prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why was Common Sense, by the same author as Rights of Man, an important work?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Wednesday Is Indigo Blue
Wednesday Is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia is a 2009 non-fiction book written by Richard Cytowic and David Eagleman documenting the current scientific understanding of synesthesia, a perceptual condition where an experience of one sense (such as sight) causes an automatic and involuntary experience in another sense (such as hearing)  The afterword is written by Dimitri Nabokov, a synesthete, and the son of the well-known author and synesthete Vladimir Nabokov 

Synopsis
The introduction likens the "cross-talk" occurring in the brain producing synesthetic experiences to weather patterns in coastal regions where there are no barriers and all of the elements interact  Normally communication in the brain is like weather in the Rocky Mountain regions, where weather can be isolated in one spot independent of weather systems close by  Chapter 1, "What color is Tuesday?", describes some of the early and still common resistance to the existence and study of synesthesia, and explains the fundamental characteristics necessary to "diagnose" synesthesia  The authors advocate the usefulness of introspective reports as they can later be useful in developing third-party tests for such purposes  Form constants are introduced as part of a framework to study visual synesthetic concurrents (the involuntary response in another sense)  Chapter 2 builds on Chapter 1, discussing the types of synesthesia and the methods used to make a synesthesia diagnosis such as variations on stroop tests  The potential benefits of synesthesia are expanded on, including its correlation with eidetic memory and experience of a wider ranger of color  Chapter 3 discusses grapheme-color synesthesia in detail and describes the case of Solomon Shereshevsky 

Reception
In interviews related to the book Cytowic has discussed the evolutionary purpose synesthesia, whether it is an adaptive product of natural selection or is more like a kind of spandrel  In Cytowic's responses he has mentioned the relationship between synesthesia and creativity suggesting that because synesthesia is associated with creativity it is adaptive  In his interview with Jonah Lehrer he maintained that this is one of the reasons why its prevalence, estimated at one in twenty-three people, is so high  Cytowic also suggested synesthesia could be expressed in non-sensory parts of the brain (e g  memory, planning and moral reasoning) increasing creativity in related to those subjects as well  Conversely the increased communication could be expressed even more diffusely in the brain resulting in a generalized talent for connecting apparently unrelated topics In an interview with Seed Magazine Eagleman explained further that the genes responsible for the increased communication in synesthetes may also be present in non-synesthetes, but there would be additional difficulties researching this phenomenon as there would be no perceptual correlates allowing researches to identify such people  He added that he is researching spot thought to be related to Grapheme-color synesthesia on chromosome sixteen In her review of the book, New Scientist columnist Lize Else described Cytowic as a pioneer in synesthesia research  She used a phrase from the authors to explain the correlation between synesthesia and creativity, namely that synesthesia eases the process of making "metaphoric cross-connections" between different areas in the brain 

See also
List of people with synesthesia
Born on a Blue Day by Daniel Tammet
Passage 2:
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; February 9, 1737 [O S  January 29, 1736]  – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American Founding Father, political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary  He authored Common Sense (1776) and The American Crisis (1776–1783), two of the most influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, and he helped to inspire the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Great Britain  His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era ideals of human rights Paine was born in Thetford, Norfolk and emigrated to the British American colonies in 1774 with the help of Benjamin Franklin, arriving just in time to participate in the American Revolution  Virtually every American Patriot read his 47-page pamphlet Common Sense, which catalyzed the call for independence from Great Britain  The American Crisis was a pro-independence pamphlet series  Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s, becoming deeply involved in the French Revolution  While in England, he wrote Rights of Man (1791), in part a defense of the French Revolution against its critics  His attacks on Anglo-Irish conservative writer Edmund Burke led to a trial and conviction in absentia in England in 1792 for the crime of seditious libel 
The British government of William Pitt the Younger was worried by the possibility that the French Revolution might spread to Britain and had begun suppressing works that espoused radical philosophies  Paine's work advocated the right of the people to overthrow their government and was therefore targeted with a writ for his arrest issued in early 1792  Paine fled to France in September, despite not being able to speak French, but he was quickly elected to the French National Convention  The Girondins regarded him as an ally; consequently, the Montagnards regarded him as an enemy, especially Maximilien Robespierre  In December 1793, he was arrested and was taken to Luxembourg Prison in Paris  While in prison, he continued to work on The Age of Reason (1793–1794)  James Monroe used his diplomatic connections to get Paine released in November 1794 
Paine became notorious because of his pamphlets and attacks on his former allies, who he felt had betrayed him  In The Age of Reason and other writings, he advocated Deism, promoted reason and freethought, and argued against religion in general and Christian doctrine in particular  In 1796, he published a bitter open letter to George Washington, whom he denounced as an incompetent general and a hypocrite  He published the pamphlet Agrarian Justice (1797), discussing the origins of property and introducing the concept of a guaranteed minimum income through a one-time inheritance tax on landowners  In 1802, he returned to the U S  He died on June 8, 1809, and only six people attended his funeral, as he had been ostracized for his ridicule of Christianity and his attacks on the nation's leaders 

Early life and education
Thomas Paine was born on January 29, 1736 (NS February 9, 1737),  the son of Joseph Pain, a tenant farmer and stay-maker, and Frances (née Cocke) Pain, in Thetford, Norfolk, England  Joseph was a Quaker and Frances an Anglican  Despite claims that Thomas changed the spelling of his family name upon his emigration to America in 1774, he was using "Paine" in 1769, while still in Lewes, Sussex 

He attended Thetford Grammar School (1744–1749), at a time when there was no compulsory education  At the age of 13, he was apprenticed to his father  Following his apprenticeship, aged 19, Paine enlisted and briefly served as a privateer, before returning to Britain in 1759  There, he became a master staymaker, establishing a shop in Sandwich, Kent On September 27, 1759, Paine married Mary Lambert  His business collapsed soon after  Mary became pregnant; and, after they moved to Margate, she went into early labour, in which she and their child died In July 1761, Paine returned to Thetford to work as a supernumerary officer  In December 1762, he became an Excise Officer in Grantham, Lincolnshire; in August 1764, he was transferred to Alford, also in Lincolnshire, at a salary of £50 per annum  On August 27, 1765, he was dismissed as an Excise Officer for "claiming to have inspected goods he did not inspect"  On July 31, 1766, he requested his reinstatement from the Board of Excise, which they granted the next day, upon vacancy  While awaiting that, he worked as a staymaker 

In 1767, he was appointed to a position in Grampound, Cornwall  Later he asked to leave this post to await a vacancy, and he became a school teacher in London On February 19, 1768, he was appointed to Lewes in Sussex, a town with a tradition of opposition to the monarchy and pro-republican sentiments since the revolutionary decades of the 17th century  Here he lived above the 15th-century Bull House, the tobacco shop of Samuel Ollive and Esther Ollive Paine first became involved in civic matters when he was based in Lewes  He appears in the Town Book as a member of the Court Leet, the governing body for the town  He was also a member of the parish vestry, an influential local Anglican church group whose responsibilities for parish business would include collecting taxes and tithes to distribute among the poor  On March 26, 1771, at age 34, Paine married Elizabeth Ollive, the daughter of his recently deceased landlord, whose business as a grocer and tobacconist he then entered into 

From 1772 to 1773, Paine joined excise officers asking Parliament for better pay and working conditions, publishing, in summer of 1772, The Case of the Officers of Excise, a 12-page article, and his first political work, spending the London winter distributing the 4,000 copies printed to the Parliament and others  In spring 1774, he was again dismissed from the excise service for being absent from his post without permission  The tobacco shop failed  On April 14, to avoid debtors' prison, he sold his household possessions to pay debts  He formally separated from his wife Elizabeth on June 4, 1774, and moved to London  In September, mathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Commissioner of the Excise George Lewis Scott introduced him to Benjamin Franklin, who was there as a voice for colonial opposition to British colonial rule, especially as it related to the Stamp Act, and the Townshend Acts  He was publisher and editor of the largest American newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette and suggested emigration to Philadelphia  He handed out a letter of recommendation to Paine, who emigrated in October to the American colonies, arriving in Philadelphia on November 30, 1774 

In Pennsylvania Magazine
Paine barely survived the transatlantic voyage  The ship's water supplies were bad and typhoid fever killed five passengers  On arriving at Philadelphia, he was too sick to disembark  Benjamin Franklin's physician, there to welcome Paine to America, had him carried off ship; Paine took six weeks to recover  He became a citizen of Pennsylvania "by taking the oath of allegiance at a very early period"  In March 1775, he became editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine, a position he conducted with considerable ability Before Paine's arrival in America, sixteen magazines had been founded in the colonies and ultimately failed, each featuring substantial content and reprints from England  In late 1774, Philadelphia printer Robert Aitken announced his plan to create what he called an "American Magazine" with content derived from the colonies  Paine contributed two pieces to the magazine's inaugural issue dated January 1775, and Aitken hired Paine as the Magazine's editor one month later  Under Paine's leadership, the magazine's readership rapidly expanded, achieving a greater circulation in the colonies than any American magazine up until that point  While Aitken had conceived of the magazine as nonpolitical, Paine brought a strong political perspective to its content, writing in its first issue that "every heart and hand seem to be engaged in the interesting struggle for American Liberty "Paine wrote in the Pennsylvania Magazine that such a publication should become a "nursery of genius" for a nation that had "now outgrown the state of infancy," exercising and educating American minds, and shaping American morality  On March 8, 1775, the Pennsylvania Magazine published an unsigned abolitionist essay titled African Slavery in America  The essay is often attributed to Paine on the basis of a letter by Benjamin Rush, recalling Paine's claim of authorship to the essay  The essay attacked slavery as an "execrable commerce" and "outrage against Humanity and Justice "Consciously appealing to a broader and more working-class audience, Paine also used the magazine to discuss worker rights to production  This shift in the conceptualization of politics has been described as a part of "the 'modernization' of political consciousness," and the mobilization of ever greater sections of society into political life 

American Revolution
Common Sense (1776)
Paine has a claim to the title The Father of the American Revolution, which rests on his pamphlets, especially Common Sense, which crystallized sentiment for independence in 1776  It was published in Philadelphia on January 10, 1776, and signed anonymously "by an Englishman"  It was an immediate success, quickly spreading 100,000 copies in three months to the two million residents of the 13 colonies  During the course of the American Revolution, a total of about 500,000 copies were sold, including unauthorized editions  Paine's original title for the pamphlet was Plain Truth, but Paine's friend, pro-independence advocate Benjamin Rush, suggested Common Sense instead  Finding a printer who was daring enough to commit his print shop to the printing of Common Sense was not easy  At the advice of Rush, Paine commissioned Robert Bell to print his work The pamphlet came into circulation in January 1776, after the Revolution had started  It was passed around and often read aloud in taverns, contributing significantly to spreading the idea of republicanism, bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Britain, and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army  Paine provided a new and convincing argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history  Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice  It offers a solution for Americans disgusted with and alarmed at the threat of tyranny Paine's attack on monarchy in Common Sense is essentially an attack on George III  Whereas colonial resentments were originally directed primarily against the king's ministers and Parliament, Paine laid the responsibility firmly at the king's door  Common Sense was the most widely read pamphlet of the American Revolution  It was a clarion call for unity against the corrupt British court, so as to realize America's providential role in providing an asylum for liberty  Written in a direct and lively style, it denounced the decaying despotisms of Europe and pilloried hereditary monarchy as an absurdity  At a time when many still hoped for reconciliation with Britain, Common Sense demonstrated to many the inevitability of separation Paine was not on the whole expressing original ideas in Common Sense, but rather employing rhetoric as a means to arouse resentment of the Crown  To achieve these ends, he pioneered a style of political writing suited to the democratic society he envisioned, with Common Sense serving as a primary example  Part of Paine's work was to render complex ideas intelligible to average readers of the day, with clear, concise writing unlike the formal, learned style favored by many of Paine's contemporaries  Scholars have put forward various explanations to account for its success, including the historic moment, Paine's easy-to-understand style, his democratic ethos, and his use of psychology and ideology Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating to a very wide audience ideas that were already in common use among the elite who comprised Congress and the leadership cadre of the emerging nation, who rarely cited Paine's arguments in their public calls for independence  The pamphlet probably had little direct influence on the Continental Congress' decision to issue a Declaration of Independence, since that body was more concerned with how declaring independence would affect the war effort  One distinctive idea in Common Sense is Paine's beliefs regarding the peaceful nature of republics; his views were an early and strong conception of what scholars would come to call the democratic peace theory Loyalists vigorously attacked Common Sense; one attack, titled Plain Truth (1776), by Marylander James Chalmers, said Paine was a political quack and warned that without monarchy, the government would "degenerate into democracy"  Even some American revolutionaries objected to Common Sense; late in life John Adams called it a "crapulous mass"  Adams disagreed with the type of radical democracy promoted by Paine (that men who did not own property should still be allowed to vote and hold public office) and published Thoughts on Government in 1776 to advocate a more conservative approach to republicanism Sophia Rosenfeld argues that Paine was highly innovative in his use of the commonplace notion of "common sense"  He synthesized various philosophical and political uses of the term in a way that permanently impacted American political thought  He used two ideas from Scottish Common Sense Realism: that ordinary people can indeed make sound judgments on major political issues, and that there exists a body of popular wisdom that is readily apparent to anyone  Paine also used a notion of "common sense" favored by philosophes in the Continental Enlightenment  They held that common sense could refute the claims of traditional institutions  Thus, Paine used "common sense" as a weapon to de-legitimize the monarchy and overturn prevailing conventional wisdom  Rosenfeld concludes that the phenomenal appeal of his pamphlet resulted from his synthesis of popular and elite elements in the independence movement According to historian Robert Middlekauff, Common Sense became immensely popular mainly because Paine appealed to widespread convictions  Monarchy, he said, was preposterous and it had a heathenish origin  It was an institution of the devil  Paine pointed to the Old Testament, where almost all kings had seduced the Israelites to worship idols instead of God  Paine also denounced aristocracy, which together with monarchy were "two ancient tyrannies " They violated the laws of nature, human reason, and the "universal order of things," which began with God  That was, Middlekauff says, exactly what most Americans wanted to hear  He calls the Revolutionary generation "the children of the twice-born"  because in their childhood they had experienced the Great Awakening, which, for the first time, had tied Americans together, transcending denominational and ethnic boundaries and giving them a sense of patriotism 

Possible involvement in drafting the Declaration of Independence
While there is no historical record of Paine's involvement in drafting the Declaration of Independence, some scholars of Early American History have suspected Thomas Paine's involvement over the past two centuries   As noted by the Thomas Paine National Historical Association, multiple authors have hypothesized and written on the subject, including Moody (1872), Van der Weyde (1911), Lewis (1947), and more recently, Smith & Rickards (2007) In 2018, the Thomas Paine National Historical Association introduced an early draft of the Declaration that contained evidence of Paine's involvement based on an inscription of "T P " on the back of the document  During the early deliberations of the Committee of Five members chosen by Congress to draft the Declaration of Independence, John Adams made a hastily written manuscript copy of the original draft of the Declaration of Independence on June 24, 1776, known as the Sherman Copy  Adams made this copy shortly before preparing another neater, fair copy that is held in the Adams Family Papers collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society  The Sherman copy of the Declaration of Independence is one of several working drafts of the Declaration, made for Roger Sherman's review and approval before the Committee of Five submitted a finalized draft to Congress  The Sherman Copy of the Declaration of Independence contains an inscription on the back of the document that states: "A beginning perhaps-Original with Jefferson-Copied from Original with T P 's permission " According to the Thomas Paine National Historical Association, the individual referenced as "T P " in the inscription appears to be Thomas Paine The degree to which Paine was involved in formulating the text of the Declaration is unclear, as the original draft referenced in the Sherman Copy inscription is presumed lost or destroyed  However, John Adams' request for permission of "T P " to copy the original draft may suggest that Paine had a role either assisting Jefferson with organizing ideas within the Declaration, or contributing to the text of the original draft itself 

The American Crisis (1776)
In late 1776, Paine published The American Crisis pamphlet series to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army  He juxtaposed the conflict between the good American devoted to civic virtue and the selfish provincial man  To inspire his soldiers, General George Washington had The American Crisis, first Crisis pamphlet, read aloud to them  It begins:

These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman  Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph  What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value  Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated 

Foreign affairs
In 1777, Paine became secretary of the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs  The following year, he alluded to secret negotiation underway with France in his pamphlets  His enemies denounced his indiscretions  There was scandal; together with Paine's conflict with Robert Morris and Silas Deane it led to Paine's expulsion from the Committee in 1779 However, in 1781, he accompanied John Laurens on his mission to France  Eventually, after much pleading from Paine, New York State recognized his political services by presenting him with an estate at New Rochelle, New York and Paine received money from Pennsylvania and from Congress at Washington's suggestion  During the Revolutionary War, Paine served as an aide-de-camp to the important general, Nathanael Greene 

Silas Deane Affair
In what may have been an error, and perhaps even contributed to his resignation as the secretary to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, Paine was openly critical of Silas Deane, an American diplomat who had been appointed in March 1776 by the Congress to travel to France in secret  Deane's goal was to influence the French government to finance the colonists in their fight for independence  Paine largely saw Deane as a war profiteer who had little respect for principle, having been under the employ of Robert Morris, one of the primary financiers of the American Revolution and working with Pierre Beaumarchais, a French royal agent sent to the colonies by King Louis to investigate the Anglo-American conflict  Paine uncovered the financial connection between Morris, who was Superintendent for Finance of the Continental Congress, and Deane  Paine labeled Deane as unpatriotic, and demanded that there be a public investigation into Morris' financing of the Revolution, as he had contracted with his own company for around $500,000 Wealthy men, such as Robert Morris, John Jay and powerful merchant bankers, were leaders of the Continental Congress and defended holding public positions while at the same time profiting off their own personal financial dealings with governments  Amongst Paine's criticisms, he had written in the Pennsylvania Packet that France had "prefaced [their] alliance by an early and generous friendship," referring to aid that had been provided to American colonies prior to the recognition of the Franco-American treaties  This was alleged to be effectively an embarrassment to France, which potentially could have jeopardized the alliance  John Jay, the President of the Congress, who had been a fervent supporter of Deane, immediately spoke out against Paine's comments  The controversy eventually became public, and Paine was then denounced as unpatriotic for criticizing an American revolutionary  He was even physically assaulted twice in the street by Deane supporters  This much-added stress took a large toll on Paine, who was generally of a sensitive character and he resigned as secretary to the Committee of Foreign Affairs in 1779  Paine left the Committee without even having enough money to buy food for himself Much later, when Paine returned from his mission to France, Deane's corruption had become more widely acknowledged  Many, including Robert Morris, apologized to Paine and Paine's reputation in Philadelphia was restored 

