prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What watercourse is the river on which the Lostock Dam is located the mouth of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Paterson River
Paterson River, a perennial river that is part of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Hunter and Mid North Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Paterson River rises in the Barrington Tops National Park, west by north of Careys Peak, and flows generally south and southeast, joined by six minor tributaries including the Allyn River at Vacy, before reaching its confluence with the Hunter River between Hinton and Morpeth  Between Hinton and Duns Creek, the Paterson River forms the border between the Port Stephens and Maitland local government areas  The river system courses through fertile the farming land of the Paterson and Allyn River Valleys and the historic Patersons Plains; descending 933 metres (3,061 ft) over its 151 kilometres (94 mi) course The river is impounded by Lostock Dam, located 48 kilometres (30 mi) downstream from the source in the Barringtons  The embankment dam was constructed by the New South Wales Department of Water Resources to supply water for irrigation and was completed in 1971  The river is tidal to above the village of Paterson and below Vacy Riverside towns within the Paterson's catchment include Gresford, Vacy, Paterson, Woodville and Hinton 
Colonel William Paterson surveyed the area along the river in 1801  Later Governor King named it in his honour 
Passage 2:
Horse Mesa Dam
The Horse Mesa Dam is a concrete thin arch dam located in the Superstition Mountains, northeast of Phoenix in Maricopa County, Arizona 
The dam is 660 feet (200 m) long, 300 feet (91 m) high and was built between 1924 and 1927  The dam includes three conventional hydroelectric generating units totaling 32 megawatts (MW) and a pumped-storage unit with a capacity of 97 MW 
The dam and associated infrastructure were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017 
A few homes are nearby for temporary employee housing  Its name is derived from when sheep-herders used to graze their saddle and pack animals on the mesa when they were driving their flocks through the area  It has an estimated elevation of 2,067 feet (630 m) above sea level 

Reservoir
The dam forms Apache Lake as it impounds the Salt River  The dam and reservoir are located downstream from the Theodore Roosevelt Dam, and upstream from the Mormon Flat Dam 
Passage 3:
Darling Mills Creek
The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Darling Mills Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of Thompsons Corner, near the intersection of Castle Hill Road and Pennant Hills Road, within the suburb of West Pennant Hills  The headwaters lie on the watershed between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally west, then south, joined by its tributaries including the Bidjigal, Sawmill, Excelsior, Blue Gum, Bellbird, Bellamy Farm creeks and the dammed Hunts Creek downstream of Lake Parramatta, before reaching its confluence with the Toongabbie Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 10 kilometres (6 2 mi); and the creek passes through the Cumberland State Forest, the Darling Mills State Forest, Bidjigal Reserve, Excelsior Park, and many smaller reserves and parks The Darling Mills Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway, the M2 Hills Motorway, and marks the boundary between Windsor Road and Church Street in North Parramatta 

History
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Darling Mills Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal clan of the Darug people, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade The Darling Mills Creek takes its name from a watermill constructed a short distance from the confluence with Toongabbie Creek 
An earlier watermill was built by Samuel Marsden near the confluence  It milled flour from 1804 to 1818 
In 1825, the Darling Flour Mills were built for John Raine, upstream on the Windsor Road 
The Darling Mills site was taken over by Sydney Woollen Mills, which operated from 1870 to 1975  Sydney Woollen Mills originally used steam rather than water power  Part of the facade of the building remains on the site, which was occupied by Bunnings Warehouse's North Parramatta store in the early 21st century  There is a weir on the creek nearby that was constructed in the nineteenth century 

See also
Great North Walk
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 4:
Lansdowne River
Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Lansdowne River rises below Mount Gibraltar in the Gibraltar Range, north northwest of Upper Lansdowne, and flows generally southeast before reaching its confluence with the Northern Arm of the Manning River, near Coopernook  The river descends 740 metres (2,430 ft) over its 51 kilometres (32 mi) course The Pacific Highway crosses the Lansdowne River south-east of Coopernook 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Passage 5:
Cabramatta Creek
Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the South Western Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cabramatta Creek rises in the rural/residential suburb of Denham Court, east south-east of Leppington, within the Liverpool local government area  From here the creek flows in a northerly direction under Camden Valley Way towards Hoxton Park, and its junction with Hinchinbrook Creek  Substantial residential development has occurred in these areas, particularly to the west of Cowpasture Road  A number of detention basins have also been constructed in conjunction with the development 
The Ingham's poultry farm also occupies a significant landholding in the area  Below Hoxton Park Road, Cabramatta Creek starts to flow in an easterly direction the Fairfield local government area, towards its confluence with the Georges River, to the east of Warwick Farm  A more prominent creek "corridor", up to 200 metres (660 ft) wide, becomes more evident throughout the lower catchment  This primarily consists of public open space, playing fields and golf courses  The Elouera Nature Reserve, which is an important pocket of native bushland, also forms part of this corridor 
Cabramatta Creek flows through established residential suburbs, including Miller, Cartwright, Sadlier, Ashcroft, Liverpool, Mount Pritchard and Warwick Farm  Major transport routes that cross the catchment includes Hoxton Park Road, Elizabeth Drive, Orange Grove Road (the Cumberland Highway), the Hume Highway and the Main Southern railway line  The catchment area of the creek is approximately 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi), and within the catchment area are the Cabramatta Creek, Hinchinbrook Creek, Maxwells Creek, and Brickmakers Creek The area around the creek was home to the Darug Aboriginal people  European settlement began on the site in the 1790s when they found good quality soil 
In the area surrounding Cabramatta Creek is a large flying fox population; located behind the Sunnybrook Motel and called the Cabrammatta Creek Flying Fox Reserve A concrete beam road bridge that carries the Hume Highway over Cabramatta Creek, constructed in 1951 and commonly known as Ireland's Bridge, is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register 
Passage 6:
Geographical feature
A feature (also called an object or entity), in the context of geography and geographic information science, is a discrete phenomenon that exists at a location in the space and scale of relevance to geography; that is, at or near the surface of Earth, at a moderate to global scale : 62  It is one of the primary types of phenomena represented in geographic information, such as that represented in maps, geographic information systems, remote sensing imagery, statistics, and other forms of geographic discourse  Such representations of features consists of descriptions of their inherent nature, their spatial form and location, and their characteristics or properties 

Ontology and terminology
The term "feature" is meant to be broad and inclusive, including both natural and human-constructed phenomena  It is metaphysically neutral, including both phenomena that exist physically (e g  a building) and those that are conceptual or social creations (e g  a neighbourhood)  In an ontological sense, the term is generally restricted to endurants, which are wholly present at any time during their lifespan (e g , the state of New York in 1820 was a complete state, and is the same state as the New York in 2021)  A feature is also discrete, meaning that it has a clear identity distinct from other phenomena, and is comprehended as a whole, defined in part by the boundary of its extent (although this can be problematic when vagueness arises, such as in the boundaries of a "valley")  This differentiates features from geographic processes and events, which are perdurants that only exist in time; and from geographic masses and fields, which are continuous in that they are not conceptualized as a distinct whole In geographic information science, the terms feature, object, and entity are generally used as roughly synonymous  In the 1992 Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), one of the first public standard models of geographic information, an attempt was made to formally distinguish them: an entity as the real-world phenomenon, an object as a representation thereof (e g  on paper or digital), and a feature as the combination of both entity and representation objects  Although this distinction is often cited in textbooks, it has not gained lasting nor widespread usage  In the ISO 19101 Geographic Information Reference Model and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Simple Features Specification, international standards that form the basis for most modern geospatial technologies, a feature is defined as "an abstraction of a real-world phenomena," essentially the object in SDTS 
Despite these attempts at formalization, the broadly interchangeable use of these English terms has persisted  That said, Phenomenon is likely the most broad, comfortably including geographic masses, processes, and events that would be difficult to call "objects" or "entities "

Types of features
Natural features
A natural feature is a phenomenon that was not created by humans, but is a part of the natural world  There has been some metaphysical debate over whether such features are "real," independent of the human mind (a realist stance), whether they are purely human conceptualizations of continuous natural phenomena (a constructivist stance), or a hybrid of discrete natural phenomena that highly motivate, but are simplified by human concepts (a experientialist stance)  It is also possible that individual features may be of any of these three types 

Ecosystems
There are two different terms to describe habitats: ecosystem and biome  An ecosystem is a community of organisms  In contrast, biomes occupy large areas of the globe and often encompass many different kinds of geographical features, including mountain ranges Biotic diversity within an ecosystem is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems  Living organisms are continually engaged in a set of relationships with every other element constituting the environment in which they exist, and ecosystem describes any situation where there is relationship between organisms and their environment 
Biomes represent large areas of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms  Biomes are defined based on factors such as plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate  Unlike biogeographic realms, biomes are not defined by genetic, taxonomic, or historical similarities  Biomes are often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and climax vegetation 

Water bodies
A body of water is any significant accumulation of water, usually covering the land  The term "body of water" most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, but it may also include smaller pools of water such as ponds, creeks or wetlands  Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are not always considered bodies of water, but they are included as geographical formations featuring water 
Some of these are easily recognizable as distinct real-world entities (e g , an isolated lake), while others are at least partially based on human conceptualizations  Examples of the latter include a branching stream network in which one of the branches has been arbitrarily designated as the continuation of the primary named stream; or a gulf or bay of an ocean, which has no meaningful dividing line from the rest of the ocean 

Landforms
A landform comprises a geomorphological unit and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such is typically an element of topography  Landforms are categorized by features such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type  They include berms, mounds, hills, cliffs, valleys, rivers, and numerous other elements  Oceans and continents are the highest-order landforms 

Artificial features
Settlements
A settlement is a permanent or temporary community in which people live  Settlements range in components from a small number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas  Other landscape features such as roads, enclosures, field systems, boundary banks and ditches, ponds, parks and woods, mills, manor houses, moats, and churches may be considered part of a settlement 

Administrative regions and other constructs
These include social constructions that are created to administer and organize the land, people, and other spatially-relevant resources  Examples include governmental units such as a state, cadastral land parcels, mining claims, zoning partitions of a city, or a church parish  There are also more informal social features, such as city neighbourhoods and other vernacular regions  These are purely conceptual entities established by edict or practice, although they may align with visible features (i e  a river boundary), and may be subsequently manifested on the ground, such as by survey markers or fences 

Engineered constructs
Engineered geographic features include highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and reservoirs, and are part of the anthroposphere because they are man-made geographic features 

Cartographic features
Cartographic features are types of abstract geographical features, which appear on maps but not on the planet itself, even though they are located on the planet  For example, latitudes, longitudes, the Equator, and the prime meridian are shown on maps of Earth, but it do not physically exist  It is a theoretical line used for reference, navigation, and measurement 

Features and Geographic Information
In GIS, maps, statistics, databases, and other information systems, a geographic feature is represented by a set of descriptors of its various characteristics  A common classification of those characteristics has emerged based on developments by Peuquet, Mennis, and others, including the following : 

 Identity, the fact that a feature is unique and distinct from all other features  This does not have an inherent description, but humans have created many systems for attempting to express identity, such as names and  identification numbers/codes 
Existence, the fact that a feature exists in the world  At first, this may seem trivial, but complex situations are common, such as features that are proposed or planned, abstract concepts (e g , the Equator), under construction, or that no longer exist 
 Kind (also known as class, type, or category), one or more groups to which a feature belongs, typically focused on those that are most fundamental to its existence  It thus completes the sentence "This is a _________ " These are generally in the form of common nouns (tree, dog, building, county, etc ), which may be isolated or part of a taxonomic hierarchy 
 Relationships to other features  These may be inherent if they are crucial to the existence and identity of the feature, or incidental if they are not crucial, but "just happen to be " These may be of at least three types:
Spatial relations, those that can be visualized and measured in space  For example, the fact that the Potomac River is adjacent to Maryland is an inherent spatial relation because the river is part of the definition of the boundary of Maryland, but the overlap relation between Maryland and the Delmarva Peninsula is incidental, as each would exist unproblematically without the other 
Meronomic relations (also known as partonomy), in which a feature may exist as a part of a larger whole, or may exist as a collection of parts  For example, the relationship between Maryland and the United States is a meronomic relation; one is not just spatially within the boundaries of the other, but is a component part of the other that in part defines the existence of both 
Genealogical relations (also known as parent-child), which tie a feature to others that existed previously and created it (or from which it was formed by another agent), and in turn to any features it has created  For example, if a county were created by the subdivision of two existing counties, they would be considered its parents 
Location, a description of where the feature exists, often including the shape of its extent  While a feature has an inherent location, measuring it for the purpose of representation as data can be a complex process, such as requiring the invention of abstract spatial reference systems, and the necessary employment of cartographic generalization, including an expedient choice of dimension (e g , a city could be represented as a region or as a point, depending on scale and need) 
Attributes, characteristics of a feature other than location, often expressed as text or numbers; for example, the population of a city  In geography, the levels of measurement developed by Stanley Smith Stevens (and further extended by others) is a common system for understanding and using attribute data 
Time is fundamental to the representation of a feature, although it does not have independent temporal descriptions  Instead, expressions of time are attached to other characteristics, describing how they change (thus, they are analogous to adverbs in common discourse)  Any of the above characteristics is  mutable, with the possible exception of identity  For example, the lifespan of a feature could be considered as the temporal extent of its existence  The location of a city can change over time as annexations expand its extent  The resident population of a country changes frequently due to immigration, emigration, birth, and death The descriptions of features (i e , the measured values of each of the above characteristics) are typically collected in Geographic databases, such as GIS datasets, based on a variety of  data models and  file formats, often based on the  vector logical model 

