prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What administrative territorial entity includes the place that KTRP is licensed to broadcast to?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
WNDE
WNDE (1260 AM) is a commercial radio station in Indianapolis, Indiana   It is owned by iHeartMedia with the broadcast license held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WNDE broadcasts a sports radio format, with some afternoon talk programs, including The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show 
WNDE is powered at 5,000 watts   By day, it uses a non-directional antenna   But at night, to protect other stations on 1260 AM from interference, it switches to a directional antenna with a three-tower array   The transmitter is off Fall Creek Road in Indianapolis   Programming is also heard on the HD Radio digital subchannel of co-owned WFBQ 94 7 FM 

History
WFBM
The station signed on as WFBM on October 23, 1924   It is the oldest radio station still operating in Indianapolis, and third oldest in the state of Indiana   It was started by the Merchants Heating & Light Co , later Indianapolis Power & Light   In its early years, it broadcast on 1130 kilocycles   In 1927, it moved to 1330 kHz, then to 1090 kHz in 1928, and to 1230 kHz in 1929   It arrived at its current frequency after the enactment of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) in 1941, when all stations in the United States at 1230 kHz were moved to 1260 kHz 
In 1949, WFBM-TV (now WRTV) went on the air in time to broadcast the 1949 Indianapolis 500 (May 30, 1949)   The WFBM "family" grew on November 26, 1959, when WFBM-FM went on the air at 94 7 MHz (now WFBQ)   In 1957, WFBM-AM-FM-TV were sold to Time-Life, Inc   McGraw-Hill bought the stations in 1972, and almost immediately put the radio stations on the market   The WFBM stations had been grandfathered when the FCC banned common ownership of television and radio stations, but lost that protection with the McGraw-Hill purchase 

WNDE
In 1973, WFBM became WNDE, followed by WFBM-FM becoming WFBQ in Spring 1974   The WNDE call letters were chosen as the letters "NDE" phonetically sound like "Indy" Through much of the 1960s and 70s, WNDE had a Top 40 format, using the identifier "Windy Twelve Sixty "  WNDE and 1310 WIFE (now WTLC) had a spirited competition for youthful Top 40 listeners   But in the 1980s, contemporary music listening switched to the FM dial   WNDE needed to find a new format and eventually it switched to Sports Radio 

Sports Radio
WNDE has been a Fox Sports Radio network affiliate since 2002  It had previously been an ESPN Radio affiliate on two occasions   In September 2012, the network switched from Fox Sports Radio to NBC Sports Radio in the 10 p m -5 a m  weekday hours, remaining with Fox in other dayparts   Former hosts of the afternoon drive local show include former WISH-TV sports anchor and Hoosier Millionaire host Mark Patrick, the team of Tim Bragg & Bill Benner, Indiana Pacers announcer Mark Boyle, JMV (John Michael Vincent, currently with WFNI), IndyCar Radio announcer Jake Query, and Derek Schultz 

On July 7, 2015, WNDE added W248AW, an FM translator on 97 5 MHz  On July 22, 2019, the translator ended its simulcast  The next month, iHeart announced it was returning the translator originally owned by Christian radio company Educational Media Foundation back to that organization as part of a translator trade 

Programming
Most programming comes from the Fox Sports Radio network   In late mornings, it carries Premiere Networks' The Dan Patrick Show   And unusual for a sports radio station, it carries The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show from noon to 3 p m  weekdays   Travis & Sexton are followed by a two-hour financial talk show   Sports programming resumes at 5 p m  on weekdays 
WNDE's long-running local afternoon drive time show, "Query & Schultz", hosted by Jake Query and Derek Schultz, aired from 2011 to 2020  Query and Schultz were released in January 2020 as part of iHeart's cut backs  The 2020 iHeartRadio reduction in force (RIF) impacted over 1,000 employees across the USA  WNDE has not had a local sportstalk show in any daypart since 
On July 6, 2015, WNDE became the Indianapolis outlet for The Rush Limbaugh Show, which had been on WIBC for over two decades but whose carriage was ended for local programming   Coinciding with iHeart taking the show in-house to WNDE (the only choice it had locally due to incompatible music formats on iHeart's three other FM stations in the market), the company also acquired FM translator station W248AW 97 5 FM from the Educational Media Foundation to simulcast WNDE  The surrounding sports format did not change   Limbaugh began airing on WNDE the same day as the station rebranded to "Fox Sports 97 5 " That FM simulcast ended in 2019 and WNDE became "Fox Sports 1260" (named for the AM frequency)   When Limbaugh died in 2020 and Travis & Sexton succeeded him in the time slot, WNDE continued carrying the replacement program 
WNDE is the Indianapolis outlet for Purdue University football and men's basketball, sharing flagship status with Lafayette's WAZY   It also airs Westwood One's NFL and NCAA football and basketball coverage  After years of broadcasting Cincinnati Reds baseball, WNDE was briefly a part of the Chicago Cubs network in 2009 and 2010   In 2011, WNDE dropped NASCAR programming after many years, and began broadcasting Indianapolis Indians baseball 
Passage 2:
Notus, Idaho
Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho  The population was 531 at the time of the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County  It is part of the Boise metropolitan area 

History
The present day location of the City of Notus is located along Highway 20/26 
in 1874, the Lower Boise Post Office was established on the homestead of C L F Peterson  The inclusion of the Lower Boise Post Office is considered to be the primary reason for the present location of Notus  According to an Idaho Press Tribune article from 1986, Notus got its name from the daughter of a local railroad official  The daughter reportedly thought "notus" was of Native American origin and meant "it's all right " The town of Notus was almost known as 'Lemp' In 1926, the Notus secondary school was founded  In 2017, the old building was demolished 

Geography
Notus is located at 43°43′34″N 116°48′7″W (43 726082, -116 801866) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 39 square miles (1 01 km2), of which, 0 38 square miles (0 98 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water 

Features
Notus has one secondary school and one elementary school  Notus also has a city park, a museum located along highway 20/26, a public library, and one restaurant 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 531 people, 182 households, and 139 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,397 4 inhabitants per square mile (539 5/km2)  There were 198 housing units at an average density of 521 1 per square mile (201 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 73 3% White, 0 2% African American, 2 4% Native American, 0 4% Asian, 18 5% from other races, and 5 3% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29 8% of the population 
There were 182 households, of which 41 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61 5% were married couples living together, 9 3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23 6% were non-families  18 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 92 and the average family size was 3 34 
The median age in the city was 35 5 years  31 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 25 4% were from 45 to 64; and 11 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 1% male and 52 9% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 458 people, 147 households, and 113 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,160 7 inhabitants per square mile (448 1/km2)  There were 156 housing units at an average density of 395 4 per square mile (152 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 86 90% White, 1 31% Native American, 0 66% Asian, 8 73% from other races, and 2 40% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 05% of the population 
There were 147 households, out of which 44 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 6% were married couples living together, 6 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 1% were non-families  18 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 12 and the average family size was 3 58 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 33 4% under the age of 18, 7 6% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 20 1% from 45 to 64, and 11 1% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 31 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $43,750  Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $21,250 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,801  About 10 4% of families and 13 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11 2% of those under age 18 and 28 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Chris Horn, former NFL wide receiver
Passage 3:
WHRZ-LP
WHRZ-LP (104 1 FM, "The Z") is a non-commercial low-power radio station in Spartanburg, South Carolina  Owned by the First Baptist Church of Spartanburg, it broadcasts a youth-oriented Christian CHR format  The station is licensed by the FCC to broadcast with an ERP of 47 watts ( 047 kW)  Its transmitter is located on the former WSPA-TV tower in downtown Spartanburg  The station has a range of approximately 10 miles, although it reaches a wider audience via FM translators, and syndication of its programming on HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM and WLFS 

History
The station originally signed on in May 2005, broadcasting a Christian CHR format targeting teenagers and young adults  It initially used the branding Hangar Radio Z, referencing the nickname for the Church's recently-constructed youth center ("The Hangar"), which also housed the station's studios 

Translators
In addition to the main station at 104 1, the station operates multiple FM translators to broaden its coverage over the upstate of South Carolina, as well as the Charleston area:

As part of an agreement with Radio Training Network, the station's programming is also syndicated on the HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM/Greenville and WLFS/Port Wentworth—co-branded as His Radio Z 
Passage 4:
KOLL
KOLL (106 3 FM, "La Zeta") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area  KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format   The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus 

History
Prior to their current format, the station aired Urban Contemporary format as KWTD in the early 1980s later changing their call letters to KMZX in 1990 with the same format  Later the station was named "The River" and played and All Favorites Hits English Format  Also prior to their current call letters, the station was "KLEC" which featured a modern rock format from the summer of 1998 until the fall of 2004  The station was known as "Lick 1063" On-air personalities were chosen from the local public through a series of studio interviews, then on-air interviews in a type of sink-or-swim competition of sorts 
The station logo was chosen through an internet poll on their website  Lick 1063 moved around on the radio dial several times, starting out at 101 1 FM in a "format" of a variety of about 35 compact discs, some home-recorded from the head engineer's (Steve Gimbert's) vinyl collection, then to 96 5 FM, when the station adopted a harder sound with groups such as Type O Negative, Marilyn Manson, Rob Zombie, Korn and Pantera 
Later, the format moved to the stronger 106 3 frequency 
Lick 1063 also featured The Corey and Jay Show in morning drive   They were fired when Archway Broadcasting purchased the station from Equity Broadcasting in late 2002  Corey and Jay later moved to KMJX, a classic rock station, replacing Tommy Smith and his long-running "Rock and Roll Breakfast" morning show  They later moved to KDJE 
On September 1, 2012, at 12:00am, after playing "Black Velvet" by Alannah Myles, KOLL flipped to a Regional Mexican format branded as "La Zeta 106 3″ 
Passage 5:
WRNX
WRNX (100 9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts   The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC 
The station was assigned the WRNX call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on September 21, 1990 

Programming
WRNX airs a country music format   The format change to country music from WRNX's longtime adult album alternative format was part of sister station WPKX's move to the Hartford, Connecticut market, where it became WUCS In addition to its usual music programming, WRNX has served as the flagship station for University of Massachusetts Amherst athletics broadcasts  The station has carried all of the school's men's basketball, hockey and football games plus coaches shows and women's basketball games since 2002 
They also carry NASCAR races 

Ownership
In spring 2003, Pamal Broadcasting Ltd  (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) reached an agreement to acquire WPNI and WRNX from Western Massachusetts Radio Co  (Thomas G  Davis, president), for a reported sale price of $8 million  The broker for this transaction was Doug Ferber of Star Media Group, Inc  At the time of the purchase, WRNX broadcast a rock-leaning adult album alternative music format In the summer of 2006, iHeartMedia, under its former name of Clear Channel Communications (John Hogan, CEO, radio), reached an agreement to acquire WRNX from Pamal Broadcasting Ltd (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) in exchange for five radio stations on other states  The other stations in the deal are WBPM and WGHQ in upstate New York, WZRT and WSYB in Rutland, Vermont, and WPYR in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Published reports state that no cash changed hands in this transaction 

Alumni
Rachel Maddow, host of The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC and former Air America Radio personality, got her start through a contest to find a new sidekick for The Dave in the Morning Show  Maddow says, "I was crashing with friends in Massachusetts, working odd jobs, when they told me to try out  And they hired me on the spot  Radio came to me, I didn't come to it "
Passage 6:
CJXY-FM
CJXY-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 107 9 FM and serving the Hamilton, Ontario market, licensed to the suburb of Burlington  The station broadcasts an alternative-leaning active rock format as Y108  CJXY's studios are located on Main Street West (next to Highway 403) in Hamilton, while its transmitter is located atop the Niagara Escarpment near Burlington 

History
The station was originally launched in 1948 as 94 1 CHML-FM, a simulcast of AM station CHML  The simulcast was subsequently dropped in the 1950s, leaving the station silent  The owners relaunched the FM signal on 95 3 in 1964, with distinct programming from its AM sister station  In 1967, the station adopted the new callsign CKDS-FM, in honour of company founder Kenneth D  Soble, who had died in 1966 
In 1974, CHML and CKDS-FM were purchased by ML Radio, a division of what was to become Western International Communications  On September 1, 1991, CKDS-FM dropped its long-time adult contemporary/easy listening format, and adopted the CJXY callsign and a classic rock format as Y95 
In 2000, CHML and CJXY were acquired by Corus Entertainment  On August 31, 2001, CJXY swapped frequencies with Corus' CING-FM, taking over CING's former 107 9 frequency; at the same time, it changed its moniker to the current Y108 
Passage 7:
WRLS-FM
WRLS-FM (92 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States   The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc 
WRLS-FM broadcasts an adult contemporary music format to the greater Hayward, Wisconsin-Spooner, Wisconsin, area  The station airs select news programming from NBC News Radio   WRLS-FM airs the National Football League games of the Green Bay Packers as an affiliate of the Packers Radio Network The station was assigned the call sign WRLS-FM by the Federal Communications Commission on January 15, 1980 
Passage 8:
WRMN
WRMN (1410 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Elgin, Illinois  It serves the Fox Valley in the northwest suburbs of Chicago    The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC   It has a format of talk radio shows and shopping programs 
By day, WRMN is powered at 1,000 watts non-directional   At night, it increases its power to 1,300 watts but it also uses a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1410 AM from interference   The transmitter is on Sundown Road at North La Fox Street in South Elgin   Programming is also heard on FM translator W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 

Programming
Weekdays begin with a local news and information morning drive time show, First Shift with Markie B   Middays and some hours on Saturdays feature shopping shows and Tradio   The rest of the weekday schedule is nationally syndicated talk shows, including Brian Kilmeade and Friends, The Jesse Kelly Show, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory Weekend syndicated shows include Rich DiMuro on Tech, The Weekend with Michael Brown, Bill Handel on the Law and Somewhere in Time with Art Bell   Starting with the 2012 season, WRMN became the flagship station for the Schaumburg Boomers of minor league baseball's Frontier League   Most hours begin with an update from Townhall Radio News 

History
In 1949 (1949), the station signed on the air   It has always used the call sign WRMN   It was originally powered at 500 watts and was a daytimer station, required to go off the air at sunset   It was owned by the Elgin Broadcasting Company with studios at 188 Division Street 
In Septemeber 1960, it added an FM station, 94 3 WRMN-FM   It is now a contemporary worship music station owned by the Educational Media Foundation, WAWE  
An agreement was signed October 26, 2016 to sell WRMN, along with commonly-owned stations KSHP and WBIG, to Pollack Broadcasting for $2 million  The sale was consummated on January 31, 2017   In August 2019, WRMN signed-on FM translator station W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 
Passage 9:
WGFX
WGFX (104 5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Gallatin, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area  It is branded as 104 5 The Zone, broadcasting a sports radio format  It is owned by Cumulus Media, with studios in Nashville's Music Row district   Most of its daytime schedule has local hosts, with programming from Fox Sports Radio heard nights and weekends 
WGFX has an effective radiated power of 58,000 watts   The transmitter is on Blevins Road off Interstate 24 in Whites Creek, Tennessee, amid the towers for other Nashville-area FM and TV stations 

History
Early years
The station signed on as WFMG-FM on December 1, 1960, in Gallatin, Tennessee, about 30 miles (47 km) northeast of Nashville, with a big band format  The station was started by Ellis F  Jones Jr  The studio and transmitter location was located on North Water Street on Gallatin's Public Square  The transmitter power was 8 2 KW ERP according to FCC Records  In 1965, the station's studio and transmitter site was moved 5 1 miles north of the City of Gallatin to a location known as "Music Mountain"  In 1971, Sumner Country Broadcasting Co , which owned WHIN in Gallatin, purchased WFMG and changed call letters to WHIN-FM  During the early years of WHIN-FM, the format was easy listening  In 1974, the station switched to an all oldies format  In July 1978, WHIN-FM flipped formats to contemporary hit radio (CHR)  Just over one month later, the call letters were changed to WWKX using the moniker KX 104 FM 
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the station was very popular and featured morning DJ Coyote McCloud  Its 100,000 watt signal broadcasting from "Music Mountain", one of the highest points on the northern Highland Rim north of Gallatin and the site of several broadcasting facilities, boomed far into the rural areas of northern Tennessee and southern Kentucky  By the mid-1980s, KX 104 was faced with competition from two new area CHRs, "96 Kiss" (WZKS, now WCJK) and "Y107" (WYHY, now WRVW)  Additionally, McCloud defected to WYHY in 1985 to host its morning show  To try to differentiate itself, WWKX segued into a rock-leaning Top 40 format calling itself Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM  This move proved unfruitful, and the station returned to mainstream CHR a year later in 1986  Faced with the success of Y107, this would not last 

Classic Rock
In the summer of 1987, WWKX moved its tower from Music Mountain into Nashville and downgraded power, noticeably affecting signal strength in rural areas north of the city  The call letters changed to WGFX on August 13, 1987 and the moniker became 104 5 The Fox with a classic rock format In the late 1980s, Dick Broadcasting Company (DBC) took over operations of the station through a local marketing agreement (LMA), and paired it with its popular rock and roll station WKDF to form "Nashville's Rock Network"  In the early 1990s, the station became known as "Arrow 104 5" (with Arrow originally standing for "All Rock n' Roll Oldies")  This format was somewhat successful and endured until the late 1990s 
The station was purchased outright by Dick Broadcasting Company following the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which, in part, loosened broadcast ownership rules  
Shortly after the acquisition, Dick Broadcasting entered into an agreement with SFX Broadcasting, the then-owner of WLAC-FM, to trade the intellectual property of the stations  The trade, to have taken place February 2, 1998, would have moved WLAC-FM's adult contemporary format to 104 5 FM, and moved WGFX's classic rock format to 105 9 under SFX ownership  However, when the agreement fell apart, SFX converted WLAC-FM to a classic rock format of its own, changed the call letters to WNRQ, and began to compete directly with WGFX 

Rhythmic Oldies
Responding to the early ratings success of WNRQ, WGFX reformatted to rhythmic oldies as "Jammin' Oldies 104 5", on December 11, 1998, but quickly changed its name to "Groovin' Hits 104 5" after a brief trademark dispute In early 1999, WGFX was slated to convert to a country music outlet built around local air personality Carl P  Mayfield  Dick Broadcasting purchased advertising in other media promoting Mayfield's impending debut on 104 5 WGFX  However, the company ultimately succumbed to Mayfield's repeated demands that the format be installed on the stronger-signalled WKDF, leaving WGFX to continue broadcasting rhythmic oldies 

Classic Hits
In January 2000, the station reverted to a classic hits format, focusing mainly on 1970s music  First known as simply "The New 104 — That '70s Station", it became "The New 104 — The Core" a few months later, and was positioned as a lighter alternative to WNRQ 
Citadel Broadcasting purchased the station (along with all of DBC's assets outside the Greenville, South Carolina market) in September 2000   In the summer of 2002, the station broadened its playlist to include music from 1980s, and changed its name to "Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX", marking the only time the station has used those call letters in its branding 

Sports 104 5 The Zone
The All Sports format began on August 11, 2003, with the station renamed "104 5 The Zone "  Management hired popular personalities George Plaster, Willy Daunic and Darren McFarland away from Cumulus Media station WWTN (99 7 FM)  However, because of litigation surrounding a contract dispute, Plaster did not appear on the station until two months after its launch 
In the early days of the Zone, the station had a heavy focus on local news, and featured general-interest talk on weekdays from 6am-Noon, with sports in all other dayparts  For the first three weeks of the talk format, the station broadcast "The Rick and Bubba Show" (a holdover from the previous "Rockin' Hits" format)  It then brought over Mayfield's "Carl P  & The P-Team" show from WKDF, where it had been replaced in morning drive  Following Mayfield's exit in December 2003, the station began broadcasting "The Wake-Up Zone" in early mornings, featuring Mayfield's supporting cast, but led by Nashville music industry executive Charlie Monk  Popular Knoxville morning talk personality Hallerin Hilton Hill also hosted a 2-hour version of his show for the Nashville market in the late morning slot 
Over the course of 18 months, the station migrated to 24/7 sports talk  Hill's show was canceled, and "The Wake-Up Zone" was converted to a sports-focused show, replacing Charlie Monk & Mike Donegan with Kevin Ingram and retired Titans tight end Frank Wycheck  They joined Mark Howard, who continued with the show from its previous iteration  The trio of Ingram, Howard and Wycheck continued on the show until 2017, when Wycheck left the show and was replaced with another former Titans star, Blaine Bishop 

