prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the country with ISO code ISO 3166-2:CV located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
ISO 3166-2:JP
ISO 3166-2:JP is the entry for Japan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g  provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Japan, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 47 prefectures 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is JP, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Japan  The second part is two digits (01–47), which is the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS X 0401 code of the prefecture  The codes are assigned roughly from north to south 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 

See also
Administrative divisions of Japan
FIPS region codes of Japan

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: JP
Districts of Japan, Statoids com
Passage 2:
ISO 3166-2:IN
ISO 3166-2:IN is the entry for India in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for India, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 28 states and 8 union territories 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is IN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for India  The second part is two letters, currently used in vehicle registration plates with some exceptions 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of India
FIPS region codes of India
Passage 3:
ISO 3166-2:DM
ISO 3166-2:DM is the entry for Dominica in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Dominica, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 10 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is DM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Dominica  The second part is two digits (02–11) 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Dominica
FIPS region codes of Dominica

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: DM
Parishes of Dominica, Statoids com
Passage 4:
ISO 3166-2:BY
ISO 3166-2:BY is the entry for Belarus in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Belarus, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 6 oblasts and 1 city  The city Minsk is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the oblasts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BY, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Belarus  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(be): Belarusian — Romanization system: BGN/PCGN 1979, UN X/6 2012
(ru): Russian — Romanization system: BGN/PCGN 1947, GOST 1983 = UN V/18 1987Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

See also
Subdivisions of Belarus
FIPS region codes of Belarus

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BY
Regions of Belarus, Statoids com
Passage 5:
ISO 3166-2:JM
ISO 3166-2:JM is the entry for Jamaica in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Jamaica, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 14 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is JM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Jamaica  The second part is two digits (01–14)  The codes are assigned in the 
counter-clockwise direction starting from Kingston Parish 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

See also
Subdivisions of Jamaica
FIPS region codes of Jamaica

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: JM
Parishes of Jamaica, Statoids com
Passage 6:
ISO 3166-2:AD
ISO 3166-2:AD is the entry for Andorra in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Andorra, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 7 parishes 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is AD, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Andorra  The second part is two digits:

02–06: parishes created before 1978 except Andorra la Vella
07–08: Andorra la Vella and Escaldes-Engordany (Escaldes-Engordany split from Andorra la Vella in 1978)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

See also
Subdivisions of Andorra
FIPS region codes of Andorra
Neighbouring countries: ES, FR 

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AD
Parishes of Andorra, Statoids com
Passage 7:
ISO 3166-2:BN
ISO 3166-2:BN is the entry for Brunei in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Brunei, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 4 districts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Brunei  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Brunei
FIPS region codes of Brunei

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BN
Districts of Brunei Darussalam, Statoids com
Passage 8:
ISO 3166-2:GR
ISO 3166-2:GR is the entry for Greece in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Greece, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two categories of subdivisions:

13 administrative regions
1 self-governed partThe departments (also called prefectures) were abolished in 2011, and were replaced approximately by regional units  The regional units were deleted from the entry in 2016 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GR, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Greece  The second part is either of the following:

one letter (A–M): administrative regions
two digits: self-governed part

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Administrative regions
Notes

Self-governed part
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

Codes changed in Newsletter II-1
Codes removed on 15 November 2016
See also
Subdivisions of Greece
FIPS region codes of Greece
NUTS codes of Greece

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: GR
Departments of Greece, Statoids com
Passage 9:
ISO 3166-2:BE
ISO 3166-2:BE is the entry for Belgium in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g  provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Belgium, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

3 regions
10 provincesEach code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BE, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Belgium  The second part is three letters  For the provinces, the first letter indicates the region where the province is in:

V: Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest)
W: Walloon Region (French: Région wallonne)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(fr): French
(nl): DutchClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Regions
Notes

Provinces
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Belgium
FIPS region codes of Belgium
NUTS codes of Belgium

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BE
Provinces of Belgium, Statoids com
Passage 10:
ISO 3166-2:BT
ISO 3166-2:BT is the entry for Bhutan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Bhutan, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 20 districts 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is BT, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Bhutan  The second part is two digits, except Gasa and Trashi Yangtse, which use two letters instead  The first digit indicates the zone where the district is in:

1: Western
2: Central (Gasa is also in this zone)
3: Southern
4: Eastern (Trashi Yangtse is also in this zone)

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of Bhutan
FIPS region codes of Bhutan

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: BT
Districts of Bhutan, Statoids com
Passage 11:
ISO 3166-2:CH
ISO 3166-2:CH is the entry for Switzerland in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
The abbreviation is derived from Latin name for Switzerland, Confoederatio Helvetica ("Helvetic Confederation") 
Currently for Switzerland, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 26 cantons 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is CH, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Switzerland  The second part is two letters, currently used in vehicle registration plates 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages:

(de): German
(fr): French
(it): Italian
(rm): RomanshClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Switzerland
FIPS region codes of Switzerland
NUTS codes of Switzerland
Comparison of ISO, FIPS, and NUTS codes of the cantons of Switzerland

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: CH
Cantons of Switzerland, Statoids com
Passage 12:
ISO 3166-2:HU
ISO 3166-2:HU is the entry for Hungary in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Hungary, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital city, 19 counties, and 23 cities with county rights  The capital of the country Budapest has special status equal to the counties, while the cities with county rights, often called urban counties, have extended powers but are technically not independent of the counties 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is HU, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Hungary  The second part is two letters 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Hungary
FIPS region codes of Hungary
NUTS codes of Hungary

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: HU
Counties of Hungary, Statoids com
Passage 13:
ISO 3166-2:AI
ISO 3166-2:AI is the entry for Anguilla in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently no ISO 3166-2 codes are defined in the entry for Anguilla 
Anguilla is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code AI 

See also
Subdivisions of Anguilla

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AI
Districts of Anguilla, Statoids com
Passage 14:
ISO 3166-2:GN
ISO 3166-2:GN is the entry for Guinea in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Guinea, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

7 administrative regions and 1 governorate
33 prefecturesThe governorate Conakry is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the administrative regions 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Guinea  The second part is either of the following:

one letter: administrative regions and governorate
two letters: prefectures

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Administrative regions and governorate
Prefectures
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Guinea
FIPS region codes of Guinea
Passage 15:
ISO 3166-2:GA
ISO 3166-2:GA is the entry for Gabon in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Gabon, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 9 provinces 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is GA, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Gabon  The second part is a digit (1–9) 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

See also
Subdivisions of Gabon
FIPS region codes of Gabon

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: GA
Provinces of Gabon, Statoids com
Passage 16:
ISO 3166-2:KM
ISO 3166-2:KM is the entry for the Comoros in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for the Comoros, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 3 islands 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is KM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the Comoros  The second part is a letter 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
ISO 639-1 codes are used to represent subdivision names in the following administrative languages  The Shikomor language does not have a single ISO 639 code 

(ar): Arabic using two romanization systems
(fr): French
(—): ShikomorClick on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

See also
Subdivisions of the Comoros
FIPS region codes of the Comoros

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: KM
Autonomous Islands of Comoros, Statoids com
Passage 17:
Cape Verde
Cape Verde ( (listen)) or Cabo Verde ( (listen), ; Portuguese: [ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ]), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 sq mi)  These islands lie between 600 and 850 kilometres (320 and 460 nautical miles) west of Cap-Vert, the westernmost point of continental Africa  The Cape Verde islands form part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles 
The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century, when Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized the islands, thus establishing the first European settlement in the tropics  Because the Cape Verde islands were located in a convenient location to play a role in the Atlantic slave trade, Cape Verde became economically prosperous during the 16th and 17th centuries, attracting merchants, privateers, and pirates  It declined economically in the 19th century after the suppression of the Atlantic slave trade, and many of its inhabitants emigrated during that period  However, Cape Verde gradually recovered economically by becoming an important commercial center and useful stopover point along major shipping routes  Cape Verde became independent in 1975 
Since the early 1990s, Cape Verde has been a stable representative democracy and has remained one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa  Lacking natural resources, its developing economy is mostly service-oriented, with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment  Its population of around 483,628 (as of the 2021 Census) is mostly of mixed African and a minor European heritage, and predominantly Roman Catholic, reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule  A sizeable Cape Verdean diaspora community exists across the world, especially in the United States and Portugal, considerably outnumbering the inhabitants on the islands  Cape Verde is a member state of the African Union 
Cape Verde's official language is Portuguese   It is the language of instruction and government  It is also used in newspapers, television, and radio  The recognized national language is Cape Verdean Creole, which is spoken by the vast majority of the population 
As of the 2021 census the most populated islands were Santiago, where the capital Praia is located (269,370), São Vincente (74,016), Santo Antão (36,632), Fogo (33,519) and Sal (33,347)  The largest cities are Praia (137,868), Mindelo (69,013), Espargos (24,500) and Assomada (21,297) 

Etymology
The country is named after the Cap-Vert peninsula, on the Senegalese coast  The name Cap-Vert, in turn, comes from the Portuguese language Cabo Verde ('green cape'), the name that Portuguese explorers gave the cape in 1444, a few years before they came across the islands 
On 24 October 2013, the country's delegation to the United Nations informed it that other countries should no longer use Cape Verde or any other translations of Cabo Verde as part of its official name: all countries should use Republic of Cabo Verde as the country's official name  Speakers of English have used the name Cape Verde for the archipelago and, since independence in 1975, for the country  In 2013, the Cape Verdean government determined that it would thenceforth use the Portuguese name Cabo Verde for official purposes, including at the United Nations, even when speaking or writing in English 

History
The archipelago of modern-day Cape Verde was formed approximately 40–50 million years ago during the Eocene era 
Before the arrival of Europeans, the Cape Verde Islands were uninhabited  They were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456  According to Portuguese official records, the first discoveries were made by Genoa-born António de Noli, who was afterwards appointed governor of Cape Verde by the Portuguese king Afonso V  Other navigators mentioned as contributing to discoveries on the Cape Verde archipelago are Diogo Dias, Diogo Afonso, Venetian Alvise Cadamosto, and Diogo Gomes (who had accompanied António de Noli on his voyage of discovery, and who claimed to have been the first to land on the Cape Verdean island of Santiago, and the first to name that island) 
In 1462, Portuguese settlers arrived at Santiago and founded a settlement they called Ribeira Grande  Today it is called Cidade Velha ("Old City"), to distinguish it from a town of the same name on a different Cape Verdean island (Ribeira Grande on the island of Santo Antão)  The original Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics 
In the 16th century, the archipelago prospered from the Atlantic slave trade  Pirates occasionally attacked the Portuguese settlements  Francis Drake, an English privateer, twice sacked the (then) capital Ribeira Grande in 1585 when it was a part of the Iberian Union  After a French attack in 1712, the town declined in importance relative to nearby Praia, which became the capital in 1770 The decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis  Cape Verde's early prosperity slowly vanished  However, the islands' position astride mid-Atlantic shipping lanes made Cape Verde an ideal location for re-supplying ships  Because of its excellent harbour, the city of Mindelo, located on the island of São Vicente, became an important commercial centre during the 19th century  Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Cape Verde in 1832  Cape Verde was the first stop of Charles Darwin's voyage with HMS Beagle in 1832 
With few natural resources and inadequate sustainable investment from the Portuguese, the citizens grew increasingly discontented with the colonial masters, who refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy  In 1951, Portugal changed Cape Verde's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism In 1956, Amílcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organized (in Portuguese Guinea) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)  It demanded improvement in economic, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations' independence movement  Moving its headquarters to Conakry, Guinea in 1960, the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961  Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet Bloc-supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops By 1972, the PAIGC controlled much of Portuguese Guinea despite the presence of the Portuguese troops, but the organization did not attempt to disrupt Portuguese control in Cape Verde  Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974  A budding independence movement – originally led by Amílcar Cabral, assassinated in 1973 – passed on to his half-brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975 

Independence (1975)
Following the April 1974 revolution in Portugal, the PAIGC became an active political movement in Cape Verde  In December 1974, the PAIGC and Portugal signed an agreement providing for a transitional government composed of Portuguese and Cape Verdeans  On 30 June 1975, Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975  In the late 1970s and 1980s, most African countries prohibited South African Airways from overflights but Cape Verde allowed them and became a centre of activity for the airline's flights to Europe and the United States 
Immediately following the November 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau, relations between Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau became strained  Cape Verde abandoned its hope for unity with Guinea-Bissau and formed the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV)  Problems have since been resolved and relations between the countries are good  The PAICV and its predecessor established a one-party system and ruled Cape Verde from independence until 1990 Responding to growing pressure for pluralistic democracy, the PAICV called an emergency congress in February 1990 to discuss proposed constitutional changes to end one-party rule  Opposition groups came together to form the Movement for Democracy (MpD) in Praia in April 1990  Together, they campaigned for the right to contest the presidential election scheduled for December 1990 
The one-party state was abolished on 28 September 1990, and the first multi-party elections were held in January 1991  The MpD won a majority of the seats in the National Assembly, and MpD presidential candidate António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated the PAICV's candidate with 73 5% of the votes  Legislative elections in December 1995 increased the MpD majority in the National Assembly  The party won 50 of the National Assembly's 72 seats 
A February 1996 presidential election returned President Monteiro to office  Legislative elections in January 2001 returned power to the PAICV, with the PAICV holding 40 of the National Assembly seats, MpD 30, and Party for Democratic Convergence (PCD) and Labour and Solidarity Party (PTS) 1 each  In February 2001, the PAICV-supported presidential candidate Pedro Pires defeated former MpD leader Carlos Veiga by only 13 votes  
President Pedro Pires was narrowly re-elected in 2006 elections President Jorge Carlos Fonseca led the country since 2011 Cape Verde presidential election and he was re-elected in the 2016 election  He was supported by the Movement for Democracy Party  MpD also won in the 2016 parliamentary elections, taking back parliamentary majority after 15 year-rule of African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV)  In April 2021, the ruling center-right Movement for Democracy (MpD) of Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva won the parliamentary election On 26 August 2021, Cape Verde became the 150th country to ratify the 2005 Convention and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions In October 2021, opposition candidate and former prime minister, Jose Maria Neves of PAICV, won Cape Verde's presidential election  On 9 November 2021, Jose Maria Neves was sworn in as the new President of Cape Verde 