See also
Geographical field
Geographical location
Human geography
Landscape
Physical geography
Simple Features
Passage 7:
Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)
Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Coxs Creek rises northeast of Punchbowl railway station and flows generally north northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River, at Strathfield South  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and is now largely a storm drain that flows about 3 kilometres (1 9 mi)  Prior to development of the area the creek drained paperbark swamps that were formerly near the junction of Roberts Road and Juno Parade  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and rerouted  As with most drainage channels in the area it has been lined along much of its length  Coxs Creek drains a total catchment of 8 8 square kilometres (3 4 sq mi) The creek begins as a stormwater drain, then runs in the open through the Coxs Creek Wetland, a 1 84 hectares (4 5 acres) reserve containing significant remnant bushland including some Cooks River Castlereagh Ironbark Forest habitat  Including tree specimens of mugga ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), narrow-leaved ironbark (E  crebra), broad-leaved ironbark (E  fibrosa), and tallowwood (E  microcorys)  The forest habitat is noted as an endangered ecological community  Acacia pubescens (Downy Wattle) is a vulnerable flora species present as is the locally endangered Tadgell's Bluebell (Wahlenbergia multicaulis)  The endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea) has been recorded and frog ponds constructed as part of the creek  The frog has not been seen in the creek since 1995, though they are still present in the nearby constructed wetlands at the Juno Parade Brick Pit 
In 2005 Sydney Ports Corporation proposed works including fauna corridors and "frog ramps" to encourage their return  Along much of its length the creek is a combination of covered channel and an uncovered concrete lined trench  As the creek passes through the reserve it is open and the 2010 management plan calls for restoration of this part of the creek and the adjacent riparian zone 
Passage 8:
Cup and Saucer Creek
Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cup and Saucer Creek rises in Canterbury local government area, near Wiley Park railway station and flows in an east north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Roselands, Kingsgrove and Clemton Park, where it makes its confluence with the Cooks River, within the suburb of Earlwood  The upper reaches of the creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes part drain and part creek in the lower reaches  The Cup and Saucer Creek Catchment Management Study by the Water Board in 1992 showed extensive toxic organics in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines The creek is so named because of sandstone formations in the former bed of the creek A concrete culvert over Bexley Road constructed in 1920 is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register 
Passage 9:
Bardwell Creek
Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Bardwell Creek rises in Georges River local government area, near Hurstville and flows in a north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Bexley, Bexley North, Bardwell Park, and Turrella in the Bayside local government area, where it makes its confluence with Wolli Creek, where it forms the border between the suburbs of Bardwell Park and Turrella  The upper reaches of the Creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes an open concrete channel at Croydon Road in the Bexley Golf Course  The total catchment area of Bardwell Creek is 6 36 square kilometres (2 46 sq mi) 

See also
Bardwell Valley, New South Wales
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 10:
Natural Dam, Arkansas
Natural Dam is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States  Natural Dam is located on Arkansas Highway 59, 6 miles (9 7 km) north-northwest of Cedarville  Natural Dam has a post office with ZIP code 72948  The now-replaced Lee Creek Bridge, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was located in the community The community was named for a natural dam near the original town site 

Notable person
Shay Mooney, half of country duo Dan + Shay
Passage 11:
Enloe Dam and Powerplant
The Enloe Dam, also known as the Similkameen Dam, and its powerplant are located on the Similkameen River about 4 miles (6 4 km) west-northwest of Oroville, Washington  Located just above Similkameen (Coyote) Falls, the concrete arch-gravity dam stands about 54 feet (16 m) high, with a crest length of about 290 feet (88 m), built between 1916 and 1923  The dam was named after the president of the Okanogan Valley Power Company, Eugene Enloe  The dam was operated to generate power at its powerplant, located about 850 feet (260 m) downstream from the dam  Lacking fish ladders, Enloe Dam blocks fish passage and completely extirpated anadromous fish migration into the upper reaches of the Similkameen River and its tributaries in Canada 

History
The dam replaced a wood crib dam started in 1903 by J M  Hagerty, a local entrepreneur, and completed a year after his death  The dam fed a generating plant in a wooden powerplant below the dam and falls  Power went to the towns of Nighthawk and Oroville, as well as the nearby Owasco, Ivanhoe, Ruby and Canba mines  Attempts by Hagerty's estate to sell the dam in 1913 met no interest, partly because of the poor state of the crib dam  Eugene Enloe of the Okanogan Valley Power Company was able to secure the rights to the site in 1916, hiring C F  Uhden to design the dam that year  Construction did not start until 1919 and was completed in 1920 at a cost of $350,000, $150,000 of it Enloe's money  Enloe sold the dam and powerplant in 1923 to Washington Water Power Company, which added a second penstock 

Description
The dam features an unregulated overflow spillway whose height can be augmented by flashboards  The powerplant replaced a small run-of-river plant, which received water from a diversion channel  In 1923, the site was purchased by the Washington Water Power Company  In 1942 the WWPC was purchased by the Okanogan Public Utility District, which then ceased operations at Enloe Dam in 1958, as power was available from the Bonneville Power Administration system at less cost  The dam's reservoir extends 2 miles (3 2 km) up the Similkameen River  Largely silted up, it is just 9 feet (2 7 m) deep  Storage capacity is only 507 acre-feet (625,000 m3) The concrete powerhouse is in a partly ruinous state, and options have been presented to stabilize or demolish the structure when the proposed new hydroelectric development is undertaken  The powerhouse was fed by two wood stave penstocks, 7 feet (2 1 m) in diameter, running to Pelton wheels driving two 1 6 megawatt generators  The generator hall stands next to a heavily built transformer vault 

Redevelopment
The Okanogan Public Utility District obtained a new license for power generation from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in 1983, but the license was withdrawn in 1986 because the dam's impact on anadromous fish had not been addressed  A second license for a 4 1 megawatt plant was granted in 1996, but was again rescinded on the same grounds in 2000  Yet another application was submitted in August 2008, seeking to build a new powerplant to generate 9 megawatts, fed by a new intake channel Enloe Dam was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 18, 1978 as an example of early power development in rural Washington 
After a study showing reenergizing the dam would be too expensive, the Okanogan PUD voted in 2019 to abandon plans  They are seeking to give the dam away to have it demolished, but removal remains too expensive  The Colville Indian tribes are seeking its removal to restore salmon to the Similkameen River 
Passage 12:
Wolli Creek
Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Wolli Creek rises south of Narwee, within Beverly Hills Park, Beverly Hills, and flows generally east northeast through Wolli Creek Valley and Wolli Creek Regional Park, joined by its major tributary, Bardwell Creek, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River near Arncliffe and Tempe  The creek is a lined channel between Kingsgrove Road, Kingsgrove and Bexley Road, Bexley North where it then enters the Wolli Creek Valley  The sub-catchment area of the creek is 22 square kilometres (8 5 sq mi) 

Nature conservation value
Adjacent to Wolli Creek, within the Wolli Creek Valley, is Wolli Creek Regional Park, a planned 50 hectares (120 acres) nature reserve of native bushland and public reserves that was announced by the NSW Government in 1998 as a result of sustained community campaigning for the area to be preserved and for the M5 East Freeway to go underground  Whilst some of the park has been formed and management handed over from local government authorities to the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, including the 8 9 hectares (22 acres) Girrahween Park and some privately held land that was compulsorily acquired, some areas of the originally planned park remain in the hands of government agencies including Sydney Water and Roads & Maritime Services When complete, the planned nature reserve offers easy public transport access, family picnic areas, extensive views and bushland, rugged sandstone escarpments with walking tracks, a mixture of parkland, heathland, and woodland forest, and great birdwatching in close proximity to heavily developed residential and industrial landscape 

Wildlife
Bird observation
The diversity of habitat and strategic location of the Wolli Creek Valley are reflected in the wide range of bird species to be found adjacent to the creek  Approximately 175 species of birds have been recorded in the area between 1940 and 1999 

Fish
Several species of freshwater and saltwater fish can be found in the Wolli Creek in areas above and below the fish ladder  The fish ladder, or "rock-ramp fishway" was constructed to enable fish to bypass the weir at Henderson St, Turrella, allowing migration to other areas of the creek 

Coastal saltmarsh
The lower reaches – the tidal part – of Wolli Creek are home to a plant community known as saltmarsh, or coastal saltmarsh  The plant community includes various salinity-tolerant species such as Knobby Club-rush (Ficinia nodosa), Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii), Seablite (Suaeda australis), Streaked Arrowgrass (Triglochin striata) and others  Coastal saltmarsh has been recognised as a carbon sink as well as a filter of nutrients maintaining water quality and is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 

Gallery
See also
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 13:
Little River (Wingecarribee)
The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Little River rises south southeast of the locality of Wills Hill, near Robertson, and flows generally north before reaching its confluence with the Dudewaugh Creek, a tributary of the Burke River within the Upper Nepean River catchment  The course of the river is approximately 8 kilometres (5 0 mi) 

See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 14:
Joe Wheeler State Park
Joe Wheeler State Park is a public recreation area with resort features located on Wheeler Lake, an impoundment of the Tennessee River in northwest Alabama  The state park contains 2,550 acres (1,030 ha) of land in three separate parcels and adjoins the Tennessee Valley Authority's Wheeler Dam 

History
The park was established when the state purchased land from the TVA in 1949  Resort features were added during a major upgrade begun in 1973  The park, the lake and dam all are named for Confederate general and U S  Congressman Joseph Wheeler 

Awards
In September 2020, Joe Wheeler State Park was one of eleven Alabama state parks awarded Tripadvisor’s Traveler’s Choice Award, which recognizes businesses and attractions that earn consistently high user reviews 

Activities and amenities
The Rogersville area of the park includes a resort lodge, convention facilities, restaurant, campground, 140-slip marina, 18-hole golf course, and 2 5-mile (4 0 km) loop trail for hiking and biking  The TVA maintains a dam overlook near the state park's cabin area 
Passage 15:
Beaver Dam High School (Wisconsin)
Beaver Dam High School is a public high school located in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin  It is a part of the Beaver Dam Unified School District  As of 25 October 2017 it had an enrollment of 1,045 students  Its mascot is the Golden Beaver 

Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Clubs
Anime
BDHS orchestra
BDHS bands
Marching band
Jazz band 1 & 2
Pep band
Choirs
Concert choir
Treble choir
Bel Canto Choir
DECA
FFA
Forensics
Powerlifting
Mock trial
National Honor Society
Key Club
Student council
SWAZZ
Theatre

Gallery
Notable alumni
Science, media and the arts
Lois J  Ehlert – Artist, award-winning author, Caldecott Medal recipient, & Illustrator of Children’s Books
Raymond Z  Gallun – Pioneer science fiction author
Dave Krause, BSEM, UW-Madison – NASA Sounding Rocket Chief Engineer
Fred MacMurray – Actor
David Alan Smith - Actor

Business
Benjamin Murray – President of XOJET, Pittsburgh Pirates baseball draft
Gerald H  Teletzke – Business and engineer leader

Government
Robert G  Ehlenfeldt – Wisconsin State Veterinarian
Leon Epstein – Professor of Political Science, University of Wisconsin—Madison
James J  Healy – National labor relations leader, adviser to presidents Kennedy and Carter, Harvard Business School professor, lecturer, author
Robert Kastenmeier – Wisconsin Representative to U S  Congress
Fred McFarlane – Professor in Rehabilitation Counseling, San Diego State University
Mary Ann Spellman – Two-term Beaver Dam mayor
Joseph M  Stehling – Brigadier General, recipient of Purple Heart, Legion of Merit

Professional sports
Eric Baldwin – Professional poker player and 2009 Cardplayer of the year
Madeline "Maddy" Horn – Speed skater
Bill Rentmeester – Professional football player
R J  Shelton - Professional football player
Passage 16:
Lostock Dam
Lostock Dam is a minor rockfill and clay core embankment dam with a concrete lined, flip bucket spillway across the Paterson River upstream of the village of East Gresford in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia  The dam's purpose includes flood mitigation, irrigation, water supply and conservation  Mini hydro-power facilities were retrofitted in 2010  The impounded reservoir is also called Lostock Dam 

Location and features
Commenced in 1969 and completed in 1971, the Lostock Dam is a minor dam on the Paterson River, a tributary of the Hunter River, and is located approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi) from both Maitland and Singleton, and also 93 kilometres (58 mi) north-west of Newcastle, on the upper reaches of the river  The dam was built by Dumez Australia under contract to the New South Wales Water Department of Land and Water Conservation following the drought of 1964–66  At that time there was a need for a water conservation storage in the Paterson Valley to stabilise and further develop rural productivity The dam wall height is 38 metres (125 ft) and is 701 metres (2,300 ft) long  The maximum water depth is 30 metres (98 ft) and at 100% capacity the dam wall holds back 20,220 megalitres (714×10^6 cu ft) of water at 155 metres (509 ft) AHD  The surface area of the reservoir is 220 hectares (540 acres) and the catchment area is 277 square kilometres (107 sq mi)  The ungated concrete lined, flip bucket chute spillway is capable of discharging 2,860 cubic metres per second (101,000 cu ft/s) The name of the dam originates from the village of the same name, located approximately 2 kilometres (1 2 mi) downstream from the dam wall 

Power generation
A mini hydro-electric power station generates up to 2 2 megawatts (3,000 hp) of electricity from the flow of the water leaving Lostock Dam  Constructed by Heidemann Hydro Australia, the facility is managed by Delta Electricity 

See also
Delta Electricity
Irrigation in Australia
List of dams and reservoirs in New South Wales
Passage 17:
Tallebudgera Creek Dam
The Tallebudgera Creek Dam, or colloquially Tally Dam, is a decommissioned embankment dam across the upper reaches of the Tallebudgera Creek, located in the South East region of Queensland, Australia  The initial purpose of the dam from its establishment until its decommissioning during the 1970s was for the supply of potable water to the Gold Coast region  There is no public access to the dam 

