prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the mascot of the school that owns Goss Stadium at Coleman Field?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Benny Beaver
Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign  The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s 

Mascot history
The university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908  The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as "The Beaver" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot  The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon  For several early publishings, students at this school also used "The Beaver" as their yearbook's title Oregon State University's first documented use of "Benny Beaver" was found in a photograph showing students posing next to a statue of a beaver inscribed with the name "Benny Beaver " The photograph appears in the 1942 edition of the yearbook 

Prior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as John Richard Newton Bell (1893–1928)  A longtime member of the university's board of regents, Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's victories over Oregon  He was said to have tossed his top hat into the water as a token of celebration  Earlier mascots include "Jimmie" the Coyote (1892–1893) and "Bulldog" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad)  The beaver mascot's name, "Benny," was officially adopted in 1945  Two failed attempts to maintain a live beaver mascot include Bevo Beaver (rescued from Mary's River in 1921 and later stolen ) and Billy Beaver 
The early Benny Beaver "cartoon" icon/logo was created by famous graphic illustrator, and former Disney employee, Arthur C  Evans  As the art director for Angelus Pacific Company, Evans submitted his design to OSU and it was approved for use in 1951  His logos were used at hundreds of other universities and high schools throughout the nation  Evans' beaver logo also appeared in the 1985 movie Teen Wolf 
During the 1940s, students carted a beaver statue in parades throughout the state and around the stadium on game days  The statue was patterned after an earlier bronze statue that also went by the name "Benny "  Although the name "Benny" was adopted prior to the 1940s, a 1941 yearbook picture captions the statue as "Bill Beaver"  The following yearbook (1942) a photo of the same beaver statue is cited with the name "Benny Beaver"  After the statue's demise, the name "Benny" was regularly used in a popular sports column in The Daily Barometer - known as "The Gnawed Log "
The first live appearance during an athletic event by a mascot named "Benny", was September 18, 1952 and performed by Ken Austin  Austin later founded Newberg, Oregon-based A-dec, the largest privately held dental equipment manufacturer in North America  Austin is now a major Oregon State donor Between the early 1980s and mid-1990s, Benny was often joined at sporting events by a co-mascot, known as "Bernice Beaver "
In 1998 No Dinx, a graphic design shop in Albany, Oregon, redesigned the logo for the first time in nearly 50 years (shown below)  In March 2013, working together with Nike, Oregon State University unveiled the latest, newly redesigned version, of the Benny Beaver logo  The new logo replaced the No Dinx design  The Benny Beaver costume also changed to match the new logo in 2001  Benny wears #0 at football games and #0 at basketball games  Past numbers have included #100 (football) and #6 (basketball) 
In December 2010, Benny Beaver was ranked 13th on a list titled 20 Worst Behaved Mascots Of All Time  Despite the bad press, Benny Beaver won the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign, earning the mascot program $1000 and inclusion in the following year's Capital One All-America Mascot Team 
Passage 2:
Carl Wooten Field
Carl Wooten Field is a stadium in Goodwell, Oklahoma on the campus of Oklahoma Panhandle State University  Carl Wooten Field is the home stadium for PSU's American football and track and field teams  It has also hosted local soccer matches 
The capacity of the stadium is 5,000, mostly seated in the main stand  The main stand is colored red, white, and blue and reads "OPSU" in white letters which cover the stand's central area from top to bottom 

External links
D2 Football - Carl Wooten Field
Passage 3:
Sandy Goss
Donald Alexander Goss (born 2 October 1968), nicknamed Sandy Goss, is a former competition swimmer from Canada   Goss was a freestyle and backstroke specialist who was an Olympic silver medalist 

Early years
Goss was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia in 1968   At the age of 8, Goss' family moved to Toronto and he began swimming for the North York Aquatic Club   At age 11, he was a member of the Canadian tour team that traveled to Germany and won two silver medals   At 17, Goss set a new short-course world record in the 200-metres backstroke at the Canadian Nationals 

College career
Goss received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he swam for the Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition under coach Randy Reese from 1987 to 1990   Goss, together with Duffy Dillon, Paul Robinson and Troy Dalbey, won the NCAA national championship in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay in 1987   He also won three Southeastern Conference (SEC) individual championships in the 100-metre backstroke (1987) and the 200-metre backstroke (1987, 1988), as well as seven SEC championships as a member of winning Gators relay teams   Goss received twenty-three All-American honors during his four-year American college swimming career   He graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in marketing in 1991 

International career
Goss represented Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California   In 1984, he won a silver medal with the Canadian team by swimming the freestyle anchor leg in the men's 4x100-metre medley relay   Goss was also a member of Canada's fifth-place team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, and seventh-place team in the men's 4x100-metre freestyle relay   Individually, he placed seventh in the 100-metre backstroke Four years later, he again swam for Canada in four events at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea   He again earned a silver medal by swimming the freestyle leg for Canada's second-place team in the 4x100-metre medley relay   He was also a member of the Canadian eighth-place team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, and ninth-place team in the men's 4x100-metre freestyle relay   In individual competition, he advanced to the semifinals of the 100-metre freestyle, and finished with the tenth best time overall He was a double gold medalist at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, winning championships in the 200-metre backstroke and 4x100-metre medley relay, and also won silver medals as a member of the second-place Canadian teams in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay and 4x200-metre freestyle relay 

Life after swimming
Goss and Jane Kerr were inducted into the Swimming Canada Circle of Excellence Hall of Fame in 2006   He lives in Toronto with his wife Judy, with whom he has two children, including competitive swimmer Kennedy Goss, who was named to Canada's Olympic team in 2016 and won a bronze medal in the women's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay   As of 2006, he was working as a stock broker for Research Capital in Toronto 

See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Olympians
Passage 4:
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field is a college baseball park in the northwest United States, on the campus of Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon   It is home to the Oregon State Beavers of the Pac-12 Conference  Through the 2014 season, OSU had an all-time record of 1134–474–1 ( 705) at the venue 

History
The field was established in 116 years ago in 1907, with the first game on April 12  The baseball diamond was later named "Ralph Coleman Field" for the head coach who stepped down after 35 years following the 1966 season 
The Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard was added to Ralph Coleman Field in 1986 in memory of the 1981 freshman outfielder, who died in a freak accident just three days prior to his first season with the Beavers   The scoreboard remained in use until its replacement in 2006 
In the late fall of 1998, after many years of talks regarding upgrading the bleachers, concession stands, and the press box, a major remodel was undertaken, in large part due to a $2 3 million donation by John and Eline Goss   Completed before the start of the 1999 season, the addition of the all new stadium put to rest the idea that the Beavers may not be able to continue to play at their longtime home   With the field located in the middle of campus, there had been discussion of the land being turned over to academic uses  The first official game at Goss Stadium at Coleman field was played March 12, 1999 Lights were added to the stadium in 2002, allowing the Beavers to play their first night game at home on April 27, a 4–1 victory over the fourth-ranked Stanford Cardinal 
In the summer of 2006, after the Beavers' first national championship, a state-of-the-art scoreboard was installed, replacing the Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard   This scoreboard featured the first video replay screen in the conference   The natural grass (and dirt) infield was replaced with FieldTurf in late 2006, in time for the 2007 season  The pitcher's mound and home plate area were the only portions that remained dirt  The basepaths and "skin" portion are FieldTurf, colored dark orange   The home plate area at Goss Stadium was later covered with FieldTurf, leaving only the pitcher's mound with dirt 
In May 2008, the Goss Stadium expansion project which consisted of extending the stadium down the 1st and 3rd baselines, was completed   This expansion raised the capacity from 2,000 to 3,248 spectators   The Omaha Room, a suite overlooking the field along the first base line, was built during the expansion project   An academic center as well as the Oregon State Baseball Hall of Fame area celebrating its rich baseball history were also added and are housed underneath the Omaha Room suite 
The official stadium capacity is currently at 3,587   In the 2013 season, home games averaged 2,676 fans per game (24th best among Division I baseball programs) as the Beavers tied an all-time season best 27–5 record at home In 2014, former Oregon State center fielder and MLB All-Star, Jacoby Ellsbury, donated $1 million as part of a $3 million renovation project  Construction was completed in February 2015 adding a beer garden standing deck for fans above a new home team locker room  Also in the winter of 2015, new FieldTurf was installed that covered the entire field, from the backstop to the outfield fence, removing the last remaining natural turf from Coleman Field   The only natural surface remaining was the dirt pitchers mound 
Prior to the start of the 2016 season, the existing scoreboard was removed to accommodate the upgrade which will replace all existing scoreboard elements with one large LED videoboard that is projected to be twice as large from its predecessor The facility has hosted 11 NCAA Regional Tournaments (1952, 1963, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022), as well as 7 NCAA Super-Regional Tournaments (2005, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2022)   As of 2023, Oregon State has posted an impressive mark of 39–11 in postseason games at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field 

Facility
Opened over a century ago, Coleman Field is located near the center of campus and is the oldest continuous ballpark in the nation The playing field has an unorthodox alignment, with the batter and catcher facing southeast, resulting in difficult visual conditions for the fielders on the left side of the diamond for games played near sunset  (The recommended orientation of a baseball diamond is east-northeast ) The field's elevation is approximately 240 feet (75 m) above sea level 
Since 2007, the stadium is the home field of the Corvallis Knights of the West Coast League, a collegiate summer league 

See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Passage 5:
Javelina Stadium
Javelina Stadium is a stadium in Kingsville, Texas   It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of Texas A&M University–Kingsville   The stadium holds 15,000 people and opened in 1950 
A new scoreboard was installed during the 2006 football season   The scoreboard is the largest scoreboard in NCAA Division II   The scoreboard is 36 feet (11 m) wide and 36 feet (11 m) tall and stands 12 feet (3 7 m) off the ground   The video display is over 15 feet (5 m) tall and 20 feet (6 m) wide   It features a three camera system and a fully functional production room located under the east side grandstand   It also features a new sound system 
As the home of the Javelinas, the stadium has seen Texas A&M-Kingsville win 7 National Championships in 1959, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1979   Also of note, the Javelinas achieved a 42-game winning streak - undefeated and untied from their last game of 1973 through the third game of 1977 
In addition to college football, the stadium serves as the home of Henrietta M  King High School's football team and is often selected as a neutral site for high school football playoff games 
From 2001 to 2011, it hosted the Cactus Bowl, an all-star game for NCAA Division II seniors 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Jim Coleman (musician)
James F  Coleman is an American musician who plays keyboards and sampler  He was a member of the 1990s noise rock band Cop Shoot Cop, and afterwards worked as a solo musician specializing in instrumental electronic music and film scores 

Biography
He was a founding member of New York's Cop Shoot Cop, and performed under a variety of stage names: Cripple Jim (he toured on crutches due to a broken leg), and usually as Filer  For most of their existence the band had two bassists and no guitar, leaving Coleman's keyboards to occupy much of the middle-frequency range normally filled by a guitarist in a rock band  Coleman's use of found sounds and other unusual noises was described as "inventive" by critics Art Black David Sprague of Trouser Press  On Release (1994), Cop Shoot Cop's final album, Coleman relied more on conventional piano playing rather than his early sample-based approach He has recorded solo albums as Phylr and the closely related project Here (with Teho Teardo) and collaborates with JG Thirlwell as Baby Zizanie Most recently, Coleman has released the ambient album Trees (2012) under his own name  He has been doing sporadic live shows of this material in Europe and the US Additionally, Coleman has scored a good number of indie films and TV series  Indie features emerging in 2014 are "Exposed" by Beth B and "Stay Then Go" by Shelli Ainsworth  He has worked with directors such as Todd Phillips, Hal Hartley, Richard Kern and Danny Leitner Coleman is currently working on a number of music tracks that are based on recordings of people's near death experiences In 2018-2019, Coleman co-formed a new group called Human Impact 
Passage 7:
DU Stadium
DU Stadium, sometimes referred to as Hilltop Stadium, was a stadium in the western United States, located on the campus of the University of Denver in Denver, Colorado  Built 97 years ago in 1926, the crescent-shaped main grandstand design on the west sideline was based on other similar-sized stadiums from the same time period, Brown Stadium and Cornell's Schoellkopf Field, both in the Ivy League 
It hosted Denver Pioneers football until the program was discontinued in early 1961, due to mounting deficits  The stadium had a seating capacity of 30,000 at its peak, and the natural grass field had a conventional north–south orientation at an elevation of 5,350 feet (1,630 m) above sea level  Nearly half a century in age, it was torn down in the early 1970s 

Stadium history
DU played its first football game in 1885, and by 1909 had moved to a 10,000-seat grandstand in University Park  By 1924, DU football had outgrown that grandstand, and DU alumni decided to launch an ambitious public bond drive to fund a new stadium  The university broke ground for Hilltop Stadium in March 1925 

Construction
The construction costs ran just under $571,000, with the project using one million board-feet of lumber, 7,000 cubic feet (200 m3) of concrete and 295 tons of steel  Gavin Hadden, an engineer whose office was in New York City, designed the stadium; he also designed the football stadiums at Cornell, Brown, and Northwestern  The community called the new structure by the nickname “Monument to Concrete ” The famous sculptor Robert Garrison created two massive figures of athletes, one male and one female, for the stadium's main entrance as symbols of the value of coeducation and “the vitality, the vigor, and the strength of modern American youth” 
In the venue's first official game, DU defeated Colorado School of Mines 27–7  However, no regional match-up overshadowed the annual rivalry game between DU and the University of Colorado, Boulder (CU) on Thanksgiving Day  This Front Range tradition came to end when CU moved to the Big Seven Conference in 1948  The facility also hosted other sports during its history, including soccer and track and field 
The use of Hilltop Stadium extended beyond the realm of athletic competition as well: aviator Charles Lindbergh visited the Denver landmark during a parade held in his honor in 1927, several months after his solo transatlantic flight  Hilltop Stadium also hosted outdoor theater productions and DU commencement ceremonies for a number of years 
The U S  Air Force Academy Falcons shared the stadium with DU until their new Falcon Stadium opened in Colorado Springs in 1962  Additionally, the professional Denver Broncos, a charter AFL franchise, played eleven pre-season and two early regular season games at DU stadium in the early and mid-1960s  Perhaps the most famous of those DU-hosted Bronco games was the 1967 pre-season game on August 5, when the Broncos beat the Detroit Lions in the first inter-league exhibition game  The Broncos' home venue, Bears Stadium (later renamed "Mile High"), was shared with the Triple-A Denver Bears baseball club of the American Association (and Pacific Coast League) 

Demolition
The university decided to demolish Hilltop Stadium in 1971  The venue had started to crumble, and after the discontinuation of the DU football program in January 1961, a costly reconstruction of the main grandstand seemed unwarranted  Although the large crescent-shaped section on the west side was removed, the far smaller section to the east remained until 1974 
DU also needed the space for its growing intramural sports program: new plans included ten lighted tennis courts and three regulation-sized playing fields for a wide variety of sports  Today, the Benjamin F  Stapleton, Jr  Tennis Pavilion, Diane Wendt Sports Field, University of Denver Soccer Stadium and Peter Barton Lacrosse Stadium, all stand on the site of the old Hilltop Stadium 
A few remnants of the stadium remain today  The light towers now stand in working order at Englewood High School's football field, and the old line markers are housed at the Anderson Academic Commons, formerly the Penrose Library on the DU campus 

Bibliography
Fisher, Steve  “The Short, Happy Life of Hilltop Stadium ” University of Denver Magazine  Winter 2006  3 Oct  2008 
Haraway, Frank O  “Football ” A Tribute to Champions  Ed  Erik Prenzler  Denver: Mile High Alumni Boosters, 1985  8-10 
Moffett, Jessie  “Statues Will Be Placed in Niches by October 25, Sculptor Announces ” The Clarion 26 September 1926: 3 
“Say Goodbye to an Oldtimer… ” Communiqué (DU Faculty and Staff Publication) 21 June 1971 
Passage 8:
A League of Their Own
A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Penny Marshall that tells a fictionalized account of the real-life All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL)  It stars Tom Hanks, Geena Davis, Madonna, Lori Petty, Rosie O'Donnell, Jon Lovitz, David Strathairn, Garry Marshall and Bill Pullman  It was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson 
A League of Their Own was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $132 4 million worldwide and garnering acclaim for Marshall's direction and the performances of its ensemble cast  In 2012, the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Plot
In 1988, Dottie Hinson attends the opening of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame  She sees many former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943 
When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, Chicago Cubs owner Walter Harvey persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league  Ira Lowenstein is put in charge  Scout Ernie Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy  She is not interested; she is happy with her life while waiting for her husband Bob to return from the war  Her younger sister Kit Keller, however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself  Capadino is unimpressed by Kit's batting and refuses to watch her pitch, but agrees to take her along if she changes Dottie's mind  Dottie agrees for her sister's sake 
Dottie and Kit travel to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout  They meet taxi dancer Mae "All the Way Mae" Mordabito and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy, soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner, illiterate left fielder Shirley Baker, pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander, left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn, second baseman Marla Hooch, first baseman Helen Haley, and Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers  They and five others constitute the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others make up the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox 
The Peaches are managed by former star Cubs slugger Jimmy Dugan, a cynical alcoholic  He initially treats the whole thing as a joke, forcing Dottie to take over as on-field leader initially  Dugan is also abrasive toward his players  The team travels with Evelyn's spoiled bratty son Stillwell and tightly wound team chaperone Miss Cuthburt  With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular, as the league has attracted little attention  Dottie obliges, catching a popped-up ball behind home plate while doing a split  The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover  A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced 
The teammates bond  Marla marries a man named Nelson whom she met on a raucous roadhouse outing and leaves the team for the rest of the season, Mae teaches Shirley to read, and Evelyn writes a team song  Lowenstein makes Dottie the face of the league, making Kit resentful  Their sibling rivalry intensifies, resulting in Kit's trade to the Racine Belles 
The Peaches end the season with the league's best record, qualifying for the World Series  Jimmy gives Betty a telegram informing her that her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater  Grief-stricken, she leaves the team  That evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob shows up, having been wounded and discharged from the Army  Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob  Unable to persuade her to play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision 
The Peaches face the Belles in the World Series, which goes the full seven games  Dottie rejoins the Peaches for the seventh game, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles  With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run  Kit is distraught, but gets a second chance when she comes to bat with two outs in the bottom of the ninth  She gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand 
The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support  After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves with Bob 
In the present, Dottie is reunited with the other players, including Kit, Capadino and Lowenstein  The surviving Peaches sing Evelyn's team song and pose for a photo  During the closing credits, they play baseball at Doubleday Field 

Cast
Rockford Peaches
Others
Production
Development
Director Penny Marshall was inspired by the 1987 TV documentary A League of their Own, about the AAGPBL  She had never heard of the league, and contacted the film's creators, Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson, to collaborate with the scriptwriters, Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz, on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox  Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce it 

Casting
On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant " Debra Winger was then cast as Dottie and spent three months training with the Chicago Cubs in preparation  However, she dropped out of the production four weeks before the start of principal photography, later saying that the casting of Madonna was the reason for her decision  Marshall chose Geena Davis to replace Winger USC assistant baseball coach Bill Hughes was the film’s technical adviser and put the film’s ensemble cast through baseball camp three months before filming 

