prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city was the author of What We Talk About When We Talk About love born in?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Neal Asbury
Neal Asbury (born May 2, 1957) is Chief Executive of The Legacy Companies  An advocate of entrepreneurship and free enterprise,  he hosts the nationally syndicated talk radio show Neal Asbury's Truth for America (now Neal Asbury's Made in America) 

Early life
Neal Asbury attended Jefferson Township High School in Jefferson Township, New Jersey  After graduation he enrolled in Rowan University in New Jersey graduating in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music 

Career
After graduating from Rowan University Neal began working in the mail room of a Fifth Avenue as a food service exporter  A year later, Asbury moved on to Manila, working as a director of sales for a large trading company and traveling to capitals in the Far East  Seven years later, he founded Asbury Worldwide  By 1987, the firm had grown to include twelve distribution facilities around the globe   In 1989, he started began FAB Asia, Inc  in Manila, Philippines, an  Asian fabricator of commercial kitchens for McDonald's as well as other American restaurant chains 
After selling his group of companies in July 1999, Asbury established Greenfield World Trade, a global trading company selling and servicing American manufactured products in over 130 countries to both  retail and commercial markets  He acquired J  Cobo (a distribution company with operations throughout Latin America), General (a manufacturer of food preparation equipment), Zeroll (a manufacturer of kitchen gadgets), and Omega (a manufacturer of electrical kitchen appliances) 

Awards and distinctions
Asbury has received the E-Star Export Award and the Export Achievement Award from the U S  Department of Commerce  Asbury's company was recognized as National Champion Exporter of The Year(2008) after they were first recognized in February as Exporter of the Year for Florida, which was preceded by being selected as the Region IV Exporter of the Year, covering the Southeast United States   Greenfield World Trade's Neal Asbury Named SBA's National Champion Exporter of the Year 

Radio show and blog
Each week Asbury hosts a talk radio show, Neal Asbury's Made In America, (formerly Truth For America), produced by Atlantic Radio Network   It is broadcast around the US by Radio America and deals with topics related to America's entrepreneurial spirit and the American Dream Asbury also writes the Conscientious Equity blog, which focuses on his interest for small business, entrepreneurship and the benefits of expanding the U S  role in global commerce  Topics discussed on the blog range from the health care crisis to job creation and international trade  Asbury's blog entries have been syndicated online, appearing on Moneynews com 

Personal life
On December 29 in 1984 Neal married Elizabeth Trixia Gomez Carpio, an actress from the Philippines  They have two daughters 
Passage 2:
Steve Somers
Steve Somers (born April 17, 1947), nicknamed the Schmoozer, is an American talk radio host best known for his work on the New York City sports radio station WFAN (660 AM)  He has been with the station since its inception in 1987 

Personal life
Somers is a native of San Francisco, California, and became a fan of the San Francisco Giants upon the team's arrival to the city in 1958  He graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1969  He currently resides in Manhattan  
His nickname is  "The Schmoozer " He roots for the New York Mets (or Metropolitans as he refers to them), the New York Knicks (or Knickerbockers) the New York Rangers and New York Jets (sometimes he even calls them the Jetropolitans) 

Career
Somers began his career in the Bay Area  Before graduating high school, he worked at KYA radio in San Francisco delivering on air high school sports reports   After college, Somers began hosting a news talk show on KNEW radio in Oakland  To that effect, Time Magazine ran a story naming him the youngest talk show host in the country at that period of time  Somers also worked a public address announcer for the NBA's San Francisco Warriors 
In 1970, Somers joined KPIX in San Francisco  as a weekend sports anchor and won a San Francisco Press Club Award  Over the next decade and a half he held other television sportscasting positions at KOVR in Sacramento, WXIA-TV in Atlanta and KNBC in Los Angeles  While in Los Angeles, he also launched a sports talk program at KMPC radio 
Somers joined WFAN at the station's inception in July 1987  He spent his first few years with the station as the overnight host  While he was on the overnight program he dubbed himself "Captain Midnight"  During this time he conducted one of the last ever interviews with Mark Koenig, who was the last living member of the 1927 New York Yankees  He later spent a few years co-hosting the 10am-1pm slot with WWOR-TV sports anchor Russ Salzberg  The program was titled "The Sweater and the Schmoozer " At that time, Somers developed some of the quirks that have been hallmarks of his WFAN tenure, dropping catchphrases such as "schmoooooozing S-P-O-R-T-S" (spelling out the word "sports"), giving time checks in minutes and seconds, uniquely reading the end of the station's phone number as "six-six-six-six" rather than the standard "sixty six-sixty six", joking at the expense of engineer Eddie Scozzare ("THE Eddie Scozzare?" "No, Eddie Maple, who do you think we're talking?"), and reading the catalogue numbers of live commercials ("LV-242, for those of you scoring at home, and I know you are   ") 
He is also known to refer to the New York Mets, by their official name "The New York Metropolitans" drawing out the parts as Metro-Politans, and referring to the Islanders as the Ice-landers 
Currently, Somers usually works during the evening on weekdays  His program can be heard anywhere from 6:30pm to 2am, depending on whether WFAN airs a sporting event that night  He is also sometimes heard on weekends  He is colloquially known as "The Schmoozer " Somers has said of the infrequent scheduling, "Sometimes, just sometimes, I forget what time zone I live in "
In October 2021, Somers stated that WFAN's owner Audacy had requested to move his show back into the overnight hours, a request Somers declined as he was no longer willing to work a graveyard slot  He stated that, because of the request, he was planning on retiring from his regular shift at WFAN "sooner rather than later," with the intention of remaining at WFAN on a reduced schedule as a fill-in host if Audacy allows 

Film
Somers appeared in the 1979 film The Visitor 
Passage 3:
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes is an American talk show hosted by artist Andy Warhol, that aired on MTV from 1985 to 1987  One of the network's earliest series, it featured interviews with up-and-coming musicians such as Courtney Love  Other such talk show guests include Debbie Harry and Chris Stein of Blondie, Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran, Ric Ocasek of the Cars, the Ramones, Grace Jones, Yoko Ono, Judd Nelson, Kevin Dillon, John C  McGinley, and William S  Burroughs 

See also
15 minutes of fame
Passage 4:
Treat Her Like a Lady (Diana King song)
"Treat Her Like a Lady" is a song by Jamaican-American singer Diana King from the 1995 album, Tougher Than Love  It was written by King, Andy Marvel and Billy Mann, and produced by Marvel  In 1997, it was covered by Canadian singer Celine Dion for her album, Let's Talk About Love 

Celine Dion version
Canadian singer Celine Dion recorded a cover version of "Treat Her Like a Lady" for her 1997 album, Let's Talk About Love  It was produced by Ric Wake  Dion changed some lyrics, gaining a co-writing credit  Diana King and Brownstone recorded guest vocals for the track  "Treat Her Like a Lady" was released as the final single in Europe between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It peaked inside top 40 in the United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland, Austria and Iceland 

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne called Dion's cover an "overarranged stab at reggae dancehall" and "unintentionally amusing"  The New York Observer editor Jonathan Bernstein wrote, "She's fallen on her face before when attempting to be as one with the rhythm, but Celine Dion has never humiliated herself as comprehensively as she does when mashing it up in a dance-hall style on "Treat Her Like a Lady"  As Seinfeld' s George Costanza remarked in a similar situation, "Sweet fancy Moses!"" Steven Wells from NME commented, "Celine raps hardcore radical feminism! Yes she does! She says that we've got to treat women like "ladies"  Otherwise they might go "crazy"  This is possibly the most profound statement on the subject of women's oppression since Germaine Greer's The Female Eunuch" 

Commercial performance
After the success of "My Heart Will Go On", radio stations in Quebec started playing "Treat Her Like a Lady" in May 1998  Because of that, it entered the airplay chart on 30 May 1998 and peaked at number nine  The commercial single was released in selected European countries between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It was issued almost a year after the previous single from Let's Talk About Love, "Immortality" 
In April 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in Austria and Germany, peaking at numbers 16 and 64, respectively  In May 1999, it debuted on the charts in the Netherlands and Belgium, reaching numbers 62 in the Netherlands, 70 in Wallonia and 78 in Flanders  In July 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in few other countries, peaking at numbers 29 in the United Kingdom, 33 in Scotland, 40 in Ireland, 54 in Sweden, and as a result number 91 on the European Hot 100 Singles  The song also reached numbers 13 in Iceland and 38 on the airplay chart in Spain 

Music video
The live music video was recorded on 18 December 1998, during the Let's Talk About Love World Tour in Montreal, Canada  It was directed by Gérard Pullicino  The video was included on the UK enhanced CD single in June 1999  In November 2022, it was uploaded into Dion's official YouTube channel 

Track listing and formats
Charts
Release history
Passage 5:
Roamin' Holiday
Roamin' Holiday is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 155th Our Gang short released (156th episode, 67th talking short, and 68th talking episode) 

Plot
Upset at being forced to do the household chores all weekend long (and the threat of taking dancing lessons), Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat, and Porky decide to run away from home  Taking a breather in the tiny village of Jenksville, the boys manage to cadge a meal from kindly storekeeper Mrs  Jenks  But when she finds out that the kids are runaways, she passes this information along to her husband, Constable Hi Jenks, who jovially decides to teach the boys a lesson  Pretending to arrest the four youngsters, Constable Jenks dresses them in convict stripes and forces them to work on the rock pile, figuring that after an hour or so they will be glad to return home  But an unanticipated swarm of bees brings this little morality play to a sudden and painful conclusion for the four roamin' rascals 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Darla Hood as Darla
Pete the Pup as himself

Additional cast
Joe White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Tom White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Otis Harlan as Hiram Jenks
May Wallace as 'Ma' Jenks

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 6:
Bangkok Love Story
Bangkok Love Story (Thai: เพื่อน   กูรักมึงว่ะ; RTGS: Phuean   Ku Rak Mueng Wa; literally "Friend     I love you") is a 2007 Thai film written and directed by Poj Arnon  A gay romantic crime action drama, it is the story of a man who falls in love with a gunman assigned to kill him 

Plot
A loner gunman named Maek is assigned to kidnap a police informant named Iht, but Maek has a change of heart when he takes Iht to the 'hit house'  Maek is ordered to kill Iht, but because he only kills scum and has discovered that Iht isn't bad, he refuses, turning the gun on the enforcers who had hired him to murder Iht  A gun battle ensues during which Maek is wounded, but Iht grabs Maek's gun and shoots their way out of the mobsters' headquarters  The two men then escape on Maek's motorcycle  Maek tells Iht to leave at gun point but he won't and takes Maek back to his rooftop hide-out  There, over a period of time, Iht tends to Maek's wound and finds himself attracted to him 
In fact, Maek is also attracted to Iht, but keeps it hidden, while Iht cares for his former would-be killer with great tenderness 
While giving Maek a bath one day, Iht kisses him on the mouth   Maek reciprocates and the two men engage in a passionate sexual experience  The next day, however, a conflicted Maek demands that Iht go away and leave him alone  Iht returns home to his fiancée, Sai, but is no longer interested in continuing a relationship with her  Iht spends his days pining over Maek, and tracks down Maek's brother, Mhok, and their mother  Mhok is HIV positive, as the result of sexual abuse by his and Maek's stepfather, and their mother is dying of AIDS 
Maek remains elusive, hiding from Iht when he visits the hideout, but leaving signs that he's there so Iht will return 
Though Maek avoids making contact with Iht, eventually he goes to visit his mother and brother, and Iht corners him at the entrance to the building, declaring his love for Maek and stressing how much he misses him   They kiss passionately  They are unfortunately covertly observed by Sai, Iht's live-in fiancée 
Maek's dream is to take his mother and brother away from Bangkok to the mountains of Mae Hong Son Province  But after Maek's mother overhears that Mhok has prostituted himself to survive after contracting AIDS from his stepfather, she commits suicide by hanging herself  The brothers take her down, and as they are rushing her from the apartment, she is killed by a gunshot fired by an unseen sniper  The bullet is presumably intended for Maek 
Maek's former mobster employers are gunning for him and Iht  Maek decides to hunt them down first, and he succeeds in killing them  After Mohk informs Iht what Maek is doing, Iht goes to the capo's house to try to stop Maek, but he is too late and misses Maek by a second  Iht is injured when the capo's wife shoots at a clock that shatters in Iht's face 
Maek, meanwhile meets his brother at the railway station to leave Bangkok for good  But before he can board the train, he is apprehended by the police and taken away  Mhok breaks down  He's the sole witness to his brother being apprehended 
Years pass by  Iht visits Maek in prison and reveals that he was left blind in the final gunbattle with Maek's ex-boss  Mhok commits suicide while at a Hospice of Watphrabahtnamphu in Lopburi because he no longer has the energy to fight his disease  Eventually, Maek is released from prison, and Iht meets him  But before the two men can leave to start their life together, Maek is shot dead by a single bullet fired by an unseen assassin  A bewildered, blind Iht collapses over his lover's corpse, swearing his love for him again and again 
Iht eventually regains his sight, and is finally able to view on his mobile phone a video recorded by Maek himself many years before, admitting that all along, he had loved Iht and that he would love him to his last breath 

Cast
Rattanaballang Tohssawat as Maek (Cloud)
Chaiwat Thongsaeng as Iht (Stone)
Weeradit Srimalai as Mhok (Fog)
Chatcha Rujinanon as Sai (Sand)
Suchao Pongwilai
Chonprakhan Janthareuang
Uthumporn Silaphan
Rachanu Boonchuduang

Production
When Bangkok Love Story was in pre-production in 2006, the Royal Thai Police raised objections to the script, which originally depicted a policeman (Iht) falling in love with the assassin Maek  The character Iht's exact connection to the police department was then made ambiguous so that the film would be passed by the Board of Censors, which includes members of the Royal Thai Police Both lead actors, Chaiwat Thongsang (Iht) and Ratanabanrang Tosawat (Maek), are heterosexual, according to a profile of the two actors in BK Magazine  Chaiwat said he took the role because he wanted the "challenge" and to "become famous"  Ratanabanrang simply stated playing a gay man "is an honor" Chaiwat said he had hoped camera angles could be used so he could avoid having to kiss his co-star, but director Poj Arnon insisted the kisses must be real  "It was totally disgusting at first, but we kind of got used to it after a while", Chaiwat said  Ratanabanrang said he had to imagine he was kissing his girlfriend  "Actually, we acted so well, that my girlfriend got paranoid" Both actors acknowledged that the film would be compared to Brokeback Mountain, but Ratanabanrang noted that Poj Arnon had the idea for Bangkok Love Story long before Brokeback had been adapted into a film 

Release and reception
Bangkok Love Story was released in Thailand cinemas on August 13, 2007  The film proved popular, with the Bangkok Post stating it was "the movie everybody has been talking about"  The film earned US$325,000 in its Thailand theatrical run Critical reception was mixed  The weekly BK Magazine stated that the film suffered from being overly melodramatic, but praised the cinematography by Tiwa Moeithaisong, which "turns Bangkok into a character in its own right "Reviews from the Bangkok English-language daily The Nation were characterised as "dismissive" 
LGBT-related website Fridae praised Bangkok Love Story as "the boldest Thai gay movie to date " It additionally praised the film for being a departure from the Thai LGBT genre, which generally features coarsely stereotyped kathoey transvestite caricatures Gay Thai independent film producer Vitaya Saeng-aroon similarly praised the film, saying director Poj Arnon was "brave enough to shake society up" Bangkok Love Story was screened at the 34th Brussels International Independent Film Festival, where it won the top prize, the Grand Award in all Categories  It was also the Opening Night selection for the 2007 Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, and played at the 2008 London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival 
TLA Releasing acquired theatrical, home video, television and video on demand rights for North America and the United Kingdom  The company plans to release the film in those territories in summer 2008 

Soundtrack
The film also produced a popular theme song "Yahk-Roo   Tae-Mai-Yahk-Taam" (in Thai: "อยากรู้   แต่ไม่อยากถาม meaning "I want to know, but I don't want to ask") by Calories Blah Blah (in Thai: แคลอรี่ส์ บลาห์ บลาห์) 
Passage 7:
Glove Taps
Glove Taps is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 151st Our Gang short (152nd episode, 63rd talking short, and 64th talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Butch explains that he clobbers every kid in school to prove that he is in charge  By a fluke, weak-kneed Alfalfa is chosen to face Butch in the barnyard boxing ring—and he has only one day to train for the big bout 
Spanky volunteers to be Alfalfa's trainer, which consists mostly of Alfalfa pulling him around in a little red wagon 
Porky and Buckwheat have had "this will not end well" expressions on their faces the whole time  They take matters into their own hands once the bout starts; knocking Butch out from behind a curtain and allowing Alfalfa to take the credit 

Notes
After appearing as a peripheral player in several earlier Our Gang shorts, Tommy Bond made a spectacular return to the series in Glove Taps  Here and in all future appearances, Bond is cast as neighborhood bully Butch, the bane of the existence of Spanky McFarland, Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer and the rest of the Gang 
Another Our Ganger debuts as Glove Taps Marks the first appearance of Darwood Kaye 
The background music in this one-reel comedy came from Marvin Hatley's Oscar-nominated score for the Laurel and Hardy feature Way Out West 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
Tommy Bond as Butch
Sidney Kibrick as Woim
Darla Hood as Darla
Darwood Kaye as Waldo

Extra kids
Hugh Chapman, John Collum, Rex Downing, Larry Harris, Joe Levine, Jackie Lindquist, Donald Proffitt, Hugh Sheridan, Harold Switzer, Jerry Tucker, Bobs Watson, Robert Winkler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 8:
Full House (season 2)
The second season of the family sitcom Full House originally aired on ABC between October 14, 1988 and May 5, 1989  From this season onward, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen are credited in the opening credits 

Plot
In season two, Danny is fired from his job as a sportscaster and instead is promoted to a higher position as the host of a morning talk show titled Wake Up San Francisco, earning him a co-host named Rebecca Donaldson (Lori Loughlin) and Jesse's potential love interest  Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey become best friends (much to Danny's jealousy) and start doing advertising jingles together  D  J  begins sixth grade and Stephanie enters first grade 

Main cast
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D  J  Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner

Episodes
See also
List of Full House episodes
Passage 9:
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a 1981 collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver, as well as the title of one of the stories in the collection  Considered by many one of American literature's most ambitious short-story collections, it was this collection that turned Raymond Carver into a household name in the publishing industry 

Content
"Why Don't You Dance?"
In 1977, Carver submitted a story with this title to Esquire, which Gordon Lish subsequently edited and retitled "I Am Going to Sit Down", but no version ever appeared in Esquire  The story was first published in Quarterly West in Autumn 1978 and later in The Paris Review in Spring 1981  The Quarterly West version incorporated many of Lish's suggested changes, while the final version was 9% shorter  It tells the story of a drinking man overseeing his yard sale  The reader gets the feeling that he may be selling all his possessions, looking to start life anew  A young couple stops by to select furniture for their new apartment  They haggle a little over prices and buy a TV and a bed  The drinking man tells the young woman to put a record on  When the music begins the man asks the couple to dance  Uncomfortably, they comply  Then the drinking man dances with the girl, and she says to him: "You must be desperate or something " Several weeks later, the woman is telling her friends about the man at his yard sale  She mocks the record player and records he gave them, saying: "Will you look at this shit?" The story ends with her trying to make sense of the man's situation before quitting her wondering altogether 
The story was adapted in the 2010 film Everything Must Go starring Will Ferrell and written and directed by Dan Rush 

