prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the child of Peter Andreas Heiberg?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Peter Blum
Peter Emil Julius Blum (4 May 1925 – 5 December 1990) was an Afrikaans poet  As a child, he emigrated to the Union of South Africa with his family  From an early age Blum was already able to speak several languages, including German and Italian After studying literature at the University of Cape Town and at the University of Stellenbosch, he took up a position as a librarian in Cape Town and, later, in Kroonstad in the Orange Free State  Blum married Henrietta Cecilia Smit (born 3 November 1911, died 2002 in Worthing, Sussex, UK), a South African art teacher, in 1955 
His success as a poet was first affirmed in 1956 when he won the Reina Prinsen Geerligs Prize for his volume Steenbok tot poolsee (the title being a reference to the Tropic of Capricorn and the southern Antarctic Ocean, relating to the geographical location of South and Southern Africa) Blum was twice denied South African citizenship  Kannemeyer (1993) speculates that citizenship was denied because of Blum's vociferous opposition to the ruling National Party's policy of apartheid 
Frustrated by this turn of events, Blum and his wife left South Africa to resettle in the suburb of Hounslow in London During his imprisonment between 1975 and 1982, Breyten Breytenbach wrote the poem, Ballade van ontroue bemindes("Ballade of Unfaithful Lovers")  Inspired by François Villon's Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis, Breytenbach compared Afrikaner dissidents Peter Blum, Ingrid Jonker, and himself to unfaithful lovers, who had betrayed Afrikaans poetry by taking leave of it Peter Blum died in London on 5 December 1990, aged 65 

Works
Steenbok tot poolsee (1955) Tafelberg: Cape Town  ISBN 978-0-624-01581-9
Enklaves van die lig (1958) Human & Rousseau: Cape Town  ISBN 978-0-7981-3478-1
Passage 2:
Lee Eddy
Lee Eddy (born May 12, 1979) is an American stage actress, comedian and writer best known for her work on Red vs  Blue and Camp Camp 

Early life and career
She was born in Shreveport, Louisiana where as a child she was a member of The Peter Pan Players  Eddy regularly performs in Austin, Texas 
Eddy has been voted "Best Actress in Austin" in The Austin Chronicle's Reader poll for 2004, 2005 and 2006 She frequently works with Rooster Teeth, voicing the character of Four Seven Niner in Red vs  Blue, Gwen in their animated series, Camp Camp, and playing Lex in their live-action drama Day 5 

Personal life
She is married to actor and screenwriter Macon Blair and have a son Buck (born 2015) 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Passage 3:
Marshall Eriksen
Marshall Eriksen is a fictional character on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, portrayed by Jason Segel  Series co-creator Craig Thomas explained that he based Marshall and Lily on himself and his wife Rebecca 

Character overview
The series revolves around the adventures of the five main characters: Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) and his best friend Marshall, his friend and Marshall's girlfriend (later fiancee and wife) Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), friend Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and friend/love interest (and future love interest and wife to Barney Stinson) Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders) 
Marshall met Ted and Lily during their freshman year at Wesleyan University in 1996, and they moved into an apartment in New York City together after graduation  In the show's pilot episode, he proposes to Lily, inspiring Ted to start looking for the love of his life 
Marshall is fascinated by the paranormal, and has absolute faith that mythical creatures such as Sasquatch and the Loch Ness Monster are real  He has even discovered a paranormal event himself: a bizarre creature he names "the cockamouse"  He is also a huge fan of the Minnesota Vikings, much like his father 
Although very few references were made to identify Marshall's birthday, it can be assumed he was in the same school year as best friend and roommate Ted Mosby and then-girlfriend Lily Aldrin  In "The Yips" Marshall says he is 29  This episode aired in November 2007  This confirms Marshall's birth year to be either 1977 or 1978  Ted turned 30 on April 25, 2008 in "The Goat"  The dialogue in this episode implies that Lily, Marshall and Robin have not yet reached this milestone  In "Glitter", Lily says Marshall is 384 months old, thus 32 years, 1 week, 1 day and 21 hours old  Since the episode plays somewhere between November 9 (the date the previous episode played in) and November 24, 2010 (the date the next episode plays in) it can only be concluded that he was born between November 2 and November 14, 1978 

Life before first episode
Marshall was born and raised in St  Cloud, Minnesota, the youngest of three brothers  His last name, the fact that he is from Minnesota and his references to lutefisk suggests that he might be a Norwegian American  He has been shown to be extremely close to his family, particularly his father, Marvin (Bill Fagerbakke)  His relationships with his two older brothers, Marvin, Jr  and Marcus, was depicted in several episodes as involving pranks and  brutal fighting matches when they were teenagers  By the time the series begins, both of his brothers are married and have started families  It was depicted that his brothers were the ones who gave Marshall his very first car, a Pontiac Fiero, which had a cassette single stuck in it containing the song "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" 
In an episode it's shown Marshall starts smoking while still in high school and struggles to stop until his children are born 
After graduating from an unnamed St  Cloud high school, Marshall attended and received his B A  from Wesleyan University  He met both Lily and Ted during the move-in process  Ted was his first roommate in college  Marshall is shown to frequently smoke marijuana, though in the show, Future Ted refers to this as "eating a sandwich" in order to hide their past drug use from his children  In fact, Marshall is shown to have smoked marijuana before initially meeting Ted and confuses him for the dean of the school  Marshall is also shown to enjoy drinking to the point of intoxication in college  One of those times, he is involved in a hazing where he becomes so drunk that he streaks and proclaims himself "Beercules" following the drinking game "Edward 40-Hands", a reference to the film Edward Scissorhands, but instead of scissors for hands, the participant tapes 40 fl  oz  drinks to their hands 
Marshall and Ted became good friends after this  During a break during school, Marshall plans to drive back to Minnesota in his Fiero  Marshall offers Ted a ride to his own home in Shaker Heights saying that it is on the way, which Ted eventually accepts  They bond during a blizzard and over the song "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)"  Ted's friendship with Marshall is shown to help strengthen Lily and Marshall's early relationship, by him inviting her into their first roommate photo, Ted encouraging Marshall to commit to Lily, despite Marshall not having much prior relationship experience  Ted and Marshall would also take frequent roadtrips to Chicago to get pizza from their favorite shop  They also begin their tradition of watching the original Star Wars trilogy while in school together 
Marshall met Lily during the move-in process, when Lily was determined to meet him and found his room  She asked him to install her stereo for her and they were in love at first sight  They exclusively date through college, even when she studies abroad in Paris  Their nicknames for each other are "Lily-pad" and "Marsh-mallow" 
After graduating, Marshall and Ted move in together into the apartment in New York  Marshall is initially terrified of living in a large city, though he eventually overcomes his fear  He takes several years off, working in a clothing store, before attending  Columbia University Law School to receive his Juris Doctor (J D ) 

How I Met Your Mother
During the pilot episode, Marshall proposes to Lily  Throughout the series, his relationship with Lily progresses through their engagement, their break up when she decides to move to San Francisco for an art fellowship, Lily's eventual return to New York City and their attempt at a friendship outside of a romantic relationship, their reconciliation and re-engagement, their wedding, and finally their marriage 

Initial engagement
Marshall and Lily are initially engaged during the first season  Their engagement is what initially prompts Ted to begin pursuing marriage for himself 
Marshall at times is shown to feel left out of the hijinks that Ted and Barney get into without him, going so far as to drive to Philadelphia to have a "legendary" adventure with them 
Marshall is shown to be completely committed in spite of his sadness at being left out of Ted and Barney's "single man" shenanigans  In Best Prom Ever, he sneaks into a high school prom in order to provide Lily with sheet music for the song they want to dance to at their wedding, "Good Feeling" from the Violent Femmes album 
During this period, the couple is generally happy, but the instability of their engagement and relationship is foreshadowed in several episodes  In "Okay Awesome", Marshall is shown to be jealous of the fun that Barney and Ted have by going out to clubs while Lily wants to have a "grown up" wine and cheese party with other couples  In "Belly Full of Turkey", the couple go to Minnesota to visit Marshall's family for Thanksgiving  There, Lily vocalizes that she does not want to change her name, that she is hesitant about starting a family with Marshall, and that the couple are not on the same page about where they would raise their family if they chose to have children  In "Zip, Zip, Zip", Marshall and Lily are trapped in the apartment bathroom and openly discuss that they are sad about no longer having new milestones  This period of their relationship ends in the first season finale, "Come On", when Marshall discovers that Lily interviewed for an art fellowship in San Francisco  They have a fight, during which Lily claims that she was never going to actually take the fellowship, but due to Marshall's comments during the fight, she decides that she needed to take a break from the relationship in order to pursue her dream as an artist 
During this time, it was demonstrated that Marshall and Lily have a psychic connection and are able to communicate with each other through thought 

Break-up and Lily's return to New York
The second season begins with Marshall dealing with the break-up of his long-term relationship and engagement  He was shown to be extremely depressed during the first few months post-break-up  He becomes obsessed with credit card bills that are still sent to their apartment  This obsession leads him to believe that Lily returned to New York and didn't tell him, causing him to believe that she does not want to get back together  When he goes to a New York hotel shown on her credit card bill to confront her and the man that had answered the phone when he had called their room, he discovers that Lily had not returned, but had been a victim of identity fraud  This allows him to let go of the relationship 
He eventually tries dating, though most of his attempts are stymied by his friend Barney Stinson, who is later revealed to be intentionally sabotaging these attempts in order to ensure the reunification of Marshall and Lily 
Marshall, while single, misses parts of being in a relationship, such as having someone to attend concerts with and going to brunch, which his friends tell him is something that can only be done when in a couple  Marshall begins a "bromance" with his friend and fellow law student, Brad Morris (Joe Manganiello), who had also recently gone through a break-up  Marshall thinks that Brad is becoming too romantic for the relationship, which culminates in Marshall reluctantly agreeing to attend a wedding with him, only to arrive in front of Brad's apartment to see him with flowers  Marshall assumes that the flowers are for him and panics, but Brad reveals that he had gotten back together with his recent break-up 
When Marshall encountered Lily after her return to New York City, Lily proposed they get back together, saying that leaving him was a mistake and that she still loves him  Marshall refused and said that he also needed time to discover who he is outside the relationship 
Marshall managed to date one woman, a barista, who his friends claimed has "crazy eyes"  She tells him several outlandish stories, which are revealed to be true and caused by Lily, who is still obsessed with Marshall  At the end of their date, it is revealed that Lily had broken into the apartment to sabotage the date with a picture of Marshall and Lily together  This culminates with them making up and getting back together 

Second engagement and wedding
After reconciling, Marshall and Lily decide to elope in Atlantic City in order to avoid the judgment of Marshall's family for Lily having left him  They decide not to go through with it at the last moment and want to instead have a celebration with their families and friends present 
Marshall's friendship are further explored during this time in the episode "Slap Bet"  Marshall agrees to a bet with Barney about the reason Robin doesn't like malls  Marshall, being from Minnesota, believes that Robin doesn't like malls because she was married in one, as some people had done in the Mall of America  This results in Marshall being given several slaps which he inflict upon Barney throughout the series, because, although Robin was not married at a mall, Barney was incorrect that she had been in a pornographic film 
During this time, Marshall's first car dies  He reminisces with his friends about the times that they all shared in the car and is reluctant to scrap the vehicle  He reveals that he is unhappy with the corporate job he had been working and felt that only his old, beaten car kept him connected with the kind of man that he wanted to be 
Toward the end of the second season, before the wedding, when Ted is planning to move in with his girlfriend, Robin, it is shown that most of the possessions in the apartment belonged to Ted  Marshall and Lily, while still wanting to get married, learn that they are somewhat dependent on Ted  The couple is relieved when Ted ultimately decides not to move in with Robin and returns to the apartment 
On the day of their wedding, Marshall begins to have anxiety about the day and shave his head  To relieve some of the stress of the day, Marshall and Lily have a two ceremonies; first, one that is private and only their closest friends attend and the second one which is in before all of their guests 

Post-wedding
After their wedding, Marshall and Lily continue to live with Ted in the apartment for some time until they decide that they need to move out to be on their own  In "I'm Not That Guy" Marshall ends up taking a job working at another corporate position, though he is unhappy about doing so  He takes the job instead of pursuing his dream of working in environmental law after being offered his dream job working for the Natural Resources Defense Council in order to provide for Lily, who had helped to support him during law school on her kindergarten teacher's salary  He was informed that his only client at the corporate office would be an amusement park, which is shown to be equally awful as the other clients of the office 
With his new salary, Marshall believes that he is able to afford a new home and makes plans with Lily to purchase an apartment in "Dowisetrepla"  He finds out that Lily has massive credit card debt, which negatively affects their ability to get a good interest rate on a mortgage  They still decide to get the mortgage to afford the apartment, learn that "DOWISETREPLA" stands for "DOwn WInd of the SEwage TREatment PLAnt", which causes the area to reek of sewage when it is running during the week  Upon their initial move in to the apartment, they also discover that it is crooked and they temporarily move back in with Ted while the floors are levelled 
Marshall goes through several more life milestones  In "Spoiler Alert", he ends up passing the bar; then he ends up snapping when confronting his boss at the law office, resulting in Marshall quitting his job in "The Chain of Screaming" 
Marshall also confronts Ted about his behavior  Ted attempting to pursue a married woman deeply offends Marshall now that he is married 
Toward the beginning of season 4, it is revealed that Barney has gotten a job for Marshall working the fictional Goliath National Bank (GNB)  Lily and Marshall also discuss having a baby; initially Lily doesn't believe they are ready and Marshall does, but while working for GNB Marshall is extremely busy and while having to balance work with taking care of a drunken Lily, he realizes that he doesn't believe they are ready at that time and they decide to wait 
During this period of his life, Marshall reveals that he hates living in a small apartment in New York when visiting Ted's fiancee's home in New Jersey  He also reveals that he cannot fantasize about women other than Lily without first imagining that she has died and he has gone through a grieving process  It is shown in "The Sexless Innkeeper" that Lily and Marshall are terrible hosts during "couple's nights"  Marshall is apparently relegated to picking the cheese, because Lily is a gifted chef; Marshall takes this too far and is obsessed with the gouda during a night spent with Robin and Barney 
It is also shown that Ted somewhat resents Lily, because Marshall and Lily have become inseparable  Marshall is unable or unwilling to take road trips with Ted the way they would when they were both unmarried 

Attempts at pregnancy and death of Marshall's father
Eventually, Marshall and Lily decide to start trying for a baby  They agree to only do so once they have seen a doppelganger for each of their friends  Marshall decides that when Lily sees someone who looks nothing like Barney, however, and decides that it is his doppelganger, to not tell her and that it must mean that she is ready  They make this agreement during the formation of their friend group's tradition of going to "Robots vs Wrestlers" 
Marshall's relationship with his father is depicted around this time as being overly close  Lily was angered when she learned that Marshall had told his father that they were trying to conceive  Marshall realizes that while he loves his father and their relationship, he should keep some details of his private married life from him 
Marshall realizes that he would like his children to boys, due to some internalized misogyny after recalling how he spoke to and treated girls when he was in high school and various strippers he has seen with Barney  Marshall's father gives him advice on how to only conceive boys, based on their family traditions  Marshall learned that Lily had hoped for a girl and was trying her own absurd methods for guaranteeing a girl; they decide not to try to influence the sex of the baby while trying to conceive 
After trying for several months, Marshall and Lily to see a specialist hoping that they won't have issues conceiving  This is where they ultimately see Barney's true doppelganger, a gynecologist  Marshall is able to have an open and frank discussion about his worries with fertility with his parents, which he is later grateful to Lily for being able to have  They learn that they have no fertility issues 
The same day that they learn that they have no fertility issues, Marshall's father passes away from a heart attack  When Marvin dies Marshall is devastated, and takes a long time to recover; not to mention that during the episode "Last Words"  he struggles with remembering what Marvin's last words were to him  After the funeral, Marshall temporarily regresses to his teenage personality while staying with his mother under the guise of helping her to emotionally recover from Marvin's death 
Upon returning to New York, Marshall and Lily take a break from attempting to conceive, though by the season 6 finale, "Challenge Accepted", Lily is pregnant  Marshall leaves his job at GNB, hoping to start his career working in environmental law 

Pregnancy
After Marshall finds out that Lily is pregnant, he begins a new job working in an environmental law office  They begin to prepare their apartment for the baby's arrival and learn that they will be having a boy  During this time, Lily's paternal grandparents gift them their home on Long Island and despite Marshall wanting to move out of New York City to raise their children, they decide not to make any major decisions while Lily is having "pregnancy brain"  They do eventually begin moving into the home, much to the chagrin of their friends  At this time, Lily's father also moves in with them 
After realizing that they do not enjoy living in the home on Long Island, Marshall and Lily are informed by Ted that they were never taken off the lease  Ted decided to move out of the apartment and gifts it to them  They happily move back, taking Ted's bedroom and converting Marshall's old room into the baby's nursery 
Toward the end of Lily's pregnancy, Marshall demonstrates his anxiety about beginning parenthood; he panics about their (perceived) lack of preparation for when the baby comes  Lily is frustrated by this and has him sent on a trip to Atlantic City with Barney, so that she can have some quiet time before the baby comes  She goes into labor while Marshall is away 

Beginning of parenthood and dream job
Marshall is able to return to New York in time for the birth of their son, whom they name after Marshall's late father, Marvin  Marshall also promised Barney that they would give Marvin the middle name "Wait-for-it"  After returning home from the hospital, Marshall and Lily institute a new rule that their friends cannot come them with personal problems unless they are an 8 out of 10 or higher; this results in the couple not being aware of the struggles in their friends' lives, which the come to regret and rescind the rule after trying to find out whom they will appoint to be Marvin's godparents 
During this time, they agree to hire Lily's father Mickey as Marvin's nanny after Mickey recounts to Lily how he took care of her as a stay-at-home parent when she was young 
Marshall, now working his dream job, starts having new challenges there as well  He learns that his boss believes that the environment is already too devastated to save, so Marshall, to save the planet for his newborn son, marshals the office into being more aggressive when suing a pharmaceutical company   He also learns that he is not a credible reference, because he is too willing to approve of others; he learns this when he is a reference for his friend Brad, who actually works for the adverse pharmaceutical company on their big case and steals some of their work for the case  In the show, this is shown to be bad for Marshall's case, but in actuality, would have been detrimental for the pharmaceutical company under the Laws of Civil Procedure disallowing this type of activity  Marshall was still able to overcome this and win at trial, but the judge awards him a pittance  This inspires him to seek a position as a judge in New York 

Career conflicts
After he submits his application for a judge position, Lily starts a new career as a fine-arts consultant for Ted's now ex-girlfriend's ex-husband, The Captain  Marshall was at first supportive, but once Lily started, she began to spend very little time at home and he grew frustrated with feeling like he was handling more than his fair share of the parenting responsibilities  After communicating this to Lily, she helps to even the parenting load more 
After this, Lily was offered an opportunity to move to Rome to consult for the Captain  which she turns down so that Marshall can continue pursuing his dream job of working in environmental law  Marshall then reveals that since the disappointing outcome of the case, the office has functionally been shut down from a lack a clients  Marshall told her that he would be thrilled to move to Italy, so Lily took the position 
Marshall's mother then learns from Lily that they are planning to move to Italy and she wants to spend time with her grandson before they leave  Marshall flies out to Minnesota where he receives a phone call granting him a recently vacated judgeship  In the last episode of the eighth season, he had applied to become a judge, deciding that this is where he will be able to make the most impact  He accepts the judgeship without discussing it with Lily  This effectively cancelled their plans to move to Italy 

Robin and Barney's wedding weekend
Marshall spent time on the road trying to find his way back to New York City from Minnesota with his new companion Daphne who worked for an oil corporation  They initially butted heads, but became friends during their travels, bonding over their shared frustration with Ted's step-father and sharing their struggles with various aspects of parenthood  While Marshall was separated from Lily, she missed him so much that she attached a tablet to a body pillow so that he could be present for their conversations  She named it "Marsh-pillow" after him 
He has several attempts at trying to hide that he took the judgeship from Lily while he is on the road, but ultimately comes clean to her when he arrives at the wedding venue  He decided to do so because he didn't want to have any secrets from his wife 
Lily and Marshall had a fight about him accepting the position without first discussing it with her  After Lily stormed out, Marshall considered the consequences of the fight by having a discussion with his internal monologue which he pictured as his father and Lily from 10 years ago  He came to the conclusion that he doesn't want to win a fight over their careers, but wants them both to be happy  Lily and Marshall reconciled and Lily told Marshall to take the job, even though he was willing to give it up for her to be happy  Marshall soon learned that this was because Lily found out that she was pregnant with their second child  Marshall decided that since she has provided him with so much happiness from having a family, that he wanted to make her happy and agreed to move to Rome for her and her career 

Post Stinson-Scherbatsky wedding
The series finale, "Last Forever", reveals that he worked for another corporate firm after returning to New York, until another judge's seat opened up for him  In the year 2020, he is elected to the New York State Supreme Court  It is also shown that Marshall and Lily have a daughter for their second child, whom they name Daisy after the flower whose pot Lily stuck her pregnancy test into  Additionally, it is revealed that Lily becomes pregnant a third time, though the gender and name are not revealed  This pregnancy happens around the same time as Robin and Barney's divorce  Marshall and Lily eventually help their oldest son, Marvin, move into Wesleyan where they met 

How I Met Your Father
Though Marshall does not himself appear in the How I Met Your Father spinoff, it is revealed that by 2022, his, Ted's and Lily's apartment has been sold to Jesse who is roommates with Sid who also own the swords left behind 

Relationships
Lily Aldrin
Marshall and Lily meet on their first day of college and fall in love at first sight  They move in together and eventually get engaged  In the final episode of the first season, Lily breaks off their engagement to accept a painting fellowship in San Francisco  Marshall falls into a deep depression, but nevertheless refuses to take Lily back when she returns to New York  They eventually reconcile, however, and get married in the end of the second season  They initially have trouble conceiving a child, but Lily finally gets pregnant at the end of the sixth season, and gives birth to a boy, Marvin, at the end of the seventh Marshall and Lily are soul mates; they do virtually everything together, tell each other about every minute detail of their lives, and have only had sex with each other  They can even understand each other perfectly when they are seemingly incoherent, such as when Lily is trying to speak through bouts of morning sickness or when Marshall is speaking in pseudo-Italian gibberish Throughout the final season, which takes place over one weekend, Marshall travels with Marvin to the Farhampton Inn, where Robin and Barney are getting married  He struggles with telling Lily about his new job, as it conflicts with her dream of working as an art consultant in Rome  When he finds out she is pregnant with their second child, however, he gives up the judgeship and agrees to go to Rome with her and their new family By the end of the series, Marshall and Lily have three children: Marvin, Daisy, and a third child whose name is never revealed 

Ted Mosby
Marshall and Ted are college roommates and best friends  They first bonded during an ill-fated college road trip  Marshall and Lily consider Ted a part of their family, their "third Musketeer"  Ted helps Marshall recover when he and Lily briefly break up  Along with the other main characters, Marshall is by Ted's side during every major event in his life, including a serious car accident, being left at the altar, and, finally, Ted's marriage to the titular Mother  Ted is best man at Marshall's wedding, and Marshall does the honors when Ted gets married in the series finale 