Location and features
The Tallebudgera Dam is located approximately 16 kilometres (9 9 mi) south west of the Burleigh Heads 
Designed and constructed by the Coolangatta-Nerang Water Supply Board in the 1940s, construction of the Tallebudgera Dam was finalised in the early 1950s  The dam was one of the earliest water supplies for the region, and provided a constant flow to the intake that was located downstream of the dam  Growth and demand in the region led to the construction of Little Nerang Dam and Mudgeeraba Water Treatment Plant, which then made Tallebudgera Creek Dam obsolete as a water supply  The decommissioning is believed to have occurred in the 1970s and included the removal of the valve house and filling of the valve chambers  It appears that the dam was left for recreation purposes after decommissioning  Following introduction of the Water Act, 2000 (QLD), a Failure Impact Assessment noted the dam design did not comply with the latest safety standards and may over top during a 1 in 50 year average recurrence interval  The Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Water issued advice that the dam was to be upgraded to meet the current dam safety standards  Options considered were to permanently lower the level of the spillway, install flood-triggered gates and removal of the dam  In 2006, after two years of investigation, reports and public consultations, work commenced to upgrade the existing dam to the required standards 

See also
List of dams in Queensland
Passage 18:
List of crossings of the Kiskiminetas River
This is a complete list of bridges and dams that span the Kiskiminetas River from its confluence at the Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek to its mouth at the Allegheny River 


== Crossings ==
Passage 19:
Toongabbie Creek
Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Toongabbie Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of the Old Northern Road, within the suburb of Castle Hill; with its headwaters forming the watershed boundary between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally south-west, then south by east, then south by west, then east before reaching its confluence with the Darling Mills Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 9 kilometres (5 6 mi) Although only a small portion of Toongabbie Creek is contained within the Blacktown local government area, much of its sub-catchment, including the Blacktown and Lalor creeks and their associated tributaries are within the City of Blacktown  In 2005, the Toongabbie Creek catchment area was rated as the highest polluting catchment out of the twenty-two catchments in Blacktown  Much of the creek is channeled in a concrete drain; and domestic garbage is often scattered along the creek's banks  Prior to April 2015, the creek was dammed at many places by fallen trees, and the rapids at Mons Road were not visible  The stagnant water in the dams was bubbly  After the rain in April 2015, which caused a flood that damaged infrastructure at Parramatta,  most of the dead trees were cleaned away and the rocks at Mons Road are now exposed 
Toongabbie Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway; the Westlink M7 and M2 Hills Motorway at their interchange; and the Old Windsor Road 
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Toongabbie Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 20:
Doubtful Creek
Doubtful Creek, formerly known as Doubtful River, a watercourse that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia 
The river rises on the north western side of the Munyang Range in the Snowy Mountains at 1,660 metres (5,450 ft) and flows generally north west towards its confluence with the Tumut River at The Gulf Mine; descending 380 metres (1,250 ft) over its 15-kilometre (9 3 mi) course 

See also
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
Context 3: Passage 1:
Waterfalls (album)
Waterfalls is a live album by American saxophonist and composer John Klemmer featuring studio enhanced live performances recorded in Los Angeles for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars stating it is "Worth investigating by open-eared listeners" 

Track listing
All compositions by John Klemmer"Prelude I" – 3:33
"Waterfalls" – 4:19
"Utopia: Man's Dream, Part 1" – 8:47
"Utopia: Man's Dream, Part 2" – 3:50
"There's Some Light Ahead" – 4:29
"Centrifugal Force" – 5:59
"Prelude II" – 4:02
"Waterfall II" – 6:08Recorded in performance at the Ash Grove in Los Angeles, California on June 17, 1972 and "enchanted" at The Village Recorder in Los Angeles on June 22, 1972

Personnel
John Klemmer – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, echoplex
Mike Nock – electric piano
Wilton Felder – electric bass
Eddie Marshall – drums
Victor Feldman – percussion
Diana Lee – vocals (tracks 3, 4 & 6)
Passage 2:
The Main Attraction (album)
The Main Attraction is an album by American jazz guitarist Grant Green featuring performances recorded in 1976 and released on the Kudu label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album two stars and stated "While it's true that this isn't one of Green's best records, it's not by any means his worst    Contrary to jazz critics' opinions, Green had nothing to be ashamed of on Main Attraction  If funky '70s soul-jazz is your thing, you won't go wrong with this one" 

Track listing
"The Main Attraction" (Don Grolnick, Steve Khan, Will Lee, David Matthews, Andy Newmark) - 19:35
"Future Feature" (Matthews) - 7:47
"Creature" (Grant Green) - 10:20Recorded at Rudy Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in March 1976 with additional recording at A&R Studios, NYC

Personnel
Grant Green - guitar
Burt Collins, Jon Faddis - trumpet
Sam Burtis - trombone
Hubert Laws - flute
Michael Brecker, Joe Farrell - tenor saxophone
Ronnie Cuber - baritone saxophone
Don Grolnick - electric piano, clavinet
Steve Khan - rhythm guitar
Will Lee - electric bass
Andy Newmark - drums
Carlos Charles - conga, percussion
Sue Evans - percussion
Dave Matthews - arranger, conductor
Passage 3:
Something Personal
Something Personal is an album by American jazz pianist Jack Wilson featuring performances recorded and released on the Blue Note label in 1967 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4½ stars and stated "this album is an excellent showcase for the often-overlooked Jack Wilson" 

Track listing
All compositions by Jack Wilson except as indicated"Most Unsoulful Woman" - 6:53
"The Sphinx" (Ornette Coleman) - 5:07
"Shosh" - (Blues in F) 8:59
"Serenata" (Leroy Anderson) - 6:58
"Harbor Freeway 5 P M " - 7:12
"C F D " - 4:58
"One and Four" [aka  "Mr  Day"] (John Coltrane) - 4:51 Bonus track on CD reissueRecorded  on August 9 (4, 6-7) and August 10 (1-3, 5), 1966 

Personnel
Jack Wilson - piano
Roy Ayers - vibes
Ray Brown - bass (#3-6), cello (#1-2)
Charles 'Buster' Williams - bass (#1-2)
Varney Barlow - drums
Passage 4:
Rain, Hail or Shine
Rain, Hail or Shine, an album by The Battlefield Band, was released in 1998 on the Temple Records label  The total running time is 45:38 

Track listing
"Bodachan a Gharaidh/General Macdonal/Craig an Fhithich" – 3:47
"Heave Ya Ho" – 4:30
"Margaret Ann/Manor Park/Trip to the Bronx" – 5:24
"Jenny O' the Braes" – 3:23
"Magheraclone/Norland Wind/Royal Scottish Pipers Soc /Gardez Loo/Donald" – 9:24
"The Beaches of St  Valery/Elizabeth Clare" – 6:27
"Wee Michael's March/Oot B'est da Vong" – 4:03
"The Lass O' Glencoe" – 4:24
"The Canongate Twitch/Steamboat to Detroit/Twenty Pounds of Gin/Break Yer Ba" – 6:54

Personnel
Battlefield Band
Alan Reid (keyboards, guitar, vocals, writing   )
Davy Steele (lead vocals, writing   )
John McCusker (fiddle, whistle   )
Mike Katz (Highland pipes, small pipes, various whistles   )

Sources and links
Rain, Hail or Shine at AllMusic
Passage 5:
The Jazz Skyline
The Jazz Skyline is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1956 and released on the Savoy label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Bob Rusch states: "This session has interest as an example of Milt Jackson's mid-'50s work in a non-Modern Jazz Quartet context  And despite the many critical assertions that the vibist was restrained by pianist John Lewis' direction, his playing here revealed no marked change" 

Track listing
"Lover" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) - 7:45
"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) - 4:35
"The Lady Is a Tramp" (Hart, Rodgers) - 7:18
"Angel Face" (Hank Jones) - 6:38
"Sometimes I'm Happy" (Irving Caesar, Vincent Youmans) - 7:15
"What's New?" (Johnny Burke, Bob Haggart) - 3:51

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Lucky Thompson - tenor saxophone
Hank Jones - piano
Wendell Marshall - bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Passage 6:
Rain on the Window
Rain on the Window is an album by English saxophonist John Surman with organist Howard Moody recorded in 2006 and released on the ECM label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Michael G  Nastos awarded the album 3½ stars, stating, "If the listener enjoys a variety of folk forms turned into modern music, Rain on the Window may be appropriate, used here and there for any precipitous, or sunny day" 

Track listing
All compositions by John Surman except as indicated"Circum I" - 3:58
"Stained Glass" - 3:49
"The Old Dutch" - 3:30
"Dancing in the Loft" (Howard Moody, John Surman) - 1:53
"Step Lively!" (Moody, Surman) - 3:06
"Stone Ground" - 4:19
"Tierce" (Moody) - 2:59
"Circum II" - 2:03
"Rain on the Window" - 4:06
"Dark Reeds" (Moody, Surman) - 2:50
"O Waly Waly" (Traditional) - 2:43
"A Spring Wedding" - 3:07
"I'm Troubled in Mind" (Traditional) - 2:47
"On the Go" - 3:59
"Pax Vobiscum" - 4:12Recorded at Ullern Church in Oslo, Norway in January 2006 

Personnel
John Surman – soprano saxophone, baritone saxophone, bass clarinet
Howard Moody – church organ
Passage 7:
Plenty, Plenty Soul
Plenty, Plenty Soul is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1957 and released on the Atlantic label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated that "these all-star dates still sound fresh and enthusiastic decades later" 

Track listing
All compositions by Milt Jackson, except as indicated"Plenty, Plenty Soul" (Milt Jackson, Quincy Jones) - 9:33
"Boogity Boogity" (Jones) - 4:55
"Heartstrings" - 4:53
"Sermonette" (Cannonball Adderley) - 5:23
"The Spirit-Feel" - 4:22
"Ignunt Oil" - 5:35
"Blues at Twilight" (Jones) - 6:46Recorded in New York City on January 5 (tracks 4–7) and January 7 (tracks 1–3), 1957

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Joe Newman - trumpet
Jimmy Cleveland - trombone (tracks 1–3)
Cannonball Adderley - alto saxophone (tracks 1–3)
Frank Foster (tracks 1–3), Lucky Thompson (tracks 4–7) - tenor saxophone
Sahib Shihab - baritone saxophone (tracks 1–3)
Horace Silver - piano
Percy Heath (tracks 1–3), Oscar Pettiford (tracks 4–7) - bass
Art Blakey (tracks 1–3), Connie Kay (tracks 4––7) – drums
Quincy Jones - arranger (tracks 1–3)
Passage 8:
Three for Shepp
Three for Shepp is an album by American saxophonist Marion Brown featuring performances recorded in 1966 for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4½ stars, stating: "Marion Brown's Three for Shepp is the image-in-the-mirror companion to Archie Shepp's Four for Trane recorded the year before  The program is equally divided between Brown's originals, which occupy the first half of the album, and Shepp tunes that take up the latter half  What is immediately striking is how similar in tone, color, and texture the two men were when it came to composition  Brown arms himself here with crack bands for these recordings    This is a classic Impulse! recording of the period by an overlooked master "The authors of the Penguin Jazz Guide wrote: "Brown's Impulse! records are routinely overlooked    In the wake of this, his first successful record, Brown took to the road, playing tirelessly but curbing his studio activities  Impulse! had already released Shepp's Four For Trane  This was explicitly intended as a companion project and its arresting opening    establishes it as one of the most inventive in the label's distinguished catalogue



ground_truth: Hunter River

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of the castle in the city where the performer of Never Too Loud was formed?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of Italian musical terms used in English
Many musical terms are in Italian because, in Europe, the vast majority of the most important early composers from the Renaissance to the Baroque period were Italian  That period is when numerous musical indications were used extensively for the first time 

Italian terms and English translations
Musical instruments
Voices
Tempo
Dynamics – volume
Moods
Musical expression (general)
Patterns within the musical score
Directions
Techniques
Roles
Criticism
Musical direction and staging
See also
Musical terminology
Sheet music
Passage 2:
Central Park Brass
Central Park Brass is a performing Quintet formed in 2002 to play an annual series of brass chamber music concerts in New York City’s Central Park The members are David Spier trumpet, Arthur Murray trumpet, Angela Cordell  French horn, Lisa Albrecht trombone, and Morris Kainuma tuba   For the 2008 season Douglas Lyons substituted for Cordell and Michael Seltzer for Albrecht 
Passage 3:
Katzenstein Castle
Katzenstein Castle is one of the oldest remaining Hohenstaufen castles in Germany  It is located in a borough that shares its name with the castle in the Dischingen municipality of the Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg  The castle is open to visitors and contains several dining rooms as well as hotel rooms 

Location
This hill castle is located in the valley of a tributary of the Egau river on the Härtsfeld in Heidenheim district near an old Roman road running from Faimingen in Lauingen to Bopfingen known as the Frankensträßle (English: Frankish avenue)  Burg Katzenstein is located 538 metres (1,765 ft) above sea level 

History
In 1099, the Lords von Cassenstein were first mentioned   The family was a ministerial or unfree knightly family in the service of the Graf (or Count) von Dillingen  In 1262, Edlen von Hürnheim was listed as the owner of the castle von Katzenstein when it was sold by Hermann von Hürnheim-Katzenstein 
Ownership changed again in 1354 when the Graf von Oettingen acquired the castle   He quickly pawned the castle on the Graf von Helfenstein, who gave the castle to Berthold von Westerstetten in 1382   In 1572, the Katzenstein line wiped out the Westerstetten line   The inheritance of the Westerstetten family was sold again to the von Oettingen family 
The castle was burned to the ground by French soldiers in 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War  The castle was rebuilt in 1669 
Burg Katzenstein went to the Oettingen-Wallenstein line in 1798  Later, in 1810, the castle was taken over by the state of Württemberg and placed under the district of Neresheim 
Since 1939, the castle has been privately owned 

