prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What province shares a border with the province where Lago District is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Tuymazinsky District
Tuymazinsky District (Russian: Туймази́нский райо́н; Bashkir and Tatar: Туймазы районы, Tuymazı rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia  It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west  The area of the district is 2,403 square kilometers (928 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district)  As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 64,389 

History
The district was established on August 20, 1930  On March 20, 1937, the district was split into two—Tuymazinsky and Kandrinsky—but that was reversed in 1956 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tuymazinsky District is one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan  It is divided into 18 selsoviets, comprising 113 rural localities  The town of Tuymazy serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of republic significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Tuymazinsky Municipal District, with the town of republic significance of Tuymazy being incorporated within it as Tuymazy Urban Settlement  Its eighteen selsoviets are incorporated as eighteen rural settlements within the municipal district  The town of Tuymazy serves as the administrative center of the municipal district as well 
Passage 2:
Chaunsky District
Chaunsky District (Russian: Ча́унский райо́н; Chukchi: Чаан район, Čaan rajon) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia  It is located on the northern shore of the autonomous okrug and borders with Iultinsky District in the northeast, Anadyrsky District in the southeast, and with Bilibinsky District in the south and west  The area of the district is 67,091 square kilometers (25,904 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Pevek  Population:  5,148 (2010 Census); 6,962 (2002 Census); 32,167 (1989 Census)  The population of Pevek accounts for 80 8% of the district's total population Chaunsky District is flat compared to other districts in the autonomous okrug  The land within the current boundaries was first discovered by non-indigenous people in the 18th century, and now the indigenous people of the district are a minority as ethnic Russians came to the area following a growth in mining 

Geography
The district is centered around the Chaunskaya Bay, on the shores of which Pevek, the administrative center of the district, is situated  The district's territory also includes Ayon Island, found at the entrance to the Chaunskaya Bay  There is an eponymous settlement on the island 
The district's territory stretches for 330 kilometers (210 mi) from north to south and for 290 kilometers (180 mi) from east to west  Cape Shelagsky is its northernmost point  Chaunsky District is significantly flatter than Bilibinsky District located to the west and contains large areas devoted to reindeer pasture 
Approximately 350 kilometers (220 mi) long, the Chaun River, which flows into Chaunskaya Bay, is the longest river in the whole autonomous okrug There are a number of wetland areas of significance within the district  The most westerly of these is situated on the Kyttyk Peninsula and the mouth of the Rauchua River  This area is dominated by the Lower Rauchua delta and the alluvial plains of the Kyttyk Peninsula, from which Ayon Island is separated by the Maly Chaunsky Strait  The peninsula is almost completely covered in a complex system of lakes, ranging in size from small saline pools lying on a recently exposed marine terrace 1 to 2 m above sea level, near the coast, to lakes up to 1 km wide and 12 m deep on high level surfaces 10–15 m above sea level  In addition, the peninsula is scored by a number of rivers, the Eyukuul, Koz'mina, Rakvezan and Emykkyvian among the most significant The Ust-Chaun area of the district also contains significant wetlands at the south end of Chaunskaya Bay, consisting mainly of an alluvial plain approximately 100 km wide and 60 km north to south  The wetlands at Ust-Chaun are similar in structure to those at the Rauchua / Kyttyk wetland, consisting of a landscape almost entirely filled with small lakes, those nearest Chaunskaya Bay are the smallest and shallowest (less than 70 cm deep) and those on more elevated ground being deeper at 1 5–3 m deep The Ust-Chaun region serves a fishing centre for the inhabitants of Rytkuchi, although this has lost its importance in recent years as stocks of Char have diminished, as a result of overfishing both for sale to the local Sovkhoz and as bait for trapping foxes 

Flora
There are approximately 200 different species of plant within the Rauchua / Kyttyk wetland area comprising a variety of steppe, boreal and arctic species, a number of which occur at the eastern limit of their natural habitat  In the Ust-Chaun area, there are even more recorded plant species, at 252 , including a number of rare species 

Fauna
Humpback and chum salmon enter the lower reaches of the Rauchua  Several species of whitefish, grayling and smelt also live in the river or in the many surrounding lakes  Sticklebacks also live in the lakes along with Arctic char, although the community of char is infested with Acanthocephala  Similar fish exist in the Ust-Chaun region, and in addition to fish, the wetland is also home to the Siberian newt, which lives in the shrub-covered tundra near the delta The Rauchua / Kyttyk wetland area is considered to be the easternmost extent of so-called "Kolyma fauna", such as the Terek sandpiper, brown shrike and scarlet rosefinch  The most common bird species in the Rauchua / Kyttyk wetland are the yellow-billed, black-throated and Pacific divers  One of the main reasons for the importance of the Rauchua / Kyttyk is the breeding population (figures as of 1994) of Bewick's swan (approximately 300 birds), the Pacific eider (approximately 3,000 birds) and the spectacled eider (approximately 2,000 birds)  Spectacled and Pacific eider as well as black-throated and Pacific divers are also found in the Ust-Chaun region, though the Pacific eider is much more common on the Kyttyl Peninsula and near Apapelgino Birds of prey are found in the Ust-Chaun area, with the rough-legged buzzard nesting in the area and species such as the goshawk and peregrine falcon visiting the area regularly  Their prey consists of a wide variety of small mammals and almost all mammals found in the tundra regions of the Russian Far East are found in the Ust-Chaun area, including a number of species of shrew, vole and lemming  Larger mammals include wild reindeer, wolves and brown bear 

Demographics
Approximately 85% of the district's population in 2003 were non-indigenous peoples  As with most of the districts in Chukotka, indigenous peoples are more often found in the scattered rural localities, while ethnic Russians are more often found in the urban areas  These people either migrated to the Far East, or are the descendants of those who did, enticed by the higher pay, large pensions, and more generous allowances permitted to those prepared to endure the cold and the isolation, or, more likely, were exiled here as a result of one of Stalin's purges, or were exiled here having been released from the Gulag  The existence of the port of Pevek in the district is a major reason for the presence of ethnic Russians The indigenous people present in the district are almost exclusively Chukchi  An environmental impact study produced by Bema Gold for the Kupol gold project states that at the start of 2004, 846 of the districts inhabitants were of indigenous origin  Of these people, 841 were Chukchi, with 2 reported as Yupik, 2 Mansi and 1 Even comprising the remaining five indigenous individuals  The indigenous people of Chaunsky District reside mainly in Rytkuchi, Ayon and Yanranay 

History
18th and 19th centuries
The area of what is now Chaunsky District was first visited by non-indigenous people, when Karl Merk came across the Chaun River, as part of the overland element of the Billings Expedition—the expedition ordered by Catherine the Great and led by Englishman Joseph Billings in an attempt to find a true Northeast Passage   Prior to the river's discovery by Merk, the Chaun River represented the westernmost boundary of the Chukchi land  Merk named the river Chavaveyam after Mount Chaun, from where the river springs The Rauchua River was a place inhabited by mammoths in prehistoric times and was also the scene of a bloody battle between Chukchi herders and a combination of Yukaghirs and Evens during the 19th century  The name Rauchua comes from the Chukchi word "Ravchyvan", meaning place of a victory over a camp 

20th century
The district in its present form was founded in 1933  Gold and tin were discovered in the 1940s, which led to the first occurrences of industrial mining in the district in the 1950s  The effect of this growth in industry was that Chaunsky District became the first district in the region to have a road network constructed as well as an electricity grid  During World War II, the Chaunskaya Bay area of Chaunsky District was the most important tin producing area in the whole of the Soviet Union 

Economy
Industrial and administrative
Many of the populated places throughout Chukotka owe their existence to tin and gold mines, and deposits of these metals were first discovered in Chukotka in Chaunsky District in 1941  In 2002, the average monthly salary was just over 11,000 rubles per month, although agricultural wages were on average only around half that per month  Mining and ancillary services still form the major elements of the economy of Chaunsky District  There are two large mines and a number of small mines in the district, supported by a large trucking company 

Traditional and cultural
Compared to other districts in Chukotka, agricultural enterprise is not particularly well developed  There is only one farming brigade, Chaunskoye, employing just under 200 people  The brigade herds around 15,000 reindeer and is also involved in fishing 

Transportation
As a result of the development of the mining industry, Chaunsky District also has the most developed road transport network in Chukotka, with paved, unpaved, or snow roads leading from Pevek to all major population hubs  Pevek Airport, located about 14 kilometers (8 7 mi) from Pevek proper, provides a link for the region to Moscow  Pevek's port is the largest in Chukotka and is generally open for about two and a half months a year from mid-July to September The transport infrastructure of the district is more developed compared to the rest of Chukotka; this in part is helped by the presence of Pevek  Pevek itself has the second largest airport in Chukotka after the Ugolny Airport and offers one of the few means of direct air travel to Moscow  Pevek is also the naval headquarters of the East Arctic during the short summer 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Chaunsky District is one of the six in the autonomous okrug  The town of Pevek serves as its administrative center  The district does not have any lower-level administrative divisions and has administrative jurisdiction over one town, six urban-type settlements, and four rural localities, consisting of all the inhabited localities listed below in the "Inhabited localities" section, except for Billings, which is administratively subordinated to Iultinsky District 
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Chaunsky Municipal District and is divided into one urban settlement and three rural settlements 

Inhabited localities
Divisional source:Population source:*Administrative centers are shown in bold
Passage 3:
Shmidtovsky District
Shmidtovsky District (Russian: Шми́дтовский райо́н) was an administrative district (raion) of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, which existed in 1973–2011  As a municipal division, it was, together with Iultinsky Administrative District, incorporated as Iultinsky Municipal District  It was located in the far north of the autonomous okrug and bordered with Iultinsky District in the east, Anadyrsky District in the south, and with Chaunsky District in the west  The area of the district was 70,900 square kilometers (27,400 sq mi)  Its administrative center was the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Mys Shmidta  Population:  1,469 (2010 Census); 2,660 (2002 Census); 15,726 (1989 Census)  The population of Mys Shmidta accounted for 33 5% of the district's total population 

History
Shmidtovsky District was founded in 1973  It was named after Otto Schmidt, a Soviet scientist  Beyond the mainland, the district also incorporated the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Wrangel Island, which straddles the 180° meridian, and its neighboring island Herald, which in 2004 was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list at the same time as Wrangel Island The indigenous population made up around 28% of the total population of the district, which, although lower than in Chukotsky and Providensky Districts, was at the time around average in the autonomous okrug 
Signs of earlier habitation by indigenous peoples can be seen at several sites throughout the former district's territory  In the central parts of the region one can still see the Pegtymel rock drawings, where images were carved into the rock by the local inhabitants using quartz  Over a hundred more examples of ancient artwork can be seen on eleven of the Kaikuul cliffs, describing hunting and farming scenes as well as what is thought to be early references to Shamanism 

Economy
The main economic drivers were gold mining, traditional reindeer herding, and marine hunting  However, there was little mining done in the vicinity of Mys Shmidta, with the three main prospecting teams in the region (Polyarnaya, Arktikaand, and Shakhtar) being based in Leningradsky 

Transportation
Although much of the internal region of the district was given over to reindeer pasture, thus creating a significant area of wilderness, connections between the populated places along the coast were present  As with all areas of Siberia and the Russian Far East, there was very limited road transport  There is a road, however, linking Mys Shmidta with Egvekinot  There is also a 435-kilometer (270 mi) unpaved road between Mys Shmidta and Komsomolsky, of which 235 kilometers (146 mi) is unpaved road and the remaining 199 kilometers (124 mi) is snow road In addition to local road transport, the district was also served by Mys Shmidta Airport, located immediately to the southwest of the settlement  The airport is now employed solely for civilian usage, providing flights to Anadyr  Flights are provided by Chukotavia  The runway is 2,450-meter (8,040 ft) long and 60-meter (200 ft) wide  The distance to Anadyr by air is 478 kilometers (297 mi) 
Unlike airports such as the Provideniya Bay Airport, which has always been a civilian airport, or the Iultin Airport, which was constructed specifically to serve the needs of the remote mine nearby, the Mys Shmidta airport was initially part of the ring of forward staging bases used by the Arctic Control Group (OGA) prior to intercontinental ballistic missiles gaining favor as the primary means of long-range defense 

Status changes
Before May 2008, Shmidtovsky Administrative District was municipally incorporated as Shmidtovsky Municipal District  In May 2008, Iultinsky and Shmidtovsky Municipal Districts were merged, forming an enlarged Vostochny Municipal District  This change, however, did not affect the administrative aspect of these districts  Both Iultinsky and Shmidtovsky Administrative Districts continued to exist separately  In October 2008, the law mandating the change was amended and the name Vostochny was discarded with the combined municipal district being renamed Iultinsky Municipal District 
Shmidtovsky Administrative District was itself merged into Iultinsky Administrative District effective June 13, 2011 

Climate
The climate of the former Shmidtovsky District is more severe than in neighboring Alaska or even as in the neighboring districts and varies significantly throughout the year  Average July temperatures could range from +4 °C (39 °F) to +14 °C (57 °F), and January temperatures from −18 to −42 °C (0 to −44 °F)  The lowest temperatures were characteristic for the western part of the region while storms and winds were frequent on the eastern coast  The summer was short but comparatively warm 

Divisions
Administrative divisions
Shmidtovsky Administrative District had administrative jurisdiction over two urban-type settlements (Mys Shmidta and Leningradsky) and two rural localities (Billings and Ryrkaypiy) 

Municipal
Shmidtovsky Municipal District was abolished in 2008, and all of the municipal formations previously within the district became a part of Iultinsky Municipal District 
Passage 4:
Gmina Włodawa
Gmina Włodawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine  Its seat is the town of Włodawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 243 75 square kilometres (94 1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,936 

Villages
Gmina Włodawa contains the villages and settlements of Korolówka, Korolówka-Kolonia, Korolówka-Osada, Krasówka, Luta, Okuninka, Orchówek, Połód, Różanka, Sobibór, Stawki, Suszno, Szuminka, Wołczyny, Żłobek Duży, Żłobek Mały and Żuków 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Włodawa is bordered by the town of Włodawa and by the gminas of Hanna, Hańsk, Wola Uhruska and Wyryki  It also borders Belarus and Ukraine 

See also
Sobibor extermination camp
Passage 5:
Shumerlinsky District
Shumerlinsky District  (Russian: Шу́мерлинский райо́н; Chuvash: Çĕмĕрле районӗ, Śĕmĕrle rayonĕ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia  It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west  The area of the district is 1,047 6 square kilometers (404 5 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district)  Population: 10,765 (2010 Census); 13,298 (2002 Census); 16,187 (1989 Census) 

History
The district was formed on January 9, 1935 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Shumerlinsky District is one of the twenty-one in the republic  The town of Shumerlya serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of republic significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Shumerlinsky Municipal District  The town of republic significance of Shumerlya is incorporated separately from the district as Shumerlya Urban Okrug 

Notable residents
Valery Yardy (1948–1994), Olympic road cyclist
Passage 6:
Dnovsky District
Dnovsky District (Russian: Дно́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia  It is located in the east of the oblast and borders with Soletsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the northeast, Volotovsky District, also of Novgorod Oblast, in the east, Dedovichsky District in the south, and with Porkhovsky District in the west  The area of the district is 1,194 square kilometers (461 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Dno  Population: 13,341 (2010 Census); 16,048 (2002 Census); 20,110 (1989 Census)  The population of Dno accounts for 67 9% of the district's total population 

Geography
Being a part of the Ilmen Depression, the district's landscape is essentially flat  The district lies in the basin of the Shelon River  The biggest rivers in the district, all of them being right tributaries of the Shelon, are the Dubyanka, the Polonka, and the Lyuta  A part of the Shelon itself flows through the district as well 

History
In the past, the area belonged to the Novgorod Republic  Two villages with the name of Dno (Bolshoye Dno and Maloye Dno) were first mentioned in chronicles in the 15th century  After the fall of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, the area was, together will the rest of Novgorod lands, annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow  It belonged to Shelonskaya Pyatina, one of the five pyatinas into which Novgorod lands were divided  In the 16th century, state-sponsored roads were built, and the area became one of the centers of yam, the road messenger system  In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate)  In 1727, separate Novgorod Governorate was split off, and in 1772, Pskov Governorate (which between 1777 and 1796 existed as Pskov Viceroyalty) was established  In 1776, Porkhovsky Uyezd was transferred from Novgorod Governorate to Pskov Governorate  The area was a part of Porkhovsky Uyezd, and Dno was the seat of Dnovskaya Volost 
On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished, and Dnovsky District was established, with the administrative center in the town of Dno  It included parts of former Porkhovsky Uyezd  The governorates were abolished as well, and the district became a part of Pskov Okrug of Leningrad Oblast  On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were also abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast  Between August 1941 and February 1944, Dnovsky District was occupied by German troops  On August 23, 1944, the district was transferred to newly established Pskov Oblast 

Economy
Industry
The industrial enterprises in the district include two metalworking plants, a ceramic production plant, and a bakery 

Agriculture
The main agricultural specialization in the district is cattle breeding with meat and milk production  As of 2012, eight large- and mid-scale farms were operating in the district 

Transportation
Dno is an important railway station where two railways cross  One connects Bologoye and Pskov via Staraya Russa and runs from east to west  Another one connects St  Petersburg and Vitebsk and runs from north to south 
Dno is connected by roads with Soltsy, Porkhov, and Dedovichi  There are also local roads with bus traffic 

Culture and recreation
The district contains three cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally twenty-six objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance  The federally protected monuments are archeological sites 
Passage 7:
Niassa Reserve
Niassa Reserve is a nature reserve in Cabo Delgado Province and Niassa Province, Mozambique  Covering over 42,000 square kilometres (10,000,000 acres), it is the largest protected area in the country  The reserve is part of the Trans-Frontier Conservation Area and links to the Tanzanian Lukwika-Lumesule Game Reserve  It will connect to the Lake Niassa Reserve when it is completed 

History
Founded in 1954 while Mozambique was still Portuguese East Africa, Niassa did not receive effective protection until the end of the Mozambican Civil War with the signing of the Rome General Peace Accords  Since then, the Mozambican government has set up management systems in order to protect the ecology of northern Mozambique  
The relative isolation and lack of development that protects the park also hurts its potential for tourism  Mozambican officials admit constraints to development of the park's appeal include "remoteness and difficult access     lack of any established tourism infrastructure and the logistical hardship associated with starting an enterprise under these conditions "Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit 

Borders
The northern border is formed by the Rovuma River, which also forms the border with Tanzania  Niassa Reserve is twice the size of Kruger National Park and comparable to the total area of Wales, Denmark or Massachusetts 

