prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What administrative territorial entity includes the place that KTRP is licensed to broadcast to?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
WNDE
WNDE (1260 AM) is a commercial radio station in Indianapolis, Indiana   It is owned by iHeartMedia with the broadcast license held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WNDE broadcasts a sports radio format, with some afternoon talk programs, including The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show 
WNDE is powered at 5,000 watts   By day, it uses a non-directional antenna   But at night, to protect other stations on 1260 AM from interference, it switches to a directional antenna with a three-tower array   The transmitter is off Fall Creek Road in Indianapolis   Programming is also heard on the HD Radio digital subchannel of co-owned WFBQ 94 7 FM 

History
WFBM
The station signed on as WFBM on October 23, 1924   It is the oldest radio station still operating in Indianapolis, and third oldest in the state of Indiana   It was started by the Merchants Heating & Light Co , later Indianapolis Power & Light   In its early years, it broadcast on 1130 kilocycles   In 1927, it moved to 1330 kHz, then to 1090 kHz in 1928, and to 1230 kHz in 1929   It arrived at its current frequency after the enactment of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) in 1941, when all stations in the United States at 1230 kHz were moved to 1260 kHz 
In 1949, WFBM-TV (now WRTV) went on the air in time to broadcast the 1949 Indianapolis 500 (May 30, 1949)   The WFBM "family" grew on November 26, 1959, when WFBM-FM went on the air at 94 7 MHz (now WFBQ)   In 1957, WFBM-AM-FM-TV were sold to Time-Life, Inc   McGraw-Hill bought the stations in 1972, and almost immediately put the radio stations on the market   The WFBM stations had been grandfathered when the FCC banned common ownership of television and radio stations, but lost that protection with the McGraw-Hill purchase 

WNDE
In 1973, WFBM became WNDE, followed by WFBM-FM becoming WFBQ in Spring 1974   The WNDE call letters were chosen as the letters "NDE" phonetically sound like "Indy" Through much of the 1960s and 70s, WNDE had a Top 40 format, using the identifier "Windy Twelve Sixty "  WNDE and 1310 WIFE (now WTLC) had a spirited competition for youthful Top 40 listeners   But in the 1980s, contemporary music listening switched to the FM dial   WNDE needed to find a new format and eventually it switched to Sports Radio 

Sports Radio
WNDE has been a Fox Sports Radio network affiliate since 2002  It had previously been an ESPN Radio affiliate on two occasions   In September 2012, the network switched from Fox Sports Radio to NBC Sports Radio in the 10 p m -5 a m  weekday hours, remaining with Fox in other dayparts   Former hosts of the afternoon drive local show include former WISH-TV sports anchor and Hoosier Millionaire host Mark Patrick, the team of Tim Bragg & Bill Benner, Indiana Pacers announcer Mark Boyle, JMV (John Michael Vincent, currently with WFNI), IndyCar Radio announcer Jake Query, and Derek Schultz 

On July 7, 2015, WNDE added W248AW, an FM translator on 97 5 MHz  On July 22, 2019, the translator ended its simulcast  The next month, iHeart announced it was returning the translator originally owned by Christian radio company Educational Media Foundation back to that organization as part of a translator trade 

Programming
Most programming comes from the Fox Sports Radio network   In late mornings, it carries Premiere Networks' The Dan Patrick Show   And unusual for a sports radio station, it carries The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show from noon to 3 p m  weekdays   Travis & Sexton are followed by a two-hour financial talk show   Sports programming resumes at 5 p m  on weekdays 
WNDE's long-running local afternoon drive time show, "Query & Schultz", hosted by Jake Query and Derek Schultz, aired from 2011 to 2020  Query and Schultz were released in January 2020 as part of iHeart's cut backs  The 2020 iHeartRadio reduction in force (RIF) impacted over 1,000 employees across the USA  WNDE has not had a local sportstalk show in any daypart since 
On July 6, 2015, WNDE became the Indianapolis outlet for The Rush Limbaugh Show, which had been on WIBC for over two decades but whose carriage was ended for local programming   Coinciding with iHeart taking the show in-house to WNDE (the only choice it had locally due to incompatible music formats on iHeart's three other FM stations in the market), the company also acquired FM translator station W248AW 97 5 FM from the Educational Media Foundation to simulcast WNDE  The surrounding sports format did not change   Limbaugh began airing on WNDE the same day as the station rebranded to "Fox Sports 97 5 " That FM simulcast ended in 2019 and WNDE became "Fox Sports 1260" (named for the AM frequency)   When Limbaugh died in 2020 and Travis & Sexton succeeded him in the time slot, WNDE continued carrying the replacement program 
WNDE is the Indianapolis outlet for Purdue University football and men's basketball, sharing flagship status with Lafayette's WAZY   It also airs Westwood One's NFL and NCAA football and basketball coverage  After years of broadcasting Cincinnati Reds baseball, WNDE was briefly a part of the Chicago Cubs network in 2009 and 2010   In 2011, WNDE dropped NASCAR programming after many years, and began broadcasting Indianapolis Indians baseball 
Passage 2:
Notus, Idaho
Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho  The population was 531 at the time of the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County  It is part of the Boise metropolitan area 

History
The present day location of the City of Notus is located along Highway 20/26 
in 1874, the Lower Boise Post Office was established on the homestead of C L F Peterson  The inclusion of the Lower Boise Post Office is considered to be the primary reason for the present location of Notus  According to an Idaho Press Tribune article from 1986, Notus got its name from the daughter of a local railroad official  The daughter reportedly thought "notus" was of Native American origin and meant "it's all right " The town of Notus was almost known as 'Lemp' In 1926, the Notus secondary school was founded  In 2017, the old building was demolished 

Geography
Notus is located at 43°43′34″N 116°48′7″W (43 726082, -116 801866) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 39 square miles (1 01 km2), of which, 0 38 square miles (0 98 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water 

Features
Notus has one secondary school and one elementary school  Notus also has a city park, a museum located along highway 20/26, a public library, and one restaurant 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 531 people, 182 households, and 139 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,397 4 inhabitants per square mile (539 5/km2)  There were 198 housing units at an average density of 521 1 per square mile (201 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 73 3% White, 0 2% African American, 2 4% Native American, 0 4% Asian, 18 5% from other races, and 5 3% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29 8% of the population 
There were 182 households, of which 41 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61 5% were married couples living together, 9 3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23 6% were non-families  18 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 92 and the average family size was 3 34 
The median age in the city was 35 5 years  31 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 25 4% were from 45 to 64; and 11 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 1% male and 52 9% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 458 people, 147 households, and 113 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,160 7 inhabitants per square mile (448 1/km2)  There were 156 housing units at an average density of 395 4 per square mile (152 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 86 90% White, 1 31% Native American, 0 66% Asian, 8 73% from other races, and 2 40% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 05% of the population 
There were 147 households, out of which 44 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 6% were married couples living together, 6 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 1% were non-families  18 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 12 and the average family size was 3 58 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 33 4% under the age of 18, 7 6% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 20 1% from 45 to 64, and 11 1% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 31 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $43,750  Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $21,250 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,801  About 10 4% of families and 13 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11 2% of those under age 18 and 28 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Chris Horn, former NFL wide receiver
Passage 3:
WHRZ-LP
WHRZ-LP (104 1 FM, "The Z") is a non-commercial low-power radio station in Spartanburg, South Carolina  Owned by the First Baptist Church of Spartanburg, it broadcasts a youth-oriented Christian CHR format  The station is licensed by the FCC to broadcast with an ERP of 47 watts ( 047 kW)  Its transmitter is located on the former WSPA-TV tower in downtown Spartanburg  The station has a range of approximately 10 miles, although it reaches a wider audience via FM translators, and syndication of its programming on HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM and WLFS 

History
The station originally signed on in May 2005, broadcasting a Christian CHR format targeting teenagers and young adults  It initially used the branding Hangar Radio Z, referencing the nickname for the Church's recently-constructed youth center ("The Hangar"), which also housed the station's studios 

Translators
In addition to the main station at 104 1, the station operates multiple FM translators to broaden its coverage over the upstate of South Carolina, as well as the Charleston area:

As part of an agreement with Radio Training Network, the station's programming is also syndicated on the HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM/Greenville and WLFS/Port Wentworth—co-branded as His Radio Z 
Passage 4:
KOLL
KOLL (106 3 FM, "La Zeta") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area  KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format   The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus 

History
Prior to their current format, the station aired Urban Contemporary format as KWTD in the early 1980s later changing their call letters to KMZX in 1990 with the same format  Later the station was named "The River" and played and All Favorites Hits English Format  Also prior to their current call letters, the station was "KLEC" which featured a modern rock format from the summer of 1998 until the fall of 2004  The station was known as "Lick 1063" On-air personalities were chosen from the local public through a series of studio interviews, then on-air interviews in a type of sink-or-swim competition of sorts 
The station logo was chosen through an internet poll on their website  Lick 1063 moved around on the radio dial several times, starting out at 101 1 FM in a "format" of a variety of about 35 compact discs, some home-recorded from the head engineer's (Steve Gimbert's) vinyl collection, then to 96 5 FM, when the station adopted a harder sound with groups such as Type O Negative, Marilyn Manson, Rob Zombie, Korn and Pantera 
Later, the format moved to the stronger 106 3 frequency 
Lick 1063 also featured The Corey and Jay Show in morning drive   They were fired when Archway Broadcasting purchased the station from Equity Broadcasting in late 2002  Corey and Jay later moved to KMJX, a classic rock station, replacing Tommy Smith and his long-running "Rock and Roll Breakfast" morning show  They later moved to KDJE 
On September 1, 2012, at 12:00am, after playing "Black Velvet" by Alannah Myles, KOLL flipped to a Regional Mexican format branded as "La Zeta 106 3″ 
Passage 5:
WRNX
WRNX (100 9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts   The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC 
The station was assigned the WRNX call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on September 21, 1990 

Programming
WRNX airs a country music format   The format change to country music from WRNX's longtime adult album alternative format was part of sister station WPKX's move to the Hartford, Connecticut market, where it became WUCS In addition to its usual music programming, WRNX has served as the flagship station for University of Massachusetts Amherst athletics broadcasts  The station has carried all of the school's men's basketball, hockey and football games plus coaches shows and women's basketball games since 2002 
They also carry NASCAR races 

Ownership
In spring 2003, Pamal Broadcasting Ltd  (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) reached an agreement to acquire WPNI and WRNX from Western Massachusetts Radio Co  (Thomas G  Davis, president), for a reported sale price of $8 million  The broker for this transaction was Doug Ferber of Star Media Group, Inc  At the time of the purchase, WRNX broadcast a rock-leaning adult album alternative music format In the summer of 2006, iHeartMedia, under its former name of Clear Channel Communications (John Hogan, CEO, radio), reached an agreement to acquire WRNX from Pamal Broadcasting Ltd (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) in exchange for five radio stations on other states  The other stations in the deal are WBPM and WGHQ in upstate New York, WZRT and WSYB in Rutland, Vermont, and WPYR in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Published reports state that no cash changed hands in this transaction 

Alumni
Rachel Maddow, host of The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC and former Air America Radio personality, got her start through a contest to find a new sidekick for The Dave in the Morning Show  Maddow says, "I was crashing with friends in Massachusetts, working odd jobs, when they told me to try out  And they hired me on the spot  Radio came to me, I didn't come to it "
Passage 6:
CJXY-FM
CJXY-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 107 9 FM and serving the Hamilton, Ontario market, licensed to the suburb of Burlington  The station broadcasts an alternative-leaning active rock format as Y108  CJXY's studios are located on Main Street West (next to Highway 403) in Hamilton, while its transmitter is located atop the Niagara Escarpment near Burlington 

History
The station was originally launched in 1948 as 94 1 CHML-FM, a simulcast of AM station CHML  The simulcast was subsequently dropped in the 1950s, leaving the station silent  The owners relaunched the FM signal on 95 3 in 1964, with distinct programming from its AM sister station  In 1967, the station adopted the new callsign CKDS-FM, in honour of company founder Kenneth D  Soble, who had died in 1966 
In 1974, CHML and CKDS-FM were purchased by ML Radio, a division of what was to become Western International Communications  On September 1, 1991, CKDS-FM dropped its long-time adult contemporary/easy listening format, and adopted the CJXY callsign and a classic rock format as Y95 
In 2000, CHML and CJXY were acquired by Corus Entertainment  On August 31, 2001, CJXY swapped frequencies with Corus' CING-FM, taking over CING's former 107 9 frequency; at the same time, it changed its moniker to the current Y108 
Passage 7:
WRLS-FM
WRLS-FM (92 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States   The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc 
WRLS-FM broadcasts an adult contemporary music format to the greater Hayward, Wisconsin-Spooner, Wisconsin, area  The station airs select news programming from NBC News Radio   WRLS-FM airs the National Football League games of the Green Bay Packers as an affiliate of the Packers Radio Network The station was assigned the call sign WRLS-FM by the Federal Communications Commission on January 15, 1980 
Passage 8:
WRMN
WRMN (1410 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Elgin, Illinois  It serves the Fox Valley in the northwest suburbs of Chicago    The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC   It has a format of talk radio shows and shopping programs 
By day, WRMN is powered at 1,000 watts non-directional   At night, it increases its power to 1,300 watts but it also uses a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1410 AM from interference   The transmitter is on Sundown Road at North La Fox Street in South Elgin   Programming is also heard on FM translator W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 

Programming
Weekdays begin with a local news and information morning drive time show, First Shift with Markie B   Middays and some hours on Saturdays feature shopping shows and Tradio   The rest of the weekday schedule is nationally syndicated talk shows, including Brian Kilmeade and Friends, The Jesse Kelly Show, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory Weekend syndicated shows include Rich DiMuro on Tech, The Weekend with Michael Brown, Bill Handel on the Law and Somewhere in Time with Art Bell   Starting with the 2012 season, WRMN became the flagship station for the Schaumburg Boomers of minor league baseball's Frontier League   Most hours begin with an update from Townhall Radio News 

History
In 1949 (1949), the station signed on the air   It has always used the call sign WRMN   It was originally powered at 500 watts and was a daytimer station, required to go off the air at sunset   It was owned by the Elgin Broadcasting Company with studios at 188 Division Street 
In Septemeber 1960, it added an FM station, 94 3 WRMN-FM   It is now a contemporary worship music station owned by the Educational Media Foundation, WAWE  
An agreement was signed October 26, 2016 to sell WRMN, along with commonly-owned stations KSHP and WBIG, to Pollack Broadcasting for $2 million  The sale was consummated on January 31, 2017   In August 2019, WRMN signed-on FM translator station W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 
Passage 9:
WGFX
WGFX (104 5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Gallatin, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area  It is branded as 104 5 The Zone, broadcasting a sports radio format  It is owned by Cumulus Media, with studios in Nashville's Music Row district   Most of its daytime schedule has local hosts, with programming from Fox Sports Radio heard nights and weekends 
WGFX has an effective radiated power of 58,000 watts   The transmitter is on Blevins Road off Interstate 24 in Whites Creek, Tennessee, amid the towers for other Nashville-area FM and TV stations 

History
Early years
The station signed on as WFMG-FM on December 1, 1960, in Gallatin, Tennessee, about 30 miles (47 km) northeast of Nashville, with a big band format  The station was started by Ellis F  Jones Jr  The studio and transmitter location was located on North Water Street on Gallatin's Public Square  The transmitter power was 8 2 KW ERP according to FCC Records  In 1965, the station's studio and transmitter site was moved 5 1 miles north of the City of Gallatin to a location known as "Music Mountain"  In 1971, Sumner Country Broadcasting Co , which owned WHIN in Gallatin, purchased WFMG and changed call letters to WHIN-FM  During the early years of WHIN-FM, the format was easy listening  In 1974, the station switched to an all oldies format  In July 1978, WHIN-FM flipped formats to contemporary hit radio (CHR)  Just over one month later, the call letters were changed to WWKX using the moniker KX 104 FM 
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the station was very popular and featured morning DJ Coyote McCloud  Its 100,000 watt signal broadcasting from "Music Mountain", one of the highest points on the northern Highland Rim north of Gallatin and the site of several broadcasting facilities, boomed far into the rural areas of northern Tennessee and southern Kentucky  By the mid-1980s, KX 104 was faced with competition from two new area CHRs, "96 Kiss" (WZKS, now WCJK) and "Y107" (WYHY, now WRVW)  Additionally, McCloud defected to WYHY in 1985 to host its morning show  To try to differentiate itself, WWKX segued into a rock-leaning Top 40 format calling itself Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM  This move proved unfruitful, and the station returned to mainstream CHR a year later in 1986  Faced with the success of Y107, this would not last 

Classic Rock
In the summer of 1987, WWKX moved its tower from Music Mountain into Nashville and downgraded power, noticeably affecting signal strength in rural areas north of the city  The call letters changed to WGFX on August 13, 1987 and the moniker became 104 5 The Fox with a classic rock format In the late 1980s, Dick Broadcasting Company (DBC) took over operations of the station through a local marketing agreement (LMA), and paired it with its popular rock and roll station WKDF to form "Nashville's Rock Network"  In the early 1990s, the station became known as "Arrow 104 5" (with Arrow originally standing for "All Rock n' Roll Oldies")  This format was somewhat successful and endured until the late 1990s 
The station was purchased outright by Dick Broadcasting Company following the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which, in part, loosened broadcast ownership rules  
Shortly after the acquisition, Dick Broadcasting entered into an agreement with SFX Broadcasting, the then-owner of WLAC-FM, to trade the intellectual property of the stations  The trade, to have taken place February 2, 1998, would have moved WLAC-FM's adult contemporary format to 104 5 FM, and moved WGFX's classic rock format to 105 9 under SFX ownership  However, when the agreement fell apart, SFX converted WLAC-FM to a classic rock format of its own, changed the call letters to WNRQ, and began to compete directly with WGFX 

Rhythmic Oldies
Responding to the early ratings success of WNRQ, WGFX reformatted to rhythmic oldies as "Jammin' Oldies 104 5", on December 11, 1998, but quickly changed its name to "Groovin' Hits 104 5" after a brief trademark dispute In early 1999, WGFX was slated to convert to a country music outlet built around local air personality Carl P  Mayfield  Dick Broadcasting purchased advertising in other media promoting Mayfield's impending debut on 104 5 WGFX  However, the company ultimately succumbed to Mayfield's repeated demands that the format be installed on the stronger-signalled WKDF, leaving WGFX to continue broadcasting rhythmic oldies 

Classic Hits
In January 2000, the station reverted to a classic hits format, focusing mainly on 1970s music  First known as simply "The New 104 — That '70s Station", it became "The New 104 — The Core" a few months later, and was positioned as a lighter alternative to WNRQ 
Citadel Broadcasting purchased the station (along with all of DBC's assets outside the Greenville, South Carolina market) in September 2000   In the summer of 2002, the station broadened its playlist to include music from 1980s, and changed its name to "Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX", marking the only time the station has used those call letters in its branding 