Barney Stinson
Marshall and Barney know each other through Ted, Barney having taken it upon himself to "teach them how to live"  Along with the other characters, Marshall is both amused and horrified by Barney's promiscuity, deceptiveness and penchant for over-the-top schemes  Barney has shown himself to be a good friend, however; he gets Marshall an internship, persuades Lily to return to New York from San Francisco, and gets him his job at Goliath National Bank  Barney serves as "co-best man" (along with Ted) at Marshall and Lily's wedding  Along with Ted, Lily, and the Mother, Marshall is present for the birth of Barney's daughter in the series finale In the episode "Slap Bet", Barney loses a bet with Marshall and agrees to let Marshall slap him five times at random occasions "throughout eternity", which is later extended to eight  Marshall administers these slaps in the episodes "Slap Bet", "Stuff", "Slapsgiving", "Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap", "Disaster Averted", "Slapsgiving 3: Slappointment in Slapmarra", and "The End of the Aisle" 

Robin Scherbatsky
During the first season, Marshall and Robin are friends, but he nevertheless advises Ted to forget about his unrequited love for her  When the two finally get together, however, he accepts her as a permanent part of the group, and continues to do so after they break up  When Robin quits her job, he and Lily take her in to live with them, and do so again in the seventh season after Robin breaks up with her boyfriend, Kevin (Kal Penn)  Marshall asks her to move out when it becomes clear that Ted has unrequited feelings for her  However, he has an ongoing bet with Lily that Robin and Ted will end up together, which he eventually wins in 2030 
A running joke throughout the series is that Marshall believes that Robin is attracted to him, despite all evidence to the contrary 
When Robin  briefly leaves the group in 2016, as portrayed in the series finale, Marshall resents her for it, but nevertheless welcomes her back four years later to celebrate Ted's wedding 
Passage 4:
Johan Ludvig Heiberg (poet)
Johan Ludvig Heiberg (14 December 1791 – 25 August 1860), Danish poet, playwright, literary critic, literary historian son of the political writer Peter Andreas Heiberg (1758–1841), and of the novelist, afterwards the Baroness Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, was born in Copenhagen  He promoted Hegelian philosophy and introduced vaudeville to Denmark 

Biography
In 1800 his father was exiled and settled in Paris, where he was employed in the French foreign office, retiring in 1817 with a pension  His political and satirical writings continued to exercise great influence over his fellow countrymen  Johan Ludvig Heiberg was taken by K L  Rahbek and his wife into their house, Bakkehuset (now part of the Danish Maritime Safety Administration)  He was educated at the University of Copenhagen, and his first publication, entitled The Theatre for Marionettes (1814), included two romantic dramas  This was followed by Christmas Jokes and New Years Tricks (1816), The Initiation of Psyche (1817), and The Prophecy of Tycho Brahe, a satire on the eccentricities of the Romantic writers, especially on the sentimentality of Ingemann  These works attracted attention at a time when Baggesen, Oehlenschläger and Ingemann possessed the popular ear, and were understood at once to be the opening of a great career 
In 1817 Heiberg took his degree, and in 1819 went abroad with a grant from government  He proceeded to Paris, and spent the next three years there with his father  In 1822 he published his drama Nina and was made professor of the Danish language at the University of Kiel, where he delivered a course of lectures, comparing the Scandinavian mythology as found in the Edda with the poems of Oehlenschläger  These lectures were published in German in 1827 
In 1825 Heiberg came back to Copenhagen for the purpose of introducing the vaudeville on the Danish stage  He composed a great number of these vaudevilles, of which the best known are King Solomon and George the Hatmaker (1825); April Fools (1826); A Story in Rosenborg Garden (1827); Kjøge Huskors (1831); The Danes in Paris (1833); No (1836); and Yes (1839)  He took his models from the French theatre, but showed extraordinary skill in blending the words and the music; but the subjects and the humour were essentially Danish and even topical 

Meanwhile he was producing dramatic work of a more serious kind; in 1828 he brought out the national drama of Elves' Hill (Danish: Elverhøi); in 1830 The Inseparables; in 1835 the fairy comedy of The Elves, a dramatic version of Tieck's Elfin; and in 1838 Fata Morgana  In 1841 Heiberg published a volume of New Poems containing A Soul after Death, a comedy which is perhaps his masterpiece, The Newly Wedded Pair, and other pieces 
He edited from 1827 to 1830 the famous weekly, the Flyvende Post (The Flying Post), and subsequently the Interimsblade (1834–1837) and the Intelligensblade (1842–1843)  In his journalism he carried on his warfare against the excessive pretensions of the Romanticists, and produced much valuable and penetrating criticism of art and literature  In 1831 he married the great actress Johanne Luise Pätges (1812–1890), the author of some popular vaudevilles 
Heiberg's scathing satires, however, made him very unpopular; and this antagonism reached its height when, in 1845, he published his malicious little drama of The Nut Crackers  Nevertheless he became in 1849 director of the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen  He filled the post for seven years, working with great zeal and conscientiousness, but was forced by intrigues from without to resign it in 1856 
Heiberg died at Bonderup Manor, near Ringsted, on 25 August 1860 

Philosophy
Heiberg's speculative philosophy had relation to Hegel and Kierkegaard, and dealt a lot with the perception of God  His work Om Vaudevillen (1826) has been described as an attack to Dilettantism, "a curse on the age's materialism or atheism in art, a critical attack on the prevailing aesthethics of content," as well as "a strong defense of true science," lifelong study, free laughter, satire and comedy  Heiberg tried to reconcile Hegel's philosophy with Christianity, for instance, equating Hegel's concept of Spirit, with the view of the Christian God; at other times he seems to prefer the Christian doctrine 

Legacy
His influence upon taste and critical opinion was greater than that of any writer of his time, and can only be compared with that of Holberg in the 18th century  Most of the poets of the Romantic movement in Denmark were very grave and serious; Heiberg added the element of humour, elegance and irony  He had the genius of good taste, and his witty and delicate productions stand almost unique in the literature of his country  First of all he created a Danish critical tradition based upon firm and consequent principles of aesthetics breaking with the often extremely subjective and occasional value judgements of his predecessors  In return he has not avoided being regarded a conservative formalist and elitist by posterity and the reaction against his line was already started by Georg Brandes who was, however, affected by his school too  At any rate most of later Danish critics had to make up their mind about his ideas 
The poetical works of Heiberg were collected, in 11 vols, in 1861–1862, and his prose writings (11 vols) in the same year  The last volume of his works contains fragments of autobiography  See also Georg Brandes, Essays (1889)  For the elder Heiberg see monographs by Thaarup (1883) and by Schwanenflügel (1891) 
Passage 5:
The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress
The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress (Danish: Krisen og en Krise i en Skuespillerindes Liv) was a series of articles written by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1847 and published in the Danish newspaper Fædrelandet (The Fatherland) in 1848 under the pseudonym Inter et Inter 
The actress in question is Johanne Luise Heiberg, the wife of Johan Ludvig Heiberg, although she is not mentioned by name in the articles  Johanne Luise was a popular and leading lady of the Danish stage at the time and she had written an autobiographical reflection of her life, in which she praised Kierkegaard for his insight into her art 
The Crisis discusses the life of a young actress' metamorphosis into a mature refined woman  When the actress first starts out in her career she is admired for her beauty, youthfulness, and novelty  Years later, although these accidental attributes are fading, she is still a talented actress, and she now possesses the experience and reflection needed for a truly aesthetic performance  The theme revolves around the transitions from the aesthetic stage of life to the ethical stage of life, and how a person in the ethical stage of life is still capable of aesthetic enjoyment 
Although Kierkegaard was writing philosophical-religious works at this time, such as Works of Love, Kierkegaard wrote The Crisis to show that a religious author can still write and appreciate aesthetic concerns  "The world is indeed so weak that, when it believes that a person who proclaims the religious is incapable of the aesthetic, it overlooks the religious" 
Passage 6:
Peter Ostrum
Peter Gardner Ostrum ( OH-strəm; born November 1, 1957) is an American veterinarian and former child actor, whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory  
Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka   Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film, he opted not to sign a three-film contract when it was over   After eschewing a career in film and theater, Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role   In 1990, he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film, and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to theaters 
Ostrum became interested in his family's horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka, and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian who tended to them   He received a Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984   As of 2021, Ostrum practiced and lived in Glenfield, New York with his wife Loretta (née Lepkowski), having raised two children 

Personal life
Peter Gardner Ostrum was born in Dallas on November 1, 1957, to Dean Gardner Ostrum (1922–2014) and Sarepta Mabel (née Pierpont; 1922–2021)   He is the youngest of four children   Ostrum was living in Cleveland at age twelve—a city of which he was described as a native by MSNBC, and later attended North Hunterdon Regional High School in Hunterdon County, New Jersey Ostrum married Loretta M  Lepkowski in 1987 or 1988   The couple have two children, Helenka and Leif, with the latter following his father onto the stage as the leading actor in several South Lewis Central School musicals   Ostrum and his wife lived in Glenfield, New York as recently as 2021 

Willy Wonka
Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children's theater, when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for an actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory   The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel, then returned to New York   Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming   Ostrum left for Munich on August 10, 1970 

In 2000, Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was "sort of like being an exchange student for five months"   Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark, for the 1972 Summer Olympics, and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson   As Ostrum had not worked in film before, Wilder took it upon himself to instruct the young actor in the business   Ostrum would later describe Wilder as a quirky yet gentle gentleman who "treated people with respect and dignity "  The bond that developed between the two actors was such that, even though they never saw each other again after filming Wonka, Ostrum described Wilder's 2016 death as "like losing a parent" Ostrum was tutored on-set for three hours a day, though sometimes only for 30–60 minutes at a time   Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed, it was Ostrum's own singing voice that made it to the screen—albeit significantly cut   In a 2011 interview, Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film, and later on asked him how he got it because he had forgotten that he had done so; it is Ostrum's only souvenir from the set After he finished shooting Willy Wonka, the then 13-year-old Ostrum declined David L  Wolper's offer of a three-film contract   The teenager confided in Frawley Becker, his Willy Wonka dialogue coach, that he turned down the contract to retain "the freedom to choose what he played, and in what picture "  (Ostrum and Becker remained friends through at least 1996 )  In January 2018, Ostrum said he sometimes misses acting—though not its hurry-up-and-wait nature—but feels he dodged having to make the transition from child- to adult-actor As of January 2018, Ostrum still received US$8–9 (equivalent to $9–10 in 2022) of royalty payments about every three months 

Lasting effect
In his senior year, Ostrum was involved in film class and, at the interest of one of his instructors, looked back into theater and acting   After auditioning for, but not landing, several roles (including for Alan Strang in Equus on Broadway), Ostrum decided not to pursue it further   After putting his short film career behind him, Ostrum declined reporters and interviews, preferring not to speak on the subject; "I wanted people to judge me on who I was, not what I’d done"   For some time, Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother, and not he, had starred in the film   It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville, New York, before he told anybody there about his one-time stardom; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother Since 1990, Ostrum has spoken to students at Lowville Academy once a year—on the last day of school, as a special treat—about his experience in Willy Wonka as well as his work in veterinary medicine   The students chiefly ask about the film's special effects, and Ostrum describes to them "what happened to Veruca, how did Violet blow up like a blueberry, how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe, all those types of questions "  Ostrum also accepted an invitation to appear at the 2018 Snowtown Film Festival in Watertown, New York, answering audience questions after a screening of the film; "it’s in my backyard—it's become a popular event in January and I like to support local events "  Ostrum said of the 2018 event that he enjoyed re-watching the film, and that people ask him "great questions "  Ostrum has been called "the most famous man in Lowville", where the local video rental shop twice wore out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory In the run-up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005, Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1's list of "100 Greatest Kid Stars" (at 78th)   On the new film, Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole, saying that "It's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it's been redecorated "  Ultimately, the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone, and requested "please, no more interviews "In January 2009, Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) at South Station in Boston; Ostrum's participation connected the MBTA's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka   The promotion also gave out one "golden ticket", worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin' Donuts coffee for 2009 In October 2000, Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD   In a 2010 interview, Wonka co-star Denise Nickerson (Violet Beauregarde) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen (Wonka's Mike Teevee) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film's release in 2011 

Veterinary career
Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming Willy Wonka, his family acquired a horse; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse, it was the animal's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him   Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college, Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania   Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood, and even visited California for a week to "test the waters" there   He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead, feeling that he would forever berate himself if he did not   In 1984, Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine As of June 2022, Ostrum worked in Lowville, New York both as a veterinarian with the Countryside Veterinary Clinic (working mainly with horses and cows) and as a managing partner with Dairy Health & Management Services   Ostrum also took part in Veterinarians on Call, a Pfizer-funded video series that highlighted the work of large animal veterinarians 
Passage 7:
Cooper Glacier
The Cooper Glacier (85°30′S 164°30′W) is a tributary glacier, 15 nautical miles (30 km) long, flowing northeast between Butchers Spur and the Quarles Range to enter the south side of Axel Heiberg Glacier, in the Queen Maud Mountains  It was discovered by R  Admiral Byrd on several plane flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929, and named by him for Kent Cooper, an official of the Associated Press 
Passage 8:
Peter Shockey
Peter Shockey (born 1955) is an American filmmaker and screenwriter 
He has received a New York City Film Festival award for his television film Life After Life (1992)  In addition, both he and his works have appeared on talk shows and television shows such as Oprah and the 700 Club 
Peter co-wrote the book Journey of Light with Stowe D  Shockey and its focus is to implement her experience as an abused child in order to help others  Peter and Stowe both live in Nashville, Tennessee 
Currently, he is working as a professor of Media Production & Writing classes at Webster University in Tashkent 

Books
Journey of Light: Stories of Dawn after Darkness (co-wrote with Stowe D  Shockey, Doubleday, 2007  ISBN 978-0-385-50126-2
Passage 9:
A Little Bit of Love (Andreas Johnson song)
"A Little Bit of Love" is a song written by Andreas Johnson and Peter Kvint, and performed by Andreas Johnson at Melodifestivalen 2007  The song participated in the semifinale in Gävle on 24 February 2007, heading directly to the finals inside the Stockholm Globe Arena on 10 March 2007, finishing second  On 5 March 2007 the single was released  The single peaked at third position at the Swedish singles chart, and became a major radio hit both at Sveriges Radio and the commercial stadions 
The song also charted at Svensktoppen, entering the chart on 8 April 2007 on 2nd position  On 15 April 2007 the song topped the chart  On 19 August 2007 the song was at Svensktoppen for 20th and final time  before getting knocked out the upcoming week 

Single track listing
A Little Bit of Love
A Little Bit of Love (PJ Harmony Remix Version)

Charts
Passage 10:
Eetookashoo Bay
Eetookashoo Bay is a waterway in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada  It is located at the northern end of Axel Heiberg Island between Cape Thomas Hubbard and Cape Stallworthy  The bay is named in honor of Eetookashoo (Itukassuk), one of the Inuit who had traveled with Frederick Cook and Donald Baxter MacMillan 
Passage 11:
Villa Foscari
Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio  It is also known as La Malcontenta ("The Discontented"), a nickname which—according to a legend—it received when the spouse of one of the Foscaris was locked up in the house because she allegedly did not live up to her conjugal duty 

Architecture
The villa was commissioned by the brothers Nicolò and Alvise (Luigi) Foscari, members of a patrician Venetian family that produced Francesco Foscari, one of Venice's most noted doges  It was built between 1558 and 1560  It is located beside the Brenta canal and is raised on a pedestal, which is characteristic of Palladio's villas; this pedestal is more massive than most of Palladio's villas (the base is 11 feet (3 4 m) high, more than twice the height Palladio normally used) because it was not possible to construct a subterranean basement on the site 
The villa lacks the agricultural buildings which were an integral part of some of the other Palladian villas  It was used for official receptions, such as that given for Henry III of France in 1574  It has been proposed that the villa was the home of Portia called Belmont in The Merchant of Venice Villa Foscari's thermal windows inspired the ones used on the façade of Villa Toeplitz in Varese 

Interior
The interior of the villa is richly decorated with frescoes by Battista Franco and Giambattista Zelotti 
Mythological scenes from Ovid alternate with allegories of the Arts and Virtues  As at other Palladian villas, the paintings reflect villa life in, for example, Astraea showing Jove the pleasures of the Earth  The frescoes have dulled over time, signs of the increasing threat that air pollution poses to works of art 

Recent history
The British travel writer Robert Byron visited the villa in 1933 and afterwards wrote that bon vivant Albert Clinton Landsberg had, nine years earlier, found the villa "at the point of ruin, doorless and windowless, a granary of indeterminate farm-produce  He has made it a habitable dwelling  The proportion of the great hall and state rooms are a mathematical paean " The villa had indeed been vacated in the early 19th century, the surrounding stables and other buildings had fallen apart and were demolished by Austrian troops during the 1848 uprisings  At the end of the 19th century however, banker Baron Frédéric Emile d'Erlanger, based in Paris and London, had found the house in the above described condition, then leased the villa from the Foscari family, and undertook some renovation work  Bertie Landsberg had purchased the villa in 1926, together with his friends Paul Rodocanachi and Catherine, Baroness d'Erlanger, the daughter-in-law of the former tenant  The new owners renovated the house and gardens and invited members of the high-society to lavish salons during summer seasons: choreographer Sergei Diaghilev, dancers Boris Kochno and Serge Lifar, writer Paul Morand, architect Le Corbusier, Winston Churchill, among others  Bertie Landsberg, issue of an originally Jewish banking family, as the Erlangers, fled the Italian Fascists in 1939 and only returned to the villa in 1947  Kate d'Erlanger moved to Beverly Hills  In 1965, the English architect Claud Phillimore, 4th Baron Phillimore (1911–1994) inherited the villa from Landsberg  He began restoration, but sold the house in 1973 to count Antonio ("Tonci") Foscari (b  1938), a descendant of the former owners and professor for architecture and preservation  He and his wife, Barbara del Vicario, undertook a painstaking process of restoring it to its original grandeur  In 2012, Foscari wrote of the villa's renaissance Since 1996 the building has been conserved as part of the World Heritage Site "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto"  Today, the villa is open to the public for visits on a limited basis 

See also
Ca' Foscari
Palladian Villas of the Veneto
Palladian architecture
Passage 12:
André Duchesne
André Duchesne (French: [dyʃɛːn]; sometimes spelled Du Chesne, Latinized Andreas Chesneus, Andreas Quercetanus, or Andreas Querneus; May 1584 – 30 May 1640) was a French geographer and historian, generally styled the father of French history 
Duchesne was born in L'Île-Bouchard   He was educated at Loudun and afterwards at Paris  From his earliest years he devoted himself to historical and geographical research, and his first work, Egregiarum seu selectarum lectionum et antiquitatum liber, published in his eighteenth year, displayed great erudition  He enjoyed the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu, a native of the same district with himself, through whose influence he was appointed historiographer and geographer to the king He died in Paris in 1640, in consequence of having been run over by a carriage when on his way from the city to his country house at Verrières 

Works
Duchesne's works were very numerous and varied, and in addition to what he published, he left behind him more than 100 folio volumes of manuscript extracts now preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale (L  Delisle, Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque impériale, t  L, 333–334)  Several of his larger works were continued by his only son François Duchesne (1616–1693), who succeeded him in the office of historiographer to the king The principal works of André Duchesne are Les Antiquités et recherches de la grandeur et majesté des rois de France (Paris, 1609), Les Antiquités et recherches des villes, châteaux, &c , de toute la France (Paris, 1609), Histoire d'Angleterre, d'Ecosse, et d'Irelande (Paris, 1614), Histoire des Papes jusqu'à Paul V (Paris, 1619), Histoire des rois, ducs, et comtes de Bourgogne (1619–1628, 2 vols  fol ), Historiae Normanorum scriptores antiqui (1619, fol , now the only source for some of the texts), and his Historiae Francorum scriptores (5 vols  fol , 1636–1649) This last was intended to comprise 24 volumes, and to contain the narrative sources for French history in the Middle Ages; only two volumes were published by the author, his son François published three more, and the work remained unfinished  Besides these Duchesne published a great number of genealogical histories of illustrious families, of which the best is that of the house of Montmorency  His Histoire des cardinaux francais (2 vols  101  1660–1666) and Histoire des chanceliers et gardes des sceaux de France (1630) were published by his son François  André also published a translation of the Satires of Juvenal, and editions of the works of Alcuin, Abelard, Alain Chartier and Étienne Pasquier 

Les Antiquités et recherches de la grandeur et majesté des rois de France (Paris, 1609)
Les Antiquités et recherches des villes, châteaux, &c , de toute la France (Paris, 1609)
Histoire d'Angleterre, d'Écosse, et d'Irlande (Paris, 1614)
Bibliothèque des auteurs qui ont écrit l'histoire et la topographie de la France, 1618
Histoire des Papes jusqu'à Paul V (Paris, 1619)
Histoire des rois, ducs, et comtes de Bourgogne (1619–1628, 2 volumes fol )
Grande Histoire de la Maison de Vergy, (Paris, 1625)
Annales Francorum Mettenses (Paris, 1626) also known as Annals of Metz 
Historiae Normanorum scriptores antiqui (1619)
Histoire de la Maison de Chastillon sur Marne, Paris, 1621
Historiae Francorum scriptores (5 volumes fol , 1636–1649)
Passage 13:
Margareta von Ascheberg
Margareta von Ascheberg (9 July 1671 – 26 October 1753) was a Swedish land owner, noble and acting regiment colonel during the Great Northern War 

Early life and marriage
Margareta von Ascheberg was the youngest child of Field Marshal Rutger von Ascheberg and Magdalena Eleonora Busseck  
On 26 January 1691, she married colonel count Kjell Christopher Barnekow (d  1700) in Malmö  As was the custom of the Swedish nobility as that time, she kept her name after marriage and style herself »Grevinnan Ascheberg» (Countess Ascheberg)  The couple had four children  She accompanied her spouse on his military commissions: she gave birth to their youngest sons during the Bombardment of Brussels in 1695  
At the outbreak of the Great Northern War, Kjell Christopher Barnekow was called to Sweden and appointed colonel of the Scanian dragoons, which he undertook to equip himself  However, he died very suddenly and unexpectedly of a fever 19 December 1700 before he had the time to fulfill his task 

Madame Colonel
As a widow, Margareta von Ascheberg was left with the responsibility of her four minor children and the management of their estates as well as the other responsibilities of her late spouse  This included the task of the command and equipment of his Scanian regiment  She was not freed from this responsibility, and the acting colonel Kr  A  v  Buchwaldt was appointed to see that she fulfilled her task  In the spring of 1702, she had performed the task of a colonel by having organized and equipped the regiment and appointed its officers ready for inspection by the royal command and ready to serve in the war  She also sat at the inspection office of the regiment when it was sent to war from Kristianstad  
During the war, she took care of the continued equipment and affairs of the regiment, and exchanged letters with Charles XII of Sweden about its appointments and promotions  She was called "Coloneless" or Madame Colonel  She was admired for "The energy and care, with which she performed her unusual task, a circumstance, which in other cases would seem impossible for a woman" 

