prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: There is a state A where Storm of the Century was filmed based on the book by the author who wrote a short story featuring the author of This Is My God. What is the population of state A?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ernst Angel
Ernst Angel (11 August 1894, Vienna, Austria – 10 January 1986, Newark, New Jersey) was an Austrian-born poet, theatre and film critic, screen play author, film director and publisher who later became a psychologist  He was Jewish For a period of time, he worked with Rollo May, co-authoring a book 
He died in Newark Airport 

Publications in psychology
Rollo May, Ernest Angel & Henry F  Ellenberger (Hg ): Existence: A new dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology  New York: Basic Book, 1958  New edition 1994 with Jason Aronson Publishers, Lanham, MD (the USA); ISBN 1-56821-271-2 Ernest Angel, Ph D  was vice-president of the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis ( NPAP) for many years  He escaped the Nazi concentration camps but many of his family members died  He told one of his students in supervision that he witnessed a prisoner in the camp being shot in the head directly in front of him  He confided that he would pretend to be invisible as a defense mechanism to the horrible conditions around him  After the war, he became a book editor in Berlin  After reading the works of Binswanger and Boss dealing with existential issues, he went to his supervisor and said that they should publish a book on existentialism  His publisher told him to find an authority who has written something on the subject  He went through " Dissertation Abstracts" and noticed that Rollo May wrote a dissertation on anxiety  He contacted him and that he told his student  is how Rollo May became the " pope of existentialism " Ernest was more comfortable remaining a Freudian  Dr  Angel was always concerned with the world around him and especially the threat of nuclear buildups  He said that the younger generations introject these threats and lose their sense of having a destiny and live only for the moment  With this in mind, he started the " Union for Concerned Psychologists and Psychoanalysts" that later merged with an international medical union  Always a snappy dresser, he was a man of style  In 1984, he encouraged his student, Philip Ingenito  to write and produce the video, " How To Choose a Therapist"  The video took a red ribbon at the American Film Awards and was voted "top 25" films by the American Library Association in 1985 

Selected filmography
Love on Wheels (1932)
Hunting You (1929)
Passage 2:
This Is My God
This is My God is a non-fiction book by Herman Wouk, first published in 1959  The book summarizes many key aspects of Judaism and is intended for both Jewish and non-Jewish audiences  The author, who served in the United States Navy and was a Pulitzer Prize–winning novelist, writes from a Modern Orthodox perspective 

Key topics
Jewish history
Shabbat
High Holy Days
Minor Holy Days (9th of Av, Purim, Hanukkah)
Jewish prayer
Kashrut (dietary laws)
Torah
Talmud
Orthodox Judaism
Reform Judaism
Israel
Zionism  This is My God, page 264, first edition (1959), published by Doubleday, Garden City 
Passage 3:
Storm of the Century
Storm of the Century, alternatively known as Stephen King's Storm of the Century, is a 1999 American horror television miniseries written by Stephen King and directed by Craig R  Baxley  Unlike many other television adaptations of King's work, Storm of the Century was not based on a novel but was an original screenplay written by the author and directly produced for television  King described the screenplay as a "novel for television " The screenplay was published as a mass-market book in February 1999 prior to the TV broadcast of the mini-series King has called Storm of the Century his personal favorite of all the TV productions related to his works 

Plot
As the people of Little Tall Island, Maine prepare for a powerful blizzard in 1989, elderly resident Martha Clarendon is brutally murdered by a menacing stranger  Town manager Robbie Beals investigates, and the stranger terrifies him by relating shameful secrets from his past  Mike Anderson, a supermarket manager and part-time constable, arrests the stranger, who identifies himself as André Linoge  Linoge seems to know the names and morbid secrets of all the island's residents, and is particularly interested in Mike's son Ralphie, who has a birthmark on his nose  Yet he gives no hint of his own background, saying only, "Give me what I want, and I'll go away " While sitting in a jail cell, Linoge possesses the minds of several townspeople, causing suicides and a murder  He then escapes the jail in the form of a wizened old man and repeats his demand before disappearing into the storm 
The residents take shelter from the storm in the town hall  As they sleep, Linoge appears on the televisions as a televangelist and lectures them on the consequences of refusing to accommodate a stranger  The residents have the same dream in which authorities find the island deserted after the storm and the word "Croaton" carved on a tree  A news reporter connects the disappearance to the lost Roanoke colony  Meanwhile Mike dreams that the townspeople walk into the ocean and drown  The next day, Linoge causes three residents to vanish while everyone is watching the lighthouse collapse  Two die and the third, Angie Carver, is discovered alive but visibly aged  Ralphie goes missing and, when found in a closet, says that he was with Linoge  With each death and abduction, Linoge sends his demand again 
The town's children fall under a spell and go to sleep, dreaming that they are flying through the clouds with Linoge  That evening Mike finds Linoge inside the town hall holding a resident hostage  Amused by Mike's sympathy for the townspeople, Linoge says that they are all sinners and criminals who merely pretend to be decent  He tells Mike to arrange a town meeting at 9:00 that night and escapes again  When the meeting gathers, Linoge tells the residents that he has lived thousands of years and, having grown old, he wants a child whom he can raise to be a sorcerer like him  He cannot take a child by force, but the dream that the residents had will come true if they refuse  He leaves them to debate for half an hour  Mike urges the people to stand up to Linoge and is horrified when all of them, even his wife Molly, decide to give in  Linoge returns and presides over a lottery in which Ralphie is chosen  Taking his natural elderly form once more, Linoge thanks the residents and warns them never to speak about what has happened  He then walks out of the town hall with Ralphie in his arms and flies into the night sky  Mike rushes outside and falls to his knees in the snow, begging Linoge to return Ralphie in exchange for anything  
In an epilogue, Mike leaves Little Tall and becomes a United States Marshal in San Francisco  Molly and Mike divorce and she gets remarried to Alton "Hatch" Hatcher, his deputy constable  Some residents succumb to their guilt and commit suicide  Years later, Linoge and Ralphie walk past Mike in Chinatown, Ralphie having become corrupted and evil  Mike considers telling Molly what he saw, but knows that it is better kept a secret 

Cast
Screenplay
The screenplay for the miniseries was written by Stephen King expressly for television  The screenplay was published as a mass-market book by Pocket Books just prior to the initial airing of Storm of the Century on ABC  The book included photographs of the TV mini-series  The book contains an introduction in which King describes the genesis of the idea as it occurred to him in late 1996  Beginning to write it in December 1996, he initially debated if the story should be either a novel or a screenplay  He described the result as a "novel for television " A hardcover edition, written as a screenplay rather than "prose", was published concurrently by the Book of the Month Club 

Release and reception
Storm of the Century aired on ABC on February 14–18, 1999  It was released on DVD on June 22 the same year On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 82% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7 33/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Chilling performances and an even darker moral dilemma shelter Storm of the Century's somewhat long-winded tale from ever being anything less than watchable "U S  Television Ratings:

See also
List of adaptations of works by Stephen King
Passage 4:
Herman Wouk Is Still Alive
"Herman Wouk Is Still Alive" is a short story by American author Stephen King  It was originally published in the May 2011 issue of The Atlantic magazine 

Synopsis
Old friends Brenda and Jasmine, along with their seven children between them, set off on a road trip in a rented Chevy Express after Brenda wins $2,700 on the Pick-3 lottery  They reflect back on their harsh childhoods and disappointing lives  Meanwhile, Phil and Pauline, two aging poets and former lovers, are on their way to a poetry festival at the University of Maine  They stop at a rest area to have lunch together  Soon, Brenda decides that their lives are no longer worth living and that the children are doomed to a pitiful future  Deliberately and with the consent and encouragement of Jasmine, she crashes the van into a tree near Phil and Pauline at high speed  Phil and Pauline hurry to the wreckage, but Brenda and Jasmine and all their children are dead  When a passer-by asks Pauline what happened, she finally loses her well-cultured disposition and asks him "What the fuck does it look like?"

Publication
"Herman Wouk Is Still Alive" came about as part of a bet between King and his son Owen during the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in which the loser would have to write a story based on a title supplied by the winner  Owen King came up with the title after reading in an article that Herman Wouk was still alive and writing despite being in his mid-nineties  King conceived of the story after reading about the 2009 Taconic State Parkway crash "Herman Wouk Is Still Alive" was first published in The Atlantic in May 2011  It was collected as part of the 2015 work The Bazaar of Bad Dreams 

Reception
Rocky Wood described "Herman Wouk Is Still Alive" as "King showing once again what a clear eye he has for observing society" and "another mainstream story that illustrates the horror that lurks in real life"  Tim Lepczyk described it as "an enjoyable and saddening story"  Herman Wouk himself was asked about the short story in a questions and answers session published as part of his 2012 novel The Lawgiver; Wouk stated "I read Mr  King's short story and enjoyed it " The story won the 2011 Bram Stoker Award for Short Fiction 

See also
2009 Taconic State Parkway crash
Herman Wouk
Stephen King short fiction bibliography
Passage 5:
David Wallechinsky
David Wallechinsky (born David Wallace, February 5, 1948) is an American populist historian and television commentator, the president of the International Society of Olympic Historians (ISOH) and the founder and editor-in-chief of AllGov com and worldfilmreviews us 

Early life
Wallechinsky was born in Los Angeles to a Jewish family, the son of writer Sylvia Kahn and the author and screenwriter Irving Wallace  His younger sister was fellow author Amy Wallace, a "witch" of Carlos Castaneda who co-wrote many books with him and their father and authored Sorcerer's Apprentice: My Life with Carlos Castaneda in 2003 
One day, after he got off an airplane in Britain, the customs officer looked at his passport and remarked, "Ah Wallace, a good Scottish boy coming home " Disquieted, back in the States he discovered that the original family name was Wallechinsky and he adopted that moniker 
He was educated at Palisades High School in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California, graduating in 1965  One of his classmates was the future film critic and talk radio host Michael Medved, and they later wrote What Really Happened to the Class of '65, based on a series of interviews with their former classmates 

Career
In 1973, Wallechinsky grew dismayed with almanacs that, in his opinion, rehashed bare facts  He began developing an idea for a reference book to be read for pleasure, that would include lesser-known history  He worked on the book for a year, before being joined by his father for an additional year of research  The People's Almanac was published by Doubleday in 1975 and became a best-seller  One of the most popular chapters was a selection of lists, leading Wallechinsky (in conjunction with his father and sister Amy) to write The Book of Lists, which became an international best-seller  Both books spawned not only follow-up editions but copycat titles such as The Ethnic Almanac, The Jewish Almanac, and The Book Of TV Lists 
In 1960, Wallechinsky's father took him to the Rome Olympic Games  In 1984, he published the first edition of his work The Complete Book of the Olympics, a reference work with full results and many anecdotes about the modern Games  The book became unwieldy so was later split into two volumes The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics and The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics series  Wallechinsky now shares the editorial duties with his nephew Jaime Loucky  The books led to work for Wallechinsky as an Olympic commentator for NBC 
In 1985, Wallechinsky followed the book previously co-authored with Medved with a sequel, going back to his high school graduation year contemporaries and solely writing a similar retrospective Midterm Report: The Class of '65: Chronicles of an American Generation about pupils from across America who left high school in that year  He interviewed twenty-eight of those 1965 graduates including President Jimmy Carter's son Jack, and Rhode Island's then-congressional Representative Claudine Schneider  It was later published as "Class Reunion '65, Tales of an American Generation," written from the perspective of two decades post-high school graduation  In the book, Wallechinsky noted the profound impact that the war on Viet Nam had on the lives of his interview subjects In 1991, he was one of the founding members of the International Society of Olympic Historians (ISOH)  He served as treasurer of the organization from 1996 to 2004, vice-president from 2004 to 2012, then served as the organization's president Wallechinsky is the founder of AllGov com, which provides news about various departments and agencies of the American government  AllGov describes the functions of each agency, their histories, and controversies, and shares critiques and suggested reforms from both the left and the right 
He has compiled the list of "The World’s 10 Worst Dictators" for Parade magazine for a number of years  In 2006, this subject became a book entitled: Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators 

Personal life
Wallechinsky is a vegetarian and is married to Flora Chavez  They have two sons: Elijah Chavez Wallechinsky, born in 1983, and Aaron Chavez Wallechinsky  born in 1986  Both brothers are photographers and designers  Wallechinsky splits his time between Santa Monica, California and the south of France 

Bibliography
Chico's Organic Gardening and Natural Living (1972) With Frank "Chico" Bucaro
Laughing Gas: Nitrous Oxide, with Michael Sheldin and Saunie Salyer (And/Or Press, 1973)
The People's Almanac (Doubleday, 1975) (with Irving Wallace)
What Really Happened to the Class of '65? (1976) (with Michael Medved)
The Book of Lists (William Morrow, 1977) (with Irving Wallace and Amy Wallace)
The People's Almanac #2 (William Morrow, 1978) (with Irving Wallace)
The Book of Lists #2 (William Morrow, 1980) (with Irving Wallace, Amy Wallace and Sylvia Wallace)
The Book of Predictions (1980) (with Amy Wallace and Irving Wallace)
The People's Almanac #3 (William Morrow, 1981) (with Irving Wallace)
The Intimate Sex Lives of Famous People (Delacorte, 1981) (with Irving Wallace, Amy Wallace and Sylvia Wallace)
The Book of Lists #3 (William Morrow, 1983) (with Amy Wallace and Irving Wallace)
Significa (Dutton, 1983) (with Irving Wallace and Amy Wallace)
The Complete Book of the Olympics (Penguin, 1984)
Midterm Report: The Class of '65: Chronicles Of An American Generation (1986); later published as Class Reunion '65, Tales of an American Generation
The Book of Lists: The '90s Edition (Little, Brown, 1993) (with Amy Wallace)
The People's Almanac Presents The 20th Century: History With The Boring Parts Left Out (Little, Brown, 1999)
The New Book of Lists (2005) (with Amy Wallace)
Tyrants: The World’s 20 Worst Living Dictators (ReganBooks, 2006)
The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (various editions) (with Jaime Loucky)
The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics (various editions) (with Jaime Loucky)
Passage 6:
Roger Vadim
Roger Vadim Plemiannikov (French: [ʁɔʒe vadim]; 26 January 1928 – 11 February 2000) was a French screenwriter, film director and producer, as well as an author, artist and occasional actor  His best-known works are visually lavish films with erotic qualities, such as And God Created Woman (1956), Blood and Roses (1960), Barbarella (1968), and Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) 

Early life
Vadim was born Roger Vadim Plemiannikov (sometimes transliterated Plemiannikoff) in Paris  His father, Igor Nikolaevich Plemiannikov (И́горь Никола́евич Племя́нников), a White Russian military officer and pianist, had emigrated from the Russian Empire and become a naturalized French citizen  He was a vice consul of France to Egypt, stationed in Alexandria, later posting to Mersin, Turkey as a consul  Vadim's mother, Marie-Antoinette (née Ardilouze), was a French actress  Although Vadim lived as a diplomat's child in Northern Africa and the Middle East in his early youth, the death of his father when Vadim was nine years old caused the family to return to France, where his mother found work running a hostel in the French Alps, which was functioning as a way-station for Jews and other fugitives fleeing Nazism Vadim studied journalism and writing at the University of Paris, without graduating 

Film career
Marc Allégret
At age 19, he became assistant to film director Marc Allégret, whom he met while working at the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt, and for whom he worked on several screenplays  He was an assistant director on Allegret's Blanche Fury (1948), a commercially unsuccessful melodrama which Allegret made for a British company in English 
Vadim was one of several writers on Allegret's French-British The Naked Heart (1950), aka Maria Chapdelaine, starring Michèle Morgan, as well as serving as assistant director  It was shot in French and English versions  Blackmailed (1951) was another film Allegret directed in England, starring Mai Zetterling and Dirk Bogarde; Vadim was credited as one of the writers  He was also one of several writers on Allegret's, La demoiselle et son revenant (1952) 
Vadim did the screenplay and commentary for a documentary, Le gouffre de la Pierre Saint-Marti (1953) and was assistant director on Allegret's Julietta (1953), a popular romance with Jean Marais, Dany Robin and Jeanne Moreau  Vadim wrote Allegret's Loves of Three Queens (1954), with Hedy Lamarr 

Brigitte Bardot
Vadim had begun a relationship with model-actress Brigitte Bardot  She was given a good role in a drama directed by Allegret, School for Love (1953), aka Futures Vedettes, starring Jean Marais; Vadim wrote the script with Allegret  The film was a commercial disappointment 
However the next collaboration between Allegret, Bardot and Vadim, Plucking the Daisy (1956), aka Mam'selle Striptease, was a huge success at the French box office  So too was Naughty Girl (1956), with Bardot  This allowed Vadim to get backing for his first movie as director 
Vadim's first film as director was based on an original story of his, And God Created Woman (1956)  Starring Bardot, Curt Jurgens and Christian Marquand and produced by Raoul Levy it was not only a major success in France, but around the world, and established Bardot as a world icon 
Vadim followed it with No Sun in Venice (1957) starring Françoise Arnoul and Marquand, produced by Levy, which was considerably less popular than And God Created Woman  Levy, Vadim and Bardot were to make Paris by Night with Frank Sinatra but Bardot refused to spend months in the US and Sinatra felt likewise about filming in France  Instead Vadim made The Night Heaven Fell (1958), starring Bardot and Stephen Boyd  He was one of several writers on Allegret's popular comedy, Be Beautiful But Shut Up (1958), starring Mylène Demongeot 
Vadims's next film was an adaptation of the book Les liaisons dangereuses (1959), which he wrote and directed  It starred Moreau,  Gérard Philipe (in his final film) and Annette Stroyberg, a Danish model who became Vadim's second wife  The film became a huge hit in France 
Stroyberg was also in the vampire film Blood and Roses (1960)  They divorced shortly afterwards 
Vadim was reunited with Bardot for Please, Not Now! (1961), a popular comedy  He was one of several directors of the anthology film, The Seven Deadly Sins (1962) 
Vadim began a relationship with a young Catherine Deneuve  She starred in a segment of the anthology film Tales of Paris (1962), which was written by Vadim and directed by Allegret  She starred in a film Vadim helped write and produce, And Satan Calls the Turns (1962), and was also in Vice and Virtue (1963), which Vadim directed 
Vadim had another success writing and directing for Bardot, Love on a Pillow (1962), but found less favour with Nutty, Naughty Chateau (1963) starring Monica Vitti 

Jane Fonda
Vadim tried another adaptation of a classic erotic text, La Ronde (1964)  He said at the time, "When I make a picture about relations between people, something erotic comes through; I can't help it! But sex has been an inspiration, the greatest inspiration, since art exists " One of the film's many stars was rising American actress Jane Fonda who began a romantic relationship with Vadim 
Vadim devised a vehicle for Fonda, The Game Is Over (1966), based on a book by Émile Zola  Shot in French and English versions, it was very popular in France, though less so in the US 
Dino de Laurentiis wanted Fonda to star in a science fiction sex comedy, Barbarella (1968) and she agreed provided Vadim could direct  Following this he directed Fonda in a segment of the omnibus horror film Spirits of the Dead (1968) along with her brother Peter Fonda 
During his marriage to Fonda, Vadim would accompany her back to the US periodically while she made movies there  He and Fonda broke up and Vadim directed Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971) for MGM, starring Rock Hudson and Angie Dickinson  It was a commercial disappointment 

Later career
Vadim returned to France  He wrote and directed Hellé (1972), starring Gwen Welles, which was a flop  He was reunited with Bardot for Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman (1973), which was Bardot's penultimate movie and a commercial disappointment 
Not particularly successful either  were Charlotte (1974), and Game of Seduction (1976) with Sylvia Kristel and Nathalie Delon  He directed a TV movie Bonheur, impair et passe (1977), starring Danielle Darrieux 
In the 1980s Vadim based himself in the US  He directed Night Games (1980), where he attempted to make a star of Cindy Pickett, with whom he became romantically involved  He directed a caper film in Canada, The Hot Touch (1981), starring Marie-France Pisier  Back in France he wrote and directed Surprise Party (1983)  He directed episodes of Faerie Tale Theatre (1984) and Deadly Nightmares (1986) 
Vadim attempted to recapture his former success with a new version of And God Created Woman (1988), with Rebecca de Mornay  Very different from the original – it only really used the same title – it failed critically and commercially 
His final years were spent working in TV, where he directed Safari (1991) and wrote and directed Amour fou (1993), starring Marie-Christine Barrault who became his final wife  She was also in La Nouvelle tribu (1996) and its sequel Un coup de baguette magique (1997), which Vadim wrote and directed 

Personal life
Romances
Vadim was famous for his romances and marriages to beautiful actresses  In his mid-30s, he lived with the teenaged Catherine Deneuve, by whom he had a child, Christian Vadim, prior to his marriage to Fonda  He was also involved with American actresses Margaret Markov and Cindy Pickett  Later, he cohabited with screenwriter Ann Biderman for several years, announcing their engagement in 1984, but the couple never wed 

Marriages
Brigitte Bardot, 20 December 1952  – 6 December 1957 (divorced)
Annette Stroyberg, 17 June 1958  – 14 March 1961 (divorced); 1 daughter (Nathalie) b  7 December 1957
Jane Fonda, 14 August 1965  – 16 January 1973 (divorced); 1 daughter (Vanessa) b  28 September 1968
Catherine Schneider, 13 December 1975  – 10 June 1977 (divorced); 1 son (Vania) b  April 1974
Ann Biderman, partner (engaged 1984 but never wed), California
Marie-Christine Barrault, 21 December 1990  – 11 February 2000 (his death)He also had two stepsons from his marriage to Schneider (younger sister of novelist Dominique Schneidre and heiress to the Schneider-Creusot steel and armaments firm) as well as adult stepchildren from Barrault's first marriage to Daniel Toscan du Plantier, also a friend of Vadim's, who called him "a happy man  He was someone in whom there was so much satisfaction to the end of his life  The films merely reflected his happiness " Nathalie, his eldest daughter, told Fonda biographer Patricia Bosworth: "Jane was the love of my father's life "