Sports 104 5 The Zone
The All Sports format began on August 11, 2003, with the station renamed "104 5 The Zone "  Management hired popular personalities George Plaster, Willy Daunic and Darren McFarland away from Cumulus Media station WWTN (99 7 FM)  However, because of litigation surrounding a contract dispute, Plaster did not appear on the station until two months after its launch 
In the early days of the Zone, the station had a heavy focus on local news, and featured general-interest talk on weekdays from 6am-Noon, with sports in all other dayparts  For the first three weeks of the talk format, the station broadcast "The Rick and Bubba Show" (a holdover from the previous "Rockin' Hits" format)  It then brought over Mayfield's "Carl P  & The P-Team" show from WKDF, where it had been replaced in morning drive  Following Mayfield's exit in December 2003, the station began broadcasting "The Wake-Up Zone" in early mornings, featuring Mayfield's supporting cast, but led by Nashville music industry executive Charlie Monk  Popular Knoxville morning talk personality Hallerin Hilton Hill also hosted a 2-hour version of his show for the Nashville market in the late morning slot 
Over the course of 18 months, the station migrated to 24/7 sports talk  Hill's show was canceled, and "The Wake-Up Zone" was converted to a sports-focused show, replacing Charlie Monk & Mike Donegan with Kevin Ingram and retired Titans tight end Frank Wycheck  They joined Mark Howard, who continued with the show from its previous iteration  The trio of Ingram, Howard and Wycheck continued on the show until 2017, when Wycheck left the show and was replaced with another former Titans star, Blaine Bishop 

Titans and Volunteers Football
WGFX was the flagship station for the Tennessee Oilers/Titans of the National Football League from 1997 until the completion of the 2001 season, when the rights were shifted to WGFX's sister station, WKDF  (WGFX returned as an "affiliate" station of the team's network for the 2004 season only)  WGFX also aired the franchise's games in 1996, the final year the team was located in Houston, Texas  WGFX returned as the full-time flagship station of the Titans Radio Network in 2010 
WGFX is the major Nashville-area affiliate for the University of Tennessee Volunteers football and men's basketball, The Vols moved to WGFX on 2010 after many years on WLAC  
The station also broadcasts selected Belmont Bruins men's basketball games which do not conflict with the Vols In the past, WGFX has served as the flagship station for the Nashville Predators (NHL, 2005–2010), Vanderbilt Commodores (SEC, 2004–2009), and Nashville Sounds (PCL, 2010–2011) 
WGFX has previously served as the Nashville affiliate for The Jim Rome Show, The Dan Patrick Show, Sporting News Radio and ESPN Radio, and is currently on its second stint as an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio  It was announced that in 2013 the station would once again drop its Fox affiliation to be an affiliate of the upstart CBS Sports Radio network, but never did actually did so  Shortly afterwards, the CBS Sports Radio affiliation went to a competitor, WNSR, as WGFX retained the Fox Sports Radio affiliation   However, WGFX also retains the hourly minute-long commentaries by CBSSR personalities such as Boomer Esiason and Doug Gottlieb 

Cumulus ownership
Following a bankruptcy, Citadel was acquired by Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011  Shortly after the merger, WGFX and WKDF moved their studios from Rutledge Hill to Cumulus' existing cluster at Music Row, where they broadcast alongside WWTN, WSM-FM, and WQQK  WRQQ and WNFN also briefly shared studio space with WGFX until they were each sold to separate buyers 
Plaster, Daunic and McFarland left WGFX immediately after Cumulus acquired the station in September 2011, and the trio was instrumental in launching its primary competitor, WPRT-FM 
In 2017, WGFX removed all network programming during its weekday prime dayparts, focusing entirely on locally-produced shows 

Prior formats
Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX – Classic Hits, 2002–2003
The New 104 — The Core (briefly known as The New 104 — That '70s Station) – Classic rock, 2000–2002
Groovin' Hits 104 5 (briefly known as Hot 104 5 and Jammin' Oldies 104 5) – R&B Oldies, 1998–2000
Arrow 104 5 – Classic Hits, 1993–1998
104 5 The Fox – Classic Rock, 1988–1993 (call letters changed to WGFX, which stood for Gallatin's FoX)
KX104 – Top 40, 1986–1987
Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM – Rock/Top 40, 1985–1986
Kix 104 – Top 40, 1978–1985 (as WHIN-FM and WWKX)
WHIN-FM – Oldies, 1974–1978 / Easy Listening, 1971–1974
WFMG-FM – Big Bands, 1960–1971 

Notable personalities
Fiona – 1999–2000
Mike "The Duke" Donegan – 2003–2004
Hallerin Hilton Hill – 2003–2005
Carl P  Mayfield – 2003
Coyote McCloud – 1980s
Mark Howard – 1998–2020
George Plaster – 2003–2011
Rich "Brother" Robbin – 2002–2003
Frank Wycheck – 2004–2016
Kevin Ingram - 2004-2020
Clay Travis – 2009–2014
Blaine Bishop – 2010–present
Dallas Reese – 1990–1992
Lauren McCleash – 1989–1992
Melissa Johnson Sweeton – 1989–1992/1999–2001

See also
List of Nashville media
Passage 10:
WJYM
WJYM (730 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Bowling Green, Ohio, and serving the Toledo metropolitan area  It broadcasts a Christian radio format, and is owned by the ministry of noted Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart  The studios and transmitter are on Freemont Pike (U S  Route 20 - U S  Route 23) near Lime City Road in Lime City, Ohio  
By day, WJYM is powered at 1,000 watts   But 730 AM is a Mexican and Canadian clear channel frequency   So to avoid interference, at night WJYM reduces power to 359 watts   It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array   Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator W295DB at 106 9 MHz 

History
Beginnings as WHRW
The station first signed on the air on December 1954 (1954-12)   The original call sign was WHRW, selected as the initials of its then-owner and founder, Howard R  Ward   It was a daytimer with a power of 250 watts using two towers and required to go off the air at sunset   Ward served as the president and general manager   By the end of the 1950s, the station was given permission to increase its power to 1,000 watts, but still days only   The studios were at the transmitter facility 
Ward was famous for stunting including a fight he had with General Telephone (GTE) concerning a teletype circuit which they could not provide to his station in rural Bowling Green   Ward purchased an old truck and painted "WTLG Carrier Pigeon News Service" on the side   He made a ceremony each day of driving it through the streets of Bowling Green to supposedly return his birds for dispatch of news releases out to his station from downtown  The local papers and wire services picked up on the story which embarrassed GTE  When GTE still would not budge he announced that he was giving away a free savings bond to the 10th caller to his station  He did not answer the phones during the contest and successfully locked up the GTE system in Bowling Green several times until the company obtained an injunction against him 
On July 1, 1961, Ward sold WHRW to H  Max Good 

As WMGS
After WHRW was sold to Good, the studios and offices were moved to the Waldorf Hotel in Toledo, as the recent power increase afforded the station with full market signal penetration   The relocation to Toledo did not last long and the station returned to the Bowling Green area, taking space along Main Street  The call letters were then changed to WMGS, to reflect the positioning statement "with more good sounds", though some station insiders referred to "Max Good's Station" as the more accurate translation 
The station was silent until it moved to the present location in Lime City   It returned to the air with 1,000 watts, days only, using four towers   The Program Director was George Mishler who also hosted middays  The morning drive time DJ was Roy Blair, and the afternoon host was Jim Hamilton  The music was middle of the road (MOR)   When the format changed to country music, George Mishler went to work for the Voice of America (VOA) in Washington, D C   He ultimately became a manager of Special English programming  Jim Hamilton headed for Chicago, and Roy Blair went to Bowling Green State University to complete his B A  in English  During this time, Roy announced for WFOB AM/FM, Fostoria and began work at WSPD AM after graduation  After WSPD AM, Roy was next heard on WJBK-TV 2, Detroit 
Under the country format, the DJs including Jim Bonnett as "Big Jim", who also was the station manager until 1966; Roger Price as "Pistol Pete" and program director from 1962 to 1966, Johnny Dauro as "Lonesome John" and manager from 1966 to 1970; Roy Blair as "Cousin Roy", George Lubgate as "Tiny Tim"; Ron Kitchen as "Ron the Dude" and program director in 1966; Lowell Thomas (Not the famous newscaster) as "L T "; Bob Zrake as "Buffalo Bob"; Jerry Kiefer as program director in 1972; Earl Sharninghouse as "Rick Allen" and program director and Chief engineer from 1972 to 1973; Ken Robey as "Ken Roberts"; Dennis Rutherford as Chief engineer and part-time air talent in 1973; Klaus Helfers as "J P  Jones"; and The Reverend Max Good, who preached daily 

As WJYM
On October 14, 1976, WMGS was sold to the Jimmy Swaggart Evangelistic Association, and became WJYM "Son Life Radio " The call letters are evocative of the name "Jim", after owner Jimmy Swaggart  For many years, the station operated locally with a full staff of approximately 12  In the mid 1990s, WJYM carried Bowling Green State University football and basketball games 
By 1980, the station's on-air operations moved to its transmitter facility along Fremont Pike in Rossford, where they remained for the rest of the 20th Century   Advances made in hard-disk computer-based broadcast automation and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was passed, which relieved many stations of the main studio rule that required a studio and management presence within close proximity of the community of license   At that point, on-air functions were moved to the ministry's headquarters in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Though station signage remains outside the transmitter facility, it is, for the most part, unattended   Except for some computerized local announcements, WJYM is basically a simulcast of WJFM, the flagship station for Jimmy Swaggart Ministries 
Passage 11:
KAPE
KAPE (1550 AM, "KAPE Radio") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri   The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC 

The station was assigned the call sign "KAPE" by the U S  Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 2, 1987  It was licensed as "KGMO" when it signed on in 1951, and was assigned "KEWI" on April 14, 1986, and "KKPE" on May 1, 1986 

Programming
KAPE broadcasts a news/talk format  The station features programming from Fox News Radio and Salem Media Group  As of August 2022, syndicated programming includes weekday talk shows hosted by Dana Loesch, Dave Ramsey, Glenn Beck, Hugh Hewitt, Joe Pags, John Gibson, and Todd Schnitt Legendary radio broadcaster Rush Limbaugh started his career at KGMO in 1967 

Translator
KAPE programming is also carried on a broadcast translator station to extend or improve the coverage area of the station 
Passage 12:
WHOS
WHOS (800 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Decatur, Alabama, United States   The station is owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WHOS is one of five stations in the Huntsville, Alabama, market owned by iHeartMedia, Inc  The station is also simulcast on WBHP at 1230 AM in Huntsville, a 106 5 FM broadcast translator in Huntsville, and on WQRV-HD2 (HD Radio)   Its studios are located in Madison, Alabama and its transmitter is located in West Decatur, Alabama 

Programming
WHOS broadcasts a news/talk format that serves northwest Alabama and south-central Tennessee   The station's current programming is a simulcast of Huntsville, Alabama, sister station WBHP (1230 AM), "The Valley's Big Talker "  The studios for both stations are located in nearby Madison, Alabama 
Notable local weekday programming includes The WBHP Morning Program with Gary Dobbs and Toni Lowery  Notable syndicated weekday programming includes Coast to Coast AM with George Noory, The Glenn Beck Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, and The Sean Hannity Show  Weekend programming includes local news and sports, Somewhere In Time hosted by Art Bell, Fox News Sunday, and select programming from Fox Sports Radio 

History
This station began licensed operation in October 1948 as a 1,000-watt daytime-only station broadcasting at 800 kHz  Originally owned by North Alabama Broadcasting, the station was randomly assigned the WHOS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission; they do not stand for anything in particular  It ran a country music format for most of its first 40 years 
In February 1987, the broadcast license for WHOS was transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession   The transfer was approved by the FCC on February 26, 1987  Dixie Broadcasting had filed bankruptcy in an effort to stave off an adverse civil lawsuit outcome regarding the contracted sale of WDRM to W H  Pollard, Jr , the then-owner of WBHP (1230 AM) in Huntsville, Alabama In October 1988, the station, which had been airing a Southern Gospel music format, flipped to an all-Elvis Presley format using the advertising tagline "WHOS alive?"  This novel format garnered the station national media attention, but failed to gain a local audience and lasted just six months, in effect a lengthy stunt  After the stunt ended, WHOS switched to a simulcast of then co-owned WDRM and its country music format, which was by this time very successful and on the verge of becoming North Alabama's top-rated station 
In January 1992, a deal was reached for the broadcast license for WHOS to be transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession back to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 26, 1992, and the transaction was consummated on September 15, 1992 In December 1991, Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , reached an agreement to merge ownership of this station with the ownership of WBHP to a new company named Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, Inc , pending the resolution of Dixie's legal difficulties   In October 1993, with Dixie Broadcasting back in good financial standing and the legal issues settled by the appeals courts, the merger moved forward   The deal was approved by the FCC on November 3, 1993, and the transaction was consummated on November 11, 1993 In November 1996, J  Mack Bramlett, W H  Pollard Jr , and Trust B Under The Will Of W H  Pollard Sr  reached an agreement to transfer control of Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, licensee of this station as well as WDRM and WBHP, to Osborn Communications Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on January 29, 1997  In November 1997, WHOS and WBHP dropped their shared country music format for an all-news format featuring CNN Radio 24 hours a day In August 1998, Osborn-owned Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, LLC, reached an agreement to sell this station to AMFM Inc  a subsidiary of Ameron Broadcasting Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on October 2, 1998, and the transaction was consummated on November 5, 1998 In February 1999, AMFM Inc 's Ameron Broadcasting Corporation made a deal to sell this station to Clear Channel Communications through its Capstar Royalty II Corporation subsidiary   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 2, 1999, and the transaction was consummated on March 5, 1999  This deal, a small part of a larger $16 6 billion transaction, included all five of the Huntsville stations then in Clear Channel's Huntsville station group 

Former on-air staff
Notable former WHOS on-air staff included George Rose, who, along with his alter-ego "Cousin Josh" character, hosted "The Cousin Josh Jam-O-Ree" on several North Alabama radio stations in a career that began in 1948 and ended with his death in 2006 

Former programming
WHOS and sister station WBHP were the broadcast flagships for the 1999-2000 final season of the Huntsville Channel Cats and for the short-lived Huntsville Tornado for the 2000-2001 hockey season  Both teams played their home games at the Von Braun Center and competed in the Central Hockey League 
Passage 13:
KFGY
KFGY (92 9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California, area 
KFGY airs a country music format branded as "Froggy 92 9" 

External links
Official Website
KFGY in the FCC FM station database
KFGY on Radio-Locator
KFGY in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 14:
WKHK
WKHK (95 3 FM) is a country music formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia   WKHK is owned and operated by SummitMedia   The station's studios and offices are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Bensley, Virginia WKHK is licensed by the FCC to broadcast in the HD digital hybrid format 

WKHK-HD2
On August 7, 2016, WKHK-HD2 and simulcasting translator W282CA signed on for the first time   The new stations began stunting with Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang, by Dr  Dre and Snoop Dogg, on a loop   The stunt ended just after Noon, on August 9, and the Classic Hip Hop format began   Using Westwood One's Classic Hip Hop network, the first song heard on the station was Rock It by Master P On May 7, 2021, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the classic hip hop format and began simulcasting WKHK On January 11, 2022, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the WKHK simulcast and changed its format to classic country as "Classic Country 104 3" 

WKHK-HD3
WKHK-HD3 carries a non-commercial Contemporary Christian music format branded as "The Journey," based at WRVL in Lynchburg which feeds translator W235AI at 94 9 FM 
Passage 15:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 16:
KFRU
KFRU (1400 AM) is a radio station located in Columbia, Missouri  Its programming format consists primarily of news, talk and sports   The station is licensed to Cumulus Media  The station is also audible on translator K255DJ 98 9 FM in Columbia 

History
KFRU was founded in Bristow, Oklahoma by E H  Rollestone, in January 1925  That fall, the station was purchased by Stephens College and moved to Columbia (with Rollestone going on to found KVOO, now KTSB) On September 24, 1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of the station from Nelson R  Darragh, of St  Louis, to Luther L  Hill, of Des Moines  Several owners later, the station was purchased by the St  Louis Star-Times newspaper, mostly for its regional broadcast frequency of 630 kHz, later moved to its St  Louis radio station, KXOK  In 1940, KFRU became an affiliate of the Blue Network  The station was assigned its current 1400 kHz frequency in 1941 
Mahlon Aldridge, Jr  was appointed manager in 1945, purchasing the station in 1948 in partnership with the publisher of the Columbia Daily Tribune  In 1957, the station's format consisted of a mixture of country music, news and sports 
Aldridge sold his interest to his partner's son in the 1980s, and competition caused the station's audience share to fall   After another change in ownership, KFRU was purchased by a local ownership group headed by Al Germond, who moved the studios into the broadcast complex with their KARO-FM (now KPLA) station   The group formed and purchased additional stations in the Columbia and Jefferson City markets under the name of Premier Marketing Group 
In 2004, KFRU and the other Premier Marketing Group stations were sold to Cumulus Broadcasting   In August 2017, KFRU applied for an FM translator at 98 9 as part of the FCC's AM revitalization project   The translator signed on for the first time on August 18, 2019 

Network affiliations
ABC Radio Network
When KFRU was purchased by the Star-Times, it became affiliated with the NBC Blue Network, now the ABC Radio Network,   KFRU switched to the Westwood One/CNN news feed in 2012   After Westwood One ended their newsfeed, KFRU returned to ABC News Radio on August 31, 2020 

Missouri Tiger Network
KFRU was the longtime flagship station of play-by-play broadcasts of Missouri Tiger football and basketball teams  On December 22, 2009, Mizzou Sports Properties (owned by Learfield Sports) announced it would move Tiger broadcasts to Zimmer Radio's mid-Missouri cluster, fronted by 99,000-watt KCMQ, starting in 2010 With KMOX-AM in St  Louis as a network affiliate, the network has had many regional and national broadcasters providing play-by-play and color commentary for MU sports broadcasts, including:

Jack Buck (member of the Baseball and Radio Hall of Fame)
Harry Caray (member of the Baseball Hall of Fame)
Bob Starr
Bob Costas (NBC Sports)
Kevin Harlan (CBS Sports)
Tom Dore (Chicago Bulls)
Joe Buck (Fox Sports)
John Rooney (Chicago White Sox, St  Louis Cardinals)
Bill Wilkerson
Kellen Winslow (Fox Sports Net) (member of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame)
Dan Kelly (member of the Hockey Hall of Fame)
Jon Sundvold
Kevin CalabroFormer color commentators include Jim Kennedy and Rod Kelly 
The current broadcast teams through the 2011-12 season are:

Football - Mike Kelly (play-by-play), Howard Richards (color commentary) and Chris Gervino (sideline)
Men's Basketball - Mike Kelly (play-by-play) and Gary Link (color commentary)
Women's Basketball - David Lile or Will Palaszczuk (play-by-play) and Gary Link or Michael Porter (color commentary)

St  Louis Cardinals Baseball Network
As of the 2012 Major League Baseball season, the station is no longer a St  Louis Cardinals radio network affiliate; Zimmer Radio's KSSZ replaced KFRU as the Columbia market affiliate   According to previous years' KFRU promotional advertisements, they had been affiliated with the Cardinals for at least 60 years 

Awards
Peabody Award for Public Service by a Small Station, 1940
Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism, presented to Mahlon Aldridge
KFRU awarded the Missouri Broadcasters Association 2015 Station of the Year award   This was the first ever Station of the Year award given by the MBA 
KFRU inducted into the Boone County Historical Society's Hall of Fame, October 8, 2015, just days after the station's 90th Anniversary 

Affiliation with the University of Missouri School of Journalism
Prior to the founding of University-owned station KBIA-FM in 1971, KFRU was a primary training ground for broadcast journalism students at the University   Even after this time, the station still employs students and recent graduates; many graduates list the station on their current employment biography pages 