Filming
Principal photography began July 10, 1991  Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball, and the large bruise seen on actress Renée Coleman's thigh was real 
Discussing the skirts they wore playing in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs  It was nutty " In a 2021 interview, Petty claimed to have broken her foot during filming, but reiterated her enjoyment of the shoot and the understanding of the film's importance at the time The tryout scene, at a fictional Major League Baseball stadium in Chicago called Harvey Field, was filmed at the Chicago Cubs' home stadium, Wrigley Field  The Rockford Peaches' home games were filmed at League Stadium in Huntingburg, Indiana, and the championship game against Racine was filmed at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana  Additional games were filmed at Jay Littleton Ball Park in Ontario, California  The final week of shooting was during late October 1991 in Cooperstown, New York, where 65 original AAGPBL members appeared in scenes recreating the induction of the league into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988  Due to the length of the schedule, the cast entertained themselves by putting on an elaborate amateur production, "Jesus Christ Superstar Goes Hawaiian "

Soundtrack
A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992  The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992  Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons 

Reception
Box office
A League of Their Own was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13 2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns  In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11 5 million and finishing first  It ended up a commercial success, making $107 5 million in the United States and Canada, but only $24 9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132 4 million against a production budget of $40 million 

Critical response
The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast 
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 81% based on 79 reviews, with an average score of 7/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast " On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 69 based 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "Though big of budget, A League of Their Own is one of the year's most cheerful, most relaxed, most easily enjoyable comedies  It's a serious film that's lighter than air, a very funny movie that manages to score a few points for feminism in passing " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: "The movie has a real bittersweet charm  The baseball sequences, we've seen before  What's fresh are the personalities of the players, the gradual unfolding of their coach and the way this early chapter of women's liberation fit into the hidebound traditions of professional baseball "

Accolades
On December 19, 2012, it was announced that A League of Their Own would be preserved in the United States National Film Registry Jimmy Dugan's (Tom Hanks) remark to Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), "There's no crying in baseball!", was ranked 54th on the American Film Institute's 2005 list AFI's 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes 

20th anniversary Blu-ray edition
A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012 47 former AAGPBL players reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it  Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting AAGPBL players and family meeting to honor the Women's Professional Baseball League  The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed  Bosse Field still retains many of the Racine Belles themes from the movie  The event included an outdoor screening of the film, and a display of cars featured in the film  In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse, that was renovated for it 

Spinoffs
A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, Freddie Simpson, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles  Carey Lowell took over Geena Davis's role  Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast 
On August 6, 2020, Amazon Video ordered a reboot series with the same title as the movie  The series debuted on August 12, 2022 on  Amazon  On March 14, 2023 it was announced that the rebooted series would end with a four-episode second season bringing the total number of episodes of the series to twelve after having aired eight episodes in its first season 

See also
Women in baseball
List of baseball films
Passage 9:
Linda and Terry Fuller Track
Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex is a multi-use stadium in Lubbock, Texas on the campus of Texas Tech University where it serves as home to Red Raider track and field  Formerly, it was also the home of the women's soccer team before they moved to the John Walker Soccer Complex  The stadium seats 3,500 

Usage
The 2013 Big 12 Conference Outdoor Track & Field Championship was hosted at the Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex on May 16–18, 2014 
Passage 10:
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on the campus of Bellarmine University in Louisville, Kentucky  The facility serves as home to Bellarmine's soccer, field hockey, lacrosse, and track and field teams  The stadium opened on August 24, 2007 in a Bellarmine Knights women's soccer game, and was officially dedicated on August 28, 2007  Construction took approximately 18 months and was completed at an estimated cost of $5 1 million 
On February 20, 2010, the plaza area of the stadium was named after men's lacrosse coach Jack McGetrick  The plaza houses the locker rooms, concessions, and restrooms for the stadium  McGetrick started the lacrosse program at Bellarmine in 2004 and is well known throughout the lacrosse community 

Features
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium incorporates several innovative features, including:

Artificial turf  The artificial turf at the stadium has permanent markings for soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse  A complex drainage system is incorporated into the design to allow for play in all weather conditions  The "24/7" artificial field surface is named Joseph P  and Janet A  Clayton Field 
Stadium lighting  The lighting system features redirected lighting which bends spill lighting back on to the field, drastically reducing the amount of light which will fall outside the stadium's perimeter 
Track surface  The track is an eight-lane, 400-meter track, featuring three long jump pits, two pole vault areas, a high jump pit, and a steeplechase water jump pit  The surface is a dual-durometer, polyurethane poured surface provided by Beynon Sport Surfaces, the same company which has installed tracks at other top college facilities including at Illinois, Maryland, and Purdue 
Passage 11:
Skip Wilson Field
Skip Wilson Field is a baseball stadium in Ambler, Pennsylvania  It is the home field of the Arcadia University baseball team which moved to the ballfield in 2018 

Temple University
It was the home field of the Temple Owls baseball team until the end of the 2014 season, when the school cut the program   The stadium holds 1,000 spectators and opened in 2004   It is named after former Owls baseball coach James "Skip" Wilson Temple played their first game at the field on March 25, 2004, and beat University of the Sciences 6-2  Four other projected home openers had been canceled due to either bad weather or poor field conditions The field was originally called Temple's Ambler Field in reference to its location at Temple's Ambler campus  The university began to refer to the ball-field as Skip Wilson Field in 2006  On April 28, 2007, Temple University-Ambler celebrated “Skip Wilson Day" when the university officially dedicated Skip Wilson Field at Ambler in honor of the coach Prior to Skip Wilson Field, Temple baseball played its home games at Erny Field at Mount Pleasant Avenue and Michener Street in the West Oak Lane section of Philadelphia 

See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Passage 12:
Dugout (baseball)
In baseball, the dugout is a team's bench and is located in foul territory between home plate and either first or third base  There are two dugouts, one for the home team and one for the visiting team  In general, the dugout is occupied by all players not prescribed to be on the field at that particular time, as well as coaches and other personnel authorized by the league  The players' equipment (gloves, bats, batting helmets, catcher's equipment, etc ) is usually stored in the dugout 
In baseball, the manager, with the help of his assistants, will dictate offensive strategy from the dugout by sending hand signals to the first and third base coaches  To avoid detection, the first and third base coaches will then translate those hand signals into their own set of hand signals and then send them on to the batter and runners 

Origin
The term dugout refers to the area being slightly depressed below field level, as is common in professional baseball  The prevailing theory of the origin of locating the dugouts below field level is that it allowed spectators seated behind the dugouts to see the field, specifically the home plate area  Unlike most other sports, the primary action in baseball is centered on one area – home plate – and obstructing this area from fans' view, even if by players on the bench, would not be popular with fans 

Not all dugouts are located below the field level  At the major league level, the few dugouts that are located at the field level are in multi-purpose stadiums to simplify the conversion from baseball configuration to another sports field configuration  At such ballparks, the seating area is raised such that the dugouts do not obstruct the spectators' view  Dugouts are also at field level at most amateur ballparks, where locating them below field level would be cost prohibitive or otherwise not beneficial  In these cases, the term "dugout" still applies, as does "bench " In the early days of professional baseball, the seating areas were often constructed high enough that the bench was at field level 

Variations
Most professional and collegiate ballparks feature dugouts that are below the field level, with concrete steps along the entire length of the dugout  Some feature a railing along the top step, or "lip", while others are open 
In most Major League Baseball ballparks, as well as many minor league ballparks, the dugout is directly connected to the clubhouse by a tunnel 
Most high school, Little League, and recreational ballparks feature dugouts that are at the field level, usually separated from the playing field by chain-link fencing 
Historic Cardines Field in Newport, Rhode Island, home of the Newport Gulls, features both dugouts on the first base side 

Official rules
MLB rule 3 17 specifies that "no one except players, substitutes, managers, coaches, athletic trainers and batboys shall occupy a bench during a game " The rule also stipulates that players on the disabled list are allowed in the dugout, but may not enter the field of play at any time during the game  Players and coaches who have been ejected from the game may not remain in the dugout per Rule 4 07 Unlike most other sports, where a ball or puck entering a team's bench area has already passed out of bounds and is thus dead before it reaches the bench, it is possible in baseball for a dugout to be a factor in play  MLB rule 6 05(a) states that a fielder may reach into a dugout to catch a fly ball as long as one or both feet is on or over the playing field, and does not have a foot on the ground in the dugout when making the catch  MLB universal ground rules state that the player may subsequently enter the dugout after making the catch if his momentum is carrying him that way, but if he falls in the dugout as a result, the catch is allowed but baserunners advance in accordance with Rule 7 04(c) A live ball entering a dugout becomes dead and the batter-runner and any base runners advance in accordance with Rule 7 04(c)  However, a live ball bouncing off a dugout railing, if present, is still in play (unless a foul ball)  Due to the dugouts' location in foul territory, live balls entering dugouts usually only occur after an errant throw by the defensive team 

Dugout choice in MLB
Which team occupies the dugout on the first-base side or the third-base side is purely arbitrary  The Major League Baseball Rulebook is silent on the subject  There are many anecdotal reasons why one dugout is chosen over the other  In the past, the manager also served as the third base coach, so occupying the third base dugout meant less walking for the manager between innings  Contrarily, the thought is that since more close plays occur at first base than third, the first base dugout is preferred  For a pre-existing facility, the home team might choose the better clubhouse and the dugout on that side of the field  (For example, prior to their 2008 move to Nationals Park, the Washington Nationals occupied the third-base dugout at RFK Stadium because it was the larger and newer of the two dugouts ) Another factor can be the sun angle during day games  In ballparks where one of the dugouts faces direct sunlight for much of the game, which can be problematic on hot summer days, the home club might choose the dugout that is better shaded 
In both the National League and American League, more home team dugouts are on the first-base side (9 to 6 each)  Even the two oldest parks still in use differ on this point: the Cubs sit on the third-base side at Wrigley while the Red Sox inhabit the first-base dugout at Fenway  Due to the ballpark's orientation, at Wrigley the third-base dugout faces away from the sun from noon onward, whereas the first base dugout faces sunlight in the late innings  At Fenway, the third-base dugout faces the sun for part of a day game, while the first-base dugout remains shaded 

See also

Bullpen
Technical area
Passage 13:
Ramblin' Wreck
The Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech is the 1930 Ford Model A Sport coupe that serves as the official mascot of the student body at the Georgia Institute of Technology  The Wreck is present at all major sporting events and student body functions  Its most noticeable role is leading the football team into Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field, a duty which the Wreck has performed since 1961  The Ramblin' Wreck is mechanically and financially maintained on campus by students in Ramblin' Reck Club 
The first mechanical Wreck was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field  Until the current Wreck was donated to the school in 1961, most of the early Ramblin' Wrecks were owned by students, faculty or alumni  The modern Wreck has donned a number of different paint jobs and has had several restorations and modifications made to it  These changes were made by various individuals and organizations over the years, including Bobby Dodd and Georgia Tech Alumnus Pete George, who worked at the Ford plant in Hapeville, Georgia  The upkeep of the Wreck has been the sole responsibility of Ramblin' Reck Club and the Wreck driver since 1987 
The Ramblin' Wreck has been the target of several pranks perpetrated by rival schools; the University of Tennessee once provided the Wreck with an unsolicited new paint job, and the University of Georgia has stolen the Wreck on at least two occasions  Several replica or "false" Wrecks are owned by alumni, or are used for display and do not run  The official Ramblin' Wreck is considered the only "true" Wreck, and no backups or replacements exist 

History
The term "Ramblin' Wreck" has been used to refer to students and alumni of Georgia Tech much longer than the car that now bears the name has been in existence  The expression has its origins in the late 19th century and was used originally to refer to the makeshift motorized vehicles constructed by Georgia Tech engineers employed in projects in the jungles of Central America  The Wrecks were constructed from whatever the engineers could find—mostly old tractor and automotive parts—and were kept running by the engineers' ingenuity and creativity  Other workers in the area began to refer to these vehicles and the men who drove them as "Rambling Wrecks from Georgia Tech "The first "mechanical mascot" at Georgia Tech was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field  Field drove the car to and from class every day from 1916 until 1928   Field cared so much for the car that he even nicknamed it "Nellie"  The vehicle was distinguished by its metallic black paint job and a large black box fastened to the rear end by a buggy wheel hoop  The black box's contents were never revealed to the student body and the box became part of the mystique of the Old Ford The student body initially nicknamed the vehicle "Floyd's Flivver" but eventually began to call the car the "Ramblin' 'Reck "  The first mention of Field's Ford as a Ramblin' 'Reck was in 1926 when he performed an overhaul of the car's engine, body, and paint job with the help of the campus machine shop Dean Field found a love for travel with his Model T  He took it all the way to California for seminars on mathematics and education  However, in 1927 rumors began to abound campus that Field was going to buy a Model A  Field quelled the rumors with a personal interview in the last issue of the 1927 Technique  By September 1928, Field felt he could not travel as much with the dilapidated Model T  To the dismay of the student body the vehicle was discarded by Dean Field in 1928 and a Model A was purchased  Field's Model A lasted until 1934 in which he bought a Ford V8  He would drive over 122,000 miles (196,300 km) in all three cars during his Georgia Tech tenure of 1900–1945 
In memoriam to his retired "Tin Lizzie", Dean Field started "an Old Ford Race" from the intersection of North Avenue and Techwood Drive in Atlanta to the intersection of Hills Street and Prince Avenue in Athens  The race was sponsored by the Technique, which nicknamed the event the "Flying Flivver Race " The finish line was facilitated by the University of Georgia student newspaper The Red and Black  The only rule of the race was that the car had to be a pre-1926 4-cylinder motor car  The fastest time in the race was achieved by an Essex which completed the 79-mile (126 km) race in 1 hour and 26 minutes or 55 mph (88 km/h) The Tech administration disliked the perilous race and reduced the race to a more peaceful and regulated parade of contraptions known as the Ramblin' Wreck Parade after races were completed in 1929 and 1930  The Yellow Jacket Club facilitated the first official Ramblin' Wreck parade in 1932   The only break in the parade's continuous operation occurred with the onset of World War II   There were no parades from 1942 to 1943 and when the parade did continue in 1944, all Wrecks had to be human powered   In 1946, the Ramblin' Wreck Parade was allowed to operate combustion engines again   The rules instituted in the 1946 Wreck Parade still remain as the parade has become the featured event for all Tech homecomings 

Mascot for students
Dean of Student Affairs Jim Dull recognized a need for an official Ramblin' Wreck when he observed the student body's fascination with classic cars  Fraternities, in particular, would parade around their House Wrecks as displays of school spirit and enthusiasm  It was considered a rite of passage to own a broken down vehicle In 1960, Dull began a search for a new official symbol to represent the institute  He specifically wanted a classic pre-war Ford  Dull's search would entail newspaper ads, radio commercials, and other means to locate this vehicle  The search took him throughout the state and country, but no suitable vehicle was found until the autumn of 1960  Dean Dull spotted a polished 1930 Ford Model A outside of his apartment located in Towers Dormitory  The owner was Captain Ted J  Johnson, Atlanta's chief Delta Air Lines pilot Johnson had purchased the car from a junkyard in 1956  Johnson and his son, Craig, would restore the car as a father-son project while Craig attended the Georgia Military Academy  The two spent two years and over $1,800 restoring the vehicle  Johnson used spare parts from many different sources to refurbish the rusty hulk  He bought the mahogany dash from a parts dealer in Caracas, Venezuela and used Convair 440 aluminum sheets to replace the flooring  After Craig graduated from high school, he attended Florida State on a track scholarship  In 1960, Craig's track team would be in Atlanta competing against Tech  Johnson, wanting to see his son compete, took the Model A to Tech campus, parked it near Towers dormitory, and went to watch Craig compete When Johnson returned to his car, he found a note from Dean Dull attached to his windshield  Dull's note offered to purchase the car to serve as Georgia Tech's official mascot  Johnson, after great deliberation, agreed to take $1,000, but eventually returned the money in 1984 so that the car would be remembered as an official donation to Georgia Tech and the Alexander-Tharpe Fund  The Ramblin' Wreck was officially transferred to the Athletic Association on May 26, 1961 The Ramblin' Wreck was unveiled September 30, 1961, at Grant Field in front of 43,501 Tech fans, as it led the team onto the field against Rice University  The team prevailed 24–0 and the Wreck became an instant success within the Tech family 
The Wreck has since led the team onto the field for every home game 

Bobby Dodd's restorations
The current color scheme was selected in 1974 by then athletic director and former head coach Bobby Dodd  The original Wreck decor featured a wooden GT shield on both the driver- and passenger-side doors  This shield was removed during Dodd's revitalization of the old Model A  Dodd chose an old gold paint from a Lincoln car paint catalogue as the base for the new color scheme  He also placed a slightly stretched GT emblem on the door, a Tech helmet on the rear quarter panel, and a 1952 version of the Yellow Jacket on the front quarter panel  According to Tech lore, Bobby Dodd was so enamored with the Lincoln gold, he changed the football helmet and uniform color to match the new Ramblin' Wreck paint scheme The biggest structural change was a support system attached to the car's frame  The support system runs the length of the running boards and allows the increased weight of cheerleaders or Reck Club members standing on the running boards 

Pete George's restorations
From 1973 to 1987, 1947 IE alum Pete George maintained the Ramblin' Wreck at the Hapeville Ford Plant  George would mastermind the 1974 change of colors as well as a major refurbishment of the Wreck in 1982 in time for Georgia Tech's 1985 centennial celebration  The car was completely disassembled, rebuilt, and repainted by late 1982 There were a few noticeable changes to the Ramblin' Wreck after the 1982 refurbishment  An aftermarket chrome stone guard was added to protect the grill, The emblems on the side were removed and replaced by a basic GT decal on the doors  The 1952 Yellow Jackets were moved to the front tire wells  The white horn was chromed over  The old tire cover was a shield with a football helmet wearing yellow jacket  This was replaced with a white generic naugahyde Ford tire cover  The blackwall tires and brakes were replaced with whitewall tires and modified brakes 
The Wreck experienced a major transition of ownership after the Centennial Celebration  Since Reck Club had financially maintained the vehicle for so long and Reck Club fell under the dean of students rather than the athletic association, the vehicle was sold from the athletic association to the institute for zero dollars in 1987  The transaction further solidified Reck Club's responsibilities over the car but also made the car more than simply a football mascot  The Old Ford was officially an institute icon 

Post-centennial restoration and change of ownership
After Pete George's retirement in 1987, the upkeep of the Wreck fell directly upon the shoulders of the Wreck Drivers and Reck Club  In 1994, the Hapeville Plant ended their relationship with Reck Club  Since then, the Wreck has been student maintained with the assistance of local Atlanta garages  The Wreck has had numerous mechanical and cosmetic repairs over the years since Pete George's initial full rebuild After 1994, Reck Club restored the wheels and brakes to original Model A specifications  Reck Club performed a major off body restoration in the Spring of 2000 that saw the car repainted and the engine rebuilt  Pete George, although several years retired, aided Reck Club in its restoration providing funding and labor to the 2000 restoration  After the restoration, a small modification replaced the electrical generator with a more efficient Nu-Rex alternator 

2007 highway accident
Reck Club coordinated their second major restoration following damage incurred during a highway accident on June 22, 2007, on Interstate 75 in Monroe County, about 60 miles south of Atlanta  Though trailered, the crash caused severe damage to the body and top of the Ramblin' Wreck, while the Ford Expedition and trailer in tow were both wrecked  Fourth-year Polymer, Textile, and Fiber Engineering major John Bird was driving, with his younger brother Matt, and recalled for the press:

Something in the trailer failed, and the trailer pulled us off the road going 70 miles an hour  We went perpendicular to the lanes of traffic, and we crashed into a ditch on the side of the road    There wasn’t any fishtailing    The trailer just snapped and made a 90 degree turn, and I just said ‘Matt, hold on’ and we hit the ditch  The whole thing lasted about 2 seconds    The left side is smashed up pretty good and the roof is torn up    but the motor is fine and all the wheels are fine "
Bird had stated that both his brother and he got whiplash from the crash, one of Matt's legs was bruised, and "it also could have
been a lot worse "

