prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the record label for the band which performed Pythons?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pythons (album)
Pythons is the second studio album by indie rock band Surfer Blood  It was released in June 2013 under Sire Records and produced by Gil Norton  Following the release of their EP, Tarot Classics, Surfer Blood had been writing songs whilst on tour  The first song to be written for the album is technically "Prom Song", as they have had the guitar parts for this song for a few years now  The album features all the qualities that define Surfer Blood's sound, but is stripped of its reverb and given a more polished production, as opposed to the production that took place in front-man John Paul Pitts' apartment  "Pixies" guitarist Joey Santiago lent the band equipment such as amplifiers and guitars during the album's production, as Norton is a close friend of his because he produced most of the Pixies discography 

Track listing
Personnel
John Paul Pitts - vocals, guitar
Thomas Fekete - guitar, vocals
Kevin Williams- bass, keyboards, vocals
Tyler Schwarz - drums
Gil Norton - producer
Dan Austin - engineer, programming
Brian Gardner - mastering
Rob Schnapf - mixing
Chris Szczech - mixing assistant
Brendan Dekora - assistant engineer
Jeff Sosnow - A&R
Alex Black - A&R
Julia Pitts - photography
Frank Maddocks - art direction, photography
Esteban Neumann - illustrations
Passage 2:
Waterfalls (album)
Waterfalls is a live album by American saxophonist and composer John Klemmer featuring studio enhanced live performances recorded in Los Angeles for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars stating it is "Worth investigating by open-eared listeners" 

Track listing
All compositions by John Klemmer"Prelude I" – 3:33
"Waterfalls" – 4:19
"Utopia: Man's Dream, Part 1" – 8:47
"Utopia: Man's Dream, Part 2" – 3:50
"There's Some Light Ahead" – 4:29
"Centrifugal Force" – 5:59
"Prelude II" – 4:02
"Waterfall II" – 6:08Recorded in performance at the Ash Grove in Los Angeles, California on June 17, 1972 and "enchanted" at The Village Recorder in Los Angeles on June 22, 1972

Personnel
John Klemmer – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, echoplex
Mike Nock – electric piano
Wilton Felder – electric bass
Eddie Marshall – drums
Victor Feldman – percussion
Diana Lee – vocals (tracks 3, 4 & 6)
Passage 3:
2 Horns / 2 Rhythm
2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham, featuring performances with Ernie Henry  It was recorded in 1957 and released on Riverside Records  This was Henry's last recording session 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album four stars and stated "The sparse setting (unusual for a Dorham session) works quite well" 

Track listing
Recorded in New York City on November 13 (tracks 1–3, 5–7 & 9) and December 2 (tracks 4 & 8), 1957

Personnel
Kenny Dorham – trumpet, piano (track 3)
Ernie Henry – alto saxophone
Eddie Mathias (tracks 1–3, 5–7 & 9), Wilbur Ware (tracks 4 & 8) – bass
G T  Hogan – drums
Passage 4:
Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)
Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label 

Critical reception
In an Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states "There are some magical moments on this quartet set    Jamal's control of dynamics and inventive use of space proved to be as effective as it had been when he first made his mark in the 1950s, although his chord voicings and general style had evolved  Jamal and his group perform ten of his originals with taste, swing and subtle surprises" 

Track listing
All compositions by Ahmad Jamal

"Quest for Light" – 4:48
"Arabesque" – 4:48
"Avo" – 7:04
"Piano Solo" – 1:57
"For My Daughter" – 3:34
"Perugia" – 3:57
"The Last Day" – 6:00
"Crystal" – 4:58
"Swahililand" – 4:08
"The Canteen" – 3:08

Personnel
Ahmad Jamal – piano
James Cammack – bass
David Bowler – drums
Willie White – percussion
Passage 5:
Plenty, Plenty Soul
Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated that "these all-star dates still sound fresh and enthusiastic decades later" 

Track listing
All compositions by Milt Jackson, except as indicated"Plenty, Plenty Soul" (Milt Jackson, Quincy Jones) - 9:33
"Boogity Boogity" (Jones) - 4:55
"Heartstrings" - 4:53
"Sermonette" (Cannonball Adderley) - 5:23
"The Spirit-Feel" - 4:22
"Ignunt Oil" - 5:35
"Blues at Twilight" (Jones) - 6:46Recorded in New York City on January 5 (tracks 4–7) and January 7 (tracks 1–3), 1957

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Joe Newman - trumpet
Jimmy Cleveland - trombone (tracks 1–3)
Cannonball Adderley - alto saxophone (tracks 1–3)
Frank Foster (tracks 1–3), Lucky Thompson (tracks 4–7) - tenor saxophone
Sahib Shihab - baritone saxophone (tracks 1–3)
Horace Silver - piano
Percy Heath (tracks 1–3), Oscar Pettiford (tracks 4–7) - bass
Art Blakey (tracks 1–3), Connie Kay (tracks 4––7) – drums
Quincy Jones - arranger (tracks 1–3)
Passage 6:
The Main Attraction (album)
The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album two stars and stated "While it's true that this isn't one of Green's best records, it's not by any means his worst    Contrary to jazz critics' opinions, Green had nothing to be ashamed of on Main Attraction  If funky '70s soul-jazz is your thing, you won't go wrong with this one" 

Track listing
"The Main Attraction" (Don Grolnick, Steve Khan, Will Lee, David Matthews, Andy Newmark) - 19:35
"Future Feature" (Matthews) - 7:47
"Creature" (Grant Green) - 10:20Recorded at Rudy Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in March 1976 with additional recording at A&R Studios, NYC

Personnel
Grant Green - guitar
Burt Collins, Jon Faddis - trumpet
Sam Burtis - trombone
Hubert Laws - flute
Michael Brecker, Joe Farrell - tenor saxophone
Ronnie Cuber - baritone saxophone
Don Grolnick - electric piano, clavinet
Steve Khan - rhythm guitar
Will Lee - electric bass
Andy Newmark - drums
Carlos Charles - conga, percussion
Sue Evans - percussion
Dave Matthews - arranger, conductor
Passage 7:
It's What's Happenin'
It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label   Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, The Happy Horns of Clark Terry 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Richard S  Ginell awarded the album 3 stars stating "Not many will bother to recall that Clark Terry was the first trumpeter to make a recording with Selmer's Varitone attachment -- an electronic hookup to an amplifier that allowed a horn player to play octaves  Though the instrument quickly fell out of favor after a very brief vogue, it still produced an attractively soulful sound that was a good fit with Terry's jaunty, slurry, note-bending manner    there is nothing unmusically sensational about anything that happens here " 

Track listing
All compositions by Clark Terry except where noted 

"Electric Mumbles" - 3:51
"Secret Love" (Paul Francis Webster, Sammy Fain) - 6:15
"Take Me Back to Elkhart" - 7:11
"Take the "A" Train" (Billy Strayhorn) - 5:03
"Tee Pee Time" - 6:25
"Grand Canyon Suite" (Ferde Grofé) - 7:05

Personnel
Clark Terry - Varitone trumpet
Don Friedman - piano
George Duvivier - bass
Dave Bailey - drums
Passage 8:
Foolin' Myself
Foolin' Myself is an album of trio performances by the American jazz pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1988 and released on the Italian Soul Note label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden awarded the album 2+1⁄2 stars, stating "While the pianist's technique is impressive as always, his songs are not as strong as on many of his other releases" 

Track listing
All compositions by Jaki Byard except as indicated"Suite 27: Waterfalls, Highways, Skyways, Waterways" - 5:11
"Oslo to Kristiansund to Malmo" - 3:10
"Searchlight No  2" - 9:22
"Stage I / Stage II" - 4:17
"Breath" (Ralph Hamperian) - 8:27
"Foolin' Myself" (Jack Lawrence, Peter Tinturin) - 3:50
"Land of Love" - 6:36Recorded at Sound Ideas Studios in New York City on August 25, 1988

Personnel
Jaki Byard – piano
Ralph Hamperian - bass
Richard Allen - drums
Passage 9:
Three for Shepp
Three for Shepp is an album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4½ stars, stating: "Marion Brown's Three for Shepp is the image-in-the-mirror companion to Archie Shepp's Four for Trane recorded the year before  The program is equally divided between Brown's originals, which occupy the first half of the album, and Shepp tunes that take up the latter half  What is immediately striking is how similar in tone, color, and texture the two men were when it came to composition  Brown arms himself here with crack bands for these recordings    This is a classic Impulse! recording of the period by an overlooked master "The authors of the Penguin Jazz Guide wrote: "Brown's Impulse! records are routinely overlooked    In the wake of this, his first successful record, Brown took to the road, playing tirelessly but curbing his studio activities  Impulse! had already released Shepp's Four For Trane  This was explicitly intended as a companion project and its arresting opening    establishes it as one of the most inventive in the label's distinguished catalogue    Brief as it is at just 35 minutes, Three For Shepp is so densely packed with musical information that it takes many, many listens to deconstruct: a living lesson in musical history, a passionate manifesto for the future "A reviewer at SoundOhm included the album in the "Best of 2019" playlist, and stated: "Three For Shepp balances fiery energy and delicate precision    Even this early in his career, Brown stood apart from his peers in "the new thing " His solos were as gentle as they were furious  Informed by the African American folk traditions of his native Georgia and an enthusiastic embrace of the avant-garde, his music would confront and challenge society  As Brown says in the original liner notes, 'The music is definitely a part of what's going on in the black revolution in America '  Three For Shepp still sounds crucial today (over 50 years later) and remains a vital statement of jazz's past, present and future "

Track listing
All compositions by Marion Brown except as noted

"New Blue" - 5:11
"Fortunato" - 8:54
"The Shadow Knows" - 3:04
"Spooks" (Archie Shepp) - 4:32
"West India" (Shepp) - 6:24
"Delicado" (Shepp) - 6:38

Personnel
Marion Brown - alto saxophone
Grachan Moncur III - trombone
Dave Burrell (tracks 1-3), Stanley Cowell (tracks 4-6) - piano
Norris Jones - bass
Bobby Capp (tracks 1-3), Beaver Harris (tracks 4-6) – drums
Passage 10:
Benny Golson's New York Scene
Benny Golson's New York Scene is the debut album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in late 1957 and originally released on the Contemporary label 

Reception
John S  Wilson's contemporaneous review was positive, noting that both quintet and nonet bands feature "Farmer playing with broad authority no matter what the fare at hand while Golson's warm, dark lines flare and glide through all the pieces " Scott Yanow of Allmusic stated, "this underrated gem served as a strong start to Benny Golson's influential solo career" 

Track listing
All compositions by Benny Golson except as indicated "Something in B flat" (Ray Bryant) - 6:04
"Whisper Not" - 6:01
"Step Lightly" - 6:54
"Just by Myself" - 4:12
"Blues It" - 6:52
"You're Mine, You" (Johnny Green, Edward Heyman) - 4:22
"Capri" (Gigi Gryce) - 3:59
"B G 's Holiday" - 5:34 Bonus track on CD

Personnel
Benny Golson - tenor saxophone
Art Farmer - trumpet
Jimmy Cleveland - trombone  (tracks 2, 4 & 7)
Julius Watkins - French horn (tracks 2, 4 & 7)
Gigi Gryce - alto saxophone (tracks 2, 4 & 7)
Sahib Shihab - baritone saxophone (tracks 2, 4 & 7)
Wynton Kelly - piano
Paul Chambers - bass
Charlie Persip - drums
Passage 11:
Tarot Classics
Tarot Classics is an EP by Florida-based indie rock band Surfer Blood released on October 25, 2011, on Kanine Records  It is their last release for Kanine 

Reception
Tarot Classics received generally favorable reviews from music critics 

Track listing
All songs written by John Paul Pitts, Thomas Fekete, Tyler Schwarz and Kevin Williams, except as noted 

I'm Not Ready (John Paul Pitts, Thomas Fekete, Tyler Schwarz)
Miranda
Voyager Reprise
Drinking Problem
Voyager Reprise (Another Summer of Love Remix)
Drinking Problem (Speculator Remix)
Passage 12:
Soundsigns
Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating "Recorded at the same sessions that resulted in Musics, this LP (which has not yet been reissued on CD) is actually more exploratory" 

Track listing
All compositions by Redman except as indicated"Piece for Tenor and Two Basses"  - 8:23
"Half Nelson" (Miles Davis) - 10:07
"Adesso Lo Sai" - 13:59
"Come Earth" - 8:00Recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California on October 18 & 19, 1978

Personnel
Dewey Redman - tenor saxophone (tracks 1-3), harp (track 4)
Fred Simmons - piano (tracks 2 & 3)
Charlie Haden (tracks 1 & 4), Mark Helias - bass
Eddie Moore - drums, saw, cymbal (tracks 2-4)
Passage 13:
Tijuana Jazz
Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label  The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating: "McFarland's arrangements are fine, but the solos are quite short, and the Mexican-flavored music is not particularly memorable  A blown opportunity" 

Track listing
All compositions by Gary McFarland except as indicated"South of the Border" (Jimmy Kennedy, Michael Carr) - 2:06
"Acapulco at Night" - 2:52
"Fantastic, That's You" (George Cates, George Douglas) - 2:54
"Limehouse Blues" (Philip Braham, Douglas Furber) - 3:37
"Tijuana" (Cates, Douglas) - 2:09
"Marcheta" (Victor Schertzinger) - 2:55
"Granny's Samba" - 3:30
"Soul Bird (Tin Tin Deo)" (Gil Fuller, Chano Pozo) - 4:01
"Mexicali Rose" (Jack Tenney, Helen Stone) - 2:27
"Ira Schwartz's Golden Dream" - 3:32
"Mary Jane" - 3:05
"Sweet Georgia Brown" (Ben Bernie, Kenneth Casey, Maceo Pinkard) - 2:06Recorded in New York City on December 3, 1965 (tracks 1, 2, 6 & 9), December 6, 1965 (tracks 4, 8, 11 & 12), and December 7, 1965 (tracks 3, 5, 7 & 10)

Personnel
Gary McFarland – marimba, electric piano
Joe Newman, Clark Terry - trumpet, flugelhorn
Bob Brookmeyer – valve trombone
Toots Thielemans - harmonica, guitar
Barry Galbraith - guitar
Bob Bushnell – electric bass
Mel Lewis, Grady Tate – drums
Passage 14:
More Blues and the Abstract Truth
More Blues and the Abstract Truth is an album by American jazz composer, conductor and arranger Oliver Nelson featuring performances recorded in 1964 for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars, stating: "Unlike the original classic Blues and the Abstract Truth set from three years earlier, Oliver Nelson does not play on this album  He did contribute three of the eight originals and all of the arrangements but his decision not to play is disappointing    The emphasis is on blues-based pieces and there are some strong moments even if the date falls short of its predecessor" 

Track listing
All compositions by Oliver Nelson except as noted

"Blues and the Abstract Truth" - 5:14
"Blues O'Mighty" (Hodges) - 6:48
"Theme from Mr  Broadway" (Brubeck) - 5:45
"Midnight Blue" (Neal Hefti) - 4:06
"The Critic's Choice" - 2:21
"One for Bob" - 6:07
"Blues for Mr  Broadway" (Brubeck) - 8:12
"Goin' to Chicago Blues" (Count Basie, Jimmy Rushing) - 4:37
"One for Phil" - 3:58 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Night Lights" (Arnold Shaw) - 2:46 Bonus track on CD reissueRecorded on November 10, 1964 (tracks 4 & 6–9), and November 11, 1964 (tracks 1–3, 5 & 10) 

Personnel
Oliver Nelson - arranger, conductor
Thad Jones, Danny Moore (tracks 1 & 5) - trumpet
Phil Woods - alto saxophone
Ben Webster - tenor saxophone (tracks 4 & 7)
Phil Bodner - tenor saxophone, English horn
Pepper Adams - baritone saxophone
Roger Kellaway - piano
Richard Davis – bass
Grady Tate – drums
Passage 15:
Groovin' with Golson
Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states, "the hard bop music does indeed groove in its own fashion" 

Track listing
All compositions by Benny Golson except where noted 

"My Blues House" - 9:25
"Drum Boogie" (Roy Eldridge, Gene Krupa) - 3:59
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 5:25
"The Stroller" - 9:18
"Yesterdays" (Jerome Kern, Otto Harbach) - 5:54

Personnel
Benny Golson - tenor saxophone
Curtis Fuller - trombone
Ray Bryant - piano
Paul Chambers - bass
Art Blakey - drums
Passage 16:
At the Village Vanguard
At the Village Vanguard (subtitled You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart) is a live album by jazz drummer Paul Motian recorded at the Village Vanguard and originally released on the German JMT label  Recorded in 1995 it features performances by Motian with guitarist Bill Frisell and tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano  The album was rereleased on the Winter & Winter label in 2005 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 3½ stars, stating: "This is a prime Motian date, not to be missed this time around" 

Track listing
All compositions by Paul Motian except as indicated

"You Took the Words Right Out of My Heart" (Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin) - 7:58
"Abacus" - 9:38
"Folk Song for Rosie" - 10:19
"The Owl of Cranston" - 8:30
"5 Miles to Wrentham" - 4:46
"Yahllah" - 14:16
"The Sunflower" - 8:33
"Circle Dance" - 5:04Recorded at the Village Vanguard in New York City in June 1995

Personnel
Paul Motian - drums
Bill Frisell - electric guitar
Joe Lovano - tenor saxophone
Passage 17:
Thinking of Home
Thinking of Home is an album by jazz saxophonist Hank Mobley recorded on July 31, 1970 but not released by the Blue Note label until 1980  It features performances by Mobley with trumpeter Woody Shaw, pianist Cedar Walton, guitarist Eddie Diehl, bassist Mickey Bass, and drummer Leroy Williams  This was Mobley's 26th (and final) recording for Blue Note 

