prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What administrative territorial entity includes the place that KTRP is licensed to broadcast to?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
WNDE
WNDE (1260 AM) is a commercial radio station in Indianapolis, Indiana   It is owned by iHeartMedia with the broadcast license held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WNDE broadcasts a sports radio format, with some afternoon talk programs, including The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show 
WNDE is powered at 5,000 watts   By day, it uses a non-directional antenna   But at night, to protect other stations on 1260 AM from interference, it switches to a directional antenna with a three-tower array   The transmitter is off Fall Creek Road in Indianapolis   Programming is also heard on the HD Radio digital subchannel of co-owned WFBQ 94 7 FM 

History
WFBM
The station signed on as WFBM on October 23, 1924   It is the oldest radio station still operating in Indianapolis, and third oldest in the state of Indiana   It was started by the Merchants Heating & Light Co , later Indianapolis Power & Light   In its early years, it broadcast on 1130 kilocycles   In 1927, it moved to 1330 kHz, then to 1090 kHz in 1928, and to 1230 kHz in 1929   It arrived at its current frequency after the enactment of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) in 1941, when all stations in the United States at 1230 kHz were moved to 1260 kHz 
In 1949, WFBM-TV (now WRTV) went on the air in time to broadcast the 1949 Indianapolis 500 (May 30, 1949)   The WFBM "family" grew on November 26, 1959, when WFBM-FM went on the air at 94 7 MHz (now WFBQ)   In 1957, WFBM-AM-FM-TV were sold to Time-Life, Inc   McGraw-Hill bought the stations in 1972, and almost immediately put the radio stations on the market   The WFBM stations had been grandfathered when the FCC banned common ownership of television and radio stations, but lost that protection with the McGraw-Hill purchase 

WNDE
In 1973, WFBM became WNDE, followed by WFBM-FM becoming WFBQ in Spring 1974   The WNDE call letters were chosen as the letters "NDE" phonetically sound like "Indy" Through much of the 1960s and 70s, WNDE had a Top 40 format, using the identifier "Windy Twelve Sixty "  WNDE and 1310 WIFE (now WTLC) had a spirited competition for youthful Top 40 listeners   But in the 1980s, contemporary music listening switched to the FM dial   WNDE needed to find a new format and eventually it switched to Sports Radio 

Sports Radio
WNDE has been a Fox Sports Radio network affiliate since 2002  It had previously been an ESPN Radio affiliate on two occasions   In September 2012, the network switched from Fox Sports Radio to NBC Sports Radio in the 10 p m -5 a m  weekday hours, remaining with Fox in other dayparts   Former hosts of the afternoon drive local show include former WISH-TV sports anchor and Hoosier Millionaire host Mark Patrick, the team of Tim Bragg & Bill Benner, Indiana Pacers announcer Mark Boyle, JMV (John Michael Vincent, currently with WFNI), IndyCar Radio announcer Jake Query, and Derek Schultz 

On July 7, 2015, WNDE added W248AW, an FM translator on 97 5 MHz  On July 22, 2019, the translator ended its simulcast  The next month, iHeart announced it was returning the translator originally owned by Christian radio company Educational Media Foundation back to that organization as part of a translator trade 

Programming
Most programming comes from the Fox Sports Radio network   In late mornings, it carries Premiere Networks' The Dan Patrick Show   And unusual for a sports radio station, it carries The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show from noon to 3 p m  weekdays   Travis & Sexton are followed by a two-hour financial talk show   Sports programming resumes at 5 p m  on weekdays 
WNDE's long-running local afternoon drive time show, "Query & Schultz", hosted by Jake Query and Derek Schultz, aired from 2011 to 2020  Query and Schultz were released in January 2020 as part of iHeart's cut backs  The 2020 iHeartRadio reduction in force (RIF) impacted over 1,000 employees across the USA  WNDE has not had a local sportstalk show in any daypart since 
On July 6, 2015, WNDE became the Indianapolis outlet for The Rush Limbaugh Show, which had been on WIBC for over two decades but whose carriage was ended for local programming   Coinciding with iHeart taking the show in-house to WNDE (the only choice it had locally due to incompatible music formats on iHeart's three other FM stations in the market), the company also acquired FM translator station W248AW 97 5 FM from the Educational Media Foundation to simulcast WNDE  The surrounding sports format did not change   Limbaugh began airing on WNDE the same day as the station rebranded to "Fox Sports 97 5 " That FM simulcast ended in 2019 and WNDE became "Fox Sports 1260" (named for the AM frequency)   When Limbaugh died in 2020 and Travis & Sexton succeeded him in the time slot, WNDE continued carrying the replacement program 
WNDE is the Indianapolis outlet for Purdue University football and men's basketball, sharing flagship status with Lafayette's WAZY   It also airs Westwood One's NFL and NCAA football and basketball coverage  After years of broadcasting Cincinnati Reds baseball, WNDE was briefly a part of the Chicago Cubs network in 2009 and 2010   In 2011, WNDE dropped NASCAR programming after many years, and began broadcasting Indianapolis Indians baseball 
Passage 2:
Notus, Idaho
Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho  The population was 531 at the time of the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County  It is part of the Boise metropolitan area 

History
The present day location of the City of Notus is located along Highway 20/26 
in 1874, the Lower Boise Post Office was established on the homestead of C L F Peterson  The inclusion of the Lower Boise Post Office is considered to be the primary reason for the present location of Notus  According to an Idaho Press Tribune article from 1986, Notus got its name from the daughter of a local railroad official  The daughter reportedly thought "notus" was of Native American origin and meant "it's all right " The town of Notus was almost known as 'Lemp' In 1926, the Notus secondary school was founded  In 2017, the old building was demolished 

Geography
Notus is located at 43°43′34″N 116°48′7″W (43 726082, -116 801866) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 39 square miles (1 01 km2), of which, 0 38 square miles (0 98 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water 

Features
Notus has one secondary school and one elementary school  Notus also has a city park, a museum located along highway 20/26, a public library, and one restaurant 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 531 people, 182 households, and 139 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,397 4 inhabitants per square mile (539 5/km2)  There were 198 housing units at an average density of 521 1 per square mile (201 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 73 3% White, 0 2% African American, 2 4% Native American, 0 4% Asian, 18 5% from other races, and 5 3% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29 8% of the population 
There were 182 households, of which 41 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61 5% were married couples living together, 9 3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23 6% were non-families  18 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 92 and the average family size was 3 34 
The median age in the city was 35 5 years  31 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 25 4% were from 45 to 64; and 11 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 1% male and 52 9% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 458 people, 147 households, and 113 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,160 7 inhabitants per square mile (448 1/km2)  There were 156 housing units at an average density of 395 4 per square mile (152 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 86 90% White, 1 31% Native American, 0 66% Asian, 8 73% from other races, and 2 40% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 05% of the population 
There were 147 households, out of which 44 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 6% were married couples living together, 6 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 1% were non-families  18 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 12 and the average family size was 3 58 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 33 4% under the age of 18, 7 6% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 20 1% from 45 to 64, and 11 1% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 31 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $43,750  Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $21,250 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,801  About 10 4% of families and 13 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11 2% of those under age 18 and 28 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Chris Horn, former NFL wide receiver
Passage 3:
WHRZ-LP
WHRZ-LP (104 1 FM, "The Z") is a non-commercial low-power radio station in Spartanburg, South Carolina  Owned by the First Baptist Church of Spartanburg, it broadcasts a youth-oriented Christian CHR format  The station is licensed by the FCC to broadcast with an ERP of 47 watts ( 047 kW)  Its transmitter is located on the former WSPA-TV tower in downtown Spartanburg  The station has a range of approximately 10 miles, although it reaches a wider audience via FM translators, and syndication of its programming on HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM and WLFS 

History
The station originally signed on in May 2005, broadcasting a Christian CHR format targeting teenagers and young adults  It initially used the branding Hangar Radio Z, referencing the nickname for the Church's recently-constructed youth center ("The Hangar"), which also housed the station's studios 

Translators
In addition to the main station at 104 1, the station operates multiple FM translators to broaden its coverage over the upstate of South Carolina, as well as the Charleston area:

As part of an agreement with Radio Training Network, the station's programming is also syndicated on the HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM/Greenville and WLFS/Port Wentworth—co-branded as His Radio Z 
Passage 4:
KOLL
KOLL (106 3 FM, "La Zeta") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area  KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format   The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus 

History
Prior to their current format, the station aired Urban Contemporary format as KWTD in the early 1980s later changing their call letters to KMZX in 1990 with the same format  Later the station was named "The River" and played and All Favorites Hits English Format  Also prior to their current call letters, the station was "KLEC" which featured a modern rock format from the summer of 1998 until the fall of 2004  The station was known as "Lick 1063" On-air personalities were chosen from the local public through a series of studio interviews, then on-air interviews in a type of sink-or-swim competition of sorts 
The station logo was chosen through an internet poll on their website  Lick 1063 moved around on the radio dial several times, starting out at 101 1 FM in a "format" of a variety of about 35 compact discs, some home-recorded from the head engineer's (Steve Gimbert's) vinyl collection, then to 96 5 FM, when the station adopted a harder sound with groups such as Type O Negative, Marilyn Manson, Rob Zombie, Korn and Pantera 
Later, the format moved to the stronger 106 3 frequency 
Lick 1063 also featured The Corey and Jay Show in morning drive   They were fired when Archway Broadcasting purchased the station from Equity Broadcasting in late 2002  Corey and Jay later moved to KMJX, a classic rock station, replacing Tommy Smith and his long-running "Rock and Roll Breakfast" morning show  They later moved to KDJE 
On September 1, 2012, at 12:00am, after playing "Black Velvet" by Alannah Myles, KOLL flipped to a Regional Mexican format branded as "La Zeta 106 3″ 
Passage 5:
WRNX
WRNX (100 9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts   The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC 
The station was assigned the WRNX call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on September 21, 1990 

Programming
WRNX airs a country music format   The format change to country music from WRNX's longtime adult album alternative format was part of sister station WPKX's move to the Hartford, Connecticut market, where it became WUCS In addition to its usual music programming, WRNX has served as the flagship station for University of Massachusetts Amherst athletics broadcasts  The station has carried all of the school's men's basketball, hockey and football games plus coaches shows and women's basketball games since 2002 
They also carry NASCAR races 

Ownership
In spring 2003, Pamal Broadcasting Ltd  (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) reached an agreement to acquire WPNI and WRNX from Western Massachusetts Radio Co  (Thomas G  Davis, president), for a reported sale price of $8 million  The broker for this transaction was Doug Ferber of Star Media Group, Inc  At the time of the purchase, WRNX broadcast a rock-leaning adult album alternative music format In the summer of 2006, iHeartMedia, under its former name of Clear Channel Communications (John Hogan, CEO, radio), reached an agreement to acquire WRNX from Pamal Broadcasting Ltd (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) in exchange for five radio stations on other states  The other stations in the deal are WBPM and WGHQ in upstate New York, WZRT and WSYB in Rutland, Vermont, and WPYR in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Published reports state that no cash changed hands in this transaction 

Alumni
Rachel Maddow, host of The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC and former Air America Radio personality, got her start through a contest to find a new sidekick for The Dave in the Morning Show  Maddow says, "I was crashing with friends in Massachusetts, working odd jobs, when they told me to try out  And they hired me on the spot  Radio came to me, I didn't come to it "
Passage 6:
CJXY-FM
CJXY-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 107 9 FM and serving the Hamilton, Ontario market, licensed to the suburb of Burlington  The station broadcasts an alternative-leaning active rock format as Y108  CJXY's studios are located on Main Street West (next to Highway 403) in Hamilton, while its transmitter is located atop the Niagara Escarpment near Burlington 

History
The station was originally launched in 1948 as 94 1 CHML-FM, a simulcast of AM station CHML  The simulcast was subsequently dropped in the 1950s, leaving the station silent  The owners relaunched the FM signal on 95 3 in 1964, with distinct programming from its AM sister station  In 1967, the station adopted the new callsign CKDS-FM, in honour of company founder Kenneth D  Soble, who had died in 1966 
In 1974, CHML and CKDS-FM were purchased by ML Radio, a division of what was to become Western International Communications  On September 1, 1991, CKDS-FM dropped its long-time adult contemporary/easy listening format, and adopted the CJXY callsign and a classic rock format as Y95 
In 2000, CHML and CJXY were acquired by Corus Entertainment  On August 31, 2001, CJXY swapped frequencies with Corus' CING-FM, taking over CING's former 107 9 frequency; at the same time, it changed its moniker to the current Y108 
Passage 7:
WRLS-FM
WRLS-FM (92 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States   The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc 
WRLS-FM broadcasts an adult contemporary music format to the greater Hayward, Wisconsin-Spooner, Wisconsin, area  The station airs select news programming from NBC News Radio   WRLS-FM airs the National Football League games of the Green Bay Packers as an affiliate of the Packers Radio Network The station was assigned the call sign WRLS-FM by the Federal Communications Commission on January 15, 1980 
Passage 8:
WRMN
WRMN (1410 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Elgin, Illinois  It serves the Fox Valley in the northwest suburbs of Chicago    The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC   It has a format of talk radio shows and shopping programs 
By day, WRMN is powered at 1,000 watts non-directional   At night, it increases its power to 1,300 watts but it also uses a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1410 AM from interference   The transmitter is on Sundown Road at North La Fox Street in South Elgin   Programming is also heard on FM translator W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 

Programming
Weekdays begin with a local news and information morning drive time show, First Shift with Markie B   Middays and some hours on Saturdays feature shopping shows and Tradio   The rest of the weekday schedule is nationally syndicated talk shows, including Brian Kilmeade and Friends, The Jesse Kelly Show, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory Weekend syndicated shows include Rich DiMuro on Tech, The Weekend with Michael Brown, Bill Handel on the Law and Somewhere in Time with Art Bell   Starting with the 2012 season, WRMN became the flagship station for the Schaumburg Boomers of minor league baseball's Frontier League   Most hours begin with an update from Townhall Radio News 

History
In 1949 (1949), the station signed on the air   It has always used the call sign WRMN   It was originally powered at 500 watts and was a daytimer station, required to go off the air at sunset   It was owned by the Elgin Broadcasting Company with studios at 188 Division Street 
In Septemeber 1960, it added an FM station, 94 3 WRMN-FM   It is now a contemporary worship music station owned by the Educational Media Foundation, WAWE  
An agreement was signed October 26, 2016 to sell WRMN, along with commonly-owned stations KSHP and WBIG, to Pollack Broadcasting for $2 million  The sale was consummated on January 31, 2017   In August 2019, WRMN signed-on FM translator station W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 
Passage 9:
WGFX
WGFX (104 5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Gallatin, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area  It is branded as 104 5 The Zone, broadcasting a sports radio format  It is owned by Cumulus Media, with studios in Nashville's Music Row district   Most of its daytime schedule has local hosts, with programming from Fox Sports Radio heard nights and weekends 
WGFX has an effective radiated power of 58,000 watts   The transmitter is on Blevins Road off Interstate 24 in Whites Creek, Tennessee, amid the towers for other Nashville-area FM and TV stations 

History
Early years
The station signed on as WFMG-FM on December 1, 1960, in Gallatin, Tennessee, about 30 miles (47 km) northeast of Nashville, with a big band format  The station was started by Ellis F  Jones Jr  The studio and transmitter location was located on North Water Street on Gallatin's Public Square  The transmitter power was 8 2 KW ERP according to FCC Records  In 1965, the station's studio and transmitter site was moved 5 1 miles north of the City of Gallatin to a location known as "Music Mountain"  In 1971, Sumner Country Broadcasting Co , which owned WHIN in Gallatin, purchased WFMG and changed call letters to WHIN-FM  During the early years of WHIN-FM, the format was easy listening  In 1974, the station switched to an all oldies format  In July 1978, WHIN-FM flipped formats to contemporary hit radio (CHR)  Just over one month later, the call letters were changed to WWKX using the moniker KX 104 FM 
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the station was very popular and featured morning DJ Coyote McCloud  Its 100,000 watt signal broadcasting from "Music Mountain", one of the highest points on the northern Highland Rim north of Gallatin and the site of several broadcasting facilities, boomed far into the rural areas of northern Tennessee and southern Kentucky  By the mid-1980s, KX 104 was faced with competition from two new area CHRs, "96 Kiss" (WZKS, now WCJK) and "Y107" (WYHY, now WRVW)  Additionally, McCloud defected to WYHY in 1985 to host its morning show  To try to differentiate itself, WWKX segued into a rock-leaning Top 40 format calling itself Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM  This move proved unfruitful, and the station returned to mainstream CHR a year later in 1986  Faced with the success of Y107, this would not last 