Writing
In addition to Vadim's theatre and film work, he also wrote several books, including the memoirs "Memoires du Diable", "Le Gout du Bonheur: Souvenirs 1940–1958" and an autobiography, D'une étoile à l'autre (From One Star to the Next) as well as a tell-all about his most famous exes, Bardot, Deneuve & Fonda: My Life with the Three Most Beautiful Women in the World, published in 1986  "My attitude is that if this book makes me a little money it will be a tiny compensation for all the money I helped those actresses make", Vadim explained 
He also wrote several plays and books of fiction, including L'ange affamé 

Death
Vadim died of cancer at age 72 on 11 February 2000  Ex-wives Bardot, Fonda, Schneider and Stroyberg were all in attendance at his funeral  He is buried at St  Tropez Cemetery 

Filmography
Writer or director
The Naked Heart (1950)
Blackmailed (1951)
Plucking the Daisy aka Mam'selle Striptease (1956)
And God Created Woman (1956)
Sait-on jamais? (1957)
Sois belle et tais-toi/Be Beautiful but Shut up (1957)
Les Bijoutiers du Clair de Lune/The Night Heaven Fell (1958)
Les liaisons dangereuses/Dangerous Liaisons (1959)
Blood and Roses (1960)
La Bride sur le cou/Please Not Now! (1961)
Les Sept péchés capitaux/Seven Capital Sins (1962)
Les Parisiennes/Beds and Broads (1962)
Love on a Pillow (1962)
Un château en Suède/Castle in Sweden (1963)
Le vice et la vertu/Vice and Virtue (1963)
La Ronde/Circle of Love (1964)
La Curée/The Game is Over (1966)
Spirits of the Dead (1968)
Barbarella (1968)
Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971)
Hellé (1972)
Don Juan ou Si Don Juan était une femme  (1973)
La jeune fille Assassinée/The Murdered Young Girl (1974)
Une femme fidèle (1976)
Bonheur, impair et passe (1977)
Jeux de Nuit/Night Games (1980)
The Hot Touch (1981)
Surprise Party (1983)
Faerie Tale Theatre (1984 TV, segment "Beauty and the Beast")
The Hitchhiker (1986 TV, segment "Dead Man's Curve")
And God Created Woman (1988)
Safari (1991, TV movie)
Amour fou (1993, TV movie)
La Nouvelle tribu (1996, TV mini-series)
Mon père avait raison (1996, TV movie)
Un coup de baguette magique (1997, TV movie)

Actor
School for Love (1955)
Sweet and Sour (1963)
Ciao! Manhattan (1972)
The Assassinated Young Girl (1974)
Rich and Famous (1981)
Into the Night (1985)
Passage 7:
Maine
Maine ( (listen)) is the easternmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States  It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively  The largest state by total area in New England, Maine is the 12th-smallest by area, the 9th-least populous, the 13th-least densely populated, and the most rural of the 50 U S  states  It is also the northeasternmost among the contiguous United States, the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes, the only state whose name consists of a single syllable, and the only state to border exactly one other U S  state  Approximately half the area of Maine lies on each side of the 45th parallel north in latitude  The most populous city in Maine is Portland  Maine's capital is Augusta 
Maine has traditionally been known for its jagged, rocky Atlantic Ocean and bayshore coastlines; smoothly contoured mountains; heavily forested interior; picturesque waterways; and its wild lowbush blueberries and seafood cuisine, especially lobster and clams  Coastal and Down East Maine have emerged as important centers for the creative economy, especially in the vicinity of Portland, which is also bringing gentrification The territory of Maine has been inhabited by aboriginal populations for thousands of years after the glaciers retreated during the last ice age  At the time of European arrival, several Algonquian-speaking nations governed the area and these nations are now known as the Wabanaki Confederacy  The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, founded by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons  The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607  A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate and conflict with the local Indigenous people caused many to fail 
As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived  Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution  During the War of 1812, the largely undefended eastern region of Maine was occupied by British forces with the goal of annexing it to Canada via the Colony of New Ireland, but returned to the United States following failed British offensives on the northern border, mid-Atlantic and south which produced a peace treaty that restored the pre-war boundaries  Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820 when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become a separate state  On March 15, 1820, under the Missouri Compromise, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state 

History
The earliest known inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, Penobscot, Androscoggin, and Kennebec  During the later King Philip's War, many of these peoples would merge in one form or another to become the Wabanaki Confederacy, aiding the Wampanoag of Massachusetts and the Mahican of New York  Afterwards, many of these people were driven from their natural territories, but most of Maine's tribes continued, unchanged, until the American Revolution  Before this point, however, most of these people were considered separate nations  Many had adapted to living in permanent, Iroquois-inspired settlements, while those along the coast tended to move from summer villages to winter villages on a yearly cycle  They would usually winter inland and head to the coasts by summer European contact with what is now called Maine may have started around 1200 CE when Vikings are believed to have interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade  If confirmed, this would make Maine the site of the earliest European discovery in the entire US  About 200 years earlier, from the settlements in Iceland and Greenland, the Norse first identified America and attempted to settle areas such as Newfoundland, but failed to establish a permanent settlement  Archeological evidence suggests that Vikings in Greenland returned to North America for several centuries after the initial discovery to trade and collect timber, with the most relevant evidence being the Maine Penny, an 11th-century Norwegian coin found at a Native American dig site in 1954 The first European confirmed settlement in modern-day Maine was in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, led by French explorer Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons  His party included Samuel de Champlain, noted as an explorer  The French named the entire area Acadia, including the portion that later became the state of Maine  The Plymouth Company established the first English settlement in Maine at the Popham Colony in 1607, the same year as the settlement at Jamestown, Virginia  The Popham colonists returned to Britain after 14 months The French established two Jesuit missions: one on Penobscot Bay in 1609, and the other on Mount Desert Island in 1613  The same year, Claude de La Tour established Castine  In 1625, Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour erected Fort Pentagouet to protect Castine  The coastal areas of eastern Maine first became the Province of Maine in a 1622 land patent  The part of western Maine north of the Kennebec River was more sparsely settled and was known in the 17th century as the Territory of Sagadahock  A second settlement was attempted in 1623 by English explorer and naval Captain Christopher Levett at a place called York, where he had been granted 6,000 acres (24 km2) by King Charles I of England  It also failed 
The 1622 patent of the Province of Maine was split at the Piscataqua River into the Province of New Hampshire to the south and New Somersetshire to the north  A disputed 1630 patent split off the area around present-day Saco as Lygonia  Justifying its actions with a 1652 geographic survey that showed an overlapping patent, the Massachusetts Bay Colony had seized New Somersetshire and Lygonia by force by 1658  The Territory of Sagadahock between the Kennebec River and St  Croix River notionally became Cornwall County, Province of New York under a 1664 grant from Charles II of England to his brother James, at the time the Duke of York  Some of this land was claimed by New France as part of Acadia  All of the English settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Province of New York became part of the Dominion of New England in 1686  All of present-day Maine was unified as York County, Massachusetts under a 1691 royal patent for the Province of Massachusetts Bay 
Central Maine was formerly inhabited by the Androscoggin tribe of the Abenaki nation, also known as Arosaguntacook  They were driven out of the area in 1690 during King William's War  They were relocated to St  Francis, Canada, which was destroyed by Rogers' Rangers in 1759, and is now Odanak  The other Abenaki tribes suffered several severe defeats, particularly during Dummer's War, with the capture of Norridgewock in 1724 and the defeat of the Pequawket in 1725, which significantly reduced their numbers  They finally withdrew to Canada, where they were settled at Bécancour and Sillery, and later at St  Francis, along with other refugee tribes from the south Maine was much fought over by the French, English, and allied natives during the 17th and 18th centuries  These natives conducted raids against settlers and each other, taking captives for ransom or, in some cases, kidnapped for adoption by Native American tribes  A notable example was the early 1692 Abenaki raid on York, where about 100 English settlers were killed and another estimated 80 taken hostage  The Abenaki took captives taken during raids of Massachusetts in Queen Anne's War of the early 1700s to Kahnewake, a Catholic Mohawk village near Montreal, where some were adopted and others ransomed After the British defeated the French in Acadia in the 1740s, the territory from the Penobscot River east fell under the nominal authority of the Province of Nova Scotia, and together with present-day New Brunswick formed the Nova Scotia county of Sunbury, with its court of general sessions at Campobello  American and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812, with the British occupying eastern Maine in both conflicts via the Colony of New Ireland  The territory of Maine was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed following the Treaty of Paris ending the revolution, although the final border with British North America was not established until the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 
Maine was physically separate from the rest of Massachusetts  Long-standing disagreements over land speculation and settlements led to Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper forcing an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts Assembly on permitting Maine to secede; the vote failed  Secessionist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the War of 1812 when Massachusetts pro-British merchants opposed the war and refused to defend Maine from British invaders  In 1819, Massachusetts agreed to permit secession, sanctioned by voters of the rapidly growing region the following year 

Statehood and Missouri Compromise
Formal secession from Massachusetts and admission of Maine as the 23rd state occurred on March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, which geographically limited the spread of slavery and enabled the admission to statehood of Missouri the following year, keeping a balance between slave and free states Maine's original state capital was Portland, Maine's largest city, until it was moved to the more central Augusta in 1832  The principal office of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court remains in Portland 
The 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, prevented the Union Army from being flanked at Little Round Top by the Confederate Army during the Battle of Gettysburg 
Four U S  Navy ships have been named USS Maine, most famously the armored cruiser USS Maine (ACR-1), whose sinking by an explosion on February 15, 1898 precipitated the Spanish–American War 

Geography
To the south and east is the Gulf of Maine, and to the west is the state of New Hampshire  The Canadian province of New Brunswick is to the north and northeast, and the province of Quebec is to the northwest  Maine is the northernmost state in New England and the largest, accounting for almost half of the region's entire land area  Maine is the only state to border exactly one other American state (New Hampshire) 
Maine is the easternmost state in the United States both in its extreme points and in its geographic center  The town of Lubec is the easternmost organized settlement in the United States  Its Quoddy Head Lighthouse is also the closest place in the United States to Africa and Europe  Estcourt Station is Maine's northernmost point, as well as the northernmost point in New England  (For more information see extreme points of the United States )
Maine's Moosehead Lake is the largest lake wholly in New England, since Lake Champlain is located between Vermont, New York, and Quebec  A number of other Maine lakes, such as South Twin Lake, are described by Thoreau in The Maine Woods (1864)  Mount Katahdin is the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail, which extends southerly to Springer Mountain, Georgia, and the southern terminus of the new International Appalachian Trail which, when complete, will run to Belle Isle, Newfoundland and Labrador 
Machias Seal Island and North Rock, off the state's Downeast coast, are claimed by both Canada and the American town of Cutler, and are within one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute, but it is the only one of the disputed areas containing land  Also in this easternmost area in the Bay of Fundy is the Old Sow, the largest tidal whirlpool in the Western Hemisphere 
Maine is the least densely populated U S  state east of the Mississippi River  It is called the Pine Tree State; over 80% of its total land is forested or unclaimed, the most forest cover of any U S  state  In the wooded areas of the interior lies much uninhabited land, some of which does not have formal political organization into local units (a rarity in New England)  The Northwest Aroostook unorganized territory in the northern part of the state, for example, has an area of 2,668 square miles (6,910 km2) and a population of 10, or one person for every 267 square miles (690 km2) 
Maine is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome  The land near the southern and central Atlantic coast is covered by the mixed oaks of the Northeastern coastal forests  The remainder of the state, including the North Woods, is covered by the New England–Acadian forests Maine has almost 230 miles (400 km) of ocean coastline (and 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of tidal coastline)  West Quoddy Head in Lubec is the easternmost point of land in the 48 contiguous states  Along the famous rock-bound coast of Maine are lighthouses, beaches, fishing villages, and thousands of offshore islands, including the Isles of Shoals which straddle the New Hampshire border  There are jagged rocks and cliffs and many bays and inlets  Inland are lakes, rivers, forests, and mountains  This visual contrast of forested slopes sweeping down to the sea has been summed up by American poet Edna St  Vincent Millay of Rockland and Camden, in "Renascence":

Geologists describe this type of landscape as a "drowned coast", where a rising sea level has invaded former land features, creating bays out of valleys and islands out of mountain tops  A rise in land elevation due to the melting of heavy glacier ice caused a slight rebounding effect of underlying rock; this land rise, however, was not enough to eliminate all the effect of the rising sea level and its invasion of former land features 
Much of Maine's geomorphology was created by extended glacial activity at the end of the last ice age  Prominent glacial features include Somes Sound and Bubble Rock, both part of Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island  Carved by glaciers, Somes Sound reaches depths of 175 feet (50 m)  The extreme depth and steep drop-off allow large ships to navigate almost the entire length of the sound  These features also have made it attractive for boat builders, such as the prestigious Hinckley Yachts 
Bubble Rock, a glacial erratic, is a large boulder perched on the edge of Bubble Mountain in Acadia National Park  By analyzing the type of granite, geologists discovered that glaciers carried Bubble Rock to its present location from near Lucerne, 30 miles (48 km) away  The Iapetus Suture runs through the north and west of the state, being underlain by the ancient Laurentian terrane, and the south and east underlain by the Avalonian terrane 
Acadia National Park is the only national park in New England  Areas under the protection and management of the National Park Service include:
Acadia National Park near Bar Harbor
Appalachian National Scenic Trail
Maine Acadian Culture in St  John Valley
Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada, operated by both the U S  and Canada, just across the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge from Lubec
Saint Croix Island International Historic Site at Calais
Katahdin Woods and Waters National MonumentLands under the control of the state of Maine include:

Maine State Parks
Maine Wildlife Management Areas (WMA)

Climate
Maine has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with warm and sometimes humid summers, and long, cold and very snowy winters  Winters are especially severe in the northern and western parts of Maine, while coastal areas are moderated slightly by the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in marginally milder winters and cooler summers than inland regions  Daytime highs are generally in the 75–85 °F (24–29 °C) range throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the high 50s °F (around 15 °C)  January temperatures range from highs near 30 °F (−1 °C) on the southern coast to overnight lows averaging below 0 °F (−18 °C) in the far north The state's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), set in July 1911, at North Bridgton 
Precipitation in Maine is evenly distributed year-round, but with a slight summer maximum in northern/northwestern Maine and a slight late-fall or early-winter maximum along the coast due to "nor'easters" or intense cold-season rain and snowstorms  In coastal Maine, the late spring and summer months are usually driest—a rarity across the Eastern United States  Maine has fewer days of thunderstorms than any other state east of the Rockies, with most of the state averaging fewer than twenty days of thunderstorms a year  Tornadoes are rare in Maine, with the state averaging two per year, although this number is increasing  Most severe thunderstorms and tornadoes occur in the southwestern interior portion of the state, where summer temperatures are often the warmest and the atmosphere is thus more unstable compared to northern and coastal areas  Maine rarely sees the direct landfall of tropical cyclones, as they tend to recurve out to sea or are rapidly weakening by the time they reach the cooler waters of Maine 
In January 2009, a new record low temperature for the state was set at Big Black River of −50 °F (−46 °C), tying the New England record Annual precipitation varies from 35 8 in (909 mm) in Presque Isle to 56 7 in (1,441 mm) in Acadia National Park 

Demographics
Population
The U S  Census Bureau estimates that the population of Maine was 1,344,212 on July 1, 2019, a 1 19% increase since the 2010 United States census  At the 2020 census, 1,362,359 people lived in the state  The state's population density is 41 3 people per square mile, making it the least densely populated state east of the Mississippi River  As of 2010, Maine was also the most rural state in the Union, with only 38 7% of the state's population living within urban areas  As explained in detail under "Geography", there are large tracts of uninhabited land in some remote parts of the interior of the state, particularly in the North Maine Woods 
The mean population center of Maine is located in Kennebec County, just east of Augusta  The Greater Portland metropolitan area is the most densely populated with nearly 40% of Maine's population  This area spans three counties and includes many farms and wooded areas; the 2016 population of Portland proper was 66,937 Maine has experienced a very slow rate of population growth since the 1990 census; its rate of growth (0 57%) since the 2010 census ranks 45th of the 50 states  The modest population growth in the state has been concentrated in the southern coastal counties; with more diverse populations slowly moving into these areas of the state  However, the northern, more rural areas of the state have experienced a slight decline in population from 2010 to 2016 As of 2020, Maine has the highest population age 65 or older in the United States According to the 2010 census, Maine has the highest percentage of non-Hispanic whites of any state, at 94 4% of the total population  In 2011, 89 0% of all births in the state were to non-Hispanic white parents  Maine also has the second-highest residential senior population According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 4,411 homeless people in Maine The table below shows the racial composition of Maine's population as of 2016 

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 1 5% of Maine's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (0 4%), Puerto Rican (0 4%), Cuban (0 1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (0 6%)  The six largest ancestry groups were: English (20 7%), Irish (17 3%), French (15 7%), German (8 1%), American (7 8%) and French Canadian (7 7%) People citing that they are American are of overwhelmingly English descent, but have ancestry that has been in the region for so long (often since the 17th century) that they choose to identify simply as Americans Maine has the highest percentage of French Americans of any state  Most of them are of Canadian origin, but in some cases have been living there since prior to the American Revolutionary War  There are particularly high concentrations in the northern part of Maine in Aroostook County, which is part of a cultural region known as Acadia that goes over the border into New Brunswick  Along with the Acadian population in the north, many French-Canadians came from Quebec as immigrants between 1840 and 1930 
The upper Saint John River valley area was once part of the so-called Republic of Madawaska, before the frontier was decided in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842  Over a quarter of the population of Lewiston, Waterville, and Biddeford are Franco-American  Most of the residents of the Mid Coast and Down East sections are chiefly of British heritage  Smaller numbers of various other groups, including Irish, Italian and Polish, have settled throughout the state since the late 19th and early 20th century immigration waves 

Birth data
Note: Births in table do not sum to 100% because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race 

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race 

Language
Maine does not have an official language, but the most widely spoken language in the state is English  The 2000 census reported 92 25% of Maine residents aged five and older spoke only English at home  French-speakers are the state's chief linguistic minority; census figures show that Maine has the highest percentage of people speaking French at home of any state: 5 28% of Maine households are French-speaking, compared with 4 68% in Louisiana, which is the second highest state  Although rarely spoken, Spanish is the third-most-common language in Maine, after English and French 

Religion
According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the religious affiliations of Maine were: Protestant 37% (in particular: Evangelical Protestant 14%, Mainline Protestant 21%, Historical Black Protestant 2%), Atheism or Agnosticism 6%, Nothing in Particular 26%, Roman Catholic Church 21%, other Christians 5%, non-Christian religions including Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Baháʼí 7%, and Pagans and Unitarians 5% 
In 2014, the Roman Catholic Church was the largest religious institution and the Baptists (7% Evangelical and 5% Mainline) was the state's the largest Protestant institution, followed by the Methodists (6%) and the Congregationalists (5%)  The atheists and the agnostics are only 6% of the state, but 26% of Mainers said that they "Believe in God but they are Unaffiliated " The 81% of Mainers believed in God, while 3% don't know and 16% do not believe in God  The 34% of Mainers think that "religion is very important" and 29% said that is "important," while 21% said that religion isn't important By the publication of another study in 2020 through the Public Religion Research Institute, approximately 62% of the population were Christian; the religiously unaffiliated slightly increased to 33% from the separate 2014 study by the Pew Research Center  In a 2022 study by the Public Religion Research Institute, 63% of the population were Christian, and 30% were religiously unaffiliated, reflecting a shift of population  Among the non-Christian population in 2022, 1% were Unitarian Universalist, 5% Jewish, and 1% New Ager 
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, with Christianity as the dominant faith, the largest denominations by number of adherents were Catholicism (219,233 members), non-denominational Protestantism (45,364), and United Methodists (19,686)  According to the same study, there were an estimated 16,894 Muslims in the state 

Economy
Total employment 2020:

520,969Total employer establishments 2020:

41,646The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maine's total gross state product for 2021 was $77 96 billion  Its per capita personal income for 2021 was $58,484, 30th in the nation  As of September 2022, Maine's unemployment rate is 3 3% 
Maine's agricultural outputs include poultry, eggs, dairy products, cattle, wild blueberries, apples, maple syrup, and maple sugar  Aroostook County is known for its potato crops  Potatoes make the state $166,672,000 a year  Commercial fishing, once a mainstay of the state's economy, maintains a presence, particularly lobstering and groundfishing  While lobster is the main seafood focus for Maine, the harvest of both oysters and seaweed are on the rise  In 2015, 14% of the Northeast's total oyster supply came from Maine  In 2017, the production of Maine's seaweed industry was estimated at $20 million per year  The shrimp industry of Maine is on a government-mandated hold  With an ever-decreasing Northern shrimp population, Maine fishermen are no longer allowed to catch and sell shrimp  The hold began in 2014 and is expected to continue until 2021  Western Maine aquifers and springs are a source of bottled water for companies like Poland Spring 
Maine's industrial outputs consist chiefly of paper, lumber and wood products, electronic equipment, leather products, food products, textiles, and bio-technology  Naval shipbuilding and construction remain key as well, with Bath Iron Works in Bath and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery 
Brunswick Landing, formerly Naval Air Station Brunswick, is also in Maine  Formerly a large support base for the U S  Navy, the BRAC campaign initiated the Naval Air Station's closing, despite a government-funded effort to upgrade its facilities  The former base has since been changed into a civilian business park, as well as a new satellite campus for Southern Maine Community College 
Maine is the top U S  producer of low-bush blueberries  Preliminary data from the USDA for 2012 also indicate Maine was the largest blueberry producer of the major blueberry producing states, with a total production of 91,100,000 lbs  This data includes both low (wild) and high-bush (cultivated) blueberries  
Tourism and outdoor recreation play a major and increasingly important role in Maine's economy  The state is a popular destination for sport hunting (particularly deer, moose, and bear), sport fishing, snowmobiling, skiing, boating, camping and hiking, among other activities  Along with the tourist and recreation-oriented economy, Maine has developed a burgeoning creative economy, most notably centered in the Greater Portland vicinity Historically, Maine ports played a key role in national transportation  Beginning around 1880, Portland's rail link and ice-free port made it Canada's principal winter port, until the aggressive development of Halifax, Nova Scotia in the mid-20th century  In 2013, 12,039,600 short tons passed into and out of Portland by sea, which places it 45th of U S  water ports  Portland International Jetport has been expanded, providing the state with increased air traffic from carriers such as JetBlue and Southwest Airlines 
Maine has very few large companies that maintain headquarters in the state, and that number has fallen due to consolidations and mergers, particularly in the pulp and paper industry  Some of the larger companies that do maintain headquarters in Maine include Covetrus in Portland, Fairchild Semiconductor in South Portland, IDEXX Laboratories in Westbrook, Hannaford Bros  Co  in Scarborough, and L L Bean in Freeport  Maine is also the home of the Jackson Laboratory, the world's largest non-profit mammalian genetic research facility and the world's largest supplier of genetically purebred mice 

