prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What award did the author of The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden receive?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Happy, Happy
Happy, Happy (Norwegian: Sykt lykkelig, lit  'Insanely Happy') is a 2010 Norwegian comedy film directed by Anne Sewitsky  The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist 

Plot
Kaja (Agnes Kittelsen) is a school teacher living in the countryside with her husband, Eirick, and son  Despite the fact that her husband is cold to her, she maintains a cheerful happy-go-lucky disposition and tries her best to please him 
A couple from Denmark, Elisabeth and Sigve, come to live in the neighbouring house with their adopted son Noa  Kaja is in awe of Elisabeth and is impressed by the couple's relationship and their strong bond  The four play a game during which the couples must answer questions to reveal how well they know each other; Kaja becomes upset when she and Eirick fail to get a single question right  Kaja begins crying saying that they never have sex, which Eirick blames on her yeast infection  Alone with Sigve, Kaja apologizes for her outburst explaining that she wishes that she and Eirick were more like Elisabeth and Sigve  Sigve reveals that things are not as perfect as they seem as the two have moved to the country to rebuild their marriage after Elisabeth had an affair  In response Kaja kisses Sigve and then performs oral sex on him 
Kaja and Sigve embark on an affair which leaves Kaja sexually fulfilled  She joins Elisabeth and Sigve's choir and tries to initiate sex with her husband only to be shut down 
One day, while leaving Kaja's home, Sigve is joined on his jog by Eirick  The two men talk about their past lives as bachelors and when Sigve remarks that they deserve better Eirick misinterprets his meaning and kisses him, only to be rebuffed 
Eventually Elisabeth spies Kaja flirting with and touching Sigve  She confronts him about his affair and he tells her that he enjoys feeling needed  Elisabeth then tells Eirick what has happened, causing him to attack Sigve  As a result Sigve moves into Kaja's home  Elisabeth briefly invites Eirick to stay with her but after an uncomfortable and awkward attempt at sex she kicks him out again 
Kaja and Sigve host a Christmas dinner for the children inviting Elisabeth  After Elisabeth gets drunk she confesses to Sigve that she misses him and asks him to come home  He kisses her and the two are caught by Kaja  She realizes that Sigve will always love Elisabeth and that all she ever really wanted was to be loved by Eirick, who she now realizes is gay  Sigve leaves to go home with Elisabeth and Eirick comes back and asks to move back in, swearing he will never leave Kaja and will be a better husband  Kaja tells him she is leaving him 
Elisabeth and Sigve pack up their things and say goodbye to Kaja and Eirick  Eirick meanwhile moves into their home so that he can be close to Kaja and their son while the two of them start separate lives 

Cast
Agnes Kittelsen as Kaja
Henrik Rafaelsen as Sigve
Joachim Rafaelsen as Eirik
Maibritt Saerens as Elisabeth
Oskar Hernæs Brandsø as Theodor
Ram Shihab Ebedy as Noa
Heine Totland as Dirigenten

See also
List of submissions to the 84th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Norwegian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Passage 2:
PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay
The PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay is awarded by the PEN America (formerly PEN American Center) to an author for a book of original collected essays  The award was founded by PEN Member and author Barbaralee Diamonstein and Carl Spielvogel, former New York Times columnist, "to preserve the dignity and esteem that the essay form imparts to literature " The winner receives a cash award of $10,000 The award was on hiatus from 2005 to 2010 The award is one of many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN affiliates in over 145 PEN centres around the world  The PEN American Center awards have been characterized as being among the "major" American literary prizes 

Award winners
Passage 3:
Aaron Robinson (composer)
Aaron Robinson is an American composer, conductor, and musicologist  He is the author of Does God Sing? – A Musical Journey  He created the musical work Black Nativity – In Concert: A Gospel Celebration  He also served as conductor and musical director in the PBS documentary On This Island  In 2013, he was nominated for an Emmy Award for composing Maine Public Broadcasting Network's Maine Arts series theme music 

Personal background
Robinson attended Medomak Valley High School in Waldoboro, Maine  At 16 years of age—a self-taught musician who never took piano lessons—he became the organist at both the Broad Cove Community Church in Cushing and the Friendship United Methodist Church  By his late teens, he was creating, performing and producing concerts and theatrical productions, including the musical Moody Blue for which he wrote both the music and lyrics  According to a 2013 interview, Robinson studied composition and piano performance at the Boston Conservatory of Music with composer John Adams and Lawrence Thomas Bell, as well as film scoring with John Williams at the Berklee School of Music; but chose not to graduate with a degree  Instead, Robinson "went out and lived the life of music," as he said in a 2017 interview  In 2001, he became organist and choirmaster for "Music at Immanuel" at the Immanuel Baptist Church in Portland, Maine In 2009, he retired from public performing due to illness  During which time Robinson wrote the memoir, Does God Sing – A Musical Journey  It reached No  5 on the Barnes & Nobles best-sellers non-fiction paperback list for March 2013 Robinson lives on the coast of Maine with his wife and son 

Career
Robinson has conducted works for the concert and theatrical stage, including Leonard Bernstein's Candide – The Concert Version  In 1997, Robinson conducted Treemonisha: The Concert Version by ragtime composer Scott Joplin at the Rockport Opera House in Rockport, Maine, with a new libretto by Judith Kurtz Bogdanove In 2001, he orchestrated, arranged, and conducted the musical Islands, which was produced on Broadway at the New Victory Theater by John Wulp, with music and lyrics by Cidny Bullens Robinson conducted the world premiere performance of his Black Nativity – In Concert: A Gospel Celebration in 2001 at the Immanuel Baptist Church  The concert version recreated the original performance of Langston Hughes's Gospel Song-Play Black Nativity that opened in 1961 at the 41st Street Theatre in New York City  In 2004, the documentary film Black Nativity – In Concert: A Gospel Celebration was made about the world premiere performance, production, and creation under the direction of Robinson with the original cast  In December 2013, Robinson collaborated with Dr  Anthony Antolini and the Bowdoin College Chorus and Down East Singers to mount a revised version of his 2004 creation Robinson composed An American Requiem, which had its New England Premiere under the direction of Dr  Robert Russell and the USM Chorale  He also wrote Driving Old Memories (The Rockland Maine Song) with his father Ervin Robinson  On June 2, 2021, the Mayor of Rockland, Maine presented a key to the city and proclaimed June 2021 "Driving Old Memories" month In 2012 he wrote the music for the independent documentary In the Shadows of Grey Gardens In an article entitled "Robinson and Ragtime", David Welker called him "one of today’s leading proponents of early jazz and ragtime music"  He is perhaps best known for his composition "The New England Ragtime Suite" for piano In 2014, the opening of Maine Public Broadcasting's "Maine Arts!" Series received an Emmy Award at the 36th annual New England Emmy Awards for which Robinson contributed the series’ theme music and was nominated for a separate Emmy Award  Robinson composed the Maine-based musical, The Legend of Jim Cullen – A Dramatic Musical, which received its world premiere at the Heartwood Regional Theater Company in the summer of 2014 In May 2017, Robinson premiered two choral works in Studzinski Hall at Bowdoin College: "Requiem For a New World" and "This Will Be Our Reply To Violence" with words by Leonard Bernstein  With a famous line taken from an address Bernstein gave a few days after the assassination of President John F  Kennedy, according to a 2017 interview, it was the first time the Bernstein Estate had ever granted a composer the rights to set the words to music  It was performed later that year by the Vox Nova Chamber Choir  Robinson received acclaim for his compositions from Maine's Senators Angus King and Susan Collins, who remarked: "With the scourge of violence unabated in our times, we all must increase our devotion to the highest ideals of humanity  Through your remarkable career as a composer, performer, and author, you are helping to elevate our nation as you bring distinction to our great state of Maine ”Robinson collaborated with children's book author and illustrator Ashley Bryan in 2018 on an African-American Requiem titled "A Tender Bridge"  The work celebrates Bryan's life and career based on his writings; and uses "jazz, ragtime, Negro spirituals, Southern hymns and other musical idioms, along with a full choir, gospel choir, children’s choir, orchestra jazz ensemble and multiple narrators "

Published works
Robinson, Aaron (2013)  Does God Sing?: A Musical Journey, Tate Publishing  182 pages  ISBN 978-1621474630
Langston, Hughes (1961) Aaron Robinson (2004)  Black Nativity, Dramatic Publishing  34 pages  ISBN 0871291924

Filmography
Television
Film
Discography
Awards and nominations
Passage 4:
Brandon Bays
Brandon Bays (born August 21, 1953) is an American author and motivational speaker  She has authored New Thought self-help books, and is best known for her 1999 book, The Journey, which became a bestseller in England and Australia She was born in New York City to an American father and a Romanian mother, who grew up in Vienna, Austria 

The Journey
The Journey is the title of Brandon's first book, The Journey (1999 and 2012)  The Journey book has been translated into 23 languages The book describes her experience of healing from a basketball-sized tumour, without drugs or surgery, in 6 weeks  
Ultimately, she attributes her healing to 4 key elements:

Gaining access to the 'cellular memory' where the trauma associated with the tumour was stored
Forgiveness of the circumstances surrounding the trauma 
Accessing 'Source' / her own soul / infinite intelligence / Purusha 
Feeling the emotions associated with the trauma, as a gateway into the direct experience of Source Based on these experiences, she pioneered a healing methodology that combines all four elements of healing  The Journey method is designed to help individuals access and resolve the root cause of longstanding difficulties – emotional or physical 

The Journey Method
The Journey is also the name of the healing method Brandon developed  This method is currently taught in 44 countries via live online workshops 

Education and career
As she writes in The Journey book:
Brandon Bays studied at University
Her informal studies included naturopathy, iridology, philosophy, storytelling, among other things  
Together with a group of colleagues, she volunteered at a free-of-charge clinic in New York City which provided alternative treatments to people with terminal illness and no other options from the medical profession  
She worked for Tony Robbins for 10 years, presenting the Living Health program as a Master Trainer 

Spiritual life
Brandon was deeply influenced by a spiritual teacher she fondly calls 'Papaji' ( H  W  L  Poonjaji ) whom she met in Lucknow, India in the early 90s  Papaji was a teacher of self inquiry in the tradition of the sage, Ramana Maharshi 

Personal life
Brandon's first husband, Dr  Bob (Robert) Bays was also a former Head Trainer for Tony Robbins  
In the 1990s, Brandon and Bob lived on the beach in Malibu and lost everything when flames from the Californian brushfires leapt over the 6 lane highway and burned their house down  
Brandon lives in Greece with her second husband, Kevin Billet, who is co-director of The Journey and the primary author of Light in The Heart of Darkness: The Surprising Truth About Depression & How To Free Yourself Completely from its Grips, which Brandon Bays co-authored 

Bibliography
The Journey: A Road Map to the soul  Simon and Schuster  2001  ISBN 978-0743443920  Retrieved July 9, 2012 
The Journey for Kids: Liberating your child's shining potential  Harpercollins UK  2003  ISBN 978-0007155262  Retrieved July 9, 2012 
Freedom Is: Liberating Your Boundless Potential  New World Library  2007  ISBN 978-1577316008  Retrieved July 9, 2012 
Consciousness: The New Currency  Journey Productions, Limited  2009  ISBN 978-0956337900  Retrieved July 9, 2012 
The Journey: A Practical Guide to Healing Your Life and Setting Yourself Free  Atria Books  2012  ISBN 978-1451665611 
Living The Journey: Using The Journey Method to Heal Your Life and Set Yourself Free  Atria Books  2012  ISBN 978-1451665628 
Passage 5:
Happy Feet
Happy Feet is a 2006 computer-animated jukebox musical comedy film directed, produced, and co-written by George Miller  It stars the voices of Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Brittany Murphy, Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kidman, Hugo Weaving, and E G  Daily  An international co-production between the United States and Australia, the film was produced at Sydney-based visual effects and animation studio Animal Logic for Warner Bros  Pictures, Village Roadshow Pictures, and Kingdom Feature Productions, and was released in North American theaters on November 17, 2006, and in Australian theaters on December 26, 2006  It is the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller and Animal Logic  Set in the cold land of Antarctica, the film follows Mumble, an emperor penguin who, despite his lacking the ability to sing the heartsong to attract a soul mate, is able to tap dance brilliantly  After being continuously ridiculed and rejected by peers and his own father, Mumble departs on a journey to learn what is causing the local fish population to decline--and to find himself along the way 
Though primarily an animated film, the film does incorporate motion capture of live action humans in certain scenes  The film was simultaneously released in both conventional theatres and in IMAX 2D format  The studio had hinted that a future IMAX 3D release was a possibility  However, Warner Bros , the film's production company, was on too tight a budget to release Happy Feet in IMAX digital 3D Happy Feet received generally positive reviews from critics with praise for its visuals, storyline and songs, and grossed $384 million against its $100 million production budget  It earned the recipient of the inaugural BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film, and the fourth non-Disney or Pixar film to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature  It was nominated for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film, both losing to Cars  A sequel, Happy Feet Two, was released on November 18, 2011, but it was unable to replicate the critical and commercial success of the original film 

Plot
Every emperor penguin attracts a mate by singing a unique "heartsong"  If the male penguin's heartsong matches the female's song, the two penguins mate  Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin and they become mates  They lay an egg, which Memphis cares for while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish  While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg  The resulting chick, Mumble, is unable to sing but can tap dance  Nevertheless, he is enamored with Gloria, a female penguin who is regarded as the most talented of her age  One day, Mumble encounters a group of hostile skua, with a leader who is tagged with a yellow band, which he says is from an alien abduction  Mumble narrowly escapes the hungry birds by falling into a crevice 
Now a young adult, Mumble is frequently ridiculed by the elders and their leader Noah  After escaping from a leopard seal attack, Mumble befriends five Adelie penguins named Ramón, Nestor, Lombardo, Rinaldo and Raul, known collectively as "the Amigos", who embrace Mumble's dance moves and assimilate him into their group  After seeing a hidden human excavator in an avalanche, they opt to ask Lovelace, a rockhopper penguin, about its origin  Lovelace has the plastic rings of a six pack entangled around his neck, saying that they have been bestowed upon him by mystic beings 
For the emperor penguins, it is mating season and Gloria is the center of attention  The Amigos unsuccessfully attempt to help Mumble win her affection by having Ramón sing a Spanish version of "My Way" behind Mumble, with the latter lip syncing  After Mumble desperately begins tap dancing in synch with her song, she falls for him and the youthful penguins join in for singing and dancing to "Boogie Wonderland"  The elders are appalled by Mumble's conduct, which they see as the reason for their lean fishing season  Memphis begs Mumble to stop dancing, for his own sake, but when Mumble refuses, he is exiled 
Mumble and the Amigos return to Lovelace, only to find him being choked by the plastic rings  Lovelace confesses they were snagged on him while swimming off the forbidden shores, beyond the land of the elephant seals  Not long into their journey, Gloria encounters them, wishing to become Mumble's mate  Fearing for her safety, he ridicules Gloria, driving her away 
At the forbidden shore, Mumble, Lovelace and the Amigos are attacked by the two orcas, during which Lovelace gets free from the plastic rings  After escaping, they find a fishing boat  Mumble exhaustingly pursues it alone, eventually washing up on the shore of Florida, where he is rescued and kept at Sea World with Magellanic penguins  After a long and secluded confinement in addition to fruitlessly trying to communicate with the humans, he nearly succumbs to madness  When a girl attempts to interact with Mumble by tapping the glass, he starts dancing, which attracts a large crowd  He is released back into the wild, with a tracking device attached to his back  He returns to his colony and challenges the will of the elders  Memphis reconciles with him, just as a research team arrives, verifying Mumble's statements of "aliens" existing  The entire colony engages in dance in front of the research team, whose expedition footage prompts a worldwide debate, which eventually leads to the banning of all Antarctic overfishing, satisfying both the emperor penguins and the Amigos 