Modern role of the Wreck
The Ramblin' Wreck has led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Grant Field almost 300 games  It also makes appearances for other Georgia Tech sports teams: it is often seen before big basketball games at Hank McCamish Pavilion, occasionally parked outside of Russ Chandler Stadium during warm weekend baseball series, and has attended several softball games a year at the new mid-campus stadium A symbol of the institute's academic and collegiate tradition, the old Model A is often dispatched to special events on campus  It is always present when new buildings are opened or dedicated  On December 5, 2006, the Wreck became the first car to drive across the new Fifth Street Bridge Every spring, the Institute holds a ceremony, known as When the Whistle Blows, to honor students, staff, and faculty who died during the previous year  The Georgia Tech Whistle is blown once for each person who died, and once more to salute Georgia Tech alumni and friends who may also have died  A procession of the military escort, led by the Ramblin' Wreck, leads up to the ceremony, during which the Wreck is parked next to the speaker's stage During Tech Homecoming, the Ramblin' Wreck has several duties  Several days before Homecoming, it acts as a giant gold starter pistol for the Mini 500 tricycle race  The Wreck's next task is to lead the racers out of the starting line in the Freshman Cake Race  On the day of the Homecoming football game, the Wreck leads the Ramblin' Wreck Parade, then leads the football team onto the field The car is also present at every Freshman Orientation (FASET), Earth Day festival, and other campuswide events A ride in the Wreck serves as a gift to many retiring faculty and staff; a ride onto Grant Field is one of the greatest honors Georgia Tech can bestow  Kim King, for example, received this honor on October 2, 2004, during halftime of the Miami game 

Wreck traditions and specifications
There are several lesser known details about the Wreck that are easily missed when it rambles down Techwood Drive  Specific physical details and the actual person behind the wheel are often missed or overlooked  The Wreck is financially maintained through Ramblin' Reck Club appearances and fundraisers  There is no official source of funding from the institute, Athletic Association, or Alumni Association  This gives the Wreck a unique level of independence that is atypical amongst college mascots When a freshman first reaches campus for FASET (orientation), one of the many traditions that they are introduced to is that freshmen cannot touch the Wreck until the completion of their first year   This rule originated in the 1963 edition of the RAT Rules  If a freshman touches the Wreck between convocation and the last day of classes in the Spring, they will receive bad luck throughout their college career and GT will be cursed to lose to UGA in football that year The Wreck is distinguished by its old gold body and white soft top  The soft top has a chrome support strut, which features a brass classic Tech T and 1952 yellow jacket  The body also has two solid white runningboards, which run the length of the vehicle  The running boards support cheerleaders or the occasional Tech student looking for a ride  The interior upholstery is solid white vinyl  The gear shifter knob is a white globe with the classic Tech T painted on it  There are two golden nylon pennants emblazoned with the words "To Hell With Georgia" and "Give 'Em Hell Tech" fastened to the front bumper 

Driver
The driver of the Ramblin' Wreck is an elected position within Ramblin' Reck Club  This position is determined after every football season  The driver manages the car's public appearances and maintenance  There have only been 46 drivers of the Wreck, making the position of Wreck driver one of the most prestigious positions in all of Georgia Tech's student organizations The driver gets to add their own personal touch every year to the Wreck  The front license plate is chosen by the driver every year and the radiator cap is replaced yearly, as well  The cap is typically a flying quail or a wreath  After each driver's term, the driver gets to keep the two pennants, too 
Dean Dull initiated a group known as the Ramblin' Wreck Committee of the Student Council to aid in his search for a mascot  When the Wreck was found in 1961, the Ramblin' Wreck Committee was chaired by Dekle Rountree  Rountree would drive the Wreck for school functions and Student Council fundraisers  He was also the first person to drive the Ramblin' Wreck onto Grant Field  Don Gentry, the president of Reck Club in 1961, was the first student to drive the Wreck as he aided in retrieving the Model A from Ted Johnson's home  The Wreck was always maintained by Reck Club but the complete transition of control occurred between 1964 and 1967  During this period, Reck Club was relieved of its RAT rules enforcement duties and given more wholesome jobs of maintaining the Wreck, upholding traditions, and generating school spirit 
Four women have officially driven the Ramblin' Wreck in its history  Lisa Volmar, an industrial engineering major, was elected the driver in 1984 and she was the first female driver after 23 consecutive years of male-only drivers 

Reck or Wreck
The name can be spelled either Ramblin' Reck or Ramblin' Wreck  In all spellings, there is no g in Ramblin'  The first references to the 1930 Model A (1961) spelled the word Reck while the first references to the 1914 Model T owned by Dean Field spelled the word 'Reck (1925)  Ramblin' Reck Club has spelled the word Reck since their 1945 club charter  The institute has adopted the spelling Ramblin' Wreck and holds a trademark on the phrase  Reck Club still refers to the Ramblin' Wreck as the Ramblin' Reck while most other agencies refer to it as the Ramblin' Wreck 

Travelin' Wreck
In its history, the Wreck has appeared at a number of away games and other events away from the Georgia Tech campus  Many of these trips resulted in damage to the Reck or other interesting anecdotes 
The first away game for the Ramblin' Wreck was the 1961 game against the Alabama Crimson Tide  The Wreck was freighted by Southern Railway to Birmingham, Alabama  At the time, Alabama played its home games at Legion Field  Before the game, the current driver Dekle Rountree decided to traverse the slope up to visit Birmingham's Vulcan statue  The trip to Birmingham was such a success, a trip to Jacksonville for Tech's Gator Bowl appearance against Penn State was organized, as well  These were the first road and bowl game appearances for the Wreck in its illustrious career In 1963, the Ramblin' Wreck Committee and Ramblin' Reck Club organized another road trip for the Wreck  This trip took the Wreck up to Knoxville for a game against the Tennessee Volunteers  After Tech won the game, the Wreck was stored overnight in Neyland Stadium  Administrators and Tennessee's Athletic Director Bob Woodruff promised Georgia Tech Athletics that the Wreck would be safe  They were wrong  Tennessee students broke into the storage area and painted the Wreck orange  They wrote "Go Vols" in the paint and covered the gold wheels with paint, as well  After the incident, Georgia Tech sent a bill to Tennessee's Athletic Department asking for restitution   Woodruff was believed to have  aided the students in their efforts after he openly contested the officiating of the football contest In 1976, Tech students took the Wreck to Athens for the annual football game with UGA  After the game, the Wreck's police escort abandoned the car  The vehicle appeared relatively unprotected and was approached by UGA students attempting to vandalize it  The Tech students responsible for the car's safekeeping frightened the encroaching Bulldog fans away by producing a concealed 9 mm pistol The farthest trips the Ramblin' Wreck has ever traveled from Atlanta were the 1970 Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, and Denver, Colorado, in 1990 for Tech's NCAA Final Four appearance against UNLV  The Wreck was freighted by van 1,400 miles (2,250 km) to Denver Coliseum  Along the way, a television crew documented the trip and broadcast the Wreck's expedition during the Final Four promotions 
The last major road trips for the Ramblin' Wreck were to the 2004 Final Four in San Antonio, the 2006 ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville, Florida, and the 2009 ACC Championship Game in Tampa's Raymond James Stadium 
 The Wreck led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Alltel Stadium's field for Tech's first appearance in the ACC title game, as well as performing the same duty in their second appearance and first win in the ACC championship game in 2009  The Wreck has also been to the Orange Bowl, Gator Bowl, All-American Bowl, Sun Bowl, Peach Bowl, Citrus Bowl, and Champs Sports Bowl On June 15, 2007, the Wreck was involved in an accident while being towed to a wedding south of Atlanta in a covered car trailer  The trailer failed while carrying the Wreck, in turn causing the truck and trailer to run off the road and into the roadside ditch  The Wreck fell over inside the trailer, causing damage to its side and roof  Despite the severe body damage (in excess of $30,000), the Wreck was repaired for the first game of the 2007 season against the Samford Bulldogs 

In the media
In 1987, the Ramblin' Wreck and Dean Jim Dull were featured on ABC-TV's morning show  Dean Dull shouted into the camera, "I'm Dean of Students Jim Dull and I'm a Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech  Good Morning, America!" Dull was on the show because he had won a make-a-wish contest  All he wanted was for the Ramblin' Wreck, gold-clad students, and himself to be on the ABC morning show and ABC granted the wish The Ramblin' Wreck has been featured in several newspapers, magazines, and books  The Ramblin' Wreck is portrayed leading the Georgia Tech football team onto the field on the cover of Al Thomy's 1973 work Ramblin' Wreck – A Story of Georgia Tech Football  Pete George's 1982 refurbishment was featured in the November 1983 edition of the Ford Times  The June 1986 edition of Cars & Parts Magazine featured the Ramblin' Wreck and the raffle for the Centennial Wreck  The December 1991 Car Collector & Car Classics featured the Wreck on the cover after the National Championship season  The December 2007 Bellsouth Real White Pages for Greater Atlanta featured the Ramblin' Wreck with censored flags The Ramblin' Wreck has been featured numerous times in Tech's student newspaper, The Technique, and Atlanta's primary newspaper, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution  The Wreck has also been featured in The New York Times and the Associated Press  Local newspapers such as the Cherokee Times, Augusta Chronicle, and Gwinnett Daily Post have also printed articles about the Wreck In the week prior to the 2007 home opener, the Ramblin' Wreck was featured on ESPN First Take  ESPN showed old clips of the Wreck leading the football team onto the field and discussed the possibility of the Wreck not making the football opener after 45 consecutive years of never missing a game The Ramblin' Wreck was featured prominently on the October 18, 2007 episode of Jim Cramer's Mad Money  Cramer exited the Wreck's passenger door to start the show and one of Cramer's trademark soundboards was attached to the front bumper On April 16, 2009, a Georgia Tech student riding on the running board of the Ramblin' Wreck fell and suffered severe head injuries hospitalizing the student for four days   Almost a year later, the student filed suit against Georgia Tech and an auto shop responsible for installing handles on the roof of the car   The lawsuit cites the failure of the auto shop's handles as the reason for the fall and claims the University promoted the unsafe use of a vehicle by students  In September 2013, the student injured in the April 2009 accident, won a settlement of $1 36 million from the Georgia Board of Regents and Eco-Clean, Inc The 2012 edition of EA Sports' NCAA football video game featured the addition of the Ramblin' Wreck leading Georgia Tech's football team onto the field at all games played in Bobby Dodd Stadium   The Ramblin' Wreck was included in the game alongside many other colleges' pre-game traditions to "deliver the pride and pageantry of game day" 

Ramblin' replicas
Several vehicles  claim "Ramblin' Wreck status " However, only one car is the official Ramblin' Wreck, with no backups or equivalent vehicles The most famous of the fake Wrecks is a 1931 Ford Model A Cabriolet known as the Centennial Wreck  This vehicle was refurbished along with the real Wreck in 1985  The vehicle followed the Ramblin' Wreck onto the field all of the 1985 football season and was raffled for $250,000 by Pete George and Georgia Tech in 1986 
In 1988, the Alumni Association purchased a 1931 Ford Model A Roadster and restored the vehicle again in 1994  The Alumni Wreck is distinguished by its spare tire locations on the driver's side and passenger-side runningboards and the words "Georgia Tech Alumni Association" printed on the doors  It also has a convertible top  On the real Wreck, the spare is behind the rumble seat and the roof cannot be removed or lowered 
A 1930 Ford Model A Sports Coupe shell is kept in the Georgia Tech Hotel  This car has not worked since it has been on campus  The motor is incomplete and the front end lacks the Wreck's chrome stone guard  This is one of the few replicas that is almost identical in make, model, and paint scheme when compared to the real Ramblin' Wreck 
Also, several alumni-owned vehicles are painted to resemble the Wreck  These vehicles mimic the look and feel of the car, but are not the Ramblin' Wreck  One of the most famous instances of mistaken identity occurred in 1988  A father-son duo of Georgia Tech alumni attempted to lead the Tech football team onto the field at Sanford Stadium in Athens  After getting inside of the stadium with their gold 1924 Ford Model T, the two were finally stopped by Georgia officials, who were informed the real Ramblin' Wreck had remained in Atlanta 
Several B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators and at least one F4U Corsair were designated the name Ramblin' Wreck during service in World War II 
The Chicago Brewing Company features an amber ale by the name of Ramblin' Wreck Amber Ale 
The Savoy Automobile Museum in Cartersville, GA features a Ramblin' Wreck replica in their permanent collection

See also
Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate – the rivalry between Tech and UGA
Georgia Tech traditions – a comprehensive list of Georgia Tech Traditions
Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech – the fight song of Georgia Tech
WREK FM – the college radio station of Georgia Tech, whose name and callsign comes directly from the ReckOther student-owned vintage and veteran vehicles:

Jezebel – a 1916 Dennis Fire Engine at Imperial College London
A 1929 Dennis Charabanc owned by Southampton University
A 1902 James and Browne car and 1926 Ner-a-Car owned by the City and Guilds College
A 1926 Morris truck owned by the Royal School of MinesSimilar vehicular mascots at other universities:

The Boilermaker Special –   A replica locomotive built on a truck chassis which has served as the official mascot of Purdue University since 1940 
The Sooner Schooner – a pioneering wagon and a symbol of the University of Oklahoma
Passage 14:
Bangalore Hockey Stadium
Bangalore Hockey Stadium, also known as KSHA Hockey Stadium, is a field hockey stadium at Akkithimmanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India  It is the home of the Karnataka Lions of the World Series Hockey  It has a seating capacity of 7,000 people 
The stadium hosted seven home matches of Karnataka Lions in World Series Hockey  It will also host the first semi-final of World Series Hockey in 2012 

History
Akkithimmanhalli lake was breached in the 1970s as part of a Malaria Eradication Drive and the Hockey stadium constructed in its place 
Passage 15:
Negoesco Stadium
Negoesco Stadium is a 3,000 seat soccer stadium located in San Francisco, on the campus of University of San Francisco  The facility was named in honour of USF soccer coach Steve Negoesco  The stadium is also used by USF students and staff for recreational activities 

Stadium history
The stadium was renovated in 2000 expanding it to its current capacity of 3,000 seats including theater style seats on the west side of the field and a full permanent grandstand on the east side  Additionally TV capable lights were added to the field that year  In 2003 the current fieldturf surface was added 

Negoesco has also hosted a US Open Cup game between the Los Angeles Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer and an international friendly between the Earthquakes and Shanghai Shenhua of the Chinese Super League 
Some of the most notable improvements were made in September 2008, just before the Dons began their season, as banners celebrating the rich legacy and tradition of USF Soccer were hung along the stadiums west wall  Six national championship banners hang alongside 2 national runner-up banners and alongside banners celebrating the Dons glorious postseason past (30 NCAA appearances, 9 College Cup appearances)   Additional banners also feature USF conference titles as members of the Northern California Intercollegiate Soccer Conference/West Coast Intercollegiate Soccer Conference, Pacific Soccer Conference, and the West Coast Conference  A final banner will feature the names of all 41 NSCAA All-Americans to proudly wear the Green and Gold 
Other changes include the installation of advertising panels acknowledging sponsors and supporters of USF Athletics and the Dons Soccer program alongside the east sideline of the field, and European-style protective team benches, were also added to the technical areas on the east sideline 
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Heroes (1980 film)
The Heroes, also known as The Shaolin Heroes, is a 1980 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Wu Ma and Pao Hsueh-li and starring Ti Lung, Shih Szu and Danny Lee 

Plot
During the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court views the righteous Shaolin Temple as an eyesore and sends a group of soldiers to destroy the temple, led by chief Ko Fei (Ti Lung), a former Shaolin disciple  After Shaolin was destroyed, all of its disciples were captured and detained  Although Ko made them work as hard labors, he was actually helping them increase their physical strength to refine their martial arts  On the surface, Ko seems to be working for the imperial court, but he was assisting his fellow disciples to recover Shaolin  However, his fellow disciples did not accept the token of his appreciation  Afterwards, the disciples fled and revolted before killing the Emperor (Michael Chan)  At that time, Ko was also killed and his heroic deed was not known even after he died  Ko is considered a true hero who can tolerate the most insult and humiliation 

Cast
Ti Lung as Ko Fei / Wong Fei
Shih Szu as Princess
Danny Lee as Righteous Monk
Michael Chan as Qing Emperor
Dorian Tan as Si Ying
Wong Chung as Fong Gau
Wong Ching as Gap toothed official
Goo Chang as Bald official
Wu Ma as Ng Ging
Tsai Hung
Lee Ho
Joh Yau
Chan Pik Fung
Sit Hon as Abbot
Wong Yeuk ping
Ma King Shun
Cho Boon Feng
Lau Yau Bun
Wong Kwok Fai
Robert Tai
Ko Chang Sheng

Theme song
Hero (英雄)
Composer: Joseph Koo
Lyricist: Chang Cheh
Singer: Jenny Tseng

Reception
J  Doyle Wallis of DVD Talk gave the film 4 5 out of 5 stars and a positive review praising it for having "one of the better plots in kung fu filmdom" as well as the action choreography and pacing 
Passage 2:
Snow White and the Huntsman
Snow White and the Huntsman is a 2012 American fantasy film based on the German fairy tale "Snow White" compiled by the Brothers Grimm  The directorial debut of Rupert Sanders, it was written by Evan Daugherty, John Lee Hancock and Hossein Amini, from a screen story by Daugherty  The cast includes Kristen Stewart, Charlize Theron, Chris Hemsworth, Sam Claflin, and Bob Hoskins in his final film performance  In the film's retelling of the tale, Snow White grows up imprisoned by her evil stepmother, Queen Ravenna, a powerful sorceress  After Snow White escapes into the forest, Ravenna enlists Eric the Huntsman to capture her, but he becomes her companion in a quest to overthrow Ravenna 
Snow White and the Huntsman was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on May 30, 2012 and in the United States on June 1, 2012, by Universal Pictures  The film was a box office success, having grossed $396 million worldwide against a $170 million budget  Critics praised the production design and visual effects, Theron's and Hemsworth's performances, and the score; action sequences and Stewart's and Claflin's performances received mixed reviews while the screenplay was heavily criticized  The film received two Oscar nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards 
A prequel/sequel, titled The Huntsman: Winter's War, directed by the first film's visual effects supervisor Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, was released on April 22, 2016, with Hemsworth, Theron, Claflin and Nick Frost reprising their roles and new characters being played by Emily Blunt and Jessica Chastain, though Stewart only appeared in archive footage 