Former KFRU employees in TV/radio
Eric Engberg, news director, 1963-68 - retired CBS News Washington Correspondent
Ben Bradley, host, reporter and news anchor - currently WLS-TV general assignment reporter
Dave Hunziker, sports director - currently Oklahoma State Cowboys play-by-play
Chris Gervino, sports director - currently KOMU-TV sports director
Will Sterrett, board-op - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Sean Kelley - sports director - currently New Orleans Pelicans play-by-play
Ed Kilgore - currently WGRZ-TV sports director
Mike Roberts - currently KRCG-TV chief meteorologist
Mark Reardon - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
John Carney - overnight board-op/host - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
Michael Calhoun - currently KMOX-AM news anchor
Amy Miller - currently local Morning Edition host at WDET
Joe Scialfa - currently Newsradio 620 WTMJ-AM, Program Director
Michael Putney, news director - currently WPLG-TV, Miami Political Reporter
Steve Moore - currently KMOX-AM, Vice President of News/Talk, CBS Radio, Director of Programming and Operations
Ellen Schenk - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Larry Zimmer - retired KOA-AM sports director, University of Colorado play-by-play
Mark Becker - WSOC-TV reporter
Mark Davidson - KSNW-TV sports anchor/reporter
Matt Boltz - currently Houston Astrosradio network producer/engineer
Kevin Larue - currently KSL-AM news and program director
RJ McAllister, news - formerly news director at KWTO
Jim Fry - currently at WFAA
Brian Sussman - currently host at KSFO
Paul Hannigan, news director - formerly reporter at KTRH-AM
Darren Hellwege - Host of "Morning Edition" and "Thinking Out Loud with Darren Hellwege" on KBIA-FM, Columbia; formerly of KCSC and WWLS, Oklahoma City 
Dick (Kettenbrink) Preston - Currently Morning and Noon news anchor at KRCG-TV Jefferson City, Mo 

Other former employees and program hosts
James Keown - state capital reporter and Sunday Morning Roundtable contributor - currently incarcerated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts after being convicted of murdering his wife by poisoning her with antifreeze  Keown was arrested by the United States Marshal’s Service in November 2005 during a commercial break on his “Partyline” program on sister-station KLIK in Jefferson City, Mo 
Roger Gafke, news director
Scott Baker - currently press secretary for Rep  Kenny Hulshof
Rod Kelly - Missouri Basketball color commentator
Kathy Poppe (Watson)- Constituent Service Director, U S  Senator John Boozman, former talk host/reporter (KWHN - Fort Smith, Arkansas)
Barry Bennett - Currently Director of Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Brian Hauswirth, news director - currently public information officer with the Missouri Department of Corrections
Doug Ross
Dick Aldrich -Radio Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Chris Lincoln - co-founder of Winnercomm; ABC Sports and ESPN commentator on Thoroughbred racing; former sports host of KTUL-TV, Tulsa
Dr  John Williams - host, The Pet Place
Bob O'Connell - host, The Garden Spot
Ray Rothenberger - host, The Garden Spot (deceased)
Stacy Allen - meteorologist
Brendan Cosgrove - news - currently Broadcast Associate at Northwestern University
Greg Crain - sports (deceased)
Leslie Callison - news
Judd McIlvain - consumer reporter, worked at KRCG, KTTV, KCBS-TV and CBS 48 Hours 
Ara Ayer - reporter for WAAY-TV; producer for Dateline NBC, NBC Nightly News; conflict photographer: World Picture News; commercial director, DP, filmmaker for PBS, Bloomberg TV
Anne Steffens - formerly with KMOV, now Director of the Office of Communications of the Archdiocese of St  Louis
John Fougere, sportscaster - currently Press Secretary to Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon
Robert Loggia - actor
Brad Whitworth - sportscaster/announcer - now Sr  Comms Mgr, Strategic Alliances at Cisco Systems
Kevin M  Gray - sportscaster and sports director - now President of the Kansas City Sports Commission
Tony Messenger - evening show host; was concurrently a Columnist with the Columbia Daily Tribune - now Editorial Page Editor of the Springfield News-Leader
Chris Kelly - evening show host; former local and state politician; resigned to accept appointment as Boone County associate circuit judge (retired) - now Democratic candidate for Missouri House of Representatives 24th District
Mike Kelly - Morning sports reports; Missouri Men's Basketball play-by-play; Left his full-time job as Missouri Athletic Department Director of Broadcast Operations on May 30, 2007 to join The Insurance Group sales department [1], but will remain as play-by-play announcer   During the David Lile Show on June 29, 2007, it was announced that it was his last day "due to budgetary reasons" with the Cumulus stations (he also provided reports for Jefferson City station KLIK-AM)
Dave Schmidt - Weatherman for KOMU TV in Columbia, Mo 
Steve Lager- 25 year radio career in Kansas City including mornings at KCIY
Dusty Rhodes-the Midnight Mayor
Bob Pollack - Sports Director
Brad Stephenson - news anchor/reporterRichard M  Cottam (deceased)  - news anchor/reporter 1957-1963; Instructor Dept  of Journalism Univ  of Missouri- Columbia 1956-1963;  Co-host    "Conversations with Dick and Doris" 1961-1963; NBC News associate Producer Huntley-Brinkley Report 1963-1967; NBC News Election unit 1968-1971
Passage 17:
WKDM
WKDM (1380 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to New York, New York  The station is owned by Multicultural Broadcasting and broadcasts on weekdays in Mandarin Chinese  Most shows are brokered programming, where the host pays for the time and may sell commercials to support the broadcasts  On weekends, programming switches to Spanish language Christian radio 
WKDM operates at 5,000 watts by day, using a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1380 AM   After being granted a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to increase night power, it operates at 13,000 watts after sunset, using a different directional pattern  The station's transmitter is located in Carlstadt, New Jersey 

History
The station began operation in 1926 as WBNX, the call letters reflecting the station's location in the borough of The Bronx  One of the station's first permanent homes was inside Starlight Park, an amusement park located on the east bank of the Bronx River just south of East 177th Street   This tenancy lasted until 1932, when the Great Depression forced the park's closure, which then led to the station's eviction from its studios WBNX changed frequencies several times during its early years, eventually finding a permanent home on 1380 kHz, sharing time on the frequency with religious broadcaster WAWZ in central New Jersey  It operated 18 hours a day with general entertainment and brokered programming 
In 1960 WBNX was sold to United Broadcasting  By the mid-1960s, WBNX was airing a Spanish contemporary music format during most of its hours, with some Jewish-oriented and Italian-language programming on weekends 
In 1984 the station changed the call letters to WKDM and became a full-time operation as United paid WAWZ owner Pillar of Fire to give up its portion of the time-share (WAWZ continued to operate on FM)  It remained successful until the advent of a full-time Spanish language format on WSKQ-FM in 1989, which pulled away listeners  As a result, in the early 1990s the station began to carry more leased-access/brokered shows  In 1992 it went completely brokered, and was sold to Multicultural in 1994 
In 1999 Multicultural transferred WKDM to Mega Communications in exchange for cash and various Washington D C  area stations   Mega changed the call letters to WNNY and instituted an all news Spanish format (Noticas 1380)  Eventually, the all-news evolved into a news/talk format   This format was not successful, and by 2002 Mega had changed the call letters to WLXE and the format to Mexican pop music as "X-1380"   A few months later, Multicultural bought the station back and reinstated the WKDM call sign and the brokered programming policy 
Since 2007, WKDM has broadcast in Mandarin Chinese 24 hours a day Monday through Friday, featuring drama, popular music, talk shows, news program, children’s programs and sports, as well as programs from China and Taiwan 
Passage 18:
KTRP (AM)
KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States   The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano  KTRP is silent as of April 20, 2016 

History
The station went on the air June 14, 1965 as KYET  It changed its call sign to KACY on October 1, 1984  On January 30, 1990, the station changed its call sign to KIOV  The station took on the KWEI call sign on March 25, 2011; three years later, the station swapped call signs with 1260 AM and became KTRP Until April 20, 2016, KTRP broadcast a Tejano format to the greater Boise, Idaho, area and was the only full-time Tejano station in the state of Idaho  The station went off the air on April 20, 2016, following a transmitter failure 
Passage 19:
WRGV
WRGV (107 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States   The station is currently owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC   WRGV broadcasts a mainstream urban music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area   Its studios are located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG-TV on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama 

History
In 1976, 107 3 FM belonged to WAJB, which was a beautiful music station with studios at the Tiger Point Country Club in Gulf Breeze, until it was purchased by Colonial Broadcasting in 1979   The format was changed to country music along with new call letters, WOWW to become known as "WOW 107", moving its studios to Davis Highway in Pensacola 
As the 1980s progressed, "WOW 107" would rise up to become a country music power house, overthrowing the heritage country station in the market, WXBM-FM, and winning several Billboard Magazine's Station of the Year (small market) awards   It was also known for its full-time News department, winner of multiple AP news awards 
As the 1980s ended, so did WOW 107's run of being a ratings king, now owned by Sun Media Group   The 1990s saw several re-imaging attempts, including "The New WOW 107 3" and "107 Thunder Country", until its demise as a country station in 1995 when it became "New Rock One Zero Seven", flipping to alternative rock  Riding the popularity wave of mid-1990s alternative music, WOWW debuted at #1 in Arbitron's Persons 18-34, where it remained until the purchase and format flip by Paxson  "New Rock 107" staff included Steve Williams as Operations Manager/Morning Show host, Program Director/Midday host Joel Sampson, Music Director/Afternoon host LaLaine, and evening host Suzy Boe, among others 
In 1996, the station was purchased by Southern Broadcasting, which owned New Rock 107's only competition, WTKX, "TK101"   Two months later, both were purchased by Paxson Communications   After the Paxson purchase, TK101, being a heritage rock station since the mid-1970s, brought over WOWW's PD Joel Sampson, retained Midday personality Mark "the Shark" Dyba and added a majority of WOWW air staff and re-imaged itself as "The Rock Station", dropping the moniker "The New Rock Alternative", leaving WOWW without an airstaff or a format 
After stunting for two days playing "Macarena" by Los del Rio non-stop, WOWW changed formats to oldies from the 1950s and 1960s, and changed its call letters to WYCL (which stood for "Way Cool")   As time went on, they phased out the 1950s music to include more 1970s songs 

Then, in late 2004, the station's owner, now iHeartMedia, Inc  (formerly Clear Channel Communications), switched the format to "My 107 3", and played 1970s and 1980s music   However, the "My 70s, My 80s" positioner was discontinued and the station used "My Variety" as its main positioner, in order to include a slightly wider variety of music   The playlist remained mostly 1970s and early 1980s, with a fair amount of 1960s and other 1980s songs, making it a classic hits format 
For three years after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the station played breaking news bulletins every hour on top of the hour (first provided by ABC News, then by Clear Channel Worldwide News), as well as "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the start and close of each workday 

In February 2010, the station ceased the "My 107 3" format and began simulcasting sister station WMXC  On February 26, 2010, at 8:00 a m , WYCL flipped to rhythmic adult contemporary format, branded as "107 3 The Groove"  The first song on The Groove was "Into the Groove" by Madonna  On March 5, 2010, WYCL changed their call letters to WRGV to go with "The Groove" branding  After a year as a Rhythmic AC, WRGV evolved to Rhythmic Top 40 in April 2011  On September 2, 2011, WRGV changed their format to Top 40 (CHR), branded as "107 3 Hit Music Now"  It featured the syndicated Elvis Duran Morning Show and former WABB staffers Reid and Matt McCoy  On July 20, 2015, WRGV rebranded as "107 3 Kiss FM" On December 8, 2017, at 5 p m , after playing "1-800-273-8255" by Logic featuring Alessia Cara and Khalid, WRGV adopted W262BL/WMXC-HD2's urban contemporary format as "107 3 The Beat"  The first song on "The Beat" was "Love" by Kendrick Lamar featuring Zacari 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Natalie Horler
Natalie Christine Horler (born 23 September 1981) is a German singer and television presenter, best known for being the lead singer of the Eurodance group Cascada 

Early life and family
Natalie Horler was born in Bonn, West Germany, to English parents  They had moved to (then) West Germany from the United Kingdom in 1980  Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher  Horler grew up with her two siblings, Sally and Victoria  Natalie soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney films 

Musical career
Beginnings
Horler began her musical career by singing in bars and casinos  At 18, she started to work with different DJs and recorded a number of tracks  This is how she met future bandmembers Manian and Yanou  Her most notable song of her pre-Cascada era is "Piece of Heaven" as Akira  In addition, Horler appeared on the German adaptation of Star Search in 2004 

Breakthrough with Cascada
In 2004, she formed the group Cascada with DJ Manian and Yanou (the latter known for his track with DJ Sammy and Dominique van Hulst, "Heaven", released in 2002), and began touring with her dancers Essa and Falk  Originally Cascade, the group name was soon changed to Cascada due to legal issues 
On 21 February 2006, Cascada's 14-track album titled Everytime We Touch was released in the United States  Her most successful song in the U S remains the band's U S  debut single "Everytime We Touch" 
It was a worldwide hit, peaking at No  10 on the US Hot 100  In addition, it peaked at No  2 in the UK Charts, No  1 in Israel for 2 weeks and No  1 in Ireland for an impressive six weeks  Horler has stated that at that time that they were overwhelmed at their success, suggesting they came along at the right time, and were very lucky (particularly in the American market, where Eurodance music hardly accomplishes mainstream chart-success)  The success of the album gained them a World Music Award, winning them World's Best Selling German Artist in 2007  Other well-known Cascada songs include "Bad Boy", "Miracle", "Evacuate the Dancefloor", and covers such as "Truly Madly Deeply" and "What Hurts the Most" 
The band's second album, Perfect Day, was released on 3 December 2007  The album charted across Europe, peaking at No  9 in the UK Album Charts  The single "What Hurts the Most" was a success in Canada, Germany and the U S  It climbed to No  10 in the UK Charts and did even better in the Swedish charts, peaking at No  5  But its highest peak was in France at No  2, the same position it first entered  It also peaked at No  3 in the Austria Singles Charts  Other singles from the album include "Faded", "What Do You Want From Me?", and "Because the Night" 
Cascada's third studio album, Evacuate the Dancefloor, was released in the United Kingdom in July 2009  It spawned one of their most successful singles "Evacuate the Dancefloor", which was number one in the UK and Netherlands  The album itself made it to No  8 in the UK Albums Chart and No  7 in the U S  Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums  Other singles from this album include "Fever", which probably failed to chart in the UK due to no physical release  However, the single reached No  18 in the Slovak Airplay Chart and did reach No  3 in the UK Dance Chart, and the final single from this album was "Dangerous" which made it to No  2 in the Dutch Tipparade (Bubbling Under) Chart and No  10 in the Finnish Singles Chart, the song also had minor success in the UK charting at No  67 in the UK Singles Chart 
Cascada released a new single, "Pyromania", on 19 March 2010; it was the group's least successful lead single to date, failing to reach the top 40 in the UK  It did, however, reach the top 20 in France  "San Francisco" was the next single from the upcoming album, and continued the group's new electropop direction  The single made the top 20 in Austria, Germany and the Netherlands  The release of these two singles was preceded by the release of their fourth studio album, Original Me, which was released on 20 June 2011, their lowest selling album ever, reaching No  24 in the UK Albums Chart  The next single from the album was "Au Revoir" which failed to make much impact on any major chart, as did the final single, "Night Nurse" 
On 20 March 2012, Cascada released a new single, "Summer of Love"  This single was a return to Cascada's earlier dance sounds, and already improve declining record sales, reaching the top 20 in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland  The group then released a compilation album called Back on the Dancefloor 
Cascada released a new single on 22 July 2012, a cover of "The Rhythm of the Night" of Italian Eurodance group Corona which was thought to be the lead single from their fifth studio album in 2013 
Cascada's It's Christmas Time was released on 30 November 2012 

Television work
In late 2006, Horler made her first foray into television as the guest host of the viewer request show Back @ Ya on bpm:tv, a Toronto-based cable channel that broadcasts all across Canada and some parts of the United States  bpm:TV specializes in playing dance and electronica music videos  
Also in 2006, she appeared on Live with Regis and Kelly to promote her album, Everytime We Touch  She's also presented The Clubland Top 50, exclusively to the music channel, 4Music and has performed on countless television shows, mainly in Europe, one of which was promoting the UK version of Perfect Day on the UK breakfast show GMTV in 2007, performing Last Christmas live  Horler then returned to GMTV on 28 July 2008, performing "Because the Night" live  
She returned to the GMTV studios in June 2009 to perform her new single "Evacuate the Dancefloor" with Carlprit  Horler has also made numerous appearances on The Dome, mostly to perform Cascada's latest singles although she did a one-off performance with her co-stars during the 52nd installment where she covered Heal the World  
In 2012, Horler was one of the new judges of the ninth season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar 

Personal life
Horler is bilingual and speaks German and English fluently  Horler is the daughter of the English jazz trombonist David Horler and the niece of the English jazz pianist John Horler  Horler currently resides in Bonn, Germany 

Relationships
Since 11 May 2011, Horler has been married to the banker Moritz Raffelberg; they were privately married in Italy, with Horler wearing a dress she had designed herself  She appeared on the cover of the German August 2011 issue of Playboy magazine  On 28 May 2015, Horler's management revealed that she would be expecting her first child  On 23 September 2015, her 34th birthday, Horler announced she had given birth two days before to her daughter, Jamie 
Passage 2:
Melissa & Joey
Melissa & Joey is an American television sitcom starring Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence that aired for four seasons between 2010 and 2015 on ABC Family (now Freeform)  The series follows local politician Mel Burke (Hart) and Joe Longo (Lawrence), whom Mel hires to look after her niece Lennox Scanlon (Taylor Spreitler) and nephew Ryder Scanlon (Nick Robinson) after a Ponzi scheme leaves Joe broke 
The series was picked up originally for a pilot and season one containing 12 episodes – this premiered August 17, 2010  Then, due to the success of the show, ABC Family renewed it for 18 more episodes on October 8, 2010, which premiered June 29, 2011 
The series was renewed by ABC Family for a second season of fifteen episodes, which began airing on May 30, 2012, and ended on August 29, 2012  During the second season, Melissa & Joey ranked as cable television's #1 telecast at 8 o'clock across target audiences 18–34, 18–49 and 12–34 demographics On August 17, 2012, ABC Family renewed Melissa & Joey for a third season, set to premiere on May 29, 2013 
On May 28, 2013, ABC Family announced that the third season would be expanded by 20 episodes, and that the show had also been renewed for a fourth season, bringing the series total to 100 episodes The show proved to be quite successful for ABC Family as, in its third season, it established a 13-week high in total viewers, an eight-week high in viewers between the ages of 18–34 and 18–49 and a 15-week high in female viewers between the ages of 12–34  During the fourth season, the show reached a milestone of 100 episodes for syndication purposes but declined in the ratings  Along with most ABC Family shows, the declining number of viewers watching Melissa & Joey occurred in tandem with a general trend of reduced numbers of television network subscribers  Looking to marginalize these declines, the show accelerated the availability of its episodes to non-provider-authenticated ABC Family subscribers with Hulu Plus to three weeks post broadcast  On February 9, 2015, ABC Family announced its decision to end the series after four seasons  The series finale aired on August 5, 2015 

