prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the president of the newly declared independent country that is part of the Commission of Truth and Friendship with the country where Kotamadya is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
East Timor
East Timor ( (listen)), also known as Timor-Leste (; Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia  It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, of which the western half is administered by Indonesia, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco  Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea  The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi)  Dili is its capital and largest city 
East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975  Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation  Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory  On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century  That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN  
The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament  Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence  The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership  The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid 
The total population is over 1 1 million, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate  Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum  High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country  The majority of the population is Catholic, which exists alongside strong local traditions, especially in rural areas 

Name
"Timor" is derived from timur, meaning 'east' in Malay, thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'  In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur  (this name only refers to the former de facto Indonesian province, Timor Leste is used instead to refer this country)  In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east')  In Tetum it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises') The official names under its constitution are "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" in English, "República Democrática de Timor-Leste" in Portuguese, and "Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste" in Tetum  The official short form of the name is "Timor-Leste", and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL 

History
Prehistory and Classical era
Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago  The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages  A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain  The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island  Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south  These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra  Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law  Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai  Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom  These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule : 11–15 From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume  Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood, honey, and wax  The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute : 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century  Early European presence was limited to trade, with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor : 90

Portuguese era (1769–1975)
Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands  Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch : 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores  In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652  The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave : 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited  A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century  Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal : 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance  The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal : 269 During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942  The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor  Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians  The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943  Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited : 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%  Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975 
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975  Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975  Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976  The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration" 

Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance  The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality  A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness  The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data  One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000  Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia : 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia  Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence  A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999  A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military  In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons  On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN 

Contemporary era
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly  On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution  By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned  On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN  The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president  On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order  The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term  While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president  In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party  In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed  Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order  In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities  The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012 Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017  The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election  This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018  In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister  José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres 

Politics and government
The political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system : 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary : 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch  The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions : 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers : 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference : 13, 39  Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas  Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful : 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85% : 17  The political system has wide public acceptance : 17 : 106 The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms  Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers  However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence : 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget : 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority : 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter : 10  As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet 

Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term  The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five  Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method  Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system  Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance  Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system  Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis : 173 Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system  One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women  This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party : 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines  There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule  Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas : 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology : 16  The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections : 168–169  While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an "old guard" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia : 175 : 10–11 Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services : 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy : 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations : 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown  An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets : 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups  Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions : 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country : 40

Foreign relations and military
International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them : 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999  The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012 : 4, 14 East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,: 42–44  and was granted observer status and accepted "in principle" in November 2022  Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership  ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia  Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states : 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group  More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states  It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries : 42–44 Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds  Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions  These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country : 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili : 12 The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border  The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case  The dispute was resolved in 2018 following negotiations at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when a maritime boundary between the two was established along with an agreement on natural resource revenues The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006  It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor  These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component  A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component  There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States 

Administrative divisions
East Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets)  The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule : 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili : 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government  In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration  In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers : 88–92  In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government  This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders : 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime  Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region  The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015  In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households : 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants  Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration : 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself : 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives : 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers  An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services : 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration  Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state  They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration : 7–10

Geography
Located in between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay archipelago : 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south : 2  East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country  The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco  The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse : 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi) : 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude : 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long : 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere  East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi) The interior of the country is mountainous,: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island : 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%  The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline : 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft)  Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season : 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor : 13 : 2  The capital and largest city is Dili  The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau : 22 

The climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year  A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia : 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8 7–9 9 in) per month  In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0 47–0 71 in) : 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect : 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts  Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change : 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall : 6 Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west  These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot : 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park  It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country  It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated  The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country  Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid 2010s : 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct : 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion  There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority : 27 : 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution : 2–3

Economy
The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities and has a large public sector  Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty : 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions  The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country : 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers  There are far more imports than exports,: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries : 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending : 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2 5% per year from 2011 to 2021 : 24 Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line  This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen  Even in urban areas, the majority are poor  Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers : 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth : 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were  There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account : 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population : 214 Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports : 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government : 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries : 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards : 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses  A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each : 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers : 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks : 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually : 257 

This poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country  Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas  The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth : 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund  $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent : 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010 : 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget  As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted  Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009 : 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging  Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy : 264–272 The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors  Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years  The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects  Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth : 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes  Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies  Other government income comes from 23 "autonomous agencies", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor : 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible : 260 

Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment  Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights : 23  As of 2010, 87 7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18 9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38 2%  The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population  Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence : 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop, and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue : 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse  Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually : 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists 

Demographics
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census  The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located : 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare  While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital  The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes : 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20 : 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world : 212 The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese  Other reference sources list it as East Timorese  The word Maubere formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021 : 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48 5 to 69 5  Expected years of schooling rose from 9 8 to 12 4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2 8 to 4 4  Progress since 2010 for these has been limited  Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since : 3  As of 2016, 45 8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16 3% severely so : 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7 8, dropped to 4 2 by 2016  It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer: 3  and less literate households  As of 2016, the average household size was 5 3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women : 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003 : 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010  Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period  As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia : 11

Ethnicity and language
Timorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group  Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups : 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity : 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect : 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups : 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent  There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka  Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation  East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically Goan descent, as well as historical immigration from Africa and Yemen Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan : 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects : 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a  According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a  The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum, mostly around Dili or the western border  Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast  The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality : 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30 6% of the population), Mambai (16 6%), Makasai (10 5%), Tetum Terik (6 05%), Baikenu (5 87%), Kemak (5 85%), Bunak (5 48%), Tokodede (3 97%), and Fataluku (3 52%)  Other indigenous languages accounted for 10 47%, while 1 09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum  In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as "working languages" : 3  This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date  In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report  Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools  The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it  Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country : 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77 8% in Tetum, 55 6% in Indonesian, and 39 3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012  According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese  The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English 

Education
East Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021  It is slightly higher among women than men : 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty : 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education  Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate : 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor  Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals  Education takes up 10% of the national budget : 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor  There are also four colleges Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8 4% of primary school and 6 8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81 6% for primary and 46 3% for secondary schools  Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73 7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district  Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language : 28

Religion
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble  Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities According to the 2015 census, 97 57% of the population is Catholic; 1 96% Protestant; 0 24% Muslim; 0 08% Traditional; 0 05% Buddhist; 0 02% Hindu, and 0 08% other religions  A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98 3% of the population, Protestants 1 2%, and Muslims 0 3% The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs  East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity  Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese mass was replaced by Indonesian mass  While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion  The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana  In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretised with local animist beliefs  The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia  Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor 

Culture
The many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom  Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems : 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited  The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited : 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language  At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration : 98–99 The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity : 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule : 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop  This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones : 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices : 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands  Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili : 53–54 The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country : 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers  Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership  Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today  An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness  Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country  Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families : 7–13 

Community life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community : 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials : 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community : 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses  Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities : 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status : 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house : 96 Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island  Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns  Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders  For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women  Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups : 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture : I-5 Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects : 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry  This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge : 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry  Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior" In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013  Shot with a limited budget by a mix of local filmmakers and a volunteer Australian film crew, the film depicted East Timorese life under Indonesian occupation in the 1970s, with producer Lurdes Pires acknowledging their aim to diverge from the government's "friendship and forgiveness" policy for its past conflicts by telling a story of truth-seeking and justice 

See also
Outline of East Timor
Index of East Timor-related articles
List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East
Passage 2:
Estanislau da Silva
Estanislau da Conceição Aleixo Maria da Silva (born 4 August 1952) is an East Timorese politician and a key member of Fretilin  He was acting Prime Minister from May 2007 to August 2007 
A member of Fretilin since 1974, Da Silva served on the diplomatic front for the East Timorese resistance during the years of the Indonesian occupation of Timor-Leste (1975 to 1999)  During the occupation, Da Silva resided in Mozambique (1976 to 1984), Portugal (1975 to 1976 and 1984 to 1985) and Australia (1985 to 1999), before returning to Timor-Leste in 1999 
After Timor-Leste achieved independence in 2002, Da Silva was appointed as the country's first Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries  On 10 July 2006, he was sworn in as the First Deputy Prime Minister of Timor-Leste  He was sworn in as the acting Prime Minister on 19 May 2007 to replace José Ramos-Horta who had been elected President of the young nation  He left office when Xanana Gusmão was sworn in as Prime Minister on 8 August 2007, following the June 2007 parliamentary election 

Early life
Da Silva was born in Dili in 1952 to Luis da Silva and Genoveva Aleixo  He attended primary school from 1961-1962 to 1964-1965 in Fuiloro - Lautém district, and Dili Technical School from 1965-1966 to 1970-1971  Upon graduation from Dili Technical School, Da Silva went to Lisbon to pursue further training in electrical and mechanical engineering 

Political activities
Da Silva joined Fretilin in 1974 and was a founding member of the Fretilin External Branch in Lisbon 
In 1976, Da Silva interrupted his studies in Lisbon and was sent to Australia by the Fretilin leadership to lobby support for Timor-Leste's independence struggle  During that time, Australian supporters of Timor-Leste's independence struggle (Campaign for Independence of East Timor - CIET) requested that Da Silva assist Neville Cunningham and António Belo to operate and maintain a radio connection to the Fretilin leadership based in Timor-Leste  As Da Silva was not an Australian resident, he had to operate the radio secretly and spent six months in bush of Australia's Northern Territory  
In September 1976, Da Silva and Cunningham were tracked down and arrested by the Northern Territory Police Force and the radio link severed  Da Silva was released after a one-day trial and left Australia for Mozambique  The radio link was later re-established by Fretilin members and Australian supporters of Timor-Leste's struggle for independence 
Upon his return to Australia in 1985, Da Silva campaigned tirelessly for Timor-Leste's independence  This included speaking at public forums, organising demonstrations against the illegal Indonesian occupation, organising fundraising activities and lobbying MPs  Da Silva also maintained regular contact with the clandestine movement and the Fretilin leadership in Timor-Leste and assisted in helping people at risk of persecution escape Timor-Leste and settle in Australia  In 1994 he became the Fretilin representative in Australia 
Da Silva was voted into the Fretilin Central Committee in 1998 at the Fretilin National Conference held in Sydney, Australia  His mandate was renewed at the First National Congress in 2001 as well as the Second National Congress which was held in May 2006  He was elected chairperson in both events  He is also one of the 15 members of the National Political Commission of Fretilin which leads the work of the party between the Fretilin Central Committee meetings 
He was re-elected to a seat in parliament in the June 2007 parliamentary election as the ninth name on Fretilin's candidate list 

Education and professional career
Da Silva studied Agronomy at Eduardo Mondlane University, and worked at Marracuene state enterprise as the Chief Agronomist for the Mozambican government  He also attended the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India for short training courses in agriculture systems for arid and semi arid regions 
Whilst in Australia, Da Silva continued his studies in agronomy at the University of Sydney, where he completed a post-graduate diploma in Agronomy in 1987  In 1988 Da Silva was employed by the New South Wales Agricultural Department at the Trangie Research Agricultural Centre and from 1994 to 1997 worked at the Australian Cotton Research Institute in Narrabri 
In 1999, Da Silva returned to Timor-Leste  He worked as a World Bank consultant for agriculture and later as Asian Development Bank project manager for infrastructure before becoming Minister for Agriculture during the second United Nations transitional government  In May 2002, upon the restoration of independence of Timor Leste, Da Silva became the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 
In 2002, Da Silva completed a two-year post-graduate training course in management and leadership provided by the Asian Development Bank Institute in Tokyo, Japan 
Da Silva is a capable and respected administrator and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is one of the success stories of an independent Timor Leste  Under Da Silva, Timor-Leste's rice production increased every year except for in 2006 where the political crisis had a negative effect on the country's institutions and economy as a whole  During this time Timor-Leste's rice import dependency was reduced from two thirds to one third of domestic consumption 
Da Silva is fluent in English, Portuguese and Tetum 
Passage 3:
Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship
The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005  The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the "conclusive truth" behind the events  After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor  The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral 

Background
East Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974  East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist  The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory  It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support  The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken  The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government 
Indonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades  During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia  Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area, with UN workers being attacked in Maliana  It soon became clear in the wake of the referendum that the referendum result would be overwhelmingly in favor of the "no" option on the ballot; this raised tensions to a boiling point, and within two hours of the announcement of the results, armed militia groups began attacking civilians  Militia continued to attack civilians as they withdrew from the country, and several massacres occurred as the troops filtered out of the area  A UN peacekeeping force known as INTERFET was deployed to stabilize the situation, made up of mostly Australian troops, and was withdrawn with the arrival of normal UN peacekeepers  East Timor eventually transitioned from a UN mandate to an independent country 

Report
The commission itself was announced in August 2006 and sought to establish "the conclusive truth regarding human rights violations to have occurred prior to, immediately after the Popular Consultation on 30 August 1999" as well as "prepare recommendations that can contribute to healing wounds of the past and strengthen friendship"  The timing of the commission's creation was criticized by some, as it was believed that it was created to intentionally subvert calls for an international tribunal to deal with the events surrounding the 1999 plebiscite  The commission's mandate allowed it to review documents pertaining to four other inquiries surrounding the events that predated it: "The Indonesian National Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights Violations in East Timor in 1999", "The Indonesian Ad Hoc Human Rights Court on East Timor", "The Special Panels for Serious Crimes", and "The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation" The commission was made up of four members appointed from each nation, and these commissioners were instructed to conduct a document review and analyze previous trials and investigations into the subject, including the UN Special Panels for Serious Crimes and Serious Crime Units in Dili, and the report of the Commission of Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste  The commission also stated its intent to research the "historical background, political dynamics, and institutional structures that shaped events before and during 1999" to "inform its conclusions with a broader understanding of the way in which the causes of the violence in 1999 were connected to previously established institutional structures and practices "Operating over three years, the commission gave its final report on July 15, 2008, and presented it to the Presidents of Indonesia and East Timor, concluding that "gross human rights violations in the form of crimes against humanity did occur in East Timor in 1999" and that "pro-autonomy militia groups, TNI, the Indonesian civil government, and Polri must all bear institutional responsibility", as well as stating that "from a moral and political perspective the respective states must accept state responsibility for the violations identified in the report " The commission also made recommendations that both nations begin institutional reform enhancing the strength of investigative and prosecuting bodies involved with investigations into the events, as well as forming joint security policy to ensure the safety of individuals in case of the recurrence of violence  It also noted the need to resolve other standing border and security issues between the two nations to allow for more cooperation  Notably, the report gave no recommendations of amnesty or rehabilitation  The report was endorsed by the president of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, making it the first recognition of the Indonesian government's complicity in human rights violations in East Timor by Indonesia 

Reception
In Indonesia and Timor, the report was presented to both governments and accepted by both the Timorese and Indonesian governments  However, Timorese NGO Timor-Leste National Alliance for International Tribunal wrote an open letter in response to the commission's findings with several criticisms, including the lack of public consultation with victims and parliamentary approval of the commission, as well as noting that the commission assigned institutional responsibility rather than individual responsibility, "which is contrary to the principles of international laws which were ratified by the state of Timor-Leste and to Article 160 of its constitution which says that there must be a justice process for crimes against humanity ", as well as stating their belief that the CAVR was a more trustworthy and support worthy commission for the government to support Internationally, the report had a mixed reception  Some, such as the War Crimes Studies Center at the University of California, Berkeley, said that the commission could be seen as "widely acknowledged as credible and far-reaching ", noting that the Indonesian government's affirmation of the results was important and that the commission made arguments that "there was credible evidence to indicate that Timorese institutions were also responsible for illegal detentions and possibly other crimes "

See also
History of East Timor
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Santa Cruz massacre
Passage 4:
The Truth About Men
The Truth About Men is the eighth studio album by American country music artist Tracy Byrd  Released in 2003 as the third and final album for RCA Nashville, it features the singles "The Truth About Men", "Drinkin' Bone", and "How'd I Wind Up in Jamaica"  Before its release, Byrd charted in the country top 40 with the single "Lately (Been Dreamin' 'bout Babies)", which does not appear on the album 
The track "Making Memories of Us" was later recorded by The Notorious Cherry Bombs on their self-titled debut album, and again by Keith Urban on his 2004 album Be Here  Urban's rendition of the song was a Number One hit on the country music charts in 2005 

Track listing
Personnel
Tracy Byrd - lead vocals
Billy Carpenter - drums
Johnny Lee Carpenter - fiddle
Britt Godwin - electric guitar
Larry Shelton - trumpet
Stacy Clark - trumpet
Lisa Cochran - background vocals
Jim Cox - piano
Eric Darken - percussion
Randall Dennis - piano
Dan Dugmore - dobro, steel guitar
Stuart Duncan - fiddle
Paul Franklin - steel guitar
Troy Gentry - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Andy Griggs - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Aubrey Haynie - fiddle, mandolin
Wes Hightower - background vocals
John Hobbs - piano
John Barlow Jarvis - Hammond organ, piano, synthesizer
Troy Lancaster - electric guitar
Paul Leim - drums, percussion
B  James Lowry - acoustic guitar
Liana Manis - background vocals
Jay Dee Maness - steel guitar
Brent Mason - electric guitar
Mark Matoska - steel guitar
Eddie Montgomery - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
John J  Moore - bass guitar, background vocals
John Robinson - drums
John Wesley Ryles - background vocals
Blake Shelton - vocals on "The Truth About Men"
Leland Sklar - bass guitar
Carey Stone - electric guitar
Michael Thompson - electric guitar
Neil Thrasher - background vocals
Billy Joe Walker Jr  - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Gabe Witcher - fiddle
Glenn Worf - bass guitar
Reggie Young - electric guitar

Charts
Passage 5:
The Trouble with the Truth (song)
"The Trouble with the Truth" is a song written by Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in April 1997 as the fifth and final single and title track from her album  The Trouble with the Truth 
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 15 during the week of July 12, 1997 

Other versions
Joan Baez also cut a version of the song during an early 1990s recording session in Nashville, but the recording remained unissued until released in 2012 as a bonus track on the remastered rerelease of her 1992 album Play Me Backwards 

Chart positions
Passage 6:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1264
United Nations Security Council resolution 1264, adopted unanimously on 15 September 1999, after recalling previous resolutions on East Timor (Timor-Leste), the Council authorised the establishment of the multinational International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) to restore peace and security in the territory, facilitate humanitarian assistance and protect the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) The Security Council welcomed the successful conduct of the East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum on 30 August 1999, in which the East Timorese people voted for independence from Indonesia  Meanwhile, there was concern about the deteriorating security situation and the violence that had displaced many residents  Attacks also took place against UNAMET and other international and national humanitarian personnel and this had particularly affected vulnerable groups  There were reports of widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights law across East Timor, and Indonesia had accepted the presence of a United Nations international peacekeeping force in the region Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council condemned the violence in East Timor, called for those responsible to be brought to justice and emphasised the need for immediate unrestricted humanitarian assistance to the area  In this regard, it authorised the establishment of an Australian-led multinational force under joint command with the task of restoring peace, protecting the UNAMET mission and assisting in humanitarian operations using all necessary measures  The force consisted of 8,000 personnel from 17 countries  The Government of Indonesia, which had temporary responsibility for the security of East Timor, would co-operate with the multinational force or INTERFET 
The resolution noted that part of the agreement between Indonesia and Portugal on the future of East Timor stipulated a peaceful and orderly transfer of authority in East Timor to the United Nations and INTERFET was asked to support the process  The multinational force would be present in East Timor for four months until replaced by a United Nations peacekeeping force and would be required to submit periodic reports on its progress Finally, the Secretary-General was asked to make preparations for a transitional administration in East Timor that would include a peacekeeping operation during the implementation phase following the referendum 

See also
1999 East Timorese crisis
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1201 to 1300 (1998–2000)
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
Passage 7:
Kotamadya
In Indonesian law, the term "city" (kota) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia, an equivalent to regency (kabupaten)   The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city   However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities 
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the official dictionary of Indonesian language, city (kota) is "a densely populated area with high density and modern facilities and most of the population works outside of agriculture "Cities are divided into districts (Kecamatan, Distrik in Papua region, or Kemantren in Yogyakarta) 

Historical classification
Gemeente/municipality
During the Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente, or municipality, since the decentralisation law in 1903  The gemeente was a third-level subdivision, below residentie (residency) and gouvernement (governorate) or provincie (province) 

Kota besar and kota kecil
The terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948  Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province   Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province 

Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja
According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision)   Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts)   Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia The terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999   Jakarta continued to become the only urban area with a province status 

Kota administratif
The term kota administratif (administrative city, not to be confused with kota administrasi) was used after the implementation of Act Number 5 of 1974  Kota administratif status was granted to a town inside the territory of a regency (kabupaten) that were deemed necessary in accordance with the town's growth and development  Kota administratif does not have autonomy and its own legislature, and was responsible to its parent regency  The term kota administratif was abolished with the implementation of Act Number 22 of 1999, and all kota administratif were either granted full kota (city) status or dissolved and merged with its parent regency 

Kota
The term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia  Kota is headed by a mayor (walikota), who is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term   Each kota is divided further into districts, more commonly known as kecamatan 

Jakarta as a city
Jakarta, then known as Batavia, was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire   On the 4 March 1621, the first city government (stad) was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first municipality (gemeente) of the Dutch East Indies  Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province of West Java  With the release of the Act Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia  Although Jakarta is now written as a 'province' in Indonesian law products, it is still widely referred to as a city  The United Nations (UN) classifies Jakarta as a 'city' on its statistical database The Special Capital Region of Jakarta consists of five 'administrative cities' and one 'administrative regency'  Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are not self-governing, and were only created for bureaucracy purposes   The administrative cities do not have city councils, and their mayors were exclusively selected by the Governor of Jakarta without any public election   Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management"  Anies Baswedan, the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres   It is a city with the province status " Unlike other 36 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a 'governor office', the governor of Jakarta works in a city hall (Balai Kota DKI Jakarta) 

List of cities by date of incorporation
Notes^[a]  Incorporated as Batavia
^[b]  Incorporated as Buitenzorg
^[c]  Incorporated as Fort de Kock
^[d]  Incorporated as Kutaraja
^[e]  Incorporated as Tanjungkarang–Telukbetung

See also

City status
List of Indonesian cities by population
List of Indonesian cities by GDP
Passage 8:
Zeferino Martins
Zeferino Martins, also known as Ze Martins (born September 5, 1985) is an East Timorese footballer who plays as midfielder for Ad  Dili Oeste and the Timor-Leste national team 



ground_truth: Francisco Guterres

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the average salary of a working person with the same nationality as the producer of The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Rendezvous at Big Gulch (Terror in the Neighborhood)
"Rendezvous at Big Gulch (Terror in the Neighborhood)" is the third episode produced (but fifth episode broadcast) of the short-lived TV series Police Squad!  The episode was directed by Reza Badiyi and written by Nancy Steen and Neil Thompson  As usual, the episode was produced by Robert K  Weiss 
The episode refers to Mommie Dearest (released by Paramount Pictures, whose television division produced Police Squad!), where a Joan Crawford lookalike pays off the mob at the "Mommie Dearest Day Care Center" Dutch Genderson is a clear spoof on the James Bond character Ernst Stavro Blofeld   He is introduced sitting in a chair stroking a cat, and his face is not initially revealed  Even his bending low upon his announcement, "When I'm through with him, he'll be dead!" is meant as a (more subtle) joke, since up to You Only Live Twice Blofeld's face is never seen in the movies 

Plot
Two gangsters, later revealed as Rocky and Leo, collect protection money from several local shops  A ballet teacher, Jill, cannot pay because of bad business and is beaten  Frank Drebin, the detective, interviews the woman but she seems reluctant to cooperate, saying she did not get a good look 
Frank and Ed discover the gangsters are working all across the country  Wanting to catch them in the act, Frank opens up a locksmith store along with fellow detective Norberg (a store that actually says on the window "A N  Abandoned Locksmith Shop ") 
Rocky and Leo's offer of protection is turned down  They assault the store with machine guns, which is not noticed until they toss in a rock with a note  Frank drives the rock (backwards) to the lab  Analysis of the note and the rock reveals nothing 
Rocky and Leo try to intimidate the two men again, but are beaten and left dazed on the street  The entire neighborhood sees this and cheers 
After Frank's victory, Leo and Rocky are seen talking with their boss Dutch Genderson, who tells them that when he's through with Frank, Frank will be dead 

Act II: Gesundheit
When Norberg has another delivery, a beautiful woman called Stella comes into the shop  She is trying to seduce Frank; she tells Frank she wants her key duplicated 50 times and that Frank can keep the 50th key himself (the other 49 are intended for the Chicago Bears)  Two weeks later, when Frank tries to open the door with his key, Stella starts shooting through the door  Frank, however, isn't behind the door, so when he comes in, he grabs Stella  The phone rings, and Stella is made to pick it up  The person calling is Dutch Genderson, providing Frank the opportunity to set up a trap for Dutch  After the call, Frank detains Stella on suspicion of attempting murder  Frank consults Johnny the Snitch, his go-to source of information, before meeting Dutch  Frank learns from Johnny about Dutch's unhappy upbringing  Dutch has only ever known the criminal underworld  Frank then asks Johnny for concrete evidence against Dutch  Johnny gives Frank some photostats that make Dutch look pretty dirty  When Frank arrives at Dutch's office, Dutch attempts to shoot Frank, but before he has a chance, Frank shows him the photostat that Johnny gave him  Instead of trying to arrest Dutch, Frank tries to become part of his organization  Dutch tells Frank to kill the old tailor as his first assignment  When going to the tailor's store, Leo and Rocky grab Frank and tell him that there has been a change of plans: they're hitting a dance teacher  When Frank comes in the other policemen have just left and Jill blows Frank's cover by calling him lieutenant  A big fight starts inside the ballet school  Frank wins the fight and tells Jill to call Police Squad 

Recurring jokes
Tonight's special guest star: Florence Henderson, gunned down while she was singing in the kitchen, surrounded by bottles of vegetable oil (she was a commercial spokesperson for Wesson Oil at the time)  Henderson later made a cameo appearance in Naked Gun 33+1⁄3: The Final Insult, as herself nominated for an Oscar 
Next week's experiment: Bring those magazines you found under your father's bed 
Johnny's next customer: A fireman wanting to know the best way to extinguish a furniture warehouse fire 
Freeze frame gag: When Ed pours Frank some coffee, the episode ends and the coffee spills all over the place 
Passage 2:
Rđavica
Rđavica is a village in the municipality of Surdulica, Serbia  According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 40 people  In the village of Rđavica, there are 38 adult inhabitants, and the average age of the population is 57 6 years (56 9 for men and 58 3 for women)  There are 22 households in the settlement, and the average number of members per household is 1 82 
Passage 3:
Whiskeytown, California
Whiskeytown was an unincorporated community in Shasta County, California, United States  Although once a bustling mining town, it was flooded to make way for Whiskeytown Lake in 1962, now part of Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area  All that remains is the relocated store, a few residences, mostly occupied by National Recreation Area personnel, and old mines that are above the water level of the lake  Whiskeytown is registered as a California Historical Landmark 

History
Whiskeytown was one of Shasta County's first gold mining settlements during the California Gold Rush of 1849, though at the time it was called Whiskey Creek Diggings  There are two different stories for how the settlement got its name: The first states that a barrel of whiskey fell from a pack mule and into the creek that ran by Whiskeytown; the second attributes the name to the legend that miners at Whiskeytown could drink a barrel of the hard liquor a day The area became known as a source for gold  The Redding Record Searchlight reports miners averaged $50 in gold per day, and in 1851 a 56-ounce gold nugget was found  The first woman arrived in town in 1852, and by 1855, about 1,000 gold miners lived in Whiskeytown  The post office was opened in 1856, but the federal government didn't allow the Whiskeytown name to be attached to it because it was considered inappropriate  Finally, in 1952, the federal government agreed to name the post office after the town Construction of the Whiskeytown Dam began in 1960, and the basin began to fill with water in 1962  Some Whiskeytown buildings were moved to higher ground, but others remain underwater  The dam was dedicated by President John F  Kennedy in 1963 

Present day
Today, what was once a bustling mining town is a popular lake and recreation area  Whiskeytown Lake, part of the Central Valley Project, draws people looking to swim, sail, kayak, or fish, among other activities  On clear days, the outlines of buildings that were once Whiskeytown can be seen at the bottom of the lake, according to the Redding Record Searchlight Whiskeytown Cemetery was moved during the construction of the dam  All the graves were exhumed and transported to higher ground  Today, Whiskeytown Cemetery is maintained by locals and is somewhat of a hidden tourist destination as well, due to its unusual and festive decor  Graves are decorated with flowers as well as trinkets such as toys or the deceased's favorite snacks or cocktails 
Passage 4:
The Gospel Bill Show
The Gospel Bill Show is a Christian-values based television show that was produced by Willie George Ministries from June 4, 1981 to May 12, 1993   (Later episodes were titled as Adventures in Dry Gulch but featured the same characters and premise )
During its main run it was broadcast on the CBN and TBN networks   It is currently seen in syndication on the Daystar and Smile of a Child networks, and on other small independent Christian television stations 
It was also broadcast on the Australian Christian Channel in Australia 

Characters
Gospel Bill (Willie George) – the sheriff of Dry Gulch  Bill serves both as representative of the law and as moral guidance counselor to the citizens of Dry Gulch 
Nicodemus (Ken Blount) – deputy and sidekick of Gospel Bill, also the foreman at a local ranch  Nicodemus was once a drunk of ill-repute who was sobered up by Bill and reaffirmed as a born-again Christian  Nicodemus is easily swayed by various shysters, but Gospel Bill serves as his moral compass when temptations arise 
Miss Lana (Lana Osborn) – runs the town's general store, which doubles as a telegraph office  She serves as the town's maternal figure, although in the series she is not known to have any husband or children 
Elmer Barnes (Jeff Merrill) – a citizen of Dry Gulch who is friends with the main characters  He is portrayed as somewhat mentally challenged and is often confused on Biblical matters  He has two pet worms, Inky and Dinky (which he often carries on his person, though they are largely unseen characters) and his primary concern is "goin' fishin'" 
Theodore Ulysses (T  U ) Tutwater (Daine Demaree) – the mayor of Dry Gulch as well as the president of the Dry Gulch Bank and Trust  He represented secular interests (such as pride and greed) and usually mocked Gospel Bill's religious views, though he would not engage in illegal acts  In later episodes, Demaree (who moved to California to pastor a church) was replaced by John Witty and the character's name was changed to T  W  Tutwater 
Luther Bedlow (also played by Willie George, but credited as "himself") – the stock villain of the show  He usually attempts to engage in criminal activity but is always foiled by Gospel Bill 
Orville Cornpone (Rodney Lynch) – served in early episodes as Bedlow's dim-witted henchman who would usually cause Bedlow to be unsuccessful in his criminal activities  Cornpone later became a Christian (courtesy of Gospel Bill) and thereafter played a morally upstanding character (though Bedlow would attempt to recruit him back to villainy) 
Wichita Slim (Kenneth Copeland) – a tough as nails, but gentlemanly U S  Marshall who comes through town and helps with the most difficult problems they occasionally face 
Miss Trudi Lou (Trudi Blount) – a minor character to whom Nicodemus often refers as the woman he hopes to woo someday  (Trudi Blount is Ken Blount's real life wife )
Ferman Farnsworth (also played by Willie George; but often credited as "himself") – a minor character (though often referenced) who owns the ranch where Nicodemus works 
Barkamaeus (Keith Holey) – an anthropomorphic human-sized talking dog who wore a cowboy hat and vest  He only appeared in early episodes of the show Before the Elmer Barnes character was introduced, Jeff Merrill appeared on early episodes of the show as a geological surveyor, who advised Luther Bedlow of gold deposits to be found underneath Dry Gulch 
John Witty and Rodney Lynch also appeared as the town doctor in several episodes 

Premise
The Gospel Bill Show was set in the fictional town of Dry Gulch, portrayed as being in the Old West  However, there were many anachronistic references to the present day, such as television and answering machine, which did not exist back when the show was supposed to be set  Dry Gulch was so named because the citizens voted it as a "dry" city (i e , one which prohibited alcohol sales) 

Format
The show would center around a topic, where Gospel Bill would be heavily involved in providing moral guidance to one of the citizens (usually Nicodemus or Elmer Barnes) and/or preventing catastrophe (mainly stopping Luther Bedlow's criminal activities) 

Oogene and Jeannie Mae segments
A typical episode would be interrupted several times by puppet segments depicting Biblical stories as well as the adventures of Oogene, a young boy who squabbles with his sister Jeannie Mae (but the fights are always resolved by a moral lesson) and narrates "Oogene at the Zoo", in which Oogene studies an animal and relates its role to a lesson from the Bible ("Oogene at the Farm" replaced the "Oogene at the Zoo" segment in some later episodes)  Segments with Oogene and Jeannie tend to be unique, but the zoo and farm field pieces are repeated frequently throughout the series as filler for the show  Willie George voiced the majority of the various puppet skits, most notably Oogene and his sister Jeannie Mae 

Music video and lesson
The episode would also feature a Christian song and music video (usually by Ken Blount) towards the end of the show  Sometimes he would appear in character as Nicodemus, but often he will appear as himself, singing about a dramatic story which is acted out by others  Some of the music videos not contributed by Blount included the songs, "We've Got the Power" by long-time KCM worship leader Len Mink and "It's God" by Kellie Copeland Swisher (daughter of Kenneth Copeland), as well as "A Merry Heart" where Blount is joined by unnamed puppets wearing blue and orange-striped shirts  An unknown band was occasionally seen opposite Blount in some later videos 
At the end of most shows, Gospel Bill reappeared with props in hand to spell out a lesson to the viewer, generally relating to the main plot of the episode  He would often use the props as a visual aid to demonstrate a particular concept he is emphasizing  In some later episodes, Nicodemus will give the lesson instead of Gospel Bill 

Adventures in Dry Gulch
Later episodes of the show were titled as "Adventures in Dry Gulch" rather than "The Gospel Bill Show", many of which did not feature Willie George at all  Instead, Nicodemus would be in charge while Gospel Bill is "out of town" on some unspecified task 

DVD availability
The series is available for DVD purchase through George's church website  Episodes included in the collection include;

God Gives Back - Ken Blount: In the Name of Jesus -At the threat of losing her store, Miss Lana chooses to obey God with the tithe and trust Him to provide 
There's Still Hope - Ken Blount: Know You're a Christian -When Gospel Bill brings a desperate bank robber to justice, Miss Lana believes the robber can be saved when no one else does 
Power of Agreement - At the Zoo with Oogene: Ostrich - Ken Blount: You Are My Inspiration -A bizarre accident leaves Gospel Bill with amnesia  Nicodemus and Miss Lana respond with the prayer of agreement 
He Sent His Word and Healed Them - Ken Blount: All Hail King Jesus -Gospel Bill speaks God's Word when a local family is threatened with a contagious disease 
Don't Trust in Riches - Ken Blount: Worship and Adore Thee -Eager to make a profit, Tutwater loses all of his money in a bad mining investment 
The Worst Temptation -In an effort to make Gospel Bill leave Dry Gulch, Luther Bedlow and Cornpone try to lure him away with temptations 
To Cheat or Not, Part 1 -Luther Bedlow uses Cornpone as a pawn in the local sheriff's election, and they buy votes with bribes 
To Cheat or Not, Part 2 - Ken Blount: You Are My Inspiration -After an unfair election, Gospel Bill must help the new sheriff deal with outlaws and save the day 
All Things Through Christ - Len Mink: We've Got The Power -Gospel Bill must find a way to reveal a mysterious thief's identity and catch him in the act 
Praise God When Trouble Comes -Gospel Bill experiences trouble at every turn and has to decide whether he will complain or praise God 
To Tell the Truth - Ken Blount: Nothing But the Blood -Elmer takes dating advice from Nicodemus, but he stretches the truth in order to make a good impression 
Receiving by Faith - Ken Blount: You Are My Inspiration -When two outlaws injure Gospel Bill, his friends must pray and stand in faith for his healing 
It Pays to Work -Elmer needs money, but he fails to display a good work ethic when Miss Lana gives him a job 
The New Birth -Gospel Bill recounts his lawless days before Christ to show Elmer that Jesus can change anyone 
The Reward of Stinginess -Tutwater misses out on God's blessing when he allows a stingy spirit to keep him from giving at church 
The Power of the Tongue -Nicodemus activates the power of God's Word for healing, and Gospel Bill uses the Word to help him outsmart a gunman 
Treasures in Heaven -Luther Bedlow and Cornpone hear of a treasure, so they kidnap Nicodemus in an effort to find it 
If God Be for Us -When Gospel Bill heads out of town, Nicodemus is left in charge and learns to conquer his fears 
Agreement Equals Power -Gospel Bill and Nicodemus believe God for the money Nic needs in order to save his mother's farm 
Overcoming Faith -Gospel Bill, Nicodemus, Miss Lana, and Elmer all use their faith in order to overcome obstacles in their way 
Control Your Thoughts - At the Zoo with Oogene: Koala Bear - Ken Blount: Don't Let the Devil Steal Your Joy -Nicodemus and Elmer nearly come to blows when Elmer tries to court Miss Trudi Lou 
Babies Make Mistakes -After falling back into an old habit, a new Christian learns what it means to persevere in spite of mistakes 
Elmer Finds His Gift -When faced with growing debts and no job, Elmer discovers his true gift 
There's No Such Thing As Monsters -Gospel Bill has to set Tutwater straight about a monster story and find the prankster responsible 
Never Give Up -Fed up with how hard Farnsworth is working him, Nicodemus decides to quit his job 
Deadly Disobedience - At the Zoo with Oogene: Ostrich - Ken Blount feat  Unnamed Puppets: A Merry Heart -A young boy's life is in jeopardy when he disobeys his mother and falls into a mine shaft 
Nic and the Faith Saddle -Nicodemus needs a new saddle for a cowboy contest, so Gospel Bill encourages him to believe God for it 
Rejoice in the Lord -When everything goes wrong with his day, Nicodemus has to choose whether or not he will praise God 
Angels Watching over Me -In dealing with his fear of the unknown, Elmer finds out that angels are watching over him 
Put Off Temptation -Luther Bedlow and Tutwater join forces and try to bribe Gospel Bill so he will influence the townspeople 
The Root of Bitterness -Miss Lana is tempted to become bitter when Tutwater accuses her of selling shoddy merchandise 
Words of Healing -Gospel Bill speaks words of healing on behalf of his Uncle Pete, but Elmer brings sickness upon himself with a negative confession 
How to Make Friends - At the Zoo with Oogene: Elephant - Ken Blount: J-E-S-U-S
Freed from Sin - At the Zoo with Oogene: Orangutan - Ken Blount: In the Name of Jesus
The Jealous Mistake - At the Zoo with Oogene: Ostrich - Ken Blount: All Hail King Jesus
The Spirit of Giving - At the Zoo with Oogene: Red Kangaroo - Ken Blount: Forget All Those Things
The Love of Money - At the Zoo with Oogene: Bengal Tiger - Ken Blount: Joy, Joy, Joy
The Christmas That Almost Wasn't - At the Zoo with Oogene: Grizzly Bear - Ken Blount: Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
The Wicked Man's Trap - At the Zoo with Oogene: Jaguar - Ken Blount: Nothing But the Blood
The Missionary Journey - At the Zoo with Oogene: Animal Zoo Review - Ken Blount: In the Name of Jesus
Feed Your Spirit - At the Zoo with Oogene: Jaguar - Ken Blount: Fear Not
Praise Beats Complaining - At the Zoo with Oogene: Ostrich - Ken Blount: Don't Let the Devil Steal Your Joy
Believe the Best - At the Farm with Oogene: Horse
Pride Comes Before Trouble - At the Zoo with Oogene: Zebra - Ken Blount: Fear Not
Honesty - At the Zoo with Oogene: Flamingo - Ken Blount: Nothing But the Blood
Peer Pressure - At the Zoo with Oogene: Red Kangaroo - Ken Blount: Fear Not
Gorilla Prank
The New Man (introducing the Wichita Slim character played by Kenneth Copeland) - At the Zoo with Oogene: Animal Zoo Review - Kellie Copeland: It's God
By His Stripes - At the Zoo with Oogene: Jaguar - Ken Blount: All Hail King Jesus
The Fugitive, Part 1 - At the Zoo with Oogene: White Rhinoceros
The Fugitive, Part 2 - At the Zoo with Oogene: Polar Bear
Control Your Temper - At the Zoo with Oogene: Bengal Tiger - Ken Blount: In the Name of Jesus