Sights
In 1973, the St Laurentius chapel was opened and cleaning began   Under the dirt and partially completed Baroque paintings, impressive Mediaeval paintings were discovered  The fresco paintings date from 1250 to 1280 and show the transition from Romanesque art to early Gothic art 

See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg
Passage 4:
Slavs
Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group  They speak the various Slavic languages, belonging to the larger Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages  Slavs are geographically distributed throughout northern Eurasia, mainly inhabiting Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe  A large Slavic minority is also scattered across the Baltic states and Central Asia, while a substantial Slavic diaspora is found throughout the Americas, as a result of immigration Present-day Slavs are classified into East Slavs (chiefly Belarusians, Russians, Rusyns, and Ukrainians), West Slavs (chiefly Czechs, Kashubians, Poles, Slovaks and Sorbs) and South Slavs (chiefly Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes) The vast majority of Slavs are traditionally Christians  However, modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual groups – range from "ethnic solidarity to mutual feelings of hostility" 

Ethnonym
The oldest mention of the Slavic ethnonym is from the 6th century AD, when Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, used various forms such as Sklaboi (Σκλάβοι), Sklabēnoi (Σκλαβηνοί), Sklauenoi (Σκλαυηνοί), Sthlabenoi (Σθλαβηνοί), or Sklabinoi (Σκλαβῖνοι), and his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin  The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic, dating from the 9th century, attest the autonym as Slověne (Словѣне)  Those forms point back to a Slavic autonym, which can be reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural Slověne The reconstructed autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered a derivation from slovo ("word"), originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)", meaning "people who understand one another", in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "German people", namely *němьcь, meaning "silent, mute people" (from Slavic *němъ "mute, mumbling")  The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("glory, fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, glory"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλέος (kléos "fame"), as in the name Pericles, Latin clueō ("be called"), and English loud In medieval and early modern sources written in Latin, Slavs are most commonly referred to as Sclaveni or the shortened version Sclavi 

History
Origins
First mentions
Ancient Roman sources refer to the Early Slavic peoples as Veneti, who dwelt in a region of central Europe east of the Germanic tribe of Suebi, and west of the Iranian Sarmatians in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, between the upper Vistula and Dnieper rivers  The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni first appear in Byzantine records in the early 6th century  Byzantine historiographers under emperor Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire Jordanes, in his work Getica (written in 551 AD), describes the Veneti as a "populous nation" whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy "a great expanse of land"  He also describes the Veneti as the ancestors of Antes and Slaveni, two early Slavic tribes, who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early 6th century  Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Sporoi in olden times"  The name Sporoi derives from Greek σπείρω ("I scatter grain")  He described them as barbarians, who lived under democracy, believed in one god, "the maker of lightning" (Perun), to whom they made a sacrifice  They lived in scattered housing and constantly changed settlement  In war, they were mainly foot soldiers with shields, spears, bows, and little armour, which was reserved mainly for chiefs and their inner circle of warriors  Their language is "barbarous" (that is, not Greek), and the two tribes are alike in appearance, being tall and robust, "while their bodies and hair are neither very fair or blond, nor indeed do they incline entirely to the dark type, but they are all slightly ruddy in color  And they live a hard life, giving no heed to bodily comforts   " Jordanes described the Sclaveni having swamps and forests for their cities  Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly-impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (c  577–579) who slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Daurentius declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us as long as there are wars and weapons" 

Migrations
According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires  The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river  It has also been suggested that some Slavs migrated with the Vandals to the Iberian Peninsula and even North Africa Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers  Byzantine records note that Slav numbers were so great, that grass would not regrow where the Slavs had marched through  After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements  This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion  By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions 
Pope Gregory I in 600 CE wrote to Maximus, the bishop of Salona (in Dalmatia), in which he expresses concern about the arrival of the Slavs: Latin: "Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor  Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt "
English: "I am both distressed and disturbed about the Slavs, who are pressing hard on you  I am distressed because I sympathize with you; I am disturbed because they have already begun to arrive in Italy through the entry-point of Istria "

Middle Ages
When Slav migrations ended, their first state organizations appeared, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force  In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo supported the Slavs against their Avar rulers and became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire  This early Slavic polity probably did not outlive its founder and ruler, but it was the foundation for later West Slavic states on its territory  The oldest of them was Carantania; others are the Principality of Nitra, the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia) and the Balaton Principality  The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling Bulgars and the numerous Slavs in the area, and their South Slavic language, the Old Church Slavonic, became the main and official language of the empire in 864  Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world  The expansion of the Magyars into the Carpathian Basin and the Germanization of Austria gradually separated the South Slavs from the West and East Slavs  Later Slavic states, which formed in the following centuries, included the Kievan Rus', the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, Duchy of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Croatia, Banate of Bosnia and the Serbian Empire 

Modern era
Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples  The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice  Austro-Hungary envisioned its own political concept of Austro-Slavism, in opposition of Pan-Slavism that was predominantly led by the Russian Empire As of 1878, there were only three majority Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Principality of Serbia and Principality of Montenegro  Bulgaria was effectively independent but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908  The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination  During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition  In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 
One of Hitler's ambitions at the start of World War II was to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all East and West Slavs from their native lands, so as to make living space for German settlers  This plan of genocide was to be carried into effect gradually over 25 to 30 years  The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses  Stephen J  Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise Former Soviet states in Central Asia such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have very large minority Slavic populations with most being Russians  Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population 

Languages
Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages  In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic"  Proto-Slavic is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages  That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, it cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, which suggests that there was, at one time, a relatively-small Proto-Slavic homeland Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic (or Old Bulgarian) manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language Standardised Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian  Russian is the most spoken Slavic language, and is the most spoken native language in Europe The alphabets used for Slavic languages are usually connected to the dominant religion among the respective ethnic groups  Orthodox Christians use the Cyrillic alphabet while Catholics use the Latin alphabet; the Bosniaks, who are Muslim, also use the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet in Serbia  Additionally, some Eastern Catholics and Western Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet  Serbian and Montenegrin use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets  There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called Łacinka and in Ukrainian, called Latynka 

Ethno-cultural subdivisions
West Slavs originate from early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after the East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period  They are noted as having mixed with Germanics, Hungarians, Celts (particularly the Boii), Old Prussians, and the Pannonian Avars  The West Slavs came under the influence of the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and of the Catholic Church East Slavs have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with Finns, Balts and with the remnants of the people of the Goths  Their early Slavic component, Antes, mixed or absorbed Iranians, and later received influence from the Khazars and Vikings  The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of Kievan Rus' and Rus' Khaganate, beginning in the 10th century  They came particularly under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church South Slavs from most of the region have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with the local Proto-Balkanic tribes (Illyrian, Dacian, Thracian, Paeonian, Hellenic tribes), and Celtic tribes (particularly the Scordisci), as well as with Romans (and the Romanized remnants of the former groups), and also with remnants of temporarily settled invading East Germanic, Asiatic or Caucasian tribes such as Gepids, Huns, Avars, Goths and Bulgars  The original inhabitants of present-day Slovenia and continental Croatia have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with Romans and romanized Celtic and Illyrian people as well as with Avars and Germanic peoples (Lombards and East Goths)  The South Slavs (except the Slovenes and Croats) came under the cultural sphere of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire), of the Ottoman Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Islam, while the Slovenes and the Croats were influenced by the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and thus by the Catholic Church in a similar fashion to that of the West Slavs 

Genetics
Consistent with the proximity of their languages, analyses of Y chromosomes, mDNA, and autosomal marker CCR5de132 shows that East Slavs and West Slavs are genetically very similar, but demonstrating significant differences from neighboring Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and North Caucasian peoples  Such genetic homogeneity is somewhat unusual, given such a wide dispersal of Slavic populations, especially Russians  Together they form the basis of the "East European" gene cluster, which also includes non-Slavic Hungarians and Aromanians Only Northern Russians among East and West Slavs belong to a different, “Northern European” genetic cluster, along with Balts, Germanic and Baltic Finnic peoples (Northern Russian populations are very similar to Balts) The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle Dnieper"  According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the Y-DNA haplogroups R1a and I2 and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among South Slavs correlate with the spread of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland 

Religion
The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 7th and 12th centuries  Orthodox Christianity is predominant among East and South Slavs, while Catholicism is predominant among West Slavs and some western South Slavs  The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century  Islam first arrived in the 7th century during the early Muslim conquests, and was gradually adopted by a number of Slavic ethnic groups through the centuries in the Balkans Among Slavic populations who profess a religion, the majority of contemporary Christian Slavs are Orthodox, followed by Catholic  The majority of Muslim Slavs follow the Hanafi school of the Sunni branch of Islam  Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups, the vast majority of religious people share the same religion 

Relations with non-Slavic people
Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups  In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranian Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths  After their subsequent spread, the Slavs began assimilating non-Slavic peoples  For example, in the Northern Black Sea region, the Slavs assimilated the remnants of the Goths  In the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci and Serdi  Because Slavs were so numerous, most indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized  Thracians and Illyrians mixed as ethnic groups in this period  A notable exception is Greece, where Slavs were Hellenized because Greeks were more numerous, especially with more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the influence of the church and administration, however, Slavicized regions within Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia Inferior also had a larger portion of locals compared to migrating Slavs  Other notable exceptions are the territory of present-day Romania and Hungary, where Slavs settled en route to present-day Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace but assimilated, and the modern Albanian nation which claims descent from Illyrians and other Balkan tribes The status of the Bulgars as a ruling class and their control of the land nominally left their legacy in the Bulgarian country and people, but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present-day South Slavic ethnic group known as Bulgarians  The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities retained their culture and language for a long time  Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages, but, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population  In Central Europe, the West Slavs intermixed with Germanic, Hungarian, and Celtic peoples, while in Eastern Europe the East Slavs had encountered Finnic and Scandinavian peoples  Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century  Some Finnic tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population  In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchak and the Pecheneg, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north  In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria, where they were Slavicized 

Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus  Saqaliba served as caliph's guards  In the 12th century, Slavic piracy in the Baltics increased  The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades  The pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrite tribes, Niklot, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands  In August 1160 Niklot was killed, and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began  In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia, invaders started germanization  Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum  The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony  In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have historic Slavic paternal ancestry, as revealed in Y-DNA testing  Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin Cossacks, although Slavic and practicing Orthodox Christianity, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other peoples  Initially, the Cossacks were a mini-subethnos, but now they are less than 5%, and most of them live in the south of Russia  The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs, who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population  The population of Moravian Wallachia also descended from the Vlachs  Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations  Although the majority continued towards Southeast Europe, attracted by the riches of the area that became the state of Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe and were assimilated into the Magyar people  Numerous rivers and places in Romania have a name with Slavic origins 

Population
Winkler Prins (2002) estimated the number of Slavs worldwide to be around c  260 million at the time 

Historiography
See also
Notes
Passage 5:
Casa Loma
Casa Loma (improper Spanish for "Hill House") is a Gothic Revival castle-style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark  It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt  The architect was E  J  Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks  Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level, 66 metres (217 ft) above Lake Ontario 
Due to its unique architectural character in Toronto, Casa Loma has been a popular filming location for movies and television  It is also a popular venue for wedding ceremonies, and Casa Loma can be rented in the evenings after the museum closes to the public 

History
In 1903, financier Henry Pellatt purchased 25 lots from developers Kertland and Rolf  Pellatt commissioned architect E  J  Lennox to design Casa Loma, with construction beginning in 1911, starting with the massive stables, potting shed and Hunting Lodge (a k a  coach-house) a few hundred feet north of the main building  The Hunting Lodge is a two-storey 4,380-square-foot (407 m2) house with servants' quarters  As soon as the stable complex was completed, Pellatt sold his summer house in Scarborough (burned down in the 1920s but the Lennox designed groundskeeper's home at 2 Courcelette Road remains) to his son and moved to the Hunting Lodge  The stables were used as a construction site for the mansion (and also served as the quarters for the male servants), with some of the machinery still remaining in the rooms under the stables The house cost about $3 5 million and took 299 workers three years to build  Due to the start of World War I, construction was halted  At 98 rooms covering 64,700 square feet (6,011 m2), it was the largest private residence in Canada  Notable amenities included an elevator, an oven large enough to cook an ox, two vertical passages for pipe organs, a central vacuum, two secret passages in Pellatt's ground-floor office, a pool, and three bowling lanes in the basement (the last two were never completed) 
Most of the third floor was left unfinished, and today serves as the Regimental Museum for The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada  Pellatt joined the Regiment as a Rifleman and rose through the ranks to become the Commanding Officer  He was knighted for his dedication to the Regiment  Pellatt later served as the Honorary Colonel and was promoted to Major-General upon retirement 
During the depression that followed the war, the City of Toronto increased Casa Loma's property taxes from $600 per year to $1,000 a month, and Pellatt, already experiencing financial difficulties, auctioned off $1 5 million in art and $250,000 in furnishings  Pellatt was able to enjoy life in the mansion for less than ten years, leaving in 1923 
In the late 1920s, investors operated Casa Loma for a short time as a luxury hotel  During Prohibition, it became a popular nightspot for wealthy Americans  The Orange Blossoms, later known as Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, played there for eight months in 1927–1928  Shortly thereafter, they went on a tour of North America and became a major swing era dance band 