"Public Good"
In 1780, Paine published a pamphlet entitled "Public Good," in which he made the case that territories west of the 13 colonies that had been part of the British Empire belonged after the Declaration of Independence to the American government, and did not belong to any of the 13 states or to any individual speculators  A royal charter of 1609 had granted to the Virginia Company land stretching to the Pacific Ocean  A small group of wealthy Virginia land speculators, including the Washington, Lee, and Randolph families, had taken advantage of this royal charter to survey and to claim title to huge swaths of land, including much land west of the 13 colonies  In "Public Good," Paine argued that these lands belonged to the American government as represented by the Continental Congress  This angered many of Paine's wealthy Virginia friends, including Richard Henry Lee of the powerful Lee family, who had been Paine's closest ally in Congress, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, all of whom had claims to huge wild tracts that Paine was advocating should be government owned  The view that Paine had advocated eventually prevailed when the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was passed 
The animosity Paine felt as a result of the publication of "Public Good" fueled his decision to embark with Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens on a mission to travel to Paris to obtain funding for the American war effort 

Funding the Revolution
Paine accompanied Col  John Laurens to France and is credited with initiating the mission  It landed in France in March 1781 and returned to America in August with 2 5 million livres in silver, as part of a "present" of 6 million and a loan of 10 million  The meetings with the French king were most likely conducted in the company and under the influence of Benjamin Franklin  Upon returning to the United States with this highly welcomed cargo, Thomas Paine and probably Col  Laurens, "positively objected" that General Washington should propose that Congress remunerate him for his services, for fear of setting "a bad precedent and an improper mode"  Paine made influential acquaintances in Paris and helped organize the Bank of North America to raise money to supply the army  In 1785, he was given $3,000 by the U S  Congress in recognition of his service to the nation Henry Laurens (father of Col  John Laurens) had been the ambassador to the Netherlands, but he was captured by the British on his return trip there  When he was later exchanged for the prisoner Lord Cornwallis in late 1781, Paine proceeded to the Netherlands to continue the loan negotiations  There remains some question as to the relationship of Henry Laurens and Thomas Paine to Robert Morris as the Superintendent of Finance and his business associate Thomas Willing who became the first president of the Bank of North America in January 1782  They had accused Morris of profiteering in 1779 and Willing had voted against the Declaration of Independence  Although Morris did much to restore his reputation in 1780 and 1781, the credit for obtaining these critical loans to "organize" the Bank of North America for approval by Congress in December 1781 should go to Henry or John Laurens and Thomas Paine more than to Robert Morris 

Paine bought his only house in 1783 on the corner of Farnsworth Avenue and Church Streets in Bordentown City, New Jersey and he lived in it periodically until his death in 1809  This is the only place in the world where Paine purchased real estate  In 1785, Paine was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society In 1787, a bridge of Paine's design was built across the Schuylkill River at Philadelphia  At this time his work on single-arch iron bridges led him back to Paris, France  Because Paine had few friends when arriving in France aside from Lafayette and Jefferson, he continued to correspond heavily with Benjamin Franklin, a long time friend and mentor  Franklin provided letters of introduction for Paine to use to gain associates and contacts in France Later that year, Paine returned to London from Paris  He then released a pamphlet on August 20 called Prospects on the Rubicon: or, an investigation into the Causes and Consequences of the Politics to be Agitated at the Meeting of Parliament  Tensions between England and France were increasing, and this pamphlet urged the British Ministry to reconsider the consequences of war with France  Paine sought to turn the public opinion against the war to create better relations between the countries, avoid the taxes of war upon the citizens, and not engage in a war he believed would ruin both nations 

Rights of Man
Back in London by 1787, Paine would become engrossed in the French Revolution that began two years later, and decided to travel to France in 1790  Meanwhile, conservative intellectual Edmund Burke launched a counterrevolutionary blast against the French Revolution, entitled Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which strongly appealed to the landed class, and sold 30,000 copies  Paine set out to refute it in his Rights of Man (1791)  He wrote it not as a quick pamphlet, but as a long, abstract political tract of 90,000 words which tore apart monarchies and traditional social institutions  On January 31, 1791, he gave the manuscript to publisher Joseph Johnson  A visit by government agents dissuaded Johnson, so Paine gave the book to publisher J  S  Jordan, then went to Paris, on William Blake's advice  He charged three good friends, William Godwin, Thomas Brand Hollis, and Thomas Holcroft, with handling publication details  The book appeared on March 13, 1791, and sold nearly a million copies  It was "eagerly read by reformers, Protestant dissenters, democrats, London craftsmen, and the skilled factory-hands of the new industrial north" 

Undeterred by the government campaign to discredit him, Paine issued his Rights of Man, Part the Second, Combining Principle and Practice in February 1792  Detailing a representative government with enumerated social programs to remedy the numbing poverty of commoners through progressive tax measures, Paine went much farther than such contemporaries as James Burgh, Robert Potter, John Scott, John Sinclair or Adam Smith  Radically reduced in price to ensure unprecedented circulation, it was sensational in its impact and gave birth to reform societies  An indictment for seditious libel followed, for both publisher and author, while government agents followed Paine and instigated mobs, hate meetings, and burnings in effigy  A fierce pamphlet war also resulted, in which Paine was defended and assailed in dozens of works  The authorities aimed, with ultimate success, to chase Paine out of Great Britain  He was then tried in absentia and found guilty, although never executed  The French translation of Rights of Man, Part II was published in April 1792  The translator, François Lanthenas, eliminated the dedication to Lafayette, as he believed Paine thought too highly of Lafayette, who was seen as a royalist sympathizer at the time 

In summer of 1792, he answered the sedition and libel charges thus: "If, to expose the fraud and imposition of monarchy     to promote universal peace, civilization, and commerce, and to break the chains of political superstition, and raise degraded man to his proper rank; if these things be libellous     let the name of libeller be engraved on my tomb "Paine was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, and was granted honorary French citizenship alongside prominent contemporaries such as Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and others  Paine's honorary citizenship was in recognition of the publishing of his Rights of Man, Part II and the sensation it created within France  Despite his inability to speak French, he was elected to the National Convention, representing the district of Pas-de-Calais Several weeks after his election to the National Convention, Paine was selected as one of nine deputies to be part of the Convention's Constitutional Committee, who were charged to draft a suitable constitution for the French Republic  He subsequentially participated in the Constitutional Committee in drafting the Girondin constitutional project  He voted for the French Republic, but argued against the execution of Louis XVI, saying the monarch should instead be exiled to the United States: firstly, because of the way royalist France had come to the aid of the American Revolution; and secondly, because of a moral objection to capital punishment in general and to revenge killings in particular  However, Paine's speech in defense of Louis XVI was interrupted by Jean-Paul Marat, who claimed that as a Quaker, Paine's religious beliefs ran counter to inflicting capital punishment and thus he should be ineligible to vote  Marat interrupted a second time, stating that the translator was deceiving the convention by distorting the meanings of Paine's words, prompting Paine to provide a copy of the speech as proof that he was being correctly translated Regarded as an ally of the Girondins, he was seen with increasing disfavor by the Montagnards, who were now in power; and in particular by Maximilien Robespierre  A decree was passed at the end of 1793 excluding foreigners from their places in the Convention (Anacharsis Cloots was also deprived of his place)  Paine was arrested and imprisoned in December 1793 Paine wrote the second part of Rights of Man on a desk in Thomas 'Clio' Rickman's house, with whom he was staying in 1792 before he fled to France  This desk is currently on display in the People's History Museum in Manchester 

The Age of Reason
Paine was arrested in France on December 28, 1793  Joel Barlow was unsuccessful in securing Paine's release by circulating a petition among American residents in Paris  Sixteen American citizens were allowed to plead for Paine's release to the Convention, yet President Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier of the Committee of General Security refused to acknowledge Paine's American citizenship, stating he was an Englishman and a citizen of a country at war with France Paine himself protested and claimed that he was a citizen of the U S , which was an ally of Revolutionary France, rather than of Great Britain, which was by that time at war with France  However, Gouverneur Morris, the American minister to France, did not press his claim, and Paine later wrote that Morris had connived at his imprisonment  Paine narrowly escaped execution  A chalk mark was supposed to be left by the gaoler on the door of a cell to denote that the prisoner inside was due to be removed for execution  In Paine's case, the mark had accidentally been made on the inside of his door rather than the outside; this was due to the fact that the door of Paine's cell had been left open whilst the gaoler was making his rounds that day, since Paine had been receiving official visitors  But for this quirk of fate, Paine would have been executed the following morning  He kept his head and survived the few vital days needed to be spared by the fall of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794) Paine was released in November 1794 largely because of the work of the new American Minister to France, James Monroe, who successfully argued the case for Paine's American citizenship  In July 1795, he was re-admitted into the Convention, as were other surviving Girondins  Paine was one of only three députés to oppose the adoption of the new 1795 constitution because it eliminated universal suffrage, which had been proclaimed by the Montagnard Constitution of 1793 In 1796, a bridge he designed was erected over the mouth of the Wear River at Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England  This bridge, the Sunderland arch, was after the same design as his Schuylkill River Bridge in Philadelphia and it became the prototype for many subsequent voussoir arches made in iron and steel In addition to receiving a British patent for the single-span iron bridge, Paine developed a smokeless candle and worked with inventor John Fitch in developing steam engines 
In 1797, Paine lived in Paris with Nicholas Bonneville and his wife  As well as Bonneville's other controversial guests, Paine aroused the suspicions of authorities  Bonneville hid the Royalist Antoine Joseph Barruel-Beauvert at his home  Beauvert had been outlawed following the coup of 18 Fructidor on September 4, 1797  Paine believed that the United States under President John Adams had betrayed revolutionary France  Bonneville was then briefly jailed and his presses were confiscated, which meant financial ruin In 1800, still under police surveillance, Bonneville took refuge with his father in Evreux  Paine stayed on with him, helping Bonneville with the burden of translating the "Covenant Sea"  The same year, Paine purportedly had a meeting with Napoleon  Napoleon claimed he slept with a copy of Rights of Man under his pillow and went so far as to say to Paine that "a statue of gold should be erected to you in every city in the universe"  Paine discussed with Napoleon how best to invade England  In December 1797, he wrote two essays, one of which was pointedly named Observations on the Construction and Operation of Navies with a Plan for an Invasion of England and the Final Overthrow of the English Government, in which he promoted the idea to finance 1,000 gunboats to carry a French invading army across the English Channel  In 1804, Paine returned to the subject, writing To the People of England on the Invasion of England advocating the idea  However, upon noting Napoleon's progress towards dictatorship, he condemned him as "the completest charlatan that ever existed"  Paine remained in France until 1802, returning to the United States only at President Jefferson's invitation 

Criticism of George Washington
Upset that U S  President George Washington, a friend since the Revolutionary War, did nothing during Paine's imprisonment in France, Paine believed Washington had betrayed him and conspired with Robespierre  While staying with Monroe, Paine planned to send Washington a letter of grievance on the president's birthday  Monroe stopped the letter from being sent, and after Paine's criticism of the Jay Treaty, which was supported by Washington, Monroe suggested that Paine live elsewhere Paine then sent a stinging letter to George Washington, in which he described him as an incompetent commander and a vain and ungrateful person  Having received no response, Paine contacted his longtime publisher Benjamin Bache, the Jeffersonian democrat, to publish his Letter to George Washington of 1796 in which he derided Washington's reputation by describing him as a treacherous man who was unworthy of his fame as a military and political hero  Paine wrote that "the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles or whether you ever had any"  He declared that without France's aid Washington could not have succeeded in the American Revolution and had "but little share in the glory of the final event"  He also commented on Washington's character, saying that Washington had no sympathetic feelings and was a hypocrite 

Later years
In 1802 or 1803, Paine left France for the United States, also paying the passage for Bonneville's wife Marguerite Brazier and the couple's three sons, Benjamin, Louis and Thomas Bonneville, to whom Paine was godfather  Paine returned to the United States in the early stages of the Second Great Awakening and a time of great political partisanship  The Age of Reason gave ample excuse for the religiously devout to dislike him, while the Federalists attacked him for his ideas of government stated in Common Sense, for his association with the French Revolution, and for his friendship with President Jefferson  Also still fresh in the minds of the public was his Letter to Washington, published six years before his return  This was compounded when his right to vote was denied in New Rochelle on the grounds that Gouverneur Morris did not recognize him as an American and Washington had not aided him Brazier took care of Paine at the end of his life and buried him after his death  In his will, Paine left the bulk of his estate to Marguerite, including 100 acres (40 5 ha) of his farm so she could maintain and educate Benjamin and his brother Thomas  In 1814, the fall of Napoleon finally allowed Bonneville to rejoin his wife in the United States where he remained for four years before returning to Paris to open a bookshop 

Death
On the morning of June 8, 1809, Paine died, aged 72, at 59 Grove Street in Greenwich Village, New York City  Although the original building no longer exists, the present building has a plaque noting that Paine died at this location After his death, Paine's body was brought to New Rochelle, but the Quakers would not allow it to be buried in their graveyard as per his last will, so his remains were buried under a walnut tree on his farm  In 1819, English agrarian radical journalist William Cobbett, who in 1793 had published a hostile continuation of Francis Oldys (George Chalmer)'s The Life of Thomas Paine, dug up his bones and transported them back to England with the intention to give Paine a heroic reburial on his native soil, but this never came to pass  The bones were still among Cobbett's effects when he died over fifteen years later, but were later lost  There is no confirmed story about what happened to them after that, although various people have claimed throughout the years to own parts of Paine's remains, such as his skull and right hand At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the New York Evening Post that was in turn quoting from The American Citizen, which read in part: "He had lived long, did some good, and much harm"  Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely freedmen  Months later appeared a hostile biography by James Cheetham, who had admired him since the latter's days as a young radical in Manchester, and who had been friends with Paine for a short time before the two fell out  Many years later the writer and orator Robert G  Ingersoll wrote:

Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life  One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him  Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned and abhorred – his virtues denounced as vices – his services forgotten – his character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul  He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken  He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death  Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend — the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts  On the 8th of June 1809, death came – Death, almost his only friend  At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display  In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head – and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude — constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine 

Ideas
Biographer Eric Foner identifies a utopian thread in Paine's thought, writing: "Through this new language he communicated a new vision – a utopian image of an egalitarian, republican society" Paine's utopianism combined civic republicanism, belief in the inevitability of scientific and social progress and commitment to free markets and liberty generally  The multiple sources of Paine's political theory all pointed to a society based on the common good and individualism  Paine expressed a redemptive futurism or political messianism  Writing that his generation "would appear to the future as the Adam of a new world", Paine exemplified British utopianism Later, his encounters with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas made a deep impression  The ability of the Iroquois to live in harmony with nature while achieving a democratic decision-making process helped him refine his thinking on how to organize society 

Slavery
According to Christopher Hitchens, Paine was a strong critic of slavery and declared himself to be an abolitionist  As secretary to the Pennsylvania legislature, he helped draft legislation to outlaw Patriot involvement in the international slave trade  Paine's statement, "Man has no property in man", although used by him in Rights of Man to deny the right of any generation to bind future ones, has also been interpreted as an argument against slavery  In the book, Paine also describes his mission, among other things, as to "break the chains of slavery and oppression" On March 8, 1775, one month after Paine became the editor of The Pennsylvania Magazine, the magazine published an anonymous article titled "African Slavery in America," the first prominent piece in the colonies proposing the emancipation of African-American slaves and the abolition of slavery  Paine is often credited with writing the piece, on the basis of later testimony by Benjamin Rush, cosigner of the Declaration of Independence During the American Revolutionary War, the British implemented several policies which allowed fugitive slaves fleeing from American enslavers to find refuge within British lines  Writing in response to these policies, Paine wrote in Common Sense that Britain "hath stirred up the Indians and the Negroes to destroy us"  Paine, together with Joel Barlow, unsuccessfully tried to convince President Thomas Jefferson to not import the institution of slavery to the territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, suggesting he rather settle it with free Black families and German immigrants 

State funded social programs
In his Rights of Man, Part Second, Paine advocated a comprehensive program of state support for the population to ensure the welfare of society, including state subsidy for poor people, state-financed universal public education, and state-sponsored prenatal care and postnatal care, including state subsidies to families at childbirth  Recognizing that a person's "labor ought to be over" before old age, Paine also called for a state pension to all workers starting at age 50, which would be doubled at age 60 

Agrarian Justice
His last pamphlet, Agrarian Justice, published in the winter of 1795, opposed agrarian law and agrarian monopoly and further developed his ideas in the Rights of Man about how land ownership separated the majority of people from their rightful, natural inheritance and means of independent survival  The U S  Social Security Administration recognizes Agrarian Justice as the first American proposal for an old-age pension and basic income or citizen's dividend  Per Agrarian Justice:

In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed, it is a right, and not a charity     [Government must] create a national fund, out of which there shall be paid to every person, when arrived at the age of twenty-one years, the sum of fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation in part, for the loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property  And also, the sum of ten pounds per annum, during life, to every person now living, of the age of fifty years, and to all others as they shall arrive at that age 
In this pamphlet he argued "All accumulation of personal property, beyond what a man's own hands produce, is derived to him by living in society; and he owes on every principle of justice, of gratitude, and of civilization, a part of that accumulation back again to society from whence the whole came" In 2011, £10 and £15 would be worth about £800 and £1,200 ($1,200 and $2,000) when adjusted for inflation Lamb argues that Paine's analysis of property rights marks a distinct contribution to political theory  His theory of property defends a libertarian concern with private ownership that shows an egalitarian commitment  Paine's new justification of property sets him apart from previous theorists such as Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf and John Locke  Lamb says it demonstrates Paine's commitment to foundational liberal values of individual freedom and moral equality  In response to Paine's "Agrarian Justice", Thomas Spence wrote "The Rights of Infants" wherein Spence argues that Paine's plan was not beneficial to impoverished people because landlords would just keep raising land prices, further enriching themselves rather than giving the commonwealth an equal chance 

Religious views
Before his arrest and imprisonment in France, knowing that he would probably be arrested and executed, following in the tradition of early 18th-century British Deism Paine wrote the first part of The Age of Reason (1793–1794)  Paine's religious views as expressed in The Age of Reason caused quite a stir in religious society, effectively splitting the religious groups into two major factions: those who wanted church disestablishment, and the Christians who wanted Christianity to continue having a strong social influence About his own religious beliefs, Paine wrote in The Age of Reason:

I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life 
I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of  My own mind is my own church  All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit 
Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous debaucheries, the cruel and tortuous executions, the unrelenting vindictiveness with which more than half the Bible is filled, it would be more consistent that we call it the word of a demon than the word of God  It is a history of wickedness that has served to corrupt and brutalize mankind; and, for my part, I sincerely detest it, as I detest everything that is cruel 
Though there is no definitive evidence Paine himself was a Freemason, upon his return to America from France he penned "An Essay on the Origin of Free-Masonry" (1803–1805) about Freemasonry being derived from the religion of the ancient Druids  Marguerite de Bonneville published the essay in 1810 after Paine's death, but she chose to omit certain passages from it that were critical of Christianity, most of which were restored in an 1818 printing  In the essay, Paine stated that "the Christian religion is a parody on the worship of the Sun, in which they put a man whom they call Christ, in the place of the Sun, and pay him the same adoration which was originally paid to the Sun " Paine also had a negative attitude toward Judaism  While never describing himself as a Deist, he openly advocated Deism in his writings, and called Deism "the only true religion":The opinions I have advanced     are the effect of the most clear and long-established conviction that the Bible and the Testament are impositions upon the world, that the fall of man, the account of Jesus Christ being the Son of God, and of his dying to appease the wrath of God, and of salvation, by that strange means, are all fabulous inventions, dishonorable to the wisdom and power of the Almighty; that the only true religion is Deism, by which I then meant, and mean now, the belief of one God, and an imitation of his moral character, or the practice of what are called moral virtues – and that it was upon this only (so far as religion is concerned) that I rested all my hopes of happiness hereafter  So say I now – and so help me God 

Legacy
Historian Jack P  Greene stated:

In a fundamental sense, we are today all Paine's children  It was not the British defeat at Yorktown, but Paine and the new American conception of political society he did so much to popularize in Europe that turned the world upside down 

Harvey J  Kaye wrote that through Paine, through his pamphlets and catchphrases such as "The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth," "We have it in our power to begin the world over again," and "These are the times that try men's souls" did more than move Americans to declare their independence:

[H]e also imbued the nation they were founding with democratic impulse and aspiration and exceptional – indeed, world-historic – purpose and promise  For 230 years Americans have drawn ideas, inspiration, and encouragement from Paine and his work 
John Stevenson argues that in the early 1790s, numerous radical political societies were formed throughout England and Wales in which Paine's writings provided "a boost to the self-confidence of those seeking to participate in politics for the first time " In its immediate effects, Gary Kates argues, "Paine's vision unified Philadelphia merchants, British artisans, French peasants, Dutch reformers, and radical intellectuals from Boston to Berlin in one great movement "

His writings in the long term inspired philosophic and working-class radicals in Britain and United States  Liberals, libertarians, left-libertarians, feminists, democratic socialists, social democrats, anarchists, free thinkers and progressives often claim him as an intellectual ancestor  Paine's critique of institutionalized religion and advocacy of rational thinking influenced many British freethinkers in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as William Cobbett, George Holyoake, Charles Bradlaugh, Christopher Hitchens and Bertrand Russell The quote "Lead, follow, or get out of the way" is widely but incorrectly attributed to Paine  It can be found nowhere in his published works 

Abraham Lincoln
In 1835, when he was 26 years old, Abraham Lincoln wrote a defense of Paine's deism  A political associate, Samuel Hill, burned the manuscript to save Lincoln's political career  Historian Roy Basler, the editor of Lincoln's papers, said Paine had a strong influence on Lincoln's style:

No other writer of the eighteenth century, with the exception of Jefferson, parallels more closely the temper or gist of Lincoln's later thought  In style, Paine above all others affords the variety of eloquence which, chastened and adapted to Lincoln's own mood, is revealed in Lincoln's formal writings 

Thomas Edison
The inventor Thomas Edison said:

I have always regarded Paine as one of the greatest of all Americans  Never have we had a sounder intelligence in this republic     It was my good fortune to encounter Thomas Paine's works in my boyhood    it was, indeed, a revelation to me to read that great thinker's views on political and theological subjects  Paine educated me, then, about many matters of which I had never before thought  I remember, very vividly, the flash of enlightenment that shone from Paine's writings, and I recall thinking, at that time, 'What a pity these works are not today the schoolbooks for all children!' My interest in Paine was not satisfied by my first reading of his works  I went back to them time and again, just as I have done since my boyhood days 

South America
In 1811, Venezuelan translator Manuel Garcia de Sena published a book in Philadelphia that consisted mostly of Spanish translations of several of Paine's most important works  The book also included translations of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the U S  Constitution and the constitutions of five U S  states It subsequently circulated widely in South America and through it Uruguayan national hero José Gervasio Artigas became familiar with and embraced Paine's ideas  In turn, many of Artigas's writings drew directly from Paine's, including the Instructions of 1813, which Uruguayans consider to be one of their country's most important constitutional documents, and was one of the earliest writings to articulate a principled basis for an identity independent of Buenos Aires 

Memorials
The first and longest-standing memorial to Paine is the carved and inscribed 12-foot marble column in New Rochelle, New York, organized and funded by publisher, educator and reformer Gilbert Vale (1791–1866) and raised in 1839 by the American sculptor and architect John Frazee, the Thomas Paine Monument (see image below) New Rochelle is also the original site of Thomas Paine's Cottage, which along with a 320-acre (130 ha) farm were presented to Paine in 1784 by act of the New York State Legislature for his services in the American Revolution  The same site is the home of the Thomas Paine Memorial Museum 

In the 20th century, Joseph Lewis, longtime president of the Freethinkers of America and an ardent Paine admirer, was instrumental in having larger-than-life-sized statues of Paine erected in each of the three countries with which the revolutionary writer was associated  The first, created by Mount Rushmore sculptor Gutzon Borglum, was erected in the Parc Montsouris, Paris, just before World War II began but not formally dedicated until 1948  It depicts Paine standing before the French National Convention to plead for the life of King Louis XVI  The second, sculpted in 1950 by Georg J  Lober, was erected near Paine's one-time home in Morristown, New Jersey  It shows a seated Paine using a drum-head as a makeshift table  The third, sculpted by Sir Charles Wheeler, President of the Royal Academy, was erected in 1964 in Paine's birthplace, Thetford, England  With a quill pen in his right hand and an inverted copy of The Rights of Man in his left, it occupies a prominent spot on King Street  Thomas Paine was ranked No  34 in the 100 Greatest Britons 2002 extensive Nationwide poll conducted by the BBC 

In popular culture
The 1982 French-Italian film That Night in Varennes is about a fictional meeting of Casanova, Chevalier de Seingalt (played by Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni), Nicolas Edmé Restif de la Bretonne, Countess Sophie de la Borde and Thomas Paine (played by American actor Harvey Keitel) as they ride in a carriage a few hours behind the carriage carrying the King and Queen of France, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, on their attempt to escape from revolutionary France in 1791 
In 1987, Richard Thomas appeared on stage in Philadelphia and Washington, DC, in the one-man play Citizen Tom Paine, playing Paine "like a star-spangled tiger, ferocious about freedom and ready to savage anyone who stands in his way," in a staging of Howard Fast's play in the bicentennial year of the United States Constitution 
Jack Shepherd's 1989 stage play In Lambeth dramatized a visit by Thomas Paine to the Lambeth home of William and Catherine Blake in 1789 
In 1995, the English folk singer Graham Moore released a song called Tom Paine's Bones on an album of the same name  The song has since been covered by a number of other artists, including Dick Gaughan, Grace Petrie and Trials of Cato 
In 2005, Trevor Griffiths published These are the Times: A Life of Thomas Paine, originally written as a screenplay for Richard Attenborough Productions  Although the film was not made, the play was broadcast as a two-part drama on BBC Radio 4 in 2008, with a repeat in 2012  In 2009, Griffiths adapted the screenplay for a production entitled A New World at Shakespeare's Globe theatre on London's South Bank 
In 2009, Paine's life was dramatized in the play Thomas Paine Citizen of the World, produced for the "Tom Paine 200 Celebrations" festival
Paine is referenced in "The Schuyler Sisters", a song from the 2015 musical Hamilton 

See also
Notes
Passage 3:
Rights of Man
Rights of Man (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people  Using these points as a base it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) It was published in two parts in March 1791 and February 1792 

Background
Paine was a very strong supporter of the French Revolution that began in 1789; he visited France the following year  Many British thinkers supported it, including Richard Price, who initiated the Revolution Controversy with his sermon and pamphlet drawing favourable parallels between the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the French Revolution  Conservative intellectual Edmund Burke responded with a counter-revolutionary attack entitled Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which strongly appealed to the landed class and sold 30,000 copies  Paine's Rights of Man was printed by Joseph Johnson for publication on 21 February 1791, then withdrawn for fear of prosecution  J  S  Jordan stepped in and published it on 16 March  The 90,000-word book appeared on 13 March, three weeks later than scheduled  It sold as many as one million copies and was "eagerly read by reformers, Protestant dissenters, democrats, London craftsman, and the skilled factory-hands of the new industrial north" 

Arguments
Paine argues that the interests of the monarch and his people are united, and insists that the French Revolution should be understood as one which attacks the despotic principles of the French monarchy, not the king himself, and he takes the Bastille, the main prison in Paris, to symbolise the despotism that had been overthrown Human rights originate in Nature; thus, rights cannot be granted via political charter, because that implies that rights are legally revocable, hence, would be privileges:

    It is a perversion of terms to say that a charter gives rights  It operates by a contrary effect—that of taking rights away  Rights are inherently in all the inhabitants; but charters, by annulling those rights, in the majority, leave the right, by exclusion, in the hands of a few     They     consequently are instruments of injustice     The fact, therefore, must be that the individuals, themselves, each, in his own personal and sovereign right, entered into a contract with each other to produce a government: and this is the only mode in which governments have a right to arise, and the only principle on which they have a right to exist 
Government's sole purpose is safeguarding the individual and his/her inherent, inalienable rights; each societal institution that does not benefit the nation is illegitimate—especially monarchy and aristocracy  The book's acumen derives from the Age of Enlightenment and has been linked to the Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke (even though Paine himself claimed to have never read this work) The fuller development of this position seems to have been worked out one night in France after an evening spent with Thomas Jefferson, and possibly Lafayette, discussing a pamphlet by the Philadelphia conservative James Wilson on the proposed federal constitution 

Reformation of the English government
Rights of Man concludes in proposing practical reformations of English government such as a written constitution composed by a national assembly, in the American mould; the elimination of aristocratic titles, because democracy is incompatible with primogeniture, which leads to the despotism of the family; a national budget without allotted military and war expenses; lower taxes for the poor, and subsidised education for them; and a progressive income tax weighted against wealthy estates to prevent the re-emergence of a hereditary aristocracy 

Aristocracy
Principally, Rights of Man opposes the idea of hereditary government—the belief that dictatorial government is necessary, because of man's corrupt, essential nature  Although other late-18th-century writers such as James Murray and Major John Cartwright criticized the outsized role played by the aristocracy in the government, Paine was arguably the first to advocate the eradication of titles and hereditary government  In Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) Edmund Burke says that true social stability arises if the nation's poor majority are governed by a minority of wealthy aristocrats, and that lawful inheritance of power (wealth, religious, governing) ensured the propriety of political power being the exclusive domain of the nation's élite social class—the nobility 
Rights of Man denounces Burke's assertion of the nobility's inherent hereditary wisdom; countering the implication that a nation has not a right to form a Government for governing itself  Paine refutes Burke's definition of Government as "a contrivance of human wisdom"  Instead, Paine argues that Government is a contrivance of man, and it follows that hereditary succession and hereditary rights to govern cannot compose a Government—because the wisdom to govern cannot be inherited 

Heredity
Edmund Burke's counter-revolutionary Reflections on the French Revolution delineates the legitimacy of aristocratic government to the 1688 Parliamentary resolution declaring William and Mary of Orange—and their heirs—to be the true rulers of England  Paine puts forward two arguments against this view  Firstly, he argues that "Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself in all cases as the age and generations which preceded it " Secondly, Paine counters that the institution of monarchy should not be historically traced from 1688, but from 1066, when William of Normandy forcibly imposed his Norman rule upon Englishmen 
Thomas Paine's intellectual influence is perceptible in the two great political revolutions of the eighteenth century  He dedicated Rights of Man to George Washington and to the Marquis de Lafayette, acknowledging the importance of the American and the French revolutions in his formulating the principles of modern democratic governance 
Thus, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen) can be encapsulated so: (1) Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights  Civil distinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility; (2) The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; and these rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance of oppression; and (3) The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; neither can any individual, nor any body of men, be entitled to any authority, which is not expressly derived from it 
These capsulations are akin to the self-evident truths concept that the U S  Declaration of Independence expresses 

Welfare
In the closing chapters of Rights of Man, Paine addresses the condition of the poor and outlines a detailed social welfare proposal predicated upon the redirection of government expenditures  From the onset, Paine asserts all citizens have an inherent claim to welfare   Unlike such writers as James Burgh who sought to limit assistance to the better behaved segments of the poor, Paine declares welfare is not charity, but an irrevocable right   Paine's understanding of welfare seemingly follows his idea of political government   He notes, "Man did not enter into society to become worse than he was before, nor to have fewer rights than he had before, but to have those rights better secured"    In congruence with his previous works, Paine emphasizes the compatibility between individual rights and societal wellbeing   He fervently contends that crippling poverty undermines the rights of an individual, and consequently the legitimacy of government   Not surprisingly then, Paine staunchly opposed and criticizes the English Poor Laws in place at the time, claiming the laws are highly ineffective and primitive in nature  Paine critiques the societal conditions promulgated by the Poor Laws saying, "When in countries that are called civilized, we see age going to the workhouse and youth to the gallows, something must be wrong with the system of government"  He argues for their complete abolition, and in their place the enactment of a welfare program that assists the young, old, and struggling individuals   Paine's welfare proposal is pillared by education and tax reform; the latter was to be accomplished through progressive taxes on property   Paine contends the poor population consists mostly of children and the elderly, who are unable to participate in the workforce  In addition to the elderly and children, Paine also concedes that there are still some others rendered poor from the economic burden of tax and children   In accordance with his belief that charity as a natural right, Paine presumes only republican or democratic regimes can effectively carry out successful welfare programs   Though Paine does not directly condone or promote up-rise against the British monarchy, and utilizes rather subdued rhetoric in comparison to his other controversial works, revolutionary currents run beneath the surface of the text 
An implication that arises from Paine's social welfare reformation is cost   Paine observes, at the time of his writing, England's rough population to be about 7 million people   He also supposes that around one-fifth of the population is poor   The number of poor then, according to Paine's estimations, would total around 1,400,000 people, in need of support   Paine contended the remedy for financing such a large welfare endeavor would be to cut military expenditures of the state and redirect the funds towards the people of the state   Paine argued that since the age of revolution rendered a new era of peace, the government no longer need devote so many resources toward monarchical wars  Instead, Paine suggests, the surplus of tax revenue could be reintegrated back into society with the formation of a welfare program   He also estimates that near £4 million, out of £17 million in total tax revenues from customs and excise duties, could be salvaged from the government's expenditure and redirected and redistributed to the people of the nation   Paine questions, "Is it, then, better that the lives of one hundred and forty thousand aged persons be rendered comfortable, or that a million a year of public money be expended on any one individual, and him often of the most worthless or insignificant character?"  Paine concludes that by his model £3,640,000 will be remitted to the poor  Paine's allotments for the poor and elderly were far more generous than contemporary payments from the poor rates 

Youth and education
Education is a foundational cornerstone of Paine's welfare plan   Paine claims, "A nation under a well-regulated government, should permit none to remain uninstructed"   Paine largely focuses on educating the youth population   He contends that, educating children will ultimately compel the betterment of society holistically   Paine insists a proactive social welfare system that educates the country's youth, will act as a preventive measure, and engender greater knowledge amongst the population   He explains that poor children and young people are typically deprived of equal access to education   Poor children coming from poor families are often forced to seek apprenticeships and work, and are thus subsequently robbed of the ability to pursue education  Poverty then, becomes cyclical in nature and undoubtedly increases with time   Lack of education amongst the young population, Paine asserts, will also lead to increased violence and crime   To combat this problem, Paine proposes a remission of taxes to poor families; £4 a year for every child under the age of 14, granting the parents of the children send them to school  For 630,000 children, Paine estimates the cost to be £2,520,000   Paine states, "By adopting this method, not only the poverty of the parents will be relieved, but ignorance will be banished from the rising generation, and the number of poor will hereafter become less, because their abilities, by the aid of education, will be greater"  Paine's advocacy for education among the poor was novel not only in 1792, but in 1807 when Davies Giddy criticized Samuel Whitbread's bill for the establishment of parish schools  In the same vein, Paine also suggest women should receive maternity benefits immediately after the birth of a child 

Elderly
Paramount to Paine's welfare plan, is care of the elderly population   Paine divides age into two classes; the first he calls "the approach of age" class and the second "old age" class   Those classified as being in the "approach of age" group are over fifty years of age yet under 60 years of age, while "old age" commences at the age of sixty years old   Paine notes that though individuals in the approach of age class retain their mental faculties, the decline of their physical health limits their ability to work, which consequently affects their earnings   Those of old age, Paine declares, are fully incapable of laborious work and are ultimately driven to work themselves to death in current society   Paine resolves to pay approach of age persons the sum of £6 per annum out of the surplus taxes, and to pay old age persons £10 per annum   Figuring there will be 70,000 persons in the approach of age class and 70,000 persons in the old age class, Paine estimates the expense to be 1,120,000 

Proposal conditions
In tandem with redirecting government expenditures, Paine suggests the development of what some may call a "workhouse", or place of employment for poor people   Paine's describes the workhouse as being a building, or buildings, with the capability of holding a minimum of 6,000 people  In these buildings, operating businesses would indiscriminately accept applications, so that every city citizen could find employment   In order for Paine's plan to be carried out effectively, he cites some conditions that must be met   He resolves that each person seeking employment from these workhouses must stay in the program for a minimum of three months; however, during their residency all employees shall receive wholesome meals, warm lodgings, receive a proportional stipend for the work they've completed, and may work as long or as little as they deem appropriate   The asylum, Paine declares, would assist any persons in temporary distress and would serve around 24,000 people a year  To finance the development of this project, Paine suggest using the revenue from the state's coal tax  Paine states that at the time he is writing, the tax revenue is used to support the Duke of Richmond   Paine ultimately finds this particular deplorable, and calls for the reallocation of coal tax funds back to the people Paine concludes his section on welfare by listing the eight central tenets of his welfare proposal, or what he calls the "enumerating particulars", which are as follows:

Abolish 2 million poor rates 
Provision for 252,000 poor families 
Education for 1,030,000 children 
Comfortable provision for 140,000 aged persons 
Donation of 20 shillings each for 50,000 births 
Donation of 20 shillings each for 20,000 marriages 
Allowance of £20,000 for the funeral expenses of deceased travelers far from home 
Employment at all times for the casual poor in cities 

Analysis and public impact
According to Mark Philp, "In many respects Rights of Man is a disordered mix of narrative, principled argument, and rhetorical appeal—betraying the composite materials Paine used and the speed with which it was composed "It was quickly reprinted and widely circulated, with copies being read aloud in inns and coffee houses, so that by May some 50,000 copies were said to be in circulation  Of the 300 or more pamphlets which the revolution controversy spawned, Rights of Man was the first to seriously damage Burke's case and to restore credit to the French both in Britain and America The publication of Rights of Man caused a furore in England; Paine was tried in absentia, and convicted of seditious libel against the Crown, but was unavailable for hanging, being in France and never returning to England  (Sir Archibald Macdonald, 1st Baronet served as the prosecutor )
Thomas Paine was not the only advocate of the rights of man or the only author of a work titled Rights of Man  The working-class radical, Thomas Spence, is among the first, in England, to use the phrase as a title  His 1775 lecture, usually titled The Rights of Man, and his later The Rights of Infants, offer a proto-geoist take on political philosophy mirroring Paine's work Agrarian Justice   Paine's acquaintance Mary Wollstonecraft, whom he met via their common publisher, wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Men as one of the first responses to Burke's attack on Richard Price  Her work was in print in December 1790, and was well reviewed  She extended the arguments in the book for which she is best remembered, the 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 

