prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county in which Miller Electric is headquartered?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Naas River
The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia 

Course
The river rises in the southern ranges of Namadgi National Park, south of Canberra, with flow generated by runoff and melting snow during spring from the Snowy Mountains  The river flows generally north, joined by four minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Gudgenby River, south of Tharwa; descending 266 metres (873 ft) over its 26-kilometre (16 mi) course The watershed boundary of the Naas River defines the southern and south-eastern border of the Australian Capital Territory with New South Wales 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Australian Capital Territory
Australian Alps Walking Track
Passage 2:
Pangi Territory
Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The  headquarters is the town of Pangi 
The Elila River flows through Pangi territory, entering the Lualaba River to the west 
The territory is divided into the Babene chiefdom and the Beia, Ikama, Wakabango and Wasongola sectors 
Most of the territory is inhabited by the Lega people, as are the adjoining Mwenga and Shabunda territories 
As of 1972 there were still a few Pygmies living among the Baziri tribe of Lega people 
Before independence the territory had 97,380 inhabitants of whom 35,518 were in urban and mining agglomerations 
Passage 3:
Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ʁon alp] (listen)) was an administrative region of France  Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes  It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south  The region was named after the river Rhône and the Alps mountain range  Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris  Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region 

Geography
Rhône-Alpes is located in the southeast of France  The neighboring (pre-2016) regions are Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté to the north, Auvergne to the west, Languedoc-Roussillon to the southwest, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the south  The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy  The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border  The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône  The confluence of these two rivers is at Lyon  The western part of the region contains the start of the Massif Central mountain range  The region also borders or contains major lakes such as Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) and Lake Annecy  The Ardèche flows through the southwest portion of the region, where it has carved the deepest gorge in Europe 
As with the rest of France, French is the only official language of the region  Until the mid-20th century, Arpitan was widely spoken in the whole region, while many of the inhabitants of the south spoke varieties of Occitan; both are in steep decline in this region  There are immigrant populations from Armenia, Italy, North Africa, Poland and Portugal, and elsewhere 
Rhône-Alpes is made up of the following departments:

Ain (01)  Capital: Bourg-en-Bresse
Ardèche (07)  Capital: Privas
Drôme (26)  Capital: Valence
Isère (38)  Capital: Grenoble
Loire (42)  Capital: Saint-Étienne
Rhône (69)  Capital: Lyon
Savoie (73)  Capital: Chambéry
Haute-Savoie (74)  Capital: AnnecyAnd, since 2015, Metropolis with territorial collectivity statute:

Metropolis of Lyon (69)  Capital: Lyon

Lakes
There are six main lakes in Rhône-Alpes:

Lac de Paladru
Lac d'Aiguebelette
Lac du Bourget
Lac d'Annecy
Lac de Nantua
Lac Léman

Prefectures
Prefectures listed in descending order of size:

Lyon (Rhône)
Grenoble (Isère)
Saint-Étienne (Loire)
Valence (Drôme)
Chambéry (Savoie)
Annecy (Haute-Savoie)
Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain)
Privas (Ardèche)

History
Although there have been people in Rhône-Alpes since pre-historic times, the earliest recorded settlers of the region were the Gauls (Celts)  Cities such as Lyon were founded by them and the region traded with both northern and southern Europe  Most of the area became part of Roman territory during the invasion of Celtic Gaul led by Julius Caesar and was at various times part of the regions of Lugdunensis and Gallia  Lyon itself became a major city in the Roman Empire 
The region, excepting Savoy, was part of the Merovingian and Carolingian Kingdoms before becoming a royal territory under the Capetians  As it became a royal territory early on in French history, its cultural, political and economic influences and developments paralleled those of greater France  (See History of France )

Transportation
Rhône-Alpes is a major European transit hub, linking northern France and Europe to the Mediterranean area  Millions travel along its motorways in summertime from Paris to holidays at the sea  The E15 Euroroute (Britain to Spain) runs through the region  There are international airports at Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne and many other minor airports and airfields 
The region is also a transport hub for the rail network with the TGV running through Lyon from Paris and the north, to the Mediterranean  A high-speed rail link is planned from Lyon to Turin 

Economy
Rhône-Alpes is a prosperous region which can be seen by its per capita GDP of about €31,231 ($40,000), which is higher than the French average, and an average income of €35,910 ($50,246), its economy second in size only to Île-de-France in France  This can be attributed to the diversity of the production in different sectors  The region is one of the Four Motors for Europe 

Industry, in particular:
Light engineering and high-tech
Mechanical engineering in the area of Annecy
Precision machining in the area of Cluses
Services, in particular:
High-tech industries, nanotechnology, biotechnology especially in Grenoble with 62,300 jobs in these sectors thanks to the presence of the Polygone Scientifique, Inovallée and some large companies as Schneider Electric 
Optic and design in Saint-Étienne
Tourism with the Alps (for skiing), Lyon and Grenoble (for culture) and the Ardèche (adventure sports/camping) particularly popular
Education, with major universities in Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne In the past mining, especially coal mining was an important sector, particularly around Saint-Étienne, although this has declined since the 1970s 
The area of the region that lies close to Switzerland has an economy linked to that of Geneva  This area forms a hinterland for the Geneva hub The Triangle of Lyon, Saint-Étienne and Grenoble contribute a GDP of €145 billion to the region  Add Valence to it, it is almost €150 billion  In addition, Lyon alone has a Gross Metropolitan Product of about €85 billion 
The region has been part of Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion since 10 July 2007 

Major cities
Winter Olympics
Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times; in 1924 at Chamonix, 1968 at Grenoble, and 1992 at Albertville 

Tourism
Situated between Paris and the Côte d’Azur, on the border with both Switzerland and Italy, and offering access to two international airports (Lyon and Geneva), rail connections and a vast motorway network, the Rhône-Alpes region is at "the crossroads of Europe" 
Boasting eight natural parks and peerless sites such as Mont Blanc and the Gorges de l’Ardèche, Rhône-Alpes offers a wide range of different landscapes: mountains, vineyards and gentle valleys, fields of lavender and olive groves 
Every form of sport is readily available, set against a natural backdrop: skiing, hiking, mountain biking or even paragliding and canoeing  Besides hosting three Winter Olympics games due to its being the largest ski area in the world, Rhône-Alpes is the second most important golfing region in France with over 60 courses 

Enthusiasts of art and culture will not be disappointed by the region's Villes d’Art: Lyon, which is classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, Annecy, Grenoble, Chambéry, and Saint-Étienne 
And last but not least, connoisseurs of good food and wine will be spoilt for choice by the range of local specialties available to taste along with a Beaujolais or a Côtes du Rhône, and by the sheer number of famous restaurants (with Paul Bocuse at the top of the list) in the region 

Gastronomy
Lyon is noted as a gastronomic centre of France and specialities served in its traditional bouchons include Lyon sausage, sophisticated salami (known there as "rosette"), tripe and quenelles  In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard  The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin du Haut-Doubs Wines in this region include Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine  Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region 
Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants: the bouchons  Bouchons are usually convivial restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines 
Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie, especially the rosette and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine  Traditional local dishes include saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg), marrons glacés and cardoon au gratin 

See also
List of châteaux in Rhône-Alpes
Transport in Rhône-Alpes
Passage 4:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 5:
Port Blair
Port Blair (pronunciation ) is the capital city of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India in the Bay of Bengal  It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman and is the territory's only notified town 
Port Blair serves as the entry point for visiting the Andaman and Nicobar Islands  Port Blair is connected with mainland India by both air and sea  It is a two to three-hour flight from mainland India to Port Blair's Veer Savarkar International Airport, and three to four days by sea to reach Kolkata, Chennai, or Visakhapatnam from Haddo Wharf in Port Blair  It is home to several museums and a major naval base INS Jarawa of the Indian Navy, along with sea and air bases of the Indian Coast Guard, Andaman and Nicobar Police, Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the Indian Armed Forces and the Indian Air Force Port Blair is also famous for the historic Cellular Jail and other small islands like Corbyn's Cove, Wandoor, Ross Island, Viper Island and so forth, which were once home to British colonists  Port Blair has been selected as one of the cities to be developed as a smart city under the Smart Cities Mission 

History
Pre-history
The indigenous inhabitants are the Andamanese  Radiocarbon dating studies of the kitchen refuse dumps from the mounds excavated by the Anthropological Survey of India at Choladari near Port Blair indicate human occupation for at least 2,000 years, although they are likely to have diverged from the inhabitants of the mainland significantly earlier 

Modern history
In 1789 the Government of Bengal established a penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman, named Port Blair in the honour of Archibald Blair of the East India Company  After two years, the colony moved to the northeast part of Great Andaman and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral William Cornwallis  However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony, and the government ceased operating it in May 1796 
In 1824 Port Cornwallis was the rendezvous of the fleet carrying the army to the First Anglo-Burmese War  In the 1830s and 1840s, shipwrecked crews who landed on the Andamans were often attacked and killed by the natives, alarming the British government  In 1855, the government proposed another settlement on the islands, including a convict establishment, but the Indian Rebellion of 1857 forced a delay in its construction 
However, since the rebellion provided the British with a lot of new prisoners, it made the new Andaman settlement and prison an urgent necessity  Construction began in November 1857 at the renovated Port Blair, avoiding the vicinity of a salt swamp which seemed to have been the source of many of the old colony's problems  The penal colony was originally on Viper Island  The convicts, mostly political prisoners, suffered life imprisonment at hard labour under cruel and degrading conditions  Many were hanged, while others died of disease and starvation  Between 1864 and 1867 a penal establishment was also built with convict labour on the northern side of Ross Island  These structures now lie in ruins As the Indian independence movement continued to grow in the late 19th century, the enormous Cellular Jail was constructed between 1896 and 1906 to house Indian convicts, mostly political prisoners, in solitary confinement  The Cellular Jail is also known as Kala Pani (translated as "Black Waters"), a name given to it due to the torture and general ill-treatment towards its Indian convicts 
The airport at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar's capital, has been named Veer Savarkar International Airport  The commemorative blue plaque on India House fixed by the Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England reads "Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 1883–1966 Indian patriot and philosopher lived here "
In World War II the islands were occupied by the Japanese on 23 March 1942 without opposition from the garrison  From 1943 to 1944, Port Blair served as the headquarters of the Azad Hind government under Subhas Chandra Bose  British forces returned to the islands in October 1945 Although affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Port Blair survived sufficiently to act as a base for relief efforts in the islands 

Climate
Port Blair has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with little variation in average temperature and large amounts of precipitation throughout the year  All months except January, February and March receive substantial rainfall 

Tourism
Port Blair being the capital city of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is the entry point for all tourism related activities  Tourists first have to arrive to Port Blair before progressing on to any other islands in Andaman  At Port Blair, the major tourist places to visit are the Cellular Jail, Corbyns Cove Beach, North Bay Island, Ross Island renamed to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island, Chidiatapu, Wandoor and other museums that are present within city limits  Entry charges are applicable to some of the tourist places 

Demographics
As of 2011 India census, Port Blair had a population of 100,608  Males constitute 52 92% (53,247) of the population and females 47 07% (47,361)  9 3% of the population is under the age of 6 years 

Language
Bengali is the most spoken language of the city, followed by Telegu, Hindi and Tamil 

Religion
The most common religion is Hinduism, followed by Christianity and Islam 

Literacy
Port Blair has an average literacy rate of 89 76%, higher than the national average that is 74 04%  In Port Blair, male literacy is 92 79%, and female literacy is 86 34% 

Administration
The Port Blair Municipal Council, abbreviated as PBMC is the ruling civic body administering the city of Port Blair, the capital and the largest city in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands  The council came into existence on 2 October 1957 after the assent by the President of India to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Municipal Board’s) Regulation, 1957 Act on 11 March 1957  The council comprises a total of 24 wards after the recent delimitation and the expansion of the city limits with the merger of few other villages to the existing 18 wards previously The recent elections for the council were held in 2022  U  Kavitha from ward 24 a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party was elected as the chairperson for the first term which commenced from 16 March 2022  On 14 March 2023, Telugu Desam Party councilor S  Selvi from ward 5 was elected as the chairperson for the second year term of commencing from 16 March 2023 as part of the joint candidature from the BJP-TDP Alliance 

PBMC electoral history
Education
B Ed
Tagore Government College of Education

Degree
Andaman and Nicobar college
Jawaharlal Nehru Government College

Engineering
Dr  B  R  Ambedkar Institute of Technology

Law
Andaman Law College

Medicine
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences

Gallery
See also
Cellular Jail
Charles James Lyall
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Ross Island
Havelock Island
Passage 6:
Notogawa, Shiga
Notogawa (能登川町, Notogawa-chō) was a town located in Kanzaki District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan 
Notogawa Station (Location: N35 179899,E136 165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi  The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west  The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest 

History
On January 1, 2006, Notogawa, along with the town of Gamō (from Gamō District), was merged into the expanded city of Higashiōmi 

Demographics
As of 2005, the town had an estimated population of 23,385 and a density of 751 45 persons per km²  The total area is 31 12 km² 

Sister town
Taber, Alberta, Canada 

External links
 Media related to Notogawa, Shiga at Wikimedia Commons
Passage 7:
Mian Haji Sahib
Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan  It is located at 33° 22' 50N 73° 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet) 
Passage 8:
Bann Na Mohra
Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan  It is located at 33° 27' 50N 73° 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet) 
Passage 9:
Miller Electric
Miller Electric is an American arc welding and cutting equipment manufacturing company based in Appleton, Wisconsin  Miller Electric, has grown from a one-man operation selling products in northeastern Wisconsin to what is today one of the world's largest manufacturers of arc welding and cutting equipment 

Overview
In 1929, Niels Miller designed a small arc welder for "stick welding" that could operate on the electrical supplies in rural Wisconsin that was lighter and less expensive than the DC rotary units previously available  The first machine was built from recycled scrap steel and coil windings in his basement In 1935, Miller Electric Mfg  Co  was incorporated  Al Mulder, Miller's sole engineer, invented the world's first high frequency-stabilized AC industrial welder, making AC welding practical for use in factories and construction Miller Electric developed the Millermatic in 1971, combining the previously separate units of power source and wire feed into one unit, bringing MIG welding within reach of a wider market 
In 1993, following the death of the company's heir, Miller Electric was purchased by Illinois Tool Works (ITW), a multi-national company based near Chicago 
The company regularly exhibits new products at trade fairs including SEMA 

ITW
ITW had much in common with Miller Electric in terms of business philosophy, and in 1992 it was ranked as one of the 100 "Most Admired American Corporations" by Fortune magazine  ITW brought to Miller the resource base and global perspective needed to further strengthen the company's position as a world leader in the welding industry In 2002, it became the first U S  welding equipment manufacturer to comply with the new ISO 9001:2000 standard 

Products list
Miller electric manufactures a lot of products related to arc welding  Some of the important products they manufacture are listed below:

Welders
MIG(GMAW)
TIG(GTAW)
Stick(SMAW)
Engine Driven
Wire Feeders
Welding Intelligence
Welding safety equipment
Helmets
Weld Mask
Caps
Safety Glasses
Gloves
Apparel
Fume Extractors
Respiratory
Passage 10:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 11:
Virginia, Lempira
Virginia (Spanish pronunciation: [biɾˈxinja]) is a municipality in the Honduran department of Lempira 
Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador  Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia 
It is one of the smallest municipalities of the Lempira department  It is 15 km or 30 minutes away from Mapulaca if accessed through Gracias 

History
It was founded back in 1830  In the national division of 1889 it was one municipality of Candelaria 

Geography
It is situated in a semi flat place and surrounded by many hills   The predominant vegetation corresponds to the sub tropical dry forest  In the municipality capital there are some inclined streets 

Boundaries
Its boundaries are: 

North : Candelaria municipality 
South : El Salvador 
East  : Piraera municipality 
West  : Mapulaca municipality 
Surface Extents: 36 km2

Resources
Since it is on the border with El Salvador, it is much easier for people to go there to establish commercial activities  Also there are more and better jobs on the other side of the border, with the advantage of receiving their wages in US dollars  It is not an ideal location for coffee plantations, therefore corn and beans crops became important (even though they are for local consumption); followed by cattle raising  Like the rest of the department, it has electricity and mobile communication services 

Population
Population: The amount of inhabitants was 2,734 and according to INE Honduras estimates, there will be 2,574 in 2015 
Villages: 5
Settlements: 35

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Virginia municipality had a population of 2,548  Of these, 97 06% were Mestizo, 2 90% Indigenous (2 86% Lenca) and 0 04% Black or Afro-Honduran 

Tourism
As for the remaining 15 km, although this dirt road is not in the best condition, it is still an easy drive  A half-hour visit will be enough to see all there is to see in the municipality capital  For those who are interested in rural and quiet towns, this is a good place to visit  Surprisingly, the mobile phone signal from El Salvador is stronger than the Honduran signal  Since it is near the Lempa River, the local pastime is going there to bathe  The local holidays and festivals attract many visitors 

Local Holidays: "Santa Lucia" day on December 13 
Passage 12:
Darial, Pakistan
Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan  It is located at 33° 23' 35N 73° 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet) 
Passage 13:
Alamnagar
Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar  The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58 km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura  The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir  Almost alls caste of Hindus and Muslims live together  Khara Budhama is also attached in Alamnagar vidhan shabha from udakishunganj  Khara is located 12 km from Alamnagar 

Geography
Alamnagar is located at 25°32′56″N 86°54′40″E

Panchayats
Panchayats in Alamnagar community development block are: Bispatti, Basanbara, [Khurhan, Bargaon, Singhar, Itahari, Alamnagar North, Alamnagar South, Alamnagar East, Northua Bhagipur, Kujauri, Gangapur, Kishanpur Ratwara and Khapur 

Demographics
In the 2001 census Alamnagar Block had a population of 129,226 
Passage 14:
Swan Miara
Swan Miara (ساون میرا) is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan  It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District Formerly it was a part of the Princely State of Amb 
Passage 15:
Thirukkanur
Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India  It is one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk  It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west 
Thirukkanur has a primary health center, police station, post office, electricity office and registrar office   The area is mainly oriented to agriculture  Thirukkanur market is the only bazaar catering to the needs of about 20 nearby villages   There is no major industry within the purview area of the Thirukkanar Police Station 


== Notes ==
Passage 16:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 17:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 
Passage 18:
Baranya County
Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya vármegye, pronounced [ˈbɒrɒɲɒ ˈvaːrmɛɟɛ]; German: Branau; Croatian: Baranjska županija) is a county (vármegye) in southern Hungary  It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century  Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II  It is bordered by Somogy County to the northwest, Tolna County to the north, Bács-Kiskun County and the Danube to the east, and the border with Croatia (part of which is formed by the Drava River) to the south 
As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 386,441 residents  Of the 19 counties of Hungary (excluding Budapest), it is ranked 10th by both geographic area and population  Its county seat and largest city is Pécs 

Etymology
In German, it is known as Komitat Branau, and in Croatian as Baranjska županija (Baranja) 
The county was probably named after its first comes 'Brana' or 'Braina' 

Geography
This county has a total area of 4,430 km2 (1,710 sq mi) – 4 76% of Hungary, it is divided in Upper Baranya and Lower Baranya 
The northern part of the county is a mountain area with large forests, the Mecsek Mountains  The central areas are shared between the Baranya Hills and Villány Mountains  The very eastern and southern parts are flat 
The highest point in the county is Zengő in the Mecsek Mountains, at 682 metres  This is also the highest point of the mountain range 
Baranya is rich in mineral and thermal water, and also in other resources  98% of Hungary's coal resources are found here 

Neighbours
Tolna County in the North 
Bács-Kiskun County in the East  (across the Danube river)
Croatia in the south (across the Drava river) – Osijek-Baranja County and Virovitica-Podravina County
Somogy County in the Northwest 

Climate
The climate of Baranya is a mix of continental and temperate, which makes it unique in Hungary, as the rest of the country is primarily continental  Its milder climate is due to its southern location and relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea in comparison to other parts of the country, leaving it with warmer winters  It has the highest average annual rainfall of the Hungarian counties and a high amount of sunshine hours 