Series overview
Mel is a local politician from a political family   When a family scandal leaves her niece, Lennox, and nephew, Ryder, without their parents, Mel takes them in   Meanwhile, Joe is a former commodities trader left bankrupt after a Ponzi scheme, and finds himself searching for a job  So when Mel finds it hard to handle an instant family and her own life, she hires Joe to become the family's new male nanny, or "manny" 
The show stars two former teen idols who were notable for roles they played in popular 1990s sitcoms, Lawrence for Blossom and Hart for Sabrina, the Teenage Witch  Hart and Lawrence are both listed as executive producers of the series, and have each directed individual episodes 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Melanie Alison "Mel" Burke (Melissa Joan Hart) is a city councilwoman in Toledo, Ohio (the youngest in the city's history, as Mel repeatedly brags)  She is also a senator's daughter  Growing up, she was a rebellious, irresponsible party girl, and now she must take care of her niece and nephew after their mother (her sister, Meredith) was arrested for money laundering and their father disappeared to avoid arrest for running a Ponzi scheme  She started dating Joe in "A Decent Proposal"  She accepted his proposal in season 3 episode 32 "Right Time, Right Place", and they marry at the end of "At Last"  She runs for Congress in season 4 and learns that she and Joe are having twins 
Joseph Paul "Joe" Longo (Joey Lawrence) is a former executive and commodities trader with an MBA who lost his job, money and marriage in the wake of Mel's brother-in-law's Ponzi scheme and wound up living in his car  Seeing that Mel needed help raising her niece and nephew (and that he needed a job), he has agreed to be the live-in nanny/ house manager to assist Mel and give advice to the kids  He was born in a U S  Army hospital in Uijeongbu, South Korea, and raised in Secaucus, New Jersey  He also has a brother named Tony who briefly dated Mel and a sister named Teresa  It was revealed he has a 13-year-old daughter named Dani (Jada Facer) with a woman named Felicia (Brooke Burke)  He started dating Mel in "A Decent Proposal"  He proposed to her in "Right time, right place" and they get married in "At Last"  In season 4 he writes a book and in the series finale it is published, he is also invited to go on a book tour 
Lennox Elizabeth Scanlon (Taylor Spreitler) is a free-spirited teenage girl who, at first, is against the idea of living with her aunt, but soon comes to terms with it  Lennox is known for her artsy, hipster style and extremely vocal liberal views and ideas  Her longest relationship thus far has been with Zander  They broke up when he left Ohio for school in Vermont and Lennox stayed in Toledo to attend the University of Toledo  They get back together, but then break up again after Zander finds out that Lennox had a relationship with Joe's nephew, Marco; then Zander slept with his roommate, keeping them apart  In "At Last", she hooked up with Marco to forget about Zander, but continued their relationship afterwards and in the series finale she and Zander get engaged 
Ryder Scanlon (Nick Robinson) is Mel's nephew, and the youngest in the household  In the Pilot, it is mentioned that he suffered a nervous breakdown and burned his father's suits in the driveway  Like many teenage boys his age, he enjoys watching television and playing sports and chasing girls  Lennox often makes jabs at her brother for being a "nerd", but it is not clear if this is true or just a brother-sister teasing relationship  Ryder is suspended from school in Season 3 for smoking marijuana on a school trip  In Season 4 he joins the Navy and is stationed in Portsmouth, Virginia 

Recurring
Stephanie Krause (Lucy DeVito) is Mel's legislative assistant and former intern, beginning with episode 7  Hyperactive and fiercely loyal, Stephanie is keen to schedule interviews, photo opportunities, and media coverage for Mel  She regularly exhibits that she has a crush on Joe 
Rhonda Cheng (Elizabeth Ho) is Mel's press secretary appearing in 5 of the 6 first episodes  She's a giddy yet loyal friend to her and always gives her dating and/or parenting advice 
Tiffany Longo (Megan Hilty) is Joe's former wife, first seen in episode 13  Their on-again, off-again relationship is punctuated by bouts of lovemaking in unusual places 
Holly Rebeck (Rachel G  Fox) is Ryder's extremely aggressive, controlling girlfriend  She is often manipulative, jealous, and conceited, and Ryder is usually submissive to her demands  Later on, she gets help with her "controlling" issues, though sometimes she can't help but be a bit demanding  She broke up with Ryder in the beginning of the third season after she found out he smoked pot on the school trip 
George Karpelos, Jr  (Scott Michael Foster) is Mel's 24-year-old lover, starting with episode 21  He is an independent business entrepreneur who loves bicycling  Their relationship is put on hold when George moves to Italy for business, and later, Mel breaks it off 
Roman Maizes (Chris Brochu), a nerd and Lennox's boyfriend in the first season 
Russell Burke (Christopher Rich) is Mel's father, the former Senator of Ohio, who is very indulgent to his grandchildren and tends to undermine Mel's authority with them  He left his wife Monica for a 28-year-old yoga instructor but returns to his wife when Mel informs the yoga instructor that her father had a vasectomy 
Elena Romanov (Anya Monzikova) is a Russian businesswoman whom Joe marries at the end of the second season  Their marriage ends when she moves back to Russia to testify for an old colleague 
Leo Larbeck (Joel McKinnon Miller), the friendly contractor who helped Mel and Joe remodel the house in the beginning of the second season 
Jackie (Christine Lakin), Mel's best friend from college, who is her only other single friend  She plans to get a sperm donor to have a baby without having to marry someone, and Mel unwittingly leads her to purchase Joey's sperm 
Haskell Davis (Gregg Sulkin), Lennox's boyfriend in the second season 
Aidan Haber (Cody Linley), the president of the Spirit Committee at Lennox and Ryder's school  Became romantically involved with Lennox in the second season 
Monica Burke (Rita Rudner), Mel's neurotic mother who gets back together with her husband Russell after Mel ruins his relationship with his mistress by telling her about his vasectomy 
Austin (Trevor Donovan) is Mel's childhood friend who is back in town 
Noah (Justin Hartley) Mel's boyfriend in season 3, who temporarily moves in with her after his apartment floods 
Zander Carlson (Sterling Knight), Lennox's boyfriend in the third and fourth season  He is also a talented artist, and provides illustrations for Lennox's web series "Cassandra " After a car accident, Zander and Lennox decided to take their relationship to the next level and got engaged in the series finale 
Keira (Sadie Calvano), Ryder's girlfriend in the third season 
Dani Mancini (Jada Facer), Joey's long-lost daughter, revealed in late season three  She decided to live with Joey and Mel while her mother goes on tour  After her mother returned, Dani moved back with her, but still keeps in touch with Joey and Mel 
Felicia Mancini (Brooke Burke), Dani's mother who works as a professional band massager 
Anthony "Tony" Longo (Matthew Lawrence), Joe's younger brother  Actor Matthew Lawrence and Joey Lawrence are brothers 
Marco (Kevin Fonteyne) Joey's nephew and Lennox's ex-boyfriend who she dumped when he left for Japan for six months 
McKenna Cederstrom (Greer Grammer), an aspiring actress who Lennox and Zander hire for the role of "Cassandra" in their film  She and Zander become romantically involved, until realizing he still loves Lennox 
Noelle (Hayley Erin), Lennox's friend who develops a crush on Ryder 

Development and production
The series marks the second time Hart and Lawrence have co-starred together in an ABC Family production; their first was the 2009 television film, My Fake Fiance  Melissa & Joey was criticized early on for lacking sufficient chemistry between the leads and a "will they, won't they" theme present in their earlier project, My Fake Fiance On October 8, 2010, ABC Family announced their order of an additional 20 episodes for the first season, creating a season of 30 episodes  The mid-season finale for season one aired on October 26, 2010  The second half of the first season began airing on June 29, 2011   On July 11, 2011, ABC Family announced that Melissa & Joey had been picked up for a second season  On August 17, 2012, ABC Family announced that Melissa & Joey had been picked up for a third season Both Lawrence and Hart directed episodes in season two  Lawrence's episode is called "Wherefore Art Thou Lennox" and Hart was the first woman to direct an episode of the series The series was filmed before a live studio audience at CBS Studio Center stage 14 
The house used for exteriors is located in the Hancock Park area of Los Angeles On February 9, 2015,  ABC Family announced its decision to end the series after four seasons 

Broadcast
Melissa & Joey premiered on STAR World India on October 6, 2011  In Southeast Asia, it premiered on STAR World in 2011  In the United Kingdom, all episodes were put on Sky On Demand on July 1, 2014 and began airing on E4 on July 28, 2014 

Home media
On May 24, 2011, Shout! Factory released Melissa & Joey: Season One, Part One on DVD in Region 1  Special features include a sneak peek of the remaining season 1 episodes, bloopers, and featurettes with Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence  On October 4, 2011, Shout! Factory released Melissa & Joey: Season One, Part Two on DVD in Region 1, collecting the final 18 episodes of season one in a 2-disc set 

Reception
Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, first season holds an approval rating of 45% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 6 50/10  On Metacritic, the first season of the show holds a score 53 out of 100 based on reviews from 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews "

Ratings
The show stood as Wednesday's #1 cable TV telecast at 8 o'clock in Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Women 18–49  and Females 12–34 Demographics  The show continued to dominate its cable time period during its second season, ranking #1 across key measures Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Adults 18–49, Women 18–49, Viewers 12–34 and Females 12–34 The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode, each season of Melissa & Joey on ABC Family 

Accolades
Passage 3:
List of Melissa & Joey episodes
Melissa & Joey is an American television sitcom starring Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence  The series revolves around Melanie "Mel" Burke (Hart), an up-and-coming local politician who hires Joseph  "Joe" Longo (Lawrence), a recently divorced commodities broker, as the nanny for her niece and nephew  The series premiered on August 17, 2010, on ABC Family 
Melissa & Joey stood as Wednesday's No 1 cable TV telecast at 8 o'clock in Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Women 18–49  and Females 12–34 Demographics  Season 2 also dominated its cable time period, ranking No 1 across key measures Adults 18–34, Women 18–34, Adults 18–49, Women 18–49, Viewers 12–34 and Females 12–34 On February 9, 2015, ABC Family decided to end the show after four seasons and a total of 104 episodes for the series  The series finale aired on August 5, 2015 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2010–11)
Season 2 (2012)
Season 3 (2013–14)
Season 4 (2014–15)
Ratings
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Passage 4:
Dad's Army
Dad's Army is a British television sitcom about the United Kingdom's Home Guard during the Second World War  It was written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft, and originally broadcast on BBC1 from 31 July 1968 to 13 November 1977  It ran for nine series and 80 episodes in total; a feature film released in 1971, a stage show and a radio version based on the television scripts were also produced  The series regularly gained audiences of 18 million viewers and is still shown internationally 
The Home Guard consisted of local volunteers otherwise ineligible for military service, either because of age (hence the title Dad's Army), medical reasons or by being in professions exempt from conscription  Most of the platoon members in Dad's Army are over military age and the series stars several older British actors, including Arnold Ridley, John Laurie, Arthur Lowe and John Le Mesurier  Younger members of the cast included Ian Lavender, Clive Dunn (who, despite being one of the younger cast members, played the oldest guardsman, Lance Corporal Jones) and James Beck (who died suddenly during production of the sixth series in 1973)  Other regular cast members included Frank Williams as the vicar and Bill Pertwee as the chief ARP warden 
The series has influenced British popular culture, with its catchphrases and characters being well known  The Radio Times magazine listed Captain Mainwaring's "You stupid boy!" among the 25 greatest put-downs on TV  A 2001 Channel 4 poll ranked Captain Mainwaring 21st on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters  In 2004, Dad's Army came fourth in a BBC poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom  It was placed 13th in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000 and voted for by industry professionals  A second feature film of Dad's Army with a different cast was released in 2016 In 2019, UKTV recreated three missing episodes for broadcast in August that year on its Gold channel under the title Dad's Army: The Lost Episodes, starring Kevin McNally and Robert Bathurst as Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson 

Origins
Originally intended to be called The Fighting Tigers, Dad's Army was based partly on co-writer and creator Jimmy Perry's experiences in the Local Defence Volunteers (LDV, later known as the Home Guard) and highlighted a somewhat forgotten aspect of defence during the Second World War  Perry was only seventeen years old when he joined the 10th Hertfordshire Battalion  His mother did not like him being out at night, and feared he might catch cold; he partly resembled the character of Private Pike  An elderly Lance Corporal in the 10th Hertfordshire often referred to fighting under Kitchener against the "Fuzzy Wuzzies" (Hadendoa), and was the model for Corporal Jones 
Other influences included the work of comedians such as Will Hay, whose film Oh, Mr Porter! featured a pompous ass, an old man and a young man; together, this gave Perry the ideas for Mainwaring, Godfrey and Pike  Film historian Jeffrey Richards has cited Lancastrian comedian Robb Wilton as a key influence; he portrayed a work-shy husband who joined the Home Guard in numerous comic sketches during WW2 Perry wrote the first script and gave it to David Croft while working as a minor actor in the Croft-produced sitcom Hugh and I, originally intending the role of the spiv, later called Walker, to be his own  Croft was impressed and sent the script to Michael Mills, the BBC's Head of Comedy and the series was commissioned In his book Dad's Army, Graham McCann explains that the show owes much to Michael Mills  It was he who renamed the show Dad's Army  He did not like Brightsea-on-Sea, so the location was changed to Walmington-on-Sea  He was happy with the names for the characters Mainwaring, Godfrey and Pike, but not with other names, and he made suggestions: Private Jim Duck became Frazer, Joe Fish became Joe Walker and Jim Jones became Jack Jones  He also suggested adding a Scot  Jimmy Perry had produced the original idea but needed a more experienced partner to see it through  Mills suggested David Croft and this launched the beginning of their association 
When an episode was shown to members of the public to gauge audience reaction prior to broadcast of the first series, the majority of the audience thought it was very poor  The production team put the report containing the negative comments at the bottom of David Croft's in-tray  He only saw it several months later, after the series had been broadcast and received a positive response 

Situation
The show is set in the fictional seaside town of Walmington-on-Sea, on the south coast of England  The exterior scenes were mostly filmed in and around the Stanford Training Area [STANTA], near Thetford, Norfolk  Walmington, and its Home Guard platoon, would be on the front line in the event of a German invasion across the English Channel  The first series has a loose narrative thread, with Captain Mainwaring's platoon being formed and equipped, initially with wooden guns and LDV armbands, later on with full army uniforms; the platoon is part of the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment 
The first episode, "The Man and the Hour", begins with a scene set in the "present day" of 1968, in which Mainwaring addresses his old platoon as part of the contemporary '"I'm Backing Britain" campaign  The prologue opening was a condition imposed after initial concerns from Paul Fox, the BBC1 controller, that it belittled the efforts of the Home Guard  After Mainwaring relates how he had backed Britain in 1940, the episode proper begins; Dad's Army is thus told in flashback, although the final episode does not return to 1968  Later episodes are largely self-contained, albeit referring to previous events and with additional character development 
As the comedy in many ways relies on the platoon's lack of participation in the Second World War, opposition to their activities has to come from another quarter and this is generally provided by Air Raid Precautions (ARP) Warden Hodges, and sometimes by the verger of the local church (St Aldhelm's) or by Captain Square and the neighbouring Eastgate Home Guard platoon  The group does have some encounters related to the enemy, such as downed German planes, a Luftwaffe pilot who parachutes into the town's clock tower, a U-boat crew and discarded parachutes that may have been German; a Viennese ornithologist appears in "Man Hunt" and an IRA suspect appears in "Absent Friends" 
The humour ranges from the subtle (especially the class-reversed relationship between grammar school-educated Mainwaring, the local bank manager, and public school-educated Wilson, his deputy at the bank) to the slapstick (the antics of the elderly Jones being a prime example)  Jones had several catchphrases, including "Don't panic!" (while panicking himself), "They don't like it up 'em", "Permission to speak, sir?" and talk about the "Fuzzy-Wuzzies"  Mainwaring says "You stupid boy" to Pike in many episodes  Other cast members used catch phrases including Sergeant Wilson who regularly asked, "Do you think that's wise, sir?" when Captain Mainwaring made a suggestion 
The early series occasionally include darker humour, reflecting that, especially early in the war, the Home Guard was woefully under-equipped but was still willing to resist the Wehrmacht  For instance, in the episode "The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage", the platoon believes the enemy has invaded Britain  Mainwaring, Godfrey, Frazer and Jones (along with Godfrey's sisters, who are completely unaware of the invasion) decide to stay at the cottage to delay the German advance, buying the regular army time to arrive with reinforcements; "It'll probably be the end of us, but we're ready for that, aren't we, men?", says Mainwaring  "Of course", replies Frazer 

Characters
Main characters
Captain George Mainwaring () (Arthur Lowe), the pompous, if essentially brave and unerringly patriotic local bank manager, Mainwaring appointed himself leader of his town's contingent of Local Defence Volunteers  He had been a lieutenant in the First World War but is embarrassed by the fact that he never saw combat, being sent to France only in 1919 after the Armistice and then part of the Army of Occupation in Germany  The character, along with Wilson and Pike, also appeared in the pilot episode of the radio series It Sticks Out Half a Mile  Due to the death of Arthur Lowe, the first episode of the full series of the radio comedy was remade with the character of Hodges replacing Mainwaring 
Sergeant Arthur Wilson (John Le Mesurier), a diffident, upper-middle-class chief bank clerk who would quietly question Mainwaring's judgement ("Do you think that's wise, sir?")  Wilson had actually served as a captain during the First World War, but he only reveals this in the final episode  He does not live with the Pike family but is implied to be in a relationship with the widowed Mrs Pike  This hinted relationship would also be mentioned in the later radio series It Sticks Out Half a Mile, set after the end of the war 
Lance Corporal Jack Jones (Clive Dunn), the local butcher, born in 1870  Jones was an old campaigner who enlisted as a drummer boy at the age of 14 and participated, as a boy soldier, in the Gordon Relief Expedition of 1884–85 and, as an adult, in Kitchener's campaign in the Sudan in 1896–98  Jones also served during the Boer War and the Great War  He often suffers from the effects of malaria caught during one of his campaigns and has to be calmed during his "shudders"  Often seen as fastidious and a worrier, he has a number of catchphrases, including "They don't like it up em!" and "don't panic, don't panic!", which he says when panicking  Dunn was considerably younger than his character, being only 48 at the start of filming  This meant he often performed the physical comedy of the show, which some of the older cast members were no longer capable of 
Private James Frazer (John Laurie), a dour Scottish former Chief Petty Officer on HMS Defiant in the Royal Navy  He served at the Battle of Jutland as a ship's cook and also has a medal for having served on Shackleton's Antarctic expedition  He grew up on the Isle of Barra  In episode one, he states that he owns a philately shop, but subsequently his profession is changed to an undertaker  His catchphrase was "We're doomed  Doomed!"
Private Joe Walker (James Beck), a black market spiv, Walker was one of only two able-bodied men of military age among the main characters (the other one being Private Pike)  In the first episode, Walker claimed he was not called up to the regular army because he was in a reserved occupation as a wholesale supplier  In one of the missing episodes, it was revealed that he was not called up because of an allergy to corned beef  Although always on the lookout to make money, Walker is also seen to support local charities, including a children's home  Following James Beck's death in 1973, Walker was written out of the series 
Private Charles Godfrey (Arnold Ridley), a retired shop assistant who had worked at the Army & Navy Store in London  He lives in Walmington with his elderly sisters and serves as the platoon's medical orderly  He has a weak bladder and often needs to "be excused"  A conscientious objector during the First World War, he was nevertheless awarded the Military Medal for heroic actions as a combat medic during the Battle of the Somme  He also demonstrated bravery during his Home Guard service particularly during the "Branded" episode where Mainwaring, unconscious in a smoke-filled room, is rescued by Godfrey 
Private Frank Pike (Ian Lavender), the youngest of the platoon, a cosseted, somewhat immature mother's boy, often wearing a thick scarf over his uniform to prevent illness and a frequent target for Mainwaring's derision ("You stupid boy!")  Pike is not called up to the regular army due to his rare blood group (in series 8 he is excused for this reason)  He works for Mainwaring in his day job as an assistant bank clerk  He frequently addresses Sergeant Wilson as "Uncle Arthur" (On the last day of filming, David Croft confirmed to Lavender that Wilson was Pike's father ) Pike would later appear in the radio series It Sticks Out Half a Mile 

