prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The all time top goal scorer in premier league in one season is a member of what team?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 2:
Ahmed Salah Hosny
Ahmed Salah Mohamed Hosni Hassan (Arabic: أحمد صلاح محمد حسني حسن; born 11 July 1979) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker  He turned to acting in 2012, after he composed songs for Mohamed Hamaki and others in 2011  He appeared in TV Shows that includes Kalabsh, Al Fetewa, and Hawary Bucharest 

International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hosny goal 1 Egypt goalscorer in Kenya is also accredited to Ahmed Hossam Mido 

Honours
Al AhlyEgyptian Premier League: 1997-1998VfB Stuttgart

UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
Passage 3:
2004–05 UEFA Champions League
The 2004–05 UEFA Champions League was the 50th season of UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the 13th since it was rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992  The competition was won by Liverpool, who beat Milan on penalties in the final, having come back from 3–0 down at half-time  Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was named as UEFA's Footballer of the Year for his key role in the final and throughout the Champions League season  The final, played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, is often regarded as one of the best in the history of the tournament As it was their fifth European Cup title, Liverpool were awarded the trophy permanently, and received the UEFA Badge of Honour  A new trophy was made for the 2005–06 season 
Porto were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Milan's cross-city rival Internazionale in the first knockout round 

Association team allocation
A total of 72 teams from 48 of the 52 UEFA member associations participated in the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, Andorra and San Marino)  Kazakhstan also did not participate this year as none of their clubs were able to obtain UEFA license  The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
Associations 1–3 each have four teams qualify 
Associations 4–6 each have three teams qualify 
Associations 7–15 each have two teams qualify 
Associations 16–49 (except Liechtenstein) each have one team qualify 

Association ranking
For the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2003 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1998–1999 to 2002–03 Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:

Distribution
Since the title holders (Porto) qualified for the Champions League group stage through their domestic league, and the group stage spot reserved for the title holders is vacated, while no team from Kazakhstan was admitted, the following changes to the default access list are made:
The champions of association 10 (Turkey) are promoted from the third qualifying round to the group stage 
The champions of association 16 (Austria) are promoted from the second qualifying round to the third qualifying round 
The champions of associations 26, 27 and 28 (Romania, Hungary and Cyprus) are promoted from the first qualifying round to the second qualifying round 

Teams
League positions of the previous season shown in parentheses (TH: Champions League title holders) 

Notes

Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise) 
Notes

Qualifying rounds
First qualifying round
Second qualifying round
Third qualifying round
Group stage
16 winners from the third qualifying round, 10 champions from countries ranked 1–10, and six second-placed teams from countries ranked 1–6 were drawn into eight groups of four teams each  The top two teams in each group will advance to the Champions League play-offs, while the third-placed teams will advance to the third round of the UEFA Cup 
Tiebreakers, if necessary, are applied in the following order:

Points earned in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Total goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Away goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Cumulative goal difference in all group matches 
Total goals scored in all group matches 
Higher UEFA coefficient going into the competition Maccabi Tel Aviv made their debut appearance in the group stage 

Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Knockout phase
Bracket
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
As winners of the competition, Liverpool went on to represent UEFA at the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup 

Statistics
Statistics exclude qualifying rounds 

Top goalscorers
Source: Top Scorers – Final – Wednesday 25 May 2005 (after match)

Top assists
Source:

See also
2004–05 UEFA Cup
2005 UEFA Super Cup
2005 FIFA Club World Championship
2004–05 UEFA Women's Cup
Passage 4:
List of Wigan Warriors players
Wigan Warriors is an English professional rugby league club based in Wigan, Greater Manchester  Formed in 1872, the club was a founding member of the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, and competed in the inaugural season of the Northern Union's league championship  Since then, more than 1,100 players have appeared for the club's first team  Jim Sullivan has made the most career appearances for Wigan, having played 774 games between 1921 and 1946  Sullivan is also the club's all-time top goal scorer (2,317) and point scorer (4,883), and holds the club record for most points scored in a single match, with 44 against Flimby & Fothergill in 1925 
The try scoring record is held by Billy Boston, who touched down 478 times for the club  Martin Offiah and Shaun Edwards share the record for most tries scored in one game, with Offiah scoring ten tries against Leeds in 1992 before Edwards repeated the feat against Swinton later that year 

List of players
The following is a list of rugby league players who have made 100 or more appearances for Wigan since the formation of the Northern Union in 1895  Appearances include all official league and cup games, but exclude friendlies  The list is ordered by date of debut, then by surname and first name 

Historically notable players
The following subsections are lists of players who have played in a notable event whilst playing at Wigan RLFC, such as an international fixture, or else have performed exceptionally and have been recognised by club and its fans in light of these efforts 

Testimonials
Once players have been at a club for a certain length of time (usually ten years), they may be offered a friendly game celebrating their time at the club, known as a testimonial match  This is a list of players who have received testimonials from Wigan RLFC, in ascending chronological order with respect to when they received it 

Brian McTigue (1960)
David Bolton (1964)
Colin Clarke (1973)
Dennis Ramsdale (1985)
Nicholas "Nicky" Kiss (1988)
Shaun Edwards (OBE) (1993)
Graeme West (1994)
Mick Cassidy (2000)
Andy Farrell (OBE) (2002)
Denis Betts (2003)
Terry O'Connor (2004)
Kris Radlinski (MBE) (2006)
Sean O'Loughlin (2012)
Paul Prescott (2014)
Michael McIlorum (2017)

Team of the Decade
In 2005 during the tenth season of the current Super League championship format, the fans of Wigan RLFC voted for their best thirteen players of the 'Nighties' and the 'Naughties', called the Team of the Decade  This is a list of the ballot's resulting thirteen players 

Footnotes
Passage 5:
Premier League records and statistics
The Premier League is an English professional league for association football clubs  At the top of the English football league system, it is the country's primary football competition and is contested by 20 clubs  The competition was formed in February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from The Football League, in order to take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal 

Team records
Titles
Most titles: 13, Manchester United
Most consecutive title wins: 3
Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)
Manchester City (2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23)
Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and +8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56)  Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference, the only time that goal difference has decided the Premier League title 
Earliest title win with the most games remaining: 7 games: Liverpool (2019–20)

Points
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)
Most home points in a season: 55Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)
Most points without winning the league: 97, Liverpool (2018–19)
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)
Most points while bottom of the league:
42 games: 40, Nottingham Forest (1992–93)
38 games: 34, Nottingham Forest (1996–97)
Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)
Most points in a season while being relegated:
42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)
Fewest points in a season while avoiding relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)
Most points in a season by a team promoted in the previous season:
42 games: 77, Newcastle United (1993–94) and Nottingham Forest (1994–95)
38 games: 66, Ipswich Town (2000–01)
Most days spent on top of the league: 274Chelsea (2014–15)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most days spent on top of the league without winning the title: 248Arsenal (2022–23)

Wins
Most wins in total: 726, Manchester United
Most wins in a season: 32
Manchester City (2017–18, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most home wins in a season: 18Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most away wins in a season: 16, Manchester City (2017–18)
Fewest wins in a season: 1, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest home wins in a season: 1Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest away wins in a season: 0Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)
Most consecutive wins: 18
Manchester City (26 August – 27 December 2017)
Liverpool (27 October 2019 – 24 February 2020)
Most consecutive wins from the start of a season: 9, Chelsea (2005–06)
Most consecutive wins to the end of a season: 14, Manchester City (2018–19)
Most consecutive home wins: 24, Liverpool (9 February 2019 – 5 July 2020)
Most consecutive away wins: 12, Manchester City (19 December 2020 – 14 May 2021)
Most consecutive matches without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)
Most consecutive matches without a win from the start of a season: 17, Sheffield United (2020–21)
Defeated all league opponents at least once in a season:Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11, 2017–18)
Manchester City (2017–18, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)

Defeats
Most defeats in total: 432, Everton
Most defeats in a season: 29
Ipswich Town (1994–95) 42 game season
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Most home defeats in a season: 15, Watford (2021–22)
Most away defeats in a season: 17, Burnley (2009–10)
Fewest defeats in a season: 0, Arsenal (2003–04)
Fewest home defeats in a season: 0
Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22)
Manchester City (2011–12)
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)
Fewest away defeats in a season: 0
Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)
Manchester United (2020–21)
Most consecutive matches undefeated: 49, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)
Most consecutive away matches undefeated: 29, Manchester United (17 February 2020 – 16 October 2021)
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season: 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)
Most consecutive defeats from the start of a season: 7
Portsmouth (2009–10)
Crystal Palace (2017–18)

Draws
Most draws in total: 332, Everton
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18
Manchester City (1993–94)
Sheffield United (1993–94)
Southampton (1994–95)
Most draws in a season (38 games): 17
Newcastle United (2003–04)
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)
Sunderland (2014–15)
Most home draws in a season: 10
Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)
Manchester United (2016–17)
Most away draws in a season: 10
Newcastle United (2003–04)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Fewest draws in a season: 2Manchester City (2018–19)
Tottenham Hotspur (2018–19)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Fewest home draws in a season: 0Manchester City (2008–09, 2018–19)
Manchester United (2012–13)
Chelsea (2016–17)
Fewest away draws in a season: 0
Tottenham Hotspur (2018–19)
Leeds United (2020–21)
Most consecutive draws: 7
Norwich City (1993–94)
Southampton (1994–95)
Manchester City (2009–10)
Most consecutive matches without a draw: 32, Tottenham Hotspur (30 April 2018 – 27 February 2019)

Goals
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20
Derby County (2007–08)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)
Most own goals scored in a season: 8, Leicester City (2003–04)
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)
Worst goal difference in a season: −69, Derby County (2007–08)
Highest finish with a negative goal difference: 3rd, Norwich City (1992–93, −4)
Lowest finish with a positive goal difference: 16th, Manchester City (2003–04, +1)
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 9, Fulham (2020–21)
Most goals conceded at home in a season: 46, Watford (2021–22)
Fewest goals conceded at home in a season: 4, Manchester United (1994–95)
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 7, Norwich City (2019–20)
Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)
Scored in every match: Arsenal (2001–02) (38 games)
Most consecutive matches scored in: 55, Arsenal (19 May 2001 – 30 November 2002)
Most goals scored in total: 2,243, Manchester United
Most goals conceded in total: 1,538, Everton
Most own goals scored in total: 59, Everton

Disciplinary
Most yellow cards in total: 1,877, Chelsea
Most red cards in total: 106, Everton
Most yellow cards in a season: 101, Leeds United (2021–22)
Fewest yellow cards in a season: 12, Coventry City (1993–94)
Most red cards in a season: 9
Sunderland (2009–10)
Queens Park Rangers (2011–12)
Most yellow cards in one match: 12Chelsea v  Leeds United, 25 October 1998
Wolverhampton Wanderers v  Newcastle United, 28 August 2010
Tottenham Hotspur v  Chelsea, 2 May 2016
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9, Tottenham Hotspur v  Chelsea, 2 May 2016
Most penalties awarded to a team in a season: 14, Manchester United (2019–20)
Most penalties conceded by a team in a season: 13, Hull City (2016–17)

Awards
Most Golden Boot Winners: 7Liverpool (1997–98†, 1998–99†, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19 (2)†, 2021–22†)
Most Golden Glove Winners: 7Manchester City (2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22†)† Indicates multiple award winners in the same season

Attendances
Highest attendance, single match: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)
Lowest attendance, single match: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)These figures do not take into account the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons, when many matches had an attendance of zero due to public health measures adopted to control the COVID-19 pandemic 

Player records
Appearances
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)
Most different clubs played for: 8, Marcus Bent (for Crystal Palace, Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town, Leicester City, Everton, Charlton Athletic, Wigan Athletic, and Wolverhampton Wanderers)
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v  Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)
Youngest player: Ethan Nwaneri, 15 years and 181 days (for Arsenal v  Brentford, 18 September 2022)
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)
Most Premier League appearances as a substitute: 200, James Milner
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Goalscoring
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v  Manchester United, 15 August 1992)
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer
Most Premier League goals at one club: 213, Harry Kane (for Tottenham Hotspur)
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v  Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v  Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August – 28 November 2015)
Most consecutive away Premier League matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January – 22 May 2011)Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most goals in a season: 36, Erling Haaland (Manchester City, 2022–23)
Most non-penalty goals in a season: 31Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
Luis Suárez (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Most matches scored in during a Premier League season: 26Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2022–23)
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)
Most Premier League teams scored against: 39, Frank Lampard
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17
20-team league:Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
22-team league:Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)
Most goals in a debut season: 36, Erling Haaland (Manchester City, 2022–23)
Fastest goal: 7 69 seconds, Shane Long (for Southampton v  Watford, 23 April 2019)
Fastest goal on Premier League debut: 28 seconds, Odsonne Édouard (for Crystal Palace v  Tottenham Hotspur, 11 September 2021)
Latest goal: 101 minutes and 48 seconds, Dirk Kuyt (for Liverpool v  Arsenal, 17 April 2011)
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3, Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4, Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5Thierry Henry (2001–2006 for Arsenal)
Sergio Agüero (2014–2019 for Manchester City)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 15 goals: 9, Harry Kane (2014–2023 for Tottenham Hotspur)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11, Wayne Rooney (2004–2015 for Manchester United)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21, Ryan Giggs (1992–2013 for Manchester United)
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)
Most scored from outside the box: 41, Frank Lampard
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne
Most own goals in a season: 4
Martin Škrtel (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Lewis Dunk (Brighton & Hove Albion, 2017–18)
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)
Most penalties scored: 56, Alan Shearer
Most penalties missed: 11
Alan Shearer
Wayne Rooney

Penalties
Free kicks
Hat-tricks & multiple goal records
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 12, Sergio Agüero
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)
Youngest player to score a Premier League hat-trick: 18 years and 62 days, Michael Owen (Sheffield Wednesday 3–3 Liverpool, 14 February 1998)
Oldest player to score a Premier League hat-trick: 37 years and 146 days, Teddy Sheringham (Portsmouth 4–0 Bolton Wanderers, 26 August 2003)
Most goals in a match: 5Andy Cole (Manchester United 9–0 Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995)
Alan Shearer (Newcastle United 8–0 Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999)
Jermain Defoe (Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009)
Dimitar Berbatov (Manchester United 7–1 Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010)
Sergio Agüero (Manchester City 6–1 Newcastle United, 3 October 2015)
Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (Liverpool v  Norwich City)
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (Southampton 6–1 Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) 
Most goals scored by a substitute in a match: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (Nottingham Forest 1–8 Manchester United, 6 February 1999)
Most consecutive Premier League goal-scoring appearances by a player against a single opponent: 9, Sadio Mané (Liverpool v  Crystal Palace, 19 August 2017 to 18 September 2021) 
Most own goals scored by a player in a match: 2
Jamie Carragher (Liverpool player; Liverpool 2–3 Manchester United, 11 September 1999)
Michael Proctor (Sunderland player; Sunderland 1–3 Charlton Athletic, 1 February 2003)
Jonathan Walters (Stoke City player; Stoke City 0–4 Chelsea, 12 January 2013)
Wout Faes (Leicester City player; Liverpool 2–1 Leicester City, 30 December 2022)

Assists
Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most Premier League assists in a season: 20
Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)
Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City, 2019–20)
Quickest player to reach 50 assists: Kevin De Bruyne, 123 matches
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September – 21 November 2015)
Most assists from one player to another: 24, Frank Lampard to Didier Drogba
Most goals/assists between two players: 47, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min
Most goals/assists between two players in a season: 14, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min (Tottenham Hotspur, 2020–21)
Most individual assist givers in one match for the same team: 7, Crystal Palace 0–7 Liverpool (19 December 2020)
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4Dennis Bergkamp (Arsenal 5–0 Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (Arsenal 7–0 Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (Arsenal 6–2 Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (Tottenham Hotspur 5–0 Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (Arsenal 4–1 Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (Southampton 8–0 Sunderland, 18 October 2014)
Harry Kane (Southampton 2–5 Tottenham Hotspur, 20 September 2020) – only instance in which all four assists were to a single player (Son Heung-min)
Paul Pogba (Manchester United 5–1 Leeds United, 14 August 2021)

Goalkeepers
Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most Premier League clean sheets (career): 202, Petr Čech
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 matches (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)
Most clean sheets at one club: 162, Petr Čech (for Chelsea)
Most penalties saved: 13, David James
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):
Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)
Alisson (West Bromwich Albion 1–2 Liverpool, 16 May 2021)

Disciplinary
Most red cards for a player: 8Richard Dunne
Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Most red cards in a season: 3Vinnie Jones (Wimbledon, 1995–96)
Slaven Bilić (Everton, 1997–98)
David Batty (Newcastle United, 1997–98)
Craig Short (Blackburn Rovers, 2001–02)
Franck Queudrue (Middlesbrough, 2002–03)
Wes Brown (Sunderland, 2013–14)
Victor Wanyama (Southampton, 2015–16)
Most yellow cards for a player: 123, Gareth Barry
Most yellow cards in a season: 14Mark Hughes (Southampton, 1998–99)
Robbie Savage (Leicester City, 2001–02)
Cheick Tioté (Newcastle United, 2010–11)
Lee Cattermole (Sunderland, 2014–15)
José Holebas (Watford, 2016–17)
Étienne Capoue (Watford, 2018–19)
João Palhinha (Fulham, 2022–23)
Most fouls: 633, Gareth Barry (since 2006–07, the first season for which reliable records are available)
Most penalties conceded in a season: 5, David Luiz (Arsenal, 2019–20)
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton – after being dismissed for violent conduct against Manchester City on 13 May 2012, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct
Fastest booking: 24 seconds, Scott McTominay (for Manchester United v  Newcastle United, 26 December 2019)
Most appearances without a booking: 201, John Barnes

Awards
Most Premier League winner's medals: 13Ryan Giggs (1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13)
Most Player of the Season awards: 2Thierry Henry (2003–04 and 2005–06)
Cristiano Ronaldo (2006–07 and 2007–08)
Nemanja Vidić (2008–09 and 2010–11)
Kevin De Bruyne (2019–20 and 2021–22)
Most Player of the Month awards: 7Sergio Agüero (October 2013, November 2014, January 2016, April 2016, January 2018, February 2019, January 2020)
Harry Kane (January 2015, February 2015, March 2016, February 2017, September 2017, December 2017, March 2022)
Most Golden Boot Awards: 4Thierry Henry (2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06)
Most Golden Glove Awards: 4Joe Hart (2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15)
Petr Čech (2004–05, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2015–16)

Match records
Scorelines
Biggest home win: 9–0
Manchester United 9–0 Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)
Manchester United 9–0 Southampton (2 February 2021)
Liverpool 9–0 Bournemouth (27 August 2022)
Biggest away win: 9–0
Southampton 0–9 Leicester City (25 October 2019)
Biggest aggregate win: 12–0
Manchester City 8–0 Watford (21 September 2019) and Watford 0–4 Manchester City (21 July 2020)
Biggest loss by reigning champions: 5 goals
Coventry City 5–0 Blackburn Rovers (9 December 1995), after Blackburn Rovers won the 1994–95 season
Newcastle United 5–0 Manchester United (20 October 1996), after Manchester United won the 1995–96 season
Chelsea 5–0 Manchester United (3 October 1999), after Manchester United won the 1998–99 season
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season
Aston Villa 7–2 Liverpool (4 October 2020), after Liverpool won the 2019–20 season
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3
Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)
Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011), with Newcastle United scoring last
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v  Reading (29 September 2007)
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v  Manchester United (19 May 2013)
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals
Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score: 3–4)
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score: 4–4)
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score: 3–4)
Highest scoring in the second half: 9 goals, Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009 – first half score: 1–0)
Most individual goal scorers in one match: 9
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)
Most individual goal scorers in one match for the same team: 8, Manchester United 9–0 Southampton (2 February 2021)

All-time Premier League table
The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992  The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2022–23 season  Teams in bold are part of the 2023–24 Premier League  Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column 
League or status at 2023–24:

Notes

Manager records
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Season award: 11, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United; 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11 and 2012–13) 
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards in a single season: 5, Jürgen Klopp (2019–20)
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)
Most clubs managed: 9, Sam Allardyce (Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United, Sunderland, Crystal Palace, Everton, West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United)
Quickest to reach 50 Premier League wins: José Mourinho, 63 Games
Quickest to reach 100 Premier League wins: Pep Guardiola, 134 games
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 – 13 May 2018)
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers):
Fewest days: 30 days, Sam Allardyce (Leeds United, 3 May – 2 June 2023)
Fewest games: 4 games
Frank de Boer (Crystal Palace, 26 June – 10 September 2017)
Sam Allardyce (Leeds United, 3 May – 2 June 2023)
Oldest manager: Roy Hodgson, 75 years, 292 days (for Crystal Palace v  Nottingham Forest, 28 May 2023)
Youngest manager: Ryan Mason, 29 years, 312 days (for Tottenham Hotspur v  Southampton, 21 April 2021)