History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times  Before the Hungarian tribes conquered the area, it was inhabited by Slavs and Avars  Stephen I founded an episcopal seat here 
In 1526, the county was occupied by Ottomans and was freed in 1689  Its medieval borders remained unchanged until 1919  According to the peace treaty of Trianon, the southern part of the county (1,163 km2, 449 sq mi) reverted to Slavic rule (present-day Croatia)  The re-organizing of the counties (1950) brought only minor changes (town of Szigetvár got there) 
Baranya has the largest number of minorities in Hungary (more than twice the country average), providing home to 34% of the German minority the so-called Danube Swabians, and 32% of the Southern Slav minorities in Hungary 
The Stifolder or Stiffoller Shvove are a Roman Catholic subgroup of the so-called Danube Swabians  Their ancestors once came ca  1717 - 1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings, (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in the Baranya  They retained their own German dialect and culture, until the end of WW2  After WW2, the majority of Danube Swabians were expelled to allied-occupied Germany and allied-occupied Austria as a result of the Potsdam Agreement Only a few people can speak the old Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect  Also a salami is named after these people  Electoral History

Demographics
In 2015, it had a population of 371,110 and the population density was 84/km2 

2011 census
As of the census of 2011, there were 386,441 residents, 160,040 households, and 105,646 families living in the county  The population density was 226 inhabitants per square mile (87/km2)  There were 167,453 housing units at an average density of 98 per square mile (38/km2) 
There were 160,040 households, of which 63 2% were one-family households, 1 4% were multi-family households, 32 1% were one-person households, and 3 4% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 15 9% of all households  The average household size was 2 34 
There were 105,646 families, of which 44 1% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 36 4% were couples without children, 16 7% were single females with children, and 2 8% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 82 
The age breakdown of the county was 20 1% under the age of 20, 7 0% between ages 20 and 24, 27 4% aged 25 to 44, 28 3% aged 45 to 64, and 17 2% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 2% male and 52 8% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 46 8% Roman Catholic, 6 4% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 2% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 3% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 1 5% other religions  The non-religious were 16 2% and atheists were 1 5%, with 26 0% declining to answer 

2001 census
As of the census of 2001, there were 407,448 residents, 151,956 households, and 115,946 families living in the county  The population density was 238 inhabitants per square mile (92/km2)  There were 156,632 housing units at an average density of 92 per square mile (35/km2) 
There were 151,956 households, of which 68 5% were one-family households, 3 8% were multi-family households, 24 9% were one-person households, and 2 7% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 13 1% of all households  The average household size was 2 60 
There were 115,946 families, of which 48 7% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 35 4% were couples without children, 13 7% were single females with children, and 2 1% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 87 
The age breakdown of the county was 23 0% under the age of 20, 8 1% between ages 20 and 24, 28 0% aged 25 to 44, 26 0% aged 45 to 64, and 14 9% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 5% male and 52 5% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 64 2% Roman Catholic, 8 7% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 5% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 5% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 0 8% other religions  The non-religious were 13 4%, with 10 8% declining to answer 

Ethnicity
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Germans (approx  22,000), Roma (17,000), Croats (6,000), and Serbs (500) 
Total population (2011 census): 386,441
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 364,801 persons:

Hungarians: 315,713 (86 54%)
Germans: 22,150 (6 07%)
Romani: 16,995 (4 66%)
Croats: 6,343 (1 74%)
Others and indefinable: 3,600 (0 99%)Approx  58,000 persons in Baranya County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census 

Regional structure
Politics
County Assembly
The Baranya County Council, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 counselors, with the following party composition:

President of the Assembly
Members of the National Assembly
The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election:

Municipalities
Baranya County has 1 urban county, 13 towns, 3 large villages and 284 villages  There are 301 municipalities 

Like Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Baranya is a county of extremes when it comes to regional structure  The county seat is one of the five largest cities (and three largest agglomerations) of Hungary, but more than 2/3 of the municipalities are small hamlets with a population under 500  Half of the county's population lives in the county seat or in its immediate vicinity, while 22% of the population lives in villages that have less than 1000 inhabitants 

Cities with county rights(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)

Pécs (156,049) – county seatTowns
Villages
 municipalities are large villages 

Gallery
Notes
Passage 19:
Majura Training Area
The Majura Training Area (MTA) is a facility belonging to the Australian Department of Defence located to the east of Mount Majura in the Majura district in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia  The MTA is used primarily by the Australian Army for the conduct of field exercises and weapon qualification shoots   The MTA is located near to the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy and is frequently used by these training establishments  Accommodation and support on the range is through 'Camp Blake', which consists of headquarters buildings, Q-Store, Mess, Staff accommodation and amenities and trainee accommodation and amenities 
The MTA contains a number of shooting ranges including the 600m Marksmanship Training Range (MTR), 25m Pistol range, Grenade range and multiple other ranges  Artillery ranges are also situated on the site and are designated as danger areas due to the risk of unexploded ordnance 
Passage 20:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Context 2: Passage 1:
Neodymium
Neodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60  It is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals  It is a hard, slightly malleable, silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture  When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly producing pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states  It is generally regarded as having one of the most complex spectra of the elements  Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach, who also discovered praseodymium  It is present in significant quantities in the minerals monazite and bastnäsite  Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use  Neodymium is fairly common—about as common as cobalt, nickel, or copper—and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust  Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China, as is the case with many other rare-earth metals 
Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927 and remain a popular additive  The color of neodymium compounds comes from the Nd3+ ion and is often a reddish-purple  However, this changes with the type of lighting because of the interaction of the sharp light absorption bands of neodymium with ambient light enriched with the sharp visible emission bands of mercury, trivalent europium or terbium  Neodymium-doped glasses are used in lasers that emit infrared with wavelengths between 1047 and 1062 nanometers  These lasers have been used in extremely high-power applications, such as experiments in inertial confinement fusion  Neodymium is also used with various other substrate crystals, such as yttrium aluminium garnet in the Nd:YAG laser 
Neodymium alloys are used to make high-strength neodymium magnets—a type of powerful permanent magnet  These magnets are widely used in products like microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high-performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required  Larger neodymium magnets are used in electric motors with a high power-to-weight ratio (e g , in hybrid cars) and generators (e g , aircraft and wind turbine electric generators) 

Characteristics
Physical properties
Metallic neodymium has a bright, silvery metallic luster  Neodymium commonly exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at about 863 °C  Neodymium, like most of the lanthanides, is paramagnetic at room temperature and becomes an antiferromagnet upon cooling to 20 K (−253 2 °C)  Neodymium is a rare-earth metal that was present in the classical mischmetal at a concentration of about 18%  To make neodymium magnets it is alloyed with iron, which is a ferromagnet 

Electron configuration
In the periodic table, it appears between the lanthanides praseodymium to its left and the radioactive element promethium to its right, and above the actinide uranium  Its 60 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Xe]4f46s2, of which the six 4f and 6s electrons are valence  Like most other metals in the lanthanide series, neodymium usually only uses three electrons as valence electrons, as afterwards the remaining 4f electrons are strongly bound: this is because the 4f orbitals penetrate the most through the inert xenon core of electrons to the nucleus, followed by 5d and 6s, and this increases with higher ionic charge  Neodymium can still lose a fourth electron because it comes early in the lanthanides, where the nuclear charge is still low enough and the 4f subshell energy high enough to allow the removal of further valence electrons 

Chemical properties
Neodymium is the fourth member of the lanthanide series  It has a melting point of 1,024 °C (1,875 °F) and a boiling point of 3,074 °C (5,565 °F)  Neodymium, like other lanthanides, usually has the oxidation state +3, but it can also form in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, and even, in very rare conditions, +0  Neodymium metal quickly oxidizes at ambient conditions, forming an oxide layer like iron rust that spalls off and exposes the metal to further oxidation; a centimeter-sized sample of neodymium corrodes completely in about a year  Nd3+ is generally soluble in water  Like its neighbor praseodymium, it readily burns at about 150 °C to form neodymium(III) oxide; the oxide peels off, exposing the bulk metal to the further oxidation:
4Nd + 3O2 → 2Nd2O3Neodymium is a quite electropositive element, and it reacts slowly with cold water, or quickly with hot water, to form neodymium(III) hydroxide:

2Nd (s) + 6H2O (l) → 2Nd(OH)3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)Neodymium metal reacts vigorously with all the stable halogens:
2Nd (s) + 3F2 (g) → 2NdF3 (s) [a violet substance]
2Nd (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2NdCl3 (s) [a mauve substance]
2Nd (s) + 3Br2 (g) → 2NdBr3 (s) [a violet substance]
2Nd (s) + 3I2 (g) → 2NdI3 (s) [a green substance]Neodymium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions that contain the lilac Nd(III) ion  These exist as a [Nd(OH2)9]3+ complexes:
2Nd (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) → 2Nd3+ (aq) + 3SO2−4 (aq) + 3H2 (g)

Compounds
Some of the most important neodymium compounds include:

halides: NdF3; NdCl2; NdCl3; NdBr3; NdI2; NdI3
oxides: Nd2O3
hydroxide: Nd(OH)3
carbonate: Nd2(CO3)3
sulfate: Nd2(SO4)3
acetate: Nd(CH3COO)3
neodymium magnets (Nd2Fe14B)Some neodymium compounds have colors that vary based on the type of lighting 

Organoneodymium compounds
Organoneodymium compounds are compounds that have a neodymium–carbon bond  These compounds are similar to those of the other lanthanides, characterized by an inability to undergo π backbonding  They are thus mostly restricted to the mostly ionic cyclopentadienides (isostructural with those of lanthanum) and the σ-bonded simple alkyls and aryls, some of which may be polymeric 

Isotopes
Naturally occurring neodymium (60Nd) is composed of five stable isotopes—142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27 2% of the natural abundance)—and two radioisotopes with extremely long half-lives, 144Nd (alpha decay with a half-life (t1/2) of 2 29×1015 years) and 150Nd (double beta decay, t1/2 ≈ 7×1018 years)  In all, 33 radioisotopes of neodymium have been detected as of 2022, with the most stable radioisotopes being the naturally occurring ones: 144Nd and 150Nd  All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are shorter than twelve days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are shorter than 70 seconds; the most stable artificial isotope is 147Nd with a half-life of 10 98 days 
Neodymium also has 13 known metastable isotopes, with the most stable one being 139mNd (t1/2 = 5 5 hours), 135mNd (t1/2 = 5 5 minutes) and 133m1Nd (t1/2 ~70 seconds)  The primary decay modes before the most abundant stable isotope, 142Nd, are electron capture and positron decay, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay  The primary decay products before 142Nd are element Pr (praseodymium) isotopes and the primary products after are element Pm (promethium) isotopes  Four of the five stable isotopes have been predicted to decay to isotopes of cerium or samarium and are only observationally stable  Additionally, some observationally stable isotopes of samarium are predicted to decay to isotopes of neodymium Neodymium isotopes are used in various scientific applications  142Nd has been used for the production of short-lived Tm and Yb isotopes  146Nd has been suggested for the production of 147Pm, which is a source of radioactive power  Several neodymium isotopes have been used for the production of other promethium isotopes  The decay from 147Sm (t1/2 = 1 06×1011 y) to the stable 143Nd allows samarium–neodymium dating  150Nd has also been used to study double beta decay 

History
In 1751, the Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered a heavy mineral from the mine at Bastnäs, later named cerite  Thirty years later, fifteen-year-old Wilhelm Hisinger, a member of the family owning the mine, sent a sample to Carl Scheele, who did not find any new elements within  In 1803, after Hisinger had become an ironmaster, he returned to the mineral with Jöns Jacob Berzelius and isolated a new oxide, which they named ceria after the dwarf planet Ceres, which had been discovered two years earlier  Ceria was simultaneously and independently isolated in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth  Between 1839 and 1843, ceria was shown to be a mixture of oxides by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who lived in the same house as Berzelius; he separated out two other oxides, which he named lanthana and didymia  He partially decomposed a sample of cerium nitrate by roasting it in air and then treating the resulting oxide with dilute nitric acid  The metals that formed these oxides were thus named lanthanum and didymium, officially discovered in Vienna in 1885 by Carl Gustaf Mosander  Von Welsbach confirmed the separation by spectroscopic analysis, but the products were of relatively low purity  Didymium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1841, and pure neodymium was isolated from it in 1925  The name neodymium is derived from the Greek words neos (νέος), new, and didymos (διδύμος), twin Double nitrate crystallization was the means of commercial neodymium purification until the 1950s  Lindsay Chemical Division was the first to commercialize large-scale ion-exchange purification of neodymium  Starting in the 1950s, high purity (>99%) neodymium was primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite, a mineral rich in rare-earth elements  The metal is obtained through electrolysis of its halide salts  Currently, most neodymium is extracted from bastnäsite and purified by solvent extraction  Ion-exchange purification is used for the highest purities (typically >99 99%)  The evolving technology, and improved purity of commercially available neodymium oxide, was reflected in the appearance of neodymium glasses in collections today  Early neodymium glasses made in the 1930s have a more reddish or orange tinge than modern versions, which are more cleanly purple, because of the difficulties in removing traces of praseodymium using early technology, namely fractional crystallization Because of its role in permanent magnets used for direct-drive wind turbines, it has been argued that neodymium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy  This perspective has been criticised for failing to recognise that most wind turbines do not use permanent magnets, and for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production 

Occurrence and production
Occurrence
Neodymium is rarely found in nature as a free element, instead occurring as ores, such as monazite and bastnäsite (these are mineral group names rather than single mineral names) that contain small amounts of all rare-earth metals  In these minerals neodymium is rarely dominant; some exceptions include monazite-(Nd) and kozoite-(Nd)  The main mining areas are in China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia  World reserves of neodymium are estimated at eight million tonnes The Nd3+ ion is similar in size to the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those from lanthanum up to samarium and europium) that immediately follow in the periodic table, and hence it tends to occur along with them in phosphate, silicate and carbonate minerals, such as monazite (MIIIPO4) and bastnäsite (MIIICO3F), where M refers to all the rare-earth metals except scandium and the radioactive promethium (mostly Ce, La, and Y, with somewhat less Pr and Nd)  Bastnäsite is usually lacking in thorium and the heavy lanthanides, and the purification of the light lanthanides from it is less involved  The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, evolving carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon tetrafluoride  The product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution 

In space
Neodymium's per-particle abundance in the Solar System is 0 083 ppb (parts per billion)  This figure is about two thirds of that of platinum, but two and a half times more than mercury, and nearly five times more than gold  The lanthanides are not usually found in space, and are much more abundant in the Earth's crust 

In the Earth's crust
Neodymium is classified as a lithophile under the Goldschmidt classification, meaning that it is generally found combined with oxygen  Although it belongs to the rare-earth metals, neodymium is not rare at all  Its abundance in the Earth's crust is about 38 mg/kg, making it the 27th most common element  It is similar in abundance to lanthanum  Cerium is the most common rare-earth metal, followed by neodymium, and then lanthanum 

Production
The world's production of neodymium was about 7,000 tons in 2004  The bulk of current production is from China  Historically, the Chinese government imposed strategic material controls on the element, causing large fluctuations in prices  The uncertainty of pricing and availability have caused companies (particularly Japanese ones) to create permanent magnets and associated electric motors with fewer rare-earth metals; however, so far they have been unable to eliminate the need for neodymium  According to the US Geological Survey, Greenland holds the largest reserves of undeveloped rare-earth deposits, particularly neodymium  Mining interests clash with native populations at those sites, due to the release of radioactive substances during the mining process 

Neodymium is typically 10–18% of the rare-earth content of commercial deposits of the light rare-earth-element minerals bastnäsite and monazite  With neodymium compounds being the most strongly colored for the trivalent lanthanides, it can occasionally dominate the coloration of rare-earth minerals when competing chromophores are absent  It usually gives a pink coloration  Outstanding examples of this include monazite crystals from the tin deposits in Llallagua, Bolivia; ancylite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada; or lanthanite from the Saucon Valley, Pennsylvania, United States  As with neodymium glasses, such minerals change their colors under the differing lighting conditions  The absorption bands of neodymium interact with the visible emission spectrum of mercury vapor, with the unfiltered shortwave UV light causing neodymium-containing minerals to reflect a distinctive green color  This can be observed with monazite-containing sands or bastnäsite-containing ore The demand for mineral resources, such as rare-earth elements (including neodymium) and other critical materials, has been rapidly increasing owing to the growing human population and industrial development  Recently, the requirement for a low-carbon society has led to a significant demand for energy-saving technologies such as batteries, high-efficiency motors, renewable energy sources, and fuel cells  Among these technologies, permanent magnets are often used to fabricate high-efficiency motors, with neodymium-iron-boron magnets (Nd2Fe14B sintered and bonded magnets; hereinafter referred to as NdFeB magnets) being the main type of permanent magnet in the market since their invention  NdFeB magnets are used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), electric vehicles (EVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) (hereinafter referred to as xEVs), wind turbines, home appliances, computers, and many small consumer electronic devices  Furthermore, they are indispensable for energy savings  Toward achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement, the demand for NdFeB magnets is expected to increase significantly in the future 

Applications
Neodymium has an unusually large specific heat capacity at liquid-helium temperatures, so is useful in cryocoolers 
Neodymium acetate can be a substitute for the radioactive and toxic uranyl acetate (used as a standard contrasting agent in electron microscopy) 
Probably because of similarities to Ca2+, Nd3+ has been reported to promote plant growth  Rare-earth element compounds are frequently used in China as fertilizer 
Samarium–neodymium dating is useful for determining the age relationships of rocks  and meteorites
Neodymium isotopes recorded in marine sediments are used to reconstruct changes in past ocean circulation 

Magnets
Neodymium magnets (an alloy, Nd2Fe14B) are the strongest permanent magnets known  A neodymium magnet of a few tens of grams can lift a thousand times its own weight, and can snap together with enough force to break bones  These magnets are cheaper, lighter, and stronger than samarium–cobalt magnets  However, they are not superior in every aspect, as neodymium-based magnets lose their magnetism at lower temperatures and tend to corrode, while samarium–cobalt magnets do not Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, headphones, guitar and bass guitar pick-ups, and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required  Neodymium is used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric automobiles and in the electricity generators of some designs of commercial wind turbines (only wind turbines with "permanent magnet" generators use neodymium)  For example, drive electric motors of each Toyota Prius require one kilogram (2 2 pounds) of neodymium per vehicle In 2020, physics researchers at Radboud University and Uppsala University announced they had observed a behavior known as "self-induced spin glass" in the atomic structure of neodymium  One of the researchers explained, "…we are specialists in scanning tunneling microscopy  It allows us to see the structure of individual atoms, and we can resolve the north and south poles of the atoms  With this advancement in high-precision imaging, we were able to discover the behavior in neodymium, because we could resolve the incredibly small changes in the magnetic structure "  Neodymium behaves in a complex magnetic way that had not been seen before in a periodic table element 