Titans and Volunteers Football
WGFX was the flagship station for the Tennessee Oilers/Titans of the National Football League from 1997 until the completion of the 2001 season, when the rights were shifted to WGFX's sister station, WKDF  (WGFX returned as an "affiliate" station of the team's network for the 2004 season only)  WGFX also aired the franchise's games in 1996, the final year the team was located in Houston, Texas  WGFX returned as the full-time flagship station of the Titans Radio Network in 2010 
WGFX is the major Nashville-area affiliate for the University of Tennessee Volunteers football and men's basketball, The Vols moved to WGFX on 2010 after many years on WLAC  
The station also broadcasts selected Belmont Bruins men's basketball games which do not conflict with the Vols In the past, WGFX has served as the flagship station for the Nashville Predators (NHL, 2005–2010), Vanderbilt Commodores (SEC, 2004–2009), and Nashville Sounds (PCL, 2010–2011) 
WGFX has previously served as the Nashville affiliate for The Jim Rome Show, The Dan Patrick Show, Sporting News Radio and ESPN Radio, and is currently on its second stint as an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio  It was announced that in 2013 the station would once again drop its Fox affiliation to be an affiliate of the upstart CBS Sports Radio network, but never did actually did so  Shortly afterwards, the CBS Sports Radio affiliation went to a competitor, WNSR, as WGFX retained the Fox Sports Radio affiliation   However, WGFX also retains the hourly minute-long commentaries by CBSSR personalities such as Boomer Esiason and Doug Gottlieb 

Cumulus ownership
Following a bankruptcy, Citadel was acquired by Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011  Shortly after the merger, WGFX and WKDF moved their studios from Rutledge Hill to Cumulus' existing cluster at Music Row, where they broadcast alongside WWTN, WSM-FM, and WQQK  WRQQ and WNFN also briefly shared studio space with WGFX until they were each sold to separate buyers 
Plaster, Daunic and McFarland left WGFX immediately after Cumulus acquired the station in September 2011, and the trio was instrumental in launching its primary competitor, WPRT-FM 
In 2017, WGFX removed all network programming during its weekday prime dayparts, focusing entirely on locally-produced shows 

Prior formats
Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX – Classic Hits, 2002–2003
The New 104 — The Core (briefly known as The New 104 — That '70s Station) – Classic rock, 2000–2002
Groovin' Hits 104 5 (briefly known as Hot 104 5 and Jammin' Oldies 104 5) – R&B Oldies, 1998–2000
Arrow 104 5 – Classic Hits, 1993–1998
104 5 The Fox – Classic Rock, 1988–1993 (call letters changed to WGFX, which stood for Gallatin's FoX)
KX104 – Top 40, 1986–1987
Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM – Rock/Top 40, 1985–1986
Kix 104 – Top 40, 1978–1985 (as WHIN-FM and WWKX)
WHIN-FM – Oldies, 1974–1978 / Easy Listening, 1971–1974
WFMG-FM – Big Bands, 1960–1971 

Notable personalities
Fiona – 1999–2000
Mike "The Duke" Donegan – 2003–2004
Hallerin Hilton Hill – 2003–2005
Carl P  Mayfield – 2003
Coyote McCloud – 1980s
Mark Howard – 1998–2020
George Plaster – 2003–2011
Rich "Brother" Robbin – 2002–2003
Frank Wycheck – 2004–2016
Kevin Ingram - 2004-2020
Clay Travis – 2009–2014
Blaine Bishop – 2010–present
Dallas Reese – 1990–1992
Lauren McCleash – 1989–1992
Melissa Johnson Sweeton – 1989–1992/1999–2001

See also
List of Nashville media
Passage 10:
WJYM
WJYM (730 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Bowling Green, Ohio, and serving the Toledo metropolitan area  It broadcasts a Christian radio format, and is owned by the ministry of noted Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart  The studios and transmitter are on Freemont Pike (U S  Route 20 - U S  Route 23) near Lime City Road in Lime City, Ohio  
By day, WJYM is powered at 1,000 watts   But 730 AM is a Mexican and Canadian clear channel frequency   So to avoid interference, at night WJYM reduces power to 359 watts   It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array   Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator W295DB at 106 9 MHz 

History
Beginnings as WHRW
The station first signed on the air on December 1954 (1954-12)   The original call sign was WHRW, selected as the initials of its then-owner and founder, Howard R  Ward   It was a daytimer with a power of 250 watts using two towers and required to go off the air at sunset   Ward served as the president and general manager   By the end of the 1950s, the station was given permission to increase its power to 1,000 watts, but still days only   The studios were at the transmitter facility 
Ward was famous for stunting including a fight he had with General Telephone (GTE) concerning a teletype circuit which they could not provide to his station in rural Bowling Green   Ward purchased an old truck and painted "WTLG Carrier Pigeon News Service" on the side   He made a ceremony each day of driving it through the streets of Bowling Green to supposedly return his birds for dispatch of news releases out to his station from downtown  The local papers and wire services picked up on the story which embarrassed GTE  When GTE still would not budge he announced that he was giving away a free savings bond to the 10th caller to his station  He did not answer the phones during the contest and successfully locked up the GTE system in Bowling Green several times until the company obtained an injunction against him 
On July 1, 1961, Ward sold WHRW to H  Max Good 

As WMGS
After WHRW was sold to Good, the studios and offices were moved to the Waldorf Hotel in Toledo, as the recent power increase afforded the station with full market signal penetration   The relocation to Toledo did not last long and the station returned to the Bowling Green area, taking space along Main Street  The call letters were then changed to WMGS, to reflect the positioning statement "with more good sounds", though some station insiders referred to "Max Good's Station" as the more accurate translation 
The station was silent until it moved to the present location in Lime City   It returned to the air with 1,000 watts, days only, using four towers   The Program Director was George Mishler who also hosted middays  The morning drive time DJ was Roy Blair, and the afternoon host was Jim Hamilton  The music was middle of the road (MOR)   When the format changed to country music, George Mishler went to work for the Voice of America (VOA) in Washington, D C   He ultimately became a manager of Special English programming  Jim Hamilton headed for Chicago, and Roy Blair went to Bowling Green State University to complete his B A  in English  During this time, Roy announced for WFOB AM/FM, Fostoria and began work at WSPD AM after graduation  After WSPD AM, Roy was next heard on WJBK-TV 2, Detroit 
Under the country format, the DJs including Jim Bonnett as "Big Jim", who also was the station manager until 1966; Roger Price as "Pistol Pete" and program director from 1962 to 1966, Johnny Dauro as "Lonesome John" and manager from 1966 to 1970; Roy Blair as "Cousin Roy", George Lubgate as "Tiny Tim"; Ron Kitchen as "Ron the Dude" and program director in 1966; Lowell Thomas (Not the famous newscaster) as "L T "; Bob Zrake as "Buffalo Bob"; Jerry Kiefer as program director in 1972; Earl Sharninghouse as "Rick Allen" and program director and Chief engineer from 1972 to 1973; Ken Robey as "Ken Roberts"; Dennis Rutherford as Chief engineer and part-time air talent in 1973; Klaus Helfers as "J P  Jones"; and The Reverend Max Good, who preached daily 

As WJYM
On October 14, 1976, WMGS was sold to the Jimmy Swaggart Evangelistic Association, and became WJYM "Son Life Radio " The call letters are evocative of the name "Jim", after owner Jimmy Swaggart  For many years, the station operated locally with a full staff of approximately 12  In the mid 1990s, WJYM carried Bowling Green State University football and basketball games 
By 1980, the station's on-air operations moved to its transmitter facility along Fremont Pike in Rossford, where they remained for the rest of the 20th Century   Advances made in hard-disk computer-based broadcast automation and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was passed, which relieved many stations of the main studio rule that required a studio and management presence within close proximity of the community of license   At that point, on-air functions were moved to the ministry's headquarters in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Though station signage remains outside the transmitter facility, it is, for the most part, unattended   Except for some computerized local announcements, WJYM is basically a simulcast of WJFM, the flagship station for Jimmy Swaggart Ministries 
Passage 11:
KAPE
KAPE (1550 AM, "KAPE Radio") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri   The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC 

The station was assigned the call sign "KAPE" by the U S  Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 2, 1987  It was licensed as "KGMO" when it signed on in 1951, and was assigned "KEWI" on April 14, 1986, and "KKPE" on May 1, 1986 

Programming
KAPE broadcasts a news/talk format  The station features programming from Fox News Radio and Salem Media Group  As of August 2022, syndicated programming includes weekday talk shows hosted by Dana Loesch, Dave Ramsey, Glenn Beck, Hugh Hewitt, Joe Pags, John Gibson, and Todd Schnitt Legendary radio broadcaster Rush Limbaugh started his career at KGMO in 1967 

Translator
KAPE programming is also carried on a broadcast translator station to extend or improve the coverage area of the station 
Passage 12:
WHOS
WHOS (800 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Decatur, Alabama, United States   The station is owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WHOS is one of five stations in the Huntsville, Alabama, market owned by iHeartMedia, Inc  The station is also simulcast on WBHP at 1230 AM in Huntsville, a 106 5 FM broadcast translator in Huntsville, and on WQRV-HD2 (HD Radio)   Its studios are located in Madison, Alabama and its transmitter is located in West Decatur, Alabama 

Programming
WHOS broadcasts a news/talk format that serves northwest Alabama and south-central Tennessee   The station's current programming is a simulcast of Huntsville, Alabama, sister station WBHP (1230 AM), "The Valley's Big Talker "  The studios for both stations are located in nearby Madison, Alabama 
Notable local weekday programming includes The WBHP Morning Program with Gary Dobbs and Toni Lowery  Notable syndicated weekday programming includes Coast to Coast AM with George Noory, The Glenn Beck Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, and The Sean Hannity Show  Weekend programming includes local news and sports, Somewhere In Time hosted by Art Bell, Fox News Sunday, and select programming from Fox Sports Radio 

History
This station began licensed operation in October 1948 as a 1,000-watt daytime-only station broadcasting at 800 kHz  Originally owned by North Alabama Broadcasting, the station was randomly assigned the WHOS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission; they do not stand for anything in particular  It ran a country music format for most of its first 40 years 
In February 1987, the broadcast license for WHOS was transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession   The transfer was approved by the FCC on February 26, 1987  Dixie Broadcasting had filed bankruptcy in an effort to stave off an adverse civil lawsuit outcome regarding the contracted sale of WDRM to W H  Pollard, Jr , the then-owner of WBHP (1230 AM) in Huntsville, Alabama In October 1988, the station, which had been airing a Southern Gospel music format, flipped to an all-Elvis Presley format using the advertising tagline "WHOS alive?"  This novel format garnered the station national media attention, but failed to gain a local audience and lasted just six months, in effect a lengthy stunt  After the stunt ended, WHOS switched to a simulcast of then co-owned WDRM and its country music format, which was by this time very successful and on the verge of becoming North Alabama's top-rated station 
In January 1992, a deal was reached for the broadcast license for WHOS to be transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession back to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 26, 1992, and the transaction was consummated on September 15, 1992 In December 1991, Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , reached an agreement to merge ownership of this station with the ownership of WBHP to a new company named Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, Inc , pending the resolution of Dixie's legal difficulties   In October 1993, with Dixie Broadcasting back in good financial standing and the legal issues settled by the appeals courts, the merger moved forward   The deal was approved by the FCC on November 3, 1993, and the transaction was consummated on November 11, 1993 In November 1996, J  Mack Bramlett, W H  Pollard Jr , and Trust B Under The Will Of W H  Pollard Sr  reached an agreement to transfer control of Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, licensee of this station as well as WDRM and WBHP, to Osborn Communications Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on January 29, 1997  In November 1997, WHOS and WBHP dropped their shared country music format for an all-news format featuring CNN Radio 24 hours a day In August 1998, Osborn-owned Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, LLC, reached an agreement to sell this station to AMFM Inc  a subsidiary of Ameron Broadcasting Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on October 2, 1998, and the transaction was consummated on November 5, 1998 In February 1999, AMFM Inc 's Ameron Broadcasting Corporation made a deal to sell this station to Clear Channel Communications through its Capstar Royalty II Corporation subsidiary   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 2, 1999, and the transaction was consummated on March 5, 1999  This deal, a small part of a larger $16 6 billion transaction, included all five of the Huntsville stations then in Clear Channel's Huntsville station group 

Former on-air staff
Notable former WHOS on-air staff included George Rose, who, along with his alter-ego "Cousin Josh" character, hosted "The Cousin Josh Jam-O-Ree" on several North Alabama radio stations in a career that began in 1948 and ended with his death in 2006 

Former programming
WHOS and sister station WBHP were the broadcast flagships for the 1999-2000 final season of the Huntsville Channel Cats and for the short-lived Huntsville Tornado for the 2000-2001 hockey season  Both teams played their home games at the Von Braun Center and competed in the Central Hockey League 
Passage 13:
KFGY
KFGY (92 9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California, area 
KFGY airs a country music format branded as "Froggy 92 9" 

External links
Official Website
KFGY in the FCC FM station database
KFGY on Radio-Locator
KFGY in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 14:
WKHK
WKHK (95 3 FM) is a country music formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia   WKHK is owned and operated by SummitMedia   The station's studios and offices are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Bensley, Virginia WKHK is licensed by the FCC to broadcast in the HD digital hybrid format 

WKHK-HD2
On August 7, 2016, WKHK-HD2 and simulcasting translator W282CA signed on for the first time   The new stations began stunting with Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang, by Dr  Dre and Snoop Dogg, on a loop   The stunt ended just after Noon, on August 9, and the Classic Hip Hop format began   Using Westwood One's Classic Hip Hop network, the first song heard on the station was Rock It by Master P On May 7, 2021, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the classic hip hop format and began simulcasting WKHK On January 11, 2022, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the WKHK simulcast and changed its format to classic country as "Classic Country 104 3" 

WKHK-HD3
WKHK-HD3 carries a non-commercial Contemporary Christian music format branded as "The Journey," based at WRVL in Lynchburg which feeds translator W235AI at 94 9 FM 
Passage 15:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 16:
KFRU
KFRU (1400 AM) is a radio station located in Columbia, Missouri  Its programming format consists primarily of news, talk and sports   The station is licensed to Cumulus Media  The station is also audible on translator K255DJ 98 9 FM in Columbia 

History
KFRU was founded in Bristow, Oklahoma by E H  Rollestone, in January 1925  That fall, the station was purchased by Stephens College and moved to Columbia (with Rollestone going on to found KVOO, now KTSB) On September 24, 1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of the station from Nelson R  Darragh, of St  Louis, to Luther L  Hill, of Des Moines  Several owners later, the station was purchased by the St  Louis Star-Times newspaper, mostly for its regional broadcast frequency of 630 kHz, later moved to its St  Louis radio station, KXOK  In 1940, KFRU became an affiliate of the Blue Network  The station was assigned its current 1400 kHz frequency in 1941 
Mahlon Aldridge, Jr  was appointed manager in 1945, purchasing the station in 1948 in partnership with the publisher of the Columbia Daily Tribune  In 1957, the station's format consisted of a mixture of country music, news and sports 
Aldridge sold his interest to his partner's son in the 1980s, and competition caused the station's audience share to fall   After another change in ownership, KFRU was purchased by a local ownership group headed by Al Germond, who moved the studios into the broadcast complex with their KARO-FM (now KPLA) station   The group formed and purchased additional stations in the Columbia and Jefferson City markets under the name of Premier Marketing Group 
In 2004, KFRU and the other Premier Marketing Group stations were sold to Cumulus Broadcasting   In August 2017, KFRU applied for an FM translator at 98 9 as part of the FCC's AM revitalization project   The translator signed on for the first time on August 18, 2019 

Network affiliations
ABC Radio Network
When KFRU was purchased by the Star-Times, it became affiliated with the NBC Blue Network, now the ABC Radio Network,   KFRU switched to the Westwood One/CNN news feed in 2012   After Westwood One ended their newsfeed, KFRU returned to ABC News Radio on August 31, 2020 

Missouri Tiger Network
KFRU was the longtime flagship station of play-by-play broadcasts of Missouri Tiger football and basketball teams  On December 22, 2009, Mizzou Sports Properties (owned by Learfield Sports) announced it would move Tiger broadcasts to Zimmer Radio's mid-Missouri cluster, fronted by 99,000-watt KCMQ, starting in 2010 With KMOX-AM in St  Louis as a network affiliate, the network has had many regional and national broadcasters providing play-by-play and color commentary for MU sports broadcasts, including:

Jack Buck (member of the Baseball and Radio Hall of Fame)
Harry Caray (member of the Baseball Hall of Fame)
Bob Starr
Bob Costas (NBC Sports)
Kevin Harlan (CBS Sports)
Tom Dore (Chicago Bulls)
Joe Buck (Fox Sports)
John Rooney (Chicago White Sox, St  Louis Cardinals)
Bill Wilkerson
Kellen Winslow (Fox Sports Net) (member of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame)
Dan Kelly (member of the Hockey Hall of Fame)
Jon Sundvold
Kevin CalabroFormer color commentators include Jim Kennedy and Rod Kelly 
The current broadcast teams through the 2011-12 season are:

Football - Mike Kelly (play-by-play), Howard Richards (color commentary) and Chris Gervino (sideline)
Men's Basketball - Mike Kelly (play-by-play) and Gary Link (color commentary)
Women's Basketball - David Lile or Will Palaszczuk (play-by-play) and Gary Link or Michael Porter (color commentary)

St  Louis Cardinals Baseball Network
As of the 2012 Major League Baseball season, the station is no longer a St  Louis Cardinals radio network affiliate; Zimmer Radio's KSSZ replaced KFRU as the Columbia market affiliate   According to previous years' KFRU promotional advertisements, they had been affiliated with the Cardinals for at least 60 years 

Awards
Peabody Award for Public Service by a Small Station, 1940
Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism, presented to Mahlon Aldridge
KFRU awarded the Missouri Broadcasters Association 2015 Station of the Year award   This was the first ever Station of the Year award given by the MBA 
KFRU inducted into the Boone County Historical Society's Hall of Fame, October 8, 2015, just days after the station's 90th Anniversary 

Affiliation with the University of Missouri School of Journalism
Prior to the founding of University-owned station KBIA-FM in 1971, KFRU was a primary training ground for broadcast journalism students at the University   Even after this time, the station still employs students and recent graduates; many graduates list the station on their current employment biography pages 

Former KFRU employees in TV/radio
Eric Engberg, news director, 1963-68 - retired CBS News Washington Correspondent
Ben Bradley, host, reporter and news anchor - currently WLS-TV general assignment reporter
Dave Hunziker, sports director - currently Oklahoma State Cowboys play-by-play
Chris Gervino, sports director - currently KOMU-TV sports director
Will Sterrett, board-op - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Sean Kelley - sports director - currently New Orleans Pelicans play-by-play
Ed Kilgore - currently WGRZ-TV sports director
Mike Roberts - currently KRCG-TV chief meteorologist
Mark Reardon - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
John Carney - overnight board-op/host - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
Michael Calhoun - currently KMOX-AM news anchor
Amy Miller - currently local Morning Edition host at WDET
Joe Scialfa - currently Newsradio 620 WTMJ-AM, Program Director
Michael Putney, news director - currently WPLG-TV, Miami Political Reporter
Steve Moore - currently KMOX-AM, Vice President of News/Talk, CBS Radio, Director of Programming and Operations
Ellen Schenk - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Larry Zimmer - retired KOA-AM sports director, University of Colorado play-by-play
Mark Becker - WSOC-TV reporter
Mark Davidson - KSNW-TV sports anchor/reporter
Matt Boltz - currently Houston Astrosradio network producer/engineer
Kevin Larue - currently KSL-AM news and program director
RJ McAllister, news - formerly news director at KWTO
Jim Fry - currently at WFAA
Brian Sussman - currently host at KSFO
Paul Hannigan, news director - formerly reporter at KTRH-AM
Darren Hellwege - Host of "Morning Edition" and "Thinking Out Loud with Darren Hellwege" on KBIA-FM, Columbia; formerly of KCSC and WWLS, Oklahoma City 
Dick (Kettenbrink) Preston - Currently Morning and Noon news anchor at KRCG-TV Jefferson City, Mo 