Taxation
Maine has an income tax structure containing two brackets, 6 5 and 7 95 percent of personal income  Before July 2013, Maine had four brackets: 2, 4 5, 7, and 8 5 percent  Maine's general sales tax rate is 5 5 percent  The state also levies charges of nine percent on lodging and prepared food and ten percent on short-term auto rentals  Commercial sellers of blueberries, a Maine staple, must keep records of their transactions and pay the state 1 5 cents per pound ($1 50 per 100 pounds) of the fruit sold each season  All real and tangible personal property located in the state of Maine is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute  The administration of property taxes is handled by the local assessor in incorporated cities and towns, while property taxes in the unorganized territories are handled by the State Tax Assessor 

Shipbuilding
Maine has a long-standing tradition of being home to many shipbuilding companies, such as Bath Iron Works and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard  In the 18th and 19th centuries, Maine was home to many shipyards that produced wooden sailing ships  The main function of these ships was to transport either cargos or passengers overseas  One of these yards was located in Pennellville Historic District in what is now Brunswick, Maine  This yard, owned by the Pennell family, was typical of the many family-owned shipbuilding companies of the time period  Other such examples of shipbuilding families were the Skolfields and the Morses  During the 18th and 19th centuries, wooden shipbuilding of this sort made up a sizable portion of the economy 

Transport
Airports
Maine receives passenger jet service at its two largest airports, the Portland International Jetport in Portland, and the Bangor International Airport in Bangor  Both are served daily by many major airlines to destinations such as New York, Atlanta, and Orlando  Essential Air Service also subsidizes service to a number of smaller airports in Maine, bringing small turboprop aircraft to regional airports such as the Augusta State Airport, Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, Knox County Regional Airport, and the Northern Maine Regional Airport at Presque Isle  These airports are served by regional providers such as Cape Air with Cessna 402s, and CommutAir with Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft 
Many smaller airports are scattered throughout Maine, serving only general aviation traffic  The Eastport Municipal Airport, for example, is a city-owned public-use airport with 1,200 general aviation aircraft operations each year from single-engine and ultralight aircraft 

Highways
Interstate 95 (I-95) travels through Maine, as well as its easterly branch I-295 and spurs I-195, I-395 and the unsigned I-495 (the Falmouth Spur)  In addition, U S  Route 1 (US 1) starts in Fort Kent and travels to Florida  The eastern terminus of the eastern section of US 2 starts in Houlton, near the New Brunswick, Canada border to Rouses Point, New York, at US 11  US 2A connects Old Town and Orono, primarily serving the University of Maine campus  US 201 and US 202 flow through the state  US 2, Maine State Route 6 (SR 6), and SR 9 are often used by truckers and other motorists of the Maritime Provinces en route to other destinations in the United States or as a short cut to Central Canada 

Rail
Passenger
The Downeaster passenger train, operated by Amtrak, provides passenger service between Brunswick and Boston's North Station, with stops in Freeport, Portland, Old Orchard Beach, Saco, and Wells  The Downeaster makes five daily trips 

Freight
Freight service throughout the state is provided by a handful of regional and shortline carriers: Pan Am Railways (formerly known as Guilford Rail System), which operates the former Boston & Maine and Maine Central railroads; St  Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad; Maine Eastern Railroad; Central Maine and Quebec Railway; and New Brunswick Southern Railway 

Shipping
Cargo
The International Marine Terminal in Portland provides shipping container transport  In 2021 an estimated 36,700 shipping containers moved through the terminal  In 2017, a total of 17,515 shipping containers were transported  The Icelandic shipping company Eimskip opened its United States headquarters in Portland in 2013  Its ships stop in Portland once a week in a route that includes Atlantic Canada and Iceland with connections to northern Europe and Asia  In 2015, the terminal moved 10,500 containers  The Maine Port Authority in 2016 began a $15 5 million expansion and improvement of the terminal  The Maine Port Authority leased the International Marine Terminal from the city of Portland in 2009 

Law and government
The Maine Constitution structures Maine's state government, composed of three co-equal branches—the executive, legislative, and judicial branches  The state of Maine also has three Constitutional Officers (the Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, and the State Attorney General) and one Statutory Officer (the State Auditor) 
The legislative branch is the Maine Legislature, a bicameral body composed of the Maine House of Representatives, with 151 members, and the Maine Senate, with 35 members  The Legislature is charged with introducing and passing laws 
The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Maine (currently Janet Mills)  The Governor is elected every four years; no individual may serve more than two consecutive terms in this office  The current attorney general of Maine is Aaron Frey  As with other state legislatures, the Maine Legislature can by a two-thirds majority vote from both the House and Senate override a gubernatorial veto  Maine is one of seven states that do not have a lieutenant governor 
The highest court in the state's judicial branch is the Maine Supreme Judicial Court  The lower courts are the District Court, Superior Court and Probate Court  All judges except for probate judges serve full-time, are nominated by the Governor, and confirmed by the Legislature for terms of seven years  Probate judges serve part-time and are elected by the voters of each county for four-year terms 
In a 2020 study, Maine was ranked as the 14th easiest state for citizens to vote in 

Counties
Maine is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties  Since 1860 there have been 16 counties in the state, ranging in size from 370 to 6,829 square miles (958 to 17,700 km2) 

Politics
Maine politics are dynamic in nature, with parties loosely hung together, governors often winning by pluralities rather than majorities, and significant turnover both in members and parties in legislative districts  In his 2010 article Maine's Paradoxical Politics, Kenneth Palmer suggests that "Maine's political leaders find themselves as centrists, primarily because they want to find practical solutions to difficult problems "The results of the elections are often varied  Maine is seen as a swing state, with unusually high support for independent candidates  The Republican Party have won Maine in 11 out of the past 20 presidential elections, and the governorship has been won by Democrats and independents three times each, and Republicans four times, since 1974 

Law enforcement
Municipalities
Organized municipalities
An organized municipality has a form of elected local government which administers and provides local services, keeps records, collects licensing fees, and can pass locally binding ordinances, among other responsibilities of self-government  The governmental format of most organized towns and plantations is the town meeting, while the format of most cities is the council-manager form  As of 2022 the organized municipalities of Maine consist of 23 cities, 430 towns, and 30 plantations  Collectively these 483 organized municipalities cover less than half of the state's territory  Maine also has three Reservations: Indian Island, Indian Township Reservation, and Pleasant Point Indian Reservation 
The largest municipality in Maine, by population, is the city of Portland (pop  66,318) 
The smallest city by population is Eastport (pop  1,331) 
The largest town by population is Brunswick (pop  20,278) 
The smallest town by population is Frye Island, a resort town which reported zero year-round population in the 2000 Census; one plantation, Glenwood Plantation, also reported a permanent population of zero 
In the 2000 census, the smallest town aside from Frye Island was Centerville with a population of 26, but since that census, Centerville voted to disincorporate and therefore is no longer a town  The next smallest town with a population listed in that census is Beddington (pop  50 at the 2010 census) 
The largest municipality by land area is the town of Allagash, at 128 square miles (332 km2) 
The smallest municipality by land area is Monhegan Island, at 0 86 square miles (2 2 km2)  The smallest municipality by area that is not an island is Randolph, at 2 23 square miles (6 km2) 

Unorganized territory
Unorganized territory (UT) has no local government  Administration, services, licensing, and ordinances are handled by the state government as well as by respective county governments who have townships within each county's bounds  The unorganized territory of Maine consists of more than 400 townships (in Maine, towns are incorporated, townships are unincorporated), plus many coastal islands that do not lie within any municipal bounds  The UT land area is slightly over half the entire area of the State of Maine  Year-round residents in the UT number approximately 9,000 (about 1 3% of the state's total population), with many more people staying there only seasonally  Only four of Maine's sixteen counties (Androscoggin, Cumberland, Waldo and York) are entirely incorporated, although a few others are nearly so, and most of the unincorporated area is in the vast and sparsely populated Great North Woods of Maine 

Most populous cities and towns
Throughout Maine, many municipalities, although each separate governmental entities, nevertheless form portions of a much larger population base  There are many such population clusters throughout Maine, but some examples from the municipalities appearing in the above listing are:

Portland, South Portland, Cape Elizabeth, Westbrook, Scarborough, and Falmouth
Lewiston and Auburn
Bangor, Orono, Brewer, Old Town, and Hampden
Biddeford, Saco and Old Orchard Beach
Brunswick and Topsham
Waterville, Winslow, Fairfield, and Oakland
Presque Isle and Caribou

Education
There are thirty institutions of higher learning in Maine  These institutions include the University of Maine, which is the oldest, largest and only research university in the state  UMaine was founded in 1865 and is the state's only land grant and sea grant college  The University of Maine is located in the town of Orono and is the flagship of Maine  There are also branch campuses in Augusta, Farmington, Fort Kent, Machias, and Presque Isle Bowdoin College is a liberal arts college founded in 1794 in Brunswick, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state  Colby College in Waterville was founded in 1813 making it the second oldest college in Maine  Bates College in Lewiston was founded in 1855 making it the third oldest institution in the state and the oldest coeducational college in New England  The three colleges collectively form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium and are ranked among the best colleges in the United States; often placing in the top 10% of all liberal arts colleges Maine's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was 21st in the nation in 2012, at $12,344 The collegiate system of Maine also includes numerous baccalaureate colleges such as: the Maine Maritime Academy (MMA), College of the Atlantic, Unity College, and Thomas College  There is only one medical school in the state, (University of New England's College of Osteopathic Medicine) and only one law school (The University of Maine School of Law)  There is one art school in the state, Maine College of Art, along with a private graduate school, Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts, which offers a Doctor of Philosophy to visual artists 
The Maine Community College System, founded in 1985 also serves "to provide associate degree, diploma and certificate programs directed at the educational, career and technical needs of the State's citizens and the workforce needs of the State's employers " This system includes Southern Maine Community College (SMCC), York County Community College (YCCC), Central Maine Community College (CMCC), Eastern Maine Community College (EMCC), Kennebec Valley Community College (KVCC), Northern Maine Community College (NMCC), and Washington County Community College (WCCC) Private schools in Maine are funded independently of the state and its furthered domains  Private schools are less common than public schools  A large number of private elementary schools with under 20 students exist, but most private high schools in Maine can be described as "semi-private" 
Maine also has Vocational Schools, such as the Biddeford Regional Center of Technology and Sanford Regional Technical Center that teach trades such as welding, construction and vehicle repair to students 

Culture
Agriculture
Maine was a center of agriculture before it achieved statehood  Prior to colonization, Wabanaki nations farmed large crops of corn and other produce in southern Maine Maine was a center of grain production in the 1800s, until grain production moved westward  However, in the early 2000s the local food movement spurred renewed interested in locally grown grains  In 2007, the Kneading Conference was founded  In, 2012, the Skowhegan grist mill Maine Grains opened  The revival of grain farming and milling in Maine has led to the creation of other businesses, including bakeries and malthouses Maine has many vegetable farms and other small, diversified farms  In the 1960s and 1970s, the book "Living the Good Life" by Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing caused many young people to move to Maine and engage in small-scale farming and homesteading  These back-to-the-land migrants increased the population of some counties Maine is home to the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association and had 535 certified organic farms in 2019 

Food
Along with the growth of the local food movement over the last several decades, Maine has received national recognition for its food and restaurant scene  Portland was named Bon Appetit magazine's Restaurant City of the Year in 2018  In 2018, HealthIQ com named Maine the 3rd most vegan-friendly state  Biddeford was selected by Food & Wine in 2022 as one of America's next great food cities  Maine food shares many ingredients with Wabanaki cuisine, including corn, beans, squash, wild blueberries, maple syrup, fish, and seafood  Baked beans are a common dish in Maine, served at community suppers where the beans are sometimes cooked underground in a bean hole  In New England, Maine baked beans are one of two well-known regional styles of baked beans, the other being Boston baked beans  Maine baked beans use thicker skinned, native bean varieties such like Marafax, soldier, and yellow-eye beans 

Sports teams
Professional
Maine Celtics, basketball, NBA G League
Portland Sea Dogs, minor league baseball, Double-A Northeast
Maine Mariners, ice hockey, ECHL

Non-professional
Portland Phoenix FC, soccer, Premier Developmental League
Maine Roller Derby, roller derby, Women's Flat Track Derby Association

NCAA
Maine Black Bears

USCAA
York County Community College
University of Maine at Augusta

Terminology
Maine maintains some vernacular and terminology that is unique in comparison to the rest of the country  There are unique terms like "from away", "Upta camp" and "Ayuh" that are popular in the state 

People from Maine
Citizens of Maine are often known as Mainers, though the term is often reserved for those whose roots in Maine go back at least three generations  The term Downeaster may be applied to residents of the northeast coast of the state  The term Mainiac is considered by some to be derogatory, but is embraced with pride by others, and is used for a variety of organizations and for events such as the YMCA Mainiac Sprint Triathlon & Duathlon 

See also
Index of Maine-related articles
Outline of Maine
 Maine portal
 New England portal
 United States portal
Context 3: Passage 1:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 2:
Second City derby
In English football, the Second City derby or Birmingham derby, is the local derby between the two major clubs in the city of Birmingham – Aston Villa and Birmingham City, first contested in 1879  Villa play at Villa Park while Birmingham play at St Andrew's, the two grounds separated by roughly 2 4 miles (3 9 km)  It is known as the Second City Derby based on Birmingham being referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom  The two clubs are generally regarded as each other's most fierce rivals  In addition both sides have affiliated women's sides, Aston Villa W F C  and Birmingham City W F C 

History
The clubs first met on 27 September 1879, when Birmingham City were called Small Heath Alliance  The game, on a pitch at Small Heath's Muntz Street ground described by the Villa players as "only suitable for pot-holing", finished 1–0 – recorded as "one goal and a disputed goal to nil" – to the home side  Villa won the first competitive game between the clubs, in the Second Round of the FA Cup at Wellington Road in 1887, by four goals to nil, and their first league encounter, in the First Division in the 1894–95 season, 2–1 The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches  In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side 3–0 ahead with eleven minutes to go, Blues scored three times in a dramatic final spell to draw the match  The following year, Aston Villa made headlines with the signing of Tom 'Pongo' Waring, and his first appearance was for the reserves against Birmingham City's reserves, which famously drew a crowd of 23,000  Waring scored three times in the match The most significant clash was the final of the 1963 League Cup, which was staged not long after Aston Villa had beaten Birmingham City 4–0 in the league  Blues won 3–1 on aggregate over the two-legged final to claim their first major domestic honour During the late 1970s to early 1980s both Villa and Blues met regularly in the First Division and both teams had some memorable successes in the fixture  In 1980–81 Villa did the double over Blues and went on to win the First Division title  Blues scored a memorable 3–0 victory at St Andrew's in the first meeting following Villa's European Cup triumph in 1982  Both teams promptly went into decline  Blues racked up a 3–0 win in a relegation battle at Villa Park in March 1986 but were relegated at the end of that season  Villa would be demoted the following campaign  The next time Villa met Blues in a league fixture at Villa Park again was in the Second Division and saw a 2–0 Blues victory  The reverse fixture at St Andrew's was a 2–1 Villa victory with both goals coming from Garry Thompson  The two sides would only meet again in the 1980s in cup competitions  Villa won 7–0 on aggregate when they clashed twice in the 1988–89 League Cup  The same season Villa also won a Full Members Cup clash 6–0 

The Premier League Era
Following the creation of the Premier League, Aston Villa and Birmingham City met twice in the second round of the 1993–94 League Cup  Villa won both matches 1–0  The game at St Andrew's was settled by a Kevin Richardson goal after his keeper Mark Bosnich had saved a penalty from John Frain to keep the game at 0–0  The second leg at Villa Park was notable for a winning goal from Villa's Dean Saunders and a red card for Blues' Paul Tait  Villa went on to win the trophy 
Blues' promotion to the Premier League in 2002 saw fans eagerly anticipating the first league derbies in 15 years  Blues won both derbies 3–0 and 2–0, respectively  Both matches saw goalkeeping errors by Villa goalkeeper Peter Enckelman, including a goal scored directly from an Olof Mellberg throw-in  Violence between both sets of fans occurred before both matches as evening kick-off times had allowed fans to get drunk over the course of the day  In March 2003, during the game at Villa Park, two Villa players were sent off, Dion Dublin for a head-butt on Blues' Robbie Savage and Joey Guðjónsson for a reckless two-footed tackle on Matthew Upson  Trouble also took place following the game on Witton Lane outside Villa Park, where missiles were hurled at police who were attempting to keep both sets of fans apart 
The 2003–04 Premiership season saw games ending in 0–0 and 2–2 draws  The 2–2 draw saw Blues recover a two-goal deficit thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Stern John  Both games were lunchtime kick-offs to avoid drunken behaviour, which was achieved although the games lost none of their passionate edge  The following season Blues got back to winning ways, with 2–1 victory at Villa Park just before Christmas and 2–0 at home in March, Villa keeper Thomas Sørensen making mistakes in both matches, though it's debatable if his errors directly affected the respective results  In the 2005–06 Premiership Season, Villa finally beat Blues in the Premiership, thanks to a Kevin Phillips goal  This was followed up by another Villa victory on 16 April 2006, Easter Sunday, with Aston Villa winning 3–1 thanks to two goals from Milan Baroš and a bicycle kick from Gary Cahill  Blues were relegated in 2006 but subsequently promoted in 2007 
In November 2007, Villa won their third consecutive derby match with a 2–1 victory at St Andrew's  Former Villa defender Liam Ridgewell scored an own goal to put Villa 1–0 up, Blues equalised through Mikael Forssell only for Gabriel Agbonlahor to clinch it with a late header for Villa, having cleared off his own line seconds before  Violent clashes took place outside the ground after the game in which over 20 police officers were hurt  The derby on 20 April 2008 between the two sides ended in a 5–1 win for Aston Villa at Villa Park, the biggest winning margin for either side in a league match for 40 years 
Villa continued their winning ways in the derby, when they won both of the meetings between the clubs in the 2009–10 Premier League season  The first took place on 13 September 2009 at St Andrew's, and ended 1–0 to Aston Villa, with Agbonlahor scoring the winner in the 85th minute, once again there was trouble with 14 arrests  Villa then went on to beat Blues 1–0 at Villa Park thanks to a disputed penalty from James Milner in the 82nd minute  This was the 3rd time in 4 derbies that Villa had scored the winning goal in the final 10 minutes of the game  Villa also possess the record of six straight wins from 1987 to 1993, including five cup matches  This record was then achieved in the Premier League after Villa beat Blues 1–0 on 25 April 2010, setting a record of six straight league wins from 2005 to 2010  The record was finally ended at the next derby match on 31 October 2010, which resulted in a 0–0 draw at Villa Park  The return match at St Andrew's also ended in a draw, with it finishing 1–1 
In those games in October and December 2010 where Aston Villa played Birmingham City, at Villa Park (Premier League, 31 October) and St Andrew's (League Cup, 1 December, which was the first mid-week game between the two sides since 2003) violence between the two sets of supporters and hooligan firms occurred, with many fans being arrested  In the first game, there were scenes of violence outside Villa Park and there were a small amount of arrests including a Birmingham City club chef  In the second of the two games (and larger scale violence) after Blues had beaten Villa 2–1, Blues supporters came onto the pitch and confronted the visiting Villa fans, this resulted in flares, ripped out seats and other missiles being hurled by Villa fans into the Blues supporters, there were also flash points before and after the game including the attack on a Blues supporters pub by Villa hooligans, the events were described as a "warzone" by a supporter who attended the game  Birmingham City were later fined £40,000 by the Football Association for failing to control their fans On 10 April 2011, an episode of Police Academy UK, a TV show aired on BBC Three which documents overseas police officers' introduction to British crime and policing, was set in Birmingham and covered the violence that occurred at the game between Birmingham City and Aston Villa on 1 December 2010 On 17 June 2011, Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish swapped Blues for Villa in a move that shocked the football world  The reaction from both sets of supporters was one of anger  Blues supporters were angry at McLeish, who guided them to only their second ever major trophy win in February 2011, for betraying them to join bitter rivals Villa, and Villa fans were unhappy with the appointment of a manager that had got Blues relegated twice in four seasons, and was perceived to play a negative style of football; that he came from Blues only served to rub salt into the wound of the board making such an unambitious and negative appointment  Several hundred Villa supporters protested at Villa Park when it emerged that Villa owner Randy Lerner has begun talks with McLeish  McLeish received death threats from followers of both teams following his appointment as Aston Villa manager  This controversial move only increased tension and hostility between the players, supporters and owners of both clubs even more as Blues directors threatened legal action against Villa for allegedly "tapping up" McLeish, who resigned as Blues manager on 12 June 2011, while he was still under contract at Birmingham City  McLeish's appointment marked the first time in history that a manager had moved directly from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  On 14 May 2012, one day after the 2011–12 Premier League season ended, McLeish was sacked as Villa manager after a massively disappointing one season in charge 