Estate management
Margareta von Ascheberg was also given the responsibility of the estates of her spouse, including Vittskövle, Rosendal and Örtofta in Scania, Gammel-Kjöge on Själland, Ralsvik and Streu on Rügen, and she also added the estate of Ugerup in Scania to it  She herself inherited and acquired the additional estates of Eliinge, Sövdeborg and Tosterup  
She was a very successful business person and land owner and recommended for her efficiency  She founded schools, hospitals and gave anonymous donations to the poor in the parishes of her estates, and in contrast to other contemporary land owners, such as the hated Christina Piper, she managed to make herself popular among her employees  She was called "A true mother of the household" and was admired for her "unusual accomplishment, which should not be interpreted dishonestly, as the whole of Scania can testify for it to be truthful"  In the parish of Vittskövle, where she preferred to reside, "The Ascheberg woman" became a respected figure of folklore 

See also
Maria Sofia De la Gardie
Passage 14:
Hansen's problem
Hansen's problem is a problem in planar surveying, named after the astronomer Peter Andreas Hansen (1795–1874), who worked on the geodetic survey of Denmark  There are two known points A and B, and two unknown points P1 and P2  From P1 and P2 an observer measures the angles made by the lines of sight to each of the other three points   The problem is to find the positions of P1 and P2  See figure; the angles measured are (α1, β1, α2, β2) 
Since it involves observations of angles made at unknown points, the problem is an example of resection (as opposed to intersection) 

Solution method overview
Define the following angles: 
γ = P1AP2, δ = P1BP2, φ = P2AB, ψ = P1BA 
As a first step we will solve for φ and ψ 
The sum of these two unknown angles is equal to the sum of β1 and β2, yielding the equation

  
    
      
        ϕ
        +
        ψ
        =
        
          β
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          β
          
            2
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle \phi +\psi =\beta _{1}+\beta _{2} }
  A second equation can be found more laboriously, as follows   The law of sines yields

  
    
      
        
          
            
              A
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
              B
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ϕ
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{P_{2}B}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{2}}{\sin \phi }}}
   and

  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  1
                
              
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  1
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              δ
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {P_{2}B}{P_{1}P_{2}}}={\frac {\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta }} }
  Combining these, we get

  
    
      
        
          
            
              A
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  1
                
              
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  2
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  1
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ϕ
              sin
              ⁡
              δ
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{P_{1}P_{2}}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \phi \sin \delta }} }
  Entirely analogous reasoning on the other side yields

  
    
      
        
          
            
              A
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  1
                
              
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  1
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ψ
              sin
              ⁡
              γ
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{P_{1}P_{2}}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}{\sin \psi \sin \gamma }} }
  Setting these two equal gives

  
    
      
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ϕ
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ψ
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              γ
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  2
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  1
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              δ
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  1
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        k
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \phi }{\sin \psi }}={\frac {\sin \gamma \sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta \sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}}=k }
  Using a known trigonometric identity this ratio of sines can be expressed as the tangent of an angle difference:

  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        
          
            
              ϕ
              −
              ψ
            
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              k
              −
              1
            
            
              k
              +
              1
            
          
        
        tan
        ⁡
        
          
            
              ϕ
              +
              ψ
            
            2
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle \tan {\frac {\phi -\psi }{2}}={\frac {k-1}{k+1}}\tan {\frac {\phi +\psi }{2}} }
  Where 
  
    
      
        
          k
          =
        
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ϕ
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ψ
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {k=}{\frac {\sin \phi }{\sin \psi }} }
  
This is the second equation we need  Once we solve the two equations for the two unknowns 
  
    
      
        ϕ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \phi }
   and 
  
    
      
        ψ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \psi }
  , we can use either of the two expressions above for 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              A
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  1
                
              
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{P_{1}P_{2}}}}
   to find P1P2 since AB is known   We can then find all the other segments using the law of sines 

Solution algorithm
We are given four angles (α1, β1, α2, β2) and the distance AB   The calculation proceeds as follows:

Calculate 
  
    
      
        γ
        =
        π
        −
        
          α
          
            1
          
        
        −
        
          β
          
            1
          
        
        −
        
          β
          
            2
          
        
        ,
        
        δ
        =
        π
        −
        
          α
          
            2
          
        
        −
        
          β
          
            1
          
        
        −
        
          β
          
            2
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma =\pi -\alpha _{1}-\beta _{1}-\beta _{2},\quad \delta =\pi -\alpha _{2}-\beta _{1}-\beta _{2} }
  
Calculate 
  
    
      
        k
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              γ
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  2
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  1
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              δ
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  1
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle k={\frac {\sin \gamma \sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta \sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}} }
  
Let 
  
    
      
        s
        =
        
          β
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          β
          
            2
          
        
        ,
        
        d
        =
        2
        arctan
        ⁡
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  k
                  −
                  1
                
                
                  k
                  +
                  1
                
              
            
            tan
            ⁡
            (
            s
            
              /
            
            2
            )
          
          ]
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle s=\beta _{1}+\beta _{2},\quad d=2\arctan \left[{\frac {k-1}{k+1}}\tan(s/2)\right]}
   and then 
  
    
      
        ϕ
        =
        (
        s
        +
        d
        )
        
          /
        
        2
        ,
        
        ψ
        =
        (
        s
        −
        d
        )
        
          /
        
        2 
      
    
    {\displaystyle \phi =(s+d)/2,\quad \psi =(s-d)/2 }
  
Calculate  or equivalently  If one of these fractions has a denominator close to zero, use the other one 

See also
Solving triangles
Snell's problem
Passage 15:
Amundsen Icefall
Amundsen Icefall (85°28′S 166°42′W) is a steep and turbulent icefall where the Axel Heiberg Glacier descends from the polar plateau between Mount Fridtjof Nansen and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica  Named by the Southern Party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1961–62) for Captain Roald Amundsen, who ascended Axel Heiberg Glacier en route to the South Pole in 1911 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sodipodi
Sodipodi was an open-source vector graphics editor, discontinued in 2004  It is the predecessor to Inkscape 

Development
Sodipodi started as a fork of Gill, a vector-graphics program written by Raph Levien  The main author was Lauris Kaplinski, and several other people contributed to the project  The project is no longer under active development, having been succeeded by Inkscape, a 2003 fork of Sodipodi  Sodipodi means "mish mash" or "hodgepodge" in Estonian child-speak The primary design goal of Sodipodi was to produce a usable vector graphics editor, and a drawing tool for artists  Although it used SVG as its native file format (including some extensions to hold metadata), it was not intended to be a full implementation of the SVG standard  Sodipodi imports and exports plain SVG data, and can also export raster graphics in PNG format  The user interface of Sodipodi is a Controlled Single Document Interface (CSDI) similar to GIMP 
Sodipodi was developed for Linux and Microsoft Windows  The last version was 0 34, released on 11 February 2004  Released under the GNU General Public License, Sodipodi is free software 

Derivatives
Sodipodi started a collection of SVG clip art containing symbols and flags from around the world  This work helped inspire the Open Clip Art Library Inkscape started as a fork of Sodipodi, founded in 2003 by a group of Sodipodi developers with different goals, including redesigning the interface and closer compliance with the SVG standard 

See also
Comparison of vector graphics editors
Passage 2:
Jonas Öberg
Jonas Öberg (born 22 November 1977 in Norrköping, Sweden) is a free and open-source software activist, describing himself as an instigator in the world of free, having worked with the Free Software Foundation Europe, GNU Project, FSCONS, Creative Commons and the Shuttleworth Foundation  He started to develop software in 1991 and installed his first Linux operating system in 1993 after which he eventually joined as a webmaster for the GNU Project  In the late 1990s, he spent some time at the MIT AI Labs where he met with Richard Stallman and others from the Free Software Foundation, joining them for The Bazaar conference in New York  Since 2002, he has been on the award committee for the Free Software Foundation's Free Software Awards 
In 2001, he was a founding member of the Free Software Foundation Europe and took up a role as vice president on 22 November 2001 when former vice president Loïc Dachary took a step back to focus on GNU SavannahHaving worked with Creative Commons for several years, including running a course of fundraising at the Peer to Peer University, he became the first Regional Coordinator for Europe in 2011  His work for the organisation eventually led him to a position as a Fellow of the Shuttleworth Foundation where his work focus on creating tools and prototypes for the embedding of metadata for licensing and attribution requirements in digital works  His company Commons Machinery was featured as one of the 12 winners of Tech All Stars 2014, a competition of the European Commission's and Neelie Kroes's Digital Agenda 

Personal life
He has a 19th-century wooden house in the North of Sweden which he is continuously renovating and lives outside of Stockholm in Gnesta, Sweden  He married Julia Velkova, a media researcher and member of Internet Society Bulgaria, at the Ice hotel in Sweden on 8 March 2013 
Passage 3:
Pygame
Pygame is a cross-platform set of Python modules designed for writing video games  It includes computer graphics and sound libraries designed to be used with the Python programming language 

History
Pygame was originally written by Pete Shinners to replace PySDL after its development stalled  It has been a community project since 2000 and is released under the free software GNU Lesser General Public License (which "provides for Pygame to be distributed with open source and commercial software") 

Development of Version 2
Pygame version 2 was planned as "Pygame Reloaded" in 2009, but development and maintenance of Pygame completely stopped until the end of 2016 with version 1 9 1  After the release of version 1 9 5 in March 2019, development of a new version 2 is active on the roadmap Pygame 2 0 released on 28 October, 2020, on Pygame's 20th birthday 

Features
Pygame uses the Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) library, with the intention of allowing real-time computer game development without the low-level mechanics of the C programming language and its derivatives  This is based on the assumption that the most expensive functions inside games can be abstracted from the game logic, making it possible to use a high-level programming language, such as Python, to structure the game Other features that SDL does have include vector math, collision detection, 2D sprite scene graph management, MIDI support, camera, pixel-array manipulation, transformations, filtering, advanced freetype font support, and drawing Applications using Pygame can run on Android phones and tablets with the use of Pygame Subset for Android (pgs4a)  Sound, vibration, keyboard, and accelerometer are supported on Android 

Community
There is a regular competition, called PyWeek, to write games using Python (and usually but not necessarily, Pygame)  The community has created many tutorials for Pygame 

Notable games using Pygame
Frets on Fire
Dangerous High School Girls in Trouble
Save the Date, IndieCade 2013 Finalist
Drawn Down Abyss

See also
Cocos2d
Panda3D
Pyglet

Notes
Passage 4:
MeshLab
MeshLab is a 3D mesh processing software system that is oriented to the management and processing of unstructured large meshes and provides a set of tools for editing, cleaning, healing, inspecting, rendering, and converting these kinds of meshes  MeshLab is free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2 or later, and is used as both a complete package and a library powering other software  It is well known in the more technical fields of 3D development and data handling 

Overview
MeshLab is developed by the ISTI - CNR research center; initially MeshLab was created as a course assignment at the University of Pisa in late 2005  It is a general-purpose system aimed at the processing of the typical not-so-small unstructured 3D models that arise in the 3D scanning pipeline 
The automatic mesh cleaning filters includes removal of duplicated, unreferenced vertices, non-manifold edges, vertices, and null faces  Remeshing tools support high quality simplification based on quadric error measure, various kinds of subdivision surfaces, and two surface reconstruction algorithms from point clouds based on the ball-pivoting technique and on the Poisson surface reconstruction approach  For the removal of noise, usually present in acquired surfaces, MeshLab supports various kinds of smoothing filters and tools for curvature analysis and visualization 
It includes a tool for the registration of multiple range maps based on the iterative closest point algorithm  MeshLab also includes an interactive direct paint-on-mesh system that allows users to interactively change the color of a mesh, to define selections and to directly smooth out noise and small features 
MeshLab is available for most platforms, including Linux, Mac OS X, Windows and, with reduced functionality, on Android and iOS and even as a pure client-side JavaScript application called MeshLabJS  The system supports input/output in the following formats: PLY, STL, OFF, OBJ, 3DS, VRML 2 0, X3D and COLLADA  MeshLab can also import point clouds reconstructed using Photosynth 
MeshLab is used in various academic and research contexts, like microbiology, cultural heritage, surface reconstruction, paleontology, for rapid prototyping in orthopedic surgery, in orthodontics, and desktop manufacturing 

Additional images
See also
Geometry processing
3D scanner
List of free and open-source software packages
Passage 5:
BlueSpice MediaWiki
BlueSpice is free wiki software based on the MediaWiki engine and licensed with the GNU General Public License  It is especially developed for businesses as an enterprise wiki distribution for MediaWiki and used in over 150 countries 
The freely available version BlueSpice free is considered one of the most popular wiki computer programs for knowledge management in companies 

History
The German company Hallo Welt! has been working on the development of an open source wiki based on MediaWiki since 2007  The origins of the later BlueSpice software go back to an initiative by the IBM CTO Gunter Dueck, who initiated an internal company wiki for IBM Germany in 2007 under the name "bluepedia"  The model for the bluepedia project was Wikipedia and accordingly the platform was based on MediaWiki  However, in daily operation, additional requirements arose for the software used  This led to the founding of a company that would develop and provide the missing functions in the future 
In 2011, Hallo Welt! decided to publish their wiki as free and open-source software  The stable version of BlueSpice for MediaWiki was released July 4, 2011 : 28  From this point on, a free download has been available at SourceForge  A key feature of the software was the provision of a WYSIWYG editor, which at the time was based on the TinyMCE editor In Autumn 2013, Hallo Welt! released the completely reworked version BlueSpice 2  According to the BlueSpice developers this release aims for opening up BlueSpice for freelance developers in the global MediaWiki community and multiple language versions In 2014, BlueSpice for MediaWiki became a project of Translatewiki net  In January 2015 the developers announced that they will change to a subscription model 

Functionality and techology
BlueSpice is written in the PHP programming language and uses MySQL, Apache/IIS, Tomcat  BlueSpice is released in a free edition and two paid editions  The free edition adds more than 50 extensions to a MediaWiki, mainly in the areas of:

Editing: A version of the MediaWiki VisualEditor is delivered, which, unlike the original, contains additional functions, such as an easier procedure for uploading documents or inserting dynamic content  The creation of new pages is supported by page templates 
Search and navigation: An extended search (Elasticsearch) offers improved search functionalities, like faceted search  The search results can further be sorted or filtered by category, namespace, author, semantic data, data type etc  Any files attached are also searched  It also provides common features like autocomplete and search as you type 
Administration: Convenient management of users, namespaces, groups, rights and settings 

Licensing and distribution
All extensions of the BlueSpice distributions are under open source licenses  The functions written by Hallo Welt! are published under the license GPLv3 The free version is made available for download as a classic server installation in a tarball or as a Docker image, with BlueSpice free having the widest distribution via the official Docker version (with more than 1 million pulls in three years) 

Versions
See also
MediaWiki
Comparison of wiki software
Passage 6:
Free Software Directory
The Free Software Directory (FSD) is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF)   It catalogs free software that runs under free operating systems—particularly GNU and Linux  The cataloged projects are often able to run in several other operating systems  The project was formerly co-run by UNESCO 
Unlike some other directories that focus on free software, Free Software Directory staff verify the licenses of software listed in the directory 

Coverage growth and usages
FSD has been used as a source for assessing the share of free software, for example finding in September 2002 an amount of "1550 entries, of which 1363 (87 9%) used the GPL license, 103 (6 6%) used the LGPL license, 32 (2 0%) used a BSD or BSD-like license, 29 (1 9%) used the Artistic license, 5 (0 3%) used the MIT license"  By September 2009, the Directory listed 6,000 packages whose number grew up to 6,500 in October 2011, when the newly updated directory was launched  All listed packages are "free for any computer user to download, run and share  Each entry is individually checked and tested     so users know that any program they come across in the directory will be truly free software     with free documentation and without proprietary software requirements" Several scientific publications review or refer to the directory  It has been remarked that the Directory "only includes software that runs on free operating systems  The FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory is also a collaborative project, offering a web interface for users to enter and update entries" 
Among the critical issues of the previous version, it has been pointed out that while "available software is described using a variety of textual metadata, including the components upon which a particular piece of software depends", "unfortunately, those dependencies are only listed by name, and locating and retrieving them is left to the user" 
On the other hand, the accuracy of the directory review on licenses is acknowledged 
The code review from the directory's editorial board is suitable for obtaining statistics on subsets of free software packages reliably clustered by license In September 2011, the Free Software Directory was re-implemented as a wiki, using MediaWiki and the Semantic MediaWiki extension, to allow users to directly add to and modify its contents 
Semantic MediaWiki provides the directory with semantic web technologies by adding "advanced search and presentation capabilities, structured to be useful for reading by both humans and data-mining programs" The new edition of the directory has been described as designed to ease and support with semantics the discovery and harvesting of information on free software programs  "An extensive and flexible category system, plus over 40,000 keywords and more than 40 different fields of information, enhance both simple and advanced searching" A recent snapshot of the taxonomy of the projects reviewed and accepted in the directory is the following:

See also
Passage 7:
GNU/Linux naming controversy
Within the free software and the open-source software communities there is controversy over whether to refer to computer operating systems that use a combination of GNU software and the Linux kernel as "GNU/Linux" or "Linux" systems Proponents of the term Linux argue that it is far more commonly used by the public and media and that it serves as a generic term for systems that combine that kernel with software from multiple other sources, while proponents of the term GNU/Linux note that GNU alone would be just as good a name for GNU variants which combine the GNU operating system software with software from other sources The term GNU/Linux is promoted by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and its founder Richard Stallman  Their reasoning is that the GNU project was the main contributor for not only many of the operating system components used in the subsequent development of modern "Linux" systems, but also the associated free software philosophy  Several distributions of operating systems containing the Linux kernel use the name that the FSF prefers, such as Debian, Trisquel and Parabola GNU/Linux-libre  Others claim that GNU/Linux is a useful name to make a distinction between those and Linux distributions such as Android and Alpine Linux 

History
In 1983, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, set forth plans of a complete Unix-like operating system, called GNU, composed entirely of free software  In September of that year, Stallman published a manifesto in Dr  Dobb's Journal detailing his new project publicly, outlining his vision of free software  Software development work began in January 1984  By 1991, the GNU mid-level portions of the operating system were almost complete, and the upper level could be supplied by the X Window System, but the lower level (kernel, device drivers, system-level utilities and daemons) was still mostly lacking 
The kernel officially developed by GNU was called GNU Hurd  The Hurd followed an ambitious microkernel design, which proved unexpectedly difficult to implement early on  However, in 1991, Linus Torvalds independently released the first version of the Linux kernel  Early Linux developers ported GNU code, including the GNU C Compiler, to run on Linux, while the free software community adopted the use of the Linux kernel as the missing kernel for the GNU operating system  This work filled the remaining gaps in providing a completely free operating system Over the next few years, several suggestions arose for naming operating systems using the Linux kernel and GNU components  In 1992, the Yggdrasil Linux distribution adopted the name "Linux/GNU/X"  In Usenet and mailing-list discussions, one can find usages of "GNU/Linux" as early as 1992, and of "GNU+Linux" as early as 1993  The Debian project, which was at one time sponsored by the Free Software Foundation, switched to calling its product "Debian GNU/Linux" in early 1994 
This change followed a request by Richard Stallman (who initially proposed "LiGNUx," but suggested "GNU/Linux" instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term)  GNU's June 1994 Bulletin described "Linux" as a "free Unix system for 386 machines" (with "many of the utilities and libraries" from GNU), but the January 1995 Bulletin switched to the term "GNU/Linux" instead Stallman's and the FSF's efforts to include "GNU" in the name started around 1994, but were reportedly mostly via private communications (such as the above-mentioned request to Debian) until 1996  In May 1996, Stallman released Emacs 19 31 with the Autoconf system target "linux" changed to "lignux" (shortly thereafter changed to "linux-gnu" in emacs 19 32), and included an essay "Linux and the GNU system" suggesting that people use the terms "Linux-based GNU system" (or "GNU/Linux system" or "Lignux" for short)  He later used "GNU/Linux" exclusively, and the essay was superseded by Stallman's 1997 essay, "Linux and the GNU System" 

Composition of operating systems
Modern free software and open-source software operating systems are composed of software by many different authors, including the Linux kernel developers, the GNU project, and other vendors such as those behind the X Window System  Desktop- and server-based distributions use GNU components such as the GNU C Library (glibc), GNU Core Utilities (coreutils), and the Bash shell 
In a 2002 analysis of the source code for Red Hat Linux 7 1, a typical Linux distribution, the total size of the packages from the GNU project was found to be much larger than the Linux kernel  Later, a 2011 analysis of the Ubuntu distribution's "Natty" release main repository found that 8% to 13% of it consisted of GNU components (the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU), while only 6% is taken by the Linux kernel (9% when including its direct dependencies)  Determining exactly what constitutes the "operating system" per se is a matter of continuing debate On the other hand, some embedded systems, such as handheld devices and smartphones (like Google's Android), residential gateways (routers), and Voice over IP devices, are engineered with space efficiency in mind and use a Linux kernel with few or no components of GNU, due to perceived issues surrounding bloat, and impeded performance  A system running μClinux is likely to substitute uClibc for glibc, and BusyBox for coreutils  Google's Linux-based Android operating system does not use any GNU components or libraries, using Google's own BSD-based Bionic C library in place of glibc  The FSF agrees that "GNU/Linux" is not an appropriate name for these systems There are also systems that use a GNU userspace and/or C library on top of a non-Linux kernel, for example Debian GNU/Hurd (GNU userland on the GNU kernel) or Debian GNU/kFreeBSD (which uses the GNU coreutils and C library with the kernel from FreeBSD) 

Opinions
GNU/Linux
The FSF justifies the name "GNU/Linux" primarily on the grounds that the GNU project was specifically developing a complete system, of which they argue that the Linux kernel filled one of the final gaps; the large number of GNU components and GNU source code used in such systems is a secondary argument:

 So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single choice would be GNU  But we don't think that is the right way to consider the question  The GNU Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software packages  [   ] Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the system, and they all deserve credit  But the reason it is an integrated system—and not just a collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one  We made a list of the programs needed to make a complete free system, and we systematically wrote, or found people to write, everything on the list 

Other arguments include that the name "GNU/Linux" recognizes the role that the free-software movement played in building modern free and open source software communities, that the GNU project played a larger role in developing packages and software for GNU/Linux or Linux distributions, and that using the word "Linux" to refer to the Linux kernel, the operating system and entire distributions of software leads to confusion on the differences about the three  Because of this confusion, legal threats and public relations campaigns apparently directed against the kernel, such as those launched by the SCO Group or the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI), have been misinterpreted by many commentators who assume that the whole operating system is being targeted  SCO and the AdTI have even been accused of deliberately exploiting this confusion Regarding suggestions that renaming efforts stem from egotism or personal pique, Stallman has responded that his interest is not in giving credit to himself but to the GNU Project: "Some people think that it's because I want my ego to be fed  Of course, I'm not asking you to call it 'Stallmanix' "  In response to another common suggestion that many people have contributed to the system and that a short name cannot credit all of them, the FSF has argued that this cannot justify calling the system "Linux", since they believe that the GNU project's contribution was ultimately greater than that of the Linux kernel in these related systems In 2010, Stallman stated that naming is not simply a matter of giving equal mention to the GNU Project, saying that because the system is more widely referred as "Linux", people tend to "think it's all Linux, that it was all started by Mr  Torvalds in 1991, and they think it all comes from his vision of life, and that's the really bad problem "Ariadne Conill, developer and security chair of Alpine Linux, has stated that in her opinion GNU/Linux is the correct name when referring to Linux distributions that are based on glibc and GNU coreutils, such as Debian and Fedora Linux  This can be contrasted to other Linux distributions which are based on bionic (Android) and musl (Alpine) 