The city seized Casa Loma in 1924 for unpaid taxes, and for years, the building was left vacant  In the 1930s, CFRB broadcaster Claire Wallace spent a night at Casa Loma to gather material for a story about ghosts and supernatural phenomena, and she later broadcast an appeal to save the building from demolition  Her broadcast was heard by the vice-president of a local Kiwanis Club, and subsequently Casa Loma was leased in 1937 by the Kiwanis Club of West Toronto, later the Kiwanis Club of Casa Loma (KCCL), which began operating the mansion under a sole-source contract as a tourist destination During World War II, the stables were used to conceal research and production of sonar, and for construction of sonar devices (known as ASDIC) for U-boat detection, according to a book about the "castle"  The area was closed, behind an "Under Repairs" sign  The suggestion that the stables were under renovation allowed workers of the secret facility to come and go without suspicion  Casa Loma is often claimed to be the location of Station M that manufactured covert devices for agents, claiming that the book Inside Camp X provides this information  In 2015, however, author Lynn Philip Hodgson rejected this in an interview with the Toronto Star  "Nobody knows where Station M was  You won't read where it was in any book "

KCCL managed Casa Loma for 74 years, until 2011  Its tenure was not without controversy, with Pellatt's great-grandniece Trelawny Howell starting a campaign for an open-tender lease process in 2005, and the organization disputing her relationship with Pellatt in 2010  A 2006 advisory committee led by former MPP Ron Kanter, and its subsequent reports, recommended that the city turn the mansion's management over to a new "Casa Loma Trust"  However, a city manager's report in 2008 recommended extending the city's lease with KCCL for 20 years, and in July 2008, it was renewed Meanwhile, from 1997 until 2012, the mansion underwent a 15-year, $33-million exterior restoration largely funded by the city, which also created a new board of trustees in 2008, including seven KCCL members and seven city appointees  The city's renewed management agreement included a stipulation that KCCL would use the mansion's net revenues to help pay for upgrades; however, the organization used the fund to cover operating shortfalls instead, and there was only $335,000 in the account by 2011, rather than the $1 5-million originally projected  As a result, in 2011, the city temporarily resumed management of Casa Loma and began welcoming bids from the private sector in its search for a new operator In January 2014, the city entered a new long-term lease and operating agreement with Liberty Entertainment Group, led by President and CEO Nick Di Donato, which agreed to spend $7 4 million to continue the mansion's upgrades  The company's plans also included a fine dining facility  The restaurant, Blueblood Steakhouse, opened in summer 2017 Due to COVID-19, tour operations closed as of March 13, 2020 and reopened in September 2020 

Architecture
Sir Henry imported artisans from Europe to design much of the furniture and other features of the mansion  Casa Loma has five acres of gardens  A tunnel connects Casa Loma to the Hunting Lodge and to the stables (garage, potting shed, stalls, carriage room and tack rooms) 

Oak Room
The Oak Room (originally called the Napoleon Drawing Room) is the most decorated room in the house, and was used for formal occasions  It is encased in wood panels in the style of Grinling Gibbons, which took three artisans three years to carve  The highly ornamented plaster ceiling was made by Italian craftsmen, and was enhanced by the use of indirect lighting in the ceiling  Among other fixtures, the room featured a 10 feet (3 0 m) high Louis XVI style faux-gilt carved light standard with 24 bulbs 

Other rooms
Other rooms in Casa Loma include The Conservatory, a room that showcases plant life  The Conservatory also includes a fountain at one end of the room  The Round Room is designed to fit beneath the mansion's tower; this room is notable for its doors and windows, which curve to follow the shape of the room 

Main floor
Second floor
Third floor
Basement
Stables
Exterior
Gardens
Parking lots

Exhibits
Girl Guide exhibit
The Girl Guide Exhibit was opened on the second floor of Casa Loma in 1973  The relationship between the Girl Guides and Casa Loma extends back to Lady Pellatt, who frequently invited the Girl Guides to her home  Their first visit was in 1913, when 250 girls and their leaders toured the conservatories and stables, climbed the circular staircase to the top turret and then were served tea in the Palm Room  In March 1914, Lady Pellatt watched the Guides' annual fête from her bedroom window as she was too ill to leave her room  Rallies became an annual event at the house  Guides also skated on the house's curling rink in winter  Girl Guiding events have continued in recent years, including the 75th anniversary and the 100th anniversary celebrations of Guiding in Canada were held at Casa Loma 

Vintage car exhibition
As of 2014, the garage and carriage room feature an exhibition of vintage cars from the early 1900s 

Location
Casa Loma is located on Austin Terrace at Spadina Road, on an escarpment (Davenport Hill) above Davenport Road  Davenport runs along the bottom of the escarpment, which was the shoreline of Lake Iroquois, the predecessor of Lake Ontario (coordinates 43 678°N 79 4093°W﻿ / 43 678; -79 4093)  Casa Loma affords views down the escarpment and Spadina Avenue into the heart of Toronto  The stables are located at 330 Walmer Road and the Hunting Lodge at 328 Walmer Road 
Casa Loma is served by St  Clair West Station and Dupont Station on the Yonge-University line of the Toronto subway 

Film location
Casa Loma is a popular location for use in film and television  It has served as a location for movies such as X-Men, Strange Brew, Chicago, The Tuxedo, Scott Pilgrim vs  the World, Warehouse 13, Crimson Peak, Twitches, Twitches Too, The Pacifier, and Titans where it stands in for Wayne Manor  Comic books and children's novels that have used it include the Scott Pilgrim series and Eric Wilson's murder mystery The Lost Treasure of Casa Loma  It was also temporarily transformed into Hogwarts for the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows as well as The Beast's Castle for Disney's 2017 live action Beauty and The Beast remake of the 1991 animated film  In the CBC Television show Being Erica, the episode "Mi Casa, Su Casa Loma" features Casa Loma prominently as the place where main character Erica Strange works It also served in the film adaptation of R  L  Stine's Goosebumps series A Night In Terror Tower  Casa Loma also features prominently in the biography-documentary of Sir Henry Pellatt, The Pellatt Newsreel: the Man who Built Casa Loma, which was nominated for a 2009 Gemini for Best Biography Documentary  TV show Hemlock Grove was also filmed there as well as The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and related Shadowhunters
Exterior shots of the building were used in the Gothic TV show Strange Paradise It is also the filming location of the 2016 TV film The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again, where scenes at Dr  Frank N  Furter's castle and the movie theatre where the audience participated were filmed  Ivy Levan's performance of the song "Science Fiction Double Feature" was filmed at Casa Loma (a movie theatre marquee was placed at the front entrance of the castle for filming) In 2018, Casa Loma served as a filming location for the 2019 American black comedy thriller Ready or Not In 2022, Casa Loma was the filming location of the music video for Wait for U by Future and Drake 

See also
Mary Lake Augustinian Monastery
List of museums in Toronto

Further reading
Denison, John (1982)  Casa Loma and the Man Who Built It  Boston Mills Press  ISBN 978-0919822481 
Oreskovich, Carlie (1982)  Sir Henry Pellatt, the King of Casa Loma  MaGraw-Hill Ryerson  ISBN 978-0075484561 
Passage 6:
Never Too Loud
Danko Jones is a Canadian hard rock trio from Toronto  The band consists of Danko Jones (vocals/guitar), John "JC" Calabrese (bass), and Rich Knox (drums)  The band's music includes elements of hard rock and punk and they are known for their energetic live shows 

History
Formation and early years
Formed in 1996 by namesake Danko Jones, Scaltro (John Calabrese) and Gran Sfigato (Michael Caricari)  Danko Jones played consistently for two years after formation in and around the northeastern United States and Canada, opening for The New Bomb Turks, Nashville Pussy, Blonde Redhead, The Make-Up, The Dirtbombs, The Chrome Cranks and The Demolition Doll Rods  Originally they did not intend to release an album, preferring to have the band's live reputation spread by word of mouth 
Eventually, the trio relented and put out a self-titled six-song EP on Sonic Unyon records in 1998  In 1999 the band performed around Toronto, including at Lee's Palace and the Horseshoe Tavern  That year they released the self-produced My Love Is Bold E P  and release the single "Bounce"  They were nominated for a Juno Award in 2000 for Best Alternative Album 
In early 2000 Danko Jones opened for Beck at Maple Leaf Gardens  In 2001 Bad Taste Records released a compilation of the band's early recordings, demos, and b-sides entitled, I'm Alive and On Fire  A five-week European tour followed to promote the release including shows at the Roskilde festival in Denmark and Hultsfred festival in Sweden  By the end of the year they had returned twice more, once as main support for the Backyard Babies 

In 2002 they released their first full-length album, Born a Lion, produced by Bill Bell, on Bad Taste Records in Europe and on Universal in Canada  The band did several European tours and two Canadian tours to promote the record including a repeat performance at Roskilde and a return to Hultsfred as well as stops to Pukkelpop in Belgium and The Lowlands festival in the Netherlands  They also performed the opening slot with The Rolling Stones on their "40 Licks" World tour kick-off show at the Palais Royale in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on August 16, 2002 
2003 saw the release of We Sweat Blood, produced by Matt DeMatteo, and the group taking a heavier approach to their hard-rock sound  More touring followed that included Europe and Japan  They were also nominated for two Junos: Best Rock Album (Born a Lion) and Best video ("Lovercall")  While success was happening abroad, home relations with Universal Canada had soured and the band was dropped mid-album run  Explanations from the label were vague, but the separation happened after Jones' February 2004 appearance on CBC Sunday where Jones appeared as a pro-downloader opposite then CRIA president, Brian Robertson  In spite of being dropped from Universal Canada, the group continued to tour heavily for the rest of the year well into 2004 with Turbonegro, Sepultura and The Bronx  While touring they received another Juno nomination for Best Rock Album (We Sweat Blood) and tour Australia as well as more European dates including Rock Am Ring and Rock Im Park in Germany and Download, Leeds and Reading in England 

Mid 2000s
Early 2005 recording sessions for the follow-up to We Sweat Blood were interspersed with a series of tours amidst recording that brought the band to the Netherlands, Germany and South Africa-promoted by their record label and events company ASP Records, who released a collectors double set featuring Born A Lion and We Sweat Blood  In April, American label, Razor & Tie released We Sweat Blood and the band set out to America in support as well  Working two releases simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic proved time-consuming, and the worldwide release for the upcoming album, Sleep Is The Enemy, produced by Matt DeMatteo, was pushed back to 2006 

 In 2005, Danko Jones signed to Aquarius Records  During the summer and fall of 2005, the band toured America heavily with two of We Sweat Blood's singles being played regularly on rock radio in America ("Lovercall" and "Forget My Name")  Stateside tours with Flogging Molly, Our Lady Peace, The Supersuckers, and The (International) Noise Conspiracy followed  Prior to the release of Sleep Is The Enemy drummer Damon Richardson left the band, citing fatigue  He was replaced by Dan Cornelius In January and February 2006, the band set out to do their first Canadian tour in almost four years, opening for Nickelback  With the release of Sleep Is the Enemy came more touring including America and a headlining European club tour with support from Brant Bjork & The Bros 
Their fourth album, Never Too Loud was released on February 27, 2008 and produced by Nick Raskulinecz  The album yielded three singles, the international hit, "Code Of The Road", followed by "Take Me Home" and "King Of Magazines"  A city tour of Europe in April 2008 was followed by a Canadian tour in May and a three-month stint in Europe playing about 30 dates on the festival circuit that included Rock Am Ring, Rock Im Park and With Full Force in Germany; Bospop and Lowlands in The Netherlands; Sziget Festival in Hungary; Rabarock in Estonia; Provinssi Rock in Finland; and Eurockeennes and Hellfest in France, where Jones sang on stage with Death Angel for the song, "Bored"   They opened for Motörhead in England, Germany, France and Benelux in late 2008 On February 3, 2009 B-Sides was released in Europe only—a collection of previously released B-sides from European singles and unreleased tracks that spanned 1996 to 2008  On February 24 they set out on a seven-week tour in support of the release that spanned The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, France and the UK with support coming from The Backyard Babies, Winnebego Deal and The Black Spiders  The CD yielded the singles "Sugar High" and "My Problems (Are Your Problems Now)"  A greatest hits compilation titled This Is Danko Jones was released on April 7 the same year in Canada only In the summer the band made a few festival appearances, including the Sziget Festival in Hungary on the main stage with Faith No More and The Offspring, as well as Huntenpop in The Netherlands, Winterthur and Gampel Open Air in Switzerland, Parken Festival in Norway and Jurassic Rock in Finland  In January and February 2010 the band toured across Canada with Guns N' Roses and Sebastian Bach  In March the same year they toured the United States with Clutch 

2010s
Their fifth album Below the Belt was released on May 11, 2010 and produced by Matt DeMatteo  The album's first single, "Full of Regret", features Elijah Wood, Lemmy Kilmister, Selma Blair and Mike Watt in the accompanying video, the first in 'The Ballad of Danko Jones' video trilogy  It debuted at No  36 on Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks in November  It is also featured on EA's NHL 11 soundtrack  The second single, "Had Enough", has Ralph Macchio appearing in the accompanying video while "I Think Bad Thoughts" features Wood, Macchio, Jena Malone and Watt in the final instalment of the music video trilogy 
In June 2011 drummer Dan Cornelius left the band and was replaced by Atom Willard  A 90-minute documentary about the band, Bring on the Mountain, was released in June 2012  The two-disc DVD also included a short film based on the band's latest three videos, all their music videos and several live clips  An oral history book about the band, Too Much Trouble: A Very Oral History of Danko Jones, was to be released by ECW Press in October 2012  Rock and Roll Is Black and Blue was released on September 21, 2012 in Europe and October 9 in North America  They went on a 2013 Spring tour with Volbeat and Spoken Fire Music, the band's first album to include drummer Rich Knox, was released on February 10, 2015 in Canada  In July 2015, the band announced a nine-date tour of the UK and Ireland scheduled for September, with support from the Amorettes  More touring followed, including a tour of summer festivals 
Danko Jones' eighth album, Wild Cat, was released on March 3, 2017  The band also went on a 17-date European tour to accompany the release of the album  2017 saw four more tours: a spring Canadian tour, the usual summer festival tour, an autumn Canadian tour and a winter Nordic tour  Danko Jones supported Skindred on their April UK tour, alongside CKY  The band performed in Luxembourg in May that year  "We're Crazy", was released on September 21, 2018, although it's been played live since April  A Rock Supreme, their ninth studio album, was released on April 26, 2019  A European summer festival tour with Volbeat and Baroness followed  In March 2021 the band released "I Want Out", the first single and video from their tenth album, Power Trio, scheduled for an August 2021 release 

