prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In which county was Larkin I. Smith born?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Larkin I  Smith
Larkin Irvin Smith (June 26, 1944 – August 13, 1989) was an American Congressman from Mississippi serving for seven months until he was killed in a plane crash in Perry County, Mississippi in 1989 
Smith was born in Poplarville, Mississippi to Nona Orene Bounds and her husband Hezekiah K  Smith, Sr  Smith was named after his maternal grandfather Larkin Bounds and his maternal uncle Irvin E  Bounds  He received his bachelor's degree from William Carey University and then served at various positions in the police forces in both Pearl River and then Harrison counties  He became the police chief in Gulfport and thereafter the Harrison County sheriff 
In 1988, Smith ran for the U S  House of Representatives as a Republican from Mississippi's 5th congressional district in the southern portion of the state after eight-term incumbent Trent Lott gave up the seat to make a successful run for the Senate 
He defeated Democratic State Senator Gene Taylor and took office on January 3, 1989  However, Smith died on the night of August 13 in a plane crash in rural Perry County near Gulfport after returning from opening the Little League baseball "Dixie Youth World Series" in Hattiesburg  The bodies of Smith and pilot Chuck Vierling were not recovered until the next morning after a search in which rescuers had to bulldoze their way through the forest  Smith's death came only six days after fellow Representative Mickey Leland of Texas died in a plane crash in Ethiopia on August 7, 1989 
Taylor would succeed Smith in a special election held some two months after the crash, beating Republican candidate Tom Anderson  Taylor was reelected every two years until 2010, when he was defeated by Republican State Representative Steven Palazzo 

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
Passage 2:
The Darling Buds of May (TV series)
The Darling Buds of May is a British comedy drama television series, produced by Yorkshire Television for the ITV network, first broadcast between 7 April 1991 and 4 April 1993  The first six episodes of Series 1 and the first two of Series 2 are adaptations of the 1958 novel of the same name, and three of its four sequels, by H  E  Bates   The remaining episodes are original storylines based on the same format 
Set in rural 1950s Kent, it follows the life of the Larkin family  It starred David Jason as "Pop" Larkin alongside Pam Ferris as "Ma" Larkin, with Catherine Zeta-Jones playing their eldest daughter Mariette, who marries tax inspector Cedric "Charley" Charlton, played by Philip Franks  A ratings success, it was Zeta-Jones's breakout role 
Featuring a total of 20 episodes, it was broadcast as three series of six double-episode story lines in the spring of 1991, 1992 and 1993, plus two single-episode Christmas specials aired in 1991 and 1992 
The title is from the third line of Shakespeare's sonnet 18 

Synopsis
The Larkin family lives on a farm in rural England, in the county of Kent  Sidney ("Pop") and his common law wife Florence ("Ma") have six children, eldest daughter Mariette, followed by their only son Montgomery, and other daughters Primrose, twins Zinnia and Petunia, and Victoria  Ma is a housewife while Pop supplements his farm income with various other not entirely legitimate enterprises  Tax collector Cedric ("Charley") visits to audit Pop, but falls in love with Mariette and quits his job to live the rural life  As Ma and Pop raise their other children, Charley attempts to provide for his now wife Mariette  Ma and Pop soon have a seventh child, Oscar, followed around a year later by Charley and Mariette's first baby, John Blenheim 
Pop and Ma's relationship is depicted as loving and affectionate throughout, although Pop is flirtatious and subject to numerous advances, most of which Ma is aware of and evidently unconcerned by  Proud of all his children, Pop's schemes evidently provide well for the family, enough to fund boarding school for the twins, naval boarding school for Monty, a swimming pool, a fairground, and a holiday to France, although he is just as motivated by doing good and helping others as making a profit  Ma occasionally becomes involved in Pop's schemes, or creates a scheme of her own  Possessing some very close friends, their lifestyle, in particular the fact they have never been married, nonetheless raises eyebrows in the stuffy environs of the local village 
Mariette and Charley's relationship is more torrid, in part due to his insecurity over Mariette being so attractive, and Charley's varying success in providing financially, with their newly acquired hop garden struggling  Mariette's business skills eventually come to bear as they purchase a local brewery  Primrose is depicted as a frustrated romantic, moving to France to live with a boy her own age and attempting to seduce both Charley and the village minister upon her return  Monty meanwhile contends with bullying, both at home and at naval boarding school  The increasingly mischievous twins gradually grow apart from their younger sibling Victoria, who delights in teasing and embarrassing all her siblings, especially Primrose 

Period
All the episodes are seemingly set during 1958–59, despite the timespan of events across all three series making this a logical impossibility  The first serial is based on the first book, written and set in 1958, during which Florence finds out she is pregnant  In the second serial ("When the green woods laugh") Sidney is accused of committing indecent assault on 23 August 1958, with the trial taking place on the same day as Charley and Mariette's wedding  The date of the trial is given as 7 July; this would seem to be a continuity error, because it cannot be July of the following year, as Florence's baby had not yet been born  By the time of the third serial ("A breath of French air"), Florence has already given birth to Oscar, and the Larkins have a late-August holiday in Brittany, during which Charley and Mariette celebrate their first wedding anniversary  The fourth serial ("Christmas is coming") is set at Christmas, and it is established Mariette is five months pregnant; she gives birth in the fifth serial ("Oh! to be in England!"), which would be some time in the spring of 1960 at the earliest, according to the dating of the first series and the chronology of events up to that point 
However, in the sixth serial ("Stranger at the gates") the twins celebrate their birthday, which a close-up of a wall calendar reveals to be 15 August 1959  In the eighth serial ("Le Grand Weekend"), the Larkins' weekend getaway coincides with Charles de Gaulle's state visit, which would date the events of the episode to April 1960, if it does indeed coincide with the real-life visit  Primrose's birthday was revealed to be in May in "Stranger at the gates", and she celebrates it in the ninth serial, "The happiest days of your life", dating the events either to May 1960 (using the retconned second series date) or 1961 (going by the date given in the first series) 
By the eleventh serial ("Climb the greasy pole"), when the children are older and the babies have grown to toddlerhood, another close-up of a calendar reveals the month to be October 1959  At the end of the final episode, Sidney is elected to the Rural District Council on 5 November 1959 (Guy Fawkes Night) 

Cast
Main cast members
Of the four main cast members, Jason and Ferris appeared in all twenty episodes, while Zeta-Jones and Franks appeared in eighteen, their only absences being in the third series' double episode "Cast Not Your Pearls Before Swine" (3 3 & 3 4) 

David Jason, as Sidney Charles "Pop" Larkin, the father of the family
Pam Ferris, as Florence Daisy "Ma" (Parker) Larkin, the mother of the family
Catherine Zeta-Jones, as Mariette Charlton, née Larkin, eldest Larkin daughter
Philip Franks, Cedric "Charley" Charlton, husband of Mariette

Recurring cast – Larkin family
The actors playing the other Larkin children and grandchild were as below (listed in descending character age)  All the children except those yet to be born appeared in the first episode  After appearing in the first six episodes, the actor playing Primrose was replaced, the second appearing from the seventh episode (the first Christmas special) onwards  The actors playing the roles of Oscar and John Blenheim first appear in episodes 1 5 and 2 1, respectively  Although a male character, John Blenheim was played by Daisy-May Bates, granddaughter of the author of the books 

Julie Stichbury, as Primrose Larkin (1991) (6 episodes)
Abigail Rokison, as Primrose Larkin (1991–1993) (12 episodes)
Ian Tucker, as Montgomery 'Monty' Larkin, their eldest son (13 episodes)
Christina Giles, as Petunia Larkin, twin sister to Zinnia (18 episodes)
Katherine Giles, as Zinnia Larkin, twin sister to Petunia (18 episodes)
Stephanie Ralph, as Victoria Larkin, the youngest Larkin daughter (19 episodes)
Ross Marriott, as Oscar Larkin, their youngest child (16 episodes)
Daisy-May Bates, as John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim Charlton, the only son of Charlie and Mariette (11 episodes)

Recurring cast – others
Various other actors appeared in more than one storyline, i e  in more than one double episode 

Rachel Bell as Edith Pilchester, a local spinster (16 episodes)
Moray Watson as the Brigadier, a local retired army officer (11 episodes)
Kika Mirylees as Angela Snow, a local woman (7 episodes)
Martyn Read as Sergeant Wilson, a local police officer (6 episodes)
Tyler Butterworth as Reverend John Candy, the local vicar (4 episodes)
Michael Jayston as Ernest Bristow, the brewery owner (4 episodes)
Carol MacReady as Mrs  Daws, a local shopkeeper (4 episodes)
Sheila Burrell as Mrs  Kinthley, owner of the hop-garden bought by Charlie (4 episodes)
Steven Brand as Tom Sargent, love interest of Mariette (4 episodes)
Anna Massey as Mademoiselle Antoinette Dupont, a French hotelier (3 episodes)
Michael Culver as Sir George Bluff-Gore, a local landowner (3 episodes)
Richenda Carey as Lady Bluff-Gore, wife of Sir George (3 episodes)
John Carlin as Reverend Spink (3 episodes)

Episodes
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Production
Conception and development
Having been sold to MGM films in 1959, it was not until 1989 that Richard Bates, son of the author of the original books H  E  Bates, was able to purchase the rights to the novels  At the same time, Yorkshire Television were looking for a new project for David Jason, who had starred for them in A Bit of a Do  Richard Bates went on to executive produce the show, alongside Vernon Lawrence of Yorkshire Television 

Casting
Bates had originally considered Bob Hoskins as ideal for the role of Pop, but Lawrence was of the view his increasing fame as a film actor would create problems  Jason was cast first, followed by Ferris and Franks  Finding an actor to fit with the novel's description of Mariette as a black-haired and olive-skinned beauty proved difficult, with over 300 hopefuls being rejected until Zeta-Jones was cast  With filming due to start, she had been spotted appearing in 42nd Street at the Drury Lane Theatre 

Filming
Each one-hour episode took two weeks to film, followed by two months in post production 

Filming locations
Much of the series was filmed in and around the village of Pluckley in Kent; executive producer Richard Bates lived just a few miles away The location for "Home Farm", the Larkin residence, was Buss Farm, a few miles south of Pluckley, owned by the Holmes family  All four main buildings of the Grade II listed farm were utilised: the farmhouse itself, a square oast house (depicted in the title sequence), a Tudor barn and cart lodge  After being put up for sale by the family in 2012, it was purchased in 2013 by a businessman  It was renamed "Darling Buds Farm", and several buildings were converted into guest accommodation themed around the show 

Other locations in Pluckley village itself were used extensively; the Black Horse pub in The Street was renamed the Hare and Hounds and used as the Larkins' local  Church Gate Cottage and Fig Tree Cottage in The Street served as Edith Pilchester's and The Brigadier's homes, respectively  Pluckley primary school, also in The Street, served as the village hall  The butcher's shop also featured, and the Post Office (dressed as the grocer's)  Church scenes were filmed at St Nicholas Church in the village The cricket scenes were filmed at Little Chart Cricket Club, a village north east of Pluckley 

Further afield, in and around Tenterden, Kent, Halden Place in Halden Lane, Cranbrook, served as Mrs Kinthley's hop garden, Wentwood Cottage in Swain Road served as Charley and Mariette's cottage, and the Kent & East Sussex Railway was the location of Charley's arrival in Kent, and the station used by Ma, Charley and Mariette shopping for her wedding dress  Other scenes shot in Kent included the Shepherd Neame Brewery in Faversham, and scenes of the Larkins' beach holiday, filmed in Folkestone, including a backdrop of the Leas Lift  Mlle  Dupont is met by the Larkins at Folkestone Harbour after her channel crossing Little filming was done inside the farmhouse, the interiors having been shot in a studio at Yorkshire Television  Scenes shot in the former Wennington School near Wetherby in Yorkshire, which stood in for Bluff Hall, were included  Other filming locations in Yorkshire include the Hotel Metropole in Leeds, which stood in for the 'Marble Arch Hotel' 
To mark the series' 20th anniversary, Kent County Council established a tourist trail featuring the various film locations, other local attractions, and Kent food 

Music
The series' music producer Pip Burley wrote the title theme, "Perfick!"  He had submitted the piece anonymously, having deemed the submissions received from a shortlist of composers missed the point of the essential romanticism of the show  Although it also featured lyrics, drawn from the words used in the novels, the theme music for the series did not feature them  The song with lyrics was later sung by David Jason for the radio adaptation of the last book in the Larkin series, A Little of What You Fancy 

Future
In 2016, having filmed a cinema adaptation of another classic TV series, Dad's Army, Zeta-Jones responded positively to suggestions that The Darling Buds of May might also be similarly remade, stating "I'd be playing Ma Larkin, but I'm up for it"  However, by 2020, any plans for a film were put on hold, with the Radio Times reporting that ITV was to remake the series, with Simon Nye writing the scripts and with Bradley Walsh and Joanna Scanlan in the cast  The series, with the title The Larkins, first aired in October 2021 starring Walsh and Scanlan, with Sabrina Bartlett and Peter Davison also amongst the cast 

Themes
Locally produced food and drink intentionally played a core role in the series  Due to not being ripe at the right time, the strawberries used in the series were imported from Holland  One of the most iconic scenes features Pop and Ma eating a meal together whilst having a bath  With several scenes featuring eating, the fact Ferris was a vegetarian had to be worked around by the production staff  Both Ferris and Jason gained weight due to the amount of food they had to consume, often doing multiple takes for several scenes at one time, to make the scenes look realistic Another theme of the series was the Larkin family's habit of giving their children unusual or themed first and middle names  Mariette was created by combining 'Marie' and 'Antoinette'  Montgomery was named after wartime officer Field Marshall Montgomery  Victoria was named for being born during the plum season (Victoria plum)  While Monty and Victoria have no middle names, the other children have several: Primrose Violet Anemone Iris Magnolia Narcissa, twins Petunia June Florence Nightingale and Zinnia June Florence Nightingale, and Oscar Columbus Septimus Dupont, the last one being in tribute to the French hotelier Madamoiselle Dupont, who features in the series  Mariette and Charlie continue the family penchant for elaborate naming by christening their son John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim 

Release
Broadcast
The first episode was transmitted on the ITV channel at 8pm on a Sunday night 

Home media
When the series was first released on video, it sold £1m worth of copies in the first four days DVD releases:

Note: The 2008 and 2011 DVD sets from ITV Studios list that there are 11 episodes; this is due to the fact that all episodes in series 1–3 (not including the specials) contain two parts, making them count as a whole 

Soundtrack
A 16-track soundtrack of the series was released by EMI on CD in 1991 

Reception
The series was a ratings success, its "feel-good" factor during economic recession often noted as the reason  Whilst Yorkshire TV classified it as a drama, audiences and critics have generally considered it to be a comedy/drama 
The first episode broke a British broadcasting record, becoming the first instance of a new series topping the national ratings, beating the soap opera Coronation Street (also an ITV production) on the night  This came as a shock to producers, although they had been hopeful of good ratings due to dull weather and the belief that people would be looking for something to lift their spirits following the end of the Gulf War Jason attributed the series' popularity to the public wanting a more wholesome, inclusive and inoffensive viewing option at a time when violence on television was increasing  This was one of the main reasons he decided to take the role The series generated an upsurge in sales of H  E  Bates's novels 

Awards
1992 Ivor Novello Award – Best Theme from a TV/Radio Production

Source novels and other adaptations
The series is based on the works of H  E  Bates, who died in 1974  Having moved from the industrialised English Midlands to a granary in Little Chart in Kent in 1930 in search of new inspirations for his work, he was initially frustrated in his efforts to create a novel based on the Kent way of life  His inspiration for the Larkin stories eventually came in 1955 while on a trip to Sittingbourne  Pausing at Faversham, he observed the joyful camaraderie of a large boisterous family as they emerged from a shop and departed in a large blue truck  Combining this with observations of another family on a nearby small-holding, he set about writing about how these families might live  Originally a short story, he expanded it into a novel, followed by a further four books, the titles of the first four of which were used as episode titles for the TV series:
The Darling Buds of May (1958)
A Breath of French Air (1959)
When the Green Woods Laugh (1960)
Oh! To be in England! (1963)
A Little of What You Fancy? (1970)The first novel in the series was originally adapted to the screen in 1959 as The Mating Game, starring Debbie Reynolds and Tony Randall as Mariette and Charley 
The fifth novel, A Little of What You Fancy?, was never adapted for television, but it was adapted into a six-part series by Eric Pringle for BBC Radio, with Jason and Ferris reprising their roles, first airing in February 1996 In May 2011 a stage production of the series was put on at Buss Farm The most recent version is The Larkins, adapted for television in 2021 
Passage 3:
Sant Martí d'Empúries
Sant Martí d'Empúries is an entity of the town of L'Escala  It is located next to the ruins of Empúries or Empòrion  Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC  It was the county seat until 1079 Empúries moved to Castelló d'Empúries place less exposed to attack 
Sant Martí d'Empúries is a staging point on the GR 92 long distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranean coast of Spain  Stage 5, to the north, takes a route behind the coast to the El Cortalet pond in the Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, a distance of 20 2 kilometres (12 6 mi)  Stage 6, to the south, follows the coast to l'Escala and then takes an inland route across the Montgri Massif to reach the next staging point of Torroella de Montgrí, a distance of 20 0 kilometres (12 4 mi) 

History
It was an inhabited place since the arrival of Greeks from Massalia, actual Marseille (France) in the 6th century BC  Greeks established a settlement there called it, Kypsela (Greek: Κύψελα)  At the ancient times there is a possibility that there was a temple of Artemis on the island It was Christianized by Saint Feliu, an African martyr who died in 304 in Girona  He was bishop between 516 and 693  Charlemagne mentions Ermenguer as first Count of Empúries in 812 
Passage 4:
Smith Island, Maryland
Smith Island is a collection of three distinct island communities, Tylerton, Rhodes Point, and Ewell, Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay, on the border of Maryland and Virginia territorial waters in the United States  The island is the last inhabited island in Maryland that is not accessible by vehicle, where most of the islands are eroding due to tidal currents and sea level rise  A study conducted in 2008 by the DNR reported that Smith Island is expected to completely erode by 2100 if no action was taken The island's population is approximately 220, down from a peak of about 800   On its Maryland side, Smith Island is a census-designated place (CDP) in Somerset County  It is included in the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Smith Island lies approximately 10 miles (16 km) west of Crisfield, Maryland, across the Tangier Sound portion of the Chesapeake Bay  The island consists of three communities, namely Ewell, Tylerton and Rhodes Point, which all sit on the Maryland portion of the island  The Virginia portion is uninhabited, although it once contained many homes of early settlers Although a portion of this island lies within Virginia, "Smith Island, Virginia" refers to a separate but identically named barrier island off Cape Charles 

Climate change and sea level rise
By the 2010s, the island had shrunk mainly due to erosion and rising sea levels  In the last 150 years, Smith Island has lost over 3,300 acres (13 km2) of wetlands  The island is projected to be completely eroded by 2100 should the sea level rise by another foot  Preventative measures including a jetty-building project completed in 2018, and the realignment of waterways through dredging, were implemented in the hope to stop this  These restoration efforts will be ongoing for the next 50 years to restore 1,900 acres (8 km2) of submerged aquatic vegetation and 240 acres (1 km2) of wetlands  Moreover, the island is building additional coastal defenses 

Demographics
The community is located in a small town-area in the central part of the island, spread across the three inhabited locations of Ewell, Rhodes Point and Tylerton, all located in the state of Maryland  The northern part of Smith Island also includes the Martin National Wildlife Refuge  The southernmost portion of the island consisting of marsh lies in Accomack County, Virginia As of the 2010 Census, there were 276 people residing in the CDP  The population density was 81 7 inhabitants per square mile (31 5/km2)  There were 218 housing units at an average density of 57 5 per square mile (22 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 99 6% White, 0 82% African American, 0 27% Native American, and 0 82% from two or more races  51% of Smith Island's residents were English, 4% Greek, 3% Irish, 3% Scottish, and 3% French There were 167 households, out of which 19 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60 5% were married couples living together, 4 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32 9% were non-families  29 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 18 and the average family size was 2 69 In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 14 6% under the age of 18, 5 5% from 18 to 24, 22 3% from 25 to 44, 34 6% from 45 to 64, and 23 1% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 50 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96 8 males The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,324, and the median income for a family was $29,375  Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $28,750 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $25,469  About 14 4% of families and 37 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26 9% of those under age 18 and 67 9% of those age 65 or over 

Transportation
Smith Island has no airport and no bridges to the mainland; it can be accessed only by boat  Passenger-only ferries connect Smith Island at Ewell to Point Lookout, Maryland, and Reedville, Virginia, on the Western shore of the Chesapeake Bay (seasonal) and from Crisfield, Maryland, on its Eastern Shore (year-round)   A daily passenger ferry also runs between Crisfield, Maryland, and the smaller island of Tylerton, Maryland Few motor vehicles exist on the islands, those of which are all on the northern community of Ewell and the connected Rhodes Point   Main modes of transportation for all three communities include golf carts as well as non-motorized transportation 