Government and politics
Cape Verde is a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic  It was 2020 the most democratic nation in Africa, ranking 2023 as 45th in the world, according to the electoral democracy score of the V-Dem Democracy indices The constitution – adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992, 1995 and 1999 – defines the basic principles of its government  The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state  The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president  Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for five-year terms  In 2016, three parties held seats in the National Assembly – MpD (36), PAICV (25), and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union (UCID) (3) The two main political parties are PAICV and MpD Movement for Democracy (MpD) ousted the ruling African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV) for the first time in 15 years in the 2016 parliamentary election, at which time its leader, Ulisses Correia e Silva, became prime minister  Jorge Carlos Almeida Fonseca was elected president in August 2011 and re-elected in October 2016  He is also supported by the MpD In November 2021, Cape Verde opened its first embassy in Nigeria 

International recognition
Cape Verde is often praised as an example among African nations for its stability and developmental growth despite its lack of natural resources  In 2013 then United States President Barack Obama said Cape Verde is "a real success story"  Among other achievements, it has been recognized with the following assessments:

Foreign relations
Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states  Angola, Brazil, China, Libya, Cuba, France, Guinea-Bissau, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Russia, Luxembourg, and the United States maintain embassies in Praia  Cape Verde maintains a vigorously active foreign policy, especially in Africa Cape Verde is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language 
Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organizations  It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues  Since 2007, Cape Verde has a special partnership status with the EU, under the Cotonou Agreement, and might apply for special membership, in particular because the Cape Verdean escudo, the country's currency, is indexed to the euro  In 2011 Cape Verde ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court  In 2017 Cape Verde signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 

Judiciary
The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court of Justice – whose members are appointed by the president, the National Assembly, and the Board of the Judiciary – and regional courts  Separate courts hear civil, constitutional, and criminal cases  Appeals are to the Supreme Court 

Military
The military of Cape Verde consists of the National Guard and the Coast Guard; 0 7% of the country's GDP was spent on the military in 2005 
Having fought their only battles in the war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975, the efforts of the Cape Verdean armed forces have turned to combating international drug trafficking  In 2007, together with the Cape Verdean Police, they carried out Operation Flying Launch (Operacão Lancha Voadora), a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point  The operation took more than three years, being a secret operation during the first two years, and ended in 2010  In 2016, Cape Verdean Armed Forces were involved in the Monte Tchota massacre, a green-on-green incident that resulted in 11 deaths Although located in Africa and being black Africans, Cape Verde has always had close relations with Europe  Because of this, some scholars argue that Cape Verde may be eligible to join the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and NATO 

Geography
The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) off the western coast of the African continent, near Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania as well as part of the Macaronesia ecoregion  It lies between latitudes 14° and 18°N, and longitudes 22° and 26°W 
The country is a horseshoe-shaped cluster of ten islands (nine inhabited) and eight islets, that constitute an area of 4033 km2 (1557 sq mi) The islands are spatially divided into two groups:

The Barlavento Islands (windward islands): Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Sal, Boa Vista; and
The Sotavento Islands (leeward): Maio, Santiago, Fogo, Brava The largest island, both in size and population, is Santiago, which hosts the nation's capital, Praia, the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago Three of the Cape Verde islands, Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio, are fairly flat, sandy, and dry; the others are generally rockier with more vegetation 

Physical geography and geology
Geologically, the islands, covering a combined area of slightly over 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 square miles), are principally composed of igneous rocks, with volcanic structures and pyroclastic debris comprising the majority of the archipelago's total volume  The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic; the archipelago is a soda-alkaline petrographic province, with a petrologic succession similar to that found in other Macaronesian islands 
Magnetic anomalies identified in the vicinity of the archipelago indicate that the structures forming the islands date back 125–150 million years: the islands themselves date from 8 million (in the west) to 20 million years (in the east)  The oldest exposed rocks occurred on Maio and the northern peninsula of Santiago and are 128–131 million-year-old pillow lavas  The first stage of volcanism in the islands began in the early Miocene, and reached its peak at the end of this period when the islands reached their maximum sizes  Historical volcanism (within human settlement) has been restricted to the island of Fogo The islands lie on a bathymetric swell known as the Cape Verde Rise  The Rise is one of the largest protuberances in the world's oceans, rising 2 2 kilometres (1 4 miles) in a semi-circular region of 1200 km2 (460 sq mi), associated with a rise of the geoid Pico do Fogo, the largest active volcano in the region, erupted in 2014  It has an eight-kilometre-diameter (five-mile) caldera, the rim of which is at an elevation of 1,600 metres (5,249 feet) and an interior cone that rises to 2,829 metres (9,281 feet) above sea level  The caldera resulted from subsidence, following the partial evacuation (eruption) of the magma chamber, along a cylindrical column from within the magma chamber (at a depth of 8 kilometres (5 miles)) 
Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio  On Santiago, Santo Antão, and São Nicolau, arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains  Ocean cliffs have been formed by catastrophic debris landslides 

Climate
Cape Verde's climate is milder than that of the African mainland because the surrounding sea moderates temperatures on the islands and cold Atlantic currents produce an arid atmosphere around the archipelago  Conversely, the islands do not receive the upwelling (cold streams) that affect the West African coast, so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal, but the sea is warmer  Due to the relief of some islands, such as Santiago with its steep mountains, the islands can have orographically induced precipitation, allowing rich woods and luxuriant vegetation to grow where the humid air condenses soaking the plants, rocks, soil, logs, moss, etc  On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands, exclusively in mountainous areas, like Santo Antão island, the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forests, and laurel forests  Average temperatures range from 22 °C (72 °F) in February to 27 °C (80 6 °F) in September  Cape Verde is part of the Sahelian arid belt, with nothing like the rainfall levels of nearby West Africa  It rains irregularly between August and October, with frequent brief heavy downpours  A desert is usually defined as terrain that receives less than 250 mm (9 8 in) of annual rainfall  Sal's total of 145 mm (5 7 in) confirms this classification  Most of the year's rain falls in September Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio have a flat landscape and arid climate, whilst the other islands are generally rockier and have more vegetation  Because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall, where not mountainous, the landscape is so arid that less than two percent of it is arable  The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones – arid, semiarid, subhumid and humid, according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from less than 100 millimetres (3 9 inches) in the arid areas of the coast as in the Deserto de Viana (67 millimetres (2 6 inches) in Sal Rei) to more than 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) in the humid mountain  Most rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist 

In some islands, like Santiago, the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the drier one on the south/southwest coast  Praia, on the southeast coast, is the largest city on the island and the largest city and capital of the country 
While most of Cape Verde receives little precipitation throughout the year, the northeastern slopes of high mountains see significant rainfall due to orographic lift, especially in areas far from the sea  In some such areas this precipitation is sufficient to support a rainforest habitat, albeit one significantly affected by the islands' human presence  These umbria areas are identified as cool and moist  Cape Verde lies in the Cape Verde Islands dry forests ecoregion Western Hemisphere-bound hurricanes often have their early beginnings near the Cape Verde Islands  These are referred to as Cape Verde-type hurricanes  These hurricanes can become very intense as they cross warm Atlantic waters away from Cape Verde  The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land  The five largest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record have been Cape Verde-type hurricanes  Most of the longest-lived tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin are Cape Verde hurricanes As of 2015, the islands themselves have only been struck by hurricanes twice in recorded history (since 1851): once in 1892, and again in 2015 by Hurricane Fred, the easternmost hurricane ever to form in the Atlantic 

Climate Change
According to the president of Nauru, in 2011 Cape Verde was ranked the eighth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change  In 2023 UN Secretary-General António Guterres arrived in Cabo Verde to raise concerns about climate change  He said that the country is on the frontlines of the existential crisis generated by climate disruptions and that world leaders need to take action to address the climate crisis  Cabo Verde is a leader in renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa  Currently, 20% of its energy comes from renewable sources, and the goal is to increase that to 50% by 2030  In 2023, Portugal signed an agreement to forgive €140 million of Cape Verde's debt in exchange for the country investing in environmental projects  This agreement is one of the first debt-for-nature swap in Africa 

Biodiversity
Cape Verde's isolation has resulted in the islands having several endemic species, particularly birds and reptiles, many of which are endangered by human development  Endemic birds include Alexander's swift (Apus alexandri), Bourne's heron (Ardea purpurea bournei), the Raso lark (Alauda razae), the Cape Verde warbler (Acrocephalus brevipennis), and the Iago sparrow (Passer iagoensis)  The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde shearwater  Reptiles include the Cape Verde giant gecko (Tarentola gigas) 

Administrative divisions
Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities (concelhos) and subdivided into 32 parishes (freguesias), based on the religious parishes that existed during the colonial period:

Economy
Cape Verde's notable economic growth and improvement in living conditions despite a lack of natural resources have garnered international recognition, with other countries and international organizations often providing development aid  Since 2007, the UN has classified it as a developing nation rather than a least developed country 
Cape Verde has few natural resources  Only five of the ten main islands (Santiago, Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Fogo, and Brava) normally support significant agricultural production, and over 90% of all food consumed in Cape Verde is imported  Mineral resources include salt, pozzolana (a volcanic rock used in cement production), and limestone  Its small number of wineries making Portuguese-style wines have traditionally focused on the domestic market, but have recently met with some international acclaim  Several wine tours of Cape Verde's various microclimates began to be offered in spring 2010 
The economy of Cape Verde is service-oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for more than 70% of GDP  Although nearly 35% of the population lives in rural areas, agriculture and fishing contribute only about 9% of GDP  Light manufacturing accounts for most of the remainder  Fish and shellfish are plentiful, and small quantities are exported  Cape Verde has cold storage and freezing facilities and fish processing plants in Mindelo, Praia, and on Sal  Expatriate Cape Verdeans contribute an amount estimated at 20% of GDP to the domestic economy through remittances 
Despite having few natural resources and being semi-desert, the country boasts the highest living standards in the region and has attracted thousands of immigrants of different nationalities 
Since 1991, the government has pursued market-oriented economic policies, including an open welcome to foreign investors and a far-reaching privatization programme  It established as top development priorities the promotion of a market economy and the private sector; the development of tourism, light manufacturing industries, and fisheries; and the development of transport, communications, and energy facilities  From 1994 to 2000 about $407 million in foreign investments were made or planned, of which 58% were in tourism, 17% in industry, 4% in infrastructure, and 21% in fisheries and services In 2011, on four islands a wind farm was built that supplies about 30% of the electricity of the country 
As host to the ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, inaugurated in 2010, Cape Verde plans to lead by example by becoming entirely reliant on renewable energy sources by 2025  This policy is consistent with the plethora of documents adopted in 2015 paving the way to more sustainable development, including Cape Verde's Transformational Agenda to 2030, its National Renewable Energy Plan and its Low Carbon and Climate-resilient Development Strategy  Two years later, these were followed by a Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development, 2017–2021 Between 2000 and 2009, real GDP increased on average by over seven percent a year, well above the average for Sub-Saharan countries and faster than most small island economies in the region  Strong economic performance was bolstered by one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world, as well as by substantial capital inflows that allowed Cape Verde to build up national currency reserves to the current 3 5 months of imports  Unemployment has been falling rapidly, and the country is on track to achieve most of the UN Millennium Development Goals – including halving its 1990 poverty level 
In 2007, Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in 2008 the country graduated from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Middle Income Country (MIC) status 
Cape Verde has significant cooperation with Portugal at every level of the economy, which has led it to link its currency first to the Portuguese escudo and, in 1999, to the euro  On 23 June 2008 Cape Verde became the 153rd member of the WTO In early January 2018, the government announced that the minimum wage would be raised to 13,000 CVE (US$140 or EUR 130) per month, from 11,000 CVE, which was effective in mid-January 2018 

Development
The European Commission's total allocation for the period of 2008–2013 foreseen for Cape Verde to address "poverty reduction, in particular in rural and peri-urban areas where women are heading the households, as well as good governance" amounts to €54 1 million 

Tourism
Cape Verde's strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes has been enhanced by significant improvements at Mindelo's harbour (Porto Grande) and at Sal's and Praia's international airports  A new international airport was opened in Boa Vista in December 2007 and on the island of São Vicente, the newest international airport (Cesária Évora Airport) in Cape Verde was opened in late 2009  Ship repair facilities at Mindelo were opened in 1983 The major ports are Mindelo and Praia, but all other islands have smaller port facilities  In addition to the international airport on Sal, airports have been built on all of the inhabited islands  All but the airports on Brava and Santo Antão enjoy scheduled air service  The archipelago has 3,050 km (1,895 mi) of roads, of which 1,010 km (628 mi) are paved, most using cobblestone The country's future economic prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the encouragement of tourism, remittances, outsourcing labour to neighbouring African countries, and the momentum of the government's development programme 

Demographics
The official Census recorded that Cape Verde had a population of 512,096 in 2013  A large proportion (236,000) of Cape Verdeans live on the main island, Santiago Cape Verdeans are descendants of Africans (free or slaves) and Europeans of various origins  There are also Cape Verdeans who have Jewish ancestors from North Africa, mainly on the islands of Boa Vista, Santiago and Santo Antão  A large part of Cape Verdeans emigrated abroad, mainly to the United States, Portugal and France, so that there are more Cape Verdeans residing abroad than at home 
Unlike countries on the African continent, there are no tribes in Cape Verde  On the other hand, the country's historical trajectory included, from the beginning, a process of social class formation  At this moment, the absence of a "bourgeoisie" can be seen, but the existence of several types of "petty bourgeoisie", numerically significant  The majority of the population is, however, made up of the peasantry and some working class 

Languages
Cape Verde's official language is Portuguese  It is the language of instruction and government  It is also used in newspapers, television, and radio 
Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu) is used colloquially throughout Cape Verde and is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans  The national constitution calls for measures to give it parity with Portuguese  There is a substantial body of literature in Creole, especially in the Santiago Creole and the São Vicente Creole  Kriolu has been gaining prestige since the nation's independence from Portugal 
The differences between the forms of the language within the islands have been a major obstacle in the way of standardization of the language  Some people have advocated the development of two standards: a North (Barlavento) standard, centred on the São Vicente Creole, and a South (Sotavento) standard, centred on the Santiago Creole  Manuel Veiga, Ph D , a linguist and Minister of Culture of Cape Verde, is the premier proponent of Kriolu's officialization and standardization 

