prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the British general in the battle named after the birth city of the person who recorded Mother-in-Law?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815 between the British Army under Major General Sir Edward Pakenham and the United States Army under Brevet Major General Andrew Jackson, roughly 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the French Quarter of New Orleans, in the current suburb of Chalmette, Louisiana The battle was the climax of the five-month Gulf Campaign (September 1814 to February 1815) by Britain to try to take New Orleans, West Florida, and possibly Louisiana Territory which began at the First Battle of Fort Bowyer  Britain started the New Orleans campaign on December 14, 1814, at the Battle of Lake Borgne and numerous skirmishes and artillery duels happened in the weeks leading up to the final battle 
The battle took place 15 days after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which formally ended the War of 1812, on December 24, 1814, though it would not be ratified by the United States (and therefore did not take effect) until February 16, 1815, as news of the agreement had not yet reached the United States from Europe  Despite a large British advantage in numbers, training, and experience, the American forces defeated a poorly executed assault in slightly more than 30 minutes  The Americans suffered just 71 casualties, while the British suffered over 2,000, including the deaths of the commanding general, Major General Sir Edward Pakenham, and his second-in-command, Major General Samuel Gibbs 

Background
In August 1814, Britain and the United States began negotiations to end the War of 1812  However, British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Henry Bathurst issued Pakenham's secret orders on October 24, 1814, commanding him to continue the war even if he heard rumors of peace  Bathurst expressed concern that the United States might not ratify a treaty and did not want Pakenham either to endanger his forces or miss an opportunity for victory  Prior to that, in August 1814, Vice Admiral Cochrane had convinced the Admiralty that a campaign against New Orleans would weaken American resolve against Canada and hasten a successful end to the war There was a major concern that the British and their Spanish allies wanted to reclaim the territories of the Louisiana Purchase because they did not recognize any land deals made by Napoleon (first the 1800 transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France and then the 1803–1804 transfer of Louisiana from France to the United States) so that was the reason why the British invaded New Orleans in the middle of the Treaty of Ghent negotiations  If the British had won the Battle of New Orleans, they would have likely interpreted that all territories gained from the 1803 Louisiana Purchase would be void and not part of U S  territory  It has been claimed that British military communications indicate that Great Britain intended to take and keep New Orleans, which would have halted the westward expansion of the United States  This is contradicted by the content of Bathurst's correspondence, and disputed by Latimer, with specific reference to correspondence from the Prime Minister to the Foreign Secretary dated December 23, 1814 

Opposing forces
Prelude
Lake Borgne
Sixty British ships had anchored in the Gulf of Mexico to the east of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne by December 14, 1814, under the command of Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane  An American flotilla of five gunboats, commanded by Lieutenant Thomas ap Catesby Jones, blocked British access to the lakes  On December 14, around 980 British sailors and Royal Marines under Captain Nicholas Lockyer, set out to attack Jones's force  Lockyer's men sailed in 42 rowboats, almost all armed with a small carronade  Lockyer captured Jones's vessels in a brief engagement  Casualties included 17 British sailors killed and 77 wounded, while 6 Americans were killed, 35 wounded, and the remaining crews captured  The wounded included both Jones and Lockyer 
One unintended consequence is that it is believed the gunboat crews in captivity were able to mislead the British as to Jackson's strength in numbers, when they were questioned  There is a popular story concerning Purser Thomas Shields and Surgeon Robert Morrell, who were sent under a flag of truce to negotiate the return of the prisoners on parole  They were placed in a cabin, where their conversation could be heard  Shields, having hearing difficulties, talked loudly and mentioned that 20,000 troops were under Jackson's command  There was nothing in the actions of the British commanders to indicate they believed they were faced with superior numbers 

Disembarkation by the British
Sixteen hundred British soldiers under the command of General John Keane were rowed 60 miles west from Cat Island to Pea Island (possibly now Pearl Island), situated about 30 miles (48 km) east of New Orleans  It took six days and nights to ferry the troops, each transit taking around ten hours There were three potential routes to the east of the Mississippi that the British could take, in addition to traversing up the Mississippi itself   Rather than a slow approach to New Orleans up the Mississippi River, the British chose to advance on an overland route  The first route was to take the Rigolets passage into Lake Pontchartrain, and thence to disembark two miles north of the city  One hindrance was the fort at Petit Coquilles at the Rigolets passage 
The second option was to row to the Plain of Gentilly via the Bayou Chef Menteur, and to take the Chef Menteur Road that went from the Rigolets to the city  It was narrow, and could be easily blocked  Jackson was aware of this, and had it well guarded The third option was to head to Bayou Bienvenue, then Bayou Mazant and via the Villeré Canal to disembark at a point one mile from the Mississippi and seven miles south of the city  This latter option was taken by Keane Andrew Lambert notes that Keane squandered a passing opportunity to succeed, when he decided to not take the open road to New Orleans  Reilly observes that there has been a general acceptance that Cochrane cajoled Keane into a premature and ill-advised attack, but there is no evidence to support this theory  Codrington's correspondence does imply that the first option was intended to be followed by Cochrane, based upon inaccurate map details, as documented by Cochrane's papers  The shallow waters of the narrow passes of the Rigolets and the Chef Menteur could not take any vessel drawing eight feet or more A further hindrance was the lack of shallow draft vessels, which Cochrane had requested, yet the Admiralty had refused  As a consequence, even when using all shallow boats, it was not possible to transport more than 2,000 men at a time 

Villeré Plantation
On the morning of December 23, Keane and a vanguard of 1,800 British soldiers reached the east bank of the Mississippi River, 9 miles (14 km) south of New Orleans  They could have attacked the city by advancing a few hours up the undefended river road, but Keane decided to encamp at Lacoste's Plantation and wait for the arrival of reinforcements  The British invaded the home of Major Gabriel Villeré, but he escaped through a window and hastened to warn General Jackson of the approaching army and the position of their encampment   According to historian Stanley Clisby Arthur: 'At the close of Major Villeré's narrative the General drew up his figure, bowed with disease and weakness, to its full height, and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow upon the table with his clenched fist, exclaimed: "By the Eternal, they shall not sleep on our soil!"

Commencement of battle
Jackson's raid on the British camp
Following Villeré's intelligence report, on the evening of December 23, Jackson led 2,131 men in a brief three-pronged assault from the north on the unsuspecting British troops, who were resting in their camp  He then pulled his forces back to the Rodriguez Canal, about 4 miles (6 4 km) south of the city  The Americans suffered 24 killed, 115 wounded, and 74 missing, while the British reported their losses as 46 killed, 167 wounded, and 64 missing  Consequentially, as at December 25 Pakenham's forces now had an effective strength of 5,933 out of a headcount of 6,660 soldiers  Historian Robert Quimby states that the British won a "tactical victory, which enabled them to maintain their position", but they "were disabused of their expectation of an easy conquest"  As a consequence, the Americans gained time to transform the canal into a heavily fortified earthwork 

British reconnaissance-in-force
On Christmas Day, General Edward Pakenham arrived on the battlefield  Two days later he received nine large naval artillery guns from Admiral Cochrane along with a hot shot furnace to silence the two U S  Navy warships, the sloop-of-war USS Louisiana and the schooner USS Carolina, that were harassing the army for 24 hours per day the past week from the Mississippi River  The Carolina was sunk in a massive explosion by the British, but the Louisiana survived thanks to the Baratarian pirates aboard getting into rowboats and tying the ship to the rowboats and rowing it further north away from the British artillery  The Louisiana was not able to sail northward under her own power due to the attack  These two vessels were now no longer a danger to the British, but Jackson ordered the ships' surviving guns and crew to be stationed on the west bank and provide covering fire for any British assault on the river road to Line Jackson (name of the U S  defensive line at the Rodriguez Canal) and New Orleans  After silencing the two ships, Pakenham ordered a reconnaissance-in-force on December 28 against the earthworks  The reconnaissance-in-force was designed to test Line Jackson and see how well-defended it was, and if any section of the line was weak the British would take advantage of the situation, break through, and call for thousands of more soldiers to smash through the defenses  On the right side of this offensive the British soldiers successfully sent the militia defenders into a retreating panic with their huge show of force and were just a few hundred yards from breaching the defensive line, but the left side of the reconnaissance-in-force turned into tragedy for the British  The surviving artillery guns from the two neutralized warships successfully defended the section of Line Jackson closest to the Mississippi River with enfilading fire, making it look like the British offensive completely failed even though on the section closest to the swamp the British were on the verge of breaking through  Pakenham inexplicably decided to withdraw all the soldiers after seeing the left side of his reconnaissance-in-force collapsing and retreating in panic  The British suffered 16 killed and 43 wounded and the Americans suffered 7 killed and 10 wounded  Luck saved Line Jackson on this day and this was the closest the British came during the whole campaign to defeating Jackson After the failure of this operation Pakenham met with General Keane and Admiral Cochrane that evening for an update on the situation  Pakenham wanted to use Chef Menteur Pass as the invasion route, but he was overruled by Admiral Cochrane, who insisted that his boats were providing everything needed  Admiral Cochrane believed that the veteran British soldiers would easily destroy Jackson's ramshackle army, and he allegedly said that if the army did not do it, his sailors would, and the meeting settled the method and place of the attack 

When the British reconnaissance force withdrew, the Americans immediately began constructing earthworks to protect the artillery batteries, further strengthening Line Jackson  They installed eight batteries, which included one 32-pound gun, three 24-pounders, one 18-pounder, three 12-pounders, three 6-pounders, and a 6-inch (150 mm) howitzer  Jackson also sent a detachment to the west bank of the Mississippi to man two 24-pounders and two 12-pounders on the grounded warship USS Louisiana  Even so, the British greatly outnumbered the Americans  Jackson's total of 4,732 men was made up of 968 Army regulars, 58 Marines (holding the center of the defensive line), 106 Navy seamen, 1,060 Louisiana militia and volunteers (including 462 Black people), 1,352 Tennessee militia, 986 Kentucky militia, 150 Mississippi militia, and 52 Choctaw warriors, along with a force from pirate Jean Lafitte's Baratarians   Jackson in the first week of the New Orleans land campaign that began on December 23 also had the support of the warships in the Mississippi River, including USS Louisiana, USS Carolina, the schooner USS Eagle, and the steamboat Enterprise   The naval warships were neutralized by the heavy naval artillery guns brought in by Pakenham and Cochrane a few days after Christmas  Major Thomas Hinds' Squadron of Light Dragoons, a militia unit from the Mississippi Territory, arrived at the battle on December 22 

Artillery duel
The main British army arrived on New Year's Day 1815 and began an artillery bombardment of the American earthworks  Jackson's headquarters, Macarty House, was fired at for the first 10 minutes of the skirmish while Jackson and his officers were eating breakfast  The house was completely destroyed but Jackson and the officers escaped harm  The Americans recovered quickly and mobilized their own artillery to fire back at the British artillery  This began an exchange of artillery fire that continued for three hours  Several of the American guns were silenced, including the 32-pounder, a 24-pounder, and a 12-pounder, while some damage was done to the earthworks  The British suffered even greater, losing 13 guns (5 British batteries out of 7 total batteries were silenced by the Americans)  The remaining British artillery finally exhausted its ammunition, and Pakenham canceled the attack  Major General Gibbs during the artillery duel sent soldiers to try to outflank Line Jackson on the right due to the near-success of the December 28 skirmish  A combined force of Tennessee militia and Choctaw warriors used heavy small arms fire to repel this maneuver  The Tennessee and Choctaw soldiers even moved forward in front of Line Jackson and counterattacked, guerrilla-style, to guarantee the British withdrawal  After yet another failure to breach Line Jackson Pakenham decided to wait for his entire force of 8,000 men to assemble before continuing his attack  (The 40th Foot arrived too late, disembarking on 12 January 1815 ) The British lost 45 killed and 55 wounded in the artillery duel and the Americans lost 11 killed and 23 wounded  British morale completely collapsed after expecting an easy, bloodless victory against an opposing army heavily composed of, in their minds, non-professional militia, pirates, and squirrel hunters during the past 3 battles in the previous 10 days  Hundreds of shell-shocked British soldiers refused to follow orders and retrieve damaged but repairable guns that were abandoned in the battlefield during the afternoon  Pakenham had to personally lead the soldiers to retrieve the guns later that night 

Battle
The Americans had constructed three lines of defense, with the forward line four miles south of the city  It was strongly entrenched at the Rodriguez Canal, which stretched from a swamp to the river, with a timber, loop-holed breastwork and earthworks for artillery  General Lambert and two infantry battalions totaling 1700 soldiers disembarked and reinforced the British on January 5 

Right Bank
The British battle plan was for an attack against the 20-gun west bank battery, then to turn those guns on the American line to assist the frontal attack  In the early morning of January 8, Pakenham gave his final orders for the two-pronged assault  Colonel William Thornton was to cross the Mississippi during the night with his force, move rapidly upriver, storm the battery commanded by Commodore Daniel Patterson on the flank of the main American entrenchments, and then open an enfilading fire on Jackson's line with the captured artillery, directly across from the earthworks manned by the vast majority of American troops  Keane was to lead a column along the river, and Major General Samuel Gibbs was to lead a column along the swamp  The brigade commanded by Major General John Lambert was held in reserve 
The British dug a canal to enable 42 small boats to get to the river  Preparations for the attack had foundered early on January 8, as the canal collapsed and the dam failed, leaving the sailors to drag the boats through the mud with Thornton's west bank assault force  This left the force starting off just before daybreak, 8 hours late according to Thornton's dispatch, assessed in 2008 to be 12 hours late  The frontal attack was not postponed, however, as the British hoped that the force on the west bank would create a diversion, even if they did not succeed in the assault The only British success of the battle was the delayed attack on the west bank of the Mississippi River, where Thornton's brigade of the 85th Regiment of Foot and detachments from the Royal Navy and Royal Marines 
attacked and overwhelmed the American line  The 700 militiamen were routed  The British had the advantage of the element of surprise  The decision by General Morgan to deploy his troops in two positions a mile apart, neither defensible, was favorable for the British  Morgan's mismanagement of his Kentucky and Louisiana militiamen was an open invitation to defeat  Whilst the retreat of the militia has been criticized, such a move was no less than prudent  An inquiry found that the conduct was 'not reprehensible'  Captain Rowland Money led the Navy detachment, and Brevet Major Thomas Adair led the Marines  Money was captain of HMS Trave, and Adair was the commanding officer of HMS Vengeur's detachment of Marines  As a consequence of the sides of the canal caved in and choked the passage that night, only enough boats got through to carry 600 men, being a third of the intended force  Thornton did not make allowance for the current, and it carried him about two miles below the intended landing place 
His brigade won their battle, but Thornton was badly wounded  Army casualties among the 85th Foot were two dead, one captured, and 41 wounded, the battalion reduced to 270 effectives on the Right Bank  Royal Navy casualties were two dead, Captain Rowland Money and 18 seamen wounded  Royal Marine casualties were two dead, with three officers, one sergeant, and 12 other ranks wounded  By contrast, the defenders' casualties were two dead, eleven wounded and nineteen missing  Both Jackson and Commodore Patterson reported that the retreating forces had spiked their cannon, leaving no guns to turn on the Americans' main defense line; Major Michell's diary, however, claims that he had "commenced cleaning enemy's guns to form a battery to enfilade their lines on the left bank"   General Lambert ordered his Chief of Artillery Colonel Alexander Dickson to assess the position  Dickson reported back that no fewer than 2,000 men would be required to hold the position  Lambert issued orders to withdraw after the defeat of their main army on the east bank and retreated, taking a few American prisoners and cannon with them  The Americans were so dismayed by the loss of this battery, which would be capable of inflicting much damage on their lines when the attack was renewed, that they were preparing to abandon the town when they received the news that the British were withdrawing, according to one British regimental historian  Reilly does not agree, but does note that Jackson was eager to send Humbert and 400 men to retake the position from Thornton's troops  Carson Ritchie goes as far to assert that 'it was not Pakenham, but Sir Alexander Dickson who lost the third battle of New Orleans' in consequence of his recommendation to evacuate the Right Bank  , and that 'he could think of nothing but defense' This success, being described as 'a brilliant exploit by the British, and a disgraceful exhibition [of General Morgan's leadership] by the Americans,' had no effect on the final outcome of the battle 

Left Bank
The main attack began in darkness and a heavy fog, but the fog lifted as the British neared the main American line, exposing them to withering artillery fire  Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Mullins, the British commander of the 44th Regiment of Foot, had forgotten the ladders and fascines needed to cross the eight-foot-deep and fifteen-foot-wide canal and scale the earthworks, and the British forces fell into confusion  Most of the senior officers were killed or wounded, including Major General Samuel Gibbs, who was killed leading the main attack column on the right, and Colonel Rennie, who led a detachment on the left by the river 

The Highlanders of the 93rd Regiment of Foot were ordered to leave Keane's assault column advancing along the river, possibly because of Thornton's delay in crossing the river and the artillery fire that might hit them, and to move across the open field to join the main force on the right  Keane fell wounded as he crossed the field with the 93rd  Rennie's men managed to attack and overrun an American advance redoubt next to the river, but they could neither hold the position nor successfully storm the main American line behind it without reinforcements  Within a few minutes, the American 7th Infantry arrived, moved forward, and fired upon the British in the captured redoubt; within half an hour, Rennie and nearly all of his men were dead  In the main attack on the right, the British infantrymen flung themselves to the ground, huddled in the canal, or were mowed down by a combination of musket fire and grapeshot from the Americans  A handful made it to the top of the parapet on the right, but they were killed or captured  The riflemen of the 95th Regiment of Foot had advanced in open skirmish order ahead of the main assault force and were concealed in the ditch below the parapet, unable to advance further without support 
The two large main assaults were repulsed  Pakenham and Gibbs were fatally wounded while on horseback by grapeshot fired from the earthworks  Major Wilkinson of the 21st Regiment of Foot reformed his lines and made a third assault  They were able to reach the entrenchments and attempted to scale them  Wilkinson made it to the top before being shot  The Americans were amazed at his bravery and carried him behind the rampart  The British soldiers stood out in the open and were shot apart with grapeshot from Line Jackson, including the 93rd Highlanders, having no orders to advance further or retreat  General Lambert was in the reserve and took command  He gave the order for his reserve to advance and ordered the withdrawal of the army  The reserve was used to cover the retreat of what was left of the British army in the field 
The inability of Thornton's troops to have taken the Right Bank at night, in advance of the main assault, meant that the British were enfiladed by the American batteries  It has been observed that Keane's failure, to have taken the Chef Menteur Road, was compounded when the aggressively natured Pakenham went ahead and launched a frontal assault before the vital flank operation on the other bank of the river had been completed, at a cost of over 2,000 casualties 

Analysis
The Battle of New Orleans was remarkable both for its apparent brevity and its casualties, though some numbers are in dispute and contradict the official statistics  The defenders of the Left Bank had casualties amounting to 11 killed and 23 wounded; American losses were only 13 killed, 39 wounded, and 19 missing or captured in total on that day  Robert Remini and Anthony S Pitch make reference to the British casualty reports of 291 killed, 1,262 wounded, and 484 missing, a total loss of 2,037 men  Among the prisoners taken when the British retreated from the battlefield, Jackson estimated three hundred were mortally wounded  Colonel Arthur P  Hayne's dispatch to Jackson dated January 13 estimated the British had 700 fatalities and 1400 wounded, with 501 prisoners of war in his custody  A reduction in headcount due to 443 British soldiers' deaths since the prior month was reported on January 25, which is lower than Hayne's estimate of 700 for the battle alone The large number of casualties suffered by the British on the Left Bank reflects their failure to maintain the element of surprise, with plenty of advance notice being given to the defenders, owing to the delays in executing the attack on the Right Bank  The failure of the British to have breached the parapet and conclusively eliminated the first line of defense was to result in high casualties as successive waves of men marching in column whilst the prepared defenders were able to direct their fire into a Kill zone, hemmed in by the riverbank and the swamp   Reilly supports the assertion that it was the American artillery that won the battle  The losses among the regiments out of range of small arms fire were disproportionately high, with almost every British account emphasizing the effect of heavy gunfire  In contrast, the riflemen of the 95th Foot in skirmish order, the most difficult target for artillery, had lost only 11 killed  Dickson's eyewitness account is clear that the British were only within musket shot range for less than five minutes  The account by Latour states the battalions of Plauché, Daquin, Lacoste, along with three quarters of the 44th US Infantry did not fire at all  In order to have inflicted such a heavy toll on the British, it would not have been possible to have done this primarily with musket fire, of which the best trained men could only manage two shots per minute  Unlike their British counterparts, the American forces had larger guns, and more of them  They were situated in well-protected earthworks, with a ditch and stockade  The Americans therefore had a number of advantages, but they should not minimize the skill and bravery of their gunners   Almost universal blame was assigned to Colonel Mullins of the 44th Foot which had been detailed to carry fascines and ladders to the front to enable the British soldiers to cross the ditch and scale the parapet and fight their way to the American breastwork  Mullins was found half a mile to the rear when he was needed at the front  Pakenham learned of Mullins' conduct and placed himself at the head of the 44th, endeavoring to lead them to the front with the implements needed to storm the works, when he fell wounded after being hit with grapeshot some 500 yards from the front line  He was hit again while being helped to mount a horse, this time mortally wounded 

Aftermath
Fort St  Philip
Fort St  Philip, manned by an American garrison, defended the river approach to New Orleans  British naval forces attacked the fort on January 9 but were unsuccessful, withdrawing after ten days of bombardment with exploding bomb shells from two bomb vessels  In a dispatch sent to the Secretary of War, dated January 19, Jackson stated: "I am strengthened not only by [the defeat of the British at New Orleans]     but by the failure of his fleet to pass fort St  Philip "