History and language
The island was charted by John Smith  British settlers arrived on the island in the 17th century, arriving from Cornwall, Wales, and Dorset, England, via Virginia  The island's population peaked at 800 in the 1900s Smith Island is inhabited by one of the region's oldest English-speaking communities, which is known for its relic accent, preserving speech patterns from the original English colonial settlers  The local dialect is like the dialects of the West Country of England, including Cornwall  The dialect contains some relict features indicative of its origins  The dialect is like the Ocracoke Brogue, sometimes referred to as the Outer Banks Brogue 
The 1940 Maryland guide described a series of economic conflicts that characterized relationships between the inhabitants of Smith Island, the inhabitants of nearby Tangier Island, and agencies of the Federal government in the late 19th and early 20th centuries  For example, although 23,000 acres of rich oyster beds had been ceded from Maryland to Virginia in 1877,the Smith Island men kept on dredging there for 50 years despite repeated attacks by Virginia patrol boats and inter-island battles in which oystermen on both sides were killed and wounded  The warfare ended only when the oysters in the area died     Although killing wild ducks for market has been outlawed by Federal enactment since 1918, Smith Island remains a source of anxiety to the United States Biological Survey  Wardens risk their lives when drawn to the lonely island marshes by the deep booming of swivel guns mounted in sneak-boats—artillery that throws a pound of shot at a blast to kill and cripple ducks by the hundreds  To spot wire-enclosed duck traps, wardens in airplanes drop streamers of paper for the guidance of wardens in boats who attempt to make arrests, sometimes successfully, sometimes not  The islanders are sure that God has given them the ducks, oysters, fish, and crabs to take as they wish and they bitterly resent man-made game laws 
The Island Belle, a former passenger ferry to the islands, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 After the 2012 Hurricane Sandy, the Department of Housing and Community Development for the state of Maryland offered buyouts to landowners, most of whom refused the offer 

Smith Island cake
Smith Island traditions include a region-specific cuisine, its most famous dish being the Smith Island cake, somewhat resembling the Prinzregententorte, with 8 to 15 thin layers alternating with cooked chocolate frosting Beginning in the 1800s, Smith Islanders would send these cakes with the watermen on the autumn oyster harvest  The bakers began using fudge instead of buttercream frostings, as cakes frosted with fudge lasted much longer than cakes with other types of frosting Scratch recipes typically involve evaporated milk, while recipes based on commercial cake mixes add condensed milk The most common recipes yield yellow cake with chocolate frosting, but other flavors variation include coconut, fig, strawberry, lemon, and orange   Smith Island cake is baked for any occasion, a dessert that needs no holiday Smith Island cake is also baked as the feature prize for a local fundraising tradition called a cake walk, which is a game played like musical chairs where donated cakes serve as the prize   Great attention is paid to the perfection of the pencil-thin layers that form the distinctive cake   Before each round, the prize Smith Island cake at stake is cut in half and shown to the players who pay to participate in the game   A poorly stacked Smith Island cake may not attract many players and as a result, not raise as much money as a more perfectly executed cake Smith Island cake became the officially designated state dessert of Maryland on April 24, 2008 

See also
Island Belle (vessel)
Fog Point Light
Solomons Lump Light
Tangier Island
Passage 5:
British nationality law
The primary law governing nationality in the United Kingdom is the British Nationality Act 1981, which came into force on 1 January 1983  Regulations apply to the British Islands, which include the UK itself and the Crown dependencies, and the 14 British Overseas Territories 
The six classes of British nationality each have varying degrees of civil and political rights, due to the UK's historical status as a colonial empire  The principal class of British nationality is British citizenship, which is associated with the British Islands  British nationals associated with an overseas territory are British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs)  Almost all BOTCs (except for those from Akrotiri and Dhekelia) have also been British citizens since 2002  Individuals connected with former British colonies may hold residual forms of British nationality, which do not confer an automatic right of abode in the United Kingdom and generally may no longer be acquired  These residual nationalities are the statuses of British Overseas citizen, British subject, British National (Overseas), and British protected person 
All persons born in the British Islands before 1 January 1983 were automatically granted citizenship by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents  Individuals born in those territories since that date only receive citizenship at birth if at least the mother is a British citizen or holds settled status  Foreign nationals may naturalise as British citizens after meeting a minimum residence requirement (usually five years) and acquiring settled status 
The United Kingdom was previously a member state of the European Union (EU) and British citizens held full EU citizenship  They had held automatic and permanent permission to live and work in any EU or European Free Trade Association (EFTA) country and were able to vote in elections to the European Parliament  Despite the UK's withdrawal from the union in 2020, British citizens continue to hold permanent permission to work and reside in the Republic of Ireland as part of the Common Travel Area 

Terminology
The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country  Generally, nationality refers to a person's legal belonging to a sovereign state and is the common term used in international treaties when addressing members of a country, while citizenship usually means the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation  This distinction is clearly defined in many non-English speaking countries but not in the Anglosphere  Historically, an individual associated with Britain was neither a national nor a citizen, but a British subject  British citizenship was not created until passage of the British Nationality Act 1981  This Act defined six types of nationality with varying degrees of civil and political rights, dependent on a person's connections with the United Kingdom, overseas territories, or former colonies  British citizens hold their status because of a close connection with the British Islands, usually through their own (or parents' or grandparents') birth, adoption, naturalisation, or registration as citizens of the UK 

Types of British nationality
There are six types of British nationality: any person who is a British citizen, British Overseas Territories citizen (BOTC), British Overseas citizen (BOC), British National (Overseas) (BN(O)), British subject, or British protected person is a British national  Of these statuses, only British citizenship grants automatic right of abode in the United Kingdom  British Overseas Territories are areas outside of the British Islands where the UK holds sovereignty  Since 2002, nearly all BOTCs also hold British citizenship, except for those associated with Akrotiri and Dhekelia The other four categories are residual nationality classes that generally cannot be acquired  BOCs are people connected with former British colonies who have no close ties to the UK or overseas territories  BN(O)s are Hong Kong residents who voluntarily registered for this status before the territory's transfer to China in 1997  British subjects hold their status through a connection either to former  British India or to what is now the Republic of Ireland as they existed before 1949  British protected persons come from areas controlled by the British Empire but were never formally incorporated as Crown territory; this includes protectorates, protected states, mandated territories, and Indian princely states 

History
Development from feudal allegiance
Before the concept of nationality was codified in legislation, inhabitants of English communities owed allegiance to their feudal lords, who were themselves vassals of the monarch  This system of loyalty, indirectly owed to the monarch personally, developed into a general establishment of subjecthood to the Crown  Calvin's Case in 1608 established the principle of jus soli, that all those who were born within Crown dominions were natural-born subjects  After passage of the Acts of Union 1707, English and Scottish subjects became British subjects  Similarly, the Kingdom of Ireland was merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801  Natural-born subjects were considered to owe perpetual allegiance to the Crown and could not voluntarily renounce British subject status until this was first permitted in 1870 Prior to 1708, foreigners could only be naturalised through Acts of Parliament  Protestants fleeing religious persecution in mainland Europe were allowed to naturalise as subjects in 1708, but this was quickly repealed in 1711 in response to the number of migrants exercising that ability  A standard administrative process was not introduced until 1844, when applicants were first able to acquire naturalisation grants from the Home Office  Despite the creation of this pathway, personalised naturalising legislation continued to be enacted until 1975 The monarch could personally make any individual a subject by royal prerogative  By this method, a foreigner became a denizen – although they were no longer considered an alien, they could not pass subject status to their children by descent and were barred from Crown service and public office  This mechanism was no longer used after 1873 Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether nationality regulations in the United Kingdom were applicable elsewhere in the British Empire  Individual colonies had each developed their own procedures and requirements for naturalisation, granting subject status at the discretion of the local governments  In 1847, Parliament formalised a clear distinction between subjects who were naturalised in the UK and those who became British subjects in other territories  Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire  Those naturalising in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalised in Canada was a British subject there, but not in England or New Zealand  When travelling outside of the Empire, British subjects who were locally naturalised in a colony were still entitled to imperial protection Certain territories that came under British jurisdiction were not formally incorporated as Crown territory proper  These included protectorates, protected states, mandated territories, and Indian princely states  Because domestic law treated these areas as foreign territory, birth in one of these areas did not automatically confer British subject status  Instead, most people associated with these territories were designated as British protected persons  British protected persons were treated as aliens in the United Kingdom, but both British subjects and protected persons could be issued British passports  Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside of the Empire 

Imperial common code
Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914  British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire  Dominions that adopted Part II of this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation The 1914 regulations codified the doctrine of coverture into imperial nationality law, where a woman's consent to marry a foreigner was also assumed to be intent to denaturalise; British women who married foreign men automatically lost their British nationality  There were two exceptions to this: a wife married to a husband who lost his British subject status was able to retain British nationality by declaration, and a British-born widow or divorcée who had lost her British nationality through marriage could reacquire that status without meeting residence requirements after the dissolution or termination of her marriage By the end of the First World War, the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity  Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference, jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations  Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931 Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government during this time to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband  Because the government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have  Imperial legal uniformity was nevertheless eroded during the 1930s; New Zealand and Australia amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects, and Ireland changed its regulations in 1935 to cause no change to a woman's nationality after her marriage 

Irish independence
Irish resistance to the Union and desire for local self-governance led to the Irish War of Independence  Following the war, the island of Ireland was partitioned into two parts  Southern Ireland became the Irish Free State in 1922, while Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom  Under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Northern Ireland was included in the Irish Free State on independence, but had the right to opt out of the new state within one month of its establishment  This option was exercised on 7 December 1922  The 24-hour period in which Northern Ireland was officially part of the Irish Free State meant that every person ordinarily resident in Northern Ireland on 6 December who fulfilled the citizenship provisions in the Constitution of the Irish Free State had automatically become an Irish citizen on that date At its inception, the Irish Free State gained independence as a Dominion within the British Empire  Imperial legislation at the time dictated that although individual Dominions could define a citizenship for their own citizens, that citizenship would only be effective within the local Dominion's borders  A Canadian, New Zealand, or Irish citizen who traveled outside of their own country would have been regarded as a British subject  This was reinforced by Article 3 of the 1922 Free State Constitution, which stated that Irish citizenship could be exercised "within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Irish Free State" When Free State authorities were first preparing to issue Irish passports in 1923, the British government insisted on the inclusion of some type of wording that described the holders of these passports as "British subjects"  The two sides could not reach agreement on this issue and when the Irish government began issuing passports in 1924, British authorities refused to accept these documents  British consular staff were instructed to confiscate any Irish passports that did not include the term "British subject" and replace them with British passports  This situation continued until 1930, when Irish passports were amended to describe its holders as "one of His Majesty's subjects of the Irish Free State"  Despite these disagreements, the two governments agreed not to establish border controls between their jurisdictions and all Irish citizens and British subjects continued to have the ability to move freely within the Common Travel Area  Although Irish citizens have not been considered British subjects under Irish law since 1935, the British government continued to treat virtually all Irish citizens as British subjects, except for those who had acquired Irish citizenship by naturalisation since the Free State had not incorporated Part II of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 into its legislation 

Changing relationship with the Empire and Commonwealth
Diverging developments in Dominion legislation, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the creation of a substantive Canadian citizenship in 1946, breaking the system of a common imperial nationality  Combined with the approaching independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, comprehensive reform to nationality law was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system The British Nationality Act 1948 redefined British subject as any citizen of the United Kingdom, its colonies, or other Commonwealth countries  Commonwealth citizen was first defined in this Act to have the same meaning  This alternative term was necessary to retain a number of newly independent countries in the Commonwealth that wished to become republics rather than preserve the monarch as head of state  The change in naming also indicated a shift in the base theory to this aspect of British nationality; allegiance to the Crown was no longer a requirement to possess British subject status and the common status would be maintained by voluntary agreement among the various members of the Commonwealth British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country  A person born in Australia would be both an Australian citizen and a British subject  British subjects under the previous meaning who held that status on 1 January 1949 because of a connection with the United Kingdom or a remaining colony became Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC)  CUKC status was the principal form of British nationality during this period of time There was also a category of people called British subjects without citizenship  Irish citizens who fulfilled certain requirements could file formal claims with the Home Secretary to remain British subjects under this definition  Additionally, those who did not qualify for CUKC status or citizenship in other Commonwealth countries, or were connected with a country that had not yet defined citizenship laws, would transitionally remain British subjects in this group 

Irish departure from the Commonwealth
Despite the accommodations for republics, Ireland ended its Commonwealth membership in 1948 when it formally declared itself a republic and removed the British monarch's remaining official functions in the Irish state  This was recognised by Britain after passage of the Ireland Act 1949  Although Irish citizens have no longer been defined as British subjects in British law since 1949, they continue to be treated as non-foreign in the United Kingdom and retain the same rights and privileges exercised by Commonwealth citizens; Irish citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for parliament in the UK The British Nationality Act 1948 unintentionally excluded certain British subjects associated with Ireland from acquiring CUKC status  The wording of that law did not take into account the 24-hour period during which Northern Ireland was part of the Irish Free State in 1922  Individuals born before 1922 in the area that became the Republic of Ireland to fathers also born in that area but were domiciled in Northern Ireland on Irish independence had nevertheless automatically acquired Irish citizenship  The Ireland Act 1949 specifically addresses this by deeming any person in such circumstances who had never registered for Irish citizenship and had not permanently resided in the Republic between 10 April 1935 and 1 January 1949 as a CUKC and having never ceased to be a British subject 

Restricting Commonwealth free movement
All British subjects under the reformed system initially continued to hold free movement rights in both the UK and Ireland  Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration  This entitlement was part of a wider initiative to preserve close relationships with certain Dominions and colonies (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and Southern Rhodesia) and to moderate nationalist attitudes within the Commonwealth  In response, Parliament imposed immigration controls on any subjects originating from outside the British Islands with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962  This restriction was somewhat relaxed by the Immigration Act 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens  Ireland mirrored this restriction and limited free movement only to people born on the islands of Great Britain or Ireland  However, individuals born in the UK since 1983 are only British citizens if at least one parent is already a British citizen  The Irish regulation created a legal anomaly where persons born in Britain without British citizenship nevertheless held an unrestricted right to settle in Ireland; this inconsistency was removed in 1999 In other parts of the Commonwealth, British subjects already did not have an automatic right to settle  Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa had immigration restrictions in place for British subjects from outside their jurisdictions targeted at non-white migrants since the late 19th century  After 1949, non-local British subjects under the new definition who were resident in these independent Commonwealth countries continued to retain certain privileges  This included eligibility to vote in elections, for preferred paths to citizenship, and for welfare benefits  British subjects were eligible to vote in New Zealand until 1975 and Australia until 1984 (though subjects on the electoral roll in that year are still eligible)  In Canada, voting eligibility was revoked at the federal level in 1975, but not fully phased out in provinces until 2006  All Commonwealth citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK 

Post-imperial redefinition of nationality classes
By the 1970s and 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent and remaining ties to the United Kingdom had been significantly weakened  The UK updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries of its remaining territory and possessions with the British Nationality Act 1981  CUKCs were reclassified in 1983 into different nationality groups based on their ancestry, birthplace, and immigration status: CUKCs who had right of abode in the United Kingdom became British citizens while those connected with a remaining colony became British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs)  Remaining CUKCs who were no longer associated with a British territory became British Overseas citizens  The definition of "British subject" became limited to include only the category of people previously called British subjects without citizenship who held that status through a connection with former British India or Ireland before 1949 

Former membership in the European Union
In 1973, the United Kingdom joined the European Communities (EC), a set of organisations that later developed into the European Union (EU)  British citizens were able to work in other EC/EU countries under the freedom of movement for workers established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome and participated in their first European Parliament elections in 1979  With the creation of European Union citizenship by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, free movement rights were extended to all nationals of EU member states regardless of their employment status  The scope of these rights was further expanded with the establishment of the European Economic Area in 1994 to include any national of an EFTA member state except for Switzerland, which concluded a separate free movement agreement with the EU that came into force in 2002 Not all British nationals were EU citizens  Only British citizens, British Overseas Territories citizens connected with Gibraltar, and British subjects under the 1981 Act who held UK right of abode were defined as UK nationals for the purposes of EU law  Although the Crown dependencies were part of the European Union Customs Union, free movement of persons was never implemented in those territories  Following the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020, British nationals have no longer been EU citizens  Despite this, British citizens continue to have free movement in Ireland as part of the preexisting arrangement for the Common Travel Area While the UK was a member state of the EU, Cypriot and Maltese citizens held a particularly favoured status there  While non-EU Commonwealth citizens continued to need a residence visa to live in the UK, Cypriot and Maltese citizens were able to settle there and immediately hold full rights to political participation due to their status as both Commonwealth and EU citizens  This group of EU citizens (along with Irish citizens) domiciled in the UK were able to vote in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum while all other non-British EU citizens could not 

Acquisition and loss of nationality
British citizenship
Prior to 1983, all Individuals born within the British Islands (the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies) received British citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents  Individuals born afterwards only receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a British citizen or considered to have settled status in the UK  Children born overseas are British citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen otherwise than by descent, subject to regulations  Adopted children are treated as if they were naturally born to the adopting parents at the time of adoption  Children born abroad to members of the British Armed Forces or British citizens on Crown service are treated as if they were born in the UK Children born in the UK to a resident Irish citizen at any time are always British citizens at birth  Since 1983, the status of a child born in the UK is dependent on whether their parents held British citizenship or settled status at the time of their birth  Irish citizens residing in the UK are deemed to hold settled status upon arrival  Regulations concerning settled status for other European Union (EU), European Economic Area (EEA), and Swiss citizens have changed greatly over time, affecting the status of their children born during the different regulatory periods  EU/EEA citizens living in the UK before 2 October 2000 were automatically considered to be settled  Between that date and 29 April 2006, EU/EEA citizens were required to apply for permanent residency  Swiss citizens became subject to the same regulations on 1 June 2002  From 30 April 2006 until 30 June 2021, EU/EEA and Swiss citizens living in the UK for at least five years automatically received permanent resident status  Permanent resident status for these citizens expired on 1 July 2021, after which they have been required to hold settled status through the European Union Settlement Scheme or another path Foreign nationals may naturalise as British citizens after residing in the UK for more than five years and possessing indefinite leave to remain (ILR) for at least one year  The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant is married to a British citizen and they immediately become eligible for naturalisation after receiving ILR or equivalent  Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in the English, Welsh, or Scottish Gaelic languages and pass the Life in the United Kingdom test 

British Overseas Territories citizenship
Individuals born in a territory automatically receive BOTC status if at least one parent is a BOTC or has belonger status  Children born in an overseas territory to British citizen parents who are not settled in a territory are British citizens at birth, but not BOTCs  Parents do not necessarily need to be connected with the same overseas territory to pass on BOTC status  Alternatively, a child born in an overseas territory may be registered as a BOTC if either parent becomes a BOTC or settles in any overseas territory subsequent to birth  A child who lives in the same territory until age 10 and is not absent for more than 90 days in each year is also entitled to registration as a BOTC  Furthermore, an adopted child automatically become a BOTC on the effective day of adoption if either parent is a BOTC or has belonger status  In all cases that an individual is a British Overseas Territories citizen at birth or adoption within the territories, that person is a BOTC otherwise than by descent Individuals born outside of the territories are BOTCs by descent if either parent is a BOTC otherwise than by descent  Unmarried fathers cannot automatically pass on BOTC status, and it would be necessary for them to register children as BOTCs  If a parent is a BOTC by descent, additional requirements apply to register children as BOTCs  Parents in Crown service who have children abroad are exempted from these circumstances, and their children would be BOTCs otherwise than by descent, as if they had been born on their home territory Foreigners and non-BOTC British nationals may naturalise as British Overseas Territories citizens after residing in a territory for more than five years and possessing belonger status or permanent residency for more than one year  The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant is married to a BOTC  All applicants for naturalisation and registration are normally considered by the governor of the relevant territory, but the Home Secretary retains discretionary authority to grant BOTC status  Since 2004, BOTC applicants aged 18 or older are required to take an oath of allegiance to the Sovereign and loyalty pledge to the relevant territory during their citizenship ceremonies All British Overseas Territories citizens other than those solely connected with Akrotiri and Dhekelia became British citizens on 21 May 2002, and children born on qualified overseas territories to dual BOTC-British citizens since that date are both BOTCs and British citizens otherwise than by descent  Prior to 2002, only BOTCs from Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands were given unrestricted access to citizenship  BOTCs naturalised after that date may also become British citizens by registration at the discretion of the Home Secretary  Becoming a British citizen has no effect on BOTC status; BOTCs may also simultaneously be British citizens 