Other former employees and program hosts
James Keown - state capital reporter and Sunday Morning Roundtable contributor - currently incarcerated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts after being convicted of murdering his wife by poisoning her with antifreeze  Keown was arrested by the United States Marshal’s Service in November 2005 during a commercial break on his “Partyline” program on sister-station KLIK in Jefferson City, Mo 
Roger Gafke, news director
Scott Baker - currently press secretary for Rep  Kenny Hulshof
Rod Kelly - Missouri Basketball color commentator
Kathy Poppe (Watson)- Constituent Service Director, U S  Senator John Boozman, former talk host/reporter (KWHN - Fort Smith, Arkansas)
Barry Bennett - Currently Director of Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Brian Hauswirth, news director - currently public information officer with the Missouri Department of Corrections
Doug Ross
Dick Aldrich -Radio Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Chris Lincoln - co-founder of Winnercomm; ABC Sports and ESPN commentator on Thoroughbred racing; former sports host of KTUL-TV, Tulsa
Dr  John Williams - host, The Pet Place
Bob O'Connell - host, The Garden Spot
Ray Rothenberger - host, The Garden Spot (deceased)
Stacy Allen - meteorologist
Brendan Cosgrove - news - currently Broadcast Associate at Northwestern University
Greg Crain - sports (deceased)
Leslie Callison - news
Judd McIlvain - consumer reporter, worked at KRCG, KTTV, KCBS-TV and CBS 48 Hours 
Ara Ayer - reporter for WAAY-TV; producer for Dateline NBC, NBC Nightly News; conflict photographer: World Picture News; commercial director, DP, filmmaker for PBS, Bloomberg TV
Anne Steffens - formerly with KMOV, now Director of the Office of Communications of the Archdiocese of St  Louis
John Fougere, sportscaster - currently Press Secretary to Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon
Robert Loggia - actor
Brad Whitworth - sportscaster/announcer - now Sr  Comms Mgr, Strategic Alliances at Cisco Systems
Kevin M  Gray - sportscaster and sports director - now President of the Kansas City Sports Commission
Tony Messenger - evening show host; was concurrently a Columnist with the Columbia Daily Tribune - now Editorial Page Editor of the Springfield News-Leader
Chris Kelly - evening show host; former local and state politician; resigned to accept appointment as Boone County associate circuit judge (retired) - now Democratic candidate for Missouri House of Representatives 24th District
Mike Kelly - Morning sports reports; Missouri Men's Basketball play-by-play; Left his full-time job as Missouri Athletic Department Director of Broadcast Operations on May 30, 2007 to join The Insurance Group sales department [1], but will remain as play-by-play announcer   During the David Lile Show on June 29, 2007, it was announced that it was his last day "due to budgetary reasons" with the Cumulus stations (he also provided reports for Jefferson City station KLIK-AM)
Dave Schmidt - Weatherman for KOMU TV in Columbia, Mo 
Steve Lager- 25 year radio career in Kansas City including mornings at KCIY
Dusty Rhodes-the Midnight Mayor
Bob Pollack - Sports Director
Brad Stephenson - news anchor/reporterRichard M  Cottam (deceased)  - news anchor/reporter 1957-1963; Instructor Dept  of Journalism Univ  of Missouri- Columbia 1956-1963;  Co-host    "Conversations with Dick and Doris" 1961-1963; NBC News associate Producer Huntley-Brinkley Report 1963-1967; NBC News Election unit 1968-1971
Passage 17:
WKDM
WKDM (1380 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to New York, New York  The station is owned by Multicultural Broadcasting and broadcasts on weekdays in Mandarin Chinese  Most shows are brokered programming, where the host pays for the time and may sell commercials to support the broadcasts  On weekends, programming switches to Spanish language Christian radio 
WKDM operates at 5,000 watts by day, using a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1380 AM   After being granted a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to increase night power, it operates at 13,000 watts after sunset, using a different directional pattern  The station's transmitter is located in Carlstadt, New Jersey 

History
The station began operation in 1926 as WBNX, the call letters reflecting the station's location in the borough of The Bronx  One of the station's first permanent homes was inside Starlight Park, an amusement park located on the east bank of the Bronx River just south of East 177th Street   This tenancy lasted until 1932, when the Great Depression forced the park's closure, which then led to the station's eviction from its studios WBNX changed frequencies several times during its early years, eventually finding a permanent home on 1380 kHz, sharing time on the frequency with religious broadcaster WAWZ in central New Jersey  It operated 18 hours a day with general entertainment and brokered programming 
In 1960 WBNX was sold to United Broadcasting  By the mid-1960s, WBNX was airing a Spanish contemporary music format during most of its hours, with some Jewish-oriented and Italian-language programming on weekends 
In 1984 the station changed the call letters to WKDM and became a full-time operation as United paid WAWZ owner Pillar of Fire to give up its portion of the time-share (WAWZ continued to operate on FM)  It remained successful until the advent of a full-time Spanish language format on WSKQ-FM in 1989, which pulled away listeners  As a result, in the early 1990s the station began to carry more leased-access/brokered shows  In 1992 it went completely brokered, and was sold to Multicultural in 1994 
In 1999 Multicultural transferred WKDM to Mega Communications in exchange for cash and various Washington D C  area stations   Mega changed the call letters to WNNY and instituted an all news Spanish format (Noticas 1380)  Eventually, the all-news evolved into a news/talk format   This format was not successful, and by 2002 Mega had changed the call letters to WLXE and the format to Mexican pop music as "X-1380"   A few months later, Multicultural bought the station back and reinstated the WKDM call sign and the brokered programming policy 
Since 2007, WKDM has broadcast in Mandarin Chinese 24 hours a day Monday through Friday, featuring drama, popular music, talk shows, news program, children’s programs and sports, as well as programs from China and Taiwan 
Passage 18:
KTRP (AM)
KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States   The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano  KTRP is silent as of April 20, 2016 

History
The station went on the air June 14, 1965 as KYET  It changed its call sign to KACY on October 1, 1984  On January 30, 1990, the station changed its call sign to KIOV  The station took on the KWEI call sign on March 25, 2011; three years later, the station swapped call signs with 1260 AM and became KTRP Until April 20, 2016, KTRP broadcast a Tejano format to the greater Boise, Idaho, area and was the only full-time Tejano station in the state of Idaho  The station went off the air on April 20, 2016, following a transmitter failure 
Passage 19:
WRGV
WRGV (107 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States   The station is currently owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC   WRGV broadcasts a mainstream urban music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area   Its studios are located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG-TV on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama 

History
In 1976, 107 3 FM belonged to WAJB, which was a beautiful music station with studios at the Tiger Point Country Club in Gulf Breeze, until it was purchased by Colonial Broadcasting in 1979   The format was changed to country music along with new call letters, WOWW to become known as "WOW 107", moving its studios to Davis Highway in Pensacola 
As the 1980s progressed, "WOW 107" would rise up to become a country music power house, overthrowing the heritage country station in the market, WXBM-FM, and winning several Billboard Magazine's Station of the Year (small market) awards   It was also known for its full-time News department, winner of multiple AP news awards 
As the 1980s ended, so did WOW 107's run of being a ratings king, now owned by Sun Media Group   The 1990s saw several re-imaging attempts, including "The New WOW 107 3" and "107 Thunder Country", until its demise as a country station in 1995 when it became "New Rock One Zero Seven", flipping to alternative rock  Riding the popularity wave of mid-1990s alternative music, WOWW debuted at #1 in Arbitron's Persons 18-34, where it remained until the purchase and format flip by Paxson  "New Rock 107" staff included Steve Williams as Operations Manager/Morning Show host, Program Director/Midday host Joel Sampson, Music Director/Afternoon host LaLaine, and evening host Suzy Boe, among others 
In 1996, the station was purchased by Southern Broadcasting, which owned New Rock 107's only competition, WTKX, "TK101"   Two months later, both were purchased by Paxson Communications   After the Paxson purchase, TK101, being a heritage rock station since the mid-1970s, brought over WOWW's PD Joel Sampson, retained Midday personality Mark "the Shark" Dyba and added a majority of WOWW air staff and re-imaged itself as "The Rock Station", dropping the moniker "The New Rock Alternative", leaving WOWW without an airstaff or a format 
After stunting for two days playing "Macarena" by Los del Rio non-stop, WOWW changed formats to oldies from the 1950s and 1960s, and changed its call letters to WYCL (which stood for "Way Cool")   As time went on, they phased out the 1950s music to include more 1970s songs 

Then, in late 2004, the station's owner, now iHeartMedia, Inc  (formerly Clear Channel Communications), switched the format to "My 107 3", and played 1970s and 1980s music   However, the "My 70s, My 80s" positioner was discontinued and the station used "My Variety" as its main positioner, in order to include a slightly wider variety of music   The playlist remained mostly 1970s and early 1980s, with a fair amount of 1960s and other 1980s songs, making it a classic hits format 
For three years after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the station played breaking news bulletins every hour on top of the hour (first provided by ABC News, then by Clear Channel Worldwide News), as well as "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the start and close of each workday 

In February 2010, the station ceased the "My 107 3" format and began simulcasting sister station WMXC  On February 26, 2010, at 8:00 a m , WYCL flipped to rhythmic adult contemporary format, branded as "107 3 The Groove"  The first song on The Groove was "Into the Groove" by Madonna  On March 5, 2010, WYCL changed their call letters to WRGV to go with "The Groove" branding  After a year as a Rhythmic AC, WRGV evolved to Rhythmic Top 40 in April 2011  On September 2, 2011, WRGV changed their format to Top 40 (CHR), branded as "107 3 Hit Music Now"  It featured the syndicated Elvis Duran Morning Show and former WABB staffers Reid and Matt McCoy  On July 20, 2015, WRGV rebranded as "107 3 Kiss FM" On December 8, 2017, at 5 p m , after playing "1-800-273-8255" by Logic featuring Alessia Cara and Khalid, WRGV adopted W262BL/WMXC-HD2's urban contemporary format as "107 3 The Beat"  The first song on "The Beat" was "Love" by Kendrick Lamar featuring Zacari 



ground_truth: Canyon County

Canyon County, Idaho

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country has a body of water that was inspiration for the name of the Mara Region?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Aguamarina
Aguamarina, is a 1997 American telenovela produced by Telemundo  Was led by Ruddy Rodríguez and Leonardo García with antagonistic action of Mara Croatto 

Cast
Passage 2:
Tourism in Nepal
Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal and its largest source of foreign exchange and revenue  Possessing eight of the ten highest mountains in the world, Nepal is a hot spot destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and people seeking adventure  The Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Nepal and its cool weather are also strong attractions 

Overview
Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world (8848 88m above the sea level), is located in Nepal  Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors  The World Heritage Site Lumbini, birthplace of Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is located in the center of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country  The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country  Tourism brings $471 million a year to Nepal 

According to statistics of 2019, there was a growth rate of 2 1%  According to statistics from Nepal Tourism Board (NTB), a total of 1,197,191 foreign tourists entered the country in 2019 as compared to 1,173,072 in 2018  The government of Nepal declared 2011 to be Nepal Tourism Year, and hoped to attract one million foreign tourists to the country during that year  The government of Nepal has also declared Lumbini Tourism Year 2012 to promote Lumbini  The government of Nepal has also recently declared Visit Nepal 2020 with the aim of bringing in two million tourists by 2020 
According to the statistics of 2017, most of the tourists comes to Nepal for observing the pilgrimage sites and heritages sites of the country i e  70 3%, then 34 5% visit for pleasure, 13 1% of them visit Nepal for mountaineering and trekking and remaining 18 0% of the tourists arrive for official activities, conferences, business etc 
The tourism industry of Nepal was affected after the destructive earthquake in 2015, by the series of earthquakes in 2015  In 2020, the tourism sector in Nepal collapsed due to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Religious sites
The majority religion in Nepal is Hinduism, and the Pashupatinath Temple, the world's largest temple of Shiva, located in Kathmandu, attracts many pilgrims and tourists  Other Hindu pilgrimage sites include the temple complex in Swargadwari in the Pyuthan district; Janaki Mandir in Janakpurdham in Mithila region; Lake Gosainkunda near Dhunche; the temples at Devghat; Kalinchowk Bhagwati Temple in Dolakha ;Manakamana temple in the Gorkha District; Pathibhara near Phungling; and Mahamrityunjaya Shivasan Nepal in Palpa District where the biggest metallic idol of Lord Shiva is located  
Buddhism is the largest minority religion  The World Heritage Site at Lumbini, which is traditionally considered to be the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is an important pilgrimage site  Another prominent Buddhist site is Swayambhunath, the Monkey Temple, in Kathmandu 
Dang valley is a sacred place for Hindus as well as other religions  Kalika and Malika Devi in Chhillikot hill, Ambekeshawori temple, Krishna temple, Dharapani temple are among the sacred places in Dang district  Chillikot hill is also a good place for sightseeing and also an ancient palace of a king 
Muktinath is a sacred place for Hindus as well as Buddhists  The site is located in Muktinath Valley, Mustang district 
Badimalika temple in Bajura District, Gadhimai Temple in Bara district, Halesi Mahadeva temple in Khotang  Bhageshwori Mandir in Nepalgunj  Bhagbhati mandir in Rajbiraj are also some popular temples in Nepal 

Wilderness tourism
According to Nepal's Ministry of Tourism, major tourist activities include wilderness and adventure activities such as mountain biking, bungee jumping, rock climbing and mountain climbing, trekking, hiking, bird watching, flights, paragliding and hot air ballooning over the mountains of Himalaya, exploring the waterways by raft, kayak or canoe and jungle safaris especially in the Terai region  International elephant polo is played at  Chitwan National Park 

Statistics
In 2007, the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was 526,705, which was an increase of 37 2% compared to the previous year  In 2008, the number of tourists decreased by 5% to 500,277  In 2018, the number of international tourists arrival was 1 17 million  In 2019, the number increased to 1 19 million  In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on tourism in Nepal, with tourist arrivals dropping to just 230,085 with a decrease of over 80 7% and further decrease by 30% in 2021 with an total number of 150,962  Pokhara is one of the main tourist destinations in Nepal 
In 2008, 55 9% of the foreign visitors came from Asia (18 2% from India), while Western Europeans accounted for 27 5%, 7 6% were from North America, 3 2% from Australia and the Pacific Region, 2 6% from Eastern Europe, 1 5% from Central and South America, 0 3% from Africa and 1 4% from other countries 
Foreign tourists visiting Nepal in 2008 stayed in the country for an average of 11 78 days which has now increased to 15 1 days and 15 5 days in 2020 and 2021 respectively

Arrivals
This statistic shows the number of international tourist arrivals by year, 1993–2021:

Arrivals by country
Most tourists arriving to Nepal on short-term basis were from the following countries of nationality:

See also
Visa policy of Nepal
Passage 3:
Mariett Dances Today
Mariett Dances Today (German: Heut tanzt Mariett) is a 1928 German silent romance film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Fred Louis Lerch and Harry Halm  It was shot at the Staaken Studios in Berlin and on location in the Swiss resort of St  Moritz 
It was made by the German subsidiary of First National Pictures  The film's sets were designed by the art directors Andrej Andrejew and Erich Zander 

Cast
Lya Mara as Mariett
Fred Louis Lerch as Robert van Dammen
Harry Halm as Ein junger Maler
Ralph Arthur Roberts as Prinz Beaufort
Kurt Gerron as Der Besitzer der Bar, Brigon
Jakob Tiedtke as Der Bürgermeister
Sophie Pagay as Die Haushälterin
Karl Harbacher as Der Schuhmacher
Josefine Dora as Seine Mutter
Fritz Kampers
Ivan Koval-Samborsky
Adele Sandrock
Franz Schafheitlin

Plot summary
The story begins like a fairytale: A stork, hunting for food in a Dutch village pond, picks out a baby girl and drops her in the cradle in the mayor's house  The mayor, who is a practical man, connects his saw and the baby's cradle with a string, and with every pull of the saw he rocks little Mariett – which is the name of the tiny foundling – to her sleep 
As the years go by, Mariett grows up to be a merry young woman, albeit a bit naïve, but full of joie de vivre and very fond of dancing  When on her 16th birthday a covert admirer gives her a pair of silk shoes she hurries to the village church to pray to Saint Joseph for a fitting pair of silk stockings  Her prayer, though, is overheard by two affluent young men  The one of them is a painter, copying one of the church windows; he is accompanied by his friend Robert van Dammen  They are very much amused about the girl's simple-mindedness and they plan to hoax her  With her father's consent – who is paid 300 guilder – Mariett is drugged and in her dreams she sees herself as a princess  When she awakes in Robert's palais the men proceed with their hoax, with Robert himself acting as “princess” Mariett's driver  Three days later, however, the fun is over and Mariett is told the truth  She is deeply upset about being had in such a way  So she decides to leave the village to seek her fortune in the big wide world 
Riding a train on her journey she plays her harmonica and dances  A bar operator who watches Mariett is delighted by her unsophisticated naivety, but also her outstanding entertaining talent  So he hires her as a show act for his Paris establishment  And soon the simple Dutch girl rises to be a number one star of the Paris show scene 
Meanwhile the two jokesters have heard about Mariett's racy success  As Robert has fallen in love with her he tries to find the way into her heart, what he undertakes on the skiing slopes and toboggan runs of Saint Moritz  On New Year's Eve Mariett and Robert are reconciled at last 

Production notes
Heut' tanzt Mariett was filmed between 28 November 1927 and 4 February 1928 in Staaken Studios (Berlin) and the location shots were done at Saint Moritz (Switzerland) 
On 10 March 1928 the motion picture passed censorship and was first released five days later in Beba-Palast Atrium, Berlin 
The movie was cleared for minors  It consisted of nine acts, the length of the reel being 2783 meters 
Passage 4:
Indru Nee Nalai Naan
Indru Nee Naalai Naan (transl  Today you, tomorrow me) is a 1983 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by Major Sundarrajan  The film stars Sivakumar, Jaishankar, Lakshmi and Sulakshana  It is based on the novel Thookku Mara Nizhalil by C  A  Balan  The film was released on 12 August 1983 

Plot
Marudhachalam marries Papathi, who prefers his brother Pazhaniappan  Papathi and Valli are childhood friends like sisters  Then Pazhaniappan marries Valli and has a child  Suddenly Marudhachalam dies before she gets to be with him intimately  She becomes a widow and raises Pazhaniappan's child  Now Papathi feels differently about Pazhaniappan and when Valli is gone, to have the second child, she asks Pazhaniappan to marry her  They both are on the way to get married, while they both change their minds  She goes back to being a widow and Pazhaniappan goes to see his wife and child  When Valli finds out, she tries to kill Papathi  Pazhaniappan tries to stop it, but Valli gets upset that he defends Papathi and she runs and falls into a well, hence committing suicide  Pazhaniappan goes to jail, stating he killed Valli as he feels guilty  He gets the death penalty  Papathi comes to see Pazhaniappan in the jail and he tells Papathi to marry someone else, but she refuses and commits suicide in front of Pazhaniappan 

Cast
Sivakumar as Pazhaniappan
Jaishankar as Marudhachalam
Lakshmi as Papathi
Sulakshana as Valli
Thengai Srinivasan as Doctor
Manorama as Kamalam
Major Sundarrajan as a police officer