Members
This list is composed of band members who have played live with the band for a substantial period, and does not include guest performances and one-off substitutes 
Timeline

Discography
I'm Alive and on Fire (2001)
Born a Lion (2002)
We Sweat Blood (2003)
Sleep Is the Enemy (2006)
Never Too Loud (2008)
B-Sides (2009)
Below the Belt (2010)
Rock and Roll Is Black and Blue (2012)
Fire Music (2015)
Wild Cat (2017)
A Rock Supreme (2019)
Power Trio (2021)
Electric Sounds (2023)

Honours
Juno Award

2004 Nominated, Best Rock Album (We Sweat Blood)
2003 Nominated, Best Video ("Lovercall")
2003 Nominated, Best Rock Album (Born a Lion)
2000 Nominated, Best Alternative Album (My Love Is Bold)

See also
Canadian rock
List of bands from Canada
Passage 7:
Danko Jones
Danko Jones is a Canadian hard rock trio from Toronto  The band consists of Danko Jones (vocals/guitar), John "JC" Calabrese (bass), and Rich Knox (drums)  The band's music includes elements of hard rock and punk and they are known for their energetic live shows 

History
Formation and early years
Formed in 1996 by namesake Danko Jones, Scaltro (John Calabrese) and Gran Sfigato (Michael Caricari)  Danko Jones played consistently for two years after formation in and around the northeastern United States and Canada, opening for The New Bomb Turks, Nashville Pussy, Blonde Redhead, The Make-Up, The Dirtbombs, The Chrome Cranks and The Demolition Doll Rods  Originally they did not intend to release an album, preferring to have the band's live reputation spread by word of mouth 
Eventually, the trio relented and put out a self-titled six-song EP on Sonic Unyon records in 1998  In 1999 the band performed around Toronto, including at Lee's Palace and the Horseshoe Tavern  That year they released the self-produced My Love Is Bold E P  and release the single "Bounce"  They were nominated for a Juno Award in 2000 for Best Alternative Album 
In early 2000 Danko Jones opened for Beck at Maple Leaf Gardens  In 2001 Bad Taste Records released a compilation of the band's early recordings, demos, and b-sides entitled, I'm Alive and On Fire  A five-week European tour followed to promote the release including shows at the Roskilde festival in Denmark and Hultsfred festival in Sweden  By the end of the year they had returned twice more, once as main support for the Backyard Babies 

In 2002 they released their first full-length album, Born a Lion, produced by Bill Bell, on Bad Taste Records in Europe and on Universal in Canada  The band did several European tours and two Canadian tours to promote the record including a repeat performance at Roskilde and a return to Hultsfred as well as stops to Pukkelpop in Belgium and The Lowlands festival in the Netherlands  They also performed the opening slot with The Rolling Stones on their "40 Licks" World tour kick-off show at the Palais Royale in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on August 16, 2002 
2003 saw the release of We Sweat Blood, produced by Matt DeMatteo, and the group taking a heavier approach to their hard-rock sound  More touring followed that included Europe and Japan  They were also nominated for two Junos: Best Rock Album (Born a Lion) and Best video ("Lovercall")  While success was happening abroad, home relations with Universal Canada had soured and the band was dropped mid-album run  Explanations from the label were vague, but the separation happened after Jones' February 2004 appearance on CBC Sunday where Jones appeared as a pro-downloader opposite then CRIA president, Brian Robertson  In spite of being dropped from Universal Canada, the group continued to tour heavily for the rest of the year well into 2004 with Turbonegro, Sepultura and The Bronx  While touring they received another Juno nomination for Best Rock Album (We Sweat Blood) and tour Australia as well as more European dates including Rock Am Ring and Rock Im Park in Germany and Download, Leeds and Reading in England 

Mid 2000s
Early 2005 recording sessions for the follow-up to We Sweat Blood were interspersed with a series of tours amidst recording that brought the band to the Netherlands, Germany and South Africa-promoted by their record label and events company ASP Records, who released a collectors double set featuring Born A Lion and We Sweat Blood  In April, American label, Razor & Tie released We Sweat Blood and the band set out to America in support as well  Working two releases simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic proved time-consuming, and the worldwide release for the upcoming album, Sleep Is The Enemy, produced by Matt DeMatteo, was pushed back to 2006 

 In 2005, Danko Jones signed to Aquarius Records  During the summer and fall of 2005, the band toured America heavily with two of We Sweat Blood's singles being played regularly on rock radio in America ("Lovercall" and "Forget My Name")  Stateside tours with Flogging Molly, Our Lady Peace, The Supersuckers, and The (International) Noise Conspiracy followed  Prior to the release of Sleep Is The Enemy drummer Damon Richardson left the band, citing fatigue  He was replaced by Dan Cornelius In January and February 2006, the band set out to do their first Canadian tour in almost four years, opening for Nickelback  With the release of Sleep Is the Enemy came more touring including America and a headlining European club tour with support from Brant Bjork & The Bros 
Their fourth album, Never Too Loud was released on February 27, 2008 and produced by Nick Raskulinecz  The album yielded three singles, the international hit, "Code Of The Road", followed by "Take Me Home" and "King Of Magazines"  A city tour of Europe in April 2008 was followed by a Canadian tour in May and a three-month stint in Europe playing about 30 dates on the festival circuit that included Rock Am Ring, Rock Im Park and With Full Force in Germany; Bospop and Lowlands in The Netherlands; Sziget Festival in Hungary; Rabarock in Estonia; Provinssi Rock in Finland; and Eurockeennes and Hellfest in France, where Jones sang on stage with Death Angel for the song, "Bored"   They opened for Motörhead in England, Germany, France and Benelux in late 2008 On February 3, 2009 B-Sides was released in Europe only—a collection of previously released B-sides from European singles and unreleased tracks that spanned 1996 to 2008  On February 24 they set out on a seven-week tour in support of the release that spanned The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, France and the UK with support coming from The Backyard Babies, Winnebego Deal and The Black Spiders  The CD yielded the singles "Sugar High" and "My Problems (Are Your Problems Now)"  A greatest hits compilation titled This Is Danko Jones was released on April 7 the same year in Canada only In the summer the band made a few festival appearances, including the Sziget Festival in Hungary on the main stage with Faith No More and The Offspring, as well as Huntenpop in The Netherlands, Winterthur and Gampel Open Air in Switzerland, Parken Festival in Norway and Jurassic Rock in Finland  In January and February 2010 the band toured across Canada with Guns N' Roses and Sebastian Bach  In March the same year they toured the United States with Clutch 

2010s
Their fifth album Below the Belt was released on May 11, 2010 and produced by Matt DeMatteo  The album's first single, "Full of Regret", features Elijah Wood, Lemmy Kilmister, Selma Blair and Mike Watt in the accompanying video, the first in 'The Ballad of Danko Jones' video trilogy  It debuted at No  36 on Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks in November  It is also featured on EA's NHL 11 soundtrack  The second single, "Had Enough", has Ralph Macchio appearing in the accompanying video while "I Think Bad Thoughts" features Wood, Macchio, Jena Malone and Watt in the final instalment of the music video trilogy 
In June 2011 drummer Dan Cornelius left the band and was replaced by Atom Willard  A 90-minute documentary about the band, Bring on the Mountain, was released in June 2012  The two-disc DVD also included a short film based on the band's latest three videos, all their music videos and several live clips  An oral history book about the band, Too Much Trouble: A Very Oral History of Danko Jones, was to be released by ECW Press in October 2012  Rock and Roll Is Black and Blue was released on September 21, 2012 in Europe and October 9 in North America  They went on a 2013 Spring tour with Volbeat and Spoken Fire Music, the band's first album to include drummer Rich Knox, was released on February 10, 2015 in Canada  In July 2015, the band announced a nine-date tour of the UK and Ireland scheduled for September, with support from the Amorettes  More touring followed, including a tour of summer festivals 
Danko Jones' eighth album, Wild Cat, was released on March 3, 2017  The band also went on a 17-date European tour to accompany the release of the album  2017 saw four more tours: a spring Canadian tour, the usual summer festival tour, an autumn Canadian tour and a winter Nordic tour  Danko Jones supported Skindred on their April UK tour, alongside CKY  The band performed in Luxembourg in May that year  "We're Crazy", was released on September 21, 2018, although it's been played live since April  A Rock Supreme, their ninth studio album, was released on April 26, 2019  A European summer festival tour with Volbeat and Baroness followed  In March 2021 the band released "I Want Out", the first single and video from their tenth album, Power Trio, scheduled for an August 2021 release 

Members
This list is composed of band members who have played live with the band for a substantial period, and does not include guest performances and one-off substitutes 
Timeline

Discography
I'm Alive and on Fire (2001)
Born a Lion (2002)
We Sweat Blood (2003)
Sleep Is the Enemy (2006)
Never Too Loud (2008)
B-Sides (2009)
Below the Belt (2010)
Rock and Roll Is Black and Blue (2012)
Fire Music (2015)
Wild Cat (2017)
A Rock Supreme (2019)
Power Trio (2021)
Electric Sounds (2023)

Honours
Juno Award

2004 Nominated, Best Rock Album (We Sweat Blood)
2003 Nominated, Best Video ("Lovercall")
2003 Nominated, Best Rock Album (Born a Lion)
2000 Nominated, Best Alternative Album (My Love Is Bold)

See also
Canadian rock
List of bands from Canada
Passage 8:
The Punisher (2004 film)
The Punisher is a 2004 American vigilante action film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, directed by Jonathan Hensleigh, written by Hensleigh and Michael France  It stars Thomas Jane as the antihero Frank Castle and John Travolta as Howard Saint, a crime boss who orders the death of Castle's entire family 
The film's story and plot were mainly based on two Punisher comic book stories: the 1994 miniseries The Punisher: Year One by writers Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, and the 2000-01 miniseries Welcome Back, Frank by writer Garth Ennis, though some scenes were derived from other Punisher stories, such as Marvel Preview Presents: The Punisher #2, Marvel Super Action Featuring: The Punisher #1, The Punisher War Zone, and The Punisher War Journal  The Punisher was shot on location in Tampa, Florida and environs in mid to late 2003  It was distributed by Lionsgate Films in North America, although Artisan Entertainment, which released a 1989 film adaptation of the same name on DVD, financed and co-distributed the film with eventual Artisan owner Lionsgate, while Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International distributed the film in non-North American territories  Screenwriter Jonathan Hensleigh agreed to helm the film during its development stage despite a dispute with Marvel Studios, marking his directorial debut 
The Punisher was released on April 16, 2004 by Lionsgate Films, grossing $13 million in the United States over its opening weekend, and reached a total gross of $54 million against a budget of $33 million  The reviews were generally negative  Marvel Comics and Lionsgate began development on a sequel titled The Punisher 2, which instead became the 2008 reboot Punisher: War Zone after Jane and Hensleigh left the project due to creative differences  The film marks the final production by Artisan Entertainment for theatrical distribution 

Plot
An FBI bust of smuggling operation in Tampa results in the deaths of Bobby Saint, the son of mafia boss Howard Saint, and Otto Krieg, an arms dealer  However, Krieg's death was faked, and he is revealed to be undercover FBI agent Frank Castle on his final mission before retirement  Enraged at the death of his son, Saint orders his men to learn everything they can about Krieg, and acquires access by bribing corrupt federal law enforcement officers for his federal service history  He orders Castle killed at a family reunion in Puerto Rico, though Saint's wife Livia insists that Castle's family be killed as well  At the reunion, Saint's men, including Saint's best friend Quentin Glass, and Bobby's identical twin John, kill Castle's entire family  Though Frank Castle Sr  takes down some of the attackers, John then shoots Castle, leaving him for dead  However, Castle survives and is nursed back to health by a local fisherman 
With the police and FBI unwilling to pursue the killers due to Saint's power and influence, Castle moves into an abandoned apartment occupied by three outcasts—Joan, Bumpo, and Spacker Dave—and begins his mission to bring the Saints down  With the help of information provided by Mickey Duka, Saint's less malevolent henchman, Castle studies the Saint family and learns their every move, during which he discovers Glass to be a closeted homosexual  He openly attacks Saint's business and sabotages his partnership with his Cuban partners 
Saint discovers Castle is alive and sends assassins to kill him  The first, Harry Heck, ambushes Castle on a bridge, but is killed when Castle fires a ballistic knife into his throat  The second, a Russian behemoth, nearly beats Castle to death in his own apartment, but Castle manages to kill him as well  The tenants treat Castle's wounds and hide him in his hidden elevator as Saint's men arrive for him  When Dave and Bumpo refuse to reveal Castle's hideout, Glass tortures Dave by plucking each of his piercings with pliers  They leave one of their men to intercept Castle, but Castle kills him after they leave 
With Mickey's help, Castle poses as an anonymous blackmailer and arranges for Glass to be at certain places while planting Livia's car in the same location, and ultimately placing one of Livia's earrings in Glass's bed  When Saint finds the earrings, he stabs Glass to death and, despite her protest that Glass was gay, accuses Livia of having an affair with his best friend  He throws Livia off an overpass onto a railroad track, where she is run over by a train 
With Saint despondent, Castle assaults Saint's club and kills every member of his mob, including his remaining son John  Saint escapes the building, albeit wounded  Castle pursues him and shoots him in a duel  As Saint lies dying, Castle reveals his schemes that led Saint to kill his friend and wife  He ties Saint to a car and sends it into the club's parking lot, which is rigged with explosives  Saint perishes in the ensuing explosion 
Castle returns home and prepares to kill himself with his mission fulfilled, but changes his mind after seeing a vision of his wife, instead deciding to continue to fight crime  He leaves some of Saint's money as a farewell gift to the tenants for protecting him  He is then seen standing alone on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge at sunset, where, in a voice-over, he vows to kill all killers, rapists, psychopaths, sadists, and anyone else who harms innocent people in any way in his new identity, the Punisher 

