prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of the castle in the city where the performers of Spirit If.. became a band?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Château de Chalmazel
The Château de Chalmazel, or Château des Talaru is a castle situated in the commune of Chalmazel, in the Loire département of France  It is located in the Haut-Forez, between the  towns of Saint-Étienne and Thiers  Its name in medieval times was Saint-Jehan-des-Neiges  The castle dominates the valley of the Lignon and it was built to be an impregnable fortress on the instructions of the Count of Forez 

History
Construction of the fortress began in 1231  The work was carried out by seigneur (Lord) Arnaud de Marcilly to the order of Guy IV du Forez who financed it  The site was covered by forest and almost inaccessible  Initially, it functioned rather as a fortified house, but it was transformed into a genuine medieval fortress, intended to counteract the ambitions of the powerful neighbours of the seigneurie of Couzan, then in the hands of the Damas family, linked to the Germanic emperor 
The castle appeared gloomy and severe, with four round towers dominated by a square keep, with no openings on the sides 
When Antoine de Marcilly died aged 25 with no direct heirs in 1371, the castle passed to his sister Béatrix, last of the Marcilly line  She had married Mathieu de Talaru in 1364; thus the seigneurie of Chalmazel passed to the Talarus, an old noble family from the Lyonnais 
Following the destruction of the Château de Marcilly, the Talarus withdrew to the castle at Chamazel and, in 1400, they built the ramparts, in the form of a pentagonal enceinte and added machicolations to the keep  After the incorporation of Forez into the Kingdom of France, the Talarus served the king in his armies 
During the Renaissance, the Marquis de Talaru, returning from the Italian Wars, added Renaissance style embellishments: openwork facade, galleries to the inner court, painting in the chapel, sculptures 
But the winters were harsh, and from 1533, the Talarus preferred to live in their Château d'Écotay or in Saint-Marcel-de-Félines, acquired by marriage in 1559  Chalmazel was transformed into a summer residence and began to be neglected 
In the 18th century, the Talarus inherited by marriage the Château de Chamarande, near Arpajon, to the south of Paris, and they moved there to be closer to Versailles where Louis de Talaru held important posts in the royal court and the army  They abandoned the castle in 1650, carrying out only the most urgent work  The castle began a slow but sure deterioration 
In 1850, Louis-Justin, last Marquis of Talaru, 25th lord of Chalmazel, peer of France and ambassador, with no heirs, left the castle and the forest to the nuns of the Sœurs de Saint-Joseph, in order to establish a hospital for the canton for the care of the sick 
The nuns carried out some repair work (roof, round walk, rebuilding a tower) and decoration  Later, they transformed it into a boarding school for children from the school at Chamazel The nuns finally left the castle in 1972 and rented it to the commune, on the condition that it was maintained and opened to the public during the summer months 
The castle is now owned by new proprietors who intend to open it to visitors and to create chambres d'hôtes (bed and breakfast accommodation) 

Tourism
The castle, with its medieval aspect, has kept the elements of a fortified house from the year 1231, but with all of the later modifications and additions by the Talarus over the centuries: murder-holes, walls, keep, round walk with machicolations - but it also has Renaissance elements: the facade, the inner courtyard, galleries and chapel 
The castle is open to visitors from June to September  It is possible to rent rooms and a suite 
The Château de Chalmazel is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture 

See also
List of castles in France
Passage 2:
Spirit If   
Spirit If    is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew  It was released on September 18, 2007  The album is the first in a series entitled Broken Social Scene Presents:, with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members  Brendan Canning's album Something for All of Us, the second in the series, was released in 2008 
Spirit If    was recorded with Ohad Benchetrit and Charles Spearin of Do Make Say Think and Broken Social Scene  The track listing, album cover, as well as an mp3 download for the song "Tbtf" (an initialism for "Too Beautiful to Fuck") were released on June 19, 2007  Spirit If    reached #113 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers chart  "Backed Out on the   " was listed at #33 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and 99th on Pitchfork Media's list 

Track listing
"Farewell to the Pressure Kids" – 5:49
"Tbtf" – 3:51
"Fucked Up Kid" – 5:09
"Safety Bricks" – 4:27
"Lucky Ones" – 6:44
"Broke Me Up" – 4:24
"Gang Bang Suicide" – 6:22
"Frightening Lives" – 6:12
"Underneath the Skin" – 0:46
"Big Love" – 3:19
"Backed Out on the   " – 4:16
"Aging Faces / Losing Places" – 4:31
"Bodhi Sappy Weekend" – 4:29
"When It Begins" – 5:01
"What You Gonna Be" (iTunes bonus track) – 4:05

Sources
http://www arts-crafts ca/releases_spotlight php?search=AC027
https://web archive org/web/20070621183237/http://www pitchforkmedia com/page/news/43720-kevin-drew-bss-series-lp-details-emerge
https://web archive org/web/20070701135609/http://www pitchforkmedia com/page/news/43494-kevin-drew-preps-lp-for-broken-social-scene-series
Passage 3:
Landesmuseum Württemberg
The Landesmuseum Württemberg (Württemberg State Museum) is the main historical museum of the Württemberg part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg  It emerged from the 16th-century “Kunstkammer” (Cabinet of art and curiosities) of the dukes, later kings, of Württemberg who resided in Stuttgart  As a museum it was founded in 1862 by King William I 

Collections in Stuttgart and Waldenbuch
The museum's main location is the Old Castle in Stuttgart  The nearby granary and the cellar of the New Castle also contain parts of the collections as well as Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart 
The collections are grouped into eight divisions:

Schausammlung LegendäreMeisterWerke (Legendary Masterpieces)
archeology: Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, antiquity, Romans in Württemberg, early Middle Ages
history of art and cultural history: Württemberg crown jewels, medieval art, modern glass painting
Schausammlung Wahre Schätze (Real Treasures)
Antikensammlung - Museum of Ancient Art
Kunstkammer - Cabinet of Art and Curiosities
Kelten - Early Celtic Treasures
Glass collection of Ernesto Wolf
antique glass
modern era glass
Clocks and scientific instruments
Kindermuseum Junges Schloss - Museum for Children
Musical instruments (located in the Fruchtkasten (granary))
Roman lapidarium (located in the cellar of Neues Schloss (New Castle))
Folklore (located at the Museum of Everyday Culture in Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart): labor, belief and piety, graphic design, clothing, merchandise, culture of living Apart from these collections the museum regularly features special exhibitions 
The museum presents a whole range of archeological treasures and a notable collection of medieval art  It also includes the inventories of the former army and manufacturing museums  Some of the most valuable possessions of the museum were already acquired by the dukes for their art chamber: two of only four preserved Aztec feather shields from before 1521 and the oldest preserved card game, about 1430, richly decorated and expensive already at the time of production  Exhibits of local origin include a celestial globe of 1493 by Johannes Stöffler, an 11-digit mechanical calculator of 1774 by Philipp Matthäus Hahn (the first to build functional calculators to Gottfried Leibniz' design for all four arithmetic operations), and, probably the museum's most symbolic exhibit despite being similar to other ones: the royal Württemberg crown of 1797 

Further Collections
The museum today has a further seven branches throughout Württemberg referring to special topics:

Schlossmuseum Aulendorf (Aulendorf Castle museum): old toys and art of the classicism period
Schloss Urach (Urach Castle): sleighs of state, 25 specimens, world's biggest collection of this kind
Museum für Kutschen, Chaisen, Karren (museum for carriages, chaises, carts), Hellenstein Castle, Heidenheim
German Playing Card Museum (Deutsches Spielkartenmuseum), Leinfelden-Echterdingen: 15,000 card decks and 500,000 cards from seven centuries  The biggest public collection of playing cards in Europe
Fashion museum, Ludwigsburg Palace
Ceramics museum and Ludwigsburg porcelain, Ludwigsburg Palace
Dominican museum, Rottweil: archeological collection on arae flaviae (Rottweil), oldest town (AD 73)in Baden-Württemberg; medieval religious art collection; contemporary art collection of the Rottweil areaSeveral other former branches now belong to the separate Baden-Württemberg State Archeological Museum (Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg), which has been founded in 1990 due to the ever increasing findings of archeological heritage in the state 

Selected exhibits of Landesmuseum Württemberg
External links
Official web site (Select Language menu at top)
Museum of Everyday Culture (German)
Playing Card Museum (German)
Passage 4:
When Spirits Are Calling My Name
The song "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" (original Swedish title "När vindarna viskar mitt namn", literally translated as "When the Winds Whisper My Name") was performed by Roger Pontare in the 2000 Eurovision Song Contest 2000, in representation of Sweden 

Celebration of indigenous culture
The song extols the traditions of indigenous peoples and their efforts to protect their territories and cultures  For his solo appearance in 2000, Pontare wore a Sami costume associated with the indigenous population of Lapland in  northern Sweden (and also the northern regions of Norway, Finland, and Russia)  On his performance at the Eurovision Song Contest, Pontare was accompanied by a Cree Native American dancer, a Thule Inuit and a Norwegian Sami 

Eurovision Song Contest 2000
Melodifestivalen 2000 was the 40th edition of the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, which was being held in the Ericsson Globe Arena in Stockholm after Charlotte Nilsson's victory the year before with "Take Me to Your Heaven"  Roger Pontare won the right to represent his country after his song "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" was chosen by the Swedish public after earning 227 points in the final voting results at the 40th edition of Melodifestivalen  The song was then performed in English as "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 
The song performed 18th, after Croatia and before Macedonia, and finished in 7th place among 24 other competitors with a total of 88 points 
At the song's climax, flames erupted from two vents at the front of the stage 

Popularity
"När vindarna viskar mitt namn" was also released as a single in 2000, which sold Swedish platina (30 000 copies)  The single peaked at #3 at the Swedish singles chart  On 22 April 2000 the song directly entered Svensktoppen, where it stayed for two rounds  On 6 May 2000 the song was down at the third place after peaking for two weeks  On 5 August 2000 the song was 9th, being at the list for 16th at last time 

Covers by other bands
Swedish bands Ultima Thule and HammerFall later covered "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" 

Track listing
När vindarna viskar mitt namn - 2:58
När vindarna viskar mitt namn (singback) - 2:58
Passage 5:
Bucu
Bucu or Buku is a hill island surrounded by the Trave and Wakenitz Rivers in Lübeck, Germany  It is also the name of a medieval Slavic castle, now ruined, on the island  Count Adolf II of Holstein founded Lübeck on the island in 1143  The Burgkloster, or fortified monastery, of Lübeck is located atop the ruins of Bucu  "Bucu" is also the name of a hill 

History
Fortifications probably existed at Bucu by the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 8th century  When the Christian Obotrite prince Gottschalk was killed at Lenzen in 1066, the pagan Kruto took control of Wagria and made it his base of power  Kruto neglected the developing settlement of Liubice and instead developed Bucu between the Trave and the Wakenitz; Gottschalk's son Henry made Liubice the Obotrite capital after killing Kruto in 1093, however  With the death of Henry in 1127 and the Rani sack of Liubice the following year, Bucu began to assume greater  importance as merchants moved to the fortified hill  Count Adolf II of Holstein founded Lübeck in 1143 near the castle, which offered protection to the new harbour settlement 

Excavation
Bucu was excavated by archaeologists in the 1970s  Recovery excavations at the Kleine Gröpelgrube unearthed a nearby settlement, the suburbium, in 1997  The exposed findings indicate that the region east of the castle was inhabited by Slavs from the 8th or 9th century until the middle of the 12th century 
In a southern section of the current Große Burgstraße, a 3 5 m wide and 2 5 m deep trench protected the settlement  The northern border was presumably north of the current Königstraße  To the west the settlement bordered the castle directly, while to the east it reached the Wakenitz  The settlement area was probably about 6 ha  Discoveries in the interior include mines, mining houses, hearths, and a great number of ceramic objects  The remnants of a potter's workshop were found in the Kleine Gröpelgrube  A Slavic pottery tradition could have existed at the location until the arrival of Saxons in the 12th century  The Kleine Gröpelgrube was first mentioned in 1297 as parva platea lutifigulorum, or the small street of the loam potters 
Passage 6:
Apollo 1 Hills
The Apollo 1 Hills are three hills on Mars named to memorialize the crew of Apollo 1   The three hills were some of the first landmarks sighted following the January 7, 2004, landing of the Spirit rover on Mars 

Background
NASA astronauts Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White perished in a flash fire which engulfed their command module on January 27, 1967, while training for the first of the crewed Apollo missions, initially designated as Apollo Saturn-204 (AS-204)   Their capsule stood atop the Saturn-1B rocket which was at the time docked to the launchpad gantry at Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 34, while they performed an in-capsule training for what was to be a low Earth orbit shake-out mission for the United States' Apollo Space Program   The craft was set to launch three weeks later, on February 21, 1967   Following the fire, the mission was renamed Apollo 1 to honor the crew's work 

Mission Command Pilot Grissom had flown in both Mercury and Gemini programs   Chaffee, at 31, was the youngest member of the astronaut corp ever chosen and was prepping for his first flight   White had been the first American to perform a spacewalk during the Gemini program 

Location
The three vastly separated hills are located in the Gusev crater, part of the Aeolis quadrangle on Mars   They were photographed from Spirit's landing site, designated as the Columbia Memorial Station, shortly after the descent and soft landing on the Martian surface of the rover   The Columbia station and the nearby Columbia Hills are themselves named in honor of the seven crew members of the fatal Columbia spacecraft breakup The hills are named in memory of the three Apollo 1 astronauts   Grissom Hill is located 7 5 km (4 7 mi) southwest of the Columbia Memorial Station (at Martian co-ordinates 14 5718°S 175 4785°E﻿ / -14 5718; 175 4785); while 11 2 km (7 0 mi) to the northwest lies White Hill; and Chaffee Hill is located 14 3 km (8 9 mi) south-southwest of the station   As of January 2020, however, the International Astronomical Union has not officially designated the hills with the names of the astronauts 
"Through recorded history, explorers have had both the honor and responsibility of naming significant landmarks   Gus, Ed and Roger's contributions, as much as their sacrifice, helped make our giant leap for mankind possible     as America strides towards our next giant leap, NASA and the Mars Exploration Rover team created a fitting tribute to these brave explorers and their legacy " – written statement by former NASA Administrator, Sean O'Keefe

Panoramic view
See also
Geography of Mars
Passage 7:
Mother Ann (rock formation)
Mother Ann is a rock formation located near the Eastern Point Lighthouse in Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States   When viewed at the correct angle, the formation appears to be the silhouette of a reclining Puritan woman  It is also believed locally that the formation represents the royal mother of King Charles I, Anne of Denmark, after whom Cape Ann is named The formation may have been named by Captain William Thompson of Salem in 1891, and has since been compared to New Hampshire's Old Man in the Mountain  A nearby whistling buoy is known as "Mother Ann’s Cow" 
The Mother Ann formation inspired several local writers, including Providence author H P  Lovecraft and poet Clarence Manning Falt  Lovecraft may have used the Mother Ann formation as the basis for the setting of his short story "The Strange High House in the Mist" (1926) 

See also
Old Man of the Mountain
Old Man of Hoy
List of rock formations that resemble human beings
Passage 8:
Casa Loma
Casa Loma (improper Spanish for "Hill House") is a Gothic Revival castle-style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark  It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt  The architect was E  J  Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks  Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level, 66 metres (217 ft) above Lake Ontario 
Due to its unique architectural character in Toronto, Casa Loma has been a popular filming location for movies and television  It is also a popular venue for wedding ceremonies, and Casa Loma can be rented in the evenings after the museum closes to the public 

History
In 1903, financier Henry Pellatt purchased 25 lots from developers Kertland and Rolf  Pellatt commissioned architect E  J  Lennox to design Casa Loma, with construction beginning in 1911, starting with the massive stables, potting shed and Hunting Lodge (a k a  coach-house) a few hundred feet north of the main building  The Hunting Lodge is a two-storey 4,380-square-foot (407 m2) house with servants' quarters  As soon as the stable complex was completed, Pellatt sold his summer house in Scarborough (burned down in the 1920s but the Lennox designed groundskeeper's home at 2 Courcelette Road remains) to his son and moved to the Hunting Lodge  The stables were used as a construction site for the mansion (and also served as the quarters for the male servants), with some of the machinery still remaining in the rooms under the stables The house cost about $3 5 million and took 299 workers three years to build  Due to the start of World War I, construction was halted  At 98 rooms covering 64,700 square feet (6,011 m2), it was the largest private residence in Canada  Notable amenities included an elevator, an oven large enough to cook an ox, two vertical passages for pipe organs, a central vacuum, two secret passages in Pellatt's ground-floor office, a pool, and three bowling lanes in the basement (the last two were never completed) 
Most of the third floor was left unfinished, and today serves as the Regimental Museum for The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada  Pellatt joined the Regiment as a Rifleman and rose through the ranks to become the Commanding Officer  He was knighted for his dedication to the Regiment  Pellatt later served as the Honorary Colonel and was promoted to Major-General upon retirement 
During the depression that followed the war, the City of Toronto increased Casa Loma's property taxes from $600 per year to $1,000 a month, and Pellatt, already experiencing financial difficulties, auctioned off $1 5 million in art and $250,000 in furnishings  Pellatt was able to enjoy life in the mansion for less than ten years, leaving in 1923 
In the late 1920s, investors operated Casa Loma for a short time as a luxury hotel  During Prohibition, it became a popular nightspot for wealthy Americans  The Orange Blossoms, later known as Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, played there for eight months in 1927–1928  Shortly thereafter, they went on a tour of North America and became a major swing era dance band 

