prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the actor of Ethan in A Dog's Purpose?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Police dog
A police dog is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers, search and rescue, or the military  Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting officers and other people, and attacking suspects who flee from officers  The breeds most commonly used by law enforcement are the German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever  In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size, though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement Police dogs are used on a federal and local level for law enforcement purposes in many parts of the world  They are often assigned to a K-9 Unit with a specific handler, and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures  Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year, depending on where and how they are trained, and for what purpose  Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training  In many countries, intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense In some English-speaking countries, police dog units are referred to as K-9 or K9, which is a homophone of the word canine 

History
Early history
Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages  Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable's bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws  The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in St  Malo, France, where dogs were used to guard docks and piers  By the late 14th century, bloodhounds were used in Scotland, known as "Slough dogs" – the word "Sleuth", (meaning detective) was derived from this  Between the 12th and 20th centuries, police dogs on the British Isles and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities The rapid urbanization of England and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness  In London, the existing law enforcement, the Bow Street Runners, struggled to contain the crime on their own, and as a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime  Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals 

Modern era
One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren  Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer  He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes  The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale  Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in Ghent, Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899  These methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training  The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide  In later years, many Belgian Malinois dogs were added to the unit  The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals  
In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull  By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers, and German shepherds 

Training
Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the Airedale terrier, Akita, Groenendael, Malinois dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Boxer, Bouvier des Flandres, Croatian Sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler and English Springer Spaniel Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler  The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability  First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit  This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement  However, having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset, this could be dog obedience, crowd control, communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens 
For a dog to be considered for a police department, it must first pass a basic obedience training course  They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation  This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect  Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language  Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands  This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be "single purpose" or "dual purpose"  Single-purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking  Dual-purpose dogs, however, are more typical  Dual-purpose dogs do everything that single-purpose dogs do, and also detect either explosives or narcotics  Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics  When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on (i e  bag or vehicle) without a warrant, in most states In suspect apprehension, having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay 

Specialization
Police dogs can be specialized to perform in specific areas 

Apprehension and attack dogs – This dog is used to locate, apprehend, and sometimes subdue suspects 
Detection dogs – Trained to detect explosives or drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, or methamphetamines  Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition 
Dual purpose dog – Also known as a patrol dog, these dogs are trained and skilled in tracking, handler protection, off-leash obedience, criminal apprehension, and article, area and building search 
Search and rescue dogs (SAR) – This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects  Belgian Malinois, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Bloodhounds can all be used 

Retirement
Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, pregnant or raising puppies, or are too old or sick to continue working  Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a dog is 6–9 years However, when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing  In 2013, a pension scheme for police dogs in Nottinghamshire, England was introduced, wherein the police force offered £805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs; the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler In many countries, police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners 

Accusations of brutality and racial partiality
A 2020 investigation coordinated by the Marshall Project found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U S  as disproportionate force and disproportionately against people of color  A series of 13 linked reports found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K-9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons to catch, bite, and injure people  The rate of police K-9 bites in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a majority-Black city of 220,000 residents, averages more than double that of the next-ranked city, Indianapolis, and nearly one-third of the police dog bites are inflicted on teenage men, most of whom are Black  Medical researchers found that police dog attacks are "more like shark attacks than nips from a family pet” due to the aggressive training police dogs undergo  Many people bitten were not violent and were not suspected of crimes  Police officers are often shielded from liability, and federal civil rights laws don’t typically cover bystanders who are bitten by mistake  Even when victims can bring cases, lawyers say they struggle because jurors tend to love police dogs 

Usage by country and region
Australia
The Australian Federal Police employ "general purpose" police dogs, whose duties include searching for missing persons, suspect apprehension, and keeping the peace  The Australian Federal Police also employ police dogs trained for specialized purposes, such as detecting firearms, explosives, illegal narcotics, and currency  The Australian Border Force also utilizes detector dogs to search for concealed people or illegal products at border checkpoints 

Bangladesh
Border Guards Bangladesh, Rapid Action Battalion and the Dhaka Metropolitan Police maintain several dog squads to assist in anti-narcotic and anti-bombing campaigns 

Belgium
The Belgian Canine Support Group is part of the country's federal police  It has 35 dog teams, most of which are Belgian Malinois  Some dogs are trained to detect drugs, human remains, hormones or fire accelerants  About a third are tracker dogs trained to find or identify living people  These teams are often deployed to earthquake areas to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings   The federal police's explosive detector dogs are attached to the Federal Police Special Units 

Canada
Canadians started using police dogs occasionally in 1908  However, they used privately owned dogs until 1935 when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) saw the value of police dogs and created the first team in 1937  By the 1950s, the RCMP had German Shepherds, Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers in service Many Canadian municipalities use dog squads as a means of tracking suspects  Most municipalities in Canada employ the bite and hold technique rather than the bark and hold technique meaning once the dog is deployed, it bites the suspect until the dog handler commands it to release  This often results in serious puncture wounds and is traumatic for suspects  A dog has the legal status of property in Canada  As such, developing case law is moving towards absolute liability for the handlers of animals deliberately released to intentionally maim suspects  The dog is effectively a weapon 
In 2010, an Alberta Court of Queen's Bench judge stayed criminal charges against Kirk Steele, a man who was near-fatally shot by a police officer while he stabbed the officer's police dog  The judge found that the shooting was cruel and unusual treatment and excessive force Police require reasonable suspicion they will recover evidence in order to use a dog to sniff a person or their possessions in public  This is because using a dog to detect scents is considered a search  The main exemption to that rule are the dogs of the Canada Border Services Agency who are allowed to make searches without warrants under s 98 of the Customs Act 
In 2017, it was reported that the Canadian forces had approximately 170 RCMP dog teams across Canada, and was continuing to grow as more and more Canadian municipalities saw the value of police dogs 

Denmark
There are a total of 240 active police dogs in Denmark, each of which are ranked in one of three groups: Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3  Dogs in Group 1 are very experienced, and highly trained  Group 1 dogs are typically within the age range of four to eight years old and are used for patrolling, rescue, searching for biological evidence and major crime investigations  Group 2 dogs are employed for the same tasks as members of Group 1, but they do not participate in major crime investigations or searching for biological evidence  Group 3 is the beginner rank for police dogs, and are only employed for patrol operations 

Hong Kong
The Police Dog Unit (PDU; Chinese: 警犬隊) was established in 1949 and is a specialist force of the Hong Kong Police under the direct command of the Special Operations Bureau  Their roles are crowd control, search and rescue, and poison and explosive detection  In addition, the PDU works in collaboration with other departments for anti-crime operations 

Netherlands
The Dutch  Police Dog Brigade is part of the national police corps national unit, and supports other units with specially trained dogs  The  dogs are trained to recognize a single specific scent  They specialize in identifying scents (identifying the scent shared by an object and a person), narcotics, explosives and firearms, detecting human remains, and locating drowning people and fire accelerants 
The 10 regional units also have dog brigades of their own  For example, the canine unit of the regional police East netherlands 

India
In India, the National Security Guard inducted the Belgian Malinois into its K-9 Unit, Border Security Force, and Central Reserve Police Force use Rajapalayam as guard dogs to support the Force on the borders of Kashmir  
For regional security, the Delhi Police has recruited many of the city's street dogs to be trained for security purposes  The Bengal Police uses German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and the Indian pariah dog in its bomb-sniffing squad 

Israel
Israel utilizes canine units for border patrols to track illegal persons or objects that pose a threat  Police dogs serve in the Israel Police and Israel Prison Service 

Italy
All the law enforcement in Italy (Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato and Guardia di Finanza) have in service many patrol dogs for Public Order, Anti-Drug, Anti-explosive, Search and Rescue  The first train centers for police dogs in Italy were established after World War I and in 1924, Italy purchased German Shepherds from Germany for border patrol operations in the Alps  The Carabinieri Kennel Club was formed in 1957 to produce police dogs and train handlers in Italy  German and Belgian shepherds are used for multiple purposes, Labradors for drug, weapons and explosive surveillance and Rottweilers serve for protection 

Japan
Japan is one of the few east Asian countries that have dogs serving in law enforcement as others dislike dogs due to cultural norms  Between the 16th and 19th centuries, samurai had Akita service companions that would defend samurai while they slept at night  In modern times, the German shepherd is the common police dog of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 

Kenya
Police dogs began their service in Kenya in 1948 as part of the Kenya Police Criminal Investigation Department of the Kenya Police  Since the 1950s, the main police dog in service is the German shepherd, with Labradors, Rottweilers and English Springer Spaniels being used for specialized purposes  Since the 2000s, the Kenya Police has increased the breeding and adoption of police dogs with the long-term goal of having canines serving in each police station of Kenya 

Nepal
The Nepal Police first established a canine unit in 1975 due to increased crime rates and to help with investigations  Since then, police dogs are in service throughout various regions of Nepal and have been present at the Tribhuwan International Airport since 2009 

Pakistan
Pakistan Customs uses a K-9 unit for anti-smuggling operations  Pakistan's Sindh Police also have a specialized K-9 unit 

Peru
Peru recruits various canine units for various governmental, military and police operations  The National Service of Agrarian Health (SENASA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation has the Canine Brigade of Plant Health that detects plants that may violate phytosanitary trade practices and to prevent the contraband importation of pests in plants and fruit  The brigade is present at Jorge Chávez International Airport and in Peruvian territory For the National Police of Peru, they prefer the German Shepherd, Belgian Shepherd Malinois, Beagle, Weimaraner, Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever breeds for their service and accept donations of dogs between the ages of 12 and 24 months  The National Police use canine units for drug surveillance in the country's main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport, with the force receiving canine training from United States Customs and Border Protection The Peruvian Army has canine units trained for search and rescue as well as disaster situations  During the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, a limitation of gatherings and curfew was enforced with the assistance of canine units that served for law enforcement 

Russia
Police dogs have been used in Russia since 1909 in Saint Petersburg  Attack dogs are used commonly by police and are muzzled at all times unless ordered to apprehend a suspect  Police dogs have also been used to track fugitives, which has remained common in most Soviet Union Successor States 

Sweden
The Swedish Police Authority currently deploys around 400 police canines  There is however no requirement for the dogs to be purebred, as long as they meet mental and physical requirements set by the police  Dogs aged 18–48 months are eligible to take admission tests for the K9 training  The police dogs live with their operators, and after retirement at age 8–10 the operator often assumes the ownership of the dog 

United Kingdom
Police forces across the country, as well as the RAF Police, employ dogs and handlers and dog training schools are available to cater for the ever-increasing number of dogs being used  The use of police dogs became popular in the 1930s when Scotland Yard officially added dogs to its police force There are over 2,500 police dogs employed amongst the various police forces in the UK, with the Belgian Malinois as the most popular breed for general purpose work  In 2008, a Belgian Malinois female handled by PC Graham Clarke won the National Police Dog Trials with the highest score ever recorded 
All British police dogs, irrespective of the discipline they are trained in, must be licensed to work operationally  To obtain the licence they have to pass a test at the completion of their training, and then again every year until they retire, which is usually at about the age of 8  The standards required to become operational are laid down by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on police dogs and are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that training and licensing reflects the most appropriate methods and standards 

United States
Police dogs are in widespread use across the United States  Police dogs are operated on the federal, state, county, and local levels and are used for a wide variety of duties, similar to those of other nations  Their duties generally include detecting illegal narcotics, explosives, and other weapons, search-and-rescue, and cadaver searches  The most common breeds for everyday duties are the German Shepherd and the Belgian Malinois, though other breeds may be used to perform specific tasks On the federal level, police dogs may be seen in some airports assisting Transportation Security Administration officials search for explosives and weapons, or by Customs and Border Protection searching for concealed narcotics and people  Some dogs may also be used by tactical components of such agencies as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Marshals Service  Federally owned police dogs play a vital role in homeland security  An expert on police dogs, L  Paul Waggoner of the Canine Performance Sciences Program at Auburn University said, "detector dogs are a critical component of national security – and they also provide a very visible and proven deterrent to terrorist activities " The American Kennel Club estimates that between 80–90 percent of dogs purchased by the U S  Department of Homeland Security and U S  Department of Defense come from foreign vendors, mostly located in Europe Most police agencies in the United States – whether state, county, or local – use police dogs as means of law enforcement  Often, even the smallest of departments operates a K-9 division of at least one dog; in these cases, police dogs will usually serve all purposes deemed necessary, most commonly suspect apprehension and narcotics detection, and teams are often on call  In larger cities and metropolitan areas, police departments regularly employ dozens of police dogs  In these cases, individual dogs often serve individual purposes in which each particular animal is specialized, and teams usually serve scheduled shifts  In both cases, police dogs are almost always cared for by their specific handlers  The U S  Fish and Wildlife Services agency requires police dogs to undergo annual in-service training to recertify their skills and credentials  This training must last at least 24 hours each year 

Under the Federal Law Enforcement Animal Protection Act, it is a felony to assault or kill a law enforcement animal, including police dogs and police horses, in all 50 states  However, police dogs are not treated as police officers for the purpose of the law, and attacking or killing a police dog is not punishable in the same manner as attacking or killing a human police officer  Although many police departments formally swear dogs in as police officers, this swearing-in is purely honorary, and carries no legal significance Police dogs also play a major role in American penal systems  Many jails and prisons will use special dog teams as a means of intervening in large-scale fights or riots by inmates  Also, many penal systems will employ dogs – usually bloodhounds – in searching for escaped prisoners 
In October 2017, the U S  House Oversight and Government Reform Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee held a hearing about whether there is a sufficient supply of dogs that can be trained as police dogs  Congressman Mike Rogers (R-AL) said that the continued ISIS-inspired attacks in the U S  and all over the world "have driven demand through the roof" for police dogs 
The Marshall Project maintains a database of police dog bites across the United States 

Supreme Court cases
The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States of America  Some U S  Supreme Court cases that pertain to police dogs are:

United States v  Place (1983) – The Court held that the sniff of a specially trained police dog is sui generis and it does not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure for one to sniff a person's personal items in a public place, even if done without a warrant 
City of Indianapolis v  Edmond (2000) – The Court held that is unconstitutional to set up a highway checkpoint for the primary purpose of illegal narcotic discovery  In the case, the Indianapolis Police Department was using police dogs to detect narcotics at the checkpoint without reasonable suspicion 
Illinois v  Caballes (2005) – The Court held that police do not need probable cause to bring a drug-detection dog to a vehicle during a legal traffic stop, and searches by a police dog do not count as an invasion of privacy, because a well-trained one will only alert to the presence of illegal substances 
Florida v  Harris (2013) – The Court held that a police dog's alert to the exterior of a vehicle gives the officer probable cause to search the vehicle without a warrant  Further, the Court affirmed that the state does not have to prove each dog's reliability in order for evidence gathered from them to be valid in court 
Florida v  Jardines (2013) – The Court held that evidence collected from a police dog at the front door of a house cannot be used in court  The front porch of a house is considered a private place, and the police need probable cause and a search warrant to bring a police dog to the front door 
Rodriguez v  United States (2015) – The Court held that, without reasonable suspicion, the use of a police dog after the conclusion of a legal traffic stop violates the Fourth Amendment 

See also
Detection dog
Dogs in warfare
Nosework
Working dog
Passage 2:
Dog
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf  Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from extinct Pleistocene wolves, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative  Dogs were the first species to be domesticated by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ago before the development of agriculture  Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes  Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color  They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people  Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human–canine bond has been a topic of frequent study  This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend" 

Taxonomy
In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature)  Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal  He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus  Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other  In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W  Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793  Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo  Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision  Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade with some debating it In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 

Evolution
Domestication
The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany  Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf  The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks  The dog had died of canine distemper  Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs, but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated in the time of hunter–gatherers, which predates agriculture  DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage  Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kesslerloch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago  The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago  This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication  The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades  Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia  In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia 

Breeds
Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds  In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes  Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans  The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores  These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour  Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection  Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs  As a result, present day dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world  The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era 

Biology
Anatomy
Skeleton
All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types  The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis  Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types  The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls 

Senses
A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch  One study suggested that dogs can feel Earth's magnetic field 

Coat
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only  Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside  Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals 

Tail
There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew  As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others  In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries 

Health
Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees  Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs  Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly  Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs 
Several human foods and household ingestible are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol  The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs  Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e g , from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea  Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis 

Lifespan
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years  The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged  For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i e , the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1 2 years longer than purebred dogs 

Reproduction
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle  They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy  At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation  Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary  An average litter consists of about six puppies 

Neutering
Neutering is the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive  Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year  Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes  Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs  Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs  However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs and prostate cancer in males and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex 

Inbreeding depression
A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e g , between half and full siblings)  Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations  Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival  Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression  In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age  Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection  Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding 

Behavior
Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli  As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans  As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors  Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs  These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors  In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs  These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication  These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i e , selection for tameness) and emotional processing  Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves  Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation  Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability 

Intelligence
Researchers have tested dogs' ability to perceive information, retain it as knowledge, and apply it to solve problems  Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills   A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items  He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure  A study of another Border Collie, Chaser, documented his learning and memory capabilities  He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words  Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing, pointing, and human voice commands 
One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats  One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focused on the "what" of a task rather than the "where" Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception  An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans  Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not 

Communication
Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting : xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste)  Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture 

Ecology
Population
The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment 
In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million and 987 million  About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries  In the developing world, dogs are typically feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon  Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%)  Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes 

Competitors and predators
Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans  For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves  Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together  In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed  Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs  In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size  Siberian tigers in the Amur River region have killed dogs in the middle of villages  This indicates that the dogs were targeted  Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way  Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range 