Linux
Proponents of naming the operating systems "Linux" state that "Linux" is used far more often than "GNU/Linux" Eric S  Raymond writes (in the "Linux" entry of the Jargon File):

Some people object that the name "Linux" should be used to refer only to the kernel, not the entire operating system  This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute; people who insist on the term GNU/Linux want the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because [Stallman] and friends wrote many of its user-level tools  Neither this theory nor the term GNU/Linux has gained more than minority acceptance 

When Linus Torvalds was asked in the documentary Revolution OS whether the name "GNU/Linux" was justified, he replied:

Well, I think it's justified, but it's justified if you actually make a GNU distribution of Linux     the same way that I think that "Red Hat Linux" is fine, or "SUSE Linux" or "Debian Linux", because if you actually make your own distribution of Linux, you get to name the thing, but calling Linux in general "GNU Linux" I think is just ridiculous 
An earlier comment by Torvalds on the naming controversy was:

 Umm, this discussion has gone on quite long enough, thank you very much  It doesn't really matter what people call Linux, as long as credit is given where credit is due (on both sides)  Personally, I'll very much continue to call it "Linux",    
The GNU people tried calling it GNU/Linux, and that's ok   It's certainly no worse a name than "Linux Pro" or "Red Hat Linux" or
"Slackware Linux"    
Lignux is just a punny name—I think Linux/GNU or GNU/Linux is a bit more "professional"    

The name "GNU/Linux," particularly when using Stallman's preferred pronunciation, has been criticized for its perceived clumsiness and verbosity, a factor that Torvalds has cited as the downfall of operating systems such as 386BSD The Linux Journal speculated that Stallman's advocacy of the combined name stems from frustration that "Linus got the glory for what [Stallman] wanted to do "Others have suggested that, regardless of the merits, Stallman's persistence in what sometimes seems a lost cause makes him and GNU look bad  For example, Larry McVoy (author of BitKeeper, once used to manage Linux kernel development) opined that "claiming credit only makes one look foolish and greedy" Many users and vendors who prefer the name "Linux," such as Jim Gettys, one of the original developers of the X Window System, point to the inclusion of non-GNU, non-kernel tools, such as KDE, LibreOffice, and Firefox, in end-user operating systems based on the Linux kernel:

 There are lots of people on this bus; I don't hear a clamor of support that GNU is more essential than many of the other components; can't take a wheel away, and end up with a functional vehicle, or an engine, or the seats  I recommend you be happy we have a bus 

See also
Alternative terms for free software
GNU variants
List of GNU packages
History of free software
Passage 8:
Metalogix Software
Metalogix Software is an independent software vendor, founded in 2001 in Vancouver, British Columbia and was acquired by Quest Software, Inc  in July 2018  Metalogix develops, sells, and provides support for content infrastructure software for Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft Exchange and Microsoft Office 365 platforms 
Metalogix sells an array of products for managing content infrastructure  The company's primary product is Content Matrix, which migrates content between SharePoint versions 
Metalogix is part of Quest Software, Inc  having been acquired in July 2018 

See also
Axceler, a company acquired by Metalogix in 2013 
Passage 9:
XWiki
XWiki is a free wiki software platform written in Java with a design emphasis on extensibility  XWiki is an enterprise wiki  It includes WYSIWYG editing, OpenDocument based document import/export, semantic annotations and tagging, and advanced permissions management As an application wiki, XWiki allows for the storing of structured data and the execution of server side script within the wiki interface  Scripting languages including Velocity, Apache Groovy, Python, Ruby and PHP can be written directly into wiki pages using wiki macros  User created data structures can be defined in wiki documents and instances of those structures can be attached to wiki documents, stored in a database, and queried using either Hibernate query language or XWiki's own query language XWiki org's extension wiki  is home to XWiki extensions ranging from code snippets which can be pasted into wiki pages to loadable core modules  Many of XWiki's features are provided by extensions which are bundled with it The wikitext is rendered using the XWiki Rendering Engine which extends WikiModel  and Doxia systems, allowing it to parse Confluence, JSPWiki, Creole, MediaWiki, and TWiki syntaxes as well as XWiki's own syntax  XWiki pages are written by default using the WYSIWYG editor and rendered with XWiki syntax to format text, create tables, create links, display images, etc 

Development
XWiki code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License and hosted on GitHub where everyone is free to fork the source code and develop changes in their own repository  The content included in the XWiki wiki is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution license so that it can be redistributed as long as it references XWiki; derivatives can be re-licensed entirely  While most of the active developers are funded by commercial support company XWiki SAS, XWiki SAS maintains a strict boundary between itself and the XWiki free software project  All decisions about the direction of the XWiki software project are made by consensus of the committers must go through the developers' mailing list 

Open source projects
XWiki relies heavily on other open source projects to work  They include:

Groovy: for advanced scripting requirements
Hibernate: relational database storage
Lucene: to index all the content of a wiki and its attachments and allow the search within their content 
Velocity: a template language

History
XWiki was originally written by Ludovic Dubost who founded XPertNet SARL later to become XWiki SAS, and it was first released in January 2004 under the GNU General Public License  The "X" in the name comes from "eXtensible Wiki" (when you pronounce it, it sounds as 'X') 
The first version of the Wiki Farm xwiki com was released in April 2004  In addition the open source project was hosted on SourceForge and the first commit there was done on the 15th of December 2003 
In 2006, the license was changed to the GNU Lesser General Public License to give the developer community greater flexibility, Apache Maven developer Vincent Massol became the lead developer and XWiki won the Lutece d'Or award for best open source software developed for the enterprise 
After 6 beta versions and 5 release candidates, XWiki 1 0 was released on May 22, 2007 bringing new features such as stand-alone installer and semantic tagging  2007 also brought the introduction of XWiki Watch for allowing teams to collaboratively follow RSS feeds 

Features
Structured content and inline scripting, which allows building  wiki applications
User rights management (by wiki / space / page, using groups, etc   )
PDF export
Full-text search
Version control
Import office documents into wiki syntax through OpenOffice
Various protocols for accessing the wiki (WebDAV, REST, XML-RPC)
Content and site design Export and Import
Plugins, API, Programming   
More features on the official website XWiki is also an application wiki that allows the creation of objects and classes within the wiki  This way, forms can be developed in a very short time span and be reused to enter data on the wiki following a specific template  This means that end users can be presented with a page on which the layout is already drawn, where they can directly fill in the fields needed 

See also
Comparison of wiki software
Passage 10:
EtherApe
EtherApe is a packet sniffer/network traffic monitoring tool, developed for Unix  EtherApe is free, open source software developed under the GNU General Public License 

Functionality
Network traffic is displayed using a graphical interface  Each node represents a specific host  Links represent connections to hosts  Nodes and links are color-coded to represent different protocols forming the various types of traffic on the network  Individual nodes and their connecting links grow and shrink in size with increases and decreases in network traffic 

History
Originally authored by Juan Toledo, the first version of EtherApe (version 0 0 1) was released on February 18, 2000  In a 2006 survey, Insecure org named EtherApe number 43 on its list of the "Top 100 Network Security Tools" 

Features
Some of the features listed about EtherApe include (the following list refers to version 0 9 20 of EtherApe):

graphical network traffic display
color-coded node and links for most used protocols
optional background image
traffic may be viewed on one's own network, end to end (IP) or port to port (TCP)
a variety of frame and packet types are supported
data view can be manipulated using a network filter
clicking a node or link provides additional information regarding including protocol and traffic information
summary protocol and node table
can read traffic from a file or an actual network
handles traffic on Ethernet, WLAN, VLAN plus several other media and encapsulation types
supports both IPv4 and IPv6
XML export of node, link and traffic statistics
"central node ring" mode 
"column" mode 
optional name resolving using c-ares library
packet capture and display run on different processes

Security
EtherApe requires root privileges to capture packets (but not to replay captured files)  Starting with release 0 9 15 capturing is delegated to a separate process, while the main interface can run with lower privileges, significantly reducing the risk associated with capturing packets from untrusted sources (e g  Internet) 

See also
Comparison of packet analyzers
tcpdump, a packet analyzer
Ngrep, a tool that can match regular expressions within the network packet payloads
netsniff-ng, a free Linux networking toolkit
Wireshark, a GUI based alternative to tcpdump
dsniff, a packet sniffer and set of traffic analysis tools
Passage 11:
Intellectual property
Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect  There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others  The best-known types are patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets  The modern concept of intellectual property developed in England in the 17th and 18th centuries  The term "intellectual property" began to be used in the 19th century, though it was not until the late 20th century that intellectual property became commonplace in most of the world's legal systems Supporters of intellectual property laws often describe their main purpose as encouraging the creation of a wide variety of intellectual goods  To achieve this, the law gives people and businesses property rights to certain information and intellectual goods they create, usually for a limited period of time  Supporters argue that because IP laws allow people to protect their original ideas and prevent unauthorized copying, creators derive greater individual economic benefit from the information and intellectual goods they create, and thus have more economic incentives to create them in the first place  Advocates of IP believe that these economic incentives and legal protections stimulate innovation and contribute to technological progress of certain kinds The intangible nature of intellectual property presents difficulties when compared with traditional property like land or goods  Unlike traditional property, intellectual property is "indivisible", since an unlimited number of people can in theory "consume" an intellectual good without its being depleted  Additionally, investments in intellectual goods suffer from appropriation problems: Landowners can surround their land with a robust fence and hire armed guards to protect it, but producers of information or literature can usually do little to stop their first buyer from replicating it and selling it at a lower price  Balancing rights so that they are strong enough to encourage the creation of intellectual goods but not so strong that they prevent the goods' wide use is the primary focus of modern intellectual property law 

History
The Statute of Monopolies (1624) and the British Statute of Anne (1710) are seen as the origins of patent law and copyright respectively, firmly establishing the concept of intellectual property 
"Literary property" was the term predominantly used in the British legal debates of the 1760s and 1770s over the extent to which authors and publishers of works also had rights deriving from the common law of property (Millar v Taylor (1769), Hinton v Donaldson (1773), Donaldson v Becket (1774))  The first known use of the term intellectual property dates to this time, when a piece published in the Monthly Review in 1769 used the phrase  The first clear example of modern usage goes back as early as 1808, when it was used as a heading title in a collection of essays The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation  When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property 
The organization subsequently relocated to Geneva in 1960 and was succeeded in 1967 with the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) by treaty as an agency of the United Nations  According to legal scholar Mark Lemley, it was only at this point that the term really began to be used in the United States (which had not been a party to the Berne Convention), and it did not enter popular usage there until passage of the Bayh–Dole Act in 1980 
The history of patents does not begin with inventions, but rather with royal grants by Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) for monopoly privileges  Approximately 200 years after the end of Elizabeth's reign, however, a patent represents a legal right obtained by an inventor providing for exclusive control over the production and sale of his mechanical or scientific invention  demonstrating the evolution of patents from royal prerogative to common-law doctrine 
The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al  v  Brown, in which Justice Charles L  Woodbury wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own     as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears " The statement that "discoveries are     property" goes back earlier  Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, "All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years " In Europe, French author A  Nion mentioned propriété intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846 
Until recently, the purpose of intellectual property law was to give as little protection as possible in order to encourage innovation  Historically, therefore, legal protection was granted only when necessary to encourage invention, and it was limited in time and scope  This is mainly as a result of knowledge being traditionally viewed as a public good, in order to allow its extensive dissemination and improvement The concept's origin can potentially be traced back further  Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist—notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century  In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent "to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury" According to Jean-Frédéric Morin, "the global intellectual property regime is currently in the midst of a paradigm shift"  Indeed, up until the early 2000s the global IP regime used to be dominated by high standards of protection characteristic of IP laws from Europe or the United States, with a vision that uniform application of these standards over every country and to several fields with little consideration over social, cultural or environmental values or of the national level of economic development  Morin argues that "the emerging discourse of the global IP regime advocates for greater policy flexibility and greater access to knowledge, especially for developing countries " Indeed, with the Development Agenda adopted by WIPO in 2007, a set of 45 recommendations to adjust WIPO's activities to the specific needs of developing countries and aim to reduce distortions especially on issues such as patients’ access to medicines, Internet users’ access to information, farmers’ access to seeds, programmers’ access to source codes or students’ access to scientific articles  However, this paradigm shift has not yet manifested itself in concrete legal reforms at the international level Similarly, it is based on these background that the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement requires members of the WTO to set minimum standards of legal protection, but its objective to have a “one-fits-all” protection law on Intellectual Property has been viewed with controversies regarding differences in the development level of countries  Despite the controversy, the agreement has extensively incorporated intellectual property rights into the global trading system for the first time in 1995, and has prevailed as the most comprehensive agreement reached by the world 

Rights
Intellectual property rights include patents, copyright, industrial design rights, trademarks, plant variety rights, trade dress, geographical indications, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets  There are also more specialized or derived varieties of sui generis exclusive rights, such as circuit design rights (called mask work rights in the US), supplementary protection certificates for pharmaceutical products (after expiry of a patent protecting them), and database rights (in European law)  The term "industrial property" is sometimes used to refer to a large subset of intellectual property rights including patents, trademarks, industrial designs, utility models, service marks, trade names, and geographical indications 

Patents
A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor or their successor-in-title, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention  An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process, and generally has to fulfill three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability : 17  To enrich the body of knowledge and to stimulate innovation, it is an obligation for patent owners to disclose valuable information about their inventions to the public 

Copyright
A copyright gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time  Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or "works"  Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed 

Industrial design rights
An industrial design right (sometimes called "design right" or design patent) protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian  An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value  An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft  Generally speaking, it is what makes a product look appealing, and as such, it increases the commercial value of goods 

Plant varieties
Plant breeders' rights or plant variety rights are the rights to commercially use a new variety of a plant  The variety must amongst others be novel and distinct and for registration the evaluation of propagating material of the variety is considered 

Trademarks
A trademark is a recognizable sign, design or expression that distinguishes a particular trader's products or services from similar products or services of other traders 

Trade dress
Trade dress is a legal term of art that generally refers to characteristics of the visual and aesthetic appearance of a product or its packaging (or even the design of a building) that signify the source of the product to consumers 

Trade secrets
A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors and customers  There is no formal government protection granted; each business must take measures to guard its own trade secrets (e g , Formula of its soft drinks is a trade secret for Coca-Cola )

Motivation and justification
The main purpose of intellectual property law is to encourage the creation of a wide variety of intellectual goods for consumers  To achieve this, the law gives people and businesses property rights to the information and intellectual goods they create, usually for a limited period of time  Because they can then profit from them, this gives economic incentive for their creation  The intangible nature of intellectual property presents difficulties when compared with traditional property like land or goods  Unlike traditional property, intellectual property is indivisible – an unlimited number of people can "consume" an intellectual good without it being depleted  Additionally, investments in intellectual goods suffer from problems of appropriation – while a landowner can surround their land with a robust fence and hire armed guards to protect it, a producer of information or an intellectual good can usually do very little to stop their first buyer from replicating it and selling it at a lower price  Balancing rights so that they are strong enough to encourage the creation of information and intellectual goods but not so strong that they prevent their wide use is the primary focus of modern intellectual property law By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work  Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual property legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be "absolute protection"  "If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better  The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions"  This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric  Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the America Invents Act, stress international harmonization  Recently there has also been much debate over the desirability of using intellectual property rights to protect cultural heritage, including intangible ones, as well as over risks of commodification derived from this possibility  The issue still remains open in legal scholarship 

Financial incentive
These exclusive rights allow intellectual property owners to benefit from the property they have created, providing a financial incentive for the creation of an investment in intellectual property, and, in case of patents, pay associated research and development costs  In the United States Article I Section 8 Clause 8 of the Constitution, commonly called the Patent and Copyright Clause, reads; "The Congress shall have power 'To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries '" ”Some commentators, such as David Levine and Michele Boldrin, dispute this justification In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U S  economy is more than US $5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people  The value of intellectual property is considered similarly high in other developed nations, such as those in the European Union  In the UK, IP has become a recognised asset class for use in pension-led funding and other types of business finance  However, in 2013, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated: "There are millions of intangible business assets whose value is either not being leveraged at all, or only being leveraged inadvertently" 

Economic growth
The WIPO treaty and several related international agreements underline that the protection of intellectual property rights is essential to maintaining economic growth  The WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook gives two reasons for intellectual property laws:

One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and the rights of the public in access to those creations  The second is to promote, as a deliberate act of Government policy, creativity and the dissemination and application of its results and to encourage fair trading which would contribute to economic and social development 
The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) states that "effective enforcement of intellectual property rights is critical to sustaining economic growth across all industries and globally" Economists estimate that two-thirds of the value of large businesses in the United States can be traced to intangible assets  "IP-intensive industries" are estimated to generate 72% more value added (price minus material cost) per employee than "non-IP-intensive industries" A joint research project of the WIPO and the United Nations University measuring the impact of IP systems on six Asian countries found "a positive correlation between the strengthening of the IP system and subsequent economic growth "

Morality
According to Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author"  Although the relationship between intellectual property and human rights is complex, there are moral arguments for intellectual property 
The arguments that justify intellectual property fall into three major categories  Personality theorists believe intellectual property is an extension of an individual  Utilitarians believe that intellectual property stimulates social progress and pushes people to further innovation  Lockeans argue that intellectual property is justified based on deservedness and hard work Various moral justifications for private property can be used to argue in favor of the morality of intellectual property, such as:

Natural Rights/Justice Argument: this argument is based on Locke's idea that a person has a natural right over the labour and products which are produced by their body  Appropriating these products is viewed as unjust  Although Locke had never explicitly stated that natural right applied to products of the mind, it is possible to apply his argument to intellectual property rights, in which it would be unjust for people to misuse another's ideas  Locke's argument for intellectual property is based upon the idea that laborers have the right to control that which they create  They argue that we own our bodies which are the laborers, this right of ownership extends to what we create  Thus, intellectual property ensures this right when it comes to production 
Utilitarian-Pragmatic Argument: according to this rationale, a society that protects private property is more effective and prosperous than societies that do not  Innovation and invention in 19th century America has been attributed to the development of the patent system  By providing innovators with "durable and tangible return on their investment of time, labor, and other resources", intellectual property rights seek to maximize social utility  The presumption is that they promote public welfare by encouraging the "creation, production, and distribution of intellectual works"  Utilitarians argue that without intellectual property there would be a lack of incentive to produce new ideas  Systems of protection such as Intellectual property optimize social utility 
"Personality" Argument: this argument is based on a quote from Hegel: "Every man has the right to turn his will upon a thing or make the thing an object of his will, that is to say, to set aside the mere thing and recreate it as his own"  European intellectual property law is shaped by this notion that ideas are an "extension of oneself and of one's personality"  Personality theorists argue that by being a creator of something one is inherently at risk and vulnerable for having their ideas and designs stolen and/or altered  Intellectual property protects these moral claims that have to do with personality Lysander Spooner (1855) argues "that a man has a natural and absolute right—and if a natural and absolute, then necessarily a perpetual, right—of property, in the ideas, of which he is the discoverer or creator; that his right of property, in ideas, is intrinsically the same as, and stands on identically the same grounds with, his right of property in material things; that no distinction, of principle, exists between the two cases" Writer Ayn Rand argued in her book Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal that the protection of intellectual property is essentially a moral issue  The belief is that the human mind itself is the source of wealth and survival and that all property at its base is intellectual property  To violate intellectual property is therefore no different morally than violating other property rights which compromises the very processes of survival and therefore constitutes an immoral act 

Infringement, misappropriation, and enforcement
Violation of intellectual property rights, called "infringement" with respect to patents, copyright, and trademarks, and "misappropriation" with respect to trade secrets, may be a breach of civil law or criminal law, depending on the type of intellectual property involved, jurisdiction, and the nature of the action 
As of 2011, trade in counterfeit copyrighted and trademarked works was a $600 billion industry worldwide and accounted for 5–7% of global trade  During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, IP has been a consideration in punishment of the aggressor through trade sanctions, has been proposed as a method to prevent future wars of aggression involving nuclear weapons, and has caused concern about stifling innovation by keeping patent information secret 

Patent infringement
Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder, i e  from the patent owner  The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent  There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research  This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or to gather data to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug  In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e g , in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea) 

Copyright infringement
Copyright infringement is reproducing, distributing, displaying or performing a work, or to make derivative works, without permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator  It is often called "piracy"  In the United States, while copyright is created the instant a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright  Enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder  The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU, and which has not entered into force, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to actively police for infringement  There are limitations and exceptions to copyright, allowing limited use of copyrighted works, which does not constitute infringement  Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine 

Trademark infringement
Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party  In many countries, a trademark receives protection without registration, but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement  Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and, in several jurisdictions, under criminal law 

Trade secret misappropriation
Trade secret misappropriation is different from violations of other intellectual property laws, since by definition trade secrets are secret, while patents and registered copyrights and trademarks are publicly available  In the United States, trade secrets are protected under state law, and states have nearly universally adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act  The United States also has federal law in the form of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (18 U S C  §§ 1831–1839), which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime  This law contains two provisions criminalizing two sorts of activity  The first, 18 U S C  § 1831(a), criminalizes the theft of trade secrets to benefit foreign powers  The second, 18 U S C  § 1832, criminalizes their theft for commercial or economic purposes  (The statutory penalties are different for the two offenses ) In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right but penalties for theft are roughly the same as in the United States 

Criticisms
The term "intellectual property"
Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law  Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest or otherwise abusing related legislations, and that it disallows intelligent discussion about specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion"  He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights"  Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term  He argues that, "to avoid spreading unnecessary bias and confusion, it is best to adopt a firm policy not to speak or even think in terms of 'intellectual property' "Similarly, economists Boldrin and Levine prefer to use the term "intellectual monopoly" as a more appropriate and clear definition of the concept, which, they argue, is very dissimilar from property rights  They further argued that "stronger patents do little or nothing to encourage innovation", mainly explained by its tendency to create market monopolies, thereby restricting further innovations and technology transfer On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights, Stallman says that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers  Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that the law is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain to temporarily trade property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefits in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge  He mentions that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time" Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile)  They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original)  Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original  Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word "property" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas Entrepreneur and politician Rickard Falkvinge and hacker Alexandre Oliva have independently compared George Orwell's fictional dialect Newspeak to the terminology used by intellectual property supporters as a linguistic weapon to shape public opinion regarding copyright debate and DRM 

Alternative terms
In civil law jurisdictions, intellectual property has often been referred to as intellectual rights, traditionally a somewhat broader concept that has included moral rights and other personal protections that cannot be bought or sold  Use of the term intellectual rights has declined since the early 1980s, as use of the term intellectual property has increased 
Alternative terms monopolies on information and intellectual monopoly have emerged among those who argue against the "property" or "intellect" or "rights" assumptions, notably Richard Stallman  The backronyms intellectual protectionism and intellectual poverty, whose initials are also IP, have also found supporters, especially among those who have used the backronym digital restrictions management The argument that an intellectual property right should (in the interests of better balancing of relevant private and public interests) be termed an intellectual monopoly privilege (IMP) has been advanced by several academics including Birgitte Andersen and Thomas Alured Faunce 