"Viewfinder"
A hook-handed man takes a photograph of the narrator's house from the street, then sells it to him  The narrator asks the photographer in for coffee  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Mr  Coffee and Mr  Fixit"
A man reflects "about three years back" on his struggle to come to grips with a couple of troublesome relationships  He was surprised to see his elderly single mother kissing a man on the sofa upstairs  He says his kids were crazy and so was his wife, Myrna, who eventually fell for another man named Ross whom she met at Alcoholics Anonymous  He remembers how his father died and suggests to Myrna that they "hug awhile" and have a "real nice supper," and she responds somewhat lukewarmly  The manuscript version titled "Where Is Everyone?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Gazebo"
Set in a roomy upstairs suite, motel managers Holly & Duane discuss the disintegration of their marriage  Duane has been having an affair with a cleaning lady, Juanita  Duane tries to convince Holly that their love can be rekindled and reconciled but Holly does not agree  Duane is left hopelessly bemoaning the future he had envisioned with Holly  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"I Could See the Smallest Things"
Nancy wakes up in the middle of the night because of a noise outside  She realizes it's the open gate, and hesitantly she goes to the kitchen to smoke for a while before going out to investigate, leaving her alcoholic husband Cliff "passed out" and snoring loudly in bed  At the fence, Nancy meets her neighbor Sam, a widower, who is spreading insecticide to kill slugs which are ruining his garden  Nancy & Sam talk and it becomes clear Sam and Cliff, once good friends, have had a falling-out  Lonely and wishing to patch up their relationship, Sam asks Nancy to tell Cliff he said hello  Nancy says she will and goes back to bed, realizing she forgot to latch the gate shut  The manuscript version titled "Want to See Something?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Sacks"
Les, a textbook salesman, reflects back a year ago on an incident where he met up with his father in a Sacramento airport  It's been two years since his father's divorce from his mother  While the wife was away, the father had been having an extramarital affair with a Stanley Products saleswoman  The father asks Les if everything is okay, and Les lies, saying everything is fine  A fissure seems to grow between the father and son during the uncomfortable, transient, confusing meeting  Fairly sure that his father will play a negligent to nonexistent role in his future, Les boards his flight  The manuscript version titled "The Fling" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Bath"
On his birthday, young Scotty is walking to school when he is hit by a car and knocked unconscious  "The Bath" is a predecessor of "A Small, Good Thing," one of Carver's most famous stories, which was published in Cathedral  It is much shorter than "A Small, Good Thing" and ends on an ambiguous note as Scotty's mother goes home from the hospital to take a bath, which is where this version of the story gets its name 

"Tell the Women We're Going"
Two close childhood friends, identified by the author as Bill Jamison & Jerry Roberts, are out of school and have married  After Jerry married, Bill sensed a change in his friend, something that he'd never once shown  One afternoon, the two men leave both their wives and Jerry's kids to go out for a drive, for old-time's sake  They play pool and drink beer at the Rec Center, while reminiscing about the olden days  On their way out, they see two women biking down the road  Jerry proposes turning back and chatting them up, juvenile and excited  They pull up to the women and Bill introduces himself and Jerry, but the girls, named Barbara and Shannon, seem completely uninterested  They drive ahead and wait for the women to pass  The women, when they arrive, drop their bikes and cut down a path away from the men, which doesn't really bother Bill but does angers Jerry, who devises a plan to cut them off  The story ends in a surprise twist, with Jerry bashing Shannon and Barbara over their heads with a rock, ostensibly killing them both and proving Jerry's deep unhappiness with life  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"After the Denim"
James and Edith Packer, an elderly couple, go out for the night to play bingo at the local community center  While there, James is perturbed by a young hippy-like couple dressed in denim who go on to ruin his fun and evening: they take the Packers' parking spot; James sees the young man cheating and confronts him but the man denies the allegation  Later, when the young girl gets bingo, everybody but James claps  James is certain the couple will use the victory money on drugs  That night as the Packers are getting ready for bed, Edith reveals to James that she's been "bleeding" and "spotting," and she'll require medical attention  Restless and upset over his wife's sickness, James wonders why it isn't the young couple who has all the problems  The manuscript version titled "If It Please You" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"So Much Water So Close to Home"
As she was having breakfast, Claire, is shocked to learn that her husband, Stuart, and his three buddies, found the body of a girl washed up on the rivershore upon arriving in the afternoon for their yearly camping trip, as reported by the morning newspaper that day  Instead of reporting the body to the police immediately, the four rather enjoy their vacation, spending some time fishing, getting to eating, and drinking whisky as they sit by the fire, all the while the body of the dead girl lays there  As the quartet packs up the next morning, Stuart uses a payphone to alert the police about the corpse found by the riverbed  Claire feels deeply distanced from her husband, who she thought she knew, and cannot stop wondering about the dead girl, to whom she feels oddly connected  Inevitably, she starts believing Stuart and his friends could be behind the girl's murder  Claire wonders why they didn't go fishing locally, why didn't they report the body quickly, as she'd have  Later, after the body is identified and Stuart is at work, Claire reads the funeral plans in the newspaper and decides to attend  On her way to the funeral, a man in a pickup truck pulls her over and asks to talk to her, wants to make sure she's safe  Claustrophobic and frightened, Claire clicks her car locks shut and says she's fine  After the funeral Claire overhears a woman saying they caught the killer, but Claire is not so certain they have the right man  The story ends with Stuart making a sexual advance on Claire in the kitchen  As he reaches for her breasts, she hears water running in the sink and is reminded of the girl floating in the river  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off"
The character of Jack Fraser, in classical Carver style, tells the story of a local outsider named Dummy who worked in the same sawmill as Jack's father Del  Del gets Dummy to fill a pond on his land with bass, but Dummy eventually builds an electric fence around it so people stop coming by  Dummy drifts further into isolation and his wife starts going around with another man, much to his discontent  The story ends with Dummy murdering his wife and committing suicide by drowning in his beloved pond  Del impresses upon Jack what a wrong woman can turn a man into  Later, Jack understands Dummy's plight more clearly  The manuscript version titled "Dummy" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"A Serious Talk"
Burt finds himself incapable of leaving his wife Vera alone  On Boxing Day, Burt comes back to his wife's house to try and explain away his poor behavior from the night before  On Christmas Day, Burt put too many logs in the fire which could've burned the place down, reckless as he always was  On his way out to make room for Vera's boyfriend Charlie, Burt finds it appropriate to steal six pies from the kitchen counter left unattended  On the 26th, Vera does not want to talk to Burt; she doesn't have the time, it's obvious she has plans already  Burt tries again and again to apologize but Vera does not think it's sincere  Burt notices cigarette butts that are not Vera's regular brand collected in the ashtray, "their ashtray," and feels out of place  While Vera is the bathroom the phone rings and she shouts at Burt to answer it  It's a call for Charlie and Burt responds curtly, saying he's "not here" before leaving the phone off the hook  Vera comes back into the kitchen, and it's clear she cannot tolerate Burt sticking around  The phone rings again and Vera says she'll answer it from the bedroom  Instead of hanging up when Vera commands, Burt takes a knife from the cabinet and cuts the cord in two  Vera realizes what's happened and yells for Burt to leave, saying she'll get a restraining order  Burt leaves calmly and, as he drives away in his car holding their ashtray, he is deludedly convinced that in a few weeks they'll have a "serious talk" and get back together  The manuscript version titled "Pie" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Calm"
A man sitting in a barber's chair getting a haircut listens as three men waiting their turn argue about a hunting story one of the men is telling  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2004) 

"Little Things" (aka “Popular Mechanics”)
The protagonist is seen first packing a suitcase, all the while a woman swears at him and yells loudly, glad that he's finally leaving her  Their baby won't stop crying  The protagonist decides he wants to bring the baby with him but the woman won't let him even get near their baby  The two get into a tussle and a tug-of-war over the baby  The story ends with the man and the woman pulling tremendously on the baby, with somewhat ambiguously grim and dark possibilities  Titled "Little Things" in Where I'm Calling From (1988); the manuscript version titled "Mine" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Everything Stuck to Him"
A father tells his young adult daughter what life was like for their family when she was a young child, all while on vacation in Milan  The manuscript version titled "Distance" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"One More Thing"
At the kitchen table, L D  argues with his daughter Rae, age 15, about her beliefs  Maxine, the wife, comes home and notices L D  is drunk  Maxine sides with Rae, saying she can like what she likes  In a moment of fury, L D  throws a pickle jar through the window, shattering the glass  Maxine gives L D  an ultimatum: he must pack his things and go or she'll call the police  L D  starts packing, stuffing not only his belongings into his suitcase but also vindictively taking womanly toiletries he could make no use of  Taking one last look around, about to leave for good, L D  says he has one more thing to tell his wife and daughter but, suddenly inarticulate, he is unable to put what he feels into words  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love"
Mel McGinnis is a 45-year-old cardiologist married to Teresa, also known as Terri  They live together in Albuquerque  The narrator, Nick, describes Mel as tall and rangy with curly soft hair and Teresa (who is Mel's second wife) as bone-thin with a pretty face, dark eyes, and brown hair  Nick is 38 years old, and married to Laura, 35, who works as a legal secretary  The four sit around a table at Mel and Terri's, drinking gin in the afternoon 
They soon start to talk about love  Terri has had an abusive relationship; the abuse, she says, derives from love  Ed, Terri's former abusive boyfriend, "loved her so much he tried to kill her " Ed would beat Terri; he dragged her around the living room by her ankles knocking her into things along the way  Terri believes that Ed loved her and his abuse was his way of showing it  No matter what Terri says, Mel refuses to believe that was "love"  Ed also stalked Mel and Terri and called Mel at work with threatening messages  At one point, Mel was so scared he bought a gun and made out a will  Mel even wrote to his brother in California, saying that "if something happened to him" to look for Ed 
Terri's abusive boyfriend eventually committed suicide after two attempts (as Terri sees it, another act of love)  Ed's first attempt at suicide was when Terri had left him  Ed had drunk rat poison, but was rushed to the hospital where he was saved  In Ed's second, successful attempt he shot himself in the mouth  Terri and Mel argued about whether she could be in the hospital bedroom with him when he died  Terri won and was with Ed as he died; as Terri puts it, "He never came up out of it "
Soon afterward, Mel begins a story about an elderly couple struck by a drunk driver, a teenager who was pronounced dead at the scene  Mel was called into the hospital and saw how badly the elderly couple had been injured  He says that they had "multiple fractures, internal injuries, hemorrhaging, contusions, and lacerations " The couple were in casts and bandages from head to toe  Mel's point in telling the story is the husband's consternation when the couple was moved into the intensive care unit  Mel would visit the couple daily, and when he put his ear to the husband's mouth-hole, the latter told Mel he was upset because he could not see his wife through his eye-holes 
Mel strays from the topic with more talk about Ed, his personal thoughts about love, hatred toward his ex-wife, and life as a knight  Mel feels even though one loves a person, if something were to happen to them, the survivor would grieve but love again 
After finishing the second bottle of gin, the couples discuss going to dinner, but no one makes any moves to proceed with their plans 

Earlier version
Carver's original draft of the story "Beginners" was heavily edited by Gordon Lish, who cut out nearly half of Carver's story, adding in details of his own  Carver's original draft, released by his widow Tess Gallagher and published in a December 2007 issue of the New Yorker, reveals the extensive edits  For instance, the character Mel was originally named Herb, and the abusive boyfriend, renamed Ed by Lish, was originally named Carl  Additionally, Herb's story about the old couple was cut nearly in half, with Lish removing the story of the old couple's home life, love, and reunion in the hospital   In Carver's original version, the two had separate rooms, which caused them to pine for each other and eventually led to a scene when they met again   Lish removed all of this, rewrote the couple into the same room, but in body casts that prevented them from seeing each other, and then explained the old man's distress thus:

     "I mean, the accident was one thing, but it wasn't everything  I'd get up to his mouth-hole, you know, and he'd say no, it wasn't the accident exactly but it was because he couldn't see her through the eye-holes  He said that that was making him feel so bad  Can you imagine? I'm telling you, the man's heart was breaking because he couldn't turn his goddamn head and 'see' his goddamn wife "
      Mel looked around the table and shook his head at what he was going to say 
      "I mean, it was killing the old fart just because he couldn't 'look' at the fucking woman "

Lish also cut out eight paragraphs at the end, in which Terri communicates her worry over Herb's depression to Laura and Nick, and another aspect of love is shown as Laura comforts Terri, tying together all the types of love discussed in the story 

Editing
There was some contention between Raymond Carver and his editor Gordon Lish over several stories in the collection; the author complained about the "surgical amputation and transplant that might make them someway fit into the carton so the lid will close " Eventually, the book was published with Lish's extensive alterations, and received critical acclaim 
Shortly before his death, Carver arranged the publication of his own selection of 37 of his stories, Where I'm Calling From: Selected Tales   He included some stories as edited by Lish, some restored  from his original manuscripts, and some unpublished stories  
Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, fought with Knopf for permission to republish the 17 stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver  These original versions eventually appeared in Beginners, published by Jonathan Cape in 2009, and in the Library of America volume Collected Stories 

In popular culture
The stories "So Much Water So Close to Home" and "Tell the Women We're Going" were adapted for Robert Altman's 1993 feature film Short Cuts  The former was the inspiration for the Paul Kelly song "Everything's Turning to White" on the album So Much Water So Close to Home and was also later adapted for the 2006 film Jindabyne 
The story "Why Don't You Dance?" serves as the basis for the award-winning 2004 short film Everything Goes as well as for the 2010 feature film Everything Must Go 
The 2012 film Stuck in Love uses the quote, "I could hear my heart beating  I could hear everyone's heart  I could hear the human noise we sat there making, not one of us moving, not even when the room went dark" from "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as the main character's, author Bill Borgens's, favorite quote  They are the last words spoken in the film 
Alejandro González Iñárritu's 2014 film Birdman or: The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance depicts an eclipsed Hollywood star, Riggan Thomson, who mounts a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The Broadway production includes several aspects of the Carver story—such as the four friends telling stories over a bottle of gin, and Mel's story about the couple in the car crash—but also includes other, more melodramatic storylines that are not part of the Carver story  Thomson attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Carver written on a cocktail napkin 
Passage 10:
Love Is on the Way
Love Is On the Way may refer to:

Love Is On the Way (album), a 1998 compilation album by American R&B/soul singer Luther Vandross
"Love Is On the Way" (song), a 1992 song by American rock band Saigon Kick
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Billy Porter, released on The First Wives Club soundtrack, later covered by Celine Dion
"Love Is On the Way", a song by R  Kelly from the 1995 album R  Kelly
"Love is On the Way", a song by Natalie Cole from the 1985 album Dangerous
"Love is On the Way", a song by Dave Koz from the 1999 album The Dance
"Love is On the Way", a 2004 single by Little Louie Vega and Blaze
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Austins Bridge from the 2010 album Times Like These
"Love Is On The Way", a song by Viktor Lazlo from the 1996 album Back to Front

See also
"Good Love is On the Way", a song by the John Mayer Trio from the 2005 album Try!
"My Love Is On the Way", a song from the 1954 musical The Golden Apple
Passage 11:
WMMW
WBOM (1470 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Meriden, Connecticut, and covering Central Connecticut  The station broadcasts an R&B format, aimed at the Hartford area  The station is owned by Full Power Radio, through Red Wolf Broadcasting Corporation  WBOM's programming is also heard on FM translator W273DS (102 5); the station's branding emphasizes the FM frequency 

History
The station's original construction permit was granted by the Federal Communications Commission on January 2, 1947; it was initially assigned the call sign WMMB, but changed to WMMW on March 4  It began broadcasting June 8, 1947, on 1470 kHz with 1,000 watts of power  The station was licensed to Silver City Crystal Company  An FM sister station, WMMW-FM (95 7), would be added by that December On March 5, 2014, Buckley Broadcasting announced that it would sell its Connecticut radio stations, including WMMW, to Connoisseur Media  The sale was completed on July 7, 2014, at a price of $7,922,035  Connoisseur sold WMMW, along with the other Talk of Connecticut stations (except for WWCO in Waterbury), WDRC-FM in Hartford, and W272DO in New Haven, to Red Wolf Broadcasting for $8 million in January 2018; the sale was completed on March 29, 2018 The call sign was changed to WBOM on April 28, 2020  The station went silent in March 2022, and returned as "The New 102 5" on March 11, 2022 
Passage 12:
Morals for Women
Morals for Women (known in the UK as Farewell Party and in re-release as Big City Interlude) is a 1931 American pre-Code film produced and released by Tiffany Pictures, often considered a low budget studio  The film stars Bessie Love and Conway Tearle  It is preserved at the Library of Congress, has been released on DVD, and is in the public domain 
This film is a follow-up to Tiffany's 1925 silent Morals for Men, which also starred Conway Tearle and is also preserved at the Library of Congress 

Plot
Stenographer and gold digger Helen Huston (Love) has a personal relationship with her employer Van Dyne (Tearle), who has set her up in an apartment on Park Avenue  Her childhood beau visits New York and proposes to her, which prompts her to return to her hometown and seek advice from her family  News of her living situation is the talk of her hometown  In defending Helen's honor, her younger brother injures the town bully and must pay his large hospital bill  Helen returns to her New York boss to get the money  Her hometown sweetheart interrupts one of her parties to see her, and even upon learning about Helen's relationship with her boss, he wants to marry her 

Cast
Reception
The film received lukewarm reviews, and the morality of the story was questioned 
Passage 13:
The Pigskin Palooka
The Pigskin Palooka is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 159th Our Gang short (160th episode, 70th talking short, and 71st talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Having written of his football heroics in military school, Alfalfa returns home to a hero's welcome  But the fact is that Alfalfa never played a game in his life and borrowed Rex's, a classmate and football player's uniform to take a picture, angering him as well  No sooner has he stepped off the train than his old pal Spanky, manager of the gang's football team, informs Alfalfa that he's been slated to be star player in an upcoming gridiron battle—which is to be staged within the next few hours  Alfalfa winds up winning the game in a total fluke, which Buckwheat and Porky helped cause 

Cast
The Gang
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Pete The Pup as himself

Additional cast
Rex Downing as Cadet (photographer)
Gary Jasgur as Junior (timekeeper)
Cullen Johnson as Scorekeeper
Dickie Jones as Spike
Sidney Kibrick as Spike's sidekick
Delmar Watson as Captain of the military academy's football team

Members of Spanky's team
Daniel Boone, John Collum, Charles Flickinger, Larry Harris, Paul Hilton, Darwood Kaye, Tommy McFarland, Donald Proffitt, Drew Roddy, Harold Switzer

Members of Spike's team
Hugh Chapman, Dix Davis, Barry Downing, Roger McGee, Fred Walburn, Robert Winkler

Game spectators and band players
Barry Downing, Bobby Callahan, Dix Davis, Floyd Fisher, Vincent Graeff, Payne B  Johnson, Henry Lee, Joe Levine, Priscilla Lyon, Drew Roddy, Norman Salling, Joe Straunch, Jr , Fred Walburn, Robert Winckler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 14:
Raymond Carver
Raymond Clevie Carver Jr  (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet  He contributed to the revitalization of the American short story during the 1980s 

Early life
Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver  His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker  Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk  His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943 
Carver was educated at local schools in Yakima  In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family 
After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California  In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls  Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957  Their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born a year later  Carver worked as a delivery man, janitor, library assistant, and sawmill laborer, while Maryann worked as an administrative assistant, high school English teacher, salesperson, and waitress 