The EFL Championship Era
After being relegated in 2011, Birmingham are still yet to gain promotion back to the top flight of English football  However, since Alex McLeish was sacked as Villa manager, Villa's poor form continued  Despite several manager changes over the next few years, after several close calls they were finally relegated at the end of the 2015/16 season  Earlier on in the 2015/16 season, the two teams were drawn to play each other in the third round of the League Cup  Aston Villa ran out 1–0 winners thanks to a goal from Rudy Gestede  
In the 2016–17 season the two teams faced off in the second tier of English football for the first time since 1987  The first game at St Andrew's ended in a 1–1 draw  Villa won the second match 1–0 with a 69th-minute goal scored by Agbonlahor  The two sides faced each other again in the league during the 2017/18 season, producing a dismal 0–0 draw at St  Andrews marred by Birmingham fans throwing clappers at the Villa players all throughout the game, before Villa emphatically fortified their second city superiority with a 2–0 victory in front of 41,232 spectators at Villa Park  Some fans believed this game to be a coming of age for lifelong Villa fan and local Jack Grealish, who produced a match-winning man-of-the-match display  
The teams next met on 25 November in one of the most exciting derby games in recent times, Villa ran out 4-2 winners after goals from Jonathan Kodjia, Jack Grealish, a Tammy Abraham penalty and Alan Hutton who ran half the length of the pitch to score, Pedersen and Lukas Jutkiewicz scored for Birmingham On 10 March 2019, a Birmingham City fan invaded the pitch during the reverse fixture at St  Andrew's and assaulted Aston Villa captain Jack Grealish on the pitch by punching him from behind in the head, which was labelled as "disgraceful and cowardly" by supporters of both teams  The man was arrested and charged by West Midlands Police  St Andrew's' security was criticised as a result  The game ended in an ironic twist with a 1–0 win for Aston Villa with Grealish scoring the winning goal  At the end of the same season, Villa were promoted as they won ten in a row including that game  Since then, this fiercely contested fixture hasn't been played between the two rivals 

Women's Sides
Birmingham City W F C  were founded in 1968, whilst Aston Villa W F C  were founded in 1973 as Solihull F C , and took on their current Aston Villa guise in 1996  During the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons both teams competed in the second tier FA Women's Premier League North  Birmingham were then promoted to the Women's Premier League National with Villa joining them for one season in 2003-04 before being relegated  Then followed 18 years of the teams being in different divisions, Birmingham being in the top tier and Villa elsewhere, until the 2020–21 Women's Super League season when Villa were promoted up to join Blues  In the first ever WSL match between the two sides Birmingham beat Villa 1–0 at an empty Villa Park (due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom), while the Birmingham's home match which was also played behind closed doors at Damson Park, Solihull was a 1–1 draw  In the 2021–22 season, Aston Villa won 1–0 at St  Andrew's  Birmingham returned the favour and won 1–0 at Villa Park on 8 May 2022, the final day of the season, as they were relegated to the FA Women's Championship As of the 2021–22 Birmingham currently play at St Andrew's, home of the men's team, having played at Redditch Utd, Stratford Town and Solihull Moors in the 21st century  Villa play at Walsall's Bescot Stadium, having moved from Boldmere St Michaels - although important games such as the Second City Derby will often take place at Villa Park 

Statistics and records
As of the end of the 2010–11 season, there have been 120 meetings in major competition between the two teams since the first FA Cup meeting in 1887, of which Aston Villa have won 52 and Birmingham City 38  The most goals in one game were scored in a league game on 7 July 1895, in the First Division, as Small Heath lost to Aston Villa 7–3  The biggest winning margin was 6–0 to Aston Villa on 9 November 1988, in a Full Members Cup fixture  The last Birmingham City league victory over Aston Villa was on 20 March 2005, when Blues won 2–0 at St Andrew's  Villa won six encounters in a row, most recently on 25 April 2010 (2005–2010)  The two teams drew for the first time in over six years in the next match (the first of three in the 2010–11 season), with the match finishing 0–0 (the other Premier League match of the season also finished as a draw)  The second match of the season resulted in the first Blues win since 2005, as they beat Villa 2–1 in the 2010–11 League Cup Quarter Final on 1 December 2010 

All-time results
Cup matches
Women's matches
Summary of results
Stats correct as of 10 March 2019 

Records
Firsts
First competitive meeting: Aston Villa 4–0 Small Heath Alliance (FA Cup), 5 November 1887 
First league meeting: Aston Villa 2–1 Small Heath, 1 September 1894 
First away victory for Aston Villa: Small Heath 1–4 Aston Villa, 26 October 1895 
First away victory for Birmingham City: Aston Villa 1–3 Birmingham, 20 January 1906 

Results
Highest scoring game: Aston Villa 7–3 Small Heath, 7 September 1895 
Largest winning margin (Aston Villa): 6 goals – 6–0, 9 November 1988 
Largest winning margin (Birmingham City): 4 goals – 4–0, 21 September 1968 

Players
Most goals in a match (Aston Villa):
Most goals in a match (Birmingham City):

Trends
Most games won in a row (Aston Villa): 6, 16 October 2005 to 25 April 2010 
Most games won in a row (Birmingham City): 5, 3 April 1976 – 25 February 1978 
Most games without defeat (Aston Villa): 14, 16 October 2005 – on going
Most games without defeat (Birmingham City): 6, 8 March 1933 – 23 November 1935 and 16 September 2002 – 20 March 2005 
Most drawn games in a row: 4, 10 December 1949 – 21 September 1955 
Whenever the clubs have met in the Premier League the result has always been the same during that particular season: 2002/2003– 2 Blues wins, 2003/2004– 2 draws, 2004/2005– 2 Blues wins, 2005/2006– 2 Villa Wins, 2007/2008– 2 Villa wins, 2009/2010– 2 Villa wins, 2010/11- 2 draws 

Top scorers
The following is a list of the top goal scorers for each team in the fixture  Only players who have scored 4 or more goals feature 

Crossing the divide
Players
Unlike, for example, the Old Firm derby, there is no shortage of players who have appeared for both clubs  Villa legend Harry Hampton transferred to Blues after the First World War and helped the club to the Second Division title  The last established first-team player to make this move was Des Bremner in 1984, though there had been loan signings and movement of youth players during this period  The most recent permanent transfer from Aston Villa to Birmingham City was that of Gary Gardner in Summer 2019, his brother Craig was the previous player to move from Villa to Birmingham in 2010  The last player to move directly in the other direction was Spanish Winger Jota in the same transfer window 
Notable players who have been transferred directly between the clubs are listed below 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Villa to Blues  In addition, there are several players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club 
European Cup winner Dennis Mortimer – regarded by Villa fans as one of their greatest ever players – also played for Birmingham City in the 1986/7 season 
Kevin Phillips played for Villa in the 2005/06 season before moving to Blues in 2008 via West Bromwich Albion 

Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Blues to Villa  In addition, there are several high-profile players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club  Notable examples include former England international Emile Heskey and European Cup winner Peter Withe 
Chris Sutton was released by Birmingham City at the end of the 2005–06 season  His next club was Aston Villa, for whom he signed for in October 2006 
Scott Sinclair has played on loan at both clubs  He was on loan at Birmingham City while he was playing for Chelsea during the 2008–09 season and he was on loan at Aston Villa during the 2014–15 season before signing permanently from Manchester City 

Managers
Former Aston Villa Manager Ron Saunders, who managed Villa to League Cup success in 1975 and again in 1977 before taking the club to its first Championship success for 70 years in 1981, also moved across to Birmingham City following his resignation in 1982 
Alex McLeish's appointment as Aston Villa manager in June 2011 after resigning from Birmingham City five days before was the first time in history a manager has moved from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  The move shocked the football world and increased tension between the two clubs even more Former Birmingham City Manager Steve Bruce was appointed Villa manager in 2016 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Chairmen
Doug Ellis was a director of Birmingham City in the late 1960s before becoming part of a consortium which took over at Aston Villa in 1968 

See also
Aston Villa Hardcore (hooligan firm)
Birmingham Zulu Warriors (hooligan firm)
List of Aston Villa F C  seasons
List of Birmingham City F C  seasons
List of Aston Villa F C  records and statistics
List of Birmingham City F C  records and statistics
Passage 3:
1914 FA Cup Final
The 1914 FA Cup final was a football match between Burnley and Liverpool on 25 April 1914 at Crystal Palace, London  It was the final match of the 1913–14 FA Cup, the 43rd season of the country's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup  Both teams were appearing in their first final Both teams entered the competition in the first round  Burnley's matches ranged from comfortable victories to close affairs  They beat Bolton Wanderers 3–0 in the third round, but beat Sheffield United 1–0 in a replay of their semi-final which finished 0–0  Liverpool matches were generally close affairs, two of their five ties went to a replay  Apart from a 5–1 victory in their third round replay against West Ham United, their biggest margin of victory was by two goals 
Watched by a crowd of 72,778, including King George V, who became the first reigning monarch to attend a FA Cup Final and to present the trophy to the winners, the first half was goalless  Burnley opened the scoring the 57th minute, when ex-Evertonian Bert Freeman scored  Liverpool could not find an equaliser in the remaining minutes and Burnley won the match 1–0 to win their first and to date only FA Cup 
The match was the last FA Cup Final to be played at Crystal Palace 

Match
Details
Passage 4:
1985 FA Cup Final
The 1985 FA Cup final was the 104th final of the FA Cup  It took place on 18 May 1985 at Wembley Stadium, and was contested by Manchester United and holders Everton  United won by a single goal, scored in extra time by Norman Whiteside, when he curled the ball into the net past the reach of Neville Southall after a run from the right 

Match
Summary
Everton were playing for the opportunity to win an unprecedented Treble, having won the First Division title by a margin of 13 points with three games to spare and beaten Rapid Wien in the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup Final in Rotterdam just three days earlier  Meanwhile, Manchester United had finished fourth in the league and reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup  The two sides met three times during the 1984–85 season prior to the FA Cup final; first, a 5–0 Everton win in the league at Goodison Park on 27 October 1984, followed by a 2–1 Everton win in the third round of the League Cup at Old Trafford three days later (Everton were ultimately knocked out of the League Cup by Grimsby Town in the following round)  The third meeting, also at Old Trafford, was a 1–1 league draw on 2 March 1985 
Eight of United's starting 11 had been members of the cup-winning side from two years earlier, while Arthur Albiston was the only remaining player from the team that won the 1977 FA Cup Final  When United next won the trophy in 1990, Mark Hughes and Bryan Robson were the only players from the 1985 side to feature in the winning team  Everton's last remaining player from this match was Neville Southall, who stayed with them until 1998 and helped them win a league title in 1987 and the FA Cup in 1995, also against United – where he and Welsh compatriot Hughes were the only survivors from the 1985 final 
The match was preceded by a minute's silence in memory of those who had died in the Bradford City stadium fire a week earlier 
Everton's Peter Reid had the first chance of the game after about 15 minutes; Manchester United goalkeeper Gary Bailey came to meet a long throw-in from Gary Stevens, but his punch was poor and only went as far as Reid on the edge of the penalty area  Reid volleyed the ball goalwards, but it was deflected onto the post by a sliding John Gidman With just under 15 minutes left in the second half, Kevin Moran of Manchester United became the first player to be sent off in an FA Cup Final, for committing a professional foul on Peter Reid, who was clean through on goal 
The match remained goalless after 90 minutes and went to extra time  Five minutes after half-time in extra time, Manchester United's Norman Whiteside scored the winner, curling a low shot around Everton's Pat Van Den Hauwe and past goalkeeper Neville Southall into the bottom corner of the net 
Having been sent off, Moran was not allowed to collect his medal with the rest of the Manchester United team as they received the trophy, although The Football Association later voted to allow him to receive one while the team was on holiday in Trinidad 
Two weeks after the match, rioting by Liverpool fans towards Juventus fans at the 1985 European Cup Final caused the Heysel disaster, in which 39 Juventus fans were unlawfully killed  As a result, UEFA banned all English clubs from competing in European competitions indefinitely, which meant United were unable to compete in the following season's Cup Winners' Cup  Everton were also banned from competing as league winners in the 1985–86 European Cup  The ban stood for five years, with Liverpool receiving a further year's exclusion 

Details
Passage 5:
Terry Twell
Terence Keith "Terry" Twell (21 February 1947 – 27 February 2013) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham City  He played as a goalkeeper 
Twell was born in Doncaster, which is now in South Yorkshire  He began his football career with Bourne Town, and turned professional with Birmingham City in October 1964  Manager Stan Cullis gave him his debut in place of Jim Herriot in the Second Division on 14 October 1967 at home to Portsmouth  He was beaten by a 30-yard lob in that game, which finished as a 2–2 draw, conceded four goals in the next, and that was the end of his career in the Football League  He moved into non-league football with Stamford the following year, and was on the books of Bromsgrove Rovers during the 1969–70 season Twell died on 27 February 2013, aged 66 
Passage 6:
Michael Waltrip Racing
Michael Waltrip Racing Holdings LLC, doing business as Michael Waltrip Racing ("MWR"), was an American professional stock car racing team that last competed full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series  The company was as a 50–50 partnership between Robert Kauffman, the founder and managing partner of Fortress Investment Group,  and two-time Daytona 500 winner Michael Waltrip, who first established the team in 1996 in the Busch Series (now Xfinity Series)   The team was the first full-time three-car team to field Toyota Camrys when Toyota entered the Sprint Cup racing fold in 2007, before being joined by Joe Gibbs Racing in 2008



ground_truth: 1,335,907

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What institute did the actor playing the voice of John Smith in Pocahontas attend?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bartow, West Virginia
Bartow is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States   The population was 111 at the 2010 census Bartow is situated along U S  Route 250 and West Virginia Route 92 and on the East Fork Greenbrier River, approximately 2 miles (3 2 km) east of Durbin  It has a post office with ZIP code 24920 Bartow is named for Col  Francis S  Bartow, a Confederate commander who died at the Battle of First Manassas on July 21, 1861  The Battle of Greenbrier River, also known as the Battle of Camp Bartow, took place on October 3, 1861 about one mile (1 6 km) southeast of the present town 
The Camp Bartow Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995   Located near Bartow is the Camp Allegheny Historic District, listed in 1990 
Passage 2:
Lost in Space (film)
Lost in Space is a 1998 American science-fiction adventure film directed by Stephen Hopkins, and starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, Gary Oldman, and Heather Graham  The plot is adapted from the 1965–1968 CBS television series of the same name (itself inspired by the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson by Johann David Wyss)  Several actors from the TV show make cameo appearances 
The film focuses on the Robinson family, who undertake a voyage to a nearby star system to begin large-scale emigration from a soon-to-be uninhabitable Earth, but are thrown off course by a saboteur and must try to find their way home 
Lost in Space received negative reviews from critics, and grossed $136 2 million worldwide with an $80 million budget 

Plot
In 2058, Earth will soon be uninhabitable due to the irreversible effects of pollution and ozone depletion  In an effort to save humanity, the United Global Space Force sends Professor John Robinson, his wife Maureen, daughters Judy and Penny, and young prodigy son Will on the spaceship Jupiter II to complete construction of a hypergate over the planet Alpha Prime, which will allow the population of Earth to be instantly transported and populate the new planet  Penny rebels by breaking curfew, while Will's prize-winning science experiment involving time travel goes largely unnoticed by John  Global Sedition, a mutant terrorist group, assassinates the Jupiter II's pilot, who is replaced by hotshot fighter pilot Major Don West, to his chagrin 
The family's physician Dr  Zachary Smith, a Sedition spy, sabotages the ship's on-board robot before launch, but is betrayed by his cohorts and left unconscious as the ship launches and the family enters cryosleep  The robot activates and begins to destroy the navigation and guidance systems, en route to destroying the family  Smith awakens the Robinsons and West, who subdue the robot, but the ship is falling uncontrollably into the Sun  Forced to use the experimental hyperdrive with an unplotted course, the ship is transported through hyperspace to a remote planet in an uncharted part of the universe 
Passing through a strange distortion in space, the crew finds two abandoned ships in orbit: the Earth ship Proteus, and another ship clearly not of human origin  They board the Proteus, with Will controlling the now-modified robot  They find navigational data to reach Alpha Prime, and a camouflaging creature Penny calls "Blarp", along with evidence suggesting the ship is from the future  They are attacked by spider-like creatures; one scratches Smith, and the robot's body is irreparably damaged but Will saves its computerized intelligence 
West destroys the vessel to eradicate the spiders, causing the ship to crash-land on the nearby planet, where another distortion appears  Will theorizes they are distortions in time, as his experiment predicted, but John ignores his input  Exploring the time bubble, he and West encounter a future version of Will and a robot he rebuilt with the saved intelligence  The older Will explains that surviving spiders killed Maureen, Penny, and Judy  Constructing a time machine, the future Will intends to return to Earth to prevent Jupiter II from launching 
Young Will and Smith investigate the time bubble on their own  Smith tricks Will into handing over his weapon, but is foiled by a future version of himself, transformed by his spider injury into a spider-like creature, who has been protecting Will since the rest of the family was killed  The present Will and West return to the Jupiter II with an injured Smith and the robot in tow, while the future Smith reveals his true plan: He killed the Robinsons, but kept Will alive to build the time machine, so Smith could return to Earth and populate it with a race of spiders 
John, remembering that spiders eat their wounded, rips open Smith's egg sac with a trophy Will turned into a weapon  Smith's spider army devours him and he is thrown into the time portal, ripping him apart  The planet's increasing instability forces the Jupiter II to take off, but they are unable to reach escape velocity and are destroyed by the planet's debris  Realizing his father never actually abandoned them, Will sets the time machine to send John back to his family, but there is only enough power for one person  Saying goodbye to his family, the future Will is killed by falling debris, and John reunites with his living family 
Realizing they do not have enough power to escape the planet's gravitational pull, John suggests they drive the ship down through the planet, using the gravity well to slingshot them back into space  They are successful, but the planet turns into a black hole, and they activate the hyperdrive to escape  Using the Proteus’ navigational data to set a potential course for Alpha Prime, the ship blasts off into hyperspace 

Cast
William Hurt as Professor John Robinson
Mimi Rogers as Professor Maureen Robinson
Heather Graham as Dr  Judy Robinson
Lacey Chabert as Penny Robinson
Jack Johnson as Will Robinson
Jared Harris as Older Will Robinson
Matt LeBlanc as Major Don West
Gary Oldman as Dr  Zachary Smith / Spider Smith
Dick Tufeld as the voice of Robot
Lennie James as Jeb Walker
Mark Goddard as General
June Lockhart as Principal
Marta Kristen as Reporter #1
Angela Cartwright as Reporter #2
Edward Fox as Businessman
Gary A  Hecker as voice of Blarp

Production
Filming began on March 3, 1997 in London's Shepperton Studios, with more than 700 special effects shots planned, done by Industrial Light & Magic and Jim Henson's Creature Shop  The $70 million Lost in Space film was New Line's hope to launch a multimedia franchise, followed by animated and live-action television series  Licensing deals were made with Trendmasters for toys and Harper Prism and Scholastic for tie-in novels 

Music
TVT Records released a soundtrack album on March 31, 1998, featuring 11 tracks of Bruce Broughton's original score (which makes no reference to either of the TV themes composed by John Williams) and eight tracks of electronic techno music (most of which is heard only over the film's end credits)  A European version of the soundtrack album was released that omits the tracks "Spider Attack", "Jupiter Crashes", and "Spider Smith", and instead includes three new songs unused in the film ("Aah-Yah" by O P  Phoenix, "Asphalt Ostrich" by HeadCrash, and "Anarchy" by KMFDM)  Intrada Records released a score album for the film the following year, and the complete score in 2016  The track "Thru the Planet" on the TVT album is not the same as "Through the Planet" on the Intrada release, but is a shortened version of Broughton's unused end-title music heard on the score album as "Lost in Space "

TVT Records Soundtrack Album
Intrada score album
Reception
Box office
On its opening weekend, Lost in Space grossed $20,154,919 and debuted at number one at the US box office, ending Titanic's 15-week-long hold on the first-place position  It opened in a record 3,306 theaters and grossed an average of $6,096 per screening  Lost in Space grossed $69,117,629 in the United States and Canada, and $67,041,794 internationally, bringing its worldwide total to $136,159,423 

Critical response
Lost in Space received negative reviews from critics upon release  Roger Ebert gave the film a rating of one and a half out of four, calling it a "dim-witted shoot-'em-up"  Wade Major of BoxOffice rated the film at 1 and a half out of 5, calling it "the dumbest and least imaginative adaptation of a television series yet translated to the screen " James Berardinelli was slightly more favorable, giving the film a rating of 2 and a half out of 4  While praising the film's set design, he criticized its "meandering storyline and lifeless protagonists", saying that "Lost in Space features a few action sequences that generate adrenaline jolts, but this is not an edge-of-the-seat motion picture "Online aggregators have tracked both contemporary and recent reviews of Lost in Space  At Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 27% based on 84 appraisals, with an average score of 4 9/10  The site's consensus reads: "Clumsily directed and missing most of the TV series' campy charm, Lost in Space sadly lives down to its title " The film holds a score of 42 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on the opinions of 19 journalists, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale 