The city seized Casa Loma in 1924 for unpaid taxes, and for years, the building was left vacant  In the 1930s, CFRB broadcaster Claire Wallace spent a night at Casa Loma to gather material for a story about ghosts and supernatural phenomena, and she later broadcast an appeal to save the building from demolition  Her broadcast was heard by the vice-president of a local Kiwanis Club, and subsequently Casa Loma was leased in 1937 by the Kiwanis Club of West Toronto, later the Kiwanis Club of Casa Loma (KCCL), which began operating the mansion under a sole-source contract as a tourist destination During World War II, the stables were used to conceal research and production of sonar, and for construction of sonar devices (known as ASDIC) for U-boat detection, according to a book about the "castle"  The area was closed, behind an "Under Repairs" sign  The suggestion that the stables were under renovation allowed workers of the secret facility to come and go without suspicion  Casa Loma is often claimed to be the location of Station M that manufactured covert devices for agents, claiming that the book Inside Camp X provides this information  In 2015, however, author Lynn Philip Hodgson rejected this in an interview with the Toronto Star  "Nobody knows where Station M was  You won't read where it was in any book "

KCCL managed Casa Loma for 74 years, until 2011  Its tenure was not without controversy, with Pellatt's great-grandniece Trelawny Howell starting a campaign for an open-tender lease process in 2005, and the organization disputing her relationship with Pellatt in 2010  A 2006 advisory committee led by former MPP Ron Kanter, and its subsequent reports, recommended that the city turn the mansion's management over to a new "Casa Loma Trust"  However, a city manager's report in 2008 recommended extending the city's lease with KCCL for 20 years, and in July 2008, it was renewed Meanwhile, from 1997 until 2012, the mansion underwent a 15-year, $33-million exterior restoration largely funded by the city, which also created a new board of trustees in 2008, including seven KCCL members and seven city appointees  The city's renewed management agreement included a stipulation that KCCL would use the mansion's net revenues to help pay for upgrades; however, the organization used the fund to cover operating shortfalls instead, and there was only $335,000 in the account by 2011, rather than the $1 5-million originally projected  As a result, in 2011, the city temporarily resumed management of Casa Loma and began welcoming bids from the private sector in its search for a new operator In January 2014, the city entered a new long-term lease and operating agreement with Liberty Entertainment Group, led by President and CEO Nick Di Donato, which agreed to spend $7 4 million to continue the mansion's upgrades  The company's plans also included a fine dining facility  The restaurant, Blueblood Steakhouse, opened in summer 2017 Due to COVID-19, tour operations closed as of March 13, 2020 and reopened in September 2020 

Architecture
Sir Henry imported artisans from Europe to design much of the furniture and other features of the mansion  Casa Loma has five acres of gardens  A tunnel connects Casa Loma to the Hunting Lodge and to the stables (garage, potting shed, stalls, carriage room and tack rooms) 

Oak Room
The Oak Room (originally called the Napoleon Drawing Room) is the most decorated room in the house, and was used for formal occasions  It is encased in wood panels in the style of Grinling Gibbons, which took three artisans three years to carve  The highly ornamented plaster ceiling was made by Italian craftsmen, and was enhanced by the use of indirect lighting in the ceiling  Among other fixtures, the room featured a 10 feet (3 0 m) high Louis XVI style faux-gilt carved light standard with 24 bulbs 

Other rooms
Other rooms in Casa Loma include The Conservatory, a room that showcases plant life  The Conservatory also includes a fountain at one end of the room  The Round Room is designed to fit beneath the mansion's tower; this room is notable for its doors and windows, which curve to follow the shape of the room 

Main floor
Second floor
Third floor
Basement
Stables
Exterior
Gardens
Parking lots

Exhibits
Girl Guide exhibit
The Girl Guide Exhibit was opened on the second floor of Casa Loma in 1973  The relationship between the Girl Guides and Casa Loma extends back to Lady Pellatt, who frequently invited the Girl Guides to her home  Their first visit was in 1913, when 250 girls and their leaders toured the conservatories and stables, climbed the circular staircase to the top turret and then were served tea in the Palm Room  In March 1914, Lady Pellatt watched the Guides' annual fête from her bedroom window as she was too ill to leave her room  Rallies became an annual event at the house  Guides also skated on the house's curling rink in winter  Girl Guiding events have continued in recent years, including the 75th anniversary and the 100th anniversary celebrations of Guiding in Canada were held at Casa Loma 

Vintage car exhibition
As of 2014, the garage and carriage room feature an exhibition of vintage cars from the early 1900s 

Location
Casa Loma is located on Austin Terrace at Spadina Road, on an escarpment (Davenport Hill) above Davenport Road  Davenport runs along the bottom of the escarpment, which was the shoreline of Lake Iroquois, the predecessor of Lake Ontario (coordinates 43 678°N 79 4093°W﻿ / 43 678; -79 4093)  Casa Loma affords views down the escarpment and Spadina Avenue into the heart of Toronto  The stables are located at 330 Walmer Road and the Hunting Lodge at 328 Walmer Road 
Casa Loma is served by St  Clair West Station and Dupont Station on the Yonge-University line of the Toronto subway 

Film location
Casa Loma is a popular location for use in film and television  It has served as a location for movies such as X-Men, Strange Brew, Chicago, The Tuxedo, Scott Pilgrim vs  the World, Warehouse 13, Crimson Peak, Twitches, Twitches Too, The Pacifier, and Titans where it stands in for Wayne Manor  Comic books and children's novels that have used it include the Scott Pilgrim series and Eric Wilson's murder mystery The Lost Treasure of Casa Loma  It was also temporarily transformed into Hogwarts for the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows as well as The Beast's Castle for Disney's 2017 live action Beauty and The Beast remake of the 1991 animated film  In the CBC Television show Being Erica, the episode "Mi Casa, Su Casa Loma" features Casa Loma prominently as the place where main character Erica Strange works It also served in the film adaptation of R  L  Stine's Goosebumps series A Night In Terror Tower  Casa Loma also features prominently in the biography-documentary of Sir Henry Pellatt, The Pellatt Newsreel: the Man who Built Casa Loma, which was nominated for a 2009 Gemini for Best Biography Documentary  TV show Hemlock Grove was also filmed there as well as The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and related Shadowhunters
Exterior shots of the building were used in the Gothic TV show Strange Paradise It is also the filming location of the 2016 TV film The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again, where scenes at Dr  Frank N  Furter's castle and the movie theatre where the audience participated were filmed  Ivy Levan's performance of the song "Science Fiction Double Feature" was filmed at Casa Loma (a movie theatre marquee was placed at the front entrance of the castle for filming) In 2018, Casa Loma served as a filming location for the 2019 American black comedy thriller Ready or Not In 2022, Casa Loma was the filming location of the music video for Wait for U by Future and Drake 

See also
Mary Lake Augustinian Monastery
List of museums in Toronto

Further reading
Denison, John (1982)  Casa Loma and the Man Who Built It  Boston Mills Press  ISBN 978-0919822481 
Oreskovich, Carlie (1982)  Sir Henry Pellatt, the King of Casa Loma  MaGraw-Hill Ryerson  ISBN 978-0075484561 
Passage 9:
Castle on the Hill
"Castle on the Hill" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran  It was released on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album ÷ (2017), along with "Shape of You"  "Castle on the Hill" was written and produced by Ed Sheeran and Benny Blanco  The song refers to Framlingham Castle in Sheeran's home town of Framlingham in Suffolk, and reminisces tales of his upbringing in the town  The BBC states, "the song has been described as a love letter to Suffolk "Released on the same day as "Shape of You", "Castle on the Hill" reached number one in Iceland, Scotland and 
Israel  The song also reached  number two in a number of countries, including the UK, Australia and Germany, while "Shape of You" debuted at number one  It was the first time in the history of the UK, Australian and German charts that an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new songs  The song debuted at number six in the US, while "Shape of You" entered at number one; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10  "Castle" is certified nine-times platinum in Australia, Diamond in Canada and 6-times platinum the UK, and multiplatinum in numerous other countries 

Background
The theme of the song surrounds Sheeran's home town of Framlingham, and he reminisces tales of 'smoking hand-rolled cigarettes' and getting 'drunk [with] friends' at this place, living life as a teenager  The castle mentioned in the song is Framlingham Castle, and in January 2017, Sheeran was invited to perform at the Castle The song was written and recorded in 2015  Sheeran revealed that despite a similarity to the music of U2, the direct influence of the song came from "Fallen Empires" by Snow Patrol, a band he had toured with  He said: "I grew up on Snow Patrol, I didn't grow up on U2, but I know that Snow Patrol grew up on U2, so I know [where] that influence had come [from] "  He also said he wanted to make a song like "The River" by Bruce Springsteen, a song with similar reflective element 

Critical reception
Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said, "'Castle on the Hill' has U2 influenced nervous guitar builds and wistful, largely generic lyrics about the people who shaped him " Billboard's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying, "'Castle on the Hill' has a Train like vibe with a fast-paced, yet powerful melody that builds to an epic chorus that's just as Sheeran as all of his past singles  Needless to say, Sheeran is telling the world he's back in compelling fashion " Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review, stating that the song "sort of sounds like late period Coldplay, big, broad stroke music for arenas and Wembley performances  There's a lyric about driving down a country road while listening to Elton John's hook-free 'Tiny Dancer,' because Ed Sheeran saw Almost Famous once " Adam Starkey from news website Metro states that it "'has echoes of Mumford & Sons with the kind of climbing drums and soaring chorus sure to win over festival crowds, recalling how far he's come from 'smoking hand-rolled cigarettes' and 'running from the law in the backfields' "

Chart performance
"Castle on the Hill" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January, selling 193,000 combined units in its first week  Sheeran also debuted at number one with "Shape of You", making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions in the same week  The song was certified silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units  The song remained at number two in its second week, selling 100,000 units  The song spent a further three weeks at number two, and spent fourteen weeks in the top ten altogether  As of September 2017, the song has sold 1 7 million combined units in the UK, 479,000 of these are actual sales, with 119 million streams  On the Scottish Singles Chart, "Castle on the Hill" debuted at number one, ahead of "Shape of You" The song debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, selling 171,000 downloads and gaining 13 million streams in its debut week in the US  Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 in the same week in the history of the Hot 100, with "Shape of You" also debuting at number one  As of September 2017, "Castle on the Hill" has sold 821,000 downloads in the US 

Music video
"Castle on the Hill" was accompanied by a lyric video on 5 January 2017 with "Shape of You" upon its release  By March 2018, it had amassed over 300 million views on YouTube The official music video for the song was released on 23 January 2017  It was directed by George Belfield and produced by Tom Gardner, and it features a group of adolescents living their youth with parallels being made to Sheeran's own youth  The video was filmed throughout Suffolk with locations including Framlingham, Boyton marshes, Mildenhall Stadium and Felixstowe  The final shot shows Framlingham Castle  Ed Sheeran stated on The Graham Norton Show that the young man playing him in the video went to the same school as Sheeran, Thomas Mills High School 

In popular culture
The song was used in trailers and several TV spots for the 2017 animated film Ferdinand The song is also used in the first trailer and a few TV spots for the 2019 animated film How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World 

Formats and track listings
Digital download"Castle on the Hill" – 4:21Digital download – Acoustic"Castle on the Hill" (Acoustic) – 3:46Digital download – Live at the BRITs"Castle on the Hill" (Live at the BRITs) – 1:47German CD single"Castle on the Hill" – 4:21
"Castle on the Hill" (Acoustic) – 3:46Digital download – Seeb remix"Castle on the Hill" (Seeb remix) – 3:51Digital download – Throttle remix"Castle on the Hill" (Throttle remix) – 3:40Digital download – NWYR remix"Castle on the Hill" (NWYR remix) – 3:33

Charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Lists of Scottish number-one singles of 2017
Passage 10:
Katzenstein Castle
Katzenstein Castle is one of the oldest remaining Hohenstaufen castles in Germany  It is located in a borough that shares its name with the castle in the Dischingen municipality of the Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg  The castle is open to visitors and contains several dining rooms as well as hotel rooms 

Location
This hill castle is located in the valley of a tributary of the Egau river on the Härtsfeld in Heidenheim district near an old Roman road running from Faimingen in Lauingen to Bopfingen known as the Frankensträßle (English: Frankish avenue)  Burg Katzenstein is located 538 metres (1,765 ft) above sea level 

History
In 1099, the Lords von Cassenstein were first mentioned   The family was a ministerial or unfree knightly family in the service of the Graf (or Count) von Dillingen  In 1262, Edlen von Hürnheim was listed as the owner of the castle von Katzenstein when it was sold by Hermann von Hürnheim-Katzenstein 
Ownership changed again in 1354 when the Graf von Oettingen acquired the castle   He quickly pawned the castle on the Graf von Helfenstein, who gave the castle to Berthold von Westerstetten in 1382   In 1572, the Katzenstein line wiped out the Westerstetten line   The inheritance of the Westerstetten family was sold again to the von Oettingen family 
The castle was burned to the ground by French soldiers in 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War  The castle was rebuilt in 1669 
Burg Katzenstein went to the Oettingen-Wallenstein line in 1798  Later, in 1810, the castle was taken over by the state of Württemberg and placed under the district of Neresheim 
Since 1939, the castle has been privately owned 

Sights
In 1973, the St Laurentius chapel was opened and cleaning began   Under the dirt and partially completed Baroque paintings, impressive Mediaeval paintings were discovered  The fresco paintings date from 1250 to 1280 and show the transition from Romanesque art to early Gothic art 

See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg
Passage 11:
Gowran Castle
Gowran Castle is located in the centre of Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland  The castle is a manor house and was fully restored between 2013 and 2014 

Early years
The first Gowran Castle was built in 1385 by James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, close to the centre of the town of Gowran, Co  Kilkenny, Ireland  He made it his usual residence  James was called the Earl of Gowran  In 1391 he bought Kilkenny Castle and a large part of Co  Kilkenny  James died in Gowran Castle in 1405 and is buried in St  Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran together with his father James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond  His grandfather James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond and his great-great-grandfather Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick and 6th Chief Butler of Ireland  James the 2nd Earl was usually called The Noble Earl, being a great-grandson, through his mother, of King Edward I of England 
Gowran had been a settled place and a place of importance long before the arrival of the Normans in Ireland in 1169 A D  Kings of Ossory were often referred to as kings of Gowran  The Mac Giolla Padraig (Modern day family name Fitzpatrick), Chief Rulers of Ossory, had a residence in Gowran  O’Donnchadha (Dunphy) was the chief of Gowran and most of the area around it  Local place names like Rathvaun, Rathcash, Rathcusack, and Rathgarvan, signified the presence of raths where people lived, farmed and foraged for a livelihood  Raths were also burial places  Larger sites were called Duns  The village of Dungarvan (Co  Kilkenny) also in the parish of Gowran is another example of such a settlement  The presence of the 3rd/4th Century Christianised Ogham stone on display in the historic St  Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran would also indicate a place of residence and worship dating back 2000 years 
There are other ancient sites close to Gowran  For example, nearby Tullaherin Church, graveyard and Round Tower dating to the 6th Century  Freestone Hill situated 4 km from Gowran was a Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement where Roman coins and other artefacts were found during archaeological surveys in 1948 and 1951 

Butler of Ormond Influence
The Butlers were in possession of the lands in the Gowran area for almost 500 years  Following the Norman Invasion of Ireland in 1169 a grant of 44,000 acres, the Manor of Gowran was made to Theobald Fitzwalter (Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler) 1st Chief Butler of Ireland 

Other Gowran Butler Castles
In addition to building Gowran Castle, the Butlers built other castles in the area such as Ballysean Castle (Sometimes spelt Ballyshawnmore, Ballysheanmor, Ballyshanemore) near the centre of Gowran, Neigham Castle 4 km from Gowran and Paulstown Castle situated between Gowran and Paulstown 3 km from Gowran 

Agar Family
Following the Cromwellian invasion in Ireland in 1650, Gowran was besieged by Oliver Cromwell  Gowran Castle was attacked and badly damaged  For the following 300 years, the Agar family were a major influence in the Gowran area  Several generations of the Agars occupied Gowran Castle and like the Butlers before them, many of them are buried in St  Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran 