Glass
Neodymium glass (Nd:glass) is produced by the inclusion of neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) in the glass melt  Usually in daylight or incandescent light neodymium glass appears lavender, but it appears pale blue under fluorescent lighting  Neodymium may be used to color glass in delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray The first commercial use of purified neodymium was in glass coloration, starting with experiments by Leo Moser in November 1927  The resulting "Alexandrite" glass remains a signature color of the Moser glassworks to this day  Neodymium glass was widely emulated in the early 1930s by American glasshouses, most notably Heisey, Fostoria ("wisteria"), Cambridge ("heatherbloom"), and Steuben ("wisteria"), and elsewhere (e g  Lalique, in France, or Murano)  Tiffin's "twilight" remained in production from about 1950 to 1980  Current sources include glassmakers in the Czech Republic, the United States, and China The sharp absorption bands of neodymium cause the glass color to change under different lighting conditions, being reddish-purple under daylight or yellow incandescent light, but blue under white fluorescent lighting, or greenish under trichromatic lighting  This color-change phenomenon is highly prized by collectors  In combination with gold or selenium, red colors are produced  Since neodymium coloration depends upon "forbidden" f-f transitions deep within the atom, there is relatively little influence on the color from the chemical environment, so the color is impervious to the thermal history of the glass  However, for the best color, iron-containing impurities need to be minimized in the silica used to make the glass  The same forbidden nature of the f-f transitions makes rare-earth colorants less intense than those provided by most d-transition elements, so more has to be used in a glass to achieve the desired color intensity  The original Moser recipe used about 5% of neodymium oxide in the glass melt, a sufficient quantity such that Moser referred to these as being "rare-earth doped" glasses  Being a strong base, that level of neodymium would have affected the melting properties of the glass, and the lime content of the glass might have had to be adjusted accordingly Light transmitted through neodymium glasses shows unusually sharp absorption bands; the glass is used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated  Another application is the creation of selective astronomical filters to reduce the effect of light pollution from sodium and fluorescent lighting while passing other colours, especially dark red hydrogen-alpha emission from nebulae  Neodymium is also used to remove the green color caused by iron contaminants from glass 

Neodymium is a component of "didymium" (referring to mixture of salts of neodymium and praseodymium) used for coloring glass to make welder's and glass-blower's goggles; the sharp absorption bands obliterate the strong sodium emission at 589 nm  The similar absorption of the yellow mercury emission line at 578 nm is the principal cause of the blue color observed for neodymium glass under traditional white-fluorescent lighting  Neodymium and didymium glass are used in color-enhancing filters in indoor photography, particularly in filtering out the yellow hues from incandescent lighting  Similarly, neodymium glass is becoming widely used more directly in incandescent light bulbs  These lamps contain neodymium in the glass to filter out yellow light, resulting in a whiter light which is more like sunlight  During World War I, didymium mirrors were reportedly used to transmit Morse Code across battlefields  Similar to its use in glasses, neodymium salts are used as a colorant for enamels 

Lasers
Certain transparent materials with a small concentration of neodymium ions can be used in lasers as gain media for infrared wavelengths (1054–1064 nm), e g  Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YAP (yttrium aluminium perovskite), Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd:YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate), and Nd:glass  Neodymium-doped crystals (typically Nd:YVO4) generate high-powered infrared laser beams which are converted to green laser light in commercial DPSS hand-held lasers and laser pointers 

Trivalent neodymium ion Nd3+ was the first lanthanide from rare-earth elements used for the generation of laser radiation  The Nd:CaWO4 laser was developed in 1961  Historically, it was the third laser which was put into operation (the first was ruby, the second the U3+:CaF laser)  Over the years the neodymium laser became one of the most used lasers for application purposes  The success of the Nd3+ ion lies in the structure of its energy levels and in the spectroscopic properties suitable for the generation of laser radiation  In 1964 Geusic et al  demonstrated the operation of neodymium ion in YAG matrix Y3Al5O12  It is a four-level laser with lower threshold and with excellent mechanical and temperature properties  For optical pumping of this material it is possible to use non-coherent flashlamp radiation or a coherent diode beam 

The current laser at the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), the HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodying Neodymium) 1-terawatt neodymium-glass laser, can access the midpoints of pressure and temperature regions and is used to acquire data for modeling on how density, temperature, and pressure interact inside warheads  HELEN can create plasmas of around 106 K, from which opacity and transmission of radiation are measured Neodymium glass solid-state lasers are used in extremely high power (terawatt scale), high energy (megajoules) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion  Nd:glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to the third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices 

Substitute for uranyl acetate
Uranyl acetate has been the standard contrasting agent in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for decades  However, its use is increasingly hampered by regulations by governments due to its radioactive properties as well as its high toxicity  Therefore, alternatives are being searched for, including lanthanide acetates or platinum blue  as well as the use of less defined substances such as oolong tea extract  Despite these published alternatives, uranyl acetate (UAc) is still the standard for EM contrasting In the periodic table the vertical ordering of elements in groups is based on the presence of the same number of electrons in their outermost shell, which determines their chemical and physical properties  Because neodymium (Nd) is right above uranium (U) the chemical properties of UAc and NdAc would be very similar in binding to tissue in ultrathin sections thus leading to a similar amount of contrast 

Biological role and precautions
The early lanthanides have been found to be essential to some methanotrophic bacteria living in volcanic mudpots, such as Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium are about equally effective  Neodymium is otherwise not known to have a biological role in any other organisms Neodymium metal dust is combustible and therefore an explosion hazard  Neodymium compounds, as with all rare-earth metals, are of low to moderate toxicity; however, its toxicity has not been thoroughly investigated  Neodymium salts are regarded as more toxic if they are soluble than if they are insoluble if they are ingested  Neodymium dust and salts are very irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes, and moderately irritating to skin  Breathing the dust can cause lung embolisms, and accumulated exposure damages the liver  Neodymium also acts as an anticoagulant, especially when given intravenously Neodymium magnets have been tested for medical uses such as magnetic braces and bone repair, but biocompatibility issues have prevented widespread application  Commercially available magnets made from neodymium are exceptionally strong and can attract each other from large distances  If not handled carefully, they come together very quickly and forcefully, causing injuries  For example, there is at least one documented case of a person losing a fingertip when two magnets he was using snapped together from 50 cm away Another risk of these powerful magnets is that if more than one magnet is ingested, they can pinch soft tissues in the gastrointestinal tract  This has led to an estimated 1,700 emergency room visits and necessitated the recall of the Buckyballs line of toys, which were construction sets of small neodymium magnets 

See also
Neodymium compounds
Category:Neodymium compounds
Lanthanides
Period 6 elements
Rare earth metals

Notes
Passage 2:
James Chadwick
Sir James Chadwick,  (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was a British physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932  In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report, which inspired the U S  government to begin serious atom bomb research efforts  He was the head of the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II  He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in physics 
Chadwick graduated from the Victoria University of Manchester in 1911, where he studied under Ernest Rutherford (known as the "father of nuclear physics")  At Manchester, he continued to study under Rutherford until he was awarded his MSc in 1913  The same year, Chadwick was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851  He elected to study beta radiation under Hans Geiger in Berlin  Using Geiger's recently developed Geiger counter, Chadwick was able to demonstrate that beta radiation produced a continuous spectrum, and not discrete lines as had been thought  Still in Germany when World War I broke out in Europe, he spent the next four years in the Ruhleben internment camp 
After the war, Chadwick followed Rutherford to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, where Chadwick earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree under Rutherford's supervision from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in June 1921  He was Rutherford's assistant director of research at the Cavendish Laboratory for over a decade at a time when it was one of the world's foremost centres for the study of physics, attracting students like John Cockcroft, Norman Feather, and Mark Oliphant  Chadwick followed his discovery of the neutron by measuring its mass  He anticipated that neutrons would become a major weapon in the fight against cancer  Chadwick left the Cavendish Laboratory in 1935 to become a professor of physics at the University of Liverpool, where he overhauled an antiquated laboratory and, by installing a cyclotron, made it an important centre for the study of nuclear physics 
During the Second World War, Chadwick carried out research as part of the Tube Alloys project to build an atom bomb, while his Manchester lab and environs were harassed by Luftwaffe bombing  When the Quebec Agreement merged his project with the American Manhattan Project, he became part of the British Mission, and worked at the Los Alamos Laboratory and in Washington, D C  He surprised everyone by earning the almost-complete trust of project director Leslie R  Groves, Jr  For his efforts, Chadwick received a knighthood in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1945  In July 1945, he viewed the Trinity nuclear test  After this, he served as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission  Uncomfortable with the trend toward Big Science, he became the Master of Gonville and Caius College in 1948  He retired in 1959 

Education and early life
James Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire, on 20 October 1891, the first child of John Joseph Chadwick, a cotton spinner, and Anne Mary Knowles, a domestic servant  He was named James after his paternal grandfather  In 1895, his parents moved to Manchester, leaving him in the care of his maternal grandparents  He went to Bollington Cross Primary School, and was offered a scholarship to Manchester Grammar School, which his family had to turn down as they could not afford the small fees that still had to be paid  Instead he attended the Central Grammar School for Boys in Manchester, rejoining his parents there  He now had two younger brothers, Harry and Hubert; a sister had died in infancy  At the age of 16, he sat two examinations for university scholarships, and won both of them Chadwick chose to attend Victoria University of Manchester, which he entered in 1908  He meant to study mathematics, but enrolled in physics by mistake  Like most students, he lived at home, walking the 4 miles (6 4 km) to the university and back each day  At the end of his first year, he was awarded a Heginbottom Scholarship to study physics  The physics department was headed by Ernest Rutherford, who assigned research projects to final-year students, and he instructed Chadwick to devise a means of comparing the amount of radioactive energy of two different sources  The idea was that they could be measured in terms of the activity of 1 gram (0 035 oz) of radium, a unit of measurement which would become known as the curie  Rutherford's suggested approach was unworkable—something Chadwick knew but was afraid to tell Rutherford—so Chadwick pressed on, and eventually devised the required method  The results became Chadwick's first paper, which, co-authored with Rutherford, was published in 1912  He graduated with first class honours in 1911 Having devised a means of measuring gamma radiation, Chadwick proceeded to measure the absorption of gamma rays by various gases and liquids  This time the resulting paper was published under his name alone  He was awarded his Master of Science (MSc) degree in 1912, and was appointed a Beyer Fellow  The following year he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, which allowed him to study and research at a university in continental Europe  He elected to go to the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin in 1913, to study beta radiation under Hans Geiger  Using Geiger's recently developed Geiger counter, which provided more accuracy than the earlier photographic techniques, he was able to demonstrate that beta radiation did not produce discrete lines, as has been previously thought, but rather a continuous spectrum with peaks in certain regions  On a visit to Geiger's laboratory, Albert Einstein told Chadwick that: "I can explain either of these things, but I can't explain them both at the same time " The continuous spectrum would remain an unexplained phenomenon for many years Chadwick was still in Germany at the start of the First World War, and was interned in the Ruhleben internment camp near Berlin, where he was allowed to set up a laboratory in the stables and conduct scientific experiments using improvised materials such as radioactive toothpaste  With the help of Charles Drummond Ellis, he worked on the ionisation of phosphorus, and the photochemical reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine  He was released after the Armistice with Germany came into effect in November 1918, and returned to his parents' home in Manchester, where he wrote up his findings over the previous four years for the 1851 Exhibition commissioners Rutherford gave Chadwick a part-time teaching position at Manchester, allowing him to continue research  He looked at the nuclear charge of platinum, silver, and copper, and experimentally found that this was the same as the atomic number within an error of less than 1 5 per cent  In April 1919, Rutherford became director of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, and Chadwick joined him there a few months later  Chadwick was awarded a Clerk-Maxwell studentship in 1920, and enrolled as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) student at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge  The first half of his thesis was his work with atomic numbers  In the second, he looked at the forces inside the nucleus  His degree was awarded in June 1921  In November, he became a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College 

Researcher
Cambridge
Chadwick's Clerk-Maxwell studentship expired in 1923, and he was succeeded by the Russian physicist Pyotr Kapitza  The Chairman of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Sir William McCormick arranged for Chadwick to become Rutherford's assistant director of research  In this role, Chadwick helped Rutherford select PhD students  Over the next few years these would include John Cockcroft, Norman Feather and Mark Oliphant, who would become firm friends with Chadwick  As many students had no idea what they wanted to research, Rutherford and Chadwick would suggest topics  Chadwick edited all the papers produced by the laboratory 

In 1925, Chadwick met Aileen Stewart-Brown, the daughter of a Liverpool stockbroker  The two were married in August 1925, with Kapitza as Best Man  The couple had twin daughters, Joanna and Judith, who were born in February 1927 In his research, Chadwick continued to probe the nucleus  In 1925, the concept of spin had allowed physicists to explain the Zeeman effect, but it also created unexplained anomalies  At the time it was believed that the nucleus consisted of protons and electrons, so nitrogen's nucleus, for example, with a mass number of 14, was assumed to contain 14 protons and 7 electrons  This gave it the right mass and charge, but the wrong spin



ground_truth: Green Bay

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What undertaking included the person who discovered that the number of protons in each element's atoms is unique?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: At a conference at Cambridge on beta particles and gamma rays in 1928, Chadwick met Geiger again  Geiger had brought with him a new model of his Geiger counter, which had been improved by his post-doctoral student Walther Müller  Chadwick had not used one since the war, and the new Geiger–Müller counter was potentially a major improvement over the scintillation techniques then in use at Cambridge, which relied on the human eye for observation  The major drawback with it was that it detected alpha, beta and gamma radiation, and radium, which the Cavendish laboratory normally used in its experiments, emitted all three, and was therefore unsuitable for what Chadwick had in mind  However, polonium is an alpha emitter, and Lise Meitner sent Chadwick about 2 millicuries (about 0 5 μg) from Germany In Germany, Walther Bothe and his student Herbert Becker had used polonium to bombard beryllium with alpha particles, producing an unusual form of radiation  Chadwick had his Australian 1851 Exhibition scholar, Hugh Webster, duplicate their results  To Chadwick, this was evidence of something that he and Rutherford had been hypothesising for years: the neutron, a theoretical nuclear particle with no electric charge  Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result  Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie had succeeded in knocking protons from paraffin wax using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation  Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that  But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect  In Rome, Ettore Majorana came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it 

Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of the neutron, assisted by Feather and frequently working late at night  He devised a simple apparatus that consisted of a cylinder containing a polonium source and beryllium target  The resulting radiation could then be directed at a material such as paraffin wax; the displaced particles, which were protons, would go into a small ionisation chamber where they could be detected with an oscilloscope 
In February 1932, after only about two weeks of experimentation with neutrons, Chadwick sent a letter to Nature titled "Possible Existence of a Neutron"  He communicated his findings in detail in an article sent to Proceedings of the Royal Society A titled "The Existence of a Neutron" in May  His discovery of the neutron was a milestone in understanding the nucleus  Reading Chadwick's paper, Robert Bacher and Edward Condon realised that anomalies in the then-current theory, like the spin of nitrogen, would be resolved if the neutron has a spin of 1/2 and that a nitrogen nucleus consisted of seven protons and seven neutrons The theoretical physicists Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg considered whether the neutron could be a fundamental nuclear particle like the proton and electron, rather than a proton–electron pair   Heisenberg showed that the neutron was best described as a new nuclear particle, but its exact nature remained unclear   In his 1933 Bakerian Lecture, Chadwick estimated that a neutron had a mass of about 1 0067 u  Since a proton and an electron had a combined mass of 1 0078 u, this implied the neutron as a proton–electron composite had a binding energy of about 2 MeV, which sounded reasonable, although it was hard to understand how a particle with so little binding energy could be stable   Estimating such a small mass difference required challenging precise measurements, however, and several conflicting results were obtained in 1933–4   By bombarding boron with alpha particles, Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie obtained a large value for the mass of a neutron, but Ernest Lawrence's team at the University of California produced a small one   Then Maurice Goldhaber, a refugee from Nazi Germany and a graduate student at the Cavendish Laboratory, suggested to Chadwick that deuterons could be photodisintegrated by the 2 6 MeV gamma rays of 208Tl (then known as thorium C"):

An accurate value for the mass of the neutron could be determined from this process  Chadwick and Goldhaber tried this and found that it worked   They measured the kinetic energy of the proton produced as 1 05 MeV, leaving the mass of the neutron as the unknown in the equation   Chadwick and Goldhaber calculated that it was either 1 0084 or 1 0090 atomic units, depending on the values used for the masses of the proton and deuteron   (The modern accepted value for the mass of the neutron is 1 00866 u ) The mass of the neutron was too large to be a proton–electron pair For his discovery of the neutron, Chadwick was awarded the Hughes Medal by the Royal Society in 1932, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935, the Copley Medal in 1950 and the Franklin Medal in 1951  His discovery of the neutron made it possible to produce elements heavier than uranium in the laboratory by the capture of slow neutrons followed by beta decay  Unlike the positively charged alpha particles, which are repelled by the electrical forces present in the nuclei of other atoms, neutrons do not need to overcome any Coulomb barrier, and can therefore penetrate and enter the nuclei of even the heaviest elements such as uranium  This inspired Enrico Fermi to investigate the nuclear reactions brought about by collisions of nuclei with slow neutrons, work for which Fermi would receive the Nobel Prize in 1938 Wolfgang Pauli proposed another kind of particle on 4 December 1930 in order to explain the continuous spectrum of beta radiation that Chadwick had reported in 1914  Since not all of the energy of beta radiation could be accounted for, the law of conservation of energy appeared to be violated, but Pauli argued that this could be redressed if another, undiscovered, particle was involved  Pauli also called this particle a neutron, but it was clearly not the same particle as Chadwick's neutron  Fermi renamed it the neutrino, Italian for "little neutron"  In 1934, Fermi proposed his theory of beta decay which explained that the electrons emitted from the nucleus were created by the decay of a neutron into a proton, an electron, and a neutrino   The neutrino could account for the missing energy, but a particle with little mass and no electric charge was difficult to observe  Rudolf Peierls and Hans Bethe calculated that neutrinos could easily pass through the Earth, so the chances of detecting them were slim  Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan would confirm the neutrino on 14 June 1956 by placing a detector within a large antineutrino flux from a nearby nuclear reactor 

Liverpool
With the onset of the Great Depression in the United Kingdom, the government became more parsimonious with funding for science  At the same time, Lawrence's recent invention, the cyclotron, promised to revolutionise experimental nuclear physics, and Chadwick felt that the Cavendish laboratory would fall behind unless it also acquired one  He therefore chafed under Rutherford, who clung to the belief that good nuclear physics could still be done without large, expensive equipment, and turned down the request for a cyclotron 

Chadwick was himself a critic of Big Science in general, and Lawrence in particular, whose approach he considered careless and focused on technology at the expense of science  When Lawrence postulated the existence of a new and hitherto unknown particle that he claimed was a possible source of limitless energy at the Solvay Conference in 1933, Chadwick responded that the results were more likely attributable to contamination of the equipment  While Lawrence rechecked his results at Berkeley only to find that Chadwick was correct, Rutherford and Oliphant conducted an investigation at the Cavendish that found that deuterium fuses to form helium-3, thereby causing the effect that Lawrence had observed  This was another major discovery, but the Oliphant-Rutherford particle accelerator was an expensive state-of-the-art piece of equipment In March 1935, Chadwick received an offer of the Lyon Jones Chair of physics at the University of Liverpool, in his wife's home town, to succeed Lionel Wilberforce  The laboratory was so antiquated that it still ran on direct current electricity, but Chadwick seized the opportunity, assuming the chair on 1 October 1935  The university's prestige was soon bolstered by Chadwick's Nobel Prize, which was announced in November 1935  His medal was sold at auction in 2014 for $329,000 Chadwick set about acquiring a cyclotron for Liverpool  He started by spending £700 to refurbish the antiquated laboratories at Liverpool, so some components could be made in-house  He was able to persuade the university to provide £2,000 and obtained a grant for another £2,000 from the Royal Society  To build his cyclotron, Chadwick brought in two young experts, Bernard Kinsey and Harold Walke, who had worked with Lawrence at the University of California  A local cable manufacturer donated the copper conductor for the coils  The cyclotron's 50-ton magnet was manufactured in Trafford Park by Metropolitan-Vickers, which also made the vacuum chamber  The cyclotron was completely installed and running in July 1939  The total cost of £5,184 was more than Chadwick had received from the University and the Royal Society, so Chadwick paid the rest from his 159,917 kr (£8,243) Nobel Prize money At Liverpool the Medicine and Science faculties worked together closely  Chadwick was automatically a committee member of both faculties, and in 1938 he was appointed to a commission headed by Lord Derby to investigate the arrangements for cancer treatment in Liverpool  Chadwick anticipated that neutrons and radioactive isotopes produced with the 37-inch cyclotron could be used to study biochemical processes, and might become a weapon in the fight against cancer 

