prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What series of wins did the sports team that the all time highest goal scorer in spain national team was a member or achieve in 2009?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 2:
FC Barcelona
Futbol Club Barcelona (Catalan pronunciation: [fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə] (listen)), commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ([ˈbaɾsə]), is a professional football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football 
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, Catalan, German, and English footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto "Més que un club" ("More than a club")  Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona  It is the third-most valuable sports team in the world, worth $5 51 billion, and the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €582 1 million  The official Barcelona anthem is the "Cant del Barça", written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs  Barcelona traditionally play in dark shades of blue and garnet stripes, hence nicknamed Blaugrana 
Domestically, Barcelona has won a record 77 trophies: 27 La Liga, 31 Copa del Rey, 14 Supercopa de España, three Copa Eva Duarte, and two Copa de la Liga titles, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions  In international club football, the club has won 22 European and worldwide titles: five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cups, a joint record five UEFA Super Cups, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, a joint record two Latin Cups, and three FIFA Club World Cups  Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015, and occupies the ninth position on the UEFA club rankings as of May 2023  The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid, and matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico 
Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world, and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams  Barcelona players have won a record twelve Ballon d'Or awards, with recipients including Johan Cruyff, as well as a record seven FIFA World Player of the Year awards, with winners including Romário, Ronaldo, Rivaldo and Ronaldinho  In 2010, three players who came through the club's youth academy (Lionel Messi, Andrés Iniesta and Xavi) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football academy  Additionally, players representing the club have won a record eight European Golden Shoe awards 
Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid  In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup  In 2011, the club became European champions again, winning five trophies  This Barcelona team, which won fourteen trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time  By winning their fifth Champions League trophy in 2015 under Luis Enrique, Barcelona became the first European football club in history to achieve the continental treble twice 

History
1899–1922: Beginnings
On 22 October 1899, Swiss Hans Gamper placed an advertisement in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club; a positive response resulted in a meeting at the Gimnasio Solé on 29 November  Eleven players attended – Walter Wild (the first president of the club), Luis de Ossó, Bartomeu Terradas, Otto Kunzle, Otto Maier, Enric Ducal, Pere Cabot, Carles Pujol, Josep Llobet, John Parsons, and William Parsons – and Foot-Ball Club Barcelona was born 

FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey  In 1901, the club participated in the very first football competition played on the Iberian Peninsula, the Copa Macaya, narrowly losing to Hispania AC, but in the following year, Barça won the tournament, the club's first-ever piece of silverware, and then participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya (a combination of players from Athletic Club and Bilbao FC) in the final  In 1908, Hans Gamper – now known as Joan Gamper – became club president in a desperate attempt to save Barcelona from extinction, finding the club struggling not just on the pitch, but also financially and socially, after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905  He said in a meeting, "Barcelona cannot die and must not die  If there is nobody who is going to try, then I will assume the responsibility of running the club from now on " Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm  One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income On 14 March 1909, the team moved into the Camp de la Indústria, a stadium with a capacity of 8,000  To celebrate their new surroundings, the club conducted a logo contest the following year  Carles Comamala won the contest, and his suggestion became the crest that the club still wears – with some minor changes – as of the present day The stadium is regarded as the main element that helped the club grow in the 1910s and become a dominant team, winning three successive Campionats de Catalunya between 1909 and 1911, three Copa del del Rey in four years between 1910 and 1913, and four successive Pyrenees Cup between the inaugural year in 1910 and 1913, which was one of the earliest international club cups in Europe since it consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi and Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country and Catalonia; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region  The contest was the most prestigious in that era  Notable figures of Barça's first great team include Carles Comamala, Alfredo Massana, Amechazurra, Paco Bru and Jack Greenwell  The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917 During the same period, the club changed its official language from Castilian to Catalan and gradually evolved into an important symbol of Catalan identity  For many fans, participating in the club had less to do with the game itself and more with being a part of the club's collective identity  On 4 February 1917, the club held its first tribute match to honour Ramón Torralba, who played from 1913 to 1928  The match was against local side Terrassa where Barcelona won the match 6–2 Gamper simultaneously launched a campaign to recruit more club members, and by 1922, the club had more than 20,000, who helped finance a new stadium  The club then moved to the new Les Cortes, which they inaugurated the same year  Les Cortes had an initial capacity of 30,000, and in the 1940s it was expanded to 60,000 In 1912, Gamper recruited Paulino Alcántara, the club's seventh all-time top-scorer, and in 1917, Gamper also recruited Jack Greenwell as the first full-time manager in Barcelona's history  After this hiring, the club's fortunes began to improve on the field and soon enjoyed its first "golden age"  Along with Alcántara, the Barça team under Greenwell also included Sagibarba, Ricardo Zamora, Josep Samitier, Félix Sesúmaga and Franz Platko  This team won 9 out of 10 Campionats de Catalunya between 1919 and 1928 and two Copa del Rey titles in 1920 and 1922  In total, during the Gamper-led era, Barcelona won eleven Campionats de Catalunya, six Copa del Rey and four Pyrenees Cups 

1923–1957: Rivera, Republic and Civil War
On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March  As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club  This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 1926, the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed, for the first time, to operate a professional football club 

On 3 July 1927, the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara, against the Spanish national team  To kick off the match, local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his aeroplane  In 1928, victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled "Oda a Platko", which was written by a member of the Generation of '27, Rafael Alberti, inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper, Franz Platko  On 23 June 1929, Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League  A year after winning the championship, on 30 July 1930, Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems Although they continued to have players of the standing of Josep Escolà, the club now entered a period of decline, in which political conflict overshadowed sports throughout society  Attendance at matches dropped as the citizens of Barcelona were occupied with discussing political matters  Although the team won the Campionat de Catalunya in 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936, and 1938, success at a national level (with the exception of the 1937 disputed title) evaded them 
A month after the entire Spanish Civil War began in 1936, several players from Barcelona enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising, along with players from Athletic Bilbao  On 6 August, Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol, a representative of the pro-independence political party  He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme, and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity  In the summer of 1937, the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States, where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic  The tour led to the financial security of the club but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France, making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies On 16 March 1938, Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force, causing more than 3,000 deaths, with one of the bombs hitting the club's offices  A few months later, Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the "undisciplined" Catalanism, the club, now down to just 3,486 members, faced a number of restrictions  All signs of regional nationalism, including language, flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain  The Catalan flag was banned and the club were prohibited from using non-Spanish names  These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest 

In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del Generalísimo (now the Copa del Rey)  The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3–0  Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg, beating Barcelona 11–1  According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid  Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history  This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims " It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona's players were threatened by police in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven Despite the difficult political situation, CF Barcelona enjoyed considerable success during the 1940s and 1950s  In 1945, with Josep Samitier as coach and players like César, Ramallets and Velasco, they won La Liga for the first time since 1929  They added two more titles in 1948 and 1949  In 1949, they also won the first Copa Latina  In June 1950, Barcelona signed László Kubala, who was to be an important figure at the club On a rainy Sunday of 1951, the crowd left Les Corts stadium after a 2–1 win against Santander by foot, refusing to catch any trams, and surprising the Francoist authorities  The reason was simple: at the same time, a tram strike was taking place in Barcelona, receiving the support of blaugrana fans  Events like this made CF Barcelona represent much more than just Catalonia and many progressive Spaniards saw the club as a staunch defender of rights and freedoms Coach Ferdinand Daučík and László Kubala led the team to five different trophies including La Liga, the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa Latina, the Copa Eva Duarte, and the Copa Martini Rossi in 1952  In 1953, the club won La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo again 

1957–1978: Club de Fútbol Barcelona
With Helenio Herrera as coach, a young Luis Suárez, the European Footballer of the Year in 1960, and two influential Hungarians recommended by Kubala, Sándor Kocsis and Zoltán Czibor, the team won another national double in 1959 and a La Liga and Fairs Cup double in 1960  In 1961, they became the first club to beat Real Madrid in a European Cup play-off  However, they lost 2–3 to Benfica in the final 

The 1960s were less successful for the club, with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga  The completion of the Camp Nou, finished in 1957, meant the club had little money to spend on new players  The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach, and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966  Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1–0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Santiago Bernabéu in front of dictator Francisco Franco, with coach Salvador Artigas, a former republican pilot in the Civil War  With the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974, the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design, including the original letters once again The 1973–74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record £920,000 from Ajax  Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco  He further endeared himself when he named his son "Jordi", after the local Catalan Saint George  Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973–74 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Santiago Bernabéu en route  He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971)  Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona 

1978–2000: Núñez and stabilization
In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president  The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship  The new president's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch  His presidency was to last for 22 years, and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting go of such players as Diego Maradona, Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands On 16 May 1979, the club won its first European Cup Winners' Cup by beating Fortuna Düsseldorf 4–3 in Basel in a final watched by more than 30,000 travelling blaugrana fans  The same year, Núñez began to invest in the club's youth programme by converting La Masia into a dormitory for young academy players from abroad  The name of the dormitory would later become synonymous with the youth programme of Barcelona 

In June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £5 million from Boca Juniors  In the following season, under coach César Luis Menotti, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid  Maradona's time with Barcelona, however, was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli  At the start of the 1984–85 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster  The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua București during a dramatic evening in Seville Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois  The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches  At the same time, Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads, who often identified with a right-wing separatism  The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois' ideology from liberalism to fascism, which caused division within the group and a sudden support for Núñez's presidency  Inspired by British hooligans, the remaining Boixos Nois became violent, causing havoc leading to large-scale arrests After the 1986 FIFA World Cup, Barcelona signed the English top scorer Gary Lineker, along with goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta, but the team could not achieve success, as Schuster was excluded from the team  Terry Venables was subsequently fired at the beginning of the 1987–88 season and replaced with Luis Aragonés  The season finished with the players rebelling against president Núñez, in an event known as the Hesperia mutiny, and a 1–0 victory in the Copa del Rey final against Real Sociedad 

The Dream Team era
In 1988, Johan Cruyff returned to the club, this time as manager and he assembled what would later be dubbed the "Dream Team"  He used a mix of Spanish players like Pep Guardiola, José Mari Bakero, Jon Andoni Goikoetxea, Miguel Angel Nadal and Txiki Begiristain while signing international players such as Ronald Koeman, Michael Laudrup, Romário and Hristo Stoichkov 

It was ten years after the inception of the youth programme, La Masia, when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team  One of the first graduates, who would later earn international acclaim, was future Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola 
Under Cruyff's guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994  They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley, with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman  They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de España trophies  With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager at that point  He also became the club's longest consecutive serving manager, serving eight years  Cruyff's fortune was to change, and, in his final two seasons, he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Josep Lluís Núñez, resulting in his departure  On the legacy of Cruyff's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club, future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state, "Cruyff built the cathedral, our job is to maintain and renovate it "Reacting to Cruyff's departure, an independent protest group was organised by Armand Caraben, Joan Laporta and Alfons Godall  The objective of the group, called L'Elefant Blau, was to oppose the presidency of Núñez, which they regarded as a corruption of the club's traditional values  Laporta would later take over the presidency of Barcelona in 2003 Cruyff was briefly replaced by Bobby Robson, who took charge of the club for a single season in 1996–97  He recruited Ronaldo for a world record transfer fee from his previous club, PSV and delivered a cup treble, winning the Copa del Rey, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the Supercopa de España, with Ronaldo registering 47 goals in 49 games  Despite his success, Robson was only ever seen as a short-term solution while the club waited for Louis van Gaal to become available Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Inter Milan in another world record transfer  However, new heroes emerged, such as Luís Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique and Rivaldo, and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998  In 1999, the club celebrated its centenari, winning the Primera División title, and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year  Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000 

2000–2008: Exit Núñez, enter Laporta
The departures of Núñez and Van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo, then club vice-captain  Figo had become a cult hero and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own  Barcelona fans, however, were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou, Figo was given an extremely hostile reception  Upon his first return, a piglet's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd  The next three years saw the club in decline, and managers came and went  Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer who, despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000, presided over a mediocre league campaign and a first-round Champions League exit, and was dismissed late in the season  Long-serving Barcelona deputy coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season against Valencia via an exceptional performance from Rivaldo, who completed arguably the greatest hat-trick in history with an overhead bicycle kick winner in the final minute to secure qualification Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, Rexach was never viewed as a long-term solution and that summer Van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager  What followed, despite another decent Champions League performance, was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club's history, with the team as low as 15th in February 2003  This led to Van Gaal's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Antić, though a sixth-place finish was the best that he could manage  At the end of the season, Antić's short-term contract was not renewed, and club president Joan Gaspart resigned, his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior 

After the disappointment of the Gaspart era, the combination of a new young president, Joan Laporta, and a young new manager, former Dutch and AC Milan star Frank Rijkaard, saw the club bounce back  On the field, an influx of international players, including Ronaldinho, Deco, Henrik Larsson, Ludovic Giuly, Samuel Eto'o, Rafael Márquez and Edgar Davids, combined with home grown Spanish players, such as Carles Puyol, Andrés Iniesta, Xavi and Víctor Valdés, led to the club's return to success  Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004–05, and Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third, respectively, in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards 

In the 2005–06 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercopa successes  The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernabéu in a 3–0 win over Real Madrid  It was Rijkaard's second victory at the Bernabéu, making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice  Ronaldinho's performance was so impressive that after his second goal, which was Barcelona's third, some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation  In the Champions League, Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final  Trailing 1–0 to a ten-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining, they came back to win 2–1, with substitute Henrik Larsson, in his final appearance for the club, setting up goals for Samuel Eto'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti, for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years Despite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006–07 season without trophies  A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi  There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticised coach Rijkaard and Ronaldinho  Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form  In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions  Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5–2, with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona's goal of the century, but then lost the second leg 4–0  They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional  In the Champions League, Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals Barcelona finished the 2007–08 season third in La Liga and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League and Copa del Rey, both times losing to the eventual champions, Manchester United and Valencia, respectively  The day after a 4–1 defeat to Real Madrid, Joan Laporta announced that Barcelona B coach Pep Guardiola would take over Frank Rijkaard's duties on 30 June 2008 

2008–2012: Guardiola era
Barcelona B youth manager Pep Guardiola took over Frank Rijkaard's duties at the conclusion of the season  Guardiola brought with him the now famous tiki-taka style of play he had been taught during his time in the Barcelona youth teams  In the process, Guardiola sold Ronaldinho and Deco and started building the Barcelona team around Xavi, Andrés Iniesta and Lionel Messi 

Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4–1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time  A historic 2–6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became 2008–09 La Liga champions  Barça finished the season by beating Manchester United 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, with goals from Eto'o and Messi, to win their third Champions League title, and complete the first ever treble won by a Spanish team  The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble  In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 Club World Cup  Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Supercopa de España for a ninth time After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president  The elections were held on 13 June, where he got 61 35% (57,088 votes, a record) of total votes  Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for €40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for €19 million  At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, Barcelona players that had graduated from the club's La Masia youth system would play a major role in Spain becoming world champions  On 11 July, seven players who came through the academy participated in the final, six of whom were Barcelona players who started the match, with Iniesta scoring the winning goal against the Netherlands In November 2010, Barcelona defeated their main rival Real Madrid 5–0 in El Clásico 
At the ceremony for the 2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or in December, Barcelona's La Masia became the first youth academy ever to have all three finalists for the Ballon d'Or, with Messi, Iniesta and Xavi being named the three best players in the world for 2010  In the 2010–11 season, Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy, their third title in succession, finishing with 96 points  In April 2011, the club reached the Copa del Rey final, losing 1–0 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla Stadium in Valencia  In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3–1 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup  In August 2011, La Masia graduate Cesc Fàbregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid  The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup defeating Porto 2–0 with goals from Messi and Fàbregas  This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies  The Super Cup victory also saw Guardiola win his 12th trophy out of a possible 15 in his three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at Barcelona 

In December, Barcelona won the Club World Cup for a record second time since its establishment, after defeating 2011 Copa Libertadores holders Santos 4–0 in the final thanks to two goals from Messi and goals from Xavi and Fàbregas  As a result, the overall trophy haul during the reign of Guardiola was further extended and saw Barcelona win their 13th trophy out of a possible 16  Considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time, with Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson stating, ”They mesmerise you with their passing”, their five trophies in 2011 saw them receive the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year In the 2011–12 season, Barcelona lost the semi-finals of the Champions League against Chelsea  Guardiola, who had been on a rolling contract and had faced criticism over his recent tactics and squad selections, announced that he would step down as manager on 30 June and be succeeded by assistant Tito Vilanova  Guardiola finished his tenure with Barça winning the Copa del Rey final 3–0, bringing the tally to 14 trophies that Barça had won under his coaching It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova, assistant manager at Barcelona, would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager  Following his appointment, Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season, recording only two losses and amassing 100 points  Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi, who scored 46 goals in La Liga, including two hat-tricks  On 11 May 2013, Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time, still with four games left to play  Ultimately, Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2–1 to them at the beginning of March  They reached the semi-final stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively  On 19 July, it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned, and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three-month medical leave in December 2012 

2014–2020: Bartomeu era
On 22 July 2013, Gerardo "Tata" Martino was confirmed as manager of Barcelona for the 2013–14 season  Barcelona won the 2013 Supercopa de España 1–1 on away goals  On 23 January 2014, Sandro Rosell resigned as president by the admissibility of a complaint for alleged misappropriation following the transfer of Neymar  Josep Maria Bartomeu replaced him to finish the term 

Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–15 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice  On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid  This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years  On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou  On 6 June, Barcelona won the 2015 Champions League Final with a 3–1 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in six years  Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Suárez and Neymar, dubbed "MSN", scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history On 11 August, Barcelona started the 2015–16 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla 5–4 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup  They ended the year with a 3–0 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 Club World Cup final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time, with Suárez, Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament  The Club World Cup was Barcelona's 20th international title, a record only matched by Egyptian club Al Ahly  By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions, Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year, breaking Real Madrid's record of 178 goals scored in 2014  On 10 February 2016, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique's Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola's team in the 2010–11 season, with a 1–1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015–16 Copa del Rey  With a 5–1 win at Rayo Vallecano on 3 March, Barcelona's 35th match unbeaten, the club broke Real Madrid's Spanish record of 34 games unbeaten in all competitions from the 1988–1989 season  After Barça reached 39 matches unbeaten, their run ended on 2 April 2016 with a 2–1 defeat to Real Madrid at Camp Nou  On 14 May 2016, Barcelona won their sixth La Liga title in eight seasons  The front three of Messi, Suárez and Neymar finished the season with 131 goals, breaking the record they had set the previous year for most goals by an attacking trio in a single season 

On 8 March 2017, Barcelona made the largest comeback in Champions League history in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League Round of 16 second Leg, defeating Paris Saint-Germain 6–1 (aggregate score 6–5), despite losing the first leg in France by a score of 4–0  On 29 May 2017, former player Ernesto Valverde was named as Luis Enrique's successor  On 20 September 2017, Barcelona issued a statement exercising their stance on the 2017 Catalan referendum saying, "FC Barcelona, in holding the utmost respect for its diverse body of members, will continue to support the will of the majority of Catalan people, and will do so in a civil, peaceful, and exemplary way"  The match against UD Las Palmas on the referendum day was requested to be postponed by the Barcelona board due to heavy violence in Catalonia, but it (the request) was declined by La Liga, therefore being held behind closed doors  Two directors, Jordi Monés and Carles Vilarrubí, handed in their resignations in protest at the game's being played  Winning La Liga for the 2017–18 season, on 9 May 2018, Barcelona defeated Villarreal 5–1 to set the longest unbeaten streak (43 games) in La Liga history  On 27 April 2019, Barcelona won their 26th La Liga title  However, the La Liga title was overshadowed by an improbable Champions League exit to Liverpool in the semi-finals, with Barça losing the second leg 0–4 after being up 3–0 after a home victory On 13 January 2020, following the loss to Atlético Madrid in the Spanish Supercup, former Real Betis coach Quique Setién replaced Ernesto Valverde as the new head coach of Barcelona  Ultimately Barcelona finished the season trophyless for first time in 12 years  On 17 August, the club confirmed that Setién had been removed from his position as manager with director of football Eric Abidal also dismissed from his position  Two days later, Ronald Koeman was appointed as the new head coach of Barcelona  Rising dissatisfaction among supporters due to worsening finances and decline on the pitch in the previous season led to Josep Maria Bartomeu announcing his resignation as president on 27 October 2020, to avoid facing a vote of no confidence from the club members 