Diet
Dogs have been described as omnivores  Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet  Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet  However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh  
Of the twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms (including selenocysteine), dogs cannot synthesize ten: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine  
Also more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain nitrogen balance  These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores 

Range
As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies  Notable exceptions once included:

The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent
The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar
The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species
Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands, Palau and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro, the Marshall Islands, the Gilbert Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Marquesas, Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island, the Chatham Islands and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships) Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections 

Roles with humans
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language  These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations  These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures  Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals  This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world  In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat 

Pets
It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history  Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased  In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (the expression "in the doghouse" – recorded since 1932 – to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion  From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians  People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status  The first has been "commodification", shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior  The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion  The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries  Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack  Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships  However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions  The idea of the "alpha dog" trying to be dominant is based on a disproved theory about wolf packs  Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77 5 million people in the United States have pet dogs  The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs  There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs  Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do  This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans 

Workers
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles  In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),  hunting (hounds, pointers) and rodent control (terriers)  Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads  In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities  Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care 

Athletes and models
People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions  In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard  As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows 

Food
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, which dates back to antiquity  Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year  In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat   Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog  As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward  Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland  Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history  Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland and Central Asia  Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months  Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy  A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder  Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots  While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken 

Health risks
In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59 6% in Asia and 36 4% in Africa  Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector  Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year  Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck  They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate  Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections In the U S , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year  It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U K  hospitals are domestic accidents  The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis  In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U S  population is infected  Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision  Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans 

Health benefits
Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders  Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes  Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans  The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being  Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being have been criticized for being poorly controlled  It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal " Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people  Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets " In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition  This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets  The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term  Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival  Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs  The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets  For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety  Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis  The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans  One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not  In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders  Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease  One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program 

Cultural importance
Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love  In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine, and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her  In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection  In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs  Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion  In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades  Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate  In Norse mythology, a dog called Garmr guards Hel, a realm of the dead  In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge  In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn  In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes  They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka  A black dog is also considered to be the vahana (vehicle) of Bhairava (an incarnation of Shiva) In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness  Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the saint's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that  As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis)  In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege  Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets  Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them  The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet " Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets 

Terminology
Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same 
Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies) 
Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old 
Sire – the male parent of a litter 
Dam – the female parent of a litter 
Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping 
Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth 
Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam 

See also
Passage 3:
Flesh and Bone (film)
Flesh and Bone is a 1993 American neo noir mystery thriller film written and directed by Steve Kloves that stars Meg Ryan, Dennis Quaid and James Caan  Gwyneth Paltrow is featured in an early role, for which she received some praise 

Plot
A family in rural Texas finds a boy, Arlis, who says he is lost  They take him into their home, feed him, and give a place to sleep  But the boy later lets his father, Roy (James Caan), into the house to commit a robbery  When they are discovered, Roy brutally murders the family, which the boy witnesses  The sole survivor is a baby girl 
Time passes, and Arlis (Dennis Quaid) lives a solitary life in which he drives a truckload of goods and novelties to restock vending machines and arcade games in roadside stores and restaurants  Making a stop at a roadhouse where a rowdy party is being held, he spots Kay (Meg Ryan), a woman who pops up out of a cake at the party and then passes out because she's been drinking liquor 
Arlis ends up giving her a ride home, a long drive, while continuing to make his rounds  Upon coming home, Kay sees that her husband Reese has sold the furniture, having lost their money gambling  She packs up her remaining belongings and leaves with Arlis  They spend more time together and grow close 
Meanwhile, a young woman named Ginnie (Gwyneth Paltrow) now travels with a much older Roy  She is a grifter who will pretend to be a mourner in order to steal the jewelry from a dead body at a funeral home  Ginnie brings an injured Roy to his estranged son, Arlis, to tend to his injury 
Passing the house where he grew up, Arlis realizes that Kay was the infant who survived the long-ago murders  Roy figures this out as well  He begins talking about tying up loose ends  It leads to a confrontation, and Arlis shoots Roy dead  Ginnie goes off on her own, and Kay and Arlis go their separate ways 

Cast
Dennis Quaid as Arlis Sweeney
Meg Ryan as Kay Davies
James Caan as Roy Sweeney
Gwyneth Paltrow as Ginnie
Scott Wilson as Elliott
Gail Cronauer as Emma
John Hawkes as Groom

Location
Principal photography began on October 5, 1992 and completed on December 26, 1992 
It was filmed in Lockhart and Marfa, Texas, as well as at the Mustang Mott store owned by Maxine McCoy, in Westhoff, Texas Producer Mark Rosenberg died of a heart attack suffered on the film's location in Stanton, Texas 
As the end credits begin, the film is dedicated to him 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Flesh and Bone holds a 65% approval rating from 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale 
Passage 4:
A Dog's Purpose (film)
A Dog's Purpose is a 2017 American family comedy-drama adventure film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by W  Bruce Cameron, Cathryn Michon, Audrey Wells, Maya Forbes, and Wally Wolodarsky, based on the 2010 novel of the same name by W  Bruce Cameron  The film stars Britt Robertson, KJ Apa, Juliet Rylance, John Ortiz, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, Peggy Lipton, Dennis Quaid, and Josh Gad  The first film from the novel covers themes of loyalty, grief, dysfunctional family, and reincarnation from one lifetime to another 
The film is a co-production between Amblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media, and Pariah Entertainment Group  It was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017, and grossed $205 million worldwide  It was Peggy Lipton's final film role before her death in 2019 
A sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released on May 17, 2019 

Plot
In the 1950s, a feral puppy wonders about life's true purpose  Weeks later, he is caught by dogcatchers, whisked away to the pound, and euthanized 
The dog is reborn as a Red Retriever in 1961  Leaving his cage at a puppy mill, he is taken by two garbage men, who plan to sell him  Left locked inside their pick-up truck, he begins to die of heatstroke, but is rescued by a kindhearted mother and her eight-year-old son, Ethan Montgomery  They break the truck's window and bring him home, naming him Bailey  Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer at Ethan's grandparents' farm, and Bailey decides Ethan alone is his purpose  Ethan gives him the nickname “Boss Dog”  Years pass, and after several attempts at advancing in his job fail, Ethan's father has become an alcoholic  In 1969, Ethan meets a girl named Hannah at a fair with Bailey, and they soon begin dating  They spend their summer together, happily, through senior year  They plan to go to the same college, Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah with an academic one  At home one night, Ethan's drunken father becomes abusive towards his mother and him  Ethan kicks him out  Later in 1971 at a football game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full scholarship to Michigan State University  That night, his vindictive classmate Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house, causing a house fire  Bailey alerts Ethan, who saves his mother out through an upstairs window  Ethan lowers her, then Bailey  However, he loses his rope and must jump, fracturing his leg and ending his athletic scholarship  Bailey attacks Todd, who is arrested by the police when firecrackers fall out of his pocket  Now, Ethan must go to an agricultural school, where he will learn to take over the farm  Depressed, Ethan breaks up with Hannah before leaving for college, while Bailey stays with Ethan's grandparents  Bailey ages and Ethan comes to say goodbye 
Bailey is reborn as a female German Shepherd puppy, growing into a police dog named Ellie, in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while fully retaining memories of her past lives  Ellie is partnered with lonely officer Carlos Ruiz who has recently split up with his partner, of the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "seeking" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose  They form a close bond, ending after Ellie saves a girl, kidnapped by her mother's ex-boyfriend, from drowning and is then fatally shot by the kidnapper while protecting Carlos 
Reborn in the mid-1980s as a male Corgi, Bailey is adopted by Atlanta college student Maya, who names him Tino  Lonely, he tries to find her happiness  She meets Al, a classmate, after Tino falls for Al's dog, a female Landseer named Roxy  They marry, having three children  Tino is heartbroken when one day Roxy does not return from the vet  As Tino ages and dies, he thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives 
Bailey reincarnates again, this time as a St  Bernard/Australian Shepherd mix puppy in 2014  At first adopted by a woman named Wendi, he is named Waffles  Unfortunately, Wendi's husband neglects him, refuses to let her keep him inside, and after several years, abandons him  Waffles searches for a new life, gradually making his way back to where he spent summers as Bailey  He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, now in his 60s, lonely on his grandparents' old farm, now his  Not recognizing him, Ethan takes him to the local animal shelter, but later reclaims him, naming him Buddy  Sensing that he has finally found his true purpose, he reunites Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they get married  Buddy shows Ethan that he is his “Boss Dog”, by performing tricks and responding to phrases that were known only to the two of them many years back  Ethan finds Bailey's collar, now old and rusty, and places it back on Bailey's neck, and they resume playing exactly the way they did so long ago  Bailey narrates that life is about having fun, saving others, finding someone to be with, not getting upset over the past or the future, and living for today 

Cast
Josh Gad as the voice of Bailey, Ellie, Tino and Buddy, the reincarnations of "Boss Dog", the main protagonist 
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery, an old man who runs a farm 
KJ Apa as teenaged Ethan Montgomery, a popular football player who later gets injured and must become a farmer 
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year-old Ethan Montgomery, a young boy interested in comics and football 
Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother in an unhappy and abusive marriage to Jim, whom she later divorces 
Peggy Lipton as Hannah, an old woman who is widowed and has two children 
Britt Robertson as teenaged Hannah, the supportive and intelligent girlfriend of Ethan 
John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz, Ellie’s partner who trains her as a police dog 
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya, a shy young woman who adopts Tino 
Pooch Hall as Al, a young man who dates and later marries Maya, and has three children with her 
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father in an unhappy and abusive marriage with Elizabeth and an alcoholic 
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather and a farmer 
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother 
Logan Miller as Todd, a former friend of Ethan’s who is vindictive and jealous of him 

Production
In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel  On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film  On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast  On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film  On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play Bailey's inner voice, but the role was eventually performed by Josh Gad  Principal photography began on August 17, 2015  During production, controversy ensued over treatment of a dog during filming 

Release
In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy  The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017  Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales 

Reception
Box office
A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64 5 million in the United States and Canada and $140 5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $205 million, against a production budget of $22 million In North America, it was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for  It made $466,000 from Thursday-night previews and $5 3 million on its first day  It ended up debuting to $18 2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split  The film dropped 40 6% in its second weekend, grossing $10 8 million and finishing third at the box office 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35% based on reviews from 142 critics, with an average rating of 4 8/10  The site's critics consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale Andrew Barker of Variety wrote: "Viewed in a vacuum, it’s hard to fault the movie’s earnestness; Hallström’s canine cinema pedigree (which includes the superior Hachi: A Dog's Tale) shows through; and Rachel Portman's score is understandably sentimental without going completely saccharine " 
Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "While the human performers are more than adequate, there’s no doubt that the canine stars carry the day  Their utter irresistibility helps a long way in terms of getting past the corny plot machinations of A Dog’s Purpose "

Home media
A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Pictures Home Entertainment  The film topped the home-video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017 

Controversy
On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a male German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting  After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog  The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident was under further investigation  PETA called for a boycott of the film  Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie and was not on set during the making of the film, said he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will " Director Lasse Hallström said via Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage  Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying, "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape, so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot," and  "Hercules is happy and healthy " On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public 

Sequel
On June 21, 2017, CEO of Amblin Entertainment Michael Wright announced that a sequel was in development  On August 26, 2018, Universal began production on the sequel, which is directed by Gail Mancuso, and was released on May 17, 2019  In addition to Quaid and Gad reprising their roles, the cast also includes Marg Helgenberger (replacing Peggy Lipton, who had become seriously ill), Betty Gilpin, Kathryn Prescott, and Henry Lau  The trailer for the sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released in January 2019 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Mr  Freeze
Mr  Freeze (Victor Fries) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics  Created by Dave Wood, Sheldon Moldoff and Bob Kane, the character first appeared in Batman #121 (February 1959) as the ice-based criminal Mr  Zero  He was soon renamed "Mr  Freeze" and, years later, received a revamped origin story based on the one conceived by writer Paul Dini for Batman: The Animated Series  Dini's depiction of the character as a tragic villain popularized Mr  Freeze into becoming one of Batman's most enduring enemies belonging to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery Mr  Freeze is the alter ego of Dr  Victor Fries, a cryogenics expert in Gotham City who was caught in a laboratory mishap whilst attempting to cure his terminally ill wife, Nora  The accident drastically lowered his body temperature to sub-zero levels, forcing him to wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive  Fries turns to crime to find a cure for his wife's illness through any means necessary, which often puts him into conflict with Batman 
The character has been adapted in various media incarnations, having been portrayed in live-action by George Sanders, Otto Preminger and Eli Wallach in the 1960s Batman television series, Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 film Batman & Robin, and Nathan Darrow in the Fox crime drama Gotham  Michael Ansara, Clancy Brown, Maurice LaMarche, and others have provided his voice in media ranging from animation to video games 

Creation and development
Introduction
Mr  Freeze made his first appearance in Batman #121 (February 1959), and was created by Dave Wood, Sheldon Moldoff and Bob Kane  From the time of his first appearance in 1959, the character was portrayed as one of many "joke" villains cast as stock enemies of Batman  He was originally called Mr  Zero in the comics, but the producers of the 1960s Batman television series renamed him Mr  Freeze and portrayed Batman addressing him as "Dr  Otto Schivel", but the name never carried over to the comic books  In the Pre-Crisis continuity, it is explained that Mr  Freeze is a rogue scientist whose design for an "ice gun" backfires when he inadvertently spills cryogenic chemicals on himself, resulting in him needing sub-zero temperatures to survive 

Origin story
Originally called Mr  Zero, he was renamed and popularized by the 1960s Batman television series, in which he was played by three different actors (George Sanders, Otto Preminger, and Eli Wallach) Nearly 30 years later, a television adaptation of Batman revitalized him once again  Batman: The Animated Series retold Mr  Freeze's origin in "Heart of Ice", an episode by writer Paul Dini  The episode introduced his terminally ill, cryogenically frozen wife Nora, which explained his obsession with ice and need to build a criminal empire to raise research funds  This more complex, tragic character was enthusiastically accepted by fans, and has become the standard portrayal for the character in most forms of media, including the comic book series itself, which previously had the character casually killed off by the Joker Freeze was resurrected in the comic after the episode aired  The episode was seen as groundbreaking for a Saturday morning cartoon and helped set the tone for the rest of the series  This backstory was also made canon in the comics and has been the character's official origin in almost every incarnation of Batman until September 2011, when The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity  Elements of this origin story were incorporated into the 1997 film Batman & Robin, in which he was portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger 

Fictional character biography
Pre-Crisis
In order to create an ice gun, a scientist whose name remains unknown starts experimenting with a concentrated freezing solution  He suffers an unfortunate accident that changes his physiology, forcing him to live in environments below zero temperature  He adopts the criminal identity of Mr  Zero  To be able to go out to the normal environment, Zero creates an air conditioned costume, which helps him remain in cold temperatures, even in hot climates  Using this equipment, Zero gathers a small gang and starts a crime spree in Gotham City, stealing mainly diamonds and other precious jewels  Mr  Zero is eventually confronted by the local vigilantes, Batman and Robin  Unable to stand against his cold weapons, the Dynamic Duo fails to stop Zero  They are captured by him and brought to his secret cold hideout, near the mountains  Trapped in blocks of ice, Batman and Robin learn Zero's plan to steal a large collection of gems  Batman eventually breaks a nearby steam pipe, causing steam to fill the hideout, melting the ice away and apparently curing Zero from his ailment  After this, Batman and Robin are able to capture the whole gang and bring Zero to the authorities After years of inactivity, Zero's condition apparently returns  Going back to his life of crime, he changes his alias to Mr  Freeze and is forced to remain in cold temperatures once again  In this second exploit, Freeze redesigns his cryo-suit and improves his cryothermal gun  With a new gang, he starts a new series of crimes and steals valuable pieces of art  Similar to his first criminal activities, Freeze is eventually stopped by Batman and Robin Long after this, Freeze becomes part of a mock criminal trial, after which he changes his cryo-suit for one that allows him more mobility  Freeze eventually falls in love with a woman called Hildy  In order to slow her aging process, Freeze sets out to recreate the accident that transformed him  For his experiments, Freeze uses wealthy people in Gotham as test subjects, but all the efforts result in failure  The victims turn into frozen zombies, who follow Freeze's commands  His new crimes alert the police and Batman  In the ensuing fight, Batman is only able to win when Hildy shows her true intentions and betrays Freeze, only to be encased in solid ice when her plan backfires  Freeze's next plan consists of freezing Gotham City by removing all the heat and transporting the energy to the neighboring city of Metropolis  Freeze is unable to accomplish his goal and is stopped by Batman and Superman  During one last attempt to freeze Gotham entirely, Mr  Freeze creates a large ice cannon  After robbing a bank, Freeze is confronted by Batman and the new Robin, who manages to defeat him with help from Vicki Vale and Julia Pennyworth, whom Freeze previously captured 