Notes
Passage 6:
Cho Chi-hyo
Cho Chi-hyo (born December 6, 1970 in Incheon, South Korea) is a South Korean former handball player 
Cho was a runner-up for top goal scorer (45 goals in 6 games) at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain, where the South Korea men's national handball team finished in the 6th place  He was eventually named to the All-Star Team of the competition 
After winning a gold medal at the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, Japan, he moved to the Swiss Handball League in October 1994  For 13 years in Switzerland, he led his teams to the league champions eight times, winning two scoring titles and one league MVP 
In 2007, Cho moved to Germany to play for HBW Balingen-Weilstetten in the Handball-Bundesliga  In 2008, he was selected for the South Korea men's national handball team at the age of 38, and led his team to the quarterfinals of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China 
Passage 7:
František Hoholko
František Hoholko (1 May 1947 – 9 February 2005) was a former Slovak football winger or striker and later coach  During his playing career he made 228 appearances and scored 44 goals at the Czechoslovak First League  Hoholko was the top VSS scorer in the 1970–71 season, scoring 13 goals 
On 7 October 1970, Hoholko played his only match for the Czechoslovakia national football team against Finland (1–1, Letná Stadium) at the UEFA Euro 1972 qualifying 
He acted as head coach at the Slovak Second League team FK Čaňa before his death in 2005 
Passage 8:
Assi Tubi
Assi Tubi (Hebrew: אסי טובי, born 27 January 1972) is an Israeli footballer  He was the Israeli Premier League top scorer in the 1999–2000 season with 27 goals 

Honours
State Cup
1999
Toto Cup
2000-01

External links
(in Hebrew) Profile and statistics of Assi Tubi on One co il
Assi Tubi at National-Football-Teams com
Passage 9:
Chan Siu Ki
Chan Siu Ki (Chinese: 陳肇麒; Cantonese Yale: Chàn Siuhkèi; born 14 July 1985) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Hong Kong First Division club Eastern District  He is the all-time top scorer for the Hong Kong national team with 40 goals 

Club career
Early career
Chan was spotted by the management of Tai Po when he was playing amateur football  At that time, he was working in a store operated by his family  He was responsible for stock delivery and eventually developed a strong physique  He played for Tai Po in the Hong Kong Third Division  He was spotted by Rangers and joined them  However, he was almost immediately loaned and then sold to Kitchee and thus never played for Rangers At Kitchee, Chan developed into a strong and pacy striker as the club employed a 4–3–3 system  As he continued to impress, he was called up to the Hong Kong team in 2005  However, he was later involved in several disciplinary incidents at Kitchee and was suspended from playing duties by the club management  At the end of 2007–08 season, he joined arch-rivals South China for HKD $800,000, breaking the former transfer fee record of $500,000, paid by South China for Chan Wai Ho 

South China
At South China, Chan inherited the no  7 shirt vacated by Au Wai Lun  In the 2008–2009 season, he primarily played on the right wing because the centre forward position was often occupied by Detinho or Cacá  In the 2009–10 season, with the signing of right winger Lee Wai Lim, Chan competed with new signing Leandro Carrijó for his preferred centre forward position after Cacá's return to Brazil  On 1 August 2009, at the Panasonic Invitation Cup, Chan scored the first goal in South China's 2–0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur with an dipping half-volley from 30 yards  Subsequently, after the two clubs forged a partnership, he joined the Spurs for a ten-day trial at some point during December 2009 His trial was terminated prematurely as he was recalled by the Hong Kong U-23s progressed into the final of the 2009 East Asian Games  He was ranked 63rd in IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year by International Federation of Football History & Statistics alongside Eduardo Da Silva, Mario Gómez and Fernando Torres In the 2009 AFC Cup, Chan was red-carded at the end of the quarter final first leg against Neftchi Farg'ona and was suspended for two games  He returned in the semi-final second leg to a packed Hong Kong Stadium, but was unable to help South China overturn a 1–2 deficit to Kuwait SC  The club eventually lost 1–3 and went out of the tournament On 15 December 2009, Chan scored a hat-trick for South China against Shatin  On 24 January 2010, Chan scored 4 goals against Happy Valley as South China won 6–2  This was the first time he had scored 4 goals in a local league match  On 30 January, Chan scored a goal to help South China overturn a 0–2 deficit to win the 2009–10 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield, 4–2  Chan was the tournament's top scorer with 4 goals and he was also named the Best Player  On 5 May, he was diagnosed with an osteophyte  But he still played in the second half of the game against Al Riffa in the 2010 AFC Cup  South China in the end lost the game 1–3 In the 2010–11 season, Chan scored against Sun Hei but was then involved with a collision with teammate Kwok Kin Pong, which resulted in a left knee ligament injury that sidelined him for a month  He returned from injuries in November to score two goals for South China against Kitchee, but could not prevent Kitchee from winning 4–3  On 2 February 2011, he scored two goals against Sun Hei SC to help South China win 3–2 and move back to the top of the league table In the 2011 AFC Cup, Chan scored the equalising goal from a Mateja Kezman cross for South China at home against Persipura Jayapura  In the away game to East Bengal, he was sent off after two bookable offences  In May, after teammate Kwok Kin Pong scored with a diving header in a Hong Kong FA Cup match between South China and Sun Hei SC, Chan rushed in to celebrate with Kwok, but his slide did not stop in time and caught Kwok in the face  The video was posted on the internet and picked up by Yahoo!'s Dirty Tackle On 20 November 2011, Chan was involved in a scuffle in a match away to Pegasus  In the confusion, he was seen on television to slapping Karl Dodd  Dodd retaliated and punched Chan in the face, resulting in him rolling on the ground  Dodd was sent off but Chan only received a yellow card  Chan has since apologised on his Facebook account  Chan only received a warning letter and escaped punishment from HKFA's disciplinary committee for his altercation with Dodd, and Chan was himself surprised by the verdict  He scored his first goal of the season for South China on 24 November when he headed in a cross from Kwok Kin Pong to help South China progress to the semi-final of the 2011–12 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield by beating Sham Shui Po by 2–1 (aggregate 3–2)  Amidst his second smoking scandal in 4 months, South China's chairman Steven Lo announced on his official blog on 23 May 2012 that Chan's contract had been terminated by the club 

Guangdong Sunray Cave
On 10 July 2012, Chan announced that he had joined China League One club Guangdong Sunray Cave for a 12-month contract  On 11 August 2012, he scored his first goal in China League One in the match between Guangdong Sunray Cave and Chengdu Blades, where Guangdong Sunray Cave lost to Chengdu Blades 1–2 

Return to South China
On 31 December 2013, South China's boss Steven Lo announced that Chan would rejoin South China and be given the number 7 shirt  With Chan in the lineup, South China won their first silverware in three years, capturing the 2013–14 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield 
At the first annual Hong Kong Community Cup in 2014, Chan scored a goal and assisted on another as South China triumphed, 2–0 
On 26 November 2014, Chan scored the deciding goal in the club's 2–1 victory over Eastern  Chairman Wallace Cheung determined that night to award Chan with a "brave gold shield" and award all future players with one if they followed Chan's work ethic and dedication  Chan remarked after receiving the award, "The club recently experienced a lot of adversity lately, but I hope that the fans will continue to focus on our results and push us on!"On 18 March 2015, Chan scored a goal against Pahang en route to helping South China top their 2015 AFC Cup group and ensuring qualification into the Round of 16  Later in the month, he was named the HKPL March Player of the Month  At the end of the season, Chan was rewarded with a new contract For 2015–16, Chan was switched to central midfield and asked to take more free kicks, corners and throw-ins  On 23 October 2015, South China defeated Metro Gallery, 3–1, in their League Cup group stage encounter thanks to Chan's first goal of the domestic season  On 27 December 2015, Chan missed a penalty in a Senior Shield semi final shootout against Eastern, allowing the latter team to advance to the Final On 24 October 2016, South China were upset by Rangers, 4–2, leading Chan to vent "General loans out troops, soldiers fight their own! Ridiculous! Ridiculous!" on his Facebook page  This was reflecting that Lai Yiu Cheong, who had been loaned to Rangers by Rambo, scored two goals in the match against South China  The criticism was met by action on the part of the board the following day as manager Ricardo Rambo was demoted  On 2 November 2016, Chan scored his first goal under new manager Dejan Antonic in a 2–0 victory over R&F 

Pegasus
Frustrated by a lack of playing time under Antonic, Chan handed in a transfer request in early January 2017  His request was granted and on 27 January, Chan was sold for $200,000 HK to Pegasus with the player singing a two and a half-year contract with the club On 8 April 2018, Chan scored a crucial goal off a free kick to lead Pegasus to a 2–1 win over Eastern in the quarterfinals of the 2017–18 Hong Kong FA Cup On 6 June 2020, Chan announced he would retire from professional football and transition to a career in managing karaoke bars Chan contributed 4 goals in 17 matches in his last season as a professional, including 3 goals in the Sapling Cup and 1 goal in the HKPL 

International career
Chan has represented Hong Kong at both senior and under-23 international levels  He scored 9 goals in 15 games for the U-23 side and 40 goals in 70 games for the senior side 
Chan was urgently recalled by the Hong Kong U-23 team from Tottenham Hotspur for the final of 2009 East Asian Games on 12 December 2009  He arrived just before the match and was called into play at half-time  Two minutes after half-time, he equalised for Hong Kong  He also scored a penalty in the penalty shootout a e t, helping Hong Kong to their first international football tournament title  On winning the gold medal, he exclaimed to the assembled media: "We are gold medalists too!" (我哋都係金牌運動員) The line has since been associated with him  Due to a ligament injury to his left knee, Chan was replaced by Kitchee captain Lo Kwan Yee for the 2010 Asian Games In the second round of the preliminary competition of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship held in Kaohsiung in August 2009, he missed a penalty against North Korea but scored 4 goals against Guam  In a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match, he scored a hat trick in a game against Timor-Leste, which Hong Kong went on to win 8–1  On 3 June 2011, Chan scored a goal against Malaysia in a friendly, adding his goal tally to 27 and helping him surpass Au Wai Lun to become Hong Kong's all-time top scorer  On 4 October, he scored the first goal in Hong Kong's 6–0 win over Chinese Taipei in the 2011 Long Teng Cup  Hong Kong thus successfully defended the trophy  he also won the Most Valuable Player award  On 29 February 2012, in Hong Kong's first match under new coach Ernie Merrick, Chan scored a hat-trick against Chinese Taipei as Hong Kong won the match 5–1 

Personal life
In 2009, soon after his move to South China and subsequent success at the East Asian Games, Chan became a celebrity throughout Hong Kong, leading to his private life becoming a matter of interest to the local paparazzi  He was suspected to have committed adultery after pictures of him and TVB actress Helen Lee had been leaked  Later on, he denied the accusations, claimed to have broken up with Lee in August and reunited with his usual partner, known only as Natalie, in October 

Political views
He appeared on the government's television advertisement for the 2012 Legislative Council electoral reforms, in which he urged people to take their opportunity if they want to score a goal  The advertisement attracted a barrage of criticism against him on South China's official blog  Chan explained through his management company that he has no political views and he would not persuade people to support or oppose the LegCo reforms  He only accepted the invitation to appear in the advert due to the government's sincerity and he received no payment 

Endorsements
Chan is a spokesman for Jockey International along with teammate Man Pei Tak  Both claimed to be embarrassed at the photo shoot but were happy with the pay 

Honours
Kitchee

Hong Kong League Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2005–06South China

Hong Kong First Division: 2008–09, 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2009–10
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2010–11
Hong Kong League Cup: 2010–11Hong Kong

2009 East Asian Games football event: GoldIndividual

Hong Kong First Division League Best Young Player: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07
Hong Kong First Division League Best Eleven Squad: 2008–09
East Asian Football Championship preliminary competition top scorer: 2009
Hong Kong FA Cup top scorer: 2008–09
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield Player of the Tournament: 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield top scorer: 2009–10
MVP of the Long Teng Cup: 2011
Hong Kong Footballer of the Year: 2011

Career statistics
Club
Updated 23 August 2011

International
Hong Kong
As of 5 September 2017As of 5 September 2017

International goals
Scores and results list Hong Kong's goal tally first 

Hong Kong U-23
Updated 9 January 2010
Passage 10:
Dario Zuffi
Dario Zuffi (born 7 December 1964) is a Swiss football coach and former international player  He is currently employed as assistant coach for FC Winterthur 

Career
Playing career
Zuffi played his youth football with the local Winterthur team FC Töss  In 1983 he moved across town to join FC Winterthur's first team and signed his first professional contract for the 1983–84 Nationalliga A season  He prolonged the contract and he played with Winterthur for two seasons before he moved on 
In the off-season before the 1985–86 Nationalliga A season Zuffi transferred to BSC Young Boys  From an early point in his career with YB, Zuffi showed tremendous skill and helped the team to win the Swiss Football Championship that season, personally scoring 15 goals  As a result of this performance, Zuffi received the 'Rookie of the Year' award during the 1985–86 season  In the 1986–87 season Zuffi and YB advanced to the final of the Swiss Cup  This was played in the Wankdorf Stadium on 8 June 1987  Zuffi scored the first goal of the game and YB went on to win 4–2 against Servette after extra time  Zuffi played six seasons for YB  In the 1988–89 season, he was joint second on the Top Scorers list with Kubilay Türkyılmaz (Bellinzona) both with 19 goals, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Servette FC) won the title  In the 1990–91 season, Zuffi topped the Top Scorers list with a grand total of 17 goals Zuffi then transferred to FC Lugano for the 1992–93 season  In this season Zuffi contributed to the team reaching the final and winning the Swiss Cup The following season, Zuffi moved home to the town of Oberwil and signed for FC Basel, who at that time played in the Nationalliga B, the second tier of Swiss football  Zuffi joined Basel's first team for their 1993–94 season under head-coach Claude Andrey  Zuffi was elected captain of the squad  He first played in five test games scoring seven goals, including a hat-trick in the semi-final of the Sepione Cup as Basel beat Aarau to reach the final  This was played on 17 July 1993 and Zuffi scored the only goal of the match as Basel won 1–0 against Everton Zuffi played his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game in the St  Jakob Stadium on 28 July 1993  He also scored his first goal for the club in the same game  It was the first goal of the game, in fact the first goal of the season in the second minute of the match  But it could not help the team, because Basel were defeated 1–2 by local rivals Old Boys  During that season his teammates were the likes of Swiss international goalkeeper Stefan Huber, defenders Massimo Ceccaroni, Marco Walker and Samir Tabakovic, the midfielders Mario Cantaluppi, Martin Jeitziner, Admir Smajić and Ørjan Berg and the Swiss international striker Philippe Hertig  Together they won the Promotion/relegation group, became Nationalliga B champions and thus won promotion to the top flight of Swiss football  This after six seasons in the second tier  Zuffi was the team's top scorer, netting 11 times in the first stage and another 11 goals during the promotion round Zuffi remained with FC Basel until the end of the 1997–98 Nationalliga A season  Between the years 1993 and 1998 Zuffi played a total of 220 games for Basel scoring a total of 70 goals  149 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, 15 in the Swiss Cup, five in the UEFA Intertoto Cup and 52 were friendly games  He scored 37 goals in the domestic league, nine in the Swiss Cup, four in the Interetoto Cup and the other 19 were scored during the test games In 1998, Zuffi returned to the club where he launched his professional career FC Winterthur, who in the meantime had just been relegated to the 1st League, the third tier of Swiss football  He helped the club with seven goals in eleven games to their immediate return to the Nationalliga B  There he completed his last season of his active career in 1999–2000, during which he was used in all possible positions (striker, midfielder, libero)  He then retired from professional soccer 

International career
In addition to his club career, Zuffi also scored 19 caps for the Switzerland national football team 

Managerial career
Since the end of his active playing career, Zuffi is employed as coach for FC Winterthur  First from 2000 to 2002 he looked after the U–12 youth team  Then from 2002 to 2004 he was coach for the U–16 team  From 2003 he was also coach of the U–21 team, with whom he achieved promotion to the then third-tier division and he was in this position until 2017, with an interruption between 2011 and 2014 
In addition to this, on various occasions he was required supervisor for their 1st team  From 2008 to 2009 he worked as an assistant under head-coach Mathias Walther for the first team  For the last two games of the FCW season 2015–16 he was ad-interim coach of the first team together with Umberto Romano and he has again performed the same interim function again from February to June 2017  Since 2017 he is assistant to first team head-coach Ralf Loose From January 2013 to September 2014 Zuffi was also the assistant coach of the Swiss U-21 national team in addition to his position for his club 

Personal life
Zuffi has three sons, Sandro, Luca, and Nico  Luca Zuffi plays for FC Basel, Sandro and Nico play for SC Young Fellows Juventus in Zürich 

Titles and honours
Young Boys

Nationalliga A: 1985–86
Swiss Cup: 1986–87
Swiss Super Cup: 1986
Swiss Football Championship top scorer: 1991Lugano

Swiss Cup: 1992–93Basel

Nationalliga B: 1993–94
Passage 11:
Ferenc Bene
Ferenc Bene (17 December 1944 – 27 February 2006) was a Hungarian football player of Újpesti Dózsa, who was a member of the team that won the gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan  A striker, he was the top scorer of the tournament (12 goals in 5 matches) 
Bene was born in Balatonújlak  He played his first international match against Yugoslavia on 14 October 1962, and his last against Czechoslovakia on 12 September 1979  He obtained 76 caps and scored 36 goals  He was bronze medallist at the European Championship of 1964, and a quarter-finalist at the World Cup of 1966 (at the latter event he was the top scorer of the Hungarian national team)  Bene was named Hungarian Footballer of the Year in 1964 and 1969  He died in Budapest, after a lengthy treatment following a fall at the end of 2005  His son Ferenc Bene jr  is also a former player, currently working as a coach 
He played for the following teams:

Újpesti Dózsa (1961–1978)
Volán SC (1978–79, 1983–84)
Sepsi-78, Finland (1981–82)
Soroksári VOSE (1984)
Kecskeméti SC (1985)

Career statistics
Honours
ÚjpestNemzeti Bajnokság I (8): 1969, 1970, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1972-73, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1977-78
Magyar Kupa: 1969, 1970, 1974-75HungaryOlympic Games: 1964IndividualUEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1964

See also
List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
Passage 12:
2015–16 Leicester City F C  season
The 2015–16 season was Leicester City's 111th season in the English football league system and their 48th (non-consecutive) season in the top tier of English football  During the season, Leicester participated in the Premier League for the second consecutive season, as well as the FA Cup and League Cup  In what was described as one of the greatest sporting stories of all time, Leicester were confirmed as champions of the 2015–16 Premier League season on 2 May 2016, finishing top of England's highest league for the first time in the club's history  The club was 5000–1 with bookmakers to win the division before the season kicked off  The feat meant that Leicester would be playing in the UEFA Champions League the following season, a first for the club in their history  The season also saw history be made for individual players within the team, as striker Jamie Vardy broke the record for consecutive games with a goal in the Premier League (11) and winger Riyad Mahrez became the first African and first Algerian player to be the recipient of the PFA Players' Player of the Year 

Pre-season events
Note: This section does not include close season transfers or pre-season match results, which are listed in their own sections below 

2 July 2015 – Dean Hammond signs a one-year contract extension until the summer of 2016 

Kit and sponsorship
Supplier: Puma / Sponsor: King Power

Friendlies
Win
  Draw
  Loss
On 21 May 2015, Leicester City confirmed their first three pre-season friendlies against Lincoln City, Mansfield Town and Birmingham City  On 22 May 2015, Leicester City added a trip to Burton Albion to their pre-season schedule  On 30 June 2015, the Foxes confirmed a friendly against Rotherham United 

Events
Note: This section does not include transfers or match results, which are listed in their own sections below 

14 June 2016 – Marcin Wasilewski signed a one-year contract until the summer of 2017 
2 May 2016 – Leicester became champions of the Premier League after Tottenham Hotspur drew 2–2 with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge 

Players and staff
First team squad
Backroom staff
Transfers
In
Total spending:  £27,300,000

Out
Total incoming:  £7,000,000

Loans in
Loans out
Released
Competitions
Win
  Draw
  Loss

Overview
Premier League
League table
Results summary
Results by matchday
Matches
On 17 June 2015, the fixtures for the forthcoming season were announced 