Accolades
Lost in Space received six Saturn Award nominations, including Best Supporting Actor for Oldman  The film also received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Remake or Sequel, but lost to the tied Godzilla, The Avengers and Psycho 
At the 1998 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film won Worst Supporting Actress for Chabert and was nominated for four other awards: Worst Song in a Movie for "Lost in Space" (lost to "Come with Me"), Worst Resurrection of a TV Show (lost to The Avengers), Worst Director for Hopkins (lost to Jeremiah Chechik for The Avengers), and Worst Picture (lost to Spice World) 

Home media
VHS, DVD, and later a Blu-ray have been released for the film  Both the DVD and Blu-ray releases contain deleted scenes 
Passage 3:
Rachael MacFarlane
Rachael Ann MacFarlane Laudiero (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress and singer  Her voice credits include Hayley Smith on the animated television show American Dad!, Supreme Leader Numbuh 362 in the television series Codename: Kids Next Door, and Kate Lockwell in the video game Starcraft II  She is the younger sister of Seth MacFarlane 
In addition to voice acting, MacFarlane has also been involved in other aspects of animation, such as being a production manager for The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Welcome to Eltingville and she wrote an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, titled "Educating Grim" 

Early life
MacFarlane was born in Kent, Connecticut  Her parents, Ronald Milton MacFarlane (born 1946) and Ann Perry Sager (1947–2010), were born in Newburyport, Massachusetts  Her brother is filmmaker, animator, and actor Seth MacFarlane (born 1973)  MacFarlane's parents met in 1970, when they both lived and worked in Boston, Massachusetts, and married later that year  The couple moved to Kent in 1972, where Ann began working in the Admissions Office at South Kent School  She later worked in the College Guidance and Admissions Offices at the Kent School, a selective college preparatory school where Ronald also was a teacher MacFarlane went to Boston Conservatory but did not graduate before moving to Los Angeles to begin a career in voice acting 

Career
MacFarlane first started voicing characters on Hanna-Barbera shows including Johnny Bravo  Then after her work with Hanna-Barbera ended, MacFarlane began voicing many characters on Cartoon Network 
In addition to voice acting, Rachael has also been involved in other aspects of animation, such as being a production manager for The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Welcome to Eltingville, and wrote an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, titled "Educating Grim" –  where she also met her husband  Seth MacFarlane asked her to help him with his new pilot for the Fox Broadcasting Company, which would become Family Guy  She remained an incidental cast member on Family Guy for several years, as well as working for both The Walt Disney Company and Cartoon Network  In 2005, she was cast in American Dad!, where she voices Hayley Smith, protagonist Stan Smith’s rebellious teenage daughter 
MacFarlane also continues to contribute to Family Guy, on a regular basis  In September 2012, she released her first album Hayley Sings, which is a jazz vocal tribute to Hayley Smith, her character on American Dad! 
MacFarlane and her husband, Spencer Laudiero, have also published picture books for children 

Personal life
MacFarlane is married to animator Spencer Laudiero  They have two daughters On July 16, 2010, MacFarlane's mother, Ann Perry Sager, died of cancer  Her death was reported by Larry King on his show Larry King Live, who acknowledged a conversation he had with her during an interview with her son in May 2010 

Filmography
Film
Animation
Video games
Discography
Studio albums
Bibliography
Eleanor Wyatt, Princess and Pirate (Imprint, 2018, illustrated by Spencer Laudiero)
Harrison Dwight, Ballerina and Knight (Imprint, 2019; illustrated by Spencer Laudiero)
Passage 4:
Pocahontas (1995 film)
Pocahontas is a 1995 American animated musical historical drama film based on the life of Powhatan woman Pocahontas and the arrival of English colonial settlers from the Virginia Company  The film romanticizes Pocahontas' encounter with John Smith and her legendary saving of his life  The film was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures  It is the 33rd Disney animated feature film and the sixth film produced and released during the Disney Renaissance 
The film was directed by Mike Gabriel and Eric Goldberg (in his feature directorial debut) and produced by Jim Pentecost, from a screenplay written by Philip LaZebnik, Carl Binder, and Susannah Grant  The voice cast features Irene Bedard and Mel Gibson as Pocahontas and Smith, respectively, with David Ogden Stiers, Russell Means, Christian Bale, Billy Connolly, and Linda Hunt providing other voices  The score was composed by Alan Menken, who also wrote the film's songs with lyricist Stephen Schwartz 
After making his directorial debut with The Rescuers Down Under (1990), Gabriel conceived the film during a Thanksgiving weekend  The project went into development concurrently with The Lion King (1994), and attracted most of Disney's top animators  Meanwhile, Disney studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg decided that the film should be an emotional romantic epic in the vein of Beauty and the Beast (1991), in hope that like Beauty, it would also be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture  Screenwriters Binder, Grant, and LaZebnik took creative liberties with history in an attempt to make the film palatable to audiences 
Pocahontas premiered at Central Park on June 10, 1995, and was released in the United States on June 16, to mixed reactions from reviewers, who praised its animation, voice performances, and music, but criticized its story with its lack of focus on tone  The film's historical inaccuracies and artistic license received polarized responses  Pocahontas earned over $346 million at the box office  The film received two Academy Awards for Best Musical or Comedy Score for Menken and Best Original Song for "Colors of the Wind"  According to critics, the depiction of Pocahontas as an empowered heroine influenced subsequent Disney films like Mulan (1998) and Frozen (2013) 

Plot
In 1607, the Susan Constant travels from London to the New World, carrying English settlers from the Virginia Company  The settlers, including Captain John Smith, talk of adventure, finding gold, fighting "Injuns" and potentially settling in the new land 
In the Powhatan tribe in Werowocomoco, Tsenacommacah, Virginia, Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan, fears being possibly wed to Kocoum, a warrior whom she sees as too serious for her own free-spirited personality  After having a dream about a spinning arrow, Pocahontas visits Grandmother Willow, a spiritual talking willow tree that alerts her to the arriving English 
The voyage's leader Governor Ratcliffe, who only seeks wealth and status, has Jamestown built in a wooded clearing and immediately has the crewmen dig for gold  John departs to explore the wilderness and encounters Pocahontas  At first, she hides her ability to speak English, but Grandmother Willow lets her know there is nothing to be afraid of  They quickly bond, fascinated by each other's worlds, and end up falling in love  After a fight between settlers and natives, Powhatan orders the natives to stay away from the Englishmen  Pocahontas, however, disobeys him and keeps meeting with John  Unfortunately, Pocahontas's best friend, Nakoma, discovers the secret relationship and warns Kocoum  Ratcliffe also learns of John's encounters and angrily warns him against sparing any Natives 
Later, John and Pocahontas meet with Grandmother Willow and plan to bring peace between the colonists and the tribe  While by both parties spy on the couple, John and Pocahontas share a kiss  Furious, Kocoum attacks and attempts to kill John, but a young settler, Thomas, whose life John previously saved and who had been ordered by Ratcliffe to follow John, intervenes and kills Kocoum  John orders Thomas to leave before the tribesmen arrive and capture John, before retrieving Kocoum’s body  Enraged at Kocoum's death, Powhatan angrily berates Pocahontas for leaving the village and declares war on the English, beginning with John's execution at dawn 
After reaching Jamestown, Thomas warns the settlers of John's capture  Ratcliffe then rallies his men to battle, using this as an excuse to annihilate the tribe and find their nonexistent gold  That same night, Powhatan also orders his men to prepare for battle  A desperate Pocahontas visits Grandmother Willow and realizes the arrow from John's compass is the same spinning arrow from her dream, which leads to her destiny  Morning comes, and Powhatan and his tribe drag John to a cliff for his execution  Meanwhile, Ratcliffe leads the armed colonists to fight Powhatan's warriors  Just as Powhatan is about to execute John and start the war, Pocahontas intervenes and finally convinces him to end the fighting between the two groups and spare John's life  Both sides stand down, and John is released  Unmoved, Ratcliffe orders his men to attack anyway, but they refuse  Ratcliffe fires his musket at Powhatan, but John takes the shot to save him  Livid, the settlers turn on Ratcliffe and detain him for hurting their comrade 
John is nursed back to health by the tribe but must return to England for his wounds to fully heal  Ratcliffe is also sent back to face punishment for his crimes against the settlement  John asks Pocahontas to come with him, but she chooses to stay with her tribe to help keep the peace  John leaves without Pocahontas, but with Powhatan's blessing to return anytime in the future  At the end, Pocahontas stands atop a cliff, watching the ship carrying John depart 

Voice cast
Irene Bedard as Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan  She is a very adventurous person who defies her father's strict prohibition of meeting the English settlers and falls in love with Captain John Smith  Glen Keane served as the supervising animator for Pocahontas Judy Kuhn as the singing voice of PocahontasMel Gibson as John Smith, the love interest of Pocahontas  He is the only settler in Jamestown willing to befriend the Natives due to his love for Pocahontas and acceptance of other cultures Although Gibson provides most of Smith's singing in the film, Jess Harnell claims he provided about 20 percent of Smith's singing voice in certain scenes David Ogden Stiers as Governor Ratcliffe, the greedy and arrogant governor of the settlers who leads an expedition to Virginia to find gold and other riches that he wants to keep for himself 
Stiers also provided the voice of Wiggins, Ratcliffe's manservant  Unlike Ratcliffe, Wiggins is gentle and good-hearted, but he's stuck serving a terrible man 
John Kassir as Meeko, Pocahontas' mischievous pet raccoon who is friendly to John Smith and loves eating 
Russell Means as Chief Powhatan, Pocahontas's father and chief of the Powhatan tribe who is, at first, distrustful of the English settlers, but eventually learns to make peace with them through his daughter Jim Cummings provides the singing voice of Chief PowhatanChristian Bale as Thomas, a loyal friend of John Smith who, like the other English settlers, is ordered by Ratcliffe to fire upon the Natives on sight, but eventually defies his orders 
Billy Connolly as Ben and Joe Baker as Lon, two settlers and friends of John Smith 
Linda Hunt as Grandmother Willow, a speaking willow tree that acts as Pocahontas's guide in times of uncertainty 
Danny Mann as Percy, Governor Ratcliffe's snooty and short-tempered pet pug who, at first, harbors animosity towards Meeko, but eventually befriends him and abandons his owner 
Frank Welker as Flit, Pocahontas's feisty pet hummingbird who prefers Kocoum over John Smith but eventually befriends the latter 
Michelle St  John as Nakoma, Pocahontas's best friend who is more easygoing as opposed to Pocahontas's adventurous spirit 
James Apaumut Fall as Kocoum, a strong and brave but stern and aggressive Powhatan warrior who Chief Powhatan wants Pocahontas to marry 
Gordon Tootoosis as Kekata, the medicine man of the Powhatan Jim Cummings provides the singing voice of KekataThree actors in the film have been involved in other Pocahontas-related projects  Gordon Tootoosis acted as Chief Powhatan in Pocahontas: The Legend (1995)  Christian Bale and Irene Bedard would portray John Rolfe and Pocahontas's mother, respectively, in Terrence Malick's The New World (2005) 

Production
Development
Following the release of The Rescuers Down Under (1990), director Mike Gabriel was eager to collaborate with veteran Disney story artist Joe Grant on a follow-up project that was vastly different from the animated adventure film  In April and May 1991, they first partnered on an adaptation of Swan Lake with both of them writing story outlines and creating conceptual artwork  Gabriel and Grant then submitted their outline for approval, but it was negatively received by the studio's live-action script readers  Earlier, during Thanksgiving weekend, 1990, Gabriel had wanted to direct an animated musical set in the American West  At a relative's Thanksgiving dinner, while glancing through numerous titles in their bookcase, Gabriel struck on the idea of adapting the life of Pocahontas after finding a book about her  Following the cancellation of Swan Lake, Gabriel returned to the idea Shortly after, Gabriel pitched his idea at the "Gong Show" meeting held by Michael Eisner, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Peter Schneider, and Roy E  Disney  He had written the title Walt Disney's Pocahontas on an image of Tiger Lily from Peter Pan (1953) to the back of which he taped a brief pitch that read "an Indian princess who is torn between her father's wishes to destroy the English settlers and her wishes to help them – a girl caught between her father and her people, and her love for the enemy " Coincidentally, Feature Animation president Peter Schneider had been developing an animated version of William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, and observed several similarities between his idea and Gabriel's Pocahontas pitch; Schneider recalled: "We were particularly interested in exploring the theme of 'If we don't learn to live with one another, we will destroy ourselves '" Gabriel's pitch was quickly accepted, becoming the quickest story turnaround in Disney studio history 
After Beauty and the Beast (1991) was unprecedentedly nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture at the 64th Academy Awards, then-studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg opted to produce another animated romance film in the hopes of achieving a similar feat  While Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994) were considered to be too far into development, Katzenberg deemed Pocahontas a promising candidate, and thus pushed for the heroine to be older, the romance between her and Smith to be more mature, and the animals to be mute  Head of story Tom Sito went on the record stating he wanted to include "broader" jokes, but the "higher-ups wanted it more winsome, more gentle  Some of the folks were so concerned about political correctness, they didn't want to be cuckoo-wacky about it "Eric Goldberg—following his contributions to Aladdin as the supervising animator of the Genie and with all animation units for The Lion King already occupied—was asked to co-direct Pocahontas alongside Gabriel, to which he agreed  Likewise, he had originally expected the film to be more comedic and cartoonish like Aladdin, but Schneider informed him that the film would be produced in a vein more similar to that of Beauty and the Beast; the then-ongoing 1992 Los Angeles riots further convinced Goldberg to commit to the film due to its racial themes  However, executive interference would grow so much that Goldberg himself decided to work for Chuck Jones Productions under the pseudonym "Claude Raynes" during production  It eventually reached a peak when Joe Grant drew Percy wearing a Native American feather, by which the animators took the concept one step further by placing a Spanish ruff on Meeko  One executive exclaimed, "Animals don't have the intelligence to switch their clothes! They don't even have opposing thumbs " The animators would retain their concept for the film Under Katzenberg, Frank Wells, and Michael Eisner, the Disney studios had begun a correlation of hiring Broadway personnel to manage the Disney animation staff on their feature films that brought such producers as Amy Pell to Aladdin and Sarah McArthur and Thomas Schumacher to The Lion King  Before making his producing debut on Pocahontas, James Pentecost had earlier worked as a production stage manager on several Broadway productions including La Cage aux Folles and Crimes of the Heart In June 1992, the filmmakers embarked on a research trip to the Jamestown Settlement where Pentecost first met Shirley "Little Dove" Custalow-McGowan and Debbie "White Dove" Custalow, both descendants of the Powhatan Native Americans  The trip also included a visit to the Pamunkey Indian Reservation, and conducted interviews with historians at Old Dominion University  Following the research trip, Custalow-McGowan served as a consultant traveling to the Disney studios three times, and while Custalow-McGowan offered her services for free, Disney paid her a $500 daily consulting fee plus expenses  Ultimately, when it came to light that historical accuracy was not being pursued to the extent she had hoped, McGowan has voiced her feelings of shame she felt in conjunction with her work on the film, saying "[she] wish[ed her] name wasn't on it"  Additional Native American consultants were brought in to authenticate the clothing and war dance choreography  That same month, Katzenberg held a meeting with the Feature Animation staff in which he predicted that Pocahontas would be a commercial hit, while deeming The Lion King experimental and less likely to succeed  As a result, most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on Pocahontas instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two 

Writing
In January 1993, Carl Binder joined the project, having previous expertise as a television writer on shows such as Punky Brewster, War of the Worlds, Friday the 13th: The Series, and Top Cops  Four months later, Susannah Grant and Philip LaZebnik joined the writing team  Susannah Grant was selected by Disney as a screenwriter on Pocahontas after winning the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting awarded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences the year before while still attending film school  On board as a screenwriter, she was only one of the many who was contributing the specific vision the upper management at Disney had in mind, and collaborated with Native American consultants  While working on the film, Susannah Grant wrote to a specific story outline, and no scene was rewritten less than thirty-five times until she felt it was perfect Story supervisor Tom Sito, who became the project's unofficial historical consultant, did extensive research into the early colonial era and the story of John Smith and Pocahontas, but was confronted over the historical inaccuracies by historians  Already knowing that in reality, Pocahontas married John Rolfe, Gabriel explained it was felt that "the story of Pocahontas and Rolfe was too complicated and violent for a youthful audience" so instead, they would focus on Pocahontas's meeting with John Smith  The filmmakers discovered that Pocahontas was around twelve years old and Smith was "not a very likeable character", in which producer James Pentecost confessed that dramatic license was needed to be taken  Likewise, when searching for an appropriate age for Pocahontas to begin her relationship with Smith, Glen Keane explained, "We had the choice of being historically accurate or socially responsible, so we chose the socially responsible side" by increasing Pocahontas's age from a girl into a young woman 
One of Gabriel's early ideas was for Pocahontas's mother to be embodied in a certain star in the sky that would help Pocahontas find her path to Smith  The Lion King however had concurrently carried a similar idea of the ancestors giving wisdom and guidance to the protagonist so the idea was discarded  Michael Eisner pushed for Pocahontas to have a mother, lamenting that "We're always getting fried for having no mothers " The writers countered that Powhatan was polygamous and formed dynastic alliances among other neighboring tribes by impregnating a local woman and giving away the child, so it was believed that Pocahontas herself probably did not see her mother that much  "Well", Eisner conceded, "I guess that means we're toasted " Ultimately, her mother's spirit would become the swirling wind that occurs throughout the film For the villain, they chose John Ratcliffe, whose portrayal was based on actual English captains, including John Martin, Christopher Newport, and Edward Maria Wingfield  In reality, it was Wingfield who despised John Smith, but the filmmakers preferred the sinister sound of "Ratcliffe"  The writers tried to adapt actual events from Pocahontas's life into the film such as her warning Smith that the Native Americans were after him so he could escape in the middle of the night, Powhatan ordering the captured Smith to make bead necklaces to humiliate him, and Pocahontas being captured by Ratcliffe (instead of Samuel Argall), though none of them worked with the story Sito mentioned that Joe Grant contributed heavily towards the film, as he was the creator of Redfeather, Meeko, and Flit  Redfeather was a wise-cracking turkey who was intended to be voiced by John Candy, and Percy, who was to be voiced by Richard E  Grant, was revised to become mute  Following the death of John Candy in March 1994, co-screenwriter Susannah Grant decided the turkey was inappropriate for the script she co-wrote for Pocahontas, and a more realistic approach would have the animals pantomime instead of talking  Joe Grant stated Redfeather "had comic potential–he thought he was handsome, a lady's man  When we decided he couldn't talk, and, having no hands, he couldn't mime    " Joe Grant would later draw a concept sketch of a hair-braiding raccoon, in which Glen Keane animated and claimed the directors "loved the idea and got rid of the turkey character " Similarly, according to Sito, Meeko was created because they were "naturally enigmatic, because they have little hands and a little mask over their face like a thief " Gabriel described the inspiration for Flit the hummingbird from having "hummingbirds all over my backyard, [and] I thought, 'That's a great animal to animate '" According to the directors, Governor Ratcliffe's pampered pet, Percy, was based on history as the royalty of the time often carried small pugs wherever they went For the spiritual ancestor, a male character named Old Man River was originally envisioned, and Gregory Peck was cast in the role  Peck later realized that the character ought to be a maternal figure and reluctantly turned down the role  Conceived as a tree of life whose seasonal changes would frame the story, Grandmother Willow grew out of a concept sketch of a sawed-off tree with a branch pointing to its rings drawn by Joe Grant, which would serve as a narrator that would "remember back to Pocahontas 300 years earlier"  Joe Grant would continue to protest to have the tree be more a character within the story, and her character flowered into the idea of a grandmotherly spiritual adviser to Pocahontas  Because of Katzenberg's opposition to having Grandmother Willow in the story, Joe Grant assisted fellow veteran story artist Burny Mattinson with coming up tree puns such as "My bark is worse than my bite", "The roots of all problems", and "They're barking up the wrong tree " Mattinson reluctantly added them to his pitch for the next morning, and during the story meeting, he exclaimed, "Everybody loved it! All of a sudden: 'Oh, I want her in!' 'Let's build her part bigger!'"

