prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the competition that the 1965 Federation Cup is part of named after?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of Chelsea F C  managers
The first manager of Chelsea Football Club was John Robertson, appointed player-manager in 1905  The current head coach is Mauricio Pochettino  
Chelsea have had 31 permanent managers/head coaches (of whom four also served as player-manager), seven interim managers and six caretakers  Ron Suart has served as both caretaker and interim manager  Roberto Di Matteo was first interim manager, but was later appointed permanent manager, while Frank Lampard was first permanent manager, and later interim manager  Guus Hiddink has been interim manager twice, while José Mourinho has served two different periods as permanent manager 
Chelsea's first ever manager was Scottish wing-half John Tait Robertson, who continued to play for the club until he resigned a year later  David Calderhead is Chelsea's longest-serving manager, holding the position from 1907 to 1933, spanning 966 matches  Chelsea's shortest reigning permanent manager is Graham Potter, who was in charge for 31 games  Statistically, Chelsea's least successful manager is Frank Lampard 
The first manager under whom Chelsea won a major trophy was Ted Drake, who guided the club to the league championship in the 1954–55 season, while Dave Sexton managed the club to their first European honour, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup triumph in 1971, and Gianluca Vialli guided Chelsea to win the 1998 UEFA Super Cup 
Mourinho has won the most domestic titles, and total titles with the club (in fact all titles won with Mourinho was domestic titles – eight in total), Vialli second most titles with five, whereas Carlo Ancelotti led Chelsea to their first league and FA Cup "Double" in 2010  
Di Matteo led Chelsea to their first UEFA Champions League for Chelsea in 2012  A year after, Rafael Benítez led the club to win the UEFA Europa League, becoming the first club to hold two major European titles simultaneously and one of five clubs, and the first British club, to have won all three of UEFA's major club competitions   In February 2022, Thomas Tuchel led Chelsea to its first FIFA Club World Cup  He is also the coach who have won the most international titles with the club; all three of his titles were international 

List of managers
Figures correct as of 28 May 2023  Includes competitive matches only This list of all managers includes performance records and honours 
M = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against

Managers with honours
Notes


== Footnotes ==
Passage 2:
Fed Cup
The Billie Jean King Cup (or the BJK Cup) is the premier international team competition in women's tennis, launched as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the International Tennis Federation (ITF)  The name was changed to the Fed Cup in 1995, and changed again in September 2020 in honor of former World No  1 Billie Jean King  The Billie Jean King Cup is the world's largest annual women's international team sports competition in terms of the number of nations that compete  The current Chairperson is Katrina Adams The Czech Republic dominated the BJK Cup in the 2010s, winning six of ten competitions in the decade  The men's equivalent of the Billie Jean King Cup is the Davis Cup, and the Czech Republic, Australia, Russia and the United States are the only countries to have held both Cups at the same time 

History
In 1919, Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman had an idea for a women's team tennis competition  This was not adopted but she persisted, presenting a trophy at the 1923 annual contest between the United States and Great Britain, named the Wightman Cup 
Nell Hopman, wife of the legendary Australian Davis Cup Captain Harry Hopman, later took up Mrs Wightman's original idea  In 1962, a British resident of the United States, Mary Hardwick Hare, presented a dossier proving that support for such an event was overwhelming, persuading the ITF that it was a 'good idea' to have a team championship played over one week in a different venue each year  40 years after Wightman's idea of a women's Davis Cup, it became a reality  In 1963, the ITF launched the Federation Cup to celebrate its 50th anniversary  Open to all nations the competition became a resounding success 
The inaugural event attracted 16 countries  The competition was supported by the top players right from the start  Held at the Queen's Club, in London, the first contest was between Australia and the United States   Grand Slam champions Darlene Hard, Billie Jean King, Margaret Smith and Lesley Turner all proudly representing their country on court  The United States would emerge the champion nation in the opening year  However, it was to be Australia in the early years, winning seven of the next eleven championships  Around 1980 the United States was able to establish some significant mark on the competition setting in future years a very high standard for others to compete against 

The first Federation Cup had attracted 16 entry teams, despite no prize money and teams having to meet their own expenses  When sponsorship became available, the number of teams expanded dramatically, first by the Colgate Group in 1976, and, from 1981 to 1994 by the Japanese communications and computer giant NEC  In 1994, there were 73 nations competing, with the host nation of a Federation Cup week was now being required to build a special tennis complex, giving rise to what became known as the Federation Cup "legacy " The additional costs of each event could be offset with the host nations viewing their involvement as providing an opportunity to boost their national game 
For the 1992, a regional group qualifying format was introduced  In 1995, the tournament's name was shortened to the Fed Cup, and a new home-and-away format was adopted as trialled by the Davis Cup, so that women could play for their country in their own country  There have been a number of smaller changes to the format since 1995  The format change implemented in 2005 incorporates an eight Nation World Group I and eight nation World Group II both playing home-and-away over three weekends throughout the year  Three regional groups compete and there are promotions and relegations based on results 
The 2021 edition is set to have US$12 million in prize money 

Format
Tournament
While many nations enter the BJK Cup each year, only 16 countries qualify for the elite World Group and World Group II each year (eight in World Group and eight in World Group II) They reach World Group and World Group II as follows:

(a) World Group – the four nations that win their World Group first round tie remain in the World Group for the following year  First round losers contest the World Group play-offs against the four winning nations from World Group II to determine relegation/promotion for the following year's competition  (The four nations that win World Group play-offs will be in the World Group the following year, while the four losers will start the following year in World Group II )
(b) World Group II – the four nations that win their World Group II ties will compete in the World Group I Play-Offs to determine relegation/promotion for the following year, as described above  Similarly the four nations that lose their World Group II ties will face winning nations from Group I Zonal competitions, in the World Group II play-offs, to determine relegation/promotion  (The four nations that win their World Group II play-offs will be in World Group II the following year, while the four losers will begin the next year in Group I Zonal events )Once in the World Group or World Group II, four nations will be seeded in each  The decision as to which nations will be seeded is made by the BJK Cup Committee, according to the ITF BJK Cup Nations Ranking 
At the levels below the World Group and World Group II, the BJK Cup nations compete in Zonal Competition events, which are split into three zones: The Americas Zone, the Asia/Oceania Zone and the Europe/Africa Zone  In each zone there are two groups, Group I being the higher and Group II the lower, except for the Europe/Africa Zone, which also has a Group III 
Within the Group zonal regions, teams are split into pools and play against each other in a round robin format  The exact format of each Group event, and promotion and relegation between them, varies according to the number of participating teams  Two teams are always promoted from Europe/Africa Group I to that year's World Group II Play-Offs, while one team each go to the World Group II Play-Offs from Americas Group I and Asia/Oceania Zone Group I 

Current structure
This structure has been implemented since 2016 

Ties
In World Group and World Group II, and World Group and World Group II Play-off ties, each tie is contested in a best of five matches format, and is played across two days  On the first day there are two singles matches, and then the reverse singles matches take place on the following day  The final match is a doubles 
In Zonal Groups I, II and III, ties are played over the best of three matches (two singles and a doubles) 
The First Round Ties in the World Group and World Group II are played on a home and away knock-out basis, and take place over a weekend in the early part of the year 
World Group Semi-finals and Final are played over on a home and away knock-out basis, and take place over a weekend in July (Semi-finals) and September (Final) 
Play-off ties for World Group and World Group II will also be played on a home and away knock-out basis taking place in July 
The choice of ground for First Round, Semi-finals and Play-off ties is decided by lot or goes automatically to one of the competing nations 
As Groups I, II and III are played in a round robin format in all three zones, each event takes place at a single venue over one week  These are held in the first half of the year (to allow promotion of teams to the World Group II Play-off ties in the second half of the year), and dates and venues are decided by the BJK Cup Committee 

Records and statistics
List of championship finals
Performance by country
Source:

Titles by country (since 1995)
Results by country in BJK Cup Finals
Team records
Consecutive titles
All-time: 7,  United States, 1976–1982
Consecutive finals appearances
All-time: 8,  Australia, 1973–1980
Most number of games in a tie
Best of Five Format: 162,  France 4–1  Japan, 1997 World Group First Round
Best of Three Format: 104,  Canada 2–1  Switzerland, 1977 Consolation Second Round
Years present in BJK Cup Finals

Individual records
Youngest player
Denise Panagopoulou;  Greece; 12 years, 360 days1
Oldest player
Gill Butterfield;  Bermuda; 52 years, 162 days
Most rubbers played
100, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario,  Spain
Most ties played
74, Anne Kremer,  Luxembourg
Most rubbers won
Total: 72, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Spain
Singles: 50, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Spain
Doubles: 38, Larisa Savchenko-Neiland,  Soviet Union /  Latvia
Longest rubber
2016 World Group First Round: Richèl Hogenkamp,  Netherlands defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova,  Russia in 4 hours, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 10–8 
Most successful captain
Petr Pála; 6 titles,  Czech Republic1Players must now be aged 14 and over

Heart Award
The Heart Award is the ITF's annual "MVP" award related to the Billie Jean King Cup, which "aims to recognise players who have represented their country with distinction, shown exceptional courage on court and demonstrated outstanding commitment to the team " The award was inaugurated in 2009 

Current rankings
For more information, see ITF rankings

†Change since previous ranking update
Source:

Broadcasters
See also
Junior Davis Cup and Junior Billie Jean King Cup
International Tennis Federation
Davis Cup
Hopman Cup
Wightman Cup
United Cup
Passage 3:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 4:
Division of Kingsford Smith
The Division of Kingsford Smith is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales 

History
The division is named after Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, a pioneer aviator, and the first pilot to fly across the Pacific Ocean  The Kingsford Smith International Airport (Sydney International), and the suburb of Kingsford, both of which are located within the division, are also named after him  The division was proclaimed at the redistribution of 11 May 1949, and was first contested at the 1949 federal election 
Kingsford Smith has been in Labor hands for its entire existence  A redistribution ahead of the 1969 election made it one of the safest Labor seats in both Sydney and the nation, and it remained a comfortably safe Labor seat for most of the next four decades  However, demographic changes since 2010 have made the seat much less secure for Labor  It has previously been held by Lionel Bowen, a minister in the Whitlam government, Deputy Leader of the Labor Party from 1977 to 1990 and Deputy Prime Minister for most of the Hawke government, and by Laurie Brereton, a minister in the Keating government  It was then held by Peter Garrett, a former lead singer of the Australian rock band Midnight Oil, former President of the Australian Conservation Foundation, and a minister in the Rudd and Gillard governments  Garrett announced his retirement on 26 June 2013 The Division was originally known as the Division of Kingsford-Smith (with a hyphen), based upon a misspelling of Sir Charles's surname  However, this was corrected at the redistribution in 2001 The current Member for Kingsford Smith, since the 2013 federal election, is Matt Thistlethwaite, a member of the Australian Labor Party who resigned from the Senate prior to the election 

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission  Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned The division is located in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, on the north shore of Botany Bay, and the coast of the Tasman Sea  The division includes the suburbs of Banksmeadow, Botany, Chifley, Coogee, Daceyville, East Botany, Eastgardens, Eastlakes, Hillsdale, Kensington, Kingsford, La Perouse, Little Bay, Malabar, Maroubra, Maroubra Junction, Mascot, Matraville, Pagewood, Phillip Bay, Port Botany, and South Coogee; as well as parts of Clovelly, Randwick, and Rosebery  Bare Island, Prince Henry Hospital, and the University of New South Wales are also located in the electorate 

Members
Election results
Passage 5:
Hilario López
Hilario López García (18 November 1907 – 17 June 1965) was a Mexican football forward who made three appearances for the Mexico at the 1930 FIFA World Cup 

Honours
Mexico

Central American and Caribbean Games: 1935Individual

Central American and Caribbean Games Top Scorer: 1935
Passage 6:
Dragoslav Čakić
Dragoslav 'Drago' Čakić (born 15 February 1965 in Split, Croatia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) is a Croatian retired footballer who played as a midfielder 

Club career
In his country, Čakić represented hometown clubs RNK Split and HNK Hajduk Split  In the 1987 summer he moved to Spain, where he remained until his retirement 12 years later, starting with Real Burgos CF in Segunda División 
Čakić also played professionally in the country with Xerez CD (two spells, being relegated from the second level in 1991 and 1998) and CD Ourense  He competed at amateur level with Jerez Industrial CF, CD San Fernando and CD Tortosa, retiring in June 1999 at the age of 34 
Passage 7:
Ružica Meglaj-Rimac
Ružica Meglaj-Rimac (15 February 1941 – 11 July 1996) was a former Yugoslav and Croatian basketball player born in Croatian-Slovenian family  The Ružica Meglaj-Rimac Cup is named after her 

Personal life
Her younger sister, Kornelija Meglaj is also a former basketball player  She had two sons, former Croatian basketball players Slaven Rimac and Davor Rimac 
Passage 8:
José Antunes Sobrinho
José Antunes Sobrinho (born 1962) is a Brazilian civil engineer and energy executive who specializes in hydroelectric and other energy projects  He holds a degree from the Federal University of Paraná (1974) and a Master's degree in hydraulic engineering from the Delft University of Technology, Netherlands (1978) 

History
In 1986, Antunes was appointed Director General of ENGEVIX Engenharia S/A Antunes has worked on the Itaipu (14,000 MW), Tucuruí Dam (8,370 MW), Belo Monte Dam (11,233 MW under construction); Ita Dam  (1,450 MW), Campos Novos Dam (880 MW), Barra Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant (690 MW) and other hydro projects 
Antunes is also an active consultant and provides local support for UK-based Coopers & Lybrand  He helped drive forward the Brazilian energy sector restructuring program, which basically set the foundations for the way the industry's regulatory and legal frameworks would operate 
Antunes was a member of the teams consulting on the Itaipu (14,000 MW) and Machadinho Hydroelectric Power Plant (1,240 MW) projects   He has also worked on projects in Asia (Vietnam, China and Nepal), Africa (Congo, Angola and Namibia) and South America (Peru, Mexico and elsewhere)   In 2009, he was invited to lecture at MIT (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) on renewable energy in Brazil 
In May 1995, Antunes founded DESENVIX, the investment arm of ENGEVIX that focuses on the energy industry  DESENVIX currently generates the equivalent of 400 MW provided by clean energy sources and ongoing or planned hydro, biomass and wind energy projects that will provide around 2,000 MW Antunes is currently managing the INFRAMERICA consortium, which is building the new Natal Airport (Rio Grande do Norte) and modernizing and expanding Brasília Airport, The ENGEVIX Group also has many maritime construction contracts and builds hulls for Floating production storage and offloading platforms 
Passage 9:
1965 Federation Cup (tennis)
The 1965 Federation Cup was a team tennis tournament that took place at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne, Australia  It was third edition of the of what is now known as the Fed Cup and had eleven nations participating in the tournament throughout the four days from 15–18 January 1965 
The eleven teams played in a knockout format with six teams having to play in the opening round to join the remaining five who received first rounds byes  After winning all of the ties 3-0, the final was between the United States and Australia who for the third time in consecutive years met up in the final which was played on the 18 January  After Lesley Turner and Margaret Smith each recorded wins in the singles, Australia would defend their title that they won in 1964 despite a loss in the doubles 

Participating teams
Draw
All ties were played at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne, Australia on grass courts 

First round
West Germany vs  Italy

Japan vs  France

New Zealand vs  Argentina

Quarterfinals
United States vs  Italy

Great Britain vs  South Africa

France vs  Brazil

New Zealand vs  Australia

Semifinals
United States vs  Great Britain

France vs  Australia

Final
United States vs  Australia
Passage 10:
Equipe Matra Sports
The Matra Company's racing team, under the names of Matra Sports, Equipe Matra Elf and Equipe Matra Sports (after a takeover by Simca in 1969 as Matra-Simca Division Automobile), was formed in 1965 and based at Champagne-sur-Seine (1965–1967), Romorantin-Lanthenay (1967–1969) and Vélizy-Villacoublay (1969–1979)  In 1979 the team was taken over by Peugeot and renamed as Automobiles Talbot 

Motorsports history
In the mid-1960s, Matra enjoyed considerable success in Formula 3 and F2 racing, particularly with the MS5 monocoque-based car, winning the French and European championships  In 1967, Jacky Ickx surprised the F1 establishment by posting the third-fastest qualifying time of 8:14" at the German Nürburgring in his 1600cc Matra MS7 F2, which was allowed to enter alongside the 3000cc F1 cars  In the race, he failed to finish due to a broken suspension 

Matra entered Formula One in 1968 when Jackie Stewart was a serious contender, winning several Grands Prix in the Tyrrell-run Matra MS10 which competed alongside the works team 
The F1 team was established at Vélizy-Villacoublay in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France  The car's most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks  These allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg (33 lb) lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors  The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970 
Matra CEO Jean-Luc Lagardère made a strategic decision for the 1969 championship: the Matra works team would not compete in Formula One  Matra would instead focus its efforts on Ken Tyrrell's privateer team (renamed Matra International) and build a new DFV powered car with structural fuel tanks, even though it would only be eligible for a single season  The decision was even more radical given that Matra was seeking a partnership with Simca, which would preclude using Ford-branded engines for the following year  Stewart won the 1969 title easily with the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80, which was designed by Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer, and corrected most of the weaknesses of the MS10  Stewart's title was the first won in a car built by a French constructor, and still remains the only one won in a car built in France as well as in a car entered by a privateer team  It was a spectacular achievement from a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year  France became only the third country (after the United Kingdom and Italy) to have produced a winning constructor, and Matra became the only constructor to have won the Constructors' Championship without running its own works team 
Like Cosworth, Lotus and McLaren, Matra experimented with four wheel drive during the 1969 season  Johnny Servoz-Gavin became the one and only driver to score a point with a 4WD car, finishing sixth with the Matra MS84 at the Canadian Grand Prix  The MS84, along with Brabham's BT26A, was one of the last spaceframe cars to compete in Formula One 
For 1970 following the agreement with Simca, Matra asked Tyrrell to use their V12 engine rather than the Cosworth  Stewart got to test the Matra V12, but since a large part of the Tyrrell budget was provided by Ford, and another significant sponsor was French state-owned petroleum company Elf, which had an agreement with Renault that precluded supporting a Simca partner, the partnership between Matra and Tyrrell ended 
Matra V12 engines powered the Shadow DN7 car in two races of 1975 and then cars built and entered by the Ligier Formula 1 team from 1976–1978, and again (under the name Talbot Ligier) from 1981-1982, winning three races (the 1977 Swedish Grand Prix, 1981 Austrian Grand Prix and 1981 Canadian Grand Prix)  Jacques Laffite´s victory at the 1977 Swedish Grand Prix was the first Formula One victory for a French team and a French engine, as well as the first all-French victory in the Formula One World Championship The company was also successful in endurance racing with cars powered by the V12 engine  The sportscar team was based at first at Vélizy-Villacoublay and then moved to Le Castellet, near Marseille, France The Matra MS670 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1972, 1973, and 1974  It also delivered the World Championship for Makes to Matra in both 1973 and 1974 

Racing models
Matra MS1
Matra MS2
Matra MS5
Matra MS6
Matra MS7
Matra MS9
Matra MS10
Matra MS11
Matra MS80
Matra MS84
Matra MS120
Matra MS120B
Matra MS120C
Matra MS120D
Matra MS610
Matra MS620
Matra MS630
Matra-Simca MS630
Matra-Simca MS630/650
Matra MS640
Matra-Simca MS650
Matra-Simca MS660
Matra-Simca MS660C
Matra-Simca MS670
Matra-Simca MS670B
Matra-Simca MS670C
Matra-Simca MS680

Successes
334 races, all categories, spanning 10 years
124 victories, 104 lap records
1 Formula One World Drivers' Championship (1969, Jackie Stewart, MS80)
1 Formula One World Constructors' Championship (1969, Matra-Elf International)
5 French Formula Two Championships (1966–1967–1968–1969–1970)
3 European Formula Two Championships (1967–1968–1969)
3 French Formula Three Championships (1965–1966–1967)
2 World Championship for Makes (1973–1974)
3 victories at 24 Hours of Le Mans (1972–1973–1974)
2 victories at Tour de France Automobile (1970–1971)

Complete Formula One World Championship results
As a constructor
(key)

As an engine supplier
(key)

Notes
Passage 11:
2014 Thai League Cup
The Thai League Cup is a knock-out football tournament played in Thai sport  Some games are played as a single match, others are played as two-legged contests  The 2014 Thai League Cup kicked off on   1 February 2014 with the Bangkok & field regional qualifiers  The Thai League Cup has been readmitted back into Thai football after a 10-year absence  The Thai League Cup is sponsored by Toyota thus naming it Toyota League Cup  The prize money for this prestigious award is said to be around 5 million baht and the runners-up will be netting 1 million baht 
The prize money is not the only benefit of this cup, the team winning the fair play spot will get a Hilux Vigo  The MVP of the competition will get a Toyota Camry Hybrid Car  The winner of the cup will earn the right to participate on a cup competition in Japan 
This is the first edition of the competition and the qualifying round will be played in regions featuring clubs from the Regional League Division 2 