Objections to overly broad intellectual property laws
Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents harm the public interest  More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology Petra Moser has asserted that historical analysis suggests that intellectual property laws may harm innovation:

Overall, the weight of the existing historical evidence suggests that patent policies, which grant strong intellectual property rights to early generations of inventors, may discourage innovation  On the contrary, policies that encourage the diffusion of ideas and modify patent laws to facilitate entry and encourage competition may be an effective mechanism to encourage innovation 
In support of that argument, Jörg Baten, Nicola Bianchi and Petra Moser find historical evidence that especially compulsory licensing – which allows governments to license patents without the consent of patent-owners – encouraged invention in Germany in the early 20th century by increasing the threat of competition in fields with low pre-existing levels of competition 
Peter Drahos notes, "Property rights confer authority over resources  When authority is granted to the few over resources on which the many depend, the few gain power over the goals of the many  This has consequences for both political and economic freedom within a society ": 13 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between respecting  and implementing current intellectual property systems and other human rights  In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws  According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so, they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits  In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should "focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development—not as an end in itself" Ethical problems are most pertinent when socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection  While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug  "An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations" : 1108–9 Libertarians have differing views on intellectual property  Stephan Kinsella, an anarcho-capitalist on the right-wing of libertarianism, argues against intellectual property because allowing property rights in ideas and information creates artificial scarcity and infringes on the right to own tangible property  Kinsella uses the following scenario to argue this point:

[I]magine the time when men lived in caves  One bright guy—let's call him Galt-Magnon—decides to build a log cabin on an open field, near his crops  To be sure, this is a good idea, and others notice it  They naturally imitate Galt-Magnon, and they start building their own cabins  But the first man to invent a house, according to IP advocates, would have a right to prevent others from building houses on their own land, with their own logs, or to charge them a fee if they do build houses  It is plain that the innovator in these examples becomes a partial owner of the tangible property (e g , land and logs) of others, due not to first occupation and use of that property (for it is already owned), but due to his coming up with an idea  Clearly, this rule flies in the face of the first-user homesteading rule, arbitrarily and groundlessly overriding the very homesteading rule that is at the foundation of all property rights 
Thomas Jefferson once said in a letter to Isaac McPherson on 13 August 1813:

If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea, which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to himself; but the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into the possession of every one, and the receiver cannot dispossess himself of it  Its peculiar character, too, is that no one possesses the less, because every other possesses the whole of it  He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me 
In 2005 the Royal Society of Arts launched the Adelphi Charter, aimed at creating an international policy statement to frame how governments should make balanced intellectual property law Another aspect of current U S  Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship  Critics like Philip Bennet argue that this does not provide adequate protection against cultural appropriation of indigenous knowledge, for which a collective IP regime is needed Intellectual property law has been criticized as not recognizing new forms of art such as the remix culture, whose participants often commit what technically constitutes violations of such laws, creation works such as anime music videos and others, or are otherwise subject to unnecessary burdens and limitations which prevent them from fully expressing themselves : 70

Objections to the expansion in nature and scope of intellectual property laws
Other criticism of intellectual property law concerns the expansion of intellectual property, both in duration and in scope 
As scientific knowledge has expanded and allowed new industries to arise in fields such as biotechnology and nanotechnology, originators of technology have sought IP protection for the new technologies  Patents have been granted for living organisms, and in the United States, certain living organisms have been patentable for over a century The increase in terms of protection is particularly seen in relation to copyright, which has recently been the subject of serial extensions in the United States and in Europe  With no need for registration or copyright notices, this is thought to have led to an increase in orphan works (copyrighted works for which the copyright owner cannot be contacted), a problem that has been noticed and addressed by governmental bodies around the world Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)  In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual property rights  In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor  Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property  These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy  The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls "piracy"  The industry has had victories against some services, including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster, and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright  The electronic age has seen an increase in the attempt to use software-based digital rights management tools to restrict the copying and use of digitally based works  Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems  Equivalent provisions, to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time, and are being expanded in, for example, Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive  Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 (91/250/EEC), and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 (98/84/EEC)  This can hinder legal uses, affecting public domain works, limitations and exceptions to copyright, or uses allowed by the copyright holder  Some copyleft licenses, like the GNU GPL 3, are designed to counter this  Laws may permit circumvention under specific conditions, such as when it is necessary to achieve interoperability with the circumventor's program, or for accessibility reasons; however, distribution of circumvention tools or instructions may be illegal 
In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of "trademark", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states  Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is "capable of distinguishing" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark 

Use in corporate tax avoidance
Intellectual property has become a core tool in corporate tax planning and tax avoidance  IP is a key component of the leading multinational tax avoidance base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tools, which the OECD estimates costs $100–240 billion in lost annual tax revenues In 2017–2018, both the U S  and the EU Commission simultaneously decided to depart from the OECD BEPS Project timetable, which was set up in 2013 to combat IP BEPS tax tools like the above, and launch their own anti-IP BEPS tax regimes:

U S  Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which has several anti-IP BEPS abuse tax regimes, including GILTI tax and the BEAT tax regimes 
EU Commission 2018 Digital Services Tax, which is less advanced than the U S  TCJA, but does seek to override IP BEPS tools via a quasi-VAT The departure of the U S  and EU Commission from the OECD BEPS Project process, is attributed to frustrations with the rise in IP as a key BEPS tax tool, creating intangible assets, which are then turned into royalty payment BEPS schemes (double Irish), and/or capital allowance BEPS schemes (capital allowances for intangibles)   In contrast, the OECD has spent years developing and advocating intellectual property as a legal and a GAAP accounting concept 

Gender gap in intellectual property
Women have historically been underrepresented in the creation and ownership of intellectual property covered by intellectual property rights  According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, women composed only 16 5% of patent holders even as recently as 2020  This disparity is the result of several factors including systemic bias, sexism and discrimination within the intellectual property space, underrepresentation within STEM, and barriers to access of necessary finance and knowledge in order to obtain intellectual property rights, among other reasons 

See also
Copyfraud
Defensive publication
Freedom of information
Information policy
Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property
New product development
Sweat of the brow
Passage 12:
InfraRecorder
InfraRecorder is an open-source CD and DVD writing program for Microsoft Windows  First started by Christian Kindahl in the Google Summer of Code 2006, InfraRecorder uses the cdrtools software library to perform the actual burning 
Since 0 46, InfraRecorder is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License 3 and is free software  In November 2007, CNET rated InfraRecorder the best free alternative to commercial DVD burning software InfraRecorder is included on the VALO-CD, a collection of open source software for Windows 

Functionality
InfraRecorder supports disk rewriting and dual-layer DVDs  InfraRecorder can also burn a disc from an ISO image file  This program is completely portable on the Windows operating system 
As of version 0 40, InfraRecorder offers features similar to most CD- and DVD-authoring software, including the creation and burning of data and audio disc images, the ability to work with rewritable and multisession discs, and the ability to extract WAV and ISO image files from discs  One can also use the LAME MP3 encoder to save Audio CD tracks 
InfraRecorder is available in a version that will run natively on 64-bit versions of Windows; however, this version doesn't include an Ogg Vorbis decoder or libsnd library due to compilation difficulties with MinGW on the 64-bit Windows platform 

See also
List of optical disc authoring software
List of ISO image software
Passage 13:
CDex
CDex is a free software package for Digital Audio Extraction from Audio CD (a so-called CD ripper) and audio format conversion for Microsoft Windows  It converts CDDA tracks from a CD to standard computer sound files, such as WAV, MP3, or Ogg Vorbis  CDex was previously released as free software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL);  however, although the website claims that this is still the case, no source code has been released since 2005  It was originally written by Albert L  Faber, and is developed and maintained by Georgy Berdyshev  Recent versions of the software may be compromised and a security threat 

Features
CDex is able to convert CD audio into several formats including WAV, Vorbis, MP3 (using the LAME encoder), VQF, Musepack, APE, and many others  As of version 1 70b2 FLAC encoding is native, but for version 1 51 FLAC and other codecs can be used by using an external encoder  It supports CD-Text to allow ripped tracks, with reduced user effort, to have the names of songs, artists and albums  It can also automatically identify (most) inserted audio CDs and look up the metadata by means of an online database (freedb) for automatic tagging, naming and sorting of ripped files  It also includes cdparanoia for robust CD reading  CDex is considered to be very configurable and relatively easy to use 

History
In 2000, at the start of the beta phase for version 1 30, CDex was turned into a free software project (cdexos: CDex Open Source) and hosted on SourceForge net 
In January 2006, the CDex homepage requested a new project manager and developer, implying that Albert L  Faber had abandoned development of CDex   On 5 June 2006, CDex 1 70 Beta 1 was released via the SourceForge net website (ascribed to Georgy Berdyshev)  It was the first official update to the program in almost three years, with CDex 1 70 Beta 2 following soon after on 23 June 2006  In 2008 Berdyshev was joined by Ariane Gomes as project developers  On 18 November 2009 CDex 1 70 Beta 4 was released  CDex 1 70 Final was released on 29 June 2014 featuring a Unicode and Multibyte version 
On 30 June 2007, just one day after the release of the GPLv3, the license of CDex was updated  However, the last version for which source code was made available is 1 70 Beta 2, and the SourceForge project appears to have been shut down in July 2015, shortly after the release of version 1 79 
From version 1 76 the installer includes the adware OpenCandy 
In November 2017 version 1 96 was released  It is not clear who is the current code maintainer, and no contact details are provided  Four further versions were released by March 2018 
The default Remote Server database in CDEx, Freedb, became inaccessible by June 2020   The gnudb org site at location gnudb gnudb org (on HTTP port 80) using proxy gnudb org works as a replacement for the inactive default Remote Server database 

Potential risk
The recent reincarnation of CDex has seen a number of sponsored programs being automatically selected during installation with little information about their nature  Scan results suggest there may be a substantial risk to any system these are installed on along with the source code no longer being publicly accessible, preventing independent code review 
This project should be considered as exploited by the new maintainer and should not be trusted  This project should not be trusted or installed on your machine  As the new maintainer has taken over new releases have been pushed out showing activity, the support links are broken, the ticketing system does not exist and is a broken link, there are no contact details or method to interact with the developer and the installer is installing adware without any notifications  The new maintainer has exploited the strong reputation and work of the project and turned it into mechanism to profit  Updates are being made to the application, including the installer with hidden software being installed 
Later versions apparently also add artifacts to ends of certain tracks that are ripped by the program   Rolling back to an earlier version of the program eliminates this issue 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Franck Biancheri
Franck Biancheri (11 March 1961 – 30 October 2012) was the founder of the Newropeans European political party and the leader from June 2006   The party planned to run for campaigns in the 2009 elections to the European Parliament with representatives in all member states simultaneously 
Biancheri had previously founded the largest student association in Europe, European Students' Forum (AEGEE) in 1985 and the think tank LEAP/Europe2020 in 1998 

Biography
Biancheri was born in Nice, France   He lived in Cannes, and had one daughter 
From 1991, through several networks including the Promotheus-Europe group, he contributed to enhance relationship between the European Union and several parts of the world (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, the Arabic world, South America, Asia, and North America) 
In 1997, at Blair House, during an EU-US summit in Washington, he launches TIESWeb, the first transatlantic web portal dedicated to dialog between European and American civil societies In 2003 he was among the top twenty "heroes" for being a "French champion of European unity" in a poll by Time Europe 
From 2006, he was the scientific coordinator of the Leap2020 think tank 
Biancheri died on 30 October 2012   He had been seriously ill from cancer for four years 
Passage 2:
Jean-Pierre Sueur
Jean-Pierre Sueur (born 28 February 1947) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Loiret department   He is a member of the Socialist Party 
Passage 3:
Confederation of Regions Party of Canada
The Confederation of Regions Party (CoR) was a right-wing federal political party in Canada founded in 1984 by Elmer Knutson  It was founded as a successor to the Western Canada Federation (West-Fed), a non-partisan organization, to fight the Liberal Party of Canada  The CoR aimed to fill the void on the right of the political spectrum left by the decline of the Social Credit Party of Canada and the growing unpopularity among westerners of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada under the leadership of Brian Mulroney 
The party also attracted significant support as a protest vote against official bilingualism among some voters who were not necessarily ideologically opposed to mainstream Canadian political parties on other issues  The party proposed dividing Canada into four 'regions', western Canada, Atlantic Canada, Ontario and Quebec, each with an equal number of seats in the House of Commons of Canada In the 1984 federal election, it nominated 55 candidates, who won 65,655 votes in total, or 0 52% of the popular vote across the country   The party took 2 2% of the vote in Alberta and peaked with 6 7% in Manitoba 
In the 1988 federal election, its 51 candidates won 41,342 votes, 0 31% of the popular vote   One of its candidates was Paul Fromm, leader of the far-right groups Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform and Canadian Association for Free Expression  (See also: Confederation of Regions Party candidates, 1988 Canadian federal election) 
The party's greatest success came in New Brunswick, where its provincial wing, the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party, held the status of official opposition from 1991 to 1995  After the demise of CoR, many former supporters joined the Reform Party of Canada 

Provincial wings
The CoR captured about 2% of the vote in provincial elections in the 1988 Manitoba election and the 1990 Ontario election 

Alberta
The CoR's Alberta wing nominated candidates in the 1986 provincial election and the 1993 provincial election   In 1986, the party nominated 6 candidates, who won a total of 2,866 votes, or 0 40% of the total   In 1993, the party nominated 12 candidates, who won 3,556 votes, or 0 36% of the total 
On 17 June 1996, the Chief Electoral Officer of Alberta, cancelled the registration of the Confederation of Regions Party of Alberta and the party was struck from the Register of Alberta Political Parties because the party failed to comply with the registration requirements of the Election Finances and Contributions Disclosure Act  The COR Party was struck from the register because two conflicting groups in the party claimed different persons were officers of the party  The party presented different addresses of record  The conflicting groups had different interpretations of the COR Party Constitution  As the Chief Electoral Officer did not have the authority to resolve such issues, he referred the participants in the dispute to the courts  Neither side in the dispute applied to the courts in an effort to resolve the problem, and the party did not run any candidates 1997 election nor any election since 

Manitoba
New Brunswick
Ontario
Party program
The party program was set out in a website that aimed to re-establish CoR as a federal political party  Grammatical, punctuation and formatting errors have been left intact 

COR wants to become a nationwide Federal Party, and wishes to represent all Canadians who want to live in a true democracy, restore Canada's prosperity and rebuild its National Institutions We want to become an egalitarian, populist party slightly to the right of center in the political spectrumWe aspire to be the elected representative of all Canadians who embrace these views about their nation A Canada that follows a policy of "CANADA FIRST"A Canada that practices true democracy, where individual rights are paramount, majority rule is applied, minorities are protected by law and all citizens are equalA Canada that teaches its people about their true history, celebrates their contributions, achievements and sacrifices and takes pride in its unique heritage and traditionA Canada that is viewed by all as a land of "the true north, strong and free"A Canada whose multi-racial and multi-cultural heritage is acknowledged but where Canadian nationality is neither divided or hyphenated and where one official language and one legal system based on common law serves to unite its peopleWe believe that Canada has evolved into four economic, geographic, commercial and political regions which, has the potential to become one strong and united nation once Canadians have been allowed to draft and ratify a true Constitution for Canada at a constituent assemble of elected delegates COR (whose name is derived from its belief) believes that in such a "CONFEDERATION of REGIONS" EACH REGION SHOULD BE FREE TO DEVELOP ITS POTENTIAL TO THE FULL WHILST COMPLEMENTING THE CANADIAN NATION AS A WHOLEWe believe that during the last 25 years Canadians have been unable to change things because of the political and economic bankruptcy of old line parties who encourage the enshrinement of flawed vision of Canada's future, a politically imposed Canadian Constitution, the greed of big business and the existence of an "establishment" consists of institutionalized elites who strive to retain power by maintaining the status quo and perpetuating myths about Canada's past Our goals have been shaped by events of our times such as the latest recession that our politicians were eventually obliged to acknowledge and the presence of an ever growing number of homeless and hungry Canadian men, women and children who are now walking the streets and roads of this land in search of personal pride and dignity and a restored sense of what is means to be a Canadian Our policies have also been influenced by the cavalier attitude of the present government with regard to how its spends the taxpayer's dollar, its contempt for the nation's ever increasing national debt and its inability to address the rising unemployment that is eroding the foundations of Canadian society and which is now impacting negatively on Canadians from all walks of life THE OVERRIDING GOAL OF THE POLICIES IS TO RESTORE CANADIAN PROSPERITY AND BUILD CANADIAN DEMOCRACY 

See also
List of political parties in Canada
Passage 4:
Party leaders of the United States Senate
The positions of majority leader and minority leader are held by two United States senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate  They serve as the chief spokespersons for their respective political parties holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate  They are each elected as majority leader and minority leader by the senators of their party caucuses: the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference 
By Senate precedent, the presiding officer gives the majority leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate  The majority leader serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate, and is considered the most powerful member of the Senate  They also serve as the chief representative of their party in the entire Congress if the House of Representatives, and thus the office of the speaker of the House, is controlled by the opposition party  The Senate's executive and legislative business is also managed and scheduled by the majority leader                                                        
The assistant majority leader and assistant minority leader of the United States Senate, commonly called whips, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership  The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues  As the second-ranking members of Senate leadership, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader 

Current floor leaders
The Senate is currently composed of 49 Republicans, 48 Democrats, and 3 independents; all the independents caucus with the Democrats 
The current leaders are Senators Chuck Schumer (D) of New York and Mitch McConnell (R) of Kentucky  The current assistant leaders, or whips, are Senators Dick Durbin (D) of Illinois and John Thune (R) of South Dakota 

History
By at least 1850, parties in each chamber of Congress began naming chairs, and while conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority, the Senate party floor leader positions arose from the position of conference chair  Senate Democrats began the practice of electing their floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority  John W  Kern was a Democratic senator from Indiana  While the title was not official, the Senate website identifies Kern as the first Senate party leader, serving in that capacity from 1913 through 1917 (and in turn, the first Senate Democratic leader), while serving concurrently as chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus  In 1925, the Republicans (who were in the majority at the time) also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first (official) majority leader, although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first (unofficial) Senate majority leader 
The United States Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as president of the Senate  The Constitution also calls for a president pro tempore, to serve as the presiding officer when the president of the Senate (the vice president) is absent  In practice, neither the vice president nor the president pro tempore—customarily the most senior (longest-serving) senator in the majority party—actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party  Since the vice president may be of a different party from the majority and is not a Senate member subject to discipline, the rules of procedure of the Senate give the Vice President no power beyond the presiding role  For these reasons, it is the majority leader who, in practice, manages the Senate  This is in contrast to the House of Representatives, where the elected speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on legislative bills 

List of party leaders
The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920  The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 

See also
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
Vice President of the United States (President of the United States Senate)
Party divisions of United States Congresses
List of political parties in the United States

Notes
Passage 5:
Inky Mark
Inky Mark (Chinese: 麥鼎鴻; pinyin: Mài Dǐnghóng; born November 17, 1947) is a Canadian politician and a former member of the House of Commons of Canada, representing the Manitoba riding of Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette  Mark was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, although he frequently criticized and took positions opposite the party and its leader, Stephen Harper  Mark ran in the 2015 federal election, noting that he is now a Green Party of Canada member but that he would still run as an independent  He lost significantly 

Early life
Mark was born in Taishan, China, and moved to Manitoba as a child  Mark's father and grandfather had emigrated from China to Canada some time previously, but were unable to bring their families with them as a result of provisions in the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923  Mark accompanied his mother when she fled China in 1953, and subsequently settled with his family in the Manitoba community of Gilbert Plains 

Education
Mark has a Bachelor of Arts from Brandon University and a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Manitoba  Before entering political life, he worked as a high school teacher and small businessman  Mark also has a certificate in broadcasting and started a master's degree in education program, although he did not graduate 

Political career
Municipal politics
Mark's political career started when joined the Board of Directors of the Dauphin First United Church  He was subsequently elected to the Dauphin town council in 1991, and became the town's mayor in 1994 

Federal politics
Mark was first elected to the House of Commons in the federal election of 1997, running as a candidate of the Reform Party in the riding of Dauphin—Swan River  From 1997 to 2000, Mark was one of only three Chinese-Canadian MPs in the House of Commons 
The Reform Party dissolved itself in 2000 in favour of the Canadian Alliance, and Mark ran as a candidate of the new party in the federal election which followed On September 12, 2001, Mark left the Canadian Alliance caucus to sit as a member of the Democratic Representative Caucus, in alliance with the Progressive Conservative Party 
The DRC came to an end on April 10, 2002, when Stephen Harper replaced Day as Canadian Alliance leader   Every other member of the DRC requested to be re-admitted to the Alliance; Mark did not join them, but instead decided to sit as an "Independent Conservative", with the intention of rejoining the Progressive Conservatives at their annual party convention later in the year; he had been a Progressive Conservative before the early 1990s   Mark formally joined the Progressive Conservatives on August 27, 2002 
In December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party formally merged to create the new Conservative Party of Canada   Mark supported the merger, and formally joined the new party's caucus on February 2, 2004  Mark was easily re-elected in the Canadian federal election of 2004 
In 2005, Mark alleged that Treasury Board President and Liberal MP Reg Alcock offered him an ambassadorship if he were to resign his seat  Alcock responded by saying, "Frankly, if I was going to recruit somebody, I'd go a little higher up the gene pool " Mark called this comment racist and filed a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission  As the CHRC does not publish its investigations, it is not possible to know the outcome of this case 

Criticism and complaints
While a sitting MP, Mark gained a reputation as "an outsider" within the Conservative caucus   Mark is and has been an outspoken critic of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister's Office, and several sitting and former Conservative MPs  He frequently complained that Harper was controlling, and he responded by refusing to attend Conservative events  Mark has called Harper a "fascist" and complained that he runs a "top-down dictatorship"  He says that the Central Intelligence Agency is controlled by the United States' Republican Party, and that the Republican Party installed Stephen Harper as the Canadian Prime Minister in order to sell out Canada to the United States 
Following the announcement of his resignation, Mark complained that the nomination race for his successor was rigged, and allowed Robert Sopuck to be acclaimed without competition Following his resignation as an MP, Mark stepped up his criticisms of the Harper government  He complained that the nomination race for the Conservative candidate following the resignation of Labrador MP Peter Penashue was rigged because Harper "wants a candidate he can control"  He also complained that the nomination race to replace Merv Tweed was rigged, and that the eventual successor, Larry Maguire, was just a "rubber stamp" for Harper  Mark was featured prominently in the book Tragedy in the Commons, where almost every chapter quoted Mark's complaints about the way Harper's government was run 
Mark complained that the Conservatives' Constituent Information Management System (CIMS) was a secretive database used to track and control Canadians' information and voting preferences, and said that Harper could simply "switch off" this system to punish an MP 