Second World War
Tube Alloys and the MAUD Report
In Germany, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann bombarded uranium with neutrons, and noted that barium, a lighter element, was among the products produced  Hitherto, only the same or heavier elements had been produced by the process  In January 1939, Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch astounded the physics community with a paper that explained this result  They theorised that uranium atoms bombarded with neutrons can break into two roughly equal fragments, a process they called fission  They calculated that this would result in the release of about 200 MeV, implying an energy release orders of magnitude greater than chemical reactions, and Frisch confirmed their theory experimentally  It was soon noted by Hahn that if neutrons were released during fission, then a chain reaction was possible  French scientists, Pierre Joliot, Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski, soon verified that more than one neutron was indeed emitted per fission  In a paper co-authored with the American physicist John Wheeler, Bohr theorised that fission was more likely to occur in the uranium-235 isotope, which made up only 0 7 percent of natural uranium 

Chadwick did not believe that there was any likelihood of another war with Germany in 1939, and took his family for a holiday on a remote lake in northern Sweden  The news of the outbreak of the Second World War therefore came as a shock  Determined not to spend another war in an internment camp, Chadwick made his way to Stockholm as fast as he could, but when he arrived there with his family, he found that all air traffic between Stockholm and London had been suspended  They made their way back to England on a tramp steamer  When he reached Liverpool, Chadwick found Joseph Rotblat, a Polish post-doctoral fellow who had come to work with the cyclotron, was now destitute, as he was cut off from funds from Poland  Chadwick promptly hired Rotblat as a lecturer, despite his poor grasp of English In October 1939, Chadwick received a letter from Sir Edward Appleton, the Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, asking for his opinion on the feasibility of an atom bomb  Chadwick responded cautiously  He did not dismiss the possibility, but carefully went over the many theoretical and practical difficulties involved  Chadwick decided to investigate the properties of uranium oxide further with Rotblat  In March 1940, Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls at the University of Birmingham re-examined the theoretical issues involved in a paper that became known as the Frisch–Peierls memorandum  Instead of looking at unenriched uranium oxide, they considered what would happen to a sphere of pure uranium-235, and found that not only could a chain reaction occur, but that it might require as little as 1 kilogram (2 2 lb) of uranium-235, and unleash the energy of tons of dynamite 

A special subcommittee of the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Warfare (CSSAW), known as the MAUD Committee, was created to investigate the matter further  It was chaired by Sir George Thomson and its original membership included Chadwick, along with Mark Oliphant, John Cockcroft and Philip Moon  While other teams investigated uranium enrichment techniques, Chadwick's team at Liverpool concentrated on determining the nuclear cross section of uranium-235  By April 1941, it had been experimentally confirmed that the critical mass of uranium-235 might be 8 kilograms (18 lb) or less  His research into such matters was complicated by all-but-incessant Luftwaffe bombings of the environs of his Liverpool lab; the windows were blown out so often that they were replaced by cardboard In July 1941, Chadwick was chosen to write the final draft of the MAUD Report, which, when presented by Vannevar Bush to President Franklin D  Roosevelt in October 1941, inspired the U S  government to pour millions of dollars into the pursuit of an atom bomb  When George B  Pegram and Harold Urey visited Britain to see how the project, now known as Tube Alloys, was going, Chadwick was able to tell them: "I wish I could tell you that the bomb is not going to work, but I am 90 per cent sure that it will "In a recent book about the Bomb project, Graham Farmelo wrote that "Chadwick did more than any other scientist to give Churchill the Bomb      Chadwick was tested almost to the breaking point " So worried that he could not sleep, Chadwick resorted to sleeping pills, which he continued to take for most of his remaining years  Chadwick later said that he realised that "a nuclear bomb was not only possible—it was inevitable  Sooner or later these ideas could not be peculiar to us  Everybody would think about them before long, and some country would put them into action"  Sir Hermann Bondi suggested that it was fortunate that Chadwick, not Rutherford, was the doyen of UK physics at the time, as the latter's prestige might otherwise have overpowered Chadwick's interest in "looking forward" to the Bomb's prospects 

Manhattan Project
Owing to the danger from aerial bombardment, the Chadwicks sent their twins to Canada as part of a government evacuation scheme  Chadwick was reluctant to move Tube Alloys there, believing that the United Kingdom was a better location for the isotope separation plant  The enormous scope of the effort became more apparent in 1942: even a pilot separation plant would cost over £1 million and strain Britain's resources, to say nothing of a full-scale plant, which was estimated to cost somewhere in the vicinity of £25 million  It would have to be built in America  At the same time that the British became convinced that a joint project was necessary, the progress of the American Manhattan Project was such that British cooperation seemed less essential, although the Americans were still eager to utilise Chadwick's talents The matter of cooperation had to be taken up at the highest level  In September 1943, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and President Roosevelt negotiated the Quebec Agreement, which reinstated cooperation between Britain, the United States and Canada  Chadwick, Oliphant, Peierls and Simon were summoned to the United States by the director of Tube Alloys, Sir Wallace Akers, to work with the Manhattan Project  The Quebec Agreement established a new Combined Policy Committee to direct the joint project  The Americans disliked Akers, so Chadwick was appointed technical advisor to the Combined Policy Committee, and the head of the British Mission Leaving Rotblat in charge in Liverpool, Chadwick began a tour of the Manhattan Project facilities in November 1943, except for the Hanford Site where plutonium was produced, which he was not allowed to see  He became the only man apart from Groves and his second in command to have access to all the American research and production facilities for the uranium bomb  Observing the work on the K-25 gaseous diffusion facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Chadwick realised how wrong he had been about building the plant in wartime Britain  The enormous structure could never have been concealed from the Luftwaffe  In early 1944, he moved to Los Alamos, New Mexico, with his wife and their twins, who now spoke with Canadian accents  For security reasons, he was given the cover name of James Chaffee 

Chadwick accepted that the Americans did not need British help, but that it could still be useful in bringing the project to an early and successful conclusion  Working closely with the director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R  Groves, Jr , he attempted to do everything he could to support the effort  He also endeavoured to place British scientists in as many parts of the project as possible in order to facilitate a post-war British nuclear weapons project to which Chadwick was committed  Requests from Groves via Chadwick for particular scientists tended to be met with an immediate rejection by the company, ministry or university currently employing them, only to be overcome by the overriding priority accorded to Tube Alloys  As a result, the British team was critical to the Project's success Although he had more knowledge of the project than anyone else from Britain, Chadwick had no access to the Hanford site  Lord Portal was offered a tour of Hanford in 1946  "This was the only plant to which Chadwick had been denied access in wartime, and now he asked Groves if he could accompany Portal  Groves replied that he could, but if he did then 'Portal will not see very much' " For his efforts, Chadwick received a knighthood in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1945  He considered this to be a recognition of the work of the whole Tube Alloys project By early 1945, Chadwick was spending most of his time in Washington, D C , and his family relocated from Los Alamos to a house on Washington's Dupont Circle in April 1945  He was present at the meeting of the Combined Policy Committee on 4 July when Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson gave Britain's agreement to use the atom bomb against Japan, and at the Trinity nuclear test on 16 July, when the first atom bomb was detonated  Inside its pit was a polonium-beryllium modulated neutron initiator, a development of the technique that Chadwick had used to discover the neutron over a decade before  William L  Laurence, The New York Times reporter attached to the Manhattan Project, wrote that "never before in history had any man lived to see his own discovery materialize itself with such telling effect on the destiny of man "

Later life
Shortly after the war ended, Chadwick was appointed to the Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (ACAE)  He was also appointed as the British scientific advisor to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission  He clashed with fellow ACAE member Patrick Blackett, who disagreed with Chadwick's conviction that Britain needed to acquire its own nuclear weapons; but it was Chadwick's position that was ultimately adopted  He returned to Britain in 1946, to find a country still beset by wartime rationing and shortages At this time, Sir James Mountford, the Vice Chancellor of the University of Liverpool, wrote in his diary "he had never seen a man 'so physically, mentally and spiritually tired" as Chadwick, for he "had plumbed such depths of moral decision as more fortunate men are never called upon even to peer into     [and suffered]     almost insupportable agonies of responsibility arising from his scientific work' "In 1948, Chadwick accepted an offer to become the Master of Gonville and Caius College  The job was prestigious but ill-defined; the Master was the titular head of the College, but authority actually resided in a council of 13 fellows, of whom one was the Master  As Master, Chadwick strove to improve the academic reputation of the college  He increased the number of research fellowships from 31 to 49, and sought to bring talent into the college  This involved controversial decisions, such as hiring in 1951 the Chinese biochemist Tien-chin Tsao and the Hungarian-born economist Peter Bauer  In what became known as the Peasants' Revolt, fellows led by Patrick Hadley voted an old friend of Chadwick's off the council and replaced him with Bauer  More friends of Chadwick's were removed over the following years, and he retired in November 1958  It was during his mastership that Francis Crick, a PhD student at Gonville and Caius College, and James Watson discovered the structure of DNA Over the years, Chadwick received many honours, including the Medal for Merit from the United States, and the Pour le Mérite from Germany  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1927  He became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946 and an International member of the American Philosophical Society in 1948  He was made a Companion of Honour in the New Year Honours on 1 January 1970 for "services to science", and went to Buckingham Palace for the investiture ceremony  He became more frail, and seldom left his flat, although he travelled to Liverpool for celebrations of his eightieth birthday   A lifelong atheist, he saw no reason to adopt religious faith in later life  He died in his sleep on 24 July 1974 His papers are held at the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge, and are accessible to the public  The Chadwick Laboratory at the University of Liverpool is named after him, as is its Sir James Chadwick Chair of Experimental Physics, which was named after him in 1991 as part of celebrations of the centenary of his birth  A crater on the moon is also named after him  The James Chadwick Building, which houses part of the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, University of Manchester is named in his honour  He was described by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority official historian Lorna Arnold as "a physicist, a scientist-diplomat, and a good, wise, and humane man "

Notes
Passage 3:
Synthetic element
A synthetic element is one of 24 known chemical elements that do not occur naturally on Earth: they have been created by human manipulation of fundamental particles in a nuclear reactor, a particle accelerator, or the explosion of an atomic bomb; thus, they are called "synthetic", "artificial", or "man-made"  The synthetic elements are those with atomic numbers 95–118, as shown in purple on the accompanying periodic table: these 24 elements were first created between 1944 and 2010  The mechanism for the creation of a synthetic element is to force additional protons into the nucleus of an element with an atomic number lower than 95  All known (see: Island of stability) synthetic elements are unstable, but they decay at widely varying rates: the half-lives of their longest-lived isotopes range from microseconds to millions of years  
Five more elements that were first created artificially are strictly speaking not synthetic because they were later found in nature in trace quantities: 43Tc, 61Pm, 85At, 93Np, and 94Pu, though are sometimes classified as synthetic alongside exclusively artificial elements  The first, technetium, was created in 1937  Plutonium (Pu, atomic number 94), first synthesized in 1940, is another such element  It is the element with the largest number of protons (atomic number) to occur in nature, but it does so in such tiny quantities that it is far more practical to synthesize it  Plutonium is known mainly for its use in atomic bombs and nuclear reactors No elements with atomic numbers greater than 99 have any uses outside of scientific research, since they have extremely short half-lives, and thus have never been produced in large quantities 

Properties
All elements with atomic number greater than 94 decay quickly enough into lighter elements such that any atoms of these that may have existed when the Earth formed (about 4 6 billion years ago) have long since decayed  Synthetic elements now present on Earth are the product of atomic bombs or experiments that involve nuclear reactors or particle accelerators, via nuclear fusion or neutron absorption Atomic mass for natural elements is based on weighted average abundance of natural isotopes in Earth's crust and atmosphere  For synthetic elements, there is no "natural isotope abundance"  Therefore, for synthetic elements the total nucleon count (protons plus neutrons) of the most stable isotope, i e , the isotope with the longest half-life—is listed in brackets as the atomic mass 

History
Technetium
The first element to be synthesized, rather than discovered in nature, was technetium in 1937  This discovery filled a gap in the periodic table, and the fact that technetium has no stable isotopes explains its natural absence on Earth (and the gap)  With the longest-lived isotope of technetium, 97Tc, having a 4 21-million-year half-life, no technetium remains from the formation of the Earth  Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in Earth's crust—as a product of spontaneous fission of 238U, or from neutron capture in molybdenum—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars 

Curium
The first entirely synthetic element to be made was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T  Seaborg, Ralph A  James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles 

Eight others
Synthesis of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon  Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the composition of radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb  The isotopes synthesized were einsteinium-253, with a half-life of 20 5 days, and fermium-255, with a half-life of about 20 hours  The creation of mendelevium, nobelium, and lawrencium followed 

Rutherfordium and dubnium
During the height of the Cold War, teams from the Soviet Union and the United States independently created rutherfordium and dubnium  The naming and credit for synthesis of these elements remained unresolved for many years, but eventually shared credit was recognized by IUPAC/IUPAP in 1992  In 1997, IUPAC decided to give dubnium its current name honoring the city of Dubna where the Russian team worked since American-chosen names had already been used for many existing synthetic elements, while the name rutherfordium (chosen by the American team) was accepted for element 104 

The last thirteen
Meanwhile, the American team had created seaborgium, and the next six elements had been created by a German team: bohrium, hassium, meitnerium, darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium  Element 113, nihonium, was created by a Japanese team; the last five known elements, flerovium, moscovium, livermorium, tennessine, and oganesson, were created by Russian–American collaborations and complete the seventh row of the periodic table 

List of synthetic elements
The following elements do not occur naturally on Earth  All are transuranium elements and have atomic numbers of 95 and higher 

Other elements usually produced through synthesis
All elements with atomic numbers 1 through 94 occur naturally at least in trace quantities, but the following elements are often produced through synthesis: technetium, promethium, astatine, neptunium, and plutonium, which were discovered through synthesis before being found in nature 
Passage 4:
Atomic number
The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus  For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element  The atomic number can be used to uniquely identify ordinary chemical elements  In an ordinary uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons 
For an ordinary atom which contains protons, neutrons and electrons, the sum of the atomic number Z and the neutron number N gives the atom's atomic mass number A  Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of the nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in daltons (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass"), is within 1% of the whole number A 
Atoms with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers, and hence different mass numbers, are known as isotopes  A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight  Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century 
The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word Zahl 'number', which, before the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order was then approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights  Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word Atomzahl (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context 
The rules above do not always apply to exotic atoms which contain short-lived elementary particles other than protons, neutrons and electrons 

History
The periodic table and a natural number for each element
Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order 
Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables (first published on March 6, 1869) in order of atomic weight ("Atomgewicht")  However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127 6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126 9)  This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, Z, but that number was not known or suspected at the time 

A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however  Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties  However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onward (hafnium was not known at this time) 

The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central nucleus held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms  This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight (though it was almost 25% different from the atomic number of gold (Z = 79, A = 197), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess)  Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 (but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table (also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z)  This proved eventually to be the case 

Moseley's 1913 experiment
The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913  Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z 
To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminium (Z = 13) to gold (Z = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube  The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression  This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i e  the element number Z  Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from known chemistry at that time 

Missing elements
After Moseley's death in 1915, the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium (Z = 92) were examined by his method  There were seven elements (with Z < 92) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered, corresponding to atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, 87 and 91  From 1918 to 1947, all seven of these missing elements were discovered  By this time, the first four transuranium elements had also been discovered, so that the periodic table was complete with no gaps as far as curium (Z = 96) 

The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons
In 1915, the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood  An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or "protyles") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one  However, as early as 1907, Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles, which had a charge of +2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times  If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms 
In 1917, Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas, and believed he had proven Prout's law  He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles)  It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei  A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two "nuclear electrons" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges  At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of +79, consistent with its atomic number 

The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number
All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932  An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive nuclear charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons  Since Moseley had previously shown that the atomic number Z of an element equals this positive charge, it was now clear that Z is identical to the number of protons of its nuclei 

Chemical properties
Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number)  The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics  The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior  Hence, it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number 

New elements
The quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers  As of 2023, all elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed  Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created  In general, the half-life of a nuclide becomes shorter as atomic number increases, though undiscovered nuclides with certain "magic" numbers of protons and neutrons may have relatively longer half-lives and comprise an island of stability  
A hypothetical element composed only of neutrons has also been proposed and would have atomic number 0 

See also
Context 3: Passage 1:
Broward Correctional Institution
The Broward Correctional Institution (BCI) was a correctional facility located in the former Country Estates CDP and in Southwest Ranches, Florida, operated by the Florida Department of Corrections  The Region IV Correctional Facility Office is located on the grounds of Broward Correctional Institution in the former Country Estates CDP  The prison was in proximity to Pembroke Pines  It was located along Sheridan Street, near U S  Route 27 The facility was opened in 1977 to house a male inmate population  However, in its history the prison has had only female inmates  It housed female death row inmates until February 2003 when the female death row was moved to Lowell Annex  The Broward Correctional Institution served as a reception center for female inmates  As of 2011, a staff of approximately 272 individuals serviced the facility  As of 2012 624 prisoners, all female, were housed there  The facility was closed in 2012  Closure was scheduled for May 1 of that year  The Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel said "BCI was determined to have a relatively low population and a high per diem inmate cost of $111 48 " ($145 02 when adjusted for inflation)

Notable inmates
Death row:

Judy Buenoano
Aileen Wuornos
Passage 2:
Shooter (TV series)
Shooter is an American drama television series based on the 2007 film of the same name and the first three novels in the Bob Lee Swagger series by Stephen Hunter  The show stars Ryan Phillippe in the lead role of Swagger, a retired United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper from MARSOC living in seclusion who is coaxed back into action after learning of a plot to kill the President  USA Network picked up the pilot in August 2015 and ordered the series in February 2016 The series was originally set to premiere on July 19, 2016, but it was postponed to July 26 due to the July 7 Dallas police officer shootings  USA pulled it entirely after the Baton Rouge police officer shootings on July 17  On October 3, 2016, USA announced that the new premiere date for Shooter would be November 15, 2016  On December 19, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season that premiered on July 18, 2017  On December 4, 2017, the series was renewed for a third season On August 15, 2018, USA Network canceled Shooter after three seasons, and its final episode aired on September 13, 2018 

Cast and characters
Main
Ryan Phillippe as Bob Lee Swagger, a highly trained, retired Marine Gunnery Sergeant and MARSOC Scout Sniper
Shantel VanSanten as Julie Swagger, Bob Lee's wife
Cynthia Addai-Robinson as Nadine Memphis, an FBI agent investigating Swagger
Omar Epps as Isaac Johnson, a Secret Service Agent who is also a former Marine Captain and was Swagger's commanding officer in MARSOC
Eddie McClintock as Jack Payne, a figure involved in the conspiracy against Swagger (season 1; guest, season 3)
Josh Stewart as Solotov, a Chechen master sniper with whom Bob Lee has tangled before (seasons 2–3)
Jesse Bradford as Harris Downey, a D C  staffer who was once involved with Nadine (recurring, season 2; main, season 3)
Gerald McRaney as Red Bama Sr , owner of Bama Cattle and an Undersecretary in the Department of Agriculture (season 3)