British withdrawal
Despite news of capture of the American battery on the west bank of the Mississippi River, British officers concluded that continuing the Louisiana campaign would be too costly  Three days after the battle, General Lambert held a council of war  Deciding to withdraw, the British left camp at Villeré's Plantation by January 19  They were not pursued in any strength  The Chalmette battlefield was the plantation home of Colonel Denis de La Ronde's half-brother Ignace Martin de Lino (1755–1815)  The British forces burned it, reputedly causing de Lino's death from a broken heart shortly after returning home three weeks after the battle  The British returned to where they had landed, a distance in excess of sixty miles, the final troops re-embarked on January 27 The British fleet embarked the troops and sailed toward Mobile Bay on February 4, 1815    The army captured Fort Bowyer at the entrance to Mobile Bay on February 12  Preparations to attack Mobile were in progress when news arrived of the Treaty of Ghent  General Jackson also had made tentative plans to attack the British at Mobile and to continue the war into Spanish Florida  With Britain having ratified the treaty and the United States having resolved that hostilities should cease pending imminent ratification, the British left, sailing to the West Indies  The British government was determined on peace with the United States, and speculation that it planned to permanently seize the Louisiana Purchase has been rejected by historians   Thus Carr concludes, "by the end of 1814 Britain had no interest in continuing the conflict for the possession of New Orleans or any other part of American territory, but rather, due to the European situation 
and her own domestic problems, was anxious to conclude hostilities as quickly and gracefully as possible "

Assessment
For the campaign, American casualties totaled 333 with 55 killed, 185 wounded, and 93 missing, while British casualties totaled 2,459 with 386 killed, 1,521 wounded, and 552 missing, according to the respective official casualty returns  A reduction in headcount due to 443 British soldiers' deaths since the prior month was reported on January 25  The effective strength of the British had reduced from 5,933 to 4,868 soldiers of the original force, bolstered by 681 and 785 soldiers of the 7th Foot and 43rd Foot respectively  More than 600 prisoners of war were released from Jackson's captivity by March 1815 The battle became historically important mainly for the meaning Americans gave it, particularly with respect to Jackson  According to Matthew Warshauer, the Battle of New Orleans meant, "defeating the most formidable army ever arrayed against the young republic, saving the nation’ s reputation in the War of 1812, and establishing [Jackson] as America ’ s preeminent hero " News of victory "came upon the country like a clap of thunder in the clear azure vault of the firmament, and traveled with electromagnetic velocity, throughout the confines of the land "  Popular pamphlets, songs, editorials, speeches, and plays glorified Jackson's new, heroic image  Before New Orleans the war was overall a bloody stalemate with not a single overwhelming land battle victory for the Americans against an elite British Army unit (Lake Erie, Plattsburgh, and Baltimore were won primarily due to naval ships and forts near lakes or the ocean)   New England as a whole was against the war  The leaders of the Federalist Party of New England met at the Hartford Convention and decided to deliver a set of demands to the federal government in January 1815  The moderates were in charge and there was no proposal to secede from the union  When the Hartford delegation reached Washington word of the great American victory at  Orleans came and the Federalists were seen as traitors and anti-American; the Federalist Party was permanently ruined The Era of Good Feelings resulted from the Battle of New Orleans  From 1815 to 1825 there was single-party rule in Washington and an overwhelming feeling of patriotism due to the extinction of the Federalist Party  The victory at New Orleans effectively kept the United States unified for the next 45 years until the American Civil War  The Eighth of January was a federal holiday from 1828 to 1861, and it was among the earliest national celebrations, as "previously, Americans had only celebrated events such as the Fourth of July or George Washington's birthday on a national scale"  The anniversary of the battle was celebrated as an American holiday for many years called "The Eighth" Orleans Square in Savannah, Georgia, is named in commemoration of the battle 
In 1836 Ohio politician William Allen asked Jackson whether there was a point to the Battle of New Orleans  Jackson, unaware of the peace policy of the British government in 1815, speculated that if General Pakenham had won the British would have abrogated the Treaty of Ghent and would have pemanently seized the Louisiana Purchase  Poor British planning and communication, plus costly frontal assaults against an entrenched enemy, caused lopsided British casualties 

A discredited historical interpretation holds that British had an ambitious colonization plan for the "Crown colony of Louisiana" if they had succeeded in capturing New Orleans and Mobile  While some British generals did speculate, the British government under Lord Liverpool rejected all such ideas and planned to finalize the peace by ratifying the Treaty of Ghent as soon as possible, regardless of what happened in New Orleans The hundreds of dead British soldiers were likely buried at Jacques Villeré's plantation, which was the headquarters of the British Army during the New Orleans campaign  Nobody knows exactly where their final resting spot is  The only deceased British soldiers transported back to the United Kingdom were Generals Pakenham and Gibbs and Colonel Robert Rennie The Duke of Wellington faulted Cochrane and held that the attack could have succeeded were it not for his shortcomings  In a eulogy to his brother-in-law, General Edward Pakenham who died at New Orleans, he commented:

I cannot but regret that he was ever employed on such a service or with such a colleague  The expedition to New Orleans originated with that colleague     The Americans were prepared with an army in a fortified position which still would have been carried, if the duties of others, that is of the Admiral [Cochrane], had been as well performed as that of he whom we now lament 

Legacy
"Beauty and Booty" controversy
After the battle, a claim was published by George Poindexter, in a letter dated January 20 to the Mississippi Republican, that Pakenham's troops had used "Beauty and Booty" as a watchword  

The watch-word and countersign of the enemy on the morning of the 8th was,
BOOTY AND BEAUTY
Comment is unnecessary on these significant allusions held out to a licentious soldiery  Had victory declared on their side, the scenes of Havre de Grace, of Hampton, of Alexandria       would, without doubt, have been reacted at New Orleans, with all the unfeeling and brutal inhumanity of the savage foe with whom we are contending 

This was republished in Niles' Register, the National Intelligencer on February 13, and other newspapers  Whilst there were criticisms from the Federalist press, as well as from Poindexter's enemies, as to how reliable this information was, it was widely accepted elsewhere  Senator Charles Jared Ingersoll made direct reference to this in his speech to Congress on February 16, reproduced in full in the National Intelligencer  He continued, in an elated manner, 'with the tidings of this triumph from the south, to have peace from the east, is such a fullness of gratification as must overflow all hearts with gratitude ' He saw the news of victory at New Orleans against an immoral foe, followed by news of peace, as a positive sentiment to unite the different peoples of the United States, the zeitgeist of these postwar years later becoming known as the Era of Good Feelings 
This watchword claim, as originated by Poindexter, was repeated in Eaton's "Life of General Jackson", first published in 1817  A second edition of this biography was published in 1824, when Jackson made his first presidential bid  Further editions were published for the presidential elections of 1828 and 1833  Editions from 1824 onwards now contained the claim that documentary evidence proved the watchword was used  As a consequence it was reproduced in a travelogue in 1833 Following the publishing of a travelogue in 1833, whereby the author James Stuart referred to the watchword, this hitherto unknown controversy became known in Great Britain  In response to the author, five British officers who had fought in the battle, Keane, Lambert, Thornton, Blakeney and Dickson, signed a rebuttal in August 1833  It is stated this was published in The Times by American sources, but this is not the case  Somewhat ironically, Niles's Register, which originally printed Poindexter's claim, now printed the British rebuttal 
 “We, the undersigned, serving in that army, and actually present, and through whom all orders to the troops were promulgated, do, in justice to the memory of that distinguished officer who commanded and led the attack, the whole tenor of whose life was marked by manliness of purpose and integrity of view, most unequivocally deny that any such promise (of plunder) was ever held out to the army, or that the watchword asserted to have been given out was ever issued  And, further, that such motives could never have actuated the man who, in the discharge of his duty to his king and country, so eminently upheld the character of a true British soldier ”
James Stuart's account was criticised by a veteran, Major Pringle, who wrote several letters to the Edinburgh Evening Courant  In response, Stuart published a book to refute these criticisms  He quoted Major Eaton as a reliable source, and later went on to comment that as a result of Stuart, it had become accepted the watchword was a falsehood  One quote from the book 'certainly the refutation of
the charge as stated in Major Eaton’s Book is, though tardy, complete' considered the matter closed  Notwithstanding the refutation, the story had benefited both Jackson and Eaton's political careers, who had nothing left to prove The publication of Eaton's book in Britain in 1834, and in subsequent editions, still contained the story of "booty and beauty"  The British Ambassador, Sir Charles Richard Vaughan wrote to President Jackson about the matter  Vaughan wrote that Eaton 'expressed himself glad, that the report was at last contradicted' by the rebuttal, but there was no pressure on him to retract his comments from the Jackson biography  There is no recounting in 1833 of Jackson's supposed encounter with the mystery Creole planter (Denis de la Ronde), as reported by S C Arthur (see below) 
Arthur's 1915 publication, quoting from Parton's 1861 biography of Jackson, itself quoting extensively from Vincent Nolte's book published in 1854, has referred to a Creole planter reportedly visited a British military camp a few days prior to the battle, being welcomed in after claiming that he was supportive of a possible British takeover of the region  While dining at dinner with a group of British officers, the planter claimed he heard one officer offer the toast of "Beauty and Booty"  After gathering information on Pakenham's battle plans, the planter left the camp the next day and reported the information he had gathered to Jackson; the rumor that the British were offering toasts to "Beauty and Booty" soon spread throughout New Orleans, in particular among the upper-class women of the city  Nolte's book reveals the 'planter' to be no other than Denis de la Ronde, the colonel commanding the Third Regiment of the Louisiana Militia In the years since the Treaty of Ghent, not only did Jackson's reputation benefit from his major victory against the British, but also from vilifying the British as an amoral foe, against whom a second war of independence had been fought  As a national hero, it facilitated his subsequent career in politics, and tenure as President of the United States 

Distinguished service as mentioned in dispatches
In his general orders of January 21, General Jackson, in thanking the troops, paid special tributes to the Louisiana organizations, and made particular mention of Capts  Dominique and Belluche, and the Lafitte brothers, all of the Barataria privateers; of General Garrique de Flanjac, a State Senator, and brigadier of militia, who served as a volunteer; of Majors Plauche, St  Geme  Lacoste, D'Aquin, Captain Savary, Colonel De la Ronde, General Humbert, Don Juan de Araya, the Mexican Field-Marshal; Major-General Villere and General Morgan, the Engineers Latour and Blanchard; the Attakapas dragoons, Captain Dubuclay; the cavalry from the Felicianas and the Mississippi territory  General Labattut had command of the town, of which Nicolas Girod was then the mayor Among those who most distinguished themselves during this brief but memorable campaign, were, next to the Commander-in-chief, Generals Villere, Carroll, Coffee, Ganigues, Flanjac, Colonel Delaronde, Commodore Patterson, Majors Lacoste, Planche, Hinds, Captain Saint Gerne, Lieutenants Jones, Parker, Marent, and Dominique; Colonel Savary, a man of colour nor must we omit to mention Lafitte, pirate though he was Over the course of several days, the logistically and numerically superior British force was repelled, in no small part to a small contingent of Marines led by Maj  Daniel Carmick and Lt  Francis de Bellevue of the New Orleans Navy Yard At the Battle of New Orleans, [Governor Claiborne's aide-de-camp] Marigny distinguished himself by his courage and activity  It is noteworthy that the glorious victory was reaped on the fields of the plantation of his Uncle de Lino de Chalmette 

Memorials
The Louisiana Historical Association dedicated its Memorial Hall facility to Jackson on January 8, 1891, the 76th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans  The Federal government established a national historical park in 1907 to preserve the Chalmette Battlefield, which also includes the Chalmette National Cemetery  It features the 100-foot-tall Chalmette Monument and is part of the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve  The monument was supposed to be at least 150 feet tall but the very soft and wet soil limited it to 100 feet  A five-cent stamp in 1965 commemorated the sesquicentennial of the Battle of New Orleans and 150 years of peace with Britain  The bicentennial was celebrated in 2015 with a Forever stamp depicting United States troops firing on British soldiers along Line Jackson 
Prior to the twentieth century the British government commonly commissioned and paid for statues of fallen generals and admirals during battles to be placed inside St Paul's Cathedral in London as a memorial to their sacrifices  Major Generals Pakenham and Gibbs were both memorialized in a statue at St Paul's that was sculpted by Sir Richard Westmacott 

In popular culture
The Buccaneer was a 1938 American adventure film produced and directed by Cecil B  De Mille based on Jean Lafitte and the Battle of New Orleans  It was remade in 1958 
Jimmy Driftwood wrote the song "The Battle of New Orleans" using the melody from "The Eighth of January"  It was a 1959 hit for both Johnny Horton (U S  Number 1) and Lonnie Donegan (U K  Number 2)  The Horton version won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording 
The 1966 US science fiction series The Time Tunnel (series 1, episode 5) portrays the two protagonist time travelers as 'arriving' between the enemy lines the day before the battle and being arrested as 'American spies' 
Samuel Woodworth wrote the song "The Hunters of Kentucky", first performed in 1822, which was later covered by Burl Ives  The song valorizes the Kentucky militia that fought in the battle, but as historians such as Robert V  Remini have shown, their role was wildly overstated  It became the central campaign song for Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential election campaign 

See also
List of War of 1812 battles
Saint Malo, Louisiana

Notes and citations
Notes

Citations
Passage 2:
Mother-in-Law (song)
"Mother-in-Law" is a 1961 song recorded by Ernie K-Doe  It was a number-one hit in the U S  on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the Billboard R&B chart  The song was written and produced by Allen Toussaint, who also played the piano solo  It was issued by Minit Records 
After several unsuccessful takes, Toussaint balled up the composition and threw it away as he was leaving the room  One of the backup singers, Willie Harper, thought that it was such a good song that he convinced K-Doe to give it one more try A cover version by The Newbeats was also included on their 1965 album Big Beat Sounds By The Newbeats 

See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1961
List of number-one R&B singles of 1961 (U S )
Mother-in-law joke
Passage 3:
Battle of Alto de los Godos
The Battle of Alto de los Godos was a battle that took place on 25 May 1813 in Maturín, Venezuela, in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada  It resulted in a patriot victory against the forces of Spanish general Domingo de Monteverde  
It was one of the five attempts by the royalists to regain control over the region and it is notable for its inclusion of women in combat, such as Juana Ramírez, who was also known as "The Advancer" (La Avanzadora) 

See also
Colonial Venezuela
Passage 4:
Panos Kolokotronis
Panos Kolokotronis (Greek: Πάνος Κολοκοτρώνης) was the eldest son of the Greek General Theodoros Kolokotronis and his mother was Aikaterini Karousou (Greek: Αικατερίνη Καρούσου)  He was born on the island of Zakynthos in 1800, while his father was serving there as a Major in the British Infantry  He fought along with his father in the Greek War of Independence and distinguished himself in many battles 
In 1822, he married Eleni, the daughter of Laskarina Bouboulina 
In 1825, during the second civil war, he was murdered in Tripoli by order of the revolutionary government 
His skull is on display in the National Historical Museum in Athens 

See also
Theodoros Kolokotronis
Gennaios Kolokotronis
Passage 5:
Mother-in-Law Lounge
The Mother-in-Law Lounge is a live music venue, pub and a shrine in New Orleans, Louisiana dedicated to the memory of rhythm and blues singer, Ernie K-Doe    It is at the downtown river corner of Claiborne Avenue and Columbus Street in the 7th Ward of New Orleans   The exterior of the building is decorated with colorful murals depicting K-Doe and other prominent figures in New Orleans music, especially people who collaborated with K-Doe 
The lounge was originally opened by Ernie K-Doe in 1994, and it has become a historical icon in the local community   It was flooded with five and a half feet of water during Hurricane Katrina in 2005   With the help of the Hands on Network and Chet Haines, the lounge reopened its doors on 29 August 2006, on the first anniversary of Hurricane Katrina   Mother-in-Law Lounge was owned and operated by K-Doe's widow and musician, Antoinette K-Doe, before she died during Mardi Gras 2009   
In 2011, local musician Kermit Ruffins agreed to lease the site, and it reopened on January 20, 2014 
Ruffins is now running the establishment as Kermit's Mother-In-Law Lounge 
Passage 6:
Battle of Beauport
The Battle of Beauport, also known as the Battle of Montmorency, fought on 31 July 1759, was an important confrontation between the British and French Armed Forces during the Seven Years' War (also known as the French and Indian War and the War of Conquest) of the French province of Canada  The attack conducted by the British against the French defense line of Beauport, some 5 kilometres (3 1 mi) east of Quebec was checked, and the British soldiers of General James Wolfe retreated with 443 casualties and losses 

Background
The French and Indian War campaigns of 1758 were mostly successful for the British, who had sent more than 40,000 men against New France and made key gains by capturing Louisbourg and destroying Fort Frontenac, although their primary thrust was stopped by French general Louis-Joseph de Montcalm in the Battle of Carillon  William Pitt continued the aggressive policy in 1759, again organizing large campaigns aimed at the heartland of New France, the Canadien communities of Quebec and Montreal on the St  Lawrence River  For the campaign against Quebec, General James Wolfe was given command of an army of about 7,000 men 

Beauport
When he arrived before Quebec on 26 June, Wolfe observed that the northern shore of the St  Lawrence River around Beauport (the Beauport shore), the most favourable site for the landing of troops, was strongly defended by the French, who had built entrenchments on high ground, redoubts and floating batteries  Wolfe consequently had to devise a plan involving a landing on some other location of the shore  The search for the best site kept him busy for weeks 

Montmorency camp
On the night of 8th or 9 July, British forces landed on the north shore, some 1 2 km (0 75 mi) east of the Montmorency Falls, east of where the French west-east defence line ended, at the mouth of the Montmorency River  Wolfe landed first, leading the Louisbourg grenadiers, who were followed by the brigade commanded by George Townshend  The landing met no opposition from the French  James Murray, at the head of a part of his brigade, joined Wolfe and Townshend on 10 July  A camp was set up near the landing site  Wolfe ordered the construction of a battery to defend the camp, as well as rafts and floating batteries in anticipation of an attack on the French line 

Plan of attack
After establishing the Montmorency camp, Wolfe explored various plans of attack and chose his plan on 28 July  He had two main plans 
The first plan which Wolfe mentioned in his journal and the correspondence with his officers is that of 16 July  In a letter to Brigadier Robert Monckton, Wolfe wrote that he had hoped to capture one of the French redoubts, the second one counting from the east end of the Beauport line, in order to force the enemy out of their entrenchments  The plan involved an attack by the Navy, an important landing force transported from Île d'Orléans, as well as a body of troops crossing the river Montmorency on rafts and marching westward to the battle site  At the same time, the brigade commanded by Monckton was to land on the French right, between the Saint-Charles River and Beauport 
This plan was put on hold on 20 July, when an event of great import to the British occurred: the Royal Navy succeeded, on the night of 18–19 July, in passing seven ships, including the ship of the line HMS Sutherland and two frigates (HMS Diana and HMS Squirrel), through the narrow passage between Quebec and Pointe-Lévy, thus opening the possibility of a landing west of Quebec   Batteries firing at the British flotilla from the Lower Town of Quebec, as well as the floating batteries pursuing it, were unable to prevent the crossing  The Sutherland's log records that the French cannonballs flew too high to cause serious damage On 19 July Wolfe was at the Pointe-Lévy camp to reconnoiter the north shore west of Quebec  He moved further west the next day, near the mouth of the Chaudière River, to study the opposite shore between Sillery and Cap Rouge  Wolfe wrote to Monckton with orders for a plan of attack involving a landing near the village of Saint-Michel, something he had already considered in June  However, at 13:00, Wolfe countermanded his orders to Monckton, ordering him instead to wait a few days and remain ready to act quickly, because of some "particular circumstances"  It is possible that the circumstance he alluded to was a French counteroffensive in which a newly built battery at Samos (near Sillery) damaged the Squirrel 
Wolfe returned to the Montmorency camp on 26 July  Escorted by two battalions, he walked up the Montmorency river to reconnoiter the French lines  At about five kilometres (3 1 miles) from the river's mouth, he observed a ford allowing the easy crossing from the west shore to the east shore  This discovery was followed by a solid skirmish between British soldiers, attempting to cross, and French soldiers entrenched on the other side  The British reported 45 killed and wounded On 28 July, Wolfe wrote of an attack on the Beauport line to be executed on 30 July  However, poor winds did not allow for naval movements that day and the operations were postponed to the next day  The plan of attack then contemplated by Wolfe was a variation of the plan he had described to Monckton in his letter of 16 July  Unlike the earlier plan, there was no mention of a parallel landing on the French right (west of Beauport) 

Order of Battle
The order of battles were;

British Forces
British forces were commanded by Major General James Wolfe, who commanded less than 5,000 men 

Converged Grenadiers (13 Companies) from; 15th, 22nd, 28th, 35th, 40th, 43rd, 45th, 47th, 48th, 58th, 2nd Btn, 60th (Royal American), 3rd Btn, 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot, and 78th Fraser Highlanders
2 Companies of the 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot (200 men)
Monckton's Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Robert Monckton
15th Regiment of Foot
78th Fraser Highlanders

French Forces
French forces were commanded by Brigadier General Louis Joseph de Saint Véran, Marquis de Montcalm, who commanded 12,000 regulars and militia but just a part (left wing) of the force took part in the battle 