Production
Indru Nee Naalai Naan was based on the novel Thookku Mara Nizhalil by C  A  Balan which was inspired from true events of his life  It was directed by Major Sundarrajan, his second directorial after Kalthoon (1982) and was produced by his younger brother Sampath alongside Pala  Karuppiah  The film was launched on 12 October 1982  The song "Kaangeyam Kaalaigale" was shot at Aathur Road, Salem  The scenes were also shot at Salem Prison with special permission  L  R  Shanmugam's home at Salem was used as Sivakumar's house for the film 

Soundtrack
Music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja  The song "Ponvaanam Panneer Thoovuthu" is set in the Carnatic raga Gourimanohari, and follows a 78 time signature  Writer Suka said the song uses the "spirit of the rain" to evoke love 

Release and reception
Indru Nee Naalai Naan was released on 12 August 1983  Jayamanmadhan of Kalki praised the performances of the actors and Ilaiyaraaja's music and concluded by praising Sundarrajan for properly narrating a story but felt the end monologue could have been avoided 
Passage 5:
Mara Triangle
The Mara Triangle is the southwestern part of the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, and is managed by the not-for-profit organisation The Mara Conservancy on behalf of Trans-Mara County Council 
Divided from the rest of the Maasai Mara National Reserve by the Mara River, the Mara Triangle is less visited and less crowded, with a fairly good concentration of wildlife all year-round including the Big Five (lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo and rhino) and diverse plains 'game' such as cheetah, hyena, jackal, wildebeest, zebra, giraffe, waterbuck and many other species 
The Mara Triangle is one of the areas where herds of the Great Migration enter and exit the Maasai Mara National Reserve from the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, making it one of the prime viewing locations for this wildlife spectacle  Crossings of the Mara River are world-renown for being particularly dramatic, featuring in many wildlife documentaries such as Wild Africa and Big Cat Diary 

Geography
The Mara Triangle is one third of the Maasai Mara National Reserve, with an area of 510 km²  It has two natural borders and one political; to the southwest is the Tanzania/Serengeti border, to the east is the Mara River, and to the northwest is the Oldoinyio Escarpment (also called Oloololo or Siria Escarpment) 
The landscapes of the Mara Triangle include riverine forest, red oat grasslands, volcanic hills and the 400-metre high Oloololo Escarpment 

Tourism
The Mara Triangle is managed by the Mara Conservancy, under contract by the Trans-Mara county council, a local non profit organisation formed by the local Maasai people, and contains a number of anti-poaching units 
There are two permanent lodges inside the Mara Triangle - Mara Serena and Little Governors   There are a few camps on the park's periphery which offer game drives inside the park: Angama Mara, Bateleur Camp, Kichwa Tembo, Kilima Camp, Mara Engai Wilderness Lodge, Mara Siria, and Mpata Safari Club 
It is also possible to take your own camping gear and stay at one of the public or private campsites and a number of seasonal mobile camps are set up to coincide with the arrival of the megaherds of the Great Migration each year 
The Mara Triangle is easy to access by plane with Angama Mara Airfield, Kichwa Tembo, Mara North, Musiara and Serena airstrips, and with daily scheduled flights connecting it with other parks and reserves in Kenya, the Kenyan coast (Mombasa, Diani, Malindi) and Nairobi (Jomo Kenyatta and Wilson airports)  The Mara Triangle is also reachable by road 
Passage 6:
Ann Mara
Ann Mara (June 18, 1929 – February 1, 2015) was an American businesswoman, socialite, philanthropist, the wife  and later widow of Wellington Mara, and the matriarch of the Mara family, which includes New York Giants CEO John Mara, and her granddaughters, actresses Rooney Mara and Kate Mara 

Personal life
Mara was born Ann Maria Teresa Mumm in Manhattan, New York City, the daughter of Olive (née DuBord) and George Mumm  She was of German, French-Canadian, and Irish ancestry  She married Wellington Mara (1916–2005) in 1954 and had eleven children Ann Mumm met Wellington Mara by chance when a woman fainted at a 7:30 a m  Mass that they both regularly attended  Both Ann and Wellington rushed to her side to help  Three of their early dates took place at Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and the Fordham gymnasium  After that Ann and Wellington were married, in 1954  They took their honeymoon in Southern California  Ann and Wellington had 11 children (7 girls and 4 boys) and 42 grandchildren  All their girls attended Convent of the Sacred Heart 
Her husband is considered  to have been one of the most influential figures in the history of the National Football League as the owner of the New York Giants  Ann Mara had been called the "First Lady of Football"  As a philanthropist, she donated money to various causes  In November 2014 she dedicated the opening of a new building for the San Miguel Academy for children at risk, which was built through the NFL Snowflake Foundation 

Media attention
Mara was an active member of the Giants community  In 2012 she gained media attention after having an argument with Terry Bradshaw 

Death
Mara was in good health until she fell on ice when she was fetching her newspaper outside of her Harrison home  Mara's housekeeper usually went to get the paper but on that day Mara went to get it herself  She died from pneumonia two weeks after her fall, on February 1, 2015  She was 85 years old  She was remembered with a moment of silence during Super Bowl XLIX; also, the Giants wore a patch on the right side of their uniforms, near the shoulders during the following season in her memory, with the letters "ATM" in black on a white circle background 
Passage 7:
The Trial of Madame X
The Trial of Madame X is a 1948 British drama film directed by Paul England and starring England and Mara Russell-Tavernan  It is based on the 1908 play Madame X by the French playwright Alexandre Bisson (1848-1912) 

Plot
A woman is thrown out of her home by her jealous husband and sinks into depravity  Twenty years later, she finds herself accused of murder for saving her son, who does not know who she is  He finds himself defending her without knowing her background 

Cast
Mara Russell-Tavernan as Jacqueline
Paul England as Perrisard
Frank Hawkins as La Roque
Eddie Leslie as Raymond
Hamilton Deane as Noel
Hamilton Keene as Louis
Jean Le Roy as Madeleine

See also
Madame X

External links
The Trial of Madame X at IMDb
Passage 8:
Serengeti District
Serengeti District is one of the seven districts of Mara Region of Tanzania  Its administrative centre is the town of Mugumu  It is home to part of the world-famous Serengeti National Park a UNESCO World Heritage Site and contains one of the western gates to the park According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of Serengeti District was 249,420 

Transport
There are no paved roads connecting Serengeti District with the rest of the country  The unpaved trunk road T17 from Musoma to Arusha passes through the district from west to east 

Administrative subdivisions
As of 2012, Serengeti District was administratively divided into 28 wards 

Wards
Passage 9:
The Girl from Capri
The Girl from Capri (German: Das Mädel von Capri) is a 1924 German silent comedy film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Ulrich Bettac and Robert Scholz  It premiered in Berlin on 10 July 1924 

Cast
Lya Mara
Ulrich Bettac
Robert Scholz
Hermann Böttcher
Julia Serda
Passage 10:
Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ʁon alp] (listen)) was an administrative region of France  Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes  It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south  The region was named after the river Rhône and the Alps mountain range  Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris  Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region 

Geography
Rhône-Alpes is located in the southeast of France  The neighboring (pre-2016) regions are Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté to the north, Auvergne to the west, Languedoc-Roussillon to the southwest, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the south  The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy  The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border  The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône  The confluence of these two rivers is at Lyon  The western part of the region contains the start of the Massif Central mountain range  The region also borders or contains major lakes such as Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) and Lake Annecy  The Ardèche flows through the southwest portion of the region, where it has carved the deepest gorge in Europe 
As with the rest of France, French is the only official language of the region  Until the mid-20th century, Arpitan was widely spoken in the whole region, while many of the inhabitants of the south spoke varieties of Occitan; both are in steep decline in this region  There are immigrant populations from Armenia, Italy, North Africa, Poland and Portugal, and elsewhere 
Rhône-Alpes is made up of the following departments:

Ain (01)  Capital: Bourg-en-Bresse
Ardèche (07)  Capital: Privas
Drôme (26)  Capital: Valence
Isère (38)  Capital: Grenoble
Loire (42)  Capital: Saint-Étienne
Rhône (69)  Capital: Lyon
Savoie (73)  Capital: Chambéry
Haute-Savoie (74)  Capital: AnnecyAnd, since 2015, Metropolis with territorial collectivity statute:

Metropolis of Lyon (69)  Capital: Lyon

Lakes
There are six main lakes in Rhône-Alpes:

Lac de Paladru
Lac d'Aiguebelette
Lac du Bourget
Lac d'Annecy
Lac de Nantua
Lac Léman

Prefectures
Prefectures listed in descending order of size:

Lyon (Rhône)
Grenoble (Isère)
Saint-Étienne (Loire)
Valence (Drôme)
Chambéry (Savoie)
Annecy (Haute-Savoie)
Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain)
Privas (Ardèche)

History
Although there have been people in Rhône-Alpes since pre-historic times, the earliest recorded settlers of the region were the Gauls (Celts)  Cities such as Lyon were founded by them and the region traded with both northern and southern Europe  Most of the area became part of Roman territory during the invasion of Celtic Gaul led by Julius Caesar and was at various times part of the regions of Lugdunensis and Gallia  Lyon itself became a major city in the Roman Empire 
The region, excepting Savoy, was part of the Merovingian and Carolingian Kingdoms before becoming a royal territory under the Capetians  As it became a royal territory early on in French history, its cultural, political and economic influences and developments paralleled those of greater France  (See History of France )

Transportation
Rhône-Alpes is a major European transit hub, linking northern France and Europe to the Mediterranean area  Millions travel along its motorways in summertime from Paris to holidays at the sea  The E15 Euroroute (Britain to Spain) runs through the region  There are international airports at Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne and many other minor airports and airfields 
The region is also a transport hub for the rail network with the TGV running through Lyon from Paris and the north, to the Mediterranean  A high-speed rail link is planned from Lyon to Turin 

Economy
Rhône-Alpes is a prosperous region which can be seen by its per capita GDP of about €31,231 ($40,000), which is higher than the French average, and an average income of €35,910 ($50,246), its economy second in size only to Île-de-France in France  This can be attributed to the diversity of the production in different sectors  The region is one of the Four Motors for Europe 

Industry, in particular:
Light engineering and high-tech
Mechanical engineering in the area of Annecy
Precision machining in the area of Cluses
Services, in particular:
High-tech industries, nanotechnology, biotechnology especially in Grenoble with 62,300 jobs in these sectors thanks to the presence of the Polygone Scientifique, Inovallée and some large companies as Schneider Electric 
Optic and design in Saint-Étienne
Tourism with the Alps (for skiing), Lyon and Grenoble (for culture) and the Ardèche (adventure sports/camping) particularly popular
Education, with major universities in Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne In the past mining, especially coal mining was an important sector, particularly around Saint-Étienne, although this has declined since the 1970s 
The area of the region that lies close to Switzerland has an economy linked to that of Geneva  This area forms a hinterland for the Geneva hub The Triangle of Lyon, Saint-Étienne and Grenoble contribute a GDP of €145 billion to the region  Add Valence to it, it is almost €150 billion  In addition, Lyon alone has a Gross Metropolitan Product of about €85 billion 
The region has been part of Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion since 10 July 2007 

Major cities
Winter Olympics
Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times; in 1924 at Chamonix, 1968 at Grenoble, and 1992 at Albertville 

Tourism
Situated between Paris and the Côte d’Azur, on the border with both Switzerland and Italy, and offering access to two international airports (Lyon and Geneva), rail connections and a vast motorway network, the Rhône-Alpes region is at "the crossroads of Europe" 
Boasting eight natural parks and peerless sites such as Mont Blanc and the Gorges de l’Ardèche, Rhône-Alpes offers a wide range of different landscapes: mountains, vineyards and gentle valleys, fields of lavender and olive groves 
Every form of sport is readily available, set against a natural backdrop: skiing, hiking, mountain biking or even paragliding and canoeing  Besides hosting three Winter Olympics games due to its being the largest ski area in the world, Rhône-Alpes is the second most important golfing region in France with over 60 courses 

Enthusiasts of art and culture will not be disappointed by the region's Villes d’Art: Lyon, which is classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, Annecy, Grenoble, Chambéry, and Saint-Étienne 
And last but not least, connoisseurs of good food and wine will be spoilt for choice by the range of local specialties available to taste along with a Beaujolais or a Côtes du Rhône, and by the sheer number of famous restaurants (with Paul Bocuse at the top of the list) in the region 

Gastronomy
Lyon is noted as a gastronomic centre of France and specialities served in its traditional bouchons include Lyon sausage, sophisticated salami (known there as "rosette"), tripe and quenelles  In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard  The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin du Haut-Doubs Wines in this region include Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine  Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region 
Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants: the bouchons  Bouchons are usually convivial restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines 
Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie, especially the rosette and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine  Traditional local dishes include saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg), marrons glacés and cardoon au gratin 

See also
List of châteaux in Rhône-Alpes
Transport in Rhône-Alpes
Passage 11:
Trans Mara District
Trans Mara District was an administrative district in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya  Its capital town was Kilgoris  The district had a population of 170,591 (1999 census) and an area of 2,846 km² [1]  It was created in 1994, when Trans Mara District was split from Narok District 
The Mara Triangle (part of the Masai Mara reserve) is located in Trans-Mara District  The district had only one local authority, Trans Mara county council  Kilgoris Constituency was the only constituency of the district 
Under the 2010 Constitution of Kenya and the new devolved form of government, the Trans Mara area was merged into Narok County   It continues as the Kilgoris Constituency electorally and administratively 
Its name refers to the territory "across the Mara River" from the perspective of the rest of Narok County   The term "Trans Mara" is still used to refer to the geographical area 

External links
Aridland go ke
Reliefweb int
Passage 12:
A Ghost Story
A Ghost Story is a 2017 American supernatural drama film written and directed by David Lowery and starring Casey Affleck and Rooney Mara, with Will Oldham, Liz Cardenas Franke, Sonia Acevedo, and Rob Zabrecky in supporting roles  It is about a man who becomes a ghost and remains in the house he shared with his wife 
The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017, and was released by A24 in the United States on July 7, 2017  It received positive reviews from critics 

Plot
A woman mentions to her musician husband that she moved a lot as a child and took to hiding little notes wherever she lived  The couple are in disagreement about moving away  Occasionally they hear strange noises and one night there is a loud bang, the source of which they are unable to define 
Shortly afterwards the husband is killed in a car accident a short distance from the house  At the hospital his wife views his body, covering it with a sheet before departing  The husband awakens and, still covered by the sheet, wanders through the hospital  He is invisible to the living, as he is now a ghost  A door of light opens before him but he makes no attempt to approach it and it closes 
The ghost walks home and sees Linda, his landlord, drop off a pie  When the wife gets home she sits on the floor and eats the pie until she vomits 
Unable to communicate, the ghost watches while the wife grieves and then begins to proceed with her life  In the house next door he sees a ghost covered by a flower-print sheet who communicates that it is waiting for someone, though it does not remember who 
The wife comes home with a man whom she kisses in the doorway, and the ghost makes the lights flicker and knocks books from a shelf  Later, the wife listens to one of her husband's songs and recalls when he played her the recording for the first time  She moves away but first writes a short note and hides it in a gap between some molding, which she paints over  The ghost picks at the paint but he is unable to reach the note 
A Spanish-speaking mother moves into the house with her young son and daughter  The ghost watches them eat, play the piano and celebrate Christmas  The children begin to sense his presence and become frightened  One night, the ghost knocks a framed photo of the family off the piano and smashes dishes in the kitchen  The family moves out and the ghost again scrapes at the paint 
At a party thrown by the next occupants a woman says she has stopped working on her novel and a man responds by musing about what the point is of any creative pursuit, even one as uplifting and universally known as Beethoven's 9th Symphony, given that the sun will eventually engulf Earth and the universe will eventually rip itself apart  The partygoers notice the lights flicker 
The house is abandoned and becomes derelict and the ghost's efforts to retrieve the note are interrupted by a bulldozer crashing through a wall  The house next door is also torn down and the flower-print ghost communicates that it does not think whoever it is waiting for is coming, and it disappears from beneath its sheet  A skyscraper is built where the house was and, when the work is done, the ghost looks at a futuristic cityscape from a balcony before jumping off the ledge 
The celestial sphere rotates in reverse, and the ghost finds himself in a field in the 19th century with a man who is driving stakes into the ground  The man's wife and three daughters arrive in a covered wagon, and the family prepares to build a house  The youngest daughter writes a note and hides it under a rock while humming the tune of the husband's song  Native Americans attack and kill the family, and the ghost watches the girl's corpse decay 
Back in the house, which is empty except for the piano, the ghost sees himself and his wife enter and look around, and his life in the house repeats itself  The husband's resistance to the wife's desire to move causes tension in their relationship and, the night before his death, he finally acquiesces  Hearing this, the ghost sits down heavily at the piano, causing the bang that had earlier startled himself and his wife  Later, the ghost watches his earlier ghost-self watch the wife leave the house for the last time  He retrieves the note and, upon reading it, disappears, his empty sheet collapsing to the floor 

Cast
Production
Development
David Lowery had wanted to make a film featuring a man in a rudimentary ghost costume "for a while", telling Comingsoon net: "I just loved that image  I love taking something that is understood to be funny or charming or sweet or naive and instilling it with some degree of gravity " When he and his wife got in an argument about moving back to Texas, he began to write down the argument "thinking about my own attachment to physical spaces " After he thought to combine this with the idea about the ghost costume, he came up with the basic concept for the movie fairly quickly and began to write the screenplay in the spring of 2016  Lowery also used the film to work through what he termed "An existential crisis" brought on by reading an article about the possibility of a catastrophic earthquake, saying: "I was not feeling optimistic about the future of mankind  I felt the world was on its way to ending  The film became my way of dealing with those issues " The film's atypical 1 33:1 aspect ratio was chosen by Lowery partially because he thought it was thematically appropriate: "It’s about someone basically trapped in a box for eternity, and I felt the claustrophobia of that situation could be amplified by the boxiness of the aspect ratio "The ghost costume that was ultimately designed for the film ended up being more complicated than Lowery had anticipated  At first, the filmmakers attempted to simply use a normal bed sheet, but they found that even a king-sized sheet does not fully cover an adult male  The final costume required Affleck to wear certain other garments beneath the fabric to achieve the desired look, and the filmmakers found they had to resort to some "puppeteering" to keep the eyes in place  Beyond the practical constraints of the costume, Lowery also found that it impeded Affleck's ability to act, noting: "every unique physical trait as a human being was pronounced and exaggerated by this sheet over his head " This did not give Lowery the results he wanted, and he eventually solved the problem by reducing the amount Affleck moved, so "it became a matter of patience and posture and moving very specifically, slowly and rigidly "

Filming
Principal photography began in June 2016  The majority of the film takes place within a single house, which was chosen by Lowery because it closely resembled the first house he lived in with his wife  As the house was about to be demolished, the film crew were allowed to use it for free  Some shots of the ghost, specifically those done during pickups or reshoots, do not feature Affleck, instead replacing him with the film's art director, David Pink, who was found to have a similar build As the filmmakers did not know how the final product would turn out, the film was shot in secret and not officially announced until November 2016, at which point it was confirmed that Mara and Affleck were the leads  It was later revealed that Kesha would appear in the film in a cameo role 

Music
Daniel Hart composed the score for the film, as he had for all of Lowery's previous features and one short film  A soundtrack of the score was released by Milan Records on July 7, 2017 

Release
Prior to the film's world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017, A24 acquired its worldwide distribution rights  The company released the film in the United States on July 7, 2017 