See also
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – a fundamental document of the French Revolution, adopted in 1789
Social contract
Thomas Muir (political reformer)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Graeme Goodall
Graeme Goodall (1932 – 3 December 2014) was an Australian recording engineer and record label owner who was a key figure in the early days of Jamaica's recording industry, constructing several of the Island's studios, co-founding Island Records, and operating other labels in the United Kingdom releasing Jamaican music 

Career
Born in 1932, Graeme Goodall grew up in Caulfield, Victoria, and studied at Caulfield North Central School and Scotch College  In the early 1950s he worked at Melbourne radio station 3UZ briefly before studying television in London and training as an engineer with the International Broadcasting Company He became involved in the independent record industry and travelled to Jamaica in 1954 to set up the first FM radio network in Kingston — Radio Jamaica Rediffusion  He went on to work as chief engineer of the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation He began recording local musicians at the Radio Jamaica studios, and went on to build Federal Records, Jamaica's first recording studio (which was rebuilt in 1961 and later became Tuff Gong Recording Studio) with local entrepreneur Ken Khouri to the rear of Khouri's furniture store on King Street  Goodall worked as a recording engineer for Ken Khouri on some of the earliest Jamaican studio recordings  The studio not only provided the Island's first recording facility but also produced acetate discs, allowing sound system operators to record tracks and have them available to play within hours Known to the local musicians as "Mr  Goody", Goddall went on to assist with the construction of several studios, including Dynamic Sound, Studio One and later Channel One Studios, and carry out engineering work for producers such as Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, Byron Lee, and Leslie Kong, engineering recordings by Laurel Aitken ("Boogie in My Bones") Millie ("My Boy Lollipop"), The Wailers, Prince Buster, The Skatalites, Derrick Morgan, and Desmond Dekker, among many others  He also trained Jamaican engineers such as Sylvan Morris and Lynford Anderson In 1959 he co-founded Island Records with Chris Blackwell and Kong, but his relationship with Blackwell broke down and he went on to start his own labels after relocating to the UK in 1965, the most successful of which were Doctor Bird and Pyramid  After Dekker's "Poor Me, Israelites" proved popular in clubs but failed to get much airplay due to its production, Goodall got Kong to send him the master tapes; he remixed it and released it in the UK in 1969 on Pyramid as "Israelites", the single going on to top the UK Singles Chart and sell over two million copies  He also ran West Indies Records and set up the Trojan Records subsidiary Attack Records Goodall married his Jamaican wife Fay in 1961 and in the early 1970s they moved to the US  Goodall later worked as Southern Regional Manager for Sony Pro Audio Graeme Goodall died at his home in Atlanta, Georgia on 3 December 2014 from natural causes, aged 82  He was survived by his wife, two children, and four grandchildren 
Passage 2:
My Moment (Rebecca Black song)
"My Moment" is a song by American recording artist Rebecca Black  It is a self-empowerment follow-up song to her first single "Friday", addressed to the "haters" who criticized her previous release  The song was written and produced by Brandon "Blue" Hamilton and Quinton Tolbert, and co-produced by Charlton Pettus  It was released on the iTunes Store under the label RB Records as Black's second single on July 19, 2011  RB Records was established by Black herself, after disputes over ownership and distribution of her previous single, "Friday" 
"My Moment" received mostly negative reviews from music critics  Though reviewers considered it an improvement from Black's previous single, they also found it less enjoyable  Unlike its predecessor, the song failed to chart on international music markets  The song's music video, which premiered a day before the single was released, portrays Black's "sudden rise to fame" and her "moments"  The video garnered more than a million views within 24 hours of its release 

Background
Rebecca Black became famous in early 2011 for her song "Friday" and its viral music video, whose reception was heavily negative from commentators and YouTube users  Black said that, after "Friday", she needed "to find the perfect song that kind of tells off the haters a little bit but still shows that [she is] a serious artist " "My Moment" was written and produced by Brandon "Blue" Hamilton and Quinton Tolbert, and co-produced by Charlton Pettus  The single release was first announced on July 11, 2011  Two days later, Black unveiled the single's artwork through her Twitter account  On July 18, the accompanying music video was uploaded on Black's YouTube channel, while the single was released digitally on the iTunes Store on July 19 

Composition
"My Moment" is a self-empowerment song that lasts for three minutes and twenty-five seconds  According to Jocelyn Vena of MTV, the song "is addressing all those haters who didn't necessarily get her last viral smash, "Friday"  Black starts singing the lyrics "Weren't you the one who said that I would be nothing? / Well, I'm about to prove you wrong / I'm not the only one who believes in something / My one wish is about to come true " As the song goes, Black addresses her negative reception even more, singing, "Haters, said I'll see you later/Can't talk to you right now/I'm getting my paper"  "My Moment" features a simple mid-tempo melody with a prominent uses of garish keyboards on its background  Uses of pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune on Black's vocals were also noticed 

Critical reception
Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly said that, unlike Black's previous song, "My Moment" was not so bad it's good, and Michelle Woo of OC Weekly described "My Moment" as "a lot less terrible" than "Friday", making it "less awesome"  Many compared the production to that of "Friday"  Mike Hale of The New York Times criticized Black's vocals for being "as heavily processed" as they were previously, but said that the tuning had "been done much more artfully", meaning Black sounded "more like a human being " A reviewer for The Huffington Post said, "if you were hoping for "Friday" part two, this certainly isn't it  Gone is the weird nasal, overly auto-tuned voice that made 'Friday' sound like she was saying 'fried egg '" Black herself was called "sweet but very self empowered" by Stransky, and Adrian Chen of Gawker called the track "a 'look-at-me-now' love letter" to all [Black's] haters"  Jason Lipshutz of Billboard saw the song in a similar light; for him, Black "does offer a bit of vitriol to those who wrote her off as a one-hit Internet wonder "The song was compared to Radio Disney songs and the music of Justin Bieber  While Chen called it "inoffensive" and "mildly catchy", other reviewers were less sympathetic  Jenni Dunning, of the Toronto Star, said that while "you might find it possible to listen to the whole song without flinching as much at her nasally voice [   ] that doesn’t make it good " Daniel Kreps, of Yahoo! Music, was even more critical, saying that nobody could like "My Moment", not even ironically 

Music video
The music video, directed by Morgan Lawley, was released through Black's YouTube channel on July 18, 2011, and a behind-the-scenes video was uploaded the day after  The video opens with Black in a studio, finishing the song recording with a studio band: guitarist Kellen McGee, bassist Jeremy Steel, and keyboardist Jourdan Steel  The video intercuts scenes of the studio with footage of Black making TV appearances, walking on red carpets, driving around Hollywood and greeting fans  Next, the singer is seen on a makeup chair and rehearsing several dance steps  She then starts the full choreography with So You Think You Can Dance finalists Robert Roldan and Kent Boyd  So You Think You Can Dance's Allison Holker and Lauren Gottlieb also appear in the dance sections of the video  The video ends with Black at the premiere of My Moment, a fictional film about her Black has stated that her favorite part of making the video was the dancing; she used to be a dancer and is a regular watcher of So You Think You Can Dance  In less than twenty-four hours after its release, the video had already attracted one million views on YouTube  Nicole James of MTV said that, in the music video, Black is "definitely a little sassier than the "Friday" singer we once knew", while Mike Hale of The New York Times noted that "a lot of people will rip “My Moment” for its relentless self-celebration "

Credits and personnel
Credits for "My Moment" adapted from MTV and CNN 
Rebecca Black – lead vocals, backing vocals
Brandon "Blue" Hamilton – songwriting, production
Quinton Tolbert – songwriting, production
Charlton Pettus – production
Passage 3:
Voices of Wonder
Voices of Wonder a k a  Voice of Wonder Records was one of the most important rock record labels in Oslo, Norway in the early 1990s  The label was fronted by a small and intimate record store on Olaf Ryes plass, which in addition to the labels own artists specialized in the English Earache Records and the American Sub Pop labels 
In the second half of the 1990s the store changed focus, from metal and grindcore to dance and electronic music  This alienated many of the old customers, and the label and store never managed to gain entry on the new scene  Thus, today the store is no more and the label is less active than before 
Voices of Wonder also distributed for Euronymous of Mayhem's Deathlike Silence Productions 
Voice of Wonder Records AS changed name to Voices Music & Entertainment in 2001, and now operates as VME's sublabel 

Roster
The 3rd and the Mortal
Anal Babes
Carpe Tenebrum
The Disciplines
Dog Age
Enslaved
Full Moon
Grady
Mayhem
Motorpsycho
Origami Teknika
Red Harvest
Sister Rain
The Tables
Tangled Edge

See also
List of record labels
Passage 4:
Kontor Records
Kontor Records is a record label based in Hamburg, Germany  The label's artist roster includes ATB, Tiësto, Armin van Buuren and Scooter  Jens Thele is the head manager of Kontor and is also the manager of Scooter Edel SE & Co  KGaA is the largest shareholder of the company and distributes its releases in German-speaking Europe  Outside Germany, Austria and Switzerland, Kontor Records have arranged multiple distribution deals with third-party labels 

History
Founded in 1996, the label originated as a club night that Jens Thele organised in Hamburg's central business district  Kontor was rapidly established as a successful musical project for local DJs and producers, and this was followed by interest from international artists  Thele has explained: "We place great importance on long-term artist relationships and development, always looking to create album projects"  In 2000 the 51% of the company was acquired by the German larger company Edel AG, with Thele and other subscribers retaining operative roles in the company  As of 2004, the company's office overlooks the Hamburg dockland area  Edel is still the largest shareholder of Kontor Records and currently owns 66,79% of shares The label launched the Kontor TV YouTube channel in 2006 and music videos, playlists and preview-mixes of new releases are uploaded onto the channel  As of February 2017, 4 5 million users are subscribed to Kontor TV  In early 2013, the label entered into a partnership with the Spotify online music streaming service and Kontor FM was launched in March 2013 In June 2013, Kontor garnered attention for a novel promotional campaign for the new song from artist Boris Dlugosch  The recipient of the music unfolds a device entitled "The Office Turntable" that serves as a 2D Technics turntable on which Dlugosch's vinyl single can be heard  The vinyl is neon orange-colored and most types of smartphones are used to scan an activating QR code on the fold-out device  Label staff explained to the Contagious Magazine's YouTube channel that they were motivated by creative directors who often ignore the music promotions they are sent 

Compilation brands
Kontor's compilation brands include "Kontor Top Of The Clubs" and "Kontor House of House" 

Affiliate and partner labels
The Sheffield Tunes imprint is a Kontor affiliate label that released the music of Scooter  Scooter's members, H  P  Baxxter and Rick J  Jordan, are company directors of Kontor Records  As of October 2013, Kontor Records is one of the numerous partners listed on the CR2 Records website, a London, United Kingdom (UK) electronic music label founded by musician Mark Brown (also known by the moniker "MYNC") In June 2020, Kontor acquired the German rock label Arising Empire 

Artists
DJ Antoine
ATB
Armin van Buuren
Aquagen
Cascada
Code Red
Blank & Jones
David Carson
DJ Dean
Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike
KCB
The Disco Boys
EDX
Fedde Le Grand
Hardwell
Mike Candys
ItaloBrothers
Klingande
Klubbingman
Alexander Marcus
Nightcrawlers
R I O 
DJ Sammy
Scooter
Giulia Siegel
Special D 
Spiller
Sunset Strippers
Alexandra Stan
Lexy & K-Paul
Martin Tungevaag
Vinylshakerz
Jan Wayne
Rania Zeriri
Tiësto
W&W
Passage 5:
Statiras Records
Statiras Records is a sub-label of Progressive Records which Progressive founder Gus Statiras launched in the 1980s that recorded jazz musical artists for release on LP and CD 

Albums
SLP-8074 Jazz Piano - Judy Carmichael, 1983
Passage 6:
Under Your Spell Again
"Under Your Spell Again"  is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Buck Owens  The song peaked at number 4 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles chart 

Chart performance
Buck Owens
Ray Price
Johnny Rivers
Waylon Jennings and Jessi Colter
Barbara Fairchild
Shelby Lynne
Cover versions
Ray Price recorded and released his version also in 1959, the same year Buck Owens did 
Jeanne Black and her sister Janie Black released a version of the song as the B-side to her 1960 hit single "He'll Have to Stay" 
Passage 7:
No Ordinary Girl
No Ordinary Girl is the debut studio album by Jordan Pruitt, released on February 6, 2007, by Hollywood Records  
The album debuted and peaked at number 64 on the US Billboard 200 with 14,000 copies sold in its first week 

Track listing
Japanese edition
Bonus DVD
"Teenager" behind the scenes
"Outside Looking In" music video
"We Are Family" music video
"Jump to the Rhythm" music video

Charts
Release history
Passage 8:
Permission to Fly
Permission to Fly is the second and final studio album by American singer-songwriter Jordan Pruitt  On July 22, 2008, the album was released exclusively to Limited Too stores, and was given a wider physical release on August 26, 2008  In early September 2008, the album was released on iTunes, but was removed for unknown reasons later that month  Before its release, the worldwide premiere of the album was broadcast over Radio Disney on July 19, 2008 

Background
Before the release of Permission to Fly, Pruitt had signed on as the spokesperson for several multi-media national marketing campaigns with brand such as Kraft Foods, Kimberly-Clark, Colgate-Palmolive, Samsung and Limited Too  When picking songs for the album, Pruitt used her "5-second rule " If the track didn't grab her in five seconds, she didn't record it  Pruitt worked with a team of top songwriter/producers, including Shelly Peiken, Arnthor Birgisson, Tim James & Antonina Armato (better known as Rock Mafia), and Adam Watts & Andy Dodd  Pruitt also co-wrote many of the songs, and wanted the album to be more mature than her 2007 debut album No Ordinary Girl  Speaking on the differences between Permission to Fly and No Ordinary Girl, Pruitt said "I kind of grew up after the first record was done  I became more of myself  I really found out who I was and what I wanted to be "

Composition
Permission to Fly is mainly a pop album with influences of jazz and R&B  Several of the songs are about teen romance, with lyrics detailing love at first sight and the ups and downs of relationships  First single "One Love" is a reggae-tinged ode to a loyal partner, and second single "My Shoes" is about school crushes  "Boyfriend" is a confident assertion that her boyfriend won't be stolen by a flirtatious rival, and "Simple Things" is a song about how much pain can be caused by the smallest reminder of a former love  Other songs on the album are focused on self-empowerment and positivity  Title track "Permission to Fly" is about finding your own identity, and in "Unconditional" Pruitt sings about how her faith gets her through the toughest of times  The album consists of 11 original compositions with one cover, "The Way You Do the Things You Do" originally performed by the Temptations 

Track listing
Critical reception
Permission to Fly received generally positive reviews from critics  Common Sense Media opined "While some of the songs have a bubblegum sound and predictable lyrics, there are some very likeable bright spots on the album, including a sassy remake of the Temptations classic, The Way You Do The Things You Do, and the surprisingly jazzy, syncopated Secrets  And, not all of the songs on this album are about boy stuff  Permission to Fly is about finding your own identity; in Unconditional, Jordan reminds us that she's a girl of faith, and how that gets her through the toughest of times  If nothing else, this teen is versatile " The site gave the album three out of five stars 
AllMusic gave the album a mixed review, saying "On her 2008 sophomore outing, Permission To Fly, young Southern singer Jordan Pruitt presents another assured set of Disney-approved pop  While there are no drastic stylistic departures, Pruitt expands on her straightforward teen-pop sound with the reggae-tinged One Love (not to be confused with the Bob Marley song of the same name) and the R&B-leaning Unconditional " "One Love", "Unconditional", and "Simple Things" were listed as the stand-out tracks on the album 

Credits
Credits for Permission To Fly adapted from Allmusic

Singles
"One Love"
Released: June 10, 2008 (MySpace), June 14, 2008 (Radio Disney), July 8, 2008 (iTunes)Length: 3:02Genre: Dance-pop, reggaeLabel: HollywoodWriters: Leah Haywood, Daniel James, Shelly Peiken
"One Love" is the lead single from Permission to Fly  A snippet of the song was added on Pruitt's MySpace on June 10, 2008  She performed the song at the opening of the Disney Channel Games in 2008  It premiered on Radio Disney on June 14, 2008 and was produced by Shelly Peiken  It was available on iTunes on July 8, 2008  "One Love" was very successful on Radio Disney, appearing in the top three of Radio Disney's website multiple times  The song failed to attract Top 40 mainstream radio airplay, and therefore did not chart 

"My Shoes"
Released: October 3, 2008 (Radio Disney), October 7, 2008 (MySpace), December 21, 2008 (iTunes)Length: 3:04Genre: Dance-pop, R&BLabel: HollywoodWriters: Arnthor Birgisson, Savan Kotecha
"My Shoes" is the second single from the Permission to Fly  Pruitt performed the song at the opening of the Disney Channel Games in 2008  It premiered on Radio Disney on October 3, 2008  The music video for "My Shoes" was shot in a high school in Los Angeles, California on August 27, 2008  On December 21, 2008 "My Shoes" was released as a single on iTunes 
In March 2008, Pruitt started to discuss a second single from Permission to Fly with her record label  She and her record label went right for "My Shoes" so it was ready to be the second single  It was released on October 7, 2008  It was shown on the Disney Channel Games 2008  Like Pruitt's lead single from this album, "My Shoes" also failed to attract mainstream radio airplay and the song did not chart 

Release history
Passage 9:
The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)
"The Power of Love" is a song co-written and originally recorded by American singer-songwriter Jennifer Rush in 1984  It was released as the fifth single from her debut album, Jennifer Rush (1984), and has since been covered by Air Supply, Laura Branigan, and Celine Dion 
Recorded in Frankfurt, Germany (where Rush is based) and released in West Germany without much success in late 1984, Rush's original version reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in October 1985 and subsequently became the biggest-selling single of the year in the UK as Rush became the first female artist ever to have a million-selling single in the UK—it became the ninth best-selling single of the decade  It also topped the charts in several other European countries, as well as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa 
Dion's version peaked at number one in the United States, Canada, and Australia, and hit the top ten in several more countries in 1994  The song has been translated into several languages, becoming a pop standard 