Other nationality classes
It is generally not possible to acquire other forms of British nationality  British Overseas citizenship, British subjecthood, and British protected person status are only transferred by descent if an individual born to a parent holding one of these statuses would otherwise be stateless  British Overseas citizens retain their status by association with most former British colonies, British subjects are connected specifically with Ireland or British India before 1949, and British protected persons are associated with territories that were under British control but not formally incorporated as part of the British Empire  British National (Overseas) status was exclusively granted by voluntary registration to Hong Kong residents who had been British Dependent Territories citizens prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997 and cannot be newly acquired in any case  Noncitizen British nationals may become British citizens by registration, rather than naturalisation, after residing in the United Kingdom for more than five years and possessing ILR for more than one year 

Renunciation and restoration
Any type of British nationality can be renounced by making a declaration to the Home Secretary, provided that the declarant possesses or intends to acquire another nationality  Former British citizens or BOTCs may subsequently apply for nationality restoration  Applicants who had originally renounced their British nationality in order to retain or acquire another nationality are entitled to register as British citizens or BOTCs once  Any subsequent renunciation and application for restoration, or someone applying for restoration who originally renounced their British nationality for a reason unrelated to acquiring or retaining an alternate nationality, would be subject to the discretionary approval of the Home Secretary 

Automatic loss of British nationality
British subjects (other than British subjects by virtue of a connection with the Republic of Ireland) and British protected persons lose British nationality upon acquiring any other form of nationality 

These provisions do not apply to British citizens 
British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs) who acquire another nationality do not lose their BOTC status but they may be liable to lose belonger status in their home territory under its immigration laws  Such persons are advised to contact the governor of that territory for information 
British Overseas citizens (BOCs) do not lose their BOC status upon acquisition of another citizenship, but any entitlement to registration as a British citizen on the grounds of having no other nationality no longer applies after acquiring another citizenship 

Deprivation of British nationality
The British government does not publish the number of people it strips of citizenship, but independent research by a lawyer-run website, in 2022, found at least 464 people's citizenship was revoked in the last 15 years  After the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 came into force British nationals could be deprived of their citizenship if and only if the Secretary of State was satisfied they were responsible for acts seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom or an Overseas Territory This was extended under the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006: people with dual nationality who are British nationals can be deprived of their British citizenship if the Secretary of State is satisfied that "deprivation is conducive to the public good", or if nationality was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact  Between 2006 and the end of 2021 at least 464 people have had their citizenship removed by the government since the law was introduced  There is a right of appeal  This provision has been in force since 16 June 2006 when the Immigration, Nationality and Asylum Act 2006 (Commencement No 1) Order 2006 brought it into force  Loss of British nationality in this way applies also to dual nationals who are British by birth  The Secretary of State may not deprive a person of British nationality, unless obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact, if they are satisfied that the order would make a person stateless This provision was again modified by the Immigration Act 2014 so as not to require that a third country would actually grant nationality to a person; British nationality can be revoked if "the Secretary of State has reasonable grounds for believing that the person is able, under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom, to become a national of such a country or territory "The powers to strip citizenship were initially very rarely used  Between 2010 and 2015, 33 dual nationals had been deprived of their British citizenship  In the two years to 2013 six people were deprived of citizenship; then in 2013, 18 people were deprived, increasing to 23 in 2014  In 2017, over 40 people had been deprived as of July (at this time increased numbers of British citizens went to join "Islamic State" and then tried to return) The Home Office does not issue information on these cases and is resistant to answering questions, for example under the Freedom of Information Act 2000  It appears that the government usually waits until the person has left Britain, then sends a warning notice to their British home and signs a deprivation order a day or two later  Appeals are heard at the highly secretive Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC), where the government can submit evidence that cannot be seen or challenged by the appellant Home Secretary Sajid Javid said in 2018 that until then deprivation of nationality had been restricted to "terrorists who are a threat to the country", but that he intended to extend it to "those who are convicted of the most grave criminal offences"  The acting director of Liberty responded "The home secretary is taking us down a very dangerous road      making our criminals someone else’s problem is     the government washing its hands of its responsibilities     Banishment belongs in the dark ages "A Nationality and Borders Bill was introduced to the British House of Commons in July 2021, sponsored by the Home Office under Home Secretary Priti Patel  In November 2021, an amendment to the Bill was introduced which, if passed, would allow people to be deprived of British citizenship without being given notice  At the time the Home Office reiterated its position on citizenship: "British citizenship is a privilege, not a right" 

British citizenship ceremonies
From 1 January 2004, all new applicants for British citizenship by naturalisation or registration aged 18 or over if their application is successful must attend a citizenship ceremony and either make an affirmation or take an oath of allegiance to the monarch, and make a pledge to the UK 
Citizenship ceremonies are normally organised by:

local councils in England, Scotland, and Wales
the Northern Ireland Office
the governments of the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey
the Governors of British Overseas Territories
British consular offices outside the United Kingdom and territories Persons from what is now the Republic of Ireland born before 1949 reclaiming British subject status under section 31 of the 1981 Act do not need to attend a citizenship ceremony  If such a person subsequently applies for British citizenship by registration or naturalisation, attendance at a ceremony is required 
For those who applied for British citizenship before 2004:

the oath of allegiance was administered privately through signing a witnessed form in front of a solicitor or other accredited person
those who already held British nationality (other than British protected persons) were exempt, as were those citizens of countries with the King as Head of State (such as Australia and Canada) 

See also
Visa policy of the United Kingdom
Visa requirements for British citizens
Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas)
Visa requirements for British Overseas citizens
Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens

Notes
Passage 6:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 7:
Larkin's Hundred
Larkin's Hundred, also known as The Castle, is a historic home at Harwood, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States  It is a two-story brick house  Although tradition holds that it was built in 1704 by Thomas Larkin, a son of John Larkin of nearby Larkin's Hill Farm, evidence suggest it was actually constructed in the second quarter of the 18th century for Captain Joseph Cowman, a mariner and wealthy Quaker  A white clapboard kitchen wing at the west end was added in 1870  A noteworthy interior feature is a graceful stairway of American walnut Larkin's Hundred was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 
Passage 8:
Poplarville, Mississippi
Poplarville is a city in Pearl River County, Mississippi, United States  As of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,894  It is the county seat of Pearl River County  It hosts an annual Blueberry Jubilee, which includes rides, craft vendors and rodeos 

History
Poplarville was named for Poplar Jim Smith, the original owner of the town site In 1959, Mack Charles Parker, an African-American accused of rape, was abducted from the Pearl River County jail in Poplarville by a mob and shot to death  Despite confessions, no charges were filed against anyone  The mayor of Poplarville told a New York Times reporter, "You couldn't convict the guilty parties if you had a sound film of the lynching " It was the fourth lynching in Poplarville since the Civil War  The case focused national attention on the persistence of lynching in the South and helped accelerate the American Civil Rights Movement 
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina inflicted heavy damage on the small town  The storm's most powerful, unofficially recorded gust of wind was reported at Pearl River Community College, at 135 mph (217 km/h)  On September 2, 2005, the 1st Battalion, 134th Field Artillery (Ohio Army National Guard) arrived at the National Guard armory in Poplarville to assist the community and Pearl River County in recovery efforts in the wake of Hurricane Katrina   Initial efforts were the security of banks, pharmacies and gas stations as well as initial responses to rural emergencies   The unit stayed for three weeks ultimately checking on every family and structure in the county  On September 5, 2005, Poplarville played host to a visit by George W  Bush, Laura Bush, and Governor Haley Barbour to Pearl River Community College in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina On December 21, 2006, an early morning fire destroyed three downtown buildings 
On March 25, 2014 citizens voted to allow for beer and wine sales  The final vote count was 361 votes for the measure and 149 against 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3 9 square miles (10 km2), of which, 3 8 square miles (9 8 km2) of it is land and 0 04 square miles (0 10 km2) of it (0 52%) is water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,833 people, 733 households, and 499 families residing in the city 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,601 people, 852 households, and 558 families residing in the city  The population density was 676 5 inhabitants per square mile (261 2/km2)  There were 936 housing units at an average density of 243 4 per square mile (94 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 74 32% White, 23 95% African American, 0 50% Asian, 0 15% Native American, 0 12% Pacific Islander, 0 15% from other races, and 0 81% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 65% of the population 
There were 852 households, out of which 32 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42 6% were married couples living together, 19 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34 4% were non-families  30 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 37 and the average family size was 2 99 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21 6% under the age of 18, 20 8% from 18 to 24, 22 3% from 25 to 44, 18 2% from 45 to 64, and 17 0% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 84 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $26,417, and the median income for a family was $32,339  Males had a median income of $35,250 versus $21,667 for females  The per capita income for the city was $12,833  About 20 8% of families and 25 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38 8% of those under age 18 and 17 5% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Theodore G  Bilbo, U S  Senator, was born in 1877 in Juniper Grove, an eastern township of Poplarville 
Jimmy Buffett, musician, lived in Poplarville for a period of time starting in 1959 
Glen Day, PGA Tour Golfer 
Jonathan J C  Grey, federal judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
Chapel Hart, country music group 
Whitney Miller, America's first MasterChef 
Mack Charles Parker, African-American victim of lynching in the United States who had been accused of raping a pregnant white woman in northern Pearl River County, Mississippi 
Larkin I  Smith was born in Poplarville in June 1944  In August 1989, Smith died in a plane crash just 7 months after taking office in the U S  House of Representatives and was succeeded by Democrat Gene Taylor, who would hold that office until his defeat by Republican Steven Palazzo in the 2010 midterm elections  Smith served capacities in both the Harrison and Pearl River County Sheriff's Departments and as Sheriff of Harrison County before being elected to the U S  Congress 
Martin T  Smith, American lawyer and politician 

Education
The City of Poplarville is served by the Poplarville School District and is home to Pearl River Community College 
Passage 9:
Tumaraa
Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea Tumaraa consists of the following associated communes:

Fetuna
Tehurui
Tevaitoa
VaiaauThe administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Tevaitoa  The tallest mountain on Raiatea - Mont Temehani - is located within Tumaraa 
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 2:
Ahmed Salah Hosny
Ahmed Salah Mohamed Hosni Hassan (Arabic: أحمد صلاح محمد حسني حسن; born 11 July 1979) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker  He turned to acting in 2012, after he composed songs for Mohamed Hamaki and others in 2011  He appeared in TV Shows that includes Kalabsh, Al Fetewa, and Hawary Bucharest 

International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hosny goal 1 Egypt goalscorer in Kenya is also accredited to Ahmed Hossam Mido 

Honours
Al AhlyEgyptian Premier League: 1997-1998VfB Stuttgart

UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
Passage 3:
2004–05 UEFA Champions League
The 2004–05 UEFA Champions League was the 50th season of UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the 13th since it was rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992  The competition was won by Liverpool, who beat Milan on penalties in the final, having come back from 3–0 down at half-time  Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was named as UEFA's Footballer of the Year for his key role in the final and throughout the Champions League season  The final, played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, is often regarded as one of the best in the history of the tournament As it was their fifth European Cup title, Liverpool were awarded the trophy permanently, and received the UEFA Badge of Honour  A new trophy was made for the 2005–06 season 
Porto were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Milan's cross-city rival Internazionale in the first knockout round 

Association team allocation
A total of 72 teams from 48 of the 52 UEFA member associations participated in the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, Andorra and San Marino)  Kazakhstan also did not participate this year as none of their clubs were able to obtain UEFA license  The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
Associations 1–3 each have four teams qualify 
Associations 4–6 each have three teams qualify 
Associations 7–15 each have two teams qualify 
Associations 16–49 (except Liechtenstein) each have one team qualify 

Association ranking
For the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2003 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1998–1999 to 2002–03 Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:

Distribution
Since the title holders (Porto) qualified for the Champions League group stage through their domestic league, and the group stage spot reserved for the title holders is vacated, while no team from Kazakhstan was admitted, the following changes to the default access list are made:
The champions of association 10 (Turkey) are promoted from the third qualifying round to the group stage 
The champions of association 16 (Austria) are promoted from the second qualifying round to the third qualifying round 
The champions of associations 26, 27 and 28 (Romania, Hungary and Cyprus) are promoted from the first qualifying round to the second qualifying round 

Teams
League positions of the previous season shown in parentheses (TH: Champions League title holders) 

Notes

Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise) 
Notes

Qualifying rounds
First qualifying round
Second qualifying round
Third qualifying round
Group stage
16 winners from the third qualifying round, 10 champions from countries ranked 1–10, and six second-placed teams from countries ranked 1–6 were drawn into eight groups of four teams each  The top two teams in each group will advance to the Champions League play-offs, while the third-placed teams will advance to the third round of the UEFA Cup 
Tiebreakers, if necessary, are applied in the following order:

Points earned in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Total goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Away goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Cumulative goal difference in all group matches 
Total goals scored in all group matches 
Higher UEFA coefficient going into the competition Maccabi Tel Aviv made their debut appearance in the group stage 

Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Knockout phase
Bracket
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
As winners of the competition, Liverpool went on to represent UEFA at the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup 

Statistics
Statistics exclude qualifying rounds 

Top goalscorers
Source: Top Scorers – Final – Wednesday 25 May 2005 (after match)

Top assists
Source:

See also
2004–05 UEFA Cup
2005 UEFA Super Cup
2005 FIFA Club World Championship
2004–05 UEFA Women's Cup
Passage 4:
List of Wigan Warriors players
Wigan Warriors is an English professional rugby league club based in Wigan, Greater Manchester  Formed in 1872, the club was a founding member of the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, and competed in the inaugural season of the Northern Union's league championship  Since then, more than 1,100 players have appeared for the club's first team  Jim Sullivan has made the most career appearances for Wigan, having played 774 games between 1921 and 1946  Sullivan is also the club's all-time top goal scorer (2,317) and point scorer (4,883), and holds the club record for most points scored in a single match, with 44 against Flimby & Fothergill in 1925 
The try scoring record is held by Billy Boston, who touched down 478 times for the club  Martin Offiah and Shaun Edwards share the record for most tries scored in one game, with Offiah scoring ten tries against Leeds in 1992 before Edwards repeated the feat against Swinton later that year 

List of players
The following is a list of rugby league players who have made 100 or more appearances for Wigan since the formation of the Northern Union in 1895  Appearances include all official league and cup games, but exclude friendlies  The list is ordered by date of debut, then by surname and first name 

Historically notable players
The following subsections are lists of players who have played in a notable event whilst playing at Wigan RLFC, such as an international fixture, or else have performed exceptionally and have been recognised by club and its fans in light of these efforts 

Testimonials
Once players have been at a club for a certain length of time (usually ten years), they may be offered a friendly game celebrating their time at the club, known as a testimonial match  This is a list of players who have received testimonials from Wigan RLFC, in ascending chronological order with respect to when they received it 

Brian McTigue (1960)
David Bolton (1964)
Colin Clarke (1973)
Dennis Ramsdale (1985)
Nicholas "Nicky" Kiss (1988)
Shaun Edwards (OBE) (1993)
Graeme West (1994)
Mick Cassidy (2000)
Andy Farrell (OBE) (2002)
Denis Betts (2003)
Terry O'Connor (2004)
Kris Radlinski (MBE) (2006)
Sean O'Loughlin (2012)
Paul Prescott (2014)
Michael McIlorum (2017)

Team of the Decade
In 2005 during the tenth season of the current Super League championship format, the fans of Wigan RLFC voted for their best thirteen players of the 'Nighties' and the 'Naughties', called the Team of the Decade  This is a list of the ballot's resulting thirteen players 

Footnotes
Passage 5:
Premier League records and statistics
The Premier League is an English professional league for association football clubs  At the top of the English football league system, it is the country's primary football competition and is contested by 20 clubs  The competition was formed in February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from The Football League, in order to take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal 

Team records
Titles
Most titles: 13, Manchester United
Most consecutive title wins: 3
Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)
Manchester City (2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23)
Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and +8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56)  Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference, the only time that goal difference has decided the Premier League title 
Earliest title win with the most games remaining: 7 games: Liverpool (2019–20)

Points
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)
Most home points in a season: 55Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)
Most points without winning the league: 97, Liverpool (2018–19)
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)
Most points while bottom of the league:
42 games: 40, Nottingham Forest (1992–93)
38 games: 34, Nottingham Forest (1996–97)
Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)
Most points in a season while being relegated:
42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)
Fewest points in a season while avoiding relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)
Most points in a season by a team promoted in the previous season:
42 games: 77, Newcastle United (1993–94) and Nottingham Forest (1994–95)
38 games: 66, Ipswich Town (2000–01)
Most days spent on top of the league: 274Chelsea (2014–15)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most days spent on top of the league without winning the title: 248Arsenal (2022–23)

Wins
Most wins in total: 726, Manchester United
Most wins in a season: 32
Manchester City (2017–18, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most home wins in a season: 18Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most away wins in a season: 16, Manchester City (2017–18)
Fewest wins in a season: 1, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest home wins in a season: 1Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest away wins in a season: 0Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)
Most consecutive wins: 18
Manchester City (26 August – 27 December 2017)
Liverpool (27 October 2019 – 24 February 2020)
Most consecutive wins from the start of a season: 9, Chelsea (2005–06)
Most consecutive wins to the end of a season: 14, Manchester City (2018–19)
Most consecutive home wins: 24, Liverpool (9 February 2019 – 5 July 2020)
Most consecutive away wins: 12, Manchester City (19 December 2020 – 14 May 2021)
Most consecutive matches without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)
Most consecutive matches without a win from the start of a season: 17, Sheffield United (2020–21)
Defeated all league opponents at least once in a season:Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11, 2017–18)
Manchester City (2017–18, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)

Defeats
Most defeats in total: 432, Everton
Most defeats in a season: 29
Ipswich Town (1994–95) 42 game season
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Most home defeats in a season: 15, Watford (2021–22)
Most away defeats in a season: 17, Burnley (2009–10)
Fewest defeats in a season: 0, Arsenal (2003–04)
Fewest home defeats in a season: 0
Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22)
Manchester City (2011–12)
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)
Fewest away defeats in a season: 0
Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)
Manchester United (2020–21)
Most consecutive matches undefeated: 49, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)
Most consecutive away matches undefeated: 29, Manchester United (17 February 2020 – 16 October 2021)
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season: 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)
Most consecutive defeats from the start of a season: 7
Portsmouth (2009–10)
Crystal Palace (2017–18)

Draws
Most draws in total: 332, Everton
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18
Manchester City (1993–94)
Sheffield United (1993–94)
Southampton (1994–95)
Most draws in a season (38 games): 17
Newcastle United (2003–04)
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)
Sunderland (2014–15)
Most home draws in a season: 10
Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)
Manchester United (2016–17)
Most away draws in a season: 10
Newcastle United (2003–04)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Fewest draws in a season: 2Manchester City (2018–19)
Tottenham Hotspur (2018–19)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Fewest home draws in a season: 0Manchester City (2008–09, 2018–19)
Manchester United (2012–13)
Chelsea (2016–17)
Fewest away draws in a season: 0
Tottenham Hotspur (2018–19)
Leeds United (2020–21)
Most consecutive draws: 7
Norwich City (1993–94)
Southampton (1994–95)
Manchester City (2009–10)
Most consecutive matches without a draw: 32, Tottenham Hotspur (30 April 2018 – 27 February 2019)

Goals
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20
Derby County (2007–08)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)
Most own goals scored in a season: 8, Leicester City (2003–04)
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)
Worst goal difference in a season: −69, Derby County (2007–08)
Highest finish with a negative goal difference: 3rd, Norwich City (1992–93, −4)
Lowest finish with a positive goal difference: 16th, Manchester City (2003–04, +1)
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 9, Fulham (2020–21)
Most goals conceded at home in a season: 46, Watford (2021–22)
Fewest goals conceded at home in a season: 4, Manchester United (1994–95)
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 7, Norwich City (2019–20)
Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)
Scored in every match: Arsenal (2001–02) (38 games)
Most consecutive matches scored in: 55, Arsenal (19 May 2001 – 30 November 2002)
Most goals scored in total: 2,243, Manchester United
Most goals conceded in total: 1,538, Everton
Most own goals scored in total: 59, Everton

Disciplinary
Most yellow cards in total: 1,877, Chelsea
Most red cards in total: 106, Everton
Most yellow cards in a season: 101, Leeds United (2021–22)
Fewest yellow cards in a season: 12, Coventry City (1993–94)
Most red cards in a season: 9
Sunderland (2009–10)
Queens Park Rangers (2011–12)
Most yellow cards in one match: 12Chelsea v  Leeds United, 25 October 1998
Wolverhampton Wanderers v  Newcastle United, 28 August 2010
Tottenham Hotspur v  Chelsea, 2 May 2016
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9, Tottenham Hotspur v  Chelsea, 2 May 2016
Most penalties awarded to a team in a season: 14, Manchester United (2019–20)
Most penalties conceded by a team in a season: 13, Hull City (2016–17)

Awards
Most Golden Boot Winners: 7Liverpool (1997–98†, 1998–99†, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19 (2)†, 2021–22†)
Most Golden Glove Winners: 7Manchester City (2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22†)† Indicates multiple award winners in the same season

Attendances
Highest attendance, single match: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)
Lowest attendance, single match: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)These figures do not take into account the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons, when many matches had an attendance of zero due to public health measures adopted to control the COVID-19 pandemic 