Ecosystem
Niassa is part of the Eastern miombo woodlands, which also encompasses parts of Tanzania and Malawi  The reserve is one of the largest miombo woodland preserves in the world, with miombo forest covering half of the preserve  The remainder is mostly open savannah, with some wetlands and isolated patches of forest  95% of the preserve's biomass is vegetation, which includes 21 types of plant matter and 191 species of trees and shrubs Niassa Preserve boasts an African wild dog population of over 350, significant for an endangered mammal with a global population estimated at 8000  The park boasts a sable antelope population of over 12000, an elephant population of 16000, over 400 bird species, and large populations of Cape buffalo, impala, wildebeest, zebra and leopards  The area has three endemic species - the Niassa wildebeest, Boehm's zebra, and Johnston's Impala The reserve is home to Mecula Mountain, located at the center of the park with a height of 1,441 metres (4,728 ft) 
Passage 8:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 9:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Passage 10:
Kazachinsky District
Kazachinsky District (Russian: Каза́чинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia  It is located in the southern central part of the krai and borders with Yeniseysky and Motyginsky Districts in the north, Taseyevsky District in the east, Bolshemurtinsky District in the south, and with Pirovsky District in the west  The area of the district is 5,755 square kilometers (2,222 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kazachinskoye  Population:  11,430 (2010 Census); 12,732 (2002 Census); 16,015 (1989 Census)  The population of Kazachinskoye accounts for 33 8% of the district's total population 

Geography
The district is located in the Central part of Krasnoyarsk region, 160-230 km North of Krasnoyarsk And 110-130 km from Yeniseisk  The area is 5755 km² 
Situated on both banks of the Yenisey river, through the area the trail passes Р409 "Krasnoyarsk — Yeniseisk"  Near the village of kazachinsky (233-240 km from Krasnoyarsk) is one of the most impassable areas on the Yenisei — kazachinsky threshold (rus)   Adjacent territory:

North: Yeniseisky and Motyginsky districts of Krasnoyarsk region;
East: Taseevsky district of Krasnoyarsk territory;
South: Bolshemurtinsky district of Krasnoyarsk region;
West: Pirovsky district of Krasnoyarsk region 

History
The district was founded on April 4, 1924 

Divisions and government
Kazachinsky district Council of deputies
Date of formation: 13 09 2015  Term of office: 5 years
Chairman
Paskolniy Igor Nikolaevich
Head of kazachinsky district
Ozerskyh Yury Evgenievich  Date of election: 27 07 2015  Term of office: 5 years
Passage 11:
Swan Miara
Swan Miara (ساون میرا) is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan  It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District Formerly it was a part of the Princely State of Amb 
Passage 12:
Lago District
Lago District is a district of Niassa Province in north-western Mozambique  The principal town is Metangula  Lago District is bordered to the west by Lake Nyasa, on the south by Lichinga, on the east by Sanga District   Lago shares its northern boundary with Tanzania   

Area: 6,438 km2 
Population: 55, 892 (1997 census)
Population density: 8 7 people/km2 (1997)

Settlements
Lupilichi
Chicago

Further reading
District profile (PDF)
Passage 13:
Gallaratese
Gallaratese is a district ("quartiere") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city  It is located about 7 km north-west of the city centre  It borders on the comune of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to 

Overview
The district is clearly subdivided into two parts; the first one, in the area of Via Cechov, has developed after the other one, enclosed between Via Cilea and Via Apennini; this latter, older part of the district is sometimes referred to as quartiere San Leonardo  These two parts are connected by a major shopping mall called Bonola  
Gallaratese is one of the largest districts in Italy to have been built "from scratch" in the 20th century (between the 1960s and 1980s) in a previously rural area  The Olona river, which traverses the district, has been laid underground  The first buildings to be created in Gallaratese were large apartment blocks; smaller palaces were added later  Today, the district has a population of about 60,000  The district is well connected by public transportation; it has four stops of the Milan Metro subway and five bus lines traversing it  It is also close to major thoroughfares such as the Tangenziale and the Strada del Sempione  
A major landmark of the Gallaratese district is Monte Amiata, a complex of apartment blocks that were designed by Carlo Aymonino, and that are characterized by a futuristic architecture  The most typical buildings are the so-called "tower houses" (case torri in Italian, tower-shaped apartment blocks 

History
The project for the Gallaraterse district was first laid down by architect Piero Bottoni in the mid 20th century  The objective was to create a low-income housing district with green areas, effective traffic connection to the city, and functional public services  Construction began in 1957, from a first core of the district named "Gallaratese G 1"  The original plan by Bottoni was then refined and developed by over 60 architects, led by Gianluigi Reggio   A second and third part of the district, named "Gallaratese G 2" and "San Leonardo" respectively, were developed between 1964 and 1974   In those years, the "tower houses" that now characterize the Gallaratese' skyline were built   The final outcome was quite different from the original plans; the district was in fact developed with less green areas and less services than it had been planned, resulting in a definitely "satellite" district  
In the last decades of the 20th century the district has grown larger, gradually extending north up to the borders of Pero; the Bonola shopping mall was also created 

Footnotes
External links
Portal of the Gallaratese district (in Italian)
Passage 14:
Nyuksensky District
Nyuksensky District (Russian: Ню́ксенский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia  It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Ustyansky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, Velikoustyugsky District in the east, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District in the southeast, Babushkinsky District in the south, Totemsky District in the southwest, and with Tarnogsky District in the west  The area of the district is 5,167 42 square kilometers (1,995 15 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Nyuksenitsa  District's population: 9,777 (2010 Census); 11,714 (2002 Census); 13,287 (1989 Census)  The population of Nyuksenitsa accounts for 43 7% of the district's total population 

Geography
The district is located on both banks of the Sukhona River  It is elongated from north to south and divided by the Sukhona roughly into two equal parts  The major part of the district belongs to the basin of the Sukhona and two of its tributaries: the Uftyuga (left) and the Gorodishna (right)  The rivers in the north of the district drain into the Ustya River basin and thus into the basin of the Vaga, a major tributary of the Northern Dvina  Some rivers in the southeast of the district drain into the Kichmenga and the Sharzhenga, left tributaries of the Yug River  The whole district belongs to the basin of the Northern Dvina 
The district is almost completely covered by coniferous forests (taiga)  The exception are the meadows in the floodplains 

History
The area was populated by Finnic peoples and then colonized by the Novgorod Republic (Totma) and Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (Veliky Ustyug)  The Novgorod merchants used the Sukhona River as one of the main waterways leading to the White Sea and the Pechora  After the fall of Novgorod, the area became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow  The village of Bobrovy Yam (currently Bobrovskoye) was mentioned in the chronicles in 1425  Nyuksenitsa was first mentioned in 1619 In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate  In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty  The latter was abolished in 1796, and the part of it which included Nyuksenitsa became Vologda Governorate  It was included into Velikoustyugsky Uyezd  In 1918, the area was transferred to the newly established Northern Dvina Governorate, and in 1924 the uyezds were abolished in favor of the new divisions, the districts (raions) 
Nyuksensky District was established on June 10, 1924 and included areas of former Solvychegodsky and Velikoustyugsky Uyezds  On February 27, 1928, it was renamed Sukhonsky District  In 1929, Northern Dvina Governorate was merged into Northern Krai, and Kokshengsky District was established  On July 30, 1931, Sukhonsky and Kokshengsky Districts were merged, and Nyuksensky District was re-established, with the administrative center located in Nyuksenitsa  In 1935, Tarnogsky District was split off from Nyuksensky District  In 1936, Northern Krai was transformed into Northern Oblast, and in 1937, Northern Oblast itself was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast  Nyuksensky District remained in Vologda Oblast ever since 

Administrative and municipal divisions
Administratively, the district is divided into eleven selsoviets  Municipally, the district is incorporated as Nyuksensky Municipal District and is divided into four rural settlements  The municipal district includes all of the inhabited localities of the administrative district, with the exception of the settlement of Ilezka, which is municipally a part of Babushkinsky District 

Economy
Industry
The economy of the district is based on timber production  There is some food industry present, including a milk factory in Nyuksenitsa 

Agriculture
There is cattle farming in the district, which is still in crisis after the fall in the 1990s 

Transportation
Nyuksenitsa stands on the road connecting Vologda and Veliky Ustyug, and in Nyuksenitsa the road moves over the bridge from the left bank to the right bank of the Sukhona  Another paved road branches off in Nyuksenitsa northwest to Tarnogsky Gorodok and further to Oktyabrsky in Arkhangelsk Oblast  There is regular passenger bus service on both roads 
The Sukhona is navigable within the district; however, there is no passenger navigation 
Nyuksenitsa has an oil-pumping station in the Baltic Pipeline System 

Culture and recreation
The district contains 130 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance  Most of these are wooden farm buildings and churches built prior to 1917 
The only state museum in the district is the Nyuksenitsa Regional Museum, located in Nyuksenitsa 
Passage 15:
Cherdynsky District
Cherdynsky District (Russian: Че́рдынский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Cherdynsky Municipal District  It is located in the north and northeast of the krai and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Krasnovishersky District in the east, Solikamsky District in the south, Kosinsky District in the southwest, and with Gaynsky District in the west  The area of the district is 20,872 square kilometers (8,059 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Cherdyn  Population:  24,568 (2010 Census); 35,152 (2002 Census); 40,688 (1989 Census)  The population of Cherdyn accounts for 20 0% of the district's total population 

Geography
About 94% of the district's territory is covered by forests, which are mostly coniferous  Large portions of the territory are also covered by swamps and lakes  Major rivers flowing through the district include the Kama and the Kolva, with tributaries 

History
The district was established in 1924 

Demographics
Russians, at 90 5%, are the predominant ethnicity in the district  Other ethnicities of note include Tatars and Ukrainians, at 1 5% each 

Economy
The economy of the district is based on forestry and timber industry  There is also food industry 

See also
Vilisova
Passage 16:
Novolaksky District
Novolaksky District (Russian: Новола́кский райо́н; Lak: Цӏуссалакрал кIану) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia  It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Khasavyurtovsky District in the northeast, Kazbekovsky District in the southeast, and with the Chechen Republic in the west  The area of the district is 218 2 square kilometers (84 2 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Novolakskoye  As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 28,556, with the population of Novolakskoye accounting for 20 8% of that number 

History
The area of the modern district was historically a part of Aukh, the homeland of the Aukhs Chechens (one of the nine Chechen tukkhums)  During the Soviet times, it was incorporated as Aukh District of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR and included the territories of modern Novolaksky District along with parts of Kazbekovsky and Khasavyurtovsky Districts  In 1944, when the Chechens were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan, Aukh District was split, and Avars, Laks, Russians, and Kumyks were moved in to replace the deported Chechen population  Novolaksky District was resettled mainly by Laks (hence the name "Novolaksky"; literally "New Lak District"), but some Russians and Avars were settled there too  The mainly Chechen toponyms were replaced with Russian, Avar, and Lak ones 
When the Chechens began returning in 1957, conflicts erupted, as they found others literally living in their houses  Fortunately, the two sides came to an understanding  Neither Laks nor Chechens had much hatred for the other side, and both blamed Moscow for the conflict rather  Chechens understood that Laks had been forced against their will to move there, and did not want to be homeless; Laks understood that Aukh was the Chechens' historical home and they had nowhere else to go  The conflict is still being solved currently by the government of Dagestan with the help of local governments  Laks are being resettled, village by village, to the marsh north of Makhachkala, and Chechen names and the Chechen ownership have been restored to many villages  The process, however, is not complete, and there is still room for pitfalls in the negotiation process  Furthermore, there is still the problem of the Avar-settled former Chechen villages 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Novolaksky District is one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan  The district is divided into three selsoviets which comprise fifteen rural localities  As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Novolaksky Municipal District  Its three selsoviets are incorporated as twelve rural settlements within the municipal district  The selo of Novolakskoye serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district 

See also
History of the Lak people
History of Chechnya
Passage 17:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 18:
Akshinsky District
Akshinsky District (Russian: Акшинский район) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia  It is located in the south of the krai and borders with Ononsky, Ulyotovsky, and Kyrinsky Districts of Zabaykalsky Krai, as well as with Mongolia  The area of the district is 7,400 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi)    Administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Aksha  Population: 10,682 (2010 Census); 12,080 (2002 Census); 14,695 (1989 Census)  The population of Aksha accounts for 36 9% of the district's total population 

Geography
The Onon River flows through the district 

History
The district was established on March 4, 1926 

Economy
The district's landscape is suitable for agriculture  The mineral resources of the district include gold, uranium, precious stones, and timber 
Passage 19:
Michurinsky District
Michurinsky District  (Russian: Мичу́ринский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia  It is located in the northwest of the oblast  The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west  The area of the district is 1,655 25 square kilometers (639 10 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district)  Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);   35,196 (2002 Census); 39,224 (1989 Census) 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Michurinsky District is one of the twenty-three in the oblast  The town of Michurinsk serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of oblast significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Michurinsky Municipal District  The town of oblast significance of Michurinsk is incorporated separately from the district as Michurinsk Urban Okrug 

Notable residents
Afanasy Grigoriev (1782–1868), Neoclassical architect, born in Vasilievskaya
Afanasiy Remnyov (1890–1919), Soviet soldier during the Russian Civil War

See also
Glazok
Passage 20:
Lago Verde (Queyras)
Lago Verde (Italian for "green lake") is a lake which is located  in Italy, close to the French border and the Queyras valley 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Meg Griffin
Meg Griffin is a fictional character in the animated television series Family Guy  Meg is the eldest child of Peter and Lois Griffin and older sister of Stewie and Chris, but is also the family's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and tolerates the brunt of their abuse  She is often bullied, belittled, ridiculed, and ignored 
Meg first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in a 15-minute short on December 20, 1998  She was created and designed by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane, who was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company, based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle-aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve  After the series pilot was given the greenlight, the Griffin family appeared in the episode "Death Has a Shadow" 
Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season, Meg has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 

Personality
Meg is a self-conscious and insecure adolescent girl  She is treated unfairly and abused by various people and has numerous insecurities that prompt her to try to be part of the "in-crowd"  However, this only results in her getting rebuffed by the many bullies of this circle, particularly Connie D'Amico, the head cheerleader of the local high school, James Woods Regional High School  However, a nerdy Jewish student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her Meg is usually the butt of Peter's jokes due to her unpopularity and "ugliness"; Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names  Stewie and Brian tend to disdain her kindness, but they typically do it behind Meg's back  Lois constantly puts Meg down, while boosting her own ego  Lois is usually of little to no help to Meg when she is abused by others; though her attitude is more negligent or apathetic than the more overt and direct abuse given by Peter 
While Meg is usually a pushover, she can get angry when pushed too far, though such occasions are usually rare  This can be seen in the episode "Seahorse Seashell Party", where she strongly insults and defames Peter, Lois, and even Chris for their inconsiderate actions toward her  This causes Peter, Lois, and Chris to distance themselves in shame and sends Peter into depression; though she later apologizes upon realizing that the family needs a "lightning rod" to absorb the dysfunction  In the episode "Road to Rupert", Meg assaults a man for insulting her after a fender-bender 
Despite her persistent mistreatment, Meg has proven a variety of times throughout the series that she is more talented and has greater potential than most people bother to realize, such as bird calls, playing the saxophone, speaking and singing in foreign languages, and even sports such as bowling, field hockey, basketball, roller derby, and even Olympic sports  However, she seldom earns any notable accolades for these abilities, mostly due to her family's lack of regard or interest in her or her inability to stick up against them 
Many of the show's storylines about Meg involve her trying to improve her life, find a boyfriend, being a Russian sleeper agent, and reaching breaking points with her family and others who victimize her  She often becomes obsessed with men who show any kindness or affection to her, including the Griffin's friend and neighbor Joe Swanson in the episode "The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair", and Brian in "Barely Legal" 
Out of all the members of the family, her father Peter abuses her the most, however he is shown to actually care about Meg in various episodes, such as in "Meg and Quagmire" when he goes out of his way to prevent friend and neighbor Glenn Quagmire from having sex with her, and in "This Little Piggy" where he tries to get Meg out of a foot fetishism business objectifying her for men's sexual amusement  Peter occasionally cares about Meg but is not open about it to anyone 

Voice actors
On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode "Hot Tub", Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers  Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season, and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and her role on Party of Five, although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order  Mila Kunis won the role after a series of auditions and callbacks where she was asked to speak more slowly and enunciate more; she was ultimately hired despite being unsure she understood what was expected of her  MacFarlane felt that Kunis invigorated the character, and that her work on That '70s Show showed she could command a scene  MacFarlane stated that Kunis "had a very natural quality to Meg" and she's "in a lot of ways [   ] almost more right for the character"  Kunis' voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two "Da Boom", and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis  Tara Strong provides Meg's singing voice in "Don't Make Me Over"  Archival recordings of Lacey Chabert's voice that she provided as Meg Griffin are used in the tenth season episode "Back to the Pilot" in which Brian and Stewie go back in time to the events of "Death Has a Shadow"  However, Chabert does in fact return for the eleventh season episode "Yug Ylimaf" as Stewie references the fact that time has reversed so much that Meg's voice has reverted back from that of Kunis' to Chabert's 

Lacey Chabert (1999–2000; 2011 archive recordings, 2012)
Mila Kunis (1999–present)
Tara Strong (singing voice)

Social life
Meg is very unpopular in high school due to both her plain appearance and personality  She desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd, but is usually coldly rebuffed  Because of her eagerness for acceptance, she has been recruited "unknowingly" into a suicidal religious cult, and later recruited again unwittingly into her school's Lesbian Alliance (in the episode "Brian Sings and Swings" )  However, Meg does have a moderate number of friends, the best of whom being a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys  In later episodes, these girls, known by the names Beth, Patty, Collette, Esther, and Ruth, are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless, much like Meg 
Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own abdomen twice (in shop class) in order to avoid a date with her, and then in a later episode, another student shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night  In "Don't Make Me Over", Lois is looking for new clothes for Meg, but with no luck; a saleswoman ends up pouring gasoline on herself, lighting a match, catching fire, and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans  However, she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman  In "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter", Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia, Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous  This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil's girlfriend and (not knowing at first) his slave, but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him  Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her, mostly due to his very low standards, asking if she has reached the age of consent  Quagmire comes close to succeeding in "Meg and Quagmire" when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire's 'dates'  Then, they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin, Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens  In several episodes she is shown dating, including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell  She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover; but, before all that happens, she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman  In "Jerome is the New Black", Jerome, an old flame of Lois's and Peter's new friend, admits to having sex with Meg, to which Peter replies indifferently 
In the episode "Brian Sings and Swings", a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club, with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was  Desperate to fit in, she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it  At the end of the episode, Meg goes over to Sarah's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian (Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied), much to Glenn's (who was hiding in Sarah's closet) disappointment  She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker, but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness  In other episodes, she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend  For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian, the family dog and only after threatening suicide Earlier in season 2, she dated Joe Swanson's son Kevin Swanson, but in "Stew-Roids" it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq  In the episode, "Prick Up Your Ears", she dates a boy named Doug, but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex  In the episode "Peter's Daughter", Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma (caused by Peter when he asked her to "rescue" beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen) and they start to date  After he breaks up with Meg (because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma, he would "treat her like a princess"), she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged  After finding out that she is not actually pregnant, Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay, however, Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar  In the episode "Dial Meg for Murder", she is dating a convict, while in the episode "Go, Stewie, Go!" she dates an attractive young man named Anthony, who is absolutely normal (much to the surprise of many of the other characters)  They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg  It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair  Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse 
Overall, Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series  However, there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian: examples of this include "Brian Sings and Swings", "Stew-Roids", and "Dial Meg for Murder" 
In November 2016, when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes, showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian, taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics, like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in "Brian Sings and Swings" and is identified as a "transgender man" named "Ron" in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, the latter which takes place in the future  However, Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus isn't officially set to be used in an episode 