Calendar
1st round


=== Final ===
Passage 12:
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are congresspeople who coordinate legislative initiatives and serve as the chief spokespersons for their parties on the House floor  These leaders are elected every two years in secret balloting of their party caucuses or conferences: the House Democratic Caucus and the House Republican Conference  Depending on which party is in power, one party leader serves as majority leader and the other as minority leader 
Unlike the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader is the second highest-ranking member of their party's House caucus, behind the Speaker of the House  The Majority Leader is responsible for setting the annual legislative agenda, scheduling legislation for consideration, and coordinating committee activity  The Minority Leader serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the minority counterpart to the Speaker  The Minority Leader also speaks for the minority party in the House and its policies, and works to protect the minority party's rights The assistant majority leader and assistant minority leader of the House, commonly called whips, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership  The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues 

Current floor leaders
With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority, the current leaders are Majority Leader Steve Scalise of Louisiana and Majority Whip Tom Emmer of Minnesota, Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries of New York, and Minority Whip Katherine Clark of Massachusetts 

Selection
The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot  The Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming Speaker, although not formally selected to be nominated for Speaker by the majority party's caucus  After this period, the Speaker-designate is also chosen in a closed-door session by the largest caucus although the Speaker is formally elevated to the position by a public vote of the entire House when Congress reconvenes 
Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position  When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress  When her predecessor, Dick Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections  Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House  Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service 
By contrast, party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber, such as Lyndon B  Johnson, William Knowland, Tom Daschle, and Bill Frist  Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor also had a comparatively quick rise to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history 

History
Before 1899, the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, the most powerful committee in the House, as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution as the House's unique power  However, this designation (begun under Speaker Henry Clay during the 12th United States Congress) was informal, and after 1865, alternated between the Ways and Means Committee Chair and the House Appropriations Committee Chair after the latter committee was split from the former  By at least 1850, the Senate and House Republican Conferences and the Senate and House Democratic Caucuses began naming chairs (although conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority) The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne  Speaker David B  Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more prominent and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356 Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership after the incumbent surrenders the position  The only exceptions during this period were Charles A  Halleck, who served as Majority Leader from 1947–1949, ultimately did not become Speaker because his party lost the House in the 1948 House election, and served as Majority Leader in 1953–1955, ultimately did not become Speaker because his party lost control over the House after the 1954 House Election and would not regain the House until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for years at this point); Hale Boggs, who served as Majority Leader from 1971–1973, died in a plane crash; and Dick Gephardt, who served as Majority Leader from 1989–1995, descended to Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections 
Since 1995, the only two Majority Leaders to become Speaker are John Boehner and Kevin McCarthy, though indirectly as their party lost control in the 2006 and 2018 midterm elections  Boehner subsequently served as House Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011, and McCarthy served from 2019 to 2023  Both were elected Speaker when the House reconvened after gaining a majority in their respective midterm elections  In 1998, when Speaker Newt Gingrich announced his resignation, neither Majority Leader Dick Armey nor Majority Whip Tom DeLay contested the Speakership, which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert 
Traditionally, the Speaker is viewed as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command  For example, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the Speakership while Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader  Cantor was understood to be the second-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the indisputable leader of the House Republicans  However, there have been some exceptions  The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay was considered more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006 In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party  For example, when the Republicans lost their majority in the 2018 elections, McCarthy was elected as Minority Leader and hence replaced Ryan as the highest-ranking House Republican 
When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President  For that situation, the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, owing to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership 
When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively  As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions  Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections  She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress In 2014, Eric Cantor became the first House Majority Leader to lose a primary election  Following his primary defeat, Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader, effective July 31, 2014, and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress 

Majority Leader
The House Majority Leader's duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus  In several recent sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees One statutory duty, per 19 U S C  § 2191(c)(1), stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the United States for a fast-track negotiating authority (trade promotion authority) trade agreement must be introduced (by request) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House 

Minority Leader
Responsibilities
From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader  For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar  The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities 
From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority control of the House  Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader 

The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers 
The minority leader devises strategies, in consultation with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives  For example, by stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" 
The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party's agenda 
The minority leader, if their party controls the White House, confers regularly with the President and the President's aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally 
The minority leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined  To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom  A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N Y , provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies  He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights  It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation "Since Snell's description, other responsibilities have been added to the job  These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions  Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position 

Origin of the post
To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation  Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader  Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders  However, from the earliest days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader"  Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader  In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause " In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

I found there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called, in England, Leaders, on either side of the House     It is true, that certain members do take charge of administration questions, and certain others of opposition questions; but all this so obviously without concert among themselves, actual or tacit, that nothing can be conceived less systematic or more completely desultory, disjointed Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader  For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field  Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855 " With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader"  The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five  The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership "In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader " However, this assertion is subject to dispute  On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G  Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker  Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J  Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress  Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader  He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives     all at handsome salaries " Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination  But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously " Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead  "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883  On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership " Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A  Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883  "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance " This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer 
In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position  Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians  This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and   high levels of party voting in Congress " Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House
leadership structure 

Minority party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897
While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899, the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the beginning of each Congress) may be considered their party's leaders before that time 

1865: James Brooks (D-NY)
1867: Samuel S  Marshall (D-IL)
1869: Michael C  Kerr (D-IN)
1871: George W  Morgan (D-OH)
1873: Fernando Wood (D-NY)
1875: James Gillespie Blaine (R-ME)
1877, 1879: James Abram Garfield (R-OH)
1881: Samuel Jackson Randall (D-PA)
1883: Joseph Warren Keifer (R-OH)
1885, 1887: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
1889: John Griffin Carlisle (D-KY)
1891, 1893: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
1895: Charles F  Crisp (D-GA)
1897: Joseph W  Bailey (D-TX)

Trends
Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention  First, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means " Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; however, they appoint the minority members of the Rules Committee and influence the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee 
Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status  Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern  In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R  Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker  Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker " More recently, although Robert H  Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day 
In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President  For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership  Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner 

Institutional functions
The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether their party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda  Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position  Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book  Others have devolved upon the position in other ways  To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out
diverse leadership functions  Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities 
Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities  They include the following:
Drug Testing  Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House "
Inspector General  Rule II, clause 6, states that the "Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly " This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general 
Questions of Privilege  Under Rule IX, clause 2, a resolution "offered as a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader     shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn " This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions 
Oversight Plans  Under Rule X, clause 2, not later "than March 31 in the first session of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans" of the standing committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees' oversight plans 
Committee on Standards of Official Conduct: Investigative Subcommittees  Rule X, clause 5, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress "
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence  "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum " In addition, each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties  (Rule X, clause 11) 
Motion to Recommit with Instructions  Under Rule XIII, clause 6, the Rules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions 
In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions  For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; they and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; they are a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and they may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference  Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible 

Party functions
The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities  Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader  For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus  They are a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the
Steering Committee  Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration  Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader 
Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments  Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's floor leader:
A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs  They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party  They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation  They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration  Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's
whip organization These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader's overarching objective: retake majority control of the House  "I want to get [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt, D-MO  "That's what [my partisan colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to do "Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal 
Provide Campaign Assistance  Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers  There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention  For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee  "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist "No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support "Devise Minority Party Strategies  The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that they can employ to advance minority party objectives  The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party  For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion  Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:
Cooperation  The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor 
Inconsequential Opposition  The minority party offers opposition, but it is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is so small 
Withdrawal  The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue, perhaps because of intraparty divisions 
Innovation  The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf 
Partisan Opposition  The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own 
Constructive Opposition  The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes 
Participation  The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority-building role with respect to his priorities A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances  The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party  "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt  Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics  By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House  To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public 
Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda  An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters  Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities  For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor  If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, they can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership  As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side "Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's  For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message", they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public 
House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House  The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues  Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements  They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel  In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals 
Confer With the White House  If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally  Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party  In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress  When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents  President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill  There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President  On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's " Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party  "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI  Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection  As Ford explained:
"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said  When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal  If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that  And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative  Or they could vote for it and make the same argument  Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, R-IL, to act as national spokesmen for their party  They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting  Ford's predecessor as minority leader, Charles Halleck, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this role, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Show"  In fact, the "Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference "Foster Party Harmony  Minority status, by itself, is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements  To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank-and-file Members and with different factional groupings  As Minority Leader Gephardt said:

We have weekly caucus meetings  We have daily leadership meetings  We have weekly ranking Member meetings  We have party effectiveness meetings  There's a lot more communication  I believe leadership is bottom up, not top down  I think you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up, and involve people in figuring out what that is Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party  Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the
minority party 

Party whips and assistant party leaders
Whips
A whip manages their party's legislative program on the House floor  The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon 
The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed legislation  They are reckoned as the third-ranking member of their party behind the Speaker and the Majority Leader 
The Minority Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters  They are reckoned as the second most powerful member of their party, behind the minority leader 
The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for their party  The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Guy Reschenthaler  Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership  Cantor and McCarthy, for instance, served as chief deputy Republican whips before ascending to the majority leader's post  The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus  John Lewis held this post from 1991 until his death in 2020  Jan Schakowsky held the position of senior chief deputy majority whip along with Lewis since 2019, previously holding a position as chief deputy whip since 2005  Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the title Deputy Whip 
List of Republican Chief Deputy Whips
1981–1983: David F  Emery (Minority)
1983–1987: Tom Loeffler (Minority)
1987–1989: Edward Rell Madigan (Minority)
1989–1993: Steve Gunderson and Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
1993–1995: Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
1995–1999: Dennis Hastert (Majority)
1999–2003: Roy Blunt (Majority)
2003–2009: Eric Cantor (Majority, 2003–2007; Minority, 2007–2009)
2009–2011: Kevin McCarthy (Minority)
2011–2014: Peter Roskam (Majority)
2014–2019: Patrick McHenry (Majority)
2019–2022: Drew Ferguson (Minority)
2023–present: Guy Reschenthaler (Majority)List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips1955–1962: Hale Boggs (Majority)
1962–1971: Tip O'Neill (Majority)
1971–1973: John Brademas, John J  McFall (Majority)
1973–1977: John Brademas (Majority)
1977–1981: Dan Rostenkowski (Majority)
1981–1987: Bill Alexander (Majority)
1987–1991: David Bonior (Majority)
1991–1993: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis (Majority)
1993–1995: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Majority)
1995–1997: Rosa DeLauro, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Minority)
1997–1999: Rosa DeLauro, Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Bob Menendez (Minority)
1999–2002: Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2002–2003: John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2003–2005: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Baron Hill, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Jan Schakowsky, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2005–2007: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2007–2011: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Majority)
2011–2013: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Jim Matheson, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Maxine Waters, Peter Welch (Minority)
2013–2015: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Ben Ray Lujan, Jim Matheson, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Minority)
2015–2019: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joaquin Castro, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Kyrsten Sinema, Peter Welch (Minority)
2019–2022: Cedric Richmond (until January 15, 2021) (Assistant to the Majority Whip), John Lewis (until July 17, 2020), Jan Schakowsky (Senior Chief Deputy Whips), Pete Aguilar, G  K  Butterfield, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Dan Kildee, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Majority)
2023–present: Jan Schakowsky, Terri Sewell, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Jimmy Panetta, Colin Allred, Sharice Davids, Deborah Ross, Linda Sánchez, Marilyn Strickland

Assistant party leaders
The position of Assistant Democratic Leader was established by Nancy Pelosi on January 3, 2011 and filled by Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between then-Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then-Majority Whip Jim Clyburn  The title has undergone several name changes, with the title being known as the titular "Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives" during Pelosi's second speakership; it is said to replace the Assistant to the Leader post first established in 1999; and previously held by Chris Van Hollen  There is currently no Republican equivalent in the U S  House of Representatives 

List of House Democratic Assistants to the Leader1999–2003: Rosa DeLauro
2003–2007: John Spratt
2007–2009: Xavier Becerra
2009–2011: Chris Van HollenList of House Assistant Democratic Leaders2011–2019: Jim ClyburnList of Assistant Speakers of the House of Representatives2019–2021: Ben Ray Luján
2021–2023: Katherine ClarkList of House Assistant Democratic Leaders2023–present: Jim Clyburn

List of party leaders and whips
The Majority and President are included for historical and comparative reference 

See also
Party leaders of the United States Senate
Divided government in the United States

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
I'm Feelin' U
"I'm Feelin' U" is a 2007 song by the musician CeCe Peniston  The song was originally released in February on the partially mixed dance compilation Miami 2007, a part of Defected In The House series, that featured overall thirty-eight tracks by various artists and was issued on ITH Records 
In May 2007, "I'm Feelin' U" was released also on single on Soulfuric Recordings with four remixes, of which one was produced also by Ron Carroll  The rest three were mixed by DJ Fudge and Brian Tappert 
The title was available also in a digital format, as a virtual single for a direct download, and became the tenth most downloaded track of 2007 at Traxsource, an independent dance music digital downloads site in USA 

Credits and personnel
CeCe Peniston – lead vocal, writer
Ron Carroll – writer, remix, producer
Stéphane Juif (aka DJ Fudge) – remix, arranger, producer
Brian Tappert – remix, keyboards, drums, additional programming
Matt Hennessy – engineer
Rob "Diggy" Morrison – additional keyboards
Alex Finkine – guitar
Kris Anderson – recording vocals

Track listings
12", US, #SFR 0033"I'm Feelin' U" (Ron Carroll's Original BMC Vocal) – 7:23
"I'm Feelin' U" (B Room Dub) – 6:10
"I'm Feelin' U" (Fudge Main Remix) – 6:17
"I'm Feelin' U" (Subsonic Fudge Dub) – 5:56MD, US, #SFR0033
MCD, US, TP, #SFR0033"I'm Feelin' U" (Ron Carroll's Original BMC Vocal) – 7:23
"I'm Feelin' U" (Fudge Main Remix) – 6:17
"I'm Feelin' U" (Subsonic Fudge Dub) – 5:56
"I'm Feelin' U" (B Room Dub) – 6:10
Passage 2:
The Goodies
The Goodies were a trio of British comedians: Tim Brooke-Taylor (17 July 1940–12 April 2020), Graeme Garden (b  18 February 1943) and Bill Oddie (b  7 July 1941)  The trio created, wrote for and performed in their eponymous television comedy show from 1970 until 1982, combining sketches and situation comedy 

Beginnings
The three actors met each other while undergraduates at the University of Cambridge, where Brooke-Taylor (Pembroke) was a law student, Garden (Emmanuel) was studying medicine and Oddie (Pembroke) was reading English  Their contemporaries included Graham Chapman, John Cleese and Eric Idle, who later became members of Monty Python, and with whom they became close friends  Brooke-Taylor and Cleese studied together and swapped lecture notes, for they were both law students, but at different colleges within the university  All three Goodies became members of the Cambridge University Footlights Club, with Brooke-Taylor becoming president in 1963, and Garden succeeding him as president in 1964 In 1965, Eric Idle succeeded Garden as Footlights Club president  Idle had initially become aware of the Footlights when he auditioned for a "smoker concert" at Pembroke College in front of Brooke-Taylor and Oddie 

Career before The Goodies
Brooke-Taylor, Garden and Oddie were cast members of the 1960s BBC radio comedy show I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again, which also featured John Cleese, David Hatch and Jo Kendall, and lasted until 1973   I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again resulted from the 1963 Cambridge University Footlights Club revue A Clump of Plinths  After having its title changed to Cambridge Circus, the revue went on to play in the West End in London, England, followed by a tour of New Zealand, then on Broadway in New York City (including an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show) 
They also took part in various TV shows with other people, including Brooke-Taylor in At Last the 1948 Show (with Cleese, Chapman and Marty Feldman)  Brooke-Taylor also took part in Marty (with Marty Feldman, John Junkin and Roland MacLeod)  In 1968 Brooke-Taylor appeared with Cleese, Michael Palin and Graham Chapman in How to Irritate People  Garden and Oddie took part in Twice a Fortnight (with Michael Palin, Terry Jones and Jonathan Lynn), before Brooke-Taylor, Garden, and Oddie worked on the late-1960s TV show Broaden Your Mind (of which only about ten minutes survives) 

The Goodies television series
The original BBC television series ran from November 1970 to February 1980 on BBC 2, with 67 half-hour episodes and two forty-five-minute Christmas specials  The series was created by Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, and originally co-written by all three, with Oddie providing the music for the show  Later episodes were co-written by Garden and Oddie 
It was one of the first shows in the UK to use chroma key and one of the first to use stop-motion techniques in a live action format  Other effects include hand editing for repeated movement, mainly used to make animals "talk" or "sing", and play speed effects as used in the episode "Kitten Kong"  In the series, the threesome travelled on, and frequently fell off, a three-seater bicycle known to them as a 'trandem' In September 1978, the trio appeared in character in an episode of the BBC1 television game show Star Turn Challenge, presented by Bernard Cribbins, in which teams of celebrities competed in acting games  Their opponents were three members of the cast of The Liver Birds, Nerys Hughes, Elizabeth Estensen and Michael Angelis  They also presented the Christmas 1976 edition of Disney Time from the toy department of Selfridges store in London, broadcast on BBC1 on Boxing Day at 5 50 pm 
The Goodies never had a formal contract with the BBC, and when the BBC Light Entertainment budget for 1980 was exhausted by the production of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy TV series, the Goodies signed a contract with London Weekend Television (LWT) for ITV  However, after one half-hour Christmas special ("Snow White 2") in 1981, and a six-part series in early 1982, the series was cancelled  In later interviews the cast suggest the reasons were mainly economic, and that a typical Goodies sketch was more expensive than it appeared 

DVD and VHS releases
Awards and nominations
"The Goodies" won the Silver Rose at the Festival Rose d'Or, held in Montreux, Switzerland, in 1972 for a special episode, based on the original 1971 Goodies' "Kitten Kong" episode, titled "Kitten Kong: Montreux '72 Edition"  In the first episode of the next series, "The New Office", Tim Brooke-Taylor can be seen painting the trophy gold 
"The Goodies" was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment Programme in 1972, losing to The Benny Hill Show "The Goodies" won the Silver Rose in 1975 at the Festival Rose d'Or for their episode "The Movies" "The Goodies" was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment Programme in 1976, losing to The Two Ronnies 

International releases and repeats of the TV series
Britain
Unlike many long-running BBC comedy series, The Goodies has not enjoyed extensive repeats on terrestrial television in the UK  In 1986, BBC2 broadcast the episode "Kitten Kong" during a week of programmes screened under the banner "TV-50", when the BBC celebrated 50 years of broadcasting  In the late 1980s the pan-European satellite-channel Super Channel broadcast a couple of episodes, and the short-lived Comedy Channel broadcast some of the later Goodies episodes in the early 1990s  Later UK Gold screened many of the earlier episodes, often with commercial timing cuts  The same episodes subsequently aired on UK Arena, also cut  When UK Arena became UK Drama, later UKTV Drama, The Goodies was dropped along with its other comedy and documentary shows 
The cast finally took matters into their own hands and arranged with Network Video for the release of a digitally-remastered 'best of' selection entitled The Goodies     At Last on VHS and Region 0 DVD in April 2003  A second volume, The Goodies     At Last a Second Helping was released on Region 2 in February 2005  Series 9 (including the Xmas special) was released on Region 2 as The Goodies – The Complete LWT Series on 26 March 2007 and a fourth volume The Goodies     At Last Back for More, Again was released on region 2 in 2010 as well as a DVD box set containing all four volumes to celebrate 40 years of The Goodies 
In 2004, an episode of the BBC documentary series Comedy Connections was devoted to the Goodies  During Christmas that year, Channel 5 repeated the classic 1973 episode "The Goodies and the Beanstalk"   Christmas 2005 saw a 90-minute Goodies special, a documentary about the series, Return of the Goodies, broadcast on BBC Two Early in 2006, a single episode ("Winter Olympics") was broadcast on BBC Two  In February 2007, the 1982 LWT series was repeated on pay-TV channel Paramount 2 
In December 2010, BBC Two showed selected late-night repeats of the BBC series, which ran nightly from 23 to 30 December  This apparent gesture followed years of campaigning by The Goodies that the shows had not been repeated like other BBC shows such as Dad's Army, Only Fools and Horses and Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em  The episodes shown were: "Bunfight at the O K  Tea Rooms" / "Earthanasia" / "The Goodies and the Beanstalk" / "Kitten Kong" / "Lighthouse Keeping Loonies" / "Saturday Night Grease" / "The Baddies" (a k a  "Double Trouble") and "The Stone Age", although "Scoutrageous", "Kung Fu Kapers" and "Scotland" (a k a  "Loch Ness Monster") were originally billed as episodes 1, 2 and 7 of the repeat run  The episodes garnered good ratings given their time slot, and the first six episodes were taken from the BBC's own master tapes, rather than the digital remasters, the rights to which are currently owned by Network Video  "The Baddies" and "The Stone Age" have never been digitally remastered 
On Sunday 8 June 2014, during a 1970s weekend, BBC Two repeated the Montreux '72 Edition of "Kitten Kong" once again; however, this has been the only episode to be repeated twice, and no full series have been repeated since 
In September 2018, Network released a box set titled The Goodies: The Complete BBC Collection  This set contains every single episode from 1970-1980 (excepting the lost, original version of "Kitten Kong") and, as a bonus feature, a one-hour edit of the show "An Audience with the Goodies", hosted by Stewart Lee and filmed live at Leicester Square in June 2018 
In late September 2022 the TV channel 'That's TV' (numbered 183 on SKY TV listings and 65 on Freeview) started showing the BBC episodes, one episode every day, starting with series one episode one on 26th September at 21 40  Series 2 started airing at 21 45 on October 5th  Series 3 started airing at 21:40 on October 11th  Series 4 started airing at 21:30 on October 17th  Series 5 started airing at 21:30 on October 24th  Series 6 started airing at 21:30 on November 6th  Some episodes are being aired in poor quality and/or black & White as the tapes were sadly wiped for reuse by the BBC in the 1970s  Although there is a message before each episode stating; 'This programme reflects the standards, language and attitudes of its time  Some viewers may find this content offensive', it seems that not all episodes are being aired - noticeably the 'Kitten Kong', 'Special Tax Edition' & 	'The Goodies Rule – O K ?' specials, but also series 2 episodes 'Pollution', 'The Lost Tribe', 'Come Dancing', 'Gender Education, 'Charity Bounce' & 'The Baddies', series 3 episode 'Superstar', series 4 episodes 'The Goodies and the Beanstalk' & 'The Race', series 5 episodes 'Scatty Safari' & 'South Africa' were not aired, with no notice or reason given 