Box office
The film earned $104,030 from four theaters during its opening weekend (an average per-location gross of $26,008), finishing in 26th place at the American box office  By the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed $1,596,371 domestically and $355,312 internationally, for a worldwide total of just under $2 million 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 285 reviews, with an average score of 8/10; the website's "critics consensus" reads: "A Ghost Story deftly manages its ambitious themes through an inventive, artful, and ultimately poignant exploration of love and loss " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average rating of 84 out of 100 based on reviews from 46 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing: "While Lowery's actual method of delivery may not be scary, it's sure to haunt those who open themselves up to the experience " David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the film a positive review, writing: "A poetic meditation on time, memory and spiritual connection that is utterly true to its title " Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film an "A" rating, calling it "an extraordinary mood piece that amounts to [Lowery's] best movie yet " Gary Thompson of the Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two and a half stars out of four and wrote: "The movie is trippy and almost willfully opaque—all I can say for sure is I left A Ghost Story feeling full "Richard Brody, writing for The New Yorker, included A Ghost Story in his list of the 27 best films of the decade 

Accolades
On September 9, 2017, the film won three awards at the 43rd Deauville American Film Festival: the Revelation Prize, the Critics Prize and the Jury Prize; additionally, David Lowery was nominated for the Grand Special Prize  On October 14, the film won two awards at the Sitges Film Festival: Best Photography and the Carnet Jove Jury Award  At the Fantasia Film Festival, the film won the Camera Lucida Award 
Passage 13:
Mara Marini
Mara Marini is a Canadian actress best known for her reoccurring role as Brandi Maxxxx in the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation  She has performed in several independent films and plays in the Los Angeles theater scene, as well as making other television appearances 

Early life
Mara Marini was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and had wanted to be an actress since the age of four  She was accepted to the University of Hawaii for marine biology, but ultimately attended York University in Toronto  After graduating, she auditioned for and was accepted to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Los Angeles, where she moved to study acting 

Career
Marini appeared in a number of independent films starting in the mid-2000s, particularly horror films, including In The Dark (2004), Slaughterhouse Phi: Death Sisters (2006), Darkworld (2006), Blood Legend (2006), Gothic Vampires from Hell (2007) and Munch (2008)  She has also experimented with stand-up comedy Marini, who had some theater experience in Canada, started performing on stage in the Los Angeles area, and became an active member of The Road Theatre Company  Among her credits with that company in 2007 was "Biblio," a Wayne Peter Liebman one-act play about a girl whose psychological issues invoke a barrage of images, including a Marilyn Monroe character portrayed by Marini  Also in 2007, she appeared in "Bitch", a dark comedy by Susan Rubin that played at the Bootleg Theater  Marini portrayed a giddy receptionist who has an affair with one of the main characters, a hedonistic public relations firm partner  In 2008, she appeared in a Road Theatre production of "The Friendly Hour" at the Road Theatre, playing one of a group of South Dakota housewives whose life stories are told over a 73-year period Marini appeared in the 2008 horror short film Deader Living Through Chemistry, a horror short film about zombies that appeared on the DVD release of George A  Romero's film Diary of the Dead  In 2009, Marini performed in a 15-week run of "Bram Stoker's Dracula" at the NoHo Theatre in Los Angeles, directed by Ken Sawyer  She portrayed Mina Harker, although on rare occasions she served as an understudy for the Lucy Westenra role  Marini received positive reviews; in a review of one of her Lucy performances, Culture Spot LA writer Julie Riggott said she "made a convincing transformation from meek innocent to voluptuous vampire"  Robert Machray of BlogCritics org wrote she "should get an award for her bloodcurdling screams" Marini had a supporting role in the 2009 film Ballistica, and played a Texan art dealer in the film The Back-Up Bride (2010)  She appeared in the film Psychosomatika (2010) after director Jeff Graham, who directed her in Blood Legend, contacted her and asked her to audition for a role  Also in 2010 she appeared in comedy sketches for the E! late night talk show Chelsea Lately, and a commercial for the website Vevo with American Idol runner-up Adam Lambert  Marini filmed a number of television pilots around this time, including ones for the Spike and the Oxygen channels Marini was cast in a guest appearance in the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation as Brandi Maxxxx, a pornographic film actress  Marini had previously participated in a workshop with Dorian Frankel, the show's casting director, before auditioning for the Brandi Maxxxx role  Marini was concerned she didn't do her best at the audition, but was nevertheless chosen for the role  She first appeared in the third season episode "Jerry's Painting", which originally aired on April 28, 2011  In the episode, Brandi appears on a television news program along with Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) in which Leslie is defending a painting that depicts her as a centaur with her breasts exposed  While Leslie defends the artistic merit of the painting, Brandi defends the painting while simultaneously comparing it to pornography, unwittingly undermining Leslie's arguments  Marini later reprised the role in the fourth season episode "The Debate", where Brandi Maxxxx ran for city council against Leslie and participated in a political debate against Bobby Newport (Paul Rudd) and two other candidates Marini returned to the stage in 2011, appearing in the Laurel Ollstein comedy "Esther's Moustache" at the Studio/Stage Theatre in Los Angeles  The play was about a female artist who draws magazine cartoons of beautiful goddesses, and Marini played Lilith, a sex-obsessed imaginary goddess who appears before the protagonist as her alter ego  She received positive reviews for the performance  LA Weekly writer Steven Leigh Morris called her a "scene-stealer", and the Los Angeles Times called her "an amusingly empty-headed statuesque siren"  Natalia Evdikimova of Culver City News wrote that Marini was "superbly cast" and "hard to ignore", adding: "Mara Marini is everything that a sex-loving goddess should be: bossy, sassy and provocative"  In 2011, Marini also appeared in the ABC legal drama series The Whole Truth, and that show's casting director called her for auditions in several other television roles Marini appeared in the 2012 film Sushi Girl, reuniting Marini with director Kern Saxton, who directed her in Deader Living Through Chemistry  Marini also portrayed Gloria, who she described as a "Marilyn Monroe-type scarlet-wannabe", in the 2013 film Rock and Roll: The Movie  She also has filmed performances for the upcoming films Alongside the Night and King of the Road 

Filmography
Passage 14:
Philippine television drama
Philippine television drama, also known as teledrama, Filipino telenovelas or P-drama, is a form of melodramatic, serialized, televised fiction in the Philippines  Teledrama is derived from two Filipino words: "tele", short for "telebisyón" (television) and "drama" (drama series) 
Teledramas share characteristics with and have roots similar to soap operas and telenovelas  They have evolved into a genre with unique characteristics, however, and often reflect Filipino social reality  Teledramas are aired in the afternoon and prime time, five days a week  Their audience crosses age and gender lines, and they have the highest advertising rates in the Philippine television industry  Series last from three months to a year or longer, depending on ratings 
Philippine TV dramas also include serials and anthologies, usually shown weekly  These dramas have a finite number of episodes and usually last one season, again depending on ratings 

History
1940s-1980s
Soap operas in the Philippines began with Gulong ng Palad (Wheel of Fortune) on radio in 1949, and the genre expanded into television during the early 1960s  The first Philippine TV soap opera was Hiwaga sa Bahay na Bato (Mystery at the Stone House) in 1963, produced by ABS-CBN  Larawan ng Pag-ibig (Picture of Love), Prinsipe Amante (Prince Amante), and a number of others followed Gulong ng Palad, co-written by Loida Virina, was the longest-running radio serial and ran until the mid-1980s  Its TV version starred Marianne Dela Riva and Ronald Corveau and introduced young actors, including Romnick Sarmenta  Veteran actress Caridad Sanchez enhanced the series' popularity 
The government closed several networks (including ABS-CBN) during the 1972–1986 martial-law period, leaving RPN and GMA the country's only two commercial television networks  The lack of a diverse media base aided the emergence of nationwide satellite broadcasting, and competition between the two networks spurred afternoon and prime-time sitcoms and serials  Philippine TV schedules resembled those in the U S , with networks scheduling shows in daily time blocks instead of separate weekday and weekend programming 
RPN produced María Flordeluna, starring Janice de Belén  Its cast also included Dindo Fernando and actress-director Laurice Guillen  GMA produced Anna Liza, starring Julie Vega  Before the introduction of a TV ratings system in the Philippines during the 1990s, the shows were rivals  Anna Liza, canceled in 1985 after Vega's death, had an unfinished storyline and a two-hour special in 1986 

1990s
Until the late 1980s, Philippine television dramas were broadcast during the afternoon  ABS-CBN resumed operations after the end of the Marcos dictatorship in 1986, and regained its audience lead by the end of the decade  During the early and mid-1990s, local sitcoms dominated Philippine television with the rise of ABS-CBN's Palibhasa Lalake, Home Along Da Riles, Oki Doki Doc and the political satire Abangan Ang Susunod Na Kabanata and GMA Network's Bubble Gang  International television swept the Philippines, beginning with Mexican telenovelas 
The decade is considered the golden age of Philippine television drama  Most, such as Agila, Anna Luna, Valiente and Mara Clara, were aired on ABS-CBN 
The most popular was the Las Tres Marias trilogy, produced by Televisa and starring Thalía  Marimar and Maria la del Barrio were broadcast in prime time on RPN, and Maria Mercedes was broadcast on ABS-CBN)  Major networks began to reschedule Filipino telenovelas in prime time to attract increased advertising revenue  By the mid-1990s, teledramas surpassed sitcoms in Filipino prime-time television 
One of the country's best-known TV series was Mara Clara, which aired from 1992 to 1997  The longest-running teledrama in the post-martial-law era, it had frequent time-slot changes before settling into the standard 7-8:00 pm prime-time block by late 1995  In mid-1997, Mula sa Puso (another ABS-CBN series) saw the rise of Claudine Barretto  Barretto played the heiress Via in the two-year soap; Rico Yan and Diether Ocampo were her leading men, and Princess Punzalan played Selina (the series' most influential character)  Mula Sa Puso was the country's first middle-class primetime series, differing from the telenovelas with protagonists from the lower socioeconomic classes 
GMA retained and popularized its afternoon dramas, such as 1995–1997's Villa Quintana (with Donna Cruz, Keempee de Leon and Isabel Rivas); it was followed by 1997–1998's Ikaw na Sana, with Angelu de Leon and Bobby Andrews  Both were moved to prime time 

2000s
Philippine television dramas evolved into teleserye, a portmanteau of the Filipino words telebisyon ("television") and serye ("series")  The term originated with the ABS-CBN drama Pangako Sa 'Yo, airing from 2000 to 2002 and starring Jericho Rosales and Kristine Hermosa, and the rivalry between actresses Eula Valdez and Jean Garcia  Pangako Sa'Yo, the Philippines' first teleserye, was considered a turning point in Philippine television because of its production and fast-paced, multiple-arc plotlines which distinguished it from telenovelas  Broadcast in the Americas, Africa and Asia, it remains the most successful Philippine television series worldwide  At the end of its run in 2002, Pangako Sa 'Yo had the highest-rated series-finale episode of a Philippine show  Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay, which ended in 2003, was the Philippines' first series which was a finalist in the Best Drama Series category of the 2003 International Emmy Awards 
ABS-CBN's 2004's Marina popularized the fantasy of most Filipino teleseryes  GMA Network's political drama Kung Mawawala Ka examined corruption, starring Eddie Garcia; it ran from 2001 to 2002, and received an award from the Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC) 
Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas, aired between 2003 and 2004, was the world's first drama series to allow viewers to choose a story's ending by texting  A contemporary ABS-CBN teleserye, Basta't Kasama Kita, starred Judy Ann Santos and Robin Padilla; notable for its depiction of the National Bureau of Investigation, it was the first Filipino series to broadcast a live series-finale episode in 2004  In 2004, GMA Network overtook ABS-CBN in popularity when it introduced an all-fantaserye prime-time lineup featuring female-lead shows such as Encantadia and Mulawin  GMA gained a ratings foothold with Darna, starring Angel Locsin 
The Philippines emerged as one of the world's largest television-drama-producing nations in the middle of the decade  International hits included ABS-CBN's 2006 Gulong ng Palad, starring Kristine Hermosa and TJ Trinidad, which was carried on TFC  A 2007 remake of Maria Flordeluna, which had aired on RPN-9 during the 1970s and 1980s, starred Eliza Pineda; the 93-episode series received the 2008 PMPC Star Award for Best Television Series 
TV adaptations of films included ABS-CBN's Panday (starring Jericho Rosales and Heart Evangelista), Mga Anghel na Walang Langit and Kampanerang Kuba, starring Anne Curtis  The "sineserye" genre was introduced with Bituing Walang Ningning, starring Sarah Geronimo and Angelika de la Cruz 
2005 marked the start of domination of religious-oriented teleseryes, and trend of airing family-oriented drama series produced by ABS-CBN's Dreamscape Entertainment on series based on Fernando Poe Jr 's movies with Mga Anghel na Walang Langit which lasted for 210 episodes from May 9, 2005, to February 2006  Religious teleseryes continued to dominate on the following years and decades 
Late in the decade, GMA-7 and ABS-CBN became rivals  GMA aired its 2007 remake of the international telenovela MariMar  Three ABS-CBN series became popular: the remake of the 1977–1985 soap opera Gulong ng Palad, the teleserye Sa Piling Mo and the series Maging Sino Ka Man—the most popular teleserye internationally after Pangako Sa'Yo 
ABS-CBN produced its most expensive series, Lobo, in 2008; it starred Piolo Pascual and Angel Locsin—the first Filipino nominated for an International Emmy for a lead role  I Love Betty La Fea, a Filipino remake of the Colombian telenovela Yo soy Betty, la fea, was broadcast that same year; it was the most successful Philippine remake of a Latin telenovela since GMA Network's Marimar remake the year before 

2010s
ABS-CBN and GMA Network both claimed to be the Philippines' most popular network  GMA Network began appealing to viewers in Mega Manila during the mid-2000s; ABS-CBN's prime-time shows attracted viewers in other parts of the country, particularly Visayas and Mindanao  Philippine media experts attributed the trend to ABS-CBN's return to Filipino programming 
The 2010s featured two successful teleseryes (Dahil May Isang Ikaw and May Bukas Pa)  Dahil May Isang Ikaw began during the previous decade and ended on January 15, 2010  Religious teleseryes continued dominating television from the late 2000s since the premiere of Mga Anghel na Walang Langit on May 9, 2005  Among these religious teleseryes aired during the 2010s include May Bukas Pa, 100 Days to Heaven, Oh My G!, and Nathaniel, all of which were aired on ABS-CBN 
With the earlier success of the 2007 remake of Maria Flordeluna and the 2010 remake of Mara Clara (which introduced Julia Montes and Kathryn Bernardo), ABS-CBN popularized the revival of teen-themed telenovelas  Mara Clara's success inspired a remake of 1997's Mula sa Puso  In 2011, a number of actors moved between ABS-CBN and GMA Network  Both networks' hold on prime-time television was challenged by TV5's teleserye Babaeng Hampaslupa 
Teleseryes began to include storylines reflecting contemporary Philippine controversy  ABS-CBN's 2012 Walang Hanggan addressed adultery, while the network's 2012–2013 series Ina, Kapatid, Anak explored surrogate motherhood 
GMA Network premiered the big-budget historical drama series Amaya, starring Marian Rivera; Rivera also appeared in Temptation Of Wife, the Filipino version of a popular Korean series, with Dennis Trillo  Trillo later appeared in the 2013 teleserye My Husband's Lover, the Philippines' first gay-themed prime-time series 
ABS-CBN's 2014 series, The Legal Wife, was followed by the 2015 remake of Pangako Sa'Yo, starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla  The 2015 teleseryes Bridges of Love was broadcast as Puentes de Amor; the first Philippine drama aired in Latin America, it premiered on April 25, 2016, on Panamericana Televisión in Peru  The 2017–2018 series Wildflower was the first Philippine prime-time teleserye to explore nepotism, human rights abuses and mental illness 
The decade marked the renewed popularity of long-running dramas after the early 2000s  May Bukas Pa, which premiered in the previous 2000s decade on February 2, 2009 and ended in the 2010s decade on February 5, 2010, ran for 1 year and 3 days  Be Careful With My Heart aired for 2 years from 2012 to 2014  from 2014 to 2016, GMA broadcast The Half Sisters  ABS-CBN's afternoon teleserye Doble Kara ran between 2015 and 2017  Ang Probinsyano, starred by Coco Martin, attracted national attention for depicting the Philippine Drug War and the Philippine National Police despite renewed MTRCB censorship, ran for 7 years from September 28, 2015 and ended in the 2020s decade on August 12, 2022, and currently holds the title for being the country's longest-running drama series since June 26, 2020 which surpassed the five-year run 1992–1997's Mara Clara  GMA Network dominated the late afternoon between 2016 and 2018 with its teleserye Ika-6 na Utos  Kadenang Ginto, also aired on ABS-CBN, premiered on October 8, 2018, and ended in the next decade on February 7, 2020 
Live teleserye finales returned for the first time since GMA's 2007 remake of Marimar  ABS-CBN's On the Wings of Love starred James Reid and Nadine Lustre  Born for You was the first musical teleserye since ABS-CBN's 2006 TV version of Bituing Walang Ningning 
ABS-CBN's series 2019 military drama The General's Daughter was replaced by The Killer Bride, which has been praised for depicting the Duterte administration 

2020s
Teleserye production was suspended In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic  Interest in boys' love series developed after the Thai series 2gether: The series aired on ABS-CBN's Kapamilya Channel and blocktime agreement with ZOE Broadcasting Network through A2Z On June 26, 2020, the action drama series Ang Probinsyano surpassed the 1992–1997 series Mara Clara upon airing its 1,166th episode, with the former now the longest-running drama series on Philippine television since the said date 
Domination of religious-oriented drama series continued throughout the 2020s decade, with teleseryes belonging to this genre that aired in the 2020s are Huwag Kang Mangamba topbilled by The Gold Squad (Andrea Brillantes, Seth Fedelin, Kyle Echarri, and Francine Diaz), Maria Clara at Ibarra, and FPJ's Batang Quiapo 
After 7 years of airing, Ang Probinsyano ended on August 12, 2022, with 1,696 episodes and was replaced with the 2022 version of Darna, marking the change in ABS-CBN's primetime slot after its news program TV Patrol that was not seen since the start of airing of the said action drama series on September 28, 2015 

Impact
Philippine TV drama became popular during the early 2000s in Asia, Africa and Filipino communities in North America  Teleseryes have evolved from the telenovelas on which they were based  Philippine teleseryes have also attracted audiences in Indonesia, Malaysia and China  Often dubbed into local languages, they are sometimes shown with English and other foreign subtitles 
ABS-CBN and GMA were among the first Asian television producers to export dramas with a universal message, reflecting the reality of Filipino and other Asian societies  Pangako Sa 'Yo is the Philippines' most successful TV series worldwide  Before leading the Chinese television ratings during the mid-2000s, the series was seen by over one billion viewers in Southeast Asia and Africa  ABS-CBN introduced its International Sales website, providing access to its shows  The network shows Sana Maulit Muli (Taiwan), Lobo (dubbed as She-Wolf: The Last Sentinel), Tayong Dalawa, Dahil May Isang Ikaw, Kahit Isang Saglit, Katorse, Mara Clara, Magkaribal, Be Careful With My Heart (Vietnam) and Walang Hanggan were exported  They were followed by Ina, Kapatid, Anak, May Bukas Pa, Forevermore, Till I Met You, Wildflower and Ang Probinsyano 
GMA Network has the highest-rated pilot episodes with Darna and Encantadia in 2005, and made fantaserye a popular genre  The network produced Boys Next Door, a teen melodrama which was the first Philippine television series aired in South Korea  The 2007 Philippine adaptation of MariMar, GMA's most successful domestic television series, was also aired in Thailand, Malaysia, China, Singapore, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya and Hawaii  Other GMA shows, such as Habang Kapiling Ka, Kahit Kailan, Bakekang, Muli, Impostora, Mga Mata ni Anghelita, Dyesebel and Encantadia, are still broadcast elsewhere in Asia and Africa 
Ang Probinsyano has had a wide-ranging effect on Philippine pop culture and society  Called the Pambansang Teleserye, the series has been nominated for and received a number of awards The show is widely regarded for tackling timely issues, and has generated controversy for its negative portrayal of the government and its agencies  It was defended, with viewers saying that the government should take heed  The series has been considered a kingmaker, with a high endorsement value in the 2019 midterm elections, and is a desirable platform for actors wishing to run for public office  A party list with the show's name, endorsed by series leads Coco Martin and Yassi Pressman, finished fifth in 2019 and won a seat in the House of Representatives  The series' lead character, Cardo Dalisay, has been called "steadfast and incorruptible"  Ang Probinsyano is popular, and has been credited with reviving the action genre in film and television  Netflix streams the show under its international title, Brothers 