Overview
"The Power of Love" was first recorded in Frankfurt, West Germany by Jennifer Rush for her 1984 eponymous album  This was a year after the band Frankie Goes to Hollywood conceived a song with the same title  It was released as a single in West Germany in December 1984  In June 1985, "The Power of Love" was issued as a single in the United Kingdom, where it topped the chart for five weeks in October 1985 and became the best-selling single of the year  As of March 2017, it had sold 1 45 million copies in the UK  The success of the song saw Rush perform it ‘‘live’’ on the BBC’s Top of the Pops in late 1985 The massive success of "The Power of Love" in the UK followed with widespread international success for the single in the last months of 1985 and the first of 1986, including a German re-release with a resultant number-nine charting  Eventually "The Power of Love" reached number one in Australia, Austria, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa and Spain (where Rush topped the chart with a version in Spanish called "Si tú eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer", translated as "If you are my man and I'm your woman"), number three in Switzerland, Sweden and Belgium, and number seven in the Netherlands 
CBS held off on releasing "The Power of Love" in North America feeling the disc was too European  It finally saw release in the United States and Canada in January 1986 but despite rising to number one in Canada, "The Power of Love" failed to become a significant US hit, stalling at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending of April 5, 1986, and spending 13 weeks within the Hot 100  The song was performed by Rush on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in March 1986 and American Bandstand in April 1986 

Critical reception
Michele Greppi from The Atlanta Journal-Constitution named "The Power of Love" the "best cut" of the album, complimenting Rush's voice, noting that her "operatic training shows in her incredible range (with no apparent loss of power or flexibility at either top or bottom)"  Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger stated that it's "a song about how love removes your own sense of scale, makes existence itself unfamiliar, so the disorientating disconnect between it and anything resembling my emotional reality makes a sort of warped sense " He added that the chorus is "so memorable"  Alan Jones from Music Week complimented it as "frankly superior"  Stephen Holden from The New York Times remarked that Rush "has a distinctive alto that combines an almost folkish intonation with a declamatory, quasi-operatic delivery  It is a voice that doesn't fit comfortably into any category " Richard Defendorf from The Orlando Sentinel declared it as a "goopy ballad"  People magazine wrote that "what's most impressive is Rush's voice  Throaty, intense and wide-ranging"  The reviewer also noted that there is "intelligent passion" in the "broody" "The Power of Love"  In an retrospective review, Pop Rescue praised it as a "fantastically classic power ballad" and "flawless", noting that the singer's vocals are "rich, strong, and wonderfully spine tingling"  Greg Kennedy from Red Deer Advocate viewed the song as "plaintive" and "poignant"  A writer for The Stage declared it a "superballad" Australian music channel Max included "The Power of Love" in their list of "1000 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2011 

Music video
The accompanying music video of "The Power of Love" was directed by German director Michael Leckebusch  It was filmed in New York City  As the video begins, we see the city in the early morning hours  Some villainous types are walking around an empty office, looking for something  They are being discovered by Rush's man, who obviously works at nights  Then the focus switches to Rush who is seen leaving Madison Square Garden  She starts singing and at home, she opens the door to her bedroom and finds her man lying asleep  When the chorus starts, Rush is standing in a freight elevator that is moving upwards  There are glimpses of the villainous men pushing her man to do things for them  Some scenes show Rush wearing black sunglasses, standing on the dock by the sea, while she watches the guys meeting on a pier to plot something  They are also hitting her man on the street by car  Apparently Rush is trying to help him out of the hands of these villains  Towards the end, she walks alone through the city in the evening hours, singing  At home, she once again opens the bedroom door, checking that her man is lying there asleep and then she shuts the door  As of May 2023, the video had generated more than 126 million views on YouTube[1] 

Official versions
Track listings
Charts
Certifications and sales
Air Supply version
British/Australian duo Air Supply covered "The Power of Love" for their 1985 eponymous album  Since the song was sung by Russell Hitchcock, a man, the gender roles were reversed in the lyrics ("I'm your lady and you are my man" became "You are my lady and I am your man")  It was released as a single in July 1985 in the United States, and later in Canada and New Zealand  Their version was titled "The Power of Love (You Are My Lady)" so as not to be confused with "The Power of Love" by Huey Lewis and the News which was on the charts at the same time  Air Supply's version was a moderate success in New Zealand and Canada, reaching the top 40 in both countries in late 1985  In the US, it peaked at number 68  Their cover was featured in the 2017 film Death Note 

Track listing
Credits and personnel
Russell Hitchcock – vocals
Graham Russell – background vocals
Steve Lukather – guitar
Greg Phillinganes – keyboards
David Paich – keyboards
Steve Porcaro – keyboards, synthesizer
Nathan East – bass
John "JR" Robinson – drums

Charts
Laura Branigan version
American singer Laura Branigan recorded "The Power of Love" under the title "Power of Love" for her fifth studio album, Touch (1987)  Produced by David Kershenbaum, the track was released in October 1987 as the album's second single and reached number 26 on the US Billboard Hot 100 that December, becoming Branigan's seventh and final top-40 entry  "Power of Love" also peaked at number 19 on Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary chart 
Branigan would say of "Power of Love": "There's a song on this album" ("Power Of Love") "that to me is the ultimate in singing  It's a real emotional tear-your-heart-out kind of song  It's a classic torch song with today's feeling  I think those are the ones that live on forever 
"It has a range that keeps going on and on  It is really challenging vocally and yet it is really emotional  Emotion of the most important thing for me " 

Track listing
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Touch 
Laura Branigan – vocals
David Kershenbaum – production
Bob Marlette – arrangements, keyboards, drum programming, guitars, string arrangements
Kim Scharnberg – string arrangements, conducting
Kenneth G  Kugler – copyist
Julie Ann Gigante, Ralph D  Morrison III, Clayton Haslop, Alexander Horvath, R F  Peterson, Arthur Zadinsky, Michael Nowak, Raymond J  Tischer II, Margot MacLaine, Armen Ksjikian, Dennis Karmazyn, Michael Matthews – strings
David J  Holman – engineering, mixing, PPG programming

Charts
Celine Dion version
Canadian singer Celine Dion covered "The Power of Love" for her third English-language studio album, The Colour of My Love (1993)  It was produced by David Foster and released as the first single in November 1993 in North America, in December 1993 in Japan, and in early 1994 in the rest of the world  It hit number one in the US, Canada, and Australia and a top ten hit in several other countries  Billboard later ranked it as the 46th Top Love Song of All Time 

Commercial performance
Dion's version of The Power of Love became the best-selling single by a female artist of 1994 in the United States, and 8th best-selling overall, selling 900,000 copies  It became Dion's first US number-one song, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in February 1994  It also became her first Australian chart topper and her second number-one single in Canada  The song also topped the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada  In the rest of the world, "The Power of Love" reached the top ten in France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden and New Zealand  It was certified Platinum in the United States (selling 1 5 million copies) and Australia, Gold in the UK and New Zealand, and Silver in France 

Accolades
"The Power of Love" won the ASCAP Pop Award for Most Performed Song in the United States  Dion was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, the American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, two Billboard Music Awards for Hot 100 Single of the Year and Hot Adult Contemporary Single of the Year, and for the Juno Award for Single of the Year  David Foster was also nominated for the Juno Award for Producer of the Year for Dion's version 

Promotion/Live performances
A music video for the Celine Dion version was released which saw heavy rotation on many music video networks and programs 
Dion included the song in many of her tour performances  "The Power of Love" is included on many of her live albums  It is also featured on several of her greatest hits collections such as All the Way    A Decade of Song (1999), Complete Best (2008), My Love: Essential Collection (2008) and The Best of Celine Dion & David Foster (2012)  Live performances are included on À l'Olympia (album), Live à Paris (album), Live à Paris (video), Au cœur du stade (video), Live in Las Vegas: A New Day    (video), Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert (album/video), and Céline une seule fois / Live 2013 (album/video)  She also performed the song at the American Music Awards of 1995 and her CBS television special That's Just the Woman in Me on February 15, 2008 

Critical reception
Dion's cover of "The Power of Love" received acclaim from music critics  About com placed the song at number seven in their ranking of "Top 10 Celine Dion Songs", calling it a "big ballad"  Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic "highlighted" it in his review of The Colour of My Love  A reviewer from The Baltimore Sun wrote that the singer "sounds great" when she's working with "tunefully romantic stuff"  Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report commented, "A song this powerful places extraordinary demands on those who sing it  Only a rare few are up to the task    Add Celine's interpretation to producer David Foster's arrangement and the result is nothing short of superb" Another editor, Ron Fell said "it's made better than ever", adding it as "awesome!" Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian described it as a "bodice-bursting" version  Mike Wass from Idolator complimented Dion's "flawless vocal" on a "classy" Foster arrangement  Dennis Hunt from LA Times compared Dion's vocals favorably to those of Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey  He noted "that grandiose, note-stretching finish"  Pan-European magazine Music & Media described the song as a "tender rendition"  Alan Jones from Music Week said it "is so powerful it's sure to score"  A reviewer from The Network Forty declared it "a reflective ballad brought to life by Celine's brilliantly distinctive vocals"  The Plain Dealer deemed it a "soaring rendition"  Christopher Smith from Talk About Pop Music viewed the song as "powerful and faithful to the original version" 

Cultural impact
Siren kings, members of a New Zealand street subculture devoted to the volume and clarity of music via public address system loudspeakers, value the Celine Dion version of "The Power of Love" as a perfect song for the medium  Siren king Purp Ci'i stated that it "will smash anyone in a battle—that song is dangerous   It's an old favourite from when sirens first started "

Credits and personnel
Producer – David Foster
Engineers – David Reitzas, Humberto Gatica
Assistant engineers – Bill Leonard, Erich Baron, Fred Kelly
Mix – Humberto Gatica
Vocal – Celine Dion
Keyboards – David Foster
Synclavier programming – Simon Franglen
Guitars – Michael ThompsonCredits adapted from the album liner notes 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
Other cover versions
The Spanish version of Jennifer Rush's "The Power of Love," "Si tu eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer" was introduced by Dominican singer Angela Carrasco in 1986 and became very popular throughout Latin America  The same version was later recorded by a number of Latin artists including Yolandita Monge, Amanda Miguel, and La India  La India's version of the song peaked at number thirty-eight on Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States  Brazilian singer Rosana recorded a Portuguese version of the song, titled "O Amor e o Poder", which was included on the soundtrack of 8PM prime time telenovela Mandala (1987–88), as the theme song for lead character Jocasta (Vera Fischer)  Her version was largely successful, becoming the sixth most played song in the country in 1988, as well as Rosana's biggest hit  It was also included on the tracklist for her album Coração Selvagem and propelled its sales, selling over 300,000 copies  Wilfrido Vargas's New York Band covered the song in merengue which peaked at number thirty-seven on the Hot Latin Songs chart  It was also covered by Los Melódicos and Dulce López from La Academia  Italian dance act Fits of Gloom released their version in 1994 with vocals by British singer Lizzy Mack which reached No  49 on the UK Singles Chart 

See also
Passage 10:
Pointless Nostalgic
Pointless Nostalgic is Jamie Cullum's second album but his first major release on a record label  It was released in 2002 through Candid Records  It was recorded at Clowns Pocket Recording Studio, Bexley, Kent by Derek Nash who also co produced the CD 

Track listing
Musicians
Jamie Cullum – piano, vocals
Martin Shaw – trumpet
Martin Gladdish – trombone
Matt Wates – alto saxophone
Dave O'Higgins – tenor saxophone
Ben Castle – tenor saxophone
Geoff Gascoyne – bass
Sebastiaan de Krom – drums

Charts and certifications
Passage 11:
Here Comes the Hotstepper
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" is a song co-written and recorded by Jamaican dancehall artist Ini Kamoze  It was released as the lead single from his 1995 album of the same name as well as the soundtrack to the film Prêt-à-Porter  It is known for its "naaaa na na na naaaa   " chorus inspired by the Cannibal and the Headhunters version of "Land of 1000 Dances" 
The song was Kamoze's only song to reach the top 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking atop the chart on December 17, 1994, and remaining there for two weeks  It also became a number-one hit in Denmark, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe and a top-10 hit in 13 other countries  Irish DJ John Gibbons made a remix of the song in 2018 

Usages of music sampling
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" contains several samples, including vocals from "The Champ" by The Mohawks, "Hot Pants" by Bobby Byrd, and "La Di Da Di" by Doug E  Fresh and Slick Rick  The song's instrumental samples the drums and bass from "Heartbeat" by Taana Gardner and guitar notes from "Hung Up on My Baby" by Isaac Hayes  The song uses the "na na na na na   " chorus from the Cannibal and the Headhunters version of "Land of a Thousand Dances," and the verse vocal melody is reminiscent of The Beatles' "Come Together", which was inspired by Chuck Berry's "You Can't Catch Me" 

Chart performance
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" remains Kamoze's biggest hit to date  It went to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and on the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart, while peaking at number two at the US Cash Box Top 100  In Europe, it peaked at number one in Denmark as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100  The single climbed into the top 10 in Austria (6), Belgium (Flanders (4) and Wallonia (3)), Finland (2), France (2), Germany (6), Iceland (3), Ireland (3), Norway (4), Spain (2), Sweden (5), Switzerland (4), and the United Kingdom  In the latter nation, it peaked at number four during its third week on the UK Singles Chart, on January 15, 1995, and spent four weeks at that position, topping the UK R&B Chart in the process  Elsewhere, "Here Comes the Hotstepper" topped the charts in New Zealand and Zimbabwe and peaked at number two in Australia The single was awarded with a gold record in France (250,000) and Germany (250,000) and a platinum record in Australia (70,000), New Zealand (10,000), the UK (600,000), and the US (1,000,000) 

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic noted that the song "lifts a line from "Land of 1000 Dances", and places it on an infectious dancehall beat -- it's a great single that deserved to be a huge hit " Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Reggae-splashed pop/hip-hopper is fueled by a prominent sample of Taana Gardner's disco chestnut "Heartbeat"  Already getting active attention, infectious party jam percolates with innocuous but appealing rapping and familiar chants  Don't be surprised if this sleeper soars past the expected hits to the top of the Hot 100 " In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton stated that the "infectious dance track owes much of its success to the 'Na Na Na Na Na' hook"  A reviewer from Music & Media commented, "Let's go "funkin' for Jamaica" again  Included on the OST Prêt-à-Porter, the veteran reggae man unexpectedly sees himself in the US top 10 with a chunk of '80s fatback funk "British magazine Music Week's RM Dance Update complimented the song as a "catchy funk anthem doing the business in the US"  An editor, James Hamilton, described it as a "lyrical gangster's madly infectious US smash reggae jiggler using the 'naa na-na-naa' chant from 'Land of a 1000 Dances'"  Charles Aaron from Spin viewed it as a "seamless, nonsensical string of ragamuffin hip-hop clichés " He added further, "Rivaling Joey Gardner's sample constructions for K7 [with "Come Baby Come"], producer Salaam Remi drops in the bass line from Taana Gardner's 1981 club classic [   ], and next thing you know, you're humming "murderer" against your will  Kamoze is a Kingston native, a vet of four supposedly respectable albums, an author and playwright, but on this Top Ten hit, he could be Jah Blatt from down the block  Deeply disposable " Steve Pick from St  Louis Post-Dispatch wrote, "With this cut, he's distilled most of the stylistic variants of his competitors, sweetened them with some goof hooks and come up with a breakthrough pop record that threatens to keep folks dancing for the next several years  I'm not sure what's "Heartical" about this version, but this is the mix you want "

Music video
Two music videos were made to accompany the song  The remix version used various scenes from the film Prêt-à-Porter  It was later published by Vevo on YouTube in 2014, and had generated more than 31 million views as of January 2023 

Track listing
CD single"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartical Mix)
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allaam Mix)CD maxi – Europe (1994)"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartical Mix) – 4:13
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartipella) – 4:15
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartimental) – 4:13
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allaam Mix) – 4:36
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allamental) – 4:37
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (LP Version) – 4:09

Charts
Certifications
Impact, legacy and cover versions
Blender listed the song at number 492 in their ranking of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born" in 2005  BuzzFeed listed it at number 46 in their list of "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs Of the '90s" in 2017  Billboard placed "Here Comes the Hotstepper" at number 126 in their ranking of "Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s" in 2019 John Gibbons covered the song in 2019 as "Hotstepper"  The song charted at no  67 on the Irish Singles Chart In 2020, American singer Nicky Jam and Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee interpolated the song's hook for the single "Muévelo", from the Bad Boys for Life soundtrack, as did Israeli musical duo Static & Ben El for their single "Further Up (Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)" alongside American rapper Pitbull  That same year, Parquet Courts frontman and artist A  Savage designed a t-shirt, Excuse Me Mister Officer (Murderer), named for a line in the song's pre-chorus, to honor victims of police brutality, the proceeds from which he donated to various US- and New York-based anti-prison organizations In 2021, Philadelphia-based musician and social media personality Pat Finnerty enlisted Dr  Dog to cover the track for the "Hey, Soul Sister" episode of his YouTube series, What Makes This Song Stink The song was featured in the second episode of the twelfth season of the sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia 
The song was included in the 2022 film, Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and plays during a scene where the titular character is left home alone The song was performed by Peter Griffin and his terminator clone in Season 19 Episode 13 of the cartoon Family Guy 
It was included in the launch trailer for the video game Yakuza: Like a Dragon 
Passage 12:
Here I Am (Patty Loveless song)
"Here I Am" is a song written by Tony Arata, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in November 1994 as the second single from her seventh album, When Fallen Angels Fly (1994)  The song reached a number four peak in February 1995 

Critical reception
Richard McVey from Cash Box wrote, "A far cry from her previous release, “I Try To Think About Elvis”, this easy-paced, guitar/vocally-driven tune is classic Loveless  She pours out emotions through her vocals like few can and “Here I Am” is no exception "

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Here I am" premiered in December 1994 

Charts
Passage 13:
Ornament Records
Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A  "Ziggy" Christmann  It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany  Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well 
Artists who were recorded for the label or in some cases whose US recordings were released on the label included Doctor Ross, Willie Mabon, John Lee Hooker, Blind John Davis, Jim Kahr Group, Champion Jack Dupree, Sunnyland Slim, Tommy Tucker, Big Joe Williams, Fernest Arceneaux, Louisiana Red, Al Rapone, Katie Webster, Big Jay McNeely, Detroit Gary Wiggins & Chris Rannenberg as the International Blues Duo and Black Cat Bone Almost all of the label's original blues LPs were—some with additional bonus tracks—re-released on CD on the CMA label in 1991  Some of these were released again on the Chrisly label in 2000 under the Ornament Blues Masters series Ornament also had two short-lived blues sub-labels: Chrischaa and ESCEHA Schallplatten  Both of these folded in June 1978 

See also
List of record labels
Passage 14:
Hamburg Records
Hamburg Records is a Hamburg, Germany, based independent record label and artist management owned by Pyogenesis vocalist Flo V  Schwarz 