Reception
Allmusic awarded the album 4½ stars and the review by Scott Yanow stated "It is only fitting that Hank Mobley would record one of the last worthwhile Blue Note albums before its artistic collapse (it would not be revived until the 1980s) for his consistent output helped define the label's sound in the 1960s" On All About Jazz Richton Guy Thomas said "this is a fitting farewell session  It features the powerful trumpet playing of Woody Shaw and the exciting pianist Cedar Walton  Hank Mobley's playing has a fire that ought to remind you of the Jazz Messengers, as it should since he was one of the original members of the group     Thinking of Home should remind diehard jazz fans (and enlighten those newer to the genre) that Mobley was an innovative and stimulating tenor saxophonist who consistently swung" 

Track listing
All compositions by Hank Mobley except where noted

"Suite: Thinking of Home/The Flight/Home at Last" - 10:06
"Justine" - 13:04
"You Gotta Hit It" - 5:34
"Gayle's Groove" (Mickey Bass) - 5:33
"Talk About Gittin' It" - 8:38

Personnel
Hank Mobley — tenor saxophone
Woody Shaw — trumpet
Cedar Walton — piano
Eddie Diehl — guitar
Mickey Bass — bass
Leroy Williams — drums
Passage 18:
Opus de Jazz
Opus de Jazz (subtitled A Hi-Fi Recording for Flute, Vibes, Piano, Bass, Drums) is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1955 and released on the Savoy label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "This is not essential, but it is enjoyable music "

Track listing
"Opus de Funk" (Horace Silver) – 13:28
"Opus Pocus" (Ozzie Cadena) – 7:25
"You Leave Me Breathless" (Ralph Freed, Frederick Hollander) – 6:27
"Opus and Interlude" (Cadena) – 6:30Recorded in New York City on October 28, 1955

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Frank Wess – tenor saxophone, track 2; flute, tracks 1, 3 and 4
Hank Jones – piano
Eddie Jones – bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Passage 19:
The Jazz Skyline
The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Bob Rusch states: "This session has interest as an example of Milt Jackson's mid-'50s work in a non-Modern Jazz Quartet context  And despite the many critical assertions that the vibist was restrained by pianist John Lewis' direction, his playing here revealed no marked change" 

Track listing
"Lover" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) - 7:45
"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) - 4:35
"The Lady Is a Tramp" (Hart, Rodgers) - 7:18
"Angel Face" (Hank Jones) - 6:38
"Sometimes I'm Happy" (Irving Caesar, Vincent Youmans) - 7:15
"What's New?" (Johnny Burke, Bob Haggart) - 3:51

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Lucky Thompson - tenor saxophone
Hank Jones - piano
Wendell Marshall - bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Passage 20:
Jazz Contemporary
Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label  The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 2½ stars and stated "The results are not quite essential but everyone plays up to par    It's fine hard bop, the modern mainstream music of the period" 

Track listing
All compositions by Kenny Dorham except as indicated"A Waltz" - 5:34
"Monk's Mood" (Thelonious Monk) - 8:09
"In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) - 8:01
"Horn Salute" - 8:27
"Tonica" - 2:57
"This Love of Mine" (Sol Parker, Henry W  Sanicola Jr , Frank Sinatra) - 6:49Bonus tracks on CD reissue:

"Sign Off" - 5:29
"A Waltz" [alternate take] - 5:36
"Monk's Mood" [alternate take] (Monk) - 2:53
"This Love of Mine" [alternate take] (Parker, Sanicola, Sinatra) - 7:55Recorded on February 11 (tracks 2, 3, 7, 8, 10) and February 12, 1960 (tracks 1, 4-6, 9) 

Personnel
Kenny Dorham - trumpet
Charles Davis - baritone saxophone
Steve Kuhn - piano
Jimmy Garrison (tracks 2, 3, 7, 8 & 10), Butch Warren (tracks 1, 4-6 & 9)  - bass
Buddy Enlow - drums
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of Chelsea F C  managers
The first manager of Chelsea Football Club was John Robertson, appointed player-manager in 1905  The current head coach is Mauricio Pochettino  
Chelsea have had 31 permanent managers/head coaches (of whom four also served as player-manager), seven interim managers and six caretakers  Ron Suart has served as both caretaker and interim manager  Roberto Di Matteo was first interim manager, but was later appointed permanent manager, while Frank Lampard was first permanent manager, and later interim manager  Guus Hiddink has been interim manager twice, while José Mourinho has served two different periods as permanent manager 
Chelsea's first ever manager was Scottish wing-half John Tait Robertson, who continued to play for the club until he resigned a year later  David Calderhead is Chelsea's longest-serving manager, holding the position from 1907 to 1933, spanning 966 matches  Chelsea's shortest reigning permanent manager is Graham Potter, who was in charge for 31 games  Statistically, Chelsea's least successful manager is Frank Lampard 
The first manager under whom Chelsea won a major trophy was Ted Drake, who guided the club to the league championship in the 1954–55 season, while Dave Sexton managed the club to their first European honour, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup triumph in 1971, and Gianluca Vialli guided Chelsea to win the 1998 UEFA Super Cup 
Mourinho has won the most domestic titles, and total titles with the club (in fact all titles won with Mourinho was domestic titles – eight in total), Vialli second most titles with five, whereas Carlo Ancelotti led Chelsea to their first league and FA Cup "Double" in 2010  
Di Matteo led Chelsea to their first UEFA Champions League for Chelsea in 2012  A year after, Rafael Benítez led the club to win the UEFA Europa League, becoming the first club to hold two major European titles simultaneously and one of five clubs, and the first British club, to have won all three of UEFA's major club competitions   In February 2022, Thomas Tuchel led Chelsea to its first FIFA Club World Cup  He is also the coach who have won the most international titles with the club; all three of his titles were international 

List of managers
Figures correct as of 28 May 2023  Includes competitive matches only This list of all managers includes performance records and honours 
M = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against

Managers with honours
Notes


== Footnotes ==
Passage 2:
Fed Cup
The Billie Jean King Cup (or the BJK Cup) is the premier international team competition in women's tennis, launched as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the International Tennis Federation (ITF)  The name was changed to the Fed Cup in 1995, and changed again in September 2020 in honor of former World No  1 Billie Jean King  The Billie Jean King Cup is the world's largest annual women's international team sports competition in terms of the number of nations that compete  The current Chairperson is Katrina Adams The Czech Republic dominated the BJK Cup in the 2010s, winning six of ten competitions in the decade  The men's equivalent of the Billie Jean King Cup is the Davis Cup, and the Czech Republic, Australia, Russia and the United States are the only countries to have held both Cups at the same time 

History
In 1919, Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman had an idea for a women's team tennis competition  This was not adopted but she persisted, presenting a trophy at the 1923 annual contest between the United States and Great Britain, named the Wightman Cup 
Nell Hopman, wife of the legendary Australian Davis Cup Captain Harry Hopman, later took up Mrs Wightman's original idea  In 1962, a British resident of the United States, Mary Hardwick Hare, presented a dossier proving that support for such an event was overwhelming, persuading the ITF that it was a 'good idea' to have a team championship played over one week in a different venue each year  40 years after Wightman's idea of a women's Davis Cup, it became a reality  In 1963, the ITF launched the Federation Cup to celebrate its 50th anniversary  Open to all nations the competition became a resounding success 
The inaugural event attracted 16 countries  The competition was supported by the top players right from the start  Held at the Queen's Club, in London, the first contest was between Australia and the United States   Grand Slam champions Darlene Hard, Billie Jean King, Margaret Smith and Lesley Turner all proudly representing their country on court  The United States would emerge the champion nation in the opening year  However, it was to be Australia in the early years, winning seven of the next eleven championships  Around 1980 the United States was able to establish some significant mark on the competition setting in future years a very high standard for others to compete against 

The first Federation Cup had attracted 16 entry teams, despite no prize money and teams having to meet their own expenses  When sponsorship became available, the number of teams expanded dramatically, first by the Colgate Group in 1976, and, from 1981 to 1994 by the Japanese communications and computer giant NEC  In 1994, there were 73 nations competing, with the host nation of a Federation Cup week was now being required to build a special tennis complex, giving rise to what became known as the Federation Cup "legacy " The additional costs of each event could be offset with the host nations viewing their involvement as providing an opportunity to boost their national game 
For the 1992, a regional group qualifying format was introduced  In 1995, the tournament's name was shortened to the Fed Cup, and a new home-and-away format was adopted as trialled by the Davis Cup, so that women could play for their country in their own country  There have been a number of smaller changes to the format since 1995  The format change implemented in 2005 incorporates an eight Nation World Group I and eight nation World Group II both playing home-and-away over three weekends throughout the year  Three regional groups compete and there are promotions and relegations based on results 
The 2021 edition is set to have US$12 million in prize money 

Format
Tournament
While many nations enter the BJK Cup each year, only 16 countries qualify for the elite World Group and World Group II each year (eight in World Group and eight in World Group II) They reach World Group and World Group II as follows:

(a) World Group – the four nations that win their World Group first round tie remain in the World Group for the following year  First round losers contest the World Group play-offs against the four winning nations from World Group II to determine relegation/promotion for the following year's competition  (The four nations that win World Group play-offs will be in the World Group the following year, while the four losers will start the following year in World Group II )
(b) World Group II – the four nations that win their World Group II ties will compete in the World Group I Play-Offs to determine relegation/promotion for the following year, as described above  Similarly the four nations that lose their World Group II ties will face winning nations from Group I Zonal competitions, in the World Group II play-offs, to determine relegation/promotion  (The four nations that win their World Group II play-offs will be in World Group II the following year, while the four losers will begin the next year in Group I Zonal events )Once in the World Group or World Group II, four nations will be seeded in each  The decision as to which nations will be seeded is made by the BJK Cup Committee, according to the ITF BJK Cup Nations Ranking 
At the levels below the World Group and World Group II, the BJK Cup nations compete in Zonal Competition events, which are split into three zones: The Americas Zone, the Asia/Oceania Zone and the Europe/Africa Zone  In each zone there are two groups, Group I being the higher and Group II the lower, except for the Europe/Africa Zone, which also has a Group III 
Within the Group zonal regions, teams are split into pools and play against each other in a round robin format  The exact format of each Group event, and promotion and relegation between them, varies according to the number of participating teams  Two teams are always promoted from Europe/Africa Group I to that year's World Group II Play-Offs, while one team each go to the World Group II Play-Offs from Americas Group I and Asia/Oceania Zone Group I 

Current structure
This structure has been implemented since 2016 

Ties
In World Group and World Group II, and World Group and World Group II Play-off ties, each tie is contested in a best of five matches format, and is played across two days  On the first day there are two singles matches, and then the reverse singles matches take place on the following day  The final match is a doubles 
In Zonal Groups I, II and III, ties are played over the best of three matches (two singles and a doubles) 
The First Round Ties in the World Group and World Group II are played on a home and away knock-out basis, and take place over a weekend in the early part of the year 
World Group Semi-finals and Final are played over on a home and away knock-out basis, and take place over a weekend in July (Semi-finals) and September (Final) 
Play-off ties for World Group and World Group II will also be played on a home and away knock-out basis taking place in July 
The choice of ground for First Round, Semi-finals and Play-off ties is decided by lot or goes automatically to one of the competing nations 
As Groups I, II and III are played in a round robin format in all three zones, each event takes place at a single venue over one week  These are held in the first half of the year (to allow promotion of teams to the World Group II Play-off ties in the second half of the year), and dates and venues are decided by the BJK Cup Committee 

Records and statistics
List of championship finals
Performance by country
Source:

Titles by country (since 1995)
Results by country in BJK Cup Finals
Team records
Consecutive titles
All-time: 7,  United States, 1976–1982
Consecutive finals appearances
All-time: 8,  Australia, 1973–1980
Most number of games in a tie
Best of Five Format: 162,  France 4–1  Japan, 1997 World Group First Round
Best of Three Format: 104,  Canada 2–1  Switzerland, 1977 Consolation Second Round
Years present in BJK Cup Finals

Individual records
Youngest player
Denise Panagopoulou;  Greece; 12 years, 360 days1
Oldest player
Gill Butterfield;  Bermuda; 52 years, 162 days
Most rubbers played
100, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario,  Spain
Most ties played
74, Anne Kremer,  Luxembourg
Most rubbers won
Total: 72, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Spain
Singles: 50, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Spain
Doubles: 38, Larisa Savchenko-Neiland,  Soviet Union /  Latvia
Longest rubber
2016 World Group First Round: Richèl Hogenkamp,  Netherlands defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova,  Russia in 4 hours, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 10–8 
Most successful captain
Petr Pála; 6 titles,  Czech Republic1Players must now be aged 14 and over

Heart Award
The Heart Award is the ITF's annual "MVP" award related to the Billie Jean King Cup, which "aims to recognise players who have represented their country with distinction, shown exceptional courage on court and demonstrated outstanding commitment to the team " The award was inaugurated in 2009 

Current rankings
For more information, see ITF rankings

†Change since previous ranking update
Source:

Broadcasters
See also
Junior Davis Cup and Junior Billie Jean King Cup
International Tennis Federation
Davis Cup
Hopman Cup
Wightman Cup
United Cup
Passage 3:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 4:
Division of Kingsford Smith
The Division of Kingsford Smith is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales 

History
The division is named after Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, a pioneer aviator, and the first pilot to fly across the Pacific Ocean  The Kingsford Smith International Airport (Sydney International), and the suburb of Kingsford, both of which are located within the division, are also named after him  The division was proclaimed at the redistribution of 11 May 1949, and was first contested at the 1949 federal election 
Kingsford Smith has been in Labor hands for its entire existence  A redistribution ahead of the 1969 election made it one of the safest Labor seats in both Sydney and the nation, and it remained a comfortably safe Labor seat for most of the next four decades  However, demographic changes since 2010 have made the seat much less secure for Labor  It has previously been held by Lionel Bowen, a minister in the Whitlam government, Deputy Leader of the Labor Party from 1977 to 1990 and Deputy Prime Minister for most of the Hawke government, and by Laurie Brereton, a minister in the Keating government  It was then held by Peter Garrett, a former lead singer of the Australian rock band Midnight Oil, former President of the Australian Conservation Foundation, and a minister in the Rudd and Gillard governments  Garrett announced his retirement on 26 June 2013 The Division was originally known as the Division of Kingsford-Smith (with a hyphen), based upon a misspelling of Sir Charles's surname  However, this was corrected at the redistribution in 2001 The current Member for Kingsford Smith, since the 2013 federal election, is Matt Thistlethwaite, a member of the Australian Labor Party who resigned from the Senate prior to the election 

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission  Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned The division is located in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, on the north shore of Botany Bay, and the coast of the Tasman Sea  The division includes the suburbs of Banksmeadow, Botany, Chifley, Coogee, Daceyville, East Botany, Eastgardens, Eastlakes, Hillsdale, Kensington, Kingsford, La Perouse, Little Bay, Malabar, Maroubra, Maroubra Junction, Mascot, Matraville, Pagewood, Phillip Bay, Port Botany, and South Coogee; as well as parts of Clovelly, Randwick, and Rosebery  Bare Island, Prince Henry Hospital, and the University of New South Wales are also located in the electorate 

Members
Election results
Passage 5:
Hilario López
Hilario López García (18 November 1907 – 17 June 1965) was a Mexican football forward who made three appearances for the Mexico at the 1930 FIFA World Cup 

Honours
Mexico

Central American and Caribbean Games: 1935Individual

Central American and Caribbean Games Top Scorer: 1935
Passage 6:
Dragoslav Čakić
Dragoslav 'Drago' Čakić (born 15 February 1965 in Split, Croatia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) is a Croatian retired footballer who played as a midfielder 

Club career
In his country, Čakić represented hometown clubs RNK Split and HNK Hajduk Split  In the 1987 summer he moved to Spain, where he remained until his retirement 12 years later, starting with Real Burgos CF in Segunda División 
Čakić also played professionally in the country with Xerez CD (two spells, being relegated from the second level in 1991 and 1998) and CD Ourense  He competed at amateur level with Jerez Industrial CF, CD San Fernando and CD Tortosa, retiring in June 1999 at the age of 34 
Passage 7:
Ružica Meglaj-Rimac
Ružica Meglaj-Rimac (15 February 1941 – 11 July 1996) was a former Yugoslav and Croatian basketball player born in Croatian-Slovenian family  The Ružica Meglaj-Rimac Cup is named after her 

Personal life
Her younger sister, Kornelija Meglaj is also a former basketball player  She had two sons, former Croatian basketball players Slaven Rimac and Davor Rimac 
Passage 8:
José Antunes Sobrinho
José Antunes Sobrinho (born 1962) is a Brazilian civil engineer and energy executive who specializes in hydroelectric and other energy projects  He holds a degree from the Federal University of Paraná (1974) and a Master's degree in hydraulic engineering from the Delft University of Technology, Netherlands (1978) 

History
In 1986, Antunes was appointed Director General of ENGEVIX Engenharia S/A Antunes has worked on the Itaipu (14,000 MW), Tucuruí Dam (8,370 MW), Belo Monte Dam (11,233 MW under construction); Ita Dam  (1,450 MW), Campos Novos Dam (880 MW), Barra Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant (690 MW) and other hydro projects 
Antunes is also an active consultant and provides local support for UK-based Coopers & Lybrand  He helped drive forward the Brazilian energy sector restructuring program, which basically set the foundations for the way the industry's regulatory and legal frameworks would operate 
Antunes was a member of the teams consulting on the Itaipu (14,000 MW) and Machadinho Hydroelectric Power Plant (1,240 MW) projects   He has also worked on projects in Asia (Vietnam, China and Nepal), Africa (Congo, Angola and Namibia) and South America (Peru, Mexico and elsewhere)   In 2009, he was invited to lecture at MIT (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) on renewable energy in Brazil 
In May 1995, Antunes founded DESENVIX, the investment arm of ENGEVIX that focuses on the energy industry  DESENVIX currently generates the equivalent of 400 MW provided by clean energy sources and ongoing or planned hydro, biomass and wind energy projects that will provide around 2,000 MW Antunes is currently managing the INFRAMERICA consortium, which is building the new Natal Airport (Rio Grande do Norte) and modernizing and expanding Brasília Airport, The ENGEVIX Group also has many maritime construction contracts and builds hulls for Floating production storage and offloading platforms 
Passage 9:
1965 Federation Cup (tennis)
The 1965 Federation Cup was a team tennis tournament that took place at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne, Australia  It was third edition of the of what is now known as the Fed Cup and had eleven nations participating in the tournament throughout the four days from 15–18 January 1965 
The eleven teams played in a knockout format with six teams having to play in the opening round to join the remaining five who received first rounds byes  After winning all of the ties 3-0, the final was between the United States and Australia who for the third time in consecutive years met up in the final which was played on the 18 January  After Lesley Turner and Margaret Smith each recorded wins in the singles, Australia would defend their title that they won in 1964 despite a loss in the doubles 