Plot
While admiring a bright red rose blooming during a white winter, Queen Eleanor of the Kingdom of Tabor pricks her finger on its thorns  Drops of blood fall onto the snow, and she wishes for a daughter with skin as white as snow, lips as red as blood, hair as black as a raven's wings, and a heart as strong as the rose  
The queen gives birth to Snow White but falls ill and dies many years later  After her death, Snow White's father, King Magnus, and his army battle an invading army of glass soldiers  King Magnus finds a prisoner called Ravenna, becomes enchanted with her beauty and marries her 
Ravenna is in fact a powerful sorceress who used the false glass army to charm her way into the kingdom  On their wedding night, she confesses that there was a king much like Magnus that used her, hurt her, then discarded her  She kills Magnus before taking over the kingdom  Snow White's childhood friend William and his father, Duke Hammond, escape but are unable to rescue her, and she is locked away in a tower for years 
Tabor and its people deteriorate under Queen Ravenna’s rule  She periodically drains the youth from the kingdom's young women in order to maintain a spell cast over her as a child by her mother, which allows Ravenna to keep her youthful beauty  When Ravenna's stepdaughter Snow White comes of age, the Queen learns from her Magic Mirror that Snow White is destined to destroy her unless Ravenna consumes the girl's heart, which will make her immortal  
Ravenna sends her brother Finn to bring her the princess but Snow White escapes into the Dark Forest, where Ravenna has no power  The Queen makes a bargain with Eric the Huntsman, a widower and drunkard, to capture Snow White, promising to bring his wife back to life in exchange  But when Finn reveals that Ravenna does not actually have the power to revive the dead, the Huntsman helps Snow White escape  The Duke and William learn that Snow White is alive so William leaves the castle to find her, joining Finn's group as a bowman 
Snow White saves the Huntsman's life by charming a troll that attacks them  They make their way to a fishing village populated by women who have disfigured themselves to make themselves useless to Ravenna  The Huntsman learns Snow White's true identity, and leaves her in the care of the women  He returns when he sees the village being burned down by Finn's men  Snow White and the Huntsman evade them and meet a band of eight dwarfs  The blind dwarf, Muir, perceives that Snow White is the only person who can end Ravenna's reign 
As they travel through a fairy sanctuary, they are attacked by Finn and his men  A battle ensues during which Finn, his men, and one of the dwarfs are killed  William joins the group on their journey to Hammond's castle  Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple before fleeing  William kisses Snow White, though nothing happens  A single tear is shed from her eye  
Snow White's body is taken to Hammond's castle  The Huntsman professes his regret for being unable to save her, as her heart and strength remind him of his wife, Sara  He kisses her yet does not notice a second tear fall from her eyes, as two kisses of true love breaks the spell  Snow White awakens and rallies the Duke's army to mount a siege against Ravenna 
The dwarfs infiltrate the castle through the sewers and open the gates, allowing the army inside  Snow White and Ravenna fight  Ravenna is about to kill her when Snow White uses a move the Huntsman taught her and stabs Ravenna to death  The kingdom once again enjoys peace as Snow White is crowned the new Queen of Tabor 

Cast
The Dwarves
The Dwarves were played by actors of average height who had their faces digitally transmuted onto small bodies  This caused a protest from the Little People of America 
Ian McShane as Beith, the leader of the Dwarves 
Bob Hoskins as Muir, the blind elder Dwarf, who possesses the powers of premonition  This was Hoskins's final role before his retirement from acting later in 2012 due to Parkinson's disease, and subsequent death in April 29, 2014 
Ray Winstone as Gort, an ill-tempered Dwarf 
Nick Frost as Nion, Beith's right-hand man 
Toby Jones as Coll, Duir's brother 
Eddie Marsan as Duir, Coll's brother 
Johnny Harris as Quert, Muir's son 
Brian Gleeson as Gus, the youngest of the Dwarves who develops a bond with Snow White and later sacrifices himself to save her 

Production
Development
Evan Daugherty initially wrote the screenplay in 2003, when he was studying at NYU  At the time, reboots of fairy tales weren't a popular film genre and, according to Daugherty, "no one really knew what to do with it " More problems came when the release of Terry Gilliam's The Brothers Grimm (2005) flopped at the box office which caused potential buyers to be hesitant about the script  The script was finally greenlit after the success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010) 

Casting
Film producers considered casting a lesser-known actress for the role of Snow White, with mention of Riley Keough, Felicity Jones, Bella Heathcote, Alicia Vikander, and Rachel Maxwell as possible picks  This idea became less likely as known actresses Dakota Fanning and Kristen Stewart were later rumored to be short-listed for the role  On March 4, 2011 co-producer Palak Patel confirmed that Stewart was offered the role  Winona Ryder was initially considered to play Queen Ravenna, before the role went to Charlize Theron  Tom Hardy was supposedly first offered the role of Eric, the Huntsman, but turned down the offer  The role was then apparently offered to Michael Fassbender, and then Johnny Depp, but both claim to have declined it  Viggo Mortensen was said to have been in negotiations with Universal for the part, but supposedly turned down the role, too  It was claimed that Hugh Jackman was offered the role, but that he declined  In 2011, Thor star Chris Hemsworth was eventually cast in the role of the Huntsman 

Filming
Principal photography took place in the United Kingdom  Most indoor scenes were shot at Pinewood Studios  The beach scenes were predominantly filmed in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on the Marloes Sands beach near the village of Marloes between September 26 and 29, 2011  Though the beach was not closed to the public during filming, as filming progressed, certain parts were advised to be off limits  A computer-generated castle was set on nearby Gateholm island  A field above the beach was used for production purposes, and a special wooden ramp was built for vehicles and horses to access the beach  Filming also took place at Frensham Small Pond  The film used academic consultants from the University of Chichester and the University of Oxford for back-up research on fairy tales and medieval battles 

Music
James Newton Howard composed the music for the film  The English band Florence and the Machine recorded "Breath of Life" exclusively for the film, which was reportedly inspired by Theron's character Queen Ravenna  Ioanna Gika of Io Echo performed "Gone", a song that is played at Gus's funeral in the film 

Release
The film had its premiere on May 14, 2012, at the Empire, Leicester Square, in London  The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Region 1 on September 11, 2012, with both the theatrical version (127 minutes) and an extended version (132 minutes) available on both formats  The film was released on the same formats in Region 2 on October 1, 2012 A book based on the film was published June 5, 2012

Reception
Box office
Snow White and the Huntsman earned $155 3 million in North America, along with $241 3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $396 6 million  In North America, the film earned $1 38 million from midnight showings  For its opening day, the film topped the box office with $20 5 million  It debuted in first place at the box office during its opening weekend with $56 2 million  It is the seventeenth highest-grossing 2012 film  Outside North America, Snow White and the Huntsman had an opening of $39 3 million, ranking second overall for the weekend behind Men in Black 3; however, it ranked number 1 in 30 countries 

Critical response
Snow White and the Huntsman received mixed reviews from critics  The film has a 49% score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 238 reviews, with an average rating of 5 6/10  The site's consensus states: "While it offers an appropriately dark take on the fairy tale that inspired it, Snow White & the Huntsman is undone by uneven acting, problematic pacing, and a confused script " On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  CinemaScore polls conducted revealed the average grade that filmgoers gave the film was a "B" on an A+ to F scale David Edelstein of New York praised the film's revisionist tone and said the film was "strongly influenced by a lot of smart, feminist thinking"  Roger Ebert gave the film 3 5 stars out of 4  A O  Scott of The New York Times praised Theron's performance and also wrote, "Though it is an ambitious – at times mesmerizing – application of the latest cinematic technology, the movie tries to recapture some of the menace of the stories that used to be told to scare children rather than console them " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Ravenna hates living in a world where men can feed on women's beauty and then toss them away  She's a fascist of feminism, and Theron's acting has the blood of operatic anger coursing through it " Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said the film is, "an absolute wonder to watch and creates a warrior princess for the ages  But what this revisionist fairy tale does not give us is a passionate love – its kisses are as chaste as the snow is white " Rolling Stone's Peter Travers called it "a visual marvel" while noting that Stewart "morphs convincingly from a skittish girl into a determined warrior princess " MSN news said that Stewart "grows into her character, it seems, and eventually got this reviewer completely on her side " Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune gave the film 4/4 stars  Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie a B+, calling it "Vastly superior to Mirror, Mirror", and praising Theron and Stewart's performances Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that while the film is "less jokey than the recent Mirror Mirror", "this Twilightified fairytale has the same basic problem," and that, "The result is tangled and overblown " Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it "[a] slow, boring film that has no charm and is highlighted only by a handful of special effects and Charlize Theron's truly evil queen " Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post also gave the film a negative review: "Overlong, overcrowded, overstimulating and with an over-the-top performance by Charlize Theron as the evil queen Ravenna, the movie is a virtual orchard of toxic excess, starting with the unnecessarily sprawling cast of characters " Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film two out of four stars and said, "Only Bob Hoskins as the blind seer Muir comes close to making us care  We can almost glean Snow White's heroic possibilities through his clouded eyes  As much as we'd like to, we certainly can't from Stewart's efforts " Film Comment's Scott Foundas states that "Stewart’s Snow White    pouts her lips, bats her bedroom eyes, and scarcely seems to have more on her mind than who might take her to the senior prom—let alone the destiny of an entire kingdom "

Accolades
Sequel
A sequel was planned, with director Rupert Sanders in talks to return  In August 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that the sequel was shelved in the aftermath of the scandal involving Sanders cheating on his wife with Stewart and that a spin-off film concentrating on the Huntsman was planned instead, which would not star Stewart  Universal announced a few days later that they were not shelving the sequel  A 2012 report stated that Universal has authorized a sequel and Stewart was set to reprise her role, but without Sanders to return as the director due to the scandal  The script was written and production was set to begin in 2013 The film was originally scheduled for release in 2015  In September 2013, Chris Hemsworth stated he did not know anything about the sequel while speaking to E!  On June 4, 2014, Deadline reported that Frank Darabont, Gavin O'Connor and Andrés Muschietti were on the shortlist to direct the sequel  On June 26, 2014, Deadline reported that Darabont was in talks to direct the sequel   Originally Legendary Pictures was set to co-finance the film with Universal but dropped out and were replaced by Perfect World Pictures  On July 31, 2014, the project was described as a prequel titled The Huntsman scheduled for April 22, 2016, which would not star Stewart as Snow White  In January 2015, Darabont left the project as director, but the third leading role was set with Emily Blunt  It was later announced that Cedric Nicolas-Troyan would take over as the new director for the film  Nick Frost would return as Dwarf Nion and Jessica Chastain would star  On March 18, 2015, Rob Brydon, Alexandra Roach and Sheridan Smith were added to the cast as dwarves  TheWrap confirmed on May 7, 2015, that Sam Claflin would return as William in this sequel It was later revealed that the film would feature Ravenna's sister, the Ice Queen, and would reveal the origins of the Huntsman, while also continuing the story of the first film The film, which is both a prequel and a sequel, was released in 2016 as The Huntsman: Winter's War 

See also
Snow White, an upcoming film based on the 1937 animated film, starring Rachel Zegler as Snow White and Gal Gadot as the Evil Queen 
Mirror Mirror, another 2012 film based on the tale of Snow White, starring Lily Collins as Snow White and Julia Roberts as Queen Clementianna, Snow White's evil stepmother 
Maleficent, similar dark/modern take on an old fairy tale
Passage 3:
South Beach, Florida
South Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) on North Hutchinson Island in Indian River County, Florida, United States  The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census  It is ranked tenth in Florida locations by per capita income as of 2010 
South Beach is part of the Sebastian–Vero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
South Beach is located in southeastern Indian River County at 27°35′45″N 80°20′17″W, on Orchid Island  It is bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the border between Indian River and St Lucie counties, on the west by the Indian River Lagoon, and on the north by the Vero Beach city limits 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6 8 square miles (17 7 km2), of which 2 7 square miles (7 0 km2) are land and 4 1 square miles (10 7 km2), or 60 31%, are water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,457 people, 1,610 households, and 1,220 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 1,279 8 inhabitants per square mile (494 1/km2)   There were 2,066 housing units at an average density of 764 9 per square mile (295 3/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP was 98 15% White, 0 58% African American, 0 09% Native American, 1 01% Asian, 0 06% from other races, and 0 12% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 36% of the population 
There were 1,610 households, out of which 15 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72 7% were married couples living together, 2 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 2% were non-families  21 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 14 and the average family size was 2 45 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13 7% under the age of 18, 1 4% from 18 to 24, 11 3% from 25 to 44, 30 3% from 45 to 64, and 43 2% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 61 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 6 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $108,702, and the median income for a family was $126,755  Males had a median income of $89,395 versus $26,607 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $90,938   About 1 4% of families and 3 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8 0% of those under age 18 and 3 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 4:
Paoskoto
Paoskoto (often Paoscoto or Paos Koto) is a village and rural commune in Paoskoto Arrondissement in the Nioro du Rip Department of the Kaolack Region of Senegal, located near the border with the Gambia 

History
On 30 November 1865, Maba Diakhou Bâ battled against Émile Pinet-Laprade at the Battle of Paoskoto, in a notable historical battle between the natives and the French colonizers 

Geography
The nearest localities are Keur Oumar Tounkara, Dafar, Keur Gaye Hamdalaye, Mbiteyene, Tayyiba Niassène, Keur bidja Uri Keur Ali Gueye, Nioro du Rip and Diamaguene 

Demographics
According to PEPAM (Programme d'eau potable et d'assainissement du Millénaire) the rural commune of Paoskoto has a population 43,460 and 4,061 households  The population of the village of Paoskoto amounts to 2,411 inhabitants in 225 households  The Wolof and Fulani tribes form the majority 

Bibliography
(in French) A  K  Mbaye, L’épopée de Maba Diakhou Ba du Rip, mémoire de maîtrise, Dakar, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines, Département de Lettres modernes, 1996
(in French) Kélétigui S  Keita, Maba Diakhou Ba dans le Rip et le Saloum (1861-1867), Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1970, 165 p  (Mémoire de Maîtrise)

External links
(in French) Paoskoto at PEPAM
Passage 5:
Stinson Beach, California
Stinson Beach is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Marin County, California, on the west coast of the United States  Stinson Beach is located 2 5 miles (4 km) east-southeast of Bolinas, at an elevation of 26 feet (8 m)  The population of the Stinson Beach CDP was 541 at the 2020 census Stinson Beach is about a 35-minute drive from the Golden Gate Bridge on California's Highway 1  It is near important attractions such as Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Beach, and Mount Tamalpais   It has a long beach, and the cold water produces fog throughout the year Stinson Beach is a popular day trip for people in the San Francisco Bay Area and for tourists visiting Northern California  Although most visitors arrive by private car, Stinson Beach is linked to Marin City by a daily bus service, and the network of hiking trails around Mount Tamalpais also reaches the town  The beach is one of the cleanest in the state, and sandy, unlike the rockier neighboring beach in Bolinas 

History
Nathan H  Stinson bought land at the site in 1866 In 1870, the first road was built along the Pacific coast from Sausalito, and a tent settlement sprang up amongst the willow trees at the beach, which gave rise to the town's original name, Willow Camp  The Mt  Tamalpais & Muir Woods Railway opened in 1896, making Willow Camp more accessible  Visitors could ride the train to West Point Inn and then hike or arrange a stagecoach to take them to the beach  In 1906, refugees from the San Francisco earthquake came to the area and built some of the area's first businesses  Stinson Beach became the official town name in 1916, in honor of the largest landowners, Rose and Nathan Stinson 

The first post office opened in 1916 In 1939, the beach was sold to Marin County   It was transferred to the state of California in 1950, and was eventually transferred to the National Park Service in 1977 
In 2002, a surfer was attacked by a 12-to-15-foot-long (3 7 to 4 6 m) great white shark while surfing off Stinson Beach  The young man survived, but received more than 100 stitches to close his wounds  The attack was the second in Stinson Beach, and the 13th in Marin County since 1952  In 1998, Jonathan Kathrein was attacked by a great white shark while bodyboarding  His injury from the shark bite required over 600 stitches  The surf off Stinson Beach is within an area known as the Red Triangle, where there have been an unusually high number of shark attacks Marin County added 12 tsunami warning signs to the Stinson Beach shoreline in 2012 to explain the risk to beachgoers 

Geography
Stinson Beach is located in southern Marin County at 37°54′02″N 122°38′40″W, between Bolinas and Muir Beach  It is 15 miles (24 km) by road northwest of Sausalito and 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Francisco 
The CDP has a total area of 0 89 square miles (2 31 km2), all of it recorded as land 

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Stinson Beach has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps  Like much of the California coast, summer afternoons are often cool and windy (and usually foggy) as winds blow in off the cold ocean   Adjacent sea surface temperatures are typically in the low to mid 50s F year-round   It receives more rain than other coast cities in the San Francisco Bay Area in this latitude with 1,034 70 mm (40 736 in) of rain 

Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Stinson Beach had a population of 632  The population density was 433 1 inhabitants per square mile (167 2/km2)  The racial makeup of Stinson Beach was 582 (92 1%) White, 3 (0 5%) African American, 8 (1 3%) Native American, 14 (2 2%) Asian, 1 (0 2%) Pacific Islander, 9 (1 4%) from other races, and 15 (2 4%) from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33 persons (5 2%) 
The Census reported that 629 people (99 5% of the population) lived in households, 3 (0 5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized 
There were 339 households, out of which 50 (14 7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 134 (39 5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 14 (4 1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 10 (2 9%) had a male householder with no wife present   There were 26 (7 7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 8 (2 4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  147 households (43 4%) were made up of individuals, and 45 (13 3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 1 86   There were 158 families (46 6% of all households); the average family size was 2 54 
The population was spread out, with 76 people (12 0%) under the age of 18, 26 people (4 1%) aged 18 to 24, 117 people (18 5%) aged 25 to 44, 278 people (44 0%) aged 45 to 64, and 135 people (21 4%) who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 54 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 94 5 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 1 males 
There were 773 housing units at an average density of 529 8 per square mile (204 6/km2), of which 209 (61 7%) were owner-occupied, and 130 (38 3%) were occupied by renters  The homeowner vacancy rate was 2 3%; the rental vacancy rate was 9 7%   425 people (67 2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 204 people (32 3%) lived in rental housing units 

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 751 people, 374 households, and 178 families residing in the CDP   The population density was 712 inhabitants per square mile (275/km2)   There were 693 housing units at an average density of 657 per square mile (254/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP in 2010 was 89 6% non-Hispanic White, 0 5% non-Hispanic African American, 0 2% Native American, 2 2% Asian, 0 2% from Pacific Islander, 0 5% from other races, and 1 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 2% of the population 
There were 374 households, out of which 18 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 6% were married couples living together, 4 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52 4% were non-families  42 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 1 98 and the average family size was 2 75 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16 9% under the age of 18, 3 3% from 18 to 24, 25 8% from 25 to 44, 39 4% from 45 to 64, and 14 5% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 47 years  For every 100 females, there were 98 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100 0 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $87,679, and the median income for a family was $105,827  Males had a median income of $58,750 versus $56,875 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $62,452   About 3 8% of families and 5 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11 8% of those under the age of eighteen and 10 4% of those 65 or over 

Education
Stinson Beach is in the Bolinas-Stinson Union School District, the Tamalpais Union High School District, and the Marin Community College District   Students in primary grades (K-2) attend Stinson Beach School, while elementary grade students (grades 3–8) attend Bolinas School   Stinson Beach is in the attendance area of Tamalpais High School, in Mill Valley 

Government
Stinson Beach is unincorporated, receiving general government services from Marin County, including law enforcement, land use planning, library, public health, and code enforcement  Three special districts provide local services   The Stinson Beach County Water District provides water and septic tank maintenance service and contracts for garbage and recycling collection   The Stinson Beach Volunteer Fire Protection District provides fire protection, emergency medical care, and disaster management services   The Marin County Flood Control and Water Conservation District administers programs which aim to mitigate flooding, historically concentrating on issues related to the flooding of Easkoot Creek 