Extreme Left Wing commanded by Colonel Repentigny
800 Volunteers
Left Wing commanded by Colonel François-Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis
2nd Battalion, Régiment de Béarn
2nd Battalion, Régiment de Guyenne
2nd Battalion, Régiment Royal Roussillon
La Sarre Grenadiers (1 Company)
Mixed Battalion of Montréal (part militia, part Compagnies Franches de la Marine)
Montréal Militia
Trois-Rivières Militia, in reserve
500 Natives

Battle
Dangers of plan exposed
On the morning of 31 July the war vessel Centurion positioned itself by the Montmorency Falls to attack the easternmost French batteries  General Wolfe went on board the Russell, one of the two armed transports (the other being the Three Sisters) that were meant for the attack on the redoubt  Wolfe, who was then in the heat of the action, had a better chance to reconnoitre the French position than he could from Île d'Orléans  He immediately realized his mistake: the redoubt he hoped to seize to force the French out of their entrenchments was within range of enemy fire  The French soldiers could then very well shoot toward the redoubt without leaving their entrenchments on high ground  This fact changed everything and Wolfe's plan of attack consequently proved riskier than expected In spite of this, General Wolfe decided to proceed with the attack already underway  In his journal, he stated that it was "the confusion and disorder" he observed on the enemy's side which incited him to action  Townshend, who commanded at Montmorency, and Monckton who was doing the same at Pointe-Lévy, received the order to prepare for the attack 

Difficult landing
At around 11:00, the transport ships (Russell and Three Sisters) reached the north shore where the body of troops mobilized to take the redoubt landed  Toward 12:30, the boats transporting the main landing force left the Île d'Orléans to rendezvous with Wolfe  An unforeseen difficulty caused the landing planned a little to the west of the Montmorency Falls to be suspended: the boats met with a shoal preventing them from reaching the shore  A significant amount of time was lost trying to find a suitable site for landing, which finally occurred at around 17:30  By that time, the sky was covered by storm clouds 

Confrontation
The first troops advancing toward French lines were the thirteen companies of grenadiers and some 200 soldiers of the Royal Americans  Fire from the Montreal militia stalled their advance up the hill to the entrenchments above Shortly after the firing began, a summer storm broke out, causing gunpowder to become wet and rendering firearms unusable   When General Wolfe ordered the retreat, the troops marching from the Montmorency camp had not yet met up with the main force transported from the Île d'Orléans camp 

Consequences
The French were victorious  General Wolfe recorded 443 losses (210 killed and 233 wounded), while the French counted 60 killed and wounded on their side; losses which were attributed to the fire coming from the great battery of the Montmorency camp  The day after the battle, Wolfe wrote Monckton that the losses incurred in the battle were not great and that the defeat was no cause of discouragement While the news of the victory was celebrated in the French camp, General Montcalm remained lucid, writing to Bourlamaque that in his opinion this attack was only a prelude to a more important one, which they could do nothing but patiently wait for   The attack did eventually arrive, when on 13 September the British landed west of Quebec and defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham in a battle that claimed the lives of both Montcalm and Wolfe 

Notes
Passage 7:
Public holidays in Australia
Public holidays in Australia refer to the holidays recognised in law in Australia  Although they are declared on a state and territory basis, they comprise a mixture of nationally celebrated days and holidays exclusive to the individual jurisdictions 
Public holidays function as non-working days, with workers generally receiving full paid leave independently of annual leave  Those working on public holidays receive additional penalty rates of pay  Where they fall on a weekend, public holidays are generally declared in lieu for the following Monday 
Statutory holidays in Australia are based on varying religious, cultural and civic observations  Christian celebrations, namely Christmas and Easter, are some of the most significant ones observed  A Labour Day is observed in each state and territory, although it is varied in date  There are two significant national days, Australia Day (26 January) and Anzac Day (25 April), which are nationwide public holidays 
When a public holiday occurs on a Friday or Monday, the three-day period is colloquially known as a "long weekend" 

Nature of public holidays
Traditionally, Australians in employment (whether in the public or private sector) have had the right to take a public holiday off work with regular pay  In recent years this tradition has changed somewhat  For example, businesses that normally open on a public holiday may request employees to work on that day  Employers can deny employees a holiday only on reasonable business grounds From 2006, WorkChoices eliminated the entitlement to penalty rates in many workplaces; however since the implementation of the Fair Work Act 2009 and the modern awards in 2010, most public-holiday penalty rates have increased dramatically  As of 2018 employees generally receive pay at a penalty rate—usually 2 5 times (known as "double time and a half") the base rate of pay—when they work on a public holiday Besides designating days as public holidays, Australian authorities also designate some of these days as restricted trading days 
Public holidays are determined by a combination of:

statutes, with specific gazetting of public holidays
industrial awards and agreementsIf a standard public holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute public holiday will sometimes be observed on the first non-weekend day (usually Monday) after the weekend, whether by virtue of the public holiday legislation or by ad hoc proclamation  Workers required to work on a public holiday or substituted public holiday will usually be entitled to remuneration at a holiday penalty rate 
All states have their own public holidays in addition to national public holidays, and in some states certain public holidays, such as Melbourne Cup Day, are in force in only part of a state 
Alcohol licences in several states prevent sale of alcohol on certain public holidays, such as Good Friday 

Public holidays
Legend:
B City of Brisbane only  The Royal National Agricultural (RNA) Show Day (Brisbane only) is held on the Wednesday during the RNA Show period  The RNA Show commences on the first Friday in August, unless the first Friday is prior to 5 August, then it commences on the second Friday of August  Other Queensland show holidays: Show holiday dates | Public, school and show holidays
C = Conditional: Public Service employees or where defined in Employment Agreement/AwardH = Hobart area only
NH = Not Hobart area
P Part day, from 7 pm to midnight (6 pm to midnight for QLD)
† Often substituted with the Geelong Cup for Geelong residents  For regional Victoria other local cup days are sometimes substituted 
* The holiday is legislated for the 3rd Monday of May  Since 2006 it has been moved via the issuing of a special Proclamation by the Governor, to the 2nd Monday of March, on a trial basis 
** Sunday is nominally a public holiday in South Australia
*** Depends on occupation, generally from 6 pm to midnight

Substitute holidays for holidays falling on a weekend
When a public holiday falls on a weekend, the following work day may be considered a public holiday depending on the state/territory and the holiday in question 

Holidays that always fall on a particular day of the week are not listed in this table  Prior to 2008, Victorian law only specified substitute holidays for New Year and Boxing Day, and only if they fell on a Sunday  From 2008, Victorian law specifies the substitute holidays in the table above Since Easter Monday can occur as late as 26 April it is possible for the Easter Monday holiday to coincide with Anzac Day, as occurred in 2011   State Acts do not give a provision to separate the days when this occurs, so no additional public holiday is given by law  However an extra day is usually proclaimed by the minister, so as to have a steady number of public holidays each year  In the year 2038, Anzac Day will coincide with Easter Sunday 

Australia Day
Nationally, Australia Day was originally celebrated on 30 July 1915 Recorded celebrations of the 26 January date back to 1808 in Australia, and in 1818, Governor Lachlan Macquarie held the first official celebration of Australia Day   26 January was chosen because it is the day of the establishment of the first British settlement at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip in 1788   It was made a public holiday in New South Wales in 1836, and Victoria adopted the day as a public holiday in 1931  The 26 January commenced to be recognised by all states and territories as Australia Day in 1946 
Australia Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 26 January since 1994 Since 1960, the winner of the Australian of the Year award is announced by the Prime Minister on the eve of Australia Day (25 Jan) 

Labour Day
Labour Day commemorates the achievements of the Australian labour movement  The celebration of Labour Day has its origins in the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest  On 21 April 1856 Stonemasons and building workers on building sites around Melbourne, Australia, stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight-hour day  Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as the first organised workers in the world to achieve an eight-hour day with no loss of pay, which subsequently inspired the celebration of Labour Day and May Day  In Tasmania the public holiday is called Eight Hours Day and in the Northern Territory it is called May Day 
The Labour Day public holiday varies considerably between the various states and territories  It is the first Monday in October in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and South Australia  In Western Australia, it is the first Monday in March  In both Victoria and Tasmania, it is the second Monday in March  In the Northern Territory, and in Queensland it is the first Monday in May  More than 80 countries celebrate Labor Day  Labor Day is a long weekend 

Easter
The days of Easter vary each year depending on the day determined by the Western Christian calendar  Until 1994 Easter Tuesday was a Bank Holiday in Victoria (it retains this status partially in Tasmania)  The day after Good Friday and before Easter Sunday is traditionally known as Holy Saturday  However, the states where that day is a public holiday use different terminology – it is officially gazetted as "Easter Saturday" in the ACT, New South Wales, and the Northern Territory; as "the day after Good Friday" in Queensland and South Australia; and as "Saturday before Easter Sunday" in Victoria 

ANZAC Day
ANZAC Day is a day on which the country remembers those citizens who fell fighting or who served the country in wars  ANZAC Day is commemorated on 25 April every year  The tradition began to remember the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) soldiers who landed at Gallipoli in Turkey during World War I 
ANZAC Day commemoration features marches by veterans and by solemn "Dawn Services", a tradition started in Albany, Western Australia on 25 April 1923 and now held at war memorials around the country, accompanied by thoughts of those lost at war to the ceremonial sounds of The Last Post on the bugle  The fourth stanza of Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen (known as the "Ode of Remembrance") is often recited 

King's Birthday
In all states and territories except Queensland and Western Australia, the King's Birthday is observed on the second Monday in June  Because Western Australia celebrates Western Australia Day (formerly Foundation Day) on the first Monday in June, the Governor of Western Australia proclaims the day on which the state will observe the King's Birthday, based on school terms and the Perth Royal Show  There is no firm rule to determine this date before it is proclaimed, though it is typically the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October: in 2011 the King's Birthday holiday in Western Australia was moved from Monday, 3 October 2011 to Friday, 28 October 2011 to coincide with the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which was held in Perth  In parts of the Pilbara, it is celebrated on a different date from the rest of Western Australia, and it may even be celebrated on different dates in different parts of the Pilbara  In Queensland, it is celebrated on the 1st Monday in October The day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of King George III  Until 1936 it was held on the actual birthday of the Monarch, but after the death of King George V, it was decided to keep the date at mid-year 
On that day the "King's Birthday honours list" is released naming new members of the Order of Australia and other Australian honours  This occurs on the date observed in the Eastern States, not the date observed in Western Australia 
The King's Birthday weekend and Empire Day, 24 May, were long the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia  Although they still occur, the tradition has recently been overshadowed by larger New Year's Eve fireworks, as the sale of fireworks to the public was banned by the states in the 1980s, and in the ACT as of 24 August 2009  In the Northern Territory fireworks remain available to the public on 1 July for the celebration of Territory Day 

Christmas Day
Christmas is observed on 25 December each year to commemorate the birth of Jesus  In Australia, it was introduced with British settlement in 1788 as the cultural norms were transferred to the new colonies 

Boxing Day
Boxing Day is on the day after Christmas, i e  26 December each year, except in South Australia  In South Australia, the first otherwise working day after Christmas is a public holiday called Proclamation Day Boxing Day is noted for the start of the post-Christmas sale season  The day has also become a significant sporting day  Melbourne hosts the Boxing Day Test match; the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race also starts on this day 

Other holidays
Sunday is nominally a public holiday in South Australia 
Proclamation Day is in December in South Australia only 
Canberra Day is held on the 2nd Monday in March in the ACT  Prior to 2008, this holiday was celebrated on the 3rd Monday of March 
Melbourne Cup Day is held on the first Tuesday of November—the day of the Melbourne Cup  It was originally observed only in the Melbourne metropolitan area  From 2007 to 2009 in ACT, Melbourne Cup day was also a holiday called "Family and Community Day"  The holiday continued from 2010 to 2017 but no longer coincided with Melbourne Cup day  In Victoria, the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic) was amended from 24 September 2008 and made the Melbourne Cup Day holiday applicable in all parts of the state (unless another day is observed in substitute)  It also made the holiday applicable to employees covered by federal awards 
Recreation Day is the first Monday of November, and celebrated in Northern Tasmania where Regatta Day is not a holiday 
Regatta Day is the second Monday in February, and is celebrated in Southern Tasmania  Previously it was held on the second Tuesday in February 
Geelong Cup Day is held on the fourth Wednesday of October in the city of Geelong, Victoria
Queensland Day is celebrated on 6 June each year, but not with a public holiday 
Adelaide Cup Day is held on the second Monday in March in South Australia (held in May before 2006)
Western Australia Day in Western Australia on the first Monday in June 
Picnic Day in the Northern Territory in August, and also May Day
Tasmania has Easter Tuesday as a bank holiday (for bank and government employees only) 
New South Wales has the first Monday in August as a bank holiday (for bank employees only) 
Many cities and towns observe local public holidays for their local Agricultural Show   For example:
Darwin Show Day in Darwin area in late July
Royal Queensland Show Day in Brisbane area in August
Gold Coast Show in Gold Coast area in October
Territory Day celebrated in the Northern Territory on July 1 while not a designated public holiday, it remains the only Australian public celebration where the public may purchase fireworks for home detonation
"National Day of Mourning for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II" was a "one off" national public holiday declared by the Prime Minister for 22 September 2022 to allow people to pay their respects for the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning Australian monarch 

Public holidays by state
Queensland
The days are set in the Holidays Act 1983   Most public holidays include a second public holiday on a week-day if they happen to fall on Saturday or Sunday  In which case, both days are public holidays 
New Year's Day: 1 January, and if 1 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday 
Australia Day: 26 January, and if 26 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday 
Good Friday: on the date it is publicly observed, always a Friday 
The day after Good Friday: Always a Saturday, one day after Good Friday 
Easter Monday: The next Monday after Good Friday 
ANZAC Day: 25 April, and if 25 April is a Sunday, 26 April 
Labour Day ("May Day"): 1st Monday in May 
Birthday of the Sovereign: 1st Monday in October 
Christmas Day: 25 December 
Boxing Day: 26 December If Christmas Day (25 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 27 December is also a public holiday 
If Boxing day (26 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 28 December is also a public holiday 
Because of the variable days of Easter, Anzac day could fall on an Easter holiday  When ANZAC falls on Saturday, there is no week day public holiday  In such situations it is generally expected that the minister will proclaim extra public holidays on week-days to ensure every year has the same number of public holidays on week-days 
The minister of the state may proclaim and adjustments or additions, such as the date of the Brisbane Ekka Show day holiday  This day has historically always been proclaimed for the second Wednesday in August, except if there are 5 Wednesday's in August, in which case the third Wednesday in August 

New South Wales
Public holidays generally follow the national pattern, but special cases are resolved by the State Government and advised by proclamation  Details of future holidays can be found on the NSW Industrial Relations website  Public holidays are regulated by the New South Wales Public Holidays Act 2010 No 115, which supersedes the Banks and Bank Holidays Act 1912 No 43 
The first Monday in August is a Bank Holiday, during which banks and financial institutions are closed 

Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory
Most New South Wales public holidays are public holidays in the Australian Capital Territory, with the addition of Canberra Day and Reconciliation Day, which holiday falls on the Monday closest to May 27 

South Australia
Public holidays in South Australia are set out in the Holidays Act 1910, while additional holidays may be proclaimed in all or part of the State by the Governor  The Act defines public holidays and bank holidays, which are the same except where a holiday falls on a Saturday, in which case the public holiday is held on the following Monday and both the Saturday and Monday are bank holidays 

Victoria
Public holidays in Victoria are regulated by the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993 
Victorian employees fall under the Workchoices system either as coming within the Commonwealth constitutional power (called "constitutional corporation employees") or because of Victoria's referral of its legislative powers to the Commonwealth for particular workplace relations matters 
Employee entitlements to public holidays and additional pay depend on whether they are covered by a federal award or agreement 
Employees not covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays under the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993  Also, all permanent employees not covered by a federal award or agreement who would normally work on a public holiday (or a substitute public holiday) are entitled to the holiday without loss of pay  Their employers are not required to provide additional payment if they work on a public holiday, but this does not exclude the possibility of employees and employers negotiating for additional pay 
Employees who are covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays as provided by the relevant federal award or agreement and the Public Holidays Act 1993  Many federal awards and agreements also provide for additional penalty rates for work performed on a public holiday 
Restricted shop trading laws apply to Good Friday, Christmas Day and before 1 pm on Anzac Day  On these days only exempted businesses are permitted to open for trading  All public holidays and substitute public holidays are bank holidays In August 2015, the day before the AFL Grand Final, as well as Easter Sunday, were gazetted as Public Holidays within Victoria   This date of the holiday is as gazetted by the Victorian Government and cannot be accurately predicted  In 2019, the Victorian Parliament legislated the AFL Grand Final public holiday by amending the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic) The Victorian public holidays are as follows:
* Melbourne Cup Day is observed in most of the state, but various cup days and show days in the state's west are locally substituted  See the list at Non-Metropolitan Public Holiday Dates (Victoria Online) 
Melbourne Show Day used to be observed on the Thursday in the last full week of September as a half-day public holiday—later changing to full day—until 1994 (abolished by the state government)  Easter Tuesday was observed as a Bank Holiday in Victoria until 1994 (also abolished by the state government) 

Western Australia
*If a Public Holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is also observed as a Public Holiday
#The King's Birthday may be held on a different date in regional communities

Penalty rates
Penalty rates are the rates of pay which an employee is paid higher than their standard base rate for working at times or on days, such as public holidays, which are outside the normal working week  They were introduced in 1947 for workers working on the Sabbath, as most workers were Christian, while today, these rates of pay are set by the Fair Work Commission 

See also
Australian labour law
Australian Pay and Classification Scales
Context 2: Passage 1:
Château de Chalmazel
The Château de Chalmazel, or Château des Talaru is a castle situated in the commune of Chalmazel, in the Loire département of France  It is located in the Haut-Forez, between the  towns of Saint-Étienne and Thiers  Its name in medieval times was Saint-Jehan-des-Neiges  The castle dominates the valley of the Lignon and it was built to be an impregnable fortress on the instructions of the Count of Forez 

History
Construction of the fortress began in 1231  The work was carried out by seigneur (Lord) Arnaud de Marcilly to the order of Guy IV du Forez who financed it  The site was covered by forest and almost inaccessible  Initially, it functioned rather as a fortified house, but it was transformed into a genuine medieval fortress, intended to counteract the ambitions of the powerful neighbours of the seigneurie of Couzan, then in the hands of the Damas family, linked to the Germanic emperor 
The castle appeared gloomy and severe, with four round towers dominated by a square keep, with no openings on the sides 
When Antoine de Marcilly died aged 25 with no direct heirs in 1371, the castle passed to his sister Béatrix, last of the Marcilly line  She had married Mathieu de Talaru in 1364; thus the seigneurie of Chalmazel passed to the Talarus, an old noble family from the Lyonnais 
Following the destruction of the Château de Marcilly, the Talarus withdrew to the castle at Chamazel and, in 1400, they built the ramparts, in the form of a pentagonal enceinte and added machicolations to the keep  After the incorporation of Forez into the Kingdom of France, the Talarus served the king in his armies 
During the Renaissance, the Marquis de Talaru, returning from the Italian Wars, added Renaissance style embellishments: openwork facade, galleries to the inner court, painting in the chapel, sculptures 
But the winters were harsh, and from 1533, the Talarus preferred to live in their Château d'Écotay or in Saint-Marcel-de-Félines, acquired by marriage in 1559  Chalmazel was transformed into a summer residence and began to be neglected 
In the 18th century, the Talarus inherited by marriage the Château de Chamarande, near Arpajon, to the south of Paris, and they moved there to be closer to Versailles where Louis de Talaru held important posts in the royal court and the army  They abandoned the castle in 1650, carrying out only the most urgent work  The castle began a slow but sure deterioration 
In 1850, Louis-Justin, last Marquis of Talaru, 25th lord of Chalmazel, peer of France and ambassador, with no heirs, left the castle and the forest to the nuns of the Sœurs de Saint-Joseph, in order to establish a hospital for the canton for the care of the sick 
The nuns carried out some repair work (roof, round walk, rebuilding a tower) and decoration  Later, they transformed it into a boarding school for children from the school at Chamazel The nuns finally left the castle in 1972 and rented it to the commune, on the condition that it was maintained and opened to the public during the summer months 
The castle is now owned by new proprietors who intend to open it to visitors and to create chambres d'hôtes (bed and breakfast accommodation) 

Tourism
The castle, with its medieval aspect, has kept the elements of a fortified house from the year 1231, but with all of the later modifications and additions by the Talarus over the centuries: murder-holes, walls, keep, round walk with machicolations - but it also has Renaissance elements: the facade, the inner courtyard, galleries and chapel 
The castle is open to visitors from June to September  It is possible to rent rooms and a suite 
The Château de Chalmazel is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture 

See also
List of castles in France
Passage 2:
Spirit If   
Spirit If    is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew  It was released on September 18, 2007  The album is the first in a series entitled Broken Social Scene Presents:, with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members  Brendan Canning's album Something for All of Us, the second in the series, was released in 2008 
Spirit If    was recorded with Ohad Benchetrit and Charles Spearin of Do Make Say Think and Broken Social Scene  The track listing, album cover, as well as an mp3 download for the song "Tbtf" (an initialism for "Too Beautiful to Fuck") were released on June 19, 2007  Spirit If    reached #113 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers chart  "Backed Out on the   " was listed at #33 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and 99th on Pitchfork Media's list 