Spin-offs
Willie George Ministries launched three direct-to-video spin-offs of The Gospel Bill show: The Candy Store, Bill Gunter, U S  Marshal, and The Cimarron Trail 

Dry Gulch, U S A 
Shortly after The Gospel Bill Show first aired, Willie George opened Dry Gulch, U S A  (now known as New Life Ranch Frontier Cove) in Adair, Oklahoma, a Western-themed Christian children's summer camp nestled near Lake Hudson with over 1 25 miles of shoreline 

Bill Gunter, U S  Marshal
A more traditional western-style program that was shot on location at Dry Gulch, U S A  Gospel Bill is renamed Bill Gunter, while the other characters retain their names  Bill Gunter, U S  Marshal is not as campy as The Gospel Bill Show, and takes itself much more seriously  The show was sold strictly as part of a video club and was sold at Church on the Move later on as well 
Bill Gunter is a United States Marshall in the difficult days of the Oklahoma Indian Territory  Striving to maintain a strong Christian testimony in the midst of lawlessness, Gunter is a powerful role model for young children  The action, excitement and romance of the Old West combined with solid Biblical principles for the unforgettable viewing experience

The Candy Store
The Candy Store was a television show that was a tie-in to The Gospel Bill Show that shared some of that show's characters  It was a program for pre-schoolers that featured Miss Lana and Nicodemus as well as a newcomer, Lefty Wright (Jim Wideman) 
Characters

Miss Lana
Nicodemus
Elmer Barnes
Barkimaeus, The Faith Dog
Lefty Wright
Miss Trudi Lou
Wendell, the WoodchuckEpisode Titles

A: is for Abraham
B: is For Bible
C: is for Christ
D: is for David
E: is for Esther
F: is for Faith
G: is for Grace
H: is for Heaven
I: is for You
J: is for Jesus
K: is for Kindness
L: is for Love
M: is for Miracle
N: is for Noah
O: is for Obey
P: is for Prayer
Q: is for Queen
R: is for Rejoice
S: is for Sickness (Healing)
T: is for Temple
U: is for Unbelief
V: is for Victory
W: is for Wealth
XYZ: is the End

The Cimarron Trail
Contrary to popular belief this show was not a new series but was actually the Bill Gunter U S  Marshal series renamed  Pastor George had wanted the series to be called this originally but when shooting for the series began it was relayed to him that the name The Cimarron Trail was copyrighted and could not be used for the name  While Pastor George did not like using the name Bill Gunter U S  Marshall it was the name chosen at the time  Later on towards the end of the series it was found out that the name The Cimarron Trail was not taken or copyrighted so the series was renamed as Pastor Willie George had wanted it to be 

The Wichita Slim Trilogy
In addition to the aforementioned spin-offs, there were also three related movies  The cast was left mainly intact, but the Gospel Bill/Bill Gunter character was now teamed up with (now U S  Marshall) Wichita Slim (Kenneth Copeland) 

The Gunslinger, which revolves around a shooting where Wichita Slim is injured and loses his memory, causing him to temporarily revert to his outlaw ways  (This was the only movie in the trilogy to be completed during the show's run)
Covenant Rider involves the two Marshalls efforts to rescue Bill Gunter's nephew, who was kidnapped by outlaws associated with Saul Gillespe (guest star: fellow televangelist Jesse Duplantis) 
The Treasure of Eagle Mountain concerns a treasure left by a retired (and seriously wounded) lawman to his jaded son, and the efforts to find it  (The name is a reference to Eagle Mountain Lake, located near Copeland's ministry headquarters northwest of Fort Worth, Texas )

See also
Fire By Nite (another Christian youth television program from Willie George)
Passage 5:
Wild Case Files
Wild Case Files is a documentary television series that premiered in the United Kingdom in July 2006 on the National Geographic Channel 
Passage 6:
The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch
The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch is a 1982 American made-for-television Western romantic comedy film directed by Philip Leacock and starring Priscilla Barnes, Lee Horsley, Joan Collins, Donny Osmond, Morgan Brittany, and Lisa Whelchel  Executive produced by Aaron Spelling, it premiered on ABC on October 31, 1982, and was later syndicated to cable television for rebroadcast 

Synopsis
In Civil War-era Southern Missouri, Dr  Maggie McCullough travels to the aid of her ailing aunt, Annie, the town's madame, in the lovely community of Sweetwater   With all of the men away at war, Maggie coordinates a truce between Aunt Annie's girls and the respectable women of the town   While Maggie contemplates the love triangle that is formed with an injured Union fighter, Frank Isaacs, and a captured Confederate doctor, Captain John Cane, a demented faction of soldiers invades Sweetwater and the women must spring into action to defend their homes 

Cast
Priscilla Barnes      Maggie McCulloch
Lee Horsley      Captain John Cain
Joan Collins      Annie McCulloch
Howard Duff      Colonel Samuel Isaacs
Morgan Brittany      Lannie
Donny Osmond      Frank Isaacs
Lisa Whelchel      Amy Cole
Pamela Bellwood      Sarah
Phyllis Davis      Sugar Harris
Jeanette Nolan      Gertrude
Paul Brinegar      Bodie
Dennis Fimple      Lamont
Susan Kellermann      Betsy
Paul Carr      Confederate Captain
Rex Holman      Lt  Pritchard
Rayford Barnes      Russell
Steve Hanks      Lt  James
Tom Clark      Matthew
Robert Rymill      Sam
Jerry J  Lewandowski      Tommy
Scott Arthur Allen      Tom Trombitas

See also
List of television films produced for American Broadcasting Company
Passage 7:
Ricky Wilde
Ricky Wilde (born Richard James Reginald Steven Smith, 6 November 1961, sometimes credited as Ricki Wilde) is a British songwriter, musician, and record producer  He is the younger brother of singer Kim Wilde (the two are "Irish twins", having been born slightly less than one year apart); their father is singer-actor Marty Wilde 

Career
At the age of eleven, Wilde was signed by record producer Jonathan King to King's UK Records label, and released his first single in November 1972, called "I Am an Astronaut"  King became his mentor and had great faith in Wilde and groomed him for stardom as the teenybopper star of 1973  The children's magazine Look-in featured Wilde and Donny Osmond on the cover in June 1973 with the headline "Is Ricky Wilde the new Donny?"  Subsequent singles were "Do It Again, a Little Bit Slower", "I Wanna Go to a Disco" and "Teen Wave"   However, the singles were not successful in the UK, although he was featured in youth magazines at the time and appeared with his father alongside eleven years old pop rival Darren Burn in BBC Television's Man Alive documentary film Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, made in July 1973   He had some hits in Scandinavia and Spain at the time 
Recordings of new material in 1980 led to the 'discovery' of his sister Kim  Wilde's new role was that of producer and co-writer, a role he has fulfilled up until now  By his own admission, he was happy to be more in the background as of that moment   After Kim Wilde paused her career in pop music, Ricky Wilde continued to work in the music industry  In 2005 he was one of the initiators of the band, Sonic Hub, and of the record label Sonic Hub Records 
He co-directed the film Shoot The DJ, released in 2010 
"I Am an Astronaut" was covered by Snow Patrol for the Save the Children compilation album, Colours Are Brighter; it also featured as a B-side to their single "Open Your Eyes"  It was translated into Swedish, and recorded by nine-year-old Linus Wahlgren in 1985  The Swedish version was later covered by Wahlgren's nephew Benjamin Ingrosso in 2007, also at nine years of age   Ricky started a podcast with famous blogger Lee Bennett and Eastenders soap star Jake Wood called 'Unsung Heroes' talking to song writers and producers behind the scenes in the music industry 

Influences
Wilde has named Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) as "heroes" and a key source of inspiration  Other influences have included Ultravox, John Foxx, Gary Numan, Skids, Sex Pistols, the Clash, Kraftwerk and the Stranglers 
Passage 8:
Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 –  June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor  His productions included the TV series Family (1976–1980), Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), The Love Boat (1977–1986), Hart to Hart (1979–1984), Dynasty (1981–1989), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006)  He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976), and Sunset Beach (1997–1999) 
Through his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in US television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits  Forbes ranked him the 11th top-earning deceased celebrity in 2009 

Early life
Spelling was born in Dallas, Texas  He was the son of Pearl (née Wald) and David Spelling, Russian Jewish immigrants  His father worked as a tailor and changed his surname from Spurling to Spelling after emigrating to the United States  Spelling was the youngest of five children  He had three older brothers: Maxwell “Max” Seltzer (circa 1909–?), Sam Spelling (1916–2001) and Daniel Spelling (1921–2009) and an older half-sister, Becky Seltzer Giller (1910–1978) At the age of eight, Spelling psychosomatically lost the use of his legs due to trauma caused by constant anti-semitic bullying from his schoolmates, and was confined to bed for a year  He made a full recovery After attending Forest Avenue High School in Dallas, he served in the United States Army Air Corps as a pilot during World War II 
Spelling later graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1949, where he was a cheerleader 

Career
Spelling made his first appearance as an actor in a film as Harry Williams in Vicki, directed by Harry Horner, in 1953  That same year, he appeared in the TV series I Led Three Lives and Dragnet (six episodes, 1953–55)  Spelling appeared in episode 112 of I Love Lucy ("Tennessee Bound," season 4, 1955) and Alfred Hitchcock Presents ("Breakdown", 1955) , as Weed Pindle in Gunsmoke's season one, episode 35, "The Guitar" (1956); He continued to appear in films and TV (often uncredited) over 25 times by 1957, appearing briefly as an actor in 1963, 1995, and 1998 (all uncredited )Spelling sold his first script to Jane Wyman Presents in 1954  He guest-starred that same year as a dogcatcher in the premiere episode of the CBS situation comedy, Willy, starring June Havoc as a young lawyer in New Hampshire, who later relocates to New York City to represent a vaudeville troupe Two years later, Spelling gained experience as a producer and additional credits as a script writer working for Four Star Television on the series Zane Grey Theater, which aired between 1956 and 1961  Of the 149 episodes in that series, he wrote 20 of the teleplays and produced many others  Spelling produced Burke's Law while at Four Star   The show was the first success for Spelling and pioneered the multiple guest star format, later seen on The Love Boat and Fantasy Island  Thomas-Spelling Productions was a television production company formed by comedian Danny Thomas and producer Aaron Spelling on April 15, 1966, as a partnership with 24 properties  Thomas continued his existing partnership, T&L Productions, with Sheldon Leonard  The company adapted its name by July 18, 1966, when it announced the financial involvement of ABC with its first show, Range (later Rango), a half-hour comedy western starring Tim Conway and its rented space on Desilu Productions' Gower lot  ABC also picked up another show for a pilot, just in an outline treatment, in The Guns of Will Sonnett   Thomas-Spelling Productions' active operations ended with the last season of The Mod Squad in 1972   Spelling formed a new partnership with Leonard Goldberg, Spelling-Goldberg Productions 
Beginning in 1965, Spelling began producing successful television shows including The Mod Squad, The Rookies, Family, Charlie's Angels, Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, Dynasty, Beverly Hills, 90210 (which starred his daughter Tori), Melrose Place, 7th Heaven, Charmed, Jane's House and Sunset Beach  Spelling founded Spelling Entertainment in 1965, alongside partnerships with comedian/actor Danny Thomas (Thomas-Spelling Productions, 1966–1972), and television/film producer Leonard Goldberg (Spelling-Goldberg Productions, 1972–1986) He produced the unsuccessful situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums in 1977 
In 2004, Spelling was portrayed in two television movies: Dan Castellaneta portrayed Spelling in Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels, and Nicholas Hammond portrayed Spelling in television movie Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure 

Personal life
Spelling married actress Carolyn Jones in 1953, in California when he was 30 and she was 23  They divorced in 1964  He briefly dated actress Jill Haworth when he was 42 and she was 19  Spelling married Candy Gene (née Marer) in 1968 when he was 45 and she was 23  The couple had daughter Tori in 1973 and son Randy in 1978 In 1988, Spelling bought the 6-acre (2 4 ha) property of Bing Crosby's former Los Angeles house  He demolished the property and built a 123-room home on the lot in 1991  Known as "The Manor", it has 56,500 square feet (5,250 m2) of floor space and as of 2006 was the largest single-family home in Los Angeles  Spelling's widow Candy listed the home for sale in 2008 for $150 million  Heiress Petra Ecclestone ultimately purchased the property for $85 million in 2011 through a brokered agreement that was developed by Brandon Davis, the brother of Jason Davis and grandson of wealthy industrialist, Marvin Davis In 1992, Candy, Spelling's second wife, commissioned pinball manufacturer Data East to produce a personalized table as a gift to Spelling  The game, a modified version of Data East's Lethal Weapon 3 table, has since appeared publicly at collector's expos 

Legacy and death
On September 15, 1978, Spelling was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6667 Hollywood Blvd  In 1996, he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame 
In 1983, he was accorded the NAACP Humanitarian Award for his monetary donation that permitted a 21-year-old's heart transplant operation In 2001, Spelling was diagnosed with oral cancer On June 23, 2006, Spelling died at The Manor, his estate in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, from complications of a stroke he suffered five days prior  He also suffered from Alzheimer's disease  A private funeral was held several days later, and Spelling was entombed in a mausoleum in Culver City's Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery 
On August 27, 2006, Spelling was posthumously honored at the 58th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards by former employees Joan Collins, Stephen Collins, Heather Locklear, Farrah Fawcett, Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith 
7th Heaven's May 13, 2007, episode, the last before the series finale, was dedicated to Spelling  When 7th Heaven ended its run, it was touted by the network as being Spelling's longest-running series and the longest-running "family drama" in American television history 

Filmography
Spelling was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted 

Film
As writerAs an actor

Television
As writerAs an actorMiscellaneous crewSoundtrackAs directorThanks

Awards and nominations
See also
Norman Lear
David L  Wolper
Alan Landsburg
Passage 9:
United Nations Population Fund
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN agency aimed at improving reproductive and maternal health worldwide  Its work includes developing national healthcare strategies and protocols, increasing access to birth control, and leading campaigns against child marriage, gender-based violence, obstetric fistula, and female genital mutilation The UNFPA supports programs in more than 144 countries across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa  Around three-quarters of the staff work in the field  It is a founding member of the United Nations Development Group, a collection of UN agencies and programmes focused on fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals 

Origins
The agency began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund  In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly  Its name was changed into United Nations Population Fund in 1987  However, the shortened term of UNFPA has been retained 

UNFPA and the Sustainable Development Goals
In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years  These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere 
The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines, but they are achievable  UNFPA works with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals – in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality – and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the other goals 

Leadership
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries-General of the UNFPA

Areas of work
UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs  The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:

voluntarily plan and have the number of children they desire and to avoid unwanted pregnancies
undergo safe pregnancy and childbirth
avoid spreading sexually transmitted infections
decrease violence against women
increase the equality of women
encouraging the use of birth controlUNFPA uses a human rights-based approach in programming to address three "transformative goals":
Zero preventable maternal death
Zero gender-based violence
Zero unmet need for family planning The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these goals, advocates close attention to population concerns and helps nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development  Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011  The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron 

How it works
UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people  For instance, it is one of the co-sponsors of the Special Programme on Human Reproduction Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2016 totaled $848 million  The amount includes $353 million to the organization's core resources and $495 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives  As a result of the economic impact of coronavirus pandemic, United Kingdom imposed 85% aid cut to UNFPA Examples of campaigns:

Campaign to end fistula
This UNFPA-led global campaign works to prevent obstetric fistula, a devastating and socially isolating injury of childbirth, to treat women who live with the condition and help those who have been treated to return to their communities  The campaign works in more than 40 countries in Africa, the Arab States and South Asia 
The leader of the campaign to end fistula, Erin Anastasi, decided to start this campaign in 2003 in hopes of ending deaths of new mothers after developing fistula  This campaign is now active in over 50 countries working not only to prevent fistula, but also to give fistula survivors a sense of reforming their life after overcoming this burden  Nearly 800 women in Africa and Asia die after childbirth and more than 2 million young women live with untreated obstetric fistula in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa  The campaign focuses mainly on providing training and funds to support women living with fistula, and also programs aimed towards survivors  The campaign is also looking at ways to prevent fistula from developing in general by providing medical supplies and technical guidance and support 

Ending female genital mutilation
UNFPA has worked for many years to end the practice of female genital mutilation, the partial or total removal of external female genital organs for cultural or other non-medical reasons  The practice, which affects 100–140 million women and girls across the world, violates their right to health and bodily integrity  In 2007, UNFPA in partnership with UNICEF, launched a $44 million program to reduce the practice by 40 per cent in 16 countries by 2015 and to end it within a generation  UNFPA also recently sponsored a Global Technical Consultation, which drew experts from all over the world to discuss strategies to convince communities to abandon the practice  UNFPA supports the campaign to end female genital mutilation with The Guardian 

Relations with the US government
UNFPA has been accused by groups opposed to abortion of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced abortions and coercive sterilizations  UNFPA says it "does not provide support for abortion services"  Its charter includes a strong statement condemning coercion  Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and the US, with four US presidential administrations – those of Ronald Reagan, George H  W  Bush, George W  Bush and Donald Trump – withholding funding from the UNFPA UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late 1990s  When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance  UNFPA continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices Over the course of the George W  Bush administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch  From 2002 through 2008, the administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, on the grounds that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations  In a letter from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA's support for China's population program "facilitates its government's coercive abortion program", thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion or sterilization The notion that UNFPA had any connection to China's administration of forced abortions was deemed to be unsubstantiated by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China  Specifically, a three-person US State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China  It wrote in its report that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics 
However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population planning policies  However, both The Washington Post and The Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else   US Representative Chris Smith criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program  Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA, said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population planning methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the US State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements  However, Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion 
A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions  "We located the family planning offices, and in that family planning office, we located the UNFPA office, and we confirmed from family planning officials there that there is no distinction between what the UNFPA does and what the Chinese Family Planning Office does," said Scott Weinberg, a spokesman for PRI  However, United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA's new country programme in January 2006  The more than 130 members of the "Group of 77" developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes  In addition, speaking for several European democracies – Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany – the United Kingdom stated, "UNFPA's activities in China, as in the rest of the world, are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD, and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor, the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms" In response, the EU decided to fill the gap left behind by the US under the Sandbæk Report  According to its Annual Report for 2008, the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European governments: Of the total income of $845 3 million, $118 million was donated by the Netherlands, $67 million by Sweden, $62 million by Norway, $54 million by Denmark, $53 million by the UK, $52 million by Spain, and $19 million by Luxembourg  The European Commission donated a further $36 million  The most important non-European donor state was Japan, which gave $36 million  The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year 
In the United States, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA, formerly Americans for UNFPA, worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations 
In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would "look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund  By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries "
The United States said during the UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board meeting that considered the China programme in 2015:During its recent visit, the U S  delegation observed the positive impact of UNFPA's rights-based programming in China  We commend the Fund's adherence to demonstrating the advantages of a voluntary approach to family planning and were pleased to see – in support of its ICPD commitments – increased provider emphasis on patient rights In April 2017, the U S  announced that it will cut off funding to UNFPA, on the grounds that it "supports, or participates in the management of, a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization " UNFPA refuted this claim, as all of its work promotes the human rights of individuals and couples to make their own decisions, free of coercion or discrimination 

Other UN population agencies and entities
Entities with competencies about population in the United Nations:

Commission on Population and Development
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

See also
Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
Passage 10:
Household income in the United States
Household income is an economic standard that can be applied to one household, or aggregated across a large group such as a county, city, or the whole country  It is commonly used by the United States government and private institutions to describe a household's economic status or to track economic trends in the US 
A key measure of household income is the median income, at which half of households have income above that level and half below  The U S  Census Bureau reports two median household income estimates based on data from two surveys: the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the American Community Survey (ACS)  The CPS is the recommended source for national-level estimates, whereas the ACS gives estimates for many geographic levels : 19 : 10  According to the CPS, the median household income was $70,784 in 2021  According to the ACS, the U S  median household income in 2018 was $61,937  Estimates for previous years are given in terms of real income, which have been adjusted for changes to the price of goods and services 
The distribution of U S  household income has become more unequal since around 1980, with the income share received by the top 1% trending upward from around 10% or less over the 1953–1981 period to over 20% by 2007  After falling somewhat due to the Great Recession in 2008 and 2009, inequality rose again during the economic recovery, a typical pattern historically 