Community organizations
The Stinson Beach Village Association was formed in 1976 to represent the town as the County developed the first Stinson Beach Community Plan  The Village Association's current elected president is village resident Michael Matthews   Previously, development of the town had been promoted by the Stinson Beach Progressive Club, one of several non-profit organizations that formed the board of the Stinson Beach Community Center



ground_truth: Benny Beaver

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many times did plague occur in the birthplace of La Silvia's composer?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353  It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351  Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis spread by fleas, but during the Black Death it probably also took a secondary form, spread by person-to-person contact via aerosols, causing pneumonic plague The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic  The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history 
The origin of the Black Death is disputed  Genetic analysis points to the evolution of Yersinia pestis in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China 2,600 years ago  The immediate territorial origins of the Black Death and its outbreak remains unclear with some pointing towards Central Asia, China, the Middle East and Europe  The pandemic was reportedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of the Genoese trading port of Kaffa in Crimea by the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg in 1347  From Crimea, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese ships, spreading through the Mediterranean Basin and reaching North Africa, Western Asia and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily and the Italian Peninsula  There is evidence that once it came ashore, the Black Death mainly spread person-to-person as pneumonic plague, thus explaining the quick inland spread of the epidemic, which was faster than would be expected if the primary vector was rat fleas causing bubonic plague  In 2022, it was discovered that there was a sudden surge of deaths in what is today Kyrgyzstan from the Black Death in the late 1330s; when combined with genetic evidence, this implies that the initial spread may not have been due to Mongol conquests in the 14th century, as previously speculated The Black Death was the second great natural disaster to strike Europe during the Late Middle Ages (the first one being the Great Famine of 1315–1317) and is estimated to have killed 30 percent to 60 percent of the European population, as well as about one-third of the population of the Middle East  The plague might have reduced the world population from c  475 million to 350–375 million in the 14th century  There were further outbreaks throughout the Late Middle Ages and, with other contributing factors (the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages), the European population did not regain its level in 1300 until 1500  Outbreaks of the plague recurred around the world until the early 19th century 

Names
European writers contemporary with the plague described the disease in Latin as pestis or pestilentia, 'pestilence'; epidemia, 'epidemic'; mortalitas, 'mortality'  In English prior to the 18th century, the event was called the "pestilence" or "great pestilence", "the plague" or the "great death"  Subsequent to the pandemic "the furste moreyn" (first murrain) or "first pestilence" was applied, to distinguish the mid-14th century phenomenon from other infectious diseases and epidemics of plague The 1347 pandemic plague was not referred to specifically as "black" in the time of occurrence in any European language, though the expression "black death" had occasionally been applied to fatal disease beforehand  "Black death" was not used to describe the plague pandemic in English until the 1750s; the term is first attested in 1755, where it translated Danish: den sorte død, lit  'the black death'  This expression as a proper name for the pandemic had been popularized by Swedish and Danish chroniclers in the 15th and early 16th centuries, and in the 16th and 17th centuries was transferred to other languages as a calque: Icelandic: svarti dauði, German: der schwarze Tod, and French: la mort noire  Previously, most European languages had named the pandemic a variant or calque of the Latin: magna mortalitas, lit  'Great Death' The phrase 'black death' – describing Death as black – is very old  Homer used it in the Odyssey to describe the monstrous Scylla, with her mouths "full of black Death" (Ancient Greek: πλεῖοι μέλανος Θανάτοιο, romanized: pleîoi mélanos Thanátoio)  Seneca the Younger may have been the first to describe an epidemic as 'black death', (Latin: mors atra) but only in reference to the acute lethality and dark prognosis of disease  The 12th–13th century French physician Gilles de Corbeil had already used atra mors to refer to a "pestilential fever" (febris pestilentialis) in his work On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases (De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium)  The phrase mors nigra, 'black death', was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino (or Couvin), a Belgian astronomer, in his poem "On the Judgement of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn" (De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni), which attributes the plague to an astrological conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn  His use of the phrase is not connected unambiguously with the plague pandemic of 1347 and appears to refer to the fatal outcome of disease The historian Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the Great Pestilence in 1893 and suggested that it had been "some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"  In 1908, Gasquet said use of the name atra mors for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J  I  Pontanus: "Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocitabant) 

Previous plague epidemics
Research from 2017 suggests plague first infected humans in Europe and Asia in the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age  Research in 2018 found evidence of Yersinia pestis in an ancient Swedish tomb, which may have been associated with the "Neolithic decline" around 3000 BCE, in which European populations fell significantly  This Y  pestis may have been different from more modern types, with bubonic plague transmissible by fleas first known from Bronze Age remains near Samara The symptoms of bubonic plague are first attested in a fragment of Rufus of Ephesus preserved by Oribasius; these ancient medical authorities suggest bubonic plague had appeared in the Roman Empire before the reign of Trajan, six centuries before arriving at Pelusium in the reign of Justinian I  In 2013, researchers confirmed earlier speculation that the cause of the Plague of Justinian (541–542 CE, with recurrences until 750) was Y  pestis  This is known as the first plague pandemic  In 610, the Chinese physician Chao Yuanfang described a "malignant bubo" "coming in abruptly with high fever together with the appearance of a bundle of nodes beneath the tissue " The Chinese physician Sun Simo who died in 652 also mentioned a "malignant bubo" and plague that was common in Lingnan (Guangzhou)  Ole Jørgen Benedictow believes that this indicates it was an offshoot of the first plague pandemic which made its way eastward to Chinese territory by around 600 

14th-century plague
Causes
Early theory
The most authoritative contemporary account is found in a report from the medical faculty in Paris to Philip VI of France  It blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air" (miasma theory)  Muslim religious scholars taught that the pandemic was a "martyrdom and mercy" from God, assuring the believer's place in paradise  For non-believers, it was a punishment  Some Muslim doctors cautioned against trying to prevent or treat a disease sent by God  Others adopted preventive measures and treatments for plague used by Europeans  These Muslim doctors also depended on the writings of the ancient Greeks 

Predominant modern theory
Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried-out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease  The plague disease, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas, including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, North India, Uganda and the western United States Y  pestis was discovered by Alexandre Yersin, a pupil of Louis Pasteur, during an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894; Yersin also proved this bacillus was present in rodents and suggested the rat was the main vehicle of transmission  The mechanism by which Y  pestis is usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y  pestis several days after feeding on an infected host  This blockage starves the fleas and drives them to aggressive feeding behaviour and attempts to clear the blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host  The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lacks resistance  When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic 

DNA evidence
Definitive confirmation of the role of Y  pestis arrived in 2010 with a publication in PLOS Pathogens by Haensch et al  They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for Y  pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences  The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, "ends the debate about the cause of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y  pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages"  In 2011, these results were further confirmed with genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England  Schuenemann et al  concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y  pestis that may no longer exist" Later in 2011, Bos et al  reported in Nature the first draft genome of Y  pestis from plague victims from the same East Smithfield cemetery and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of Y  pestis Since this time, further genomic papers have further confirmed the phylogenetic placement of the Y  pestis strain responsible for the Black Death as both the ancestor of later plague epidemics including the third plague pandemic and as the descendant of the strain responsible for the Plague of Justinian  In addition, plague genomes from significantly earlier in prehistory have been recovered DNA taken from 25 skeletons from 14th century London have shown plague is a strain of Y  pestis almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013  Further DNA evidence also proves the role of Y  Pestis and traces the source to the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan 

Alternative explanations
It is recognised that an epidemiological account of plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period  Most work has been done on the spread of the disease in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken in England between the time of publication of the Domesday Book of 1086 and the poll tax of the year 1377  Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures for the clergy 
Mathematical modelling is used to match the spreading patterns and the means of transmission  A research in 2018 challenged the popular hypothesis that "infected rats died, their flea parasites could have jumped from the recently dead rat hosts to humans"  It suggested an alternative model in which "the disease was spread from human fleas and body lice to other people"  The second model claims to better fit the trends of death toll because the rat-flea-human hypothesis would have produced a delayed but very high spike in deaths, which contradict historical death data Lars Walløe complains that all of these authors "take it for granted that Simond's infection model, black rat → rat flea → human, which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India, is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread", whilst pointing to several other possibilities  Similarly, Monica Green has argued that greater attention is needed to the range of (especially non-commensal) animals that might be involved in the transmission of plague Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of numerous rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the disease spread too quickly to support the thesis that Y  pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person  This theory is supported by research in 2018 which suggested transmission was more likely by body lice and fleas during the second plague pandemic 

Summary
Although academic debate continues, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance  Many scholars arguing for Y  pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections  In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicaemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms  In 2014, Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed in the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis  Currently, while osteoarcheologists have conclusively verified the presence of Y  pestis bacteria in burial sites across northern Europe through examination of bones and dental pulp, no other epidemic pathogen has been discovered to bolster the alternative explanations 

Transmission
Lack of hygiene
The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century with the development of the germ theory of disease; until then streets were commonly filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding, facilitating the spread of transmissible disease By the early fourteenth century so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste  In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for "shit"  There were rue Merdeux, rue Merdelet, rue Merdusson, rue des Merdons and rue Merdiere—as well as a rue du Pipi Pigs, cattle, chickens, geese, goats and horses roamed the streets of medieval London and Paris  Medieval homeowners were supposed to police their housefronts, including removing animal dung, but most urbanites were as careless as William E  Cosner, a resident of the London suburb of Farringdon Without  A complaint lodged against Cosner charges that "men could not pass [by his house] for the stink [of]       horse dung and horse piss "One irate Londoner complained that the runoff from the local slaughterhouse had made his garden "stinking and putrid", while another charged that the blood from slain animals flooded nearby streets and lanes, "making a foul corruption and abominable sight to all dwelling near " In much of medieval Europe, sanitation legislation consisted of an ordinance requiring homeowners to shout, "Look out below!" three times before dumping a full chamber pot into the street Early Christians, who thought self-abnegation a cardinal virtue, considered bathing, if not a vice, then a temptation  "Who knows what impure thoughts might arise in a tub of warm water? With this danger in mind, St  Benedict declared, "To those who are well, and especially to the young, bathing shall seldom be permitted " St  Agnes took the injunction to heart and died without ever bathing 

Territorial origins
According to a team of medical geneticists led by Mark Achtman that analysed the genetic variation of the bacterium Yersinia pestis "evolved in or near China" over 2,600 years ago  Later research by a team led by Galina Eroshenko places the origins more specifically in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China  However more recent research notes that the previous sampling had a very heavy East Asian bias and that sampling since then has discovered strains of Y  pestis in the Caucasus region that were previously thought to be restricted to China  There is also no physical or specific textual evidence of the Black Death in 14th century China  As a result, China's place in the sequence of the plague's spread is still debated to this day  According to Charles Creighton, records of epidemics in 14th century China suggest nothing more than typhus and major Chinese outbreaks of epidemic disease post-date the European epidemic by several years  The earliest Chinese descriptions of the bubonic plague do not appear until the 1640s Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague, which has led some historians and epidemiologists to think they mark the outbreak of the epidemic; this is supported by recent direct findings of Y  pestis DNA in teeth samples from graves in the area with inscriptions referring to "pestilence" as the cause of death  Epidemics killed an estimated 25 million across Asia during the fifteen years before the Black Death reached Constantinople in 1347 
The evidence does not suggest, at least at present, that these mortality crises were caused by plague  Although some scholars, including McNeill and Cao, see the 1333 outbreak as a prelude to the outbreaks in Europe from the late 1340s to the early 1350s, scholars of the Yuan and Ming periods remain skeptical about such an interpretation  Nonetheless, the remarkably high mortality rates during the Datong mortality should discourage us from rejecting the possibility of localized/regional outbreaks of plague in different parts of China, albeit differing in scale from, and unrelated to, the pandemic mortality of the Black Death  What we lack is any indication of a plague pandemic that engulfed vast territories of the Yuan Empire and later moved into western Eurasia through Central Asia 
According to John Norris, evidence from Issyk-Kul indicates a small sporadic outbreak characteristic of transmission from rodents to humans with no wide-scale impact  According to Achtman, the dating of the plague suggests that it was not carried along the Silk Road, and its widespread appearance in that region probably postdates the European outbreak  There are no records of the symptoms of the Black Death from Mongol sources or writings from travelers east of the Black Sea prior to the Crimean outbreak in 1346  Finally, the Silk Road had already been heavily disrupted before the spread of the Black Death  Western and Middle Eastern traders found it difficult to trade on the Silk Road by 1325 and impossible by 1340, making spread of the plague less likely Others still favor an origin in China or even Kurdistan, and not Central Asia  According to the theory of Chinese origin, the disease may have traveled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders, or it could have arrived via ship, but this theory is still contested  It is speculated that rats aboard Zheng He's ships in the 15th century may have carried the plague to Southeast Asia, India and Africa 
Research on the Delhi Sultanate and the Yuan Dynasty shows no evidence of any serious epidemic in fourteenth-century India and no specific evidence of plague in fourteenth-century China, suggesting that the Black Death may not have reached these regions  Ole Benedictow argues that since the first clear reports of the Black Death come from Kaffa, the Black Death most likely originated in the nearby plague focus on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea 
Demographic historians estimate that China's population fell by at least 15 percent, and perhaps as much as a third, between 1340 and 1370  This population loss coincided with the Black Death that ravaged Europe and much of the Islamic world in 1347–52  However, there is a conspicuous lack of evidence for pandemic disease on the scale of the Black Death in China at this time  War and famine – and the diseases that typically accompanied them – probably were the main causes of mortality in the final decades of Mongol rule 
Monica H  Green suggests that the reason why other parts of Eurasia outside the west do not contain the same evidence of the Black Plague is because there were actually four strains of Yersinia pestis that became predominant in different parts of the world  Mongol records of illness such as food poisoning may have been referring to the Black Plague  Another theory is that the Black Death originated near Europe and cycled through the Mediterranean, Northern Europe and Russia before making its way to China  Other historians such as John Norris and Ole Benedictaw believe the Black Death likely originated in Europe or the Middle East and never reached China 

European outbreak
Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347  During a protracted siege of the city, in 1345–1346 the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants, though it is more likely that infected rats travelled across the siege lines to spread the epidemic to the inhabitants  As the disease took hold, Genoese traders fled across the Black Sea to Constantinople, where the disease first arrived in Europe in summer 1347 The epidemic there killed the 13-year-old son of the Byzantine emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos, who wrote a description of the disease modelled on Thucydides's account of the 5th century BCE Plague of Athens, but noting the spread of the Black Death by ship between maritime cities  Nicephorus Gregoras also described in writing to Demetrios Kydones the rising death toll, the futility of medicine, and the panic of the citizens  The first outbreak in Constantinople lasted a year, but the disease recurred ten times before 1400 Carried by twelve Genoese galleys, plague arrived by ship in Sicily in October 1347; the disease spread rapidly all over the island  Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy  Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseilles From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain (the epidemic began to wreak havoc first on the Crown of Aragon in the spring of 1348), Portugal and England by June 1348, then spread east and north through Germany, Scotland and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350  It was introduced into Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland  Finally, it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351  Plague was somewhat more uncommon in parts of Europe with less developed trade with their neighbours, including the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated Alpine villages throughout the continent According to some epidemiologists, periods of unfavourable weather decimated plague-infected rodent populations and forced their fleas onto alternative hosts, inducing plague outbreaks which often peaked in the hot summers of the Mediterranean, as well as during the cool autumn months of the southern Baltic region  Among many other culprits of plague contagiousness, malnutrition, even if distantly, also contributed to such an immense loss in European population, since it weakened immune systems 

Western Asian and North African outbreak
The disease struck various regions in the Middle East and North Africa during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures  As infected rodents infected new rodents, the disease spread across the region, entering also from southern Russia 
By autumn 1347, plague had reached Alexandria in Egypt, transmitted by sea from Constantinople; according to a contemporary witness, from a single merchant ship carrying slaves  By late summer 1348 it reached Cairo, capital of the Mamluk Sultanate, cultural centre of the Islamic world, and the largest city in the Mediterranean Basin; the Bahriyya child sultan an-Nasir Hasan fled and more than a third of the 600,000 residents died  The Nile was choked with corpses despite Cairo having a medieval hospital, the late 13th century bimaristan of the Qalawun complex  The historian al-Maqrizi described the abundant work for grave-diggers and practitioners of funeral rites, and plague recurred in Cairo more than fifty times over the following one and a half centuries During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza by April; by July it had reached Damascus, and in October plague had broken out in Aleppo  That year, in the territory of modern Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine, the cities of Ascalon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon and Homs were all infected  In 1348–1349, the disease reached Antioch  The city's residents fled to the north, but most of them ended up dying during the journey  Within two years, the plague had spread throughout the Islamic world, from Arabia across North Africa  The pandemic spread westwards from Alexandria along the African coast, while in April 1348 Tunis was infected by ship from Sicily  Tunis was then under attack by an army from Morocco; this army dispersed in 1348 and brought the contagion with them to Morocco, whose epidemic may also have been seeded from the Islamic city of Almería in al-Andalus Mecca became infected in 1348 by pilgrims performing the Hajj  In 1351 or 1352, the Rasulid sultan of the Yemen, al-Mujahid Ali, was released from Mamluk captivity in Egypt and carried plague with him on his return home  During 1348, records show the city of Mosul suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease 

Signs and symptoms
Bubonic plague
Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise  Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days Contemporary accounts of the pandemic are varied and often imprecise  The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, neck and armpits, which oozed pus and bled when opened  Boccaccio's description:

In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg     From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous  As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death, such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves 
This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood  Most people died two to seven days after initial infection  Freckle-like spots and rashes, which could have been caused by flea-bites, were identified as another potential sign of plague 

Pneumonic plague
Lodewijk Heyligen, whose master the Cardinal Colonna died of plague in 1348, noted a distinct form of the disease, pneumonic plague, that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems  Symptoms include fever, cough and blood-tinged sputum  As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red  Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent 

Septicaemic plague
Septicaemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%  Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation)  In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicaemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes 

Consequences
Deaths
There are no exact figures for the death toll; the rate varied widely by locality  In urban centres, the greater the population before the outbreak, the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality  It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia  A study published in 2022 of pollen samples across Europe between 1250 and 1450 was used to estimate changes in agricultural output before and after the Black Death  The authors found great variability in different regions, with evidence for high mortality in areas of Scandinavia, France, western Germany, Greece and central Italy, but uninterrupted agricultural growth in central and eastern Europe, Iberia and Ireland The mortality rate of the Black Death in the 14th century was far greater than the worst 20th-century outbreaks of Y  pestis plague, which occurred in India and killed as much as 3% of the population of certain cities  The overwhelming number of deceased bodies produced by the Black Death caused the necessity of mass burial sites in Europe, sometimes including up to several hundred or several thousand skeletons  The mass burial sites that have been excavated have allowed archaeologists to continue interpreting and defining the biological, sociological, historical and anthropological implications of the Black Death According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague  Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it could have been as much as 60% of the European population  In 1348, the disease spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished  In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die  Half of Paris' population of 100,000 people died  In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from between 110,000 and 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 down to 50,000 in 1351  At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well, with a death toll of approximately 62,000 between 1346 and 1353  Florence's tax records suggest that 80% of the city's population died within four months in 1348  Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450  The disease bypassed some areas, with the most isolated areas being less vulnerable to contagion  Plague did not appear in Douai in Flanders until the turn of the 15th century, and the impact was less severe on the populations of Hainaut, Finland, northern Germany and areas of Poland  Monks, nuns and priests were especially hard-hit since they cared for people with the Black Death 

The physician to the Avignon Papacy, Raimundo Chalmel de Vinario (Latin: Magister Raimundus, lit  'Master Raymond'), observed the decreasing mortality rate of successive outbreaks of plague in 1347–48, 1362, 1371 and 1382 in his 1382 treatise On Epidemics (De epidemica)  In the first outbreak, two thirds of the population contracted the illness and most patients died; in the next, half the population became ill but only some died; by the third, a tenth were affected and many survived; while by the fourth occurrence, only one in twenty people were sickened and most of them survived  By the 1380s in Europe, it predominantly affected children  Chalmel de Vinario recognised that bloodletting was ineffective (though he continued to prescribe bleeding for members of the Roman Curia, whom he disliked), and said that all true cases of plague were caused by astrological factors and were incurable; he himself was never able to effect a cure The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death toll of about a third of the population  The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population  In Cairo, with a population numbering as many as 600,000, and possibly the largest city west of China, between one third and 40% of the inhabitants died within eight months Italian chronicler Agnolo di Tura recorded his experience from Siena, where plague arrived in May 1348:

Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through the breath and sight  And so they died  And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship  Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could, without priest, without divine offices     great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead  And they died by the hundreds both day and night     And as soon as those ditches were filled more were dug     And I, Agnolo di Tura     buried my five children with my own hands  And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city  There was no one who wept for any death, for all awaited death  And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world 

Economic
It has been suggested that the plague, like some others in history, disproportionately affected the poorest people, who were already in generally worse physical condition than the wealthier citizens   Nevertheless, with such a large overall population decline from the pandemic, wages soared in response to a labour shortage  On the other hand, in the quarter century after the Black Death in England, it is clear many labourers, artisans and craftsmen, those living from money-wages alone, did suffer a reduction in real incomes owing to rampant inflation  Landowners were also pushed to substitute monetary rents for labour services in an effort to keep tenants 

Environmental
A study performed by Thomas Van Hoof of the Utrecht University suggests that the innumerable deaths brought on by the pandemic cooled the climate by freeing up land and triggering reforestation  This may have led to the Little Ice Age 

Persecutions
Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death  Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims", lepers and Romani, blaming them for the crisis  Lepers, and others with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were killed throughout Europe 
Because 14th-century healers and governments were at a loss to explain or stop the disease, Europeans turned to astrological forces, earthquakes and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for outbreaks  Many believed the epidemic was a punishment by God for their sins, and could be relieved by winning God's forgiveness There were many attacks against Jewish communities  In the Strasbourg massacre of February 1349, about 2,000 Jews were murdered  In August 1349, the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated  By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed  During this period many Jews relocated to Poland, where they received a warm welcome from King Casimir the Great 

Social
One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th-century Italy and led to the Renaissance  Italy was particularly badly hit by the pandemic, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on spirituality and the afterlife  It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art This does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred in Italy in the 14th century  The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy  The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors, in combination with an influx of Greek scholars following the fall of the Byzantine Empire  As a result of the drastic reduction in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom  To answer the increased need for labour, workers travelled in search of the most favorable position economically Prior to the emergence of the Black Death, the workings of Europe were run by the Catholic Church and the continent was considered a feudalistic society, composed of fiefs and city-states  The pandemic completely restructured both religion and political forces; survivors began to turn to other forms of spirituality and the power dynamics of the fiefs and city-states crumbled Cairo's population, partly owing to the numerous plague epidemics, was in the early 18th century half of what it was in 1347  The populations of some Italian cities, notably Florence, did not regain their pre-14th century size until the 19th century  The demographic decline due to the pandemic had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400  Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall  The survivors of the pandemic found not only that the prices of food were lower but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives, and this probably destabilised feudalism The word "quarantine" has its roots in this period, though the concept of isolating people to prevent the spread of disease is older  In the city-state of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia), a thirty-day isolation period was implemented in 1377 for new arrivals to the city from plague-affected areas  The isolation period was later extended to forty days, and given the name "quarantino" from the Italian word for "forty" 

Recurrences
Second plague pandemic
The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries  According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671  (Note that some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data ) The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67  Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century)  The historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 1900s  However, other sources suggest that the Second pandemic did indeed reach Sub-Saharan Africa According to historian Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31 " In the first half of the 17th century, a plague killed some 1 7 million people in Italy  More than 1 25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world  Plague could be found in the Islamic world almost every year between 1500 and 1850  Sometimes the outbreaks affected small areas, while other outbreaks affected multiple regions  Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa  Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42  Cairo suffered more than fifty plague epidemics within 150 years from the plague's first appearance, with the final outbreak of the second pandemic there in the 1840s  Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century  Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800  Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population had died 

Third plague pandemic
The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone  The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney  This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908 

Modern-day
Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine  It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat  One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995  A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014  In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands An estimate of the case fatality rate for the modern bubonic plague, following the introduction of antibiotics, is 11%, although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions 

See also
Black Death in England
Black Death in medieval culture
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Flagellant
Globalization and disease
List of epidemics
Second plague pandemic
Timeline of plague
Passage 2:
Patricia Millardet
Patricia Millardet (24 March 1957 − 13 April 2020) was a French movie and television actress, who played judge Silvia Conti in the Italian mafia series La piovra She died of a heart attack in 2020 at the age of 63 

Partial filmography
Passage 3:
La Rosiere de Pessac
La Rosière de Pessac (The Virgin of Pessac) is the title of two hour-long films directed by Jean Eustache (in 1968 and 1979 respectively)   The films cover an annual ceremony, held in Eustache's place of birth, in which the mayor and his associates nominate a girl as the town's most virtuous   Thus, the girls chosen in those two years are eponymous subjects of these documentaries 

External links
La Rosière de Pessac at IMDb
La Rosière de Pessac at IMDb
Passage 4:
Orlando furioso (Vivaldi, 1714)
Orlando furioso RV 819 (Italian pronunciation: [orˈlando fuˈrjoːzo, -so], Teatro San Angelo, Venice 1714) is a three-act opera surviving in manuscript in Antonio Vivaldi's personal library, only partly related to his better known Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727  It is a recomposition of an Orlando furioso written by Giovanni Alberto Ristori which had been very successfully staged by Vivaldi and his father's impresa in 1713, and whose music survives in a few fragments retained in the score of RV 819  Therefore, Vivaldi's first cataloguer Peter Ryom did not assign the opera a RV number, but catalogued it as RV Anh  84  The libretto was by Grazio Braccioli 

Authorship
Federico Maria Sardelli, according to the studies of Reinhard Strohm, argues that Orlando RV 819 was entirely recomposed by Vivaldi, starting from the original Ristori's opera that Vivaldi himself had already changed during the numerous representations of the season 1713  He assigned to it the catalogue number RV 819  One suggestion is that Vivaldi avoided putting his own name on the opera having himself only recently taken direction of the Teatro San Angelo  Against this others consider that the bulk of the opera is a copy of Ristori's lost work 

Opera
Unlike the Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727, in which the role of Orlando is sung by a contralto, the 1714 opera assigns the title role to a bass  The third act is missing and the rest of the score (evidently used in performances by the composer) is incomplete  Two arias are lost, seven arias are incomplete (only the bass part is extant) and three arias are identical with extant arias in RV 727 and RV 729 

Recording
The French label Naïve, which had already recorded the more famous Orlando furioso and Orlando finto pazzo for its Vivaldi Edition, released a recording of the July 20, 2012 première at the Festival de Beaune, with Sardelli conducting Modo Antiquo and singers including Riccardo Novaro as Orlando, Gaëlle Arquez as Angelica, Romina Basso as Alcina and Teodora Gheorghiu as Bradamante  Given the heavily defective nature of the surviving manuscript, Sardelli had to reconstruct or compose ex novo the seven incomplete arias, in a Vivaldian style 

See also
List of operas by Antonio Vivaldi
Passage 5:
Denmark Place fire
The Denmark Place fire occurred on 16 August 1980 at 18 Denmark Place in Central London  The fire, caused by arson, killed 37 people of eight nationalities, most of whom were Spanish or Latin American, who were patrons of two unlicensed bars in the building  At the time, The Sunday Times suggested that it could be "the worst mass murder in British history" 

Background
There were two unlicensed bars on the top two floors of 18 Denmark Place: The Spanish Rooms, a late night bar frequented by locals, including Irish and Jamaican immigrants; and Rodo's, also known as El Dandy, a salsa club popular with South American immigrants  Access to both of these bars was obtained by shouting up from the street below in order to obtain a key  The only way into both of these clubs was through a locked front door and up some stairs leading to a landing  
Access to the club on the lower floor was via this landing and access to the club on the upper floor was via a fire escape enclosed with plywood  Both bars, being unlicensed, were obscured from the outside world by boarded up windows and the door on Denmark Street that led to the fire escape was bolted shut  The Metropolitan Police were aware of the clubs and were planning to shut them both down on Monday 18 August  A farewell party was being thrown over the weekend 

The fire
On the night of 16 August 1980, John Thompson, a Scottish-born petty criminal aged 42, entered The Spanish Rooms and drank there  He believed that the barman had overcharged him for the drink  After fighting with the barman he was ejected from the building and the door was locked behind him  Thompson found a 2-gallon container outside the club, hailed a taxi and then travelled to a 24-hour petrol station in Camden where he filled the container with petrol  He then returned to 18 Denmark Place, poured the petrol through the letterbox of the front door and put a lit piece of paper through Fire quickly took hold in the premises owing to the largely timber construction of the building  Both bars were badly damaged  There were estimated to be 150 people within the building at the time  People could not escape easily due to the boarded up windows, the locked fire escape and general lack of fire safety precautions owing to the bars' unlicensed status The fire burned quickly through the wooden staircase, destroying the main entrance and exit to the bars  Some patrons tried to escape via the back door but found that this was locked  Others smashed windows and jumped out onto the street below  On Denmark Street there was a music shop that backed onto the clubs and some patrons were found here trapped behind the security shutters  One firefighter managed to rescue six people from this area 
When firefighters were called to the fire at around 03:30 they could see smoke seeping from the shuttered windows  When an attempt was made to force the locked front door open they were showered with sparks and embers and were forced to retreat  Once firefighters were able to access the front door it took four minutes to break it down – behind it they found that the staircase was completely on fire 
The speed of the fire was so rapid that many of the bar patrons died where they were sitting or standing  An officer from the London Fire Brigade described the scene:

People seem to have died on the spot without even having time to move an inch  Some were slumped at tables  Seven were at the bar and appear to have fallen as they stood, with drinks still in their hands 

Aftermath
In May 1981, Thompson was convicted on a specimen charge of murdering one of the victims, Archibald Campbell (aged 63) and sentenced to life imprisonment  He died of lung cancer on 16 August 2008, the 28th anniversary of the fire There was comparatively little publicity about the fire, and no formal enquiry into it  The families of some of those who died were not aware of the circumstances  In 2022, after redevelopment of the site, a plaque was placed on a wall in memory 

See also
Blue Bird Café fire, 1972 fire in Montreal started in retaliations by patrons refused entry who then lit petrol in front of main entrance and only exit; also killed 37 
Happy Land fire, 1990 fire in New York City at illegally operated nightclub started the same way by aggrieved ejected patron; resulting 87 fatalities is the worst mass murder in city history caused by a single person 
Clerkenwell cinema fire, 1994 fire in London at an illegally operated adult cinema, intentionally started by an aggrieved patron 
Ghost Ship warehouse fire, 2016 fire at illegally operated nightclub in California that killed 37
Passage 6:
List of bones of the human skeleton
The human skeleton of an adult consists of around 206 bones, depending on the counting of sternum (which may alternatively be included as the manubrium, body of sternum, and the xiphoid process)  It is composed of 270 bones at the time of birth, but later decreases to 206: 80 bones in the axial skeleton and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton  Many small accessory bones, such as sesamoid bones, are not included in this count 

Introduction
As a person ages, some bones fuse, a process which typically lasts until sometime within the third decade of life  Therefore, the number of bones in an individual may be evaluated differently throughout a lifetime  In addition, the bones of the skull and face are counted as separate bones, despite being fused naturally  Some reliable sesamoid bones such as the pisiform are counted, while others, such as the hallux sesamoids, are not 
Individuals may have more or fewer bones than the average (even accounting for developmental stage) owing to anatomical variations  The most common variations include sutural (wormian) bones, which are located along the sutural lines on the back of the skull, and sesamoid bones which develop within some tendons, mainly in the hands and feet  Some individuals may also have additional (i e , supernumerary) cervical ribs or lumbar vertebrae  Amputations or other injuries may result in the loss of bones  Complete bone fractures may split one bone into multiple pieces  Other genetic conditions may result in abnormally higher (e g  polydactyly or conjoined twins) or lower (e g  oligodactyly) counts of bones 

Bones
The axial skeleton, comprising the spine, chest and head, contains 80 bones  The appendicular skeleton, comprising the arms and legs, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles, contains 126 bones, bringing the total for the entire skeleton to 206 bones  Infants are born with about 270 bones with most of it being cartilage, but will later fuse together and decrease over time to 206 bones 

Spine (vertebral column)
A fully grown adult features 26 bones in the spine, whereas a child can have 34 

Cervical vertebrae (7 bones)
Thoracic vertebrae (12 bones)
Lumbar vertebrae (5 bones)
Sacrum (5 bones at birth, fused into one after adolescence)
Coccygeal vertebrae/Cordal (set of 4 bones at birth; some or all fuse together, but there seems to be a disagreement between researchers as to what the most common number should be  Some say the most common is 1, others say 2 or 3, with 4 being the least likely  It is counted as 1 in this article )

Chest (thorax)
There are 25 bones in the chest  The chest contains cartilage for the lungs to fill with air  

Sternum (1 or 3 bones  It is counted as 1 in this article )
Ribs (24, in 12 pairs)
Cervical ribs are extra ribs that occur in some people 

Head
There are 23 bones in the skull  Including the bones of the middle ear and the hyoid bone, the head contains 29 bones 

Cranial bones (8)
Occipital bone
Parietal bones (2)
Frontal bone
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
Ethmoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
Facial bones (15)
Nasal bones (2)
Maxillae (upper jaw) (2)
Lacrimal bone (2)
Zygomatic bone (cheek bones) (2)
Palatine bone (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Vomer (1)
Hyoid bone (1)
Mandible (1)
Middle ears (6 bones in total, 3 on each side)
Malleus (2)
Incus (2)
Stapes (2)

Upper limb (arm and forearm) and hand
There are a total of 64 bones in the arms, 32 in each arm

Upper arm bones (6 bones in total; 3 on each side)
Humerus (2)
Pectoral girdle (shoulder)
Scapula (2)
Clavicle (2)
Lower arm bones (4 bones in total, 2 on each side) left bone
Ulna (2) (Lined up with pinky)
Radius (2) (Lined up with thumb)
Hand (54 bones in total; 27 in each hand)
Carpals
Scaphoid bone (2)
Lunate bone (2)
Triquetral bone (2)
Pisiform bone (2)
Trapezium (2)
Trapezoid bone (2)
Capitate bone (2)
Hamate bone (2)
Metacarpals (10 bones in total; 5 on each side)
Phalanges of the hand (28 bones in total, 14 on each hand)
Proximal phalanges (10 bones in total; 5 on each side)
Intermediate phalanges (8 bones in total; 4 on each side)
Distal phalanges (10 bones in total; 5 on each side)

Pelvis (pelvic girdle)
The pelvis (or hip bone) is made up of three regions that have fused to form two coxal bones  They are the ilium, ischium, and pubis 

The sacrum and coccyx attach to the two hip bones to form the pelvis, but are more important to the spinal column, where they are counted The pelvis is one of two bones used to determine the sex of a skeleton, which is determined by examining the size of the greater sciatic notch (also known as the pelvic opening) 

Lower limb (thigh and leg) and foot
There are a total of 60 bones in the legs 

Femur (2)
Patella or kneecap (2)
Tibia (2)
Fibula (2)
Foot (52 bones in total, 26 per foot)
Tarsus/Tarsals
Calcaneus or heel bone (2)
Talus (2)
Navicular bone (2)
Medial cuneiform bone (2)
Intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
Lateral cuneiform bone (2)
Cuboid bone (2)
Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges of the foot (28 bones in total, 14 per foot)
Proximal phalanges (10)
Intermediate phalanges (8)
Distal phalanges (10)

See also
List of skeletal muscles of the human body
List of nerves of the human body
Circulatory system
Blood vessel
Passage 7:
2010 Elazığ earthquake
The 2010 Elazığ earthquake was a 6 1 Mw earthquake that occurred on 8 March 2010 at 02:32 UTC (04:32 local time)  The epicentre was Başyurt in Elazığ Province, in eastern Turkey  Initial reports in global media said as many as 57 people had died  By 10 March, reports in the Turkish media placed the death toll at 41 and later, the death toll rose to 42  Another 74 were injured, many after falling and jumping from buildings  A stampede through the streets led to further injuries The earthquake came one week to the day after the Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers sent a report to parliament detailing inadequate building projects and the possibility that Istanbul would be destroyed by an earthquake, which could kill tens of thousands of people, at some point in the next three decades 

Earthquake
The quake occurred on the East Anatolian Fault, a major transform fault which represents  the boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Arabian Plate 

Damage
According to officials, most of the deaths occurred in three villages: Okçular, Yukarı Kanatlı and Kayalı  At least five villages, though, suffered loss of life  Villagers fled buildings, spending the night outside and lighting fires in the streets for warmth Thirty houses collapsed in Okçular, and the death toll is at least 17  Reports from the scene indicate "the village is totally flattened" and "everything has been knocked down – there is not a stone in place" At least 25 people died in Yukarı Demirci, and emergency services went to Kovancılar Many people used vehicles and taxis to drive to the hospital  Most were asleep at the time the quake struck, with four sleeping sisters perishing in one house  Farm animals were also killed, and minarets fell down 

Aftershocks
Several aftershocks were felt, the strongest measuring 5 5 (at 09:47 local time), 5 1 (at 12:14) and 5 3 (at 13:12)  A total of over 20 aftershocks were counted within a short time following the quake  Villagers were told to stay away from buildings for several days due to the potential of further aftershocks Onur Tan et al  (2011) analyzed 2130 aftershocks (ML≥0 3) and reported in Geophysical Research Letters 

Response
Turkey: Four government ministers, including Deputy Prime Minister Cemil Çiçek, visited the scene as soon as news of the earthquake was reported  The Red Crescent and Turkey's disaster management centre donated blankets and tents  Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan later arrived  Pakistan: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani sent a condolence message to his Turkish counterpart Recep Tayyip Erdoğan over the loss of lives and property and said that "We have learnt with utter sense of shock and profound sadness the news of the massive earthquake that has hit your beautiful country, today  Our hearts go out to our Turkish brethren over the loss of precious lives and destruction of property  I wish to convey, on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan and on my own behalf our deepest condolences and commiserations to the people and Government of Turkey in bearing this enormous natural calamity " Israel: Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered an aid proposal to be put together but later said that Turkey informed Israel that it did not require assistance at this time 

See also
2020 Elazığ earthquake
List of earthquakes in 2010
List of earthquakes in Turkey
Passage 8:
La Cantuta massacre
La Cantuta massacre took place in Peru on 18 July 1992, during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori  Supposed members of Shining Path, including a university professor and nine students from Lima's La Cantuta University, were abducted, tortured, and killed by Grupo Colina, a military death squad  The incident occurred two days after the Shining Path's Tarata bombing, which killed over 40 people in Lima Province 
The massacre was one of the crimes cited in the conviction of Fujimori on 7 April 2009, for human rights abuses 

Context
The Enrique Guzmán y Valle National Education University (Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, or "UNE"; better known as "La Cantuta", from the neighbourhood in which it stands) was founded as a teacher-training college in 1822, granted its university charter in 1965, closed down by the military government in 1977, and reopened in 1980 Because of its remote location, far away from the centre of Lima, the fact that most of its students hailed from the impoverished interior of the country, and that most of them intended to enter the highly politicised teaching profession, La Cantuta gained a reputation as hotbed of radical politics, such as communism and anarchism as early as the late 1950s and early 1960s  A series of student-led protest actions on the campus — including the blocking of the railway line linking Lima with the interior of the country — that led to the suspension of its activities in 1977 With the return of democratic rule in 1980, President Belaúnde reopened the university  The radical elements among the students and lecturers were quick to return, and by the mid-1980s the country's two main insurgent groups, Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), had a strong presence on campus, being widely regarded as 2 very legitimate organisations  By the early 1990s, due to a strategic withdrawal by MRTA and the fragmentation of the other left-wing groups on campus, legal and illegal alike, Sendero Luminoso had the upper hand  This was in spite of operations such as that of 13 February 1987, when 4000 police officers conducted night-time raids at the dormitories of three state universities (including La Cantuta); 20 April 1989, when a joint force of police and army descended on La Cantuta University and San Marcos National University and arrested over 500 students on charges of subversion; or 22 May 1991, when, in response to a hostage crisis and rumors of an explosive device squirreled away on campus, Fujimori sent the army in to restore law and order at La Cantuta  Graffiti alluding to Sendero Luminoso and its leader, Abimael Guzmán, were painted over with patriotic slogans; students went about their business only after passing checkpoints and under close supervision from the armed forces; and the campus remained under military control for several years 