2021–present: Return of Laporta and post-Messi era
On 7 March 2021, Joan Laporta was elected president of Barcelona with 54 28% of the vote  Barcelona won their 31st Copa del Rey, their only trophy under Ronald Koeman, after defeating Athletic Bilbao 4–0 in the final  In August 2021 Barcelona found themselves unable to comply with La Liga's Financial Fair Play requirements, and revealed a club debt of €1 35bn and a wage bill accounting for 103% of total income  Negotiations with Lionel Messi, now in the final year of his contract, had been ongoing for some time  However, on 5 August 2021, Barcelona announced that they would be unable to re-sign Messi to an extension due to La Liga regulations  This was despite the fact that the club and Messi had reached an agreement over the details of a new contract  Messi departed the club after 21 years as a Barça player, and the club's all-time leading goalscorer, and signed on a free transfer with French club Paris Saint-Germain  The financial implications also restricted Barcelona in the transfer market and as a result most of the incoming players were either free transfers or loans and they had to reduce players' wages to register the incoming players Poor performances in La Liga and the Champions League led to the sacking of Ronald Koeman on 28 October, with a club legend Xavi replacing him  Xavi could not reverse the fortunes in the Champions League, and Barcelona dropped down to the Europa League for the first time since 2003–04, subsequently exiting in the quarter-finals  In the domestic league, Xavi improved Barça's form and guided them from ninth to second, guaranteeing a Champions League spot next season  However, this also meant Barcelona finished trophyless after earlier Supercopa and Copa del Rey exits On 15 January 2023, Xavi guided Barcelona to their first trophy since the 2021 Copa del Rey, as the Catalans defeated Real Madrid 3–1 in the Supercopa de España final On March 10, 2023, Spanish prosecutors said they had filed a complaint against Barcelona and two of the La Liga club's ex-presidents over alleged payments to a company owned by a senior refereeing official to influence match results On 23 March 2023, UEFA said it had opened an investigation into the club for a potential violation of the European soccer governing body's legal framework regarding payments made by the club to a company owned by a senior refereeing official 

Support
The nickname culer for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Indústria, sat with their culs over the stand  In Spain, about 25% of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population  Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club  The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003–04 season to 170,000 in September 2009, the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media  As of 31 May 2023, the club has 150,317 memberships, called socis In addition to membership, as of March 2022 there are 1,264 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world  The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona  Among the best supported teams globally, Barcelona has the second highest social media following in the world among sports teams, with over 103 million Facebook fans as of December 2021, only behind Real Madrid with 111 million  The club has had many prominent people among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 

Club rivalries
El Clásico
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as "The Classic" (El Clásico)  From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities  The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War  Over the years, the head-to-head record between the two clubs is 102 victories for Madrid, 100 victories for Barcelona, and 52 draws 

As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid"  In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid)  During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and especially Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained  As such, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like regime  In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs There's an ongoing controversy as to what extent Franco's rule (1939–75) influenced the activities and on-pitch results of both Barcelona and Real Madrid  Fans of both clubs tend to exaggerate the myths favouring their narratives  Most historians agree than Franco did not have a preferred football team, but his Spanish nationalist beliefs led him to associate himself with the establishment teams, such as Atlético Aviación and Madrid FC (that recovered its royal name after the fall of the Republic)  On the other hand, he also wanted the renamed CF Barcelona succeed as "Spanish team" rather than a Catalan one  During the early years of Franco's rule, Real Madrid weren't particularly successful, winning two Copa del Generalísimo titles and a Copa Eva Duarte; Barcelona claimed three league titles, one Copa del Generalísimo and one Copa Eva Duarte  During that period, Atlético Aviación were believed to be the preferred team over Real Madrid  The most contested stories of the period include Real Madrid's 11–1 home win against Barcelona in the Copa del Generalísimo, where the Catalan team alleged intimidation, and the controversial transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano to Real Madrid despite his agreement with Barcelona  The latter transfer was part of Real Madrid chairman Santiago Bernabéu's "revolution" that ushered in the era of unprecedented dominance  Bernabéu, himself a veteran of the Civil War who fought for Franco's forces, saw Real Madrid on top not only of Spanish but also European football, helping create the European Cup, the first true competition for Europe's best club sides  His vision was fulfilled when Real Madrid not only started winning consecutive league titles but also swept the first five editions of the European Cup in the 1950s  These events had a profound impact on Spanish football and influenced Franco's attitude  According to historians, during this time he realized the importance of Real Madrid for his regime's international image, and the club became his preferred team until his death  Fernando Maria Castiella, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Franco from 1957 until 1969, noted that "[Real Madrid] is the best embassy we have ever had " Franco died in 1975, and the Spanish transition to democracy soon followed  Under his rule, Real Madrid had won 14 league titles, 6 Copa del Generalísimo titles, 1 Copa Eva Duarte, 6 European Cups, 2 Latin Cups and 1 Intercontinental Cup  In the same period, Barcelona had won 8 league titles, 9 Copa del Generalísimo titles, 3 Copa Eva Duarte titles, 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cups and 2 Latin Cups The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano  Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina  Soon after Millonarios' return to Colombia, Barcelona directors visited Buenos Aires and agreed with River Plate, the last FIFA-affiliated team to have held Di Stéfano's rights, for his transfer in 1954 for the equivalent of 150 million Italian lira (according to other sources 200,000 dollars)  This started a battle between the two Spanish rivals for his rights  FIFA appointed Armando Muñoz Calero, former president of the Spanish Football Federation as mediator  Calero decided to let Di Stéfano play the 1953–54 and 1955–56 seasons in Madrid, and the 1954–55 and 1956–57 seasons in Barcelona  The agreement was approved by the Football Association and their respective clubs  Although the Catalans agreed, the decision created various discontent among the Blaugrana members and the president was forced to resign in September 1953  Barcelona sold Madrid their half-share, and Di Stéfano moved to Los Blancos, signing a four-year contract  Real paid 5 5 million Spanish pesetas for the transfer, plus a 1 3 million bonus for the purchase, an annual fee to be paid to the Millonarios, and a 16,000 salary for Di Stéfano with a bonus double that of his teammates, for a total of 40% of the annual revenue of the Madrid club Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona  With him, Madrid won the first five editions of the European Cup  The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when Real Madrid and Barcelona met twice in the European Cup, with Madrid triumphing en route to their fifth consecutive title in 1959–60 and Barcelona prevailing en route to losing the final in 1960–61  In 2002, the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the "Match of The Century" by Spanish media, and Madrid's win was watched by more than 500 million people  An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition – such notable celebrations occurred in 2009 when Barcelona captain Carles Puyol kissed his Catalan armband in front of incensed Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and in 2017 when Lionel Messi celebrated his 93rd-minute winner for Barcelona against Real Madrid at the Bernabéu by taking off his Barcelona shirt and holding it up to incensed Real Madrid fans – with his name and number facing them 

El derbi Barceloní
Barça's local rival has always been Espanyol  Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Barça's primary board  The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners  The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid  Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià Traditionally, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Barça's revolutionary spirit  Also in the 1960s and 1970s, while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life, Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen, military officers, civil servants and career fascists In 1918, Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy, which at that time had become a pertinent issue  Later on, an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War, siding with the fascists  Despite these differences in ideology, the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives  In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant  In the primera división league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 87 seasons (1928–2022) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957  Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5–0 on seven occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975, 1992, 2016 and 2017)  Espanyol achieved a 2–1 win against Barça during the 2008–09 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season 

Rivalry with AC Milan
One of Barcelona's rivals in European football is Italian club AC Milan  The team against which Barcelona has played the most matches (19), it is also the third most played match in European club competitions, behind Real Madrid–Juventus (21) and Real Madrid–Bayern Munich (26)  Two of the most successful clubs in Europe, Milan has won seven European Cups to Barça's five, while both clubs have won a record five European Super Cups  Barcelona and Milan have won other continental titles, which make them the second and third most decorated teams in world football, with 19 and 14 titles respectively, both behind Real Madrid's 23 Barcelona leads the head-to-head record with eight wins and five defeats  The first encounter between the two clubs was in the 1959–60 European Cup  They faced off in the round of 16 and Barça won the tie on a 7–1 aggregate score (0–2 in Milan and 5–1 in Barcelona)  While Milan had never knocked Barcelona out of the European Cup, they beat Johan Cruyff's Dream Team 4–0 in the 1994 Champions League final, despite being the underdogs  In 2013, however, Barcelona made a "historic" comeback from a 0–2 first leg defeat in the round of 16 of the 2012–13 Champions League, winning 4–0 at the Camp Nou 

Ownership and finances
Along with Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, and Osasuna, Barcelona is organised as a registered association  Unlike a limited company, it is not possible to purchase shares in the club, but only membership  The members of Barcelona, called socis, form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club  As of 31 May 2023, the club has 150,317 socis In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around €752 million (US$1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008–09 season  According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of €366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated €401 million in revenue  In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2 6 billion  In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3 2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €484 6 million  In 2017, Forbes ranked them the fourth most valuable sports team in the world with a team value of $3 64 billion  In 2018, Barcelona became the first sports team to surpass $1bn in annual revenues  In November 2018 Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13 8m) per year  However, years of profligate spending under the leadership of Josep Maria Bartomeu (president between 2014 and 2020) and other factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, saw the club's gross debt rise to about $1 4 billion in 2021, much of it short-term 

Records
In March 2021, Lionel Messi overtook Xavi's record of 767 games played for the club, and presently has made 778 official appearances in all competitions, while also holding the record for the most appearances in La Liga matches for Barcelona, with 520 

Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in official competitions is Lionel Messi with 672 goals, surpassing Paulino Alcántara's 369 goals in March 2014, a record which stood for 87 years  In December 2020, Messi also overtook Pelé’s 643 goals for Santos to become the highest official scorer for a single club  Messi is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European and international club competitions, and the record league scorer with 474 goals in La Liga  Four other players have managed to score over 100 league goals for Barcelona: César Rodríguez (190), Luis Suárez (147), László Kubala (131) and Samuel Eto'o (108)  Josep Samitier is the club's highest goalscorer in the Copa del Rey, with 64 goals László Kubala holds the La Liga record for most goals scored in one match, with seven goals against Sporting Gijón in 1952  Lionel Messi co-holds the Champions League record with five goals against Bayer Leverkusen in 2012  Eulogio Martínez became Barça's top goalscorer in a cup game, when he scored seven goals against Atlético Madrid in 1957 Barcelona goalkeepers have won a record number of Zamora trophies (20), with Antoni Ramallets and Víctor Valdés winning a record five each  Valdés had a ratio of 0 832 goals-conceded-per-game, a La Liga record, and he also holds the record for longest period without conceding a goal (896 minutes) in all competitions for Barcelona  Claudio Bravo has the record of best unbeaten start in a season in La Liga history, at 754 minutes 

Barcelona's longest serving manager is Jack Greenwell, with nine years in two spells (1917–1924) and (1931–1933), and Pep Guardiola is the club's most successful manager (14 trophies in 4 years)  The most successful Barcelona player is Lionel Messi with 35 trophies, surpassing Andrés Iniesta, with 32 trophies Barcelona's Camp Nou is the largest stadium in Europe  The club's highest home attendance was 120,000 in a European Cup quarter-final against Juventus on 3 March 1986  The modernisation of Camp Nou during the 1990s and the introduction of all-seater stands means the record will not be broken for the foreseeable future as the current capacity of the stadium is 99,354 El Barça de les Cinc Copes is the first team in Spanish football to have won five trophies in a single season (1951–1952)  Barcelona is the only club to have played in every season of European competitions since they started in 1955 counting non-UEFA competition Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  On 18 December 2009, alongside being the only Spanish club to achieve a continental treble, Barcelona became the first ever European football team to win six trophies in a calendar year (Sextuple)  In January 2018, Barcelona signed Philippe Coutinho from Liverpool for €120 million, the highest transfer fee in club's history  In August 2017, Barcelona player Neymar transferred to Paris Saint-Germain for a world record transfer fee of €222 million In 2016, Barcelona's La Masia was ranked second by the International Centre for Sports Studies (CIES) as the most top-level players producing academy in the world 

Kits and crest
The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm  The club shared Barcelona's coat of arms, as a demonstration of its identification with the city and a desire to be recognised as one  In 1910, the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest  The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club  Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations  The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom The blue and garnet colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900  Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and garnet design of the Barcelona shirt  The son of the first president, Arthur Witty, claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor's School team  Another explanation, according to author Toni Strubell, is that the colours are from Robespierre's First Republic  In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team, FC Basel Since 1998, the club has had a kit deal with Nike  In 2016, the deal was renewed until 2028 for a record €155 million per year  The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Barcelona fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga 
Notes

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Anthems
Throughout its history, the club has had various official songs  The anthem in use today is El Cant del Barça (The Song of Barça), composed in 1974 on the occasion of the club's 75th anniversary  Authors Josep Maria Espinàs and Jaume Picas composed the lyrics in Catalan, while the music was composed by Manuel Valls The song was first performed on 27 November 1974 at the Camp Nou stadium before the match between FC Barcelona and the East Germany national team by a 3,500-man choir led by Oriol Martorell  On November 28, 1988, in celebration of the club's centenary, the song was performed by Catalan singer-songwriter Joan Manuel Serrat at the end of the festival at the Camp Nou stadium  Since the 2008–09 season, "Cant del Barça" has been featured on the official Barcelona jerseys 
El Cant del Barça is turned on before Barcelona games take place at the Camp Nou, especially during matches against Real Madrid and just before the start of the meeting  The song is also often played for supporters and fans to cheer, chant and celebrate the victory 

Stadium
Barcelona initially played in the Camp de la Indústria  The capacity was about 6,000, and club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club with growing membership In 1922, the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club, Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts, which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators  After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches  This led to several expansion projects: the grandstand in 1944, the southern stand in 1946, and finally the northern stand in 1950  After the last expansion, Les Corts could hold 60,000 spectators After the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts  Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950, who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches, drew larger crowds to the games  The club began to make plans for a new stadium  The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954, before a crowd of 60,000 Barça fans  The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego  Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas, 336% over budget 

In 1980, when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee  The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee  Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu  In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline  It has a current capacity of 99,354 making it the largest stadium in Europe In December 2021, a record 88% of the club members voted in favor of the Espai Barça project to revamp the club's sporting facilities, being the first online referendum in FC Barcelona history  Originally projected to have been completed in 2021, renovation work on Camp Nou began on 1 June 2023 and it is now aimed to finish by the end of 2026, with an estimated €1 5 billion net funding  During the renovation period, Barcelona will move for the entire 2023–24 season to Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys in Montjuïc, expecting to return in November 2024, with the stadium still under construction There are also other facilities, which include:
Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper (FC Barcelona's training ground)
Masia-Centre de Formació Oriol Tort (Residence of young players)
Estadi Johan Cruyff (Home of the reserve team, women's team, and Juvenil A)
Palau Blaugrana (FC Barcelona indoor sports arena)
Palau Blaugrana 2 (Secondary indoor arena of FC Barcelona)

Honours
S Shared recordIn 2015, Barcelona received the Nine Values Cup, an award of the international children's social programme Football for Friendship 

Players
Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship  The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country  Also, players from the ACP countries that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling 

Current squad
As of 7 July 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Personnel
Current technical staff
Football Sport Management
Management
Board of directors
Filmography
See also
List of fan-owned sports teams
La Masia
Barcelona Femení
Barcelona Atlètic
Barcelona C
Barcelona Futsal
Barcelona Bàsquet
Barcelona Handbol
Barcelona Voleibol
Passage 3:
Spain national football team records and statistics
The following details the Spain national football team records 

Individual records
Player records
Nationwide
Most hat-tricks scored: 3 – Fernando Torres & David Villa
Most consecutive games with at least one goal: 6 – David Villa
Top scorer in World Cup finals: 9 – David Villa
Most goals scored in one World Cup: 5 – Emilio Butragueño (1986) & David Villa (2010)
Most consecutive matches scored in at World Cup: 4 – David Villa (2010)
Top scorer in European Championship finals: 6 – Álvaro Morata
Most goals scored in one European Championship: 4 – David Villa (2008)
Top scorer in Confederations Cup finals: 8 – Fernando Torres
Most goals scored in one Confederations Cup: 5 – Fernando Torres (2013)
Top scorer in UEFA Nations League finals: 6 – Ferran Torres
Most goals scored in one UEFA Nations League: 6 – Ferran Torres (2020–21)

Most caps
As of 18 June 2023, the players with the most caps for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Most goals
As of 18 June 2023, the ten highest scorers for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Most assists
As of 14 June 2021, the highest assist-providers for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 
These are Opta defined assists 

Most penalty goals
As of 29 March 2022 

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Hat-tricks
As of 17 November 2020 

4 Player scored 4 goals
5 Player scored 5 goals
6 Player scored 6 goals

Manager records
Most manager appearances
Vicente del Bosque: 114

Team records
Worldwide
World Cup winners: 2010
Most consecutive wins including friendlies: 15 (2008–09)
Most consecutive wins achieved by an international coach from debut: 13 – Vicente del Bosque
Longest unbeaten run: 36 matches (2007–09)
Longest streak without conceding a goal: 9 matches (1992–93)
Most penalty shoot-outs in one World Cup by one team: 2 at the 2002 FIFA World Cup (shared with  Argentina at the 1990 FIFA World Cup,  Netherlands and  Costa Rica at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and  Russia and  Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup)
Highest maximum number of points in World Cup qualification: 30 out of 30 (2010) (shared with  Germany for 2018)

Biggest wins
Heaviest defeats
Scores from 4–0 and up

FIFA Rankings
Last update was on 14 November 2021   
Source:
Passage 4:
List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi is an Argentine footballer who has represented the Argentina national team since his debut in 2005  Since then, Messi has scored 103 goals in 175 international appearances, making him the country's all-time top scorer; he surpassed Gabriel Batistuta's record of 54 goals with a free kick against the United States in the semi-final of the Copa América Centenario on 21 June 2016  He also holds the record for most goals by a South American male, surpassing Pelé‘s 77 goals with a hat-trick against Bolivia in September 2021  Messi made his debut for Argentina in a 2–1 away win over Hungary on 17 August 2005, and scored his first international goal a year later in his sixth appearance, against Croatia Messi's goal against Serbia and Montenegro, on 16 June 2006, at the age of 18 years and 357 days, made him the youngest-ever scorer for Argentina at a FIFA World Cup  He has scored nine international hat-tricks, and has netted twice in a match on ten occasions  In a June 2022 friendly against Estonia, Messi scored five goals in a match for Argentina for the first time  Out of all his opponents, Messi has scored the most against Bolivia, netting eight goals in total 29 of Messi's goals have come in FIFA World Cup qualifiers  Additionally, he has netted 13 in the Copa América, leading his team to victory in the 2021 edition of the tournament  Furthermore, he also reached the final with Argentina in 2007, 2015 and 2016  At the 2015 Copa América, he allegedly rejected the tournament's Best Player award, and the trophy was omitted from the ceremony  Nonetheless, he received the Best Player award and accepted it for his performances in the 2021 tournament  Messi has scored thirteen times in FIFA World Cup tournaments, a record for Argentina; Messi netted once in 2006, four in 2014, when he guided his team to the final, being awarded the Golden Ball for best player, once in 2018 and another seven in 2022, when he captained Argentina to their third World Cup Trophy, scoring twice in the final and winning the Golden Ball for a record second time  The remainder of Messi's goals, 49, have come in friendlies 