Classic Rock
In the summer of 1987, WWKX moved its tower from Music Mountain into Nashville and downgraded power, noticeably affecting signal strength in rural areas north of the city  The call letters changed to WGFX on August 13, 1987 and the moniker became 104 5 The Fox with a classic rock format In the late 1980s, Dick Broadcasting Company (DBC) took over operations of the station through a local marketing agreement (LMA), and paired it with its popular rock and roll station WKDF to form "Nashville's Rock Network"  In the early 1990s, the station became known as "Arrow 104 5" (with Arrow originally standing for "All Rock n' Roll Oldies")  This format was somewhat successful and endured until the late 1990s 
The station was purchased outright by Dick Broadcasting Company following the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which, in part, loosened broadcast ownership rules  
Shortly after the acquisition, Dick Broadcasting entered into an agreement with SFX Broadcasting, the then-owner of WLAC-FM, to trade the intellectual property of the stations  The trade, to have taken place February 2, 1998, would have moved WLAC-FM's adult contemporary format to 104 5 FM, and moved WGFX's classic rock format to 105 9 under SFX ownership  However, when the agreement fell apart, SFX converted WLAC-FM to a classic rock format of its own, changed the call letters to WNRQ, and began to compete directly with WGFX 

Rhythmic Oldies
Responding to the early ratings success of WNRQ, WGFX reformatted to rhythmic oldies as "Jammin' Oldies 104 5", on December 11, 1998, but quickly changed its name to "Groovin' Hits 104 5" after a brief trademark dispute In early 1999, WGFX was slated to convert to a country music outlet built around local air personality Carl P  Mayfield  Dick Broadcasting purchased advertising in other media promoting Mayfield's impending debut on 104 5 WGFX  However, the company ultimately succumbed to Mayfield's repeated demands that the format be installed on the stronger-signalled WKDF, leaving WGFX to continue broadcasting rhythmic oldies 

Classic Hits
In January 2000, the station reverted to a classic hits format, focusing mainly on 1970s music  First known as simply "The New 104 — That '70s Station", it became "The New 104 — The Core" a few months later, and was positioned as a lighter alternative to WNRQ 
Citadel Broadcasting purchased the station (along with all of DBC's assets outside the Greenville, South Carolina market) in September 2000   In the summer of 2002, the station broadened its playlist to include music from 1980s, and changed its name to "Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX", marking the only time the station has used those call letters in its branding 

Sports 104 5 The Zone
The All Sports format began on August 11, 2003, with the station renamed "104 5 The Zone "  Management hired popular personalities George Plaster, Willy Daunic and Darren McFarland away from Cumulus Media station WWTN (99 7 FM)  However, because of litigation surrounding a contract dispute, Plaster did not appear on the station until two months after its launch 
In the early days of the Zone, the station had a heavy focus on local news, and featured general-interest talk on weekdays from 6am-Noon, with sports in all other dayparts  For the first three weeks of the talk format, the station broadcast "The Rick and Bubba Show" (a holdover from the previous "Rockin' Hits" format)  It then brought over Mayfield's "Carl P  & The P-Team" show from WKDF, where it had been replaced in morning drive  Following Mayfield's exit in December 2003, the station began broadcasting "The Wake-Up Zone" in early mornings, featuring Mayfield's supporting cast, but led by Nashville music industry executive Charlie Monk  Popular Knoxville morning talk personality Hallerin Hilton Hill also hosted a 2-hour version of his show for the Nashville market in the late morning slot 
Over the course of 18 months, the station migrated to 24/7 sports talk  Hill's show was canceled, and "The Wake-Up Zone" was converted to a sports-focused show, replacing Charlie Monk & Mike Donegan with Kevin Ingram and retired Titans tight end Frank Wycheck  They joined Mark Howard, who continued with the show from its previous iteration  The trio of Ingram, Howard and Wycheck continued on the show until 2017, when Wycheck left the show and was replaced with another former Titans star, Blaine Bishop 

Titans and Volunteers Football
WGFX was the flagship station for the Tennessee Oilers/Titans of the National Football League from 1997 until the completion of the 2001 season, when the rights were shifted to WGFX's sister station, WKDF  (WGFX returned as an "affiliate" station of the team's network for the 2004 season only)  WGFX also aired the franchise's games in 1996, the final year the team was located in Houston, Texas  WGFX returned as the full-time flagship station of the Titans Radio Network in 2010 
WGFX is the major Nashville-area affiliate for the University of Tennessee Volunteers football and men's basketball, The Vols moved to WGFX on 2010 after many years on WLAC  
The station also broadcasts selected Belmont Bruins men's basketball games which do not conflict with the Vols In the past, WGFX has served as the flagship station for the Nashville Predators (NHL, 2005–2010), Vanderbilt Commodores (SEC, 2004–2009), and Nashville Sounds (PCL, 2010–2011) 
WGFX has previously served as the Nashville affiliate for The Jim Rome Show, The Dan Patrick Show, Sporting News Radio and ESPN Radio, and is currently on its second stint as an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio  It was announced that in 2013 the station would once again drop its Fox affiliation to be an affiliate of the upstart CBS Sports Radio network, but never did actually did so  Shortly afterwards, the CBS Sports Radio affiliation went to a competitor, WNSR, as WGFX retained the Fox Sports Radio affiliation   However, WGFX also retains the hourly minute-long commentaries by CBSSR personalities such as Boomer Esiason and Doug Gottlieb 

Cumulus ownership
Following a bankruptcy, Citadel was acquired by Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011  Shortly after the merger, WGFX and WKDF moved their studios from Rutledge Hill to Cumulus' existing cluster at Music Row, where they broadcast alongside WWTN, WSM-FM, and WQQK  WRQQ and WNFN also briefly shared studio space with WGFX until they were each sold to separate buyers 
Plaster, Daunic and McFarland left WGFX immediately after Cumulus acquired the station in September 2011, and the trio was instrumental in launching its primary competitor, WPRT-FM 
In 2017, WGFX removed all network programming during its weekday prime dayparts, focusing entirely on locally-produced shows 

Prior formats
Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX – Classic Hits, 2002–2003
The New 104 — The Core (briefly known as The New 104 — That '70s Station) – Classic rock, 2000–2002
Groovin' Hits 104 5 (briefly known as Hot 104 5 and Jammin' Oldies 104 5) – R&B Oldies, 1998–2000
Arrow 104 5 – Classic Hits, 1993–1998
104 5 The Fox – Classic Rock, 1988–1993 (call letters changed to WGFX, which stood for Gallatin's FoX)
KX104 – Top 40, 1986–1987
Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM – Rock/Top 40, 1985–1986
Kix 104 – Top 40, 1978–1985 (as WHIN-FM and WWKX)
WHIN-FM – Oldies, 1974–1978 / Easy Listening, 1971–1974
WFMG-FM – Big Bands, 1960–1971 

Notable personalities
Fiona – 1999–2000
Mike "The Duke" Donegan – 2003–2004
Hallerin Hilton Hill – 2003–2005
Carl P  Mayfield – 2003
Coyote McCloud – 1980s
Mark Howard – 1998–2020
George Plaster – 2003–2011
Rich "Brother" Robbin – 2002–2003
Frank Wycheck – 2004–2016
Kevin Ingram - 2004-2020
Clay Travis – 2009–2014
Blaine Bishop – 2010–present
Dallas Reese – 1990–1992
Lauren McCleash – 1989–1992
Melissa Johnson Sweeton – 1989–1992/1999–2001

See also
List of Nashville media
Passage 10:
WJYM
WJYM (730 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Bowling Green, Ohio, and serving the Toledo metropolitan area  It broadcasts a Christian radio format, and is owned by the ministry of noted Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart  The studios and transmitter are on Freemont Pike (U S  Route 20 - U S  Route 23) near Lime City Road in Lime City, Ohio  
By day, WJYM is powered at 1,000 watts   But 730 AM is a Mexican and Canadian clear channel frequency   So to avoid interference, at night WJYM reduces power to 359 watts   It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array   Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator W295DB at 106 9 MHz 

History
Beginnings as WHRW
The station first signed on the air on December 1954 (1954-12)   The original call sign was WHRW, selected as the initials of its then-owner and founder, Howard R  Ward   It was a daytimer with a power of 250 watts using two towers and required to go off the air at sunset   Ward served as the president and general manager   By the end of the 1950s, the station was given permission to increase its power to 1,000 watts, but still days only   The studios were at the transmitter facility 
Ward was famous for stunting including a fight he had with General Telephone (GTE) concerning a teletype circuit which they could not provide to his station in rural Bowling Green   Ward purchased an old truck and painted "WTLG Carrier Pigeon News Service" on the side   He made a ceremony each day of driving it through the streets of Bowling Green to supposedly return his birds for dispatch of news releases out to his station from downtown  The local papers and wire services picked up on the story which embarrassed GTE  When GTE still would not budge he announced that he was giving away a free savings bond to the 10th caller to his station  He did not answer the phones during the contest and successfully locked up the GTE system in Bowling Green several times until the company obtained an injunction against him 
On July 1, 1961, Ward sold WHRW to H  Max Good 

As WMGS
After WHRW was sold to Good, the studios and offices were moved to the Waldorf Hotel in Toledo, as the recent power increase afforded the station with full market signal penetration   The relocation to Toledo did not last long and the station returned to the Bowling Green area, taking space along Main Street  The call letters were then changed to WMGS, to reflect the positioning statement "with more good sounds", though some station insiders referred to "Max Good's Station" as the more accurate translation 
The station was silent until it moved to the present location in Lime City   It returned to the air with 1,000 watts, days only, using four towers   The Program Director was George Mishler who also hosted middays  The morning drive time DJ was Roy Blair, and the afternoon host was Jim Hamilton  The music was middle of the road (MOR)   When the format changed to country music, George Mishler went to work for the Voice of America (VOA) in Washington, D C   He ultimately became a manager of Special English programming  Jim Hamilton headed for Chicago, and Roy Blair went to Bowling Green State University to complete his B A  in English  During this time, Roy announced for WFOB AM/FM, Fostoria and began work at WSPD AM after graduation  After WSPD AM, Roy was next heard on WJBK-TV 2, Detroit 
Under the country format, the DJs including Jim Bonnett as "Big Jim", who also was the station manager until 1966; Roger Price as "Pistol Pete" and program director from 1962 to 1966, Johnny Dauro as "Lonesome John" and manager from 1966 to 1970; Roy Blair as "Cousin Roy", George Lubgate as "Tiny Tim"; Ron Kitchen as "Ron the Dude" and program director in 1966; Lowell Thomas (Not the famous newscaster) as "L T "; Bob Zrake as "Buffalo Bob"; Jerry Kiefer as program director in 1972; Earl Sharninghouse as "Rick Allen" and program director and Chief engineer from 1972 to 1973; Ken Robey as "Ken Roberts"; Dennis Rutherford as Chief engineer and part-time air talent in 1973; Klaus Helfers as "J P  Jones"; and The Reverend Max Good, who preached daily 

As WJYM
On October 14, 1976, WMGS was sold to the Jimmy Swaggart Evangelistic Association, and became WJYM "Son Life Radio " The call letters are evocative of the name "Jim", after owner Jimmy Swaggart  For many years, the station operated locally with a full staff of approximately 12  In the mid 1990s, WJYM carried Bowling Green State University football and basketball games 
By 1980, the station's on-air operations moved to its transmitter facility along Fremont Pike in Rossford, where they remained for the rest of the 20th Century   Advances made in hard-disk computer-based broadcast automation and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was passed, which relieved many stations of the main studio rule that required a studio and management presence within close proximity of the community of license   At that point, on-air functions were moved to the ministry's headquarters in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Though station signage remains outside the transmitter facility, it is, for the most part, unattended   Except for some computerized local announcements, WJYM is basically a simulcast of WJFM, the flagship station for Jimmy Swaggart Ministries 
Passage 11:
KAPE
KAPE (1550 AM, "KAPE Radio") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri   The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC 

The station was assigned the call sign "KAPE" by the U S  Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 2, 1987  It was licensed as "KGMO" when it signed on in 1951, and was assigned "KEWI" on April 14, 1986, and "KKPE" on May 1, 1986 

Programming
KAPE broadcasts a news/talk format  The station features programming from Fox News Radio and Salem Media Group  As of August 2022, syndicated programming includes weekday talk shows hosted by Dana Loesch, Dave Ramsey, Glenn Beck, Hugh Hewitt, Joe Pags, John Gibson, and Todd Schnitt Legendary radio broadcaster Rush Limbaugh started his career at KGMO in 1967 

Translator
KAPE programming is also carried on a broadcast translator station to extend or improve the coverage area of the station 
Passage 12:
WHOS
WHOS (800 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Decatur, Alabama, United States   The station is owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WHOS is one of five stations in the Huntsville, Alabama, market owned by iHeartMedia, Inc  The station is also simulcast on WBHP at 1230 AM in Huntsville, a 106 5 FM broadcast translator in Huntsville, and on WQRV-HD2 (HD Radio)   Its studios are located in Madison, Alabama and its transmitter is located in West Decatur, Alabama 

Programming
WHOS broadcasts a news/talk format that serves northwest Alabama and south-central Tennessee   The station's current programming is a simulcast of Huntsville, Alabama, sister station WBHP (1230 AM), "The Valley's Big Talker "  The studios for both stations are located in nearby Madison, Alabama 
Notable local weekday programming includes The WBHP Morning Program with Gary Dobbs and Toni Lowery  Notable syndicated weekday programming includes Coast to Coast AM with George Noory, The Glenn Beck Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, and The Sean Hannity Show  Weekend programming includes local news and sports, Somewhere In Time hosted by Art Bell, Fox News Sunday, and select programming from Fox Sports Radio 

History
This station began licensed operation in October 1948 as a 1,000-watt daytime-only station broadcasting at 800 kHz  Originally owned by North Alabama Broadcasting, the station was randomly assigned the WHOS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission; they do not stand for anything in particular  It ran a country music format for most of its first 40 years 
In February 1987, the broadcast license for WHOS was transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession   The transfer was approved by the FCC on February 26, 1987  Dixie Broadcasting had filed bankruptcy in an effort to stave off an adverse civil lawsuit outcome regarding the contracted sale of WDRM to W H  Pollard, Jr , the then-owner of WBHP (1230 AM) in Huntsville, Alabama In October 1988, the station, which had been airing a Southern Gospel music format, flipped to an all-Elvis Presley format using the advertising tagline "WHOS alive?"  This novel format garnered the station national media attention, but failed to gain a local audience and lasted just six months, in effect a lengthy stunt  After the stunt ended, WHOS switched to a simulcast of then co-owned WDRM and its country music format, which was by this time very successful and on the verge of becoming North Alabama's top-rated station 
In January 1992, a deal was reached for the broadcast license for WHOS to be transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession back to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 26, 1992, and the transaction was consummated on September 15, 1992 In December 1991, Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , reached an agreement to merge ownership of this station with the ownership of WBHP to a new company named Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, Inc , pending the resolution of Dixie's legal difficulties   In October 1993, with Dixie Broadcasting back in good financial standing and the legal issues settled by the appeals courts, the merger moved forward   The deal was approved by the FCC on November 3, 1993, and the transaction was consummated on November 11, 1993 In November 1996, J  Mack Bramlett, W H  Pollard Jr , and Trust B Under The Will Of W H  Pollard Sr  reached an agreement to transfer control of Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, licensee of this station as well as WDRM and WBHP, to Osborn Communications Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on January 29, 1997  In November 1997, WHOS and WBHP dropped their shared country music format for an all-news format featuring CNN Radio 24 hours a day In August 1998, Osborn-owned Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, LLC, reached an agreement to sell this station to AMFM Inc  a subsidiary of Ameron Broadcasting Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on October 2, 1998, and the transaction was consummated on November 5, 1998 In February 1999, AMFM Inc 's Ameron Broadcasting Corporation made a deal to sell this station to Clear Channel Communications through its Capstar Royalty II Corporation subsidiary   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 2, 1999, and the transaction was consummated on March 5, 1999  This deal, a small part of a larger $16 6 billion transaction, included all five of the Huntsville stations then in Clear Channel's Huntsville station group 

Former on-air staff
Notable former WHOS on-air staff included George Rose, who, along with his alter-ego "Cousin Josh" character, hosted "The Cousin Josh Jam-O-Ree" on several North Alabama radio stations in a career that began in 1948 and ended with his death in 2006 

Former programming
WHOS and sister station WBHP were the broadcast flagships for the 1999-2000 final season of the Huntsville Channel Cats and for the short-lived Huntsville Tornado for the 2000-2001 hockey season  Both teams played their home games at the Von Braun Center and competed in the Central Hockey League 
Passage 13:
KFGY
KFGY (92 9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California, area 
KFGY airs a country music format branded as "Froggy 92 9" 

External links
Official Website
KFGY in the FCC FM station database
KFGY on Radio-Locator
KFGY in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 14:
WKHK
WKHK (95 3 FM) is a country music formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia   WKHK is owned and operated by SummitMedia   The station's studios and offices are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Bensley, Virginia WKHK is licensed by the FCC to broadcast in the HD digital hybrid format 

WKHK-HD2
On August 7, 2016, WKHK-HD2 and simulcasting translator W282CA signed on for the first time   The new stations began stunting with Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang, by Dr  Dre and Snoop Dogg, on a loop   The stunt ended just after Noon, on August 9, and the Classic Hip Hop format began   Using Westwood One's Classic Hip Hop network, the first song heard on the station was Rock It by Master P On May 7, 2021, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the classic hip hop format and began simulcasting WKHK On January 11, 2022, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the WKHK simulcast and changed its format to classic country as "Classic Country 104 3" 