History
Flo V  Schwarz, who has been working in the music industry in companies such as Nuclear Blast long before, originally set up the label to exploit the Pyogenesis-rights after the band's contract ran out in 2002, but the company has evolved into a bigger and respected business  Throughout the 2000s, the company included an artist management department, while the musically focus was on any kind of Rock, particularly on Punk  In 2004 Hamburg Records, based at the world famous red-light district St  Pauli Reeperbahn, started their mail-order with just management and label attached band products  Throughout the years this changed and the company runs that business for quite a few namable bands and music-affine brands  Since 2006 Hamburg Records offers with Shirtagentur the service to print all kinds of merchandising and grew within just a few years to one of the biggest suppliers, especially for all kinds of Punk, Rock and Metal bands in Central Europe  In 2010 after being partners in co-publishing with EMI and Warner, for a few years already, Hamburg Records started their own publishing named Glorious Songs  The first signing was the Top40 chart-success of Itchy Poopzkid "Lights Out London" 
Most of the bands on Hamburg Records, especially those who sing in German, are concentrated on the European markets, but the activities for a few bands are yet territorially unlimited 

Current and former artists
See also
Pyogenesis
List of record labels
Passage 15:
Necessary Records
Necessary Records is a record label based in the UK, founded by Warren Clarke, a former A&R executive at London Records and Edel, in 2003  Clarke describes that the label was born out of a creative necessity  "It's an outlet for records that should and must be heard  An outlet for artists that deserve to and will, touch the widest possible audience "It is most notable for being the record label of English indie rock band Hard-FiThe label was responsible for the release of Hard Fi's debut album, Stars of CCTV, before the label secured a two album worldwide licensing deal with Atlantic, which saw the album re-released in the UK and subsequently nominated for a Mercury Prize and two Brit Awards  The album also peaked at #1 in the UK albums chart in January 2006, reaching sales of 1 2 million copies worldwide, with over 830,000 in the UK alone  The band's second album, Once Upon a Time in the West, released by Necessary/Atlantic, also reached #1 on the UK album charts  The band's third album, Killer Sounds, released by Necessary/Atlantic went to #9 on the UK album charts Necessary also have a publishing and management company 

Artist roster
Nights
Distophia
Hard-Fi
Maupa

See also
List of record labels
Passage 16:
Jive Records
Jive Records (later stylized as JIVE Records) was a British-American independent record label founded by Clive Calder in 1981 as a subsidiary of the Zomba Group  In the US, the label had offices in New York City and Chicago  Jive was best known for its successes with hip hop, R&B, and dance acts in the 1980s and 1990s, along with teen pop and boy bands during the late 1990s and early 2000s 
Jive was acquired by Bertelsmann Music Group in 2002  In 2008, BMG itself was bought out by Sony Music Entertainment  Jive Records thereupon remained a unit wholly owned by Sony up until the label’s dissolution in 2011, when Jive was absorbed into RCA Records 

History
1970s: Beginnings
In 1971, South African businessmen Clive Calder and Ralph Simon began a publishing and management company  It was named Zomba Records and relocated to London, England, four years later; their first client was a young Robert "Mutt" Lange  Zomba originally wanted to avoid record labels to instead focus on their songwriters and producers while allowing other established labels to release the material  Later that decade, the company opened offices in the US, where Calder began a business relationship with Clive Davis, whose Arista Records began releasing material by Zomba artists 

Formation and early distribution at Arista and RCA (1981)
In 1981, Zomba formed Jive Records, whose operations began with the release of British dance and pop music from groups such as Q-Feel, A Flock of Seagulls, and Tight Fit  Its name was inspired by township Jive, a type of music that originated in South Africa  Clive Davis had hoped that Zomba's connection with Mutt Lange would help alleviate the difficulties Arista was having with launching rock acts to success 

Hip hop sprawl and rise in popularity (1982–1995)
By 1982, Calder was introduced to Barry Weiss, a young college graduate who took Calder out to hip-hop clubs in New York City for his job interview with Zomba  Weiss and Calder began grooming musicians for what would eventually become the hip hop group Whodini  After two days, the group created and recorded its hit single "Magic's Wand " While the group would eventually leave Jive, the early success allowed the label to focus on hip-hop artists throughout the 1980s In 1987, Jive cut distribution ties with Arista, effectively separating them from Davis, who eschewed hip hop music at his label  As the 1980s drew to a close, the label entered a distribution deal with Arista's sister label RCA Records, and it continued to sign hip hop acts including DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Boogie Down Productions, Too $hort, Schoolly D, and Kid Rock 

In 1990, Calder bought Simon’s stake in Zomba and became the sole owner of Jive Records  Jive's distribution deal with RCA expired in 1991  At this time, Bertelsmann Music Group acquired a minority share of the label and began to distribute its records directly  Weiss became chief executive of Jive Records that year  Jive opened branches in Chicago and had also become a premier label in the genres of hip hop and R&B with the success of acts like D-Nice, E-40, UGK, A Tribe Called Quest, Hi-Five, KRS-One/Boogie Down Productions, R  Kelly and Aaliyah 

Teen pop acts (1996–2001)
In 1996, BMG deepened its relationship with the label by purchasing a 20-percent stake of Jive  By the late 1990s, Jive began signing pop acts Backstreet Boys, NSYNC and Britney Spears  All three acts achieved massive success as the 2000s dawned, becoming the three best-selling acts in the label's history 

2000s: Acquisition by BMG and Sony
In 2002, Calder sold Zomba to BMG for US$2 74 billion, which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution  Calder then announced his resignation from Zomba, but continued to stay on at Jive in a temporary advisory role as Zomba was integrated into BMG  Weiss succeeded Calder as the new head of Zomba  In 2004, BMG merged with Sony Music Entertainment to form Sony BMG  During this time, Jive's management and distribution were restructured under the newly formed Zomba Label Group  Artists who had previously been on LaFace and Arista Records were subsequently absorbed under the Zomba group and placed under the purview of Jive Records’ staff  Thus, artists such as Pink, Usher, and Outkast became de facto Jive artists  Though both physical record sales and teen pop had steadily declined since the early 2000s, the output from Jive’s newer artists — particularly Usher’s Confessions album and Outkast’s Speakerboxxx/The Love Below — would prove to be profitable successes for Jive  In addition to releasing Spears’ 2007 album Blackout, Jive was now also the home of a solo Justin Timberlake, whose FutureSex/LoveSounds also saw high sales  Other Jive artists at that time included Ciara and Chris Brown By early 2008, the BMG Label Group was said to include RCA Records, J Records, LaFace, Arista, Volcano Entertainment, Verity, GospoCentric and Fo Yo Soul  — all overseen by Weiss  Later that year, Sony and BMG dissolved its merger, with the former buying out shares of the latter  As a result of Sony's buyout, Jive (along with its BMG sisters RCA and Arista) became a wholly owned unit of a refreshed Sony Music Entertainment  Starting in 2008 Jive was all capital (e g  JIVE Records), this change started when BMG Label Group was renamed RCA/JIVE Label Group 

2010s: Dormancy
After two decades as president of Jive, Barry Weiss left for Universal Music Group in March 2011  On October 7, 2011, it was announced that Jive, along with Arista and J Records, would be retired to refresh and re-brand RCA Records by not confusing or diluting it with other labels  All retained artists on those labels were then moved to RCA Records The label is currently in hibernation, with the distribution of its back catalog handled by Sony Music's Legacy Recordings  Previously, the Jive brand was being exclusively used under the Sony Music France division under the name Jive Epic in France until 2019, when it was absorbed into RCA Records France 

Criticism and controversies
On September 27, 2021, singer R  Kelly was found guilty by a federal jury of acts including bribery and sexual exploitation of a child  Allegations of Kelly’s sexual misconduct had long followed the singer since his early career with Jive in the early 1990s, as well as throughout the 2000s when a video tape surfaced allegedly showing Kelly engaging in sexual acts with a minor and when Kelly was arrested for possession of child pornography  Despite the scandals, Kelly remained signed to Jive’s roster and continued to release albums with the label up to its merger with RCA in 2011  In 2018, the Washington Post ran a lengthy article alleging industry executives at Jive had been aware of Kelly's sexually abusive behavior towards young women for years, but did nothing about them due to his success as a performer and songwriter  Though the article reported Clive Calder had been warned about Kelly’s behavior as early as 1994, Calder retrospectively told the Post he regretted not having done more at the time, saying "Clearly, we missed something”  Former Jive president Barry Weiss told the newspaper that during his 20 years with the label, he never concerned himself with Kelly's private life, and was unaware of two lawsuits filed against Kelly and the label by women alleging sexual misconduct, suits in which the label had successfully argued it was not liable  Larry Khan, another Jive executive who worked closely with the singer even after viewing the sex tape, similarly implied Kelly’s misconduct was not the label's responsibility 

Discography
Artists
See also
Zomba Group of Companies
RCA/Jive Label Group
List of record labels
Passage 17:
Big Blue Note
"Big Blue Note" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith  It was released in September 2005 as the third and final single from Keith's album Honkytonk University   It peaked at number 5 on the United States country charts  Prior to that single's release, DreamWorks Records closed its doors, so Keith had a newly-formed label, Show Dog Nashville  Keith wrote the song with Scotty Emerick 

Music video
The music video was directed by Michael Salomon, and premiered on CMT on September 12, 2005  It begins on a rainy day where a businessman had a good life, until his wife ran away with a "big blue note" on the floor  The video shows him having trouble getting rid of the note, but being unable to let go of her memory  Because of this, he is having trouble focusing at work, and an inkblot test at his psychiatrist shows up  Leading to him running a cliffside, he is actually taking the big blue note by folding into a paper airplane, and throws the big blue note off the cliff  The scene switches from a rainy day to a bright sunny day, as the businessman plays the banjo on the cliff 

Chart performance
"Big Blue Note" debuted at number 57 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week ending September 17, 2005 
Passage 18:
Whiskey River
"Whiskey River" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Johnny Bush   It was a hit for both Bush and his friend Willie Nelson 

Johnny Bush version
Bush released the song in 1972 through RCA Victor and included it on his album Whiskey River  Bush later re-recorded the song in 1981 and released it through the Delta label, with "When My Conscience Hurts the Most" on the b-side 

Willie Nelson versions
Willie Nelson first recorded "Whiskey River" for the album Shotgun Willie in 1973  In 1978, a recording from Nelson's live album Willie and Family Live was released as a single through Columbia Records  "Whiskey River", despite not being a Nelson original, has come to be regarded as one of his signature songs and a concert staple 
Nelson performed the song during the pilot episode of the long-running music television series Austin City Limits—marking the first song to be performed on the program 

Chart performance
Johnny Bush
ARe-recording 

Willie Nelson
In popular culture
Willie Nelson's version of the song is featured in Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto V game soundtrack 
Passage 19:
Ellahy Amen Records
Ellahy Amen Records is an American-French independent avant-garde record label, launched in 2002 by former Pigface member and experimental/avant-garde musician Leila Bela  The record label is based both in Paris, France and Austin, Texas, United States  Currently, the label has three artists signed to the roster 

Roster
Leila Bela
Maya Bond
Lexion Blacklord

See also
List of record labels

External links
Official site
Context 3: Passage 1:
Miller Township, Knox County, Ohio
Miller Township is one of the twenty-two townships of Knox County, Ohio, United States   The 2010 census found 1,006 people in the township 

Geography
Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships:

Clinton Township - north
Pleasant Township - northeast
Morgan Township - east
Burlington Township, Licking County - south
Bennington Township, Licking County - southwest corner
Milford Township - west
Liberty Township - northwest cornerNo municipalities are located in Miller Township 

Name and history
Miller Township was named for James Miller, a pioneer settler who gave elections officials five and one half gallons of whiskey to secure the honor   It is the only Miller Township statewide Miller Township was originally built up chiefly by settlers from Vermont and Rhode Island 

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1  Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it  There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election  Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees 
Passage 2:
Margaret McWade
Margaret McWade (born Margaret May Fish; September 3, 1871 –  April 1, 1956) was an American stage and film actress  She began her career in vaudeville in the early 1890s  Her most memorable role was as one of The Pixilated Sisters, a comedic stage act with actress Margaret Seddon  Later in 1936, they reprised their roles in the movie Mr  Deeds Goes to Town 

Biography
Margaret May Fish was born September 3, 1871, in Chicago, Illinois, the eldest of three daughters  A number of short biographies state that Fish was born in 1872; however, the 1900 U S  Census reports her birth in 1871 

Career
During her early career, Margaret May Fish went by the stage name Margaret May  In the late 1890s, while performing in vaudeville, she met fellow actress Margaret Seddon  The two actresses teamed to create a stage act known as The Pixillated Sisters  The act proved to be a hit for the duo  Years later, they would reprise The Pixilated Sisters in the 1936 movie Mr  Deeds Goes to Town 
On September 4, 1897, Margaret married actor Edward McWade  Margaret and her husband appeared in a number of stage performances together in Boston and New York before their marriage  Their earliest stage appearance together was in March 1892 in Boston  They were cast as supporting characters in County Fair at the Whitney Opera House  Until late 1919, Margaret continued to use her stage name Margaret May Margaret McWade made her screen debut in the 1914 silent film The Drama of Heyville, starring Marc McDermott and directed by Ashley Miller  She was under contract to the Edison Film Company and was later picked up by the Vitagraph Film Company  She acted in a total of 59 films from 1914 to 1954 Between films, she was a prolific stage actress, touring the U S  with various theatrical companies  Margaret also toured in theater shows with her husband Edward, several which he wrote  In April 1901, Edward McWade wrote and produced the play Winchester at the American Theater in New York  The play was based upon an event during the Civil War  Edward McWade wrote a supporting role for his wife  In 1902, he wrote the play The Land of Mystery, a romantic drama in which Margaret also had a role In 1922, Margaret was cast in the movie The Blot, produced and directed by Lois Weber  The Blot is considered by many critics to be Weber's greatest film  McWade played Mrs  Griggs, and she is described in reviews as the, "old mother hubbard, shouldering most of the burden for the penny pinching family " The movie received critical acclaim, which paved the way for more acting roles  McWade most often was described as playing the mother, aunt, older sister, spinster, and later in her career, the grandmother  In the Louisiana newspaper Monroe Morning World on June 5, 1938, she is described physically as "the one with the angular face and black hair" In 1935, producers approached both McWade and Seddon and asked them to reprise their roles as The Pixilated Sisters for the 1936 movie Mr  Deeds Goes to Town, starring Gary Cooper and directed by Frank Capra  In the film, the two actresses play sisters who believe that Cooper's character is "pixilated"  Reprising these characters set off a brief firestorm of stage and film performances for the duo  In The Corsicana Daily Sun, McWade is quoted regarding having played the Pixilated Sisters in the movie: "it's a one chance in a million, like something out of a book  It's not hard to understand  It wasn't we who clicked individually or even collectively  It was a grand part  If you recall, we turned the tide by our testimony in favor of Gary Cooper at an insanity hearing  He was a beloved character, and by helping him we helped ourselves "The two actresses teamed for a variety of films throughout the late 1930s and into the 1940s, often playing spinster sisters in comedic roles written for them, such as One Man's Bonus  After 1936, they often were billed in newspapers and posters as those "beloved Pixilated Sisters" 

Later years and death
Two years after performing in her last movie, Margaret McWade died on April 1, 1956, in Los Angeles at the age of 83  She was buried in her hometown of Chicago, Illinois in Rosehill Cemetery 

Stage performances
1892: The County Fair  The Whitney Opera House; Boston, MA; ** Edward McWade in production 
1893: Comic Stage Sketches  Boston, MA; **Edward McWade in production 
1901: Winchester  The American Theater, New York; Written by Edward McWade 
1902: The Land of Mystery  New York Theater Company; New York; Written by husband Edward McWade 
1912: Robert A  Hudson Theater; San Francisco, CA; New York Stage Production Company 
1925: The Painted Lady The William Fox Players  Touring theatrical show  Bar Harbor Maine 

Partial filmography
Passage 3:
Peggy Wehmeyer
Margaret "Peggy" Wehmeyer is an American journalist and op-ed writer contributing to The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and The Dallas Morning News  She also served for seven years as the religion correspondent on the ABC News television network, before becoming the host and managing editor of The World Vision Report Wehmeyer was born in Oklahoma City and was raised mostly in Barbados and Texas  An ethnic German Jew, she is religiously Christian   She is a graduate of the University of Texas in Austin  As a young woman, Wehmeyer worked and studied at Dallas Theological Seminary  In 1994, she was hired by ABC News, with the strong support of Peter Jennings, to become the first full-time religion correspondent on a national news network where she served for seven years   20/20 and Good Morning America also aired her stories  Prior to her job at ABC, she worked at WFAA-TV in Dallas on the station's religion beat In 2002, she left ABC to become the host and managing editor of the World Vision Report, a public radio broadcast funded by the World Vision charitable organization  As host of The World Vision Report, Peggy reported on global stories about justice and poverty  She has received multiple awards including two Cine Golden Eagle Awards, the Columbus International Film and Video Festival Award and a New York Festivals award 

Personal life
Wehmeyer has two adult daughters, Hannah Woods Buchannan (Assoc  Pastor, HPUMC) and Lauren Woods Meyer (Federal Public Defender)  Her marriage to Mark Woods lasted until his death in 2008 
Passage 4:
Thundering Caravans
Thundering Caravans is a 1952 American Western film directed by Harry Keller and starring Allan Lane, Mona Knox and Eddy Waller The film's art direction was by Frank Hotaling 

Plot
Cast
Allan Lane as Marshal Rocky Lane
Black Jack as Black Jack
Eddy Waller as Sheriff Nugget Clark
Mona Knox as Alice Scott
Roy Barcroft as Ed Brill
Isabel Randolph as Deborah Cranston
Richard Crane as Deputy Dan Reed
William Henry as Bert Cranston
Edward Clark as Printer Tom
Pierre Watkin as Head Marshal
Stanley Andrews as Henry Scott
Boyd 'Red' Morgan as Henchman Joe
Fred Aldrich as Townsman
Art Dillard as Henchman
Roy Engel as Frank
Marshall Reed as Wounded Driver
Tex Terry as Rogers
Dale Van Sickel as Cave Henchman
Passage 5:
Margaret Knox
Margaret Knox (née Stewart; 1547 – after 1612) was a Scottish noblewoman and the second wife of Scottish reformer John Knox, whom she married when she was 17 years old and he 54  The marriage caused consternation from Mary, Queen of Scots, as the couple had married without having obtained royal consent 

Family
Margaret Stewart was born in 1547, the daughter of Andrew Stewart, 2nd Lord Ochiltree, and Agnes Cunningham  The family was staunchly Protestant, and also related to the Scottish royal family and the Hamiltons  Margaret had three sisters and four brothers, including James Stewart, Earl of Arran 