Goals
As of match played 15 June 2023 
Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Messi goal 

Hat-tricks
Statistics
As of match played 15 June 2023

See also
List of career achievements by Lionel Messi
List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
List of footballers with the most goals in a single game
List of top international men's football goal scorers by country
Lists of hat-tricks
List of international goals scored by Gabriel Batistuta
List of international goals scored by Diego Maradona
List of international goals scored by Alfredo Di Stéfano
Passage 5:
Trevor Porritt
Trevor Porritt (born May 24, 1961, in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a former Canadian field hockey player who played for the Canada men's national field hockey team from 1980 to 1988, including the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics  He was the top-scorer for the gold medalist team at the 1987 Pan American Games  Porritt was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 2000 

International senior competitions
1983 – Pan American Games, Caracas (1st)
1984 – Olympic Games, Los Angeles (10th)
1987 – Pan American Games, Indianapolis (1st)
1988 – Olympic Games, Seoul (11th)
Passage 6:
2013 Supercopa de España
The 2013 Supercopa de España was a two-legged Spanish football match-up that was played in August 2013 between the champions of 2012–13 La Liga, Barcelona, and the winner of the 2012–13 Copa del Rey, Atlético Madrid In the first leg which was played on 21 August in Madrid, former Barcelona striker David Villa put Atlético Madrid ahead when he hit a right-footed volley into the back of the net after a cross from the left after 12 minutes  Barcelona equalized in the 66th minute when substitute Neymar headed in at the far post after a high cross by Dani Alves from the right In the second leg, played on 28 August at the Camp Nou, Lionel Messi missed a penalty for Barcelona in the 89th minute, hitting his shot against the crossbar after Miranda had bundled substitute Pedro over in the area  Atlético Madrid had two players sent off: Filipe Luís in the 81st minute for tangling with Dani Alves, and Arda Turan, who had already been substituted, in the first minute of added time for protesting a decision 
Barcelona won the cup for a record 11th time on the away goals rule 

Match details
First leg
Second leg
See also
2013–14 Atlético Madrid season
2013–14 FC Barcelona season
Context 2: Passage 1:
Police dog
A police dog is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers, search and rescue, or the military  Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting officers and other people, and attacking suspects who flee from officers  The breeds most commonly used by law enforcement are the German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever  In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size, though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement Police dogs are used on a federal and local level for law enforcement purposes in many parts of the world  They are often assigned to a K-9 Unit with a specific handler, and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures  Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year, depending on where and how they are trained, and for what purpose  Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training  In many countries, intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense In some English-speaking countries, police dog units are referred to as K-9 or K9, which is a homophone of the word canine 

History
Early history
Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages  Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable's bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws  The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in St  Malo, France, where dogs were used to guard docks and piers  By the late 14th century, bloodhounds were used in Scotland, known as "Slough dogs" – the word "Sleuth", (meaning detective) was derived from this  Between the 12th and 20th centuries, police dogs on the British Isles and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities The rapid urbanization of England and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness  In London, the existing law enforcement, the Bow Street Runners, struggled to contain the crime on their own, and as a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime  Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals 

Modern era
One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren  Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer  He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes  The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale  Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in Ghent, Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899  These methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training  The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide  In later years, many Belgian Malinois dogs were added to the unit  The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals  
In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull  By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers, and German shepherds 

Training
Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the Airedale terrier, Akita, Groenendael, Malinois dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Boxer, Bouvier des Flandres, Croatian Sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler and English Springer Spaniel Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler  The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability  First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit  This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement  However, having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset, this could be dog obedience, crowd control, communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens 
For a dog to be considered for a police department, it must first pass a basic obedience training course  They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation  This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect  Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language  Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands  This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be "single purpose" or "dual purpose"  Single-purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking  Dual-purpose dogs, however, are more typical  Dual-purpose dogs do everything that single-purpose dogs do, and also detect either explosives or narcotics  Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics  When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on (i e  bag or vehicle) without a warrant, in most states In suspect apprehension, having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay 

Specialization
Police dogs can be specialized to perform in specific areas 

Apprehension and attack dogs – This dog is used to locate, apprehend, and sometimes subdue suspects 
Detection dogs – Trained to detect explosives or drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, or methamphetamines  Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition 
Dual purpose dog – Also known as a patrol dog, these dogs are trained and skilled in tracking, handler protection, off-leash obedience, criminal apprehension, and article, area and building search 
Search and rescue dogs (SAR) – This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects  Belgian Malinois, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Bloodhounds can all be used 

Retirement
Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, pregnant or raising puppies, or are too old or sick to continue working  Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a dog is 6–9 years However, when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing  In 2013, a pension scheme for police dogs in Nottinghamshire, England was introduced, wherein the police force offered £805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs; the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler In many countries, police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners 

Accusations of brutality and racial partiality
A 2020 investigation coordinated by the Marshall Project found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U S  as disproportionate force and disproportionately against people of color  A series of 13 linked reports found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K-9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons to catch, bite, and injure people  The rate of police K-9 bites in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a majority-Black city of 220,000 residents, averages more than double that of the next-ranked city, Indianapolis, and nearly one-third of the police dog bites are inflicted on teenage men, most of whom are Black  Medical researchers found that police dog attacks are "more like shark attacks than nips from a family pet” due to the aggressive training police dogs undergo  Many people bitten were not violent and were not suspected of crimes  Police officers are often shielded from liability, and federal civil rights laws don’t typically cover bystanders who are bitten by mistake  Even when victims can bring cases, lawyers say they struggle because jurors tend to love police dogs 

Usage by country and region
Australia
The Australian Federal Police employ "general purpose" police dogs, whose duties include searching for missing persons, suspect apprehension, and keeping the peace  The Australian Federal Police also employ police dogs trained for specialized purposes, such as detecting firearms, explosives, illegal narcotics, and currency  The Australian Border Force also utilizes detector dogs to search for concealed people or illegal products at border checkpoints 

Bangladesh
Border Guards Bangladesh, Rapid Action Battalion and the Dhaka Metropolitan Police maintain several dog squads to assist in anti-narcotic and anti-bombing campaigns 

Belgium
The Belgian Canine Support Group is part of the country's federal police  It has 35 dog teams, most of which are Belgian Malinois  Some dogs are trained to detect drugs, human remains, hormones or fire accelerants  About a third are tracker dogs trained to find or identify living people  These teams are often deployed to earthquake areas to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings   The federal police's explosive detector dogs are attached to the Federal Police Special Units 

Canada
Canadians started using police dogs occasionally in 1908  However, they used privately owned dogs until 1935 when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) saw the value of police dogs and created the first team in 1937  By the 1950s, the RCMP had German Shepherds, Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers in service Many Canadian municipalities use dog squads as a means of tracking suspects  Most municipalities in Canada employ the bite and hold technique rather than the bark and hold technique meaning once the dog is deployed, it bites the suspect until the dog handler commands it to release  This often results in serious puncture wounds and is traumatic for suspects  A dog has the legal status of property in Canada  As such, developing case law is moving towards absolute liability for the handlers of animals deliberately released to intentionally maim suspects  The dog is effectively a weapon 
In 2010, an Alberta Court of Queen's Bench judge stayed criminal charges against Kirk Steele, a man who was near-fatally shot by a police officer while he stabbed the officer's police dog  The judge found that the shooting was cruel and unusual treatment and excessive force Police require reasonable suspicion they will recover evidence in order to use a dog to sniff a person or their possessions in public  This is because using a dog to detect scents is considered a search  The main exemption to that rule are the dogs of the Canada Border Services Agency who are allowed to make searches without warrants under s 98 of the Customs Act 
In 2017, it was reported that the Canadian forces had approximately 170 RCMP dog teams across Canada, and was continuing to grow as more and more Canadian municipalities saw the value of police dogs 

Denmark
There are a total of 240 active police dogs in Denmark, each of which are ranked in one of three groups: Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3  Dogs in Group 1 are very experienced, and highly trained  Group 1 dogs are typically within the age range of four to eight years old and are used for patrolling, rescue, searching for biological evidence and major crime investigations  Group 2 dogs are employed for the same tasks as members of Group 1, but they do not participate in major crime investigations or searching for biological evidence  Group 3 is the beginner rank for police dogs, and are only employed for patrol operations 

Hong Kong
The Police Dog Unit (PDU; Chinese: 警犬隊) was established in 1949 and is a specialist force of the Hong Kong Police under the direct command of the Special Operations Bureau  Their roles are crowd control, search and rescue, and poison and explosive detection  In addition, the PDU works in collaboration with other departments for anti-crime operations 

Netherlands
The Dutch  Police Dog Brigade is part of the national police corps national unit, and supports other units with specially trained dogs  The  dogs are trained to recognize a single specific scent  They specialize in identifying scents (identifying the scent shared by an object and a person), narcotics, explosives and firearms, detecting human remains, and locating drowning people and fire accelerants 
The 10 regional units also have dog brigades of their own  For example, the canine unit of the regional police East netherlands 

India
In India, the National Security Guard inducted the Belgian Malinois into its K-9 Unit, Border Security Force, and Central Reserve Police Force use Rajapalayam as guard dogs to support the Force on the borders of Kashmir  
For regional security, the Delhi Police has recruited many of the city's street dogs to be trained for security purposes  The Bengal Police uses German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and the Indian pariah dog in its bomb-sniffing squad 

Israel
Israel utilizes canine units for border patrols to track illegal persons or objects that pose a threat  Police dogs serve in the Israel Police and Israel Prison Service 

Italy
All the law enforcement in Italy (Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato and Guardia di Finanza) have in service many patrol dogs for Public Order, Anti-Drug, Anti-explosive, Search and Rescue  The first train centers for police dogs in Italy were established after World War I and in 1924, Italy purchased German Shepherds from Germany for border patrol operations in the Alps  The Carabinieri Kennel Club was formed in 1957 to produce police dogs and train handlers in Italy  German and Belgian shepherds are used for multiple purposes, Labradors for drug, weapons and explosive surveillance and Rottweilers serve for protection 

Japan
Japan is one of the few east Asian countries that have dogs serving in law enforcement as others dislike dogs due to cultural norms  Between the 16th and 19th centuries, samurai had Akita service companions that would defend samurai while they slept at night  In modern times, the German shepherd is the common police dog of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 

Kenya
Police dogs began their service in Kenya in 1948 as part of the Kenya Police Criminal Investigation Department of the Kenya Police  Since the 1950s, the main police dog in service is the German shepherd, with Labradors, Rottweilers and English Springer Spaniels being used for specialized purposes  Since the 2000s, the Kenya Police has increased the breeding and adoption of police dogs with the long-term goal of having canines serving in each police station of Kenya 

Nepal
The Nepal Police first established a canine unit in 1975 due to increased crime rates and to help with investigations  Since then, police dogs are in service throughout various regions of Nepal and have been present at the Tribhuwan International Airport since 2009 

Pakistan
Pakistan Customs uses a K-9 unit for anti-smuggling operations  Pakistan's Sindh Police also have a specialized K-9 unit 

Peru
Peru recruits various canine units for various governmental, military and police operations  The National Service of Agrarian Health (SENASA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation has the Canine Brigade of Plant Health that detects plants that may violate phytosanitary trade practices and to prevent the contraband importation of pests in plants and fruit  The brigade is present at Jorge Chávez International Airport and in Peruvian territory For the National Police of Peru, they prefer the German Shepherd, Belgian Shepherd Malinois, Beagle, Weimaraner, Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever breeds for their service and accept donations of dogs between the ages of 12 and 24 months  The National Police use canine units for drug surveillance in the country's main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport, with the force receiving canine training from United States Customs and Border Protection The Peruvian Army has canine units trained for search and rescue as well as disaster situations  During the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, a limitation of gatherings and curfew was enforced with the assistance of canine units that served for law enforcement 

Russia
Police dogs have been used in Russia since 1909 in Saint Petersburg  Attack dogs are used commonly by police and are muzzled at all times unless ordered to apprehend a suspect  Police dogs have also been used to track fugitives, which has remained common in most Soviet Union Successor States 

Sweden
The Swedish Police Authority currently deploys around 400 police canines  There is however no requirement for the dogs to be purebred, as long as they meet mental and physical requirements set by the police  Dogs aged 18–48 months are eligible to take admission tests for the K9 training  The police dogs live with their operators, and after retirement at age 8–10 the operator often assumes the ownership of the dog 

United Kingdom
Police forces across the country, as well as the RAF Police, employ dogs and handlers and dog training schools are available to cater for the ever-increasing number of dogs being used  The use of police dogs became popular in the 1930s when Scotland Yard officially added dogs to its police force There are over 2,500 police dogs employed amongst the various police forces in the UK, with the Belgian Malinois as the most popular breed for general purpose work  In 2008, a Belgian Malinois female handled by PC Graham Clarke won the National Police Dog Trials with the highest score ever recorded 
All British police dogs, irrespective of the discipline they are trained in, must be licensed to work operationally  To obtain the licence they have to pass a test at the completion of their training, and then again every year until they retire, which is usually at about the age of 8  The standards required to become operational are laid down by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on police dogs and are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that training and licensing reflects the most appropriate methods and standards 

United States
Police dogs are in widespread use across the United States  Police dogs are operated on the federal, state, county, and local levels and are used for a wide variety of duties, similar to those of other nations  Their duties generally include detecting illegal narcotics, explosives, and other weapons, search-and-rescue, and cadaver searches  The most common breeds for everyday duties are the German Shepherd and the Belgian Malinois, though other breeds may be used to perform specific tasks On the federal level, police dogs may be seen in some airports assisting Transportation Security Administration officials search for explosives and weapons, or by Customs and Border Protection searching for concealed narcotics and people  Some dogs may also be used by tactical components of such agencies as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Marshals Service  Federally owned police dogs play a vital role in homeland security  An expert on police dogs, L  Paul Waggoner of the Canine Performance Sciences Program at Auburn University said, "detector dogs are a critical component of national security – and they also provide a very visible and proven deterrent to terrorist activities " The American Kennel Club estimates that between 80–90 percent of dogs purchased by the U S  Department of Homeland Security and U S  Department of Defense come from foreign vendors, mostly located in Europe Most police agencies in the United States – whether state, county, or local – use police dogs as means of law enforcement  Often, even the smallest of departments operates a K-9 division of at least one dog; in these cases, police dogs will usually serve all purposes deemed necessary, most commonly suspect apprehension and narcotics detection, and teams are often on call  In larger cities and metropolitan areas, police departments regularly employ dozens of police dogs  In these cases, individual dogs often serve individual purposes in which each particular animal is specialized, and teams usually serve scheduled shifts  In both cases, police dogs are almost always cared for by their specific handlers  The U S  Fish and Wildlife Services agency requires police dogs to undergo annual in-service training to recertify their skills and credentials  This training must last at least 24 hours each year 

Under the Federal Law Enforcement Animal Protection Act, it is a felony to assault or kill a law enforcement animal, including police dogs and police horses, in all 50 states  However, police dogs are not treated as police officers for the purpose of the law, and attacking or killing a police dog is not punishable in the same manner as attacking or killing a human police officer  Although many police departments formally swear dogs in as police officers, this swearing-in is purely honorary, and carries no legal significance Police dogs also play a major role in American penal systems  Many jails and prisons will use special dog teams as a means of intervening in large-scale fights or riots by inmates  Also, many penal systems will employ dogs – usually bloodhounds – in searching for escaped prisoners 
In October 2017, the U S  House Oversight and Government Reform Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee held a hearing about whether there is a sufficient supply of dogs that can be trained as police dogs  Congressman Mike Rogers (R-AL) said that the continued ISIS-inspired attacks in the U S  and all over the world "have driven demand through the roof" for police dogs 
The Marshall Project maintains a database of police dog bites across the United States 

Supreme Court cases
The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States of America  Some U S  Supreme Court cases that pertain to police dogs are:

United States v  Place (1983) – The Court held that the sniff of a specially trained police dog is sui generis and it does not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure for one to sniff a person's personal items in a public place, even if done without a warrant 
City of Indianapolis v  Edmond (2000) – The Court held that is unconstitutional to set up a highway checkpoint for the primary purpose of illegal narcotic discovery  In the case, the Indianapolis Police Department was using police dogs to detect narcotics at the checkpoint without reasonable suspicion 
Illinois v  Caballes (2005) – The Court held that police do not need probable cause to bring a drug-detection dog to a vehicle during a legal traffic stop, and searches by a police dog do not count as an invasion of privacy, because a well-trained one will only alert to the presence of illegal substances 
Florida v  Harris (2013) – The Court held that a police dog's alert to the exterior of a vehicle gives the officer probable cause to search the vehicle without a warrant  Further, the Court affirmed that the state does not have to prove each dog's reliability in order for evidence gathered from them to be valid in court 
Florida v  Jardines (2013) – The Court held that evidence collected from a police dog at the front door of a house cannot be used in court  The front porch of a house is considered a private place, and the police need probable cause and a search warrant to bring a police dog to the front door 
Rodriguez v  United States (2015) – The Court held that, without reasonable suspicion, the use of a police dog after the conclusion of a legal traffic stop violates the Fourth Amendment 

See also
Detection dog
Dogs in warfare
Nosework
Working dog
Passage 2:
Dog
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf  Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from extinct Pleistocene wolves, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative  Dogs were the first species to be domesticated by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ago before the development of agriculture  Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes  Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color  They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people  Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human–canine bond has been a topic of frequent study  This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend" 

Taxonomy
In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature)  Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal  He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus  Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other  In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W  Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793  Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo  Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision  Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade with some debating it In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 

Evolution
Domestication
The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany  Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf  The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks  The dog had died of canine distemper  Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs, but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated in the time of hunter–gatherers, which predates agriculture  DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage  Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kesslerloch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago  The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago  This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication  The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades  Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia  In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia 

Breeds
Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds  In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes  Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans  The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores  These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour  Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection  Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs  As a result, present day dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world  The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era 

Biology
Anatomy
Skeleton
All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types  The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis  Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types  The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls 

Senses
A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch  One study suggested that dogs can feel Earth's magnetic field 

Coat
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only  Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside  Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals 

Tail
There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew  As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others  In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries 

Health
Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees  Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs  Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly  Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs 
Several human foods and household ingestible are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol  The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs  Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e g , from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea  Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis 

Lifespan
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years  The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged  For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i e , the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1 2 years longer than purebred dogs 

Reproduction
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle  They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy  At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation  Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary  An average litter consists of about six puppies 

Neutering
Neutering is the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive  Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year  Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes  Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs  Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs  However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs and prostate cancer in males and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex 

Inbreeding depression
A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e g , between half and full siblings)  Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations  Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival  Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression  In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age  Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection  Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding 

Behavior
Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli  As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans  As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors  Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs  These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors  In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs  These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication  These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i e , selection for tameness) and emotional processing  Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves  Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation  Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability 

Intelligence
Researchers have tested dogs' ability to perceive information, retain it as knowledge, and apply it to solve problems  Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills   A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items  He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure  A study of another Border Collie, Chaser, documented his learning and memory capabilities  He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words  Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing, pointing, and human voice commands 
One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats  One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focused on the "what" of a task rather than the "where" Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception  An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans  Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not 

Communication
Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting : xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste)  Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture 

Ecology
Population
The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment 
In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million and 987 million  About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries  In the developing world, dogs are typically feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon  Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%)  Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes 

Competitors and predators
Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans  For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves  Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together  In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed  Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs  In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size  Siberian tigers in the Amur River region have killed dogs in the middle of villages  This indicates that the dogs were targeted  Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way  Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range 