WKHK-HD3
WKHK-HD3 carries a non-commercial Contemporary Christian music format branded as "The Journey," based at WRVL in Lynchburg which feeds translator W235AI at 94 9 FM 
Passage 15:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 16:
KFRU
KFRU (1400 AM) is a radio station located in Columbia, Missouri  Its programming format consists primarily of news, talk and sports   The station is licensed to Cumulus Media  The station is also audible on translator K255DJ 98 9 FM in Columbia 

History
KFRU was founded in Bristow, Oklahoma by E H  Rollestone, in January 1925  That fall, the station was purchased by Stephens College and moved to Columbia (with Rollestone going on to found KVOO, now KTSB) On September 24, 1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of the station from Nelson R  Darragh, of St  Louis, to Luther L  Hill, of Des Moines  Several owners later, the station was purchased by the St  Louis Star-Times newspaper, mostly for its regional broadcast frequency of 630 kHz, later moved to its St  Louis radio station, KXOK  In 1940, KFRU became an affiliate of the Blue Network  The station was assigned its current 1400 kHz frequency in 1941 
Mahlon Aldridge, Jr  was appointed manager in 1945, purchasing the station in 1948 in partnership with the publisher of the Columbia Daily Tribune  In 1957, the station's format consisted of a mixture of country music, news and sports 
Aldridge sold his interest to his partner's son in the 1980s, and competition caused the station's audience share to fall   After another change in ownership, KFRU was purchased by a local ownership group headed by Al Germond, who moved the studios into the broadcast complex with their KARO-FM (now KPLA) station   The group formed and purchased additional stations in the Columbia and Jefferson City markets under the name of Premier Marketing Group 
In 2004, KFRU and the other Premier Marketing Group stations were sold to Cumulus Broadcasting   In August 2017, KFRU applied for an FM translator at 98 9 as part of the FCC's AM revitalization project   The translator signed on for the first time on August 18, 2019 

Network affiliations
ABC Radio Network
When KFRU was purchased by the Star-Times, it became affiliated with the NBC Blue Network, now the ABC Radio Network,   KFRU switched to the Westwood One/CNN news feed in 2012   After Westwood One ended their newsfeed, KFRU returned to ABC News Radio on August 31, 2020 

Missouri Tiger Network
KFRU was the longtime flagship station of play-by-play broadcasts of Missouri Tiger football and basketball teams  On December 22, 2009, Mizzou Sports Properties (owned by Learfield Sports) announced it would move Tiger broadcasts to Zimmer Radio's mid-Missouri cluster, fronted by 99,000-watt KCMQ, starting in 2010 With KMOX-AM in St  Louis as a network affiliate, the network has had many regional and national broadcasters providing play-by-play and color commentary for MU sports broadcasts, including:

Jack Buck (member of the Baseball and Radio Hall of Fame)
Harry Caray (member of the Baseball Hall of Fame)
Bob Starr
Bob Costas (NBC Sports)
Kevin Harlan (CBS Sports)
Tom Dore (Chicago Bulls)
Joe Buck (Fox Sports)
John Rooney (Chicago White Sox, St  Louis Cardinals)
Bill Wilkerson
Kellen Winslow (Fox Sports Net) (member of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame)
Dan Kelly (member of the Hockey Hall of Fame)
Jon Sundvold
Kevin CalabroFormer color commentators include Jim Kennedy and Rod Kelly 
The current broadcast teams through the 2011-12 season are:

Football - Mike Kelly (play-by-play), Howard Richards (color commentary) and Chris Gervino (sideline)
Men's Basketball - Mike Kelly (play-by-play) and Gary Link (color commentary)
Women's Basketball - David Lile or Will Palaszczuk (play-by-play) and Gary Link or Michael Porter (color commentary)

St  Louis Cardinals Baseball Network
As of the 2012 Major League Baseball season, the station is no longer a St  Louis Cardinals radio network affiliate; Zimmer Radio's KSSZ replaced KFRU as the Columbia market affiliate   According to previous years' KFRU promotional advertisements, they had been affiliated with the Cardinals for at least 60 years 

Awards
Peabody Award for Public Service by a Small Station, 1940
Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism, presented to Mahlon Aldridge
KFRU awarded the Missouri Broadcasters Association 2015 Station of the Year award   This was the first ever Station of the Year award given by the MBA 
KFRU inducted into the Boone County Historical Society's Hall of Fame, October 8, 2015, just days after the station's 90th Anniversary 

Affiliation with the University of Missouri School of Journalism
Prior to the founding of University-owned station KBIA-FM in 1971, KFRU was a primary training ground for broadcast journalism students at the University   Even after this time, the station still employs students and recent graduates; many graduates list the station on their current employment biography pages 

Former KFRU employees in TV/radio
Eric Engberg, news director, 1963-68 - retired CBS News Washington Correspondent
Ben Bradley, host, reporter and news anchor - currently WLS-TV general assignment reporter
Dave Hunziker, sports director - currently Oklahoma State Cowboys play-by-play
Chris Gervino, sports director - currently KOMU-TV sports director
Will Sterrett, board-op - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Sean Kelley - sports director - currently New Orleans Pelicans play-by-play
Ed Kilgore - currently WGRZ-TV sports director
Mike Roberts - currently KRCG-TV chief meteorologist
Mark Reardon - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
John Carney - overnight board-op/host - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
Michael Calhoun - currently KMOX-AM news anchor
Amy Miller - currently local Morning Edition host at WDET
Joe Scialfa - currently Newsradio 620 WTMJ-AM, Program Director
Michael Putney, news director - currently WPLG-TV, Miami Political Reporter
Steve Moore - currently KMOX-AM, Vice President of News/Talk, CBS Radio, Director of Programming and Operations
Ellen Schenk - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Larry Zimmer - retired KOA-AM sports director, University of Colorado play-by-play
Mark Becker - WSOC-TV reporter
Mark Davidson - KSNW-TV sports anchor/reporter
Matt Boltz - currently Houston Astrosradio network producer/engineer
Kevin Larue - currently KSL-AM news and program director
RJ McAllister, news - formerly news director at KWTO
Jim Fry - currently at WFAA
Brian Sussman - currently host at KSFO
Paul Hannigan, news director - formerly reporter at KTRH-AM
Darren Hellwege - Host of "Morning Edition" and "Thinking Out Loud with Darren Hellwege" on KBIA-FM, Columbia; formerly of KCSC and WWLS, Oklahoma City 
Dick (Kettenbrink) Preston - Currently Morning and Noon news anchor at KRCG-TV Jefferson City, Mo 

Other former employees and program hosts
James Keown - state capital reporter and Sunday Morning Roundtable contributor - currently incarcerated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts after being convicted of murdering his wife by poisoning her with antifreeze  Keown was arrested by the United States Marshal’s Service in November 2005 during a commercial break on his “Partyline” program on sister-station KLIK in Jefferson City, Mo 
Roger Gafke, news director
Scott Baker - currently press secretary for Rep  Kenny Hulshof
Rod Kelly - Missouri Basketball color commentator
Kathy Poppe (Watson)- Constituent Service Director, U S  Senator John Boozman, former talk host/reporter (KWHN - Fort Smith, Arkansas)
Barry Bennett - Currently Director of Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Brian Hauswirth, news director - currently public information officer with the Missouri Department of Corrections
Doug Ross
Dick Aldrich -Radio Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Chris Lincoln - co-founder of Winnercomm; ABC Sports and ESPN commentator on Thoroughbred racing; former sports host of KTUL-TV, Tulsa
Dr  John Williams - host, The Pet Place
Bob O'Connell - host, The Garden Spot
Ray Rothenberger - host, The Garden Spot (deceased)
Stacy Allen - meteorologist
Brendan Cosgrove - news - currently Broadcast Associate at Northwestern University
Greg Crain - sports (deceased)
Leslie Callison - news
Judd McIlvain - consumer reporter, worked at KRCG, KTTV, KCBS-TV and CBS 48 Hours 
Ara Ayer - reporter for WAAY-TV; producer for Dateline NBC, NBC Nightly News; conflict photographer: World Picture News; commercial director, DP, filmmaker for PBS, Bloomberg TV
Anne Steffens - formerly with KMOV, now Director of the Office of Communications of the Archdiocese of St  Louis
John Fougere, sportscaster - currently Press Secretary to Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon
Robert Loggia - actor
Brad Whitworth - sportscaster/announcer - now Sr  Comms Mgr, Strategic Alliances at Cisco Systems
Kevin M  Gray - sportscaster and sports director - now President of the Kansas City Sports Commission
Tony Messenger - evening show host; was concurrently a Columnist with the Columbia Daily Tribune - now Editorial Page Editor of the Springfield News-Leader
Chris Kelly - evening show host; former local and state politician; resigned to accept appointment as Boone County associate circuit judge (retired) - now Democratic candidate for Missouri House of Representatives 24th District
Mike Kelly - Morning sports reports; Missouri Men's Basketball play-by-play; Left his full-time job as Missouri Athletic Department Director of Broadcast Operations on May 30, 2007 to join The Insurance Group sales department [1], but will remain as play-by-play announcer   During the David Lile Show on June 29, 2007, it was announced that it was his last day "due to budgetary reasons" with the Cumulus stations (he also provided reports for Jefferson City station KLIK-AM)
Dave Schmidt - Weatherman for KOMU TV in Columbia, Mo 
Steve Lager- 25 year radio career in Kansas City including mornings at KCIY
Dusty Rhodes-the Midnight Mayor
Bob Pollack - Sports Director
Brad Stephenson - news anchor/reporterRichard M  Cottam (deceased)  - news anchor/reporter 1957-1963; Instructor Dept  of Journalism Univ  of Missouri- Columbia 1956-1963;  Co-host    "Conversations with Dick and Doris" 1961-1963; NBC News associate Producer Huntley-Brinkley Report 1963-1967; NBC News Election unit 1968-1971
Passage 17:
WKDM
WKDM (1380 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to New York, New York  The station is owned by Multicultural Broadcasting and broadcasts on weekdays in Mandarin Chinese  Most shows are brokered programming, where the host pays for the time and may sell commercials to support the broadcasts  On weekends, programming switches to Spanish language Christian radio 
WKDM operates at 5,000 watts by day, using a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1380 AM   After being granted a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to increase night power, it operates at 13,000 watts after sunset, using a different directional pattern  The station's transmitter is located in Carlstadt, New Jersey 

History
The station began operation in 1926 as WBNX, the call letters reflecting the station's location in the borough of The Bronx  One of the station's first permanent homes was inside Starlight Park, an amusement park located on the east bank of the Bronx River just south of East 177th Street   This tenancy lasted until 1932, when the Great Depression forced the park's closure, which then led to the station's eviction from its studios WBNX changed frequencies several times during its early years, eventually finding a permanent home on 1380 kHz, sharing time on the frequency with religious broadcaster WAWZ in central New Jersey  It operated 18 hours a day with general entertainment and brokered programming 
In 1960 WBNX was sold to United Broadcasting  By the mid-1960s, WBNX was airing a Spanish contemporary music format during most of its hours, with some Jewish-oriented and Italian-language programming on weekends 
In 1984 the station changed the call letters to WKDM and became a full-time operation as United paid WAWZ owner Pillar of Fire to give up its portion of the time-share (WAWZ continued to operate on FM)  It remained successful until the advent of a full-time Spanish language format on WSKQ-FM in 1989, which pulled away listeners  As a result, in the early 1990s the station began to carry more leased-access/brokered shows  In 1992 it went completely brokered, and was sold to Multicultural in 1994 
In 1999 Multicultural transferred WKDM to Mega Communications in exchange for cash and various Washington D C  area stations   Mega changed the call letters to WNNY and instituted an all news Spanish format (Noticas 1380)  Eventually, the all-news evolved into a news/talk format   This format was not successful, and by 2002 Mega had changed the call letters to WLXE and the format to Mexican pop music as "X-1380"   A few months later, Multicultural bought the station back and reinstated the WKDM call sign and the brokered programming policy 
Since 2007, WKDM has broadcast in Mandarin Chinese 24 hours a day Monday through Friday, featuring drama, popular music, talk shows, news program, children’s programs and sports, as well as programs from China and Taiwan 
Passage 18:
KTRP (AM)
KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States   The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano  KTRP is silent as of April 20, 2016 

History
The station went on the air June 14, 1965 as KYET  It changed its call sign to KACY on October 1, 1984  On January 30, 1990, the station changed its call sign to KIOV  The station took on the KWEI call sign on March 25, 2011; three years later, the station swapped call signs with 1260 AM and became KTRP Until April 20, 2016, KTRP broadcast a Tejano format to the greater Boise, Idaho, area and was the only full-time Tejano station in the state of Idaho  The station went off the air on April 20, 2016, following a transmitter failure 
Passage 19:
WRGV
WRGV (107 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States   The station is currently owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC   WRGV broadcasts a mainstream urban music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area   Its studios are located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG-TV on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama 

History
In 1976, 107 3 FM belonged to WAJB, which was a beautiful music station with studios at the Tiger Point Country Club in Gulf Breeze, until it was purchased by Colonial Broadcasting in 1979   The format was changed to country music along with new call letters, WOWW to become known as "WOW 107", moving its studios to Davis Highway in Pensacola 
As the 1980s progressed, "WOW 107" would rise up to become a country music power house, overthrowing the heritage country station in the market, WXBM-FM, and winning several Billboard Magazine's Station of the Year (small market) awards   It was also known for its full-time News department, winner of multiple AP news awards 
As the 1980s ended, so did WOW 107's run of being a ratings king, now owned by Sun Media Group   The 1990s saw several re-imaging attempts, including "The New WOW 107 3" and "107 Thunder Country", until its demise as a country station in 1995 when it became "New Rock One Zero Seven", flipping to alternative rock  Riding the popularity wave of mid-1990s alternative music, WOWW debuted at #1 in Arbitron's Persons 18-34, where it remained until the purchase and format flip by Paxson  "New Rock 107" staff included Steve Williams as Operations Manager/Morning Show host, Program Director/Midday host Joel Sampson, Music Director/Afternoon host LaLaine, and evening host Suzy Boe, among others 
In 1996, the station was purchased by Southern Broadcasting, which owned New Rock 107's only competition, WTKX, "TK101"   Two months later, both were purchased by Paxson Communications   After the Paxson purchase, TK101, being a heritage rock station since the mid-1970s, brought over WOWW's PD Joel Sampson, retained Midday personality Mark "the Shark" Dyba and added a majority of WOWW air staff and re-imaged itself as "The Rock Station", dropping the moniker "The New Rock Alternative", leaving WOWW without an airstaff or a format 
After stunting for two days playing "Macarena" by Los del Rio non-stop, WOWW changed formats to oldies from the 1950s and 1960s, and changed its call letters to WYCL (which stood for "Way Cool")   As time went on, they phased out the 1950s music to include more 1970s songs 

Then, in late 2004, the station's owner, now iHeartMedia, Inc  (formerly Clear Channel Communications), switched the format to "My 107 3", and played 1970s and 1980s music   However, the "My 70s, My 80s" positioner was discontinued and the station used "My Variety" as its main positioner, in order to include a slightly wider variety of music   The playlist remained mostly 1970s and early 1980s, with a fair amount of 1960s and other 1980s songs, making it a classic hits format 
For three years after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the station played breaking news bulletins every hour on top of the hour (first provided by ABC News, then by Clear Channel Worldwide News), as well as "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the start and close of each workday 

In February 2010, the station ceased the "My 107 3" format and began simulcasting sister station WMXC  On February 26, 2010, at 8:00 a m , WYCL flipped to rhythmic adult contemporary format, branded as "107 3 The Groove"  The first song on The Groove was "Into the Groove" by Madonna  On March 5, 2010, WYCL changed their call letters to WRGV to go with "The Groove" branding  After a year as a Rhythmic AC, WRGV evolved to Rhythmic Top 40 in April 2011  On September 2, 2011, WRGV changed their format to Top 40 (CHR), branded as "107 3 Hit Music Now"  It featured the syndicated Elvis Duran Morning Show and former WABB staffers Reid and Matt McCoy  On July 20, 2015, WRGV rebranded as "107 3 Kiss FM" On December 8, 2017, at 5 p m , after playing "1-800-273-8255" by Logic featuring Alessia Cara and Khalid, WRGV adopted W262BL/WMXC-HD2's urban contemporary format as "107 3 The Beat"  The first song on "The Beat" was "Love" by Kendrick Lamar featuring Zacari 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Kaributas
Kaributas (Koribut, Korybut, baptized Dmitry; after 1350 – after 1404) was a son of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned in Severian Novgorod until 1393 
Kaributas was born some time after 1350 (exact date is unknown) to Algirdas of Lithuania and Uliana of Tver  Born a pagan, around 1380 he was baptised in the Orthodox rite and became the prince of Severian Novgorod  He adopted the Christian name of Dmitry and hence is sometimes referred to as Dmitry Korybut (a combination of his Slavicised Lithuanian name Kaributas and his Christian name)  He appeared in politics during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) when he supported his brother Jogaila against his uncle Kęstutis and cousin Vytautas  In 1382 he began a rebellion in Severian Novgorod, engaging Kęstutis' forces so that Jogaila could attack and capture lightly guarded Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy  He also witnessed the Treaty of Dubysa with the Teutonic Knights 
For his service, he was awarded possessions in Navahrudak and Lida  Kaributas continued to support Jogaila: he witnessed the Union of Krewo and fought in the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)  After the Ostrów Agreement, he refused to recognize Vytautas' superiority and was defeated in a battle near Lida in early 1393  Kaributas was imprisoned and stripped of his possessions  However, he was soon released and given Zbarazh, Bratslav, and Vinnytsia  Severian Novgorod was given to Fedor, son of Liubartas  Kaributas appeared last in written sources in 1404 during a military campaign waged by Vytautas against the Principality of Smolensk 
Kaributas' male-line descendants included Princes Zbaraski, Wiśniowiecki and, in the Russian Empire, Woroniecki, and Nieswicki, making these families Gediminid  King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki was named Korybut to foreground his agnatic descent from Kaributas 