Australia
In Australia, the series has had continued popularity  It was especially popular when it was repeated through the 1970s and 1980s by the ABC  As the show was typically broadcast in the 25-minute 6:00 pm children's timeslot, portions often had to be cut  The 1981-82 LWT series was played once on the Seven Network in the early 1980s  The ABC screened the BBC episodes again in the early 1990s, but skipped several stories due to either inappropriate material for a children's timeslot, or a lack of colour prints at the time  The BBC episodes were then heavily edited to allow time for commercials when repeated on Network Ten in the 1990s, before moving to the pay television channel UK TV during the late 1990s and early 2000s, where they were screened in full  ABC2  ran re-runs of the series, beginning in 2010 
Three of the Goodies DVDs are available in Australia under different titles to the UK releases: The Goodies: 8 Delicious Episodes, The Goodies: A Tasty Second Helping and The Goodies: The Final Episodes, respectively  The Goodies' DVDs are also available in a boxed set with a commemorative booklet (The Goodies: The Tasty Box)  This collection contains the same 16 episodes as the original two DVD releases but with additional material such as commentaries on several episodes and the original scripts of some episodes in PDF format  Picture quality has been greatly improved using digital restoration techniques and the episode "Come Dancing", which was originally thought to only have survived as a black-and-white film recording, is presented in colour from a 625-line low-band broadcast standard PAL VT recording, made for training purposes, which has had the low-level colour boosted  (The original Australian DVD release, The Goodies – A Tasty Second Helping (2 disc set), and The Goodies – A Second Helping: 4 tasty serves (1 Disc), featured the b/w telerecording of this episode )

Canada
In Canada, the series was shown in on the CBC national broadcast network during the late 1970s and early 1980s, in the traditional "after school" time slot, later a Friday night 10 pm slot, and occasionally in a midnight slot  Several episodes were also shown on the CTV Television Network  In the mid-1970s it was shown on TVOntario on Saturday evenings, repeated on Thursday evenings, until it was replaced by Doctor Who in 1976 

Germany
In Germany in 1972, German TV screened the 13-part variety show Engelbert and the Young Generation, a co-production between the BBC and German station ZDF in which The Goodies appeared in short 3-to-4-minute film sequences  The first six of these sequences were culled from the first and second series of The Goodies: "Pets" (from "Kitten Kong"), "Pop Festival" (from "The Music Lovers"), "Keep Fit" (from "Commonwealth Games"), "Post Office" (from "Radio Goodies"), "Sleepwalking" (from "Snooze") and "Factory Farm" (from "Fresh Farm Foods"); and there were seven new film sequences, "Good Deed Day", "The Gym", "The Country Code", "Street Entertainers", "Plum Pudding", "Bodyguards" and "Pan's Grannies" – these also featured intro sequences with host Engelbert Humperdinck visiting the Goodies at their office  The shows were dubbed into German and because the Goodies part of the shows was more visual than dialogue-based, it translated very well 
Five of these new films were also cut together, with a new story involving The Goodies filling out their "Tax Evasion" form, as a special 25-minute Goodies compilation episode, "A Collection of Goodies", first broadcast on BBC1 at 8 15 pm on 24 September 1972, and produced by Jim Franklin  "The Country Code" and "Bodyguards" were not used 

New Zealand
In New Zealand, the series was originally shown in full by the NZBC (later TV One) during the 1970s and 1980s  Since then, it has been re-run on SKY Network Television's Comedy Central 

Spain
In Spain, a couple of episodes of The Goodies were shown as part of a season of television-award-winning programmes (the Goodies were Montreux Festival winners) on TVE 2 entitled Festival TV in 1981 

United States
In the US, the series was shown widely in syndication during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but has been little seen since  It was shown also on PBS stations, sometimes in tandem with Monty Python's Flying Circus 

Books
Goodies books, written by the Goodies
In their heyday The Goodies also produced successful books:

The Goodies File – Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, Sphere Books Ltd , London 1975  (This book was reprinted eight times between 1976 and 1981)
The Goodies Book of Criminal Records – Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, Sphere Books Ltd , London 1975
The Making of The Goodies Disaster Movie – Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd , London 1977   (First Sphere Books Ltd , London edition 1978)

Books about the Goodies, written by other people
The Complete Goodies – Robert Ross, B T Batsford, London, 2000
The Goodies Rule OK – Robert Ross, Carlton Books Ltd, Sydney, 2006
The Clue Bible: The Fully Authorised History of ISIHAC – Jem Roberts, Preface Publishing 2009
The Goodies Superchaps Three – Andrew Pixley, 2011
The Goodies Episode Summaries – Brett Allender
The Goodies – Fact File – Matthew K  Sharp
The Goodies, the name of a chapter (pages 162-179) within the book From Fringe to Flying Circus – Celebrating a Unique Generation of Comedy 1960-1980 – Roger Wilmut, Eyre Methuen Ltd, 1980

Goodies songs
"All Things Bright and Beautiful" was released as a single credited to The Goodies in 1973, although it had been recorded in 1966 when they were part of I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again 
The first true Goodies album, The Goodies Sing Songs From The Goodies, was released in 1973 and reissued as The World of the Goodies in 1974  "The Goodies Theme" was released as a single in 1973 
They had a string of successful chart singles penned by Bill Oddie  In 1974–75, they chalked up five hit singles in twelve months: "The Inbetweenies", "Black Pudding Bertha", "Nappy Love" and "The Funky Gibbon" (all performed during the episode "The Goodies – Almost Live"), and "Make a Daft Noise for Christmas" 
"The Funky Gibbon" was their biggest hit, reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart  The Goodies made an appearance on Top of the Pops with the song  They also performed it during the Amnesty International show A Poke in the Eye (with a Sharp Stick)  "The Funky Gibbon" became a favourite in the United States on Dr  Demento's radio shows and reached number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975 
The New Goodies LP, which featured most of the hit singles, reached number 25 on the UK Albums Chart in 1975 

Goodies Theme
Three variations of the Goodies Theme were used on the opening titles for the 1970–1982 television series  Apart from the original Goodies Theme, used from 1970–1972 and released as a single, two other variations surfaced, one, with a contemporary feel from 1973–1974, sung by Bill and then the third and final theme for the rest of the series from 1975 onwards, again sung by Bill  This variation lasted for the rest of the TV series and also surfaced on later Goodies LPs and, eventually, singles 

Other collaborations
Tim Brooke-Taylor was a writer/performer on the television comedy series At Last the 1948 Show (which also included John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman in the cast), in which Eric Idle and Bill Oddie guest-starred in some of the episodes  The famous "Four Yorkshiremen" sketch was co-written by the four writers/performers of the series – Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman 
Tim Brooke-Taylor was a cast member of the television comedy series Marty with Marty Feldman and John Junkin – a compilation of the two series of Marty has been released on a DVD with the title of It's Marty 
Brooke-Taylor was also a cast member of John Cleese's special How to Irritate People 
Along with John Junkin and Barry Cryer, Brooke-Taylor was a regular cast member of the long-running Radio 2 comedy sketch show Hello, Cheeky!, which ran from 1973 to 1979  The series also transferred to Yorkshire Television for two series in 1975 and 1976 
Tim Brooke-Taylor also appeared on BBC's hospital comedy TLC, as well as the sitcoms You Must Be The Husband (with Diane Keen and Sheila Steafel), and Me and My Girl (with Richard O'Sullivan and Joan Sanderson)  He also played in a televised pro-celebrity golf match opposite Bruce Forsyth 
Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie were writers/performers on the television comedy series Twice a Fortnight (which also included Terry Jones, Michael Palin and Jonathan Lynn in the cast) 
Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden were writers/performers on the television comedy series Broaden Your Mind, with Bill Oddie joining them for the second series 
The three writers and performers also collaborated on the 1983 animated children's programme Bananaman, where they played various voice roles 
Bill Oddie has occasionally appeared on the BBC Radio 4 panel game I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, on which Garden and Brooke-Taylor are regular panellists 
Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie worked on the television comedy Doctor in the House: they co-wrote most of the first series and all of the second   Garden also appeared as a television interviewer in the series, in the episode titled "On the Box" 
Between 1981 and 1983 Garden and Oddie wrote, but did not perform in, a science fiction sitcom called Astronauts for Central and ITV  The show was set in a British space station in the near future 
Garden was a regular team captain on the political satire game show If I Ruled the World  Brooke-Taylor appeared as a guest in one episode, and during the game "I Couldn't Disagree More" he proposed that it was high time The Goodies episodes were repeated  Garden was obliged by the rules of the game to refute this statement, and replied "I couldn't disagree more   it was time to repeat them ten, fifteen years ago " This was followed by uproarious applause from the studio audience 
In 2004, Garden and Brooke-Taylor were co-presenters of Channel 4's daytime game show Beat the Nation, in which they indulged in usual game show "banter", but took the quiz itself seriously  Oddie hosts a very successful series of nature programmes for the BBC 

Goodies reunion shows
2005 Australian reunion shows
The trio reunited in Australia for The Goodies (Still A) Live on Stage as part of Sydney's Big Laugh Comedy Festival in March 2005  The show toured the country, visiting Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra and selling out most of the 13 performances A further Australian tour by the Goodies, sans Bill, took place during November and December 2005 

"Return of the Goodies" (2005)
On 30 December, BBC2 broadcast a feature-length special, featuring some new material by Brooke-Taylor, Garden and Oddie, linking clips from the original television series and interview footage 

2006 and 2007 UK reunion shows
Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden took their Goodies Live show to the 2006 Edinburgh Fringe festival  The show was similar to the second leg of the Goodies Australian tour, with Bill Oddie participating via video (due to his many filming commitments)  The show was also performed at the Paramount Comedy Festival in Brighton in October 2006 Brooke-Taylor and Garden performed the show at 22 further UK venues in 2007 

2009 World's Funniest Island and Riverside
Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden appeared at Sydney's Riverside Theatre (Parramatta) on 15 October 2009 and the World's Funniest Island comedy festival on Cockatoo Island, Sydney Harbour on 17–18 October 2009  The show was hosted by Andrew Hansen of Australian comedy team The Chaser 

2010 The One Show
On the 4th November 2010, The Goodies were once again reunited when the BBC1 magazine and chat show The One Show brought them back together 

2013: An Oldie but a Goodie
Bill Oddie toured Australia to present a series of one-man shows, An Oldie but a Goodie, during June 2013  The tour took in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth  A video with the three Goodies was shown during the shows On 19 June 2013, Oddie made personal appearances on both The Project and the Adam Hills Tonight television shows in conjunction with the tour 

2019: The Big Ben Theory
The final time that The Goodies collaborated on a commercially available project was a single, hour-long audiobook created for Audible UK, entitled The Big Ben Theory  Scripted by Gareth Gwynn and John-Luke Roberts, along with Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, and recorded in front of a highly appreciative live audience, the cast comprised Tim, Bill (an indisposed Graeme was replaced at the last minute by the project's originator and producer, Barnaby Eaton-Jones), Joanna Lumley, Philip Pope, Jon Culshaw and Kate Harbour, with direction from Dirk Maggs  Graeme Garden's own description reads ‘As Parliament falls apart and sinister dictators threaten the world, Tim, Graeme and Bill must save the day  They defeated Kitten Kong! They stuffed the Funky Gibbon! They invented Ecky Thump! Can they save Parliament as well? 52% say yes  48% say no  But you just can't rely on statistics, can you?!’ The audiobook, released by Audible on 9 October 2019, was intended to be the pilot for a forthcoming series of new episodes to be written and recorded in 2020; however, the project ended with Tim Brooke-Taylor’s death from complications from COVID-19 on April 12 that year in Cookham, Berkshire, aged 79 
In January 2022 it was announced that a series of novellas based on the planned Audible episodes was set to be published by Chinbeard Books, commencing with "Avengers Dissemble", adapted by producer and writer Barnaby Eaton Jones, with a foreword by Joanna Lumley, and based on material co-devised with the Goodies  The first book is dedicated to Tim Brooke-Taylor, 2 years since his death from COVID-19 complications and published with the backing of Tim's family and the 2 remaining Goodies: Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, with a percentage of the royalties going to the charity Tim was President of for over 25 years – Thames Valley Adventure Playground 

Cultural influence
The Mighty Boosh was started when Julian Barratt asked Noel Fielding if he wanted to make a modern-day Goodies The official Goodies fan club's (Goodies Rule-OK!) newsletter is called the Clarion & Globe  It was named after the newspaper in The Goodies' episode "Fleet Street Goodies" (a k a  "Cunning Stunts") During the 1970s, Cor!! comic, released by Fleetway publications, had a Goodies comics strip  When the comic later merged with Buster, the Goodies did not move across, although the TV show was still running Australian rock band Spiderbait released a 1993 album and EP which contained a rocked-up fast cover version of the Goodies song "Run" Australian theatre company Shaolin Punk produced a short play titled "A Record or an OBE", written by Melbourne comedian and actor Ben McKenzie, and featuring Tim and Graeme as characters  Set in 1975, the two remaining Goodies struggle to carry on after Bill leaves the group to pursue a music career  The play premiered in the 2007 Melbourne Fringe Festival, where it was highly commended in the Comedy category  Later seasons were also performed for the Adelaide Fringe and Melbourne International Comedy Festival in 2008 U S  rock band The White Stripes named their 6th album Icky Thump in reference to The Goodies sketch "The Battle of Ecky Thump"  The name was changed from "Ecky Thump" to "Icky Thump" to make the title more palatable to an American teenage audience 

Honours
All three Goodies were awarded OBEs  Bill Oddie received his OBE in 2003 for wildlife conservation, while Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden received their OBEs in 2011 for services to light entertainment  The show often mocked OBEs: in particular, a running joke was that Tim desperately wanted to receive one 

Awards
All three Goodies have been regular attendees at Slapstick Festival in Bristol, and in 2011 they were awarded the Aardman Slapstick Visual Comedy Legend Award at the festival for the significant contributions to the field of visual comedy they have made during their careers 

Viewer incidents
On 24 March 1975, Alex Mitchell, a 50-year-old bricklayer from King's Lynn, literally died laughing while watching an episode of The Goodies  According to his wife, who was a witness, Mitchell was unable to stop laughing whilst watching a sketch in the episode "Kung Fu Kapers" in which Tim Brooke-Taylor, dressed as a kilted Scotsman, used a set of bagpipes to defend himself from a black pudding-wielding Bill Oddie (master of the ancient Lancastrian martial art "Ecky-Thump") in a demonstration of the Scottish martial art of "Hoots-Toot-ochaye"  After twenty-five minutes of continuous laughter Mitchell finally slumped on the settee and died from heart failure  His widow later sent the Goodies a letter thanking them for making Mitchell's final moments so pleasant  In 2012, Mitchell's granddaughter was diagnosed with Long QT Syndrome after suffering cardiac arrest  Because this condition is genetic, it is believed that Mitchell's heart failure was triggered by an undiagnosed case of LQTS On 1 November 1977, Seema Bakewell, a 32-year-old housewife from Leicester, went into labour whilst laughing at a sketch in the Goodies episode "Alternative Roots"  She refused to leave home for the hospital until the episode had finished   Thirty years later, she visited the 2007 UK reunion tour with "her baby, Ayesha, and the baby's husband" and recounted the story to Graeme Garden 

See also
List of The Goodies episodes
The Goodies discography
The Goodies videography
Passage 3:
Book of Ways
Book of Ways, the feeling of strings, is a one-in-a-kind double album of improvised music performed by Keith Jarrett on clavichord recorded in July 1986 and released by ECM Records in 1987 

Making of
As Jarrett stated in an interview with pianist Ted Rosenthal appeared in the Jan-Feb 1997 issue of "Piano and Keyboard magazine", 

"That whole recording was done in one afternoon and everything was a first take and nothing was coming from any pre--ordained thing  I had no material " (  )
"I think Book of Ways is one of the recordings I wish more people would know  I think it has more of what I hear on it than a lot of things (I do) on piano because piano is piano  These two clavichords together made a different instrument  You could use vibrato on one of them and not the other one, and play unison  I was playing two at the same time as you probably could tell"

In the original notes for the compilation album "Keith Jarrett Selected Recordings", with music selected by Mr  Jarrett himself, he states that:

A Note on "Book of ways": To my knowledge, this recording is unique in several ways  We had three clavichords in the studio, two of which were angled together so that I could play them both simultaneously, and the third off to the side  Also we miked the instruments very closely so that the full range of dynamics could be used (clavichords are very quiet and cannot be heard more than a few feet away)  The two CDs were made on an off day between concerts with my Trio, and no material was organized beforehand  Everything was spontaneous  The recording was done in four hours 

Reception
For his 2002 "Keith Jarrett Selected Recordings" album review (which contains "Book of Ways" #12, #14 and #18), Peter Marsh at BBC calls it "extraordinary" and that "the results echo back to Baroque's original role as context for improvisation and simultaneously (through the use of unconventional techniques) rockets it forward a few hundred years "The Allmusic review by Richard S  Ginell awarded the album 3 stars, noting, "Jarrett occasionally tries to stretch the instrument's limited possibilities, hammering percussively on the close-miked strings  Yet for the most part, Jarrett reins in his world-class technique in order to make unpretentiously minimal music on this ancient keyboard  Some of it sounds like folk music, some like new age contemplation, there are convincing neo-baroque musings, and a few of these untitled though numbered selections kick into a higher gear  Sometimes this music is charming; a lot of the time, it gets wearisome  But hey, they also laughed when Keith started putting out massive sets of solo piano   "

Track listing
All music by Keith JarrettDisc One:

"Book of Ways 1" - 9:08
"Book of Ways 2" - 3:41
"Book of Ways 3" - 4:03
"Book of Ways 4" - 4:54
"Book of Ways 5" - 2:58
"Book of Ways 6" - 4:09
"Book of Ways 7" - 3:36
"Book of Ways 8" - 5:35
"Book of Ways 9" - 5:02
"Book of Ways 10" - 3:35Disc Two:  

"Book of Ways 11" - 6:16
"Book of Ways 12" - 4:08
"Book of Ways 13" - 4:38
"Book of Ways 14" - 7:13
"Book of Ways 15" - 5:48
"Book of Ways 16" - 7:37
"Book of Ways 17" - 3:56
"Book of Ways 18" - 7:16
"Book of Ways 19" - 5:38

Personnel
Keith Jarrett – clavichordProduction

Manfred Eicher - producer
Martin Wieland - recording engineer
Kishin Shinoyama - photo
Barbara Wojirsch - cover design and layout
Passage 4:
The Stars and Stripes Forever
"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is a patriotic American march written and composed by John Philip Sousa in 1896  By a 1987 act of the U S  Congress, it is the official National March of the United States of America 

History
In his 1928 autobiography, Marching Along, Sousa wrote that he composed the march on Christmas Day, 1896  He was on board an ocean liner on his way home from a vacation with his wife in Europe and had just learned of the recent death of David Blakely, the manager of the Sousa Band  He composed the march in his head and committed the notes to paper on arrival in the United States  It was first performed at Willow Grove Park, just outside Philadelphia, on May 14, 1897, and was immediately greeted with enthusiasm  Following an Act of Congress in 1987, it was officially adopted as the national march of the United States of America Historically, in show business and particularly in theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March"  In the early 20th century, when it was common for theaters and circuses to have house bands, this march was a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency  It subtly notified personnel of emergency situations and ideally allowed them to organize the audience's exit without causing the chaos and panic that an overt declaration might  Except for impending disaster, circus bands never played the tune under any circumstances  One memorable example of its use was during the Hartford circus fire of July 6, 1944  At least 168 people were killed, though some estimates are much higher 

Music
"The Stars and Stripes Forever" follows the standard U S  military march form—of repeated phrasing of different melodies performed in sections called strains: a Sousa legacy  Performances vary according to the arrangements of individual band directors or orchestrators, especially regarding tempo and the number and sequence of strains employed 

Analysis
The march begins with a four-bar introduction, following with the first strain, which is repeated; then the second strain, which is also repeated; and sometimes both are repeated again if (the band is) marching in parade (or the breakstrain may be interjected and repeated)  Now follows the dominant woodwinds in the first run of the famous Trio strain—familiar to many for the nonsense lyrics: "Be kind to your web-footed friends   "—which repeats, and later repeats again as the piccolos obligato  (Here, in some performances, Sousa's patriotic lyrics may be sung in a choral overlay ) Then follows the breakstrain, the final strain, and the breakstrain repeated



ground_truth: International Tennis Federation

ITF

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In Grown Ups, who plays the wife of the actor who produced The Chosen One?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Nine Days that Changed the World
Nine Days that Changed the World is a 2010 documentary film produced by Newt Gingrich and his wife Callista that centers on the role played by Pope John Paul II in the fall of Communism in Europe and the rise of labour union Solidarity 