Cast
Hensleigh and Arad have said in many interviews that Jane was the first and only actor to be asked to play the title role  Arad had previously pursued Jane for other roles in Marvel Studios films  He turned down the Punisher twice, as he did not see himself as a superhero actor  Jane said, when asked the second time to play the Punisher, that he became interested when Arad sent Tim Bradstreet's artwork of the character  After learning more about the Punisher, he accepted  Jane went on to read as many Punisher comics he could find to understand the character, and became a fan of the Punisher in the process  Jane trained for six to seven months with the United States Navy SEALs and gained more than twenty pounds of muscle for the part 

Production
Marvel Studios began development for a new Punisher film as early as 1997  In 2000, Marvel made a long-term agreement with Artisan Entertainment to turn 15 of their characters into films and TV shows, among them The Punisher with Gale Anne Hurd to produce  The Punisher marked Marvel's first major independent release as an equity owner, whereby it contributes characters and creative support to lower-budget pics in exchange for a financial stake in the negative cost  Screenwriter Jonathan Hensleigh signed on in April 2002, and The Punisher also became his directing debut  The story and plot were mainly based on two Punisher comic book stories, Welcome Back, Frank and The Punisher: Year One  Hensleigh explained he had to excise much of the influence from Welcome Back, Frank as it would have likely been a four-hour-long film Before filming began, Hensleigh was not given the budget he wanted or needed from the studio, Hensleigh knew that most action pictures get a budget of around $64 million  He was only given $33 million, with only $15 5 million going towards the shooting budget and post-production for the film, with only 52 days to shoot, which is half the time allocated for most action pictures  Most of Hensleigh's original script had to be edited and re-written many times due to budget issues  According to the DVD commentary, the first scene in the film would have been a battle set in Kuwait during the Gulf War, but they were unable to film this scene as a result of the budget cuts 
Principal photography for The Punisher began in July 2003 on location in Tampa, Florida  Filming finished October 14, 2003 after 52 days of filming  The Florida location was first chosen at the insistence of screenwriter Michael France, who advised Marvel and Artisan that "it would be cheap to shoot [there]—that they'd get a lot more for their money than in New York or Chicago" as well as wanting to use "both sunny locations, and dark, industrial locations" in the screenplay  For inspiration, Hensleigh and cinematographer Conrad W  Hall looked at dozens of action films from the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Dirty Harry series, The Getaway, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, The Godfather and Bonnie and Clyde  In an interview, Hensleigh also stated the film pays homage to Mad Max and William Shakespeare's Othello, though while he was inspired by Othello, the characters were reversed for the film, making the Punisher the instigator of the jealousy which leads to Howard Saint murdering his best friend and wife After shooting, Lionsgate (then known as Lions Gate Films) purchased Artisan  In an interview, Hensleigh said that even though the film is distributed under the Lionsgate imprint, they had nothing to do with the film  Lionsgate never gave a green light for the film to be made  The film was still under Artisan Entertainment  During shooting of a fight scene, Jane legitimately stabbed Nash in the collarbone with a blunted butterfly knife after a stunt co-ordinator forgot to change the props  Nash did not break character and continued the scene and accepted cold beers from the crew as compensation The character of Microchip was originally included in an earlier Michael France draft (along with the character Jigsaw), but was excised from later drafts because of director Jonathan Hensleigh's distaste for him  Instead the character of Mickey Duka (who was heavily based upon the character Mickey Fondozzi) serves as an ally of Frank Castle  Regarding the exclusion of Microchip, Hensleigh had this to say:

There are a couple of years where I didn't want to go; Microchip, the battle van, all that stuff where it got really high-tech; we're not going there at all  I deemed that too complicated, too lacking of the spirit of the sort of urban vigilante  The Punisher doesn't just go around blowing people away; he uses guile and cunning just as much as he does weaponry and physical combat 

Reception
Box office
The Punisher opened in 2,649 theaters on April 16, 2004, and grossed $13 8 million over its opening weekend, ranking at #2 at the box office, behind Kill Bill: Volume 2  The film has a US gross of $33 8 million and an international gross of $20 9 million, giving it a worldwide total of $54 7 million 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 29% based on reviews from 170 critics, with an average rating of 4 5/10  The website's critical consensus states: "A good cast fails to elevate this overly violent and by-the-numbers revenge flick " On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 33 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of B+ Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film two stars, stating, "The Punisher is so grim and cheerless, you wonder if even its hero gets any satisfaction from his accomplishments " Joe Leydon of Variety describes the film as "depressingly rote and sometimes laughably silly"  Leydon praises Jane for his "appropriate physicality and brooding gravitas" but criticizes Travolta, saying he does "nothing to inject fresh life into bland archetype" Some reviewers defended the film, stating that, compared to most comic book-based films, it is a well-done throwback to the old-school action films of the 1960s and 1970s  Critic A  O  Scott stated, "But lightness is not among Hensleigh's gifts  Making his directorial debut after a successful run as a screenwriter and producer (on projects like Die Hard with a Vengeance, Jumanji, and The Rock) he has clearly conceived The Punisher as a throwback to the leathery, angry urban revenge movies of the 1970s "Drew McWeeny of Ain't It Cool News said of the style of the film that "The Punisher has more in common with the work of Don Siegel and John Frankenheimer than it does with the work of Michael Bay or Simon West  Which isn't to say that it's the equal of those classics, but at least Hensleigh's got the right idea      The Punisher is pulp, served up gritty and ugly and brutal  It's not jam-packed full of one-liners  What humor there is in the film is dark "

Home media
The film was released via DVD on September 7, 2004 and sold nearly 1 8 million copies in its first five days and netted $10 8 million in rentals its first week, making it number one in DVD sales that week An extended cut DVD was released on November 21, 2006 with 17 minutes of additional footage, most of which revolves around the character Jimmy Weeks (Russell Andrews), and Castle realizing that it was his friend who had sold him out to Howard Saint  In retaliation, Castle forces Weeks to commit suicide  Features also include a black-and-white stop-motion animated scene, set in Kuwait, based on and partially done by artist Tim Bradstreet, and a Punisher comic book gallery  An extended version of "In Time" by Mark Collie also appears in the closing credits of the extended-cut DVD  This version does not include the special features on the standard DVD release 
The Punisher was released via Blu-ray Disc on June 27, 2006, and only included the theatrical cut 

Accolades
Mark Chadwick won "Best Fire Stunt" at the Taurus World Stunt Awards  Several other crew members were nominated for work on the film: Donna Evans for Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Woman, Gary Hymes for Best Stunt Coordinator or 2nd Unit Director, and Keii Johnston and Dane Farwell for Best Work with a Vehicle 
The Punisher was also nominated for a Prism Award in the Wide Release Feature Film category 

Music
The score to The Punisher was composed and conducted by Italian composer Carlo Siliotto  Director Jonathan Hensleigh wanted the music to be very emotional, and was aware of Siliotto's previous work which led to him being chosen  When scoring the film Siliotto saw Frank Castle as a tragic figure stating, "This man, Frank Castle, is somebody who has a slaughtered family  He comes through that slaughter, and becomes a punisher  But he's a sad man—he drinks, and has bad memories always coming to him  There's a lot in the film, and at times it is like a modern version of a classic tragedy—like Othello "

Merchandise
Prior to release, a novelization was written by D A  Stern and released in March 2004  Jane reprised the role of Frank Castle in the 2005 video game The Punisher 

Cancelled sequel and reboot
Lions Gate Entertainment planned to produce a direct sequel titled The Punisher 2, with Avi Arad, chairman and CEO of Marvel Studios, stating that the second film would "become the fifth Marvel property to become a sequel " Jonathan Hensleigh said that he was interested in working with Thomas Jane again for The Punisher 2  Jane said that the villain for The Punisher 2 would be Jigsaw  The project lingered in development for over three years  Jonathan Hensleigh completed a first draft of the script before pulling out around 2006  John Dahl was in talks to direct the film but pulled out due to script quality issues and the studio not wanting to spend a lot of money on the project  In a statement on May 15, 2007, and in two audio interviews Thomas Jane said that he pulled out of the project due to creative differences and the budget of the film being cut, in addition to director Walter Hill being turned down as director by Lionsgate  After reading the new script by Kurt Sutter, Jane stated:

What I won't do is spend months of my life sweating over a movie that I just don't believe in  I've always loved the Marvel guys, and wish them well  Meanwhile, I'll continue to search for a film that one day might stand with all those films that the fans have asked me to watch 
In June 2007, it was reported announced that Lexi Alexander replaced Dahl as director, and that actor Ray Stevenson would replace Thomas Jane in the title role  The Punisher 2 then became Punisher: War Zone, a reboot of The Punisher film series with no connection to the 2004 film  The reboot was released on December 5, 2008  This is the second time the film series has been rebooted, after the 2004 production rebooted 1989's The Punisher  Later it was rebooted again for the third time as a television series released from 2017-2019 

Short film
In July 2012, Jane reprised his role as Frank Castle in the unofficial short film The Punisher: Dirty Laundry, which premiered at the San Diego Comic-Con International  The 10-minute film also stars Ron Perlman 
Context 3:    Brief as it is at just 35 minutes, Three For Shepp is so densely packed with musical information that it takes many, many listens to deconstruct: a living lesson in musical history, a passionate manifesto for the future "A reviewer at SoundOhm included the album in the "Best of 2019" playlist, and stated: "Three For Shepp balances fiery energy and delicate precision    Even this early in his career, Brown stood apart from his peers in "the new thing " His solos were as gentle as they were furious  Informed by the African American folk traditions of his native Georgia and an enthusiastic embrace of the avant-garde, his music would confront and challenge society  As Brown says in the original liner notes, 'The music is definitely a part of what's going on in the black revolution in America '  Three For Shepp still sounds crucial today (over 50 years later) and remains a vital statement of jazz's past, present and future "

Track listing
All compositions by Marion Brown except as noted

"New Blue" - 5:11
"Fortunato" - 8:54
"The Shadow Knows" - 3:04
"Spooks" (Archie Shepp) - 4:32
"West India" (Shepp) - 6:24
"Delicado" (Shepp) - 6:38

Personnel
Marion Brown - alto saxophone
Grachan Moncur III - trombone
Dave Burrell (tracks 1-3), Stanley Cowell (tracks 4-6) - piano
Norris Jones - bass
Bobby Capp (tracks 1-3), Beaver Harris (tracks 4-6) – drums
Passage 9:
2 Horns / 2 Rhythm
2 Horns / 2 Rhythm is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham, featuring performances with Ernie Henry  It was recorded in 1957 and released on Riverside Records  This was Henry's last recording session 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album four stars and stated "The sparse setting (unusual for a Dorham session) works quite well" 

Track listing
Recorded in New York City on November 13 (tracks 1–3, 5–7 & 9) and December 2 (tracks 4 & 8), 1957

Personnel
Kenny Dorham – trumpet, piano (track 3)
Ernie Henry – alto saxophone
Eddie Mathias (tracks 1–3, 5–7 & 9), Wilbur Ware (tracks 4 & 8) – bass
G T  Hogan – drums
Passage 10:
Lee Aaron (album)
Lee Aaron is the fourth studio album by singer Lee Aaron, released on 17 February 1987 through Attic Records; a remastered edition was reissued in 2002 through Unidisc Music  It is Aaron's third-highest charting album, reaching No  39 on the Canadian albums chart and remaining on that chart for seventeen weeks, as well as reaching the top 60 in three other countries  Two singles reached the Canadian singles chart: "Only Human" at No  44 and "Goin' Off the Deep End" at No  93 

Critical reception
Glenn Miller at AllMusic gave Lee Aaron three stars out of five, describing it as "refreshing, showcasing the best songwriting and strongest music of [Aaron's] career", and that she "succeeds in this softer, commercial vein with mature subject matter "

Track listing
Personnel
Lee Aaron – lead vocals, background vocals, arrangement
John Albani – guitar, background vocals, arrangement
Jim Gelcer – keyboard, background vocals, arrangement
Randy Cooke – drums, percussion, arrangement
Chris Brockway – bass, background vocals, arrangement
David Roberts – background vocals (tracks 3, 5), arrangement
Peter Coleman – arrangement, production

Chart performance
Album
Singles
Passage 11:
Crystal (Ahmad Jamal album)
Crystal is an album by American jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal featuring performances recorded in 1987 and released on the Atlantic label 

Critical reception
In an Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states "There are some magical moments on this quartet set    Jamal's control of dynamics and inventive use of space proved to be as effective as it had been when he first made his mark in the 1950s, although his chord voicings and general style had evolved  Jamal and his group perform ten of his originals with taste, swing and subtle surprises" 

Track listing
All compositions by Ahmad Jamal

"Quest for Light" – 4:48
"Arabesque" – 4:48
"Avo" – 7:04
"Piano Solo" – 1:57
"For My Daughter" – 3:34
"Perugia" – 3:57
"The Last Day" – 6:00
"Crystal" – 4:58
"Swahililand" – 4:08
"The Canteen" – 3:08

Personnel
Ahmad Jamal – piano
James Cammack – bass
David Bowler – drums
Willie White – percussion
Passage 12:
Jazz Contemporary
Jazz Contemporary is an album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham featuring performances recorded in 1960 and released on the Time label  The album features the recording debut of pianist Steve Kuhn 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 2½ stars and stated "The results are not quite essential but everyone plays up to par    It's fine hard bop, the modern mainstream music of the period" 