Diet
Dogs have been described as omnivores  Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet  Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet  However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh  
Of the twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms (including selenocysteine), dogs cannot synthesize ten: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine  
Also more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain nitrogen balance  These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores 

Range
As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies  Notable exceptions once included:

The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent
The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar
The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species
Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands, Palau and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro, the Marshall Islands, the Gilbert Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Marquesas, Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island, the Chatham Islands and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships) Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections 

Roles with humans
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language  These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations  These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures  Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals  This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world  In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat 

Pets
It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history  Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased  In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (the expression "in the doghouse" – recorded since 1932 – to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion  From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians  People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status  The first has been "commodification", shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior  The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion  The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries  Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack  Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships  However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions  The idea of the "alpha dog" trying to be dominant is based on a disproved theory about wolf packs  Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77 5 million people in the United States have pet dogs  The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs  There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs  Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do  This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans 

Workers
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles  In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),  hunting (hounds, pointers) and rodent control (terriers)  Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads  In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities  Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care 

Athletes and models
People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions  In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard  As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows 

Food
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, which dates back to antiquity  Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year  In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat   Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog  As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward  Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland  Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history  Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland and Central Asia  Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months  Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy  A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder  Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots  While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken 

Health risks
In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59 6% in Asia and 36 4% in Africa  Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector  Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year  Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck  They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate  Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections In the U S , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year  It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U K  hospitals are domestic accidents  The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis  In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U S  population is infected  Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision  Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans 

Health benefits
Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders  Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes  Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans  The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being  Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being have been criticized for being poorly controlled  It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal " Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people  Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets " In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition  This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets  The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term  Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival  Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs  The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets  For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety  Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis  The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans  One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not  In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders  Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease  One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program 

Cultural importance
Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love  In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine, and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her  In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection  In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs  Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion  In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades  Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate  In Norse mythology, a dog called Garmr guards Hel, a realm of the dead  In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge  In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn  In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes  They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka  A black dog is also considered to be the vahana (vehicle) of Bhairava (an incarnation of Shiva) In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness  Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the saint's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that  As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis)  In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege  Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets  Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them  The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet " Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets 

Terminology
Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same 
Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies) 
Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old 
Sire – the male parent of a litter 
Dam – the female parent of a litter 
Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping 
Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth 
Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam 

See also
Passage 3:
Flesh and Bone (film)
Flesh and Bone is a 1993 American neo noir mystery thriller film written and directed by Steve Kloves that stars Meg Ryan, Dennis Quaid and James Caan  Gwyneth Paltrow is featured in an early role, for which she received some praise 

Plot
A family in rural Texas finds a boy, Arlis, who says he is lost  They take him into their home, feed him, and give a place to sleep  But the boy later lets his father, Roy (James Caan), into the house to commit a robbery  When they are discovered, Roy brutally murders the family, which the boy witnesses  The sole survivor is a baby girl 
Time passes, and Arlis (Dennis Quaid) lives a solitary life in which he drives a truckload of goods and novelties to restock vending machines and arcade games in roadside stores and restaurants  Making a stop at a roadhouse where a rowdy party is being held, he spots Kay (Meg Ryan), a woman who pops up out of a cake at the party and then passes out because she's been drinking liquor 
Arlis ends up giving her a ride home, a long drive, while continuing to make his rounds  Upon coming home, Kay sees that her husband Reese has sold the furniture, having lost their money gambling  She packs up her remaining belongings and leaves with Arlis  They spend more time together and grow close 
Meanwhile, a young woman named Ginnie (Gwyneth Paltrow) now travels with a much older Roy  She is a grifter who will pretend to be a mourner in order to steal the jewelry from a dead body at a funeral home  Ginnie brings an injured Roy to his estranged son, Arlis, to tend to his injury 
Passing the house where he grew up, Arlis realizes that Kay was the infant who survived the long-ago murders  Roy figures this out as well  He begins talking about tying up loose ends  It leads to a confrontation, and Arlis shoots Roy dead  Ginnie goes off on her own, and Kay and Arlis go their separate ways 

Cast
Dennis Quaid as Arlis Sweeney
Meg Ryan as Kay Davies
James Caan as Roy Sweeney
Gwyneth Paltrow as Ginnie
Scott Wilson as Elliott
Gail Cronauer as Emma
John Hawkes as Groom

Location
Principal photography began on October 5, 1992 and completed on December 26, 1992 
It was filmed in Lockhart and Marfa, Texas, as well as at the Mustang Mott store owned by Maxine McCoy, in Westhoff, Texas Producer Mark Rosenberg died of a heart attack suffered on the film's location in Stanton, Texas 
As the end credits begin, the film is dedicated to him 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Flesh and Bone holds a 65% approval rating from 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale 
Passage 4:
A Dog's Purpose (film)
A Dog's Purpose is a 2017 American family comedy-drama adventure film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by W  Bruce Cameron, Cathryn Michon, Audrey Wells, Maya Forbes, and Wally Wolodarsky, based on the 2010 novel of the same name by W  Bruce Cameron  The film stars Britt Robertson, KJ Apa, Juliet Rylance, John Ortiz, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, Peggy Lipton, Dennis Quaid, and Josh Gad  The first film from the novel covers themes of loyalty, grief, dysfunctional family, and reincarnation from one lifetime to another 
The film is a co-production between Amblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media, and Pariah Entertainment Group  It was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017, and grossed $205 million worldwide  It was Peggy Lipton's final film role before her death in 2019 
A sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released on May 17, 2019 

Plot
In the 1950s, a feral puppy wonders about life's true purpose  Weeks later, he is caught by dogcatchers, whisked away to the pound, and euthanized 
The dog is reborn as a Red Retriever in 1961  Leaving his cage at a puppy mill, he is taken by two garbage men, who plan to sell him  Left locked inside their pick-up truck, he begins to die of heatstroke, but is rescued by a kindhearted mother and her eight-year-old son, Ethan Montgomery  They break the truck's window and bring him home, naming him Bailey  Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer at Ethan's grandparents' farm, and Bailey decides Ethan alone is his purpose  Ethan gives him the nickname “Boss Dog”  Years pass, and after several attempts at advancing in his job fail, Ethan's father has become an alcoholic  In 1969, Ethan meets a girl named Hannah at a fair with Bailey, and they soon begin dating  They spend their summer together, happily, through senior year  They plan to go to the same college, Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah with an academic one  At home one night, Ethan's drunken father becomes abusive towards his mother and him  Ethan kicks him out  Later in 1971 at a football game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full scholarship to Michigan State University  That night, his vindictive classmate Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house, causing a house fire  Bailey alerts Ethan, who saves his mother out through an upstairs window  Ethan lowers her, then Bailey  However, he loses his rope and must jump, fracturing his leg and ending his athletic scholarship  Bailey attacks Todd, who is arrested by the police when firecrackers fall out of his pocket  Now, Ethan must go to an agricultural school, where he will learn to take over the farm  Depressed, Ethan breaks up with Hannah before leaving for college, while Bailey stays with Ethan's grandparents  Bailey ages and Ethan comes to say goodbye 
Bailey is reborn as a female German Shepherd puppy, growing into a police dog named Ellie, in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while fully retaining memories of her past lives  Ellie is partnered with lonely officer Carlos Ruiz who has recently split up with his partner, of the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "seeking" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose  They form a close bond, ending after Ellie saves a girl, kidnapped by her mother's ex-boyfriend, from drowning and is then fatally shot by the kidnapper while protecting Carlos 
Reborn in the mid-1980s as a male Corgi, Bailey is adopted by Atlanta college student Maya, who names him Tino  Lonely, he tries to find her happiness  She meets Al, a classmate, after Tino falls for Al's dog, a female Landseer named Roxy  They marry, having three children  Tino is heartbroken when one day Roxy does not return from the vet  As Tino ages and dies, he thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives 
Bailey reincarnates again, this time as a St  Bernard/Australian Shepherd mix puppy in 2014  At first adopted by a woman named Wendi, he is named Waffles  Unfortunately, Wendi's husband neglects him, refuses to let her keep him inside, and after several years, abandons him  Waffles searches for a new life, gradually making his way back to where he spent summers as Bailey  He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, now in his 60s, lonely on his grandparents' old farm, now his  Not recognizing him, Ethan takes him to the local animal shelter, but later reclaims him, naming him Buddy  Sensing that he has finally found his true purpose, he reunites Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they get married  Buddy shows Ethan that he is his “Boss Dog”, by performing tricks and responding to phrases that were known only to the two of them many years back  Ethan finds Bailey's collar, now old and rusty, and places it back on Bailey's neck, and they resume playing exactly the way they did so long ago  Bailey narrates that life is about having fun, saving others, finding someone to be with, not getting upset over the past or the future, and living for today 

Cast
Josh Gad as the voice of Bailey, Ellie, Tino and Buddy, the reincarnations of "Boss Dog", the main protagonist 
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery, an old man who runs a farm 
KJ Apa as teenaged Ethan Montgomery, a popular football player who later gets injured and must become a farmer 
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year-old Ethan Montgomery, a young boy interested in comics and football 
Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother in an unhappy and abusive marriage to Jim, whom she later divorces 
Peggy Lipton as Hannah, an old woman who is widowed and has two children 
Britt Robertson as teenaged Hannah, the supportive and intelligent girlfriend of Ethan 
John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz, Ellie’s partner who trains her as a police dog 
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya, a shy young woman who adopts Tino 
Pooch Hall as Al, a young man who dates and later marries Maya, and has three children with her 
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father in an unhappy and abusive marriage with Elizabeth and an alcoholic 
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather and a farmer 
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother 
Logan Miller as Todd, a former friend of Ethan’s who is vindictive and jealous of him 

Production
In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel  On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film  On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast  On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film  On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play Bailey's inner voice, but the role was eventually performed by Josh Gad  Principal photography began on August 17, 2015  During production, controversy ensued over treatment of a dog during filming 

Release
In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy  The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017  Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales 

Reception
Box office
A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64 5 million in the United States and Canada and $140 5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $205 million, against a production budget of $22 million In North America, it was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for  It made $466,000 from Thursday-night previews and $5 3 million on its first day  It ended up debuting to $18 2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split  The film dropped 40 6% in its second weekend, grossing $10 8 million and finishing third at the box office 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35% based on reviews from 142 critics, with an average rating of 4 8/10  The site's critics consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale Andrew Barker of Variety wrote: "Viewed in a vacuum, it’s hard to fault the movie’s earnestness; Hallström’s canine cinema pedigree (which includes the superior Hachi: A Dog's Tale) shows through; and Rachel Portman's score is understandably sentimental without going completely saccharine " 
Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "While the human performers are more than adequate, there’s no doubt that the canine stars carry the day  Their utter irresistibility helps a long way in terms of getting past the corny plot machinations of A Dog’s Purpose "

Home media
A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Pictures Home Entertainment  The film topped the home-video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017 

Controversy
On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a male German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting  After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog  The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident was under further investigation  PETA called for a boycott of the film  Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie and was not on set during the making of the film, said he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will " Director Lasse Hallström said via Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage  Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying, "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape, so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot," and  "Hercules is happy and healthy " On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public 

Sequel
On June 21, 2017, CEO of Amblin Entertainment Michael Wright announced that a sequel was in development  On August 26, 2018, Universal began production on the sequel, which is directed by Gail Mancuso, and was released on May 17, 2019  In addition to Quaid and Gad reprising their roles, the cast also includes Marg Helgenberger (replacing Peggy Lipton, who had become seriously ill), Betty Gilpin, Kathryn Prescott, and Henry Lau  The trailer for the sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released in January 2019 



ground_truth: continental treble

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the actor of Ethan in A Dog's Purpose?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Esther Cleveland
Esther Cleveland (September 9, 1893 – June 25, 1980) was the second child of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States, and his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland 

Biography
Esther Cleveland was born on September 9, 1893, in the White House, to the President of the United States, Grover Cleveland and the First Lady, Frances Folsom  She remains the only child of a President to have been born there  Into her maturity, the US press still referred to her as "The White House baby" (in a photograph of her in her early 20s, from a now unknown newspaper archive source) 
In April 1896, she contracted measles when it spread through the White House, leading to a quarantine  Five years later, she contracted diphtheria She made her debut in 1912 and was rumored to be engaged to Randolph D  West shortly after (which was denied by her relatives)  On March 14, 1918, at Westminster Abbey, she married Captain William Sidney Bence Bosanquet (May 9, 1883 – March 5, 1966) of the Coldstream Guards of the British Army  He had liaised with the US over steel production and was the son of Sir Albert Bosanquet, the Common Serjeant of London  After WWII he was the manager of Skinningrove Iron Works in East Cleveland, England  They lived in Kirkleatham Old Hall, now Kirkleatham Museum, on the outskirts of Redcar  They bought the whole building in 1930 after half of it was initially occupied by soldiers   Following his death, she returned to the United States and she sold the house to the local Council in 1970 As Mrs Bosanquet, she was known locally in the 1940s and 1950s for her philanthropy  Esther bridged the divergent views of her mother's opposition to suffrage, stemming from Frances Cleveland's belief that women were not ready to vote, through to supporting her daughter who went to Somerville College, Oxford  She was the mother of British philosopher Philippa Foot, who was a fellow at Oxford before holding several professorships in the States  Philippa Foot clearly had a sense of liberation from early governess education to high academic success  She said that she learned nothing from home tuition in Kirkleatham  It was "the sort of milieu where there was a lot of hunting, shooting, and fishing, and where girls simply did not go to college " Nevertheless, she had the subsequent financial support from Esther and William Bosanquet to go to school in Ascot and later to Oxford 
Esther Cleveland Bosanquet died in Tamworth, New Hampshire, in 1980 at age 86 
Passage 2:
Lucy Kennedy
Lucy Kennedy (Irish: Lusaí Ní Chinnéide; born 21 April 1976) is an Irish television and radio presenter 
Kennedy first came to public attention from co-hosting The Podge and Rodge Show on RTÉ Two  She has also presented the dating show The Ex-Files, the celebrity show Livin' with Lucy, her own chat show The Lucy Kennedy Show and the reality boxing show Charity Lords of the Ring  She is doing full-time radio work, The Colm and Lucy breakfast Show on Ireland's Classic Hits Radio  She presented The Six O'Clock Show on TV3 

Early life
Kennedy grew up in Sandycove, Dublin, the middle child of three girls  Her father is John Kennedy who would later feature alongside his daughter as her pianist on The Lucy Kennedy Show 
Lucy attended Holy Child Killiney secondary school  Kennedy's first career was as a flight attendant with Cityjet, followed by a course in television presenting and production  In 2002, she worked as a contestant researcher for an Irish version of The Weakest Link   She later worked as a production assistant on An Tuath Nua and production co-ordinator on A Scare at Bedtime and briefly worked in sales for SPIN 1038 

Television presenter
Kennedy began presenting two series of The Ex-Files in 2004 and was approached to co-host The Podge and Rodge Show in February 2006  She described the duo as "like the older brothers I never had" but left the show after three series  In 2007, Kennedy made numerous television appearances on other shows such as No Frontiers and People in Need Telethon, as well as winning the TV Now Award for Female Personality of the Year  The same year she starred in Debbie does Dallas 21 
In April – May 2008, Kennedy featured in her own show, Livin' with Lucy, the premise of which she shared a house with celebrities such as Brian McFadden and Calum Best for a weekend  The show aired on RTÉ2 on Monday nights  During the show she was hunted by the paparazzi and the press when she stayed with the British reality-television personality Jade Goody  Kennedy encountered controversy whilst staying with Samantha Mumba when Mumba launched a verbal attack on Irish radio presenter Dave Fanning using expletives Kennedy presented The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show when regular host Ian Dempsey was absent on 18 July 2008 Kennedy was subject to speculation that she would take over the role of host of travel series No Frontiers from Kathryn Thomas but this did not come to pass Her chat show, The Lucy Kennedy Show, an inhouse RTÉ production, began on 6 January 2009  Her father John was her pianist on the show  She co-presented Charity Lords of the Ring alongside Barry McGuigan in August 2009  After this she took maternity leave  She began filming the third series of Livin' with Lucy in July 2010 In September 2013, Kennedy began co-hosting Late Lunch Live alongside weatherman Martin King  Late Lunch Live replaced The Morning Show  In February 2014, she signed a contract with Virgin Media One (formerly TV3)  Late Lunch Live subsequently became The Seven O'Clock Show in 2015, and now airs as The Six O'Clock Show due to the return of Emmerdale and Coronation Street to Virgin Media One in 2016 On 30 August 2017, it was announced that Kennedy would host Ireland's Got Talent  She hosted two series of Ireland's Got Talent until its cancellation in 2019 

Radio presenter
Kennedy had a "recent stint" in RTÉ 2fm with Bazil Ashmawy On 7 May 2010, it was announced she would co-present with Colm Hayes for one month the 9 am – 12 noon slot vacated by the death of Gerry Ryan  However, she was not given the job permanently stating that she did not have the necessary experience for it She did Weekend Breakfast with Baz & Lucy  This is a "less visible" role in the organisation that is RTÉ  On 18 April 2018 Lucy co-hosted the first edition of a new breakfast show on Radio Nova 100FM (Ireland) with Colm Hayes, called The Colm and Lucy Breakfast Show  (Colm Hayes had joined Radio Nova 100FM as its Programming Director in June 2017 ) Some months prior to this launch, they had presented a one-off show on Radio Nova 100FM 

Personal life
Kennedy is married to Richard Governey; the couple have three children, two daughters and a son  She models her mother/career-oriented lifestyle on that of Miriam O'Callaghan 

Awards
Kennedy won Favourite Female TV Presenter at the 2009 TV Now Awards 
Passage 3:
Georges Bégué
Georges Pierre André Bégué (22 November 1911 – 18 December 1993), code named Bombproof, was a French engineer and agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine organization, the Special Operations Executive (SOE)   The purpose of SOE in France, occupied by Nazi Germany in World War II, was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance  SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England 
Bégué was the first of 470 SOE F (France) Section agents infiltrated into France  He was a wireless operator  He proposed the use of BBC to transmit coded messages to resistance groups in Europe, a practice which became ubiquitous   He also arranged for the first of many thousands of airdrops of supplies and arms to resistance groups in France   He was captured by the French police in October 1941   He escaped from prison in 1942 and returned to the United Kingdom 

Early life
Georges Bégué was born 22 November 1911 in Périgueux, France  His father was a railway engineer and the family moved to Egypt when Bégué was a child  Bégué also trained as an engineer at University of Hull where he learned English and met his wife  He went through his military service as a signaller 

World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, Bégué was recalled to the French army  Because of his knowledge of English he was assigned to liaison with the British troops  He eventually escaped to Britain during the Dunkirk evacuation  After the surrender of France, he joined the Royal Signals as a sergeant, meeting Thomas Cadett, the Paris correspondent of the BBC, who was working in SOE's F section who recruited him 

The first SOE agent
In 1940 SOE Bégué joined the new F (French) section  He was given the alias George Noble and trained as a wireless operator  After training, he parachuted "blind" (nobody met him on arrival) into Indre Department on the night of 5/6 May 1941 with a heavy wireless transmitter in a suitcase  He was the first SOE agent in France  He was lucky to have arrived at all, as the night before his flight the house he was staying in had been destroyed by a bomb while he was out  He contacted socialist Max Hymans near Châteauroux and persuaded him that he was a legitimate English agent  Hymans introduced him to other socialists in the area  On 9 May, he sent his first wireless message back to SOE headquarters in London  On 10/11 May, he was joined by SOE agent Pierre de Vomécourt and on 12/13 May by Roger Cottin, both also parachuted blind The Germans quickly detected Bégué's wireless transmissions and jammed them and began to hunt for him around Châteauroux   Nevertheless, he was able to arrange the first airdrop of supplies into France by SOE on 13 June 1941  Two containers were dropped at Bas Soleil, the estate of Pierre de Vomécourt's brother, Philippe, near Limoges  The containers were dropped by an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bomber and contained sub-machine guns, explosives, and other material   They were the first of nearly 60,000 containers of supplies and arms air-dropped to SOE operatives and resistance groups during World War II Bégué and Pierre de Vomécourt created the first of about 90 SOE networks (also called circuits and reseau) in France  Their network was called Autogiro  Georges Bégué is sometimes called "Georges One" as he was the first SOE wireless operator in France   Subsequent wireless operators were called "Georges Two, Georges Three, etc  The SOE's slang term for a wireless operator was a "pianist "