Marriages and children
On 26 March 1564, she married her first husband, John Knox, leader of the Scottish Reformation, and a close friend of her father  His first wife, Marjorie Bowes, had died in December 1560, leaving him with two small sons, Nathaniel and Eleazer  The marriage was strongly criticised by Queen Mary, as they had married without having first obtained her consent  Margaret, as the Queen's relative, was required to ask the monarch for permission to marry 
The couple made their home on Edinburgh's Royal Mile, and together they had three daughters:
Martha Knox (1565–1592), married Alexander Fairlie, by whom she had issue 
Margaret Knox (b 1567), married Zachary Pont, by whom she had issue 
Elizabeth Knox (1570- January 1622), married in 1594, John Welsh, minister of Ayr, by whom she had issue Margaret served as Knox's secretary, and later, when he became ill, his nurse  Following Knox's death in November 1572, the General Assembly, at the suggestion of the Regent, Morton, allowed Margaret to receive, for the year succeeding her husband's death, his pension of 500 merks In January 1574, she married her second husband, Sir Andrew Ker of Faldonside  He had been part of the conspiracy of Protestant nobles, led in March 1566 by Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven, who had stabbed to death Queen Mary's Italian secretary, David Rizzio in the presence of the Queen, who was almost six months pregnant at the time  It was Ker who had held his pistol at Mary's side, while she was constrained to watch Rizzio's killing Together they had a number of children, one of which was named John Ker, minister of Salt Preston On 8 April 1574, a Charter of Alienation confirmed Ker's provision for Margaret, in her widowhood, of the liferent of a third of ancestral lands in Haddingtonshire  Kerr died on 19 December 1599, and she did not remarry 
Margaret died sometime after 1612 
Passage 6:
Blue Chip Conference
The Blue Chip Conference is a high school athletic conference in southwestern Indiana, United States  The conference's members are small A or AA high schools located in Daviess, Dubois, Gibson, Knox, and Martin counties  The BCC was founded in 1968, with Barr-Reeve, Bloomfield, Loogootee, North Daviess, North Knox, South Knox, and Springs Valley  Barr-Reeve had to wait until 1969 to be released from the Patoka Valley Conference to play in the league, and Loogootee also had to wait until 1970 to leave the Southwestern Indiana Conference  The conference grew to 11 schools in the mid-1970s, but for the most part has stabilized at nine schools since then with the only exception being the 6 year period between the addition of Wood Memorial in 2000 and loss of Forest Park in 2006 where the count was at 10 

Member schools
North Knox is a member of the Southwest Football Conference for football 
North Knox played in the Western Indiana Conference 1977-81, then played independently from 1981 to 1986 before rejoining the BCC 
Shoals played concurrently in the BCC and SWIAC from 1977 to 1979 

Former members
Bloomfield played concurrently in the BCC and SWIAC for its entire BCC duration 

Membership timeline
Conference championships
Football
Football was discontinued as a conference sport after the 1977-78 school year  Mitchell and Springs Valley would move to the Patoka Lake Conference one year later, and North Daviess would be an independent until joining the Southwest Seven Conference 

Boys basketball
Champions before 1993-94 season unverified 

Girls basketball
Champions before 2000-01 season unverified 

State titles
Barr-Reeve Vikings (3)
2013 Volleyball (A)
2015 Boys Basketball (A)
2018 Girls Volleyball (A)
2020 Girls Volleyball (AA)
2021 Boys Basketball (A)

Loogootee Lions (2)
2012 Boys Basketball (A)
2020 Girls Basketball (A)

North Knox Warriors (0)
Northeast Dubois Jeeps (0)
Shoals Jug Rox (0)
South Knox Spartans (0)
Vincennes Rivet Patriots (0)
1A Girls Basketball (2011)

Washington Catholic Cardinals (0)
Wood Memorial Trojans (1)
2017 Girls Basketball (A)

Runner-Up Titles, and State Finals Appearances
Barr-Reeve Vikings
1998 Boys Baseball   (A)
1998 Girls Volleyball(A)
2001 Girls Volleyball(A)
2002 Boys Basketball (A)
2007 Boys Basketball (A)
2008 Girls Volleyball(A)
2009 Girls Volleyball(A)
2010 Boys Basketball (A)
2014 Boys Basketball (A)
2015 Girls Basketball (A)
2016 Boys Cross Country - Single Class
2018 Girls Cross Country - Single Class
2019 Boys Basketball (A)

Wood Memorial Trojans
2007 Girls Basketball (A)

Loogootee Lions
2005 Boys Basketball  (A)
1975 Boys Basketball  (Pre-Class)
1970 Boys Basketball (Pre-Class)
2012 Girls Volleyball (A)
2007 Girls Volleyball (A)
2006 Girls Volleyball (A)
2005 Girls Volleyball (A)
2000 Girls Volleyball (A)
2021 Girls Basketball (A)
2020 Girls Volleyball (A)

Vincennes Rivet Patriots
2009 Girls Basketball (A)
2009 Boys Baseball (A)
2010 Girls Basketball (A)
2013 Boys Baseball (A)
2018 Girls Basketball (A)
2019 Girls Basketball (A)

Washington Catholic Cardinals
2005 Girls Basketball (A)

Former Member State Titles
Forest Park Rangers (3)
2001 Softball (A)
2005 Boys Basketball (2A)
2006 Boys Basketball (2A)

Neighboring Conferences
Pocket Athletic Conference
Patoka Lake Conference
Passage 7:
Monroe City, Indiana
Monroe City is a town in Harrison Township, Knox County, Indiana, United States  The population was 545 at the 2010 census 
Monroe City was named for one of its founders, Monroe Alton 

Geography
Monroe City is located at 38°36′57″N 87°21′19″W (38 615891, -87 355232) According to the 2010 census, Monroe City has a total area of 0 27 square miles (0 70 km2), all land 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 545 people, 217 households, and 153 families living in the town  The population density was 2,018 5 inhabitants per square mile (779 3/km2)  There were 238 housing units at an average density of 881 5 per square mile (340 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 98 7% White, 0 6% African American, 0 2% Native American, and 0 6% from other races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 7% of the population 
There were 217 households, of which 37 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53 0% were married couples living together, 14 3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29 5% were non-families  29 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 51 and the average family size was 3 08 
The median age in the town was 32 8 years  28 8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29% were from 25 to 44; 20 7% were from 45 to 64; and 13 2% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the town was 47 3% male and 52 7% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 548 people, 231 households, and 157 families living in the town  The population density was 2,039 4 inhabitants per square mile (787 4/km2)  There were 259 housing units at an average density of 963 9 per square mile (372 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 99 27% White, 0 18% African American, and 0 55% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 36% of the population 
There were 231 households, out of which 32 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53 7% were married couples living together, 11 3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32 0% were non-families  31 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 36 and the average family size was 2



ground_truth: crystallized the rebellious demand for independence from Great Britain

Great Britain

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the record label of the co-writer and recording artist of Permission to Fly?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 94 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24 6% under the age of 18, 8 4% from 18 to 24, 26 8% from 25 to 44, 22 6% from 45 to 64, and 17 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 3 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $32,788, and the median income for a family was $43,125  Males had a median income of $31,364 versus $18,269 for females  The per capita income for the town was $15,579  About 7 2% of families and 7 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9 0% of those under age 18 and 2 0% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 8:
Margaret Blair Young
Margaret Blair Young (born 1955) is an American author, filmmaker, and writing instructor who taught for thirty years at Brigham Young University 

Biography
Young's published work includes the novels House Without Walls (1991), Salvador (1992), and Heresies of Nature (2002) and the short story collections Elegies and Love Songs (1992) (which won an Association of Mormon Letters award) and Love Chains (1997)  She also co-authored a trilogy of historical novels about Black Mormon pioneers titled Standing on the Promises with Darius Gray   The trilogy, published between 2000 and 2003, was republished in revised and expanded form in 2012 and 2013 Young scripted and helped direct a 2005 television documentary based on the life of Jane Elizabeth Manning James, "Jane Manning James: Your Sister in the Gospel "  The 20-minute documentary has been shown at This Is The Place Heritage Park in Salt Lake City, Utah, the 2005 annual conference of the Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research (FAIR), and on public television (PBS)   Documentary filmmaker Scott Freebairn produced and directed the film   More recently, Young served as the project director for the Utah chapter of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society's film The Wisdom of our Years   In 2008, Young and Gray completed a long documentary titled Nobody Knows: The Untold Story of Black Mormons, which has been shown on PBS stations, in film festivals, and on the Documentary Channel   Her award-winning play, I Am Jane, also about Black Mormon pioneer Jane Manning James, has been produced throughout the country  Young has also authored encyclopedia articles on Blacks in the western United States, and has served as president of the Association for Mormon Letters  In 2014 she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Whitney Awards and the Smith-Pettit Foundation Award for Outstanding Contribution to Mormon Letters Young’s recent efforts have been directed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where she and her team are working to launch the film industry, which disappeared amidst the chaos of war and corruption in the 1990s   She has teamed up with Tshoper Kabambi, Deborah Basa, and Ephraim Faith on film initiatives   They work with Bimpa Production in Kinshasa, which is producing a film that Young has scripted and that Tshoper Kabambi is directing   Young is also working on literacy and educational projects, and is teaching students at various schools throughout the DR-Congo how to create their own books, given the relative lack of books in the Congo   In Lodja, DR-Congo, she works with Professor Abbé On'okundji Okavu Ekanga, author of Les Entrailles du Porc-épic: Une nouvelle éthique pour l’Afrique   Mr  Okundji returned to his home village in the Congo to help it recover from the Congo war of 1998-2004 
Young is married to English professor Bruce Wilson Young (1950- )  Bruce is a BYU, Columbia and Harvard graduate who has written multiple essays and the book Family Life in the Age of Shakespeare   They are the parents of four children, including vocal performer and music instructor Kaila Lifferth and writer Robbie Blair 

See also
LDS fiction
Passage 9:
Butler Township, Knox County, Ohio
Butler Township is one of the twenty-two townships of Knox County, Ohio, United States   The 2010 census found 1,171 people in the township 

Geography
Located in the eastern part of the county, it borders the following townships:

Union Township - north
Tiverton Township, Coshocton County - northeast corner
Newcastle Township, Coshocton County - east
Perry Township, Coshocton County - southeast corner
Jackson Township - south
Clay Township - southwest corner
Harrison Township - west
Howard Township - northwest cornerNo municipalities are located in Butler Township 

Name and history
Butler Township was organized in 1825 It is one of six Butler Townships statewide 

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1  Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it  There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election  Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees 
Passage 10:
The Education of Shelby Knox
The Education of Shelby Knox is 2005 documentary film that tells the coming-of-age story of public speaker and feminist Shelby Knox, a teenager who joins a campaign for comprehensive sex education in the high schools of Lubbock, Texas  TEOSK was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival in 2005 and aired on PBS’ P O V  series that same year  It was directed and produced by Marion Lipschutz and Rose Rosenblatt 

Overview
Lubbock has some of the highest teen pregnancy and STD rates in the nation, the "solution" to which is a strict abstinence-only sex education curriculum in the public schools and a conservative preacher who urges kids to pledge abstinence until marriage 
Shelby Knox is a deeply religious Southern Baptist teenager who joins the Lubbock Youth Commission, a group of high school students representing a youth voice in city government  When the teens confront Lubbock's sexual health crisis and campaign for comprehensive sex education, Knox throws herself into the battle with missionary fervor, struggling to reconcile her newfound political beliefs with her conservative religious views  When the campaign broadens to include a fight for a gay-straight alliance, Knox must confront her family and pastor in this coming-of-age story 

Awards
The Education of Shelby Knox has received a number of awards:

2005 Sundance Film Festival (Excellence in Cinematography, Documentary Category)
2005 SXSW Film Festival (Audience Award)
2005 Sonoma Valley Film Festival (Jury Prize)
2005 Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival (Jury Prize, Best Documentary)
2005 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival (Emerging Pictures Audience Award)
Council on Foundations (2005 Henry Hampton Award for Excellence in Film & Digital Media)
2005 Fresno Reel Pride Film Festival (Audience Award, Best Feature)
2006 The Index on Censorship's Freedom of Expression Film Award (Nominee)

Shelby Knox in the News
The Dixie Chicks' 2006 album Taking the Long Way features a track titled "Lubbock or Leave It", which is based on The Education of Shelby Knox  When the song came out, the group's member Emily Robison told the press: "We'd seen a documentary called The Education of Shelby Knox, which was about a girl     trying to get Lubbock to teach sex education in the schools  Lubbock has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy and STDs in the U S , so it really showed what happens when you keep that information away from people " Lead singer Natalie Maines, who is from Lubbock, subsequently spoke (during a 2006 episode of VH1 Storytellers) about watching the film and drawing from her own experiences of living there to write the song 
In the 2013 documentary How to Lose Your Virginity, scenes from The Education of Shelby Knox are featured alongside interviews with Shelby Knox As of June 2011, Shelby Knox is living in New York City and serving as the Director of Organizing, Women's Rights for Change org 
Passage 11:
Warren, Kentucky
Warren is an unincorporated community and coal town in Knox County, Kentucky, United States  It was also known as Cumberland Station 
Passage 12:
Enoch Arden law
The Enoch Arden law is a legal precedent in the United States that grants a divorce or a legal exemption so that a person can remarry, if his or her spouse has been absent without explanation for a certain number of years, typically seven 
After seven years the missing spouse can be declared legally dead 
The "Enoch Arden doctrine" is named after Tennyson's 1864 melodrama Enoch Arden 
Passage 13:
Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism that broke from the Roman Catholic Church  Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government by representative assemblies of elders  Many Reformed churches are organised this way, but the word Presbyterian, when capitalized, is often applied to churches that trace their roots to the Church of Scotland or to English Dissenter groups that formed during the English Civil War Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ  Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain  In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America, mostly by Scots and Scotch-Irish immigrants  The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the Reformed theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there is a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism  Local congregations of churches which use Presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders), a conciliar approach as with other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod, and general assembly)  There are roughly 75 million Presbyterians in the world The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Reformation of the 16th century, the example of John Calvin's Republic of Geneva being particularly influential  Most Reformed churches that trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government  In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches  Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches  Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists  Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scottish immigrants, Scots-Irish immigrants, and also from New England communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon Plan of Union of 1801 for frontier areas 

Presbyterian identity
Early history
Presbyterian tradition, particularly that of the Church of Scotland, traces its early roots to the Christian Church founded by Saint Columba, through the 6th-century Hiberno-Scottish mission  Tracing their apostolic origin to Saint John, the Culdees practised Christian monasticism, a key feature of Celtic Christianity in the region, with a presbyter exercising "authority within the institution, while the different monastic institutions were independent of one another " The Church in Scotland kept the Christian feast of Easter at a date different from the See of Rome and its monks used a unique style of tonsure  The Synod of Whitby in 664, however, ended these distinctions as it ruled "that Easter would be celebrated according to the Roman date, not the Celtic date " Although Roman influence came to dominate the Church in Scotland, certain Celtic influences remained in the Scottish Church, such as "the singing of metrical psalms, many of them set to old Celtic Christianity Scottish traditional and folk tunes", which later became a "distinctive part of Scottish Presbyterian worship" 

Development
Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation  As the Catholic Church resisted the Reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations  
Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scottish Catholic Priest who studied with Calvin in Geneva and brought back Reformed teachings to Scotland  An important influence on the formation of presbyterianism in Britain also came from John a Lasco - a Polish reformer, the founder of a Stranger's Church in London, based on the Geneva models The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to Scotland  In August 1560, the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom  In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries In time, the Scots Confession would be supplanted by the Westminster Confession of Faith, and the larger and shorter catechisms, which were formulated by the Westminster Assembly between 1643 and 1649 

Characteristics
Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organisation (or "church order") and worship; often using a "Book of Order" to regulate common practice and order  The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism  Many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups  Some of the splits have been due to doctrinal controversy, while some have been caused by disagreement concerning the degree to which those ordained to church office should be required to agree with the Westminster Confession of Faith, which historically serves as an important confessional document – second only to the Bible, yet directing particularities in the standardisation and translation of the Bible – in Presbyterian churches 
Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning, tempered with the belief that no human action can affect salvation 
Continuous study of the scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine are embodied in several statements of faith and catechisms formally adopted by various branches of the church, often referred to as "subordinate standards" 
When the women with Eliza Thompson gathered to pray at a Presbyterian church in Hillsboro, Ohio, this became the birthplace of the highly influential Woman's Temperance Crusade  Presbyterian evangelist Billy Sunday also persuaded many thousands who drank to turn to Christ instead – wanting Christ now and no more alcohol 

Government
Presbyterian government is by councils (still known as courts in some countries, as boards in others) of elders  Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, and mission of the local congregation  Teaching elders (pastors or ministers) have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments  Pastors or ministers are called by individual congregations  A congregation issues a call for the pastor or minister's service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery  The pastor or minister is a teaching elder, and Moderator of the Session, but is not usually a member of the congregation; instead, this person is a member of the Presbytery of which the given church is a member 
Ruling elders are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the teaching elders, assuming responsibility for the nurture and leadership of the congregation  Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers (sometimes called deacons, which are ordained in some denominations)  This group may variously be known as a "Deacon Board", "Board of Deacons" "Diaconate", or "Deacons' Court"  These are sometimes known as "presbyters" to the full congregation  Since the 20th century, most denominations allow women to be teaching or ruling elders 
Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities  These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations  The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists  This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches, such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church (U S A ); some bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly, and usually the step skipped is the Synod  The Church of Scotland abolished the Synod in 1993 Presbyterian governance is practiced by Presbyterian denominations and also by many other Reformed churches 

Doctrine
Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition  This has two implications  The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of "confessions of faith," which have some level of authoritative status  However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is not solely an individual matter  While individuals are encouraged to understand Scripture, and may challenge the current institutional understanding, theology is carried out by the community as a whole  It is this community understanding of theology that is expressed in confessions However, there has arisen a spectrum of approaches to confessionalism  The manner of subscription, or the degree to which the official standards establish the actual doctrine of the church, is a practical matter  That is, the decisions rendered in ordination and in the courts of the church largely determine what the church means, representing the whole, by its adherence to the doctrinal standard 
Some Presbyterian traditions adopt only the Westminster Confession of Faith as the doctrinal standard to which teaching elders are required to subscribe, in contrast to the Larger and Shorter catechisms, which are approved for use in instruction  Many Presbyterian denominations, especially in North America, have adopted all of the Westminster Standards as their standard of doctrine which is subordinate to the Bible  These documents are Calvinistic in their doctrinal orientation  The Presbyterian Church in Canada retains the Westminster Confession of Faith in its original form, while admitting the historical period in which it was written should be understood when it is read 
The Westminster Confession is "The principal subordinate standard of the Church of Scotland" but "with due regard to liberty of opinion in points which do not enter into the substance of the Faith" (V)  This formulation represents many years of struggle over the extent to which the confession reflects the Word of God and the struggle of conscience of those who came to believe it did not fully do so (e g  William Robertson Smith)  Some Presbyterian Churches, such as the Free Church of Scotland, have no such "conscience clause" 
The Presbyterian Church (U S A ) has adopted the Book of Confessions, which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards  These other documents include ancient creedal statements (the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed), 16th-century Reformed confessions (the Scots Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, the Second Helvetic Confession), and 20th century documents (The Theological Declaration of Barmen, Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith) 
The Presbyterian Church in Canada developed the confessional document Living Faith (1984) and retains it as a subordinate standard of the denomination  It is confessional in format, yet like the Westminster Confession, draws attention back to original Bible text 
Presbyterians in Ireland who rejected Calvinism and the Westminster Confessions formed the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland 
John Gresham Machen, the prominent Presbyterian theologian and Professor of New Testament at Princeton Seminary between 1906 and 1929, led a revolt against modernist doctrine in his Christianity and Liberalism (1923) that critiqued theological modernism  He argued that modernism and liberal theology was a false religion, a pretender that cloaks itself in Christian language – "Liberalism"  This religion is a marriage of naturalism, humanism, secularism, and sentimentalism all rolled into one 