Adaptations
Philippine television dramas have spawned adaptations in other Asian countries:
Impostora (GMA): Impostors, Cambodia, 2012
Pangako Sa 'Yo (ABS-CBN): The Promise (សន្យាស្នេហ៍), Cambodia, 2013
Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas (ABS-CBN): Cinta Tiada Ganti, Malaysia, 2018
Kadenang Ginto (ABS-CBN): Putri Mahkota, Indonesia, 2020
Love Thy Woman (ABS-CBN): Belenggu Dua Hati, Indonesia, 2020
Sino ang Maysala?: Mea Culpa (ABS-CBN): Bukan Salah Cinta, Indonesia, 2020
Tayong Dalawa (ABS-CBN): Angkara Cinta, Malaysia, 2020
Hanggang Saan (ABS-CBN): Bir Annenin Günahı, Turkey, 2020
Forevermore (ABS-CBN): Vermem Seni Ellere, Turkey, 2023

See also
Television in the Philippines
List of Philippine drama series
List of ABS-CBN drama series
List of programs aired by TV5 (Philippine TV network)
List of GMA Network original drama series
Passage 15:
Labanoras Regional Park
Labanoras Regional Park, established in 1992, is located 80 kilometers northeast of Lithuania's capital, Vilnius  Covering 553 18 km², it is the largest regional park in the country  Its administration is in the small town of Labanoras 

Nature

The park contains about 70 lakes; about 80% of its land is forested  Its floral biodiversity is high, and it is home to the densest population of nesting white stork couples in Europe  It also contains areas with archeological, architectural, ethnographic, and historic value 
It is the largest Lithuania regional park, distinguished by a variety of landscapes, extremely rich flora and fauna  The largest part of the park is occupied by forests (80%), mostly pine forests  Labanoras forest with abundant wetlands and lakes is characterized by an abundance of protected species  Lakes occupy 14 percent  park areas  Spectacular Black Lakajai and White Lakajai, Stirniai, Siesartis and other lakes in Molėtai Lake District, 15 8 km long Aisetas lake  Lakaja, one of the most beautiful and exotic rivers, was loved not only by water birds but also by water tourists 
There are 285 lakes in Labanoras Regional Park - the largest of all Lithuanian regional parks  Largest: Stirniai, White Lakajai, Kertuojai  About 30 streams flow through the park  These are Lakaja, Peršokšna, Dumblė, Luknelė  In addition to these water bodies, the park protects swamp ecosystems, valuable calcareous marshes 
A whole complex of high marshes and lakeside low marshes is protected - Kanija raistas and many larger and smaller wetlands  In the Girutiškis Nature Reserve here, the Beržalotas upland swamp shines with the mirrors of the lakes 
Pine forests make up 81 percent  of all the forests in the park  Along with abundant lakes, swamps, hilly and undulating terrain, they are very picturesque 
The distant surroundings of Aukštaitija National Park can be seen from the observation tower of the Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology 
The park is a famous breeding ground for elks,  wolves  and lynxes 
Passage 16:
Kirumi Bridge
Kirumi Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge in northern Tanzania across the Mara River on the border of Butiama and Rorya Districts of Mara Region  Its construction was financed via a loan from the African Development Fund  It was inaugurated in October 1985 by Julius Nyerere, the country's first president 



ground_truth: Tanzania

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who sings Home Alone Tonight with the Rain is a Good Thing singer?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Daniel Stern (actor)
Daniel Jacob Stern (born August 28, 1957) is an American actor, artist, director, and screenwriter  He is perhaps best known for his roles as Marv Murchins in Home Alone (1990) and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), Phil Berquist in City Slickers (1991) and City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994), the voice of adult Kevin Arnold on the television series The Wonder Years, and the voice of Dilbert on the animated series of the same name  Other notable films of his include Breaking Away (1979), Stardust Memories (1980), Diner (1982), Blue Thunder (1983), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), The Milagro Beanfield War (1988), Coupe de Ville (1990), and Very Bad Things (1998)  He made his feature-film directorial debut with Rookie of the Year (1993) 

Early life
Stern was born in Bethesda, Maryland to Cynthia and Leonard Stern  His father was a social worker while his mother managed a day care center  He is Jewish  His brother is television writer David M  Stern  During his years at Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School, Stern starred in several theater productions, including playing C C  Baxter in Promises, Promises and Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof  Stern applied for a job as a lighting engineer for a Shakespeare Festival in Washington, D C , but was hired as a walk-on in their production of The Taming of the Shrew, starring Glenn Close  He dropped out of high school in his senior year and soon moved to New York  After taking acting lessons at HB Studio with Austin Pendleton and Herbert Berghof, Stern began his acting career in Off Broadway and Broadway productions, including True West with Gary Sinise and How I Got That Story at Second Stage Theatre with Bob Gunton  He acted in numerous productions at The Public Theater, Ensemble Studio Theater, Cherry Lane Theater, and Manhattan Theater Club 

Career
In 1979, Stern made his film debut as Cyril in Breaking Away  The following year he played a student who raised objections during Jill Clayburgh's proof of the snake lemma in the film It's My Turn  He was the novice observer Richard Lymangood in the 1983 action thriller film Blue Thunder  He had another early film role in the 1984 horror film C H U D , as the soup kitchen C H U D  hunter  His breakthrough role as Laurence "Shrevie" Schreiber came in Barry Levinson's Diner  He appeared in two films with Woody Allen, Stardust Memories and Hannah and Her Sisters 
Stern has played characters in a number of comedic roles, such as Phil Berquist in City Slickers and City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold, and Marv the burglar in the first two Home Alone films, Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, with Joe Pesci  However, he declined to play the character once again in the fourth installment of the franchise, believing the script to be an insult to the original motion picture  He also starred as Max in Bushwhacked  He provided the voice of the narrator on the TV series The Wonder Years, which starred Fred Savage as Kevin Arnold  As narrator, Stern played the adult Kevin Arnold, remembering his youth  Stern and Savage were also featured together in Little Monsters, in which Stern played the father of Savage's character  In the late 1990s, Stern took on a more serious role in the black comedy Very Bad Things with Christian Slater, Cameron Diaz and Jon Favreau  Stern provided the voice for the main character of the Dilbert animated TV series, based on the comic strip by Scott Adams 
Stern directed several episodes of The Wonder Years and the 1993 feature film Rookie of the Year, and in recent years directed two episodes of the TV series, Manhattan 
Stern created, wrote, and starred in the CBS television show Danny 
He wrote the off-Broadway hit Barbra's Wedding, which was produced by The Dodgers and Manhattan Theater Club  It starred John Pankow and Julie White and ran for six months  Stern also appeared in the play at Garry Marshall's Falcon Theater 
Stern was originally offered the role of Dale Gribble in King of the Hill but he was replaced by Johnny Hardwick when his salary agreement went low  He starred in Game Over, Man! (2018) as well as the Hulu original series, “Shrill”, as the main character’s (Aidy Bryant) father 

Personal life
Stern works as an artist, specializing in bronze sculpture  He has created sculptures for public art projects in San Diego, Pasadena, Palm Desert, Temple City, Monrovia, and Agoura Hills  He is an artist in residence at Studio Channel Islands Art Centre in Camarillo  He has also done many private commissions, gallery exhibitions and art fairs  He married actress Laure Mattos in 1980, and together they have three children, son California State Senator Henry Stern and daughters Ella and Sophie Stern 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Sing Me a Song
Sing Me a Song may refer to:

Sing Me a Song (song), the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1983
Sing Me a Song (The Walking Dead), an episode of the television series The Walking Dead
Sing Me a Song (album), an album by Miriam Makeba
Passage 3:
Forrest Gump
Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Eric Roth  It is based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson and Sally Field  The film follows several decades in the life of a slow-witted and kindhearted Alabama man named Forrest Gump (Hanks) and his experiences in the 20th-century United States  The film differs substantially from the novel 
Principal photography took place between August and December 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina  Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate Hanks into archived footage and to develop other scenes  The soundtrack features songs reflecting the different periods seen in the film 
Forrest Gump was released in the United States on July 6, 1994, and received mostly positive reviews, with critical acclaim for Zemeckis's direction, performances (particularly those of Hanks and Sinise), visual effects, music, and screenplay  The film was an enormous success at the box office; it became the top-grossing film in America released that year and earned over US$678 2 million worldwide during its theatrical run, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1994, behind The Lion King  The soundtrack sold over 12 million copies  Forrest Gump won six Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Hanks, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Film Editing  It received many award nominations, including Golden Globes, British Academy Film Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards 
Various interpretations have been made of the protagonist and the film's political symbolism  In 2011, the Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Plot
In 1981, a man named Forrest Gump recounts his life story to strangers who happen to sit next to him at a bus stop  
As a boy in 1956, Forrest has an IQ of 75 and is fitted with leg braces to correct a curved spine  He lives in Greenbow, Alabama, with his mother, who runs a boarding house and encourages him to live beyond his disabilities  Among their temporary tenants is a young Elvis Presley, who plays the guitar for Forrest and incorporates the boy's jerky dance movements into his performances  On his first day of school, Forrest meets a girl named Jenny Curran, and the two become best friends  Jenny is a victim of sexual abuse at the hands of her widowed, alcoholic father, but she is later removed from his custody 
Bullied because of his leg braces and dimwittedness, Forrest flees from a group of children, but when his braces break off, he is revealed to be a fast runner  With this talent, he receives a football scholarship at the University of Alabama in 1962, where he is coached by Bear Bryant, becomes a top kick returner, is named to the All-American team, and meets president John F  Kennedy at the White House  In his first year at college, he witnesses Governor George Wallace's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door and returns a dropped book to Vivian Malone Jones, one of the students admitted over state resistance  He visits Jenny at her college, where the two have an awkward sexual encounter 
After graduating from college in 1966, Forrest enlists in the U S  Army  During basic training, he befriends a fellow soldier named Benjamin Buford Blue (nicknamed "Bubba"), who becomes a close friend and convinces Forrest to go into the shrimping business with him after their service  While on leave, Forrest goes to Memphis, Tennessee, to see Jenny, who was expelled from college for posing in Playboy in her college sweater, and now works as a singer in a strip club  However, he embarrasses her by attacking some patrons who were harassing her, causing the two to part ways  Soon afterwards, Forrest and Bubba are sent to fight in Vietnam, serving with the 9th Infantry Division in the Mekong Delta region under Lieutenant Dan Taylor  After months of routine operations, their platoon is ambushed while on patrol, and several members of the platoon are killed in action, including Bubba  Forrest saves several others, including Lieutenant Dan, who loses both of his lower legs, while Forrest is shot "in the buttocks " While recovering from his wound, Forrest develops a talent for ping pong  Taylor is embittered from having his life saved as he had hoped to die in combat like his ancestors, and detests being handicapped  Forrest is awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism by President Lyndon B  Johnson  
At an anti-war March on the Pentagon rally, Forrest meets Abbie Hoffman, encounters a Black Panther group, and reunites with Jenny, who has become a drug-addicted hippie and anti-war activist, but the two are soon parted again when she leaves for San Francisco with her abusive boyfriend, the president of SDS at Berkeley  Forrest plays ping-pong in the special services, competing against Chinese teams in ping-pong diplomacy, becoming a celebrity, and earns himself an interview alongside John Lennon on The Dick Cavett Show, appearing to influence Lennon's song "Imagine"  Forrest spends 1972 New Year's Eve in New York City with Lieutenant Dan, who has become an alcoholic, still bitter about his disability and the government's apathy towards Vietnam War veterans  Forrest does not enjoy the company of Lt  Dan's prostitutes because of his devotion to Jenny, and rejects their advances, leading Lt  Dan to angrily throw them out for insulting Forrest  Forrest's ping-pong success eventually leads to a meeting with President Richard Nixon  He is given a room in the Watergate complex, where he unwittingly exposes the Watergate scandal 
In 1974, Forrest is honorably discharged from the Army, and returns to Greenbow, where he endorses a company that makes ping-pong paddles  He uses the earnings to buy a shrimping boat in Bayou La Batre, fulfilling his promise to Bubba  Lieutenant Dan joins Forrest as his first mate, and they initially have very little success  However, after their boat becomes the only one to survive Hurricane Carmen, they pull in vast amounts of shrimp and create the profitable Bubba Gump Shrimp Company  Lieutenant Dan acknowledges that Forrest saved him, however does not actually thank him for saving his life  Dan invests his money in early tech companies on the stock market, which Forrest mistakes for "some kind of fruit company", and the two become millionaires  Forrest gives half of his earnings to Bubba's family for having inspired the shrimping venture  Forrest returns home to his mother and cares for her during her terminal illness from cancer  After she dies, Forrest spends most of his time volunteering as a gardener at the University of Alabama 
In 1976, Jenny – recovering from years of drugs and abuse – returns to Forrest  One day, the two are walking, and come across the now-abandoned house of Jenny's father, where Jenny, in a rage, throws all the rocks she can find at it, until she collapses in anguish  After some time, Forrest proposes to her, but she turns him down, much to Forrest's dismay  That night, she confesses to Forrest that she does indeed love him  They make love, but Jenny leaves the next morning  Heartbroken, Forrest, "for no particular reason", starts running and embarks on a cross-country marathon, becoming famous for another feat  Forrest starts to garner many followers, some of whom are struggling businessmen, whom he unwittingly gives inspiration  After a total of about three years and two-and-a half months running, Forrest decides to end the run, and returns to Greenbow, much to the surprise of his followers 
In 1981, Forrest gets a letter from Jenny, asking him to visit her, and it turns out that's why he's been waiting at the bus stop  An old lady informs him that the address is only five/six blocks away, and he rushes off  Forrest again reunites with Jenny, who has quit abusing drugs, and has turned her life around  Jenny then introduces him to her young son, Forrest Gump Jr , revealing that Forrest is his father  Initially shocked at the revelation, Forrest starts to bond with his son  Jenny later tells Forrest she is sick with "some kind of virus" and the doctors can't do anything for her  The three move back to Greenbow and Jenny and Forrest finally marry  Among their wedding guests is Lt  Dan, now walking on titanium alloy prosthetics, with his fiancé, a Vietnamese woman named Susan  Jenny succumbs to her illness a year later  Forrest is deeply saddened by her death but becomes a loving, devoted father to Forrest Jr  as the two engage in activities like ping pong and fishing  Forrest also buys the land that belonged to Jenny's father and has the house demolished  Lastly, Forrest sees his son off on his first day of school 

Cast
Tom Hanks as Forrest Gump: At an early age, Forrest is deemed to have a below-average IQ of 75  He has an endearing character and shows devotion to his loved ones and duties, character traits that bring him into many life-changing situations  Along the way, he encounters many historical figures and events throughout his life 
Michael Conner Humphreys as young Forrest Gump: Hanks revealed in interviews that instead of having Michael copy his accent, he copied Michael's unique accented drawl into the older character's accent 
Robin Wright as Jenny Curran: Forrest's childhood friend with whom he immediately falls in love, and never stops loving throughout his life  A victim of child sexual abuse at the hands of her bitterly widowed father, Jenny embarks on a different path from Forrest, leading a self-destructive life and becoming part of the hippie movement in California in the 1960s and the following Me Decade's sex and drug culture of the 1970s  She re-enters Forrest's life at various times in adulthood  Jenny eventually becomes a waitress in Savannah, Georgia, where she lives in an apartment with her (and Forrest's) son, Forrest Jr  They eventually get married, but soon afterward she dies from complications due to an unnamed disease  This unknown disease was intended by Winston Groom, the author of the original novel, to be Hepatitis C, itself an "unknown virus" until defined in April 1989, although some of the makers of the film have said that they intended for the unknown disease to have been HIV/AIDS Hanna R  Hall as young Jenny Curran
Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan Taylor: Forrest and Bubba Blue's platoon leader during the Vietnam War, whose ancestors have died in every U S  war and who regards it as his destiny to do the same  After losing his legs in an ambush and being rescued against his will by Forrest, he is initially bitter and antagonistic toward Forrest for leaving him a "cripple" and denying him his family's destiny, falling into a deep depression  He later serves as Forrest's first mate at the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, gives most of the orders, becomes wealthy with Forrest, and regains his will to live  He ultimately forgives and thanks Forrest for saving his life  By the end of the film, he is engaged to be married to his fiancée Susan and is sporting "magic legs" – titanium alloy prosthetics that allow him to walk again 
Mykelti Williamson as Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue: Bubba was originally supposed to be the senior partner in the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, but due to his death in Vietnam, their platoon leader, Dan Taylor, took his place  The company posthumously carried his name  Forrest later gave Bubba's mother Bubba's share of the business  Throughout filming, Williamson wore a lip attachment to create Bubba's protruding lip 
Sally Field as Mrs  Gump: Forrest's mother  Field reflected on the character, "She's a woman who loves her son unconditionally      A lot of her dialogue sounds like slogans, and that's just what she intends "
Haley Joel Osment as Forrest Gump Jr : Osment was cast in the film after the casting director noticed him in a Pizza Hut commercial  It was his debut feature film role 
Peter Dobson as Elvis Presley: Although Kurt Russell was uncredited, he provided the voice for Elvis in the scene 
Dick Cavett as himself: Cavett played a de-aged version of himself in the 1970s, with makeup applied to make him appear younger  Consequently, Cavett is the only well-known figure in the film to play a cameo role rather than be represented through the use of archival footage like John Lennon or President John F  Kennedy 
Sam Anderson as Principal Hancock: Forrest's elementary school principal 
Geoffrey Blake as Wesley: A member of the SDS group and Jenny's abusive boyfriend
Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Dorothy Harris: The school bus driver who drives Forrest, and later his son, to school
Sonny Shroyer as Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant
Grand L  Bush, Michael Jace, Conor Kennelly, and Teddy Lane Jr  as the Black Panthers
Richard D'Alessandro as Abbie Hoffman
Tiffany Salerno and Marla Sucharetza as "Cunning" Carla and "Long-Limbs" Lenore: a couple of prostitutes that Forrest and Dan spend a New Year's evening with and later turn away

Production
Pre-production and script
The film is based on the 1986 novel by Winston Groom  Both center on the character of Forrest Gump  However, the film primarily focuses on the first eleven chapters of the novel before skipping ahead to the end of the novel, with the founding of Bubba Gump Shrimp Co  and the meeting with Forrest Jr  In addition to skipping some parts of the novel, the film adds several aspects to Gump's life that do not occur in the novel, such as his needing leg braces as a child and his run across the United States Gump's core character and personality are also changed from the novel; among other things, his film character is less of a savant—in the novel, while playing football at the university, he fails craft and gym but receives a perfect score in an advanced physics class he is enrolled in by his coach to satisfy his college requirements  The novel also features Gump as an astronaut, a professional wrestler, and a chess player The book had a bidding war regarding an adaptation even before publication, with Wendy Finerman and Steve Tisch acquiring them by joining forces with Warner Bros , where Finerman's husband Mark Canton was president of production  Groom was paid $500,000 and also wrote the first three first drafts of the screenplay, which leaned closer to the events of the novel  After Rain Man told the story of a savant, Warner lost interest in the picture, and by 1990 the project was in turnaround  Finerman contacted Columbia Pictures, who went on reject it, while hiring Eric Roth to rewrite the script  Roth and Finerman kept in contact with Groom to ensure the script was historically accurate  Roth delivered a screenplay in 1992, which Paramount Pictures chairwoman Sherry Lansing liked enough to bring the project to her studio, who acquired the rights from Warner in exchange for the script for Executive Decision Ivan Reitman, Penny Marshall and Terry Gilliam passed on the project before Robert Zemeckis was hired  Barry Sonnenfeld was attached to the film, but left to direct Addams Family Values 