Participating teams
Draw
All ties were played at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne, Australia on grass courts 

First round
West Germany vs  Italy

Japan vs  France

New Zealand vs  Argentina

Quarterfinals
United States vs  Italy

Great Britain vs  South Africa

France vs  Brazil

New Zealand vs  Australia

Semifinals
United States vs  Great Britain

France vs  Australia

Final
United States vs  Australia
Passage 10:
Equipe Matra Sports
The Matra Company's racing team, under the names of Matra Sports, Equipe Matra Elf and Equipe Matra Sports (after a takeover by Simca in 1969 as Matra-Simca Division Automobile), was formed in 1965 and based at Champagne-sur-Seine (1965–1967), Romorantin-Lanthenay (1967–1969) and Vélizy-Villacoublay (1969–1979)  In 1979 the team was taken over by Peugeot and renamed as Automobiles Talbot 

Motorsports history
In the mid-1960s, Matra enjoyed considerable success in Formula 3 and F2 racing, particularly with the MS5 monocoque-based car, winning the French and European championships  In 1967, Jacky Ickx surprised the F1 establishment by posting the third-fastest qualifying time of 8:14" at the German Nürburgring in his 1600cc Matra MS7 F2, which was allowed to enter alongside the 3000cc F1 cars  In the race, he failed to finish due to a broken suspension 

Matra entered Formula One in 1968 when Jackie Stewart was a serious contender, winning several Grands Prix in the Tyrrell-run Matra MS10 which competed alongside the works team 
The F1 team was established at Vélizy-Villacoublay in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France  The car's most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks  These allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg (33 lb) lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors  The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970 
Matra CEO Jean-Luc Lagardère made a strategic decision for the 1969 championship: the Matra works team would not compete in Formula One  Matra would instead focus its efforts on Ken Tyrrell's privateer team (renamed Matra International) and build a new DFV powered car with structural fuel tanks, even though it would only be eligible for a single season  The decision was even more radical given that Matra was seeking a partnership with Simca, which would preclude using Ford-branded engines for the following year  Stewart won the 1969 title easily with the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80, which was designed by Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer, and corrected most of the weaknesses of the MS10  Stewart's title was the first won in a car built by a French constructor, and still remains the only one won in a car built in France as well as in a car entered by a privateer team  It was a spectacular achievement from a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year  France became only the third country (after the United Kingdom and Italy) to have produced a winning constructor, and Matra became the only constructor to have won the Constructors' Championship without running its own works team 
Like Cosworth, Lotus and McLaren, Matra experimented with four wheel drive during the 1969 season  Johnny Servoz-Gavin became the one and only driver to score a point with a 4WD car, finishing sixth with the Matra MS84 at the Canadian Grand Prix  The MS84, along with Brabham's BT26A, was one of the last spaceframe cars to compete in Formula One 
For 1970 following the agreement with Simca, Matra asked Tyrrell to use their V12 engine rather than the Cosworth  Stewart got to test the Matra V12, but since a large part of the Tyrrell budget was provided by Ford, and another significant sponsor was French state-owned petroleum company Elf, which had an agreement with Renault that precluded supporting a Simca partner, the partnership between Matra and Tyrrell ended 
Matra V12 engines powered the Shadow DN7 car in two races of 1975 and then cars built and entered by the Ligier Formula 1 team from 1976–1978, and again (under the name Talbot Ligier) from 1981-1982, winning three races (the 1977 Swedish Grand Prix, 1981 Austrian Grand Prix and 1981 Canadian Grand Prix)  Jacques Laffite´s victory at the 1977 Swedish Grand Prix was the first Formula One victory for a French team and a French engine, as well as the first all-French victory in the Formula One World Championship The company was also successful in endurance racing with cars powered by the V12 engine  The sportscar team was based at first at Vélizy-Villacoublay and then moved to Le Castellet, near Marseille, France The Matra MS670 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1972, 1973, and 1974  It also delivered the World Championship for Makes to Matra in both 1973 and 1974 

Racing models
Matra MS1
Matra MS2
Matra MS5
Matra MS6
Matra MS7
Matra MS9
Matra MS10
Matra MS11
Matra MS80
Matra MS84
Matra MS120
Matra MS120B
Matra MS120C
Matra MS120D
Matra MS610
Matra MS620
Matra MS630
Matra-Simca MS630
Matra-Simca MS630/650
Matra MS640
Matra-Simca MS650
Matra-Simca MS660
Matra-Simca MS660C
Matra-Simca MS670
Matra-Simca MS670B
Matra-Simca MS670C
Matra-Simca MS680

Successes
334 races, all categories, spanning 10 years
124 victories, 104 lap records
1 Formula One World Drivers' Championship (1969, Jackie Stewart, MS80)
1 Formula One World Constructors' Championship (1969, Matra-Elf International)
5 French Formula Two Championships (1966–1967–1968–1969–1970)
3 European Formula Two Championships (1967–1968–1969)
3 French Formula Three Championships (1965–1966–1967)
2 World Championship for Makes (1973–1974)
3 victories at 24 Hours of Le Mans (1972–1973–1974)
2 victories at Tour de France Automobile (1970–1971)

Complete Formula One World Championship results
As a constructor
(key)

As an engine supplier
(key)

Notes
Passage 11:
2014 Thai League Cup
The Thai League Cup is a knock-out football tournament played in Thai sport  Some games are played as a single match, others are played as two-legged contests  The 2014 Thai League Cup kicked off on   1 February 2014 with the Bangkok & field regional qualifiers  The Thai League Cup has been readmitted back into Thai football after a 10-year absence  The Thai League Cup is sponsored by Toyota thus naming it Toyota League Cup  The prize money for this prestigious award is said to be around 5 million baht and the runners-up will be netting 1 million baht 
The prize money is not the only benefit of this cup, the team winning the fair play spot will get a Hilux Vigo  The MVP of the competition will get a Toyota Camry Hybrid Car  The winner of the cup will earn the right to participate on a cup competition in Japan 
This is the first edition of the competition and the qualifying round will be played in regions featuring clubs from the Regional League Division 2 

Calendar
1st round


=== Final ===
Passage 12:
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are congresspeople who coordinate legislative initiatives and serve as the chief spokespersons for their parties on the House floor  These leaders are elected every two years in secret balloting of their party caucuses or conferences: the House Democratic Caucus and the House Republican Conference  Depending on which party is in power, one party leader serves as majority leader and the other as minority leader 
Unlike the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader is the second highest-ranking member of their party's House caucus, behind the Speaker of the House  The Majority Leader is responsible for setting the annual legislative agenda, scheduling legislation for consideration, and coordinating committee activity  The Minority Leader serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the minority counterpart to the Speaker  The Minority Leader also speaks for the minority party in the House and its policies, and works to protect the minority party's rights The assistant majority leader and assistant minority leader of the House, commonly called whips, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership  The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues 

Current floor leaders
With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority, the current leaders are Majority Leader Steve Scalise of Louisiana and Majority Whip Tom Emmer of Minnesota, Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries of New York, and Minority Whip Katherine Clark of Massachusetts 

Selection
The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot  The Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming Speaker, although not formally selected to be nominated for Speaker by the majority party's caucus  After this period, the Speaker-designate is also chosen in a closed-door session by the largest caucus although the Speaker is formally elevated to the position by a public vote of the entire House when Congress reconvenes 
Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position  When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress  When her predecessor, Dick Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections  Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House  Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service 
By contrast, party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber, such as Lyndon B  Johnson, William Knowland, Tom Daschle, and Bill Frist  Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor also had a comparatively quick rise to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history 

History
Before 1899, the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, the most powerful committee in the House, as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution as the House's unique power  However, this designation (begun under Speaker Henry Clay during the 12th United States Congress) was informal, and after 1865, alternated between the Ways and Means Committee Chair and the House Appropriations Committee Chair after the latter committee was split from the former  By at least 1850, the Senate and House Republican Conferences and the Senate and House Democratic Caucuses began naming chairs (although conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority) The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne  Speaker David B  Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more prominent and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356 Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership after the incumbent surrenders the position  The only exceptions during this period were Charles A  Halleck, who served as Majority Leader from 1947–1949, ultimately did not become Speaker because his party lost the House in the 1948 House election, and served as Majority Leader in 1953–1955, ultimately did not become Speaker because his party lost control over the House after the 1954 House Election and would not regain the House until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for years at this point); Hale Boggs, who served as Majority Leader from 1971–1973, died in a plane crash; and Dick Gephardt, who served as Majority Leader from 1989–1995, descended to Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections 
Since 1995, the only two Majority Leaders to become Speaker are John Boehner and Kevin McCarthy, though indirectly as their party lost control in the 2006 and 2018 midterm elections  Boehner subsequently served as House Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011, and McCarthy served from 2019 to 2023  Both were elected Speaker when the House reconvened after gaining a majority in their respective midterm elections  In 1998, when Speaker Newt Gingrich announced his resignation, neither Majority Leader Dick Armey nor Majority Whip Tom DeLay contested the Speakership, which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert 
Traditionally, the Speaker is viewed as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command  For example, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the Speakership while Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader  Cantor was understood to be the second-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the indisputable leader of the House Republicans  However, there have been some exceptions  The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay was considered more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006 In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party  For example, when the Republicans lost their majority in the 2018 elections, McCarthy was elected as Minority Leader and hence replaced Ryan as the highest-ranking House Republican 
When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President  For that situation, the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, owing to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership 
When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively  As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions  Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections  She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress In 2014, Eric Cantor became the first House Majority Leader to lose a primary election  Following his primary defeat, Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader, effective July 31, 2014, and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress 

Majority Leader
The House Majority Leader's duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus  In several recent sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees One statutory duty, per 19 U S C  § 2191(c)(1), stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the United States for a fast-track negotiating authority (trade promotion authority) trade agreement must be introduced (by request) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House 

Minority Leader
Responsibilities
From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader  For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar  The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities 
From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority control of the House  Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader 

The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers 
The minority leader devises strategies, in consultation with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives  For example, by stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" 
The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party's agenda 
The minority leader, if their party controls the White House, confers regularly with the President and the President's aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally 
The minority leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined  To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom  A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N Y , provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies  He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights  It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation "Since Snell's description, other responsibilities have been added to the job  These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions  Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position 

Origin of the post
To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation  Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader  Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders  However, from the earliest days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader"  Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader  In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause " In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

I found there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called, in England, Leaders, on either side of the House     It is true, that certain members do take charge of administration questions, and certain others of opposition questions; but all this so obviously without concert among themselves, actual or tacit, that nothing can be conceived less systematic or more completely desultory, disjointed Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader  For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field  Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855 " With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader"  The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five  The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership "In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader " However, this assertion is subject to dispute  On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G  Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker  Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J  Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress  Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader  He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives     all at handsome salaries " Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination  But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously " Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead  "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883  On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership " Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A  Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883  "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance " This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer 
In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position  Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians  This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and   high levels of party voting in Congress " Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House
leadership structure 

Minority party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897
While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899, the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the beginning of each Congress) may be considered their party's leaders before that time 

1865: James Brooks (D-NY)
1867: Samuel S  Marshall (D-IL)
1869: Michael C  Kerr (D-IN)
1871: George W  Morgan (D-OH)
1873: Fernando Wood (D-NY)
1875: James Gillespie Blaine (R-ME)
1877, 1879: James Abram Garfield (R-OH)
1881: Samuel Jackson Randall (D-PA)
1883: Joseph Warren Keifer (R-OH)
1885, 1887: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
1889: John Griffin Carlisle (D-KY)
1891, 1893: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
1895: Charles F  Crisp (D-GA)
1897: Joseph W  Bailey (D-TX)

Trends
Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention  First, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means " Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; however, they appoint the minority members of the Rules Committee and influence the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee 
Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status  Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern  In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R  Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker  Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker " More recently, although Robert H  Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day 
In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President  For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership  Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner 

Institutional functions
The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether their party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda  Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position  Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book  Others have devolved upon the position in other ways  To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out
diverse leadership functions  Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities 
Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities  They include the following:
Drug Testing  Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House "
Inspector General  Rule II, clause 6, states that the "Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly " This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general 
Questions of Privilege  Under Rule IX, clause 2, a resolution "offered as a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader     shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn " This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions 
Oversight Plans  Under Rule X, clause 2, not later "than March 31 in the first session of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans" of the standing committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees' oversight plans 
Committee on Standards of Official Conduct: Investigative Subcommittees  Rule X, clause 5, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress "
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence  "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum " In addition, each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties  (Rule X, clause 11) 
Motion to Recommit with Instructions  Under Rule XIII, clause 6, the Rules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions 
In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions  For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; they and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; they are a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and they may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference  Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible 

Party functions
The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities  Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader  For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus  They are a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the
Steering Committee  Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration  Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader 
Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments  Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's floor leader:
A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs  They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party  They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation  They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration  Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's
whip organization These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader's overarching objective: retake majority control of the House  "I want to get [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt, D-MO  "That's what [my partisan colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to do "Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal 
Provide Campaign Assistance  Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers  There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention  For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee  "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist "No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support "Devise Minority Party Strategies  The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that they can employ to advance minority party objectives  The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party  For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion  Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:
Cooperation  The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor 
Inconsequential Opposition  The minority party offers opposition, but it is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is so small 
Withdrawal  The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue, perhaps because of intraparty divisions 
Innovation  The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf 
Partisan Opposition  The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own 
Constructive Opposition  The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes 
Participation  The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority-building role with respect to his priorities A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances  The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party  "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt  Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics  By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House  To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public 
Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda  An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters  Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities  For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor  If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, they can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership  As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side "Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's  For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message", they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public 
House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House  The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues  Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements  They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel  In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals 
Confer With the White House  If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally  Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party  In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress  When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents  President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill  There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President  On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's " Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party  "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI  Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection  As Ford explained:
"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said  When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal  If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that  And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative  Or they could vote for it and make the same argument  Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, R-IL, to act as national spokesmen for their party  They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting  Ford's predecessor as minority leader, Charles Halleck, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this role, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Show"  In fact, the "Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference "Foster Party Harmony  Minority status, by itself, is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements  To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank-and-file Members and with different factional groupings  As Minority Leader Gephardt said:

We have weekly caucus meetings  We have daily leadership meetings  We have weekly ranking Member meetings  We have party effectiveness meetings  There's a lot more communication  I believe leadership is bottom up, not top down  I think you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up, and involve people in figuring out what that is Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party  Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the
minority party 

Party whips and assistant party leaders
Whips
A whip manages their party's legislative program on the House floor  The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon 
The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed legislation  They are reckoned as the third-ranking member of their party behind the Speaker and the Majority Leader 
The Minority Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters  They are reckoned as the second most powerful member of their party, behind the minority leader 
The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for their party  The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Guy Reschenthaler  Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership  Cantor and McCarthy, for instance, served as chief deputy Republican whips before ascending to the majority leader's post  The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus  John Lewis held this post from 1991 until his death in 2020  Jan Schakowsky held the position of senior chief deputy majority whip along with Lewis since 2019, previously holding a position as chief deputy whip since 2005  Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the title Deputy Whip 
List of Republican Chief Deputy Whips
1981–1983: David F  Emery (Minority)
1983–1987: Tom Loeffler (Minority)
1987–1989: Edward Rell Madigan (Minority)
1989–1993: Steve Gunderson and Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
1993–1995: Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
1995–1999: Dennis Hastert (Majority)
1999–2003: Roy Blunt (Majority)
2003–2009: Eric Cantor (Majority, 2003–2007; Minority, 2007–2009)
2009–2011: Kevin McCarthy (Minority)
2011–2014: Peter Roskam (Majority)
2014–2019: Patrick McHenry (Majority)
2019–2022: Drew Ferguson (Minority)
2023–present: Guy Reschenthaler (Majority)List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips1955–1962: Hale Boggs (Majority)
1962–1971: Tip O'Neill (Majority)
1971–1973: John Brademas, John J  McFall (Majority)
1973–1977: John Brademas (Majority)
1977–1981: Dan Rostenkowski (Majority)
1981–1987: Bill Alexander (Majority)
1987–1991: David Bonior (Majority)
1991–1993: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis (Majority)
1993–1995: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Majority)
1995–1997: Rosa DeLauro, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Minority)
1997–1999: Rosa DeLauro, Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Bob Menendez (Minority)
1999–2002: Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2002–2003: John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2003–2005: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Baron Hill, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Jan Schakowsky, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2005–2007: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2007–2011: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Majority)
2011–2013: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Jim Matheson, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Maxine Waters, Peter Welch (Minority)
2013–2015: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Ben Ray Lujan, Jim Matheson, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Minority)
2015–2019: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joaquin Castro, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Kyrsten Sinema, Peter Welch (Minority)
2019–2022: Cedric Richmond (until January 15, 2021) (Assistant to the Majority Whip), John Lewis (until July 17, 2020), Jan Schakowsky (Senior Chief Deputy Whips), Pete Aguilar, G  K  Butterfield, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Dan Kildee, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Majority)
2023–present: Jan Schakowsky, Terri Sewell, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Jimmy Panetta, Colin Allred, Sharice Davids, Deborah Ross, Linda Sánchez, Marilyn Strickland