Religion
The vast majority of Cape Verdeans are Christian; reflecting centuries of Portuguese rule, Roman Catholics make up the single largest religious community, at just under 80 percent, as of 2010 (slightly down from 85 percent of the population in 2007)  Most other religious groups are Protestant, with the evangelical Church of the Nazarene forming the second largest community; other sizeable denominations are the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Assemblies of God, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  Islam is the largest minority religion  Judaism had a historical presence during the colonial era  Atheists constitute less than 1 percent of the population  Many Cape Verdeans syncretize Christianity with indigenous African beliefs and customs 

Emigration and immigration
Almost twice as many Cape Verdeans live abroad (nearly one million) than in the country itself  The islands have a long history of emigration and Cape Verdeans are highly dispersed worldwide, from Macau to Haiti and Argentina to Sweden  The diaspora may be much larger than official statistics indicate, as, until independence in 1975, Cape Verdean immigrants had Portuguese passports 
The majority of Cape Verdeans live in the United States and Western Europe, with the former hosting the largest overseas population at 500,000  Most Cape Verdeans in the U S  are concentrated in New England, particularly the cities of Providence, New Bedford, and Boston; Brockton, has the largest community of any American city (18,832) Cape Verdeans have been migrating to Massachusetts since the 1840s, but most of the current population arrived in the 1970s  They are now one of the top ten immigrant groups in Boston, and the largest hailing from Africa  The first wave of Cape Verdean immigrants came to Massachusetts to work in the whaling industry  When whaling declined, they moved into maritime jobs, seasonal agricultural work (like picking cranberries) , and factory work  The second wave of Cape Verdean immigrants arrived after Cape Verde gained independence in 1975  They also found work in factories, but as manufacturing plants closed down, they moved into the service industry in the 1990's  Cape Verdean immigrants have also developed a vibrant small business sector, including restaurants, groceries, real estate and insurance offices, and other enterprises  Cape Verdean immigrants in the U S  have a long history of enlistment in the U S  military, with a presence in every major conflict from the Revolutionary War to the Vietnam War Due to centuries of colonial ties, the second largest number of Cape Verdeans live in Portugal (150,000), with sizable communities in the former Portuguese colonies of Angola (45,000) and São Tomé and Príncipe (25,000)  Major populations exist in countries with cultural and linguistic similarities, such as Spain (65,500), France (25,000), Senegal (25,000), and Italy (20,000)  Other large communities live in the United Kingdom (35,500), the Netherlands (20,000, of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam), and Luxembourg and Scandinavia (7,000)  Outside the U S  and Europe, the biggest Cape Verdean populations are in Mexico (5,000) and Argentina (8,000) 
Over the years, Cape Verde has increasingly become a net recipient of migrants, due to its relatively high per capita income, political and social stability, and civil freedom  Chinese make up a sizeable and important segment of the foreign population, while nearby West African countries account for most immigration  In the 21st century, a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country, mostly professionals, entrepreneurs, and retirees  Over 22,000 foreign-born residents are naturalized, hailing from over 90 countries 
The Cape Verdean diaspora experience is reflected in many artistic and cultural expressions, most famously the song Sodade by Cesária Évora 

Health
The infant mortality rate among Cape Verdean children between 0 and 5 years old is 15 per 1,000 live births according to the latest (2017) data from the National Statistics Bureau, while the maternal mortality rate is 42 deaths per 100,000 live births  The HIV-AIDS prevalence rate among Cape Verdeans between 15 and 49 years old is 0 8% According to the latest data (2017) from the National Statistics Bureau, life expectancy at birth in Cape Verde is 76 2 years; that is, 72 2 years for males and 80 2 years for females  There are six hospitals in the Cape Verde archipelago: two central hospitals (one in the capital city of Praia and one in Mindelo, São Vicente) and four regional hospitals (one in Santa Catarina (northern Santiago region), one on São Antão, one on Fogo, and one on Sal)  In addition, there are 28 health centers, 35 sanitation centers, and a variety of private clinics located throughout the archipelago 
Cape Verde's population is among the healthiest in Africa  Since its independence, it has greatly improved its health indicators  Besides having been promoted to the group of "medium development" countries in 2007, leaving the least developed countries category (becoming the second country to do so), as of 2020 it was the 11th best ranked country in Africa in its Human Development Index 
The total expenditure on health was 7 1% of GDP (2015) 

Education
Although the Cape Verdean educational system is similar to the Portuguese system, over the years the local universities have been increasingly adopting the American educational system; for instance, all ten existing universities in the country offer four-year bachelor's degree programs as opposed to five-year bachelor's degree programs that existed before 2010  Cape Verde has the second best educational system in Africa, after South Africa 
Primary school education in Cape Verde is mandatory and free for children between the ages of six and fourteen years In 2011, the net enrolment ratio for primary school was 85%  Approximately 90% of the total population over 15 years of age is literate, and roughly 25% of the population holds a college degree; a significant number of these college graduates hold doctorate degrees in different academic fields  Textbooks have been made available to 90 percent of school children, and 98 percent of the teachers have attended in-service teacher training  Although most children have access to education, some problems remain  For example, there is insufficient spending on school materials, lunches, and books As of October 2016, there were 69 secondary schools throughout the archipelago (including 19 private secondary schools) and at least 10 universities in the country, which are based on the two islands of Santiago and São Vicente 

In 2015, 23% of the Cape Verdean population had either attended or graduated from secondary schools 
When it came to higher education, 9% of Cape Verdean men and 8% of Cape Verdean women held a bachelor's degree or had attended universities  The overall college education rate (i e , college graduates and undergraduate students) in Cape Verde is about 24%, of the local college-age population 
The total expenditure on education was 5 6% of GDP (2010) 
The mean years of schooling of adults over 25 years is 12 
These trends were held in 2017  Cape Verde stands out in West Africa for the quality and inclusiveness of its higher education system  As of 2017, one in four young people attended university and one-third of students opted for fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics  Women made up one-third of students but two-thirds of graduates in 2018 

Science and technology
In 2011, Cape Verde devoted just 0 07% of its GDP to research and development, among the lowest rates in West Africa  The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Culture plan to strengthen the research and academic sectors by emphasizing greater mobility, through exchange programmes and international cooperation agreements  As part of this strategy, Cape Verde is participating in the Ibero-American academic mobility programme that expects to mobilize 200,000 academics between 2015 and 2020  Cape Verde was ranked 89th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011, a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants  The world average was 1,083 per million in 2013  All 25 researchers were working in the government sector in 2011 and one in three were women (36%)  There was no research being conducted in either medical or agricultural sciences  Of the eight engineers involved in research and development, one was a woman  Three of the five researchers working in natural sciences were women, as were three of the six social scientists and two of the five researchers from the humanities In 2015, the government announced a project to build a technology park for business, research, and development  As of late 2020, the project, now named TechPark Cabo Verde, is slated for completion in June 2022  The project is funded by both the African Development Bank and the government of Cape Verde  The goal of the endeavour, according to Cape Verde Minister of Finance Olavo Correia, is "to attract large international companies to set up shop [in order] to help local companies and start-ups become more competitive" Cape Verde has a high rate of internet penetration and a growing mobile phone market  The government has invested in improving ICT infrastructure and has created a number of initiatives to promote the development of the digital economy  The digital economy has the potential to create jobs, boost economic growth, and improve the quality of life for people in Cape Verde 

Crime
Theft and burglary are common in Cape Verde, especially in crowded environments such as marketplaces, festivals, and celebrations  Often the perpetrators of these crimes are gangs of street children  Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo 

Culture
The culture of Cape Verde is characterized by a mixture of African and European elements  This is not a sum of two cultures living side by side, but a new culture resulting from an exchange that began in the 15th century 
Cape Verdean social and cultural patterns are unique  Football games and church activities are typical sources of social interaction and entertainment  The traditional walk around the praça (town square) to meet friends is practised regularly in Cape Verde towns 

Media
In towns with electricity, television is available on three channels; one state-owned (RTC – TCV) and three foreign-owned: RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese-based RTI in 2005; Record Cabo Verde, launched by the Brazilian-based Rede Record on 31 March 2007; and as of 2016, TV CPLP  Premium channels available include the Cape Verdean versions of Boom TV and Zap Cabo Verde, two channels owned by Brazil's Record  Other premium channels are available in Cape Verde, especially satellite network channels which are common in hotels and villas, though availability is otherwise limited  One such channel is RDP África, the African version of the Portuguese radio station RDP 
As of early 2023, about 99% of the Cape Verdean population own an active cellular phone, 70% have access to the Internet, 11% own a landline telephone, and 2% subscribe to local cable TV  In 2003, Cape Verde had 71,700 main line telephones with an additional 53,300 cellular phones in use throughout the country 
In 2004, there were seven radio stations, six independent and one state-owned  The media is operated by the Cape-Verdean News Agency (secondarily as Inforpress)  Nationwide radio stations include RCV, RCV+, Radio Kriola, and the religious station Radio Nova  Local radio stations include Rádio Praia, the first radio station in Cape Verde; Praia FM, the first FM station in the nation; Rádio Barlavento, Rádio Clube do Mindelo and Radio Morabeza in Mindelo 

Music
The Cape Verdean people are known for their musicality, well expressed by popular manifestations such as the Carnival of Mindelo  Cape Verde music incorporates "African, Portuguese and Brazilian influences " Cape Verde's quintessential national music is the morna, a melancholy and lyrical song form typically sung in Cape Verdean Creole  The most popular music genre after morna is the coladeira, followed by funaná and batuque music  Cesária Évora was the best-known Cape Verdean singer in the world, known as the "barefoot diva," because she liked to perform barefooted on stage  She was also referred to as "The Queen of Morna" as opposed to her uncle Bana, who was referred to as "King of Morna"  The international success of Cesária Évora has made other Cape Verdean artists, or descendants of Cape Verdeans born in Portugal, gain more space in the music market  Examples of this are singers Sara Tavares, Lura and Mayra Andrade 
Another great exponent of traditional music from Cape Verde was Antonio Vicente Lopes, better known as Travadinha, and Ildo Lobo, who died in 2004  The House of Culture in the center of the city of Praia is called Ildo Lobo House of Culture, in his honour 
There are also well-known artists born to Cape Verdean parents who excelled themselves in the international music scene  Amongst these artists are jazz pianist Horace Silver, Duke Ellington's saxophonist Paul Gonsalves, Teófilo Chantre, Paul Pena, the Tavares brothers and singer Lura 

Dance
Cape Verdean traditional dance is a mix of West and Central African influences  The most popular dance style in Cape Verde is called “Funana” which originated on the island of Santiago and is danced in pairs with fast hip movements and a lively rhythm  Another popular dance style is “Coladeira” which is a slower dance style that originated on the island of Sao Vicente  “Batuque” is another traditional Cape Verdean dance style that originated on the island of Santiago and involves a lot of hip movement and percussion  “Morna” is another popular Cape Verdean dance style that originated on the island of Boa Vista and has a slow tempo with a melancholic melody  Zouk and Kizomba are newer popular dance style in Cape Verde that originated in other countries 

Literature
Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa  Famous poets include Paulino Vieira, Manuel de Novas, Sergio Frusoni, Eugénio Tavares, and B  Léza, and famous authors include Baltasar Lopes da Silva, António Aurélio Gonçalves, Manuel Lopes, Orlanda Amarílis, Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, Arménio Vieira, Kaoberdiano Dambará, Dr  Azágua, and Germano Almeida  The first novel written by a woman from Cabo Verde was A Louca de Serrano by Dina Salústio; its translation, as The Madwoman of Serrano, was the first translation of any Cabo Verdean novel to English 

Cinema
The Carnival and the island of São Vicente are portrayed in the 2015 feature documentary Tchindas, nominated at the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards 

Cuisine
The Cape Verde diet is mostly based on fish and staple foods like corn and rice  Vegetables available during most of the year are potatoes, onions, tomatoes, manioc, cabbage, kale, and dried beans  Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year-round, while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal A popular dish served in Cape Verde is cachupa, a slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat  A common appetizer is the pastel, a pastry shell filled with fish or meat which is then fried 

Sports
The country's most successful sports team is the Cape Verde national basketball team, which won the bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007, after beating Egypt in its last game  The country's most well-known player is Walter Tavares, who plays for Real Madrid of Spain 
Cape Verde is famous for wave sailing (a type of windsurfing) and kiteboarding  Josh Angulo, a Hawaiian and 2009 PWA Wave World Champion, has done much to promote the archipelago as a windsurfing destination  Mitu Monteiro, a local kitesurfer, was the 2008 Kite Surfing World Champion in the wave discipline 
The Cape Verde national football team, nicknamed the Tubarões Azuis (Blue Sharks), is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Cape Verdean Football Federation  The team has played at three Africa Cup of Nations, in 2013, 2015, and 2021 The country has competed at every Summer Olympics since 1996  In 2016, Gracelino Barbosa became the first Cape Verdean to win a medal at the Paralympic Games 

Transport
Ports
There are four international ports: Mindelo, Praia, Palmeira and Sal Rei  Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise ships and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão  Praia on Santiago is the main hub for local ferry services to other islands  Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island, Amílcar Cabral International Airport, and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island  Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol 
There are smaller harbours, essentially single jetties at Tarrafal on São Nicolau, Sal Rei on Boa Vista, Vila do Maio (Porto Inglês) on Maio, São Filipe on Fogo and Furna on Brava  These act as terminals for the inter-island ferry services, which carry both freight and passengers  The pier at Santa Maria on Sal used by both fishing and dive boats has been rehabilitated 

Airports
There were seven operational airports as of 2014 – four international and three domestic  Two others were non-operational, one on Brava and the other on Santo Antão closed for safety reasons 
Due to its geographical location, Cape Verde is often flown over by transatlantic airliners  It is part of the conventional air traffic route from Europe to South America, which goes from southern Portugal via the Canary Islands and Cape Verde to northern Brazil 

International airports
Amílcar Cabral International Airport, Sal Island
Nelson Mandela International Airport, Santiago Island
Aristides Pereira International Airport, Boa Vista Island
Cesária Évora Airport, São Vicente Island