Casting
John Travolta was the original choice to play the title role and says passing on the role was a mistake  Bill Murray and Chevy Chase were also considered for the role  Sean Penn stated in an interview having been second choice for the role  Hanks revealed that he signed on to the film after an hour and a half of reading the script  He initially wanted to ease Forrest's pronounced Southern accent but was eventually persuaded by director Robert Zemeckis to portray the heavy accent stressed in the novel  Hanks also said it took him three days to learn how to play the role, and footage from that time could not be included  Winston Groom, who wrote the original novel, describes the film as having taken the "rough edges" off the character whom he had envisioned being played by John Goodman  Additionally, Tom's younger brother Jim Hanks is his acting double in the movie for the scenes when Forrest runs across the U S  Tom's daughter Elizabeth Hanks appears in the movie as the girl on the school bus who refuses to let young Forrest (Michael Conner Humphreys) sit next to her  Joe Pesci was considered for the role of Lieutenant Dan Taylor, which was eventually given to Gary Sinise  David Alan Grier, Ice Cube and Dave Chappelle were offered the role of Benjamin Buford Blue, but all three turned it down  Chappelle, who said he believed the film would be unsuccessful, has been reported as saying that he regrets not taking the role  Hanks was aware of Chappelle's disappointment in missing out on the part and agreed to work with him in a future movie, which ended up being You've Got Mail  Rapper Tupac Shakur also auditioned 

Filming
Filming began in August 1993 and ended in December of that year  Although most of the film is set in Alabama, filming took place mainly in and around Beaufort, South Carolina, as well as parts of coastal Virginia and North Carolina, including a running shot on the Blue Ridge Parkway  Downtown portions of the fictional town of Greenbow were filmed in Varnville, South Carolina  The scene of Forrest running through Vietnam while under fire was filmed on Hunting Island State Park  and Fripp Island, South Carolina  Additional filming took place on the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina and along the Blue Ridge Parkway near Boone, North Carolina  The most notable place was Grandfather Mountain where a part of the road subsequently became known as "Forrest Gump Curve" 
The Gump family home set was built along the Combahee River near Yemassee, South Carolina, and the nearby land was used to film Curran's home as well as some of the Vietnam scenes  Over 20 palmetto trees were planted to improve the Vietnam scenes  Forrest Gump narrated his life's story at the northern edge of Chippewa Square in Savannah, Georgia as he sat at a bus stop bench  There were other scenes filmed in and around the Savannah area as well, including a running shot on the Richard V  Woods Memorial Bridge in Beaufort while he was being interviewed by the press, and on West Bay Street in Savannah  Most of the college campus scenes were filmed in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California  The lighthouse that Forrest runs across to reach the Atlantic Ocean the first time is the Marshall Point Lighthouse in Port Clyde, Maine  Additional scenes were filmed in Arizona, Utah's Monument Valley, and Montana's Glacier National Park 

Visual effects
Ken Ralston and his team at Industrial Light & Magic were responsible for the film's visual effects  Using CGI techniques, it was possible to depict Gump meeting deceased personages and shaking their hands  Hanks was first shot against a blue screen along with reference markers so that he could line up with the archive footage  To record the voices of the historical figures, voice actors were filmed and special effects were used to alter lip-syncing for the new dialogue  Archival footage was used and with the help of such techniques as chroma key, image warping, morphing, and rotoscoping, Hanks was integrated into it 
In one Vietnam War scene, Gump carries Bubba away from an incoming napalm attack  To create the effect, stunt actors were initially used for compositing purposes  Then, Hanks and Williamson were filmed, with Williamson supported by a cable wire as Hanks ran with him  The explosion was then filmed, and the actors were digitally added to appear just in front of the explosions  The jet fighters and napalm canisters were also added by CGI The CGI removal of actor Gary Sinise's legs, after his character had them amputated, was achieved by wrapping his legs with a blue fabric, which later facilitated the work of the "roto-paint" team to paint out his legs from every single frame  At one point, while hoisting himself into his wheelchair, his legs are used for support The scene where Forrest spots Jenny at a peace rally at the Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool in Washington, D C , required visual effects to create the large crowd of people  Over two days of filming, approximately 1,500 extras were used  At each successive take, the extras were rearranged and moved into a different quadrant away from the camera  With the help of computers, the extras were multiplied to create a crowd of several hundred thousand people 

Reception
Box office
Produced on a budget of $55 million, Forrest Gump opened in 1,595 theaters in the United States and Canada grossing $24,450,602 in its opening weekend  Motion picture business consultant and screenwriter Jeffrey Hilton suggested to producer Wendy Finerman to double the P&A (film marketing budget) based on his viewing of an early print of the film  The budget was immediately increased, in line with his advice  In its opening weekend, the film placed first at the US box office, narrowly beating The Lion King, which was in its fourth week of release  For the first twelve weeks of release, the film was in the top 3 at the US box office, topping the list 5 times, including in its tenth week of release  Paramount removed the film from release in the United States when its gross hit $300 million in January 1995, and it was the second-highest-grossing film of the year, behind The Lion King with $305 million  The film was reissued on February 17, 1995, after the Academy Awards nominations were announced  After the reissue in 1,100 theaters, the film grossed an additional $29 million in the United States and Canada, bringing its total to $329 7 million, making it the third-highest-grossing film at that time behind only E T  the Extra-Terrestrial and Jurassic Park, and was Paramount's biggest, surpassing Raiders of the Lost Ark  Forrest Gump held the record for being the highest-grossing Paramount film until it was taken by Titanic three years later in 1997  For 12 years, it remained as the highest-grossing film starring Tom Hanks until 2006 when it was surpassed by The Da Vinci Code  Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 78 5 million tickets in the US and Canada in its initial theatrical run The film took 66 days to surpass $250 million and was the fastest grossing Paramount film to pass $100 million, $200 million, and $300 million in box office receipts (at the time of its release)  After reissues, the film has gross receipts of $330,252,182 in the U S  and Canada and $347,693,217 in international markets for a total of $677,945,399 worldwide  Even with such revenue, the film was known as a "successful failure"—due to distributors' and exhibitors' high fees, Paramount's "losses" clocked in at $62 million, leaving executives realizing the necessity of better deals  This has also been associated with Hollywood accounting, where expenses are inflated in order to minimize profit sharing  It is Robert Zemeckis' highest-grossing film to date 

Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 71% of 106 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The website's consensus reads: "Forrest Gump may be an overly sentimental film with a somewhat problematic message, but its sweetness and charm are usually enough to approximate true depth and grace " At the website Metacritic, the film earned a rating of 82 out of 100 based on 20 reviews by mainstream critics, indicating "universal acclaim"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade The story was commended by several critics  Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "I've never met anyone like Forrest Gump in a movie before, and for that matter I've never seen a movie quite like 'Forrest Gump ' Any attempt to describe him will risk making the movie seem more conventional than it is, but let me try  It's a comedy, I guess  Or maybe a drama  Or a dream  The screenplay by Eric Roth has the complexity of modern fiction   The performance is a breathtaking balancing act between comedy and sadness, in a story rich in big laughs and quiet truths   What a magical movie " Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote that the film "has been very well worked out on all levels, and manages the difficult feat of being an intimate, even delicate tale played with an appealingly light touch against an epic backdrop " In contrast, Anthony Lane of The New Yorker called the film "Warm, wise, and wearisome as hell " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said that the film was "glib, shallow, and monotonous" and "reduces the tumult of the last few decades to a virtual-reality theme park: a baby-boomer version of Disney's America "Gump garnered comparisons to fictional character Huckleberry Finn, as well as U S  politicians Ronald Reagan, Pat Buchanan and Bill Clinton  Peter Chomo writes that Gump acts as a "social mediator and as an agent of redemption in divided times"  Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called Gump "everything we admire in the American character – honest, brave, and loyal with a heart of gold " The New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin called Gump a "hollow man" who is "self-congratulatory in his blissful ignorance, warmly embraced as the embodiment of absolutely nothing " Marc Vincenti of Palo Alto Weekly called the character "a pitiful stooge taking the pie of life in the face, thoughtfully licking his fingers " Bruce Kawin and Gerald Mast's textbook on film history notes that Forrest Gump's dimness was a metaphor for glamorized nostalgia in that he represented a blank slate onto which the Baby Boomer generation projected their memories of those events 

Re-evaluation
In the 21st century, the film became negatively re-evaluated  Writing in 2004, Entertainment Weekly said, "Nearly a decade after it earned gazillions and swept the Oscars, Robert Zemeckis's ode to 20th-century America still represents one of cinema's most clearly drawn lines in the sand  One half of folks see it as an artificial piece of pop melodrama, while everyone else raves that it's sweet as a box of chocolates " On the other hand though "Despite many, often special-effects-generated laughs, and several genuinely touching moments, one wishes that Forrest Gump were a sarcastic cautionary tale about the dangers of a simple-minded, apolitical America and not the anti-intellectual, mostly conservative fantasy it is,"" in other words, the film has been criticized for its perceived conservative politics  Writing for Indiewire in 2019, Eric Kohn said: "This no-nothing white man becomes a war hero and a wealthy man simply by chugging along, participating in a country that dictates his every move  He never comprehends racism or the complexities of Vietnam; the movie portrays political activism and hippy culture as a giant cartoon beyond Forrest’s understanding, while presenting his apolitical stance as the height of all virtue " Furthermore, in a 2014 article for CNN discussing the film's reassessment, Brandon Griggs wrote of possible readings against the film "Forrest, as played by Tom Hanks, is the epitome of wholesome decency: a God-fearing, All-American football player and war hero who has no use for the counterculture movements of the late '60s  Despite an IQ of 75, he achieves fame and financial success  He's even from red-state Alabama!"In a 2014 retrospective for the film's 20th anniversary re-release, Amy Nicholson criticized the film for being apolitical, writing "Forrest doesn't kill anyone  He doesn't get PTSD  He doesn't even have a clue why he's in Vietnam  The film is so afraid to dredge up debate that when Abbie Hoffman hands Forrest the microphone at an antiwar rally, someone unplugs the speakers so we can't hear him — fitting for a movie with nothing to say " LGBTQ+ critics have criticized the "shallow" portrayal of the AIDS epidemic, one that "sidesteps the significance of the disease by erasing its mere mention"  In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter polled hundreds of academy members, asking them to re-vote on past controversial decisions  Academy members said that, given a second chance, they would award the 1994 Oscar for Best Picture to The Shawshank Redemption instead 

Author payment controversy
Winston Groom was paid $350,000 for the screenplay rights to his novel Forrest Gump and was contracted for a 3 percent share of the film's net profits  However, Paramount and the film's producers did not pay him the percentage, using Hollywood accounting to posit that the blockbuster film lost money  Tom Hanks, by contrast, contracted for a percent share of the film's gross receipts instead of a salary, and he and director Zemeckis each received $40 million  In addition, Groom was not mentioned once in any of the film's six Oscar-winner speeches Groom's dispute with Paramount was later effectively resolved after Groom declared he was satisfied with Paramount's explanation of their accounting, this coinciding with Groom receiving a seven-figure contract with Paramount for film rights to another of his books, Gump & Co  This film was never made, remaining in development hell for at least a dozen years 

Home video
Forrest Gump was first released on VHS on April 27, 1995, and on Laserdisc the following day  The laserdisc was THX certified and released without chapters, requiring the film be watched start to finish  Film magazines of the period stated this was at the request of Zemeckis who wanted viewers to enjoy the film in its entirety  It became the best-selling adult sell-through video with sales of over 12 million  
A widescreen VHS release debuted a year later on September 10, 1996  It was released in a two-disc DVD set on August 28, 2001  Special features included director and producer commentaries, production featurettes, and screen tests  The film was released on Blu-ray in November 2009  Paramount released the film on Ultra HD Blu-ray in June 2018  On May 7, 2019, Paramount Pictures released a newly remastered two-disc Blu-ray that contains bonus content 

Accolades
Forrest Gump won Best Picture, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Hanks had won the previous year for Philadelphia), Best Director, Best Visual Effects, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Editing at the 67th Academy Awards  The film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards, winning three of them: Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, Best Director – Motion Picture, and Best Motion Picture – Drama  The film was also nominated for six Saturn Awards and won two for Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actor (Film) 
In addition to the film's multiple awards and nominations, it has also been recognized by the American Film Institute on several of its lists  The film ranks 37th on 100 Years   100 Cheers, 71st on 100 Years   100 Movies, and 76th on 100 Years   100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)  In addition, the quote "Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates  You never know what you're gonna get," was ranked 40th on 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes  The film also ranked at number 61 on Empire's list of the 100 Greatest Movies of All Time In December 2011, Forrest Gump was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry  The Registry said that the film was "honored for its technological innovations (the digital insertion of Gump seamlessly into vintage archival footage), its resonance within the culture that has elevated Gump (and what he represents in terms of American innocence) to the status of folk hero, and its attempt to engage both playfully and seriously with contentious aspects of the era's traumatic history "American Film Institute lists

AFI's 100 Years   100 Movies – #71
AFI's 100 Years   100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Passions – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Heroes and Villains:
Forrest Gump – Nominated Hero
AFI's 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes:
"Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates  You never know what you're gonna get " – #40
"Mama says, 'Stupid is as stupid does '" – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Cheers – #37
AFI's 100 Years   100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #76
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film

Symbolism
Feather
Various interpretations have been suggested for the feather present at the opening and conclusion of the film  Sarah Lyall of The New York Times noted several suggestions made about the feather: "Does the white feather symbolize The Unbearable Lightness of Being? Forrest Gump's impaired intellect? The randomness of experience?" Hanks interpreted the feather as: "Our destiny is only defined by how we deal with the chance elements to our life and that's kind of the embodiment of the feather as it comes in  Here is this thing that can land anywhere and that it lands at your feet  It has theological implications that are really huge " Sally Field compared the feather to fate, saying: "It blows in the wind and just touches down here or there  Was it planned or was it just perchance?" Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston compared the feather to an abstract painting: "It can mean so many things to so many different people "

Political interpretations
Hanks states that "the film is non-political and thus non-judgmental"  Nevertheless, CNN's Crossfire debated in 1994 whether the film promoted conservative values or was an indictment of the counterculture movement of the 1960s  Thomas Byers called it "an aggressively conservative film" in a Modern Fiction Studies article 

It has been noted that while Gump follows a very conservative lifestyle, Jenny's life is full of countercultural embrace, complete with drug use, promiscuity, and antiwar rallies, and that their eventual marriage might be a kind of reconciliation  Jennifer Hyland Wang argues in a Cinema Journal article that Jenny's death to an unnamed virus "symbolizes the death of liberal America and the death of the protests that defined a decade" in the 1960s  She also notes that the film's screenwriter, Eric Roth, developed the screenplay from the novel and transferred to Jenny "all of Gump's flaws and most of the excesses committed by Americans in the 1960s and 1970s" Other commentators believe the film forecast the 1994 Republican Revolution and used the image of Forrest Gump to promote movement leader Newt Gingrich's traditional, conservative values  Jennifer Hyland Wang observes that the film idealizes the 1950s, as made evident by the lack of "Whites Only"-signs in Gump's Southern childhood, and envisions the 1960s as a period of social conflict and confusion  She argues that this sharp contrast between the decades criticizes the counterculture values and reaffirms conservatism  Wang argues that the film was used by Republican politicians to illustrate a "traditional version of recent history" to gear voters toward their ideology for the congressional elections  Presidential candidate Bob Dole stated that the film's message was "no matter how great the adversity, the American Dream is within everybody's reach" In 1995, National Review included Forrest Gump in its list of the "Best 100 Conservative Movies" of all time, and ranked it number four on its "25 Best Conservative Movies of the Last 25 Years" list  National Review's John Miller wrote that "Tom Hanks plays the title-character, an amiable dunce who is far too smart to embrace the lethal values of the 1960s  The love of his life, wonderfully played by Robin Wright Penn, chooses a different path; she becomes a drug-addled hippie, with disastrous results "Professor James Burton at Salisbury University argues that conservatives claimed Forrest Gump as their own due less to the content of the film and more to the historical and cultural context of 1994  Burton claims that the film's content and advertising campaign were affected by the cultural climate of the 1990s, which emphasized family-values and American values, epitomized in the book Hollywood vs  America  He claims that this climate influenced the apolitical nature of the film, which allowed many different political interpretations Some commentators see the conservative readings of Forrest Gump as indicating the death of irony in American culture  Vivian Sobchack notes that the film's humor and irony rely on the assumption of the audience's historical knowledge 

Soundtrack
The 32-song soundtrack from the film was released on July 6, 1994  With the exception of a lengthy suite from Alan Silvestri's score, all the songs are previously released; the soundtrack includes songs from Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Aretha Franklin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Three Dog Night, the Byrds, the Beach Boys, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Doors, the Mamas & the Papas, the Doobie Brothers, Simon & Garfunkel, Bob Seger, and Buffalo Springfield among others  Music producer Joel Sill reflected on compiling the soundtrack: "We wanted to have very recognizable material that would pinpoint time periods, yet we didn't want to interfere with what was happening cinematically " The two-disc album has a variety of music from the 1950s–1980s performed by American artists  According to Sill, this was due to Zemeckis' request, "All the material in there is American  Bob (Zemeckis) felt strongly about it  He felt that Forrest wouldn't buy anything but American "The soundtrack reached a peak of number 2 on the Billboard album chart  The soundtrack went on to sell twelve million copies, and is one of the top selling albums in the US  The Oscar-nominated score for the film was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri and released on August 2, 1994 

Adaptations
Novel-sequel
The screenplay for the sequel was written by Eric Roth in 2001  It is based on the original novel's sequel, Gump and Co , written by Winston Groom in 1995  Roth's script begins with Forrest sitting on a bench waiting for his son to return from school  After the September 11 attacks, Roth, Zemeckis, and Hanks decided the story was no longer "relevant " In March 2007, however, it was reported Paramount producers took another look at the screenplay On the first page of the sequel novel, Forrest Gump tells readers "Don't never let nobody make a movie of your life's story," and "Whether they get it right or wrong, it doesn't matter " The first chapter of the book suggests the real-life events surrounding the film have been incorporated into Forrest's storyline, and that Forrest got a lot of media attention as a result of the film  During the course of the sequel novel, Gump runs into Tom Hanks and at the end of the novel in the film's release, includes Gump going on The David Letterman Show and attending the Academy Awards 

Remake
The Indian film Laal Singh Chaddha, released in August 2022 and starring Aamir Khan in the title role, is an official remake of Forrest Gump, set in India between the late 1970s and the 2010s  The film was directed by Advait Chandan and produced by Aamir Khan Productions, Viacom18 Studios and Paramount Pictures 

See also
List of American football films
List of films about the sport of athletics
Passage 4:
Marni Nixon
Margaret Nixon McEathron (February 22, 1930 – July 24, 2016), known professionally as Marni Nixon, was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in musical films  She is now recognized as the singing voice of leading actresses on the soundtracks of several musicals, including Deborah Kerr in The King and I, Natalie Wood in West Side Story, and Audrey Hepburn in My Fair Lady, although her roles were concealed from audiences when the films were released  Several of the songs she dubbed appeared on AFI's 100 Years   100 Songs list Besides her voice work in films, Nixon's career included roles of her own in film, television, opera and musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States, performances in concerts with major symphony orchestras, and recordings 

Early life
Born in Altadena, California, to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa (née Wittke) McEathron, Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses, including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale  She went on to study singing and opera with, among others, Vera Schwarz, Carl Ebert, Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell  In 1947, having adopted the stage name "Marni Nixon", she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in Carmina Burana with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski 