Notes
External links
Nine Days that Changed the World at IMDb
Passage 2:
Margarita Muñoz
María Margarita Muñoz Parra (September 18, 1987 in Pitalito, Huila, Colombia) is a Colombian model and actress who has participated in soap operas for television networks like Caracol TV, RCN, TV Azteca, Televisa and Telemundo  She is ranked as one of the most beautiful young actresses and international revelations  She has been chosen several times by the magazine TV y Novelas publishing group Televisa as one of the most beautiful famous of Colombian television 

Biography
She lived in her farm in Pitalito, in this city she studied primary in the School of Presentation and part of her secondary education at the Liceo Andaki  Her dream of becoming a Colombian television made from 13 years for the city of Bogotá  She studied at the school of Julio César Luna 

Personal life
On February 23, 2013 she married the Argentine actor Michel Brown in the Archipelago of San Bernardo, Cartagena, Colombia 

Career
She began her career in television commercial recording, her manager is John Ceballos  She quickly joined the 2004 at age 16 the cast of the soap opera Caracol TV, El auténtico Rodrigo Leal where she played Valentina Manzur, a naughty little girl who wants attention regardless the consequences, demonstrating its sensuality and leaving a sigh in more than a man  In this production is interfered between the protagonists, Rodrigo and Carmen, played by Martin Karpans and Carolina Gómez papers, and holds an affair with Cesar, the character actor Juan Pablo Llano 
In 2005 popularity rose enough to join the cast as a young protagonist of the successful novel RCN, Los Reyes, which plays Pilar Valenzuela, better known as The Pilarica or The Goddess Crowned, a studious and serious young woman of high social class that is committed to Santiago Iriarte (Daniel Arenas) who is her boyfriend and belongs to a recognized millionaire family, but ends in love with Leo Reyes (Julián Román) simple mechanical neighbor  This year was chosen for the first time among the most beautiful in the Colombian Television magazine TV y Novelas publishing group Televisa 
On 1 October 2007 tore the recordings of the new Co-Production channel RCN Television and Televisa called The Clan of the Deceived in which Margarita was the protagonist, the recordings were made in the city of Miami and among the cast also included the Peruvian actresses Maricielo Effio and Alexandra Grana  This novel was released simultaneously in the United States, Mexico and Colombia, thus leading to Margarita international recognition 
In 2009 was the villain of the soap opera Niños ricos, pobres padres of RTI Colombia to Telemundo where Margarita Dominguez played Isabella, a wealthy 17-year-old maintains a bad temper and always likes to demonstrate her power  This was the first production of Margarita in Singapore, which the consolidated internationally and in which it was shown that its role quite like  She worked with players of great experience like Fabiola Campomanes, Aylin Mujica, Didier van der Hove, Gabriel Valenzuela among others; and the new talents of Colombian television, Carmen Villalobos, Juan Sebastian Caicedo, Margarita Vega and Javier Jattin 
In 2010 starred in the production of Caracol TV, Secretos de familia which represents Victoria "Vicky" San Miguel, a college of comfortable life that keeps a stormy romance with a semantic teacher, older and married, and into her life comes Martin, a handsome and sexy man with whom she falls in love  From that moment she will live a difficult situation to decide whether to stay with a man who mistreats her or choose the path of happiness with the man she loves  She shared credits with actresses and very known actors in Colombia as Raquel Ercole, Germán Patiño, Luciano D'Alessandro and Marcela Carvajal 
In 2011 she acted in the production of Telemundo, the telenovela Los Herederos del Monte as Julieta Millan, the antagonist, compulsive and vain woman hiding a vengeful personality of hatred and resentment   Share set with successful international actors Ezequiel Montalt, Marlene Favela, Mario Cimarro, Diana Quijano, Jose Luis Resendez, among others 
In the 2013 was the star of the Mexican version of Gossip Girl, Gossip Girl Acapulco of Warner Brothers, The Mall and Televisa where she plays Vanessa Garcia, a beautiful, simple working girl who returns to the port of Acapulco with the motive to recover the boy she loves but this has to be entangled in a social world where the rich kids enjoy the luxuries, the loves and pleasures; and must now survive the embarrassing scandals that are revealed by a discrete girl with secret identity that calls Gossip Girl  She shared credits with young actors Vadhir Derbez, Jon Ecker, Sofia Sisniega, Diego Amozurrutia and Macarena Achaga  Her participation in this successful series made her award winner Palma de Oro for best actress in a leading role revelation given by the National Circle of Journalists AC in Mexico 
In 2014 was the villain of the soap opera Amor sin Reserva of Cadenatres where she played Renata  In this she worked with her husband Michel Brown who was the protagonist 
In 2015 she was the villain of the soap opera Dueños del paraíso of Telemundo, where she played Gina Bianchi  In this she worked with the famous Mexican star Kate del Castillo, who was the protagonist 
In 2017, she was the protagonist of two different novels in two different countries: Venganza of RCN Televisión in her home country, Colombia and Nada personal of TV Azteca in Mexico  In the first (which is a remake of the famous American series Revenge), she played Amanda Santana/Emilia Rivera (in the original series her role was played by Emily VanCamp and whose name in the original was Amanda Clarke-Porter/Emily Thorne)  In the second (which is an adaptation of the original 1996 version, also from TV Azteca), she played Mariana Aragón (in the original version, the character was called Camila de los Reyes and was played by two different actresses, Ana Colchero and Christianne Gout) 

Filmography
Passage 3:
Sonny & Cher
Sonny & Cher were an American pop and entertainment duo in the 1960s and 1970s, made up of spouses Sonny Bono and Cher  The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector 
The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, "Baby Don't Go" and "I Got You Babe"  Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, Good Times and Chastity, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, "Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)"  In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label 
In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and The Sonny & Cher Show  The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce  In the decade they spent together, Sonny and Cher were nominated for two Grammy Awards and sold over 40 million records worldwide  Rolling Stone ranked them No  18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Performing under her first name, Cher went on to a highly successful career as a solo singer and actress, while Sonny Bono was eventually elected to Congress as a Republican U S  Representative from California  The two performers were inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998, following Sonny's death in a skiing accident 

Career
1962–1964: The origin
Cherilyn Sarkisian first met Salvatore Bono in a Los Angeles coffee shop in November 1962, when she was sixteen  Eleven years her senior, Bono was working for record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood  The two became best friends, eventual lovers, and were supposedly married in 1964, but Bono says in his autobiography that it was not an official marriage  They were legally wed after their only child, Chaz, was born  Through Bono, Cher started as a session singer, and sang backup on several of Spector's classic recordings, including "Be My Baby" by the Ronettes, "You've Lost That Loving Feeling" by The Righteous Brothers and Darlene Love's "A Fine, Fine Boy"  In Darlene Love's recording, the listener can clearly hear Cher and Sonny close to the mic (along with Love, who recorded her own backing vocals) 

1965–1966: Career development
With Bono continuing to write, arrange and produce the songs, the couple's first incarnation was as the duo "Caesar and Cleo"  They released some singles in 1964, including "The Letter", with Vault Records, and "The Letter", "Do You Wanna Dance" and "Love Is Strange", with Reprise Records In September 1964, they released "Baby Don't Go" under the name of Sonny & Cher, which became their first regional hit  The song was later included on the 1965 Reprise compilation Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends, which also included songs from artists such as Bill Medley, The Lettermen and The Blendells The duo released their first album Look at Us in the summer of 1965  The album contained the number one single "I Got You Babe"  Look at Us peaked at number two on the Billboard chart for eight weeks in the later part of 1965 Sonny & Cher made their first promotional tour of Britain in the first two weeks of August 1965  The tour was organized and overseen by Larry Page, co-manager of the English rock band the Kinks, who met Cher a month earlier while she finished recording her debut album and while the Kinks toured America  Page and the Kinks' publicist Brian Sommerville quickly signed to be Sonny & Cher's European business manager and British publicist, respectively  During their two weeks in Britain, the duo primarily appeared on British television and radio, but they also performed at the 100 Club in central London on August 5 The couple appeared on many of the top television shows of the era including The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Where The Action Is, Hollywood A Go-Go, Hollywood Palace, Hullabaloo, Beat Club, Shindig!, Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops  They also appeared as themselves in the film Wild on the Beach, singing "It's Gonna Rain"  On their first album Bono also displayed his political interest long before running for Congress in the lyrics of the song, "The Revolution Kind" 
As the followup to the success of Look at Us, they released their second studio album in April 1966, The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér, which peaked at number 34  The two dressed in animal skins with Bono wearing knee high caveman boots and Cher going barefoot During 1965, five of their songs were in US Billboard Top 20, a record passed only by Elvis Presley and behind famous artists like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and others  Periodic solo releases by Cher continued during this period, including major successes with "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", and Burt Bacharach & Hal David's theme from "Alfie" (as heard in the motion picture Alfie, as well as a single release), both in 1966  Because they sided with the young people being harassed on the Sunset Strip during the Sunset Strip curfew riots; they were removed from their promised position of honor in the Tournament of Roses Parade in January 1967 

1967–1969: Career woes
In 1967, Sonny and Cher released their third album, In Case You're In Love  It peaked at number 45 in the U S  charts  It contained two hit singles, both written by Bono, "The Beat Goes On" (No  6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and "Little Man" (No  21 on the Billboard Hot 100) 
In an attempt to capitalize on the duo's initial success, Bono speedily arranged a film project for the duo to star in, but the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb, despite the efforts of fledgling director William Friedkin and co-star George Sanders  After Good Times flopped in 1968, Columbia Pictures immediately sold rights to their intended follow-up film Speedway to MGM  The couple were replaced by Elvis Presley and Nancy Sinatra  In 1969, another film, Chastity, starring Cher, written and produced by Sonny, was also a commercial bomb Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up  Their gentle, easy-listening pop sound and drug-free life had become unpopular in an era increasingly consumed with the psychedelic rock of the evolving landscape of American pop culture during the late 1960s 
Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts, where they sharpened their public persona with Cher as the wise-cracking, glamorous singer, and Bono as the good-natured recipient of her insults  In reality, Bono controlled every aspect of their act, from the musical arrangements to the joke-writing  While success was slow to come, their luck improved when network TV talent scouts attended a show, noting their potential appeal for a variety series 
Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity (named after Cher's movie), born on March 4, 1969 

1970–1977: TV success and divorce
In 1970, Sonny and Cher starred in their first television special, The Nitty Gritty Hour, a mixture of slapstick comedy, skits, and live music  The appearance was a critical success, which led to numerous guest spots on other television shows  They also appeared in The New Scooby-Doo Movies as guest stars 
Sonny and Cher caught the eye of CBS head of programming Fred Silverman while guest-hosting The Merv Griffin Show, and Silverman offered the duo their own variety show  The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour debuted in 1971 as a summer replacement series  The show returned to prime time later that year and was an immediate hit, quickly reaching the Top 10  The show received 15 Emmy Award nominations during its run, winning one for direction, throughout its initial four seasons on CBS  The duo also revived their recording career, releasing the album All I Ever Need Is You, and charting two more top ten hits: "All I Ever Need Is You", and "A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done" in 1972 Sonny and Cher's dialogues were patterned after the successful nightclub routines of Louis Prima and Keely Smith: the happy-go-lucky husband squelched by a tart remark from the unamused wife  The show featured a stock company of zany comedians, including Teri Garr, Freeman King, Ted Ziegler, Billy Van and Murray Langston (later The Unknown Comic on The Gong Show)  One sketch satirizing CBS's detective show Cannon and its portly star William Conrad was so successful that Sonny and Cher staged several follow-ups, with Tony Curtis as "Detective Fat"  Everybody in these sketches wore wide-waisted "fat suits" (similar to hoop skirts), so Detective Fat and his clients and his suspects would spend most of the time bumping each other and bouncing across the crowded room 
By the third season of the Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour (1974), the marriage of Sonny and Cher was falling apart; the duo separated later that year  The show imploded, while still rating in the top 10  What followed was a very public divorce (finalized on June 26, 1975)  Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance By an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour in 1974 

Bono launched his own show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, in the fall of 1974, retaining the "Sonny and Cher" troupe of comedians and writers  Cher also announced plans to star in a new variety series of her own  Critics predicted that Bono would be the big winner with a solo comedy vehicle, and held little hope for Cher's more musical showcase  After only six weeks, however, Bono's show was abruptly canceled The Cher show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16, 1975, featuring Flip Wilson, Bette Midler, and special guest Elton John  Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest-stars a few weeks later, and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year  The first season ranked in the Top 25 of the year-end ratings 
As a result of the divorce, Sonny and Cher went their separate ways until Cher attended the opening of one of Bono's restaurants in something of a reconciliation  The Sonny & Cher Show returned in 1976, even though they were no longer married (the duo "reunited" with a humorous handshake)  After struggling with low ratings through 1977, Sonny and Cher finally parted ways for good  In 1976, Mego Toys also released a line of toys and dolls, in the likeness of Sonny & Cher  The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show 

1978–1999: After Sonny and Cher
Sonny Bono went on to an acting career and later entered politics, eventually becoming a member of the U S  House of Representatives  Cher went on to become a Grammy Award-winning solo singer and an Academy Award-winning actress 
The couple made two surprise impromptu reunion performances: the first on The Mike Douglas Show in the spring of 1979, singing a medley of "United We Stand" and "Without You", and the second on November 13, 1987, on Late Night with David Letterman where they performed their hit song "I Got You Babe"; it turned out to be the last time the two would perform together In early 1999, And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, directed by David Burton Morris and starring Jay Underwood and Renee Faia, was broadcast on ABC  The TV movie was based on the autobiography of Bono, and focuses on the relationship between the couple during the early 1960s to their divorce in the mid 1970s  This movie was also nominated for two Emmy Awards 

Bono's death, music copyright
On January 5, 1998, Bono died of injuries from hitting a tree while skiing at Heavenly Ski Resort in Lake Tahoe  He was 62 years old  Bono's death came just days after Michael Kennedy died in a similar accident  Bono's widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until she was defeated for re-election in 2012  She continues to champion many of her late husband's causes, including the ongoing fight as how to best save the Salton Sea 
The funeral, unbeknownst to Cher, was broadcast live on CNN  She gave a tearful eulogy, after which the attendees sang the song "The Beat Goes On"  In front of millions, Cher tearfully and effusively praised Bono, calling him "the most unforgettable character I've ever met"  His final resting place is Desert Memorial Park in nearby Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery in which Frank Sinatra was laid to rest later that same year  The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads: "And The Beat Goes On" In 1998, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television  Cher appeared at the event with Mary Bono, who accepted the award on behalf of her late husband  Cher paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, calling her grief "something I never plan to get over"  During the same year, Cher also released her twenty-second album Believe that was highly influenced by Bono's death, and in the booklet Cher wrote "In memory of Son" When Cher and Bono divorced, they agreed to split revenue from the songs recorded together  When Bono died, one-third of his interest passed to wife Mary Bono, and one-sixth interests were split amongst his children  Cher sued UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in "hidden" royalties 

Legacy and achievements
Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny & Cher as "part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the beat and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyrics and often lyrics of protest "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour received numerous Emmy nominations; Director Art Fisher won for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series in 1972  Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1974 Sonny and Cher received the following honors:

1966: Grammy nomination for Best New Artist
1972: Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance
1998: Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
2015: Ranked No  18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time

Filmography
Discography
Look at Us (1965)
The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966)
In Case You're in Love (1967)
All I Ever Need Is You (1972)
Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1974)

See also
Cher
Sonny Bono
Supercouple
List of number-one hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100

Notes
Passage 4:
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (disambiguation)
Sabrina the Teenage Witch is a comic book series 
Sabrina the Teenage Witch may also refer to:

Film
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (film), a 1996 television film produced for Showtime
Sabrina Goes to Rome, a 1998 television film produced for ABC
Sabrina Down Under, a 1999 television film produced for ABC
Sabrina: Friends Forever, a 2002 animated television film produced by DIC Entertainment

Television
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1970 TV series), a 1970–1974 American animated comedy television series that was a spin-off from The Archie Comedy Hour that aired on CBS and in syndication
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series), a 1996–2003 American fantasy comedy television series that aired on ABC and The WB
Sabrina: The Animated Series, a 1999 American animated television series that aired on ABC
Sabrina's Secret Life, a 2003–2004 American animated television series that aired in syndication
Sabrina: Secrets of a Teenage Witch, an American 2013 animated television series that aired on Hub Network
Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (TV series), a 2018 American dark fantasy television series that aired on Netflix

Other uses
Sabrina Spellman, the title character of the comic book series Sabrina the Teenage Witch
Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, an American comic book series published by Archie Horror, a beginning in 2014

See also
Teen Witch, a 1989 American teen fantasy comedy film
"Teen-a Witch", the third episode of the seventh season of the American animated television series Bob's Burgers
Passage 5:
Private Hell 36
Private Hell 36 is a 1954 American crime film noir directed by Don Siegel starring Ida Lupino, Steve Cochran, Howard Duff, Dean Jagger and Dorothy Malone The picture was one of the last feature-length efforts by Filmakers, an independent company created by producer Collier Young and his star and then-wife Ida Lupino 

Plot
L A  police detectives Cal Bruner and Jack Farnham are partners  Upon meeting a nightclub singer, Lilli Marlowe, who may hold the key to solving a major New York robbery  Lilli assists the pair in the search for a suspect she encountered; a romance develops between her and Cal  When the suspect is finally spotted, a chase ensues which results in the death of the fugitive  Inside the car, there is a box filled with money and Cal pockets $80,000 of it  Jack wants nothing to do with this and reminds his partner that the money is marked  Cal has a plan, however, and Jack finds himself wedged into it  He reluctantly accepts accepts a key to a trailer in which Cal has hidden the money, the idea being that Jack can access his share, but Jack - a family man who just wants as normal a life as possible - is increasingly agitated and racked with guilt   Cal receives a call from the dead man's partner threatening to reveal the cop's deceit unless he gets his money back  Jack insists that they turn in the money and take what is coming to them, but Cal says he intends to murder the blackmailer and claim self defence   After a time, Cal agrees to return the money, but he is actually preparing to kill his own partner   When the crook suddenly shows up Cal wounds Jack, then Cal is killed by a shot from the dark   Their boss, Captain Michaels, appears and reveals that he suspected the detectives had taken the money, the blackmailing crook was just a ruse 

Cast
Ida Lupino as Lilli Marlowe
Steve Cochran as Cal Bruner
Howard Duff as Jack Farnham
Dean Jagger as Capt  Michaels
Dorothy Malone as Francey Farnham
King Donovan as 	Evney Serovitch
Dabbs Greer as Sam Marvin
William Boyett as 	Stimson
Tom Monroe as Patrolman Tom
Richard Deacon as Mr  Mace
James Anderson as Patrolman in Locker Room
Bridget Duff as Bridget Farnham
Kenneth Patterson as Detective Lt  Lubin
Chester Conklin as 	Murdered Man

Background
The extensive racetrack scenes in the film were shot at Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood, California  The interiors of real bars and shops were used so the actors could walk out into actual streets within the same scene 
The film starts with a pre-credit sequence before the first titles appear in an early modernist foreshadowing of the action teaser before it became commonplace on television series of the sixties  Typical of The Film[m]akers productions the last title card misspells “Made in Holl[y]wood, USA “
The film is notable as one of the early Siegel B movies on which future auteur Sam Peckinpah (credited under his first name of David) learned his craft as a dialogue director 

Reception
Film critic Bosley Crowther wrote a tepid review, "A critic might note that attention is sharply divided between the main theme and the incidental character that Miss Lupino plays  This is somewhat understandable, since Miss Lupino happens to be one of the partners in Filmakers and a coauthor of the script  But let's not worry about it  No deplorable damage is done  There's not very much here to damage  Just an average melodrama about cops "

Theme
Private Hell 36 showcases a number of Seigel’s thematic concerns, among the crisis that occurs when “original assumptions [or] convictions are turned against a protagonist” Film critic Judith M  Kass writes:

 Seigel demonstrates that love is not a refuge for man or woman, even for the couple (Howard Duff and Dorothy Malone) whose marriage is threatened by Duff’s anxiety and subsequent drinking  For Seigel, love apparently complicates rather than ameliorates the existential loneliness of his characters, creating for them additional hurdles in their already turbulent emotional lives and forming, rather than eroding, barriers to feeling and closeness 

Footnotes
Sources
Kass, Judith M  (1975)  Don Seigel: The Hollywood Professionals, Volume 4 (1975 ed )  New York: Tanvity Press  p  207  ISBN 0-498-01665-X 

External links
Private Hell 36 at IMDb
Private Hell 36 at the American Film Institute Catalog
Private Hell 36 at AllMovie
Private Hell 36 at the TCM Movie Database
Private Hell 36 at Film Noir of the Week by Megan Abbott
Passage 6:
Meadowlark Lemon
Meadow Lemon III (April 25, 1932 – December 27, 2015), known professionally as Meadowlark Lemon, was an American basketball player, actor, and Christian minister  Ordained in 1986, in 1994 he started Meadowlark Lemon Ministries in Scottsdale, Arizona  For 22 years, he was known as the "Clown Prince" of the touring Harlem Globetrotters basketball team  He played in more than 16,000 games for the Globetrotters and was a 2003 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 
In his final interview, basketball legend Wilt Chamberlain described Lemon as "the most sensational, awesome, incredible basketball player I've ever seen"  Fellow Wilmington great Michael Jordan called Lemon a "true national treasure" and a personal inspiration in Jordan's youth 

