appear to repeat the hour preceding midnight, i e  it would jump from 23:59:59 9 to 23:00:00 0 
In most countries that observe seasonal daylight saving time, the time reverts in winter to "standard time"  An exception exists in Ireland, where its winter clock has the same offset (UTC±00:00) and legal name as that in Britain (Greenwich Mean Time)—but while its summer clock also has the same offset as Britain's (UTC+01:00), its legal name is Irish Standard Time as opposed to British Summer Time Since 2019 Morocco observes daylight saving time every month but Ramadan  During the holy month (the date of which is determined by the lunar calendar and thus moves annually with regard to the Gregorian calendar), the country's civil clocks observe Western European Time (UTC+00:00, which geographically overlaps most of the nation)  At the close of that month, its clocks are turned forward to Western European Summer Time (UTC+01:00) The time at which to change clocks differs across jurisdictions  Members of the European Union conduct a coordinated change, changing all zones at the same instant, at 01:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which means that it changes at 02:00 Central European Time (CET), equivalent to 03:00 Eastern European Time (EET)  As a result, the time differences across European time zones remain constant  North America coordination of the clock change differs, in that each jurisdiction change at 02:00 local time, which temporarily creates an imbalance with the next time zone (until it adjusts its time, one hour later, at 2 AM there)  For example, Mountain Time is for one hour in the spring two hours ahead of Pacific Time instead of the usual one hour ahead, and instead of one hour in the autumn, briefly zero hours ahead of Pacific Time 
The dates on which clocks change vary with location and year; consequently, the time differences between regions also vary throughout the year  For example, Central European Time is usually six hours ahead of North American Eastern Time, except for a few weeks in March and October/November, while the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer, three hours during the southern summer, and four hours for a few weeks per year  Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union  Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observed DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year  Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months  For example, mainland Chile observes DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time  In some countries time is governed by regional jurisdictions within the country such that some jurisdictions change and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Canada, and the United States From year to year, the dates on which to change clock may also move for political or social reasons  The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized the United States' period of daylight saving time observation as lasting six months (it was previously declared locally); this period was extended to seven months in 1986, and then to eight months in 2005  The 2005 extension was motivated in part by lobbyists from the candy industry, seeking to increase profits by including Halloween (31 October) within the daylight saving time period  In recent history, Australian state jurisdictions not only changed at different local times but sometimes on different dates  For example, in 2008 most states there that observed daylight saving time changed clocks forward on 5 October, but Western Australia changed on 26 October 

Politics, religion and sport
The concept of daylight saving has caused controversy since its early proposals  Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time"  Retailing, sports, and tourism interests have historically favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening-entertainment interests (and some religious groups) have opposed it; energy crises and war prompted its initial adoption The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues  It attracted many supporters, including Arthur Balfour, Churchill, David Lloyd George, Ramsay MacDonald, King Edward VII (who used half-hour DST or "Sandringham time" at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank Ltd  However, the opposition proved stronger, including Prime Minister H  H  Asquith, William Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre-owners  After many hearings, a parliamentary committee vote narrowly rejected the proposal in 1909  Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail  People in the US demonstrated even more skepticism; Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee 

Germany together with its allies led the way in introducing DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916, aiming to alleviate hardships due to wartime coal shortages and air-raid blackouts  The political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916  US retailing and manufacturing interests—led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland—soon began lobbying for DST, but railroads opposed the idea  The USA's 1917 entry into the war overcame objections, and DST started in 1918 The end of World War I brought change in DST use  Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it—like Germany itself, which dropped DST from 1919 to 1939 and from 1950 to 1979  Britain proved an exception; it retained DST nationwide but adjusted transition dates over the years for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings  As of 2009 summer time began annually on the last Sunday in March under a European Community directive, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016)  In the U S , Congress repealed DST after 1919  President Woodrow Wilson—an avid golfer like Willett—vetoed the repeal twice, but his second veto was overridden  Only a few U S  cities retained DST locally, including New York (so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London), and Chicago and Cleveland (to keep pace with New York)  Wilson's successor as president, Warren G  Harding, opposed DST as a "deception", reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer  He ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 8 am rather than 9 am during the summer of 1922  Some businesses followed suit, though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated Since Germany's adoption of DST in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved  The history of time in the United States features DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966  St  Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, kept different times for two weeks in May 1965: the capital city decided to switch to daylight saving time, while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law  In the mid-1980s, Clorox and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to U S  DST  Both senators from Idaho, Larry Craig and Mike Crapo, voted for it based on the premise that fast-food restaurants sell more French fries (made from Idaho potatoes) during DST A referendum on the introduction of daylight saving took place in Queensland, Australia, in 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving  It was defeated with a 54 5% "no" vote, with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, and those in the metropolitan southeast in favor In 2003, the United Kingdom's Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supported a proposal to observe year-round daylight saving time, but it has been opposed by some industries, by some postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK In 2005 the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to U S  DST In December 2008 the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time-zone arrangement for daylight saving in South East Queensland, while the rest of the state maintained standard time  DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2 5% across the 32 electorates contested  After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed  Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into the Queensland parliament on 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time-zone arrangement  The Queensland parliament rejected Wellington's bill on 15 June 2011 Russia declared in 2011 that it would stay in DST all year long (UTC+4:00); Belarus followed with a similar declaration  (The Soviet Union had operated under permanent "summer time" from 1930 to at least 1982 ) Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of winter-time mornings, and thus was abandoned in 2014  The country changed its clocks to standard time (UTC+3:00) on 26 October 2014, intending to stay there permanently In the United States, Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and the five populated territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands) do not participate in daylight saving time  Indiana only began participating in daylight saving time as recently as 2006  Since 2018, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio has repeatedly filed bills to extend daylight saving time permanently into winter, without success Mexico observed summertime daylight saving time starting in 1996  In late 2022, the nation's clocks "fell back" for the last time, in restoration of permanent standard time 

Religion
Some religious groups and individuals have opposed DST on religious grounds  For religious Muslims and Jews it makes religious practices such as prayer and fasting more difficult or inconvenient 
Some Muslim countries, such as Morocco, have temporarily abandoned DST during Ramadan In Israel, DST has been a point of contention between the religious and secular, resulting in fluctuations over the years, and a shorter DST period than in the EU and US  Religious Jews prefer a shorter DST due to DST delaying the time for morning prayers, thus conflicting with standard working and business hours  Additionally, DST is ended before Yom Kippur (a 25-hour fast day starting and ending at sunset, much of which is spent praying in synagogue until the fast ends at sunset) since DST would result in the day ending later, which many feel makes it more difficult In the US, Orthodox Jewish groups have opposed extensions to DST, as well as a 2022 bipartisan bill that would make DST permanent, saying it will "interfere with the ability of members of our community to engage in congregational prayers and get to their places of work on time "

Effects
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business  Opponents argue the actual energy savings are inconclusive A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0 3% during the days when DST applies  Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption, but a 2008 United States Department of Energy report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST  An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, once a primary use of electricity  Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then  Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of a study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate Later sunset times from DST are thought to affect behavior; for example, increasing participation in after-school sports programs or outdoor afternoon sports such as golf, and attendance at professional sporting events  Advocates of daylight saving time argue that having more hours of daylight between the end of a typical workday and evening induces people to consume other goods and services Many farmers oppose DST, particularly dairy farmers as the milking patterns of their cows do not change with the time  and others whose hours are set by the sun  There is concern for schoolchildren who are out in the darkness during the morning due to late sunrises  DST also hurts prime-time television broadcast ratings, drive-ins and other theaters It has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on U S  stock exchanges, Others have asserted that the observed results depend on methodology and disputed the findings, though the original authors have refuted points raised by disputers 

Health
There are measurable adverse effects of time-shifts on human health  It has been shown to disrupt human circadian rhythms, negatively affecting human health in the process, and that the yearly DST time-shifts can increase health risks such as heart attack, and traffic accidents A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at a social cost of $275 million annually", primarily by increasing sleep deprivation A correlation between clock shifts and increase in traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden  Four reports have found that this effect is smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities  In 2018, the European Parliament, reviewing a possible abolition of DST, approved a more in-depth evaluation examining the disruption of the human body's circadian rhythms which provided evidence suggesting the existence of an association between DST time-shifts and a modest increase of occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first week after the spring shift  However a Netherlands study found, against the majority of investigations, contrary or minimal effect  Year-round standard time (not year-round DST) is proposed by some to be the preferred option for public health and safety  Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency  Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks 

Social relations
DST likely reduces some kinds of crime, such as robbery and sexual assault, as fewer potential victims are outdoors after dusk  Artificial outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime In 2022, a publication of three replicating studies of individuals, between individuals, and transecting societies, demonstrated that sleep loss affects the human motivation to help others, which in its fMRI findings is "associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality " Furthermore, they detected, through analysis of over 3 million real-world charitable donations, that loss of sleep inflicted by the transition to Daylight Saving Time reduces altruistic giving compared to controls (being states not implementing DST)  They conclude that implications for cooperative, civil society are "non-trivial" Another study, which also examined sleep manipulation due to the shift to daylight saving time in the spring, analyzed archival data from judicial punishment imposed by U S  federal courts which showed sleep-deprived judges exact more severe penalties 

Inconvenience
DST's clock shifts have the disadvantage of complexity  People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely  People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way  The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours  Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive  During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion 

Remediation
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented  DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time  For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies  Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect Andrew D  Huberman, a professor of neurobiology at Stanford University, suggests viewing sunlight before the sun is overhead & exercise, ideally outside, before 2 pm the day following the clock adjustment  This applies regardless of if the sky were to be covered by clouds 

Terminology
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished")  Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first  This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors  ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used ") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving(s) time)  Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time  The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style explains the development and current situation as follows: "Although the singular form daylight saving time is the original one, dating from the early 20th century—and is preferred by some usage critics—the plural form is now extremely common in AmE  [   ] The rise of daylight savings time appears to have resulted from the avoidance of a miscue: when saving is used, readers might puzzle momentarily over whether saving is a gerund (the saving of daylight) or a participle (the time for saving)  [   ] Using savings as the adjective—as in savings account or savings bond—makes perfect sense  More than that, it ought to be accepted as the better form "In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation  The same or similar expressions are used in many other languages: Sommerzeit in German, zomertijd in Dutch, kesäaika in Finnish, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spanish, and heure d'été in French The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed  American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT)  In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e g  Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST) 

The North American English mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead    ", "spring up    ", and "    fall behind") helps people remember in which direction to shift the clocks 

Computing
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations  For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required that many computer systems be upgraded, with the greatest onus on e-mail and calendar programs  The upgrades required a significant effort by corporate information technologists Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences  Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require external leap second updates and time zone information to correctly calculate local time as needed  Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the tz database also known as zoneinfo 

IANA time zone database
The tz database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts  This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible  When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance  In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'  In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable is not set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files  Internal time is stored in time-zone-independent Unix time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display 
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value  For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3 2 0/02:00,M11 1 0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007  Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps 

Permanent daylight saving time
A move to permanent daylight saving time (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated and is currently implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Belarus, Iceland, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Namibia, Saskatchewan, Singapore, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Yukon  Although Saskatchewan follows Central Standard Time, its capital city Regina experiences solar noon close to 13:00, in effect putting the city on permanent daylight time  Similarly, Yukon is classified as being in the Mountain Time Zone, though in effect it observes permanent Pacific Daylight Time to align with the Pacific time zone in summer, but local solar noon in the capital Whitehorse occurs nearer to 14:00, in effect putting Whitehorse on "double daylight time" 
The United Kingdom and Ireland put clocks forward by an extra hour during World War II and experimented with year-round summer time between 1968 and 1971  Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the extremely late winter sunrises; in 2014, Russia switched permanently back to standard time  However, the change to permanent DST has proven popular in Turkey, with the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources saying the practice saves "millions in energy costs and reduces depression and anxiety levels associated with short exposure to daylight" In September 2018, the European Commission proposed to end seasonal clock changes as of 2019  Member states would have the option of observing either daylight saving time all year round or standard time all year round  In March 2019, the European Parliament approved the commission's proposal, while deferring implementation from 2019 until 2021  In response to this proposition, the European Sleep Research Society stated "installing permanent Central European Time (CET, standard time or 'wintertime') is the best option for public health " As of October 2020, the decision has not been confirmed by the Council of the European Union  The council has asked the commission to produce a detailed assessment of its effects, but the Commission considers that the onus is on the Member States to find a common position in Council  As a result, progress on the issue is effectively blocked In the United States, several states have enacted legislation to implement permanent DST, but the bills would require Congress to change federal law in order to take effect  The Uniform Time Act of 1966 permits states to opt out of DST and observe permanent standard time, it does not permit permanent DST  Florida senator Marco Rubio in particular has promoted changing the federal law to implement permanent DST, with the support of the Florida Chamber of Commerce seeking to boost evening revenue  In 2022, Rubio's "Sunshine Protection Act" passed the United States Senate without committee review by way of voice consent, with many senators afterward stating they were unaware of the vote or its topic  The bill was stopped in the U S  House, where questions were raised as to whether permanent DST or standard time would be more beneficial Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts  Additional benefits have also been cited, including safer roadways, boosting the tourism industry, and energy savings  Detractors cite the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails Some experts in circadian rhythms and sleep health recommend year-round standard time as the preferred option for public health and safety  Several chronobiology societies have published position papers against adopting DST permanently  A paper by the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms states: "based on comparisons of large populations living in DST or ST or on western versus eastern edges of time zones, the advantages of permanent ST outweigh switching to DST annually or permanently " The World Federation of Societies for Chronobiology stated that "the scientific literature strongly argues against the switching between DST and Standard Time and even more so against adopting DST permanently " The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) holds the position that "seasonal time changes should be abolished in favor of a fixed, national, year-round standard time," and that "standard time is a better option than daylight saving time for our health, mood and well-being " The AASM's position is endorsed by 20 other nonprofits, including the American College of Chest Physicians, National Safety Council, and National PTA Current public opinion polls show mixed results  Surveys reported between 2021 and 2022 by the National Sleep Foundation, YouGov, CBS, and Monmouth University indicate more Americans would prefer permanent DST  A 2019 survey by National Opinion Research Center and a 2021 survey by the Associated Press indicate more Americans would prefer permanent Standard Time  The National Sleep Foundation, YouGov, and Monmouth University polls leaned significantly in favor of seeing Daylight Saving Time made permanent  The Monmouth University poll reported 44% preferring year-round DST and 13% preferring year-round standard time  In 1973 and 1974, NORC found 79% of Americans to be in favor of permanent DST before its implementation during the Oil Crisis, and only 42% to support permanent DST the following February 

See also
Daylight saving time by country
Daylight saving time in Africa
Daylight saving time in Asia
Summer time in Europe
Daylight saving time in the Americas
Daylight saving time in Oceania
Analysis of daylight saving time
Winter time (clock lag)

Notes
Passage 2:
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
The International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples is observed on 9 August each year to raise awareness and protect the rights of the world's indigenous population  This event also recognizes the achievements and contributions that indigenous people make to improve world issues such as environmental protection  It was first pronounced by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1994, marking the day of the first meeting of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in 1982 

History
In December 1992 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution to make 1993  the International Year of the World's Indigenous Peoples The International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples was first pronounced by the UN General Assembly in December 1994, to be celebrated every year during the first International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1995–2004)  In 2004, the Assembly proclaimed a Second International Decade, from 2005–2015, with the theme of "A Decade for Action and Dignity"  People from different nations are encouraged to participate in observing the day to spread the UN's message on indigenous peoples  Activities may include educational forums and classroom activities to gain an appreciation and a better understanding of indigenous peoples By resolution 49/214 of 23 December 1994, the United Nations General Assembly decided that the International Day of the World's Indigenous People shall be observed on 9 August every year during the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People  The date marks the day of the first meeting, in 1982, of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 

International Year of Indigenous Languages 2019
In the year 2016, it was reported that about 2,680 indigenous languages were in danger and on the verge of becoming extinct  Hence, UN designated 2019 to be the International Year of Indigenous Languages to persuade, convince and create awareness to people about indigenous languages 

Symbols
Artwork by Rebang Dewan, a Chakma boy from Bangladesh, was chosen as the visual identifier of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues  It has also been seen on material to promote the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples  It features two ears of green leaves facing each other and a globe resembling planet earth  Within the globe is a picture of a handshake (two different hands) in the middle and above the handshake is a landscape background  The handshake and the landscape background are encapsulated by blue at the top and bottom within the globe 

Celebration in Canada
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples is celebrated as an all nations community celebration with artists, speakers, poets, performers, and a wide range of vendors and community service booths in Kingston, Ontario, by Ollin 

Celebration in Taiwan
In 2016, the administration under President Tsai Ing-wen approved a proposal that designated 1 August as Indigenous Peoples' Day in Taiwan  In celebration of the special day, President Tsai issued an official apology to the country's aboriginal people and outlined steps to further promote legislation and involve organizations related to aboriginal causes, like the Presidential Office's Indigenous Historical Justice and Transitional Justice Committee  The government hopes the day will remind the public of the diverse ethnic groups in Taiwan by bringing greater respect for indigenous peoples' cultures and history and promoting their rights 

See also
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous Peoples' Day
National Indigenous Peoples Day
Passage 3:
The Loneliest Planet
The Loneliest Planet is a 2011 German-American film written and directed by Julia Loktev, starring Gael García Bernal, Hani Furstenberg, and Georgian actor Bidzina Gujabidze  The plot centers around a young couple who travel with a local guide through a twisted backpacking trip across the Georgian wilderness 
The film had its international premiere at the 2011 Locarno International Film Festival followed by its North American premiere at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival  It then went on to be featured during the New York Film Festival, the BFI London Film Festival, and the 2011 AFI Fest in Los Angeles, where it won the Grand Jury Prize  On March 24, 2012, The Loneliest Planet was awarded the top prize of "Lady Harimaguada de Oro" (The Golden Lady) at the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival, where actress Hani Furstenberg also won for Best Actress  On April 14, 2012, the film also won the Golden Tulip International Competition award at the 31st International Istanbul Film Festival On October 11, 2011, it was announced that Sundance Selects, a division of IFC Films, had acquired North American distribution rights  The film's theatrical release in the United States was on October 26, 2012 
The film is adapted from McSweeney's writer Tom Bissell's short story "Expensive Trips Nowhere," published in his collection God Lives in St  Petersburg 

Plot
Alex (Gael García Bernal) and Nica (Hani Furstenberg) are in love and engaged to be married  They are seasoned travelers on a trip in the country of Georgia, formerly a republic of the Soviet Union  They hire a local guide (Bidzina Gujabidze) to take them backpacking through the breathtaking scenery of the Caucasus Mountains 
While on their journey, they meet an older man with two boys on their route; he is suspicious of the two foreigners  After a short conversation with their guide, the older man suddenly aims a hunting rifle aggressively at Alex and Nica at point-blank range   For a moment, Alex's reaction is to shield himself behind Nica  He immediately regains his composure and pushes himself in front of Nica to face the stranger's gun, while their guide in turn persuades the stranger to lower his gun and go on his way  A seemingly traumatized Nica walks away on her own 
A few scenes show the couple not speaking or walking together while on their journey to the mountains, although Alex repeatedly attempts to reconnect with Nica  At one point, they cross a stream where Nica accidentally falls only to be saved by the local guide  Alex tries to offer a shivering Nica some help, but she rebuffs him  At night, the local guide tells Nica the story of his failed marriage, and they kiss  Soon after, Nica returns to Alex and the couple have sex  At dawn, the trio start packing up their camps, and it remains ambiguous as to whether or not the couple have finally reconciled 