Track listing
All compositions by Kenny Dorham except as indicated"A Waltz" - 5:34
"Monk's Mood" (Thelonious Monk) - 8:09
"In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) - 8:01
"Horn Salute" - 8:27
"Tonica" - 2:57
"This Love of Mine" (Sol Parker, Henry W  Sanicola Jr , Frank Sinatra) - 6:49Bonus tracks on CD reissue:

"Sign Off" - 5:29
"A Waltz" [alternate take] - 5:36
"Monk's Mood" [alternate take] (Monk) - 2:53
"This Love of Mine" [alternate take] (Parker, Sanicola, Sinatra) - 7:55Recorded on February 11 (tracks 2, 3, 7, 8, 10) and February 12, 1960 (tracks 1, 4-6, 9) 

Personnel
Kenny Dorham - trumpet
Charles Davis - baritone saxophone
Steve Kuhn - piano
Jimmy Garrison (tracks 2, 3, 7, 8 & 10), Butch Warren (tracks 1, 4-6 & 9)  - bass
Buddy Enlow - drums
Passage 13:
Opus de Jazz
Opus de Jazz (subtitled A Hi-Fi Recording for Flute, Vibes, Piano, Bass, Drums) is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Milt Jackson featuring performances recorded in 1955 and released on the Savoy label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "This is not essential, but it is enjoyable music "

Track listing
"Opus de Funk" (Horace Silver) – 13:28
"Opus Pocus" (Ozzie Cadena) – 7:25
"You Leave Me Breathless" (Ralph Freed, Frederick Hollander) – 6:27
"Opus and Interlude" (Cadena) – 6:30Recorded in New York City on October 28, 1955

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibes
Frank Wess – tenor saxophone, track 2; flute, tracks 1, 3 and 4
Hank Jones – piano
Eddie Jones – bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Passage 14:
Tijuana Jazz
Tijuana Jazz is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Gary McFarland and trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1965 for the Impulse! label  The album was also released in the UK on the HMV label as CLP3541 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating: "McFarland's arrangements are fine, but the solos are quite short, and the Mexican-flavored music is not particularly memorable  A blown opportunity" 

Track listing
All compositions by Gary McFarland except as indicated"South of the Border" (Jimmy Kennedy, Michael Carr) - 2:06
"Acapulco at Night" - 2:52
"Fantastic, That's You" (George Cates, George Douglas) - 2:54
"Limehouse Blues" (Philip Braham, Douglas Furber) - 3:37
"Tijuana" (Cates, Douglas) - 2:09
"Marcheta" (Victor Schertzinger) - 2:55
"Granny's Samba" - 3:30
"Soul Bird (Tin Tin Deo)" (Gil Fuller, Chano Pozo) - 4:01
"Mexicali Rose" (Jack Tenney, Helen Stone) - 2:27
"Ira Schwartz's Golden Dream" - 3:32
"Mary Jane" - 3:05
"Sweet Georgia Brown" (Ben Bernie, Kenneth Casey, Maceo Pinkard) - 2:06Recorded in New York City on December 3, 1965 (tracks 1, 2, 6 & 9), December 6, 1965 (tracks 4, 8, 11 & 12), and December 7, 1965 (tracks 3, 5, 7 & 10)

Personnel
Gary McFarland – marimba, electric piano
Joe Newman, Clark Terry - trumpet, flugelhorn
Bob Brookmeyer – valve trombone
Toots Thielemans - harmonica, guitar
Barry Galbraith - guitar
Bob Bushnell – electric bass
Mel Lewis, Grady Tate – drums
Passage 15:
It's What's Happenin'
It's What's Happenin' (subtitled The Varitone Sound of Clark Terry) is an album by American jazz trumpeter Clark Terry featuring performances recorded in 1967 for the Impulse! label   Remastered in 2012 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Impulse! Records, it was reissued together with Terry's only other record for the label as a solo leader, The Happy Horns of Clark Terry 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Richard S  Ginell awarded the album 3 stars stating "Not many will bother to recall that Clark Terry was the first trumpeter to make a recording with Selmer's Varitone attachment -- an electronic hookup to an amplifier that allowed a horn player to play octaves  Though the instrument quickly fell out of favor after a very brief vogue, it still produced an attractively soulful sound that was a good fit with Terry's jaunty, slurry, note-bending manner    there is nothing unmusically sensational about anything that happens here " 

Track listing
All compositions by Clark Terry except where noted 

"Electric Mumbles" - 3:51
"Secret Love" (Paul Francis Webster, Sammy Fain) - 6:15
"Take Me Back to Elkhart" - 7:11
"Take the "A" Train" (Billy Strayhorn) - 5:03
"Tee Pee Time" - 6:25
"Grand Canyon Suite" (Ferde Grofé) - 7:05

Personnel
Clark Terry - Varitone trumpet
Don Friedman - piano
George Duvivier - bass
Dave Bailey - drums
Passage 16:
Emotional Rain
Emotional Rain is the seventh studio album by singer Lee Aaron, released on August 3, 1994 through A&M Records (Canada) and in 1995 through Koch Entertainment (Europe); it was later reissued in 2004 through Solid Gold Records 

Track listing
Personnel
Lee Aaron – vocals, background vocals, mixing, executive production
John Albani – guitar (except tracks 13, 14), mixing, production
Knox Chandler – guitar (except tracks 13, 14)
Reeves Gabrels – guitar (except tracks 13, 14)
Don Harrison – guitar (tracks 13–14)
Don Short – drums
Daniel Mansilla – additional percussion
Don Binns – bass
Kim Deschamp – mandolin
Billy Newton-Davis – background vocals
Mischke – background vocals
Brad Nelson – engineering, mixing
Mark Berry – engineering, mixing
L  Stu Young – engineering
Graham Brewer – engineering
David Tedesco – engineering
Ray Gilliland – engineering
Keith Stein – engineering
Peter Wonsiak – engineering
Mark S  Berry – mixing, production
Passage 17:
Soundsigns
Soundsigns is an album by the American jazz saxophonist Dewey Redman of performances recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating "Recorded at the same sessions that resulted in Musics, this LP (which has not yet been reissued on CD) is actually more exploratory"



ground_truth: Casa Loma

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What record label does the performer of Emotional Rain belong to?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Track listing
All compositions by Redman except as indicated"Piece for Tenor and Two Basses"  - 8:23
"Half Nelson" (Miles Davis) - 10:07
"Adesso Lo Sai" - 13:59
"Come Earth" - 8:00Recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California on October 18 & 19, 1978

Personnel
Dewey Redman - tenor saxophone (tracks 1-3), harp (track 4)
Fred Simmons - piano (tracks 2 & 3)
Charlie Haden (tracks 1 & 4), Mark Helias - bass
Eddie Moore - drums, saw, cymbal (tracks 2-4)
Passage 18:
More Blues and the Abstract Truth
More Blues and the Abstract Truth is an album by American jazz composer, conductor and arranger Oliver Nelson featuring performances recorded in 1964 for the Impulse! label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars, stating: "Unlike the original classic Blues and the Abstract Truth set from three years earlier, Oliver Nelson does not play on this album  He did contribute three of the eight originals and all of the arrangements but his decision not to play is disappointing    The emphasis is on blues-based pieces and there are some strong moments even if the date falls short of its predecessor" 

Track listing
All compositions by Oliver Nelson except as noted

"Blues and the Abstract Truth" - 5:14
"Blues O'Mighty" (Hodges) - 6:48
"Theme from Mr  Broadway" (Brubeck) - 5:45
"Midnight Blue" (Neal Hefti) - 4:06
"The Critic's Choice" - 2:21
"One for Bob" - 6:07
"Blues for Mr  Broadway" (Brubeck) - 8:12
"Goin' to Chicago Blues" (Count Basie, Jimmy Rushing) - 4:37
"One for Phil" - 3:58 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Night Lights" (Arnold Shaw) - 2:46 Bonus track on CD reissueRecorded on November 10, 1964 (tracks 4 & 6–9), and November 11, 1964 (tracks 1–3, 5 & 10) 

Personnel
Oliver Nelson - arranger, conductor
Thad Jones, Danny Moore (tracks 1 & 5) - trumpet
Phil Woods - alto saxophone
Ben Webster - tenor saxophone (tracks 4 & 7)
Phil Bodner - tenor saxophone, English horn
Pepper Adams - baritone saxophone
Roger Kellaway - piano
Richard Davis – bass
Grady Tate – drums
Passage 19:
Fire and Rain (song)
"Fire and Rain" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor, released in August 1970 by Warner Bros  Records as the second single from Taylor's second studio album, Sweet Baby James  The song follows Taylor's reaction to the suicide of Suzanne Schnerr, a childhood friend, and his experiences with drug addiction and fame  After its release, "Fire and Rain" peaked at number two on RPM's Canada Top Singles chart and at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 

Background and composition
On the VH1 series Storytellers, Taylor said the song was about several incidents during his early recording career   The second line "Suzanne, the plans they made put an end to you" refers to Suzanne Schnerr, a childhood friend of his who died by suicide while he was in London, England, recording his first album  In that same account, Taylor said he had been in a deep depression after the failure of his new band the Flying Machine to coalesce (the lyric "Sweet dreams and Flying Machines in pieces on the ground"; the reference is to the name of the band rather than a fatal plane crash, as was long rumored)  Taylor completed writing the song while in rehab In 2005, during an interview on NPR, Taylor explained to host Scott Simon that the song was written in three parts:
The first part was about Taylor's friend Suzanne, who died while Taylor was in London working on his first album after being signed to Apple Records  Friends at home, concerned that it might distract Taylor from his big break, kept the tragic news from him, and he found out six months later 
The second part details Taylor's struggle to overcome drug addiction and depression 
The third part deals with coming to grips with fame and fortune, looking back at the road that got him there  It includes a reference to James Taylor and the Flying Machine, a band he briefly worked with before his big break with Paul McCartney, Peter Asher, and Apple Records Carole King played piano on the song  Drummer Russ Kunkel used brushes rather than sticks on his drum kit, and Bobby West played double bass in place of a bass guitar to "underscore the melancholy on the song" 

Reception
Record World said that the release of Taylor's version as a single after several cover versions had been released "was bound to come along  With so many versions out there is no reason the excellent original will not be THE one " Cash Box similarly referred to Taylor releasing it as a single saying "Now, the fourth or fifth to release his own 'Fire & Rain,' Taylor may have found his sought after single hit the hard way  The 'original' comes in the wake of R  B  Greaves' sales and Johnny Rivers' current treatment (not to mention BS&T's album track getting further notice) "  Billboard described it as a "poignant ballad "Broadcast Music, Inc  ranked "Fire and Rain" at number 82 on its "Top 100 Songs of the Century" list, while voters for the National Endowment for the Arts and Recording Industry Association of America's Songs of the Century list, which comprises 365 songs of "historical significance" recorded from 1900 to 2000, placed "Fire and Rain" at number 85  In April 2011, the song was named at number 227 on Rolling Stone's list of 500 greatest songs of all time 

Chart performance
Weekly charts
Other versions
Certifications
Cover versions
R  B  Greaves and Johnny Rivers first released singles of "Fire and Rain" in 1970  Warner Brothers released Taylor's original as a single later that year, in August 1970  Greaves' and Rivers' versions peaked at numbers 82 and 94 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively Billboard predicted that Greaves' version would be a hit and said that "The James Taylor song is a natural and the production matches the song in merit "  Record World also predicted it to be a hit and said that Taylor and Greaves "are perfect together "Record World called Rivers' version "top quality stuff " Cash Box said of Rivers' version that "the tang of country pop and a top forty arrangement make this the most commercial single yet on 'Fire & Rain '"American singer-songwriter Tim Hardin (cited by James Taylor as a songwriting influence) included a "heartwrenchingly moving" rendition of "Fire and Rain" on his 1973 album Nine 
Marcia Hines covered "Fire and Rain" on her 1975 debut LP, Marcia Shines   Her version reached No  17 in Australia  At the 1975 Australian Record Awards, the song won Hines Female Vocal Single of the Year 

References in other works
Taylor references the song in another of his compositions, "That's Why I'm Here", title track from his 1985 album, in which he writes, "Fortune and fame's such a curious game  Perfect strangers can call you by name  Pay good money to hear 'Fire and Rain' again and again and again "
He also refers to the song in another composition, "Money Machine" (a cynical take on the financial aspects of the recording industry): "When I began the game, see me singing ‘bout Fire and Rain; Lemme just sing it again — I've seen fives and I’ve seen tens "
Carole King has stated that her song "You've Got a Friend", which Taylor recorded, was a response to the line in the refrain, "I've seen lonely times when I could not find a friend "

Parodies
Taylor performs the song on The Simpsons in the episode "Deep Space Homer"  While singing the song for a group of astronauts (including Homer Simpson and Buzz Aldrin), he changes the lyric "Sweet dreams and flying machines in pieces on the ground" to "Sweet dreams and flying machines, flying safely through the air" when he realizes the Space Shuttle may crash In 2015, Taylor appeared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, where he sang a version including numerous references to post-1970 popular culture 
Passage 20:
Groovin' with Golson
Groovin' with Golson is the sixth album by saxophonist Benny Golson featuring performances recorded in 1959 and originally released on the New Jazz label 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states, "the hard bop music does indeed groove in its own fashion" 

Track listing
All compositions by Benny Golson except where noted 

"My Blues House" - 9:25
"Drum Boogie" (Roy Eldridge, Gene Krupa) - 3:59
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 5:25
"The Stroller" - 9:18
"Yesterdays" (Jerome Kern, Otto Harbach) - 5:54

Personnel
Benny Golson - tenor saxophone
Curtis Fuller - trombone
Ray Bryant - piano
Paul Chambers - bass
Art Blakey - drums



ground_truth: Attic Records

Attic