Early life
Lemon was born in Wilmington, North Carolina and attended Williston Industrial School, graduating in 1952  He then matriculated at Florida A&M University, but was soon drafted into the United States Army and served for two years in Austria and West Germany 

Career
Basketball
Lemon made his first basketball hoop out of a coat hanger, using an onion sack for a net and an empty Carnation milk can for a ball, with which he made his first shot Lemon first applied to the Globetrotters in 1954 at age 22, finally being chosen to play in 1955  In 1980, he left to form one of his Globetrotters imitators, the Bucketeers  He played with that team until 1983, then moved on to play with the Shooting Stars from 1984 to 1987  In 1988, he moved on to "Meadowlark Lemon's Harlem All Stars" team  Despite being with his own touring team, Lemon returned to the Globetrotters, playing 50 games with them in 1994 In 2000, Lemon received the John Bunn Award, the highest honor given by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame outside induction  He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003 

Television appearances
In the 1970s, an animated version of Lemon, voiced by Scatman Crothers, starred with various other Globetrotters in the Hanna-Barbera animated cartoon series Harlem Globetrotters  The animated Globetrotters also made three appearances in The New Scooby-Doo Movies 
Lemon appeared alongside Fred "Curly" Neal, Marques Haynes and his other fellow Globetrotters in a live-action Saturday-morning television show, The Harlem Globetrotters Popcorn Machine, in 1974–1975, which also featured Rodney Allen Rippy and Avery Schreiber In 1978, Lemon appeared in a memorable Burger King commercial by making a tower of burgers until he found a double-beef pickles and onions with no-cheese burger in 1979, Lemon guest-starred in an episode of the NBC television anthology series $weepstake$ 
In 1980, Lemon appeared as the coach of the basketball team from The White Shadow in a series of guest skits for Order/Disorder week on 3-2-1 Contact 
In 1983, Lemon appeared on an episode of Alice entitled "Tommy Fouls Out", and in a Charmin toilet paper commercial alongside Mr  Whipple (actor Dick Wilson) 
In 1996 season 2 episode 5 of Pinky and the Brain titled "Brain's Song" Meadowlark Lemon was Brain's best friend in the parody of Brian's Song 
In 2006, on episode of adult swim's The Boondocks entitled "The Itis", the name of Meadowlark was used as the name of the park that Ed Wuncler I mentions an interest in purchasing from the state 
In 2009, on FOX's TV show The Cleveland Show, the name of Meadowlark Lemon was used for a dog's name, a pet for the character of Rallo Tubbs  The dog died in the second episode 

Other work
In 1979, Lemon starred in the educational geography film Meadowlark Lemon Presents the World and joined the cast in season two of the short-lived television sitcom, Hello, Larry, to help boost the show's ratings  In the same year, he played Rev  Grady Jackson in the movie The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh  It was several years before he actually became an ordained minister He recorded a song, "My Kids" which was written by Dalton & Dubarri  The song was produced by Dubarri, and released on Casablanca NB 969 in March, 1979  In The Cash Box Singles to Watch section, it was called Top 40 material by the reviewer In 1982, Lemon was featured in the Grammy-nominated video Fun & Games, an interactive educational video produced by Optical Programming Associates and Scholastic Productions, on the then-emerging LaserDisc format In 1994, Lemon was referenced in an episode of the Nickelodeon show “The Adventures of Pete & Pete”  One of the characters claimed that “   you know, in a matter of moments, we’re all gonna be famous like Meadowlark Lemon ”

Personal life
Lemon had 10 children: Richard, George, Beverly, Donna, Robin, Jonathan, Jamison, Angela, Crystal, and Caleb A born-again Christian, Lemon became an ordained minister in 1986 and received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Vision International University in Ramona, California, in 1988  He was also featured as a gospel singer in several Gaither Homecoming videos  In his last years, he took up residence in Scottsdale, where his Meadowlark Lemon Ministries, Inc  is located 

Death
Lemon died in Scottsdale, on December 27, 2015, at the age of 83  No cause of death was given 
Passage 7:
Meister Eder und sein Pumuckl
Meister Eder und sein Pumuckl (English: Master Eder and his Pumuckl) is a German children's series created by Ellis Kaut  Originally a radio play series of the Bavarian Radio in 1961, the stories were later adapted into books, a successful TV series of the same name, three films and a musical 
Pumuckl is a red-haired Kobold and descendant of the Klabautermänner  He is invisible to people around him except for the master carpenter Eder with whom Pumuckl lives  Pumuckl is one of the most popular characters in children's entertainment in Germany and several generations have now grown up with the cheeky but funny little Kobold 

Plot
How Pumuckl and Master Eder met
Being a descendant of the Klabautermann people, who were sailors, Pumuckl loves everything that has to do with the ocean, especially sailboats  For reasons unknown, he gets lost in Bavaria, where no ships are to be found  He doesn't like neat and clean places, so he takes refuge in a carpenter's untidy workshop  The workshop belongs to elderly Meister Eder  It is precisely the fact that the workshop is untidy which seals Pumuckl's fate  He gets stuck on an overflowing pot of glue  It is a rule among Kobolds that whenever one of his kind gets stuck to something manmade, they become visible, and according to the rules of their ancestors, must stay with the human who  sees them, in this case Meister Eder  On the show and in the books, Pumuckl is always visible if nobody other than Meister Eder is present  However, he turns invisible when other people come into view  At first, Meister Eder is reluctant to take in the kobold, since he is quite content on his own, but Pumuckl makes it clear that he has no other choice  A deep friendship soon blossoms between the elderly man and the cheeky kobold 
Note:  Meister Eder's profession is given as "Schreinermeister" in the original German, which means that he makes and repairs furniture, which is also shown on the show (and mentioned in the stories / radio plays)  The term "Meister" means that Eder has the qualification to take in apprentices  In Germany at the time, it was common to refer to craftsmen by their professional title and their last name, the way it is still done with doctors 

A typical Pumuckl story
There are several ways for a Pumuckl story to begin  These include:

Pumuckl feels bored in the workshop, so Meister Eder tells him to go out to explore, but not get into trouble  Naturally, Pumuckl does get into trouble 
Pumuckl is bored and sneaks out of the workshop without Meister Eder's approval  He meets the people in the neighborhood, eavesdrops on them and occasionally plays a practical joke on them or else tries to help them (with varying levels of success) 
A client enters the workshop who has something Pumuckl fancies 
A client enters the workshop and discovers a belonging of Pumuckl's (typically one of the tiny pieces of furniture that Meister Eder has made for him); he/she wants to purchase it at all cost 
A conflict between Meister Eder and his sister or his cleaning woman is shown  Pumuckl tries to help 
Meister Eder and Pumuckl go on holiday or on a day trip 
Meister Eder is ridiculed by somebody (usually because he believes in Pumuckl), and Pumuckl tries to make things better 
Meister Eder presents Pumuckl with a gift
Note: Usually, this ends with the gift being withdrawn 
Pumuckl discovers something in Meister Eder's household (e g  matches) and plays with it At the end of each episode of the 1980s TV show, Pumuckl and Meister Eder usually reconcile  However, some episodes end with Pumuckl being punished  At the end of one episode, in which Pumuckl tries to make chocolate pudding without Meister Eder's permission, Eder confines Pumuckl to the balcony and eats the pudding alone  Other episodes end with Eder's withdrawal of something he gave to the little kobold  The two-part story "Der große Krach" ("The big dispute") has the first part ending with Eder throwing Pumuckl and his bed out of the workshop  But by the end of the second part, the two have reconciled 

Main characters
Pumuckl
Pumuckl's character is usually childishly immature and mischievous  Since the Pumuckl stories are aimed at children, we presume that he was written this way so that children can relate to him  Pumuckl's age is never mentioned, in one radio play he claims he was born "vor siebzig-dreizehn Jahren" ("seventy-thirteen year ago"), since he cannot count very far and constantly invents certain fantasy numbers  In a TV episode he claims he was "dreihundertzwölfundzwanzig Jahre alt" ("three hundred twelve and twenty years old")  He had a life before he became visible, but it was very different: he didn't have to eat and was immune to cold and heat 
Meister Eder sees Pumuckl as a child and usually appears as his guardian  He often tries to teach him some morals, not always with the desired result  For example, he never really manages to suppress Pumuckl's urge to steal things, though he always makes him give back what the little kobold has taken 
Pumuckl is occasionally very selfish, and sometimes this leads to actual wrongdoing  However, when Pumuckl realises that he has hurt somebody, he feels genuine remorse and does everything he can to help that person 
In the TV show Pumuckl is usually dressed in a yellow shirt and green trousers  He wears those clothes right from the first time Meister Eder sees him, and they, unlike any other clothing, are invisible too  Only one episode, "Der Wollpullover" ("The woollen sweater"), deals with Pumuckl's occasional need for other clothes (the sweater however is not invisible  The kobold always is barefoot 
In the audio plays and TV show, Pumuckl was voiced by actor Hans Clarin 

Meister Eder
He appears to be the exact opposite of Pumuckl  The little kobold likes to get in trouble, but the elderly carpenter prefers to stay out of trouble and keeps to himself  He spends most of his time with Pumuckl  However, he has a couple of friends, elderly handymen like himself, whom he regularly meets in the local pub to have a beer 
Meister Eder, whose first name is given as "Franz", has a sister and two young nieces, Barbara, nicknamed Bärbel (as seen in the episode "Eder bekommt Besuch"/"Eder gets visitors") and Monika (as seen in the episode "Pumuckl und die Ostereier"/"Pumuckl and the Easter eggs")  Furthermore, he has a nephew named Dieter (as seen in the episode "Die Bergtour"/"The hiking tour")  Meister Eder's sister is concerned because her brother has never found a wife and spends a lot of time alone, which occasionally leads to conflicts between the siblings  Other family members are his cousin Irma and her son Fritzl (as seen in the episode "Der verhängnisvolle Schlagrahm"/"The fateful whipped cream") 
Although his workshop is often in disorder, Meister Eder likes a clean living space (he lives in a flat above his workshop), which is why he has a cleaning lady, who serves as a supporting character in several stories 
Being very different from Pumuckl, Meister Eder is presented as a law-abiding citizen who is meticulous on the job and always polite  He also completely fails to have sympathy with Pumuckl when the latter steals things  When the little kobold plays a minor practical joke, his behavior is sometimes condoned by Eder, because it made him laugh or think 
In the TV show, Bavarian actor Gustl Bayrhammer played Master Eder  On the radio show, before Bayrhammer, Eder was originally voiced by Franz Fröhlich and Alfred Pongratz  Additionally, Wolf Euba dubbed the voice of Eder in parts of the Blaue Klabauter film (1994) 

Supporting characters
Mrs  Eichinger - She is Meister Eder's cleaning lady  She is incredibly superstitious and constantly tries to persuade Meister Eder to believe in the same things she does, for instance by reading him his horoscope  Meister Eder usually reacts in a dismissive way, but that doesn't keep the cleaning lady from trying again 
Mr  Bernbacher - a locksmith and best friend of Meister Eder  Bernbacher is the one who always teases Meister Eder about Pumuckl  In several episodes, that results in an indignant Pumuckl pulling pranks on Bernbacher 
Mr  Schmitt - runs a small car repair shop  He is another friend of Meister Eder's 
Mr  Wimmer - a person who never appears on the show in person, though he can be heard occasionally during phone conversations  Wimmer operates an antique store which Meister Eder sometimes repairs pieces of furniture for 
Mr  Schwertfeger - an elderly acquaintance of Mr  Eder  Appears in the film and in a few episodes  His trademark is wearing two glasses at once, one on the nose and one on the forehead 
Mr  and Mrs  Stürzlinger - the caretakers of the house in which Mr  Eder lives and works 
Mrs  Hartl - Eder's nosy and capricious neighbor 

History
1961: Radio plays
Pumuckl's character was invented in 1961 by the German novelist Ellis Kaut after she wrote a short story about a naughty demon for a radio drama series at the Bavarian Radio  The first episode of the show was broadcast on February 21, 1962 and the last episode was broadcast on December 30, 1973  A total of 90 episodes were created  Pumuckl's naughty character was an immediate success among the young audience 

1965: Books
In 1963 a competition was held at Munich's graphic art academy which focused on the creation of Pumuckl's appearance  The winner was Barbara von Johnson 
In 1965 Pumuckl's first book was published  The book consisted of illustrations made by Johnson  Between 1965 and 1978, ten books which consisted of 60 stories were published by the publisher Stuttgart-Herald  Only in 1991 an eleventh book was published which consisted of six more stories  Thus a total of 66 stories have been published in book form until today 

1969: records
33 LPs were created since 1969 which were based on the radio show, however, there was much less dialect than on the radio shows  On the records Pumuckl was played by Hans Clarin and Master Eder was played by Alfred Pongratz  After the death of Alfred Pongratz six more LPs were produced, each with two episodes, in which Gustl Bayrhammer played Master Eder and Harald Leipnitz was the narrator  After the success of the movie and the first TV season, a complete new edition was created which consisted of 86 episodes in cassette format in which Gustl Bayrhammer played Meister Eder 

1982: Feature film "Meister Eder and his Pumuckl"
Between 1979 and 1982 the first Pumuckl feature film was released under the title "Meister Eder and his Pumuckl"  Pumuckl appears in the film and in all the subsequently films and TV series, as a cartoon character in a real environment 

1982-1988: TV series "Meister Eder and his Pumuckl"
The first season of the series was broadcast on Bavarian television as a German-Hungarian co-production during 1982-1983 and consisted of 26 half-hour episodes  Many well-known German actors like Willy Harlander, Erni Singerl, Toni Berger, Wolfgang Völz and Helga Feddersen had appearances in the series  In addition, it featured many one-time guest appearances of famous German actors like Lisa Fitz, Gisela Uhlen, Helmut Fischer, Barbara Valentin, Gaby Dohm, Klaus Schwarzkopf, Georg Thomalla, Barbara Rudnik, Iris Berben, Fredl Fesl, Karla Bonoff and Rolf Zacher  The series was directed by Ulrich König 
The second season of the series which was broadcast during 1988-1989 consisted of another 26 episodes 

1994: Feature film "Pumuckl and the blue Klabauter"
Gustl Bayrhammer died in 1993  Because of his death before the completion of the film, Bayrhammers voice was dubbed in the remaining segments of the film by the actor Wolf Euba 

1995-2007: TV show "Pumuckl TV"
In 1995 ARD started to broadcast "Pumuckl TV"  Hans Clarin played the villain in this series 

1999: TV series "Pumuckls Abenteuer"
In 1999 another 13 episodes were broadcast on the Children's Channel, under the title "Pumuckl's Abenteuer"  Due to Bayrhammer's death, the plot occurred aboard a ship and focused on Pumuckl and the ship's cook 
This third season did not reach the popularity of the first two seasons of the show broadcast in the 1980s 

2000: Musical "Meister Eder and his Pumuckl"
On October 21, 2000 a Pumuckl musical called "Meister Eder and his Pumuckl" started to play in Munich  The musical has had over 250,000 spectators 

2003: Feature film "Pumuckl and his circus adventures"
The film "Pumuckl and his Circus Adventure" was produced between 1999 and 2003  In the movie, Eder died off-screen, resulting in Pumuckl deciding to move to Eder's cousin, who is played by Hans Clarin, who, due to his bad health, was no longer able to voice Pumuckl, which is why the character was voiced by Kai Taschner instead 

Pumuckl Controversy
According to Reuters News, April 11, 2007, Ellis Kaut is going to court in a dispute over the impending marriage of Pumuckl   The illustrator, Barbara von Johnson, is supporting a local TV show's contest to design a girlfriend for Pumuckl  The winner will get to visit von Johnson's Munich villa and take part in a "wedding" staged for the popular fictional character 
According to the same Reuters article, von Johnson said Pumuckl deserves a girlfriend but Kaut said the character must stay true to his spirit nature 
According to Spiegel Online, January 10, 2008 the verdict was: Pumuckl may marry - at least he could now if he wanted to 

See also
Uli der Fehlerteufel
Passage 8:
Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang
Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang (released in the United States and Canada as Nanny McPhee Returns) is a 2010 period fantasy comedy film directed by Susanna White, produced by Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Lindsay Doran with music by James Newton Howard and co-produced by StudioCanal, Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Three Strange Angels  It is a sequel to the 2005 film Nanny McPhee  It was adapted by Emma Thompson from Christianna Brand's Nurse Matilda books  Thompson reprises her role as Nanny McPhee, and the film also stars Maggie Gyllenhaal, Ralph Fiennes, Rhys Ifans, Ewan McGregor, Asa Butterfield and Maggie Smith  The film was theatrically released on 20 August 2010 by Universal Pictures 
The film received positive reviews from critics and it earned $93 2 million on a $35 million budget  It also received a Young Artist Award nomination for Best Performance in a Feature Film  The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on 19 June 2010 

Plot
Isabel Green is driven to her wit's end by her hectic life while her husband Rory fights in World War II  Between trying to keep the family farm up and running and her job in the village shop, run by the slightly mad Mrs  Docherty, she also has three boisterous children to look after, Norman, Megsie and Vincent  When her children's two wealthy, but pompous and snobby city cousins, Cyril and Celia, are evacuated to live with them in the countryside, they start fighting with them, only adding to Isabel's problems 
When the magical Nanny McPhee arrives to help, the children at first do not listen and carry on fighting, which she soon puts a stop to with her magic  Meanwhile, Isabel's brother-in-law Phil has gambled away his half of the farm, and is being chased by two hired female assassins working for casino owner Mrs  Biggles  He desperately attempts to make Isabel sell her half of the farm, using mean and spiteful schemes to leave her no choice; one of the schemes, setting loose a litter of piglets to be sold to a neighbouring farmer, is discovered by the children, leading them to bond as they work together to fix it  Isabel takes everyone on a picnic as a show of thanks, during which Mrs  Docherty's ARP Warden husband warns them about bombs and relates how he imagines a pilot might accidentally release one, and Phil subsequently delivers a telegram saying Rory was killed in action  Everyone believes the news except Norman, who is sure his father is alive because he "can feel it in [his] bones"  He tells this to Cyril, who at first thinks he is just upset, but then agrees that Norman might be right; the two convince Nanny McPhee to take them to the War Office in London, where Cyril and Celia's father Lord Gray holds an important position, believing he will know the truth 
At first Lord Gray sneers at Norman's disbelief at his father's death, but after Cyril reveals that he knows he is divorcing their mother and blasts him for his neglect as a parent, Lord Gray investigates what has happened  While he is gone, Norman asks Cyril where he will live following the divorce; upon learning he rarely sees either of his parents, he says that he and Celia are welcome to live permanently with the Greens  Lord Gray returns and tells Norman that his father is merely missing in action, and that there is no record of a telegram being sent to his mother  After the boys leave, Norman deduces that Phil forged the telegram 
While the older boys are at the War Office, Megsie, Celia and Vincent try to stop Isabel from signing Phil's papers and selling the farm by creating distractions such as pretending that a mouse was in the kitchen  Just as she is about to finally do so, a German pilot accidentally drops a huge bomb on the Greens' barley field; it does not explode, but the fallout is strong enough to cover Phil's papers with ink  When Nanny McPhee, Norman and Cyril return, Phil admits to Norman's accusation of forgery and is handcuffed to the stove by Isabel  The children go out to watch Mr  Docherty defuse the bomb, but when he faints, Megsie takes over, succeeding with the help of the other children and Nanny McPhee's jackdaw friend Mr  Edelweiss  Nanny McPhee helps to harvest the barley with a little magic, saving Phil from Mrs  Biggles' hitwomen in the process  While everyone celebrates, Mrs  Docherty is revealed to be baby Agatha from the first film and to remember Nanny McPhee, who has been staying with her  As Nanny McPhee walks away from the now-happy Isabel and the children, they chase after her, only to see Rory, with an injured arm, making his way back to them  He runs to his family and they embrace 
In a mid-credits scene, Ellie, an elephant conjured by Nanny McPhee to share Vincent's bed, is seen enjoying the magically operated Scratch-o-matic invented for the piglets 

Cast
Emma Thompson as Nanny McPhee, the  nanny who changes the lives of the Green and Gray children 
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Isabel Green (née Carrington), the frazzled mother of Norman, Megsie and Vincent 
Rhys Ifans as Phil Green, Norman, Megsie and Vincent's uncle, Rory's brother and Isabel's brother-in-law, who tries to sell the farm because he gambled it away at a casino 
Asa Butterfield as Norman Green, the eldest of the Green children 
Lil Woods as Megan “Megsie” Green, the middle and only girl of the Green children 
Oscar Steer as Vincent Green, the youngest of the Green children 
Eros Vlahos as Cyril Gray, the spoiled cousin of Norman, Megsie and Vincent  He becomes kinder throughout the film and makes friends with Norman 
Rosie Taylor-Ritson as Celia Gray, the other spoiled cousin of Norman, Megsie and Vincent  She also becomes kinder throughout the film and makes friends with Megsie 
Maggie Smith as Agatha Rose Docherty (née Brown), the owner of the shop at which Mrs  Green works  She's baby Aggie from the first film grown up 
Ewan McGregor as Rory Green, Isabel's husband, Phil's brother and the father of the Greens, away fighting in World War II 
Ralph Fiennes as Lord Gray, Cyril and Celia's father, a General very high up in the War Office 
Sam Kelly as Mr  Algernon Docherty, Mrs  Docherty's husband, who's an ARP (Air Raid Precautions) Warden 
Sinead Matthews as Miss Topsey, a henchwoman of Mrs  Biggles, the woman who owns the casino at which Phil gambled the farm away 
Katy Brand as Miss Turvey, the colleague of Miss Topsey 
Bill Bailey as Farmer MacReadie, the farmer who buys the piglets from the Greens 
Nonso Anozie as Sergeant Ralph Jeffreys - the guard at the War Office, and a former charge of Nanny McPhee 
Daniel Mays as Blenkinsop - Cyril and Celia's chauffeur 
Ed Stoppard as Lieutenant Addis, a coworker of Lord Gray 
Toby Sedgwick as an enemy plane pilot 