Aerial drones
Small unmanned flying drones able to carry up to 5kg were being used experimentally for tasks such as delivering medicines between the islands in 2021 

See also
Outline of Cape Verde
Index of Cape Verde–related articles
Islands of Macaronesia
Azores
Madeira
Passage 18:
ISO 3166-2:CV
ISO 3166-2:CV is the entry for Cabo Verde in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Cabo Verde, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for two levels of subdivisions:

2 geographical regions (i e , the Barlavento Islands and the Sotavento Islands)
22 municipalitiesEach code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is CV, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Cabo Verde  The second part is either of the following:

one letter: geographical regions
two letters: municipalities

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Geographical regions
Municipalities
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:

See also
Subdivisions of Cape Verde
FIPS region codes of Cape Verde

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: CV
Counties of Cape Verde, Statoids com
Passage 19:
ISO 3166-2:AL
ISO 3166-2:AL is the entry for Albania in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e g , provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1 
Currently for Albania, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 12 counties 
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen  The first part is AL, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Albania  The second part is two digits 
The codes for the counties are assigned in Albanian alphabetical order, except Dibër, whose code is assigned based on its capital, Peshkopi 

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency  
Subdivision names are sorted in Albanian alphabetical order: a-c, ç, d, dh, e, ë, f-g, gj, h-l, ll, m-n, nj, o-r, rr, s, sh, t, th, u-x, xh, y-z, zh 
Click on the button in the header to sort each column 

Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998  ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013 

The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

District codes
Before 27 November 2015, codes for the 36 districts of Albania were included   The code for Kolonjë (AL-ER) was assigned based on its capital, Ersekë 

See also
Subdivisions of Albania
FIPS region codes of Albania

External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: AL
Counties of Albania, Statoids com



ground_truth: central Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county in which Valley New School is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of capitals in the United States
This is a list of capital cities of the United States, including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals 
Washington has been the federal capital of the United States since 1800  Each U S  state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas  Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times  There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments 

National capitals
The buildings in cities identified in below chart served either as official capitals of the United States under the United States Constitution, or, prior to its ratification, sites where the Second Continental Congress or Congress of the Confederation met  The United States did not have a permanent capital under the Articles of Confederation 
The U S  Constitution was ratified in 1787, and gave the Congress the power to exercise "exclusive legislation" over a district that "may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States " The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York  In 1790, it passed the Residence Act, which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D C  For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital  There, Congress met at Congress Hall  On November 17, 1800, the 6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D C  Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution; and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks  Both meetings were ceremonial 
On July 2, 1923, President Warren G  Harding commented in a speech (or, as a historic marker tells it, "reporters noted")  that the little town of Meacham, Oregon, was the nation's capital "all day long" 

State capitals
Each state has a capital that serves as the seat of its government  Ten of the thirteen original states and 15 other states have changed their capital city at least once; the last state to move its capital city was Oklahoma in 1910 
In the following table, the "Since" column shows the year that the city began serving as the state's capital (or the capital of the entities that preceded it)  The MSA/µSA and CSA columns display the population of the metro area the city is a part of, and should not be construed to mean the population of the city's sphere of influence or that the city is an anchor for the metro area  Fields colored light yellow denote that the population is a micropolitan statistical area 

Insular area capitals
An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district  Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below 

Former national capitals
Two of the 50 U S  states, Hawaii and Texas, were once de jure sovereign states with diplomatic recognition from the international community 

Hawaii
During its history as a sovereign nation (Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1893; Republic of Hawaii, 1894–1898), five sites served as the capital of Hawaii:

Waikīkī, 1795–1796
Hilo, 1796–1803
Honolulu, 1803–1812
Kailua-Kona, 1812–1820
Lahaina, 1820–1845
Honolulu, 1845–1898Annexed by the United States in 1898, Honolulu remained the capital, first of the Territory of Hawaii (1900–1959), and then of the state (since 1959) 

Texas
During its history as a sovereign nation (Republic of Texas, 1836–1845), seven sites served as the capital of Texas:

Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos), 1836
Harrisburg (now part of Houston), 1836
Galveston, 1836
Velasco, 1836
West Columbia, 1836
Houston, 1837–1839
Austin, 1839–1845Annexed by the United States in 1845, Austin remains the capital of the state of Texas 

Native American capitals
Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style  Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status  Since they did business with the U S  Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense 

Cherokee Nation
New Echota 1825–1832New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia, was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge  Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers  The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D C  and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation  Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements 

Red Clay 1832–1838The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee, on the Georgia state line, in order to evade the Georgia state militia  The log cabins, limestone springs, and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears 
Tahlequah 1839–1907, 1938–presentTahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal  After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick  The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma  The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 

Cherokee 20th century–present (Eastern Band of Cherokee)Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee River deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina  Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army, sent for the "round up", fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina, in order to remain in their homeland  In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary 

Muscogee Creek Nation
Hot Springs, Arkansas c  1837–1866After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta  Because some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over 3,000,000-acre (1,200,000 ha) - half of their land in what is now Arkansas 
Okmulgee 1867–1906Served as the National capital after the American Civil War  It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal  The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs 

Iroquois Confederacy
Onondaga (Onondaga privilege c  1450–present)The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse," was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York  These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations  Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation  Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy "

Seneca Nation of Indians
Jimerson Town (Allegany Reservation)
Irving (Cattaraugus Reservation)The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years  Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir  The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital 

Navajo Nation
Window RockWindow Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America  It lies within the boundaries of the St  Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line  Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings 

Unrecognized national capitals
There have been a handful of self-declared or undeclared nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence 

Colonies of British America
Prior to the independence of the United States from Great Britain, declared July 4, 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and ultimately secured in the American Revolutionary War, several congresses were convened on behalf of some of the colonies of British America  However, these bodies did not address the question of independence from England, and therefore did not designate a national capital  The Second Continental Congress encompassed the period during which the United States declared independence, but had not yet established a permanent national capital 

Vermont Republic
Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic (1777–1791)  Three cities served as the capital of the Republic:

Westminster, 1777
Windsor, 1777–?
Castleton, ?–1791The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier 

State of Franklin
The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created not long after the end of the American Revolution from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government  Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee  Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years 

Jonesborough, Tennessee, 1784–?
Greeneville, Tennessee, 1785?–?

State of Muskogee
The State of Muskogee was a Native American state in Spanish Florida created by the Englishman William Augustus Bowles, who was its "Director General," author of its Constitution, and designer of its flag  It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles  It existed from 1799 to 1803  It had one capital:

Miccosukee, 1799–1803

Republic of West Florida
The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived nation that broke away from the territory of Spanish West Florida in 1810   It comprised the Florida Parishes of the modern state of Louisiana and the Mobile District of the modern states of Mississippi and Alabama  (The Republic of West Florida did not include any part of the modern state of Florida ) Ownership of the area had been in dispute between Spain and the United States, which claimed that it had been included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803  Within two months of the settlers' rebellion and the declaration of an independent nation, President James Madison sent American forces to peaceably occupy the new republic  It was formally annexed by the United States in 1812 over the objections of Spain and the land was divided between the Territory of Orleans and Territory of Mississippi  During its brief existence, the capital of the Republic of West Florida was:

St  Francisville, Louisiana, 1810

Republic of Indian Stream
The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire 

The area that would become Pittsburg, New Hampshire, 1832–1835

California Republic
Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt)   The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself to join the advancing American army; its claimed territory later became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican Cession 

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation   The flag, featuring a silhouette of a California grizzly bear, a star, and the words "California Republic", became known as the Bear Flag and was later the basis for the official state flag of California 
There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:

Sonoma, 1846

Confederate States
The Confederate States of America (C S A ) had two capitals during its existence  The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23 
The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U S A ), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies 

Montgomery, February 4, 1861 – May 29, 1861
Richmond, May 29, 1861 – April 3, 1865

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals
Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War   State governments operated where and as they could   The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783   A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico 

Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic  Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously-running capital in the United States  Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt  An even older Spanish city, St  Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years 
The table below includes the following information:

The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown in bold type   NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution  (See List of U S  states by date of admission to the Union )
The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated 
In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders  (Those cities are generally indicated with the two-letter abbreviation for the U S  state in which the former administrative capital is now located )

See also
History of the United States
List of largest cities of U S  states and territories by population
List of state and territorial capitols in the United States
List of states and territories of the United States
Lists of capitals
Outline of United States history
Relocation of the United States Government to Trenton (1799)
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territories of the United States
Timeline of geopolitical changes

Explanatory notes
Passage 2:
Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta
Pesanggrahan is a district of South Jakarta one of the administrative cities which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia  The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan District  To the west of Pesanggrahan District is Tangerang and South Tangerang, Banten Province 
Pesanggrahan District was originally part of the Kebayoran Lama District, which was later made into a separate district 
A southwestern portion of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road and the Serpong-Jakarta railway passed through Pesanggrahan District 

Toponym
The name Pesanggrahan is derived from the name of the river Pesanggrahan along the eastern edge of the district 

Kelurahan (Administrative villages)
The district of Pesanggrahan is divided into five administrative villages (kelurahan):

Ulujami - area code 12250
Petukangan Utara - area code 12260
Petukangan Selatan - area code 12270
Pesanggrahan - area code 12320
Bintaro - area code 12330

List of important places

Budi Luhur University
Darunnajah Islamic Boarding School
Metro Mall Cipulir
Taman Swadharma
Passage 3:
Goleszewo
Goleszewo [ɡɔlɛˈʂɛvɔ] (German: Wilhelmshof) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of Braniewo and 70 km (43 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn 
The village has a population of 51 
Passage 4:
Krasnolipie
Krasnolipie [krasnɔˈlipjɛ] (German: Schönlinde) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Braniewo and 70 km (43 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn 
The village has a population of 62 
Passage 5:
Valley New School
Valley New School (VNS) is a charter school in Appleton, Wisconsin operated by the Appleton Area School District  It has a capacity of 68 students in grades 7 through 12  The school operates through a project-based learning model, with the philosophy that 21st century skills and the process of learning is more important than learning a standard curriculum 

History
Valley New School opened in fall 2003 after several years of development  In its first year the school served students in seventh through tenth grade, but in the next two years it expanded one grade each year to serve students in seventh through twelfth grade  The original intention of the school was to expand each year to eventually serve upwards of two hundred students  However, it has remained small in keeping with its mission of creating a community 

Facility
Valley New School is located in downtown, Appleton, Wisconsin, on the second floor of the City Center  When the site of Valley New School was selected, it was decided that a location surrounded by the businesses, organizations and opportunities of downtown would be optimal  The City Center is near the bus station, which creates access to transportation in the Fox Valley  It is also situated near the Appleton Public Library  Pairs of students share computers located at their workstations  The school also has a music room, study room, woodshop, kitchen, library, science lab, an area dedicated to creating art and pottery 

Advisors
The teachers of Valley New School are referred to as advisors because they serve as coaches and mentors for the students  Advisors coach students in academics, projects and personal issues  The student advisor ratio is limited to 17:1  Each student receives individual time with his or her advisor weekly, along with daily interactions  Advisors also make up the Site Management Committee, which governs the daily operation of Valley New School 

Project process
Valley New School students use research projects aligning with their interests to gain school credit and cover state-issued learning standards  Although projects range across a wide variety of topics, each follows the same basic process  The process has five phases: proposal, research, planning, production and evaluation  In the proposal phase, students choose a topic and perform preliminary research to further understand what the topic is about  After that, they create a rationale detailing their interests in the project topic and a list of questions they plan to answer in the course of the project  The proposal phase ends when students meet with two advisors in a proposal meeting and discuss the plan for the project  Then students begin the research phase, during which they takes notes from a variety of sources  After students answers the questions they set out to resolve, they start the planning phase  In this phase, students meet with their advisors and decide how to represent their research in a product  Students then creates their products and written products in the production phase  In the evaluation phase, student write an analysis evaluating their progress over the course of the project as well as their learning and level of thinking  Finally, students meet with their advisors and discuss their performance and what they learned  Students earn school credit based on the time spent (typically 1 credit per 100 hours) and the quality of the project 

Math and reading
Because of Valley New School's lack of a formal class structure, math and reading are studied at an individual pace  Students learn math with an online program called ALEKS math and each student is required to spend an allotted half-hour each morning using the program  Reading is completed using a modified project process  Students create plans for a reading study, proposing their projects with their advisors  At the end of the year, students create a product that reflects what they read for the year 

Service learning
Valley New School requires each student to have a yearly service learning project, which use a modified project process  Student chooses a social issue within the community that interests them, find an organization in the area that addresses those issues, and perform service for them in effort to help solve the problem  Throughout the project, students document their experiences in time logs and produce an analysis document at the end of the project 

Awards and recognition
Valley New School is recognized as a lab school for the EdVisions organization, a national project-based schools cooperative  It received its first dissemination grant in 2008 and used the money to hire an alumnus for the development of a website and videos describing the school’s structure and philosophy  It also used the grant money to develop promotional brochures and DVDs and to fund workshops to help teachers, administrators and board members in the creation of charter schools in other areas  Valley New School received a distinguished merit for Charter School Innovator of the Year in 2009 and a Silver Charter School of the Year in 2008, both by the Wisconsin Charter School Association (WCSA)  The school was nominated for School of the Year for the WCSA Annual Awards Gala in 2010  For achievements in service learning, Valley New School received the Youth Alliance 2010 group award from the Volunteer Center of East Central Wisconsin 

Notes
Passage 6:
Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ʁon alp] (listen)) was an administrative region of France  Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes  It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south  The region was named after the river Rhône and the Alps mountain range  Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris  Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region 

Geography
Rhône-Alpes is located in the southeast of France  The neighboring (pre-2016) regions are Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté to the north, Auvergne to the west, Languedoc-Roussillon to the southwest, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the south  The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy  The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border  The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône  The confluence of these two rivers is at Lyon  The western part of the region contains the start of the Massif Central mountain range  The region also borders or contains major lakes such as Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) and Lake Annecy  The Ardèche flows through the southwest portion of the region, where it has carved the deepest gorge in Europe 
As with the rest of France, French is the only official language of the region  Until the mid-20th century, Arpitan was widely spoken in the whole region, while many of the inhabitants of the south spoke varieties of Occitan; both are in steep decline in this region  There are immigrant populations from Armenia, Italy, North Africa, Poland and Portugal, and elsewhere 
Rhône-Alpes is made up of the following departments:

Ain (01)  Capital: Bourg-en-Bresse
Ardèche (07)  Capital: Privas
Drôme (26)  Capital: Valence
Isère (38)  Capital: Grenoble
Loire (42)  Capital: Saint-Étienne
Rhône (69)  Capital: Lyon
Savoie (73)  Capital: Chambéry
Haute-Savoie (74)  Capital: AnnecyAnd, since 2015, Metropolis with territorial collectivity statute:

Metropolis of Lyon (69)  Capital: Lyon

Lakes
There are six main lakes in Rhône-Alpes:

Lac de Paladru
Lac d'Aiguebelette
Lac du Bourget
Lac d'Annecy
Lac de Nantua
Lac Léman

Prefectures
Prefectures listed in descending order of size:

Lyon (Rhône)
Grenoble (Isère)
Saint-Étienne (Loire)
Valence (Drôme)
Chambéry (Savoie)
Annecy (Haute-Savoie)
Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain)
Privas (Ardèche)

History
Although there have been people in Rhône-Alpes since pre-historic times, the earliest recorded settlers of the region were the Gauls (Celts)  Cities such as Lyon were founded by them and the region traded with both northern and southern Europe  Most of the area became part of Roman territory during the invasion of Celtic Gaul led by Julius Caesar and was at various times part of the regions of Lugdunensis and Gallia  Lyon itself became a major city in the Roman Empire 
The region, excepting Savoy, was part of the Merovingian and Carolingian Kingdoms before becoming a royal territory under the Capetians  As it became a royal territory early on in French history, its cultural, political and economic influences and developments paralleled those of greater France  (See History of France )

Transportation
Rhône-Alpes is a major European transit hub, linking northern France and Europe to the Mediterranean area  Millions travel along its motorways in summertime from Paris to holidays at the sea  The E15 Euroroute (Britain to Spain) runs through the region  There are international airports at Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne and many other minor airports and airfields 
The region is also a transport hub for the rail network with the TGV running through Lyon from Paris and the north, to the Mediterranean  A high-speed rail link is planned from Lyon to Turin 

Economy
Rhône-Alpes is a prosperous region which can be seen by its per capita GDP of about €31,231 ($40,000), which is higher than the French average, and an average income of €35,910 ($50,246), its economy second in size only to Île-de-France in France  This can be attributed to the diversity of the production in different sectors  The region is one of the Four Motors for Europe 

Industry, in particular:
Light engineering and high-tech
Mechanical engineering in the area of Annecy
Precision machining in the area of Cluses
Services, in particular:
High-tech industries, nanotechnology, biotechnology especially in Grenoble with 62,300 jobs in these sectors thanks to the presence of the Polygone Scientifique, Inovallée and some large companies as Schneider Electric 
Optic and design in Saint-Étienne
Tourism with the Alps (for skiing), Lyon and Grenoble (for culture) and the Ardèche (adventure sports/camping) particularly popular
Education, with major universities in Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne In the past mining, especially coal mining was an important sector, particularly around Saint-Étienne, although this has declined since the 1970s 
The area of the region that lies close to Switzerland has an economy linked to that of Geneva  This area forms a hinterland for the Geneva hub The Triangle of Lyon, Saint-Étienne and Grenoble contribute a GDP of €145 billion to the region  Add Valence to it, it is almost €150 billion  In addition, Lyon alone has a Gross Metropolitan Product of about €85 billion 
The region has been part of Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion since 10 July 2007 

Major cities
Winter Olympics
Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times; in 1924 at Chamonix, 1968 at Grenoble, and 1992 at Albertville 

Tourism
Situated between Paris and the Côte d’Azur, on the border with both Switzerland and Italy, and offering access to two international airports (Lyon and Geneva), rail connections and a vast motorway network, the Rhône-Alpes region is at "the crossroads of Europe" 
Boasting eight natural parks and peerless sites such as Mont Blanc and the Gorges de l’Ardèche, Rhône-Alpes offers a wide range of different landscapes: mountains, vineyards and gentle valleys, fields of lavender and olive groves 
Every form of sport is readily available, set against a natural backdrop: skiing, hiking, mountain biking or even paragliding and canoeing  Besides hosting three Winter Olympics games due to its being the largest ski area in the world, Rhône-Alpes is the second most important golfing region in France with over 60 courses 

Enthusiasts of art and culture will not be disappointed by the region's Villes d’Art: Lyon, which is classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, Annecy, Grenoble, Chambéry, and Saint-Étienne 
And last but not least, connoisseurs of good food and wine will be spoilt for choice by the range of local specialties available to taste along with a Beaujolais or a Côtes du Rhône, and by the sheer number of famous restaurants (with Paul Bocuse at the top of the list) in the region 

Gastronomy
Lyon is noted as a gastronomic centre of France and specialities served in its traditional bouchons include Lyon sausage, sophisticated salami (known there as "rosette"), tripe and quenelles  In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard  The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin du Haut-Doubs Wines in this region include Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine  Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region 
Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants: the bouchons  Bouchons are usually convivial restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines 
Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie, especially the rosette and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine  Traditional local dishes include saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg), marrons glacés and cardoon au gratin 

See also
List of châteaux in Rhône-Alpes
Transport in Rhône-Alpes
Passage 7:
Rodnowo
Rodnowo [rɔdˈnɔvɔ] (German: Reddenau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Bartoszyce and 51 km (32 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn 
Passage 8:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 9:
Union territory
A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India  Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed, in part or in whole, by the Union Government of India  There are currently eight union territories in India, namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry 

History
When the Constitution of India was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included:

Part C states, which were chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, each governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India  The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh 
One Part D state (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Part C and Part D states were combined into a single category of "Union territory"  Due to various other reorganisations, only 6 union territories remained: 

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands (later renamed Lakshadweep)
Delhi
Manipur
Tripura
Himachal PradeshBy the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and Chandigarh became a union territory  Another three (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu and Puducherry) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers (Portuguese India and French India, respectively) 
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019  The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one to be eponymously called Jammu and Kashmir, and the other Ladakh on 31 October 2019 
In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 

Administration
The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry  Generally, the President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant governor for each UT Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir operate differently from the other five  They were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the [National Capital Territory] (NCT) and incorporated into a larger area known as the National Capital Region (NCR)  Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir have an elected legislative assembly and an executive council of ministers with a partially state-like function Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation  Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development  The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on  These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states  The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government  Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government  As union territories are directly ruled by the union government, some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states 
After the introduction of GST, UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly  UT- GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories 

Constitutional status
Article 1 (1) of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts V (The Union) and VI (The States) of the constitution  Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired  The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956  Article 366(30) also defines Union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that Schedule  In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories  Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories  Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights (part III), Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), Article 245, etc  apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India  The executive power of the Union (i e  union of states only) rests with President of India  The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per Article 239  The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in Part XIV 
The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial president's rule per Article 356 subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly  As Per Article 240 (1), supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, NCT and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India  Article 240 (2) allows implementing tax haven laws in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign tax haven countries 
The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in the constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly (Part VIII) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states) 
Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha: Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry  Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only 3 Union Territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected legislative assembly and have a Chief Minister 

Current union territories
Former union territories
Proposed union territories
There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories 

See also
Staff Selection Commission
Federalism in India
Lawmaking procedure in India
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
List of Acts of the Parliament of India
Passage 10:
Naas River
The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia 

Course
The river rises in the southern ranges of Namadgi National Park, south of Canberra, with flow generated by runoff and melting snow during spring from the Snowy Mountains  The river flows generally north, joined by four minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Gudgenby River, south of Tharwa; descending 266 metres (873 ft) over its 26-kilometre (16 mi) course The watershed boundary of the Naas River defines the southern and south-eastern border of the Australian Capital Territory with New South Wales 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Australian Capital Territory
Australian Alps Walking Track
Passage 11:
Kis-Küküllő County
Kis-Küküllő was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary  Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania)  Kis-Küküllő is the Hungarian name for the river Târnava Mică  The capital of the county was Dicsőszentmárton (now Târnăveni) 

Geography
Kis-Küküllő county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Alsó-Fehér, Torda-Aranyos, Maros-Torda, Udvarhely and Nagy-Küküllő  The river Mureș formed part of its northern border, the river Târnava Mare its southern border  Târnava Mică river flowed through the county  Its area was 1,724 km² around 1910 

History
Kis-Küküllő county came into existence in 1876, when the administrative structure of Transylvania was changed and Küküllő County was split  In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania  After the Second Vienna Award, a little part of the former county became part of Hungary again and was assigned to the recreated Maros-Torda County  Its territory lies in the present Romanian counties Mureș (a o  Târnăveni), Alba (the south-west) and Sibiu (the south, a o  Dumbrăveni) 

Demographics
Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Kis-Küküllő county were:

Notes
Passage 12:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Passage 13:
Gmina Ujsoły
Gmina Ujsoły is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border  Its seat is the village of Ujsoły, which lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of Żywiec and 88 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice 
The gmina covers an area of 109 95 square kilometres (42 5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 4,466 

Villages
Gmina Ujsoły contains the villages and settlements of Cicha, Danielka, Glinka, Herdula, Kotrysia Polana, Kręcichłosty, Młada Hora, Okrągłe, Smereków Wielki, Soblówka, Stawiska, Szczytkówka, Ujsoły and Złatna 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Ujsoły is bordered by the gminas of Jeleśnia, Milówka, Rajcza and Węgierska Górka  It also borders Slovakia 
Passage 14:
Bondary
Bondary [bɔnˈdarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Michałowo, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus  It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Michałowo and 44 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok 
The village has a population of 330 
Passage 15:
Cielętnik
Cielętnik [t͡ɕɛˈlɛntnik] (German: Kälberhaus) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Braniewo and 82 km (51 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn 
The village has a population of 51 
Passage 16:
Tymce
Tymce [ˈtɨmt͡sɛ] (Ukrainian: Тимці, Tymtsi) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubaczów, within Lubaczów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine  It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Lubaczów and 90 km (56 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów The village has a population of 307 
Passage 17:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 
Passage 18:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 19:
Confederate Arizona
Arizona Territory, colloquially referred to as Confederate Arizona, was an organized incorporated territory of the Confederate States that existed from August 1, 1861 to May 26, 1865, when the Confederate States Army Trans-Mississippi Department, commanded by General Edmund Kirby Smith, surrendered at Shreveport, Louisiana  However, after the Battle of Glorieta Pass, the Confederates had to retreat from the territory, and by July 1862, effective Confederate control of the territory had ended 
Delegates to the secession convention had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the Union, and seek to join the Confederacy  It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona  The capital was Mesilla, along the southern border  The breakaway region overlapped Arizona Territory, established by the Union government in February 1863 
Arizona was proclaimed a Confederate territory on August 1, 1861, after Colonel John R  Baylor's victory at the Battle of Mesilla  His hold on the area was broken after Glorieta Pass (March 26–28, 1862), the defining battle of the New Mexico Campaign  In July 1862, the Confederate territorial government withdrew to El Paso, Texas  With the approach of Union troops, it relocated to San Antonio, where it remained for the duration of the civil war  The territory continued to be represented in the Confederate States Congress, and Confederate troops continued to fight under the Arizona banner until the war ended 
The political geography of the two Arizona Territories differed in that the Confederate Arizona was approximately the southern half of the historic New Mexico Territory, while the Union-defined Arizona Territory was approximately the western half of what had been New Mexico Territory, which became the basis for present-day Arizona 

Background
Before the start of the war, the land of the current states of New Mexico and Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory and the Gadsden Purchase, which ran parallel to William Walker's Republics of Lower California and Sonora  As early as 1856, the territorial government in Santa Fe had raised concerns about being able to effectively govern the southern part of the territory  It was separated from the rest by the Jornada del Muerto, a difficult stretch of desert 
In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona Territory  The border was to be defined along the 32nd meridian west from Washington  The legislature proposed that all the Indians of New Mexico would be removed to northern Arizona 
In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, the territory called a convention and 31 delegates met in Tucson  In July 1860, the convention drafted a constitution for a "Territory of Arizona" to be organized out of the New Mexico Territory south of 34th parallel north  The convention elected Lewis S  Owings as the Territorial Governor, and elected a delegate to Congress 
Anti-slavery Representatives opposed creating a new territory, as they feared it had the potential to become a slave state  Many people in the area were pro-slavery, with business connections in southern states, from which some had migrated  In addition, all of this new territory lay below the old Missouri Compromise line of demarcation between slave and free states 
Since the proceedings of the Tucson convention were never ratified by the United States Congress, the Provisional Territory was not considered a legal entity  For a time it operated as a de facto, if not de jure, government for the intended Arizona Territory  Lewis S  Owings, Governor of the Provisional Territory, appointed James Henry Tevis to raise the first Territorial Militia  This comprised three companies of Arizona Rangers for the protection of the Territory from marauding Apaches and bandits  Two companies were raised in the Pinos Altos mining camp, and another at Mesilla 

Secession
After the start of the American Civil War, support for the Confederacy was strong in the southern part of the New Mexico Territory  Some residents felt neglected by the United States government  They worried about the lack of sufficient troops to fight the Apache  These Native Americans were attacking White settlers, killing off ranchers and mining camps all over Traditional Arizona   This became open warfare following the February 3–9, 1861 Bascom Affair, that brought Cochise into the war   Arizona settlers were also disturbed by the closing of the Butterfield Overland Mail route and their stations in March 1861, which had connected the Arizona frontier colonies to the East and California 
In March 1861, the citizens of Mesilla called a secession convention to join the Confederacy  On March 16 the convention adopted a secession ordinance, citing the region's common interests and geography with the Confederacy, their political sympathy with the Southern secession movement, their opposition to the "sectional" party, the "Black" Republicans, the need of frontier protection, and the loss of postal service routes under the United States government, as reasons for their separation  The ordinance proposed the question of secession to the western portions of the territory  On March 28 a second convention in present-day Tucson met and ratified the ordinance  The conventions subsequently established a provisional territorial government for the Confederate "Territory of Arizona " Owings was elected again as provisional governor and Granville Henderson Oury was chosen as a delegate to petition for the territory's admission into the Confederacy 