Worship and sacraments
Worship
Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship, developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s  This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over the preceding century by British Puritans, initially guided by John Calvin and John Knox  It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere 

Historically, the driving principle in the development of the standards of Presbyterian worship is the Regulative principle of worship, which specifies that (in worship), what is not commanded is forbidden Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship  However, there is not one fixed "Presbyterian" worship style  Although there are set services for the Lord's Day in keeping with first-day Sabbatarianism, one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or more of Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed), or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by many American Presbyterians)  Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc  They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc  Many incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary  Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days 

Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full-length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past 

Sacraments
Presbyterians traditionally have held the Worship position that there are only two sacraments:

Baptism, in which they baptize infants, as well as unbaptized adults by the Aspersion (sprinkling) or Affusion (pouring) method in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, rather than the Immersion method 
The Lord's Supper (also known as Communion), in which Presbyterians believe in the Real Presence of Christ (pneumatic presence) in the spiritual sense, in the bread and wine through the Holy Spirit, as opposed to being locally present as in transubstantiation or consubstantiation 

Architecture
Some early Presbyterians, which were influenced by the puritan movement, were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred to the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met  Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches " Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God  The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship  Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain  No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house  The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building  But these were not the standard characteristics of the mainline Presbyterians  These were more of the wave of Presbyterians that were influenced by the Puritans 
In the late 19th century a gradual shift began to occur  Prosperous congregations built imposing churches, such as Fourth Presbyterian Church of Chicago, Brick Presbyterian Church in New York City, Shadyside Presbyterian Church in Pennsylvania, St Stephen Presbyterian in Fort Worth, Texas, and many others 
Usually a Presbyterian church will not have statues of saints, nor the ornate altar more typical of a Roman Catholic church  Instead, there is a "communion table," usually on the same level as the congregation, and sometimes elevated similar to an altar, however surrounded by the chancel  There may be a rail between the communion table and the chancel behind it, which may contain a more decorative altar-type table, choir loft, or choir stalls, lectern and clergy area  The altar is called the communion table, and the altar area is called the chancel by Presbyterians  In Presbyterian, and in Reformed churches, there may be an altar cross, either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel  By using the "empty" cross, or cross of the Westminster/Celtic cross, Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying, but died once and is alive for all eternity  Quite a few Presbyterian church buildings are decorated with a cross, that has a circle around the center, or Celtic cross  This not only emphasizes the resurrection, but also acknowledges historical aspects of Presbyterianism



ground_truth: Hollywood Records

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what year did Margaret Knox's spouse pass away?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  A baptismal font will be located either at the entrance or near the chancel area  Presbyterian architecture generally makes significant use of symbolism  One may also find decorative and ornate stained glass windows depicting scenes from the Bible  Some Presbyterian churches will also have ornate statues of Christ or graven scenes from the Last Supper located behind the chancel  St  Giles' Cathedral in Scotland has a crucifix next to an ornate elevated communion table that hangs alongside  The image of Christ is more of a faint image, with a more modern design 

By region
Europe
Scotland
John Knox (1505–1572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines  After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Catholic Church was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560  The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland  King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer  What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant  The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War  Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church 

However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government  However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church  In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland  Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland 
There are now eight Presbyterian denominations in Scotland today  These are, in order of size: the Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland, the United Free Church of Scotland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing), the Associated Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the International Presbyterian Church  Combined, they have over 1500 congregations in Scotland 
Within Scotland the term 'kirk' is usually used to refer to a local Presbyterian church  Informally, the term 'The Kirk' refers to the Church of Scotland  Some of the values and ideals espoused in Scottish Presbyterian denominations can be reflected in this reference in a book from Norman Drummond, chaplain to the Queen in Scotland Chart of splits and mergers of the Scottish Presbyterian churches

England
In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592  Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England  Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and his emigration abroad  Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England  Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England  The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church  In 1719 a major split, the Salter's Hall controversy, occurred; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views  Thomas Bradbury published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, "An answer to the reproaches cast on the dissenting ministers who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity " By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine 
A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later  Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876  Some, such as Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and Swallow Street (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at Crown Court, and St Columba's, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London  There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is affiliated with the Free Church of Scotland 
In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC)  Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part of Stepney Meeting House URC) – these are among the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century  The URC also has a presence in Scotland, mostly of former Congregationalist Churches  Two former Presbyterian congregations, St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford (founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the Church of Scotland in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929), continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the Church of Scotland 
In recent years a number of smaller denominations adopting Presbyterian forms of church government have organised in England, including the International Presbyterian Church planted by evangelical theologian Francis Schaeffer of the L'Abri Fellowship in the 1970s, and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales founded in the North of England in the late 1980s 

Wales
In Wales, Presbyterianism is represented by the Presbyterian Church of Wales, which was originally composed largely of Calvinistic Methodists who accepted Calvinist theology rather than the Arminianism of the Wesleyan Methodists  They broke off from the Church of England in 1811, ordaining their own ministers  They were originally known as the Calvinist Methodist connexion and in the 1920s it became alternatively known as the Presbyterian Church of Wales 

Ireland
Presbyterianism (Irish: Preispitéireachas, Ulster Scots: Prisbytairinism) is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland), and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, also James I of Ireland and England  An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690  The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church  Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century  Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church 

France
There is a Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) in central Paris: The Scots Kirk, which is English-speaking, and is attended by many nationalities  It maintains close links with the Church of Scotland in Scotland itself, as well as with the Reformed Church of France 

Italy
The Waldensian Evangelical Church (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) is an Italian Protestant denomination 
The church was founded in the 12th century, and centuries later, after the Protestant Reformation, it adhered to Calvinist theology and became the Italian branch of the Presbyterian churches  As such, the church is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches 

North America
Even before Presbyterianism spread with immigrants abroad from Scotland, there were divisions in the larger Presbyterian family  Some later rejoined only to separate again  In what some interpret as rueful self-reproach, some Presbyterians refer to the divided Presbyterian churches as the "Split Ps" 

United States
Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1644 with the establishment of Christ's First Presbyterian Church in Hempstead, New York  The Church was organized by the Rev  Richard Denton 
In 1703 the first Presbytery in Philadelphia was established  In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789  The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U S A ) – PC (USA) – can trace its heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC), and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO) 
Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS), the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery, the Covenant Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church, the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Korean American Presbyterian Church, and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America 
The territory within about a 50-mile (80 km) radius of Charlotte, North Carolina, is historically the greatest concentration of Presbyterianism in the Southern United States, while an almost identical geographic area around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, contains probably the largest number of Presbyterians in the entire nation 
The PC (USA), beginning with its predecessor bodies, has, in common with other so-called "mainline" Protestant denominations, experienced a significant decline in members in recent years  Some estimates have placed that loss at nearly half in the last forty years Presbyterian influence, especially through Princeton theology, can be traced in modern Evangelicalism  Balmer says that:

Evangelicalism itself, I believe, is a quintessentially North American phenomenon, deriving as it did from the confluence of Pietism, Presbyterianism, and the vestiges of Puritanism  Evangelicalism picked up the peculiar characteristics from each strain – warmhearted spirituality from the Pietists (for instance), doctrinal precisionism from the Presbyterians, and individualistic introspection from the Puritans – even as the North American context itself has profoundly shaped the various manifestations of evangelicalism: fundamentalism, neo-evangelicalism, the holiness movement, Pentecostalism, the charismatic movement, and various forms of African-American and Hispanic evangelicalism 
In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico  This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged  The area experienced a "mini" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution  In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages  The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return  However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area 
Historically, along with Lutherans and Episcopalians, Presbyterians tend to be considerably wealthier and are better educated (having more graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States; a group known as White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), they are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law, and politics 

Canada
In Canada, the largest Presbyterian denomination – and indeed the largest Protestant denomination – was the Presbyterian Church in Canada, formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups  In 1925, the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church, Canada, and the Congregational Union of Canada  A sizable minority of Canadian Presbyterians, primarily in southern Ontario but also throughout the entire nation, withdrew, and reconstituted themselves as a non-concurring continuing Presbyterian body  They regained use of the original name in 1939 

Latin America
Presbyterianism arrived in Latin America in the 19th century 

Mexico
The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America  The Independent Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, and the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition 

Brazil
In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc ) in this nation have around 350,000 members  The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131 000 members as of 2011  The Conservative Presbyterian Church in Brazil was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries  The Fundamentalist Presbyterian church in Brazil was influenced by Carl McIntire and the US Bible Presbyterian Church and has around 1 800 members  The Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil was founded in 1903 by Rev  Eduardo Carlos Pereira, has 500 congregations and 75 000 members  The United Presbyterian Church of Brazil has around 4 000 members  There are also ethnic Korean Presbyterian churches in the country  The Evangelical Reformed Churches in Brazil has Dutch origin  The Reformed Churches in Brazil were recently founded by the Canadian Reformed Churches with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) 
Congregational churches present in the country are also part of the Calvinistic tradition in Latin America 

Other Latin American states
There are probably more than four million members of Presbyterian churches in all of Latin America  Presbyterian churches are also present in Peru, Bolivia, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Argentina, Honduras and others, but with few members  The Presbyterian Church in Belize has 17 churches and church plants and there is a Reformed Seminary founded in 2004  Some Latin Americans in North America are active in the Presbyterian Cursillo Movement 

Africa
Presbyterianism arrived in Africa in the 19th century through the work of Scottish missionaries and founded churches such as St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi  The church has grown extensively and now has a presence in at least 23 countries in the region African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals  A number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in Africa and the PC(USA), including specific connections with Lesotho, Cameroon, Malawi, South Africa, Ghana and Zambia  For example, the Lackawanna Presbytery, located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, has a partnership with a presbytery in Ghana  Also the Southminster Presbyterian Church, located near Pittsburgh, has partnerships with churches in Malawi and Kenya  The Presbyterian Church of Nigeria, western Africa is also healthy and strong in mostly the southern states of this nation, strong density in the south-eastern states of this country  Beginning from Cross River state, the nearby coastal states, Rivers state, Lagos state to Ebonyi and Abia States  Hope Waddel's missionary expedition in the mid 19th century, and later Mary Slessor's stay in this coastal regions of the then British colony has brought about the beginning and the flourishing of this church in these areas 

Kenya
The Presbyterian Church of East Africa, based in Kenya, is particularly strong, with 500 clergy and 4 million members 

Malawi
The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17 000–20 000 members  It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland  The Restored Reformed Church works with RPCM  Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi is an existing small church  Part of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi and Zambia is known as CCAP, Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian  Often the churches there have one main congregation and a number of prayer houses develop  Education, health ministries, and worship and spiritual development are important 

Southern Africa
Southern Africa is a major base of Reformed and Presbyterian Churches 

Northern Africa
The Presbyterian Church of South Sudan and Sudan, founded in 1902 by American missionaries in Malakal, was deprived of foreign pastors since 1962 by decision of the Sudanese government but it continued to grow  It is now the 3rd largest Christian church in Sudan with 1,000,000 members, now shared between Sudan and South Sudan 
The Presbyterian Evangelical Church of Sudan was founded in the north of the country and in Khartoum by the same American missionaries in the late 19th century but left under the guidance of Egyptian evangelical pastors of Coptic origin In addition, there are a number of Presbyterian Churches in north Africa, the most known is the Nile Synod in Egypt and a recently founded synod for Sudan 

Asia
Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China (CCC) is a uniting church formed by Presbyterians and Congregationalists, which inherited the Reformed tradition  HKCCCC is also the only mainline Reformed church in Hong Kong 
Cumberland Presbyterian Church Yao Dao Secondary School is a Presbyterian school in Yuen Long, New Territories  The Cumberland Presbyterian Church also have a church on the island of Cheung Chau  There are also Korean Christians resident in Hong Kong who are Presbyterians 

South Korea
Presbyterian Churches are the biggest and by far the most influential Protestant denominations in South Korea, with close to 20,000 churches affiliated with the two largest Presbyterian denominations in the country  In South Korea there are 9 million Presbyterians, forming the majority of the 15 million Korean Protestants  In South Korea there are 100 different Presbyterian denominations Most of the Korean Presbyterian denominations share the same name in Korean, 대한예수교장로회 (literally means the Presbyterian Church of Korea or PCK), tracing its roots to the United Presbyterian Assembly before its long history of disputes and schisms  The Presbyterian schism began with the controversy in relation to the Japanese shrine worship enforced during the Japanese colonial period and the establishment of a minor division (Koryu-pa, 고려파, later The Koshin Presbyterian Church in Korea, Koshin 고신) in 1952  And in 1953 the second schism happened when the theological orientation of the Chosun Seminary (later Hanshin University) founded in 1947 could not be tolerated in the PCK and another minor group (The Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea, Kijang, 기장) was separated  The last major schism had to do with the issue of whether the PCK should join the WCC  The controversy divided the PCK into two denominations, The Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap, 통합) and The General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong, 합동) in 1959  All major seminaries associated with each denomination claim heritage from the Pyung Yang Theological Seminary, therefore, not only Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary and Chongsin University which are related to PCK but also Hanshin University of PROK all celebrated the 100th class in 2007, 100 years from the first graduates of Pyung Yang Theological Seminary Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States  GMS, the missionary body of the "Hapdong" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea 
In addition there are many Korean-American Presbyterians in the United States, either with their own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches as is the case in Australia, New Zealand and even Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia with Korean immigration 
The Korean Presbyterian Church started through the mission of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Australian Presbyterian theological tradition is central to the United States  But after independence, the 'Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa)' advocated a Dutch Reformed position  In the 21st century, a new General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea (Founder  Ha Seung-moo) in 2012 declared itself an authentic historical succession of Scottish Presbyterian John Knox 

Taiwan
The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan, with some 238,372 members as of 2009 (including a majority of the island's aborigines)  English Presbyterian Missionary James Laidlaw Maxwell established the first Presbyterian church in Tainan in 1865  His colleague George Leslie Mackay, of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission, was active in Tamsui and north Taiwan from 1872 to 1901; he founded the island's first university and hospital, and created a written script for Taiwanese Minnan  The English and Canadian missions joined as the PCT in 1912  One of the few churches permitted to operate in Taiwan through the era of Japanese rule (1895–1945), the PCT experienced rapid growth during the era of Kuomintang-imposed martial law (1949–1987), in part due to its support for democracy, human rights, and Taiwan independence  Former ROC president Lee Teng-hui (in office 1988–2000) was a Presbyterian 

India
In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, Presbyterianism is the largest of all Christian denominations  It was brought there by missionaries from Wales in 1897  Prior to Mizoram, Welsh Presbyterians started venturing into the northeast India through the Khasi Hills (now in the state of Meghalaya in India) and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards  Hence, there is a strong presence of Presbyterians in Shillong (the present capital of Meghalaya) and the areas adjoining it  The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra (aka Cherrapunji) in 1846  The Presbyterian church in India was integrated in 1970 into the United Church of Northern India (originally formed in 1924)  It is the largest Presbyterian denomination in India 

Oceania
Australia
In Australia, Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity, with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census  Presbyterian churches were founded in each colony, some with links to the Church of Scotland and others to the Free Church  There were also congregations originating from United Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as a number founded by John Dunmore Lang  Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870, and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies  The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition, and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, originally from Ireland, are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times 
In 1977, two-thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, along with most of the Congregational Union of Australia and all the Methodist Church of Australasia, combined to form the Uniting Church in Australia  The third who did not unite had various reasons for so acting, often cultural attachment but often conservative theological or social views  The permission for the ordination of women given in 1974 was rescinded in 1991 without affecting the two or three existing woman ministers  The approval of women elders given in the 1960s has been rescinded in all states except New South Wales, which has the largest membership  The theology of the church is now generally conservative and Reformed  A number of small Presbyterian denominations have arisen since the 1950s through migration or schism 

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Presbyterian is the dominant denomination in Otago and Southland due largely to the rich Scottish and to a lesser extent Ulster-Scots heritage in the region  The area around Christchurch, Canterbury, is dominated philosophically by the Anglican denomination 
Originally there were two branches of Presbyterianism in New Zealand, the northern Presbyterian church which existed in the North Island and the parts of the South Island north of the Waitaki River, and the Synod of Otago and Southland, founded by Free Church settlers in southern South Island  The two churches merged in 1901, forming what is now the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand 
In addition to the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand, there is also a more conservative Presbyterian church called Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand  Many of its members left the largely liberal PCANZ because they were seeking a more conservative church  It has 17 churches throughout New Zealand 

Vanuatu
The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country, with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church  The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland  The PCV (Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu) is headed by a moderator with offices in Port Vila  The PCV is particularly strong in the provinces of Tafea, Shefa, and Malampa  The Province of Sanma is mainly Presbyterian with a strong Roman Catholic minority in the Francophone areas of the province  There are some Presbyterian people, but no organised Presbyterian churches in Penama and Torba, both of which are traditionally Anglican  Vanuatu is the only country in the South Pacific with a significant Presbyterian heritage and membership  The PCV is a founding member of the Vanuatu Christian Council (VCC)  The PCV runs many primary schools and Onesua secondary school  The church is strong in the rural villages 

See also
Celtic cross
English Presbyterianism
Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
Ghost Ranch
Puritan's Pit
Presbyterian confessions of faith
Religion in Scotland
Category:Presbyterian universities and colleges
Category:Presbyterians

Churches
List of Christian denominations#Presbyterianism
List of Presbyterian churches
St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh (Church of Scotland) – famous among Presbyterians worldwide for John Knox's success in preaching there
Passage 14:
Knox United Church (Saskatoon)
Knox United Church is a designated municipal heritage building at 838 Spadina Crescent East, in the Central Business District, of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada The congregation was established as part of the Saskatoon Presbyterian Field Mission in 1885 after the North-West Rebellion  Meetings were held in homes, the Old Stone Schoolhouse, the Methodist Church and even the railway roundhouse until a wood church holding 160 was constructed near the river Architects Brown and Vallance of Montreal designed the present-day church in the Collegiate Gothic style  Construction started in 1912 and was completed in 1914  The two-storey building is made of dark red brick walls, features stained-glass windows, and has seating 1,200  The acoustic qualities of the church have made it a regular venue for various social and cultural events, including chamber music performances 
The Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at Knox United Church



ground_truth: 1572