FA Cup
Leicester City entered the competition at the Third Round stage, and on 7 December 2015 they were drawn away to Tottenham Hotspur 

Football League Cup
Leicester City entered the competition in the second round and were drawn away to Bury  The third round draw was made on 25 August 2015 live on Sky Sports by Charlie Nicholas and Phil Thompson  Leicester City were drawn at home to West Ham United 

Awards
Club awards
At the end of the season, Leicester's annual award ceremony, including categories voted for by the players and backroom staff, the supporters, saw the players recognized for their achievements for the club throughout the 2015–16 season 

Divisional awards
Club statistics
All data from LCFC com

Appearances
Starts + Substitute appearances 
Italics indicates loan player 
Asterisks indicates player left mid-season 
Hash symbol indicates player retired mid-season 

Top scorers
Captains
Only counts starts as captain

Suspensions
Season summary
Passage 13:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 14:
Zviad Endeladze
Zviad Endeladze (Georgian: ზვიად ენდელაძე; born 7 April 1966 in Adigeni) is a retired Georgian footballer who played as a forward  He has played for clubs such as Guria Lanchkhuti and Margveti, scoring 40 goals during the 1995–96 season, which made him the top scorer in European domestic competitions and would have won the European Golden Boot had it not been suspended in 1991  The award was reinstated a season after Endeladze's feat under new rules that would count goals scored in the Georgian Top League as one point while goals scored in Europe's top leagues are counted double  He retired from football in 2006 

External links
European Sports Magazines at archive today (archived 14 September 2020)
Zviad Endeladze at FootballFacts ru  (in Russian)
Sport de
Zviad Endeladze at WorldFootball net
Context 2: Passage 1:
Serres Province
Serres Province was one of the four provinces of Serres Prefecture of Greece  Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Emmanouel Pappas and Serres, and part of the municipality Irakleia  It was abolished in 2006 
Passage 2:
Kavangoland
Kavangoland was a bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for the Kavango people  After the legal framework was established in 1968 as the Development of Self-Government for Native Nations in South-West Africa Act, 1968 (Act No  54 of 1968), Kavangoland was set up in 1970 and self-government was granted in 1973  The Kavango Legislative Council had its administrative headquarters in Rundu; its first session opened in October 1970 in the presence of the South African Minister for Bantu Administration and Development 
Kavangoland, like other homelands in South West Africa, was abolished in May 1989 at the start of the transition to independence 
Sebastian Kamwanga, Hompa (king) of the Gciriku and member of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) was the political representative of Kavangoland from 1981 to 1989 
Passage 3:
Smolensk Governorate
Smolensk Governorate (Russian: Смоленская губерния, romanized: Smolenskaja gubernija), or the Government of Smolensk, was an administrative division (a guberniya) of the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Russian SFSR  It existed, with interruptions, between 1708 and 1929 
Smolensk Governorate, together with seven other governorates, was established on December 29 [O S  December 18], 1708, by an edict from Tsar Peter the Great  As with the rest of the governorates, neither the borders nor internal subdivisions of Smolensk Governorate were defined; instead, the territory was defined as a set of cities, and section of lands adjacent to those cities 

History
On July 28 [O S  July 17], 1713, Smolensk Governorate was abolished and its territory was divided between Moscow and Riga Governorates  Smolensk Province was created as a result  The governorate was re-established in 1726, and Smolensk Province was re-incorporated into the Governorate  In 1775, it was included, along with parts of Moscow and Belgorod Governorates, into Smolensk Viceroyalty  The governorate was again restored in 1796 
After the October Revolution, Smolensk Governorate was base of independent Western Oblast/Western Commune, Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus, Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Litbel), and finally incorporated into the Russian SFSR 
Eventually, on January 14, 1929, Smolensk Governorate was abolished and its territory was incorporated into Western Oblast 

Subdivisions
Smolensk Governorate, together with seven other governorates, was established on December 29 [O S  December 18], 1708, by Tsar Peter the Great's edict  As with the rest of the governorates, neither the borders nor internal subdivisions of Smolensk Governorate were defined; instead, the territory was defined as a set of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities At the time of establishment, the following thirty cities were included into Smolensk Governorate,
In 1713, when Smolensk Governorate was abolished and merged into Riga Governorate, the following five uyezds were established in the area formally occupied by the governorate (the administrative centers are given in parentheses),
Belsky Uyezd (Bely);
Dorogobuzhsky Uyezd (Dorogobuzh);
Roslavlsky Uyezd (Roslavl);
Smolensky Uyezd (Smolensk);
Vyazemsky Uyezd (Vyazma) After Smolensk Governorate was re-established in 1726, it was subdivided into these five uyezds 
In 1775, Smolensk Viceroyalty was subdivided into 12 uyezds, which remained when it was transformed back to a governorate in 1802
(the administrative centers, which all had the town status, are in parentheses),
Belsky Uyezd (Bely);
Dorogobuzhsky Uyezd (Dorogobuzh);
Dukhovshchinsky Uyezd (Dukhovshchina);
Gzhatsky Uyezd (Gzhatsk);
Krasninsky Uyezd (Krasny);
Porechsky Uyezd (Porechye);
Roslavlsky Uyezd (Roslavl);
Smolensky Uyezd (Smolensk);
Sychyovsky Uyezd (Sychyovka);
Vyazemsky Uyezd (Vyazma);
Yelninsky Uyezd (Yelnya);
Yukhnovsky Uyezd (Yukhnov) 

Demography
Language
Population by mother tongue according to the Imperial census of 1897 

Religion
According to the Imperial census of 1897 
Passage 4:
Damaraland
Damaraland was a name given to the north-central part of what later became Namibia, inhabited by the Damaras  It was bounded roughly by Ovamboland in the north, the Namib Desert in the west, the Kalahari Desert in the east, and Windhoek in the south 
In the 1970s the name Damaraland was revived for a bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for the Damara people  A centrally administered local government was created in 1980  The bantustan Damaraland was situated on the western edge of the territory that had been known as Damaraland in the 19th century 
Damaraland, like other homelands in South West Africa, was abolished in May 1989 at the start of the transition to independence 
The name Damaraland predates South African control of Namibia, and was described as "the central portion of German South West Africa" in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 

See also
Apartheid
Bantustans in South West Africa
Leaders of Damaraland
Diocese of Namibia (formerly Diocese of Damaraland)
Passage 5:
Pyrgiotissa
Pyrgiotissa was a province of Heraklion Prefecture, Crete, Greece  Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal unit Tympaki  It was abolished in 2006 
Passage 6:
Mercian Supremacy
The Mercian Supremacy was the period of Anglo-Saxon history between c  716 and c  825, when the kingdom of Mercia dominated the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy in England  Sir Frank Stenton apparently coined the phrase, arguing that Offa of Mercia, who ruled 757–796, effectively achieved the unification of England south of the Humber estuary  Scholastic opinion on the relationship between the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia at this time remains divided 
While the precise period during which the Mercian Supremacy existed remains uncertain – depending upon whether one includes the reigns of Penda (c  626–655) and Wulfhere (658–675) – the end of the era is generally agreed to be around 825, following the defeat of King Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellandun (near present-day Swindon) 
Nicholas Brooks noted that "the Mercians stand out as by far the most successful of the various early Anglo-Saxon peoples until the later ninth century" and with the exception of three years under Northumbrian domination, this is true between the years 633 and 825 Recorded by Bede as the nemesis of early Anglo-Saxon Northumbria, Penda of Mercia achieved an early expansion of his kingdom's territory, but his reign ended with his death in battle, which was followed by a brief three-year period when Northumbria ruled over the Mercians  The rebellion against Northumbria by Penda's son Wulfhere in 658 immediately preceded the restoration of Penda's kingdom and a period of expansion in which Mercia's influence reached as far south as the Isle of Wight  During this period of expansion, Mercia lost its province of the Kingdom of Lindsey to Northumbria in 661, but its recapture by Æthelred of Mercia following the Battle of the Trent in 679 secured Mercia's position as the dominant Anglo-Saxon power for over a century 
Mercia's hold over the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Essex, Sussex and Kent seems to have been tenuous until 716, when Æthelbald of Mercia restored Mercia's hegemony for over forty years  Offa's accession in 757 heralded the beginning of a golden age for Mercia  Some historians have suggested that Offa's defeat of the Welsh and the West Saxons of Wessex established the Mercian Supremacy, which remained unchallenged until 825 when Egbert of Wessex supported an East Anglian rebellion against Beornwulf of Mercia, whose defeat at Ellendun effectively brought the Supremacy to an end 
Passage 7:
Capital punishment in New Zealand
Capital punishment in New Zealand – the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes (capital crimes) and carrying out that sentence, as ordered by a legal system – first appeared in a codified form when New Zealand became a British colony in 1840  It was first carried out with a public hanging in Victoria Street, Auckland in 1842, while the last execution occurred in 1957 at Mount Eden Prison, also in Auckland   In total, 85 people have been executed in New Zealand Capital punishment was first abolished for murder in 1941 by the First Labour Government, with all death sentences commuted to life imprisonment  However, the succeeding First National Government reinstated it in 1949, following which eight more executions took place in the period up to 1957  Subsequently, public opinion turned against the use of capital punishment, and it was once again abolished for murder in 1961, and abolished for all crimes, including treason, in 1989 

Method
The method of execution was always by hanging  At first, there were many possible execution sites all around the country, but later, the only two cities where hangings were carried out were Wellington (the capital) and Auckland (now the largest city) 
Initially, there was no professional hangman employed—the executioner was simply chosen from among any who were deemed qualified  On occasion, convicted criminals were employed as hangmen, often in exchange for reduced sentences or monetary reward  In 1877, the sheriff of Blenheim recommended that a professional executioner be hired  Tom Long, an Irishman who claimed to have been an executioner in Australia, was hired as the official hangman  He was the only official hangman to be publicly known; others remained anonymous 

History
At the time of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when New Zealand became a British colony, the most current legislation governing capital punishment in England, and henceforth New Zealand, was the Punishment of Offences Act (1837), which had abolished the death penalty for a number of statutory offences, including cattle stealing, and replaced it with penal transportation for life  However, some capital crimes remained on the British law books, including murder, treason, espionage, arson in the royal dockyards, and piracy with violence All those executed were convicted of murder, with the exception of Hamiora Pere, who was convicted of treason in 1869  All bar one were men; the exception being Minnie Dean, who was found guilty of infanticide in 1895  However, before Dean's trial, imprisonment and execution, several other women had been found guilty of Infanticide in nineteenth-century New Zealand, but had their death sentences commuted to life imprisonment  These were Caroline Whitting (1872), Phoebe Veitch (1883) and Sarah-Jane and Anna Flannagan (1891) 

Public executions
The first eight executions were carried out in public, from 1842 to 1858; five outside the gate of the Auckland Gaol on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West in central Auckland; one on King Edward Parade on the waterfront at Devonport; and two outside Mount Cook Gaol in Wellington, which is today the site of the Dominion Museum building and National War Memorial on Puke Ahu At the first execution, on 7 March 1842, approximately a thousand people gathered at the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West, now the centre of the Auckland CBD, to witness the hanging of Wiremu Kīngi Maketū  He had been found guilty of murdering five people on Motuarohia Island, in the Bay of Islands  The people killed were Thomas Bull, employed by Elisabeth Roberton, who was also murdered along with her son aged eight, her daughter of two, and a girl of nearly three named Isabella Brind, the natural daughter of one Captain Brind by a Māori woman, the daughter of Rewa, chief of Ngapuhi in that area  Mrs Roberton's husband, Captain John Roberton, had drowned prior in Paroa Bay, just opposite the island  Thomas Bull had a reputation for strength and brutality  He seemed at all times to have made a set at Maketū and had on several occasions struck, thrown, or otherwise maltreated him  Maketū was unable to defend himself against such an opponent; nor indeed did it conform with his notions of dignity to do so, he being (by virtue of his chiefly rank) above combat with one who was a servant and whom he therefore regarded on the same plane as a slave  Maketū, therefore, bided his time for revenge  Maketū then killed Thomas Bull in the night with an axe; he then brutally murdered Mrs Roberton, who was shouting abuse at him and then went to murder the two girls (ransacking the house and then burning Mrs Roberton and the two children within it)  The boy ran up Pa Hill, where Maketū chased him and threw him off the 200-foot (60 m) cliff  He was sentenced to death by an all-white jury (his defence had wanted a half-white, half-Māori jury) in an Auckland court, and executed on 7 March 1842 

The second execution in New Zealand was the public hanging of Joseph Burns on 17 June 1848  On the day of his execution, he was paraded down Auckland's Queen St, seated in a coffin, and taken by boat across the Waitemata Harbour to the Devonport waterfront, where he was hanged on King Edward Parade, not far from the scene of his crimes  Burns was the first European settler to be executed in New Zealand The third execution in New Zealand, and first in Wellington, occurred on 19 April 1849  Maroro of Ngāti Kahungunu descent was hanged outside Mount Cook Gaol in front of approximately 500 people, following his conviction of the murder of John Branks and his three children The fourth execution occurred in the same location in Wellington on 17 June 1850, in front of a similar sized crowd, when William Good was hanged for the murder of John Ellis  The scaffold was "erected on Cook's Mount, immediately in front of the brick wall of the gaol "The fifth execution was that of escaped Australian convict, William Bowden, on 27 April 1852  He was hanged on the scaffold erected outside the entrance gate of the Auckland Gaol, on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West, in front of approximately 300 people The sixth execution in New Zealand, and the third public hanging to take place outside the Auckland Gaol on the corner of Queen and Victoria Streets was that of Charles Marsden on 12 February 1856  It took approximately 14 minutes for Marsden to die, with accusations that his execution was "clumsily performed" The seventh execution took place in Auckland at sunrise on 11 July 1856 with the public hanging of John White  In a sign of changing attitudes to the spectacle of public executions, the Superintendent had ordered that the scaffold be erected after dark the previous evening, and the front of the scaffold, under the drop, be partially boarded up  Due to the early hour of the execution, no more than twenty to thirty people witnessed the event on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West The last public execution was that of John Killey, who had been found guilty of murdering John Butler in Whangarei on 17 December 1857  At his later sentencing in Auckland, the judge, Sir George Alfred Arney, was "said to have been moved to tears" in passing sentence, while Killey "fell down in the dock in a fainting fit"  He was hanged on 18 March 1858, also outside the gate of the Auckland Gaol 

Move to abolish public executions in the British colonies of Australasia
Throughout the British colonies of Australasia public hangings came to be seen as "barbarous spectacles"  The last public hanging in Sydney took place outside Darlinghurst Gaol on 21 September 1852, in which local press noted disapprovingly the "extraordinary attendance of children, upon whose tender minds the shocking spectacle of a fellow creature dangling at the end of a rope, had no other more serious effect than that of eliciting from them three cheers for the hangman"  New South Wales, where public executions were also "associated with the hated convict era", became the first of the British colonies in Australia to abolish public executions, when the Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 1855 (NSW) came into force on 10 January 1855 Victoria and Tasmania followed shortly after with the Private Execution Act 1855 (Vic) and the Criminals’ Execution Act 1855 (Tas) respectively  When the Moreton Bay settlement separated from NSW to become the self-governing colony of Queensland in 1859, the New South Wales legislation automatically applied While South Australia and Western Australia abolished public executions in 1858 and 1870 respectively, both colonies subsequently passed amendments which allowed for the hanging of capitally convicted Aboriginal Australians at the scene of their alleged crimes: the Act to Amend an Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 1861 (SA) and the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1871 Amendment Act 1875 (WA) In New Zealand, public executions were abolished under Section 1 of the Executions of Criminals Act 1858, which specified that executions had to be carried out "within the walls or the enclosed yard of some gaol, or within some other enclosed space"  The Act came into force on 3 June 1858, three months after the country's last public hanging in central Auckland By way of comparison with other English-speaking countries which share an historical legacy of English common law, the last public execution in the United Kingdom was the hanging of Michael Barrett outside Newgate Prison in London on 26 May 1868, in front of a crowd of approximately 2000 people  Canada's last public execution occurred on 7 December 1869 when Nicholas Melady was hanged in front of "a few hundred spectators", outside the Huron County Gaol, now called the Huron Historic Gaol, in Goderich, Ontario  The last judicial execution carried out in public in the United States was the hanging of Rainey Bethea in a parking lot in Owensboro, Kentucky on 14 August 1936, in front of an estimated crowd of 20,000 

Executed out of public view
In 1862, in Wellington, James Collins became the first person in New Zealand to be executed out of public view In 1866, the site of the old Auckland Gaol was made ready for a temporary market  The Sheriff approved the removal of the graves of the five executed criminals, to respect "public decency"  The bodies were reinterred in "a remote and unused spot" of the Symonds St Cemetery The last person to be executed was Walter James Bolton, for poisoning his wife, on 18 February 1957 

Abolition: 1949–1961
When the Labour Party formed its first government following the 1935 general election, it commuted all death sentences to life imprisonment  The Crimes Amendment Act 1941  changed the penalty for murder from death to life imprisonment with hard labour  The only crimes for which the death penalty still applied were treason and piracy 
The Labour Party lost power to the more conservative National Party, which had pledged to reintroduce capital punishment, in 1949  During that earlier period, support and opposition for capital punishment were clearly delineated on partisan grounds  The National Party supported the restoration and maintenance of the death penalty, while the Labour Party opposed it  During debate over the Capital Punishment Act 1950 (which exempted expectant mothers and young persons under the age of 18 years), Labour expressed concern about the constitutional implications of the concentration of executive power in this context (although Labour had used this power from 1935 to 1941), while National Party Attorney-General Clifton Webb referred to the alleged "deterrent" value of the death penalty as potential threat and punitive severity  However, Webb was relatively sparing in his use of the death penalty, while his successor, Attorney-General Jack Marshall (1955–1957), was a hardliner on that issue and the number and pace of executions accelerated, arousing debate 
During the time that the National Party was in office (1949–1957), 36 people were convicted of murder, and 22 of those were sentenced to death (George Horry was convicted of murder in 1951 but not hanged because the death penalty was not in force in 1942)  The final decision on executions rested with Cabinet, and only eight of the condemned were executed  The rest were commuted to life imprisonment  Even then, professional opinion was divided  Film censor Gordon Mirams did not regard spectacles of hanging as appropriate content within crime dramas and western films and excised such content and dialogue on the basis of family propriety According to Department of Justice historian Pauline Engel, the British Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1953) may have heavily influenced the rise of abolitionism, as did the controversies that surrounded the executions of Harry Whiteland and Edward Te Whiu, which raised questions about post-war trauma, intellectual and developmental disability as factors for leniency 
Social historian Redmer Yska has argued that such concern arose much earlier  When the National Party restored capital punishment in 1950, it became an administrative ordeal for civil servants involved, particularly those within correctional facilities like Mount Eden Prison in Auckland, law enforcement and the judiciary  Corrections staff needed to maintain suicide watch for the convicted felon, conduct regular health checks and provide pastoral care for the condemned individual's relatives, as well as insure prison security during executions Official requirements mandated the presence of a magistrate, doctor and sheriffs  During the late fifties, Attorney-General Jack Marshall accelerated the pace of executions and post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism and duodenal haemorrhaging developed amongst two of the three staff obliged to participate during execution procedures  In cases of political import, prudent reprieves and commuted penalties did occur, as happened when three Niue Islanders were sentenced to death after killing a manifestly brutal and oppressive Resident Commissioner (and were reprieved only after New Zealand prison officials had reached Niue to carry out the hangings)  On that occasion, the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand became involved in strenuously lobbying against the verdict Class differences were also seen to affect the verdict  Dr  Senga Wintringham was convicted of manslaughter, rather than murder, in February 1955, after shooting and killing Dr Bill Saunders  Wintringham claimed that she had only meant to intimidate him, rather than kill him  The Peoples Voice, newspaper of the Communist Party of New Zealand, criticised the perceived "double standard" in this context, as the courts had just convicted and sentenced 26-year-old British migrant and itinerant labourer Frederick Foster to death, despite questions about mental illness and intellectual impairment in his context, as well as appeals from his mother  Foster had shot and killed Sharon Skeffington, his former girlfriend  Although Foster was sentenced to death and executed, defence counsel Dr Martyn Finlay succeeded in raising questions about the limited intellectual capabilities and mental health of the condemned person in this context  Similar questions would arise in the trial, conviction and execution of Albert Webb  The New Zealand Listener editorialised against the death penalty in July 1955, and received supportive feedback from its letters page correspondents Eddie Te Whiu was hanged in August 1955, after he had killed an elderly widow in Ngararatunua, near Kamo, when an attempted burglary went wrong  Abolitionist sentiment grew again, as, with the Foster and Black cases, there was perceptible anxiety about the failure of "deterrence" value in the context of violent homicides, and whether Te Whiu should have been convicted of manslaughter instead, due to his dysfunctional family origins and limited intellectual capabilities  As a result, a National Committee for Abolition of the Death Penalty was formed in November 1956, with branches in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin 
Engel and Maureen Garing have drawn attention to the involvement of Protestant Christian opposition to capital punishment  In 1941 and 1951, the Christian Social Justice League, Christchurch Anglican Diocesan Synod and Methodist Public Questions Committee supported abolition, as did individual Catholics, although their hierarchy remained neutral in this debate  The New Zealand Theosophical Society also opposed capital punishment, and the Churches of Christ and Baptist Union declared its opposition in the late fifties  As religious opposition grew, it provided opponents of capital punishment with an organisational base that was used to good effect  Redmer Yska notes that clergy often refused to participate in legitimising executions through their presence, of whatever denomination As a consequence of controversy over the perceived escalation in use of capital punishment, abolitionist petitions started to circulate as well  In 1956, a proposal for a referendum on capital punishment was put forward by the Minister of Justice, Jack Marshall  This referendum was to be voted on during the 1957 general election, but the proposal was defeated Meanwhile, Walter James Bolton (1888–1957) was executed at Mount Eden Prison in Auckland in February 1957, after he had allegedly poisoned his wife with arsenic  Given that the National Party lost that election, there were to be no further executions within New Zealand  However, while the election saw a short-lived Labour government elected, capital punishment was not debated in Parliament again before the National party regained power after the 1960 election 
In 1961, the National Party reaffirmed its support for the death penalty, although restricted its use to premeditated murders, and those committed during another crime or during an escape from custody  The issue of capital punishment generated intensive debate within the National Party—the Minister of Justice in the Second National Government, who was responsible for introducing the Crimes Bill 1961, Ralph Hanan, strongly opposed the death penalty, while Jack Marshall, the Deputy Prime Minister, had supported its use while serving as Minister of Justice and Attorney General, as noted above 