Cast
Production
George Miller cites as an initial inspiration for the film an encounter with a grizzled old cameraman, whose father was Frank Hurley of the Shackleton expeditions, during the shooting of Mad Max 2: "We were sitting in this bar, having a milkshake, and he looked across at me and said, ‘Antarctica ’ He'd shot a documentary there  He said, ‘You’ve got to make a film in Antarctica  It’s just like out here, in the wasteland  It’s spectacular ’ And that always stuck in my head "Happy Feet was also partially inspired by earlier documentaries such as the BBC's Life in the Freezer  In 2001, during an otherwise non-sequitur meeting, Doug Mitchell impulsively presented Warner Bros , studio president Alan Horn with an early rough draft of the film's screenplay, and asked them to read it while he and Miller flew back to Australia  By the time they'd landed, Warner had decided to provide funding on the film  Production was slated to begin sometime after the completion of the fourth Mad Max film, Fury Road, but geo-political complications pushed Happy Feet to the forefront in early 2003 
The animation is invested heavily in motion capture technology, with the dance scenes acted out by human dancers  The tap-dancing for Mumble in particular was provided by Savion Glover who was also co-choreographer for the dance sequences  The dancers went through "Penguin School" to learn how to move like a penguin, and also wore head apparatus to mimic a penguin's beak Happy Feet needed an enormous group of computers, and Animal Logic worked with IBM to build a server farm with sufficient processing potential  The film took four years to make  Ben Gunsberger, Lighting Supervisor and VFX Department Supervisor, says this was partly because they needed to build new infrastructure and tools  The server farm used IBM BladeCenter framework and BladeCenter HS20 blade servers, which are extremely dense separate computer units each with two Intel Xeon processors  Rendering took up 17 million CPU hours over a nine-month period According to Miller, the environmental message was not a major part of the original script, but "In Australia, we're very, very aware of the ozone hole," he said, "and Antarctica is literally the canary in the coal mine for this stuff  So it sort of had to go in that direction " This influence led to a film with a more environmental tone  Miller said, "You can't tell a story about Antarctica and the penguins without giving that dimension "The film was dedicated to the memory of Nick Enright, Michael Jonson, Robby McNeilly Green, and Steve Irwin 

Music
Happy Feet is a jukebox musical, taking previously recorded songs and working them into the film's soundtrack to fit with the mood of the scene or character  Two soundtrack albums were released for the film; one containing songs from and inspired by the film, and another featuring John Powell's instrumental score  They were released on 31 October 2006 and 19 December 2006, respectively 
Prince's "Song of the Heart" won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song  The film won Golden Trailer Award for Best Music  The song was written by Prince specifically for Happy Feet shortly after he was given a private screening of the film in order to gain his approval for the use of his song "Kiss" in a musical number  Prince enjoyed the film, gave his approval for the use of "Kiss" and offered to write an original song for the production, which he completed a week later 

Soundtrack
Happy Feet: Music from the Motion Picture is the lyrical soundtrack album from the 2006 animated film Happy Feet  As of March 2007, the OST has sold over 272,627 copies in the US 

Certifications
Reception
Box office
The film opened at number 1 in the United States on its first weekend of release (17–19 November), grossing $41 6 million and beating Casino Royale for the top spot  It remained number 1 for the Thanksgiving weekend, making $51 6 million over the five-day period  In total, the film was the top grosser for three weeks, a 2006 box office feat matched only by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest  As of 8 June 2008,  Happy Feet had grossed $198 0 million in the U S  and $186 3 million overseas, making about $384 3 million worldwide  Happy Feet was the third highest grossing animated film of 2006 in the U S , behind Cars and Ice Age: The Meltdown  The film was released in about 35 international territories at the close of 2006 The production budget was $100 million 

Critical reception
Happy Feet received generally positive reviews from critics  On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 76% "Certified Fresh" score based on 169 reviews, with an average rating of 6 9/10  The site's consensus reads, "Visually dazzling, with a thoughtful storyline and catchy musical numbers, Happy Feet marks a successful animated debut from the makers of Babe " Metacritic reports a 77 out of 100 rating, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale 

Analysis
The film garnered analysis and dissection from various critics  Film critic Yar Habnegnal wrote an essay in Forum on Contemporary Art and Society that examines the themes of encroachment presented throughout the film, as well as various other subtexts and themes, such as religious hierarchy and interracial tensions   Vadim Rizov of IFC sees Mumble as just the latest in a long line of cinematic religious mavericks  Some Christians have also considered the film to be anti-Christian (or antireligious in general) due to the imagery and behaviours of various characters On a technical or formal level, the film has also been lauded in some corners for its innovative introduction of Miller's roving style of subjective cinematography into contemporary animation 

Home media
Happy Feet was released on home media on March 27, 2007, in the United States in three formats: DVD (in separate widescreen and pan-and-scan editions), Blu-ray Disc, and an HD DVD/DVD combo pack  Overall, Happy Feet was the third best-selling film of 2007 with 12 2 million units sold and earning a revenue of $196 9 million Among the DVD's special features is a scene that was cut from the film where Mumble meets a blue whale and an albatross while pursuing the fishing boat  The albatross was Steve Irwin's first voice role in the film before he voiced the elephant seal in the final cut  The scene was finished and included on the DVD in Irwin's memory  This scene is done in Irwin's classic documentary style, with the albatross telling the viewer all about the other characters in the scene, and the impact people are having on their environment  Another special feature included with the DVD is the 1936 Merrie Melodies short I Love to Singa 

Accolades
The film appeared on numerous critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2006 

Video games
A video game based on the film was developed by A2M and published by Midway Games  It has the same main cast as the film  It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, and Wii Artificial Life, Inc  has also developed a mobile game for the Japan market 

Sequel
Happy Feet Two was produced at Dr  D Studios and released on November 18, 2011  Wood and Williams reprised their roles for the sequel  Murphy was set to reprise her role and begin recording sometime in 2010, but was replaced by P!nk after Murphy died from pneumonia on December 20, 2009  Matt Damon and Brad Pitt signed on as Bill the Krill and Will the Krill respectively  The film was neither critically nor financially as successful as its predecessor and its performance at the box office resulted in Dr  D Studios closing down 

4-D attraction
Happy Feet 4-D Experience is a 12-minute 4D film shown at various 4D theaters over the world  It retells the condensed story of Happy Feet with the help of 3D projection and sensory effects, including moving seats, wind, mist and scents  Produced by SimEx-Iwerks, the 4D experience premiered in March 2010 at the Drayton Manor Theme Park  Other locations included Sea World (2010–2011), Shedd Aquarium (2010–2012), Moody Gardens (2010–2011), Nickelodeon Suites Resort, and Adventure Aquarium 

See also
March of the Penguins — A 2005 nature documentary film about the real life emperor penguins  It won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature 
Passage 6:
Trenton Lee Stewart
Trenton Lee Stewart (born May 27, 1970) is an American author best known for the Mysterious Benedict Society series  Stewart is a graduate of Hendrix College and the Iowa Writers' Workshop  He lives in Little Rock, Arkansas 

Life and career
Trenton Lee Stewart was born on May 27, 1970, to Jerry and Sandi Stewart, and he grew up in Hot Springs, Arkansas  In 1992, Stewart received a bachelor's degree in English from Hendrix College  Afterwards he attended the University of Iowa's Writers' Workshop, receiving his Master of Fine Arts in creative writing in 1995  Stewart taught at the Iowa Summer Writing Festival and, after moving to Cincinnati, at the Miami University of Ohio in 2005  After that he returned to Arkansas in 2006 Stewart's first novels were published during this time: Flood Summer in 2005 and The Mysterious Benedict Society in 2007, the latter remaining on The New York Times Best Seller list for over a year 
Two more books were completed in the series: The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Journey in 2008, and The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma in 2009, both of which appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list  In 2012, a bestselling prequel to the series, The Extraordinary Education of Nicholas Benedict, was published, and 2016 saw the release of Stewart's The Secret Keepers, a stand-alone novel for young readers that was also a bestseller 
Stewart was a Murphy Visiting Writer-in-Residence and taught a Writing Fiction course at Hendrix College in the spring of 2019  Stewart's latest novel, The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Riddle of Ages, was published September 24, 2019 

Bibliography
Flood Summer: A Novel (2005)
The Mysterious Benedict Society (2007)
The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Journey (2008)
The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma (2009)
The Mysterious Benedict Society: Mr  Benedict's Book of Perplexing Puzzles, Elusive Enigmas, and Curious Conundrums (2011)
The Extraordinary Education of Nicholas Benedict (2012)
The Secret Keepers (2016)
The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Riddle of Ages (2019)
Secret Keepers Zeit der Späher (2019)
Passage 7:
The Skin of Our Teeth
The Skin of Our Teeth is a play by Thornton Wilder that won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama  It opened on October 15, 1942, at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut, before moving to the Plymouth Theatre on Broadway on November 18, 1942  It was produced by Michael Myerberg and directed by Elia Kazan with costumes by Mary Percy Schenck  The play is a three-part allegory about the life of mankind, centering on the Antrobus family of the fictional town of Excelsior, New Jersey  The epic comedy-drama is noted as among the most heterodox of classic American comedies — it broke nearly every established theatrical convention 
The phrase used as the title comes from the King James Bible, Job 19:20: "My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth "

Overview
The main characters of the play are George and Maggie Antrobus (from Greek: άνθρωπος (anthropos), "human" or "person"), their two children, Henry and Gladys, and Sabina, who appears as the family's maid in the first and third acts, and as a beauty queen temptress in the second act   The play's action takes place in a modern setting, but is full of anachronisms reaching back to prehistoric times   The characters' roles as archetypes are emphasized by their identification with Biblical and classical personalities:
The name Lilly Sabina is a reference to the myth of Lilith and to the historical rape of the Sabine women, identifications made relatively explicit in the play's text  Henry Antrobus's name was changed from "Cain", following his murder of his brother Abel, mirroring the biblical story in which Adam's son murders his brother after God favors Abel over Cain by gifts  This implies that George Antrobus is Adam, and Maggie Antrobus Eve, supported when George composes a song for his wife Maggie in honor of their anniversary: "Happy w'dding ann'vers'ry dear Eva "
The murder of Abel is an underlying theme in the play  Mr  Antrobus pays far more attention to his "perfect" third child Gladys than he does Henry  As this treatment of Henry continues, Henry's anger progresses throughout the play, reaching its climax in the third act 
While the Antrobus family remains constant throughout the play, the three acts do not form a continuous narrative   The first act takes place during an impending ice age; in the second act the family circumstances have changed as George becomes president of the Fraternal Order of Mammals (apparent references to Sodom and Gomorrah but also to the Roaring Twenties), while the end of the world approaches a second time; the third act opens with Maggie and Gladys emerging from a bunker at the end of a seven-year-long war 
An additional layer of stylistic complexity is added by the occasional interruption of the recite narrative scene by actors directly addressing the audience: In the first scene, the actress playing Sabina reveals her misgivings to the audience about the play; in the second act she refuses to recite her lines and instead talks to the spectators, causing a woman in the audience to run from the theater sobbing; and in the third act, the actor playing Mr  Antrobus interrupts to announce that several actors have taken ill, asking the audience to indulge them while the  "stage manager" of the play conducts a rehearsal with the replacements 

Plot
Act I
Act one is an amalgam of early 20th century New Jersey and the dawn of the Ice Age  The father is inventing things such as the lever, the wheel, the alphabet, and multiplication tables  The family and the entire northeastern U S  face extinction by a wall of ice moving southward from Canada  The story is introduced by a narrator and further expanded by the family maid, Sabina   There are unsettling parallels between the members of the Antrobus family and various characters from the Bible  In addition, time is compressed and scrambled to such an extent that the refugees who arrive at the Antrobus house seeking food and fire include the Old Testament prophet Moses, the ancient Greek poet Homer, and women who are identified as Muses 

Act II
Act II takes place on the Boardwalk at Atlantic City, New Jersey, where the Antrobuses are present for George's swearing-in as president of the Ancient and Honorable Order of Mammals, Subdivision Humans  Sabina is present, also, in the guise of a scheming beauty queen, who tries to steal George's affection from his wife and family  The conventioneers are rowdy and party furiously, but there is an undercurrent of foreboding as a fortune teller warns of an impending storm  The weather soon transforms from summery sunshine to hurricane to deluge  Gladys and George each attempt their individual rebellions, and are brought back into line by the family  The act ends with the family members reconciled and, paralleling the Biblical story of Noah's Ark, directing pairs of animals to safety on a large boat where they survive the storm and the end of the world 

Act III
The final act takes place in the ruins of the Antrobuses' former home   A devastating war has occurred; Maggie and Gladys have survived by hiding in a cellar   When they come out of the cellar we see that Gladys has a baby   Sabina joins them, "dressed as a Napoleonic camp-follower"   George has been away at the front lines leading an army  Henry also fought, on the opposite side, and returns as a general   The family members discuss the ability of the human race to rebuild and continue after continually destroying itself   The question is raised: "Is there any accomplishment or attribute of the human race of enough value that its civilization should be rebuilt?"
The stage manager interrupts the play-within-the-play to explain that several members of their company can't perform their parts, possibly due to food poisoning (as the actress playing Sabina saw blue mold on the lemon meringue pie at dinner)  The stage manager drafts a janitor, a dresser, and other non-actors to fill their parts, which involve quoting philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle to mark the passing of time within the play 
The alternate history action ends where it began, with Sabina dusting the living room and worrying about George's arrival from the office  Her final act is to address the audience and turn over the responsibility of continuing the action, or life, to them 

Themes
Sabina's stock-maid monologue begins and ends the play in the same way; this "stage-play" goes on and on 
In her role as resident pessimist, lacking vision, Sabina says, "That's all we do—always beginning again! Over and over again  Always beginning again " After each disaster, they just rebuild the world again  She also says: "Don't forget that a few years ago we came through the depression by the skin of our teeth! One more tight squeeze like that and where will we be?" And later she says,   "My nerves can't stand it  But if you have any ideas about improving this crazy old world, I'm really with you  I really am "
The Ice Age, the Great Flood, the War imply we are always plagued by the potential for disaster, both natural and man-made 
Art and literature are ways of advancing our humanity: enhancing empathy, tolerance, vision  Improvements in technology, though, don't necessarily advance human nature at all 

Influences and criticism
Similarities between the play and James Joyce's novel Finnegans Wake (1939) were noted in the Saturday Review during the play's run on Broadway  Norman Cousins, editor of the Review, printed a short article by Joseph Campbell and Henry Morton Robinson titled "The Skin of Whose Teeth? The Strange Case of Mr  Wilder's New Play and Finnegans Wake" in the issue for December 19, 1942, with a second part in the February 13, 1943, issue 
In Campbell's book Pathways to Bliss, Campbell recalls his reaction to the similarities he noted between Wilder's play and Joyce's novel:[W]hen I went to see Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth, which was the big Broadway hit at the time   all I heard was Finnegans Wake  [   ] I phoned Robinson, and I said, "Good God, here's Wilder making tons of money and a lot of fame on this thing, and it's simply Finnegans Wake " Joyce had just died, and his family was destitute  So I said, "I think we should write a letter to the New York Times "
Campbell claimed to have compared Finnegans Wake and the book form of The Skin of Our Teeth and found "nearly two hundred and fifty analogues—characters, themes, and finally a four-line, word-for-word quote "

Notable productions
The original production starred Tallulah Bankhead, Fredric March, Florence Eldridge, and Montgomery Clift  Bankhead won a Variety Award for Best Actress and the New York Drama Critics Award for Best Actress of the Year for her role as Sabina  When she left the production in March 1943, she was replaced by Miriam Hopkins  Hopkins was in turn replaced by Gladys George  For two performances, while George was ill, Lizabeth Scott, who had been Bankhead's understudy, was called in to play the role  Scott then played the role for the production's run in Boston  Originally billed in New York as "Elizabeth Scott", she dropped the "E" before taking the part in Boston, and it became her breakthrough role 
Following a pre-London tryout tour of the UK, the play had its London premiere at the Phoenix Theatre on 16 May 1945, where it ran for 77 performances, closing 21 July 1945   It re-opened in London at the Piccadilly Theatre on 11 September 1946, running there for a further 109 performances, until 14 December   Directed by Laurence Olivier, Sabina was played by Vivien Leigh, with Cecil Parker as George Antrobus (George Devine at the Piccadilly)  The Oliviers also included the production on their Old Vic tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1948, and Leigh revived the role in a 1959 television production filmed live by Granada Television The play was revived on Broadway in 1955, premiering at the ANTA Theatre  It was staged by the Edinburgh Gateway Company in 1961 In 1983, American Playhouse, on PBS, aired a production that was produced at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego   It starred Blair Brown, Harold Gould, Sada Thompson, Rue McClanahan, Jeffrey Combs and was directed by Jack O'Brien 
New York City's Public Theater presented a production as part of its 1998 summer Shakespeare in the Park festival at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park   That production starred Kristen Johnston, John Goodman and Frances Conroy   It was directed by Irene Lewis In 2017, Theatre for a New Audience performed The Skin of Our Teeth directed by Arin Arbus  It won the 2017 Obie Award for Directing and Performance by Kecia Lewis A Broadway revival of the play directed by Lileana Blain-Cruz  premiered at the Vivian Beaumont Theater in previews on April 1, 2022, and officially on April 25  It was subsequently nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Direction, Best Lead Actress, Best Costume Design, Best Lighting Design, Best Sound Design, and Best Set Design 