Definition
A household's income can be calculated in various ways but the US Census as of 2009 measured it in the following manner: the income of every resident of that house that is over the age of 15, including pre-tax wages and salaries, along with any pre-tax personal business, investment, or other recurring sources of income, as well as any kind of governmental entitlement such as unemployment insurance, social security, disability payments or child support payments received The residents of the household do not have to be related to the head of the household for their earnings to be considered part of the household's income  As households tend to share a similar economic context, the use of household income remains among the most widely accepted measures of income  That the size of a household is not commonly taken into account in such measures may distort any analysis of fluctuations within or among the household income categories, and may render direct comparisons between quintiles difficult or even impossible  The US Census does not include noncash benefits such as health benefits 

Recent trends
The Current Population Survey of the U S  Census Bureau reported in September 2022 that real median household income was $70,784 in 2021, not statistically different from the 2020 estimate of $71,186 Changes in median income reflect several trends: the aging of the population, changing patterns in work and schooling, and the evolving makeup of the American family, as well as long- and short-term trends in the economy itself  For instance, the retirement of the Baby Boom generation should push down overall median income, as more persons enter lower-income retirement  However, analysis of different working age groups indicate a similar pattern of stagnating median income as well Journalist Annie Lowrey wrote in September 2014: "The root causes [of wage stagnation] include technological change, the decline of labor unions, and globalization, economists think, though they disagree sharply on how much to weight each factor  But foreign-produced goods became sharply cheaper, meaning imports climbed and production moved overseas  And computers took over for humans in many manufacturing, clerical, and administrative tasks, eroding middle-class jobs growth and suppressing wages "Another line of analysis, known as "total compensation," presents a more complete picture of real wages  The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a study in 2013 which shows that employer contributions to employee healthcare costs went up 78% from 2003 to 2013  The marketplace has made a trade-off: expanding benefits packages vs  increasing wages 
Measured relative to GDP, total compensation and its component wages and salaries have been declining since 1970  This indicates a shift in income from labor (persons who derive income from hourly wages and salaries) to capital (persons who derive income via ownership of businesses, land and assets)  This trend is common across the developed world, due in part to globalization  Wages and salaries have fallen from approximately 51% GDP in 1970 to 43% GDP in 2013  Total compensation has fallen from approximately 58% GDP in 1970 to 53% GDP in 2013 However, as indicated by the charts below, household income has still increased significantly since the late 1970s and early 80s in real terms, partly due to higher individual median wages, and partly due to increased employment of women 
According to the CBO, between 1979 and 2011, gross median household income, adjusted for inflation, rose from $59,400 to $75,200, or 26 5%  However, once adjusted for household size and looking at taxes from an after-tax perspective, real median household income grew 46%, representing significant growth The following table summarizes real median household income at key recent milestones:

Uses
Use of individual household income: The government and organizations may look at one particular household's income to decide if a person is eligible for certain programs, such as nutrition assistance  or need-based financial aid, among many others 
Use at the aggregate level: Summaries of household incomes  across groups of people – often the entire country – are also studied as part of economic trends like standard of living and distribution of income and wealth  Household income as an economic measure can be represented as a median, a mean, a distribution, and other ways  Household income can be studied across time, region, education level, race/ethnicity, and many other dimensions  As an indicator of economic trends, it may be studied along with related  economic measures such as disposable income, debt, household net worth (which includes debt and investments, durable goods like cars and houses), wealth, and employment statistics 

Median inflation-adjusted ("real") household income
Median inflation-adjusted ("real") household income generally increases and decreases with the business cycle, declining in each year during the periods 1979 through 1983, 1990 through 1993, 2000 through 2004 and 2008 through 2012, while rising in each of the intervening years  Extreme poverty in the United States, meaning households living on less than $2 per person per day before government benefits, more than doubled in absolute terms from 636,000 to 1 46 million households (including 2 8 million children) between 1996 and 2011, with most of this increase occurring between late 2008 and early 2011 

CBO income growth study
The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office conducted a study analyzing household income throughout the income distribution, by combining the Census and IRS income data sources  Unlike the Census measure of household income, the CBO showed income before and after taxes, and by also taking into account household size  Also, the CBO definition of income is much broader, and includes in kind transfers as well as all monetary transfers from the government  The Census' official definition of money income excludes food stamps and the EITC, for example, while CBO includes it 
Between 1979 and 2011, gross median household income, adjusted for inflation, rose from $59,400 to $75,200, or 26 5%  This compares with the Census' growth of 10%  However, once adjusted for household size and looking at taxes from an after-tax perspective, real median household income grew 46%, representing significant growth While median gross household income showed much stronger growth than depicted by the Census, inequality was shown to still have increased  The top 10% saw gross household income grow by 78%, versus 26 5% for the median  The bottom 10%, using the same measure, saw higher growth than the median (40%) 
Since 1980, U S  gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has increased 67%, while median household income has only increased by 15%  Median household income is a politically sensitive indicator  Voters can be critical of their government if they perceive that their cost of living is rising faster than their income 
The early-2000s recession began with the bursting of the dot-com bubble and affected most advanced economies including the European Union, Japan and the United States  An economic recession will normally cause household incomes to decrease, often by as much as 10% 
The late-2000s recession began with the bursting of the U S  housing bubble, which caused a problem in the dangerously exposed sub prime-mortgage market  This in turn triggered a global financial crisis  In constant price, 2011 American median household income was 1 13% lower than what it was in 1989  This corresponds to a 0 05% annual decrease over a 22-year period  In the meantime, GDP per capita has increased by 33 8% or 1 33% annually A study on US Census income data claims that when using the national accounting methodology, U S  gross median household income was $57,739 in 2010 (table 3) In 2015, the US median household income spiked 5 2 per cent, reaching $56,000, making it the first annual hike in median household income since the start of the Great Recession 

Mean household income
Another common measurement of personal income is the mean household income  Unlike the median household income, which divides all households in two halves, the mean income is the average income earned by American households  In the case of mean income, the income of all households is divided by the number of all households  The mean income is more affected by the relatively unequal distribution of income which tilts towards the top  As a result, the mean income in the United States is higher than the median income, with the top earning households boosting it  Overall, the mean household income in the United States, according to the US Census Bureau 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, was $72,641 The U S  Census Bureau provides the following breakdown by self-identified ethnic groups as of March 2018:

Mean vs  median household income
Median income is the amount which divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having income above that amount, and half having income below that amount  Mean income (average) is the amount obtained by dividing the total aggregate income of a group by the number of units in that group  The means and medians for households and families are based on all households and families  Means and medians for people are based on people 15 years old and over with income 

Aggregate income distribution
The aggregate income measures the combined income earned by all persons in a particular income group  In 2018, the total personal income earned in the United States was $17 6 trillion  In 2008, all households in the United States earned roughly $12,442 2 billion   One half, 49 98%, of all income in the US was earned by households with an income over $100,000, the top twenty percent  Over one quarter, 28 5%, of all income was earned by the top 8%, those households earning more than $150,000 a year  The top 3 65%, with incomes over $200,000, earned 17 5%  Households with annual incomes from $50,000 to $75,000, 18 2% of households, earned 16 5% of all income  Households with annual incomes from $50,000 to $95,000, 28 1% of households, earned 28 8% of all income  The bottom 10 3% earned 1 06% of all income 

Household income and demographics
Racial and ethnic groups
White Americans made up roughly 75 1% of all people in 2000, 87 93% of all households in the top 5% were headed by a person who identified as being White alone   Only 4 75% of all household in the top 5% were headed by someone who identified as Hispanic or Latino of any race, versus 12 5% of persons identifying themselves as Hispanic or Latino in the general population Overall, 86 01% of all households in the top two quintiles with upper-middle range incomes of over $55,332 were headed by someone identifying as White alone, while 7 21% were being headed by someone who identified as Hispanic and 7 37% by someone who identified as African American or Black   Overall, households headed by Hispanics and African Americans were underrepresented in the top two quintiles and overrepresented in the bottom two quintiles   Households headed by people who identified as being Asian alone were also overrepresented among the top two quintiles   In the top five percent the percentage of Asians was nearly twice as high as the percentage of Asians among the general population   Whites were relatively even distributed throughout the quintiles only being underrepresented in the lowest quintile and slightly overrepresented in the top quintile and the top five percent In terms of race in 2004(!) data, Asian-American households had the highest median household income of $57,518, European-American households ranked second with $48,977, Hispanic or Latino households ranked third with $34,241  African-American or Black households had the lowest median household income of all races with $30,134 Note: This data is roughly 20 years old  Use with care 

Source: US Census Bureau, 2004

Education and gender
Household income as well as per capita income in the United States rise significantly as the educational attainment increases  In 2005 graduates with a Master's in Business Administration (MBA) who accepted job offers were expected to earn a base salary of $88,626  They were also expected to receive an "average signing bonus of $17,428 "According to the US Census Bureau persons with doctorates in the United States had an average income of roughly $81,400  The average for an advanced degree was $72,824, with men averaging $90,761 and women averaging $50,756 annually  Year-round full-time workers with a professional degree had an average income of $109,600 while those with a master's degree had an average income of $62,300  Overall, "…[a]verage earnings ranged from $18,900 for high school dropouts to $25,900 for high school graduates, $45,400 for college graduates and $99,300 for workers with professional degrees (M D , O D , D P T , D P M , D O , J D , Pharm D , D D S , or D V M ) "Individuals with graduate degrees have an average per capita income exceeding the median household income of married couple families among the general population ($63,813 annually)  Higher educational attainment did not, however, help close the income gap between the genders as the life-time earnings for a male with a professional degree were roughly forty percent (39 59%) higher than those of a female with a professional degree  The lifetime earnings gap between males and females was the smallest for those individuals holding an associate degrees with male life-time earnings being 27 77% higher than those of females  While educational attainment did not help reduce the income inequality between men and women, it did increase the earnings potential of individuals of both sexes, enabling many households with one or more graduate degree householders to enter the top household income quintile  These data were not adjusted for preferential differences among men and women whom attend college 
Household income also increased significantly with the educational attainment of the householder  The US Census Bureau publishes educational attainment and income data for all households with a householder who was aged twenty-five or older  The biggest income difference was between those with some college education and those who had a Bachelor's degree, with the latter making $23,874 more annually  Income also increased substantially with increased post-secondary education  While the median annual household income for a household with a householder having an associate degree was $51,970, the median annual household income for householders with a bachelor's degree or higher was $73,446  Those with doctorates had the second highest median household with a median of $96,830; $18,289 more than that for those at the master's degree level, but $3,170 lower than the median for households with a professional degree holding householder 

Distribution of household income by educational attainment and gender in 2019 according to US Census data
The change in median personal and household since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment  The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder  All data is in 2003 dollars and only applies to householders whose householder is aged twenty-five or older  The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face  Since 2003, median income has continued to rise for the nation as a whole, with the biggest gains going to those with associate degrees, bachelor's degree or more, and master's degrees  High-school dropouts fared worse with negative growth 

Source: US Census Bureau, 2003

Age of householder
Household income in the United States varies substantially with the age of the person who heads the household  Overall, the median household income increased with the age of householder until retirement age when household income started to decline  The highest median household income was found among households headed by working baby-boomers Households headed by persons between the ages of 45 and 54 had a median household income of $61,111 and a mean household income of $77,634  The median income per member of household for this particular group was $27,924  The highest median income per member of household was among those between the ages of 54 and 64 with $30,544 [The reason this figure is lower than the next group is because pensions and Social Security add to income while a portion of older individuals also have work-related income ] The group with the second highest median household income, were households headed by persons between the ages 35 and 44 with a median income of $56,785, followed by those in the age group between 55 and 64 with $50,400  Not surprisingly the lowest income group was composed of those households headed by individuals younger than 24, followed by those headed by persons over the age of 75  Overall, households headed by persons above the age of seventy-five had a median household income of $20,467 with the median household income per member of household being $18,645  These figures support the general assumption that median household income as well as the median income per member of household peaked among those households headed by middle aged persons, increasing with the age of the householder and the size of the household until the householder reaches the age of 64  With retirement income replacing salaries and the size of the household declining, the median household income decreases as well 

Household size
While median household income has a tendency to increase up to four persons per household, it declines for households beyond four persons  For example, in the state of Alabama in 2004, two-person households had a median income of $39,755, with $48,957 for three-person households, $54,338 for four-person households, $50,905 for five-person households, $45,435 for six-person households, with seven-or-more-person households having the second lowest median income of only $42,471 

Geography
Considering other racial and geographical differences in regards to household income, it should come as no surprise that the median household income varies with race, size of household and geography  The state with the highest median household income in the United States as of the US Census Bureau 2009 is Maryland with $69,272, followed by New Jersey, Connecticut and Alaska, making the Northeastern United States the wealthiest area by income in the entire country Regionally, in 2010, the Northeast reached a median income of $53,283, the West, $53,142, the South, $45,492, and the Midwest, $48,445  Each figure represents a decline from the previous year 

Median household income by state
In 2007, the median household income by state ranged from $36,338 in Mississippi to $68,080 in Maryland  Despite having the highest median home price in the nation and home prices that far outpaced incomes, California ranked only eighth in income that year, with a median household income of $59,984  While California's median income was not near enough to afford the average California home or even a starter home, West Virginia, which had one of the nation's lowest median household incomes, also had the nation's lowest median home price When grouped by Census Bureau Region, of the 15 states that, in 2017, had the highest median household income, only Minnesota is located in the Mid-West  Five are in the Northeast (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey and Rhode Island), three are South Atlantic states (Washington D C , Maryland and Virginia) while the remaining six are in the West (Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Washington and Utah) 
The southern states had, on average, the lowest median household income, with nine of the country's fifteen poorest states located in the South  However, most of the poverty in the South is located in rural areas  Metropolitan areas such as Atlanta, Nashville, Charlotte, Raleigh, Birmingham, Dallas, Houston, and Miami are areas within the southern states that have above average income levels  Overall, median household income tended to be the highest in the nation's most urbanized northeastern, upper midwestern and west coast states, while rural areas, mostly in the southern and mountain states (like New Mexico, Montana and Idaho), had the lowest median household income As of 2019, the median household income ranged from $20,474 in Puerto Rico to $92,266 in the District of Columbia  Note that the U S  Census Bureau treats Puerto Rico as if it were a state (Puerto Rico is included in the American Community Survey) All data is from the 2009–2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates 
*change since 2009The median personal income per person, after adjusting for costs of living with local regional price parities and the national PCE price index, averaged $47,807 in 2016 (in 2012 chained dollars)  Median adjusted personal income per capita varied from $39,901 in Mississippi to $61,601 in Connecticut (and $64,363 in the District of Columbia)  The states closest to the national average were California and Vermont, at $48,384 and $47,971 respectively 

Median household income by U S  territory
Below is the median household income for the U S  territories in 2010 (for four of the five inhabited territories)  Note that Puerto Rico is not included in this table, and is instead included in the table above (because Puerto Rico is included in the ACS, as if it were a state) 

Social class
Household income is one of the most commonly used measures of income and, therefore, also one of the most prominent indicators of social class  Household income and education do not, however, always reflect perceived class status correctly  Sociologist Dennis Gilbert acknowledges that "    the class structure    does not exactly match the distribution of household income" with "the mismatch [being] greatest in the middle   " (Gilbert, 1998: 92) As social classes commonly overlap, it is not possible to define exact class boundaries 
According to Leonard Beeghley a household income of roughly $95,000 would be typical of a dual-earner middle class household while $60,000 would be typical of a dual-earner working class household and $18,000 typical for an impoverished household  William Thompson and Joseph Hickey see common incomes for the upper class as those exceeding $500,000 with upper middle class incomes ranging from the high 5-figures to most commonly in excess of $100,000  They claim the lower middle class ranges from $35,000 to $75,000; $16,000 to $30,000 for the working class and less than $2,000 for the lower class 

Distribution of household income
Distribution of household income in 2019 according to US Census data
See also
List of countries by average wage
List of U S  states by socioeconomic factors
Income inequality in the United States
Economy of the United States
Personal income in the United States
Employee compensation in the United States
Standard of living in the United StatesGeneral:

Income inequality metrics
Atkinson index
Gini coefficient
Hoover index
Theil index
International Ranking of Household Income
Marriage gap
Median income per household member
Passage 11:
Wild Women
Wild Women may refer to:

Wild Women (1918 film), an American comedy western film
Wild Women (1951 film), an American adventure film directed by Norman Dawn
Wild Women (1970 film), an American television western film
Wild Women (song), a single by Michael Learns to Rock

See also
Wild Women: Gentle Beasts, a 2015 feature documentary
Context 3: Passage 1:
Can't Hurry Love
Can't Hurry Love is an American sitcom television series created by Gina Wendkos, starring Nancy McKeon that aired on CBS from September 18, 1995, to February 26, 1996 

Premise
The series is about Annie, a single, thirty-something woman living in New York and her three friends: Didi, Roger and Elliot  The general premise of the series centers around love seeking by Annie  Most of the action takes place in either Annie's small apartment or the employment agency she manages  Roger and Elliot work with her at the agency and Didi, the beautiful free spirit of the group, often drops by the agency  or Annie's apartment 

Cast
Nancy McKeon as Annie O'Donnell
Mariska Hargitay as Didi Edelstein
Louis Mandylor as Roger Carlucci
Kevin Crowley as Elliot Tenney

Cancellation
The series was canceled after one season despite having an average household rating of 11 4, tying it for 24th place among all TV shows that year 

Episodes
Passage 2:
Lava Ground
Lava Ground is the debut album from Jamaican reggae artist I Wayne  The album features guest appearances from Fire Chess, Harmony and Fire Star  As well as production from P  Henry, M Miller, O  Hibbert etc  The album includes the hits Living In Love and Can't Satisfy Her 

Track listing
"Life Seeds
"Lava Ground"
"Rastafari Liveth"
"More Life"
"Bleacher"
"Don't Worry"
"Ma Ma and Pa Pa" (feat  Fire Chess)
"Nah Draw Nil"
"Touch Her Softly"
"Ready Fe Live Up"
"Kid Artist"
"Living in Love"
"Conquer" (feat  Fire Star)
"Can't Satisfy Her (Prelude)"
"Can't Satisfy Her"
"Grow Proper"
"Cool as the Breeze"
"Keep Burning Rome" (feat  Harmony)
Passage 3:
John Cowsill
John Patrick Cowsill (born March 2, 1956) is an American musician, best known for his work as a singer and drummer with his siblings' band The Cowsills  He has been a drummer and vocalist for The Beach Boys touring band, which featured original Beach Boy Mike Love and long time member Bruce Johnston  Cowsill has also played keyboards for the "Beach Boys Band" performing Al Jardine's and the late Carl Wilson's vocal parts  He also has performed and recorded with Jan and Dean 

Early life
John Patrick Cowsill was born in Newport, Rhode Island to William "Bud" and Barbara Cowsill  He is the second youngest of seven children (Bill, Richard, Bob, Paul, Barry, John, Susan) 

The Cowsills
In the wake of Beatlemania, John and three of his brothers, Bill, Bob, and Barry, would form their own group solely based around the Liverpool band  Soon after, their mother Barbara and sister Susan would also join  They signed to a label in 1965 and after releasing a few non-commercially successful singles, were transferred to MGM Records in 1967  Their first single with MGM was The Rain, the Park & Other Things 
John mainly backing vocals, although he sang lead on Silver Threads and Golden Needles  From 1967 to 1969, the family group would have more hit songs such as Indian Lake, We Can Fly, and Hair, they split in 1972, although John would re-appear with the band for most of its reformed tenures  The Cowsills were the main inspiration for The Partridge Family 

Tommy Tutone
In the early 1980s, Cowsill recorded with the one-hit wonder band Tommy Tutone, playing percussion and singing back-up vocals on the band's hit, "867-5309/Jenny," although he did not appear in the video 

The Beach Boys
Cowsill began playing with the Beach Boys touring band on keyboards in 2000   He moved to the drums in 2008  His solos for the concerts include "Wild Honey," and "Sail On, Sailor " and also "Darlin" and "California Dreaming" on the 2022 tour  In 2011, Cowsill was confirmed to be performing alongside The Beach Boys on their 50th Anniversary Reunion Tour  Cowsill appears on the band's subsequent studio album, That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)  He also performed on Mike Love's solo albums Unleash the Love (2017) and Reason for the Season (2018) 

Other works
In 2017, Cowsill joined with Vicki Peterson and Bill Mumy as the band Action Skulls to release an album (also including posthumous contributions from the bassist Rick Rosas) entitled Angels Hear For a time, he was part of Dwight Twilley's band, as was his sister Susan Cowsill 