Marriage and issue
Kaributas married Princess Anastasia, daughter of Grand Prince Oleg II of Ryazan, with whom he had three daughters and three sons  
Kaributas issue originated the Korybut coat of arms 

Helena (wife of John II "the Iron" Duke of Racibórz),
Fedor of Nesvich, Volhynia
Sigismund Korybut (a claimant to the Bohemian Crown),
Nastasia (wife of Fedor of Kashin)
Ivan
Passage 2:
Gmina Tarnów
Gmina Tarnów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland  Its seat is the city of Tarnów, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 82 81 square kilometres (32 0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 23,060 

Villages
Gmina Tarnów contains the villages and settlements of Biała, Błonie, Jodłówka-Wałki, Koszyce Małe, Koszyce Wielkie, Łękawka, Nowodworze, Poręba Radlna, Radlna, Tarnowiec, Wola Rzędzińska, Zawada, Zbylitowska Góra and Zgłobice 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Tarnów is bordered by the city of Tarnów and by the gminas of Czarna, Lisia Góra, Pleśna, Skrzyszów, Tuchów, Wierzchosławice, Wojnicz and Żabno 
Passage 3:
Kis-Küküllő County
Kis-Küküllő was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary  Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania)  Kis-Küküllő is the Hungarian name for the river Târnava Mică  The capital of the county was Dicsőszentmárton (now Târnăveni) 

Geography
Kis-Küküllő county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Alsó-Fehér, Torda-Aranyos, Maros-Torda, Udvarhely and Nagy-Küküllő  The river Mureș formed part of its northern border, the river Târnava Mare its southern border  Târnava Mică river flowed through the county  Its area was 1,724 km² around 1910 

History
Kis-Küküllő county came into existence in 1876, when the administrative structure of Transylvania was changed and Küküllő County was split  In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania  After the Second Vienna Award, a little part of the former county became part of Hungary again and was assigned to the recreated Maros-Torda County  Its territory lies in the present Romanian counties Mureș (a o  Târnăveni), Alba (the south-west) and Sibiu (the south, a o  Dumbrăveni) 

Demographics
Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Kis-Küküllő county were:

Notes
Passage 4:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 5:
Rostov
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в, IPA: [rɐˈstof]) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring  It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, 202 kilometers (126 mi) northeast of Moscow  Population: 30,406 (2021 Census); 31,792 (2010 Census); 34,141 (2002 Census); 35,707 (1989 Census) While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is popularly known to Russians as Rostov Veliky (Russian: Ростов Великий, Rostov the Great) to distinguish it from the much larger city of Rostov-on-Don  The name of the town railway station is Rostov Yaroslavsky, due to its location in Yaroslavl Oblast 

History
Rostov was preceded by Sarskoye Gorodishche, which some scholars interpret as the capital of the Finnic Merya tribe  Others believe it was an important Viking trade enclave and fortress guarding the Volga trade route  It is known from Norse sources as Raðstofa  Scythians also settled there  These different ethnicities, such as the Vikings, Scyths, Slavs and Finns, were likely the ancestors of many of today's people in that region  First mentioned in documents in the year 862 as an already important settlement, by the 10th century Rostov became the capital city of Vladimir-Suzdal, one of the most prominent principalities in Rus'  It was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1474 After losing its independent status, Rostov was still an ecclesiastic center – from 988 it was the see of the Diocese of Yaroslavl, one of the first Russian bishoprics  In the 14th century, the bishops of Rostov became archbishops, and late in the 16th century, metropolitans  One of those metropolitans, Iona (Jonah) Sysoyevich (c  1607–1690), commissioned the town's main landmark: the Rostov Kremlin  This is regarded by some as the finest outside that of Moscow Ravaged by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries (last sack by Edigu in 1408), and the Poles in 1608, Rostov survived as a medium-sized town  Late in the 18th century, the metropolitan see was transferred to Yaroslavl 
Rostov is renowned for manufacturing enamels 
On August 24, 1953, the town was hit by an F3 tornado, causing severe damage  The tornado traveled 6 kilometers with a maximum width of up to 550 meters 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Rostov serves as the administrative center of Rostovsky District, even though it is not a part of it  As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Rostov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts  As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Rostov is incorporated within Rostovsky Municipal District as Rostov Urban Settlement 

Main sights
The architecture of the city shows many examples of early Russian Orthodox architecture  The central square of Rostov is occupied by the Assumption Cathedral  It is unknown when the present building was erected, the mid-16th century being the most likely date  Lower parts of the cathedral walls are dated to the 12th century  The ponderous bell-tower was constructed mostly in the 17th century  Its bells are among the largest and most famous in Russia - each has its own name  The largest bell, cast in 1688, weighs 32,000 kilograms (71,000 lb)  It is named Sysoy to honor the city's founding father  The church is home to the incorrupt body of Saint Leontius of Rostov An area situated between the cathedral square and the lake was chosen by Iona Sysoevich as a place for his fairy-tale residence  All the construction works were carried out between 1667 and 1694  Major buildings include the ornate Savior Church-na-Senyakh (1675), the sombre Church of St  Gregory (1670), and the barbican churches of St  John the Apostle (1683) and of the Resurrection of Christ (1670)  The residence, often erroneously called kremlin, also includes eleven ornate tower bells, numerous palaces, several small belfries, and the diminutive baroque Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1693)  All the churches are elaborately painted and decorated 
The cathedral and four tall kremlin churches with their silver "blind" domes were imitated throughout the city  This is particularly evident in the Savior-on-the-Market church and the cathedral church of the Nativity convent, both dating from the 17th century and situated near the kremlin walls  The oldest church within the town center was consecrated to St  Isidore the Blessed in 1565  They say that Ivan the Terrible had the architect executed, because his church was so much smaller than its predecessor 
The kremlin is flanked by two monasteries, both facing the Lake Nero  To the right from the kremlin stands the Abraham monastery, founded in the 11th century and one of the oldest in Russia  Its cathedral, commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1553 to commemorate the conquest of Kazan, inspired numerous churches in the region, particularly in Yaroslavl 
Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery, situated to the left from the Kremlin on the town's outskirts, has been venerated as the shrine of St  Dmitry of Rostov  Most of the monastery structures were built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the fine neoclassical style  There are also two 17th-century churches: the Conception of St  Anna, and the Transfiguration of Our Savior  Unlike most other churches in the town, the monastery belongs to the Russian Orthodoxy and houses a theological seminary 

Surroundings
The vicinity of Rostov is rich in old architecture  For example, an old wooden church (1687–1689) may be seen in Ishnya  One of the best preserved monasteries in Russia, named after the saints Boris and Gleb, is situated in Borisoglebsky, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) west of the town  The monastery was favored by Ivan the Terrible, who personally supervised the construction of towered walls and bell-tower around an even more ancient cathedral  The only addition made to the monastery after Ivan's death is a barbican church, commissioned by the metropolitan Iona Sysoyevich 

Twin towns/sister cities
Jämsä, Finland
 Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA

Rostov in films
Peter I (Russian: Пётр Первый) (1937), by Vladimir Petov
Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future (Russian: Иван Васильевич меняет профессию, Ivan Vasilievich Changes His Profession) (1973), by Leonid Gaidai

Notable people
Dmitry Borisovich (1253–1294), Russian nobleman
Konstantin of Rostov (1186–1218), the eldest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest and Maria Shvarnovna
Vasilko Konstantinovich (1209–1238), the first Prince of Rostov
Olena Kryvytska (born 1987), Ukrainian fencer
Lev Naumov (1925–2005), Russian classical pianist, composer and educator
Yuri Alexandrovich Bilibin (1901–1952), geologist
Vera Dmitrievna Titova (1888–?), Russian scientist and educator
Passage 6:
Dmitry Liss
Dmitry Liss (born 1960) is a Russian conductor  He is also the artistic director and chief conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra 

Biography
Born in 1960, Dmitry Liss is a graduate of the Moscow Conservatory  Upon graduation from the conservatory in 1984 he became a conductor of the Kuzbass Symphony Orchestra  In 1991 he was appointed to the position of Chief Conductor of this orchestra and at this time became the youngest chief conductor in Russia  Since 1995, Dmitry Liss has served as Artistic Director/Chief Conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra  Most recently, Liss was appointed Associate Conductor of the Russian National Orchestra (1999)  In 1997–1999 he was Principal Russian Conductor of the American Russian Youth Orchestra 

Activities
He has taken part in numerous international festivals and has recorded CDs for a variety of American, Russian, Japanese, Taiwanese, Belgian and Swiss companies 

Awards
Winner of the 1st International Competition of Young Conductors Lovro von Matačić (Zagreb, 1995) 
Artist Emeritus of Russia

External links
Dmitry Liss on the web-site of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra
Dmitry Liss on the web-site of the Russian National Orchestra
(in English) Productions Internationales Albert Sarfati (World Management) : Dmitry Liss
DMITRY LISS: CONDUCTING IS SORT OF A DISEASE
Passage 7:
Gallaratese
Gallaratese is a district ("quartiere") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city  It is located about 7 km north-west of the city centre  It borders on the comune of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to 

Overview
The district is clearly subdivided into two parts; the first one, in the area of Via Cechov, has developed after the other one, enclosed between Via Cilea and Via Apennini; this latter, older part of the district is sometimes referred to as quartiere San Leonardo  These two parts are connected by a major shopping mall called Bonola  
Gallaratese is one of the largest districts in Italy to have been built "from scratch" in the 20th century (between the 1960s and 1980s) in a previously rural area  The Olona river, which traverses the district, has been laid underground  The first buildings to be created in Gallaratese were large apartment blocks; smaller palaces were added later  Today, the district has a population of about 60,000  The district is well connected by public transportation; it has four stops of the Milan Metro subway and five bus lines traversing it  It is also close to major thoroughfares such as the Tangenziale and the Strada del Sempione  
A major landmark of the Gallaratese district is Monte Amiata, a complex of apartment blocks that were designed by Carlo Aymonino, and that are characterized by a futuristic architecture  The most typical buildings are the so-called "tower houses" (case torri in Italian, tower-shaped apartment blocks 

History
The project for the Gallaraterse district was first laid down by architect Piero Bottoni in the mid 20th century  The objective was to create a low-income housing district with green areas, effective traffic connection to the city, and functional public services  Construction began in 1957, from a first core of the district named "Gallaratese G 1"  The original plan by Bottoni was then refined and developed by over 60 architects, led by Gianluigi Reggio   A second and third part of the district, named "Gallaratese G 2" and "San Leonardo" respectively, were developed between 1964 and 1974   In those years, the "tower houses" that now characterize the Gallaratese' skyline were built   The final outcome was quite different from the original plans; the district was in fact developed with less green areas and less services than it had been planned, resulting in a definitely "satellite" district  
In the last decades of the 20th century the district has grown larger, gradually extending north up to the borders of Pero; the Bonola shopping mall was also created 

Footnotes
External links
Portal of the Gallaratese district (in Italian)
Passage 8:
Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta
Pesanggrahan is a district of South Jakarta one of the administrative cities which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia  The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan District  To the west of Pesanggrahan District is Tangerang and South Tangerang, Banten Province 
Pesanggrahan District was originally part of the Kebayoran Lama District, which was later made into a separate district 
A southwestern portion of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road and the Serpong-Jakarta railway passed through Pesanggrahan District 

Toponym
The name Pesanggrahan is derived from the name of the river Pesanggrahan along the eastern edge of the district 

Kelurahan (Administrative villages)
The district of Pesanggrahan is divided into five administrative villages (kelurahan):

Ulujami - area code 12250
Petukangan Utara - area code 12260
Petukangan Selatan - area code 12270
Pesanggrahan - area code 12320
Bintaro - area code 12330

List of important places

Budi Luhur University
Darunnajah Islamic Boarding School
Metro Mall Cipulir
Taman Swadharma
Passage 9:
Anatoly Chubais
Anatoly Borisovich Chubais (Russian: Анатолий Борисович Чубайс; born 16 June 1955) is a Russian politician and economist who was responsible for privatization in Russia as an influential member of Boris Yeltsin's administration in the early 1990s  During this period, he was a key figure in introducing a market economy and the principles of private ownership to Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union  He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation From 1998 to 2008, he headed the state-owned electrical power monopoly RAO UES  A 2004 survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Financial Times named Chubais the world's 54th most respected business leader  He was the head of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation (RUSNANO) in 2008–2020  He was a member of the Advisory Council for JPMorgan Chase from September 2008 until 2013  From December 2020, he served as a special envoy of the Russian president for relations with international organisations On 23 March 2022, Chubais resigned from his position of special envoy and left Russia due to his opposition to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, according to media reports  He is the highest ranked Russian figure to resign due to the invasion 

Early life
Chubais was born on 16 June 1955 in the town of Borisov, Belarus, which was then part of the Soviet Union, the son of Raisa Efimovna (Sagal) and Boris Matveyevich Chubais  His father was Russian and his mother was Lithuanian Jewish  His father, a retired army colonel and veteran of World War II, was in the military at the time of Chubais' birth, and later worked as a lecturer of Philosophy  Though his mother received a degree in economics at university, she opted to stay home to care for their children on the military bases where her husband was regularly assigned  Anatoly Chubais has an older brother, Igor Chubais (born 1947), a philosopher In 1977, Chubais graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Economics (LEEI) in present-day St  Petersburg and joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until 1991 when he left it 

Career
Early career (1977–1991)
While later working at LEEI, Chubais started a club called Reforma, which helped turn the city of Leningrad into a model of political reform by constructing platforms for both local and national elections  Reforma also engaged in drafting reformist legislation, an important step down the road when Chubais would work in the city government  In 1982, he attained the rank of associate professor (доцент) at LEEI, while in 1983, he received his Candidate of Sciences (Ph D ) degree in Economics for the dissertation entitled "Исследование и разработка методов планирования совершенствования управления в отраслевых научно-технических организациях" (Research and Development of Methods for the Planned Improvement of Management in Industrial Research and Development Organizations) Starting in the early 1980s, Chubais became a leader of an informal circle of market-oriented economists in Leningrad  In 1982, together with economists Yury Yarmagayev and Grigory Glazkov, he published an article titled "Вопросы расширения хозяйственной самостоятельности предприятий в условиях научно-технического прогресса" (Questions of Expanding the Autonomy of Business Enterprises under the conditions of Scientific and Technological Progress) in which the authors argue that no amount of central planning can predict the end-demand for products  In 1982, Chubais was introduced to the future Prime Minister of Russia Yegor Gaidar, who was invited to and attended seminars led by Chubais By 1987, Chubais had become the organiser of the Leningrad chapter of the club Perestroyka, whose mission was to promote and discuss democratic ideas among the local intelligentsia  Among the people involved were his brother, Igor, who had founded the Moscow-based chapter of the Perestroyka and Perestroyka-88 clubs, future Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexei Kudrin, future Chubais associates Pyotr Mostovoy and Alexander Kazakov, the future President of Saint Petersburg bank Vladimir Kogan, future Minister of Anti-Monopoly Policy and Entrepreneurship Support Ilya Yuzhanov, and future Deputy Governor of Saint Petersburg Mikhail Manevich The dissident economists organized a tulip farm to finance their seminars  In the four days before the International Women's Day (8 March), they managed to get income equivalent to the price of several Lada cars  The tulip money was used to finance the elections of Anatoly Sobchak, Yury Boldyrev and many other democratic candidates  As a result, 2/3 of the deputies winning the 1990 elections to Leningrad Soviet were from the opposition  Chubais himself later stated that he personally did not participate in growing or selling of the flowers At the end of 1990, the economist Vitaly Nayshul proposed the idea of using vouchers to facilitate mass privatization in order to transform the Soviet Union into a market economy  Chubais strongly criticized the scheme at the time, citing the inevitable inequality and social tensions that would result if implemented as proposed  Ironically, Chubais would later become the champion of the same concept just several years later 

Privatization chief in Leningrad (1990–1994)
In 1990, upon the election of Anatoly Sobchak as Chairman of the Leningrad City Council, Chubais assumed the position of his Deputy  He was trying to implement Sobchak's idea of creating a Free Economic Zone in Leningrad  In 1991, Chubais declined the offer to become the Chairman of Leningrad Ispolkom to instead become an advisor to the mayoral administration in Leningrad (by now renamed St  Petersburg) where Sobchak had just been elected mayor  At the same time, Chubais worked as the president of newly established Wassily Leontief Center for Research in Economics 