Recurring
David Andrews as Sam Vincent, Bob Lee's close friend and lawyer  (season 1, 3)
David Marciano as Howard Utey, Nadine Memphis' superior at the FBI (season 1)
Lexy Kolker as Mary Swagger, Bob Lee's and Julie's daughter
William Fichtner as Rathford O'Brien, Bob Lee's former shooting instructor
Tom Sizemore as Hugh Meachum, a CIA black ops operative with mysterious motives (season 1)
Rob Brown as Donny Fenn, Swagger's best friend and spotter who was killed by Solotov (seasons 1–2)
Sean Cameron Michael as Grigory Krukov, a Russian FSB agent (season 1)
Delaina Mitchell as Anna Wallingford, Julie's married sister and Mary's aunt (season 1, 3)
David Chisum as Jim Wallingford, Anna's husband and Julie's brother in law (season 1)
Michelle Krusiec as Lin Johnson, Isaac's loyal wife (season 1-2)
Matt Shallenberger as John Wheeler, a mysterious and deadly Atlas operative (guest: season 1, recurring: season 3)
Desmond Harrington as Lon Scott, the CEO of Anhur Dynamics (season 1)
Beverly D'Angelo as Patricia Gregson, a former National Security Advisor
Jerry Ferrara as Kirk Zehnder, a former marine who always detects a conspiracy and is part of the core team of Bob Lee Swagger (season 2)
Todd Lowe as Colin Dobbs, a former marine in Swagger's unit, now living in Texas an hour from the Swagger Ranch (season 2)
Patrick Sabongui as Yusuf Ali, a core member of Swagger's original Marine team (season 2)
Jaina Lee Ortiz as Angela Tio, an active duty Marine who formerly served with Bob Lee's unit (season 2)
John Marshall Jones as Sheriff Brown, the local law enforcement in Bob Lee's hometown and a long-time friend (season 2–3)
Harry Hamlin as Sen  Addison Hayes, a mysterious and powerful mastermind whose agenda will collide with Swagger (seasons 2–3)
Troy Garity as Jeffrey Denning, a seasoned investigative journalist who cares deeply about justice being served (season 2)
Derek Phillips as Earl Swagger, Bob Lee's father, a Vietnam veteran who was sheriff in Bob Lee's hometown before he was killed in 1988 (season 3)
Tait Blum as Young Bob Lee (season 3)
Conor O'Farrell as Rick Culp, a West Texas prison guard who may have been involved in Earl Swagger's death (season 3)
Eric Ladin as Red Bama Jr , Red Sr's screw-up of a son who desperately wants his father's respect and confidence (season 3)
Brian Letscher as Bert Salinger, an employee of Red Bama Sr  who watches over Red Jr  (season 3)
Felisha Terrell as Carlita Cruise, a former Atlas operative embedded in the Dept  of Agriculture who helps Nadine and Isaac take down her former employers (season 3)
Mallory Jansen as Margo, an Agent for the Department of Justice who has been attempting to bring down Atlas for years (season 3)
Kurt Fuller as Andrew Gold, the Deputy Chief of Staff to the U S  President and high ranking Atlas member (season 3)
Dee Wallace as Katherine Mansfield, the long-time former mission planner for Atlas who is now forced to reside in a mental institution (season 3)
Michael O'Neill as Ray Brooks, a Federal judge nominated for a vacancy on the U S  Supreme Court and Atlas operative (season 3)

Production
On July 6, 2016, while filming a scene at Agua Dulce Airpark, actor Tom Sizemore accidentally ran over a stuntman  Sizemore was supposed to enter the Cadillac Escalade and stay there until the scene ended, but the stunt coordinator told him to pull out, not realizing that the stuntman was behind him On July 26, 2017, the second-season episode order was cut back from the planned ten episodes to the eight episodes already filmed after Ryan Phillippe broke his leg on July 16, 2017, in an incident unrelated to the series About the cancellation, Omar Epps said: “That was all backdoor politics  It had nothing to do with the numbers  Me and Ryan [Phillippe] had a great time  We were like kids in a candy store  We used to laugh every day we showed up to work, like, 'We're kids again!' We just get to run and jump, push, punch  You know, stuff that little boys do  It was like playing in the playground in the sandbox  I had a great, great time on that show  I have a lot of respect for John Hlavin, who's a showrunner on there  And like I said, Ryan and I got cool and had a great time on that show  That was just the backdoor politics “

Episodes
Season 1 (2016–17)
Based on the novel Point of Impact by Stephen Hunter 

Season 2 (2017)
Based on the novel Time to Hunt by Stephen Hunter 

Season 3 (2018)
Based on the novel Black Light by Stephen Hunter 

Broadcast
Shooter aired on Thursdays at 10:00 pm on USA Network  The episodes are approximately 43 minutes, and are broadcast in both high- and standard definition  In addition, the streaming service Netflix started to broadcast the series in certain regions worldwide, the first season weekly on November 15, 2016, with a one-day delay with respect to the original United States broadcast 

Reception
Shooter received mixed reviews from critics  On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 47% based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5 75/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Ryan Phillippe's efforts aren't enough to salvage Shooter, a tedious, under-developed drama that lacks an original voice or perspective " On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the series has a score 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" 

Ratings
Season 1 (2016–17)
Season 2 (2017)
Season 3 (2018)
Passage 3:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Australia located in Brisbane and covering the South East region of Queensland, Australia 
Part of the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Brisbane, the region covered was initially administered by the Archdiocese of Sydney  In 1859 the Diocese of Brisbane was erected, and elevated as an archdiocese in 1887  The archdiocese is the metropolitan of the suffragan dioceses of Cairns, Rockhampton, Toowoomba and Townsville 
The Cathedral of St Stephen is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane  On 12 May 2012 Mark Coleridge was installed as the sixth Archbishop of Brisbane, the seventh Bishop of Brisbane 

History
The Diocese of Brisbane was established in 1859, with responsibility for the entire state of Queensland  Prior to its establishment, Queensland was part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney On 27 January 1877 Pope Pius IX excised the northern part of the Diocese of Brisbane from Cape Hinchinbrook and then west to the border with South Australia (now Northern Territory) to create the Vicariate Apostolic of Queensland (later the Diocese of Cairns On 29 December 1882, the Diocese of Rockhampton was excised from the Archdiocese of Brisbane  The new Rockhampton diocese had responsibility for northern Queensland while the Brisbane archdiocese retained responsibility for southern Queensland In 1929, the Diocese of Toowoomba was excised from the Archdiocese of Brisbane 

Bishops
Ordinaries
The following people have been appointed as Roman Catholic Archbishops of Brisbane or any of its precursor titles:
Coadjutors are included in the table above 

Auxiliary bishops
CurrentTim Norton SVD (2022–present)FormerHenry Joseph Kennedy † (1967–1971), appointed [[Roman Catholic Bishop of Armidale|Bishop of Armidale]]
John Joseph Gerry † (1975–2003)
Eugene James Cuskelly, M S C  † (1982–1996)
Michael Ernest Putney † (1995–2001), appointed Bishop of Townsville
Brian Vincent Finnigan (2002–2015)
Joseph John Oudeman, O F M  Cap  (2002–2017)
Kenneth Howell (2017–2023), appointed Bishop of Toowoomba

Other priests of the diocese who became bishops
James Byrne †, appointed Bishop of Toowoomba in 1929
Andrew Gerard Tynan †, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 1946
Edward John Doody †, appointed Bishop of Armidale in 1948
John Ahern Torpie †, appointed Bishop of Cairns in 1967
Brian Heenan, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 1991
James Foley, appointed Bishop of Cairns in 1992
William Martin Morris, appointed Bishop of Toowoomba in 1992
Michael Fabian McCarthy, appointed Bishop of Rockhampton in 2014
Anthony Randazzo, appointed an Auxiliary Bishop of Sydney in 2016
Timothy James Harris, appointed Bishop of Townsville in 2017
† = deceased

Cathedral
The gothic revival cathedral is located on a site bounded by Elizabeth, Charlotte and Edward Streets, in the Australian city of Brisbane  Built between 1864 and 1922, with extensions made in 1989, the cathedral was established with James Quinn as its first bishop  Quinn planned to construct a large cathedral to accommodate a growing congregation   On 26 December 1863, the Feast of St Stephen, Quinn laid the foundation stone for a grand cathedral designed by Benjamin Backhouse  Backhouse's original design was changed and downsized numerous times over the course of the cathedral's completion, mainly for economic reasons 
In 1927, there was a plan to replace St Stephen's with a new Holy Name Cathedral to be built in Fortitude Valley, Brisbane  However, funding was only sufficient to build the crypt  Eventually the project was abandoned, the crypt demolished and the land sold 

Parishes
Economic contribution
The Archdiocese contributes around $2 5 billion to the economy through its schools and other institutions, providing employment to 22,000 people The Archdiocese manages 98 parishes and 144 Catholic schools  It also provides services to 12,992 aged care and disability clients, support for 8362 seniors to live at home, support to 23,000 victims of domestic violence and help for 4,000 people with mental illness 

See also
Roman Catholicism in Australia
Passage 4:
Lindhorst railway station
Lindhorst is a railway station located in Lindhorst, Germany  The station is located on the Hannover to Minden railway  The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn as part of the Hanover S-Bahn  Lindhorst is served by the S1 

Train services
The following services currently call at Lindhorst:
Passage 5:
Take Me Home, Country Roads
"Take Me Home, Country Roads", also known simply as "Country Roads", is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert and John Denver  It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971, peaking at number two on Billboard's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971  The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017  The song became one of John Denver's most popular songs  It has continued to sell, with over 1 6 million digital copies sold in the United States The song is considered a symbol of West Virginia  In March 2014, it became one of the four official state anthems of West Virginia  In 2023, the song was selected by the Library of Congress for inclusion in the National Recording Registry 

Composition
Inspiration for the title line had come while Taffy Nivert and Bill Danoff, who were married, were driving along Clopper Road in Montgomery County, Maryland to a gathering of Nivert's family in Gaithersburg, with Nivert behind the wheel while Danoff played his guitar  "I just started thinking, country roads, I started thinking of me growing up in western New England and going on all these small roads," Danoff said  "It didn't have anything to do with Maryland or anyplace "To Danoff, the lyric "(t)he radio reminds me of my home far away" in the bridge is quintessentially West Virginian, an allusion to when he listened to the program Saturday Night Jamboree, broadcast from Wheeling, West Virginia, on WWVA at his home in Springfield, Massachusetts during his childhood in the 1950s Danoff was influenced by friend and West Virginian actor Chris Sarandon and members of a West Virginia commune who attended Danoff's performances  Of the commune members, Danoff remarked, "They brought their dogs and were a very colorful group of folks, but that is how West Virginia began creeping into the song " While the song was inspired by Danoff's upbringing in Springfield, Massachusetts, he "didn't want to write about Massachusetts because [he] didn't think the word was musical "Starting December 22, 1970, Denver was heading the New Year's bill at The Cellar Door, with Fat City opening for him, just as Denver had opened at the same club for then-headliner David Steinberg  After the club's post-Christmas reopening night on Tuesday, December 29 (Cellar Door engagements ran from Tuesday to Sunday, and this booking was for two weeks), the three returned to the couple's apartment for an impromptu jam  On the way, Denver's left thumb was broken in a collision  He was rushed to the emergency room, where the thumb was splinted  When they returned to the apartment, Denver said he was "wired, you know "When Danoff and Nivert ran through what they had of the song they had been working on for about a month, planning to sell to Johnny Cash, Denver "flipped"  He decided he had to have it, prompting them to abandon plans for the sale  The verses and chorus were still missing a bridge, so the three of them went about finishing 
Nivert got out an encyclopedia to learn more about West Virginia  The first thing she encountered was the Rhododendron, the state flower, so she kept trying to work the word Rhododendron into the song  Rhododendron was the title that Nivert had written down on the lyric sheet, which they later sent to ASCAP  The three stayed up until 6:00 a m , changing words and moving lines around When they finished, on the morning of Wednesday, December 30, 1970, Denver announced that the song had to go on his next album  Later that night, during Denver's first set, Denver called his two collaborators back to the spotlight, where the trio changed their career trajectories, reading the lyrics from a single, handheld, unfolded piece of paper  According to Len Jaffe, a Washington, D C -based singer-songwriter who attended the show where Denver premiered the song, this resulted in a five-minute standing ovation  The next day was Denver's 28th birthday  They recorded it in New York City in January 1971 
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" is written in a Key of A major and composed in a tempo of 82 beats per minute per common time 

Commercial performance and legacy
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" appeared on the LP Poems, Prayers & Promises and was released as a 45 in the spring of 1971  Original pressings credited the single to "John Denver with Fat City"  It broke nationally in mid-April but moved up the charts very slowly  After several weeks, RCA Records called John and told him they were giving up on the single  His response: "No! Keep working on it!" They did, and the single went to number 1 on the Record World Pop Singles Chart and the Cash Box Top 100, and number 2 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100, topped only by "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" by The Bee Gees 
On August 18, 1971, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for a million copies shipped  The song continued to sell in the digital era  As of January 2020, the song has also sold 1,591,000 downloads since it became available digitally Denver's recording of "Take Me Home, Country Roads" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2023 

Reception in West Virginia
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" received an enthusiastic response from West Virginians  On November 1, 2017, the West Virginia Tourism Office announced it had obtained the rights to use "Take Me Home, Country Roads", in its marketing efforts  "'Country Roads' has become synonymous with West Virginia all over the world," said West Virginia Tourism Commissioner Chelsea Ruby  "It highlights everything we love about our state: scenic beauty, majestic mountains, a timeless way of life, and most of all, the warmth of a place that feels like home whether you've lived here forever or are just coming to visit " The opening phrase of the song, "Almost heaven", became a primary tourism office slogan The song is the theme song of West Virginia University, and it has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972  The song is played for other athletic events and university functions, including after football games, for which the fans are encouraged to stay in the stands and sing the song along with the team  On September 6, 1980, at the invitation of West Virginia Governor Jay Rockefeller, songwriters Danoff, Nivert, and Denver performed the song during pregame festivities to a sold-out crowd of Mountaineer fans  This performance marked the dedication of the current West Virginia University Mountaineer Field and the first game for head coach Don Nehlen The popularity of the song inspired resolutions in the West Virginia Legislature to adopt "Take Me Home, Country Roads" as an official state song  On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song of West Virginia, alongside three other pieces: "West Virginia Hills", "This Is My West Virginia", and "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home"  Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014 The song was played at the funeral for West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston, West Virginia on July 2, 2010 The Mountain State Brewing Company based in Thomas, West Virginia, produces an amber ale named "Almost Heaven", which it says is "named after John Denver's ode to West Virginia, 'Country Roads'" 

Personnel
John Denver – vocals, 6- & 12-string acoustic guitar
Bill Danoff – backing vocals
Taffy Nivert – backing vocals
Eric Weissberg – banjo, steel guitar
Mike Taylor – acoustic guitar
Richard Kniss – double bass
Gary Chester – drums, percussion

Charts
Certifications
Cover versions
Hermes House Band version
Dutch pop band Hermes House Band covered the song and released it as "Country Roads"  This version was first released in Germany on May 21, 2001, and was issued in the United Kingdom on December 3, 2001, where it was a contender for the 2001 Christmas number-one single  This version was a chart success in Europe, reaching number one in Scotland, number two in Germany and Ireland, and the top 10 in Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Olivia Newton-John version
Olivia Newton-John released a cover version in January 1973 that reached number 6 in Japan and number 15 in the UK  It was the lead single from her third studio album, Let Me Be There  This version, as well as the song itself, features prominently in the Japanese animated film, Whisper of the Heart 

Fallout 76 version
A cover version of the song, a collaboration between Copilot Music and Sound and the vocal group Spank, was commissioned for and featured in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game Fallout 76, with its plot events are set in West Virginia  Released as an iTunes-only single on July 4, 2018, the song reached No  1 on the iTunes singles chart  It debuted at No  41 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart that week and at No  21 on Billboard's Country Digital Songs the following week  The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording, initially uploaded in 2013, would later edit its description in response to the song's use for the game  In Australia, a promotional Fallout 76 vinyl featuring the cover was included with the December 2018 issue of STACK Magazine exclusively from retailer JB Hi-Fi 

Forever Country
The song found further chart success as part of the Forever Country medley and video, created in 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Country Music Association Awards 
Passage 6:
Khong Island
Khong Island or Don Khong (Lao: ດອນໂຂງ) is the largest island and the seat of administration in the Si Phan Don riverine archipelago located in the Mekong River, Khong District, Champasak Province, southern Laos 
The island is 18 kilometers (11 mi) long (north-south), and 8 kilometers (5 0 mi) at its widest point  Its population is mainly concentrated in the two villages Muang Saen (west) and Muang Khong (east); the latter is the de facto capital of the island as well as the regional seat of government  There are 19 villages on the island and the main source of income comes from fishing  
The former President of Laos, Khamtai Siphandon, has a residence on the island, which is a possible explanation for the  high quality of its infrastructure, such as asphalted roads and electricity  Locals tend to travel on longtail boats 
Passage 7:
John Phan
Bon "John" Phan (born October 10, 1974, in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California, who is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four-time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships 

World Series of Poker
Phan has made numerous World Series of Poker (WSOP) money finishes, including the final table of the $5,000 Seven-card stud event in 2005, finished fourth and outlasted both professional poker players Dave Colclough and Rob Hollink At the 2006 WSOP, Phan finished second in the $1,000 No-Limit Hold'em event when his Q♠ 5♠ failed to improve against Jon Friedberg's A♥ 7♥ on a board of 10♥ 9♦ 3♠ 2♥ 7♠  Phan earned $289,389 for his runner-up finish the next year at the 2007 World Series of Poker Phan was runner-up to Francois Safieddine in the $2,500 No Limit Hold'em event, earning $330,846 but it was not until the 2008 World Series of Poker that Phan won his first bracelet after winning the $3,000 No-Limit Hold'em event, earning $434,789 and then he won his second bracelet the same year, this time in the $2,500 2-7 Triple Draw event, earning $151,896  Phan cashed for a total of $608,464 at the 2008 WSOP 

World Series of Poker bracelets
World Poker Tour
Phan cashed eleven times on the World Poker Tour (WPT) making the final table in four of them,  one was at the $25,000 WPT Championship of season 3, receiving $518,920 for finishing in fourth place above Hollink, Phil Ivey, Joe Beevers, Chris Ferguson and Juha Helppi  and the other was at the $9,600 No Limit Hold'em WPT season 6 event at the 2008 Bay 101 Shooting Stars where he finished 6th, earning $135,000  In July 2008, Phan made another WPT final table finishing in fifth place at the Bellagio Cup IV, earning $193,915On the WPT seventh season, Phan won his first WPT title after defeating well known online player Amit "Amak316″ Makhija during heads-up play, winning the WPT bracelet and over $1 1 million at the Legends of Poker held at The Bicycle Casino in Bell Gardens, California 

Other poker events

Phan won two events at The Fifth Annual Jack Binion World Poker Open in 2004, the $500 Limit Hold'em event, earning $160,965 and $500 Pot Limit Hold'em event, earning $85,257 also cashing three other times at that same event  He later won the $3,000 No Limit Hold'em event at the Festa al Lago II in 2004, earning $189,900  He won the $2,425 No Limit Hold'em event at the 2005 L A  Poker Classic, earning $300,578 and was runner-up to Marcel Lüske in the $3,000 No Limit Hold'em event at the Fourth Annual Five-Star World Poker Classic in 2006, earning $179,195 As of 2017, his total live tournament winnings exceed $5,525,000  His 29 cashes as the WSOP account for over $1,450,000 of those winnings He was the Cardplayer Magazine 2008 Player of the Year with 6,704 points as well as 2008 Bluff Magazine Player of the Year 


== Notes ==
Passage 8:
Icaria Planum
Icaria Planum is a region on Mars in the Thaumasia quadrangle of Mars that is 566 59 km across and is located at 43 27 S and 
253 96E   It was named after a classic albedo feature that was approved in 1979   The name of the classic feature was based on the land where according to greek mythology, Icarus died (Icaria) 

See also
HiRISE
HiWish program
Latitude dependent mantle
Thaumasia quadrangle
Passage 9:
Muang Kham, Chiang Rai
Muang Kham (Thai: ม่วงคำ) is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Phan District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand  In 2005 it had a total population of 8837 people  The tambon contains 17 villages 
Passage 10:
Dići
Dići is a village situated in Ljig municipality in Serbia  The town is known for having a medieval church dedicated to St  John, and being the burial place of 14th-century nobleman Vlgdrag 
Passage 11:
Phan Huy Quát
Phan Huy Quát (Hà Tĩnh Province, 12 June 1908 – 27 April 1979) was a South Vietnamese doctor and politician who served as Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam for four months in 1965 