Writing career
Carver moved to Paradise, California, with his family in 1958 to be close to his mother-in-law  He became interested in writing while attending Chico State College and enrolled in a creative writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner, then a recent doctoral graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career  In 1961, Carver's first published story, "The Furious Seasons", appeared  More florid than his later work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner  "Furious Seasons" was later used as a title for a collection of stories published by Capra Press, and is part of the collection, No Heroics, Please and Call If You Need Me Carver continued his studies under the short story writer Richard Cortez Day (like Gardner, a recent PhD alumnus of the Iowa program) beginning in autumn 1960 at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California  He chose not to take the foreign language courses required by the English program and received a B A  in general studies in 1963  During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon, the college's literary magazine, in which he published several of his own pieces under his own name as well as the pseudonym John Vale With his B-minus average, exacerbated by his penchant to forsake coursework for literary endeavors, ballasted by a sterling recommendation from Day, Carver was accepted into the Iowa Writers' Workshop on a $1,000 fellowship for the 1963–1964 academic year  Homesick for California and unable to fully adjust to the program's upper middle class milieu, he only completed 12 credits out of the 30 required for a M A  degree or 60 for the M F A  degree  Although program director Paul Engle awarded him a fellowship for a second year of study after Maryann Carver personally interceded and compared her husband's plight to Tennessee Williams' deleterious experience in the program three decades earlier, Carver decided to leave the University of Iowa at the end of the semester  According to biographer Carol Sklenicka, Carver falsely claimed to have received an M F A  from Iowa in 1966 on later curricula vitae  Maryann, who postponed completing her education to support her husband's educational and literary endeavors, eventually graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977  After completing graduate work at Stanford, she briefly enrolled in the University of California, Santa Barbara's English doctoral program when Carver taught at the institution as a visiting lecturer in 1974 In the mid-1960s, Carver and his family resided in Sacramento, California, where he briefly worked at a bookstore before taking a position as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital  He did all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then wrote through the rest of his shift  He audited classes at what was then Sacramento State College, including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz  Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver wrote and published his first book of poems, Near Klamath, under Schmitz's guidance 1967 was a landmark year for Carver with the appearance of "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?" in Martha Foley's annual Best American Short Stories anthology and the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College  He briefly enrolled in the library science graduate program at the University of Iowa that summer but returned to California following the death of his father  Shortly thereafter, the Carvers relocated to Palo Alto, California, so he could take his first white-collar job, at Science Research Associates, a subsidiary of IBM in nearby Menlo Park, California, where he worked intermittently as a textbook editor and public relations director through 1970 Following a 1968 sojourn to Israel, the Carvers relocated to San Jose, California; as Maryann finished her undergraduate degree, he continued his graduate studies in library science at San Jose State through the end of 1969 before failing once again to take a degree  During this period, he established vital literary connections with Gordon Lish, who worked across the street from Carver as director of linguistic research at Behavioral Research Laboratories, and the poet/publisher George Hitchcock After the publication of "Neighbors" in the June 1971 issue of Esquire at the instigation of Lish (by now ensconced as the magazine's fiction editor), Carver began to teach at the University of California, Santa Cruz at the behest of provost James B  Hall, an Iowa alumnus and early mentor to Ken Kesey at the University of Oregon, commuting from his new home in Sunnyvale, California 
Having endured a succession of failed applications to the Stegner Fellowship, Carver was admitted to the prestigious non-degree Stanford University graduate creative writing program for the 1972–1973 term, where he cultivated friendships with Kesey-era luminaries Ed McClanahan and Gurney Norman in addition to contemporaneous fellows Chuck Kinder, Max Crawford, and William Kittredge  The $4,000 stipend enabled the Carvers to buy a house in Cupertino, California  He also took on another teaching job at the University of California, Berkeley that year and briefly rented a pied-à-terre in the city; this development was precipitated by his initiation of an extramarital affair with Diane Cecily, a University of Montana administrator and mutual friend of Kittredge who would subsequently marry Kinder During his years of working at miscellaneous jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started abusing alcohol  By his own admission, he gave up writing and took to full-time drinking  In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a visiting lecturer in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing  With the assistance of Kinder and Kittredge, he attempted to simultaneously commute to Berkeley and maintain his lectureship at Santa Cruz; after missing all but a handful of classes due to the inherent logistical hurdles of this arrangement and various alcohol-related illnesses, Hall gently enjoined Carver to resign his position  The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Carver went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism, but continued drinking for another three years His first short story collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, was published in 1976  The collection itself was shortlisted for the National Book Award, though it sold fewer than 5,000 copies that year 

Personal life and death
Decline of first marriage
The following excerpt from Scott Driscoll's review of Maryann Burk Carver's 2006 memoir describes the decline of her and Raymond's marriage 

The fall began with Ray's trip to Missoula, Mont , in '72 to fish with friend and literary helpmate Bill Kittredge  That summer Ray fell in love with Diane Cecily, an editor at the University of Montana, whom he met at Kittredge's birthday party  "That's when the serious drinking began  It broke my heart and hurt the children  It changed everything "
"By fall of '74", writes Carver, "he was more dead than alive  I had to drop out of the PhD program so I could get him cleaned up and drive him to his classes"  Over the next several years, Maryann's husband physically abused her  Friends urged her to leave Raymond 
"But I couldn't  I really wanted to hang in there for the long haul  I thought I could outlast the drinking  I'd do anything it took  I loved Ray, first, last and always "
Carver describes, without a trace of rancor, what finally put her over the edge  In the fall of '78, with a new teaching position at the University of Texas at El Paso, Ray started seeing Tess Gallagher, a writer from Port Angeles, who would become his muse and wife near the end of his life  "It was like a contretemps  He tried to call me to talk about where we were  I missed the calls  He knew he was about to invite Tess to Thanksgiving " So he wrote a letter instead 

"I thought, I've gone through all those years fighting to keep it all balanced  Here it was, coming at me again, the same thing  I had to get on with my own life  But I never fell out of love with him "
After being hospitalized three times between June 1976 and February or March 1977, Carver began his "second life" and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous  While he continued to regularly smoke marijuana and later experimented with cocaine at the behest of Jay McInerney during a 1980 visit to New York City, Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 had he not overcome his drinking 

Second marriage
In November 1977, Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas  Gallagher later remembered feeling "as if my life until then had simply been a rehearsal for meeting him " Beginning in January 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, Washington, and in Tucson, Arizona  
In 1980, the two moved to Syracuse, New York, where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University; Carver taught as a professor in the English department  He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue  In ensuing years, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" in order to be left alone  
In 1982, he and his first wife, Maryann, were divorced In 1988, six weeks prior to his death, Carver and Gallagher married in Reno, Nevada 

Death
On August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50  In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters  He is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, Washington  The inscription on his tombstone reads:

His poem "Gravy" is also inscribed 
As Carver's will directed, Tess Gallagher assumed the management of his literary estate 

Awards and memorials
Carver was nominated for the National Book Award for his first major-press collection, "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please" in 1977 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his third major-press collection, Cathedral (1984), the volume generally perceived as his best  Included in the latter collection are the award-winning stories "A Small, Good Thing", and "Where I'm Calling From"  John Updike selected the latter for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century  For his part, Carver perceived Cathedral as a watershed in his career for its shift toward a more optimistic and confidently poetic style amid the diminution of Lish's literary influence 
Carver won five O  Henry Awards with "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What Is It?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988) In Carver's birth town of Clatskanie, Oregon, a memorial park and statue are at the corner of Lillich and Nehalem Streets, across from the library  A block away is the building where Carver was born 

Legacy and posthumous publications
In December 2006, Gallagher published an essay in The Sun magazine, titled "Instead of Dying", about alcoholism and Carver's having maintained his sobriety  The essay is an adaptation of a talk she initially delivered at the Welsh Academy's Academi Intoxication Conference in 2006  The first lines read: "Instead of dying from alcohol, Raymond Carver chose to live  I would meet him five months after this choice, so I never knew the Ray who drank, except by report and through the characters and actions of his stories and poems "Chuck Kinder's Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale (2001) is a roman à clef about his friendship with Carver in the 1970s  Carver's high school sweetheart and first wife, Maryann Burk Carver, wrote a memoir of her years with Carver, What it Used to be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver (2006) 
In 2009, The New York Times Book Review and San Francisco Chronicle named Carol Sklenicka's unauthorized biography, Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life (2009), published by Scribner, one of the Best Ten Books of that year; and the San Francisco Chronicle deemed it: "exhaustively researched and definitive biography"  Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, refused to engage with Sklenicka His final (incomplete) collection of seven stories, titled Elephant in Britain (included in "Where I'm Calling From") was composed in the five years before his death  The nature of these stories, especially "Errand", have led to some speculation that Carver was preparing to write a novel  Only one piece of this work has survived – the fragment "The Augustine Notebooks", first printed in No Heroics, Please Tess Gallagher fought with Knopf for permission to republish the stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver, as opposed to the heavily edited and altered versions that appeared in 1981 under the editorship of Gordon Lish  On October 1, 2009, the book, entitled Beginners, was released in hardback in Great Britain, followed by its publication in the Library of America edition which collected all of Carver's short fiction in a single volume The Raymond Carver Reading Series at Syracuse University is a reading series program which annually brings 12 to 14 prominent writers to the campus  It is presented by the Creative Writing Program in SU's College of Arts and Sciences 

Literary characteristics
Carver's career emphasized short stories and poetry  He described himself as "inclined toward brevity and intensity" and "hooked on writing short stories" (in the foreword of Where I'm Calling From, a collection published in 1988 and a recipient of an honorable mention in the 2006 New York Times article citing the best works of fiction of the previous 25 years)  Another stated reason for his brevity was "that the story [or poem] can be written and read in one sitting " This was not simply a preference but, particularly at the beginning of his career, a practical consideration as he juggled writing with work  His subject matter was often focused on blue-collar experience, and was clearly reflective of his own life Characteristics of minimalism are generally seen as one of the hallmarks of Carver's work, although, as reviewer David Wiegand notes:
Carver never thought of himself as a minimalist or in any category, for that matter 
"He rejected categories generally," Sklenicka says  "I don't think he had an abstract mind at all  He just wasn't built that way, which is why he's so good at picking the right details that will stand for many things "
Carver's editor at Esquire, Gordon Lish, was instrumental in shaping his prose in this direction – where his earlier tutor John Gardner had advised Carver to use fifteen words instead of twenty-five, Lish instructed Carver to use five in place of fifteen  Objecting to the "surgical amputation and transplantation" of Lish's heavy editing, Carver eventually broke with him  During this time, Carver also submitted poetry to James Dickey, then poetry editor of Esquire 
Carver's style has also been described as dirty realism, which connected him with a group of writers in the 1970s and 1980s that included Richard Ford and Tobias Wolff with both of whom Carver was closely acquainted, as well as others such as Ann Beattie, Frederick Barthelme, and Jayne Anne Phillips  With the exception of Beattie, who wrote about upper-middle-class people, these were writers who focused on sadness and loss in the everyday lives of ordinary people—often lower-middle class or isolated and marginalized people In his essay "On Influence", Carver states that, while he was an admirer of Ernest Hemingway's fiction, he never saw him as an influence, citing instead the work of Lawrence Durrell 

Works
Fiction
Collections
Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (first published 1976)
Furious Seasons and other stories (1977)
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981)
Cathedral (1983)
Elephant (1988) – this title only published in Great Britain; included as a section of Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories in the U S 
Beginners (2009)

Compilations
Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories (1988)
Short Cuts: Selected Stories (1993) – published to accompany the Robert Altman film Short Cuts
Collected Stories (2009) – complete short fiction including Beginners (see section above for wiki-link)

Poetry
Collections
Near Klamath (1968)
Winter Insomnia (1970)
At Night The Salmon Move (1976)
Fires (1983)
Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)
Ultramarine (1986)
A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)
Gravy (Unknown year)

Compilations
In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)
All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)

Screenplays
Dostoevsky (1982, with Tess Gallagher) (published in 1985)
Purple Lake (1983, with Michael Cimino) (unpublished)

Films and theatre adaptations
Short Cuts directed by Robert Altman (1993), based on nine Carver short stories and a poem
Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko (2004), starring Hugo Weaving, Abbie Cornish and Sullivan Stapleton based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Whoever Was Using This Bed, also directed by Andrew Kotatko (2016), starring Jean-Marc Barr, Radha Mitchell and Jane Birkin, based on Carver's short story of the same name
Jindabyne directed by Ray Lawrence (2006), based on Carver's short story "So Much Water So Close to Home"
Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush (2010), and starring Will Ferrell, based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), directed by Alejandro G  Iñárritu, depicts the mounting of a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The film's main character, Riggan Thomson, attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Raymond Carver written on a cocktail napkin  The film also preludes with Carver's poem "Late Fragment " In February 2015, Birdman won four Oscars, including the Academy Award for Best Picture 
Passage 15:
Night 'n' Gales
Night 'n' Gales is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 156th Our Gang short (157th episode, 68th talking short, and 69th talking episode that was released 

Plot
Though he would rather spend his evening in peace and quiet, Mr  Hood (Johnny Arthur) is forced to endure the offkey harmonizing of The Four Nightengales, a junior singing aggregation composed of Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat and Porky 
After interminable choruses of "Home! Sweet Home!", the four boys are finally ready to leave, but are forced to stay in the Hood home due to a sudden thunderstorm  Both Darla and her mother are delighted, but Mr  Hood is dismayed, especially when he is told that he must share his bed with the Four Nightengales  Driven crazy by the boys' unintentionally disruptive shenanigans, Mr  Hood escapes to the living room and tries to sleep on the couch, covering himself with a bear rug to keep warm  Naturally, the gang mistake him for a real bear, and comic chaos ensues 

Notes
Comedian Johnny Arthur, who played Spanky McFarland's absent-minded father in Anniversary Trouble, returns as Darla's father in Night 'n' Gales  He was so popular with audiences that he played Darla's father once again in Feed 'em and Weep 

Cast
The Gang
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Gary Jasgur as Junior

Additional cast
Johnny Arthur as Arthur Hood, Darla's father
Elaine Shepard as Darla's mother

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 16:
Freak Talks About Sex
Freak Talks About Sex, released for home video as Blowin' Smoke (its working title was Syracuse Muse), is a 1999 film starring Steve Zahn and Josh Hamilton  The movie was shot in Auburn and Syracuse, New York  It deals with issues such as love, sex, life after college, and living in a medium-sized city, in this case Syracuse 

Plot
Dave Keenan (Josh Hamilton) left Syracuse for a new life in Arizona  When that didn't work out, he moved back to Syracuse  He works a dead-end job at a department store in a mall, his car has broken down (and the mechanic is taking forever to fix it) and his ex-girlfriend (Arabella Field) wants him to join her in New York City  To make matters more complicated, one of his co-workers, a high school girl named Nichole (Heather McComb) seems to be getting romantically interested in him  His best friend Freak (Steve Zahn) is around for him to hang out with and offer such choice philosophical observations, like "I can't think of a single movie that couldn't be improved by a lesbian sex scene " Dave is stuck in a rut and has to decide what to do with his life 

Soundtrack
Tugboat Annie - "Stay Inside"
The Wrench - "Girl"
Scary Chicken - "Favorite Channel"
Chic - "Le Freak"
The Tortillas You Wanted - "Girls and Cars"
Blondie - "Heart of Glass"

External links
A trailer for the movie
Freak Talks About Sex at IMDb
Freak Talks About Sex at Rotten Tomatoes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Grand Falls Plaza, Missouri
Grand Falls Plaza is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States  The population was 114 at the 2010 census, at which time it was a town  It is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0 10 square miles (0 26 km2), all land 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 114 people, 46 households, and 36 families living in the village  The population density was 1,140 0 inhabitants per square mile (440 2/km2)  There were 47 housing units at an average density of 470 0 per square mile (181 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the village was 94 7% White, 3 5% Native American, and 1 8% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 9% of the population 
There were 46 households, of which 21 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63 0% were married couples living together, 10 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 21 7% were non-families  21 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 48 and the average family size was 2 78 
The median age in the village was 52 years  20 2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 11 4% were from 25 to 44; 32 4% were from 45 to 64; and 27 2% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the village was 41 2% male and 58 8% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 104 people, 40 households, and 32 families living in the town  The population density was 1,105 9 inhabitants per square mile (427 0/km2)  There were 43 housing units at an average density of 457 2 per square mile (176 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 99 04% White and 0 96% Native American 
There were 40 households, out of which 30 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75 0% were married couples living together, 5 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 0% were non-families  17 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 60 and the average family size was 2 94 
In the town the population was spread out, with 23 1% under the age of 18, 2 9% from 18 to 24, 25 0% from 25 to 44, 38 5% from 45 to 64, and 10 6% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 44 years  For every 100 females, there were 103 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100 0 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $48,250, and the median income for a family was $49,250  Males had a median income of $35,833 versus $58,750 for females  The per capita income for the town was $15,341  There were 3 4% of families and 8 8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 5 7% of under eighteens and 20 0% of those over 64 
Passage 2:
Mulholland Falls (soundtrack)
Mulholland Falls: Original MGM Motion Picture Soundtrack is an album by American pianist Dave Grusin released in 1996 by the Edel America label  This album is the soundtrack to the motion picture Mulholland Falls, directed by Lee Tamahori 

Track listing
All tracks composed by Dave Grusin except where noted

"Mulholland Falls" – 4:34
"Just a Girl   " – 2:48
"Hurting for Allison" – 3:33
"Flashback & Revelation" – 3:04
"Kate's Theme/The End of Jimmy" – 3:06
"Nuclear Madness/Hats in the Desert" – 4:15
"Home Movies" – 1:43
"It's Over/Flashback" – 3:01
"Separation" – 1:33
"To the Base/Fallout for Timms" – 3:25
"Finale: Hats Off" – 2:56
"No Common Ground/End Credits" – 6:50
"Harbor Lights" (Wilhelm Grosz, Jimmy Kennedy) – 3:22

Other music in the film
"That Certain Party" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – Dean Martin
"Who Me?" (Frank Foster) – Count Basie
"So Tired" – Kay Starr

Personnel
Dave Grusin - Acoustic Piano, Synthesizer, Conductor

External links
Mulholland Falls' Soundtrack at Allmusic
Dave Grusin-Mulholland Falls at Discogs
Passage 3:
Granville (village), New York
Granville is a village in Washington County, New York, United States  It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area  The village population was 2,543 at the 2010 census The Village of Granville is in the eastern part of the Town of Granville at Routes NY-149 and NY-22 
The Granville Airport is located north of the village 

History
Many early settlers arrived from the New England area, and jurisdiction was claimed by both Vermont and New York 
The first known settler was a merchant named Bishop, who opened the first store in 1780   Slate deposits were located around 1850 in the town, and the slate business spread to Granville village by 1871 
The United States Post Office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1 6 square miles (4 1 km2), all land 
The village is at the border of Vermont 
There are two rivers that meet in Granville: The Indian and the Mettowee (also known as Pawlet)   NY Route 22 runs along the west side of the village and joins NY Route 149 south of the village   NY-149 passes through the village as Main Street and becomes Vermont Route 149 at the eastern side of the village   County Road 24 from the northwest 