In Yeltsin government (1992–1999)
In November 1991, Chubais became a minister in the Yeltsin Cabinet where he managed the portfolio of Rosimushchestvo (the Committee for the Management of State Property) which was handling privatization in Russia Chubais originally advocated rapid privatization in order to raise revenue, similar to the model used in Hungary  However, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia rejected this model  Eventually, a compromise was proposed in the form of a voucher privatization program akin to the program used in the Czech Republic at the time  On 11 June 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Russia adopted this compromise and the massive program was officially initiated by decree of President Boris Yeltsin on 19 August 1991  This privatization program later came under heavy criticism  While most Russian citizens lost their savings in only a few weeks, a few oligarchs rapidly became billionaires by arbitraging the vast difference between the old domestic prices for Russian commodities versus the prices prevailing on the world market  The people who benefited from this arbitrage became known as "kleptocrats" because they stashed billions of dollars in Swiss bank accounts rather than investing in the Russian economy 
From November 1994 until January 1996, Chubais held the position of deputy prime minister for economic and financial policy in the Russian government  Thanks to liberalizing reforms carried out in 1995, the Russian Government was finally enjoying a measure of financial stability, something its politicians had been seeking ever since the resignation of Yegor Gaidar in 1993  By the end of 1995, the average annual inflation rate had declined from 18% down to 3% From April 1995 until February 1996, Chubais also represented Russia in two international financial institutions – the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) After resigning as deputy prime minister in January 1996, Chubais agreed to manage Boris Yeltsin's reelection campaign  By this time according to public opinion surveys, Yeltsin's approval rating had fallen to roughly 3%  Chubais established the Civil Society Foundation as well as Yeltsin's Campaign Analytical Group, which became one part of the Foundation  The group helped Yeltsin regain popularity and win re-election in the second round of the polls on 3 July 1994, capturing 53 82% of the popular vote From July 1996 until March 1997, Chubais was the chief of the Russian Presidential Administration  During his tenure, his office grew increasingly influential Chubais participated in the Bilderberg Club session in Turnberry, Scotland in 1998, and co-chaired the Round Table of Industrialists of Russia and the EU during the joint session of the Government Commission of the Russian Federation and the European Union  He was also elected to the Board of Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs in 2000 According to Yeltsin's daughter and chief of staff Tatyana Yumasheva, Chubais opposed the nomination of Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister of Russia and Yeltsin's successor in 1999  Although Chubais believed Putin was qualified for the position, he feared that his appointment would be rejected by the State Duma, allow the Communist Party of the Russian Federation to gain a large enough parliamentary majority to amend the constitution, and start a civil war 

RAO Unified Energy System of Russia (1998–2008)
In 1998, Chubais was elected to the chairman of the board of RAO UES of Russia, the state-owned electricity monopoly, at a special general meeting of shareholders; he soon was also appointed chairman of the board Since 2000, Chubais consistently defended the need for further reform, which included dis-aggregating power generation, transmission, and distribution activities from the monopoly holding company in order to facilitate the subsequent sale of a majority of shares to private investors  Chubais was convinced that the un-bundling and privatization of the state monopoly were the only mechanisms able to raise the substantial funds needed to modernize Russia's electricity sector He was elected president of the CIS Electric Power Council (2000), and later was repeatedly re-elected to that post from 2001 to 2004 In addition to reforms, Chubais and his team raised more than $30 billion in private investments for the Russian electric power sector  The funds were used to finance the construction of new facilities: 130 new units with a total capacity of about 29,000 MW, 10,000 kilometers of transmission lines, 60,000 kilometers of distribution network lines, and thousands of electrical sub-stations of all classes of voltage  His reforms also helped eliminate the use of barter payments and significantly reduced the number of payment defaults in the sector On 17 March 2005, he survived an assassination attempt  Vladimir Kvachkov was charged for the crime, but was acquitted by a jury In 2007, the Russian newspaper Vedomosti named Chubais the "Professional of the Year"  The paper called him the only professional reformer in Russia because of his achievements in breaking of one monopoly into dozens of independent entities, introducing market forces into the electricity distribution system, and transforming a government institution structure into one attractive for private investment and management In July 2008, RAO UES of Russia ceased to exist as a legal entity 

RUSNANO (2008–2020)
Since September 2008, Chubais has been General Manager of the State Corporation Rosnanotech The official business of the corporation is to promote innovation and modernization in Russia's economy in several areas  For example, RUSNANO forms an important part of the government's strategy to find economic alternatives to fossil fuels   The corporation has set a target of 900 billions rubles in sales by 2015  In the past, Chubais has compared RUSNANO to a garden in which the corporation cultivates innovative business ventures  Over its eight years of operation (2007–2015), RUSNANO has completed over 100 investment projects which resulted in the opening of 68 new plants and 28 R&D centers  As stated in the annual RUSNANO groups' financial report, the value of RUSNANO's portfolio was estimated in 2015 at 227 7 billion rubles and its net income at 17 billion rubles Chubais has been a member of the Skolkovo Foundation Council since 2010, and in 2011 was elected chairman of the board of LTD RUSNANO He left the organization in December 2020 

Resignation (2022)
On 23 March 2022, after Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, Chubais quit his official positions, including that as climate envoy, stating that he was opposed to the invasion, according to media reports  Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov confirmed that Chubais had resigned, but did not specify why, stating: "Whether he left or not is his personal matter"  Chubais left Russia, arriving in Istanbul, Turkey, on the same day, planning to remain abroad  Alexei Navalny's spokesperson, Kira Yarmysh, suggested that Chubais had "left Russia only out of fear for his own skin and his own money"  He was the highest ranked Kremlin official to resign following the start of the invasion, though he is not a member of Putin's inner circle 

Personal life
Chubais is married to Dunya Smirnova (a screenwriter and TV presenter), and has two children from his first marriage: a son, Aleksey, and a daughter, Olga On 1 August 2022, Chubais told Russian journalist Ksenia Sobchak that he had been hospitalised with the neurological disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome, though Sardinian newspaper L’Unione Sarda reported that Italian authorities had not yet ruled out poisoning, and Italian intelligence services are awaiting his blood toxicology results in order to make sure he was not poisoned Chubais currently lives in Israel and received Israeli citizenship in May 2023 

Involvement in political parties
In June 1993, Anatoly Chubais co-founded the "Russia's Choice" electoral bloc (Vybor Rossii), which was headed by Yegor Gaidar  In December 1993, running under this bloc, Chubais was elected as a deputy to the Russian State Duma in its first convocation On 12–13 July 1994, Chubais was elected to the governing council of the party "Democratic Choice of Russia", which had been built off the electoral bloc "Russia's Choice"  In December 1998, Chubais became a member of the Organizing Committee of Right Cause coalition and was elected to the Steering Committee of the Organizing Committee of this coalition In July 1996, Chubais founded the "Center for Protection of Private Property" Foundation In May 2000, Chubais was elected co-chairman of the Coordinating Council of the Russian National Political Organization "Union of Right Forces" at its founding congress  He was also later elected co-president and a member of the Federal Political Council on 26 May 2001, during the founding congress of the "Union of Right Forces" Party (SPS)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" is a song by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something  Originally appearing on their 1993 album 11th Song, it was later re-recorded and released on their 1995 album Home  Released as a single in July 1995, the song was the band's only hit in the United States, peaking at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 in January 1996  Outside the United States, "Breakfast at Tiffany's" topped the UK Singles Chart and peaked within the top ten on the charts of Australia, Flanders, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, and Sweden 
Todd Pipes said in a Q magazine article about the promotion of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "As the song had 'breakfast' in the title, radio stations thought it would be genius to have us on at breakfast time  We'd be up 'til 3 am and they'd wonder why we were pissed off playing at 6 am " Follow-up singles failed to match the success of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", hence the reason for the band's classification as a one-hit wonder 

Inspiration and composition
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" is sung from the point of view of a man whose girlfriend is on the verge of breaking up with him because the two have nothing in common  Desperate to find something, the man brings up the Audrey Hepburn film Breakfast at Tiffany's, and his girlfriend recalls that they "both kinda liked it " He argues that this should serve as enough motivation for them to work out their problems based on the notion that love will always find a way to make things work 
The film Roman Holiday inspired the lyrics of the song, but songwriter Todd Pipes thought that one of Hepburn's other films would make a better song title 

Critical reception
Brian Wahlert called "Breakfast at Tiffany's" "a cute, catchy song that should fit in well on adult contemporary, Top-40 and alternative radio" with memorable melody that makes it "a perfect single, along with the mildly repetitive, conversational lyrics of the chorus and the bright, acoustic guitar"  However, Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly was unimpressed  He called it "possibly the year's most innocuous single, 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' is distressingly prosaic pop from a wimpy-sounding Texas quartet"; he added that it lacked any "musical piquancy"  The Houston Press listed the song as the second worst by an artist from Texas, after Vanilla Ice's "Ice Ice Baby"  British magazine Music Week rated it five out of five, picking it as Single of the Week  They wrote, "Radio-friendly rock at its best from the Texan trio  A mighty, bright chorus, quirky lyrics and some great guitar work should enable it to come close in the UK to matching its Top Five placing Stateside " VH1 and Blender ranked the song number six on their list of the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever" 

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Breakfast at Tiffany's" features the band members arriving to a breakfast table and being served by butlers, beside the curb in front of Tiffany & Co  in Midtown Manhattan  At the end of the video a young woman dressed in a similar style to Holly Golightly's (Audrey Hepburn) from the beginning of the film, except dressed in white rather than black, walks past on the sidewalk, and takes off her sunglasses  The band is also seen performing the song in a field, and on the bed of a flatbed truck in NYC 

Track listings
US cassette singleA1  "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (LP version) – 4:11
A2  "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (Crunch mix) – 4:11
B1  "A Water Prayer" (LP version) – 3:20
B2  "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (LP version) – 4:11Australian CD and cassette single, UK CD single"Breakfast at Tiffany's" – 4:16
"A Water Prayer" – 3:19
"Sun" – 4:15UK cassette single and European CD single"Breakfast at Tiffany's" – 4:16
"A Water Prayer" – 3:19

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Other uses
On Top Gear, episode 8 of series 5, the song can be heard attempting to drown out a rattling from the dashboard of Jeremy Clarkson's Ferrari 612 Scaglietti 
In 2008, the song was used in a commercial in Slovakia for Orange cellular phone 
In 2010, the song appeared in a Saturday Night Live skit, with four friends (played by Will Forte, Jason Sudeikis, Bill Hader and Ryan Phillippe) talking during the verses and singing the choruses 
In August 2011, it was voted into fifth place by fans on Quietdrive's upcoming cover album, Your Record, Our Spin 
In May 2012, Episode 24 of New Girl highlighted the cast members dancing to this song  The group was listening to this song from Nick's mixtape where he was trying to convince himself to stay together with a likewise dissimilar girlfriend 
The song appeared in the fifth episode of the VH1 series Hindsight 
The song also appeared in the season 2 finale of Orange Is the New Black, eliciting a comment from a prison guard 
In 2018, the song was played on Netflix series Everything Sucks! 
Passage 2:
List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn received numerous awards and honors during her career  Hepburn won, or was nominated for, awards for her work in motion pictures, television, spoken-word recording, on stage, and humanitarian work  She was five-times nominated for an Academy Award, and she was awarded the 1953 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Roman Holiday and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, posthumously, for her humanitarian work  She won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role, from five nominations, and she received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992  Hepburn received 10 Golden Globe Award nominations, winning two, and she was the recipient of the Cecil B  DeMille Award in 1990  She also won the 1954 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine, and she received a Special Tony Award in 1968 
Posthumously, Hepburn also received a number of awards and honors, including a Primetime Emmy Award for her television series Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn, while her contributions to a spoken-word recording titled Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales earned her a Grammy Award  Hepburn stands as one of few entertainers who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards  She has been honored on United States postage stamps, and she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  The American Film Institute has repeatedly recognized her talent, placing Hepburn third on its list of the top 100 female stars of all time and placing several of the films she starred in on its 100 best    lists 

E G O T 
Academy Awards
The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are presented annually by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry  Hepburn was nominated for five competitive awards, winning once  In addition, she was the recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award posthumously  Hepburn's son Sean H  Ferrer accepted the award on her behalf 

Emmy Awards
The Primetime Emmy Awards, presented by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), honor American prime time television entertainment  Hepburn was the recipient of one Emmy Award posthumously 

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry  Hepburn won one Grammy Award posthumously 

Tony Awards
The Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American theatre, and are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League  Hepburn won one competitive Tony Award, and was the recipient of the Special Tony Award in 1968 

Major associations
BAFTA Awards
The BAFTA Awards, presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is an annual awards show to celebrate excellence in film, television, television craft, video games, and forms of animation  Hepburn was nominated five times for a competitive award, winning three  In addition, she was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992 

Golden Globe Awards
The Golden Globe Awards are presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) to recognize outstanding achievements in the entertainment industry, both domestic and foreign, and to focus wide public attention upon the best in motion pictures and television  Hepburn was a 10-time nominee, winning twice  In addition, she received the Cecil B  DeMille Award in 1990 

New York Film Critics Circle Awards
The New York Film Critics' Circle Awards are given annually to honor excellence in cinema worldwide by an organization of film reviewers from New York City-based publications  Hepburn won two of her six competitive nominations 

Screen Actors Guild Awards
The Screen Actors Guild Awards, presented by the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), recognize outstanding performances by its members  Hepburn was the recipient of a posthumous Life Achievement Award 

Other arts recognition
In recognition of her work in the performing arts, besides those awards aforementioned, Hepburn received several other honors  In 1959, she won the Silver Shell for Best Actress at the San Sebastian International Film Festival for her work in The Nun's Story  In 1987, she was awarded the Commander of the National French Order of Arts and Letters (French: Commandeur de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres), and was a Gala Film Tribute honoree  In 1991, she received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award, an honorary Bambi Award, and was an Honoree at both the Film Society of Lincoln Center's Gala Tribute and the USA Film Festival's Master Screen  Then, in 1992, Hepburn was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film  She was posthumously awarded the 1996 Women in Film's Crystal Award for her efforts in expanding the role of women within the entertainment industry 

Humanitarian recognition
In recognition of her humanitarian work, Hepburn received the following honors:1976

Variety Club of New York's Humanitarian Award1988

UNICEF's International Danny Kaye Award for Children1989

Institute for Human Understanding's International Humanitarian Award1990

UNICEF's seventh annual ball honored Hepburn1991

Washington UNICEF Council's Children's Champion Award
Certificate of Merit for UNICEF Ambassadorship
Variety Clubs International's Humanitarian Award
UNICEF's Sidaci per L'infanzia" (Mayors for Children) Award
Children's Institute International's Champion of Children Award
Sigma Theta Tau International Audrey Hepburn Award named after Hepburn, given to individuals in recognition for their international work on behalf of children1992

Honorary Chair and Speaker at Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Awards held at Brown University
Presidential Medal of Freedom1993

The Pearl S  Buck Foundation's Women's Award2000

Women's International Center's Living Legacy Award for "stunning contributions to humanity and enduring legacies given to humankind"2002

Bronze sculpture entitled "The Spirit of Audrey", by sculptor John Kennedy, installed at the public plaza at UNICEF headquarters in New York2006

Sustainable Style Foundation inaugurated the Style & Substance Award in honour of Audrey Hepburn to recognize high-profile individuals who work to improve the quality of life for children around the world (the award was given to Hepburn posthumously and received by the Audrey Hepburn Children's Fund)

Style recognition
Hepburn was the first of only three people to wear the Tiffany Diamond
Hepburn was a member of the International Best Dressed List, and was elevated into its Hall of Fame in 1961
Included in People's "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" in 1990
Received the Council of Fashion Designers of America's Lifetime of Style Award in 1992

Other honours

She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1652 Vine Street 
She received "The Key to the City" in five American cities: Chicago and Indianapolis in 1990; Fort Worth, Texas, in 1991; and San Francisco and Providence, Rhode Island, in 1992 
In 1987, she was made a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters from France
In 1990, she was honored with a new hybrid tulip in her name, as a tribute to the actress's career and to her long-time work on behalf of UNICEF, according to the Netherlands Flowerbulb Information Center  An official dedication ceremony took place at her family's former mansion Huis Doorn in Doorn, Netherlands 
In 1991, she was honored with a rose in her name  The rose was bred by Jerry F  Twomey at Leucadia, California 
In 1991, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement  Her Golden Plate was presented by Awards Council member Ralph Lauren 
"Audrey Hepburn Day" was proclaimed on 28 February 1991 by the mayor of Fort Worth, Texas, and on 10 April 1992 by the mayor of Providence, Rhode Island 
In 2003, the United States Postal Service issued a stamp illustrated by Michael J  Deas honouring her as a Hollywood legend and humanitarian  It has a drawing of her which is based on a publicity photo from the movie Sabrina  Hepburn is one of the few non-Americans to be so honoured 
In 2008, Canada Post issued a series of pre-paid postcards based on the work of Yousuf Karsh, one of which was a portrait of Hepburn 
In Arnhem, there is a square named after Audrey Hepburn 
KLM named a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 PH-KCE, Audrey Hepburn, in her honour 
Passage 3:
Fists of Legend
Fists of Legend (Korean: 전설의 주먹; RR: Jeonseolui Jumeok) is a 2013 South Korean sports drama film directed by Kang Woo-suk  It is based on the popular webtoon of the same title written by Lee Jong-gyu and illustrated by Lee Yoon-gyun  The film stars Hwang Jung-min, Yoo Jun-sang, Yoon Je-moon, Lee Yo-won, and Jung Woong-in 