Post-Crisis
Following the Crisis rebooting the history of the DC Universe, Mr  Freeze is revamped using a history similar to the one created by Paul Dini for Batman: The Animated Series  Dr  Victor Fries, Ph D  (surname pronounced "freeze") is a brilliant cryogenicist  As a child, he was fascinated with cryonic preservation and liked to freeze animals  His parents are horrified by his "hobby" and send him to a strict reform school, where he is miserable, bullied and abandoned by his parents; as a result, he feels detached from humanity  In college, he meets Nora, the woman he ultimately marries Eighteen months after Bruce Wayne becomes Batman, Nora contracts a fatal disease, so Fries begins developing a freeze ray for GothCorp in order to preserve her in suspended animation until a cure can be found  Fries' boss Ferris Boyle decides to tell the Mob about the gun, leading Batman to create a team of specialists to help him do his job better  As Fries puts Nora in suspended animation, Boyle interrupts and tampers with the experiment, resulting in an explosion that kills Nora  Fries survives, but the chemicals in the freeze ray lower his body temperature to the point that he must wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive  He swears revenge on those responsible for the death of his wife (whom he talks to often) and becomes Mr  Freeze, the first superpowered villain whom Batman faces in this continuity  Eventually, Batman's operatives find Freeze, who shoots one of them with his freeze gun, but Batman eventually apprehends him  Initially locked in Arkham Asylum, Freeze was eventually transferred to the Gotham State Penitentiary, from where he escaped and attempted to steal technology from S T A R  Labs until he was stopped and returned to prison by Batman Freeze's crimes tend to involve freezing everyone and everything that he encounters so he never forges alliances with the other criminals in Gotham, preferring to work alone  On rare occasions, he has worked with another member of Batman's rogues' gallery, usually, as an enforcer for Gotham's mob bosses, such as the Penguin during his reign or Black Mask during the return of Jason Todd  In one of his notable team-ups, Freeze constructs a cryogenic machine for Hush so that Hush might take revenge on Batman, Freeze's equipment allowing Hush to preserve Catwoman's surgically removed heart to use as a means of threatening her life  After Batman's death, most of the Arkham inmates were freed by a new Black Mask  Freeze was among them and he started working on a project called Ice-X Protocol when the GCPD tried to capture him  He stunned them with his gun and captured Gordon, taking him to his secret lair  Gordon managed to break free and defeat Freeze by causing an explosion that weakened Freeze  After his capture, Freeze was taken to Iron Heights Prison  During his time with the Secret Society of Super Villains, he fashions a sub-zero machine for Nyssa al Ghul in exchange for the use of her Lazarus Pit  He attempts to restore Nora to life without waiting for the adjusting needed in the pool chemicals; she returns to life as the twisted Lazara and escapes  She blames her husband for her plight, and she estranges herself from him 

The New 52
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity  In this new timeline, during the Night of the Owls crossover, the Court of Owls sends assassins known as Talons to kill 40 of the most important citizens of Gotham, including Mr  Freeze  The Red Hood, Starfire and Arsenal choose to save him, and subsequently remand him into Batgirl's custody  Batman Annual (vol  2) #1 introduces a new origin for Mr  Freeze  Here, Victor Fries' fascination with cryonics began when he was a boy and his mother fell through the ice of a frozen lake  The ice was able to keep her preserved long enough for help to arrive, thus sparking his lifelong obsession with cold  It is later revealed that the accident left Fries' mother in constant pain, and Fries ended her suffering by pushing her into the same frozen lake  In this new origin, Nora was never Fries' wife  Her name was Nora Fields, a woman born in 1934  When Nora was 23, she was diagnosed with an incurable heart disease, so her family placed her in cryogenic stasis hoping that a cure would be found in the future  Fries, having written his doctoral thesis on Nora, took on a position as a cryogenic researcher and technician at Wayne Enterprises, the facility that housed Nora's body  Eventually, he fell in love with Nora and became dedicated to finding a reliable method for slowly thawing cryogenic subjects  However, Bruce Wayne ordered the project to be shut down, as he began to feel uncomfortable with Fries' obsession with Nora  Furious, Fries hurled a chair at Wayne, who dodged the attack; the chair smashed into an array of cryonic chemical tanks, the contents of which sprayed onto Fries and transformed him into Mr  Freeze The Court of Owls uses Freeze's cryogenic-thaw formula to revive their Talons, and then they try to kill him  Freeze survives but is captured by the Red Hood and sent to Arkham Asylum  He escapes shortly afterward and rearms himself with the Penguin's help  Freeze decides to kill Bruce Wayne and takes Nora, whom he believes to be his wife so that they can leave Gotham City behind forever  Infiltrating Wayne Enterprises, Freeze has a brief fight with Nightwing and Robin, but he subdues them  Then, Freeze goes to the penthouse, where he finds Batman and the frozen Nora  Batman defeats Mr  Freeze by injecting his suit with the thawing formula, which he had intended to use to revive Nora from suspended animation 
During the Forever Evil storyline, Mr  Freeze appears as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains at the time when the Crime Syndicate arrived from their world The Scarecrow later visits Mr  Freeze to let him know of the war going on at Blackgate Penitentiary  The Man-Bats are able to bring the remaining Talons to Mr  Freeze after the Man-Bat and the Scarecrow steal them from Blackgate  Mr  Freeze and Clayface later encounter the Rogues when they land in their territory  Mr  Freeze tells the Mirror Master III he is not interested in capitalizing on the bounty on their heads, only to use the Weather Wizard to create optimal conditions for him to freeze Gotham  As the Rogues are fighting the two, Black Mask (alongside his False Face society) arrives to capture the Rogues to receive the bounty 

DC Rebirth
In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Mr  Freeze is among the villains that attend the underground meeting held by the Riddler that talks about the Superman Theory  When Comedian crashes the meeting, Mr  Freeze's helmet is punctured by a bullet shot by an unseen combatant  In the "Ends of the Earth" story arc of All-Star Batman, Freeze has awoken many people that have been held in cryogenic stasis — using them as an army to steal resources for his research to cure his wife Nora, himself, and all of these people — and plans to release deadly bacteria held in one of the world's oldest ice cores to make a new world, but Batman has injected himself with a cold-resistant virus that becomes airborne when his skin is exposed and is able to kill the spores Several years later due to the events in "Year of the Villain," Lex Luthor gives Mr  Freeze a vial that would cure and furthermore revive his frozen wife  Freeze had to kidnap several women who matched his late wife's characteristics in both mental and physical states, going as far as modifying their DNA to hers in order to experiment with the vial before reviving his wife  In the end, it worked and his wife came back to life cured  She soon took up the name Mrs  Freeze 

Powers, abilities, and equipment
Like most Batman villains, Mr  Freeze plans his crimes about a specific theme; in his case, ice, snow, and cold  An accident caused Mr  Freeze to become genetically altered with a bizarre condition that has irreversibly frozen him to the bone, transforming him into a cold-blooded mutant whose body temperature must always be kept below zero  His altered biology caused his skin cells to become storage units for the cold to help his body chemistry to be comfortably chilled, allowing him to become both entirely immune and adapted to sub-freezing temperatures  Extraordinarily, his age progression has slowed drastically in a suspended animated state; some interpretations also suggest that the chemical he was soaked in was glycerol, a cryo-protectant he intended to use for cryopreservation  His unique physiology makes him immune to most toxins, bacteria, and viruses Freeze has one weapon that is more powerful than his gun, suit, and other cryotechnology: his mind  A profoundly gifted scientific genius with an incredible mind for invention, he is skilled in physics, engineering, genetics, computer science, chemistry, and medical science  His science and technology are even as advanced as Apokilips or those of Lex Luthor  His childhood obsession with cryogenics has led him to become one of the most gifted cryogenicists in Gotham  Victor was also able to build a cryonic life support machine for Catwoman, whose heart was surgically removed by Hush, and was capable of inventing a wide variety of cryotechnology for his extensive array of cryogenic weapons and armor  Freeze is a remarkable medical scientist in his research on the pathology and neuroscience of Nora's neurological illness  His specialization in cryonics has successfully proven his thesis on immortality through suspended animation; preserving his wife in a frozen state to delay her illness until a cure could be found is the best example of his research Combined with his suit, Freeze's strength and durability are augmented to superhuman levels  Freeze's suit protected him from a bomb attack by the Ventriloquist's henchmen but the helmet of the armor was damaged by a sniper, causing the gases to leak due to the pressure  Freeze's strength and durability increased further after receiving a more advanced cryogenic armor, which was less heavy than the previous one, and was capable of withstanding gunshots and explosives  Freeze's most iconic weapon is his freeze gun, capable of creating gusts of cold that approach absolute zero  The gun is also capable of creating a "cold field" and imprison its opponents in a cocoon of ice In the Underworld Unleashed storyline, the demon Neron granted Mr  Freeze the ability to generate subzero temperatures, no longer needing his freeze gun or refrigeration power suit  However, after his encounter with Green Lantern, Donna Troy, and Purgatory in Central Park, he reverted to his original subzero biology  He then gained a new subzero armor and weaponry 

Reception
The character of Mr  Freeze has been analyzed as a stereotypical depiction of a villainous European in fiction  IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Mr  Freeze as #67 

Other characters named Mr  Freeze
Robot Mr  Freeze
In Blackhawk, Mr  Freeze appears as a robot created and controlled by Professor Thurman to pose as a villain so that Thurman could use his "Instant Freeze Icing Machine" invention to commit crimes without incriminating himself, but the plan is eventually foiled by the Blackhawks and Thurman is arrested 

Other versions
Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of Flashpoint, Mr  Freeze attacks the S T A R  Labs in Central City to find a cure for his wife Nora  However, Citizen Cold attacks and uses his cold gun to freeze Mr  Freeze's body  Mr  Freeze tries to escape on robotic legs, but Citizen Cold freezes him to death and tells him that Nora is dead  This version of Mr  Freeze is a friend of Fallout's and pursues revenge against Citizen Cold for murdering him  It is later revealed that radiation produced by Fallout is the cure Mr  Freeze was searching for 

Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
In Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles crossover, Mr  Freeze appears mutated into a polar bear as one of the various other Arkham inmates mutated by Shredder and Foot Clan to attack Batman and Robin  Batman is captured, but Robin manages to escape  The Ninja Turtles and Splinter then arrive, where Splinter defeats the mutated villains, while Batman uses his new Intimidator Armor to defeat Shredder and the Turtles defeat Ra's al Ghul  Later, Gordon tells Batman that the police scientists have managed to turn all of the inmates at Arkham back to normal and are currently in A R G U S  custody 

Batman: White Knight
Victor Fries appears in the 2017 series Batman: White Knight  In this series, Victor Fries retires from his criminal lifestyle to focus on curing his wife's disease  It is later revealed that, due to his unique, cryogenically-dependent physiology, Fries's aging had been slowed considerably  His father was a member of the Nazi SS during the Second World War, but acted as a double agent, allowing America to stay one step ahead of Germany on the scientific front  As a result of this, a massive freeze cannon is constructed beneath a lighthouse off the coast of Gotham City  The superweapon is discovered by Neo-Joker (the second Harley Quinn who felt that by taking pills to retain his sanity, Jack Napier was destroying the most beautiful part of himself) and is used to freeze most, if not all, of Gotham  Freeze is able to reverse the effects with the aid of Batgirl  It is also revealed that Fries had been contacted by Batman in an attempt to secure the villain's aid to save the life of Alfred Pennyworth  Unfortunately, their efforts were in vain, with Alfred dying saving Bruce's life using cryotech  Fries's backstory is expanded upon in the Von Freeze one-shot issue: Nora's father and his father Jaocb Smithstein were cryogenic researchers in interwar Germany; with the rise of the Nazis, however, Fries's father became an SS officer to protect their research but was cold and abusive to Victor  After being conscripted to experiment with cryotech on Jewish prisoners, he helps the Smithsteins escape, although Jacob is shot, and makes Victor promise to protect his daughter, Nora  It is also revealed that Victor helped deliver Bruce when Martha went into labor early 

Victor and Nora: A Gotham Love Story
In DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults, Nora and Victor's backgrounds and the beginnings of their romance are the premise of Victor and Nora: A Gotham Love Story, written by Lauren Myracle and with art by Isaac Goodhart, released in November 2020 

In other media
See also
List of Batman family enemies
Passage 2:
Neil Patrick Harris
Neil Patrick Harris (born June 15, 1973) is an American actor, singer, writer, producer, and television host  Primarily known for his comedic television roles and dramatic and musical stage roles, he has received multiple accolades throughout his career, including a Tony Award, five Primetime Emmy Awards, and nominations for a Grammy Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards 
On television, he is known for playing the title character on the ABC series Doogie Howser, M D  (1989–1993), for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy, as well as Barney Stinson on the CBS series How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014), for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards), and Count Olaf on the Netflix series A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017–2019)  Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon's musical Dr  Horrible's Sing-Along Blog (2008) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series (2004–2011)  His other films include Starship Troopers (1997), Beastly (2011), The Smurfs (2011), The Smurfs 2 (2013), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), and Gone Girl (2014) 
In 2010, Harris won two awards at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards, winning for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his guest appearance on Glee, and Outstanding Special Class Program for hosting the Tony Awards in 2009; he has won the latter award three additional times for hosting the show in 2011, 2012, and 2013  He also hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2013, and hosted the 87th Academy Awards in 2015, thus making him the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards  In 2014, he starred in the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch on Broadway, for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical  Harris was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010 

Early life and education
Harris was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and grew up in Ruidoso, New Mexico, with his older brother and their parents, Sheila Gail (née Scott; born 1946) and Ronald Gene Harris (born 1946)  His parents were lawyers and also ran a restaurant  He attended La Cueva High School in Albuquerque, graduating with high honors in 1991, which he attributes to being privately tutored half the school year while on set 

Career
Film
Harris began his career as a child actor and was discovered by playwright Mark Medoff at a drama camp in Las Cruces, New Mexico  Medoff later cast him in the 1988 drama film Clara's Heart, starring Whoopi Goldberg and based on the novel of the same name by Joseph Olshan  Clara's Heart earned Harris a Golden Globe nomination  The same year, he starred in Purple People Eater, a children's fantasy 
Harris's first film role as an adult was 1995's Animal Room, although he portrayed a teenager  His subsequent film work has included supporting roles in The Next Best Thing, Undercover Brother, and Starship Troopers  In 2004, Harris played a fictionalized, hyper-womanising, lewd version of himself in the Harold and Kumar stoner comedy films Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle   It was the shift from roles associated with his sanitized "Doogie Howser" character to the more unscrupulous and bawdy part in the Harold & Kumar franchise that liberated Harris and revitalized his acting career, leading to his now-iconic role of Barney Stinson in How I Met Your Mother the following year   He would go on to reprise this role in the sequels: Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay and A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas 
In 2010, Harris provided voice acting for the role of the adult Dick Grayson (Nightwing) in the animated film Batman: Under the Red Hood and the beagle Lou in the film Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore  The same year, he played the lead in the indie comedy The Best and the Brightest  On March 7, 2010, he made a surprise appearance at the 82nd Academy Awards, delivering the opening musical number  He starred in the films The Smurfs (2011) and The Smurfs 2 (2013)  Harris provided the voice of Steve the Monkey in the Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs film franchise 
In 2014, Harris showed a more serious side in Gone Girl, directed by David Fincher  Harris co-starred in the film as Desi Collings, the wealthy and obsessed ex-boyfriend of Amy Dunne, played by Rosamund Pike  Harris has said: "I was pinching myself at the opportunity" to work with Fincher  He received general praise from critics for his performance, as did the film On February 22, 2015, Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards; it was his first time hosting the ceremony, and the first time an openly gay man hosted the Academy Awards In October 2019, it was announced Harris would star in the fourth installment of the Matrix franchise 

Stage
Harris has worked on Broadway in both musical and dramatic roles  He played Tobias Ragg in the 2001 concert performances of Sweeney Todd  In 2002, he performed beside Anne Heche in Proof  In 2003, he took the role of the Emcee in Cabaret alongside Deborah Gibson and Tom Bosley  As a result of his critically acclaimed performance in Cabaret, Harris was named the top-drawing headliner in the role of the Emcee by GuestStarCasting com, outranking fellow celebrity stars John Stamos and Alan Cumming In 2004, he performed the dual role of the Balladeer and Lee Harvey Oswald on Broadway in the revival of Stephen Sondheim's musical Assassins  He also sang the role of Charles (initially played by Anthony Perkins in a 1966 ABC telecast) on the Nonesuch recording of Sondheim's Evening Primrose and portrayed Mark Cohen in the 1997 touring company of the musical Rent, a role he satirized on the January 10, 2009 episode of Saturday Night Live, which he hosted 
In 2010, Harris directed a production of the rock musical Rent at the Hollywood Bowl; he cast his Beastly co-star Vanessa Hudgens as Mimi  In 2011, Harris played the lead role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheim's Company with the New York Philharmonic in concert, opposite Patti LuPone and others  That same year, he directed The Expert at the Card Table at Broad Stage's Edye in Santa Monica, California Harris has hosted the Tony Awards four times: the 63rd Tony Awards on June 7, 2009, the 65th Tony Awards on June 12, 2011, the 66th Tony Awards on June 10, 2012, and the 67th Tony Awards on June 9, 2013  Only Dame Angela Lansbury, with five ceremonies, has hosted the Tony Awards more times  Hosting the Tony Awards has earned him four Primetime Emmy Awards in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 for the 63rd, 65th, 66th and 67th, respectively A week after hosting the Tonys, it was announced that Harris would portray the titular role in the first Broadway production of the rock musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch, which he did from March through August 2014  Harris went on to win the 2014 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical In 2022, he joined the New York City Center Encores! presentation of Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods as The Baker opposite Sara Bareilles as The Baker's Wife  The cast also included Heather Headley, Gavin Creel, and Denée Benton  Harris joined the cast as a late replacement for Christian Borle, who had to leave the production before it began  The limited production ran from May 4 to May 15 In 2023, he joined the cast of Peter Pan Goes Wrong for a limited engagement from April 11 to May 7 playing the role of Francis Beaumont 