Casting
In September 1992, Disney began casting actors for Pocahontas telling talent agents that they were particularly interested in Native American actors for the project  For the role of Pocahontas, Broadway actress-singer Judy Kuhn was hired to provide the singing voice for the eponymous character before Irene Bedard was cast  Kuhn explained "They said, 'You are going to do the dialogue unless we find a Native American actress whose singing voice matched yours ' I was cast before Irene, so it actually went backwards " Bedard herself was filming Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee (1994) where she was informed by the casting director that they were looking for someone to voice the title role  According to Bedard, she took a train to Buffalo, New York, where she walked in wearing a sundress and a straw hat, and read for the part  Back on the set of Lakota Woman, she learned that she was cast in the role  Michelle St  John had also auditioned for the role of Pocahontas, and was given the role of Nakoma after Bedard was cast Mel Gibson was cast as English settler John Smith following a desire to make "something for my kids " In a notable contrast to previous voice actors for Disney animated features, Gibson provided the singing voice for his character, which the actor has described as the most difficult part of his role Christian Bale auditioned for the role of Thomas  As he explained in an interview with Disney Adventures, "the directors played with Thomas being Irish and Scottish and younger than I am, so I had to raise my voice and do different accents  But the more we did it, the more he became like me–older and English " Richard White, the voice of Gaston in Beauty and the Beast, was supposed to voice Ratcliffe, but the crew was worried he might sound too much like Gaston, so he was replaced by his co-star David Ogden Stiers, who also voices Ratcliffe's dimwitted assistant Wiggins 
Russell Means was cast as Chief Powhatan, though he initially expressed displeasure with the script in that Native Americans addressed each other using proper names rather than the traditional "my father" or "my friend"  Indigenous Canadian actor Gordon Tootoosis was also cast as the tribal medicine man Kekata  Throughout most of the production, the cast members performed their dialogue in separate recording sessions 

Design and animation
Renowned for his animation of Ariel in The Little Mermaid (1989), supervising animator Glen Keane was immediately tapped to draw the titular Native American princess  Following the demands of Jeffrey Katzenberg to make the title character "the most idealized and finest woman ever made", Keane first sought his inspirations for his depictions of Pocahontas from Shirley 'Little Dove' Custalow-McGowan and Devi White Dove, women he had met during the research trip to Virginia  Keane recalled meeting the women:So I turned around and there's this beautiful Indian woman walking up; a Native American  She said 'Are you Glen Keane? The animator that's going to do Pocahontas?' I said 'Well, yeah ' And then from behind another tree another woman came up and she said, 'Well, my name is Shirley Little Dove, and this is my sister Devi White Dove, and we are descended from Pocahontas ' And as they stood there, I mean I took a picture of both of them, and between their faces was Pocahontas' face in my mind – I could see her 
Other inspirations were Natalie Belcon, Naomi Campbell, Jamie Pillow, supermodel Kate Moss, Charmaine Craig, Christy Turlington, Dyna Taylor, and her own voice actress Irene Bedard  For almost three years, Taylor herself sat for four three-hour modeling sessions in which she was videotaped so the animators could draw poses of her from different angles  Keane also looked to a 1620 depiction of Pocahontas from a history book, though he would state the depiction was "not exactly a candidate for People's 'Most Beautiful' issue [so] I made a few adjustments to add an Asian feeling to her face " Due to the complexity of the color schemes, shapes, and expressions in the animation, a total of 55 animators worked on the animation of Pocahontas' character alone, including Mark Henn and Pres Romanillos After working at Sullivan-Bluth Studios for over fourteen years, John Pomeroy, who notoriously resigned alongside Don Bluth during work on The Fox and the Hound (1981) in 1979, returned to Disney and worked on the film  Pomeroy noted that initially John Smith was portrayed as well-groomed before the animators tried designs where the character was "sloppier", bearded, and carried daggers and knives  Pomeroy grew more satisfied with the character's design the more simple it became  Additionally, Pomeroy cited inspiration for John Smith from Errol Flynn and the facial features of Gibson Initially assigned as a supervising animator on The Lion King, Nik Ranieri did character designs and test animation for Timon, but moved over to Pocahontas growing frustrated with an indecisive vision from the directors  There, he was assigned to animate Redfeather until Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered for the animals to be mute  Finding feathers difficult for Redfeather to gesture with, he was again assigned to animate Meeko using a Little Golden Books animal book illustrated by Alice and Martin Provensen as reference  Duncan Marjoribanks utilized geometric shapes to create Ratcliffe  In early drafts of the character, he had a body similar to a pear, but to make him appear more arrogant, the animator increased the force of gravity on his chest so that he seemed more pompous and physically threatening  Chris Buck served as the supervising animator for Percy, Wiggins, and Grandmother Willow  For Grandmother Willow, the face was traditionally animated by Buck, while the cowl and the trunk of the tree were digitally animated under the supervision of Steve Goldberg  Assisted by the effect animators, a 3D software program was employed for the bark to be individually manipulated and for the face to match with the computer-generated texture  The following supervising animators also included Anthony DeRosa for Nakoma, Michael Cedeno for Kocoum, Ken Duncan for Thomas, T  Daniel Hofstedt for the settlers Lon and Ben, and Dave Pruiksma for Flit  While Mulan (1998) was within its pre-production stages, 18 minutes were animated by 170 animators and artists at the Disney-MGM Studios Initially, Gabriel asked Michael Giaimo to create conceptual paintings for the film as they both shared in a style of shape-based and secondary art details  Giaimo, himself a former assistant animator and then a CalArts teacher, accepted in which he worked several months on a freelance basis  After Goldberg became the film's co-director, the two directors asked Giaimo to officially join the staff, in which he was promoted to being the film's art director  For Giaimo, he relied on a color-saturated, elegant designs in a less-than-realistic format inspired by "prehistory Caribbean themes and creatures derived from Mexican and African folk art " Giaimo also sought out inspiration for the visual design from the works produced by earlier Disney art designers such as Richard Kelsey (who had done story sketches for his unproduced film Hiawatha), Eyvind Earle, who worked on Sleeping Beauty (1959), and Mary Blair 

Music
Howard Ashman and Alan Menken were planning to write songs for Pocahontas once they were finished working on Aladdin, but Ashman died in 1991  Following the death of his longtime collaborator, Menken wrote the remaining songs for Aladdin with Tim Rice at his home in London, which the New York-based composer found to be difficult  When Aladdin was finished, Menken was expected to write songs for Pocahontas with Rice  Kevin Bannerman, the studio's director of development, stated Rice "was always gallivanting around the world and it was difficult to get him and Alan together     And so here was Stephen [Schwartz], who had written scores that we all loved and we were huge fans of, and he lived in the New York area " Disney immediately contacted Stephen Schwartz, who, after working on Working, Rags, and Children of Eden, had quit theater and was taking psychology courses at New York University; he was brought on board to write the lyrics  This would mark the first time Menken had collaborated without Ashman for a Disney animated film  Menken commented that their work included moments of tension because Schwartz was also capable of writing music and Menken had experience with lyrics Due to corporate interest in the film surrounding its theme of promoting understanding between different groups, and its inclusion of violence and threats of greater conflict, Schwartz became heavily involved in the storytelling  Bannerman estimated that he spent a week with one of the screenwriters and helped work out the overall themes of tolerance and cooperation  In June 1992, Schwartz researched Jamestown, Virginia where he absorbed the atmosphere and bought tapes of Native American music and English sea shanties, as well as other music from the early 17th century that helped inspire numbers in the film  Schwartz modeled his lyrical writing for people of other ethnicities on that of Oscar Hammerstein II and Sheldon Harnick  "Colors of the Wind" was the first song to be written for the film  Gabriel, Goldberg, and Pentecost stated the song had defined the film's "heart and soul"  Schwartz began "Colors" with a few draft ideas for lyrics taking inspiration from Chief Seattle's letter to the United States Congress  Then, Menken wrote the melody with Schwartz listening at the piano and making suggestions  Schwartz would add lyrics before a session together where they were refined "Just Around the Riverbend", also composed by Menken and Schwartz, was devised by Schwartz's wife Carole, with the idea that Pocahontas would have a recurring dream that suggested something coming her way, paving the way for her "I Want" song  The song almost did not make it into the completed film when Disney executives doubted whether her song would have the kind of impact they wanted at that point  Schwartz however stated he and Menken "believed in it very strongly  Indeed, at one point we wrote a different song for that spot, but Alan and I were never as happy with the second song and ultimately everybody at Disney came to feel that way, too "The filmmakers had planned for a song for when Pocahontas and Smith met in the glade, just before Kocoum attacks Smith  There were an estimated three to four songs at this point, including "In the Middle of the River", "First to Dance", which was deemed too silly as it took place before Kocoum's death, and "Powerful Magic", which was another attempt at a cheerful song  A love song, titled "If I Never Knew You", had been finished by the animators, but following a test screening where child and teen audiences were not interested in the song as it played, Menken suggested that the song be removed  It was, although its melody remained in the orchestral underscoring  The soundtrack was successful, reaching number-one on the Billboard 200 charts during the week of July 22, 1995  It received a triple platinum certification 

Release
Marketing
To replicate the promotional buzz of The Lion King, the four-minute musical number, "Colors of the Wind", was released in November 1994, accompanying a theatrical re-release of The Lion King  On February 3, 1995, Disney began its promotional marketing campaign starting in San Diego, California, launching a nationwide 18-week tour of fashion malls located within twenty-five cities where a mall exhibit named Pocahontas Animation Discovery Adventure was created to help promote the release  There, a Disney animator would guide shoppers on a presentation tour, which featured a walk-through maze with interactive lily pads, flying birds, and huge video wall, a studio workshop where visitors can become the voice of their favorite animated character, and an area where visitors can electronically manipulate images  Additionally, they would demonstrate animation techniques and discuss the design and creation of Pocahontas' character  Further promotional tie-ins included Burger King distributing 55 million toy replicas of the characters with kids' meals, Payless Shoes selling a line of moccasins, and Mattel peddling a Barbie-like Pocahontas doll A behind-the-scenes documentary television special titled The Making of Pocahontas: A Legend Comes to Life aired on the Disney Channel on June 20, 1995, where the animators, voice cast, crew, and studio heads were interviewed on the production of the film  The special was hosted by actress Irene Bedard The film  had the largest premiere in history, on June 10, 1995, in New York's Central Park, followed by a live performance by Vanessa Williams  Disney officials estimated the crowd at 100,000  The premiere's attendees included then-New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, Caroline Kennedy, Mariah Carey and Michael Eisner 

Home media
At first announced to be released on March 6, 1996, Pocahontas was first released on VHS and LaserDisc in the United States on February 28, 1996, under the "Masterpiece Collection" lineup  A deluxe VHS edition included supplemental features such as a making-of documentary, alongside a special edition of The Art of Pocahontas book and Disney-certified lithograph prints  On November 13, 1996, the CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition contained the film, a historical documentary on Pocahontas, and The Making of Pocahontas, along with added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, publicity and promotional trailers, the deleted "If I Never Knew You" musical sequence, and an audio commentary on a total of four double sided discs  The release was also accompanied with a Special Edition of the Art of Pocahontas book  Disney initially shipped 17 million VHS copies to retail stores, with nine million copies sold within its first weekend  By mid-1998, the operating income of the VHS release had accumulated to $250 million in worldwide sales In January 2000, Walt Disney Home Video launched the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection, with Pocahontas re-issued on VHS and DVD on June 6, 2000  The DVD contained the film in its 1 66:1 aspect ratio enhanced with 5 1 surround sound, and was accompanied with special features including two music videos, a trivia game, the theatrical trailer, and a "Fun with Nature" activity booklet  Five years later, the film was remastered for a THX-certified 10th Anniversary 2-disc Special Edition DVD, which was released on May 3, 2005  This release features two versions of the film, which are a new extended cut with two performances of "If I Never Knew You" and the original theatrical version On August 21, 2012, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Pocahontas, alongside its sequel Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, on Blu-ray Disc as a 2-Movie Collection  Pocahontas was re-released yet again in 2016 as a Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD combo pack, available exclusively through the Disney Movie Club  It featured brand-new cover art, and, for the first time, a digital copy download of the film alongside the physical release 

Reception
Box office
Timed with Pocahontas' 400th birthday, Pocahontas had a limited release in North America on June 16, 1995, playing in only six selected theaters in Chicago, Boston, Atlanta, Detroit, St  Louis and Los Angeles  The film grossed $2 7 million during its first weekend, standing at the eighth place in the box office ranking  It beat the record set by The Lion King the previous year for the highest-grossing opening weekend on fewer than 50 screens, a record that has not been beaten  The wide release followed on June 23, 1995, in 2,596 screens  Studio estimates initially anticipated Pocahontas earning $30 5 million, ranking first and beating out the previous box office champion Batman Forever (1995)  The figure was later revised to $28 8 million with Pocahontas falling second behind Batman Forever  The final estimates placed Pocahontas narrowly ranking first grossing $29 5 million in its first weekend with Batman Forever falling into second place taking $29 2 million By January 1996, the film grossed $141 5 million in the United States, being the fourth-highest-grossing film in North America of 1995, behind Apollo 13, Toy Story, and Batman Forever  Overseas, the film was projected to gross $225 million, though foreign box office grosses eventually amounted to $204 5 million  Cumulatively, Pocahontas grossed $346 1 million worldwide  Although at the time it was seen as a commercial box office disappointment in comparison to The Lion King, in January 1996, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner contested in an annual shareholders' meeting that "Pocahontas is well on its way to being one of our most successful films of all time  It has equalled Beauty and the Beast's box office numbers domestically, and now it has taken Europe by storm and is playing well in every country in which it is being shown  Sales of Pocahontas merchandise have been phenomenal "

Critical response
Pocahontas received generally mixed reviews from film critics  The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 54% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 56 reviews, with an average score of 6/10  The site's consensus states "Pocahontas means well, and has moments of startling beauty, but it's largely a bland, uninspired effort, with uneven plotting and an unfortunate lack of fun " Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 58 based on 23 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing that Pocahontas was "the best-looking of the modern Disney animated features, and one of the more thoughtful" though he was more critical of the story and portrayal of the villain, ultimately summarizing that "on a list including Mermaid, Beauty, Aladdin and Lion King, I'd rank it fifth  It has a lot of good intentions, but a severe scoundrel shortage " On the television program Siskel & Ebert, Ebert repeated the same sentiment, while his partner Gene Siskel was more praising of the film  Both critics gave the film a "Thumbs Up"  In his print review for the Chicago Tribune, Siskel awarded the film 31⁄2 stars out of 4, stating it is a "surprisingly serious, thoughtful and beautifully drawn Disney animated feature about the American birthright of exploitation and racism"  He praised it for "sending powerful images to children about threats to the natural order", restoring "a certain majesty to the Indian culture", and for having "the courage that leads to the life-goes-on ending "The film's writing and lack of humor received mixed reviews  Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly stated: "With dismay, I realize that virtually everything in the movie – every character, every story twist, every song – is as generic as the two hygienic lovers  As a fairy-tale confection, a kind of West Side Story in Jamestown, Pocahontas is pleasant to look at, and it will probably satisfy very small kiddies, but it's the first of the new-era Disney cartoons that feels less than animated " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone bemoaned that there were "no funny, fast-talking animals – Meeko the raccoon and Flit the hummingbird remain silent pals to Pocahontas and make you miss the verbal fun that Nathan Lane's wisecracking meerkat brought to The Lion King " Desson Howe, reviewing for The Washington Post, likewise criticized the writing as recycling "elements from Snow White to The Lion King, with a father-child clash, a heroine's saintly pureness that transforms an entire people, a forbidden love, consultations with an oracle/shaman (in this case a tree spirit, voiced by Linda Hunt) and the usual sideshow of funny, fuzzy animals " While calling the screenplay the "film's weakest element", Janet Maslin of The New York Times summarized in her review: "Gloriously colorful, cleverly conceived and set in motion with the usual Disney vigor, Pocahontas is one more landmark feat of animation  It does everything a children's movie should do except send little viewers home humming its theme song "According to Chief Roy "Crazy Horse" Johnson of the Powhatan Renape Nation, an unrecognized tribe in New Jersey, the film "distorts history beyond recognition" and "perpetuates a dishonest and self-serving myth at the expense of the Powhatan Nation"  Roy claimed that Disney had refused the tribe's offers to help create a more culturally and historically accurate film  In the Los Angeles Times, Angela Aleiss said that Pocahontas and other portrayals of the Native princess rarely show her having anything more important in her life than her relationships with men  Professor and Director of Indigenous Nations Studies Cornel Pewewardy argues that the film presents damaging stereotypes of the Native American population  Pewewardy feels that the representation of Native characters, like Grandmother Willow, Meeko, and Flit, as animals, has a marginalizing effect  Anthropologist Kiyomi Kutsuzawa also observed that in the film, Kocoum and John Smith fight for Pocahontas's affection  Kutsuzawa viewed Smith's victory over Kocoum in this arena as symbolic of Western Europe's domination of the Americas and white men's domination over men of color Conversely, Native American activist Russell Means, who portrays Chief Powhatan in the film, praised the film's racial overtones, stating that "Pocahontas is the first time Eurocentric male society has admitted its historical deceit", and that it makes the "stunning admission" that the purpose of the European colonization of the Americas was "to kill Indians and rape and pillage the land " Means also said that the film marked "the first time, other than on Northern Exposure, that a human face has been put on an Indian female," dubbing Pocahontas "the finest feature film on American Indians Hollywood has turned out " Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic concurred, stating that the film's narrative "had a progressive attitude when it came to interpreting history", portraying the settlers as "plunderers searching for non-existent gold who were intent upon murdering the 'heathen savages' they encountered in the process", although she criticized the depiction of Pocahontas as stereotypical 

Accolades
Historical accuracy
Pocahontas's real name was Matoaka  "Pocahontas" was only a nickname, and it can variously be translated to "little wanton", "playful one", "little brat", or "the naughty one"  Pocahontas was around 10 or 11 at the time John Smith arrived with the Virginia Company in 1607, in contrast to her portrayal as a young adult in the film Smith is portrayed as an amiable man; in reality, he was described as having a harsh exterior and a very authoritarian personality by his fellow colonists Historically, there is no evidence of a romantic relationship emerging between Pocahontas and John Smith  Whether or not Pocahontas saved Smith's life is debated  A group of colonists led by Samuel Argall captured Pocahontas three years after John Smith departed for England; she converted to Christianity in Henricus and later married John Rolfe, who was known for introducing tobacco as a cash crop Governor Ratcliffe did not return to England, but was killed by the Powhatan in 1609 Ebert criticized the film's deviations from history, writing "Having led one of the most interesting lives imaginable, Pocahontas serves here more as a simplified symbol"  Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic wrote that "The movie might have fudged some facts", but that this allowed it to tell "a compelling romantic story" Animator Tom Sito defended the film's relationship to history, stating that "Contrary to the popular verdict that we ignored history on the film, we tried hard to be historically correct and to accurately portray the culture of Virginia's Algonquins "

Legacy
A live musical show titled The Spirit of Pocahontas was performed at the Fantasyland Theatre at Disneyland during the film's theatrical release  A video game titled Disney's Pocahontas based on the film was released on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive in 1996  The film was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, titled Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, released on August 25, 1998  Bedard and Kuhn reprised their roles as Pocahontas' speaking and singing voices, respectively  Donal Gibson starred as John Smith and Billy Zane starred as John Rolfe  Pocahontas, alongside other Disney Princesses, briefly appeared in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet, with Bedard reprising the role Critics have also discussed the influence of Pocahontas on other films  Sophie Gilbert of The Atlantic argues that the strong and brave title character of Pocahontas influenced the portrayal of subsequent heroines of Disney animated films, specifically Mulan, Rapunzel, Merida, and Elsa  Similarly, The Verge's Tasha Robinson wrote that Moana (2016) "draws on" Pocahontas in its portrayal of a woman buoyed by her culture  According to HuffPost, James Cameron's Avatar (2009) is a "rip-off" of Pocahontas  Avatar's producer Jon Landau has said that Avatar is akin to Pocahontas with the Na'vi aliens taking the place of Native Americans  Cameron has said that he first conceived of Avatar in the 1960s, long before Pocahontas was released, but he has also said that Avatar does reference the story of Pocahontas, the historical figure  Kirsten Acuna of Business Insider wrote that, while Avatar may be based on Cameron's own ideas, it nevertheless takes inspiration from animated films like Pocahontas and FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992) 
Passage 5:
Chow Hound
Chow Hound is a 1951 Warner Bros  Looney Tunes animated short directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese  The short was released on June 16, 1951  The voices are performed by Mel Blanc, Bea Benaderet and John T  Smith 
Unlike many Warner Bros  cartoons featuring cats, such as Sylvester, as the antagonists of their targets (such as birds) and dogs serving to discourage their behavior, Chow Hound uses a different formula 

Plot
A large bulldog bullies two unwilling parties—a frightened cat, whom the dog refers to as 'Stupid' three times in the short, and a tough-talking mouse—into various scams to obtain dinner from various residences  The bulldog himself repeatedly punishes the cat for (so the dog believes) consistently coming back with stolen meat but no gravy  The scheme involves the dog, who forever complains that he is "starving," using the cat to pose as the pet for three residents and an exhibit at a municipal zoo  The cat poses as (in order of appearance):

"Butch," a turtleneck-wearing feline  The cat timidly walks to the waiting bulldog to hand him his steak, but the bulldog asks "What, no gravy?" and slaps the cat for forgetting the gravy 
A bow-tied "Harold," who is scolded by his female "mistress" as he comes home  "Harold" tries to eat a leg of chicken when the mistress leaves the room, but is quickly grabbed by the bulldog, who again reprimands him for forgetting the gravy 
"Timothy," the alley cat who serves as the mouse catcher for an older gentleman living in a brownstone apartment building  The cat swallows the mouse whole, earning more physical punishment; the mouse tries unsuccessfully to get away after he is spit out  After earning another steak from the owner, the cat is again slapped by the bulldog for forgetting the gravy again  The mouse tries to get tough, but is simply hit on the head 
As a "saber-tooth alley catus", complete with fake fangs  The zookeeper shrugs his shoulders at the apparently new, unannounced "exhibit " It is at this point where the cat tries to one-up his captor by wrapping a TNT stick inside the steak  The result is only a small blast in the dog's stomach, which the embarrassed dog apparently misinterprets as gas and excuses himself  He smacks the cat (off-screen) for forgetting the gravy yet again He then starts to complain that "week in, week out, it's the same thing; it's too slow!" He then sees a sign advertising a reward for lost animals and gets a sinister idea: holding the cat hostage, the dog accurately anticipates that the cat's "owners" will post rewards in the newspaper  "I've got plans for you!" the dog snarls at the cat 
The bulldog reads the missing animals article in the newspaper for the addresses of the owners as he prepares to execute his big scam (telling his cat comrade "C'mon stupid; this is the payoff!")  The bulldog returns the cat to each of his masters, collects the reward and then reclaims his cat by means of a trick-bed, and presents the "saber-tooth alley catus" as a hunting prize to the zoo (this part was cut off in the 1990s on various TV channels in USA because it showed the mouse with makeup resembling blackface to disguise him as a native African savage)  The dog, gloating that he is now "set for life" and will "never be hungry again," uses his ill-gotten gains to purchase a butcher shop, where "acres and acres" of meat hang from the ceiling 
The final scene takes place at a "dog and cat hospital"  The bulldog's gluttony has gotten the better of him, as his overindulgence on meat has rendered him grossly obese and unable to move a muscle  After two doctors diagnose "a distinct case of overeating" and depart from the operating room, two visitors march in: the cat and the mouse  The cat—speaking for the only time in the film—menacingly says, "This time, we didn't forget the gravy " The nervously-perspiring dog repeatedly mutters "no" but is helpless to stop them as the mouse jams a large funnel into the dog's mouth and smiles as the cat begins force-feeding the dog a dangerously unhealthy amount of gravy from an institutional-sized canister as the picture irises out over the sound of the dog gurgling, with the cat and mouse finally getting their revenge against their canine tormentor 