Track listing
"Farewell to the Pressure Kids" – 5:49
"Tbtf" – 3:51
"Fucked Up Kid" – 5:09
"Safety Bricks" – 4:27
"Lucky Ones" – 6:44
"Broke Me Up" – 4:24
"Gang Bang Suicide" – 6:22
"Frightening Lives" – 6:12
"Underneath the Skin" – 0:46
"Big Love" – 3:19
"Backed Out on the   " – 4:16
"Aging Faces / Losing Places" – 4:31
"Bodhi Sappy Weekend" – 4:29
"When It Begins" – 5:01
"What You Gonna Be" (iTunes bonus track) – 4:05

Sources
http://www arts-crafts ca/releases_spotlight php?search=AC027
https://web archive org/web/20070621183237/http://www pitchforkmedia com/page/news/43720-kevin-drew-bss-series-lp-details-emerge
https://web archive org/web/20070701135609/http://www pitchforkmedia com/page/news/43494-kevin-drew-preps-lp-for-broken-social-scene-series
Passage 3:
Landesmuseum Württemberg
The Landesmuseum Württemberg (Württemberg State Museum) is the main historical museum of the Württemberg part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg  It emerged from the 16th-century “Kunstkammer” (Cabinet of art and curiosities) of the dukes, later kings, of Württemberg who resided in Stuttgart  As a museum it was founded in 1862 by King William I 

Collections in Stuttgart and Waldenbuch
The museum's main location is the Old Castle in Stuttgart  The nearby granary and the cellar of the New Castle also contain parts of the collections as well as Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart 
The collections are grouped into eight divisions:

Schausammlung LegendäreMeisterWerke (Legendary Masterpieces)
archeology: Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, antiquity, Romans in Württemberg, early Middle Ages
history of art and cultural history: Württemberg crown jewels, medieval art, modern glass painting
Schausammlung Wahre Schätze (Real Treasures)
Antikensammlung - Museum of Ancient Art
Kunstkammer - Cabinet of Art and Curiosities
Kelten - Early Celtic Treasures
Glass collection of Ernesto Wolf
antique glass
modern era glass
Clocks and scientific instruments
Kindermuseum Junges Schloss - Museum for Children
Musical instruments (located in the Fruchtkasten (granary))
Roman lapidarium (located in the cellar of Neues Schloss (New Castle))
Folklore (located at the Museum of Everyday Culture in Waldenbuch Castle outside of Stuttgart): labor, belief and piety, graphic design, clothing, merchandise, culture of living Apart from these collections the museum regularly features special exhibitions 
The museum presents a whole range of archeological treasures and a notable collection of medieval art  It also includes the inventories of the former army and manufacturing museums  Some of the most valuable possessions of the museum were already acquired by the dukes for their art chamber: two of only four preserved Aztec feather shields from before 1521 and the oldest preserved card game, about 1430, richly decorated and expensive already at the time of production  Exhibits of local origin include a celestial globe of 1493 by Johannes Stöffler, an 11-digit mechanical calculator of 1774 by Philipp Matthäus Hahn (the first to build functional calculators to Gottfried Leibniz' design for all four arithmetic operations), and, probably the museum's most symbolic exhibit despite being similar to other ones: the royal Württemberg crown of 1797 

Further Collections
The museum today has a further seven branches throughout Württemberg referring to special topics:

Schlossmuseum Aulendorf (Aulendorf Castle museum): old toys and art of the classicism period
Schloss Urach (Urach Castle): sleighs of state, 25 specimens, world's biggest collection of this kind
Museum für Kutschen, Chaisen, Karren (museum for carriages, chaises, carts), Hellenstein Castle, Heidenheim
German Playing Card Museum (Deutsches Spielkartenmuseum), Leinfelden-Echterdingen: 15,000 card decks and 500,000 cards from seven centuries  The biggest public collection of playing cards in Europe
Fashion museum, Ludwigsburg Palace
Ceramics museum and Ludwigsburg porcelain, Ludwigsburg Palace
Dominican museum, Rottweil: archeological collection on arae flaviae (Rottweil), oldest town (AD 73)in Baden-Württemberg; medieval religious art collection; contemporary art collection of the Rottweil areaSeveral other former branches now belong to the separate Baden-Württemberg State Archeological Museum (Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg), which has been founded in 1990 due to the ever increasing findings of archeological heritage in the state 

Selected exhibits of Landesmuseum Württemberg
External links
Official web site (Select Language menu at top)
Museum of Everyday Culture (German)
Playing Card Museum (German)
Passage 4:
When Spirits Are Calling My Name
The song "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" (original Swedish title "När vindarna viskar mitt namn", literally translated as "When the Winds Whisper My Name") was performed by Roger Pontare in the 2000 Eurovision Song Contest 2000, in representation of Sweden 

Celebration of indigenous culture
The song extols the traditions of indigenous peoples and their efforts to protect their territories and cultures  For his solo appearance in 2000, Pontare wore a Sami costume associated with the indigenous population of Lapland in  northern Sweden (and also the northern regions of Norway, Finland, and Russia)  On his performance at the Eurovision Song Contest, Pontare was accompanied by a Cree Native American dancer, a Thule Inuit and a Norwegian Sami 

Eurovision Song Contest 2000
Melodifestivalen 2000 was the 40th edition of the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, which was being held in the Ericsson Globe Arena in Stockholm after Charlotte Nilsson's victory the year before with "Take Me to Your Heaven"  Roger Pontare won the right to represent his country after his song "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" was chosen by the Swedish public after earning 227 points in the final voting results at the 40th edition of Melodifestivalen  The song was then performed in English as "When Spirits Are Calling My Name" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 
The song performed 18th, after Croatia and before Macedonia, and finished in 7th place among 24 other competitors with a total of 88 points 
At the song's climax, flames erupted from two vents at the front of the stage 

Popularity
"När vindarna viskar mitt namn" was also released as a single in 2000, which sold Swedish platina (30 000 copies)  The single peaked at #3 at the Swedish singles chart  On 22 April 2000 the song directly entered Svensktoppen, where it stayed for two rounds  On 6 May 2000 the song was down at the third place after peaking for two weeks  On 5 August 2000 the song was 9th, being at the list for 16th at last time 

Covers by other bands
Swedish bands Ultima Thule and HammerFall later covered "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" 

Track listing
När vindarna viskar mitt namn - 2:58
När vindarna viskar mitt namn (singback) - 2:58
Passage 5:
Bucu
Bucu or Buku is a hill island surrounded by the Trave and Wakenitz Rivers in Lübeck, Germany  It is also the name of a medieval Slavic castle, now ruined, on the island  Count Adolf II of Holstein founded Lübeck on the island in 1143  The Burgkloster, or fortified monastery, of Lübeck is located atop the ruins of Bucu  "Bucu" is also the name of a hill 

History
Fortifications probably existed at Bucu by the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 8th century  When the Christian Obotrite prince Gottschalk was killed at Lenzen in 1066, the pagan Kruto took control of Wagria and made it his base of power  Kruto neglected the developing settlement of Liubice and instead developed Bucu between the Trave and the Wakenitz; Gottschalk's son Henry made Liubice the Obotrite capital after killing Kruto in 1093, however  With the death of Henry in 1127 and the Rani sack of Liubice the following year, Bucu began to assume greater  importance as merchants moved to the fortified hill  Count Adolf II of Holstein founded Lübeck in 1143 near the castle, which offered protection to the new harbour settlement 

Excavation
Bucu was excavated by archaeologists in the 1970s  Recovery excavations at the Kleine Gröpelgrube unearthed a nearby settlement, the suburbium, in 1997  The exposed findings indicate that the region east of the castle was inhabited by Slavs from the 8th or 9th century until the middle of the 12th century 
In a southern section of the current Große Burgstraße, a 3 5 m wide and 2 5 m deep trench protected the settlement  The northern border was presumably north of the current Königstraße  To the west the settlement bordered the castle directly, while to the east it reached the Wakenitz  The settlement area was probably about 6 ha  Discoveries in the interior include mines, mining houses, hearths, and a great number of ceramic objects  The remnants of a potter's workshop were found in the Kleine Gröpelgrube  A Slavic pottery tradition could have existed at the location until the arrival of Saxons in the 12th century  The Kleine Gröpelgrube was first mentioned in 1297 as parva platea lutifigulorum, or the small street of the loam potters 
Passage 6:
Apollo 1 Hills
The Apollo 1 Hills are three hills on Mars named to memorialize the crew of Apollo 1   The three hills were some of the first landmarks sighted following the January 7, 2004, landing of the Spirit rover on Mars 

Background
NASA astronauts Gus Grissom, Roger Chaffee, and Ed White perished in a flash fire which engulfed their command module on January 27, 1967, while training for the first of the crewed Apollo missions, initially designated as Apollo Saturn-204 (AS-204)   Their capsule stood atop the Saturn-1B rocket which was at the time docked to the launchpad gantry at Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 34, while they performed an in-capsule training for what was to be a low Earth orbit shake-out mission for the United States' Apollo Space Program   The craft was set to launch three weeks later, on February 21, 1967   Following the fire, the mission was renamed Apollo 1 to honor the crew's work 

Mission Command Pilot Grissom had flown in both Mercury and Gemini programs   Chaffee, at 31, was the youngest member of the astronaut corp ever chosen and was prepping for his first flight   White had been the first American to perform a spacewalk during the Gemini program 

Location
The three vastly separated hills are located in the Gusev crater, part of the Aeolis quadrangle on Mars   They were photographed from Spirit's landing site, designated as the Columbia Memorial Station, shortly after the descent and soft landing on the Martian surface of the rover   The Columbia station and the nearby Columbia Hills are themselves named in honor of the seven crew members of the fatal Columbia spacecraft breakup The hills are named in memory of the three Apollo 1 astronauts   Grissom Hill is located 7 5 km (4 7 mi) southwest of the Columbia Memorial Station (at Martian co-ordinates 14 5718°S 175 4785°E﻿ / -14 5718; 175 4785); while 11 2 km (7 0 mi) to the northwest lies White Hill; and Chaffee Hill is located 14 3 km (8 9 mi) south-southwest of the station   As of January 2020, however, the International Astronomical Union has not officially designated the hills with the names of the astronauts 
"Through recorded history, explorers have had both the honor and responsibility of naming significant landmarks   Gus, Ed and Roger's contributions, as much as their sacrifice, helped make our giant leap for mankind possible     as America strides towards our next giant leap, NASA and the Mars Exploration Rover team created a fitting tribute to these brave explorers and their legacy " – written statement by former NASA Administrator, Sean O'Keefe

Panoramic view
See also
Geography of Mars
Passage 7:
Mother Ann (rock formation)
Mother Ann is a rock formation located near the Eastern Point Lighthouse in Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States   When viewed at the correct angle, the formation appears to be the silhouette of a reclining Puritan woman  It is also believed locally that the formation represents the royal mother of King Charles I, Anne of Denmark, after whom Cape Ann is named The formation may have been named by Captain William Thompson of Salem in 1891, and has since been compared to New Hampshire's Old Man in the Mountain  A nearby whistling buoy is known as "Mother Ann’s Cow" 
The Mother Ann formation inspired several local writers, including Providence author H P  Lovecraft and poet Clarence Manning Falt  Lovecraft may have used the Mother Ann formation as the basis for the setting of his short story "The Strange High House in the Mist" (1926) 

See also
Old Man of the Mountain
Old Man of Hoy
List of rock formations that resemble human beings
Passage 8:
Casa Loma
Casa Loma (improper Spanish for "Hill House") is a Gothic Revival castle-style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark  It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt  The architect was E  J  Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks  Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level, 66 metres (217 ft) above Lake Ontario 
Due to its unique architectural character in Toronto, Casa Loma has been a popular filming location for movies and television  It is also a popular venue for wedding ceremonies, and Casa Loma can be rented in the evenings after the museum closes to the public 

History
In 1903, financier Henry Pellatt purchased 25 lots from developers Kertland and Rolf  Pellatt commissioned architect E  J  Lennox to design Casa Loma, with construction beginning in 1911, starting with the massive stables, potting shed and Hunting Lodge (a k a  coach-house) a few hundred feet north of the main building  The Hunting Lodge is a two-storey 4,380-square-foot (407 m2) house with servants' quarters  As soon as the stable complex was completed, Pellatt sold his summer house in Scarborough (burned down in the 1920s but the Lennox designed groundskeeper's home at 2 Courcelette Road remains) to his son and moved to the Hunting Lodge  The stables were used as a construction site for the mansion (and also served as the quarters for the male servants), with some of the machinery still remaining in the rooms under the stables The house cost about $3 5 million and took 299 workers three years to build  Due to the start of World War I, construction was halted  At 98 rooms covering 64,700 square feet (6,011 m2), it was the largest private residence in Canada  Notable amenities included an elevator, an oven large enough to cook an ox, two vertical passages for pipe organs, a central vacuum, two secret passages in Pellatt's ground-floor office, a pool, and three bowling lanes in the basement (the last two were never completed) 
Most of the third floor was left unfinished, and today serves as the Regimental Museum for The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada  Pellatt joined the Regiment as a Rifleman and rose through the ranks to become the Commanding Officer  He was knighted for his dedication to the Regiment  Pellatt later served as the Honorary Colonel and was promoted to Major-General upon retirement 
During the depression that followed the war, the City of Toronto increased Casa Loma's property taxes from $600 per year to $1,000 a month, and Pellatt, already experiencing financial difficulties, auctioned off $1 5 million in art and $250,000 in furnishings  Pellatt was able to enjoy life in the mansion for less than ten years, leaving in 1923 
In the late 1920s, investors operated Casa Loma for a short time as a luxury hotel  During Prohibition, it became a popular nightspot for wealthy Americans  The Orange Blossoms, later known as Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, played there for eight months in 1927–1928  Shortly thereafter, they went on a tour of North America and became a major swing era dance band 

The city seized Casa Loma in 1924 for unpaid taxes, and for years, the building was left vacant  In the 1930s, CFRB broadcaster Claire Wallace spent a night at Casa Loma to gather material for a story about ghosts and supernatural phenomena, and she later broadcast an appeal to save the building from demolition  Her broadcast was heard by the vice-president of a local Kiwanis Club, and subsequently Casa Loma was leased in 1937 by the Kiwanis Club of West Toronto, later the Kiwanis Club of Casa Loma (KCCL), which began operating the mansion under a sole-source contract as a tourist destination During World War II, the stables were used to conceal research and production of sonar, and for construction of sonar devices (known as ASDIC) for U-boat detection, according to a book about the "castle"  The area was closed, behind an "Under Repairs" sign  The suggestion that the stables were under renovation allowed workers of the secret facility to come and go without suspicion  Casa Loma is often claimed to be the location of Station M that manufactured covert devices for agents, claiming that the book Inside Camp X provides this information  In 2015, however, author Lynn Philip Hodgson rejected this in an interview with the Toronto Star  "Nobody knows where Station M was  You won't read where it was in any book "

KCCL managed Casa Loma for 74 years, until 2011  Its tenure was not without controversy, with Pellatt's great-grandniece Trelawny Howell starting a campaign for an open-tender lease process in 2005, and the organization disputing her relationship with Pellatt in 2010  A 2006 advisory committee led by former MPP Ron Kanter, and its subsequent reports, recommended that the city turn the mansion's management over to a new "Casa Loma Trust"  However, a city manager's report in 2008 recommended extending the city's lease with KCCL for 20 years, and in July 2008, it was renewed Meanwhile, from 1997 until 2012, the mansion underwent a 15-year, $33-million exterior restoration largely funded by the city, which also created a new board of trustees in 2008, including seven KCCL members and seven city appointees  The city's renewed management agreement included a stipulation that KCCL would use the mansion's net revenues to help pay for upgrades; however, the organization used the fund to cover operating shortfalls instead, and there was only $335,000 in the account by 2011, rather than the $1 5-million originally projected  As a result, in 2011, the city temporarily resumed management of Casa Loma and began welcoming bids from the private sector in its search for a new operator In January 2014, the city entered a new long-term lease and operating agreement with Liberty Entertainment Group, led by President and CEO Nick Di Donato, which agreed to spend $7 4 million to continue the mansion's upgrades  The company's plans also included a fine dining facility  The restaurant, Blueblood Steakhouse, opened in summer 2017 Due to COVID-19, tour operations closed as of March 13, 2020 and reopened in September 2020 

Architecture
Sir Henry imported artisans from Europe to design much of the furniture and other features of the mansion  Casa Loma has five acres of gardens  A tunnel connects Casa Loma to the Hunting Lodge and to the stables (garage, potting shed, stalls, carriage room and tack rooms) 

Oak Room
The Oak Room (originally called the Napoleon Drawing Room) is the most decorated room in the house, and was used for formal occasions  It is encased in wood panels in the style of Grinling Gibbons, which took three artisans three years to carve  The highly ornamented plaster ceiling was made by Italian craftsmen, and was enhanced by the use of indirect lighting in the ceiling  Among other fixtures, the room featured a 10 feet (3 0 m) high Louis XVI style faux-gilt carved light standard with 24 bulbs 

Other rooms
Other rooms in Casa Loma include The Conservatory, a room that showcases plant life  The Conservatory also includes a fountain at one end of the room  The Round Room is designed to fit beneath the mansion's tower; this room is notable for its doors and windows, which curve to follow the shape of the room 

Main floor
Second floor
Third floor
Basement
Stables
Exterior
Gardens
Parking lots

Exhibits
Girl Guide exhibit
The Girl Guide Exhibit was opened on the second floor of Casa Loma in 1973  The relationship between the Girl Guides and Casa Loma extends back to Lady Pellatt, who frequently invited the Girl Guides to her home  Their first visit was in 1913, when 250 girls and their leaders toured the conservatories and stables, climbed the circular staircase to the top turret and then were served tea in the Palm Room  In March 1914, Lady Pellatt watched the Guides' annual fête from her bedroom window as she was too ill to leave her room  Rallies became an annual event at the house  Guides also skated on the house's curling rink in winter  Girl Guiding events have continued in recent years, including the 75th anniversary and the 100th anniversary celebrations of Guiding in Canada were held at Casa Loma 

Vintage car exhibition
As of 2014, the garage and carriage room feature an exhibition of vintage cars from the early 1900s 

Location
Casa Loma is located on Austin Terrace at Spadina Road, on an escarpment (Davenport Hill) above Davenport Road  Davenport runs along the bottom of the escarpment, which was the shoreline of Lake Iroquois, the predecessor of Lake Ontario (coordinates 43 678°N 79 4093°W﻿ / 43 678; -79 4093)  Casa Loma affords views down the escarpment and Spadina Avenue into the heart of Toronto  The stables are located at 330 Walmer Road and the Hunting Lodge at 328 Walmer Road 
Casa Loma is served by St  Clair West Station and Dupont Station on the Yonge-University line of the Toronto subway 

Film location
Casa Loma is a popular location for use in film and television  It has served as a location for movies such as X-Men, Strange Brew, Chicago, The Tuxedo, Scott Pilgrim vs  the World, Warehouse 13, Crimson Peak, Twitches, Twitches Too, The Pacifier, and Titans where it stands in for Wayne Manor  Comic books and children's novels that have used it include the Scott Pilgrim series and Eric Wilson's murder mystery The Lost Treasure of Casa Loma  It was also temporarily transformed into Hogwarts for the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows as well as The Beast's Castle for Disney's 2017 live action Beauty and The Beast remake of the 1991 animated film  In the CBC Television show Being Erica, the episode "Mi Casa, Su Casa Loma" features Casa Loma prominently as the place where main character Erica Strange works It also served in the film adaptation of R  L  Stine's Goosebumps series A Night In Terror Tower  Casa Loma also features prominently in the biography-documentary of Sir Henry Pellatt, The Pellatt Newsreel: the Man who Built Casa Loma, which was nominated for a 2009 Gemini for Best Biography Documentary  TV show Hemlock Grove was also filmed there as well as The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and related Shadowhunters
Exterior shots of the building were used in the Gothic TV show Strange Paradise It is also the filming location of the 2016 TV film The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again, where scenes at Dr  Frank N  Furter's castle and the movie theatre where the audience participated were filmed  Ivy Levan's performance of the song "Science Fiction Double Feature" was filmed at Casa Loma (a movie theatre marquee was placed at the front entrance of the castle for filming) In 2018, Casa Loma served as a filming location for the 2019 American black comedy thriller Ready or Not In 2022, Casa Loma was the filming location of the music video for Wait for U by Future and Drake 

See also
Mary Lake Augustinian Monastery
List of museums in Toronto

Further reading
Denison, John (1982)  Casa Loma and the Man Who Built It  Boston Mills Press  ISBN 978-0919822481 
Oreskovich, Carlie (1982)  Sir Henry Pellatt, the King of Casa Loma  MaGraw-Hill Ryerson  ISBN 978-0075484561 
Passage 9:
Castle on the Hill
"Castle on the Hill" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran  It was released on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album ÷ (2017), along with "Shape of You"  "Castle on the Hill" was written and produced by Ed Sheeran and Benny Blanco  The song refers to Framlingham Castle in Sheeran's home town of Framlingham in Suffolk, and reminisces tales of his upbringing in the town  The BBC states, "the song has been described as a love letter to Suffolk "Released on the same day as "Shape of You", "Castle on the Hill" reached number one in Iceland, Scotland and 
Israel  The song also reached  number two in a number of countries, including the UK, Australia and Germany, while "Shape of You" debuted at number one  It was the first time in the history of the UK, Australian and German charts that an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new songs  The song debuted at number six in the US, while "Shape of You" entered at number one; this made Sheeran the first artist ever to have two songs simultaneously debut in the US top 10  "Castle" is certified nine-times platinum in Australia, Diamond in Canada and 6-times platinum the UK, and multiplatinum in numerous other countries 