Family life
In the first three seasons of the show, Meg was portrayed with a more whiny and uptight personality who was often embarrassed by the family’s acts of bumbling and stupidity, though they cared for her and meant well  In the post-cancellation seasons, this began to change as the inadvertent embarrassment became deliberate bullying and disrespect  Additionally, the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it appears that most of the population of Quahog who knows her, or even just meets her, picks on or disdains her for no reason other than her simply being "Meg"  This basically means that she is a victim of circumstance, as Meg is normally docile and well-behaved and never seems to do anything mean or inconsiderate  In an interview, Mila Kunis stated: "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in perpetual mode of humiliation, and it's fun "While Meg is, in reality, the least obnoxious or self-involved of the family, she is also the least respected and most misunderstood, often shown by people avoiding her company, disparaging her in person, gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs, etc  Peter reminds Lois, "We agreed that if we could only save two, we'd leave Meg!" even randomly shooting her when she simply said "Hi Dad" ("Peter's Daughter") but despite this he also was going to say "I love you" in "Hell Comes to Quahog", and in "Road to Rupert" he stated they were 'secret best friends' before throwing lemonade in her face, saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to "peer pressure", thus giving hope that they may be on good terms  Occasionally, when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room, Peter responds by saying "Shut up, Meg", which is immediately followed by a line from another character 
When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them, Meg finds Peter's letter to her, which says, "Dear Meg, for the first four years of your life, I thought you were a house cat " And in Peter's short story of her birth, they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth  In the episode "Stewie Kills Lois", Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand  He then says "two and a half months later, our daughter Meg was born" – indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant  Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation, says, "Hey Meg, did you know that if you're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work? 'Cause no one told me! I just thought you should know" and laughs awkwardly  On Meg's 17th birthday, her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age  Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode "PTV", and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in "Long John Peter"  In "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven", Brian says to Meg's face that she lives in a home "where nobody respects or cares about [her], not even enough to get [her] a damn mumps shot!" Chris, however, has more of a typical brother-sister relationship with Meg, with Chris telling those who condemn her that it is never her fault  Chris, at one point, threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss didn't re-hire Meg (at the insistence of Lois)  Like Chris, Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet, and although she has proved it, her father coldly state that they were talking about Chris', not hers  Cleveland comments to Peter "Meg is my least favorite of your children "Apparently, a double standard also exists against Meg, further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her  In "Big Man on Hippocampus", an episode wherein Peter loses his memory, as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex, Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children; in response, Meg attempts an incest joke  She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room  However, in the season finale "Partial Terms of Endearment", Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie, and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter, Lois receives no such violent reaction  Additionally, in "Model Misbehavior", when Lois starts a modeling career, Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois' pictures, followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming "Me too!" to which Peter shouts "Oh God, Meg, that's sick! That's your mother!", ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing first  Meg responded by saying "I was only trying to fit in!" Peter immediately kicked her out of the house  Later, during an unrelated conversation, when she tried to insight Peter on how Lois' behavior from modeling made a poor example for women, he said "Meg, who let you back in the house?"
Brian's attention initially softens the lack of respect from Peter and the rest of family; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West  While initially seeming to have more common decency for Meg than most people, this appears to almost completely disappear after the tenth season, as Brian's increasingly shallow and self-centered character begins to take more pleasure and joy in being rotten to Meg and often refuses to give her the time of day, such as desperately trying to avoid having to comfort her, rejecting an offer by Peter to be Meg's godfather, attempting to pin the blame on (or trying to frame) her for a misdeed, finding humor in her being puked on, and even willing to deliberately urinate on her bed  Meg's most complicated relationship among the family members after Peter would be with her mother Lois  Although not as abusive as Peter, Lois seldom (if ever) reprimands her husband for their treatment of their daughter and tends to be rather thoughtless of Meg herself, often putting her down for her lack of social achievement or social popularity  Throughout the series, Lois can best be described as a general foil to her daughter, being more rebellious, outgoing, and loose-spirited compared to her daughter's own uptight demeanor, easily-embarrassed personality, and lack of confidence  Before the more recent seasons of the series, Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg and tried to boost her confidence in terms of teenage social matters  Occasionally however, such occasions resulted in the former getting carried away and stealing the show, for example, taking her to Spring Break at the beach, only for her former younger wild side to kick in and completely exclude Meg from the excitement  Lois would very often comfort Meg when she is down; however, she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien, and with a "Whatever happens, happens", leaves Meg to her misery 
One of the most cruel examples of the family's lack of humanity or gratitude for Meg comes in the episode "You Can't Do That On Television, Peter"  When Peter is mauled by a puma, Meg uses medical training to save his life  However, no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out, Peter just tells her to get him water 
The family's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in "Dial Meg for Murder" when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal, abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her  It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways  However, it comes to a head once again in "Seahorse Seashell Party", when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter, informing them of their own flaws  Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother's delinquent past  Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent, harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg's shortcomings  Lois tries to justify that she's a better person because of her past and she is open that she isn't the perfect parent, but Meg tells her that she's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to guide her through life and navigate her through the hardships and difficulties of being a young woman  Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18, she may never want to see her again  This breaks Lois' heart and she finally admits that she's been a terrible mother to Meg  Finally, Meg turns on Peter who, unable to comprehend her insults, thinks that his daughter's argument is amusing, even when she points out Peter's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her  It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a "waste of a man " A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to "knock it off", but Lois refuses because he didn't stick up for her  Within moments, Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois  Peter finally runs to his room crying, with Lois running after him, leaving behind Meg and Brian, who is now fully recovered from his trip, to discuss what just happened  Brian likes that Meg stood up for herself, but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word, seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins' "lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction"  He commends her on her maturity, and even goes on to say that Meg is the "strongest person" in the family  She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault 
Since this episode, the abuse that Meg receives begins to fade away as a storyline  She also notices that Peter's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her, and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show—which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and (as it is implied) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion 

Notes
Passage 2:
List of Family Guy cast members
Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors, and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars  The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis (who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season (her last episode is "Holy Crap," now marketed as the second episode of season two)), Seth Green, and Mike Henry  Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton, Adam West, John G  Brennan, Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly, and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller, Charles Durning, Rush Limbaugh, James Woods and Phil LaMarr 
Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters  The voice actors, in portraying the various character personalities on the show, draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture  Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor, after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations 
Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode "Barely Legal" and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production, though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series 

Current cast
From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members  Since season 5, there have been five main cast members  The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 

Seth MacFarlane
Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire  MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it  MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design  Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady  The voice for Glenn Quagmire is based on 1940s and 1950s radio commercials  MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, including news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr  Hartman   He is the only cast member to be in every episode 

Alex Borstein
Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt  Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv  She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen"  At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins  The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original season), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying     and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours "

Seth Green
Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman  Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's 

Mila Kunis
Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin  Kunis won the role after the auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show  MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more  Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her  Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat"  She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation  And it's fun "

Mike Henry
Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert “The Pervert”, Bruce, Consuela, and various other characters  A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005  Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy  On June 26, 2020, after twenty years of voicing the character, Mike Henry announced on Twitter that he was stepping down from voicing Cleveland, stating "persons of color should play characters of color " On September 25, 2020, it was announced that Arif Zahir would take over as the voice of Cleveland 

Recurring cast
In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors  Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently  Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags 
The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

Recurring guest voices
The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson, Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown and Emily Osment as Ruth Cochamer  Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis  Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost  Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists and James Woods as himself  In 2020, it was announced that Sam Elliott would take over as Quahog's new mayor, Mayor West's estranged cousin Wyld West 

Casting changes
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited  Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork 
Jon Cryer voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance before the role passed to Seth MacFarlane  The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned 
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character from the third to eighteenth seasons 
Natasha Melnick was the original voice of Meg Griffin's Friend Ruth Cochamer until Emily Osment took over the character in the eleventh season 
Beginning in 2021-onward, Arif Zahir took over voicing Cleveland Brown from Mike Henry 

Awards and nominations
See also
Television portal
Passage 3:
The Cleveland Show
The Cleveland Show is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane, Richard Appel, and Mike Henry for the Fox Broadcasting Company  A spin-off of Family Guy, and the second television series in the franchise, the series centers on Cleveland Brown, his new wife Donna Tubbs-Brown, and their children Cleveland Brown Jr , Roberta Tubbs, and Rallo Tubbs  Similar to Family Guy, it exhibited much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture, though it uses significantly fewer than Family Guy  Fox cancelled the series after 4 seasons  The animation was produced by Fox Television Animation 
The series was conceived by MacFarlane in 2007 after developing Family Guy and American Dad! for the Fox network  MacFarlane centered the show on Family Guy character Cleveland Brown and created new characters for Cleveland's family members  One preexisting character, Cleveland's son Cleveland Jr  (Junior), was redesigned as an obese, soft-spoken teen, as opposed to his depiction as a younger, hyperactive child with average body weight on Family Guy 
The series premiered on September 27, 2009, and ended on May 19, 2013, with a total of 88 episodes over the course of 4 seasons  The Cleveland Show was nominated for one Annie Award, one Primetime Emmy Award, and two Teen Choice Awards, but received mixed reviews from media critics  Nearly a year after the series' cancelation, Cleveland returned to Family Guy, accompanied by the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family, in the season 12 episode "He's Bla-ack!" during which his show was mercilessly mocked by his friends 

Production
Development
Seth MacFarlane initially conceived The Cleveland Show in 2007 while working on his other two animated series, Family Guy and American Dad! 

The Cleveland Show first appeared on the development slate at Fox in early 2008, under no official name for the pilot, after a report that Fox had purchased the series from creators  The pilot was named The Cleveland Show in May 2008, when it appeared on the primetime slate for the 2008–09 television season, although it wasn't officially on the network schedule  Shortly after a report that King of the Hill just ended, leaving air time for The Cleveland Show, the show was picked up for a full season after an additional nine episodes of the show were ordered  In May 2009, The Cleveland Show appeared on the primetime slate for the 2009–10 television season, for airing on Sunday nights at 8:30 pm On June 15, 2009, it was announced that The Cleveland Show would premiere on September 27, 2009 MacFarlane and Henry pitched a 22-minute to Fox which aired on September 27, 2009 but had been leaked on the internet in June 2009  Even before the pilot episode premiered, the show had already been renewed for a 22-episode second season  After the first season of the show aired, it was given the green light to start production  On June 10, 2010, less than three weeks into the first season's summer hiatus, it was announced that Fox was ordering a third season  A fourth season was announced on May 9, 2011, just a few days before the second season concluded 

Executive producers
Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry and Richard Appel have served as executive producers on the series since the first season 

Voice cast
Mike Henry voices two of the show's main characters: Cleveland Brown and Rallo Tubbs  The voice of Cleveland was developed originally for Family Guy by Henry after being influenced by one of his best friends who had a very distinct regional accent  For the voice of Rallo, Henry stated that he created the voice over twenty years before; he had used it while making prank phone calls 
Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland, stepmother of Cleveland Brown Jr , and mother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs  In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers "wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge " Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled The Golden Blaze  In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs  Predator, Blade, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys 
Reagan Gomez-Preston plays Roberta Tubbs, the stepdaughter of Cleveland  Gomez has stated that she uses her own voice to portray Roberta and that she herself gets mistaken for a fifteen-year-old over the phone "all the time " Before Gomez was cast as Roberta, Nia Long (who co-starred with Lathan in The Best Man franchise) provided the character's voice during the first thirteen episodes  According to Long, she was replaced because producers decided they wanted an actress with a younger-sounding voice, given that the character is a teenager Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on Family Guy and American Dad!, portrays Cleveland, Jr , as well as Cleveland's next-door neighbor Lester Krinklesac  In portraying Cleveland, Jr , Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series ER who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet  For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had "run into a few rednecks in [his] time", and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable  Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode "Harder, Better, Faster, Browner", he was promoted to a series regular 
Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a "Steve Martin impression [   ] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression"  Jess Harnell voices the character for the rest of the series from the next episode onward, as MacFarlane grew tired of voicing the character 
Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a k a  " Federline Jones", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn "Cookie" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar "Freight Train" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender 

Characters
Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife, Donna Tubbs-Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan); Donna's daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's son Rallo (voiced by Mike Henry)  Cleveland, Jr  underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken 

Episodes
Crossovers with other animated sitcoms
The Cleveland Show characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa  The Cleveland Show crossovers have all involved two other animated programs  Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane—Family Guy and American Dad!  There are also many brief cameos of characters from three other Fox animated shows, The Simpsons, Futurama, and King of the Hill 

Syndication and streaming
In July 2010, the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights, for their networks TBS and later, Adult Swim  The series first aired on Adult Swim in the United States on September 29, 2012  On July 14, 2018, Viacom later picked up the rights to the series and the series left Adult Swim and TBS on September 9, 2018  The series began airing on Comedy Central in the United States on October 8, 2018 until April 29, 2022 with ViacomCBS sister networks BET and VH1 airing the series starting on August 31, 2020 and September 14, 2020, respectively  The series is available for streaming on Hulu 
The series began airing on FXX on September 20, 2021 Internationally, The Cleveland Show is available to stream on Star on Disney+ 

Cancellation
On April 17, 2013, Fox dismissed increasing rumors that The Cleveland Show had been canceled, reporting rather that renewal of the series was undetermined as of that time  However, on May 13, 2013, in the New York Daily News, Fox Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly confirmed the show's cancellation  Following the series cancellation, it was confirmed that Cleveland would be moving back to Quahog with the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family to rejoin the Family Guy cast 

Reception
Critical reception
The Cleveland Show initially received mixed reviews from critics  Review aggregator Metacritic gave the show a score of 57 out of 100  Tom Shales of The Washington Post spoke very negatively about both the show and MacFarlane himself, describing him as "no better than the dirty old man hanging around playgrounds with naughty pictures or risque jokes as lures"  Roberto Bianco of USA Today wrote a similarly negative review, suggesting that the easiest fix for its problem was "cancellation"  John McWhorter of The New Republic called it "a patronizing mess" and "basically Family Guy in blackface"  He added: "What isn't black in it is so shamelessly ripped off from Family Guy that it's hard to believe it's the product of creators who are usually so studiously 'post-' obvious stunts of the sort "Matt Rouse of TV Guide wrote, "The lamest, most unnecessary spin-off since Private Practice, Cleveland rests on the shoulders of the hopelessly bland title character"  However, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was more positive about the program, writing that although The Cleveland Show was "just as rude-crude" as Family Guy, it also had "more warmth" due to Cleveland being a more likable character than Peter Griffin  Owen also praised the character of Tim the Bear, stating that "Tim is by far the most amusing creation " Jonathan Storm of the Philadelphia Inquirer, also spoke positively, stating that "[Cleveland] sounds funnier, and he shows way more personality than we've seen in his many years on Family Guy  [   ] While it seems to be missing some of the over-the-top offensive bites we're used to on Family Guy, and Cleveland's new drinking buddies aren't quite as amusing as the Quagmire, Joe, and Peter combination - there's a lot to like here "

Nielsen ratings
Awards and nominations
Home media
Internationally The Cleveland Show is available to stream on Star on Disney + with all four seasons 
Passage 4:
Big Chuck and Lil' John
Charles "Big Chuck" Schodowski (born June 28, 1934) and "Lil' John" Rinaldi (born January 19, 1946) – together commonly known as Big Chuck and Lil' John – are a duo of entertainers who served as late-night horror hosts of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show on television station WJW in Cleveland, Ohio from 1963 to 2008   In addition to hosting a movie with a live audience, they also performed original sketch comedy routines   At the end of each sketch was a very distinctive laugh (see external links section below) voiced by comedian/actor Jay Lawrence, who was a disc jockey for KYW radio in Cleveland during the early 1960s 
On September 10, 2011, WJW began airing a weekly half-hour program – simply titled Big Chuck and Lil' John – featuring classic show skits along with limited new production 

History
Chuck Schodowski (b  June 28, 1934) started as a producer/engineer at WJW-TV (and before that at KYW-TV), and became a close friend of Ernie Anderson  When Anderson's previous sidekick, eventual Hollywood actor Tim Conway, was fired for a fabrication on his résumé, Schodowski was hired as Conway's replacement  Schodowski worked closely with Anderson (as Ghoulardi) on Shock Theater, and was instrumental in bringing in the blend of blues and polka music that helped define the show, adding comic audio drop-ins to enliven the often awful movies, and immortalized The Rivingtons' tune "Papa Oom Mow Mow" by marrying it to the image of an old man gurning When Anderson left Cleveland for California in 1966, his popular Ghoulardi character was retired, and a talent search ensued to find a replacement  Schodowski agreed to help Bob Wells (WJW's "Hoolihan the Weatherman") with his audition, and the management decided they liked the way the two performed together  They became co-hosts of The Hoolihan and Big Chuck Show, which launched on December 23, 1966  In addition to screening horror films, the duo soon started filming comedy skits interspersed within the host segments After Wells left the show in 1979, John Rinaldi, a jeweler by trade who had already been featured on many of the program's skits, took over as co-host  The show itself was relaunched as The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show, and while effectively a separate and distinct show, the familiar Catch As Catch Can theme was retained, among other show elements  Moreover, taped skits from the preceding show often would be rerun on The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show through various "oldies nights" 
For many years, the show aired at 11:30 p m  on Friday nights before moving to 11:30 p m  on Saturday nights starting on October 1, 1988 (to accommodate The Arsenio Hall Show, which WJW was airing following their weeknight 11 p m  newscasts), then back to Fridays following WJW's affiliation switch to Fox in 1994 
After Fox acquired WJW in 1996, the movies selected for The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show were no longer done by either host, and began to deviate from the original horror/science fiction genre into more conventional movie fare  In addition, the start time was again moved in 1996 to Saturdays at midnight following Mad TV, then after Fox debuted Talkshow with Spike Feresten in 2006, the show settled in its final start time of 12:30 a m  Saturday nights/Sunday mornings 
Along with the Saturday night shows, Schodowski and Rinaldi hosted a companion Couch Potato Theater program airing from 10 a m  - noon on Saturday mornings, which featured at various times Three Stooges shorts, episodes of The Abbott and Costello Show, movies, cartoons, or (due to schedule conflicts) an hour long skits only show In December 2006, Schodowski announced he would retire in June 2007   As part of his farewell, WJW broadcast the hour-long retrospective Big Chuck and Lil' John: The End of an Era 
This also marked the end of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show, with the last regular episode airing the afternoon of June 16, 2007 and again in the early morning of June 17 In October 2008, Schodowski released his autobiography, Big Chuck!: My Favorite Stories from 47 Years on Cleveland TV, co-written by The Plain Dealer media writer Tom Feran  The book debuted at the 2008 Ghoulardifest convention 
During the summer of 2011, it was announced that Big Chuck and Lil' John would return to TV on WJW every Saturday morning at 11 a m  (this time, in a 30-minute all skits show similar to the Couch Potato Theater format)   This version of the show began on September 10, 2011  In 2015, the show was moved to Sunday nights at 11:30 p m  The show moved to Monday mornings at 12:30 a m  in 2021, and as of July 2021 the show has been retitled The Best of Big Chuck and Lil' John and introductions to the skits have been dropped Lil' John made news in December 2014, after Cincinnati Bengals head coach Marvin Lewis referred to Cleveland Browns quarterback Johnny Manziel as a "midget"  WJW sent the 4'3" Rinaldi to Cincinnati to cover Lewis' weekly press conference, and he asked the coach some questions In 2019 the duo reunited with Wells to film the five-episode web series Space Ship One 