Reception
Animator Eric Goldberg writes, "This is one of my all-time favorite Chuck Jones cartoons for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is that it may be the darkest film he ever made    Talk about a morality play! I don't think I've ever seen comic retribution played out with such devilish, and deserved, relish  A masterpiece "

Home media
Chow Hound is available (uncensored and uncut) on Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4, and on Blu-ray Disc (presented uncensored and in 1080p high definition) as part of the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 
Passage 6:
Jason Keng-Kwin Chan
Jason Keng-Kwin Chan (born December 1, 1971) is a Malaysian actor best known for his role as Cameron Watanabe, the Green Samurai Ranger, as well as his clone, Cyber Cam, in Power Rangers: Ninja Storm 
He is currently a multi-award-winning writer, director, composer and actor based in Singapore  He is co-founder of BananaMana Films, which is one of Singapore's premiere production companies for creating Asian dramas in English for global distribution 

Background & Training
Born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Chan is of Chinese descent and moved to Perth, Western Australia with his family when he was only 5 years old  He entered medical school at the University of Western Australia, but Chan continued to pursue the creative arts, studying ballet, contemporary dance, and jazz dance at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts  After graduating, he obtained his Fellowship in General Practice and worked as a General Practitioner for a few years before gaining a place in the renowned National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney (other graduates include: Mel Gibson, Cate Blanchett, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Hugo Weaving) where he obtained a Bachelor of Dramatic Arts in Acting  He is the co-founder of the Production Company "BananaMana Films" along with Christian Lee  Chan currently resides in Singapore 

Current Work
Since co-founding BananaMana Films, Jason has gone on to write, direct, edit and produce for various projects  The first series he co-wrote, directed, produced and acted in was a web series: "What Do Men Want?"  However, prior to production the national broadcaster of Singapore asked to have it converted into a full length TV series and it aired in 2014 as a 13 x half hour Romantic comedic TV drama  Jason and Christian won an outstanding directing in a drama series award at LA Webfest for this drama 
Their second drama "Perfect Girl" was created as a 10 x 5-8min web series  This series went on to win 7 international awards from 16 nominations  Jason was credited as writer and composer, and shared directing and editing credits 
Recently, Jason has co-written, directed and scored a TV pilot "Bang Bang Club" which has gone on to win a Platinum REMI award at the Worldfest Houston International Film Festival 2016  Jason was also nominated for Best Editing and Best Original Score for this project at the Indie Series Awards (LA) 2016 

Awards
Jason has been a recipient of numerous awards and nominations in various categories: writing, directing, acting, editing, composing 
Awards

Platinum Remi  (Houston International Film Fest 2016)
Outstanding Writing (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Directing (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Editing (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Drama Series (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Drama (Toronto Webfest 2015)
Best International Series (Atlanta Webfest 2014)Nominations

Best Editing (Indie Series Awards 2016)
Best Score (Indie Series Awards 2016)
Outstanding Lead Actor (LA Webfest 2015)
Outstanding Cinematography (LA Webfest 2015)
Triple Threat Auteur (Toronto Webfest 2015)
Best Overall Series (Toronto Webfest 2015)
Best Drama (Vancouver Webfest 2015)

Film
Most recently "Perfect Girl", originally a web series, was picked up as a short feature by global streaming platform VIKI com  It stars Jason Chan and Khaleila Hisham as the leads and won them both Outstanding Acting nominations and awards in US web series festivals 
His feature film credits include: the animated feature Sing to the Dawn  where he played the villain, and The Leap Years in which he plays the role of "Raymond" alongside Ananda Everingham and Wong Li-Lin  He appeared briefly in Candy, an Australian film, as Heath Ledger's doctor and very briefly in "Stealth" as one of the technicians He co-wrote, co-produced and co-directed the 2017 cross-cultural food film Jimami Tofu with Christian Lee, where it world premiered and won the Audience Choice Award at the 37th Hawaii International Film Festival 

Television
In 2014, Jason appeared as co-lead in "What Do Men Want?" - a 13 x half hour romantic drama co-created and directed by himself and his business partner Christian Lee  The drama won them both an Outstanding Directing award at LA Webfest 2016 and aired on national TV in Singapore in 2014 
On graduating from drama school, Chan appeared as host of Disney Channel's Playhouse Disney block which aired throughout Australia  In 2003, he then garnered a role as the Green Samurai Ranger, Cameron Watanabe,  in the American TV series: Power Rangers Ninja Storm 
In Singapore he has appeared in many Mediacorp Channel 5 and Art Central productions including: My Sassy Neighbour, Six Weeks, Parental Guidance, 9 Lives, Mental and The Secret Lives of Sorry Stars    In Australia he played opposite Jaqueline Macqenzie in Two Twisted 
Jason has also played leads in German telemovies including: "Love in the Lion City",  "The Last Patriarch",  "Love and Death in Java"  and "House of Harmony" 

Theatre
In theatre, Jason debuted in the lead role of 'Kevin' in "Connie and Kevin and the Secret Life of Groceries" in Sydney,  then continued in Singapore with ‘Chris’ in Action Theatre's “The Admiral’s Odyssey”, Clifford Bradshaw in Toyfactory's "Cabaret", Lysander in SRT's "A Midsummer Night's Dream", Andy in SRT's "The Office Party", Claudio in SRT's "Much Ado About Nothing" and Marc in The Ensemble Theatre's production of "ART" 
Passage 7:
Nottingham, West Virginia
Nottingham is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States  Nottingham is located on the Greenbrier River, 2 miles (3 2 km) south-southeast of Durbin 
Passage 8:
Carmen Smith
Carmen Smith (born 1984) is an Australian singer/songwriter who rose to prominence after appearing in the first season of The Voice Australia 

Early career
Since 2002, Smith has been a back-up singer for a number of Australian performers, including Guy Sebastian  She has released two of her own solo albums as well as written songs for singers Stan Walker and Jessica Mauboy In 2005, Carmen wrote "All I Ask" as the winner's single of New Zealand Idol, which was released by Rosita Vai  In 2010, Carmen was featured on "Mousetrap Heart" by Thirsty Merc 

2012–present: The Voice Australia and disqualification
In 2012, Smith appeared on the premiere episode of The Voice Australia's first season  She joined coach Joel Madden's team after singing the Alicia Keys song "How Come You Don't Call Me"  For her Battle Round, she sang the song "We Found Love" by Rihanna with Michelle Serret-Cursio whom she won against  However, after her vocals appeared in Guy Sebastian's song "Gold", she was disqualified from the show by the show's producers after she appeared in the song's music video  The Voice producers said she had broken the "spirit" of the rules as the video would give her an unfair advantage over other contestants  Smith later stated that she had performed with Sebastian for years, and had a clause in her The Voice contract which allowed her to continue to perform and record with him  This is the first disqualification of a contestant in the history of the show's format After her disqualification from the show, Smith appeared alongside Sebastian singing a duet on rival show, Australia's Got Talent She then went on to join Sebastian on his Armageddon Tour, where she performed "Gold", and other features in his songs  The tour ran nationally throughout June and July 2012 to coincide with the release of his highly anticipated seventh album Armageddon  In 2013, Smith again toured with Sebastian featuring on songs as well as providing back vocals on this 46 date tour called the Get Along Tour Smith would later join Sebastian as a backup singer for the song "Tonight Again" as part of the 2015 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest  The song finished in fifth place with 196 points Smith appears as a vocal coach on the 2023 season of Australian Idol 

Discography
Studio Albums and EPs
Carmen Smith (2007)
Ever Known (2011)
They Don't Know Me (2012)

Special Releases
Polaroid (2012)

Singles
How Come You Don't Call Me (The Voice Performance) (2012)
We Found Love (The Voice Performance) (2012)
They Don't Know Me (2012)
Breaker of Hearts (2013)
Love's on the Run (2013)
Context 3:  MWR was also the last original Toyota team in the Sprint Cup Series to still be in operation, as Bill Davis Racing and Red Bull Racing Team had both ceased operations in the preceding years 
The team last fielded the No  15 Toyota Camry for Clint Bowyer and the No  55 Camry for David Ragan  Brian Vickers would normally drive the No  55, but repeated health problems including blood clotting forced him out for much of 2015  Development driver Brett Moffitt and team owner Waltrip also competed in the car 

History
Michael Waltrip Racing began racing in the Winston Cup Series in 2002, making its debut at the 2002 Aaron's 499  The car was the No  98 Aaron's Chevrolet Monte Carlo driven by Kenny Wallace   Wallace qualified 27th and finished 21st  Following that first race, Waltrip sold the No  98 and its owner points to Innovative Motorsports 
After that, MWR fielded one Cup Series car, the No  00, on an intermittent basis through 2005  In 2006, MWR, in partnership with Bill Davis Racing, added a second car, Waltrip's No  55, but neither car had manufacturer support due to DaimlerChrysler suing BDR for breach of contract In 2006, MWR signed an agreement with Toyota to field multiple Toyota Camrys in the Nextel Cup Series for 2007   Waltrip was then able to add a third car driven by Dale Jarrett to his team for 2007, along with new sponsors However, the MWR team had a disastrous season  In February, Waltrip's teams were disallowed from their starting spots in the Daytona 500 due to an illegal fuel additive  The team members each faced a $100,000 fine and many team members were suspended  Though they backed up their qualifications by using back-up cars they suffered a terrible year  The team was unable to recover, failing to qualify for many events and losing sponsors such as Burger King and Domino's Pizza  Waltrip partnered with British-American billionaire Rob Kauffman as a 50% co-owner in order to fix the problem After the season, an ugly controversy emerged with Jack Roush of Roush Fenway Racing, who accused MWR of stealing one of his team's sway bars after a September 2007 race   While Waltrip and some other drivers, such as Jeff Gordon, argued that parts are often inadvertently swapped during post-race inspection, Roush held a lengthy news conference in March 2008 to accuse "the non-descript Toyota team" (MWR) of deliberately stealing the bar and threatened legal action   However, Roush, who had previously accused Toyota teams of being "ankle-biting Chihuahuas" and brought up Pearl Harbor in his effort to keep Toyota out of NASCAR, did not pursue such a lawsuit as NASCAR declared that the Toyota teams did nothing wrong and that Roush's ideas against Toyota were ridiculous 
For 2008, MWR once again added Aaron's as a sponsor and ran competitively, but again managed only one pole and just one top-5 finish, and UPS withdrew as a sponsor after Jarrett retired and transferred its sponsorship to MWR's archrivals Roush Fenway   In 2009, MWR was forced to form a technical alliance with JTG Daugherty Racing to have sponsorship for its third car   However, during this season, MWR finally achieved success as a Sprint Cup team, including winning a race and placing two cars in the top six two weeks later   Both of those cars ended up in the top 20 for the year   For 2010, MWR added Martin Truex Jr  as a full-time Sprint Cup driver   Michael Waltrip continued as a part-time driver, while also adding on talent such as former RCR crew chief Scott Miller, and hiring drivers Mark Martin, Clint Bowyer, and Brian Vickers 
In 2013, controversy arose in the Federated Auto Parts 400   Clint Bowyer spun out with seven laps to go, forcing a caution   Rumors abounded postrace that Bowyer had deliberately forced a caution to help Truex into the Chase   Truex was just ahead of Ryan Newman for the final Chase wildcard slot   They gained even further credence when it was revealed the third MWR driver, Brian Vickers, had pitted after the restart on orders from general manager Ty Norris, who was serving as his spotter   As it turned out, by the time Gordon was able to pit, he lost several spots and ultimately finished third, tying him with Truex in points   However, Truex got the final wildcard spot in the Chase via a tiebreaker  An investigation was unable to turn up conclusive evidence that Bowyer's spin was deliberate, but did find that Norris had tried to manipulate the race and Chase standings by having Vickers pit   As a result, NASCAR issued some of the stiffest penalties imposed on a team in its history   It fined MWR a record $300,000 and docked all three MWR teams 50 driver/owner points prior to points being reset for the Chase   The point penalty had the effect of ejecting Truex from the Chase and putting Gordon in (as 13th entrant after NASCAR was unable to eject Joey Logano from the Chase due to his involvement in another race manipulation scheme that same race)  Norris was suspended indefinitely, while crew chiefs Brian Pattie, Scott Miler and Chad Johnston were placed on probation until December 31  To make matters worse NAPA Auto Parts, who had sponsored Waltrip in both his driving and ownership roles since 2001, elected to end its business relationship with MWR following the incident, a decision that forced Waltrip to release Truex from his contract  On August 19, 2015, co-owner Rob Kauffman announced that MWR would cease full-time racing after 2015  Much of the MWR equipment and several employees went to BK Racing for 2016  They also sold their two charters to Stewart-Haas Racing and Joe Gibbs Racing, which currently use them as the No  41 and No  19, respectively After shutting down, MWR was embroiled in an ugly lawsuit with former tire changer Brandon Hopkins who sued the team for wrongful firing, defamation, and interference with finding work at another team  MWR counterclaimed that Hopkins stole pit road guns which was the cause of the firing  The suit was settled out of court in November, 2017 

Sprint Cup Series
Car No  00 history
Part Time (2002-2006)The first race for the No  00 was at the Tropicana 400, with Jerry Nadeau driving  Nadeau qualified 34th but finished 37th after suffering a steering failure  MWR attempted another race that season, the NAPA 500 with Buckshot Jones driving with a sponsorship from Charter Pipeline, but he failed to qualify due to rain  Jones ran the EA Sports 500 the following season, where he started 16th and led 19 laps before being relegated to 40th due to a crash  He attempted Atlanta again, but failed to qualify  Mike Skinner closed out the year for MWR at the Ford 400, qualifying 17th, but finishing 39th after a wreck 
In 2004, Kenny Wallace returned to MWR in the No  00  Running four races for the team, his best finish was a 22nd at Homestead-Miami Speedway  Wallace ran two races in 2005, finishing 27th at Darlington Raceway  Johnny Benson ran a pair of races that season as well, but did not finish any higher than 42nd  David Reutimann, who drove for Waltrip's brother Darrell in the Craftsman Truck Series, made his Cup debut at Lowe's Motor Speedway that season, qualifying 26th and finishing 22nd  In 2006, the No  00 ran under two separate entries  The first ran with listed owners Mike and Bonnie Anderson under the name MBA Racing  It campaigned Ford Fusions with Hermie Sadler driving  He made only three starts, with his best finish 40th at the Daytona 500  The other was the MWR car with Waltrip as the listed owner  Bill Elliott drove the Monte Carlo in five races in 2006 with a sponsorship from Burger King 

David Reutimann (2007-2008)David Reutimann was tapped to drive the No  00 Toyota Camry in 2007, with full-time primary sponsorships from Burger King and Domino's Pizza  He competed for the Rookie of the Year title as well as the Nextel Cup championship  However, the team struggled to qualify for races, as did other Toyota teams, making only 26 of 36 races in the season  Reutimann experienced one of the hardest crashes ever recorded at the 2007 Auto Club 500 at California Speedway  Because of the struggles, the team finished 39th in points and had a best finish of 13th  Burger King and Domino's then pulled their sponsorship for 2008 

Michael McDowell (2008)Reutimann opened 2008 in the No  00 with backing from Aaron's  After the first five races Reutimann moved to MWR's No  44 UPS Toyota and Michael McDowell took over the No  00  However, McDowell struggled to keep the car in the Top 35 in owner points, which is necessary for automatic qualification into each race, and was replaced near the end of the season by Mike Skinner in an effort to reclaim a Top 35 spot   In October 2008, MWR transferred its third team to the No  47 Toyota of JTG Daugherty Racing, driven by Marcos Ambrose, and discontinued the No  00 team for the balance of the season 
David Reutimann (2009-2011)
In 2009, the No  00 was once again driven by Reutimann with an Aaron's sponsorship for the entire 2009 season  This became Reutimann and MWR's breakthrough season, as Reutimann won a rain-shortened Coca-Cola 600 on May 25, 2009, giving Michael Waltrip Racing its first victory in a Sprint Cup race, which was considered vindication for a team that had struggled for years   After a strong start to the season, Reutimann ranked among the Top 12 drivers (who qualify for the Chase for the Sprint Cup) after finishing third at the Pocono 500 in race No  14  He was caught by an early wreck at Daytona in race No  18 that dropped him to 14th, however, and he narrowly finished outside the Chase  He also won his second pole at Texas Motor Speedway in April and his third at Dover in the race after his first victory For 2010, Reutimann and the No  00 team returned with minimal changes  On July 10, they won the LifeLock com 400 at Chicagoland Speedway, for MWR's 2nd Sprint Cup win  On November 4, 2011, MWR announced that Reutimann would not return as driver of the No  00 for 2012 
For 2012, the No  00 was renumbered to 55 in honor of Aaron's founding in 1955 

Car No  00 results
Car No  15 history
Part Time (2010-2011)The 15 began as the No  51 because Michael Waltrip's move away from full-time driving, the team began fielding a fourth car for him in selected races in 2010   Instead of continuing to use the No  55, Waltrip decided to go with the No  51, which is the inverse of the No  15, which is the car that Waltrip drove for DEI to four victories at Daytona and Talladega in the early 2000s   Waltrip first drove the No  51 for the 2010 Daytona Speedweeks, and he became the final qualifier in the 2010 Daytona 500 despite wrecking in the qualifying race In 2011, the car was renumbered as the No  15, with Waltrip driving the car at Daytona and Talladega  Waltrip also attempted to qualify for the first ever Cup race at Kentucky (Waltrip's home track), but qualifying was rained out and the No  15 was too low in points to make the field 

Clint Bowyer (2012-2015)The No  15 ran full-time in the Sprint Cup in 2012 as Clint Bowyer joined the team from Richard Childress Racing  Bowyer ran with 5-Hour Energy as his sponsor  In June 2012, Bowyer won at Sonoma  He won again at Richmond International Raceway in September 2012 for MWR's fourth win, also becoming the first MWR driver to qualify for the Chase for the Sprint Cup   Bowyer would win for the third time in 2012 at Charlotte in October, and ended up finishing second in the points standings after a mechanical failure on Jimmie Johnson's car in the final race 
Bowyer and MWR struggled more to find speed in both 2014 and 2015, failing to win any races nor contend for a championship  Bowyer and MWR  parted ways after the season ended with MWR not fielding full-time teams in 2016 

Car No  15 results
Car No  44 history
Dale Jarrett (2007-2008)

1999 series champion Dale Jarrett and his sponsor UPS moved over from Robert Yates Racing's No  88 car to MWR's No  44 car for the full season 
Jarrett started the 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup season on a high note as he drew pole position for the annual exhibition race, the Budweiser Shootout, at the Daytona International Speedway  He finished 18th out of 21 cars  Since Jarrett's team was a brand new team and had no owner points, and due to a rule change, he was eligible to use the Past Champion's Provisional five times as his 1999 championship was the most recent among past champions who were driving for teams not in the top 35 in owner points; prior to the rule change the use of a Past Champion's Provisional was not limited 
Jarrett was forced to use all five of his provisionals at the start of the season, starting at Daytona mainly because Michael Waltrip Racing was penalized by NASCAR for an illegal fuel additive during Speedweeks and the penalties knocked Jarrett, Michael Waltrip and David Reutimann out of the top 35 in owner points-the safety net for qualifying regardless of rain and cancellations of qualifying 
Jarrett started 43rd in the Daytona 500 and finished 22nd  Jarrett used his last champion's provisional at the Spring Talladega race, Aaron's 499  For the rest of 2007, Jarrett had to get into that weekend's race on time  Like the other two teams, Jarrett struggled, failing to qualify for twelve races and not scoring a single pole or top 10 finish, leading to a dismal 41st-place points finish 
During an interview on Speed, Jarrett said after his contract is up with MWR (which was expected to be in the 2009 season), he would retire, but the timetable was pushed up in October 2007 prior to the 2007 Bank of America 500  Jarrett retired from points racing after the 2008 Food City 500, turning the No  44 Toyota ride to David Reutimann  His final race was the All-Star race in May 2008 
In 2008, Jarrett planned to run the first five races and the All Star Race before retiring from Sprint Cup Series competition  
However, Jarrett was not guaranteed to start the first five races using the champion's provisional as he had the year before as Kurt Busch, the 2004 champion, had his team's owner points transferred to his teammate Sam Hornish Jr  and would be first to receive it 
In his abbreviated final season, Jarrett had a best finish of 16th in the Daytona 500 but no finish higher than 26th otherwise 

David Reutimann (2008)For the rest of the 2008 season, David Reutimann moved over from the 00 Aaron's Dream Machine to pilot the 44 car  David had four top 10s in his entire season, including a pole at the season finale Ford 400 

Car No  44 results
Car No  55 history
Michael Waltrip (2006-2009)Michael Waltrip formed an alliance with Bill Davis Racing in 2006 as Davis was going to switch to Toyota in 2007, which was the selected manufacturer for Waltrip's new team as well  This enabled Waltrip to have a car to drive as he built his team  NAPA Auto Parts, Waltrip's sponsor, followed him to his new team and Waltrip ran a Dodge Charger for 2006, although unbranded due to the team already burning bridges with DaimlerChrysler  The team bought points from Penske Racing's No  77 team, which shut down after it lost sponsorship  Since the listed owner of the No  77 was Doug Bawel, whose Jasper Motorsports team was absorbed by Penske a few years earlier, his name was registered as owner and the No  55 ran under the Waltrip-Jasper Racing banner for 2006  The arrangement called for the points to be transferred to Waltrip's new ride at MWR for 2007, which they were; however, Waltrip failed to make the top-35 in points, which meant Waltrip would have to qualify on time in 2007 