Personal life
In October 2003, he married Vicki Peterson of The Bangles 

Discography
With the Cowsills
With Tommy Tutone
Studio albums
Singles
With The Beach Boys
Albums
That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)

Singles
That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)
Isn't It Time (2012)

Mike Love
Albums
Unleash the Love (2017)
Reason for the Season (2018)
Passage 4:
Platonic love
Platonic love is a type of love in which sexual desire or romantic features are nonexistent or have been suppressed or sublimated, but it means more than simple friendship The term is derived from the name of Greek philosopher Plato, though the philosopher never used the term himself  Platonic love, as devised by Plato, concerns rising through levels of closeness to wisdom and true beauty, from carnal attraction to individual bodies to attraction to souls, and eventually, union with the truth Platonic love is contrasted with romantic love 

Classical philosophical interpretation
Platonic love is examined in Plato's dialogue, the Symposium, which has as its topic the subject of love, or more generally the subject of Eros  It explains the possibilities of how the feeling of love began and how it has evolved, both sexually and non-sexually, and defines genuine platonic love as inspiring a person's mind and soul and directing their attention towards spiritual matters  Of particular importance is the speech of Socrates, who attributes to the prophet Diotima an idea of platonic love as a means of ascent to contemplation of the divine, an ascent known as the "Ladder of Love"  For Diotima and Plato generally, the most correct use of love of human beings is to direct one's mind to love of divinity  Socrates defines love based on separate classifications of pregnancy (to bear offspring); pregnancy of the body, pregnancy of the soul, and direct connection to existence  Pregnancy of the body results in human children  Pregnancy of the soul, the next step in the process, produces "virtue"—which is the soul (truth) translating itself into material form  "    virtue for the Greeks means self-sameness     in Plato's terms, Being or idea "(106)

Eros
Pausanias, in Plato's Symposium (181b–182a), defines two types of the love known as "Eros": vulgar Eros, or earthly love, and divine Eros, or divine love  Pausanias defines vulgar Eros as material attraction towards a person's beauty for the purposes of physical pleasure and reproduction, and divine Eros as starting from physical attraction but transcending gradually to love for supreme beauty, placed on a similar level to the divine  This concept of divine Eros was later transformed into the term "platonic love" 
Vulgar Eros and divine Eros were both considered to be connected, and part of the same continuous process of pursuing perfection of one's being, with the purpose of mending one's human nature and eventually reaching a point of unity where there is no longer an aspiration or need to change 
"Eros is     a moment of transcendence     in so far as the other can never be possessed without being annihilated in its status as the other, at which point both desire and transcendence would cease     (84)

Eros as a god
In the Symposium, Eros is discussed as a Greek god—more specifically, the king of the gods, with each guest of the party giving a eulogy in praise of Eros 

Virtue
Virtue, according to Greek philosophy, is the concept of how closely reality and material form equates good, positive, or benevolent  This can be seen as a form of linguistic relativity 

Some modern authors' perception of the terms "virtue" and "good" as they are translated into English from the Symposium are a good indicator of this misunderstanding  In the following quote, the author simplifies the idea of virtue as simply what is "good" "    what is good is beautiful, and what is beautiful is good    "

Ladder of Love
The Ladder of Love is a metaphor that relates each step toward Being as consecutive rungs of a ladder  Each step closer to the truth further distances love from beauty of the body toward love that is more focused on wisdom and the essence of beauty 
The ladder starts with carnal attraction of body for body, progressing to a love for body and soul  Eventually, in time, with consequent steps up the ladder, the idea of beauty is eventually no longer connected with a body, but entirely united with Being itself "[   ] decent human beings must be gratified, as well as those that are not as yet decent, so that they might become more decent; and the love of the decent must be preserved " (187d, 17) - Eryximachus' "completion" of Pausanias' speech on Eros

Tragedy and comedy
Plato's Symposium defines two extremes in the process of platonic love; the entirely carnal and the entirely ethereal  These two extremes of love are seen by the Greeks in terms of tragedy and comedy  According to Diotima in her discussion with Socrates, for anyone to achieve the final rung in the Ladder of Love, they would essentially transcend the body and rise to immortality—gaining direct access to Being  Such a form of love is impossible for a mortal to achieve 
What Plato describes as "pregnancy of the body" is entirely carnal and seeks pleasure and beauty in bodily form only  This is the type of love, that, according to Socrates, is practiced by animals "Now, if both these portraits of love, the tragic and the comic, are exaggerations, then we could say that the genuine portrayal of Platonic love is the one that lies between them  The love described as the one practiced by those who are pregnant according to the soul, who partake of both the realm of beings and the realm of Being, who grasp Being indirectly, through the mediation of beings, would be a love that Socrates could practice "

Tragedy
Diotima considers the carnal limitation of human beings to the pregnancy of the body to be a form of tragedy, as it separates someone from the pursuit of truth  One would be forever limited to beauty of the body, never being able to access the true essence of beauty 

Comedy
Diotima considers the idea of a mortal having direct access to Being to be a comic situation simply because of the impossibility of it  The offspring of true virtue would essentially lead to a mortal achieving immortality 

Historical views of platonic love
In the Middle Ages, new interest in the works of Plato, his philosophy and his view of love became more popular, spurred on by Georgios Gemistos Plethon during the Councils of Ferrara and Firenze in 1438–1439  Later in 1469, Marsilio Ficino put forward a theory of neo-platonic love, in which he defined love as a personal ability of an individual, which guides their soul towards cosmic processes, lofty spiritual goals and heavenly ideas  The first use of the modern sense of platonic love is considered to be by Ficino in one of his letters 
Though Plato's discussions of love originally centered on relationships which were sexual between members of the same sex, scholar Todd Reeser studies how the meaning of platonic love in Plato's original sense underwent a transformation during the Renaissance, leading to the contemporary sense of nonsexual heterosexual love The English term "platonic" dates back to William Davenant's The Platonick Lovers, performed in 1635, a critique of the philosophy of platonic love which was popular at Charles I's court  The play was derived from the concept in Plato's Symposium of a person's love for the idea of good, which he considered to lie at the root of all virtue and truth  For a brief period, platonic love was a fashionable subject at the English royal court, especially in the circle around Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of King Charles I  Platonic love was the theme of some of the courtly masques performed in the Caroline era, though the fashion for this soon waned under pressures of social and political change 

Seven types of love
Throughout these eras, platonic love was slowly categorized into seven different classical definitions  These were:

Eros: sexual or passionate love, or a modern perspective of romantic love 
Philia: the love of friendship or goodwill, often met with mutual benefits that can also be formed by companionship, dependability, and trust 
Storge: the love found between parents and children, often a unilateral love 
Agape: the universal love, consisting of love for strangers, nature, or God 
Ludus: playful and uncommitted love, intended for fun with no resulting consequences 
Pragma: love founded on duty and reason, and one's longer-term interests 
Philautia: self-love, both healthy or unhealthy; unhealthy if one places oneself above the gods (to the point of hubris), and healthy if it is used to build self-esteem and confidence Despite the variety and number of definitions, the different distinctions between types of love were not considered concrete and mutually exclusive, and were often considered to blend into one another at certain points 

Modern interpretations
Definition
"Platonic love in its modern popular sense is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise " "Platonic lovers function to underscore a supportive role where the friend sees [their] duty as the provision of advice, encouragement, and comfort to the other person     and do not entail exclusivity "

Complications
One of the complications of platonic love lies within the persistence of the use of the title itself "platonic love" versus the use of "friend"  It is the use of the word love that directs us towards a deeper relationship than the scope of a normal friendship 

Queerplatonic love
Some in the aromantic and asexual communities, within the broader LGBT community, have coined the term "queerplatonic" to refer to formal intimate relationships between significant others that do not involve romance  Queerplatonic feelings are often described, like romance, as involving a deeper and more profound emotional connection than friendship 
Julie Sondra Decker writes that queerplatonic love often "looks indistinguishable from romance when outside the equation", but should not be "assigned a romantic status if participants say it is not romantic"  She also notes that it can also be misread by observers as close friendship in circumstances where overtly romantic gestures are socially expected  For Decker, the essence of queerplatonic attraction is its ambiguous position in relation to normative categories: she writes that QPR "is a platonic relationship, but it is 'queered' in some way—not friends, not romantic partners, but something else" 

See also
Passage 5:
Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now
Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now is an album by Tower of Power released in 1976, the band's first record on Columbia Records  Ron Beck takes up the drummers spot after David Garibaldi exited for a second time 
This also would be the last album to feature bassist Francis "Rocco" Prestia as he would go on an extended hiatus from the band until his return in 1986  It is also the only album to feature vocalist Edward McGee 

Release history
In addition to the standard 2 channel stereo version the album was also released by Columbia in a 4 channel quadraphonic version in 1976 on LP and 8-track tape  The quad LP was encoded with the SQ matrix 
This album was reissued in the UK on the Super Audio CD format in 2016 by Dutton Vocalion  This release contains the complete stereo and quad recordings 

Track listing
"Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now" (Emilio Castillo, Stephen "Doc" Kupka, David Bartlett) – 3:58
"By Your Side" (Edward McGee, Clifford Coulter) – 4:30
"Make Someone Happy" (Ron E  Beck, Keith Rogers) – 2:47
"Doin' Alright" (Bruce Conte, Coleman Head) – 4:48
"Because I think the World Of You" (Stephen "Doc" Kupka, Frank Biner) – 	3:00
"You Ought To Be Havin' Fun" (Hubert Tubbs, Emilio Castillo, Stephen "Doc" Kupka) – 3:06
"Can't Stand To See The Slaughter" (Stephen "Doc" Kupka, Emilio Castillo) – 2:47
"It's So Nice" (T  Castillo, Emilio Castillo, David Bartlett, Stephen "Doc" Kupka, Frank Biner) – 5:39
"Deal With It" (Chester Thompson) – 3:20
"While We Went To The Moon" (Stephen "Doc" Kupka, David Bartlett, Emilio Castillo) – 4:24

Personnel
Tower of Power

Edward McGee – lead vocals
Chester Thompson – acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes, clavinet, organ, Moog synthesizer, bass pedals, backing vocals, horn arrangements (7, 9, 10), string arrangements and conductor (10)
Bruce Conte – guitars, backing vocals
Francis Rocco Prestia – bass guitar
Ron E  Beck – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Stephen "Doc" Kupka – baritone saxophone
Lenny Pickett – alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, Lyricon, tenor sax solo (1, 2)
Emilio Castillo – tenor saxophone, backing vocals
Mic Gillette – trombone, bass trombone, trumpet, flugelhorn, baritone horn, backing vocals, "superbone" solo (10)
Greg Adams – trumpet, flugelhorn, backing vocals, horn arrangements (1-6, 8), string arrangements and conductor (2, 4, 5, 8), flugelhorn solo (3)Additional musicians

Bill Lamb – trombone (2), trumpet (2), flugelhorn (2)
Tower of Power – horn arrangements (1, 8)
Patricia Henley – backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
Melba Joyce – backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
Ivory Stone – backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
Carol Rogers – backing vocals (3, 9, 10)

Production
Emilio Castillo – producer
Tower of Power – producers
Alan Chinowsky – production assistant, engineer, mixing
Bob Edwards – engineer, assistant engineer
Jim Gaines – mixing
Rich Ehrman – assistant engineer, mix assistant
Bruce Steinberg – art direction, design, photographyStudios

Recorded at Kendun Recorders (Burbank, California); Record Plant, Los Angeles (California); Record Plant, Sausalito (California); CBS Studios (San Francisco, California) 
Mixed at Record Plant, Sausalito 
Passage 6:
Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick
"Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick / Ningyo" is a song by Japanese singer Namie Amuro from her eighth studio album Play (2007)  It was released as a single on May 17, 2006, by Avex Trax, as the album's second single  Although she has had Japanese song titles prior to signing with Avex Trax, "Ningyo" or "人魚" which means mermaid, is her first with the label  "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick" is featured on the album Play, although the latter A-side, "Ningyo" or "人魚", was excluded 

Background
In 1994 Amuro appeared in the drama "Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo" which used the original "Ningyo" as its ending theme song 
During the release of Queen of Hip-Pop (2005) to "White Light / Violet Sauce" (2005), Namie predominantly worked with producer/songwriter, Nao'ymt  This single reunites her with producers T Kura and Michico who crafted many of her early R&B hits in 2003  "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick," produced by the pair has been described as a funky summer dance tune  The other a-side, "Ningyo," is a cover of Japanese artist, Nokko, who made the song a massive hit in 1994, and is a theme song of TV drama "Toki o Kakeru Shojo" in which Amuro played a younger sister of Yuki Uchida who is a leading actor 
For the production of the music video for "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick", Namie teamed up with American choreographer Shawnette Heard  Shawnette Heard has danced and choreographed routines for many of the world's biggest musical artists including Christina Aguilera, Janet Jackson, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Ricky Martin, Mýa, and many more 
On May 17, 2006, along with the release of the single her complete solo catalog was released to iTunes Japan  Immediately afterwards, "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick" and "Ningyo" ranked #4 and #6 respectively 

Commercial endorsements
"Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick" was used in commercials for ringtone service sites, Mu-Mo and Iromelo Mix DX  "Ningyo" was also used in commercials for Mu-Mo 

Music video
The promotional video for "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick" debuted on music channel, VMC on May 1, 2006  Directed by longtime collaborator, Masashi Muto, the video focuses entirely on a dance routine choreographed by Shawnette Heard  It is also reminiscent of Kylie Minogue's "Can't Get You Out of My Head" (2001) as a majority of it is filmed in a dark room entirely adorned in lights  It was also filmed on top of a skyscraper roof engulfed in lights from the skyscrapers in the background  The video was named VMC's "Video of the Month" for May and was played in heavy rotation on the channel 
A promotional video for "Ningyo" was also filmed and premiered on the music video outlet M-ON on May 9, 2006  Based on the story of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, the video begins with a shot of a full moon that morphs into window  The window opens to show Amuro sitting on a rock before a mural  It transitions to a scene of her on a bridge grasping the moon from the sky  For the final scene, Amuro is again sitting in a dense bamboo forest before the window closes  The video ends with her becoming part of the mural in the opening scene  The video is unlike any of Amuro's previous videos as it portrays her in a distinctly Japanese manner 

Track listing
Personnel
"Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick"
Namie Amuro – vocals
Michico – background vocals
Producers – T Kura & Michico
Arranger – T Kura
Choreographer – Shawnette Heard
Director – Masashi Muto

"Ningyo"
Namie Amuro – vocals
Nao'ymt – background vocals
Producers – Nao'ymt
Arranger – Nao'ymt
Director – Masashi Muto

Live performances
Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick
May 11, 2006 – Utaban
May 15, 2006 – Hey! Hey! Hey!
May 19, 2006 – Music Station
May 20, 2006 – CDTV
May 26, 2006 – Music Fighter
May 28, 2006 – MTV VMAJ 2006 Red Carpet Show
June 5, 2006 – SMAPxSMAP
September 25, 2006 – Hey! Hey! Hey! 13th Year Special

Charts
Passage 7:
Erin Pitt
Erin Michelle Pitt (born September 22, 1999) is a Canadian actress, known for her trio of roles in the horror film Silent Hill: Revelation, where she played Dark Alessa, Alessa Gillespie, and the younger Sharon DaSilva  Pitt's first leading role was in the 2013 film Against the Wild as Hanna Wade  She also played the title role in the 2014 made-for-television film An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight  Pitt is a voice actress and is known for her roles in the television series The 99 as Samda the Invulnerable and Evie in the television series Mike the Knight 

Life and career
Pitt was born in Hamilton, Ontario, one of six siblings  She has two sisters and three brothers  She has attended the Hamilton Academy of Performing Arts, where she studies acting, singing and dancing, and has performed with the Hamilton City Ballet Pitt first acted in a Paperoni toy commercial in 2008  In 2010 she has a role in the short film Rick Mercer — Canadian Action Plan  The same year she was cast in the film You Lucky Dog as the character Erin  Following this she acted in the film Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam as Junior Rocker Audrey Her first major film was 2012's Silent Hill: Revelation, in which she played the triple roles of Alessa Gillespie, Dark Alessa, and the younger Sharon DaSilva  Pitt appeared on the cover of Fangoria magazine that year as Dark Alessa  She then had the major starring role Hannah Wade in Against the Wild, released in 2014 In 2014 Pitt starred as Isabelle in the Universal Picture direct-to-DVD production An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight  She also had the voice role of Evie in the animated series Mike the Knight 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Passage 8:
Airplay (band)
Airplay was a short-lived American band, formed by David Foster and Jay Graydon  The band released a self-titled album in 1980, containing "Nothin' You Can Do About It" (originally recorded by The Manhattan Transfer) and the original recording of the Earth, Wind & Fire hit "After the Love Has Gone", written by Foster and Graydon with Bill Champlin 
Graydon was asked about Airplay in a 2014 interview:
Did you guys ever envision Airplay becoming a full-time, touring type of band?
David wanted to tour and I didn't  A dumb move on my part 

Personnel
Principal members
Jay Graydon – vocals, guitar
David Foster – keyboards, background vocals
Tommy Funderburk – vocals

Backing musicians
Toto membersJeff Porcaro – drums
David Hungate – bass
Steve Lukather – additional rhythm guitars
Steve Porcaro – synthesizer programmingOthersWarren Wiebe
Mike Baird – drums
Ray Parker Jr  – additional rhythm guitars
Pete Robinson – synthesizer programming
Jerry Hey – trumpet & flugelhorn
Gary Grant – trumpet
Steve Madaio – trumpet
Bill Reichenbach Jr  – trombone
Charlie Loper – trombone
Lew McCreary – tromboneBackground vocalsBill Champlin
Tom Kelly
Max Gronenthal

Discography
Studio albums
Airplay (1980)

Singles
"Stranded" (1980)
"Nothin' You Can Do About It" (1980)
"Should We Carry On" (1981)
"Stressed Out (Close to the Edge)" in St  Elmo's Fire soundtrack (1985)
Passage 9:
Are You Ready for Love
"Are You Ready for Love" is a song recorded by English musician Elton John in 1977 and first released in the UK in 1979 as the first single from the EP The Thom Bell Sessions   It was written by LeRoy Bell, Thom Bell and Casey James, and was originally produced in Philadelphia by Thom Bell, who had already produced a series of hits for the Spinners, the Delfonics and the Stylistics   While the song "Mama Can't Buy You Love" from the EP charted in 1979, this song and the other track on the three-track 12-inch vinyl disc, "Three Way Love Affair", were only minor footnotes at the time 
In 1989, MCA released a 6-track CD, The Complete Thom Bell Sessions, which contained a different mix of "Are You Ready for Love" in place of the one that appeared on the original 1979 EP  (The original Thom Bell Sessions EP mix did, however, surface – along with the EP's other two original tracks – as a B-side to a UK CD-single of "The Last Song" in 1992, issued as Rocket/Phonogram EJSCB-30) 

2003 version
In 2003, "Are You Ready for Love" was remixed by Ashley Beedle and released as a 12-inch vinyl single on 25 August 2003  It gave John the sixth No  1 hit of his career when it topped the UK Singles Chart in the first week of its 2003 re-release, following his performance of the song in a television advertisement promoting the new 2003–04 football season for Sky Sports  The 2003 single's B-side is "Three Way Love Affair" (from the original EP) and also the full-length 1979 version of "Are You Ready for Love"  On some CD versions, the CD also contains a QuickTime version of a video for the song, with recording studio footage from 1977 with John recording his vocals 
Various hit R&B vocalists of the late 1970s, including Bell and James, MFSB and the Spinners with lead singer John Edwards, contributed backing and accompanying lead vocals, most prominent on the Thom Bell Sessions mixes of the song  In 1979, the Spinners also recorded a version of the song which charted at number 25 on the US Billboard R&B chart 
The music video, produced in a 1970s retro style, was directed by Kate Dawkins 

Track listings
UK, US, and Australian CD single
"Are You Ready for Love" ('79 radio edit)
"Are You Ready for Love" (full length 1979 version)
"Three Way Love Affair"
"Are You Ready for Love" (CD-ROM video)UK 12-inch single 1
A  "Are You Ready for Love" (full length '79 version)
B  "Are You Ready for Love" (Freeform Reform remix)UK 12-inch single 2
A  "Are You Ready for Love" ('79 original)
B  "Are You Ready for Love" (Ashley Beedle Love and Protection mono edit)UK cassette single
"Are You Ready for Love" ('79 radio edit)
"Are You Ready for Love" (full length 1979 version)
"Three Way Love Affair"European CD single
"Are You Ready for Love" ('79 radio edit)
"Are You Ready for Love" (full length 1979 version)US 12-inch single
A1  "Are You Ready for Love" (Linus Loves Strobelight mix)
A2  "Are You Ready for Love" (79 full length)
B1  "Are You Ready for Love" (Mylo's Road Map to Peace remix)
B2  "Are You Ready for Love" (Ashley Beedle Love and Protection mono re-edit)