Assistant party leaders
The position of Assistant Democratic Leader was established by Nancy Pelosi on January 3, 2011 and filled by Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between then-Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then-Majority Whip Jim Clyburn  The title has undergone several name changes, with the title being known as the titular "Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives" during Pelosi's second speakership; it is said to replace the Assistant to the Leader post first established in 1999; and previously held by Chris Van Hollen  There is currently no Republican equivalent in the U S  House of Representatives 

List of House Democratic Assistants to the Leader1999–2003: Rosa DeLauro
2003–2007: John Spratt
2007–2009: Xavier Becerra
2009–2011: Chris Van HollenList of House Assistant Democratic Leaders2011–2019: Jim ClyburnList of Assistant Speakers of the House of Representatives2019–2021: Ben Ray Luján
2021–2023: Katherine ClarkList of House Assistant Democratic Leaders2023–present: Jim Clyburn

List of party leaders and whips
The Majority and President are included for historical and comparative reference 

See also
Party leaders of the United States Senate
Divided government in the United States

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nickelodeon (film)
Nickelodeon is a 1976 comedy film directed by Peter Bogdanovich, and stars Ryan O'Neal, Burt Reynolds and Tatum O'Neal  According to Bogdanovich, the film was based on true stories told to him by silent film directors Allan Dwan and Raoul Walsh  It was entered into the 27th Berlin International Film Festival 

Plot
In 1914, Leo Harrigan (Ryan O'Neal) goes from being a lawyer to a writer and then to a film director while having problems, such as being hopelessly smitten with Kathleen Cooke 
While directing a scene of his friend Buck rising in a balloon, Kathleen gets trapped in a rope and is hoisted in a most undignified manner  They keep filming, including the balloon crashing onto a moving train  As the footage is excellent, they incorporate it into the film and rewrite the story to fit  Kathleen therefore accidentally becomes the leading lady 
Due to Kathleen's life being saved by Buck in the balloon they are now engaged  After shooting a scene where they get married they drive off to really wed 
When they go to a small town nickelodeon, they are surprised to see a film Tuttle's Muddle which is a spliced version of the ten films which they have made to date  Their attitude changes when the audience follow them, recognising them as the stars of the film  The group are offered a contract by Atlantic Pictures who are relocating to the Pacific and they all head to Hollywood 
Leo moves from New Jersey to California to keep one step ahead of the Motion Picture Patents Company, which is out to destroy any non-authorized equipment violating the Edison Trust  Leo finally settles in with other filmmakers in Hollywoodland, California, and makes a series of dramatic, romantic, and comedic shorts as throwaways 
While initially believing movies are just a brief flickering kind of entertainment, Leo and the crew are profoundly affected when they go to see the 1915 world premiere of D  W  Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, which transforms the motion picture industry  The film gets a standing ovation and Leo is left feeling inadequate  After the film, they re-encounter Cobb who speaks to camera enthusing about what the cinema can bring  He wants Leo to make a film about the war, getting "what war?" in response 

Cast
Ryan O'Neal as Leo Harrigan
Burt Reynolds as Buck Greenway
Tatum O'Neal as Alice Forsyte
Jane Hitchcock as Kathleen Cooke
Brian Keith as H H  Cobb
Stella Stevens as Marty Reeves
John Ritter as Franklin Frank
Brion James as Bailiff
Sidney Armus as Judge
Joe Warfield as Defence Attorney
Lorenzo Music as Mullins
Jeffrey Byron as Steve
Priscilla Pointer as Mabel
Philip Bruns as Duncan
Frank Marshall as Dinsdale's Assistant
Harry Carey, Jr  as Dobie
James Best as Jim
George Gaynes as Reginald Kingsley
M  Emmet Walsh as 'Father' Logan
Miriam Byrd-Nethery as Aunt Lula
Les Josephson as Nickelodeon Bouncer
Griffin O'Neal as Boy On A Bicycle
Hamilton Camp as Blacker
Elaine Partnow as Movie Fanatic

Production
Screenplay
In his memoirs, Irwin Winkler says he wanted to make a movie about the silent film era  He took the idea to W D  Richter, with whom he had worked a number of times, and Richter agreed to write the project on "spec" for the producers (Winkler's producing partner was Bob Chartoff)  Richter's final script was called Starlight Parade, and attracted interest from United Artists and Columbia  David Begelman at Columbia suggested Peter Bogdanovich as director Winkler later stated:

He made David come to his office and wait until the receptionist said: 'Mr  Bogdanovich will see you now ' As soon as we came inside, we were very haughtily told that he thought the script was a piece of [garbage]  I'd been around long enough to know that I should take that as a bad sign  I remember coming out of the meeting, saying, 'David, why should we make the movie with someone who hates our script?' And all David said was, 'Hey, he's a genius '     What he filmed had nothing to do with the original script  I know it meant a lot to Peter to have all of the authentic stories about the silent period in the film, but Rick's script, authentic or not, was terrific  It was just a great drama  By the time Peter was done with it, it was authentic, but it wasn't dramatic anymore  Peter hadn't really experienced any failure yet —  we hired him before At Long Last Love had come out - so he was easily the most arrogant person I'd ever met in the business, before or since  When we shot the picture, he actually directed some of the scenes on horseback  When I asked him why he was on horseback, he said: "Because that's the way John Ford did it '"
Bogdanovich has an alternative version:

I should have never gotten involved, I should have done it myself  I'd been planning to do a big picture about the silent era, largely based on the interviews with Dwan, Walsh and McCarey  I was preparing it and I got a call from my agent and she said they're preparing a movie called Starlight Parade, there's another director involved but they want you  I said, "Well, I don't really want to do their script, I'll have to rewrite it completely " "They'll let you rewrite it, whatever you want " Basically I rewrote the whole damn thing and never used any of Starlight Parade  The trouble was, again, the picture had a balance between comedy and drama and it was a comedy-drama, no question about it, and I had wanted to do it in black and white  It was very important to do it in black and white and Columbia, the studio, wouldn't let me  I had a big fight about that and they cancelled the picture  Then Barry Spikings at British-Lion came in and funded some of the picture, threw in a few million dollars  It ended up being a Columbia-British Lion picture and but when it was all done it was a difficult picture 
The movie's title was eventually changed to Nickelodeon 

Casting
Bogdanovich said his original choices for the leads were Jeff Bridges, John Ritter, Cybill Shepherd and Orson Welles  However Columbia Pictures head David Begelman refused and Burt Reynolds and Ryan O'Neal were cast in the leads  He also refused to let Bogdanovich's then-girlfriend Shepherd in the female lead out of fear of a public backlash against her, following the poor box office performance of Daisy Miller and At Long Last Love  Brian Keith played the part Bogdanovich wanted Welles to play  (He later said he was going to play it at one stage ) Of Bogdanovich's original picks for the leads, only Ritter was cast, in a smaller role, as cameraman Franklin Frank in what would be the first of three collaborations between him and Bogdanovich (the other two being 1981's They All Laughed, and 1992's Noises Off )
"The character I play     is a sort of a Gary Cooper with a little Buster Keaton thrown in", said Reynolds  "I do a lot of pratfalls and fall into things  He's a very shy, sweet, and likeable character  This is a first for me  The part that I would normally play is being played by Ryan O'Neal  He's a fast talking guy trying to become a big success  Peter wrote the film for Ryan O'Neal and me; he sees me [in real life] as that shy guy "Tatum O'Neal, who had won an Oscar appearing in Paper Moon with her father and Bogdanovich, joined the supporting cast 
The fees for Reynolds and O'Neal were around $750,000, and Tatum O'Neal was $350,000  This caused the budget to increase and Columbia cancelled the film 
"This film is not over and done with", said Richter in November 1975  "What it comes down to is a power struggle over the budget  Columbia wants an enormous hunk cut out of it and I think if we can cut if they will make the film  By its very nature it is an expensive project  Why the studio brought this to is another question  Maybe it is the beginning of an attempt to start cutting back stars' prices  I think it is criminal to have to shorten the film just to pay a kings ransom to stars  You end up in debt before you begin "Extra finance was obtained by British Lion and it was announced that filming would proceed  "We have worked out 99% of the problems and expect to work out 100% of the creative differences", said David Begelman in December 1975 Columbia provided $6 million, British Lion $2 million  The director's fee was $700,000, $500,000 of which was held as a completion guarantee Bogdanovich later said the film "didn't have to cost half as much as it did  The producers insisted it be bigger and I fought but I finally had to accept what they wanted "

Shooting
"The whole idea was to capture the era, since obviously the original films were shot in black and white", Bogdanovich says  "My cinematographer, Laszlo Kovacs, carefully lit everything to accommodate black-and-white, which is why the lighting looks so good  We used a lot of the techniques of the silent era, irising in and out of scenes  There are no opticals at all in the film  But all the studio wanted was another broad comedy like What's Up, Doc? "During filming, Burt Reynolds collapsed on set one day  Doctors could not figure out what was wrong with him and the film had to be postponed for two weeks while he recovered  The film went over schedule and over budget and Bogdanovich had to forfeit his $500,000 "I just had a smaller picture in mind", said the director later  "Both Burt Reynolds and Ryan were good in it, and Jane Hitchcock was good but she didn't have any threat about her "Ryan O'Neal had made two pictures previously with Bogdanovich but said Nickelodeon was a "terrible experience" and that Bogdanovich "began no longer using writers     Orson Welles quit one week before he was to appear in the film     Bogdanovich rewrote what originally was a tough little script about Hollywood into a farcical series of precious little jokes  I tried to get out of the picture  I told him, 'Peter we had a good script but you changed it  You're locked up there in your house  You've got to get out and regain the gritty edge you showed in Last Picture Show  But he never did "Reynolds and his stunt man Hal Needham had an unhappy experience making the film  They later made the film Hooper which featured a pretentious film director based on Bogdanovich 

Post-production
Winkler says when he saw a rough cut of the final film he thought it was "atrocious     for Peter to blame the movie's failure on the casting and not being in black-and-white is a really terrible excuse for a guy who simply screwed up a really terrific script "

Reception
For the Los Angeles premiere, all guests (and some critics) paid five cents to see the movie in honor of the film and early Hollywood ticket prices  However, the movie was unsuccessful at the box office, and was Bogdanovich's third flop in a row, after Daisy Miller and At Long Last Love (the latter of which was also an attempt to revive an older style of film making) 
Bogdanovich reminisced in 2004:

The previews were edgy and the studio wanted me to take most of the drama out, play it more comedy and turn it more into a What's Up Doc?, which it really wasn't  So that threw it off and it got fucked up  Again, the picture came out not at all the way I wanted  I tried to recut that one and I couldn't get back to it  There's about five minutes I'd like to put back that really makes a difference, some heavy stuff where you find out that Ryan O'Neal has an affair with Stella Stevens, it becomes very clear, and you see that John Ritter knows it, all that stuff  It was just much heavier and darker  So the picture got screwed up and that's why I took three years off and went away 
Bogdanovich blamed the studio for poor marketing 

I couldn't seem to get anything across to them  I felt like I was talking into a void  When you've had a few successes you can say the stupidest things in the world and people will think it's clever  When you've had a few flops, you can say something perfectly reasonable and they look at you as if they had no idea what you are talking about 
As for Richter;

After it became clear the picture was a failure, the most amazing thing happened: I got more job offers than ever before in my life  People seemed so mad at Peter that they were eager to make excuses for me and help me out  And they all wanted to hear about working with him 

After making the film, Bogdanovich felt he had compromised so much he took three years off directing, before returning with Saint Jack (1979) 
Among contemporary reviews from critics, Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and called it "a curiously flat movie  It functions like clockwork and it looks right, but it doesn't feel like much  The laughs are telegraphed, the actors are lifeless (with the exception of Burt Reynolds), and the movie does an abrupt turnabout, from comedy to elegy, about two-thirds of the way through " Richard Eder of The New York Times called the film "two hours and two minutes of impersonations  Some of them are very good impersonations—deft and funny—but they lack a life to string them together " Arthur D  Murphy of Variety called it "an okay comedy-drama about the early days of motion pictures  Recreating a cultural era in terms of some of its artistic forms and cliches emerges as an uneven dramatic device though it sometimes works " Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars out of four and wrote that it "really bogs down with incessantly inept pratfall comedy" and "is successful only when it captures the innocence of the period " Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "In the first part of the film O'Neal, Reynolds and Miss Hitchcock often seem merely silly as they carry on like the exaggerated characters in their own movies  Alas, the effect is to make the latter portion of the movie unduly static and drawn out in comparison to its frenetic beginning  However, the more aware one is of what Bogdanovich is trying to do and the more knowledgeable one is about the era he is trying to evoke, the more enjoyable the movie  Indeed, 'Nickelodeon' is most affecting for the cineaste, and its culminating tribute to D  W  Griffith as the screen's first great artist brings tears to the eyes " Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote that while Bogdanovich's new film was not quite a disaster on par with his previous flop At Long Last Love, "this elaborate, rambling and ultimately tedious period comedy about the pioneering years of the movie business in Hollywood does not lack for crippling deficiencies, miscalculations and self-indulgences "Critic John Simon called the film "a sanity test: anyone who catches himself laughing at any of it at this late date should seriously consider committing himself to the nearest mental hospital even though in his case a cure is hardly to be hoped for "As of March 2022, the film holds a rating of 8% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 4 7 out of 10 

Alternative versions
The 2009 DVD release includes a 125-minute "Director's Cut" in black and white  "There's nothing to distract you", said Bogdanovich, "Ryan's blond hair and blue eyes don't distract you, and you focus on the action in an easier way  That's why the funniest movies ever made were silent comedies—Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd, Charlie Chaplin  It focuses the attention in a different way, and color is distracting for that sort of thing "
Passage 2:
Saturday Night Live (season 5)
The fifth season of Saturday Night Live, an American sketch comedy series, originally aired in the United States on NBC between October 13, 1979, and May 24, 1980 

Cast
Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi left the show at the end of season 4, leaving a void in the cast that most fans thought would be the beginning of the end of the late-night sketch comedy show  
To keep the show going, Lorne Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to featured cast member status: Peter Aykroyd (Dan's brother), Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray (Bill's brother), Don Novello (also credited as Father Guido Sarducci), Tom Schiller and Alan Zweibel  Band leader Paul Shaffer also joined the cast, becoming the first person from the SNL band to become a cast member  Harry Shearer joined the show as a featured cast member and was promoted to repertory status during the season 
This season was the first to have two members of the same family as cast members (Bill Murray and Brian Doyle-Murray) 
This would be the final season for everyone in the cast  Tom Davis and Jim Downey would return to the show in future seasons as writers  Al Franken, Brian Doyle-Murray, Don Novello and Harry Shearer would rejoin the cast in future seasons (Al Franken would also return as a writer) 

Cast roster
bold denotes Weekend Update anchor
Featured cast members announced and shown during the "Opening Introductions" varied from week to week, as noted below in each episode's description 

Writers
As previously mentioned, Michaels upgraded many of the show's writers to cast member status, including Aykroyd, Downey, Doyle-Murray, Novello, Schiller and Zweibel  Doyle-Murray would be the only one to return, as a writer, in the following season 
This season's writers were Peter Aykroyd, Anne Beatts, Tom Davis, Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray, Al Franken, Tom Gammill, Lorne Michaels, Matt Neuman, Don Novello, Sarah Paley, Max Pross, Herb Sargent, Tom Schiller, Harry Shearer, Rosie Shuster and Alan Zweibel  The head writer was Herb Sargent 

Episodes
Home media
SNL's fifth season was released on DVD on December 1, 2009  There are no plans to release any further seasons 
Passage 3:
Peter Green Splinter Group (album)
Peter Green Splinter Group is an album by the British blues band of the same name, led by Peter Green  Released in 1997, this was their first album, and the comeback album for Green, who had been out of the music business for around 10 years  Green was the founder of Fleetwood Mac and a member of that group from 1967–70, before a sporadic solo career during the late 1970s and early 1980s 
Mostly recorded live on a tour of the UK, the album consisted of covers of blues songs 

Track listing
"Hitch Hiking Woman" (Black Ace) – 3:46 (studio recording)
"Travelling Riverside Blues" (Robert Johnson) – 3:26 (studio recording)
"Look on Yonder Wall" (Elmore James) – 6:26
"Homework" (Dave Clark, Al Perkins) – 3:56
"The Stumble" (Freddie King, Sonny Thompson) – 4:22
"Help Me" (Sonny Boy Williamson II, Willie Dixon, Ralph Bass) – 5:47
"Watch Your Step" (Bobby Parker) – 3:51
"From 4' Till Late" (Johnson) – 2:55
"Steady Rollin' Man" (Johnson) – 3:41
"It Takes Time" (Otis Rush) – 5:06
"Dark End Of The Street" (Dan Penn, Chips Moman) – 3:59
"Going Down" (Don Nix) – 7:43The album incorrectly lists the composer of track 4 as Otis Rush  Rush was the first person to record the song in 1962, but did not compose it 

Japanese issue bonus track
"The Green Manalishi" (Peter Green)

Personnel
Peter Green Splinter Group
Peter Green – guitars, vocals
Nigel Watson – guitars, vocals
Cozy Powell – drums
Neil Murray – bass guitar
Spike Edney – keyboards