Cast list
Awards and nominations
2022 Broadway Revival
Passage 8:
Battle of Trenton
The Battle of Trenton was a small but pivotal American Revolutionary War battle on the morning of December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey  After General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton the previous night, Washington led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian auxiliaries garrisoned at Trenton  After a brief battle, almost two-thirds of the Hessian force were captured, with negligible losses to the Americans  The battle significantly boosted the Continental Army's waning morale, and inspired re-enlistments 
The Continental Army had previously suffered several defeats in New York and had been forced to retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania  Morale in the army was low; to end the year on a positive note, George Washington—Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army—devised a plan to cross the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26 and surround the Hessians' garrison 
Because the river was icy and the weather severe, the crossing proved dangerous  Two detachments were unable to cross the river, leaving Washington with only 2,400 men under his command in the assault, 3,000 fewer than planned  The army marched 9 mi (14 5 km) south to Trenton  The Hessians had lowered their guard, thinking they were safe from the Americans' army, and had no long-distance outposts or patrols  Washington's forces caught them off guard, and after a short but fierce resistance, most of the Hessians surrendered and were captured, with just over a third escaping across Assunpink Creek 
Despite the battle's small numbers, the victory inspired patriots and sympathizers of the newly formed United States  With the success of the ongoing revolution in doubt a week earlier, the army had seemed on the verge of collapse  The dramatic victory inspired soldiers to serve longer and attracted new recruits to the ranks 

Background
In early December 1776, American morale was very low  The Americans had been ousted from New York by the British and their Hessian auxiliaries, and the Continental Army was forced to retreat across New Jersey  Ninety percent of the Continental Army soldiers who had served at Long Island were gone  Men had deserted, feeling that the cause for independence was lost  Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, expressed some doubts, writing to his cousin in Virginia, "I think the game is pretty near up "At the time a small town in New Jersey, Trenton was occupied by four regiments of Hessian soldiers (numbering about 1,400 men) commanded by Colonel Johann Rall  Washington's force comprised 2,400 men, with infantry divisions commanded by Major Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, and artillery under the direction of Brigadier General Henry Knox 

Prelude
Intelligence
George Washington had stationed a spy named John Honeyman, posing as a Tory, in Trenton  Honeyman had served with Major General James Wolfe in Quebec at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on September 13, 1759, and had no trouble establishing his credentials as a Tory  Honeyman was a butcher and bartender, who traded with the British and Hessians  This enabled him to gather intelligence and to convince the Hessians that the Continental Army was in such a low state of morale that they would not attack Trenton  Shortly before Christmas, he arranged to be captured by the Continental Army, who had orders to bring him to Washington unharmed  After being questioned by Washington, he was imprisoned in a hut to be tried as a Tory in the morning, but a small fire broke out nearby, enabling him to "escape"  On the evening before the battle, Hessian commander Rall was celebrating Christmas with his troops at the farm of Abraham Hunt, a wealthy merchant and farmer of Trenton  Hunt played the role of a friendly Loyalist host, giving Rall a false sense of serenity while Washington and his troops were preparing for a surprise attack 

U S  plan
The U S  plan relied on launching coordinated attacks from three directions  General John Cadwalader would launch a diversionary attack against the British garrison at Bordentown, New Jersey, to block off reinforcements from the south  General James Ewing would take 700 militia across the river at Trenton Ferry, seize the bridge over the Assunpink Creek and prevent enemy troops from escaping  The main assault force of 2,400 men would cross the river 9 mi (14 km) north of Trenton and split into two groups, one under Greene and one under Sullivan, to launch a pre-dawn attack  Sullivan would attack the town from the south, and Greene from the north  Depending on the success of the operation, the Americans would possibly follow up with separate attacks on Princeton and New Brunswick During the week before the battle, U S  advance parties began to ambush enemy cavalry patrols, capturing dispatch riders and attacking Hessian pickets  The Hessian commander, to emphasize the danger his men were facing, sent 100 infantry and an artillery detachment to deliver a letter to the British commander at Princeton  Washington ordered Ewing and his Pennsylvania militia to try to gain information on Hessian movements and technology  Ewing instead made three successful raids across the river  On December 17 and 18, 1776, they attacked an outpost of jägers and on the 21st, they set fire to several houses  Washington put constant watches on all possible crossings near the Continental Army encampment on the Delaware, as he believed William Howe would launch an attack from the north on Philadelphia if the river froze over On December 20, 1776, some 2,000 troops led by General Sullivan arrived in Washington's camp  They had been under the command of Charles Lee and had been moving slowly through northern New Jersey when Lee was captured  That same day, an additional 800 troops arrived from Fort Ticonderoga under the command of Horatio Gates 

Hessian moves
On December 14, 1776, the Hessians arrived in Trenton to establish their winter quarters  At the time, Trenton was a small town with about 100 houses and two main streets, King (now Warren) Street and Queen (now Broad) Street  Carl von Donop, Rall's superior, had marched south to Mount Holly on December 22 to deal with the resistance in New Jersey, and had clashed with some New Jersey militia there on December 23 Donop, who despised Rall, was reluctant to give command of Trenton to him  Rall was known to be loud and unacquainted with the English language, but he was also a 36-year veteran with a great deal of battle experience  His request for reinforcements had been turned down by British commander General James Grant, who disdained the American rebels and thought them poor soldiers  Despite Rall's experience, the Hessians at Trenton did not admire their commander Trenton lacked city walls or fortifications, which was typical of U S  settlements  Some Hessian officers advised Rall to fortify the town, and two of his engineers advised that a redoubt be constructed at the upper end of town and fortifications be built along the river  The engineers went so far as to draw up plans, but Rall disagreed with them  When Rall was again urged to fortify the town, he replied, "Let them come     We will go at them with the bayonet "As Christmas approached, Loyalists came to Trenton to report the Americans were planning action  U S  deserters told the Hessians that rations were being prepared for an advance across the river  Rall publicly dismissed such talk as nonsense, but privately in letters to his superiors, he said he was worried about an imminent attack  He wrote to Donop that he was "liable to be attacked at any moment"  Rall said that Trenton was "indefensible" and asked that British troops establish a garrison in Maidenhead (now Lawrenceville)  Close to Trenton, this would help defend the roads from Americans  His request was denied  As the Americans disrupted Hessian supply lines, the officers started to share Rall's fears  One wrote, "We have not slept one night in peace since we came to this place " On December 22, 1776, a spy reported to Grant that Washington had called a council of war; Grant told Rall to "be on your guard" The main Hessian force of 1,500 men was divided into three regiments: Knyphausen, Lossberg and Rall  That night, they did not send out any patrols because of the severe weather 

Crossing and march
Before Washington and his troops left, Benjamin Rush came to cheer up the general  While he was there, he saw a note Washington had written, saying, "Victory or Death"  Those words would be the password for the surprise attack  Each soldier carried 60 rounds of ammunition, and three days of rations  When the army arrived at the shores of the Delaware, they were already behind schedule, and clouds began to form above them  It began to rain  As the air's temperature dropped, the rain changed to sleet, and then to snow  The Americans began to cross the river, with John Glover in command  The men went across in Durham boats, while the horses and artillery went across on large ferries  The 14th Continental Regiment of Glover manned the boats  During the crossing, several men fell overboard, including Colonel John Haslet  Haslet was quickly pulled out of the water  No one died during the crossing, and all the artillery pieces made it over in good condition Two small detachments of infantry of about 40 men each were ordered ahead of main columns  They set roadblocks ahead of the main army and were to take prisoner whoever came into or left the town  One of the groups was sent north of Trenton, and the other was sent to block River Road, which ran along the Delaware River to Trenton 

The terrible weather conditions delayed the landings in New Jersey until 3:00 am; the plan was that they were supposed to be completed by 12:00 am  Washington realized it would be impossible to launch a pre-dawn attack  Another setback occurred for the Americans, as generals Cadwalader and Ewing were unable to join the attack because of the weather conditions At 4:00 am, the soldiers began to march towards Trenton  Along the way, several civilians joined as volunteers and led as guides (such as John Mott) because of their knowledge of the terrain  After marching 1 5 mi (2 4 km) through winding roads into the wind, they reached Bear Tavern, where they turned south onto Bear Tavern Road   The ground was slippery, but it was level, making it easier for the horses and artillery  They began to make better time  They soon reached Jacobs Creek, where, with difficulty, the Americans made it across  The two groups stayed together until they reached Birmingham (now West Trenton), where they split apart, with Greene’s force heading east to approach Trenton by the Scotch and Pennington roads and Sullivan’s heading southwest to approach via River Road  Soon after, they reached the house of Benjamin Moore, where the family offered food and drink to Washington  At this point, the first signs of daylight began to appear  Many of the troops did not have boots, so they were forced to wear rags around their feet  Some of the men's feet bled, turning the snow to a dark red  Two men died on the march As they marched, Washington rode up and down the line, encouraging the men to continue  General Sullivan sent a courier to tell Washington that the weather was wetting his men's gunpowder  Washington replied, "Tell General Sullivan to use the bayonet  I am resolved to take Trenton "About 2 mi (3 km) outside the town, the main columns reunited with the advance parties  They were startled by the sudden appearance of 50 armed men, but they were American  Led by Adam Stephen, they had not known about the plan to attack Trenton and had attacked a Hessian outpost  Washington feared the Hessians would have been put on guard, and shouted at Stephen, "You sir! You Sir, may have ruined all my plans by having them put on their guard " Despite this, Washington ordered the advance continue to Trenton  In the event, Rall thought the first raid was the attack which Grant had warned him about, and that there would be no further action that day 

Battle
U S  attack
At 8 am on the morning of December 26, the outpost was set up by the Hessians at a cooper shop on Pennington Road about one mile northwest of Trenton  Washington led the assault, riding in front of his soldiers  As the Hessian commander of the outpost, Lieutenant Andreas Wiederholdt, left the shop, an American fired at him but missed  Wiederholdt immediately shouted, "Der Feind!" (The Enemy!) and other Hessians came out  The Americans fired three volleys, and the Hessians returned one of their own  Washington ordered Edward Hand's Pennsylvania Riflemen and a battalion of German-speaking infantry to block the road that led to Princeton  They attacked the Hessian outpost there  Wiederholdt soon realized that this was more than a raiding party; seeing other Hessians retreating from the outpost, he led his men to do the same  Both Hessian detachments made organized retreats, firing as they fell back  On the high ground at the north end of Trenton, they were joined by a duty company from the Lossberg Regiment  They engaged the Americans, retreating slowly, keeping up continuous fire and using houses for cover  Once in Trenton, they gained covering fire from other Hessian guard companies on the outskirts of the town  Another guard company nearer to the Delaware River rushed east to their aid, leaving open the River Road into Trenton  Washington ordered the escape route to Princeton be cut off, sending infantry in battle formation to block it, while artillery formed at the head of King and Queen streets Leading the southern U S  column, General Sullivan entered Trenton by the abandoned River Road and blocked the only crossing over the Assunpink Creek to cut off the Hessian escape  Sullivan briefly held up his advance to make sure Greene's division had time to drive the Hessians from their outposts in the north  Soon after, they continued their advance, attacking the Hermitage, home of Philemon Dickinson, where 50 jägers under the command of Lieutenant von Grothausen were stationed  Lieutenant von Grothausen brought 12 of his jägers into action against the advanced guard but had only advanced a few hundred yards when he saw a column of Americans advancing to the Hermitage  Pulling back to the Hessian barracks, he was joined by the rest of the jägers  After the exchange of one volley, they turned and ran, some trying to swim across the creek, while others escaped over the bridge, which had not yet been cut off  The 20 British dragoons also fled  As Greene and Sullivan's columns pushed into the town, Washington moved to high ground north of King and Queens streets to see the action and direct his troops  By this time, U S  artillery from the other side of the Delaware River had come into action, devastating the Hessian positions With the sounding of the alarm, the three Hessian regiments began to prepare for battle  The Rall regiment formed on lower King Street along with the Lossberg regiment, while the Knyphausen regiment formed at the lower end of Queen Street  Lieutenant Piel, Rall's brigade adjutant, woke his commander, who found that the rebels had taken the "V" of the main streets of the town  This is where the engineers had recommended building a redoubt  Rall ordered his regiment to form up at the lower end of King Street, the Lossberg regiment to prepare for an advance up Queen Street, and the Knyphausen regiment to stand by as a reserve for Rall's advance up King Street The U S  cannon stationed at the head of the two main streets soon came into action  In reply, Rall directed his regiment, supported by a few companies of the Lossberg regiment, to clear the guns  The Hessians formed ranks and began to advance up the street, but their formations were quickly broken by the U S  guns and fire from Mercer's men who had taken houses on the left side of the street  Breaking ranks, the Hessians fled  Rall ordered two three-pound cannons into action  After getting off six rounds each, within just a few minutes, half of the Hessians manning their guns were killed by the U S  cannon  After the men fled to cover behind houses and fences, their cannons were taken by the Americans  Following capture of the cannons, men under the command of George Weedon advanced down King Street On Queen Street, all Hessian attempts to advance up the street were repulsed by guns under the command of Thomas Forrest  After firing four rounds each, two more Hessian guns were silenced  One of Forrest's howitzers was put out of action with a broken axle  The Knyphausen regiment became separated from the Lossberg and the Rall regiments  The Lossberg and the Rall regiments fell back to a field outside of town, taking heavy losses from grapeshot and musket fire  In the southern part of the town, Americans under command of Sullivan began to overwhelm the Hessians  John Stark led a bayonet charge at the Knyphausen regiment, whose resistance broke because their weapons would not fire  Sullivan led a column of men to block off escape of troops across the creek 

Hessian resistance collapses
The Hessians in the field attempted to reorganize and make one last attempt to retake the town so they could make a breakout  Rall decided to attack the U S  flank on the heights north of the town  Rall yelled "Forward! Advance! Advance!", and the Hessians began to move, with the brigade's band playing fifes, bugles and drums to help the Hessians' spirit Washington, still on high ground, saw the Hessians approaching the U S  flank  He moved his troops to assume battle formation against the enemy  The two Hessian regiments began marching toward King Street but were caught in U S  fire that came at them from three directions  Some Americans had taken up defensive positions inside houses, reducing their exposure  Some civilians joined the fight against the Hessians  Despite this, they continued to push, recapturing their cannons  At the head of King Street, Knox saw the Hessians had retaken the cannons and ordered his troops to take them  Six men ran and, after a brief struggle, seized the cannons, turning them on the Hessians  With most of the Hessians unable to fire their guns, the attack stalled  The Hessians' formations broke, and they began to scatter  Rall was mortally wounded  Washington led his troops down from high ground while yelling, "March on, my brave fellows, after me!" Most of the Hessians retreated into an orchard, with the Americans in close pursuit  Quickly surrounded, the Hessians were offered terms of surrender, to which they agreed 
Although ordered to join Rall, the remains of the Knyphausen regiment mistakenly marched in the opposite direction  They tried to escape across the bridge but found it had been taken  The Americans quickly swept in, defeating a Hessian attempt to break through their lines  Surrounded by Sullivan's men, the regiment surrendered, just minutes after the rest of the brigade 

Casualties and capture
The Hessian forces lost 22 killed in action, including their commander Colonel Johann Rall, 83 wounded, and 896 captured–including the wounded  The Americans suffered only two deaths during the march and five wounded from battle, including a near-fatal shoulder wound to future president James Monroe  Other losses incurred by the patriots from exhaustion, exposure, and illness in the following days may have raised their fatalities above those of the Hessians The captured Hessians were sent to Philadelphia and later Lancaster  In 1777 they were moved to Virginia  Rall was mortally wounded and died later that night at his headquarters  All four Hessian colonels in Trenton were killed in the battle  The Lossberg regiment was effectively removed from the British forces  Parts of the Knyphausen regiment escaped to the south, but Sullivan captured some 200 additional men, along with the regiment's cannon and supplies  They also captured approximately 1,000 arms and much-needed ammunition  The Americans also captured their entire store of provisions—tons of flour, dried and salted meats, ale and other liquors, as well as shoes, boots, clothing and bedding—things that were as much needed by the ragtag Continental forces, such as weapons and horses 
Among those captured by the Patriots was Christian Strenge, later to become a schoolmaster and fraktur artist in Pennsylvania 

Hessian drinking
An officer in Washington's staff wrote before the battle, "They make a great deal of Christmas in Germany, and no doubt the Hessians will drink a great deal of beer and have a dance to-night  They will be sleepy tomorrow morning " Popular history commonly portrays the Hessians as drunk from Christmas celebrations  However, historian David Hackett Fischer quotes Patriot John Greenwood, who fought in the battle and supervised Hessians afterward, who wrote, "I am certain not a drop of liquor was drunk during the whole night, nor, as I could see, even a piece of bread eaten " Military historian Edward G  Lengel wrote, "The Germans were dazed and tired but there is no truth to the legend claiming that they were helplessly drunk "