Background
The theme of the song surrounds Sheeran's home town of Framlingham, and he reminisces tales of 'smoking hand-rolled cigarettes' and getting 'drunk [with] friends' at this place, living life as a teenager  The castle mentioned in the song is Framlingham Castle, and in January 2017, Sheeran was invited to perform at the Castle The song was written and recorded in 2015  Sheeran revealed that despite a similarity to the music of U2, the direct influence of the song came from "Fallen Empires" by Snow Patrol, a band he had toured with  He said: "I grew up on Snow Patrol, I didn't grow up on U2, but I know that Snow Patrol grew up on U2, so I know [where] that influence had come [from] "  He also said he wanted to make a song like "The River" by Bruce Springsteen, a song with similar reflective element 

Critical reception
Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said, "'Castle on the Hill' has U2 influenced nervous guitar builds and wistful, largely generic lyrics about the people who shaped him " Billboard's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying, "'Castle on the Hill' has a Train like vibe with a fast-paced, yet powerful melody that builds to an epic chorus that's just as Sheeran as all of his past singles  Needless to say, Sheeran is telling the world he's back in compelling fashion " Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review, stating that the song "sort of sounds like late period Coldplay, big, broad stroke music for arenas and Wembley performances  There's a lyric about driving down a country road while listening to Elton John's hook-free 'Tiny Dancer,' because Ed Sheeran saw Almost Famous once " Adam Starkey from news website Metro states that it "'has echoes of Mumford & Sons with the kind of climbing drums and soaring chorus sure to win over festival crowds, recalling how far he's come from 'smoking hand-rolled cigarettes' and 'running from the law in the backfields' "

Chart performance
"Castle on the Hill" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January, selling 193,000 combined units in its first week  Sheeran also debuted at number one with "Shape of You", making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions in the same week
Context 3: Passage 1:
3rd Berlin International Film Festival
The 3rd annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 18 to 28 June 1953 

Description
This year's festival did not give any official jury prizes; instead awards were given by audience voting  This continued until the FIAPF granted Berlin "A-Status" in 1956 The Golden Bear was awarded to Le Salaire de la peur by audience vote  It was at this edition that the first replica of the Bär first created by sculptor Renée Sintenis, produced by the Noack Foundry, was presented The festival held a retrospective on silent films 

Films in competition
The following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:

Key
Awards
The following prizes were awarded by audience votes:
Golden Bear: Le Salaire de la peur by Henri-Georges Clouzot
Silver Bear: Magia verde by Gian Gaspare Napolitano
Bronze Berlin Bear: Sie fanden eine Heimat by Leopold Lindtberg
Passage 2:
Lars Jakobson
Lars Jakobson (1959, Lund) is a Swedish author  Among the awards he won are the Svenska Dagbladet book prize and the Selma Lagerlöf Prize, both in 2006  For many years he lived in  Stockholm 

Bibliography
Vinterkvarteret (novel, 1985)
Vetten (novel, 1986)
Menageri (short stories, 1989)
Pumpan (novel, 1991)
Hemsökelser (short stories, 1994)
Kanalbyggarnas barn (novel, 1997)
I den Röda damens slott  En martiansk biografi (novel, 2000)
Stjärnfall  Om sf (essays, 2003)  (Co-written with Ola Larsmo and Steve Sem-Sandberg)
Berättelser om djur och andra (short stories, 2004)
Vid den stora floden (novel, 2006)
Vännerna (novel, 2010)
Effekter (essays and short stories, 2011)
Passage 3:
The Corrections
The Corrections is a 2001 novel by American author Jonathan Franzen  It revolves around the troubles of an elderly Midwestern couple and their three adult children, tracing their lives from the mid-20th century to "one last Christmas" together near the turn of the millennium  The novel was awarded the National Book Award in 2001 and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 2002 
The Corrections was published to wide acclaim from literary critics for its characterization and prose  While the novel's release preceded the September 11 terrorist attacks by ten days, many have interpreted The Corrections as having prescient insight into the major concerns and general mood of post-9/11 American life, and it has been listed in multiple publications as one of the greatest novels of the 21st century 

Plot summary
The novel shifts back and forth through the late 20th century, intermittently following spouses Alfred and Enid Lambert as they raise their children Gary, Chip, and Denise in the traditional Midwestern suburb of St  Jude, and the lives of each family member as the three children grow up, distancing themselves and living on the East Coast  Alfred, a rigid and strict patriarch who worked as a railroad engineer, has developed Parkinson's and shows increasingly unmanageable symptoms of dementia  Enid takes out her frustrations with him by attempting to impose her traditional judgments on her adult children's lives, to their annoyance 
The middle son, Chip, is an unemployed academic living in New York City following his termination as a tenure-track university professor due to a sexual relationship with a student  Living on borrowed money from Denise, Chip works obsessively on a screenplay, but finds no success or motivation to pay off his debts  Following a rejection of his screenplay, Chip takes a job from his girlfriend's estranged husband Gitanas, a friendly but corrupt Lithuanian government official, later moving to Vilnius and working to defraud American investors over the Internet 
Their eldest son, Gary, is a successful but increasingly depressive and alcoholic banker living in Philadelphia with his wife, Caroline, and their three young sons  When Enid attempts to persuade Gary to bring his family to St  Jude for Christmas, Caroline is reluctant, and turns Gary's sons against him and Enid, worsening his depressive tendencies  In return, Gary attempts to force his parents to move to Philadelphia so that Alfred may undergo an experimental neurological treatment that he and Denise learn about 
Also living in Philadelphia, their youngest child Denise finds growing success as an executive chef despite Enid's disapproval and persistent scrutiny of her personal life, and is commissioned to open a new restaurant  Simultaneously impulsive and a workaholic, Denise begins affairs with both her boss and his wife, and though the restaurant is successful, she is fired when they are uncovered  Flashbacks to her childhood show her responding to her repressed upbringing by beginning an affair with one of her father's subordinates, a married railroad signals worker 
As Alfred's condition worsens, Enid attempts to manipulate all of her children into going to St  Jude for Christmas, with increasing desperation  Initially only Gary and Denise are present, Gary having failed to convince his wife or children, while Chip is delayed by a violent political conflict in Lithuania, eventually arriving late after being attacked and robbed of all his savings  Denise inadvertently discovers that her father had known of her teenaged affair with his subordinate, and had kept his knowledge a secret to protect her privacy, at great personal cost  After a disastrous Christmas morning together, the three children are dismayed by their father's condition, and Alfred is finally moved into a nursing home 
As Alfred's condition deteriorates in care, Chip stays with Enid and visits his father frequently while dating a doctor, eventually having twins with her  Denise leaves Philadelphia and moves to New York to work at a new restaurant where she is much happier  Enid, freed of her responsibilities and long-time frustrations with Alfred, slowly becomes a more open-minded person, and enjoys a healthier involvement in her children's and grandchildren's lives, finally stating that she is ready to make some changes in her life 

Themes
The title of The Corrections refers most literally to the decline of the technology-driven economic boom of the late nineties  Franzen makes this clear at the beginning of the book's final chapter, also titled "The Corrections": 

The Correction, when it finally came, was not an overnight bursting of a bubble but a much more gentle let-down, a year-long leakage of value from key financial markets   
(On a more abstract level, the title is an homage to William Gaddis' The Recognitions )This economic correction parallels the simultaneous "corrections" that Franzen's characters make to their own lives in the novel's final pages  Franzen has said that "the most important corrections of the book are the sudden impingements of truth or reality on characters who are expending ever larger sums of energy on self-deception or denial " Enid becomes more flexible in her worldview and less submissive to her husband's authority, and Chip begins a more mature relationship with a woman, simultaneously reconciling with his father  Gary, the only central character who fails to learn from his mistakes and grow during the course of the novel, loses a lot of money as technology stocks begin to decline 
Another key theme in the book is America's transition from an industrial economy to an economy based largely on the financial, high-tech and service sectors  Alfred, a railroad engineer with a pension and a deep loyalty to his company, embodies the old economic order of mid-twentieth century America  His children, a chef, an investment banker, and a professor/internet entrepreneur, embody the new economic order at the turn of the millennium  Franzen depicts this economic transition most concretely in his descriptions of Denise's workplace, an abandoned Philadelphia coal plant converted into a trendy, expensive restaurant 
The narrative of Chip's involvement with Gitanas' attempt to bring the country of Lithuania to the market – "lithuania com" on the internet – comments on unrestrained capitalism and the privileges and power of the wealthy while meaningful distinctions between private and public sectors disappear  "The main difference between America and Lithuania, as far as Chip could see, was that in America the wealthy few subdued the unwealthy many by means of mind-numbing and soul-killing entertainments and gadgetry and pharmaceuticals, whereas in Lithuania the powerful few subdued the unpowerful many by threatening violence "
The book addresses conflicts and issues within a family that arise from the presence of a progressive debilitating disease of an elder  As Alfred's dementia and parkinsonism unfold mercilessly, they affect Enid and all three children, eliciting different and, over time, changing reactions  Medical help and hype – the latter in the form of the investigatory method “Corecktall” – do not provide a solution  At the end, Alfred refuses to eat and dies, the ultimate “correction” of the problem 

Reception
The novel won the 2001 National Book Award for Fiction
and the 2002 James Tait Black Memorial Prize, was a finalist for the 2002 Pulitzer Prize, was nominated for the 2001 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction and the 2002 PEN/Faulkner Award, and was shortlisted for the 2003 International Dublin Literary Award  According to John Leonard, the novel explores the generation gap and the grasp of one generation on another in a way that reminds you of "why you read serious fiction in the first place"  In 2005, The Corrections was included in TIME magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels since 1923  In 2006, Bret Easton Ellis declared the novel "one of the three great books of my generation " In 2009, website The Millions polled 48 writers, critics, and editors, including Joshua Ferris, Sam Anderson, and Lorin Stein; the panel voted The Corrections the best novel since 2000 "by a landslide" The novel was a selection of Oprah's Book Club in 2001  Franzen caused some controversy when he publicly expressed his ambivalence at his novel having been chosen by the club due to its inevitable association with the "schmaltzy" books selected in the past  As a result, Oprah Winfrey rescinded her invitation to him to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show Entertainment Weekly put The Corrections on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "Forget all the Oprah hoo-ha: Franzen's 2001 doorstop of a domestic drama teaches that, yes, you can go home again  But you might not want to "

Style and interpretations
With The Corrections, Franzen moved away from the postmodernism of his earlier novels and towards literary realism  In a conversation with novelist Donald Antrim for BOMB Magazine, Franzen said of this stylistic change, "Simply to write a book that wasn't dressed up in a swashbuckling, Pynchon-sized megaplot was enormously difficult " Critics pointed out many similarities between Franzen's childhood in St  Louis and the novel, but the work is not an autobiography   Franzen said in an interview that "the most important experience of my life     is the experience of growing up in the Midwest with the particular parents I had  I feel as if they couldn’t fully speak for themselves, and I feel as if their experience—by which I mean their values, their experience of being alive, of being born at the beginning of the century and dying towards the end of it, that whole American experience they had—[is] part of me  One of my enterprises in the book is to memorialize that experience, to give it real life and form " The novel also focuses on topics such as the multi-generational transmission of family dysfunction and the waste inherent in today's consumer economy, and each of the characters "embody the conflicting consciousnesses and the personal and social dramas of our era " Influenced by Franzen's life, the novel in turn influenced it; during its writing, he said in 2002, he moved "away from an angry and frightened isolation toward an acceptance – even a celebration – of being a reader and a writer "In a Newsweek feature on American culture during the George W  Bush administration, Jennie Yabroff said that despite being released less than a year into Bush's term and before the September 11 attacks, The Corrections "anticipates almost eerily the major concerns of the next seven years " According to Yabroff, a study of The Corrections demonstrates that much of the apprehension and disquiet that is seen as characteristic of the Bush era and post-9/11 America actually predated both  In this way, the novel is both characteristic of its time and prophetic of things to come; for Yabroff, even the controversy with Oprah, which saw Franzen branded an "elitist," was symptomatic of the subsequent course of American culture, with its increasingly prominent anti-elitist strain  She argues that The Corrections stands above later novels which focus on similar themes, because unlike its successors it addresses these themes without being "hamstrung by the 9/11 problem" which preoccupied Bush-era novels by writers such as Don DeLillo, Jay McInerney, and Jonathan Safran Foer 

Film adaptation
In August 2001, producer Scott Rudin optioned the film rights to The Corrections for Paramount Pictures  The rights still have not yet been turned into a completed film In 2002, the film was said to be in pre-production, with Stephen Daldry attached to direct and dramatist David Hare working on the screenplay  In October 2002, Franzen gave Entertainment Weekly a wish-list for the cast of the film, saying, "If they told me Gene Hackman was going to do Alfred, I would be delighted  If they told me they had cast Cate Blanchett as [Alfred's daughter] Denise, I would be jumping up and down, even though officially I really don't care what they do with the movie "In January 2005, Variety announced that, with Daldry presumably off the project, Robert Zemeckis was developing Hare's script "with an eye toward directing "  In August 2005, Variety confirmed that the director would definitely be helming The Corrections  Around this time, it was rumored that the cast would include Judi Dench as the family matriarch Enid, along with Brad Pitt, Tim Robbins and Naomi Watts as her three children  In January 2007, Variety wrote that Hare was still at work on the film's screenplay In September 2011, it was announced that Rudin and the screenwriter and director Noah Baumbach were preparing The Corrections as a "drama series project," to potentially co-star Anthony Hopkins and air on HBO  Baumbach and Franzen collaborated on the screenplay, which Baumbach would direct  In 2011, it was announced that Chris Cooper and Dianne Wiest would star in the HBO adaptation  In November 2011, it was announced that Ewan McGregor had joined the cast  In a March 7, 2012, interview, McGregor confirmed that work on the film was "about a week" in and noted that both Dianne Wiest and Maggie Gyllenhaal were among the cast members  But on May 1, 2012, HBO decided not to pick up the pilot for a full series 

Radio adaptation
In January 2015, the BBC broadcast a 15-part radio dramatisation of the work  The series of 15-minute episodes, adapted by Marcy Kahan and directed by Emma Harding, also starred Richard Schiff (The West Wing), Maggie Steed (The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus), Colin Stinton (Rush, The Bourne Ultimatum) and Julian Rhind-Tutt (Lucy, Rush, Notting Hill)  The series was part of BBC Radio 4's 15 Minute Drama "classic and contemporary original drama and book dramatisations" 
Passage 4:
Lectures on Jurisprudence
Lectures on Jurisprudence, also called Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms (1763) is a collection of Adam Smith's lectures, comprising notes taken from his early lectures  It contains the formative ideas behind The Wealth of Nations 

Background
Published as part of the 1976 Glasgow Edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith   It consists of two sets of lecture notes that were apparently taken from Smith's lectures of the 1760s, along with an 'Early Draft' of The Wealth of Nations  The same material had also appeared as An Early Draft of Part of The Wealth of Nations and as Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms 

Summary
Smith’s Lectures on Jurisprudence, originally delivered at the University of Glasgow in 1762–1763, present his ‘theory of the rules by which civil government ought to be directed ’ The chief purpose of government, according to Smith, is to preserve justice; and ‘the object of justice is security from injury ’ The state must protect the individual’s right to his person, property, reputation, and social relations  Smith specifically defines the term jurisprudence as "the theory of general principles of law and government"  It is also defined as the general guidelines about the essence of a nation's laws  Smith specifically defines the term jurisprudence as "the theory of general principles of law and government"  It is also defined as the general guidelines about the essence of a nation's laws 

Part I: Of Justice
Division I  Of Public Jurisprudence
Division II  Domestic Law
Division III  Private Law

Part II: Of Police
The pros and cons of money, prices, and financial exchanges fall under this section of the Lectures "since the regulation of prices and the creation of money by the state both came under the head of police "
Division I  Cleanliness and Security
Division II  Cheapness or Plenty

Part III: Of Revenue
Part IV: Of Arms
Part V: Of the Laws of Nations
Scholarly critique
According to William Caldwell, the lectures accomplish three goals: they detail Smith's philosophy and beliefs about economics, they explain his motivation to write about the historical origins of political societies, and they show the influence of mercantilism and Francis Hutcheson on Smith's thoughts on the political economy  In an article for Political Science Quarterly, Wilhelm Hasbach opines that Smith believed that the political economy is the foundation for morality, law, government, wealth, revenue, and arms, a position that originated from the idea of natural law  He also notes that Smith's relationship with the  physiocrats is important in the Lectures and that some critics state that Smith produced the same concepts as the physiocrats on economics   Hasbach also states that Smith expands on physiocratic ideas by advocating a freedom of  industry  Smith expects that industry - and also commerce - be  laisser-faire and relevant to all aspects of political economics  Another scholar,  C  F  Bastable, notes that Smith recognizes the need for industry for the production of wealth  Industry creates capital which is much needed in an economically viable society Hasbach has also written that the Lectures offer a perspective of Smith's view on property that differs from that of John Locke  Smith believes that property does not lie within the individual but rather that it ought to be shared within society   "The individual and his labor are in no respect the ultimate source of the  right of property in land: the origin of this right is in society " Also, according to Hasbach, Smith rejects a state of nature and the doctrine on an  original contract, two ideas supported by Locke 

Notes
External links
Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms on OLL
Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms on archive org
Passage 5:
John Dear
John Dear (born August 13, 1959) is an American Catholic priest, peace activist, lecturer, and author of 35 books on peace and nonviolence  He has spoken on peace around the world, organized hundreds of demonstrations against war, injustice and nuclear weapons and been arrested 85 times in acts of nonviolent civil disobedience against war, injustice, poverty, nuclear weapons and environmental destruction   
Dear has been nominated several times for the Nobel Peace Prize, including in January 2008 by Archbishop Desmond Tutu  He has served as the director of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and currently serves as the founder and director of the Beatitudes Center for the Nonviolent Jesus 

Biography
Early life
Dear was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, on August 13, 1959  He graduated magna cum laude from Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina, in 1981  He then worked for the Robert F  Kennedy Memorial Foundation in Washington, D C 

Jesuit formation
In August 1982, Dear entered the Society of Jesus, commonly known as the Jesuits, at their novitiate in Wernersville, Pennsylvania  He then spent two years studying philosophy at Fordham University in the Bronx, New York (1984–1986), during which time he lived and worked for the Jesuit Refugee Service in a refugee camp in El Salvador for three months in 1985  
For his period of regency, he taught at Scranton Preparatory School in Scranton, Pennsylvania, from 1986 to 1988  He then spent a year working at the Fr  McKenna Center, a drop-in center and shelter for the homeless, in Washington, D C  From 1989 to 1993, he attended the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California, and received two master's degrees in theology from the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley  
He was ordained a Catholic priest in Baltimore, Maryland on June 12, 1993, and began serving as associate pastor of St



ground_truth: General Edward Pakenham

Edward Pakenham

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of the castle in the city where the performers of Spirit If.. became a band?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The song was certified silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units  The song remained at number two in its second week, selling 100,000 units  The song spent a further three weeks at number two, and spent fourteen weeks in the top ten altogether  As of September 2017, the song has sold 1 7 million combined units in the UK, 479,000 of these are actual sales, with 119 million streams  On the Scottish Singles Chart, "Castle on the Hill" debuted at number one, ahead of "Shape of You" The song debuted at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, selling 171,000 downloads and gaining 13 million streams in its debut week in the US  Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 in the same week in the history of the Hot 100, with "Shape of You" also debuting at number one  As of September 2017, "Castle on the Hill" has sold 821,000 downloads in the US 

Music video
"Castle on the Hill" was accompanied by a lyric video on 5 January 2017 with "Shape of You" upon its release  By March 2018, it had amassed over 300 million views on YouTube The official music video for the song was released on 23 January 2017  It was directed by George Belfield and produced by Tom Gardner, and it features a group of adolescents living their youth with parallels being made to Sheeran's own youth  The video was filmed throughout Suffolk with locations including Framlingham, Boyton marshes, Mildenhall Stadium and Felixstowe  The final shot shows Framlingham Castle  Ed Sheeran stated on The Graham Norton Show that the young man playing him in the video went to the same school as Sheeran, Thomas Mills High School 

In popular culture
The song was used in trailers and several TV spots for the 2017 animated film Ferdinand The song is also used in the first trailer and a few TV spots for the 2019 animated film How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World 

Formats and track listings
Digital download"Castle on the Hill" – 4:21Digital download – Acoustic"Castle on the Hill" (Acoustic) – 3:46Digital download – Live at the BRITs"Castle on the Hill" (Live at the BRITs) – 1:47German CD single"Castle on the Hill" – 4:21
"Castle on the Hill" (Acoustic) – 3:46Digital download – Seeb remix"Castle on the Hill" (Seeb remix) – 3:51Digital download – Throttle remix"Castle on the Hill" (Throttle remix) – 3:40Digital download – NWYR remix"Castle on the Hill" (NWYR remix) – 3:33

Charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Lists of Scottish number-one singles of 2017
Passage 10:
Katzenstein Castle
Katzenstein Castle is one of the oldest remaining Hohenstaufen castles in Germany  It is located in a borough that shares its name with the castle in the Dischingen municipality of the Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg  The castle is open to visitors and contains several dining rooms as well as hotel rooms 

Location
This hill castle is located in the valley of a tributary of the Egau river on the Härtsfeld in Heidenheim district near an old Roman road running from Faimingen in Lauingen to Bopfingen known as the Frankensträßle (English: Frankish avenue)  Burg Katzenstein is located 538 metres (1,765 ft) above sea level 