Notable sketches and parodies
Ben Crazy - a parody of a popular 60's TV medical drama, Ben Casey with Big Chuck as the title character  Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck, but had additional sketches filmed throughout the entire run of Big Chuck & Lil' John 
The Certain Ethnic _____ - a play on Big Chuck's Polish heritage featuring Chuck as "Stash Kowalski" – a stereotypical Polish Clevelander (e g , The Certain Ethnic Motorist, who drives through red traffic lights and stops at green lights)  Big Chuck specifically created the term "certain ethnic" as a euphemism for "Polish" 
The Kielbasa Kid - a parody of TV westerns, with Big Chuck as the bumbling hero  Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Readings By Robert - originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck as a carbon copy of an Ernie Kovacs routine, with Bob Wells in the title role (patterned after Kovacs' "Percy Dovetonsils" character), and Big Chuck as his jazz-ukulele-playing assistant, Carlos  Occasionally rerun throughout the entire run of Big Chuck & Lil' John 
Parma Place - a parody of the 60's soap-opera Peyton Place  Originated on Ghoulardi but was continuously rerun throughout the entire course of Hoolihan & Big Chuck and Big Chuck & Lil' John
Soul Man - a parody of Superman where Big Chuck (as "Ed Tarboosh"  –  mild mannered TV producer) would – with the help of his "soul pills" – become Soul Man, who was a big, black, and bumbling superhero (played by longtime station cameraman Herb Thomas)   Originated on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Mary Hartski, Mary Hartski - a parody of the 70's TV show Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman 
Mariano "Mushmouth" Pacetti - king of the weekly "Pizza Fight" during a six-year period on Hoolihan & Big Chuck 
Cuyahoga Jones and the Castle of Doom - a parody of the Indiana Jones series, with Big Chuck as the title character – and Lil' John as his sidekick "Short Stuff" – chronicling their attempts to capture the "Kapusta Diamond"  These skits were filmed at Squire's Castle in suburban Willoughby Hills, Ohio 

Other cast members
Big Chuck and Lil' John would use some of WJW's personalities, like station meteorologist Dick Goddard, in their skits   A popular Goddard sketch revolved around Goddard's claims that WJW had the best doppler radar in Cleveland   He bragged that WJW's "Super Doppler Google-Plex" was powerful enough to see clearly to a neighborhood, close enough to reveal a woman taking a bath (strategically covered with bubbles) through her bathroom sunroof, as Goddard sheepishly tried to hide the image with his suit jacket   Goddard would appear in numerous skits through the years, sometimes even playing different characters Other longtime supporting players were veteran cameraman/technician Art Lofredo, who appeared in many skits through the years (most frequently as "The Old Man") and had several "Art Lofredo Nights" dedicated to him;  Herb Thomas, a longtime station cameraman who portrayed "Soul Man", and Mary Allen ("the pride of Maple Heights"), who was an older lady and was a viewer who had won an auction in the late 70s to appear on a skit   She impressed Big Chuck with her performance so much, she became a regular player on the show until the late 90s, appearing most frequently as Stash Kowalski's wife Stella in "The Certain Ethnic ______" skits News anchor Robin Swoboda was famously featured as the main villain (a Catwoman takeoff) with several Cleveland Browns players portraying her henchmen in "Batguy & Rinaldi" (a parody of Batman & Robin), and sportscasters Casey Coleman, John Telich and Dan Coughlin were used in sports themed skits  Other later skits featured WJW station announcer Bill Ward announcing introductions to skits or for faux testimonial advertisements in the style of Hoolihan 
Owing to the station's long affiliation with the CBS television network, CBS stars like Buddy Ebsen and Andy Griffith made cameos in several skits, as well as Tim Conway (who like Big Chuck began his career on WJW as a sidekick of Ernie Anderson – though on a separate program) who by then was a star on CBS' The Carol Burnett Show  Athletes like Muhammad Ali, Earnie Shavers and Jack Lambert also made guest appearances in skits 

Other show features
Both The Hoolihan and Big Chuck Show and The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show also made music video parodies as well, including Ray Stevens songs like "Gitarzan", "Indian Love Call" (the skit was titled "The Audio Engineer" and made extensive use of chromakey), "Along Came Jones", "The Streak" and "Bridget the Midget" (which was Lil' John's on-air debut on the show back in 1970), plus other songs like Scott McKenzie's "San Francisco", Jimmy Castor Bunch's "Troglodyte", and Larry Groce's "Junk Food Junkie "
Both shows occasionally would feature a "New Talent Time" sketch where Cleveland area performers, usually performing some sort of offbeat stunt, would be featured  One week featured songwriter Robert McGuire performing his original song "Moon Over Parma", a song that mentioned a journey through the suburbs of Cleveland; the song would later become the theme song for the first season of The Drew Carey Show 

Awards and honors
Big Chuck
29-time Lower Great Lakes Emmy Awards recipient
1994 Silver Circle Award, presented by Local Great Lakes Emmy Awards chapter
Ohio Broadcasters Hall of Fame Inductee (class of 1991)
Cleveland Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame (class of 1999)

Lil' John
1995 Silver Circle Award, presented by Local Great Lakes Emmy Awards chapter
2001 Lower Great Lakes Emmy Award recipient (as co-host of The Big Chuck and Lil' John Show) - Regularly Scheduled Entertainment Program
Ohio Broadcasters Hall of Fame Inductee (class of 1996)
Cleveland Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame (class of 1999)
Passage 5:
Cleveland Bulldogs
The Cleveland Bulldogs were a team that played in Cleveland, Ohio in the National Football League  They were originally called the Indians in 1923, not to be confused with the Cleveland Indians NFL franchise in 1922  However, after team owner Samuel Deutsch purchased the Canton Bulldogs in 1924, he merged the Canton team with his Indians and renamed his franchise the Cleveland Bulldogs  The Canton Bulldogs remained a part of the team until 1925, when they were sold back to Canton  The Cleveland Bulldogs played in the NFL until 1928 when they were relocated to Detroit and became the Detroit Wolverines  The team was later incorporated into the New York Giants in 1929  The Cleveland Bulldogs won the 1924 NFL championship 

History
Origins
Sam Deutsch, a Cleveland jeweler and boxing promoter who also owned a minor-league baseball team, bought an NFL franchise in 1923 and named the team the Indians  They played only seven games in that first season, but they had a shot at the championship, with a 3–0–3 record going into their final game against the Canton Bulldogs, who were also undefeated  The Indians were defeated 46–0 and posted a 3–1–3 league record, finishing fifth in the league, which comprised twenty teams at the time 

Purchase of the Canton Bulldogs
However, in August 1924, Deutsch, bought the defending NFL champions Canton Bulldogs for $2,500  The Bulldogs were experiencing heavy financial troubles at time and were sold to Deutsch without much of a struggle  Duestch combined the Cleveland Indians with the Canton Bulldogs, creating a new team, the Cleveland Bulldogs  Only seven of the Canton players actually joined the new Bulldogs; among them was player-coach Guy Chamberlin  The team played all of its home games at Dunn Field although Deutsch returned the team to Canton for the Thanksgiving game that season 

1924 NFL champions and controversy
The Cleveland Bulldogs won the NFL championship that year with a 7–1–1 record  After winning their first six games, the Bulldogs lost to the Frankford Yellow Jackets and entered a virtual tie with the Chicago Bears for first place in the standings  The Bears played more games, but also had more ties, and their one loss had come in the season opener against the Bulldogs  The Bears attempted to have an after-season exhibition game counted toward the standings, however in 1924 this was against the NFL's rules  In July 1924, NFL owners had agreed on a proposal that the 1924 NFL season would begin on September 27 and end on November 30  Ironically, as it turned out, the proposal was made by Dutch Sternaman, co-owner of the Bears  On the official end date, Cleveland had a 7–1–1 record to Bears' 6–1–4  Ties didn't count at all in those days, so the Bulldogs were in first place with an  875 winning percentage to Chicago's  857  However, on December 7, 1924 the Bulldogs went to Chicago for a challenge match  The Bears won the game, 23–0, and claimed that they deserved the NFL championship; they cited as precedent the 1921 championship decision (which the Bears had won over the Buffalo All-Americans) that declared there was no such thing as an exhibition game  However, the issue wasn't settled until the owners' meeting in January, when the owners voted for Cleveland to take the title  The owners also decided at that meeting that the 1925 season would run through December 20 

Decline
In 1925, several Canton businessmen purchased the rights to the old Canton Bulldogs team from Deutsch for $3,000  The Bulldogs, now known as the Canton Bulldogs, played in Canton during the 1925 and 1926 seasons  However Deutsch continued to call his Cleveland franchise the Bulldogs  He also sold his Cleveland Indians half of the club to Herb Brandt in August 1925  That season the Cleveland Bulldogs fell to a dismal 5–8–1 record  The team performed poorly on the field and at the bank  By mid-November the organization was nearly bankrupt 

In 1926 Brandt received authority from the league to suspend operations for a year  The Bulldogs then returned in 1927, bolstered by players from the folded Kansas City Cowboys franchise  Deutsch returned as the principal owner of this new Cleveland Bulldogs club  He, along with fellow investors Max Rosenblum, Brandt, Harold Gould, and Clinton Winfrey, built the new Bulldogs around native Clevelander Benny Friedman, a star quarterback at the University of Michigan  The team finished fourth in the National Football League this season, with an 8–4–1 record 

Ties to the New York Giants
At the end of the season, Elliott Fisher purchased the Bulldogs and moved the team to Detroit, renaming them the Detroit Wolverines  The 1928 Wolverines team consisted of 12 former Bulldogs players  Before the 1929 season, Tim Mara, owner of the New York Giants, purchased the entire Wolverines squad, including Benny Friedman, and absorbed the team into his New York Giants franchise  Eight former Bulldogs players ended up playing for the Giants that season 

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Season-by-season
External links
Peterson, Robert W  (1997)  Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football  Oxford University Press  ISBN 0-19-511913-4 
Lahman, Sean (2008)  The Pro Football Historical Abstract  The Lyons Press  ISBN 1-59228-940-1 
Ohio History Central: Cleveland Bulldogs
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Cleveland Bulldogs
Passage 6:
Black Swan dance double controversy
The Black Swan dance double controversy concerns an American film and the credit its production gave to performers  Black Swan is a 2010 American psychological horror film about a ballerina directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, and Mila Kunis  After the 83rd Academy Awards, where Portman won Best Actress for her performance in the film as a ballerina, controversy arose over how much credit for the dancing in the film was being given to her and how much to her "dance double", American Ballet Theatre soloist Sarah Lane In a March 3, 2011 blog post (written prior to the DVD release) for Dance Magazine, its editor-in-chief Wendy Perron asked why a visual effects video clip showing Lane's face being replaced by Portman's had been available online but was removed prior to the Oscars  She also speculated as to whether Portman's omission of Lane's name during her acceptance speech was a case of "forgetfulness in the heat of the moment? Or was this omission, and the deletion from the video, planned by the studio's publicity machine?" It was also noted that Lane is credited as "Lady in the Lane" and as "Stunts" rather than as Portman's double in the theatrical release of the film  This led to a number of responses regarding Portman  Aronofsky and Fox Searchlight issued a joint statement, arguing: "We were fortunate to have Sarah there to cover the more complicated dance sequences and we have nothing but praise for the hard work she did  However, Natalie herself did most of the dancing featured in the final film " Benjamin Millepied and Kunis also argued in defense of Portman's dancing  Lane responded through an essay published in The Wall Street Journal (Portman declined through a representative to write one as well) and an interview on 20/20 that her interest lies primarily in defense of ballet as an art form that cannot be mastered in a year 
The DVD of Black Swan was released on March 29, 2011 and includes the featurette with Sarah Lane 

Before the Academy Awards
The film's director Darren Aronofsky stated in a July 2010 interview: "Most of these women who are here started dancing when they were 4, 5, or 6 years old  Their bodies are shaped differently because they started so young  She was able to pull it off  Except for the wide shots when she has to be en pointe for a real long time, it's Natalie on screen  I haven't used her double a lot " Another time when asked whether Portman did all the dancing, he replied "Not everything, but a lot of it  That shot, in the opening prologue when she walks off into the light and she’s flapping her wings, and she’s on pointe, that is 100%, untouched, no digital Natalie Portman  When the camera pulls out on her and she’s on top of the ramp and she’s bleeding, and she’s on pointe, right before she jumps—that is Natalie Portman en pointe" In a November 29, 2010 interview, Portman's other dance double, Kimberly Prosa, also added: "Natalie took class, she studied for several months, from the waist up is her  Sarah Lane a soloist at ABT, did the heavy tricks, she did the fouettés, but they only had her for a limited time, a couple of weeks, so I did the rest of whatever dance shots they needed " In addition, Portman said in an interview with MSN: "I did everything, and the dance double — Sarah Lane, who's a really wonderful dancer — they shot us both doing everything, but because most of the film is in close-up, they're able to use me  The parts I couldn't do were because it's doing very complicated turns en pointe  They would shoot me doing it in flat shoes and Sarah doing it in pointe shoes and find a way to make that work " She also stated in a November 2010 interview with WBUR that "there's a wonderful dancer, Sarah Lane, who did the more complicated pointe work  But I did the stuff that was possible to learn in a year "In December 2010, Lane also gave an interview to Kina Poon of Dance Magazine in which she responds to the question "and how does it feel to be part of a performance that some critics are giving Natalie Portman rave reviews for?" by saying that "I'm not really looking for any sort of recognition  The process was a huge learning experience and I got everything I wanted out of it  But [Portman] deserves the recognition  She worked really hard " Lane's involvement in Black Swan was also mentioned in two other dance magazines and in an article on The New York Times website 

Perron's blog
After the Oscar ceremony on February 27, 2011 in which Portman won the Academy Award for Best Actress and where she thanked many people but did not mention Lane, dancer and editor-in-chief of Dance Magazine Wendy Perron published a March 3, 2011 blog post in which she asks why a visual effects video clip showing Lane's face being replaced by Portman's was once available online but later removed from the Internet prior to the Oscars  She also speculates as to whether Portman deliberately did not mention Lane, by asking if this was a case of "forgetfulness in the heat of the moment? Or was this omission, and the deletion from the video, planned by the studio's publicity machine?" Perron also asks, "Do people really believe that it takes only one year to make a ballerina? We know that Natalie Portman studied ballet as a kid and had a year of intensive training for the film, but that doesn't add up to being a ballerina  However, it seems that many people believe that Portman did her own dancing in Black Swan "Perron followed up the next week with a second blog post on the subject  She interviewed Lane, who states that she did not expect to be named during Portman's acceptance speech because a Fox Searchlight producer had asked her to stop giving interviews until after the Oscars were over: "They were trying to create this façade that [Portman] had become a ballerina in a year and a half     So I knew they didn't want to publicize anything about me " Perron then states that Lane "says she was more offended by that myth than any slight to her as a dancer who worked 'painstaking' hours on the set  She says she's talked to her colleagues about 'how unfortunate it is that, as professional dancers, we work so hard, but people can actually believe that it's easy enough to do it in a year  That's the thing that bothered me the most "

Aftermath
Millepied
Benjamin Millepied (Portman's husband and a principal dancer from New York City Ballet who debuted in Black Swan as both actor and choreographer) responded to Perron's blog in a March 23 interview with the Los Angeles Times  He states in this interview that "there are articles now talking about her dance double [American Ballet Theatre dancer Sarah Lane] that are making it sound like [Lane] did a lot of the work, but really, she just did the footwork, and the fouettés, and one diagonal [phrase] in the studio  Honestly, 85% of that movie is Natalie "

Lane
Lane was then asked about the subject in a March 25 interview with Entertainment Weekly to which she responded that "of the full body shots, I would say 5 percent are Natalie     All the other shots are me " In a later interview with Christopher John Farley of The Wall Street Journal, Lane states that   

I did all of the dancing  Natalie and I alternated shots  They would do close-up shots with her, just of her face and kind of from her arms up  Then they would do the same shot with me, and then they would do a full body shot from far away, or a close-up of my feet, etc  And then there were a few shots they did that were closer full body shots and then they digitally put her face on my body 
This happened, she states, because only someone who has had years of training is able to perform in this manner  On the subject of whether she was being credited as she "deserves", she said, "Definitely not" and elaborates   

It was all my fault really because I didn't have a manager     When I was going to sign my contract, it said on screen credit is up to the producer's discretion      So I signed the contract and I left it  I thought they would kind of take care of me because they were really encouraging and really sweet and always saying how amazing I was  They were kind of rooting me on when I would have to do shots that were really hard and almost impossible even for a professional ballet dancer 
However, she states that her response to the issue of credit is being misrepresented as it is "kind of making me look greedy"  Instead she was actually responding to Perron's blog about the possibility of a "cover-up" and wanted to clarify that "I do want people to know that you cannot absolutely become a professional ballet dancer in a year and a half no matter how hard you work  I've been doing this for 22 years " Lane also reiterates that she was asked by producers to stop giving interviews until after the Oscars were over and as to why she thinks that happened, explained:

I had read a lot of articles that Natalie had done where she said she did 90 percent of the dancing  And never mentioned my name once  Nobody ever mentioned my name hardly ever  I'm not stupid, I got the idea that they really want to make it look like she [Portman] had accomplished something incredible 
Lane continued, "I do want people to know that she did work really hard  And she lost a lot of weight so that if you looked at her, you would say she could pass from the arms up as a dancer  She's an amazing actor  I can't act like that  But to say that she did all of the dancing is absolutely ridiculous to anyone that knows anything about ballet "