Time Line
489 AD - Kings of Ossory referred to as kings of Gowran had a residence in the area
754 - Battle of Bealach Gabhrán (Old name for Gowran)
938 - Gowran and the area around it was part of the ancient cantreds of Oskelan and Ogenty which formed part of the lands of Ossory  The Gowran area was occupied by the  O Dunphy clans  The Mac Giolla Padraig were the chief rulers of Ossory at the time 
1169 - After the Norman invasion the Manor of Gowran was 44 000 acres
1385 - James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond  builds a castle close to the town wall and makes it his usual residence 
1391 - James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond  bought Kilkenny Castle  and a large part of Kilkenny
1501 - Margaret FitzGerald, Countess of Ormond rebuilt Gowran Castle  She also decorated St  Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran 
1650 - Oliver Cromwell and his army attacks the Castle and badly damages it 
1710 - Lewis Chaigneau, a Dublin merchant owner of Gowran Castle has Gowran and Castle grounds surveyed  In the survey map produced, the castle and the walled town of Gowran are shown
1713 - Henry Agar builds a new castle close to the Butler Castle using materials from the former Castle 
1747 - Following the death of Henry Agar in 1746 his wife Ann offered for sale stock of Henry Agar decd, sheep, cattle horses, at Castle  Also, colts & fillies got on mares by horses from England  Henry inherited the Gowran Castle estate from his father James Agar in 1733  As a result of his marriage, he acquired an interest in the Ellis family's Dublin property on the R  Liffey between Arran Quay and Phoenix Park; this property later passed into the Agar family  He died on 18 November 1746  His widow married 2nd, 20 January 1753, George Dunbar of Co  Fermanagh, and died on 14 April 1765; she was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, on 17 April 1765  Administration of her effects was granted by the Prerogative Court of Armagh to her second husband, on 11 September 1765 
1700s - By the end of the 1700s, many of the aristocracy had moved away from Ireland and lived in England following the 1798 rebellion 
1816–1819 - Henry Agar 2nd Viscount Clifden rebuilt the Castle (current building) to the designs of William Robertson 
1839 - The first Ordnance Survey of Ireland maps show the Gowran Castle Demesne containing 846 Acres, 2 Rood, 10 Perches of land 
1840 - Gowran Castle Cricket Club grounds were laid out sometime after 1840 by Lord Clifden  The first recorded cricket match was played there in 1842 
1876 - Henry George Agar -  Ellis, 4th Viscount Clifden, (Henry George was son of Henry Agar-Ellis, 3rd Viscount Clifden and great-grandson of Henry Wellbore Agar  - Ellis 2nd Viscount Clifden) Gowran Castle, is listed in Griffiths Valuation as owning 35,288 acres of land 
1900 - Ordnance Survey, showing the Gowran Castle and demesne lands of c 1000 acres, additional lands being added to the estate since the 1839 ordnance surveys 
1953 - On 19 February 1953 Thomas Derrig minister for lands was asked a question in Dail Eireann by Mr Crotty regarding the propriety of the Land Commission acquiring the Annaly Estate Gowran Co  Kilkenny for division  In his reply, the minister said that proceedings were in progress for the acquisition of 774 acres of the estate 
1957 - Gowran Castle and c 68 acres of land sold to James and Mary Moran by the Land Commission on 14 May 1957  The Moran family resided in the castle until it was sold in 1998 
1998 - Castle and c 65 acres offered for sale on 27 May at public auction  Tarajan Ltd , a company registered in the Isle of Man owned by a Northern Ireland developer Alastair Jackson purchased the property from Kevin Fennelly and Caitriona Fennelly (Nee Moran)  Following the sale of the property, applications were made by Tarajan to Kilkenny Co  Council to build houses on the estate 
1999 - Planning permission was refused by Kilkenny Co  Council for a housing development consisting of 156 dwellings on the site 
2004 - Planning permission was refused for a development which included the change of use of the Castle to a hotel, building 126 residential units, 23 holiday units and other developments 
2009 - The castle lay unoccupied and unprotected for the previous eleven years and was falling into dereliction  Concerns were expressed by the Gowran Development Association to the Kilkenny Co  Council and local elected representatives about the rapid deterioration of the Castle and its state of dereliction  At a public meeting in Gowran to discuss the Local Area Plan for Gowran, further concerns were expressed  Following the meeting, a Draft Local Area plan for Gowran was drawn up by Kilkenny  Co  Council 
2010 - There was a fire in the castle on 16 May 2010  Fortunately, the fire services were quickly alerted  Following their prompt arrival on the scene, the fire was brought quickly under control  Although considerable damage was caused by the fire, the castle was saved from total destruction On 20 December 2010 the Local Area Plan for Gowran, was approved by the Kilkenny  Co  Council  The plan was drawn up in consultation with local residents of Gowran  The Castle and area surrounding it was designated "Tourism and Amenity"   The area surrounding the castle is also an archaeologically sensitive area 2011 - Following the collapse of the Irish economy in 2008, the Castle portfolio was taken over by NAMA 
2012 - NAMA appointed Lisney as receivers to the  Castle Property Portfolio  The Castle Portfolio was offered for sale after the appointment of Sherry Fitzgerald auctioneers  Kilkenny partners were Mc Creery Auctioneers 
2013 - Castle sold  Restoration work begins on the castle

See also
St  Mary's Collegiate Church GowranThe History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Ossory  Vol 3  Rev  Canon William Carrigan 1905
Life Through our Viewfinder  Published by Dalton House Gowran 2009
Passage 12:
788 Hohensteina
788 Hohensteina is a main-belt asteroid discovered on 4 April 1914 by Franz Kaiser at Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory  Named for castle Hohenstein located in the Taunus mountains 
Passage 13:
Let Your Spirit Fly
"Let Your Spirit Fly" is a song performed by Jan Johansen and Pernilla Wahlgren in Sweden's preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest, Melodifestivalen 2003  The song finished in second place 
The song was later covered by Ragni Malmsten and Philipp Kirkorov 

Charts
Passage 14:
Czocha Castle
Czocha Castle (pronounced Cho-ha [ˈt͡ʂɔxa], German: Tzschocha, Latin: Caychow) is a defensive castle in the village of Sucha (Gmina Lesna), Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland  The castle is located on the Lake Leśnia, near the Kwisa river, in what is now the Polish part of Upper Lusatia  Czocha castle was built on gneiss rock, and its oldest part is the keep, to which housing structures were later added 

History
Czocha Castle began as a stronghold, on the Bohemian-Lusatian border  Its construction was ordered by Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, in the middle of the 13th century (1241–1247)  In 1253 castle was handed over to Konrad von Wallhausen, Bishop of Meissen  In 1319 the complex became part of the dukedom of Henry I of Jawor, and after his death, it was taken over by another Silesian prince, Bolko II the Small, and his wife Agnes (see Duchy of Silesia)  Origin of the stone castle dates back to 1329 
In the mid-14th century, Czocha Castle was annexed by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia  Then, between 1389 and 1453, it belonged to the noble families of von Dohn and von Kluks  Reinforced, the complex was besieged by the Hussites in the early 15th century, who captured it in 1427, and remained in the castle for unknown time (see Hussite Wars)  In 1453, the castle was purchased by the family of von Nostitz, who owned it for 250 years, making several changes through remodelling projects in 1525 and 1611  Czocha's walls were strengthened and reinforced, which thwarted a Swedish siege of the complex during the Thirty Years War  In 1703, the castle was purchased by Jan Hartwig von Uechtritz, influential courtier of Augustus II the Strong  On August 17, 1793, the whole complex burned in a fire  
In 1909, Czocha was bought by a cigar manufacturer from Dresden, Ernst Gutschow, who ordered major remodelling, carried out by Berlin architect Bodo Ebhardt, based on a 1703 painting of the castle  Gutschow, who was close to the Russian Imperial Court and hosted several White emigres in Czocha, lived in the castle until March 1945  Upon leaving, he packed up the most valuable possessions and moved them out 
After World War II, the castle was ransacked several times, both by soldiers of the Red Army, and Polish thieves, who came to the so-called Recovered Territories from central and eastern part of the country  Pieces of furniture and other goods were stolen, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the castle was home to refugees from Greece (see Greek Civil War)  In 1952, Czocha was taken over by the Polish Army  Used as a military vacation resort, it was erased from official maps  The castle has been open to the public since September 1996 as a hotel and conference centre  
The complex was featured in several movies and television series, including a popular 1963 comedy, Gdzie jest generał? (Where is the General?), Legenda, The Hexer (film), The Hexer (TV series), Beyond Sherwood Forest, Spellbinder and serial The Secret of the Cipher Fortress 
Since 2014 the castle is also used as a setting for College of Wizardry, a live action role-playing game (LARP) that takes place in their own universe and can be compared to Harry Potter  There was a hiatus in 2019 after ongoing issues within its founding organization threatened to end the series  However, a crowdfunding action saved the LARP and a new organizing team has continued organizing events at the castle 

Gallery
See also
List of castles in Poland
Passage 15:
Spirit Mountain Wilderness
Spirit Mountain Wilderness Area is a 33,518-acre (13,564 ha) wilderness area located in the Newberry Mountains in Clark County, Nevada, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Laughlin  Spirit Mountain lies within the area   It is managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service 
Most of the wilderness is located in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, and all of it is within Avi Kwa Ame National Monument  The area is adjacent to both the Nellis Wash Wilderness Area and the Bridge Canyon Wilderness Area 
Ancient Native American petroglyphs abound in Grapevine Canyon, located just south of Spirit Mountain  Located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area just west of the 67-mile-long Lake Mohave, Grapevine Canyon offers visitors the opportunity to see numerous abstract, anthropomorphic, and animal depictions pecked directly into the basalt rock near the mount of the canyon  A parking area with restrooms is provided and a about a half-mile walk through desert scrub is required to see the petroglyphs  Ranger-guided hikes are offered by National Park Service staff based at Katherine Landing, located on the east side of Lake Mohave 2 miles north of Bullhead City, Arizona, and accessed via Arizona Highway 95 and Highway 68   
The area was in the homeland of the Yuman Indians   Yuman and Mojave people believe all life began on this mountain, which is visible for miles from Bullhead City in Arizona, Needles in California, and  Laughlin, Cal-Nev-Ari, and Searchlight in Nevada  Descendants of the first Native Americans to reside in the area still live on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation, located about 20 miles south of the Spirit Mountains Wilderness 
The United States Congress designated the Spirit Mountain Wilderness in 2002 

Notes
External links
Spirit Mountain Wilderness - NPS
Spirit Mountain Wilderness Fact Sheet - BLM
Passage 16:
Kevin Drew
Kevin Drew (born September 9, 1976) is a Canadian musician and songwriter who, together with Brendan Canning, founded the expansive Toronto baroque-pop collective Broken Social Scene  He was also part of the lesser-known KC Accidental, which consisted of Drew and Charles Spearin, another current member of Broken Social Scene 
Drew has shared in the direction of Broken Social Scene videos under the name Experimental Parachute Movement   In 2008 he wrote and directed a short film called "The Water," inspired by and starring his bandmate and former girlfriend Leslie Feist  In 2009, Drew contributed to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization 
Drew grew up in west Toronto and attended the Etobicoke School of the Arts, along with Metric's Emily Haines, Stars' Amy Millan and novelist Ibi Kaslik, where he, Amy and Emily studied drama   He was married to Jo-ann Goldsmith, a social worker and an occasional trumpet player in BSS 
Drew's second solo album, Darlings, was released on March 18, 2014 On January 15, 2013, Drew announced in an interview that he had begun working on a new album with The Archies songwriter Andy Kim  The album, It's Decided, was released in 2015 Drew's third solo album, Influences, was released on July 16, 2021  He wrote the album while staying in England during 2020, using a music making smartphone app called Endlesss  The album was recorded and mixed on Drew's return to Canada 

Production
Drew and Dave Hamelin coproduced The Tragically Hip's album Man Machine Poem, and Gord Downie's subsequent solo album Secret Path 
Drew also produced Downie's final album Introduce Yerself and Reuben and the Dark's third album, un love 

Discography
Solo
Spirit If    (2007)
Darlings (2014)
Influences (2021) (as K D A P )

Broken Social Scene
Feel Good Lost (2001)
You Forgot It in People (2002)
Bee Hives (2004)
Broken Social Scene (2005)
Forgiveness Rock Record (2010)
Hug of Thunder (2017)

KC Accidental
Captured Anthems for an Empty Bathtub - (1998)
Anthems for the Could've Bin Pills - (2000)

Videography
Experimental Parachute Movement
Apostle of Hustle
Cheap Like Sebastian
Broken Social Scene
Ibi Dreams of Pavement (A Better Day)
Almost Crimes (with Chris Mills)
Cause=Time
Fire Eye'd Boy
Constantines
Our Age 2009
Stars
Your Ex-Lover is Dead
Bitches in Tokyo
Still Life Still
Pastel
The Most Serene Republic
Content Was Always My Favourite Colour
The Water (2009) Starring Cillian Murphy, David Fox & Feist
Passage 17:
Krimulda Castle
The Krimulda Castle (German: Burg Kremon) is located just outside Sigulda, Sigulda Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia and is a tourist attraction  The castle dates from the 14th century and was destroyed in a war in 1601 
Prince Liven’s living house was built in the classic style  The manor complex consists of steward’s house, coach house, Swiss cottage, etc  Home wine tasting is available by prior arrangement 

History
During the 13th century, the left bank of the Gauja river was governed by the Order of the Brethren of the Sword,  (later known as the Order of Livonia), while the territories on the right bank were under the domain of the Archbishop of Riga  Krimulda castle belonged to the Riga High Council which was a group of twelve high priests who advised the archbishop 
Krimulda castle was built on the edge of a high bank on the right side of Gauja near the Vikmeste castle mound and the village of Livs  This placement made it nearly impossible to conquer  On one side it was protected by the steep valley wall of Gauja river, two additional sides were obstructed by the Vikmeste river, which had equally steep banks, and the fourth side bordered on a man-made ravine with a draw-bridge leading into the forecastle  The deep valley of the Vikmeste River also provided a natural borderline between the lands of Krimulda and Turaida 
The castle was built using large-sized boulders  The outer wall of the castle at ground level was about 2 meters/6–7 feet thick 
The castle was involved in a number of battles between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga as well as many of the later wars of Livonia  In the spring of 1601 during the Swedish-Polish war, it was conquered by the Swedish army  In the fall of that same year advancing Polish troops burned the castle down so it would not fall into the hands of the enemy  The castle was left unrepaired after the fire 
The castle regained purpose in the mid-19th century under the ownership of Prince Lieven, though not as a military fortification but as a romantic addition to a park 

Gallery
Krimulda Castle ruins in 2014 

See also
List of castles in Latvia
Sigulda Castle
Turaida Castle
Passage 18:
Edelweiss (song)
"Edelweiss" is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music  It is named after the edelweiss, (Leontopodium nivale), a white flower found high in the Alps  The song was created for the 1959 Broadway production of The Sound of Music, as a song for the character Captain Georg von Trapp  In the musical, Captain von Trapp and his family sing this song during the concert near the end of Act II   It is a statement of Austrian patriotism in the face of the pressure put upon him to join the navy of Nazi Germany following the Anschluss (Nazi annexation of their homeland)  It is also Captain von Trapp's subliminal goodbye to his beloved homeland, using the flower as a symbol of his loyalty to Austria  In the 1965 film adaptation, the song is also sung by the Captain earlier in the film when he rediscovers music with his children 
This was the final song of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical collaboration as well as the last song written by Oscar Hammerstein II, who died in August 1960 

Writing
While The Sound of Music was in tryouts in Boston, Richard Rodgers felt Captain von Trapp should have a song with which he would bid farewell to the Austria he knew and loved  Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II decided to write an extra song that von Trapp would sing in the festival concert sequence towards the end of the show  As they were writing it, they felt this song could also use the guitar-playing and folk-singing talents of Theodore Bikel, who had been cast as the Captain  The Lindsay and Crouse script provides the metaphor of the simple edelweiss wildflower as a symbol of the Austria that Captain von Trapp, Maria, and their children knew would live on, in their hearts, despite the Nazi annexation of their homeland  The metaphor of this song builds on an earlier scene when Gretl presents a bouquet of edelweiss flowers to Baroness Elsa Schräder, during the latter's visit to the von Trapp household 
Rodgers provided a simple, yet haunting and affecting, waltz-time melody, to the simple Italian style ritornello lyric that Hammerstein wrote about the appearance of the edelweiss flower  "Edelweiss" turned out to be one of the most beloved songs in the musical, as well as one of the best-loved songs by Rodgers and Hammerstein 
"Edelweiss" is the last song Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together; Hammerstein was suffering from stomach cancer, which took his life nine months after The Sound of Music opened on Broadway 

Film adaptation
Although the stage production uses the song only during the concert sequence, Ernest Lehman's screenplay for the film adaptation uses the song twice  Lehman created a scene that makes extra use of the song  This scene, inspired by a line in the original script by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, calls for Captain von Trapp to sing "Edelweiss" with his children in their family drawing room and rediscover the love he felt for them, with Liesl accompanying him  Lehman also expanded the scope of the song when it was sung in the Salzburg Festival concert scene, so that Captain von Trapp and his family would call on the crowds to join in the song with him, in defiance of the Nazi soldiers posted around the arena 
Christopher Plummer played the part of Captain von Trapp in the film adaptation  However, his singing was overdubbed with the voice of Bill Lee despite Plummer recording the song himself  Plummer’s original vocals were discovered by a fan and first posted on YouTube  The Blu-Ray release included a small portion of Plummer’s un-dubbed performance  However, this version has yet to be released officially in its entirety 
An instrumental version of the song is also heard as the final song played during the party as Maria leaves to return to the abbey at the end of the first half of the film 

Austrian attitudes
The edelweiss is a popular flower in Austria and was featured on the old Austrian 1 schilling coin  It can also now be seen on the 2 cent Euro coin  The flower is protected in Austria and illegal to pick  An "edelweiss" is also worn as a cap emblem by certain Austrian Army and the German Gebirgsjäger (mountain troopers) units stationed in the nearby Bavarian Alps In the original run, the musical The Sound of Music was treated with disdain by Austrians, and the song "Edelweiss" has been singled out for criticism  When US President Ronald Reagan quoted the song in 1984 to toast Austrian President Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian newspapers complained that the song was full of clichés and called it "kitsch " When the musical premiered on the national stage in Vienna in 2005, one critic called it "boring" and another referred to "Edelweiss" as "an insult to Austrian musical creation " However, attitudes have improved as film tourism became a bigger attraction than Salzburg's attraction for being the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  When the musical premiered in Salzburg in 2011, most performances were sold out 

Misconceptions
The great popularity of the song has led many of its audience to believe that it is an Austrian folk song or even the official national anthem  However, Austria's official anthem is "Land der Berge, Land am Strome", and the anthem used from 1929 until the Anschluss was "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende" 
There is similar confusion about another song co-authored by Hammerstein, "Ol' Man River" from the musical Show Boat, which is widely (though erroneously) believed to be an African-American spiritual  The similarity between the misconceptions about the two songs has been noted by two writers, both of whom see it as testament to Hammerstein's talents  Alyson McLamore, in her book Musical Theater: An Appreciation, writes, "The last song to be written for the show was 'Edelweiss,' a tender little homage to a native flower of Austria that has the effect of authentic Austrian folksong, much as 'Ol' Man River' struck listeners as a genuine African American spiritual " Hugh Fordin, in his biography of Oscar Hammerstein, writes about "the ability of the authors to simulate the quality of an authentic folk song    'Ol' Man River' had the ring of a black laborer's song    Thirty years later, 'Edelweiss' was widely believed to be an old Austrian song, though Oscar   composed it for the Sound of Music "Theodore Bikel, in his autobiography, Theo (2002), wrote that, after a performance, he was once approached by a native Austrian who said, "I love that Edelweiss" and then added, with total confidence, "Of course, I have known it for a long time, but only in German" Another misconception about the song is that it is a real-life Nazi anthem, even though "Edelweiss" is not a pro-Nazi song within the context of The Sound of Music, nor did the song even exist during the Nazi era 