Television
Beginning in 1989, Harris played the title role of a child prodigy doctor in Doogie Howser, M D , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe  After the show's four-season run ended in 1993, Harris played a number of guest roles on television series, including Murder, She Wrote  From 1999 to 2000, he starred with Tony Shalhoub in the NBC sitcom Stark Raving Mad, which lasted 22 episodes  He has played lead roles in a number of made-for-television features including Snowbound: The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story in 1994, My Ántonia in 1995, The Christmas Wish in 1998, Joan of Arc in 1999, The Wedding Dress in 2001, and The Christmas Blessing in 2005 

From 2005 to 2014, Harris played Barney Stinson, a serial womanizer, in the CBS ensemble sitcom How I Met Your Mother  The role earned him Emmy nominations every year from 2007 to 2010  In 2008, Harris guest-starred on Sesame Street as the Sesame Street Fairy Shoe Person  In 2009, he hosted the 7th Annual TV Land Awards and appeared as a guest judge on Season 9 of American Idol  Harris hosted the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20, 2009  On August 21, 2010, he won two Emmy Awards at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony, one of which was for his guest performance in the television series Glee  Harris hosted the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 22, 2013, marking his second time hosting the event After a preview at the San Diego Comic-Con, a musical episode of Batman: The Brave and the Bold featuring Harris as the villainous Music Meister premiered on October 23, 2009, on Cartoon Network  As a character who could make anyone do his bidding by singing, he spent most of the episode singing several original songs  In 2010, Harris filmed a pilot episode for an American adaptation of the British game show The Cube as host, though it was not picked up to series In 2014, Harris turned down the chance to replace David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS, stating that he feared he would get bored of the repetition that hosting a nightly talk show would entail  He also rejected the suggestion of replacing Craig Ferguson as host of The Late Late Show on the same grounds, although he claims he was never actually offered either job On September 15, 2015, Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris, a live variety series hosted by Harris on NBC, made its debut but was cancelled after an eight-episode run On January 15, 2016, Netflix cast Harris in the television adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events, in which he stars as Count Olaf  It ran for 3 seasons and 25 episodes before ending on January 1, 2019 
On March 31, 2017, NBC picked up Harris's game show titled Genius Junior, the format would test the smarts of the most brilliant children in the country  Harris would serve as host and executive producer  The series received a 10-episode order and debuted on March 18, 2018 In January 2021, Harris starred in the British drama series, It's a Sin, broadcast on Channel 4, depicting the 1980s HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United Kingdom  In June 2021, Harris was announced to be a judge on Australia's Got Talent: Challengers & Champions, a spin-off series of Australia's Got Talent In June 2022, it was announced that Harris would play a villain for the 60th anniversary of Doctor Who  In July 2022, Harris starred in the Netflix series Uncoupled as gay Manhattanite Michael Lawson, a realtor re-navigating the dating scene after 17 years 

Other media
In 2007, Harris worked with Mike Nelson on an audio commentary for RiffTrax  The two "riffed" on the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory  Harris is a big fan of the cult TV series Nelson worked on, Mystery Science Theater 3000  Harris was interviewed for a 1992 Comedy Central special This Is MST3K hosted by Penn Jillette about the series and its fans  In 2008, Harris played the title role in Joss Whedon's musical web series Dr  Horrible's Sing-Along Blog alongside Nathan Fillion and Felicia Day  The first episode of the series debuted on July 15, 2008  He has also provided his voice for the Disney California Adventure Park attraction California Screamin' On December 11, 2010, Harris hosted the Spike Video Game Awards In October 2014, Harris released a memoir titled Neil Patrick Harris: Choose Your Own Autobiography, which is structured like a Choose Your Own Adventure book  His autobiography spent two weeks on The New York Times Best Seller List  His debut young adult novel, The Magic Misfits, was released in November 2017 and is the first in a four-book series of the same name In October 2020, Harris released a single-player board game named Box One, produced by luxury playing card company Theory11  It is currently available exclusively through Target 
Harris has been a frequent guest narrator at Disney's Candlelight Processional at Walt Disney World 

Personal life
From 1997 to 1998, Harris dated actress Christine Taylor  In a 2008 appearance on The Howard Stern Show, he discussed how the relationship made him realize his true sexuality: "She's the coolest, nicest chick ever  She's an absolute catch, and I thought, 'If I'm not going to feel the super sparks with her    it probably means I'm gay '"Harris publicly came out as gay in November 2006, saying, "I am happy to dispel any rumors or misconceptions and am quite proud to say that I am a very content gay man living my life to the fullest and feel most fortunate to be working with wonderful people in the business I love "Harris attended the Emmy Awards in September 2007 with his fiancé David Burtka, later confirming the relationship  In an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Harris said his relationship with Burtka began in 2004  On August 14, 2010, Harris announced that he and Burtka were expecting twins via a surrogate mother  Their son and daughter were born on October 12, 2010 Following the passage of the Marriage Equality Act in New York on June 24, 2011, Harris and Burtka announced their engagement via Twitter, stating that they had proposed to each other five years earlier but kept the engagement secret until same-sex marriage became legal  On September 8, 2014, Harris announced on his Twitter page that Burtka and he were married over the weekend in Italy  Pamela Fryman, the long-time director of How I Met Your Mother, officiated the wedding while Elton John performed at the reception   In 2013, the couple bought a townhouse in Harlem which they sold in 2022 for $6 9M Harris is a fan of magic, like his character on How I Met Your Mother  His character in American Horror Story: Freak Show was also a magician  Harris's Glee character performed magic as well  Harris won the Tannen's Magic Louis Award in 2006 and hosted the 2008 World Magic Awards on October 11, 2008  He previously served as the President of the Board of Directors of Hollywood's Magic Castle, from 2011 to 2014  Additionally, Harris and partner David Burtka were guests of honor for a Top Chef Masters episode that took place at the Magic Castle 

Philanthropy
Alongside his acting career, Harris has supported and contributed to various charities, organization, and foundations  These include:

In October 2014, Harris attended a dinner for the Elton John AIDS Foundation and in September 2016, he and his husband were the honorary hosts of a culinary cookout to help raise money for the Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation  In April 2019, Harris hosted WE Day California, a charity event that celebrates students who have made a change in their community 

Discography
Cast recordings
Singles
Acting credits
Film
Television
Theater
Web
Video games
Bibliography
Audiobooks
2014: Neil Patrick Harris: Choose Your Own Autobiography (read by the author), Random House Audio, ISBN 978-0-385-36794-3

Awards and nominations
See also
LGBT culture in New York City
List of LGBT people from New York City
Passage 3:
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
Tracy McConnell ("The Mother") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother  The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met his children's mother  Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9  She is played by Cristin Milioti 
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment  Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale  The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans 

Casting
During its first eight seasons, the sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother  Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show  Many fans expected that another would play the role, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown  Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn't want it to be a big famous star because we didn't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be  The whole idea is that Ted's never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began  They also did not want a large casting call Bays and Thomas chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member  Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before  She only learned of the character's importance after binge watching the show during the summer 

Character history
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984 The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death  After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her—a ukulele  The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love In "Wait for It", the short story of how they met involving her yellow umbrella is revealed  In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St  Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death  She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating  The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment  Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man", but she turns him down  Nevertheless, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams  The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother  But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom—Economics instead of Architecture  At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with as her roommate  They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off  She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom 
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife  Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate  When in Cindy and the Mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower  Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band  Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "And your mom     well, she got her yellow umbrella back " In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her crying  As the Mother tried to console her, Cindy kissed her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush  While this incident made Cindy realize that she was a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to get back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time 
Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches the Mother and is welcomed into her band, Superfreakonomics  Darren gradually takes over the band, and becomes her nemesis In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man  In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married  In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding  In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the Mother the day of their wedding  In the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar, though her face is not seen 
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?", Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute  The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding 
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr ) in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans  Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she is not yet ready to date  Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after  They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she does not love him 
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends—Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel)—before she meets him  The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish"  In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey 
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn  On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is the bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit  The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake control of the band  Before she can, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom's best man punched him "for no reason", and quits the band 
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from where she had been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend  As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes  She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes", says goodbye, and declines Louis' proposal when she goes back inside  She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn  On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose"  Ted hears her singing from his room next door 
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date  Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner  On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis  She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating  Ted walks her back to her apartment  They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away  The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her  When the story is over, they say goodnight again  The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date 
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn  She immediately accepts  In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017  She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton 

Name
The Mother's real name—Tracy McConnell—is not confirmed until the series finale, "Last Forever", when Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station  The name was hinted at in the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey": Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "   that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother"  The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that the Mother's name is Tracy 

Fate
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness  In the finale, the characters do not directly state that the Mother is dead  Ted says that she "became sick" and his children said that she has been "gone" for six years  Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with the Mother's death  Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning  Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that the Mother was "an amazing character" and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy  Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue" A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale  The petition had over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage  On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD  No new material was shot for this scene  In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030  Future Ted is heard saying, "   When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was   ", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive  The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long, happy marriage with Tracy 

Notes
Passage 4:
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
Tracy McConnell ("The Mother") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother  The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met his children's mother  Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9  She is played by Cristin Milioti 
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment  Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale  The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans 

Casting
During its first eight seasons, the sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother  Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show  Many fans expected that another would play the role, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown  Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn't want it to be a big famous star because we didn't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be  The whole idea is that Ted's never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began  They also did not want a large casting call Bays and Thomas chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member  Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before  She only learned of the character's importance after binge watching the show during the summer 

Character history
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984 The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death  After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her—a ukulele  The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love In "Wait for It", the short story of how they met involving her yellow umbrella is revealed  In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St  Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death  She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating  The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment  Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man", but she turns him down  Nevertheless, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams  The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother  But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom—Economics instead of Architecture  At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with as her roommate  They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off  She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom 
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife  Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate  When in Cindy and the Mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower  Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band  Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "And your mom     well, she got her yellow umbrella back " In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her crying  As the Mother tried to console her, Cindy kissed her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush  While this incident made Cindy realize that she was a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to get back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time 
Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches the Mother and is welcomed into her band, Superfreakonomics  Darren gradually takes over the band, and becomes her nemesis In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man  In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married  In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding  In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the Mother the day of their wedding  In the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar, though her face is not seen 
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?", Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute  The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding 
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr ) in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans  Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she is not yet ready to date  Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after  They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she does not love him 
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends—Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel)—before she meets him  The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish"  In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey 
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn  On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is the bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit  The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake control of the band  Before she can, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom's best man punched him "for no reason", and quits the band 
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from where she had been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend  As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes  She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes", says goodbye, and declines Louis' proposal when she goes back inside  She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn  On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose"  Ted hears her singing from his room next door 
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date  Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner  On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis  She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating  Ted walks her back to her apartment  They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away  The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her  When the story is over, they say goodnight again  The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date 
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn  She immediately accepts  In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017  She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton 

Name
The Mother's real name—Tracy McConnell—is not confirmed until the series finale, "Last Forever", when Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station  The name was hinted at in the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey": Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "   that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother"  The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that the Mother's name is Tracy 

Fate
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness  In the finale, the characters do not directly state that the Mother is dead  Ted says that she "became sick" and his children said that she has been "gone" for six years  Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with the Mother's death  Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning  Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that the Mother was "an amazing character" and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy  Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue" A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale  The petition had over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage  On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD  No new material was shot for this scene  In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030  Future Ted is heard saying, "   When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was   ", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive  The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long, happy marriage with Tracy 

Notes
Passage 5:
Batman: Under the Red Hood
Batman: Under the Red Hood is a 2010 American animated superhero action thriller direct-to-video film produced by Warner Bros  Animation and released by Warner Home Video  It is the eighth film of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies  The writer, Judd Winick, also wrote the "Under the Hood" run in the monthly Batman comic the film is based on  The film was released on July 27, 2010, and received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised its plot, animation, and focus on storytelling  It is generally considered to be one of the best in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies line  The film was also a commercial success, grossing over $12 million in home video sales 
The two-disc special edition and Blu-ray also includes an animated short featuring Jonah Hex  An interactive short spiritual sequel/film adaptation, Batman: Death in the Family, was released on October 13, 2020,  ten years after Red Hood 

Plot
Ra's al Ghul realizes his mistake in hiring the Joker to use him as a distraction while he destroyed Europe's financial districts after learning that he has captured Jason Todd, the second Robin, Batman's partner  In Sarajevo, Bosnia, Joker brutally assaults Jason, in an abandoned warehouse with a crowbar  Jason is locked in the warehouse with a bomb, which explodes and kills him before Batman arrives 
Five years later in Gotham City, a mysterious vigilante called Red Hood assembles a meeting of the city's most prominent drug dealers  He announces a takeover of their drug trade, taking only 40% of the profit while offering them protection from both Black Mask and Batman - under punishment of death to anyone caught dealing drugs to children 
Batman stops an attempted theft of a shipment belonging to Black Mask, which is the advanced android Amazo  Batman destroys Amazo with the help of Jason's predecessor Dick Grayson a k a  Nightwing and discovers the thieves are working for Red Hood who then kills them  He chases Red Hood to Ace Chemicals, where an explosion destroys the facility  Batman and Nightwing interrogate Joker at Arkham Asylum about Red Hood, but he denies involvement 

Black Mask puts a hit on Red Hood for Amazo's destruction  Batman and Nightwing prevent Red Hood from hijacking Black Mask's next weapon shipment  They chase Red Hood to a train station, where he escapes after detonating a bomb, which injures Nightwing  Batman and Nightwing realize Red Hood is trained and has knowledge of Batman's tactics and gear  A review of audio footage of the chase reveals Red Hood knows Batman's secret identity 
Batman recalls Jason performing the same maneuvers as Robin and that Jason grew more violent and bloodthirsty as he aged, with Batman having to stop him many times from nearly killing criminals  The Fearsome Hand of 4 lure out Red Hood and nearly overpower him until Batman helps incapacitate three of them and Red Hood kills the fourth, horrifying Batman  Red Hood explains he is doing what Batman will not: killing criminals who are not afraid 
Batman analyzes a blood sample of Red Hood drawn from the battle and it matches Jason's  After discovering Jason's corpse is fake, Batman confronts Ra's al Ghul and demands to know the truth  Ra's explains that he felt responsible for Jason's death and, as a peace offering, he swapped Jason's body for a fake and revived him in the Lazarus Pit  Following his resurrection, Jason was driven insane and escaped 
After surviving an assassination attempt by Red Hood, Black Mask sets Joker free, tasking him with killing Red Hood  However, Joker instead abducts Black Mask and the drug dealers and plans to set them on fire; Red Hood appears and reveals his real target all along has been the Joker  Batman saves the hostages and Red Hood takes Joker  Red Hood brutally beats Joker in revenge for his own murder and confronts Batman 
During the fight, Red Hood removes his helmet, confirming he is Jason  Their fight makes its way to the dilapidated building where Jason is keeping the Joker and ends with Jason holding Batman at gunpoint  Though he has forgiven Batman for not saving him, Jason is upset and angry that Joker is still alive after killing him  Batman admits he has thought constantly about torturing and killing the Joker but will not, fearing he will not stop if he kills even once 
Jason tosses Batman a gun and gives him an ultimatum – he will execute the Joker unless Batman shoots him  Batman refuses and drops the gun, causing Jason to shoot at him  Batman throws a batarang, which jams Jason's pistol  When Jason pulls the trigger again, the gun is destroyed and his right hand gets mangled  Defeated, Jason sets off a time bomb and Batman subdues Joker before attempting to save Jason 
The bomb explodes; Batman and Joker survive but Jason is gone  Joker is returned to Arkham and Black Mask is arrested for his involvement in the Joker's escape  At the Batcave, Alfred offers to remove the glass case display of Jason's Robin costume after everything that has happened, but Bruce refuses, claiming it doesn't change anything 
A final flashback shows Jason's first day as Robin, which he cheerfully declares is the best day of his life 

Cast
Crew
Andrea Romano – Voice Director

Music
The score for Batman: Under the Red Hood was composed by Christopher Drake, who had previously scored several animated films set in the DC Universe  It was inspired by the soundtracks of Batman: Mask of the Phantasm which features a traditional orchestral score and The Dark Knight which features a computer generated, electronic score  Drake said that since Under the Red Hood has a darker tone than previous DC Universe animated films, he chose not to use the music as epic and melodramatic instead opting for a more intimate, minimal and restrained tone  He added that this is the first DC film he has scored that didn't rely on using a large choir to make the fight scenes sound bigger  Drake scored the film as a reference to modern minimalist electronic scores because the film's director Brandon Vietti felt that Under the Red Hood needed to go in a different, more modern direction to separate it from previous DC animation scores  At that point, Drake introduced more electronic and ambient elements, like synthesized and processed electronic guitar, while retaining orchestral elements Batman: Under The Red Hood – Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie was released by WaterTower Music on July 27, 2010 and features 18 tracks composed for the film 

Commercial performance
The film grossed over $12 million in domestic home video sales, making it one of the highest grossing DC animated films 

Critical reception
Batman: Under the Red Hood received positive reviews from critics who praised the film's direction, animation, emotional weight of the story, and voice acting particularly for Jensen Ackles  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from seven critics, with an average rating of a 7 3/10  
Demeter's review for The World's Finest stated: "I have to say this really was a damn good film"  James Harvey's review on the same website was even more positive, calling it "a mature and faithful take on the Batman lore"  IGN gave the movie an 8 out of 10, calling it "An interesting peek inside the psyche of Batman and the fine line between good and evil"  It was the highest rated direct-to-video Batman film until the release of The Dark Knight Returns 