Cast
Gael García Bernal as Alex
Hani Furstenberg as Nica
Bidzina Gujabidze as local guide
Amiran Gudrshauri as kebab seller

Reception
The film was well-received by critics  The film holds a "certified fresh" approval rating of 70% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 62 reviews with an average of 6 9/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The source material that inspired The Loneliest Planet may be brief, but this adaptation of a Tom Bissell short story compensates with studious, finely detailed filmmaking, haunting visuals, and thought-provoking subtext " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" A O  Scott of The New York Times called The Loneliest Planet, "gripping and haunting, but also coy and elusive "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2 out of 4 and wrote: "All of this grows tiresome  We're given no particular reason at the outset of The Loneliest Planet to care about these people, our interest doesn't grow along the way, the landscape grows repetitive    "
Passage 4:
Le Défenseur du Temps
Le Défenseur du Temps (The Defender of Time) is a large mechanical work of art in the form of a clock created by the French artist Jacques Monestier 

Description
Le Défenseur du Temps is a clock made of automata  Close to the dial, a man perched on a rock with a sword and shield fights against a bird, a dragon, and a crab which respectively represent air, earth, and water  As originally designed, every hour from 9 am to 10 pm, he fights one of the three animals chosen randomly by a program  At noon, 6 pm, and 10pm, all three animals attack at the same time 
The time is announced by three strokes  While the man fights, he is accompanied by sounds of breaking waves, rumbling earth or the sound of wind, depending on the animal chosen 
Le Défenseur du temps is 4 meters high and weighs about 1 ton  The characters, animals and the clock face are hammered brass and gold leaf  The rock on which they sit is composed of oxidized brass  In its original configuration, a master electronic quartz circuit board controlled the random attacks chance, and used six cam timers and five tape recorders 

Location
Le Défenseur du temps is located at 8 rue Bernard de Clairvaux, in the Quartier de l'Horloge in Paris' 3rd arrondissement  The area around the clock owes its name to this work 

History
Le Défenseur du temps was commissioned in 1975 by COGEDIM  The scales of the dragon were made by Louis Desouches, and the construction of the steel structure was by Alain Moirod 
The clock was partially installed in September 1979  It was formally dedicated on 8 October 1979 by the Mayor of Paris, Jacques Chirac The clock underwent restoration in 1995  The master clock's quartz crystal was replaced by a radio clock, and the tape recorders were replaced by a compact disc player  Without funding for maintenance, the clock has been stopped since July 1, 2003 In February 2022, the clock was taken down and the restoration of the clock has begun to take place  The Defenseur Du Temps should be fixed and reinstalled by March 2023 

External links
Conception et réalisation du "Défenseur du Temps"
Le Defenseur du Temps clock
Passage 5:
The Motorcycle Diaries (film)
The Motorcycle Diaries (Spanish: Diarios de motocicleta) is a 2004 biopic about the journey and written memoir of the 23-year-old Ernesto Guevara, who would several years later become internationally known as the Marxist guerrilla leader and revolutionary leader Che Guevara  The film recounts the 1952 expedition, initially by motorcycle, across South America by Guevara and his friend Alberto Granado  As well as being a road movie, the film is a coming-of-age film; as the adventure, initially centered on youthful hedonism, unfolds, Guevara discovers himself transformed by his observations on the life of the impoverished indigenous peasantry  Through the characters they encounter on their continental trek, Guevara and Granado witness first hand the injustices that the destitute face and are exposed to people and social classes they would have never encountered otherwise  To their surprise, the road presents to them both a genuine and captivating picture of Latin American identity  As a result, the trip also plants the initial seed of radicalization within Guevara, who would later challenge the continent's endemic economic inequalities and political repression 
The screenplay is based primarily on Guevara's trip diary of the same name, with additional context supplied by Traveling with Che Guevara: The Making of a Revolutionary by Alberto Granado  Guevara is played by Gael García Bernal (who previously played Che in the 2002 miniseries Fidel), and Granado by the Argentine actor Rodrigo de la Serna, who incidentally is a second cousin to the real-life Guevara on his maternal side  Directed by Brazilian director Walter Salles and written by Puerto Rican playwright José Rivera, the film was an international co-production among production companies from Argentina, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Chile, Peru and France  The film's executive producers were Robert Redford, Paul Webster, and Rebecca Yeldham; the producers were Edgard Tenenbaum, Michael Nozik, and Karen Tenkhoff; and the co-producers were Daniel Burman and Diego Dubcovsky 

Plot
The Che of The Motorcycle Diaries is more akin to Jack Kerouac or Neal Cassady than Marx or Lenin "
In 1952, a semester before Ernesto "Fuser" Guevara is due to complete his medical degree, he and his older friend Alberto Granado, a biochemist, leave Buenos Aires to travel across South America  While there is a goal at the end of their journey - they intend to work in a leper colony in Peru - the main purpose is initially fun and adventure  They desire to see as much of Latin America as they can, more than 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) in just four and a half months, while Granado's purpose is also to bed as many women as will fall for his pickup lines  Their initial method of transport is Granado's dilapidated Norton 500 motorcycle christened La Poderosa ("The Mighty One") 
Their planned route is ambitious, bringing them north across the Andes, along the coast of Chile, through the Atacama Desert and into the Peruvian Amazon in order to reach Venezuela just in time for Granado's 30th birthday on 2 April  However, due to La Poderosa's breakdown, they are forced to travel at a much slower pace, often walking, and do not make it to Caracas until July 
During their expedition, Guevara and Granado encounter the poverty of the indigenous peasants, and the movie assumes a greater seriousness once the men gain a better sense of the disparity between the "haves" (to which they belong) and the obviously exploited "have-nots" (who make up the majority of those they encounter) by travelling on foot  In Chile, for instance, they encounter a penniless and persecuted couple forced onto the road because of their communist beliefs  In a fire-lit scene, Guevara and Granado ashamedly admit to the couple that they are not out looking for work as well  The duo then accompanies the couple to the Chuquicamata copper mine, where Guevara becomes angry at the treatment of the workers 
However, it is a visit to the ancient Incan ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru that solidifies something in Guevara  His musings are then somberly refocused to how an indigenous civilization capable of building such beauty could be destroyed by the creators of the eventually polluted urban decay of nearby Lima Later, in Peru, they volunteer for three weeks at the San Pablo leper colony  There, Guevara observes both literally and metaphorically the division of society, as the staff live on the north side of a river, separated from the deprived lepers living across the river to the south  To demonstrate his solidarity, and his medical belief that leprosy is not contagious, Guevara refuses to wear rubber gloves during his visit as the head nun requires, choosing instead to shake bare hands and interact normally with the surprised leper patients 
At the end of the film, after his sojourn at the leper colony, Guevara confirms his nascent egalitarian, revolutionary impulses, while making a birthday toast, which is also his first political speech  In it, he invokes a pan-Latin American identity that transcends the arbitrary boundaries of both nation and race  These encounters with social injustice transform the way Guevara sees the world and his purposes in it, and by implication motivates his later political activities as a Marxist revolutionary 
Guevara makes his symbolic "final journey" at night when, despite the danger and his asthma, he swims across the river that separates the two societies of the leper colony, to spend the night in a leper shack, instead of in the doctors' cabins  Later, as they bid each other farewell at an airport, Granado reveals that his birthday was not 2 April, but rather 8 August, and that the aforementioned goal was simply a motivator: Guevara replies that he knew all along  The film closes with an appearance by the real 82-year-old Alberto Granado, along with pictures from the actual journey and a brief mention of Che Guevara's eventual 1967 CIA-assisted execution in the Bolivian jungle 

Cast
Development
The film shows what we were, which was two young men - boys, really - who went looking for adventure and found the truth and tragedy of our homeland 
Gael García Bernal agreed to reprise his role as young Che Guevara having previously portrayed him in the television film Fidel (2002 film)  To prepare for the role, he went through six months of intense preparation  This groundwork included reading "every biography" about Guevara, traveling to Cuba to speak with Guevara's family, and consulting with Guevara's then still living travel partner Alberto Granado  Despite being in his eighties, Granado was also taken on as an adviser by Salles, and enthusiastically followed the film crew as they retraced his former journey 

Moreover, García Bernal (who is Mexican) adopted an Argentine accent and spent 14 weeks reading the works of José Martí, 
Karl Marx and Pablo Neruda (Guevara's favorite poet)  García Bernal told reporters "I feel a lot of responsibility  I want to do it well because of what Che represents to the world  He is a Romantic  He had a political consciousness that changed Latin America " According to García Bernal, the role crystallized his "own sense of duty" because Guevara "decided to live on the side of the mistreated, to live on the side of the people who have no justice - and no voice " In surmising the similarities between his transformation and Guevara's, García Bernal posits that "my generation is awakening, and we're discovering a world full of incredible injustice "Granado later stated that he appreciated the film's effort "to dig beneath the "mythical Che", whose defiant image appears on T-shirts and posters around the world, "to reveal the flawed, flesh-and-blood Ernesto beneath "

Film locales
We were re-enacting a journey that was done 50 years ago, and what's surprising is that the social problems of Latin America are the same  Which is heartbreaking in a way, but it also makes you feel how important it is to tell the story "
In a journey that lasts eight months, the partners travel over 14,000 kilometers (8,700 miles), from Argentina through Chile, Peru, and Colombia to Venezuela  Key locations along the journey described in the film include: in Argentina: Buenos Aires, Miramar, Villa Gesell, San Martín de los Andes, Lago Frías, Patagonia and Nahuel Huapi Lake; in Chile: Temuco, Los Angeles, Valparaiso, the Atacama desert, and Chuquicamata; in Peru: Cuzco, Machu Picchu, Lima, The San Pablo Leper Colony; as well as Leticia, Colombia and Caracas, Venezuela 
Reviewer Nick Cowen of The Daily Telegraph described the scenery as "visually stunning" while remarking that "the cinematography of fog-cloaked mountains, lush, green forests and sunburnt deserts is breathtakingly beautiful enough to serve as a travel advert for the entire continent "

Tourist trails
The Observer reported that shortly after the film's release, tour operators in the region received a surge of inquiries, with some of them even offering Che Guevara-themed trips, where travellers could "follow in the footsteps of the revolutionary icon "The crew filmed in the same San Pablo Leper Colony that Guevara himself had visited  According to Bernal, 85% of the people suffering leprosy in the film were actual lepers, with some of them having lived there when Che and Granado worked at the colony  In fact, when Granado returned with the film crew to the leprosarium of San Pablo, he found some of the people he had treated half a century earlier, remarking that "It was wonderful and amazing that they could still remember me " Granado was also pleased that buildings constructed for the scenes shot at the leprosarium were afterwards used by the patients themselves The scene which features Guevara's character swimming across to the other side of the river was filmed during three nights in which Bernal swam across the actual Amazon River 

Soundtrack
The score for The Motorcycle Diaries was composed by Gustavo Santaolalla  The film's soundtrack was released on the Deutsche Grammophon label in 2004 

Distribution
The film was first presented at the Sundance Film Festival on 15 January 2004  Granado had an invitation to the Sundance premiere, but he was refused an entry Visa by the United States  Later it was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival on 19 May, and Granado was able to attend The film later screened at many other film festivals, including: the Auckland International Film Festival, New Zealand; the Copenhagen International Film Festival, Denmark; the Espoo Film Festival, Finland; the Telluride Film Festival, United States; the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada; the Vancouver International Film Festival, Canada; the Celebrating Literature in Cinema Film Festival Frankfurt, Germany; and the Morelia Film Festival, Mexico 
Release datesUnited States: 15 January 2004 (premiere at Sundance Film Festival)
France: 7 July 2004
Argentina: 29 July 2004
United Kingdom: 27 August 2004
United States: 24 September 2004
Chile:  21 October 2004
Germany: 28 October 2004

Critical reception
The Motorcycle Diaries may not provide any satisfactory answers as to how a 23-year-old medical student went on to become arguably the most famous revolutionary of the latter half of the 20th Century, but it has an undeniable charm in that it imbues the memories of youth with a sense of altruism and purity – which are complemented by the scenery  It's an incomplete portrait to be sure, but it's a gorgeous depiction of two best friends riding unknowingly into the history books "
The Motorcycle Diaries was released to very positive reviews by critics, and received a standing ovation at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival  The New York Times film critic, A O  Scott, wrote that "in Mr  Salles's hands what might have been a schematic story of political awakening becomes a lyrical exploration of the sensations and perceptions from which a political understanding of the world emerges " Gregory Weinkauf of the Dallas Observer espoused that the film "delivers as both biography and road movie, and proves itself a deceptively humble epic, an illuminating part of the Che legacy " Claudia Puig of USA Today postulated that "the movie achieves an impressive blend of emotional resonance and light entertainment" while describing it as "more coming-of-age story than biopic" and "a transformative adventure well worth watching " Keri Petersen of The Gainesville Sun referred to the film as "a gorgeous, poetic adventure "Paula Nechak of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised director Salles by remarking that he "presents the evolutionary course of a young man who coincidentally became the dorm-room poster boy for an idealistic generation, and captures the lovely, heart-and-eye-opening ode to youthful possibility with affection and compassion " Washington Post critic Desson Thomson lent praise for the film's starring actor by observing that "what Bernal and this well-wrought movie conveys so well is the charisma that would soon become a part of human history, and yes, T-shirts "Among the film's few detractors was Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, who described the film's positive reviews as "a matter of political correctness, I think; it is uncool to be against Che Guevara " Ebert also criticized the film's characterization: "seen simply as a film, The Motorcycle Diaries is attenuated and tedious  We understand that Ernesto and Alberto are friends, but that's about all we find out about them; they develop none of the complexities of other on-the-road couples    Nothing is startling or poetic " Jessica Winter of The Village Voice also criticized the film's simplistic representation of the peasantry, describing "the young men's encounters with conscience-pricking, generically noble locals" who are occasionally assembled "to face the camera in a still life of heroic, art-directed suffering"  The film also received criticism for its positive representation of Guevara as a youthful idealist  Anthony Daniels, an outspoken critic of Guevara's, argued that the film helps to continue his wrongful glorification, noting "The film is thus the cinematic equivalent of the Che Guevara T-shirt; it is morally monstrous and emotionally trivial " Frans Weiser agreed, saying that the film's narrative is dominated by reductive images of Guevara as an idealistic, loveable rogue Online review aggregator Metacritic gives the film a score of 75 out of 100 based on 37 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Meanwhile, Rotten Tomatoes records an 83% approval rating based on 157 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The Motorcycle Diaries is heartfelt and profound in its rendering of the formative experiences that turn Ernesto "Che" Guevara into a famous revolutionary " Furthermore, British historian Alex von Tunzelmann, who reviews films at The Guardian for historical accuracy, graded the film an A− in "History", while giving the film a B in "Entertainment"  After comparing scenes from the film to the actual diaries, Tunzelmann posited that "The Motorcycle Diaries gets a lot right, it's an entertaining and accurate portrayal of the formative youth of a revolutionary icon "

Awards won
Cannes Film Festival: François Chalais Award, Walter Salles; Prize of the Ecumenical Jury, Walter Salles; Technical Grand Prize, Eric Gautier; 2004 
Donostia-San Sebastián International Film Festival: Audience Award Walter Salles; 2004 
Academy Awards: Oscar; Best Achievement in Music Written for Motion Pictures, Original Song; Jorge Drexler; for the song "Al otro lado del río"; 2005 
Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Best Actor, Rodrigo de la Serna; Best Music, Gustavo Santaolalla; Best Adapted Screenplay, Jose Rivera; 2005 
British Academy of Film and Television Arts: Best Film Not in the English Language, Michael Nozik, Edgard Tenenbaum, Karen Tenkhoff, Walter Salles; Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music, Gustavo Santaolalla; 2005 
Goya Awards: Goya; Best Adapted Screenplay, José Rivera; 2005 
Independent Spirit Awards: Independent Spirit Award; Best Cinematography, Eric Gautier; Best Debut Performance, Rodrigo de la Serna; 2005 

Related films
Passage 6:
Noon
Noon (or midday) is 12 o'clock in the daytime  It is written as 12 noon, 12:00 m  (for meridiem, literally 12:00 midday), 12 p m  (for post meridiem, literally "after midday"), 12 pm, or 12:00 (using a 24-hour clock) or 1200 (military time) 
Solar noon is the time when the Sun appears to contact the local celestial meridian  This is when the Sun reaches its apparent highest point in the sky, at 12 noon apparent solar time and can be observed using a sundial  The local or clock time of solar noon depends on the longitude and date, with Daylight Saving Time tending to place solar noon closer to 1:00pm 

Etymology
The word noon is derived from Latin nona hora, the ninth canonical hour of the day, in reference to the Western Christian liturgical term none, one of the seven fixed prayer times in traditional Christian denominations  The Roman and Western European medieval monastic day began at 6:00 a m  (06:00) at the equinox by modern timekeeping, so the ninth hour started at what is now 3:00 p m  (15:00) at the equinox  In English, the meaning of the word shifted to midday and the time gradually moved back to 12:00 local time – that is, not taking into account the modern invention of time zones  The change began in the 12th century and was fixed by the 14th century 

Solar noon
Solar noon, also known as the local apparent solar noon and Sun transit time (informally high noon), is the moment when the Sun contacts the observer's meridian (culmination or meridian transit), reaching its highest position above the horizon on that day and casting the shortest shadow  This is also the origin of the terms ante meridiem (a m ) and post meridiem (p m ), as noted below  The Sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the Equator on the equinoxes, at the Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23°26′10 4″ N) on the June solstice and at the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26′10 4″ S) on the December solstice  In the Northern Hemisphere, north of the Tropic of Cancer, the Sun is due south of the observer at solar noon; in the Southern Hemisphere, south of the Tropic of Capricorn, it is due north 
The elapsed time from the local solar noon of one day to the next is exactly 24 hours on only four instances in any given year  This occurs when the effects of Earth's obliquity of ecliptic and its orbital speed around the Sun offset each other  These four days for the current epoch are centered on 11 February, 13 May, 26 July, and 3 November  It occurs at only one particular line of longitude in each instance  This line varies year to year, since Earth's true year is not an integer number of days  This event time and location also varies due to Earth's orbit being gravitationally perturbed by the planets  These four 24-hour days occur in both hemispheres simultaneously  The precise UTC times for these four days also mark when the opposite line of longitude, 180° away, experiences precisely 24 hours from local midnight to local midnight the next day  Thus, four varying great circles of longitude define from year to year when a 24-hour day (noon to noon or midnight to midnight) occurs 
The two longest time spans from noon to noon occur twice each year, around 20 June (24 hours plus 13 seconds) and 21 December (24 hours plus 30 seconds) 
The shortest time spans occur twice each year, around 25 March (24 hours minus 18 seconds) and 13 September (24 hours minus 22 seconds) 
For the same reasons, solar noon and "clock noon" are usually not the same  The equation of time shows that the reading of a clock at solar noon will be higher or lower than 12:00 by as much as 16 minutes  Additionally, due to the political nature of time zones, as well as the application of daylight saving time, it can be off by more than an hour 