Abolition and its aftermath: 1961 onwards
Aware of growing public opposition to capital punishment, the National Party allowed its MPs to exercise a conscience vote in Parliament, and ten National MPs subsequently voted in favour of abolition  The result was a majority of 11 against capital punishment, 41–30  The ten National MPs were Ernest Aderman, Gordon Grieve, Ralph Hanan, Duncan MacIntyre, Robert Muldoon, Lorrie Pickering, Logan Sloane, Brian Talboys, Esme Tombleson and Bert Walker  The death penalty was therefore abolished for murder, being retained only for treason and other similar acts in theory  In principle, this meant that de facto abolition had occurred from that point onward These last theoretical vestiges of capital punishment were abolished under the Palmer Labour cabinet in November 1989 with the passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act 1989, and there were no further executions during the interim period  Passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act ended all capital punishment in New Zealand  The Cook Islands, which based its statutes on New Zealand law, formally retained the death penalty for treason until it was abolished in 2007  The death penalty was never used in the Cook Islands Occasional calls to reinstate capital punishment still occur, but no major political party has made capital punishment an element of any of their election manifestos since the 1989 Abolition act  As for minor political parties, the solitary exception was the fundamentalist Christian Heritage New Zealand, which has been defunct since 2005 
A 2004 1 News Colmar Brunton  poll found 28% were in favour of bringing back the death penalty, 67% did not want to bring the death penalty back, and 5% were undecided  In a 2013 Curia poll for TV3's The Nation, 38% of New Zealanders were in favour of the death penalty—a nominal increase from the 28% in 2004—while 55% were opposed it, and 7% were undecided  Also in the poll, 35% of Labour voters favoured the death penalty and National voters' support polled at 44%  Least likely to be in favour were Green Party voters at 19%, but the strongest support came from New Zealand First voters at 84% 

See also
Capital punishment in the Cook Islands
List of people executed in New Zealand
Passage 8:
Lakes, Cumbria
Lakes is a civil parish in Westmorland and Furness, England  In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 5,127, decreasing at the 2011 census to 4,420  It covers the town of Ambleside, and the villages and hamlets of Clappersgate, Rydal, Grasmere, Troutbeck, Chapel Stile, Elterwater, Little Langdale and Waterhead 
Lakes CP incorporates within its boundaries the wards of Ambleside, the Langdales, Rydal & Loughrigg, Grasmere and Troutbeck The parish was formed in 1934 as an urban district, despite being largely rural, under a County Review Order, by a merger of Ambleside and Grasmere urban districts and parts of Windermere Urban District, South Westmorland Rural District and West Ward Rural District The A591 road, a primary route, passes through the centre of the CP, it enters the parish from the South at the point where it crosses Trout Beck at Troutbeck Bridge village  After covering 16 km (10 mi) in road distance,(13 4 km (8 5 mi) as the crow flies) it leaves the parish at Dunmail Raise  The A592 road passes through the eastern area of the parish  The col of the Kirkstone Pass, at a point approximately 200 m north of the Kirkstone Inn, marks the northern boundary of Lakes CP It is the area covered by the Kelsick Foundation, an organisation that helps locals with the costs of extra-curricular activities for children 
The urban district had an area of 49,917 acres (202 01 km2)  or 202 km² 
The urban district was abolished in 1974, with the Patterdale ward becoming a civil parish in the Eden district, and the rest becoming a civil parish in South Lakeland 

See also
Listed buildings in Lakes, Cumbria
Passage 9:
Mountain (electoral district)
Mountain is a former provincial electoral division in Manitoba, Canada   It was created for the 1879 provincial election, and was abolished shortly before the 1958 election 
Mountain was located in southwestern Manitoba, near Portage la Prairie   The constituency was mostly rural, and included communities such as Baldur and Argyles   Premier Dufferin Roblin once referred to the division's name as "curious", given that it marked by "the gentle landscape of the Pembina escarpment" Several prominent Manitoba politicians represented Mountain, including Charles Cannon, Ivan Schultz and Premier Thomas Greenway   The constituency was shaped like an "L" in the nineteenth century, and was sometimes called "Greenway's armchair"   For most of its history, Mountain was considered safe for the Manitoba Liberal Party and its successor, the Liberal-Progressive Party  But an effort was made to put forward an Independent third-party candidate in 1914 In 1955, Mountain's population was estimated to be about 50% Anglo-Saxon, 33% French Canadian, and 16 5% Flemish 

Provincial representatives
Passage 10:
Franklin District
Franklin District was a New Zealand territorial authority that lay between the Auckland metropolitan area and the Waikato Plains  As a formal territory, it was abolished on 31 October 2010 and divided between Auckland Council in the Auckland Region (39 82 percent by land area) to the north and Waikato and Hauraki districts in the Waikato region (60 18 percent) to the south and east  The Auckland portion is now part of the Franklin ward, which also includes rural parts of the former Manukau City 
Before its abolition, it was administered from the town of Pukekohe  Out-going Franklin District Mayor Mark Ball had proposed that Franklin district become an independent unitary authority, fulfilling both the functions of a local and regional council  However, this was rejected by Minister Rodney Hide 

Location and extent
The district was bounded in the north by the start of the Auckland metropolitan area and the waters of the Manukau Harbour  Awhitu Peninsula stretches up the Tasman coast to the mouth of this harbour  Here are located several holiday spots, such as Karioitahi Beach and Matakawau 
To the south, Franklin was bounded by the fertile lowlands of the Waikato Plains  In the east, the land rises to the Hunua Ranges, then falls to the coast of the Firth of Thames  In the west is the Tasman Sea   The Waikato River mouth is at Port Waikato in the south of the region  This is renowned as a good place for surfcasting 
The area is mainly rural, with local settlements such as Waiuku and Tuakau supporting the farming industry  One industry of note is the New Zealand Steel steel mill at Glenbrook, north of Waiuku 

Mayors
Six people served as mayor of Franklin District during its 21-year existence:

Nomenclature
The name of "Franklin" probably derives from Lady Jane Franklin, an early British traveller and the wife of Captain Sir John Franklin,
who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land (1837–1843)  Lady Franklin visited the Waikato Heads in 1841 

Media
Franklin County News, a twice-weekly newspaper based in Pukekohe, serves the former Franklin district  The Post Newspaper distributes 26,000 printed copies weekly on a Tuesday, covering Franklin and North Waikato  The Post Newspaper has an office in both Pukekohe and Waiuku  In 2015, the online events calendar and photo news Franklin Life NZ was launched 

Populated centres
Here are some of the following suburbs, towns, villages and other settlements within the former Franklin District's territorial area borders, grouped into their present-day adjacent areas:
Northern Franklin (now part of Auckland Super-City)

Wattle Bay, Orua Bay, Big Bay, Grahams Beach, Awhitu, Kauritutahi, Matakawau, Matakawau Point, Clarks Beach, Pollok, Te Toro, Glenbrook Beach, Waiau Beach, Mission Bush, Karioitahi, Waiuku, Kingseat, Waiau Pa, Patumahoe, Te Hihi, Karaka, Roseneath Road, Paerata, Pukekohe, Bombay, Ararimu, Hunua,Southern Franklin (now part of Waikato District)

Otaua, Aka Aka, Tuakau, Buckland, Paparimu, Pōkeno, Port Waikato, Mercer, Mangatāwhiri, Onewhero, Pukekawa, Glen Murray, Naike, Mangatangi, Limestone DownsNorth Eastern Franklin (now part of Hauraki District)

Waharau, Whakatīwai, Kaiaua, Miranda
Passage 11:
Mercia
Mercia (, Old English: Miercna rīċe; Latin: Merciorum regnum) was one of the three notable Anglic kingdoms founded after Sub-Roman Britain was settled by Anglo-Saxons in an era called the Heptarchy  It was centred on the River Trent and its tributaries, in a region now known as the Midlands of England 
A Latinisation of an Old English word derived from the Mercian Old English, Merce, meaning "borderland" (whence the Modern English words mark and march), the kingdom was rendered as Mierce or Myrce in the West Saxon dialect  The name is still used as a geographic designation by a wide range of organisations: military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies The royal court moved around the kingdom without a fixed capital city  Early in its existence Repton seems to have been the location of an important royal estate  According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, it was from Repton in 873–874 that the Great Heathen Army deposed the King of Mercia  Slightly earlier, King Offa seems to have favoured Tamworth  It was there where he was crowned and spent many a Christmas 
For 300 years (between 600 and 900), known as Mercian Supremacy or the "Golden Age of Mercia", having annexed or gained submissions from five of the other six kingdoms of the Heptarchy (East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex), Mercia dominated England south of the Humber estuary  During King Offa's reign, a dyke was created as the boundary between Mercia and the Welsh kingdoms  Nicholas Brooks noted that "the Mercians stand out as by far the most successful of the various early Anglo-Saxon peoples until the later ninth century", and some historians, such as Sir Frank Stenton, believe the unification of England south of the Humber estuary was achieved during Offa's reign King Peada converted to Christianity around 656, the Diocese of Mercia was founded in this year, with the first bishop (Diuma) based at Repton  The religion firmly established in the kingdom by the late 7th century  After 13 years at Repton, 669 AD, Saint Chad (the fifth bishop) moved the bishopric to Lichfield and, in 691 AD, the Diocese of Mercia became the Diocese of Lichfield  There has been a diocese based in the city ever since  For a brief period between 787 and 799 or 803 the diocese was an archbishopric  The current bishop, Michael Ipgrave, is the 99th since the diocese was established 
At the end of the 9th century, following the invasions of the Vikings and their Great Heathen Army, Danelaw absorbed much of the former Mercian territory  Danelaw at its height included London, all of East Anglia and most of the North of England 
The final Mercian king, Ceolwulf II, died in 879 with the kingdom appearing to have lost its political independence  Initially, it was ruled by a lord or ealdorman under the overlordship of Alfred the Great, who styled himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons"  The kingdom had a brief period of independence in the mid-10th century and in 1016, by which time it was viewed as a province with temporary independence  Wessex conquered and united all the kingdoms into the Kingdom of England  The kingdom became an earldom until 1071 

History
Early history
Mercia's exact evolution at the start of the Anglo-Saxon era remains more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex  Mercia developed an effective political structure and was Christianised later than the other kingdoms  Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century  The name "Mercia" is Mercian Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders  However, Peter Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier between Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley Although its earliest boundaries remain obscure, a general agreement persists that the territory that was called "the first of the Mercians" in the Tribal Hidage covered much of south Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire and northern Warwickshire The earliest person named in any records as a king of Mercia is Creoda, said to have been the great-grandson of Icel  Coming to power around 584, he built a fortress at Tamworth which became the seat of Mercia's kings  His son Pybba succeeded him in 593  Cearl, a kinsman of Creoda, followed Pybba in 606; in 615, Cearl gave his daughter Cwenburga in marriage to Edwin, king of Deira, whom he had sheltered while he was an exiled prince The Mercian kings were the only Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy ruling house known to claim a direct family link with a pre-migration Continental Germanic monarchy 

Penda and the Mercian Supremacy
The next Mercian king, Penda, ruled from about 626 or 633 until 655  Some of what is known about Penda comes from the hostile account of Bede, who disliked him – both as an enemy to Bede's own Northumbria and as a pagan  However, Bede admits that Penda freely allowed Christian missionaries from Lindisfarne into Mercia and did not restrain them from preaching  In 633 Penda and his ally Cadwallon of Gwynedd defeated and killed Edwin, who had become not only ruler of the newly unified Northumbria, but bretwalda, or high king, over the southern kingdoms  When another Northumbrian king, Oswald, arose and again claimed overlordship of the south, he also suffered defeat and death at the hands of Penda and his allies – in 642 at the Battle of Maserfield  In 655, after a period of confusion in Northumbria, Penda brought 30 sub-kings to fight the new Northumbrian king Oswiu at the Battle of Winwaed, in which Penda in turn lost the battle and his life The battle led to a temporary collapse of Mercian power  Penda's son Peada, who had converted to Christianity at Repton in 653, succeeded his father as king of Mercia; Oswiu set up Peada as an under-king; but in the spring of 656 he was murdered and Oswiu assumed direct control of the whole of Mercia  A Mercian revolt in 658 threw off Northumbrian domination and resulted in the appearance of another son of Penda, Wulfhere, who ruled Mercia as an independent kingdom (though he apparently continued to render tribute to Northumbria for a while) until his death in 675  Wulfhere initially succeeded in restoring the power of Mercia, but the end of his reign saw a serious defeat by Northumbria  The next king, Æthelred, defeated Northumbria in the Battle of the Trent in 679, settling once and for all the long-disputed control of the former kingdom of Lindsey  Æthelred was succeeded by Cœnred, son of Wulfhere; both these kings became better known for their religious activities than anything else, but the king who succeeded them in 709, Ceolred, is said in a letter of Saint Boniface to have been a dissolute youth who died insane  So ended the rule of the direct descendants of Penda At some point before the accession of Æthelbald in 716 the Mercians conquered the region around Wroxeter, known to the Welsh as Pengwern or as "The Paradise of Powys"  Elegies written in the persona of its dispossessed rulers record the sorrow at this loss 
The next important king of Mercia, Æthelbald, reigned from 716 to 757  For the first few years of his reign he had to face two strong rival kings, Wihtred of Kent and Ine of Wessex  But when Wihtred died in 725, and Ine abdicated in 726 to become a monk in Rome, Æthelbald was free to establish Mercia's hegemony over the rest of the Anglo-Saxons south of the Humber  Æthelbald suffered a setback in 752, when the West Saxons under Cuthred defeated him, but he seems to have restored his supremacy over Wessex by 757 In July 2009, the Staffordshire Hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold was discovered by Terry Herbert in a field at Hammerwich, near Brownhills and close to  Lichfield in Staffordshire  Lichfield functioned as the religious centre of Mercia  The artefacts have tentatively been dated by Svante Fischer and Jean Soulat to around AD 600–800  Whether the hoard was deposited by Anglo-Saxon pagans or Christians remains unclear, as does the purpose of the deposit 

Reign of Offa and rise of Wessex
After the murder of Æthelbald by one of his bodyguards in 757, a civil war broke out which concluded with the victory of Offa, a descendant of Pybba  Offa (reigned 757 to 796) had to build anew the hegemony which his predecessor had exercised over the southern English, and he did this so successfully that he became the greatest king Mercia had ever known  Not only did he win battles and dominate Southern England, but also he took an active hand in administering the affairs of his kingdom, founding market towns and overseeing the first major issues of gold coins in Britain; he assumed a role in the administration of the Catholic Church in England (sponsoring the short-lived archbishopric of Lichfield, 787 to 799), and even negotiated with Charlemagne as an equal  Offa is credited with the construction of Offa's Dyke, which marked the border between Wales and Mercia Offa exerted himself to ensure that his son Ecgfrith of Mercia would succeed him, but after Offa's death in July 796 Ecgfrith survived for only five months, and the kingdom passed to a distant relative named Coenwulf in December 796  In 821 Coenwulf's brother Ceolwulf succeeded to the Mercian kingship; he demonstrated his military prowess by his attack on and destruction of the fortress of Deganwy in Gwynedd  The power of the West Saxons under Egbert (King of Wessex from 802 to 839) grew during this period, however, and in 825 Egbert defeated the Mercian king Beornwulf (who had overthrown Ceolwulf in 823) at Ellendun The Battle of Ellendun proved decisive  At this point, Mercia lost control of Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and possibly also Essex  Beornwulf was slain while suppressing a revolt amongst the East Angles, and his successor, a former ealdorman named Ludeca (reigned 826–827), met the same fate  Another ealdorman, Wiglaf, subsequently ruled for less than two years before Egbert of Wessex drove him out of Mercia  In 830 Wiglaf regained independence for Mercia, but by this time Wessex had clearly become the dominant power in England  Circa 840 Beorhtwulf succeeded Wiglaf 

Arrival of the Danes
In 852, Burgred came to the throne, and with Ethelwulf of Wessex subjugated North Wales  In 868 Danish invaders occupied Nottingham  The Danes drove Burgred from his kingdom in 874 and Ceolwulf II took his place  In 877 the Danes seized the eastern part of Mercia, which became part of the Danelaw  Ceolwulf, the last king of Mercia, left with the western half, reigned until 879  From about 883 until his death in 911 Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, ruled Mercia under the overlordship of Wessex  Alfred changed his title from 'king of the West Saxons' to 'king of the Anglo-Saxons' to reflect the acceptance of his overlordship of all southern England not under Danish rule  All coins struck in Mercia after the disappearance of Ceolwulf in c  879 were in the name of the West Saxon king  Æthelred had married Æthelflæd (c  870 – 12 June 918), daughter of Alfred the Great of Wessex (r  871–899), and she assumed power when her husband became ill at some time in the last ten years of his life After Æthelred's death in 911 Æthelflæd ruled as "Lady of the Mercians", but Alfred's successor as King of the Anglo-Saxons, Edward the Elder (r  899–924), took control of London and Oxford, which Alfred had placed under Æthelred's control  Æthelflæd and her brother continued Alfred's policy of building fortified burhs, and by 918 they had conquered the southern Danelaw in East Anglia and Danish Mercia 

Loss of independence
When Æthelflæd died in 918, Ælfwynn, her daughter by Æthelred, succeeded as "Second Lady of the Mercians", but within six months Edward had deprived her of all authority in Mercia and taken her to Wessex  Edward was succeeded as king of the Anglo-Saxons by his eldest son Æthelstan (r  924–939), who had been brought up in Mercia, and he was immediately accepted as king, but not in Wessex until the following year  In 927 he conquered Northumbria and thus became the first king of all England  Mercia briefly regained a political existence separate from Wessex in 955–959, when Edgar became king of Mercia, and again in 1016, when Cnut and Edmund Ironside divided the English kingdom between themselves, with Cnut taking Mercia  Mercia maintained its separate identity as an earldom until the Norman Conquest in 1066 

Mercian Old English
The dialect thrived between the 8th and 13th centuries and was referred to by John Trevisa, writing in 1387:
For men of the est with men of the west, as it were undir the same partie of hevene, acordeth more in sownynge of speche than men of the north with men of the south, therfore it is that Mercii, that beeth men of myddel Engelond, as it were parteners of the endes, understondeth better the side langages, northerne and southerne, than northerne and southerne understondeth either other   
J  R  R  Tolkien is one of many scholars who have studied and promoted the Mercian dialect of Old English, and introduced various Mercian terms into his legendarium – especially in relation to the Kingdom of Rohan, otherwise known as the Mark (a name cognate with Mercia)    The Mercian dialect is the basis of Tolkien's language of Rohan, and a number of its kings are given the same names as monarchs who appear in the Mercian royal genealogy, e g  Fréawine, Fréaláf and Éomer (see List of kings of the Angles) 