Production
Filming locations
The village in the film is Hambleden in Buckinghamshire, the farm set and scenes were filmed in Hascombe, near Godalming in Surrey and the War Office scenes, both interior and exterior, were filmed at the University of London, and the motorbike scenes on various London roads Dunsfold Aerodrome, the location of Top Gear, name Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang as being filmed there, with more filming taking place at Shepperton Studios 

Release
Theatrical
Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang was theatrically released on 20 August 2010 by Universal Pictures (2 April 2010 in the UK) 

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on 19 June 2010  Nanny McPhee Returns, as the film was renamed for the North American market, was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 14 December 2010 

Other media
Emma Thomson wrote a novelization of the movie  Thomson narrated its audiobook and included a behind-the-scenes diary  Thomson won the Audie Award for Narration by the Author and was nominated for an Audie Award for Middle Grade Title and a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for her narration

Reception
Critical response
Critical response for the film was positive  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 75% based on 121 reviews  The site's critic consensus reads: "Emma Thompson's second labor of love with the Nanny McPhee character actually improves on the first, delivering charming family fare with an excellent cast " Metacritic calculated an average score of 52 out of 100 based on 25 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale  The Independent also gave a favourable review, with praise given to the actors and Thompson's script "

Box office
In the UK, the film opened at number one, with £2,586,760, outperforming new release The Blind Side, grossing a total of £16,211,057  In the United States and Canada, it debuted in seventh position with a $8 4 million  Gross exceeded $27 million 

Awards
Cancelled sequel
A third film, to be set in 21st-century England, was planned, but the sequel did not meet studio expectations and plans for any future films were cancelled 
Passage 9:
The Chosen One (2010 film)
The Chosen One is a 2010 American comedy-drama film directed by and starring Rob Schneider as a car salesman facing a midlife crisis with the aid of native Colombian shamans  It also stars Steve Buscemi, Holland Taylor, and Peter Riegert 

Plot
A depressed car salesman (Rob Schneider) is repeatedly interrupted in the act of suicide by a coworker from the Nissan dealership, a beautiful woman translator (Carolina Gómez), three native American shamans of the Arhuaco people from the mountains of Colombia, and a phone call from his mother (Holland Taylor)  He finally finds faith in himself after the rest of world puts its faith in him  The sole being on earth who can save mankind from its own destruction with trust - The Chosen One 

Cast
Rob Schneider as Paul
Steve Buscemi as Neal
Holland Taylor as Ruth
Peter Riegert as Bob
Samantha Smith as Christine
George Dzundza as Norman
Jack McGee as Produce Manager
Michael Yama as Mr  Nakamuri
Carolina Gómez as Marissa
Pamela Guest as Bird Lady
Antonio Miguel Calvo as The Mama Arhuaco
Alberto Villafana as Arhuaco Jim
Yesid Villafana as Funny Arhuaco
Ian Fisher as Cabbie

Production
Release of the film was delayed for three years; this may have been due to uncertainty over how to market the film, as this movie which is primarily dramatic was inaccurately marketed as a straightforward comedy   The movie was eventually completed and released direct to video by Chosen One Productions RS LLC 

Reception
Critical response
Film Critics United, a pseudo-anonymous on-line movie review website, wrote that Schneider gave a good performance, but the film failed due to other factors including its muddled plot   Brian Orndorf  described it as an attempt at a more serious dramatic role, but was critical, finding the film a failure   Qwipster found the narrative "lazy" and the plot too bizarre to take seriously, scoring it 2/5 while praising Schneider's restrained performance   DVD Verdict gave it a middling rating 

Lawsuits
There was a lawsuit from Schneider's collaborator Bob Rubin in 2008 over a fee he felt he was due for helping to arrange financing for the film In 2012, Schneider, his brother John Schneider, and the film's production companies (Chosen One Productions RS LLC, Chosen One TWF LLC, and The Chosen One RS LLC) were sued by financial backers to recover a $1 5 million investment  The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants had breached contracts with the plaintiffs and fraudulently induced the plaintiffs into investing in membership interests in one of the film's production companies  George and Nancy Gamble, a married couple, say that in 2008 they were persuaded to invest $1 5 million to complete postproduction work on "The Chosen One," and claim they were never repaid  According to Schneider, "The claims are flatly contradicted by the language of the contracts  The [plaintiffs] made an investment in the movie, with no guarantee of success "On March 6, 2013, their lawsuit against Rob Schneider was moved from San Francisco to L A  Superior Court  Legal counsel for Rob Schneider said in a statement: "The Gambles’ lawsuit is frivolous  The Gambles made an investment in the film, with no guarantee of success "

Notes
External links
The Chosen One at IMDb
The Chosen One at Rotten Tomatoes
Passage 10:
Grown Ups (film)
Grown Ups is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan, written by Adam Sandler and Fred Wolf, produced by Sandler and Jack Giarraputo, and starring Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Rob Schneider, Salma Hayek, Maria Bello, and Maya Rudolph  The film tells a story of five lifelong friends who won their junior high school basketball championship in 1978  They reunite three decades later for a 4th of July weekend after learning about the sudden death of their basketball coach 
Produced by Sandler's Happy Madison Productions in association with Relativity Media, Grown Ups was released in the United States on June 25, 2010, by Columbia Pictures  Despite receiving unfavorable reviews from critics, it grossed $272 million and led to a sequel, Grown Ups 2, in 2013 

Plot
In 1978, childhood friends Lenny Feder, Eric Lamonsoff, Kurt McKenzie, Marcus Higgins, and Rob Hilliard win their junior high basketball championship  They celebrate at a lake house with their coach Robert "Buzzer" Ferdinando 
Thirty years later in 2008, Lenny is a wealthy and successful Hollywood talent agent, married to fashion designer Roxanne and has three children: Greg, Keith, and Becky  Eric claims to co-own a lawn furniture company and has two children: Donna and Bean; his wife Sally still breastfeeds Bean  Kurt is a stay-at-home father, and has two children: Andre and Charlotte, his wife Deanne is pregnant with their third child, and her mother Ronzoni lives with them  Marcus is a slacker and lothario  Rob is married to his much older fourth wife Gloria 
When Buzzer dies, the five friends reunite for his funeral in their hometown with their families  Lenny rents the Earnshaw family's lake house for everyone to stay over Fourth of July weekend, though his family is leaving early to attend Roxanne's fashion show in Milan  He pushes his boys to play outside and runs into his childhood opponent Dickie, who claims Lenny's foot was out of bounds when he made the winning shot 
As the friends spread Buzzer's ashes, Rob breaks down over his failed marriages and reveals that he has invited his estranged daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget to visit  The men play “arrow roulette”, shooting an arrow straight into the air, and Rob wins by not running for cover, but the arrow impales his left foot, causing him to 'snap' at Gloria from the pain  
Lenny is thrilled to find the kids playing with cup-and-string telephones  Realizing the positive impact the weekend is having on their children, Roxanne tells Lenny to cancel their Milan trip and stay at the lake instead 
Everyone visits Water Wizz where Marcus flirts with Jasmine and Amber after buying them skimpy bikinis, and Eric teaches Bean to drink cow's milk  The families cause chaos throughout the park: the wives attract a bodybuilder, then jeer at his high-pitched Canadian accent; Rob assaults a slide attendant when he insults Bridget, and Eric ignores Donna's warning about a chemical in the pool that turns urine blue  At the zipline attraction, Lenny's group meets up with Dickie, accompanied by his former teammates  One of them, Wiley, is severely injured after crashing into a shed while sliding down the zipline using his feet 
The next day, Rob attacks Marcus, mistakenly believing that he slept with Jasmine, and Marcus admits to feeling insecure compared to his happily married friends  Everyone comes clean about the state of their lives: Roxanne confronts Lenny for canceling their flight to Milan before they left home, and he explains he wanted their family to have a normal vacation and to rein in his children's respectful attitudes; Deanne confronts Kurt for spending time with the Feders' nanny Rita, but Kurt retaliates by pointing out how she under-appreciates him; Eric reveals that he was laid off from his job, and was showing off the whole time so the others wouldn't humiliate him; Rob admits what everybody already knows – that he wears a toupee  Gloria helps everyone reconcile, and Lenny and Kurt offer to help Eric start a new business 
On their last day at the lake house, Lenny and his friends agree to a rematch against Dickie, Robideaux, Muzby, Tardio, and Malcolm  The game culminates in Lenny and Greg facing Dickie and his son, but Lenny misses the game-deciding shot  As the families watch the Fourth of July fireworks, Lenny tells Roxanne that he let Dickie's family win to get him off his case, and felt that his own family needed to know what losing feels like  A drunken Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, and the crowd flees in panic  Trapped in a full-body cast, Wiley is struck in the foot by the arrow 

Cast
Production
Sandler, Rock, Schneider, and Spade met when they all joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in the 1990–1991 season; supporting cast members Colin Quinn, Rudolph, Tim Meadows, and Norm Macdonald have also been SNL cast members 
Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August 2009  Chebacco Lake was used to portray the fictional Amoskeag Lake where the Earnshaw family's lake house setting was  Woodman's of Essex was used for the restaurant "Woodman's Eat in the Rough  Water Wizz was also used for the water park scene 

Release
Box office
Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $110 2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $272 2 million against a production budget of $75 million  Grown Ups surpassed Click to become Sandler's highest-grossing film worldwide  Happy with the gross, Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand-new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Grown Ups has an approval rating of 10% based on 169 reviews and an average rating of 3 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Grown Ups' cast of comedy vets is amiable, but they're let down by flat direction and the scattershot, lowbrow humor of a stunted script " On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as "the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity " Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism, saying the cast "lob[bed] gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off-camera dash all the way to the bank " Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was "a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema", and that he hated it  Tom Long of the Detroit News called it "trite comedy" and "total garbage " On the other end of the spectrum, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it "crude and decent-hearted" and "easy, breezy, predictable "

Awards
Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film, but lost to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the "Best Line from a Movie" category, which it won for the line "I want to get chocolate wasted!", delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez 

Home media
Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on November 9, 2010 

Sequel
A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013  Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director  The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider  New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger  The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up   Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews but was still a box office hit 
Passage 11:
Bryant Reeves
Bryant Reeves (born June 8, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player  Reeves spent his entire career with the National Basketball Association's Vancouver Grizzlies, playing with the team from 1995 until 2001  He was nicknamed "Big Country" by his college teammate Byron Houston after Reeves was amazed by the size of the United States following his first cross-country airplane flight, having grown up in the small community of Gans, Oklahoma 

College career
Standing 7 feet (210 cm) tall and weighing between 275 and 300 pounds (125 and 136 kg), Reeves was an imposing physical presence on the court and was primed to become a dominant center in the NBA  He had a strong collegiate career with Oklahoma State University, where he averaged 21 5 points per game as a senior and led OSU to the 1995 Final Four 

Professional career
Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies (1995–2002)
Reeves became the Grizzlies' first-ever draft choice, selected sixth overall in the 1995 NBA draft Reeves played six seasons with the Grizzlies  After averaging 13 3 points per game in a solid rookie season, he averaged 16 2 points per game in 1996–97 season and was subsequently awarded with a six-year, $61 8 million contract extension  The next season was his best, when he averaged 16 3 points, 7 9 rebounds, and 1 08 blocked shots per game  During that season he scored a career-high 41 points against the Boston Celtics 
After 1998, weight-control problems and injuries began to take a toll on Reeves, and his numbers fell off dramatically  He was still the starting center for the Grizzlies, but his minutes per game dropped, and his field goal percentage dropped significantly  Eventually, after the Grizzlies moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 2001, Reeves started the season on the injured list due to chronic back pain and was never able to play another game (the only games he played with the team in Memphis were two preseason games)  During the preseason play in the fall of 2001, Reeves had experienced back pain and had to be taken off the court on two connected stretchers carried by eight of his teammates  On January 29, 2002, the Grizzlies announced Reeves' retirement from the league due to chronic back pain caused by degenerative discs  At the time he was the Grizzlies all-time leader in games played with 395 

NBA career statistics
Regular season
Personal life
Bryant was the subject of Kathleen Jayme's documentary film Finding Big Country in 2018  Following his career, Reeves went back to Oklahoma and is now a cattle farmer and a family man, living on a ranch in Sequoyah County  His son Trey was a three year walk on at Oklahoma State, earning a scholarship his final year and was accepted to Harvard Law School 

See also
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds
Context 3:  The final repeats of the Trio (the Grandioso) render the famous obligato of the piccolo players—joined to a subdued but prominent countermelody by the brass section, then bringing everything to a close with once-more repeats of the grand finale 
Sousa explained to the press that the three themes of the final trio were intended to represent the three regions of the United States  The broad melody, or main theme, portrays the North  The South is represented by the famous piccolo obligato, and the West by the bold countermelody of the trombones  The three come together in the climax, representing the Union itself 

Instrumentation
This is scored for an orchestra consisting of two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, snare drum, glockenspiel, and strings 

Lyrics
Sousa's lyrics
Sousa wrote lyrics to the piece, although they are not as familiar as the music itself  A typical pairing of Sousa's lyrics with various sections of the march—here the First strain and the Grandioso strain—is noted in the colored bars 

Tidmarsh's additional lyrics
In 1942 the John Church Company published a four-part choral version of the march with a piano arrangement by Elmer Arthur Tidmarsh  This arrangement has additional lyrics written by Tidmarsh for the Breakstrain section of the march 

Parody lyrics
The exact origin of the parody is unclear, but versions of it were being quoted as early as the 1930s on college campuses, and during the 1940s, where it was sung for entertainment by soldiers at the USO  Some newspapers of that time referred to it as the "Duck Song " In 1954, Charles Grean and Joan Javits composed "Crazy Mixed Up Song", using the theme from "The Stars and Stripes Forever", with lyrics beginning "Be kind to your web-footed friends"  It was made somewhat popular by Peter Lind Hayes & Mary Healy in that year  In the early 1960s, it reached a wider audience as a part of Mitch Miller's nationally syndicated sing-along show, Sing Along with Mitch  This version has perhaps the best known lyrics, which were used to end every show:

The last two lines were later used for the theme song of the 1985 television series The Berenstain Bears, but with the lyrics changed to:

Later versions of "Be kind to your web-footed friends" extended the lyrics of the second verse  One popular version goes like this:

And the song repeats itself ad infinitum, getting higher in tone each repeat until the singer is ready for the final as per Mitch Miller:

"Well, you're right!" may be substituted for "Well, it is!" 
Another version goes like this:

The blank may be filled with appropriate adjectives like "low", "high", "silly", "fast", etc , until ready for the finale, when the singer may end with "Well, it is!" as did Mitch Miller 

Soccer chants
"Here We Go", the British soccer chant, consists of the words "here we go" continuously repeated to the tune of The Stars and Stripes Forever  It was described by Auberon Waugh as the national anthem of the working classes  It was the basis of Everton F C 's official song for the 1984 FA Cup Final  The tune has been repurposed for many other, similarly repetitive, football chants 

Variations and notable uses
"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is featured in many U S  musical performances and pop culture:

There are several orchestral transcriptions of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", including one by conductor Leopold Stokowski and one by Keith Brion and Loras Schissel  There was also an orchestral arrangement of the march by Carl Davis and David Cullen for the album Carl Conducts   Classical Festival Favourites  Orchestral versions are typically transposed one-half step lower than the original band version, to put the march in a key that is more familiar to string players 
The tune is widely used by soccer fans, with the trio/grandioso section sung with the words "Here We Go"  The supporters of Spanish side Valencia CF used to sing it with the words "Xe que bó!" which means something like "Oh! How good" in Valencian, and those words have become a symbol for the team  Another version uses the word cheerio repeatedly, normally sung to players or coaches when they have been sent off or occasionally when an underdog has ended its opponent's cup campaign  Finally, certain clubs such as Forest Green or Sunderland use the chant just using the club name; this only works if the name has three syllables  A nickname can instead be used for the chant, such as Gateshead fans chanting "Tynesiders" 
In the 1933 film Duck Soup, Harpo Marx, playing Pinky, a spy infiltrating a house in the middle of the night, attempts to open what he believes to be a safe, but turns out to be a large radio, which loudly begins playing "The Stars and Stripes Forever" when he turns the knob  Pinky spends the next several moments futilely (and loudly) trying to quell the noise before throwing the radio out a nearby window 
The march was used in the 1939 cartoon Officer Duck, after Donald Duck successfully subdues Tiny Tom, played by Pete  It is played by a marching band of police officers who further advance Tom's arrest  On the highest note of the brass, Donald kicks Tom on his rear end 
Classic Popeye the Sailor cartoons by Fleischer Studios make frequent use of the tune in the music score accompanying the climactic fight between Popeye and the villain starting with the moment Popeye gets a spinach power boost 
Parts of the tune feature in two Laurel and Hardy short films, The Chimp and Come Clean 
In show business, as said before, particularly theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March"  It is a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency  This helps theater personnel to handle events and organize the audience's exit without panic  Circus bands never play it under any other circumstances  One memorable example of its use was at the Hartford Circus Fire in July 1944, in which at least 160 people were killed 
A 1952 biographical film, Stars and Stripes Forever, gives an account of the composer's life and music 
Russian-American pianist Vladimir Horowitz wrote a famous transcription of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" for solo piano to celebrate his becoming an American citizen  In an interview, Horowitz opined that the march, being a military march, is meant to be played at a walking tempo  He complained that many conductors played the piece too fast, resulting in music that is "hackneyed" 
Timmy Mallett was fond of chanting "Wacaday, Wacaday, Wacaday" to the tune in children's TV show Wacaday, often getting child guests to do the same 
In "Evolution", the first episode of the third season of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, a malfunction in the ship's systems causes the main computer to play Sousa's march on all channels throughout the ship  The episode was first aired on September 25, 1989 
The song is usually played for the President of the United States after he gives a speech at a public forum, event, or ceremony, whereas "Hail to the Chief" is played when the President is introduced 
The tune of the song appears in the 1970 animated TV special adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! by Dr  Seuss, used as the melody for the song Be Kind To Your Small Person Friends 
In 1981, fingerstyle guitarist Guy Van Duser made an arrangement of the march for guitar  It was later performed by guitarists such as Chet Atkins, Rick Foster and Doug Smith 
The march was adapted for the theme song to The Berenstain Bears 1985 cartoon 
An 8-bit version of the song is used in the MS-DOS and Commodore 64 versions of Wheel of Fortune when solving a puzzle correctly 
The student band Strindens Promenade Orchester in Trondheim, Norway, has the world record in "speed playing" of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" (absolutely all notes must be played)  The band calls their speedy rendering of the march "Stars and Stribes", and performs the march at all solemn occasions at the Trondheim Student Society  Set during the fall term of 1999, the record time is 50 9 seconds (nominal time is 3 minutes 50 seconds)  For this, the band is noted in the Norwegian edition of the Guinness Book of Records 
The march in a specific rendition is in the soundtrack of the video game Postal 2, where it's performed by the marching band 
American composer Robert W  Smith parodied Stars and Stripes Forever along with "Jingle Bells" with his composition "Jingle Bells Forever", published by Alfred Publishing Co 
In 2008, the Muppets performed a web version starring Sam the Eagle, Beaker, a clucking chicken, Bobo the Bear, The Swedish Chef, and Crazy Harry 
The video game Fallout 3 has the Stars and Stripes Forever as one of the songs on the Enclave Radio 
In 2009, Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman used this tune as a jingle in advertising character Ruff Ruffman's "RuffMeal" in the episode "The RuffMeal Needs More Roughage" 
At the conclusion of WWE's Extreme Rules pay-per-view in 2011, Stars and Stripes Forever played following John Cena announcing the death of Osama Bin Laden  It was also played during the January 5, 2015 episode of WWE Raw from Corpus Christi, Texas, also involving Cena, during the main event segment called John Cena Appreciation Night, where The Authority (Triple H and Stephanie McMahon) thanked Cena for (kayfabe) re-hiring them following the previous year's Survivor Series event's main event match, only to slander him and then (kayfabe) fire his teammates from that night, Dolph Ziggler, Ryback and Erick Rowan  The Big Show, who was also Cena's teammate during the aforementioned match, was not fired since he turned his back on Cena during the match and then joined The Authority  Balloons and confetti then fell from the rafters as Cena and his teammates stood in the ring, dejected, as the song played 
In Argentina, a sensationalist news channel, Crónica TV, always uses the first 22 seconds of this march as a background music on reporting breaking news stories 
The Grateful Dead finished their 50th reunion concert on July 4, 2015 with fireworks accompanied by a recording of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", in front of 70,000 people in Soldier Field in Chicago 
In 2022, a March Madness-themed commercial from Capital One featured the opening notes of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" being played by a marching band led by Charles Barkley, who claimed to represent a fictional university named "Chuck U"  Samuel L  Jackson and Spike Lee are also featured in the commercial 