Player records
Appearances
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)
Most different clubs played for: 8, Marcus Bent (for Crystal Palace, Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town, Leicester City, Everton, Charlton Athletic, Wigan Athletic, and Wolverhampton Wanderers)
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v  Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)
Youngest player: Ethan Nwaneri, 15 years and 181 days (for Arsenal v  Brentford, 18 September 2022)
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)
Most Premier League appearances as a substitute: 200, James Milner
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Goalscoring
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v  Manchester United, 15 August 1992)
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer
Most Premier League goals at one club: 213, Harry Kane (for Tottenham Hotspur)
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v  Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v  Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August – 28 November 2015)
Most consecutive away Premier League matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January – 22 May 2011)Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most goals in a season: 36, Erling Haaland (Manchester City, 2022–23)
Most non-penalty goals in a season: 31Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
Luis Suárez (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Most matches scored in during a Premier League season: 26Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2022–23)
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)
Most Premier League teams scored against: 39, Frank Lampard
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17
20-team league:Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
22-team league:Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)
Most goals in a debut season: 36, Erling Haaland (Manchester City, 2022–23)
Fastest goal: 7 69 seconds, Shane Long (for Southampton v  Watford, 23 April 2019)
Fastest goal on Premier League debut: 28 seconds, Odsonne Édouard (for Crystal Palace v  Tottenham Hotspur, 11 September 2021)
Latest goal: 101 minutes and 48 seconds, Dirk Kuyt (for Liverpool v  Arsenal, 17 April 2011)
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3, Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4, Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5Thierry Henry (2001–2006 for Arsenal)
Sergio Agüero (2014–2019 for Manchester City)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 15 goals: 9, Harry Kane (2014–2023 for Tottenham Hotspur)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11, Wayne Rooney (2004–2015 for Manchester United)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21, Ryan Giggs (1992–2013 for Manchester United)
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)
Most scored from outside the box: 41, Frank Lampard
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne
Most own goals in a season: 4
Martin Škrtel (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Lewis Dunk (Brighton & Hove Albion, 2017–18)
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)
Most penalties scored: 56, Alan Shearer
Most penalties missed: 11
Alan Shearer
Wayne Rooney

Penalties
Free kicks
Hat-tricks & multiple goal records
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 12, Sergio Agüero
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)
Youngest player to score a Premier League hat-trick: 18 years and 62 days, Michael Owen (Sheffield Wednesday 3–3 Liverpool, 14 February 1998)
Oldest player to score a Premier League hat-trick: 37 years and 146 days, Teddy Sheringham (Portsmouth 4–0 Bolton Wanderers, 26 August 2003)
Most goals in a match: 5Andy Cole (Manchester United 9–0 Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995)
Alan Shearer (Newcastle United 8–0 Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999)
Jermain Defoe (Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009)
Dimitar Berbatov (Manchester United 7–1 Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010)
Sergio Agüero (Manchester City 6–1 Newcastle United, 3 October 2015)
Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (Liverpool v  Norwich City)
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (Southampton 6–1 Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) 
Most goals scored by a substitute in a match: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (Nottingham Forest 1–8 Manchester United, 6 February 1999)
Most consecutive Premier League goal-scoring appearances by a player against a single opponent: 9, Sadio Mané (Liverpool v  Crystal Palace, 19 August 2017 to 18 September 2021) 
Most own goals scored by a player in a match: 2
Jamie Carragher (Liverpool player; Liverpool 2–3 Manchester United, 11 September 1999)
Michael Proctor (Sunderland player; Sunderland 1–3 Charlton Athletic, 1 February 2003)
Jonathan Walters (Stoke City player; Stoke City 0–4 Chelsea, 12 January 2013)
Wout Faes (Leicester City player; Liverpool 2–1 Leicester City, 30 December 2022)

Assists
Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most Premier League assists in a season: 20
Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)
Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City, 2019–20)
Quickest player to reach 50 assists: Kevin De Bruyne, 123 matches
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September – 21 November 2015)
Most assists from one player to another: 24, Frank Lampard to Didier Drogba
Most goals/assists between two players: 47, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min
Most goals/assists between two players in a season: 14, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min (Tottenham Hotspur, 2020–21)
Most individual assist givers in one match for the same team: 7, Crystal Palace 0–7 Liverpool (19 December 2020)
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4Dennis Bergkamp (Arsenal 5–0 Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (Arsenal 7–0 Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (Arsenal 6–2 Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (Tottenham Hotspur 5–0 Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (Arsenal 4–1 Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (Southampton 8–0 Sunderland, 18 October 2014)
Harry Kane (Southampton 2–5 Tottenham Hotspur, 20 September 2020) – only instance in which all four assists were to a single player (Son Heung-min)
Paul Pogba (Manchester United 5–1 Leeds United, 14 August 2021)

Goalkeepers
Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most Premier League clean sheets (career): 202, Petr Čech
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 matches (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)
Most clean sheets at one club: 162, Petr Čech (for Chelsea)
Most penalties saved: 13, David James
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):
Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)
Alisson (West Bromwich Albion 1–2 Liverpool, 16 May 2021)

Disciplinary
Most red cards for a player: 8Richard Dunne
Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Most red cards in a season: 3Vinnie Jones (Wimbledon, 1995–96)
Slaven Bilić (Everton, 1997–98)
David Batty (Newcastle United, 1997–98)
Craig Short (Blackburn Rovers, 2001–02)
Franck Queudrue (Middlesbrough, 2002–03)
Wes Brown (Sunderland, 2013–14)
Victor Wanyama (Southampton, 2015–16)
Most yellow cards for a player: 123, Gareth Barry
Most yellow cards in a season: 14Mark Hughes (Southampton, 1998–99)
Robbie Savage (Leicester City, 2001–02)
Cheick Tioté (Newcastle United, 2010–11)
Lee Cattermole (Sunderland, 2014–15)
José Holebas (Watford, 2016–17)
Étienne Capoue (Watford, 2018–19)
João Palhinha (Fulham, 2022–23)
Most fouls: 633, Gareth Barry (since 2006–07, the first season for which reliable records are available)
Most penalties conceded in a season: 5, David Luiz (Arsenal, 2019–20)
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton – after being dismissed for violent conduct against Manchester City on 13 May 2012, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct
Fastest booking: 24 seconds, Scott McTominay (for Manchester United v  Newcastle United, 26 December 2019)
Most appearances without a booking: 201, John Barnes

Awards
Most Premier League winner's medals: 13Ryan Giggs (1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13)
Most Player of the Season awards: 2Thierry Henry (2003–04 and 2005–06)
Cristiano Ronaldo (2006–07 and 2007–08)
Nemanja Vidić (2008–09 and 2010–11)
Kevin De Bruyne (2019–20 and 2021–22)
Most Player of the Month awards: 7Sergio Agüero (October 2013, November 2014, January 2016, April 2016, January 2018, February 2019, January 2020)
Harry Kane (January 2015, February 2015, March 2016, February 2017, September 2017, December 2017, March 2022)
Most Golden Boot Awards: 4Thierry Henry (2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06)
Most Golden Glove Awards: 4Joe Hart (2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15)
Petr Čech (2004–05, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2015–16)

Match records
Scorelines
Biggest home win: 9–0
Manchester United 9–0 Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)
Manchester United 9–0 Southampton (2 February 2021)
Liverpool 9–0 Bournemouth (27 August 2022)
Biggest away win: 9–0
Southampton 0–9 Leicester City (25 October 2019)
Biggest aggregate win: 12–0
Manchester City 8–0 Watford (21 September 2019) and Watford 0–4 Manchester City (21 July 2020)
Biggest loss by reigning champions: 5 goals
Coventry City 5–0 Blackburn Rovers (9 December 1995), after Blackburn Rovers won the 1994–95 season
Newcastle United 5–0 Manchester United (20 October 1996), after Manchester United won the 1995–96 season
Chelsea 5–0 Manchester United (3 October 1999), after Manchester United won the 1998–99 season
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season
Aston Villa 7–2 Liverpool (4 October 2020), after Liverpool won the 2019–20 season
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3
Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)
Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011), with Newcastle United scoring last
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v  Reading (29 September 2007)
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v  Manchester United (19 May 2013)
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals
Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score: 3–4)
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score: 4–4)
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score: 3–4)
Highest scoring in the second half: 9 goals, Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009 – first half score: 1–0)
Most individual goal scorers in one match: 9
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)
Most individual goal scorers in one match for the same team: 8, Manchester United 9–0 Southampton (2 February 2021)

All-time Premier League table
The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992  The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2022–23 season  Teams in bold are part of the 2023–24 Premier League  Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column 
League or status at 2023–24:

Notes

Manager records
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Season award: 11, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United; 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11 and 2012–13) 
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards in a single season: 5, Jürgen Klopp (2019–20)
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)
Most clubs managed: 9, Sam Allardyce (Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United, Sunderland, Crystal Palace, Everton, West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United)
Quickest to reach 50 Premier League wins: José Mourinho, 63 Games
Quickest to reach 100 Premier League wins: Pep Guardiola, 134 games
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 – 13 May 2018)
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers):
Fewest days: 30 days, Sam Allardyce (Leeds United, 3 May – 2 June 2023)
Fewest games: 4 games
Frank de Boer (Crystal Palace, 26 June – 10 September 2017)
Sam Allardyce (Leeds United, 3 May – 2 June 2023)
Oldest manager: Roy Hodgson, 75 years, 292 days (for Crystal Palace v  Nottingham Forest, 28 May 2023)
Youngest manager: Ryan Mason, 29 years, 312 days (for Tottenham Hotspur v  Southampton, 21 April 2021)

Notes
Passage 6:
Cho Chi-hyo
Cho Chi-hyo (born December 6, 1970 in Incheon, South Korea) is a South Korean former handball player 
Cho was a runner-up for top goal scorer (45 goals in 6 games) at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain, where the South Korea men's national handball team finished in the 6th place  He was eventually named to the All-Star Team of the competition 
After winning a gold medal at the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, Japan, he moved to the Swiss Handball League in October 1994  For 13 years in Switzerland, he led his teams to the league champions eight times, winning two scoring titles and one league MVP 
In 2007, Cho moved to Germany to play for HBW Balingen-Weilstetten in the Handball-Bundesliga  In 2008, he was selected for the South Korea men's national handball team at the age of 38, and led his team to the quarterfinals of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China 
Passage 7:
František Hoholko
František Hoholko (1 May 1947 – 9 February 2005) was a former Slovak football winger or striker and later coach  During his playing career he made 228 appearances and scored 44 goals at the Czechoslovak First League  Hoholko was the top VSS scorer in the 1970–71 season, scoring 13 goals 
On 7 October 1970, Hoholko played his only match for the Czechoslovakia national football team against Finland (1–1, Letná Stadium) at the UEFA Euro 1972 qualifying 
He acted as head coach at the Slovak Second League team FK Čaňa before his death in 2005 
Passage 8:
Assi Tubi
Assi Tubi (Hebrew: אסי טובי, born 27 January 1972) is an Israeli footballer  He was the Israeli Premier League top scorer in the 1999–2000 season with 27 goals 

Honours
State Cup
1999
Toto Cup
2000-01

External links
(in Hebrew) Profile and statistics of Assi Tubi on One co il
Assi Tubi at National-Football-Teams com
Passage 9:
Chan Siu Ki
Chan Siu Ki (Chinese: 陳肇麒; Cantonese Yale: Chàn Siuhkèi; born 14 July 1985) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Hong Kong First Division club Eastern District  He is the all-time top scorer for the Hong Kong national team with 40 goals 

Club career
Early career
Chan was spotted by the management of Tai Po when he was playing amateur football  At that time, he was working in a store operated by his family  He was responsible for stock delivery and eventually developed a strong physique  He played for Tai Po in the Hong Kong Third Division  He was spotted by Rangers and joined them  However, he was almost immediately loaned and then sold to Kitchee and thus never played for Rangers At Kitchee, Chan developed into a strong and pacy striker as the club employed a 4–3–3 system  As he continued to impress, he was called up to the Hong Kong team in 2005  However, he was later involved in several disciplinary incidents at Kitchee and was suspended from playing duties by the club management  At the end of 2007–08 season, he joined arch-rivals South China for HKD $800,000, breaking the former transfer fee record of $500,000, paid by South China for Chan Wai Ho 

South China
At South China, Chan inherited the no  7 shirt vacated by Au Wai Lun  In the 2008–2009 season, he primarily played on the right wing because the centre forward position was often occupied by Detinho or Cacá  In the 2009–10 season, with the signing of right winger Lee Wai Lim, Chan competed with new signing Leandro Carrijó for his preferred centre forward position after Cacá's return to Brazil  On 1 August 2009, at the Panasonic Invitation Cup, Chan scored the first goal in South China's 2–0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur with an dipping half-volley from 30 yards  Subsequently, after the two clubs forged a partnership, he joined the Spurs for a ten-day trial at some point during December 2009 His trial was terminated prematurely as he was recalled by the Hong Kong U-23s progressed into the final of the 2009 East Asian Games  He was ranked 63rd in IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year by International Federation of Football History & Statistics alongside Eduardo Da Silva, Mario Gómez and Fernando Torres In the 2009 AFC Cup, Chan was red-carded at the end of the quarter final first leg against Neftchi Farg'ona and was suspended for two games  He returned in the semi-final second leg to a packed Hong Kong Stadium, but was unable to help South China overturn a 1–2 deficit to Kuwait SC  The club eventually lost 1–3 and went out of the tournament On 15 December 2009, Chan scored a hat-trick for South China against Shatin  On 24 January 2010, Chan scored 4 goals against Happy Valley as South China won 6–2  This was the first time he had scored 4 goals in a local league match  On 30 January, Chan scored a goal to help South China overturn a 0–2 deficit to win the 2009–10 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield, 4–2  Chan was the tournament's top scorer with 4 goals and he was also named the Best Player  On 5 May, he was diagnosed with an osteophyte  But he still played in the second half of the game against Al Riffa in the 2010 AFC Cup  South China in the end lost the game 1–3 In the 2010–11 season, Chan scored against Sun Hei but was then involved with a collision with teammate Kwok Kin Pong, which resulted in a left knee ligament injury that sidelined him for a month  He returned from injuries in November to score two goals for South China against Kitchee, but could not prevent Kitchee from winning 4–3  On 2 February 2011, he scored two goals against Sun Hei SC to help South China win 3–2 and move back to the top of the league table In the 2011 AFC Cup, Chan scored the equalising goal from a Mateja Kezman cross for South China at home against Persipura Jayapura  In the away game to East Bengal, he was sent off after two bookable offences  In May, after teammate Kwok Kin Pong scored with a diving header in a Hong Kong FA Cup match between South China and Sun Hei SC, Chan rushed in to celebrate with Kwok, but his slide did not stop in time and caught Kwok in the face  The video was posted on the internet and picked up by Yahoo!'s Dirty Tackle On 20 November 2011, Chan was involved in a scuffle in a match away to Pegasus  In the confusion, he was seen on television to slapping Karl Dodd  Dodd retaliated and punched Chan in the face, resulting in him rolling on the ground  Dodd was sent off but Chan only received a yellow card  Chan has since apologised on his Facebook account  Chan only received a warning letter and escaped punishment from HKFA's disciplinary committee for his altercation with Dodd, and Chan was himself surprised by the verdict  He scored his first goal of the season for South China on 24 November when he headed in a cross from Kwok Kin Pong to help South China progress to the semi-final of the 2011–12 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield by beating Sham Shui Po by 2–1 (aggregate 3–2)  Amidst his second smoking scandal in 4 months, South China's chairman Steven Lo announced on his official blog on 23 May 2012 that Chan's contract had been terminated by the club 

Guangdong Sunray Cave
On 10 July 2012, Chan announced that he had joined China League One club Guangdong Sunray Cave for a 12-month contract  On 11 August 2012, he scored his first goal in China League One in the match between Guangdong Sunray Cave and Chengdu Blades, where Guangdong Sunray Cave lost to Chengdu Blades 1–2 

Return to South China
On 31 December 2013, South China's boss Steven Lo announced that Chan would rejoin South China and be given the number 7 shirt  With Chan in the lineup, South China won their first silverware in three years, capturing the 2013–14 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield 
At the first annual Hong Kong Community Cup in 2014, Chan scored a goal and assisted on another as South China triumphed, 2–0 
On 26 November 2014, Chan scored the deciding goal in the club's 2–1 victory over Eastern  Chairman Wallace Cheung determined that night to award Chan with a "brave gold shield" and award all future players with one if they followed Chan's work ethic and dedication  Chan remarked after receiving the award, "The club recently experienced a lot of adversity lately, but I hope that the fans will continue to focus on our results and push us on!"On 18 March 2015, Chan scored a goal against Pahang en route to helping South China top their 2015 AFC Cup group and ensuring qualification into the Round of 16  Later in the month, he was named the HKPL March Player of the Month  At the end of the season, Chan was rewarded with a new contract For 2015–16, Chan was switched to central midfield and asked to take more free kicks, corners and throw-ins  On 23 October 2015, South China defeated Metro Gallery, 3–1, in their League Cup group stage encounter thanks to Chan's first goal of the domestic season  On 27 December 2015, Chan missed a penalty in a Senior Shield semi final shootout against Eastern, allowing the latter team to advance to the Final On 24 October 2016, South China were upset by Rangers, 4–2, leading Chan to vent "General loans out troops, soldiers fight their own! Ridiculous! Ridiculous!" on his Facebook page  This was reflecting that Lai Yiu Cheong, who had been loaned to Rangers by Rambo, scored two goals in the match against South China  The criticism was met by action on the part of the board the following day as manager Ricardo Rambo was demoted  On 2 November 2016, Chan scored his first goal under new manager Dejan Antonic in a 2–0 victory over R&F 

Pegasus
Frustrated by a lack of playing time under Antonic, Chan handed in a transfer request in early January 2017  His request was granted and on 27 January, Chan was sold for $200,000 HK to Pegasus with the player singing a two and a half-year contract with the club On 8 April 2018, Chan scored a crucial goal off a free kick to lead Pegasus to a 2–1 win over Eastern in the quarterfinals of the 2017–18 Hong Kong FA Cup On 6 June 2020, Chan announced he would retire from professional football and transition to a career in managing karaoke bars Chan contributed 4 goals in 17 matches in his last season as a professional, including 3 goals in the Sapling Cup and 1 goal in the HKPL 

International career
Chan has represented Hong Kong at both senior and under-23 international levels  He scored 9 goals in 15 games for the U-23 side and 40 goals in 70 games for the senior side 
Chan was urgently recalled by the Hong Kong U-23 team from Tottenham Hotspur for the final of 2009 East Asian Games on 12 December 2009  He arrived just before the match and was called into play at half-time  Two minutes after half-time, he equalised for Hong Kong  He also scored a penalty in the penalty shootout a e t, helping Hong Kong to their first international football tournament title  On winning the gold medal, he exclaimed to the assembled media: "We are gold medalists too!" (我哋都係金牌運動員) The line has since been associated with him  Due to a ligament injury to his left knee, Chan was replaced by Kitchee captain Lo Kwan Yee for the 2010 Asian Games In the second round of the preliminary competition of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship held in Kaohsiung in August 2009, he missed a penalty against North Korea but scored 4 goals against Guam  In a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match, he scored a hat trick in a game against Timor-Leste, which Hong Kong went on to win 8–1  On 3 June 2011, Chan scored a goal against Malaysia in a friendly, adding his goal tally to 27 and helping him surpass Au Wai Lun to become Hong Kong's all-time top scorer  On 4 October, he scored the first goal in Hong Kong's 6–0 win over Chinese Taipei in the 2011 Long Teng Cup  Hong Kong thus successfully defended the trophy  he also won the Most Valuable Player award  On 29 February 2012, in Hong Kong's first match under new coach Ernie Merrick, Chan scored a hat-trick against Chinese Taipei as Hong Kong won the match 5–1 

Personal life
In 2009, soon after his move to South China and subsequent success at the East Asian Games, Chan became a celebrity throughout Hong Kong, leading to his private life becoming a matter of interest to the local paparazzi  He was suspected to have committed adultery after pictures of him and TVB actress Helen Lee had been leaked  Later on, he denied the accusations, claimed to have broken up with Lee in August and reunited with his usual partner, known only as Natalie, in October 

Political views
He appeared on the government's television advertisement for the 2012 Legislative Council electoral reforms, in which he urged people to take their opportunity if they want to score a goal  The advertisement attracted a barrage of criticism against him on South China's official blog  Chan explained through his management company that he has no political views and he would not persuade people to support or oppose the LegCo reforms  He only accepted the invitation to appear in the advert due to the government's sincerity and he received no payment 

Endorsements
Chan is a spokesman for Jockey International along with teammate Man Pei Tak  Both claimed to be embarrassed at the photo shoot but were happy with the pay 

Honours
Kitchee

Hong Kong League Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2005–06South China

Hong Kong First Division: 2008–09, 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2009–10
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2010–11
Hong Kong League Cup: 2010–11Hong Kong