Early life
Phan Huy Quát was born in Lộc Hà District in Hà Tĩnh Province  He attended the Lycée Pellerin, Huế, then studied medicine in Hanoi and qualified as a doctor before entering politics 
On 1 July 1949, Quát was appointed Minister of Education by Head of State Bảo Đại  On 22 January 1950, Prime Minister Nguyễn Phan Long appointed Quát Minister of Defense, at which position he had only served briefly before the Cabinet was re-organized and he returned to working for the Đại Việt Quốc dân đảng 
In June 1953, Prime Minister Nguyễn Văn Tâm appointed Quát Minister of Defense  Quát would be in this position until 1954 when Prince Bửu Lộc became Prime Minister who appointed Quát Special Minister in charge of the democratization process for Vietnam  Dr  Quát then served briefly as an interim Prime Minister until Bảo Đại appointed Ngô Đình Diệm to the position 
In April 1960, Quát signed the Caravelle Manifesto, a list of grievances and demands specifically critical of Diệm, and was promptly jailed by the GVN  After Diệm's assassination in October 1963, Quát was appointed Foreign Minister by Major General Nguyễn Khánh, one of the principal participants in the bloody coup  Though Quát frequently criticized Khánh's self-serving rule, he remained in Khánh's cabinet until November 1964, when Trần Văn Hương was installed as Prime Minister of General Khánh's freshly created High National Council (HNC) On 16 February 1965, the Armed Forces Council, a group of South Vietnamese military officers who took over when General Khánh deposed Hương and the HNC, secured Quát's appointment to Prime Minister in order to foil a power grab by the junta chief Khánh, who intended to install the economist Nguyễn Xuân Oánh as his puppet in the Prime Minister post  Khánh himself was forced to step down after a coup on 19/20 February and was subsequently exiled  Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ then led the junta that oversaw the civilian cabinet  In 1965, Kỳ was appointed Prime Minister and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu became President by a special joint meeting of military leaders following the voluntary resignation of civilian President Sửu  After leaving the Prime Minister post, Dr  Quát returned to his medical practice  He remained in politics until 1975 by working with the Asia Anti-Communist League (Liên Minh Á Châu Chống Cộng) as Chairman of its Vietnamese office 

Last years/death
After the Fall of Saigon, Quát went into hiding  In August 1975, he was arrested and jailed at Chí Hòa Prison after a failed attempt to escape from Vietnam  It was there that he died of liver failure on 27 April 1979  The official report indicated that Quát had died from "a stroke, heart attack and liver failure" 

See also
1965 South Vietnamese coup
Passage 12:
Mohammad Zubair Khan
Dr  Mohammad Zubair Khan has a doctorate in political economy from Johns Hopkins University  After working briefly for the World Bank, he worked at the International Monetary Fund from 1981 to 1992, assigned to a wide range of countries, including industrial countries in northern Europe and Turkey, developing countries in south Asia, the oil producing countries in the Middle East and countries in the South Pacific region Since returning to Pakistan, he has been consulting for the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, UNDP, JBIC and other international organizations on a range of issues, such as macroeconomic stabilisation policies, monetary policy, trade and exchange rate issues, fiscal and external debt sustainability, fiscal federalism, tax administration and poverty related issues  He also lectures at the Central Banks of Egypt and Sri Lanka, the National Institute of Public Administration (NIPA) campus in Lahore, the Pakistan Administrative Staff College, and the National Defence University in Islamabad 
He has been Commerce Minister of Pakistan and represented Pakistan at the first ministerial conference of the World Trade Organization  Currently, in addition to consulting, Khan is a member of the National Finance Commission, the advisory board of the  Securities and Exchange Commission, Government of Pakistan, a member of the board of directors of Bank of Khyber, and a member of the Provincial Finance Commission of the Government of North-West Frontier Province  He is also a member of the Boao Boao Forum for Asia in Hainan, China 
Khan is currently managing director of Financial Techniques International  Because of his straight talk and knowledge of economics, he is a popular guest on TV 

Family
He is the son of the late Wali Mohammad Khan, the elder brother of late Hayat Sherpao and Aftab Sherpao who were born to the family of Khan Bahadar Ghulam Haider Khan Sherpao, a key player in the Pakistan Movement 
His family tree and cross-marriages in influential families of Pakistan are unique  He is the cousin and brother-in-law of the former President of Pakistan, the late Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari, and uncle of Sumera Malik and Ayla Malik (granddaughters of Malik Amir Mohammed Khan of Kalabagh) both members of the National Assembly  He is also the uncle of Senator Jamal Leghari and Awais Leghari who was a Minister of Telecommunications and member of the National Assembly 

Publications
 Kickstarting Pakistan's Economy  Lahore: Vanguard Books, 2001  ISBN 969-402-356-4 
"Liberalization and Economic Crisis in Pakistan " In Rising to the Challenge in Asia: A Study of Financial Markets: Volume 9 - Pakistan   Asian Development Bank, 1999   ISBN 971-561-236-9 
Passage 13:
South Central Coast
In Vietnam, South Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) and South Central Region (Vietnamese: Nam Trung Bộ) are two terms which can refer to the same region or two regions that do not correspond to each other  South Central Coast (sometimes called "South Central Region") consists of the independent municipality of Đà Nẵng and seven other provinces (picture 1), which means South Central Coast does not include Central Highlands (picture 2); nevertheless the term "South Central Region" can be also used to include Central Highlands as it is part of southern part of Central Vietnam  
The region has traditionally been one of the main gateways to neighbouring Central Highlands  It has a complex geography with mountain ranges extending up to the coast, making transport and infrastructure development challenging but favouring tourism in some places, most notable around Phan Thiết, Nha Trang, and Da Nang  Tourism also benefits from Cham cultural heritage, including architecture, performances, and museums  It is generally much less industrialized and developed than the region around Ho Chi Minh City or the Red River Delta, but it has some regional industrial centers in Da Nang, around Nha Trang and Quy Nhon 
South Central Coast (Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) -  8 provinces: Da Nang, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận  The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region  In the Nguyễn dynasty, this area was known as Tả Trực Kỳ (the area located in the right of Thừa Thiên) 

Provinces
History
The region was inhabited by people of the Sa Huỳnh culture between around 1000 BC and 200 AD  Remains of this ancient civilization were found in Sa Huỳnh, Quảng Ngãi province  It was succeeded by a kingdom called Lin-yi (林邑) by the Chinese or Lâm Ấp in Vietnamese that was in existence from 192 AD  Its political center was just north of the South Central Coast near Huế  Lin-yi was culturally influenced by India  According to Chinese sources, it repeatedly raided Jiaozhi (Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ), which was one factor that contributed to several wars between Jiaozhi and their Chinese colonizers against Lin-yi in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries 

The historic territory of Champa roughly equals the South Central Coast region, although it has at times extended well into the North Central Coast and its influence also extended into the Central Highlands  Except for its first capital, all of Champa's political centers were located in the South Central Coast  Some of the earlier capitals, as well as the religious center of Mỹ Sơn and the port city of Hội An were located in the territory of present-day Quảng Nam province  Probably due to defeats in wars against Đại Việt the political center shifted further south to Vijaya in what is now Bình Định province  After the fall of Vijaya to Vietnam in 1471, Champa had to retreat to the southern principality of Panduranga (now at Phan Rang in Ninh Thuận province), while much of occupied Champa continued to exist as a sort of protectorate within Vietnam for some time : 119 
Relations with the mountainous hinterland and traders from overseas were crucial  Champa's trade specialized on procuring luxury goods such as eaglewood from the Central Highlands and even as far as Attapeu in southern Laos and selling them to foreign merchants through their ports at Hội An and Thi Nai : 110–111, 114

Geography
Topography
In contrast to most other coastal regions in Vietnam, the South Central Coast's terrain is not mainly flat  It has a diverse topography with mountain ranges and hills extending not only along the entire border with Central Highlands but also to the coast, forming several passes, bays, peninsulas, and beautiful sceneries with beaches and mountain backdrops  Many of the highest mountains are at or near the border with the Central Highlands, the highest of which is Ngọc Linh mountain at 2598 meters  There are several high peaks near the coast of Da Nang city (696m on Son Tra Peninsula), Bình Định province (up to 874m), Phú Yên province (up to 814m), Khánh Hòa province (up to 978m), and Ninh Thuận province (up to 1040m)  
Several mountain passes function as geographic borders between the provinces of the region, with one or two provinces between two major passes  Major passes include the Hải Vân Pass on the northern border of the region (Da Nang), Binh De pass (đèo Bình Đê) between Quảng Ngãi province and Bình Định province, Cù Mông pass (đèo Cù Mông) between Bình Định province and Phú Yên province and Cả pass (đèo Cả) between Phú Yên province and Khánh Hòa province The region includes several islands  Some of the larger ones are the Lý Sơn Islands, the Cham Islands, and Phú Quý island  The Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands are officially administered by Da Nang City and Khánh Hòa Province  However, sovereignty over them is disputed and Vietnam actually controls only some of the Spratly Islands 

Hydrography
There are several rivers along the South Central Coast, the most significant being Thu Bồn River in Quảng Nam province and Đà Rằng River in Phú Yên province (most of the latter's river system is in the Central Highlands  Other major rivers include Trà Khúc River in Quảng Ngãi province, Côn River in Bình Định province, Ki Lo River in Phú Yên province, Cái River in Khánh Hòa province, and Dinh River in Ninh Thuận province 

Climate
Summer temperatures average above 28 °C (82 °F) along most of the coast with slightly lower temperatures further inland  Winters are significantly cooler with average temperatures ranging from around 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F)  The region includes some of the most arid (Ninh Thuận province and Bình Thuận province) as well as some of wettest climates in Vietnam (Da Nang, parts of Quảng Nam province, Quảng Ngãi province), with the rest being somewhere in between  While average precipitation per year exceeds 2,800 millimetres (110 2 in) in many parts of the three provinces in the north of the region, it is less than 800 millimetres (31 5 in) in much of Ninh Thuận province 

Economy
Agriculture, forestry, fishing
The South Central Coast's sector 1 (agriculture, forestry, fishing) performance can be seen as average in the national context, with its GDP contribution similar to its population share (9 7% and 9 5%)  Rice output is below average, but output of some other crops (see table below) as well as forestry and fishing are above average 
The province with the largest sector 1 economy is Bình Định (contributing 22 9% to the regions sector 1 GDP), due to its relatively large output in agriculture, forestry, and fishing  It is followed by Quảng Nam province with 15%, Bình Thuận province with 14 6%, Quảng Ngãi province and Khánh Hòa province with around 13% each  Forestry output is concentrated in Quảng Nam province and Bình Định province with around 25% each, with Quảng Ngãi province and Bình Thuận province contribute another 15% each, while Da Nang and especially Ninh Thuận province have very small forestry sectors  Fishing output is highest in Khánh Hòa province (22 3%) and Bình Định province (19 6%), followed by Phú Yên province and Quảng Ngãi province with around 12% each and Quảng Nam province, Bình Thuận province and Phú Yên province with 9 to 10% each 2 52 million tons of rice were harvested in the South Central Coast in 2007, 7% of Vietnam's total rice harvest  The main producers are Bình Định (580kt in 2007), Bình Thuận (434kt), Quảng Nam (395kt), Quảng Ngãi (381kt), and Phú Yên (321kt)  The region's maize harvest made up 7 5% of the nation's total 
Some tea and coffee are also planted in the region, but their output is not significant in the national context 

Industry
The South Central Coast is central Vietnam's most industrialized region, mostly due to major industrial centers such as Da Nang and Khánh Hòa province  However, industrialization in the region is still lagging behind the national average and is far behind Vietnam's two major industrial hubs around Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi  The region's industrial GDP was 35,885 4 billion VND in 2007, accounting for 37 35% of the region's total GDP and 7 54% of Vietnam's industrial GDP  More than 40% of that is produced in Khánh Hòa province and Da Nang (21 8% and 20%) and another 13 to 14% each by Quảng Nam province and Bình Định province  Bình Thuận province has been able to increase its share to 12% with growth rates in industry averaging 21 6% from 2000 to 2007  Most other provinces have achieved growth between 15 and 20%, with slower growth only in the established industrial centers of Da Nang (14 8%) and Khánh Hòa province (13%)  The region's average industrial growth rate was 16 3% per year from 2000 to 2007, making the main driving force of the economy 

Da Nang has a relatively diversified industrial sector including textiles, fabric, fertilizer, cement, soap, paper, pharmaceuticals etc  Khánh Hòa's industrial sector is still more reliant on basic industries such as food and seafood processing and beverages, shipbuilding, etc  The province also benefited significantly from investment related to the former Russian naval base at Cam Ranh, to which around 30 factories were attached  Quy Nhon is the region's third largest industrial center  It has been able to capitalize on its advantage as a gateway to the Central Highlands to develop resource-based industries (wood processing and stone processing) and a major furniture manufacturing cluster  Other industries are more dispersed, such as construction materials and basic food processing 
New industrial centers are currently being developed in the economic zones: Chu Lai Economic Zone in southern Quảng Nam, nearby Dung Quat Economic Zone (with Dung Quất Refinery) in northern Quảng Ngãi province, Nhơn Hội Economic Zone in Quy Nhon, and Van Phong Economic Zone in northern Khánh Hòa province  All four zones have large areas of land, major infrastructure and industrial projects  However, in contrast to the smaller industrial parks, they are not limited to industrial sectors 

Infrastructure
Transport
Vietnam's main north-south transport corridors run through the whole South Central Coast region  
The North–South Railway runs along the region, with Reunification Express stops at Đà Nẵng Railway Station, Diêu Trì Railway Station, and Nha Trang Railway Station  Stations with less frequent stops are Tam Kỳ Railway Station, Quảng Ngãi Railway Station, Quy Nhơn Railway Station, Tuy Hòa Railway Station, Tháp Chàm Railway Station, Mương Mán Railway Station, as well as several local railway stations 
The two-lane National Route 1 connects all major cities of the region to the rest of the country (Quy Nhon and Nha Trang by extension 1D and 1C)  The Ministry of Transport is planning the construction of a 139 5 km four-lane highway from Da Nang to Quảng Ngãi province in cooperation with foreign donors The region is connected to the Central Highlands by several national roads at Phan Rang (National Road 27 to Da Lat), Ninh Hòa, Khánh Hòa province (26 to Buôn Ma Thuột), Tuy Hòa (25 to Pleiku via Ayun Pa) Quy Nhon (19 to Pleiku), and western Quảng Nam province (14/ Ho Chi Minh Road to Kon Tum) The largest airport in the region is Da Nang International Airport with flights to various cities in Vietnam, Singapore, Siem Reap, Guangzhou, Shanghai and seasonal flights to other cities in mainland China and Taiwan  The region's second international airport at Cam Ranh (serving Nha Trang flights to various cities in Vietnam, Guangzhou, Shanghais, Hong Kong, etc )  Phu Cat Airport (serving Quy Nhon) and Dong Tac Airport (serving Tuy Hòa) have only domestic flights  Chu Lai in southern Quảng Nam province has an international airport, but only domestic flights 
Da Nang Port and Quy Nhơn Port are the region's major ports  Another major port is under construction at Vân Phong in Khánh Hòa province 

Energy
The South Central Coast has limited potential for hydro-power plants and has therefore not been a major part of EVN's mostly hydro-focused strategy  However, it is at the forefront of many of Vietnam's efforts to diversify electricity sources away from hydro-power  The country's first nuclear power plant is under construction in Ninh Thuận province  A second nuclear power project is being prepared with Japanese partners and will also be in Ninh Thuận A 200 MW wind power plant is under construction in Ninh Thuận province and is planned to be completed in 2012  Other wind power plants are being constructed in Bình Thuận province 
Bình Thuận is also the location of a 1200 MW electro-thermal plant currently under construction 

Demography
The South Central Coast region had a population of 8 93 million  The three northern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định have the largest populations and together make up almost half of the region's population (47 7%) 2 82 million or 31 6% of them live in cities and towns  More than half of the region's urban population is in Da Nang, Khánh Hòa province and Bình Thuận province, while more than half of the rural population is in the provinces  of Quảng Nam, Bình Định and Quảng Ngãi Annual population growth has averaged 1 22% from 2000 to 2007, with Da Nang recording the fastest population growth at 1 95%  Growth in the three northern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định has been slowest at around 1%  The four other provinces had average growth rates between 1 26% (Khánh Hòa province) and 1 59% (Ninh Thuận province) The region's population is ethnically clearly dominated by the Vietnamese people (Kinh)  There are some minorities, the most significant of which are the Cham, the descendants of Champa  They live mostly in the lowlands around Phan Rang and northern Bình Thuận province, with smaller communities in other provinces such as southern Bình Định  Other minorities live mostly in the mountainous western parts of the region  Areas inhabited by minority people make up more than half of Quảng Nam province and Quảng Ngãi province 
Passage 14:
Mueang Phan
Mueang Phan (Thai: เมืองพาน) is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Phan District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand  In 2005 it had a total population of 19,326 people  The tambon contains 25 villages 
Passage 15:
Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge
The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge is a bridge spanning the Mississippi River in the U  S  city of Sauk Rapids, Minnesota  Construction began on September 26, 2005; the bridge was completed in September 2007 and opened to traffic on October 23, 2007  The official dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony took place on November 16, 2007   The bridge replaced the former Sauk Rapids Bridge, located a short distance downriver, which was demolished in the fall and winter of 2007-2008 
The new bridge spans the BNSF Railway on the east bank of the river  Traffic flow is no longer disrupted during train crossings; this was a frequent problem with the former bridge 
The new span relied heavily on steel for its construction rather than concrete to reduce the number of piers needed to be placed in the river  This design choice increased the project cost by $2 3 million USD to a total cost estimated at $56 63 million   Construction of the bridge of itself cost an estimated $20 46 million, with other costs including right-of-way purchases, road construction, and a program to help businesses affected by the project relocate elsewhere in downtown Sauk Rapids 
The entire project was large in scope, due to the amount of business and residential properties that were affected by its chosen location   When the Sauk Rapids Bridge project began, it was considered to be the first downtown transportation project of its kind nationwide in terms of the scale of relocations of businesses that were necessary   The success of the project may set a precedent for future bridges The original design of the bridge was hotly contested between Benton County and the City of Sauk Rapids, and the dispute was nearly taken to court  The county had wished that the bridge land beyond Benton Drive (Sauk Rapids' "main street") on Second Avenue and connect with Second Street North  The city feared that such a design would adversely affect businesses in the downtown area and desired instead that the bridge land on Benton Drive  Benton County's stake in the project (Stearns County being the other contributor) was eventually handed over to the city, and it was elected that the bridge pass over the BNSF Railway, land on Benton Drive, and connect with Second Street North 
The Sauk Rapids Regional Bridge features a spiral walkway on the Sauk Rapids side of the bridge that allows pedestrians to access the city parking lot under the bridge 

See also
Sauk Rapids Bridge
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River
Passage 16:
Labanoras Regional Park
Labanoras Regional Park, established in 1992, is located 80 kilometers northeast of Lithuania's capital, Vilnius  Covering 553 18 km², it is the largest regional park in the country  Its administration is in the small town of Labanoras 