Nomenclature
In the US, noon is commonly indicated by 12 p m , and midnight by 12 a m  While some argue that such usage is "improper" based on the Latin meaning (a m  stands for ante meridiem and p m  for post meridiem, meaning "before midday" and "after midday" respectively), digital clocks are unable to display anything else, and an arbitrary decision must be made  An earlier standard of indicating noon as "12M" or "12m" (for "meridies"), which was specified in the U S  GPO Government Style Manual, has fallen into relative obscurity; the current edition of the GPO makes no mention of it  However, due to the lack of an international standard, the use of "12 a m " and "12 p m " can be confusing  Common alternative methods of representing these times are:

to use a 24-hour clock (00:00 and 12:00, 24:00; but never 24:01)
to use "12 noon" or "12 midnight" (though "12 midnight" may still present ambiguity regarding the specific date)
to specify midnight as between two successive days or dates (as in "midnight Saturday/Sunday" or "midnight December 14/15")
to avoid those specific times and to use "11:59 p m " or "12:01 a m " instead  (This is common in the travel industry to avoid confusion to passengers' schedules, especially train and plane schedules )

See also
Afternoon
Analemma
Dipleidoscope
Hour angle
Solar azimuth angle

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Rockin' You Tonight
Rockin' You Tonight is the second studio album by American country music artist Blaine Larsen  Released in 2006 on BNA Records (in association with Giantslayer Records), the album produced two singles for Larsen on the Hot Country Songs charts: "I Don't Know What She Said" and "Spoken Like a Man", which respectively reached number 24 and number 42  Also included is a cover of Mac Davis's "Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me", as well as "I'm in Love with a Married Woman", which was previously recorded and released as a single by Mark Chesnutt from his 2002 self-titled album  "Let Alone You" was later recorded by Easton Corbin on his eponymous debut album in 2010 

Track listing
Personnel
Eddie Bayers - drums, percussion
Spady Brannan - bass guitar
Perry Coleman - background vocals
Mickey Jack Cones - background vocals
J T  Corenflos - baritone guitar, electric guitar
Stuart Duncan - fiddle, mandolin
Kevin "Swine" Grantt - bass guitar
Tommy Harden - drums, percussion
Blaine Larsen - lead vocals
Chris Leuzinger - baritone guitar, electric guitar
Bill McDermott - electric guitar
Brent Mason - electric guitar
Jimmy Nichols - accordion, Hammond organ, piano, synthesizer horns, Wurlitzer
Danny Parks - electric guitar
Biff Watson - acoustic guitar, nylon string guitar, hi-string guitar
Gretchen Wilson - duet vocals on "Lips of a Bottle"
Lonnie Wilson - drums, percussion
Glenn Worf - bass guitar

Chart performance
Album
Passage 2:
Saturday Night Footy
In Australia, Saturday Night Footy (formerly as Saturday Night Football) is the broadcasting of Australian Football League (AFL) Saturday night matches on television  Saturday Night Footy is generally considered to be one of the biggest stages and generates publicity for the clubs involved  It is for this reason that clubs involved generally want to perform at their best to avoid large-scale criticism from the media  The Seven Network has held the primary broadcast rights for the AFL since the start of the 2012 season 
The commentary team is led by Basil Zempilas, Cameron Ling, Luke Darcy and Matthew Richardson  Samantha Lane provides reports during the match and also features as a reporter during the pre-match segment, which runs for 45 minutes (or one hour for matches played in Adelaide or Perth) before the match is played  Dr  Peter Larkins provides injury updates during and after the feature match  The show begins at 6:30pm every Saturday night, immediately following Seven News in most markets 
The pre-match show, titled The Kick, is anchored by Darcy and runs for one hour in the lead-up to the feature match  This portion of the telecast includes, among others, segments such as: interviews with players and the coaches involved in the feature match, going behind the scenes of a team's training session, and featuring various celebrity guests  Rachael Finch, Lleyton Hewitt and Redfoo, among others, have featured as guests on Saturday Night Footy The post-match show, anchored by Darcy, reviews the match in detail and includes interviews with the players and coaches from both sides  The team also crosses to Sam McClure, at Footy Central, to recap the rest of the day's matches, and also to provide injury and player updates from those matches 
The original Saturday Night Footy telecast may not air into some states, as the current broadcasting contract requires the local teams to be televised into their respective states (for example, Saturday night matches involving the Brisbane Lions must be televised into Queensland)  The pre-match show may also be omitted from the schedule if a local team's match being played in the twilight timeslot (i e  4:35 pm) is televised and overlaps into the 6:30pm timeslot 
During Seven's exclusively live broadcast of the AFL Grand Final as part of the 2012-2016 Broadcast Deal, the Saturday Night Footy team host both the pre-match show and the post-match show 
In 2018, James Brayshaw will join the Saturday Night Footy team 

See also
Friday Night Football (AFL)
Passage 3:
Lopez Tonight
Lopez Tonight is an American late-night television talk show that was hosted by the comedian George Lopez  The hour-long program premiered on November 9, 2009, on cable network TBS   Lopez was the first Mexican-American to host a late-night talk show on an English-language network in the United States  The show featured audience interaction using a high-energy format  The program aired Monday through Thursday at midnight Eastern and Pacific, immediately following Conan  On August 10, 2011, TBS announced that Lopez Tonight would be canceled  The final episode aired the following night 

History
Phillip Kent, the chief executive of TBS, announced in March 2009 that George Lopez had signed a contract to host his own late-night talk show on TBS in November of that year  During interviews, Lopez said that he would bring the change to late-night television and that he wants the show to reach a diverse audience  He also stated that he would become the first Hispanic American to host a late-night talk show  The show debuted on November 9, 2009, with guests Kobe Bryant and Eva Longoria, as well as a special appearance from Ellen DeGeneres and a musical performance from Carlos Santana 

Arrival of Conan O'Brien and cancellation
The 2010 Tonight Show conflict resulted in Conan O'Brien's departure from NBC and The Tonight Show  Jay Leno returned to The Tonight Show, abandoning his prime time experiment, The Jay Leno Show  As a part of his severance deal, O'Brien was given a $32-million payout, a $12-million payout for his show's staff, and the ability to pursue options on other channels after September 1, 2010 
Hours before O'Brien's Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour, O'Brien officially announced he had signed with TBS to create his own late-night talk show at 11:00 pm beginning in November 2010, thus pushing Lopez Tonight back to midnight  O'Brien was hesitant at first, saying he didn't want to do that to Lopez after what NBC had done to him, but Lopez himself called him and persuaded him to take the job  On the April 12 edition of Lopez Tonight, George addressed the situation by saying, "I was on Team Coco, now I'm on Team Loco!" 
However, the move caused a steep decline in ratings  On August 10, 2011, TBS canceled Lopez Tonight effective at the end of the week  O'Brien said of the announcement on his show, taping just hours after it was confirmed:

"I want to take one second right now and talk about something serious  Today, not long ago—a couple of hours ago—it was announced that TBS is not renewing George Lopez's show for a third season  I have very strong feelings about this, and I wanted to talk about it  Had it not been for George being so incredibly supportive of me a year and a half ago, I would not have come to TBS and we would not be doing this show right now  I owe that man a lot, and frankly, it makes me very sad that TBS and George could not work this out  I really like being a part of a late-night lineup with George, and I wish that this could've continued  So, tonight, all of our thoughts are with George and his entire staff and crew  We understand, believe me, how hard this is for all of you, and we wish you all the best "

Format
The show followed the established six-piece format established by the likes of Steve Allen and Johnny Carson  The first segment included a monologue by Lopez, sometimes accompanied by several one-liners, or several brief comedy sketches  Most episodes also included a second segment, immediately after the monologue, with a full comedy sketch  An interview with either one or two guests followed, as well as a musical or comedy performance 

Recurring segments
Sketches introduced on the show include Bullet Wound or Not a Bullet Wound, a stereotypical game show similar to Jay Leno's "Jaywalking" where guests must answer seemingly racist questions, Creepy Little White Girl in which a horrific little girl appears on the stage to deliver bad news, The Jersey Shore Presents, a mocking piece where cast members of Jersey Shore star in hit movies, Sweet Tweets where Lopez answers questions submitted from Twitter, WWE Superstars Karoake where many WWE Superstars performed karaoke songs, Justin Bieber's Memories a segment that mocks Justin Bieber and his childhood, and "Eric Estrada" where colored lights flash and various guests, including Benjamin Bratt and Jon Cryer come out of the double doors in a California Highway Patrol motorcycle uniform 

Timeline
November 9, 2009 — Lopez Tonight debuts with guests Eva Longoria and Kobe Bryant as well as a special appearance by Ellen DeGeneres, and a musical performance from Carlos Santana, who performed "Oye Como Va" 
November 12, 2009 — Comedian Larry David appears on the show and takes a DNA test revealing his results to be 63 percent European and 37 percent Native American 
November 25, 2009 — George officially announces that Arsenio Hall would become the permanent guest host of Lopez Tonight 
December 15, 2009 — A special reunion episode, featuring the main cast of George Lopez  Musical guests War performed "Low Rider", the theme song to the former show as well as Lopez Tonight 
January 18, 2010 — Jennifer Lopez performs the opening monologue for Lopez Tonight, addressing the 2010 Tonight Show conflict, beginning with "Welcome to Lopez Tonight, where nobody gets fired"!
April 1, 2010 — As part of an April Fool's Day joke, musician Usher corrected Lopez after incorrectly stating he had two kids, saying that he had three, and went on to say that how upset he was when people didn't get their facts straight, however Usher revealed it to be a joke and that he did indeed have two kids 
April 12, 2010 — George Lopez announces that beginning in November 2010, Conan O'Brien will officially join TBS for his own late-night talk show which will push Lopez Tonight back one hour from 11:00 pm to midnight 
June 24, 2010 – Lopez Tonight celebrates its 100th episode, with guests Kobe Bryant and Louis C K  with special appearances from Arsenio Hall, Clint Eastwood, Tom Cruise, Donald Trump, Russell Brand, and Eddie Van Halen  At the end of the show, George alongside his band performed the Van Halen song "Panama" 
August 18, 2010 – George Lopez bets Bow Wow $25,000 to charity that the Los Angeles Lakers would beat the Miami Heat on Christmas Day 
October 19, 2010 – The cast of Jackass 3D appears on the show 
November 3, 2010 – Conan O'Brien officially appears on the show promoting his new talk show, Conan, which moves Lopez Tonight to midnight 
November 4, 2010 – Lopez Tonight celebrates its last show in the 11:00PM time slot as it prepares to move to 12:00AM in order for the arrival of Conan  Guests on the show were Andy Richter, Bret Michaels, and a musical performance from Good Charlotte 
November 8, 2010 – Lopez Tonight airs its first show in the midnight time slot  The show features many changes including a new opening sequence as well as a new set  Guests on the show included Janet Jackson, Antoine Dodson, and a musical performance from Rooney 
August 10, 2011 – Lopez Tonight is canceled by TBS with the series finale airing August 12, 2011 
August 15, 2011 – Repeats of The Office filled in the former Lopez Tonight timeslot after several weeks of his show repeats 
August 18, 2011 – The official TBS Lopez Tonight website was taken down and currently redirects the site to tbs com 

Production
Studio and set design
The show was taped at Warner Bros  Studios in Burbank, California, near The Ellen DeGeneres Show studio  The stage layout followed a street-party theme  The show differed from many other late-night talk shows, most notably for not featuring a desk or background of the city in which the show is taped 

House band
Lopez Tonight's house band was Michael Bearden and the Ese Vato's, who are famous for performances with Michael Jackson and Shakira  The band consisted of leader and keyboard player Michael Bearden, guitarist Tommy Organ, bass player Alex Al, percussionist Lenny Castro, trumpeter Bill Churchville, drummer Robin DiMaggio, and saxophonist Sean Holt  As in common talk show format, Michael Bearden and the Ese Vato's would perform the show's opening and closing theme, bumpers into and out of commercial breaks  The show's opening theme was "Lowrider" by the band War, which was also the theme song for George Lopez 

Reception
The show has been critically panned  Metacritic scored the show with a 39/100 based on six reviews  
Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe claims "Lopez has a full-throated energy and a weakness for sophomoric guy humor that can be grating, especially since his show will air Monday through Thursday nights " The New York Times says "Mr  Lopez said he was 'bringing change to late-night TV,' but the only significant change was a coarsening of the already crass atmosphere "

See also
List of Lopez Tonight episodes
Passage 4:
I Don't Want This Night to End
"I Don't Want This Night to End" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan  It was released in September 2011 as the second single from his album Tailgates & Tanlines  The song, written by Bryan, Rhett Akins, Dallas Davidson and Ben Hayslip, is a "guy meets girl" love story 
The song received positive reviews from critics who praised the simplistic writing and catchy chorus  "I Don't Want This Night to End" peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, giving Bryan his third number-one country music hit in both charts and starting a streak of eighteen consecutive number one hits for him  This streak ended in 2019 when "What Makes You Country" peaked at number 7 on Hot Country Songs, and number 2 on Country Airplay  It also charted at number 22 on the Hot 100 chart, the same position as his previous single "Country Girl (Shake It for Me)"  The song was certified 4× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 2,730,000 copies in the United States as of August 2015  The song achieved minor chart success in Canada, peaking at number 48 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart  It also garnered a Platinum certification from Music Canada, selling over 80,000 copies in that country 
The accompanying music video was directed by Shaun Silva and features actress Cameron Richardson as Bryan's love interest 

Content
Bryan told The Boot that the song is about "a guy meeting a girl, and it's the first night that they're hanging out  It's a magical night and he doesn't want it to end  It's got a big fun chorus in it " He co-wrote the song with Rhett Akins, Dallas Davidson, and Ben Hayslip, collectively known as The Peach Pickers  After Hayslip provided the title, Bryan began playing a melody on a guitar  Hayslip then said that his publisher, Randy Gaston, recommended that he write "a song that talks about putting your hands up in the chorus" The song is set in the key of A minor and has a moderate tempo of approximately 112 beats per minute  The verses use a chord pattern of Am-G-Fsus2 three times, with a C-G-F pattern twice on the chorus followed by the original pattern of Am-G-Fsus2 twice  It ends on the Fsus2 chord 

Critical reception
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song four stars out of five, calling the chorus "pretty memorable" and saying that the writers "did a nice job of not over-thinking things " Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song three and a half stars of five, writing that the chorus is "infectious and sing-a-long ready" and the song is "strong, well-written" and "sounds great on the radio, just like it will in concerts "Billboard and American Songwriter ranked "I Don't Want This Night to End" at number four and number one, respectively, on their lists of the 10 greatest Luke Bryan songs 

Music video
The music video was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered on November 8, 2011  Bryan portrays a country music star who falls for a new girl (played by actress Cameron Richardson) while he is home from the road  The video is a prequel to the music video for "Drunk On You" which was later released as a single 

Commercial performance
"I Don't Want This Night to End" debuted at number 44 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of September 17, 2011  It debuted at number 90 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of October 15, 2011  The song was certified five times platinum by the RIAA on August 3, 2020  As of August 2015, the song has sold 2,730,000 copies in the US It debuted at number 80 on Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of November 5, 2011 

Charts and certifications
Passage 5:
Home Alone Tonight
"Home Alone Tonight" is a song recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan as a duet with Karen Fairchild of American country music group Little Big Town for his fifth studio album, Kill the Lights (2015)  Upon the release of the album, the song entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at number 33 on the strength of digital downloads  It was serviced to American country radio on November 23, 2015 as the album's third official single  The song was written by Jody Stevens, Cole Taylor, Jaida Dreyer and Tommy Cecil 

Live performances
Bryan and Fairchild performed the song live at the 2015 American Music Awards 

Content
The song is a mid-tempo ballad in which a man and woman meet in a bar and plot revenge on their former lovers together 

Critical reception
An uncredited review from Taste of Country was favorable, stating that it "features more progressive production than 'Strip It Down,' but isn’t quite as edgy as 'Kick the Dust Up ' One would hardly call the arrangement organic, but that fits the mood  The two spontaneous lovers promise they won’t regret what’s to come, even though both know it’s not true  It’s an inevitability that many will relate to "

Commercial performance
The song debuted at number 33 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated of August 29, 2015, the week the album was released, selling 13,000 copies in its first week  It debuted at number 55 on the Country Airplay chart dated of November 14, 2015 in anticipation of its official release  After Bryan and Fairchild performed the song on the 2015 American Music Awards, it debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated of December 12, 2015, selling 16,000 copies  It became Bryan's thirteenth consecutive (and fifteenth overall) number one country music single on the Country Airplay chart dated of February 13, 2016  The song has sold 441,000 copies in the US as of April 2016 

Charts
Certifications
Passage 6:
Eliza Biscaccianti
Eliza Biscaccianti (1824 – July 1896) was an American operatic soprano from Boston, Massachusetts  Born Eliza Ostinelli, she was the daughter of pianist Sophia Hewitt Ostinelli, the only woman to have ever been employed as an organist and accompanist by Boston's Handel and Haydn Society and the second musician ever to perform the work of Beethoven in Boston, and Louis Ostinelli, a native of Italy who became a second violinist with, and later a conductor of, the Handel and Haydn Society  Her uncle was composer John Hill Hewitt and her grandfather was conductor, composer and music publisher James Hewitt She was nicknamed "The American Thrush" 

Musical training, marriage and singing career
From 1842 to 1847 Biscaccianti studied singing in Italy, most notably with Giuditta Pasta  She made her professional opera debut at Teatro Lirico in Milan in May 1847 as Elvira in Ernani  While in Italy she married the Italian cellist Count Alessandro Biscaccianti  They returned to the United States in late 1847 when Biscaccianti was offered a contract at the Astor Opera House in New York City  She made her debut at the Astor opera house as Amina in La sonnambula  She was later heard that season in the title role of Lucia di Lammermoor After the Astor Place Riot in 1849, she returned to her native city of Boston where she was lauded for her opera performances  She then toured to San Francisco in 1852 where she was one of the star performers in the fledgling opera scene in that city during 
Madame Biscaccianti received from a large and highly intelligent audience, on the occasion of her re-appearance, last evening, one of the most flattering welcomes that we have ever seen bestowed upon a public favorite  It was her first concert in several weeks, and she had barely recovered from an illness which still left its enfeebling effects upon her frame; but her voice was strong, pure and exquisitely flexible, and her spirits buoyant and animated  She sang with a degree of fervor and expression that called for the most enthusiastic testimonials, in the forms of plaudits, "bravos" and bouquets, from a delighted auditory  Her execution, too, was brilliant and artistic; and we see no reason to change the opinion we expressed many months since, after one of the fair Signora's 'Benevolent Concerts'; that the strength and purity of her tones and her brilliancy of style and execution continually increase, and her increasing success is manifest at every concert given by Madam B  in this city 
According to Verdi historian, George Martin:
Because she had been born in Boston of a New England mother, Biscaccianti was known popularly as "The American Thrush," but she had studied in Europe and sung in Paris, Milan, St  Petersburg, and London, founding a claim to be the first American to sing opera in Europe  In the ten months that she remained in California she sang at least seventy recitals, thirty-five in San Francisco, thirteen in Sacramento, seven in Stockton, and the balance in smaller towns 
In 1853 Biscaccianti performed in operas in South America, including in Lima, Peru  After retiring from the stage she taught singing in Milan  In her elder years she lived in a home for artists in Paris that was supported by a foundation in memory of Rossini 