Technical
Tim Summerhayes, Robin Black, Ian Dyekhoff – engineers
Spike Edney – remix engineer at Blackbarn Studios
Al at Spot On – design
Will Riley of Underworld – logo
Passage 4:
Jean Desessard
Jean Desessard (born 6 September 1952) is a French politician and a former member of the Senate of France  He represented Paris and is a member of Europe Ecology – The Greens 
Passage 5:
Cassata
Cassata or cassata siciliana ( kə-SAH-tə, Italian: [kasˈsaːta sitʃiˈljaːna], Sicilian: [ka(s)ˈsaːta sɪʃɪˈljaːna]) is a traditional cake from Sicily, Italy  Cassata is typically composed of a round sponge cake moistened with fruit juices or liqueur and layered with ricotta cheese and candied fruit (a filling also used with cannoli)  Cassata has a shell of marzipan, pink and green coloured icing, and decorative designs  Cassata may also refer to a Neapolitan ice cream containing candied or dried fruit and nuts 

Origin
Cassata is believed to have originated in Palermo in the 10th century, when under Muslim rule  The word al-qaššāṭī – القشاطي (Arabic for 'the cassata-maker') – was first mentioned in Corleone in 1178 The Arabic word qas'ah, from which cassata may derive, refers to the bowl that is used to shape the cake 

Variations
Unlike the round, traditional shape some cassata are made in the form of a rectangle, square, or box  The word "box" in Italian is cassa, although it is unlikely that the word cassata originated from this term Cassata Catanese, as it is often prepared in the Sicilian province of Catania, is made similar to a pie, containing a top and bottom crust, filled with ricotta, and baked in the oven 

The Cassatella di sant'Agata (pl  cassatelle)—colloquially named Minni di Vergini, meaning "virgin breasts"—is a similar dessert, but made in a smaller, personal-serving size,  with a candied cherry on top, and often a specifically green-coloured marzipan  It is typically made in Catania for the festival of Saint Agatha  The allusion to the female breast relates the specific torture Saint Agatha faced as a Catholic martyr When a cassata is made, layers of gelato (Italian ice cream) can be substituted for the layers of cheese, producing a dessert similar to an ice cream cake  The version of the recipe followed in Messina is less sweet than the one used in Palermo 
"Cassata" can also refer to a flavor of ice-cream inspired by the sweet 

United States
In Cleveland, Ohio and the surrounding region, the term "Cassata Cake" uniquely refers to a layered yellow sponge cake soaked in rum or rum syrup, filled with fresh strawberries and custard, and usually decorated with whipped cream and sliced strawberries  
This Cleveland version of the Cassata Cake first appeared in the early 1920s at LaPuma Spumoni & Bakery in Cleveland  The children of the owners did not like traditional cassata cake, made with sweetened ricotta and candied fruit  Using what he had in the bakery, Tomasso LaPuma created what was to become known as the Cleveland Cassata Cake  The fifth generation of this bakery, now located in the city's eastern suburb of Chesterland, still continues to make the original version of this cake, as do many other Italian bakeries in the area  The layered cake is served for special occasions such as weddings and large family events  Some local specialty bakers or restaurants, including several in Cleveland's Little Italy neighborhood, sell Cassata Cake by the slice or have adapted the cake to be sold with ingredients layered with in a jar to-go 

See also
Cannoli
Crema de fruta
Trifle
Tipsy cake
Passage 6:
Green Party of Tennessee
The Green Party of the United States, also known as GPUS, is one of the two minor contemporary political parties in the United States with a sustained national presence, the other being the Libertarian Party  The Green Party has affiliated state parties in most states  However, not all state Green Parties are affiliated with GPUS, with those parties included separately in the following list 

Organizations of GPUS
Standalone state parties
Alaska
The Green Party of Alaska is a political party in the U S  state of Alaska  It was the Alaska affiliate of the national state Green Party, up from its creation to 2021, due of the state party has broken the party rules over refused to recognize the nominated presidential candidate, Howie Hawkins in the 2020 presidential election   Alaska was the first state to gain Green Party ballot access, in 1990, when Jim Sykes ran for governor   Sykes had previously filed a ballot access lawsuit, citing an earlier case, Vogler v  Miller 
Like the Alaska Libertarian Party, the Green Party organizes local affiliate groups by regions of the state rather than election districts   It is known for calling these groups bioregions   The organized bioregions of the GPAK include the Southcentral Bioregion (Anchorage area) and the Tanana-Yukon Bioregion (the Interior, around the Tanana and Yukon River areas) 

Georgia
The Georgia Green Party is a state-level political party in Georgia  Their candidate for president in 2016 was Dr  Jill Stein  Stein was denied access to the ballot  The party sued and won at the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit  The state chapter was disaffiliated by the Green Party of the United States on June 26, 2021 due to the state chapter drafting and passing a platform amendment against the rights of transgender people, counter to the GPUS platform 

Rhode Island
OSGP
The Ocean State Green Party (OSGP) is a  Green party in the United States  The party was founded in summer 2020, originally as a small group of supporters of the Hawkins-Walker 2020 campaign in Rhode Island  After the older Green Party of Rhode Island refused to support the presidential campaign, these supporters opted to reject this decision and collect signatures to gain a ballot line for the Green Party ticket  They then proceeded to file a complaint with the Accreditation Committee of the Green Party of the United States 

GPRI
The Green Party of Rhode Island (GPRI) is one of the oldest active Green parties in the United States  The party was founded on March 6, 1992, at a meeting of 40 activists from Rhode Island  In November 1996, GPRI was one of 12 founding parties in the Association of State Green Parties, renamed the Green Party of the United States in 2001  Several Rhode Island party leaders have served as officers of the national Green Party   The party's candidates run for municipal councils in several cities and towns, such as running for Mayor of Providence, the State Senate and the State House of Representatives, U S  Congress, and for Lieutenant governor  The Green Party of Rhode Island was involved in nationwide Green politics, until 2020 when the state party leadership took the rogue position to refuse to place the Green nominee for President, Howie Hawkins, on the ballot  Rather than face deaccreditation, the state party ended its affiliation with GPUS 

Virginia
The Independent Greens of Virginia, (also known as the Indy Greens), was the state affiliate of the Independence Party of America in the Commonwealth of Virginia  It became a state party around 2003 when a faction of the Arlington local chapter of the Green Party of Virginia (GPVA) split from the main party  As of 2011, it bills itself as a "fiscally conservative, socially responsible green party", with an emphasis on rail transportation and "more candidates"  In support of wider ballot participation, it endorses many independent candidates who are not affiliated with the party 

See also
List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)
List of state parties of the Libertarian Party (United States)
List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)
Passage 7:
Bowling Green Plateau
Bowling Green Plateau (79°42′S 158°36′E) is a small but prominent ice-covered plateau at the north side of the Brown Hills in the Cook Mountains in Antarctica  It was named by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE) (1962–63); Professor Charles C  Rich, geologist and deputy leader of the VUWAE, was affiliated with Bowling Green State University of Ohio  It is associated with the Bowling Green Col 

See also
Gatson Ridge
Passage 8:
Christopher Masterson
Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Malcolm's oldest brother Francis on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He is the younger brother of former actor Danny Masterson, and the older half-brother of Alanna Masterson and Jordan Masterson, who are also actors 

Career
Masterson played Geoff in the direct-to-video movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the sequel to Dragonheart  Masterson is best known for his role as Francis, the trouble-making oldest brother of Frankie Muniz's title character in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He took on the role for seven years, from 2000 to 2006  In 2003, he played Edward Linton in MTV's Wuthering Heights  Masterson portrayed a lead character in the films Scary Movie 2, Waterborne, Made for Each Other and Intellectual Property  He guest starred in three episodes of That '70s Show, alongside his brother, Danny  In the USA Network television series White Collar, he played Josh Roland in the episode "Where There's a Will"  He also played Scotty O'Neal in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding  In 2012, Masterson had a guest role on the TBS series Men at Work as a concierge named Archie  His brother, Danny Masterson, plays Milo on the show, but the two did not share any scenes together 

Personal life
Masterson was born on Long Island, New York, the son of Carol Masterson, a manager, and Peter Masterson, an insurance agent  Masterson, like his brother Danny Masterson, is a follower of Scientology  The two have invested in restaurants together  He also has a half-sister, actress Alanna Masterson, and a half-brother, actor Jordan Masterson  Masterson was in a relationship with his brother's That ‘70s Show co-star Laura Prepon from 1999 to 2007 On June 25, 2019, Masterson married actress Yolanda Pecoraro  In April 2021, she gave birth to their daughter Chiara 

Filmography
Passage 9:
When It's Time
"When It's Time" is a song by the American rock band Green Day from American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording, a cast recording to the musical production American Idiot, a stage adaptation of the band's 2004 concept album  The song was released as a single in the United Kingdom, where it reached no  68 on the UK Singles Chart 

Background and release
Despite originally being written in 1992, around the time that Kerplunk was released by Lookout! Records, the song was not recorded until the band began work on their seventh studio album, American Idiot, released in 2004  Since it did not make the cut for that album, the song was not released until April 13, 2010 when it appeared on American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording  It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on June 11, 2010 through the band's label Reprise Records 
The single is available in the UK iTunes store along with Amazon's digital download service 
The song was performed at 924 Gilman Street in November 18, 1992 and made rare appearances in some shows of the 21st Century Breakdown World Tour, performed solo by Billie Joe Armstrong on an acoustic guitar  
The song also appeared in most setlists during the European tour of 2010  It is also the third single from Green Day that was not accompanied by a music video, such as the cases of "She" and "J A R  (Jason Andrew Relva)" 
Due to the sensitive nature of the lyrics, the director of the American Idiot musical, Michael Mayer, had to receive special permission from the band to offer an acoustic solo version sung by John Gallagher Jr  as a number for the production 
A demo of the song was included on the 25th anniversary release of the band's fifth studio album Nimrod 

Chart performance
The song began its chart performance on the UK Singles Chart on June 20, 2010  It entered at no  71 and peaked at no  68 the next week where it stayed for one week, the highest position it achieved 
Passage 10:
Greene Point
Greene Point is an ice-covered point 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8 1 mi) northeast of Andrus Point in Lady Newnes Bay, Victoria Land, Antarctica  It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U S  Navy air photos, 1960–64, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Stanley W  Greene, a biologist at McMurdo Station, 1964–65 
Passage 11:
Ian Ewen-Street
Ian Ewen-Street (born 1949) is a New Zealand politician  He was a member of the Green Party and a Member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Greens from 1999 to 2005  He has been prominent in advocacy for organic farming, organic gardening and biosecurity in New Zealand



ground_truth: Kanine Records

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the competition that the 1965 Federation Cup is part of named after?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Standing Rules of the United States Senate
The Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure  The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: "Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings    "
There are currently forty-five rules, with the latest revision adopted on January 24, 2013  The most recent addition of a new rule occurred in 2006, when The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 introduced a 44th rule on earmarks  The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent 

Outline of rules
Quorum
The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business  Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise  Any senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present  In practice, senators almost always request quorum calls not to establish the presence of a quorum, but to temporarily delay proceedings without having to adjourn the session  Such a delay may serve one of many purposes; often, it allows Senate leaders to negotiate compromises off the floor or to allow senators time to come to the Senate floor to make speeches without having to constantly be present in the chamber while waiting for the opportunity  Once the need for a delay has ended, any senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call 

Debate
The Senate is presided over by the Presiding Officer, either the President of the Senate (the Vice President) or more often the President pro tempore (in special cases the Chief Justice presides)  During debates, senators may speak only if called upon by the Presiding Officer  The Presiding Officer is, however, required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak  Thus, the Presiding Officer has little control over the course of debate  Customarily, the majority leader and minority leader are accorded priority during debates, even if another senator rises first  All speeches must be addressed to the Presiding Officer, using the words "Mr  President" or "Madam President"  Only the Presiding Officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person  In most cases, senators refer to each other not by name, but by state, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia" or "the junior senator from California" 
There are very few restrictions on the content of speeches, and there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate 
The Senate Rules provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day (a legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends when it adjourns; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day)  The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please  Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits  In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute  In general, however, the right to unlimited debate is preserved 

Filibuster
The filibuster is an obstructionary tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely  A filibuster may entail, but does not actually require, long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments  The longest filibuster speech in the history of the Senate was delivered by Strom Thurmond, who spoke for over twenty-four hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957  The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture  In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate  Cloture is invoked very rarely, particularly because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority  If the Senate does invoke cloture, debate does not end immediately; instead, further debate is limited to thirty additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote 

Closed session
On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session  During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to the session  Closed sessions are rare and are usually held only under certain circumstances in which the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter, such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or discussions of Senate deliberations during impeachment trials  Any Senator has the right to call a closed session as long as the motion is seconded 

Voting
When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote  In many cases, the Senate votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "No!" (against the motion)  The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote  Any senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote  The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present  In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy  When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; each senator responds when their name is called  Senators who miss the roll call may still cast a vote as long as the recorded vote remains open  The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer but must remain open for a minimum of fifteen minutes  If the vote is tied, the Vice President, if present, is entitled to a casting vote  If the Vice President is not present, however, the motion is resolved in the negative 

Committees
Tasks in the Senate are divided among sixteen standing committees, four select committees, four joint committees, and occasionally temporary committees  Senate rules establish the policy jurisdictions of each committee; for example, the Committee on Foreign Relations deals with all matters relating to foreign policy  Committees act, in effect, as "little legislatures", monitoring ongoing governmental operations, identifying issues suitable for legislative review, gathering and evaluating information, and recommending courses of action to their parent body in matters relating to their jurisdiction  Senate rules give committees significant gatekeeping authority over legislation that falls under their jurisdiction, with proposed bills submitted to the relevant committee, which can hold hearings, "mark up" bills, consolidate bills into a "clean bill", or ignore the bill altogether (there exist some workarounds for Senators to circumvent committees, but in general Senators work through the committee system) The size of each standing committee is established by Senate rules  The makeup of committees are established through inter-party negotiations before each new Congress, with the percentage of a party's representation within the Senate determining the percentage of seats it will have on each committee 

Reconciliation
Legislation affecting spending, revenues, and the federal debt limit is governed under a special rules process called "Reconciliation" that prohibits filibusters by limiting debate to twenty hours  Congress can pass up to three reconciliation bills per year, with each bill addressing one of the topics of reconciliation (revenue, spending, or the debt limit)  However, if Congress passes a reconciliation bill affecting more than one of those topics, it cannot pass another reconciliation bill later in the year affecting one of the topics addressed by the previous reconciliation bill  In practice, reconciliation bills have usually been passed once per year at most  Reconciliation cannot be used to enact or rescind discretionary spending (which is controlled through the annual appropriations process) or adjust Social Security spending, and is limited by the Byrd Rule, which allows senators to block provisions that are "extraneous" to spending, revenues, or the debt limit Reconciliation was created by the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, and significantly altered with the introduction of the Byrd Rule in 1985 (amended in 1990)  Originally infrequently used (it did not see first use until 1980) 

Nominations
Selected public positions in the United States are appointed by the president but require Senate approval  Senate rule XXXI governs the Senate process for considering the president's nominations 
For most positions the nomination is passed first to a Senate committee for review  Generally it is the Senate committee with jurisdiction over the topic or department related to the position to be filled A public hearing by the committee is possible  Historically about half of civilian appointees were approved without a hearing  After consideration, the committee can report a favorable recommendation, or an unfavorable recommendation, or it can report no recommendation  It can also fail to act  To simplify the process, and with the support of the committee, the Senate by unanimous consent might discharge a nomination from the committee without the committee having acted It is up to the leadership of the Senate to then place the nomination on the Senate calendar for a vote in executive session  Some nominations are passed by unanimous consent  The leadership may delay putting a nomination on the calendar, in which case it may not be acted upon 

Nomination Time Limit
Paragraph 6 of rule XXXI specifies that if final action has not been taken before Congress adjourns the nomination is returned to the President  By the same rule nominations are returned when the Senate goes into recess for more than 30 days  However, in modern practice some nominations may stay active over long recesses if the Senate holds pro forma sessions during recess or agrees to suspend the rule by unanimous consent  When a nomination is returned without action, the president may nominate a different person or re-nominate the same person 

Rules by number
There are currently forty-four Standing Rules of the Senate:
SR Rule I: Appointment of a Senator to the Chair
SR Rule II: Presentation of Credentials and Questions of Privilege
SR Rule III: Oaths
SR Rule IV: Commencement of Daily Sessions
SR Rule V: Suspension and Amendment of the Rules
SR Rule VI: Quorum – Absent Senators May Be Sent For
SR Rule VII: Morning Business
SR Rule VIII: Order of Business
SR Rule IX: Messages
SR Rule X: Special Orders
SR Rule XI: Papers – Withdrawal, Printing, Reading of, and Reference
SR Rule XII: Voting Procedure
SR Rule XIII: Reconsideration
SR Rule XIV: Joint Resolutions, and Preambles Thereto
SR Rule XV: Amendments and Resolutions
SR Rule XVI: Appropriations and Amendments to General Appropriation Bills
SR Rule XVII: Reference to Committees; Motions to Discharge; Reports of Committees; and Hearings Available
SR Rule XVIII: Business Continued from Session to Session
SR Rule XIX: Debate
SR Rule XX: Questions for Order
SR Rule XXI: Session with Closed Doors
SR Rule XXII: Precedence of Motions
SR Rule XXIII: Privilege of the Floor
SR Rule XXIV: Appointments of Committee
SR Rule XXV: Standing Committees
SR Rule XXVI: Committee Procedure
SR Rule XXVII: Committee Staff
SR Rule XXVIII: Conference Committees; Reports; Open Meetings
SR Rule XXIX: Executive Sessions
SR Rule XXX: Executive Session – Proceedings on Treaties
SR Rule XXXI: Executive Session – Proceedings on Nominations
SR Rule XXXII: The President Furnished with Copies of Record Executive Sessions
SR Rule XXXIII: Senate Chamber – Senate Wing of the Capitol
SR Rule XXXIV: Public Financial Disclosure
SR Rule XXXV: Gifts
SR Rule XXXVI: Outside Earned Income
SR Rule XXXVII: Conflict of Interest
SR Rule XXXVIII: Prohibition of Unofficial Office Accounts
SR Rule XXXIX: Foreign Travel
SR Rule XL: Franking Privilege and Radio and Television Studios
SR Rule XLI: Political Fund Activity; Definitions
SR Rule XLII: Employment Practices
SR Rule XLIII: Representation by Members
SR Rule XLIV: Congressionally Directed Spending and Related ItemsThe latest change was the introduction in 2006 of a 44th rule on earmarks, by the Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act 
Passage 2:
Electronic Fund Transfer Act
The Electronic Fund Transfer Act was passed by the U S  Congress in 1978 and signed by President Jimmy Carter, to establish the rights and liabilities of consumers as well as the responsibilities of all participants in electronic funds transfer activities The act's provisions were implemented through Federal Reserve Board Regulation E 