Aronofsky and Fox Searchlight
In response, people involved with the film (particularly Aronofsky) and Fox Searchlight disputed Lane's claim  They released statements that stated: "We were fortunate to have Sarah there to cover the more complicated dance sequences and we have nothing but praise for the hard work she did  However, Natalie herself did most of the dancing featured in the final film " Aronofsky stated in an interview with Entertainment Weekly:

I had my editor count shots  There are 139 dance shots in the film  111 are Natalie Portman untouched  28 are her dance double Sarah Lane  If you do the math, that's 80% Natalie Portman  What about duration? The shots that feature the double are wide shots and rarely play for longer than one second  There are two complicated longer dance sequences that we used face replacement  Even so, if we were judging by time, over 90% would be Natalie Portman  And to be clear, Natalie did dance on pointe in pointe shoes  If you look at the final shot of the opening prologue, which lasts 85 seconds, and was danced completely by Natalie, she exits the scene on pointe  That is completely her without any digital magic  I am responding to this to put this to rest and to defend my actor  Natalie sweated long and hard to deliver a great physical and emotional performance  And I don't want anyone to think that's not her they are watching  It is 

Kunis
Mila Kunis, Portman's co-star in the film, also gave an interview with Entertainment Weekly in which she said, "Natalie danced her ass off" and that "[Portman will] tell you [that], no, she was not on pointe when she did a fouetté [turn]  No one's going to deny that  But she did do every ounce of every one of her dances      [Lane] wasn't used for everything  It was more like a safety net  If Nat wasn't able to do something, you'd have a safety net  The same thing that I had — I had a double as a safety net  We all did  No one ever denied it" 

Perron
In an email exchange with Farley published on March 28 in The Wall Street Journal, Wendy Perron stated, "the publicity department for Fox Searchlight, the studio behind the film, is just 'doing its job' in promoting Portman's work"  She also noted: "'Natalie did most of the dancing where you see her in closeup, and she worked hard to make them convincing', Perron said via email  'Obviously, the far shots plus the pirouettes and closeups on the feet were Sarah or another double '"

Lane and Portman further responses
Lane The Wall Street Journal essay
On March 30, The Wall Street Journal published an essay by Lane on the subject  (It had asked both Portman and Lane to write about these events, but Portman declined through a representative ) Lane's essay, "My (Double) Life as A Black Swan", describes the life of a ballet dancer and concludes by stating:

I know that some people are getting very defensive about Black Swan and my role in it, but back-stabbing is not my purpose when people ask me about the legitimacy of the dance shots in the movie  I only care to speak the truth  The truth is that no one, not Natalie Portman, or even myself can come anywhere close to the level of a professional ballerina in a year and a half  Period  That doesn't mean that I don't admire Natalie and her acting  She is so talented and can inspire people, as well, with her own art form  She did an amazing job portraying her character in Black Swan  (Though the movie wasn't a completely realistic reflection of ballet or dancers ) My only wish is that Natalie, Darren, and certain others who worked closely on the movie could have grasped the beauty and the heart of true ballet  If they had, they would have advocated for this art more and given the real dancers the credit that they deserve 

Portman E! interview
In an April 6 interview with E!, Natalie Portman responded to the question: "What do you want to say to people who are questioning your dancing in the film?" by stating: "I had a chance to make something beautiful with this film and I don't want to give in to the gossip"  She also said, "I know what went on  We had an amazing experience making the movie  I don't want to tarnish it by entering into nastiness      I'm really proud of everyone's work on the movie and of my experience  And I'll have that forever  So it's nice for me to always know about that, no matter what kind of nastiness or gossip is going around " In response to a question regarding her Oscar acceptance speech, Portman responded, "I don't remember my Oscar speech at all, and I'm actually too embarrassed to watch it "

Lane 20/20 interview
In an April 15 interview with Elizabeth Vargas for ABC's 20/20, Lane stated: "I didn't really specify anything in my contract about getting onscreen credit or anything     I didn't do the movie to get fame or recognition or anything " She added, "I'm not speaking because I feel like I should be heralded      I'm speaking because [the filmmakers] are completely lying about the amount of dancing Natalie did in the movie  When those incorrect things are coming out, and they threaten the entire principle of ballet, then I feel like I need to say something " When Vargas asked if it is possible that both interpretations of the "math" can be correct, Lane responded: "It's possible, like I said, if you're counting the close-ups of her face as actual dancing shots  But I don't call close-ups of her face actual dancing "20/20 also asked Black Swan editor Andy Weisblum for his take on the math  He responded that "there are about 35 shots that are full body shots in the movie  Of those 35 shots, 12 are Natalie, and then the rest are Sarah  But over the overall film, Natalie did a lot more than that  I mean, she did most of the other shots  It was sometimes hard for me to tell the difference as the editor, it was so close " Lane further reiterated the point that prior to the Oscar ceremony, she gave an interview with Glamour for an article titled The Real Black Swan  After this interview, a Black Swan producer contacted her: "He asked if I would please not do any more interviews until after the Oscars because it was bad for Natalie's image     They were trying to create this image, this facade, really, that Natalie had done something extraordinary  Something that is pretty much impossible     to become a professional ballerina in a year and half " Lane also emphasized that her criticism was not directed at Portman's acting: "I think she is a really beautiful actress     I loved working with her  And she was really focused on her character every day  I definitely think she deserves all the credit that she got with the Oscar "

Dance Channel TV Network interview
In another interview for the Dance Channel network, Lane was asked, "Looking back and having experienced what you had and deciding to talk about what happened, would you do Black Swan again?" Her answer was, "Yeah, I would "



ground_truth: Cabo Delgado Province

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who did the original voice of the character played by mila kunis in the cleveland show?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Red Dragon (2002 film)
Red Dragon is a 2002 psychological thriller film based on the 1981 novel by Thomas Harris  It was directed by Brett Ratner and written by Ted Tally  It is the third film of the Dino De Laurentiis Company production, last produced by Universal and last starred by actor Anthony Hopkins  It follows The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and Hannibal (2001) as a prequel, being followed by Hannibal Rising (2007)  The film sees FBI agent Will Graham (Edward Norton) enlisting the help of serial killer Hannibal Lecter (Anthony Hopkins) to catch another killer, Francis Dolarhyde (Ralph Fiennes)  Harvey Keitel, Emily Watson, Mary-Louise Parker, and Philip Seymour Hoffman also star 
It is considered the fourth of the five released films regarding Hannibal Lecter  The novel was previously adapted into the film Manhunter (1986)  Both films feature the same cinematographer, Dante Spinotti  After turning down the Silence of the Lambs sequel, Hannibal (2001), Silence of the Lambs screenwriter Ted Tally returned to write Red Dragon  It was released on October 4, 2002 to generally positive reviews from critics, who deemed it to be an improvement over Hannibal, but inferior to The Silence of the Lambs       It was a box office success, earning $209 million worldwide against a $78 million budget  An origin story, titled Hannibal Rising was released in 2007 

Plot
In 1980, FBI agent Will Graham visits forensic psychiatrist Hannibal Lecter to discuss a case  Graham has been working with Lecter on a psychological profile of a serial killer who removes edible body parts from his victims; Graham is certain the killer is a cannibal  Realizing Graham is close to discovering he is the killer, Lecter stabs him, but Graham subdues him before falling unconscious  Lecter is imprisoned in an institution for the criminally insane, and Graham, traumatized, retires to Florida with his family 
Years later, in 1986, another serial killer nicknamed the Tooth Fairy has killed two families – the Jacobis and the Leeds – during full moons  With another full moon approaching, special agent Jack Crawford persuades Graham to help develop the killer's profile  After visiting the crime scenes in Atlanta, Georgia, and Birmingham, Alabama, and speaking with Crawford, Graham concludes that he must consult Lecter  Lecter taunts Graham but agrees to help 

The Tooth Fairy is Francis Dolarhyde, who kills as directed by his alternate personality, which he calls the Great Red Dragon, named after the William Blake painting The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in Sun, which he has tattooed on his back  He believes that each victim brings him closer to becoming the Dragon, as his psychopathology originates from his childhood abuse by his grandmother 
Freddy Lounds, a tabloid reporter for the National Tattler, pursues Graham for leads on the Tooth Fairy  A letter from the Tooth Fairy is discovered hidden in Lecter's cell, expressing admiration for Lecter and an interest in Graham and suggesting that Lecter reply through the personals section of the Tattler, which he does with Graham's home address, forcing Graham's wife, Molly, and son, Josh, to relocate  While in hiding, Graham teaches Molly how to fire a handgun 
To lure out the Tooth Fairy, Graham gives an interview to Lounds, disparaging the killer as an impotent homosexual and that Lecter was only feigning interest in him  Enraged, Dolarhyde kidnaps Lounds, glues him to a wheelchair and reveals himself as the Great Red Dragon  Dolarhyde shows Lounds photos he took of his victims before and after he murdered them  Dolarhyde forces Lounds to recant his allegations on tape, sets him on fire and sends him rolling and crashing into a company sign outside the Tattler offices 
At his job in a St  Louis photo lab, Dolarhyde gives blind co-worker Reba McClane a ride to her home and they begin a relationship  However, his alternate personality demands that he kill her  Desperate to stop the Dragon's control over him, Dolarhyde goes to the Brooklyn Museum, tears apart the Blake painting, and eats it 
Graham realizes that the Tooth Fairy knew the layout of his victims' houses from their home videos  He deduces that he works for the company that edits the home movies and transfers them to video  He visits the company processing plant to ask for information, and is spotted by Dolarhyde as he returns from Brooklyn 
In a panic, Dolarhyde goes to Reba's house  She has spent the evening with a co-worker, Ralph Mandy  After Reba enters her home, Dolarhyde kills Ralph, kidnaps Reba, takes her to his house, and sets it ablaze  Unable to shoot her, Dolarhyde apparently shoots himself  Reba escapes as the police arrive 
After an autopsy is performed on the corpse, it is revealed that Dolarhyde used Ralph's body to stage his death  Dolarhyde later infiltrates Graham's home in Florida and takes Josh hostage, threatening to kill him  To save Josh, Graham loudly insults him, reminding Dolarhyde of his grandmother's abuse and provoking him to furiously attack Graham  Both are severely wounded in a shootout, which ends when Molly kills Dolarhyde 
Graham survives and receives a letter from Lecter praising his work and bidding him well  Lecter's jailer, Dr  Frederick Chilton, tells him that he has a visitor, a young woman from the FBI 

Cast
Production
The 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs, starring Anthony Hopkins as Lecter, was a critical and commercial success, winning five Academy Awards  Hopkins was the only major member of the Silence of the Lambs team to return for the 2001 sequel, Hannibal; it was also a commercial success, but received less positive reviews  Both films were adapted from novels by Thomas Harris Husband-and-wife producers Dino and Martha De Laurentiis decided to produce a film based on the 1981 novel Red Dragon, the first Hannibal Lecter novel, as a prequel to The Silence of the Lambs  Dino said that people thought he was "crazy" for adapting the book, as it had been previously adapted as Manhunter (1986), with Brian Cox as Lecter  Both Manhunter and Red Dragon had the same cinematographer, Dante Spinotti Hopkins hesitated to sign on, worried that three Lecter films might be too much  Screenwriter Ted Tally, who wrote The Silence of the Lambs but not Hannibal, had turned down many offers to write more serial killer stories  He said he liked the idea of Hopkins' Lecter films forming a trilogy: "If it ends here, it will end gracefully  I would hate to see this become Hannibal Lecter XIII " To satisfy expectations, Tally added Lecter scenes not in the novel, describing it as a "commercial reality"  He had the support of Harris, who sent Tally dialogue and ideas for scenes  Edward Norton and Ralph Fiennes admired The Silence of the Lambs but had not enjoyed Hannibal  The cast were persuaded to join by Tally's screenplay; Fiennes felt it worked "only on suspense", without overt violence Norton and Ratner disagreed on the scene in which Graham approaches the incarcerated Lecter for the first time  Ratner wanted Norton to incorporate a gesture or look to indicate Graham's fear, but Norton felt the audience would not need this if it were filmed correctly  They compromised by showing Graham's sweat stains when he removes his jacket in the next scene  Whereas Fiennes wanted to avoid overplaying his serial killer character, Hopkins aimed to play Lecter with more "danger and rage" than before  Fiennes spent 90 minutes of each day for months building his physique, and wore a prosthetic to give him a cleft palate  The tattoo on his back took around eight hours to apply 

Soundtrack
Red Dragon: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was composed by Danny Elfman, and produced by Mark Helfrich and Brett Ratner  Decca Records released it on September 24, 2002, in the United States and Canada 

Reception
Box office
Red Dragon was released on October 4, 2002, and opened in 3,357 theaters in the United States, grossing $13,478,355 on its opening day and $36,540,945 on its opening weekend, ranking #1 ahead of Sweet Home Alabama with a per theater average of $10,885  It went on to achieve the highest October opening weekend, beating Meet the Parents  This record was surpassed by Scary Movie 3 the following year  On its second weekend, it remained #1 and grossed $17,655,750 – $5,250 per theater  By its third weekend it dropped down to #3 and made $8,763,545 – $2,649 per theater In the UK, Red Dragon collected $4 6 million during its opening weekend, ranking in first place at the box office above Lilo & Stitch Red Dragon grossed $93,149,898 in the United States and Canada and $116,046,400 in other territories  In total, the film has grossed $209,196,298 worldwide 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 69% based on 191 reviews, with an average rating of 6 40/10  The site's consensus said the film is "competently made, but everything is a bit too familiar"  On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review, stating: "This darkly seductive, flawlessly acted piece is worlds removed from most horror films  Here monsters have their grandeur, heroes their gravity  And when they collide, a dance of death ensues between two souls doomed to understand each other " Todd McCarthy of Variety also gave the film a positive review, saying that the "audiences will be excused for any feelings of déjà vu the new film might inspire  That won't prevent them from watching it in rapt, anxious silence, however, as the gruesome crimes, twisted psychology and deterministic dread that lie at the heart of Harris' work are laid out with care and skill "Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 5 out of four, praising Brett Ratner's directing and the film's atmosphere  He stated: "To my surprise, Ratner does a sure, stylish job, appreciating the droll humor of Lecter's predicament, creating a depraved new villain in the Tooth Fairy (Ralph Fiennes), and using the quiet, intense skills of Norton to create a character whose old fears feed into his new ones  There is also humor, of the uneasy he-can't-get-away-with-this variety, in the character of a nosy scandal-sheet reporter (Philip Seymour Hoffman) " David Sterritt of the Christian Science Monitor gave the film a positive review, stated that "the most refreshing aspect of Red Dragon is its reliance on old-fashioned acting instead of computer-aided gizmos  Hopkins overdoes his role at times—his vocal tones are almost campy—but his piercing eyes are as menacing as ever, and Ralph Fiennes is scarily good as his fellow lunatic "David Grove of Film Threat, who gave the film four stars out of five, said: "Is Red Dragon a better film than Manhunter? I don't know  I think it stands on its own, but I wonder how much people who are intimately familiar with Manhunter will be shocked by it, although the ending is altogether different and much more realized, I think"  Rick Kisonak, who also wrote for Film Threat, also gave the film a positive review, but he gave it three stars out of five, saying: "The only downside to this delectable third course? The regrettable likelihood that Lecter fans will have to make do without dessert "Edward Guthmann of San Francisco Chronicle, gave the film a mixed review, saying that "in Hollywood, where integrity is rapidly consumed and careers defined by market value, there's trash and there's trash with a pedigree " Stephanie Zacharek, for Salon, also gave the film a mixed review, stating: "If you buy the overprocessed headcheese of the serial killer as refined genius, you'll love Red Dragon  Or maybe not  Even Hannibal Lecter devotees may lose patience with this picture's grandiose, self-serious ponderousness—that's Lecterese for, 'It's kind of boring in patches, actually '" William Arnold of Seattle Post-Intelligencer, who gave the film a mixed review, said that the film "basically lives up to the old adage that the final work in a trilogy is invariably the weakest " Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review; he stated: "Red Dragon's formula is so risible and rote by now that the natural reaction to scenes of peril, torture, and suffering is flippant laughter "

Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD on April 1, 2003  It was released in two extras-packed DVD editions, a single-disc package and two-disc "Director's Edition"  The single-disc package includes deleted scenes, director's commentary by Brett Ratner, Interview with FBI profiler John E  Douglas, Four featurettes: "The Hannibal Lecter Story," "The Making of Red Dragon," "The Art of Criminal Profiling" and "The Making of a Killer"  The Director's Edition includes Ratner's video diary, featurette "The Red Dragon Tattoo", screen and film tests, and storyboard-to-final-feature comparisons 

Awards
Red Dragon was nominated for 13 awards, and won several, including Empire Award for Best British Actress (Emily Watson) and Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actor Age Ten or Younger (Tyler Patrick Jones) 

See also
List of films featuring home invasions

Notes
Passage 2:
Rod Smith (wide receiver)
Roderick Duane Smith (born May 15, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for 14 seasons for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL)   He played college football for the Missouri Southern Lions   He was originally signed by the Broncos as an undrafted free agent and played his entire career with the team   As of 2023's offseason, his 849 career receptions and 11,389 receiving yards ranked him 30th all-time for receptions and 34th for yards 

Personal life
At Arkansas Senior High School in Texarkana, Arkansas, Smith lettered two years in football and basketball, and one year in baseball  As a senior in football, he was All-League, All-Area, and All-State  Outside of football Rod Smith has three kids (Roderick Smith Jr , Devin Smith, and Vanessa Webb)  He is a business entrepreneur as he has expressed in many interviews  Some of these have featured his kids speaking about their father's accomplishments on and off the field 

College career
Smith enjoyed a stellar career at Missouri Southern State University, finishing with conference records in career receiving yards (3,043) and touchdowns (34)  He also broke the school’s reception record (153), and was named first-team All-America by AP, Kodak, Football Gazette and NCAA Division II sports information directors after his senior year  In his final season, Smith caught 63 passes for 986 yards and 13 touchdowns, and was a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy, given annually to the top football player at the Division II level  He was named Missouri Southern’s Outstanding Graduate in 1994 after completing his collegiate studies with three degrees, in economics and finance, general business, as well as marketing and management 