Mercian religion
The first kings of Mercia were pagans, and they resisted the encroachment of Christianity longer than other kingdoms in the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy Mercian rulers remained resolutely pagan until the reign of Peada in 656, although this did not prevent them joining coalitions with Christian Welsh rulers to resist Northumbria  The first appearance of Christianity in Mercia, however, had come at least thirty years earlier, following the Battle of Cirencester of 628, when Penda incorporated the formerly West Saxon territories of Hwicce into his kingdom The conversion of Mercia to Christianity occurred in the latter part of the 7th century, and by the time of Penda's defeat and death, Mercia was largely surrounded by Christian states  Diuma, an Irish monk and one of Oswiu's missionaries, was subsequently ordained a bishop – the first to operate in Mercia  Christianity finally gained a foothold in Mercia when Oswiu supported Peada as sub-king of the Middle Angles, requiring him to marry Oswiu's daughter, Alchflaed, and to accept her religion Decisive steps to Christianise Mercia were taken by Chad (Latinised by Bede as Ceadda), the fifth bishop to operate in Mercia  This controversial figure was given land by King Wulfhere to build a monastery at Lichfield  Evidence suggests that the Lichfield Gospels were made in Lichfield around 730  As in other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, the many small monasteries established by the Mercian kings allowed the political/military and ecclesiastical leadership to consolidate their unity through bonds of kinship 

Subdivisions of Mercia
For knowledge of the internal composition of the Kingdom of Mercia, we must rely on a document of uncertain age (possibly late 7th century), known as the Tribal Hidage – an assessment of the extent (but not the location) of land owned (reckoned in hides), and therefore the military obligations and perhaps taxes due, by each of the Mercian tribes and subject kingdoms by name  This hidage exists in several manuscript versions, some as late as the 14th century  It lists a number of peoples, such as the Hwicce, who have now vanished, except for reminders in various placenames  The major subdivisions of Mercia were as follows:
South MerciansThe Mercians dwelling south of the River Trent  Folk groups within included the Tomsæte around Tamworth and the Pencersæte around Penkridge (roughly corresponding to southern Staffordshire and northern Warwickshire) North MerciansThe Mercians dwelling north of the River Trent (roughly corresponding to eastern Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire) Outer MerciaAn early phase of Mercian expansion, possibly 6th century (roughly corresponding to southern Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire) LindseyOnce a kingdom in its own right, disputed with Northumbria in the 7th century before finally coming under Mercian control (roughly corresponding to the historic riding of Lindsey in Lincolnshire) Middle AnglesA collection of many smaller folk groups under Mercian control from the 7th century, including the Spaldingas around Spalding, the Bilmingas and Wideringas near Stamford, the North Gyrwe and South Gyrwe near Peterborough, the West Wixna, East Wixna, West Wille and East Wille near Ely, the Sweordora, Hurstingas and Gifle near Bedford, the Hicce around Hitchin, the Cilternsæte in the Chilterns and the Feppingas near Thame (roughly corresponding to Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire and southern Oxfordshire) HwicceOnce a kingdom in its own right, disputed with Wessex in the 7th century before finally coming under Mercian control  Smaller folk groups within included the Stoppingas around Warwick and the Arosæte near Droitwich (roughly corresponding to Gloucestershire, Worcestershire and southern Warwickshire) MagonsæteA people of the Welsh border, also known as the Westerna, under Mercian control from the 7th century  Smaller folk groups within included the Temersæte near Hereford and the Hahlsæte near Ludlow (roughly corresponding to Herefordshire and southern Shropshire) WreocansæteA people of the Welsh border under Mercian control from the 7th century  Smaller folk groups within included the Rhiwsæte near Wroxeter and the Meresæte near Chester (roughly corresponding to northern Shropshire, Flintshire and Cheshire) PecsæteAn isolated folk group of the Peak District, under Mercian control from the 7th century (roughly corresponding to northern Derbyshire) Land Between Ribble & MerseyA disorganised region under Mercian control from the 7th century (roughly corresponding to Merseyside, Greater Manchester, and Lancashire south of the River Ribble)  It was the most northern extent of the kingdom, and at certain times was claimed by Northumbria and Danelaw Middle SaxonsTaken over from Essex in the 8th century, including London (roughly corresponding to Greater London, Hertfordshire, and Surrey) After Mercia was annexed by Wessex in the early 10th century, the West Saxon rulers divided it into shires modelled after their own system, cutting across traditional Mercian divisions  These shires survived mostly intact until 1974, and even today still largely follow their original boundaries 

Legacy
Modern uses of the name Mercia
The term "midlands" is first recorded (as mydlonde-shiris) in 1475  John Bateman, writing in 1876 or 1883, referred to contemporary Cheshire and Staffordshire landholdings as being in Mercia  The most credible source for the idea of a contemporary Mercia is Thomas Hardy's Wessex novels  The first of these appeared in 1874 and Hardy himself considered it the origin of the conceit of a contemporary Wessex  Bram Stoker set his 1911 novel The Lair of the White Worm in a contemporary Mercia that may have been influenced by Hardy, whose secretary was a friend of Stoker's brother  Although 'Edwardian Mercia' never had the success of 'Victorian Wessex', it was an idea that appealed to the higher echelons of society  In 1908 Sir Oliver Lodge, Principal of Birmingham University, wrote to his counterpart at Bristol, welcoming a new university worthy of "   the great Province of Wessex whose higher educational needs it will supply  It will be no rival, but colleague and co-worker with this university, whose province is Mercia   " The British Army has made use of several regional identities in naming larger, amalgamated formations  After the Second World War, the infantry regiments of Cheshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire were organised in the Mercian Brigade (1948–1968)  Today, "Mercia" appears in the titles of two regiments, the Mercian Regiment, founded in 2007, which recruits in Cheshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Worcestershire, and parts of Greater Manchester and the West Midlands, and the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry, founded in 1992 as part of the Territorial Army  In 1967, the police forces of Herefordshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire were combined into the West Mercia Constabulary, which changed its name to West Mercia Police in 2009 Telephone directories across the Midlands include a large number of commercial and voluntary organisations using "Mercia" in their names, and in 2012 a new football league was formed called the Mercian Regional Football League Free Radio Coventry & Warwickshire, a commercial radio station, was originally launched in 1980 as Mercia Sound, later becoming Mercia FM 

Symbolism and attributed heraldry
There is no authentic indigenous Mercian heraldic device, as heraldry did not develop in any recognizable form until the High Middle Ages The saltire as a symbol of Mercia may have been in use since the time of King Offa  By the 13th century, the saltire had become the attributed arms of the Kingdom of Mercia  The arms are blazoned Azure, a saltire Or, meaning a gold (or yellow) saltire on a blue field  The arms were subsequently used by the Abbey of St Albans, founded by King Offa of Mercia  With the dissolution of the Abbey and the incorporation of the borough of St Albans the device was used on the town's corporate seal and was officially recorded as the arms of the town at an heraldic visitation in 1634 The saltire is used as both a flag and a coat of arms  As a flag, it is flown from Tamworth Castle, the ancient seat of the Mercian Kings, to this day  The flag also appears on street signs welcoming people to Tamworth, the "ancient capital of Mercia"  It was also flown outside Birmingham Council House during 2009 while the Staffordshire Hoard was on display in the city before being taken to the British Museum in London  The cross has been incorporated into a number of coats of arms of Mercian towns, including Tamworth, Leek and Blaby  It was recognised as the Mercian flag by the Flag Institute in 2014 The silver double-headed eagle surmounted by a golden three-pronged Saxon crown has been used by several units of the British Army as a heraldic device for Mercia since 1958, including the Mercian Regiment  It is derived from the attributed arms of Leofric, Earl of Mercia in the 11th century  It is worth noting, however, that Leofric is sometimes attributed a black, single-headed eagle instead The wyvern, a type of dragon, came to have a strong association with Mercia in the 19th century  The Midland Railway, which used a white (silver) wyvern sans legs (legless) as its crest, having inherited it from the Leicester and Swannington Railway, asserted that the "wyvern was the standard of the Kingdom of Mercia", and that it was "a quartering in the town arms of Leicester"  The symbol appeared on numerous stations and other company buildings in the region, and was worn as a silver badge by all uniformed employees  However, in 1897 the Railway Magazine noted that there appeared "to be no foundation that the wyvern was associated with the Kingdom of Mercia"  It has been associated with Leicester since the time of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and Leicester (c  1278–1322), the most powerful lord in the Midlands, who used it as his personal crest, and was recorded in a heraldic visitation of the town in 1619 In Bram Stoker's 1911 novel The Lair of the White Worm, explicitly set in Mercia (see above), the Mercian white wyvern sans legs of the Midland Railway was transformed into a monstrous beast, the eponymous worm of the title  The word "worm" is derived from Old English wyrm and originally referred to a dragon or serpent  "Wyvern" derives from Old Saxon wivere, also meaning serpent, and is etymologically related to viper The ultimate source for the symbolism of white dragons in England would appear to be Geoffrey of Monmouth's fictional work,  The History of the Kings of Britain (c  1136), which recounts an incident in the life of Merlin where a red dragon is seen fighting a white dragon and prevailing  The red dragon was taken to represent the Welsh and their eventual victory over the Anglo-Saxon invaders, symbolised by the white dragon The philologist and Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey has suggested that the Middle Kingdom in J  R  R  Tolkien's Farmer Giles of Ham, a story dominated by a dragon, is based on Mercia, the part of England where Tolkien grew up  This dragon, Chrysophylax, though mostly hostile, eventually helps Giles found a realm of his own, the Little Kingdom  Shippey states further that "the Mark", the land of the Riders of Rohan – all of whom have names in the Mercian dialect of Old English – was once the usual term for central England, and it would have been pronounced and written "marc" rather than the West Saxon "mearc" or the Latinized "Mercia" 

See also
Lichfield
List of monarchs of Mercia
List of Anglo-Saxon Mercians
Mercian Old English
Mercian Trail
Old English
Repton Abbey
Staffordshire Hoard
Tamworth, Staffordshire
Wessex
Passage 12:
Brimpton
Brimpton is a mostly rural village and civil parish in West Berkshire, England  Brimpton is centred 4 5 miles (7 2 km) ESE of the town of Newbury 

Toponymy
One suggested origin of the name of Brimpton comes from "Brynni's Town"; Brynni was an Anglo-Saxon owner of the land  A more likely explanation is that Brimpton stands on a hill, and the name comes from a Saxo-Celtic version of "Hill Town"; the Celtic word for hill being "bryn"  This name was probably coined in reference to the Iron Age settlement Brimpton has also been recorded as Brinniggetun and Bryningtune (in the 10th century) and Brintone (in the 11th century)  More recent alternative names include Brinton, Brimton, Brumton and Brumpton 

Geography
The village occupies a few square miles of land south of the Kennet and Avon Canal and the A4 road, and north of the Enborne which forms the southern then the eastern boundary between slopes of an escarpment where the two parts of the village are concentrated: the nucleus of the village and Brimpton Common   On a lower slope 0 5 miles (0 80 km) south is Hyde End which has fewer than 12 farmhouses and Victorian cottages  Other villages nearby include Aldermaston and Woolhampton  A newer settlement in the parish, Brimpton Common is on the elevated south bank of the Enborne next to Ashford Hill with Headley in Hampshire  
The east of the village is part of the Wasing Manor Estate in Wasing and the village has a few outlying farms with a large minority of its land made up of the sloped woods including Inwood Copse, Chaplain's Wood and Hyde End Wood  Two  woods south of the village are managed for timber: Bannister's Wood and Arundell's Copse, the first of these is at the edge of the flood plain of the Enborne Brimpton Pit is a site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) 

History
Evidence of Bronze Age inhabitation of Brimpton is in the five round barrows and two bell barrows in the area leading up to the border with Baughurst to the south  Known as "Borson Barrows", the tumuli were referred to in an Anglo-Saxon charter in AD 944  There have also been Iron Age and Roman settlements identified within the parish  The hypocaust of a villa was uncovered in the village, though records of its exact location no longer exist  One possible location is opposite Brimpton House near the parish church  A mediaeval bronze steelyard weight was found in the garden of the old moated house at Brimpton Manor In the 10th century, 10 hides of land in Brimpton were given to Ordulf (or Ordwulf), a thegn of Edmund I  The Domesday Book of 1086 lists the village as "Brintone", and identifies Robert FitzGerald and Ralph de Mortimer as the lords of the manors of Shalford and Brimpton respectively  It also mentions two churches, three mills, and a dairy Brimpton was visited by William Cobbett on 30 October 1822 on his way to London; he noted its name as "Brimton", but did not write further about the village  John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–1872) described Brimpton as "a parish in Newbury district, Berks; on the rivers Emborne and Kennet"  Wilson noted that the area of the village measured 1,692 acres (685 ha) and had property to the value of £3,720 (equivalent to £378,674 in 2021)  The population was 452, divided amongst 101 homes  He described the position of vicar including vicarage, at that time under the patronage of Rev  G B Caffin, as worth £351  He wrote that the church was "good", with charities of £84  Of its history Wilson noted that a preceptory of the Knights Templar (Shalford Preceptory) was established in Brimpton in the 13th century   A medieval roll has reference to the Hospitallers as holding land here in 1251 and again in 1275–6, when they are described as of Shalford  In 1302 the king appears to have been the guest of the Knights at Brimpton — his Letters Patent were dated from Shalford manor here 29 November, and the Hospitallers continued to hold this manor till their dissolution in 1540, when it was under the Dissolution of the Monasteries seized and redistributed by Henry VIII At the centre of the village is the war memorial commemorating the twenty two former residents who died in World War I and two who died in World War II 

Social history
The village relied heavily on agriculture which covers most of the district and employed more than half of the working population in the 19th century   St  Peter's almshouses for aged married couples and aged widows were erected by Anne Bankes, then Countess of Falmouth, who by her will left £3,000 for their repair, maintenance and inmates' support   She left almost £667 in the church's trust for the school mistress' salary (combined these are equivalent to £383,584 in 2021)  The trust fund, with accumulations, was for many years the most significant in the village and produced an income of almost £80 a year in 1924, when each inmate received a small pension of a fifth of a pound a week, with an extra payment at Christmas and Easter 

Lords of the Manor
Brimpton Manor
At the time of Edward the Confessor, Brimpton Manor was owned by Godwin, Earl of Wessex (Edward's father-in-law)  It was later owned by Ralph de Mortimer (at the time of the Domesday Survey) and, subsequently, his son Hugh  Hugh's son, Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, succeeded him as lord of the manor, and the ownership passed through the Mortimer of Wigmore family  The manor passed through marriage to the Earldom of March  Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March died childless in the 1420s and the manor was inherited by Richard, Duke of York  After his death in 1460, the manor was owned by his wife Cecily Neville, until its ownership was reverted to the crown on her death 

Shalford Manor
In the Domesday Survey, Shalford Manor was owned by Robert FitzGerald  It had previously been under the ownership of Brictric, a Saxon freeman and thegn to Edward the Confessor  After FitzGerald's death, his estates passed to his brother Gerald, and subsequently to Gerald's son, Roger  On Roger's death, his son – William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln – inherited the manor  William's son predeceased him, so the manor passed to his grandson – also named William  During this ownership, Simon de Ovile – a tenant of William – granted use of the 3 5 hide estate to the Knights Hospitaller  Letters Patent dated 29 November 1302 show that the Knights hosted Edward I at Shalford The Knights held the manor until their dissolution in 1540  After this, ownership passed to the crown In 1544, Henry VIII exchanged the manor with William Wollascott for the manor of Dalehall in Lawford, Essex  Wollascott's son, also named William, purchased the manor of Brimpton in 1595  When he became lord of the manor upon his father's death in 1618, he became owner of both manors 

Demography
The mean age of residents was in 2001: 38 74, and the median was 40 

Religion
There have been at least three churches in Brimpton, two of which are still in use  The main Anglican church is dedicated to St Peter, and is a Grade II listed building  It was built in 1869 in designed in the 14th-century style  The flint building has a tower (with an octagonal shingled spire) and a wooden porch  The roof is tiled  The interior has a chancel, organ chamber, vestry, a nave with three bays and two aisles, and is faced with ashlar  The structural columns are granite  The belfry holds four bells, dating from 1624 to 1842  The oldest bell, the fourth, was recast by Mears and Stainbank in 1876 

The other operational church is Brimpton Baptist Church, which was established in 1843 The chapel of St Leonard, a 14th-century stone building, is located on Manor Farm  It was used as the place of worship of the Shalford Preceptory, a group of Knights Templar (and later Knights Hospitaller) who had formed in the 13th century  By 1614, the chapel had been converted into a barn at Brimpton Court 

Amenities
The village has a charity shop, a pub, The Three Horseshoes, and the village church  There is also a Church of England primary school  Brimpton Airfield, a mile east of the village, has a 620 metres (2,030 ft) grass runway for light aircraft 

Demography
Context 3: Passage 1:
Tarnów Voivodeship
Tarnów Voivodeship (Polish: województwo tarnowskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975–1998, superseded by a much larger Lesser Poland Voivodeship  Its capital city was Tarnów  Located in southeastern part of the country, its area was 4,151 km2  (which was 1 3% of the total area of Poland)  In 1975 the population was 577,900, in 1998 it grew to 700,800 
Tarnów (121 494)
Dębica (49 107)
Bochnia (29 887)
Brzesko (17 859)
Dąbrowa Tarnowska (11 178)

See also
Voivodeships of Poland
Passage 2:
Guyana
Guyana ( (listen) or  (listen)), officially the Co‑operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America  Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters"  The capital city is Georgetown  Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Venezuela to the west, and Suriname to the east  With 215,000 km2 (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state by area in mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname, and is the second-least populous sovereign state in South America after Suriname; it is also one of the least densely populated countries on Earth  It has a wide variety of natural habitats and a very high biodiversity 
The region known as "the Guianas" consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "land of many waters"  Nine indigenous tribes reside in Guyana: the Wai Wai, Macushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao  Historically dominated by the Lokono and Kalina tribes, Guyana was colonised by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century  It was governed as British Guiana, with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s  It gained independence in 1966, and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970  The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country's political administration and diverse population, which includes Indian, African, Indigenous, Chinese, Portuguese, other European, and various multiracial groups  In 2017, 41% of the population of Guyana lived below the poverty line Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language  However, the majority of the population speak Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole language, as a first language  Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean  It is part of the mainland Caribbean region maintaining strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Caribbean countries as well as serving as the headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)  In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member 
Guyana's economy has been undergoing a transformation since the discovery of crude oil in 2015 and commercial drilling in 2019, being one of the few economies to grow despite the pandemic in 2020 at 49% GDP growth through the year, making it, by some accounts, currently the world's fastest-growing economy  Due to Guyana's small population and as much as 11 billion barrels in oil reserves, the country is on course to become one of the largest per capita oil producers in the world by 2030  The discovery of over 11 billion barrels of oil reserves off the coast of Guyana in the last five years is the largest addition to global oil reserves in the last 50 years  Guyana is now ranked as having the fourth-highest GDP per capita in the Americas after the United States, Canada, and The Bahamas, and has been one of the countries with the most improvement in Human Development Index ranking since 2015 

Etymology
The name "Guyana" derives from Guiana, an earlier name for a larger region that included the areas now called Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname (Dutch Guiana), French Guiana, the Guayana Region in Venezuela (Spanish Guyana), and Amapá in Brazil (Portuguese Guiana)  According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name "Guyana" comes from an indigenous Amerindian language and means "land of many waters"  The word Co‑operative in the official name refers to co-operative socialism 

History
Before colonisation
Nine indigenous tribes reside in Guyana: the Wai Wai; Macushi; Patamona; Lokono; Kalina; Wapishana; Pemon; Akawaio; and Warao Historically, the Lokono and Kalina tribes dominated Guyana 

Colonial period
Although Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Pomeroon (1581), Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752)  After the British assumed control in 1796, the Dutch formally ceded the area in 1814 In 1831, the united colonies of Demerara-Essequibo and separate colony of Berbice together became a single British colony known as British Guiana 

Since its independence in 1824, Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of the Essequibo River  Simón Bolívar wrote to the British government warning against the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as assumed heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the 16th century, claimed was theirs  In 1899, an international tribunal ruled that the land belonged to Great Britain  The British territorial claim stemmed from Dutch involvement and colonisation of the area also dating to the 16th century, which was ceded to the British 