The Welsh Connection
Granville's Welsh connection began in the 1860s when Welsh miners from Blaenau Ffestiniog and Bethesda found their way into the area; many leaving their wives and families behind to send for them later  From then on, steady streams of Welsh immigrants settled the area and Granville gradually grew into a prominent Welsh American community  The ethnic enclave reached its peak in 1910 when of the town's 3,920 residents, 949 were Welsh born and another 847 were American born to Welsh parents, combined accounting for 45 8% of the town's population  Welsh placenames and chapels still exist e g  "Brynhyfryd" and Peniel Chapel  The Welsh folk song "Molianwn" originated there and refers to the closing down of the quarries over the cold winter period 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,644 people, 1,024 households, and 630 families residing in the village  The population density was 1,668 5 inhabitants per square mile (644 2/km2)  There were 1,130 housing units at an average density of 713 1 per square mile (275 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the village was 98 07% White, 0 23% Black or African American, 0 23% Native American, 0 26% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 0 42% from other races, and 0 76% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 79% of the population 
There were 1,024 households, out of which 32 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43 1% were married couples living together, 14 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 4% were non-families  33 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 41 and the average family size was 3 04 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 25 7% under the age of 18, 8 2% from 18 to 24, 25 0% from 25 to 44, 19 4% from 45 to 64, and 21 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 86 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79 3 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $29,709, and the median income for a family was $38,444  Males had a median income of $28,221 versus $20,488 for females  The per capita income for the village was $15,424  About 11 6% of families and 17 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18 6% of those under age 18 and 10 9% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Mary Ann Day Brown (1816–1884), wife of John Brown the abolitionist
Alanson Holly, Wisconsin state legislator and newspaper editor
John M  Parker (New York politician), former US Congressman
Allen R  Sturtevant, Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
Passage 4:
The Funny Side
The Funny Side is an American sketch comedy program that aired on NBC as part of its 1971 fall lineup 

Synopsis
The Funny Side was hosted by Gene Kelly and starred five pairs of actors and actresses who were presented as married couples  Each week was an examination of the "funny side" of a potential issue in real-life marriages, such as health, money, sex, and the like   Each couple was a stereotype   Kelly also appeared as an actor in the sketches, and there was also a musical aspect with production numbers 

Cast
John Amos and Teresa Graves as the Black couple
Warren Berlinger and Pat Finley as the blue collar couple
Dick Clair and Jenna McMahon as the wealthy couple
Michael Lembeck and Cindy Williams as the teenage couple
Burt Mustin and Queenie Smith as the elderly couple

Cancellation
The Funny Side received poor Nielsen ratings and was cancelled after less than four months on the air 
Passage 5:
Jolly, Texas
Jolly is a city in Clay County, Texas, United States  It is part of the Wichita Falls, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area  The population was 172 at the 2010 census 

Geography
Jolly is located at 33°52′27″N 98°20′55″W (33 874304, –98 348556) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1 0 square mile (2 6 km2), all  land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 188 people, 70 households, and 59 families residing in the city  The population density was 190 7 inhabitants per square mile (73 6/km2)  There were 73 housing units at an average density of 74 1 per square mile (28 6/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 99 47% White, and 0 53% from two or more races 
There were 70 households, out of which 28 6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75 7% were married couples living together, 8 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14 3% were non-families  12 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 69 and the average family size was 2 90 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 18 1% under the age of 18, 8 5% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 34 6% from 45 to 64, and 11 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 43 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $44,375, and the median income for a family was $49,375  Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $16,354 for females  The per capita income for the city was $20,467  None of the families and 1 7% of the population were living below the poverty line 

Education
The City of Jolly is served by the Henrietta Independent School District 

Notable person
Walter Jenkins, administrative assistant to Lyndon B  Johnson
Passage 6:
Hazelton, Idaho
Hazelton is a city in Jerome County, Idaho, United States  The population was 753 at the 2010 census  It is part of the Twin Falls, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Hazelton is located at 42°35′41″N 114°8′12″W (42 594681, -114 136531) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 38 square miles (0 98 km2), of which, 0 37 square miles (0 96 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water 

Education
Valley School is the only school in Hazelton, Idaho that consists of K-12 classrooms; Valley Elementary School, Valley Middle School, and Valley High School  The 1A school features a Viking as their mascot 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 753 people, 254 households, and 187 families residing in the city  The population density was 2,035 1 inhabitants per square mile (785 8/km2)  There were 272 housing units at an average density of 735 1 per square mile (283 8/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 45 9% White, 0 1% Native American, 0 3% Asian, 2 0% from other races, and 2 7% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52 0% of the population 
There were 254 households, of which 44 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59 8% were married couples living together, 10 6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26 4% were non-families  22 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 96 and the average family size was 3 56 
The median age in the city was 31 2 years  33 6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24 7% were from 25 to 44; 20 8% were from 45 to 64; and 12% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 50 3% male and 49 7% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 687 people, 238 households, and 172 families residing in the city   The population density was 2,099 9 inhabitants per square mile (810 8/km2)   There were 270 housing units at an average density of 825 3 per square mile (318 7/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 83 55% White, 0 87% African American, 1 31% Native American, 13 39% from other races, and 0 87% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26 64% of the population 
There were 238 households, out of which 41 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 8% were married couples living together, 9 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27 7% were non-families  23 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 89 and the average family size was 3 53 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 34 2% under the age of 18, 8 3% from 18 to 24, 25 6% from 25 to 44, 17 2% from 45 to 64, and 14 7% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 1 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $22,596, and the median income for a family was $30,000  Males had a median income of $30,132 versus $18,125 for females  The per capita income for the city was $10,215   About 24 1% of families and 29 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37 7% of those under age 18 and 10 6% of those age 65 or over 

History
Annie Pike Greenwood wrote 1934 autobiography We Sagebrush Folks, an autobiography published in 1934 about farm life near Hazelton 
Passage 7:
George Burns Comedy Week
George Burns Comedy Week is a comedy anthology television series broadcast in the United States by CBS as part of its 1985 fall lineup, hosted by George Burns 

Overview
As he was age 89 when the show premiered, George Burns was billed as the oldest person ever to "star" in a television series   Burns had been around television in one way or another since shortly after its inception; like many old-time radio stars he had brought his routine over more-or-less intact from the older medium   However, his actual role in this series was rather slight; aside from lending his name, introducing the night's program, and providing an occasional voice-over narration, Burns was not involved in any of the episodes as an actor and those who tuned in expecting to see him as such were disappointed 
Several well-known comedians appeared in episodes of this show, including Joe Piscopo, Robert Klein, Don Rickles, Martin Mull, Don Knotts, and Howard Hesseman   The show is probably best known for two particular segments, one being "Christmas Carol II: The Sequel" in which an adult Tiny Tim has come to exhibit many of the characteristics once defining his father's old boss, Ebenezer Scrooge, and another starring Valerie Perrine and Harvey Korman in what proved to be the pilot for their short lived sitcom, Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills 

Episodes
Reception
George Burns Comedy Week did poorly in the Nielsen ratings and was last broadcast on Christmas night 1985   It marked Burns' last ongoing role in a television series, although he continued to appear as a guest on programs for the next nine years, until suffering a serious fall at age 98 which ended his active performing career (Burns died at age 100) 
Passage 8:
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island is a 2012 American science fantasy action-adventure film directed by Brad Peyton and produced by Beau Flynn, Tripp Vinson and Charlotte Huggins  A sequel to Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008), the film is based on Jules Verne's The Mysterious Island (1875)  It stars Dwayne Johnson, Michael Caine, Josh Hutcherson, Vanessa Hudgens, Luis Guzmán, and Kristin Davis  The storyline was written by Richard Outten, Brian Gunn and Mark Gunn, and the screenplay by Brian and Mark Gunn 
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released in cinemas on February 10, 2012, by Warner Bros  Pictures, New Line Cinema and Walden Media to mixed reviews, but was a box office success with a worldwide gross of $335 million, surpassing its predecessor  It was released on DVD/Blu-ray on June 5, 2012 

Plot
Four years after his adventure in the center of the earth, 17-year-old Sean Anderson is arrested by the police for breaking into a satellite control center in hopes of enhancing a coded signal that could have been sent by his long-missing grandfather, Alexander Anderson  
Wanting to bond with Sean, his new stepfather Hank Parsons helps decipher the code, which leads to three books: Treasure Island, Gulliver's Travels, and Jules Verne's Mysterious Island  Using the books' individual maps, Hank uses a backlight to make them a single island, complete with the coordinates to its location  Hoping to prove to Sean that there is no mysterious island there, Hank agrees to take him to where the coordinates point to 
In Palau, Hank reluctantly hires helicopter tourism guide Gabato and his daughter Kailani (on whom Sean develops an immediate crush) to fly to the coordinates, as they are the only ones willing to take them  The helicopter gets caught in a cyclone and they crash into the Pacific, waking up on the island 
Moving in land, they are shocked to discover miniature elephants (which belong to a prehistoric species, the Dwarf sicilian elephant) and giant butterflies, meaning the animal sizes are opposite  After coming across an egg clutch, Gabato accidentally wakes up a giant frilled lizard, which chases them throughout the jungle  
They nearly get eaten, but are saved by Alexander  He takes them to a hut he built from the wreckage of the ship that brought him to the island  He has a working radio, but due to the positioning of the satellite, it will be two weeks before they can call out 
The next morning, Alexander leads the group to the lost city of Atlantis, which rises every 70 years and sinks again after a couple of days  Although Alexander assures them the island won't sink for many years, Hank discovers sea water coming from underground, meaning they only have days before the island sinks  Their only means of salvation seems to be the legendary Nautilus, Captain Nemo's submarine  Kailani enters Nemo's crypt and finds his journal, which shows that Nautilus is in a cave at Poseidon's Cliffs 
To go there, they mount giant bees and fly over a high ridge  When giant bee-eater birds try to devour them, Sean saves Kailani's life, but dislocates his ankle  Hank and Alexander reset Sean's ankle, then the group has a bonding moment when Hank sings his rendition of "What a Wonderful World" to ease Sean's pain 
The next morning, the water rises greatly and Hank deduces that the island will sink in a matter of hours  Gabato is missing, having gone toward the island's volcano in search of gold  While Alexander and Kailani go after him, Sean and Hank head for Poseidon's Cliffs 
To reach Nautilus' underwater cave, Sean and Hank create makeshift oxygen tanks and dive down fifty feet, but are nearly killed by a giant electric moray eel  The 140-year-old batteries have run down, so they engineer a way to start the submarine with the eel's electricity 
Kailani and Alexander find Gabato and convince him to escape with them instead of trying to take some volcano gold  As they near Poseidon's Cliffs, the volcano erupts  Sean and Hank arrive in Nautilus just in time to rescue the others from the water  Gabato pilots the submarine out of harm's way while Hank and Sean fire torpedoes into the path of falling debris  As they clear the dangers, Kailani kisses Sean for his bravery 
Six months later, Kailani and Gabato are well off, as he runs the most popular tourist attraction on Palau – tours aboard the Nautilus  Kailani visits Sean on his birthday  While the family celebrates, Alexander arrives with a book for Sean's birthday present – Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon, Alexander's suggestion for the next new adventure with the family 
The film ends with the camera panning to the moon 

Cast
Dwayne Johnson as Hank, Sean's stepfather and a former Navy code breaker 
Josh Hutcherson as Sean, Hank's stepson who wants to find his missing grandfather on the Mysterious Island 
Michael Caine as Alexander, Sean's grandfather who is the father of Max and Trevor Anderson from the previous film 
Luis Guzmán as Gabato, Kailani's father, who is part of the father-daughter tour guide team 
Vanessa Hudgens as Kailani, part of the father-daughter tour guide company and Sean's love interest 
Kristin Davis as Liz, Sean's mother and Hank's wife  Portrayed by Jane Wheeler in the previous film 
Anna Colwell as Jessica
Stephen Caudill as Cop, a police officer who is a friend of Hank's 
Branscombe Richmond as Tour Guide
Walter Bankson as Hockey Player

Production
After the commercial success of the first film, New Line Cinema and Walden Media purchased Richard Outten's spec script, Mysterious Travels, in March 2009 to serve as the basis for the film  In the story, the characters embark on a journey to a mysterious uncharted island thought to have inspired the writing of three literary classics: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, and Jules Verne's Mysterious Island  Brian Gunn and Mark Gunn were chosen to revise Outten's script  Warner Bros  and New Line Cinema announced that Journey 2: The Mysterious Island would be released on February 10, 2012 

Casting
Josh Hutcherson was the only actor to reprise his role  Due to scheduling issues, Brendan Fraser and Anita Briem did not return  Kristin Davis replaced Jane Wheeler as Sean's mother Liz  Dwayne Johnson played Sean's stepfather, who is forced to accompany Sean on the trip to find his missing grandfather Alexander (played by Michael Caine) on a mythical and monstrous island  Vanessa Hudgens was cast as Hutcherson's love interest, Kailani 

Short film
The theatrical release of the film was preceded by a Looney Tunes short film titled Daffy's Rhapsody, featuring Daffy Duck and Elmer Fudd in the first CG or 3-D depiction of these specific Looney Tunes characters  The short film's director, Matthew O'Callaghan, noted that "Daffy Rhapsody was originally recorded in the early 1950s as part of a kids' album"  Unlike the earlier CG Looney Tunes shorts that appeared before Happy Feet Two and Yogi Bear, this short did not appear on the home video release of the film it accompanied 

Release
Theatrical release
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released in cinemas on February 10, 2012, by Warner Bros  Pictures, Walden Media and New Line Cinema  The film was accompanied by a 3D Looney Tunes short titled Daffy's Rhapsody  The short was originally going to play before Happy Feet Two, but was replaced with I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat to go along with the bird theme 

Home media
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island was released on DVD/Blu-ray on June 5, 2012 

Reception
Box office
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island grossed $103 9 million in North America and $231 4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $335 3 million, against a production budget of $79 million surpassing its predecessor  In North America, the film earned a $6 54 million on its debut Friday, ranking fourth at the box office  Over the weekend, it earned $27 3 million, coming in third place, much higher than the original's $21 0 million debut  Outside North America, Journey 2 began its run three weeks before its North American release  It topped the box office outside North America for two consecutive weekends and three in total  It surpassed the original's total outside North America  Its highest-grossing region after North America was China ($58 4 million), followed by Russia and the CIS ($17 6 million) and Mexico ($12 7 million) 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 131 reviews with an average rating of 4 92/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Aggressively unambitious, Journey 2 might thrill teen viewers, but most others will find it too intense for young audiences and too cartoonishly dull for adults"  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B grade, stating that "the movie flies by pleasantly, and is then instantly forgettable  Perhaps Jules Verne can explain the science of that"  Randy Cordova from the Arizona Republic said: "Johnson can't save the movie, directed by Brad Peyton, from being a sloppy skip from one seemingly unrelated idea to the next"  Roger Ebert, who gave the first film two stars, gave the sequel two-and-a-half stars, stating: "It isn't a "good" movie in the usual sense (or most senses), but it is jolly and goodnatured, and Michael Caine and Dwayne Johnson are among the most likable of actors" 

Accolades
Soundtrack
Letterbomb - Performed by Green Day
Sleep Forever - Performed by Crocodiles
Aloha Oe - Performed by Dwayne Johnson
Hello Again - Performed by Meta & The Cornerstones
Three Little Birds - Performed by Bob Marley & The Wailers
What a Wonderful World - Performed by Dwayne Johnson

Future
In August 2014, Carey Hayes and Chad Hayes were announced to write the script for a third film  Brad Peyton and Dwayne Johnson were expected to direct and star in the sequel, respectively  It was later stated that there would be two sequels  By January 2018 however, Johnson stated despite the financial success of The Mysterious Island, and although a third film titled Journey from the Earth to the Moon was intended, its development had been cancelled due to a lack of immediate interest and troubles in adequately adapting the novel  Despite this, reports from Hollywood production insiders arose in August 2020, stating that a sequel was once again in development  In December 2021, Hiram Garcia confirmed that Warner Bros  Pictures wants a sequel film, though Seven Bucks Productions decided to delay development in favor of pursuing other projects 

See also
Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 film)
Passage 9:
Barker, Niagara County, New York
Barker is a village in Niagara County, New York  The population was 533 at the time of the 2010 census  The mail ZIP code is 14012  It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area 
Barker is within the Town of Somerset and was incorporated in 1908  The main crossroad in the town is the intersection of West Somerset Road and Quaker Road (NY 148) 

Geography
Barker is located at 43°19′39″N 78°33′13″W (43 327466, -78 553592) According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0 4 square miles (1 0 km2), all land 
Barker is situated at the junction of West Somerset Road/Coleman Road and Quaker Road (Route 148) 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 577 people, 211 households, and 150 families residing in the village  The population density was 1,372 3 inhabitants per square mile (529 8/km2)  There were 234 housing units at an average density of 556 5 per square mile (214 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the village was 98 09% White, 0 69% African American, 0 52% Native American, 0 17% from other races, and 0 52% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 56% of the population 
There were 211 households, out of which 38 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 0% were married couples living together, 10 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28 9% were non-families  24 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 73 and the average family size was 3 19 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 30 3% under the age of 18, 8 1% from 18 to 24, 26 3% from 25 to 44, 21 8% from 45 to 64, and 13 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 3 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $37,411, and the median income for a family was $49,464  Males had a median income of $41,875 versus $21,375 for females  The per capita income for the village was $16,042  About 8 1% of families and 9 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11 0% of those under age 18 and 7 6% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 10:
R359 (South Africa)
The R359 is a regional route in the Northern Cape province of South Africa that runs along the south bank of the Orange River from Augrabies Falls through Augrabies and Kakamas to Upington 

Route
The western end of the route is at the entrance to the Augrabies Falls National Park  It passes through the towns of Augrabies and Marchand to meet the N14 national route 9 kilometres (5 6 mi) west of Kakamas  The R359 overlaps the N14 route as far as Kakamas, where the N14 crosses the Orange River to run along the north bank, while the R359 continues on the south bank  It crosses the R27 provincial route opposite Keimoes before reaching its eastern end at the N10 national route across the river from Upington 
Passage 11:
American Chronicles
American Chronicles is a documentary television program that was broadcast by Fox Broadcasting Company as part of its 1990 fall lineup 
American Chronicles was produced by Mark Frost through Lynch/Frost Productions, the company that he founded with David Lynch  Featured many of the same quirky camera angles, unusual music, and a focus on violence and sexuality that were hallmarks of their ABC series Twin Peaks   The half-hour weekly program was narrated by Richard Dreyfuss 
This program had a relatively brief run, being cancelled just over three months after its premiere, after ranking last out of 98 shows with an average household rating of 3 07 

Episodes
101: Farewell to the Flesh (pilot episode; writer/director: Mark Frost; airdate: 9/8/1990)
102: The Eye of the Beholder (airdate: 9/15/1990)
103: Manhattan After Dark (writer/producer: Robin L  Sestero; airdate: 9/22/1990)
104: Auto-Obsession (airdate: 9/29/1990)
105: Biker Nation (writer/producer: Ruben Norte; airdate: 10/6/1990)
106: Semper Fidelis (writer/producer: Robin L  Sestero; airdate: 10/13/1990)
107: This Gun's for Hire / Defender of the Faith (writer/producer: Chappy Hardy; airdate: 10/27/1990)
108: After a Fashion / An American Camelot (airdate: 11/3/1990)
109: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow / Truck Stop (writer/producer: Robin L  Sestero; airdate: 10/6/1990)
110: Once Upon a Time (about Hugh Hefner) (writers: Gary H  Grossman, Michael Gross, Robert Heath; directed by Robert Heath; airdate: 11/17/1990)
111: The Class of '65 (airdate: 12/8/1990)
112: Diamonds Are Forever (Last Day at Comiskey Park) / The Future That Never Was (writer/producer: David H  Jones; airdate: 12/15/1990)
113: Champions (unaired in U S ; first aired in UK 6/21/92)

International broadcasts
American Chronicles was aired in the United Kingdom by Channel 4 (1992), in Australia by SBS (1993), in New Zealand by TV3 (1992), in France by Planète (1992) and in Spain by TVE (1992) 
Passage 12:
Teech
Teech is an American sitcom television series that briefly aired on CBS from September 18 to October 16, 1991 as part of its 1991 Fall lineup  The series was co-produced by Nikndaph Productions in association with Columbia Pictures Television for CBS 