Aftermath
After the Hessians' surrender, Washington is reported to have shaken the hand of a young officer and said, "This is a glorious day for our country " On December 28, General Washington interviewed Lieutenant (later Colonel) Andreas Wiederhold, who detailed the failures of Rall's preparation  Washington soon learned, however, that Cadwalader and Ewing had been unable to complete their crossing, leaving his worn-out army of 2,400 men isolated  Without their 2,600 men, Washington realized he did not have the forces to attack Princeton and New Brunswick By noon, Washington's force had moved across the Delaware back into Pennsylvania, taking their prisoners and captured supplies with them  Washington would follow up his success a week later in the Battle of the Assunpink Creek and the Battle of Princeton solidifying Patriot gains 

Legacy
This small but decisive battle, as with the later Battle of Cowpens, had an effect disproportionate to its size  The Patriot victory gave the Continental Congress new confidence, as it proved colonial forces could defeat them in the future  It also increased re-enlistments in the Continental Army forces  By defeating a European army, the colonials reduced the fear that the Hessians had caused earlier that year after the fighting in New York  Howe was stunned that the Patriots so easily surprised and overwhelmed the Hessian garrison  Colonial support for the rebellion was further buoyed significantly at this time by writings of Thomas Paine and additional successful actions by the New Jersey Militia Two notable U S  officers were wounded while leading the charge down King Street: William Washington, cousin of General Washington, and Lieutenant James Monroe, the future President of the United States  Monroe was carried from the field bleeding badly after he was struck in the left shoulder by a musket ball, which severed an artery  Doctor John Riker clamped the artery, preventing him from bleeding to death The Trenton Battle Monument, erected at "Five Points" in Trenton, stands as a tribute to this U S  victory  The crossing of the Delaware River and battle are reenacted by local enthusiasts every year (unless the weather is too severe on the river) Eight current Army National Guard units (101st Eng Bn, 103rd Eng Bn, A/1-104th Cav, 111th Inf, 125th QM Co, 175th Inf, 181st Inf and 198th Sig Bn) and one currently-active Regular Army Artillery battalion (1–5th FA) are derived from U S  units that participated in the Battle of Trenton  There are thirty current units of the U S  Army with colonial roots 

Painting
In 1851, German-American artist Emanuel Leutze painted the second of three paintings depicting Washington crossing the Delaware  It is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and is "one of the most famous American paintings " At the time of its first exhibition it caused a sensation, in Europe and the United States  Leutze hoped it would stir revolutionary sentiments in Germany  After six months in Germany it was shipped to New York City where the New-York Mirror newspaper lauded it with the words, "the grandest, most majestic, and most effective painting ever exhibited in America " The painting is the center-piece of the collections in the American Wing  It is still one of the most recognizable paintings at the Metropolitan  It is central to the canon of American historical art images, its monumental popularity undimmed in the years since it was first exhibited 

See also
American Revolutionary War British New York counter-offensive  The 'Battle of Trenton' placed in overall sequence and strategic context 
Battle of Bennington
Battle of Iron Works Hill
Battle of Princeton – fought the day after the Battle of the Assunpink Creek
Battle of the Assunpink Creek – also known as the Second Battle of Trenton, fought one week later
Battles of Saratoga
Battle of Yorktown* List of American Revolutionary War battles
New Jersey in the American Revolution

Footnotes
Bibliography
Brooks, Victor (1999)  How America Fought Its Wars  New York: Da Capo Press  ISBN 1-58097-002-8 
Burt, Daniel S  (2001)  The Biography Book  New York: Oryx Press  ISBN 1-57356-256-4 
Ferling, John (2007)  Almost a Miracle  Oxford University Press  ISBN 978-0-19-518121-0 
Fischer, David Hackett (2006)  Washington's Crossing  Oxford University Press  ISBN 0-19-517034-2 
Ketchum, Richard (1999)  The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton (1st Owl books ed )  Holt Paperbacks  ISBN 0-8050-6098-7 
Lengel, Edward (2005)  General George Washington, a Military Life  New York: Random House Paperbacks  ISBN 0-8129-6950-2 
McCullough, David (2006)  1776  New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback  ISBN 0-7432-2672-0  1776 David 
Mitchell, Craig (2003)  George Washington's New Jersey  Middle Atlantic Press  ISBN 0-9705804-1-X 
Rosenfeld, Lucy (2007)  History Walks in New Jersey  Rutgers  ISBN 978-0-8135-3969-0 
Savas, Theodore (2006)  Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution  Savas Beatie  ISBN 1-932714-12-X 
Sawicki, James A  (1981)  Infantry Regiments of the US Army  Dumfries, VA: Wyvern Publications  ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2 
Scheer, George (1987)  Rebels and Redcoats  Da Capo Press  ISBN 0-306-80307-0 
Schuyler, Hamilton (1929)  A history of Trenton, 1679-1929  Princeton : Princeton University Press: The Trenton Historical Society 
Stanhope, Phillip Henry (1854)  History of England: From the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles  GB, Murray 
Stryker, William S  (1898)  The Battles of Trenton and Princeton  Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company  OCLC 49835662 
Tucker, Philip Thomas (2014), George Washington's Surprise Attack: A New Look at the Battle That Decided the Fate of America, Skyhorse Publishing, ISBN 978-1628736526
Wiederholdt, Andreas (2015) [1862]   M D  Learned; C  Grosse (eds )  Tagebuch des Capt  Wiederholdt vom 7 Oktober bis 7 December 1780  The University of Michigan Library: The MacMillan Co, New York 
Wood, W J  Henry (2003)  Battles of the Revolutionary War  Da Capo Press  ISBN 0-306-81329-7 

Further reading
Maloy, Mark  Victory or Death: The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, December 25, 1776 – January 3, 1777  Emerging Revolutionary War Series  El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2018  ISBN 978-1-61121-381-2 

External links

"The Two Battles of Trenton"  The Trenton Historical Society 
"The Winter Patriots: The Trenton-Princeton Campaign of 1776–1777"  George Washington's Mount Vernon 
Passage 9:
Hellfire: A Journey from Hiroshima
Hellfire: A Journey from Hiroshima is a 1986 American documentary film directed by John Junkerman  It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature 
Passage 10:
The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden
The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden is a one act play by American novelist and playwright Thornton Wilder written in 1931   It was first published in The Long Christmas Dinner and Other Plays in One Act (New York: Coward-McCann, 1931) 

Productions
The first production of The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden was by the Yale Dramatic Association and the Vassar College Philalethis  at the Yale University theater in New Haven, Connecticut, on November 25, 1931   It opened on Broadway at the Cort Theatre on March 16, 1948, in a production starring Peggy Allenby as Ma Kirby and Don MacLaughlin as Elmer   A production by Theodore Mann at the Circle in the Square Theatre which opened on April 21, 1993, won both a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play 

Plot summary
Almost the entire play takes place during an automobile journey from Newark to Camden, New Jersey by a family on their way to visit a married daughter, who has recently lost a baby in childbirth   Very little happens, but the father, mother, and children reminisce, joke, and sightsee and somehow, in classic Thornton Wilder fashion, capture something of the universal joy and sadness of life as they motor along 

Themes
Comparing this play with his later masterpiece, Our Town, Wilder said in 1974, "In my plays I attempted to raise ordinary daily conversation between ordinary people to the level of the universal human experience " In his "Notes to the Producer" written in 1931, Wilder stated that:

It should constantly be borne in mind that the purpose of this play is the portrayal of the character of Ma Kirby     the director should constantly keep in mind that Ma Kirby's humor, strength and humanity constitute the unifying element throughout 
Eric Specie in an overview of the play says:

A family car trip occurs on a bare stage  Yet the ordinary is only the setting for an investigation of extraordinary existential issues  In this family drama, nothing much happens—and yet everything important happens 
In this play, Ma Kirby is the leading and strong character  She is a loving mother, an active woman, strict about dress and manners, thoughts and beliefs in God  She is satisfied and joyful with her family members  For her, the place where her family lives is the best place on earth  As a responsible or good mother, she wants her children to be honest by doing good and think good  She is a philosophical, determined, and kind-hearted person 
Passage 11:
Old Barracks Museum
The Old Barracks Museum, also known just as the Old Barracks, is a historic building located at 101 Barracks Street in Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey  Built in 1758 to house soldiers of the British Army, it is the only remaining colonial barracks in the state and is one of the only tangible surviving elements of the 1776 Battle of Trenton  The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 25, 1971 and listed as a National Historic Landmark on November 28, 1972, for its significance in military history   It is now a state-run historic site and museum 

History
The Old Barracks were built in 1758 to house British soldiers during the French and Indian War, after colonists complained about the forced quartering of soldiers engaged in the conflict   It was built as a U-shaped stone structure, capable of housing about 300 soldiers at a time   It was reoccupied as a winter quarters by Hessian troops in the fall of 1776, during the American Revolutionary War   George Washington crossed the Delaware River to catch the Hessian garrison by surprise during the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26, 1776   Most of this battlefield is now occupied by downtown Trenton   For the remainder of that conflict it was occupied by whichever force controlled Trenton, including at various times British and American Continental Army troops  In the later stages of the war it was used as a military hospital by the Continental Army Following the Revolution, the building was sold off, and it was converted into a series of private residences   One arm of the barracks was demolished in 1813 to make way for Front Street   From 1855 to 1899 it was used as a home for elderly women   In 1902, members of the Daughters of the Revolution, under the leadership of Beulah A  Oliphant, bought part of the building to preserve it   The state bought the other part and formed a museum in 1914 which continues to be open and supported by the State of New Jersey The museum is open to visitors year round, Monday–Saturday, and is known for the annual Battle of Trenton Reenactments 

Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey
East Jersey Olde Towne Village, site of replica of New Brunswick Barracks
Context 2: Passage 1:
John Houseman
John Houseman (born Jacques Haussmann; September 22, 1902 – October 31, 1988) was a Romanian-born British-American actor and producer of theatre, film, and television  He became known for his highly publicized collaboration with director Orson Welles from their days in the Federal Theatre Project through to the production of Citizen Kane and his collaboration, as producer of The Blue Dahlia, with writer Raymond Chandler on the screenplay  He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Professor Charles W  Kingsfield in the 1973 film The Paper Chase  He reprised the role of Kingsfield in the 1978 television series adaptation 

Early life
Houseman was born Jacques Haussmann on September 22, 1902, in Bucharest, Romania, the son of May (née Davies) a governess and Georges Haussmann, who ran a grain business  His mother was British, from a Christian family of Welsh and Irish descent  His father was an Alsatian-born Jew  He was educated in England at Clifton College, became a British subject, and worked in the grain trade in London before emigrating to the United States in 1925, where he took the stage name of John Houseman  He became a United States citizen in 1943 

Theatre producer
Houseman worked as a speculator in the international grain markets, only turning to the theater following the 1929 stock market crash 
On Broadway he co-wrote Three and One (1933) and And Be My Love (1934)  Composer Virgil Thomson recruited him to direct Four Saints in Three Acts (1934), Thomson's collaboration with Gertrude Stein  He later directed The Lady from the Sea (1934) and Valley Forge (1934) 

Collaboration with Orson Welles
In 1934, Houseman was looking to cast Panic, a play he was producing based on a drama by Archibald MacLeish concerning a Wall Street financier whose world crumbles about him when consumed by the crash of 1929  Although the central figure is a man in his late fifties, Houseman became obsessed by the notion that a young man named Orson Welles he had seen in Katharine Cornell's production of Romeo and Juliet was the only person qualified to play the leading role  Welles consented and, after preliminary conversations, agreed to leave the play he was in after a single night to take the lead in Houseman's production  Panic opened at the Imperial Theatre on March 15, 1935  Among the cast was Houseman's ex-wife, Zita Johann, who had co-starred with Boris Karloff three years earlier in Universal's The Mummy 
Although the play opened to indifferent notices and ran for a mere three performances, it nevertheless led to the forging of a theatrical team, a fruitful but stormy partnership in which Houseman said Welles "was the teacher, I, the apprentice "
He supervised the direction of Walk Together Chillun in 1936 

Federal Theatre Project
In 1936, the Federal Theatre Project of the Works Progress Administration put unemployed theatre performers and employees to work  The Negro Theatre Unit of the Federal Theatre Project was headed by Rose McClendon, a well-known black actress, and Houseman, a theatre producer  Houseman describes the experience in one of his memoirs:

Within a year of its formation, the Federal Theatre had more than fifteen thousand men and women on its payroll at an average wage of approximately twenty dollars a week  During the four years of its existence its productions played to more than thirty million people in more than two hundred theatres as well as portable stages, school auditoriums and public parks the country over 

Macbeth (1936)
Houseman immediately hired Welles and assigned him to direct Macbeth for the FTP's Negro Theater Unit, a production that became known as the "Voodoo Macbeth", as it was set in the Haitian court of King Henri Christophe (and with voodoo witch doctors for the three Weird Sisters) and starred Jack Carter in the title role  The incidental music was composed by Virgil Thomson  The play premiered at the Lafayette Theatre on April 14, 1936, to enthusiastic reviews and remained sold out for each of its nightly performances  The play was regarded by critics and patrons as an enormous, if controversial, success  After 10 months with the Negro Theater Project, however, Houseman felt he was faced with the dilemma of risking his future:

    on a partnership with a 20-year-old boy in whose talent I had unquestioning faith but with whom I must increasingly play the combined and tricky roles of producer, censor, adviser, impresario, father, older brother and bosom friend 
Houseman later produced for the Negro Theatre Unit Turpentine (1936) without Welles 
In 1936, Houseman and Welles were running a WPA unit in midtown Manhattan for classic productions called Project No  891  Their first production was Christopher Marlowe's Tragical History of Dr  Faustus which Welles directed while also playing the title role 
Houseman and Welles put on Horse Eats Hat (1936)  Houseman, without Welles, helped in the direction of Leslie Howard's production of Hamlet (1936) 

The Cradle Will Rock (1937)
In June 1937, Project No  891 produced their most controversial work with The Cradle Will Rock  Written by Marc Blitzstein, the musical was about Larry Foreman, a worker in Steeltown (played in the original production by Howard da Silva), which is run by the boss, Mister Mister (played in the original production by Will Geer)   The show was thought to have had left-wing and unionist sympathies (Foreman ends the show with a song about "unions" taking over the town and the country), and became legendary as an example of a "censored" show  Shortly before the show was to open, FTP officials in Washington announced that no productions would open until after July 1, 1937, the beginning of the new fiscal year 
In his memoir, Run-Through, Houseman wrote about the circumstances surrounding the opening night at the Maxine Elliott Theatre  All the performers had been enjoined not to perform on stage for the production when it opened on July 14, 1937  The cast and crew left their government-owned theatre and walked 20 blocks to another theatre, with the audience following  No one knew what to expect; when they got there Blitzstein himself was at the piano and started playing the introduction music  One of the amateur performers, Olive Stanton, who played the part of Moll, the prostitute, stood up in the audience, and began singing her part  All the other performers, in turn, stood up for their parts  Thus the "oratorio" version of the show was born  Apparently, Welles had designed some intricate scenery, which ended up never being used  The event was so successful that it was repeated several times on subsequent nights, with everyone trying to remember and reproduce what had happened spontaneously the first night  The incident, however, led to Houseman being fired and Welles's resignation from Project No  891 

Mercury Theatre
That same year, 1937, after detaching themselves from the Federal Theatre Project, Houseman and Welles did The Cradle Will Rock as an independent production on Broadway  They also founded the acclaimed New York drama company, the Mercury Theatre  Houseman wrote of their collaboration at this time:

On the broad wings of the Federal eagle, we had risen to success and fame beyond ourselves as America's youngest, cleverest, most creative and audacious producers to whom none of the ordinary rules of the theater applied 
Armed with a manifesto written by Houseman declaring their intention to foster new talent, experiment with new types of plays, and appeal to the same audiences that frequented the Federal Theater the company was designed largely to offer plays of the past, preferably those that "   seem to have emotion or factual bearing on contemporary life "  The company mounted several notable productions, the most remarkable being its first commercial production of Julius Caesar   Houseman called the decision to use modern dress "an essential element in Orson's conception of the play as a political melodrama with clear contemporary parallels "
Houseman and Welles later presented The Shoemaker's Holiday (1938), Heartbreak House (1938) and Danton's Death (1938) 