Death
By the time of her death in 1896, according to Ammer, Biscaccianti was impoverished  She died, aged 72, at the Rossini Foundation Home for Musicians in Paris 

Notes
Passage 7:
Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight
"Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor, from his 1972 album One Man Dog  
The song has been included on three of Taylor's greatest-hits collection albums: Greatest Hits (1976), Classic Songs (1987) and The Best of James Taylor (2003)  Taylor re-recorded the song for the 2001 Michael Brecker album Nearness of You: The Ballad Book; this rendition won Taylor the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2002 

Personnel
James Taylor – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Danny Kortchmar – electric guitar
Craig Doerge – piano
Lee Sklar – bass guitar
Russ Kunkel – drums, congas
Michael Brecker – tenor saxophone

Reception
Billboard described "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" as a "ballad beauty " Record World called it a "superb lilting ballad featuring stunning Peter Asher production work and a terrific saxophone finale "  AllMusic reviewer Bill Janovitz wrote that the song is "a stunning example of the Tin Pan Alley-type of jazzy romantic ballad", and that the song's lyrics, about "a betrayed lover who allows his lonely heart to control his head", were unusual in that songs on that theme were usually performed by female artists  Berwyn Life critic Steve Sparacio said that it "is simply one of the most beautiful ballads in existence "

Chart performance
It was released as the lead single from the album, and peaked at No  14 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100, reaching its peak position on January 13, 1973   It also reached No  3 Easy Listening  In Canada, the song reached No  18 on the Pop Singles chart and No  7 AC 

Covers and samples
The song has been recorded by the following artists:

Johnny Mathis, on Me and Mrs  Jones (1973)
Liza Minnelli, on The Singer (1973), her best-selling album
The Isley Brothers, on their platinum-selling album 3 + 3 (1973)  This version was done in 12/8 time, with a rhythm and blues feel 
Nancy Wilson, on Come Get to This (1975)
Isaac Hayes, on For the Sake of Love (1978), in a 7-minute, funk-infused version with a long instrumental introduction  The instrumental portion has been sampled in songs including "You Keep Leading Me On" by Mona Lisa (1996), "Rhyme No More" by Jay-Z (1997), "It's All Mo' Thug" by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (1997) and "Lovin You (On My Mind)" by Slim Thug featuring Z-Ro (2013) 
Mary MacGregor, on    In Your Eyes (1978)
Scottish band Wet Wet Wet on their debut album Popped in Souled Out (1987)
Brazilian jazz-bossa nova singer Kenia recorded and released her own revival in 1987 
Oleta Adams, on Evolution (1992)
Michael Brecker, on Nearness of You: The Ballad Book (2001)
Eric Clapton, on Reptile (2001)
Joe Cocker, on Heart & Soul (2005)
Euge Groove, on Livin’ Large (2004)
David Sanborn featuring Lizz Wright on Closer (2005)
Diane Schuur on Schuur Fire (2005)
Jazz saxophonist Boney James, on Send One Your Love (2009)  Vocals were by Quinn, in a style similar to the Isley Brothers' version  It was released as a single, and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance in 2010, losing to Beyoncé's cover of "At Last" 
Garth Brooks, on The Melting Pot album of the compilation box set Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences (2013)
Jazz singer and bassist Kristin Korb on the album What If (2021)

Other cover versions
"Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" has also been performed live by artists including George Benson, Pat Metheny, and Earth, Wind & Fire 
Passage 8:
Silly Love Songs (Glee)
"Silly Love Songs" is the twelfth episode of the second season of the American musical television series Glee, and the thirty-fourth overall  The Valentine's Day-themed episode was written by series creator Ryan Murphy, directed by Tate Donovan, and premiered on Fox on February 8, 2011  In this episode, Director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) assigns the McKinley High School glee club to perform love songs in honor of Valentine's Day  Club member Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) sets up a kissing booth for the occasion, to take advantage of his rising popularity and raise money for the club  At the Dalton Academy, Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and the Dalton Academy Warblers make plans to perform a musical number outside of the campus, and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) confesses his love for Blaine 
"Silly Love Songs" was met with critical acclaim, with much of the praise stemming from the character development and the musical performances  Melissa Maerz of the Los Angeles Times, Emily VanDerWerff of The A V  Club, and Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post all deemed the storyline as entertaining, while Joel Keller of the TV Squad went on to call the episode "the best episode of the season " The episode features cover versions of six songs, including a cover of "P Y T " by Michael Jackson and "My Funny Valentine" from the musical Babes in Arms  Many of the covers and performances were met with positive reception from critics and fans alike, with much of the praise going to the Glee covers of "Fat Bottomed Girls" by Queen and "Silly Love Songs" by Paul McCartney, respectively  All songs with the exception of "My Funny Valentine" were released as singles and made available for digital download 
Upon its initial airing, the episode was watched by just under 11 58 million American viewers, and it garnered a 4 6/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic  Both the total viewership and ratings were significantly down from the previous episode, "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", which aired immediately after the Super Bowl 

Plot
Glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) gives New Directions a love song assignment  Having fallen for the group's newest member Lauren Zizes (Ashley Fink), Puck (Mark Salling) serenades her with Queen's "Fat Bottomed Girls"  Lauren finds his song choice insulting and stands him up on a pre-Valentine's date, but eventually agrees to spend Valentine's Day with him as friends 

Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) and Mike Chang (Harry Shum Jr ) celebrate their respective relationships by performing Michael Jackson's "P Y T  (Pretty Young Thing)" for their girlfriends, Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris) and Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz)  Tina later begins to sing "My Funny Valentine" to Mike, but is too overcome with emotion, and begins to cry while continuing to sing 
Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) sets up a kissing booth, to take advantage of his popularity in the hope of kissing his ex-girlfriend Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron)  He also wants to donate the proceeds to the glee club  Quinn initially refuses to buy a kiss from Finn, but does so at the insistence of her boyfriend Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet), who is suspicious of their relationship  The kiss further re-ignites Finn and Quinn's feelings for one another, and they begin an affair  Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), angry for having recently had her bad behavior highlighted by the other club members, conspires to give them mono and reveal Quinn's infidelity  Finn's most recent ex-girlfriend Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) is dismayed by his renewed feelings for Quinn, but resolves to concentrate on her career instead of romance, and leads the female New Directions members in a performance of Katy Perry's "Firework" 
At Dalton Academy, a private school attended by former New Directions member Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), the object of his affection Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) announces his intention to sing a love song to his crush  Kurt believes that Blaine has feelings for him, so is disappointed when his crush turns out to be Jeremiah (Alexander Nifong), the assistant manager at a local Gap store  The Dalton Academy Warblers accompany Blaine as he serenades Jeremiah with Robin Thicke's "When I Get You Alone"  Jeremiah is subsequently fired and rebuffs Blaine  Kurt confesses his feelings to Blaine, who tells Kurt that he cares for him but is terrible at romance, and does not want to risk damaging their friendship  The episode ends with New Directions assembled at Breadstix, a local restaurant, where the Warblers perform the titular "Silly Love Songs" 

Production
"Silly Love Songs" was first announced by Glee co-creator Ryan Murphy in an interview with a German journalist  The name of the episode and its airdate were announced shortly after the announcement of the show getting a short-term hiatus due to various cast members contracting the flu  Inspiration for the episode may be partially related to a lobbying effort by Paul McCartney to have covers of songs by The Beatles incorporated into Glee  In an interview with various reporters at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards, Murphy revealed that he received a mixtape that was sent from McCartney, who is reportedly a fan of the series  Recurring characters who appear in this episode include glee club members Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr ), Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet), and Lauren Zizes (Ashley Fink), football coach Shannon Beiste (Dot-Marie Jones), and Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) the lead singer of the Dalton Academy Warblers "Silly Love Songs" features cover versions of six songs: Katy Perry's "Firework", Queen's "Fat Bottomed Girls", Michael Jackson's "P Y T  (Pretty Young Thing)", "My Funny Valentine" from the musical Babes in Arms, "When I Get You Alone" by Robin Thicke, and "Silly Love Songs" by Paul McCartney and his band Wings  This was the fourth time a song by Katy Perry was used in a Glee episode, with the previous covers being "I Kissed a Girl" in the pilot, "Teenage Dream" on the episode "Never Been Kissed" and "California Gurls" on the previous episode "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle"  All songs with the exception of "My Funny Valentine" were released as singles and made available for digital download  All five singles were included on Glee soundtrack albums: "Firework", "P Y T  (Pretty Young Thing)", and "Fat Bottomed Girls" were featured in the sixth soundtrack album, Glee: The Music, Volume 5, while "Silly Love Songs" and "When I Get You Alone" were featured on the seventh, Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers 

Reception
Ratings
"Silly Love Songs" was originally broadcast in the United States on Fox on February 8, 2011  It received just under 11 58 million American viewers upon its initial airing, despite airing simultaneously with NCIS on CBS, The Biggest Loser on NBC, No Ordinary Family on ABC, and One Tree Hill on The CW  It garnered a 4 6/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, the highest rating of the night  This episode's total viewership and ratings were significantly down from the previous episode, "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", which was watched by over 26 8 million American viewers and received an 11 1/29 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic In Canada, where it also aired on February 8, 2011, the episode was watched by over 2 08 million viewers  It ranked number ten in the most-watched television programs of the week  The total viewership slightly declined from the previous episode, which attained 2 16 million viewers, as well as being the ninth most-watched television program of the week  In Australia, where the episode aired on February 21, 2011, it was viewed by 921,000 viewers upon its initial airing  It was the eleventh most-watched program on the night  The episode's total viewership declined at a marginal rate from the previous episode, which drew 1 13 million viewers, and was the fourth most-watched program of the night and the most-watched in the 18–49 demographic  It placed tenth in the weekly viewership rankings  In the UK, the episode was watched by 2 629 million viewers (2 233 million on E4, and 396,000 on E4+1), becoming the most-watched show on E4 and E4 +1 for the week, and the most-watched show on cable for the week 

Critical response
"Silly Love Songs" was met with critical acclaim from many television critics upon its initial airing  Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone gave a very positive review of the episode, and wrote, "This was our favorite type of Glee episode  Though we enjoy over-the-top spectacles [   ], the show's real cleverness shines when they take songs from across the board and fit them into a cohesive storyline  Sue Sylvester didn't make an appearance and—dare we say it—we didn't even miss her " Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle enjoyed the episode, going on to write, "I thought it was a strong showing, if a little disjointed  Well, at least it was honest  If this show is one thing, it's disjointed  It's part of its spazzy appeal " Melissa Maerz of the Los Angeles Times gave the episode a positive review: "On Tuesday night, Glee wasn’t only back at its usual time, it was back to doing what it does best: giving us entertaining [   ] storylines involving characters we care about who sing songs that emerge organically and advance the story  It was like a perfect heart-shaped bubble of an episode reminding the show’s fans about all the things we’ve missed about the show these last couple of months "Robert Canning of IGN also gave the episode a positive review, and opined, "With the dissing of glee club temporarily put on hold, Glee the series was able to have a little fun with Tuesday night's episode  And fun it was, with the gang of New Directions taking on Valentine's Day, with flirting, kissing and, of course, singing  Without the bullying, this was a much lighter episode of Glee, and the results gave way to a lot more laughs and story development " He went on to praise Ashley Fink's performance as Lauren Zizes, and said of Puck's falling in love with Lauren, "I can't decide if I want to root for this couple, but I certainly know I'm going to be rooting for Lauren " Canning ultimately gave the episode an 8 5 out of 10  Wyndham Wyeth of Paste went on to praise the episode for its depiction of relationships in high school, as well as the backing vocals for Salling's performance of "Fat Bottomed Girls" by Queen  Emily VanDerWerff of The A V  Club gave the episode a positive review and a grade of "A−": "'Silly Love Songs' is a fine example of the show at what's very nearly its absolute best  There's nothing too heady here, but if the show has one tone that it's nailed almost completely consistently, it's the feeling of teenage romance, the sense that the person you're in love with is the only person you will ever be in love with [   ] followed almost immediately by the crippling feeling of heartbreak, of losing that person too soon  Teenage life moves fast and is filled with heightened emotions



ground_truth: 24:00

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who sings Home Alone Tonight with the singer of "I Don't Want This Night to End"?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  And like most musicals, Glee has always been at its best when it embraces those two sides of its characters' lives  As such, 'Silly Love Songs', which is pretty much just an excuse to play around with the show's many romantic pairings among its glee club characters, is a lot of fun without trying all that hard " In conclusion of her review, she wrote, "The best episodes play that elation and devastation off of each other  The worst episodes flounder about for some sort of emotional foothold  But when Glee just tells small, sweet stories about these kids and the ways they're trying to cope with being in high school when they know they're meant for bigger things, it can be terrific  Tonight was one of those episodes, and tonight's episode was terrific  Here's to a good February sweeps "

Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4 6 out of 5 stars, and went on to describe the episode as "A funny, touching, entertaining Glee episode that didn't feature a single line from Sue Sylvester? I never thought I'd see the day  But that's exactly what transpired on 'Silly Love Songs', as the show stopped feeling like a Public Service Announcement for a week and actually focused on well-paced, well-written relationship developments among its core characters " Joel Keller of TV Squad gave the episode a positive review, and wrote, "'Silly Love Songs' strikes an interesting contrast to Sunday night's post-Super Bowl episode in that tonight was more about the kids and where they are in their stories than about big production numbers and Sue's cartoon evilness  It was also the funniest episode of the season, in no small part because we got some insight into the lives of two New Directions members we rarely get to hang out with for any length of time: Santana and Lauren " James Poniewozik of Time Magazine praised the storyline and the musical performances of the episode  However, Soraya Roberts of the Daily News gave the episode a negative review: "This show sometimes sounds like it was written by a PIT, prime idiot TV writer  It's almost as bad as Tina breaking down into tears for no reason while singing 'My Funny Valentine' to Mike and Blaine attempting to channel Frank Sinatra while singing Paul McCartney's 'Silly Love Songs' in the middle of Breadsticks " Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post praised the storyline, calling it cohesive 

Musical performances
The musical covers and performances for the episode were mostly well received by critics and fans alike  Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly stated that her favorite was "Silly Love Songs" by Paul McCartney, performed by the Warblers  In a review of the performance, she wrote, "This is much more Warbler-esque than 'When I Get You Alone'  I had also been worried we wouldn't get our weekly dose of dorky Warbler dance moves  Plus, major points for the blink-and-you'll-miss-it moment when Blaine sang the love 'won't come at all' line to Santana  It was probably my personal biggest laugh-out-loud moment of the episode " She gave the performance an "A"  She also praised Puck's performance of "Fat Bottomed Girls", and opined, "In general, I'm in love with Mark Salling's voice  He's right up there with Artie [   ] in my book  And this song was smothered in awesome sauce  Bonus points for Puck's sort-of-feminine head bob, Brittany's background groovin', the club's reactions to him singing to Lauren, and Mr  Schu's mild eye-roll " She went on to give the performance an "A−"  Kristin Coachman of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer was a bit more critical of Puck's cover of the song: "This week Mark Salling [   ] is singing Queen's 'Fat Bottomed Girls'  I know this song fits in with Puck's storyline for the episode, but I feel like the song was in the wrong key for him  At times it sounded like he was straining to hit the higher notes  Because of this, I have to wonder if the backing vocals are purposely drowning his voice out  It seems depending on the song selection for him, Salling's vocal performances continue to be very hit or miss this season "Tina's cover of "My Funny Valentine" stirred mixed emotions in Gonzalez  She criticized the ending: "When she started sobbing, it got weird  Then weirder  Then downright uncomfortable " However, she liked the earlier part of the performance, and wrote, "It was übersweet when Tina started getting choked up during her song, because let's face it, it happens  You can love someone so much it hurts  If she would have continued the song with a mild lump in her throat, I think I might have gotten choked up with her "Rachel's cover of "Firework" by Katy Perry was reviewed negatively by Coachman  She wrote, "I'm not loving Michele’s vocals on this track  It was like they wanted to purposely make her sound like Katy Perry  As much as I really like Katy Perry, Michele has more of a tremendous voice  There are parts where I thought she sounded really great, but for the most part this song just wasn't my cup of tea  Michele has such a beautiful voice; I wish she was given songs that would allow her to showcase it to her advantage " Katie Morgan of Billboard gave a positive review of the Warblers' performance of "Silly Love Songs", writing, "Not only do they sound great [   ], but the song brings a sugary sweet end to a super-saccharine episode " The Marquee Blog at CNN gave the music numbers a positive review  A notable segment reads: "I just loved seeing The Warblers get their groove on amidst the jeans and cotton T-shirts  And Kurt was super gracious trying to be supportive of Blaine, in spite of his own feelings  I also totally loved the music [   ] and overall this was one of my favorite episodes this season  Brett Berk of Vanity Fair praised Salling's performance of "Fat Bottomed Girls", as well as the casts' performances of "P Y T " by Michael Jackson and "When I get You Alone" by Robin Thicke  Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone gave Salling's performance a positive review  She wrote, "We were thoroughly entertained by Puck's attempt to win newbie Lauren Zizes over with his tribute to her larger figure  Only in Puck's world would Queen's raucous song qualify as a serenade—and our horror-turned-amusement was mirrored on his fellow New Directions' faces  Puck is no Freddie Mercury, but he handles the melody well and makes up for lack of range with swagger "

Chart history
All five of the cover versions released as singles debuted on the Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on other musical charts  With these new Hot 100 debuts, plus the debut the same week of "She's Not There" from the prior episode "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", which had aired two days before "Silly Love Songs", the Glee Cast passed Elvis Presley's record of 108 singles on the Hot 100, reaching 113 singles  The cast had nine songs on the Hot 100 that week, a new record for them  The show's rendition of "Firework" debuted at number thirty-four; it was at number thirty-five on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100  The other four songs from this episode on the Hot 100 were "Silly Love Songs" at number forty-five, which also made number fifty-four on the Canadian Hot 100, "When I Get You Alone" at number forty-seven, which also made number sixty-one on the Canadian Hot 100, "Fat Bottomed Girls" at number fifty-six, which also made number fifty on the Canadian Hot 100, and "P Y T  (Pretty Young Thing)" at number fifty-eight, which also made number sixty-nine on the Canadian Hot 100 
Passage 9:
Up All Night (Matt Willis song)
"Up All Night" is the debut solo single by English musician Matt Willis  It was released as a single on 22 May 2006 and appears on his debut album, Don't Let It Go to Waste  The song is about how Willis keeps thinking of a girl, and as a result cannot sleep at night  It debuted at number 52 on the UK Singles Chart on download sales alone  The following week, it peaked at number seven after the physical release  It stayed in the UK chart for a total of four weeks 
The video for "Up All Night" features Willis in a house late at night and flashes back and forth between scenes of Willis having difficulty sleeping and Willis in the midst of a party  Willis's first televised performance of "Up All Night" took place on 7 May 2006 on Top of the Pops  He then performed the song again on the same show on 28 May 2006, three weeks since his TV debut 