Charts and certifications
Cover versions
In 2003, the Spinners reissued "Are You Ready for Love", featuring them on backing vocals  In 1977, the Spinners had recorded two versions of the track  One had all of the Spinners, the other with only lead singer John Edwards on vocals  Finally in 1979, the John Edwards version was released making it to number 42 on the UK Singles Chart 

In popular culture
"Are You Ready for Love" was featured on the European version of Donkey Konga 2 

See also
List of number-one dance singles of 2004 (U S )
Passage 10:
Back to the Future (soundtrack)
The music of the Back to the Future series is composed in conjunction with the development of several feature films and a stage musical, within the Back to the Future franchise created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale  All music in the franchise was composed by American composer Alan Silvestri, with The Musical being co-written with Glen Ballard 

Back to the Future (1985)
Soundtrack
Back to the Future: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the film of the same name, released on July 8, 1985, by MCA Records  The soundtrack includes two tracks from American composer Alan Silvestri's score for the film, two pop tracks from American rock band Huey Lewis and the News, two songs played by the fictional Marvin Berry and The Starlighters, one played by the fictional Marty McFly with The Starlighters, and two pop songs that are very briefly heard in the background of the film 
"The Power of Love" was released as the album's lead single in June 1985, becoming Huey Lewis and the News's first chart topper on the US Billboard Hot 100, as well as being certified Gold and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song  The soundtrack spent nineteen weeks on the Billboard 200, peaking at number twelve in October 1985 

Development
American rock band Huey Lewis and the News performed "The Power of Love" and "Back in Time"  Huey Lewis was approached to write a theme song for the film  He met with Bob Gale, Steven Spielberg, and Robert Zemeckis, from the film's production team, who intended that the band be Marty McFly's favorite band  Though flattered, Lewis did not want to participate because he did not know how to write film songs and did not want to write one called "Back to the Future"  Zemeckis assured Lewis he could write any song he wanted  Lewis agreed to submit the next song he wrote, which was "The Power of Love"  The lyrics do not make any mention of the film's storyline Lewis was asked by Zemeckis to write one more song for the film's end credits, which came to be "Back in Time"  Unlike "The Power of Love", the lyrics for "Back in Time" center around the movie's story points  In an interview with People in 2015, Lewis states: "Sean [Hopper], [Chris] Hayes and I put together "Back in Time" – and it turned out that it's actually quite easy to write for film! In a way, it's easier, in that you don't have to invest yourself in it  So that was a lot of fun, actually" "Johnny B  Goode", written by Chuck Berry, is performed by the characters Marty McFly, and Marvin Berry and the Starlighters in the film, with lead vocals by Mark Campbell as Marty McFly, Harry Waters Jr  as Marvin Berry, and the guitar solo by Tim May  Campbell and May received a "special thanks" acknowledgment in the film's end credits, with the recording credit going to the fictional characters  Campbell did not receive credit as the filmmakers wanted to create the illusion that Fox was singing  When music supervisor Bones Howe learned of this, he secured Campbell a small percentage of the soundtrack revenue as compensation  Berry withheld permission to use "Johnny B  Goode" until the day before filming, and was paid $50,000 for the rights 

In the film
In the film, Marvin Berry, a fictitious cousin of Chuck Berry, phones Chuck and lets him listen to the music  The real "Johnny B  Goode" was released in 1958, three years after the time it is played in the film Huey Lewis portrays a high-school band audition judge who rejects Marty McFly's band, the "Pinheads", as they perform an instrumental hard rock version of "The Power of Love"  Lewis mentioned that his character was inspired by a Chrysalis Records executive  "Time Bomb Town", "Heaven Is One Step Away", and "Back in Time" are very briefly played in the background in some scenes during the film; "Back in Time" is additionally played in full in the film's end credits 

Track listing
^a  Lead vocals provided by Harry Waters Jr 
^b  Lead vocals provided by Mark CampbellSongs in the film but not included on the soundtrack album:
"The Washington Post" – composed by John Philip Sousa
"Mr  Sandman" – performed by The Four Aces
"The Ballad of Davy Crockett" – performed by Fess Parker
"Pledging My Love" – performed by Johnny Ace
"Out the Window" – Performed by Edward Van HalenThe tracks are not presented in the order they appear in the film  In chronological order, the track listing goes: 1, 2, 7, the first 90 seconds of 6, 8, 9, 10, the remainder of 6, 4, 5, and 3  "Back to the Future Overture" consists of the following cues, as released in its original form, on the subsequent score album:

Marty's Letter
Clocktower
'85 Lone Pine Mall

Charts
Certifications
Film score
Back to the Future: Intrada Special Collection was released by Intrada Records on November 24, 2009, and contains Alan Silvestri's complete score for Back to the Future  It is a two-disc release: the first disc contains the complete orchestral score for the film, along with two source cues that Silvestri wrote  The second disc contains alternate approaches that Silvestri took with a large portion of the score, with a darker and more serious tone  The two-disc set had a limited release of 10,000 units and sold nearly 6,000 units by the end of January 2010 The soundtrack was reissued on October 12, 2015, as a single-disc release, titled Back to the Future: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Expanded Edition), to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary  This release only contains the music on disc one of the initial limited two-disc set 

Development
Alan Silvestri had previously worked with director Robert Zemeckis on the score for Romancing the Stone  In composing the score, the only direction Zemeckis gave him was "it's got to be big"  Silvestri used an orchestral score to create a sound that contrasted with the small-town setting and the significant time-changing events occurring within it, and developed a heroic theme that was designed to be instantly recognizable in just a few notes For moments in the film where Silvestri's score was shortened (i e  the final moments of "Einstein Disintegrated" and "Peabody Barn; Marty Ditches DeLorean"), replaced with source music ("Town Square") or unused ("Logo"), the full score cue is presented as originally recorded 
The themes from the score have since been included in the scores of the film's sequels, in Back to the Future: The Ride, and used as ambient music at Universal Studios theme parks 

Track listing
Disc 1: The Complete Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Logo"
"DeLorean Reveal"
"Einstein Disintegrated"
"'85 Twin Pines Mall"
"Peabody Barn; Marty Ditches DeLorean"
"'55 Town Square"
"Lorraine's Bedroom"
"Retrieve DeLorean"
"1 21 Jigowatts"
"The Picture"
"Picture Fades"
"Skateboard Chase"
"Marty's Letter"
"George to the Rescue – Pt  1"
"Marvin Be-Bop"
"George to the Rescue – Pt  2"
"Tension; The Kiss"
"Goodnight Marty"
"It's Been Educational; Clocktower"
"Helicopter"
"'85 Lone Pine Mall"
"4x4"
"Doc Returns"
"Back to the Future"Disc 2: The Creation of a Classic    alternate Early Sessions

"DeLorean Reveal"
"Einstein Disintegrated"
"Peabody Barn"
"Marty Ditches DeLorean"
"'55 Town Square #1"
"'55 Town Square #2"
"Retrieve DeLorean"
"1 21 Jigowatts"
"The Picture"
"Skateboard Chase"
"George to the Rescue"
"Tension; The Kiss"
"Clocktower"
"'85 Lone Pine Mall"
"Doc Returns"
"Ling Ting Ring"

Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part II: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the 1989 film of the same name, the second installment in the Back to the Future trilogy  It was released under MCA Records on November 22, 1989, and features most of the film score by American composer Alan Silvestri  AllMusic rated it four-and-a-half stars out of five  Unlike the previous soundtrack, it only contains the musical score by Silvestri, none of the vocal songs featured throughout the film are included 
Intrada Records reissued the soundtrack as a two-disc expanded edition on October 12, 2015, in commemoration of the first film's 30th anniversary  The soundtrack includes the complete score (22 tracks) on disc one and an arrangement of alternate cues and source music on disc two 

Track listings
Standard edition

"Main Title"
"The Future"
"Hoverboard Chase"
"A Flying DeLorean?"
"My Father!"
"Alternate 1985"
"If They Ever Did"
"Pair O' Docs"
"The Book"
"Tunnel Chase"
"Burn The Book"
"Western Union"
"End Title"Expanded edition – Disc 1: The Film Score"

"Back to Back / It's Your Kids"
"Main Title (extended version)"
"The Future"
"Chicken / Hoverboard Chase"
"A Flying DeLorean?"
"I'm in The Future / Biff Steals DeLorean"
"Chicken Needles / Jenn Sees Jenn"
"Biff's World / 27th Floor"
"My Father!"
"Alternate 1985"
"Gray's Sports Almanac / If They Ever Did"
"Something Inconspicuous"
"You'll Never Lose / Old New DeLorean"
"Pair O' Docs"
"The Book"
"Nobody / Tunnel Chase"
"Burn The Book"
"He's Gone"
"Western Union"
"I'm Back / End Logo"
"The West"
"End Title"Expanded edition – Disc 2: Alternates

"Back to Back (alternate)"
"Main Title (alternate)"
"The Future (alternate)"
"Hoverboard Chase (alternate)"
"A Flying DeLorean? (alternate)"
"Biff's World (alternate)"
"If They Ever Did (alternate segment)"
"You'll Never Lose (alternate)"
"Western Union (alternate #1)"
"I'm Back (alternate #1)"
"Western Union (alternate #2)"
"I'm Back (alternate #2)"
"End Logo (alternate)"
"The West (alternate)"
"End Title (alternate)"

Back to the Future Part III (1990)
Back to the Future Part III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the film of the same name, the third and final installment in the Back to the Future trilogy  It was released under Varèse Sarabande on May 29, 1990, and features most of the film score by American composer Alan Silvestri  The soundtrack includes the acoustic instrumental version of the song "Doubleback" as performed during the film, but does not include the original ZZ Top version of the song played in the end credits 
Varèse Sarabande reissued the soundtrack as a two-disc expanded edition on October 12, 2015, in commemoration of the film's 25th anniversary  The soundtrack includes the complete score (26 tracks) in chronological order on disc one, and an arrangement of alternate cues, source music and acoustic renditions of traditional folk songs on disc two 

Track listings
Standard edition

"Main Title"
"It's Clara (The Train, Part II)"
"Hill Valley"
"The Hanging"
"At First Sight"
"Indians"
"Goodbye Clara"
"Doc Returns"
"Point of No Return (The Train, Part III)"
"The Future Isn't Written"
"The Showdown"
"Doc to the Rescue"
"The Kiss"
"We're Out of Gas"
"Wake Up Juice"
"A Science Experiment (The Train, Part I)"
"Doubleback (acoustic instrumental version)"
"End Credits"25th Anniversary edition – Disc 1: The Film Score

"Back to Back / Court House"
"Main Title"
"Into the Mine / Tombstone / It's Me"
"Warmed Up"
"Indians (film version)"
"Safe and Sound"
"Hill Valley"
"The Hanging"
"We're Out of Gas"
"There is No Bridge / Doc to the Rescue"
"At First Sight"
"Yellow"
"The Kiss"
"You Talkin' to Me?"
"The Future Isn't Written"
"Goodbye Clara"
"What's Up Doc / Marty Gallops / To the Future"
"Wake Up Juice"
"Callin' You Out / Count Off"
"The Showdown / The Kick"
"A Science Experiment (The Train – Part I)"
"It's Clara (The Train – Part II)"
"Point of No Return (The Train – Part III)"
"It's Destroyed / Back to the Girlfriend / It's Erased"
"Doc Returns"
"End Credits25th Anniversary edition – Disc 2: Alternates

"Back to Back / Court House (alternate)"
"I'm Back / Main Title (alternate)"
"Into the Mine / Tombstone (alternate)"
"Warmed Up (alternate)"
"Indians (alternate)"
"The Hanging (alternate)"
"Goodbye Clara (alternate segment)"
"Count Off (alternate)"
"The Kick (alternate)"
"Doc's Return (alternate)"
"Clock Dedication / Battle Cry of Freedom"
"Doubleback (extended version)"
"Turkey in the Straw"
"My Darling Clementine"
"Saloon Piano Melody"
"Arkansas Traveler"
"Devil's Dream"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Virginia Reel (Tip-Top)"
"I'm Back (alternate #2)"
"Into the Mine (alternate #2)"
"Indians (alternate #2)"
"Doc Returns (alternate #2)"On the standard edition, the tracks are not presented in the order they appear in the film  In chronological order, the track listing goes 1, 6, 3, 4, 14, 12, 5, 17, 13, 10, 7, 15, 11, 16, 2, 9, 8, and 18 
Songs in the film not included on the soundtrack album:
"Doubleback" (original version) – performed by ZZ Top
"The Power of Love" – performed by Huey Lewis and the News

The Back to the Future Trilogy
The Back to the Future Trilogy is a soundtrack compilation album, released by Varèse Sarabande on September 21, 1999  The album is a compilation of Alan Silvestri compositions from all three Back to the Future film scores, as well the theme from Back to the Future: The Ride  Whilst the tracks from Part III are from the film's original soundtrack, the tracks for Part I, Part II and The Ride are re-recorded renditions performed by John Debney and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra at the Glasgow City Halls 

Track listing
Back to the Future: The Musical (2020)
Back to the Future: The Musical (Original Cast Recording) is the cast recording of the musical of the same name, with music and lyrics by Alan Silvestri and Glen Ballard, and a book by Bob Gale  Recorded by the musical's original West End cast, it was released by Sony Music's Masterworks Broadway imprint on March 11, 2022  The musical's score was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Original Score or New Orchestrations in 2022 

Background
The Back to the Future website originally announced on October 21, 2020 ("Back to the Future Day") that a cast recording of the West End production will be released in summer 2021  The announcement was accompanied by the release of Dobson's rendition of "Back in Time", which was originally written for and featured in the first film, in addition to the original track "Put Your Mind to It"  The cast recording was originally set to be released on November 26, 2021, but was delayed several times, eventually releasing on March 11, 2022 

Track listing
Passage 11:
Pulse (1988 film)
Pulse is a 1988 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Paul Golding, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror, and starring Cliff De Young, Roxanne Hart, Joseph Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, and Charles Tyner  The film's title refers to a highly aggressive and intelligent pulse of electricity that terrorizes the occupants of a suburban house in Los Angeles, California  The film was produced through Columbia Pictures and the Aspen Film Society and distributed by Columbia Pictures  The titular Pulse and its accompanying elements were designed by Cinema Research Corporation 

Plot
A highly aggressive, paranormal intelligence thriving within the electrical grid system of Los Angeles, California is moving from house to house  It terrorizes the occupants by taking control of the appliances, killing them or causing them to wreck the house in an effort to destroy it  Once this has been accomplished, it travels along the power lines to the next house, and the terror restarts  Having thus wrecked one household in a quiet, suburban neighborhood, the pulse finds itself in the home of a boy's divorced father whom he is visiting  It gradually takes control of everything, injuring the stepmother, and trapping father and son, who must fight their way out 

Cast
Cliff De Young as Bill Rockland
Roxanne Hart as Ellen Rockland
Joey Lawrence as David Rockland
Matthew Lawrence as Stevie
Charles Tyner as Old Man Holger
Dennis Redfield as Pete
Robert Romanus as Paul
Myron Healey as Howard
Michael Rider as Foreman
Jean Sincere as Ruby
Terry Beaver as Policeman
Greg Norberg as Policeman
Tim Russ as Policeman

Release
The film was promoted by the taglines "It traps you in your house   then pulls the plug," "In every second of every day, it improves our lives  And in a flash, it can end them," and also "the ultimate shocker "

Production
The film was produced by Aspen Film Society, a film production company founded by Steve Martin and William E  McEuen Paul Golding got the idea for Pulse from two unrelated events with the first being when the screenwriter Caleb Deschanel spent the night in his house and told him that at night he’d been listening to “the sounds of the house…  the house was alive and it was taking care of me“, and the second was when he heard about a computer that reprogrammed itself  Golding wrote the screenplay under the working titles of House, Tract and Currents in 1981 but couldn’t get it made until Columbia eventually took it on seven years later  David Morse and Tommy Lee Jones both auditioned for the role of Bill but lost to Cliff De Young  Production was completed a day early and $1 million dollars under its $6 million dollar budget, and as a result were able to afford Oxford Scientific Films to do many of the special effects 

Release
David V  Picker, the head of Paramount Pictures at the time, was impressed by the film and intended to position it as a wide release, but changes in studio management curtailed this and it was only released theatrically in Texas and Oklahoma, while it went straight to video elsewhere  The movie did however become a success on video 

Reception
Pulse has a 64% approval rating at the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews 

Music
The musical score for Pulse was composed by Jay Ferguson, who also composed "Pictures of You" from the soundtrack to The Terminator, and the film score to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child 
Passage 12:
Nothin' My Love Can't Fix
"Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" is a song by American actor and singer Joey Lawrence, released as the first single from his self-titled debut album on February 15, 1993, by MCA Records subsidiary Impact Records  Written by Lawrence, Alexandra Forbes and Eric Beall and produced by Forbes, Beall, Steve Barri and Tony Peluso, "Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" is Lawrence's most successful single, peaking at number 19 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40  It also reached number 13 in the United Kingdom, number 22 in Ireland, number 50 in Canada and number 68 in Australia 

Background
"Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" was written by Joey Lawrence, Alexandra Forbes, and Eric Beall  The song was written when Lawrence was approximately fifteen years old 

Composition
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes com by Alfred Publishing, the song is written in the key of F major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 108 beats per minute  Lawrence's vocal range spans three octaves, from F3 to F♯6 

Chart performance
In the United States, "Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" debuted at number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the issue dated March 6, 1993  The song spent 20 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak position of number 19 for the issue dated May 8, 1993  On the 1993 year-end chart, the song achieved a position of number 92 

Music video
The video premiered on February 15, 1993, during an episode of Blossom  Prior to its broadcast, the video was promoted through advertisements on MTV and NBC  The music video received heavy airplay on many outlets, including MTV, and Lawrence was invited to perform on MTV Spring Break, The Arsenio Hall Show, and Top of the Pops 

Track listings and formats
Personnel
Personnel are adapted from the Joey Lawrence album liner notes 
Joey Lawrence – vocals, writing
Steve Barri – production
Alexandra Forbes – production, writing
Eric Beall – production, writing
Tony Peluso – production, vocal recording, mixing
Steve Skinner – keyboards, drum programming
Fred Tenny – recording
Axel Niehaus – assistant recording engineer
Fred Kelly – assistant mixing engineer
Julie Barri – production assistance
Steve Hall – mastering

Charts
Release history
In popular culture
"Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" was used as the end-title theme for the 1993 film Cop and a Half 
Passage 13:
Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You
"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" is a duet between Billy Newton-Davis and Celine Dion, released as a single in July 1989 in Canada  The song was featured on Newton-Davis' album Spellbound  "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" was later included on Dion's Japanese maxi-single "Unison" (1991)  It was written by Dan Hill who also wrote for Dion "Seduces Me" on her 1996 album Falling into You 

Background
The "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" music video received a MuchMusic Video Award for Best MOR Video in 1990 The song was Dion's second commercial English single after her 1985 "Listen to the Magic Man"  It reached number 41 on the Canadian Singles Chart and number 12 on the Adult Contemporary Chart  In Quebec, it peaked at number 19 Dion performed this song during her Unison Tour 

Track listings and formats
Canadian 7" single"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" – 4:16
"Stop Me (Before I Dream Again)" – 3:40

Charts
Release history
Passage 14:
I Still Can't Get Over Loving You
"I Still Can't Get Over Loving You" is a 1983 song written and performed by Ray Parker Jr  It was the lead single from his Woman Out of Control album of the same year, and it reached #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1984  It was Parker's fifth top 20 hit, the sixth being 1984's "Ghostbusters" 

Background
The song is an up-tempo ballad with electronic instruments 
While initially the song speaks of lost love and an ended relationship, the lyrics gradually take a considerably more sinister tone, ultimately implying that the man either is stalking his former girlfriend, or potentially preparing to do harm to her  A turning point in the tone occurs when Parker borrows a line from  The Police's "Every Breath You Take", "Every breath you take, I'll be watching you " It is summarily followed by closing lines which indicate that the relationship has taken a dark turn:  "There's no way that this thing is through, no; Not yet, I ain't through lovin' you; I'm gettin' mad, girl, don't you ever try to leave, no, no; It'll be the last thing you'll ever do "