Continuation
A follow-up film titled Batman: Death in the Family was released on October 13, 2020, a decade after Under the Red Hood with Greenwood, Martella, and DiMaggio reprising their roles  Zehra Fazal plays Talia al Ghul and Gary Cole plays both Two-Face and Commissioner Gordon  It is an interactive narrative where the viewer chooses what happens in the story 
Passage 6:
The Foresters
The Foresters or, Robin Hood and Maid Marian is a play written by Alfred Tennyson and first produced with success in New York in 1892   A set of incidental music in nine movements was composed for the play by Arthur Sullivan 
The success of the first production led to productions in seven other American cities   A production opened in London in 1893   Although the play was not well received in England, Sullivan's incidental music was praised 

The play
Sullivan and Tennyson had worked together before, on a song cycle for tenor, The Window, written and composed in 1867–68, but not published until 1871   Sullivan and Tennyson did not find working together on The Window congenial and did not attempt work together again for over twenty years   Meanwhile, Tennyson had written a play, The Cup, that was produced with success by Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre in 1881   Encouraged by this, Tennyson started work on a play based on the Robin Hood legend, completing it after a visit to Sherwood Forest in October 1881   But Irving rejected the play on the grounds that it was not dramatic enough for his audiences at the Lyceum, who were accustomed to his sensational productions   Tennyson turned to other projects, setting The Foresters aside for several years   In 1888, American actress Mary Anderson decided to produce The Cup   Tennyson suggested that she also produce The Foresters, but again the play was set aside   In 1891, however, Anderson's brother, Joseph wrote to the American impresario Augustin Daly recommending that The Foresters would be a good project for him and his star actress Ada Rehan   Daly was enthusiastic about the play and, by September 1891, agreed to arrange a New York production   By then, Tennyson was 82 years old The text, consisting of a mixture of blank verse and prose, contained songs and dances which Daly, at Tennyson's suggestion, approached Sullivan to compose   Daly made numerous changes to Tennyson's text, cutting dialogue, moving events from one act to another, and reassigning songs and dialogue to different characters  Henry Widmer, Daly's musical assistant, may have contributed some music to the score  Sullivan completed the score by December 1891, and the play opened in New York on 17 March 1892  The piece starred Rehan as Marian and John Drew Jr  as Robin  It was a hit and was then played in seven other major American cities, becoming Tennyson's greatest theatrical success  A single performance of the play was given at the Lyceum Theatre in London on the same day as the first New York performance to secure the British copyright An English production opened at the new Daly's Theatre, in London, on 3 October 1893, by which time the author had died  It starred Rehan and Arthur Bourchier   Despite the respect in which Lord Tennyson was held, the play received poor notices in London, being called "tedious" and compared with a nursery tale, and ran for only seventeen performances   Sullivan's music, by contrast, was initially well reviewed  The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, for example, wrote that the songs were "set with rare taste, discrimination and melody by Sir Arthur Sullivan, whose delightful music gives charm and interest" Sullivan's biographers and scholars of his work have been unanimous in censuring Tennyson's text  Gervase Hughes wrote, "How did the author of The Idylls of the King come to put his name to such puerile rubbish?"  Arthur Jacobs called the piece "perhaps the oddest of all the stage works which [Sullivan] was invited to undertake "  Percy Young scoffed, "Devoid of any kind of merit whatsoever "  But some of them did not warmly review Sullivan's score either: "One of Sullivan's lamest    resourceless in magic" (Young); "[not] even one memorable number" (Jacobs)   Recent critics, however, have praised Sullivan's contribution 

Roles and original cast
Original New York cast shown, with changes in London cast noted   Vocal ranges noted for roles that sing parts in the incidental music:

King Richard, Coeur de Lion – George Clarke
Prince John – John Craig
Robin Hood, Earl of Huntingdon – John Drew, Jr  (Arthur Bourchier in London)
Sir Richard Lea – Charles Wheatleigh (Henry Loraine in London)
The Abbot of St  Mary's – Thomas Bridgeland (Lloyd Lowndes in London)
The Sheriff of Nottingham – Charles LeClercq
A Justiciary – William Gilbert
Walter Lea, Son of Sir Richard Lea – Ralph Nisbet (Robb Harwood in London)
Followers of Robin Hood:Little John – Herbert Gresham
Friar Tuck – Eugene Jepson (William Owen in London)
Will Scarlet (tenor) – Hobart Bosworth
Old Much – Tyrone Power (Sidney Herbert in London)Maid Marian, Daughter of Sir Richard Lea (mezzo-soprano) – Ada Rehan
Kate, Attendant on Marian (soprano) – Kitty Cheatham (Catherine Lewis in London)
Titania (soprano) – Percy Haswell
First Fairy (soprano) – Miss Massoni (Gaston Murray in London)
Retainers, Messengers, Merry Men, Mercenaries, Friars, Beggars, Sailors, Peasants, etc 

Musical numbers
The nine musical numbers, with the opening lines of text for each, are as follows:

Recording
A recording was made of the music in 2004 by the New London Orchestra, the London Chorus and soloists conducted by Ronald Corp  It is published on the Hyperion label   The Northamptonshire Theatre Orchestra and A La Carte & Friends performed the piece at the 2008 International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival claiming that theirs was the first live performance with orchestra since the nineteenth century 

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Robert Robinson Taylor
Robert Robinson Taylor (June 8, 1868 – December 13, 1942) was an American architect and educator  Taylor was the first African-American student enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the first accredited African-American architect when he graduated in 1892  He was an early and influential member of the Tuskegee Institute faculty 
A native of Wilmington, North Carolina, Taylor remained in architectural practice in the American South for over forty years  He was part of what was possibly the nation’s first black architecture firm, Taylor and Persley, a partnership founded in July 1920 with Louis H  Persley  He designed many of the early buildings of the Tuskegee Institute, and at several other Historically black colleges and universities  As second-in-command to Booker T  Washington, the Tuskegee Institute's founder, Taylor was instrumental in both campus planning and inventing the school's industrial curriculum 

Early life
Robert Robinson Taylor was born on June 8, 1868, in Wilmington, North Carolina  His father, Henry Taylor, worked as a carpenter and businessman, born into slavery but freed in 1847 by his father and owner Angus Taylor  His mother, Emily Still, was the daughter of freedmen even prior to the Civil War  He left home for MIT in 1888, where he studied architecture  In June 1890 and again in September 1891, he was recommended for the Loring Scholarship, which he held for two consecutive academic years: 1890–1891 and 1892–1893 During his course of study at MIT, he talked in person on more than one occasion with Booker T  Washington  What Washington had in mind was for Taylor to develop the industrial program at Tuskegee and to plan and direct the construction of new buildings for the campus  At the MIT faculty meeting on May 26, 1892, Taylor was one of twelve students in Course IV, the architectural program, recommended for a degree  The class of 1892 was the largest on record since MIT's founding  After graduation Taylor did not head directly to Tuskegee  He finally accepted the Tuskegee offer in the fall or winter of 1892 

Career
Taylor's first building project on the Tuskegee University campus was the Science Hall (Thrasher Hall) completed in 1893  The new Science Hall was constructed entirely by students, using bricks made also by students under Taylor's supervision  The project epitomized Washington's philosophy of instilling in Tuskegee students, the descendants of former enslaved Africans, the value and dignity of physical labor   It exemplified of the capabilities of African Americans in the building trades, and it underscored the larger potential of the manual training curricula being developed at Tuskegee  A number of other buildings followed, including the original Tuskegee Chapel, erected between 1895 and 1898, and The Oaks, built in 1899 as Tuskegee's presidential residence From 1899 to 1902, he returned to Cleveland, Ohio, to work on his own and for the architectural firm of Charles W  Hopkinson  Upon his return to Tuskegee from Cleveland in 1902, he was architect and director of "mechanical industries" until his retirement in the mid-1930s  To develop a sound curriculum at Tuskegee, both Washington and Taylor drew inspiration from MIT as a model  Taylor's own admiration for MIT as a model for Tuskegee's development was conveyed in a speech that he delivered at MIT in 1911  Taylor cited examples to the 1911 US Congress in a paper to illustrate the kinds of rigorous ideas, approaches, and methods that Tuskegee had adopted from MIT and successfully applied within the context of a black educational institution Taylor also designed buildings that were not at Tuskegee  These include Carnegie libraries at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and at Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina  With his later partner, the black architect Louis H  Persley, he did large buildings at Selma University in Selma, Alabama, and the Colored Masonic Temple, which is also an office building and entertainment venue, in Birmingham, Alabama He served for a period as vice-principal of Tuskegee, beginning in 1925  In 1929, under the joint sponsorship of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, the Liberian government, and Firestone Rubber, he went to Kakata, Liberia to lay out architectural plans and devise a program in industrial training for the proposed Booker Washington Institute – "the Tuskegee of Africa " Robert Taylor served on the Mississippi Valley Flood Relief Commission, appointed by President Herbert Hoover, and was chairman of the Tuskegee chapter of the American Red Cross Following his retirement to his native Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1935, the governor of North Carolina appointed Taylor to the board of trustees of what is now Fayetteville State University  Moreover, in 1942, less than a decade after his retirement from Tuskegee, he wrote to the secretary of his MIT class indicating that he had just been released from treatment for an unspecified illness at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota  "Thanks to a kind Providence and skillful physicians," he said, "I am much better now "

Personal life
In 1898, he married Beatrice Rochon Taylor  They had four children, one of whom, Robert Rochon Taylor, became a noted housing advocate in Chicago  Beatrice's younger sister was teacher and pharmacist Etnah Rochon Boutte  After Beatrice died in 1906, Robert remarried in 1912 to Nellie Chestnutt; they had one child 

Death
He died on December 13, 1942, while attending services in the Tuskegee Chapel, the building that he considered his most outstanding achievement as an architect  He was buried at the Pine Forest Cemetery in Wilmington, North Carolina 

Legacy
The Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science at Tuskegee University is named for Taylor  The housing project in Chicago, Robert Taylor Homes, was named after his son, Robert Rochon Taylor, a civic leader and former Chairman of the Chicago Housing Authority 
The US Postal Service has a postage stamp with his likeness His great-granddaughter, Valerie Jarrett, was a senior advisor to Former President Barack Obama 

Projects
Huntington Hall (1900)
Emery dormitories 4 buildings (1900)
Dorothy Hall (1901) Tuskegee Institute
Women's Trades Building (1901)
Carnegie Library (1901)
Administration Building (1902–03)
Rockefeller Hall (1903)
Men's residence Hall (1904)
Douglass Hall (1904)
Collis P  Huntington Memorial Building academic building(1904–05)
Tantum Hall (1907)
Milbank Agriculture Building (1909)
Tompkins Hall, dining facility (1910)
White Hall, women's dormitory (1910)
John A  Andrew Memorial Hospital (1913)
Laundry, now The George Washington Carver Museum (1915)
James Hall (1921)
Prince Hall Masonic Temple (1924)
Sage Hall (1927)
Wilcox Trade Buildings, architecture buildings (1928)
Logan Hall, old gym (1931)
Armstrong Science Building (1932)
Hollis Burke Frissell Library (1932)

See also
African-American architects
Robert Charles Bates, an early architecture teacher at Claflin University
Passage 2:
Helen Eugenia Hagan
Helen Eugenia Hagan (January 10, 1891 – March 6, 1964) was an American pianist, music educator and composer of African descent 

Life
Helen Eugenia Hagan was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the daughter of John A  and Mary Estella Neal Hagan  She studied piano with her mother and then in the public schools of New Haven, Connecticut  Around the age of nine, she began playing organ for the Dixwell Avenue Congregational United Church in New Haven She studied at Yale School of Music with pianist H Stanley Knight and composer Horatio Parker, graduating in 1912 with a bachelor's degree in music  In doing so, she became the first known African American woman to earn a Yale degree She performed as soloist on her own Piano Concerto in C Minor in May 1912 with the New Haven Symphony Orchestra conducted by Parker  She received the Samuel Simmons Stanford scholarship to study in Paris, with Blanche Selva and Vincent d'Indy, and graduated from Schola Cantorum in 1914 Hagan returned to the United States as World War I began and began a career as a concert pianist, touring from 1915 to 1918  In 1918 she was music director (i e  music department chair) at Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State College  In early 1919 she left for France to entertain black troops of the American Expeditionary Forces, along with spirituals singer Joshua Blanton and the Rev  Henry Hugh Proctor, under the auspices of the YMCA  General John Pershing personally requested that Ms  Hagan entertain the troops In 1920 Hagan married John Taylor Williams of Morristown, New Jersey but continued her concert career  They divorced ca  1931 She had a music studio in Morristown for at least a decade and was the first African American woman admitted to the Morristown Chamber of Commerce  She taught at the Mendelssohn Conservatory of Music in Chicago and pursued a Masters of Arts degree from Teachers College, Columbia University  In the 1930s she served as dean of music at Bishop College in Marshall, Texas  She also continued to work as a choir director and church organist  She died in New York City after an extended illness On September 29, 2016, a crowdfunded monument for Hagan's previously unmarked grave was unveiled at New Haven's Evergreen Cemetery, and the day was declared "Women Making Music Day" by New Haven mayor Toni Harp  The New Haven Symphony Orchestra's season opening concert that evening was performed in Ms  Hagan's honor The only known video footage of Helen Hagen is in the 1954 New York Board of Education documentary Let Us Break Bread Together, where she is shown performing in a school context 

Works
The Piano Concerto is the only work by Helen Hagan to survive  In 2014 Lola Perrin and the Ivory Duo Piano Ensemble made a transcription from the 1912 manuscript to create a performable version in a piano reduction  In 2022, pianist Samantha Ege recorded a two piano version on her album Black Renaissance Woman  Composer and Yale School of Music alum Soomin Kim has re-orchestrated the work based on the existing sources  The new version was first performed by the Yale Philharmonia and Samantha Ege on October 21, 2022 Her other compositions, including songs, piano pieces, a violin sonata (pre-1912), and string quartets, have all been lost  The New Haven Symphony Orchestra is an active advocate for Ms  Hagan's legacy and encourages anyone who might be in possession of a score or manuscript of her music to please contact the Symphony 
Passage 3:
Todd Duncan
Robert Todd Duncan (February 12, 1903 – February 28, 1998) was an American baritone opera singer and actor  One of the first African-Americans to sing with a major opera company, Duncan is also noted for appearing as Porgy in the premier production of Porgy and Bess (1935) 

Early life
Duncan was born February 12, 1903, in Danville, Kentucky, to John and Lettie (Cooper) Duncan   They were married in Danville 1901, he being born in Danville, and she born in Frankfort  John was a garage owner and Lettie was a music teacher   He obtained his musical training at Butler University in Indianapolis with a B A  in music followed by an M A  from Columbia University Teachers College 

Career
In 1934, Duncan debuted in Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana at the Mecca Temple in New York with the Aeolian Opera, a black opera company Duncan was George Gershwin's personal choice as the first performer of the role of Porgy in Porgy and Bess in 1935 and played the role more than 1,800 times   He led the cast during the Washington run of Porgy and Bess at the National Theatre in 1936, to protest the theatre's policy of segregation  Duncan stated that he "would never play in a theater which barred him from purchasing tickets to certain seats because of his race " Eventually management would give into the demands and allow for the first integrated performance at National Theatre   Duncan was also the first performer for the role of Stephen Kumalo in Kurt Weill's Lost in the Stars which opened on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre on October 30, 1949, and closed on July 1, 1950, after 281 performances 
In 1938, Duncan appeared on the London stage at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in C B Cochran's musical production The Sun Never Sets  The cast included fellow American Adelaide Hall, Leslie Banks, Edna Best and Stewart Granger  The musical was adapted by Pat Wallace and Guy Bolton from various stories written by Edgar Wallace and the show included original music by Cole Porter  Costumes were designed by Elizabeth Haffenden  One of the numbers Duncan sang was 'River God'  After the London run closed, Duncan and Adelaide Hall from the original cast toured Britain with the production 
Duncan taught voice at Howard University in Washington, D C  from 1930 until 1945  While teaching at Howard, he continued touring as a soloist with pianists William Duncan Allen and George Malloy   He had a very successful career as a concert singer with over 2,000 performances in 56 countries and two film roles  He retired from Howard and opened his own voice studio teaching privately and giving periodic recitals 
In 1945, he became the first African American to sing with a major opera company, and the first black person to sing in an opera with an otherwise white cast, when he performed the role of Tonio in Leoncavallo's Pagliacci with the New York City Opera   In the same year he sang the role of Escamillo, the bullfighter, in Bizet's Carmen   In 1954, Duncan was the first to record "Unchained Melody", a popular song with music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret   The recording was made for the soundtrack of the obscure prison film Unchained, in which Duncan also played a minor character   Following Duncan's version, the song went on to become one of the most recorded songs of the 20th century 
In his final interview, Todd Duncan spoke of his love for spirituals: "    spirituals are so deep inside of me, it's difficult for me to find words that are meaningful   Spirituals are a part of whatever I am   When I sing them my being sings them, not my throat     It is very difficult for me to put into words something that is at the bottom of my very being "In addition to singing, Duncan was also a voice teacher  Among his notable pupils was operatic bass Philip Booth who was a mainstay at the Metropolitan Opera for two decades 

Honors and death
In 1978, the Washington Performing Arts Society presented his 75th birthday gala   Duncan was awarded the George Peabody Medal of Music from the Peabody Conservatory of Music of Johns Hopkins University in 1984   Other awards he received include a medal of honor from Haiti, an NAACP award, the Donaldson Award, the New York Drama Critics' Award for Lost in the Stars, and honorary doctorates from Valparaiso University and Butler University 
Duncan was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity He died of a heart ailment at his home in Washington, D C , February 28, 1998, survived by his wife, Gladys Jackson Duncan, and adopted son, Charles, a successful attorney 