Track listings
CD2 contains a free beer mat, with images of a dragon on the front and Willis on the rear 

Charts
Passage 10:
I Don't Want to Go Back Alone
I Don't Want to Go Back Alone (Portuguese: Eu Não Quero Voltar Sozinho) is a 2010 Brazilian short film directed by Daniel Ribeiro  The short won the 2011 Iris Prize 
It was later expanded into Ribeiro's 2014 feature film The Way He Looks 

Plot
Leonardo "Leo" is a 15-year-old blind high school student with his one friend in class, Giovana, sitting next to him  Seated behind Leonardo is the new student Gabriel  After class Giovana invites Gabriel to walk home with herself and Leonardo; she customarily links arms with him for support even though his house is further from the school than hers  Later Giovana teases Leonardo about never confiding in her about romance and suggests he receive math tutoring from Gabriel 
Over time the three grow closer, walking home and playing games together  Leonardo becomes more self-conscious about appearance, asking questions about what he and Gabriel look like  Gabriel volunteers to take over escorting Leonardo so Giovana doesn't have to backtrack, though she possessively says that's not necessary  However, Leo happily agrees  A school project requires same-sex pairs, leading Leonardo to work with Gabriel instead of Giovana  During a more serious conversation about his blindness, Gabriel points out Giovana's attraction to Leonardo, but Leonardo says he does not reciprocate  After school one day, Leo links arms with Gabriel rather than Giovana, much to Gabriel's surprise and Giovana's chagrin 
When they arrive at his house, Leonardo changes shirts in front of Gabriel, who is stunned before removing his own sweatshirt  Gabriel asks Leonardo where the bathroom is to brush his teeth, but Gabriel is standing in the doorway and sees Leonardo smelling his sweatshirt  However he does not mention this to Leo  The next day in class, Gabriel tells Leonardo he left his sweatshirt at Leonardo's house but must leave school early for a dentist's appointment, and so will collect it the next day  After the other students have left, Leonardo admits to Giovana he is in love with Gabriel 
Doubtful about the homosexual romance - and hurt because she has feelings for Leo as Gabriel suspected - Giovana does not provide a positive response before a sudden phone call summons her to her grandmother's birthday, leaving Leonardo to walk home alone with a white cane  At home, when he hears someone come into his room, he chastises Giovana for leaving him and expresses his doubts about confessing his love for Gabriel  However, the visitor is actually Gabriel himself, who smiles to himself at this unintended confession before silently kissing him on the lips, leaving with his sweatshirt  Later, Giovana arrives while apologizing for taking so long  Leonardo is left confused and, after feeling around his room, discovers the sweatshirt is gone  He smiles at the realization that Gabriel was the one who kissed him 

Cast
Ghilherme Lobo as Leonardo
Fabio Audi as Gabriel
Tess Amorim as Giovana

Awards and accolades
Feature film
In December 2012, the film's official Twitter announced that a feature film based on the short film, titled "Todas as Coisas mais Simples", which translates to "All of the Simplest Things", was in production, after over two years of fundraising and preparation of the script  Filming began and completed in early 2013  The film premiered in 2014 In September 2013, director Daniel Ribeiro, announced the final title would be "Hoje Eu Quero Voltar Sozinho", which translates to "Today I Want to Go Back Alone"  Ribeiro reported, "Throughout the development of the movie a new plot element arose: Leonardo's independence  It's a naturally common theme in any teen's life, but specially in Leonardo's as, being blind, he's often overprotected by those around him, and he wants to do some things on his own, without depending on others  Therefore, the original title was no longer valid, after all "going back alone" became one of the main character's objectives "
The official English title of the film is "The Way He Looks" 
Passage 11:
Jim Cornelison
James Cornelison (born June 20, 1964) is an American singer who sings "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "O Canada" at the beginning of home games for the Chicago Blackhawks, accompanied by organist Frank Pellico  Cornelison started singing the anthem for the Blackhawks part-time in 1996; he has been singing the national anthem for the Blackhawks full-time since 2007  Cornelison has sung "Back Home Again in Indiana" at the Indianapolis 500 since 2017  He has also performed the anthem before Chicago Bears home games at Soldier Field during the 2010–11 NFL playoffs, as well as the 2011 season opener against the Atlanta Falcons, which fell on the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks  He also sang the National Anthem at the home opener of the 2019 season, the opening game of the 100th anniversary of the NFL 
Cornelison also sang at the 2015 NASCAR myAFibRisk com 400 race at Chicagoland Speedway  He performed the National Anthem at the Bears' 2016 home-opener against the Philadelphia Eagles  
He frequently sang the national anthem at the opening ceremonies for the Arlington International Festival of Racing at Arlington International Racecourse in the northwest suburbs of Chicago 
Cornelison graduated from Seattle Pacific University with degrees in music and psychology  He then went on to earn a master's degree in music from Indiana University in 1992  In 1995, he moved to Chicago and joined the Lyric Opera Center for American Artists 

Awards
Cornelison has won several awards for music, including:

The William Matheus Sullivan Foundation Award
First place in the American Opera Society of Chicago's 1997 Vocal Competition
The George London Foundation Encouragement Grant
Passage 12:
The Fox and the Hound
The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated buddy drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the 1967 novel of the same name by Daniel P  Mannix  The 24th Disney animated feature film, it tells the story of the unlikely friendship between a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper  They struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries, as they are enemies by nature  After Chief, Copper's mentor and guardian who is owned by the same hunter as him, is hit by a train while chasing Tod and seemingly almost dies, Copper assumes his role as a hunting dog and vows vengeance against Tod  Eventually, they fight each other, but in the end, Copper saves Tod after Tod saves him and his owner from a bear 
The film was directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens, marking the directorial debuts of Berman and Rich  It was produced by Ron Miller, Wolfgang Reitherman, and Art Stevens  The ensemble voice cast consists of Mickey Rooney as Tod and Kurt Russell as Copper, respectively, with Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell, and Corey Feldman providing the voices of the other characters of the film  Mitchell and Feldman in particular voiced Young Tod and Young Copper  The instrumental musical score to the film was composed and conducted by Buddy Baker, with Walter Sheets performing the orchestration 
Walt Disney Productions first obtained the film rights to the novel by Daniel P  Mannix in 1967, however, actual development on the film would not occur until spring 1977  It marked the last involvement of the remaining members of Disney's Nine Old Men, which included Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston  Though they had involvement in early development of the film, it was ultimately handed over to a new generation of animators following the retirement of the old animators  As such, it was the first film for future directors including Tim Burton, Brad Bird, and John Lasseter  During production, its release was delayed by over six months following the abrupt departure of Don Bluth and his team of animators  Further concerns were raised over the handling of the scene in which Chief is hit by a train, which was originally planned to result in him dying  After debating the handling of the scene, the filmmakers decided to change the death into a non-fatal injury by which he merely suffers a broken leg 
The film was released to theaters on July 10, 1981, by Buena Vista Distribution  It was a financial success, becoming the 14th highest-grossing film of the year and earning $39 9 million in the United States  However, it received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the animation and voice acting of it, but believed that it was not groundbreaking enough  It was nominated for three awards, of which it won one  At the time of its release, it was the most expensive animated film produced to date, costing $12 million  It was re-released to theaters on March 25, 1988  An intermediate follow-up, The Fox and the Hound 2, was released directly-to-DVD on December 12, 2006 

Plot
After a young red fox is orphaned, Big Mama the owl and her friends, Dinky the finch and Boomer the woodpecker, arrange for him to be adopted by a kindly farmer named Widow Tweed, who names him Tod  Meanwhile, her neighbor, hunter Amos Slade, brings home a young hound puppy named Copper and introduces him to his hunting dog, Chief, who is at first annoyed by him, but then learns to love him  One day, Tod and Copper meet and become best friends, pledging eternal friendship  Amos grows frustrated at Copper for constantly wandering off to play, and places him on a leash  While playing with Copper outside his barrel, Tod accidentally awakens Chief  Amos and Chief chase him until they are stopped by Tweed  After an argument, Amos threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his property again  Hunting season comes and Amos takes Chief and Copper into the wilderness for the interim  Meanwhile, Big Mama, Dinky, and Boomer attempt to explain to Tod that Copper will soon become his enemy  However, he naively insists that they will remain friends forever 
The following spring, Tod and Copper reach adulthood  Copper returns as an expert hunting dog, who is expected to track down foxes  Late at night, Tod sneaks over to visit him  Their conversation awakens Chief, who alerts Amos  A chase ensues and Copper catches Tod, but lets him go while diverting Amos  Chief catches Tod as he attempts an escape on a railroad track, but an oncoming train strikes him, resulting in him falling into the river below and breaking his leg  Enraged by this, Copper and Amos blame Tod for the accident and vow vengeance  Realizing Tod is no longer safe with her, Tweed leaves him at a game reserve  After a disastrous night on his own in the woods, Big Mama introduces him to Vixey, a female fox who helps him adapt to life there 
Amos and Copper trespass into the reserve and hunt Tod and Vixey  The chase climaxes when they inadvertently provoke an attack from a giant bear  Amos trips and falls into one of his own traps, dropping his rifle slightly out of reach  Copper violently fights the bear, but is almost killed by it  Tod comes to his rescue and battles it until they both fall down a waterfall  As Copper approaches Tod as he lies wounded in the lake below, Amos appears, ready to shoot him  Copper positions himself in front of him to prevent Amos from doing so, refusing to move away  Amos, understanding Tod had saved their lives, lowers his rifle and leaves with Copper  Tod and Copper reconcile their friendship and share one last smile before parting  At home, Tweed nurses Amos back to health, much to his humiliation  As he lies down to take a nap, Copper smiles as he remembers the day when he first met Tod  At the same moment, Vixey joins Tod on top of a hill as they both look down on Amos' and Tweed's homes 

Voice cast
Mickey Rooney as Tod
Keith Mitchell as Young Tod
Kurt Russell as Copper
Corey Feldman as Young Copper
Pearl Bailey as Big Mama
Jack Albertson as Amos Slade
Sandy Duncan as Vixey
Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed
Pat Buttram as Chief
John Fiedler as The Porcupine
John McIntire as The Badger
Dick Bakalyan as Dinky
Paul Winchell as Boomer

Production
Development
In May 1967, shortly before the novel won the Dutton Animal Book Award, it was reported that Walt Disney Productions had obtained the film rights to it  In spring 1977, development began on the project after Wolfgang Reitherman had read the original novel and decided that it would make for a good animated feature as one of his sons had once owned a pet fox years before  The title was initially reported as The Fox and the Hounds, but the filmmakers dropped the plural as the story began to focus more and more on the two leads  Reitherman was the film's original director along with Art Stevens as codirector  A power struggle between the two directors and coproducer Ron Miller broke out over key sections of the film with Miller supporting the younger Stevens  Miller instructed Reitherman to surrender reins over to the junior personnel, but Reitherman resisted due to a lack of trust in the young animators In an earlier version of the film, Chief was slated to die as he did in the novel  However, the scene was modified to have him survive with a broken leg  Animator Ron Clements, who had briefly transitioned into the story department, protested, "Chief has to die  The picture doesn't work if he just breaks his leg  Copper doesn't have motivation to hate the fox " Likewise, younger members of the story team pleaded with Stevens to have him killed  He countered, "Geez, we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we're not starting now!" The younger crew members took the problem to upper management, who would also back Stevens  Ollie Johnston's test animation of Chief stomping around the house with his leg in a cast was eventually kept, and Randy Cartwright reanimated the scene where Copper finds his body and had him animate his eyes opening and closing so the audience knew that he was not dead Another fight erupted when Reitherman, in thinking the film lacked a strong second act, decided to add a musical sequence of two swooping cranes voiced by Phil Harris and Charo  These characters would sing a silly song titled "Scoobie-Doobie Doobie Doo, Let Your Body Turn to Goo" to Tod after he was dropped in the forest  Charo had recorded the song and several voice tracks which were storyboarded, and live-action reference footage was shot of her wearing a sweaty pink leotard  However, the scene was strongly disliked by studio personnel who felt the song was a distraction from the main plot, with Stevens stating, "We can't let that sequence in the movie! It's totally out of place!" He notified studio management and after many story conferences, the scene was removed  Reitherman later walked into his office, slumped in a chair, and said, "I dunno, Art, maybe this is a young man's medium " He later moved on to undeveloped projects such as Catfish Bend 

Animation
By late 1978, Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston, and Cliff Nordberg had completed their animation  Thomas had animated scenes of Tod and Copper using dialogue Larry Clemmons had written and recorded with the child actors  The film would mark the last one to have the involvement of Disney's Nine Old Men who had retired early during production, and animation was turned over to the next generation of directors and animators, which included John Lasseter, John Musker, Ron Clements, Glen Keane, Tim Burton, Brad Bird, Henry Selick, Chris Buck, Mike Gabriel, and Mark Dindal, all of whom would finalize the animation and complete the film's production  These animators had moved through the in-house animation training program, and would play an important role in the Disney Renaissance of the 1980s and 1990s However, the transition between the old guard and the new resulted in arguments over how to handle the film  Reitherman had his own ideas on the designs and layouts that should be used, but the newer team backed Stevens  Animator Don Bluth animated several scenes including of Widow Tweed milking her cow, Abigail, while his team worked on the rest of the sequence, and when she fires at Amos' automobile  Nevertheless, Bluth and the new animators felt that Reitherman was too stern and out of touch, and on his 42nd birthday, September 13, 1979, Bluth, along with Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, entered Ron Miller's office, and they turned in their resignations  Soon after, 13 more animators followed suit in turning in their resignations  Though Bluth and his team had animated substantial scenes, they asked not to receive screen credit With those animators now gone, Miller ordered all of the resigning animators off the studio lot by noon of that same day and would later push the film's release from Christmas 1980 to summer 1981  New animators were hired and promoted to fill the ranks  To compensate for the lack of experience of the new animators, much of the quality control would rely upon a network of veteran assistant animators  Four years after production started, the film was finished with approximately 360,000 drawings, 110,000 painted cels, and 1,100 painted backgrounds making up the finished product  A total of 180 people, including 24 animators, worked on the film 

Casting
Early into production, the principal characters such as Young Tod, Young Copper, Big Mama, and Amos Slade had already been cast  The supporting roles were filled by Disney voice regulars including Pat Buttram as Chief, Paul Winchell as Boomer, and Mickey Rooney, who had just finished filming Pete's Dragon (1977), as Adult Tod  Jeanette Nolan was the second choice for Widow Tweed after Helen Hayes turned down the role  The last role to be cast was Adult Copper  Jackie Cooper had auditioned for the role, but left the project when he demanded more money than the studio was willing to pay  While filming the Elvis (1979) television film, former Disney young actor Kurt Russell was cast following a reading that had impressed the filmmakers, and completed his dialogue in two recording sessions  The growling vocals for the bear were provided by sound effects artist Jimmy MacDonald 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album for the film was released in 1981 by Disneyland Records  It contains songs written by Stan Fidel, Jim Stafford, and Jeffrey Patch 

Track listing
Release
Box office
In its original release, the film grossed $39 9 million in domestic grosses, the highest for an animated film at the time from its initial release  Its distributor rentals were reported to be $14 2 million while its international rentals totaled $43 million  It was rereleased theatrically on March 25, 1988, where it grossed $23 5 million  It has had a lifetime gross of $63 5 million across its original release and reissue 

Home media
The film was first released on VHS on March 4, 1994, as the last entry in the Walt Disney Classics line  This release was placed into moratorium on April 30, 1995  On May 2, 2000, it was released on Region 1 DVD for the first time as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line, along with a simultaneous VHS re-issue as part of the same video line on the same day  This edition went into moratorium in January 2006  Soon after, a 25th anniversary special edition DVD was released on October 10, 2006 The film was released on Blu-ray on August 9, 2011, commemorating its 30th anniversary as part of a 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo pack that was bundled as a 2-movie Collection Edition featuring The Fox and the Hound 2 on the same Blu-ray Disc, as well as separate DVD versions of both films  Featuring a new digital restoration, the Blu-ray transfer presents the film for the first time in 1 66:1 widescreen and also features 5 1 DTS-HD Master Audio  The Fox and the Hound 2 is presented in 1 78:1 widescreen and features the same audio channel as the first film  A DVD-only edition of the 2-movie Collection, again featuring both films on separate discs, was also released on the same day 

Critical reception
Initial reviews
Vincent Canby of The New York Times claimed that the film "breaks no new ground whatsoever", while describing it as "a pretty, relentlessly cheery, old-fashioned sort of Disney cartoon feature, chock-full of bouncy songs of an upbeatness that is stickier than Krazy Glue and played by animals more anthropomorphic than the humans that occasionally appear " He further commented that the film "is rather overstuffed with whimsy and folksy dialogue  It also possesses a climax that could very well scare the daylights out of the smaller tykes in the audience, though all ends well  Parents who don't relish chaperoning their tykes to see the movie, but find they must anyway, can take heart in the knowledge that the running time is 83 minutes  That's about as short as you can get these days " Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times praised the animation, but criticized the story for playing it too safe  She acknowledged that the writers were "protecting us from important stuff: from rage, from pain, from loss  By these lies, done for our own good, of course, they also limit the growth that is possible " David Ansen of Newsweek stated, "Adults may wince at some of the sticky-sweet songs, but the movie is not intended for grownups "Richard Corliss of Time magazine praised the film for its intelligent story about prejudice  He argued that it shows that biased attitudes can poison even the deepest relationships, and its bittersweet ending delivers a powerful and important moral message to audiences  Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times also praised it, saying, "For all of its familiar qualities, this movie marks something of a departure for the Disney studio, and its movement is in an interesting direction  The Fox and the Hound is one of those relatively rare Disney animated features that contains a useful lesson for its younger audiences  It's not just cute animals and frightening adventures and a happy ending; it's also a rather thoughtful meditation on how society determines our behavior "