Engaging the BBC
Bégué had an exhausting schedule, often transmitting and receiving messages to and from SOE three times a day  In addition he often had to serve as a courier traveling by train to deliver or receive messages to other SOE agents  As the Germans and French police were attempting to locate him and his wireless through direction-finding equipment, Bégué proposed sending seemingly obscure personal messages to agents in the field in order to reduce risky radio traffic  In accordance with his proposal, the BBC's Radio Londres broadcasts began with "Please listen to some personal messages," followed by spoken messages, often amusing, and without context  Representative messages include "Jean has a long mustache" and "There is a fire at the insurance agency," each one having some meaning to a certain resistance group  They were used primarily to provide messages to the resistance, but also to thank SOE agents and sometimes to mislead the enemy  Because these messages were in code, not cipher, the German occupiers could not hope to decipher them unless they had infiltrated a resistance group, so they focused their efforts on jamming the messages instead  The transmission of coded messages by Radio Londres became ubiquitous in World War II 

Arrest
The SOE parachuted in a number of additional agents in September 1941   One agent, Gerry Morel, went his own way to recruit resistance members  The Milice, the Vichy France police, arrested him at Limoges on 3 October 1941  His arrest led to more arrests and eventually to Bégué, who was arrested 24 October in a Marseilles safe house  He was sent to join a dozen SOE agents in the Beleyme prison in Périgueux  They were later transferred to a prison camp in Mauzac-et-Grand-Castang, Dordogne in March 1942, thanks to intervention of the American Consul-General Hugh Fullerton  Bégué smuggled out a message to London, bribed a guard, and created a duplicate key and the group escaped 16 July 1942  SOE agent Michael Trotobas was one of the escapees as was Jean-Pierre Bloch, whose wife, Gabrielle Sadourny, assisted in the escape Bégué and the other escapees hid in a forest while the French police searched for them and then continued to Lyon in separate groups  Bégué arrived on 23 July  SOE agent, American Virginia Hall, was in contact with the Vic escape network and eventually the escapees were led over the Pyrenees to neutral Spain where Bégué was interned at Figueres and sent to Miranda de Ebro prison camp but was later released to continue to England  He arrived in London in October 1942 The SOE in London had changed leadership in his absence and Bégué had little confidence in the new SOE leader, Maurice Buckmaster   He was named signals officer, but believed his talents were under-utilized 

After the war
After the war Bégué emigrated to the United States  He worked in a number of lower-level jobs until he could officially become an electronics engineer  He also became an American citizen  He died 18 December 1993 in Falls Church, Virginia  He was 82 years old  Begues was survived by his wife Rosemary and two daughters, Brigitte and Suzanne 

See also
SOE F Section timeline
SOE F Section networks
Passage 4:
Frances Freeling Broderip
Frances Freeling Broderip (née Hood) (11 September 1830 – 3 November 1878) was an English children's writer 

Early life
Broderip, second daughter of Thomas Hood, the poet, who died in 1845, by his wife, Jane Reynolds, who died in 1846, was born at Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, in 1830  She was named after her father's friend, Sir Francis Freeling, the secretary to the general post office  Her younger brother was the humourist Tom Hood 

Marriage
On 10 September 1849 she married the Rev  John Somerville Broderip, son of Edward Broderip of Cossington Manor, (d  1847), by his wife Grace Dory, daughter of Benjamin Greenhill  Her husband was born at Wells, Somersetshire, in 1814, educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his B A  1837, M A  1839, became rector of Cossington, Somersetshire, 1844, and died at Cossington on 10 April 1866  The couple had four daughters 

Publications
In 1857 Mrs  Broderip commenced her literary career by the publication of Wayside Fancies, which was followed in 1860 by Funny Fables for Little Folks, the first of a series of her works to which the illustrations were supplied by her brother, Tom Hood  Her other books appeared in the following order:

Chrysal, or a Story with an End 1861
Fairyland, or Recreations for the Rising Generation  By T  and J  Hood, and their Son and Daughter 1861
Tiny Tadpole, and other Tales 1862
My Grandmother's Budget of Stories 1863
Merry Songs for Little Voices  By F  F  Broderip and T  Hood 1865
Crosspatch, the Cricket, and the Counterpane 1865
Mamma's Morning Gossips 1866
Wild Roses: Simple Stories of Country Life 1867
The Daisy and her Friends: Tales and Stories for Children 1869
Tales of the Toys told by Themselves 1869
Excursions into Puzzledom  By T  Hood the Younger, and F  F  Broderip 1879In 1860, with the assistance of her brother, Tom Hood, she edited Memorials of Thomas Hood, 2 vols , and in 1869 selected and published the Early Poems and Sketches of her father  She also, in conjunction with her brother, published in a collected form The Works of T  Hood, 1869–73, 10 vols 

Death
She died at Clevedon on 3 November 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and was buried in St  Mary's churchyard, Walton by Clevedon, on 9 November, leaving issue four daughters 
Passage 5:
Andy Barclay
Andy Barclay is a fictional character and protagonist of the Child's Play horror film series  He is a young boy who, after receiving a Good Guy doll for his sixth birthday, is the prime suspect in a series of mysterious murders  In reality the murders are being committed by the doll, which was possessed by serial killer Charles Lee Ray (aka Chucky)  The duo go on to become archenemies  Andy Barclay is portrayed by actor Alex Vincent in the original Child's Play film, Child's Play 2, Curse of Chucky, Cult of Chucky and in the Chucky television series  Justin Whalin played Andy in Child's Play 3, while Gabriel Bateman played Andy in the 2019 reboot of Child's Play  Andy is mentioned, but does not appear in Bride of Chucky and Seed of Chucky 

History
Child's Play (1988)
Andy Barclay is celebrating his sixth birthday and really wants a Good Guy doll for his present  He even makes his mother breakfast in bed, to show her how good he is  However, the dolls are too expensive for her salary, and he ends up getting clothes instead  Seeing her son's disappointment, after she drops him off at daycare, Karen buys a doll for half price from a peddler unaware that the doll is possessed by the soul of a serial killer named Charles Lee Ray  Karen takes the doll back home to him, and he is very overjoyed to have a new best friend 
As Karen must go back to work, her best friend Maggie volunteers to babysit  The night goes by uneventfully until Maggie tells him that it is time for bed  Andy says that his doll, Chucky, wants to stay up to watch the 9 o'clock news  Thinking he is lying, she sends him to go brush his teeth but confronts him again when she finds Chucky on the couch with the TV on  Although Andy denies moving Chucky to the couch, she thinks Andy is really joking  She tucks him into bed, then goes to read a book  Later that night, when Maggie mysteriously falls to her death from the window, Andy is questioned by detective Mike Norris  During the investigation, Karen comes back home and is angered by Norris falsely implying that her son had something to do with Maggie's death  She kicks the detectives out and then goes to check on her son  She sees him talking to his doll, and thinks it is innocent enough until Andy says that the doll told him, "Aunt Maggie was a real b**** and got what she deserved "
The next day, Chucky gets Andy to bring him to the house of Chucky's former accomplice, Eddie Caputo  While Andy goes to urinate, Chucky manages to blow up the building, killing Eddie  The detectives are called in to check out the scene and again find Andy there  As they see this as more than a coincidence, they get Dr  Ardmore to monitor as Jack questions, Andy  When Jack asks why Maggie fell out of the window, Andy says that she saw Chucky, and it scared her so much she fell down  Karen comes to Andy's side, and explains that no one believes him; if he does not tell the truth, the police will take him away from her  Afraid, Andy confronts Chucky, begging him to say something  As he simply repeats his doll lines, he runs to his mother, telling her Chucky is doing it on purpose and would kill him if he ever told anyone about him  From behind the glass, Dr  Ardmore announces his presence  Seeing more than enough, he suggests Andy stay a few days at the hospital, and with no real choice, Karen reluctantly hands over her son 
At his hospital room, Andy hears Chucky coming up the stairs and screams for Dr  Ardmore to help which he does nothing  Chucky manages to get into Andy's room, but by that time Andy had escaped  Andy finds his way downstairs and into the operating room, followed by Chucky  After being knocked to the ground by Chucky, he picks a scalpel up and prepares to defend himself  However, he is seized by Dr  Ardmore, who puts him on the bed  Despite Andy's claims that Chucky is in the room, Ardmore goes to sedate him  Before he can do it though, Chucky kills Ardmore, allowing Andy to escape the hospital 
Andy makes it back to the apartment, but Chucky follows him  Chucky knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat and begins the ritual to transfer his soul  Luckily Norris and Karen burst in just in time to save Andy  After a brief fight, Karen throws Chucky into the fireplace, and despite Chucky's pleading, Andy lights a match and sets Chucky on fire  Hearing Norris in the bedroom, the two go to his side, and Karen tells Andy to retrieve the first aid kit from under the sink  However, as he goes, he notices that Chucky is missing from the fireplace  Completely charred, Chucky chases Andy, who runs back to the bedroom  Karen shoots him several times, missing his heart, but knocking off his head 
Jack later arrives and brings the doll's head into the bedroom  Unbeknownst to him, Chucky's body breaks through the air vent behind Jack and strangles him  As Karen pulls Chucky's body off Jack, Mike shoots him in the heart, finally killing him  Fearfully looking at Chucky's remains, Andy leaves with Karen and Jack to take Mike to the hospital 

Child's Play 2
Now eight years old, Andy is sent to a foster home with Phil and Joanne Simpson, as his mother Karen is undergoing a psychiatric evaluation after what transpired in the previous movie  Although the family is very nice, they become suspicious the next morning when one of Joanne's antiques is broken (by Chucky, who used the antique to destroy the family's existing Good Guy doll)  Both Andy and his foster sister Kyle deny doing anything, so Phil sends them to do the laundry  Later that night, Chucky manages to track Andy down and invades the house, and goes into Andy's room  He ties him to the bed and begins the voodoo chant to transfer his soul  However, before he can finish, Kyle sneaks back into the house through Andy's window after seeing her boyfriend  She tries to untie Andy as Phil and Joanne walk in on them  They accuse Kyle of tying up Andy as a sick joke and ignore Andy's pleas that the doll is alive  Chucky is thrown in the basement by Phil  Chucky realizes he has a nosebleed, which he attributes because he is becoming more human as time goes on 
The next morning, Andy goes to his first day of school, and Chucky follows  While his teacher Miss Kettlewell is reading a story to the class, there is a disruption by a bully teasing Andy  She thinks Andy is the source and scolds him for it  During recess, Chucky enters the classroom and writes obscenities on Andy's test paper  When the day is over, Miss Kettlewell uncovers the paper and forces him to stay after school for detention  She mistakenly locks him inside the classroom after throwing Chucky in the closet, while she leaves to phone Phil  Andy tries to call for help from anybody on the other side of the locked door, but to no avail  Chucky begins shouting from the closet for Andy to let him out, but Andy instead escapes by opening the window and running home  Miss Kettlewell returns to the classroom to find Andy gone  Hearing a sound from the closet and believing Andy is hiding within, she opens the door to reveal a fully alive Chucky  Chucky stabs her with an air pump that knocks her back, after which he beats her to death with a yardstick 
When Andy comes home, Phil confronts him about his test paper, and Andy explains that Chucky did it  Phil takes him to the basement to prove the doll is not alive and surprisingly, Chucky is there  In the middle of the night, Andy hears a sound coming from downstairs  He arms himself with a knife and proceeds into the basement  From there he is attacked by Chucky but is saved by Phil coming downstairs  Andy tries to warn Phil about Chucky, but Chucky trips him, causing him to fall and break his neck  When Joanne finds Phil's dead body, she blames Andy for Phil's death and sends him back to the orphanage 
While at the orphanage, the fire alarm is pulled, Andy and his caseworker Grace run into Kyle as they try to evacuate  Grace blames Kyle, who is being held at knifepoint by Chucky, and pulls her and Andy back to her office  When Grace takes the doll from Kyle, Chucky pulls out his knife and stabs the caseworker to death  Chucky grabs Andy and forces him to go to the Play Pals factory, with Kyle running after them  From there, he knocks Andy unconscious and begins to say the chant  However, the chant fails; Chucky is trapped in his doll form forever  Enraged, Chucky goes to kill Andy but is subdued by Kyle  She takes Andy and runs through the factory, while Chucky tries to stop them  But before getting them, Andy pours molten plastic on Chucky, partially melting his head  Andy and Kyle then jam an air hose into his mouth, causing his head to explode, finally killing him  Both Andy and Kyle leave the factory together, towards uncertain futures 

Child's Play 3
Eight years later, Andy is now sixteen years old  He has been thrown out of numerous foster homes, and Social Services has enrolled him in a military academy as a last destination  The head of the school, Cochran, agrees to let Andy in because he has had a rough life, but tells him to grow up and forget the killer doll fantasies  Andy is placed in a bunk with another student, Harold Whitehurst, who he finds bound and gagged in their closet  This was done by Cadet/Lieutenant/Colonel Brett Shelton, who uses his position to bully Andy  Regardless of Shelton's bullying, he is able to keep his friend Whitehurst; he also meets another student named Kristen De Silva, and the two develop a strong romantic relationship 
Unbeknownst to Andy, Chucky has shipped himself to the academy, in order to transfer his soul into his now teenaged nemesis  During the night, he confronts Andy in his room and reveals his plan to transfer his soul into a different child's body: Ronald Tyler, an 8-year-old returning cadet whom Andy had befriended when he first arrived at the academy  Tyler was tasked with delivering a package to Andy (which was in fact Chucky) earlier, but Tyler realized it was a Good Guy doll and planned to keep it for himself  When Chucky burst free from the package, he was initially furious that Tyler didn't take the package to Andy, but soon realizes it would be way easier to possess this unsuspecting new child  Chucky now plans to kill Andy so he can't stop him but Andy thwarts him off until Shelton enters the room  He finds Andy slamming Chucky against the floor, and rudely takes Chucky from him  The next morning, Andy approaches Tyler and asks him about Chucky and not to trust him, mentioning all the bad Chucky did when he was a little boy  Tyler snaps that he is just jealous that Chucky did not pick him first  Still worried for Tyler's life and knowing he must be a protector like his mother Karen and his foster sister Kyle were to him when he was younger, Andy decides to give him a pocket knife in case Chucky tries to transfer his soul into Tyler's body again and he is not around to protect him 
When the school's annual paintball war begins, Andy sneaks off to find Tyler, who had run away from Chucky in the woods  Realizing that Andy was right and that Chucky is truly alive and evil, Tyler stabs the doll with the pocket knife and escapes  He later meets up with Andy and the rest of the blue team  Chucky next attacks Kristen, using her as a hostage to lure out Andy and exchange Tyler for her  After their exchange, the red team comes into the area, and instead of shooting paintballs, they shoot live bullets that Chucky secretly placed in their guns  In the chaos, Tyler briefly escapes only to find himself once again held hostage by Chucky  Kristen and Andy follow Chucky and Tyler into a haunted house at a nearby carnival 
In an attempt to keep her from rescuing Tyler, Chucky shoots Kristen in the leg, leaving Andy to fight him alone  After a struggle, Tyler is knocked out, and Chucky begins his ritual chant  However, before he finishes, Andy reaches them on the top of a skull-covered mountain prop  He shoots Chucky in the arm and chest, causing Chucky to lose his weapon  Even after being disarmed, Chucky pounces on Andy and attempts to strangle him  Tyler awakens and gives Andy his pocket knife from earlier  Andy uses it to slice off Chucky's remaining hand, causing the doll to fall into a giant fan that shreds him to pieces  After leaving the haunted house, Andy visits Kristen, who is being treated by medics, and allows himself to be arrested  Andy is last seen riding off in the backseat of a police car 

Bride of Chucky
Andy is briefly mentioned in a newspaper article titled "Boy claims doll possessed by killer's soul" 

Seed of Chucky
Andy is indirectly mentioned by Chucky during his "what's so great about being human anyway" speech by referencing his numerous victims and enemies 

Curse of Chucky
Six months after Chucky attacked Nica, the adult Andy gets a package delivered, and brings it inside  Before opening it, he receives a phone call from his mother, Karen  As Andy talks about his birthday dinner at Karen's place, Chucky cuts his way out of the box  Ready to kill, Chucky turns around, only to see Andy pointing a shotgun directly at his face  When Chucky shockingly says Andy, Andy says to play with this to Chucky, and before Chucky can explain where Andy has been since Child's Play 3, Andy fires his shotgun through Chucky's head 

Cult of Chucky
After the events of Curse of Chucky, Andy now keeps Chucky's severed head to torture in retribution for his crimes  Tapes later reveal that Andy had tried to prove Nica Pierce's innocence by showing Chucky to her psychiatrist Dr  Foley, but it was dismissed as special effects  Learning that Chucky had managed to transfer his soul into multiple Good Guy dolls, Andy sends a Good Guy that he had shaved to the asylum and drives there  When he is unable to get in due to visiting hours being over, he commits himself by punching the security guard, being locked in a cell  When a Chucky doll he previously maimed arrives at his cell to kill him, Andy restrains the doll and rips a gun out of the doll's stomach  Andy shoots the short-haired Chucky three times and stomps its head in, killing it instantly  When Nica, now possessed by Chucky's soul, arrives at his cell, Andy attempts to shoot her but his gun jams  Chucky/Nica then locks Andy inside of his cell and escapes, but it is later implied that Andy had escaped the hospital to find and track down the remaining Chucky dolls with his foster sister Kyle after he sent her to his cabin to torture the still alive Chucky head from the first seven films 