Legal problems
The estates of Rodgers and Hammerstein have not authorized the use of alternative lyrics with the melody of the song, making certain commercial uses of those versions potentially infringing if they do not fall under fair use  Rodgers stated that "he would take legal action against any group" using the "Edelweiss" melody with altered words; the current rightsholders comply with his wishes, refusing to grant permission for these commercial requests, which are "inconsistent with the creators' intentions" 

Other versions
Josephine Siao (蕭芳芳) performed a Chinese (Cantonese) version in the 1967 movie Lightning Killer (閃電煞星) 
Theodore Bikel, who originated the role of Captain von Trapp on Broadway, performed "Edelweiss" (as a duet with Mary Martin) on the original cast album and included it in his album, In My Own Lifetime – 12 Musical Theater Classics 
The English singer Vince Hill reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart in 1967 with his cover version of the track 
Julie Andrews has recorded it for her Richard Rodgers tribute album Broadway: The Music of Richard Rodgers 
Andy Conaghan recorded the song for ABC Classics as part of a compilation album, I Dreamed a Dream: The Hit Songs of Broadway in 2013 
Stephen Moyer performed the song as part of his role as Captain Georg von Trapp during the December 2013 television broadcast of The Sound of Music Live! on NBC 
The song was frequently performed by The von Trapps, the real life great-grandchildren of the Captain and Maria  It appears on their A Capella album and on their 2014 album, the latter of which is also a duet with Charmian Carr (who played Liesl in the movie) 
A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used as the opening sequence music for the Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle 
Victor Garber, as his character Martin Stein impersonating Max Lorenz in a Nazi-run Parisian nightclub, sang a cover of this song in Legends of Tomorrow 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Hans Modrow
Hans Modrow (German pronunciation: [ˈhans ˈmoːdʁo]; 27 January 1928 – 10 February 2023) was a German politician best known as the last communist premier of East Germany 
Taking office in the middle of the Peaceful Revolution, he was the de facto leader of the country for much of the winter of 1989 and 1990  He was a transitional figure, paving the way to the first and only free elections in East Germany and including many opposition politicians in his cabinet  
After the end of Communist rule and reunification of Germany, he was convicted of electoral fraud and perjury by the Dresden District Court in 1995, on the basis that he had been the SED official nominally in charge of the electoral process  He was later convicted of the first charge and was given a nine-month suspended sentence  One of the few high-ranking former SED officials to not have been expelled, he was the honorary chairman of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) and was the president of the "council of elders" of the Left Party from 2007 

Early life and education
Modrow was born on 27 January 1928 in Jasenitz, Province of Pomerania, German Reich, now Jasienica, part of the town of Police in Poland  As a child he was a Hitler Youth leader and attended a Volksschule  He trained as a machinist from 1942 to 1945 when he was filled with intense hatred of the Bolsheviks, whom he deemed as subhumans, inferior to Germans physically and morally  For six months during the Allied bombing of Stettin he served as a volunteer firefighter  He later served briefly in the Volkssturm in January 1945, and was subsequently captured as a prisoner of war by the Soviet Red Army in Stralsund in May 1945  He and other German prisoners were sent to a farm in Hinterpommern to work  Upon arrival, his backpack was stolen, making him begin to rethink the Germans' so-called camaraderie  Days later, he was appointed a driver to a Soviet captain, who asked him about Heinrich Heine, a German poet  Modrow had never heard of him and felt embarrassed that the people he thought of as "subhumans" knew more about German culture than he  Transported to a POW camp near Moscow, he joined a National Committee for a Free Germany anti-fascist school run by future SED Politburo member Alfred Neumann for Wehrmacht members and received training in Marxism-Leninism, which he embraced  Upon release in 1949 he worked as a machinist for LEW Hennigsdorf  That same year he joined the Socialist Unity Party (SED) From 1949 to 1961, Modrow worked in various functions for the Free German Youth (FDJ) in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, and Berlin and in 1952 and 1953 studied at the Komsomol college in Moscow  In 1953, he attended the state funeral of Joseph Stalin  After Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech at the 20th Party Congress condemning Stalin and beginning de-Stalinization, Modrow claimed to have complained to his former teacher Neumann "Comrade, this is unacceptable — you are accusing us of having learned Stalin off by heart, but I never had the inclination to do this myself, you asked us to!" From 1953 to 1961, he served as an FDJ functionary in East Berlin  From 1954 to 1957, he studied at the SED's Karl Marx school in Berlin, graduating as a social scientist  In 1959 to 1961 he studied at the University of Economics in Berlin-Karlshorst and obtained the degree of graduate economist  He gained his doctorate at the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1966  West Germany's Federal Intelligence Service (BND) kept Modrow under observation from 1958 to 2013 

Communist party career
Modrow had a long political career in East Germany, serving as a member of the Volkskammer from 1957 to 1990 and in the SED's Central Committee (ZK) from 1967 to 1989, having previously been a candidate for the ZK from 1958 to 1967  From 1961 to 1967 he was first secretary of the district administration of the SED in Berlin-Köpenick and secretary for agitation and propaganda from 1967 to 1971 in the SED's district leadership in Berlin  During this time he was involved in the formation of the Union Berlin football club, which is based in the Köpenick district  From 1971 to 1973 he worked as the head of the SED's department of agitation  In 1975 he was awarded the GDR's Patriotic Order of Merit in gold and received the award of the Order of Karl Marx in 1978 From 1973 onward, he was the SED's first secretary in Dresden, East Germany's third-largest city  He was prevented from rising any further than a local party boss, largely because he was one of the few SED leaders who dared to publicly criticise longtime SED chief Erich Honecker  He developed some important contacts with the Soviet Union, including eventual Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev  Modrow initially supported Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika reforms  In early 1987, Gorbachev and the KGB explored the possibility of installing Modrow as Honecker's successor  From 1988 to 1989, the Stasi, under the orders of Honecker and Erich Mielke, conducted a massive surveillance operation against Modrow with the intention of gathering enough evidence to convict him of high treason 

Peaceful Revolution and premiership
During the Peaceful Revolution of 1989, Modrow ordered thousands of Volkspolizei, Stasi, Combat Groups of the Working Class, and National People's Army troops to crush a demonstration at the Dresden Hauptbahnhof on 4–5 October  Some 1,300 people were arrested  In a top secret and encrypted telex to Honecker on 9 October, Modrow reported: "With the determined commitment of the comrades of the security organs, anti-state terrorist riots were suppressed" When Honecker was toppled on 18 October, Gorbachev hoped that Modrow would become the new leader of the SED  Egon Krenz was selected instead  He became premier following the resignation of Willi Stoph on 13 November, four days after the Berlin Wall fell  The SED formally abandoned power on 1 December  Krenz resigned two days later, on 3 December  Since the premiership was the highest state post in East Germany, Modrow became the de facto leader of the country To defeat the opposition's demand for the complete dissolution of the Stasi, it was renamed as the "Office for National Security" (Amt für Nationale Sicherheit – AfNS) on 17 November 1989  Modrow's attempt to re-brand it further as the "Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the GDR" (Verfassungsschutz der DDR) failed due to pressure from the public and the opposition parties and the AfNS was dissolved on 13 January 1990  The Modrow government gave orders to destroy incriminating Stasi files On 7 December 1989, Modrow accepted the proposal of the East German Round Table opposition groups to hold free elections within six months  Modrow and the Round Table agreed on 28 January to bring the elections forward to 18 March  By this time, the SED had added "Party of Democratic Socialism" to its name; the SED portion was dropped altogether in February  Some of the Round Table parties strove for a "third way" model of democratic socialism and therefore agreed with Modrow to slow down or block a reunification with capitalist West Germany  As the SED-PDS regime grew weaker, Modrow on 1 February 1990 proposed a slow, three-stage process that would create a neutral German confederation and continued to oppose "rapid" reunification  The collapse of the East German state and economy in early 1990 and the approaching East German free elections allowed Helmut Kohl's government in Bonn to disregard Modrow's demand for neutrality From 5 February 1990 on, Modrow included eight representatives of opposition parties and civil liberties groups as ministers without portfolio in his cabinet  On 13 February 1990, Modrow met with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, asking for an accommodation loan of 15 billion DM, which was rejected by Kohl  Modrow remained premier until the 18 March 1990 elections  The PDS expelled Honecker, Krenz, and other Communist-era leaders in February 1990 

Criminal sentence
On 27 May 1993, the Dresden District Court found Modrow guilty of electoral fraud committed in the Dresden municipal elections in May 1989, specifically, understating the percentage of voters who refused to vote for the official slate  The judge declined to impose a prison sentence or a fine  The Dresden District Court revoked the decision in August 1995 and Modrow was sentenced to nine months on probation  Modrow did not directly deny the charges, but argued that the trial was politically motivated and that the court lacked jurisdiction for crimes committed in East Germany   "We were all members of a political system," he said, speaking to the court in Dresden   "Some perhaps had the good fortune not to come into contact with manipulation, while others could not or were not allowed to turn away "

Later life and death
After German reunification, Modrow served as a member of the Bundestag (1990–1994) and of the European Parliament (1999–2004)  After leaving office, he wrote a number of books on his political experiences, his continued Marxist political views, and his disappointment at the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc  Although a supporter of Gorbachev's reforms in the 1980s, after the fall of Communism he criticised them for weakening the Eastern Bloc's economy  In 2006, he suggested both West Germany and East Germany were responsible for the killings of East Germans by the communist regime at the Berlin Wall, and later defended the construction of the wall as a necessary measure to prevent a war over West Berlin  He also called East Germany an "effective democracy"  He was criticised for maintaining contacts with Neo-Stalinist groups  In 2018, he sued the Federal Intelligence Service for access to West German intelligence files on him from the Cold War  In 2019 he criticised the enlargement of NATO, which he also opposed reunified Germany's membership in  Modrow died on 10 February 2023, aged 95  He was buried at Dorotheenstadt Cemetery 

Citations
Passage 2:
Mátyás Szűrös
Mátyás Szűrös (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmaːcaːʃ ˈsyːrøʃ]; born 11 September 1933 in Püspökladány) is a Hungarian politician  He served as provisional president of the Republic from 23 October 1989 to 2 May 1990  His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from Communism to democratic government 

Biography
Szűrös served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary from March 1989 to May 1990  In the fall of 1989, as part of an agreement between the Communists and the opposition to establish multiparty democracy, the 1949 Constitution was almost completely rewritten to remove its Communist character  The Presidential Council, the country's Communist-era collective presidency, was dissolved  Under the Constitution, Szűrös became provisional president until the election  Soon after taking office on 23 October he made the official proclamation that Hungary had removed the "People's Republic" from its constitutional name and was now the "Republic of Hungary "He remained in parliament until 2002 as a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party, often voting against the party consensus  He quit the party, in 2002, joined the newly established New Left Party and ran as their prime minister candidate at the parliamentary elections, but the party only got 0 1% of the popular vote  In 2003, he joined the Social Democratic Party and was later elected chairman of the party  He resigned his position in 2005 
Passage 3:
Friedrich Ebert Foundation
The Friedrich Ebert Foundation (German: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e V ; Abbreviation: FES) is a German political party foundation associated with, but independent from, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)  Established in 1925 as the political legacy of Friedrich Ebert, Germany's first democratically elected President, it is the largest and oldest of the German party-associated foundations  It is headquartered in Bonn and Berlin, and has offices and projects in over 100 countries  It is Germany's oldest organisation to promote democracy, political education, and promote students of outstanding intellectual abilities and personality 

History
The FES was named after Friedrich Ebert (1871–1925), the Social Democratic President of Germany, 1919–1925  In his will, he specified that the proceeds from donations at his funeral should be used to create a foundation   The SPD chairman at the time, Konrad Ludwig, was given the responsibility of building this foundation, which he did a few days after Ebert's death in 1925  The main concern of the foundation was to work against discrimination of workers in the area of education: "The Friedrich Ebert Foundation pursues the goal of giving young, empowered proletarians government aid to fund an education at state-accredited institutions  As a basic principle, only those people who have a recommendation from the party organisation will receive funding " (SPD Yearbook 1926) By the end of 1931, 295 students had been funded with over 52,000 marks  At this point the funding of the foundation fell through, as a result of the Great Depression  The FES was a section of the Social Democratic Education and Culture Organisation, and was banned along with the party itself in 1933 by the Nazis 
In 1946, the FES was reinstituted at the founding assembly of the Socialist German Student Federation  In 1954, the FES was restructured into a charitable organisation "for the advancement of democratic education"  This established the FES as an independent, self-contained institute  In addition to education programmes, the FES has also worked in the area of development aid since the 1960s  In this effort, it has supported democracy and freedom movements, for instance in the African National Congress (ANC), and played an important role in overcoming dictatorial regimes in Greece, Spain, and Portugal   Thus it was not a coincidence that the Socialist Party of Portugal was formed in an FES school in the German town of Bad Münstereifel 
The German state did subsidize the work of the foundation with 170 Million Euros in 2018 

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Academic Foundation
The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Academic Foundation (FES) is one of thirteen state-funded organizations for the promotion of young talents (Begabtenförderwerke) in Germany  Less than 1% of German students achieve a scholarship at one of the thirteen organizations (i e  FES, Studienstiftung, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Friedrich Naumann Foundation, Hanns Seidel Foundation, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, Cusanuswerk, Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich Scholarship Fund)  It is financially funded and subsidized by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and supports students with outstanding academical and political achievements  Awards are granted after a multi-stage selection process and are based on grades, letters of recommendation, letters of motivation, political and social engagement as well as personality and character  Until today it has sponsored more than 12,000 grantees  Over 90% of those sponsored graduate with honours   In 2005, there were 1,731 students in the programme, of which 51% were women   
Beyond the financial support, grantees also receive so-called ideational support, which comes from opportunities to attend political seminars, conferences, and other activities, which can be important job qualifications  Students are assigned advisors who work with them for the length of their grants 
Each year, the grantees vote for a board during the nationwide conference at the Gustav Stresemann Institute in Bonn   This board serves for the next full year as the representation of grantees for dialog with the foundation   The FES maintains a website ([1] www fes-stip de) for networking among grantees, which includes a wide variety of mailing lists, services, and communications tools 
Since 1971, foreign students have also had the opportunity to receive grants through solidarity funds   Preference for these grants goes to people who are persecuted on political, racial or religious grounds   Funding for this program comes exclusively from donations from current and former grantees   The program have helped over 1,000 students  Currently there are 31 students who are in the solidarity programme  Two grantees from this programme are chosen every year at the conference in Bonn to work on the steering committee of the fund 

Further activities
Today, the Friedrich Ebert Foundation's main goals are to promote political and societal education of people from all walks of life in the spirit of democracy and pluralism, to enable young people the opportunity to study and do research through grants, and to work toward international understanding and cooperation 
The foundation employs several hundred employees in their offices in Bonn and Berlin, as well as in 14 regional offices and an academy within Germany and in over 100 foreign agencies   It is financed mainly through grants from the federal budget and the budgets of the various Bundesländer 
The FES had its own conference center on the Venusberg in Bonn for these activities until its closure in 2009   
The historical research center of the foundation also contains the Archive of Social Democracy and its libraries in Bonn and at the Karl Marx House in Trier   This is one of the largest collections of documents on social history and the history of the workers movement 
Since 1982, the foundation has awarded a prize of 10,000 euro called Das politische Buch ("The Political Book") to promote noteworthy political books  The prize serves to remind people of the Nazi book burnings of May 10, 1933 

Controversy
In 2017, Friedrich Ebert Foundation was attacked by a group dubbed “Pawn Storm”, the same cyber spy group that targeted that year's campaign of French presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron; the group used email phishing tricks and attempted to install malware at the foundation In 2022, the Friedrich Ebert Foundation was barred from working in Russia 

Leadership
1953–1970: Gerhard Weisser
1970–1983: Alfred Nau
1983–1987: Heinz Kühn
1987–2003: Holger Börner (chairman laureate from 2003 until his death in 2006)
2003–2010: Anke Fuchs
2010–2012: Peter Struck
2013–2020: Kurt Beck and Dieter Schulte (interim since Struck's death)
2020–present: Martin Schulz

See also
Konrad Adenauer Foundation (CDU)
Hanns Seidel Foundation (CSU)
Friedrich Naumann Foundation für die Freiheit (FDP)
Heinrich Böll Foundation (Grüne)
Rosa Luxemburg Foundation (Die Linke)
Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung (AfD)
Passage 4:
LSV Berlin
LSV Berlin was a short-lived German association football club from the city of Berlin  It served as the sports club for Luftwaffe (German air force) personnel in the city during World War II and disappeared with the end of the conflict 

History
The formation of military-based sports and football clubs was common under the Third Reich and they took part in the country's established football competition alongside traditional civilian clubs 
German football was re-organized under the Reich's politically motivated sports policies in 1933 into sixteen top-flight regional divisions  Luftwaffensportverein Berlin was a latecomer to the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg, joining the top-flight division for the 1943–44 season and earning a 2nd-place result As the tide of the war turned against Germany and Allied forces invaded the country, most military football sides were disbanded  LSV Berlin was lost in September 1944, before the start of the 1944–45 season, its place in the Oberliga being taken by SG OrPo Berlin 