Independence
Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom as a dominion on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth  Shortly after independence, Venezuela began to take diplomatic, economic and military action against Guyana in order to enforce its territorial claim to the Guayana Esequiba  The US State Department and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), along with the British government, also played a strong role in influencing political control in Guyana during this time  The American government supported Forbes Burnham during the early years of independence because Cheddi Jagan was identified as a Marxist  They provided secret financial support and political campaign advice to Burnham's People's National Congress, to the detriment of the Jagan-led People's Progressive Party, which was mostly supported by Guyanese of Indian background Guyana was elected twice as member of the UN Security Council in 1975–76 and later 1982–83 
In 1978, a total of 918 people died at the Jonestown mass murder-suicide led by cult leader Jim Jones In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations  The Guyanese government officially ratified the treaty in 2010 In March 2020, President David A  Granger narrowly lost the snap elections, following Granger's government loss of a vote of no confidence back in 2018  Granger refused to accept the results, but eventually five months later, Irfaan Ali of the People's Progressive Party/Civic was sworn in as the new president because of allegations of fraud and irregularities 

Geography
The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes 1° and 9°N, and longitudes 56° and 62°W; it is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries 
The country can be divided into five natural regions: a narrow and fertile marshy plain along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the population lives; a white sand belt further inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing most of Guyana's mineral deposits; the dense rain forests (Forested Highland Region) in the southern part of the country; the drier savannah areas in the south-west; and the smallest interior lowlands (interior savannah) consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border 
Some of Guyana's highest mountains are Mount Ayanganna (2,042 m or 6,699 ft), Monte Caburaí (1,465 m or 4,806 ft) and Mount Roraima (2,772 m or 9,094 ft – the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela tripoint border, part of the Pakaraima range  Mount Roraima and Guyana's table-top mountains (tepuis) are said to have been the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel The Lost World  There are also many volcanic escarpments and waterfalls, including Kaieteur Falls which is believed to be the largest single-drop waterfall in the world by volume  North of the Rupununi River lies the Rupununi savannah, south of which lie the Kanuku Mountains 
The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at 1,010 km (628 mi) long, the Courentyne River at 724 km (450 mi), the Berbice at 595 km (370 mi), and the Demerara at 346 km (215 mi)  The Courentyne river forms the border with Suriname  At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands, including the 145 km (90 mi) wide Shell Beach along the northwest coast, which is also a major breeding area for sea turtles (mainly leatherbacks) and other wildlife 
The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by northeast trade winds along the coast  There are two rainy seasons, the first from May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January 
Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled rainforests in South America, some parts of which are almost inaccessible by humans  The rich natural history of Guyana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell  In 2008, the BBC broadcast a three-part programme called Lost Land of the Jaguar which highlighted the huge diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species such as the giant otter and harpy eagle 
In 2012, Guyana received a $45 million reward from Norway for its rainforest protection efforts  This stems from a 2009 agreement between the nations for a total of $250 million for protecting and maintaining the natural habitat  Thus far, the country has received $115 million of the total grant 

Biodiversity and conservation
Guyana is home to more than 900 species of birds; 225 species of mammals; 880 species of reptiles and more than 6,500 different species of plants  Among these wildlife categories the most notably famous are the Arapaima, which is the world's largest scaled freshwater fish; the giant anteater, the largest anteater; the giant otter, the world's largest and rarest river otter; and the cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola) 

The following habitats have been categorised for Guyana: coastal, marine, littoral, estuarine palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white sand forest, brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry evergreen scrub forests (NBAP, 1999)  About 14 areas of biological interest have been identified as possible hotspots for a National Protected Area System 
More than 80% of Guyana is still covered by forests, which also contain the world's rarest orchids, ranging from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to montane and lowland evergreen rain forests  These forests are home to more than a thousand species of trees  Guyana's tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively undisturbed ecosystems support extensive areas of species-rich rain forests and natural habitats with high levels of endemism  There are about 8000 species of plants in Guyana, half of which are found nowhere else 
Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world  With 1,168 vertebrate species and 814 bird species, it boasts one of the richest mammalian fauna assemblages of any comparably sized area in the world  Guyana is home to six ecoregions: Guayanan Highlands moist forests, Guianan moist forests, Orinoco Delta swamp forests, Tepuis, Guianan savanna, and Guianan mangroves  The Guiana Shield region is little known and extremely rich biologically  Unlike other areas of South America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine  Guyana ranks third in the world with a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9 58/10 The rich natural history of British Guiana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell 
Southern Guyana is host to some of the most pristine expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America  Most of the forests found are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests, with large expanses of flooded forest along major rivers  Thanks to the very low human population density of the area, most of these forests are still intact  The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 species of plants from this region, representing 239 distinct families, and there are certainly additional species still to be recorded  The diversity of plants supports diverse animal life, recently documented by a biological survey organised by Conservation International  The reportedly clean, unpolluted waters of the Essequibo watershed support a remarkable diversity of fish and aquatic invertebrates, and are home to giant otters, capybaras, and several species of caimans 
On land, large mammals, such as jaguars, tapirs, bush dogs, giant anteaters, and saki monkeys are still common  Over 800 species of birds have been reported from the region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich 
In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than 4,000 km2 (1×10^6 acres) of land in the Konashen Indigenous District as the Kanashen Community-Owned Conservation Area, managed by the Wai Wai, and the world's largest community-owned conservation Area  The Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development was also created for the protection and sustainable use of the Iwokrama forest area  Since 2009, Guyana and Norway have collaborated to promote green development in Guyana while keeping deforestation at low levels

Economy
The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (rice and Demerara sugar), bauxite and gold mining, timber, seafood, minerals, crude oil and natural gas 
The discovery of major crude oil reserves off the Atlantic coast has since made a large impact on Guyana's GDP since drilling began in 2019  GDP grew sharply (43%) through the COVID-19 pandemic year of 2020, and is anticipated to continue at a high level in 2021 (estimated at 20%)  The non-oil sectors contracted as public health measures were in place to control the virus spread; the growth of GDP rests on the oil sector for these two years Preservation of Guyana's pristine forests has been a key component for receiving international aid through REDD programs 

Summary
GDP: US$4 121 billion ($5,252 per capita, 2019 est )
GDP growth rate: 86 7% (2020)
Inflation: 12 3%
Unemployment: 21 5% (2017)
Arable land: 2%
Labour force: 324,943 (2019)
Agricultural produce: sugar, rice, vegetable oils, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fish, shrimp
Industrial production: bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining
Exports: US$1 439 billion; Canada 24 9%, US 16 5%, Panama 9 6%, UK 7 7%, Jamaica 5 1%, Trinidad and Tobago 5% (2017)
Imports: US$1 626 billion; Trinidad and Tobago 27 5%, US 26 5%, China 8 9%, Suriname 6 1% (2017)

History
The earliest residents of Guyana, the Amerindians of various tribes, employed a variety of agricultural practices for subsistence living but also had extensive networks of trade, dealing in items such as blow pipes, curare, cassava graters, and other essentials  These trade networks were important even at the time of the earliest European contact, and Dutch traders were inclined to gift the local peoples in order to maintain successful settlements After the initial rush to find gold in the New World waned, the Dutch found the climate to be suitable for growing sugar cane, converting large tracts of the Guyanese coast into plantations and supplying with labour from the Atlantic slave trade  The country and economy were run by a small European planter elite which continued on when the colonies of the territory were merged and the land was given over to the British Empire in 1814  Upon emancipation in 1838, almost all of the former slaves abandoned the plantations, and Indians were brought to the country under indenture contracts from 1838 until the end of the system in 1917 The production of balatá (natural latex) was once a big business in Guyana  Most of the balata bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountains in the Rupununi savannah  Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them  Uses of balatá included the making of cricket balls, temporary dental fillings, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the Macushi people) 
When the country gained independence from British rule, a policy of nationalisation was enacted by Forbes Burnham to address the inequities that were established by plantation-based colonial rule  All large scale industries such as foreign-owned bauxite mining (Reynolds Metals and Rio Tinto's Alcan) and sugar (GuySuCo) operations were taken over by the government  However, the economy under nationalisation was plagued by problems; political instability leading to an exodus of skilled labour, inexperienced management, aging infrastructure  Poor international market conditions also expanded the country's debt The Guyanese economy rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth after 1999, due to expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organisations  Guyana held huge amounts of debt which have been written off through various international agencies  In 2003 Guyana qualified for US$329 million of debt relief, in addition to the US$256 million from the original World Bank plan for assisting heavily indebted poor countries in 1999  The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative in 2006/7 wrote off about US$611 million of Guyana's debt by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank  In 2006, Japan finalised its bilateral debt cancellation agreement, in 2007, US$15 million was written off by China and in 2008, Venezuela cancelled US$12 5 million In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global economic crisis; it grew 5 4% in 2011 and 3 7% in 2012  IMF projected economic growth to be 53% in 2020 following the completion of the first off-shore oil project  Actual growth in GDP in 2020 was 43%; reports in April 2021 anticipate 20% growth for 2021 

Tax policy
The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007  A Value Added Tax (VAT) replaced six different taxes  Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax code  Many businesses opposed VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT  Replacing several taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot embezzlement  This was prevalent under the former PPP/C government who authorised the VAT to be equal to 50% of the value of the good 

Organizations
Major private sector organisations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC) and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI);

Demographics
The chief majority (about 90%) of Guyana's 744,000 population lives along a narrow coastal strip which ranges from a width of 16 to 64 km (10 to 40 mi) inland and which makes up approximately only 10% of the nation's total land area The present population of Guyana is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with ethnic groups originating from India, Africa, Europe and China, as well as indigenous or aboriginal peoples  Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, these groups share two common languages: English and Guyanese English Creole 
The largest ethnic group is the Indo-Guyanese (also known as East Indians), the descendants of indentured labourers from India who make up 43 5% of the population, according to the 2002 census  They are followed by the Afro-Guyanese, the descendants of enslaved people imported from Africa, who constitute 30 2%  The Guyanese of mixed heritage make up 16 7%, while the indigenous peoples (known locally as Amerindians) make up 9 1%  The indigenous groups include the Arawaks, the Wai Wai, the Caribs, the Akawaio, the Arecuna, the Patamona, the Wapixana, the Macushi, and the Warao  The two largest groups, the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, have experienced some racial tension The Afro-Guyanese population mainly descend from West African ethnicities such as the Ashanti from Ghana, the Yoruba from Southwest Nigeria, the Ibo from South-Eastern Nigeria, and the Mandingo from Senegal 
Most Indo-Guyanese are descended from indentured labourers who migrated from North India, especially the Bhojpur and Awadh regions of the Hindi Belt in the present day states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand  A significant minority of Indo-Guyanese are also descended from indentured migrants who came from the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh; these South Indian descendants are the plurality ancestry in the East Berbice-Corentyne region 

Largest cities
Languages
English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government, media, and services  The vast majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole with slight African, Indian, and Amerindian influences, as their native tongue Indigenous Cariban languages (Akawaio, Wai-Wai, and Macushi) are spoken by a small minority of Amerindians 
Guyanese Hindustani is spoken by the older generation of the Indo-Guyanese community, but younger Guyanese use English or Guyanese Creole 

Religion
Religious groups
Religious sect groups
In 2012 the population was 63% Christian, 25% Hindu, 7% Muslim 
Religion is an important aspect of identity in Guyana and reflects the various external influences of colonialism and immigrant groups  Christianity was considered the prestigious religion, transmitting European culture and representing upward mobility in the colonial society  Missionaries and churches built schools, and until nationalisation in the 1970s, nearly all schools were denominational  When Indians were brought to the country as indentured labour, Hinduism and Islam gained prominence, but for some decades neither were acknowledged for legal marriage Some traditional African and Amerindian folk beliefs remain alongside the dominant religions 

Health
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 69 5 years as of 2020 The PAHO/ WHO Global Health Report 2014 (using statistics of 2012) ranked the country as having the highest suicide rate in the world, with a mortality rate of 44 2 per 100,000 inhabitants  According to 2011 estimates from the WHO, HIV prevalence is 1 2% of the teen/adult population (ages 15–49) 

Education
Education in Guyana was primarily introduced and operated by missionising Christian denominations  The wealthy planter elite often sent their children for education abroad in England, but as schools improved in Guyana, they also modelled after the former British education system  Primary education became compulsory in 1876, although the need for children to assist in agricultural labour kept many children from schooling  In the 1960s, the government took over control of all schools in the country  Fees were removed, new schools were opened in rural areas, and the University of Guyana was established so students no longer were required to go abroad for tertiary education Guyana's literacy was one of the highest in the Caribbean, by estimated literacy rate of 96 per cent in 1990  In a 2014 UNESCO estimate, literacy is 96 7 in the 15–24 year old age group  However, the functional literacy may be only as high as 70% Students are expected to take the NGSA (National Grade Six Assessment) for entrance into high school in grade 7  They take the CXC at the end of high school  Schools have introduced the CAPE exams which all other Caribbean countries have introduced  The A-level system, inherited from the British era, is offered only in a few schools 
Infrastructure challenges impact access to education, especially students in the hinterland  A World Bank assessment showed roughly 50% of teachers were "untrained, operated with inadequate teaching materials, and served children of parents with low levels of adult literacy" 

Government
Politics
The politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a Parliamentary representative democratic republic, in which the President of Guyana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system  Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government  Legislative power is vested in both the President and the National Assembly of Guyana  Historically, politics are a source of tension in the country, and violent riots have often broken out during elections  During the 1970s and 1980s, the political landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress In 1992, the first constitutional elections were overseen by former United States President Jimmy Carter, and the People's Progressive Party led the country until 2015  The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines and as a result often clash on issues related to the allocation of resources  In the General Elections held on 28 November 2011, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) retained a majority, and their presidential candidate Donald Ramotar was elected as president On 11 May 2015, early general elections were held  A coalition of the A Partnership for National Unity-Alliance for Change (APNU-AFC) parties won 33 of the 65 seats in the National Assembly  On 16 May 2015, retired army general David A  Granger became the eighth President of Guyana  However, on 21 December 2018, a vote of confidence was called for, regarding terms under which the government granted a franchise for offshore oil exploration  Legislator Charrandass Persaud defected from the coalition and the vote failed, requiring new elections  The governing coalition litigated this result for the entire 90 days allowed for new elections  New elections were held on March 2, 2020, and results were declared on August 3, 2020, with the People's Progressive Party/Civic as the winner  Mohamed Irfaan Ali became the ninth President of Guyana 

Public procurement
Public procurement in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003  Due to lengthy delay in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until 2016 

Military
The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military service of Guyana 

Human rights
Homosexual acts, as well as anal and oral sex, are illegal in Guyana  It is currently the only country in South America that prohibits such acts  Engaging in such acts can warrant life imprisonment, though the prohibition is not enforced  These laws can be difficult to alter, as Guyana's Constitution protects laws inherited from the British Empire from constitutional review  However, cross-dressing has been legal since 2018, when a ban was struck down by Guyana's court of last resort, the Caribbean Court of Justice  President David A  Granger (2015–2020) expressed support for these efforts 

Administrative divisions
Regions and Neighbourhood Councils
Guyana is divided into 10 regions:The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils 

Natural regions 
Guyana is divided into four (4) natural regions  These are:

Low Coastal Plain
Hilly Sand and Clay
Highland Region
Interior Savannahs

International and regional relations
Boundary disputes
Guyana is in border disputes with both Suriname, which claims the area east of the left bank of the Corentyne River and the New River in southwestern Suriname, and Venezuela which claims the land west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch colony of Essequibo as part of Venezuela's Guayana Essequiba  The maritime component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, and a ruling was announced on 21 September 2007  The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyuni River basin within the colony  Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed all lands west of the Essequibo River  In 1898, at Venezuela's request, an international arbitration tribunal was convened, and in 1899 the tribunal issued an award giving about 94% of the disputed territory to British Guiana  The arbitration was concluded, settled and accepted into International law by both Venezuela and the UK  Venezuela brought up again the settled claim, during the 1960s cold war period, and during Guyana's Independence period  This issue is now governed by the Treaty of Geneva of 1966, which was signed by the Governments of Guyana, the United Kingdom and Venezuela, and Venezuela continues to claim Guayana Esequiba  Venezuela calls this region "Zona en Reclamación" (Reclamation Zone) and Venezuelan maps of the national territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines 

Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are Ankoko Island with Venezuela; Corentyne River with Suriname; and Tigri Area or New River Triangle with Suriname  In 1967 a Surinamese survey team was found in the New River Triangle and was forcibly removed  In August 1969 a patrol of the Guyana Defence Force found a survey camp and a partially completed airstrip inside the triangle, and documented evidence of the Surinamese intention to occupy the entire disputed area  After an exchange of gunfire, the Surinamese were driven from the triangle 

The Organisation of American States (OAS)
Guyana entered the Organisation of American States in 1991 

Indigenous Leaders Summits of America (ILSA)
With Guyana having many groups of indigenous persons and given the geographical location of the country, the contributions of the Guyanese to the OAS respecting indigenous people may be significant The position of the OAS respecting indigenous persons developed over the years  "The "OAS has supported and participated in the organisation of Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA)"The Draft American Declaration of the Rights of the Indigenous Persons appears to be a working document

Agreements which affect financial relationships
The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994
At a CARICOM Meeting, representatives of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana respectively signed The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 on 19 August 1994 This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas 

FATCA
On 30 June 2014, Guyana signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) 
This Model 1 agreement includes a reference to the Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Clause 3) which was signed on 22 July 1992 in Georgetown, Guyana intending to exchange Tax information on an automatic basis 

Infrastructure and telecommunications
Transport
There are a total of 187 km (116 mi) of railway, all dedicated to ore transport  There are 7,969 km (4,952 mi) of highway, of which 591 km (367 mi) are paved  Navigable waterways extend 1,077 km (669 mi), including the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers 
There are ports at Georgetown, Port Kaituma, and New Amsterdam  There are two international airports (Cheddi Jagan International Airport, Timehri and Eugene F  Correira International Airport (formerly Ogle Airport); along with about 90 airstrips, nine of which have paved runways  Guyana, Suriname and the Falkland Islands are the only three regions in South America that drive on the left 

Electricity
The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by Guyana Power and Light (GPL), the state-owned vertically integrated utility  Although the country has a large potential for hydroelectric and bagasse-fuelled power generation, most of its 226 MW of installed capacity correspond to diesel-engine driven generators Several initiatives are in place to improve energy access in the hinterland 

Culture
Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and has historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the British Empire when it became a possession in the nineteenth century 
The current Guyanese culture began to develop when immigrants (some of them forced, others voluntary) adapted and converged with the dominant British culture  Slavery eradicated much of the distinction between differing African cultures as they were supplanted by British culture, which encouraged the adoption of Christianity and the values of British colonists; this laid the foundations of today's Afro-Guyanese culture  Arriving later and under somewhat more favourable circumstances, Indian immigrants were subjected to less assimilation, and they preserved more aspects of Indian culture, such as religion, cuisine, music, festivals, and clothing Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and its substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Caribbean countries  Its blend of the two dominant cultures, Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, gives it similarities to Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname, and distinguishes it from other parts of the Americas  Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc 
Events include Mashramani (Mash), Phagwah (Holi), and Deepavali (Diwali) 

Landmarks
St George's Anglican Cathedral: A historic Anglican Cathedral made of wood 
Demerara Harbour Bridge: The world's fourth-longest floating bridge 
Berbice Bridge: The world's sixth-longest floating bridge 
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building: Houses the headquarters of the largest and most powerful economic union in the Caribbean 
Providence Stadium: Situated on Providence on the east bank of the Demerara River and built in time for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports stadium in the country  It is also near the Providence Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana 
Arthur Chung Conference Centre: Presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guyana  It is the only one of its kind in the country 
Stabroek Market: A large cast-iron colonial structure that looked like a statue was located next to the Demerara River 
Georgetown City Hall: A beautiful wooden structure also from the colonial era 
Takutu River Bridge: A bridge across the Takutu River, connecting Lethem in Guyana to Bonfim in Brazil 
Umana Yana: An Amerindian benab, that is a national monument built in 1972, for a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned nations (It was rebuilt in 2016) 
Shell Beach: Approximately 140 km long beach  In some parts beach consists of pure shells, very high biological diversity  Important nesting site for 8 species of sea turtles 
Parliament Building of Guyana: Parliament Building currently houses the seat of the National Assembly of the Government of Guyana  Located in Stabroek, facing Brickdam and bordered by Hadfield Street, High Street, and Cornhill Street