Chucky (TV Series)
After the events of the film Cult of Chucky, in the premiere of Chucky the series, Andy calls Jake after he posts online finding a Good Guy Doll and he's selling it  Andy tells Jake if the doll's name is Chucky he is possessed and to check to see if he has batteries to believe him  Andy asks who is there implying someone is at his location and the phone goes dead 
In the sixth episode of the series, Andy and his foster sister, Kyle, are seen hunting down the remaining possessed Chucky dolls  After entering a family's home, Chucky reveals himself to Andy while holding a knife to a child's throat, Andy shoots Chucky in the head with his pistol and then continues to shoot him with Kyle by his side and he is finally dead 
Later in the same episode, Andy is contacted by Jake Wheeler and Devon Evans in hopes of help with defeating Chucky  Andy and Kyle pick up the phone, and ask Jake for his location and how many people he has told about the murderous doll 
In the seventh episode of the series, Andy had left his foster sister Kyle behind at a gas station for her own good and at the end of the episode, Andy rings the doorbell of Junior Wheeler's house with Chucky and his protege Junior (who just got through murdering his father) looking on from the window 
The season finale picks up directly after the ending of episode 7, with Junior letting Andy inside the house  Andy asks for Jake, under the guise of being a collector of Good Guy dolls whom Jake was going to sell Chucky to  After asking Junior if he knows where his father or Chucky could be (as he slyly investigates the house), Junior lies, claiming that his father must've left and took the doll with him  Seemingly convinced, Andy leaves the house  Later in the episode, Andy arrives at Charles Lee Ray's old house and rescues Devon, who had been held hostage by Chucky/Nica the previous night  Devon quickly warns Andy that Tiffany had rigged a bomb to go off at the front door as a death trap if anyone opens it and Andy takes caution  Kyle arrives at the house, calling out Andy's name  Chucky decides to use the generic Good Guy Doll voice to sound like a child crying for help in order to lure Kyle to the front door and trick her into opening it  Andy attempts to warn Kyle about the bomb but it appears to be too late, as the bomb destroys the house and presumably takes the lives of Andy, Devon, and Kyle  However, Andy is ultimately revealed to have survived the explosion, along with Devon, who'd originally believed Andy to be dead after he managed to escape  Andy had hidden out in the delivery truck carrying the boxes of Good Guy dolls (which Chucky had possessed at the end of episode 7) at the town's benefit screening of Frankenstein  Andy knocks out the truck's driver, and takes the wheel  Before he drives off to apparently destroy the dolls, he shares a brief glance with Jake, Devon, and Lexy (who are standing outside of the theater after defeating the Chuckys inside), and gives them a thumbs up and a silent nod  As he makes his exit, he flips off an upset Tiffany and leaves Hackensack  The doll version of Tiffany suddenly appears and holds Andy at gunpoint and tells him to drive the truck to the airport so the Good Guy dolls can still be shipped out, however Andy foils this plan by driving the truck off a cliff 
He is not seen again until season 2, episode 5, where Lexy and Devon discover a cabin on the outskirts of the Incarnate Lord School while on a search for the source of the Chuckys in the school  In this cabin, they discover Andy, revealed to have survived the crash, held captive alongside Dr



ground_truth: Meg Ryan

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who wrote the song The Story sung by the performer of Give Up the Ghost?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sri Lanka Matha
"Sri Lanka Matha" (English: "Mother Sri Lanka"; Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතා, romanized: Śrī Lańkā Mātā; Tamil: ஸ்ரீ லங்கா தாயே, romanized: Srī Laṅkā Tāyē) is the national anthem of Sri Lanka  "Sri Lanka Matha" was composed by Ananda Samarakoon and was originally titled "Namo Namo Matha" ("Salute! Salute! Motherland") "Sri Lanka Matha" was first performed at an official ceremony on 4 February 1949 at the Independence Memorial Hall in Torrington Square during the national day ceremony  The anthem was given full constitutional recognition in the 1978 Second Republican Constitution 

History
There are differing accounts as to the origin of the "Sri Lanka Matha"  The most widely held view is that Sri Lankan composer Ananda Samarakoon wrote the music and lyrics to the song, inspired/influenced by the Indian Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore  A minority suggest that Tagore wrote the anthem in full  Some have suggested that Tagore wrote the music whilst Samarakoon wrote the lyrics  Tagore being directly involved in the creation of the song has been denied by some historians like Indian Lipi Ghosh and Sri Lankan Sandagomi Coperahewa  Samarakoon had been a pupil of Tagore at Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan  After returning to Ceylon Samarakoon taught music at Mahinda College, Galle  The song, which was then known as "Namo Namo Mata", was first sung by students at Mahinda College  After it was sung by the choir from Musaeus College, Colombo at a public event it became hugely popular in Ceylon and was widely played on radio Prior to Ceylon's independence (1948) the Lanka Gandharva Sabha had organised a competition to find a national anthem  Among the entries were "Namo Namo Matha" by Samarakoon and "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" by P  B  Illangasinghe and Lionel Edirisinghe  The latter won the competition but this was controversial as Illangasinghe and Edirisinghe were members of the judging panel  "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" was broadcast by Radio Ceylon on the morning of 4 February 1948, independence day, but it was not sung at the official Freedom Day celebrations  Ceylon continued to use the UK's national anthem as its official national anthem after independence  At the first independence day ceremony held on 4 February 1949 at the Independence Memorial Hall in Torrington Square both "Namo Namo Matha" and "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" were sung, in Sinhala and Tamil, as "national songs" More specifically, in 1950 Minister of Finance J  R  Jayewardene requested that the government recognise Samarakoon's "Namo Namo Matha" as the official national anthem  The government appointed a committee headed by Edwin Wijeyeratne, Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development, to pick a new national anthem  The committee heard several songs but, after much deliberation, picked "Namo Namo Matha"  The committee made a minor change to Samarakoon's song, with his approval, changing the tenth line from "Nawajeewana Damine Newatha Apa Awadi Karan Matha" to "Nawa Jeewana Demine Nithina Apa Pubudu Karan Matha"  The committee's decision was endorsed by the government on 22 November 1951  The anthem was translated into the Tamil language by M  Nallathamby  "Namo Namo Matha" was first sung as Ceylon's official national anthem at the independence day parade in Colombo in 1952 In the late 1950s controversy arose over its first line, "Namo Namo Matha, Apa Sri Lanka"  It was deemed to be "unlucky" and blamed for the country's misfortunes including the deaths of two prime ministers  In February 1961 the government changed the line to their present form, "Sri Lanka Matha, Apa Sri Lanka", despite Samarakoon's strong opposition  Samarakoon committed suicide in April 1962, leaving a note complaining that its lyrics had been mutilated The Second Republican Constitution of 1978 gave "Sri Lanka Matha" constitutional recognition 

Multilingual
The Sri Lankan national anthem is available in an identical version in two languages, Sinhala and Tamil, both official languages of the country  It is just one of a number that are sung in more than one language: Belgium (French, Dutch, and German), Canada (English, French and Inuktitut), Finland (Finnish, Swedish), New Zealand (English and Māori), South Africa (Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans and English), Suriname (Dutch and Sranan Tongo) and Switzerland (German, French, Italian and Romansh) "Sri Lanka Thaaye", the Tamil version of the Sri Lankan national anthem, is an exact translation of "Sri Lanka Matha", the Sinhala version, and has the same music  Although it has existed since independence in 1948 it was generally only sung in the north and east of the country where the Tamil language predominates  The Sinhala version of the Constitution uses Sinhala lyrics while the Tamil version of the constitution uses Tamil lyrics  Per the constitution both Sinhala and Tamil are official and national languages and thus the anthem could be sung in both languages The majority of Sri Lankans (around 75%) speak the Sinhala language  More specifically, "Tamil is the native language for the Tamil people, who constitute about 15% of Sri Lankans, and for Muslims who are nearly 10%", according to the BBC  Until early 2016, the Sinhala version was the only one to be used during official government events and it was the only version used during international sports and other events  Although the Sinhala version of the anthem was used at official/state events, the Tamil version was also sung at some events in spite of the unofficial ban which ended in early 2016  
The Sinhala version of Sri Lanka Matha was used in all parts of the country with the exception of the North and the East which have a large Tamil population  Some reports indicate that the Tamil version was used at official events held in the Tamil speaking regions in the North and East of Sri Lanka  The Tamil version was sung at Tamil medium schools throughout the country  The Tamil version was even used during the period when Sinhala was the only official language of the country (1956–87) 

Tamil version controversy
On 12 December 2010 The Sunday Times reported that the Cabinet of Sri Lanka headed by President Mahinda Rajapaksa had taken the decision to scrap the Tamil translation of "Sri Lanka Matha" at official and state functions, as "in no other country was the national anthem used in more than one language" - even though the national anthems of Belgium, Switzerland, Canada and those of several other countries have more than one language version  The Cabinet's decision had followed a paper on the national flag and national anthem produced by Public Administration and Home Affairs Minister W  D  J  Senewiratne  The paper had drawn on the Singaporean model where the national anthem is sung in the official lyrics and not any translation of the lyrics  Based on this the paper recommended that the Sri Lankan national anthem only be sung in Sinhala and the Tamil translation be abolished  The paper's authors had failed to realise that the official lyrics of the Singaporean national anthem are in Malay, a minority language (75% of Singaporeans are Chinese) Government minister Wimal Weerawansa had labelled the Tamil version a "joke" on Derana TV, and had cited India as an analogy  Some journalists, such as D  B  S  Jeyaraj, claimed that it was wrong of Weerawansa  to cite India as an analogy because according to them the Indian national anthem was not in Hindi, which is the most widely spoken language of India, but in Bengali, a minority language  Although sources based on an official Government of India website state that the Indian National anthem was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly of India, the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India on 24 January 1950 does not mention that the National Anthem was "adopted", nor does it mention that it was done so in its Hindi version  In actual practice the unaltered Bengali version is the version sung as the National Anthem, with its words in original Bengali Tatsama, a highly Sanskritized form of Bengali that has Sanskrit words common to both Hindi and Bengali The Cabinet's December 2010 decision to scrap the Tamil translation of the anthem (which was not subsequently enacted) caused much furore in Sri Lanka  Later, the government denied allegations that the Tamil translation was to be abolished  The Presidential Secretariat has stated that there was no basis to the media report and follow up reports which intimated the same  Nevertheless, an unofficial ban on the Tamil version came into being as fearful public officials in Tamil speaking areas stopped using the Tamil version or blocked attempts to use it  The Sri Lankan Army forcefully stopped any use of the Tamil version and taught school children to sing only the Sinhala version In March 2015 newly elected President Maithripala Sirisena announced that he would be issuing a circular which would state that there was no ban on singing the national anthem in Tamil  Sirisena's announcement was attacked by Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists During Sri Lanka's 68th national independence day celebrations on 4 February 2016, the Tamil version of the anthem was sung for the first time since 1949 at an official government event, the independence day celebrations  Lifting of the unofficial ban on the Tamil version had been approved by President Maithripala Sirisena (who had said he would unite the nation after the nearly 26-year civil war that ended in 2009) and by others in the government  This step was viewed as part of the plan for "post-civil war ethnic reconciliation" Naturally, Sri Lanka Matha was also sung in Sinhalese  Some groups, and Sri Lanka's former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, were opposed to the government officially allowing the Tamil version to be sung In 2020, the Sri Lankan government stopped using the Tamil version of the national anthem at the main Independence Day celebration  However, regional independence day celebrations including those with government involvement in regions with significant Tamil populations continue to sing in both Tamil and Sinhala 

Lyrics
Sinhala version
Tamil version
Poetic English translation
Notes
See also
Sri Lankan Civil War
Tamil Eelam
Passage 2:
The Devil Went Down to Georgia
"The Devil Went Down to Georgia" is a song written and performed by the Charlie Daniels Band and released on their 1979 album Million Mile Reflections The song is written in the key of D minor  Although uncredited, Vassar Clements originally wrote the basic melody an octave lower, in a tune called "Lonesome Fiddle Blues" released on Clements' self-titled 1975 album on which Charlie Daniels played guitar  The Charlie Daniels Band moved it up an octave and put words to it  The song's verses are closer to being spoken rather than sung (i e , recitation), and tell the story of a young man named Johnny, in a variant on the classic deal with the Devil  The performances of the Devil and Johnny are played as instrumental bridges  The song was the band's biggest hit, reaching No  3 on the Billboard Hot 100, prevented from further chart movement by "After the Love Has Gone" by Earth, Wind and Fire and "My Sharona" by The Knack 

Content
The song tells a story about the Devil's failure to gain a young man's soul through a fiddle-playing contest  The song begins as a disappointed Devil arrives in Georgia, apparently "way behind" on stealing souls, when he comes upon a young man named Johnny who is playing a fiddle, and quite well  Out of desperation, the Devil, who claims to also be a fiddle player, wagers a fiddle of gold against Johnny's soul to see who is the better fiddler   Although Johnny believes taking the Devil's bet might be a sin, he fearlessly accepts, confidently boasting "I'm the best that's ever been "
The Devil plays first, backed by a band of demon musicians  When he has finished, Johnny compliments him ("Well, you're pretty good, old son ") and takes his own turn, rendering at least four old-time songs, named (though not played) in the Charlie Daniels Band recording—the third of the four being identified not by title, but by an excerpt of its lyrics:

"Fire on the Mountain," the name of an early 19th-century fiddle tune, and also the name of Daniels' 1974 album,
"The House of the Rising Sun," a traditional American southern folk song,
"Chicken in the bread pan pickin' out dough," which was famously used in Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys' song "Ida Red," and
"Granny Will Your Dog Bite "Realizing he has been defeated, the devil lays his golden fiddle at Johnny's feet  Johnny then invites the devil to "c'mon back if y'ever wanna try again" before repeating his claim to be "the best that's ever been"   The resolution is not without ambiguity   While the devil seems to have failed, Johnny's indulgence in the sin of pride indicates the devil may have won his soul after all through clever subterfuge 

Reception
Cash Box praised the "engaging narrative story line" and said the song has "thundering piano", "screaming fiddle work", "pounding drums and screeching guitar"  Record World said that Daniels "administers heavy doses of both [storytelling and fiddle-playing] with producer John Boylan capturing the excitement like no one else can "

Censorship
Johnny's final boast, from the album version of the song, goes, "I done told you once, you son of a bitch, I'm the best that's ever been"   But to accommodate radio airplay for Country and Top 40 formats, Daniels changed the lyric for the single release to, "'Cause I told you once, you son of a gun", though AOR stations continued to use the unaltered version 

Musical references
The ballad's story is a derivative of the traditional deal with the Devil motif  Charlie Daniels has stated in interviews, "I don't know where it came from, but it just did  Well, I think I might know where it came from, it may have come from an old poem called 'The Mountain Whippoorwill' that Stephen Vincent Benét wrote many, many years ago (1925), that I had in high school "

Personnel
Charlie Daniels - guitar, fiddle, vocals
Tom Crain - guitar, vocals
"Taz" DiGregorio - keyboards, vocals
Fred Edwards - drums, percussion
James W  Marshall - drums, percussion
Charles Hayward - bass

Parodies and covers
The Levellers released a version of the song in 1991 
Although it is frequently misattributed to David Allan Coe or "Weird Al" Yankovic, the musician Travis Meyer performed a parody entitled "The Devil Went to Jamaica" circa 1998, in which Johnny is recast as a Jamaican drug dealer who is challenged by the devil to a pot-smoking contest to see whose marijuana is best: his, or Johnny's 
On a 1980 The Muppet Show episode (Episode 420), the Muppet versions of the Devil and Johnny are portrayed in an opening number cover of the song 
The rap group K M C  Kru released a hip hop re-imagining of the song entitled "The Devil Came Up to Michigan" in 1991, featuring the devil and a deejay competing for a turntable of gold 
In the 2000 movie Coyote Ugly, the original song version by the Charlie Daniels Band is sung and danced to as an on-bar line dance by the troupe of female bartenders 
Steve Ouimette (with Ed DeGenaro and Geoff Tyson) performed a cover of the song for the 2007 video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock and, eventually, his 2010 album Epic  This version uses electric guitars instead of fiddles, though the original lyrics are still performed  It is played as the conclusion of the game in a simulated guitar battle with the devil  Daniels objected to this version on the grounds that the devil may win the contest, which he referred to as "violating the very essence of the song" 
In 2013, the Boston-based roots rockers Adam Ezra Group recorded a parody version, "The Devil Came up to Boston", with Boston-focused lyrics  In this version's official music video, group leader Adam Ezra, who wrote the lyrics to the parody, narrates it with an exaggerated version of his real-life Boston accent, and the Devil is depicted as a New York Yankees fan, playing off the historic rivalry between the Yankees and Boston Red Sox 
The pop singer and electric violinist Michelle Lambert recorded a version of the song in 2015, and released a music video  In her rendition "Johnny" is replaced by "Michelle" 
A cappella group Home Free recorded a version of the song in collaboration with Taylor Davis and Charlie Daniels playing fiddle, released in September 2015  The narration is performed by Home Free bass singer Tim Foust 
The rock band Blues Traveler often performs this song in concert, with John Popper playing the fiddle parts on harmonica  They featured a live version of the song on their 2006 EP ¡Bastardos en Vivo!
Robot Chicken featured a composite parody of the song along with the animated series Spawn in episode 49 of season 3, where Malebolgia, an infernal lord, is challenged by Spawn to a fiddle duel set to a similar tune 
In the Futurama episode "Hell is Other Robots", Leela must challenge the robot devil in a fiddle-playing contest to win back Bender's soul  Also included as a prize for the winner of the contest is a solid gold fiddle 
The funk metal band Primus covered the song and featured it, in the form of a stop motion animated music video, on a CD-ROM that was included with the 1998 release of their EP Rhinoplasty 
British Punk band The Toy Dolls recorded a version called 'The Devil Went Down to Scunthorpe', which used a guitar duel instead of a fiddle duel between Johnny and the Devil 
The Christian parody band ApologetiX recorded a parody called "The Devil Went Down to Jordan" which records the Devil's attempt to tempt Jesus in the wilderness 
British comedy folk band The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican recorded a version called 'The Devil Went Down To Barnsley', in which the devil has a fiddle duel with Bjorn Doonicansson 
The American metal band Nature of Rebel Minds  released a cover of the song in 2019 and released an official music video to youtube as well  
The American nu metal band Korn recorded a cover of the song in 2020 which featured the band playing the devil and rapper Yelawolf as Johnny 
The Canadian rock band Nickelback recorded a cover in 2020 with Dave Martone  This version uses electric guitars instead of fiddles, tuned down a whole step, and contains the original lyrics with slight changes 
A metal version of the song was recorded by Leo Moracchioli for his YouTube channel, Frog Leap Studios  The video was publicly released on July 17, 2020 
A cover of the song titled "Devil Comes Back to Georgia" was done by Johnny Cash singing updated lyrics with violin performed by Mark O'Connor in 1993 
In 1996, the indie rock band Mono Puff released their studio album Unsupervised, which spawned a single "The Devil Went Down to Newport" 
The Zac Brown Band perform the song regularly in concert, and included a version on their 2009 EP Live from Bonnaroo
Adrenaline Mob released a heavy metal cover in their 2015 album "Dearly Departed" 

Chart performance
The original version of the song spent fourteen weeks on the Hot Country Singles charts in 1979, peaking at number 1 and holding the position for one week  It spent two weeks at a peak of number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100   The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 20, 1989, for sales of over two million copies in the United States  In 2003, the song was ranked at #69 on CMT's 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music, and #5 on CMT's 20 Greatest Southern Rock Songs in 2006  Since it became available as a download in the digital era, it has also sold 2 49 million digital copies in the US as of November 2019  In June 1998, Epic Records re-released the song to country radio, but accidentally sent out the version in which the line "son of a bitch" was uncensored  This error was quickly corrected, and the song re-entered the country charts at number 62 for the chart dated June 20, 1998  It spent seven weeks on the chart and peaked at number 60 

Certifications
Sequel
In 1993, a sequel to the song, "The Devil Comes Back to Georgia", was released by master violinist Mark O'Connor on his album Heroes  The song featured Daniels on fiddle, with Johnny Cash as the narrator, Marty Stuart as Johnny, and Travis Tritt as the devil  The song peaked at #54 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart in 1994 
In the sequel, the devil, still furious ten years after being beaten, decides to take up Johnny's challenge to "c'mon back if y'ever wanna try again"  Johnny is now grown with a wife and infant son, and the devil believes that Johnny's sinful pride will be his undoing, so he takes back the golden fiddle, forcing Johnny to practice with his old fiddle before their rematch – the same one he played when he defeated the devil  
Though the song reiterates Johnny's bold claim that he is "the best that's ever been", the lyrics do not reveal who won the rematch  But in the video, the devil is shown defeated by Johnny again 

See also
"Cross Road Blues"
Faust
"The Devil and Daniel Webster"
"The Devil and Tom Walker"
"The Devil's Dream"
Passage 3:
The Littlest Hobo
The Littlest Hobo is a Canadian television series (French title: Le Vagabond) based upon a 1958 well-known film of the same name directed by Charles R  Rondeau  The series first aired from 1963 to 1965 in syndication, and was revived for a popular second run on CTV, spanning six seasons, from October 11, 1979, to March 7, 1985  The concept of the show was that of "an ownerless dog" 
All three productions revolved around an extremely intelligent stray German Shepherd, the titular Hobo, who wanders from town to town, helping people in need (all portrayed by actors in celebrity guest appearance roles)  Despite the attempts of the many people whom he helped to adopt him, he heads off by himself at the end of each episode 
Referred to as “Gulliver” in a single episode, the dog is often referred to by the name Hobo or by the names given by temporary human companions  His origins, motivation, and ultimate destination are never explained on screen 