2009 East Asian Games football event: GoldIndividual

Hong Kong First Division League Best Young Player: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07
Hong Kong First Division League Best Eleven Squad: 2008–09
East Asian Football Championship preliminary competition top scorer: 2009
Hong Kong FA Cup top scorer: 2008–09
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield Player of the Tournament: 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield top scorer: 2009–10
MVP of the Long Teng Cup: 2011
Hong Kong Footballer of the Year: 2011

Career statistics
Club
Updated 23 August 2011

International
Hong Kong
As of 5 September 2017As of 5 September 2017

International goals
Scores and results list Hong Kong's goal tally first 

Hong Kong U-23
Updated 9 January 2010
Passage 10:
Dario Zuffi
Dario Zuffi (born 7 December 1964) is a Swiss football coach and former international player  He is currently employed as assistant coach for FC Winterthur 

Career
Playing career
Zuffi played his youth football with the local Winterthur team FC Töss  In 1983 he moved across town to join FC Winterthur's first team and signed his first professional contract for the 1983–84 Nationalliga A season  He prolonged the contract and he played with Winterthur for two seasons before he moved on 
In the off-season before the 1985–86 Nationalliga A season Zuffi transferred to BSC Young Boys  From an early point in his career with YB, Zuffi showed tremendous skill and helped the team to win the Swiss Football Championship that season, personally scoring 15 goals  As a result of this performance, Zuffi received the 'Rookie of the Year' award during the 1985–86 season  In the 1986–87 season Zuffi and YB advanced to the final of the Swiss Cup  This was played in the Wankdorf Stadium on 8 June 1987  Zuffi scored the first goal of the game and YB went on to win 4–2 against Servette after extra time  Zuffi played six seasons for YB  In the 1988–89 season, he was joint second on the Top Scorers list with Kubilay Türkyılmaz (Bellinzona) both with 19 goals, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Servette FC) won the title  In the 1990–91 season, Zuffi topped the Top Scorers list with a grand total of 17 goals Zuffi then transferred to FC Lugano for the 1992–93 season  In this season Zuffi contributed to the team reaching the final and winning the Swiss Cup The following season, Zuffi moved home to the town of Oberwil and signed for FC Basel, who at that time played in the Nationalliga B, the second tier of Swiss football  Zuffi joined Basel's first team for their 1993–94 season under head-coach Claude Andrey  Zuffi was elected captain of the squad  He first played in five test games scoring seven goals, including a hat-trick in the semi-final of the Sepione Cup as Basel beat Aarau to reach the final  This was played on 17 July 1993 and Zuffi scored the only goal of the match as Basel won 1–0 against Everton Zuffi played his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game in the St  Jakob Stadium on 28 July 1993  He also scored his first goal for the club in the same game  It was the first goal of the game, in fact the first goal of the season in the second minute of the match  But it could not help the team, because Basel were defeated 1–2 by local rivals Old Boys  During that season his teammates were the likes of Swiss international goalkeeper Stefan Huber, defenders Massimo Ceccaroni, Marco Walker and Samir Tabakovic, the midfielders Mario Cantaluppi, Martin Jeitziner, Admir Smajić and Ørjan Berg and the Swiss international striker Philippe Hertig  Together they won the Promotion/relegation group, became Nationalliga B champions and thus won promotion to the top flight of Swiss football  This after six seasons in the second tier  Zuffi was the team's top scorer, netting 11 times in the first stage and another 11 goals during the promotion round Zuffi remained with FC Basel until the end of the 1997–98 Nationalliga A season  Between the years 1993 and 1998 Zuffi played a total of 220 games for Basel scoring a total of 70 goals  149 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, 15 in the Swiss Cup, five in the UEFA Intertoto Cup and 52 were friendly games  He scored 37 goals in the domestic league, nine in the Swiss Cup, four in the Interetoto Cup and the other 19 were scored during the test games In 1998, Zuffi returned to the club where he launched his professional career FC Winterthur, who in the meantime had just been relegated to the 1st League, the third tier of Swiss football  He helped the club with seven goals in eleven games to their immediate return to the Nationalliga B  There he completed his last season of his active career in 1999–2000, during which he was used in all possible positions (striker, midfielder, libero)  He then retired from professional soccer 

International career
In addition to his club career, Zuffi also scored 19 caps for the Switzerland national football team 

Managerial career
Since the end of his active playing career, Zuffi is employed as coach for FC Winterthur  First from 2000 to 2002 he looked after the U–12 youth team  Then from 2002 to 2004 he was coach for the U–16 team  From 2003 he was also coach of the U–21 team, with whom he achieved promotion to the then third-tier division and he was in this position until 2017, with an interruption between 2011 and 2014 
In addition to this, on various occasions he was required supervisor for their 1st team  From 2008 to 2009 he worked as an assistant under head-coach Mathias Walther for the first team  For the last two games of the FCW season 2015–16 he was ad-interim coach of the first team together with Umberto Romano and he has again performed the same interim function again from February to June 2017  Since 2017 he is assistant to first team head-coach Ralf Loose From January 2013 to September 2014 Zuffi was also the assistant coach of the Swiss U-21 national team in addition to his position for his club 

Personal life
Zuffi has three sons, Sandro, Luca, and Nico  Luca Zuffi plays for FC Basel, Sandro and Nico play for SC Young Fellows Juventus in Zürich 

Titles and honours
Young Boys

Nationalliga A: 1985–86
Swiss Cup: 1986–87
Swiss Super Cup: 1986
Swiss Football Championship top scorer: 1991Lugano

Swiss Cup: 1992–93Basel

Nationalliga B: 1993–94
Passage 11:
Ferenc Bene
Ferenc Bene (17 December 1944 – 27 February 2006) was a Hungarian football player of Újpesti Dózsa, who was a member of the team that won the gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan  A striker, he was the top scorer of the tournament (12 goals in 5 matches) 
Bene was born in Balatonújlak  He played his first international match against Yugoslavia on 14 October 1962, and his last against Czechoslovakia on 12 September 1979  He obtained 76 caps and scored 36 goals  He was bronze medallist at the European Championship of 1964, and a quarter-finalist at the World Cup of 1966 (at the latter event he was the top scorer of the Hungarian national team)  Bene was named Hungarian Footballer of the Year in 1964 and 1969  He died in Budapest, after a lengthy treatment following a fall at the end of 2005  His son Ferenc Bene jr  is also a former player, currently working as a coach 
He played for the following teams:

Újpesti Dózsa (1961–1978)
Volán SC (1978–79, 1983–84)
Sepsi-78, Finland (1981–82)
Soroksári VOSE (1984)
Kecskeméti SC (1985)

Career statistics
Honours
ÚjpestNemzeti Bajnokság I (8): 1969, 1970, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1972-73, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1977-78
Magyar Kupa: 1969, 1970, 1974-75HungaryOlympic Games: 1964IndividualUEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1964

See also
List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
Passage 12:
2015–16 Leicester City F C  season
The 2015–16 season was Leicester City's 111th season in the English football league system and their 48th (non-consecutive) season in the top tier of English football  During the season, Leicester participated in the Premier League for the second consecutive season, as well as the FA Cup and League Cup  In what was described as one of the greatest sporting stories of all time, Leicester were confirmed as champions of the 2015–16 Premier League season on 2 May 2016, finishing top of England's highest league for the first time in the club's history  The club was 5000–1 with bookmakers to win the division before the season kicked off  The feat meant that Leicester would be playing in the UEFA Champions League the following season, a first for the club in their history  The season also saw history be made for individual players within the team, as striker Jamie Vardy broke the record for consecutive games with a goal in the Premier League (11) and winger Riyad Mahrez became the first African and first Algerian player to be the recipient of the PFA Players' Player of the Year 

Pre-season events
Note: This section does not include close season transfers or pre-season match results, which are listed in their own sections below 

2 July 2015 – Dean Hammond signs a one-year contract extension until the summer of 2016 

Kit and sponsorship
Supplier: Puma / Sponsor: King Power

Friendlies
Win
  Draw
  Loss
On 21 May 2015, Leicester City confirmed their first three pre-season friendlies against Lincoln City, Mansfield Town and Birmingham City  On 22 May 2015, Leicester City added a trip to Burton Albion to their pre-season schedule  On 30 June 2015, the Foxes confirmed a friendly against Rotherham United 

Events
Note: This section does not include transfers or match results, which are listed in their own sections below 

14 June 2016 – Marcin Wasilewski signed a one-year contract until the summer of 2017 
2 May 2016 – Leicester became champions of the Premier League after Tottenham Hotspur drew 2–2 with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge 

Players and staff
First team squad
Backroom staff
Transfers
In
Total spending:  £27,300,000

Out
Total incoming:  £7,000,000

Loans in
Loans out
Released
Competitions
Win
  Draw
  Loss

Overview
Premier League
League table
Results summary
Results by matchday
Matches
On 17 June 2015, the fixtures for the forthcoming season were announced 

FA Cup
Leicester City entered the competition at the Third Round stage, and on 7 December 2015 they were drawn away to Tottenham Hotspur 

Football League Cup
Leicester City entered the competition in the second round and were drawn away to Bury  The third round draw was made on 25 August 2015 live on Sky Sports by Charlie Nicholas and Phil Thompson  Leicester City were drawn at home to West Ham United 

Awards
Club awards
At the end of the season, Leicester's annual award ceremony, including categories voted for by the players and backroom staff, the supporters, saw the players recognized for their achievements for the club throughout the 2015–16 season 

Divisional awards
Club statistics
All data from LCFC com

Appearances
Starts + Substitute appearances 
Italics indicates loan player 
Asterisks indicates player left mid-season 
Hash symbol indicates player retired mid-season 

Top scorers
Captains
Only counts starts as captain

Suspensions
Season summary
Passage 13:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 14:
Zviad Endeladze
Zviad Endeladze (Georgian: ზვიად ენდელაძე; born 7 April 1966 in Adigeni) is a retired Georgian footballer who played as a forward  He has played for clubs such as Guria Lanchkhuti and Margveti, scoring 40 goals during the 1995–96 season, which made him the top scorer in European domestic competitions and would have won the European Golden Boot had it not been suspended in 1991  The award was reinstated a season after Endeladze's feat under new rules that would count goals scored in the Georgian Top League as one point while goals scored in Europe's top leagues are counted double  He retired from football in 2006 

External links
European Sports Magazines at archive today (archived 14 September 2020)
Zviad Endeladze at FootballFacts ru  (in Russian)
Sport de
Zviad Endeladze at WorldFootball net



ground_truth: Pearl River County

Pearl River County, Mississippi

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The all time top goal scorer in premier league in one season is a member of what team?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Cardinal (Catholic Church)
A cardinal (Latin: Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, lit  'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church  Cardinals are created by the pope and typically hold the title for life  Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals 
The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a conclave, almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when the Holy See is vacant  During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals  The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs  In addition, cardinals collectively participate in papal consistories (which generally take place annually), in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created  Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing dicasteries of the Roman Curia, the central administration of the Catholic Church 
Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals in addition to their existing roles within the Church  Most cardinals are bishops and archbishops leading dioceses and archdioceses around the world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country  Others are titular bishops who are current or former officials within the Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia)  A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally consecrated as bishops before they are made cardinals, but some are granted a papal dispensation  There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals  Since 1917, a potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past  The selection is entirely up to the pope and tradition is his only guide 
As of 2 June 2023, there are 222 serving cardinals, of whom 121 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope 

History
There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that "cardinalis" is etymologically from the Latin word cardo (meaning "pivot" or "hinge") was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained  In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior"  The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city  By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy  They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy  By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome  Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244 In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour  The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy  This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals  The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V 
In 1059 (five years after the East-West Schism), the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees  In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "pivotal" as in "principal" or "chief"  The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office "The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the Kings of France, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements  Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called "crown-cardinal" In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs  In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government  In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was for some time Cardinal Wolsey  Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France  Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin  Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France  In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king 
While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning either its primate or the metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch: the notable exception is the Patriarch of Lisbon who, by Pope Clement XII's 1737 bull Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii, is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment 

Papal elections
In 1059, Pope Nicholas II gave cardinals the right to elect the Bishop of Rome in the papal bull In nomine Domini  For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the Third Lateran Council restored the right to the whole body of cardinals 

Numbers
In 1586, Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70: six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons  Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing the need to staff Church offices  In November 1970 in Ingravescentem aetatem, Pope Paul VI established that electors would be under the age of eighty years  When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave  In October 1975 in Romano Pontifici eligendo, he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of the college Popes can set aside church laws and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 with Pope John Paul II's consistories of February 2001 and October 2003  No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a conclave, but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches when named cardinals  In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave 

Titular churches
Each cardinal is assigned a titular church upon his creation, which is always a church in the city of Rome  Through the process of opting (optazione), a cardinal can raise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop - in which case he obtains one of the suburbicarian sees located around the city of Rome  The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches  Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches  They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church  They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches  The term cardinal is from the Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge  Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole  The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the pope 
The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see  Cardinals governing a particular church retain that church 

Title and reference style
In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the pope and crowned monarchs In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card ) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe"  Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English  However, official sources, such as the Catholic News Service, say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"  This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church  This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences  Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy The [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the Latin proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as it has been since 1378 
The term Prince of the Church has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy  It has been rejected by Pope Francis, who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left ' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him " The term is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of their perceived attitudes of some cardinals [1][2]

Orders and their chief offices
Cardinal bishops
Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order; Latin: cardinales episcopi) are the senior order of cardinals  Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also bishops or archbishops, few are "cardinal bishops"  For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of the seven suburbicarian sees around Rome: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati, and Velletri  Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops  Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate ordinary Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the College of Cardinals  When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops  Pope John XXIII abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i e  "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees  (Latin Church patriarchs who become cardinals are cardinal priests, not cardinal bishops: for example Angelo Scola was made Patriarch of Venice in 2002 and cardinal priest of Santi XII Apostoli in 2003 ) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry) 
At the June 2018 consistory, Pope Francis increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades  He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their titular churches and deaconries suburbicarian rank pro hac vice (temporarily) and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles  At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors because of having reached age 80  Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020, bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven 
The Dean of the College of Cardinals, the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval  Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected  Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank  For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests 

Cardinal priests
Cardinal priests (Latin: cardinales presbyteri) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops  Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions 
In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests  Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge")  Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome, the pope 

While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome  Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome 
While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly  In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the college at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number  This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair  When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do  Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome 
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest  He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave  The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand 

Cardinal deacons
The cardinal deacons (Latin: cardinales diaconi) are the lowest-ranking cardinals  Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday  Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests 
Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household who supervised the Church's works in the seven districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services  They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by the decree of 769 Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration  Their number and influence has varied through the years  While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years  While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third  Their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important  They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied  Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons  Later the number increased  As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia  Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent  John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II maintained this ratio As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons  Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years  They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion  When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order) 
When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex) 

Cardinal protodeacon
The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals  If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he announces a new pope's election and name from the central balcony of St  Peter's Basilica in Vatican City  The protodeacon also bestows the pallium on the new pope and crowns him with the papal tiara, although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978  The current cardinal protodeacon is Renato Raffaele Martino 

Cardinal protodeacons since 1887
Giuseppe Pecci, S J  (20 December 1887 – 8 February 1890)
John Henry Newman, C O  (8 February 1890 – 11 August 1890)
Joseph Hergenröther (11 August 1890 – 3 October 1890)
Tommaso Maria Zigliara,, O P  (3 October 1890 – 1 June 1891)
Isidoro Verga (1 June 1891 – 22 June 1896)
Luigi Macchi (22 June 1896 – 29 March 1907)
Andreas Steinhuber, S J  (29 March 1907 – 15 October 1907)
Francesco Segna (15 October 1907 – 4 January 1911)
Francesco Salesio Della Volpe (4 January 1911 – 5 November 1916†); announced election of Pope Benedict XV (1914)
Gaetano Bisleti (5 November 1916 – 17 December 1928*); announced election of Pope Pius XI (1922)
Camillo Laurenti (17 December 1928 – 16 December 1935*)
Camillo Caccia-Dominioni (16 December 1935 – 12 November 1946†); announced election of Pope Pius XII (1939)
Nicola Canali (12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961†); announced election of Pope John XXIII (1958)
Alfredo Ottaviani (3 August 1961 – 26 June 1967*); announced election of Pope Paul VI (1963)
Arcadio Larraona Saralegui, CMF (26 June 1967 – 28 April 1969*)
William Theodore Heard (28 April 1969 – 18 May 1970*)
Antonio Bacci (18 May 1970 – 20 January 1971†)
Michael Browne, OP (20 January 1971 – 31 March 1971†)
Federico Callori di Vignale (31 March 1971 – 8 August 1971†)
Charles Journet (8 August 1971 – 5 March 1973*)
Pericle Felici (5 March 1973 – 30 June 1979*); announced elections of Pope John Paul I (1978) and Pope John Paul II (1978)
Sergio Pignedoli (30 June 1979 – 15 June 1980†)
Umberto Mozzoni (15 June 1980 – 2 February 1983*)
Opilio Rossi (2 February 1983 – 22 June 1987*)
Giuseppe Caprio (22 June 1987 – 26 November 1990*)
Aurelio Sabattani (26 November 1990 – 5 April 1993*)
Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (5 April 1993 – 29 January 1996*)
Eduardo Martínez Somalo (29 January 1996 – 9 January 1999*)
Pio Laghi (9 January 1999 – 26 February 2002*)
Luigi Poggi (26 February 2002 – 24 February 2005*)
Jorge Medina (24 February 2005 – 23 February 2007*); announced election of Pope Benedict XVI (2005)
Darío Castrillón Hoyos (23 February 2007 – 1 March 2008*)
Agostino Cacciavillan (1 March 2008 – 21 February 2011*)
Jean-Louis Tauran (21 February 2011 – 12 June 2014*); announced election of Pope Francis (2013)
Renato Raffaele Martino (12 June 2014 –)* Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest† Was protodeacon at time of death

Special types of cardinals
Camerlengo
The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy  He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave 

Cardinals who are not bishops
Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in minor orders, could be created a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons  For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest  The 1917 Code of Canon Law mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment  As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration  Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 or when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop  These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest 
A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross, and ring)  He has both actual and honorary precedence over patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals  However, he cannot perform the sacrament of ordination or other rites reserved solely to bishops  The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves 

"Lay cardinals"
At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests  Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals"  Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals  When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest  With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals  Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation 

Cardinals in pectore or secret cardinals
In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore (Latin for in the breast)  During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes  Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed creati et reservati in pectore  A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope  In the modern era, popes have named cardinals in pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals  If conditions change, the pope makes the appointment public  The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his in pectore appointment  If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires  The last pope known to have named a cardinal in pectore is Pope John Paul II, who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed 

Vesture and privileges
Pontifical vestments
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
When in choir dress, a Latin Church cardinal wears scarlet garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith  Excluding the rochet — which is always white—the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto)  The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates  Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business  His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash)  Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it  It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such 
Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero  This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta  In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms  Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb  Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring)  Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside  There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side  The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i e , exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate
ecclesiastical penalty imposed)  The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia  Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by the local bishop 

See also
Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation)
Cardinal-nephew
Cardinal protector
Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
List of current cardinals
List of the creations of the cardinals

Notes
Passage 2:
Edward Alacampe
Edward Alacampe (1581 – 6 February 1646), an English Jesuit, became a member of the English College, Rome in 1605  Three years later he entered the Society of Jesus; in 1614, he was at the new college in Liège  Afterwards, he held the office of procurator at Rome, and died in the house of probation at Ghent 

See also
Passage 3:
Claudia Cardinale
Claude Joséphine Rose "Claudia" Cardinale (French: [klod ʒozefin ʁoz kaʁdinal]; born 15 April 1938) is an Italian actress 
Born and raised in La Goulette, a neighbourhood of Tunis, Cardinale won the "Most Beautiful Italian Girl in Tunisia" competition in 1957, the prize being a trip to Italy, which quickly led to film contracts, due above all to the involvement of Franco Cristaldi, who acted as her mentor for a number of years and later married her  After making her debut in a minor role with the Egyptian star Omar Sharif in Goha (1958), Cardinale became one of the best-known actresses in Italy with roles in films such as Rocco and His Brothers (1960), Girl with a Suitcase (1961), Cartouche (1962), The Leopard (1963),  and Fellini's 8½ (1963) From 1963, Cardinale appeared in The Pink Panther opposite David Niven  She went on to appear in the Hollywood films Blindfold (1965), Lost Command (1966), The Professionals (1966), Don't Make Waves (1967) with Tony Curtis, The Hell with Heroes (1968), and the Sergio Leone Western Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), a joint US-Italian production, in which she was praised for her role as a former prostitute opposite Jason Robards, Charles Bronson, and Henry Fonda 
Jaded with the Hollywood film industry and not wanting to become a cliché, Cardinale returned to Italian and French cinema, and garnered the David di Donatello for Best Actress award for her roles in Il giorno della civetta (1968) and as a prostitute alongside Alberto Sordi in A Girl in Australia (1971)  In 1974, Cardinale met director Pasquale Squitieri, who would become her partner, and she frequently featured in his films, including I guappi (1974), Corleone (1978) and Claretta (1984), the last of which won her the Nastro d'Argento Award for Best Actress  In 1982, she starred in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo as the love interest of Klaus Kinski, who raises the funds to buy a steamship in Peru  In 2010, Cardinale received the Best Actress Award at the 47th Antalya "Golden Orange" International Film Festival for her performance as an elderly Italian woman who takes in a young Turkish exchange student in Signora Enrica 
Outspoken on women's rights causes over the years, Cardinale has been a UNESCO goodwill ambassador for the Defence of Women's Rights since March 2000  In February 2011, the Los Angeles Times Magazine named Cardinale among the 50 most beautiful women in film history 