Radio
Beginning in the summer of 1938, the Mercury Theatre was featured in a weekly dramatic radio program on the CBS network, initially promoted as First Person Singular before gaining the official title The Mercury Theatre on the Air  An adaptation of Treasure Island was scheduled for the program's first broadcast, for which Houseman worked feverishly on the script  However, a week before the show was to air, Welles decided that a program far more dramatic was required  To Houseman's horror, Treasure Island was abandoned in favor of Bram Stoker's Dracula, with Welles playing the infamous vampire  During an all night session at Perkins' Restaurant, Welles and Houseman hashed out a script The Mercury Theatre on the Air featured an impressive array of talents, including Agnes Moorehead, Bernard Herrmann, and George Coulouris 

"The War of the Worlds" (1938)
The Mercury Theatre on the Air subsequently became famous for its notorious 1938 radio adaptation of H  G  Wells' The War of the Worlds, which had put much of the country in a panic  By all accounts, Welles was shocked by the panic that ensued  According to Houseman, "he hadn't the faintest idea what the effect would be"  CBS was inundated with calls; newspaper switchboards were jammed 
Without Welles, Houseman staged Douglas Moore's The Devil and Daniel Webster (1939) 

Film producer
Too Much Johnson (1938)
While Houseman was teaching at Vassar College, he produced Welles' never-completed second short film, Too Much Johnson (1938)  The film was never publicly screened and no print of the film was thought to have survived  Footage was rediscovered in 2013 

Citizen Kane (1941)
The Welles-Houseman collaboration continued in Hollywood  In the spring of 1939, Welles began preliminary discussions with RKO's head of production, George Schaefer, with Welles and his Mercury players being given a two-picture deal, in which Welles would produce, direct, perform, and have full creative control of his projects 
For his motion picture debut, Welles first considered adapting Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness for the screen  A 200-page script was written  Some models were constructed, while the shooting of initial test footage had begun  However, little, if anything, had been done either to whittle down the budgetary difficulties or begin filming  When RKO threatened to eliminate the payment of salaries by December 31 if no progress had been made, Welles announced that he would pay his cast out of his own pocket  Houseman proclaimed that there wasn't enough money in their business account to pay anyone  During a corporate dinner for the Mercury crew, Welles exploded, calling his partner a "bloodsucker" and a "crook"  As Houseman attempted to leave, Welles began hurling dish heaters at him, effectively ending both their partnership and friendship 
Houseman later, however, played a pivotal role in ushering Citizen Kane (1941), which starred Welles  Welles telephoned Houseman asking him to return to Hollywood to "babysit" screenwriter Herman J  Mankiewicz while he completed the script, and keep him away from alcohol  Still drawn to Welles, as was virtually everyone in his sphere, Houseman agreed  Although Welles took credit for the screenplay of Kane, Houseman stated that the credit belonged to Mankiewicz, an assertion that led to a final break with Welles  Houseman took some credit himself for the general shaping of the story line and for editing the script  In an interview with Penelope Huston for Sight & Sound magazine (Autumn, 1962) Houseman said that the writing of Citizen Kane was a delicate subject:

I think Welles has always sincerely felt that he, single-handed, wrote Citizen Kane and everything else that he has directed—except, possibly, the plays of Shakespeare  But the script of Kane was essentially Mankiewicz's  The conception and the structure were his, all the dramatic Hearstian mythology and the journalistic and political wisdom he had been carrying around with him for years and which he now poured into the only serious job he ever did in a lifetime of film writing  But Orson turned Kane into a film: the dynamics and the tensions are his and the brilliant cinematic effects—all those visual and aural inventions that add up to make Citizen Kane one of the world's great movies—those were pure Orson Welles 
In 1975, during an interview with Kate McCauley, Houseman stated that film critic Pauline Kael in her essay "Raising Kane", had caused an "idiotic controversy" over the issue: "The argument is Orson's own fault  He wanted to be given all the credit because he's a hog  Actually, it is his film  So it's a ridiculous argument "

Return to the theatre
After he and Welles went their separate ways, Houseman went on to direct The Devil and Daniel Webster (1939) and Liberty Jones (1941) and produced the Mercury Theatre's stage production of Native Son (1941) on Broadway, directed by Welles 

David O  Selznick
In Hollywood he became a vice-president of David O  Selznick Productions  His most notable achievement during that time was helping adapt and produce the adaptation of Jane Eyre (1943) which starred Joan Fontaine and Welles 

World War II
In the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Houseman quit his job and became the head of the overseas radio division of the Office of War Information (OWI), working for the Voice of America whilst also managing its operations in New York City 

Paramount
In 1945 Houseman signed a contract with Paramount Pictures to produce movies  His first credit for that studio was The Unseen (1945)  He followed it with Miss Susie Slagle's (1945) and The Blue Dahlia (1946), both with Veronica Lake  The latter, starring Alan Ladd and written by Raymond Chandler, has become a classic 
He left Paramount and returned to Broadway to direct Lute Song (1946) with Mary Martin 
Back in Hollywood he produced Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948) for Max Ophuls at Universal 

RKO
Houseman went to RKO where he produced They Live by Night (1948) the directorial debut of Nicholas Ray  He also did The Company She Keeps (1949) and On Dangerous Ground (1951) 
He returned to Broadway to produce Joy to the World (1949) and King Lear (1950-51), the latter with Louis Calhern 

MGM
RKO's head of production had been Dore Schary  When Schary moved to MGM he offered Houseman a contract at the studio, which the producer accepted 
Houseman's stint at MGM began with Holiday for Sinners (1952); then he had a huge success with The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), directed by Vincente Minnelli  He followed it with the film adaptation of Julius Caesar (1953) (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture)
Also popular was Executive Suite (1954), a highly creative adaptation by Ernest Lehman of Cameron Hawley's bestselling novel  However, although Her Twelve Men (1954), Minnelli's The Cobweb (1955) and Fritz Lang's Moonfleet (1955) all lost money  So did Lust for Life (1956), a biopic directed by Minnelli of Vincent van Gogh, although it was extremely well-received critically 

Television and theatre
Houseman moved into television producing, notably doing The Seven Lively Arts (1957) and episodes of Playhouse 90 
He also returned to theatre, producing revivals of Measure for Measure (1957) and The Duchess of Malfi (1957) 

Return to MGM
Houseman was enticed back to MGM as a producer, and given his own production company, John Houseman Productions  His films were All Fall Down (1962), Two Weeks in Another Town (1962) and In the Cool of the Day (1963) 

Return to television
Houseman returned to television where he made The Great Adventure and Journey to America (1964)  He returned to Hollywood briefly to produce This Property Is Condemned (1966), then returned to TV for Evening Primrose (1966) 
He returned to Broadway, directing Pantagleize (1967) 

Teaching
The Juilliard School and The Acting Company
Houseman became the founding director of the Drama Division at The Juilliard School, and held this position from 1968 until 1976  The first graduating class in 1972 included Kevin Kline and Patti LuPone; subsequent classes under Houseman's leadership included Christopher Reeve, Mandy Patinkin, and Robin Williams Unwilling to see that very first class disbanded upon graduation, Houseman and his Juilliard colleague Margot Harley formed them into an independent, touring repertory company they named the "Group 1 Acting Company " The organization was subsequently renamed The Acting Company, and has been active for more than 40 years  Houseman served as the producing artistic director through 1986, and Harley has been the company's producer since its founding   Writing in The New York Times in 1996, Mel Gussow called it "the major touring classical theater in the United States "

Theatre
Houseman continued to be involved in theatre, producing The School for Wives (1971), The Three Sisters (1973), The Beggar's Opera (1973), Scapin (1973), Next Time I'll Sing to You (1974), The Robber Bridegroom (1975), Edward II (1975), and The Time of Your Life (1975)
He directed The Country Girl (1972), Don Juan in Hell (1973), Measure for Measure  (1973), and Clarence Darrow (1974) (with Henry Fonda) 
In 1979, Houseman earned induction into the American Theater Hall of Fame

Acting
Houseman had acted occasionally during the early part of his career and he had a brief but important part in Seven Days in May (1964) 
Houseman first became widely known to the public for his Golden Globe and Academy Award-winning role as Professor Charles Kingsfield in the film The Paper Chase (1973)  The film was a success and launched Houseman into an unexpected late career as a character actor 
Houseman played Energy Corporation Executive Bartholomew in the film Rollerball (1975), and was in the thrillers Three Days of the Condor (1975) and St Ives (1976) 
Houseman appeared on TV in Fear on Trial (1975), The Adams Chronicles (1976), Truman at Potsdam (1976), Hazard's People (1976) and Six Characters in Search of an Author (1976)  Houseman was reunited with The Paper Chase co-star Lindsay Wagner in 1976's "Kill Oscar", a three-part joint episode of the popular science fiction series The Bionic Woman and The Six Million Dollar Man; he played the scientific genius Dr  Franklin 
He continued appearing on TV in Captains and the Kings (1976), The Displaced Person (1977), a version of Our Town (1977), Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977), The Best of Families (1977), Aspen, The Last Convertible (1978), The French Atlantic Affair (1978) and The Associates (1980) 
In films he parodied Sydney Greenstreet in the Neil Simon film The Cheap Detective (1978) and was in Old Boyfriends (1980), John Carpenter's The Fog (1980), Wholly Moses! (1981) and My Bodyguard (1981) 
Houseman briefly returned to producing with the TV movie Gideon's Trumpet (1980), which he also appeared in and Choices of the Heart (1983)  He produced one more show on Broadway, The Curse of an Aching Heart (1982) 
He acted in The Babysitter (1980), A Christmas Without Snow (1980), Ghost Story (1981), Mork & Mindy, Murder by Phone (1982) (second billed), Marco Polo (1982), and American Playhouse (1982) 

Television star
Having played a Harvard Law School professor in the film The Paper Chase (1973), he reprised the role in a television series of the same name, which ran from 1978 to 1979 and 1983 to 1986  During that time, he received two Golden Globe nominations for "Best Actor in a TV Series—Drama" 
In the 1980s Houseman became more widely known for his role as grandfather Edward Stratton II in Silver Spoons, which starred Rick Schroder, and for his commercials for brokerage firm Smith Barney, which featured the catchphrase, "They make money the old fashioned way    they earn it " Another was Puritan brand cooking oil, with "less saturated fat than the leading oil", featuring the famous 'tomato test' 
He played Jewish author Aaron Jastrow (loosely based on the real life figure of Bernard Berenson) in the highly acclaimed 1983 miniseries The Winds of War (receiving a fourth Golden Globe nomination)  He declined to reprise the role in the sequel War and Remembrance miniseries (the role then went to Sir John Gielgud) 
However he was in the miniseries A D  (1984), Noble House (1986), and Lincoln (1986) 

Personal life
Houseman had an affair with actress Joan Fontaine after her marriage to actor Brian Aherne ended  "Ours was what was known in Hollywood as a 'romance,' -- which meant that we slept together three or four nights a week, got invited to parties together, went away together for weekends and sometimes talked about getting married without really meaning it," Houseman wrote in Front and Center, his second autobiography 

Final years and death
Later film appearances included Bright Lights, Big City (1988) and Another Woman (1988) 
In 1988, he appeared in his last two roles—cameos in the films The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! and Scrooged  He played a driving instructor (whose mannerisms parodied many of his prior roles) in the former, and himself in the latter  Both films were released after his death 
On October 31, 1988, Houseman died at age 86 of spinal cancer at his home in Malibu, California  He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea 

In popular culture
Houseman was portrayed by Cary Elwes in the Tim Robbins–directed film Cradle Will Rock (1999)  Actor Eddie Marsan plays the role of Houseman in Richard Linklater's film Me & Orson Welles (2009)  Houseman was played by actor Jonathan Rigby in the Doctor Who audio drama Invaders from Mars set around the War of the Worlds broadcast  Actor Sam Troughton portrayed Houseman in the 2020 film Mank 
In the Seinfeld episode "The Face Painter", Jerry tells Elaine that Alec Berg has "a good John Houseman name"  Jerry then imitates Houseman, speaking Alec Berg's name in a non-rhotic, gravelly rasp 
In the SCTV episode "Jane Eyrehead", guest star Robin Williams portrayed Houseman in the sketch commercial "An Evening with John Houseman", in which he reads the Mellonville phonebook to a cheering theater audience 

Filmography
Film
As actor (film)
As producer (film)
Television
As actor (television)
As producer (television)
Passage 2:
Indutiomarus
Indutiomarus (died 53 BC) was a leading aristocrat of the Treveri (the people of the area around present-day Trier) at the time of Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul  He was the head of the anti-Roman party and the political rival of his pro-Roman son-in-law Cingetorix for "supreme power" in the state 

Biography
In 54 BC, Indutiomarus made preparations for war against the Romans and evacuated non-combatants to the Ardennes  However, when Caesar arrived in the territory of the Treveri en route to Britain, Indutiomarus was deserted by many of his leading supporters and submitted to Caesar in the hopes of preserving his position  Caesar accepted his submission, taking 200 hostages including several of Indutiomarus' close family members, but he also took the opportunity to promote Cingetorix to power among the Treveri at Indutiomarus' expense Deprived of much of his power, Indutiomarus became all the more bitter an enemy of the Romans, and waited for a favourable opportunity to take his revenge  Such an opportunity arrived soon  To ensure adequate food supplies, Caesar had separated his troops into winter quarters dispersed in different parts of Gaul  Indutiomarus encouraged Ambiorix and Cativolcus, chiefs of the Eburones, to attack the Roman legion stationed in their country; he himself soon afterwards marched against Titus Labienus, who was encamped among the Remi, immediately west of the Treveri  Forewarned of Caesar's victory over the Nervii, Indutiomarus withdrew his forces into Treveran country and raised fresh troops  He also spent the winter sending ambassadors to the Germans in search of allies  Other peoples began sending ambassadors to Indutiomarus of their own accord as well – these included the Senones, the Carnutes, the Nervii and the Aduatuci Now emboldened, Indutiomarus declared Cingetorix an enemy of the state and confiscated his property 
He marched against Labienus again and surrounded the Roman camp  Indutiomarus took to riding around the camp with his cavalry force almost daily, both to reconnoitre and to intimidate the Romans within  Labienus one day sneaked a large contingent of auxiliary cavalry into the Roman camp, and during one of these exercises the auxiliaries surprised the Treveran force with a sudden sally  Indutiomarus himself was killed in the rout while crossing a river  His death was still a source of anger and rebellion as of 51 BC, when the Treveri remained in the field on the side of Ambiorix 
Passage 3:
Et tu, Brute?
Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase literally meaning "and you, Brutus?" or "also you, Brutus?", often translated as "You as well, Brutus?", "You too, Brutus?", or "Even you, Brutus?"  The quote appears in Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is spoken by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, at the moment of his assassination, to his friend Marcus Junius Brutus, upon recognizing him as one of the assassins  The first known occurrences of the phrase are said to be in two earlier Elizabethan plays; Henry VI, Part 3 by Shakespeare, and an even earlier play, Caesar Interfectus, by Richard Edes  The phrase is often used apart from the plays to signify an unexpected betrayal by a friend  
There is no evidence that the historical Caesar spoke these words  Though the historical Caesar's last words are not known with certainty, the Roman historian Suetonius, a century and a half after the incident, claims Caesar said nothing as he died, but that others reported that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase Kai su, teknon (Και συ τέκνον), which means "You too, child" or "You too, young man" to Brutus  Contrary to popular belief, the words are not Caesar's last in the play, as he says "Then fall Caesar!" right after 

Etymology
The name Brutus, a second declension masculine noun, appears in the phrase in the vocative case, and so the -us ending of the nominative case is replaced by -e 

Context
On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44 BC, the historic Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Brutus, who was Caesar's friend and protégé  Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he reportedly responded as he died  Suetonius mentions the quote merely as a rumor, as does Plutarch who also reports that Caesar said nothing, but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators Caesar saying Et tu, Brute? in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar (1599) was not the first time the phrase was used in a dramatic play  Edmond Malone claimed that it appeared in a work that has since been lost—Richard Edes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582  The phrase had also occurred in another play by Shakespeare, The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke, and the death of good King Henrie the Sixth, with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595, which is the earliest printed version of Henry VI, Part 3 

Interpretation
It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or warning  One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: The complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power", of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination  The poem Satires; Book I, Satire 7 by Horace, written approximately 30 BC, mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide; in discussing that poem, author John Henderson considers that the expression E-t t-u Br-u-t-e, (as he hyphenates it), can be interpreted as a complaint containing a "suggestion of mimetic compulsion" 

See also
List of Latin phrases (E)
Passage 4:
Assassination of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was  assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times  They claimed to be acting over fears that Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the Roman Republic  At least 60 to 70 senators were party to the conspiracy, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus  Despite the death of Caesar, the conspirators were unable to restore the institutions of the Republic  The ramifications of the assassination led to his Martyrdom, the Liberators' civil war and ultimately to the Principate period of the Roman Empire 