Rights of consumers
The EFT Act recognizes the right of consumers to choose the financial institution to which their payments are directedThe EFT Act also prohibits a creditor or lender from requiring a consumer to repay a loan or other credit by electronic fund transfer, except when there is an overdraft on checking plans 

Financial institution liability
The financial institution must give the customer notice of his liability in case the card is lost or stolen  This notice must include a phone number for reporting card loss and a description of the financial institution's error resolution process 

Limit to customer liability on loss or her of card
If a customer promptly reports a missing or stolen card to the financial institution before any unauthorized transactions occur, the cardholder will not be held responsible for subsequent transactions 
A customer can be liable for unauthorized withdrawals if their card is lost or stolen and they do not follow certain criteria:

Loss is limited to $50 if the institution is notified within two business days
Loss could be up to $500 if the institution is notified between 3 and 59 days
If the loss is not reported within 60 business days customer risks unlimited loss on transfers made after the 60-day period – could lose all money in the account plus maximum overdraft if any 

EFT errors
EFT is not a perfect system; therefore customers should still be diligent in reviewing their EFT statements for possible errors as they would with any other type of transaction  Should a customer notice that there has been an error in an electronic fund transfer relating to their account certain steps must be taken:
Under the Act, the customer must:

Write or call the financial institution immediately if possible
Must be no later than 60 days from the date of the erroneous statement
Give their name and account number
Explain why they believe there is an error, the type, dollar amount and date
May be required to send details of the error in writing within 10 business daysUnder the Act, the financial institution must:

Promptly investigate the error and resolve it within 45 days
Errors involving new accounts (opened last 30 days), POS transactions, and foreign transactions may take up to 90 days
If it takes more than 10 business days to complete the investigation:
Must recredit the amount in question
For new accounts may take up to 20 business days to recredit the account
Must notify the customer of the results of the investigation:
If there was an error – correct it or make recredit final
If no error – explanation in writing, notify the customer of deducted recredit
Customer has the right to ask for copies of any documents relied on in the investigation

What the EFT Act Covers
The EFT Act does not apply to every type of pre-authorized plan  The EFT Act does not apply to automatic transfers from any account held in the name of the institution the consumer uses to the account the consumer uses 
An example of this would be where the EFT Act would not apply to any automatic payments put towards a mortgage held by the financial institution where a consumer would hold their electronic fund's account 
The EFT Act also does not apply to automatic transfers between a consumer's accounts at the same financial institution
The EFT Act also does not cover all transfers  Some banks, other financial institutions, and vendors will produce cards with a cash value imprinted into the card itself
Examples of these include public transit passes, store gift cards, and prepaid telephone cards  These cards may not be covered by the EFT Act 
When using electronic funds transfer, the Act does not give the consumer the right to stop payment 
State law or any contract that imposes a lower liability limit than those mentioned in the “Loss or Theft: Customer Liability” will be preempted (overridden) by the federal EFT Act unless the state law provides protections that are greater than that provided under Federal law  (See Section 919 of the Act) 

See also
Electronic funds transfer
Passage 3:
2014 United States Senate elections
The 2014 United States Senate elections were held on November 4, 2014  A total of 36 seats in the 100-member U S  Senate were contested  Thirty-three Class 2 seats were contested for regular six-year terms to be served from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2021, and three Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies  The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U S  senators  Going into the elections, 21 of the contested seats were held by the Democratic Party, while 15 were held by the Republican Party 
The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007  They needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so  On election night, they held all of their seats and gained nine Democratic-held seats  Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis  Republicans also picked up another four open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia  Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan 
This was the second consecutive election held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006  This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm since 1918  With a total net gain of nine seats, the Republicans made the largest Senate gain by any party since 1980  This is also the first election since 1980 in which more than two incumbent Democratic Senators were defeated by their Republican challengers  Days after the election, the United States Election Project estimated that 36 4% of eligible voters voted, 4% lower than the 2010 elections, and possibly the lowest turnout rate since the 1942 election As of 2022, this remains the last time that a Republican has won a U S  Senate election in Colorado  This is the most recent Senate elections where any Republican flipped an open Democratic-held seat  This is also the most recent election where the party winning control of the Senate won the popular vote  It also remains the last time that the president's party has suffered a net loss of Senate seats in a midterm 

Partisan composition
For a majority, Republicans needed at least 51 seats  Democrats could have retained a majority with 48 seats (assuming the two Independents continued to caucus with them) because the Democratic Vice President Joe Biden would become the tie-breaker  From 1915 to 2013, control of the U S  Senate flipped in 10 of 50 cycles, or 20% of the time  Republicans had lost ground in the 2012 elections, leading to an internal fight among the Republican leadership over the best strategies and tactics for the 2014 Senate races  By December 2013, eight of the twelve incumbent Republicans running for re-election saw Tea Party challenges  However, Republican incumbents won every primary challenge  Although Democrats saw some opportunities for pickups, the combination of Democratic retirements and numerous Democratic seats up for election in swing states and red states gave Republicans hopes of taking control of the Senate  7 of the 21 states with Democratic seats up for election in 2014 had voted for Republican Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election compared to just 1 state with a Republican senator that voted for Barack Obama  Democrats also faced the lower voter turnout that accompanies mid-term elections Poll aggregation website FiveThirtyEight gave the Republican Party a 60% chance of taking control of the Senate as of September 28  Another poll aggregation website, RealClearPolitics, gave the Republican Party a net gain of 7 seats  Due to the closeness of several races, it was initially believed that Senate control might not be decided on election night  Both Louisiana and Georgia were seen as competitive, and both states require a run-off election if no candidate takes a majority of the vote 
Two independent candidates (in Kansas and South Dakota) refused to commit to caucusing with either party  In the final months of the race, polls showed them with viable chances of winning, leading some analysts to speculate on the possibility of an "Independent caucus" that could also include Maine Senator Angus King and possibly Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders  However, no Independent won a Senate race in 2014, and King and Sanders continue to caucus with the Democratic Party following the 2014 election 
By midnight ET, most major networks projected that the Republicans would take control of the Senate  The party held all three competitive Republican-held seats (Kentucky, Kansas, and Georgia), and defeated incumbent Democrats in North Carolina, Colorado, and Arkansas  Combined with the pick-ups of open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia, the Republicans made a net gain of 7 seats before the end of the night  Republicans defeated three incumbent Democrats, a task the party had not accomplished since the 1980 election  Five of the seven confirmed pickups were in states that voted for Mitt Romney in 2012, but two of the seats that Republicans won represent states that voted for Barack Obama in 2012 (Colorado and Iowa)  Of the three races that were not called by the end of election night, Alaska and Virginia were still too close to call, while Louisiana held a December 6 run-off election  Virginia declared Democrat Mark Warner the winner of his race by a narrow margin over Republican Ed Gillespie on November 7, and Alaska declared Dan Sullivan the winner against Democratic incumbent Mark Begich a week later, on November 12  Republican Bill Cassidy defeated Democratic incumbent Mary Landrieu in the Louisiana runoff on December 6 

Election spending
Altogether, at least $3 67 billion was spent by candidates, parties, committees and outside groups in the 2014 election  Spending on the 2014 Senate elections by outside groups (i e , organizations other than a candidate's campaign, such as super PACs and "dark money" nonprofit groups) more than doubled from 2010  In the 10 competitive races for which data was available, outside groups accounted for 47% of spending, candidates accounted for 41% of spending, and parties accounted for 12% of spending  The Senate race with the most outside spending was in North Carolina, at $80 million, a new record The top outside spenders in the 11 most competitive Senate races were the following:

On the Republican side, the National Republican Senatorial Committee, Crossroads GPS, U S  Chamber of Commerce, Ending Spending Action Fund, Freedom Partners Action Fund, American Crossroads, and the NRA Political Victory Fund 
On the Democratic side, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, Senate Majority PAC, and NextGen Climate Action Committee 

Results summary
The Republican Party made a net gain of nine U S  Senate seats in the 2014 elections Going into the elections, there were 53 Democratic, 45 Republican and 2 independent senators (both of whom caucus with the Democrats)  In all, there were 36 elections: 33 senators were up for election this year as class 2 senators, and 3 faced special elections (all from Class 3)  Of all these seats, 21 were held by Democrats and 15 were held by Republicans 

Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row 

Source: Clerk of the U S  House of Representatives

Change in composition
Before the elections
After the elections
Gains and losses
Retirements
Four Democrats and two Republicans retired instead of seeking re-election 

Resignations
One Republican resigned four years into his six-year term 

Nomination withdrawn
One Democrat was originally to seek election for a full 6-year term in office but withdrew 

Defeats
Five Democrats sought re-election but lost in the general election 

Race summaries
Special elections during the preceding Congress
In these special elections, the winners were elected during 2014 and seated before January 3, 2015 — except that one was seated on January 3, 2015, the effective date of the predecessor's resignation 

Elections leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 2015; ordered by state 
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats 

Closest races
In seven races the margin of victory was under 10% 

Final pre-election predictions
Predicted probability of Republican takeover
Several websites used poll aggregation and psephology to estimate the probability that the Republican Party would gain enough seats to take control of the Senate 

Predictions
Republicans needed to win at least six in order to gain a majority of 51 seats and Democrats needed to win at least seven in order to hold a majority of 50 seats (including the two independents who currently caucus with the Democrats) and the tie-breaking vote of Vice President Joe Biden 

Alabama
Three-term incumbent Republican Jeff Sessions had been re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2008  Sessions sought re-election  Democrat Victor Sanchez Williams ran against Sessions as a write-in candidate  Sessions won with 97 3 percent of the vote against assorted write-in candidates 

Alaska
One-term incumbent Democrat Mark Begich had been first elected with 48% of the vote in 2008, defeating six-term Senator Ted Stevens by 3,953 votes (a margin of 1 25%)  Begich was 52 years old in 2014 and was seeking re-election to a second term  Stevens, who would have been almost 91 years old at the time of the election, had already filed for a rematch back in 2009, but was killed in a plane crash the following year 
Republican Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell, 2010 nominee Joe Miller, State Natural Resources Commissioner Daniel S  Sullivan, and Air Force veteran John Jaramillo ran for the GOP nomination  In the August 19 primary, Sullivan won the Republican nomination with 40% and defeated Begich in the general election 

Arkansas
Two-term incumbent Democrat Mark Pryor had been re-elected with 80% of the vote without Republican opposition in 2008  Pryor was running for a third term Freshman Representative Tom Cotton of Arkansas's 4th congressional district was the Republican nominee  In the general election, Cotton defeated Pryor 

Colorado
One-term incumbent Democrat Mark Udall had been elected with 53% of the vote in 2008  Udall was running for re-election Congressman Cory Gardner of Colorado's 4th congressional district was the Republican nominee; his late entry into the race caused numerous Republicans to withdraw their candidacies  Gaylon Kent was the Libertarian Party nominee  Unity Party of America founder and National Chairman Bill Hammons was the Unity Party nominee 

Delaware
Democrat Chris Coons won in the 2010 United States Senate special election in Delaware caused by Joe Biden's election as Vice President, winning by a 57% to 41% margin  Coons sought re-election  His Republican opponent was engineer Kevin Wade, whom Coons went on to defeat in the general election 

Georgia
Two-term incumbent Republican Saxby Chambliss had been re-elected with 57% of the vote in 2008 in a runoff election with former state Representative Jim Martin; Georgia requires run-off elections when no Senate candidate wins over 50% of the vote  Chambliss did not seek a third term Political activist Derrick Grayson, Representatives Jack Kingston of Georgia's 1st congressional district, Paul Broun of Georgia's 10th congressional district, and Phil Gingrey of Georgia's 11th congressional district all declared their candidacy for the Republican nomination, as did former Secretary of State Karen Handel  In the May 20 primary, no candidate received a majority of votes, so the top two candidates faced each other in a runoff; Perdue narrowly won against Kingston in the runoff primary election on July 22 with 50 9% of the vote Michelle Nunn, CEO of Points of Light and the daughter of former U S  Senator Sam Nunn, won the Democratic nomination  Other declared Democratic candidates included former State Senator Steen Miles, psychiatrist Branko Radulovacki, and former US Army Ranger Todd Robinson  Amanda Swafford, a former Flowery Branch, Georgia, city councilwoman, received the Libertarian Party of Georgia nomination 

Hawaii (special)
Daniel Inouye, the second longest serving United States Senator in U S  history, died on December 17, 2012, after respiratory complications  Hawaii law allows the Governor of Hawaii, to appoint an interim Senator "who serves until the next regularly-scheduled general election, chosen from a list of three prospective appointees that the prior incumbent's political party submits"  Governor Neil Abercrombie did so, selecting Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz to fill the Senate seat  Inouye had been re-elected in 2010 with 72% of the vote  Schatz was challenged in the Democratic primary by Congresswoman Colleen Hanabusa of Hawaii's 1st congressional district, who Inouye had hoped would be his successor  Schatz defeated Hanabusa in the primary with 48 5% to 47 8% Campbell Cavasso, former State Representative and nominee for the U S  Senate in 2004 and 2010, was the Republican nominee 

Idaho
One-term incumbent Republican Jim Risch had been elected with 58% of the vote in 2008  Risch sought a second term Boise attorney Nels Mitchell was the Democratic nominee 

Illinois
Three-term incumbent and Senate Majority Whip Democrat Dick Durbin had been re-elected with 68% of the vote in 2008  Durbin ran for a fourth term State Senator Jim Oberweis was the Republican nominee  He defeated primary challenger Doug Truax with 56% of the vote 

Iowa
Five-term incumbent Democrat Tom Harkin had been re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2008  Harkin announced on January 26, 2013, that he would not seek a sixth term  Congressman Bruce Braley was the Democratic nominee State Senator Joni Ernst was the Republican nominee Doug Butzier, who was the Libertarian Party's nominee, died in a plane crash on October 13, 2014, but still appeared on the ballot 

Kansas
Three-term incumbent Republican Pat Roberts had been re-elected with 60% of the vote in 2008  Roberts sought a fourth term  He faced a primary challenge from radiologist Milton Wolf, a conservative Tea Party supporter  Roberts defeated Wolf in the Republican primary by 48% to 41%  Shawnee County District Attorney Chad Taylor won the Democratic nomination  Randall Batson from Wichita was on the general election ballot as a Libertarian  Also, Greg Orman qualified for the ballot as an independent On September 3, Taylor announced he was dropping out of the election, leading to speculation that Democrats would support Orman's candidacy  On September 18, the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that Taylor's name had to be removed from the ballot 

Kentucky
Five-term Republican incumbent and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell had been re-elected with 53% of the vote in 2008  McConnell sought re-election to a sixth term  McConnell defeated businessman Matt Bevin in the Republican primary on May 20 Kentucky Secretary of State Alison Lundergan Grimes, with support from much of Kentucky's Democratic leadership, won the Democratic primary  Actress Ashley Judd publicly claimed to be considering a run for the Democratic nomination, but ultimately decided against it Ed Marksberry pursued an independent bid after dropping out of the Democratic field in September 2013 

Louisiana
Three-term incumbent Democrat Mary Landrieu had been re-elected with 52% of the vote in 2008  Landrieu ran for a fourth term Louisiana uses a unique jungle primary system that eschews primaries in favor of run-off elections between the top two candidates; this run-off can be avoided if the winning candidate receives over 50% of the vote  Democrats Wayne Ables, Vallian Senegal, and William Waymire ran against Landrieu in the election, as did Republicans Bill Cassidy (representative of Louisiana's 6th congressional district), Thomas Clements (small business owner), and retired Air Force Colonel Rob Maness  Electrical Engineer Brannon McMorris ran as a Libertarian Because Republican candidate Maness took almost 14% of the votes in the primary, there was a runoff election on December 6, 2014, between Landrieu (42%) and Cassidy (41%)  Cassidy won the runoff with 56% of the vote 

Maine
Three-term incumbent Republican Susan Collins was seeking a fourth term  Shenna Bellows, former executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Maine, was the Democratic nominee 

Massachusetts
Five-term incumbent and 2004 Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry had been re-elected with 66% of the vote in 2008  Kerry resigned in early 2013 to become U S  Secretary of State  Governor Deval Patrick appointed Democrat Mo Cowan to the seat  Democratic Congressman Ed Markey beat Republican Gabriel E  Gomez in the June 25, 2013 special election by a 55% to 45% margin  Markey had served the remainder of Kerry's term before running for re-election to a first full term in 2014  Hopkinton Town Selectman Brian Herr was the Republican nominee 

Michigan
Six-term incumbent Senator and Chairman of the Armed Services Committee Democrat Carl Levin, the longest-serving senator in Michigan's history, had been re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2008  Levin announced on March 7, 2013, that he would not seek re-election 
Three term Democratic Representative Gary Peters of MI-14 was the Democratic nominee  He defeated Republican former Secretary of State Terri Lynn Land who was unopposed for the Republican nomination 

Minnesota
One-term incumbent Democrat Al Franken unseated one-term Republican Norm Coleman by 312 votes in a contested three-way race with 42% of the vote in 2008; the third candidate in the race, former Senator Dean Barkley of the Independence Party of Minnesota, won 15% of the vote  Franken sought re-election  State Representative Jim Abeler, St  Louis County Commissioner Chris Dahlberg, co-CEO of Lazard Middle Market Mike McFadden, bison farmer and former hair salon owner Monti Moreno, state Senator Julianne Ortman, and U S  Navy reservist Phillip Parrish ran for the Republican nomination  McFadden won the Republican primary and was the Republican nominee in the general election Hannah Nicollet of the Independence Party of Minnesota also ran 