Supporting characters
ARP Chief Warden William Hodges (Bill Pertwee), the platoon's major rival and nemesis  He calls Mainwaring "Napoleon"  Mainwaring looks down on him as the local greengrocer and dislikes that Hodges saw active service in the First World War  As an Air Raid Precautions (ARP) warden, he is always demanding that people "put that light out"  To the home guard he often calls "You ruddy hooligans!" The character of Hodges would later appear in the radio series It Sticks Out Half a Mile, although not in the pilot episode 
Reverend Timothy Farthing (Frank Williams), the effete, petulant vicar of St Aldhelm's Church  He reluctantly shares his church hall and office with the platoon   In several episodes of the series, it was implied that the character was a non-active closet gay 
Maurice Yeatman (Edward Sinclair), the verger at St Aldhelm's Church and Scoutmaster of the local Sea Scout troop  He is often hostile to the platoon while frequently sycophantic towards the vicar, who often struggles to tolerate him and frequently employs the catchphrase "Oh do be quiet, Mr Yeatman" 
Mrs Mavis Pike (Janet Davies), Pike's overbearing widowed mother, who is often implied to be in a relationship with Sergeant Wilson  Liz Fraser replaced Janet Davies in the 1971 film version 
Mrs Fox (Pamela Cundell), a glamorous widow  There is a mutual attraction with Corporal Jones and the couple marry in the last episode  Illicit little "extras" are passed across the counter on her regular visits to Jones's butcher's shop and she helps the platoon with official functions  In the episode "Mum's Army", she gives her Christian name as Marcia, but by the final episode she is addressed as Mildred 
Private Sponge (Colin Bean), a sheep farmer  He led the members of the platoon's second section (the first section being led by Corporal Jones) and thus had only occasional speaking parts, although his character became more prominent in later series  He appeared in 76 of the 80 episodes 
Mr Claude Gordon (Eric Longworth), the Walmington town clerk often involved when the platoon is taking part in local parades and displays  Although generally civil with Captain Mainwaring and his men, he is an officious and somewhat pompous individual, and Hodges tends to use him to try and interfere with the platoon's activities 
Private Cheeseman (Talfryn Thomas), a Welshman who works for the town newspaper  He joined the Walmington-on-Sea platoon during the seventh series after the sudden death of James Beck, who played Private Walker 
Captain Square (Geoffrey Lumsden), the pompous commanding officer of the rival Eastgate Platoon, and a former soldier who served with Lawrence of Arabia during the First World War  He is frequently at loggerheads with Mainwaring (whose name he persists in mispronouncing as spelt, "Main-wearing", instead of the correct "Mannering") and has the catchphrase, "You blithering idiot!"
Mrs Yeatman (Olive Mercer), the somewhat tyrannical wife of Maurice Yeatman, the verger  Over the course of the series, her first name is given as either Beryl, Anthea or Tracey 
Mr Sidney Bluett (Harold Bennett), an elderly local man who is occasionally involved with the antics of both the platoon and Hodges  He and Mrs Yeatman are implied to be having an affair 
Miss Janet King (Caroline Dowdeswell), a clerk at Swallow Bank who works with Mainwaring, Wilson and Pike in the first series 
Edith Parish (Wendy Richard) also called Shirley, a cinema usherette and girlfriend of Private Walker 
Dolly (Amy Dalby and Joan Cooper) and Cissy Godfrey (Nan Braunton and Kathleen Saintsbury), Private Godfrey's spinster sisters, who reside with him at their cottage 
Elizabeth Mainwaring (Unseen character), Mainwaring's reclusive, paranoid and domineering wife who is never seen onscreen (although in the episode "A Soldier's Farewell" her "shape" is seen sleeping in the bunk above the captain while in their Anderson Shelter)  Her marriage with Mainwaring is not a happy one and Mainwaring does his best to avoid her at any opportunity  They have no children Other actors who appeared in small roles include Timothy Carlton, Don Estelle, Nigel Hawthorne, Geoffrey Hughes, Michael Knowles, John Ringham, Fulton Mackay, Anthony Sagar, Anthony Sharp, Carmen Silvera and Barbara Windsor 
Larry Martyn appeared as an unnamed private in four episodes, and later took over the part of Walker in the radio series following the death of James Beck  The former cricketer Fred Trueman appeared in "The Test" 

Opening and closing credits
The show's opening titles were originally intended to feature footage of refugees and Nazi troops, to illustrate the threat faced by the Home Guard  Despite opposition from the BBC's Head of Comedy Michael Mills, Paul Fox, the controller of BBC1, ordered that these be removed on the grounds that they were offensive  The replacement titles featured the animated sequence of swastika-headed arrows approaching Britain  The opening titles were updated twice; firstly in series 3, adding colour and improved animation and then again in series 6, which made some improvements to the animation 
There were two different versions of the closing credits for the show  The first version, used in series 1 and 2, simply showed footage of the main cast superimposed over a still photograph, with the crew credits rolling over a black background  The better-known closing credits, introduced in series 3, were a homage to the end credits of the film The Way Ahead (1944) which had covered the training of a platoon during the war  In both instances, each character is shown as they walk across a smoke-filled battlefield  One of the actors in Dad's Army, John Laurie, also appeared in that film and his performance in the end credits of The Way Ahead appears to be copied in the sitcom  Coincidentally, the film's lead character (played by David Niven) is named Lieutenant Jim Perry  After that, there is a wide angle shot of the field with bombs going off and the platoon, armed, running towards the camera and passing it before fading to black 

Music
The show's theme tune, "Who Do You Think You Are Kidding, Mr Hitler?" was Jimmy Perry's idea, intended as a gentle pastiche of wartime songs  The other songs were authentic 1940s music recordings  Perry wrote the lyrics and composed the music with Derek Taverner  Perry persuaded one of his childhood idols, wartime entertainer Bud Flanagan, to sing the theme for 100 guineas (equivalent to £2,000 in 2021)  Flanagan died less than a year after the recording  At the time it was widely believed to be a wartime song  The music over the opening credits was recorded at Riverside Studios, Flanagan being accompanied by the Orchestra of the Band of the Coldstream Guards 
The version played over the opening credits differs slightly from the full version recorded by Flanagan; an edit removes, for timing reasons, two lines of lyric with the "middle eight" tune: "So watch out Mr Hitler, you have met your match in us/If you think you can crush us, we're afraid you've missed the bus " (The latter lyric is a reference to a speech by Neville Chamberlain ) Bud Flanagan's full version appears as an Easter egg on the first series DVD release and on the authorised soundtrack CD issued by CD41  Arthur Lowe also recorded a full version of the theme The closing credits feature an instrumental march version of the song played by the Band of the Coldstream Guards conducted by Captain (later Lieutenant Colonel) Trevor L  Sharpe, ending with the air-raid warning siren sounding all-clear  It is accompanied by a style of credits that became a trademark of David Croft: the caption "You have been watching", followed by vignettes of the main cast 
The series also contains genuine wartime and period songs between scenes, usually brief quotations that have some reference to the theme of the episode or the scene  Many appear on the CD soundtrack issued by CD41, being the same versions used in the series 

TV episodes
The television programme lasted nine series and was broadcast over nine years, with 80 episodes in total, including three Christmas specials and an hour-long special  At its peak, the programme regularly gained audiences of 18 5 million  There were also four short specials broadcast as part of Christmas Night with the Stars in 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1972; one of which was also restaged as part of the Royal Variety Performance 1975 

Missing episodes
The first two series were recorded and screened in black and white, while series 3 to 9 were recorded and screened in colour  Even so, one episode in series 3, Room at the Bottom, formerly only survived in black and white and remains on the official DVDs in this form  This episode has benefited from colour recovery technology, using a buried colour signal (chroma dots) in the black-and-white telerecording to restore the episode back to colour and was transmitted on 13 December 2008 on BBC Two  Dad's Army was less affected than most from the wiping of videotape, but three second-series episodes remain missing: episode 9 "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker", episode 11 "A Stripe for Frazer" and episode 12 "Under Fire"  (All three missing episodes were among those remade for BBC Radio with most of the original cast, adapted from the original TV scripts  Audio recordings of all three were included as bonus features on The Complete Series DVD collection ) Two further series 2 episodes were thought lost until 2001  Two of the three missing episodes have since been performed as part of the latest stage show 
In 2008, soundtracks of the missing episode "A Stripe for Frazer" and the 1968 Christmas Night with the Stars segment "Present Arms" were recovered  The soundtrack of "A Stripe for Frazer" has been mixed with animation to replace the missing images  The audio soundtrack for the "Cornish Floral Dance" sketch, from the 1970 episode of Christmas Night with the Stars, has also been recovered 

Dad's Army: The Lost Episodes (2019)
In 2018, UKTV announced plans to recreate the three missing episodes for broadcast on its Gold channel  Mercury Productions, the company responsible for Saluting Dad's Army, Gold's 50th anniversary tribute series, produced the episodes, which were directed by Ben Kellett  The recreations were broadcast in August 2019, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of their original broadcast by the BBC  Kevin McNally and Robert Bathurst were the initial casting announcements as Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson, with Bernard Cribbins portraying Private Godfrey  The full cast was announced in January 2019, with McNally, Bathurst and Cribbins joined by Kevin Eldon, Mathew Horne, David Hayman and Tom Rosenthal  However, Bernard Cribbins subsequently withdrew from the project, and was replaced as Godfrey by Timothy West 

Cast
Films
1971 film
In common with many British sitcoms of that era, Dad's Army was spun-off as a feature film which was released in 1971  Backers Columbia Pictures imposed arbitrary changes, such as recasting Liz Fraser as Mavis Pike and filming locations in Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, rather than Thetford in Norfolk, which made the cast unhappy  The director, Norman Cohen, whose idea it was to make the film, was nearly sacked by the studio : 168 Jimmy Perry and David Croft wrote the original screenplay  This was expanded by Cohen to try to make it more cinematic; Columbia executives made more changes to plot and pacing  As finally realised, two-thirds of the film consists of the creation of the platoon; this was the contribution of Perry and Croft, and differs in a number of ways from the formation of the platoon as seen in the first series of the television version  The final third shows the platoon in action, rescuing hostages from the church hall where they had been held captive by the crewmen of a downed German aircraft 
Neither the cast nor Perry and Croft were happy with the result  Perry argued for changes to try to reproduce the style of the television series, but with mixed results 
Filming took place from 10 August to 25 September 1970 at Shepperton Studios and on location  After shooting the film, the cast returned to working on the fourth television series 
The film's UK première was on 12 March 1971 at the Columbia Theatre, London  Critical reviews were mixed, but it performed well at the UK box-office  Discussions were held about a possible sequel, to be called Dad's Army and the Secret U-Boat Base, but the project never came to fruition : 164–169

2016 film
A second film, written by Hamish McColl and directed by Oliver Parker, was released in 2016  The cast included Toby Jones as Captain Mainwaring, Bill Nighy as Sergeant Wilson, Tom Courtenay as Lance Corporal Jones, Michael Gambon as Private Godfrey, Blake Harrison as Private Pike, Daniel Mays as Private Walker and Bill Paterson as Private Frazer  Catherine Zeta-Jones, Sarah Lancashire and Mark Gatiss also featured  The film was primarily shot on location in Yorkshire  Filming took place on the beach at North Landing, Flamborough Head, Yorkshire and at nearby Bridlington  It opened in February 2016 to mainly negative reviews 

Stage show
In 1975, Dad's Army transferred to the stage as a revue, with songs, familiar scenes from the show and individual "turns" for cast members  It was created by Roger Redfarn, who shared the same agent as the series' writers  Most of the principal cast transferred with it, with the exception of John Laurie, who was replaced by Hamish Roughead  Following James Beck's death two years earlier, Walker was played by John Bardon 
Dad's Army: A Nostalgic Music and Laughter Show of Britain's Finest Hour opened at Billingham in Teesside on 4 September 1975 for a two-week tryout  After cuts and revisions, the show transferred to London's West End and opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 2 October 1975  On the opening night there was a surprise appearance by Chesney Allen, singing the old Flanagan and Allen song Hometown with Arthur Lowe 
The show ran in the West End until 21 February 1976, disrupted twice by bomb scares and then toured the country until 4 September 1976  Clive Dunn was replaced for half the tour by Jack Haig (David Croft's original first choice for the role of Corporal Jones on television)  Jeffrey Holland, who went on to star in several later Croft sitcoms, also had a number of roles in the production : 178–180 The stage show, billed as Dad's Army—The Musical, was staged in Australia and toured New Zealand in 2004–2005, starring Jon English  Several sections of this stage show were filmed and have subsequently been included as extras on the final Dad's Army DVD 
In April 2007, a new stage show was announced with cast members including Leslie Grantham as Private Walker and Emmerdale actor Peter Martin as Captain Mainwaring  The production contained the episodes "A Stripe for Frazer", "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker", "Room at the Bottom" and "The Deadly Attachment" 
In August 2017, a new two-man stage show titled, Dad's Army Radio Hour, opened at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe It starred David Benson and Jack Lane  Between them, the pair voiced the entire cast of Dad's Army, including incidental characters  The episodes adapted from the original radio scripts were "The Deadly Attachment", "The Day the Balloon Went Up", "Brain Versus Brawn", "My British Buddy", "Round and Round Went the Great Big Wheel" and "Mum's Army"  The production featured three episodes not adapted for the radio series "When You've Got to Go", "My Brother and I" and "Never Too Old"  The show was well received by critics and the David Croft estate for its respectful and uncanny performances  In 2019, the production changed its name to Dad's Army Radio Show and continued to tour nationally throughout the UK until the end of 2021 

Radio series
The majority of the TV scripts were adapted for BBC Radio 4 with the original cast, although other actors played Walker after James Beck's death (which took place soon after recording and before transmission of the first radio series)  Harold Snoad and Michael Knowles were responsible for the adaptation, while wartime BBC announcer John Snagge set the scene for each episode  Different actors were used for some of the minor parts: for example Mollie Sugden played the role of Mrs Fox, and Pearl Hackney played Mrs Pike  The first episode was based on the revised version of events seen in the opening of the film version, rather than on the TV pilot  The entire radio series has been released on CD Knowles and Snoad developed a radio series, It Sticks Out Half a Mile, which recounted what happened to some of the Dad's Army characters after the war  It was originally intended to star Arthur Lowe and John Le Mesurier, reprising their Dad's Army roles, but Lowe died after recording the pilot episode in 1981, so Bill Pertwee and Ian Lavender were brought in to replace him  Ironically, if Arthur Lowe had lived the series might never have been made, as the illness from which he suffered towards the end of his career badly affected his voice, which led to an initial decision not to commission it  In the event the revised cast recorded a 13-episode series  John Le Mesurier died in November 1983, making another series impossible 
The last radio recording of Dad's Army occurred in 1995, when Jimmy Perry wrote a radio sketch entitled The Boy Who Saved England for the "Full Steam A-Hudd" evening broadcast on Radio 2, transmitted on 3 June 1995 on the occasion of the closure of the BBC's Paris studios in Lower Regent Street  It featured Ian Lavender as Pike, Bill Pertwee as Hodges, Frank Williams as the Vicar and Jimmy Perry as General Haverlock-Seabag 

Other appearances
Lowe, Le Mesurier, Laurie, Beck, Ridley and Lavender (wearing Pike's signature scarf) appeared as guests in a 1971 edition of The Morecambe & Wise Show on BBC2 in the Monty on the Bonty sketch, with Lowe as Captain Bligh and the others as crewmen on HMS Bounty 
The cast appeared in a 1974 public information film, in character but set in the modern day, showing how to cross the road safely at Pelican crossings 
Lowe, Le Mesurier, Dunn, Lavender and Pertwee, and Jones's van, appeared in character at the finish of the 1974 London to Brighton Veteran Car Run 
Lowe, Le Mesurier and Laurie again made a cameo appearance as their Dad's Army characters in the 1977 Morecambe and Wise Christmas Special  As Elton John is following incomprehensible instructions to find the BBC studios, he encounters them in a steam room  On leaving, Mainwaring calls him a "stupid boy" A pilot episode for an American remake called The Rear Guard was produced by ABC and broadcast on 10 August 1976, based on the episode "The Deadly Attachment"  However, it failed to make it past the pilot stage Lowe and Le Mesurier made a final appearance in Dad's Army garb for a 1982 television commercial advertising Wispa chocolate bars 
Clive Dunn made occasional appearances as Lance Corporal Jones at 1940s themed events in the 1980s and 1990s and on television on the BBC Saturday night entertainment show Noel's House Party on 27 November 1993 Arthur Lowe twice appeared on the BBC children's programme Blue Peter  The first time was with John Le Mesurier, in which the two appeared in costume and in character as Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson when walking around looking at and discussing a mural which schoolchildren had painted featuring the characters from the show at a Christmas party, among whom was Mainwaring's unseen wife Elizabeth – or rather, what the children thought she looked like (Mainwaring remarks "Good grief  What a remarkable likeness!")  Arthur Lowe made a second appearance as Captain Mainwaring on Blue Peter with the Dad's Army van which would appear in the forthcoming London-Brighton run and showed presenter John Noakes the vehicle's hidden anti-Nazi defences 

Awards
During its original television run, Dad's Army was nominated for multiple British Academy Television Awards, although only won "Best Light Entertainment Production Team" in 1971  It was nominated as "Best Situation Comedy" in 1973, 1974 and 1975  Also, Arthur Lowe was frequently nominated for "Best Light Entertainment Performance" in 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975 and 1978 In 2000, the show was voted 13th in a British Film Institute poll of industry professionals of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes  In 2004, championed by Phill Jupitus, it came fourth in the BBC poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom with 174,138 votes 

Legacy
In June 2010, a statue of Captain Mainwaring was erected in the Norfolk town of Thetford where most of the exteriors for the TV series were filmed  The statue features Captain Mainwaring sitting to attention on a simple bench in Home Guard uniform, with his swagger stick across his knees  The statue is mounted at the end of a winding brick pathway with a Union Flag patterned arrowhead to reflect the opening credits of the TV series and the sculpture has been designed so that members of the public can sit beside Captain Mainwaring and have their photograph taken  The statue was vandalised not long after the unveiling by a 10-year-old boy, who kicked it for 10 minutes and broke off the statue's glasses, throwing them into a nearby river  The statue has since been fixed The British sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart paid tribute to Dad's Army in episode one of its second series in 1995, "Don't Get Around Much Any More"  Here, lead character Gary Sparrow (Nicholas Lyndhurst) – a time-traveller from the 1990s – goes into a bank in 1941 and meets a bank manager named Mainwaring and his chief clerk, Wilson, both of whom are in the Home Guard  When he hears the names Mainwaring and Wilson, Gary begins singing the Dad's Army theme song 
A brief visual tribute to Dad's Army is made at the start of the episode "Rag Week" from Ben Elton's 1990s sitcom The Thin Blue Line In June 2018 the Royal Mail issued a set of 8 stamps, featuring the main characters and their catchphrases, to mark the comedy's 50th anniversary In 2020, Niles Schilder for the Dad's Army Appreciation Society wrote four short scripts which followed how the characters from the series would have, in the author's opinion, dealt with the events of that year  Titles of the scripts included Dad’s Army Negotiates Brexit and An Unauthorised Gathering 

Cultural influence
The characters of Dad's Army and their catchphrases are well known in the UK due to the popularity of the series when originally shown and the frequency of repeats 
Jimmy Perry recalls that before writing the sitcom, the Home Guard was a largely forgotten aspect of Britain's defence in the Second World War, something which the series rectified : 12  In a 1972 Radio Times interview, Arthur Lowe expressed surprise at the programme's success:

We expected the show to have limited appeal, to the age group that lived through the war and the Home Guard  We didn't expect what has happened – that children from the age of five upwards would enjoy it too 