History
In 1099, the Lords von Cassenstein were first mentioned   The family was a ministerial or unfree knightly family in the service of the Graf (or Count) von Dillingen  In 1262, Edlen von Hürnheim was listed as the owner of the castle von Katzenstein when it was sold by Hermann von Hürnheim-Katzenstein 
Ownership changed again in 1354 when the Graf von Oettingen acquired the castle   He quickly pawned the castle on the Graf von Helfenstein, who gave the castle to Berthold von Westerstetten in 1382   In 1572, the Katzenstein line wiped out the Westerstetten line   The inheritance of the Westerstetten family was sold again to the von Oettingen family 
The castle was burned to the ground by French soldiers in 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War  The castle was rebuilt in 1669 
Burg Katzenstein went to the Oettingen-Wallenstein line in 1798  Later, in 1810, the castle was taken over by the state of Württemberg and placed under the district of Neresheim 
Since 1939, the castle has been privately owned 

Sights
In 1973, the St Laurentius chapel was opened and cleaning began   Under the dirt and partially completed Baroque paintings, impressive Mediaeval paintings were discovered  The fresco paintings date from 1250 to 1280 and show the transition from Romanesque art to early Gothic art 

See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg
Passage 11:
Gowran Castle
Gowran Castle is located in the centre of Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland  The castle is a manor house and was fully restored between 2013 and 2014 

Early years
The first Gowran Castle was built in 1385 by James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, close to the centre of the town of Gowran, Co  Kilkenny, Ireland  He made it his usual residence  James was called the Earl of Gowran  In 1391 he bought Kilkenny Castle and a large part of Co  Kilkenny  James died in Gowran Castle in 1405 and is buried in St  Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran together with his father James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond  His grandfather James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond and his great-great-grandfather Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick and 6th Chief Butler of Ireland  James the 2nd Earl was usually called The Noble Earl, being a great-grandson, through his mother, of King Edward I of England 
Gowran had been a settled place and a place of importance long before the arrival of the Normans in Ireland in 1169 A D  Kings of Ossory were often referred to as kings of Gowran  The Mac Giolla Padraig (Modern day family name Fitzpatrick), Chief Rulers of Ossory, had a residence in Gowran  O’Donnchadha (Dunphy) was the chief of Gowran and most of the area around it  Local place names like Rathvaun, Rathcash, Rathcusack, and Rathgarvan, signified the presence of raths where people lived, farmed and foraged for a livelihood  Raths were also burial places  Larger sites were called Duns  The village of Dungarvan (Co  Kilkenny) also in the parish of Gowran is another example of such a settlement  The presence of the 3rd/4th Century Christianised Ogham stone on display in the historic St  Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran would also indicate a place of residence and worship dating back 2000 years 
There are other ancient sites close to Gowran  For example, nearby Tullaherin Church, graveyard and Round Tower dating to the 6th Century  Freestone Hill situated 4 km from Gowran was a Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement where Roman coins and other artefacts were found during archaeological surveys in 1948 and 1951 

Butler of Ormond Influence
The Butlers were in possession of the lands in the Gowran area for almost 500 years  Following the Norman Invasion of Ireland in 1169 a grant of 44,000 acres, the Manor of Gowran was made to Theobald Fitzwalter (Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler) 1st Chief Butler of Ireland 

Other Gowran Butler Castles
In addition to building Gowran Castle, the Butlers built other castles in the area such as Ballysean Castle (Sometimes spelt Ballyshawnmore, Ballysheanmor, Ballyshanemore) near the centre of Gowran, Neigham Castle 4 km from Gowran and Paulstown Castle situated between Gowran and Paulstown 3 km from Gowran 

Agar Family
Following the Cromwellian invasion in Ireland in 1650, Gowran was besieged by Oliver Cromwell  Gowran Castle was attacked and badly damaged  For the following 300 years, the Agar family were a major influence in the Gowran area  Several generations of the Agars occupied Gowran Castle and like the Butlers before them, many of them are buried in St  Mary’s Collegiate Church Gowran 

Time Line
489 AD - Kings of Ossory referred to as kings of Gowran had a residence in the area
754 - Battle of Bealach Gabhrán (Old name for Gowran)
938 - Gowran and the area around it was part of the ancient cantreds of Oskelan and Ogenty which formed part of the lands of Ossory  The Gowran area was occupied by the  O Dunphy clans  The Mac Giolla Padraig were the chief rulers of Ossory at the time 
1169 - After the Norman invasion the Manor of Gowran was 44 000 acres
1385 - James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond  builds a castle close to the town wall and makes it his usual residence 
1391 - James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond  bought Kilkenny Castle  and a large part of Kilkenny
1501 - Margaret FitzGerald, Countess of Ormond rebuilt Gowran Castle  She also decorated St  Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran 
1650 - Oliver Cromwell and his army attacks the Castle and badly damages it 
1710 - Lewis Chaigneau, a Dublin merchant owner of Gowran Castle has Gowran and Castle grounds surveyed  In the survey map produced, the castle and the walled town of Gowran are shown
1713 - Henry Agar builds a new castle close to the Butler Castle using materials from the former Castle 
1747 - Following the death of Henry Agar in 1746 his wife Ann offered for sale stock of Henry Agar decd, sheep, cattle horses, at Castle  Also, colts & fillies got on mares by horses from England  Henry inherited the Gowran Castle estate from his father James Agar in 1733  As a result of his marriage, he acquired an interest in the Ellis family's Dublin property on the R  Liffey between Arran Quay and Phoenix Park; this property later passed into the Agar family  He died on 18 November 1746  His widow married 2nd, 20 January 1753, George Dunbar of Co  Fermanagh, and died on 14 April 1765; she was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, on 17 April 1765  Administration of her effects was granted by the Prerogative Court of Armagh to her second husband, on 11 September 1765 
1700s - By the end of the 1700s, many of the aristocracy had moved away from Ireland and lived in England following the 1798 rebellion 
1816–1819 - Henry Agar 2nd Viscount Clifden rebuilt the Castle (current building) to the designs of William Robertson 
1839 - The first Ordnance Survey of Ireland maps show the Gowran Castle Demesne containing 846 Acres, 2 Rood, 10 Perches of land 
1840 - Gowran Castle Cricket Club grounds were laid out sometime after 1840 by Lord Clifden  The first recorded cricket match was played there in 1842 
1876 - Henry George Agar -  Ellis, 4th Viscount Clifden, (Henry George was son of Henry Agar-Ellis, 3rd Viscount Clifden and great-grandson of Henry Wellbore Agar  - Ellis 2nd Viscount Clifden) Gowran Castle, is listed in Griffiths Valuation as owning 35,288 acres of land 
1900 - Ordnance Survey, showing the Gowran Castle and demesne lands of c 1000 acres, additional lands being added to the estate since the 1839 ordnance surveys 
1953 - On 19 February 1953 Thomas Derrig minister for lands was asked a question in Dail Eireann by Mr Crotty regarding the propriety of the Land Commission acquiring the Annaly Estate Gowran Co  Kilkenny for division  In his reply, the minister said that proceedings were in progress for the acquisition of 774 acres of the estate 
1957 - Gowran Castle and c 68 acres of land sold to James and Mary Moran by the Land Commission on 14 May 1957  The Moran family resided in the castle until it was sold in 1998 
1998 - Castle and c 65 acres offered for sale on 27 May at public auction  Tarajan Ltd , a company registered in the Isle of Man owned by a Northern Ireland developer Alastair Jackson purchased the property from Kevin Fennelly and Caitriona Fennelly (Nee Moran)  Following the sale of the property, applications were made by Tarajan to Kilkenny Co  Council to build houses on the estate 
1999 - Planning permission was refused by Kilkenny Co  Council for a housing development consisting of 156 dwellings on the site 
2004 - Planning permission was refused for a development which included the change of use of the Castle to a hotel, building 126 residential units, 23 holiday units and other developments 
2009 - The castle lay unoccupied and unprotected for the previous eleven years and was falling into dereliction  Concerns were expressed by the Gowran Development Association to the Kilkenny Co  Council and local elected representatives about the rapid deterioration of the Castle and its state of dereliction  At a public meeting in Gowran to discuss the Local Area Plan for Gowran, further concerns were expressed  Following the meeting, a Draft Local Area plan for Gowran was drawn up by Kilkenny  Co  Council 
2010 - There was a fire in the castle on 16 May 2010  Fortunately, the fire services were quickly alerted  Following their prompt arrival on the scene, the fire was brought quickly under control  Although considerable damage was caused by the fire, the castle was saved from total destruction On 20 December 2010 the Local Area Plan for Gowran, was approved by the Kilkenny  Co  Council  The plan was drawn up in consultation with local residents of Gowran  The Castle and area surrounding it was designated "Tourism and Amenity"   The area surrounding the castle is also an archaeologically sensitive area 2011 - Following the collapse of the Irish economy in 2008, the Castle portfolio was taken over by NAMA 
2012 - NAMA appointed Lisney as receivers to the  Castle Property Portfolio  The Castle Portfolio was offered for sale after the appointment of Sherry Fitzgerald auctioneers  Kilkenny partners were Mc Creery Auctioneers 
2013 - Castle sold  Restoration work begins on the castle

See also
St  Mary's Collegiate Church GowranThe History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Ossory  Vol 3  Rev  Canon William Carrigan 1905
Life Through our Viewfinder  Published by Dalton House Gowran 2009
Passage 12:
788 Hohensteina
788 Hohensteina is a main-belt asteroid discovered on 4 April 1914 by Franz Kaiser at Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory  Named for castle Hohenstein located in the Taunus mountains 
Passage 13:
Let Your Spirit Fly
"Let Your Spirit Fly" is a song performed by Jan Johansen and Pernilla Wahlgren in Sweden's preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest, Melodifestivalen 2003  The song finished in second place 
The song was later covered by Ragni Malmsten and Philipp Kirkorov 

Charts
Passage 14:
Czocha Castle
Czocha Castle (pronounced Cho-ha [ˈt͡ʂɔxa], German: Tzschocha, Latin: Caychow) is a defensive castle in the village of Sucha (Gmina Lesna), Lubań County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland  The castle is located on the Lake Leśnia, near the Kwisa river, in what is now the Polish part of Upper Lusatia  Czocha castle was built on gneiss rock, and its oldest part is the keep, to which housing structures were later added 

History
Czocha Castle began as a stronghold, on the Bohemian-Lusatian border  Its construction was ordered by Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, in the middle of the 13th century (1241–1247)  In 1253 castle was handed over to Konrad von Wallhausen, Bishop of Meissen  In 1319 the complex became part of the dukedom of Henry I of Jawor, and after his death, it was taken over by another Silesian prince, Bolko II the Small, and his wife Agnes (see Duchy of Silesia)  Origin of the stone castle dates back to 1329 
In the mid-14th century, Czocha Castle was annexed by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia  Then, between 1389 and 1453, it belonged to the noble families of von Dohn and von Kluks  Reinforced, the complex was besieged by the Hussites in the early 15th century, who captured it in 1427, and remained in the castle for unknown time (see Hussite Wars)  In 1453, the castle was purchased by the family of von Nostitz, who owned it for 250 years, making several changes through remodelling projects in 1525 and 1611  Czocha's walls were strengthened and reinforced, which thwarted a Swedish siege of the complex during the Thirty Years War  In 1703, the castle was purchased by Jan Hartwig von Uechtritz, influential courtier of Augustus II the Strong  On August 17, 1793, the whole complex burned in a fire  
In 1909, Czocha was bought by a cigar manufacturer from Dresden, Ernst Gutschow, who ordered major remodelling, carried out by Berlin architect Bodo Ebhardt, based on a 1703 painting of the castle  Gutschow, who was close to the Russian Imperial Court and hosted several White emigres in Czocha, lived in the castle until March 1945  Upon leaving, he packed up the most valuable possessions and moved them out 
After World War II, the castle was ransacked several times, both by soldiers of the Red Army, and Polish thieves, who came to the so-called Recovered Territories from central and eastern part of the country  Pieces of furniture and other goods were stolen, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the castle was home to refugees from Greece (see Greek Civil War)  In 1952, Czocha was taken over by the Polish Army  Used as a military vacation resort, it was erased from official maps  The castle has been open to the public since September 1996 as a hotel and conference centre  
The complex was featured in several movies and television series, including a popular 1963 comedy, Gdzie jest generał? (Where is the General?), Legenda, The Hexer (film), The Hexer (TV series), Beyond Sherwood Forest, Spellbinder and serial The Secret of the Cipher Fortress 
Since 2014 the castle is also used as a setting for College of Wizardry, a live action role-playing game (LARP) that takes place in their own universe and can be compared to Harry Potter  There was a hiatus in 2019 after ongoing issues within its founding organization threatened to end the series  However, a crowdfunding action saved the LARP and a new organizing team has continued organizing events at the castle 

Gallery
See also
List of castles in Poland
Passage 15:
Spirit Mountain Wilderness
Spirit Mountain Wilderness Area is a 33,518-acre (13,564 ha) wilderness area located in the Newberry Mountains in Clark County, Nevada, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Laughlin  Spirit Mountain lies within the area   It is managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service 
Most of the wilderness is located in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, and all of it is within Avi Kwa Ame National Monument  The area is adjacent to both the Nellis Wash Wilderness Area and the Bridge Canyon Wilderness Area 
Ancient Native American petroglyphs abound in Grapevine Canyon, located just south of Spirit Mountain  Located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area just west of the 67-mile-long Lake Mohave, Grapevine Canyon offers visitors the opportunity to see numerous abstract, anthropomorphic, and animal depictions pecked directly into the basalt rock near the mount of the canyon  A parking area with restrooms is provided and a about a half-mile walk through desert scrub is required to see the petroglyphs  Ranger-guided hikes are offered by National Park Service staff based at Katherine Landing, located on the east side of Lake Mohave 2 miles north of Bullhead City, Arizona, and accessed via Arizona Highway 95 and Highway 68   
The area was in the homeland of the Yuman Indians   Yuman and Mojave people believe all life began on this mountain, which is visible for miles from Bullhead City in Arizona, Needles in California, and  Laughlin, Cal-Nev-Ari, and Searchlight in Nevada  Descendants of the first Native Americans to reside in the area still live on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation, located about 20 miles south of the Spirit Mountains Wilderness 
The United States Congress designated the Spirit Mountain Wilderness in 2002 

Notes
External links
Spirit Mountain Wilderness - NPS
Spirit Mountain Wilderness Fact Sheet - BLM
Passage 16:
Kevin Drew
Kevin Drew (born September 9, 1976) is a Canadian musician and songwriter who, together with Brendan Canning, founded the expansive Toronto baroque-pop collective Broken Social Scene  He was also part of the lesser-known KC Accidental, which consisted of Drew and Charles Spearin, another current member of Broken Social Scene 
Drew has shared in the direction of Broken Social Scene videos under the name Experimental Parachute Movement   In 2008 he wrote and directed a short film called "The Water," inspired by and starring his bandmate and former girlfriend Leslie Feist  In 2009, Drew contributed to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization 
Drew grew up in west Toronto and attended the Etobicoke School of the Arts, along with Metric's Emily Haines, Stars' Amy Millan and novelist Ibi Kaslik, where he, Amy and Emily studied drama   He was married to Jo-ann Goldsmith, a social worker and an occasional trumpet player in BSS 
Drew's second solo album, Darlings, was released on March 18, 2014 On January 15, 2013, Drew announced in an interview that he had begun working on a new album with The Archies songwriter Andy Kim  The album, It's Decided, was released in 2015 Drew's third solo album, Influences, was released on July 16, 2021  He wrote the album while staying in England during 2020, using a music making smartphone app called Endlesss  The album was recorded and mixed on Drew's return to Canada 

Production
Drew and Dave Hamelin coproduced The Tragically Hip's album Man Machine Poem, and Gord Downie's subsequent solo album Secret Path 
Drew also produced Downie's final album Introduce Yerself and Reuben and the Dark's third album, un love 

Discography
Solo
Spirit If    (2007)
Darlings (2014)
Influences (2021) (as K D A P )

Broken Social Scene
Feel Good Lost (2001)
You Forgot It in People (2002)
Bee Hives (2004)
Broken Social Scene (2005)
Forgiveness Rock Record (2010)
Hug of Thunder (2017)

KC Accidental
Captured Anthems for an Empty Bathtub - (1998)
Anthems for the Could've Bin Pills - (2000)

Videography
Experimental Parachute Movement
Apostle of Hustle
Cheap Like Sebastian
Broken Social Scene
Ibi Dreams of Pavement (A Better Day)
Almost Crimes (with Chris Mills)
Cause=Time
Fire Eye'd Boy
Constantines
Our Age 2009
Stars
Your Ex-Lover is Dead
Bitches in Tokyo
Still Life Still
Pastel
The Most Serene Republic
Content Was Always My Favourite Colour
The Water (2009) Starring Cillian Murphy, David Fox & Feist
Passage 17:
Krimulda Castle
The Krimulda Castle (German: Burg Kremon) is located just outside Sigulda, Sigulda Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia and is a tourist attraction  The castle dates from the 14th century and was destroyed in a war in 1601 
Prince Liven’s living house was built in the classic style  The manor complex consists of steward’s house, coach house, Swiss cottage, etc  Home wine tasting is available by prior arrangement 

History
During the 13th century, the left bank of the Gauja river was governed by the Order of the Brethren of the Sword,  (later known as the Order of Livonia), while the territories on the right bank were under the domain of the Archbishop of Riga  Krimulda castle belonged to the Riga High Council which was a group of twelve high priests who advised the archbishop 
Krimulda castle was built on the edge of a high bank on the right side of Gauja near the Vikmeste castle mound and the village of Livs  This placement made it nearly impossible to conquer  On one side it was protected by the steep valley wall of Gauja river, two additional sides were obstructed by the Vikmeste river, which had equally steep banks, and the fourth side bordered on a man-made ravine with a draw-bridge leading into the forecastle  The deep valley of the Vikmeste River also provided a natural borderline between the lands of Krimulda and Turaida 
The castle was built using large-sized boulders  The outer wall of the castle at ground level was about 2 meters/6–7 feet thick 
The castle was involved in a number of battles between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga as well as many of the later wars of Livonia  In the spring of 1601 during the Swedish-Polish war, it was conquered by the Swedish army  In the fall of that same year advancing Polish troops burned the castle down so it would not fall into the hands of the enemy  The castle was left unrepaired after the fire 
The castle regained purpose in the mid-19th century under the ownership of Prince Lieven, though not as a military fortification but as a romantic addition to a park 

Gallery
Krimulda Castle ruins in 2014 

See also
List of castles in Latvia
Sigulda Castle
Turaida Castle
Passage 18:
Edelweiss (song)
"Edelweiss" is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music  It is named after the edelweiss, (Leontopodium nivale), a white flower found high in the Alps  The song was created for the 1959 Broadway production of The Sound of Music, as a song for the character Captain Georg von Trapp  In the musical, Captain von Trapp and his family sing this song during the concert near the end of Act II   It is a statement of Austrian patriotism in the face of the pressure put upon him to join the navy of Nazi Germany following the Anschluss (Nazi annexation of their homeland)  It is also Captain von Trapp's subliminal goodbye to his beloved homeland, using the flower as a symbol of his loyalty to Austria  In the 1965 film adaptation, the song is also sung by the Captain earlier in the film when he rediscovers music with his children 
This was the final song of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical collaboration as well as the last song written by Oscar Hammerstein II, who died in August 1960 

Writing
While The Sound of Music was in tryouts in Boston, Richard Rodgers felt Captain von Trapp should have a song with which he would bid farewell to the Austria he knew and loved  Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II decided to write an extra song that von Trapp would sing in the festival concert sequence towards the end of the show  As they were writing it, they felt this song could also use the guitar-playing and folk-singing talents of Theodore Bikel, who had been cast as the Captain  The Lindsay and Crouse script provides the metaphor of the simple edelweiss wildflower as a symbol of the Austria that Captain von Trapp, Maria, and their children knew would live on, in their hearts, despite the Nazi annexation of their homeland  The metaphor of this song builds on an earlier scene when Gretl presents a bouquet of edelweiss flowers to Baroness Elsa Schräder, during the latter's visit to the von Trapp household 
Rodgers provided a simple, yet haunting and affecting, waltz-time melody, to the simple Italian style ritornello lyric that Hammerstein wrote about the appearance of the edelweiss flower  "Edelweiss" turned out to be one of the most beloved songs in the musical, as well as one of the best-loved songs by Rodgers and Hammerstein 
"Edelweiss" is the last song Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together; Hammerstein was suffering from stomach cancer, which took his life nine months after The Sound of Music opened on Broadway 

Film adaptation
Although the stage production uses the song only during the concert sequence, Ernest Lehman's screenplay for the film adaptation uses the song twice  Lehman created a scene that makes extra use of the song  This scene, inspired by a line in the original script by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, calls for Captain von Trapp to sing "Edelweiss" with his children in their family drawing room and rediscover the love he felt for them, with Liesl accompanying him  Lehman also expanded the scope of the song when it was sung in the Salzburg Festival concert scene, so that Captain von Trapp and his family would call on the crowds to join in the song with him, in defiance of the Nazi soldiers posted around the arena 
Christopher Plummer played the part of Captain von Trapp in the film adaptation  However, his singing was overdubbed with the voice of Bill Lee despite Plummer recording the song himself  Plummer’s original vocals were discovered by a fan and first posted on YouTube  The Blu-Ray release included a small portion of Plummer’s un-dubbed performance  However, this version has yet to be released officially in its entirety 
An instrumental version of the song is also heard as the final song played during the party as Maria leaves to return to the abbey at the end of the first half of the film 