Stadium
LSV played its home matches in Steitstaße Spandau or Mommsenstadion (capacity 37,570) 
Passage 5:
Gleiwitz incident
The Gleiwitz incident (German: Überfall auf den Sender Gleiwitz; Polish: Prowokacja gliwicka) was a false flag attack on the radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz (then Germany and now Gliwice, Poland) staged by Nazi Germany on the night of 31 August 1939  Along with some two dozen similar incidents, the attack was manufactured by Germany as a casus belli to justify the invasion of Poland  Prior to the invasion, Adolf Hitler gave a radio address condemning the acts and announcing German plans to attack Poland, which began the next morning  Despite the German government using the attack as a justification to go to war with Poland, the Gleiwitz assailants were not Polish but were German SS officers wearing Polish uniforms  
During his declaration of war, Hitler did not mention the Gleiwitz incident but grouped all provocations staged by the SS as an alleged "Polish assault" on Germany  The Gleiwitz incident is the best-known action of Operation Himmler, a series of special operations undertaken by the Schutzstaffel (SS) to serve German propaganda at the outbreak of war  The operation was intended to create the appearance of a Polish aggression against Germany to justify the invasion of Poland  On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and the European theatre of World War II had begun  Manufactured evidence for the Gleiwitz attack by the SS was provided by the German SS officer Alfred Naujocks in 1945 

Events at Gleiwitz
Much of what is known about the Gleiwitz incident comes from the affidavit of SS-Sturmbannführer Alfred Naujocks at the Nuremberg Trials  In his testimony, he stated that he organised the incident under orders from Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Müller, chief of the Gestapo  On the night of 31 August, a small group of German operatives dressed in Polish uniforms and led by Naujocks seized the Gleiwitz station and broadcast a short anti-German message in Polish (sources vary on the content of the message)   The operation was named "Grossmutter gestorben" (Grandmother died)  The operation was to make the attack and the broadcast look like the work of Polish anti-German saboteurs  The operation was planned and carried out from the Sławięcice Palace (Schloss Slawentzitz) To make the attack seem more convincing, the Gestapo executed Franciszek Honiok, a 43-year-old unmarried Upper Silesian Catholic farmer, known for sympathising with the Poles  He had been arrested the previous day by the Gestapo and dressed to look like a saboteur, then rendered unconscious by an injection of drugs, then killed by gunshot wounds  Honiok was left dead at the scene so that he appeared to have been killed while attacking the station  His corpse was then presented to the police and press as proof of the attack  Several prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp were drugged, shot dead on the site and their faces disfigured to make identification impossible  The Germans referred to them by the code phrase "Konserve" (canned goods)  Some sources incorrectly refer to the incident as Operation Canned Goods In an oral testimony at the trials, Erwin von Lahousen stated that his division of the Abwehr was one of two that were given the task of providing Polish Army uniforms, equipment and identification cards; he was later told by Wilhelm Canaris that people from concentration camps had been disguised in these uniforms and ordered to attack the radio stations Oskar Schindler, who is credited with later saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust, played a role in supplying the Polish uniforms and weapons used in the operation as an agent for the Abwehr 

Context
The Gleiwitz incident was a part of a larger operation carried out by Abwehr and SS forces  Other orchestrated incidents were conducted along the Polish–German border at the same time as the Gleiwitz attack, such as a house burning in the Polish Corridor and spurious propaganda  The project was called Operation Himmler and comprised incidents intended to give the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany  German newspapers and politicians, including Adolf Hitler, had made accusations against Polish authorities for months before the 1939 invasion of organising or tolerating violent ethnic cleansing of ethnic Germans living in Poland  On 1 September, the day following the Gleiwitz attack, Germany launched Fall Weiss (Case White), the strategic plan for the invasion of Poland, which precipitated World War II in Europe  Hitler cited the border incidents in a speech in the Reichstag on the same day, with three of them called very serious, as justification for his invasion of Poland  Hitler had told his generals on 22 August, "I will provide a propagandistic casus belli  Its credibility doesn't matter  The victor will not be asked whether he told the truth" 

International reactions
American correspondents were summoned to the scene the next day but no neutral parties were allowed to investigate the incident in detail and the international public was skeptical of the German version of the incident 

In popular culture
There have been several adaptations of the incident in cinema  Der Fall Gleiwitz (1961), directed by Gerhard Klein for DEFA studios (The Gleiwitz Case; English subtitles), is an East German film that reconstructs the events Operacja Himmler (1979) is a Polish film that covers the events Both Die Blechtrommel (1979), directed by Volker Schlöndorff and Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil (1985), directed by Jim Goddard, briefly include the incident It was also mentioned in a video game; Codename: Panzers (2004), which stirred up some controversy in Poland where the game was briefly discussed in Polish media as anti-Polish falsification of history, before the issue was cleared up as a case of poor reporting 

See also
1939 in Poland
1939 Tarnow rail station bomb attack
Jablunkov incident
Mukden Incident, a similar false flag operation that started the Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
Operation Greif
Shelling of Mainila, a similar false flag operation that started the Soviet invasion of Finland
Passage 6:
1990 Polish presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December  They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926  Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm   From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the presidency did not exist as a separate institution, and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland, whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president 
The leader of the Solidarity movement, Lech Wałęsa, won the first round  However, he did not earn over 50% of the vote, which led to a runoff election  Wałęsa faced Polish-Canadian businessman Stanisław Tymiński in the second round, defeating him easily 

Background
Wałęsa was an electrician and union leader with the image of an emotional, shirtsleeves populist  The first non-communist prime minister, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, was very popular and widely considered a front-runner   He appeared as a more respectable and intellectual leader than Wałęsa   but also as more of a compromiser   However, in the first round, Mazowiecki finished in a distant third, with only 18 7 percent of the vote, well behind Tymiński 
The reasons for Tymiński's unexpected success remain unclear  His vague promise to create wealth for everyone quickly, supported by his image as a patriotic Pole who had succeeded abroad, was well received at a time of radical political change and a worsening economic situation  There was increasing disappointment with the trench warfare that had broken out within the former anti-communist opposition so a mysterious, honest and patriotic stranger "straight out of nowhere" had considerable appeal 
Another factor was that Tymiński's use of political-marketing methods unknown in Poland at the time  A key element of his campaign was an omnipresent black briefcase, allegedly containing "secret documents" which would destroy his rivals' careers when the time was right  Although the elections passed without the briefcase being opened, its presence attracted constant attention  Tymiński's adversaries adopted a similar strategy; the daily Gazeta Wyborcza (which supported Mazowiecki) reported that Tymiński had had contact with the secret police, a story that was not withdrawn until after the elections 
Despite Tymiński's defeat, he had not only humiliated Mazowiecki (one of the best-known and most-respected figures in Polish politics), but also forced Wałęsa (who at that time was a national hero) into a runoff   After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party, but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland 

Candidates
Results
Passage 7:
Raymond Triboulet
Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 – 26 May 2006) was a French politician  He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U S , Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany 

Biography
Born in Paris, Raymond Triboulet was a farmer and also had a law degree  At the start of World War II he enlisted in the French Army and was taken prisoner, but was later freed and returned home under the German occupation in 1941  He then joined the Calvados section of the group "Ceux de la Résistance", or Those of the Resistance 
By informing Allied forces of German movements between the towns of Caen and Bayeux, he contributed to the success of the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944  Following the reinstatement of a legitimate French government, Charles de Gaulle appointed him the first local governor of liberated France, in the Normandy town of Bayeux 
He was elected to Parliament in 1946 and served until 1973  He served as a minister in the governments of Michel Debré and Georges Pompidou from 1959 to 1966 and then became a member of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament 
He was elected to the Académie des sciences morales et politiques in 1979, serving as its president in 1991 

Publications
Un gaulliste de la IVe, Plon, 1985 (A Gaullist from the IVth Republic)
Un ministre du Général, Plon, 1985 (Minister to the General)

External links
Obituary, The Guardian, 16 June 2006 accessed at [1] 19 July 2006
Raymond Triboulet accessed at fr:Raymond Triboulet 21:02, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
Passage 8:
Green
Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum  It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm  In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combination of yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors  By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy  Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage  Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content 
During post-classical and early modern Europe, green was the color commonly associated with wealth, merchants, bankers, and the gentry, while red was reserved for the nobility  For this reason, the costume of the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci and the benches in the British House of Commons are green while those in the House of Lords are red  It also has a long historical tradition as the color of Ireland and of Gaelic culture  It is the historic color of Islam, representing the lush vegetation of Paradise  It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries In surveys made in American, European, and Islamic countries, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope, and envy  In the European Union and the United States, green is also sometimes associated with toxicity and poor health, but in China and most of Asia, its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness  Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement  Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties  This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products  Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States 

Etymology and linguistic definitions
The word green comes from the Middle English and Old English word grene, which, like the German word grün, has the same root as the words grass and grow  It is from a Common Germanic *gronja-, which is also reflected in Old Norse grænn, Old High German gruoni (but unattested in East Germanic), ultimately from a PIE root *ghre- "to grow", and root-cognate with grass and to grow 
The first recorded use of the word as a color term in Old English dates to ca  AD 700 Latin with viridis also has a genuine and widely used term for "green"  Related to virere "to grow" and ver "spring", it gave rise to words in several Romance languages, French vert, Italian verde (and English vert, verdure etc )  Likewise the Slavic languages with zelenъ  Ancient Greek also had a term for yellowish, pale green – χλωρός, chloros (cf  the color of chlorine), cognate with χλοερός "verdant" and χλόη "chloe, the green of new growth" 
Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation 
However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green"  For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit hari "yellow, ochre, golden" 
The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow" 

Languages where green and blue are one color
In some languages, including old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese, the same word can mean either blue or green  The Chinese character 青 (pronounced qīng in Mandarin, ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "青"  In more contemporary terms, they are 藍 (lán, in Mandarin) and 綠 (lǜ, in Mandarin) respectively  Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, 緑 (midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru "to be in leaf, to flourish" in reference to trees) and グリーン (guriin, which is derived from the English word "green")  However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors as other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, aoi, because green is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word aoi  Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh, with variants such as xanh da trời (azure, lit  "sky blue"), lam (blue), and lục (green; also xanh lá cây, lit  "leaf green") 
"Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e g  using a term for the range of ca  450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca  530–590 nm ("green/yellow")  In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue)  These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote "green", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit)  Thus, the Thai word เขียว kheīyw, besides meaning "green", also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations The Celtic languages had a term for "blue/green/grey", Proto-Celtic *glasto-, which gave rise to Old Irish glas "green, grey" and to Welsh glas "blue"  This word is cognate with the Ancient Greek γλαυκός "bluish green", contrasting with χλωρός "yellowish green" discussed above 

In modern Japanese, the term for green is 緑, while the old term for "blue/green", blue (青, Ao) now means "blue"  But in certain contexts, green is still conventionally referred to as 青, as in blue traffic light (青信号, ao shingō) and blue leaves (青葉, aoba), reflecting the absence of blue-green distinction in old Japanese (more accurately, the traditional Japanese color terminology grouped some shades of green with blue, and others with yellow tones) 

In science
Color vision and colorimetry
In optics, the perception of green is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm  The sensitivity of the dark-adapted human eye is greatest at about 507 nm, a blue-green color, while the light-adapted eye is most sensitive about 555 nm, a yellow-green; these are the peak locations of the rod and cone (scotopic and photopic, respectively) luminosity functions The perception of greenness (in opposition to redness forming one of the opponent mechanisms in human color vision) is evoked by light which triggers the medium-wavelength M cone cells in the eye more than the long-wavelength L cones  Light which triggers this greenness response more than the yellowness or blueness of the other color opponent mechanism is called green  A green light source typically has a spectral power distribution dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 487–570 nm 

Human eyes have color receptors known as cone cells, of which there are three types  In some cases, one is missing or faulty, which can cause color blindness, including the common inability to distinguish red and yellow from green, known as deuteranopia or red-green color blindness 
Green is restful to the eye  Studies show that a green environment can reduce fatigue In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors  On the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples)  On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – the RGB color model  A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary 

Lasers
Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers  Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563 5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness  The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light 
An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281 76 THz (1064 nm)  This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563 5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green") 
Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm 
Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers  Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons, and bird control As of mid-2011, direct green laser diodes at 510 nm and 500 nm have become generally available,
although the price remains relatively prohibitive for widespread public use
Context 3: Passage 1:
Baranya County
Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya vármegye, pronounced [ˈbɒrɒɲɒ ˈvaːrmɛɟɛ]; German: Branau; Croatian: Baranjska županija) is a county (vármegye) in southern Hungary  It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century  Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II  It is bordered by Somogy County to the northwest, Tolna County to the north, Bács-Kiskun County and the Danube to the east, and the border with Croatia (part of which is formed by the Drava River) to the south 
As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 386,441 residents  Of the 19 counties of Hungary (excluding Budapest), it is ranked 10th by both geographic area and population  Its county seat and largest city is Pécs 

Etymology
In German, it is known as Komitat Branau, and in Croatian as Baranjska županija (Baranja) 
The county was probably named after its first comes 'Brana' or 'Braina' 

Geography
This county has a total area of 4,430 km2 (1,710 sq mi) – 4 76% of Hungary, it is divided in Upper Baranya and Lower Baranya 
The northern part of the county is a mountain area with large forests, the Mecsek Mountains  The central areas are shared between the Baranya Hills and Villány Mountains  The very eastern and southern parts are flat 
The highest point in the county is Zengő in the Mecsek Mountains, at 682 metres  This is also the highest point of the mountain range 
Baranya is rich in mineral and thermal water, and also in other resources  98% of Hungary's coal resources are found here 

Neighbours
Tolna County in the North 
Bács-Kiskun County in the East  (across the Danube river)
Croatia in the south (across the Drava river) – Osijek-Baranja County and Virovitica-Podravina County
Somogy County in the Northwest 

Climate
The climate of Baranya is a mix of continental and temperate, which makes it unique in Hungary, as the rest of the country is primarily continental  Its milder climate is due to its southern location and relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea in comparison to other parts of the country, leaving it with warmer winters  It has the highest average annual rainfall of the Hungarian counties and a high amount of sunshine hours 

History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times  Before the Hungarian tribes conquered the area, it was inhabited by Slavs and Avars  Stephen I founded an episcopal seat here 
In 1526, the county was occupied by Ottomans and was freed in 1689  Its medieval borders remained unchanged until 1919  According to the peace treaty of Trianon, the southern part of the county (1,163 km2, 449 sq mi) reverted to Slavic rule (present-day Croatia)  The re-organizing of the counties (1950) brought only minor changes (town of Szigetvár got there) 
Baranya has the largest number of minorities in Hungary (more than twice the country average), providing home to 34% of the German minority the so-called Danube Swabians, and 32% of the Southern Slav minorities in Hungary 
The Stifolder or Stiffoller Shvove are a Roman Catholic subgroup of the so-called Danube Swabians  Their ancestors once came ca  1717 - 1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings, (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in the Baranya  They retained their own German dialect and culture, until the end of WW2  After WW2, the majority of Danube Swabians were expelled to allied-occupied Germany and allied-occupied Austria as a result of the Potsdam Agreement Only a few people can speak the old Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect  Also a salami is named after these people  Electoral History

Demographics
In 2015, it had a population of 371,110 and the population density was 84/km2 

2011 census
As of the census of 2011, there were 386,441 residents, 160,040 households, and 105,646 families living in the county  The population density was 226 inhabitants per square mile (87/km2)  There were 167,453 housing units at an average density of 98 per square mile (38/km2) 
There were 160,040 households, of which 63 2% were one-family households, 1 4% were multi-family households, 32 1% were one-person households, and 3 4% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 15 9% of all households  The average household size was 2 34 
There were 105,646 families, of which 44 1% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 36 4% were couples without children, 16 7% were single females with children, and 2 8% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 82 
The age breakdown of the county was 20 1% under the age of 20, 7 0% between ages 20 and 24, 27 4% aged 25 to 44, 28 3% aged 45 to 64, and 17 2% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 2% male and 52 8% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 46 8% Roman Catholic, 6 4% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 2% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 3% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 1 5% other religions  The non-religious were 16 2% and atheists were 1 5%, with 26 0% declining to answer 

2001 census
As of the census of 2001, there were 407,448 residents, 151,956 households, and 115,946 families living in the county  The population density was 238 inhabitants per square mile (92/km2)  There were 156,632 housing units at an average density of 92 per square mile (35/km2) 
There were 151,956 households, of which 68 5% were one-family households, 3 8% were multi-family households, 24 9% were one-person households, and 2 7% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 13 1% of all households  The average household size was 2 60 
There were 115,946 families, of which 48 7% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 35 4% were couples without children, 13 7% were single females with children, and 2 1% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 87 
The age breakdown of the county was 23 0% under the age of 20, 8 1% between ages 20 and 24, 28 0% aged 25 to 44, 26 0% aged 45 to 64, and 14 9% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 5% male and 52 5% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 64 2% Roman Catholic, 8 7% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 5% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 5% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 0 8% other religions  The non-religious were 13 4%, with 10 8% declining to answer 

Ethnicity
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Germans (approx  22,000), Roma (17,000), Croats (6,000), and Serbs (500) 
Total population (2011 census): 386,441
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 364,801 persons:

Hungarians: 315,713 (86 54%)
Germans: 22,150 (6 07%)
Romani: 16,995 (4 66%)
Croats: 6,343 (1 74%)
Others and indefinable: 3,600 (0 99%)Approx  58,000 persons in Baranya County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census 

Regional structure
Politics
County Assembly
The Baranya County Council, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 counselors, with the following party composition:

President of the Assembly
Members of the National Assembly
The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election:

Municipalities
Baranya County has 1 urban county, 13 towns, 3 large villages and 284 villages  There are 301 municipalities 

Like Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Baranya is a county of extremes when it comes to regional structure  The county seat is one of the five largest cities (and three largest agglomerations) of Hungary, but more than 2/3 of the municipalities are small hamlets with a population under 500  Half of the county's population lives in the county seat or in its immediate vicinity, while 22% of the population lives in villages that have less than 1000 inhabitants 

Cities with county rights(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)

Pécs (156,049) – county seatTowns
Villages
 municipalities are large villages 

Gallery
Notes
Passage 2:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 3:
Koh Sotin District
Koh Sotin (Khmer: ស្រុកកោះសូទិន) is a district (srok) located in Kampong Cham province, Cambodia  The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road  The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area The district is easily accessed by boat from Kampong Cham  Road access however, is via 12 kilometres of secondary road to National road 11 and then a further 18 kilometres to the intersection with National Highway 7  From this intersection in Tbong Khmom district is it a further 12 kilometres west to the provincial capital  This small relatively narrow district follows the south bank of the Mekong for about 25 kilometres  As the district is low lying, much of the land area of the district is inundated when the Mekong rises during the wet season 

An unusual birth
On 11 November 2004, Koh Sotin was home to an unusual birth  A two headed calf was born to a local farmer and a rumour quickly spread that it was a miracle that might help students pass their upcoming exams  Hundreds of students flocked to burn incense and make offerings to the dead calf, hoping that the miracle might increase their brainpower  The farmer who owned the animal packed the dead body in ice to slow decomposition and take advantage of the windfall  Hopeful pilgrims were willing to pay anything from a few cents to a few dollars for an audience with the deceased bovine 

Location
Koh Sotin district is in southern Kampong Cham Province  The Mekong runs along the northern border of the district and the district boundary includes the river itself to midstream  Reading from the north clockwise, Koh Sotin shares a border with Kang Meas and Kampong Siem districts to the north and the district of Kampong Cham to the north east  Tbong Khmom and Ou Reang Ou districts are to the east  To the south is Sithor Kandal district of Prey Veng province and Srei Santhor district lies on the western boundary 

Administration
The Koh Sotin district governor reports to Hun Neng, the Governor of Kampong Cham  The following table shows the villages of Koh Sotin district by commune 

Demographics
The district is subdivided into 8 communes (khum) and 85 villages (phum)  According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 70,672 persons in 14,187 households in 1998  With a population of over 70,000 people, Koh Sotin has one of the smallest populations for districts in Kampong Cham province after Dambae and Kampong Cham districts  The average household size in Koh Sotin is 5 0 persons per household, which is slightly smaller than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 89 6%, with significantly more females than males 

Tourism
Wat Moha Leap, the only wooden-frame pagoda still standing in Cambodia, is a popular touristic destination located in Koh Sotin District 
Passage 4:
List of capitals in the United States
This is a list of capital cities of the United States, including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals 
Washington has been the federal capital of the United States since 1800  Each U S  state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas  Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times  There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments 

National capitals
The buildings in cities identified in below chart served either as official capitals of the United States under the United States Constitution, or, prior to its ratification, sites where the Second Continental Congress or Congress of the Confederation met  The United States did not have a permanent capital under the Articles of Confederation 
The U S  Constitution was ratified in 1787, and gave the Congress the power to exercise "exclusive legislation" over a district that "may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States " The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York  In 1790, it passed the Residence Act, which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D C  For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital  There, Congress met at Congress Hall  On November 17, 1800, the 6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D C  Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution; and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks  Both meetings were ceremonial 
On July 2, 1923, President Warren G  Harding commented in a speech (or, as a historic marker tells it, "reporters noted")  that the little town of Meacham, Oregon, was the nation's capital "all day long" 

State capitals
Each state has a capital that serves as the seat of its government  Ten of the thirteen original states and 15 other states have changed their capital city at least once; the last state to move its capital city was Oklahoma in 1910



ground_truth: Casa Loma

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In 1990, who became the president of the country that Germany invaded?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The efficiency of these lasers (peak 3%) compared to that of DPSS green lasers (peak 35%)
may also be limiting adoption of the diodes to niche uses 

Pigments, food coloring and fireworks
Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries  Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities  The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all  Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium 
Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment  For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery  Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar 
Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal  The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny  It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD  It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks: it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact, and it was toxic  Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it  It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries  Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green  Viridian, as described above, was patented in 1859  It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic  Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Café Terrace at Night Green earth is a natural pigment used since the time of the Roman Empire  It is composed of clay colored by iron oxide, magnesium, aluminum silicate, or potassium  Large deposits were found in the South of France near Nice, and in Italy around Verona, on Cyprus, and in Bohemia  The clay was crushed, washed to remove impurities, then powdered  It was sometimes called Green of Verona Mixtures of oxidized cobalt and zinc were also used to create green paints as early as the 18th century Cobalt green, sometimes known as Rinman's green or zinc green, is a translucent green pigment made by heating a mixture of cobalt (II) oxide and zinc oxide  Sven Rinman, a Swedish chemist, discovered this compound in 1780 
Green chrome oxide was a new synthetic green created by a chemist named Pannetier in Paris in about 1835  Emerald green was a synthetic deep green made in the 19th century by hydrating chrome oxide  It was also known as Guignet green 

There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration  Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs  Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames  Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate  Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate 

Biology
Green is common in nature, as many plants  are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis  Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green 
Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis  Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin  The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria 

Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment  Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment  Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment  For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light  Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially  Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet  This can causes their feces to look green as well  Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin  Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields  Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation 
The green huntsman spider is green due to the presence of bilin pigments in the spider's hemolymph (circulatory system fluids) and tissue fluids 
It hunts insects in green vegetation, where it is well camouflaged 

Green eyes
There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light Nobody is brought into the world with green eyes  An infant has one of two eye hues: dark or blue  Following birth, cells called melanocytes start to discharge melanin, the earthy colored shade, in the child's irises  This begins happening since melanocytes respond to light in time 
Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe 
They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia  In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color 
A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men 
Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16% 

In history and art
Prehistoric history
Neolithic cave paintings do not have traces of green pigments, but neolithic peoples in northern Europe did make a green dye for clothing, made from the leaves of the birch tree  It was of very poor quality, more brown than green  Ceramics from ancient Mesopotamia show people wearing vivid green costumes, but it is not known how the colors were produced 

Ancient history
In Ancient Egypt, green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile  For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert; a paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun  They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite  To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations  The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth  In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth  Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs  It was worn by both the living and the dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil  Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased  It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green" In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees  The philosopher Democritus described two different greens: chloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green  Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water  However, green was not counted among the four classic colors of Greek painting – red, yellow, black and white – and is rarely found in Greek art The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards  The Romans made a fine green earth pigment that was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities  They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine  By the second century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green 

Postclassical history
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the color of clothing showed a person's social rank and profession  Red could only be worn by the nobility, brown and gray by peasants, and green by merchants, bankers and the gentry and their families  The Mona Lisa wears green in her portrait, as does the bride in the Arnolfini portrait by Jan van Eyck 
There were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight for those who wanted or were required to wear green  Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color  Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with Reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed The pigments available to painters were more varied; monks in monasteries used verdigris, made by soaking copper in fermenting wine, to color medieval manuscripts  They also used finely-ground malachite, which made a luminous green  They used green earth colors for backgrounds 
During the early Renaissance, painters such as Duccio di Buoninsegna learned to paint faces first with a green undercoat, then with pink, which gave the faces a more realistic hue  Over the centuries the pink has faded, making some of the faces look green 

Modern history
In the 18th and 19th century
The 18th and 19th centuries brought the discovery and production of synthetic green pigments and dyes, which rapidly replaced the earlier mineral and vegetable pigments and dyes  These new dyes were more stable and brilliant than the vegetable dyes, but some contained high levels of arsenic, and were eventually banned 
In the 18th and 19th centuries, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art  The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms  Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests  Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution 
The second half of the 19th century saw the use of green in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature  One of the first to make color the central element of his picture was the American artist James McNeill Whistler, who created a series of paintings called "symphonies" or "noctures" of color, including Symphony in gray and green; The Ocean between 1866 and 1872 
The late 19th century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other  These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh  Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions  The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green  Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens "

In the 20th and 21st century
In the 1980s green became a political symbol, the color of the Green Party in Germany and in many other European countries  It symbolized the environmental movement, and also a new politics of the left which rejected traditional socialism and communism  (See § In politics section below )

Symbolism and associations
Safety and permission
Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights  Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century  The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London  It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it  In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah  Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red  Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should  In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red 

Nature, vivacity, and life
Green is the color most commonly associated in Europe and the United States with nature, vivacity and life 
It is the color of many environmental organizations, such as Greenpeace, and of the Green Parties in Europe  Many cities have designated a garden or park as a green space, and use green trash bins and containers  A green cross is commonly used to designate pharmacies in Europe 
In China, green is associated with the east, with sunrise, and with life and growth  In Thailand, the color green is considered auspicious for those born on a Wednesday (light green for those born at night) 

Springtime, freshness, and hope
Green is the color most commonly associated in the United States and Europe with springtime, freshness, and hope  Green is often used to symbolize rebirth and renewal and immortality  In Ancient Egypt; the god Osiris, king of the underworld, was depicted as green-skinned  Green as the color of hope is connected with the color of springtime; hope represents the faith that things will improve after a period of difficulty, like the renewal of flowers and plants after the winter season 

Youth and inexperience
Green the color most commonly associated in Europe and the United States with youth  It also often is used to describe anyone young, inexperienced, probably by the analogy to immature and unripe fruit  Examples include green cheese, a term for a fresh, unaged cheese, and greenhorn, an inexperienced person 

Food and diet
The color green has been increasingly used by food companies, governments, and practitioners themselves to identify veganism and vegetarianism  The government of India requires food that is vegetarian to be marked with a green circle as part of the Food Safety and Standards Act of 2006 with changes to symbolism since but still maintaining the color green  In 2021, India introduced a green V to exclusively label vegan options  In the west, the V-Label, a green V designed by the European Vegetarian Union, has been used by food distributors to label vegan and vegetarian options 

Calm, tolerance, and the agreeable
Surveys also show that green is the color most associated with the calm, the agreeable, and tolerance  Red is associated with heat, blue with cold, and green with an agreeable temperature  Red is associated with dry, blue with wet, and green, in the middle, with dampness  Red is the most active color, blue the most passive; green, in the middle, is the color of neutrality and calm, sometimes used in architecture and design for these reasons 
Blue and green together symbolize harmony and balance  Experimental studies also show this calming effect in a statistical significant decrease of negative emotions
and increase of creative performance 

Jealousy and envy
Green is often associated with jealousy and envy  The expression "green-eyed monster" was first used by William Shakespeare in Othello: "it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on " Shakespeare also used it in the Merchant of Venice, speaking of "green-eyed jealousy" 

Love and sexuality
Green today is not commonly associated in Europe and the United States with love and sexuality, but in stories of the medieval period it sometimes represented love and the base, natural desires of man  It was the color of the serpent in the Garden of Eden who caused the downfall of Adam and Eve  However, for the troubadours, green was the color of growing love, and light green clothing was reserved for young women who were not yet married In Persian and Sudanese poetry, dark-skinned women, called "green" women, were considered erotic  The Chinese term for cuckold is "to wear a green hat " This was because in ancient China, prostitutes were called "the family of the green lantern" and a prostitute's family would wear a green headscarf In Victorian England, the color green was associated with homosexuality 

Dragons, fairies, monsters, and devils
In legends, folk tales and films, fairies, dragons, monsters, and the devil are often shown as green 
In the Middle Ages, the devil was usually shown as either red, black or green  Dragons were usually green, because they had the heads, claws and tails of reptiles 
Modern Chinese dragons are also often green, but unlike European dragons, they are benevolent; Chinese dragons traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods  The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck  The Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength  The dragon dance is a popular feature of Chinese festivals 
In Irish folklore and English folklore, the color was sometimes was associated with witchcraft, and with faeries and spirits  The type of Irish fairy known as a leprechaun is commonly portrayed wearing a green suit, though before the 20th century he was usually described as wearing a red suit 
In theater and film, green was often connected with monsters and the inhuman  The earliest films of Frankenstein were in black and white, but in the poster for the 1935 version The Bride of Frankenstein, the monster had a green face  Actor Bela Lugosi wore green-hued makeup for the role of Dracula in the 1927–1928 Broadway stage production 

Poison and sickness
Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations  While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison  There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic  The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy" 
A green tinge in the skin is sometimes associated with nausea and sickness  The expression 'green at the gills' means appearing sick  The color, when combined with gold, is sometimes seen as representing the fading of youth  In some Far East cultures the color green is used as a symbol of sickness or nausea 

Social status, prosperity and the dollar
Green in Europe and the United States is sometimes associated with status and prosperity  From the Middle Ages to the 19th century it was often worn by bankers, merchants country gentlemen and others who were wealthy but not members of the nobility  The benches in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, where the landed gentry sat, are colored green 
In the United States green was connected with the dollar bill  Since 1861, the reverse side of the dollar bill has been green  Green was originally chosen because it deterred counterfeiters, who tried to use early camera equipment to duplicate banknotes  Also, since the banknotes were thin, the green on the back did not show through and muddle the pictures on the front of the banknote  Green continues to be used because the public now associates it with a strong and stable currency One of the more notable uses of this meaning is found in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz  The Emerald City in this story is a place where everyone wears tinted glasses that make everything appear green  According to the populist interpretation of the story, the city's color is used by the author, L  Frank Baum, to illustrate the financial system of America in his day, as he lived in a time when America was debating the use of paper money versus gold 

On flags
The flag of Italy (1797) was modeled after the French tricolor  It was originally the flag of the Cisalpine Republic, whose capital was Milan; red and white were the colors of Milan, and green was the color of the military uniforms of the army of the Cisalpine Republic  Other versions say it is the color of the Italian landscape, or symbolizes hope 
The flag of Brazil has a green field adapted from the flag of the Empire of Brazil  The green represented the royal family 
The flag of India was inspired by an earlier flag of the independence movement of Gandhi, which had a red band for Hinduism and a green band representing Islam, the second largest religion in India 
The flag of Pakistan symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam and equal rights of religious minorities where the larger portion (3:2 ratio) of flag is dark green representing Muslim majority (98% of total population) while a white vertical bar (3:1 ratio) at the mast representing equal rights for religious minorities and minority religions in country  The crescent and star symbolizes progress and bright future respectively 
The Flag of Bangladesh has a green field based on a similar flag used during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971  It consists of a red disc on top of a green field  The red disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh  The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh 
The flag of the international constructed language Esperanto has a green field and a green star in a white area  The green represents hope ("esperanto" means "one who hopes"), the white represents peace and neutrality and the star represents the five inhabited continents Green is one of the three colors (along with red and black, or red and gold) of Pan-Africanism  Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia, Togo, Guinea, Benin, and Zimbabwe  The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the Ethiopian flag, one of the oldest independent African countries  Green on some African flags represents the natural richness of Africa Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below)  The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology  The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics  It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details  Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria  The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance 

Green is a symbol of Ireland, which is often referred to as the "Emerald Isle"  The color is particularly identified with the republican and nationalist traditions in modern times  It is used this way on the flag of the Republic of Ireland, in balance with white and the Protestant orange  Green is a strong trend in the Irish holiday St  Patrick's Day 

In politics
The first recorded green party was a political faction in Constantinople during the 6th century Byzantine Empire  which took its name from a popular chariot racing team  They were bitter opponents of the blue faction, which supported Emperor Justinian I and which had its own chariot racing team  In 532 AD rioting between the factions began after one race, which led to the massacre of green supporters and the destruction of much of the center of Constantinople  (See Nika Riots) 
Green was the traditional color of Irish nationalism, beginning in the 17th century  The green harp flag, with a traditional gaelic harp, became the symbol of the movement  It was the banner of the Society of United Irishmen, which organized the ultimately unsuccessful Irish Rebellion of 1798  When Ireland achieved independence in 1922, green was incorporated into the national flag In the 1970s green became the color of the third biggest Swiss Federal Council political party, the Swiss People's Party SVP  The ideology is Swiss nationalism, national conservatism, right-wing populism, economic liberalism, agrarianism, isolationism, euroscepticism  The SVP was founded on September 22, 1971 and has 90,000 members In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism  Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth  The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany  In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 11% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag 
Green parties in Europe have programs based on ecology, grassroots democracy, nonviolence, and social justice  Green parties are found in over one hundred countries, and most are members of the Global Green Network Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization which emerged from the anti-nuclear and peace movements in the 1970s  Its ship, the Rainbow Warrior, frequently tried to interfere with nuclear tests and whaling operations  The movement now has branches in forty countries 
The Australian Greens was founded in 1992  In the 2010 federal election, the party received 13% of the vote (more than 1 6 million votes) in the Senate, a first for any Australian minor party 
Green is the color associated with Puerto Rico's Independence Party, the smallest of that country's three major political parties, which advocates Puerto Rican independence from the United States 
In Taiwan, green is used by Democratic Progressive Party  Green in Taiwan associates with Taiwan independence movement 

In religion
Green is the traditional color of Islam  According to tradition, the robe and banner of Muhammad were green, and according to the Koran (XVIII, 31 and LXXVI, 21) those fortunate enough to live in paradise wear green silk robes  Muhammad is quoted in a hadith as saying that "water, greenery, and a beautiful face" were three universally good things  Green was accordingly adopted as a Shi'a color Al-Khidr ("The Green One"), was an important Qur'anic figure who was said to have met and traveled with Moses  He was given that name because of his role as a diplomat and negotiator  Green was also considered to be the median color between light and obscurity Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time  In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost  Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season  Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration  In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism  This is shown on the national flag of Ireland 
In Paganism, green represents abundance, growth, wealth, renewal, and balance  In magickal practices, green is often used to bring money and luck  One figure who shares parallels with various deities is the Green Man 