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Passage 15:
You Can't Beat Love
You Can't Beat Love is a 1937 American comedy film directed by Christy Cabanne and written by Maxwell Shane and David Silverstein  The film stars Preston Foster, Joan Fontaine, Herbert Mundin, William Brisbane and Alan Bruce  The film was released on June 25, 1937 

Plot
Jimmy Hughes (Preston Foster) is a fun-loving carouser who can't resist a dare  He is awakened by his gentleman's gentleman Jasper (Herbert Mundin) after a drunken evening in which he misappropriated a milk truck, and instructs Jasper to see that the damages (thirty dollars' worth of lost milk) are paid and the truck is returned  Accompanied by Jasper, Jimmy then fulfills a bet by putting in a day of hard work digging ditches in formal wear, good-naturedly tangling with other crew members in the process  He donates his winnings to a children's charity 
When a campaign truck stops by the site to dispense free cake and solicit support for Mayor Olson's re-election, Jimmy engages in a heckling match with a campaign worker who proves to be the mayor's daughter, Trudy Olson (Joan Fontaine)  Trudy angrily suggests that he throw his hat in the ring, and in a bluff, he declares that he will 
When the newspapers run with the story, Jimmy is caught by surprise and the mayor's campaign is concerned  Trudy visits Jimmy at his home with a cake to patch things up, and as he pledges to clear up the misunderstanding, the two become mutually attracted  Trudy accompanies Jimmy to the newspaper office the next day to help him announce his withdrawal, but she mistakenly dares him to run for real, obliging him to do so 
Jimmy pledges a clean campaign, but still ruffles Trudy at times as he continues to pursue her  Things begin to go well between them again as Jimmy helps Trudy save a child who has stolen ice from an ice truck from punishment, and they steal a fun ride on the back of the truck together 
The corrupt police chief, who works for the mayor, secretly attempts to frame Jimmy by luring him to a phony love nest with a hired woman (Barbara Pepper) and a waiting photographer, but catches Jimmy's friend instead  In retaliation, Jimmy recruits the woman's jealous boyfriend, a gangster, to involve the police chief in a citywide gambling ring 
As the mayor comes under criticism for the resulting scandal, Trudy visits Jimmy's campaign office and overhears him colluding with the gamblers  At a debate on election eve, she accuses him of being behind the ring  Jimmy produces a check designating all gambling proceeds to a children's charity, and plays a recording for the crowd of the police chief agreeing to participate in the criminal profits  He also has a recording of the mayor angrily confronting the police chief, proving the mayor's innocence  Jimmy then endorses the mayor for re-election as the guilty parties are arrested  The press asks for a photo of Jimmy kissing Trudy, and she dares him 

Cast
Preston Foster as James Ellsworth 'Jimmy' Hughes
Joan Fontaine as Trudy Olson
Herbert Mundin as Jasper 'Meadows' Hives
William Brisbane as Clem Bruner
Alan Bruce as Scoop Gallagher
Paul Hurst as Foreman Butch Mehaffey
Bradley Page as Dwight Parsons
Berton Churchill as Police Chief Brennan
Frank M  Thomas as Mayor Olson
Harold Huber as Pretty Boy Jones
Paul Guilfoyle as Louie the Weasel
Barbara Pepper as May 'Bubbles' Smith
Passage 16:
Can't Go for That
"Can't Go for That" is a song by Canadian recording artist Tamia  It was written by Missy Elliott, Brycyn Evans and Roosevelt "Bink" Harrell for her second studio album A Nu Day (2000), featuring main production from the latter with Elliottt and Evans serving as co-producers  Musically, the song includes an interpolation of "I Can't Go For That (No Can Do)" as performed by Hall & Oates 
"Can't Go for That" was released as the album's lead single in 2000 and peaked at number 84 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and 23 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart  The single was remixed by Jonathan Peters  There is another remix version as the album bonus track which features 213 members Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg and Warren G 

Music video
A music video for "Can't Go for That" was directed by Chris Hafner in the week of July 1, 2000  It was filmed in Los Angeles 

Track listings
Notes

^[a]  denotes co-producer
^[b]  denotes additional producer

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of A Nu Day 
Co-producer – Brycyn Evans, Missy Elliott
Assistant engineer – Edith Luis
Mixing, recording – Bill Importico
Producer – Bink!

Charts
Weekly charts
Passage 17:
Can't Nobody
"Can't Nobody" is a song performed by American recording artist Kelly Rowland  It was written and produced by Rich Harrison for Rowland's solo debut album Simply Deep (2002)  The song is built around a sample of "Let's Get Small" (1982) by American R&B band Trouble Funk  Due to the inclusion of the sample, band members Robert "Syke Dyke" Reed and Tony Fisher are also credited as songwriters  Musically, the uptempo track has been described as an "airy hip hop funk" song, that has Rowland describing an infatuation as she tries to convince the object of desire of her charms and advantages 
The song was released as the second single from Simply Deep on January 21, 2003, following lead "Stole" and Rowland's duet single "Dilemma" with Nelly from his album Nellyville (2002)  While it widely failed to match the success of its predecessors, "Can't Nobody" reached the top-five in the United Kingdom and became a top-twenty hit in Australia, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Scotland  In the US, the song entered Billboard's Mainstream Top 40  An accompanying music video was directed by Benny Boom and shot in Los Angeles, California in January 2003  In further promotion of the song, Rowland performed the song on television shows such as Top of the Pops and made it part of the setlist of her Simply Deeper Tour (2003) 

Background
After the release of her former group Destiny's Child's 2001 album Survivor, Rowland launched a solo career when American rapper Nelly asked her to appear as a featured artist on his song "Dilemma"  The record originally appeared on his album Nellyville (2002) and was released as its third single  An instant success, it became a worldwide number-one hit that year and prompted Rowland's label Columbia Records to advance the release date of her solo album from 2003 to late 2002 to capitalize on the success of "Dilemma"  Rowland was forced to complete the album within a month   "Can't Nobody" was written by producer and songwriter Rich Harrison  Known for his work on fellow Columbia Records signee Amerie's debut album All I Have (2002), the song marked his first collaboration with a Destiny's Child member  In contrast to his own production style and major parts of Simply Deep, which featured mid-tempo tracks and wide influences by pop and rock music, the track includes a beat driven but poppy and radio-friendly instrumental, involving elements from "Let's Get Small", a song written by Robert Reed and Tony Fisher and performed by Trouble Funk 

Critical reception
"Can't Nobody" received generally mixed reviews from music critics  AllMusic editor Jon O'Brien named the song one of the album's highlights along with "Stole", "Dilemma" and "Everytime You Walk Out That Door" and complimented the production on "Can't Nobody" due to its "clattering percussion"  Chuck Taylor from Billboard found that "while the single has its charms, its skittish production and overly busy chorus tend to grate after a few spins, limiting its chances to go to the long haul " Sal Cinquemani of Slant compared the song to Rowland's previous single "Dilemma" and wrote: "'Can’t Nobody' features a catchy, retro hook and slick production, but Rowland’s voice isn’t as powerful as Whitney Houston’s or even Beyoncé Knowles's " Vibe journalist Craig Seymour named "Can’t Nobody" one of the better tracks on Simply Deep, calling it "a morsel of airy hip hop funk [   ] But while the tune offers her a good rump-wiggling groove, it can't quite fill the need for an authentic identity "

Commercial performance
The song was first issued as the album's second single in the United States on January 21, 2003  However, "Can't Nobody" received little commercial response in Rowland's native, where it was less successful than previous single "Stole", debuting and peaking at number ninety-seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number seventy-two on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, respectively  It also entered the US Mainstream Top 40, reaching number forty  The single fared better overseas, where it became Rowland's third consecutive top five hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number five, as well as her ninth best-selling solo single as of November 2011  The song also entered the top ten of the Scottish Singles Chart, reaching number nine, and peaked within the top twenty in Denmark, Ireland, and the Netherlands  In Australia, "Can't Nobody" peaked at number thirteen and was eventually certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), indicating sales in excess of 35,000 copies 

Music video
Rowland reteamed with "Dilemma" director Benny Boom to craft a music video for "Can't Nobody" which was shot in Los Angeles, California at the weekend of January 4, 2003  Filming locations include the Orpheum Theatre on Broadway and the Chinatown neighborhood, both set in the Downtown Los Angeles district  Joe Oz served as first assistant director, while production was helmed by Veronica Zelle for now defunct Gorilla Flix Productions  Main camera was operated by Paul Cameron  Upon its release, the music video for "Can't Nobody" was included on the European maxi-single as an enhanced video element  It was later also included on the Japanese edition of Destiny's Child's Destiny's Child World Tour concert DVD, released in 2003, as well as the 2004 Wal-Mart exclusive limited Destiny's Child's Fan Pack DVD which was released a week before the release of Destiny Fulfilled (2004) In the video, Rowland is waiting outside of the Orpheum Theatre nightclub for her boyfriend, who is surprising her with tickets for a fictional Simply Deep musical  She arrives after her boyfriend leaves and after buying a ticket for the musical and waiting for him to meet her, she is disturbed upon seeing a hologram of the two of them waiting in line together  Frustrated, Rowland walks around the Chinatown neighborhood seeing couples all around her until she comes across the Grand Star Jazz Club  She enters the club and begins enjoying herself while dancing until she sees her boyfriend nearby  She confronts him over his absence at the theatre, and he reveals he was going to surprise her with tickets to the musical  Rowland is relieved and after the two laugh over the misunderstanding, they both proceed to dance together in the club  The video ends with the two leaving the club to go watch the musical at the theatre  In a report surrounding the production of the short film, MTV News noted that the video was "a take-off of the Christian Slater flick True Romance "

Track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Simply Deep 

Charts
Certifications
Release history



ground_truth: $59,039

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the brother of the Nothin' My Love Can't Fix performer?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  It is currently a member of the CAC Small stock index 
In June 2005, the firm acquired Dolisos Laboratories, then the world's second largest manufacturer of homeopathic preparations Products of Boiron include mono- (Hahnemanian) preparations and poly-, which Boiron refer to as "Proprietary drugs" Homeopathy is a pseudoscience with no evidence of effectiveness for stated claims or plausible mechanism of medicinal effect, and several class action lawsuits have been filed on behalf of consumers claiming that Boiron's homeopathic products, including Children's Coldcalm and Oscillococcinum, are useless and Boiron's marketing of these products is deceptive 

Controversies
Samuele Riva
Samuele Riva, an Italian blogger, wrote an article about the implausibility of homeopathy, including images of Boiron's products  The company sent a letter to the Internet provider of the blog, but the result was a backlash in favor of freedom of speech 

Lawsuits
The non-profit educational organizations Center for Inquiry (CFI) and the associated Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) have petitioned the U S  Food and Drug Administration (FDA), criticizing Boiron for misleading labeling and advertising of Oscillococcinum  "One petition complains that Boiron’s packaging for Oscillococcinum lists the alleged active ingredient – duck liver and heart – in Latin only  Another petition complains that Boiron’s web ad for this product implies that it has received FDA approval " Ronald Lindsay, CFI and CSI president and chief executive officer, contends, "If Boiron is going to sell snake oil, the least they can do is use English on their labels ”A class action against Boiron, filed in 2011 on behalf of "all California residents who purchased Oscillo at any time within the past four years", charged that Boiron "falsely advertises that Oscillo has the ability to cure the flu because it contains an active ingredient it claims is proven to get rid of flu symptoms in 48 hours " The lawsuit also stated that the listed active ingredient in Oscillococcinum (Oscillo) "is actually Muscovy Duck Liver and Heart     and has no known medicinal quality " A settlement was reached, with Boiron denying any wrongdoing  As part of the settlement, Boiron agreed to make specific changes to its marketing, including adding to their packaging notices like "These ‘Uses’ have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration" and "C, K, CK, and X are homeopathic dilutions "While the sector is in crisis following the cessation of reimbursement of homeopathic preparations by social security decided by the Minister of Health Agnès Buzyn, the Boiron group announced that its factory at Montrichard, in Loir-et-Cher had failed to find a buyer  Consequently, the site, which employed approximately 80 people, closed on December 31, 2021 
Passage 10:
Aerotech Consumer Aerospace
Aerotech Consumer Aerospace, established in 1982, is a company that supplies motors, kits, and components for mid and high-power rocketry 
The company's headquarters are located in Cedar City, Utah and its products are sold mainly through US and international dealers   They specialize in APCP used in low-, mid-, and high-power rocket motors as well as supplying rocket kits designed around their motors 
Aerotech produces single use and reloadable motors in the mid-power range (D - G impulse)   They also produce high power rocket motor reloads, ranging from H to O impulse   High power reloads require proper certification from the National Association of Rocketry or Tripoli Rocketry Association   Until 2017, all reloads required the use of Aerotech, Rouse-Tech, or Dr  Rocket reload casings   A recent cross-use certification agreement permits the use of 98mm Aerotech reloads in CTI (Cesaroni Technology Incorporated) hardware 
Corpulent Stump is the most powerful non commercial rocket ever launched on an Aerotech motor in the United Kingdom 

External links
Official site
Passage 11:
Fleur-de-lis
The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural fleurs-de-lis or fleurs-de-lys), is a common heraldic charge in the shape of a lily (in French, fleur and lis mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively)  Most notably, the fleur-de-lis is depicted on the traditional coat of arms of France that was used from the High Middle Ages until the French Revolution in 1792, and then again in brief periods in the 19th century  This design still represents France and the House of Bourbon in the form of marshalling in e g  the arms of Spain, Quebec and Canada 
Other European nations have also employed the symbol  The fleur-de-lis became "at one and the same time, religious, political, dynastic, artistic, emblematic, and symbolic," especially in French heraldry  The Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph are among saints often depicted with a lily 
The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C ⚜  in the Miscellaneous Symbols block 

Origin
The fleur-de-lis is widely thought to be a stylized version of the species Iris pseudacorus, or Iris florentina  However, the lily (genus Lilium, family Liliaceae) and the iris (family Iridaceae) are two different plants, phylogenetically and taxonomically unrelated  Lily (in Italian: giglio) is the name usually associated with the stylized flower in the Florentine heraldic devices 
Decorative ornaments that resemble the fleur-de-lis have appeared in artwork from the earliest human civilizations  According to Pierre-Augustin Boissier de Sauvages, an 18th-century French naturalist and lexicographer:
The old fleurs-de-lis, especially the ones found in our first kings' sceptres, have a lot less in common with ordinary lilies than the flowers called flambas [in Occitan], or irises, from which the name of our own fleur-de-lis may derive  What gives some colour of truth to this hypothesis that we already put forth, is the fact that the French or Franks, before entering Gaul itself, lived for a long time around the river named Lys in the Flanders  Nowadays, this river is still bordered with an exceptional number of irises —as many plants grow for centuries in the same places—: these irises have yellow flowers, which is not a typical feature of lilies but fleurs-de-lis  It was thus understandable that our kings, having to choose a symbolic image for what later became a coat of arms, set their minds on the iris, a flower that was common around their homes, and is also as beautiful as it was remarkable  They called it, in short, the fleur-de-lis, instead of the flower of the river of lis  This flower, or iris, looks like our fleur-de-lis not just because of its yellow colour but also because of its shape: of the six petals, or leaves, that it has, three of them are alternatively straight and meet at their tops  The other three on the opposite, bend down so that the middle one seems to make one with the stalk and only the two ones facing out from left and right can clearly be seen, which is again similar with our fleurs-de-lis, that is to say exclusively the one from the river Luts whose white petals bend down too when the flower blooms 

The heraldist François Velde is known to have expressed the same opinion:
However, a hypothesis ventured in the 17th c  sounds very plausible to me  One species of wild iris, the Iris pseudacorus, yellow flag in English, is yellow and grows in marshes (cf  the azure field, for water)  Its name in German is Lieschblume (also gelbe Schwertlilie), but Liesch was also spelled Lies and Leys in the Middle Ages  It is easy to imagine that, in Northern France, the Lieschblume would have been called 'fleur-de-lis'  This would explain the name and the formal origin of the design, as a stylized yellow flag  There is a fanciful legend about Clovis which links the yellow flag explicitly with the French coat of arms 
Sauvages' hypothesis seems to be supported by the archaic English spelling fleur-de-luce and by the Luts's variant name Lits 

Alternative derivations
Another (debated) hypothesis is that the symbol derives from the angon or sting,  a typical Frankish throwing spear  The medieval Bec de Corban, a bladed and hooked polearm, bears similarities to the symbol as well  
A possibly derived symbol of Frankish royalty was the bee, of similar shape, as found in the burial of Childric I, whose royal see of power over the Salian Franks was based over the valley of the Lys Other imaginative explanations include the shape having been developed from the image of a dove descending, which is the symbol of the Holy Ghost 

Ancient usages
It has consistently been used as a royal emblem, though different cultures have interpreted its meaning in varying ways  Gaulish coins show the first Western designs which look similar to modern fleurs-de-lis  In the East it was found on the gold helmet of a Scythian king uncovered at the Ak-Burun kurgan and conserved in Saint Petersburg's Hermitage Museum 

Heraldic use
France
While the fleur-de-lis has appeared on countless European coats of arms and flags over the centuries, it is particularly associated with the French monarchy in a historical context and continues to appear in the arms of the king of Spain (from the French House of Bourbon), the grand duke of Luxembourg, and members of the House of Bourbon  It remains an enduring symbol of France which appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics  According to French historian Georges Duby, the three petals represent the three medieval social estates: the commoners, the nobility, and the clergy Although the origin of the fleur-de-lis is unclear, it has retained an association with French nobility  It is widely used in French city emblems as in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt, and Calais  Some cities that had been particularly faithful to the French Crown were awarded a heraldic augmentation of two or three fleurs-de-lis on the chief of their coat of arms; such cities include Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Reims, Le Havre, Angers, Le Mans, Aix-en-Provence, Tours, Limoges, Amiens, Orléans, Rouen, Argenteuil, Poitiers, Chartres, and Laon, among others  The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom  It has appeared on the coat-of-arms of other historical provinces of France including Burgundy, Anjou, Picardy, Berry, Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Maine, Touraine, Artois, Dauphiné, Saintonge, and the County of La Marche  Many of the current French departments use the symbol on their coats-of-arms to express this heritage 

The graphic evolution of crita to fleur-de-lis was accompanied by textual allegory  By the late 13th century, an allegorical poem by Guillaume de Nangis (d  1300), written at Joyenval Abbey in Chambourcy, relates how the golden lilies on an azure ground were miraculously substituted for the crescents on Clovis' shield, a projection into the past of contemporary images of heraldry The fleur-de-lis' symbolic origins with French monarchs may stem from the baptismal lily used in the crowning of King Clovis I  The French monarchy may have adopted the Fleur-de-lis for its royal coat of arms as a symbol of purity to commemorate the conversion of Clovis I, and a reminder of the Fleur-de-lis ampulla that held the oil used to anoint the king  So, the fleur-de-lis stood as a symbol of the king's divinely approved right to rule  The thus "anointed" kings of France later maintained that their authority was directly from God  A legend enhances the mystique of royalty by informing us that a vial of oil—the Holy Ampulla—descended from Heaven to anoint and sanctify Clovis as King, descending directly on Clovis or perhaps brought by a dove to Saint Remigius  One version explains that an angel descended with the Fleur-de-lis ampulla to anoint the king  Another story tells of Clovis putting a flower in his helmet just before his victory at the Battle of Vouillé  Through this propagandist connection to Clovis, the fleur-de-lis has been taken in retrospect to symbolize all the Christian Frankish kings, most notably Charlemagne In the 14th-century French writers asserted that the monarchy of France, which developed from the Kingdom of the West Franks, could trace its heritage back to the divine gift of royal arms received by Clovis  This story has remained popular, even though modern scholarship has established that the fleur-de-lis was a religious symbol before it was a true heraldic symbol  Along with true lilies, it was associated with the Virgin Mary, and in the 12th century Louis VI and Louis VII (House of Capet) started to use the emblem, on sceptres for example, so connecting their rulership with this symbol of saintliness and divine right  Louis VII ordered the use of fleur-de-lis clothing in his son Philip's coronation in 1179, while the first visual evidence of clearly heraldic use dates from 1211: a seal showing the future Louis VIII and his shield strewn with the "flowers"  Until the late 14th century the French royal coat of arms was Azure semé-de-lis Or (a blue shield "sown" (semé) with a scattering of small golden fleurs-de-lis), but Charles V of France changed the design from an all-over scattering to a group of three in about 1376  These two coats are known in heraldic terminology as France Ancient and France Modern, respectively 