Plot
A moment of bad luck derailed Deok-kyu's Olympic dreams and led him and his friends to jail  Jin-ho got out of jail quickly because of his rich parents, but Deok-kyu, Jae-seok, and Sang-hoon were not so lucky 
Years later, while running a noodle shop to earn extra money following an accident involving his daughter, Deok-kyu accepts an invitation to join a televised mixed martial arts tournament, Fists of Legend  A group of middle-aged men who used to be called "legends" during their teenage high school days take part in the "real action fighting" reality show, and the winner gets a prize of ₩20 million every round, for a total of ₩200 million (US$183,823)  Among the contestants are Deok-kyu's old friends Sang-hoon, currently a manager at a large company who lacks in self-respect after getting passed over for a promotion, and Jae-seok, now a good-for-nothing guy who dreams of becoming a somebody 

Cast
Hwang Jung-min - Im Deok-kyuPark Jung-min young Deok-kyu
Yoo Jun-sang- Lee Sang-hoon
Gu Won - young Sang-hoon
Yoon Je-moon - Shin Jae-seok
Park Doo-shik - young Jae-seok
Lee Yo-won - Hong Gyu-min
Jung Woong-in - Son Jin-ho
Lee Jung-hyuk - young Jin-ho
Sung Ji-ru - Seo Kang-gook
Ji Woo - Im Soo-bin
Kang Shin-il - Director Jo
Kang Sung-jin - announcer
Kwon Hyun-sang - Author
Choi Hyo-eun - Eun-soo
Kwon Eun-soo - Writer Kwon
Kim Jae-yong - Writer Jae

Production
Filming began on July 15, 2012 at the Shin Joon-sub boxing gym in Namwon, North Jeolla Province, and wrapped on November 28, 2012 in Paju Actor Yoo Jun-sang injured the cruciate ligament in his left knee while filming and underwent surgery on October 30, 2012 

Awards and nominations
2013 50th Grand Bell Awards

Nomination - Best Actor - Hwang Jung-min
Nomination - Best Supporting Actor - Yoo Jun-sang
Nomination - Best New Actor - Park Doo-shik
Nomination - Best New Actor - Park Jung-min
Nomination - Best Lighting - Kang Dae-hee
Passage 4:
On the Good Ship Lollipop
"On the Good Ship Lollipop" is a song composed by Richard A  Whiting with lyrics by Sidney Clare   It was the signature song of child actress Shirley Temple  Temple first sang it in the 1934 film, Bright Eyes In the song, the "Good Ship Lollipop" travels to a candy land   The "ship" referred to in the song is an aircraft; the scene in Bright Eyes where the song appears takes place on a taxiing American Airlines Douglas DC-2 400,000 copies of the sheet music, published by Sam Fox Publishing Company, were sold, and one recording by Mae Questel (the cartoon voice of Betty Boop and Olive Oyl) reputedly sold more than two million copies  It finished at #69 in the survey AFI's 100 Years   100 Songs of top tunes in cinema in the United States in June 2004 
The song was parodied on an episode of The Simpsons from May 2000, the episode being "Last Tap Dance in Springfield"  It was being sung as "On the Spaceship Lollipop" by Vicki Valentine (voiced by Tress MacNeille) herself spoofing Temple  The actual song was used on an earlier episode, "Treehouse of Horror III", which aired in October 1992 in which Shirley Temple was seen singing it during her concert before being devoured by King Homer, the sketch parodying King Kong The song was also parodied on an episode of The Brady Bunch from February 1974, the episode being "The Snooperstar" in which Cindy becomes convinced that Mike's fussy client Penelope Fletcher (Natalie Schafer) is a talent scout and is trying to make her into the next Shirley Temple 
The moniker "Good Ship Lollipop" was famously used by Chicago Outfit underboss Ernest "Rocky" Infelice and his inner circle to refer to the Cicero Crew, which he ran in the mid-to-late 1980's with his second in command, Salvatore "Solly D" DeLaurentis  It is unknown as to how the crew gained the nickname 
In the 2007 film Shrek the Third, The Gingerbread Man is heard singing the song after Captain Hook threatens him 

Other recordings
1935: Rudy Vallee and His Connecticut Yankees, recorded for Victor on December 24, 1934 (Christmas Eve) (catalog No  24838)  This was very popular in 1935 
1935: Ted Fio Rito – recorded for Brunswick Records (catalog No  7364) on August 1, 1935 
1952: Rosemary Clooney – on an unbreakable children’s record Columbia MJV138
1969: Tiny Tim covered the song, reaching #82 in Canada 
1980: Margaret Whiting (for her album Too Marvellous for Words) 
Passage 5:
The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon
The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon (also known simply as The Philadelphia Phenomenon)  is a 1998 American television movie starring Tony Danza from Walt Disney Pictures 

Plot
Barney Gorman (Tony Danza) works hard as a garbageman in Philadelphia, but his career indirectly embarrasses his family  Barney's frustration is made worse by being a fan of the Philadelphia Eagles, who are mired in a slump  Due to a sticky lever on his garbage truck, Barney has (without realizing it) developed a very strong kick  One day at the city dump, Barney kicks a water jug extremely far and catches the attention of a group of Eagles executives, who are scouting the location for land to build a new stadium  The Eagles coach offers Barney a job as the team's new kicker, which the owner feels is an excellent publicity stunt in "giving an average Joe a shot at the NFL" 
Barney joins the Eagles, but at first isn't really accepted by his teammates, especially his roommate, Bubba Downs  But once Barney starts playing and makes a lot of important field goals, his teammates and football fans all over town begin to love him, giving him the nickname "G-Man"  Unfortunately, the fame and popularity begin to go to Barney's head, and he becomes conceited and talks down to his teammates  In the next game, Barney misses a potential game-winning field goal, knocking the Eagles out of contention for the playoffs 
Barney goes to a bar, depressed and lonely, when an attractive blonde woman approaches him



ground_truth: Canyon County

Canyon County, Idaho

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The city where Dmitry Borisovich was born is located where in Russia?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: On 24 January 2004, he resigned from his post as co-chair of the party but remained on the Federal Political Council of the SPS party In May 2010, Chubais became the chairman of the board of trustees of the Gaidar Foundation, jointly established by the Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy and Maria Strugatsky 

Awards
In 1997, the British magazine Euromoney named him the world's best Minister of Finance In December 2001, Chubais was awarded an honorary diploma of International Award by the International Union of Economists for his significant contributions to the Russian Federation, specifically his work applying advanced international experience to introduce contemporary methods of organizing administration, economics, finances and production processes In 2008, Chubais was awarded a Presidential Commendation for helping draft part of the Russian Constitution as well as his overall contributions to democracy in Russia In 2010, Chubais was honored by with IV degree Order For Merit to the Fatherland "for outstanding contribution to the implementation of state policy in the field of nanotechnology and many years of favorable work" Chubais received three presidential commendations (awarded in 1995, 1997 and 1998) and as well as one honorary Ph D  from the St  Petersburg State Engineering and Economic University 
Passage 10:
Sokolniki District
Sokolniki District (Russian: райо́н Соко́льники) is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city  Population: 57,444 (2010 Census); 54,975 (2002 Census) 

Etymology
Sokolniki derives its name from the word "сокол" (sokol,  meaning "falcon") in view of the Tsar's falcon hunting grounds which were located there, primarily on the territory of the present-day Sokolniki Park  The district also provides the name for one of its metro stations: Sokolniki Metro Station 

Sports
The district is home to the FC and HC Spartak Moscow  The latter plays its games in the Sokolniki Sports Palace located within Sokolniki Park 

Miscellaneous
 
In 2006, after twenty years of construction and changing ownership, a twenty-storey hotel finally opened overlooking the Sokolniki metro station and Sokolniki Square  This hotel is now the Holiday Inn Sokolniki 
In Tolstoy's War and Peace, Pierre fights a duel in Sokolniki 
The Elite House in Sokolniki will soon be one of the largest buildings in the world with DuPont Tyvek used as a weather and water barrier 
Passage 11:
Dmitri N  Smirnov (footballer)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Smirnov (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Смирнов; born 9 November 1980) is a Russian former footballer  He is not related to Dmitry Alexandrovich Smirnov with whom he played on the same team for several years for FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, Luch and Tom  To avoid confusion, he is usually referred to as Dmitri N  Smirnov 

External links
(in Russian) Player page on the official Luch website
Dmitri N  Smirnov at Russian Premier League
Passage 12:
Cyprus Popular Bank
Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second-largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts  The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds  The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity   As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4 8% but does not hold a board seat  All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015  She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016  The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group 
Its shares were listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange and the Athens Stock Exchange  CPB had a network of more than 295 branches in Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, the UK and Malta  The bank had applied to open a representative office in Beijing, People's Republic of China Trading on the island as Laiki Bank (Laiki being the Greek word for Popular), as of September 2012 it held a 16% share of the market in loans and a 14 4% share of deposits   The Bank made a series of large loans, many to Greek companies prior to and during their financial crisis  What followed has been described as "billions handed out in bad loans created a financial time-bomb"  After the bank collapsed, it was rescued by the Cypriot government, which took 84% ownership on 30 June 2012 and as of March 2013 it is being dismantled as part of the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 

History
In 1901, four leading citizens of Limassol—Agathoclis Francoudis, Ioannis Kyriakides, Christodoulos Sozos and Neoklis Ioannides—established the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to encourage saving among the workforce  More than two decades later, in 1924, the bank changed its name from the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to the Popular Bank of Limassol  The bank also became the first company in Cyprus to register as a public-traded company 
Then in 1967, the Popular Bank of Limassol changed its name to Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) to reflect the bank’s expansion beyond Limassol  Expansion beyond Limassol followed quickly, with the establishment of its first branches in Nicosia,  Famagusta (1969), and Paphos and Larnaca (1970)  Also in 1970, Midland Bank acquired 22% of the company's shares, making Midland a major shareholder in CPB  The next year CPB relocated its headquarters from Limassol to Nicosia 

1974 CPB established its first London branch 
1983 CPB acquired all the Cyprus operations of Grindlays Bank located in the area under government control 
1992 CPB opened the first branch of European Popular Bank in Athens  CPB owned 58% of the shares of the bank; other shareholders included HSBC (formerly Midland Bank) and Greek and Cypriot investors  CPB retained branches in Heraklion and Thessaloniki
1995 CPB opened its first representative offices in South Africa and in Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
1996 CPB opened its first representative offices in Australia 
1997 CPB opened its first representative offices in Serbia and in Russia ("Rosprombank")
1998 CPB establishes a representative office in New York  (NY State Banking Dept says State chartered) 
2000 The Cyprus Popular Bank Group changed its name to Laiki Group 
2001 The Laiki Group established a subsidiary in Australia with five branches 
2005 The Group established Laiki Bank (Guernsey), and purchased Bank Centrobank in Serbia 
2006 The Greek Marfin Investment Group acquired HSBC's shares in Laiki Bank, establishing a strong minority share position   Subsequently, the Marfin Investment Group through more acquisitions managed to take control of Laiki Bank, which it re-branded as Marfin Popular Bank   In Greece, the Marfin Group consolidated Egnatia, Laiki and Marfin to form Marfin Egnatia Bank, which is the 95%-owned Greek subsidiary of Marfin Popular Bank 
2007 The bank announced the planned takeover of 50 12% of the share capital of AS SBM Pank, a bank in Estonia MPB also acquired 99 2% of the shares of Marine Transport Bank Ukraine for US$156 million  This bank was founded in 1993 as Marine Trade Bank and changed its name to Marine Transport Bank in 1996  It has its headquarters in the Odesa region and has 86 branches 
Lastly, MPB acquired 43% of the share capital of Lombard Bank Malta for €48 million from Banca della Svizzera Italiana (BSI) of Lugano  CPB now holds c  49% of Lombard Bank Malta In 2007, the bank announced a multi-million financial deal to sponsor the football First Division in Cyprus until 2010 
2008 Marfin Popular Bank completed its acquisition of 50 4% of the shares of CJSC RPB Holding, parent company of the Rossisysky Promishlenny Bank (Rosprombank), for €83 million  The acquisition makes Marfin the first Greek or Cypriot bank to acquire control of a bank in Russia 
In 2010, they launched a new mobile banking and mobile trading service  In the same year, the company was selected as the bank of the year in Cyprus by the Banker 
2010 MPB sold 85% of Laiki Bank Australia to Bank of Beirut  The Australian bank received a new name, Beirut Hellenic Bank  At the time, the bank had a branch in Adelaide, four branches in Melbourne and five branches in Sydney 
2011 MPB sold the majority of its shareholding in its Estonian subsidiary and returned to its historic name of Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) 
In 2012 CPB converted its Greek subsidiary into a branch of the parent bank 
The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis resulted in financial difficulties at CPB  The Cypriot state recapitalized CPB on 30 June 2012 with the result that the government acquired 84% of the bank's equity  This increased the bank's core tier 1 capital ratio towards 9%, the level mandated by the European Banking Authority 
In early 2013 CPB renamed its Greek branches to CPB Bank and on 26 March the bank sold them to Piraeus Bank  Laiki was split into a good and bad bank, the good bank (Cyprus operations) merged with Bank of Cyprus and the bad bank is in the process of being sold and finally shuttered  The board and CEO were replaced on 27 March  The bad bank was being run by a Special Administrator Ms Andri Antoniadou who was acting CEO until 3 March 2015  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou took over as Special Administrator in April 2015 until December 2016 In 2018 European Court dismisses compensation claim in Cyprus 2013 deposit-grab 
Passage 13:
Shostakovich Peninsula
Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica  The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U S  National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U S  Geological Survey  Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975)  Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island 

See also
Derocher Peninsula
Harris Peninsula
Pesce Peninsula
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Shostakovich Peninsula"  Geographic Names Information System  United States Geological Survey 
Passage 14:
Sikyona
Sikyona (Greek: Σικυώνα) is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece  The seat of the municipality is in Kiato  Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory 

Municipality
The municipality Sikyona was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Feneos
Sikyona
StymfaliaThe municipality has an area of 602 539 km2, the municipal unit 171 268 km2  The municipal unit Sikyona is subdivided into the following communities:
Archaia Sikyona-Vasiliko
Bozikas
Diminio
Gonoussa
Kato Diminio
Sikyona (Kiato)
Klimenti
Kryoneri
Laliotis
Megas Valtos
Mikros Valtos
Moulki
Paradeisi
Pasi
Souli
Titani

Historical population
Passage 15:
Federalism
Federalism is a combined and compound mode of government that combines a general government (the central or "federal" government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two  Federalism in the modern era was first adopted in the unions of states during the Old Swiss Confederacy Federalism differs from confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level  It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state Examples of a federation or federal province or state include Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States  Some characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the "federal union of states" 

Overview
Etymology
The terms "federalism" and "confederalism" share a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning "treaty, pact or covenant"  Their common early meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based on a treaty  They were therefore initially synonyms  It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist No 39 had referred to the new US Constitution as "neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both" (i e  as constituting neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two)  In the course of the nineteenth century United States, the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form established at the Philadelphia Convention, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states 

Origin
In the narrow sense, federalism refers to the mode in which the body politic of a state is organized internally, and this is the meaning most often used in modern times  Political scientists, however, use it in a much broader sense, referring instead to a "multi-layer or pluralistic concept of social and political life "The first forms of federalism took place in ancient times, in the form of alliances between states  Some examples from the seventh to second century B C  were the Archaic League, the Aetolic League, the Peloponnesian League, and the Delian League  An early ancestor of federalism was the Achaean League in Hellenistic Greece  Unlike the Greek city states of Classical Greece, each of which insisted on keeping its complete independence, changing conditions in the Hellenistic period drove many city states to band together even at the cost of losing part of their sovereignty  Subsequent unions of states included the first and second Swiss Confederations (1291–1798 and 1815–48), the United Provinces of the Netherlands (1579–1795), the German Bund (1815–66), the first American union known as the Confederation of the United States of America (1781–89), and second American union formed as the United States of America (1789–1865) 

Political theory
Modern federalism is a political system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments  The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context  Since the term federalization also describes distinctive political processes, its use as well depends on the context In political theory, two main types of federalization are recognized:

integrative, or aggregative federalization, designating various processes like: integration of non-federated political subjects by creating a new federation, accession of non-federated subjects into an existing federation, or transformation of a confederation into a federation
devolutive, or dis-aggregative federalization: transformation of a unitary state into a federation