Austrian attitudes
The edelweiss is a popular flower in Austria and was featured on the old Austrian 1 schilling coin  It can also now be seen on the 2 cent Euro coin  The flower is protected in Austria and illegal to pick  An "edelweiss" is also worn as a cap emblem by certain Austrian Army and the German Gebirgsjäger (mountain troopers) units stationed in the nearby Bavarian Alps In the original run, the musical The Sound of Music was treated with disdain by Austrians, and the song "Edelweiss" has been singled out for criticism  When US President Ronald Reagan quoted the song in 1984 to toast Austrian President Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian newspapers complained that the song was full of clichés and called it "kitsch " When the musical premiered on the national stage in Vienna in 2005, one critic called it "boring" and another referred to "Edelweiss" as "an insult to Austrian musical creation " However, attitudes have improved as film tourism became a bigger attraction than Salzburg's attraction for being the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  When the musical premiered in Salzburg in 2011, most performances were sold out 

Misconceptions
The great popularity of the song has led many of its audience to believe that it is an Austrian folk song or even the official national anthem  However, Austria's official anthem is "Land der Berge, Land am Strome", and the anthem used from 1929 until the Anschluss was "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende" 
There is similar confusion about another song co-authored by Hammerstein, "Ol' Man River" from the musical Show Boat, which is widely (though erroneously) believed to be an African-American spiritual  The similarity between the misconceptions about the two songs has been noted by two writers, both of whom see it as testament to Hammerstein's talents  Alyson McLamore, in her book Musical Theater: An Appreciation, writes, "The last song to be written for the show was 'Edelweiss,' a tender little homage to a native flower of Austria that has the effect of authentic Austrian folksong, much as 'Ol' Man River' struck listeners as a genuine African American spiritual " Hugh Fordin, in his biography of Oscar Hammerstein, writes about "the ability of the authors to simulate the quality of an authentic folk song    'Ol' Man River' had the ring of a black laborer's song    Thirty years later, 'Edelweiss' was widely believed to be an old Austrian song, though Oscar   composed it for the Sound of Music "Theodore Bikel, in his autobiography, Theo (2002), wrote that, after a performance, he was once approached by a native Austrian who said, "I love that Edelweiss" and then added, with total confidence, "Of course, I have known it for a long time, but only in German" Another misconception about the song is that it is a real-life Nazi anthem, even though "Edelweiss" is not a pro-Nazi song within the context of The Sound of Music, nor did the song even exist during the Nazi era 

Legal problems
The estates of Rodgers and Hammerstein have not authorized the use of alternative lyrics with the melody of the song, making certain commercial uses of those versions potentially infringing if they do not fall under fair use  Rodgers stated that "he would take legal action against any group" using the "Edelweiss" melody with altered words; the current rightsholders comply with his wishes, refusing to grant permission for these commercial requests, which are "inconsistent with the creators' intentions" 

Other versions
Josephine Siao (蕭芳芳) performed a Chinese (Cantonese) version in the 1967 movie Lightning Killer (閃電煞星) 
Theodore Bikel, who originated the role of Captain von Trapp on Broadway, performed "Edelweiss" (as a duet with Mary Martin) on the original cast album and included it in his album, In My Own Lifetime – 12 Musical Theater Classics 
The English singer Vince Hill reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart in 1967 with his cover version of the track 
Julie Andrews has recorded it for her Richard Rodgers tribute album Broadway: The Music of Richard Rodgers 
Andy Conaghan recorded the song for ABC Classics as part of a compilation album, I Dreamed a Dream: The Hit Songs of Broadway in 2013 
Stephen Moyer performed the song as part of his role as Captain Georg von Trapp during the December 2013 television broadcast of The Sound of Music Live! on NBC 
The song was frequently performed by The von Trapps, the real life great-grandchildren of the Captain and Maria  It appears on their A Capella album and on their 2014 album, the latter of which is also a duet with Charmian Carr (who played Liesl in the movie) 
A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used as the opening sequence music for the Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle 
Victor Garber, as his character Martin Stein impersonating Max Lorenz in a Nazi-run Parisian nightclub, sang a cover of this song in Legends of Tomorrow 
Context 3:  Aloysius' Church in Washington, D C 

Promoting peace and nonviolence
Dear founded Bay Area Pax Christi, a region of Pax Christi USA, the national Catholic peace movement, and began to arrange for Mother Teresa to intervene with various governors on behalf of people scheduled to be executed on death row 
Dear was arrested in scores of nonviolent civil disobedience actions against war, injustice and nuclear weapons—from the Pentagon to Livermore Laboratories in California  On December 7, 1993, he was arrested with three others at the Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in Goldsboro, North Carolina, for hammering on an F-15 nuclear capable fighter bomber  He was jailed, tried and convicted of two felony counts, and served seven-and-a-half months in North Carolina jails and four-and-a-half months, under house arrest in Washington, D C , followed by 3 years probation  As part of the Plowshares disarmament movement, the defendants argued that they were fulfilling Isaiah's mandate to "beat swords into plowshares," and Jesus' command to "love your enemies "From 1994–1996, Dear served as executive director of the Sacred Heart Center, a community center for low-income African-American women and children, in Richmond, Virginia  In the Spring of 1997, he taught theology for one semester at Fordham University in the Bronx, New York  From 1997–98, he lived in Derry, Northern Ireland, as part of the Jesuit "tertianship" sabbatical program, and worked at a human rights center in Belfast 
From 1998–2001, Dear served as executive director of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the largest interfaith peace organization in the United States, based in Nyack, New York  In 1999, he led a delegation of Nobel Peace Prize winners on a peace mission to Iraq, and also an interfaith delegation to Palestine/Israel 
Immediately after September 11, 2001, Dear served as a Red Cross coordinator of chaplains at the Family Assistance Center in Manhattan, and personally counseled thousands of relatives and rescue workers  From 2002–04, he served as pastor to five parishes in the high desert of northeastern New Mexico, and founded Pax Christi New Mexico, a region of Pax Christi USA 
In 2006, Dear led a demonstration against the U S  war in Iraq in Santa Fe, New Mexico  In 2009, he joined the Creech 14 in a civil disobedience protest at Creech Air Force base against the U S  drone war in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and was arrested and put in the Clark County, Nevada jail for a night  He was later found guilty but given time served 
In January 2014, Dear left the Jesuits and wrote about his leaving in the National Catholic Reporter, saying that the Society of Jesus has turned from its commitment to social justice, and that he would not be permitted to work for peace and disarmament  Dear then joined the Diocese of Monterey, California where he remains a Catholic priest 

Speaker, writer, teacher
Over the years, Dear has given thousands of lectures on peace, disarmament and nonviolence in churches, schools and groups across the United States, and around the world, including national speaking tours of Australia, New Zealand, Scotland, Canada and England 
Dear formerly wrote a weekly column for the National Catholic Reporter and the Huffington Post  He is also featured in several other books and featured in a wide variety of U S  publications, including The New York Times and The Washington Post  He is featured in the DVD documentary film, The Narrow Path, and the subject of John Dear on Peace, by Patti Normile (St  Anthony Messenger Press, 2009)  He has published hundreds of articles (see: www johndear org) and over 35 books 

Awards
Dear has received several peace awards, including the 2010 Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award, from the Diocese of Davenport, Iowa; and the Courage of Conscience Award, from Peace Abbey in Boston, Massachusetts 
Dear has been also nominated several times for the Nobel Peace Prize, including a nomination in January 2008 by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and later by Senator Barbara Mikulski 

Bibliography
Disarming the Heart: Toward a Vow of Nonviolence (Foreword by John Stoner)
Jean Donovan and the Call to Discipleship
Christ Is With the Poor: Sayings of Horace McKenna, S J  (Ed )
Our God Is Nonviolent: Witnesses in the Struggle for Peace and Justice (Foreword by Elizabeth McAlister)
It's a Sin to Build a Nuclear Weapon: The Writings of Richard McSorley, S J  (Ed )
Oscar Romero and the Nonviolent Struggle for Justice
Seeds of Nonviolence (Foreword by Thomas Gumbleton)
The God of Peace: Toward a Theology of Nonviolence (Foreword by James W  Douglass) 
The Sacrament of Civil Disobedience (Foreword by Daniel Berrigan)
Peace Behind Bars: A Peacemaking Priest's Journal from Jail (Foreword by Philip Berrigan) 
The Road to Peace: Writings on Peace and Justice by Henri Nouwen (Ed )
Jesus the Rebel (Foreword by Daniel Berrigan)
The Vision of Peace: Writings by Mairead Maguire (Foreword by the Dalai Lama) (Ed )
The Sound of Listening: A Retreat Journal from Thomas Merton's Hermitage
And the Risen Bread: The Selected Poetry of Daniel Berrigan, S J  (Ed )
Living Peace: A Spirituality of Contemplation and Action
Christianity and Vegetarianism: Pursuing the Nonviolence of Jesus (online excerpt)
Mohandas Gandhi: Essential Writings (Ed )
Mary of Nazareth, Prophet of Peace (Foreword by Joan Chittister)
The Questions of Jesus (Foreword by Richard Rohr)
Testimony: Essays by Daniel Berrigan (Ed )
Transfiguration (Foreword by Desmond Tutu)
You Will Be My Witnesses (with icons by Rev  William McNichols)
The Advent of Peace
A Persistent Peace: An Autobiography (Foreword by Martin Sheen)
Put Down Your Sword: Essays on Peace and Justice
Daniel Berrigan: Essential Writings (Ed )
Lazarus Come Forth!: How Jesus Confronts the Culture of Death, and How We Can Too
Thomas Merton Peacemaker
The Nonviolent Life
Radical Prayers
They Will Inherit the Earth: Peace and Nonviolence in a Time of Climate Change
The Beatitudes of Peace
Walking the Way
The Trouble with Our State: Poetry of Daniel Berrigan (ed )
Praise be Peace
Passage 6:
Gyldendal's Endowment
Gyldendal's Endowment was a literature prize that was awarded in the period 1934–1995 by the Norwegian publisher Gyldendal Norsk Forlag   The prize was awarded to significant authors, regardless of which publisher the author was associated with 
From 1996 the Gyldendals endowment was superseded by the Gyldendal Prize for "particularly significant writing" and (since 1998) by the Sult-prisen (Hunger Award) for "eminent young authors" 

Endowment winners
1934 – Olav Duun
1935 – Peter Egge, Herman Wildenvey, Arnulf Øverland
1936 – Gabriel Scott
1937 – Cora Sandel
1938 – Arthur Omre
1939 – Johan Falkberget
1940 – Sigurd Christiansen, Ronald Fangen, Sigurd Hoel
1941 – Gunnar Reiss-Andersen, Kristian Elster
1942 – Inge Krokann
1943 – Tarjei Vesaas
1944 – Inger Hagerup
1945 – Johan Borgen
1946 – Emil Boyson, Ernst Orvil, Tore Ørjasæter
1947 – Nils Johan Rud
1948 – Ingeborg Møller, Aksel Sandemose
1949 – Gunnar Larsen, Magnhild Haalke
1950 – Egil Rasmussen, Hans Henrik Holm
1951 – Gunvor Hofmo
1952 – Jakob Sande, Mikkjel Fønhus
1953 – Engvald Bakkan
1954 – Agnar Mykle, Terje Stigen
1955 – Bjørn Rongen, Alfred Hauge
1956 – Sigbjørn Hølmebakk
1957 – Eivind Tverbak, Halldis Moren Vesaas
1958 – Astrid Tollefsen
1959 – Alf Larsen, Åge Rønning
1960 – Finn Bjørnseth
1961 – Johannes Heggland, Per Bronken
1962 – Bergljot Hobæk Haff
1963 – Åsta Holth, Arnold Eidslott, Ola Viker
1964 – Aslaug Låstad Lygre, Odd Hølaas
1965 – Marie Takvam, Gisken Wildenvey
1966 – Georg Johannesen, Odd Winger
1967 – Kåre Holt, Per Hansson
1968 – Jan Erik Vold
1969 – Knut Faldbakken
1970 – Espen Haavardsholm, Sigmund Skard, Merete Wiger
1971 – Tor Obrestad
1972 – Jens Bjørneboe
1973 – Tor Edvin Dahl
1974 – Emil Boyson, Nils Johan Rud, Gunvor Hofmo, Bergljot Hobæk Haff, Tor Åge Bringsværd
1975 – Pål Sundvor
1976 – Finn Carling, Sigurd Evensmo
1977 – Jan Jakob Tønseth
1978 – Olav Nordrå, Arne Ruste
1979 – Cecilie Løveid, Wera Sæther
1980 – Marta Schumann, Tormod Haugen
1981 – Gidske Anderson, Stein Mehren
1982 – Ola Bauer, Ketil Gjessing
1983 – Karin Bang, Terje Johanssen
1984 – Mari Osmundsen, Simen Skjønsberg
1985 – Paal-Helge Haugen, Geir Kjetsaa
1986 – Inger Elisabeth Hansen, Erland Kiøsterud
1987 – Hans Herbjørnsrud, Tor Ulven
1988 – Liv Køltzow, Øystein Lønn
1989 – Edvard Hoem, Gunnar Staalesen
1990 – Sigmund Mjelve, Atle Næss
1991 – Kjartan Fløgstad and Herbjørg Wassmo
1992 – Sissel Lie, Steinar Løding og Tor Fretheim
1993 – Britt Karin Larsen, Thorvald Steen
1994 – Kjersti Scheen, Bjørn Aamodt
1995 – Torgrim Eggen, Terje Holtet Larsen
Passage 7:
Adam Smith Prize
The Adam Smith Prizes are prizes currently awarded for the best overall examination performance and best dissertation in Part IIB of the Economics Tripos (the graduation examination for economics undergraduates) at the University of Cambridge  The prize - named after Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith - was originally established in 1891 and awarded triennially for the best submitted essay on a subject of the writer's choice 

List of past recipients
1894 Arthur Lyon Bowley
1897 Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence
1900 Sydney Chapman
1903 Arthur Cecil Pigou
1906 Ernest Alfred Benians
1909 John Maynard Keynes
1929 R  F  Kahn
1930 Ruth Cohen
1932 K  S  Isles
1933 B  P  Adarkar
1935 W  B  Reddaway
1936 D  G  Champernowne
1954 Amartya Sen
1956 Manmohan Singh
1974 Martin Osborne
1987 Richard J  Parkin
2000 Saugato Datta and Richard Fearon
2004 James Benford
2006 Mark Shields
2007 Stefanie Stantcheva
2008 Thomas Mckendrick and Shivam Patel
2009 Praneet Shah
2011 Ossie Akushie and Shafi Anwar
2013 Inna Grinis and Ivan Kuznetsov
2014 James Walker
2015 Ben Andrews and Jonathon Hazell
2016 Isar Bhattacharjee and Toni Oki
2017 Joel Flynn and Joseph Lee
2018 Tireni Ajilore, George Nikolakoudis, Laurence O’Brien and Sajan Shah
2019 Vlastimil Rasocha and Kuishuai Yi
2020 Neal Patel, David Lee, Liam Grant, Andrew Koh and Michael Bennett
2021 Valerie Chuang, Matthew Chen and Jack Golden

See also
List of economics awards
Passage 8:
Faraday Lectureship Prize
The Faraday Lectureship Prize, previously known simply as the Faraday Lectureship, is awarded once every two years (approximately) by the Royal Society of Chemistry for "exceptional contributions to physical or theoretical chemistry"  Named after Michael Faraday, the first Faraday Lecture was given in 1869, two years after Faraday's death, by Jean-Baptiste Dumas  As of 2009, the prize was worth £5000, with the recipient also receiving a medal and a certificate  As the name suggests, the recipient also gives a public lecture describing his or her work 

Winners
Source: RSC

See also
List of chemistry awards
Passage 9:
Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship
The Puffin Prize for Creative Citizenship is an American award given jointly by Type Media Center (a nonprofit media organization previously associated with The Nation magazine) and the Puffin Foundation  The annual $100,000 award honors artists and others who have "challenged the status quo through distinctive, courageous, imaginative and socially responsible work of significance " The prize is intended to "encourage the recipients to continue their work, and to inspire others to challenge the prevailing orthodoxies they face in their careers " The inaugural award was in 2001 The Puffin Prize for Creative Citizenship was renamed in 2017   It was formerly known as the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship 

Winners
2001 Robert Parris Moses
2002 Dolores Huerta
2003 David Protess
2004 Barbara Ehrenreich
2005 Jonathan Kozol
2006 Amy Goodman
2007 Michael Ratner
2008 Van Jones
2009 Jim Hightower
2010 Bill McKibben
2010 Cecile Richards
2011 Tony Kushner
2012 Benjamin Todd Jealous
2013 Barry W  Lynn
2014 Frances Fox Piven
2015 William J  Barber II
2016 Bryan Stevenson
2017 Colin Kaepernick
2018 Parkland student activists
2019 The Sunrise Movement
2020 Desmond Meade
2021 The National Network for Abortion Funds
Passage 10:
List of Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine  They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation  An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) for outstanding contributions to the field of economics  Each recipient, a Nobelist or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation 

Prize
Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics; the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace  Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years  In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 8,402,670 SEK in December 2017  In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 9,000,000 SEK  The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize  The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II 

Laureates
Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations  With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations  Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize  Adolf Hitler forbade four Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939) and Carl von Ossietzky (Peace, 1936) from accepting their Nobel Prizes  The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Nobel Prize (Peace, 2010) and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award  Liu Xiaobo, Carl von Ossietzky and Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Nobel Prize while in prison or detention  Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Thọ declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time 
Seven laureates have received more than one prize; of the seven, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other  UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice  Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, as was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless  Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace)  Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903  She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911 

List of laureates
50 year secrecy rule
The Committee neither informs the media nor the candidates themselves of the names of the nominees  Insofar as specific names frequently appear in the early predictions of who will receive the award in any given year, this is either pure speculation or inside information from the person or people who submitted the nomination  After fifty years, the database of nominations maintained by the Nobel Committee is made available to the public  Statutes of the Nobel Foundation, § 10, states:A prize-awarding body may, however, after due consideration in each individual case, permit access to material which formed the basis for the evaluation and decision concerning a prize, for purposes of research in intellectual history  Such permission may not, however, be granted until at least 50 years have elapsed after the date on which the decision in question was made 

See also
List of Nobel laureates by country
List of female Nobel laureates
List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature
List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics
List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize
List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize

Notes
Passage 11:
Bel Canto (novel)
Bel Canto is the fourth novel by American author Ann Patchett, published in 2001 by Perennial, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers  It was awarded both the Orange Prize for Fiction and PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction  It was placed on several top book lists, including Amazon's Best Books of the Year (2001)  It was also adapted into an opera in 2015 
Based on the Japanese embassy hostage crisis (also called the Lima Crisis) of 1996–1997 in Lima, Peru, the novel follows the relationships among a group of young terrorists and their hostages, who are mostly high-profile executives and politicians, over several months  Many of the characters form unbreakable bonds of friendship, while some fall in love 
Opera is a centralizing theme on many levels throughout the story; the operatic term bel canto literally means "beautiful singing "

Plot summary
Set in an unspecified South American country, the story begins at a birthday party thrown at the country's vice presidential home in honor of Katsumi Hosokawa, the visiting chairman of a large Japanese company and opera enthusiast  As a not-so-subtle pretext to get Hosokawa to invest in the country, famous American soprano Roxane Coss is scheduled to perform as the highlight of the party 
Near the end of the party, members of a terrorist organization break into the house, intending to take the President of the country hostage  When they realize the President is not in attendance, the terrorist group decides to take the entire party hostage  After determining they have too many hostages, the terrorists decide to release all of the hostages except those they deem most likely to return a large ransom 
Two major romantic relationships develop as the standoff drags on and serve as the backdrop to the rest of the story  The first is between Coss and Hosokawa, who develop a deep bond even though they do not speak each other's language and thus cannot communicate verbally  The second relationship is between the translator Gen and the young terrorist Carmen, who must keep their love a secret  The two lovers meet in the china closet every night 
At the end of the novel, the government breaks into the house and kills all the terrorists  All of the hostages are freed except for Hosokawa, who is shot by government forces in the struggle  
In an epilogue that takes place some years later, former hostages Simon Thibault and his wife meet with Gen and Roxane, who are getting married in Italy 

Characters
Katsumi Hosokawa is a Japanese business mogul, who is married with two daughters  He has a strong bond with his young translator Gen  He doesn't speak Spanish and must use Gen for all communication in the host country  Since attending a performance with his father as a child, opera has been his greatest love, and he is passionate about the soprano Roxane Coss, having heard her recordings  He falls in love with the woman herself during their time together  However, he knows their relationship can only last for the duration of the standoff  He is gunned down in the final scenes by the soldiers of the host country, in his attempt to save the teenaged terrorist Carmen 
Roxane Coss is an internationally renowned American soprano  At first a prima donna who sets herself apart from the rest of the guests, she eventually begins to bond with the others when she receives a box of musical scores and begins singing to them every morning  She is especially touched by her relationships with Mr  Hosokawa, with whom she falls in love; Gen, with whom she forms a strong bond and eventually marries; Carmen, who sleeps in her bed, braids her hair, and comforts her; and Cesar, another young terrorist with a gifted singing voice whom she begins tutoring 
Gen Watanabe is Mr  Hosokawa's translator and assistant  He is a quiet, sensitive and gifted young man who speaks several languages  As the translator, he is usually at the center of the action of the novel, although he is the only hostage, besides a priest, who is not fabulously wealthy and powerful  He begins tutoring Carmen when she asks him to teach her how to read and write in Spanish and English, and they begin meeting each night in the china closet to study and eventually make love 
General Benjamin is the most intelligent and thoughtful of the three generals who lead the terrorists  Benjamin was a       schoolteacher until his brother was arrested and imprisoned for handing out flyers publicizing a political protest  After that, he joined the terrorist group La Familia de Martin Suarez, named after a ten-year-old boy who was shot dead while handing out flyers for a political rally  Benjamin has left behind a wife and children, and he is fatherly to some of the young terrorists under his command



ground_truth: Casa Loma

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who gives out the prize named after the author of Lectures on Jurisprudence?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He is plagued with shingles, which rage across much of his face 
Joachim Messner is a Swiss representative for the Red Cross  who negotiates between the government and the terrorists  He is the one person allowed to come and go from the mansion  Messner punctuates the general happiness with frequent reminders that the situation will end badly 
Carmen is the terrorist whom Gen loves  Carmen remains incognito in the guise of a male terrorist for the first part of the novel  The leader of the organization, General Benjamin, notices what a beautiful young woman she has become and notes that, "had she been this pretty before, he never would have let her sign up " She often prays to Saint Rose of Lima  In the ultimate shootout, she is gunned down before Gen can get to her  In the ensuing newspaper articles, there is no record of her ever existing 
Simon Thibault is the French ambassador to the South American country where the novel is set  Because he longs for his wife Edith, who is released early with the rest of the women and children, Thibault is the hostage who is most unhappy during the long standoff  He spends much of his time cooking for both the hostages and the terrorists, and he is almost always wearing Edith's scarf  He and Edith are reunited after the standoff, and they are the witnesses to the marriage of Gen and Roxane in the final chapter 