In gambling and sports
Gambling tables in a casino are traditionally green  The tradition is said to have started in gambling rooms in Venice in the 16th century 
Billiards tables are traditionally covered with green woolen cloth  The first indoor tables, dating to the 15th century, were colored green after the grass courts used for the similar lawn games of the period 
Green was the traditional color worn by hunters in the 19th century, particularly the shade called hunter green  In the 20th century most hunters began wearing the color olive drab, a shade of green, instead of hunter green 
Green is a common color for sports teams  Well-known teams include A S  Saint-Étienne of France, known as Les Verts (The Greens)  The Green Bay Packers, an American football team, has the color in its official name and wears green uniforms  A number of national soccer teams feature the color, with the color usually reflective of the teams' national flag 
British racing green was the international motor racing color of Britain from the early 1900s until the 1960s, when it was replaced by the colors of the sponsoring automobile companies 
A green belt in karate, taekwondo, and judo symbolizes a level of proficiency in the sport 

Idioms and expressions
Having a green thumb (American English) or green fingers (British English)  To be passionate about or talented at gardening  The expression was popularized beginning in 1925 by a BBC gardening program 
Greenhorn  Someone who is inexperienced 
Green-eyed monster  Refers to jealousy  (See section above on jealousy and envy) 
Greenmail  A term used in finance and corporate takeovers  It refers to the practice of a company paying a high price to buy back shares of its own stock to prevent an unfriendly takeover by another company or businessman  It originated in the 1980s on Wall Street, and originates from the green of dollars 
Green room  A room at a theater where actors rest when not onstage, or a room at a television studio where guests wait before going on-camera  It originated in the late 17th century from a room of that color at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London 
Greenwashing  Environmental activists sometimes use this term to describe the advertising of a company which promotes its positive environmental practices to cover up its environmental destruction 
Green around the gills  A description of a person who looks physically ill 
Going green  An expression commonly used to refer to preserving the natural environment, and participating in activities such as recycling materials 
Looking green  A description of a person who looks revolted or repulsed 

Notes
See also
Shades of green
Green pigments
Context 3: 
In the following table, the "Since" column shows the year that the city began serving as the state's capital (or the capital of the entities that preceded it)  The MSA/µSA and CSA columns display the population of the metro area the city is a part of, and should not be construed to mean the population of the city's sphere of influence or that the city is an anchor for the metro area  Fields colored light yellow denote that the population is a micropolitan statistical area 

Insular area capitals
An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district  Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below 

Former national capitals
Two of the 50 U S  states, Hawaii and Texas, were once de jure sovereign states with diplomatic recognition from the international community 

Hawaii
During its history as a sovereign nation (Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1893; Republic of Hawaii, 1894–1898), five sites served as the capital of Hawaii:

Waikīkī, 1795–1796
Hilo, 1796–1803
Honolulu, 1803–1812
Kailua-Kona, 1812–1820
Lahaina, 1820–1845
Honolulu, 1845–1898Annexed by the United States in 1898, Honolulu remained the capital, first of the Territory of Hawaii (1900–1959), and then of the state (since 1959) 

Texas
During its history as a sovereign nation (Republic of Texas, 1836–1845), seven sites served as the capital of Texas:

Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos), 1836
Harrisburg (now part of Houston), 1836
Galveston, 1836
Velasco, 1836
West Columbia, 1836
Houston, 1837–1839
Austin, 1839–1845Annexed by the United States in 1845, Austin remains the capital of the state of Texas 

Native American capitals
Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style  Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status  Since they did business with the U S  Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense 

Cherokee Nation
New Echota 1825–1832New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia, was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge  Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers  The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D C  and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation  Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements 

Red Clay 1832–1838The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee, on the Georgia state line, in order to evade the Georgia state militia  The log cabins, limestone springs, and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears 
Tahlequah 1839–1907, 1938–presentTahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal  After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick  The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma  The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 

Cherokee 20th century–present (Eastern Band of Cherokee)Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee River deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina  Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army, sent for the "round up", fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina, in order to remain in their homeland  In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary 

Muscogee Creek Nation
Hot Springs, Arkansas c  1837–1866After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta  Because some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over 3,000,000-acre (1,200,000 ha) - half of their land in what is now Arkansas 
Okmulgee 1867–1906Served as the National capital after the American Civil War  It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal  The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs 

Iroquois Confederacy
Onondaga (Onondaga privilege c  1450–present)The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse," was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York  These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations  Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation  Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy "

Seneca Nation of Indians
Jimerson Town (Allegany Reservation)
Irving (Cattaraugus Reservation)The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years  Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir  The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital 

Navajo Nation
Window RockWindow Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America  It lies within the boundaries of the St  Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line  Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings 

Unrecognized national capitals
There have been a handful of self-declared or undeclared nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence 

Colonies of British America
Prior to the independence of the United States from Great Britain, declared July 4, 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and ultimately secured in the American Revolutionary War, several congresses were convened on behalf of some of the colonies of British America  However, these bodies did not address the question of independence from England, and therefore did not designate a national capital  The Second Continental Congress encompassed the period during which the United States declared independence, but had not yet established a permanent national capital 

Vermont Republic
Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic (1777–1791)  Three cities served as the capital of the Republic:

Westminster, 1777
Windsor, 1777–?
Castleton, ?–1791The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier 

State of Franklin
The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created not long after the end of the American Revolution from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government  Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee  Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years 

Jonesborough, Tennessee, 1784–?
Greeneville, Tennessee, 1785?–?

State of Muskogee
The State of Muskogee was a Native American state in Spanish Florida created by the Englishman William Augustus Bowles, who was its "Director General," author of its Constitution, and designer of its flag  It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles  It existed from 1799 to 1803  It had one capital:

Miccosukee, 1799–1803

Republic of West Florida
The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived nation that broke away from the territory of Spanish West Florida in 1810   It comprised the Florida Parishes of the modern state of Louisiana and the Mobile District of the modern states of Mississippi and Alabama  (The Republic of West Florida did not include any part of the modern state of Florida ) Ownership of the area had been in dispute between Spain and the United States, which claimed that it had been included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803  Within two months of the settlers' rebellion and the declaration of an independent nation, President James Madison sent American forces to peaceably occupy the new republic  It was formally annexed by the United States in 1812 over the objections of Spain and the land was divided between the Territory of Orleans and Territory of Mississippi  During its brief existence, the capital of the Republic of West Florida was:

St  Francisville, Louisiana, 1810

Republic of Indian Stream
The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire 

The area that would become Pittsburg, New Hampshire, 1832–1835

California Republic
Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt)   The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself to join the advancing American army; its claimed territory later became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican Cession 

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation   The flag, featuring a silhouette of a California grizzly bear, a star, and the words "California Republic", became known as the Bear Flag and was later the basis for the official state flag of California 
There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:

Sonoma, 1846

Confederate States
The Confederate States of America (C S A ) had two capitals during its existence  The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23 
The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U S A ), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies 

Montgomery, February 4, 1861 – May 29, 1861
Richmond, May 29, 1861 – April 3, 1865

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals
Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War   State governments operated where and as they could   The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783   A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico 

Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic  Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously-running capital in the United States  Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt  An even older Spanish city, St  Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years 
The table below includes the following information:

The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown in bold type   NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution  (See List of U S  states by date of admission to the Union )
The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated 
In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders  (Those cities are generally indicated with the two-letter abbreviation for the U S  state in which the former administrative capital is now located )

See also
History of the United States
List of largest cities of U S  states and territories by population
List of state and territorial capitols in the United States
List of states and territories of the United States
Lists of capitals
Outline of United States history
Relocation of the United States Government to Trenton (1799)
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territories of the United States
Timeline of geopolitical changes

Explanatory notes
Passage 5:
Phoenix (German TV station)
Phoenix (stylised as phoenıx, pronounced [ˈføːnɪks]) is a German free-to-air television channel which is operated jointly by public-service broadcasters ARD and ZDF  It broadcasts documentaries, news, special events coverage and discussion programmes  Phoenix's headquarters are in Bonn, the former West German capital 
On November 15th 2022, Phoenix closed its SDTV feed across its cable and satellite feeds, but the SD feed can still be received via an antenna 

Programming
Phoenix broadcasts a deaf-subtitled version of the Tagesschau, ARD's flagship news broadcast, and ZDF's premier news broadcast Heute-Journal, in German Sign Language 
The channel's flagship news broadcast is Der Tag ("The Day"), which airs from 11:00 pm to midnight  Its length enables extended reports and interviews to be included 
The show Vor Ort ("On Scene") includes live coverage of political events, public lectures by important personalities, press conferences and assemblies of the Bundestag and Bundesrat 
Daily talk shows like Phoenix Runde (Phoenix Roundtable) with Alexander Kähler, Unter den Linden with Michaela Kolster or Michael Hirz, discuss current topics with experts or politicians 
As a benchmark in coverage, a "Meet the Press"-like show, Internationaler Frühschoppen is broadcast Sunday at 12 noon when the ARD's Presseclub is not broadcast 
The series "Historische Debatten" ("Historical Debates") and "Historische Ereignisse" ("Historical Events"), with journalist Helmut Illert, examine important topics relating to the development of the Federal Republic of Germany 
Phoenix is comparable to the American channel C-SPAN or the British BBC Parliament, because they also cover government and national politics 

Creation
The creation of Phoenix is credited to the former chancellor Helmut Kohl, who wanted to create a "European Parliamentary Channel"  However, the idea was rejected due to criticism by the public channels (ARD and ZDF) and suspicion that political pressure from Kohl could lead to a "Helmut-Kohl-Channel" 
The real idea for "Phoenix - Der Ereignis- und Dokumentationskanal" ("Phoenix - the current affairs and documentary channel") came from viewers of ARD and ZDF, who wanted a "media-political correction of faults in the system of information transfer"  This created the opportunity to create a "Parliamentary Channel", with the aim of increasing credibility and satisfying consumer demand 
Private channels (RTL and Sat  1) criticized the creation of Phoenix because they were at the time creating their own news channels (n-tv and N24 respectively) 
The headquarters of Phoenix were provisionally situated in Cologne  However, in 2000, the headquarters were relocated to studios in Bonn 
Phoenix's highest ratings to date were in August 2006, when it had 1 0% viewer share  With about 4 5 million viewers, it had more viewers than N-TV and N24 

Alignment of programming
Phoenix's stated aim is it to create "balance of the shortening of information, which are seen in news and magazines on television"  The programming should be a "truthful illustration of the reality in correspondence with the constitutional order of the publicly-funded broadcast and television stations in Germany"  The target is fulfilled with current reportages and documentaries from the vast archive of ARD and ZDF, as well as international productions from Discovery Channel and the BBC, dubbed into German 

Logo history
Audience share
Germany
Passage 6:
Chol Kiri District
Chol Kiri (Khmer: ស្រុកជលគិរី) is a district (srok) in the east of Kampong Chhnang province, in central  Cambodia  The district capital is Chol Kiri town located around eight km (5 0 mi) south of the provincial capital of Kampong Chhnang by road  Chol Kiri district is the easternmost district of Kampong Chhnang  The district shares a border with Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham provinces to the east  Most of the district is low lying floodplain and the Tonlé Sap river runs through the district roughly from north to south  This proximity to the river and the lack of high land make Chol Kiri one of the most flood prone districts in the country  The Kampong Chhnang Department of Development has estimated that both Chol Kiri and Kampong Leaeng districts are flooded for six months of the year and that after the floodwaters have receded drinking water sources are left contaminated The district has virtually no significant road infrastructure and all settlements are located along the Tonle Sap river and various smaller tributaries  Chol Kiri district is one of the smallest districts in Kampong Chhnang province by land area and only Kampong Chhnang district is smaller  It also has the smallest district population in the province due to its small size, flooded landscape and lack of road transport infrastructure  Two small tertiary roads run to Chol Kiri town from National Highway 6 in Batheay district in Kampong Cham province 

Location
Chol Kiri district lies in the east of the province and shares a border with Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham provinces  Reading from the north clockwise, Chol Kiri borders with Kampong Leang district to the north and north west and Baray district of Kampong Thom to the north east  The eastern border of the district is shared with Batheay district of Kampong Cham province  To the south the district shares a border with Kampong Tralach district  The western border of the district joins with Rola B'ier district and Kampong Chhnang district which surrounds the provincial capital 

Administration
The district is subdivided into five communes (khum) and 26 villages (phum)  The Chol Kiri district governor reports to Touch Marim, the Governor of Kampong Chhnang  The following table shows the villages of Chol Kiri district by commune 

Demographics
According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 28,300 persons in 4,918 households in 1998  This population consisted of 13,883 males (49 1%) and 14,417 females (50 9%)  With a population of under 30,000 people, Chol Kiri has by far the smallest district populations in Kampong Chhnang province  The average household size in Chol Kiri is 5 8 persons per household, which is significantly larger than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 96 3%, with slightly more females than males 

Murder over burials
On July 6, 2008, a farmer named Lon Chak died from axe wounds to the head in Prey Kiri village, Chol Kiri district  His uncle An Lonh confessed responsibility for the crime to local police  Lonh reported that the crime stemmed from a long-standing dispute with his nephew  The dispute between the two relatives was over burying bodies on farmland belong to Lonh  Lonh reported to police that Chak had already buried two of his relatives on the land against Lonh's wishes  After Chak buried a third body, Lonh attacked his nephew with an axe 
Passage 7:
Capital Bars
Capital Bars plc (formerly known as Break for the Border Group plc) was an Irish leisure company based in Dublin  Its core business was the acquisition, development and operation of bars, hotels and restaurants, all based in Dublin city centre  Brothers Desmond and Liam O'Dwyer control the company as Joint Managing Directors  After acquiring Capital Bars in 2001, the O’Dwyers took the company private the following year The company was dissolved in 2017 following the sale of all its operational assets The business originally began in O'Dwyers Bar and Lounge, in Mount Street Dublin 2  This small family run pub was extensively refurbished by elder brother Liam O'Dwyer in the early 1980s and became the first "victorian style" pub of which Dublin is so well known for now  This was also one of the first pubs in Dublin to sell "pub-grub" at lunch times 
The chain reached its peak in number of pubs in the early 2000s, with 11 pubs/nightclubs, one Planet Hollywood franchise and 3 hotels in 2001; but significant numbers of pubs were divested prior to 2009 including Bad Bobs for €12m in 2006  Poor financial performance was reported during the mid-00s The company entered mixed examinership/receivership on September 19, 2009; five days after poor results showing a 10m euro loss in the previous year   At that time the portfolio of multi-themed bars (several of them 'superpubs') included: Break for the Border, Café En Seine, Howl at the Moon, The Dragon, and The George, Dublin  All were situated in key locations in Dublin City Centre 
The O'Dwyers repurchased ownership of much of the section of the group put through receivership through their company Toji Holdings, with the other premises exiting examinership; however all properties have since been sold 
The "Zanzibar" pub was closed, and has since been sold for redevelopment as a hotel The Trinity Capital Hotel was sold in 2013 with the Grafton Capital Hotel sold in 2015, closing for refurbishment afterwards The remaining pubs - Café En Seine, The Dragon, The George and Howl at the Moon - were sold for a reported €15 million in late 2014 to rival pub and hotel operator Mercantile Group 
Passage 8:
Bondary
Bondary [bɔnˈdarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Michałowo, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus  It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Michałowo and 44 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok 
The village has a population of 330 
Passage 9:
KQSC
KQSC (1530 AM) is a radio station licensed to broadcast from Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, with a daytime power of 15,000 watts, and can be heard by day from the outskirts of Denver to the state's border with New Mexico In August 2006, Don Crawford Jr  bought the then-KCMN and a sister station, KCBR, from his father's radio company, Crawford Broadcasting, for an undisclosed amount (formally, KCMN was purchased by a new company called DJR Broadcasting, owned by Crawford)  The new owner said that the formats and staffing would stay the same at the stations  Crawford had begun working at Crawford Broadcasting in 1989, and had been a regional manager since 1994, responsible for the company's stations in Colorado Springs, Denver, Dallas, Los Angeles and San Francisco  Following the purchase, Crawford was to continue to manage KAAM in Dallas, which continues to run a "Legends" adult standards format similar to KCMN's former format Beginning in 2007, the station began broadcasting in HD Radio format In 2012, DJR Broadcasting sold KCMN (along with sister station KCBR) to the locally owned Pueblo Radio Group  PRG flipped KCMN from "Legends 1530" to an oldies format, even though KCMN added Classic Top 40/Oldies titles from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s under the ownerships of Crawford Sr  and Jr 
On February 5, 2015, KCMN changed their call letters to KKHI 
On March 18, 2015, Kona Coast Radio closed on their acquisition of KKHI at a price of $200,000  Following the acquisition, KKHI went silent  On October 16, 2015, the station changed their call sign to KQSC 
Effective December 10, 2015, KQSC was sold by Kona Coast Radio to Mountain Radio Group Inc , at a purchase price of $200,000  On January 1, 2016, KQSC flipped to a country music format called Mountain Country 1530 
Passage 10:
WFFG-FM
WFFG-FM (100 3 FM), known as "Froggy 100 3", is a country music radio station licensed to Warrensburg, New York, and is owned by Pamal Broadcasting   The radio studios and offices are on Everts Avenue in Queensbury, New York WFFG-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,450 watts   Its transmitter is near Black Spruce Mountain in the town of Warrensburg, Warren County, New York, near the Adirondack Northway



ground_truth: Lech Wałęsa

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county where KRSU is licensed to broadcast?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   The tower is shared with WCKM-FM and WCQL   Thanks to its tall tower, WFFG-FM's signal can be heard as far south as southern Albany and Rensselaer counties, and as far north as Schroon Lake and Elizabethtown 