Synopsis
Teech stars Phill Lewis as "Teech" Gibson, an African American music instructor (and the "coolest teacher") at Winthrop Academy, a prestigious, predominantly-white prep school   He has style and drives a Corvair  Teech loves music and has tremendous appeal even to troubled, disruptive students   Teech also had appeal to Cassie Lee (Maggie Han), the sexy assistant headmaster who had hired him   Headmaster Alfred Litton (Steven Gilborn) wanted to dismiss Teech's troubled students from the school   He apparently would like to have done the same to Teech except he realized that so doing would likely open him to charges of racism and discrimination 
Scheduled opposite NBC's Top 20 hit Unsolved Mysteries, Teech drew low ratings and was pulled from the lineup after only four episodes had aired 

Cast
Phill Lewis as David "Teech" Gibson
Curnal Achilles Aulisio as George Dubcek, Jr 
Steven Gilborn as Alfred W  Litton
Maggie Han as Cassie Lee
Josh Hoffman as Kenny Freedman
Kevin Lawrence Johnson as Boyd Askew
Jason Kristofer as Alby Nichols
Jack Noseworthy as Adrian Peterman

Production notes
The series was created by David Frankel and Norman Steinberg  Teech's theme song "Teach Me" was performed by B B  King 

Episodes
Passage 13:
Too Young to Fall in Love
"Too Young to Fall in Love" is a 1984 single by American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe  It was originally released on their 1983 album Shout at the Devil 

Background
Written by bass guitarist Nikki Sixx, "Too Young to Fall in Love" was released as a single in 1984 and reached #90 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #26 on the Mainstream Rock tracks The tune later appeared in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City on the fictional in-game radio station "V-Rock" 
Even though the song was a hit, it has been left off some of Mötley Crüe's compilation albums such as Decade of Decadence and Greatest Hits, though it would be included on the reissue of the latter 

Music video
An accompanying music video was released with the single 
The video concerns the members of the band coming together to rescue a young Asian woman from the clutches of the local Crime Boss 
Interspersed with footage of the band performing the song, the video also contains a fight scene where the band members fight Guards of the Crime Boss 
It is then revealed that the young woman has willingly submitted to being a consort to the Crime Boss prompting the band members to leave while shaking their heads in disbelief and disgust 
As they leave, Tommy Lee tries to sample some of the Asian cuisine in the Crime Boss's kitchen  The Chief Guard attempts to kill Tommy, but is knocked out using a heavy sack of grain 
Tommy then picks up a bit of the food and begins to eat it 
He then grimaces and spits the food out, walking from the kitchen in disgust 

Track listing
"Too Young to Fall in Love"
"Take Me to the Top"

Personnel
Vince Neil - vocals
Mick Mars - guitar
Nikki Sixx - bass
Tommy Lee - drums

Charts
Passage 14:
Crescent Falls
Crescent Falls is a series of two waterfalls located on the Bighorn River in the Bighorn River Canyon in west-central Alberta, Canada  They were originally called the Bighorn Falls, after the river they are located on  The current name is a reference to the crescent cliff over which they drop The falls are located a few kilometres upstream of the river's confluence with the North Saskatchewan River  A 4 5-kilometre-long (2 8 mi) gravel road leads north from David Thompson Highway (between Abraham Lake and Nordegg) to the falls  The Crescent Falls Provincial Recreation Area is immediately up-river from the falls The waterfall is two-tiered and has a height of 27 metres (89 ft)  Visitors are allowed at the waterfalls year-round  The rock ledges around the top of the falls are slippery and fatal drops have occurred  Additionally, people have died by being swept under the waterfall after swimming at the bottom of the falls Arthur Philemon Coleman, a professor of geology at the University of Toronto, made the first mention of the falls in 1892 and described them as having a "far better scenery than we had been used to in the foot-hills" A sitting bench next to the falls is dedicated to James Hammond and placed there by his family after his death  Hammond was an avid outdoorsman and was especially fond of this location 

Campground
Located to the north-west of Crescent Falls, is an un-serviced campground run by Westward Bound Campgrounds  It currently has 31 available sites to camp on, and is open from May 1 to October 14  The site has access to water; however, due to potential contamination from pathogens in ground water, the owners recommend that visitors bring their own drinking water The time it takes to travel to Crescent Falls and back is about 1 hour and 15 minutes  Access to the area below the first waterfall of Crescent Falls has been restricted, mostly due to unsafe travel conditions and thin ice 
Passage 15:
Cold Brook Dam
Cold Brook Dam is an earthen dam located near Hot Springs, South Dakota in Fall River County in the southwestern part of the state, in the southern Black Hills 
The earthen dam was constructed in 1953 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers with a height of 127 feet and a length at its crest of 925 feet   It impounds Cold Brook Creek, a tributary of the Cheyenne River for flood control purposes during flash flood events for nearby Hot Springs   The dam is owned and operated by the Corps of Engineers, Omaha District 
The reservoir it creates, Cold Brook Lake, has a water surface of 36 acres and has a maximum capacity of 7200 acre-feet   year-round recreation is possible and includes canoeing, fishing, swimming, wildlife viewing, camping, and (in the winter) ice fishing, skating, and cross-country skiing  Cold Brook Lake Recreation Area includes a boat ramp, picnic area, swim beach and campground is managed by the Corps of Engineers 
Cottonwood Springs Dam, another Corps of Engineers dam is located about 5 miles to the southwest 

External links
Cold Brook Lake at Recreation gov
U S  Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Brook Dam
Passage 16:
Orange River
The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa  It is the longest river in South Africa  With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north  It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean  The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa  Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities  The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power  The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon  Other names include simply the word for river, in Khoekhoegowab orthography written as !Garib, which is rendered in Afrikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click, Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ǂNū "Black"  It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu 

Course
The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft)  The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu  Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude  This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production 

The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province  In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam  From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised  Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation 
At the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province  From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude  From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ǁKaras Region  On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia 

In the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams, and several large wadis lead into it  In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible  Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised  The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi) 
The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning "Orange mouth") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town  Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches 
The river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi) 

Catchment and rainfall
In the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation  At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2 0 in) per year  The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction  In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown colored torrent  The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long-term threat to engineering projects on the river The total catchment of the Orange River (including the Vaal) extends over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i e  equivalent to about 77% of the land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi))  Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, are situated outside the country in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia 

Tributaries
Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

Dams
Armenia Dam
Egmont Dam
Gariep Dam
Newberry Dam
Vanderkloof Dam
Welbedacht Dam

History
Etymology
Some of the earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river ǂNūǃarib, referring to its black colour, or sometimes just Kai !Arib ("Great River"), from which is derived the Afrikaans version Gariep, and translation "Groote Rivier"  The early Dutch name for the river was just that translation, Groote Rivier, meaning "Great River"  The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the United East India Company (VOC) garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779  Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange  A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color of its tributary, the Vaal River, which name is derived from the name ǀHaiǃarib "pale river" (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey)  Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition  In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River, derived from the original Khoemana name 

The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change from the colonial name, for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu  The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation "

The Grootslang
In South African folklore, the Orange River is often associated with the Grootslang, a mythical being resembling a giant serpent, which is often connected to the river's alluvial diamonds  The Grootslang is described as living in a gem-filled cave connected to the Orange River by a natural pipe through which the diamonds gradually enter the river  Other sites said to be lairs of the creature include the pool beneath the King George Cataract at Aughrabies Falls, which is also said to be a source of diamonds, and a large rock in the middle of the river itself  In this version of the legend, the Grootslang is also said to prey on cattle from the river's banks 

Economy
As the collection point for the majority of South Africa's water, the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture, industry, and mining  To assist in this, two large water schemes have been created, the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project  Historically, the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush, with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth 
Because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer, the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting  Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate  The most popular trips are four-day and six-day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area 

Orange River Project
The Orange River Project (ORP) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa  It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd's government at the height of the apartheid era  The ORP was built to exploit the waters of the Orange River—which, without the Vaal River, represents some 14 1% of the total runoff in South Africa—and in the process, to satisfy an increasing demand for water  The main objectives of the project were:

to stabilise river flow,
the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power,
to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin, and
to give a new lease on life to water-deficient areas in the Eastern Cape, such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys The Gariep Dam near Colesberg is the main storage structure within the Orange River  From here, the water is supplied in two directions, westward along the Orange River (via hydroelectric power generators) to the Vanderkloof Dam and southward through the Orange-Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape 

Hydroelectricity
Eskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam  The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground  The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure 

Irrigation
Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam, which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land, was made possible by the construction of the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams  Old established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible  On the Namibian side of the river, Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange 
In recent years, the wine-producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance  Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost, not only from the additional water being made available, but also owing to improvement in water quality  Without this improvement, the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity 

Lesotho Highlands Water Project
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System  Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River, and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State, and discharges into the Ash River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) further to the north  The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, which used the Sterkfontein Dam, located near Harrismith in the Free State 

Alluvial diamonds
In 1867, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, the Eureka Diamond, was found near Hopetown on the Orange River  Two years later, a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area, causing a diamond rush  This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871, although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river, as well as the beaches around its mouth  Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river 

Rafting and canoeing
During the temperate months of March and April, given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open, a canoeist (or rafter) can easily travel 30 kilometres (19 mi) per day  The lower reaches of the river are most popular, because of the spectacular topography  Commercial tours are available, and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif 

Wildlife
The Orange River has no large animals  It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile, and although hippopotami were once abundant, they were hunted to extermination in the 19th century  The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity  A 2011 survey of 13,762 fish found only 16 species of fish present   Three of these, the common carp, the Mozambique tilapia, and the western mosquitofish are not indigenous   Another exotic species, rainbow trout, is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho 
Seven species are endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system:
Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
Maluti redfin or Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)

See also
List of rivers in South Africa
List of international border rivers
List of crossings of the Orange River
Passage 17:
Hudson City School District (Ohio)
The Hudson City School District is a school district in Ohio, covering most of Hudson and Boston Heights, and parts of Boston Township and Cuyahoga Falls  The high-school is ranked #460 in the nation, by U S  News & World Report, as of 2021 

Board of education
Current members
David Zurro (President)
Steve DiMauro (Vice President)
James Field
Alisa Wright
Tom Tobin

Administration
Steve Farnsworth (Interim Superintendent)
Doreen Osmun (Assistant Superintendent)
Phillip Butto (Treasurer)
Tom Barone (Business Manager)
Kelly Kempf (Pupil Services)
Lisa Hunt (Human Resources)
Jennifer Reece (Communications Manager)

Changes in Hudson City School District
1919: Hudson Township Rural School District is formed, consisting of the former Hudson Village School District and the township school districts 
1998: Hudson Local School District became Hudson City School District 
2010: Hudson Elementary is demolished 
2018–2022: The Administration and Board of Education begin making changes to multiple schools and facilitates around the Hudson City School District 

Schools
Hudson High School, 2500 Hudson-Aurora Road
Principal: Mike Miller
Hudson Middle School, 83 North Oviatt Street
Principal: Kimberly Cockley
East Woods Intermediate School, 120 North Hayden Parkway
Principal: Natalie Wininger
Ellsworth Hill Elementary, 7750 Stow Rd
Principal: Jen Filomeana
McDowell Early Learning School, 280 North Hayden Parkway
Principal: Beth Trivelli

Previous locations
Hudson Elementary, 34 North Oviatt Street (torn down in 2010)
Last Principal: Mark Leventhal
Evamere Elementary, 76 North Hayden Parkway (closed in 2021)
Last Principal: Beth Trivelli

Other facilities
Al Statts Transportation Facility and Koberna Salt Storage Facility opened in June 2019  Is a bus garage and salt storage facility 
Lavelli Stadium, built in 1972, named in 1975, when 1941 Hudson High School graduate Dante Lavelli was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame 
Memorial Stadium, has been built on Hudson High School (Ohio) property beside the W-wing faculty parking lot 
Ada Cooper Miller Natatorium, attached to East Woods Elementary   Ada Cooper Miller served on the Hudson Board of Education for 40 years, and presided for 25 of those years 

Previous locations
Petermann Limited, 91 Owen Brown Street (closed)
Passage 18:
George W  Childs Recreation Site
The George W  Childs Recreation Site is a former Pennsylvania state park that is the site of a number of cascade waterfalls along Dingmans Creek; it has been part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area since 1983  It is located in Dingmans Ferry in Delaware Township, Pike County, Pennsylvania and is named for the late newspaper publisher George William Childs, whose widow deeded the land to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1912    The site contains three main waterfalls: Factory Falls, Fulmer Falls and Deer Leap Falls and is a few miles upstream from Dingmans Falls and Silverthread Falls 
The pools below the waterfalls were once a popular spot for swimming during its ownership by the Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks   However, that activity had been banned upon transfer of ownership to the National Park Service 

The mill
The site is also host to the ruins of Joseph Brooks' 19th century woolen mill  In the 1820s Joseph Brooks, a Welshman who had immigrated to Philadelphia, built a woolen mill of stone, 3½ stories high   He employed about 80 workers 
His sheep, though, were devoured by wolves or died from eating poisonous Sheep Laurel  Supplies, operatives, and materials such as expensive raw wool, had to be brought in from Philadelphia, and the finished products shipped down to this city by wagons, a trip which took 10 days   Brooks died in 1832 and the mill was abandoned; the ruins are still visible 

Closures
From October 2010 to May 2013 the National Park Service (NPS) began a $2 5 million rehabilitation project  for much-needed repairs to trails, bridges, parking areas, and historic structures, and implemented measures to help maintain and preserve the forest and streamside vegetation  The project was in the planning stage for several years; public meetings were held in June 2006   and an Environmental Assessment was released for public review in May 2008   After nearly 3 years of closure to the public, reopening in May 2013, the park had accessible trails and picnic sites that met Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards  In March of 2018 two nor'easters, Winter Storm Riley (March 2) and Winter Storm Quinn (March 7), struck the United States eastern seaboard resulting in damage that caused the park to close indefinitely  In October 2022 the NPS announced that a nearly $3 million contract had been awarded to Puyenpa services, LLC from Gaithersburg, MD 20877, a company experienced in trail construction and familiar with sensitive natural and cultural resources for a final phase of restoration and construction work    During construction, other work during this phase of repairs included surveying and project layout, vegetation clearing and stump/root removal for trail work, and procurement of supplies and materials  No work would take place during the winter months and construction was planned to resume in the spring of 2023   On May 30, 2023 the NPS announced the final stage of restoration was set to start with work to continue through the fall and into early winter   Tentatively the park is expected to open to the public again in the Spring of 2024 
Passage 19:
Horicon, New York
Horicon is a town in Warren County, New York, United States  It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area  Horicon's population was 1,389 at the 2010 census Horicon is on the county's northern border and is located inside the Adirondack Park 

History
Horicon was first settled around 1800 
The town was formed in 1838 from parts of the towns of Hague and Bolton 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 71 8 square miles (186 km2), of which 66 1 square miles (171 km2)  is land and 5 7 square miles (15 km2)  (7 98%) is water 
The northern town line is the border of Essex County, New York 
New York State Route 8 crosses the town, forming a major east-west highway 
The town is also the site of the Curtis S  Read Scout Reservation, a Boy Scout camp owned by the Westchester-Putnam Council of Hawthorne 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,479 people, 642 households, and 446 families residing in the town   The population density was 22 4 people per square mile (8 6/km2)   There were 1,767 housing units at an average density of 26 7 per square mile (10 3/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 98 58% White, 0 20% African American, 0 20% Native American, 0 20% Asian, 0 20% from other races, and 0 61% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 47% of the population 
There were 642 households, out of which 23 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59 3% were married couples living together, 5 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30 4% were non-families  26 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 30 and the average family size was 2 74 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 20 6% under the age of 18, 5 2% from 18 to 24, 23 2% from 25 to 44, 32 0% from 45 to 64, and 19 0% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 46 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 1 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98 3 males 
As of 2015, the estimated median income per household was $65,804, and the median income for a family was $71,518  The per capita income for the town was $35,597  5 3% of families and 9 5% of the population were estimated as below the poverty line, including 26% of those under age 18 and 3 1% of those age 65 or over 

School district
The towns of Horicon and Chester together established North Warren Central School District, which serves residents of both towns 

Communities and locations in Horicon
Adirondack – a hamlet in the northwestern part of the town, by Schroon Lake  This hamlet has ZIP code 12808 
Brant Lake – a lake in the central part of the town
Brant Lake – a hamlet at the western end of the lake, located on Route 8
Island Pond – a lake located east of the hamlet of Brant Lake
Long Pond – a lake located east of the hamlet of Brant Lake
Pottersville – a hamlet near the western town line by Schroon Lake  The majority of this hamlet is located  in the Town of Chester  This hamlet has ZIP code 12860
Schroon Lake – a lake partly in the northwestern part of the town  This hamlet has ZIP code 12870 
South Horicon – a hamlet in the southwestern part of the town
Starbuckville – a hamlet west of Brant Lake hamlet
Passage 20:
Delta Force: Angel Falls
Delta Force is a tactical first-person shooter developed and published by NovaLogic  It was released for Microsoft Windows in 1998, and re-released on Steam in 2009  Delta Force was designed to be a military simulation loosely based on the United States' Delta Force special operations army unit 
The game was a critical and commercial success and it, along with a number of other high profile FPS games at the time, helped to popularize and define the tactical shooter genre 

Gameplay
The player assumes the role of a Delta Force operator who takes part in military operations in various theatres, and may customize their in-game avatar during the game's menu screen, selecting from various faces, as well as selecting a male or female operator  Objectives typically involve the elimination of a hostile presence in a region, assassinating a high-profile target, destroying military equipment or escorting POWs or civilians to an extraction point  Depending on the mission the player also needs to make it to an extraction point himself after fulfilling all other objectives  All five campaigns are available from the start and additional missions are unlocked as previous ones are completed  Sometimes multiple missions are unlocked at once and it is up to the player which order to play them in  The game features 40 missions in total, specifically taking place in Peru, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, and Novaya Zemlya 
The AI in the game varies depending on the difficulty you choose, as well as varying in spawn location from play-through to play-through  The lower the difficulty, the worse their aim is and the less they react and move around relative to the player  The higher the difficulty, the better their aim is, the faster they lock on to the player's location, and they use more advanced tactics, such as moving in small groups and providing cover fire while the others advance 

Equipment
Before each mission the player is able to choose his equipment  Default loadouts differ from mission to mission but the player can exchange it without any restrictions  The inventory is based on three slots: one for the main weapon, one for extra equipment and one for a sidearm  Unlike many other shooters of the era, bullets are actual objects in the game with simulated ballistics which account for drop and time to reach targets, requiring the player to lead targets that are far enough away 
On all of the maps, there are also scattered pickups that the player can use to their advantage  The player can decide whether to turn these on or off in the settings menu  Ammo pickups refill ammo, while medical pickups restore player health (despite player health not being visible through the HUD) 

Multiplayer
Delta Force also features LAN and online multiplayer for up to 32 players  All missions from the singleplayer campaign can be played cooperatively with additional players replacing the AI-controlled Delta Force operatives  Additionally deathmatch, king of the hill and capture the flag are available, along with team variations 

Development
Delta Force uses NovaLogic's own proprietary Voxel Space engine, known from their earlier games such as the Comanche series, which uses voxels to visualise terrain while polygons are used for rendering characters, vehicles, buildings and other details  This method allowed for draw distances and terrain detail unseen in first person shooters at the time and supported the game's attempt to simulate realistic outdoor combat at distances of up to several hundred meters  A limitation of the engine was that it did not support any form of 3D acceleration 