Waltrip took his Bill Davis points to his own then-new Toyota Camry team for the 2007 season with sponsor NAPA Auto Parts in the Nextel Cup Series  It was a dismal first year for the No  55 Toyota Camry in NASCAR top series competition, as Waltrip's team faced stiff penalties for using illegal fuel additives during qualifying for the Daytona 500  The team rebounded to qualify 15th via the Gatorade Duels, but finished 30th, leaving Daytona with negative driver and owner points (the team's finish in the Daytona 500 earned them 73 points, but the 100 point penalty they received from NASCAR left them last in the standings at −27 points)  Waltrip proceeded to fail to qualify for 11 consecutive races before qualifying for his second race at Dover International Speedway on June 2  Making just his third start of the season at Michigan International Speedway on June 18, Waltrip posted the team's first top-10 finish and Toyota's third by finishing 10th and leading a lap  In order to take advantage of the champions provisional, Terry Labonte drove the No  55 in 2007 at Infineon, Indianapolis, and Watkins Glen  Waltrip gave Toyota its second pole in Cup competition at Talladega on October 7 and grabbed another top-10 finish at Lowe's the following week, bringing his team barely inside the top 43 in points by the end of the season 
Waltrip continued to run the No  55 during 2008 and 2009   The car qualified in the Top 35 in owner points for 2008, and Waltrip recorded his best finish as a Sprint Cup owner with a second place in the 2008 Lenox Industrial Tools 301 in June   In 2009, Waltrip started the season with a seventh-place finish in the 2009 Daytona 500   However, because Waltrip consistently qualified and finished behind both his teammate Reutimann and MWR satellite driver Marcos Ambrose during the first half of 2009, he began to discuss retirement as a driver, stating that, as his team's owner, he would make himself retire as a driver if he was no longer competitive 
Prism Motorsports (2010)In 2010, Prism Motorsports, a mostly start and park team in a technical alliance with MWR, ran a second car full-time, numbered No  55  For Talladega, Bristol, Michigan and Sonoma, Waltrip drove the No  55 as part of Prism (Waltrip started and parked at Bristol and would have at Michigan had he qualified) 

Mark Martin and Brian Vickers (2012-2013)The No  55 returned in 2012 with Aaron's moving from the No  00 car and Mark Martin hired to drive 24 races in the car for the next two seasons  Michael Waltrip drove the car in the Budweiser Shootout and also drove in the Aaron's 499, Coke Zero 400, Quaker State 400, and Good Sam Club 500  Former Red Bull Racing Team driver Brian Vickers was hired to drive at both races at Bristol, Martinsville, New Hampshire, and the two road courses 
In 2013, the No  55 was again split  This time Waltrip would race 3 times under the No  55 team, Martin would race 24 more times, and Vickers would race 9 times  In 2013, the No  55 got its third NASCAR Sprint Cup victory at Loudon with Vickers driving  In the final laps, Vickers stole the lead from Tony Stewart and after a debris caution fought Stewart for the lead, ending with Stewart running out of gas in turn 3 just before the white flag; locking up the victory for Vickers  On August 13, it was announced that Vickers would run the No  55 full-time in 2014 and 2015 In early August, Tony Stewart broke his leg in a sprint car accident  It was determined that he would miss the rest of the year  Martin was hired to replace Stewart for most of the rest of the season except Talladega  Michael Waltrip Racing ultimately agreed to release Martin from the rest of his deal and give the No  55 over to Vickers early (except for Talladega, where Waltrip was going to drive the car)  However, blood clots discovered in Vickers' leg after the Charlotte race ended his season, necessitating the team to hire Elliott Sadler to drive the car for the remaining four races of the year 

Brian Vickers (2014-2015)Vickers returned from his medical issues in 2014, but missed the Chase in only his second full season since 2009 
Vickers will miss the first two races of the 2015 season after off-season surgery to repair a patch placed over a hole in his heart  Vickers Team owner and race driver Michael Waltrip will race the Daytona 500, while Brett Moffitt raced the No  55 for the Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500  Vickers returned for two races before he was sidelined again just before Fontana  Moffitt was named the interim driver and later declared his candidacy for Rookie of the Year 

David Ragan (2015)On April 24, it was announced that David Ragan would take over the No  55 beginning at Kansas  Ragan had several strong runs in the 55, with potential top 10 finishes at Sonoma, Bristol, Daytona, Pocono, Watkins Glen, Martinsville, and Charlotte, but fell victim to bad racing luck, with crashes or mechanical failures in many events  He was ultimately released and left for BK Racing when MWR closed its doors 

Car No  55 results
Car No  56 history
Martin Truex Jr  (2010-2013)

In 2010, Martin Truex Jr  replaced Waltrip as the driver for this team, renumbered as No  56  The No  56 team used the No  55's owner's points for 2010  Truex would join Bowyer in qualifying for the Chase for the Sprint Cup in 2012  On June 23, 2013, Truex won the Toyota Save/Mart 350 at Sonoma by 8 seconds over Jeff Gordon, his 2nd career victory (breaking a 218-race winless streak as a driver stretching back to June 3rd, 2007), and the 7th as well as final victory for MWR in the Series  Truex also had initially joined Bowyer again in the 2013 Chase, but controversy arose in the final race before the Chase at Richmond, in which MWR was found to have deliberately manipulated the end of the race in order to allow Truex to hold off Ryan Newman for a Chase spot (see above)   On September 9, NASCAR ejected Truex from the Chase and placed Newman in  On September 19, NAPA announced that it will no longer sponsor the No



ground_truth: National Institute of Dramatic Art

NIDA

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the last time the team that Terry Twell was a member of beat the 194-95 winner of the FA Cup?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  56  On October 14, it was announced that due to the lack of sponsorship or a driver, the car's points would be moved to a new research and development team starting in 2014, later named Identity Ventures Racing  It was also announced three days later that Truex was picked up by Furniture Row Racing to takeover the No  78 from the departing Kurt Busch 

Car No  56 results
Car No  66 history
In 2009, MWR fielded a car for Dave Blaney and Prism Motorsports at the Coca-Cola 600  The car was sponsored by Aaron's and used Prism's No  66 
In 2014, with no driver or sponsor lined up, the points from the former No  56 car was transferred to Identity Ventures Racing, owned by Nat Hardwick and Jay Robinson, and the number was changed to 66  The car was fielded out of the MWR shop for select races for Michael Waltrip, Jeff Burton, and Brett Moffitt, with Waltrip and Moffitt running select races with MWR support out of Robinson's shop  The other primary drivers were Joe Nemechek and Mike Wallace  Identity Ventures Racing folded after one season due to ownership issues, ending the satellite team 

Car No  98 history
Michael Waltrip Racing began racing in the Winston Cup Series in 2002, making its debut at the 2002 Aaron's 499  The car was the No  98 Aaron's Chevrolet Monte Carlo driven by Kenny Wallace  Wallace qualified 27th and finished 21st  Following that first race, Waltrip sold the No  98 and its owner points to Innovative Motorsports 
In October 2015, MWR leased the owner points from the No  98 of Premium Motorsports to field a car for Waltrip himself at the fall Talladega race  Premium is owned by  Jay Robinson, who was a partner in MWR's research and development team the previous season 

Nationwide Series
Car No  99 history
Michael Waltrip (1996-2006)
Waltrip made his debut as a car owner in 1996 driving the No  12 MW Windows Ford Thunderbird  He ran thirteen races that season, winning the pole at Richmond International Raceway and posting three top-five finishes  The next season, MWR switched to the No  21 with sponsorship from Band-Aid and had three fourth-place finishes, and had six top-ten finishes the following season  In 1998, Waltrip fielded a second car, the No  14 Rhodes Furniture Ford for Patty Moise full-time  Moise made 19 starts and a best finish of tenth at Bristol Motor Speedway, finishing 37th in points 
In 1999, Waltrip got his first career win as an owner/driver at the All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300  The next year, he switched to the No  7 as well as driving the No  99 car with Aarons sponsorship for three races, his best finish coming at Michigan International Speedway, where he placed second  Ted Christopher drove the No  99 at Memphis Motorsports Park with sponsorship from LesCare Kitchens, qualifying 29th and finishing 28th  MWR switched to the No  99 full-time in 2001, as Waltrip drove twelve races, his best finish third at the Aaron's 312  Waltrip also fielded the 99 for three races for Shawna Robinson, who had a 19th at Talladega Superspeedway, and Kerry Earnhardt, whose best finish was a 20th at Kentucky Speedway 
Waltrip had sole driving duties in 2002, running nineteen races and winning at Michigan International Speedway  The following season, he won at Bristol Motor Speedway  After making 31 starts in 2004 and winning at Nashville Superspeedway, Waltrip had only four top-tens in 2005  In 2006, Waltrip partnered with FitzBradshaw Racing to pick up FitzBradshaw's No  40 car's owner's points  He drove a majority of the races in 2006, with his brother Darrell and David Reutimann driving additional races using Evernham engines 

David Reutimann (2006-2008)David Reutimann drove the No  99 Aaron's Toyota Camry for Waltrip in 2007  He won his first career Nationwide Series race with the team at Memphis Motorsports Park in October, and finished second in points  In the latter part of 2007, MWR also fielded a second car with Michael McDowell to prepare him for a possible Sprint Cup career 

Trevor Bayne (2009-2010)
In 2009, the No  99 Toyota carried split by Michael Waltrip with sponsorship from Aaron's and Best Western, Trevor Bayne, and Scott Speed with sponsorship from Red Bull Energy Drink  For 2010 the team was co-purchased by former Diamond Ridge Motorsports owner Gary Betchel to form Diamond-Waltrip Racing to field development driver Trevor Bayne in the No  99 full-time for 2010, though they had limited sponsorship  Trevor Bayne left the team before the Kansas Speedway race in September  Martin Truex Jr  is the replacement driver for the rest of the 2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series  Also, the team fielded the No  00 NAPA Auto Parts/OUT! Pet Care Toyota for Ryan Truex and Truex Jr  on a limited basis in 2010 

Shut Down (2011)Travis Pastrana announced his intent to drive 7 races in 2011 with Boost Mobile, with Ryan Truex intending to run the remaining schedule minus the superspeedways  However, Pastrana was injured at X Games XVII and sat out the rest of 2011, stating that he would run the Nationwide Series in 2012  Truex's bid for Rookie of the Year was cut short when a lack of sponsorship forced the team to shut down briefly  The No  99 team returned for some races in 2011, with Cole Whitt driving at Charlotte and Patrick Carpentier driving his final race at Montreal  In 2012, MWR allied itself with Nationwide Series team RAB Racing to field Pastrana for 7 races  He would later join Roush Fenway Racing for 2013 

Craftsman Truck Series
Truck No  1 history
In 1996, Michael Waltrip drove the No  1 truck with sponsorship MW Windows at Las Vegas where he started 27th and finished 4th 
In 1997, Michael drove three races this season starting at Daytona, Martinsville and Fontana  The No  1 truck has new sponsorship Citgo, and Band-Aid 

Partnerships and alliances
MWR-AF Corse
In 2011 MWR entered into a technical alliance with AF Corse to provide them sportscars to race in the FIA World Endurance Championship and Tudor United SportsCar Championship (formerly Rolex Sports Car Series) competing under the AF Corse-Waltrip banner 

MWR-Prism Motorsports
At the start of the 2009 season, MWR entered into a technical alliance with Prism Motorsports for the 2009 season   Prism entered the No  66 car in each race, normally driven by Dave Blaney but also driven by Terry Labonte at the Daytona 500 and Michael McDowell at the Aaron's 499, with one-race sponsorship also provided by Aaron's for the 2009 Coca-Cola 600   MWR provided Prism with cars, engines and technical support   Prism became notorious as a start and park operation, only running a full race when the team had full sponsorship for the race, but the team has qualified for almost every race of the 2009 Sprint Cup season using the MWR equipment, sometimes beating out fully sponsored teams For 2010, Prism added a second car provided by MWR, the No  55, driven by former MWR Sprint Cup driver Michael McDowell   As of the start of the season, Prism had no sponsorship for either car   Prism co-owner Phil Parsons credited MWR with "allow[ing] us to purchase the cars and equipment we needed to grow our program "  Although Blaney failed to qualify for the Daytona 500, McDowell succeeded in qualifying for the starting field, using Michael Waltrip's old No  55 car   For Talladega, Waltrip drove the No  55 car for Prism, with Aaron's providing sponsorship 

MWR-Germain Racing
Germain Racing was an existing NASCAR Nationwide Series team that entered into Sprint Cup racing through a technical alliance with MWR beginning with two races during the 2008 season, with MWR supplying the No  13 Toyota Camry and technical support for Germain and driver Max Papis   Papis had previously driven for MWR vice president Cal Wells in the CART series In 2009, Germain Racing attempted to run a limited schedule in the Sprint Cup Series with Papis and sponsor GEICO  The team qualified for 15 races in 21 attempts   Germain planned to run full-time in 2010, but it might be required to start and park some unscheduled events due to its limited sponsorship from GEICO and lack of additional sponsorship   In the first event of the 2010 season, Papis qualified for the Daytona 500,  and since then, the No  13 Toyota Camry has qualified for four of the first five races 
In 2004, Michael Waltrip Racing began at partnership with Best Western that continues today  In 2011 for example, the hotel served as the primary sponsor for the Number 00 Toyota Camry driven by David Reutimann for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series 

Diamond-Waltrip Racing
After the 2009 season, MWR sold the assets of its Nationwide team to Gary Bechtel and his Diamond Ridge Motorsports  Running the under the moniker of Diamond-Waltrip Racing, Bechtel's team ran the No  99 Toyota for MWR drivers Trevor Bayne, Ryan Truex, And Martin Truex Jr  and received technical support, equipment, owner's points, and employees from Waltrip 

Waltrip-Jasper Racing
On January 20, 2006, Michael Waltrip and president of Jasper Motorsports, Doug Bawel, announced the forming of Waltrip-Jasper Racing  Waltrip-Jasper Racing fielded the No  55 NAPA Auto Parts Car in the 2006 Nextel Cup Series, driven by Waltrip  Bawel, as the listed owner of the No  77 that he fielded with Roger Penske in 2005, had a guaranteed starting spot in the first five races of 2006 by virtue of finishing 34th in the 2005 owner points  This enabled Waltrip to make the first five races in 2006 without qualifying on time The Waltrip-Jasper partnership ceased at the end of the 2006 season 

Waltrip-PPI Racing
The partnership of Michael Waltrip Racing and PPI Motorsports was officially announced on February 10, 2007  The partnership was limited to the No  00 car, driven by David Reutimann  Cal Wells was listed as the owner and the 2006 owner points for the No  32 were transferred to the No  00 for the 2007 season  The partnership included the purchase of all equipment and personnel at PPI Motorsports, as the former No  32 pit crew became the No  00 pit crew The Waltrip-PPI partnership ceased at the end of the 2007 season, with Cal Wells moving to a management position at Waltrip Racing 

MWR-RAB Racing / Pastrana-Waltrip Racing
For 2011, MWR and X-Games gold medal driver Travis Pastrana announced a partnership known as Pastrana-Waltrip Racing  Pastrana would run seven races out of the MWR shop in the Nationwide Series for 2011, with Boost Mobile sponsoring the effort  Pastrana would then run 20 races in 2012  Pastrana would also run in the K&N Pro Series East, making his stock car debut in the Toyota All-Star Showdown  MWR development driver Ryan Truex would fill out the rest of the schedule  Red Bull development driver Cole Whitt ran at Charlotte in May  An ankle injury to Pastrana in X Games competition, however, sidelined him for the season prior to making any starts, and lack of funding forced the team to shut down mid-season MWR and Pastrana planned to restart Pastrana's NASCAR career in 2012, with the team being renamed Pastrana 199 Racing  On April 17, 2012, the team announced a partnership with Nationwide Series team RAB Racing  With RAB lacking a sponsor for regular driver Kenny Wallace and MWR unable to afford fielding the Nationwide team, the two teams formed a partnership to have Pastrana run in his previously assigned 7 races  RAB's number was changed from No  09 to No  99, and the team received additional cars and support from MWR  RAB crew chief Scott Zippadelli worked with Pastrana in his starts  Coincidentally, Ryan Truex ran several races for the team under RAB though he had been granted his release from MWR  RAB fielded MWR driver Patrick Carpentier with NAPA at Montreal in July  Though the partnership ended after the 2012 season, RAB continues to use the number 99 

MWR-Identity Ventures Racing
In 2014, a MWR satellite team, Identity Ventures Racing, was formed, fielding the No  66 Toyota Camry   MWR provided tires and technical assistance, with some races receiving more support than others (depending on sponsorship)  Races with more sponsorship received more support for MWR   Michael Waltrip, Joe Nemechek, Jeff Burton and Brett Moffitt were the primary drivers in 2014  As the season continued, Nemechek and Burton's races began getting handed to younger drivers  Moffitt began to take Burton and Nemechek's races, with neither veteran finishing the season in the No  66  IVR shut down after just one season when team co-owner Nat Hardwick was involved in an embezzlement scandal involving his companies Landcastle Title and Morris-Hardwick-Schneider (which were the team's primary sponsors) 

Michael Waltrip Racing executive team
Ty Norris
Norris was the E V P  of Business Development and was also the General Manager  Ty Norris’ career in NASCAR span the course of 15 years and includes some of the sport's most recognizable names – Dale Earnhardt, Inc , Speedway Motorsports, Inc  and RJ Reynolds  Over the past few years, Norris applied his industry knowledge to help grow Michael Waltrip Racing and negotiate key partnerships with sponsors, such as, NAPA Auto Parts, Aaron's and TUMS 
Larry Johns
Larry Johns was the E V P  and CFO  As Chief Financial Officer Larry Johns was primarily responsible for managing the 250-employee company's cash flow as well as communicating the team's strategic direction for execution from the shop floor to the racetrack  Johns previously served as CFO of PPI Motorsports, LLC and prior to that owned his own business for almost a decade 
Scott Miller Executive Vice President of Competition
Bobby Kennedy
Kennedy was the E V P  of Race Operations  Kennedy's NASCAR career began in 1987 and includes affiliations with organizations such as SABCO and Petty Enterprises  He joined Michael Waltrip Racing in January 2001 

Former employees
Cal Wells – 
Wells was the E V P  and COO  Wells has a rich racing history and his motorsports experience spans over 30 years  Wells has achieved quite a bit in his career and his business savvy has allowed him to become
an owner himself in a variety of racing series  In his most recent role, Wells was in charge of overseeing day-to-day operations for three NSCS teams and one NNS team at Michael Waltrip Racing  Wells was terminated from his position in July 2011 Steve Hallam
Hallam was the E V P  and Director of Competition  Hallam moved from England to North Carolina when he joined Michael Waltrip Racing before the 2009 season, giving up his job as head of race operations for McLaren after 27 years as an engineer and manager in Formula One  His resume includes 445 Grands Prix and six world championships  Hallam was terminated from his position in July 2011 

Raceworld USA
Raceworld USA, located in Cornelius, North Carolina, was the race shop and center of operations for Michael Waltrip Racing   The main shop facility consisted of 107,000 square feet (9,900 m2) while the fabrication shop consisted of the remaining 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) Raceworld USA was also intended to be a tourist attraction  The shop featured elevated walkways and flat screen televisions, providing fans with an interactive inside look on how a race team functions  Also, Raceworld USA allowed patrons to hold events at the race shop 
The exhibit content in the facility was designed by Portland, Oregon–based Downstream 

Controversy
In 2010, Michael Waltrip Racing filed a lawsuit against the Williams F1 team, for reportedly stealing one of their employees while he was under contract with MWR  The employee in question was Mike Coughlan, who was a F1 engineer involved in a cheating scandal in 2007  While he was suspended from F1, Coughlan worked as an engineer for the team  When his suspension from F1 was over, he allegedly went back to the Williams team while still under contract with MWR, which MWR alleged caused the team to suffer financially  The lawsuit was settled out of court in October 2011; the settlement was very amicable, as Waltrip later invited Coughlan to a future race as a guest of the team Just before its shutdown at the end of 2015, MWR was sued by former tire carrier Brandon Hopkins  Hopkins was injured in a pit road accident that required surgery while serving Clint Bowyer's car  Hopkins accused MWR of blacklisting him, wrongfully terminating his contract with the team, libel, and intentional interference with his efforts to find work at another team  Michael Waltrip Racing counter-sued Hopkins, saying that he stole pit guns from the team which was the cause of his firing  In their countersuit against Hopkins, MWR asked to be reimbursed for the pit guns and for any claims by Hopkins to be dismissed  After years of back-and-forth between Hopkins and the defunct team, it was announced in November 2017 that "both parties are pleased to announce that they have amicably resolved their disputes in their entirety and wish each other well in the future "
Passage 7:
1894–95 FA Cup
The 1894–95 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup)  The cup was won by Aston Villa, who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London  This was Villa's second victory in the FA Cup 
The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W  Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward  According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer  The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game 
Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week  If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played 

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final 

First round proper
The first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams  The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division  The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition  Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper  Eight non-league sides also qualified 
The matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895  One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture  The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played   The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool 

Second round proper
The eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895  There were two replays, played in the following midweek fixture 

Third round proper
The four Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 2 March 1895  There were no replays 

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 16 March 1895  Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion went on to meet in the final at Crystal Palace 

Final
The Final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace  Aston Villa won 1–0, with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history, scored after just 30 seconds  Devey found Hodgetts, whose cross was laid off by Athersmith to Chatt, whose half volley took a deflection 

Match details
See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-



ground_truth: 1 December 2010