See also
List of African American firsts
Passage 4:
Franklinton Elementary School (North Carolina)
Franklin County Schools is a PK–12 graded school district serving Franklin County, North Carolina, United States  Its 16 schools serve 7,769 students as of the 2022–23 school year  The administrative offices are located in Louisburg 

Student demographics
For the 2022–23 school year, Franklin County Schools had a total population of 7,769 students and 582 66 teachers on a (FTE) basis  This produced a student-teacher ratio of 14 87:1  That same year, out of the student total, the gender ratio was 52% male to 48% female  The demographic group makeup was: 37% White, 31% Black, 25% Hispanic, 6% Two or more Races,  6% Asian,  4% American Indian  For the same school year, 72% of the students received free and reduced-cost lunches 

Governance
The primary governing body of Franklin County Schools follows a council–manager government format with a seven-member Board of Education appointing a Superintendent to run the day-to-day operations of the system  The school system currently resides in the North Carolina State Board of Education's Third District 

Board of education
The seven members of the Board of Education are elected by district (five districts and two at-large seats) in staggered four-year terms with general elections being held during the North Carolina State Primary on even numbered years   They generally meet on the second Monday of each month  The current members of the board are: Dr  Elizabeth Keith (District 3, Chair), Meghan Jordan (District 5), Bernard Hall (District 1), Tommy Piper (District 2), Debra Brodie (District 4), Rosemary Champion (At-large, Vice-Chair), and Paige Sayles (At-large) 

Superintendent
Dr  Rhonda Schuhler currently serves as the Franklin County Schools Superintendent 

Member schools
Franklin County Schools has 16 schools ranging from pre-kindergarten to twelfth grade  Those 16 schools are separated into four high schools, four middle schools, and eight elementary schools 

High schools
Bunn High School (Bunn)
Franklin County Early College (Louisburg)
Franklinton High School (Franklinton)
Louisburg High School (Louisburg)

Middle schools
Bunn Middle School (Bunn)
Cedar Creek Middle School (Youngsville)
Franklinton Middle School (Franklinton)
Terrell Lane Middle School (Louisburg)

Elementary schools
Bunn Elementary School (Bunn)
Edward Best Elementary School (Louisburg)
Franklinton Elementary School (Franklinton)
Laurel Mill Elementary School (Louisburg)
Long Mill Elementary School (Youngsville)
Louisburg Elementary School (Louisburg)
Royal Elementary School (Louisburg)
Youngsville Elementary School [year-round] (Youngsville)

Athletics
According to the North Carolina High School Athletic Association, for the 2021-2025 conference realignment: Bunn, Franklinton and Louisburg high schools are all in the Big East Conference, with Bunn and Louisburg being Class 2A and Franklinton being Class 3A  The early college does not have any athletic teams, but students that attend the early college are eligible to try out for the high school team in their home district 

See also
List of school districts in North Carolina
Passage 5:
Sierra Linda High School
Sierra Linda High School is a high school located in the west part of Phoenix, Arizona, USA, administered by the Tolleson Union High School District  It had 1,787 students as of October 1, 2013, but currently holds about 1,867 as of the 2018–19 school year  It opened in 2008; due to facility issues, students attended the first semester of classes at La Joya Community High School, then moved into the campus in January 2009  Students of the 2012 cohort were the first graduating class, with approximately 355 students 
Passage 6:
Oblate Sisters of Providence
The Oblate Sisters of Providence (OSP) is a Catholic women's religious institute founded by Mother Mary Elizabeth Lange, and James Nicholas Joubert in 1829 in Baltimore, Maryland for the education of girls of African descent  It was the first permanent community of Black Catholic sisters in the United States  
The Oblate Sisters were free women of color who sought to provide Baltimore's African American population with education and "a corps of teachers from its own ranks " The congregation is also a member of the Women of Providence in Collaboration 

History
Founding
James Nicholas Joubert was born in France, and working in Saint-Domingue, (Haiti), when he was forced by the Revolution to escape to the United States  Arriving in Baltimore, he entered St  Mary's Seminary to become a Sulpician priest  After his ordination, he was given charge of the black French-speaking Catholics of St  Mary's chapel  Finding he was making no headway as the children were having trouble reading and learning their catechism he had the idea of founding a school for the purpose of educating these children  In this he was encouraged by his two friends, Fathers Babade and Tessier He was introduced to two women of African descent who kept a small private school and had a hope of consecrating their lives to God  Father Joubert made known to them his plans for a school for girls of African descent and they offered to be at his service  Father Joubert proposed that they also form a religious institute as well as conducting a school  This idea would become St  Frances Academy in 1828 With the approval of James Whitfield, Archbishop of Baltimore, a novitiate was begun  A little over a year later, on 2 July 1829, the first four sisters, Miss Elisabeth Lange from Santiago, Cuba, Miss Mary Rosine Boegues of Saint Domingue, Miss Mary Frances Balas of Saint Domingue, Miss Mary Theresa Duchemin of Baltimore made their vows Sister Mary Lange was chosen superior, and Rev  Father Joubert was appointed director  Pope Gregory XVI approved the institute on 2 October 1831 under the title of Oblate Sisters of Providence  The sisters opened other Catholic schools for African American girls in the city as well as teaching adult women in evening classes and opened a home for widows  The sisters educated youth and nursed the terminally ill during the cholera epidemic of 1832  They provided a home for orphans and sheltered the elderly  The sisters took in washing, ironing and mending to care for the "children of the house"  The organization did not consider "previous condition of servitude a liability for Oblate membership" and eight of the forty women who joined in the antebellum years (1828-1860) had been slaves 

Expansion
In 1871 the sisters vacated the motherhouse on Richmond St  because the city needed the property  A new location was found on a knoll on what was then the outskirts of the city and a new motherhouse was built on Chase St  The sisters continued to operate an orphanage as well as a day and boarding school within the convent walls 
Foreign missions began in 1900 when the Oblates opened their first mission in Havana, Cuba  The OSPs established seven missions in Cuba but left in 1961 when the regime of Fidel Castro made it impossible for them to continue their work  In 1903 a convent and school opened on Old Providence Island in the western Caribbean  Due to extremely harsh conditions, the mission closed after fifteen months 
By 1910 the sisters conducted schools and orphanages at Baltimore, Washington, Leavenworth, St  Louis, and Normandy, Missouri  Eventually the institute founded schools in eighteen states  Some missions only lasted a few years while others endured and changed with the needs of the community 

Modern era
By the 1950s there were over 300 Oblate Sisters of Providence teaching and caring for African American children  The Oblates had missions in the Dominican Republic and opened missions in Costa Rica in 1964, where they continue today The motherhouse remained on Chase Street in Baltimore until a new motherhouse was built in 1961 at 701 Gun Rd  in southwest Baltimore County  It is called Our Lady of Mount Providence and remains the motherhouse today  Several missions operated on the motherhouse property including Mt  Providence Junior College from 1963–1966  
The sisters began a Child Development Center and Reading and Math Center in 1972 on the motherhouse property  The sisters continue to operate St  Francis Academy on Chase Street in Baltimore 

Bill and Camille Cosby donations
In 2005, Camille Cosby (wife of Bill Cosby), an alumna of a school in Washington run by the Oblates, made a donation to the school to create an endowment that will pay the tuition for 16 students a year The Cosbys made another donation in 2012 to assist St  Frances Academy in building a community center in East Baltimore  The community center was originally named after her and her husband, but his name was removed after the revelation of multiple sexual offenses 

Charism
"The original inspiration of the Oblate Sisters of Providence is that gift of the Spirit so evident in the life of Mother Mary Lange   This charism enables us, with total trust in God's Providence, to bring joy, healing and the liberating, redemptive love of the suffering Jesus to the victims of poverty, racism, and injustice despite contradictions, prejudice and pain "Currently the institute has approximately eighty members  The Oblate Sisters continue in Baltimore, Maryland, Miami, Florida, Buffalo, New York, Alajuela and Siquirres, Costa Rica 

Motherhouse
The motherhouse houses the administrative offices, a health care unit, a novitiate (there is also a novitiate in Costa Rica), the Mother Lange Guild (supporting the cause for canonization of Mother Lange), and the Oblate Sisters of Providence Archives and Special Collections Library  Offices for the affiliated organizations of the National Oblate Sisters of Providence Alumni Association and Cojourners of the Oblate Sisters of Providence are also located at the Motherhouse 

See also
Oblate (religion)
Passage 7:
Robert Swirsky
Robert Swirsky (born December, 1962, Brooklyn, NY) is a computer scientist, author and pianist  In the early 1980s, he was one of the first regular contributors to the nascent computer magazine industry, including Popular Computing, Kilobaud Microcomputing, and Interface Age to Creative Computing Swirsky holds bachelor's and master's degrees in computer science from Hofstra University, and is one of Hofstra's Alumni of Distinction  While there, he met VOIP pioneer Jeff Pulver who attended Hofstra as an undergraduate student  After graduating, Swirsky worked on projects ranging from aircraft avionics to one of the first all-software digital radio receivers for a VLF submarine application 
In 1989, Swirsky moved to California and joined Olivetti Advanced Technology's Unix group  He was a frequent speaker at Uniforum, Usenix, and other Unix shows, and hosted parties where he entertained people with song parodies about the Unix computer operating system, some of which were featured in a special Evatone Soundsheet issue of Interface Age magazine  He studied music and piano at Hofstra University with professor Morton Estrin 
After Olivetti, Swirsky went to Adobe Systems, where he was a member of the core PostScript team, and the team that developed the first versions of Photoshop for Microsoft Windows, including Win32s on Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3 11  His work made him a participant in many industry standards committees, such as TWAIN, and he was a frequent speaker and contributor at ACM SIGGRAPH events  Before leaving Adobe in 1998, he worked with Will Harvey on HTML rendering technology 

The Disney years
In 1998, Swirsky began working for Walt Disney Imagineering R&D as Director, Creative Technology, under Bran Ferren, developing electronic games and digital imaging systems  He developed technology to play interactive games synchronized with live television shows, and electronic toys including Disney's Magical Moments Pin  His digital photography projects included systems to synchronize picture-taking with ride vehicles, and active infrared badges to identify picture-takers 
Swirsky was a major technical contributor to ABC's Enhanced TV, an Emmy Award-winning technology that allowed television viewers to play along with game shows and sporting events, and to answer live polls during talk shows  His interactive media research also involved working with nerdcore rapper Monzy, then an intern at Walt Disney Imagineering, on a variety of cutting-edge display technologies, including the display of digital data on a spherical surface 
Swirsky continues to work as a consultant for the themed entertainment industry, including Disney 

3D photography
Swirsky is known for his work in 3D digital photography  He has developed algorithms for generating full-color anaglyph images from stereo pairs that can be viewed through red/cyan glasses  A popular freeware program, Callipygian 3D, is widely used and has been featured on TechTV's The Screen Savers show several times, with Swirsky demonstrating it  The popularity of anaglyph images from Mars, and of anaglyph movies like Spy Kids 3D, introduced new audiences to anaglyph technology  Swirsky's software played a major role in enabling people to create their own anaglyph images 

Production company
In 2003, Swirsky started a production company, Thrill Science, Inc  "Thrill Science" , to produce and distribute short films and related media for the portable media player market  The company has a 20-acre (81,000 m2) lot adjacent to Walt Disney World in Florida  The property, known as Swampworth, is used as a filming location for productions, and as a studio for Swirsky's other projects 

Code used in The Terminator
Some of Swirsky's computer code, from the May 1984 issue of 73 Magazine, was used in the movie The Terminator in a scene where COBOL code was briefly displayed 
Passage 8:
Emma Azalia Hackley
Emma Azalia Hackley, also known as E  Azalia Hackley and Azalia Smith Hackley (1867–1922), was a concert soprano, newspaper editor, teacher, and political activist  An African American, she promoted racial pride through her support and promotion of music education for African-Americans  She was a choir director and she organized Folk Songs Festivals in African American churches and schools  Hackley studied music for years, including in Paris under opera singer Jean de Reszke  She was a music teacher who taught Roland Hayes, Marian Anderson, and R  Nathaniel Dett  She founded the Vocal Normal Institute in Chicago 
She co-founded both the Imperial Order of Libyans and the Colored Women's League  She was a newspaper editor for the women's section of The Statesman and an author  Hackley published The Colored Girl Beautiful, a "how to" on becoming an accomplished and refined African American lady 

Early life
Born Emma Azalia Smith on June 29, 1867, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, she was the daughter of Henry B  and Corilla (Carrilla) Smith  Her mother, formerly Corilla Beard, lived in Detroit and her father was from Murfreesboro  They moved south after their marriage  The daughter of an escaped slave, Corilla founded a school in Murfreesboro for former enslaved people and their children  She gave voice lessons at night  In 1870, the school was threatened and attacked by the Ku Klux Klan and other hostile groups during evening singing lessons  Concerned for the safety of their family, the Smiths moved to Detroit, Michigan, in 1870 or in the 1870s  Her father was a blacksmith  Corilla was a teacher and supported herself and the girls after the Smiths separated  Hackley had a younger sister named Marietta Hackley learned to play the piano at age three and took voice and violin lessons as a child  She was the first African American student to attend public school there  She sang and played piano at high school dances, which contributed to the Smith family's income  She completed her education at Capital High School and a normal school at the same time, graduating with honors from the Washington Normal School in 1886  She received a teaching certificate in 1887 and taught at Clinton Elementary School in Detroit from that year to 1894 She continued her voice and violin lessons, and she also took French lessons  She sang for the Detroit Musical Society  She paid for her lessons by giving piano lessons  Hackley also gave voice recitals  Due to her very light skin color and auburn hair, many people suggested that she try to pass for white in order to further her musical career  She refused to deny her heritage and remained intensely proud of her roots throughout her life 

Marriage
She married Edwin Henry Hackley, an attorney and newspaper publisher from Denver, Colorado in 1894  After the marriage, she moved to Colorado with him  Edwin Henry Hackley, educated at the University of Michigan, was the first African American admitted to the Colorado bar  He co-founded The Statesman with Joseph D D  Rivers Hackley and her husband co-founded the Imperial Order of Libyans, to combat racial prejudice and foment equality  At the turn of the twentieth century, Edwin sold his interest in The Statesman and published the Statesman-cum-Denver Star with his wife Her health suffered due to the high altitude and Hackley decided to move east for her health  In 1901 or 1905, Hackley separated from her husband and left Denver for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  Hackley lived with her husband in Philadelphia in 1910 and 1912  Her mother-in-law lived with them in 1910  At the time, Edwin worked as a letter carrier and she was a singer and a music teacher  There is no record of the Hackleys having divorced  She was identified as a married woman on her death certificate of 1922; Edwin H  Hackley was identified as her husband  Identified as a widower and a playwright, Edwin died in 1940  Hackley was on his birth certificate as his deceased wife 

Career
She received her bachelor's degree from the Denver School of Music in 1900  She was the first African American graduate  Trained in the bel canto vocal style, she was a concert soprano  While receiving her education, she was the assistant director of a large choir in Denver and was the choir director at her church She promoted racial pride through music  She defined herself as a "race musical missionary"  She wanted children to be inspired, stimulated, and trained at her concerts  The Denver Post acknowledged her efforts to draw African Americans into music and said that she was "one of the best vocalists in the city "She established the Colorado branch of the Colored Women's League and was the editor of the Statesman Exponent, the woman's section of The Colorado Statesman  She wrote articles about African American literature and music, including the influence of music on children and home life  Other topics include civil government, current events, and the importance of compiling facts on blacks  She also wrote about household economies and hygiene  In one column she wrote of the Colored Women's League:

In mapping out this program we have borne in mind the great need for thought and talk on the practical as well as cultural side of woman's life  Our first work will be toward the education and improvement of our Colored women and the promotion of their interests 
She held her first performance of a concert tour in Denver in 1901  In 1901, Hackley moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to continue her career as a notable choral director  She was the director of music at the Episcopal Church of the Crucifixion  In 1904, she founded and led the 100-member People's Choir, which became known as the Hackley Choral She organized Folk Songs Festivals to present African American Spirituals  She introduced Black folk music to an international audience at the World Sunday School Convention in Tokyo  She held large community concerts with programs that included classical music, operatic arias, and African American spirituals performed by her and local performers  She financed the programs and provided training sessions for local performers about ten days before the concert In Paris, she studied under Jean de Reszke, a well-known opera singer and vocal coach in 1905 and 1906  She trained artists such as Roland Hayes, Marian Anderson, and R  Nathaniel Dett Hackley wrote newspaper and magazine articles and short books  She gave lectures at churches, colleges, and schools throughout the United States and Canada  Hackley raised funds by holding benefit concerts, which was used to provide foreign scholarships for African American classical musicians In 1912, she formed the Vocal Normal Institute in Chicago, Illinois, which operated until 1916  She had intended for it to be her headquarters and a central location for the school that she could return to between her tours  Instead it put a strain on her  As a result, her health began to decline She gathered recommendations that she had made during her lecture tours for Black woman to succeed  In 1916, Hackley published The Colored Girl Beautiful, a "how to" on becoming a refined African American lady  She defined beauty, duty, and career and leadership opportunities for black women  She was described as one of W  E  B  Du Bois's Talented Tenth by Lois Brevard, her biographer She was driven by a philosophy to uplift people, which she did by delivering lectures inspired by the 19th-century New Thought spiritual movement  She also enjoyed giving music lessons to large audiences  Juanita Karpf wrote the book Performing Racial Uplift: E  Azalia Hackley and African American Activism in the Post-Bellum to Pre-Harlem Era 