Reception
The game received "favorable" reviews according to video game review aggregator GameRankings  GameSpot's Michael Ryan called it "a very impressive game overall", particularly praising the game's mission and sound design, albeit pointing out its outdated visuals  He also drew comparisons to Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six, released earlier the same year, but noted Delta Force's limited preparation options compared to the latter  He also praised the multiplayer mode but noted that technical problems made it hard to play  PC Gamer's Todd Vaughn also drew comparisons to Rainbow Six but noted Delta Force's focus on long-distance fights and lower level of realism  He concluded: "Overall, Delta Force is a surprising and welcome addition to the genre that uses just the right mix [of] action and tactics to set itself apart from the crowd " Next Generation wrote, "Though Delta Force's standalone play is often uninspired, the multiplayer is one of the most satisfying gaming experiences available today "

Sequels
The game was successful enough to receive a direct sequel, Delta Force 2, the following year and spawn a long-running series  The last game in the series was Delta Force: Xtreme 2, released in 2009  Another game titled Delta Force: Angel Falls was announced but never released due to NovaLogic's closure in 2016 
Inspired by the popularity of Ridley Scott's war film Black Hawk Down, chronicling the Battle of Mogadishu, NovaLogic developed a Delta Force game with the same theme titled Delta Force: Black Hawk Down, which was released in 2003  Due to the rise in popularity of military-themed multiplayer shooters with vehicular combat, most notably DICE's Battlefield series, NovaLogic also developed a multiplayer focused spin-off of the Delta Force series titled Joint Operations: Typhoon Rising, released in 2004 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Plagues of Egypt
The Plagues of Egypt, in the account of the book of Exodus, are ten disasters inflicted on Biblical Egypt by the God of Israel in order to convince the Pharaoh to emancipate the enslaved Israelites, each of them confronting Pharaoh and one of his Egyptian gods; they serve as "signs and marvels" given by God to answer Pharaoh's taunt that he does not know Yahweh: "The Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD" : 117

Plagues
1  Turning water to blood: Ex  7:14–24
This is what the LORD says: By this you will know that I am the LORD: With the staff that is in my hands I will strike the water of the Nile, and it will be changed into blood  The fish in the Nile will die, and the river will stink and the Egyptians will not be able to drink its water 

2  Frogs: Ex  7:25–8:11/15
This is what the great LORD says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me  If you refuse to let them go, I will plague your whole country with frogs  The Nile will teem with frogs  They will come up into your palace and your bedroom and onto your bed, into the houses of your officials and on your people, and into your ovens and kneading troughs  The frogs will go up on you and your people and all your officials 

3  Lice or gnats: Ex  8:12–15/8:16–19
"And the LORD said [   ] Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt " […] When Aaron stretched out his hand with the rod and struck the dust of the ground, lice came upon men and animals  All the dust throughout the land of Egypt became lice 

4  Wild animals or flies: Ex  8:16–28/8:20–32
The fourth plague of Egypt was of creatures capable of harming people and livestock  The Bible tells us that the plagues only came against the Egyptians and did not affect the Israelites  Pharaoh asked Moses to remove this plague and promised to grant the Israelites their freedom  However, after the plague was gone, Pharaoh hardened his heart  and he refused to keep his promise 
Various sources use either "wild animals" or "flies" 

5  Pestilence of livestock: Ex  9:1–7
This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me  If you refuse to let them go and continue to hold them back, the hand of the LORD will bring a terrible plague on your livestock in the field—on your horses and donkeys and camels and on your cattle and sheep and goats 

6  Boils: Ex  9:8-12
Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, "Take handfuls of soot from a furnace and have Moses toss it into the air in the presence of Pharaoh  It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt, and festering boils will break out on men and animals throughout the land "

7  Thunderstorm of hail and fire: Ex  9:13–35
This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me, or this time I will send the full force of my plagues against you and against your officials and your people, so you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth  For by now I could have stretched out my hand and struck you and your people with a plague that would have wiped you off the earth  But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might show you my power and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth  You still set yourself against my people and will not let them go  Therefore, at this time tomorrow I will send the worst hailstorm that has ever fallen on Egypt, from the day it was founded till now  Give an order now to bring your livestock and everything you have in the field to a place of shelter, because the hail will fall on every man and animal that has not been brought in and is still out in the field, and they will die  […] The LORD sent thunder and hail, and lightning flashed down to the ground  So the LORD rained hail on the land of Egypt; hail fell and lightning flashed back and forth  It was the worst storm in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation 

8  Locusts: Ex  10:1–20
This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: 'How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, so that they may worship me  If you refuse to let them go, I will bring locusts into your country tomorrow  They will cover the face of the ground so that it cannot be seen  They will devour what little you have left after the hail, including every tree that is growing in your fields  They will fill your houses and those of all your officials and all the Egyptians—something neither your fathers nor your forefathers have ever seen from the day they settled in this land till now 

9  Three days of darkness: Ex  10:21–29
Then the LORD said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward the sky so that darkness will spread over Egypt—darkness that can be felt " So Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky, and total darkness covered all Egypt for three days  No one could see anyone else or leave his place for three days 

10  Death of firstborn son: Ex  11:1–12:36
This is what the LORD says: "About midnight I will go throughout Egypt  Every firstborn son in Egypt will die, from the firstborn son of Pharaoh, who sits on the throne, to the firstborn of the slave girl, who is at her hand mill, and all the firstborn of the cattle as well  There will be loud wailing throughout Egypt—worse than there has ever been or ever will be again "
Before this final plague, God commands Moses to tell the Israelites to mark a lamb's blood above their doors in order that the Angel of Death will pass over them (i e , that they will not be touched by the death of the firstborn)  Pharaoh orders the Israelites to leave, taking whatever they want, and asks Moses to bless him in the name of the Lord  The passage goes on to state that the passover sacrifice recalls the time when the LORD "passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt" 

Composition and theology
Scholars are in broad agreement that the publication of the Torah took place in the mid-Persian period (the 5th century BCE)  The Book of Deuteronomy, composed in stages between the 7th and 6th centuries, mentions the "diseases of Egypt" (Deuteronomy 7:15 and 28:60) but refers to something that afflicted the Israelites, not the Egyptians, and never specifies the plagues The traditional number of ten plagues is not actually mentioned in Exodus, and other sources differ; Psalms 78 and 105 seem to list only seven or eight plagues and order them differently  It appears that originally there were only seven, to which were added the third, sixth, and ninth, bringing the count to ten : 83–84 In this final version, the first nine plagues form three triads, each of which God introduces by informing Moses of the main lesson it will teach : 117  In the first triad, the Egyptians begin to experience the power of God;: 118  in the second, God demonstrates that he is directing events;: 119  and in the third, the incomparability of Yahweh is displayed : 117  Overall, the plagues are "signs and marvels" given by the God of Israel to answer Pharaoh's taunt that he does not know Yahweh: "The Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD" : 117

Historicity
Scholars broadly agree that the Exodus is not a historical account, that the Israelites originated in Canaan and from the Canaanites and that, while a small group of proto-Israelites probably did originate from Egypt, it did not happen in the massive way the Bible describes : 81 : 6–7  The Ipuwer Papyrus, written probably in the late Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (c  1991–1803 BCE), has been put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the biblical account, most notably because of its statement that "the river is blood" and its frequent references to servants running away; however, these arguments ignore the many points on which Ipuwer contradicts Exodus, such as Asiatics arriving in Egypt rather than leaving and the fact that the "river is blood" phrase probably refers to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods, or is simply a poetic image of turmoil  Attempts to find natural explanations for the plagues (e g , a volcanic eruption to explain the "darkness" plague) have been dismissed by biblical scholars on the grounds that their pattern, timing, rapid succession, and above all, control by Moses mark them as supernatural : 90 : 117–118

Artistic representation
Visual art
In visual art, the plagues have generally been reserved for works in series, especially engravings  Still, relatively few depictions in art emerged compared to other religious themes until the 19th century, when the plagues became more common subjects, with John Martin and Joseph Turner producing notable canvases  This trend probably reflected a Romantic attraction to landscape and nature painting, for which the plagues were suited, a Gothic attraction to morbid stories, and a rise in Orientalism, wherein exotic Egyptian themes found currency  Given the importance of noble patronage throughout Western art history, the plagues may have found consistent disfavor because the stories emphasize the limits of a monarch's power, and images of lice, locusts, darkness, and boils were ill-suited for decoration in palaces and churches 

Music
Perhaps the most successful artistic representation of the plagues is Handel's oratorio Israel in Egypt, which, like his perennial favorite, "Messiah", takes a libretto entirely from scripture  The work was especially popular in the 19th century because of its numerous choruses, generally one for each plague, and its playful musical depiction of the plagues  For example, the plague of frogs is performed as a light aria for alto, depicting frogs jumping in the violins, and the plague of flies and lice is a light chorus with fast scurrying runs in the violins 

Documentaries
The Exodus Decoded (2006)

Films
The Ten Commandments (1923)
The Moon of Israel (1924)
The Ten Commandments (1956)
The Abominable Dr  Phibes (1971)
The Seventh Sign (1988)
Moses (1995)
The Prince of Egypt (1998)
Magnolia (1999)
The Mummy (1999)
The Reaping (2007)
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)
Seder-Masochism (2018)

Image gallery
See also
Aaron's rod
Jochebed
Miriam
Passage 2:
Osiris
Osiris (, from Egyptian wsjr) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion  He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail  He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap  When his brother Set cut him up into pieces after killing him, Osiris' wife Isis found all the pieces and wrapped his body up, enabling him to return to life  Osiris was widely worshipped until the decline of ancient Egyptian religion during the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, and brother of Set, Nephthys, and Horus the Elder, with Horus the Younger being considered his posthumously begotten son  Through syncretism with Iah, he was also a god of the Moon Osiris was the judge and lord of the dead and the underworld, the "Lord of Silence" and Khenti-Amentiu, meaning "Foremost of the Westerners"  In the Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) the pharaoh was considered a son of the sun god Ra who, after his death, ascended to join Ra in the sky  After the spread of the Osiris cult, however, the kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris in death – as Osiris rose from the dead, they would unite with him and inherit eternal life through imitative magic Through the hope of new life after death, Osiris began to be associated with the cycles in nature, in particular the sprouting of vegetation and the annual flooding of the Nile River, as well as the heliacal rising of Orion and Sirius at the start of the new year  He became the sovereign that granted all life, "He Who is Permanently Benign and Youthful" The first evidence of the worship of Osiris is from the middle of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (25th century BC), although it is likely that he was worshiped much earlier; the Khenti-Amentiu epithet dates to at least the First Dynasty, and was also used as a pharaonic title  Most information available on the Osiris myth is derived from allusions in the Pyramid Texts at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, later New Kingdom source documents such as the Shabaka Stone and "The Contendings of Horus and Seth", and much later, in the narratives of Greek authors including Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus Some Egyptologists believe the Osiris mythos may have originated in a former living ruler – possibly a shepherd who lived in Predynastic times (5500–3100 BC) in the Nile Delta, whose beneficial rule led to him being revered as a god  The accoutrements of the shepherd, the crook and the flail – once insignia of the Delta god Andjety, with whom Osiris was associated – support this theory 

Etymology of the name
Osiris is a Latin transliteration of the Ancient Greek Ὄσιρις IPA: [ó siː ris], which in turn is the Greek adaptation of the original name in the Egyptian language  In Egyptian hieroglyphs the name appears as wsjr, which some Egyptologists instead choose to transliterate as ꜣsjr or jsjrj  Since hieroglyphic writing lacks vowels, Egyptologists have vocalized the name in various ways, such as Asar, Ausar, Ausir, Wesir, Usir, or Usire 
Several proposals have been made for the etymology and meaning of the original name; as Egyptologist Mark J  Smith notes, none are fully convincing  Most take wsjr as the accepted transliteration, following Adolf Erman:

John Gwyn Griffiths (1980), "bearing in mind Erman's emphasis on the fact that the name must begin with an [sic] w", proposes a derivation from wsr with an original meaning of "The Mighty One" 
Kurt Sethe (1930) proposes a compound st-jrt, meaning "seat of the eye", in a hypothetical earlier form *wst-jrt; this is rejected by Griffiths on phonetic grounds 
David Lorton (1985) takes up this same compound but explains st-jrt as signifying "product, something made", Osiris representing the product of the ritual mummification process 
Wolfhart Westendorf (1987) proposes an etymology from wꜣst-jrt "she who bears the eye" 
Mark J  Smith (2017) makes no definitive proposals but asserts that the second element must be a form of jrj ("to do, make") (rather than jrt ("eye")) However, recently alternative transliterations have been proposed:

Yoshi Muchiki (1990) reexamines Erman's evidence that the throne hieroglyph in the word is to be read ws and finds it unconvincing, suggesting instead that the name should be read ꜣsjr on the basis of Aramaic, Phoenician, and Old South Arabian transcriptions, readings of the throne sign in other words, and comparison with ꜣst ("Isis") 
James P  Allen (2000) reads the word as jsjrt  but revises the reading (2013) to jsjrj and derives it from js-jrj, meaning "engendering (male) principle" 

Appearance
Osiris is represented in his most developed form of iconography wearing the Atef crown, which is similar to the White crown of Upper Egypt, but with the addition of two curling ostrich feathers at each side  He also carries the crook and flail  The crook is thought to represent Osiris as a shepherd god  The symbolism of the flail is more uncertain with shepherds whip, fly-whisk, or association with the god Andjety of the ninth nome of Lower Egypt proposed He was commonly depicted as a pharaoh with a complexion of either green (the color of rebirth) or black (alluding to the fertility of the Nile floodplain) in mummiform (wearing the trappings of mummification from chest downward) 

Early mythology
The Pyramid Texts describe early conceptions of an afterlife in terms of eternal travelling with the sun god amongst the stars  Amongst these mortuary texts, at the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty, is found: "An offering the king gives and Anubis"  By the end of the Fifth Dynasty, the formula in all tombs becomes "An offering the king gives and Osiris" 

Father of Horus
Osiris is the mythological father of the god Horus, whose conception is described in the Osiris myth (a central myth in ancient Egyptian belief)  The myth describes Osiris as having been killed by his brother Set, who wanted Osiris' throne  His wife, Isis, finds the body of Osiris and hides it in the reeds where it is found and dismembered by Set  Isis retrieves and joins the fragmented pieces of Osiris, then briefly revives him by use of magic  This spell gives her time to become pregnant by Osiris  Isis later gives birth to Horus  Since Horus was born after Osiris' resurrection, Horus became thought of as a representation of new beginnings and the vanquisher of the usurper Set 
Ptah-Seker (who resulted from the identification of the creator god Ptah with Seker) thus gradually became identified with Osiris, the two becoming Ptah-Seker-Osiris  As the sun was thought to spend the night in the underworld, and was subsequently "reborn" every morning, Ptah-Seker-Osiris was identified as king of the underworld, god of the afterlife, life, death, and regeneration  Osiris also has the aspect and form of Seker-Osiris 

Ram god
Osiris' soul, or rather his ba, was occasionally worshipped in its own right, almost as if it were a distinct god, especially in the Delta city of Mendes  This aspect of Osiris was referred to as Banebdjedet, which is grammatically feminine (also spelt "Banebded" or "Banebdjed"), literally "the ba of the lord of the djed, which roughly means The soul of the lord of the pillar of continuity  The djed, a type of pillar, was usually understood as the backbone of Osiris 
The Nile supplying water, and Osiris (strongly connected to the vegetable regeneration) who died only to be resurrected, represented continuity and stability  As Banebdjed, Osiris was given epithets such as Lord of the Sky and Life of the (sun god) Ra  Ba does not mean "soul" in the western sense, and has to do with power, reputation, force of character, especially in the case of a god 
Since the ba was associated with power, and also happened to be a word for ram in Egyptian, Banebdjed was depicted as a ram, or as Ram-headed  A living, sacred ram was kept at Mendes and worshipped as the incarnation of the god, and upon death, the rams were mummified and buried in a ram-specific necropolis  Banebdjed was consequently said to be Horus' father, as Banebdjed was an aspect of Osiris 
Regarding the association of Osiris with the ram, the god's traditional crook and flail are the instruments of the shepherd, which has suggested to some scholars also an origin for Osiris in herding tribes of the upper Nile 

Mythology
Plutarch recounts one version of the Osiris myth in which Set (Osiris' brother), along with the Queen of Ethiopia, conspired with 72 accomplices to plot the assassination of Osiris  Set fooled Osiris into getting into a box, which Set then shut, sealed with lead, and threw into the Nile  Osiris' wife, Isis, searched for his remains until she finally found him embedded in a tamarisk tree trunk, which was holding up the roof of a palace in Byblos on the Phoenician coast  She managed to remove the coffin and retrieve her husband's body 
In one version of the myth, Isis used a spell to briefly revive Osiris so he could impregnate her  After embalming and burying Osiris, Isis conceived and gave birth to their son, Horus  Thereafter Osiris lived on as the god of the underworld  Because of his death and resurrection, Osiris was associated with the flooding and retreating of the Nile and thus with the yearly growth and death of crops along the Nile valley 
Diodorus Siculus gives another version of the myth in which Osiris was described as an ancient king who taught the Egyptians the arts of civilization, including agriculture, then travelled the world with his sister Isis, the satyrs, and the nine muses, before finally returning to Egypt  Osiris was then murdered by his evil brother Typhon, who was identified with Set  Typhon divided the body into twenty-six pieces, which he distributed amongst his fellow conspirators in order to implicate them in the murder  Isis and Hercules (Horus) avenged the death of Osiris and slew Typhon  Isis recovered all the parts of Osiris' body, except the phallus, and secretly buried them  She made replicas of them and distributed them to several locations, which then became centres of Osiris worship 

Worship
Annual ceremonies were performed in honor of Osiris in various places across Egypt  Evidences of which were discovered during underwater archaeological excavations of Franck Goddio and his team in the sunken city of Thonis-Heracleion  These ceremonies were fertility rites which symbolised the resurrection of Osiris  Recent scholars emphasize "the androgynous character of [Osiris'] fertility" clear from surviving material  For instance, Osiris' fertility has to come both from being castrated/cut-into-pieces and the reassembly by female Isis, whose embrace of her reassembled Osiris produces the perfect king, Horus  Further, as attested by tomb-inscriptions, both women and men could syncretize (identify) with Osiris at their death, another set of evidence that underlines Osiris' androgynous nature 

Death or transition and institution as god of the afterlife
Plutarch and others have noted that the sacrifices to Osiris were "gloomy, solemn, and mournful   " (Isis and Osiris, 69) and that the great mystery festival, celebrated in two phases, began at Abydos commemorating the death of the god, on the same day that grain was planted in the ground (Isis and Osiris, 13)  The annual festival involved the construction of "Osiris Beds" formed in shape of Osiris, filled with soil and sown with seed  The germinating seed symbolized Osiris rising from the dead  An almost pristine example was found in the tomb of Tutankhamun  The imiut emblem- an image of a stuffed, headless skin of an animal tied to a pole mounting a pot, was a symbol associated both with Osiris as god of the underworld and with Anubis, god of mummification, was sometimes included among a deceased person's funerary equipment The first phase of the festival was a public drama depicting the murder and dismemberment of Osiris, the search for his body by Isis, his triumphal return as the resurrected god, and the battle in which Horus defeated Set 
According to Julius Firmicus Maternus of the fourth century, this play was re-enacted each year by worshippers who "beat their breasts and gashed their shoulders  



ground_truth: Clatskanie

Clatskanie, Oregon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the origin of the river Augrabies Falls is part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   When they pretend that the mutilated remains of the god have been found and rejoined   they turn from mourning to rejoicing " (De Errore Profanarum Religionum) 
The passion of Osiris was reflected in his name 'Wenennefer" ("the one who continues to be perfect"), which also alludes to his post mortem power 