Reasons for adoption
According to Daniel Ziblatt, there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems:

Ideational theories, which hold that a greater ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted 
Cultural-historical theories, which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations 
"Social contract" theories, which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center 
"Infrastructural power" theories, which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures (e g  they are already constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized states) Immanuel Kant noted that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution which pits opposing factions against each other with a system of checks and balances  In particular individual states required a federation as a safeguard against the possibility of war Proponents for federal systems have historically argued that the power-sharing inherent in federal systems reduces both domestic security threats and foreign threats  Federalism allows states to be large and diverse, mitigating the risk of a tyrannical government through centralization of powers 

Examples
Many countries have implemented federal systems of government with varying degree of central and regional sovereignty  The federal government of these countries can be divided into minimalistic federations, consisting of only two sub-federal units or multi-regional, those that consist of three to dozens of regional governments  They can also be grouped based on their body polity type, such as emirate, provincial, republican or state federal systems  Another way to study federated countries is by categorizing them into those whose entire territory is federated as opposed to only part of its territory comprising the federal portion of the country  Some federal systems are national systems while others, like the European Union are supra national 
In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a confederation in actuality  Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina 
The governments of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, and Mexico, among others, are also organized along federalist principles 
In Canada, federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements (most commonly Quebec separatism)  In 1999, the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries  Headquartered in Ottawa, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Switzerland 

Europe vs  the United States
In Europe, "federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels  The Union of European Federalists advocates for this development within the European Union, ultimately leading to the United States of Europe  Although there are medieval and early modern examples of European states which used confederal and federal systems, contemporary European federalism originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill's speech in Zürich in 1946 In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government  When the U S  Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government  This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States  The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state  The U S  Constitution was written as a replacement for the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government 
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state  The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense  As the power of the U S  federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended  Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism) 
The contemporary concept of federalism came about with the creation of an entirely new system of government that provided for democratic representation at two governing levels simultaneously, which was implemented in the US Constitution  In the United States implementation of federalism, a bicameral general government, consisting of a chamber of popular representation proportional to population (the House of Representatives), and a chamber of equal State-based representation consisting of two delegates per State (the Senate), was overlaid upon the pre-existing regional governments of the thirteen independent States  With each level of government allocated a defined sphere of powers, under a written constitution and the rule of law (that is, subject to the independent third-party arbitration of a supreme court in competence disputes), the two levels were thus brought into a coordinate relationship for the first time 
In 1946, Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were "co-equally supreme"  In this, he echoed the perspective of American founding father James Madison who saw the several States as forming "distinct and independent portions of the supremacy" in relation to the general government 

Constitutional structure
Division of powers
In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution  Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, but in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched  Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence 
In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers  Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition  Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871  The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states  The Constitution of some countries, like Canada and India, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial/state governments are retained by the federal government  Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility  Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of Union competence or shared between the Union and the Member States as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent States 

Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'  Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do  This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions  In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country  They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history  However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federation, but a system of asymmetric devolved government within a unitary state 
It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances  The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts 
Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities  Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities  Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government  Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica)  Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions  Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states  However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly 
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves  For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No  39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both  In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national   " This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent  This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people 

Bicameralism
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states  One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions  Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole  A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population 
Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union  The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats 

Intergovernmental relations
In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government  A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution 

Constitutional change
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution  As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent  An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect  In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons  In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority 
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state  The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent  In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states  Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces  The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system 

Other technical terms
Fiscal federalism – the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system 
Formal federalism (or 'constitutional federalism') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice 
Executive federalism refers in the English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made centrally 
Gleichschaltung – the conversion from a federal governance to either a completely unitary or more unitary one, the term was borrowed from the German for conversion from alternating to direct current  During the Nazi era the traditional German states were mostly left intact in the formal sense, but their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended and replaced with the Gau system  Gleichschaltung also has a broader sense referring to political consolidation in general 
defederalize – to remove from federal government, such as taking a responsibility from a national level government and giving it to states or provinces

In relation to conflict
It has been argued that federalism and other forms of territorial autonomy are a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level  Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states  Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries Federalism is sometimes viewed in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center " However, those skeptical of federal prescriptions sometimes believe that increased regional autonomy can lead to secession or dissolution of the nation  In Syria, for example, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out "

See also
Notes and references
Sources
External links

P -J  Proudhon (1863), The Principle of Federation 
Passage 16:
Yuri Chesnokov (volleyball)
Yuri Borisovich Chesnokov (Russian: Юрий Борисович Чесноков; January 22, 1933 – May 30, 2010) was a Russian volleyball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1964 Summer Olympics  He was born in Moscow 
Chesnokov was a two-time world champion, having won gold at the 1960 and the 1962 competitions  In 1964 he was part of the Soviet team which won the gold medal in the Olympic tournament  He played eight matches  After his active career, he coached the Soviet team at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics, and later served as a FIVB vice-president for many years  In 2000 he was inducted into the Volleyball Hall of Fame 
Passage 17:
Dmitry Borisovich
Dmitry Borisovich (Russian: Дмитрий Борисович; 11 September 1253, in Rostov – 1294, in Rostov) was a Russian nobleman  He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom  He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288) 

Sources
http://www biografija ru/show_bio aspx?id=112862
Context 3:  She asks him if he is Barney Gorman and if she could take a picture with him  Barney is caught off guard when the woman kisses him as the photo is being taken  She says thanks while giving him an alluring smile as she walks away 
Barney's mood goes from bad to worse and he is suspended from the team  He misses a date with his wife (Jessica Tuck), who then sees the picture of him kissing the blonde woman in the newspaper  When Barney arrives at home, he finds that his wife has kicked him out as well, leaving his suitcase outside the door with the photo from the newspaper 
After some soul-searching, Barney comes to his senses and apologizes to his wife, son, father, and his teammates  The Eagles let him back on the team, just in time for the final game of the season  Barney is given a chance to redeem himself as the game again comes down to a last-second field goal  The holder fumbles the snap, and Barney grabs it and scores the game-winning touchdown  At the end-of-season press conference, Barney remembers his roots as a garbageman and points out that garbagemen are deserving of respect, too, as they work hard to keep the city clean 

Cast
Tony Danza as Barney Gorman
Jessica Tuck as Marie Gorman, Barney's wife
Art LaFleur as Gus Rogenheimer
Jaime Cardriche as Bubba
Al Ruscio as Mr  Gorman, Barney's father
Ray Wise as Randolph Pratt
Julie Stewart as Eagles Recruiter
Gil Filar as Danny Gorman, Barney & Marie's sonThe cast also included many well known figures in the world of professional football playing minor roles or making cameo appearances  Jeffrey Lurie, the owner of the Philadelphia Eagles played Barney's friend who was seen at the cafe and had the line "This new Eagles owner must be a good guy "  The kicking stand-in for Tony Danza was Mike Vanderjagt, a Canadian football player and professional placekicker  The movie also featured sportscaster Chris Berman and NFL footage with Troy Aikman of the Dallas Cowboys 

Production
Most of the movie was actually filmed in Toronto, Ontario  Other filming locations for the movie included Hollywood, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

See also
List of American football films
Passage 6:
Saturday Breakfast
Saturday Breakfast was a New Zealand morning news and talkshow based on Breakfast, that aired on Saturday mornings from 7-9 am from 3 September 2011 until 15 December 2012 on TV One 

Presenters
Anchors
Tāmati Coffey and Nadine Chalmers-Ross (2012)
Tāmati Coffey and Toni Street (2012)
Rawdon Christie and Toni Street (2011-2012)

Show format
10 minutes of news, sport and weather is presented every half hour between 7:00 and 8:30  News is presented by Brooke Dobson  Weather, presented by Sam Wallace is presented from a location around the country, usually where an event is happening 
The show has interviews with newsmakers and/or TVNZ reporters  The rest of the show has entertainment/light-hearted/special interest segments presented by Toni Street and Tāmati Coffey 
The show was cancelled by TVNZ due to its lack of commercial sustainability, caused by the withdrawal of key sponsor Lotteries New Zealand  The last show was broadcast on 15 December 2012  This coincided with host Tāmati leaving TVNZ to go overseas, and Weather reporter Sam Wallace being elevated to the Weekday Breakfast weather reporter upon Tāmati's departure  Nadine will remain as Business host on the weekday show as will newsreader, Brooke Dobson, in her primary role as Auckland reporter 
Passage 7:
Tiffany Blue
Tiffany Blue is the colloquial name for the light medium robin egg blue color associated with Tiffany & Co , the New York City jewelry company created by Charles Tiffany and John Young in 1837  The color was used on the cover of Tiffany's Blue Book, first published in 1845   Since then, Tiffany & Co  has used the color extensively on promotional materials like boxes and bags 
Since 1998, the Tiffany Blue color has been registered as a color trademark by Tiffany & Co  It is produced as a private custom color by Pantone, with PMS number 1837, the number deriving from the year of Tiffany's foundation 

See also
Lists of colors
Passage 8:
Daybreak Northern Ireland
Daybreak Northern Ireland (previously GMTV Northern Ireland) is the regional news strand for Northern Ireland provided for the ITV breakfast station ITV Breakfast 
Unlike the ITV plc-owned  regions, UTV - the ITV contractor for Northern Ireland - did not provide regional news broadcasts during Daybreak (previously GMTV)  This was due to a dispute between UTV and GMTV which dates back to 1994 when UTV opted out of the national breakfast contractor in breach of their broadcasting licence to provide live coverage of the breaking news of the Combined Loyalist ceasefire 
GMTV Northern Ireland was rebranded as Daybreak Northern Ireland in September 2010, when GMTV was replaced by new breakfast programme, Daybreak  Regional bulletins aired three times each weekday, and included a look at the days main headlines, a travel news update, and a weather forecast 

Service
In January 1995, GMTV contracted the service out to Reuters, who then provided the GMTV national news service  The service was produced by ITN from March 2000  Macmillan Media, a company founded by former ITN and BBC correspondent Michael Macmillan, won the contract to provide news bulletins in 2005 
Macmillan Media took over from STV as the regional breakfast news provider in the Central Scotland and Northern Scotland regions in 2007 The Daybreak Northern Ireland service by Macmillan Media ended on Friday 21 December 2012, with UTV resuming production of the breakfast news opt-outs from January 2013 onwards 

The team
Sonia Butterworth (Now with U105)
Richard Cull
Lynda Fulford
Lindsey Armstrong (now freelancing with UTV after working at BBC Northern Ireland)
Vicki Hawthorne (now freelance, appears on Sky News)
Emma Johnston
Aideen Kennedy (now with UTV)
Barbara McCann (now with BBC Northern Ireland)
Siobhan McGarry
Maura O'Brien
Kirsteen O'Sullivan (Now with TV3)
Charlie Oundo
Paul Reilly (now with UTV)
Nicola Thompson (now with BBC)
Jane Veitch
Patricia Wilkinson (now with BBC Northern Ireland)
Adrian Horsman (now with Christian Aid Ireland)
Passage 9:
Stein Endresen
Stein Endresen (born 4 October 1959) is a Norwegian show jumping competitor At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Endresen originally won the bronze medal as part of the Norwegian team in team jumping, together with Morten Djupvik, Geir Gulliksen, and Tony Andre Hansen  However the Norwegian team lost its bronze medal and finished tenth following the disqualification of Tony Andre Hansen 
Passage 10:
Breakfast Creek
The Breakfast Creek (Aboriginal: Barrambin) is a small urban stream that is a tributary of the Brisbane River, located in suburban Brisbane in the South East region of Queensland, Australia 

Course and features
Rising as the Enoggera Creek that drains the D'Aguilar Range in the D'Aguilar National Park, Breakfast Creek forms near Herston where it flows a short meandering course of 2 kilometres (1 2 mi) before reaching its confluence with the Brisbane River at Newstead, next to Newstead Park   Travelling up the Brisbane River the creek is the first to join the river on its northern banks 
The heritage-listed Breakfast Creek Hotel is located near the confluence with the Brisbane River and is known for serving XXXX beer exclusively from wooden barrels   Also here the Breakfast Creek Green Bridge is under construction 
The shorter race in the annual Bridge to Brisbane fun run starts at the Breakfast Creek bridge 

History
John Oxley and Allan Cunningham met members of an Aboriginal clan at the mouth of the creek in 1824  After they had breakfast at the site minor conflict with the clan arose after one of them grabbed Oxley's hat  Oxley named the waterway in remembrance of the incident An important Aboriginal camping ground occupied the Breakfast Creek / Hamilton area until it was broken up by police raids in the 1860s  The camp was one of the major sources from which local Aboriginal people supplied the Moreton Bay colony with fish  It was also where Aboriginal leader Dalaipi spoke his famous "Indictments" which were published in the Moreton Bay Courier in 1858 One of the white first settlers on the creek was Patrick Leslie who in 1845 built the still-standing Newstead House  Brisbane's Cantonese community, who had established businesses in Fortitude Valley and built the Temple of the Holy Triad in 1886, settled in the flats around Breakfast Creek and Eagle Farm  During dry times in the early colony of Moreton Bay, when water from the Roma Street reservoir was depleted, supplies were carted from Breakfast Creek Various streets close to Breakfast Creek were affected by Brisbane floods in 1893, 1974 and in 2011 

Bridges
A number of floods destroyed early bridges across the creek  The first permanent bridge was built in 1858 using ironbark  As the timber of the bridge eroded, a second metal bridge was built in 1889  As traffic levels over the bridge increased, it became necessary to build a third larger concrete bridge in 1958, which stands to this day (2017) Remnants of the second bridge can still be seen and are listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register A new rail bridge as part of Cross River Rail is due for operation by 2025 

Gallery
See also
List of rivers of Australia § Queensland
Passage 11:
Newstead House, Brisbane
Newstead House is Brisbane's oldest surviving residence and is located on the Breakfast Creek bank of the Brisbane River, in the northern Brisbane suburb of Newstead, in Queensland, Australia  Built as a small cottage in the Colonial-Georgian style in 1846, the cottage was extended and today is painted and furnished in a late Victorian style Newstead House is the oldest surviving home in Brisbane, but not the oldest surviving building, built in 1846, for Patrick Leslie and his wife Catherine (née McArthur)  In 1847 he sold Newstead House to his brother-in-law John Clements Wickham (married to Anna McArthur), the Police Magistrate and Government Resident Newstead House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 1992 

History
Newstead House is said to have taken its name from Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, England, a former Augustinian priory which became the Byron family home The property was referred to as Newstead until it left the possession of J C  Wickham in 1859 after which it became known as Newstead House Newstead House was built as a residence by Brisbane's first architect and builder Andrew Petrie for fellow Scottish settler Patrick Leslie; it was soon acquired by Captain John Wickham  Then it was leased to Attorney-General Ratcliffe Pring  It was later leased, then sold, then leased again to merchant and Member of the Queensland Legislative Council George Harris  George Harris and his wife Jane (née Thorn) lived in the house for 27 years A prominent Jewish businessman named Lewis Flegeltaub with his large family was in residence at Newstead House from 1891 to 1894; the family previously lived at Palma Rosa, another Brisbane heritage-listed mansion nearby The Lysaght Brothers bought the property in March 1898 with the intention to demolish the house and build a factory that produced iron and rabbit-proof wire fencing  These plans to establish a factory at the property were abandoned due to the downturn in the agricultural sector It was purchased by the Brisbane City Council in 1918 and was the residence of the superintendent of their council parks  The Council leased part of the property to the Historical Society of Queensland in 1934 and it was used to store historical records  In 1939, the Queensland Parliament created a Trust and ownership was transferred to the Newstead House Trust 
The building was occupied by American troops during World War II  There is an Australian–American War Memorial in the grounds in memory of this  It was dedicated on 3 May 1952 by the Queensland Governor, Sir John Lavarack Other than the war-time occupation it was operated as a museum and research library by the Historical Society of Queensland (now known as the Royal Historical Society of Queensland) until 1973 when they moved to the Commissariat Store Newstead House is now a museum  It is open to the public, and concerts are sometimes held at the house and grounds  
Newstead House is now maintained by the Newstead House Board of Trustees assisted the Friends of Newstead, a volunteer group who also organise various events to attract visitors  Newstead Park is still managed and maintained by the Brisbane City Council 

Heritage listing
Newstead House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 1992 

Newstead Park
Newstead Park is a significant historic park The land originally formed a part of the land purchased by Patrick Leslie in 1845 on which he built Newstead House In the 1920s, the Brisbane City Council constructed an electrical substation for its tramway system in the grounds of the House  Since the closure of the tram system in 1969 the substation was purchased by the Newstead House Board of Trustees and has been used as a Resource Centre and offices for management staff 
In May each year, the park is host to the commemoration of the Battle of the Coral Sea  The Australian-American monument in the park is dedicated to the United States service men and women for helping in the defence of Australia during World War II A playspace featuring an "Alice through the Looking Glass" theme has been developed by the Brisbane City Council is located on the southern side of the park, near Newstead Avenue 

See also
Old Government House
Passage 12:
Tiffany Stiegler
Tiffany Stiegler (born January 14, 1984) is an American figure skater who competed in both pair skating and ice dancing  Competing in pairs with her brother Johnnie Stiegler, she won the bronze medal at the 1998 Sparkassen Cup on Ice and placed fourth at the 1999 World Junior Championships 