Confederate units
Arizona Militia (1860–1862)
Arizona Guards (Pinos Altos mining camp)
Arizona Rangers (Mesilla)
Minute Men (Pinos Altos mining camp)
Herbert's Battalion, Arizona Cavalry (1862–1863)
Capt  Thomas Helm's Company (Arizona Guards)
Capt  G  H  Oury's Company (Arizona Rangers)
Capt  R  L  Swope's Company (Arizona Rangers)

Major campaigns
Arizona was thought to be important to the role of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War primarily because it offered Confederate access to California  Consequently, it was the scene of several important battles in the war's Trans-Mississippi Theater 
In July 1861 a force under Lieutenant-Colonel John R  Baylor arrived in El Paso, Texas across the border from Mesilla  With support from the secessionist residents of Mesilla, Baylor's 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles entered the territory and took a position in the town on July 25  Union forces under Major Isaac Lynde at nearby Fort Fillmore prepared to attack Baylor  On July 25 the two armies met outside of town at the Battle of Mesilla in a brief engagement in which the Union troops were defeated 
Major Lynde then abandoned Fort Fillmore and began a march north to join the troops at Fort Craig under Colonel Edward R  S  Canby  However, his retreat came to a halt in severe heat and was overtaken by Baylor  Lynde surrendered his command without a shot fired at San Augustine Springs, in the Organ Mountains On August 1, 1861, the victorious Baylor proclaimed the existence of a Confederate Arizona Territory, which comprised the area defined in the Tucson convention the previous year  He appointed himself as permanent governor  Among his cabinet members was the Mesilla attorney Marcus H  MacWillie, who served as the territorial attorney general The next month, Baylor's cavalrymen under Bethel Coopwood, marched north from Camp Robledo along the Rio Grande and surprised a Union force of New Mexican militia cavalry in a small engagement west of the Rio Grande at the village of Canada Alamosa, ending with another Confederate victory and the capture of 25 men of that unit including its commander  The next day after disarming and paroling the captured New Mexican enlisted men, Coopwood retired southward along the west bank of the river with the two captured Union officers and an NCO to a camp 15 miles to the north of Fort Thorn   There a Union column of Mounted Infantry sent to relieve the New Mexican militia force caught up with Coopwood, and skirmished for a few hours with the Confederates until their ammunition was depleted, forcing the Mounted Infantry to retire northward to their base at Fort Craig 
The proposal to organize the Confederate Territory of Arizona was passed by the Confederate Congress in early 1862 and proclaimed by President Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862  Coincidentally, Arizona statehood was approved exactly fifty years later on February 14, 1912 

Efforts by the Confederacy to secure control of the region led to the New Mexico Campaign  Baylor sent Company A, Arizona Rangers to Tucson to protect the population from the Apache and delay the advance of Union troops from Fort Yuma 
In 1862 Baylor was ousted as governor of the territory by President Davis, and the Confederate loss at the Battle of Glorieta Pass forced Confederate retreat from the territory  On March 30, Union forces fought a smaller engagement against a detachment of Company A, Arizona Rangers, a Confederate force destroying supply depots along the California Column route of advance on the Gila River, 80 miles east of its base at Fort Yuma  This skirmish, known as the Battle of Stanwix Station, was the westernmost engagement of regular forces in the Civil War, and successfully delayed the advance of the California forces 
The following month a small picket troop of the Rangers north of Tucson fought with an equally small Union cavalry patrol from the California Column in the so-called Battle of Picacho Pass again delaying the advance of the California Column to Tucson 
By July 1862, Union forces of the California Column were approaching the territorial capital of Mesilla from the west but severe flooding of the Rio Grande barred their way and they had to divert north to Fort Thorn and the San Diego Crossing and wait two weeks for the water to fall enough for a crossing   With Canby advancing down the east bank of the Rio Grande and the loss of control of the countryside to New Mexican guerillas after the Second Battle of Mesilla the Confederates abandoned Mesilla and retreated south to Franklin, Texas 
In 1862 the California Column volunteers who fought at Stanwix Station and Picacho Pass fought at the Battle of Apache Pass against 500 Apaches  The battle is considered part of the American Civil War  There were also several engagements between Apaches and Confederates  The Battle of Dragoon Springs marks the only known Confederate combat deaths in the modern confines of Arizona  Other engagements include the Siege of Tubac, the Battle of Cookes Canyon, the Battle of the Florida Mountains, the Battle of Pinos Altos and a number of other smaller skirmishes and massacres 
The territorial government relocated to Franklin, then with Confederate military units retreated to San Antonio abandoning West Texas  For the rest of the war, California Column troops controlled all of Confederate Arizona, Franklin and Fort Quitman in West Texas   The government in exile remained in Texas for the duration of the war, although MacWillie continued to represent the territory in the First and 2nd Confederate States Congresses  Minor resistance in Arizona continued at the partisan level, and Confederate units under the banner of Arizona fought until the end of the war in May 1865 

See also
List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century
New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

Notes



ground_truth: Green Bay

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the source of the river that is the mouth of the Caledon River?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rufiji River
The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania  It is also the largest and longest river in the country  The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers  It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) long, with its source in southwestern Tanzania and its mouth on the Indian Ocean opposite Mafia Island across the Mafia Channel, in Pwani Region  Its principal tributary is the Great Ruaha River  It is navigable for approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) 
The Rufiji river is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Dar es Salaam  The river's delta contains the largest mangrove forest in eastern Africa 

History
A branch of ancient sea routes led down the East African coast called "Azania" by the Greeks and Romans in the 1st century CE as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (and, very probably, Chinese: 澤散 in the 3rd century by the Chinese), at least as far as the port known to the Romans as Rhapta, which was probably located in the delta of the Rufiji River in modern Tanzania During the First World War, from October 1914 to July 1915, the river delta was the scene of a protracted naval operation  These were the attempts, and later achievement, by the Royal Navy to neutralize and destroy the German cruiser Konigsberg 

Basin
The catchment basin for the Rufiji River complex is 177,429 square kilometres (68,506 sq mi) 

Hydroelectric Project
Tanzania president John Magufuli has approved the construction of a controversial new dam and power station on the river at Stiegler's Gorge  The power station is expected to provide 2,100 megawatts of electricity, more than triple Tanzania's existing installed hydropower capacity which is only 562 megawatts  Construction of the dam started on July 26, 2019, and it is expected be ready by 2022 
Passage 2:
Wolli Creek
Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Wolli Creek rises south of Narwee, within Beverly Hills Park, Beverly Hills, and flows generally east northeast through Wolli Creek Valley and Wolli Creek Regional Park, joined by its major tributary, Bardwell Creek, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River near Arncliffe and Tempe  The creek is a lined channel between Kingsgrove Road, Kingsgrove and Bexley Road, Bexley North where it then enters the Wolli Creek Valley  The sub-catchment area of the creek is 22 square kilometres (8 5 sq mi) 

Nature conservation value
Adjacent to Wolli Creek, within the Wolli Creek Valley, is Wolli Creek Regional Park, a planned 50 hectares (120 acres) nature reserve of native bushland and public reserves that was announced by the NSW Government in 1998 as a result of sustained community campaigning for the area to be preserved and for the M5 East Freeway to go underground  Whilst some of the park has been formed and management handed over from local government authorities to the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, including the 8 9 hectares (22 acres) Girrahween Park and some privately held land that was compulsorily acquired, some areas of the originally planned park remain in the hands of government agencies including Sydney Water and Roads & Maritime Services When complete, the planned nature reserve offers easy public transport access, family picnic areas, extensive views and bushland, rugged sandstone escarpments with walking tracks, a mixture of parkland, heathland, and woodland forest, and great birdwatching in close proximity to heavily developed residential and industrial landscape 

Wildlife
Bird observation
The diversity of habitat and strategic location of the Wolli Creek Valley are reflected in the wide range of bird species to be found adjacent to the creek  Approximately 175 species of birds have been recorded in the area between 1940 and 1999 

Fish
Several species of freshwater and saltwater fish can be found in the Wolli Creek in areas above and below the fish ladder  The fish ladder, or "rock-ramp fishway" was constructed to enable fish to bypass the weir at Henderson St, Turrella, allowing migration to other areas of the creek 

Coastal saltmarsh
The lower reaches – the tidal part – of Wolli Creek are home to a plant community known as saltmarsh, or coastal saltmarsh  The plant community includes various salinity-tolerant species such as Knobby Club-rush (Ficinia nodosa), Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii), Seablite (Suaeda australis), Streaked Arrowgrass (Triglochin striata) and others  Coastal saltmarsh has been recognised as a carbon sink as well as a filter of nutrients maintaining water quality and is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 

Gallery
See also
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 3:
Darling Mills Creek
The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Darling Mills Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of Thompsons Corner, near the intersection of Castle Hill Road and Pennant Hills Road, within the suburb of West Pennant Hills  The headwaters lie on the watershed between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally west, then south, joined by its tributaries including the Bidjigal, Sawmill, Excelsior, Blue Gum, Bellbird, Bellamy Farm creeks and the dammed Hunts Creek downstream of Lake Parramatta, before reaching its confluence with the Toongabbie Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 10 kilometres (6 2 mi); and the creek passes through the Cumberland State Forest, the Darling Mills State Forest, Bidjigal Reserve, Excelsior Park, and many smaller reserves and parks The Darling Mills Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway, the M2 Hills Motorway, and marks the boundary between Windsor Road and Church Street in North Parramatta 

History
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Darling Mills Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal clan of the Darug people, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade The Darling Mills Creek takes its name from a watermill constructed a short distance from the confluence with Toongabbie Creek 
An earlier watermill was built by Samuel Marsden near the confluence  It milled flour from 1804 to 1818 
In 1825, the Darling Flour Mills were built for John Raine, upstream on the Windsor Road 
The Darling Mills site was taken over by Sydney Woollen Mills, which operated from 1870 to 1975  Sydney Woollen Mills originally used steam rather than water power  Part of the facade of the building remains on the site, which was occupied by Bunnings Warehouse's North Parramatta store in the early 21st century  There is a weir on the creek nearby that was constructed in the nineteenth century 

See also
Great North Walk
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 4:
Still Fork
Still Fork is a tributary of the Sandy Creek, 16 1 miles (26 km) long, in eastern Ohio in the United States   Via the Sandy Creek, Tuscarawas, Muskingum and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 71 4 square miles (185 km2) in Carroll County, Ohio   The source is at 1,180 feet (360 m) and the mouth is at 1,027 feet (313 m) , with an average gradient of only 0 2%   From its source in eastern Carroll County the creek flows northwest through Fox, Washington, Augusta, and Brown Townships before reaching its mouth in Minerva, Ohio   The Ohi-Rail Corporation (OHIC) and Arbor road are situated in the creeks valley over most of its length 
Near Augusta the creek flows through a rural Amish community, and downstream of Ohio State Route 9 is the unincorporated community of Pattersonville   Mechanicstown and Norristown are the only other named communities in the watershed 

Variant names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, Still Fork has had no other known names 

Still Fork of Sandy Navigation Company
On February 15, 1837, the General Assembly of the state of Ohio enacted AN ACT to incorporate the Still Fork of Sandy Navigation Company   This act authorized seven named Carroll county men to form the company to “…locate, make, construct, and forever maintain, a navigable canal or slack-water navigation, commencing on the land of William Croxton, where the New Lisbon-Carrollton road crosses said Still Fork of Sandy, and thence with the  general course of said stream, to intersect the Sandy and Beaver Canal, at the town of Pekin, in said county of Carroll…with the full power to emyloy [sic], as reservoirs or feeders, all streams or ponds over or near which such canal or slack-water navigation may pass ”  The company was capitalized at $65,000 in $25 shares to be sold to individuals only    William Croxton’s land was in section 11 of Washington Township, a short distance up Friday Creek from the main branch of Still Fork, and present day county road 71 was the road between Carrollton and Lisbon 

Named tributaries
See also
List of rivers of Ohio
Passage 5:
Arado River
The Arado river is a river that originates in the surroundings of Curral do Camalhão, Gerês mountain range, north of the Teixeira valley and flows into the Fafião river after the Cascatas de Fecha be Barjas, parish of Cabril, municipality of Montalegre, district of Vila Real, in the north of Portugal   It lies within the Peneda-Gerês National Park 
Passage 6:
Loimijoki
The river Loimijoki is a river in Finland and the longest tributary of the river Kokemäenjoki  The river originates at the lake Pyhäjärvi in Tammela and joins the river Kokemäenjoki in Huittinen  There is a 54-metre (177 ft) difference in elevation between the source and the mouth of the river, which is 114 kilometres (71 mi) long  The river drains a catchment area of 3,140 square kilometres (1,210 sq mi)  The river has several dams at Forssa, Jokioinen and Loimaa The Loimijoki river runs through the most fertile lands of Finland making its water  relatively muddy  The river was badly polluted by sewage of industry and population centers along the river, but since the 1980s the river has been starting to recover and currently the river sees also recreational use like fishing and water sports 
Passage 7:
Bolshaya Lyampa
The Bolshaya Lyampa (Russian: Большая Лямпа) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Uls which in turn is a tributary of the Vishera  The river is 34 kilometres (21 mi) long  Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast  It flows into the Uls 55 kilometres (34 mi) from the larger river's mouth  The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa 
Passage 8:
Upper Orange Water Management Area
Upper Orange WMA, or Upper Orange Water Management Area (coded: 13), Includes the following major rivers: the Modder River, Riet River, Caledon River and Orange River, and covers the following Dams:

Armenia Dam Leeu River
Egmont Dam Witspruit
Gariep Dam Orange River
Groothoek Dam Kgabanyane River
Kalkfontein Dam Riet River
Katse Dam Malibamatso River
Knellpoort Dam Rietspruit
Krugersdrift Dam Modder River
Mohale Dam Senqunyane River
Rustfontein Dam Modder River
Tierpoort Dam Tierpoort River
Vanderkloof Dam Orange River
Welbedacht Dam Caledon River

Boundaries
Tertiary drainage regions C51, C52, D11 to D18, D21 to D24, D31, D32, D34 and D35 