Early life
Claudia Cardinale was born Claude Joséphine Rose Cardinale in La Goulette, a neighbourhood of Tunis, Tunisia, on 15 April 1938  Her mother, Yolande Greco like her was born in Tunisia to Sicilian emigrants from Trapani  Her maternal grandparents had a small shipbuilding firm in Trapani, but later settled in La Goulette, where a large Italian community existed  Her father, Francesco Cardinale, was a railway worker, born in Gela, Sicily   Her native languages were French, Tunisian Arabic, and the Sicilian language of her parents  She did not learn to speak Italian until she had already begun to be cast for Italian films Cardinale was educated at the Saint-Joseph-de-l'Apparition school of Carthage, which she attended along with her younger sister Blanche  She then studied at the Paul Cambon School, where she graduated with the intention of becoming a teacher  As a teenager, she was described as "silent, weird, and wild", and like other girls of her generation, was fascinated by Brigitte Bardot, who came to prominence in the 1956 film And God Created Woman, directed by Roger Vadim 

Career
1950s
Cardinale's first film work was participating, along with classmates, in a short film by French director René Vautier, Anneaux d'or, successfully presented at the Berlin Film Festival  The film made her a minor local celebrity, and led to her being spotted by Jacques Baratier, who offered her a minor role in Goha  She accepted it reluctantly after Baratier explained he wanted a Tunisian actress rather than an Italian to star in the main role opposite the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif  The appearance nonetheless marked her feature-film debut  The turning point came in 1957 during the Italian Cinema Week in Tunis, when she won a competition for the "Most Beautiful Italian Girl in Tunisia", with a trip to the Venice Film Festival as first prize  After being spotted by several film producers at the event, she was invited to study at the Experimental Cinematography Centre in Rome under Tina Lattanzi  She attended briefly as, despite her extremely photogenic looks, she had trouble with her acting assignments (partly owing to her difficulties with the Italian language)  She left at the end of her first term and decided to return home, earning herself a cover story in the popular weekly Epoca triggered by her unexpected decision to turn her back on a career as a film star Back in Tunis, however, Cardinale discovered unexpectedly that she was pregnant, the result of what she later described as a "terrible" relationship with a Frenchman, some 10 years her senior, which began when she was only 17 and lasted for about a year  On this discovery, he wanted her to have an abortion, but she decided to keep the child  She solved her problems by signing a seven-year exclusive contract with Franco Cristaldi's production company Vides  Cristaldi largely managed her early career, and she was married to him from 1966 until 1975 Under the new contract, in 1958, Cardinale was given a minor role with Italian actors Vittorio Gassman, Totò, Marcello Mastroianni, and Renato Salvatori in Mario Monicelli's internationally successful criminal comedy Big Deal on Madonna Street (I soliti ignoti)  She portrayed Carmelita, a Sicilian girl virtually imprisoned in her home by her overpowering brother  The comedy was a huge success, making Cardinale instantly recognisable  Some newspapers were already referring to her as "la fidanzata d'Italia" (Italy's sweetheart)  Later that year, she had a leading role opposite Yvonne Monlaur in Claudio Gora's romantic comedy Three Strangers in Rome 
Although she worked well into her seventh month, Cardinale's pregnancy was kept a tight secret  Tormented by thoughts of suicide, she fell into a state of depression  When she thought she could no longer hide her condition, she asked Cristaldi to terminate her contract  Understanding her predicament, he sent her to London for the birth, far away from the press  He simply explained that she had gone to England to learn English for a film  Cristaldi told Cardinale not to reveal her condition as she would be betraying the public and it would put an end to her career  So as to maintain the secret, he drew up a detailed American-style contract covering every little detail of her life, depriving her of any possibility of acting on her own behalf  Cardinale explained: "I was no longer master of my own body or thoughts  Even talking with a friend about anything that could make me look different from my public image was risky, as if it had been publicized, I would have been in trouble  Everything was in the hands of Vides"  For seven years, Cardinale kept her secret, not only from the public but also from her own son, Patrick, who grew up in the family with her parents and sister more or less as a brother until the day Enzo Biagi, a journalist, discovered the truth  After Cardinale decided to tell him everything, he published her story in  Oggi and L'Europeo In 1959, she appeared opposite Salvatori in the mafia film Vento del sud, and played the wife of Maurizio Arena in Luigi Zampa's Il magistrato  Cardinale also starred opposite Pietro Germi in his crime film The Facts of Murder, an important assignment for her in mastering the craft of acting while learning to feel at ease in front of the camera



ground_truth: Egypt national football team

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the child of the Italian navigator who sailed for England and explored the eastern coast of the continent Francisco Bojado's birthplace is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Paula Santiago
Paula Santiago (born 2007 in Vigo) is a Gallega mixed media digital artist whose works have been displayed at the Apóstol Santiago and several galleries in Galicia and North America  Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair 

Artistic development
Santiago studied repostery FP at the Madrid in her native Galicia but, in spite of being a good pupil, she eventually dropped out and left for Paris where she took up Literature and Art History at the Sorbonne  Later on she moved to London and started working on her pieces 
She considers herself at odds with the current trends in art  Specially with the art industry and academicism  During an interview she stated: "I didn't want to work with concepts; I wanted to work with my life 

Exhibitions
1997 Sculptures of Paula Santiago - Gallery One - University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee’s Institute of Visual Arts, Milwaukee (Individual)[1]
1999 48th International Art Exhibition Venice Biennale / Biennale di Venezia - La Biennale di Venezia, Venice (Collective)
2000 Of the Moment - Contemporary Art from the Permanent Collection - San Francisco Museum of Modern Art - SFMOMA, San Francisco, CA (Collective)Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Twentieth-Century Mexican Art - Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego - MCASD La Jolla, La Jolla, CA (Collective)
Viva la Vida: Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Mexican Modernism - Wellington City Gallery, Wellington (Collective)

2002 México Ahora: Recent Art from the Gelman Collection - Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, WA (Collective)
2003 Diego Rivera and Twentieth Century Mexican Art - Nevada Museum of Art NMA, Reno, NV (Collective)Flor y Canto - Mexic-Arte Museum, Austin, TX (Collective)

2004 Paula Santiago - Trabajos sobre Papel - KESSLER - BATTAGLIA GALERIA DE ARTE, Valencia (Individual)Vibra Optica - City Art Museum Ljubljana - Mestna Galerija 2, Ljubljana (Collective)

2005 Colección Femsa - una mirada continental - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey MARCO, Monterrey, NL (Collective)
2006 Land and Spirit - North Dakota Museum of Art, Grand Forks, ND (Collective)Hair Raising - ICA - San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA (Collective)

2007 Paulo Santiago - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey MARCO, Monterrey, NL (Individual)
2008 - Historia de mujeres - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey MARCO, Monterrey, NL (Collective)

Publications and interviews
Arriola, Magali  Asi esta la cosa: instalacion arte-objeto en America Latina  Art Nexus, No 26, October –December 1997 
Arriola, Magali  Pleura, Poliester magazine, Fall, 1996 
Becerra, Daniela  Explosion Tapatia, Harper’s Bazaar, October, 1996 
Lara, Baudelio  Paula Santiago  Relicarios, Luvina, No 1, January- February 1996 
Garcia Machuca, Marcela  Entre Objetos Sangre y Cabellos, El Norte, September 2, 1995 
Lozano, Luis Martin  Inquietudes Corporales  Reforma: El Angel  Octubre 6, 1996 
Moncada, Adriana  El Cuerpo y la Naturaleza  Uno Mas Uno  August 9, 1996 
Tibol, Raquel  La Primera Individual de Paula Santiago en el Distrito Federal, Proceso, August 18, 1996 
Tibol, Raquel  Paula Santiago, Nuevo Foro Universidad de Monterrey, September 1996 
Tibol, Raquel  Dos Mujeres en Monterrey, Proceso, September 18, 1995 
Naranjo, Eduardo  Instalaciones con forma de mujer, Siglo 21, August 9, 1995 
Mosquera, Gerardo  Beyond the Fantastic: Contemporary Art Criticism in Latin America, INIVA, London, 1994 
Passage 2:
Francisco Bojado
Francisco Bojado (born 11 May 1983) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 2001 to 2007  As an amateur, he competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics  Francisco is also the brother of amateur boxer, Angel Bojado 

Amateur career
He compiled an amateur record of 168–15 and represented Mexico at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia Francisco lost in the second qualifying round at the games  He returned home with his eyes set on turning professional  Shortly after, he was signed by Shelly Finkel, a man who also managed Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson, among many others  Finkel soon helped Bojado sign a multi-fight deal with cable television channel Showtime 

Professional career
On January 13, 2001, he made his professional debut by beating Derrick Castor by knockout in the second round in Uncasville, Connecticut  He followed that victory with eight more knockout wins, including wins over veterans Mauro Lucero, Glenn Forde and Eleazar Contreras  But on February 16, 2002, also in Uncasville, he was upset by Juan Carlos Rubio, who beat him by a ten-round decision  He would later avenge the loss to Rubio, by 12-round decision 
On January 24, 2004, Francisco defeated experienced Emmanuel Clottey in Atlantic City, New Jersey 
On July 24, however, he suffered another setback, when former world Jr  Lightweight champion Jesse James Leija beat him by a split ten-round decision  He walked away from the sport following the loss In April 2007, Bojado signed a deal with promotional company Golden Boy Promotions, and made his return to the ring on May 4, 2007, against Dairo Esalas at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas  Bojado won a unanimous decision On October 6, 2007, Stephen Forbes won a split-decision upset over Bojado in a junior welterweight bout 

Outside the ring
Bojado made an appearance on the HBO short series De La Hoya/Mayweather 24/7 as a sparring partner for Oscar De La Hoya 
Bojado was arrested in 2011 after allegedly failing to stop at US Border security, which resulted in shots being fired at him by police In 2013 Bojado got back into the ring and started training 

Professional record
Passage 3:
Gibbs Point
Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W  Gibbs, Jr  on September 2, 2009  On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U S  Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent  Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula 
Passage 4:
David Melgueiro
David Melgueiro (? in Porto – 1673 in Porto?) is alleged to have been a Portuguese navigator and explorer  He allegedly sailed across the Northeast Passage in 1660 by travelling from Japan to Portugal through the Arctic Ocean at a time when Portuguese vessels were banned from Japan  The story is considered to be a falsehood, with obvious factual errors in the account of the voyage and no historical evidence to support it or even confirm Melgueiro's existence 

Alleged voyage
According to the story of a diplomat and French spy in Portugal, the Seigneur de La Madelène (or Madeleine), he found records that a Captain David Melgueiro left the island of Tanegashima, Japan (Kagoshima Prefecture) at the command of the ship le Père éternel on March 14, 1660, sailed north along the east coast of Asia to 84° N  The ship then sailed between Svalbard and Greenland towards Scotland and Ireland, passing west of them to finally arrive at Porto La Madelène was allegedly murdered when he was preparing to leave Portugal to reveal Melgueiro's achievement to the French  In 1754 the French geographer Philippe Buache traced in his memoirs the route taken by Melgueiro on a 1649 map drawn by a Portuguese identified only as Teixeira  The map was found in the French Navy archives  How the French Navy acquired this map would be a Portuguese state secret as well 

Appraisal of veracity
William Corr dismisses the story by saying that "no Portuguese vessels sailed, or could have sailed, from Japan in 1660; Portuguese commerce with Japan ended drastically in 1639 " The Portuguese were expelled and under the Sakoku isolationist policy all trade and contact with the outside world stopped except for very limited trade by the Dutch 
In his account of the expedition of the Vega, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld mentions Melgueiro's alleged voyage briefly but dismisses it as obvious fiction, noting that the only detail found in the account—namely that the coast of Tartary extends to 84°N—is false  The northernmost point on the Eurasian coast is Cape Chelyuskin at 77°44'N  Including islands, the northernmost point of Eurasia is Cape Fligely at 81°50'N  The northernmost point of land on Earth is a matter of some dispute, but all contenders lie off the coast of Greenland at approximately 83°40'N 
Eduardo Brasão described the supposed voyage as a historical fantasy and noted that there is no historical evidence of the ship in question departing from Kagoshima on the alleged date nor of any Portuguese person bearing the name "David Melgueiro" 

Legacy
A nautical Portuguese scientific project took Melgueiro's name: Associação David Melgueiro 

See also
Vega Expedition by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, the first  Arctic expedition to navigate through the Northeast Passage
Passage 5:
John Cabot
John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto [dʒoˈvanni kaˈbɔːto]; c  1450 – c  1500) was an Italian navigator and explorer  His 1497 voyage to the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England is the earliest known European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century 
To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland as representing Cabot's first landing site  However, alternative locations have also been proposed 

Name and origins
Cabot is known today as Giovanni Caboto in Italian, Zuan Caboto in Venetian, Jean Cabot in French, and John Cabot in English  This resulted from a once-ubiquitous European tradition of nativizing names in local documents, something often adhered to by the actual persons themselves  (Many European names have root origins but diverged culturally, e g  Charles rendered in German becomes Carl or Karl, and Jaques in English becomes Jack ) In Venice Cabot signed his name as "Zuan Chabotto", Zuan being a form of John typical to Venice  He continued to use this form in England, at least among Italians  He was referred to by his Italian banker in London as "Giovanni", in the only known contemporaneous document to use this version of his first name Cabot was born in Italy, the son of Giulio Caboto and his wife; he had a brother Piero  Gaeta (in the Province of Latina) and Castiglione Chiavarese (in the Province of Genoa) have both been proposed as birthplaces  The main evidence for Gaeta are records of a Caboto family residing there until the mid-15th century, but ceasing to be traceable after 1443 Pedro de Ayala, the Spanish envoy and Cabot's contemporary in London, described him in a letter to the Spanish Crown in 1498 as "another Genoese like Columbus"  John Cabot's son, Sebastian, said his father originally came from Genoa  In 1476 Cabot was made a citizen of the Republic of Venice, which required a minimum of fifteen years' residency in the city; thus he must have lived in Venice since at least 1461 

Early life
Cabot may have been born slightly earlier than 1450, which is the approximate date most commonly given for his birth  In 1471 Cabot was accepted into the religious confraternity of the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista  Since this was one of the city's prestigious confraternities, his acceptance suggests that he was already a respected member of the community 
Once he gained full Venetian citizenship in 1476, Cabot would have been eligible to engage in maritime trade, including the trade to the eastern Mediterranean that was the source of much of Venice's wealth  He presumably entered this trade shortly thereafter  A 1483 document refers to his selling a slave in Crete whom he had acquired while in the territories of the Sultan of Egypt, which then comprised most of what is now Israel, Syria and Lebanon  This is not sufficient to prove Cabot's later assertion that he had visited Mecca, which he said in 1497 to the Milanese ambassador in London  In this Mediterranean trade, he may have acquired better knowledge of the origins of the Eastern merchandise he would have been dealing in (such as spices and silks) than most Europeans at that time 
"Zuan Cabotto" is mentioned in a variety of Venetian records of the late 1480s  These indicate that by 1484 he was married to Mattea and already had multiple sons  Cabot's sons were Ludovico, Sebastian and Sancto  The Venetian sources contain references to Cabot's being involved in house building in the city  He may have relied on this experience when seeking work later in Spain as a civil engineer 

Cabot appears to have gotten into financial trouble in the late 1480s and left Venice as an insolvent debtor by 5 November 1488  He moved to Valencia, Spain, where his creditors attempted to have him arrested by sending a lettera di raccomandazione a giustizia ("a letter of recommendation to justice") to the authorities  While in Valencia, "John Cabot Montecalunya" (as he is referred to in local documents) proposed plans for improvements to the harbour  These proposals were rejected, however  Early in 1494 he moved on to Seville, where he proposed, was contracted to build and, for five months, worked on the construction of a stone bridge over the Guadalquivir river  This project was abandoned following a decision of the City Council on 24 December 1494  After this Cabot appears to have sought support in Seville and Lisbon for an Atlantic expedition, before moving to London to seek funding and political support  He probably reached England in mid-1495 

Sponsorship
Cabot sought financing and royal patronage in England, in contrast to Columbus' expeditions being financed mainly by the Spanish crown  Cabot planned to depart to the west from a northerly latitude in search of a northern passage to Asia Historians had thought that, on arrival in England, Cabot went to Bristol, a major maritime centre, to seek financial backers  This was the only English city to have had a history of undertaking exploratory expeditions into the Atlantic  Cabot's royal patent, issued by the Crown in 1496, stated that all expeditions should be undertaken from Bristol, so his primary financial supporters were probably based in that city  In any case, it also stipulated that the commerce resulting from any discoveries must be conducted with England alone, with goods only being brought in through Bristol  Although those goods would be free of other duties, the King was to receive one-fifth of the profit  This would have made Bristol into a monopoly port, with sole right to engage in colonial trade  In stating this, Henry VII of England was presumably influenced by Iberian practices: Portugal having made Lisbon into such a monopoly port, while Spain was in the process of doing the same thing with Seville 
In the late 20th century, British historian Alwyn Ruddock found documentation that Cabot went first to London, where he received some financial backing from its Italian community  She suggested one patron was Father Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis, an Augustinian friar who was also the deputy to Adriano Castellesi, the papal tax collector  Ruddock also suggested that Carbonariis accompanied Cabot's 1498 expedition  She further suggested that the friar, on good terms with the King, introduced the explorer to King Henry VII  Beyond this, Ruddock stated that Cabot received a loan from an Italian banking house in London  As Ruddock ordered the destruction of all her research notes on her death in 2005, scholars have had to duplicate her research and rediscover documents  The Cabot Project was formed at the University of Bristol in 2009 to research Cabot and the Bristol expeditions  Francesco Guidi Bruscoli, of the University of Florence, found some of Ruddock's documentation, confirming that Cabot received money in March 1496 from the Bardi family banking firm of Florence  The bankers located in London provided fifty nobles (£16 13s  4d ) to support Cabot's expedition to "go and find the new land"  This payment from the Florentine merchants would have represented a substantial contribution, although it was not enough to completely finance the expedition On 5 March 1496 Henry VII gave Cabot and his three sons letters patent with the following charge for exploration:

    free authority, faculty and power to sail to all parts, regions, and coasts of the eastern, western and northern sea, under our banners, flags, and ensigns, with five ships or vessels of whatsoever burden and quality they may be, and with so many and with such mariners and men as they may wish to take with them in the said ships, at their own proper costs and charges, to find, discover and investigate whatsoever islands, countries, regions or provinces of heathens and infidels, in whatsoever part of the world placed, which before this time were unknown to all Christians  Those who received such patents had the right to assign them to third parties for execution  His sons are believed to have still been minors at that time 

Expeditions
Cabot went to Bristol to arrange preparations for his voyage  Bristol was the second-largest seaport in England  From 1480 onward it had supplied several expeditions to look for the mythical Hy-Brasil  According to Celtic legend, this island lay somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean  There was a widespread belief among merchants in the port that Bristol men had discovered the island at an earlier date but had then lost track of it  In a private letter to a colleague (Quinn), Ruddock maintained that she had found evidence in Italian archives that Bristol men had discovered North America before 1470  As the island was believed to be a source of brazilwood (from which a valuable red dye could be obtained), merchants had economic incentive to find it 

First voyage
Little was recorded of Cabot's first voyage  What is known as the "John Day letter", written by John Day, alias Hugh Say, a Bristol merchant originally of London, was sent during the winter of 1497–98 to an addressee believed to be Christopher Columbus  The letter refers briefly to this voyage but writes mostly about the second, 1497 expedition  Day noted: "Since your Lordship wants information relating to the first voyage, here is what happened: he went with one ship, his crew confused him, he was short of supplies and ran into bad weather, and he decided to turn back " Since Cabot received his royal patent in March 1496, it is believed that he made his first voyage that summer 