Causes
Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the Gallic Wars, fully conquering the region of Gaul (roughly equivalent to modern-day France)  After the Roman Senate demanded that Caesar disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the Rubicon with his army and plunging Rome into Caesar's Civil War in 49 BC  After defeating the last of the opposition, Caesar was appointed dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity") in early 44 BC  Roman historian Titus Livius describes three incidents that occurred from 45 to 44 BC as the final causes of Caesar's assassination – the "three last straws" as far as some Romans were concerned The first incident took place in December 45 BC or possibly early 44 BC  According to Roman historian Cassius Dio, after the Senate had voted to bestow a large group of honours upon Caesar, they decided to present them to him formally, and marched as a senatorial delegation to the Temple of Venus Genetrix  When they arrived, etiquette called for Caesar to stand up to greet the senators, but he did not rise  He also joked about their news, saying that his honours needed to be cut back instead of increased  Roman historian Suetonius wrote (almost 150 years later) that Caesar failed to rise in the temple, either because he was restrained by the consul Lucius Cornelius Balbus or that he balked at the suggestion he should rise  Regardless of the reasoning, by practically rejecting a senatorial gift and not acknowledging the delegation's presence with proper etiquette, Caesar gave the strong impression that he no longer cared about the Senate The second incident occurred in 44 BC  One day in January, the tribunes Gaius Epidius Marullus and Lucius Caesetius Flavus discovered a diadem on the head of the statue of Caesar on the Rostra in the Roman Forum  According to Suetonius, the tribunes ordered the wreath be removed as it was a symbol of Jupiter and royalty  Nobody knew who had placed the diadem, but Caesar suspected that the tribunes had arranged for it to appear so that they could have the honour of removing it  Matters escalated shortly after on the 26th, when Caesar was riding on horseback to Rome on the Appian Way  A few members of the crowd greeted him as rex ("king"), to which Caesar replied, "I am not Rex, but Caesar" ("Non sum Rex, sed Caesar")  This was wordplay; "Rex" was a family name as well as a Latin title  Marullus and Flavus, the aforementioned tribunes, were not amused, and ordered the man who first cried "rex" arrested  In a later senate meeting, Caesar accused the tribunes of attempting to create opposition to him, and had them removed from office and membership in the Senate  The Roman plebs took their tribunes seriously as the representatives of the common people; Caesar's actions against the tribunes put him on the wrong side of public opinion The third incident took place at the festival of the Lupercalia, on 15 February 44 BC  Mark Antony, who had been elected co-consul with Caesar, climbed onto the Rostra and placed a diadem on Caesar's head, saying "The People give this to you through me " While a few members of the crowd applauded, most responded with silence  Caesar removed the diadem from his head; Antony again placed it on him, only to get the same response from the crowd  Finally, Caesar put it aside to use as a sacrifice to Jupiter Optimus Maximus  "Jupiter alone of the Romans is king", Caesar said, which received an enthusiastic response from the crowd  At the time, many believed that Caesar's rejection of the diadem was a way for him to see if there was enough support for him to become king, and despised him for it According to Suetonius, Caesar's assassination ultimately occurred primarily due to concerns that he wished to crown himself the king of Rome  These concerns were exacerbated by the "three last straws" of 45 and 44 BC  In just a few months, Caesar had disrespected the Senate, removed People's Tribunes, and toyed with monarchy  By February, the conspiracy that caused his assassination was being born 

Conspiracy
The conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar began with a meeting between Cassius Longinus and his brother-in-law Marcus Brutus in the evening of 22 February 44 BC, when after some discussion the two agreed that something had to be done to prevent Caesar from becoming king of the Romans The two men then began to recruit others  While it took only one man to murder another, Brutus believed that for the assassination of Caesar to be considered a legitimate removal of a tyrant, done for the sake of their country, it must include a large number of Rome's leading men  They attempted to strike a balance: they aimed to recruit enough men to surround Caesar and fight his supporters, but not so many that they would risk being discovered  They preferred friends to acquaintances and recruited neither reckless youths nor feeble elders  In the end, the conspirators recruited senators near the age of forty, as were they  The men assessed each potential recruit with innocent-sounding questions  The ancient sources report that in the end, around sixty to eighty conspirators joined the plot, although the latter number may be a scribal error Notable conspirators included Pacuvius Labeo, who answered affirmatively on 2 March when Brutus asked him whether it was wise for a man to put himself into danger if it meant overcoming evil or foolish men; Decimus Brutus, who joined on 7 March after being approached by Labeo and Cassius; Gaius Trebonius, Tillius Cimber, Minucius Basilus, and the brothers Casca (Publius and another whose name is unknown), all men from Caesar's own ranks; and Pontius Aquila, who had been personally humiliated by Caesar  According to Nicolaus of Damascus, the conspirators included Caesar's soldiers, officers, and civilian associates, and while some joined the conspiracy due to concerns over Caesar's authoritarianism, many had self-interested motives such as jealousy: feeling that Caesar had not rewarded them enough or that he had given too much money towards Pompey's former supporters  The conspirators did not meet openly but instead secretly assembled at each other's homes and in small groups in order to work out a plan First, the conspirators discussed the addition of two other men to the conspiracy  Cicero, the famous orator, was trusted by both Cassius and Brutus, and had made it no secret that he considered Caesar's rule oppressive  He also had great popularity among the common people and a large network of friends, which would help attract others to join their cause  However, the conspirators considered Cicero too cautious; at that time, Cicero was over sixty, and the conspirators thought he would be too likely to put safety over speed when planning the assassination  Next, the conspirators considered Mark Antony, aged thirty-nine and one of Caesar's best generals  The conspirators were agreeing to attempt to recruit him until Gaius Trebonius spoke  He revealed that he had personally approached Antony the summer before and asked him to join a different conspiracy to end Caesar's life, and Antony had turned him down  This rejection to the old conspiracy caused the conspirators to decide against recruiting Antony Now, however, a new idea took place  Antony was strong because of his familiarity with the soldiers, and powerful due to his consulship  If Antony was not to join them, then they must assassinate Antony as well, lest he interfere with the conspiracy  Eventually, this idea was expanded upon and split the conspirators into two factions  The optimates, the "Best Men" of Rome, among the conspirators wanted to go back to the way things were before Caesar  This would entail killing both Caesar and all the men around him, including Antony, and reverting Caesar's reforms  The former supporters of Caesar among the conspirators did not agree to this  They liked Caesar's reforms, and did not want a purge of Caesar's supporters  However, even they agreed to kill Antony Brutus disagreed with both  He argued that killing Caesar, and doing nothing else, was the option they should choose  The conspirators claimed to be acting based on the principles of law and justice, he told them, and it would be unjust to kill Antony  While the assassination of Caesar would be viewed as the killing of a tyrant, killing his supporters would be seen only as a politicized purge and the work of Pompey's former supporters  By keeping Caesar's reforms intact, they would both keep the support of the Roman people, who Brutus believed opposed Caesar the king, not Caesar the reformer, and the support of Caesar's soldiers and other supporters  His argument convinced the other conspirators  They began making plans for Caesar's assassination The conspirators believed that how and where they assassinated Caesar would make a difference  An ambush in a secluded area would have a different impact on public opinion than an assassination in the heart of Rome  The conspirators came up with multiple ideas for the assassination  They considered an attack on Caesar while he was walking on the Via Sacra, the "Sacred Street"  Another idea was to wait to attack him during the elections for new consuls  The conspirators would wait for Caesar to begin crossing the bridge that all voters crossed as part of the election procedures, and then topple him over the rail and into the water  There would be conspirators waiting in the water for Caesar, with daggers drawn  Another plan was to attack at a gladiatorial game, which had the benefit that nobody would be suspicious of armed men Finally, somebody brought up the idea to assassinate Caesar at one of the senate meetings  All other plans had one detriment: while Caesar had no official bodyguards, he asked his friends to protect him in public  Most of these friends were imposing and dangerous-looking and the conspirators were afraid that they would interfere with the assassination  Here, this would not be an issue, since only senators were allowed in the Senate House  Some also said that the murder of a tyrant in full view of the Senate would not be seen as a political plot, but as a noble act, done on behalf of their country  The conspirators ultimately settled on this as the chosen plan  Caesar would be leaving the city on 18 March to embark on a military campaign against the Getae and the Parthians  The last senate meeting before that date was on the 15th, the Ides of March, and so the conspirators chose this as the day of the assassination In the days leading up to the Ides, Caesar was not completely oblivious to what was being planned  According to the ancient historian Plutarch, a seer had warned Caesar that his life would be in danger no later than the Ides of March  The Roman biographer Suetonius identifies this seer as a haruspex named Spurinna  In addition, on 1 March, Caesar watched Cassius speaking with Brutus at the senate house and said to an aide, "What do you think Cassius is up to? I don't like him, he looks pale "Two days before the assassination, Cassius met with the conspirators and told them that, should anyone discover the plan, they were to turn their knives on themselves 

Ides of March
On the Ides of March of 44 BC, conspirators and non-conspirators met at the Senate House of Pompey, located in the Theatre of Pompey, for the senate meeting  Usually, the senators would be meeting at the Roman Forum, but Caesar was financing a reconstruction of the forum and so the senators met in other venues throughout Rome, this being one of them  There were gladiatorial games underway at the Theatre, and Decimus Brutus, who owned a company of gladiators, stationed them in the Portico of Pompey, also located in the Theatre of Pompey  The gladiators could be useful to the conspirators: if a fight broke out to protect Caesar, the gladiators could intervene; if Caesar was killed but the conspirators came under attack, the gladiators could protect them; and since it was impossible to enter the Senate House without going through the Portico, the gladiators could block entrance to both if necessary The senators waited for Caesar's arrival, but he did not come  The reason for this is that early that morning, Calpurnia, Caesar's wife, was awoken from a nightmare  She had dreamt that she was holding a murdered Caesar in her arms and mourning him  Other versions have Calpurnia dream that the front pediment of their house had collapsed and that Caesar had died; yet another shows Caesar's body streaming with blood  Calpurnia had no doubt heard Spurinna's warnings of great peril to Caesar's life, which helps explain her visions  Around 5 a m , Calpurnia begged Caesar not to go to the senate meeting that day  After some hesitation, Caesar acquiesced  Although not superstitious, he knew that Spurinna and Calpurnia were involved in Roman politics, and decided to be cautious  Caesar sent Mark Antony to dismiss the Senate  When the conspirators heard of this dismissal, Decimus went to Caesar's home to try to talk him into coming to the Senate meeting  "What do you say, Caesar?" Decimus said  "Will someone of your stature pay attention to a woman's dreams and the omens of foolish men?" Caesar eventually decided to go Caesar was walking to the senate house when he caught sight of Spurinna  "Well, the Ides of March have come!" Caesar called out playfully  "Aye, the Ides have come," said Spurinna, "but they are not yet gone " Mark Antony started to enter with Caesar, but was intercepted by one of the plotters (either Trebonius or Decimus Brutus) and detained outside  He remained there until after the assassination, at which point he fled 
According to Plutarch, as Caesar took his seat, Lucius Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother  The other conspirators crowded round to offer their support  Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed Caesar's shoulders and pulled down Caesar's toga  Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence!" ("Ista quidem vis est!")  At the same time, Casca produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck  Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm  According to Plutarch, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?" Casca, frightened, shouted simultaneously "Brother! Help me!" (Ancient Greek: ἀδελφέ, βοήθει, romanized: adelphe, boethei)  Though Caesar was able to violently throw Casca away, Gaius Servilius Casca stabbed him in the side  Within moments, Caesar was attacked from all directions, with Cassius, slashing Caesar's face, Bucilianus stabbing at the back and Decimus slicing his thigh  Caesar attempted to fight back, but tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenseless on the lower steps of the portico  Caesar was stabbed 23 times  Suetonius relates that a physician who performed an autopsy on Caesar established that only one wound (the second one to his ribs) had been fatal  This autopsy report (the earliest known post-mortem report in history) describes that Caesar's death was mostly attributable to blood loss from his stab wounds Caesar was killed at the base of the Curia of Pompey in the Theatre of Pompey The dictator's last words are a contested subject among scholars and historians  Suetonius himself says he said nothing, nevertheless, he mentions that others have written that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σύ, τέκνον;" (transliterated as "Kai su, teknon?": "You too, child?" in English)  Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators  According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators not involved in the plot; they, however, fled the building  Brutus and his companions then marched through the city, announcing: "People of Rome, we are once again free!" They were met with silence, as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses as soon as the rumours of what had taken place began to spread  According to Suetonius, after the murder all the conspirators fled; Caesar's body lay untouched for some time afterwards, until finally three slaves put him on a litter and carried him home, with one arm hanging down 

Preceding events
Virgil wrote in the Georgics that several unusual events took place preceding Caesar's assassination  This should be read in the context of the ancient Romans' belief in omens 

Who dare say the Sun is false? He and no other warns us when dark uprising threaten, when treachery and hidden wars are gathering strength  He and no other was moved to pity Rome on the day that Caesar died, when he veiled his radiance in gloom and darkness, and a godless age feared everlasting night  Yet in this hour Earth also and the plains of Ocean, ill-boding dogs and birds that spell mischief, sent signs which heralded disaster  How oft before our eyes did Etna deluge the fields of the Cyclopes with a torrent from her burst furnaces, hurling thereon balls of fire and molten rocks  Germany heard the noise of battle sweep across the sky and, even without precedent, the Alps rocked with earthquakes  A voice boomed through the silent groves for all to hear, a deafening voice, and phantoms of unearthly pallor were seen in the falling darkness  Horror beyond words, beasts uttered human speech; rivers stood still, the earth gaped upon; in the temples ivory images wept for grief, and beads of sweat covered bronze statues  King of waterways, the Po swept forests along in the swirl of his frenzied current, carrying with him over the plain cattle and stalls alike  Nor in that same hour did sinister filaments cease to appear in ominous entrails or blood to flow from wells or our hillside towns to echo all night with the howl of wolves  Never fell more lightning from a cloudless sky; never was comet's alarming glare so often seen 

Aftermath
A wax statue of Caesar was erected at the Forum displaying the 23 stab wounds  A crowd who had amassed there expressed their anger at the assassins by burning the Senate House  Two days after the assassination, Mark Antony summoned the senate and managed to work out a compromise in which the assassins would not be punished for their acts, but all of Caesar's appointments would remain valid  By doing this, Antony most likely hoped to avoid large cracks in government forming as a result of Caesar's death  Simultaneously, Antony diminished the goals of the conspirators  The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic  The Roman lower classes, with whom Caesar was popular, became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had sacrificed Caesar  Antony capitalized on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates, perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself  But, to his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir, bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name as well as making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic  Upon hearing of his adoptive father's death, Octavius abandoned his studies in Apollonia and sailed across the Adriatic Sea to Brundisium  Octavius became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus or Octavian, the son of the great Caesar, and consequently also inherited the loyalty of much of the Roman populace  Octavian, aged only 18 at the time of Caesar's death, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position  Antony did not initially consider Octavius a true political threat due to his young age and inexperience, but Octavius quickly gained the support and admiration of Caesar's friends and supporters To combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the money from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them  With passage of the Lex Titia on 27 November 43 BC, the Second Triumvirate was officially formed, composed of Antony, Octavian, and Caesar's Master of the Horse Lepidus  It formally deified Caesar as Divus Iulius in 42 BC, and Caesar Octavian henceforth became Divi filius ("Son of the Divine")  Seeing that Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate brought back proscription, abandoned since Sulla  It engaged in the legally sanctioned murder of a large number of its opponents in order to fund its forty-five legions in the second civil war against Brutus and Cassius  Antony and Octavian defeated them at Philippi The Second Triumvirate was ultimately unstable and could not withstand internal jealousies and ambitions  Antony detested Octavian and spent most of his time in the East, while Lepidus favoured Antony but felt himself obscured by both his colleagues  Following the Sicilian revolt, led by Sextus Pompey, a dispute between Lepidus and Octavian regarding the allocation of lands broke out  Octavian accused Lepidus of usurping power in Sicily and of attempted rebellion and, in 36 BC, Lepidus was forced into exile in Circeii and stripped of all his offices except that of Pontifex Maximus  His former provinces were awarded to Octavian  Antony, meanwhile, married Caesar's lover, Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome  A third civil war subsequently broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other  This final civil war culminated in the latter's defeat at Actium in 31 BC; Octavian's forces would then chase Antony and Cleopatra to Alexandria, where they would both commit suicide in 30 BC  With the complete defeat of Antony and the marginalisation of Lepidus, Octavian, having been restyled "Augustus", a name that raised him to the status of a deity, in 27 BC, remained as the sole master of the Roman world and proceeded to establish the Principate as the first Roman "Emperor" 

List of conspirators
Most of the conspirators' names are lost to history and only about twenty are known  Nothing is known about some of those whose names have survived  The known members are:

Marcus Tullius Cicero was not a member of the conspiracy and was surprised by it  He later wrote to the conspirator Trebonius that he wished he had been "invited to that superb banquet" and believed that the conspirators should also have killed Mark Antony 

Gallery
See also
List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government
Acta Caesaris
Death of Alexander the Great
Death of Cleopatra
Julius Caesar, a play by William Shakespeare
The Ides of March, a novel by Thornton Wilder
The Throne of Caesar, a novel by Steven Saylor
Amanita caesarea

Notes
Passage 5:
Julius Caesar (1953 film)
Julius Caesar (billed on-screen as William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar) is a 1953 American film adaptation of the Shakespearean play, directed by Joseph L  Mankiewicz and produced by John Houseman for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer  It stars Marlon Brando as Mark Antony, James Mason as Brutus, John Gielgud as Cassius, Louis Calhern as Caesar, Edmond O'Brien as Casca,  Greer Garson as Calpurnia, and Deborah Kerr as Portia 
The film opened to positive reviews, and was nominated in five categories at the 26th Academy Awards (including Best Picture and Best Actor for Brando), winning Best Art Direction - Black-and-White  Brando and Gielgud both won BAFTA Awards, Brando for Best Foreign Actor and Gielgud for Best British Actor 

Plot
"Upon Caesar's return to Rome, after defeating Pompey in the civil war, his countrymen chose him a fourth time consul and then dictator for life      thus he became odious to moderate men through the extravagance of the titles and powers that were heaped upon him "Plutarch's LivesThe film is a largely-faithful adaptation of Shakespeare's play, with no significant cuts or alterations to the original text  The only notable exception is the Messenger's text recounting the Battle of Philippi, which is substituted with a visual depiction of the battle 

Cast
Cast as listed in end credits
Production
Producer John Houseman says the film was made because Laurence Olivier's 1944 production of Henry V had been a success  MGM's head of production Dore Schary offered the project to Houseman, who said he wanted Joseph L  Mankiewicz to direct because he thought he and William Wyler were "probably the two best dialogue directors in the business" and that Mankiewicz was "younger and more flexible "Houseman did not want to use an all-British cast  "I'd done a lot of Shakespeare in America," he said  "If it was going to be cast all-English, it should be an English picture, made in England and we might as well forget about it "Houseman says MGM wanted to make the film in color but he and Mankiewicz refused, "partly because we wanted people to relate to the newsreels, to the Fascist movements in Europe, which were still relevant" and also because they would be "using a lot of the Quo Vadis sets, and it seemed idiotic to invite comparison with Quo Vadis "Though Houseman originally intended to shoot the film in Italy, production ultimately took place in Los Angeles instead  Many of the sets and costumes were repurposed from Quo Vadis (1951), with several setpieces deconstructed, flown from Rome to California, and rebuilt on MGM's Culver City studio backlot 
Houseman says they "decided to do it as a small production, not a spectacle; to do it for what it really is—the drama of a political power play "

Casting
Many actors in this film had experience in the play  John Gielgud had played Mark Antony at the Old Vic Theatre in 1930 and Cassius at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1950, James Mason had played Brutus at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin in the 1940s, and John Hoyt, who plays Decius Brutus, also played him in the Mercury Theatre's 1937 stage version  Gielgud later played the title role in the 1970 film with Charlton Heston, Jason Robards and Richard Johnson (as Cassius) and in a stage production directed by John Schlesinger at the Royal National Theatre  John Houseman, who had produced the famous 1937 Broadway version of the play starring Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre, also produced the MGM film  By this time, however, Welles and Houseman had had a falling out, and Welles had nothing to do with the 1953 film  P  M  Pasinetti, Italian-American writer, scholar, and teacher at UCLA served as a technical advisor 

Brando's casting was met with some skepticism when it was announced, as he had acquired the nickname of "The Mumbler" following his performance in A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)   Director Joseph L  Mankiewicz even considered Paul Scofield for the role of Mark Antony if Brando's screen test was unsuccessful   Brando asked John Gielgud for advice in declaiming Shakespeare, and adopted all of Gielgud's recommendations  Brando's performance turned out so well that the New York Times' Bosley Crowther stated in his review of the film: “Happily, Mr  Brando's diction, which has been guttural and slurred in previous films, is clear and precise in this instance  In him a major talent has emerged ”  Brando was so dedicated in his performance during shooting that Gielgud offered to direct him in a stage production of Hamlet, a proposition that Brando seriously considered but ultimately turned down   During filming, James Mason became concerned that Brando was stealing the audience's sympathy away from him and his character, Brutus, so Mason appealed to Mankiewicz, with whom he had bonded earlier while making the film 5 Fingers, requesting that the director stop Brando from dominating the film and "put the focus back where it belongs  Namely on me!"  The subsequent shift in directorial attention didn't escape Brando, who threatened to walk off the film if Mankiewicz "threw one more scene to Mason", alleging a ménage à trois  among Mankiewicz, Mason and his wife Pamela Mason   Despite the feuding, production continued with only minimal disruption, thanks to what Gielgud called, "Mankiewicz's consummate tact that kept us together as a working unit "O  Z  Whitehead is listed on the Internet Movie Database as having played Cinna the Poet in the film and not receiving screen credit, but his one scene was deleted before release, and it is not included in any DVD or video releases of the film  (However, Cinna the Conspirator does appear — he is played by actor William Cottrell )

Release
The film premiered at the Booth Theatre in New York City on June 3, 1953 

Reception
Critical response
The film received highly favorable reviews  Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called it "a stirring and memorable film," while Variety wrote: "A triumphant achievement in film-making, it will be rated one of the great pictures of Hollywood " Harrison's Reports raved, "Excellent! Sumptuously produced, expertly directed and brilliantly acted, 'Julius Caesar' is an artistic triumph that ranks with the best of the Shakespearean plays that have been put on film " John McCarten of The New Yorker called the film "a very chilly exercise" and opined that Brando "plainly shows he needs a bit of speech training before he can graduate into an acting league where the spoken word is a trifle more significant than the flexed biceps and the fixed eye," but praised Mason and Gielgud as "a pleasure to watch and listen to " The Monthly Film Bulletin called it "an excellent film, excellent cinema, excellent entertainment, and pretty respectable art "In the second volume of his book The Story of Cinema, author David Shipman pointed to Gielgud "negotiating the verse as in no other Shakespeare film to date except Olivier's"  On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 95% based on reviews from 22 critics The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Epic Film

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $2,021,000 in the U S  and Canada and $1,899,000 in other markets, resulting in a profit of $116,000 In 1976, Houseman said "It's still shown a lot—in theaters and schools and on TV  I suspect it finally made more money than any other picture I made "

Awards and nominations
The film won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction (Cedric Gibbons, Edward Carfagno, Edwin B  Willis, Hugh Hunt), and was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Marlon Brando), Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture and Best Picture  Brando's nomination was his third consecutive for Best Actor, following 1951's A Streetcar Named Desire and 1952's Viva Zapata!  He would win the following year for On the Waterfront 
Julius Caesar won BAFTA awards for Best British Actor (John Gielgud) and Best Foreign Actor (Marlon Brando), and was also nominated for Best Film  It was Brando's second of three consecutive BAFTA Best Actor awards, for Viva Zapata! (1952), Julius Caesar (1953),  and On the Waterfront (1954) 
The National Board of Review awarded Julius Caesar Best Film and Best Actor (James Mason), and it also won the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival 

Soundtrack
Intrada Records released an album featuring a 1995 re-recording of Miklós Rózsa’s film score  The re-recording was performed by the Sinfonia of London and conducted by Bruce Broughton 

See also
List of historical drama films
List of films set in ancient Rome
Julius Caesar (1950 film)
Julius Caesar (1970 film)
Passage 6:
Caesar Must Die
Caesar Must Die (Italian: Cesare deve morire) is a 2012 Italian drama film directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani  The film competed at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Golden Bear  The film is set in Rebibbia Prison (suburb of Rome), and follows convicts in their rehearsals ahead of a prison performance of Julius Caesar 

Cast
Salvatore Striano as Bruto (Brutus)
Cosimo Rega as Cassio (Cassius)
Giovanni Arcuri as Cesare (Caesar)
Antonio Frasca as Marcantonio (Mark Antony)
Juan Dario Bonetti as Decio (Decius Brutus)
Vincenzo Gallo as Lucio (Lucius)
Rosario Majorana as Metello (Metellus Cimber)
Francesco De Masi as Trebonio (Trebonius)
Gennaro Solito as Cinna (Cinna)
Vittorio Parrella as Casca (Casca)
Pasquale Crapetti as Legionär
Francesco Carusone as Wahrsager (Soothsayer)
Fabio Rizzuto as Stratone (Strato)
Maurilio Giaffreda as Ottavio (Octavius)
Fabio Cavalli as Theatre director

Accolades
Caesar Must Die won the Golden Bear at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012 where British director Mike Leigh led the judging panel  The Hollywood Reporter described the outcome as "a major upset"  Der Spiegel said it was a "very conservative selection"  Der Tagesspiegel criticised the outcome, saying that the "jury shunned almost all the contemporary films that were admired or hotly debated at an otherwise pretty remarkable festival"  The film was also selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist Critics praised the use of actual prisoners in the film, saying it brought a higher intensity to the piece  Filmed largely in black-and-white, it has been described as a "deeply humanist film" that "blends gentle humour with an emotional punch"  Paolo Taviani said that he hoped moviegoers would "say to themselves or even those around them    that even a prisoner with a dreadful sentence, even a life sentence, is and remains a human being"  Vittorio Taviani read out the names of the cast At Metacritic, the film was given a rating of 76/100 based on 12 critics, which evaluates as generally favorable reviews

See also
List of black-and-white films produced since 1970
List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Passage 7:
Ides of March
The Ides of March (; Latin: Idus Martiae, Late Latin: Idus Martii) is the 74th day in the Roman calendar, corresponding to 15 March  It was marked by several religious observances and was a deadline for settling debts in Rome  In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar, which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history 

Ides
The Romans did not number each day of a month from the first to the last day  Instead, they counted back from three fixed points of the month: the Nones (the 5th or 7th, 8 days before the Ides), the Ides (the 13th for most months, but the 15th in March, May, July, and October), and the Kalends (1st of the following month)  Originally the Ides were supposed to be determined by the full moon, reflecting the lunar origin of the Roman calendar  In the earliest calendar, the Ides of March would have been the first full moon of the new year 

Religious observances
The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter, the Romans' supreme deity  The Flamen Dialis, Jupiter's high priest, led the "Ides sheep" (ovis Idulis) in procession along the Via Sacra to the arx, where it was sacrificed In addition to the monthly sacrifice, the Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna, a goddess of the year (Latin annus) whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year  The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics, drinking, and revelry  One source from late antiquity also places the Mamuralia on the Ides of March  This observance, which has aspects of scapegoat or ancient Greek pharmakos ritual, involved beating an old man dressed in animal skins and perhaps driving him from the city  The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the old year In the later Imperial period, the Ides began a "holy week" of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis, being the day Canna intrat ("The Reed enters"), when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river  He was discovered by shepherds or the goddess Cybele, who was also known as the Magna Mater ("Great Mother") (narratives differ)  A week later, on 22 March, the solemn commemoration of Arbor intrat ("The Tree enters") commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree  A college of priests, the dendrophoroi ("tree bearers") annually cut down a tree, hung from it an image of Attis, and carried it to the temple of the Magna Mater with lamentations  The day was formalized as part of the official Roman calendar under Claudius (d  54 AD)  A three-day period of mourning followed, culminating with celebrating the rebirth of Attis on 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox on the Julian calendar 

Assassination of Caesar
In modern times, the Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC  Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the Senate  As many as 60 conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, were involved  According to Plutarch, a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar on the Ides of March  On his way to the Theatre of Pompey, where he would be assassinated, Caesar passed the seer and joked, "Well, the Ides of March are come", implying that the prophecy had not been fulfilled, to which the seer replied "Aye, they are come, but they are not gone " This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, when Caesar is warned by the soothsayer to "beware the Ides of March " The Roman biographer Suetonius identifies the "seer" as a haruspex named Spurinna 
Caesar's assassination opened the final chapter in the crisis of the Roman Republic  After his victory in Caesar's civil war, his death triggered a series of further Roman civil wars that would finally result in the rise to sole power of his adopted heir Octavian  In 27 BC, Octavian was raised to be emperor Augustus, and thus he finally terminated the Roman Republic  Writing under Augustus, Ovid portrays the murder as a sacrilege, since Caesar was also the pontifex maximus of Rome and a priest of Vesta  On the fourth anniversary of Caesar's death in 40 BC, after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia, Octavian executed 300 senators and equites who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony  The executions were one of a series of actions taken by Octavian to avenge Caesar's death  Suetonius and the historian Cassius Dio characterised the slaughter as a religious sacrifice, noting that it occurred on the Ides of March at the new altar to the deified Julius 

See also
The Ides of March – a 1948 novel by Thornton Wilder
The Ides of March (est  1964) – an American musical group
The Ides of March – a 2011 film by George Clooney, Beau Willimon and Grant Heslov
The Ides of March – a 2021 music album by Myles Kennedy
Passage 8:
Et tu, Brute?
Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase literally meaning "and you, Brutus?" or "also you, Brutus?", often translated as "You as well, Brutus?", "You too, Brutus?", or "Even you, Brutus?"  The quote appears in Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is spoken by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, at the moment of his assassination, to his friend Marcus Junius Brutus, upon recognizing him as one of the assassins  The first known occurrences of the phrase are said to be in two earlier Elizabethan plays; Henry VI, Part 3 by Shakespeare, and an even earlier play, Caesar Interfectus, by Richard Edes  The phrase is often used apart from the plays to signify an unexpected betrayal by a friend  
There is no evidence that the historical Caesar spoke these words  Though the historical Caesar's last words are not known with certainty, the Roman historian Suetonius, a century and a half after the incident, claims Caesar said nothing as he died, but that others reported that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase Kai su, teknon (Και συ τέκνον), which means "You too, child" or "You too, young man" to Brutus  Contrary to popular belief, the words are not Caesar's last in the play, as he says "Then fall Caesar!" right after 

Etymology
The name Brutus, a second declension masculine noun, appears in the phrase in the vocative case, and so the -us ending of the nominative case is replaced by -e 

Context
On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44 BC, the historic Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Brutus, who was Caesar's friend and protégé  Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he reportedly responded as he died  Suetonius mentions the quote merely as a rumor, as does Plutarch who also reports that Caesar said nothing, but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators Caesar saying Et tu, Brute? in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar (1599) was not the first time the phrase was used in a dramatic play  Edmond Malone claimed that it appeared in a work that has since been lost—Richard Edes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582  The phrase had also occurred in another play by Shakespeare, The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke, and the death of good King Henrie the Sixth, with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595, which is the earliest printed version of Henry VI, Part 3 

Interpretation
It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or warning  One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: The complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power", of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination  The poem Satires; Book I, Satire 7 by Horace, written approximately 30 BC, mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide; in discussing that poem, author John Henderson considers that the expression E-t t-u Br-u-t-e, (as he hyphenates it), can be interpreted as a complaint containing a "suggestion of mimetic compulsion" 

See also
List of Latin phrases (E)



ground_truth: Pulitzer Prize for Drama

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did the producer of Julius Caesar study or work?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rufiji River
The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania  It is also the largest and longest river in the country  The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers  It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) long, with its source in southwestern Tanzania and its mouth on the Indian Ocean opposite Mafia Island across the Mafia Channel, in Pwani Region  Its principal tributary is the Great Ruaha River  It is navigable for approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) 
The Rufiji river is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Dar es Salaam  The river's delta contains the largest mangrove forest in eastern Africa 

History
A branch of ancient sea routes led down the East African coast called "Azania" by the Greeks and Romans in the 1st century CE as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (and, very probably, Chinese: 澤散 in the 3rd century by the Chinese), at least as far as the port known to the Romans as Rhapta, which was probably located in the delta of the Rufiji River in modern Tanzania During the First World War, from October 1914 to July 1915, the river delta was the scene of a protracted naval operation  These were the attempts, and later achievement, by the Royal Navy to neutralize and destroy the German cruiser Konigsberg 

Basin
The catchment basin for the Rufiji River complex is 177,429 square kilometres (68,506 sq mi) 