Death
Hackley collapsed on stage while performing in San Diego in 1921 and was brought back to Detroit  She died on December 13, 1922, at the home of her sister, Mrs



ground_truth: Meg Ryan

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In Batman Under the Red Hood, who does the actor of Barney Stinson from How I Met Your Mother play?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
East Timor
East Timor ( (listen)), also known as Timor-Leste (; Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia  It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, of which the western half is administered by Indonesia, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco  Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea  The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi)  Dili is its capital and largest city 
East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975  Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation  Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory  On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century  That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN  
The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament  Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence  The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership  The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid 
The total population is over 1 1 million, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate  Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum  High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country  The majority of the population is Catholic, which exists alongside strong local traditions, especially in rural areas 

Name
"Timor" is derived from timur, meaning 'east' in Malay, thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'  In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur  (this name only refers to the former de facto Indonesian province, Timor Leste is used instead to refer this country)  In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east')  In Tetum it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises') The official names under its constitution are "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" in English, "República Democrática de Timor-Leste" in Portuguese, and "Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste" in Tetum  The official short form of the name is "Timor-Leste", and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL 

History
Prehistory and Classical era
Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago  The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages  A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain  The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island  Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south  These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra  Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law  Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai  Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom  These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule : 11–15 From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume  Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood, honey, and wax  The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute : 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century  Early European presence was limited to trade, with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor : 90

Portuguese era (1769–1975)
Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands  Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch : 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores  In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652  The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave : 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited  A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century  Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal : 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance  The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal : 269 During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942  The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor  Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians  The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943  Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited : 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%  Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975 
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975  Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975  Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976  The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration" 

Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance  The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality  A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness  The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data  One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000  Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia : 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia  Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence  A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999  A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military  In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons  On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN 

Contemporary era
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly  On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution  By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned  On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN  The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president  On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order  The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term  While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president  In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party  In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed  Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order  In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities  The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012 Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017  The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election  This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018  In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister  José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres 

Politics and government
The political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system : 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary : 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch  The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions : 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers : 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference : 13, 39  Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas  Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful : 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85% : 17  The political system has wide public acceptance : 17 : 106 The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms  Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers  However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence : 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget : 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority : 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter : 10  As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet 

Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term  The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five  Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method  Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system  Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance  Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system  Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis : 173 Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system  One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women  This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party : 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines  There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule  Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas : 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology : 16  The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections : 168–169  While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an "old guard" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia : 175 : 10–11 Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services : 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy : 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations : 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown  An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets : 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups  Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions : 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country : 40

Foreign relations and military
International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them : 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999  The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012 : 4, 14 East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,: 42–44  and was granted observer status and accepted "in principle" in November 2022  Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership  ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia  Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states : 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group  More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states  It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries : 42–44 Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds  Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions  These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country : 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili : 12 The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border  The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case  The dispute was resolved in 2018 following negotiations at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when a maritime boundary between the two was established along with an agreement on natural resource revenues The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006  It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor  These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component  A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component  There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States 

Administrative divisions
East Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets)  The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule : 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili : 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government  In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration  In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers : 88–92  In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government  This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders : 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime  Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region  The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015  In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households : 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants  Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration : 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself : 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives : 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers  An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services : 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration  Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state  They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration : 7–10

Geography
Located in between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay archipelago : 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south : 2  East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country  The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco  The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse : 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi) : 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude : 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long : 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere  East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi) The interior of the country is mountainous,: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island : 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%  The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline : 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft)  Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season : 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor : 13 : 2  The capital and largest city is Dili  The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau : 22 

The climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year  A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia : 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8 7–9 9 in) per month  In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0 47–0 71 in) : 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect : 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts  Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change : 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall : 6 Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west  These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot : 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park  It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country  It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated  The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country  Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid 2010s : 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct : 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion  There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority : 27 : 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution : 2–3

Economy
The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities and has a large public sector  Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty : 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions  The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country : 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers  There are far more imports than exports,: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries : 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending : 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2 5% per year from 2011 to 2021 : 24 Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line  This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen  Even in urban areas, the majority are poor  Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers : 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth : 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were  There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account : 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population : 214 Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports : 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government : 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries : 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards : 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses  A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each : 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers : 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks : 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually : 257 

This poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country  Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas  The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth : 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund  $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent : 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010 : 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget  As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted  Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009 : 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging  Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy : 264–272 The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors  Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years  The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects  Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth : 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes  Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies  Other government income comes from 23 "autonomous agencies", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor : 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible : 260 

Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment  Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights : 23  As of 2010, 87 7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18 9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38 2%  The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population  Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence : 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop, and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue : 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse  Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually : 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists 

Demographics
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census  The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located : 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare



ground_truth: Nightwing / Dick Grayson

Nightwing

Dick Grayson

Batman

Robin

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the first African American student at the university Robert Khayat was educated at?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Marieta Johnson, in Detroit, Michigan  She is buried at the Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit A special collection, the E  Azalia Hackley Collection of African Americans in the Performing Arts, was founded in her name at the Detroit Public Library in 1943 

In popular culture
A portrait of Hackley, painted by Detroit artist Telitha Cumi Bowens, was included in the 1988/89 exhibit Ain't I A Woman at the Museum of African American History, Detroit  The exhibit featured a dozen prominent Black women from the state of Michigan, including the Honorable Cora M  Brown, Ethelene Jones Crockett, M D , and teacher Fannie M  Richards 

See also
List of African American pioneers of Colorado

Notes
Passage 9:
Thurgood Marshall College
Thurgood Marshall College (Marshall) is one of the seven undergraduate colleges at the University of California, San Diego   The college, named after Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court Justice and lawyer for the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v  Board of Education, emphasizes "scholarship, social responsibility and the belief that a liberal arts education must include an understanding of [one's] role in society " Marshall College's general education requirements emphasize the culture of community involvement and multiculturalism; accordingly Marshall houses the minors in Public Service and Film Studies for the campus  Significant academic programs and departments have come out of the college over many decades: Communication, Ethnic Studies, Third World Studies, African American Studies, Urban Studies & Planning, and Education Studies 
Founded as Third College in 1970 amid the student activism of the period, TMC's original aim was to help students understand their own community through a critical examination of diversity and community in the United States  Marshall College's required writing program is called Dimensions of Culture (DOC), and is a 3 quarter (1 year) sequence that explores race, identity, imagination, tradition, and the law in the United States  During President Obama's administration, the White House honored UC San Diego and Marshall College's Public Service minor and charter school outreach as exemplary community service institutions serving the United States 

Early history
In November 1965, the College III Preliminary Planning Committee released the first substantial report on what form UCSD's third college would take  The committee, comprising faculty members George Backus, Henry Booker, Gabriel Jackson, C D  Keeling, and committee chair Andrew Wright, suggested that College III should focus itself on history and theory 
The Wright Committee report suggested that the college have a muse—namely Clio, the Greek muse of history  History was chosen by the committee because it mixed humanism with science—College III would be a sort of "common ground" between the science of Revelle and the humanities of Muir 
In a quiet act of rebelliousness (or perhaps it was just individuality), the committee planned that College III students would only have to take three courses per quarter to graduate in four years, as opposed to the four it took at the other UCSD colleges  Citing the three-course "full load" at UC Santa Cruz, the committee suggested that taking four courses in one quarter would "make the students ride off in all directions," and that three-in depth courses would be preferable 
The final note of the Wright Committee report described what the committee felt was needed in a College III Provost "a paragon of intellectual vitality, scholarly accomplishment, and administrative talent    sympathetic with the aims of College III, but independent enough    to be able to shape the College in important ways " They asked that a provost be appointed as soon as possible 
By 1967, College III had found its first provost, Armin Rappaport, a history professor at U C  Berkeley  It was appropriate that the provost of a college with Clio as its muse would be a historian, and Rappaport was that  By the time May rolled around, College III was now "Third College "
However, with the swirling political changes of the late 1960s, the college of Clio and Rappaport was never to be  Once the controversy and battles among students, faculty, and administration commenced—featuring lively figures such as Herbert Schiller, Herbert Marcuse, and Angela Davis—the future of Third College would be in a turmoil that didn't fully clear until it finally received its official name, Thurgood Marshall College, in 1993 
Chancellor William J  McGill persuaded Dr  Joseph Watson to become the first operational provost of Third College during this very turbulent time in 1970  Provost Watson's term lasted eleven years as he then assumed a higher campus position as Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs   Professor Faustina Solís then followed as the second college administrator and was also the university's first Latina provost  She served in that capacity from 1981 to 1988  Solís established public health coursework for undergraduates and medical students, following years of social work and health care for under-served populations  She was honored in 1990 when Thurgood Marshall Lecture Hall was renamed the Faustina F  Solís Hall 

Student activism
Naming controversy
At its inception, students pushed for the new college to be named "Lumumba-Zapata College" in honor of the legendary twentieth century revolutionaries Patrice Lumumba and Emiliano Zapata  Unable to get approval for this name from UC Administration, the college was renamed Third College  This name did also inspire the idea that the student body would be one-third white students, one-third black students, and one-third definable minority students  Third College took up much of the activism that the campus was lacking, and the naming controversy was a catalyst for this movement  However, UCSD failed to attract enough black students for this plan to reach fruition and the UC Regents would not allow large scale deviation from the University of California's admission guidelines In the early 1990s, an attempt was made to name the college after Martin Luther King Jr , but failed when UCSD students objected to naming the college after someone who was charged with plagiarizing his doctoral dissertation  More to the point, King's family announced that they would rather see a full-fledged King College built in the South, and preferably in Atlanta 
In 1993 UCSD's Third College finally received its official name in honor of the famous lawyer and Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall  Before becoming the first African American Supreme Court Justice, Marshall argued the 1954 landmark civil rights case Brown v  Board of Education  Justice Marshall was widely known and recognized for his historic contributions to American life and dedication to breaking down barriers to education, civil rights, freedom of speech, women's rights, and the right to privacy  Today Thurgood Marshall College continues to honor the legacy of its namesake by promoting a curriculum and environment that empowers students to become both scholars and citizens 

DOC controversy
In the early 1990s, Thurgood Marshall College created a core freshman writing program that provided a critical examination of identity and diversity in American culture  The intellectual program was inspired by the University of Chicago and Columbia University's freshman humanities programs  The program, Dimensions of Culture (DOC), periodically generated heated debates among students, families, and alumni, based on difficult political issues 
In the spring of 2007, a new curriculum controversy arose pertaining to DOC as students at TMC began protesting against the administrators of the college  The Lumumba-Zapata Coalition (which had resurfaced with the addition of graduate students) along with other students claimed that DOC had lost some of its original messages, protesting against what they termed a "new and diluted" core writing requirement with a decreased focus on race and the ethnic significance of the individual within society  The protests, including picketing, began with the controversial non-renewal of two DOC Teaching Assistants’ contracts for the subsequent year  Others believed that the coalition was pushing an agenda of political indoctrination that conflicted with the academic goals of the Dimensions of Culture Program and the sensibility of a science oriented campus 
The protests had mixed effects  In response to the complaints in regards to the curriculum a new committee was set up to review and change the curriculum accordingly with an emphasis on hiring tenured faculty to teach DOC  Student positions with voting rights were included on the permanent committee so an equitable curriculum will be created reflecting full community input from both students and faculty  Thurgood Marshall College Student Council (TMCSC) issued a report recommending that DOC have an upper division course which also sparked the public service course  In August 2009, Co-Director of the DOC Program, Robert Horwitz stated, "Various criticisms were leveled at DOC in the last few years, and faculty and student investigations concluded that changes needed to be made  Those changes have been implemented and have resulted in a new DOC ”

College programs
Minors
Thurgood Marshall College has created more academic departments and programs than any other college at UCSD, including Third World Studies, Ethnic Studies, Education Studies, African American Studies Minor, and Urban Studies and Planning  TMC is now home to two UCSD Minors: the Public Service Minor and the Film Studies Minor 
The Public Service Minor encourages students to understand the history and practices of public service and to work towards the development of civic skills  Those skills and practices are essential cornerstones of participation in a democratic society regardless of one's chosen profession  The coursework for the minor emphasizes the history and emergence of the non-profit sector as a national institution distinct from the private and public spheres  The practicum aspects of the minor couples with the traditional academic work encourages students to see the connection between the deeds of charitable service and the historic worth of citizens participation in the common public franchise The Film Studies Minor provides students an exciting opportunity to examine the many facets of American and International cinema  Students interested in exploring cinema as a multidimensional art medium will engage in the analysis of cinematic works of various forms  Study of film genres, history, theories, directors, cultural perspectives and more allow students to gain a robust understanding of cinema as a historical and contemporary means of expression  The interdisciplinary nature of the minor provides investigation of cinematic art through its connection to related fields such as Communication, Literature, Sociology and Visual Arts  Students pursuing the Film Studies Minor exhibit a wide range of interests; from those who plan graduate study in film to those who simply wish to understand better this powerful and influential medium 

Morehouse/Spelman/Xavier Student Exchange Program
The Morehouse/Spelman Student Exchange Program was officially launched in the fall quarter of 1989  This formal exchange program with two distinguished Historically Black Colleges was developed by Thurgood Marshall College and is open to all UCSD undergraduates  Morehouse College and Spelman College are both located in Atlanta, Georgia 
Xavier University in New Orleans became the third historic Black college to have this exchange with Marshall College in 2016 

Marshall partnership schools
Then Thurgood Marshall College Provost Cecil Lytle and Sociology Professor Bud Mehan were instrumental in founding the Preuss School at UCSD, which opened in 1999 on campus despite strong opposition  The project was seen by faculty as a deviation from UC San Diego's focus on science and medicine  However, providing the impetus for the founding of The Preuss School reflected the social justice oriented mission of Marshall College  Between 2007 and 2012 Preuss has consistently been listed among the top 50 American high schools by both Newsweek and U S  News & World Report After Preuss was established successfully, the idea and structure of the UCSD-supported charter school model was expanded to Gompers Preparatory Academy  Based on educational theories, the successes of Preuss should be able to be recreated in a different environment, which was why Gompers was selected   Gompers was historically one of the most dangerous and low performing schools in the district, and yet has been transformed into an academically rigorous school with 100% graduation rate with the transition to the charter school model The College maintains strong links to both charter schools by providing them with hundreds of undergraduate tutors and mentors every year from all six colleges  In addition, the College's Provost is a Preuss School Board Member 

Artist in residence
The artist-in-residence program, begun in 2006, brings to campus leading performers and visual artists from San Diego and Southern California to UC San Diego  Each artist is featured for one year and given the opportunity to develop new showcase work, which often goes on to fuller production off campus  Marshall College is the first college at UCSD to commission public art on campus, and has contributed in the creation of a vibrant campus community  Allan Havis, a professor from the Theatre Department, launched these programs during his term as college provost from 2006 to 2016 

Student life
Student involvement
Marshall College is home to an eclectic mix of student-led organizations, programs to facilitate students' success, and opportunities to give back to the Marshall community 

Student organizations
ACT (Active Community at TMC)
Commuter Board
CAUSE (Cultural Association Uniting Students through Education)
Graduation Committee
Judicial Board
LC3 (Leadership Committee for Cultural Celebration)
MAC (Marshall Activities Committee)
Marshall Memos
MSC (Marshall Spirit Crew)
Marshallpalooza Committee
SCORE (Student Committee on Residential Engagement)
TMCSC (Thurgood Marshall College Student Council)
TMTV (Thurgood Marshall Television)
TRES (Transfer and Re-Entry Student Organizations)

Student programs
Dine-with-a-Prof
Each One Reach One
Marshall Mentor Program
Transfer Connect & Success

Leadership Development
Dean's Office Internship
Lift as You Climb
Orientation Leaders (OL)
Resident Advisors (RA)
Resident Life Interns
Passage 10:
Robert Khayat
Robert Conrad Khayat (born April 18, 1938) was the 15th Chancellor of the University of Mississippi  He also played American football as a placekicker, guard, and center for Ole Miss and in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins during the 1960, 1962 and 1963 seasons  He was appointed Chancellor in 1995 

Early years
Khayat was born in Moss Point, Mississippi, to Lebanese parents  He attended Moss Point High School and the University of Mississippi  He received both bachelor of arts and Juris Doctor degrees from the University of Mississippi  He also played football for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1957 to 1959  He also received an LL M  degree from Yale University 

Professional football career
Khayat was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the 1960 NFL Draft  He was then traded to the Washington Redskins in April 1960  He played for the Redskins during the 1960, 1962, and 1963 seasons  Following the 1960 season, he was named to the Pro Bowl squad  He appeared in a total of 40 NFL games and kicked 38 field goals and 90 extra points His brother Eddie Khayat also played and coached in the NFL 

Later years
Khayat later became a lawyer and taught law at the University of Mississippi School of Law He was appointed chancellor in 1995  In one of his first acts as chancellor, Khayat arranged for a $5 4 million gift from Jim and Sally Barksdale to establish an honors college at the university  In 1996, with enrollment declining, Khayat retained the public relations firm, Burson-Marsteller, to conduct a survey of public perception — including university symbols  When The New York Times reported on the review, which included the Confederate Flag and other Old South symbols, a media frenzy ensued 
On January 6, 2009, Khayat announced his retirement effective June 30, 2009  He was succeeded by Daniel Jones on June 15, 2009 
Khayat's memoir, The Education of a Lifetime, was published on September 10, 2013 
Passage 11:
Yeni Həyat, Khachmaz
Yeni Həyat (also, Yeni-Khayat) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan   It has a population of 3,503 
Passage 12:
Fort Wagner
Fort Wagner or Battery Wagner was a beachhead fortification on Morris Island, South Carolina, that covered the southern approach to Charleston Harbor  It was the site of two American Civil War battles in the campaign known as Operations Against the Defenses of Charleston in 1863, in which United States forces took heavy casualties while trying to seize the fort 