See also
List of marches by John Philip Sousa
"You're a Grand Old Flag"
Passage 5:
My Way
"My Way" is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra set to the music of the French song "Comme d'habitude" composed by Jacques Revaux with lyrics by Gilles Thibaut and Claude François and first performed in 1967 by Claude François  Its English lyrics were written by Paul Anka and are unrelated to the original French song   
The song was a success for a variety of performers including Sinatra, Elvis Presley, and Sid Vicious  Sinatra's version of "My Way" spent 75 weeks in the UK Top 40, which is 3rd place all-time 

Background
In 1967, Jacques Revaux wrote a ballad named "For Me", with English lyrics about a couple falling out of love  According to Revaux, the demo was then sent to Petula Clark, Dalida, and Claude François, to no avail  Revaux rejected a version by Hervé Villard, the singer of the international hit Capri c'est fini and reworked the track into Comme d'habitude ("As usual") with the help of Claude François  It was released in November 1967 and was at the top of the French pop chart for one week in February 1968 Paul Anka heard the French original, while on holiday in the south of France  He flew to Paris to negotiate the rights to the song  He acquired adaptation, recording, and publishing rights for the nominal but formal consideration of one dollar, subject to the provision that the melody's composers would retain their original share of royalty rights with respect to whatever versions Anka or his designates created or produced   Some time later, Anka had a dinner in Florida with Frank Sinatra and "a couple of Mob guys" during which Sinatra said: "I'm quitting the business  I'm sick of it; I'm getting the hell out "
Back in New York, Anka re-wrote the original French song for Sinatra, subtly altering the melodic structure and changing the lyrics: At one o'clock in the morning, I sat down at an old IBM electric typewriter and said, 'If Frank were writing this, what would he say?' And I started, metaphorically, 'And now the end is near ' I read a lot of periodicals, and I noticed everything was 'my this' and 'my that'  We were in the 'me generation' and Frank became the guy for me to use to say that  I used words I would never use: 'I ate it up and spit it out ' But that's the way he talked  I used to be around steam rooms with the Rat Pack guys—they liked to talk like Mob guys, even though they would have been scared of their own shadows  Anka finished the song at 5 in the morning: "I called Frank up in Nevada—he was at Caesars Palace – and said, 'I've got something really special for you '" Anka asserted: "When my record company caught wind of it, they were very pissed that I didn't keep it for myself  I said, 'Hey, I can write it, but I'm not the guy to sing it ' It was for Frank, no one else "Despite this, Anka would record the song in 1969 very shortly after Sinatra's recording was released  Anka recorded it four other times as well: in 1996 (as a duet with Gabriel Byrne, performed in the movie Mad Dog Time); in 1998 in Spanish as "A Mi Manera" (duet with Julio Iglesias); in 2007 (as a duet with Jon Bon Jovi); and in 2013 (as a duet with Garou) On December 30, 1968, Frank Sinatra recorded his version of the song in one take, featuring session drummer Buddy Saltzman among the band 
"My Way" was released in early 1969 on the My Way LP and as a single  It reached No  27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No  2 on the Easy Listening chart in the US  In the UK, the single achieved a still unmatched record, becoming the recording with the most weeks inside the Top 40, spending 75 weeks from April 1969 to September 1971  It spent a further 49 weeks in the Top 75 but never bettered the No  5 slot achieved upon its first chart run Billboard said that the "driving, lush and commercial Don Costa arrangement and production is an added plus to one of Sinatra's finest performances " Cash Box said that "The powerful material is matched by a splendidly moving performance which is certain to win rave comments from programmers with teen and adult audiences "Although this work became Frank Sinatra's signature song, his daughter Tina says the singer came to hate the song: "He didn't like it  That song stuck and he couldn't get it off his shoe  He always thought that song was self-serving and self-indulgent "

Charts
Certifications
Versions
David Bowie reportedly wrote the first English language lyrics to Claude François's original tune, though the lyrics and performance were only informally recorded and never commercially published 

Dorothy Squires
In the midst of Sinatra's multiple runs on the UK Singles Chart, Welsh singer Dorothy Squires also released a rendition of "My Way" in summer 1970  Her recording reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart and re-entered the chart twice more during that year 

Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley began performing the song in concert during the mid-1970s, despite Anka's suggestions that the song did not suit him  Nevertheless, on January 12 and 14, 1973, Presley sang the song during his satellite show Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite, beamed live and on deferred basis (for European audiences, who also saw it in prime time), to 43 countries via Intelsat 
On October 3, 1977, several weeks after Presley's death, his live recording of "My Way" (recorded for the Elvis In Concert CBS-TV special on June 21, 1977) was released as a single  In the U S , it reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in late 1977/early 1978 (higher than Frank Sinatra's peak position), number 6 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and went gold for its successful sales of over a million copies  The following year the single reached number 2 on the Billboard Country singles chart but went all the way to number 1 on the rival Cash Box Country Singles chart  In the UK, it reached number 9 on the UK Singles Chart 
Presley's version is featured in the climax of the 2001 film 3000 Miles to Graceland with Kurt Russell and Kevin Costner  (Paul Anka appears in a cameo as a casino pit boss who loathes Presley )
Presley's studio version of the song, recorded in 1971, was included on the fourth disc of "Walk a Mile in My Shoes: The Essential '70s Masters" 

Certifications
Sid Vicious
Sex Pistols' bassist Sid Vicious did a punk rock version of the song, in which a large body of the words were changed and the arrangement was sped up  The orchestral backing was arranged by Simon Jeffes 
Interviewed in 2007, Paul Anka said he had been "somewhat destabilized by the Sex Pistols' version  It was kind of curious, but I felt he [Sid Vicious] was sincere about it "Vicious and his girlfriend, Nancy Spungen, changed many of the words when it was recorded, including use of the swear words "cunt" and "fuck" as well as the word "queer" (slang for a gay man)  Vicious's reference to a "prat who wears hats" was an in-joke directed towards Vicious's friend and Sex Pistols bandmate Johnny Rotten, who was fond of wearing different kinds of hats he would pick up at rummage sales 
Leonard Cohen said of the song: I never liked this song except when Sid Vicious did it  Sung straight, it somehow deprives the appetite of a certain taste we'd like to have on our lips  When Sid Vicious did it, he provided that other side to the song; the certainty, the self-congratulation, the daily heroism of Sinatra's version is completely exploded by this desperate, mad, humorous voice  I can't go round in a raincoat and fedora looking over my life saying I did it my way – well, for 10 minutes in some American bar over a gin and tonic you might be able to get away with it  But Sid Vicious's rendition takes in everybody; everybody is messed up like that, everybody is the mad hero of his own drama  It explodes the whole culture this self-presentation can take place in, so it completes the song for me 
The 1986 film Sid and Nancy features a scene where Gary Oldman, portraying Vicious, performs his version of "My Way" while filming the song's music video Vicious's version of this song appears in Martin Scorsese's 1990 film Goodfellas, where it plays over the end credits 

Margaret Mackie and Jamie Lee Morley
In December 2019 footage of Margaret Mackie, a resident of Northcare Suites Care Home in Edinburgh who suffers from dementia, performing "My Way" with staff member Jamie Lee Morley, went viral after being posted online by Mackie's daughter Morley later arranged to have the song professionally recorded and it was released in January 2020 as a charity single to raise funds for The Alzheimer's Society and Dementia UK  The single peaked at number seven in the iTunes top 40 UK Pop Songs live chart and number five in the Amazon best seller chart 

Yuzo Kayama
In Japan, Yuzo Kayama, who is usually called the Japanese Frank Sinatra, performed "My Way" in 2008 in English  On April 23 and 30, 2015, as part of 2 vocal overdubbed sessions, Yuzo Kayama performed "My Way" with the earlier record of Frank Sinatra as a duet 

Adaptations
Besides translations more or less faithful to the original, some artists have set unrelated lyrics to the same tune 

Jozsef Gregor the renowned Hungarian bass-baritone/basso buffo recorded the song with Andras Ruszanov's Hungarian love themed lyrics version in 1996  Two years later, he sang this version in one of the most popular TV show in Budapest, since then this version has been permanently on the playlists of numerous radio stations in Hungary 
Mexican singer Vicente Fernandez did a Spanish language version, named "A Mi Manera" 
A version of the song with slightly different lyrics was used as a jingle for a Cologuard commercial in 2022 

Public use
The song is popularly associated with nostalgia to an individual's lifetime of events  Surveys beginning in 2005 have often reported that "My Way" has been the song most frequently played at funeral services in the UK  "My Way" is also a popular karaoke song around the world  However, it has been reported to cause numerous incidents of violence and homicide among karaoke singers in the Philippines, referred to in the media as the My Way killings, which has led to the song being banned in many Filipino bars The song's association with Sinatra led to Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of allowing other states in the Warsaw Pact to make their own policy decisions being nicknamed the Sinatra Doctrine, referencing "My Way"'s lyrics about doing things your own way  The term was first used by Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov in 1987, who was quoted as saying "We now have the Frank Sinatra doctrine  He has a song, I Did It My Way  So every country decides on its own which road to take "
Passage 6:
Followin' a Feelin'
Followin' a Feelin' is the third studio album by Australian country music artist Sherrié Austin  It was released in 2001 by WE Records and peaked at No  43 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart  The album's only charted single was a cover of Dolly Parton's "Jolene"  Austin's version of the song reached No  55 on the Hot Country Songs charts in July 2001 

Critical reception
Maria Konicki Dinoia of Allmusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, saying that "She's evolved into an exceptionally strong songwriter, having written or co-written nine of the album's ten virtually flawless tracks "

Track listing
"Followin' a Feelin'" (Sherrié Austin, Rob Crosby, Will Rambeaux) — 3:19
"Jolene" (Dolly Parton) — 3:17
"Goin' Goin' Gone" (Austin, Rambeaux, Jon Christopher Davis) — 4:14
"Somethin' Missin' in the Kissin'" (Austin, Rambeaux, Blair Daly) — 3:21
"In the Meantime" (Austin, Rambeaux, Crosby) — 3:41
"My Brilliant Mistake" (Austin, Rambeaux, Greg Barnhill) — 3:17
"In Our Own Sweet Time" (Austin, Rambeaux, Marcus Hummon) — 3:07
"Love Melts Even the Coldest Hearts" (Austin, Shawna Harrington-Burkhart) — 3:17
"Back Where I Belong" (Austin, Rambeaux, Kimberly Roads, Philip Sweet) — 3:00
"Time, Love and Money" (Austin, Rambeaux, Dave Berg) — 3:11

Personnel
Stephanie Bentley - backing vocals
Pat Buchanan - electric guitar
J  T  Corenflos - electric guitar
Jon Christopher Davis - backing vocals
Larry Franklin - mandolin, fiddle
Jimmy Hull - harmonica
Mike Joyce - bass
Troy Lancaster - electric guitar
Tim Lauer - keyboards
Gary McIntyre - steel guitar
Russ Pahl - steel guitar
Kim Parent - backing vocals
Paul Scholten - drums
Steven Sheehan - acoustic guitar
Barry Walsh - keyboards

Chart performance
Passage 7:
Way Out Here (song)
"Way Out Here" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Josh Thompson   It was released in March 2010 as the second single and title track from his debut album of the same name  Thompson co-wrote the song with David Lee Murphy and Casey Beathard 

Content
"Way Out Here" is a ballad, mostly accompanied by acoustic guitar  In it, the narrator tells of his rural upbringing, the way he was raised, and his desire for the United States to return to a simpler time, back when things "were run the way they ought a be"   The song further laments small town America, stating with nostalgia images of pickup trucks, unlicensed dogs running free, and hard working blue collar men who "chew and fry everything"   A further narrative relates to service in the United States armed forces, of which the narrator tells how people from small town America often wind up joining the military to earn a living and are then deployed overseas 

Music video
The music video for "Way Out Here" was filmed in Cairo, Illinois   The video begins with scenes of farms, a diner run by a young woman in her late teens (apparently married with a wedding ring and also religious locket which reads "faith") then shifts to a local bar where the narrator sings the song on his guitar   Interspersed into the video are scenes of men working on a farm as well as scenes of young men deployed in the Army to the Middle East 

Critical reception
The song and video drew mostly positive reviews from critics, however some negative reviews resulted from the portrayal in the music video of an entirely white town (Cairo, Illinois is in fact 70% African American), as well as nostalgia (instead of concern) regarding boarded up small towns steeped in rural poverty   Paul Brian of Engine 145, gave the song a thumbs-down rating  His review criticized Thompson's vocals for "[simmering] with anger, despair, and moral force as the song approaches numerous key concerns including the economy, military service, work ethic, religious belief, gun ownership, governance, and musical taste "

Chart performance
"Way Out Here" debuted at number 57 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated March 20, 2010, and then fell off the next week  However, it re-entered the country chart at number 58 on the chart dated April 3, 2010  In September 2010, it peaked at number 15 on the chart 

Year-end charts
Passage 8:
Turn Me On (Mark Dinning song)
"Turn Me On" is a song by John D  Loudermilk that was first recorded and released by Mark Dinning in 1961 as the B-side to his single "Lonely Island"  Other notable versions are by Nellie Rutherford and Nina Simone  Norah Jones released her version as the last single from her debut album Come Away with Me on May 12, 2003  The song was also performed by Shelby Dressel during her American Idol audition  It has been suggested that the song influenced the composition of Leonard Cohen's 1969 song "Bird on the Wire" 

Norah Jones version
Jones's cover was the seventh track on her debut album  This version also appeared in the movie Love Actually and appears on its soundtrack 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 9:
Kingpin (Tinsley Ellis album)
Kingpin is a 2000 blues album by Tinsley Ellis  It was recorded at Ocean Way by David Z (also the producer) who also mixed at Javelina Recording Studio (both in Nashville, Tennessee) for Supersonic Productions  It was mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound New York  Tinsley wrote/co-wrote three of the songs 

Track listing
"Heart Fixing Business" (Homer Banks/Allen Jones)
"Sweet Pea" (Wayne Burdette/Tinsley Ellis)
"Dyin' to Do Wrong" (Ellis)
"Can't Play That Way" (Ellis)
"I've Got to Use My Imagination" (Gerry Goffin/Barry Goldberg)
"I Got to Moan" (S  Boyer)
"I'll Be Loving You" (J L  Williams)
"The Other Side of Town" (Sir Mack Rice/Jon Tiven/Sally Tiven)
"Days of Old" (B B  King/Josea Taub)
"Slingshots and Boomerangs" (C C  Adcock/David Eagan)
"Let's Think About It" (Arthur Alexander/Jon Tiven)

Musicians
Tinsley Ellis on Guitar and vocals
David Smith on Bass guitar
Reese Wynans on keyboards
Jack Holder on guitar
Richie Hayward on drums
Kevin McKendree on organ
David Z on guitar, keyboards, percussion
Little Joey Hoegger on harmonica
Jim Hoke on saxophone
Passage 10:
I Got a Feelin' (Billy Currington song)
"I Got a Feelin'" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Billy Currington  It was released in January 2004 as the second and final single from his 2003 self-titled debut album  The song peaked at number 5 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in mid-2004  It also reached number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100  Currington wrote this song with Casey Beathard and Carson Chamberlain 

Critical reception
In his review of the album, Jeffrey B  Remz of Country Standard Time viewed the song favorably, saying that it showed Currington's traditional country sound by the prominence of fiddle (played by Stuart Duncan) 

Music videos
The music video for the track was directed by Philip Andelman, filmed in the Mojave Desert in California, and co-stars Gena Lee Nolin 

Chart performance
"I Got a Feelin'" debuted at number 53 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of January 17, 2004 

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Passage 11:
Separate Lies
Separate Lies is a 2005 British drama film directed by Julian Fellowes, who also wrote the screenplay, updating the 1951 novel A Way Through the Wood by Nigel Balchin, which had already been turned into a stage play under the title Waiting for Gillian in 1954  The film stars Tom Wilkinson, Emily Watson and Rupert Everett  Separate Lies marked the directorial debut of Julian Fellowes, who had worked mostly as an actor and won an Academy Award with his screenplay for Robert Altman's  Gosford Park 

Plot
"No life is perfect – even if it seems to be," says James Manning, a wealthy London solicitor  When it comes to matters of right and wrong, he likes to think of himself as inflexible  Anne, his much younger wife, is accommodating and dutiful and likes the life they lead, the house in London, the Buckinghamshire hideaway  The couple seems to have it all, yet events soon will prove them wrong 
In the village, a neighbour has reappeared: William Bule, son of a leading local family  He has recently returned from America, a bad marriage and two children, whose ages he cannot bother to remember  Bill is indolent and insinuating and at the village cricket match he catches Anne's eye  Because of him, she suggests to her reluctant husband that they should have neighbours over for drinks  However, that evening, James has to work late in the city  Before the party is set to begin, a speeding car sideswipes a man bicycling along a village lane  The man is hurled to the ground and dies a few days later  He was the husband of Maggie, the Mannings’ housekeeper 
Anne takes a special interest in Maggie's well-being, but James can't understand her sudden teary investment in their housekeeper’s personal life  James, whose priorities have become skewed toward work rather than toward his wife, soon becomes suspicious that Bill may be involved in that fatal hit-and-run  When confronted, Bill initially denies the allegation, but soon tells James that the next day he will go to the police and confess, if that is what he wants, although he sees no benefit from his confessions  Back home, when James tells Anne about his conversation with Bill, she has also some striking confessions to make  Anne reveals one hurtful secret while making a salad: she was actually driving Bill’s car when drunk and accidentally hit the cyclist   While artfully arranging ingredients on a platter, she informs her already distraught husband that she has also been having an affair with Bill  Telling her story, she asserts that Bill doesn't really mean anything to her, because he doesn't make demands or judge her, as James does in little, incessant ways  Precisely because he's a lout, Bill makes her feel oddly liberated, if not loved 
As a Buckinghamshire police inspector questions the Mannings and Bill about the accident, James is torn between doing the right thing and maintaining appearances at all costs  James really loves Anne, and the couple takes a trip to Wales in an effort to leave the accident, their guilt, and their marital troubles behind  However, Maggie, whose husband was killed, witnessed the accident  She saw the car and identifies it as belonging to Bill Bule  Yet her testimony may be biased, since Maggie knows William Bule well, having worked for his family until she was accused of stealing and dismissed  It was Anne who gave her a new start in the village 
Bule calls for a meeting  with James and Anne  There he says the inspector will come to question them later and that Maggie has identified the car  He requests James to provide an alibi for him to which James agrees  Next day the inspector meets James at his office to confirm the alibi claimed by Bule  Later a mechanic calls Bule to tell about the questioning from police about respraying the car  This makes Anne nervous and she runs to Maggie to tell her the truth and that she is responsible for her husband's death  Maggie being indebted to Anne for giving her the job after eight years takes back her statement about Bule driving the car when confronted by police  Anne goes back to stay with James until one day he's informed by a cousin of Bule that he is dying of cancer  Learning this from James, Anne rushes back to the dying Bule whose father comes to James to express his gratitude for this  Following this James meets Anne near Bule's home and expresses his undiminished love for her  Upon the demise of Bule, Anne is reunited with James 

Cast
Tom Wilkinson as James Manning
Emily Watson as Anne Manning
Rupert Everett as William "Bill" Bule
Richenda Carey as Sarah Tufnell
David Harewood as Inspector Marshall
Linda Bassett as Maggie
Hermione Norris as Priscilla
John Warnaby as Simon
John Neville as Lord Rawston
Philip Rham as French Lawyer
Unknown as Joe

External links
Separate Lies at IMDb
Separate Lies at Rotten Tomatoes
Separate Lies at Box Office Mojo
Passage 12:
Feelin' the Same Way
"Feelin' the Same Way" is a song from American singer-songwriter Norah Jones's debut album, Come Away with Me (2002)  It was written by Lee Alexander, and produced by Jones  Released in the United Kingdom on August 5, 2002, the song charted at number 72 on the UK Singles Chart 

Charts



ground_truth: Joyce Van Patten

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who wrote the song turn me on that is performed by performer of Feelin' the Same Way?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Certain territories that came under British jurisdiction were not formally incorporated as Crown territory proper  These included protectorates, protected states, mandated territories, and Indian princely states  Because domestic law treated these areas as foreign territory, birth in one of these areas did not automatically confer British subject status  Instead, most people associated with these territories were designated as British protected persons  British protected persons were treated as aliens in the United Kingdom, but both British subjects and protected persons could be issued British passports  Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside of the Empire 

Imperial common code
Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914  British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire  Dominions that adopted Part II of this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation The 1914 regulations codified the doctrine of coverture into imperial nationality law, where a woman's consent to marry a foreigner was also assumed to be intent to denaturalise; British women who married foreign men automatically lost their British nationality  There were two exceptions to this: a wife married to a husband who lost his British subject status was able to retain British nationality by declaration, and a British-born widow or divorcée who had lost her British nationality through marriage could reacquire that status without meeting residence requirements after the dissolution or termination of her marriage By the end of the First World War, the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity  Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference, jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations  Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931 Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government during this time to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband  Because the government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have  Imperial legal uniformity was nevertheless eroded during the 1930s; New Zealand and Australia amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects, and Ireland changed its regulations in 1935 to cause no change to a woman's nationality after her marriage 