By focusing on the comic aspects of the Home Guard in a cosy south coast setting, the TV series distorted the popular perception of the organisation  Its characters represented the older volunteers within the Home Guard but largely ignored the large numbers of teenagers and factory workers who also served  Accounts from Home Guard members and their regimental publications, inspired Norman Longmate's history The Real Dad's Army (1974) 

Media releases
The BBC released two "Best of" DVD sets in October 2001 and September 2002, but it was not until September 2004 that the full series began to be released, with the first series and the surviving episodes of the second series being released first, along with the documentary Missing Presumed Wiped  By November 2007, the entire series had been released on DVD, with the final edition featuring the specials "My Brother and I" and "The Battle of the Giants" along with various other appearances, including several "Christmas Night with the Stars" sketches and excerpts from the 1976 stage show  The DVDs also include short individual biographical documentaries about the characters and their actors called We Are the Boys  The Columbia film adaptation is separately available; as this is not a BBC production, it is not included in the box set 
In 1973 the series was adapted into a comic strip, drawn by Bill Titcombe, which was published in daily newspapers in the UK  These cartoon strips were subsequently collected together and published in book form, by Piccolo Books, in paperback 

See also
Dad's Army Appreciation Society
Dad's Army Museum
Bressingham Steam and Gardens
Charles Burrell Museum
Blitz and Pieces (another Dad's Army museum)
Jones's van
The Rear Guard (unsuccessful US adaptation)
Passage 5:
Airport (EP)
Airport (空港) is Joey Yung's second EP in 2010  The title track 空港 is the theme song for "Nokia Joey Yung Concert Number 6"  The song is the EP's third single  Her first single "綠野仙蹤" is the commercial theme song for Broadway Electronics  The music video for the second single "破相" is the first ever 3D Music Video in Hong Kong 

Released versions
First edition
Released on 20 August 2010
Plus Bonus DVD
One2free Special Edition
Version distributed by One2free only 
With ticket of One2free Musicholic 容祖兒空港見面會 
Different cover 
Same content of the EP plus a card sleeve 
Second Edition
Released on 5 November 2010
Different cover
Different package
More content in bonus DVD

Track listing


== Personnel ==
Passage 6:
The Joey Heatherton Album
The Joey Heatherton Album is a 1972 album by Joey Heatherton  Her cover of the 1957 Ferlin Husky song "Gone" became a minor hit, but the album didn't do particularly well  Tony Scotti and Tommy Oliver produced and arranged it  It was mixed by Michael Lloyd 
The album was reissued in 2004 on the Hip-O Select label, with 21 bonus tracks comprising Heatherton's singles for the Decca and Coral labels 

Track listing
Original LP
Audio CD with bonus tracks
Passage 7:
Joey Johnson (Days of Our Lives)
Joey Johnson is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera aired on the NBC network, presently portrayed by Tanner Stine  Introduced in 2008, Joey was created by head writers Hogan Sheffer and Meg Kelly as the youngest child of supercouple, Steve "Patch" Johnson and Kayla Brady (Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans)  The role was played by siblings Brody and Jonas until the character was written out in 2009  Child actor Jadon Wells appeared in the role of Joey on a recurring basis from 2012 to 2014  In 2015, the character was rapidly aged to 16 when James Lastovic was cast in to play the role  Joey returns having skipped out on boarding school suffering from abandonment issues  It is later revealed that Joey had secretly been conspiring with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to orchestrate Patch and Kayla's reunion  Unbeknownst to Joey, Ava is his father's ex-lover and Ava has caused quite a bit of trouble for Kayla and the rest of the Brady family 

Storylines
2008–2014
In February 2008, the Brady family travels to Ireland to reunite patriarch Shawn Brady (Frank Parker) with his dying sister Colleen Brady (Shirley Jones)  During their trip, Kayla and Steve learn she is pregnant  On their way back to Salem, the family is involved in a plane crash that kills Shawn  It is later revealed that, Steve's deranged ex-lover Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) is responsible for the accident  Meanwhile, Kayla is trying to save her brother Bo's life (Peter Reckell) and the stress causes pregnancy complications  Kayla goes into premature labor and gives birth to her baby boy at 26 weeks  She names him Joe after his paternal grandmother, Jo Johnson  Joe grows stronger only to be kidnapped in the summer of 2008 by Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo)  Joe leaves town in early 2009 with his parents  Though off screen, Joe comes back to town in 2011 when his parents separate and later divorce  Joe (Jadon Wells) first appears onscreen in late 2012 during the Christmas episodes  The character is limited to special appearances during Christmas episodes and is last seen in December 2014 during a Christmas party 

2015–2017
In August 2015, a now 16 year old, Joe, also known as Joey returns to Salem with Steve  Joey had left boarding school and found his father in New York City  Joey acts out because he resents Steve for abandoning the family  When Steve leaves town to find Joey's uncle Bo, Joey stows away on the plane  After the two have a heart to heart, where Steve recounts the story of how he and Kayla fell in love, Joey returns home  However, Joey continues causing trouble when he sabotages the electricity in the library at Salem High  Joey bonds with Theo Carver (Kyler Pettis) during Salem's bicentennial celebration and he ends up collapsing outside  Theo gets help and Joey is rushed to the hospital  Steve makes it back in time to see Joey in the hospital and Kayla reveals that there a drugs in his system  However, Joey denies ever taking drugs  While he recovers and gets released from the hospital, it is later revealed that Joey is working with Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to orchestrate his parents' reunion—unaware of her past  After his parents reunite, Steve and Kayla discover Ava's back in Salem and assume Joey has been working with her, but he denies it  Joey later admits to Ava that he is in love with her and he kisses her but Ava rejects him and reveals that she is dying  Kayla finds them together and demands that he stay away from her  Joey confides in Steve about his feelings for Ava and is shocked to learn Ava's past and that she may have given birth to Steve's son  Ava later kidnaps Kayla forcing Steve to cooperate with her in exchange for her release and Joey walks on them as they are about to make love  Ava forces Steve to leave town with  her and gives Joey Kayla's location to free her  Though they are reunited as a family, Steve's betrayal leaves Joey bitter and angry 

Development
Creation and casting
On November 24, 2012, Mary Beth Evans announced that child actor Jadon Wells would make his debut in the role of Joey in December 2012  Wells is the real life son of actor Dan Wells who had previously appeared on the series as Stan, the male alter ego of Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney)  Jadon's appearances were limited to special Christmas episodes and he last appeared in December 2014 In March 2015, it was reported that Days of Our Lives had released two casting notices — one of which was for the contract role of the 16 year old Joey  In April 2015, talent agency John Robert Powers San Diego announced that James Lastovic had been cast in the role of Joey Johnson with a two-year contract  Five months prior, Lastovic had quit his day job to do a play for $25 a week  "I had money saved up from the one commercial that I had done and thought I could use the money from that to do the play " However, the play lasted longer than expected and Lastovic ran out of money  "I was so broke that I looked forward to the dinner scene" so he could eat  Fortunately, Lastovic booked Days as the play ended  Lastovic had actually auditioned for the series three years prior  While he wasn't sure for what role he auditioned for Lastovic revealed, "I had the same exact sides when I read for Joey!" Lastovic filmed his first scenes in March 2015 and made his debut on August 28, 2015  During the audition process, Lastovic watched a few episodes of the series to prepare  Casting director Marnie Saitta later informed the young actor that he'd be working with two "adored" veterans in Mary Beth Evans (Kayla) and Stephen Nichols (Patch)  "I looked them up online and found some of their scenes from the 1980s  I saw how good they were and I was instantly excited to get to work with them" Lastovic revealed  After he booked the role, Lastovic admitted that he got hooked on the show when he went back to watch Patch and Kayla's love story 

Teen years (2015–2017)
The production team wanted to establish a teenage set in time for the show's 50th anniversary and Lastovic's casting was just the first in a slew of castings  Executive producer Ken Corday said "Joey will be giving Patch the 'rebel' a little of his own medicine!"  Lastovic was very nervous about playing such an important role but Mary Beth Evans invited him over to her home and greeted him with freshly baked cookies  "Seeing Mary Beth holding that plate of cookies, I immediately felt that motherly connection " He credited Evans and Stephen Nichols for making him comfortable  Lastovic also founded a mentor in costar Casey Moss who had joined the series two years prior in the similar role of troubled teenager JJ Deveraux—Joey's cousin  "I think he could see a little bit of himself in me" Lastovic said  Lastovic later admitted that his nerves worked well for his first scenes as Joey had recently run away from boarding school -- "he was supposed to be nervous " So much is changing Joey at the time of his return  "He's just beginning to experience all these new emotions, so he's feeling a little lost " Joey's needing his parents helps bring Patch and Kayla back together after years of estrangement  A promo for the show's 50th anniversary in November 2015 revealed that Joey is secretly conspiring with his father's ex-lover and family rival Ava Vitali (Tamara Braun) to help reunite his parents 

Departure
In March 2017, after a cryptic tweet by Lastovic's mother, Lucienne, it was rumored that the actor's contract with the series had not been renewed  On Wednesday, August 16, the rumors were proven through by Lastovic himself in an Instagram post, he last aired on August 22 when the character going to prison for Ava's murder 

Return and second departure
In November 2020, it was revealed in a Christmas promo for the show, that Lastovic will be returning as Joey, Lastovic made his return on December 10, 2020, and made an unannounced exit on December 24, 2020 

Second return
In June 2022, it was announced Tanner Stein had been cast in the role of Joey and would appear in the second season of Days of Our Lives: Beyond Salem in July of the same year, and will later begin appearing in a recurring capacity on Days of Our Lives 

Reception
Omar White-Nobles of TVSource Magazine praised the decision to age Joey along with the other characters in time for the show's 50th anniversary  "I may be 29, but I'm a fan of the multi-generational aspect of the continuing narrative " Lastovic's debut was "highly anticipated" as it coincided with the onscreen return of Stephen Nichols as Patch  Soap Opera Digest included the actor in its list of the "Hottest Newcomers" for the year 2015  Daytime Confidential also listed Lastovic as number five on their own list of the "Top 20 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2015 " The blog praised Lastovic for his portrayal and said Joey's habit of acting out and causing grief for his mother "helps to further ground the Johnsons as Salem's relatable, working central family " Omar Nobles said Joey return provided Kayla with "a greater purpose and more attention in just a few short weeks than the four years since she returned to the show " He continued, "That's smart planning  That's smart creative " The website also praised Lastovic as being one of the strongest of the new younger actors 
Passage 8:
Pulse (1988 film)
Pulse is a 1988 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Paul Golding, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror, and starring Cliff De Young, Roxanne Hart, Joseph Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, and Charles Tyner  The film's title refers to a highly aggressive and intelligent pulse of electricity that terrorizes the occupants of a suburban house in Los Angeles, California  The film was produced through Columbia Pictures and the Aspen Film Society and distributed by Columbia Pictures  The titular Pulse and its accompanying elements were designed by Cinema Research Corporation 

Plot
A highly aggressive, paranormal intelligence thriving within the electrical grid system of Los Angeles, California is moving from house to house  It terrorizes the occupants by taking control of the appliances, killing them or causing them to wreck the house in an effort to destroy it  Once this has been accomplished, it travels along the power lines to the next house, and the terror restarts  Having thus wrecked one household in a quiet, suburban neighborhood, the pulse finds itself in the home of a boy's divorced father whom he is visiting  It gradually takes control of everything, injuring the stepmother, and trapping father and son, who must fight their way out 

Cast
Cliff De Young as Bill Rockland
Roxanne Hart as Ellen Rockland
Joey Lawrence as David Rockland
Matthew Lawrence as Stevie
Charles Tyner as Old Man Holger
Dennis Redfield as Pete
Robert Romanus as Paul
Myron Healey as Howard
Michael Rider as Foreman
Jean Sincere as Ruby
Terry Beaver as Policeman
Greg Norberg as Policeman
Tim Russ as Policeman

Release
The film was promoted by the taglines "It traps you in your house   then pulls the plug," "In every second of every day, it improves our lives  And in a flash, it can end them," and also "the ultimate shocker "

Production
The film was produced by Aspen Film Society, a film production company founded by Steve Martin and William E  McEuen Paul Golding got the idea for Pulse from two unrelated events with the first being when the screenwriter Caleb Deschanel spent the night in his house and told him that at night he’d been listening to “the sounds of the house…  the house was alive and it was taking care of me“, and the second was when he heard about a computer that reprogrammed itself  Golding wrote the screenplay under the working titles of House, Tract and Currents in 1981 but couldn’t get it made until Columbia eventually took it on seven years later  David Morse and Tommy Lee Jones both auditioned for the role of Bill but lost to Cliff De Young  Production was completed a day early and $1 million dollars under its $6 million dollar budget, and as a result were able to afford Oxford Scientific Films to do many of the special effects 

Release
David V  Picker, the head of Paramount Pictures at the time, was impressed by the film and intended to position it as a wide release, but changes in studio management curtailed this and it was only released theatrically in Texas and Oklahoma, while it went straight to video elsewhere  The movie did however become a success on video 

Reception
Pulse has a 64% approval rating at the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews 

Music
The musical score for Pulse was composed by Jay Ferguson, who also composed "Pictures of You" from the soundtrack to The Terminator, and the film score to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Miller Township, Knox County, Ohio
Miller Township is one of the twenty-two townships of Knox County, Ohio, United States   The 2010 census found 1,006 people in the township 

Geography
Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships:

Clinton Township - north
Pleasant Township - northeast
Morgan Township - east
Burlington Township, Licking County - south
Bennington Township, Licking County - southwest corner
Milford Township - west
Liberty Township - northwest cornerNo municipalities are located in Miller Township 

Name and history
Miller Township was named for James Miller, a pioneer settler who gave elections officials five and one half gallons of whiskey to secure the honor   It is the only Miller Township statewide Miller Township was originally built up chiefly by settlers from Vermont and Rhode Island 

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1  Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it  There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election  Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees 
Passage 2:
Margaret McWade
Margaret McWade (born Margaret May Fish; September 3, 1871 –  April 1, 1956) was an American stage and film actress  She began her career in vaudeville in the early 1890s  Her most memorable role was as one of The Pixilated Sisters, a comedic stage act with actress Margaret Seddon  Later in 1936, they reprised their roles in the movie Mr  Deeds Goes to Town 

Biography
Margaret May Fish was born September 3, 1871, in Chicago, Illinois, the eldest of three daughters  A number of short biographies state that Fish was born in 1872; however, the 1900 U S  Census reports her birth in 1871 

Career
During her early career, Margaret May Fish went by the stage name Margaret May  In the late 1890s, while performing in vaudeville, she met fellow actress Margaret Seddon  The two actresses teamed to create a stage act known as The Pixillated Sisters  The act proved to be a hit for the duo  Years later, they would reprise The Pixilated Sisters in the 1936 movie Mr  Deeds Goes to Town 
On September 4, 1897, Margaret married actor Edward McWade  Margaret and her husband appeared in a number of stage performances together in Boston and New York before their marriage  Their earliest stage appearance together was in March 1892 in Boston  They were cast as supporting characters in County Fair at the Whitney Opera House  Until late 1919, Margaret continued to use her stage name Margaret May Margaret McWade made her screen debut in the 1914 silent film The Drama of Heyville, starring Marc McDermott and directed by Ashley Miller  She was under contract to the Edison Film Company and was later picked up by the Vitagraph Film Company  She acted in a total of 59 films from 1914 to 1954 Between films, she was a prolific stage actress, touring the U S  with various theatrical companies  Margaret also toured in theater shows with her husband Edward, several which he wrote  In April 1901, Edward McWade wrote and produced the play Winchester at the American Theater in New York  The play was based upon an event during the Civil War  Edward McWade wrote a supporting role for his wife  In 1902, he wrote the play The Land of Mystery, a romantic drama in which Margaret also had a role In 1922, Margaret was cast in the movie The Blot, produced and directed by Lois Weber  The Blot is considered by many critics to be Weber's greatest film  McWade played Mrs  Griggs, and she is described in reviews as the, "old mother hubbard, shouldering most of the burden for the penny pinching family " The movie received critical acclaim, which paved the way for more acting roles  McWade most often was described as playing the mother, aunt, older sister, spinster, and later in her career, the grandmother  In the Louisiana newspaper Monroe Morning World on June 5, 1938, she is described physically as "the one with the angular face and black hair" In 1935, producers approached both McWade and Seddon and asked them to reprise their roles as The Pixilated Sisters for the 1936 movie Mr  Deeds Goes to Town, starring Gary Cooper and directed by Frank Capra  In the film, the two actresses play sisters who believe that Cooper's character is "pixilated"  Reprising these characters set off a brief firestorm of stage and film performances for the duo  In The Corsicana Daily Sun, McWade is quoted regarding having played the Pixilated Sisters in the movie: "it's a one chance in a million, like something out of a book  It's not hard to understand  It wasn't we who clicked individually or even collectively  It was a grand part  If you recall, we turned the tide by our testimony in favor of Gary Cooper at an insanity hearing  He was a beloved character, and by helping him we helped ourselves "The two actresses teamed for a variety of films throughout the late 1930s and into the 1940s, often playing spinster sisters in comedic roles written for them, such as One Man's Bonus  After 1936, they often were billed in newspapers and posters as those "beloved Pixilated Sisters" 

Later years and death
Two years after performing in her last movie, Margaret McWade died on April 1, 1956, in Los Angeles at the age of 83  She was buried in her hometown of Chicago, Illinois in Rosehill Cemetery 

Stage performances
1892: The County Fair  The Whitney Opera House; Boston, MA; ** Edward McWade in production 
1893: Comic Stage Sketches  Boston, MA; **Edward McWade in production 
1901: Winchester  The American Theater, New York; Written by Edward McWade 
1902: The Land of Mystery  New York Theater Company; New York; Written by husband Edward McWade 
1912: Robert A  Hudson Theater; San Francisco, CA; New York Stage Production Company 
1925: The Painted Lady The William Fox Players  Touring theatrical show  Bar Harbor Maine 

Partial filmography
Passage 3:
Peggy Wehmeyer
Margaret "Peggy" Wehmeyer is an American journalist and op-ed writer contributing to The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and The Dallas Morning News  She also served for seven years as the religion correspondent on the ABC News television network, before becoming the host and managing editor of The World Vision Report Wehmeyer was born in Oklahoma City and was raised mostly in Barbados and Texas  An ethnic German Jew, she is religiously Christian   She is a graduate of the University of Texas in Austin  As a young woman, Wehmeyer worked and studied at Dallas Theological Seminary  In 1994, she was hired by ABC News, with the strong support of Peter Jennings, to become the first full-time religion correspondent on a national news network where she served for seven years   20/20 and Good Morning America also aired her stories  Prior to her job at ABC, she worked at WFAA-TV in Dallas on the station's religion beat In 2002, she left ABC to become the host and managing editor of the World Vision Report, a public radio broadcast funded by the World Vision charitable organization  As host of The World Vision Report, Peggy reported on global stories about justice and poverty  She has received multiple awards including two Cine Golden Eagle Awards, the Columbus International Film and Video Festival Award and a New York Festivals award 

Personal life
Wehmeyer has two adult daughters, Hannah Woods Buchannan (Assoc  Pastor, HPUMC) and Lauren Woods Meyer (Federal Public Defender)  Her marriage to Mark Woods lasted until his death in 2008 
Passage 4:
Thundering Caravans
Thundering Caravans is a 1952 American Western film directed by Harry Keller and starring Allan Lane, Mona Knox and Eddy Waller The film's art direction was by Frank Hotaling 