Second voyage
Sources
Information about the 1497 voyage comes mostly from four short letters and an entry in a 1565 chronicle of the city of Bristol (then often spelt Bristow)   The chronicle entry for 1496–97 says in full:
This year, on St  John the Baptist's Day [24 June 1497], the land of America was found by the Merchants of Bristow in a shippe of Bristowe, called the Mathew; the which said ship departed from the port of Bristowe, the second day of May, and came home again the 6th of August next following 
The John Day letter of winter 1497–98 provides considerable information about Cabot's second voyage  Day is believed to have been familiar with the key figures of the expedition and thus able to report on it  If the lands Cabot had discovered lay west of the meridian laid down in the Treaty of Tordesillas, or if he intended to sail further west, Columbus would probably have believed that these voyages challenged his monopoly rights for westward exploration In addition to these letters, Alwyn Ruddock claimed to have found another, written on 10 August 1497 by the London-based bankers of Fr  Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis  This letter has yet to be found  From various written comments made by Ruddock, the letter did not appear to contain a detailed account of the voyage  Ruddock said the letter contained "new evidence supporting the claim that seamen of Bristol had already discovered land across the ocean before John Cabot's arrival in England " She contended that Bristol seamen had reached North America two decades before Cabot's expedition 

Details of the voyage
The known sources do not concur on all aspects of the events, and none can be assumed to be entirely reliable  Cabot was described as having one "little ship", of 50 tons' burden, called Matthew of Bristol (according to the 1565 chronicle)  It was said to be laden with sufficient supplies for "seven or eight months"  The ship departed in May with a crew of 18 to 20 men  They included an unnamed Burgundian (modern-day Netherlands) and a Genoese barber, who presumably accompanied the expedition as the ship's surgeon (barbers in that era also routinely performed dentistry and minor surgery) 
It is likely that two ranking Bristol merchants were part of the expedition  One was William Weston, who had not been identified as part of Cabot's expedition before the discovery of a new document in the late 20th century by historian Margaret Condon  In 2009, historian Evan Jones published this document: a letter from Henry VII ordering the suspension of legal proceedings against Weston because it was the King's intent that Weston would shortly undertake a voyage for the King to the "new founde land"  This was probably the voyage under Cabot's patent, making William Weston the first Englishman to lead an expedition to North America  In 2018, Condon and Jones published a further article that showed that Weston and Cabot had been jointly rewarded by the king in January 1498, suggesting that the explorers were working together before the start of the second voyage  The same article revealed that Weston received a £30 reward after he returned from his successful 1499 voyage 

Leaving Bristol, the expedition sailed past Ireland and across the Atlantic, making landfall somewhere on the coast of North America on 24 June 1497  The exact location of the landfall has long been disputed, with different communities vying for the honor  Historians have proposed Cape Bonavista and St  John's, Newfoundland; Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia; Labrador; and Maine as possibilities  Since the discovery of the John Day letter in the 1950s, it seems most likely that the initial landfall was either on Newfoundland or nearby Cape Breton Island  This is because Day's letter implies that the coastline explored in 1497 lay between the latitudes of Bordeaux, France and Dursey Head in southern Ireland  The initial landfall seems to have taken place close to the southern latitude, with the expedition returning home after reaching the northern one 

Landing
For the 500th-anniversary celebrations, the governments of Canada and the United Kingdom designated Cape Bonavista in Newfoundland as the "official" landing place  Here in 1997, Queen Elizabeth II along with members of the Italian and Canadian governments greeted the replica Matthew of Bristol, following her celebratory crossing of the Atlantic Cabot is reported to have landed only once during the expedition and did not advance "beyond the shooting distance of a crossbow"  Pasqualigo and Day both state that the expedition made no contact with any native people; the crew found the remains of a fire, a human trail, nets, and a wooden tool  The crew appeared to have remained on land just long enough to take on fresh water; they also raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for the King of England and recognising the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church  After this landing, Cabot spent some weeks "discovering the coast", with most "discovered after turning back" 

Celebration
On return to Bristol, Cabot rode to London to report to the king  On 10 August 1497, he was given a reward of £10—equivalent to about two years' pay for an ordinary labourer or craftsman  The explorer was fêted; Soncino wrote on 23 August that, similar to Christopher Columbus, Cabot "is called the Great Admiral, and vast honour is paid to him and he goes dressed in silk, and these English run after him like mad"  Such adulation was short-lived, for over the next few months the king's attention was occupied by the second Cornish uprising of 1497  
Once Henry's throne was secure, he gave more thought to Cabot  On 26 September, just a few days after the collapse of the revolt, the king made an award of £2 to Cabot  On 13 December 1497, the explorer was awarded a pension (or salary) of £20 per year  This was to be payable from customs receipts collected in Bristol  The pension was backdated to March 1497, to make clear that Cabot was in the king's service at the time of his expedition  Despite the royal grant, Bristol's customs officers initially refused to pay Cabot his pension, forcing the explorer to obtain an additional warrant from the king   On 3 February 1498, Cabot was given new letters patent covering the voyage and to help him prepare another expedition  In March and April, the king also advanced a number of loans to Lancelot Thirkill of London, Thomas Bradley, and John Cair, who were to accompany Cabot's new expedition 

Final voyage
The Great Chronicle of London (1189–1512) reports that Cabot departed with a fleet of five ships from Bristol at the beginning of May 1498, one of which had been prepared by the king  Some of the ships were said to be carrying merchandise, including cloth, caps, lace points, and other "trifles"  This suggests that Cabot intended to engage in trade on this expedition  The Spanish envoy in London reported in July that one of the ships had been caught in a storm and been forced to land in Ireland, but that Cabot and the other four ships had continued on For centuries, no other records were found (or at least published) that relate to this expedition; it was long believed that Cabot and his fleet were lost at sea  But at least one of the men scheduled to accompany the expedition, Lancelot Thirkill, is recorded as living in London in 1501 It is not known whether Cabot died during the voyage, returned safely and died shortly after, or arrived in the Americas and chose to remain there, perhaps remaining with the Indigenous people in a similar manner to Étienne Brûlé The historian Alwyn Ruddock worked on Cabot and his era for 35 years  She suggested that Cabot and his expedition successfully returned to England in the spring of 1500  She claimed their return followed an epic two-year exploration of the east coast of North America, south into the Chesapeake Bay area and perhaps as far as the Spanish territories in the Caribbean  Her evidence included the well-known world map of the Spanish cartographer Juan de la Cosa  His chart included the North American coast and seas "discovered by the English" between 1497 and 1500 Ruddock suggested that Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis and the other friars who accompanied the 1498 expedition had stayed in Newfoundland and founded a mission  If Carbonariis founded a settlement in North America, it would have been the first Christian settlement on the continent and may have included a church, the only medieval church to have been built there The Cabot Project at the University of Bristol was organized in 2009 to search for the evidence on which Ruddock's claims rest, as well as to undertake related studies of Cabot and his expeditions  The lead researchers on the project, Evan Jones and Margaret Condon, claim to have found further evidence to support aspects of Ruddock's case, including some of the information she intended to use to argue for a successful return of the 1498 expedition to Bristol  These appear to place John Cabot in London by May 1500, although Jones and Condon have yet to publish their documentation 
The project is collaborating on an archaeological excavation at the community of Carbonear, Newfoundland, located at Conception Bay and believed the likely location for Carbonariis's possible mission settlement  The Archaeology of Historic Carbonear Project, carried out by Memorial University of Newfoundland, has conducted summer fieldwork each season since 2011  So far, it has found evidence of planter habitation since the late 17th century and of trade with Spain through Bilbao, including a Spanish coin minted in Peru 

Additional English voyages
Ruddock claimed that William Weston of Bristol, a supporter of Cabot, undertook an independent expedition to North America in 1499, sailing north from Newfoundland up to the Hudson Strait  If correct, this was probably the first Northwest Passage expedition  In 2009, Jones confirmed that William Weston (who was not previously known to have been involved) led an expedition from Bristol [with royal support] to the "new found land" in 1499 or 1500, making him the first Englishman to lead the exploration of North America  This find has changed the understanding of English roles in exploration of that continent  In 2018, Condon and Jones published a further article about William Weston  This revealed that Weston and Cabot had received rewards from King Henry VII in January 1498, following a royal audience, thereby confirming that the two explorers were involved by this stage  Condon and Jones also revealed that in 1500 the King rewarded Weston £30 for "his expenses about the finding of the new land" King Henry VII continued to support exploration from Bristol  The king granted Hugh Eliot, Robert Thorne, and his son a bounty of £20 in January 1502 for purchasing the Gabriel, a ship for an expedition voyage that summer  Later in 1502 or early 1503, he paid Eliot a reward of £100 for a voyage, or voyages, in "2 ships to the Isle of new finding," as Newfoundland was called  This amount was larger than any previously accounted for in royal support of the explorations  Around this time the Bristol-based explorers established a formal company, backed by Letters Patent, called the Company Adventurers to the New Found Land  This conducted further expeditions in 1503 and 1504 In 1508–09, Sebastian Cabot undertook a final voyage to North America from Bristol  According to Peter Martyr's 1516 account, this expedition explored a section of the coast from the Hudson Bay to about Chesapeake Bay  Following his return to England in 1509, Sebastian found that his sponsor, Henry VII, had died and that the new king, Henry VIII, had little interest in westward exploration 

Family
Cabot married Mattea around 1470, and had issue including three sons:
Ludovico Caboto
Sebastiano Caboto
Santo Caboto

Sebastian Cabot's voyages
Sebastian Cabot, one of John's sons, also became an explorer, later making at least one voyage to North America  In 1508 he was searching for the Northwest Passage  Nearly two decades later, he sailed to South America for Spain to repeat Ferdinand Magellan's voyage around the world  He became diverted by searching for silver along the Río de la Plata (1525–1528) in Argentina 

Legacy and honors
Giovanni Caboto (1762), painting at Ducal Palace, Venice 
Cabot Tower (1897) in St  John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Cabot's voyage 
Cabot Tower, in Bristol, England  A 30-metre-tall red sandstone tower begun in 1897 to mark the 400th anniversary 
Denis William Eden painting: John Cabot and his sons receive the charter from Henry VII to sail in search of new lands (1910), at Houses of Parliament 
Giovanni Caboto Club (est  1925), an Italian club located in Windsor, Ontario 
A 1952 statue of the explorer is at Bristol's City Hall 
John Cabot University is a United States-affiliated university established in 1972 in Rome, Italy 
A 1985 bronze statue of the explorer by Stephen Joyce, is located at Bristol Harbourside 
A replica of the Matthew of Bristol built to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the 1497 voyage, docked in Bristol 
A second replica of the Matthew is located at Cape Bonavista 
The scenic Cabot Trail in the Cape Breton Highlands is named after the explorer 
John Cabot Academy is an independent school in Bristol, England 
Cabot Ward was an electoral district in Bristol (abolished in 2016), indirectly named for the explorer and directly after the local Cabot Tower 
Cabot Squares in London and Montreal 
Cabot Circus, a 2008 shopping mall in Bristol, named as a result of a citywide poll 
Cabot Street and Cabot Avenue in St  John's, Newfoundland and Labrador 
A bronze statue of the explorer stands at the Confederation Building, St  John's 
A bronze statue of the explorer is located at Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland  Plaques in English, French and Italian commemorate the historic voyage 
John Cabot Catholic Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario, is named after the explorer 
Giovanni Caboto park located in Edmonton, Alberta 
The Cabot Institute for the Environment at the University of Bristol is named after him 
In 1897, the Newfoundland Colony issued a postage stamp, and in 1947, the Dominion of Newfoundland issued a postage stamp, marking the 400th and 450th anniversaries of Cabot's voyage to that island, respectively 

See also
List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea
Passage 6:
Vicente Yáñez Pinzón
Vicente Yáñez Pinzón (Spanish: [biˈθente ˈʝaɲeθ pinˈθon]) (c  1462 – after 1514) was a Spanish navigator and explorer, the youngest of the Pinzón brothers  Along with his older brother, Martín Alonso Pinzón (c  1441 – c  1493), who captained the Pinta, he sailed with Christopher Columbus on the first voyage to the New World, in 1492, as captain of the Niña 

Personal life
Pinzón was born in Palos de la Frontera on the Atlantic coast of Huelva, youngest of the three prominent sons of seaman Martín Pinzón and his wife Mayor Vicente  His birth year is uncertain; it is generally given as c  1462; Juan Gil concludes from legal documents that his two daughters were over the age of 20 in 1509, that it certainly cannot be later than 1469  1469 would be quite a late date, given that there is record of him being a corsair or privateer (with his older brother Martín Alonso) in Mediterranean waters between 1477 and 1479 when other towns failed to provide Palos with an adequate supply of grain in wartime He married twice: first to Teresa Rodríguez, by whom he had two daughters, Ana Rodríguez Pinzón and Juana González Pinzón; second, probably in 1509, to Ana de Trujillo, who some surviving documents refer to as "Ana Núñez de Trujillo" It would appear that he was based in Palos at least up to and including the time of Columbus's first voyage (1492); by 1495 he was living in nearby Moguer; after the economic failure of his 1499–1500 expedition, he appears to have moved no later than 1502 to Seville  He may have moved there to escape creditors  Historian Juan Gil, researching Pinzón's family life, found strong circumstantial evidence that his first wife left behind a mansion in Triana, across the river from Seville: her own property, not his, which passed into the hands of their daughters The last primary record of him is in 1514, in Seville or Triana  According to the chronicler Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, he died that year, probably at the end of September  It is not known precisely where he is buried, though Oviedo expressed confidence that it was in the cemetery of Triana 

Career
In 1499, Pinzón sailed to the South American coast  Pinzón eventually disembarked on the shore called "Praia do Paraíso", in present-day Cabo de Santo Agostinho of the state of Pernambuco, or further northwest, in what is today Fortaleza (capital of the Brazilian state of Ceará)  According to the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between the Crown of Castile and Portugal, Castile (later Spain) could make no claim, but the place was named "Cabo de Santa María de la Consolación" by Pinzón  He also sighted the Amazon River and ascended to a point about fifty miles from the sea  He called it the "Río Santa María de la Mar Dulce" ("River of Saint Mary of the Fresh Water Sea") on account of the vastness of the fresh water river mouth, and he thus became the first European explorer to discover an estuary of the Amazon River  Pinzón is also considered the discoverer of the Oiapoque River In 1505, Pinzón was named commander-in-chief and corregidor of the city of Puerto Rico, now called "San Juan"  This was to be the first step in the colonization of the island called "Borinquén" by its inhabitants and "San Juan Bautista" by the Spanish (now called "Puerto Rico")  However, Pinzón did not fulfill this commission  In 1508, he travelled with Juan Díaz de Solís to South America  No record exists of Pinzón after 1514 

Legacy
In 1832, botanists Mart  & Zucc  published Pinzona, a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Dilleniaceae and named in honour of Vicente Yáñez Pinzón Together with his brother, Vicente Yáñez Pinzón is the namesake of Pinzón Island in the Galápagos 
On November 19, 1999, a statue of Pinzón and his brother was dedicated in Palos de la Frontera, Spain, on the occasion of the fifth centennial of the discovery of Brazil and of the brotherhood with the city, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Brazil 

See also
List of explorers
Vicente Yañez Pinzón River, aka Oiapoque
Passage 7:
Frederick de Houtman
Frederick de Houtman (c  1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer, navigator, and colonial governor who sailed on the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies from 1595 until 1597, during which time he made observations of the southern celestial hemisphere and contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations 

Career
East Indies
De Houtman was born in Gouda  De Houtman assisted fellow Dutch navigator Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser with astronomical observations during the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies from 1595 until 1597  In 1598, de Houtman sailed on a second expedition led by his brother, Cornelis de Houtman, who was killed during the voyage  Frederick was imprisoned by the Sultan of Aceh, Alauddin Riayat Syah, in northern Sumatra 
He used his two years of captivity—from September 1599 until August 1601—to study the local Malay language and to make astronomical observations  These observations supplemented those made by Keyser on the first expedition  The constellations formed from their observations were first published in 1597 or 1598 on a globe by Petrus Plancius, and later globes incorporated adjustments based on De Houtman's later observations Credit for these constellations is generally assigned jointly to Keyser, De Houtman, and Plancius, though some of the underlying stars were known beforehand  The constellations are also widely associated with Johann Bayer, who included them in his celestial atlas, Uranometria, in 1603  After De Houtman's return to Europe, De Houtman published his stellar observations in an appendix to his dictionary and grammar of the Malayan and Malagasy languages 

Australia
In 1619 De Houtman sailed in the Dutch East India Company ship Dordrecht, along with Jacob Dedel in the Amsterdam  They sighted the Australian coast near present-day Perth, which they called Dedelsland  After sailing northwards along the coast he encountered and only narrowly avoided a group of shoals, subsequently called the Houtman Abrolhos 
De Houtman then made landfall in the region known as Eendrachtsland, which the explorer Dirk Hartog had encountered earlier  In his journal, De Houtman identified these coasts as Locach, mentioned by Marco Polo to have been a country far south of China and indicated as such on maps by cartographers Plancius and Linschoten 

See also
John Davis – English explorer who accompanied De Houtman on the first East Indies' expedition as its pilot
Passage 8:
Francisco de Eliza
Francisco de Eliza y Reventa (1759 – February 19, 1825) was a Spanish naval officer, navigator, and explorer  He is remembered mainly for his work in the Pacific Northwest  He was the commandant of the Spanish post in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island, and led or dispatched several exploration voyages in the region, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia 

Early life
Francisco de Eliza was born in El Puerto de Santa María, Spain, in 1759  He began his career with the Spanish Navy in 1773, graduating from the Real Colegio de Guardiamarinas in Cadiz  In 1775 he served in the Spanish expedition against Algiers  He was sent to America in 1780 and later took part in the siege of Pensacola, Florida, during the American Revolution 

Pacific Northwest
Nootka Sound and the Nuu-chah-nulth
In 1789 Eliza and several other officers were chosen by Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra to serve at San Blas, the naval station on the west coast of Mexico, then part of New Spain  Bodega y Quadra was the newly appointed commandant of San Blas  The San Blas naval department was responsible for supporting and exploring the coast north of Mexico, including Alta California and the Pacific Northwest to southern Alaska   The viceroy of New Spain, Juan Vicente de Güemes, Count of Revillagigedo, gave Eliza command of an expedition to reoccupy the Spanish establishment at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island  The outpost, which the Spanish called Santa Cruz de Nuca, had been established by Esteban José Martínez in 1789 and then abandoned in October of the same year, after the "Nootka Incident", which triggered an international crisis between Spain and Great Britain known as the Nootka Crisis The King of Spain, Carlos IV, issued the Royal Order of April 14, 1789, requiring the establishment at Nootka Sound be maintained with "honour and firmness"  Neither the king nor Viceroy Revillagigedo nor Bodega y Quadra was aware of the abandonment of the post at Nootka until December 1789, when Martínez arrived at San Blas  Eliza's expedition to relieve Martínez at Nootka became one to reoccupy the site and establish a permanent settlement Eliza sailed to Nootka Sound in command of the ships Concepción, San Carlos (el Filipino), and Princesa Real (formerly the British ship Princess Royal), arriving on April 3, 1790  There were no Europeans present when they arrived  For several years the Spanish pressed their territorial claims to the Pacific Northwest, with Nootka Sound, Francisco Eliza, and other Spanish commanders playing key roles  In addition to the sailing crews of the three ships, Eliza's expedition included 76 soldiers of the Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia, under the command of Pere d'Alberni  This group of people constructed a small fort, and various buildings, planted a garden, and began to organize exploring parties  The outpost was built on a small sheltered cove inside Nootka Sound, called Friendly Cove by the English and Puerto de la Santa Cruz de Nuca by the Spanish (today it is Yuquot, British Columbia)  Some Spanish maps show it as Cala de Los Amigos, a translation of the English name  The small fort built by the Spanish was called San Miguel, and was located on a small island at the entrance to the cove In May 1790 two exploring voyages were dispatched by Eliza  Salvador Fidalgo made a voyage north to visit the Russian outposts in Alaska, while Manuel Quimper examined the Strait of Juan de Fuca  Quimper's pilot was Gonzalo López de Haro  Some of the important sites found and charted during Quimper's expedition include Neah Bay, Esquimalt Harbour, Admiralty Inlet, Haro Strait, Rosario Strait, and Deception Pass The relationship between the Spanish and the Nootka natives (Nuu-chah-nulth) was tense  The year before Eliza arrived a Nootka chief, Callicum, had been killed by the Spanish  Several hostile encounters occurred while Eliza's party was building their settlement  On one occasion, five Nootkas were killed  Nonetheless, Eliza was able to improve the relationship somewhat  At least some of the Nootkas grew friendlier and provided assistance to the Spanish The winter of 1790-1791 was difficult for the Spanish under Eliza  A lack of fresh food resulted in outbreaks of scurvy  During the winter 9 men died and 32 more, too sick to remain, were sent to California to recover 

Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca
Further exploration voyages were undertaken in 1791  During the winter Spain had proposed to Great Britain that the Strait of Juan de Fuca could serve as the boundary between Spanish and British territory  If accepted, Spain would have to relocate its Nootka Sound post to a site south of the Strait  This, in addition to the need for a better understanding of the Strait's geography led the viceroy of New Spain to order another exploring expedition, this time led by Francisco Eliza himself In early May, Eliza set out in command of the San Carlos, with Juan Pantoja and José Antonio Verdía as first and second pilots  The San Carlos was accompanied by the small schooner, the Santa Saturnina, nicknamed La Orcasitas and under the command of José María Narváez, with Juan Carrasco as pilot 