Parliamentary work
For his tenure as an MP, Mark was always a "backbencher" In 2001, as the Alliance's parliamentary critic for Immigration, Mark was responsible for expressing his party's position on the Liberal government's Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, which he did during the immigration controversy involving the Sklarzyk family who, as a result of an administrative error, was deported from Canada to Poland in May 2001  He also contributed to the parliamentary committee's work in drafting the final version of the bill, and was generally regarded by MPs from all parties as having made several constructive criticisms to the legislation 
However, on June 13, 2001, Mark's position on the bill was undercut by Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day, who delivered a speech in parliament supporting tighter restrictions against refugee claimants and reduced opportunities for rejected claimants to appeal to the Refugee Board   Day's comments diverged from Mark's stated position on several particulars, and his speech was regarded as very surprising by many other MPs in the House of Commons  For example, Liberal MP Steve Mahoney referred to Day's comments as "treachery" towards Mark, for which he was ruled out of order by the Speaker 
In 2005, Mark's private members' Bill C-331 (Internment of Persons of Ukrainian Origin Recognition Act) was passed by the House of Commons and Senate of Canada, eventually resulting in the establishment of the Endowment Council of the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund, supporting educational and commemorative projects recalling Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920 

Federal resignation and return to municipal politics
Mark announced in June 2009 that he would be resigning before the next federal election  On August 16, 2010, he announced that he would step down as an MP on September 15 to campaign for another term as mayor of Dauphin  However, he lost to Eric Irwin 

Return to federal politics and switch to Green Party of Canada
Mark announced on November 13, 2014, that he would be running as an independent candidate for the 2015 federal election in Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa, which includes nearly all of his old riding  Mark announced that he is now a member of the Green Party of Canada, but would still seek election in 2015 as an independent candidate  Mark finished a distant fourth behind Sopuck, garnering only eight percent of the vote 

Electoral record
^  Change is from the total of Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance votes in the 2000 election  

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to Reform Party vote in 1997 election 
Passage 6:
Yane Yanev
Yane Yanev (Bulgarian: Яне Янев, born 22 April 1971) is a Bulgarian politician, leader of the center-right opposition party Order, Law and Justice and a member of the Bulgarian National Assembly  Known as an "anti-corruption hawk" that has brought to light many political scandals, Yanev is one of the most famous political players to emerge in Bulgaria in the past decade 
His stated political mission is the adoption of a new constitution, to replace the one adopted in the early 1990s with the fall of the former communist regime  Yanev has stated that he believes only such a "far-reaching and radical change" will allow Bulgaria to end the period of transition from communism to a law-abiding, democratic society  Following repeated threats concerning his life and health a Bulgarian-Israeli team has assumed twenty-four-hour security over the leader of RZS Yane Yanev, the press center of the party declared 

Early life
Yanev was born in Sandanski, a town in southwestern Bulgaria known for its agreeable climate and recreational resorts  He is son to Georgi Yanev and grandson to Yane Yanev (in whose honor he was named), both known as resistance figures to the communist regime  His grandfather served as mayor of the village Malak Tzalin for 11 years 
Yanev attended the local school in Sandanski and in 1990 entered the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, from which he matriculated with a degree in Agro-Engineering in 1994  He also pursued a master's degree in Economics and Management from the University of Plovdiv in 1992 to 1995 
During his student days he was active in student politics and was a member of the Students National Organization (Independent) 

Political involvement
Coming from a family long involved in agrarian politics, in his third year of university Yanev became a member of the National Alliance – Bulgarian Agricultural People's Union, and the chairman of its advisory board to the parliamentary group  He rose to prominence within the party and by the time Ivan Kostov became prime minister in 1997, he was a sought-after figure  After declining offers of positions in government, Yanev found himself in a hostile political environment that forced his resignation from politics 
He then worked as Chairman of the Board of Directors for the canned food and beverage company Kustendilski Plod 
In 2000 he returned to political involvement through the Agricultural People's Union and became the party chairman  He rose to national prominence in the early years of the decade by exposing to the public the fact the former King had abused his powers as Prime Minister (2001–2005) by privatizing state property that was formerly used by his family before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1946  Yanev also investigated abuses under the King's Minister of Finance Milen Velchev 
Yanev oversaw the transformation of the party in 2005 to Order, Law and Justice, maintaining the position of Secretary General in charge of overall organization, whilst the titular chairman position was given to former constitutional judge Georgi Markov  Following a failure to make significant electoral gains in the 2006 presidential elections, Markov resigned his position and Yanev unified the two posts under himself as chairman 

Member of Parliament
In June 2005 Yanev was elected as a member of the 40th National Assembly from the region of Blagoevgrad as part of the Union of Democratic Forces, and was a member of the committees on Agriculture and Forests, and Environment and Water 
In July 2009 Yanev retained his position in the 41st National Assembly  He is currently Chairman of the Bulgaria-Israel Friendship Committee  From July to December 2009, he also served as Chairperson of the Anti-Corruption, Conflict of Interests and Parliamentary Ethics Committee, a member of the Control Committee of the State Agency for National Security, and a member of the Advisory Board on National Security to the President of the Republic 

Personal life
Yanev announced his plans to be married by the end of 2010 during a live television interview on the popular talk show "Ivan & Andrei" 
Passage 7:
2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election
The 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017   Party members chose Andrew Scheer as leader, replacing Stephen Harper, who led the Conservative Party of Canada as its leader from 2004 following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties  Harper led the party through five federal elections: the party increased its seat count in the House of Commons in 2004, formed two minority governments in 2006, and 2008, and then a majority government in 2011  Following the defeat of the party in the 2015 federal election on October 19, Harper tendered his resignation as party leader  In a statement, Conservative Party President John Walsh said he had spoken to Harper, "and he has instructed me to reach out to the newly elected parliamentary caucus to appoint an interim Leader and to implement the leadership selection process "259,010 party members were eligible to vote in the leadership contest  141,000 members cast a vote  According to raw voting figures, Scheer received 62,593 votes on the final ballot compared to 55,544 votes for Bernier with 23,000 voters who had voted in the first round ranking neither Scheer or Bernier in their ranked ballot  Votes were apportioned among ridings so that each riding was allocated 100 points, regardless of the number of voters, resulting in 17,222 20 points (50 95%) for Scheer and 16,577 80 points (49 05%) for Bernier Subsequent to the election, fourth placed candidate Brad Trost and his campaign were fined $50,000 by the Conservative Party of Canada for allegedly leaking the party's membership list to the National Firearms Association  Trost denied that he or any of his staff leaked the list  On February 11, 2019, the Conservative Party released a statement from its Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) which concluded: "In short, LEOC does not believe there is evidence that the Trost Campaign was responsible for leaking of the membership list    " The fine was therefore removed from the Brad Trost Campaign  Trost went on to lose renomination as the party candidate for his riding during the 43rd Federal election on March 10, 2018, to Corey Tochor, former speaker of the Saskatchewan Legislature Criticism has been raised about how the party memberships were handled, with some prominent members saying they never received a ballot, even after contacting the party about it In addition, the result of the leadership race and party handling was questioned by some supporters of such as runner-up Maxime Bernier and  fifth place candidate Kellie Leitch due to discrepancies in the final ballot count, specifically a gap between the number of ballots cast and the announced result - a 7,466 vote discrepancy, which is greater than Andrew Scheer's 7,049 votes margin of victory in the final round  There was criticism over the exact role of the accounting firm Deloitte during the voting process - a deal revealed that Deloitte was not specifically tasked with auditing the vote but "observe" the counting process  It was also reported that some of  Brad Trost's supporters contravened the Elections Act and party membership rules by offering incentives to vote  Dimitri Soudas, a former Stephen Harper aide, pointed out that it violated election rules and it benefited Scheer's campaign but the ballots have been destroyed so the results stood Many considered Scheer's victory as an upset, given Bernier's consistent frontrunner status in the polls 

Interim leadership
Conservative Party president John Walsh's letter to caucus stated that only Members of Parliament (MPs) would vote for the interim leader, but Conservative Senators pointed out that the party constitution states that the entire parliamentary caucus votes  The caucus allowed senators to vote, declining to adopt the provisions of the Reform Act that would have only allowed MPs to vote The caucus chose Rona Ambrose, MP for Sturgeon River—Parkland, Alberta and former Minister of Health, as interim leader at its first meeting on November 5, 2015, in a vote by preferential ballot  Ambrose, as the interim leader, also served as Leader of the Official Opposition in the Parliament of Canada until a permanent leader was chosen  She defeated Candice Bergen, Diane Finley, Mike Lake, Rob Nicholson, Erin O'Toole, and the joint ticket of Denis Lebel and Michelle Rempel in the caucus vote Under the party's constitution, Ambrose, as the interim leader, could not run for the permanent position 

Leadership election timing
Following Harper's resignation, debate emerged within the Conservative Party regarding the timing of the leadership election  Some members of the party's national council called for a leadership convention as early as May 2016 according to Maclean's magazine  However, interim leader Rona Ambrose has said there is a consensus among the party's caucus that the leadership election shouldn't be rushed and should be held sometime in 2017  In a December 2015 interview, Ambrose said the party would take its time allowing all members, including those not already involved in politics, to build a strong candidacy  "If we take a little extra time, that will mean we'll have a better leadership race "The Conservative Party's Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) met at Toronto's Albany Club January 15–17, 2016 to discuss the process for the Party to elect its next leader  Among its decisions, LEOC selected May 27, 2017, for Conservative Party members to elect their next leader 

Rules and voting system
Only party members in good standing at 5pm Eastern Time on March 28, 2017, were allowed to vote  The fee for a party membership was raised from $15 to $25, an increase that was reversed on April 23, 2016, after criticisms that the move was "elitist"  Membership fees could only be paid via personal cheque or credit card  Cash payments were not permitted  This new requirement was intended to prevent the election being dominated by new members, and to prevent anyone other than the individual member, such as a candidate's campaign, from signing up scores of members and paying the membership fees in cash out of campaign funds  Despite this, the Conservative Party confirmed irregularities with 1,351 memberships connected to prepaid credit cards that it subsequently struck from its membership roll Voting was on a one member one vote basis using a ranked ballot; however votes were calculated so that each electoral district had equal weight with each electoral district allocated 100 points  Candidates were assigned a point total based on his or her percentage of the vote in each electoral district  To win, a candidate must receive at least 16,901 points which would be a majority To register, candidates must:
be members of the party for at least six months (can be waived),
submit nomination forms signed by 300 party members from at least 30 electoral districts in at least seven different provinces and territories,
pay a $50,000 non-refundable entrance fee, half of which must be paid when filing nomination with the other half due by the close of nominations on February 24, 2017 
pay an additional $50,000 compliance deposit, by December 31, 2016, or when filing nomination for those who register in 2017, which is refundable provided the candidate complies with campaign rules 
and fill out a 40-page questionnaire that asks for:
references,
criminal background and credit checks,
agreement with basic party principles,
a list of social media accounts,
questions about possible controversial positions the candidate has taken in the past, and
questions about affiliations and personal associations and behaviour that may be problematic A party committee reviewed the candidate's nomination form and may disqualify a potential candidate  Candidates are allowed to spend a maximum of $5 million on their campaigns 

Timeline
October 19, 2015 – Federal election results in defeat of Conservative government  As Harper spoke to supporters in Calgary, making no reference to his future, a statement was released by the party announcing Harper's resignation as party leader and his request that an interim leader be chosen to lead the party in parliament until a leadership election can be held 
November 4, 2015 – Harper resigns as prime minister; Liberal government led by Justin Trudeau sworn in 
November 5, 2015 – Conservative caucus held its first meeting since the 2015 federal election and chose former health minister Rona Ambrose interim leader of the party 
December 4–5, 2015 – National Council meets, 20-member Leadership Election Organization Committee appointed, including seven members of the National Council and MP Diane Finley, all of whom have pledged to be neutral during the leadership campaign; Dan Nowlan is appointed the committee's chair 
January 15–17, 2016 – The Leadership Election Organization Committee meets at the Albany Club in Toronto to decide on the date of the leadership vote, the deadline for candidates to be nominated, campaign spending limits, the entrance fee for candidates and the appeals process for any disputes 
May 26–28, 2016 – Conservative Party national policy convention, held at the Vancouver Convention Centre, voted on policy resolutions and elected the party president and other officials  An attempt to change the party constitution to allow the party's interim leader, Rona Ambrose, to seek the permanent leadership is defeated 
September 12, 2016 – Former Foreign Minister Peter MacKay, who had been leading public opinion polls as the most popular potential leader, announces that he will not be a candidate for the party's leadership 
November 2, 2016 – Only those who have registered as candidates by this date, including having paid at least $25,000 of the candidate deposit, are permitted to participate in the first leadership debate, to be held the following week  12 candidates meet this deadline 
November 9, 2016 – First of five official leadership debates organized by the LEOC, held in Saskatoon 
November 13, 2016 – Leadership debate organized by the Carleton Conservative Association, held in Greely, Ontario
December 6, 2016 – Second official debate held in Moncton in English and French 
December 31, 2016 – Deadline for candidates who filed their nomination papers in 2016 to have paid $50,000 compliance fee 
January 17, 2017, 6:30 pm – Third official debate held in Quebec City in French at the Quebec Convention Centre  The themes covered will be government and taxes 
February 4, 2017 – Leadership debate organized by the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia was held in Halifax, Nova Scotia  The first debate involving well-known businessman Kevin O'Leary 
February 24, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-5) – Nomination period closes; deadline for candidates to pay any remaining balance of entrance fee 
February 24, 2017 – Leadership debate organized by the Manning Centre for Building Democracy, held in Ottawa, Ontario
February 28, 2017 – Fourth official debate, held in Edmonton at the Maclab Theatre in English and French 
March 28, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-4) – Members who have joined by this date are eligible to vote 
April 26, 2017 – Presumed frontrunner Kevin O'Leary withdraws from the election and endorses Maxime Bernier; as O'Leary has withdrawn after the deadline, his name remains on the ballot  Final leadership debate is held 
April 28, 2017 – Voting by mail-in ranked ballot begins 
May 26, 2017, 5pm ET (UTC-5) – Deadline for mail-in ballots to be received 
May 27, 2017 – In-person voting at Toronto Congress Centre and 14 polling stations across the country until 4 pm ET (UTC-5)  Advance and in-person ballots counted; results announced 

Full results
Provincial summary
Debates
Registered candidates
Candidates who have paid their entrance fee and compliance deposit and filed their nomination papers:

Chris Alexander
BackgroundChris Alexander, 54, is the former Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (2013–2015), Parliamentary Secretary to Minister of National Defence (2011– 2013) and the former MP for Ajax—Pickering, Ontario (2011–2015)  Prior to entering politics, he served as a member of Canada's foreign diplomatic service, most notably in the Canadian Embassy in Moscow and as the Canadian Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2003 to 2005  From 2005 to 2009 he held the post of Deputy Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General for Afghanistan



ground_truth: Johanne Luise Heiberg

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who started the foundation that developed the Free Software Directory?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Meg Griffin
Meg Griffin is a fictional character in the animated television series Family Guy  Meg is the eldest child of Peter and Lois Griffin and older sister of Stewie and Chris, but is also the family's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and tolerates the brunt of their abuse  She is often bullied, belittled, ridiculed, and ignored 
Meg first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in a 15-minute short on December 20, 1998  She was created and designed by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane, who was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company, based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle-aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve  After the series pilot was given the greenlight, the Griffin family appeared in the episode "Death Has a Shadow" 
Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season, Meg has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 

Personality
Meg is a self-conscious and insecure adolescent girl  She is treated unfairly and abused by various people and has numerous insecurities that prompt her to try to be part of the "in-crowd"  However, this only results in her getting rebuffed by the many bullies of this circle, particularly Connie D'Amico, the head cheerleader of the local high school, James Woods Regional High School  However, a nerdy Jewish student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her Meg is usually the butt of Peter's jokes due to her unpopularity and "ugliness"; Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names  Stewie and Brian tend to disdain her kindness, but they typically do it behind Meg's back  Lois constantly puts Meg down, while boosting her own ego  Lois is usually of little to no help to Meg when she is abused by others; though her attitude is more negligent or apathetic than the more overt and direct abuse given by Peter 
While Meg is usually a pushover, she can get angry when pushed too far, though such occasions are usually rare  This can be seen in the episode "Seahorse Seashell Party", where she strongly insults and defames Peter, Lois, and even Chris for their inconsiderate actions toward her  This causes Peter, Lois, and Chris to distance themselves in shame and sends Peter into depression; though she later apologizes upon realizing that the family needs a "lightning rod" to absorb the dysfunction  In the episode "Road to Rupert", Meg assaults a man for insulting her after a fender-bender 
Despite her persistent mistreatment, Meg has proven a variety of times throughout the series that she is more talented and has greater potential than most people bother to realize, such as bird calls, playing the saxophone, speaking and singing in foreign languages, and even sports such as bowling, field hockey, basketball, roller derby, and even Olympic sports  However, she seldom earns any notable accolades for these abilities, mostly due to her family's lack of regard or interest in her or her inability to stick up against them 
Many of the show's storylines about Meg involve her trying to improve her life, find a boyfriend, being a Russian sleeper agent, and reaching breaking points with her family and others who victimize her  She often becomes obsessed with men who show any kindness or affection to her, including the Griffin's friend and neighbor Joe Swanson in the episode "The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair", and Brian in "Barely Legal" 
Out of all the members of the family, her father Peter abuses her the most, however he is shown to actually care about Meg in various episodes, such as in "Meg and Quagmire" when he goes out of his way to prevent friend and neighbor Glenn Quagmire from having sex with her, and in "This Little Piggy" where he tries to get Meg out of a foot fetishism business objectifying her for men's sexual amusement  Peter occasionally cares about Meg but is not open about it to anyone 

Voice actors
On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode "Hot Tub", Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers  Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season, and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and her role on Party of Five, although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order  Mila Kunis won the role after a series of auditions and callbacks where she was asked to speak more slowly and enunciate more; she was ultimately hired despite being unsure she understood what was expected of her  MacFarlane felt that Kunis invigorated the character, and that her work on That '70s Show showed she could command a scene  MacFarlane stated that Kunis "had a very natural quality to Meg" and she's "in a lot of ways [   ] almost more right for the character"  Kunis' voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two "Da Boom", and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis  Tara Strong provides Meg's singing voice in "Don't Make Me Over"  Archival recordings of Lacey Chabert's voice that she provided as Meg Griffin are used in the tenth season episode "Back to the Pilot" in which Brian and Stewie go back in time to the events of "Death Has a Shadow"  However, Chabert does in fact return for the eleventh season episode "Yug Ylimaf" as Stewie references the fact that time has reversed so much that Meg's voice has reverted back from that of Kunis' to Chabert's 

Lacey Chabert (1999–2000; 2011 archive recordings, 2012)
Mila Kunis (1999–present)
Tara Strong (singing voice)

Social life
Meg is very unpopular in high school due to both her plain appearance and personality  She desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd, but is usually coldly rebuffed  Because of her eagerness for acceptance, she has been recruited "unknowingly" into a suicidal religious cult, and later recruited again unwittingly into her school's Lesbian Alliance (in the episode "Brian Sings and Swings" )  However, Meg does have a moderate number of friends, the best of whom being a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys  In later episodes, these girls, known by the names Beth, Patty, Collette, Esther, and Ruth, are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless, much like Meg 
Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own abdomen twice (in shop class) in order to avoid a date with her, and then in a later episode, another student shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night  In "Don't Make Me Over", Lois is looking for new clothes for Meg, but with no luck; a saleswoman ends up pouring gasoline on herself, lighting a match, catching fire, and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans  However, she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman  In "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter", Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia, Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous  This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil's girlfriend and (not knowing at first) his slave, but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him  Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her, mostly due to his very low standards, asking if she has reached the age of consent  Quagmire comes close to succeeding in "Meg and Quagmire" when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire's 'dates'  Then, they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin, Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens  In several episodes she is shown dating, including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell  She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover; but, before all that happens, she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman  In "Jerome is the New Black", Jerome, an old flame of Lois's and Peter's new friend, admits to having sex with Meg, to which Peter replies indifferently 
In the episode "Brian Sings and Swings", a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club, with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was  Desperate to fit in, she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it  At the end of the episode, Meg goes over to Sarah's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian (Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied), much to Glenn's (who was hiding in Sarah's closet) disappointment  She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker, but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness  In other episodes, she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend  For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian, the family dog and only after threatening suicide Earlier in season 2, she dated Joe Swanson's son Kevin Swanson, but in "Stew-Roids" it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq  In the episode, "Prick Up Your Ears", she dates a boy named Doug, but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex  In the episode "Peter's Daughter", Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma (caused by Peter when he asked her to "rescue" beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen) and they start to date  After he breaks up with Meg (because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma, he would "treat her like a princess"), she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged  After finding out that she is not actually pregnant, Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay, however, Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar  In the episode "Dial Meg for Murder", she is dating a convict, while in the episode "Go, Stewie, Go!" she dates an attractive young man named Anthony, who is absolutely normal (much to the surprise of many of the other characters)  They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg  It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair  Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse 
Overall, Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series  However, there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian: examples of this include "Brian Sings and Swings", "Stew-Roids", and "Dial Meg for Murder" 
In November 2016, when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes, showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian, taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics, like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in "Brian Sings and Swings" and is identified as a "transgender man" named "Ron" in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, the latter which takes place in the future  However, Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus isn't officially set to be used in an episode 