Career
Early films and musicals
Nixon's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc (1948)  The same year, she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien's singing voice in 1948's Big City and then 1949's The Secret Garden  She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe's high notes in "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953)  Also in 1953, she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer  Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights In 1956, she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I; Kerr broke with Hollywood convention by publicly crediting Nixon's singing  In 1957 Nixon again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember  That year, she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin  In 1960, she dubbed Janet Leigh's voice in Pepe and had an on-screen chorus role in Can-Can  In 1961's West Side Story, the studio kept her work on the film (as the singing voice of Natalie Wood's Maria) a secret from Wood, and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno's singing in the film's "Tonight" quintet  She asked the film's producers for, but did not receive, direct royalties from her work on the film, but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1/4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it  After a court case, she received royalties from sales of the soundtrack album and spoke out for the rights of ghost singers  In 1962, she also sang Wood's high notes in Gypsy  For My Fair Lady in 1964, she again worked with the female lead of the film, Audrey Hepburn, to perform the songs of Hepburn's character Eliza  Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films, Time magazine called her "The Ghostess with the Mostest"  Nevertheless, the public did not know Nixon's face; she appeared on To Tell the Truth the same year, where two members of the panel were fooled Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts, including in 1960, singing "Improvisation sur Mallarmé I" from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez, and on April 9, 1961, in a program entitled "Folk Music in the Concert Hall", singing three "Songs of the Auvergne" by Joseph Canteloube  Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964, Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center  Nixon's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music  In the DVD commentary to the film, director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well  In 1967, she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC  Especially in the 1960s, but also earlier and later, Nixon made concert appearances, specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City 

Later work
Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Santa Clarita from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West, Santa Barbara, in 1980, where she taught for many years  In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she hosted a children's television show in Seattle on KOMO-TV channel 4 called Boomerang, winning four Emmy Awards as best actress, and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series  Nixon's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro, both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Violetta in La traviata, the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon  Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera, Seattle Opera, San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others  In addition to giving recitals, she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows  On stage, in 1984, she originated the role of Edna Off-Broadway in Taking My Turn, composed by Gary William Friedman, receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award  She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal (1992), and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do  Under her own name, beginning in the 1980s, Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and various classical composers  She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album In the 1998 Disney film Mulan, Nixon was the singing voice of "Grandmother Fa"  She then returned to the stage, touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997–1998  She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks  In 1999, she originated the role of Mrs  Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore, an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which was taped for PBS  In regional theatre and Off-Broadway, she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music  She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions In 2000, after nearly a half century away, she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce's The Dead  In 2001, Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's Follies  She played Eunice Miller in 70, Girls, 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles  In 2003, she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido's mother in the revival of Nine  Her autobiography, I Could Have Sung All Night, was published in 2006  She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs  Higgins  She then appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center 

Personal life and death
In 1950, Nixon married the first of her three husbands, Ernest Gold, who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus  They had three children, including singer and songwriter Andrew Gold  They divorced in 1969  She was married to Lajos "Fritz" Fenster from 1971 to 1975, and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015 Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but died from the disease on July 24, 2016, in New York, aged 86 

Honors
On October 27, 2008, Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City  She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women's Music Fraternity In 2011, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 5:
Dimitar Andonovski
Dimitar Andonovski (Macedonian: Димитар Андоновски, born September 6, 1985 in Bitola, SR Macedonia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Macedonian singer 
Dimitar Andonovski was a student at the Center for Music Education in his native home town of Bitola, Republic of Macedonia  He is not known only for being such a good singer, but he is also a good violinist  His first singing experience was in 1994 when he participated on children festival Si-Do in Bitola, and immediately after that, he appeared on Macedonian Television 
He rose to fame in 2003 when he was one of the candidates on M2 Play Search, organised in December 2003  He was not in the top four, so did not take part in the new group '4play'  He was one of the three backing vocalists of Tijana Dapčević in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 

Discography
Albums
Potraga Po Sozvezdie (2003)

Singles
1994: "Koga Ema Bi Znaela"
2003: "Ne Sakav Da Te Zasakam"
2006: "Seušte Me Sonuvas"
2006: "Isti Zborovi"
2008: "Mi zede se"
2009: "Zarobeni vo son"
2009: "Ova nebo znae se"
2010: "Kameno srce"
2010: "Gledaj me vo oci"
2011: "Svoj na Svoeto"
2012: "Dobro Me Poznavas"
2013: "Mesecina"
2013: "Ako Me Boli"
2013:, Vo mene Ljubovta umira,
2013:, Razbudime na polnok,
2014: "Se što ti vetiv"
2015:  "Zal mi e"
Passage 6:
Danny Jacobs (actor)
Danny Jacobs is an American actor and comedian who made his voice acting debut in 1999 with an uncredited role in Full Blast  He began his role of King Julien (originally voiced by Sacha Baron Cohen) in The Penguins of Madagascar (2008–2015) and had reprised his role in the Christmas special Merry Madagascar (2009), the Valentine's Day short Madly Madagascar (2013) and All Hail King Julien (2014–2017)  He also impersonated  Cohen's character Borat Sagdiyev (as well as a cameo appearance as a Pirate with an Eye Patch) in Epic Movie (2007) 
Besides King Julien, his voice work includes the role of Rowdy Remington in Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil (2010–2012), Victor Zsasz in Batman: Arkham Asylum (2009) and Batman: Arkham City (2011), Special Agent Porter in Justice League: Doom (2012), Snake / Snakeweed in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012), Grifter / Captain Cold in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox (2013), Baron Mordo in Ultimate Spider-Man vs  The Sinister 6 (2016) and Heinrich Zemo in Avengers: Ultron Revolution (2016) 

Career
In 1993, Jacobs originated the role of Chico Fernández in Jeff Daniels' comedy The Vast Difference at the Purple Rose Theatre 
In 1996–97, he won acting awards in Michigan, Florida and Wisconsin for his portrayal of Aram in Richard Kalinoski's "Beast on the Moon "
In 1999, Jacobs landed an uncredited voice role as Curt in Full Blast  In the same year, he appeared in his first live-action role in Get the Hell Out of Hamtown 
In 2003, he began to tour the nation with "Triple Espresso: A Highly Caffeinated Comedy "
Jacobs portrayed Borat Sagdiyev and made a cameo appearance as a Pirate with an Eye Patch in Epic Movie (2007)  When portraying the role of Borat, Jacobs did an impression of Sacha Baron Cohen In 2008–2015, Jacobs was a substitute for Baron Cohen as the voice of King Julien in The Penguins of Madagascar, again as an impression of Baron Cohen (Jacobs also provided additional voices in the series)  In 2011, he won a Daytime Emmy Award for the role  Jacobs reprised his role in Merry Madagascar (2009) and Madly Madagascar (2013)  In 2014–2017, he returned to the role in All Hail King Julien  In Penguins of Madagascar (2014), Jacobs once again reprised his role as King Julien  He had also done voice-overs in various commercials 
In addition to the jobs that led to All Hail King Julien, Jacobs had been doing voice-over work for animated television series, including Phineas and Ferb (in which he provided additional voices) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (in which he voiced Snake / Snakeweed), as well as several video games  He had said that animation, much like the theatre, gives actors a chance to play a wide range of roles  He said, "I can play any character of any ethnicity, any age, even any gender  And that's a freedom the camera doesn't give you  It's an incredibly freeing thing " He also stated that King Julien is his favorite voice role and would gladly reprise his role if ever asked  Jacobs had received more recognition as King Julien than the character's predecessor Baron Cohen  In Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012), Jacobs provided the singing voice of King Julien for the soundtrack 
He had a voice role in Teen Titans Go! as George Washington 

Personal life
Jacobs is a devout Catholic of Lebanese descent  On July 13, 2015, Jacobs donated to Kids Kicking Cancer and had entertained some children with his King Julien voice 

Awards and nominations
Jacobs was nominated for the 2010 Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Television Production for his voice role of King Julien in Merry Madagascar (2009), but lost the award to Tom Kenny He won a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award and 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for his voice role of King Julien in The Penguins of Madagascar (2008–2015) and All Hail King Julien (2014–2017) 

2010: Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Television Production – Nominated
2011: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program – Won
2015: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program – Won

Filmography
Film
Full Blast as Curt (voice) (uncredited) (1999)
Get the Hell Out of Hamtown (1999)
Grounds Zero as Omar (2006)
The Mikes as Paramedic (2006)
Epic Movie as Borat Sagdiyev / Pirate with Eye Patch (2007)
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa as Tourist with New York T-shirt (voice) (2008)
Batman: Year One as Arnold John Flass' Attorney (voice) (2011)
Justice League: Doom as Special Agent Porter (voice) (2012)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted as King Julien XIII (singing voice in soundtrack only) / Croupier / Circus Master (voice) (2012)
Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox as Grifter / Captain Cold (2013)
Penguins of Madagascar as King Julien XIII (voice) (2014)

Television
Olive, the Other Reindeer (voice) (1999)
Futurama as Additional Voices (voice) (uncredited) (1999)
Mad Men as Yoram Ben Shulhai (1 episode) (2007)
The Penguins of Madagascar as King Julien XIII / Roy / Hornets / Additional Voices (2008–2015)
Phineas and Ferb as Additional Voices (voice) (2009–2013)
Merry Madagascar as King Julien XIII (voice) (2009)
Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil as Rowdy Remington (voice) (2010–2012)
Ben 10: Ultimate Alien as Captain / Police Dispatch / Dr  Pervis (voice) (2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles as Snake / Snakeweed (voice) (2012)
Madly Madagascar as King Julien XIII (voice) (2013)
Teen Titans Go! as George Washington (voice) (2014)
All Hail King Julien as King Julien XIII / Pancho (voice) (2014–2017)
Miles from Tomorrowland as Admiral Watson / Additional Voices (voice) (2015)
Pig Goat Banana Cricket as Barbershop Quartet / Cuddles, Jr  / Lasagna / Townperson #2 (voice) (2015)
Ultimate Spider-Man vs  The Sinister 6 as Baron Mordo / Additional Voices (voice) (2016)
Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures as Raam / Yeppau (voice) (2016)
Avengers: Ultron Revolution as Heinrich Zemo (voice) (2016)
Transformers: Robots in Disguise as Brother Gunter (voice) (2016)
Apple & Onion as Hoagie (voice) (2018)
Blood of Zeus as King Periander / King Acrisius (voice) (2020)
Animaniacs as Starbox (voice) (2020)

Video games
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa as King Julien XIII (voice) (2008)
Batman: Arkham Asylum as Victor Zsasz / Frank Boles / Masked Guard #1 / Robert Sterling (voice) (2009)
Madagascar Kartz as King Julien XIII (voice) (2009)
The Godfather 2 as Hyman Roth (voice) (2009)
White Knight Chronicles as additional voices (voice) (2010)
White Knight Chronicles 2 as Nanazel (voice) (2010)
Marvel Super Hero Squad: The Infinity Gauntlet as Annihilus Bugs (voice) (2010)
The Penguins of Madagascar: Dr  Blowhole Returns – Again! as King Julien XIII (voice) (2011)
Batman: Arkham City as Victor Zsasz (voice) (2011)
Madagascar 3: The Video Game as King Julien and Stefano (voice) (2012)
Skylanders series as Swarm and additional Voices (voice) (2015)
Avengers as Hank Pym (2020)

Discography
"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)," performing as King Julien XIII's singing voice (2012)
"Wannabe," performing as King Julien XIII's singing voice (2012)
"Hot in Herre", performing as King Julien XIII's singing voice (2012)
"Afro Circus / I Like to Move It," performing as King Julien XIII's singing voice, along with Marty (Chris Rock) (2012)
All songs featured here are attributed to the soundtrack of Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
Passage 7:
You'll Lose a Good Thing
"You'll Lose a Good Thing" is a popular song written by rhythm and blues artist Barbara Lynn Ozen, who, performing as Barbara Lynn, scored a 1962 Top 10 hit, peaking at #8 and also the number 1 spot on the R&B charts, with her bluesy rendition of the song 

Cover versions
Freddy Fender retained those bluesy, soulful elements when he recorded a country version of the song in 1975  In April 1976, the song was his fourth No  1 song on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart Many other versions of the song have been recorded over the years by artists including Aretha Franklin, Carla Thomas, Denise LaSalle, Dina Carroll, McAlmont & Butler and Lucinda Williams 

Use in media
Barbara Lynn's recording is featured in the film Hairspray 

Charts
Barbara Lynn
Freddy Fender
Year-end charts
Passage 8:
Heaven Help the Child
Heaven Help the Child is a 1973 studio album by country singer-songwriter Mickey Newbury  The album was Newbury's third consecutive release recorded at Cinderella Studios  Noted for its dramatic remakes of four previous Newbury songs: "Sweet Memories" and "Good Morning Dear" from Harlequin Melodies, "Sunshine" from Sings His Own, and "San Francisco Mabel Joy" from Looks Like Rain, the album is considered equal among Newbury's acclaimed Looks Like Rain and Frisco Mabel Joy  Apart from its definitive versions of three of Newbury's early songwriting hits, the album is also acclaimed for its title track, with its multi-generational narrative, the haunting "Cortelia Clark", and the bluegrass classic "Why You Been Gone So Long"  In his AllMusic review of the LP, Thom Jurek declares, "Newbury, for the third time in as many recording sessions, came up with a record that defies categorization  And for the third time in a row, he had done the impossible, created a masterpiece, a work of perfection "Heaven Help the Child was collected for CD issue on the eight-disc Mickey Newbury Collection from Mountain Retreat, Newbury's own label in the mid-1990s, along with nine other Newbury albums from 1969–1981  In 2011, it was reissued again as part of the four-disc Mickey Newbury box set An American Trilogy on Saint Cecilia Knows, alongside two other albums recorded at Cinderella Sound, Looks Like Rain and Frisco Mabel Joy  This release marks the first time that Heaven Help the Child has been released on CD in remastered form, after the original master tapes (long thought to have been destroyed in a fire) were rediscovered in 2010 

Track listing
All tracks written by Mickey Newbury 

"Heaven Help the Child" – 5:16
"Good Morning Dear" – 5:18
"Sunshine" – 4:34
"Sweet Memories" – 3:28
"Why You Been Gone So Long" – 3:27
"Cortelia Clark" – 5:12
"Song for Susan" – 4:30
"San Francisco Mabel Joy" – 5:43

Personnel
Mickey Newbury
Wayne Moss
David Briggs
Charlie McCoy
Weldon Myrick
Bobby Thompson
Norbert Putnam

Selected cover recordings
"San Francisco Mabel Joy" was heavily covered as both a folk and country song in the early 1970s  Joan Baez recorded the song for her 1971 hit double album Blessed Are      Waylon Jennings included his version on his 1973 breakthrough Lonesome, On'ry and Mean  The song was also featured on Kenny Rogers' 1978 country smash The Gambler and John Denver's recording is on his 1981 album Some Days Are Diamonds  The Box Tops recorded a presumably early version under the title "Georgia Farm Boy," which was included as a bonus track on the 2000 reissue of The Letter/Neon Rainbow 
"Sweet Memories" is one of Newbury's most prominent early songwriting successes, and became an early signature song  The first hit version was released by Andy Williams but the song has also been recorded by over 70 artists such as Brenda Lee, Ray Charles, The Everly Brothers, Brook Benton, with recent versions by Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard and Ray Price on the 2007 album Last of the Breed and by The Time Jumpers for which they received a Grammy nomination in 2008 
"Good Morning Dear" has been recorded by Roy Orbison, Don Gibson, The Box Tops, Ray Charles, as well as Pat Boone, Tennessee Ernie Ford and Frank Ifield 
"Sunshine" was originally released as a single by RCA in the late 1960s  Newbury's song has been recorded by Gene Vincent, Ray Stevens and Kenny Rogers and the First Edition
"Cortelia Clark" has been recorded by Josh White Jr 
"Why You Been Gone So Long" is Newbury's second most recorded composition  It has been recorded by Carl Perkins, Gene Parsons, Clarence White, Chris Hillman, Tony Rice, Johnny Darrell and David Allan Coe among others  The song has also been recorded by Jessie Colter (appearing on the 1976 RCA compilation Wanted! The Outlaws) and performed as a duet by Jerry Lee Lewis and Dolly Parton on Parton's television show 
"Heaven Help the Child" was covered by Bill Callahan for a 2012 split single release from Saint Cecilia Knows and Drag City 
Passage 9:
Home Alone Tonight
"Home Alone Tonight" is a song recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan as a duet with Karen Fairchild of American country music group Little Big Town for his fifth studio album, Kill the Lights (2015)  Upon the release of the album, the song entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at number 33 on the strength of digital downloads  It was serviced to American country radio on November 23, 2015 as the album's third official single  The song was written by Jody Stevens, Cole Taylor, Jaida Dreyer and Tommy Cecil 

Live performances
Bryan and Fairchild performed the song live at the 2015 American Music Awards 

Content
The song is a mid-tempo ballad in which a man and woman meet in a bar and plot revenge on their former lovers together 

Critical reception
An uncredited review from Taste of Country was favorable, stating that it "features more progressive production than 'Strip It Down,' but isn’t quite as edgy as 'Kick the Dust Up ' One would hardly call the arrangement organic, but that fits the mood  The two spontaneous lovers promise they won’t regret what’s to come, even though both know it’s not true  It’s an inevitability that many will relate to "

Commercial performance
The song debuted at number 33 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated of August 29, 2015, the week the album was released, selling 13,000 copies in its first week  It debuted at number 55 on the Country Airplay chart dated of November 14, 2015 in anticipation of its official release  After Bryan and Fairchild performed the song on the 2015 American Music Awards, it debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated of December 12, 2015, selling 16,000 copies  It became Bryan's thirteenth consecutive (and fifteenth overall) number one country music single on the Country Airplay chart dated of February 13, 2016  The song has sold 441,000 copies in the US as of April 2016 

Charts
Certifications
Passage 10:
Rain Is a Good Thing
"Rain Is a Good Thing" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan  It was released in January 2010 as the second single from his 2009 album Doin' My Thing  The song became Bryan's first number one hit on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the weeks of July 24 and 31, 2010  Bryan wrote this song with Dallas Davidson 

Content
"Rain Is a Good Thing" is an up-tempo tune in which the narrator explains how rain can affect life by facilitating the growth of corn, which in turn is processed into whiskey, which in turn causes his significant other to "feel a little frisky "
Bryan told The Boot that he and co-writer Dallas Davidson "used to have the saying, 'Rain makes corn, and corn makes whiskey,' and it was just something we always said  If we were a little bummed out about the rain […] we'd be like, 'Well, rain makes corn, and corn makes whiskey,' and that would kind of make us feel a little better about it […] We didn't start with 'Rain Is a Good Thing' as a title and wrote to it  We just started with 'rain makes corn, and corn makes whiskey' and we kind of arrived at 'Rain Is a Good Thing '"The song is set in the key of E Major, with Bryan's vocals ranging from B3 to G♯5 One of the lyrics in the second verse, 'Ringin' out our soakin' clothes,' is incorrect, despite near universal circulation  It should read 'Wringin' out our soakin' clothes,' as wet clothes do not ring, but one does wring clothes to remove water from them 

Critical reception
Matt Bjorke of Roughstock stated that the song "spins the old 'where I'm from' lyric into a much more pliable song chock full of that charm "

Charitable contribution
Bryan appeared on an episode of the 2010 season of Celebrity Apprentice  He, along with singer Emily West, were presented as up-and-coming artists in need of an image makeover  The two teams on the show each took on one singer in an attempt to help them become more marketable  Bryan performed "Rain is a Good Thing" on the program  The winner of the challenge was Cyndi Lauper, whose charity (The True Colors Fund, which advocates for gay and lesbian rights) received 20% of all sales of the single 

Music video
The accompanying music video for the song, directed by Shaun Silva, was released on iTunes on February 9, 2010  The video was filmed on October 5, 2009 at a concert at Hurricane Plantation in Claxton, Georgia 

Chart performance
The song debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at number 60 for the week of January 23, 2010  On the chart dated for July 24, 2010, it became Bryan's first number one single on the Hot Country Songs chart 

Year-end charts
Certifications



ground_truth: Karen Fairchild