Personal life
Tiffany Stiegler was born on January 14, 1984, in Santa Monica, California  She is the sister of Stephanie and Johnnie, both of whom also competed in figure skating 
She married Joseph ("Woody") Woodrow Stahl on June 28, 2014 

Career
Tiffany Stiegler's first partner was her brother Johnnie, with whom she competed until 2003  They are the 1998 and 1999 U S  pewter medalists and the 1997 junior national champions  They were coached by Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev in El Segundo, California  They represented the Los Angeles Figure Skating Club In the 2003–04 season, Stiegler skated with Bert Cording  They placed 9th at the 2004 U S  Championships 
In the 2004–05 season, Stiegler began competing in ice dancing with Sergei Magerovski  They won the pewter medal at the 2005 U S  Championships  They were coached by Igor Sphilband and Marina Zueva in Canton, Michigan Stiegler became a co-coach with her sister at the Toyota center in El Segundo, California 

Programs
With Magerovski
With Stiegler
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Series / Junior Grand Prix)

Pair skating with Stiegler
Pair skating with Cording
Ice dancing with Magerovski
Passage 13:
Andy Blankenbuehler
Andy Blankenbuehler (born March 7, 1970) is an American dancer, choreographer and director primarily for stage and concerts  He has been nominated for the Tony Award for Best Choreography five times, and has won three times: for In the Heights (2008), Hamilton (2016), and Bandstand (2017)  Blankenbuehler's other Broadway choreography work includes 9 to 5, Bring it On: The Musical, and the 2016 Cats revival  Blankenbuehler was awarded the Kennedy Center Honor in 2018 for his work on Hamilton  He also choreographed the movie adaptation of Cats  Most recently he choreographed, directed and co-wrote Only Gold - a new musical with Music by Kate Nash at MCC Theater 

Life and career
Blankenbuehler was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and is a 1988 graduate of St  Xavier High School and 1984 graduate of Nativity School in Cincinnati  He received his bachelor's degree from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas 
As a performer, he has appeared on Broadway in many musicals, from Guys and Dolls (1992–1995) to Fosse (1999–2001) His Broadway work as a choreographer includes the musicals In the Heights (2007–08) and 9 to 5 (2008–09)  He won the Tony Award and Drama Desk Award for his choreography for In the Heights   Other New York work includes choreography for the "Broadway By The Year:1930, 1938 and 1978" series, and the City Center Encores! productions of The Apple Tree (2006) and The Wiz (2009)  He is the director and choreographer of Bring It On: The Musical, written by Jeff Whitty, with music by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Tom Kitt and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Amanda Green, which premiered at the Alliance Theatre, Atlanta, Georgia, on January 16, 2011  This production also performed at the Ahmanson Theater in Los Angeles where Blankenbuehler won the 2011 L A  Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Choreography 
Additionally, Blankenbuehler choreographed the Frank Wildhorn world premiere production of Waiting for the Moon  The show featured 6 full-length dance sequences, including one that lasted over 10 minutes



ground_truth: Yaroslavl Oblast

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What did the singer of "Moon River" in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany win a Tony for?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He was nominated for a Barrymore Award for Choreographing the show 
Blankenbuehler has choreographed for Bette Midler and directed, choreographed, and co-conceived the production "Nights On Broadway" at Caesars Palace 
Blankenbuehler appears briefly in the 2008 documentary Every Little Step about the 2006 Broadway revival of A Chorus Line, with his Polaroid shown as one of the people being cut from a callback for the show 
He choreographed the 2012 Broadway revival of Annie  He is the choreographer for the musical Hamilton (2015), both Off-Broadway and on Broadway  He received a special 2015 Drama Desk Award for Hamilton   The award was described: "For his inspired and heart-stopping choreography in Hamilton, which is indispensable to the musical's storytelling  His body of work is versatile, yet a dynamic and fluid style is consistently evident  When it's time to 'take his shot,' Blankenbuehler hits the bull's-eye "  His choreography for Hamilton won the Tony Award for Best Choreography in 2016 
He both directed and choreographed a new musical, Bandstand, which premiered at the Paper Mill Playhouse (New Jersey) in October 2015  The music is by Richard Oberacker and book and lyrics by Robert Taylor and Oberacker  He directed and choreographed a developmental lab of this musical in August and September 2014, then titled Bandstand: A Musical In 2016, Blankenbuehler choreographed the revival of the movie Dirty Dancing starring Abigail Breslin and Shane Harper  He also choreographed the revival of the Broadway musical Cats with previews beginning July 14 and an August 2 opening 

Awards and nominations
Passage 14:
Moon River
"Moon River" is a song composed by Henry Mancini with lyrics by Johnny Mercer  It was originally performed by Audrey Hepburn in the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's, winning an Academy Award for Best Original Song  The song also won the 1962 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year The song has been recorded by many other artists  It became the theme song for Andy Williams, who first recorded it in 1962 (and performed it at the Academy Awards ceremony that year)  He sang the first eight bars of the song at the beginning of each episode of his eponymous television show and named his production company and venue in Branson, Missouri, after it; his autobiography is called "Moon River" and Me  Williams' version was never released as a single, but it charted as an LP track that he recorded for Columbia on a hit album of 1962, Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes  In 2022, Williams' rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress The song's success was responsible for relaunching Mercer's career as a songwriter, which had stalled in the mid-1950s because rock and roll had replaced jazz standards as the popular music of the time  The song's popularity is such that it has been used as a test sample in a study on people's memories of popular songs  Comments about the lyrics have noted that they are particularly reminiscent of Mercer's youth in the southern United States and his longing to expand his horizons  Robert Wright wrote in The Atlantic Monthly, "This is a love sung [sic] to wanderlust  Or a romantic song in which the romantic partner is the idea of romance " An inlet near Savannah, Georgia, Johnny Mercer's hometown, was named Moon River in honor of him and this song 

Versions
Original
Mercer and Mancini wrote the song for Audrey Hepburn to sing in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's  The lyrics, written by Mercer, are reminiscent of his childhood in Savannah, Georgia, including its waterways  As a child, he had picked huckleberries in summer, and he connected them with a carefree childhood and Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn  Although an instrumental version is played over the film's opening titles, the lyrics are first heard in a scene where Paul "Fred" Varjak (George Peppard) discovers Holly Golightly (Hepburn) singing the song, accompanying herself on the guitar while sitting on the fire escape outside their apartments There was an eruption of behind-the-scenes consternation when a Paramount Pictures executive, Martin Rackin, suggested removing the song from the film after a tepid Los Angeles preview  Hepburn's reaction was described by Mancini and others in degrees varying from her saying, "Over my dead body!" to her using more colorful language to make the same point An album version was recorded by Mancini and his orchestra and chorus (without Hepburn's vocal) on December 8, 1960  It was released as a single in 1961 and became a number 11 hit in December of that year  Due to unpublished charts in Billboard, Joel Whitburn's Top Adult (Contemporary) Songs variously reported the song as a number 3 or number 1 easy listening hit  Mancini's original version was also featured in the film Born on the Fourth of July (1989)  In 1993, following Hepburn's death, her version was released on an album titled Music from the Films of Audrey Hepburn  In 2004, Hepburn's version finished at number 4 on AFI's 100 Years   100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema 

Early recordings
"Moon River" was a hit single for Jerry Butler in late 1961  Released simultaneously with Mancini's, it reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 3 Easy Listening in December, two weeks before Mancini's recording reached the same chart ranking  British singer Danny Williams had a hit version of the song that reached number one in the UK in the final week of 1961  Although Andy Williams never released the song as a single, his LP Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes (1962), was certified gold in 1963 for selling one million units  The album reached number 3 on the Billboard Top 200, eventually selling more than two million copies by 1967  In 2002, a 74-year-old Andy Williams sang the song at the conclusion of the live NBC special telecast celebrating the network's 75th anniversary In 2022, Andy Williams' recording of the song was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry 

Chart history
Henry Mancini & OrchestraJerry ButlerDanny Williams

Later versions
Hundreds of versions of the song have been recorded and it has been featured in many media  Mercer recorded the song in 1974 for his album My Huckleberry Friend  In 2007, saxophonist Dave Koz recorded a version from his standards music album, At the Movies, sung by Barry Manilow  In 2013, Neil Finn and Paul Kelly performed the song on their Goin' Your Way Tour, during which their performance at the Sydney Opera House Concert Hall was recorded for the live album, Goin' Your Way, released the same year  The title of the album comes from a phrase in the song's chorus: "Wherever you're goin', I'm goin' your way"  Lawrence Welk's 1961 instrumental version was featured in Mad Men season 6, episode 13, "In Care Of" (2013)  A version of the song was featured in Asif Kapadia's documentary film, Amy (2015), about Amy Winehouse  Winehouse's version, sung at age 16 with the National Youth Jazz Orchestra in 2000, is the opening song in the film The Telegraph listed, among prominent covers of the song, those by Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Sarah Vaughan, Louis Armstrong, Sarah Brightman and Chevy Chase (in the comedy film Fletch)  Other stars who have covered the song include Rod Stewart in Fly Me to the Moon    The Great American Songbook Volume V (2010), which charted at No  4 on the Billboard 200, Barbra Streisand in The Movie Album (2003), a Grammy-nominated gold album, and Frank Ocean, who released a cover on Valentine's Day 2018 that debuted in the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot R&B chart  Diffuser fm named these the "Top 5 Alt-Rock" versions of the song: Morrissey, Glasvegas, R E M , The Killers and Josh Ritter  Jacob Collier's a capella cover won the 2020 Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella 

See also
"Charade" (1963 song)
The Sweetheart Tree
"Days of Wine and Roses" (song)
Moon River radio program
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1960s
Passage 15:
Some Enchanted Evening
"Some Enchanted Evening" is a show tune from the 1949 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific   It has been described as "the single biggest popular hit to come out of any Rodgers and Hammerstein show " Andrew Lloyd Webber describes it as the "greatest song ever written for a musical" The song is a three-verse solo for the leading male character, Emile, in which he describes first seeing a stranger, knowing that he will see her again, and dreaming of her laughter  He sings that when you find your "true love", you must "fly to her side, and make her your own, / Or all through your life you may dream all alone "

In South Pacific
The song appears in the first act of the musical  It is sung as a solo by the show's male lead, Emile de Becque, a middle-aged French expatriate who has become a plantation owner on a South Pacific island during World War II   Emile falls in love with Ensign Nellie Forbush, an optimistic and naive young American navy nurse from Little Rock, Arkansas   The two have known each other for only a few weeks, and each worries that the other may not return his or her love   In the song, Emile expresses his romantic feelings for Nellie, recalling how they met at an officers' club dance and instantly were attracted to each other   He describes a man seeing a stranger and instantly knowing he will see her again, hearing her laughter and dreaming of it  He says that when you find your "true love", you must "fly to her side, and make her your own"; otherwise, all your life you will "dream all alone"   He later asks her to marry him  The song is then reprised several times during the show by Nellie and/or Emile as their relationship experiences setbacks and reconciliations 
In the original Broadway production, "Some Enchanted Evening" was sung by former Metropolitan Opera star Ezio Pinza  Pinza won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 1950 for this role, and the song made him a favorite with audiences and listeners who normally did not attend or listen to opera  In the 2001 London revival of the show, Philip Quast won an Olivier Award for Best Actor for his role as Emile, and seven years later, international opera singer Paulo Szot won a Tony for his portrayal in the 2008 New York revival In the film version of South Pacific, the first and second scenes of the play are switched around   Because of the switch, Emile enters later in the film, and "Some Enchanted Evening" is not heard until nearly 45 minutes into the film, while in the original stage version it is heard about 15 minutes after Act I begins  In the film, the song is sung by Metropolitan Opera bass Giorgio Tozzi, who dubbed the singing for actor Rossano Brazzi  Tozzi's version finished at No  28 on the 2004 American Film Institute list and television special, AFI's 100 Years   100 Songs, selecting the top 100 songs in American cinema 

Analysis
According to Popular Music in America, the song's "lush orchestration, expansive form, and above all its soaring melody" allow the singer and character (Emile) to "linger in the moment" of immediate infatuation  Gerald Mast's history of the American musical notes that the song is a climactic moment which reveals that two characters have fallen in love, and it expresses a seize-the-opportunity lyric: "When you find your true love     Then fly to her side / And make her your own"   According to the running commentary on the 2006 Fox DVD release of the 1958 film version of South Pacific, Lehman Engel remembered that Oscar Hammerstein II wanted to write a song based around verbs but waited ten years to do so before he wrote this song, in which the verses are built around the verbs "see", "hear" and "fly" 

Selected recorded versions
Many popular singers have recorded and performed "Some Enchanted Evening"   Perry Como's version was a #1 hit in 1949, and Frank Sinatra recorded the song several times 

Ezio Pinza (recorded April 18, 1949, Original Broadway cast recording of South Pacific)  His single version reached No  7 in the Billboard charts in 1949 
Perry Como (1949)  His single reached No  1 in 1949
Frank Sinatra (1949), (1963, including a duet with Rosemary Clooney), (1967)  The 1949 version reached the No  6 position in the Billboard charts 
Bing Crosby (1949), recorded March 10, 1949 and reached No  3 in the Billboard charts during a 20-week stay 
Jo Stafford - Autumn in New York  (1950)  Her single version reached No  4 in the Billboard charts in 1949 
Giorgio Tozzi (1958 for the film soundtrack; 1967 for the Lincoln Center revival cast recording with Florence Henderson)
Andy Williams (from the 1958 album Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein)
Jay & The Americans (1965)  The Group's single version reached No  13 on the Hot 100, Billboard charts in 1965 
José Carreras (1986) for a studio cast recording of South Pacific with Kiri Te Kanawa, Mandy Patinkin and Sarah Vaughan
Willie Nelson included the song on his 1988 album, What a Wonderful World
Barbra Streisand (from her No  1 1993 album Back to Broadway)
The Temptations (1995, For Lovers Only)
Bryn Terfel  – Something Wonderful: Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein (1996)
Philip Quast for the 2002 London revival cast recording of South Pacific
Art Garfunkel (from his 2007 album Some Enchanted Evening)
Paulo Szot – South Pacific (The New Broadway Cast) (2008)
Bob Dylan (from his No 1 2015 album Shadows in the Night)

In popular culture
The song's title has been used as the name for albums, such as one by Blue Öyster Cult, one by Art Garfunkel and a cast album and PBS special of the revue "Some Enchanted Evening" – The Songs of Rodgers & Hammerstein  It was used as the name for television episodes in such TV series as The Simpsons, Last of the Summer Wine, Man About the House, and Bless This House The song has been sung in films and on TV shows, for example by Harrison Ford in the film American Graffiti (1978 reissue), by an itinerant chanteuse in Crossing Delancey (1988), by Jon Bon Jovi on Ally McBeal in the episode "Homecoming" (2002) and by Bert in episode 102 on The Muppet Show (1977) to Connie Stevens  In April 2023, the song featured in the BBC Radio 4 series Soul Music 

Notes
Passage 16:
Tiffany Lam
Tiffany Lam or Tiffany Lam Man Lei (Chinese: 林敏俐, born 25 October 1980) is a former beauty queen from San Francisco  She held the title of Miss Hong Kong 2002 and Miss Chinese International 2003 runner up 

Early life
Lam was born in Hong Kong in 1980  During her childhood, she immigrated to San Francisco, California, where she studied for many years  Lam later attended the University of California, Davis  She is a member of Sigma Omicron Pi sorority, Delta Chapter  She then returned to Hong Kong to compete in the Miss Hong Kong 2002 pageant  Her younger cousin, Sandy Lau, won the 2009 Miss Hong Kong 

Miss Hong Kong 2002
She was chosen out of many delegates from USA and Canada to go back to Hong Kong to compete  She made the top 12 of the Miss Hong Kong 2002 pageant in early July  Three weeks later, she competed and won the Miss Hong Kong pageant final on its 30th anniversary, also winning two side awards, "Miss International Goodwill" and "Miss Modern Style" 

Miss Chinese International 2003
After winning the Miss Hong Kong title, Lam became an ambassador for Hong Kong, representing Hong Kong at the Miss Chinese International Pageant 2003 in January 2003, where she finished second behind Rachel Tan of Kuala Lumpur 

Post-pageant
Lam subsequently starred in two TVB dramas, Net Deception and Not Just A Pretty Face  Her 1st runner up and friend, Victoria Jolly, also appeared in Not Just A Pretty Face  After she crowned her successor, Mandy Cho Man Li, Lam returned to San Francisco to continue her studies  She returned to Hong Kong to crown the 1st runner up of the Miss Chinese International Pageant 2004 
As of 2007, Lam works for her family restaurant business in the San Francisco Bay Area 

Awards
Miss Hong Kong 2002: Winner, Miss International Goodwill, and Miss Modern Style 
Miss Chinese International 2003: 1st runner up 

TVB Dramas
Net Deception (2002)
Not Just A Pretty Face (2003)



ground_truth: for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in Ondine

leading role

star

leading actress

lead