Retrospective reviews
TV Guide gave the film four out of five stars, saying, "The animation here is better than average (veteran Disney animators Wolfgang Reitherman and Art Stevens supervised the talents of a new crop of artists that developed during a 10-year program at the studio), though not quite up to the quality of Disney Studios in its heyday  Still, this film has a lot of 'heart' and is wonderful entertainment for both kids and their parents  Listen for a number of favorites among the voices " Michael Scheinfeld of Common Sense Media gave its quality a rating of 4 out of 5 stars, stating, "It develops into a thoughtful examination of friendship and includes some mature themes, especially loss "In The Animated Movie Guide, Jerry Beck considered the film "average", though he praises the voice work of Pearl Bailey as Big Mama, and the extreme dedication to detail shown by animator Glen Keane in crafting the fight scene between Copper, Tod, and the bear  In his book The Disney Films, Leonard Maltin also notes that that scene received great praise in the animation world  However, he felt the film relied too much on "formula cuteness, formula comedy relief, and even formula characterizations"  Overall, he considered it "charming" stating that it is "warm, and brimming with personable characters" and that it "approaches the old Disney magic at times " Craig Butler from All Movie Guide stated that it was a "warm and amusing, if slightly dull, entry in the Disney animated canon " He also called it "conventional and generally predictable" with problems in pacing  However, he praised its climax and animation, as well as the ending  His final remark is that "Two of the directors, Richard Rich and Ted Berman, would next direct The Black Cauldron, a less successful but more ambitious project "Rob Humanick of Slant Magazine gave the film 31⁄2 out of five stars, noting that it was the transition point between the remaining original animators since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to the new generation, saying that "the results culled the best qualities of both groups " and that "The result is a work of both learned, assured poise and triumphant freshman determination, not far away (in style or quality) from other benchmark-status works, like the aforementioned Snow White or Pixar’s Toy Story " RL Shaffer of IGN wrote a rather mixed review, claiming that it "is just not as impressive as Disney's early work, or their late '80s/early '90s pictures " James Kendrick of Q Network Film Desk stated that it "is not one of the studio's best efforts, but nonetheless it remains a fascinating product of an era of upheaval as well as a meaningful statement about the nature of prejudice " Peter Canavense of Groucho Reviews stated that it "is sweet but a bit dull", nothing that "Overall, the picture is good-hearted and colorful, with an ending that carries a nice touch of ambiguity about the tussle of nature and nurture " John J  Puccio of Movie Metropolis claimed that it "is very sweet and no doubt a delight for children, but I found it quite slow and tedious "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 70% approval rating with an average rating of 6 5/10 based on 27 reviews  The website's consensus states that "The Fox and the Hound is a likeable, charming, unassuming effort that manages to transcend its thin, predictable plot " Metacritic gave it a score of 65 based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

Accolades
The film was awarded a Golden Screen Award (German: Goldene Leinwand) in 1982  In the same year, it was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film 

Comic adaptations
As well as adaptations of the film itself, comic strips featuring the characters also appeared in stories unconnected to it  Examples include The Lost Fawn, in which Copper uses his sense of smell to help Tod find a fawn who has gone astray;The Escape in which Tod and Vixey must save the Canada goose from the bobcat;The Chase, in which Copper must safeguard a sleepwalking Chief; and Feathered Friends, in which Dinky and Boomer must go to desperate lengths to save one of Widow Tweed's chickens from a coyote A comic adaptation of the film, drawn by Richard Moore, was published in newspapers as part of Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales  A comic-book titled The Fox and the Hound followed, with new adventures of the characters  From 1981 to 2007, a few Fox and the Hound Disney comics stories were produced in Italy, Netherlands, Brazil, France, and the United States 

Follow-up
An intermediate follow-up, The Fox and the Hound 2, was released directly-to-DVD on December 12, 2006  It takes place during Tod and Copper's youth, before the events of the later half of the first film  The story-line involves Copper being tempted to join a band of singing stray dogs called "The Singin' Strays", thus threatening his friendship with Tod  It was critically panned, with critics calling it a pale imitation of its predecessor 

See also
Foxes in popular culture, films and literature
The Belstone Fox, a 1973 British film with similar themes, based on David Rook's 1970 novel, The Ballad of the Belstone Fox

Notes



ground_truth: Karen Fairchild

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who followed Menucha Rochel Slonim's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Maxime Bono
Maxime Bono (born 1 November 1947 in Algiers, Algeria) is a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party  He has been mayor of La Rochelle from April 1999 to April 2014, president of the Agglomeration community of La Rochelle from January 2000 to April 2014  and an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency from April 1999 until June 2012  During his two mandates, he was a member of the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left parliamentary group 

Legal studies and work
Maxime Bono studied public law in the Law and Economics Faculty of the University of Toulouse, graduating with a licence in 1971  He has been a tax inspector between 1972 and 1982 
In 1983, he became cultural councillor of the municipality of La Rochelle  In 1985, he became representative in the cabinet of Michel Crépeau, then mayor of La Rochelle  In 1986, he became chief of the staff of Michel Crépeau 

Political career (1975–2012)
Early period (1975–1999)
He has been a member of the Socialist party since 1974 
He has been a first deputy mayor of La Rochelle during ten years (1989–1999)  He was in charge of cultural affairs during this period  From 1993 to 1999, he has been a vice president of the Community of cities of La Rochelle  He was in charge of economics during this period  From 1992 to 1999, he has represented the La Rochelle 6th canton in the General Council of Charente-Maritime 
From 1995 to 1999, he has been a president of the municipality-owned company of the public transportation of La Rochelle 

Mayor of La Rochelle (1999−2014) and MP (1999−2012)
A mayor of La Rochelle since 1971, an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency (1973–1993, again from 1997), a former Minister (1981–1986) during the first presidential mandate of François Mitterrand, Michel Crépeau died in Paris on 30 March 1999, after a heart attack which had arisen few days earlier during a parliamentary session of the National Assembly 
In April 1999, Maxime Bono succeeded him as a mayor of La Rochelle, a president of the Community of cities of La Rochelle and an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency (the nine cantons of La Rochelle and the two cantons of the Île de Ré)  In January 2000, the Community of cities turned into the Agglomeration community of La Rochelle, which currently groups together eighteen towns and villages of Aunis On 27 April 1999, he resigned as a general councillor of La Rochelle-6 because of the law of the accumulation of mandates ("Cumul des mandats") 
However, he didn't seek a third parliamentary mandate in 2012  In the National Assembly, he sat as a member in the committee of the sustainable development and spatial planning  Olivier Falorni (Divers Gauche) succeeded him as an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency In 2013, he decided not to seek a further mayoral mandate, hinting at his defeat at the 2012 parliamentary elections as one of the reasons motivating his decision  Following the 2014 French municipal elections, Maxime Bono was succeeded as mayor of La Rochelle and President of the La Rochelle Agglomeration Community by Jean-François Fountaine (Divers Gauche) 

Elections (2001-2008)
Municipal elections
In the 2001 municipal elections, Maxime Bono's miscellaneous left list largely overtook the absolute majority from the first round (67 36%, 15,190 votes)  He even polled more than his predecessor Michel Crépeau in 1995 (58 02%) 

In the 2008 municipal elections, his miscellaneous left list again largely overtook the absolute majority from the first round  Despite the competition of six lists and a lower percentage than in 2001, his municipal list polled 58 93% (15 400 votes) and got 41 of the 49 seats 

Parliamentary elections
The first constituency of the Charente-Maritime consists of La Rochelle, some of its surrounding towns and villages (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Esnandes, L'Houmeau, Lagord, Marsilly, Nieul-sur-Mer, Périgny, Puilboreau, Saint-Xandre) and the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré (Ars-en-Ré, La Couarde-sur-Mer, La Flotte, Le Bois-Plage-en-Ré, Les Portes-en-Ré, Loix, Rivedoux-Plage, Saint-Clément-des-Baleines, Saint-Martin-de-Ré, Sainte-Marie-de-Ré) 

La Rochelle in 2002
Polling 37 12% (21,138 votes) in the first round, Maxime Bono largely overtook the UMP candidate Catherine Normandin (27 63%, 15,731 votes)  In the run-off, he was elected as MP with 53 02% (28,725 votes) He attained his highest score in La Rochelle in the first round (41 45%, 12,027 votes) and in the run-off (57 74%, 15,834 votes)  Except for Dompierre-sur-Mer where he was overtaken by four votes by Catherine Normandin, he headed in the first round in all the surrounding towns and villages of La Rochelle  Except for Lagord and Marsilly, he got the absolute majority in the run-off in all the surrounding towns and villages of La Rochelle  In the first round, he arrived in second position in the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré; his lowest score was in La Couarde-sur-Mer (21 71%)  In the second round, he was defeated by Catherine Normandin in the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré; his lowest score was in Les Portes-en-Ré (32 08%) 

La Rochelle in 2007
Polling 40 77% (23,928 votes) in the first round, Maxime Bono overtook the UMP candidate Dominique Morvant, then general councillor of La Rochelle-4 (35 95%, 21,099 votes)  In the run-off, he was re-elected as MP with 55 05% (32,345 votes)  Compared to 2002, he slightly increased his parliamentary score He attained his highest score in Esnandes in the first round (45 49%) and in the run-off (62 84%)  In La Rochelle, he polled 45 14% (13 120 votes) in the first round and 60 69% (17 667 votes) in the run-off  Except for Marsilly in the first round and the run-off, he headed in the first round and got the absolute majority in the run-off in all the surrounding towns and villages of La Rochelle  In the first round, he arrived in second position in the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré; like in 2002, his lowest score was in La Couarde-sur-Mer (23 11%)  In the run-off, he was defeated by Dominique Morvant in the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré; his lowest score was in Loix (32 44%) 

Former local mandates
President of the Community of cities of La Rochelle: April 1999-January 2000
General councillor of La Rochelle-6 : 30 March 1992 – 27 April 1999
Mayor of La Rochelle : 19 April 1999 - 5 April 2014
President of the Agglomeration community of La Rochelle : January 2000 - April 2014

National mandate
MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency (30 March 1999−19 June 2012) : Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left parliamentary group, member of the committee of the sustainable development and spatial planning
Passage 2:
Cornelius Demarest House
Cornelius Demarest House is located in Rochelle Park, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States  The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bergen County, New Jersey
Passage 3:
Jean Guiton
Jean Guiton (2 July 1585 – 15 March 1654) was born in La Rochelle, where he followed the occupation of ship-owner  He became a notable Huguenot leader during the Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré and siege of La Rochelle 
Having been nominated Admiral of the fleet of La Rochelle, Jean Guiton fought the Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré against Royal forces on 27 October 1622 He later participated to the uprising of Soubise in 1625, leading to the Capture of Ré island by Royal forces that same year 
He became mayor of La Rochelle and, during the 1627-1628 Siege of La Rochelle, he organized an energetic resistance to the troops of king Louis XIII  The scene is still visible today in the City Hall (Hotel de Ville) of La Rochelle, where a marble table with a chip made by his dagger is on display 
Then, Richelieu offered him leadership in the royal fleet and he fought Spain  One of his daughters married the son of the famous Protestant admiral Abraham Duquesne, Abraham Duquesne-Guiton 
Like many other Rochelais (people from La Rochelle), Jean Guiton was a Huguenot 


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
James T  Schleifer
James Thomas Schleifer is an American historian, and emeritus Dean of the Mother Irene Gill Memorial Library, and professor at the College of New Rochelle 

Life
He graduated from Yale University with a Ph D  in 1972   He also lectures at Yale University 

Awards
1981 Merle Curti Award

Works
"Tocqueville: Écrits et discours politiques"  LA REVUE TOCQUEVILLE / THE TOCQUEVILLE REVIEW, VOL  XIII No  2, 1992
Eduardo Nolla, ed  (1996)  "How Many Democracies?"  Liberty, Equality, Democracy  NYU Press  ISBN 978-0-8147-5778-9 
The making of Tocqueville's Democracy in America  University of North Carolina Press  1980  ISBN 978-0-8078-1372-0 
Cheryl B  Welch, ed  (2006)  "Tocqueville's Democracy in America Reconsidered"  The Cambridge Tocqueville Companion  Cambridge University Press  ISBN 978-0-521-84064-4 
Passage 5:
Menucha Rochel Slonim
Rebbetzin Menucha Rochel Slonim (1798–1888) was a daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic dynasty  She is regarded a matriarch to the Chabad dynasty as well as Hebron's Jewish population in general 

Origin of name
Rebbetzin Slonim was born on the 19 Kislev, 5559 AM (27 November 1798), the same day her grandfather, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi was released from imprisonment in S  Petersburg  Her father chose the name Menucha because in Hebrew the word "menucha" means "peace and quiet"  He said, "Henceforth we shall have a little Menucha " She was named Rochel after an aunt that died in her youth 
Her husband's last name was originally Griver, a descendant of Rabbi Moses Isserles, the Rema; they chose to change it to Slonim (this was when it was still easy to change names)  They then moved to Hebron 

Emigration to Hebron
After she fell dangerously ill, her father promised that she would live to emigrate to the Land of Israel  In 1845, with the blessing of her brother-in-law, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, she and her family emigrated to Hebron  To allay her fears of rainstorms on the journey to Hebron, Rabbi Schneersohn blessed her to "walk between the raindrops "

Life in Hebron
For forty-three years she served as the matriarch of the Hebron community  New brides and barren women would request blessings from her  Before she died on the 24th of Shevat, 5648 AM (6 February 1888), she sent a letter to the then Rebbe, Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, informing him of her imminent passing  She thus lived during the leadership of all of the first five Lubavitcher Rebbes She became renowned among both townspeople and beyond, Jews and non-Jews alike for her curative and salvation abilities, and was nicknamed "the grandmother Menucha Rachel"  Every bride who visited the Tomb of Machpela on the day of her wedding came to get her blessing and the Admor Rebbe Elazar Mendel of Lelov used to visit her home three times a week when staying in Hebron  He was strict about standing when she entered or left the room and always asked her to bless him 

Her family went on to become leaders of the Hebron Jewish community, helping unite the Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jewish communities and reaching out to the Arabic community  Her son was Rabbi Yehuda Leib Slonim, who was the father of Rebbetzin Moshke Devora Epstein, who inherited Menucha Rochel's home when she got married  Other children included Rabbi Mordechai Dov Slonim 
Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Slonim was the chief Ashkenazi rabbi during the 1929 Hebron massacre  His son was Eliezer Dan Slonim, who spoke fluent Arabic and was a member on the city council and a director of the Anglo-Palestine Bank  He had excellent relations with the British Mandate authorities and Arab community and was reported to have not believed in rumors of an impending riot  He and his family were slaughtered as they attempted to make a barricade in the Slonim family house  One-year-old Shlomo Slonim (1928-2014) survived the massacre  He was the grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Slonim and son of Eliezer Dan Slonim  Shlomo Slonim went on to join the Irgun Tzvai Leumi, the Haganah, and the Israel Defense Forces  He worked for Bank Leumi for almost 50 years, was married for 50 years, and had 4 children  His photo as a wounded toddler is included in the Museum of the Jewish Community of Hebron  as are many photos of the Slonim family 

Annual visits to grave in Hebron
Today, the grave of Menucha Rochel Slonim receives hundreds of visitors every year, especially on the anniversary of her passing  It is located in the Old Jewish cemetery, Hebron  The grave made headlines in 1997, when the H1 and H2 sections of the city were created  Concerned residents and supporters protested the government to ensure that the cemetery and Menucha Rochel's final resting place were not left outside of the designated area  Other venerated Jewish scholars buried in the cemetery include Eliyahu de Vidas, Solomon Adeni, Elijah Mizrachi and Yehuda Bibas 
Today, the local Chabad chapter in Hebron leads visits to her grave and continues her legacy  In 2002 The Menucha Rochel Kollel, a learning center moved to a historic building adjacent to the grave of Menucha Rochel in the cemetery  Daily classes and services are held there 
Passage 6:
Gillardeau oysters
Gillardeau oysters are a brand of edible oysters that are produced by the Gillardeau family and their small private company, which was founded in 1898 in Bourcefranc-le-Chapus near La Rochelle and the Île d'Oléron in western France Gillardeau now produces roughly half its oysters in Normandy, near Utah Beach, and half in County Cork, Ireland, He also gets his oysters from P  Sugrue one of the worlds top growers from Kerry Ireland  where the waters are cleaner, there are fewer parasites and less agricultural runoff, and the area is easier to farm with tractors 
Passage 7:
Daddy's Home 2
Daddy's Home 2 (titled on screen as Daddy's Home Two)  is a 2017 American Christmas buddy comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris  A sequel to Daddy's Home (2015), it stars Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, John Cena, with John Lithgow and Mel Gibson  The plot follows now-reformed fathers Brad and Dusty (Ferrell and Wahlberg), now co-parenting Dusty's kids, who have to deal with their own fathers (Lithgow and Gibson) visiting for the holidays 
Unlike its predecessor, Red Granite Pictures was not involved in the film's production  Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 and it was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 2017  Although the film received generally negative reviews from critics, it grossed over $180 million worldwide against a production budget of $69–70 million 

Plot
Finally friends, Brad Whitaker and Dusty Mayron co-parent Dusty's two children, Megan and Dylan, who take turns at each father's house  Dusty has remarried to Karen, a doctor/novelist, and is a stepfather to her daughter Adrianna  The men decide to have a joint Christmas rather than separate ones, after Megan embarrassingly admits during a school recital, that she does not like Christmas anymore due to the stress and embarrassment caused by the dual arrangement  She'd prefer one "together Christmas" 
Dusty's tough fighter pilot/Space Shuttle astronaut father Kurt and Brad's overbearing and cheerful father, Don, unexpectedly arrive for Christmas  Megan and Dylan warmly embrace Don, as he is very present in their lives, while Kurt hasn't seen them since they were toddlers  From his envy of the affection the children show Don, Kurt rents a large cabin through Airbnb, to house them all through the holiday week 
Brad and Dusty's co-parenting is put to the test by Kurt's meddling  Dusty’s beef with Kurt mainly stems from the fact that he was rarely there for him as a child  Especially painful was when, during a youth Glee Club recital he embarrassed himself by missing his solo part when Kurt left to make out with a woman during his part  Sara, meanwhile, tries to bond with Karen, but is appalled by her shoplifting clothes from a store and not caring if Adriana and Megan drink alcoholic eggnog  She later becomes concerned Don isn’t with his wife, whom he claims couldn’t come as she was staying home to take care of her ill brother 
Dylan develops a crush on a little girl staying in the cabin next door, causing Megan and Adrianna to constantly tease him in front of her  Brad gives him some “advice", and Dusty interjects when he thinks Brad is having what looks like “the talk” with Dylan, although they had agreed to do it together  As the trees on the Christmas tree farm are small, Kurt suggests they illegally go on to private property to cut one down  Brad mistakes a cell tower for a tree and is electrocuted 
After bowling, the family takes the kids to see Santa  There, Kurt tries to convince Dylan to ask Santa for a shotgun, but Don talks him out of it  Megan, however, wants one instead and is granted permission after Kurt makes a sexist comment  Out hunting the next day, Megan accidentally shoots Kurt in the shoulder, sending him to the hospital  While Kurt is down, she shoots two turkeys, surprising him  Sara confronts Brad over Don’s odd behavior, but he refuses to believe her 
Brad, Dusty, Don and Kurt go to an improv comedy club, where they have a good time until Kurt picking up a woman at the bar annoys Dusty  Brad enters Don into the improv show, and Dusty chooses the topic of a husband confronting his cheating wife as the subject of the skit  As it progresses, it is revealed that Don has separated from his wife in real life  Sara comforts Don about his divorce in front of an eggnog bowl, but when Dusty reveals his part in the skit, Don and Brad become furious and Dusty and Brad's relationship becomes strained  When they leave, Megan and Adrianna sneak cups of alcoholic eggnog  Brad, attempting to get back at Dusty, invites Adrianna's father, Roger  Roger intimidates Dusty as he had done to Brad in the first film 
The entire family takes part in a live nativity  Brad fights with Dusty because he wants to play Joseph  A drunken Megan begins to swear, and an equally drunk Adrianna falls from her platform, then the crowd breaks up  Instead of Dusty fighting Brad, he almost fights Roger, and Don is repeatedly hit in the face with ice-balls 
On Christmas Day the families, depressed from all the arguing, pack up to leave  On their way out of town, they are forced back due to a blizzard, taking shelter at a movie theater  They see Missile Tow, a holiday action comedy film starring Liam Neeson  When the power cuts off during the movie, everyone goes to the lobby where each man confronts his father about his secrets, lies, and attitudes, and reconcile 
Remembering advice given to him by Kurt, Dylan walks toward the girl he has a crush on to kiss her, but instead kisses Adrianna  Kurt pushes Dusty to stand up to Adrianna and punish her for her recent behavior, but he instead tells her he loves her  He then tells Roger that loving Adrianna means loving her real father as well as he is also part of the family  Roger almost leaves without Adrianna  However, he has a change of heart after everyone breaks out into a song of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" (during which the power comes back on) and he decides to stay 
Sometime later, at the airport, Don and Kurt are preparing to head back to their respective homes  Adrianna, who has grown close with Don, reveals she signed him up for a dating app for seniors so he can move on from Brad’s mother  Kurt and Don go up the terminal escalators, where Kurt reveals to Don that he switched out the tickets and they are going to spend New Year's together in Las Vegas to find dates more effectively 
As Brad's mother arrives, Dusty and Brad discover Brad's new stepfather is Sully Sullenberger, pilot of the 2009 "Miracle on the Hudson" flight  They remember watching the film Sully together recently, and Dusty appears to be excited to meet him  However, an infuriated Brad runs down the terminal, screaming that Sully will never replace his father and "You only have one good story, my father has a million" 