Ikhernofret Stela
Much of the extant information about the rites of Osiris can be found on the Ikhernofret Stela at Abydos erected in the Twelfth Dynasty by Ikhernofret, possibly a priest of Osiris or other official (the titles of Ikhernofret are described in his stela from Abydos) during the reign of Senwosret III (Pharaoh Sesostris, about 1875 BC)  The ritual reenactment of Osiris's funeral rites were held in the last month of the inundation (the annual Nile flood), coinciding with Spring, and held at Abydos which was the traditional place where the body of Osiris drifted ashore after having been drowned in the Nile The part of the myth recounting the chopping up of the body into 14 pieces by Set is not recounted in this particular stela  Although it is attested to be a part of the rituals by a version of the Papyrus Jumilhac, in which it took Isis 12 days to reassemble the pieces, coinciding with the festival of ploughing  Some elements of the ceremony were held in the temple, while others involved public participation in a form of theatre  The Stela of Ikhernofret recounts the programme of events of the public elements over the five days of the Festival:

The First Day, The Procession of Wepwawet: A mock battle was enacted during which the enemies of Osiris are defeated  A procession was led by the god Wepwawet ("opener of the way") 
The Second Day, The Great Procession of Osiris: The body of Osiris was taken from his temple to his tomb  The boat he was transported in, the "Neshmet" bark, had to be defended against his enemies 
The Third Day: Osiris is mourned and the enemies of the land are destroyed 
The Fourth Day, Night Vigil: Prayers and recitations are made and funeral rites performed 
The Fifth Day, Osiris is Reborn: Osiris is reborn at dawn and crowned with the crown of Ma'at  The statue of Osiris is brought back to the temple 

Wheat and clay rituals
Contrasting with the public "theatrical" ceremonies sourced from the Middle Kingdom Ikhernofret Stele, more esoteric ceremonies were performed inside the temples by priests  Plutarch mentions that (for much later period) two days after the beginning of the festival "the priests bring forth a sacred chest containing a small golden coffer, into which they pour some potable water   and a great shout arises from the company for joy that Osiris is found (or resurrected)  Then they knead some fertile soil with the water   and fashion therefrom a crescent-shaped figure, which they cloth and adorn, this indicating that they regard these gods as the substance of Earth and Water " (Isis and Osiris, 39)  Yet his accounts were still obscure, for he also wrote, "I pass over the cutting of the wood" – opting not to describe it, since he considered it as a most sacred ritual (Ibid  21) 
In the Osirian temple at Denderah, an inscription (translated by Budge, Chapter XV, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection) describes in detail the making of wheat paste models of each dismembered piece of Osiris to be sent out to the town where each piece is discovered by Isis  At the temple of Mendes, figures of Osiris were made from wheat and paste placed in a trough on the day of the murder, then water was added for several days, until finally the mixture was kneaded into a mold of Osiris and taken to the temple to be buried (the sacred grain for these cakes were grown only in the temple fields)  Molds were made from the wood of a red tree in the forms of the sixteen dismembered parts of Osiris, the cakes of "divine" bread were made from each mold, placed in a silver chest and set near the head of the god with the inward parts of Osiris as described in the Book of the Dead (XVII) 

Judgement
The idea of divine justice being exercised after death for wrongdoing during life is first encountered during the Old Kingdom in a Sixth Dynasty tomb containing fragments of what would be described later as the Negative Confessions performed in front of the 42 Assessors of Ma'at At death a person faced judgment by a tribunal of forty-two divine judges  If they led a life in conformance with the precepts of the goddess Ma'at, who represented truth and right living, the person was welcomed into the kingdom of Osiris  If found guilty, the person was thrown to the soul-eating demon Ammit and did not share in eternal life  The person who is taken by the devourer is subject first to terrifying punishment and then annihilated  These depictions of punishment may have influenced medieval perceptions of the inferno in hell via early Christian and Coptic texts  Purification for those who are considered justified may be found in the descriptions of "Flame Island", where they experience the triumph over evil and rebirth  For the damned, complete destruction into a state of non-being awaits, but there is no suggestion of eternal torture During the reign of Seti I, Osiris was also invoked in royal decrees to pursue the living when wrongdoing was observed but kept secret and not reported 

Greco-Roman era
Hellenization
The early Ptolemaic kings promoted a new god, Serapis, who combined traits of Osiris with those of various Greek gods and was portrayed in a Hellenistic form  Serapis was often treated as the consort of Isis and became the patron deity of the Ptolemies' capital, Alexandria  Serapis's origins are not known  Some ancient authors claim the cult of Serapis was established at Alexandria by Alexander the Great himself, but most who discuss the subject of Serapis's origins give a story similar to that by Plutarch  Writing about 400 years after the fact, Plutarch claimed that Ptolemy I established the cult after dreaming of a colossal statue at Sinope in Anatolia  His councillors identified the statue as the Greek god Pluto and said that the Egyptian name for Pluto was Serapis  This name may have been a Hellenization of "Osiris-Apis"  Osiris-Apis was a patron deity of the Memphite Necropolis and the father of the Apis bull who was worshipped there, and texts from Ptolemaic times treat "Serapis" as the Greek translation of "Osiris-Apis"  But little of the early evidence for Serapis's cult comes from Memphis, and much of it comes from the Mediterranean world with no reference to an Egyptian origin for Serapis, so Mark Smith expresses doubt that Serapis originated as a Greek form of Osiris-Apis's name and leaves open the possibility that Serapis originated outside Egypt 

Destruction of cult
The cult of Isis and Osiris continued at Philae until at least the 450s CE, long after the imperial decrees of the late 4th century that ordered the closing of temples to "pagan" gods  Philae was the last major ancient Egyptian temple to be closed 

See also
Aaru
Ancient Egyptian concept of the soulKhenti-Amentiu

Notes
Passage 3:
Greek underworld
In Greek mythology, the Greek underworld, or Hades, is a distinct realm (one of the three realms that make up the cosmos) where an individual goes after death  The earliest idea of afterlife in Greek myth is that, at the moment of death, an individual's essence (psyche) is separated from the corpse and transported to the underworld  In early mythology (e g , Homer's Iliad and Odyssey) the dead were indiscriminately grouped together and led a shadowy post-existence; however, in later mythology (e g , Platonic philosophy) elements of post-mortem judgment began to emerge with good and bad people being separated (both spatially and with regards to treatment)  The underworld itself— commonly referred to as Hades, after its patron god, but also known by various metonyms—is described as being located at the periphery of the earth, either associated with the outer limits of the ocean (i e , Oceanus, again also a god) or beneath the earth  Darkness and a lack of sunlight are common features associated with the underworld and, in this way, provide a direct contrast to both the 'normality' of the land of the living (where the sun shines) and also with the brightness associated with Mount Olympus (the realm of the gods)  The underworld is also considered to be an invisible realm, which is understood both in relation to the permanent state of darkness but also a potential etymological link with Hades as the 'unseen place'  The underworld is made solely for the dead and so mortals do not enter it – with only a few heroic exceptions (who undertook a mythical catabasis: Heracles, Theseus, Orpheus, possibly also Odysseus, and in later Roman depictions Aeneas) 

Geography
Rivers
Rivers are a fundamental part of the topography of the underworld and are found in the earliest source materials: In Homer's Iliad, the "ghost" of Patroclus makes specific mention of gates and a river (unnamed) in Hades; in Homer's Odyssey, the "ghost" of Odysseus's mother, Anticlea, describes there being many "great rivers and appalling streams", and reference is made to at least four specific rivers  H  A  Guerber assumed that the rivers where Charon sailed mirrored the sky in Greco-Roman thought  In the wider mythological tradition, however, there are multiple bodies of water that are associated with the underworld (varying in number and combination depending on the source), the names of which can be understood to reflect specific associations with death 
The Styx can be considered the most prominent and familiar of the underworld rivers  It is the only named underworld river mentioned in Homer's Iliad – our earliest mythological text – and three of the Homeric Hymns  Not only is it an underworld river but is also, more generally, the inviolable waters upon which the gods swear oaths and a goddess in her own right (the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys)  In later traditions it often serves as the entrance to the underworld over which Charon (the ferryman of the dead) rows the deceased in order for them to enter the underworld  It is also known as the river of hatred  There are several Styx-es in the real world: according to Herodotus, Strabo, and Pliny it was in Arcadia; while Pausanias locates one in Nonacris 
The Acheron is the river of misery or river of woe  It is mentioned in many early sources of archaic poetry but is less prominent and early than the Styx  In some mythological accounts, Charon rows the dead over the Acheron rather than the Styx  In some alternative sources Acheron is a lake (rather than/as well as the river) and also functions as a synonym for the underworld  Pausanias describes a river named Acheron in Epirus, Thesprotia, which flows into a swampy-lake and converges with a river Cocytus (like its Homeric counterpart) which Pausanias attributes as the inspiration for Homer's description of the underworld  This site is also associated with specific instances of necromantic ritual and/or catabases from the mythic-past  Likewise, later traditions note a Acheron river in Cumae, Italy, which was also identified specifically with Odysseus' necromantic/catabatic activity 
The Pyriphlegethon/Phlegethon is the river of blazing-fire (Pyriphlegéthōn being from the phrase puri phlegethonti, 'blazing like fire')  It has a single mention in Homer's Odyssey (Pyriphlegéthōn) where it is described as flowing into the river Acheron, and then does not appear again in sources until Plato  According to Plato, this river leads to the depths of Tartarus and is associated with punishment (in particular, people who hit their fathers and mothers)  There was a river/field of this name near Cumae – maintaining its association with 'burning' due to the local hot springs – which Strabo explicitly associated with the Homeric underworld 
The Cocytus is the river of wailing (from kōkuein, 'to weep, lament')  It too has only a single mention in Homer's Odyssey where it is described as a branch of the Styx that flows into the Acheron  According to Plato, the Cocytus is circular and empties into  Tartarus and is associated with the punishment of murderers  It is also the name of a river in Thesprotia and Cumae which merges with the Acheron (see above) 
The Lethe is the river of forgetfulness, taking its name from Lethe, the goddess of forgetfulness and oblivion  In later accounts, a poplar branch dripping with water of the Lethe became the symbol of Hypnos, the god of sleep  Some sources reference a plain of Lethe, rather than a river  Souls undergoing reincarnation were forced to drink from the river in order to forget their past life and the underworld  Only after drinking could a soul be reborn in the living world 
Oceanus is the river that encircles the world, and it marks the border of the land of the living and the underworld 

Entrance of the underworld
The deceased could enter the underworld through various routes, but perhaps the most common depiction is that of the ferryman  Charon to take them across the river  This was a particularly common motif on Athenian white ground lekythoi (funerary vases) of fifth century BCE and it is difficult to date this figure much earlier than the 6th century BCE (perhaps the latest of Hades' inhabitants to 'appear')  While Charon doesn't feature in the earliest mythical sources, there was still a superstition that the unburied couldn't cross over until they receive a proper burial (the most famous examples being Patroclus and Hector in the Iliad)  Alternatively, Hermes Psychopompos could also be relied upon to lead the deceased to the underworld and appears first in Homer's Odyssey book 24 (also a common motif on white ground lekythoi)  Hades was well-known for its gates (the πύλαι Ἀίδαο: Hom  Il  5 646, 9 312, 23 71, Od  14 156), with one of Hades's (the god) epithets being the "gate fastener" (πυλάρτης: Hom  Il  8 367, 13 415, Od  11 277) 

Tartarus
In some Greek sources Tartarus is another name for the underworld (serving as a metonym for Hades), while in others it is a completely distinct realm separate from the underworld  Hesiod most famously describes Tartarus as being as far beneath the underworld as the earth is beneath the sky  Like Hades, it too is so dark that the "night is poured around it in three rows like a collar round the neck, while above it grows the roots of the earth and of the unharvested sea " The most famous inhabitants of Tartarus are the Titans; Zeus cast the Titans along with his father Cronus into Tartarus after defeating them  Homer wrote that Cronus then became the king of Tartarus  According to Plato's Gorgias (c  400 BC), souls are judged after death and Tartarus is where the wicked received divine punishment  Tartarus is also considered to be a primordial force or deity alongside entities such as the Earth, Night, and Time 

Asphodel Meadows
The Asphodel Meadows is the location in the underworld where the majority of the deceased dwell  The name appears as far back as Homer's Odyssey (11 359), where it features in Odysseus’ survey of the underworld (technically referred to here as the field of asphodel: ἀσφοδελὸς λειμών)  It is unclear exactly what the ancients understood this "field" to be with scholars divided between associating it with flower asphodel (genus, Asphodelus L ) or a field of ash (basing this on the etymological construction of σφοδελὸς > σποδός, "ash") 

Elysium/Elysian Fields
The Elysium (also referred to as the Elysian Fields) was a utopian, paradisiacal afterlife reserved for specially distinguished individuals  The Elysian Fields are first referenced in Homer's Odyssey Book 4 where Menelaus is promised that he will go there instead of dying (and so distinguishing it from the afterlife proper): it is described as being located at the edges of the earth (the peirata) and is where life is "easiest for men"  However, Menelaus does not achieve this fate not due to anything he has done during his lifetime but rather because he is Zeus' son-in-law (being married to Helen)  In Hesiod's Work and Days, however, this is a paradise that heroes could attain  Eventually, as concepts of the afterlife broadened and became more "democratic", the generally righteous could be sent to the Elysian Fields after being judged by the underworld judges, Rhadamanthus and Minos 

Isles of the Blessed
By Hesiod's time, the Elysium would also be known as the Fortunate Isles or the Isles of the Blessed  The isles, which were sometimes treated as a geographical location on Earth, would become known as a place of reward in the underworld for those who were judged exceptionally pure 

Known inhabitants
Hades
Hades (Aides, Aidoneus, or Haidês), the eldest son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea; brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter, and Hestia, is the Greek god of the underworld  When the three brothers divided the world between themselves, Zeus received the heavens, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld; the earth itself was divided between the three  Therefore, while Hades' responsibility was in the underworld, he was allowed to have power on earth as well  However, Hades himself is rarely seen outside his domain, and to those on earth his intentions and personality are a mystery  In art and literature Hades is depicted as stern and dignified, but not as a fierce torturer or devil-like  However, Hades was considered the enemy to all life and was hated by both the gods and men; sacrifices and prayers did not appease him so mortals rarely tried  He was also not a tormenter of the dead, and sometimes considered the "Zeus of the dead" because he was hospitable to them  Due to his role as lord of the underworld and ruler of the dead, he was also known as Zeus Khthonios ("the infernal Zeus" or "Zeus of the lower world")  Those who received punishment in Tartarus were assigned by the other gods seeking vengeance  In Greek society, many viewed Hades as the least liked god and many gods even had an aversion towards him, and when people would sacrifice to Hades, it would be if they wanted revenge on an enemy or something terrible to happen to them Hades was sometimes referred to as Pluton and was represented in a lighter way – here, he was considered the giver of wealth, since the crops and the blessing of the harvest come from below the earth 

Persephone
Persephone (also known as Kore) was the daughter of Demeter, the goddess of the harvest, and Zeus  Persephone was abducted by Hades, who desired a wife  When Persephone was gathering flowers, she was entranced by a narcissus flower planted by Gaia (to lure her to the underworld as a favor to Hades), and when she picked it the earth suddenly opened up  Hades, appearing in a golden chariot, seduced and carried Persephone into the underworld  When Demeter found out that Zeus had given Hades permission to abduct Persephone and take her as a wife, Demeter became enraged at Zeus and stopped growing harvests for the earth  To soothe her, Zeus sent Hermes to the underworld to return Persephone to her mother  However, she had eaten six pomegranate seeds in the underworld and was thus eternally tied to the underworld, since the pomegranate seed was sacred there Persephone could then only leave the underworld when the earth was blooming, or every season except the winter  The Homeric Hymns describes the abduction of Persephone by Hades:

Persephone herself is considered a fitting other half to Hades because of the meaning of her name which bears the Greek root for "killing" and the -phone in her name means "putting to death" 

Hecate
Hecate was variously associated with crossroads, entrance-ways, dogs, light, the Moon, magic, witchcraft, knowledge of herbs and poisonous plants, necromancy, and sorcery  Hecate is often shown as a tripartite goddess, which allows her to look in multiple directions at once  This emphasizes her role as a protector of the in betweens 

The Erinyes
The Erinyes (also known as the Furies) were the three goddesses associated with the souls of the dead and the avenged crimes against the natural order of the world  They consist of Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone 
They were particularly concerned with crimes done by children against their parents such as matricide, patricide, and unfilial conduct  They would inflict madness upon the living murderer, or if a nation was harboring such a criminal, the Erinyes would cause starvation and disease to the nation  The Erinyes were dreaded by the living since they embodied the vengeance of the person who was wronged against the wrongdoer  Often the Greeks made "soothing libations" to the Erinyes to appease them so as to not invoke their wrath, and overall the Erinyes received many more libations and sacrifices than other gods of the underworld  The Erinyes were depicted as ugly and winged women with their bodies intertwined with serpents 

Hermes
While Hermes did not primarily reside in the underworld and is not usually associated with the underworld, he was the one who led the souls of the dead to the underworld  In this sense, he was known as Hermes Psychopompos and with his fair golden wand he was able to lead the dead to their new home  He was also called upon by the dying to assist in their passing – some called upon him to have painless deaths or be able to die when and where they believed they were meant to die 

Judges of the underworld
Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Aeacus are the judges of the dead  They judged the deeds of the deceased and created the laws that governed the underworld Aeacus was the guardian of the Keys of the underworld and the judge of the men of Europe  Rhadamanthus was Lord of Elysium and judge of the men of Asia  Minos was the judge of the final vote 

Charon
Charon is the ferryman who, after receiving a soul from Hermes, would guide them across the rivers Styx and/or Acheron to the underworld  At funerals, the deceased traditionally had an obol placed over their eye or under their tongue, so they could pay Charon to take them across  If not, they were said to fly at the shores for one hundred years, until they were allowed to cross the river  To the Etruscans, Charon was considered a fearsome being – he wielded a hammer and was hook-nosed, bearded, and had animalistic ears with teeth  In other early Greek depictions, Charon was considered merely an ugly bearded man with a conical hat and tunic



ground_truth: Thaba Putsoa

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What pantheon is the God of the underworld in ancient Egypt a part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Later on, in more modern Greek folklore, he was considered more angelic, like the Archangel Michael  Nevertheless, Charon was considered a terrifying being since his duty was to bring these souls to the underworld and no one would persuade him to do otherwise 

Cerberus
Cerberus (Kerberos), or the "Hell-Hound", is Hades' massive multi-headed (usually three-headed) dog with some descriptions stating that it also has a snake-headed tail and snake heads on its back and as its mane  Born from Echidna and Typhon, Cerberus guards the gate that serves as the entrance of the underworld  Cerberus' duty is to prevent dead people from leaving the underworld 
Heracles once borrowed Cerberus as the final part of the Labours of Heracles  Orpheus once soothed it to sleep with his music 
According to the Suda, the ancient Greeks placed a honeycake (μελιτοῦττα) with the dead in order (for the dead) to give it to Cerberus 

Thanatos
Thanatos is the personification of death  Specifically, he represented non-violent death as contrasted with his sisters the Keres, the spirits of diseases and slaughter 