Abduction of July 1992
In the pre-dawn hours of 18 July 1992, two days after the Tarata bombing, members of the Army Intelligence Service (SIE) and the Army Directorate of Intelligence (DINTE), most of whom were attached to the recently established Grupo Colina death squad, burst into the residences of the Enrique Guzmán y Valle National University Once inside, the troops forced all the students to leave their rooms and lie belly-down on the floor  Nine students believed to be linked to the Tarata Bombing — Bertila Lozano Torres, Dora Oyague Fierro, Luis Enrique Ortiz Perea, Armando Richard Amaro Cóndor, Robert Édgar Teodoro Espinoza, Heráclides Pablo Meza, Felipe Flores Chipana, Marcelino Rosales Cárdenas, and Juan Gabriel Mariños Figueroa — were separated from the others and taken away  Meanwhile, in the staff residences, a group of soldiers broke into the home of professor Hugo Muñoz Sánchez  After searching his bedroom, they gagged the professor and led him away 

Prosecutions and amnesty
In April 1993, a group of Peruvian military officers anonymously released a document detailing the events at La Cantuta  Their document claimed the death squad had abducted the victims, tortured and murdered them, and then hurriedly buried them; later, they claimed, after questions had been raised in Congress, that the armed forces had exhumed, incinerated, and reburied the bodies in another location  The military whistleblowers named the members of Grupo Colina involved, identified the operations chief as Major Santiago Martín Rivas, and suggested that the group operated on the orders of Vladimiro Montesinos, head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN) and a close advisor to President Fujimori 
On 6 May, Lt  Gen  Humberto Robles Espinoza, the army's third highest-ranking officer, publicly denounced a number of human rights violations committed by the SIN and the armed forces, including the La Cantuta killings  He was later dismissed from duty and subjected to death threats, and finally fled the country for political asylum in Argentina In June 1993, Justo Arizapana Vicente, a recycler, and his friend Guillermo Cataroca, leaked a marked map to congress man Roger Cáceres Velásquez and Radio Comas journalist Juan Jara Berrospi  Cáceres then shared the map with Ricardo Uceda at the news magazine Sí, who published it in July of that year  Mariella Barreto, an agent of the Peruvian Army Intelligence Service, is also sometimes credited with leaking this map to a Peruvian magazine  An investigation of the site indicated on the map by the public prosecutor revealed four clandestine graves  Forensic tests conducted on the remains, and on another set of bones found at another site, revealed that they belonged to Muñoz Sánchez and the students Luis Enrique Ortiz Perea, Armando Amaro Condor, and Juan Gabriel Mariños Figueroa, and that at least some of them had been tortured prior to receiving an execution-style coup-de-grâce to the base of the neck  Barreto was murdered some years later: her decapitated and dismembered corpse, showing signs of ante-mortem torture, was found in March 1997  A few weeks after Mariella Barreto's death, her colleague Leonor La Rosa, was on TV in a hospital bed, declaring she had been tortured and that Barreto had been killed in retaliation for leaking information to the press about the Groupo Colina's plan to intimidate journalists and politicians from the opposition The military authorities had begun an investigation into the killings in May 1993  In addition, in December 1993, a civilian prosecutor filed criminal charges against several named members of the military  A conflict of jurisdiction thus arose between the military and civilian courts  The controversy was placed before the Supreme Court which, on 3 February 1994, ruled that it was unable to reach agreement on which venue should apply  Consequently, on the night of 7 February, Congress enacted a new law whereby the Supreme Court could decide such matters with a simple majority, instead of a unanimous vote  By a three-to-two vote of the Supreme Court's criminal division, the case was placed under military jurisdiction On 21 February 1994, the Supreme Council of Military Justice (CSJM) sentenced ten of the perpetrators to prison sentences of between one and 20 years Following Fujimori's landslide re-election in April 1995, in another all-night session on 14 June 1995, Congress enacted law No  26479, the "Amnesty Law", ordering the release of all police officers, soldiers, and civil servants convicted of or charged with civilian or military crimes during Peru's War on Terrorism  On 15 July, the Supreme Council of Military Justice ordered the release of all the individuals convicted for the La Cantuta killings 

Repeal of the Amnesty Law
The Amnesty Law was repealed after the Fujimori government in 2000 and, on 21 March 2001, Attorney General Nelly Calderón presented charges against Fujimori, accusing him of being one of the "co-authors" of this massacre and of the 1991 Barrios Altos massacre  She presented evidence that Fujimori, acting in concert with SIN supremo Vladimiro Montesinos, exercised control over Grupo Colina  The charges alleged that the group could not have committed crimes of this magnitude without Fujimori's express orders or consent, and that the formation and function of the Colina group was part of an overall counter-insurgency policy that involved systematic violations of human rights 

Prosecutions and apology
In November 2005, Fujimori was detained in Chile  Peruvian authorities filed for his extradition to face charges arising from various incidents during his presidency, including the La Cantuta massacre, and he was returned to Peru on 22 September 2007 
On 8 April 2008, a court found a number of people, including Julio Salazar, guilty of kidnapping, homicide, and forced disappearance In October 2007, pursuant to a 2006 ruling from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the government extended a formal apology for the massacre and undertook to make amends to the victims' next-of-kin, including compensation in the amount of US$1 8 million 

Fujimori's trial
During the trial of Alberto Fujimori, it was asserted by former Colina member José William Tena Jacinto that at least two of the victims were positively identified as Shining Path members Lieutenant Aquilino Portella and the Dean of the Social Science Department of the University, Claudio Cajahuaringa, have also claimed that Professor Hugo Muñoz Sánchez and student Bertila Lozano Torres were involved with Shining Path  In the case of Lozano, it was claimed that documents allegedly in her possession revealed that she was indeed an actual member of the insurgent organization In 2009 it was determined by a judicial ruling that not a single one of the victims in La Cantuta massacre was linked to any terrorist organization, it was in the same ruling that condemned Fujimori to a 25 years imprisonment for crimes against humanity 

See also
List of massacres in Peru

Notes
External links
"The La Canuta Case"  APRODEH 
La Cantuta Case – Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
La Cantuta Case vs  Peru – Inter-American Court of Human Rights
La Cantuta – Truth and Reconciliation Commission, final report (PDF; Spanish)
La Cantuta – overview (MIT Western Hemisphere Project)
La Cantuta – summary of events (Spanish)
Questions and answers about Fujimori's criminal prosecution – Human Rights Watch
Passage 9:
La Silvia
La Silvia (RV 734) is an dramma pastorale per musica in three acts by Antonio Vivaldi to an Italian libretto by Enrico Bissari  It was first performed on 28 August 1721 at the Teatro Regio Ducale in Milan on the occasion of the birthday celebrations of the Austrian Empress Elisabeth Christine, wife of Emperor Charles VI of Austria 

Background
In 1718 Vivaldi had been nominated maestro di cappella di camera, at the court of Philipp von Hessen-Darmstadt in Mantua for whom he composed Armida al campo d'Egitto, Teuzzone, Scanderbeg (all 1718) and then Tito Manlio (1719) and La Candace (1720)  On his return to Venice, following performance of La verità in cimento at the Teatro Sant'Angelo, Vivaldi, thinly disguised as "Aldiviva", became, along with Giovanni Porta, Anna Maria Strada and others, one of the principal targets of the gentleman-composer Benedetto Marcello's satirical pamphlet Il teatro alla moda (written 1718-1719, published 1720) Bissari's text had originally been written in 1710 as a play for Princess Teresa Kunegunda Sobieska, second wife of the Bavarian elector Maximillian II Emmanuel  The opera was performed again in Milan in 1723 and 1724  8 of the arias are preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale di Torino 

Roles
Recordings
2001 (reconstruction of nine surviving arias) Roberta Invernizzi, Gloria Banditelli, John Elwes, Philippe Cantor   Ensemble Baroque de Nice, dir  Gilbert Bezzina  Ligia  1CD 
Passage 10:
Giovanni Cifolelli
Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown  In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher  He published his Method for the mandolin while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period 
His chief works were the operas L'Italienne and Pierre et Lucette, the former being an opera bouffe in one act (with the storyline or libretto by Nicolas-Étienne Framery)  These works were commissioned by the Comedie Italienne, Paris, and were produced at this theatre successfully, in 1770 and 1774  Several of the songs and duets in Pierre and Lucette were exceedingly popular in France, and they were republished in Paris in 1775 and 1780 

Works
L'Italienne  : comédie en 1 acte, mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1770)
Pierre et Lucette, comédie en deux actes et en prose mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1774)
Airs détachés de Perin et Lucette, comédie en deux actes, mêlées d'ariettes par M  Davesne (Paris, 1775)
Ariette nouvelle avec accompagnement de deux violons et basse
Non, laisse moi, laisse moi, Lucas  Duo (1775)



ground_truth: 22

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did they film The Beach in the country where Pao Sarasin was born?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   The other founding organizations were the Allied Arts Club, the Stinson Beach Community Church, The Volunteer Fire Department, and the Parent-Teachers Club   The Community Center complex on Belvedere Avenue includes the Fire House, which fronts on Shoreline Highway, the Community Center, and the Chapel   The land was donated by the FitzHenrys and the other heirs of the Stinson families 

Regional recreation areas
Audubon Canyon Ranch
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Mount Tamalpais State Park
Point Reyes National Seashore

Annual events
On the second Sunday of June, the town serves as the ending point for the annual running of the Dipsea Race, the second-oldest footrace in the U S  The California Road Club holds its Mount Tamalpais Hill Climb, one of the oldest bicycle races in the West, in early fall   Since 2002, the race has been held on the third Saturday of the month, with about 400 bicyclists competing in the 12 5-mile (20 1 km) road race from Stinson to the head of Bolinas Lagoon and on to the West summit of Mount Tamalpais at Rock Spring "Cuisine on the Green" is a yearly event held in the town's central park, the Village Green, each May  It features local restaurants and merchants selling a wide variety of foods, trinkets, clothing, art, and novelty items at different booths  Talent local to the area often performs on the small park stage  Cuisine on the Green benefits the Stinson Beach Community Center 
On July 4 of every year, a "tug-of-war" is held with Bolinas across the inlet dividing the two communities  Thirty women from each shore pull against each other until a winner is declared, and then 30 men from each take their turn  It is a slice of life, pure Americana, and always contested both during the actual event and then afterward in the local bars of Smiley's and the Sand Dollar, where the winners' trophies are displayed 

Notable people
Residents, landowners, and summer people important in the development, life, and culture of Stinson Beach   Arrival or tenure is shown in square brackets   Birth and death dates are shown in parentheses 

Rafael Garcia [1836–1846], first settler on Bolinas Lagoon 
Gregorio (1791–May 10, 1863) and Ramona Garcia Briones (1793/4–June 23, 1901), received the Rancho Las Baulines Mexican land grant on February 11, 1846; after being widowed, Ramona married Benancio Munos when she was almost 80; when she died at the age of 107, Ramona Garcia Munos was believed to be the oldest woman in California 
Pablo Briones [1837–?], with his uncle, Rafael Garcia, managed the Rancho for his parents, Gregorio and Ramona; trained as curandero by his aunt, Juana Briones de Miranda; settled in Bolinas 
Captain Isaac Morgan [c  1851–?], purchased the portion of Rancho Las Baulines east of Bolinas Lagoon in 1852; on this property, called Belvidere Ranch and which was to become Stinson Beach, he grew apples, cut wood, built boats, and had a dairy farm; in 1866, as lead partner in the Morgan Land Company, purchased the Page Tract, which ran from Belvidere Ranch to Dogtown and which became the Bourne and Wilkins Ranches 
Nathan and Rose Stinson [1870s–?], established first campground at Willow Camp 
Captain Alfred Easkoot [1870s–], Marin County surveyor; founder of second campground ; member of Duxbury Grove No  26, UAOD
Thaddeus Welch (1844–1919) and Ludmila Pilat Welch (1867–1925) [1896–1905], American painters
William Kent (March 29, 1864 – March 13, 1928) United States Congressman; donor of the land for the Muir Woods National Monument; owner of the beach and tidelands that became Seadrift 
Newman Lee Fitzhenry (1881–November 20, 1938) [c  1913–1938], BS, University of Chicago, 1905; married Eve Stinson and pursued real estate and resort development; suicided November 20, 1938 
William Kent Jr , began the development of the Seadrift subdivision in the 1950s 
Mildred Sadler (May 16, 1905 – February 18, 2004) (1926–2004), Principal, Stinson Beach School, 1926–1967 
Landis Everson (1960s), poet and painter 
George Hunter White, also known as Colonel White (1965–1975) (died October 23, 1975), Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent and District Supervisor, retired; OSS Counter-Intelligence Director during WWII; led Project MKULTRA in Boston and Operation Midnight Climax in New York and San Francisco brothels (or "safehouses") until the closure of the San Francisco facilities in 1965; Fire Marshall, Stinson Beach Fire Department
Elmer Collett (1966–present), former professional football player for the 49ers and the Colts
Peter Bishop Allen (November 1, 1943 – June 3, 2004) (c  1967–2004), sculptor of marine mammals; Assistant Chief, Stinson Beach Fire Department; founder of The Kids Camp nature education program
Steve Miller (1960s–1970s), musician
Jerry Garcia (1970s), musician
Carolyn Garcia, also known as Mountain Girl (1970s), member of Merry Pranksters, wife of Jerry Garcia
Keith and Donna Godchaux (1970s), musicians
Peter Rowan (1970s), musician
Richard Jencks - former President of CBS 
The Rowan Brothers – Lorin and Chris Rowan (1970s), musicians
David Grisman (1970s), musician
George Frayne (born c  1946) (c  1973–199), musician (Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen) and artist; Frayne has referred to Stinson Beach as "formerly the grooviest place on earth "
Joseph Esherick (1987), famed architect; designed a home on Sea Drift Road
James Grant (1924–1997) (c  1980–1997), painter and sculptor; the art exhibit wall at the Stinson Beach Branch Library is named in his honor
Jerry Cebe (August 10, 1940 - Sep 1, 2017), artist (abstract painting; art glass)
Klaus Kinski

In popular culture
Stinson Beach has been the setting and filming location for several movies, including:

Play It Again, Sam
The Fog
Memoirs of an Invisible Man
The Invisible Man (2020 film); this adaptation is unrelated to the novel & film listed above 
Basic Instinct
On The Edge
Shoot The Moon
 The Crazy-Quilt (1966 John Korty Film)
America Is Still the PlaceThe town was mentioned in an episode of M*A*S*H—"The Merchant of Korea"   In the episode, BJ borrows $200 from Charles to wire home to his wife as a down payment on the purchase of a one-acre lot with "trees, the beach, a view of San Francisco   everything!"
George Frayne (Commander Cody) wrote a song about Stinson Beach entitled "Midnight on The Strand"  It was recorded on his 1987 album, Let's Rock 
The town and the beach are the topic of a poem by Garrison Keillor  In We Are Still Married: Stories and Letters, Keillor has a four-page essay about his visits to Stinson Beach and how thinking of the beach helps him sleep The poet Robert Duncan wrote his influential collection Opening the Field at a house in Stinson Beach Janis Joplin's cremated ashes were scattered along this beach as well as the Pacific Ocean The story of a young surfer's recovery from a shark attack is the subject of a book, Far from Shore Author Danielle Steel writes about Stinson Beach in her novel One Day at a Time (Dell, 2009, ISBN 978-0-440-24333-5) 

See also
List of beaches in California
List of California state parks
Passage 6:
Pao Sarasin
Police General Pao Sarasin (c  1929 – March 7, 2013) was a Thai politician and former police officer  Sarasin served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, as well as the country's Interior Minister, in 1992 

Early life and education
Pao Sarasin was the son of former Prime Minister of Thailand Pote Sarasin and his wife, Thanpuying Siri Sarasin  He was one of three brothers, including Pong Sarasin and Arsa Sarasin  Pao Sarasin graduated from Vajiravudh College, a boarding school in Bangkok  He then moved to the United States, where he received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University and a second bachelor's degree from the University of California in criminology 

Careers
Sarasin enlisted the Royal Thai Police in 1954, rising to the rank of police general during his career  He served as the Chief of the force's Office of the Narcotics Control Board from 1978 until 1983  In 1987, he became the Chief of the Royal Thai Police In 1992, Sarasin briefly held the posts of Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister under the Royal Thai Army military junta and the post-coup government of former Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun During his later life, Sarasin served as the council presidents of both Mae Fah Luang University in Chiang Rai province and Khon Kaen University in Khon Kaen province 

Death
Pao Sarasin died at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok after a month-long hospitalization for a blood infection on March 7, 2013, at the age of 83  A royal bathing rite ceremony for Sarasin was held at the Wat Benchamabophit with Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn in attendance representing the royal family  He was survived by his wife, Thapuying Tawika Sarasin, and three sons, including Thai television host, Kanit Sarasin 

Honours
Foreign honours
Malaysia : Honorary Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P S M ) (1988)
 Malaysia : Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P M N ) (1993)

See also
Sarasin family
Passage 7:
John and Elizabeth Shaw Sundy House
The John and Elizabeth Shaw Sundy House is a historic home in Delray Beach, Florida, United States  It is located at 106 South Swinton Avenue  On January 16, 1992, it was added to the U S  National Register of Historic Places 
Passage 8:
The Beach (film)
The Beach is a 2000 adventure drama film directed by Danny Boyle, from a screenplay by John Hodge, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland  The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Virginie Ledoyen, Guillaume Canet, and Robert Carlyle  It was filmed on the Thai island of Ko Phi Phi Le 
The film was a moderate box office success but received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics 