1963–1965 series
The German Shepherd dogs featured in both 1960s and 1980s series were owned and trained by Charles (Chuck) P  Eisenmann  The primary star was named London, but several of London's relatives, including Toro, Litlon, and Thorn, also played scenes as the Hobo  Eisenmann used his own training methods to work with his dogs which involved educating them to think and understand very specific directions, to recognize colours, and to understand English, German, and French  He promoted his education method by touring with his dogs to offer live demonstrations,  appearing on TV and radio shows and by writing books  Eisenmann recounts many stories from the filming of the series in his 1968 dog training book Stop! Sit! and Think  Other books he wrote include The Better Dog: The Educated Dog which contains updated training material and A Dog’s Day in Court which offers a dog's point of view towards training methods 
The dogs have "reverse mask" markings  After purchasing London, Eisenmann began to breed his own dogs, mostly studding out his males, even though he owned some females that he bred to as well  He bred particularly for the reverse mask, that is commonly seen on all of his dogs, and is unpopular with breeders of the German Shepherd, as it is not in the breed standard 
Shiloh Shepherd dogs are stated to trace their heritage back to London's relatives and are inspired by the intelligence Eisenmann's dogs were reputed to have Some notable Hollywood guest stars included Pat Harrington Jr , Nita Talbot, Ellen Corby, Henry Gibson, and Keenan Wynn (the last two of which would also guest-star in the 1979–1985 revival series) 

1979–1985 series
In 1979 CTV revived the series  The New Littlest Hobo (as it was sometimes called), which ran for six seasons, was shot on videotape rather than film  It has since been syndicated in many countries including the US and UK  In the course of its run, a mixture of well-known Canadian and Hollywood guest stars appeared such as Al Waxman, Carol Lynley, John Ireland, Megan Follows, Rex Hagon, Alan Hale Jr , Jack Gilford, August Schellenberg, DeForest Kelley, Ray Walston, Morey Amsterdam, Jeff Wincott, Michael Ironside, Patrick Macnee, Abe Vigoda, Saul Rubinek, John Vernon, Keenan Wynn (who also previously appeared in the original 1963–1965 series), Chris Makepeace, Karen Kain, Vic Morrow, Andrew Prine, Lynda Day George, Nerene Virgin, Tedde Moore, Sammy Snyders, Henry Gibson (who also previously appeared in the original 1963–1965 series), John Carradine, Leslie Nielsen, Anne Francis, and Jayne Eastwood  Mike Myers appears as Tommy in episode 10 "Boy on Wheels" 
Charles (Chuck) P  Eisenmann appeared as a dog trainer named Chuck in the first-season episode "Stand In" and as dog kennel operator named Mr  Charles in part one of the episode "Voyageurs" from the sixth season 
In a nod to the original series, the dog that appeared in this series was also credited as "London" 

Plot
Plots ranged from the simple "dog-helps-person" stories to secret agent-type adventures 
In season 5's two-part episode "The Genesis Tapes" a scientist and a reporter theorized that Hobo was a type of superior canine  The reporter theorized that there was one dog and the scientist theorized that there were up to one hundred such dogs  The two-part episode had the scientist and reporter trying to capture Hobo to study him, with the reporter wanting a story and the scientist wanting to claim to be the first to discover the meta-canine as he put it  Both episodes feature flashback footage from the first five seasons of the series, with the first episode being the only episode of the revival series to include footage from the original 1960s series  At the end of the episode, Hobo found the evidence the reporter and scientist had collected and destroyed it, implying that Hobo did not want any evidence of his origins or nature becoming public 
Trainer Chuck Eisenmann used several dogs to play the role of "London" as he had selected dogs entirely based on their appearance  He determined which dogs to use for the scenes by making use of their abilities such as if one dog did not mind carrying objects or if one were small enough to safely jump through a car window and manoeuvre through the seats  In Eisenmann's book, A Dog's Day in Court, one of the dogs used in the 1970s series was London's grandson, who was also known as London 
A 2005 episode of the CTV sitcom Corner Gas, entitled "The Littlest Yarbo", pays tribute to the series by having a character (Hank Yarbo) convinced that a stray dog visiting the town is Hobo  The episode ends with a reprise of Terry Bush's "Maybe Tomorrow" theme song 

Theme music
The show's theme, "Maybe Tomorrow", was written by Terry Bush and John Crossen   The original was sung by Terry Bush  In 2005, Bush commercially released the song on his debut album, entitled Maybe Tomorrow  The song was later used in a 2011 Dulux paint advertisement   Additionally, in 2017, the song was in a Canada 150-themed Co-Op stores advertisement  A cover of the song, performed by Nightingale Cummings, was featured in season ten of the television show Trailer Park Boys 

Second series episodes
Telecast and home media
1963–1965 series
Following the 1958 film, the 1960s original TV series was aired in syndication around the world, including the UK on ITV, Australia on the Nine Network between 1964 and 1967 and New Zealand on TV One  Although the series was originally broadcast in black and white, it was in fact produced in colour  The VCI Entertainment DVD release of the series featured the colour versions of the episodes, except for the opening and closing credits which have only survived in black and white  Sixty-one episodes were broadcast over two seasons 
Storer Programs Incorporated, a unit of the now-defunct Storer Broadcasting, distributed the series to U S  television stations during its 1960s run 
VCI Entertainment has released 12 episodes from the original series to DVD  The release features the colour versions of the first 3 episodes, except for the opening and closing sequences which have only survived in monochrome  The last 9 episodes were released in black and white 

1979–1985 series
The series aired on CTV on Thursday nights at 7:30 p m  Repeats continued on CTV, CTV 2, and other national networks up until 2012, when CTV replaced it with a block of music videos from Juicebox  However, CTV2 recently resumed reruns of the 80's incarnation  In the UK, the series premiered on the BBC on April 8, 1982, but only the first three seasons were shown and repeated until 1989  From April 1991 ITV picked up the series and each of the local companies played out the full series until late 1994 
Mediumrare Entertainment have only released the first two seasons of The Littlest Hobo on DVD  The Season One DVD, featured the theme tune "Maybe Tomorrow" on DVD in Region 2 & 4 on April 26, 2010 
In 2017, episodes from the series began to be uploaded onto Encore+, a YouTube channel run by the Canada Media Fund and Google Canada  The episodes have since been removed from the channel  As of 2023, the entire series is available on CTV's website through the CTV Throwback lineup, and reruns returns on Bell Media's channels: CTV, CTV 2, and Animal Planet 
Passage 4:
Same Old Lang Syne
"Same Old Lang Syne" is a song written and recorded by Dan Fogelberg and released as a single in 1980  It was included on his 1981 album The Innocent Age  The song is an autobiographical narrative ballad told in the first person and tells the story of two long-ago romantic interests meeting by chance in a grocery store on Christmas Eve   The song peaked at No  9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and is now frequently played during the holiday season and alongside traditional Christmas songs 

Content
On a snowy Christmas Eve, the narrator is reunited with an old flame at a grocery store  She does not recognize him at first, but when she does, she so hurriedly embraces him that she drops her purse, breaking the tension and letting them laugh  They decide to talk over a drink but there are no bars open, so they bring a six-pack of beer from a liquor store to her car The pair toast innocence, and push through their initial awkwardness to discuss their lives  The lover married an architect, for security instead of love  The narrator, a musician, loves performing for audiences, but hates traveling After consuming all of the beer, they exchange their goodbyes; the woman kisses him as he gets out of the car, and drives away  He flashes back to school and relives the pain of their breakup; as he walks home, the falling snow turns into rain 
The melody is based on the 1812 Overture by Tchaikovsky and ends with "Auld Lang Syne" as a soprano saxophone solo by Michael Brecker 

Origins
As Fogelberg said on his official website, the song was autobiographical  He was visiting his parents for Christmas at the family home in Peoria, Illinois, in 1975 when he ran into an old girlfriend from Woodruff High School, the former Jill Anderson at the "Convenient Food Mart" (now a convenience store) on Abington Street Hill  Fogelberg stated in interviews that he did not recall precisely whether the chance meeting with his ex-girlfriend was in 1975 or 1976, though he leaned toward 1975; this was later confirmed  
In 2006, Fogelberg received a letter from a young fan named Grace Ferguson who asked him about the meaning of the song's final lyric, "And as I turned to make my way back home / The snow turned into rain"  The lyric has often been interpreted metaphorically as the world feeling warmer after he had talked with his ex-girlfriend  In reply, Fogelberg acknowledged this metaphor as "wonderful", although, as he wrote, "as I drove home, the snow actually DID turn from snow into rain!" After Fogelberg's death from prostate cancer in 2007, the woman in the song, Jill Anderson Greulich, came forward with her story  Greulich told of how she and Fogelberg dated in high school  As she explained to the Peoria Journal Star in an article dated December 22, 2007, the pair knew each other in Peoria, Illinois as part of the Woodruff High School class of 1969  After graduation, each attended different colleges  Following college, Greulich married and moved to Chicago, while Fogelberg moved to Colorado to pursue a music career  While back in Peoria visiting their respective families for Christmas in 1975, Fogelberg and Greulich ran into each other on Christmas Eve at a convenience store located at 1302 East Frye Avenue in the Abington Hill district  Greulich confirmed that they bought a six-pack of beer and drank it in her car for two hours while they talked  Five years later, after the song was released, Greulich heard the song on the radio for the first time while driving to work, but kept quiet about it, as Fogelberg had not disclosed her identity  She stated that her reason for remaining quiet about her involvement in the song's narrative was that coming forward might have disrupted Fogelberg's marriage Greulich noted that Fogelberg had taken artistic license with two details of the story: her eyes are green, not blue, and her husband was a physical education teacher, not an architect  In regard to the line, "She would have liked to say she loved the man, but she didn't like to lie," Greulich will not talk about it, but by the time of the song's release in 1980, she and her husband had divorced 
In 2008, the City of Peoria gave Abington Street Hill the honorary designation of "Fogelberg Parkway" 

Association with Christmas
"Same Old Lang Syne" is frequently played on radio stations during the North American holiday season  The song's opening lyrics reveal that the narrative takes place on a snowy Christmas Eve and they end with a second acknowledgment of snow  Since the song's release, these references and the musical quote of "Auld Lang Syne", a song traditionally sung on New Year's Eve, have increased the song's popularity during the month of December  The song debuted on the Hot 100's top 40, at #37, on 27 December 1980, between Christmas and New Year's Eve 

Cover versions
The boy band Backstreet Boys covered the song on their album A Very Backstreet Christmas, released on October 14, 2022  Their version omits the final verse and instead ends with the chorus to "Auld Lang Syne" 

Musicians
Dan Fogelberg: Piano, bass, electric piano, lead and background vocals
Glen Spreen: orchestral arrangements
Russ Kunkel: Drums
Michael Brecker: Soprano saxophone

Chart performance
Passage 5:
Love Is a Drug (Eskimo Joe song)
"Love Is a Drug" is a song by Australian rock band Eskimo Joe  It was released in June 2011 as the second single from their fifth studio album titled Ghosts of the Past  The song peaked at number 38 on the ARIA Singles Chart 
At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, the song was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Video 
At the APRA Music Awards of 2012, the song was nominated for Rock Work of the Year 

Charts
Release history
Passage 6:
Give Up the Ghost (album)
Give Up the Ghost is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Brandi Carlile, released on October 6, 2009, through Columbia Records  The album was produced by Grammy Award winner Rick Rubin and contains a collaboration with Elton John titled "Caroline"  Recorded at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles, the album also features Chad Smith, Amy Ray and Benmont Tench "Dreams", the first single from the album, was released on Carlile's website on August 14, and was available for download on August 18 

Track listing
All songs written by Carlile, unless noted otherwise 

"Looking Out" – 4:18
"Dying Day" (Tim Hanseroth) – 3:33
"Pride and Joy" – 4:20
"Dreams" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:31
"That Year" – 3:35
"Caroline" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:36
"Before It Breaks" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:57
"I Will" – 4:09
"If There Was No You" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth) – 2:39
"Touching the Ground" (Tim Hanseroth) – 3:17
"Oh Dear" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth) – 2:50

Personnel
Brandi Carlile – banjo, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, lead vocals, background vocals
Jesse Carmichael – mellotron
Lenny Castro – percussion
Gibb Droll – dobro, slide guitar
Phil Hanseroth – bass guitar, upright bass, electric guitar, percussion, ukulele, background vocals, Wurlitzer
Tim Hanseroth – drums, electric guitar, percussion, background vocals
Jacob Hoffman – piano
Victor Indrizzo – drums, percussion
Elton John – piano, background vocals
Paul Buckmaster – arrangements
Josh Neumann – cello
Jason Lader – synthesizer
Amy Ray – background vocals
Chad Smith – drums, percussion
Benmont Tench – organ, piano

Charts
Awards
In 2010, Brandi Carlile was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Music Artist" for the album Give Up the Ghost during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards 
Passage 7:
Colder Weather
"Colder Weather" is a song by American country music group Zac Brown Band  Lead singer Zac Brown co-wrote the song with Coy Bowles (the band's keyboardist and guitarist), Wyatt Durrette and Levi Lowrey  It is the band's seventh single release overall, and the second single from their 2010 album You Get What You Give 

Content
The lyric is about a trucker who is on the road, and separated from his lover due to the weather  Co-writer Wyatt Durrette told The Boot:

There was a girl I was seeing, who lived in Kansas City  We really liked each other, but geography and timing just wasn't working for us  She was getting pretty frustrated with the whole thing and wanted me to slow down, as far as traveling so much and all those things  I wasn't willing to do that because we were just getting started, and I'm chasing my dreams 
"Colder Weather" is in the key of E-flat major, with the guitars set to E♭ tuning  In this song, Brown's vocals range from B♭2 to A♭4 

Critical reception
The song has received primarily positive reviews from critics  Jessica Phillips of Country Weekly, in her review of the album, called it "lyrically profound," and Eric R  Danton of the Hartford Courant said that it was the "sorrowful, solitary kind of song with an old-school country-ballad feel made for crisp nights in the high country " Giving it a "thumbs up," Karlie Justus of Engine 145 called it "loneliness and longing set to music", also praising the production and lyrics  She compared the song's style to Merle Haggard  Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine was less favorable, calling the song "somewhat strident and inorganic "

Music video
The music video was directed by Darren Doane and premiered in February 2011  Australian actor Liam Hemsworth appeared in the video portraying the male character who temporarily leaves his girlfriend during the winter   Tori McPetrie portrays his girlfriend 

Charts and certifications
Passage 8:
Godsmack
Godsmack is an American rock band from Lawrence, Massachusetts, formed in 1995  The band is composed of lead singer and rhythm guitarist Sully Erna, bassist Robbie Merrill, lead guitarist Tony Rombola and drummer Shannon Larkin  Since its formation, Godsmack has released eight studio albums, one EP (The Other Side), four DVDs, one compilation album (Good Times, Bad Times    Ten Years of Godsmack), and one live album (Live & Inspired) 
The band has released three consecutive number-one albums (Faceless, IV and The Oracle) on the Billboard 200  The band also has 25 top ten rock radio hits, including 18 songs in the top five  The band's seventh album, When Legends Rise was released on April 27, 2018 
Since its inception, Godsmack has toured with Ozzfest on more than one occasion and has toured with many other large tours and festivals, including supporting its albums with its own arena tours  In honor of the band's success and the release of their sixth studio album, 1000hp, Mayor Marty Walsh declared August 6 as "Godsmack Day" in the city of Boston 

History
Formation and All Wound Up    (1995–1997)
In February 1995, Sully Erna decided to start a new band as the lead singer after playing the drums for more than 23 years, including more than two years in the now-defunct band Strip Mind  His new band, The Scam, formed with Erna on vocals, Robbie Merrill on bass, local guitarist and friend Lee Richards on guitar, and Tommy Stewart on drums  The Scam quickly changed its name to Godsmack, after recording one demo  The newly formed band started playing small bars in their hometown of Boston  Locally popular songs such as "Keep Away" and "Whatever" soon brought them to the top of the hit charts in the Boston/New England area Many people think the band's name stemmed from an Alice in Chains song, but according to Erna, the band's name came from a small and personal incident  "I was making fun of [our drummer at the time] who had a cold sore on his lip and the next day I had one myself and somebody said, 'It's a god smack ' The name stuck  We were aware of the Alice In Chains song but didn't really think much about it " In 1996, Tony Rombola joined as the guitarist after Richards left upon learning he had a six-year-old child and Stewart left due to personal differences  In the same year, the band entered New Alliance Studio in Boston to record its debut album, All Wound Up     The CD was recorded in just three days for $2,600 and was self-released in February 1997 through the band's own record label, E  K  Records Company  In May 1997, Joe D'Arco joined to replace Stewart on drums Eventually, Godsmack's CD landed in the hands of Rocko, the night-time DJ for Boston radio station WAAF (FM)  The radio station put "Keep Away" into heavy rotation and the song rose to the number one spot at the station very quickly  Newbury Comics, a New England record store chain, agreed to sell the CD on consignment  Shortly after the success of "Keep Away", Godsmack went back into the studio and recorded a single titled "Whatever", which became the new local favorite on WAAF (FM)  In an interview Sully Erna stated, "We had been selling maybe 50 copies a month at the time WAAF picked up the album  All of a sudden we started moving over a thousand records a week  (   ) I was doing all this from my bedroom  After years of grinding away, things finally started taking off " In April 1998, D'Arco was dismissed from the band  He was replaced by former drummer Tommy Stewart, who returned after expressing a desire to be in the band again 

Godsmack (1998–1999)
In June 1998, Universal/Republic Records signed the band to their label   The band's first album All Wound Up    was slightly edited to remove unlicensed samples, fully re-mastered and given a new artwork and layout; the finished self-titled album Godsmack was released to the public six weeks later on August 25, 1998  This led to the band's first headlining tour, "The Godsmack Tour" with Jim Rose Circus as the opening act  After the album's release the band went on the road playing club shows as well as playing at Ozzfest and Woodstock '99  This was followed by a tour in Europe supporting Black Sabbath  Roxanne Blanford from Allmusic gave the album three out of five stars, stating, "Godsmack confidently brought metal into the technological age"  The album entered the Billboard 200 at number twenty-two, and was certified 4× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2001 after being initially certified gold in 1999 The album sold well despite being initially pulled from the shelves in some stores due to concerns over some of its lyrical content  The band and its record label later added a Parental Advisory sticker to the album, and some stores ordered amended copies of the album  Erna commented in Rolling Stone magazine stating, "Our record has been in the marketplace for more than a year now without a parental advisory sticker and this is the one and only complaint     Stickers and lyrics are by nature subjective     We have decided to put a sticker on the record " This controversy did not appear to adversely affect album sales but, according to Erna, helped; "It's almost taunting kids to go out and get the record to see what we're saying on it " The album also had four successful singles which were "Whatever", "Keep Away", "Voodoo" and "Bad Religion" 

Awake (2000–2001)
In 2000, Godsmack returned to the studio after the multi-platinum success of Godsmack to start recording Awake  The album was released on October 31, 2000  The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, and has been certified 2× platinum by the RIAA  "Vampires", a song on the album, also earned the band a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance in 2002  With the release of Awake, Godsmack toured Europe supporting Limp Bizkit  Erna said at the time, "We've been touring nonstop since August 1998, So most of Awake was written on tour while we were ping-ponging between America and Europe, building up the band  "Ozzfest" was actually the only big tour where we rode under someone else's wings; we did a lot of work on our own " The band played Ozzfest in 2000 again as they had in 1999  On July 19, 2001, Godsmack released their first live DVD titled Live  The DVD has since been certified Gold by the RIAA for selling 50,000 copies in the United States Two of the songs on the album were used in United States Navy commercials ("Sick of Life" and "Awake") as background music  Erna stated, "Someone in the military is a fan, and they asked if they could use the music, and we accepted"  However, Erna insisted in an interview that Godsmack does not support any war 