Irish independence
Irish resistance to the Union and desire for local self-governance led to the Irish War of Independence  Following the war, the island of Ireland was partitioned into two parts  Southern Ireland became the Irish Free State in 1922, while Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom  Under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Northern Ireland was included in the Irish Free State on independence, but had the right to opt out of the new state within one month of its establishment  This option was exercised on 7 December 1922  The 24-hour period in which Northern Ireland was officially part of the Irish Free State meant that every person ordinarily resident in Northern Ireland on 6 December who fulfilled the citizenship provisions in the Constitution of the Irish Free State had automatically become an Irish citizen on that date At its inception, the Irish Free State gained independence as a Dominion within the British Empire  Imperial legislation at the time dictated that although individual Dominions could define a citizenship for their own citizens, that citizenship would only be effective within the local Dominion's borders  A Canadian, New Zealand, or Irish citizen who traveled outside of their own country would have been regarded as a British subject  This was reinforced by Article 3 of the 1922 Free State Constitution, which stated that Irish citizenship could be exercised "within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Irish Free State" When Free State authorities were first preparing to issue Irish passports in 1923, the British government insisted on the inclusion of some type of wording that described the holders of these passports as "British subjects"  The two sides could not reach agreement on this issue and when the Irish government began issuing passports in 1924, British authorities refused to accept these documents  British consular staff were instructed to confiscate any Irish passports that did not include the term "British subject" and replace them with British passports  This situation continued until 1930, when Irish passports were amended to describe its holders as "one of His Majesty's subjects of the Irish Free State"  Despite these disagreements, the two governments agreed not to establish border controls between their jurisdictions and all Irish citizens and British subjects continued to have the ability to move freely within the Common Travel Area  Although Irish citizens have not been considered British subjects under Irish law since 1935, the British government continued to treat virtually all Irish citizens as British subjects, except for those who had acquired Irish citizenship by naturalisation since the Free State had not incorporated Part II of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 into its legislation 

Changing relationship with the Empire and Commonwealth
Diverging developments in Dominion legislation, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the creation of a substantive Canadian citizenship in 1946, breaking the system of a common imperial nationality  Combined with the approaching independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, comprehensive reform to nationality law was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system The British Nationality Act 1948 redefined British subject as any citizen of the United Kingdom, its colonies, or other Commonwealth countries  Commonwealth citizen was first defined in this Act to have the same meaning  This alternative term was necessary to retain a number of newly independent countries in the Commonwealth that wished to become republics rather than preserve the monarch as head of state  The change in naming also indicated a shift in the base theory to this aspect of British nationality; allegiance to the Crown was no longer a requirement to possess British subject status and the common status would be maintained by voluntary agreement among the various members of the Commonwealth British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country  A person born in Australia would be both an Australian citizen and a British subject  British subjects under the previous meaning who held that status on 1 January 1949 because of a connection with the United Kingdom or a remaining colony became Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC)  CUKC status was the principal form of British nationality during this period of time There was also a category of people called British subjects without citizenship  Irish citizens who fulfilled certain requirements could file formal claims with the Home Secretary to remain British subjects under this definition  Additionally, those who did not qualify for CUKC status or citizenship in other Commonwealth countries, or were connected with a country that had not yet defined citizenship laws, would transitionally remain British subjects in this group 

Irish departure from the Commonwealth
Despite the accommodations for republics, Ireland ended its Commonwealth membership in 1948 when it formally declared itself a republic and removed the British monarch's remaining official functions in the Irish state  This was recognised by Britain after passage of the Ireland Act 1949  Although Irish citizens have no longer been defined as British subjects in British law since 1949, they continue to be treated as non-foreign in the United Kingdom and retain the same rights and privileges exercised by Commonwealth citizens; Irish citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for parliament in the UK The British Nationality Act 1948 unintentionally excluded certain British subjects associated with Ireland from acquiring CUKC status  The wording of that law did not take into account the 24-hour period during which Northern Ireland was part of the Irish Free State in 1922  Individuals born before 1922 in the area that became the Republic of Ireland to fathers also born in that area but were domiciled in Northern Ireland on Irish independence had nevertheless automatically acquired Irish citizenship  The Ireland Act 1949 specifically addresses this by deeming any person in such circumstances who had never registered for Irish citizenship and had not permanently resided in the Republic between 10 April 1935 and 1 January 1949 as a CUKC and having never ceased to be a British subject 

Restricting Commonwealth free movement
All British subjects under the reformed system initially continued to hold free movement rights in both the UK and Ireland  Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration  This entitlement was part of a wider initiative to preserve close relationships with certain Dominions and colonies (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and Southern Rhodesia) and to moderate nationalist attitudes within the Commonwealth  In response, Parliament imposed immigration controls on any subjects originating from outside the British Islands with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962  This restriction was somewhat relaxed by the Immigration Act 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens  Ireland mirrored this restriction and limited free movement only to people born on the islands of Great Britain or Ireland  However, individuals born in the UK since 1983 are only British citizens if at least one parent is already a British citizen  The Irish regulation created a legal anomaly where persons born in Britain without British citizenship nevertheless held an unrestricted right to settle in Ireland; this inconsistency was removed in 1999 In other parts of the Commonwealth, British subjects already did not have an automatic right to settle  Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa had immigration restrictions in place for British subjects from outside their jurisdictions targeted at non-white migrants since the late 19th century  After 1949, non-local British subjects under the new definition who were resident in these independent Commonwealth countries continued to retain certain privileges  This included eligibility to vote in elections, for preferred paths to citizenship, and for welfare benefits  British subjects were eligible to vote in New Zealand until 1975 and Australia until 1984 (though subjects on the electoral roll in that year are still eligible)  In Canada, voting eligibility was revoked at the federal level in 1975, but not fully phased out in provinces until 2006  All Commonwealth citizens remain eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK 

Post-imperial redefinition of nationality classes
By the 1970s and 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent and remaining ties to the United Kingdom had been significantly weakened  The UK updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries of its remaining territory and possessions with the British Nationality Act 1981  CUKCs were reclassified in 1983 into different nationality groups based on their ancestry, birthplace, and immigration status: CUKCs who had right of abode in the United Kingdom became British citizens while those connected with a remaining colony became British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs)  Remaining CUKCs who were no longer associated with a British territory became British Overseas citizens  The definition of "British subject" became limited to include only the category of people previously called British subjects without citizenship who held that status through a connection with former British India or Ireland before 1949 

Former membership in the European Union
In 1973, the United Kingdom joined the European Communities (EC), a set of organisations that later developed into the European Union (EU)  British citizens were able to work in other EC/EU countries under the freedom of movement for workers established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome and participated in their first European Parliament elections in 1979  With the creation of European Union citizenship by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, free movement rights were extended to all nationals of EU member states regardless of their employment status  The scope of these rights was further expanded with the establishment of the European Economic Area in 1994 to include any national of an EFTA member state except for Switzerland, which concluded a separate free movement agreement with the EU that came into force in 2002 Not all British nationals were EU citizens  Only British citizens, British Overseas Territories citizens connected with Gibraltar, and British subjects under the 1981 Act who held UK right of abode were defined as UK nationals for the purposes of EU law  Although the Crown dependencies were part of the European Union Customs Union, free movement of persons was never implemented in those territories  Following the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020, British nationals have no longer been EU citizens  Despite this, British citizens continue to have free movement in Ireland as part of the preexisting arrangement for the Common Travel Area While the UK was a member state of the EU, Cypriot and Maltese citizens held a particularly favoured status there  While non-EU Commonwealth citizens continued to need a residence visa to live in the UK, Cypriot and Maltese citizens were able to settle there and immediately hold full rights to political participation due to their status as both Commonwealth and EU citizens  This group of EU citizens (along with Irish citizens) domiciled in the UK were able to vote in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum while all other non-British EU citizens could not 

Acquisition and loss of nationality
British citizenship
Prior to 1983, all Individuals born within the British Islands (the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies) received British citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents  Individuals born afterwards only receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a British citizen or considered to have settled status in the UK  Children born overseas are British citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen otherwise than by descent, subject to regulations  Adopted children are treated as if they were naturally born to the adopting parents at the time of adoption  Children born abroad to members of the British Armed Forces or British citizens on Crown service are treated as if they were born in the UK Children born in the UK to a resident Irish citizen at any time are always British citizens at birth  Since 1983, the status of a child born in the UK is dependent on whether their parents held British citizenship or settled status at the time of their birth  Irish citizens residing in the UK are deemed to hold settled status upon arrival  Regulations concerning settled status for other European Union (EU), European Economic Area (EEA), and Swiss citizens have changed greatly over time, affecting the status of their children born during the different regulatory periods  EU/EEA citizens living in the UK before 2 October 2000 were automatically considered to be settled  Between that date and 29 April 2006, EU/EEA citizens were required to apply for permanent residency  Swiss citizens became subject to the same regulations on 1 June 2002  From 30 April 2006 until 30 June 2021, EU/EEA and Swiss citizens living in the UK for at least five years automatically received permanent resident status  Permanent resident status for these citizens expired on 1 July 2021, after which they have been required to hold settled status through the European Union Settlement Scheme or another path Foreign nationals may naturalise as British citizens after residing in the UK for more than five years and possessing indefinite leave to remain (ILR) for at least one year  The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant is married to a British citizen and they immediately become eligible for naturalisation after receiving ILR or equivalent  Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in the English, Welsh, or Scottish Gaelic languages and pass the Life in the United Kingdom test 

British Overseas Territories citizenship
Individuals born in a territory automatically receive BOTC status if at least one parent is a BOTC or has belonger status  Children born in an overseas territory to British citizen parents who are not settled in a territory are British citizens at birth, but not BOTCs  Parents do not necessarily need to be connected with the same overseas territory to pass on BOTC status  Alternatively, a child born in an overseas territory may be registered as a BOTC if either parent becomes a BOTC or settles in any overseas territory subsequent to birth  A child who lives in the same territory until age 10 and is not absent for more than 90 days in each year is also entitled to registration as a BOTC  Furthermore, an adopted child automatically become a BOTC on the effective day of adoption if either parent is a BOTC or has belonger status  In all cases that an individual is a British Overseas Territories citizen at birth or adoption within the territories, that person is a BOTC otherwise than by descent Individuals born outside of the territories are BOTCs by descent if either parent is a BOTC otherwise than by descent  Unmarried fathers cannot automatically pass on BOTC status, and it would be necessary for them to register children as BOTCs  If a parent is a BOTC by descent, additional requirements apply to register children as BOTCs  Parents in Crown service who have children abroad are exempted from these circumstances, and their children would be BOTCs otherwise than by descent, as if they had been born on their home territory Foreigners and non-BOTC British nationals may naturalise as British Overseas Territories citizens after residing in a territory for more than five years and possessing belonger status or permanent residency for more than one year  The residency requirement is reduced to three years if an applicant is married to a BOTC  All applicants for naturalisation and registration are normally considered by the governor of the relevant territory, but the Home Secretary retains discretionary authority to grant BOTC status  Since 2004, BOTC applicants aged 18 or older are required to take an oath of allegiance to the Sovereign and loyalty pledge to the relevant territory during their citizenship ceremonies All British Overseas Territories citizens other than those solely connected with Akrotiri and Dhekelia became British citizens on 21 May 2002, and children born on qualified overseas territories to dual BOTC-British citizens since that date are both BOTCs and British citizens otherwise than by descent  Prior to 2002, only BOTCs from Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands were given unrestricted access to citizenship  BOTCs naturalised after that date may also become British citizens by registration at the discretion of the Home Secretary  Becoming a British citizen has no effect on BOTC status; BOTCs may also simultaneously be British citizens 

Other nationality classes
It is generally not possible to acquire other forms of British nationality  British Overseas citizenship, British subjecthood, and British protected person status are only transferred by descent if an individual born to a parent holding one of these statuses would otherwise be stateless  British Overseas citizens retain their status by association with most former British colonies, British subjects are connected specifically with Ireland or British India before 1949, and British protected persons are associated with territories that were under British control but not formally incorporated as part of the British Empire  British National (Overseas) status was exclusively granted by voluntary registration to Hong Kong residents who had been British Dependent Territories citizens prior to the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997 and cannot be newly acquired in any case  Noncitizen British nationals may become British citizens by registration, rather than naturalisation, after residing in the United Kingdom for more than five years and possessing ILR for more than one year 

Renunciation and restoration
Any type of British nationality can be renounced by making a declaration to the Home Secretary, provided that the declarant possesses or intends to acquire another nationality  Former British citizens or BOTCs may subsequently apply for nationality restoration  Applicants who had originally renounced their British nationality in order to retain or acquire another nationality are entitled to register as British citizens or BOTCs once  Any subsequent renunciation and application for restoration, or someone applying for restoration who originally renounced their British nationality for a reason unrelated to acquiring or retaining an alternate nationality, would be subject to the discretionary approval of the Home Secretary 

Automatic loss of British nationality
British subjects (other than British subjects by virtue of a connection with the Republic of Ireland) and British protected persons lose British nationality upon acquiring any other form of nationality 

These provisions do not apply to British citizens 
British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs) who acquire another nationality do not lose their BOTC status but they may be liable to lose belonger status in their home territory under its immigration laws  Such persons are advised to contact the governor of that territory for information 
British Overseas citizens (BOCs) do not lose their BOC status upon acquisition of another citizenship, but any entitlement to registration as a British citizen on the grounds of having no other nationality no longer applies after acquiring another citizenship 

Deprivation of British nationality
The British government does not publish the number of people it strips of citizenship, but independent research by a lawyer-run website, in 2022, found at least 464 people's citizenship was revoked in the last 15 years  After the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 came into force British nationals could be deprived of their citizenship if and only if the Secretary of State was satisfied they were responsible for acts seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom or an Overseas Territory This was extended under the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006: people with dual nationality who are British nationals can be deprived of their British citizenship if the Secretary of State is satisfied that "deprivation is conducive to the public good", or if nationality was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact  Between 2006 and the end of 2021 at least 464 people have had their citizenship removed by the government since the law was introduced  There is a right of appeal  This provision has been in force since 16 June 2006 when the Immigration, Nationality and Asylum Act 2006 (Commencement No 1) Order 2006 brought it into force  Loss of British nationality in this way applies also to dual nationals who are British by birth  The Secretary of State may not deprive a person of British nationality, unless obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact, if they are satisfied that the order would make a person stateless This provision was again modified by the Immigration Act 2014 so as not to require that a third country would actually grant nationality to a person; British nationality can be revoked if "the Secretary of State has reasonable grounds for believing that the person is able, under the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom, to become a national of such a country or territory "The powers to strip citizenship were initially very rarely used  Between 2010 and 2015, 33 dual nationals had been deprived of their British citizenship  In the two years to 2013 six people were deprived of citizenship; then in 2013, 18 people were deprived, increasing to 23 in 2014  In 2017, over 40 people had been deprived as of July (at this time increased numbers of British citizens went to join "Islamic State" and then tried to return) The Home Office does not issue information on these cases and is resistant to answering questions, for example under the Freedom of Information Act 2000  It appears that the government usually waits until the person has left Britain, then sends a warning notice to their British home and signs a deprivation order a day or two later  Appeals are heard at the highly secretive Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC), where the government can submit evidence that cannot be seen or challenged by the appellant Home Secretary Sajid Javid said in 2018 that until then deprivation of nationality had been restricted to "terrorists who are a threat to the country", but that he intended to extend it to "those who are convicted of the most grave criminal offences"  The acting director of Liberty responded "The home secretary is taking us down a very dangerous road      making our criminals someone else’s problem is     the government washing its hands of its responsibilities     Banishment belongs in the dark ages "A Nationality and Borders Bill was introduced to the British House of Commons in July 2021, sponsored by the Home Office under Home Secretary Priti Patel  In November 2021, an amendment to the Bill was introduced which, if passed, would allow people to be deprived of British citizenship without being given notice  At the time the Home Office reiterated its position on citizenship: "British citizenship is a privilege, not a right" 

British citizenship ceremonies
From 1 January 2004, all new applicants for British citizenship by naturalisation or registration aged 18 or over if their application is successful must attend a citizenship ceremony and either make an affirmation or take an oath of allegiance to the monarch, and make a pledge to the UK 
Citizenship ceremonies are normally organised by:

local councils in England, Scotland, and Wales
the Northern Ireland Office
the governments of the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey
the Governors of British Overseas Territories
British consular offices outside the United Kingdom and territories Persons from what is now the Republic of Ireland born before 1949 reclaiming British subject status under section 31 of the 1981 Act do not need to attend a citizenship ceremony  If such a person subsequently applies for British citizenship by registration or naturalisation, attendance at a ceremony is required 
For those who applied for British citizenship before 2004:

the oath of allegiance was administered privately through signing a witnessed form in front of a solicitor or other accredited person
those who already held British nationality (other than British protected persons) were exempt, as were those citizens of countries with the King as Head of State (such as Australia and Canada) 

See also
Visa policy of the United Kingdom
Visa requirements for British citizens
Visa requirements for British Nationals (Overseas)
Visa requirements for British Overseas citizens
Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens

Notes
Passage 6:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 7:
Larkin's Hundred
Larkin's Hundred, also known as The Castle, is a historic home at Harwood, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States  It is a two-story brick house  Although tradition holds that it was built in 1704 by Thomas Larkin, a son of John Larkin of nearby Larkin's Hill Farm, evidence suggest it was actually constructed in the second quarter of the 18th century for Captain Joseph Cowman, a mariner and wealthy Quaker  A white clapboard kitchen wing at the west end was added in 1870  A noteworthy interior feature is a graceful stairway of American walnut Larkin's Hundred was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 
Passage 8:
Poplarville, Mississippi
Poplarville is a city in Pearl River County, Mississippi, United States  As of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,894  It is the county seat of Pearl River County  It hosts an annual Blueberry Jubilee, which includes rides, craft vendors and rodeos 

History
Poplarville was named for Poplar Jim Smith, the original owner of the town site In 1959, Mack Charles Parker, an African-American accused of rape, was abducted from the Pearl River County jail in Poplarville by a mob and shot to death  Despite confessions, no charges were filed against anyone  The mayor of Poplarville told a New York Times reporter, "You couldn't convict the guilty parties if you had a sound film of the lynching " It was the fourth lynching in Poplarville since the Civil War  The case focused national attention on the persistence of lynching in the South and helped accelerate the American Civil Rights Movement 
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina inflicted heavy damage on the small town  The storm's most powerful, unofficially recorded gust of wind was reported at Pearl River Community College, at 135 mph (217 km/h)  On September 2, 2005, the 1st Battalion, 134th Field Artillery (Ohio Army National Guard) arrived at the National Guard armory in Poplarville to assist the community and Pearl River County in recovery efforts in the wake of Hurricane Katrina   Initial efforts were the security of banks, pharmacies and gas stations as well as initial responses to rural emergencies   The unit stayed for three weeks ultimately checking on every family and structure in the county  On September 5, 2005, Poplarville played host to a visit by George W  Bush, Laura Bush, and Governor Haley Barbour to Pearl River Community College in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina On December 21, 2006, an early morning fire destroyed three downtown buildings 
On March 25, 2014 citizens voted to allow for beer and wine sales  The final vote count was 361 votes for the measure and 149 against 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3 9 square miles (10 km2), of which, 3 8 square miles (9 8 km2) of it is land and 0 04 square miles (0 10 km2) of it (0 52%) is water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,833 people, 733 households, and 499 families residing in the city 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,601 people, 852 households, and 558 families residing in the city  The population density was 676 5 inhabitants per square mile (261 2/km2)  There were 936 housing units at an average density of 243 4 per square mile (94 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 74 32% White, 23 95% African American, 0 50% Asian, 0 15% Native American, 0 12% Pacific Islander, 0 15% from other races, and 0 81% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 65% of the population 
There were 852 households, out of which 32 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42 6% were married couples living together, 19 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34 4% were non-families  30 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 37 and the average family size was 2 99 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21 6% under the age of 18, 20 8% from 18 to 24, 22 3% from 25 to 44, 18 2% from 45 to 64, and 17 0% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 84 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $26,417, and the median income for a family was $32,339  Males had a median income of $35,250 versus $21,667 for females  The per capita income for the city was $12,833  About 20 8% of families and 25 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38 8% of those under age 18 and 17 5% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Theodore G  Bilbo, U S  Senator, was born in 1877 in Juniper Grove, an eastern township of Poplarville 
Jimmy Buffett, musician, lived in Poplarville for a period of time starting in 1959 
Glen Day, PGA Tour Golfer 
Jonathan J C  Grey, federal judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
Chapel Hart, country music group 
Whitney Miller, America's first MasterChef 
Mack Charles Parker, African-American victim of lynching in the United States who had been accused of raping a pregnant white woman in northern Pearl River County, Mississippi 
Larkin I  Smith was born in Poplarville in June 1944  In August 1989, Smith died in a plane crash just 7 months after taking office in the U S  House of Representatives and was succeeded by Democrat Gene Taylor, who would hold that office until his defeat by Republican Steven Palazzo in the 2010 midterm elections  Smith served capacities in both the Harrison and Pearl River County Sheriff's Departments and as Sheriff of Harrison County before being elected to the U S  Congress 
Martin T  Smith, American lawyer and politician 

Education
The City of Poplarville is served by the Poplarville School District and is home to Pearl River Community College 
Passage 9:
Tumaraa
Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea Tumaraa consists of the following associated communes:

Fetuna
Tehurui
Tevaitoa
VaiaauThe administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Tevaitoa  The tallest mountain on Raiatea - Mont Temehani - is located within Tumaraa 



ground_truth: John D. Loudermilk