Sports
The major sports in Guyana are cricket (Guyana is part of the West Indies cricket team for international cricket purposes), basketball, football and volleyball  Minor sports include softball cricket (beach cricket), field hockey, netball, rounders, lawn tennis, table tennis, boxing, squash, rugby, horse racing and a few others 
Guyana played host to international cricket matches as part of the 2007 Cricket World Cup (CWC 2007)  The new 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, also referred to as Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the beginning of play on 28 March  At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the stadium, Lasith Malinga of the Sri Lankan team took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries Guyana's national basketball team has traditionally been one of the top contenders at the CaribeBasket, the top international basketball tournament for countries in the Caribbean 
For international football purposes, Guyana is part of CONCACAF



ground_truth: Egypt national football team

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the kingdom that Heptarchy was part of abolished?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The highest league in their club system is the GFF Elite League  Guyana's national football team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup; however, they qualified for the Caribbean Cup in 1991, finishing fourth, and 2007  In 2019, they qualified for the CONCACAF Gold Cup for the first time, after finishing seventh in the qualifiers  They finished third in Group D, having lost two matches and drawn one 
Guyana also has five courses for horse racing 

Guyana featured a beach volleyball team at the 2019 South American Beach Games 

See also
Index of Guyana-related articles
Outline of Guyana
Petroleum industry in Guyana
Tourism in Guyana

Explanatory notes
Passage 3:
Opuwo
Opuwo is the capital of the Kunene Region in north-western Namibia  The town is situated about 720 km north-northwest from the capital Windhoek, and has a population of 20,000  It is the commercial hub of the Kunene Region 

Economy and infrastructure
Opuwo is situated at the intersection of the C41 and C43  There is a small airfield in town, Opuwo Airport Putuavanga Senior Secondary School in town is among the best government schools in Kunene Region  There is also the Opuwo Primary School with 39 teachers and 1,200 learners There are the following organizations and offices in the town: Opuwo Police Station, Opuwo District Hospital, Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Civic Affairs / Regional Civic Registration Office / Kunene Region) and Opuwo Department of Works  There is a Christian church 

Politics
Opuwo is governed by a town council that has seven seats 

Electoral History
History
Etymology
The name Opuwo was given by the commissioner of Ondangwa, Hugo Hahn, who came in search of land to build an office  Upon his arrival, he asked local headmen to give him land where he could build an office  The headmen gave him a small plot, and when the headmen tried to give him more land, Mr  Hahn responded saying "Opuwo (it’s enough for me)  I don’t want any more land"  That is how Opuwo got its name  The local residents of Opuwo called it Otjihinamaparero at the time, and some still call it that Hugo Hahn called the land "Ohopoho Otjitopora", which means "they see the bore hole and their water comes out"   The name Otjihinamaparero was changed to Opuwo in 1974 due to orthographic reform 

Colonial administration
The first office to be established in the Kaokoland area was the colonial administrator in Swartbooisdrift on the banks of the Kunene River  This was the administrative centre of the area from 1925 to 1939  Afterwards, administrative control of the area shifted to Ohopoho, later called Opuwo 
The police station in Swartbooisdrift was run by Sergeant Herbert, and his aim was to receive the Angola Boers who had trekked to Angola out of refusal to accept the British government in South Africa  Sergeant Basson took over the office at Swartbooisdrift, and excavated Opuwo's first bore hole  Basson had the nickname “Katjiriamakaja” (a person who eats tobacco) 

Culture
The Opuwo Town Council hosts the annual Opuwo Trade Fair, which was launched in 2012  The festival combines a modern business exhibition with cultural performances, live shows and entertainment  Opuwo Trade Fair takes place in the month of May 
Passage 4:
Effiakuma
Effiakuma is a residential town in the Western region of Ghana  It is about 10 kilometres from Takoradi the regional capital  It was built in the early 1960s by the then president of the country Kwame Nkrumah  There are about three general plans for the buildings in the town  The houses were built by the State Housing Cooperation  Effiakuma is the forty-seventh most populous in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 35,094 people  On the outskirts of the town is the Effiakuma Zongo 
In March 2011 many Mossi Muslims who fled the conflict in Ivory Coast took refuge in the town 

Boundary
The town is bounded to the west and North by Takoradi, to the east by Effia, to the south by Anaji 
Passage 5:
Port Said Governorate
Port Said Governorate (Arabic: محافظة بورسعيد, romanized: Muḩāfaz̧at Būr Sa'īd) is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt  It is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea at the northern gate of the Suez Canal, making it the second most important harbor in Egypt  Its capital is the city of Port Said, and it is the home of the Suez Canal Authority historical administrative building and the Lighthouse of Port Said 
Port Said Governorate is wholly urban, with 98 2% of the area populated  Most of the districts of the Governorate lie on the African side of the Suez Canal, although Port Fuad lies on the Asian side 

Geography
In 2015 a huge natural gas reserve was discovered off the coast of Port Said and was described as "the largest ever found in the Mediterranean Sea"  Egypt now has one of the largest areas of natural gas and Italian company, ENI has been contracted to work on the natural gas liquefaction for Egypt  It was welcome news as Egypt has long suffered an energy crisis The New Suez Canal project launched in 2015 included dredging of the East Port Said Canal 

Port Said East
Located on the Sinai side of the canal, Port Said East is a development project that contains the Suez Canal Container Terminal, which opened in 2004 In November 2015, president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi publicly launched a new harbour development project at East Port Said A side canal at Port Said East was opened in 2016 

Municipal divisions
According to the Port Said Governorate website, it is divided into the following municipal divisions for administrative purposes  El Sharq, El Arab, Port Fuad, El Manakh, El Dawahy, El Zohur, West (El Gharb), South (El Ganoub) Divisions of the governorate, at the 2006 census, included Mubarak East (the zone east of the new channel), Port Fuad 2 (the southern half of Fuad Island), Ganoub 2 (the southern part of South district), El Manasrah (now El Gharb), and a police department covering the docks  The total estimated population as of January 2023 was 789,241 

Demographics
The total population was estimated at the end of 2016 to be 684,303  With an urbanization rate of 100%, the Port Said Governorate is one of the most urbanized in the country, along with Cairo and Suez  The governorate is treated as one urban agglomeration by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 

Social unrest
In February 2012, more than 70 people died in the Port Said Stadium Riot after a football match  Social unrest in early 2013 continued for at least two weeks  While protesting on March 5, 2013, protesters set fire to the governorate's headquarters and several people were injured In October 2016, some Egyptians protested rent increases 

Industrial zones in Port Said
According to the Egyptian Governing Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI), in affiliation with the Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, the following industrial zones are located in this governorate:
The industrial zone C 1
The industrial zone C 6
The industrial zone C 11
The Northwest Bortex
The industrial zone south of Port Said (Al Reswah)

New urban community industrial zone
East Port Said

Economy
To promote trade, during his presidency, Anwar Sadat declared it a duty-free zone  Port Said Governorate is a major transit point for trade, importing and exporting millions of tons of goods each year  Tourism is also promoted for the region 

Important sites
There are several museums in this area  For cultural tourism one may want to visit the Port Said National Museum of Antiquities which opened in 1987 and is located at the confluence of the Suez Canal waters and the Mediterranean Sea  It houses about 9,000 artifacts from all eras, ranging from the Pharaonic, Greek, Roman, and modern eras, as well as Coptic and Islamic eras The Military Museum of Port Said, established in 1964, commemorates the 1956 the tripartite aggression on the city  It features armory and military artifacts, equipment used in the wars fought between 1956 - 1967 and in 1973  El Nasr Museum of Modern Art in Port Said opened on December 25, 1995 and includes artwork by Egyptian artists in various branches of Fine Art The Statue de Lesseps, honoring Ferdinand de Lesseps, the developer of the Suez and Panama Canals, has its base at the entrance to the Suez Canal, along Palestine Street, where passing ships come from all over the world  This makes it a favorite with tourists  Nearby, is the Suez Canal Authority building built on the banks of Port Said at the start of the project The lighthouse and jetties at Port Said, located at the northern terminus of the Suez canal, and completed in 1869, were built of concrete of Teil lime and Port Said sand  The lighthouse is a monolith 180 feet high  In the construction 120,000 tons of Teil hydraulic lime were used  It was an important engineering feat involving 25,000 blocks, each weighing twenty-five tons Tall al Faramah, also called Pelusium, is of Ecclesiastical and archeological importance  It is an archeological, prehistoric site with ruins and a Byzantine church In 2004, the marine sector of Egypt had 3,013 fishermen who were categorized in the recreational fishing sector, fishing in and around the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea  "Recreational fishing is widely practised along the Mediterranean Coast", where Port Said is located Tel Tennis is an island (also called Tinnis or Thenessus) located 7 km (4 3 mi) southwest of Port Said on Lake Manzala and can be reached from Port Said by boat One can find historic churches in Port Said Governorate  There is a Roman Church, established in 1926, a Melkite Greek Catholic Church called Saint Elias Greek Catholic Church, and an old French Cathedral 

See also
Governorates of Egypt
Passage 6:
Ché OVNI
Ché OVNI is a 1968 Argentine science-fiction musical comedy film directed by Aníbal Uset and starring Juan Carlos Altavista, Javier Portales, Jorge Sobral, and Marcela López Rey 

Background
Ché OVNI was only the second space film to be made in Argentina, after El Satelite Chiflado (The Crazy Satellite)  The film is about alien invaders who abduct a tango-singer  OVNI means "UFO"; a newspaper article from the Cine Herald, July 17, 1968, depicted a cartoon Martian landing in the capital of Spain" a part of the promotion to the film 

Plot
An alien envoy arrives on Earth to kidnap a porteño tango singer and she is taken to planet where there is no live  She and other aliens of the planet wish to feel love again and the computers inform her that she is well-suited to trying to accomplish this, and results in a series of tango performances  The aliens fall in love with the tango singer Jorge (Jorge Sobral) 

Principal cast
Juan Carlos Altavista as Juan
Javier Portales as Professor
Jorge Sobral as Jorge
Marcela López Rey as Cósmica
Erika Wallner as Rubia
Perla Caron as Amarilla
Zelmar Gueño as Pierre

Reception
Shot on locations in London, Paris, Madrid and Buenos Aires, the film was considered "one of the most thunderous commercial failures" in Argentine film  
However, Augusto R  Giustozzi said that Jorge Sobral "excelled" in his role 
Passage 7:
Tebicuary River
The Tebicuary River (Spanish: Río Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay  Located in the southwestern part of that country,  it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45 km south of Formosa and 30 km north of Pilar 
The San Rafael National Park in the river's upper basin 

See also
List of rivers of Paraguay
Passage 8:
EgyptAir Flight 763
EgyptAir Flight 763 was an international non-scheduled passenger flight from Cairo, Egypt, to Aden, South Yemen  On 19 March 1972, the flight was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 registered in Yugoslavia as YU-AHR and operated by the newly renamed EgyptAir  It crashed into the Shamsan Mountains on approach to Aden, killing all 30 people on board 

Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32  It was built in 1970 as construction number 47503 with manufacturer's serial number 587 and registered as YU-AHR 

Accident
On 19 March 1972 EgyptAir Flight 763 was on a flight from Cairo International Airport in Egypt to Aden International Airport in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), via Jeddah, Saudi Arabia  The aircraft was chartered from the Yugoslav airline Inex Adria with 21 passengers and 9 crew members on board  Flight 763 was on a visual approach to land on runway 08 into Aden International Airport when the aircraft struck Jebel Shamsan, the highest peak of Aden Crater, an extinct volcano, located 7 kilometres (3 8 nmi) from the airport  On impact the aircraft burned, killing all on board  At the time of the accident, it was the deadliest to have occurred in South Yemen  As of November 2011, it remains the deadliest civil aviation accident and the second deadliest aviation accident to have occurred in Yemen 
Passage 9:
Where Dead Voices Gather
Where Dead Voices Gather is a book by Nick Tosches  It is, in part, a biography of Emmett Miller, one of the last minstrel singers  Just as importantly, it depicts Tosches' search for information about Miller, about whom he initially wrote in his book Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock and Roll  It is also a study of minstrelsy and its connection to American folk music, country music, the blues and ultimately, rock and roll  In that way, it is a companion volume to his other books of music journalism, Country and Unsung Heroes of Rock N' Roll 
Passage 10:
Domburg
Domburg is a seaside resort on the North Sea, on the northwest coast of Walcheren in the Dutch province of Zeeland  It is a part of the municipality of Veere, and lies about 11 km northwest of the city of Middelburg, the provincial capital 

Demographics
In 2010, the town of Domburg had 1,490 inhabitants, up from 1,251 in 2001  The built-up area of the town was 0 78 km2, and contained 881 residences 

History
The area of Domburg has been inhabited since at least 4,000 BCE  In 1647 after heavy storms on the beach of Domburg a sanctuary was discovered with around 40 stones with Latin inscriptions and carvings of several gods, among them of Neptune (sea) and Mercury (trade), but the majority of a local female deity: Nehalennia who appears to have protected both trade and shipping  According to the inscriptions the stones were erected by tradesmen and captains to fulfil their vows after a safe journey, mentioning explicitly on one stone a merchant of pottery doing business with Britain 
From a later period (starting 650 AD) many coins have been found on the beach including Anglo-Saxon sceattas  The settlement on the exact present day location of Domburg however originates from a circular earthen citadel that was discovered according to expectations by archaeologists in 1991 and which was dated to around 875 AD a period shortly after recorded raids by Danes 

In the following centuries there would be considerable activity by monks, not in the least because of salt works and the reclamation of land by which the island of Walcheren was formed  Near Domburg the mediaeval castle of Westhove, now a family hostel, used to be a stronghold of the abbot of the Abbey of Middelburg 
The town of Domburg, actually more a village, surprisingly received a city charter at the early date of 1223  Probably because the counts of Holland had to seek refuge on the island in some neighbourly quarrel  Until the 19th century the town did not change much in its agricultural and (some) fishing character, although tourism started in the 17th century with cityfolk from Middelburg who would enjoy a Sunday trip to the area in summer because of its coast and woodlands and merry inns  Wealth from both West- and East Indian trade also enabled many merchants from Middelburg and Flushing to build manorhouses with lavish gardens in the area, but only a few have survived 
The lordship of Domburg used to belong to the dukes of Burgundy when they were counts of both Holland and Zeeland  For financial reasons they sold Domburg to a lesser branch of their family from which it eventually ended up in the hands of private individuals and passing through the hands of more than one family until lordship rights were completely abolished in 1848  Mostly they were rich merchants from Zeeland cities who returned from India after having served as the director of trade in for example Bengalen 
For a long time Domburg consisted of two jurisdictions: Domburg-Binnen (the town and coast) and Domburg-Buiten (the country side)  In 1816 they were united into a single municipality, into which the village of Oostkapelle was merged in 1966  At the end of the last century all the smaller towns of Walcheren were joined to form the municipality of Veere 
Starting 1834 Domburg became a seaside resort offering a bathing cure and facilities  A small Badpaviljoen was built shortly after on top of the dunes, which was replaced by a larger one in 1888 which offered space for gentleman playing billiards and ladies drinking tea, a concert room, a seaview veranda and more of such amenities that beach life requires 
Most important for its development was however the arrival of a railway station at Flushing and a connecting steamship service with England  A considerable British influence in these years was responsible for Domburg establishing the second golf-course in the Netherlands, although it never expanded over a friendly nine holes 
Like in so many seaside resorts at the end of the 19th century a flock of European royalty landed at Domburg for a few years when the resort was fashionable only to move along again a few years later  The Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Pommern regularly arrived in the town by private-charter train on Stoomtram Walcheren  Instrumental however in the mythology of the place and the mentioned fashion was the very successful doctor Johann Georg Mezger who achieved international fame for his scientific approach of physiotherapy and for being the founding father of Swedish massage 
Domburg is perhaps best known for its hosting of a group of artists of which Piet Mondriaan or Mondrian is the best known  His Pier and Ocean paintings was inspired by the same location where James Abbott McNeill Whistler painted the Domburg sea with its characteristic piers which do not cater for the happy crowd but are meant to break waves that may damage the dunes and thus the existence of the place  This lead Domburg to be a testing ground for Leiden's De Stijl movement 
(For references to literature see Dutch language page)

The statistical area "Domburg", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1650 

Items of local interest
Once the location of shrine dedicated to Nehalennia 
Formerly the western terminus of Stoomtram Walcheren which ran to Koudekerke, Middelburg and Vlissingen 

Pictures
Passage 11:
Yanggakdo
Yanggakdo, or Yanggak Island is a small island in the Taedong River, located about two kilometers to the south-east of the centre of the North Korean capital city Pyongyang  It is connected to the northern and southern side of Pyongyang by the Yanggak Bridge, which spans the island and separates it into a northeastern and southwestern part  The name means "Rams horn island" and is said to be derived from its shape 
On its northeastern end the 170 metres (560 ft) tall Yanggakdo International Hotel is located, the second tallest building in North Korea 
Adjacent to the hotel's southern side, there was originally a 9,000 square metre nine-hole golf course which as of 2011 had been demolished to make space for a new Chinese-funded health complex to be built Also on the northeastern part of Yanggak Island, the Pyongyang International Cinema Hall can be found, which hosts the opening and closing ceremonies of the Pyongyang International Film Festival 
The island's southwestern part houses the Yanggakdo Stadium, which is a multi-purpose stadium that holds 30,000 people and was opened in 1989 
Passage 12:
Abdul Fattah Ismail
Abd al-Fattah Ismail Ali Al-Jawfi (Arabic: عبد الفتاح إسماعيل علي الجوفي, romanized: ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Ismāʿīl; 28 July 1939 – 13 January 1986) was the Marxist de facto leader of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen from 1969 to 1980  He served as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council (head of state) and founder, chief ideologue and first leader of the Yemeni Socialist Party from 21 December 1978 to 21 April 1980  He died under mysterious circumstances during the 1986 South Yemen Civil War, where no body was found 

Biography
Born in July 1934 in the Hugariah district, Taiz of North Yemen, he was educated in Aden, where he subsequently worked in an oil refinery from 1956 to 1959 as an apprentice  As a co-founder of the Arab Nationalist Movement in South Yemen, he contributed to the formation of a number of Movement cells before he was arrested by the British authorities in Aden for political incitement of workers 
In 1961 he became a school teacher in one of the Aden districts, and at the same time continuing political activity  He was a co-founder of the National Front for the Liberation of South Yemen (NLF)  After the NLF started the 14 October 1963 Revolution for the liberation of South Yemen from British colonial rule, Ismail became a full-time socialist revolutionary, whereby he undertook the leadership of the NLF underground military wing (fedayeen) in Aden, as well as political activity 
He was elected to the NLF executive in the first, second and third NLF congresses, 1965–67  After South Yemen gained independence in 1967 he was appointed Minister of Culture and Yemeni Unity  In the fourth NLF congress, he was instrumental in determining the progressive line of the revolution  But in March 1968 he was arrested by the right wing of the NLF and went into exile, where he drafted the program for Accomplishing National Democratic Liberation, a leftist manifesto  He undertook a leading role in the consolidation of left wing of NLF which subsequently regained power in the 22 June 1969 "Correction Step "
Subsequent to the "Correction Step" Ismail was elected Secretary General of the NLF Central Committee, thus making him the country's de facto leader   He was also elected a member of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council  In 1970 he was elected Chairman of Presidium  He undertook a leading role in the dialogue between NLF and other left parties in south Yemen leading to the formation of the Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP)  He was elected Secretary General of the YSP at the first party congress in October 1978  Ideologically, he is considered to have favored the Soviet model of socialist development (as opposed to Maoist alternatives)  In October 1979, Ismail secured the 1979 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the USSR  Similar treaties with East Germany and Ethiopia followed in 1981, following Ismail's resignation from office  In 1980 he resigned from all his posts for allegedly health reasons and was succeeded by Ali Nasir Muhammad  However, Ismail was appointed president of the party before he went to Moscow for medical treatment, until 1985, when he returned in the face of a mounting crisis between Muhammad and his opponents in the YSP 
In October 1985 he was elected to the YSP Politburo and as a Secretary of the Central Committee, but the crisis had erupted on January 13, 1986, into a violent struggle in Aden between Ali Nasir's supporters and Ismail's supporters (See South Yemen Civil War)  Fighting lasted for more than a month and resulted in thousands of casualties, Ali Nasir's ouster, and Ismail's mysterious disappearance  He was allegedly killed when naval forces loyal to Ali Nasir shelled his home in Aden 
Passage 13:
Tony Dale
Anthony William Dale, known as Tony Dale (born 1969) is a public servant from suburban Cedar Park, Texas, who is a Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 136 First elected in 2012, Dale was reelected to successive two-year terms in 2014 and 2016   House District 136 consists of the Williamson County portion of Austin, the City of Cedar Park, the City of Leander, North Austin MUD #1 (Rattan Creek), Block House Creek MUD, Brushy Creek MUD, Fern Bluff MUD and a small portion of Round Rock 