Cast
Production
In April 2016, the sequel was announced, with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles, Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script, and Anders directing  In January 2017, it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters' fathers in the film  The two were later confirmed to star, along with Linda Cardellini, John Cena, Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez, reprising their roles Principal photography began on March 20, 2017  Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Clinton, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, Lawrence, Massachusetts and Great Barrington, Massachusetts 

Release
The film was released in the United States on November 10, 2017 Daddy's Home 2 was released on Digital HD on February 6, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 20, 2018 

Reception
Box office
Daddy's Home 2 grossed $104 million in the United States and Canada, and $76 6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $180 6 million, against a production budget of  $69–70 million In the United States and Canada, Daddy's Home 2 opened alongside Murder on the Orient Express, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend  The film made $10 7 million on its first day, including $1 5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters, up from the $1 2 million made by the first film  It went on to debut to $29 7 million, finishing second at the box office, behind holdover Thor: Ragnarok ($57 million)  In its second weekend, the film made $14 4 million (a drop of 51 3%), finishing 4th behind Justice League, Wonder and Thor: Ragnarok 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Daddy's Home 2 holds an approval rating of 21% based on 129 reviews, and an average rating of 4 1/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "A formulaic comedy that's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment, Daddy's Home 2 can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was critical of what he described as the film's sloppiness and laziness, saying, "Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force  The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps, and almost none of them land, stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they’re straining to sell " Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, saying: "After enduring last week’s lousy and lazy A Bad Moms Christmas, I would have bet it would be many a year before we’d see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny  I sit corrected "Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert com gave the film 2 5 out of 4 stars, writing, "I found the sequel better than the original—the writing sharper, the jokes fresher and smarter, the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging  I mentioned this to my incredulous wife, who said, 'So you’re saying it's the Godfather, Part 2 of the Daddy’s Home series' "

Accolades
Possible sequel
In an interview, Mark Wahlberg mentioned that they would like to get Liam Neeson for the third installment of the film 

See also
List of Christmas films
Passage 8:
Jean Duvignaud
Jean Duvignaud (22 February 1921 – 17 February 2007) was a French novelist, sociologist and anthropologist  He was born in La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, on February 22, 1921 
Duvignaud was a secondary school teacher first at Abbeville, then at Étampes (1947–1956), where he taught Georges Perec  After submitting his doctoral thesis, he taught at the University of Tours  In 1972, he founded the magazine Cause commune with Georges Perec and Paul Virilio  For a time he was in a relationship with Clara Malraux, the ex-wife of novelist André Malraux He died (aged 85) in La Rochelle on February 17, 2007 

Bibliography
L'Acteur, esquisse d'une sociologie du comédien, Paris, Gallimard, 1965  Rééd  L'Archipel, 1995
Durkheim, sa vie, son œuvre, Paris, PUF, 1965
Visites d'Atelier Marta Pan, Cimaise, N 87, Juin Spetembre 1968
Sociologie du théâtre, Paris, PUF, 1965  Rééd  Quadrige, 1999
Georges Gurvitch, symbolisme social et sociologie dynamique, Paris, Seghers, 1969
Anthologie des sociologues français contemporains, Paris, PUF, 1970
Spectacle et société, Paris, Denoël, 1970
Introduction à la sociologie, Paris, Gallimard, 1971
Sociologie de l'art, Paris, PUF, 1972
L'Anomie, hérésie et subversion, Paris, Anthropos, 1973
Le Langage perdu, essai sur la différence anthropologique, Paris, PUF, 1973
Fêtes et civilisations, Paris, Weber, 1974
Le Théâtre contemporain, culture et contre-culture, Paris, Larousse, 1974
Le Ça perché, Paris, Stock, 1976
Le Don du rien, essai d'anthropologie de la fête, Paris, Plon, 1977
Le Jeu du jeu, Paris, Balland, 1980
L' Or de la République, Paris, Gallimard, 1984
Le Propre de l'homme, histoires du comique et de la dérision, Paris, Hachette, 1985
La Solidarité, liens de sang et liens de raison, Paris, Fayard, 1986
Chebika, étude sociologique, Paris, Gallimard, 1978  Rééd  Paris, Plon, 1990
La Genèse des passions dans la vie sociale, Paris, PUF, 1990
Dis l'Empereur, qu'as-tu fait de l'oiseau ?, Arles, Actes Sud, 1991
Fêtes et civilisations ; suivi de La fête aujourd'hui, Arles, Actes Sud, 1991
Perec ou La cicatrice, Arles, Actes Sud, 1993
Le singe patriote  Talma, un portrait imaginaire (novel), Arles, Actes Sud, 1993
L'oubli ou La chute des corps, Arles, Actes Sud, 1995
Le pandémonium du présent, idées sages, idées folles, Paris, Plon, 1998
Le prix des choses sans prix, Arles, Actes Sud, 2001
Les octos, béant aux choses futures, Arles, Actes Sud, 2003
Le sous-texte, Arles, Actes Sud, 2005
La ruse de vivre, état des lieux, Arles, Actes Sud, 2006
Passage 9:
Julien Berger
Julien Berger is a Belgian rugby union player who currently plays for his national side and the French club La Rochelle as a scrum-half  He has played for La Rochelle since 2009 and has played 14 games, but had only started in 5 (during the 2011–12 season) 
Passage 10:
Peter Conrad (sociologist)
Peter Conrad (born 1945, raised in New Rochelle, NY) is an American medical sociologist who has researched and published on numerous topics including ADHD, the medicalization of deviance, the experience of illness, wellness in the workplace, genetics in the news, and biomedical enhancements 

Biography
He has been a member of the faculty at Brandeis University since 1979 and since 1993 has been the Harry Coplan Professor of Social Sciences   He received his B A  in Sociology at State University of New York at Buffalo (1967), M A, from Northeastern University (1970) and Ph D  in Sociology from Boston University in 1976   Prior to Brandeis, he taught at Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts (1971–75) and Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa (1975–78)   At Brandeis he served as chair of the Department of Sociology for nine years and since 2002 as chair of the interdisciplinary program "Health:  Science, Society and Policy" (HSSP)    He has also been a visiting professor at New York University, Gadjah Mada University (Yogyakarta, Indonesia), University of London, Royal Holloway, and Queen's University Belfast (Northern Ireland) 

Personal life
He lives in Lincoln, MA with his wife, Dr  Libby Bradshaw   They have two children, Rya (b  1980) and Jared (b  1985) 

Published works
Conrad is the author of over one hundred articles and chapters and a dozen books, including Identifying Hyperactive Children:  The Medicalization of Deviant Behavior (1975, 2004),  Deviance and Medicalization:  From Badness to Sickness (with Joseph W  Schneider, 1980, 1992), Having Epilepsy:  The Experience and Control of Illness (1983) and The Medicalization of Society:  On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders (2007)   He has also edited or co-edited numerous volumes, including Handbook of Medical Sociology, 5th edition (2000) and eight editions of Sociology of Health and Illness:  Critical Perspectives (1981–2009), a widely used text for undergraduates 

Awards
He has received numerous academic honors including the Charles Horton Cooley Award (1981) for Deviance and Medicalization, a Distinguished Fulbright Fellowship (1997), the Leo G  Reeder Award (2004) from the American Sociological Association for "distinguished contributions to medical sociology", and the Lee Founder's Award (2007) "made in recognition of significant achievements that, over a distinguished career, have demonstrated continuing devotion to the ideals of the founders of the Society for the Study of Social Problems and especially to the humanist tradition of Alfred McClung Lee and Elizabeth Briant Lee "
Passage 11:
Shelly Steely
Anne Rochelle Steely Ramirez (born October 23, 1962), née Anne Rochelle Steely, is a former long-distance runner who competed internationally for the United States   She specialized in the 3,000 meters on the track and later competed in road running events 
She made her international debut in cross country and helped the United States the women's team title at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1985   Her focus changed to the 3,000 meters, a distance in which she was a two-time US champion (outdoors in 1991 and indoors in 1992)  She reached the final of that event at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics 
Steely's performances deteriorated and she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism  However, she made an athletic comeback in 1998 and she won two national road titles, as well as appearing at the Goodwill Games and IAAF World Half Marathon Championships that year  She made one more appearance at the World Half Marathon event in 2000, but retired to focus on education studies 

Career
Early life and college career
Steely was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, and attended Bishop Conwell High School in Levittown, Pennsylvania   She received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she ran for the Florida Gators track and field team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition  Steely was fifth in the 10,000 meters at the NCAA Outdoors in 1983, but found greater success over shorter distances the following year: she won both the 5000 meters and 3000 meters Southeastern Conference (SEC) titles  She was third in the 3,000 meters at the 1984 NCAA Outdoors and made two podium finishes at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships (third over 5,000 meters, second over 3,000 meters)  She also reached the semi-finals of the US Olympic Track and Field Trials that year In her final year at Florida, she took a sweep of the SEC long-distance titles, winning the 3,000, 5,000 and 10,000-meter distance races   During her time as a Gator runner, she won five All-American honors and nine All-SEC honors, and was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 2006 Steely made her international debut for the United States in 1985, and her fifteenth-place finish at the 1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships helped the American women (including Cathy Branta and Betty Springs) to the long race team title  She made two more appearances at that competition, taking part in the 1989 and 1990 editions  She also competed on the international cross country circuit in Europe, including a win at the Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños 

World and Olympic competition
She began training in New Mexico and improved her best times in the 3,000 and 5,000 meters in 1990, and was ranked highly at the national level  She began to expand her oeuvre to include road running and that year she took wins at the Cooper River Bridge Run and Great Cow Harbor 10K races, as well as shorter distance wins at the Fifth Season Race and the Jean Bouin Memorial in Spain  The following year saw her make a career breakthrough on the track  She won the national title in the 3,000 meters with a significant personal best run of 8:49 00 minutes  This gained her a place on the national team for the 1991 World Championships in Athletics  Steely ran a personal record of 8:48 54 minutes in the qualifying rounds, only finishing behind two eventual medalists (Susan Sirma and Yelena Romanova)  She did not perform as well in the final, however, and ended the competition in fourteenth place  She ended her season with road wins at the Phoenix 10K and Senior Bowl 10K She claimed her second national title at the start of the following year, winning the 3,000 meters at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships with a time of 8:51 29 minutes  A third title followed on the roads that May as she took the 5,000 meters U S  title in Cedar Rapids, Iowa  In the outdoor season she ran a career best time of 8:41 28 minutes for the 3,000 meters and her runner-up placing at the Olympic Trials saw her make the US Olympic Team for the first time  At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, both Steely and PattiSue Plumer (the trials winner) made the event final and Steely came seventh, two spots behind her compatriot 

Switch to roads and retirement
She won the Carlsbad 5000 the following March  Steely was the 1993 USA Outdoor runner-up in the 3,000 meters but was replaced in the national team for the 1993 World Championships in Athletics  Her performances waned over the next three years and she did not compete at all in 1996  She was later diagnosed with a hyperthyroid condition Steely returned to compete in 1998 and ran frequently, mainly out of necessity as she no longer had a sponsor  She was in the top three at the 1998 USA Outdoors in the 10,000 meters, came fourth in the event at the 1998 Goodwill Games, and ranked second nationally in the distance that year  She won the US titles in the 25-kilometer and 10-mile events that year, as well as runner-up placing in the national 12-kilometer and half marathon events  Her performance over the latter distance gained her a spot at the 1998 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, where she placed 42nd overall She ran in the 10,000 meters at the 1999 USA Outdoor Championships (coming fifth) and competed at the 2000 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships  However, she moved on from her athletic career to focus on obtaining an Educational specialist degree 

Personal bests
1500 m – 4:05 07 mins (1992)
3000 m – 8:41 28 mins (1992)
5000 m – 15:08 67 mins (1992)
10,000 m – 32:41 14 mins (1990)
Half marathon – 1:13:33 hrs (1998)

International competition record
See also
Florida Gators
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members
List of University of Florida Olympians
Passage 12:
La Jarne
La Jarne (French pronunciation: ​[la ʒaʁn]) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France  It is 7 km southeast of the city of La Rochelle 

Population
See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department
Passage 13:
June Rochelle
June Rochelle is an American contemporary gospel singer, songwriter, executive media producer, editor, and talent scout from Indianapolis, Indiana  Her music infuses gospel, soul, pop, r&b, and jazz  Her debut album, Changing Places, garnered a Grammy ballot  Her next albums are Play This, and June Rochelle Christmas ' Rochelle is the first African-American to headline ABC's-RTV6 Circle of Lights  She was previously a backing vocalist for Diana Ross and Celine Dion  June Rochelle is also the founder of Good Deeds People a public-benefit charity and June Rochelle Media 
Passage 14:
Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches
Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches (16 August 1608 to 12 August 1682), also known as Ludwig de Souches, was a French-born professional soldier who spent a number of years in the Swedish Army before switching to Imperial service in 1642  Although he was a capable officer who reached the rank of Field Marshal, his career was marred by a tendency to quarrel with his colleagues and superiors 
Born into a family of minor French Protestant nobility, de Souches went into exile after the Siege of La Rochelle in 1629  He served in the Swedish army when it entered the Thirty Years' War against Emperor Ferdinand III and by 1642 was colonel of an infantry regiment  However, he fell out with his superior officer and switched sides, joining the Imperial army 
He established his reputation in the defence of Brno against the Swedes in 1645 and was promoted Field Marshal in 1664  When Emperor Leopold joined the Franco-Dutch War in 1673, de Souches was appointed commander of Imperial forces in the Low Countries but had a poor relationship with his Dutch and Spanish allies and was removed in December 1674  
This was the end of his military career; he retired to his estates in at Jevišovice in Moravia, where he died on 12 August 1682 and was buried in the Church of St  James (Brno) 

Personal details
Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches was born on 16 August 1608, son of Jean Ratuit, Sieur de Barres (died 1614), and his wife Marguerite de Bourdigalea (died after 1636)  Both parents were members of the Huguenot nobility, originally from Aunis, who owned property in the Protestant stronghold of La Rochelle  His elder brother was killed serving with the French army in 1636, while he also had a sister, Marguerite (died 1654) His first wife Anna Elisabeth de Hoffkirchen died in 1663; they had two sons, Jean Louis (died 1717) and Charles Louis (1645–1691), who both served in the Imperial Army, and two daughters, Anna Dorotha (1652–1724) and Eleonora  Anna Salome Aspermont-Reckheim (1648–1729) became his second wife in 1677; they had no surviving children 

Career
Thirty Years War
Souches began his military career during the siege of La Rochelle, part of the 1627 to 1629 Huguenot rebellions against Louis XIII of France  When the town surrendered in October 1628, he went into exile in Protestant Sweden, where he joined the army led by Gustavus Adolphus which entered the Thirty Years War in 1630  By 1636, he was captain in an infantry regiment which unsuccessfully defended Stargard against an Imperial force; he narrowly escaped court martial after accusing his commanding officer of negligence  This was symptomatic of a quarrelsome tendency which followed him throughout his career 

In May 1636, France formally entered the Thirty Years War in alliance with Sweden; the rapid expansion of the French army created vacancies for experienced officers and de Souches used the opportunity to return home  He was unable to obtain a satisfactory position and returned to Sweden in August 1639, where he was promoted colonel of a regiment in the force that invaded Bohemia in early 1640  However, he later fell out with his superior officer whom he challenged to a duel in violation of military regulations; he resigned from the Swedish army in early 1642 and a few months later was appointed colonel in the Imperial army Over the next two years, de Souches took part in the 1643 invasion of Pomerania and an attack on the Swedish-held city of Olomouc in Moravia  Although both actions were unsuccessful, he impressed his superiors sufficiently to be given command of defending Brno in May 1645 against a force led by Lennart Torstensson; after a siege described as "one of the epic stands of the Imperial army", the Swedes retreated in August having lost 8,000 men  This contributed to the failure of Torstensson's attempt to attack Vienna and helped speed up peace negotiations at Westphalia  Until the end of the war, de Souches contributed to regaining Swedish-occupied cities in the Erblande like the capture of Jihlava in 1647 De Souches was rewarded with promotion to the rank of general and granted lands outside Brno; when the war finally ended in 1648, he was placed in charge of supervising the withdrawal of Swedish troops from Moravia and made Governor of Špilberk Castle  In 1649, he was elevated to the Moravian nobility on condition he converted to Catholicism within the next three years 

Later career
In 1654, Sweden attacked the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, initiating the Second Northern War  When the fighting expanded to include Brandenburg-Prussia in 1657, Austria joined the anti-Swedish coalition  With de Souches in charge of the infantry, an army under Melchior von Hatzfeldt was sent to support Poland and helped recapture Kraków in August 1657  De Souches later commanded the Austrian contingent at the Siege of Toruń, whose Swedish garrison surrendered in December 1658  In 1659, he was given command of an army of 13,000 which invaded Swedish Pomerania and besieged Stettin; before the town fell, the Treaty of Oliva ended the war in May 1660, while de Souches quarrelled with his colleague Raimondo Montecuccoli and was ordered home to Moravia The 1663 to 1664 Austro-Turkish War began when Ottoman forces invaded Hungary and over-ran large parts of eastern and southern Moravia  Having successfully defended Brno and Olomouc, de Souches was promoted Field Marshall in May 1664 and given command of one of three separate forces operating in Hungary, with the other two led by Montecuccoli and Miklós Zrínyi  Although he won a minor victory at Levice in July 1664, while Montecuccoli stopped the main Ottoman advance at Saint Gotthard in August, Leopold was concerned by the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France and agreed the Peace of Vasvár a few days later 
          