History
WFFG-FM signed on November 1, 1990, on 100 5 MHz with 6 kilowatts ERP as adult contemporary KB-100 with the WKBE call letters  Locally owned by Karamatt Broadcasting, LLC, KB-100 aired mostly local programming with some off-peak timeslots carrying syndicated programs and also aired local programs such as high school sporting events  These events, however, were soon taken by WCKM-FM when that station signed on 
In 1994, Karamatt filed an application to upgrade for a 6 kilowatt Class A station to a 25 kilowatt Class B1 station as a response to the then-new application of the similarly powered WNYQ with the station moving down to 100 3 MHz in the process  The move took place in summer 1995; however, the increased value of the station led to its sale to Paul Bendat, owner of WABY/WABY-FM/WKLI in Albany in March 1996 after two months of running WKLI's K-Lite format under an LMA  With WKLI's adult contemporary format on the decline, Bendat saw an opportunity, and both WKLI and WKBE flipped to CHR K-100 with the closing of the purchase of WKBE 
Though the initial year of WKBE's new format did well in the ratings, outlasting upstart WHTR, the station soon began to enter a period of decline, and in February 1999, Bendat sold his stations to Tele-Media, Inc  After a three-month stunting period, the stations relaunched as modern adult contemporary The Point that May (with WKLI taking the WCPT calls in the process)  After two years of struggling against a relaunched WNYQ in Glens Falls as well as WFLY and WRVE in Albany, Tele-Media sold WCPT and WKBE in August 2001 to Pamal Broadcasting with the sale closing that October 

While WCPT (which reverted to WKLI) took a new format, WKBE instead retained the Point format, though now programming was based out of Glens Falls  This format has evolved over the last decade from the modern adult contemporary approach in place at the outset to a variation more similar to CHR and eventually to a modern rock-leaning format 
From November 22, 2006, to December 25, 2006, the station stunted with a temporary Christmas music format, and after the month-long stint of Christmas music, WKBE began its lean towards a modern rock-oriented format on December 26, by introducing a new logo and slogan (Today's Modern Mix) 

After the relaunch in 2006, the station's playlist included mainly modern and active rock artists, such as Alanis Morissette, Evanescence, No Doubt, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Green Day, as well as pop rock acts such as Kelly Clarkson, Christina Perri, Paramore, Neon Trees, and Avril Lavigne  In the late 2000s, soul music artists such as Adele, Duffy, and KT Tunstall began to be added to the playlist; however, by 2010, the station has become closer to a true modern rock format, although the station still plays some modern AC and AAA artists which are not found on most modern rock stations  By 2012, Arbitron, Mediabase and Nielsen BDS reported the station under the hot adult contemporary format 
On December 27, 2013, WKBE and sister station WFFG-FM swapped formats and call letters; WKBE became a country music format as Froggy 100 3 and WFFG-FM became a modern AC/AAA format as 107 1 The Point 
Passage 11:
Potes
Potes is a municipality in the autonomous community of Cantabria in Spain  It is the capital of the Comarca of Liébana and is located in the centre of it  It is bordered to the north by Cillorigo de Liébana, to the west by Camaleño, to the south by Vega de Liébana and to the east by Cabezón de Liébana 

Geography
The town of Potes is located at the confluence of four valleys, near where the River Quiviesa flows in the River Deva, the latter born at altitudes of the Picos de Europa  Like the rest of the Liébana region, Potes enjoys a Mediterranean microclimate that allows the cultivation of the vines, walnut and poplar  Overlooking the town is Arabedes mountain (694m) 

History
Potes is located at a strategic point where the two rivers of Liébana meet: the Deva and its tributary the Quiviesa  There is little trace of prehistoric occupation in the region, but the Romans named it Pontes  A village was founded in the 8th century under Alfonso I of Asturias  Potes appeared for the first time in a document written in 847; the document mentions the parish church and the town  Later in the 10th century, Potes became the administrative centre of the Comarca of Liébana  Potes was considered a city from the 13th century and received royal recognition 
In the Becerro de las Behetrías de Castilla manuscript (1351), Potes appears as the property of Tello Alfonso, son of Alfonso XI of Castile  During the late Middle Ages, like all of Liébana, the town was involved in the confrontation between the families of Manrique Castañeda and Mendoza  In 1444, John II of Castile resolved the issue in favour of the Marquis of Santillana  The Marquis made Potes the capital of Liebana, and erected a large tower, called the Torre del Infantado  In this same period, other prominent buildings, such as the nearby Tower of Orejón de la Lama and the San Cayetano bridge were built 
In the modern age, Potes remained a place of manorialism  The Duke of Infantado appointed its mayor  Many villagers emigrated to America and the riches of the new continent allowed the construction of notable buildings in the village  In 1822, Potes received its own town council, being head of a judicial district covering Potes, Castro and Cillorigo, Cabezón de Liébana, Camaleño, Espinama, Pesaguero, Tresviso and Vega de Liébana  Thirty years later, it was incorporated into the judicial district of San Vicente de la Barquera 
During the Spanish Civil War, Potes was hit by a fire caused by the Republican side that destroyed the old town, it was rebuilt afterwards  The old town was classified as a Conjunto Histórico in 1983 

Economy and infrastructure
The main source of income is from tourism due to its location in the Picos de Europa  Potes is on the national road N-621  The nearest major town, Santander, is 100 km away 

Sites and monuments
The old town, a historical monument, is a maze of alleys and steps with a medieval atmosphere 
It is dominated by the Torre del Infantado, a symbol of Potes, built in the 15th century  It has four floors and forms an imposing stone cube, only relieved by turrets  The tower now houses the City Council 
The old gothic church of San Vicente was built in 15th century and rebuilt from the late 15th century to 17th century, it was replaced in the 19th  century by the new parish church of San Vicente  This has 18th-century altarpieces from the Convent of San Raimundo and a sculpture of Saint Vincent, patron saint of the city  In the square is a monument to the violinist Jesús de Monasterio who was a native of Potes 
The nearby Bridge of San Cayetano overlooks the Rio Quiviesa since the 13th century  At one end is the Ermita de San Cayetano, a chapel which retains its wooden doors and an altarpiece of the 18th century with a portrait of San Cayetano and the Torre de Orejón de la Lama, built from the 15th century to the 17th century and has on its front the shields of Celis and Bedoya  It now serves as a centre for exhibitions and cultural events 
Other houses, the Casona de la Canal (18th century), the Torre de la Familia Osorio (17th century) and the 18th century San Marcial Street, bears the arms of the family Campillo and birthplace of Jesus Monasterio, dating from the same period 
The Ermita de la Virgen del Camino is a chapel of the 18th century in the district of la Serna, it has an altarpiece of the same century  The Convent of San Raimundo was built in the early 17th century by the Benedictines  It remains today as the cloister which houses an exhibition on the Picos de Europa and Comarca of Liébana 
The Ermita de la Virgen de Valmayor, located outside the village, on the road to Vega de Liebana is a chapel built in the 16th century  The altarpiece of the 18th century with the image of the Virgin of Valmayor  This image is carried every 15 August during a procession 

Demographics
Administration
Francisco Javier Gomez Ruiz (PP) is the current mayor of the municipality  The following tables show the results of the elections held in 2003 and 2007 

Cuisine
The best known dish from Potes is the chickpea stew Cocido Lebaniego  Other products from Potes, include various cheeses, honey and the grape brandy Orujo that is made from wine grown in the valley 

Festivals and events
Potes has regular religious processions:

23 January, the day of the martyr Saint Vincent, patron saint of Potes, and it is the occasion of traditional dances and festivities 
Early May, the Liébana is host to the procession of Santuca, one of the biggest in Spain  The statue of the Virgen de la Luz leaves the chapel to join Aniezo Santo Toribio de Liebana 
15 August, the procession of the Virgen de Valmayor is accompanied by dance, music and songs of the Middle Ages 
From 13 to 17 September, there is the festival of the Exaltation of the Cross (the Monastery Santo Toribio claims to retain a fragment of the True Cross)  This holiday is declared to be of Regional Tourist Interest Non-religious, the Feast of the Orujo is also a major event, which takes place in November 
Passage 12:
Carreño
Carreño is a municipality in the autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain  It is bordered by Corvera de Asturias on the west, Gozón on the north, the Cantabrian Sea on the north and east, and Gijón on the east and south  Its capital is Candás 

History
As characteristic of other sites in Asturias, artifacts from the Neolithic era were also found in Carreño  Tumuli, dolmens and hill forts in the region provide evidence for the 100,000-year-old history of the area 

Parishes
(The number preceding the parish name refers to its location on the parroquias map)

Candás (capital)
Perlora
Albandi
Carrió
Pervera (Asturian: Prevera)
Prendes (Asturian: Priendes)
Piedeloro (Asturian: Pieloro)
Logrezana (Asturian: Llorgozana)
Guimarán
El Valle
Ambás
Tamón

Politics
Culture
La iglesia de San Félix church built under Fruela II in the 9th century
La iglesia de Santa María de Logrezana church finished in the 19th century 
La iglesia de Santa María de Piedeloro church built  in the 13th century
La iglesia parroquial de Ambás parish church from the 18th century
La ermita de San Antonio hermitage from the 16th century
El palacio de Estrada Mora palace from the 16th century

Notable people
Antón de Marirreguera, 17th-century writer, and one of the first to write in Asturian 
Juan Carreño de Miranda (March 1614 - September 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period 
Passage 13:
CIBX-FM
CIBX-FM (106 9 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, owned by Bell Media and known as Move 106 9  It broadcasts an adult contemporary format  The studios and offices are on Rookwood Avenue in Fredericton, shared with sister stations CFXY-FM and CKHJ CIBX-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 78,000 watts, horizontal polarization only   The transmitter is on Provincial Route 620 at Route 617, at Hamtown Corner in Douglas, northwest of Fredericton 

History
CIBX traces its history to the first radio station in New Brunswick, CFNB   The call letters stood for Fredericton, New Brunswick  The station went on the air under the experimental call sign of 10AD, broadcasting at 1210 kilocycles in 1923   It was granted a full license as CFNB in 1926  CFNB then moved to 1030 in 1933, and to 550 in 1934 
The station was affiliated with the CBC's Trans-Canada Network  In 1959 the station increased its power to 50,000 watts, giving it full-time coverage over most of the Maritime Provinces  The CBC affiliation was dropped in 1964 when the network started its own station in Fredericton, CBZ  CFNB played a full service, adult contemporary format before switching to oldies in the early 1990s 
In 1996, CFNB's parent company, Radio Atlantic, was granted permission to move its signal to 106 9 FM and to shut down the AM transmitter  The call sign changed in the process, and after a brief simulcast period, CFNB 550 signed off the air on June 11 of that year  The new station, CIBX, played soft adult contemporary music  The former CFNB call sign now belongs to a radio station in D'Arcy, British Columbia, known as CFNB-FM  Over time, CIBX evolved towards adult contemporary 
Between 2000 and 2005, CIBX used the on-air "EZ Rock" branding along with other stations in Canada, while using Capital FM as a secondary name   Eventually, "EZ Rock" was phased out as a moniker 
As of July 18, 2012, CIBX officially flipped to Top 40/CHR  It was one of two Top 40 outlets in the Fredericton radio market as it took on rival station CFRK-FM  The competition lasted nearly three years    On May 31, 2015, CFRK flipped to country music, which left CIBX as the only Top 40 station in the market CIBX and seven other radio stations in the Atlantic Provinces are currently owned by Bell Media 
On December 27, 2020, as part of a mass format reorganization by Bell Media, CIBX shifted to Hot AC and rebranded as Move 106 9  While the station ran without DJs for the first week of the format, the on-air staff returned on January 4, 2021 In 2022, CIBX flipped back to adult contemporary music 

Former logos
Passage 14:
Sinzongo
Sinzongo is a village in the Lobaye region in the Central African Republic southwest of the capital, Bangui and near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo 
Nearby towns and villages include Pissa, (1 4 nm), Boali (1 4 nm), Boyama (2 2 nm), Seoundou (8 2 nm), Boundara (8 0 nm) and Ancien Bakani (11 3 nm) 
Passage 15:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 16:
Ou Reang Ov District
Ou Reang Ov District (Khmer: ស្រុកអូរាំងឪ) is a district (srok) located in Tboung Khmum Province, Cambodia  The district capital is Ou Reang Ov town located around 30 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by road  Ou Reang Ov lies on the border where Tboung Khmum, Kampong Cham and Prey Veng provinces meet; the town of Prey Veng is only 42 kilometres away by road Prior to 31 December 2013 when Tboung Khmum Province was formed by royal decree, the district was part of Kampong Cham Province  Ou Reang Ov is easily accessed by road from Kampong Cham or Prey Veng town  Ou Reang Ov is a long narrow district located in southern Tboung Khmum  A large rubber plantation covers the northern part of the district  Ou Reang Ov town lies on National Highway 11 which runs from Neak Leung in Prey Veng province to an intersection with National Highway 7 at Thnal Totoung in Tboung Kmom District 

Location
Ou Reang Ov district lies in the southwestern region of Tboung Khmum Province, sharing a border with Prey Veng Province to the south and Kampong Cham to the west  Reading from the north clockwise, Ou Reang Ov borders with Tboung Khmum District to the north and Ponhea Kraek District to the east, while Kanhchriech and Sithor Kandal districts of Prey Veng Province are to the south  Sithor Kandal district continues from the south to wrap around the lower western border of the district and Koh Sotin district of Kampong Cham makes up the remainder of the western border 

Operation Pacific Angel
In 2008, Ou Reang Ov district was home to a humanitarian mission from Operation Pacific Angel  Operation Pacific Angel is a recurring joint/combined humanitarian assistance mission sponsored by United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) designed to bring humanitarian civic assistance and civil-military operations to areas in need in the Pacific region  In May 2008, the first Pacific Angel mission took place  Members of the US Air Force, US Army, and US Marine Corps conducted the twofold mission to Cambodia and Thailand  At the Ou Reang Ov district hospital, medical and dental programs were set up to see patients along with doctors from the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces and the Children’s Surgical Centre  Medical staff provided cost-free general medical care, women's health care, and ophthalmology/optometry care to a total of more than 6,000 people in Kampong Chhnang and what was then part of Kampong Cham 

Administration
The Ou Reang Ov district governor reports to the Governor of Tboung Khmum  The following table shows the villages of Ou Reang Ov district by commune 

Demographics
The district is subdivided into 7 communes (khum) and 141 villages (phum)  According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 82,806 persons in 16,940 households in 1998  With a population of over 80,000 people, Ou Reang Ov district has one of the smaller district populations in Tboung Khmum province  The average household size in Ou Reang Ov is 4 9 persons per household, which is slightly lower than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 90 5%, with significantly more females than males 
Passage 17:
Province of Toledo
Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha  It is bordered by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, Cáceres, and Ávila  Its capital is the city of Toledo 

Demography
Of the province's 711,228 people (2012), only about 1/9 live in the capital, Toledo, which is also the capital of the autonomous community  The most populated municipalities in the province are Toledo and Talavera de la Reina with 83,741 and 83,303 inhabitants each (INE, 2017) 
The province contains 204 municipalities  The smallest municipality in Spain, Illán de Vacas, with a population of 8, is in Toledo province  See List of municipalities in Toledo 

Population development
The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics and government
Provincial government and administration
The government body of the province is the Provincial Deputation of Toledo  Its seat is located at Toledo  The members of the plenary of the deputation (diputación) are indirectly elected from among the municipal councillors in the province based on the results of the municipal elections  In turn, the plenary elects the president of the deputation from among its members 

Representation of the Central Government
The Government of Spain appoints a Government Sub-delegate for the province, whose headquarters are located at Toledo  The Government Delegate charged with the representation in the whole autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha also has its seat in Toledo 

Coat of arms
Since 2013 the province of Toledo uses the arms of the city, the imperial double-headed eagle Sable bearing an escutcheon with the arms of Castile and Leon, party per pale with the arms of the former Kingdom of Toledo  The eagle is flanked by the pillars of Hercules 

Geography
The province shares the Parque Nacional de Cabañeros with the province of Ciudad Real  The Corocho de Rocigalgo, located in the Montes de Toledo, is the highest point of the province (1,448 m)  The Tagus crosses the province from the northeast to the west  Some right-bank tributaries are the Guadarrama, the Alberche or the Tiétar 

See also
List of municipalities in Toledo
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KRSU (FM)
Minnesota Public Radio broadcasts on 43 stations that serve Minnesota and its neighboring communities and 42 translators providing additional local coverage   (40 + 41 = 81 total )  Stations are located in Minnesota, Wisconsin (La Crosse), North Dakota (Fargo and Grand Forks), South Dakota (Sioux Falls), Michigan (Houghton), Iowa (Decorah), and Idaho (Sun Valley)  MPR also operates KPCC in Pasadena, California 
Most areas are served by both a classical music station and a news and information station  One location is covered by a single station that combines both services  Two locations are served by a classical music station, a news and information station, and The Current 
MPR's newest service, The Current, is available in Austin, Hinckley, Mankato, the Twin Cities, New Ulm, Rochester and St  Peter 
Minnesota Public Radio also broadcasts all three of its services — News, Classical and The Current — on HD Radio in several communities throughout the state of Minnesota  In the Twin Cities, MPR multicasts "Classical 24", BBC News and "More", a Spanish language service from Radio Netherlands called "Ahora", and "Wonderground Radio", a service specifically geared towards children 

Gray background indicates a network flagship 
Blue background indicates an FM translator 
Passage 19:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 



ground_truth: Green Bay