Creative process
Patchett was inspired by the Lima Crisis as she watched the events unfold on the news and thought how operatic the crisis was  Patchett was an opera novice prior to writing the book, although she has stated that the character Roxane was modeled on Karol Bennett, an acquaintance of hers who was an opera singer  Since she was not familiar with Bennett's voice, she listened to recordings by the famous American soprano Renée Fleming and imagined Roxane Coss as possessing Fleming's voice  (Patchett and Fleming became friends only after the novel was published )
The original working title was How to Fall in Love with Opera, but her editor advised against it in case bookstores would mis-shelve it in their "how to" section  The manuscript originally contained a prologue from Gen's perspective, establishing the book as a story about how he met his wife  However, Patchett's mentor Elizabeth McCracken told her that the prologue was not needed, so Patchett cut it Patchett has stated that she always wanted to write with an omniscient third person narrator that "moves from person to person within a room"—a style she calls "Anna Karenina-third " Her first two novels were in first-person and her third novel was in third-person, but it was limited to one character's perspective  She was pleased when she was able to write in this style for Bel Canto, deeming her achievement of the style a progression in her writing 

Reception
Sue MacGregor, the broadcaster and chairman of the Orange Prize judges, praised the work, saying, "This is a fine piece of writing, mixing tenderness and danger to an impressive degree " Critic Alex Clark praised the wide range of Patchett's writing, which "encompass[es] both lightning flashes of brutality and terror and long stretches of incarcerated ennui " Several reviews note a departure in style from Patchett's earlier works and credit Bel Canto for pushing her into the national spotlight Critic James Polk largely praised the novel, but noted Patchett "strained a bit too hard" to highlight the terrorists' humanizing traits, which he argued "diminished the story's taut ambivalence, making some scenes near the end sound almost like accounts of a Boy Scout jamboree " Other reviewers also criticize the slow pacing and unrealistic characterizations, although other critics attribute this to Patchett's brand of magic realism Bel Canto has been translated into over 30 languages  According to Patchett, it was slated to become a movie five or six times, a Broadway musical, and an opera by Aaron Jay Kernis, commissioned for the Santa Fe Opera's 2006 season, all of which fell through, until the opera came together in 2015 and the film in 2018 

Adaptations
The novel has been adapted under the same title into an opera by composer Jimmy López to a libretto Nilo Cruz  It premiered at the Lyric Opera of Chicago on December 7, 2015 
A film adaptation of the same name from director Paul Weitz with Julianne Moore and Ken Watanabe was released in 2018 The television series Archer parodied Bel Canto during its seventh season with a two-episode arc called "Bel Panto": the visitors of a charity event are taken hostage by a group of clowns seeking to steal a jeweled necklace from a wealthy actress 
Passage 12:
Geoffrey Keynes
Sir Geoffrey Langdon Keynes ( KAYNZ; 25 March 1887, Cambridge – 5 July 1982, Cambridge) was a British surgeon and author  He began his career as a physician in World War I, before becoming a doctor at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where he made notable innovations in the fields of blood transfusion and breast cancer surgery  Keynes was also a publishing scholar and bibliographer of English literature and English medical history, focusing primarily on William Blake and William Harvey 

Early life and education
Geoffrey Keynes was born on 25 March 1887 in Cambridge, England  His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at the University of Cambridge and his mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer  Geoffrey Keynes was the third child, after his older brother, the prominent economist John Maynard Keynes, and his sister Margaret, who married the Nobel Prize–winning physiologist Archibald Hill 
He attended Rugby School, where he became friends with English poet Rupert Brooke  In 1915 he was appointed literary executor for Brooke's estate 
He graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he earned a first-class degree in the Natural Sciences Tripos  He was later made an honorary fellow of Pembroke College  Keynes then qualified for a scholarship to become a surgeon with the Royal College of Surgeons in London 

Career
First and Second world wars
Keynes delayed his medical education in order to serve in World War I, where he served as a Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps and then worked as a consultant surgeon, becoming an expert in blood transfusion  His experience in the First World War led him to publish Blood Transfusion, the first book on the subject written by a British author  Keynes also founded the London Blood Transfusion Service with P  L  Oliver  Alexander Bogdanov acquired a copy of this book whilst visiting London to negotiate the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement in 1922  Bogdanov went on to found the Institute for Haematology and Blood Transfusions in Moscow Keynes was deeply affected by the brutality and gore that he witnessed in the field, which may have influenced his dislike for radical surgery later in his career 
Keynes enlisted to be a consulting surgeon to the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of World War II  In 1944 he was promoted to the rank of acting air vice-marshal 

Medical career
Keynes began working full-time at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where he worked under George Gask and Sir Thomas Dunhill, after returning from World War I  Keynes used his influence as an assistant surgeon to advocate for limited surgery instead of the invasive radical mastectomy  Frustrated with the mortality rate and gruesomeness of the radical mastectomy, Keynes experimented by inserting 50 milligrams of radium in a patient's tumour  He later observed that, "The ulcer rapidly healed     and the whole mass became smaller, softer and less fixed "Keynes pursued his new idea through a number of trials, observing the effectiveness of injecting radium chloride into breast cancer tumours compared with the effectiveness of the radical mastectomy  The promising results of these trials led Keynes to be cautiously optimistic, writing in 1927 that the "extension of [an] operation beyond a local removal might sometimes be unnecessary " Keynes' outlook was considered a radical break from the medical consensus at the time  Keynes wrote in his autobiography that his work with radium "was regarded with some interest by American surgeons," but that the concept of a limited mastectomy failed to gain significant traction in the medical community at the time  His doubts regarding the radical mastectomy were vindicated some 50 years later, when innovators like Bernard Fisher and others revisited his data and pursued what became known as a lumpectomy  Limited surgeries, like the lumpectomy, accompanied by radiation are now the standard treatment for breast cancer Keynes was also a pioneer in the treatment of myasthenia gravis  Much like with breast cancer, the medical community knew little about how to treat the disease at the time  Keynes pioneered the removal of the thymus gland, which is now the standard treatment for myasthenia gravis In 1955 Keynes received a knighthood for services to medicine 

Literary work
Keynes maintained a passionate interest in English literature all his life and devoted a large amount of his time to literary scholarship and the science of bibliography  He was a leading authority on the literary and artistic work of William Blake  He also produced biographies and bibliographies of English writers such as Sir Thomas Browne, John Evelyn, Siegfried Sassoon, John Donne and Jane Austen  He was also a pioneer in the history of science, with studies of John Ray, William Harvey and Robert Hooke  His biography The Life of William Harvey was awarded the 1966 James Tait Black Memorial Prize  Keynes also collected books, with a personal library with around four thousand works His autobiography The Gates of Memory was published in 1981, and he died the following year, aged 95  The Gates of Memory includes anecdotes of Keynes' numerous run-ins and friendships with other famous public figures  For example, Keynes often went climbing with George Mallory, the renowned British mountaineer; he also once performed life-saving treatment on Virginia Woolf after the budding author overdosed on pills 

Personal life
On 12 May 1917 Keynes married Margaret Elizabeth Darwin, the daughter of Sir George Howard Darwin and granddaughter of Charles Darwin  They had one daughter, who died in infancy, and four sons:

Harriet Frances Keynes (1918–1918)
Richard Darwin Keynes (1919–2010)
Quentin George Keynes (1921–2003)
William Milo Keynes (1924–2009)
Stephen John Keynes (1927–2017)Keynes dedicated his life to his work and was also sociable with many friends  He took pride in never having been drunk, and was known by most as an affable, well-mannered man 

Legacy
Keynes' contributions profoundly influenced the fields of surgery and English literature  He pioneered limited breast cancer surgery accompanied by radiation, a strategy that has endured the test of time  His work on William Blake "was instrumental in establishing Blake as a central figure in the history of English art and literature "A library of his scholarly works, notes, and correspondences is held by the University of Cambridge 

Works
A Bibliography of Dr  John Donne (1914, 1932, 1958, 1973)
A Bibliography of William Blake (The Grolier Club, New York, 1921)
Blood Transfusion (H  Frowde, London, 1922)
A Bibliography of Sir Thomas Browne (Cambridge, 1924, 1968)
William Pickering, Publisher: A Memoir and a Hand-List of his Editions (The Fleuron, 1924)
Jane Austen: a Bibliography (Nonesuch Press, 1929)
Selected Essays of William Hazlitt 1778 : 1830 (Nonesuch Press, 1930)
The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (Faber & Gwyer / Faber & Faber 1928-1931 [6 volumes], 1964 [4 volumes])
The Note-Book of William Blake (Nonesuch Press, 1935)
John Evelyn: a Study in Bibliophily & a Bibliography of his Writings (Cambridge, 1937)
The Faber Gallery Series: Blake (Faber and Faber, 1945)
The Poetical Works of Rupert Brooke (Faber & Faber, 1946)
William Blake, 1757–1827 (1947)
Poetry and Prose of William Blake (Nonesuch Press, 1948)
The Portraiture of William Harvey (The Thomas Vicary Lecture 1948) (Royal College of Surgeons, 1949)
The Personality of William Harvey (Cambridge University Press: 1949)
William Blake's Engravings, edited with an introduction (Faber and Faber, (1950)
The Tempera Paintings of William Blake (1951)
The Apologie and Treatise of Ambroise Containing the Voyages Made into Divers Places with Many of His Writings Upon Surgery (1951)
Samuel Butler's Note-Books, selections (1951) with Brian Hill
Poems of Rupert Brooke (1954)
A Bibliography of Rupert Brooke (The Soho Bibliographies, No 4) (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954)
The Letters of William Blake (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1956, 1968)
Harvey Though John Aubrey's Eyes (1958)
A Bibliography of Dr  Robert Hooke (1960)
Essays in Biography 1961 by J  M  Keynes, editor
Dr  Timothie Bright 1550—1615  A Survey of his Life with a Bibliography of his Writings (1962)
A Study of the Illuminated Books of William Blake: Poet, Printer, Prophet (1964)
An Exhibition of the Illuminated Books of William Blake: Poet – Printer – Prophet (1964) with Lessing J  Rosenwald
On Editing Blake (1964)
Blake  The Masters 6 (1965)
Blake: Complete Writings with Variant Readings, editor, Oxford University Press, 1966 (UK-Paperback, Revised)  ISBN 0192810502
William Blake  Songs of Innocence and of Experience, editor, with Introduction and Commentary  London: Oxford University Press (1967)
Henry James in Cambridge (1967)
Sir Thomas Browne, Selected Writings (1968)
The Letters of Rupert Brooke (1968)
William Blake Engraver (1969)
William Pickering, Publisher: A Memoir and a Check-List of his Publications (London, Galahad Press, 1969; New York, Burt Franklin, 1969)
Drawings of William Blake: 92 Pencil Studies  Selection, Introduction and Commentary, Dover Publications, Inc , New York, 1970 ISBN 0-486-22303-5
A Bibliography of Sir William Petty F R S  and of 'Observations on the Bills of Mortality' by John Graunt F R S  Oxford : Clarendon Press (1971)
William Blake's Water-Colours Illustrating the Poems of Thomas Gray (1972)
Deaths Duell by John Donne (Godine, 1973)
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (Oxford University Press, 1975)
A Bibliography of Henry King D D , Bishop of Chichester (Douglas Cleverdon, 1977)
The Gates of Memory (Oxford University Press, 1981)
A Watch of Nightingales (Stourton Press, 1981) edited with Peter Davidson
Passage 13:
Sophie Prize
The Sophie Prize was an international environment and development prize (USD 100,000) awarded annually from 1998 to 2013   It was established in 1997 by the Norwegian author Jostein Gaarder and his wife Siri Dannevig, and is named after Gaarder's novel Sophie's World  It aimed to recognize individuals or organizations working with the environment and sustainable development  In 2013, representatives announced that the prize would not be awarded any longer due to a lack of funds 

Prize winners
1998: Environmental Rights Action, Nigeria
1999: Herman Daly and Thomas Kocherry
2000: Sheri Liao
2001: ATTAC France
2002: Patriarch Bartholomew I
2003: John Pilger
2004: Wangari Maathai
2005: Sheila Watt-Cloutier
2006: Romina Picolotti
2007: Göran Persson
2008: Gretchen Daily
2009: Marina Silva, Brazil
2010: James Hansen
2011: Tristram Stuart
2012: Eva Joly
2013: Bill McKibben

Board members
Åslaug Haga (chair)
Petter Nome (deputy chair)
Helene Bank
Siri Dannevig
Nikolas Dannevig Gaarder
Elin Enge
Thomas Hylland Eriksen
Jostein Gaarder
Elizabeth Hartmann
Dag Olav Hessen
Bård Lahn
Ylva Lindberg
Sidsel Mørck

See also
List of environmental awards
Passage 14:
Million Writers Award
Million Writers Award was a short story literary award presented annually by storySouth from 2003 to 2016  It honored the best online short stories  The award was structured to be egalitarian allowing for anyone to nominate a story including readers, authors, editors and publishers; prize money was donated by readers and writers; and the winners were selected by public vote from a short-list of entries selected by judges 

Overview
The Million Writers Award was founded by author Jason Sanford in 2003 at a time when the literary establishment "didn't believe online magazines were legitimate places to publish fiction," seeing it as a fad  Sanford set out to honor and highlight online only publications and stories with the award 
Stories eligible for the award include those first published in online literary journals, magazines, and e-zines that have an editorial process  The award had a variable cash prize, in 2011 for example it was $600 for the winner, $200 for the runner-up and $100 for third place  Prize money was raised through donations from writers, editors and readers and thus fluctuates each year  Anyone could nominate up to one story, while editors and publishers can nominate three stories  Stories must be at least 1000 words The award became one of the premier online literary awards and was named a Hot Site by USA Today  The award was profiled in a six-page feature interview with editor Jason Sanford in the 2005 Novel and Short Story Writer's Market and mentioned in The 100 Best Trends, 2006: Emerging Developments You Can't Afford to Ignore as an example of the emerging online literary movement In 2012 Spotlight Publishing released two anthologies of stories from the Million Writers Award, with one focused on literary stories and the other on science fiction and fantasy stories 

Winners
Previous winners 2003

Top 10 stories:2004

Best story: Randa Jarrar, "You Are a 14-Year-Old Arab Chick Who Just Moved to Texas" (Eyeshot)
Best online publication: Eclectica
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: The King's English
Best new online magazine or journal: Narrative Magazine2005

Best story: Alicia Gifford, "Toggling the Switch" (Narrative Magazine)
Best story runnerup: Terry Bisson, "Super 8" (Scifiction com)
Best story runnerup: Anjana Basu, "The Black Tongue" (Gowanus)
Best online publication: Strange Horizons
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: The King's English
Best new online magazine or journal: Anderbo2006

Best story: Richard Bowes, "There's a Hole in the City" (Scifiction com)
Best story runnerup: Michael Croley, "Two Lives" (Blackbird)
Best online publication: Storyglossia
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: Narrative Magazine (co-winner)
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: The King's English (co-winner)
Best new online magazine or journal: Menda City Review (co-winner)
Best new online magazine or journal: Clarkesworld Magazine (co-winner)2007

Best story: Catherynne M  Valente, "Urchins, While Swimming" (Clarkesword Magazine)
Best story runnerup: A  Ray Norsworthy, "All the Way to Grangeville" (Eclectica Magazine)
Best story runnerup: Marshall Moore, "The Infinite Monkey Theorem" (Word Riot)
Best online publication: Blackbird
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: Jim Baen's Universe
Best new online magazine or journal: Farrago's Wainscot2008

Best story: Matt Bell, "Alex Trebek Never Eats Fried Chicken" (Storyglossia)
Best story runnerup: Sruthi Thekkiam, "Friday Afternoons on Bus 51" (Blackbird)
Best online publication: Narrative Magazine
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: (no award)
Best new online magazine or journal: Cha: An Asian Literary Journal2009

Winner: Jenny Williams, "The Fisherman's Wife" (LitNImage)
Runner-up: Roderic Crooks, "Fuckbuddy" (Eyeshot)
Honorable mention: Geronimo Madrid, "No Bullets in the House" (Drunken Boat)
Best online publication: Fantasy Magazine
Best publisher of novella-length fiction: Subterranean Magazine
Best new online magazine or journal: Kill Author2010

Winner: Summer Block, "Hospitality" (Wheelhouse Magazine)
Runner-up: Rachel Swirsky, "Eros, Philia, Agape" (Tor com)
Honorable mention: Eric Beetner, "Ditch" (Thuglit)
Best online publication: Words Without Borders
Best new online magazine or journal: Lightspeed Magazine2011

Winner: Adam-Troy Castro, "Arvies" (Lightspeed Magazine)
Runner-up: Eric Maroney, "The Incorrupt Body of Carlo Busso" (Eclectica)
Honorable mention: Amal El-Mohtar, "The Green Book" (Apex Magazine)2012

Winner: xTx, "The Mill Pond" (StoryGlossia)
Runner-up: Kelly Cherry, "On Familiar Terms" (Blackbird)
Honorable mention: Micah Dean Hicks, "The Butcher's Chimes" (Menda City Review)2013

First place : Rachel Steiger-Meister, "Chlorine Mermaid" (Carve Magazine)
Second place: Lou Gaglia, "Hands" (Waccamaw)
Third place : Adrienne Celt, "The Eternal Youth of Everyone Else" (Carve Magazine)2014

First place: Caroline Casper, "Eminence" (Carve Magazine)
Second place: Susan Tepper, "Distance" (Thrice Fiction)
Third place: Carmen Maria Machado, "Inventory" (Strange Horizons)2015

First place: Wendy Oleson, “The Snow Children” (Carve Magazine)
Second place: Chikodili Emelumadu, “Jermyn” (Eclectica)
Third place: Allegra Hyde, “Syndication” (Nashville Review)2016

First place: Reza Ghasemi Ataee, "Anatomy of Mr wakefield" (Time magazine)
Second place: Jude Whelchel, "Big Joy Family" (North Carolina Literary Review)
Third place: Annie Reid, "Last Song" (Baltimore Review)
Passage 15:
Hickinbottom Award
The Hickinbottom Award (also referred to as the Hickinbottom Fellowship) is awarded annually by the Royal Society of Chemistry for contributions in the area of organic chemistry from an early career scientist  The prize winner receives a monetary award and will complete a lecture tour within the UK  The winner is chosen by the awards committee of the Royal Society of Chemistry's organic division 

Award history
The award was established by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1979 following Wilfred Hickinbottom's bequest  Hickinbottom was noted for supporting high standards in experimental chemistry  
Part of the monetary award is the Briggs scholarship, which was funded following a bequest from Lady Alice Lilian Thorpe, William Briggs' daughter 

Previous recipients
The award was first granted in 1981 to Steven Ley and Jeremy Sanders Subsequent recipients include:

See also
List of chemistry awards
Passage 16:
Francis Ambrière
Francis Ambrière (27 September 1907 – 1 July 1998) was a French author who was selected for the Prix Goncourt in 1940, for his book Les Grandes Vacances; the prize was awarded in 1946 because of World War II  He was born in Paris 

Biography
Francis Ambriere has been recognised for his novel Les Grandes Vacances, which chronicles the lives of French prisoners of war in 1940  He was the author of several Guides bleus for example in Paris in 1949, and then Greece in 1957, or on Italy published in 1960 

Works
Joachim du Bellay, Firmin-Didot et cie, 1930
Estaunié, John Charpentier, Francis Ambrière, Firmin-Didot et cie, 1932
Les grandes vacances, 1939-1945, Les Éditions de la nouvelle France, 1946, (reprint Éditions du Seuil, 1956)
The long holiday Translator Elaine P  Halperin, Publisher Ziff-Davis Pub  Co , 1948
Le solitaire de la Cervara, V  Attinger, 1947
The exiled, Staples Press, 1951
Le Maroc, Les Documents d'art, 1952
Théâtre et collectivité, Flammarion, 1953
Le Siecle des Valmore, Seuil, 1987 
Mademoiselle Mars et Marie Dorval: au théâtre et dans la vie, Seuil, 1992
Talma, ou l'histoire au théâtre, Madeleine Ambrière, Francis Ambrière, Éditions de Fallois, 2007, ISBN 978-2-87706-638-9



ground_truth: University of Cambridge

Cambridge