In October 1664, de Souches was appointed Governor of Komárom, an important town on the modern Slovakian/Hungarian border, and spent the next few years supervising the construction of new fortifications there, as well as other towns in the region  He also became a member of the Hofkriegsrat, or Imperial War Council, although his duties were largely nominal  When Austria entered the Franco-Dutch War in 1673 as an ally of the Dutch Republic and Spain, he was appointed commander of Imperial troops in the Low Countries and took part in the Battle of Seneffe in August 1674  The Imperial troops suffered minimal casualties in what was the bloodiest battle of the war and his Allies subsequently claimed de Souches had ignored requests for support  One suggestion is he did so under instructions from Emperor Leopold, who wanted to conserve resources for the Rhineland campaign, which he viewed as having far greater strategic significance Shortly thereafter, the Allies attacked the town of Oudenarde; siege operations commenced on 16 September, and the French began marching to its relief three days later  The Dutch and Spanish redoubled efforts to breach the walls before their arrival, but without advising his colleagues, de Souches withdrew the Imperial artillery to Ghent  Since his troops would not fight without their guns, and the Dutch and Spanish could not face the French on their own, the Allies were forced to abandon the siege  After strong protests from the Dutch States General, supported by some of his Austrian colleagues, de Souches was relieved of his command  In December 1674, Emperor Leopold set up an enquiry into his conduct, which resulted in de Souches being dismissed from his remaining military positions  He retired to his estates at Jevišovice in Moravia, where he died on 12 August 1682 and was buried in the Church of St  James (Brno) 
Passage 15:
Chaya Mushka Schneersohn
Chaya Mushka Schneersohn was the daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic movement, and the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn the third Rebbe Chaya Mushka Schneerson died on December 9, 1860 O S  (Tevet 8, 5621; December 21, 1860 N S ), and was buried in the town of Lubavitch near her grandmother Rebbetzin Sterna and her mother Rebbetzin Sheina 

History
Chaya Mushka Schneersohn married the third Rebbe of Chabad, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn  She is known in the Chabad community as "Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka " Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka was an advocate for Agunot, women who are bound to their marriages by Jewish law whether through the husband's disappearance or refusal to comply with divorce proceedings Chaya Mushka held the personal custom of reciting the Slichot prayers during the week between Rosh Hashana, the Jewish New Year, and Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement 
Passage 16:
Hunt Slonem
Hunt Slonem (born Hunt Slonim, July 18, 1951) is an American painter, sculptor, and printmaker  He is best known for his Neo-Expressionist paintings of butterflies, bunnies, and his tropical birds, often based on a personal aviary in which he has been keeping from 30 to over 100 live birds of various species  Slonem's works are included in many important museum collections all over the world; he is exhibiting regularly at both public and private venues, and he has received numerous honors and awards 

Early life
Hunt Slonem was born in Kittery, Maine, in an upper middle class family, the eldest of four children  His father was a Navy officer, and mother – a homemaker who spent much of her time doing volunteer work  As a result of his father's military career, Slonem's family moved around as frequently as every two to three years  He lived in Hawaii, Virginia, Connecticut, California and Washington State  Slonem's grandmother was a Tennessee native who married a Minnesota-born amateur artist and educator who became the Superintendent of Public Schools in Duluth, Minnesota  It was Slonem's grandfather who always encouraged young Hunt to paint   "I grew up around painting, and my parents dabbled in painting themselves  I was given paints as a child, and I wanted to be a painter from first grade onwards," Slonem told the online magazine Art Interview  His younger brother, Jeffrey Slonim, is a prolific journalist, and contributing editor of the Interview Magazine, and his cousin is the best-selling author Tama Janowitz After completing school, which included living in Nicaragua as an exchange student when he was 16 years old, Slonem commenced undergraduate studies at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee  He then spent about six months of his sophomore year at the University of the Americas in San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, but later graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Painting and Art History from Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana  He also took courses at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Maine, where he was exposed to such influential artists from the New York area as Louise Nevelson, Alex Katz, Alice Neel, Richard Estes, Jack Levine, and Al Held  During that period, Slonem altered the "i" to an "e" in his family name as a nod to numerology  He moved to New York in 1973 to further his art practice, and Manhattan had become his consistent base ever since 

Career
I would say my whole life could be summed up by the word 'exotica' 
Hunt Slonem's artistic career began in New York, in the late 1970s  When he first came to Manhattan, in 1973, he was hired by the Department of Social Services to teach painting to senior citizens  He was unhappy at his job and seriously considered moving to Amsterdam when, unexpectedly, in 1975, he got a call from artist Janet Fish who offered him her studio for the summer  That telephone call turned Slonem's life around  Shortly afterwards, In 1976, Hunt Slonem received a painting grant from the Elizabeth Greenshields Foundation in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and began painting in earnest  His first solo show was held at New York's Harold Reed Gallery in 1977, followed by a major exhibition at the prestigious Fischbach Gallery  As Slonem's career progressed, he was introduced to people like Andy Warhol, Liza Minnelli, Sylvia Miles, and Truman Capote  Through Jeffrey Slonim, who would later serve as an usher at Andy Warhol's funeral, he also met and befriended the Belgian-born actress Monique van Vooren, the star of Warhol's film Flesh for Frankenstein  He soon became a habitué of New York's trendiest hot spots and an active participant in the city's burgeoning art scene Slonem's move to New York had a profound influence on his development as an artist  According to the New York Times, he fell in love with "a very particular kind of New York life, one most people can only fantasize about  But people this determinedly unusual do exist here, and that is one of the city's surest charms  They feed off the city and the city feeds off them " Novelist Tama Janowitz put it succinctly, saying, "His pictures are the subtext of Manhattan, an imaginary, vivid and grotesquely evocative world that bubbles beneath the paved-over, gray city of New York which he physically inhabits -- a city where people have come from all over the world, bringing their images of other places and other lives with them "Despite living in the heart of Manhattan,  Slonem remained true to his boyhood fascination with exotica, which he had developed as a youth in Hawaii and during his time as a foreign exchange student in Managua, Nicaragua  His paintings expressed a strong affinity for nature, especially the various species of exotic butterflies and tropical birds living on the island  He soon became well known for creating grisaille paintings of small birds in their cages   He often painted them wet-on-wet and grit off the surfaces to denote wire enclosures after the birds had been strategically placed  Art critic Roberta Smith wrote in the New York Times that Slonem's "witty Formalism strategy meshes the creatures into the picture plane and sometimes nearly obliterates them as images, but it also suspends and shrouds them in a dim, atmospheric light that is quite beautiful  If Joseph Cornell had concentrated on painting, the results might have looked like this " Birds also fill the surface of his largest project yet – a 6-foot by 86 foot mural he painted for the iconic Bryant Park Grill Restaurant in New York City, completed in 1995  According to The New Yorker, "The most notable aspect of the [restaurant's] interior is an 86-foot long mural by the artist Hunt Slonem, which depicts hundreds of birds, similar to those found in the artist's studio, where he can be found painting away with a bird or two perched on his shoulders "Hunt Slonem's oil paintings pivot between the fantastic and the natural  These natural forms ultimately become the subjects for many of his artworks, appearing in large lavishly colored paintings and constructed sculptures  As an artist, he endeavors to explore the many expressive faculties of color  His paintings are layered with thick brushstrokes of vivid color, often cut into in a cross-hatched pattern that adds texture to the overall surface of the painting  Slonem often hides his subjects "behind a grid of incised lines, blurring their contours and emphasizing the paint's tactile quality " This surface patterning combines with the rich colors and recognizable subject matter to create paintings that are physically and aesthetically rich  Poet and critic John Ashbery observed, "From the narrow confines of his grids, half cage, half perch, Slonem summons dazzling explosions of the variable life around us that need only to be looked at in order to spring into being "Slonem's obsessive and repetitive rendering of his subjects reflects his desire to explore issues of spatial complexity, compression and density in what the acclaimed Metropolitan Museum of Art curator Henry Geldzahler deemed "a consistent investigation of post-cubist abstraction " The repetitive imagery also makes a reference to Andy Warhol  "I was influenced by Warhol's repetition of soup cans and Marilyn," says Slonem  "But I'm more interested in doing it in the sense of prayer, with repetition    It's really a form of worship " He is not interested in realism or, unlike Warhol, in advertising or media, and his paintings are neither narrative nor specific in detail  Rather, Slonem's work is deeply rooted in the act of painting  His jarring color choices, spontaneous mark making, and scratched hatch marks are the result of his ongoing fascination with the manipulation and implementation of paint  For Slonem, cross-hatching has "a feeling of a tapestry, it's like weaving  I'm making colors bleed into each other, I'm revealing the under-painting  I'm making these marks to allow the light to come through, basically  So you're seeing about five levels of paint, instead of one " It is this kind of devotion to the process of painting that prompted Henry Geldzahler to observe in 1993 that "Slonem is a painter, a painter's painter with an enormous bag of technical tricks which become apparent to the viewer the longer he stands before the work "Another recurring theme of Slonem's pictorial work is portrait painting, and that of Abraham Lincoln in particular  He is interested in history and memorabilia, and for him, the "larger-than-life" Lincoln is a catchall  In Slonem's words, "On Marilyn [Monroe]'s desk, she had a picture of her mother and a picture of Lincoln  And she said, 'I really didn't know who my father was, so it might as well be Abraham Lincoln '" According to the Interview Magazine, "Slonem's portraits of Lincoln feel personal, and in surprising ways, he's close to the long-deceased " "I work with diviners and mystics, and one of them started channeling Lincoln in my house," says Slonem  "[Lincoln] guided me to paint certain things, like my doves: he wanted me to paint them as a symbol of freedom "In the early 1980s, Slonem began working on a new series of so-called "Rabbit paintings "  The idea for this critically acclaimed series came to him after he had discovered that the year of his birth, 1951, was the year of the Rabbit in the Chinese zodiac calendar  He often repeats imagery in this series, just like in his other series, because, he told the Wall Street Journal, the act is similar to spiritual meditation: "Mantras are holy because you repeat them " This theme continued to inspire Slonem over the years, and the series is as prominent in his work today as it was over thirty years ago Apart from painting, Slonem is also making sculptures, like the sizable, "Tocos," an 18-foot acrylic and aluminum tower of toucans exhibited at the Polk Museum of Art in 2012  He has also restored several historic houses  "I consider it part of my art form,"  Slonem said in an interview with NewsChief com   His "art form" also includes Gothic revival furniture - in his homes, studios, and exhibits  In 2009, Bergdorf Goodman, a luxury department store in New York City, recreated Slonem's distinct art-filled living room for its windows display  In Slonem's view, "Art incorporated with furniture becomes a work of art itself "In 2008, German automaker Audi enlisted Hunt Slonem to create an exclusive design for its sleek new A5 coupe, and he created a one-of-a-kind design based on one of his oil painting for the car's exterior  "It's an earlier work of mine with birds flying through the sky; the original work is in the collection of the Colby Museum in Maine, where I was born," said Slonem of the piece, which is painted in blues, blacks, reds, and whites with cockatoos  The mobile artwork was unveiled in conjunction with the New York International Auto Show at the Audi Forum in Manhattan  The "Hunt Slonem Audi A5," as it was dubbed, then toured Audi dealerships throughout the United States, before returning to New York where it was auctioned off to benefit a cancer research charity In 2010, Albert Maysles, the Oscar-nominated documentary filmmaker (Salesman, Gimme Shelter, Grey Gardens), announced that he will be shooting a feature-length documentary on Hunt Slonem's life and his art In 2014, he collaborated with fashion accessories company Echo Design Group for a limited edition scarf and handbag collection 

Museum exhibitions and collections
Since 1977, Slonem had solo shows at many prestigious contemporary art galleries including the Fischbach Gallery in New York and the Serge Sorokko Gallery in San Francisco  His work has been exhibited globally, including in Madras, Quito, Venice, Gustavia, San Juan, Guatemala City, Paris, Amsterdam, Madrid, Stockholm, Oslo, Cologne, Tokyo, and Hong Kong  His work has been shown in thirty-one different museums including the Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1981; the Museo Diocesano d'arte sacra Sant'Apollonia in Venice, Italy, in 1986; the Albany Museum of Art in Albany, Georgia, in 2007; the  Istanbul Museum of Modern Art in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2007; Museo de Arte de El Salvador in San Salvador, El Salvador, in 2010; the National Gallery for Foreign Art in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 2010;  the Alexandria Museum of Art in Alexandria, Louisiana in 2011, the Polk Museum of Art in Lakeland, Florida in 2012, the Moscow Museum of Modern Art in 2015, and the Russian State Museum in St  Petersburg, Russia in 2017, among others Slonem has been an active participant in the Art in Embassies Program sponsored by the United States Department of State, alongside other American artists including Jim Dine, Julian Schnabel, Sol LeWitt, Jasper Johns, Ellsworth Kelly, and Jeff Koons, who received the first ever Medal of Arts from the Department of State for his "outstanding commitment" to the program  Through Art in Embassies, Slonem's paintings have been exhibited globally revealing, as Hillary Clinton put it, "the rich history and cultural heritage of the United States and the experiences that we share with peoples of different countries, backgrounds and faiths  Every exhibition reminds us of the diversity of mankind and the values that bind us together "Hunt Slonem's paintings are widely represented in important private collections all over the world  According to the San Francisco Chronicle, "Slonem's work has attracted many well-known [Hollywood] art collectors including Sharon Stone, Gina Gershon, Brooke Shields, Julianne Moore, Mandy Moore, Kate Hudson, and J Lo", among others   "I'm a big fan of Hunt's work," Brooke Shields told Daily Front Row  "It's whimsical without being too sweet "  A March 2012 issue of Architectural Digest features Shields's Manhattan townhouse, with three of Slonem's "rabbit paintings" prominently displayed on her living room wall Over fifty museums internationally include Hunt Slonem's paintings in their collections, among them the Smithsonian American Art Museum; the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D C ; the Brooklyn Museum of Art in Brooklyn, NY; the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts; Fundació Joan Miró in Barcelona, Spain; the Würth Museum in Künzelsau, Germany; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Solomon R  Guggenheim Museum all in New York 

Personal life
Until 2010, Slonem occupied a Tenth Street studio in Manhattan that was 40,000 square feet, divided into 89 rooms  In 2010, Slonem moved to a 15,000 square foot fourth floor former headquarters of the film company Moviola, on West 45th Street  The space served as his painting studio and was divided into a number of small rooms, all of which Slonem painted in old Louisiana plantation-house colors  The studio housed his ever-expanding quirky collections, from Neo-Gothic chairs to top hats, to marble busts of Marie Antoinette, to various objets d'art, mined from flea markets and antique fairs  In an interview in Vincent Katz's book Pleasure Palaces: The Art & Homes of Hunt Slonem, he describes his collecting technique as "cluttering "  For him, objects are "friends;" the more there are, the more he is inspired  "I have to have a certain amount of stuff in place before I can function and paint," he says  Although, Slonem still lives in the loft apartment he moved into in 1973, according to the Wall Street Journal, he does nearly all his entertaining at his new 25,000 square foot West 34th Street studio in the industrial Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan where he moved in 2011  He christened the third floor loft space with a birthday party attended by more than 200 people Hunt Slonem also owns two historically important Louisiana plantations—one called Albania Plantation, on the Bayou Teche in St  Mary Parish, about two hours' drive northwest of New Orleans, and the other – the Lakeside Plantation, in a remote location near the town of Batchelor, one hour north of Baton Rouge  According to the New York Times, the Batchelor property includes "an 1832 plantation house called Lakeside, pink if you please, as surprising in this community of shoebox houses as an aged diva in a pink organdy dress at McDonald's  Also as indifferent, inasmuch as a house can be indifferent, to the bruising of time " It was once owned by Marquis de La Fayette whose close relationship with lifelong friends such as Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, James Monroe, John Adams, and Robert Livingston played a pivotal role in the Louisiana Purchase   In a show of gratitude, the United States gave La Fayette land which is known today as Lakeside Plantation  The property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana 
Passage 17:
Sébastien Fauqué
Sébastien Fauqué is a French rugby union player, born 6 March 1977 in Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées), who plays as fly half for La Rochelle 
He arrived at US Montauban from US Dax after a spell at Castres Olympique and a first professional contract at Section Paloise  He was the backup for David Aucagne at Pau and Thomas Castaignède at Castres  He trained at two clubs: Riscle and Lourdes  After the 2008 season, and after six seasons at Montauban, he joined RC Toulon, who were promoted to Top 14 

Honours
Club
Pro D2 Champions : 2006

Personal
Best player of Pro D2: 2006 (383 points, 22 more than second placed Antoine Vignau-Tuquet)2nd : 2005 (397 points, 18 less than first place Martin Vickers-Pearson)
Best kicker in Pro D2: 2006 (353 points, 22 more than second placed Antoine Vigneau-Tuquet)2nd : 2005 (377 points, 3 less than first placed Martin Vickers-Pearson)

Notes
External links
(in French) Player profile at lequipe fr
(in French) Statistics at itsrugby fr
"Sébastien Fauqué"  itsrugby co uk  Retrieved 13 November 2021 
Passage 18:
Gaston de Gerlache
Baron Gaston de Gerlache de Gomery (Brussels, 17 November 1919 – Oudenaarde, 13 July 2006) was a Belgian polar explorer 
Gaston de Gerlache was the son of Adrien de Gerlache, and followed in the tracks of his father by leading the second Belgian expedition to Antarctica in 1957–1958, 60 years after his father led the 1897–1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition aboard the ship Belgica 
Gaston de Gerlache and his crew established the King Baudouin Base in 1958 in the context of the International Geophysical Year  On 11 December 1958 an aircraft with four Belgians, led by Gaston de Gerlache crashed in the Crystal Mountains, 250 km from King Baudouin Base, Antarctica  The crew was searched for and rescued on 16 December by the Soviet polar pilot V  M  Perov on an Li-2 aircraft, that had taken off from Mirny Station In 1960 Gaston de Gerlache published his travel journal Retour dans l'antarctique  A year later he made a documentary about his expedition named Plein sud 
An article, "Belgium in the Antarctic", written by Gaston de Gerlache de Gomery appeared in the Geographical magazine (May 1962 issue) 
Mount Gaston de Gerlache in the Queen Fabiola Mountains on Antarctica was named after him 
Passage 19:
Marvin Felix Camillo
Marvin Felix Camillo (1937 in Newark, New Jersey – January 22, 1988 in La Rochelle, France) was an American theater director and actor, noted for his founding of The Family theater company, a group in New York largely made up of ex-convicts 

Stage productions
Short Eyes (1974)
The Cool World (1960)



ground_truth: Menachem Mendel Schneersohn