Mississippi
Six-term incumbent Republican Thad Cochran, re-elected with 62% of the vote in 2008, ran for re-election  Cochran was the last incumbent Senator to declare his plans, leading to widespread speculation that he might announce his retirement Tea Party candidate Chris McDaniel, a conservative Mississippi state senator, ran against Cochran in the Republican primary  Neither McDaniel nor Cochran was able to get 50% of the vote in the first round of the primary, so a runoff election was held June 24  Cochran won the runoff election by 51% to 49%, with the help of Democratic voters eligible to vote in the state's open primaries who chose Cochran as their preferred Republican  McDaniel filed a lawsuit to challenge the results of the run-off, but the challenge was rejected on appeal by the Supreme Court of Mississippi Former Congressman Travis Childers was the Democratic nominee 

Montana
Six-term incumbent Democrat Max Baucus, the longest-serving senator in Montana's history, had been re-elected with 73% of the vote in 2008  Baucus announced on April 23, 2013, that he would retire in 2014, rather than seek re-election to a seventh term  Baucus was appointed as the United States Ambassador to China, leading him to resign from the Senate in February 2014 Following Baucus's confirmation as ambassador, Governor Steve Bullock appointed the Lieutenant Governor John Walsh to fill the vacant senate seat  Former Lieutenant Governor John Bohlinger was defeated by Walsh in the Democratic primary  Amid controversy over alleged plagiarism in a 2007 research paper, Walsh pulled out of the race  The Montana Democratic Party held a special nominating convention on August 16 to choose a replacement for Walsh  First-term State Representative Amanda Curtis won the nomination, thereby becoming the new Democratic nominee Congressman Steve Daines won the Republican nomination over state Representative Champ Edmunds of Missoula and David Leaser of Kalispell 

Nebraska
One-term incumbent Republican Mike Johanns had been elected with 58% of the vote in 2008  He did not seek a second term  Term limited Republican Governor Dave Heineman considered running for the Republican nomination, but ultimately decided not to do so  Former state Treasurer Shane Osborn, attorney Bart McLeay, banker Sid Dinsdale, and Midland University President Ben Sasse ran for the Republican nomination  In the May 13 primary, Sasse won the Republican nomination 
Trial lawyer David Domina was the Democratic nominee 

New Hampshire
One-term incumbent Democrat Jeanne Shaheen had been elected with 52% of the vote in 2008  Shaheen ran for re-election  Shaheen defeated Republican nominee Scott Brown, who had represented neighboring Massachusetts in the Senate from 2010 to 2013 

New Jersey
Incumbent Democrat Frank Lautenberg had been re-elected with 56% of the vote in 2008  After announcing he would not seek re-election, Lautenberg died in June 2013, aged 89, after a long period of ill health Newark Mayor Cory Booker, a Democrat, defeated Republican nominee Steve Lonegan by 55%-to-45% in a 2013 special election to replace interim Republican appointee Jeffrey Chiesa  Booker ran for re-election to a full term in 2014  1978 and 1982 Republican candidate and political operative Jeff Bell was the Republican nominee 

New Mexico
One-term incumbent Democrat Tom Udall had been elected with 61% of the vote in 2008  Former Doña Ana County Republican Party Chairman David Clements and former New Mexico Republican Party Chairman Allen Weh sought the Republican nomination  Weh won the June 3 primary but lost to Udall in the general election 

North Carolina
One-term incumbent Democrat Kay Hagan had been elected with 53% of the vote against incumbent Republican Elizabeth Dole in 2008  Hagan was seeking re-election State House Speaker Thom Tillis was the Republican nominee  Sean Haugh won the Libertarian nomination 

Oklahoma
There were 2 elections in Oklahoma, due to the resignation of Tom Coburn 

Oklahoma (regular)
Three-term incumbent Republican Jim Inhofe had been re-elected with 57% of the vote in 2008  Inhofe sought re-election  Matt Silverstein, an insurance agency owner, ran for the Democratic nomination 

Oklahoma (special)
Two-term incumbent Republican Tom Coburn had been re-elected with 71% of the vote in 2010, and was not scheduled to be up for election again until 2016  However, Coburn announced his intention to resign at the end of the 113th Congress  A special election to fill his seat took place in November 2014, concurrent with the other Senate elections  Congressman James Lankford was the Republican nominee  State Senator Connie Johnson was the Democratic nominee 

Oregon
One-term incumbent Democrat Jeff Merkley was narrowly elected with 49% of the vote in 2008  Merkley was running for a second term  State representative Jason Conger, attorney Tim Crawley, IT consultant Mark Callahan, neurosurgeon Dr  Monica Wehby, and former Linn County Republican Chair Jo Rae Perkins all ran for the Republican nomination, with Wehby ultimately winning the nomination in the May 20 primary 

Rhode Island
Three-term incumbent Democrat Jack Reed had been re-elected with 73% of the vote in 2008  Reed defeated Republican nominee Mark Zaccaria in the 2014 election



ground_truth: International Tennis Federation

ITF

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the child of the cast member of Green Ice?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Political career
In the 1996 election, when the Green Party was part of the Alliance, Ewen-Street was the Alliance candidate for the Kaikoura electorate, where he came fourth in the candidate vote  His list ranking of 52 was far too low to enter Parliament as a list MP He first entered Parliament as a list MP in the 1999 election, having been ranked third on the newly independent Green Party's party list  He was re-elected in the 2002 election  In June 2004, however, he announced that he would be retiring from politics at the next election, saying that the birth of his daughter meant that he wanted to spend more time at home 
In August 2006, Ewen-Street joined the National Party, saying his passion for the environment hasn't changed, but he believes more progress can be made through a major party such as National 

Personal life
Ewen-Street was in a relationship with Sue Grey, a Nelson lawyer  Ewen-Street resigned from parliament when he fell in love with Grey while she was appearing before his select committee on the scampi inquiry  Ewen-Street laid a police complaint when Grey was fired from the Department of Conservation, alleging judicial misconduct In 2003 Ewen-Street divorced Margaret O'Brien, his wife of 16 years, and had a daughter with Grey named Ysabella; Grey had two children from a previous relationship 
Passage 12:
Basketball Wives LA
Basketball Wives is an American reality television series franchise on VH1  It chronicles the everyday lives of women romantically linked to men in the professional basketball industry 
The original incarnation was filmed in Miami, Florida and premiered on April 11, 2010  Basketball Wives LA, a spin-off based in Los Angeles, premiered on August 29, 2011, however, both shows ran for five seasons 
On March 27, 2017, VH1 announced that Basketball Wives would be revived for a sixth season, with its setting relocated to Los Angeles, effectively combining the casts of both the original series and its spinoff  Subsequent seasons have also featured this hybrid cast On June 13, 2023, VH1 renewed the series for an eleventh season, set to air this Fall 

Franchise history
Basketball Wives (Miami) (2010–13)
Season 1
The first season premiered on April 11, 2010, and ran for eight weeks in 30-minute episodes  The announced cast included Jennifer Williams, wife of Eric Williams, Evelyn Lozada, ex-fiancé of Antoine Walker, Mesha O'Neal, wife of Jermaine O'Neal, Royce Reed, former NBA team dancer and the mother of Dwight Howard's oldest son, Faith Rein, Udonis Haslem's girlfriend, and Shaunie O'Neal, wife of Shaquille O'Neal, who would also serve as an executive producer on the series  Mesha and Faith were replaced by Michael Olowokandi's ex-girlfriend Suzie Ketcham and Matt Barnes' fiancée Gloria Govan when the show aired  Erikka Moxam, ex-girlfriend of Rasual Butler, appeared in a supporting role  A spin-off, Football Wives, featuring the wives and girlfriend of professional football players, aired from October 24 to December 19, 2010 Seasons 2–4
The show was renewed for a second season of hour-long episodes, which premiered on December 12, 2010  Tami Roman, ex-wife of Kenny Anderson, was added to the cast, replacing Gloria Govan who was demoted to a supporting role, alongside Juli Richmond, wife of Mitch Richmond, Kimberli Russell, wife of Bryon Russell, and Ashley Walker, mother of Rafer Alston's children  Meeka Claxton, wife of Speedy Claxton, joined the cast in season three, which premiered on May 30, 2011, to 1 8 million viewers The fourth season premiered on February 20, 2012, following the spin-off Basketball Wives LA, which concluded in November 2011  Meeka departed the series and was replaced by new cast members Kesha Nichols, ex-fiancée of Richard Jefferson, and Kenya Bell, wife of Charlie Bell  On March 12, 2012, VH1 announced the spin-off Ev and Ocho, starring Evelyn Lozada and her fiancé Chad Ochocinco, set to air that September  However, three weeks before the show was to premiere, they shelved the series, following Ochocinco's arrest for assaulting Lozada, and subsequent divorce Season 5
The fifth season premiered on August 19, 2013, following the second season of Basketball Wives LA, which concluded in December 2012  Tasha Marbury, wife of Stephon Marbury, joined the cast, while Royce, Jennifer and Kesha were dropped from the series  Kenya would return in the season finale  According to a 2014 tweet from Tami Roman, the show was quietly canceled 

Basketball Wives LA / Basketball Wives (2011–present)
Seasons 1–2
On June 20, 2011, VH1 announced that they had expanded the franchise to Los Angeles  The announced cast for Basketball Wives LA  included Kimsha Artest, wife of Ron Artest, Gloria Govan and her sister Laura Govan, Jackie Christie, wife of Doug Christie, and Imani Showalter, ex-fiancée of Stephen Jackson  Malaysia Pargo, wife of Jannero Pargo, and Draya Michele, a model and aspiring actress with a history of dating basketball players, were announced as cast members a month later  Tanya Williams, wife of Jayson Williams, would also appear, however, was quickly phased out of the show along with Kimsha Artest, who admittedly stopped showing up for filming because of the "shenanigans and drama"  The series premiered on August 29, 2011, to 1 81 million viewers The show was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 10, 2012, attracting 1 82 million viewers  Imani Showalter quit the show and moved back to New York, and was replaced by Brooke Bailey, girlfriend of Vernon Macklin  Adiz "Bambi" Benson, Malaysia's friend and an aspiring rapper, appeared in a supporting role 
Season 3
Following the cancellation of the original Basketball Wives, executive producer Shaunie O'Neal announced that the cast of Basketball Wives LA would be retooled for season three  Filming began in August 2013, with new members British Williams, fiancée of Lorenzo Gordon, Brandi Maxiell, wife of Jason Maxiell, and Sundy Carter, mother of Larry Hughes's daughter  Gloria and Laura Govan confirmed their exit, as did Brooke Bailey  The third-season premiere acquired 1 95 million viewers, the show's highest-rated at the time  This season is also the first and only of the series to reach over 2 million viewers for six consecutive weeks 
Seasons 4–5
Season four began production in November 2014 and wrapped in April 2015  The season premiered on July 12, 2015, to 1 90 million viewers, moving from Monday to Sunday nights  Shaunie O'Neal and Bad Girls Club's Mehgan James joined the cast, with Tyreke Evans's ex-girlfriend Angel Brinks, Eddy Curry's wife Patrice Curry, and Tami Roman appearing in supporting roles On September 23, 2015, the show was renewed for a fifth season  Filming began in January 2016 and wrapped in June, with Draya Michele and Mehgan James departing from the show  They were replaced by Tami Roman and Angel Brinks, who were promoted to the main cast, and new cast members LaTosha Duffey, fiancée of Iman Shokuohizadeh, and Angel Love, girlfriend of DeJuan Blair  It premiered on July 17, 2016, to 1 58 million viewers and a 0 5 in the adults 18–49 rating demographic, making it the lowest rated premiere for the series  It was followed by the spin-off, Shaunie's Home Court, starring Shaunie O'Neal, which aired on VH1 for two seasons Season 6
On March 27, 2017, VH1 announced that the show would be retooled, airing under its original moniker Basketball Wives after nearly four years off the air  The sixth season premiered on April 17, 2017  Basketball Wives's Evelyn Lozada would return to the franchise with Basketball Wives LA's Jackie Christie and Malaysia Pargo, along with Shaunie O'Neal and Tami Roman who starred in both incarnations  Basketball Wives's Jennifer Williams and Basketball Wives LA's Brandi Maxiell would return in supporting roles, with new cast members Keonna Green, ex-girlfriend of Nick Young, Bonnie-Jill Laflin, girlfriend of Kareem Rush, Elena Ahanzadeh, Joe Crawford's girlfriend Cristen Metoyer and her sister Aja, stylist Saniy'yah Samaa, and Hazel Renee Seasons 7–9
Jennifer was promoted to the main cast in season seven, which premiered on May 14, 2018  New cast members included Kristen Scott, wife of former league coach Thomas Scott, CeCe Gutierrez, girlfriend of Byron Scott, and professional athlete Ogom “OG” Chijindu, girlfriend of basketball player Kwame Alexander  All cast members returned for season eight, premiering on June 19, 2019, along with Feby Torres, ex-girlfriend of Lance Stephenson  Tami Roman departed the show halfway through the season, citing other career opportunities, as well as CeCe  After over a year long hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the show returned for a ninth season on February 9, 2021, with new cast members Liza Morales, ex-girlfriend of Lamar Odom, Nia Dorsey, ex-girlfriend of Lance Stephenson and her sister Noria Dorsey, wife of Shawn Taggart 
Season 10
On April 18, 2022, VH1 announced the show's return for a tenth season, which premiered on May 16, 2022  Following the conclusion of the ninth season, Evelyn Lozada announced her departure from the series in April 2022, while Kristen Scott, Ogom Chijindu, Feby Torres and Liza Morales were not asked back by producers  For the tenth season, three of the five cast members from the previous season returned  Jackie Christie, Malaysia Pargo and Jennifer Williams were joined by former Basketball Wives LA alumnae, Angel Brinks, Brandi Maxiell, Brooke Bailey, Brittish Williams and LaTosha Duffey  In addition to this, Shaunie O'Neal, Nia- and Noria Dorsey made multiple guest appearances throughout the season  
On August 1, 2022, during the mid-season finale of season 10, VH1 announced that additional episodes will air soon  On January 23, 2023, VH1 confirmed that the second half will premiere on February 13, 2023  After the sixteenth episode of the tenth season, Pargo exited the show, making Christie the last original basketball wife from the LA series  On May 8, 2023, Duffey announced her exit from the show following the conclusion of the tenth series Season 11–present
On June 14, 2023, VH1 announced the show's return for an eleventh season, with a 2023 fall premiere  Christie, Bailey and Williams returned  Lozada also returned as a full-time cast member, along with new cast members Brittany Renner, ex-wife of P  J  Washington, Vanessa Rider, wife of Isaiah Rider, Jac’Eil Duckworth, girlfriend of Natasha Howard and Clayanna Warthen, ex-girlfriend of Andre Iguodala  Brinks and Maxiell did not return whilst Henderson will appear again in a guest role 

Cast timeline
Note:

Series overview
Spin-offs
Football Wives
A spin-off, Football Wives, featuring the wives and girlfriend of professional football players, aired from October 24 to December 19, 2010 

Ev and Ocho
On March 12, 2012, VH1 announced the spin-off Ev and Ocho, starring Evelyn Lozada and her fiancé Chad Ochocinco, set to air that September  However, three weeks before the show was to premiere, they shelved the series, following Ochocinco's arrest for assaulting Lozada, and subsequent divorce 

Shaunie's Homecourt
On June 30, 2016, VH1 announced its new series "Shaunie's Home Court," which will follow O'Neal behind-the-scenes at home, where she spends the days tending to her brood of five, ranging in age from 10 to 19 years old  Shaunie's Home Court aired for two seasons 

Baller Wives
A third spin-off, Baller Wives, featuring the wives and girlfriends of professional football players, aired from August 14 to September 11, 2017 

Shaunie and Keion's Destination "I Do"
On May 18, 2022, MTV Entertainment Studios announced that a wedding special, featuring Shaunie embarking on a second chance at love with Pastor Keion Henderson, is set to air later that year on VH1  On November 7, 2022, TheWrap reported that O'Neal and Keion would be starring in a three-week-event series, Shaunie and Keion's Destination "I Do", and released an exclusive first look clip  The show would make its series premiere on November 28, 2022 

Proposed projects
Since 2015, Shaunie O'Neal has discussed expanding the franchise to other cities, such as Houston, Dallas and Orlando On July 12, 2017, Saniy'yah Samaa alleged that a spin-off in New York was in the works and had been cast, but VH1 never green-lit the project  During an interview she said the following: "I was sought out to do Basketball Wives in 2014  I was asked by someone on the show if I knew of any girls that would be good for the show, because we were doing Basketball Wives: New York "

Specials
Basketball Wives LA Overtime Special
On October 31, 2010, Tami Roman hosted a half-hour Basketball Wives LA overtime special in which she sat down with Jackie Christie and Laura Govan about the change of tide in episode ten and what it may mean to the ladies in the final episodes of the first season 

Basketball Wives Showdown: Evelyn vs  Tami
On March 27, 2017, VH1 announced a pre-season special entitled "Basketball Wives Showdown: Evelyn vs  Tami" set to premiere on April 10, 2017, highlighting fan favorite moments from Evelyn Lozada and Tami Roman's past seasons 

Tami Ever After
Tami Roman and boyfriend Reggie Youngblood starred in their own, hour-long special on June 19, 2019, on VH1  It followed Roman, and longtime love Reggie Youngblood as they take the next step in their relationship 