Professional career
After the 1994 draft, Smith went undrafted and was signed by the Denver Broncos as a free agent  His first NFL catch was a last-minute 43-yard touchdown from John Elway in a 38–31 win against the Washington Redskins on September 17, 1995  In fourteen seasons as an NFL player, Smith had eight seasons of at least 1,000 receiving yards  He had two seasons of at least 100 receptions (2000: 100; 2001: 113)  In 2000, Smith and teammate Ed McCaffrey became only the second wide receiver duo on the same team to each gain 100 receptions in the same season (with Herman Moore and Brett Perriman)  His 113 receptions in 2001 led the league  He was a starting wide receiver of the Broncos' back-to-back Super Bowl championships in 1997 and 1998  In the Broncos' 34–19 win in Super Bowl XXXIII, Smith had 5 receptions for 152 yards, tied for 5th most in Super Bowl history, including an 80-yard touchdown reception  He was a finalist for the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award in 2004 
A hip injury that he suffered in 2006 required a complete hip replacement  On December 28, 2007 it was revealed that Smith needed another hip surgery, possibly ending his career  He was placed on the reserve/retired list on February 15, 2008, and announced his formal retirement from professional football on July 24, 2008 in a press conference at the team's Dove Valley headquarters 
Smith finished his career as the Broncos all-time leader in receptions (849), receiving yards (11,389), and touchdown receptions (68)   Also an accomplished punt returner, Smith returned 53 punts for 647 yards and a touchdown   His 12 2 yards per return average ranked him 2nd all time among Broncos players with at least 50 punt returns   With two Super Bowls, three Pro Bowls, and a controversy-free career noted for professionalism, Smith left the Broncos as one of the most well-loved players of all time  In May 2012 it was announced that he would be inducted into the Broncos Ring of Fame in his first year of eligibility for the honor  The induction ceremony took place on Sunday, Sep 23, at halftime of the Broncos' home game against the Houston Texans at Sports Authority Field at Mile High 

Awards and accomplishments
First undrafted player to reach 10,000 receiving yards, and the 24th in history to eclipse that figure 
Has the most receiving yards (11,389) and touchdown receptions (68) of any undrafted player in NFL history 
Ranks second on the most receptions (849) by any undrafted player in NFL history, behind Wes Welker 
Holds Broncos franchise records in career receptions, receiving yards and touchdown catches 
Ranks first on Denver's all-time yards from scrimmage list 
Only the sixth player in NFL history to have 100 receptions against at least 3 teams (Kansas City Chiefs, San Diego Chargers and Oakland Raiders) 
AFC Offensive Player of the Week (week 15; 12/17/05 against the Buffalo Bills at Buffalo) 
Associated Press second-team All-Pro (2000, 2001) 
Football Digest first-team All-Pro (2000, 2001) 
USA Today first-team All-Pro (2000) 
College and Pro Newsweekly first-team All-Pro (2000) 
Pro Football Weekly All-AFC (2000, 2001) 
Division II Hall of Fame (Inducted in 2008)
College Football Hall of Fame (Inducted in 2009)
Denver Broncos Ring of Fame (Inducted in 2012)

Franchise records
As of 2023's NFL off-season, Rod Smith held at least 11 Broncos franchise records, including:

Receptions: career (849), season (113 in 2001)
Receiving Yds: career (11,389), playoffs (860)
Receiving TDs: career (68), playoffs (6)
Total TDs: career (71)
Yds from Scrimmage: career (11,737)
All Purpose Yds: career (12,488)
Games with 1+ TD scored: career (66)
Seasons with 1000+ receiving yards: career (8)
Passage 3:
Ron Smith (wide receiver)
Ronnie Bernard Smith (born November 20, 1956) is a former professional American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons with the Los Angeles Rams, the San Diego Chargers, and the Philadelphia Eagles 
Smith played defensive end at Kathleen High School in Lakeland, Florida  At 6 feet (1 8 m) and 185 pounds (84 kg), he received an offer to play for Cal State Fullerton, and instead enrolled at Fullerton College  He switched to playing wide receiver after his first year, and was a Junior College All-American the following season, when he earned a scholarship to play with San Diego State  As a senior in 1977, Smith caught 49 passes for around 700 yards and 14 touchdowns and was a key to the Aztecs' 10–1 season In the 1978 NFL draft, Smith was selected in the second round by the Los Angeles Rams  He caught just one pass as a rookie in 1978  A seldom-used sophomore in 1979, he caught a 43-yard touchdown from Vince Ferragamo at the end of the first half to give the Rams a 14–5 lead in an eventual 21–19 win over Dallas in the divisional playoffs  In Super Bowl XIV, Smith caught a 24-yard touchdown on a halfback option pass from Lawrence McCutcheon, but the Rams loss 31–19 to Pittsburgh  The San Diego Chargers acquired him from the Rams at the end of the preseason in 1980 for a middle-round draft pick  He caught just four passes for 48 yards during the regular season for San Diego   However, he came up with another key playoff touchdown when he caught a game-winning 50-yard score from Dan Fouts with 2:08 remaining in a 20–14 win over the Buffalo Bills, advancing the Chargers to the AFC Championship Game After his NFL career, Smith signed with the Oakland Invaders of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1984   Smith played in six games, starting five, and caught nine passes for 107 yards and one touchdown before being placed on injured reserve on May 30, 1984 

External links

Career statistics and player information from NFL com · Pro Football Reference
Passage 4:
Clarice Starling
Clarice M  Starling is a fictional character and protagonist of the novels The Silence of the Lambs (1988) and Hannibal (1999) by Thomas Harris 
In the 1991 film adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs, she was played by Jodie Foster, while in the 2001 film adaptation of Hannibal, she was played by Julianne Moore  In the CBS television series Clarice, she is played by Rebecca Breeds 
Clarice Starling, as portrayed by Foster, is ranked by the American Film Institute as the greatest heroine in film history  Rolling Stone and Entertainment Weekly ranked Starling as one of the "50 Greatest Movie Protagonists" and "100 Greatest Movie Characters" respectively  Foster's interpretation of Starling is highly ranked amongst the greatest screen performances of all-time, receiving a multitude of accolades including the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1992 

The Silence of the Lambs
In The Silence of the Lambs, Starling is a student at the FBI Academy  Her mentor, Behavioral Sciences Unit chief Jack Crawford, sends her to interview Dr  Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer  He is housed in a Baltimore mental institution  Upon arriving at the asylum for her first interview with Lecter, the asylum manager Frederick Chilton makes a crude pass at her, which she rebuffs; this helps her bond with Lecter, who despises Chilton  "Multiple" Miggs, the inmate in the cell next to Lecter, throws his semen at her; this offends Lecter, who "influences" Miggs to commit suicide as a way of apologizing to her 
As time passes, Lecter gives Starling information about Buffalo Bill, a currently active serial killer being hunted by the FBI, but only in exchange for personal information, which Crawford had specifically warned her to keep secret from Lecter 
Starling tells Lecter that she was raised in a small town in West Virginia by her father, a night marshal  When she was a young child, her father was shot when responding to a robbery; he died a month after the incident  Her mother managed to keep the family together for more than two years after his death, working as a motel maid in the daytime and cooking at a café at night, but she was ultimately unable to support the entire family  When Starling was 10 years old, she was sent to live with her mother's cousin on a Montana sheep and horse ranch, but she ran away when she witnessed the spring lambs being slaughtered, fleeing with a mare also destined for the slaughterhouse whom she named Hannah  Starling was caught, but her mother's cousin eventually agreed to let her go, and she and Hannah both went to a Lutheran orphanage, where she spent the rest of her childhood 
According to the novel, Starling attended the University of Virginia as a double major in psychology and criminology  During that time, she spent two summers working as a counselor in a mental health center  Starling first met Crawford when he was a guest lecturer at UVA  His criminology seminars were a factor in her decision to join the FBI 
During the investigation, Starling is assigned to coax Lecter into revealing Buffalo Bill's identity  Lecter gives her clues in the form of cryptic, riddling information designed to help Starling figure it out for herself  The two grow to respect each other, so when Lecter escapes during a transfer to a state prison in Tennessee, Starling does not fear that he will kill her, as he "would consider it rude" 
Starling deduces from Lecter's hints that Buffalo Bill's first victim had a personal relationship with him, and so goes to the victim's home in Belvedere, Ohio, to interview people who knew her  She unknowingly stumbles onto the killer himself, Jame Gumb, who is living under the alias "Jack Gordon"  When she sees a Death's-head Moth, the same rare kind that Buffalo Bill stuffs in the throats of each of his victims, flutter through the house, she knows that she has found her man and tries to arrest him  Gumb flees, and Starling follows him into his basement, where his latest victim is alive and screaming for help  Gumb turns off the electricity in the basement, and stalks Starling through the rooms wearing night-vision goggles  As Gumb readies to shoot Starling, Starling hears him cock the hammer of his revolver and opens fire towards the sound, killing him  She is lauded as a hero in the press, and graduates with honors from the FBI Academy, becoming a full-fledged agent 
Weeks later, Lecter writes Starling a letter from a hotel room somewhere in St  Louis asking her if the lambs have stopped screaming 
The final scene of the novel has Starling sleeping peacefully at a friend's vacation house at the Maryland seashore 

Hannibal
At the beginning of Hannibal, Starling is in her early 30s and still working for the FBI, although her career has been held back by Paul Krendler, a Department of Justice official who resents her because he is a misogynist, because she rejected his sexual advances, and because he believes that she humiliated him  She takes part in a bungled drug raid, in which she returns fire after a drug kingpin fires at her, using an infant as a human shield; her superiors blame her for the resulting mess, and she is removed from active duty, mostly at Krendler's instigation  She receives a supportive letter from Lecter, who is (unknown to her at the time) residing in Florence, Italy under an alias  One of Lecter's surviving victims, a sadistic pedophile named Mason Verger, is searching for Lecter and has offered a huge reward, which corrupt Florentine police inspector Rinaldo Pazzi tries to claim when he deduces Lecter's true identity in Florence 
Starling finds out that Lecter is in Florence and attempts to warn Pazzi  As Starling predicted, Lecter knows about the plot to capture him and, as a result, he kills Pazzi  Lecter then flees to the United States and immediately starts to follow Starling  Starling, meanwhile, is being harassed at the FBI by various corrupt agents, especially by Krendler, who is secretly assisting Verger in his attempt to capture Lecter  Starling attempts to find Lecter first, not only to capture him but also to save him from Verger  Krendler attempts to frame Starling in a scheme planned by Verger, alleging she sent coded newspaper messages to Lecter; this only results in her being suspended, but she is now powerless to stop Verger's men  Lecter is captured by Verger, who plans to feed him to a pack of specially bred wild boars 

Starling is aware that Lecter is being held by Verger, so she attempts to save him so she can bring him in to the authorities  Following Verger's death at the hands of his sister Margot, Starling uses the distraction to try to rescue Lecter  She is wounded in the ensuing gunfight with Verger's men, but Lecter rescues her and nurses her back to health  He then subjects her to a regimen of psychoactive drugs in the course of therapy sessions to help her heal from her childhood trauma and her pent-up anger at the injustices of the world  He considers whether his long-dead younger sister Mischa may somehow be able to live again through Starling 
During this time, Lecter captures Krendler and performs a craniotomy on him while he is still alive  During an elaborate dinner, Lecter scoops spoonfuls of Krendler's forebrain to saute with lemon and capers  In the novel, he serves Krendler's brain to Starling, who finds it delicious 
Lecter's plan for Mischa to live again within Starling ultimately fails, as she refuses to have her own personality sublimated, and he only briefly entertains the idea of Mischa taking his place  Starling then opens her dress and offers her breasts to Lecter; he accepts her offer and the two become lovers  They disappear together, only to be sighted again three years later entering the Teatro Colón Opera House in Buenos Aires by former orderly Barney, who had treated Lecter with respect while he was incarcerated in Baltimore  Fearing for his life, Barney leaves Buenos Aires immediately, never to return 
The reader then learns that Lecter and Starling are living together in an "exquisite" Beaux Arts mansion, where they employ servants and engage in activities such as learning new languages and dancing together and building their own respective memory palaces, and is told that "Sex is a splendid structure they add to every day", that the psychoactive drugs "have had no part in their lives for a long time", and that Lecter is "satisfied" with the fact that Mischa cannot return 

Films
In the film adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs, Starling's role remains relatively unchanged from the book  However, the film adaptation of Hannibal significantly diverges from the novel's conclusion  In the film, Lecter neither attempts to brainwash Starling nor feeds her Krendler's brain (although he does feed portions of it to Krendler himself); instead, Starling tries to apprehend Lecter, but he overpowers her and she handcuffs both of them to the refrigerator in an attempt to keep him in the house before the imminent arrival of the police  Lecter then cuts off his own hand and escapes, leaving Starling to explain the situation to the police  He is later seen on a plane, apparently fleeing the country again 
Although she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for playing Starling in The Silence of the Lambs, Jodie Foster decided not to reprise her role in Hannibal  Julianne Moore portrayed the character in the sequel, with Anthony Hopkins himself recommending her for the role after his previous experience working with her in the film Surviving Picasso 

Television
Lifetime
In May 2012, Lifetime announced that they were developing a television series centered on Clarice Starling after her graduation from the FBI academy, titled Clarice, which was to be produced by MGM  The project did not go forward 

NBC
Bryan Fuller, the creator of the TV series Hannibal, stated prior to the show's cancellation his desire to include Clarice Starling as a character in the fifth season, provided that he could get the rights from MGM  He said that he planned for the show's fifth season to cover the events of The Silence of the Lambs, and the sixth to cover the events of Hannibal, with the seventh to be an original storyline resolving Hannibal's ending  Since the series' cancellation, Fuller has stated that should the series continue and should they obtain rights to adapt The Silence of the Lambs, Elliot Page or a person of color would be ideal casting for the role of Clarice Starling 

CBS

CBS developed the Clarice TV series as a sequel to The Silence of the Lambs set in 1993, created by Alex Kurtzman and Jenny Lumet  The series stars Rebecca Breeds as the titular character, along with Lucca De Oliveira, Devyn A  Tyler, Kal Penn, Nick Sandow, Michael Cudlitz, and Marnee Carpenter, and premiered on February 11, 2021, on CBS  It was effectively cancelled in June after one season because of low ratings and the breakdown of talks concerning the series' planned move from CBS to Paramount+ 
Passage 5:
John "Hannibal" Smith
Colonel John "Hannibal" Smith is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action-adventure television series The A-Team, played by George Peppard  The producers originally had James Coburn in mind to play the part of Hannibal, but it eventually went to Peppard The character—which was based loosely on former United States Army Special Forces officer Bo Gritz—appeared on The A-Team from its beginning in 1983 until its end in 1987  The character was played by Liam Neeson in the 2010 film adaptation  His often spoken line "I love it when a plan comes together" was included in TV Land's "The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases" in 2006 

Character biography
The A-Team is a group of ex-United States Army Special Forces soldiers who, near the end of the Vietnam War, were arrested for a crime they did not commit and managed to escape from the Military Police  As fugitives, the A-Team works as soldiers of fortune, using their military training to fight oppression or injustice  Hannibal, along with B  A  Baracus, Templeton "Faceman" Peck, and H  M  "Howlin' Mad" Murdock make up the A-Team 
In the pilot episode ("Mexican Slayride: Part 1"), Hannibal is described by a reporter colleague of Amy Allen as follows: "The leader [of the A-Team] is a Colonel named John Smith  But everybody calls him Hannibal  The guy has a very unorthodox style " Smith takes his name from the famous military commander and strategist, as alluded to by B  A  Baracus in the same episode; various items of tie-in literature for the series commented that just as the original Hannibal had led the elephants over the Alps, this Hannibal had led his men over the wall of Fort Bragg after they were wrongly arrested  He is distinguished by his unflappable demeanor, even when in peril, his constant cigar-smoking, his black leather gloves, and his many disguises  He is a master tactician (although his plans rarely turn out as they are supposed to; when asked if she thought this was going to work, Amy Allen summed it up by saying, "Hannibal's plans never work right  They just work ") and seems to have a plan for getting the team out of any situation they get into  His favorite catchphrase is, "I love it when a plan comes together"; he is often heard to remark "Nice" after part of his plan has succeeded - sometimes with destructive or explosive results 
He fought in both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, serving in the 5th Special Forces Group in Vietnam, and is a Medal of Honor recipient   His rank is inconsistent: throughout the first four seasons, he is referred to as possessing the rank of lieutenant colonel, though in keeping with US Army practice, he is most often referred to simply as "Colonel"  In the fourth-season episode "Members Only" and fifth-season episodes "Trial by Fire" and "Firing Line", however, he is wearing the eagle insignia of a full colonel  (His medals in these episodes are also different from those on display the last time he wore his Class A uniform in the first-season finale, "A Nice Place to Visit" ) Thriving on adventure and the adrenaline rush of life-threatening situations (or being "on the jazz", as the rest of the team refers to it), he seems to genuinely enjoy every challenge they encounter  He is renowned by both allies and enemies for being cool-headed and extremely clever  There is rarely a situation where he is not able to smile in the face of adversity  He will usually light up a cigar when he needs to do some thinking—often when coming up with a plan, or in the heat of a dangerous or exciting moment  He is also often seen putting on his gloves when he senses the action is about to pick up (such as a fist fight breaking out)  When captured by their enemies, he will deliver flippant or sarcastic remarks  He regularly dispenses aphorisms, especially to their foes, upon defeating them  He also has some medical skills which he picked up when in Vietnam 
He styles himself a "master of disguise", though his skill lies not so much in how convincing his disguise is, but in his ability to assume any role and convince others that his role is genuine  Most episodes begin with the prospective clients coming to meet the A-Team, only to be introduced to one of Hannibal's comic aliases  Hannibal uses his various disguises to screen all the A-Team's potential clients to assure they are not fronts for the military—sometimes playing more than one at a time  Clients often make reference to a "Mr  Lee", the owner of a Chinese laundromat who tells them where to meet the team 
Hannibal is also an aspiring actor, playing monsters in low-budget horror movies (being a fugitive, he can only choose roles in which his face cannot be seen)  His many roles include "Gatorella", "Killgator" and his most famous, "The Aquamaniac"  Naturally, Hannibal secures his roles playing his own agent; somehow always 'eluding' the Producer of his true identity 

Romantic relationships
Dr  Maggie Sullivan (season 1 episode 6 "Black Day at Bad Rock") – In an uncharacteristic moment in the series, it is Hannibal who is capable of seducing the episode's leading female role, rather than Face  The character of Maggie Sullivan returns in season 2, episode 21 "Deadly Maneuvers", where Hannibal and the doctor still seem to care for one another 
Anne Sanders (season 3 episode 4 "Fire!") - The A-Team is hired by a female firefighter played by Stepfanie Kramer who is capable of challenging Hannibal  The sexual tension between the two rises throughout the episode  Hannibal seemingly gives in to a short fling with the woman, and they share a kiss at the end of the episode  She is not seen in any subsequent episodes 

Recurring aliases
"Mr  Lee" – The owner of a Chinese laundromat, who often makes use of clichéd Chinese proverbs and is of unpredictable mood  Mr  Lee only appears on-screen in the pilot episode "Mexican Slayride: Part 1" (although a shot of Hannibal in character as Mr  Lee is used as part of the first season opening credits sequence)  However, the alias of Mr  Lee is often referred to throughout the series by clients and by the team itself, though these examples tended to fade out after the first two seasons  Typically "Mr  Lee" is the first one to screen potential clients and then refers them to a second location to meet a second liaison on behalf of the team 