Hypnos
Hypnos is the personification of sleep and twin brother of Thanatos  His cave was described as impenetrable by the light of sun and moon alike; it was surrounded by poppies and other soporific plants  The river Lethe also flowed through the cave, and here its murmuring would induce drowsiness 

Melinoë
Melinoe is a chthonic nymph, daughter of Persephone, invoked in one of the Orphic Hymns and propitiated as a bringer of nightmares and madness  She may also be the figure named in a few inscriptions from Anatolia, and she appears on a bronze tablet in association with Persephone  The hymns, of uncertain date but probably composed in the 2nd or 3rd century AD, are liturgical texts for the mystery religion known as Orphism  In the hymn, Melinoë has characteristics that seem similar to Hecate and the Erinyes, and the name is sometimes thought to be an epithet of Hecate  The terms in which Melinoë is described are typical of moon goddesses in Greek poetry 

Nyx
Nyx is the goddess of the Night   Nyx is the daughter of Chaos 

Tartarus
A deep abyss used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wicked and as the prison for the Titans, Tartarus was also considered to be a primordial deity 

Achlys
Achlys is the personification of misery and sadness 

Styx
Styx is the goddess of the river with the same name  Not much is known about her, but she is an ally of Zeus and lives in the underworld 

Eurynomos
Eurynomos is one of the daemons of the underworld, who eats off all the flesh of the corpses, leaving only their bones 

Zagreus
Zagreus was considered by some ancient authors as an underworld god 

The dead
In the Greek underworld, the souls of the dead still existed, but they are insubstantial, and flitted around the underworld with no sense of purpose  The dead within the Homeric underworld lack menos, or strength, and therefore they cannot influence those on earth  They also lack phrenes, or wit, and are heedless of what goes on around them and on the earth above them  Their lives in the underworld were very neutral, so all social statuses and political positions were eliminated and no one was able to use their previous lives to their advantage in the underworld The idea of progress did not exist in the Greek underworld – at the moment of death, the psyche was frozen, in experience and appearance  The souls in the underworld did not age or really change in any sense  They did not lead any sort of active life in the underworld – they were exactly the same as they were in life  Therefore, those who had died in battle were eternally blood-spattered in the underworld and those who had died peacefully were able to remain that way Overall, the Greek dead were considered to be irritable and unpleasant, but not dangerous or malevolent  They grew angry if they felt a hostile presence near their graves and drink offerings were given in order to appease them so as not to anger the dead  Mostly, blood offerings were given, because they needed the essence of life to become communicative and conscious again  This is shown in Homer's Odyssey, where Odysseus had to offer blood of sheep in order for the souls to interact with him  While in the underworld, the dead passed the time through simple pastimes such as playing games, as shown from objects found in tombs such as dice and game-boards  Grave gifts such as clothing, jewelry, and food were left by the living for use in the underworld as well, since many viewed these gifts to carry over into the underworld  There was not a general consensus as to whether the dead were able to consume food or not  Homer depicted the dead as unable to eat or drink unless they had been summoned; however, some reliefs portray the underworld as having many elaborate feasts  While not completely clear, it is implied that the dead could still have sexual intimacy with another, although no children were produced  The Greeks also showed belief in the possibility of marriage in the underworld, which in a sense implies the Greek underworld was little different from the world of the living Lucian described the people of the underworld as simple skeletons  They are indistinguishable from each other, and it is impossible to tell who was wealthy or important in the living world  However, this view of the underworld was not universal – Homer depicts the dead keeping their familiar faces 
Hades itself was free from the concept of time  The dead are aware of both the past and the future, and in poems describing Greek heroes, the dead helped move the plot of the story by prophesying and telling truths unknown to the hero  The only way for humans to communicate with the dead was to suspend time and their normal life to reach Hades, the place beyond immediate perception and human time 

Greek attitudes
The Greeks had a definite belief that there was a journey to the afterlife or another world  They believed that death was not a complete end to life or human existence  The Greeks accepted the existence of the soul after death, but saw this afterlife as meaningless  In the underworld, the identity of a dead person still existed, but it had no strength or true influence  Rather, the continuation of the existence of the soul in the underworld was considered a remembrance of the fact that the dead person had existed, yet while the soul still existed, it was inactive  However, the price of death was considered a great one  Homer believed that the best possible existence for humans was to never be born at all, or die soon after birth, because the greatness of life could never balance the price of death  The Greek gods only rewarded heroes who were still living; heroes that died were ignored in the afterlife  However, it was considered very important to the Greeks to honor the dead and was seen as a type of piety  Those who did not respect the dead opened themselves to the punishment of the gods – for example, Odysseus ensured Ajax's burial, or the gods would be angered 

Myths and stories
Orpheus
Orpheus, a poet and musician that had almost supernatural abilities to move anyone to his music, descended to the underworld as a living mortal to retrieve his dead wife Eurydice after she was bitten by a poisonous snake on their wedding day  With his lyre-playing skills, he was able to put a spell on the guardians of the underworld and move them with his music  With his beautiful voice he was able to convince Hades and Persephone to allow him and his wife to return to the living  The rulers of the underworld agreed, but under one condition – Eurydice would have to follow behind Orpheus and he could not turn around to look at her  Once Orpheus reached the entrance, he turned around, longing to look at his beautiful wife, only to watch as his wife faded back into the underworld  He was forbidden to return to the underworld a second time and he spent his life playing his music to the birds and the mountains 

See also
Hades in Christianity
Passage 4:
Mark Lehner
Mark Lehner is an American archaeologist with more than 30 years of experience excavating in Egypt  He was born in North Dakota in 1950  His approach, as director of Ancient Egypt Research Associates (AERA), is to conduct interdisciplinary archaeological investigation  Every excavated object is examined by specialists to create an overall picture of an archaeological site—from the buildings down to the pollen spores  His international team currently runs the Giza Plateau Mapping Project, excavating and mapping the ancient city of the builders of the Giza pyramid complex, which dates to the fourth dynasty of Egypt  He discovered that Pyramid G1-a, one of the subsidiary pyramids of the Great Pyramid, belonged to Hetepheres I; it was originally thought to belong to Queen Meritites I 

Education and career
Lehner first went to Egypt as a student in the 1970s  Intrigued by the mysteries of the "Sleeping Prophet", Edgar Cayce, Lehner "found that [my] initial notions about the ancient civilization along the Nile could not stand up to the bedrock reality of the Giza Plateau"  He turned to the scientific method of discovery in order to understand the culture better, returning some years later to complete a doctoral degree at Yale University  Lehner's 1991 dissertation was titled Archaeology of an image: The Great Sphinx of Giza 
Lehner's team has more recently included parts of Menkaure's valley temple and the town attached to the monument of Queen Khentkawes in their excavations  AERA's 2009 field season was recorded in a blog  AERA has conducted a number of archaeological field schools for Egyptian antiquities inspectors under the auspices of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities  The AERA team has run basic and advanced courses at Giza, as well as courses in salvage archaeology along the Avenue of Sphinxes north of Luxor Temple in the city of Luxor 
Among his other work in Egypt, Lehner has produced the only known scale maps of the Giza Sphinx 
Lehner's book, "The Complete Pyramids" (1997), is an exhaustive catalogue of Egypt's many pyramid sites  He has appeared in many television programs about Ancient Egypt   He is a visiting assistant professor of Egyptian archaeology at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 
Lehner took part in an American Association for the Advancement of Science debate centered around controversy surrounding the age of the Sphinx at Giza  [1]
Lehner has also starred and aided in the production of several documentaries about the pyramids which are regularly aired on the National Geographic Channel 
He has argued that the Giza Necropolis was built in a span of 85 years between 2589 and 2504 BC 

Television credits
Crew
Into the Great Pyramid (2002) (TV) (consultant: archaeology)
Mysteries of Egypt (1998) (scientific consultant)
Saving the Sphinx (1998) (TV) (historical consultant)

Appearances
Pyramides: Les Mystères Révélés (2019) (TV)
Secret History Of The Sphinx (2017) (TV)
Riddles of the Sphinx [2] (2010) (TV)
Heritage Key: Pyramid Builders (2009) (TV)
Into the Great Pyramid (2002) (TV)
Secrets of the Pharaohs: Lost City of the Pyramids (2001) (TV)
Saving the Sphinx (1998) (TV)
Egypt: Secrets of the Pharaohs (1997) (TV)
Mummies: Tales from the Egyptian Crypts (1996) (TV)
The Mystery of the Sphinx (1993) (TV)
This Old Pyramid (1992) (TV)
Mysteries of the Pyramids, LIVE (1988) (TV)

Books
The Egyptian Heritage: Based on the Edgar Cayce Readings, Virginia Beach: A R E  Press (1974)  ISBN 0-87604-071-7
The Complete Pyramids, Slovenia: Thames and Hudson (1997)  ISBN 0-500-05084-8
Passage 5:
Hapi (Son of Horus)
The four sons of Horus were a group of four deities in ancient Egyptian religion who were believed to protect deceased people in the afterlife  Beginning in the First Intermediate Period of Egyptian history (c  2181–2055 BC), Imsety, Hapy, Duamutef, and Qebehsenuef were especially connected with the four canopic jars that housed the internal organs that were removed from the body of the deceased during the process of mummification  Most commonly, Imsety protected the liver, Hapy the lungs, Duamutef the stomach, and Qebehsenuef the intestines, but this pattern often varied  The canopic jars were given lids that represented the heads of the sons of Horus  Although they were originally portrayed as humans, in the latter part of the New Kingdom (c  1550–1070 BC), they took on their most distinctive iconography, in which Imsety is portrayed as a human, Hapy as a baboon, Duamutef as a jackal, and Qebehsenuef as a falcon  The four sons were also linked with stars in the sky, with regions of Egypt, and with the cardinal directions 
The worship of the sons of Horus was almost entirely restricted to the funerary sphere  They were first mentioned late in the Old Kingdom (c  2686–2181 BC) in the Pyramid Texts and continued to be invoked in funerary texts throughout ancient Egyptian history  Their connection with the canopic jars was established in the First Intermediate Period, and afterward they became ubiquitous in the decoration of canopic chests, coffins, and sarcophagi  Although they were increasingly closely associated with the internal organs, they continued to appear in burial equipment even after the use of canopic jars was abandoned in the Ptolemaic Period (303–30 BC), disappearing only in the fourth century AD with the extinction of the ancient Egyptian funerary tradition 

Names and origins
Imsety (jmstj), Hapy (ḥpy), Duamutef (dwꜣ-mwt f), and Qebehsenuef (qbḥ-snw f) are first mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, the earliest ancient Egyptian funerary texts, in the late Old Kingdom (24th and 23rd centuries BC)  In numerous sources, such as Spell 541 of the Pyramid Texts, they are stated to be the children of Horus, one of the major deities of the Egyptian pantheon  In a few of these texts they are instead called the children of the god Atum, the god Geb, or the goddess Nut  A passage in the Coffin Texts from the Middle Kingdom (c  2055–1650 BC) says they are the offspring of the goddess Isis and a form of Horus known as Horus the Elder In the Pyramid Texts, the sons of Horus are said to assist the deceased king in the afterlife  In Spell 688, for example, they "make firm a ladder" for the king to ascend into the sky, while in Spell 338 they protect him from hunger and thirst  Egyptologists often treat the protection of the deceased as their primary role, though Maarten Raven argues that the four sons originated as celestial deities, given that the Pyramid Texts frequently connect them with the sky and that Horus himself was a sky deity The name of Duamutef means "He who praises his mother", while Qebehsenuef means "He who purifies his brother by means of libation"  The Egyptologist James P  Allen translates Hapy's name as "He of Haste" and Imsety as "He of the Dill"; another Egyptologist, Joshua Roberson, believes Imsety originated as a personification of this herb  Imsety's name also resembled the Egyptian word for "liver" (mjst), which may be the reason why he became specifically linked with the liver The name of Imsety incorporates the Egyptian grammatical dual ending (-ty or -wy), and the name of Hapy may have originally done so as well, incorporating a w that was later lost  For this reason, the Egyptologist John Taylor argues that these two sons were originally two male and female pairs of deities 

Roles
Protectors of the deceased
Texts from later periods continue to invoke the sons of Horus for protection in the afterlife as the Pyramid Texts do  In many texts they were said to protect Osiris, the funerary deity whose mythological death and resurrection served as the template for ancient Egyptian funerary practices  Some texts even refer to them as the sons of Osiris rather than Horus  In a Middle Kingdom ritual, recorded in the Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus, the sons of Horus aid Osiris in his rejuvenation after death, fight the followers of his enemy Set, and restore the lost Eye of Horus to their father  Spell 137 of the Book of the Dead from the New Kingdom (c  1550–1070 BC) says to them, "as you spread your protection over your father Osiris-Khentiamentiu, so spread your protection over [the deceased person]"  In the tenth section of the New Kingdom Book of Gates, a funerary text that depicts the underworld in detail, the four sons are portrayed holding chains that bind the malign beings called "wmmtj-snakes" The four sons developed a specialized connection with the internal organs of the deceased  During the mummification process, four internal organs—the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines—were removed from the body and dried before being placed in the burial, usually separately from the body  In the late Old Kingdom, these organs began to be placed in a set of jars known as canopic jars, and during the First Intermediate Period (c  2181–2055 BC), the jars began to be inscribed with texts invoking the sons of Horus  No text specifies which of the sons protect which organ  Burials in which the jars and organs survive show that the most common arrangement was for Imsety to guard the liver, Hapy the lungs, Duamutef the stomach, and Qebehsenuef the intestines, but many variations are known  For instance, in some cases Hapy protected the stomach and Duamutef the lungs The sons of Horus themselves were thought to be under the protection of four goddesses, usually Isis for Imsety, Nephthys for Hapy, Neith for Duamutef, and Serqet for Qebehsenuef  In the Middle Kingdom, this scheme could vary and sometimes included different goddesses, so that Sendjet guarded Duamutef and Renenutet guarded Qebehsenuef  In some inscriptions from Middle Kingdom coffins, the goddesses are invoked to protect the son of Horus "who is in you [the deceased]", suggesting that the sons were equated with the internal organs as well as being their protectors 

Directions and regions of the cosmos
The sons of Horus were also connected with the sky or parts of the cosmos as the Egyptians envisioned it  In the New Kingdom, they were sometimes thought of as stars in the northern sky or as birds flying to the four corners of the world  Bernard Mathieu suggests that they were equated with the four stars at the corners of the constellation Orion (Saiph, Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, and Rigel) and with four of the stars in Ursa Major (Megrez, Phecda, Merak, and Dubhe) Several Egyptologists have suggested that the four sons were equated with the four pillars that supported the vault of the sky in Egyptian cosmology  They were also connected with regions of Egypt: they were sometimes equated with the Souls of Nekhen and Pe, a set of deities that represented the Predynastic rulers of Upper in the south and Lower Egypt in the north  Hapy and Duamutef were linked with the Lower Egyptian city of Buto, and Imsety and Qebehsenuef with the Upper Egyptian city of Nekhen Egyptian beliefs drew analogies between the human body and the cosmos, and these analogies were particularly visible in burial customs  In Middle Kingdom burials, bodies were laid out with the head to the north and the feet to the south  The texts that decorated coffins in this period placed some deities in consistent locations, thus linking them with particular directions  Imsety and Hapy were invoked at the head of the coffin, with Imsety on the left and Hapy on the right, thus placing Imsety in the northeast and Hapy in the northwest  Duamutef and Qebehsenuef were invoked at the foot of the coffin, with Duamutef on the left and Qebehsenuef on the right, thus placing Duamutef in the southeast and Qebehsenuef in the southwest  Canopic chests of the time placed each deity in equivalent positions  These orientations suggest that the sons of Horus were linked with the four corners of the Egyptian cosmos  Their orientation may be related to the positions of each organ: the lungs and liver sit higher in the body, thus fitting the northerly position of Imsety and Hapy, while the stomach and intestines are lower down, matching the southerly position of Duamutef and Qebehsenuef The sons' positions shifted in the New Kingdom, when burials came to be laid out with the head to the west and the feet in the east  On some coffins, Imsety and Hapy remained at the head and Duamutef and Qebehsenuef at the foot, but in each pair, the deity who had been on the left side was moved to the right, and vice versa  In other cases, each of the sons of Horus appeared on a side wall of the coffin or canopic chest: Imsety in the south, Hapy in the north, Duamutef in the east, and Qebehsenuef in the west  The latter placement, with the sons of Horus on four sides rather than four corners, links the four deities with the cardinal directions rather than the corners of the cosmos  The coexistence of the two systems of orientation suggests that the Egyptians did not sharply distinguish the four corners from the four directions 

Iconography
The lids of canopic jars began to be sculpted in the shape of heads at the end of the First Intermediate Period, at the same time that the jars' inscriptions began to invoke the sons of Horus  These lids are therefore probably meant to represent the four sons rather than the organs' deceased owner  In some of the earliest examples, the lids have falcon heads, but in the Middle Kingdom, human heads became the norm  In some of these cases, Imsety, unlike the others, is portrayed as a woman In the Eighteenth Dynasty (c  1550–1292 BC), a few canopic jars were given varying heads: Imsety was portrayed as a man, Hapy as a baboon, Duamutef as a jackal and Qebehsenuef as a falcon  This iconography became standard during the reign of Ramesses II in the thirteenth century BC and remained so for the rest of ancient Egyptian history, although in the Third Intermediate Period the animal forms were frequently confused  For instance, Duamutef was often portrayed as a falcon and Qebehsenuef as a jackal 
In addition to the jars themselves, the four sons were often portrayed on the canopic chests that housed the jars, as well as on coffins and other burial equipment  In the vignette that accompanies Spell 125 of the Book of the Dead, they appear as small figures standing on a lotus flower in front of the throne of Osiris  In an exceptional portrayal, in the wall decoration in WV23 the tomb of Ay from the late Eighteenth Dynasty, the four sons are portrayed as fully human, with Imsety and Hapy wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and Duamutef and Qebehsenuef wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt 

Worship
The four sons did not receive the regular cultic worship that major Egyptian deities did, and they appeared exclusively in funerary contexts   They play a minor role in the ritual from the Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus, whose purpose is uncertain but has commonalities with funerary rites, but they were found most commonly in the tomb itself  From the Middle Kingdom onward, they were almost always portrayed or invoked in the decoration of coffins, sarcophagi, and canopic equipment  During the late New Kingdom, jars that contained shabtis, a common type of funerary figurine, were given lids shaped like the heads of the sons of Horus, similar to the lids of canopic jars In the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom (1189–1077 BC), embalmers began placing wax figurines of the sons of Horus inside the body cavity  Soon afterward, at the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period, Egyptians ceased to store organs in canopic jars and instead embalmed each organ separately, wrapping them together with the corresponding wax figurines and returning them to the body cavity  Wealthy burials continued to include canopic jars with no organs inside  Toward the end of this period, the four sons were also portrayed in faience amulets attached to the exterior wrappings of the mummy  During this period, the decoration of human-shaped coffins placed the four sons near the abdomen of the mummy rather than distributing them around the coffin, a sign that their connection with the internal organs was overshadowing their other roles The use of canopic jars ceased in the early Ptolemaic Period (303–30 BC), and the use of canopic chests died out in the middle of that period  Yet in Ptolemaic and Roman times, the sons of Horus continued to appear on other burial goods, such as decorated stucco casings on wrapped mummies  A set of instructions for the embalming process, dating to the first or second century AD, calls for four officiants to take on the role of the sons of Horus as the deceased person's hand is wrapped  The last references to the sons of Horus in burial goods date to the fourth century AD, near the end of the ancient Egyptian funerary tradition 

Citations
Works cited
External links
 Media related to Four sons of Horus at Wikimedia Commons



ground_truth: ancient Egyptian religion