Plot
Cast
Allan Lane as Marshal Rocky Lane
Black Jack as Black Jack
Eddy Waller as Sheriff Nugget Clark
Mona Knox as Alice Scott
Roy Barcroft as Ed Brill
Isabel Randolph as Deborah Cranston
Richard Crane as Deputy Dan Reed
William Henry as Bert Cranston
Edward Clark as Printer Tom
Pierre Watkin as Head Marshal
Stanley Andrews as Henry Scott
Boyd 'Red' Morgan as Henchman Joe
Fred Aldrich as Townsman
Art Dillard as Henchman
Roy Engel as Frank
Marshall Reed as Wounded Driver
Tex Terry as Rogers
Dale Van Sickel as Cave Henchman
Passage 5:
Margaret Knox
Margaret Knox (née Stewart; 1547 – after 1612) was a Scottish noblewoman and the second wife of Scottish reformer John Knox, whom she married when she was 17 years old and he 54  The marriage caused consternation from Mary, Queen of Scots, as the couple had married without having obtained royal consent 

Family
Margaret Stewart was born in 1547, the daughter of Andrew Stewart, 2nd Lord Ochiltree, and Agnes Cunningham  The family was staunchly Protestant, and also related to the Scottish royal family and the Hamiltons  Margaret had three sisters and four brothers, including James Stewart, Earl of Arran 

Marriages and children
On 26 March 1564, she married her first husband, John Knox, leader of the Scottish Reformation, and a close friend of her father  His first wife, Marjorie Bowes, had died in December 1560, leaving him with two small sons, Nathaniel and Eleazer  The marriage was strongly criticised by Queen Mary, as they had married without having first obtained her consent  Margaret, as the Queen's relative, was required to ask the monarch for permission to marry 
The couple made their home on Edinburgh's Royal Mile, and together they had three daughters:
Martha Knox (1565–1592), married Alexander Fairlie, by whom she had issue 
Margaret Knox (b 1567), married Zachary Pont, by whom she had issue 
Elizabeth Knox (1570- January 1622), married in 1594, John Welsh, minister of Ayr, by whom she had issue Margaret served as Knox's secretary, and later, when he became ill, his nurse  Following Knox's death in November 1572, the General Assembly, at the suggestion of the Regent, Morton, allowed Margaret to receive, for the year succeeding her husband's death, his pension of 500 merks In January 1574, she married her second husband, Sir Andrew Ker of Faldonside  He had been part of the conspiracy of Protestant nobles, led in March 1566 by Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven, who had stabbed to death Queen Mary's Italian secretary, David Rizzio in the presence of the Queen, who was almost six months pregnant at the time  It was Ker who had held his pistol at Mary's side, while she was constrained to watch Rizzio's killing Together they had a number of children, one of which was named John Ker, minister of Salt Preston On 8 April 1574, a Charter of Alienation confirmed Ker's provision for Margaret, in her widowhood, of the liferent of a third of ancestral lands in Haddingtonshire  Kerr died on 19 December 1599, and she did not remarry 
Margaret died sometime after 1612 
Passage 6:
Blue Chip Conference
The Blue Chip Conference is a high school athletic conference in southwestern Indiana, United States  The conference's members are small A or AA high schools located in Daviess, Dubois, Gibson, Knox, and Martin counties  The BCC was founded in 1968, with Barr-Reeve, Bloomfield, Loogootee, North Daviess, North Knox, South Knox, and Springs Valley  Barr-Reeve had to wait until 1969 to be released from the Patoka Valley Conference to play in the league, and Loogootee also had to wait until 1970 to leave the Southwestern Indiana Conference  The conference grew to 11 schools in the mid-1970s, but for the most part has stabilized at nine schools since then with the only exception being the 6 year period between the addition of Wood Memorial in 2000 and loss of Forest Park in 2006 where the count was at 10 

Member schools
North Knox is a member of the Southwest Football Conference for football 
North Knox played in the Western Indiana Conference 1977-81, then played independently from 1981 to 1986 before rejoining the BCC 
Shoals played concurrently in the BCC and SWIAC from 1977 to 1979 

Former members
Bloomfield played concurrently in the BCC and SWIAC for its entire BCC duration 

Membership timeline
Conference championships
Football
Football was discontinued as a conference sport after the 1977-78 school year  Mitchell and Springs Valley would move to the Patoka Lake Conference one year later, and North Daviess would be an independent until joining the Southwest Seven Conference 

Boys basketball
Champions before 1993-94 season unverified 

Girls basketball
Champions before 2000-01 season unverified 

State titles
Barr-Reeve Vikings (3)
2013 Volleyball (A)
2015 Boys Basketball (A)
2018 Girls Volleyball (A)
2020 Girls Volleyball (AA)
2021 Boys Basketball (A)

Loogootee Lions (2)
2012 Boys Basketball (A)
2020 Girls Basketball (A)

North Knox Warriors (0)
Northeast Dubois Jeeps (0)
Shoals Jug Rox (0)
South Knox Spartans (0)
Vincennes Rivet Patriots (0)
1A Girls Basketball (2011)

Washington Catholic Cardinals (0)
Wood Memorial Trojans (1)
2017 Girls Basketball (A)

Runner-Up Titles, and State Finals Appearances
Barr-Reeve Vikings
1998 Boys Baseball   (A)
1998 Girls Volleyball(A)
2001 Girls Volleyball(A)
2002 Boys Basketball (A)
2007 Boys Basketball (A)
2008 Girls Volleyball(A)
2009 Girls Volleyball(A)
2010 Boys Basketball (A)
2014 Boys Basketball (A)
2015 Girls Basketball (A)
2016 Boys Cross Country - Single Class
2018 Girls Cross Country - Single Class
2019 Boys Basketball (A)

Wood Memorial Trojans
2007 Girls Basketball (A)

Loogootee Lions
2005 Boys Basketball  (A)
1975 Boys Basketball  (Pre-Class)
1970 Boys Basketball (Pre-Class)
2012 Girls Volleyball (A)
2007 Girls Volleyball (A)
2006 Girls Volleyball (A)
2005 Girls Volleyball (A)
2000 Girls Volleyball (A)
2021 Girls Basketball (A)
2020 Girls Volleyball (A)

Vincennes Rivet Patriots
2009 Girls Basketball (A)
2009 Boys Baseball (A)
2010 Girls Basketball (A)
2013 Boys Baseball (A)
2018 Girls Basketball (A)
2019 Girls Basketball (A)

Washington Catholic Cardinals
2005 Girls Basketball (A)

Former Member State Titles
Forest Park Rangers (3)
2001 Softball (A)
2005 Boys Basketball (2A)
2006 Boys Basketball (2A)

Neighboring Conferences
Pocket Athletic Conference
Patoka Lake Conference
Passage 7:
Monroe City, Indiana
Monroe City is a town in Harrison Township, Knox County, Indiana, United States  The population was 545 at the 2010 census 
Monroe City was named for one of its founders, Monroe Alton 

Geography
Monroe City is located at 38°36′57″N 87°21′19″W (38 615891, -87 355232) According to the 2010 census, Monroe City has a total area of 0 27 square miles (0 70 km2), all land 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 545 people, 217 households, and 153 families living in the town  The population density was 2,018 5 inhabitants per square mile (779 3/km2)  There were 238 housing units at an average density of 881 5 per square mile (340 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 98 7% White, 0 6% African American, 0 2% Native American, and 0 6% from other races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 7% of the population 
There were 217 households, of which 37 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53 0% were married couples living together, 14 3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29 5% were non-families  29 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 51 and the average family size was 3 08 
The median age in the town was 32 8 years  28 8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29% were from 25 to 44; 20 7% were from 45 to 64; and 13 2% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the town was 47 3% male and 52 7% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 548 people, 231 households, and 157 families living in the town  The population density was 2,039 4 inhabitants per square mile (787 4/km2)  There were 259 housing units at an average density of 963 9 per square mile (372 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 99 27% White, 0 18% African American, and 0 55% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 36% of the population 
There were 231 households, out of which 32 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53 7% were married couples living together, 11 3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32 0% were non-families  31 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 36 and the average family size was 2



ground_truth: Canyon County

Canyon County, Idaho

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the brother of the Melissa and Joey Theme Song singer?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 94 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24 6% under the age of 18, 8 4% from 18 to 24, 26 8% from 25 to 44, 22 6% from 45 to 64, and 17 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 3 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $32,788, and the median income for a family was $43,125  Males had a median income of $31,364 versus $18,269 for females  The per capita income for the town was $15,579  About 7 2% of families and 7 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9 0% of those under age 18 and 2 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 8:
Margaret Blair Young
Margaret Blair Young (born 1955) is an American author, filmmaker, and writing instructor who taught for thirty years at Brigham Young University 

Biography
Young's published work includes the novels House Without Walls (1991), Salvador (1992), and Heresies of Nature (2002) and the short story collections Elegies and Love Songs (1992) (which won an Association of Mormon Letters award) and Love Chains (1997)  She also co-authored a trilogy of historical novels about Black Mormon pioneers titled Standing on the Promises with Darius Gray   The trilogy, published between 2000 and 2003, was republished in revised and expanded form in 2012 and 2013 Young scripted and helped direct a 2005 television documentary based on the life of Jane Elizabeth Manning James, "Jane Manning James: Your Sister in the Gospel "  The 20-minute documentary has been shown at This Is The Place Heritage Park in Salt Lake City, Utah, the 2005 annual conference of the Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research (FAIR), and on public television (PBS)   Documentary filmmaker Scott Freebairn produced and directed the film   More recently, Young served as the project director for the Utah chapter of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society's film The Wisdom of our Years   In 2008, Young and Gray completed a long documentary titled Nobody Knows: The Untold Story of Black Mormons, which has been shown on PBS stations, in film festivals, and on the Documentary Channel   Her award-winning play, I Am Jane, also about Black Mormon pioneer Jane Manning James, has been produced throughout the country  Young has also authored encyclopedia articles on Blacks in the western United States, and has served as president of the Association for Mormon Letters  In 2014 she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Whitney Awards and the Smith-Pettit Foundation Award for Outstanding Contribution to Mormon Letters Young’s recent efforts have been directed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where she and her team are working to launch the film industry, which disappeared amidst the chaos of war and corruption in the 1990s   She has teamed up with Tshoper Kabambi, Deborah Basa, and Ephraim Faith on film initiatives   They work with Bimpa Production in Kinshasa, which is producing a film that Young has scripted and that Tshoper Kabambi is directing   Young is also working on literacy and educational projects, and is teaching students at various schools throughout the DR-Congo how to create their own books, given the relative lack of books in the Congo   In Lodja, DR-Congo, she works with Professor Abbé On'okundji Okavu Ekanga, author of Les Entrailles du Porc-épic: Une nouvelle éthique pour l’Afrique   Mr  Okundji returned to his home village in the Congo to help it recover from the Congo war of 1998-2004 
Young is married to English professor Bruce Wilson Young (1950- )  Bruce is a BYU, Columbia and Harvard graduate who has written multiple essays and the book Family Life in the Age of Shakespeare   They are the parents of four children, including vocal performer and music instructor Kaila Lifferth and writer Robbie Blair 

See also
LDS fiction
Passage 9:
Butler Township, Knox County, Ohio
Butler Township is one of the twenty-two townships of Knox County, Ohio, United States   The 2010 census found 1,171 people in the township 

Geography
Located in the eastern part of the county, it borders the following townships:

Union Township - north
Tiverton Township, Coshocton County - northeast corner
Newcastle Township, Coshocton County - east
Perry Township, Coshocton County - southeast corner
Jackson Township - south
Clay Township - southwest corner
Harrison Township - west
Howard Township - northwest cornerNo municipalities are located in Butler Township 

Name and history
Butler Township was organized in 1825 It is one of six Butler Townships statewide 

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1  Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it  There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election  Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees 
Passage 10:
The Education of Shelby Knox
The Education of Shelby Knox is 2005 documentary film that tells the coming-of-age story of public speaker and feminist Shelby Knox, a teenager who joins a campaign for comprehensive sex education in the high schools of Lubbock, Texas  TEOSK was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival in 2005 and aired on PBS’ P O V  series that same year  It was directed and produced by Marion Lipschutz and Rose Rosenblatt 

Overview
Lubbock has some of the highest teen pregnancy and STD rates in the nation, the "solution" to which is a strict abstinence-only sex education curriculum in the public schools and a conservative preacher who urges kids to pledge abstinence until marriage 
Shelby Knox is a deeply religious Southern Baptist teenager who joins the Lubbock Youth Commission, a group of high school students representing a youth voice in city government  When the teens confront Lubbock's sexual health crisis and campaign for comprehensive sex education, Knox throws herself into the battle with missionary fervor, struggling to reconcile her newfound political beliefs with her conservative religious views  When the campaign broadens to include a fight for a gay-straight alliance, Knox must confront her family and pastor in this coming-of-age story 

Awards
The Education of Shelby Knox has received a number of awards:

2005 Sundance Film Festival (Excellence in Cinematography, Documentary Category)
2005 SXSW Film Festival (Audience Award)
2005 Sonoma Valley Film Festival (Jury Prize)
2005 Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival (Jury Prize, Best Documentary)
2005 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival (Emerging Pictures Audience Award)
Council on Foundations (2005 Henry Hampton Award for Excellence in Film & Digital Media)
2005 Fresno Reel Pride Film Festival (Audience Award, Best Feature)
2006 The Index on Censorship's Freedom of Expression Film Award (Nominee)

Shelby Knox in the News
The Dixie Chicks' 2006 album Taking the Long Way features a track titled "Lubbock or Leave It", which is based on The Education of Shelby Knox  When the song came out, the group's member Emily Robison told the press: "We'd seen a documentary called The Education of Shelby Knox, which was about a girl     trying to get Lubbock to teach sex education in the schools  Lubbock has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy and STDs in the U S , so it really showed what happens when you keep that information away from people " Lead singer Natalie Maines, who is from Lubbock, subsequently spoke (during a 2006 episode of VH1 Storytellers) about watching the film and drawing from her own experiences of living there to write the song 
In the 2013 documentary How to Lose Your Virginity, scenes from The Education of Shelby Knox are featured alongside interviews with Shelby Knox As of June 2011, Shelby Knox is living in New York City and serving as the Director of Organizing, Women's Rights for Change org 
Passage 11:
Warren, Kentucky
Warren is an unincorporated community and coal town in Knox County, Kentucky, United States  It was also known as Cumberland Station 
Passage 12:
Enoch Arden law
The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven 
After seven years the missing spouse can be declared legally dead 
The "Enoch Arden doctrine" is named after Tennyson's 1864 melodrama Enoch Arden 
Passage 13:
Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism that broke from the Roman Catholic Church  Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government by representative assemblies of elders  Many Reformed churches are organised this way, but the word Presbyterian, when capitalized, is often applied to churches that trace their roots to the Church of Scotland or to English Dissenter groups that formed during the English Civil War Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ  Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain  In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America, mostly by Scots and Scotch-Irish immigrants  The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the Reformed theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there is a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism  Local congregations of churches which use Presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders), a conciliar approach as with other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod, and general assembly)  There are roughly 75 million Presbyterians in the world The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Reformation of the 16th century, the example of John Calvin's Republic of Geneva being particularly influential  Most Reformed churches that trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government  In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches  Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches  Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists  Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scottish immigrants, Scots-Irish immigrants, and also from New England communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon Plan of Union of 1801 for frontier areas 

Presbyterian identity
Early history
Presbyterian tradition, particularly that of the Church of Scotland, traces its early roots to the Christian Church founded by Saint Columba, through the 6th-century Hiberno-Scottish mission  Tracing their apostolic origin to Saint John, the Culdees practised Christian monasticism, a key feature of Celtic Christianity in the region, with a presbyter exercising "authority within the institution, while the different monastic institutions were independent of one another " The Church in Scotland kept the Christian feast of Easter at a date different from the See of Rome and its monks used a unique style of tonsure  The Synod of Whitby in 664, however, ended these distinctions as it ruled "that Easter would be celebrated according to the Roman date, not the Celtic date " Although Roman influence came to dominate the Church in Scotland, certain Celtic influences remained in the Scottish Church, such as "the singing of metrical psalms, many of them set to old Celtic Christianity Scottish traditional and folk tunes", which later became a "distinctive part of Scottish Presbyterian worship" 

Development
Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation  As the Catholic Church resisted the Reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations  
Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scottish Catholic Priest who studied with Calvin in Geneva and brought back Reformed teachings to Scotland  An important influence on the formation of presbyterianism in Britain also came from John a Lasco - a Polish reformer, the founder of a Stranger's Church in London, based on the Geneva models The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to Scotland  In August 1560, the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom  In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries In time, the Scots Confession would be supplanted by the Westminster Confession of Faith, and the larger and shorter catechisms, which were formulated by the Westminster Assembly between 1643 and 1649 

Characteristics
Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organisation (or "church order") and worship; often using a "Book of Order" to regulate common practice and order  The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism  Many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups  Some of the splits have been due to doctrinal controversy, while some have been caused by disagreement concerning the degree to which those ordained to church office should be required to agree with the Westminster Confession of Faith, which historically serves as an important confessional document – second only to the Bible, yet directing particularities in the standardisation and translation of the Bible – in Presbyterian churches 
Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning, tempered with the belief that no human action can affect salvation 
Continuous study of the scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine are embodied in several statements of faith and catechisms formally adopted by various branches of the church, often referred to as "subordinate standards" 
When the women with Eliza Thompson gathered to pray at a Presbyterian church in Hillsboro, Ohio, this became the birthplace of the highly influential Woman's Temperance Crusade  Presbyterian evangelist Billy Sunday also persuaded many thousands who drank to turn to Christ instead – wanting Christ now and no more alcohol 

Government
Presbyterian government is by councils (still known as courts in some countries, as boards in others) of elders  Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, and mission of the local congregation  Teaching elders (pastors or ministers) have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments  Pastors or ministers are called by individual congregations  A congregation issues a call for the pastor or minister's service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery  The pastor or minister is a teaching elder, and Moderator of the Session, but is not usually a member of the congregation; instead, this person is a member of the Presbytery of which the given church is a member 
Ruling elders are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the teaching elders, assuming responsibility for the nurture and leadership of the congregation  Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers (sometimes called deacons, which are ordained in some denominations)  This group may variously be known as a "Deacon Board", "Board of Deacons" "Diaconate", or "Deacons' Court"  These are sometimes known as "presbyters" to the full congregation  Since the 20th century, most denominations allow women to be teaching or ruling elders 
Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities  These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations  The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists  This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches, such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church (U S A ); some bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly, and usually the step skipped is the Synod  The Church of Scotland abolished the Synod in 1993 Presbyterian governance is practiced by Presbyterian denominations and also by many other Reformed churches 