Awards and decorations
"A Nice Place to Visit"
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Lieutenant Colonel Smith in "A Nice Place to Visit" 

"Members Only"
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Colonel Smith in "Members Only" 

"Trial by Fire" and "Firing Line"
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Colonel Smith in "Trial by Fire" and "Firing Line" 

2010 film
In the 2010 movie adaptation, Hannibal is portrayed by Liam Neeson  Identified as "John H  Smith" on a toe tag, Hannibal is portrayed as a character who, though still tactically brilliant and capable of making a plan come together, is not quite as unflappable as his television counterpart  In fact, due to the betrayal nature of the storyline (concerning the "crime they did not commit"), Hannibal is often shown as angry and intense  The team's conviction by military court visibly affects him, though his penchant for wisecracks is still prevalent (for the television character, more than a decade had passed since the conviction so such reactions were never shown in the show) 
Except at an airport when the A-Team is flying from Norway to Los Angeles (in which Hannibal's disguise is Neeson's real-life appearance), the character does not don any disguises in the film, instead leaving that arm of business to Face  The cigar smoking was also kept intact; despite Neeson being an ex-smoker, he kept his personal preferences aside for the role  Hannibal shows considerable leadership abilities, attempting to take the A-Team's full blame for their alleged crime, and breaking them out of prison when they reject it; however, he steps back and lets Face plan the final mission, a decision B  A  regrets 
In the film, Hannibal is a full colonel, has served in both the Army's 75th Ranger Regiment and the 7th Special Forces Group, in which he and his team are still members until their court martial, and has served a total of two and a half years in overseas combat zones  Unlike the TV series, Hannibal is not a Medal of Honor recipient  Like B A , Face, and Murdock, he has an Army Ranger tattoo (on his left arm) 

Awards and decorations
The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Colonel Smith in the 2010 movie adaptation 
Passage 6:
University of Kansas
The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas  Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side: the university's medical school and hospital in Kansas City, Kansas, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park  There are also educational and research sites in Garden City, Hays, Leavenworth, Parsons, and Topeka, an agricultural education center in rural north Douglas County, and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita  The university is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866 under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the state constitution, which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,958 students in fall 2021; an additional 3,727 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center (KUMC) for an enrollment of 27,685  students across the three campuses  The university overall (including KUMC) employed 4,776 faculty members (faculty, faculty administrators, graduate student employees and librarians) in fall 2021 Kansas's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks, as members of the Big 12 Conference  They field 16 varsity sports, as well as club-level sports for ice hockey, rugby, and men's volleyball 

History
On February 20, 1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence  The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university, in or near the town, of not less than forty acres (16 hectares) of land  If Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university 
The site selected for the university was a hill known as Hogback Ridge (later known as Mount Oread), which was privately donated by Charles L  Robinson, the Republican governor of the state of Kansas from 1861 to 1863, and one of the original settlers of Lawrence, Kansas  Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre (16 ha) site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere  The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining money themselves via private donations  On November 2, 1863, Governor Carney announced Lawrence had met the conditions to get into the state university, and the following year the university was officially organized 
The school's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, which is the event that KU dates its founding from  Work on the first college building began later that year  The school opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873  According to William L  Burdick, the first degree awarded by the university was a Doctor of Divinity, bestowed upon noted abolitionist preacher Richard Cordley During World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission 

Landmarks and structures
KU is home to the Robert J  Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90 7 FM, and KANU, 91 5 FM  The university is also host to several significant museums  These include the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, founded in 1927, which contains important collections in ornithology, vertebrate paleontology, and entomology; and the Spencer Museum of Art, founded in 1928, home to a wide variety of cultural materials from all around the world, with a particular emphasis on American Indian materials  The libraries of the university include Watson Library, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, the Murphy Art and Architecture Library, Thomas Gorton Music & Dance Library, and Anschutz Library  Of athletic note, the university is home to Allen Fieldhouse, which is heralded as one of the greatest basketball arenas in the world, and David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium, which is the eighth oldest college football stadium in the country 

Academics
The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university with five campuses  KU is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU) and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity"  KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration; and the schools of Architecture, Design & Planning; Business; Education; Engineering; Health Professions; Journalism & Mass Communications; Law; Medicine; Music; Nursing; Pharmacy; and Social Welfare  The university offers more than 345 degree programs  In 2017 Johnson County accounted for most of instate enrollment In its 2022 report, U S  News & World Report ranked KU as tied for 121st place among National Universities and tied for 56th place among public universities According to the National Science Foundation, KU spent $339 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 74th in the nation 

School of Architecture and Design
The University of Kansas School of Architecture and Design (ArcD), with its main building being Marvin Hall, traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU's School of Engineering in 1912  The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920  In 1969 the School of Architecture and Urban Design (SAUD) was formed with three programs: architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning  In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering  The design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the School of Architecture and Design  
The Department of Design began in 1921 with courses in Poster Design, Textiles, Metalwork, Bookbinding, Ceramics, and Weaving  The Bachelor of Fine Arts degree program began in 1929 with programs in Design, Public School Art, and Drawing & Painting and required 120 credit hours  Industrial Design was added in 1941, interior design in 1946, jewelry and silversmithing, art history, and the Masters of Fine Arts program in 1948  
In 2009, the University reorganized the School of Fine Arts  The professional design practice programs (Illustration & Animation, Industrial Design, Photography, and Visual Communication Design) became the Department of Design, administratively located in the School of Architecture and Design 

School of Business
The University of Kansas School of Business is a public business school on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas  The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review, the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting 

For 2021, U S  News & World Report ranked KU's business school 68th out of 477 evaluated In 2016, The University of Kansas completed construction on a new home for the business school, named Capitol Federal Hall  It is located at 1654 Naismith Drive, near KU's Rec Center and across the street from Allen Fieldhouse  Capitol Federal Hall is a 166,500 square-foot building complete with state-of-the-art technology and several research labs 

School of Law
The University of Kansas School of Law, founded in 1878, was the top law school in the state of Kansas, and tied for 70th out of 198 nationally, according to the 2021 U S  News & World Report rankings  Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr, which is named after former dean James Green 

School of Engineering
The KU School of Engineering is a public engineering school located on the main campus  The School of Engineering was founded officially in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873 In the U S  News & World Report's "America’s Best Colleges" 2021 issue, KU's School of Engineering was ranked tied for 102nd among 218 engineering schools whose highest degree is a doctorate Notable alumni include: Charles E  Spahr (1934), the former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio 

School of Journalism and Mass Communications
The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications is recognized for its ability to prepare students to work in a variety of media  The school offers two tracts of study: 1) News and Information, and 2) Strategic Communication  This professional school teaches students reporting for print, online and broadcast, strategic campaigning for PR and advertising, photojournalism and video reporting and editing  The J-School's students maintain various publications on campus, including The University Daily Kansan, Jayplay magazine, and KUJH TV  In 2008, the Fiske Guide to Colleges praised the KU J-School for its strength  In 2010, the School of Journalism and Mass Communications placed second at the prestigious Hearst Foundation national writing competition 

Medical Center
The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions that each has its own programs of graduate study  As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med  The Medical Center also offers four-year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas devoted to rural health care 
The University of Kansas Health System is co-located at the University of Kansas Medical Center 

Edwards Campus, Overland Park
KU's Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas  Established in 1993, its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete undergraduate, graduate, and certificate programs  About 2,000 students attend the Edwards Campus, with an average age of 31  Programs available at the Edwards Campus include business administration, education, engineering, social work and more 

University of Kansas Leavenworth
Near the beginning of the 2018–2019 school year, KU launched classes in Leavenworth, Kansas, offering classes to "both civilian and military" students, emphasizing a "high priority in supporting military-affiliated students"  The Leavenworth classes offer both undergraduate and graduate courses 

Tuition
Beginning in the 2007–2008 academic year, first-time freshmen at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents  For the 2014–15 academic year, tuition was $318 per credit hour for in-state freshmen and $828 for out-of-state freshmen  For transfer students, who do not take part in the compact, 2014–15 per-credit-hour tuition was $295 for in-state undergraduates and $785 for out-of-state undergraduates; subject to annual increases  Students enrolled in 6 or more credit hours also paid an annual required campus fee of $888  The schools of architecture, music, arts, business, education, engineering, journalism, law, pharmacy, and social welfare charge additional fees 
As of August 2019, the annual tuition for 30 credit hours for a resident freshman is estimated by the university to be $10,182, not counting room and board costs 

Computing innovations
KU's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965  The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations 
KU's academic computing department was an active participant in setting up the Internet and is the developer of the early Lynx text-based web browser  Lynx provided hypertext browsing and navigation prior to Tim Berners Lee's invention of HTTP and HTML 

Student activities
Athletics
The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks  They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference  The University of Kansas has won thirteen National Championships all-time: six in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and four NCAA championships, most recently in 2022), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field  The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm  Their most recent championship came in 2022, the men's basketball team won the 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament 

Kansas football dates from 1890, and is one of the oldest continuous programs in the nation  They have played in the Orange Bowl three times: 1948, 1969, and 2008, as well as nine other bowl games  They are currently coached by Lance Leipold, who was hired in May 2021  From its inception in 1890 to 1929 the program saw consistent success, winning several conference titles in 4 different conferences  After joining the Big 6 Conference (which would eventually become the Big 8) in 1929, Kansas began to struggle in the win-loss column  With the formation of the Big 8 conference in 1960, Kansas became a consistent winner again and fielded legendary coaches like Pepper Rodgers, Don Fambrough, Bud Moore, and Glen Mason  In 2008, under the leadership of Mark Mangino, the #7 Jayhawks emerged victorious in their first BCS bowl game, the FedEx Orange Bowl, with a 24–21 victory over the #3 Virginia Tech Hokies  This capstone victory marked the end of the most successful season in school history, in which the Jayhawks went 12–1 ( 923)  The team plays at David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium, which recently underwent an $85 million renovation to add an indoor practice facility with a 120-yard field, an outdoor practice facility with 2 full fields and three partial fields, new locker rooms, a new weight training facility, new residencies for players, new offices, new turf, new seats, and a state-of-the-art video board The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898  The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender, coached by Hall of Fame coach Bill Self  The team has won six national titles, including four NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, 2008, and 2022  The basketball program is currently the winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,355–877 up to their Final Four appearance in the 2021–22 season  The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse  Perhaps its best-recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s, later becoming an NBA star and Harlem Globetrotter 
Kansas has counted among its coaches James Naismith (the inventor of basketball), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen ("the Father of basketball coaching" and a Kansas alumnus himself), Dick Harp, Ted Owens, Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown  Currently, Kansas is coached by Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Bill Self  In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team  Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen  Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller  Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament  The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA Notable non-varsity sports include rugby, men's hockey, and men's soccer  The rugby team owns its private facility and tours internationally every two years  The men’s hockey team plays in nearby Kansas City 

Debate teams
The University of Kansas has had more teams (70) compete in the National Debate Tournament than any other university  Kansas has won the tournament 6 times (1954, 1970, 1976, 1983, 2009 and 2018) and had 15 teams make it to the final four  Kansas trails only Northwestern (15) and Harvard (7) for most tournaments won and is tied with Dartmouth (6)  Kansas also won the Copeland Award in 1981–82 and 2017–18 

Media
The university's newspaper is University Daily Kansan, which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition, often called "The Pulitzers of College Journalism" in 2007  In Winter of 2008, a group of students created KUpedia, a wiki about all things KU  They received student funding for operations in 2008–09  The KU Department of English publishes the Coal City Review, an annual literary journal of prose, poetry, reviews and illustrations  The Review typically features the work of many writers, but periodically spotlights one author, as in the case of 2006 Nelson Poetry Book Award-winner Voyeur Poems by Matthew Porubsky The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publicationsThe university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station  Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the nation's first public radio stations  KJHK, the campus radio has roots back to 1952 and is completely run by students 

Center for Community Health and Development
The university's Center for Community Health and Development (formerly KU Work Group) was designated as a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Community Health and Development in 2004  It is affiliated with the Department of Applied Behavioral Science and the Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies at the university, and supports community health and development through a variety of means, including its free online resource, the Community Tool Box 

Foundations
University of Kansas Memorial Corporation
The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center  The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus  The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations)  The KU Bookstore is the official bookstore of KU  The corporation also includes KU Dining Services, with more than 20 campus locations, including The Market (inside the Kansas Union) and The Underground (located in Wescoe Hall)  The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit, with proceeds supporting student programs, such as Student Union Activities 

KU Endowment
KU Endowment was established in 1891 as the university's primary institutional foundation to manage and build the university's endowment 

Notable alumni and faculty
325 Fulbright Scholars, 27 Rhodes Scholars, 10 Marshall Scholars, 2 Mitchell Scholars, 12 MacArthur Fellows, 7 Pulitzer Prize winners, 4 NASA astronauts, 3 Nobel Prize laureates, 2 Fields Medal winners, 3 Hugo Award or Nebula Award winners, and an Academy Award winner have been affiliated with the university as students, researchers, or faculty members  Additionally, one alumnus has received the Presidential Medal of Freedom  Dean Smith, who played basketball at Kansas from 1949 to 1953 and was a Hall of Fame men's basketball coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, was given the award by Barack Obama in 2013  Politician Bob Dole, who played football and basketball at the school but did not graduate, was also awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom 

See also
Bailey Hall (University of Kansas)
Budig Hall
Kansas Audio-Reader Network
Kansas Crew (University Rowing Club)
"Kansas Song"
"Home on the Range"
University of Kansas Marching Jayhawks

Notes
Passage 7:
Five Days from Home
Five Days from Home is a 1978 American drama film directed, produced and starring George Peppard, with Sherry Boucher, Savannah Smith, Neville Brand, Victor Campos, and Robert Donner 

Plot
T M  Pryor, a former cop, escapes from a prison in Louisiana where he is currently serving out a sentence for killing his wife's lover  Despite the fact that his parole hearing is only two weeks away Pryor is desperate to be at his son's hospital bedside  His nine-year-old son, Thomas, was injured in an automobile accident in Los Angeles and is in critical condition  Just days before Christmas, Pryor hits a prison guard, escapes and heads for the Louisiana swamps  Avoiding the tracking teams assisted by dogs, Pryor makes it to the highway where he hitches a farm truck ride to the nearest town  In town he breaks into a sporting goods store where he takes two firearms and ammo, a knife and hunting clothing leaving an IOU note in lieu of payment  Over the radio he gets the latest news and learns that someone has killed the prison guard who tried to prevent his escape from prison  It's obvious that someone is trying to pin the prison murder on him and frame him  Meanwhile, Louisiana's governor assigns Pryor's escape case to Inspector Markley, a tracking specialist  Inspector Markley decides to start the pursuit in Texas, on a hunch that Pryor might be heading that way in order to reach California  Things get even more complicated when Pryor starts carjacking people and taking hostages in his obsessive aim to reach his injured son in Los Angeles before Christmas 

Cast
Production
In November 1977 Peppard announced he wanted to direct and star in The Long Escape  "Directing is something I've wanted to do a long time," he said Peppard later said he decided to direct because "I couldn't hire anyone else as cheaply" and says the experience "somehow cleared my head of all the negative feelings I had towards acting "Peppard made the film with much of his own money  He later stated that it cost $1 million to produce  "I'm quite proud of it," he said in 1979  "I sold many assets to help make it but I don't mind  It was the best time of my life  Maybe it would have been a better film with a better script - I don't know - but I just didn't have any money to spare " He later said he disliked acting and directing at the same time Peppard said he wrote most of the script but did not take credit  "That would be too much of an ego trip "His then wife Sherry Boucher played a small role and Bocher's sister Savannah was cast as Peppard's love interest 
In December 1977 the film was sold to Universal, by which time Peppard and Boucher were separated  This was attributed to the stress of making the movie Peppard said he sold the film for $1,250,000, thus allowing him to repay his investors within nine months of the sale 

Release
The film received a regional release on April 21, 1978, opening in eight cities in Arizona, Louisiana and Mississippi before expanding into Southern and Central states before opening in Los Angeles on March 9, 1979 

Critical reception
The Los Angeles Times said the film was "calculated to warm the cockles of every heart in sight    pleasantly insignificant" 

Legacy
Bill Conti's love theme Come With Me Now was the inspiration to the theme tune to Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous, hosted by the late Robin Leach   It had also been used as one of the theme songs for local morning program AM Los Angeles on KABC-TV 
Passage 8:
Piper Kerman
Piper Eressea Kerman (born September 28, 1969) is an American author  She was indicted in 1998 on charges of felonious money-laundering activities, and sentenced to 15 months' detention in a federal correctional facility, of which she eventually served 13 months  Her memoir of her prison experiences, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), was adapted into the critically-acclaimed Netflix original comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black (2013)  Since leaving prison, Kerman has spoken widely about women in prison and problems with the federal prison system  She now works as a communication strategist for non-profit organizations 

Early life and education
Kerman was born in Boston into a family with a number of attorneys, doctors and educators  She graduated from Swampscott High School in Swampscott, Massachusetts, in 1987, and Smith College in 1992  Kerman is a self-described WASP; however, she had a paternal grandfather who was Russian-Jewish 

Criminal career
In 1993, Kerman became romantically involved with Catherine Cleary Wolters (Nora Janson in her memoir: Laura Prepon's character Alex Vause in the series), a heroin dealer working for an alleged Nigerian kingpin  Kerman laundered money for the drug operation In 1998, Kerman was indicted for money laundering and drug trafficking and she pled guilty  Starting in 2004, she served 13 months of a 15-month sentence at FCI Danbury, a minimum security prison located in Danbury, Connecticut During her sentence, she built her website "The Pipe Bomb" to document her life behind bars 

Later career
Kerman's best-selling memoir about her experiences in prison, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison, was published by Spiegel & Grau on April 6, 2010  A television adaptation of the same name created by Jenji Kohan, the Emmy award-winning creator of Weeds, premiered on July 11, 2013, on Netflix and aired for seven seasons  Kerman's character in the series ("Piper Chapman") is played by Taylor Schilling 
Orange is the New Black has received critical acclaim and won four Emmy Awards Kerman serves on the board of the Women's Prison Association and is frequently invited to speak to students of creative writing, criminology, gender and women's studies law, and sociology, and to groups, like the American Correctional Association's Disproportionate Minority Confinement Task Force, federal probation officers, public defenders, justice reform advocates and volunteers, book club and formerly and currently incarcerated people On February 10, 2014, Kerman received the 2014 Justice Trailblazer Award from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice Center on Media, Crime & Justice On February 25, 2014, Kerman testified at a hearing on "Reassessing Solitary Confinement" before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights chaired by Assistant Majority Leader Dick Durbin On August 4, 2015, Kerman testified at a hearing on "Oversight of the Bureau of Prisons: First-Hand Accounts of Challenges Facing the Federal Prison System" before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee chaired by Senator Ron Johnson Since 2015, Kerman has worked as a communications strategist for nonprofits Since her prison sentence, Kerman has spoken publicly many times on behalf of women in corrections and about her experience In 2019, she appeared as a guest in the last episode of Orange Is the New Black in the last scene in the Ohio prison, when Piper visited Alex  Kerman sat two seats to the left of Alex as a convict visited by her husband (in real life)  She makes a cameo appearance in the show’s opening credits as the convict who blinks 