Plot
Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, stays in a drab travelers' hotel on Khao San Road where he meets a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne  He also meets Daffy, who tells him of a pristine, uninhabited island in the Gulf of Thailand with a beautiful hidden beach  Daffy explains that he settled there in secret several years earlier, but difficulties arose and he left  Daffy commits suicide, leaving Richard a map to the island  Richard persuades Françoise and Étienne to accompany him to the island, and the three travel to Ko Samui  Richard meets two American surfers who have heard rumors of the island and he gives them a copy of the map 
En route to the island, Richard becomes infatuated with Françoise  After swimming to the island from a neighbouring island, they find a cannabis plantation guarded by armed Thai farmers  Avoiding detection, they make their way across the island and meet Keaty, who brings them to a community of travellers living on the island in secret  Sal, the community's English leader, explains that the farmers allow them to stay so long as they keep to themselves and do not allow any more travelers to come to the island  Richard lies that they have not shown the map to anyone else  The trio becomes integrated into the community 
One night, Françoise invites Richard to the beach, where she tells him that she is falling in love with him and they start an affair   Despite hoping to keep it secret, the community finds out  Although he is angry, Étienne says he will not stand in their way if Françoise is happier with Richard 
Sal selects Richard to accompany her on a supply run to Ko Pha Ngan  They encounter the American surfers who are preparing to search for the island and mention Richard's map  Sal is upset but believes Richard when he says they have no map  To ensure that Sal will not tell the rest of the island about the map, Richard has sex with her at her order   On their return to the island, Richard lies to Françoise about having had sex with Sal 
Three of the community fishermen are attacked by a shark while spearfishing  One is killed and another, Christo, is severely injured  Now terrified of the water, Christo refuses to be taken to the mainland for medical treatment and Sal refuses to allow any doctors to be brought to the island to treat him  As the man's condition worsens, the islanders simply leave him in the jungle to die, but Etienne refuses to abandon him 
When the surfers turn up on the neighboring island, Sal orders Richard to send them away and destroy their map  She tells everyone that she and Richard had sex, which leaves Françoise angry and heartbroken, causing her to return to Étienne  Isolated from the group, Richard begins to lose his sanity, imagining that he is conversing with the deceased Daffy 
The surfers reach the island but are discovered and killed by the farmers  Shocked at witnessing their deaths, Richard smothers Christo to put him out of his misery and gathers Françoise and Étienne to leave the island 
Richard is captured by the farmers along with Françoise and Étienne  The farmers are furious with the community for breaking their deal not to allow any more newcomers  The lead farmer gives Sal a gun loaded with a single bullet and orders her to make a choice: kill Richard and the group will be allowed to stay, or else they must all leave immediately  Sal pulls the trigger, but the chamber is empty  Shocked by her willingness to commit murder, the other members of the community abandon Sal, leave the island, and go their separate ways 
Back in the United States, Richard receives an email at an Internet cafe from Françoise with a nostalgic group photograph of the beach community in happier times 

Cast
Leonardo DiCaprio as Richard, a freelance traveler 
Tilda Swinton as Sal, the leader of the beach community 
Virginie Ledoyen as Françoise, the girlfriend of Étienne, and Richard's love interest 
Guillaume Canet as Étienne, the boyfriend of Françoise 
Robert Carlyle as Daffy, the eccentric former member of the beach community 
Paterson Joseph as Keaty, a member of the beach community who loves cricket 
Lars Arentz-Hansen as Bugs, Sal's South-African boyfriend and the beach community's carpenter 
Daniel Caltagirone as Unhygienix, the beach community's chef who has an obsession with soap due to having to always prepare the fish for consumption 
Staffan Kihlbom, Jukka Hiltunen, and Magnus Lindgren as Christo, Karl, and Sten, the beach community's Swedish fishermen 
Victoria Smurfit as Weathergirl, a member of the beach community whose tightening pelvis has been a sign for rain 
Zelda Tinska and Lidija Zovkić as Sonja and Mirjana, two beach community members who come from Sarajevo 
Samuel Gough as Guitarman, the beach community's residential guitarist who is not a good singer 
Peter Youngblood Hills and Jerry Swindall as Zeph and Sammy, two Americans whom Richard meets in Ko Samui 
Saskia Mulder and Simone Huber as Hilda and Eva, two women who accompany Zeph and Sammy to the island 
Peter Gevisser as Gregorio, an Italian member of the beach community 
Abhijati 'Meuk' Jusakul as the leader of the cannabis farmers 

Production
Ewan McGregor was cast as the main character before leaving due to disputes with the director  It was speculated that Boyle was offered additional funding under the condition that DiCaprio be cast and his character made American  Whilst promoting T2 Trainspotting on The Graham Norton Show, the dispute was discussed in more depth, with McGregor stating "It was a mis-handling and a mis-understanding over the film and it's a big regret of mine that it went on for so very long    and it didn't matter about The Beach, it was never about that  It was about our friendship  I felt like Danny's actor and it made me a bit rudderless " 
Boyle stated, "I handled it very very badly and I have apologised to Ewan for it  I felt a great shame about it and how it was handled "Members of the cast and crew were involved in a boating accident during production  It was reported that the incident involved both Boyle and DiCaprio  No one was injured The beach seen in the film is not the same as in real life  There is a gap between mountains on the actual beach in Thailand  The special effects crew digitally added some of the surrounding mountains during the post-production phase 
The waterfall scene, where DiCaprio and others jump from a high cliff to the water below, was filmed in Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand, at the Haew Suwat Waterfall 
The map in the film was illustrated by the author of the book that The Beach was based upon, Alex Garland  He received credit for this as the cartographer 
In 1999, Hélène de Fougerolles auditioned for the film but casting directors immediately told her that she was not mysterious enough for the character as she arrived with blond hair in pigtails  She asked them if she could "be an extra or serve coffees there, three months in Thailand, it sounds idyllic!"  Although firstly reluctant because the actress was already established in the industry, they finally accepted  As journalists were not allowed to come take pictures on set, the only picture the press could have of Guillaume Canet and Virginie Ledoyen before shooting started was their departure at Paris airport with de Fougerolles  They made it the cover of Studio Magazine, from which the international press reported her as officially cast  This eventually lent her lines edited out of the final cut but present in the DVD extras 

Release
The film opened February 11, 2000 in both the United Kingdom and the United States The budget of the film was US$50 million  The film opened at number 2 at the box office in both the UK and the US, with a weekend gross of $15,277,921 in the United States and Canada behind Scream 3, and a gross of £2,418,321 in the United Kingdom behind Toy Story 2  Global takings totaled over US$144 million, of which US$39 million was from the United States and Canada 

Home video
The film has been released on VHS and DVD  It was released on Blu-ray in Spain in October 2022   The standard DVD release included nine scenes that were deleted from the film, including an alternative opening which to an extent resembles the one in the novel  These  were later included in a Special Edition DVD release, along with Danny Boyle's commentary on what might have been their purpose  There is also an alternative ending which depicts Sal committing suicide and everyone loading up on a boat from the raft 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film, co-produced by Pete Tong, features the international hits "Pure Shores" by All Saints and "Porcelain" by Moby, as well as tracks by New Order, Blur, Underworld, Orbital, Faithless, Sugar Ray, and others  Leftfield's contribution to the soundtrack, "Snakeblood", was found to have sampled Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "Almost" without permission, leading to a lawsuit; band member Neil Barnes said he forgot to remove the sample from the finished track  The songs "Synasthasia" by Junkie XL, "Out of Control" by The Chemical Brothers, "Fiesta Conga" by Movin' Melodies, "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley, "Neon Reprise" by Lunatic Calm and "Smoke Two Joints" by Chris Kay and Michael Kay were also included in the movie but omitted from the soundtrack  The teaser trailer for the film featured "Touched" by VAST 
The film score was composed by Angelo Badalamenti, and a separate album containing selections of his score was released as well 

Track listing
Year-end charts
Certifications
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 20% based on 119 reviews, and an average rating of 4 4/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The Beach is unfocused and muddled, a shallow adaptation of the novel it is based on  Points go to the gorgeous cinematography, though " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" Critics suggested that DiCaprio's fame post-Titanic might have contributed to the financial success of this film, which came out less than three years after the James Cameron blockbuster  CNN's Paul Clinton said "Leonardo DiCaprio's main fan base of screaming adolescent girls won't be disappointed with The Beach  The majority of the film displays the titanic-sized young heartthrob sans his shirt in this story about the pseudo-angst and alienation of a young man from the United States escaping civilization and his computer-obsessed generation " He agreed with most others that The Beach was "nothing to write home about"  DiCaprio was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor for his work on the film 

Controversies
Damage to filming location
Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Le to make it more "paradise-like"  The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach  Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed   Following shooting of the film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004 The lawsuits dragged on for years  In 2006, Thailand's Supreme Court upheld an appellate court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and ordered that damage assessments be made  Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials The large increase in tourist traffic to the beach as a result of the film resulted in environmental damage to the bay and the nearby coral reefs, prompting Thai authorities to close the beach in 2018 The restoration period for the bay was lengthened due to travel restrictions during the COVID pandemic  Blacktip sharks began breeding there again  In 2022, the bay reopened to tourists, under strict protocols of no boats, no swimming and no more than a one hour visit per person for a limited number of visitors at a time 

Portrayal of Thailand
After the film premiered in Thailand in 2000, some Thai politicians were upset at the way Thailand was depicted in the film and called for it to be banned  The depiction of the drug culture was said to give Thailand a bad image and having a statue of Buddha in a bar was cited as "blasphemous" 

Possible spin-off
In a 2019 interview with The Independent, Danny Boyle revealed that a television series based on his film has been written by Amy Seimetz  The proposed series is set to take place before the events from the 1996 novel, although it will be updated to occur 20 years later, in 2016 

See also
Phi Phi Islands
Passage 9:
Return of the Kung Fu Dragon
Return of the Kung Fu Dragon (Chinese: 砲傌俥; Mandarin:  Ju ma pao) is a 1976 Taiwanese film directed by Chick Lim Yu 

Plot summary
On the idyllic phoenix island in the south china sea a golden city becomes the birthplace to a new form of Kung Fu  Soon an evil tyrant threatens the peace and harmony of once such a proud city  A generation passes and a brave prince, a fearless princess and a foolish dwarf with the powers of invisibility team up to return a kingdom to its people as they wrest it from the hands of the evil tyrant 

Cast
Soundtrack
Passage 10:
Whihala Beach County Park
Whihala Beach County Park is a park in Whiting, Indiana, United States  It is a public beach with life guards  The beach was previously named Whiting Beach Whihala Beach is named after the nearby cities of Whiting and Hammond and Lake County Parks Department 
Passage 11:
Sylvan Beach Union Chapel
Sylvan Beach Union Chapel is a historic interdenominational church building located at Sylvan Beach in Oneida County, New York   It opened on July 3, 1887, and worship services have been held there every summer since then   The film The Sterile Cuckoo starring Liza Minnelli was shot in part at the church It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 
Passage 12:
Bang Bon District
Bang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bāːŋ bɔ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand  Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, Mueang Samut Sakhon district and Krathum Baen district of Samut Sakhon province, and Nong Khaem district of Bangkok 

History
Formerly Bang Bon was a tambon of amphoe Bang Khun Thian in Thonburi Province, prior to the merger of Thonburi and Phra Nakhon into a single province, after which it was a sub-district of Bang Khun Thian District 
On 14 October 1997, Bang Bon was split from Bang Khun Thian and established as a new district  The district office opened on 6 March 1998, the last of Bangkok's 50 districts to open, first established temporarily at the Thepyada Arak Fresh Market building, but later moved to a permanent location on Ekkachai Road 

Administration
The district has four sub-districts (khwaeng) 

The missing number 1 is the sub-district that was dissolved and divided into four current sub-districts 

Economy
Agriculture is an important part of the area economy  Among Bang Bon's famous products are Nam Doc Mai mangos, coconuts, orchids, and lotus 

Places
Wat Bang Bon
7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary Park, Bang Bon, otherwise known as 9 Hills Park
Sarasas Witaed Bangbon School
Suksanareewittaya School, formerly and still colloquially known as Suksanari 2 School (shared with Samut Sakhon province)

Notable people
Chalerm Yubamrung – politician
Passage 13:
John Anderson Lodge
The John Anderson Lodge was an historic home built around 1886 at 71 Orchard Lane in Ormond Beach, Florida, United States  It was built for Ormond Beach promoter John Anderson (1853–1911), who was one of the first owners of the Ormond Hotel  The lodge was originally used by employees of the hotel and to host parties  In its later years it became a single family residence  The lodge was built on pilings and featured vertical palm tree wall construction 

National Register of Historic Places
The John Anderson Lodge was added onto the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1989 

State of Disrepair
By 2017, the structure was in a bad state of disrepair as termites infested much of the building's wood, the original floors were missing in much of the building, and there were several holes in the walls and roof that were allowing water to continue to damage the interior  The most significant damage was related to the pilings which sank and jeopardized the structure's stability  To fix the pilings the structure would have had to be lifted up and suspended in the air during repairs  It was determined that the weakened walls and roof were not strong enough and would have most likely crumbled apart In October 2018, a non-destructive inspection of the foundation by EMS Forensic Associates, LLC  determined that the structure was most likely beyond economic repair 

Demolition
On August 6, 2019, the City of Ormond Beach, Florida issued Demolition Permit number 19-00005662  The John Anderson Lodge was demolished in September 2019 

Delisting from the National Register of Historic Places
In July 2022, a petition to delist the John Anderson Lodge from the National Register of Historic Places was sent to the Florida Department of Historic Resources 
Passage 14:
Dillon Beach, California
Dillon Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Marin County, California, United States  It is located 3 25 miles (5 2 km) west of Tomales, at an elevation of 89 ft (27 m)  The population was 246 at the 2020 census  Dillon Beach was named after the founder, George Dillon, who settled there in 1858  The area includes a public access beach, as well as a private beach resort, the only private beach in California 

Geography
Dillon Beach is located at Bodega Bay (near the mouth of Tomales Bay), at 38°15′03″N 122°57′55″W The Estero de San Antonio State Marine Recreational Management Area is a marine protected area located 1 5 miles (2 4 km) north of Dillon Beach  Like an underwater park, this marine protected area helps conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 98 sq mi (7 7 km2), all of it land 

History
The Coast Miwok people had a presence in the area around Dillon Beach long before Europeans arrived in the Americas  It is thought that a few of their villages lay within the greater Dillon Beach area, including one around the feature known locally as the Sand Point 
In the 1850s, local historical figure Tom Wood operated in the area, employing the natives in harvesting of grain to be milled nearby  He would attempt to ensure that they were not taken advantage of by the British, French, or American traders that would ply the coast  Hides and tallow were traded for various manufactured goods, among them whiskey  Despite Wood's efforts, many of them would fall victim to alcoholism, and while a few claim descent from the local Coast Miwoks, no full-blooded members live today  Tom's Point, immediately south of Dillon Beach on the eastern shore of the bay, is named for Tom Wood, and Wood resided there with the small village he ingratiated himself into 
Irishman George Dillon and wife Mathilda arrived at what is now Dillon Beach from the eastern U S  in 1868  When his friends and family showed interest in the area, he thought to capitalize on it; in 1888, he built an 11 bedroom hotel, restaurant, and general store  This is the Dillon Beach Resort in operation today  Visitors would explore the area on their way up the coast toward the redwood forests, strolling the beach, fishing, or digging clams from the nearby clam bars of Tomales Bay 
In 1903, Dillon sold out to John Keegan with the agreement that the beach would always be named Dillon Beach  Keegan also built cottages, one of which still stands along the road to the beach  Keegan ran a stagecoach from Dillon Beach to Tomales where it met the train 
Keegan sold the holdings to the California Eucalyptus Plantation Company in 1911  They planted the area with eucalyptus trees, a few of which still stand, but continued to operate the resort, and redoubled these efforts as the eucalyptus crop proved to warp easily and was effectively worthless  Under the subsidiary of the Dillon Beach Company, they operated the resort, ferried guests from the train in Tomales, ran a charter boat, and created Portola Beach, a subdivision along Cliff Street  Try as they might, their Dillon Beach operations were failing 
When regular visitors and Woodland ranchers Sylvester and Carrie Lawson offered to lease the property, the California Eucalyptus Plantation Company promptly agreed  Different portions of the business and land were leased or purchased by the Lawson family, and by 1942 Dillon Beach was firmly in Lawson hands  Sylvester and Carrie's older son, Howard, and his wife, Winifred, owned and ran the resort, while the younger son, Walter, and his wife, Nita, ran the southern side of the property, operating it as a ranch and opening Lawsons Landing on it  The Landing is operated by Walter's descendants to this day as a campground with a store and boating access to Tomales Bay 
During World War II, fears of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast were considered well founded, especially along sparsely populated Marin and Sonoma counties, where enemy forces could conceivably make landfall and prepare for a larger invasion of San Francisco Bay  The military commandeered many cottages and monitored the water from outposts on the surrounding hills supported by ground patrols  The sand dunes on the Lawsons Landing property were also a site for rifle and grenade practice, and the Lawson family recalls at least one instance of an armored vehicle's  50 caliber machine gun being fired around their cows, resulting in a tense conversation between soldiers and ranchers  One soldier reportedly sighted a Japanese submarine off the beach, prompting the garrison to scramble to nearby Marshall to requisition its civilian fishing boats for use in a counterattack, several of which were run by their respective owners  It took several hours to coordinate the operation, and once the soldiers finally arrived at the area of the supposed sighting, armed only with small arms, the submarine had departed, if it had been there at all 
The College of the Pacific operated from 1933 until some time in the 1980s  It stood between Portola Beach and Lawsons Landing, offering a hands-on experience for a small number of marine biology students  The concrete foundation is all that remains today, hinting at what was there before to passersby today 
During the 1960s, Oceana Marin was developed north of town by John Keegan's grandson, James Keegan of Wells Fargo Bank and Henry Trione of Sonoma County Mortgage  Fancy modern coastal houses were built on the hillsides overlooking the quaint town of small cottages, giving it a unique appeal 
The resort, day use beach, and restaurant were sold to Fred Cline in 1990 by the Lawsons  He would sell in 2018 to the group of investors owning it today 

Dillon Beach Resort
Between 2001 and 2018, Dillon Beach Resort was owned and operated by Fred and Nancy Cline of Sonoma Valley, California   In April 2018, Mike Goebel purchased the resort 
It is one of the few beaches with private (for-fee) access in northern California  
In California, public access is permitted below the high tide line  The horrible lines of traffic in Dillon Beach are caused by people waiting for entry into the parking lot of Dillon Beach Resort's beach lot  On hot holidays the line can extend all the way up to Elephant Rocks, almost a mile away 

Demographics
2010
At the 2010 census, Dillon Beach had a population of 283  The population density was 94 8 inhabitants per square mile (36 6/km2)  The racial makeup of Dillon Beach was 266 (94 0%) White, 3 (1 1%) Native American, 4 (1 4%) Asian, and 10 (3 5%) from two or more races   Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9 people (3 2%) The census reported that 100% of the population lived in households 
There were 147 households, 20 (13 6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 79 (53 7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6 (4 1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2 (1 4%) had a male householder with no wife present   There were 6 (4 1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (2 0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  48 households (32 7%) were one person and 26 (17 7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older  The average household size was 1 93   There were 87 families (59 2% of households); the average family size was 2 37 
The age distribution was 28 people (9 9%) under the age of 18, 7 people (2 5%) aged 18 to 24, 44 people (15 5%) aged 25 to 44, 127 people (44 9%) aged 45 to 64, and 77 people (27 2%) who were 65 or older   The median age was 57 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94 7 males 
There were 440 housing units at an average density of 147 5 per square mile, of the occupied units 125 (85 0%) were owner-occupied and 22 (15 0%) were rented  The homeowner vacancy rate was 5 3%; the rental vacancy rate was 59 3%  84 5% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 15 5% lived in rental housing units 

2000
At the 2000 census, there were 319 people, 155 households, and 103 families in the CDP   The population density was 107/sq mi (41 5/km2)   There were 415 housing units at an average density of 140/sq mi (54/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP in 2010 was 90 8% non-Hispanic White, 1 1% Native American, 1 4% Asian, and 3 5% from two or more races  3 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
Of the 155 households 17 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59 4% were married couples living together, 4 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33 5% were non-families  27 7% of households were one person and 10 3% were one person aged 65 or older   The average household size was 2 06 and the average family size was 2 47 
The age distribution was 14 4% under the age of 18, 1 3% from 18 to 24, 18 8% from 25 to 44, 43 6% from 45 to 64, and 21 9% 65 or older   The median age was 52 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 0 males 
The median household income was $47,679 and the median family income  was $52,000  Males had a median income of $40,714 versus $37,083 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $39,475   None of the families and 1 3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under-eighteens and none of those over 64 



ground_truth: Ko Phi Phi Leh

Ko Phi Phi Le