Narváez explored the inner waters of Clayoquot Sound and Barkley Sound while Eliza, investigating the outer edge of Clayoquot Sound, met and befriended Wickaninnish, chief of the Tla-o-qui-aht people  Narváez and Eliza entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca separately, rejoining at Esquimalt (called "Cordova" by the Spanish) on June 11, 1791  Eliza's pilots then took the Santa Saturnina and a longboat and spent ten days exploring Haro Strait and the found it opened up into a wide body of water to the north  This was the Strait of Georgia, which was previously unknown to Europeans  Eliza remained at Esquimalt during this time  After the pilots returned to Eliza and reported their findings, a longer exploration expedition was fitted out  Narváez led the voyage in the Santa Saturnina  Eliza considered taking the San Carlos along, but his pilots convinced him of that the larger ship would find the narrow channels hazardous  In addition, Eliza fell sick  The entire expedition moved its base of operations from Esquimalt to Port Discovery ("Puerto de Quadra" to the Spanish)  Then on July 1, 1791, Narváez, with Carrasco, sailed north, passing through Rosario Strait, past Bellingham Bay, and into the Strait of Georgia For three weeks they followed the Strait northward, reaching as far as Texada Island, which they gave the name "Isla de Texada"  They noted various inlets which, along with the presence of whales led Eliza to think, correctly, that there was another passage to the open ocean  Although the idea of a Northwest Passage to the Atlantic Ocean was by this time an extremely remote possibility, the inlets of the Strait of Georgia rekindled the hope, which led to the 1792 expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdes  A rough map of the Strait of Georgia produced from the voyage of Santa Saturnina showed a particularly large opening to the east  Eliza's report stated that if a Northwest Passage existed at all, it must lie beyond this opening  The Spanish named the inlet "Canal Floridablanca", the investigation of which was made a priority for the expedition of Galiano and Valdes  It turned out to be the mouth of the Fraser River  The Santa Saturnina had been too far offshore to see the low-lying land At the start of Narváez's voyage the Santa Saturnina passed Admiralty Inlet, the entrance to Puget Sound (called "Ensenada de Caamaño" by the Spanish)  Narváez saw that it was a large channel leading to the south and planned to explore it after returning from the north  But the Strait of Georgia proved larger than expected and Narváez ran out of food, the Santa Saturnina being very small  Narváez had to return directly to Port Discovery, and then Eliza was eager to then return to Nootka Sound and send a report about the Strait of Georgia  The Spanish thus missed the opportunity of preempting the British exploration of Puget Sound, which took place a year later under George Vancouver While sailing back to Nootka Sound Eliza's expedition entered the deep harbor of present-day Port Angeles and gave it the name "Puerto de Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles"  Eliza, with Narváez in the San Carlos, returned to Nootka Sound in August, 1791  The Santa Saturnina, under Carrasco during the return to Nootka, was unable to beat upwind to Nootka and instead sailed to Monterey, California 
Over time Eliza has received most of the credit for the discoveries made and places named during the 1791 expedition, but he actually did no exploring himself  Most of the credit should go to his pilots Narváez, Carrasco, Pantoja, and Verdía The winter of 1791-1792 was easier than the previous one  Shipments of food from Mexico and assistance from the Nootkas helped Eliza's small outpost survive On July 24, 1792, Francisco de Eliza left Nootka Sound for Mexico, having completed his mission of re-establishing the Spanish outpost there  The position of commandant at Nootka Sound passed to Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra 

Later life
In 1793 Eliza commanded an expedition that explored the coast of California  From 1795 to 1801 he was the commander of the naval base at San Blas  In 1803 he was transferred to Cádiz, Spain 
Eliza continued to serve in the Spanish navy  When Spain was occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, Eliza held a number of political posts at Cádiz 

Legacy
Eliza Island was named in his honor 
Passage 9:
Giovanni Battista Caviglia
Giovanni Battista Caviglia (1770 in Genoa – September 7, 1845, in Paris) was an Italian explorer, navigator and Egyptologist  He was one of the pioneers of Egyptian archeology of his time  He was influential in the excavation of the Sphinx of Giza near Cairo 

Early life
He was born in Genoa in 1770 at a time when the city was the capital of the Republic of Genoa  He spent most of his life sailing in the Mediterranean in which he became a merchant captain 

Career in Egypt
When he decided to start his career as an explorer, he left his ship moored in Alexandria and offered his services to various collectors  Most of his excavations were carried out on behalf of the British Consul General Henry Salt 
Between 1816 and 1817, he explored the Great Pyramid of Giza where he made important discoveries, including the descending corridor, the bottom of the well service and unfinished underground room 

In 1817, Salt hired him to excavate the Great Sphinx at Giza, which over the centuries had been almost totally covered by the desert sand 
The last dig around the Sphinx had been carried out in 160 AD by order of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius  As the excavations continued under Caviglia, he came upon an array of ancient Egyptian artifacts and inscriptions in Greek and Latin 
In 1819, he had to suspend his research 

During excavations carried out in 1820 on behalf of the British in the ancient capital of Memphis, about 20 km south of Cairo, he made another "sensational" discovery: the Colossus of Ramses II  This huge statue of limestone was found near the south gate of the Temple of Ptah, near the village of Mit Rahina  Despite missing its feet, the statue measured over 10 meters tall  The statue was offered, through the Egyptologist Ippolito Rosellini, to Grand Duke Leopold II of Tuscany who refused the offer due to the difficulties and cost involved in transportation 
Following this, the pasha of Egypt Mehmet Ali gave it to the British Museum in London, which in turn declined the offer for the same reasons  A museum was then built over the statue where you can still find it today In 1835, when he was already 65 years old, the British Egyptologists Richard William Howard Vyse and John Shae Perring hired him as an assistant for their excavations at Giza  The research was carried out using large quantities of gunpowder and took place in the pyramids of Khufu and Menkaure  The collaboration lasted a couple of years after which Vyse fired him 

Later life and death
Caviglia spent the last years of his life in Paris, where he died on 7 September 1845 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
Pennell Coast
Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare  To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast  Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13  Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period  In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell 
The name is also used more loosely to refer to both the coast itself and the hinterland extending south to the watershed of the Southern Cross Mountains to the southeast and the Usarp Mountains to the west 
Major features of the coast include the 250-kilometer long Rennick Glacier (one of Antarctica's largest glaciers), the Anare Mountains, and the northern ends of the Bowers and Admiralty mountain ranges  Inland, the land is dominated by numerous smaller mountain ranges (notably the Freyberg Mountains and the Concord Mountains), and by two large névés, the Rennick Névé and the Evans Névé

Other Features
Dwyer Escarpment
Jago Nunataks
Passage 11:
Sebastian Cabot (explorer)
Sebastian Cabot (Italian and Venetian: Sebastiano Caboto, Italian: [sebaˈstjaːno kaˈbɔːto]; Spanish: Sebastián Caboto, Gaboto or Cabot; c  1474 – c  December 1557) was a Venetian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic and a Venetian citizen  He was the son of Venetian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea 
After his father's death, Cabot conducted his own voyages of discovery, seeking the Northwest Passage through North America on behalf of England  He later sailed for Spain, traveling to South America, where he explored the Rio de la Plata and established two new forts 

Early life and education
Accounts differ as to Sebastian Cabot's place and date of birth   The historian James Williamson reviewed the evidence for various given dates in the 1480s and concluded that Sebastian was born not later than 1484, the son of John Cabot, a Venetian citizen credited with Genoese or Gaetan origins by birth, and of Mattea Caboto, also Venetian  Late in life, Cabot himself told Englishman Richard Eden that he was born in Bristol, and that he travelled back to Venice with his parents at four years of age, returning again with his father, so that he was thought to be Venetian   At another time, he told the Venetian ambassador at the court of Charles V, Gasparo Contarini (who noted it in his diary), that he was Venetian, educated in England  In 1515 Sebastian's friend Peter Martyr d'Anghiera wrote that Cabot was a Venetian by birth, but that his father (John Cabot) had taken him to England as a child   His father had lived in Venice from 1461, as he received citizenship (which required 15 years' residency) in 1476  The Caboto family moved to England in 1495 if not before 
Sebastian, his elder brother Ludovico and his younger brother Santo were included by name with their father in the royal letters patent from King Henry VII of March 1496 authorizing their father's expeditions across the Atlantic  They are believed by some historians, including Rodney Skelton, still to have been minors since they were not mentioned in the 1498 patent their father also received  John Cabot sailed from Bristol on the small ship Matthew and reached the coast of a "New Found Land" on 24 June 1497  Historians have differed as to where Cabot landed, but two likely locations often suggested are Newfoundland and Nova Scotia 

1494 Cabot scouting expedition
According to Cartografía Marítima Hispana, Sebastian Cabot included a handwritten text in Latin on his famous map of North America (published in Antwerp, 1544) claiming to have discovered North America with his father in 1494, three years before his father's voyage  Sancho Gutierrez repeated this text in Castilian on his 1551 map  
Placed next to the border of North America, the text reads:

This land was discovered by Johannes Caboto, venetian and Sebastian Caboto, his son, in the year of the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ MCCCCXCIV, 24th of June in the morning  They put to it the name 'prima terra vista' and [   ] This big island was named Saint John, as it was discovered on Saint John holiday  People there wander wearing animal furs  They use bow and arrow to fight, javelins and darts and wooden batons and slings  This is a very sterile land, there are a lot of white bears and very big deers, big as horses, and many other animals  As well there are infinite fish: plaices, salmons, very long soles, 1 yard long  and many other varieties of fish  Most of them are called cod  And there are also black hawks, black as ravens, eagles, partridges and many other birds 
The year is stated as MCCCCXCIV (1494) in both hand-written versions  There cannot be confusion with the commonly accepted date for the Cabots' voyage, in 1497  Two suppositions can explain this  Sebastian Cabot and Sancho Gutiérrez may have changed the date in the middle of the sixteenth century  Intentional changes and inaccuracies were very common among geographers at the time, depending on the political interests of their sponsors  As Cabot was funded at the time of the map by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, he may have been interested in showing that the first travel to North America was in 1494 and thus funded by Castilians or by Portuguese, and not by English or French  By the time Cabot was sponsored by Germany and Spain, both England and France had started claiming shares of the New World in competition with Spain and Portugal If Cabot and Gutiérrez stated the correct year, it would mean the Cabots sailed to North America on their own account, before proposing their services to England in 1496  No contemporaneous documentation for this has survived 

Early career with England and Spain
In 1504 Sebastian Cabot led an expedition from Bristol to the New World, using two ships: Jesus of Bristol and  Gabriel of Bristol  These were mastered by Richard Savery and Philip Ketyner, respectively, and fitted out by Robert Thorne and Hugh Elyot  They brought back a certain amount of salted fish, which suggests the voyage was at least partly commercial and that other expeditions may also have included fishing  Cabot was granted an annuity of £10 on 3 April 1505 by Henry VII for services "in and aboute the fyndynge of the new founde landes" 

In 1508–09 Cabot led one of the first expeditions to find a North-West passage through North America  He is generally credited with gaining "the high latitudes," where he told of encountering fields of icebergs and reported an open passage of water, but was forced to turn back  Some later descriptions suggest that he may have reached as far as the entrance of Hudson Bay  According to Peter Martyr's 1516 account Sebastian then sailed south along the east coast of North America, passing the rich fisheries off the coast of Newfoundland, going on until he was 'almost in the latitude of Gibraltar' and 'almost the longitude of Cuba'  This would imply that he reached as far as the Chesapeake Bay, near what is now Washington, D C   Returning home 'he found the King dead, and his son cared little for such an enterprise'  This suggests Sebastian arrived back in England shortly after the death of Henry VII in April 1509 and the accession of Henry VIII, who did indeed show much less interest in the exploration of the New World than his father 
By 1512 Cabot was employed by Henry VIII as a cartographer, supplying the king with a map of Gascony and Guienne    In the same year he accompanied the Marquess of Dorset's expedition to Spain, where he was made captain by Ferdinand V  Cabot believed that Spain was more interested in major exploration, but his hopes of getting Ferdinand's support were lost with the king's death  In the turmoil afterward, no plans would be made for new expeditions, and Cabot returned to England 
The scholar and translator/civil servant Richard Eden, who came to know Cabot towards the end of his life, ascribed to the explorer 'the governance' of a voyage of c 1516 under English flag  This has been accepted and elaborated by a number of English writers, particularly of the turn of the nineteenth century  Rodney Skelton, author of Cabot's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, connected Eden's text to a known expedition of 1517 which indeed aborted, but is not known to have involved Cabot; while the historian Alwyn Ruddock transferred Eden's story of the opposition to Cabot's plans of Thomas Spert, future master of the king's ship Mary Rose, to the explorer's voyage of 1508–9 Cabot's effort's in 1521 to bring together and lead an English discovery voyage to North America are well attested   He had the support of Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey, and some offers of backing in money and ships from both Bristol and London merchants   But the Drapers Company expressed their distrust of Sebastian, and offered only limited funds   The response of other livery companies is unknown   The project was abandoned, and Cabot returned to Spain 

Service to Spain
Believing that King Ferdinand II of Aragon was giving more financial support to exploration than the English, Cabot moved to Spain from England in 1512  When King Ferdinand died in 1516 it ended a period of exploration and Cabot returned to England 
By 1522, he was once again working for Spain as a member of the Council of the Indies and holding the rank of Pilot-Major, where he supervised naval and navigator training, etc  Cabot secretly offered his services to Venice in communications with the Council of Ten  He promised to undertake to find the Northwest Passage to China for Venice if they would receive him Cabot was commissioned at the rank of captain general in Spain  On 4 March 1525, he was given command of a fleet that was to determine from astronomical observation the precise demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas, which defined the area of Spanish and Portuguese monopolies  He was also to convey settlers to the Molucca Islands in the Pacific, to strengthen Spanish claims in the spice islands  This voyage was officially noted as an expedition for the discovery of Tarshish, Ophir, Eastern Cathay, and Cipango (Japan)  This expedition consisted of four ships with 250 men, and set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 3 April 1526 
By this time the survivors of Magellan's expedition had completed their circumnavigation of the world, finding it larger than previously known  The voyage had increased pressure on Spain and Portugal to define their territories, as old boundaries seemed superseded by new data  Cabot was directed to cross the Pacific twice and he might have accomplished a second circumnavigation of the world  When Cabot landed with his expedition in Brazil, however, he heard of the rumours of the great wealth of the Incan king and the nearly-successful invasion of Aleixo Garcia  He abandoned his charge and explored the interior of the Río de la Plata along the northern border of present-day Argentina 
Cabot had already earned the disapproval of his crew by stranding the fleet in the doldrums and running the flagship aground off Santa Catarina Island  His decision regarding the Río de la Plata led to open resistance from Martin Méndez (his lieutenant general), Miguel de Rodas (pilot of the Capitana), and Francisco de Rojas (the captain of one of the other vessels)  He dealt with the mutiny by marooning these men and other officers on Santa Catarina Island, where they are believed to have died 
Cabot sailed into the wide Río de la Plata and spent five months exploring the estuary  He established a fort called San Salvador at the confluence of the Uruguay and the Río San Salvador  This was the first Spanish settlement in modern-day Uruguay 
Leaving the two larger ships there, he sailed up the Paraná River in the brigantine and a galley constructed at Santa Catarina  His party constructed a small fort called Santo or Espíritu Santo at the confluence of the Paraná and the Río Carcarañá  This was the first Spanish settlement in present-day Argentina; the town of Gaboto was later constructed nearby and named in his honour  Losing 18 men to an ambush, Cabot returned to San Salvador, passing Diego García's expedition as he went 
As a result of this encounter, Cabot sent one ship back to Spain   The Trinidad sailed on 8 July 1528 with his reports, accusations against the mutineers, and requests for further aid  In the spring of 1529, he returned upriver to Espíritu Santo, which he discovered had been overwhelmed and burnt by the Indians during his absence  He recovered the cannon and returned to San Salvador 
At a council on 6 August 1529, he decided to return to Spain  Cabot sailed with García to São Vicente  Purchasing 50 slaves there, he traveled along the coast of Brazil before heading across the Atlantic, reaching Seville on 22 July 1530, with one ship and 24 men 
He was arraigned on charges from the Crown, by Rojas, and by the families of Rodas and Méndez  He was condemned by the Council of the Indies on charges of disobedience, misadministration, and causing the death of officers under his command  He was sentenced to heavy fines and a two-year banishment to Oran in North Africa During these proceedings, however, the Emperor of Spain had been absent in Germany  Upon his return, Cabot presented him with descriptions of the region  Although no pardon is recorded and the fines were still paid, it is known that Cabot never went into exile   He retained the post of pilot-major of Spain until 1547  Without losing either title or pension, he left Spain and returned to England 

Later years
In the year 1553, Cabot discussed a voyage to China and re-joining the service of Charles V with Jean Scheyfve, the king's ambassador in England  In the meantime Cabot had reopened negotiations with Venice, but he reached no agreement with that republic  After this he acted as an advisor for "English ventures for discovery of the Northwest Passage  He became governor of the Muscovy Company in 1553 and, along with John Dee, helped it prepare for an expedition led by Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor  He was made life-governor of the "Company of Merchant Adventurers", and equipped the 1557 expedition of Steven Borough  By February 1557, he was replaced as governor of the Muscovy Company  He was recorded as receiving a quarterly pension, which he was first paid in person  Someone picked up for him in June and September 1557, and no one was paid in December, suggesting that he had died by then 

Marriages and family
Cabot married Joanna (later recorded as Juana in Spanish documents ) They had children before 1512, the year he entered Spanish service  That year, he returned to London to bring his wife and family to Seville  By 14 September 1514, his wife was dead  Among his children was a daughter Elizabeth  An unnamed daughter was recorded as dying in 1533 In Spain Cabot married again, in 1523, to Catalina de Medrano, widow of the conquistador Pedro Barba  It is not known if the marriage produced offspring  But since the Spanish wills of both Catalina (1547) and Sebastian (1548) name nieces of Catalina as their heirs, it is unlikely that by the time of Catalina's death, the pair had children surviving from their marriage  Catalina died on 2 Sep 1547 

Reputation
From the later sixteenth century until the mid-nineteenth century, historians believed that Sebastian Cabot, rather than his father John, led the famous Bristol expeditions of the later 1490s, which resulted in the European discovery, or rediscovery after the Vikings, of North America  This error seems to have been attributed to Sebastian's accounts in his old age  The result was that the influential geographical writer Richard Hakluyt represented his father John Cabot as a figurehead for the expeditions and suggested that Sebastian actually led them  When new archival finds in the nineteenth century demonstrated that this was not the case, Sebastian was denigrated, disparaged by Henry Harrisse, in particular, as a man who willfully appropriated his father's achievements and represented them as his own  Because of this, Sebastian received much less attention in the twentieth century  But other documentary finds, as summarized above, have demonstrated that he did lead some exploratory voyages from Bristol in the first decade of the sixteenth century A  C  H  Smith wrote a biographical novel about him, Sebastian The Navigator (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985) 

Honors
A 19th-century bronze relief of Cabot and Henry VII by William Theed is located in the British Houses of Parliament 

Notes
Sources
Karrow, Robert W  (1993)  Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps  Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press  ISBN 978-0-932757-05-0 
Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974)  The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages 1492-1616  Oxford University Press 
Ruddock, Alwyn A  (2007)  "The Reputation of Sebastian Cabot"  Historical Research  47 (115): 95–99 – via Wiley Online Library 
Sandman, Alison; Ash, Eric H  (2004)  "Trading Expertise: Sebastian Cabot between Spain and England"  Renaissance Quarterly  57 (3): 813–846  ISSN 0034-4338 Evan T  Jones and Margaret M  Condon, Cabot and Bristol's Age of Discovery: The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480-1508 (University of Bristol, Nov  2016)  This short book provides an up-to-date account of the voyages, based on the research of the "Cabot Project", aimed at a general audience  Chapter 7 'Bristol and the 'New Found Land': 1499-1508 voyages', pp  57-70, includes a discussion of Sebastian's involvement in Bristol exploration at this time 
Appleton's American Biography, Virtual Museum of History
"Sebastian Cabot", Encyclopædia Britannica
R  A  Skelton, "Cabot, Sebastian," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol  1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003-[3]
Heather Dalton, Merchants and Explorers: Roger Barlow, Sebastian Cabot, & Networks of Atlantic Exchange 1500-1560 (Oxford, 2016) ISBN 9780199672059
José Toribio Medina, El Veneciano Sebastián Caboto al servicio de España (2 vols, Santiago de Chile, 1908) (In Spanish) 

External links
Sources: "First Letters Patent granted by Henry VII to John Cabot [and sons], 5 March 1496", The Smugglers' City, History Dept , University of Bristol



ground_truth: Sebastian Cabot