Construction
Named for deceased Lt  Col  Thomas M  Wagner, Fort Wagner measured 250 yards (230 m) by 100 yards (91 m), and spanned an area between the Atlantic on the east and an impassable swamp on the west  Its walls, composed of sand and earth, rose 30 feet (9 1 m) above the level beach and were supported by palmetto logs and sandbags  The fort's arsenal included fourteen cannons, the largest a 10-inch (250 mm) Columbiad that fired a 128-pound shell  It was a large structure capable of sheltering nearly 1,000 of the fort's 1,700-man garrison and provided substantial protection against naval shelling  The fort's land face was protected by a water-filled trench, 10 feet (3 0 m) wide and 5 feet (1 5 m) deep, surrounded by buried land mines and sharpened palmetto stakes   The fort itself was supported by defenses throughout Morris Island 

History
The First Battle of Fort Wagner, occurred on July 11, 1863  Only 12 Confederate soldiers were killed, as opposed to 339 losses for the U S  side The Second Battle of Fort Wagner (pictured in Glory (1989 film)), a week later, is better known  It was the Union attack on July 18, 1863, led by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, one of the first major American military units made up of black soldiers  Colonel Robert Gould Shaw led the 54th Massachusetts on foot while they charged, and was killed in the assault Although a tactical defeat, the publicity of the battle of Fort Wagner led to further action for black U S  troops in the Civil War, and it spurred additional recruitment that gave the Union Army a further numerical advantage in troops over the South Union forces besieged the fort after the unsuccessful assault  By August 25, Union entrenchments were close enough to attempt an assault on the Advanced Rifle Pits, 240 yards in front of the Battery, but the attempt was defeated  A second attempt, by the 24th Massachusetts Infantry, on August 26 was successful  After enduring almost 60 days of heavy U S  shelling, the Confederates abandoned it on the night of September 6–7, 1863, withdrawing all operable cannons and the garrison The main reason the fort was abandoned was a concern about the loss of the garrison due to artillery fire and the threat of imminent assault   On September 6, the garrison commander, Colonel Keitt, wrote to his superiors, "The garrison must be taken away immediately after dark, or it will be destroyed or captured  It is idle to deny that the heavy Parrott shells have breached the walls and are knocking away the bomb-proofs  Pray have boats immediately after dark at Cummings Point to take away the men  I say deliberately that this must be done or the garrison will be sacrificed  I am sending the wounded and sick now to Cummings Point, and will continue to do so, if possible, until all are gone  I have a number of them now there  I have not in the garrison 400 effective men, including artillery  The engineers agree in opinion with me, or, rather, shape my opinion  I shall say no more " A council of war in Charleston on the 4th had already reached the same conclusion, and the evacuation was carried out as planned Within twenty years of the Civil War, the remnants of the fort had been washed away by erosion on Morris Island  A group of three ex-servicemen traveled to the fort in May 1885 and reported that the entire fort and approaches to it had washed away into the ocean The fall of Battery Wagner would have considerable strategic significance  With its loss and that of Fort Gregg, Morris Island too fell to the United States  Although Charleston remained in the hands of the rebels its port was effectively closed   At the end of the year Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles could report that "the commerce of Charleston has ceased "  The impact also showed directly in rebel customs receipts, which fell drastically from 1863 to 1864   The labors and sacrifices of the United States forces during the storms and siege had in the end shut down a vital lifeline to the rebellion 

54th Massachusetts
The most famous regiment that fought for the Union in the battle of Fort Wagner was the 54th regiment, which was one of the first African-American regiments in the war  The 54th was controversial in the North, where many people supported the abolition of slavery but still treated African Americans as lesser or inferior to whites  Though some claimed blacks could not fight as well as whites, the actions of the 54th Massachusetts demonstrated once again the fallacy in that argument, as this was not the first time blacks ever fought in war or even for the United States 
William Carney, an African American and a sergeant with the 54th, is considered the first black recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at Fort Wagner in recovering and returning the unit's American flag to Union lines  After the battle, the Confederates buried the regiment's commanding officer, Colonel Shaw, in an unmarked mass grave with the African-American soldiers of his regiment as an insult to him  Instead, his family considered it an honor that Shaw was buried with his men 
Morris Island is smaller than 1,000 acres and is subject to extensive erosion by storm and sea  Much of the site of Fort Wagner has been eroded away, including the place where the Union soldiers were buried  However, by the time that happened, the soldiers' remains were no longer there because soon after the end of the Civil War, the Army disinterred and reburied all the remains, including presumably those of Shaw, at the Beaufort National Cemetery in Beaufort, South Carolina, where their gravestones were marked as "unknown"     The number missing presumed dead at Battery Wagner was 391, among the 10 regiments involved  54th with the most at 146   100 NY with 119, 48th NY with 112  The number of unknowns at Beaufort on their Civil monument 1870s is 174 unknowns   These unknowns collected from three Southern states  Sites include East Florida,  Millen and Lawton Georgia  and Hilton Head   Two Confederate POW sites included  Given the missing at Morris island is  more than double the total unknowns at Beaufort National Cemetery, it appears many bodies were not removed and were lost to the shifting sea 

In popular culture
This fort plays a major part in the film Glory  The final scene portrays Shaw and the men of the 54th Massachusetts leading the attack and storming the fort unsuccessfully 
In the book Magnus Chase and the Ship of the Dead, a character named T J  dies charging the battlements at Fort Wagner 

Preservation
Although the Atlantic Ocean consumed Fort Wagner in the late 1800s and the original site is now offshore, the Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 118 acres (0 48 km2) of historic Morris Island, which had gun emplacements and other military installations during the war 
Passage 13:
James Meredith
James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, and United States Air Force veteran who became, in 1962, the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government (an event that was a flashpoint in the civil rights movement)  Inspired by President John F  Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional rights and apply to the University of Mississippi  His goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration to enforce civil rights for African Americans  The admission of Meredith ignited the Ole Miss riot of 1962 where Meredith's life was threatened and 31,000 American servicemen were required to quell the violence - the largest ever invocation of the Insurrection Act of 1807 In 1966, Meredith planned a solo 220-mile (350-kilometer) March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi; he wanted to highlight continuing racism in the South and encourage voter registration after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965  He did not want major civil rights organizations involved  The second day, he was shot by a white gunman and suffered numerous wounds  Leaders of major organizations vowed to complete the march in his name after he was taken to the hospital  While Meredith was recovering, more people from across the country became involved as marchers  He rejoined the march and when Meredith and other leaders entered Jackson on June 26, they were leading an estimated 15,000 marchers, in what was the largest civil rights march in Mississippi  During the march, more than 4,000 African Americans registered to vote, and it was a catalyst to continued community organizing and additional registration 
In 2002 and again in 2012, the University of Mississippi led year-long series of events to celebrate the 40th and 50th anniversaries of Meredith's integration of the institution  He was among numerous speakers invited to the campus, where a statue of him commemorates his role  The Lyceum-The Circle Historic District at the center of the campus has been designated as a National Historic Landmark for these events 

Early life and education
Meredith was born in 1933 in Kosciusko, Mississippi, the son of Roxie (Patterson) and Moses Meredith  He is of African-American, English Canadian, Scots and Choctaw heritage  His family nickname was "J-Boy"  European traders intermarried with some Choctaw during the colonial period  In the 1830s, thousands of Choctaw chose to stay in Mississippi and become United States citizens when most of the tribe left their traditional homeland for Indian Territory during the federally imposed removal  Those in the state had unions with European Americans and African Americans (some of whom were enslaved), adding to the multi-racial population in the developing territory Meredith completed 11th grade at Attala County Training School (which was segregated as "white" and "colored" under the state's Jim Crow laws) and completed 12th grade at Gibbs High School in St  Petersburg, Florida  He graduated from high school in 1951  Then, Meredith enlisted in the United States Air Force  He served from 1951 to 1960 Afterward Meredith attended Jackson State University for two years, achieving good grades 

University of Mississippi
Challenge to the University
In 1961, inspired the day before by U S  President John F  Kennedy, Meredith started to apply to the University of Mississippi, intending to insist on his civil rights to attend the state-funded university  It still admitted only white students under the state's culture of racial segregation, although the U S  Supreme Court ruled in Brown v  Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, as they are supported by all the taxpayers 
Meredith wrote in his application that he wanted admission for his country, race, family, and himself  He said,

Nobody handpicked me   I believed, and believe now, that I have a Divine Responsibility    I am familiar with the probable difficulties involved in such a move as I am undertaking and I am fully prepared to pursue it all the way to a degree from the University of Mississippi 
He was twice denied admission  During this time, he was advised by Medgar Evers, who was head of the state chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 
On May 31, 1961, Meredith, with backing of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, filed suit in the U S  District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, alleging that the university had rejected him only because of his race, as he had a highly successful record of military service and academic courses  The case went through many hearings, after which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that Meredith had the right to be admitted to the state school  The state appealed to the U S  Supreme Court, which supported the ruling of the appeals court On September 13, 1962, the District Court entered an injunction directing the members of the Board of Trustees and the officials of the University to register Meredith  The Democratic Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, declared "no school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your governor"   The state legislature quickly created a plan  They passed a law that denied admission to any person "who has a crime of moral turpitude against him" or who had been convicted of any felony offense or not pardoned  The same day it became law, Meredith was accused and convicted of "false voter registration," in absentia, in Jackson County  The conviction against Meredith was trumped up: Meredith both owned land in northern Mississippi and was registered to vote in Jackson, where he lived  "Later the clerk testified that Meredith was qualified to register and vote in Jackson [where he was registered] "
On September 20, the federal government obtained an injunction against enforcement of this Act and of the two state court decrees that had barred Meredith's registration  That day Meredith was rebuffed again by Governor Barnett in his efforts to gain admission, though university officials were prepared to admit him  On September 28, the Court of Appeals, en banc and after a hearing, found the Governor in civil contempt and ordered that he be arrested and pay a fine of $10,000 for each day that he kept up the refusal, unless he complied by October 2  On September 29, Lieutenant Governor Paul B  Johnson Jr  (elected Governor on November 5, 1963) was also found in contempt by a panel of the court, and a similar order was entered against him, with a fine of $5,000 a day Attorney General Robert F  Kennedy had a series of phone calls with Governor Barnett between September 27 to October 1  Barnett reluctantly agreed to let Meredith enroll in the university, but secretly bargained with Kennedy on a plan which would allow him to save face 
Barnett committed to maintain civil order  Robert Kennedy ordered 127 U S  Marshals as well as 316 deputized U S  Border Patrol and 97 Federal Bureau of Prisons officers to accompany Meredith during his arrival and registration  On September 29, President Kennedy issued a proclamation commanding all persons engaged in the obstruction of the laws and the orders of the courts to "cease and desist therefrom and to disperse and retire peaceably forthwith", citing his authority under 10 U S C  § 332, § 333, and § 334 to use the militia or the armed forces to suppress any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy 

Rioting at the University
On the evening of September 29, the day after State Senator George Yarbrough withdrew the State Highway Police, a riot broke out  Whites opposing integration had been gathering at the campus and began fighting with federal agents  Despite the Kennedy administration's reluctance to use force, it ordered the nationalized Mississippi National Guard and federal troops to the campus  In the violent clashes which followed, two civilians were killed by gunshot wounds, and white rioters burned cars, pelted federal agents and soldiers with rocks, bricks and small arms fire, and damaged university property 

Enrollment
The day after the riots, on October 1, 1962, after federal and state forces took control, Meredith became the first African-American student to enroll at the University of Mississippi  Meredith's admission is regarded as a pivotal moment in the history of civil rights in the United States 
Many students harassed Meredith during his two semesters on campus, but others accepted him  According to first-person accounts, students living in Meredith's dorm bounced basketballs on the floor just above his room through all hours of the night  Other students ostracized him: when Meredith walked into the cafeteria for meals, the students eating would turn their backs  If Meredith sat at a table with other students, all of whom were white, the students would immediately get up and go to another table  He persisted through harassment and extreme isolation to graduate on August 18, 1963, with a degree in political science 

Education and activism
Meredith continued his education, focusing on political science, at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria  He returned to the United States in 1965  He attended law school through a scholarship at Columbia University and earned an LL B (law degree) in 1968 In 1966, Meredith organized and led a solo, personal March Against Fear for 220 miles from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi, beginning on June 6, 1966  Inviting only black men to join him, he wanted to highlight continuing racial oppression in the Mississippi Delta, as well as to encourage blacks to register and vote following passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965, which authorized federal oversight and enforcement of rights  Governor Paul Johnson promised to allow the march and provide State Highway Police protection  Meredith wanted blacks in Mississippi to overcome fear of violence Despite police, on the second day, Meredith was shot and wounded by Aubrey James Norvell, a white man whose motives were never determined, and who pleaded guilty at trial  Meredith was quickly taken to a hospital  Leaders of major organizations rallied at the news and vowed to complete the march in Meredith's name  They struggled to reconcile differing goals, but succeeded in attracting more than 10,000 marchers from local towns and across the country by the end Meredith recovered from his wounds and rejoined the march before it reached Jackson on June 26, when 15,000 marchers entered the city in what had become the largest civil rights march in state history  During the march, more than 4,000 black Mississippians registered to vote  Continued community organizing was catalyzed by these events, and African Americans began to enter the political system again  Black voters in Mississippi have established a high rate of voter registration and voting participation 

Political career
In 1967, while living and studying in New York, Meredith decided to run as a Republican against incumbent Adam Clayton Powell Jr , a multi-term Democrat, in a special election for the Congressional seat in Harlem  He withdrew from the race and Powell was re-elected  Meredith said later of his campaign, "The Republican Party [of New York] made me an offer: full support in every way, everything " He had full access to top New York Republicans After returning to Mississippi to live, in 1972 Meredith ran for the US Senate against Democratic senator James Eastland, who had been the incumbent for 29 years in what had operated as a one-party state  Following provisions of a new state constitution in 1890 that made voter registration extremely difficult, African Americans had been effectively disenfranchised and the Republican Party had been crippled  Meredith conceded that he had little chance of winning unless Governor George Wallace of Alabama entered the presidential race and split the white vote An active Republican, Meredith served from 1989 to 1991 as a domestic adviser on the staff of United States Senator Jesse Helms  Faced with criticism from the civil rights community for working for the avowed segregationist, Meredith said that he had applied to every member of the Senate and House offering his services, and only Helms' office responded  He also wanted a chance to do research at the Library of Congress In 2002, officials at the University of Mississippi celebrated the 40th anniversary of Meredith's historic admission and integration of the institution with a year-long series of events  Of the celebration, Meredith said,

It was an embarrassment for me to be there, and for somebody to celebrate it, oh my God  I want to go down in history, and have a bunch of things named after me, but believe me that ain't it 
He said he had achieved his main goal at the time by getting the federal government to enforce his rights as a citizen  He saw his actions as "an assault on white supremacy " In 2003, he was far more proud that his son Joseph Meredith graduated as the top doctoral student at the university's graduate business school 

Legacy and honors
In 2002, the University of Mississippi honored the 40th anniversary of Meredith's admission with numerous events 
In 2006, a statue of him was dedicated on campus in his honor 
In 2012, the University commemorated the 50th anniversary of the historic admission, featuring a range of speakers, artists, lectures and events during the year 
That year Meredith received the Harvard Graduate School of Education 'Medal for Education Impact' and was the school's convocation speaker  Meredith said it was the first award in 50 years he had accepted 

Cultural depictions
In 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, he was portrayed by Matthew G  Brown in episode five of the series, Life Sentences 

Political viewpoint
A highly independent man, Meredith has identified as an individual American citizen who demanded and received the constitutional rights held by any American, not as a participant in the Civil Rights Movement  There have been tensions between him and leaders of major organizations of the movement  When interviewed in 2002, the 40th anniversary of his enrollment at University of Mississippi, Meredith said, "Nothing could be more insulting to me than the concept of civil rights  It means perpetual second-class citizenship for me and my kind "Meredith was a supporter of the unsuccessful 1967 gubernatorial bid of ex-Mississippi Governor (and avowed segregationist) Ross Barnett, as well as the 1991 gubernatorial campaign of Louisiana State Representative and ex-Klansman David Duke In a 2002 interview with CNN, Meredith said of his efforts to integrate Ole Miss, "I was engaged in a war  I considered myself engaged in a war from Day One  And my objective was to force the federal government—the Kennedy administration at that time—into a position where they would have to use the United States military force to enforce my rights as a citizen "

Personal life
On March 14, 1956, Meredith married Mary June Wiggins  She later worked as a high school English teacher  They had three sons, James, John and Joseph Howard Meredith   Mary June Meredith died of heart failure in December 1979 
In 1982, Meredith married Judy Alsobrooks in Gary, Indiana  She had one son, Kip Naylor, from a previous marriage  Jessica Howard Meredith was born to their union   The couple live in Jackson, Mississippi 

Works
In 1966, his memoir, Three Years in Mississippi, was published by the Indiana University Press 
He has self-published several books on politics and society 

See also
List of African-American pioneers in desegregation of higher education
List of civil rights leaders
School integration in the United States



ground_truth: James Howard Meredith

James Meredith