Family life
In the first three seasons of the show, Meg was portrayed with a more whiny and uptight personality who was often embarrassed by the family’s acts of bumbling and stupidity, though they cared for her and meant well  In the post-cancellation seasons, this began to change as the inadvertent embarrassment became deliberate bullying and disrespect  Additionally, the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it appears that most of the population of Quahog who knows her, or even just meets her, picks on or disdains her for no reason other than her simply being "Meg"  This basically means that she is a victim of circumstance, as Meg is normally docile and well-behaved and never seems to do anything mean or inconsiderate  In an interview, Mila Kunis stated: "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in perpetual mode of humiliation, and it's fun "While Meg is, in reality, the least obnoxious or self-involved of the family, she is also the least respected and most misunderstood, often shown by people avoiding her company, disparaging her in person, gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs, etc  Peter reminds Lois, "We agreed that if we could only save two, we'd leave Meg!" even randomly shooting her when she simply said "Hi Dad" ("Peter's Daughter") but despite this he also was going to say "I love you" in "Hell Comes to Quahog", and in "Road to Rupert" he stated they were 'secret best friends' before throwing lemonade in her face, saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to "peer pressure", thus giving hope that they may be on good terms  Occasionally, when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room, Peter responds by saying "Shut up, Meg", which is immediately followed by a line from another character 
When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them, Meg finds Peter's letter to her, which says, "Dear Meg, for the first four years of your life, I thought you were a house cat " And in Peter's short story of her birth, they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth  In the episode "Stewie Kills Lois", Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand  He then says "two and a half months later, our daughter Meg was born" – indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant  Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation, says, "Hey Meg, did you know that if you're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work? 'Cause no one told me! I just thought you should know" and laughs awkwardly  On Meg's 17th birthday, her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age  Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode "PTV", and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in "Long John Peter"  In "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven", Brian says to Meg's face that she lives in a home "where nobody respects or cares about [her], not even enough to get [her] a damn mumps shot!" Chris, however, has more of a typical brother-sister relationship with Meg, with Chris telling those who condemn her that it is never her fault  Chris, at one point, threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss didn't re-hire Meg (at the insistence of Lois)  Like Chris, Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet, and although she has proved it, her father coldly state that they were talking about Chris', not hers  Cleveland comments to Peter "Meg is my least favorite of your children "Apparently, a double standard also exists against Meg, further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her  In "Big Man on Hippocampus", an episode wherein Peter loses his memory, as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex, Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children; in response, Meg attempts an incest joke  She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room  However, in the season finale "Partial Terms of Endearment", Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie, and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter, Lois receives no such violent reaction  Additionally, in "Model Misbehavior", when Lois starts a modeling career, Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois' pictures, followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming "Me too!" to which Peter shouts "Oh God, Meg, that's sick! That's your mother!", ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing first  Meg responded by saying "I was only trying to fit in!" Peter immediately kicked her out of the house  Later, during an unrelated conversation, when she tried to insight Peter on how Lois' behavior from modeling made a poor example for women, he said "Meg, who let you back in the house?"
Brian's attention initially softens the lack of respect from Peter and the rest of family; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West  While initially seeming to have more common decency for Meg than most people, this appears to almost completely disappear after the tenth season, as Brian's increasingly shallow and self-centered character begins to take more pleasure and joy in being rotten to Meg and often refuses to give her the time of day, such as desperately trying to avoid having to comfort her, rejecting an offer by Peter to be Meg's godfather, attempting to pin the blame on (or trying to frame) her for a misdeed, finding humor in her being puked on, and even willing to deliberately urinate on her bed  Meg's most complicated relationship among the family members after Peter would be with her mother Lois  Although not as abusive as Peter, Lois seldom (if ever) reprimands her husband for their treatment of their daughter and tends to be rather thoughtless of Meg herself, often putting her down for her lack of social achievement or social popularity  Throughout the series, Lois can best be described as a general foil to her daughter, being more rebellious, outgoing, and loose-spirited compared to her daughter's own uptight demeanor, easily-embarrassed personality, and lack of confidence  Before the more recent seasons of the series, Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg and tried to boost her confidence in terms of teenage social matters  Occasionally however, such occasions resulted in the former getting carried away and stealing the show, for example, taking her to Spring Break at the beach, only for her former younger wild side to kick in and completely exclude Meg from the excitement  Lois would very often comfort Meg when she is down; however, she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien, and with a "Whatever happens, happens", leaves Meg to her misery 
One of the most cruel examples of the family's lack of humanity or gratitude for Meg comes in the episode "You Can't Do That On Television, Peter"  When Peter is mauled by a puma, Meg uses medical training to save his life  However, no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out, Peter just tells her to get him water 
The family's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in "Dial Meg for Murder" when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal, abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her  It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways  However, it comes to a head once again in "Seahorse Seashell Party", when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter, informing them of their own flaws  Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother's delinquent past  Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent, harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg's shortcomings  Lois tries to justify that she's a better person because of her past and she is open that she isn't the perfect parent, but Meg tells her that she's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to guide her through life and navigate her through the hardships and difficulties of being a young woman  Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18, she may never want to see her again  This breaks Lois' heart and she finally admits that she's been a terrible mother to Meg  Finally, Meg turns on Peter who, unable to comprehend her insults, thinks that his daughter's argument is amusing, even when she points out Peter's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her  It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a "waste of a man " A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to "knock it off", but Lois refuses because he didn't stick up for her  Within moments, Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois  Peter finally runs to his room crying, with Lois running after him, leaving behind Meg and Brian, who is now fully recovered from his trip, to discuss what just happened  Brian likes that Meg stood up for herself, but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word, seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins' "lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction"  He commends her on her maturity, and even goes on to say that Meg is the "strongest person" in the family  She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault 
Since this episode, the abuse that Meg receives begins to fade away as a storyline  She also notices that Peter's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her, and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show—which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and (as it is implied) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion 

Notes
Passage 2:
List of Family Guy cast members
Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors, and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars  The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis (who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season (her last episode is "Holy Crap," now marketed as the second episode of season two)), Seth Green, and Mike Henry  Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton, Adam West, John G  Brennan, Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly, and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller, Charles Durning, Rush Limbaugh, James Woods and Phil LaMarr 
Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters  The voice actors, in portraying the various character personalities on the show, draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture  Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor, after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations 
Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode "Barely Legal" and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production, though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series 

Current cast
From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members  Since season 5, there have been five main cast members  The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 

Seth MacFarlane
Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire  MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it  MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design  Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady  The voice for Glenn Quagmire is based on 1940s and 1950s radio commercials  MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, including news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr  Hartman   He is the only cast member to be in every episode 

Alex Borstein
Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt  Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv  She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen"  At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins  The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original season), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying     and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours "

Seth Green
Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman  Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's 

Mila Kunis
Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin  Kunis won the role after the auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show  MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more  Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her  Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat"  She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation  And it's fun "

Mike Henry
Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert “The Pervert”, Bruce, Consuela, and various other characters  A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005  Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy  On June 26, 2020, after twenty years of voicing the character, Mike Henry announced on Twitter that he was stepping down from voicing Cleveland, stating "persons of color should play characters of color " On September 25, 2020, it was announced that Arif Zahir would take over as the voice of Cleveland 

Recurring cast
In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors  Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently  Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags 
The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

Recurring guest voices
The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson, Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown and Emily Osment as Ruth Cochamer  Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis  Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost  Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists and James Woods as himself  In 2020, it was announced that Sam Elliott would take over as Quahog's new mayor, Mayor West's estranged cousin Wyld West 

Casting changes
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited  Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork 
Jon Cryer voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance before the role passed to Seth MacFarlane  The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned 
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character from the third to eighteenth seasons 
Natasha Melnick was the original voice of Meg Griffin's Friend Ruth Cochamer until Emily Osment took over the character in the eleventh season 
Beginning in 2021-onward, Arif Zahir took over voicing Cleveland Brown from Mike Henry 

Awards and nominations
See also
Television portal
Passage 3:
The Cleveland Show
The Cleveland Show is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Richard Appel, and Mike Henry for the Fox Broadcasting Company  A spin-off of Family Guy, and the second television series in the franchise, the series centers on Cleveland Brown, his new wife Donna Tubbs-Brown, and their children Cleveland Brown Jr , Roberta Tubbs, and Rallo Tubbs  Similar to Family Guy, it exhibited much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture, though it uses significantly fewer than Family Guy  Fox cancelled the series after 4 seasons  The animation was produced by Fox Television Animation 
The series was conceived by MacFarlane in 2007 after developing Family Guy and American Dad! for the Fox network  MacFarlane centered the show on Family Guy character Cleveland Brown and created new characters for Cleveland's family members  One preexisting character, Cleveland's son Cleveland Jr  (Junior), was redesigned as an obese, soft-spoken teen, as opposed to his depiction as a younger, hyperactive child with average body weight on Family Guy 
The series premiered on September 27, 2009, and ended on May 19, 2013, with a total of 88 episodes over the course of 4 seasons  The Cleveland Show was nominated for one Annie Award, one Primetime Emmy Award, and two Teen Choice Awards, but received mixed reviews from media critics  Nearly a year after the series' cancelation, Cleveland returned to Family Guy, accompanied by the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family, in the season 12 episode "He's Bla-ack!" during which his show was mercilessly mocked by his friends 

Production
Development
Seth MacFarlane initially conceived The Cleveland Show in 2007 while working on his other two animated series, Family Guy and American Dad! 

The Cleveland Show first appeared on the development slate at Fox in early 2008, under no official name for the pilot, after a report that Fox had purchased the series from creators  The pilot was named The Cleveland Show in May 2008, when it appeared on the primetime slate for the 2008–09 television season, although it wasn't officially on the network schedule  Shortly after a report that King of the Hill just ended, leaving air time for The Cleveland Show, the show was picked up for a full season after an additional nine episodes of the show were ordered  In May 2009, The Cleveland Show appeared on the primetime slate for the 2009–10 television season, for airing on Sunday nights at 8:30 pm On June 15, 2009, it was announced that The Cleveland Show would premiere on September 27, 2009 MacFarlane and Henry pitched a 22-minute to Fox which aired on September 27, 2009 but had been leaked on the internet in June 2009  Even before the pilot episode premiered, the show had already been renewed for a 22-episode second season  After the first season of the show aired, it was given the green light to start production  On June 10, 2010, less than three weeks into the first season's summer hiatus, it was announced that Fox was ordering a third season  A fourth season was announced on May 9, 2011, just a few days before the second season concluded 

Executive producers
Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry and Richard Appel have served as executive producers on the series since the first season 

Voice cast
Mike Henry voices two of the show's main characters: Cleveland Brown and Rallo Tubbs  The voice of Cleveland was developed originally for Family Guy by Henry after being influenced by one of his best friends who had a very distinct regional accent  For the voice of Rallo, Henry stated that he created the voice over twenty years before; he had used it while making prank phone calls 
Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland, stepmother of Cleveland Brown Jr , and mother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs  In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers "wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge " Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled The Golden Blaze  In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs  Predator, Blade, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys 
Reagan Gomez-Preston plays Roberta Tubbs, the stepdaughter of Cleveland  Gomez has stated that she uses her own voice to portray Roberta and that she herself gets mistaken for a fifteen-year-old over the phone "all the time " Before Gomez was cast as Roberta, Nia Long (who co-starred with Lathan in The Best Man franchise) provided the character's voice during the first thirteen episodes  According to Long, she was replaced because producers decided they wanted an actress with a younger-sounding voice, given that the character is a teenager Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on Family Guy and American Dad!, portrays Cleveland, Jr , as well as Cleveland's next-door neighbor Lester Krinklesac  In portraying Cleveland, Jr , Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series ER who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet  For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had "run into a few rednecks in [his] time", and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable  Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode "Harder, Better, Faster, Browner", he was promoted to a series regular 
Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a "Steve Martin impression [   ] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression"  Jess Harnell voices the character for the rest of the series from the next episode onward, as MacFarlane grew tired of voicing the character 
Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a k a  " Federline Jones", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn "Cookie" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar "Freight Train" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender 

Characters
Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife, Donna Tubbs-Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan); Donna's daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's son Rallo (voiced by Mike Henry)  Cleveland, Jr  underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken 

Episodes
Crossovers with other animated sitcoms
The Cleveland Show characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa  The Cleveland Show crossovers have all involved two other animated programs  Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane—Family Guy and American Dad!  There are also many brief cameos of characters from three other Fox animated shows, The Simpsons, Futurama, and King of the Hill 

Syndication and streaming
In July 2010, the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights, for their networks TBS and later, Adult Swim  The series first aired on Adult Swim in the United States on September 29, 2012  On July 14, 2018, Viacom later picked up the rights to the series and the series left Adult Swim and TBS on September 9, 2018  The series began airing on Comedy Central in the United States on October 8, 2018 until April 29, 2022 with ViacomCBS sister networks BET and VH1 airing the series starting on August 31, 2020 and September 14, 2020, respectively  The series is available for streaming on Hulu 
The series began airing on FXX on September 20, 2021 Internationally, The Cleveland Show is available to stream on Star on Disney+ 

Cancellation
On April 17, 2013, Fox dismissed increasing rumors that The Cleveland Show had been canceled, reporting rather that renewal of the series was undetermined as of that time  However, on May 13, 2013, in the New York Daily News, Fox Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly confirmed the show's cancellation  Following the series cancellation, it was confirmed that Cleveland would be moving back to Quahog with the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family to rejoin the Family Guy cast 

Reception
Critical reception
The Cleveland Show initially received mixed reviews from critics  Review aggregator Metacritic gave the show a score of 57 out of 100  Tom Shales of The Washington Post spoke very negatively about both the show and MacFarlane himself, describing him as "no better than the dirty old man hanging around playgrounds with naughty pictures or risque jokes as lures"  Roberto Bianco of USA Today wrote a similarly negative review, suggesting that the easiest fix for its problem was "cancellation"  John McWhorter of The New Republic called it "a patronizing mess" and "basically Family Guy in blackface"  He added: "What isn't black in it is so shamelessly ripped off from Family Guy that it's hard to believe it's the product of creators who are usually so studiously 'post-' obvious stunts of the sort "Matt Rouse of TV Guide wrote, "The lamest, most unnecessary spin-off since Private Practice, Cleveland rests on the shoulders of the hopelessly bland title character"  However, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was more positive about the program, writing that although The Cleveland Show was "just as rude-crude" as Family Guy, it also had "more warmth" due to Cleveland being a more likable character than Peter Griffin  Owen also praised the character of Tim the Bear, stating that "Tim is by far the most amusing creation " Jonathan Storm of the Philadelphia Inquirer, also spoke positively, stating that "[Cleveland] sounds funnier, and he shows way more personality than we've seen in his many years on Family Guy  [   ] While it seems to be missing some of the over-the-top offensive bites we're used to on Family Guy, and Cleveland's new drinking buddies aren't quite as amusing as the Quagmire, Joe, and Peter combination - there's a lot to like here "

Nielsen ratings
Awards and nominations
Home media
Internationally The Cleveland Show is available to stream on Star on Disney + with all four seasons 
Passage 4:
Big Chuck and Lil' John
Charles "Big Chuck" Schodowski (born June 28, 1934) and "Lil' John" Rinaldi (born January 19, 1946) – together commonly known as Big Chuck and Lil' John – are a duo of entertainers who served as late-night horror hosts of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show on television station WJW in Cleveland, Ohio from 1963 to 2008   In addition to hosting a movie with a live audience, they also performed original sketch comedy routines   At the end of each sketch was a very distinctive laugh (see external links section below) voiced by comedian/actor Jay Lawrence, who was a disc jockey for KYW radio in Cleveland during the early 1960s 
On September 10, 2011, WJW began airing a weekly half-hour program – simply titled Big Chuck and Lil' John – featuring classic show skits along with limited new production 

History
Chuck Schodowski (b  June 28, 1934) started as a producer/engineer at WJW-TV (and before that at KYW-TV), and became a close friend of Ernie Anderson  When Anderson's previous sidekick, eventual Hollywood actor Tim Conway, was fired for a fabrication on his résumé, Schodowski was hired as Conway's replacement  Schodowski worked closely with Anderson (as Ghoulardi) on Shock Theater, and was instrumental in bringing in the blend of blues and polka music that helped define the show, adding comic audio drop-ins to enliven the often awful movies, and immortalized The Rivingtons' tune "Papa Oom Mow Mow" by marrying it to the image of an old man gurning When Anderson left Cleveland for California in 1966, his popular Ghoulardi character was retired, and a talent search ensued to find a replacement  Schodowski agreed to help Bob Wells (WJW's "Hoolihan the Weatherman") with his audition, and the management decided they liked the way the two performed together  They became co-hosts of The Hoolihan and Big Chuck Show, which launched on December 23, 1966  In addition to screening horror films, the duo soon started filming comedy skits interspersed within the host segments After Wells left the show in 1979, John Rinaldi, a jeweler by trade who had already been featured on many of the program's skits, took over as co-host



ground_truth: Richard Stallman

rms

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the federal leader of the party that Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu is a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   In addition to English, he is fluent in both French and Russian languages 
Date campaign announced: October 12, 2016
EndorsementsFormer MPs: (1) Yuri Shymko (Parkdale, 1978–1979)PoliciesChris Alexander has 40 detailed published policies that fall into three main categories: New Economy, New Country and New Role  These policies include how Canada should approach: employment, taxation, innovation, families, education, competitiveness, energy self-reliance, cities, agriculture, poverty, homelessness, First Nations peoples, the Métis, refugees, the Monarchy, justice, health care, protecting wilderness, forestry, mining, international diplomacy, terrorism, democratic reform, cyber-security, Canadian culture, northern development, and national defence He believes that immigration is the key to "economic growth " Is proposing to increase immigration to 400,000 a year including 40,000 refugees and calling for doubling defence spending and "for an accelerated push to settle all outstanding land claims and to sign treaties with First Nations communities that would empower them to govern themselves"  Was prominent in the Conservative government's handling of the Syrian refugee crisis and in the government's promise during the 2015 election to create a telephone tip line to report so-called "barbaric cultural practices " As minister, he was criticized over delays in meeting the government's commitment to resettle Syrian refugees 

Maxime Bernier
BackgroundMaxime Bernier, 60, was the MP for Beauce, Quebec (2006–2019) and was the Shadow Minister of Innovation (2015—2016)  He served in the Harper government as Minister of State for Small Business and Tourism (2011–2015), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2007–2008), and Minister of Industry (2006–2007), Bernier is considered an advocate of limited government and has been compared to a Libertarian  He has been nicknamed "Mad Max", the "Bloc-buster", or the "Albertan from Quebec" by his Ottawa colleagues  Prior to entering federal politics in 2006, Bernier, a lawyer by training, was vice-president of the Standard Life of Canada Insurance company, MEI, and manager of corporate and international relations at the Commission des valeurs mobilières du Québec 
Date candidacy announced: April 7, 2016
Policies
Running a campaign based on individual freedom, personal responsibility, respect and fairness  Expects support around the ideas/policies he is placing in the campaigns 
Calls for smaller government, lower taxes everywhere, paying down the national debt, increasing investments, increase pipeline developments, and opening up markets  Opposes bailout to any corporation, and use of "corporate welfare" (business subsidies)  Supports the decriminalization/legalization of marijuana Wants to allow MPs to vote their conscience and get rid of omnibus bills 
Phasing control of Canada Health Transfer to the provinces for health care by replacing it with a health transfer point systems, encourage provinces to move away from a single-payer healthcare system to a two-tier healthcare system, balance the budget within two years then reduce the number of tax brackets from five to three, increase basic exemption from $11,474 to $15,000 being paid by "boutique" tax credits  Supports abolishing capital gains taxes, and lowering corporate taxes to 10% by getting rid of corporate welfare 
Opposes a "Canadian values" test on the basis that it is logistically ineffective to fight terrorism  Abolish the Canadian Radio-television Telecommunications Commission, privatizing Canada Post Corporation, phasing out supply management on dairy and poultry, and expanding free trade  Ending inter-provincial barriers as a priority 
He also wants to "break" Quebec's maple syrup cartel and wants to allow foreign ownership for the airline industry  He wants to "streamline the process for hiring specialized workers abroad"  He wants to put more emphasis on economic immigration and "slightly reduce" family reunification class immigration   More privately sponsored refugee and fewer government sponsored  Reform temporary foreign worker programs  Bernier believes first nation communities need to be consulted before the Indian Act needs to be "abolished, or changed " Opposes federal control overreaching into other jurisdictions  Create stricter foreign aid standards and phase out development aid 

Steven Blaney
BackgroundSteven Blaney, 58, was the Shadow Minister of Public Works and Government Services (2015–2016) for the Conservative Opposition, and is the former Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (2013–2015), Minister of Veterans Affairs (2011–2013)  He is the MP for Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis, Quebec (2015–present) and Lévis—Bellechasse, Quebec (2006–2015) 

Date campaign announced: October 23, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (2)Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu (Quebec),
Jean-Guy Dagenais (Quebec)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:
Policies
Supports banning the wearing of the niqab while voting, taking the citizenship oath, or by federal public servants, even if such a ban would require invoking the notwithstanding clause of the Constitution in order to override the Charter of Rights and Freedoms  Also advocates testing of would be citizens on "their understanding and appreciation of Canada's core principles " He wants to "beef up" screening  The number of immigrants he wants to bring in will be based upon labour-market studies 

Michael Chong
BackgroundMichael Chong, 51, is the MP for Wellington—Halton Hills, Ontario (2004–present) and was the Deputy Shadow Minister of the Environment (2015–2016)  He was Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth (2006) and Minister of Sport (2006)  Chong resigned from the Harper cabinet in 2006 to protest the government's recognition of the Québécois as a nation within Canada  As a backbench MP he advocated democratic reforms in Parliament to limit the power of the Prime Minister's Office and party leaders over their caucuses and individual MPs and introduced the Reform Act to give caucuses the option of the power to remove party leaders, elect caucus chairs, and expel or readmit MPs, and elect interim leaders  He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party at the time of the merger 
Date campaign announced: May 16, 2016
Policies
Advocates modernizing democratic institutions and strengthening the independence of MPs and parliamentary committees 
Calls for the privatization of Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation's (CMHC) mortgage insurance and securitization business, a measure he says will make housing more affordable in Canada 
Supports introducing a revenue neutral carbon tax  Chong's plan would phase in a carbon tax over a decade, while immediately cutting taxes by $18 billion and getting rid of green regulations and subsidies 
Believes that Canada needs an evidence-based immigration policy that would put economic interests at the forefront  He has criticized face-to-face values screening as a divisive tactic 

Kellie Leitch
BackgroundKellie Leitch, 52, was the MP for Simcoe—Grey, Ontario (2011–2019) and Shadow Minister of Health (2015–2016)  In the Harper cabinet, she was Minister of Labour and the Status of Women (2013–2015)  She is an orthopaedic pediatric surgeon at SickKids Hospital and an associate professor at the University of Toronto 
Date campaign announced: April 6, 2016
Policies
Supports the decriminalization, but not legalization, of marijuana  Opposes a national tax on carbon emissions  Has suggested screening prospective immigrants using a "Canadian values" test  Described Donald J  Trump's win of the American presidency as an "exciting message and one that we need delivered in Canada as well " Urged by hundreds of health professionals to honour her medical oath and work against Canada's controversial asbestos industry, remained silent on the issue  Calls for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to be defunded and dismantled with the exception of the provision of emergency services to rural and remote parts of Canada 

Pierre Lemieux
BackgroundPierre Lemieux, 60, is the former MP for Glengarry—Prescott—Russell, Ontario (2006–2015)  In the Harper government he was the Parliamentary Secretary for Official Languages (2007–2008), Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture (2008–2015), and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Veterans Affairs (2015) 
Date campaign announced: August 22, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (3)Campaign Life Coalition
Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed project,
Right NowPolicies
Running as a social conservative, highlighting his opposition to abortion and same-sex marriage  Lemieux does not believe that screening potential immigration candidates to Canada would make Canada any safer  In March 2017, Pierre Lemieux received a rating of C− from the Canadian Coalition for Firearm Rights for his policies on firearms ownership in Canada 

Deepak Obhrai
BackgroundDeepak Obhrai, 73, was the MP for Calgary Forest Lawn, Alberta (2015–2019), and represented Calgary East, Alberta (1997–2015), was Shadow Minister of International Development (2015–2016), and was the Dean of the Conservative Caucus  In the Harper government he was the Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs (2006–2015)  Obhrai was a member of the Canadian Alliance at the time of the merger 

Date campaign announced: July 14, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (2)Corneliu Chisu (Pickering—Scarborough East, 2011–2015)
Joe Daniel (Don Valley East, 2011–2015)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia:
Withdrawn Endorsements: (2)Julian Fantino (Former MP for Vaughan, 2010–2015)
Martin Shields (MP for Bow River)Policies
Advocates a more inclusive party  Had promised to withdraw in favour of Peter MacKay if he were to run  He wants to increase the number of privately sponsored refugees and cut the number of government-sponsored refugees 

Erin O'Toole
BackgroundErin O'Toole, 50, is the MP for Durham, Ontario (2012–present) and was Shadow Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (2015–2016) for the Conservative Party in Opposition  Previously, he served as Minister of Veterans Affairs (2015) 
Date campaign announced: October 14, 2016 
Policies
O'Toole policies wants to give tax credits for youth underemployment and student debt  He wants to restructure temporary foreign worker and provincial nominee programs 