The Scorpion King, Faceless and The Other Side (2002–2004)
In 2002, Erna was asked to write and perform a song for the soundtrack to The Scorpion King  The song Godsmack wrote and performed was titled "I Stand Alone" and the song became the number 1 single at Rock Radio and the most played Active Rock song in 2002 for 14 weeks straight  It was also used in the game Prince of Persia: Warrior Within With Shannon Larkin (ex Ugly Kid Joe, Souls at Zero, Wrathchild America, MF Pitbulls) replacing Tommy Stewart, who left due to personal differences for the second time, Godsmack went back into the studio later that year to record a new album that was released in 2003  Faceless debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 269,000 copies in its first week, and the album would go on to sell over one million copies in the United States  Faceless also debuted at number nine on the Top Canadian Albums and at number one on the Top Internet Albums and remained at that position for two weeks  A massive Tour of America and Europe supporting Metallica followed 
The lead single "Straight Out of Line" received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Hard Rock Performance"  The award went to Evanescence's single "Bring Me to Life"  The album got its name after a swimming-pool incident  However, in a later interview Merrill stated otherwise, making it unclear of how the album's title came to be, "It came from the band's feeling that, despite our radio and sales success, we still flew a bit under the radar" On March 16, 2004 The Other Side, an acoustic EP, was released  The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, a relatively high position for an acoustic EP  It included several previously released songs re-recorded as acoustic versions, as well as three new acoustic tracks  One new song, "Touché", featured Godsmack's first guitar player, Lee Richards, as well as John Kosco, who were at that time in the now defunct band Dropbox, The other two new acoustic tracks were "Running Blind" and "Voices"  The song "Asleep" is actually an acoustic version of "Awake" from the band's second album Awake  Godsmack shifted from its "heavy" sound to a more mellow acoustic sound on this EP in the same manner Alice in Chains did in the Sap and Jar of Flies EPs, one of many similarities to Alice in Chains for which the band has been criticized In 2004, Godsmack opened for Metallica's "Madly in Anger with the World tour", and headlined the tour along with Dropbox  Afterwards, in autumn 2004, the band played several acoustic shows to promote The Other Side, while at the same time continuing to open for Metallica 

IV and Ten Years of Godsmack (2005–2007)
Throughout 2005, The band was in the studio recording and writing material for a new album  On April 25, 2006, Godsmack released its fourth studio album simply titled IV, followed by a tour that would continue until August 2007, titled "The IV tour"  The album was produced by Erna and engineered by the well known producer and engineer Andy Johns, known for engineering Led Zeppelin's Led Zeppelin IV  The first single from the album, "Speak" was released on February 14, 2006  The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 211,000 copies in its first week IV has since been certified gold  The band had written over forty songs for the album, but the final track listing had eleven tracks, Larkin commented, "it's Sully's band and his vision [   ]When it comes time to pick the songs it's all Sully"  The album's minimalist name "IV" derives not only from its being the band's fourth studio album, but also from a running piece of backstage humor, as related by Larkin and Erna in an interview To celebrate ten years as a band, Godsmack released a greatest hits album entitled Good Times, Bad Times    Ten Years of Godsmack on December 4, 2007  The album debuted at number thirty-five on the Billboard 200, selling 40,000 copies in the first week of release  It includes a cover of the Led Zeppelin song "Good Times Bad Times", as well as a DVD of Godsmack's acoustic performance in Las Vegas at House of Blues  The album was originally intended to be a boxed set, but the band scrapped the plans so they could release a best of album  Godsmack will follow the release of the album with an acoustic tour  Despite rumors of the band going on hiatus as a result of releasing a greatest hits album, Erna was quoted as saying, "we're not going away, we are just gonna take a break and enjoy our 10th year anniversary and kind of recharge our batteries  And then Godsmack will be back, and we will come back bigger and badder than ever "

The Oracle and break (2008–2013)
In November 2008, Larkin announced that the band would be reforming and recording a new album  The following summer, the band toured as support to Mötley Crüe's Crüe Fest 2 tour and released a non-album single, "Whiskey Hangover"  After the tour, Godsmack started production for their new album  The album, titled The Oracle was released on May 4, 2010  Arriving to popular reception, The Oracle was Godsmack's third straight full-length studio album to debut at No  1 with 117,000 sold in the first week of release  Erna had this to say about the early sound album, "It's gonna be really heavy  I mean, it's very aggressive  I'm not really sure; it's very premature right now  Right now we just finished one track for the Crüe Fest this Summer  But as far as the whole record goes, I think it's going to be a lot more in your face  I don't think there's going to be any 'Voodoo's or 'Serenity's on this one  We decided to go balls out!" Godsmack headlined the fourth annual Mayhem Festival alongside Disturbed  The band entered the studio in January 2012 to mix a live album plus record several covers for an upcoming release  They then went on tour in the spring with Staind  In February 2012, Godsmack finished an EP of cover songs  Godsmack released their new live album Live & Inspired on May 15, 2012  The set included a bonus EP of cover tracks  In December of the same year, Sully said in an interview that Godsmack would take a break during 2013, stating "We're going to take some time away now because we just ran for the last two years " A month after, Erna announced a short solo tour through America 

1000hp (2014–2016)
In February 2014, Erna tweeted that the band had made progress in the songwriting process for its next studio album, tentatively scheduled for a late 2014 release  He also mentioned that the band finished 11 songs for the new record in two weeks  In April, the band announced that they had recorded 15 songs, ten of which would make the final cut  In May, Erna announced that the album would be titled 1000hp (1000 Horsepower)  The album's title track was released as a single the following month  The album was released on August 5, 2014, and sold around 58,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release to land at position No  3 on The Billboard 200 chart  Since release the album has spawned the singles Something Different and What's Next  The band have unified a campaign to aid military veterans with their latest single What's Next Godsmack also headlined the 2014 Uproar Festival  They were announced on August 20, 2014, to be part of the Soundwave Festival in Australia  In July 2015, the band revealed dates for an upcoming North American fall headline tour  The run included dates with Sevendust  Also in August 2015 Godsmack announced a new leg of North American dates that would keep the band busy through mid-November On October 14, 2015, Godsmack released a digital single called "Inside Yourself" available for a limited free download  The song was released on iTunes on November 20, 2015 On September 9, 2016, Erna confirmed that the band had officially left Universal/Republic, and signed a deal with BMG 

When Legends Rise (2017–2020)
The band began work on a seventh studio album in 2017  The album, When Legends Rise, was released on April 27, 2018  The album's first single, "Bulletproof", was released ahead of the album on February 28, 2018  The band toured across North America from May through October 2018  They played at several festivals before embarking on a co-headlining summer tour with Shinedown  The band then toured Europe in October and November 2018 in support of their new album  However, On October 17, 2018, it was announced that the band postponed their fall 2018 Europe tour, following death of Tony Rombola's son and plan to reschedule in early 2019 On July 25, 2019, the song "Under Your Scars" hit number 1 for two weeks for the first time on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart On April 8, 2020, the band released a music video for the song "Unforgettable"  400 aspiring musicians from middle school students across New England to take part in the video  The video, directed by Noah Berlow, again sent the song to the top of the charts for five weeks, setting a new record most constitutive at number 1 in its category 

Lighting Up the Sky (2021–present)
News of a follow-up to the album began circulating as early as August 2019 when frontman Sully Erna revealed in an interview with Canada's iHeartRadio that the band has been preparing to begin the songwriting process for the album It was later revealed that Godsmack would be working on two new releases for 2021: an acoustic EP and a full length album  That plan has since been scrapped with Sully admitting that the band was being "a little bit more ambitious" at the time With just one album to focus on, Godsmack drummer Shannon Larkin said on "The Metal Teddy Bear Experience" podcast that the band intended for the album to be released in 2022  In an April 23, 2022, interview with WJRR, frontman Sully Erna said that the band has finished recording the new album with a new single expected to hit the airwaves in mid-to-late summer and that the album could be the band's last On September 28, 2022, the band released the single titled "Surrender"  Shortly after the release of the new single, Sully Erna revealed in an interview with 93X Radio's Pablo that the title of the album would be Lighting Up the Sky and that it would indeed be the band's last record  A second single for the album "You and I" was released on November 11, 2022  The album was released on February 24, 2023 

Musical style and influences
Godsmack has been described as post-grunge, hard rock, nu metal, alternative metal, and heavy metal  The band's primary influences include Aerosmith, Alice in Chains, Black Sabbath, Led Zeppelin, Metallica, Pantera and Rush according to Erna, Larkin, and Rombola  Erna has cited Layne Staley as his primary influence The overall sound of the band's first two albums have been compared to Alice in Chains' album Dirt  However, Godsmack has attempted to distance themselves from the Alice in Chains comparison with Erna stating in an interview with Matt Ashare, "I've just never really heard that in our music "The band's music is often compared to Alice in Chains which the band cites as an influence  Adrien Begrand of PopMatters states, "Erna perfectly mimics the late Layne Staley's low, guttural, sinister singing and snarly, metal-inspired growls" and, "The band's music is a faithful retread of Jerry Cantrell's churning, tuned-down hard rock" Erna's singing style has been stated as "the snarl of James Hetfield", and "composed of dark harmony that sounds a lot like Alice in Chains"  Merrill's bass style has been described as "bulldozer bottom with occasional slap-bass reverb"  Larkin's drumming is thought to "worship at the twin altars of Neil Peart and John Bonham"  And Rombola's guitar playing style has been praised as "guitars that sound like percussion instruments" 

Band members
Current members

Sully Erna – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion (1995–present); studio drums (1996–2003)
Robbie Merrill – bass (1995–present); backing vocals  (2010–present)
Tony Rombola – lead guitar, backing vocals (1996–present)
Shannon Larkin – drums, percussion (2002–present)Former members

Lee Richards – lead guitar (1995–1996)
Joe D'Arco – drums (1997–1998)
Tommy Stewart – drums (1995–1997, 1998–2002)
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
Timeline

Discography
Studio albumsGodsmack (1998)
Awake (2000)
Faceless (2003)
IV (2006)
The Oracle (2010)
1000hp (2014)
When Legends Rise (2018)
Lighting Up the Sky (2023)

Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
Billboard Awards
Boston Music Awards
See also
List of artists who reached number one on the U S  Mainstream Rock chart
Passage 9:
Go Tell It on the Mountain (song)
"Go Tell It on the Mountain" is an African-American spiritual song which was likely derived from the oral tradition, but was originally published by John Wesley Work Jr , although there is some debate whether he was actually the first to write it  This spiritual  has been sung and recorded by many gospel and secular performers since considered a Christmas carol as its original lyrics celebrate the Nativity of Jesus:

Go tell it on the mountain, over the hills and everywhere;go tell it on the mountain, that Jesus Christ is born 
An alternate final line omits the reference to the birth of Christ, instead declaring that "Jesus Christ is Lord" Due to the oral tradition of the song, "Go Tell It on the Mountain" has also been used as a Easter song, with the refrain taking the variant of:

Go, tell it on the mountain,
Over the hills and everywhere;
Go, tell it on the mountain 

That Jesus lives again

Publication history
The earliest known publication of the song is attributed to John Wesley Work, Jr  (1871-1925) who published the song in the New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1901)  Work grew up in Nashville where he garnered a love for music from his father who was a choir director   He earned his Master’s in Latin and went on to teach ancient Latin and Greek  However, his first love continued to be music, and he became the first African-American collector of Negro spirituals  Most African-American spirituals originated in oral tradition, but Work, through his extensive research, was able to compile many songs into the “New Jubilee Songs”  It was not until the second version he published that “Go Tell it On the Mountain” was included    While many books and websites attribute the New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers to John Wesley Work, Jr  in 1901, some sources argue the origins lie with Frederick Jerome Work in 1902 

Biblical references
"Go Tell It on the Mountain" references the Annunciation to the Shepherds described in the Gospel of Luke, hence the alternate title of "While shepherds kept their watching"  The Nativity is also referenced in the final verse of the song:

Down in a lowly manger, 
the humble Christ was born,
and God sent us salvation,
that blessed Christmas morn 

Verses: Luke 2:8-20 and Matthew 28:19

Recording artists
In 1963, the musical team Peter, Paul and Mary, along with their musical director Milt Okun, adapted and rewrote "Go Tell It on the Mountain" as "Tell It on the Mountain", their lyrics referring specifically to Exodus and using the phrase "Let my people go", but referring implicitly to the civil rights struggle of the early 1960s  This version became a moderately successful single for them (US No  33 pop, 1964)   Cash Box described it as "a rhythmic, updating of the folk oldie with a plaintive message-song motif "According to religious studies professor and civil rights historian Charles Marsh, it was African-American civil rights leader Fannie Lou Hamer who combined this song with the spiritual "Go Down Moses", taking the last line of the chorus, "let my people go" and substituting it in the chorus of "Go Tell It on the Mountain"  Marsh does not document this claim, but notes that Hamer was highly active in civil rights work beginning in the 1950s, and that the use of the Exodus story and the singing of spirituals played a central role in her activities 
Little Big Town's 2006 non-album single version reached No  35 on the Hot Country Songs chart Popular African- American Contemporary Christian music band Maverick City Music recorded and published their own version of “Go Tell it On the Mountain” in 2021 

See also
List of Christmas carols
Passage 10:
Je veux donner ma voix
For the Eurovision Song Contest 1999, held in Jerusalem, France entered "Je veux donner ma voix" to compete, performed by Nayah  Television channel France 2 was originally in charge of the French participation; however, it was later changed to France 3 due to the broadcast of the French Rugby League Championship which conflicted with the date for the final  France 3 opted to choose their entry via public selection, marking the first time since 1987 France held a national final to select their entry 

Before Eurovision
Eurovision 1999: la sélection
Eurovision 1999: la sélection was the national final organised by France 3 to select France's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1999  The competition took place on 2 March 1999 at the L'Olympia in Paris and hosted by Julien Lepers and Karen Cheryl  The show was broadcast on France 3 

Competing entries
From 600 submissions originally received by France 2, a two-member selection committee reviewed the received submissions and selected twelve entries to compete in the national final  The selection committee consisted of Monique Le Marcis (former RTL Head of Musical Programming) and Catherine Régnier (M6 music programmer) 

Final
The final took place on 2 March 1999  Twelve entries competed and the winner, "Je veux donner ma voix" performed by Nayah, was selected by the combination of public televoting (50%) and a jury panel (50%)  The jury panel consisted of Gilbert Bécaud, Marie Myriam, Jocelyne Béroard, Lââm, Sandy Valentino, Richard Cocciante, Jean-Pierre Bouryayre, Laurent Petitguillaume, Jean-Michel Boris and Jean Réveillon, with each member assigning scores to each entry ranging from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest)  The rankings of each half were used to calculate the result; hence, the song with the lowest total won  There was a tie for first place between Ginie Line and Nayah; however, Nayah won as she received the most votes from the public 

At Eurovision
Nayah performed 10th in the running order of the contest, following Denmark and preceding the Netherlands  At the close of the voting she received 14 points, placing 19th of 23 The contest was broadcast live on France 3, and on a 3 hour and 5 minute delay on TV5Monde, with commentary provided by Julien Lepers  The France 3 broadcast reached 4 2 million viewers within France, representing a 27 9% market share 

Voting
Passage 11:
The Story (song)
Story or stories may refer to:

Common uses
Story, a narrative (an account of imaginary or real people and events)
Short story, a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting
Story (American English), or storey (British English), a floor or level of a building
News story, an event or topic reported by a news organization

Social media
Story (social media), a message, image or video, often ephemeral
Facebook Stories, short user-generated photo or video collections that can be uploaded to the user's Facebook
Instagram Stories, a feature in Instagram that let the user post vertical images that will disappear in 24 hours
Snapchat Stories, a feature in Snapchat which allows users to compile snaps into chronological storylines, accessible to all of their friends

Film, television and radio
Story Television, an American digital broadcast television network
Story TV, a South Korean television drama production company
Story (TV programme), a 2015–2016 New Zealand television programme
Story, one of the main characters in the 2006 film Lady in the Water
The Story (film documentary short), a 2000 short film by John Little
The Story with Dick Gordon, a radio interview program that debuted in 2006
"Stories", an episode of The Good Doctor

Music
Groups
The Story (American band), a 1989–1994 folk-rock duo
The Story (British band), an English psychedelic folk duo formed in 2002
Stories (band), a 1972–1974 American rock group

Albums
Story (Amorphis album), 2000
Story (Eric Clapton album), 1991
Story: 25 Years of Hits, by Pet Shop Boys, 2009
Story, by Honeybus, 1970
Story, by NEWS, 2020
Story, by Yesung, 2019
A Story, by Yoko Ono (recorded 1974), or the title song, 1997
The Story (Brandi Carlile album) or the title song (see below), 2007
The Story (Kang Daniel album) or the title song, 2022
The Story (Runrig album) or the title song, 2016
The Story: The Very Best of Spandau Ballet, 2014
The Story, by Bizzy Bone, 2006
Stories (Addison Road album), 2010
Stories (Avicii album), 2015
Stories (The Bunny the Bear album), 2013
Stories (Gloria Gaynor album), 1980
Stories (Mayumi Iizuka album) or the title song, 2008
Stories (Milford Graves album), 2000
Stories (Randy Stonehill album), 1993
Stories (EP), by Chris Brokaw, or the title song, 2011
Stories, an EP by Aurora, 2021
Stories, by John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, 2002
Stories, by various artists, released by Narada Productions

Songs
"Story" (Ai song), 2005
"Story" (Rina Aiuchi song), 2009
"Story", by Drake White from Spark, 2016
"Story", by Leddra Chapman from Telling Tales, 2009
"Story", by Maroon 5, a B-side of "Makes Me Wonder", 2007
"Story", by NF from Clouds (The Mixtape), 2021
"Story", by P-Square from Get Squared, 2005
"Story", by Perfume from Cosmic Explorer, 2016
"The Story" (Brandi Carlile song), 2007
"The Story" (Conan Gray song), 2020
"The Story", by 30 Seconds to Mars from A Beautiful Lie, 2005
"The Story", by Derrick Morgan
"The Story", by Jewel, representing Alaska in the American Song Contest, 2022
"The Story", by Limp Bizkit from The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1), 2005
"The Story", by M I A  from AIM, 2016
"The Story", by the Passions from Sanctuary, 2019 reissue
"Stories" (Boney M  song), 1990
"Stories" (Therapy? song), 1995
"Stories", by Paige O'Hara from Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas, 1997
"Stories", by Saint Motel from Voyeur, 2012
"Stories", by Trapt from Trapt, 2002

EPs
Stories, an EP by The Beast

Places
Australia
Story Bridge, Brisbane, Queensland

United States
Story, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
Story, Indiana, an unincorporated community
Story, Nebraska, an unincorporated community
Story, Wyoming, a census-designated place
Joint Expeditionary Base Fort Story, an army base in Virginia Beach, Virginia
Story City, Iowa
Story County, Iowa

People
Story (surname)
Story Musgrave (born 1935), American doctor and astronaut
Story Tweedie-Yates (born 1983), professional American tennis player

Other uses
Story (magazine), an American literary magazine published 1931–1961 and 1989–2000
Story: Substance, Structure, Style and the Principles of Screenwriting, a 1997 screenwriting guide by Robert McKee
The Stories, by Jane Gardam, 2014
User story, a planning activity in software development
Ray-Ban Stories, smartglasses released in September 2021

See also
History (disambiguation)
Storey (disambiguation)



ground_truth: Phil Hanseroth