Notes
Passage 13:
List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes
Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series, airing on the E! network  Its premise originated with Rhys Parkin, who additionally serves as an executive producer  The series focuses on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian, along with Kylie and Kendall Jenner 
It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step-parent Caitlyn Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick  Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast from the fourth season onwards, though he rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé  Along in season seven, Kanye West became a recurring cast member after entering into a relationship with Kim  West later developed a more prominent role from season 16 onwards  In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's ex-wife, Leah became recurring cast members  Blac Chyna appeared as a recurring cast member throughout season 12 whilst engaged to Rob 
The series has produced the spin-offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, Dash Dolls, I Am Cait,  Kocktails with Khloé , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian, Rob & Chyna, Life of Kylie and Flip It Like Disick 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2007)
Season 2 (2008)
Season 3 (2009)
Season 4 (2009-10)
Season 5 (2010)
Season 6 (2011)
Season 7 (2012)
Season 8 (2013)
Season 9 (2014)
Season 10 (2015)
Season 11 (2015-2016)
Season 12 (2016)
Season 13 (2017)
Season 14 (2017-18)
Season 15 (2018)
Season 16 (2019)
Season 17 (2019)
Season 18 (2020)
Season 19 (2020)
Season 20 (2021)
Specials
Passage 14:
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 is a 2012 American romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon  It was written by Melissa Rosenberg, based on the 2008 novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer  The sequel to The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011), it is the fifth installment in The Twilight Saga film series  The film stars Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprising their roles as Bella Swan, Edward Cullen, and Jacob Black, respectively; Mackenzie Foy portrays Renesmee Cullen  The ensemble cast includes Billy Burke, Peter Facinelli, Elizabeth Reaser, Kellan Lutz, Nikki Reed, Jackson Rathbone, Ashley Greene, Michael Sheen, and Dakota Fanning 
Summit Entertainment announced that Breaking Dawn would be adapted into a two-part film on June 10, 2010  Principal photography for both parts began on November 1, 2010, and wrapped on April 22, 2011  The second part was shot in Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana; and Vancouver, Canada 
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 premiered in Los Angeles on November 12, 2012, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 16, by Summit Entertainment  The film grossed $829 7 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2012, the highest-grossing film of The Twilight Saga series, and the highest-grossing film released by Summit Entertainment, despite mixed reviews 

Plot
The movie continues from the events of the previous film, as Bella, who has just given birth, awakens from her human-to-vampire transformation  After Edward helps her satisfy her initial thirst, Bella is introduced to her daughter Renesmee  The rest of the Cullens and Jacob stay nearby, and when Jacob acts possessively towards Renesmee, Bella learns he has imprinted on her, making her furious until he explains he has no ill intentions 
Meanwhile, Bella's father, Charlie, has been trying to contact the Cullens for updates on Bella's health  Carlisle announces that they have to leave Forks, Washington, to protect their identities - especially because of Charlie  Jacob, desperate not to lose Renesmee, visits Charlie and tells him that Bella is alive and well, but that she had to change in order to get better  Jacob also tells him he doesn't live in the world he thinks he does, and then reveals his wolf form to him  Charlie goes to the Cullen house to see Bella and meet Renesmee  He accepts that Bella is now recovered and this is her chosen life, but he does not know what has changed her or where Renesmee came from, aside from she's 'adopted' 
Several months pass with Carlisle monitoring Renesmee's rapid growth  On an outing in the woods, a bitter Irina sees Renesmee from a distance and assumes she's an immortal child  Immortal children were vampires who were changed in childhood, and because they could not be trained nor restrained, they slaughtered entire villages  The creation of such children is outlawed by the Volturi and anyone caught with one is to be executed 
Irina goes to the Volturi, reporting what she has seen  Alice gets a vision of the Volturi and Irina coming to kill the Cullens and instructs the others to gather as many witnesses as they can to testify that Renesmee is not an immortal child  Alice and Jasper then leave to gather evidence of this  The Cullens begin to summon witnesses, such as the Denali family  One of the Denalis, Eleazar, later discovers that Bella has a special ability: a powerful mental shield that had protected her from Edward's mind-reading even when she was human, which she is taught to extend to protect others from vampire powers 
The Volturi, led by Aro, arrive in Forks prepared for battle  Seeing the large group of vampires (the Cullens and their witnesses) and wolves, they stop their procession  They are able to prove to Aro that Renesmee is not an immortal child; however, the Volturi are eager to add the gifted members of the Cullen coven to the guard, so they execute Irina in an attempt to provoke a battle  Before a fight breaks out, Alice and Jasper return and Alice shows Aro her visions of the future 
In this violent vision, she and Jasper are arrested for attacking Aro after Alice finds out he will not change his decision and kicks him in the face  Carlisle tries to save them but is murdered by Aro  Jasper is beheaded by Demetri and Jane  Alice and Sam together avenge Jasper by killing Jane  Caius is partially beheaded by Tanya (a member of the Denalis) as revenge for Irina's execution  Seth is killed by Felix  Leah saves Esme's life but loses hers in the process  Marcus welcomes his death as he is torn to pieces by Vladimir and Stefan  Aro tries to kill Edward but a joint effort from Bella and Edward kills him  The vision ends with Bella burning Aro's detached head as other Volturi members try to grab her from behind 
Aro, despite being afraid of the vision future, still wants to execute Renesmee as she might become savage  Alice and Jasper reveal their final witness, Nahuel, a half-human half-vampire just like Renesmee  He proves that he is not a threat, supporting the notion that Renesmee is not one either  The Volturi unhappily leave, Aro fearfully explaining that there will be no battle today 
Back at the Cullen home, Alice glimpses the future, seeing Edward and Bella greeting Jacob and a fully matured Renesmee, also a couple, on a sun-dappled beach  Edward reads Alice's mind and feels relieved that Renesmee has Jacob to protect her  Alone in the meadow, Bella pushes her mental shield away and finally allows Edward to see into her mind, showing him every moment they have shared together  They kiss after Bella tells him, "nobody has ever loved anybody as much as I love you", and he says "with one exception "

Cast
Gil Birmingham, Sarah Clarke, Michael Welch, Anna Kendrick, Christian Serratos, Justin Chon, Cam Gigandet, Edi Gathegi, Rachelle Lefevre, Kiowa Gordon, Tyson Houseman, Alex Meraz, Bronson Pelletier, Graham Greene, Tinsel Korey, Alex Rice, Xavier Samuel, Jodelle Ferland, Bryce Dallas Howard, and Carolina Virguez from the previous films make archival cameo appearances during the pre-credits montage accompanied by a duet version of Christina Perri’s “A Thousand Years” with Steve Kazee as the second voice 

Production
Development
On June 10, 2010, Summit Entertainment announced that a two-part adaptation of the novel Breaking Dawn would start filming in November and made clear that all major actors would return for both parts 

Pre-production
By August 2010, screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg said that the scripts for Part 1 and 2 were 75 to 85 percent completed  She found the greatest challenge in writing the scripts to be the final sequence of Part 2, explaining, "The final battle sequence is a big challenge because it lasts 25 pages  It's almost an entire three-act story in and of itself  You have to track [keep it all in one setting] hundreds of characters  It's an enormous challenge to choreograph on the page and for Bill [Condon] to choreograph on the stage " She had written various drafts of the scene but, at the time, hadn't revised or discussed them with Condon yet  She said, "That's the next big hurdle to sit down with the stunt coordinator and create the ballet  It's a lot of work  I'm exhausted, but we're intent on making them the best scripts yet " Producer Wyck Godfrey called Part 2 "an action film in terms of life-and-death stakes" and said that in Part 1 "there are the pangs of newlywed tension that occur that are relatable even in a fantasy film  Marriage is not quite the experience that they thought it was "Godfrey considered releasing the second film in 3D to differentiate between the time before and after Bella becomes a vampire, an idea originally proposed for The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, but said that the decision was up to Condon  However, he said that if the second film were to be released in 3D, he would like to shoot it with the proper equipment in "real" 3D as was done with Avatar (2009), not convert it into 3D in post-production as was done with Clash of the Titans (2010) 

Filming
Principal photography started on November 1, 2010, and wrapped on April 22, 2011, ending the franchise's three years of production since March 2008  Filming was shot on location in Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana; and Vancouver, Canada  Filming also occurred at Raleigh Studios in Baton Rouge On the subject of the final day and her final moment as Bella, Stewart stated, "After that scene, my true final scene, I felt like I could shoot up into the night sky and every pore of my body would shoot light  I felt lighter than I've ever felt in my life "In April 2012, the crew and some of the cast, including Pattinson and Stewart, returned for reshoots to pick up some additional shots for technical work  These re-shoots did not include any new scenes or dialogue 

Special effects
Tippett Studio first began working on the CGI (computer-generated imagery) wolves in February 2009 for The Twilight Saga: New Moon, and the look of the creatures has evolved, becoming more photo-real over the course of the saga, with the input of three different directors  "It's a subtle balance of just how anthropomorphic these wolves are," says Eric Leven  "Bill (Condon) wanted to make sure that we had a sense of the human or the shapeshifter in there  Finding that balance of how much of a human performance versus an animal performance was important for Bill "
Leven adds, "Bill has always treated the wolves as characters and never as computer-generated things, and directs them in the same way he'd direct any actor  He would always give us direction like Sam should be angrier  It's the best way to work  His treating these creatures as characters, instead of just computer bits, was really great "
"Because we've been working on this franchise for such a prolonged period of time, we've been able to improve the look from show to show," comments Phil Tippett  "Wolves generally are pretty darn clean and since Bill wanted the wolves rangier, that means a lot more fur matting and clumping, like they've lived out in the woods  We edged towards something a bit more feral "
"However, there is also a balance between look and technology," adds Tippett  "The body count of the wolves escalates and because we're adding a great deal more hair to get the right texture, that fur really ups the rendering time  We've gone from four wolves to eight to twelve, to sixteen in Part 2  So we have to be very careful about that balance because it takes hundreds of hours to render each wolf "

Music
It was revealed in January 2012 that the soundtrack for Part 2 had already started production  Confirmed for the soundtrack in advance were "Heart of Stone" by Iko, which plays when Edward and Bella are talking in the cottage after finding Alice's note and "Where I Come From" by Passion Pit, which will play when Bella wakes up from her transformation  The lead single from the soundtrack is "The Forgotten", performed by the American rock band Green Day  "A Thousand Years, Pt  2" by the American singer Christina Perri is also featured on the soundtrack album 
Carter Burwell, the composer of Twilight and Breaking Dawn: Part 1, returned to score the final installment of the series 

Release
Box office
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 earned $292 million in North America and $537 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $829 6 million  The film is the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the highest-grossing film of the Twilight series  It had a $340 9 million worldwide opening, which was the eighth-largest ever, the largest for the Twilight franchise, and the largest for a film released outside the summer period In North America, the film grossed $30 4 million in Thursday night and midnight showings, achieving the third-highest midnight gross and the highest midnight gross of the franchise  Breaking Dawn – Part 2 made $71 2 million on its opening day, which is the sixth-highest opening- and single-day gross as well as the third-highest of the franchise  For its opening weekend, the movie earned $141 1 million, which is the 13th-highest-grossing opening weekend of all time, the second-highest-grossing of the franchise, the third-largest November opening, and the fourth-largest opening of 2012  It retained first place in its second weekend by dropping 69 1% with a gross of $43 6 million over the three-day weekend and made a total of $64 4 million over the five-day Thanksgiving holiday weekend  In its third weekend, Breaking Dawn Part – 2 held onto the No  1 spot again by dropping 60 1% and grossing $17 4 million  It became the third-highest-grossing film of the franchise behind Eclipse and New Moon Outside North America, the film opened on Wednesday, November 14, 2012, in six countries earning $13 8 million  By Thursday, it had opened in 37 territories, earning $38 8 million  In all territories, it opened with similar or higher earnings than its immediate predecessor  Through its first Friday, it earned $91 0 million, after expanding to 61 territories  By the end of its opening weekend (Wednesday–Sunday), it scored a series-best $199 5 million opening from 61 territories on 12,812 screens  This is the eighth-largest opening outside North America and the largest 2012 opening  IMAX showings generated $3 million from 82 locations  The film's largest openings were recorded in the UK, Ireland, and Malta ($25 2 million), Russia and the CIS ($22 0 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($17 9 million)  In Spain, it set a three-day opening-weekend record with $11 9 million  In total earnings, its three highest-grossing markets after North America are the UK, Ireland, and Malta ($57 9 million), Brazil ($54 2 million), and Russia and the CIS ($42 8 million) 

Critical response
At Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 49% approval rating and an average score of 5 3/10 based on 200 reviews  The consensus states: "It's the most entertaining Twilight, but that's not enough to make Breaking Dawn Part 2 worth watching for filmgoers who don't already count themselves among the franchise converts " At Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on reviews from 31 critics  Audiences polled on CinemaScore gave it an average rating of "A" Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "The final installment of the immortal Bella/Edward romance will give its breathlessly awaiting international audience just what it wants"  Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "Breaking Dawn: Part 2 starts off slow but gathers momentum, and that's because, with Bella and Edward united against the Volturi, the picture has a real threat"  Sara Stewart of the New York Post wrote, "Finally, someone took the source material at its terribly written word and stopped treating the whole affair so seriously"  Justin Chang of Variety praised the performance of Stewart by saying, "No longer a mopey, lower-lip-biting emo girl, this Bella is twitchy, feral, formidable and fully energized, a goddess even among her exalted bloodsucker brethren"  Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said, "Despite the slow start Mr  Condon closes the series in fine, smooth style  He gives fans all the lovely flowers, conditioned hair and lightly erotic, dreamy kisses they deserve" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying "its audience, which takes these films very seriously indeed, will drink deeply of its blood  The sensational closing sequence cannot be accused of leaving a single loophole, not even some of those we didn't know were there"  He concluded by saying, ""Breaking Dawn, Part 2" must be one of the more serious entries in any major movie franchise    it bit the bullet, and I imagine fans will be pleased " Helen O'Hara of Empire gave the film a mixed review and said, "Fans will be left on a high; other viewers will be confused but generally entertained by a saga whose romance is matched only by its weirdness" 

Home media
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 2, 2013  As of June 1, 2014, Breaking Dawn: Part 2 has sold 4,810,249 DVDs along with 1,224,869 Blu-ray Discs for $71,418,469 and $24,472,107, respectively, totaling $99,195,325 

Spin-offs
In September 2016, Lionsgate co-chairman Patrick Wachsberger stated that a sequel was "a possibility", but would only go ahead if Stephenie Meyer wanted to do one  On August 8, 2017, Variety reported that Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer has interest in having spinoffs made for The Twilight Saga, and wants to create a writers' room to explore the idea 

Accolades
See also
Vampire films
Passage 15:
Reaching the Cold 100
Reaching the Cold 100 is an album recorded by the British blues band the Peter Green Splinter Group, led by Peter Green  Released in 2003, this was their eighth and final album  Green was the founder of Fleetwood Mac and a member of that group from 1967–70, before a sporadic solo career during the late 1970s and early 1980s 
This album is the only charting album by the group, at number 11 on the Billboard Blues album chart in March 2003 The album was recorded at the Roundel Studios, Kent, England, owned by Roger Cotton who also played on the album and composed some of the tracks 

Track listing
"Ain't Nothin' Gonna Change It" (Roger Cotton) – 3:28
"Look Out for Yourself" (Pete Stroud) – 4:29
"Cool Down" (Owen Parker, Nigel Watson) – 3:59
"Dangerous Man" (Cotton) – 4:06
"Needs Must the Devil Drives" (Parker, Watson) – 4:16
"Must Be a Fool" (Stroud) – 4:33
"Don't Walk Away" (Cotton) – 4:32
"Can You Tell Me Why (a k a  Legal Fee Blues)" (Parker, Watson) – 3:49
"Spiritual Thief" (Parker, Watson) – 4:57
"I'm Ready for You" (Stroud) – 4:39
"Smile" (Parker, Watson) – 5:17
"Nice Girl Like You" (Cotton) – 4:36
"When Somebody Cares" (Parker, Watson) – 5:26Bonus EP

"Black Magic Woman" (Peter Green) – 6:51
"It Takes Time" (Otis Rush) – 5:27
"Green Manalishi" (Green) – 4:43
"Albatross" (Green) – 3:24Some later versions including digital media (e g  Eagle Rock version in 2003) do not include the bonus EP tracks 

Personnel
Peter Green Splinter Group
Peter Green – guitars, harmonica, vocals
Nigel Watson – guitar, vocals
Roger Cotton – guitar, keyboards, Hammond C-3 organ
Pete Stroud – bass guitar, double bass
Larry Tolfree – drums, percussion

Technical
Peter Green Splinter Group – producers
Arthur Anderson – producer, engineer
Richard "Occy" Oxley – engineer
Monty Strikes – photography
Passage 16:
List of The Young and the Restless cast members
The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J  Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS  It first aired on March 26, 1973  The longest-running cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978  Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, previously held the record for the series' longest-running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013  Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest-running current cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively  Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest-running cast members  The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series 

Cast
Main cast
Recurring cast
Previous cast members
Passage 17:
Green Ice (soundtrack)
Green Ice is the soundtrack to the 1981 United Kingdom adventure film Green Ice starring Ryan O'Neal  The soundtrack was recorded by Bill Wyman and contains 18 original songs 

Track listing
All tracks written by Bill Wyman, except where noted 

Personnel
Bill Wyman – bass, guitars, harmonica, synthesizers, percussion
Terry Taylor – acoustic, electric and Spanish guitars, kyoto, synthesizers, percussion
Dave Mattacks – drums, percussion
Ray Cooper – Latin percussion
Doreen Chanter, Maria Muldaur, Stuart Epps – background vocals
Dave Richmond – bass on "Floating (Cloudhopper Theme)" and "Tenderness"
Tristan Fry – marimba on "Noche de Amore"
Kenny Baker – trumpet on "Colombia (Green Ice Opening Title)" and "Sol y Sombra"
Dave Lawson – vocoder, synthesizer on "Floating (Cloudhopper Theme)" and "Emerald Vault"
Ken Thorne – orchestral conductor and arranger



ground_truth: Tatum O'Neal