See also
Water Management Areas
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
List of rivers of South Africa
Passage 9:
Orange River
The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa  It is the longest river in South Africa  With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north  It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean  The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa  Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities  The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power  The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon  Other names include simply the word for river, in Khoekhoegowab orthography written as !Garib, which is rendered in Afrikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click, Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ǂNū "Black"  It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu 

Course
The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft)  The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu  Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude  This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production 

The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province  In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam  From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised  Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation 
At the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province  From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude  From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ǁKaras Region  On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia 

In the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams, and several large wadis lead into it  In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible  Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised  The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi) 
The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning "Orange mouth") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town  Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches 
The river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi) 

Catchment and rainfall
In the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation  At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2 0 in) per year  The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction  In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown colored torrent  The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long-term threat to engineering projects on the river The total catchment of the Orange River (including the Vaal) extends over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i e  equivalent to about 77% of the land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi))  Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, are situated outside the country in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia 

Tributaries
Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

Dams
Armenia Dam
Egmont Dam
Gariep Dam
Newberry Dam
Vanderkloof Dam
Welbedacht Dam

History
Etymology
Some of the earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river ǂNūǃarib, referring to its black colour, or sometimes just Kai !Arib ("Great River"), from which is derived the Afrikaans version Gariep, and translation "Groote Rivier"  The early Dutch name for the river was just that translation, Groote Rivier, meaning "Great River"  The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the United East India Company (VOC) garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779  Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange  A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color of its tributary, the Vaal River, which name is derived from the name ǀHaiǃarib "pale river" (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey)  Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition  In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River, derived from the original Khoemana name 

The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change from the colonial name, for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu  The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation "

The Grootslang
In South African folklore, the Orange River is often associated with the Grootslang, a mythical being resembling a giant serpent, which is often connected to the river's alluvial diamonds  The Grootslang is described as living in a gem-filled cave connected to the Orange River by a natural pipe through which the diamonds gradually enter the river  Other sites said to be lairs of the creature include the pool beneath the King George Cataract at Aughrabies Falls, which is also said to be a source of diamonds, and a large rock in the middle of the river itself  In this version of the legend, the Grootslang is also said to prey on cattle from the river's banks 

Economy
As the collection point for the majority of South Africa's water, the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture, industry, and mining  To assist in this, two large water schemes have been created, the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project  Historically, the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush, with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth 
Because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer, the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting  Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate  The most popular trips are four-day and six-day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area 

Orange River Project
The Orange River Project (ORP) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa  It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd's government at the height of the apartheid era  The ORP was built to exploit the waters of the Orange River—which, without the Vaal River, represents some 14 1% of the total runoff in South Africa—and in the process, to satisfy an increasing demand for water  The main objectives of the project were:

to stabilise river flow,
the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power,
to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin, and
to give a new lease on life to water-deficient areas in the Eastern Cape, such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys The Gariep Dam near Colesberg is the main storage structure within the Orange River  From here, the water is supplied in two directions, westward along the Orange River (via hydroelectric power generators) to the Vanderkloof Dam and southward through the Orange-Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape 

Hydroelectricity
Eskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam  The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground  The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure 

Irrigation
Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam, which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land, was made possible by the construction of the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams  Old established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible  On the Namibian side of the river, Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange 
In recent years, the wine-producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance  Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost, not only from the additional water being made available, but also owing to improvement in water quality  Without this improvement, the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity 

Lesotho Highlands Water Project
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System  Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River, and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State, and discharges into the Ash River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) further to the north  The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, which used the Sterkfontein Dam, located near Harrismith in the Free State 

Alluvial diamonds
In 1867, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, the Eureka Diamond, was found near Hopetown on the Orange River  Two years later, a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area, causing a diamond rush  This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871, although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river, as well as the beaches around its mouth  Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river 

Rafting and canoeing
During the temperate months of March and April, given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open, a canoeist (or rafter) can easily travel 30 kilometres (19 mi) per day  The lower reaches of the river are most popular, because of the spectacular topography  Commercial tours are available, and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif 

Wildlife
The Orange River has no large animals  It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile, and although hippopotami were once abundant, they were hunted to extermination in the 19th century  The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity  A 2011 survey of 13,762 fish found only 16 species of fish present   Three of these, the common carp, the Mozambique tilapia, and the western mosquitofish are not indigenous   Another exotic species, rainbow trout, is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho 
Seven species are endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system:
Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
Maluti redfin or Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)

See also
List of rivers in South Africa
List of international border rivers
List of crossings of the Orange River
Passage 10:
Bardwell Creek
Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Bardwell Creek rises in Georges River local government area, near Hurstville and flows in a north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Bexley, Bexley North, Bardwell Park, and Turrella in the Bayside local government area, where it makes its confluence with Wolli Creek, where it forms the border between the suburbs of Bardwell Park and Turrella  The upper reaches of the Creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes an open concrete channel at Croydon Road in the Bexley Golf Course  The total catchment area of Bardwell Creek is 6 36 square kilometres (2 46 sq mi) 

See also
Bardwell Valley, New South Wales
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 11:
Reconquista River
The Reconquista River (Spanish, Río Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina  Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country 
The Reconquista is part of the Río de la Plata basin  It originates in Marcos Paz, Buenos Aires Province, and flows across 18 municipalities, emptying into the Luján River  Its drainage basin has an area of 1,670 square kilometres (640 sq mi) and is populated by around 4 million people 
The river carries about 33 percent of the total pollution drained by the  estuary of the Río de la Plata, taking into account both industrial and domestic waste  There are about 12,000 industries in its basin, 700 of which dump their waste into the watercourse without controls 
Studies have found nitrites, nitrates, ester-phenols, PCB, and heavy metals  These pollutants can cause hepatitis, skin reactions, gastrointestinal problems and eye infections 

History
During the 1980s, there was a wave of protests by local residents denouncing the lack of state involvement  In 1984, the national Senate addressed the issue for the first time 
In 1995, the national government obtained a loan from the Inter-American Development Bank for the cleaning and control of the Reconquista  The construction started in 1996, with a $400 million budget assigned to an autonomous entity called UniRec 
In 2001 they were officially finished, and advertised as such, though only the flood prevention works were built  Four projected waste treatment plants and other  sanitation infrastructure were not  There was also no minimization or monitoring of industrial waste dumped into the course 
According to Martín Nunziata, member of a Río de la Plata environmental group, this failure to comply with the plan was the result of political corruption, and also due to the pressure exerted by the polluting industries on the workers: "The companies warn [them] that, if the environmental laws are applied, they will have to close "
Nunziata also alluded to the cellulose plant conflict between Argentina and Uruguay: "If, starting today, it was decided to demand from the industries of the Reconquista River the same things we want Uruguay to demand from the Fray Bentos cellulose plants, out of the 12,000 companies installed, at least 10,000 would have to close down "

Destroyed historic bridge
The 1773 Marquez Bridge over the Reconquista River was declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina, but in 1997, the Autopistas del Oeste demolished it 

See also
List of rivers of Argentina
List of destroyed heritage § Argentina
List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina
Passage 12:
Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)
Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Coxs Creek rises northeast of Punchbowl railway station and flows generally north northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River, at Strathfield South  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and is now largely a storm drain that flows about 3 kilometres (1 9 mi)  Prior to development of the area the creek drained paperbark swamps that were formerly near the junction of Roberts Road and Juno Parade  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and rerouted  As with most drainage channels in the area it has been lined along much of its length  Coxs Creek drains a total catchment of 8 8 square kilometres (3 4 sq mi) The creek begins as a stormwater drain, then runs in the open through the Coxs Creek Wetland, a 1 84 hectares (4 5 acres) reserve containing significant remnant bushland including some Cooks River Castlereagh Ironbark Forest habitat  Including tree specimens of mugga ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), narrow-leaved ironbark (E  crebra), broad-leaved ironbark (E  fibrosa), and tallowwood (E  microcorys)  The forest habitat is noted as an endangered ecological community  Acacia pubescens (Downy Wattle) is a vulnerable flora species present as is the locally endangered Tadgell's Bluebell (Wahlenbergia multicaulis)  The endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea) has been recorded and frog ponds constructed as part of the creek  The frog has not been seen in the creek since 1995, though they are still present in the nearby constructed wetlands at the Juno Parade Brick Pit 
In 2005 Sydney Ports Corporation proposed works including fauna corridors and "frog ramps" to encourage their return  Along much of its length the creek is a combination of covered channel and an uncovered concrete lined trench  As the creek passes through the reserve it is open and the 2010 management plan calls for restoration of this part of the creek and the adjacent riparian zone 
Passage 13:
Toongabbie Creek
Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Toongabbie Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of the Old Northern Road, within the suburb of Castle Hill; with its headwaters forming the watershed boundary between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally south-west, then south by east, then south by west, then east before reaching its confluence with the Darling Mills Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 9 kilometres (5 6 mi) Although only a small portion of Toongabbie Creek is contained within the Blacktown local government area, much of its sub-catchment, including the Blacktown and Lalor creeks and their associated tributaries are within the City of Blacktown  In 2005, the Toongabbie Creek catchment area was rated as the highest polluting catchment out of the twenty-two catchments in Blacktown  Much of the creek is channeled in a concrete drain; and domestic garbage is often scattered along the creek's banks  Prior to April 2015, the creek was dammed at many places by fallen trees, and the rapids at Mons Road were not visible  The stagnant water in the dams was bubbly  After the rain in April 2015, which caused a flood that damaged infrastructure at Parramatta,  most of the dead trees were cleaned away and the rocks at Mons Road are now exposed 
Toongabbie Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway; the Westlink M7 and M2 Hills Motorway at their interchange; and the Old Windsor Road 
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Toongabbie Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 14:
Cabramatta Creek
Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the South Western Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cabramatta Creek rises in the rural/residential suburb of Denham Court, east south-east of Leppington, within the Liverpool local government area  From here the creek flows in a northerly direction under Camden Valley Way towards Hoxton Park, and its junction with Hinchinbrook Creek  Substantial residential development has occurred in these areas, particularly to the west of Cowpasture Road  A number of detention basins have also been constructed in conjunction with the development 
The Ingham's poultry farm also occupies a significant landholding in the area  Below Hoxton Park Road, Cabramatta Creek starts to flow in an easterly direction the Fairfield local government area, towards its confluence with the Georges River, to the east of Warwick Farm  A more prominent creek "corridor", up to 200 metres (660 ft) wide, becomes more evident throughout the lower catchment  This primarily consists of public open space, playing fields and golf courses  The Elouera Nature Reserve, which is an important pocket of native bushland, also forms part of this corridor 
Cabramatta Creek flows through established residential suburbs, including Miller, Cartwright, Sadlier, Ashcroft, Liverpool, Mount Pritchard and Warwick Farm  Major transport routes that cross the catchment includes Hoxton Park Road, Elizabeth Drive, Orange Grove Road (the Cumberland Highway), the Hume Highway and the Main Southern railway line  The catchment area of the creek is approximately 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi), and within the catchment area are the Cabramatta Creek, Hinchinbrook Creek, Maxwells Creek, and Brickmakers Creek The area around the creek was home to the Darug Aboriginal people  European settlement began on the site in the 1790s when they found good quality soil 
In the area surrounding Cabramatta Creek is a large flying fox population; located behind the Sunnybrook Motel and called the Cabrammatta Creek Flying Fox Reserve A concrete beam road bridge that carries the Hume Highway over Cabramatta Creek, constructed in 1951 and commonly known as Ireland's Bridge, is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register 
Passage 15:
Little River (Wingecarribee)
The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Little River rises south southeast of the locality of Wills Hill, near Robertson, and flows generally north before reaching its confluence with the Dudewaugh Creek, a tributary of the Burke River within the Upper Nepean River catchment  The course of the river is approximately 8 kilometres (5 0 mi) 

See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 16:
Cup and Saucer Creek
Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cup and Saucer Creek rises in Canterbury local government area, near Wiley Park railway station and flows in an east north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Roselands, Kingsgrove and Clemton Park, where it makes its confluence with the Cooks River, within the suburb of Earlwood  The upper reaches of the creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes part drain and part creek in the lower reaches  The Cup and Saucer Creek Catchment Management Study by the Water Board in 1992 showed extensive toxic organics in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines The creek is so named because of sandstone formations in the former bed of the creek A concrete culvert over Bexley Road constructed in 1920 is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register 
Passage 17:
Lansdowne River
Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Lansdowne River rises below Mount Gibraltar in the Gibraltar Range, north northwest of Upper Lansdowne, and flows generally southeast before reaching its confluence with the Northern Arm of the Manning River, near Coopernook  The river descends 740 metres (2,430 ft) over its 51 kilometres (32 mi) course The Pacific Highway crosses the Lansdowne River south-east of Coopernook 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Passage 18:
Doghole River
The Doghole River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada  The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin  It flows from Doghole Lake, where the outlet is part of the Mishkeegogamang First Nation Osnaburgh Indian Reserve No  63B, to the northeast shore of Lake St  Joseph; oddly, the mouth is not on Doghole Bay, adjacent to the east  Lake St  Joseph is the source of the Albany River, which flows to James Bay 
Passage 19:
Staaten River
The Staaten River is a river in northern Queensland, Australia, rising in the Great Dividing Range and flowing northwest into the Gulf of Carpentaria 

Location and features
The river rises of the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of Cairns  The river flows generally northwest to the Staaten River National Park and then west, joined by eleven minor tributaries before reaching its mouth and emptying into the Gulf of Carpentaria  From source to mouth the river's waters overflow into intertwining lagoons that create an enormous wetland sanctuary for a vast array of unique wildlife and plants  When the rains of the wet season cease, the Staaten River retreats from the floodplains and wetlands and becomes little more than a thread trickling down wide sand banks and a string of important lagoon refuges  The river descends 220 metres (720 ft) over its 383-kilometre (238 mi) course There is very little development in the catchment, with grazing being the most common activity, and there are no major water storage facilities on the river  The river is navigable for 17 kilometres (11 mi) upstream until sand and rock bars are found  Dinah Island, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) inland, is a small cattle property and at times provides short term accommodation for fishing enthusiasts 