In the reign of King Louis IX (St  Louis) the three petals of the flower were said to represent faith, wisdom and chivalry, and to be a sign of divine favour bestowed on France  During the next century, the 14th, the tradition of Trinity symbolism was established in France, and then spread elsewhere In 1328, King Edward III of England inherited a claim to the crown of France, and in about 1340 he quartered France Ancient with the arms of Plantagenet, as "arms of pretence"    After the kings of France adopted France Modern, the kings of England adopted the new design as quarterings from about 1411  The monarchs of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to quarter the French arms until 1801, when George III abandoned his formal claim to the French throne King Charles VII ennobled Joan of Arc's family on 29 December 1429 with an inheritable symbolic denomination  The Chamber of Accounts in France registered the family's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430  The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys 

France Moderne
France moderne remained the French royal standard, and with a white background was the French national flag until the French Revolution, when it was replaced by the tricolor of modern-day France  The fleur-de-lis was restored to the French flag in 1814, but replaced once again after the revolution against Charles X of France in 1830  In a very strange turn of events after the end of the Second French Empire, where a flag apparently influenced the course of history, Henri, comte de Chambord, was offered the throne as King of France, but he agreed only if France gave up the tricolor and brought back the white flag with fleurs-de-lis  His condition was rejected and France became a republic 

Other contries
In Brazil, the city of Joinville has three fleurs-de-lis surmounted with a label of three points on its flag and coat of arms  Due to the city is named after François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville, son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, who married Princess Francisca of Brazil in 1843 
The fleur-de-lis appears on the coat of Guadeloupe, an overseas département of France in the Caribbean, Saint Barthélemy, an overseas collectivity of France, and French Guiana  The overseas department of Réunion in the Indian Ocean uses the same feature  It appears on the coat of Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius which was named in honour of King Louis XV  On the coat of arms of Saint Lucia it represents the French heritage of the country 
In Ukraine, the Foreign Intelligence Service used the emblem with the coat of arms of Ukraine in conjunction with four golden fleurs-de-lis, along with the motto "Omnia, Vincit, Veritas" 

Municipal coats-of-arms
Fleurs-de-lis feature prominently in the Crown Jewels of England and Scotland  In English heraldry, they are used in many different ways, and can be the cadency mark of the sixth son  Additionally, it features in a large number of royal arms of the House of Plantagenet, from the 13th century onwards to the early Tudors (Elizabeth of York and the de la Pole family) The tressure flory–counterflory (flowered border) has been a prominent part of the design of the Scottish royal arms and Royal Standard since James I of Scotland 

In Italy, fleurs-de-lis have been used for some papal crowns and coats of arms, the Farnese Dukes of Parma, and by some doges of Venice The fleur-de-lis was also the symbol of the House of Kotromanić, a ruling house in medieval Bosnia allegedly in recognition of the Capetian House of Anjou, where the flower is thought of as a Lilium bosniacum  Today, fleur-de-lis is a national symbol of Bosniaks Other countries include Spain in recognition of rulers from the House of Bourbon  Coins minted in 14th-century Romania, from the region that was the Principality of Moldova at the time, ruled by Petru I Mușat, carry the fleur-de-lis symbol As a dynastic emblem it has also been very widely used: not only by noble families but also, for example, by the Fuggers, a medieval banking family 
Three fleurs-de-lis appeared in the personal coat of arms of Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt who ruled the Malta between 1601 and 1622  His nephew Adrien de Wignacourt, who was Grandmaster himself from 1690 to 1697, also had a similar coat of arms with three fleurs-de-lis 
The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread: among the numerous cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word 'lily', for example, Liljendal, Finland, and Lelystad, Netherlands  This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology  Other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden and Darmstadt in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania  The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats In Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms  These are derived from an arch which was part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct that had three sculpted fleurs-de-lis on top, as they were the heraldic symbols of Alof de Wignacourt, the Grand Master who financed its building  Another suburb which developed around the area became known as Fleur-de-Lys, and it also features a red fleur-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms 

Albania
In Albania, fleur-de-lys (alb: Lulja e Zambakut) has been always associated with the Noble House of Topia  After the Ottoman invasion of Albania, the symbol was removed by the Toptani family, a branch of the Topia Family 

Belarus
The Belarusian Scouting and Guiding organization that, while preserving the traditions of the past, uses a fleur-de-lis as a symbol 

Bosnia and Herzegovina
The golden lily is a traditional symbol of the Bosniak people  The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily, Lilium bosniacum  This emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998  The state insignia were changed in 1999  The former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy  Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of many cantons, municipalities, cities and towns  It is still used as official insignia of the Bosniak Regiment of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Canada
The Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon Flag"  symbolizing royal France, was the most commonly used flag in New France  The  "Bourbon Flag" has three gold fleur-de-lis on a dark blue field arranged two and one  The fleur-de-lys was also seen on New France's currency often referred to as "card money"  The white Royal Banner of France was used by the military of New France and was seen on naval vessels and forts of New France  After the fall of New France to the British Empire the fleur-de-lys remained visible on churches and remained part of French cultural symbolism  There are many French-speaking Canadians for whom the fleur-de-lis remains a symbol of their French cultural identity  Québécois, Franco-Ontarians, Franco-Ténois and Franco-Albertans, feature the fleur-de-lis prominently on their flags 
The Fleur-de-lys, as a traditional Royal symbol in Canada, has been incorporated into many national symbols, provincial symbols and
municipal symbols, The Canadian Red Ensign that served as the nautical flag and civil ensign for Canada from 1892 to 1965 and later as an informal flag of Canada before 1965 featured the traditional number of three golden fleur-de-lys on a blue background  The Arms of Canada throughout its variations has used fleur-de-lys, beginning in 1921 and subsequent various has featuring the blue "Bourbon Flag" in two locations within arms  The Canadian Royal cypher and the Arms of Canada feature St Edward's Crown that displays five cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys   The fleur-de-lis is featured on the flag of Quebec, known as the Fleurdelisé, as well as the flags of the cities of Montreal, Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières 

Italy
In Italy, the fleur de lis - called giglio bottonato (it) - is mainly known from the crest of the city of Florence  In the Florentine fleurs-de-lis  the stamens are always posed between the petals  Originally argent (silver or white) on gules (red) background, the emblem became the standard of the imperial party in Florence (parte ghibellina), causing the town government, which maintained a staunch Guelph stance, being strongly opposed to the imperial pretensions on city states, to reverse the color pattern to the final gules lily on argent background  This heraldic charge is often known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional (stamen-not-shown) design  As an emblem of the city, it is therefore found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop, and associated with Florence's patron Saint John the Baptist in the Florentine fiorino  Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens 

Lithuania
The design of the arms of Jurbarkas is believed to originate from the arms of the Sapieha house, a Lithuanian noble family which was responsible for Jurbarkas receiving city rights and a coat of arms in 1611 The three fleurs-de-lis design on the Jurbarkas coat of arms was abolished during the final years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but officially restored in 1993 after the independence of present-day Lithuania was re-established  Before restoration, several variant designs, such as using one over two fleurs-de-lis, had been restored and abolished  The original two over one version was briefly readopted in 1970 during the Soviet occupation, but abolished that same year 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a fleur-de-lis has appeared in the official arms of the Norroy King of Arms for hundreds of years  A silver fleur-de-lis on a blue background is the arms of the Barons Digby In English and Canadian heraldry the fleur-de-lis is the cadence mark of a sixth son It can also be found on the arms of the Scottish clan Chiefs of both Carruthers; Gules two engrailed chevrons between three fleur-d-lis Or and the Brouns/Browns: Gules a chevron between three fleur d-lis Or 

United States
Fleurs-de-lis crossed the Atlantic along with Europeans going to the New World, especially with French settlers  Their presence on North American flags and coats of arms usually recalls the involvement of French settlers in New France of the town or region concerned, and in some cases the persisting presence there of a population descended from such settlers 

In the US, the fleur-de-lis symbols tend to be along or near the Mississippi and Missouri rivers  These are areas of strong French colonial empire settlement  Some of the places that have it in their flag or seal are the cities of Baton Rouge, Detroit, Lafayette, Louisville, Mobile, New Orleans, Ocean Springs and St  Louis  On 9 July 2008, Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal signed a bill into law making the fleur-de-lis an official symbol of the state  Following Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005, the fleur-de-lis has been widely used in New Orleans and throughout Louisiana, as a symbol of grassroots support for New Orleans' recovery  The coat of arms of St  Augustine, Florida has a fleur-de-lis on the first quarter, due to its connection with Huguenots  Several counties have flags and seals based on pre-1801 British royal arms also includes fleur-de-lis symbols  They are King George County, Virginia and Prince George's County, Somerset County, Kent County, and Montgomery County in Maryland 
It has also become the symbol for the identity of the Cajuns and Louisiana Creole people, and their French heritage 

Military
Fleurs-de-lis are featured in military healdry  E g , in the United States, the New Jersey Army National Guard unit 112th Field Artillery (Self Propelled)—part of the much larger 42nd Infantry Division Mechanized—which has it in the upper left side of their distinctive unit insignia; the U S  Army's 2nd Cavalry Regiment, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 62nd Medical Brigade, 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team; and the Corps of Cadets at Louisiana State University   The U S  Air Force's Special Operations Weather Beret Flash also used a fleurs-de-lis in its design, carried over from its Vietnam War era Commando Weatherman Beret Flash  It is also featured by the Israeli Intelligence Corps, and the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force  In the British Army, the fleur-de-lis was the cap badge of the Manchester Regiment from 1922 until 1958, and also its successor, the King's Regiment up to its amalgamation in 2006  It commemorates the capture of French regimental colours by their predecessors, the 63rd Regiment of Foot, during the Invasion of Martinique in 1759  It is also the formation sign of the 2nd (Independent) Armored Brigade of the Indian Army, known as the 7th Indian Cavalry Brigade in First World War, which received the emblem for its actions in France 

In religion and art
In the Middle Ages, the symbols of lily and fleur-de-lis overlapped considerably in Christian religious art  The historian Michel Pastoureau says that until about 1300 they were found in depictions of Jesus, but gradually they took on Marian symbolism and were associated with the Song of Solomon's "lily among thorns" (lilium inter spinas), understood as a reference to Mary  Other scripture and religious literature in which the lily symbolizes purity and chastity also helped establish the flower as an iconographic attribute of the Virgin  It was also believed that the fleur-de-lis represented the Holy Trinity In medieval England, from the mid-12th century, a noblewoman's seal often showed the lady with a fleur-de-lis, drawing on the Marian connotations of "female virtue and spirituality"  Images of Mary holding the flower first appeared in the 11th century on coins issued by cathedrals dedicated to her, and next on the seals of cathedral chapters, starting with Notre Dame de Paris in 1146  A standard portrayal was of Mary carrying the flower in her right hand, just as she is shown in that church's Virgin of Paris statue (with lily), and in the centre of the stained glass rose window (with fleur-de-lis sceptre) above its main entrance  The flowers may be "simple fleurons, sometimes garden lilies, sometimes genuine heraldic fleurs-de-lis"  As attributes of the Madonna, they are often seen in pictures of the Annunciation, notably in those of Sandro Botticelli and Filippo Lippi  Lippi also uses both flowers in other related contexts: for instance, in his Madonna in the Forest 
The three petals of the heraldic design reflect a widespread association with the Holy Trinity, with the band on the bottom symbolizing Mary  The tradition says that without Mary you can not understand the Trinity since it was she who bore the Son  A tradition going back to 14th century France added onto the earlier belief that they also represented faith, wisdom and chivalry  Alternatively, the cord can be seen as representing the one Divine Substance (godhood) of the three Persons, which binds Them together 
"Flower of light" symbolism has sometimes been understood from the archaic variant fleur-de-luce (see Latin lux, luc- = "light"), but the Oxford English Dictionary suggests this arose from the spelling, not from the etymology 

Sports
The fleur-de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag  This is true with the teams from Quebec (Nordiques (ex-NHL), Montreal Expos (ex-MLB) and CF Montréal (MLS)), the teams of New Orleans, Louisiana (Saints (NFL), Pelicans (NBA), and Zephyrs (PCL)), the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien – The Lilies), the Rugby league team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, the NPSL team Detroit City FC Marc-André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur-de-lis logo on his mask  The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St-Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur-de-lis on his right calf  The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F C  has it in their logo  France uses the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 

Education
The emblem appears in coats of arms and logos for universities (like Washington University in St  Louis, Saint Louis University in Spain, University of Lincoln in England and University of Louisiana at Lafayette) and schools such as in Hilton College (South Africa), Adamson University and St  Paul's University in the Philippines  The Lady Knights of the University of Arkansas at Monticello have also adopted the fleur de lis as one of the symbols associated with their coat of arms  The flag of Lincolnshire, adopted in 2005, has a fleur-de-lis for the city of Lincoln  It is one of the symbols of the American sororities Kappa Kappa Gamma and Theta Phi Alpha, the American fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Sigma Alpha Mu, as well as the international co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega  It is also used by the high school and college fraternity Scouts Royale Brotherhood of the Philippines 

Scouting
The fleur-de-lis is the main element in the logo of most Scouting organizations  The symbol was first used by Sir Robert Baden-Powell as an arm-badge for soldiers who qualified as scouts (reconnaissance specialists) in the 5th Dragoon Guards, which he commanded at the end of the 19th century; it was later used in cavalry regiments throughout the British Army until 1921  In 1907, Baden-Powell made brass fleur-de-lis badges for the boys attending his first experimental "Boy Scout" camp at Brownsea Island  In his seminal book Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell referred to the motif as "the arrowhead which shows the North on a map or a compass" and continued; "It is the Badge of the Scout because it points in the right direction and upward    The three points remind you of the three points of the Scout Promise", being duty to God and country, helping others, and keeping the Scout Law  The World Scout Emblem of the World Organization of the Scout Movement has elements which are used by most national Scout organizations  The stars stand for truth and knowledge, the encircling rope for unity, and its reef knot or square knot, service 

Organizations
Fleurs-de-lis appear on military insignia and the logos of many organisations  During the 20th century the symbol was adopted by various Scouting organisations worldwide for their badges  Architects and designers use it alone and as a repeated motif in a wide range of contexts, from ironwork to bookbinding, especially where a French context is implied 

Healdic feature in architecture
In building and architecture, the fleur-de-lis is often placed on top of iron fence posts, as a pointed defence against intruders  It may ornament any tip, point or post with a decorative flourish, for instance, on finials, the arms of a cross, or the point of a gable  The fleur-de-lis can be incorporated in friezes or cornices, although the distinctions between fleur-de-lis, fleuron, and other stylized flowers are not always clear, or can be used as a motif in an all-over tiled pattern, perhaps on a floor 
It may appear in a building for heraldic reasons, as in some English churches where the design paid a compliment to a local lord who used the flower on his coat of arms  Elsewhere the effect seems purely visual, like the crenellations on the 14th-century Muslim Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 
It can also be seen on the doors of the 16th-century Hindu Padmanabhaswamy Temple 

Derived non-heraldic usage
Some modern usage of the fleur-de-lis reflects "the continuing presence of heraldry in everyday life", often intentionally, but also when users are not aware that they are "prolonging the life of centuries-old insignia and emblems" 

The symbol may be used in less traditional ways  After Hurricane Katrina many New Orleanians of varying ages and backgrounds were tattooed with "one of its cultural emblems" as a "memorial" of the storm, according to a researcher at Tulane University  The US Navy Blue Angels have named a looping flight demonstration manoeuvre after the flower as well, and there are even two surgical procedures called "after the fleur "
American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet takes its name from the racing driver Louis Chevrolet, who was born in Switzerland   But, because the Chevrolet name is French, the manufacturer has used the fleur-de-lis emblems on their cars, most notably the Corvette, but also as a small detail in the badges and emblems on the front of a variety of full-size Chevys from the 1950s, and 1960s   The fleur-de-lis has also been featured more prominently in the emblems of the Caprice sedan A fleur-de-lis also appears in some of the logos of local Louisiana media, such as WGNO-TV and WVUE-TV, the local ABC-affiliated and Fox-affiliated television stations in New Orleans respectively 
The fleur-de-lis is one of the objects to drop during the New Year's Eve celebrations in New Orleans, which was broadcast for the first time during Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve '17 with Ryan Seacrest 
New Orleans sludge metal band Crowbar use it as a logo  It's appeared on every album cover since Lifesblood for the Downtrodden and is sometimes incorporated into the artwork (on The Serpent Only Lies as a snake and on Sever the Wicked Hand as a sword's hilt)  The Fleur-de-lis is also used decoratively on fire apparatus 

Compass rose
The symbol is also often used on a compass rose to mark the north direction, a tradition started by the Portuguese cartographer Jorge de Aguiar in his chart of 1492 

Slave branding
In Mauritius, slaves were branded with a fleur-de-lis, when being punished for escaping or stealing food In France, some categories of outlaws were branded with a fleur de lys iron rod as a punishment for crimes involving a banishment sentence  In 1724, the punishment evolved in a system of letters brandings relative to the crime  The fleur de lys became an exclusive punishment for slaves in the colonies 
The fleur-de-lis (or flower de Luce) could be branded on slaves as punishment for certain offenses in French Louisiana   For instance, the Louisiana Code Noir (1724) stated:

XXXII  The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the shoulder: and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder  On the third offence, he shall suffer death" 
The Code Noir was an arrangement of controls received in Louisiana in 1724 from other French settlements around the globe, intended to represent the state's slave populace  Those guidelines included marking slaves with the fleur-de-lis as discipline for fleeing 

In fiction
The symbol has featured in modern fiction on historical and mystical themes, as in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code and other books discussing the Priory of Sion  It recurs in French literature, where examples well known in English translation include Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, a character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo, and the mention in Dumas's The Three Musketeers of the old custom of branding a criminal with the sign (fleurdeliser)  During the reign of Elizabeth I of England, known as the Elizabethan era, it was a standard name for an iris, a usage which lasted for centuries, but occasionally refers to lilies or other flowers  It also appeared in the novel A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole on a sign composed by the protagonist 

In John Steinbeck's East of Eden, Cathy Ames ("Kate") wears a gold watch with a fleur-de-lis pin around her neck A variation on the symbol has also been used in the Star Wars franchise to represent the planet of Naboo  The fleur de lis is also used as the heraldic emblem for the Kingdom of Temeria in Andrzej Sapkowski's fantasy novel series The Witcher 
The fleur de lis has also been used in the TV series The Originals, in which it is used to represent the Mikaelson family, the first vampires in the world  The symbol's representation of unity and its usage in New Orleans where the show is set, are used to represent the vow three of the Mikaelson siblings made to each other that they remain together, always and forever 
The fleur de lis is displayed in Champion, a cavalry unit that appears in Heroes of Might and Magic V: Tribes of the East, and is also a symbol adopted by the Sisters of Battle, a faction in Warhammer 40,000  A heavily stylized fleur de lis symbol can also be recognized as the symbol of the ICA in the Hitman series of video games The Pokémon villain Lysandre; whose debut game was Pokémon X and Y is known in Japan as フラダリ (Furadari); a romanised name for the fleur-de-lis  Relevant is that Pokémon X and Y are inspired by France  Many locations and landmarks across Kalos have real-world inspirations, including Prism Tower (Eiffel Tower), the Lumiose Art Museum (the Louvre) and the stones outside Geosenge Town (Carnac stones) This symbol is also used as the icon for the fictional street gang "Third Street Saints" in the Saints Row series 
The symbol is also seen in the video games Gangstar: New Orleans and Persona 5, on Yusuke Kitagawa's shirt 

See also
Cross fleury
Floral emblem
Armorial of France
The Golden Lily (disambiguation)
Iris florentina
Iris pseudacorus
Jessant-de-lys
Lilium
Palmette
Prince of Wales's feathers
Shamrock
Scottish thistle
Tree of LifeUse of the lily in coinage and coat-of-arms in the Land of Israel/PalestineAcre, Israel, where the Hospitaller refectory contains two early depictions of the French fleur-de-lis
Hasmonean coinage, coins minted during Hasmonean rule, sometimes depicting a lily
Yehud coinage, Achaemenid period coinage often depicting a lily

Explanatory notes



ground_truth: Matthew Lawrence