Nature

The park contains about 70 lakes; about 80% of its land is forested  Its floral biodiversity is high, and it is home to the densest population of nesting white stork couples in Europe  It also contains areas with archeological, architectural, ethnographic, and historic value 
It is the largest Lithuania regional park, distinguished by a variety of landscapes, extremely rich flora and fauna  The largest part of the park is occupied by forests (80%), mostly pine forests  Labanoras forest with abundant wetlands and lakes is characterized by an abundance of protected species  Lakes occupy 14 percent  park areas  Spectacular Black Lakajai and White Lakajai, Stirniai, Siesartis and other lakes in Molėtai Lake District, 15 8 km long Aisetas lake  Lakaja, one of the most beautiful and exotic rivers, was loved not only by water birds but also by water tourists 
There are 285 lakes in Labanoras Regional Park - the largest of all Lithuanian regional parks  Largest: Stirniai, White Lakajai, Kertuojai  About 30 streams flow through the park  These are Lakaja, Peršokšna, Dumblė, Luknelė  In addition to these water bodies, the park protects swamp ecosystems, valuable calcareous marshes 
A whole complex of high marshes and lakeside low marshes is protected - Kanija raistas and many larger and smaller wetlands  In the Girutiškis Nature Reserve here, the Beržalotas upland swamp shines with the mirrors of the lakes 
Pine forests make up 81 percent  of all the forests in the park  Along with abundant lakes, swamps, hilly and undulating terrain, they are very picturesque 
The distant surroundings of Aukštaitija National Park can be seen from the observation tower of the Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology 
The park is a famous breeding ground for elks,  wolves  and lynxes 
Passage 17:
S-Fone
S-Fone was a mobile communication operator in Vietnam that used the CDMA technology  Founded on 1 July 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, S-Fone became the third network of Vietnam, breaking the duopoly of the two VNPT operators  It is the trademark of S-Telecom (CDMA Mobile Phone Centre) (set up as a joint venture between Saigon Postel Corp  (SPT) and Korea SK Telecom)  SK Telecom decided to leave the partnership in 2010  SPT has since then found it difficult to find a new partner, after a co-operation with Saigon Tel failed As of the start of 2005, breaking the old rule of the calls fee from 10 second to 1 second (6+1)7, S-Fone has 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 subscribers, contributing 3% to the total market (after Mobifone with 41%, Viettel Mobile with 34% and Vinaphone with 20%  Its market share (estimated based on revenues) fell to 0 1% by 2012 after suffering from a lack of capital, a small number of subscribers and low network quality S-Fone has become highly indebted and has been unable to pay salaries for several months in its Hanoi branch in late 2012  S-Fone ceased its operation, closed its stores and website, and released its staff from their contracts in July 2012  Its operating license expired in 2016 

Achievements
S-Fone is the first and biggest national cellular mobile phone network using CDMA in Vietnam (followed by EVN Telecom and HT Mobile)  On 9 October 2006, S-Fone officially launched CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO value added services for the first time in Vietnam: VOD/MOD (Video, TV on demand, music on demand) and mobile Internet (enabling internet access for PCs and laptops via S-Fone network) beginning in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, Hai Phong and Can Tho 
Passage 18:
Fire and Water (sculpture)
Fire and Water is a public art work by American artist John Luttropp, located on the southwest side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin  The multi-element architectural sculpture was created for the entrance of the Milwaukee Fire Department Engine Company #25 station  It is located at 300 S  84th St 

Description
The sculpture includes two primary elements: a pair of neon-topped tapering concrete walls flanking the entry sidewalk, and a wall-mounted neon sign displaying the number 25 in a stylized font  During the day, the neon is not lit  At night, the entry numbers glow red, and the tops of the tapering wall glow blue  According to the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey, the red neon symbolizes fire and the blue neon symbolizes water spray from fire hoses 

Historical information
The City of Milwaukee commissioned the work for $9,000 and it was greeted with some criticism  The Milwaukee Sentinel compared the neon look to a fast food restaurant and quoted hesitant firefighters based at the station 
Passage 19:
Bodyguard (British TV series)
Bodyguard is a British political thriller television series created and written by Jed Mercurio and produced by World Productions as part of ITV Studios for the BBC  The six-part series centres around the fictional character of Police Sergeant David Budd (Richard Madden), a British Army war veteran suffering from PTSD, who is now working for the Royalty and Specialist Protection Branch of London's Metropolitan Police Service  He is assigned as the principal protection officer (PPO) for the ambitious Home Secretary Julia Montague (Keeley Hawes), whose politics he despises  The series draws attention to controversial issues such as  government monitoring of private information and its regulation, the politics of intervention and terrorism, and PTSD The series began broadcasting on BBC One on 26 August 2018, achieving the highest viewing figures for a new BBC drama in the multichannel era and the highest BBC viewing figures since 2008  The BBC commissioned the series from the then-independent World Productions in 2016  Since ITV Studios Global Entertainment acquired the company in 2017, they have handled international distribution for the series  Netflix agreed to a distribution deal to broadcast the show outside the United Kingdom and Ireland The series was met with critical acclaim, particularly for Madden's performance  The series received numerous award nominations including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama, with Madden winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama  At the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series and a second series is in development 

Cast and characters
Main
Budd familyRichard Madden as PS David Budd, a Scottish veteran of the Afghanistan war and now dedicated Principal Protection Officer (PPO) at Protection Command  His wartime experiences have left him struggling with PTSD, prone to volatile behaviour, and mistrustful of politicians  Assigned to protect Julia Montague, whose politics he loathes, Budd is conflicted over his loyalties 
Sophie Rundle as Vicky Budd, David's wife and the mother of their two children, who works as a ward sister at a London hospital  David's unpredictable moods and issues with PTSD since returning from Afghanistan resulted in their marriage being estranged GovernmentKeeley Hawes as The Rt Hon  Julia Montague MP, the Home Secretary and Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the fictional constituency of Thames West  Montague's suspected desire to become Prime Minister, and her controversial additions to the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, dubbed "RIPA-18" and "The Snoopers' Charter", which would give greater powers to the police and Security Services to investigate personal communications and information, have resulted in many enemies 
Vincent Franklin as Mike Travis MP, Minister of State for Counter-Terrorism, who grows increasingly resentful over being excluded from Montague's dealings with MI5 
Nicholas Gleaves as The Rt Hon  Roger Penhaligon MP, the Government Chief Whip, Member of Parliament for Surrey North and Montague's ex-husband  A staunch supporter of the Prime Minister, he becomes increasingly suspicious and wary of Montague's political ambition 
David Westhead as The Rt Hon  John Vosler MP, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party 
Paul Ready as Rob MacDonald, Special Advisor to the Home Secretary, who has a crush on Montague PoliceGina McKee as Commander Anne Sampson, Head of Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) and Deepak Sharma's superior  Threatened by Montague's preference for MI5, Sampson enlists Budd's help 
Pippa Haywood as CSI Lorraine Craddock, Budd's commanding officer at Protection Command, who assigns him to protect Montague 
Ash Tandon as DCI Deepak Sharma, a senior detective in SO15 leading the investigation into the recent series of terror activities  As things fail to add up, he becomes suspicious of Budd 
Nina Toussaint-White as DS Louise Rayburn, an SO15 officer working under Sharma who starts to work with Budd Security Service / MI5Stuart Bowman as Stephen Hunter-Dunn, Director General of the Security Service (MI5), whose surveillance powers will be significantly enhanced by RIPA 18  Montague's preference for MI5 over SO15 puts him at odds with Sampson 
Michael Shaeffer as "Richard Longcross", an enigmatic MI5 agent working under Hunter-Dunn who becomes involved in a cat-and-mouse game with Budd CriminalsTom Brooke as Andrew 'Andy' Apsted, a war veteran and friend of Budd's  Scarred both physically and mentally by his experiences in Afghanistan, Apsted leads the anti-war Veterans Peace Group 
Matt Stokoe as Luke Aikens, a mysterious organised crime leader  He seeks to eliminate the Home Secretary 
Anjli Mohindra as Nadia Ali, implicated with her husband in an attempted bombing on a London-bound train service 

Recurring
FamilyMatthew Stagg as Charlie Budd, David and Vicky's 8-year-old son  Charlie attends Heath Bank Primary School in Camberwell 
Bella Padden as Ella Budd, David and Vicky's 10-year-old daughter  Ella attends Heath Bank Primary School in Camberwell GovernmentShubham Saraf as Tahir Mahmood, Montague's PR Adviser 
Stephanie Hyam as Chanel Dyson, the PR Advisor to the Home Secretary before getting fired by Montague PoliceClaire-Louise Cordwell as Constable Kim Knowles, a Protection Command bodyguard in Budd's team 
Richard Riddell as Constable Tom Fenton, a Protection Command bodyguard in Budd's team 

Episodes
Production
The series was largely filmed on location in London, including the Whittington Estate for Budd's flat and Battersea for Montague's flat  The bomb scenes in the final episode were filmed around CityPoint near Moorgate and Woburn Square and Senate House in Bloomsbury 
The train scenes in the first episode were filmed on the Mid-Norfolk Railway BBC journalists including Andrew Marr, John Pienaar, John Humphrys, and Laura Kuenssberg appear as themselves 

Reception
Audience
Viewing figures for the series were high, with 10 4 million (peaking at 11 million) viewers watching the overnight broadcast of the finale live on BBC One alone  As significant numbers of viewers watched the show on catchup service iPlayer after transmission, the series sparked a debate on how the media should handle spoilers  Radio Times revealed the fate of Montague in a cover story during the series's original transmission 

Critical response
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 93% approval rating, with an average rating of 8 2/10, based on 70 reviews  The critical consensus reads, "Bodyguard maintains a palpable tension throughout its pulpy proceedings to create an absorbing and addicting psychological thriller " On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews" In a positive review, Variety's Daniel D'Addario describes the series as "Both juicy in its delving into character psychology and rippingly ready to tear up its playbook as it goes, it’s a six-episode ride that demands, and rewards, a quick binge " D'Addario further states that the series "excels at both the daring, gasp-inducing twist and the methodical construction of slower-burning thrills", and that Madden's performance "by turns tripping on his own empathy, and angrily operating beyond rationality, makes us believe anything is possible — a wonderful asset for a show that seeks above all else to keep us watching"  Allison Keene, writing for Collider, lauds the performances of the cast, describing Madden's as "enthralling" and "absolutely heartbreaking", and depicts the series as "an exhilarating ride that truly showcases Madden as a major talent"  Writing for Time, Judy Berman states that the series "subverts thriller tropes just often enough to earn its reliance on them", and in a five-star review Guardian critic Lucy Mangan expresses that "[Mercurio] has created something as dark and moreish as ever"  Hanh Nguyen of IndieWire describes the series as "relentless", and the performances of Madden and Hawes as "mesmerizing"  Robert Rorke of the New York Post writes that the series is "gripping" and that Madden "gives a magnetic performance" In a more mixed assessment, Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Some elements of the series struck me as odd   and certain climactic revelations had me talking to the screen  But the action is well mounted and the tension tightly wound; it uncoils, when it does, with a satisfying snap"  In a similarly mixed review, The Atlantic's Sophie Gilbert acknowledged that "Hawes is elegantly unknowable as Julia   she gives just enough nuance in her performance to make you question whether she has a heart or is extremely deft at emotional manipulation", however she laments that "To watch Bodyguard’s six episodes is to suspend disbelief and submit to its surprises  It helps not to expect too much more than that, particularly when it comes to the show’s lavish employment of archetypes, which inevitably leads to its more questionable elements "Intelligent Protection International Limited’s CEO Alex Bomberg on BBC Radio 5 Live said that the plot, in particular the personal relationship that Budd developed with his charge, would be frowned upon as both unprofessional and putting the charge at risk  Detective Chief Inspector Steve Ray, of the Royal and Specialist Protection Command (RaSP) told the BBC that “the relationship that we have with our principals is purely professional”, adding that anyone who crossed the line would quickly be identified and would not last very long in Protection Command or even in the police service” 

Accolades
Red Nose Bodyguard
A skit titled Red Nose Bodyguard was filmed in support of Comic Relief, featuring many cast members from the series as well as performances from Joanna Lumley, Adrian Dunbar and Sanjeev Bhaskar  The skit was first broadcast on Red Nose Day 2019 on 15 March 2019 

See also
List of fictional prime ministers of the United Kingdom



ground_truth: Manhattan Project

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what region of the country of S-Fone is The place of birth of John Phan located?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The final repeats of the Trio (the Grandioso) render the famous obligato of the piccolo players—joined to a subdued but prominent countermelody by the brass section, then bringing everything to a close with once-more repeats of the grand finale 
Sousa explained to the press that the three themes of the final trio were intended to represent the three regions of the United States  The broad melody, or main theme, portrays the North  The South is represented by the famous piccolo obligato, and the West by the bold countermelody of the trombones  The three come together in the climax, representing the Union itself 

Instrumentation
This is scored for an orchestra consisting of two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, snare drum, glockenspiel, and strings 

Lyrics
Sousa's lyrics
Sousa wrote lyrics to the piece, although they are not as familiar as the music itself  A typical pairing of Sousa's lyrics with various sections of the march—here the First strain and the Grandioso strain—is noted in the colored bars 

Tidmarsh's additional lyrics
In 1942 the John Church Company published a four-part choral version of the march with a piano arrangement by Elmer Arthur Tidmarsh  This arrangement has additional lyrics written by Tidmarsh for the Breakstrain section of the march 

Parody lyrics
The exact origin of the parody is unclear, but versions of it were being quoted as early as the 1930s on college campuses, and during the 1940s, where it was sung for entertainment by soldiers at the USO  Some newspapers of that time referred to it as the "Duck Song " In 1954, Charles Grean and Joan Javits composed "Crazy Mixed Up Song", using the theme from "The Stars and Stripes Forever", with lyrics beginning "Be kind to your web-footed friends"  It was made somewhat popular by Peter Lind Hayes & Mary Healy in that year  In the early 1960s, it reached a wider audience as a part of Mitch Miller's nationally syndicated sing-along show, Sing Along with Mitch  This version has perhaps the best known lyrics, which were used to end every show:

The last two lines were later used for the theme song of the 1985 television series The Berenstain Bears, but with the lyrics changed to:

Later versions of "Be kind to your web-footed friends" extended the lyrics of the second verse  One popular version goes like this:

And the song repeats itself ad infinitum, getting higher in tone each repeat until the singer is ready for the final as per Mitch Miller:

"Well, you're right!" may be substituted for "Well, it is!" 
Another version goes like this:

The blank may be filled with appropriate adjectives like "low", "high", "silly", "fast", etc , until ready for the finale, when the singer may end with "Well, it is!" as did Mitch Miller 

Soccer chants
"Here We Go", the British soccer chant, consists of the words "here we go" continuously repeated to the tune of The Stars and Stripes Forever  It was described by Auberon Waugh as the national anthem of the working classes  It was the basis of Everton F C 's official song for the 1984 FA Cup Final  The tune has been repurposed for many other, similarly repetitive, football chants 

Variations and notable uses
"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is featured in many U S  musical performances and pop culture:

There are several orchestral transcriptions of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", including one by conductor Leopold Stokowski and one by Keith Brion and Loras Schissel  There was also an orchestral arrangement of the march by Carl Davis and David Cullen for the album Carl Conducts   Classical Festival Favourites  Orchestral versions are typically transposed one-half step lower than the original band version, to put the march in a key that is more familiar to string players 
The tune is widely used by soccer fans, with the trio/grandioso section sung with the words "Here We Go"  The supporters of Spanish side Valencia CF used to sing it with the words "Xe que bó!" which means something like "Oh! How good" in Valencian, and those words have become a symbol for the team  Another version uses the word cheerio repeatedly, normally sung to players or coaches when they have been sent off or occasionally when an underdog has ended its opponent's cup campaign  Finally, certain clubs such as Forest Green or Sunderland use the chant just using the club name; this only works if the name has three syllables  A nickname can instead be used for the chant, such as Gateshead fans chanting "Tynesiders" 
In the 1933 film Duck Soup, Harpo Marx, playing Pinky, a spy infiltrating a house in the middle of the night, attempts to open what he believes to be a safe, but turns out to be a large radio, which loudly begins playing "The Stars and Stripes Forever" when he turns the knob  Pinky spends the next several moments futilely (and loudly) trying to quell the noise before throwing the radio out a nearby window 
The march was used in the 1939 cartoon Officer Duck, after Donald Duck successfully subdues Tiny Tom, played by Pete  It is played by a marching band of police officers who further advance Tom's arrest  On the highest note of the brass, Donald kicks Tom on his rear end 
Classic Popeye the Sailor cartoons by Fleischer Studios make frequent use of the tune in the music score accompanying the climactic fight between Popeye and the villain starting with the moment Popeye gets a spinach power boost 
Parts of the tune feature in two Laurel and Hardy short films, The Chimp and Come Clean 
In show business, as said before, particularly theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March"  It is a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency  This helps theater personnel to handle events and organize the audience's exit without panic  Circus bands never play it under any other circumstances  One memorable example of its use was at the Hartford Circus Fire in July 1944, in which at least 160 people were killed 
A 1952 biographical film, Stars and Stripes Forever, gives an account of the composer's life and music 
Russian-American pianist Vladimir Horowitz wrote a famous transcription of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" for solo piano to celebrate his becoming an American citizen  In an interview, Horowitz opined that the march, being a military march, is meant to be played at a walking tempo  He complained that many conductors played the piece too fast, resulting in music that is "hackneyed" 
Timmy Mallett was fond of chanting "Wacaday, Wacaday, Wacaday" to the tune in children's TV show Wacaday, often getting child guests to do the same 
In "Evolution", the first episode of the third season of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, a malfunction in the ship's systems causes the main computer to play Sousa's march on all channels throughout the ship  The episode was first aired on September 25, 1989 
The song is usually played for the President of the United States after he gives a speech at a public forum, event, or ceremony, whereas "Hail to the Chief" is played when the President is introduced 
The tune of the song appears in the 1970 animated TV special adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! by Dr  Seuss, used as the melody for the song Be Kind To Your Small Person Friends 
In 1981, fingerstyle guitarist Guy Van Duser made an arrangement of the march for guitar  It was later performed by guitarists such as Chet Atkins, Rick Foster and Doug Smith 
The march was adapted for the theme song to The Berenstain Bears 1985 cartoon 
An 8-bit version of the song is used in the MS-DOS and Commodore 64 versions of Wheel of Fortune when solving a puzzle correctly 
The student band Strindens Promenade Orchester in Trondheim, Norway, has the world record in "speed playing" of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" (absolutely all notes must be played)  The band calls their speedy rendering of the march "Stars and Stribes", and performs the march at all solemn occasions at the Trondheim Student Society  Set during the fall term of 1999, the record time is 50 9 seconds (nominal time is 3 minutes 50 seconds)  For this, the band is noted in the Norwegian edition of the Guinness Book of Records 
The march in a specific rendition is in the soundtrack of the video game Postal 2, where it's performed by the marching band 
American composer Robert W  Smith parodied Stars and Stripes Forever along with "Jingle Bells" with his composition "Jingle Bells Forever", published by Alfred Publishing Co 
In 2008, the Muppets performed a web version starring Sam the Eagle, Beaker, a clucking chicken, Bobo the Bear, The Swedish Chef, and Crazy Harry 
The video game Fallout 3 has the Stars and Stripes Forever as one of the songs on the Enclave Radio 
In 2009, Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman used this tune as a jingle in advertising character Ruff Ruffman's "RuffMeal" in the episode "The RuffMeal Needs More Roughage" 
At the conclusion of WWE's Extreme Rules pay-per-view in 2011, Stars and Stripes Forever played following John Cena announcing the death of Osama Bin Laden  It was also played during the January 5, 2015 episode of WWE Raw from Corpus Christi, Texas, also involving Cena, during the main event segment called John Cena Appreciation Night, where The Authority (Triple H and Stephanie McMahon) thanked Cena for (kayfabe) re-hiring them following the previous year's Survivor Series event's main event match, only to slander him and then (kayfabe) fire his teammates from that night, Dolph Ziggler, Ryback and Erick Rowan  The Big Show, who was also Cena's teammate during the aforementioned match, was not fired since he turned his back on Cena during the match and then joined The Authority  Balloons and confetti then fell from the rafters as Cena and his teammates stood in the ring, dejected, as the song played 
In Argentina, a sensationalist news channel, Crónica TV, always uses the first 22 seconds of this march as a background music on reporting breaking news stories 
The Grateful Dead finished their 50th reunion concert on July 4, 2015 with fireworks accompanied by a recording of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", in front of 70,000 people in Soldier Field in Chicago 
In 2022, a March Madness-themed commercial from Capital One featured the opening notes of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" being played by a marching band led by Charles Barkley, who claimed to represent a fictional university named "Chuck U"  Samuel L  Jackson and Spike Lee are also featured in the commercial 