Conservation and cultural values
The Staaten River catchment is one of Australia's last great wilderness areas  With little agricultural development, scant road access, and thriving forests and wildlife, it is a truly wild river system  The river straddles both the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf Country regions  Characterised by the replenishing floods of the wet season and an extensive network of lagoon refuges during the dry season, the river system is known for its excellent saratoga and barramundi fishing and saltwater crocodiles, one of Australia's best known animals 
The wet season is characterized by a large congregation of waterbirds from all over Australia and as far away as China and Russia   This birds live in the abundant waters of places like the huge Inkerman-Gilbrath Wetland, near the mouth of the catchment  The coastal margin of the Staaten River forms part of the Southeast Karumba Plan wetland aggregation, which is the best developed coastal wetland system in Queensland and provides critical habitat and breeding grounds for birds, fish, and other native wildlife  The Staaten River National Park in this area, covering around 467,000 hectares (1,150,000 acres), is one of Australia's largest and most remote national parks 
The Staaten Wild River Area covers about 25,700 square kilometres (9,900 sq mi) at the western base of Cape York Peninsula  The area contains the catchments of the Staaten River, Vanrook Creek, and ten major tributaries   The purpose of the wild river declaration is to "manage future development activity in the wild river area to ensure the wild river natural values are preserved" 

Threats
The Staaten River is remote and currently there is little demand for water extraction in this area  The major present threat in this area is cattle grazing   If not managed sustainably, cattle can cause major soil erosion, trample vegetation, and pollute river systems  There are also minor infestations of the invasive weeds such as rubber-vine in the Staaten River  Wild River protection, as well as the Indigenous Wild River Ranger program, will help address these impacts 

Indigenous heritage
The traditional owners of the upper catchment area are the Kunjen people The Agwamin, Kutjar, Koknar, Kunjen and Kokoberrin people are the traditional owners of the Staaten River catchment area and maintain strong cultural and spiritual connections with the land and rivers  The traditional ecological knowledge and health of these communities is in turn critical to the ongoing health of this wild river system 

Etymology
The river was first named by Dutch sea explorer Jan Carstensz in 1623  It is named after the States General, the parliament of the Netherlands 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Queensland
Passage 20:
Yukon River
The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America  From its source in British Columbia, Canada, it flows through Canada's territory of Yukon (itself named after the river)  The lower half of the river continues westward through the U S  state of Alaska  The river is 3,190 kilometres (1,980 mi) long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta  The average flow is 6,400–7,000 m3/s (230,000–250,000 cu ft/s)  The total drainage area is 833,000 km2 (321,500 sq mi), of which 323,800 km2 (125,000 sq mi) lies in Canada  The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta 
The longest river in Alaska and Yukon, it was one of the principal means of transportation during the 1896–1903 Klondike Gold Rush  A portion of the river in Yukon—"The Thirty Mile" section, from Lake Laberge to the Teslin River—is a national heritage river and a unit of Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park  Paddle-wheel riverboats continued to ply the river until the 1950s, when the Klondike Highway was completed  After the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, the Alaska Commercial Company acquired the assets of the Russian-American Company and constructed several posts at various locations on the Yukon River 
The Yukon River has a recent history of pollution from military installations, dumps, wastewater, and other sources  However, the Environmental Protection Agency does not list the Yukon River among its impaired watersheds, and water-quality data from the U S  Geological Survey shows relatively good levels of turbidity, metals, and dissolved oxygen   The Yukon and Mackenzie rivers have much higher suspended sediment concentrations than the great Siberian Arctic rivers The Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council, a cooperative effort of 70 First Nations and tribes in Alaska and Canada, has the goal of making the river and its tributaries safe to drink from again by supplementing and scrutinizing government data 

Name
The name Yukon, or ųųg han, is a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han, which means white water river and refers to "the pale colour" of glacial runoff in the Yukon River   The contraction is Ųųg Han, if the /ųų/ remains nasalized, or Yuk Han, if there is no vowel nasalization   In the 1840s, different tribes had different opinions as to the literal meaning of Yukon   In 1843, the Holikachuks had told the Russian-American Company that their name for the river was Yukkhana and that this name meant big river   However, Yukkhana does not literally correspond to a Holikachuk phrase that means big river   Then, two years later, the Gwich'ins told the Hudson's Bay Company that their name for the river was Yukon and that the name meant white water river   White water river in fact corresponds to Gwich'in words that can be shortened to form Yukon   Because the Holikachuks had been trading regularly with both the Gwich’ins and the Yup'iks, the Holikachuks were in a position to borrow the Gwich'in contraction and to conflate its meaning with the meaning of Kuig-pak [River-big], which is the Yup'ik name for the same river   For that reason, the documentary evidence suggests that the Holikachuks had borrowed the contraction Ųųg Han [White Water River] from Gwich'in, and erroneously assumed that this contraction had the same literal meaning as the corresponding Yup'ik name Kuig-pak [River-big] 
The Lewes River is the former name of the upper course of the Yukon, from Marsh Lake to the confluence of the Pelly River at Fort Selkirk 

Course
The generally accepted source of the Yukon River is the Llewellyn Glacier at the southern end of Atlin Lake in British Columbia  Others suggest that the source is Lake Lindeman at the northern end of the Chilkoot Trail  Either way, Atlin Lake flows into Tagish Lake (via the Atlin River), as eventually does Lake Lindeman after flowing into Bennett Lake  Tagish Lake then flows into Marsh Lake (via the Tagish River)  The Yukon River proper starts at the northern end of Marsh Lake, just south of Whitehorse  Some argue that the source of the Yukon River should really be Teslin Lake and the Teslin River, which has a larger flow when it reaches the Yukon at Hootalinqua  The upper end of the Yukon River was originally known as the Lewes River until it was established that it actually was the Yukon  North of Whitehorse, the Yukon River widens into Lake Laberge, made famous by Robert W  Service's "The Cremation of Sam McGee"  Other large lakes that are part of the Yukon River system include Kusawa Lake (into the Takhini River) and Kluane Lake (into the Kluane and then White River) 
The river passes through the communities of Whitehorse, Carmacks, (just before the Five Finger Rapids) and Dawson City in Yukon, and crossing Alaska into Eagle, Circle, Fort Yukon, Stevens Village, Rampart, Tanana, Ruby, Galena, Nulato, Grayling, Holy Cross, Russian Mission, Marshall, Pilot Station, St  Marys (which is accessible from the Yukon at Pitkas Point), and Mountain Village  After Mountain Village, the main Yukon channel frays into many channels, sprawling across the delta  There are a number of communities after the "head of passes," as the channel division is called locally: Nunum Iqua, Alakanuk, Emmonak, and Kotlik  Of those delta communities, Emmonak is the largest with roughly 760 people in the 2000 census  Emmonak's gravel airstrip is the regional hub for flights 

Hazards
Navigational obstacles on the Yukon River are the Five Finger Rapids and Rink Rapids downstream from Carmacks 

Bridges
Despite its length, there are only four vehicle-carrying bridges across the river, listed from upstream to downstream:

The Lewes Bridge, north of Marsh Lake, Yukon, on the Alaska Highway;
The Robert Campbell Bridge, which connects the Whitehorse suburb of Riverdale to the downtown area;
The Yukon River Bridge in Carmacks, Yukon, on the Klondike Highway; and
The Yukon River Bridge, north of Fairbanks, Alaska on the Dalton Highway A car ferry crosses the river at Dawson City in the summer; it is replaced by an ice bridge over the frozen river during the winter  Plans to build a permanent bridge were announced in March 2004, although they are currently on hold because bids came in much higher than budgeted 
There are also two pedestrian-only bridges in Whitehorse, as well as a dam across the river and a hydroelectric generating station  The construction of the dam flooded the White Horse Rapids, which gave the city its name, and created Schwatka Lake 
Transportation is also performed along the river in summer by barge, enabling heavy goods, oil, and vehicles to be transported to communities along the Yukon, Tanana, Innoko, and Koyukuk rivers  This service is performed by Ruby Marine and reaches Tanana on the Yukon River and Nenana on the Tanana River 

Geography and ecology
Some of the upper slopes of this watershed (e g  Nulato Hills) are forested by Black Spruce  This locale near the Seward Peninsula represents the near westernmost limit of the Black Spruce, Picea mariana, one of the most widespread conifers in northern North America 
The river flows into several parklands and refuges including:

Innoko National Wildlife Refuge
Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge
Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve
Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge
Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge

Discharge
Yukon at Pilot Station (121 miles upstream of mouth) minimum, average and maximum discharge

Fisheries
The Yukon River is home to one of the longest salmon runs in the world  Each year Chinook, coho, and chum salmon return to their terminal streams in Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and British Columbia  The Chinook have the longest journey, with an estimated 35–50% bound for Canada  As salmon do not eat during their spawning migration, Yukon River salmon must have great reserves of fat and energy to fuel their thousands-mile-long journey  As a result, Yukon River salmon are noted for their especially rich and oily meat 
The villages along the Yukon have historically relied on and continue to rely on salmon for their cultural, subsistence, and commercial needs  Salmon are traditionally dried, smoked, and frozen for both human and sled dog consumption  Common methods of fishing on the Yukon include set gillnets, drift nets, dip nets, and fish wheels  The preference of certain gear is largely dependent on the river's varied characteristics in different areas  Some parts of the river do not have eddies to make set-nets successful, whereas in other places the tributaries are small enough to make drifting impractical 
Over the last 20 years salmon recruitment, the number of returning adults, has taken several shocks  The late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s have been marked by radically reduced runs for various salmon species  The United States Department of Commerce issued a Federal Disaster Declaration for the 2008 and 2009 Commercial Chinook Yukon River fisheries, calling for the complete closure of commercial fishing along with restrictions on subsistence fishing  The root cause of these poor returns remains debated, with questions about the effects of climate change on ocean food-supply & disease prevalence in returning adults, the methods of fishing used on the river, and the effects of the Bering Sea Pollock trawl fleet on food supply and salmon bycatch  In 2010, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Board of Fisheries issued the first-ever restriction for net mesh size on the Yukon, reducing it to 7 5 inches (190 mm) Various organizations are involved to protect healthy salmon runs into the future  The Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association was formed in 1990 by a consensus of fishers representing the entire drainage in response to recent disaster years  Its organizational goals include giving voice to the village fishers that have traditionally managed these resources, enabling communication between fishers and fishery managers, and helping to preserve the ecological integrity of salmon runs and local cultures' Traditional Ecological KnowledgeIn March 2001, the U S  & Canadian governments passed the Yukon River Salmon Agreement to better manage an internationally shared resource and ensure that more Canadian-originated salmon return across the border  The agreement is implemented through the Yukon River Panel, an international body of 12 members, equal-parts American and Canadian, that advises managers of Yukon River fisheries concerning restoration, conservation, and coordinated management Tribal organizations such as the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP), Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments (CATG), and Tanana Chiefs Conference (TCC) work to sustain Yukon River salmon to promote healthy people, cultures, and communities 

Tributaries
Yukon Territory
Takhini River
Big Salmon River
Little Salmon River (Yukon)
Nordenskiold River
Teslin River
Pelly River
Macmillan River
Stewart River
Nadaleen River
Lansing River
Hess River
Mayo River
McQuesten River
White River
Donjek River
Kluane River
Nisling River
Beaver Creek
Sixtymile River
Indian River
Klondike River
Fortymile River

Alaska
Tatonduk River
Seventymile River
Nation River
Kandik River
Charley River
Porcupine River
(tributaries in the Yukon)Miner tributaries
Fishing Branch
Bell River
Eagle River
Rock River (Yukon)
Driftwood River (Yukon)
Old Crow River
Bluefish River(tributaries in Alaska)Coleen River
Black River
Wood River
Bear Mountain Creek
Mountain Creek
Chandalar Creek
Sheenjek River
Sheenjek River East Fork
Koness River
Eskimo Creek
Christian River
Chandalar River
East Fork Chandalar River
Junjik River
Wind River
Middle Fork Chandalar River
North Fork Chandalar River
West Fork Chandalar River
Marten Creek
Birch Creek
Hadweenzic River
Beaver Creek
Hodzana River
Dall River
Ray River
Big Salt River
Hess Creek
Garnet Creek
Fish Creek
Texas Creek
Coal Creek
Tanana River
Nabesna River
Chisana River
Tetlin River
Goodpaster River
Delta River
Salcha River
Chena River
Wood River
Nenana River
Tolovana River
Kantishna River
NC Creek
Tozitna River
Bluebell Creek
Dagislakhna Creek
Banddana Creek
Blind River
Bering Creek
Nowitna River
Sulatna River
Big Creek
Beaver Creek
Glacier Creek
Melozitna River
Black Sand Creek
Little Melozitna River
Ruby Slough
Yuki River
East Fork Yuki River
Kala Creek
Kelly Creek
Galena Creek
Bishop Creek
Koyukuk River
Workyard Creek
Gisasa River
Kateel River
Dulbi River
Huslia River
Nulitna River
Tom Cook Slough
Billy Hawk Creek
Cutoff Slough
Hogatza River
Clear Creek
Batza River
Matthews Slough
Little Indian River
Indian River
Calamity Creek
Pocahontas Creek
Kanuti River
Discovery Creek
Alatna River
Siruk Creek
South Fork Koyokouk River
Jim River
Jane Creek
John River
North Fork Koyukuk River
Nulato River
Khotol River
Anvik River
Bonasila River
Stuyahok River
Innoko River
Paimiut Slough
Reindeer River
Iditarod River
Yetna River
First Chance Creek
Mud River
Dishna River
Coffee Creek
Tolstoi Creek
Madison Creek
Mastodon Creek
Hurst Creek
Taft Creek
Finland Creek
Scandinavian Creek
North Fork Innoko River
Tango Creek
West Fork North Fork Innoko River
Colorado Creek
Kako Creek
Engineer Creek
Reindeer River
Atchuelinguk River
Andreafsky River
Kashunuk River (distributary)

List of major tributaries
The main river and tributaries are (sorted in order from the mouth heading upstream):

In media
The Yukon River features as the setting for the 2015 National Geographic Channel series Yukon River Run 
The industrial metal band Lindemann wrote a song named "Yukon" on their first album Skills in Pills 

See also
Alaska salmon fishery
List of longest rivers of Canada
List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
List of rivers of Alaska
List of Yukon rivers
Steamboats of the Yukon River



ground_truth: Thaba Putsoa