Personal life
Kerman has said, "I'm bisexual, so I'm a part of the gay community (LGBT+)"  She came out around the age of 18, and identified herself as a lesbian during most of her youth  On May 21, 2006, Kerman married writer Larry Smith   Kerman and Smith live in Columbus, Ohio, and she teaches writing classes at the Marion Correctional Institution and the Ohio Reformatory for Women in nearby Marysville, Ohio  She does not identify with any religion  She was awarded the 'Humanist Heroine of the Year Award' from the 'Humanist Hub' group at Harvard University 

Works
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
Finding My Way Back

See also
Teresa Giudice, reality star and media personality whose prison memoir, Turning the Tables (2015), describes her 15-month incarceration from 2015 to 2016, for fraud, at the Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury, CT
Martha Stewart, celebrity who was incarcerated from 2004 to 2005, for offenses related to insider trading, at Federal Prison Camp, Alderson, WV
Passage 9:
Tanisha Smith
Tanisha Smith (born May 11, 1988) is a former professional basketball player who was drafted by the Seattle Storm in the second round of the 2011 WNBA draft  She played college basketball for Texas A&M and University of Arkansas – Fort Smith 

Texas A&M statistics
Source
Passage 10:
Joy Harmon
Patricia Joy Harmon or Joy Patricia Harmon (born May 1, 1940) is an American baker and former actress 

Early years
The daughter of Homer Harmon, Joy Patricia Harmon was born in Jackson Heights, New York, or Flushing, New York  She and her family moved to Connecticut in 1946  She was a Miss Connecticut, She tied for fourth runner-up in the 1957 competition for Miss Connecticut When she was three years old, Harmon modeled clothes in Fox Movietone News newsreels  She skipped two grades in elementary school and graduated from Staples High School in Westport, Connecticut 

Career
Harmon's stage debut came in Pajama Tops at the Klein Memorial Theatre in Bridgeport, Connecticut  She toured the United States in stock company productions, including The Marriage-Go-Round, The Solid Gold Cadillac, The Tender Trap, The Importance of Being Ernest, and Susan Slept Here  On Broadway, Harmon portrayed Betty Phillips in Make a Million (1958)  She also appeared in an off-Broadway production of Susan Slept Here (1961) Harmon was a contestant during the last season of Groucho Marx's television program You Bet Your Life (titled The Groucho Show during its last season), and later a regular on Marx's program Tell It to Groucho (credited as "Patty Harmon")  She guest-starred on several 1960s TV series, including Gidget, Batman, and The Monkees  She appeared in a cameo role as blonde Ardice in the Jack Lemmon comedy Under the Yum Yum Tree in 1963  She had a role as Tony Dow's girlfriend in the 1965–66 television soap opera Never Too Young 
Harmon's stand-out acting roles include the 30-foot-tall (9 m) Merrie in Village of the Giants (1965, in which she captures normal-sized Johnny Crawford and suspends him from her bikini top), and the car-washing Lucille in Cool Hand Luke (1967) with her purportedly 41–22–36 measurements 

Personal life
Harmon was married to film editor and producer Jeff Gourson from 1968 to 2001, raising three children  For a time, a son worked at Walt Disney Studios  She later established a bakery, Aunt Joy's Cakes, in Burbank, California 

Filmography
Passage 11:
Christine Collins (rower)
Christine Smith-Collins (born September 9, 1969 in Darien, Connecticut) is an American rower  Prior to her rowing for team USA, Collins rowed for the Trinity College women's crew team 
Passage 12:
Hannibal (Leckie novel)
Hannibal is a 1995 historical novel by Scottish writer Ross Leckie  The book relates the exploits of Hannibal's invasion of Rome beginning in 218 BC, narrated by the Carthaginian general in his retirement  It was the first of the Carthage trilogy, covering the Punic Wars  The novel received mixed reviews, mainly due to the extreme violence occasionally described in the narrative 

Synopsis
Beginning with the general's youth and a potted history of Carthage in an attempt to explain Hannibal's hatred of Rome, the bulk of the story is confined to the invasion of Italy and the epic journey Hannibal's army took to reach its goal, including the voyage across the Straits of Gibraltar with his elephants on rafts, the far from easy passage through Spain and of course, the incredible feat of taking his entire army with their elephants over the Alps  The events described are often violent and sometimes quite horrific in their cruelty both on the journey and in the fighting which took place on Italian soil as Hannibal's army sweeps through the Italian countryside seeking to out-manoeuvre his Roman opponents 

Reviews
http://www nytimes com/1996/12/29/books/torture-carnage-elephants html
Fiction Book Review: Hannibal by Ross Leckie, Author Regnery Publishing $19 95 (0p) ISBN 978-0-89526-443-5
Hannibal (The Carthage Trilogy, #1) by Ross Leckie | Goodreads



ground_truth: Lacey Chabert

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the actor who played hannibal smith in the a team?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Track listing
All compositions by Ahmad Jamal

"Quest for Light" – 4:48
"Arabesque" – 4:48
"Avo" – 7:04
"Piano Solo" – 1:57
"For My Daughter" – 3:34
"Perugia" – 3:57
"The Last Day" – 6:00
"Crystal" – 4:58
"Swahililand" – 4:08
"The Canteen" – 3:08

Personnel
Ahmad Jamal – piano
James Cammack – bass
David Bowler – drums
Willie White – percussion
Passage 12:
Jazz Contemporary
Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label  The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 2½ stars and stated "The results are not quite essential but everyone plays up to par    It's fine hard bop, the modern mainstream music of the period" 

Track listing
All compositions by Kenny Dorham except as indicated"A Waltz" - 5:34
"Monk's Mood" (Thelonious Monk) - 8:09
"In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) - 8:01
"Horn Salute" - 8:27
"Tonica" - 2:57
"This Love of Mine" (Sol Parker, Henry W  Sanicola Jr , Frank Sinatra) - 6:49Bonus tracks on CD reissue:

"Sign Off" - 5:29
"A Waltz" [alternate take] - 5:36
"Monk's Mood" [alternate take] (Monk) - 2:53
"This Love of Mine" [alternate take] (Parker, Sanicola, Sinatra) - 7:55Recorded on February 11 (tracks 2, 3, 7, 8, 10) and February 12, 1960 (tracks 1, 4-6, 9) 

Personnel
Kenny Dorham - trumpet
Charles Davis - baritone saxophone
Steve Kuhn - piano
Jimmy Garrison (tracks 2, 3, 7, 8 & 10), Butch Warren (tracks 1, 4-6 & 9)  - bass
Buddy Enlow - drums
Passage 13:
Opus de Jazz
Opus de Jazz (subtitled A Hi-Fi Recording for Flute, Vibes, Piano, Bass, Drums) is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1955 and released on the Savoy label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "This is not essential, but it is enjoyable music "

Track listing
"Opus de Funk" (Horace Silver) – 13:28
"Opus Pocus" (Ozzie Cadena) – 7:25
"You Leave Me Breathless" (Ralph Freed, Frederick Hollander) – 6:27
"Opus and Interlude" (Cadena) – 6:30Recorded in New York City on October 28, 1955

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Frank Wess – tenor saxophone, track 2; flute, tracks 1, 3 and 4
Hank Jones – piano
Eddie Jones – bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Passage 14:
Tijuana Jazz
Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label  The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating: "McFarland's arrangements are fine, but the solos are quite short, and the Mexican-flavored music is not particularly memorable  A blown opportunity" 

Track listing
All compositions by Gary McFarland except as indicated"South of the Border" (Jimmy Kennedy, Michael Carr) - 2:06
"Acapulco at Night" - 2:52
"Fantastic, That's You" (George Cates, George Douglas) - 2:54
"Limehouse Blues" (Philip Braham, Douglas Furber) - 3:37
"Tijuana" (Cates, Douglas) - 2:09
"Marcheta" (Victor Schertzinger) - 2:55
"Granny's Samba" - 3:30
"Soul Bird (Tin Tin Deo)" (Gil Fuller, Chano Pozo) - 4:01
"Mexicali Rose" (Jack Tenney, Helen Stone) - 2:27
"Ira Schwartz's Golden Dream" - 3:32
"Mary Jane" - 3:05
"Sweet Georgia Brown" (Ben Bernie, Kenneth Casey, Maceo Pinkard) - 2:06Recorded in New York City on December 3, 1965 (tracks 1, 2, 6 & 9), December 6, 1965 (tracks 4, 8, 11 & 12), and December 7, 1965 (tracks 3, 5, 7 & 10)

Personnel
Gary McFarland – marimba, electric piano
Joe Newman, Clark Terry - trumpet, flugelhorn
Bob Brookmeyer – valve trombone
Toots Thielemans - harmonica, guitar
Barry Galbraith - guitar
Bob Bushnell – electric bass
Mel Lewis, Grady Tate – drums
Passage 15:
It's What's Happenin'
It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label   Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, The Happy Horns of Clark Terry 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Richard S  Ginell awarded the album 3 stars stating "Not many will bother to recall that Clark Terry was the first trumpeter to make a recording with Selmer's Varitone attachment -- an electronic hookup to an amplifier that allowed a horn player to play octaves  Though the instrument quickly fell out of favor after a very brief vogue, it still produced an attractively soulful sound that was a good fit with Terry's jaunty, slurry, note-bending manner    there is nothing unmusically sensational about anything that happens here " 

Track listing
All compositions by Clark Terry except where noted 

"Electric Mumbles" - 3:51
"Secret Love" (Paul Francis Webster, Sammy Fain) - 6:15
"Take Me Back to Elkhart" - 7:11
"Take the "A" Train" (Billy Strayhorn) - 5:03
"Tee Pee Time" - 6:25
"Grand Canyon Suite" (Ferde Grofé) - 7:05

Personnel
Clark Terry - Varitone trumpet
Don Friedman - piano
George Duvivier - bass
Dave Bailey - drums
Passage 16:
Emotional Rain
Emotional Rain is the seventh studio album by singer Lee Aaron, released on August 3, 1994 through A&M Records (Canada) and in 1995 through Koch Entertainment (Europe); it was later reissued in 2004 through Solid Gold Records 

Track listing
Personnel
Lee Aaron – vocals, background vocals, mixing, executive production
John Albani – guitar (except tracks 13, 14), mixing, production
Knox Chandler – guitar (except tracks 13, 14)
Reeves Gabrels – guitar (except tracks 13, 14)
Don Harrison – guitar (tracks 13–14)
Don Short – drums
Daniel Mansilla – additional percussion
Don Binns – bass
Kim Deschamp – mandolin
Billy Newton-Davis – background vocals
Mischke – background vocals
Brad Nelson – engineering, mixing
Mark Berry – engineering, mixing
L  Stu Young – engineering
Graham Brewer – engineering
David Tedesco – engineering
Ray Gilliland – engineering
Keith Stein – engineering
Peter Wonsiak – engineering
Mark S  Berry – mixing, production
Passage 17:
Soundsigns
Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating "Recorded at the same sessions that resulted in Musics, this LP (which has not yet been reissued on CD) is actually more exploratory" 

Track listing
All compositions by Redman except as indicated"Piece for Tenor and Two Basses"  - 8:23
"Half Nelson" (Miles Davis) - 10:07
"Adesso Lo Sai" - 13:59
"Come Earth" - 8:00Recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California on October 18 & 19, 1978

Personnel
Dewey Redman - tenor saxophone (tracks 1-3), harp (track 4)
Fred Simmons - piano (tracks 2 & 3)
Charlie Haden (tracks 1 & 4), Mark Helias - bass
Eddie Moore - drums, saw, cymbal (tracks 2-4)
Passage 18:
More Blues and the Abstract Truth
More Blues and the Abstract Truth is an album by American jazz composer, conductor and arranger Oliver Nelson featuring performances recorded in 1964 for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars, stating: "Unlike the original classic Blues and the Abstract Truth set from three years earlier, Oliver Nelson does not play on this album  He did contribute three of the eight originals and all of the arrangements but his decision not to play is disappointing    The emphasis is on blues-based pieces and there are some strong moments even if the date falls short of its predecessor" 

Track listing
All compositions by Oliver Nelson except as noted

"Blues and the Abstract Truth" - 5:14
"Blues O'Mighty" (Hodges) - 6:48
"Theme from Mr  Broadway" (Brubeck) - 5:45
"Midnight Blue" (Neal Hefti) - 4:06
"The Critic's Choice" - 2:21
"One for Bob" - 6:07
"Blues for Mr  Broadway" (Brubeck) - 8:12
"Goin' to Chicago Blues" (Count Basie, Jimmy Rushing) - 4:37
"One for Phil" - 3:58 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Night Lights" (Arnold Shaw) - 2:46 Bonus track on CD reissueRecorded on November 10, 1964 (tracks 4 & 6–9), and November 11, 1964 (tracks 1–3, 5 & 10) 

Personnel
Oliver Nelson - arranger, conductor
Thad Jones, Danny Moore (tracks 1 & 5) - trumpet
Phil Woods - alto saxophone
Ben Webster - tenor saxophone (tracks 4 & 7)
Phil Bodner - tenor saxophone, English horn
Pepper Adams - baritone saxophone
Roger Kellaway - piano
Richard Davis – bass
Grady Tate – drums
Passage 19:
Fire and Rain (song)
"Fire and Rain" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor, released in August 1970 by Warner Bros  Records as the second single from Taylor's second studio album, Sweet Baby James  The song follows Taylor's reaction to the suicide of Suzanne Schnerr, a childhood friend, and his experiences with drug addiction and fame  After its release, "Fire and Rain" peaked at number two on RPM's Canada Top Singles chart and at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 

Background and composition
On the VH1 series Storytellers, Taylor said the song was about several incidents during his early recording career   The second line "Suzanne, the plans they made put an end to you" refers to Suzanne Schnerr, a childhood friend of his who died by suicide while he was in London, England, recording his first album  In that same account, Taylor said he had been in a deep depression after the failure of his new band the Flying Machine to coalesce (the lyric "Sweet dreams and Flying Machines in pieces on the ground"; the reference is to the name of the band rather than a fatal plane crash, as was long rumored)  Taylor completed writing the song while in rehab In 2005, during an interview on NPR, Taylor explained to host Scott Simon that the song was written in three parts:
The first part was about Taylor's friend Suzanne, who died while Taylor was in London working on his first album after being signed to Apple Records  Friends at home, concerned that it might distract Taylor from his big break, kept the tragic news from him, and he found out six months later 
The second part details Taylor's struggle to overcome drug addiction and depression 
The third part deals with coming to grips with fame and fortune, looking back at the road that got him there  It includes a reference to James Taylor and the Flying Machine, a band he briefly worked with before his big break with Paul McCartney, Peter Asher, and Apple Records Carole King played piano on the song  Drummer Russ Kunkel used brushes rather than sticks on his drum kit, and Bobby West played double bass in place of a bass guitar to "underscore the melancholy on the song" 

Reception
Record World said that the release of Taylor's version as a single after several cover versions had been released "was bound to come along  With so many versions out there is no reason the excellent original will not be THE one " Cash Box similarly referred to Taylor releasing it as a single saying "Now, the fourth or fifth to release his own 'Fire & Rain,' Taylor may have found his sought after single hit the hard way  The 'original' comes in the wake of R  B  Greaves' sales and Johnny Rivers' current treatment (not to mention BS&T's album track getting further notice) "  Billboard described it as a "poignant ballad "Broadcast Music, Inc  ranked "Fire and Rain" at number 82 on its "Top 100 Songs of the Century" list, while voters for the National Endowment for the Arts and Recording Industry Association of America's Songs of the Century list, which comprises 365 songs of "historical significance" recorded from 1900 to 2000, placed "Fire and Rain" at number 85  In April 2011, the song was named at number 227 on Rolling Stone's list of 500 greatest songs of all time 

Chart performance
Weekly charts
Other versions
Certifications
Cover versions
R  B  Greaves and Johnny Rivers first released singles of "Fire and Rain" in 1970  Warner Brothers released Taylor's original as a single later that year, in August 1970  Greaves' and Rivers' versions peaked at numbers 82 and 94 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively Billboard predicted that Greaves' version would be a hit and said that "The James Taylor song is a natural and the production matches the song in merit "  Record World also predicted it to be a hit and said that Taylor and Greaves "are perfect together "Record World called Rivers' version "top quality stuff " Cash Box said of Rivers' version that "the tang of country pop and a top forty arrangement make this the most commercial single yet on 'Fire & Rain '"American singer-songwriter Tim Hardin (cited by James Taylor as a songwriting influence) included a "heartwrenchingly moving" rendition of "Fire and Rain" on his 1973 album Nine 
Marcia Hines covered "Fire and Rain" on her 1975 debut LP, Marcia Shines   Her version reached No  17 in Australia  At the 1975 Australian Record Awards, the song won Hines Female Vocal Single of the Year 

References in other works
Taylor references the song in another of his compositions, "That's Why I'm Here", title track from his 1985 album, in which he writes, "Fortune and fame's such a curious game  Perfect strangers can call you by name  Pay good money to hear 'Fire and Rain' again and again and again "
He also refers to the song in another composition, "Money Machine" (a cynical take on the financial aspects of the recording industry): "When I began the game, see me singing ‘bout Fire and Rain; Lemme just sing it again — I've seen fives and I’ve seen tens "
Carole King has stated that her song "You've Got a Friend", which Taylor recorded, was a response to the line in the refrain, "I've seen lonely times when I could not find a friend "

Parodies
Taylor performs the song on The Simpsons in the episode "Deep Space Homer"  While singing the song for a group of astronauts (including Homer Simpson and Buzz Aldrin), he changes the lyric "Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" to "Sweet dreams and flying machines, flying safely through the air" when he realizes the Space Shuttle may crash In 2015, Taylor appeared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, where he sang a version including numerous references to post-1970 popular culture 
Passage 20:
Groovin' with Golson
Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states, "the hard bop music does indeed groove in its own fashion" 

Track listing
All compositions by Benny Golson except where noted 

"My Blues House" - 9:25
"Drum Boogie" (Roy Eldridge, Gene Krupa) - 3:59
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 5:25
"The Stroller" - 9:18
"Yesterdays" (Jerome Kern, Otto Harbach) - 5:54

Personnel
Benny Golson - tenor saxophone
Curtis Fuller - trombone
Ray Bryant - piano
Paul Chambers - bass
Art Blakey - drums



ground_truth: Sherry Boucher