Rick Peterson
BackgroundRick Peterson, 61, is a venture capitalist, party fundraiser, the principal of Peterson Capital, and a former candidate for leadership of the British Columbia Conservative Party  He was a member of the Progressive Conservatives at the time of the merger 
Date campaign announced: October 18, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (1)Bill Clarke (Vancouver Quadra, 1973–1984)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals: (3)Brian Day (Canadian Medical Association President, 2006–2008)
Karen Mortfield (Press Secretary to the Ontario PC Leader, 1990–1993)
Mark Mullins (Former Fraser Institute President)Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectPolicies
Advocates a flat federal income tax rate of 15% and eliminating corporate income taxes and raising the GST to 9%  Supports boosting terrorist surveillance and enhance security screening for immigrants 
Advocates offering citizenship to almost 250,000 skilled workers a year by 2022, triple today's levels, and to 35,000 business people, more than five times today's level while freezing refugee integration to the levels of Harper Era 
Would reform health care provincial transfer payments and equalization payments 
Calls for Canada Revenue Agency to withdraw from Quebec and to transfer the administration and collection of the income tax in the province to Revenue Quebec 
Would take Canada out of the UN firearms marking scheme and to allow open carry of restricted firearms in the bush  Received a rating of C− from the Canadian Coalition for Firearm Rights for his policies and a rating of C from the National Firearms Association 

Lisa Raitt
BackgroundLisa Raitt, 55, was the MP for Milton, Ontario (2015–2019), previously Halton, Ontario (2008–2015) and the former Shadow Minister of Finance (2015–2016), Minister of Transport (2013–2015), Minister of Labour (2010–2013), Minister of Natural Resources (2008–2010), President and CEO of the Toronto Port Authority (2002–2008)  Stepped down from shadow cabinet on October 14, 2016, to prepare for leadership bid 
Date campaign announced: November 2, 2016
 
Policies
Opposes Leitch's proposal to screen immigrants for "anti-Canadian values"  She will "introduce balanced budgets, repeal carbon pricing legislation and prioritize the development of Canada's natural resources "Firearms policy   In March 2017, Raitt received a rating of C+ from the Canadian Coalition for Firearms Rights for her policies on firearms ownership in Canada   In April, she received a rating of D from the National Firearms Association 

Andrew Saxton
BackgroundAndrew Saxton, 59, is the former Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance (2013–2015), Parliamentary Secretary to the President of the Treasury Board and for Western Economic Diversification (2011–2013), MP for North Vancouver (2008–2015), former chief executive officer of King George Financial Corporation 
Date campaign announced: October 18, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (3)Joyce Bateman (Winnipeg South Centre, 2011–2015)
John Duncan (Vancouver Island North, 1993–2006, 2008–2015)
John Fraser (Vancouver South, 1972–1993; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1986–1993)Former Senators: (1)Noël Kinsella (New Brunswick, 1990–2014; Speaker of the Senate, 2006–2014)Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (1)Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia: (1)David Holmes Black (Black Press Owner)Policies
Saxton's campaign is an economic platform  He plans on lowering taxes and balancing the budget 

Andrew Scheer
BackgroundAndrew Scheer, 44, Opposition House Leader (2015–2016), MP for Regina—Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan (2004–present), Speaker of the House of Commons (2011–2015)  Scheer was a member of the Canadian Alliance at the time of the merger 

Date campaign announced: September 28, 2016
 
Policies
Running as an "unapologetic" Conservative who can unite all wings of the party  He is "committed" to lower taxes, fiscal responsibility, and "compassion"  Scheer believes that there should be a "more robust screening process " Scheer is pro-life, but doesn't intend to bring any legislation on the topic  Scheer advocates for immigration based process, economic indicators, and "what our society needs "

Brad Trost
BackgroundBrad Trost, 49, was the MP for Saskatoon—University, (2015–2019) and Saskatoon—Humboldt (2004–2015) previously  He was appointed Official Opposition Critic for Canada-U S  Relations (2015–2016) following the 2015 election  Prior to election, Trost worked as an exploration geophysicist (prospector) in natural resources extraction in the north  He was also an active participant in his family's mixed grain, oilseeds and beef cattle farm operation  In his first Parliament, he founded the Conservative Party Energy Caucus and pushed for the re-creation of the Standing Committee on Natural Resources  He has served on the Standing Committees on International Trade and on Industry, and was elected vice-chair of the Canada-U S  Parliamentary Association 
Date campaign announced: August 16, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators:
Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (2)Leon Benoit (Vegreville—Wainwright, 1993–2015),
Maurice Vellacott (Saskatoon—Wanuskewin, 1997–2015)Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations: (2)Campaign Life Coalition,
Canadian Taxpayers Federation Generation Screwed projectMedia:
Policies
Running as a social conservative, opposes a carbon tax, transgender bathrooms, tax increases generally, assisted suicide and abortion, deficit financing, and legalization of marijuana  Has been outspoken against abortion and against same-sex marriage and argued unsuccessfully at the 2016 Conservative policy convention to retain the party's definition of marriage as "the Union of one man and one woman"  Advocates privatization of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 

Withdrawn candidates
Tony Clement
BackgroundTony Clement, 62, is the MP for Parry Sound—Muskoka, Ontario (2006–2019) and has been Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs (2015–2016), President of the Treasury Board (2011–2015), Minister of Industry (2008–2011), Minister of Health (2006–2008), and a 2004 leadership candidate, placing third  He was an MPP in the Ontario legislature (1995–2003) and a provincial cabinet minister (1997–2003) under Premiers Mike Harris and Ernie Eves  Clement also ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in 2002, placing third 
Date campaign announced: July 12, 2016
Date withdrawn: October 12, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (1)Leo Housakos (Quebec; Speaker of the Senate, 2015)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs: (1)Brad Butt (Mississauga—Streetsville, 2011–2015)Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians: (1)Gary Mar (Alberta MLA for Calgary Nose Creek, 1993–2004, and Calgary-Mackay, 2004–2007)Former municipal politicians: (1)Stephen Sparling (Halton Regional Councillor for Oakville, 1991–2000)Other prominent individuals: (2)Sandra Buckler (Director of Communications, Prime Minister's Office 2006–2008),
John Capobianco (FleishmanHillard National Lead)Organizations:
Media:
Other information
Said he would bring in coherent environmental policies in the wake of the Paris climate change accord, end government subsidies to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation  Withdrew after he was unable to meet fundraising targets he'd set for his campaign 
Later endorsed Maxime Bernier 

Daniel Lindsay
BackgroundDaniel Lindsay, 60, president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, radiologist, has done five tours as a civilian medical specialist with the Canadian Armed Forces, including in Kandahar, Afghanistan 
Date campaign announced: May 25, 2016
Date withdrawn: December 28, 2016
Endorsements
MPs:
Senators: (1)Betty Unger (Alberta)Provincial politicians:
Municipal politicians:
Former MPs:
Former Senators:
Former provincial politicians:
Former municipal politicians:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:
Other information
Withdrew after he was unable to fundraise enough money to meet December 31 deadline for paying the party the $50,000 leadership campaign compliance fee  Later endorsed Erin O'Toole 

Kevin O'Leary
Kevin O'Leary, 68, is a businessman, investor, journalist, writer, financial commentator and Emmy award-winning television personality 

Policies
O'Leary supported using a "big stick" federally in order to bring provincial governments in-line with federal policies, cutting waste in military spending, supports a peacekeeping role for the military, cutting carbon emissions through criminal sanctions rather than a carbon tax, supports current immigration policy but also wishes to "fast-track" the citizenship applications of skilled immigrants, asserted he would support LGBTQI people, legalize marijuana and defend reproductive rights 
Date campaign announced: January 18, 2017
Date withdrawn: April 26, 2017
Other information
O'Leary withdrew from the election despite polls showing he was the frontrunner  He stated that while he believed he could win the leadership election, he would be unable to defeat Justin Trudeau in the next federal election due to his inability to speak French fluently and his lack of support in Quebec  He endorsed Maxime Bernier  As his withdrawal took place after the deadline, O'Leary remained on the final leadership ballot 

Adrienne Snow
BackgroundAdrienne Snow, 49, Toronto-based communications consultant, former director of policy for National Foundation for Family Research and Education  Former executive director of Centre for the Study of Civic Renewal  Announced on August 23, 2016, that she intended to be a candidate but failed to register and announced in January that she was ending her campaign 
Date campaign announced: August 23, 2016
Date withdrawn: January 4, 2017

Declined
Rona Ambrose – Interim Leader of the CPC and Leader of the Official Opposition (2015–2017), MP for Sturgeon River—Parkland (2015–2017) and Edmonton—Spruce Grove, Alberta (2004–2015), Minister of Health (2013–2015), Minister of Public Works and Government Services (2010–2013), Minister of Labour (2008–2010), Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (2007–2008), Minister of the Environment (2006–2007)  Ambrose is barred from running for permanent leader due to her position as interim leader and has declined interest in the permanent position 
John Baird – MP for Ottawa West—Nepean, Ontario (2006–2015), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2011–2015), Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (2010–2011), Minister of the Environment (2007–2008, 2010–2011), Minister of Transport (2008–2010), President of the Treasury Board, (2006–2007), Ontario Progressive Conservative Party MPP (1995–2005) and provincial cabinet minister (1999–2003) 
Candice Bergen – Opposition House Leader (2016–2020), Shadow Minister of Natural Resources (2015–2016), State for Social Development (2013–2015), MP for Portage—Lisgar, Manitoba (2008–present) 
Paul Calandra – Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister of Canada and for Intergovernmental Affairs (2013–2015), MP for Oak Ridges—Markham, Ontario (2008–2015) Endorsed Scheer 
Jean Charest – Premier of Quebec (2003–2012), Leader of the Quebec Liberal Party (1998–2012), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (1993–1998), Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (1993), Minister of the Environment (1991–1993), MP for Sherbrooke (1984–1998)
Christy Clark – Premier of British Columbia (2011–2017), Leader of the B C  Liberal Party (2011–2017)
Gérard Deltell – Quebec lieutenant and Shadow Finance Minister (2016–present), Shadow Minister of Employment and Workforce Labour (2015–2016), MP for Louis-Saint-Laurent, Quebec (2015–present), Quebec MNA for Chauveau (2008–2015) and leader of the Action démocratique du Québec (2009–2012)  Endorsed O'Toole 
Ed Fast – Shadow Minister for the Environment (2015–present), MP for Abbotsford, British Columbia (2006–present), Minister of International Trade (2011–2015)  Endorsed O'Toole 
Doug Ford – former Toronto city councillor (2010–2014) and mayoral candidate (2014) 
Daniel Fournier – real estate development and investor 
Jason Kenney – Chair of Shadow Cabinet Committee on Strategic Operations (2015–2016), MP for Calgary Midnapore, Alberta (2015–2016) and Calgary Southeast, Alberta (1997–2015), Minister of National Defence (2015), Minister for Multiculturalism (2013–2015), Minister of Employment and Social Development (2013–2015), Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (2008–2013)
Bernard Lord – Premier of New Brunswick (1999–2006), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick (1997–2006)
Peter MacKay – MP for Central Nova, Nova Scotia (2004–2015) and Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough, Nova Scotia (1997–2004), Minister of Justice and Attorney General (2013–2015), Minister of National Defence (2007–2013), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2006–2007), Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party (2003)
Caroline Mulroney – investment management executive, daughter of former prime minister Brian Mulroney 
Mark Mulroney – head of capital equity markets at the National Bank of Canada, son of former prime minister Brian Mulroney 
James Moore – MP for Port Moody—Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam, British Columbia (2000–2004) and Port Moody—Westwood—Port Coquitlam, British Columbia (2004–2015), Minister of Industry (2013–2015), Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages (2008–2013)  Elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000 
Michelle Rempel – Shadow Minister of Immigration (2015–present), MP for Calgary Nose Hill, Alberta (2015–present) and Calgary Centre-North, Alberta (2011–2015), Minister of Western Economic Diversification (2013–2015)
Brad Wall – Premier of Saskatchewan (2007–2018), Leader of the Saskatchewan Party (2004–2018) 
Dianne Watts – Shadow Minister of Infrastructure & Communities (2015–present), MP for South Surrey—White Rock, British Columbia (2015–present), Mayor of Surrey (2004–2015) Endorsed O'Toole 

Opinion polling
Some of the polls below were conducted before nominations for the leadership closed and therefore include potential candidates for the leadership race  Rona Ambrose, as interim leader, is ineligible to run for the permanent leadership unless there is a change to the party's constitution 

Conservative Party members
Conservative Party supporters
All Canadians
See also
2017 United Conservative Party leadership election
2017 New Democratic Party leadership election
Passage 8:
Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu
Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu (born February 12, 1949) is a Canadian politician and victim's rights activist, who was appointed to the Senate of Canada on January 29, 2010 on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, representing the province of Quebec under the banner of the Conservative Party of Canada 

Career
Boisvenu is the founding president of the Murdered or Missing Persons' Families' Association, which he founded after the 2002 kidnaping, forcible confinement, rape and murder of his daughter Julie 
In 2006, the Association that he leads won a battle for the rights of victims of crime with the adoption of Bill 25 by the National Assembly of Quebec  This bill provides better compensation for victims of crime He is also co-founder of the Le Nid centre, a shelter for abused women in Val-d'Or, and of a camp for underprivileged youth in Estrie Professionally, Boisvenu is a former provincial civil servant in Quebec, and was regional director for the Department of Recreation, Game and Fisheries and for the Department of the Environment before becoming Deputy Minister for the Department of Regions Boisvenu has a bachelor's degree in educational psychology from the Université de Montréal and a master's degree in administration from L'École nationale d'administration publique in Quebec City Boisvenu serves on the following  committees: Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs; Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications and the Standing Committee on National Security and Defence 
He sponsored both government and private Members’ bills: Bill C-37 (Increasing Offenders’ Accountability for Victims Act); Bill C-23 (Eliminating Pardons for Serious Crimes Act); Bill C-310 (An Act to amend the Criminal Code-trafficking in persons), Bill C-316 (An Act to amend the Employment Insurance Act - incarceration); Bill C-293 (An Act to amend the Corrections and Conditional Release Act-vexatious complainants); Bill C-452 (An Act to amend the Criminal Code - exploitation and trafficking in persons) and Bill C-479 (An Act to bring Fairness for the Victims of Violent Offenders]) 
On February 24, 2015, he introduces Bill C-32 ([An Act to Enact the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights and to amend certain Acts) 
In February 2012, Boisvenu, a key Conservative spokesman on crime issues, stated that convicted murderers should be given the choice of suicide rather than spending life in jail  He retracted the statement after it sparked controversy and later issued an apology "if his comment offended people whose close ones committed suicide" In June 2013, it was reported that a Senate ethics complaint was filed against Boisvenu  The complaints relate to Boisvenu using his position of senator to influence the clerk of the Senate and another Senator to arrange a job and time off for his assistant, with whom he had a romantic relationship  Furthermore, objections were raised because of Boisvenu's six-month delay in complying with a previous ethics order In June 2014, Senate ethics officer Lyse Ricard found that Boisvenu had acted inappropriately by renewing his assistant's contract while the two were involved in a relationship, and that he also violated the code by promising her a two-week period of sick leave between jobs  He then contacted Senate clerk Gary O'Brien and Senate leader David Tkachuk in a bid to have the time off counted as sick leave and not vacation time  However, Ricard concluded that Boisvenu was responsible for "an error of judgment made in good faith" and did not recommend he be sanctioned  In 2012, there were media reports that, after his divorce, Boisvenu continued to charge the Senate for $20,000 in out-of-town living expenses, even though he had left his home in Sherbrooke, Quebec, and was living in Gatineau, Quebec Boisvenu resigned from the Conservative caucus in June 2015 after learning that he is the subject of an RCMP investigation into his expense claims  He was readmitted to the Conservative caucus on November 22, 2016 after the RCMP decided not to lay charges against the Senator 

Alleged links to the far-right
In 2017, it was reported that Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu was a member of Facebook group for "PEGIDA Quebec" and the group for La Meute  Although Boisvenu actively participated in both groups, he later said joined one group "by accident" and the other "out of curiosity"  He initially insisted he would remain a member, but later left the two groups  Conservative Senator Leo Housakos distanced himself from Boisvenu: "In the case of Mr  Boisvenu, it seems that he's decided to endorse certain organizations that are blatantly racist, and unfortunately that doesn't represent at all who we are in the Conservative caucus "In 2019, Boisvenu was found to be actively participating in the far-right Facebook groups "Canadian Coalition of Concerned Citizens (C4)" and Yellow Vests Canada In May 2018, and again in February 2019, Boisvenu gave an interview on YouTube Channel "Le Stu-Dio", which promotes far-right conspiracy theories, including the 9/11 truther movement 

Personal life
Boisvenu founded the "Murdered or Missing Persons' Families' Association" after the 2002 kidnapping, forcible confinement, rape and murder of his daughter Julie  Boisvenu then began advocating for the rights of victims of crime, especially for the families of murdered or missing persons  In 2004, he co-founded with three other fathers of missing or murdered women, the association 
In 2005, his second daughter, Isabelle, died in a car accident 
Passage 9:
Congress of the New Right
The Congress of the New Right (Polish: Kongres Nowej Prawicy, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and Eurosceptic political party in Poland  The party was founded on 25 March 2011 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke, from the merger of the Liberty and Lawfulness (WiP) with several members of the Real Politics Union (UPR)  The former leader Korwin-Mikke was ousted from the party in 2015, upon revelations that he had fathered 2 children out of wedlock  The party assumed the official name Congress of the New Right on 12 May 2011 

History
The political organisation KNP was founded by supporters of Liberty and Lawfulness leader, Janusz Korwin-Mikke, who finished fourth in the 2010 Polish presidential election, receiving 2 5% votes (over 400,000)  Taking advantage of his rising popularity, a group of political activists derived from both the former party of Janusz Korwin-Mikke, the Real Politics Union, and the Liberty and Lawfulness (dissolved three days earlier), came together on 9 October 2010 to form a new party: the "Real Politics Union – Liberty and Lawfulness"  The new party took part in the 2010 local Polish elections, represented by commissioner Tomasz Sommer   The committee put forward candidates in thirteen voivodeships  The "Congress of the New Right" equaled the results of its leader in two voivodeships, Lesser Poland (2 69%) and Mazovia (2 32%)  In terms of overall country-wide votes, the party concluded the election at seventh place  The committee had candidates for the position of mayor in some main cities in Poland in the same 2010 elections  Janusz Korwin-Mikke ended fourth in the mayoral election in Warsaw, gaining 3 90% of the eligible votes  Afterwards, the new party, the Congress of the New Right was founded on 25 March 2011, a day after the "Real Politics Union – Liberty and Lawfulness" had ceased to exist 

Activity
The first meeting of the new party was held on 16 April 2011 in the Palace of Culture and Science  Over 2,000 sympathizers attended the meeting, including notable people like Krzysztof Rybiński, Andrzej Sośnierz, Krzysztof Bosak, Romuald Szeremietiew, Stanisław Michalkiewicz or Tomasz Sommer  One month later, "Congress of the New Right" was formally acknowledged on 12 April 2011 as a new name of the party 
The Congress registered an electoral committee under the name "Nowa Prawica - Janusz Korwin Mikke" for the upcoming 2011 parliamentary elections  The National Election Committee ("Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza", PKW) accepted the party in 21 of 41 electoral districts, refusing the Congress to enlist for the rest on the grounds of not delivering a 'list of supporters' on time  The decision was generally received as controversial  The PKW rejected to submit motives of the refusal despite being constitutionally obliged to do so  This move effectively denied the Congress of the New Right access to the Polish Parliament as it effectively had to receive twice the votes of the constitutional threshold of five percent in order to be elected to the Polish Parliament  The party could not put forward candidates in most of the largest cities in Poland, including Warsaw, where Janusz Korwin-Mikke was denied enlistment  Representatives of other parties (UPR, LPR and others) were put on the lists of the Congress of the New Right  In the elections to the Polish Senate the party was allowed to put forward candidates on 10 out of 100 electoral districts (the number of electoral districts differ for the Polish Parliament and the Polish Senate)  The elections were disastrous for the party as it received merely 1 06% votes (151 837), a result that placed it at seventh place  Therefore, none of the party's candidates were voted into the Senate 
On 9 January 2013 The KNP Youth Section was officially founded  Access is granted to both young adults as well as those who have not reached the age of majority (18) 
In the 2015 party's leader Janusz Korwin-Mikke, along with party's MP Przemysław Wipler and MEP Robert Iwaszkiewicz split into Liberty, whose leader became Janusz Korwin-Mikke 
In the parliamentary election in 2015 KNP stood for the Sejm from the lists of Kukiz'15, gaining 1 MP 

Aims
KNP is against interfering with the current election system  It calls for enacting a new libertarian-minded constitution, reduction of the size of the Polish Parliament and forming a State Council, which would replace the Parliament as the legislative branch  KNP is also in favor of more regional autonomy The party's main priorities are lowering taxes (including the abolition of income tax) and reducing the national debt by cutting down social programs and allowing the economy to flourish KNP is for the total decriminalisation of using and producing drugs KNP is for establishing a presidential system instead of the current parliamentary system 
KNP opposes same-sex marriage The party is for the restoration of capital punishment [10]The party supports Polish withdrawal from the European Union and wants to maintain the Polish zloty and to make it a gold-based currency 
KNP is anti-abortion only allowing in case of risk for the mother's life 

Election results
Sejm
Senate
Presidential
Regional assemblies
European Parliament
Footnotes
Further reading
Bachrynowski, Szymon (2015)  "Between Europe and Russia: The Foreign Policy of Janusz Korwin-Mikke's New Right in Poland"  The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs (2): 135–144 
Szczerbiak, Aleks (10 June 2014)  "The Congress of the New Right is the latest anti-establishment party to have success in Poland, but it may struggle to secure long-term support"  EUROPP — European Politics and Policy blog  London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) 

External links
Official website (in Polish)
Passage 10:
Patrick Brown (politician)
Patrick Brown may refer to:

Patrick Brown (cricketer) (born 1998), English cricketer
Patrick Brown (ice hockey) (born 1992), American ice hockey player
Patrick Brown (journalist), British-Canadian journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Patrick Brown (Canadian politician) (born 1978), Canadian politician and mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Canada
Patrick Brown (Northern Irish politician), Northern Irish politician
Patrick Brown (photographer) (born 1969), Australian photojournalist, recipient of World Press Award 2018
Sleepy Brown (Patrick Brown, born 1970), American R&B singer, songwriter, and record producer
Patrick O  Brown (born 1954), American professor of biochemistry at Stanford University
Patrick (Bischoff) Brown (born 1978), American engineer, producer and studio owner
Patrick Brown (American football) (born 1986), American football offensive tackle
Patsy Brown (Patrick A  Brown, 1872–1958), Irish-American maker of the uilleann pipes

See also
Pat Brown (disambiguation)
Patrick Browne (disambiguation)
Sir Patrick Broun, 1st Baronet (c  1630–1688), of the Broun baronets
Brown (surname), a surname of English and Scottish origin



ground_truth: Andrew Scheer