Doctrine
Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition  This has two implications  The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of "confessions of faith," which have some level of authoritative status  However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is not solely an individual matter  While individuals are encouraged to understand Scripture, and may challenge the current institutional understanding, theology is carried out by the community as a whole  It is this community understanding of theology that is expressed in confessions However, there has arisen a spectrum of approaches to confessionalism  The manner of subscription, or the degree to which the official standards establish the actual doctrine of the church, is a practical matter  That is, the decisions rendered in ordination and in the courts of the church largely determine what the church means, representing the whole, by its adherence to the doctrinal standard 
Some Presbyterian traditions adopt only the Westminster Confession of Faith as the doctrinal standard to which teaching elders are required to subscribe, in contrast to the Larger and Shorter catechisms, which are approved for use in instruction  Many Presbyterian denominations, especially in North America, have adopted all of the Westminster Standards as their standard of doctrine which is subordinate to the Bible  These documents are Calvinistic in their doctrinal orientation  The Presbyterian Church in Canada retains the Westminster Confession of Faith in its original form, while admitting the historical period in which it was written should be understood when it is read 
The Westminster Confession is "The principal subordinate standard of the Church of Scotland" but "with due regard to liberty of opinion in points which do not enter into the substance of the Faith" (V)  This formulation represents many years of struggle over the extent to which the confession reflects the Word of God and the struggle of conscience of those who came to believe it did not fully do so (e g  William Robertson Smith)  Some Presbyterian Churches, such as the Free Church of Scotland, have no such "conscience clause" 
The Presbyterian Church (U S A ) has adopted the Book of Confessions, which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards  These other documents include ancient creedal statements (the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed), 16th-century Reformed confessions (the Scots Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, the Second Helvetic Confession), and 20th century documents (The Theological Declaration of Barmen, Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith) 
The Presbyterian Church in Canada developed the confessional document Living Faith (1984) and retains it as a subordinate standard of the denomination  It is confessional in format, yet like the Westminster Confession, draws attention back to original Bible text 
Presbyterians in Ireland who rejected Calvinism and the Westminster Confessions formed the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland 
John Gresham Machen, the prominent Presbyterian theologian and Professor of New Testament at Princeton Seminary between 1906 and 1929, led a revolt against modernist doctrine in his Christianity and Liberalism (1923) that critiqued theological modernism  He argued that modernism and liberal theology was a false religion, a pretender that cloaks itself in Christian language – "Liberalism"  This religion is a marriage of naturalism, humanism, secularism, and sentimentalism all rolled into one 

Worship and sacraments
Worship
Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship, developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s  This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over the preceding century by British Puritans, initially guided by John Calvin and John Knox  It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere 

Historically, the driving principle in the development of the standards of Presbyterian worship is the Regulative principle of worship, which specifies that (in worship), what is not commanded is forbidden Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship  However, there is not one fixed "Presbyterian" worship style  Although there are set services for the Lord's Day in keeping with first-day Sabbatarianism, one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or more of Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed), or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by many American Presbyterians)  Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc  They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc  Many incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary  Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days 

Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full-length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past 

Sacraments
Presbyterians traditionally have held the Worship position that there are only two sacraments:

Baptism, in which they baptize infants, as well as unbaptized adults by the Aspersion (sprinkling) or Affusion (pouring) method in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, rather than the Immersion method 
The Lord's Supper (also known as Communion), in which Presbyterians believe in the Real Presence of Christ (pneumatic presence) in the spiritual sense, in the bread and wine through the Holy Spirit, as opposed to being locally present as in transubstantiation or consubstantiation 

Architecture
Some early Presbyterians, which were influenced by the puritan movement, were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred to the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met  Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches " Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God  The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship  Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain  No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house  The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building  But these were not the standard characteristics of the mainline Presbyterians  These were more of the wave of Presbyterians that were influenced by the Puritans 
In the late 19th century a gradual shift began to occur  Prosperous congregations built imposing churches, such as Fourth Presbyterian Church of Chicago, Brick Presbyterian Church in New York City, Shadyside Presbyterian Church in Pennsylvania, St Stephen Presbyterian in Fort Worth, Texas, and many others 
Usually a Presbyterian church will not have statues of saints, nor the ornate altar more typical of a Roman Catholic church  Instead, there is a "communion table," usually on the same level as the congregation, and sometimes elevated similar to an altar, however surrounded by the chancel  There may be a rail between the communion table and the chancel behind it, which may contain a more decorative altar-type table, choir loft, or choir stalls, lectern and clergy area  The altar is called the communion table, and the altar area is called the chancel by Presbyterians  In Presbyterian, and in Reformed churches, there may be an altar cross, either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel  By using the "empty" cross, or cross of the Westminster/Celtic cross, Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying, but died once and is alive for all eternity  Quite a few Presbyterian church buildings are decorated with a cross, that has a circle around the center, or Celtic cross  This not only emphasizes the resurrection, but also acknowledges historical aspects of Presbyterianism



ground_truth: Matthew Lawrence

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what year did Margaret Knox's spouse pass away?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  A baptismal font will be located either at the entrance or near the chancel area  Presbyterian architecture generally makes significant use of symbolism  One may also find decorative and ornate stained glass windows depicting scenes from the Bible  Some Presbyterian churches will also have ornate statues of Christ or graven scenes from the Last Supper located behind the chancel  St  Giles' Cathedral in Scotland has a crucifix next to an ornate elevated communion table that hangs alongside  The image of Christ is more of a faint image, with a more modern design 

By region
Europe
Scotland
John Knox (1505–1572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines  After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Catholic Church was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560  The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland  King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer  What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant  The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War  Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church 

However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government  However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church  In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland  Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland 
There are now eight Presbyterian denominations in Scotland today  These are, in order of size: the Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland, the United Free Church of Scotland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing), the Associated Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the International Presbyterian Church  Combined, they have over 1500 congregations in Scotland 
Within Scotland the term 'kirk' is usually used to refer to a local Presbyterian church  Informally, the term 'The Kirk' refers to the Church of Scotland  Some of the values and ideals espoused in Scottish Presbyterian denominations can be reflected in this reference in a book from Norman Drummond, chaplain to the Queen in Scotland Chart of splits and mergers of the Scottish Presbyterian churches

England
In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592  Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England  Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and his emigration abroad  Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England  Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England  The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church  In 1719 a major split, the Salter's Hall controversy, occurred; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views  Thomas Bradbury published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, "An answer to the reproaches cast on the dissenting ministers who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity " By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine 
A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later  Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876  Some, such as Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and Swallow Street (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at Crown Court, and St Columba's, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London  There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is affiliated with the Free Church of Scotland 
In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC)  Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part of Stepney Meeting House URC) – these are among the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century  The URC also has a presence in Scotland, mostly of former Congregationalist Churches  Two former Presbyterian congregations, St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford (founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the Church of Scotland in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929), continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the Church of Scotland 
In recent years a number of smaller denominations adopting Presbyterian forms of church government have organised in England, including the International Presbyterian Church planted by evangelical theologian Francis Schaeffer of the L'Abri Fellowship in the 1970s, and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales founded in the North of England in the late 1980s 

Wales
In Wales, Presbyterianism is represented by the Presbyterian Church of Wales, which was originally composed largely of Calvinistic Methodists who accepted Calvinist theology rather than the Arminianism of the Wesleyan Methodists  They broke off from the Church of England in 1811, ordaining their own ministers  They were originally known as the Calvinist Methodist connexion and in the 1920s it became alternatively known as the Presbyterian Church of Wales 

Ireland
Presbyterianism (Irish: Preispitéireachas, Ulster Scots: Prisbytairinism) is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland), and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, also James I of Ireland and England  An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690  The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church  Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century  Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church 

France
There is a Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) in central Paris: The Scots Kirk, which is English-speaking, and is attended by many nationalities  It maintains close links with the Church of Scotland in Scotland itself, as well as with the Reformed Church of France 

Italy
The Waldensian Evangelical Church (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) is an Italian Protestant denomination 
The church was founded in the 12th century, and centuries later, after the Protestant Reformation, it adhered to Calvinist theology and became the Italian branch of the Presbyterian churches  As such, the church is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches 

North America
Even before Presbyterianism spread with immigrants abroad from Scotland, there were divisions in the larger Presbyterian family  Some later rejoined only to separate again  In what some interpret as rueful self-reproach, some Presbyterians refer to the divided Presbyterian churches as the "Split Ps" 

United States
Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1644 with the establishment of Christ's First Presbyterian Church in Hempstead, New York  The Church was organized by the Rev  Richard Denton 
In 1703 the first Presbytery in Philadelphia was established  In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789  The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U S A ) – PC (USA) – can trace its heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC), and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO) 
Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS), the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery, the Covenant Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church, the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Korean American Presbyterian Church, and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America 
The territory within about a 50-mile (80 km) radius of Charlotte, North Carolina, is historically the greatest concentration of Presbyterianism in the Southern United States, while an almost identical geographic area around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, contains probably the largest number of Presbyterians in the entire nation 
The PC (USA), beginning with its predecessor bodies, has, in common with other so-called "mainline" Protestant denominations, experienced a significant decline in members in recent years  Some estimates have placed that loss at nearly half in the last forty years Presbyterian influence, especially through Princeton theology, can be traced in modern Evangelicalism  Balmer says that:

Evangelicalism itself, I believe, is a quintessentially North American phenomenon, deriving as it did from the confluence of Pietism, Presbyterianism, and the vestiges of Puritanism  Evangelicalism picked up the peculiar characteristics from each strain – warmhearted spirituality from the Pietists (for instance), doctrinal precisionism from the Presbyterians, and individualistic introspection from the Puritans – even as the North American context itself has profoundly shaped the various manifestations of evangelicalism: fundamentalism, neo-evangelicalism, the holiness movement, Pentecostalism, the charismatic movement, and various forms of African-American and Hispanic evangelicalism 
In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico  This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged  The area experienced a "mini" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution  In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages  The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return  However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area 
Historically, along with Lutherans and Episcopalians, Presbyterians tend to be considerably wealthier and are better educated (having more graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States; a group known as White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), they are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law, and politics 

Canada
In Canada, the largest Presbyterian denomination – and indeed the largest Protestant denomination – was the Presbyterian Church in Canada, formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups  In 1925, the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church, Canada, and the Congregational Union of Canada  A sizable minority of Canadian Presbyterians, primarily in southern Ontario but also throughout the entire nation, withdrew, and reconstituted themselves as a non-concurring continuing Presbyterian body  They regained use of the original name in 1939 

Latin America
Presbyterianism arrived in Latin America in the 19th century 

Mexico
The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America  The Independent Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, and the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition 

Brazil
In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc ) in this nation have around 350,000 members  The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131 000 members as of 2011  The Conservative Presbyterian Church in Brazil was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries  The Fundamentalist Presbyterian church in Brazil was influenced by Carl McIntire and the US Bible Presbyterian Church and has around 1 800 members  The Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil was founded in 1903 by Rev  Eduardo Carlos Pereira, has 500 congregations and 75 000 members  The United Presbyterian Church of Brazil has around 4 000 members  There are also ethnic Korean Presbyterian churches in the country  The Evangelical Reformed Churches in Brazil has Dutch origin  The Reformed Churches in Brazil were recently founded by the Canadian Reformed Churches with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) 
Congregational churches present in the country are also part of the Calvinistic tradition in Latin America 

Other Latin American states
There are probably more than four million members of Presbyterian churches in all of Latin America  Presbyterian churches are also present in Peru, Bolivia, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Argentina, Honduras and others, but with few members  The Presbyterian Church in Belize has 17 churches and church plants and there is a Reformed Seminary founded in 2004  Some Latin Americans in North America are active in the Presbyterian Cursillo Movement 

Africa
Presbyterianism arrived in Africa in the 19th century through the work of Scottish missionaries and founded churches such as St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi  The church has grown extensively and now has a presence in at least 23 countries in the region African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals  A number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in Africa and the PC(USA), including specific connections with Lesotho, Cameroon, Malawi, South Africa, Ghana and Zambia  For example, the Lackawanna Presbytery, located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, has a partnership with a presbytery in Ghana  Also the Southminster Presbyterian Church, located near Pittsburgh, has partnerships with churches in Malawi and Kenya  The Presbyterian Church of Nigeria, western Africa is also healthy and strong in mostly the southern states of this nation, strong density in the south-eastern states of this country  Beginning from Cross River state, the nearby coastal states, Rivers state, Lagos state to Ebonyi and Abia States  Hope Waddel's missionary expedition in the mid 19th century, and later Mary Slessor's stay in this coastal regions of the then British colony has brought about the beginning and the flourishing of this church in these areas 

Kenya
The Presbyterian Church of East Africa, based in Kenya, is particularly strong, with 500 clergy and 4 million members 

Malawi
The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17 000–20 000 members  It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland  The Restored Reformed Church works with RPCM  Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi is an existing small church  Part of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi and Zambia is known as CCAP, Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian  Often the churches there have one main congregation and a number of prayer houses develop  Education, health ministries, and worship and spiritual development are important 

Southern Africa
Southern Africa is a major base of Reformed and Presbyterian Churches 

Northern Africa
The Presbyterian Church of South Sudan and Sudan, founded in 1902 by American missionaries in Malakal, was deprived of foreign pastors since 1962 by decision of the Sudanese government but it continued to grow  It is now the 3rd largest Christian church in Sudan with 1,000,000 members, now shared between Sudan and South Sudan 
The Presbyterian Evangelical Church of Sudan was founded in the north of the country and in Khartoum by the same American missionaries in the late 19th century but left under the guidance of Egyptian evangelical pastors of Coptic origin In addition, there are a number of Presbyterian Churches in north Africa, the most known is the Nile Synod in Egypt and a recently founded synod for Sudan 

Asia
Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China (CCC) is a uniting church formed by Presbyterians and Congregationalists, which inherited the Reformed tradition  HKCCCC is also the only mainline Reformed church in Hong Kong 
Cumberland Presbyterian Church Yao Dao Secondary School is a Presbyterian school in Yuen Long, New Territories  The Cumberland Presbyterian Church also have a church on the island of Cheung Chau  There are also Korean Christians resident in Hong Kong who are Presbyterians 

South Korea
Presbyterian Churches are the biggest and by far the most influential Protestant denominations in South Korea, with close to 20,000 churches affiliated with the two largest Presbyterian denominations in the country  In South Korea there are 9 million Presbyterians, forming the majority of the 15 million Korean Protestants  In South Korea there are 100 different Presbyterian denominations Most of the Korean Presbyterian denominations share the same name in Korean, 대한예수교장로회 (literally means the Presbyterian Church of Korea or PCK), tracing its roots to the United Presbyterian Assembly before its long history of disputes and schisms  The Presbyterian schism began with the controversy in relation to the Japanese shrine worship enforced during the Japanese colonial period and the establishment of a minor division (Koryu-pa, 고려파, later The Koshin Presbyterian Church in Korea, Koshin 고신) in 1952  And in 1953 the second schism happened when the theological orientation of the Chosun Seminary (later Hanshin University) founded in 1947 could not be tolerated in the PCK and another minor group (The Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea, Kijang, 기장) was separated  The last major schism had to do with the issue of whether the PCK should join the WCC  The controversy divided the PCK into two denominations, The Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap, 통합) and The General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong, 합동) in 1959  All major seminaries associated with each denomination claim heritage from the Pyung Yang Theological Seminary, therefore, not only Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary and Chongsin University which are related to PCK but also Hanshin University of PROK all celebrated the 100th class in 2007, 100 years from the first graduates of Pyung Yang Theological Seminary Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States  GMS, the missionary body of the "Hapdong" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea 
In addition there are many Korean-American Presbyterians in the United States, either with their own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches as is the case in Australia, New Zealand and even Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia with Korean immigration 
The Korean Presbyterian Church started through the mission of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Australian Presbyterian theological tradition is central to the United States  But after independence, the 'Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa)' advocated a Dutch Reformed position  In the 21st century, a new General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea (Founder  Ha Seung-moo) in 2012 declared itself an authentic historical succession of Scottish Presbyterian John Knox 

Taiwan
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan, with some 238,372 members as of 2009 (including a majority of the island's aborigines)  English Presbyterian Missionary James Laidlaw Maxwell established the first Presbyterian church in Tainan in 1865  His colleague George Leslie Mackay, of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission, was active in Tamsui and north Taiwan from 1872 to 1901; he founded the island's first university and hospital, and created a written script for Taiwanese Minnan  The English and Canadian missions joined as the PCT in 1912  One of the few churches permitted to operate in Taiwan through the era of Japanese rule (1895–1945), the PCT experienced rapid growth during the era of Kuomintang-imposed martial law (1949–1987), in part due to its support for democracy, human rights, and Taiwan independence  Former ROC president Lee Teng-hui (in office 1988–2000) was a Presbyterian 

India
In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, Presbyterianism is the largest of all Christian denominations  It was brought there by missionaries from Wales in 1897  Prior to Mizoram, Welsh Presbyterians started venturing into the northeast India through the Khasi Hills (now in the state of Meghalaya in India) and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards  Hence, there is a strong presence of Presbyterians in Shillong (the present capital of Meghalaya) and the areas adjoining it  The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra (aka Cherrapunji) in 1846  The Presbyterian church in India was integrated in 1970 into the United Church of Northern India (originally formed in 1924)  It is the largest Presbyterian denomination in India 

Oceania
Australia
In Australia, Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity, with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census  Presbyterian churches were founded in each colony, some with links to the Church of Scotland and others to the Free Church  There were also congregations originating from United Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as a number founded by John Dunmore Lang  Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870, and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies  The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition, and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, originally from Ireland, are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times 
In 1977, two-thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, along with most of the Congregational Union of Australia and all the Methodist Church of Australasia, combined to form the Uniting Church in Australia  The third who did not unite had various reasons for so acting, often cultural attachment but often conservative theological or social views  The permission for the ordination of women given in 1974 was rescinded in 1991 without affecting the two or three existing woman ministers  The approval of women elders given in the 1960s has been rescinded in all states except New South Wales, which has the largest membership  The theology of the church is now generally conservative and Reformed  A number of small Presbyterian denominations have arisen since the 1950s through migration or schism 

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Presbyterian is the dominant denomination in Otago and Southland due largely to the rich Scottish and to a lesser extent Ulster-Scots heritage in the region  The area around Christchurch, Canterbury, is dominated philosophically by the Anglican denomination 
Originally there were two branches of Presbyterianism in New Zealand, the northern Presbyterian church which existed in the North Island and the parts of the South Island north of the Waitaki River, and the Synod of Otago and Southland, founded by Free Church settlers in southern South Island  The two churches merged in 1901, forming what is now the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand 
In addition to the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand, there is also a more conservative Presbyterian church called Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand  Many of its members left the largely liberal PCANZ because they were seeking a more conservative church  It has 17 churches throughout New Zealand 

Vanuatu
The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country, with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church  The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland  The PCV (Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu) is headed by a moderator with offices in Port Vila  The PCV is particularly strong in the provinces of Tafea, Shefa, and Malampa  The Province of Sanma is mainly Presbyterian with a strong Roman Catholic minority in the Francophone areas of the province  There are some Presbyterian people, but no organised Presbyterian churches in Penama and Torba, both of which are traditionally Anglican  Vanuatu is the only country in the South Pacific with a significant Presbyterian heritage and membership  The PCV is a founding member of the Vanuatu Christian Council (VCC)  The PCV runs many primary schools and Onesua secondary school  The church is strong in the rural villages 

See also
Celtic cross
English Presbyterianism
Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
Ghost Ranch
Puritan's Pit
Presbyterian confessions of faith
Religion in Scotland
Category:Presbyterian universities and colleges
Category:Presbyterians

Churches
List of Christian denominations#Presbyterianism
List of Presbyterian churches
St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh (Church of Scotland) – famous among Presbyterians worldwide for John Knox's success in preaching there
Passage 14:
Knox United Church (Saskatoon)
Knox United Church is a designated municipal heritage building at 838 Spadina Crescent East, in the Central Business District, of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada The congregation was established as part of the Saskatoon Presbyterian Field Mission in 1885 after the North-West Rebellion  Meetings were held in homes, the Old Stone Schoolhouse, the Methodist Church and even the railway roundhouse until a wood church holding 160 was constructed near the river Architects Brown and Vallance of Montreal designed the present-day church in the Collegiate Gothic style  Construction started in 1912 and was completed in 1914  The two-storey building is made of dark red brick walls, features stained-glass windows, and has seating 1,200  The acoustic qualities of the church have made it a regular venue for various social and cultural events, including chamber music performances 
The Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at Knox United Church



ground_truth: 1572