Background
Dale received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from Ohio State University at Columbus in central Ohio  While at Ohio State, he was active in partisan politics and for a time was President of the Ohio State University College Republican Club and the state co-chairman of the Ohio College Republican Federation   He also worked at the Ohio Republican Party for four years as a college intern 
Dale is a US Army veteran and active member of the Texas State Guard   His military decorations include the Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, Army Achievement Medal, National Defense Service Ribbon, Army Service Ribbon, Texas Outstanding Service Medal, Texas Adjutant General's Individual Award, Texas State Guard Service Medal, Texas Cold War Service Medal, Texas Humanitarian Relief Ribbon, Commanding General's Individual Award (second award), Texas Faithful Service Medal, Texas State Guard Commendation Medal, Texas State Guard Achievement Medal, Texas State Guard Officer Professional Education Ribbon, State Guard Association of the United States Professional Development Medal, State Guard Association of the United States Meritorious Unit Award, Basic Parachutist Badge, Master Military Emergency Management Specialist Badge and Expert Marksman Badge and The Noble Patron of Armor Award  Dale is a charter member of the Hunter-Morris Memorial American Legion Post 911 in Cedar Park  Mrs  Dale was the 2014-2015 post commander  He is a Colonel in the Texas State Guard where he serves as the Operations and Plans Officer at Headquarters, Camp Mabry  In 2021 he was inducted into the Ohio State University Army ROTC Society Hall of Fame 
The former owner of a consulting company, Dale is a member of the Cedar Park Chamber of Commerce  
In 2020, Mary Lopez Dale was appointed by Governor Greg Abbott as a member of the Texas Veterans Commission  She is the past Chair of the Williamson County United Way  The Dales have been married over 30 years and they have two daughters  One is graduate of Leander ISD schools and the other attends school at LISD  They attend St  Vincent de Paul Roman Catholic Church in Austin 

Political life
From 2002 until 2009 Dale served as a precinct chairman for the Williamson County Republican Party   He also served in the capacity of election clerk and election judge From 2009 to 2012, Dale was a member of the Cedar Park City Council and for a year served as the mayor pro tem  Earlier, he was the secretary and later vice chairman of the Cedar Park Planning and Zoning Commission  As a member of the board of the Williamson County Conservation Foundation, he pushed for local control over federal regulations  He served too on the Cedar Park Charter Review Committee In 2014 Dale was unopposed in the Republican Primary   In the November 4, 2014 Dale received 20,862 (54 2 percent) and out paced his closest opponent by 13 1 percent  Democratic nominee John Bucy of Austin received 15,821 (41 1 percent) and Libertarian nominee Justin Billiot of Cedar Park received 1,811 (4 7 percent) In the 84th Legislative Session (2015-2016) Dale served on the house committees of (1) Homeland Security and Public Safety, (2) Energy Resources and (3) Local and Consent Calendar Committee   In the 85th Legislative Session (2017-2018) Dale served on (1) Environmental Regulation Committee and (2) Vice Chairman of the Juvenile Justice & Family Issues Committee and (3) House Select Committee on Cybersecurity  He was appointed as a member of the House Working Group to reform the Child Protective Service   He is a member of the House Working Group developing internal House policies on sexual harassment   He is the Chairman of the House Energy Caucus   In the 85th legislative session Dale served as Deputy Floor Leader for the Republican Caucus   He is on the board of directors of the Texas Conservative Coalition 
The Cedar Park Chamber of Commerce named Dale the 2017 Citizen of the Year   In 2018 Cedar Park Mayor Matt Powell presented Dale with the city's highest civilian honor by bestowing upon him a key to the city  In 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2013 the Hill Country News reader poll voted Dale the "Best Elected Official"  The Texas Conservative Coalition, a bipartisan group of legislators, named him a "Courageous Conservative" following the 83rd, 84th and 85th regular sessions  After the 84th session the Texas Right To Life rated him a 100%   The Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas (CLEAT) named him Freshman of the Year in 2013 " Following the 84th legislative session in 2015 the Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas named him, "Best of the House"  In 2015 he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Texas Conservative Coalition  In 2013 and 2015 the Texas Association of Business named him a "Champion For Free Enterprise"  The Texas Alliance for Life PAC endorsed his reelection in 2015/2016   In 2015 the Texas Conservative Roundtable named him an "Effective Conservative" 
Prior to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution he traveled to Amman, Jordan to train pro-democracy Egyptians on grassroots campaign tactics  This training was conducted on behalf of the International Republican Institute 

Legislative positions
During the 84th Regular Legislative Session (2015) Dale filed legislation to award the Texas Purple Heart Medal to the Fort Hood shooting victims of terrorist Nidal Hasan on 11/5/2009 (HB115)   He also filed legislation to require the use of E-Verify by all state agencies and public universities (HB183) and require the use of E-Verify by state contractors and subcontractors (HB889)   Dale filed HB861 to facilitate the prosecution of adults who solicit minors online for illicit sexual purposes His 2015 84th legislative session accomplishments also include: HB939 – Allows homeowners in HOAs to install standby generators  HB1446 – Allows sexual assault victims and stalking victims to get reimbursed by the crime victims fund    HB 1447 – streamlines protective orders for victims of sexual abuse, assault, stalking and trafficking   HB2604- Reduces red tape for police officers applying for a concealed handgun license (CHL)  HB4030 – Requires a complete background check prior to starting work as a private security licensee 
In the 84th session he also jointly authored of co-authored the following successful legislation: HB114 – Restricts the use of Capital Appreciation Bonds  HB505 – Removes limits on the number of dual-credit courses high school students may take  HB1286 – Enhanced penalties for injury to a child, elderly individual or disable person  HB1293 – Allows stalking victims to have confidentiality in court proceedings  HB1783 – Requires schools to reports crimes to police and not coerce employees to not report crimes  HB2339 – Allows customers to carry alcoholic beverages throughout all areas inside stadiums and arenas 
During the 85th session (2017) Dale authored legislation to target the teachers having inappropriate relationships with students   He authored additional child protection measures such as HB 1810 that allows for the prosecution of criminals possessing and publishing lewd visual images of children   He also passed legislation targeting online predators who blackmail individuals online using intimate images and videos   This crime known as 'sextortion" is a growing concern as reported by the National Center For Missing and Exploited Children"   The Speaker of the House appointed Dale to the House Working Group on Child Protective Service Reform   In that capacity Dale worked on legislation to transform and improve Texas' challenged child welfare system 

Interest group ratings
The Texas Association of Business scored him 93 percent for the 83rd session  The National Rifle Association scored Dale 92 percent following the 83rd session  Following the 84th session Texas Right to Life noted his score of 100%   Americans for Prosperity named him a Lone Star Leader with an A rating  Dale was in the top 24 most conservative House Members on Rice University Professor Mark Jones' 2017 Liberal-Conservative Ranking and Score of Texas House of Representatives 

Third term election in 2016
Dale won his third term in the House in the general election held on November 8, 2016  With 41,643 votes (55 percent), he defeated the Democrat Paul R  Gordon, who polled 34,077 (45 percent) 

2018 general election
Dale lost his bid for a fourth term in the general election held on November 6, 2018  He was unseated by the Democrat John Bucy III, who had lost the 2014 election to Dale: 41,485 votes (53 3) to 34,031 (43 8 percent)  The Libertarian Party choice, Zack Parks, held another 2,253 (2 9 percent) 
Passage 14:
Yavca
Yavca  is a  village in Toroslar district of Mersin Province, Turkey,  where the capital city of Toroslar district is actually a part of Greater Mersin  The village is in Toros Mountains at 37°01′N 34°23′E and the distance to Mersin city center is about 45 kilometres (28 mi) The population of Yavca was 279  as of 2012   The main economic activity of the village is agriculture 
Passage 15:
Puğkaracadağ
Puğkaracadağ is a village in Akdeniz district of Mersin Province, Turkey, where the capital city of Akdeniz district is actually a part of Greater Mersin  The village is situated on the north of Çukurova motorway  The creek Deliçay is to the west  The village's distance to Mersin is about 20 kilometres (12 mi)  The population of the village was 687 as of 2012 



ground_truth: 918

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the capital of the country it is about?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation  Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability 

Intelligence
Researchers have tested dogs' ability to perceive information, retain it as knowledge, and apply it to solve problems  Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills   A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items  He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure  A study of another Border Collie, Chaser, documented his learning and memory capabilities  He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words  Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing, pointing, and human voice commands 
One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats  One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focused on the "what" of a task rather than the "where" Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception  An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans  Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not 

Communication
Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting : xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste)  Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture 

Ecology
Population
The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment 
In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million and 987 million  About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries  In the developing world, dogs are typically feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon  Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%)  Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes 

Competitors and predators
Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans  For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves  Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together  In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed  Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs  In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size  Siberian tigers in the Amur River region have killed dogs in the middle of villages  This indicates that the dogs were targeted  Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way  Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range 

Diet
Dogs have been described as omnivores  Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet  Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet  However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh  
Of the twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms (including selenocysteine), dogs cannot synthesize ten: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine  
Also more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain nitrogen balance  These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores 

Range
As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies  Notable exceptions once included:

The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent
The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar
The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species
Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands, Palau and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro, the Marshall Islands, the Gilbert Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Marquesas, Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island, the Chatham Islands and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships) Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections 

Roles with humans
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language  These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations  These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures  Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals  This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world  In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat 

Pets
It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history  Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased  In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (the expression "in the doghouse" – recorded since 1932 – to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion  From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians  People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status  The first has been "commodification", shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior  The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion  The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries  Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack  Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships  However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions  The idea of the "alpha dog" trying to be dominant is based on a disproved theory about wolf packs  Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77 5 million people in the United States have pet dogs  The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs  There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs  Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do  This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans 

Workers
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles  In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),  hunting (hounds, pointers) and rodent control (terriers)  Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads  In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities  Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care 

Athletes and models
People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions  In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard  As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows 

Food
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, which dates back to antiquity  Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year  In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat   Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog  As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward  Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland  Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history  Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland and Central Asia  Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months  Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy  A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder  Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots  While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken 

Health risks
In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59 6% in Asia and 36 4% in Africa  Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector  Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year  Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck  They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate  Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections In the U S , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year  It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U K  hospitals are domestic accidents  The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis  In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U S  population is infected  Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision  Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans 

Health benefits
Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders  Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes  Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans  The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being  Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being have been criticized for being poorly controlled  It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal " Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people  Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets " In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition  This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets  The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term  Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival  Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs  The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets  For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety  Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis  The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans  One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not  In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders  Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease  One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program 

Cultural importance
Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love  In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine, and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her  In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection  In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs  Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion  In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades  Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate  In Norse mythology, a dog called Garmr guards Hel, a realm of the dead  In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge  In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn  In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes  They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka  A black dog is also considered to be the vahana (vehicle) of Bhairava (an incarnation of Shiva) In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness  Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the saint's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that  As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis)  In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege  Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets  Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them  The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet " Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets 

Terminology
Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same 
Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies) 
Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old 
Sire – the male parent of a litter 
Dam – the female parent of a litter 
Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping 
Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth 
Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam 

See also
Passage 3:
Flesh and Bone (film)
Flesh and Bone is a 1993 American neo noir mystery thriller film written and directed by Steve Kloves that stars Meg Ryan, Dennis Quaid and James Caan  Gwyneth Paltrow is featured in an early role, for which she received some praise 

Plot
A family in rural Texas finds a boy, Arlis, who says he is lost  They take him into their home, feed him, and give a place to sleep  But the boy later lets his father, Roy (James Caan), into the house to commit a robbery  When they are discovered, Roy brutally murders the family, which the boy witnesses  The sole survivor is a baby girl 
Time passes, and Arlis (Dennis Quaid) lives a solitary life in which he drives a truckload of goods and novelties to restock vending machines and arcade games in roadside stores and restaurants  Making a stop at a roadhouse where a rowdy party is being held, he spots Kay (Meg Ryan), a woman who pops up out of a cake at the party and then passes out because she's been drinking liquor 
Arlis ends up giving her a ride home, a long drive, while continuing to make his rounds  Upon coming home, Kay sees that her husband Reese has sold the furniture, having lost their money gambling  She packs up her remaining belongings and leaves with Arlis  They spend more time together and grow close 
Meanwhile, a young woman named Ginnie (Gwyneth Paltrow) now travels with a much older Roy  She is a grifter who will pretend to be a mourner in order to steal the jewelry from a dead body at a funeral home  Ginnie brings an injured Roy to his estranged son, Arlis, to tend to his injury 
Passing the house where he grew up, Arlis realizes that Kay was the infant who survived the long-ago murders  Roy figures this out as well  He begins talking about tying up loose ends  It leads to a confrontation, and Arlis shoots Roy dead  Ginnie goes off on her own, and Kay and Arlis go their separate ways 

Cast
Dennis Quaid as Arlis Sweeney
Meg Ryan as Kay Davies
James Caan as Roy Sweeney
Gwyneth Paltrow as Ginnie
Scott Wilson as Elliott
Gail Cronauer as Emma
John Hawkes as Groom

Location
Principal photography began on October 5, 1992 and completed on December 26, 1992 
It was filmed in Lockhart and Marfa, Texas, as well as at the Mustang Mott store owned by Maxine McCoy, in Westhoff, Texas Producer Mark Rosenberg died of a heart attack suffered on the film's location in Stanton, Texas 
As the end credits begin, the film is dedicated to him 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Flesh and Bone holds a 65% approval rating from 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale 
Passage 4:
A Dog's Purpose (film)
A Dog's Purpose is a 2017 American family comedy-drama adventure film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by W  Bruce Cameron, Cathryn Michon, Audrey Wells, Maya Forbes, and Wally Wolodarsky, based on the 2010 novel of the same name by W  Bruce Cameron  The film stars Britt Robertson, KJ Apa, Juliet Rylance, John Ortiz, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, Peggy Lipton, Dennis Quaid, and Josh Gad  The first film from the novel covers themes of loyalty, grief, dysfunctional family, and reincarnation from one lifetime to another 
The film is a co-production between Amblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media, and Pariah Entertainment Group  It was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017, and grossed $205 million worldwide  It was Peggy Lipton's final film role before her death in 2019 
A sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released on May 17, 2019 

Plot
In the 1950s, a feral puppy wonders about life's true purpose  Weeks later, he is caught by dogcatchers, whisked away to the pound, and euthanized 
The dog is reborn as a Red Retriever in 1961  Leaving his cage at a puppy mill, he is taken by two garbage men, who plan to sell him  Left locked inside their pick-up truck, he begins to die of heatstroke, but is rescued by a kindhearted mother and her eight-year-old son, Ethan Montgomery  They break the truck's window and bring him home, naming him Bailey  Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer at Ethan's grandparents' farm, and Bailey decides Ethan alone is his purpose  Ethan gives him the nickname “Boss Dog”  Years pass, and after several attempts at advancing in his job fail, Ethan's father has become an alcoholic  In 1969, Ethan meets a girl named Hannah at a fair with Bailey, and they soon begin dating  They spend their summer together, happily, through senior year  They plan to go to the same college, Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah with an academic one  At home one night, Ethan's drunken father becomes abusive towards his mother and him  Ethan kicks him out  Later in 1971 at a football game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full scholarship to Michigan State University  That night, his vindictive classmate Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house, causing a house fire  Bailey alerts Ethan, who saves his mother out through an upstairs window  Ethan lowers her, then Bailey  However, he loses his rope and must jump, fracturing his leg and ending his athletic scholarship  Bailey attacks Todd, who is arrested by the police when firecrackers fall out of his pocket  Now, Ethan must go to an agricultural school, where he will learn to take over the farm  Depressed, Ethan breaks up with Hannah before leaving for college, while Bailey stays with Ethan's grandparents  Bailey ages and Ethan comes to say goodbye 
Bailey is reborn as a female German Shepherd puppy, growing into a police dog named Ellie, in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while fully retaining memories of her past lives  Ellie is partnered with lonely officer Carlos Ruiz who has recently split up with his partner, of the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "seeking" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose  They form a close bond, ending after Ellie saves a girl, kidnapped by her mother's ex-boyfriend, from drowning and is then fatally shot by the kidnapper while protecting Carlos 
Reborn in the mid-1980s as a male Corgi, Bailey is adopted by Atlanta college student Maya, who names him Tino  Lonely, he tries to find her happiness  She meets Al, a classmate, after Tino falls for Al's dog, a female Landseer named Roxy  They marry, having three children  Tino is heartbroken when one day Roxy does not return from the vet  As Tino ages and dies, he thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives 
Bailey reincarnates again, this time as a St  Bernard/Australian Shepherd mix puppy in 2014  At first adopted by a woman named Wendi, he is named Waffles  Unfortunately, Wendi's husband neglects him, refuses to let her keep him inside, and after several years, abandons him  Waffles searches for a new life, gradually making his way back to where he spent summers as Bailey  He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, now in his 60s, lonely on his grandparents' old farm, now his  Not recognizing him, Ethan takes him to the local animal shelter, but later reclaims him, naming him Buddy  Sensing that he has finally found his true purpose, he reunites Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they get married  Buddy shows Ethan that he is his “Boss Dog”, by performing tricks and responding to phrases that were known only to the two of them many years back  Ethan finds Bailey's collar, now old and rusty, and places it back on Bailey's neck, and they resume playing exactly the way they did so long ago  Bailey narrates that life is about having fun, saving others, finding someone to be with, not getting upset over the past or the future, and living for today 

Cast
Josh Gad as the voice of Bailey, Ellie, Tino and Buddy, the reincarnations of "Boss Dog", the main protagonist 
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery, an old man who runs a farm 
KJ Apa as teenaged Ethan Montgomery, a popular football player who later gets injured and must become a farmer 
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year-old Ethan Montgomery, a young boy interested in comics and football 
Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother in an unhappy and abusive marriage to Jim, whom she later divorces 
Peggy Lipton as Hannah, an old woman who is widowed and has two children 
Britt Robertson as teenaged Hannah, the supportive and intelligent girlfriend of Ethan 
John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz, Ellie’s partner who trains her as a police dog 
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya, a shy young woman who adopts Tino 
Pooch Hall as Al, a young man who dates and later marries Maya, and has three children with her 
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father in an unhappy and abusive marriage with Elizabeth and an alcoholic 
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather and a farmer 
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother 
Logan Miller as Todd, a former friend of Ethan’s who is vindictive and jealous of him 

Production
In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel  On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film  On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast  On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film  On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play Bailey's inner voice, but the role was eventually performed by Josh Gad  Principal photography began on August 17, 2015  During production, controversy ensued over treatment of a dog during filming 

Release
In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy  The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017  Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales 

Reception
Box office
A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64 5 million in the United States and Canada and $140 5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $205 million, against a production budget of $22 million In North America, it was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for  It made $466,000 from Thursday-night previews and $5 3 million on its first day  It ended up debuting to $18 2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split  The film dropped 40 6% in its second weekend, grossing $10 8 million and finishing third at the box office 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35% based on reviews from 142 critics, with an average rating of 4 8/10  The site's critics consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale Andrew Barker of Variety wrote: "Viewed in a vacuum, it’s hard to fault the movie’s earnestness; Hallström’s canine cinema pedigree (which includes the superior Hachi: A Dog's Tale) shows through; and Rachel Portman's score is understandably sentimental without going completely saccharine " 
Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "While the human performers are more than adequate, there’s no doubt that the canine stars carry the day  Their utter irresistibility helps a long way in terms of getting past the corny plot machinations of A Dog’s Purpose "

Home media
A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Pictures Home Entertainment  The film topped the home-video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017 

Controversy
On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a male German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting  After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog  The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident was under further investigation  PETA called for a boycott of the film  Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie and was not on set during the making of the film, said he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will " Director Lasse Hallström said via Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage  Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying, "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape, so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot," and  "Hercules is happy and healthy " On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public 

Sequel
On June 21, 2017, CEO of Amblin Entertainment Michael Wright announced that a sequel was in development  On August 26, 2018, Universal began production on the sequel, which is directed by Gail Mancuso, and was released on May 17, 2019  In addition to Quaid and Gad reprising their roles, the cast also includes Marg Helgenberger (replacing Peggy Lipton, who had become seriously ill), Betty Gilpin, Kathryn Prescott, and Henry Lau  The trailer for the sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released in January 2019 



ground_truth: Aden