See also
List of marches by John Philip Sousa
"You're a Grand Old Flag"
Passage 5:
My Way
"My Way" is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra set to the music of the French song "Comme d'habitude" composed by Jacques Revaux with lyrics by Gilles Thibaut and Claude François and first performed in 1967 by Claude François  Its English lyrics were written by Paul Anka and are unrelated to the original French song   
The song was a success for a variety of performers including Sinatra, Elvis Presley, and Sid Vicious  Sinatra's version of "My Way" spent 75 weeks in the UK Top 40, which is 3rd place all-time 

Background
In 1967, Jacques Revaux wrote a ballad named "For Me", with English lyrics about a couple falling out of love  According to Revaux, the demo was then sent to Petula Clark, Dalida, and Claude François, to no avail  Revaux rejected a version by Hervé Villard, the singer of the international hit Capri c'est fini and reworked the track into Comme d'habitude ("As usual") with the help of Claude François  It was released in November 1967 and was at the top of the French pop chart for one week in February 1968 Paul Anka heard the French original, while on holiday in the south of France  He flew to Paris to negotiate the rights to the song  He acquired adaptation, recording, and publishing rights for the nominal but formal consideration of one dollar, subject to the provision that the melody's composers would retain their original share of royalty rights with respect to whatever versions Anka or his designates created or produced   Some time later, Anka had a dinner in Florida with Frank Sinatra and "a couple of Mob guys" during which Sinatra said: "I'm quitting the business  I'm sick of it; I'm getting the hell out "
Back in New York, Anka re-wrote the original French song for Sinatra, subtly altering the melodic structure and changing the lyrics: At one o'clock in the morning, I sat down at an old IBM electric typewriter and said, 'If Frank were writing this, what would he say?' And I started, metaphorically, 'And now the end is near ' I read a lot of periodicals, and I noticed everything was 'my this' and 'my that'  We were in the 'me generation' and Frank became the guy for me to use to say that  I used words I would never use: 'I ate it up and spit it out ' But that's the way he talked  I used to be around steam rooms with the Rat Pack guys—they liked to talk like Mob guys, even though they would have been scared of their own shadows  Anka finished the song at 5 in the morning: "I called Frank up in Nevada—he was at Caesars Palace – and said, 'I've got something really special for you '" Anka asserted: "When my record company caught wind of it, they were very pissed that I didn't keep it for myself  I said, 'Hey, I can write it, but I'm not the guy to sing it ' It was for Frank, no one else "Despite this, Anka would record the song in 1969 very shortly after Sinatra's recording was released  Anka recorded it four other times as well: in 1996 (as a duet with Gabriel Byrne, performed in the movie Mad Dog Time); in 1998 in Spanish as "A Mi Manera" (duet with Julio Iglesias); in 2007 (as a duet with Jon Bon Jovi); and in 2013 (as a duet with Garou) On December 30, 1968, Frank Sinatra recorded his version of the song in one take, featuring session drummer Buddy Saltzman among the band 
"My Way" was released in early 1969 on the My Way LP and as a single  It reached No  27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No  2 on the Easy Listening chart in the US  In the UK, the single achieved a still unmatched record, becoming the recording with the most weeks inside the Top 40, spending 75 weeks from April 1969 to September 1971  It spent a further 49 weeks in the Top 75 but never bettered the No  5 slot achieved upon its first chart run Billboard said that the "driving, lush and commercial Don Costa arrangement and production is an added plus to one of Sinatra's finest performances " Cash Box said that "The powerful material is matched by a splendidly moving performance which is certain to win rave comments from programmers with teen and adult audiences "Although this work became Frank Sinatra's signature song, his daughter Tina says the singer came to hate the song: "He didn't like it  That song stuck and he couldn't get it off his shoe  He always thought that song was self-serving and self-indulgent "

Charts
Certifications
Versions
David Bowie reportedly wrote the first English language lyrics to Claude François's original tune, though the lyrics and performance were only informally recorded and never commercially published 

Dorothy Squires
In the midst of Sinatra's multiple runs on the UK Singles Chart, Welsh singer Dorothy Squires also released a rendition of "My Way" in summer 1970  Her recording reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart and re-entered the chart twice more during that year 

Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley began performing the song in concert during the mid-1970s, despite Anka's suggestions that the song did not suit him  Nevertheless, on January 12 and 14, 1973, Presley sang the song during his satellite show Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite, beamed live and on deferred basis (for European audiences, who also saw it in prime time), to 43 countries via Intelsat 
On October 3, 1977, several weeks after Presley's death, his live recording of "My Way" (recorded for the Elvis In Concert CBS-TV special on June 21, 1977) was released as a single  In the U S , it reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in late 1977/early 1978 (higher than Frank Sinatra's peak position), number 6 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and went gold for its successful sales of over a million copies  The following year the single reached number 2 on the Billboard Country singles chart but went all the way to number 1 on the rival Cash Box Country Singles chart  In the UK, it reached number 9 on the UK Singles Chart 
Presley's version is featured in the climax of the 2001 film 3000 Miles to Graceland with Kurt Russell and Kevin Costner  (Paul Anka appears in a cameo as a casino pit boss who loathes Presley )
Presley's studio version of the song, recorded in 1971, was included on the fourth disc of "Walk a Mile in My Shoes: The Essential '70s Masters" 

Certifications
Sid Vicious
Sex Pistols' bassist Sid Vicious did a punk rock version of the song, in which a large body of the words were changed and the arrangement was sped up  The orchestral backing was arranged by Simon Jeffes 
Interviewed in 2007, Paul Anka said he had been "somewhat destabilized by the Sex Pistols' version  It was kind of curious, but I felt he [Sid Vicious] was sincere about it "Vicious and his girlfriend, Nancy Spungen, changed many of the words when it was recorded, including use of the swear words "cunt" and "fuck" as well as the word "queer" (slang for a gay man)  Vicious's reference to a "prat who wears hats" was an in-joke directed towards Vicious's friend and Sex Pistols bandmate Johnny Rotten, who was fond of wearing different kinds of hats he would pick up at rummage sales 
Leonard Cohen said of the song: I never liked this song except when Sid Vicious did it  Sung straight, it somehow deprives the appetite of a certain taste we'd like to have on our lips  When Sid Vicious did it, he provided that other side to the song; the certainty, the self-congratulation, the daily heroism of Sinatra's version is completely exploded by this desperate, mad, humorous voice  I can't go round in a raincoat and fedora looking over my life saying I did it my way – well, for 10 minutes in some American bar over a gin and tonic you might be able to get away with it  But Sid Vicious's rendition takes in everybody; everybody is messed up like that, everybody is the mad hero of his own drama  It explodes the whole culture this self-presentation can take place in, so it completes the song for me 
The 1986 film Sid and Nancy features a scene where Gary Oldman, portraying Vicious, performs his version of "My Way" while filming the song's music video Vicious's version of this song appears in Martin Scorsese's 1990 film Goodfellas, where it plays over the end credits 

Margaret Mackie and Jamie Lee Morley
In December 2019 footage of Margaret Mackie, a resident of Northcare Suites Care Home in Edinburgh who suffers from dementia, performing "My Way" with staff member Jamie Lee Morley, went viral after being posted online by Mackie's daughter Morley later arranged to have the song professionally recorded and it was released in January 2020 as a charity single to raise funds for The Alzheimer's Society and Dementia UK  The single peaked at number seven in the iTunes top 40 UK Pop Songs live chart and number five in the Amazon best seller chart 

Yuzo Kayama
In Japan, Yuzo Kayama, who is usually called the Japanese Frank Sinatra, performed "My Way" in 2008 in English  On April 23 and 30, 2015, as part of 2 vocal overdubbed sessions, Yuzo Kayama performed "My Way" with the earlier record of Frank Sinatra as a duet 

Adaptations
Besides translations more or less faithful to the original, some artists have set unrelated lyrics to the same tune 

Jozsef Gregor the renowned Hungarian bass-baritone/basso buffo recorded the song with Andras Ruszanov's Hungarian love themed lyrics version in 1996  Two years later, he sang this version in one of the most popular TV show in Budapest, since then this version has been permanently on the playlists of numerous radio stations in Hungary 
Mexican singer Vicente Fernandez did a Spanish language version, named "A Mi Manera" 
A version of the song with slightly different lyrics was used as a jingle for a Cologuard commercial in 2022 

Public use
The song is popularly associated with nostalgia to an individual's lifetime of events  Surveys beginning in 2005 have often reported that "My Way" has been the song most frequently played at funeral services in the UK  "My Way" is also a popular karaoke song around the world  However, it has been reported to cause numerous incidents of violence and homicide among karaoke singers in the Philippines, referred to in the media as the My Way killings, which has led to the song being banned in many Filipino bars The song's association with Sinatra led to Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of allowing other states in the Warsaw Pact to make their own policy decisions being nicknamed the Sinatra Doctrine, referencing "My Way"'s lyrics about doing things your own way  The term was first used by Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov in 1987, who was quoted as saying "We now have the Frank Sinatra doctrine  He has a song, I Did It My Way  So every country decides on its own which road to take "
Passage 6:
Followin' a Feelin'
Followin' a Feelin' is the third studio album by Australian country music artist Sherrié Austin  It was released in 2001 by WE Records and peaked at No  43 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart  The album's only charted single was a cover of Dolly Parton's "Jolene"  Austin's version of the song reached No  55 on the Hot Country Songs charts in July 2001 

Critical reception
Maria Konicki Dinoia of Allmusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, saying that "She's evolved into an exceptionally strong songwriter, having written or co-written nine of the album's ten virtually flawless tracks "

Track listing
"Followin' a Feelin'" (Sherrié Austin, Rob Crosby, Will Rambeaux) — 3:19
"Jolene" (Dolly Parton) — 3:17
"Goin' Goin' Gone" (Austin, Rambeaux, Jon Christopher Davis) — 4:14
"Somethin' Missin' in the Kissin'" (Austin, Rambeaux, Blair Daly) — 3:21
"In the Meantime" (Austin, Rambeaux, Crosby) — 3:41
"My Brilliant Mistake" (Austin, Rambeaux, Greg Barnhill) — 3:17
"In Our Own Sweet Time" (Austin, Rambeaux, Marcus Hummon) — 3:07
"Love Melts Even the Coldest Hearts" (Austin, Shawna Harrington-Burkhart) — 3:17
"Back Where I Belong" (Austin, Rambeaux, Kimberly Roads, Philip Sweet) — 3:00
"Time, Love and Money" (Austin, Rambeaux, Dave Berg) — 3:11

Personnel
Stephanie Bentley - backing vocals
Pat Buchanan - electric guitar
J  T  Corenflos - electric guitar
Jon Christopher Davis - backing vocals
Larry Franklin - mandolin, fiddle
Jimmy Hull - harmonica
Mike Joyce - bass
Troy Lancaster - electric guitar
Tim Lauer - keyboards
Gary McIntyre - steel guitar
Russ Pahl - steel guitar
Kim Parent - backing vocals
Paul Scholten - drums
Steven Sheehan - acoustic guitar
Barry Walsh - keyboards

Chart performance
Passage 7:
Way Out Here (song)
"Way Out Here" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Josh Thompson   It was released in March 2010 as the second single and title track from his debut album of the same name  Thompson co-wrote the song with David Lee Murphy and Casey Beathard 

Content
"Way Out Here" is a ballad, mostly accompanied by acoustic guitar  In it, the narrator tells of his rural upbringing, the way he was raised, and his desire for the United States to return to a simpler time, back when things "were run the way they ought a be"   The song further laments small town America, stating with nostalgia images of pickup trucks, unlicensed dogs running free, and hard working blue collar men who "chew and fry everything"   A further narrative relates to service in the United States armed forces, of which the narrator tells how people from small town America often wind up joining the military to earn a living and are then deployed overseas 

Music video
The music video for "Way Out Here" was filmed in Cairo, Illinois   The video begins with scenes of farms, a diner run by a young woman in her late teens (apparently married with a wedding ring and also religious locket which reads "faith") then shifts to a local bar where the narrator sings the song on his guitar   Interspersed into the video are scenes of men working on a farm as well as scenes of young men deployed in the Army to the Middle East 

Critical reception
The song and video drew mostly positive reviews from critics, however some negative reviews resulted from the portrayal in the music video of an entirely white town (Cairo, Illinois is in fact 70% African American), as well as nostalgia (instead of concern) regarding boarded up small towns steeped in rural poverty   Paul Brian of Engine 145, gave the song a thumbs-down rating  His review criticized Thompson's vocals for "[simmering] with anger, despair, and moral force as the song approaches numerous key concerns including the economy, military service, work ethic, religious belief, gun ownership, governance, and musical taste "

Chart performance
"Way Out Here" debuted at number 57 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated March 20, 2010, and then fell off the next week  However, it re-entered the country chart at number 58 on the chart dated April 3, 2010  In September 2010, it peaked at number 15 on the chart 

Year-end charts
Passage 8:
Turn Me On (Mark Dinning song)
"Turn Me On" is a song by John D  Loudermilk that was first recorded and released by Mark Dinning in 1961 as the B-side to his single "Lonely Island"  Other notable versions are by Nellie Rutherford and Nina Simone  Norah Jones released her version as the last single from her debut album Come Away with Me on May 12, 2003  The song was also performed by Shelby Dressel during her American Idol audition  It has been suggested that the song influenced the composition of Leonard Cohen's 1969 song "Bird on the Wire" 

Norah Jones version
Jones's cover was the seventh track on her debut album  This version also appeared in the movie Love Actually and appears on its soundtrack 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 9:
Kingpin (Tinsley Ellis album)
Kingpin is a 2000 blues album by Tinsley Ellis  It was recorded at Ocean Way by David Z (also the producer) who also mixed at Javelina Recording Studio (both in Nashville, Tennessee) for Supersonic Productions  It was mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound New York  Tinsley wrote/co-wrote three of the songs 

Track listing
"Heart Fixing Business" (Homer Banks/Allen Jones)
"Sweet Pea" (Wayne Burdette/Tinsley Ellis)
"Dyin' to Do Wrong" (Ellis)
"Can't Play That Way" (Ellis)
"I've Got to Use My Imagination" (Gerry Goffin/Barry Goldberg)
"I Got to Moan" (S  Boyer)
"I'll Be Loving You" (J L  Williams)
"The Other Side of Town" (Sir Mack Rice/Jon Tiven/Sally Tiven)
"Days of Old" (B B  King/Josea Taub)
"Slingshots and Boomerangs" (C C  Adcock/David Eagan)
"Let's Think About It" (Arthur Alexander/Jon Tiven)

Musicians
Tinsley Ellis on Guitar and vocals
David Smith on Bass guitar
Reese Wynans on keyboards
Jack Holder on guitar
Richie Hayward on drums
Kevin McKendree on organ
David Z on guitar, keyboards, percussion
Little Joey Hoegger on harmonica
Jim Hoke on saxophone
Passage 10:
I Got a Feelin' (Billy Currington song)
"I Got a Feelin'" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Billy Currington  It was released in January 2004 as the second and final single from his 2003 self-titled debut album  The song peaked at number 5 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in mid-2004  It also reached number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100  Currington wrote this song with Casey Beathard and Carson Chamberlain 

Critical reception
In his review of the album, Jeffrey B  Remz of Country Standard Time viewed the song favorably, saying that it showed Currington's traditional country sound by the prominence of fiddle (played by Stuart Duncan) 

Music videos
The music video for the track was directed by Philip Andelman, filmed in the Mojave Desert in California, and co-stars Gena Lee Nolin 

Chart performance
"I Got a Feelin'" debuted at number 53 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of January 17, 2004 

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Passage 11:
Separate Lies
Separate Lies is a 2005 British drama film directed by Julian Fellowes, who also wrote the screenplay, updating the 1951 novel A Way Through the Wood by Nigel Balchin, which had already been turned into a stage play under the title Waiting for Gillian in 1954  The film stars Tom Wilkinson, Emily Watson and Rupert Everett  Separate Lies marked the directorial debut of Julian Fellowes, who had worked mostly as an actor and won an Academy Award with his screenplay for Robert Altman's  Gosford Park 

Plot
"No life is perfect – even if it seems to be," says James Manning, a wealthy London solicitor  When it comes to matters of right and wrong, he likes to think of himself as inflexible  Anne, his much younger wife, is accommodating and dutiful and likes the life they lead, the house in London, the Buckinghamshire hideaway  The couple seems to have it all, yet events soon will prove them wrong 
In the village, a neighbour has reappeared: William Bule, son of a leading local family  He has recently returned from America, a bad marriage and two children, whose ages he cannot bother to remember  Bill is indolent and insinuating and at the village cricket match he catches Anne's eye  Because of him, she suggests to her reluctant husband that they should have neighbours over for drinks  However, that evening, James has to work late in the city  Before the party is set to begin, a speeding car sideswipes a man bicycling along a village lane  The man is hurled to the ground and dies a few days later  He was the husband of Maggie, the Mannings’ housekeeper 
Anne takes a special interest in Maggie's well-being, but James can't understand her sudden teary investment in their housekeeper’s personal life  James, whose priorities have become skewed toward work rather than toward his wife, soon becomes suspicious that Bill may be involved in that fatal hit-and-run  When confronted, Bill initially denies the allegation, but soon tells James that the next day he will go to the police and confess, if that is what he wants, although he sees no benefit from his confessions  Back home, when James tells Anne about his conversation with Bill, she has also some striking confessions to make  Anne reveals one hurtful secret while making a salad: she was actually driving Bill’s car when drunk and accidentally hit the cyclist   While artfully arranging ingredients on a platter, she informs her already distraught husband that she has also been having an affair with Bill  Telling her story, she asserts that Bill doesn't really mean anything to her, because he doesn't make demands or judge her, as James does in little, incessant ways  Precisely because he's a lout, Bill makes her feel oddly liberated, if not loved 
As a Buckinghamshire police inspector questions the Mannings and Bill about the accident, James is torn between doing the right thing and maintaining appearances at all costs  James really loves Anne, and the couple takes a trip to Wales in an effort to leave the accident, their guilt, and their marital troubles behind  However, Maggie, whose husband was killed, witnessed the accident  She saw the car and identifies it as belonging to Bill Bule  Yet her testimony may be biased, since Maggie knows William Bule well, having worked for his family until she was accused of stealing and dismissed  It was Anne who gave her a new start in the village 
Bule calls for a meeting  with James and Anne  There he says the inspector will come to question them later and that Maggie has identified the car  He requests James to provide an alibi for him to which James agrees  Next day the inspector meets James at his office to confirm the alibi claimed by Bule  Later a mechanic calls Bule to tell about the questioning from police about respraying the car  This makes Anne nervous and she runs to Maggie to tell her the truth and that she is responsible for her husband's death  Maggie being indebted to Anne for giving her the job after eight years takes back her statement about Bule driving the car when confronted by police  Anne goes back to stay with James until one day he's informed by a cousin of Bule that he is dying of cancer  Learning this from James, Anne rushes back to the dying Bule whose father comes to James to express his gratitude for this  Following this James meets Anne near Bule's home and expresses his undiminished love for her  Upon the demise of Bule, Anne is reunited with James 

Cast
Tom Wilkinson as James Manning
Emily Watson as Anne Manning
Rupert Everett as William "Bill" Bule
Richenda Carey as Sarah Tufnell
David Harewood as Inspector Marshall
Linda Bassett as Maggie
Hermione Norris as Priscilla
John Warnaby as Simon
John Neville as Lord Rawston
Philip Rham as French Lawyer
Unknown as Joe

External links
Separate Lies at IMDb
Separate Lies at Rotten Tomatoes
Separate Lies at Box Office Mojo
Passage 12:
Feelin' the Same Way
"Feelin' the Same Way" is a song from American singer-songwriter Norah Jones's debut album, Come Away with Me (2002)  It was written by Lee Alexander, and produced by Jones  Released in the United Kingdom on August 5, 2002, the song charted at number 72 on the UK Singles Chart 

Charts



ground_truth: South Central Coast