Hydroelectric Project
Tanzania president John Magufuli has approved the construction of a controversial new dam and power station on the river at Stiegler's Gorge  The power station is expected to provide 2,100 megawatts of electricity, more than triple Tanzania's existing installed hydropower capacity which is only 562 megawatts  Construction of the dam started on July 26, 2019, and it is expected be ready by 2022 
Passage 2:
Wolli Creek
Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Wolli Creek rises south of Narwee, within Beverly Hills Park, Beverly Hills, and flows generally east northeast through Wolli Creek Valley and Wolli Creek Regional Park, joined by its major tributary, Bardwell Creek, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River near Arncliffe and Tempe  The creek is a lined channel between Kingsgrove Road, Kingsgrove and Bexley Road, Bexley North where it then enters the Wolli Creek Valley  The sub-catchment area of the creek is 22 square kilometres (8 5 sq mi) 

Nature conservation value
Adjacent to Wolli Creek, within the Wolli Creek Valley, is Wolli Creek Regional Park, a planned 50 hectares (120 acres) nature reserve of native bushland and public reserves that was announced by the NSW Government in 1998 as a result of sustained community campaigning for the area to be preserved and for the M5 East Freeway to go underground  Whilst some of the park has been formed and management handed over from local government authorities to the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, including the 8 9 hectares (22 acres) Girrahween Park and some privately held land that was compulsorily acquired, some areas of the originally planned park remain in the hands of government agencies including Sydney Water and Roads & Maritime Services When complete, the planned nature reserve offers easy public transport access, family picnic areas, extensive views and bushland, rugged sandstone escarpments with walking tracks, a mixture of parkland, heathland, and woodland forest, and great birdwatching in close proximity to heavily developed residential and industrial landscape 

Wildlife
Bird observation
The diversity of habitat and strategic location of the Wolli Creek Valley are reflected in the wide range of bird species to be found adjacent to the creek  Approximately 175 species of birds have been recorded in the area between 1940 and 1999 

Fish
Several species of freshwater and saltwater fish can be found in the Wolli Creek in areas above and below the fish ladder  The fish ladder, or "rock-ramp fishway" was constructed to enable fish to bypass the weir at Henderson St, Turrella, allowing migration to other areas of the creek 

Coastal saltmarsh
The lower reaches – the tidal part – of Wolli Creek are home to a plant community known as saltmarsh, or coastal saltmarsh  The plant community includes various salinity-tolerant species such as Knobby Club-rush (Ficinia nodosa), Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii), Seablite (Suaeda australis), Streaked Arrowgrass (Triglochin striata) and others  Coastal saltmarsh has been recognised as a carbon sink as well as a filter of nutrients maintaining water quality and is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 

Gallery
See also
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 3:
Darling Mills Creek
The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Darling Mills Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of Thompsons Corner, near the intersection of Castle Hill Road and Pennant Hills Road, within the suburb of West Pennant Hills  The headwaters lie on the watershed between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally west, then south, joined by its tributaries including the Bidjigal, Sawmill, Excelsior, Blue Gum, Bellbird, Bellamy Farm creeks and the dammed Hunts Creek downstream of Lake Parramatta, before reaching its confluence with the Toongabbie Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 10 kilometres (6 2 mi); and the creek passes through the Cumberland State Forest, the Darling Mills State Forest, Bidjigal Reserve, Excelsior Park, and many smaller reserves and parks The Darling Mills Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway, the M2 Hills Motorway, and marks the boundary between Windsor Road and Church Street in North Parramatta 

History
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Darling Mills Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal clan of the Darug people, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade The Darling Mills Creek takes its name from a watermill constructed a short distance from the confluence with Toongabbie Creek 
An earlier watermill was built by Samuel Marsden near the confluence  It milled flour from 1804 to 1818 
In 1825, the Darling Flour Mills were built for John Raine, upstream on the Windsor Road 
The Darling Mills site was taken over by Sydney Woollen Mills, which operated from 1870 to 1975  Sydney Woollen Mills originally used steam rather than water power  Part of the facade of the building remains on the site, which was occupied by Bunnings Warehouse's North Parramatta store in the early 21st century  There is a weir on the creek nearby that was constructed in the nineteenth century 

See also
Great North Walk
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 4:
Still Fork
Still Fork is a tributary of the Sandy Creek, 16 1 miles (26 km) long, in eastern Ohio in the United States   Via the Sandy Creek, Tuscarawas, Muskingum and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 71 4 square miles (185 km2) in Carroll County, Ohio   The source is at 1,180 feet (360 m) and the mouth is at 1,027 feet (313 m) , with an average gradient of only 0 2%   From its source in eastern Carroll County the creek flows northwest through Fox, Washington, Augusta, and Brown Townships before reaching its mouth in Minerva, Ohio   The Ohi-Rail Corporation (OHIC) and Arbor road are situated in the creeks valley over most of its length 
Near Augusta the creek flows through a rural Amish community, and downstream of Ohio State Route 9 is the unincorporated community of Pattersonville   Mechanicstown and Norristown are the only other named communities in the watershed 

Variant names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, Still Fork has had no other known names 

Still Fork of Sandy Navigation Company
On February 15, 1837, the General Assembly of the state of Ohio enacted AN ACT to incorporate the Still Fork of Sandy Navigation Company   This act authorized seven named Carroll county men to form the company to “…locate, make, construct, and forever maintain, a navigable canal or slack-water navigation, commencing on the land of William Croxton, where the New Lisbon-Carrollton road crosses said Still Fork of Sandy, and thence with the  general course of said stream, to intersect the Sandy and Beaver Canal, at the town of Pekin, in said county of Carroll…with the full power to emyloy [sic], as reservoirs or feeders, all streams or ponds over or near which such canal or slack-water navigation may pass ”  The company was capitalized at $65,000 in $25 shares to be sold to individuals only    William Croxton’s land was in section 11 of Washington Township, a short distance up Friday Creek from the main branch of Still Fork, and present day county road 71 was the road between Carrollton and Lisbon 

Named tributaries
See also
List of rivers of Ohio
Passage 5:
Arado River
The Arado river is a river that originates in the surroundings of Curral do Camalhão, Gerês mountain range, north of the Teixeira valley and flows into the Fafião river after the Cascatas de Fecha be Barjas, parish of Cabril, municipality of Montalegre, district of Vila Real, in the north of Portugal   It lies within the Peneda-Gerês National Park 
Passage 6:
Loimijoki
The river Loimijoki is a river in Finland and the longest tributary of the river Kokemäenjoki  The river originates at the lake Pyhäjärvi in Tammela and joins the river Kokemäenjoki in Huittinen  There is a 54-metre (177 ft) difference in elevation between the source and the mouth of the river, which is 114 kilometres (71 mi) long  The river drains a catchment area of 3,140 square kilometres (1,210 sq mi)  The river has several dams at Forssa, Jokioinen and Loimaa The Loimijoki river runs through the most fertile lands of Finland making its water  relatively muddy  The river was badly polluted by sewage of industry and population centers along the river, but since the 1980s the river has been starting to recover and currently the river sees also recreational use like fishing and water sports 
Passage 7:
Bolshaya Lyampa
The Bolshaya Lyampa (Russian: Большая Лямпа) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Uls which in turn is a tributary of the Vishera  The river is 34 kilometres (21 mi) long  Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast  It flows into the Uls 55 kilometres (34 mi) from the larger river's mouth  The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa 
Passage 8:
Upper Orange Water Management Area
Upper Orange WMA, or Upper Orange Water Management Area (coded: 13), Includes the following major rivers: the Modder River, Riet River, Caledon River and Orange River, and covers the following Dams:

Armenia Dam Leeu River
Egmont Dam Witspruit
Gariep Dam Orange River
Groothoek Dam Kgabanyane River
Kalkfontein Dam Riet River
Katse Dam Malibamatso River
Knellpoort Dam Rietspruit
Krugersdrift Dam Modder River
Mohale Dam Senqunyane River
Rustfontein Dam Modder River
Tierpoort Dam Tierpoort River
Vanderkloof Dam Orange River
Welbedacht Dam Caledon River

Boundaries
Tertiary drainage regions C51, C52, D11 to D18, D21 to D24, D31, D32, D34 and D35 

See also
Water Management Areas
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
List of rivers of South Africa
Passage 9:
Orange River
The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa  It is the longest river in South Africa  With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north  It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean  The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa  Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities  The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power  The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon  Other names include simply the word for river, in Khoekhoegowab orthography written as !Garib, which is rendered in Afrikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click, Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ǂNū "Black"  It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu 

Course
The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft)  The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu  Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude  This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production 

The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province  In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam  From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised  Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation 
At the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province  From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude  From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ǁKaras Region  On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia 

In the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams, and several large wadis lead into it  In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible  Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised  The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi) 
The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning "Orange mouth") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town  Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches 
The river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi) 

Catchment and rainfall
In the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation  At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2 0 in) per year  The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction  In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown colored torrent  The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long-term threat to engineering projects on the river The total catchment of the Orange River (including the Vaal) extends over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i e  equivalent to about 77% of the land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi))  Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, are situated outside the country in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia 

Tributaries
Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

Dams
Armenia Dam
Egmont Dam
Gariep Dam
Newberry Dam
Vanderkloof Dam
Welbedacht Dam

History
Etymology
Some of the earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river ǂNūǃarib, referring to its black colour, or sometimes just Kai !Arib ("Great River"), from which is derived the Afrikaans version Gariep, and translation "Groote Rivier"  The early Dutch name for the river was just that translation, Groote Rivier, meaning "Great River"  The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the United East India Company (VOC) garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779  Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange  A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color of its tributary, the Vaal River, which name is derived from the name ǀHaiǃarib "pale river" (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey)  Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition  In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River, derived from the original Khoemana name 

The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change from the colonial name, for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu  The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation "

The Grootslang
In South African folklore, the Orange River is often associated with the Grootslang, a mythical being resembling a giant serpent, which is often connected to the river's alluvial diamonds  The Grootslang is described as living in a gem-filled cave connected to the Orange River by a natural pipe through which the diamonds gradually enter the river  Other sites said to be lairs of the creature include the pool beneath the King George Cataract at Aughrabies Falls, which is also said to be a source of diamonds, and a large rock in the middle of the river itself  In this version of the legend, the Grootslang is also said to prey on cattle from the river's banks 

Economy
As the collection point for the majority of South Africa's water, the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture, industry, and mining  To assist in this, two large water schemes have been created, the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project  Historically, the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush, with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth 
Because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer, the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting  Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate  The most popular trips are four-day and six-day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area 

Orange River Project
The Orange River Project (ORP) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa  It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd's government at the height of the apartheid era  The ORP was built to exploit the waters of the Orange River—which, without the Vaal River, represents some 14 1% of the total runoff in South Africa—and in the process, to satisfy an increasing demand for water  The main objectives of the project were:

to stabilise river flow,
the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power,
to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin, and
to give a new lease on life to water-deficient areas in the Eastern Cape, such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys The Gariep Dam near Colesberg is the main storage structure within the Orange River  From here, the water is supplied in two directions, westward along the Orange River (via hydroelectric power generators) to the Vanderkloof Dam and southward through the Orange-Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape 

Hydroelectricity
Eskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam  The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground  The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure 

Irrigation
Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam, which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land, was made possible by the construction of the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams  Old established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible  On the Namibian side of the river, Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange 
In recent years, the wine-producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance  Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost, not only from the additional water being made available, but also owing to improvement in water quality  Without this improvement, the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity 

Lesotho Highlands Water Project
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System  Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River, and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State, and discharges into the Ash River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) further to the north  The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, which used the Sterkfontein Dam, located near Harrismith in the Free State 

Alluvial diamonds
In 1867, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, the Eureka Diamond, was found near Hopetown on the Orange River  Two years later, a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area, causing a diamond rush  This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871, although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river, as well as the beaches around its mouth  Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river 

Rafting and canoeing
During the temperate months of March and April, given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open, a canoeist (or rafter) can easily travel 30 kilometres (19 mi) per day  The lower reaches of the river are most popular, because of the spectacular topography  Commercial tours are available, and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif 

Wildlife
The Orange River has no large animals  It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile, and although hippopotami were once abundant, they were hunted to extermination in the 19th century  The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity  A 2011 survey of 13,762 fish found only 16 species of fish present   Three of these, the common carp, the Mozambique tilapia, and the western mosquitofish are not indigenous   Another exotic species, rainbow trout, is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho 
Seven species are endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system:
Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
Maluti redfin or Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)

See also
List of rivers in South Africa
List of international border rivers
List of crossings of the Orange River
Passage 10:
Bardwell Creek
Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Bardwell Creek rises in Georges River local government area, near Hurstville and flows in a north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Bexley, Bexley North, Bardwell Park, and Turrella in the Bayside local government area, where it makes its confluence with Wolli Creek, where it forms the border between the suburbs of Bardwell Park and Turrella  The upper reaches of the Creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes an open concrete channel at Croydon Road in the Bexley Golf Course  The total catchment area of Bardwell Creek is 6 36 square kilometres (2 46 sq mi) 

See also
Bardwell Valley, New South Wales
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 11:
Reconquista River
The Reconquista River (Spanish, Río Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina  Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country 
The Reconquista is part of the Río de la Plata basin  It originates in Marcos Paz, Buenos Aires Province, and flows across 18 municipalities, emptying into the Luján River  Its drainage basin has an area of 1,670 square kilometres (640 sq mi) and is populated by around 4 million people 
The river carries about 33 percent of the total pollution drained by the  estuary of the Río de la Plata, taking into account both industrial and domestic waste  There are about 12,000 industries in its basin, 700 of which dump their waste into the watercourse without controls 
Studies have found nitrites, nitrates, ester-phenols, PCB, and heavy metals  These pollutants can cause hepatitis, skin reactions, gastrointestinal problems and eye infections 

History
During the 1980s, there was a wave of protests by local residents denouncing the lack of state involvement  In 1984, the national Senate addressed the issue for the first time 
In 1995, the national government obtained a loan from the Inter-American Development Bank for the cleaning and control of the Reconquista  The construction started in 1996, with a $400 million budget assigned to an autonomous entity called UniRec 
In 2001 they were officially finished, and advertised as such, though only the flood prevention works were built  Four projected waste treatment plants and other  sanitation infrastructure were not  There was also no minimization or monitoring of industrial waste dumped into the course 
According to Martín Nunziata, member of a Río de la Plata environmental group, this failure to comply with the plan was the result of political corruption, and also due to the pressure exerted by the polluting industries on the workers: "The companies warn [them] that, if the environmental laws are applied, they will have to close "
Nunziata also alluded to the cellulose plant conflict between Argentina and Uruguay: "If, starting today, it was decided to demand from the industries of the Reconquista River the same things we want Uruguay to demand from the Fray Bentos cellulose plants, out of the 12,000 companies installed, at least 10,000 would have to close down "

Destroyed historic bridge
The 1773 Marquez Bridge over the Reconquista River was declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina, but in 1997, the Autopistas del Oeste demolished it 

See also
List of rivers of Argentina
List of destroyed heritage § Argentina
List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina
Passage 12:
Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)
Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Coxs Creek rises northeast of Punchbowl railway station and flows generally north northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River, at Strathfield South  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and is now largely a storm drain that flows about 3 kilometres (1 9 mi)  Prior to development of the area the creek drained paperbark swamps that were formerly near the junction of Roberts Road and Juno Parade  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and rerouted  As with most drainage channels in the area it has been lined along much of its length  Coxs Creek drains a total catchment of 8 8 square kilometres (3 4 sq mi) The creek begins as a stormwater drain, then runs in the open through the Coxs Creek Wetland, a 1 84 hectares (4 5 acres) reserve containing significant remnant bushland including some Cooks River Castlereagh Ironbark Forest habitat  Including tree specimens of mugga ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), narrow-leaved ironbark (E  crebra), broad-leaved ironbark (E  fibrosa), and tallowwood (E  microcorys)  The forest habitat is noted as an endangered ecological community  Acacia pubescens (Downy Wattle) is a vulnerable flora species present as is the locally endangered Tadgell's Bluebell (Wahlenbergia multicaulis)  The endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea) has been recorded and frog ponds constructed as part of the creek  The frog has not been seen in the creek since 1995, though they are still present in the nearby constructed wetlands at the Juno Parade Brick Pit 
In 2005 Sydney Ports Corporation proposed works including fauna corridors and "frog ramps" to encourage their return  Along much of its length the creek is a combination of covered channel and an uncovered concrete lined trench  As the creek passes through the reserve it is open and the 2010 management plan calls for restoration of this part of the creek and the adjacent riparian zone 
Passage 13:
Toongabbie Creek
Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Toongabbie Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of the Old Northern Road, within the suburb of Castle Hill; with its headwaters forming the watershed boundary between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally south-west, then south by east, then south by west, then east before reaching its confluence with the Darling Mills Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 9 kilometres (5 6 mi) Although only a small portion of Toongabbie Creek is contained within the Blacktown local government area, much of its sub-catchment, including the Blacktown and Lalor creeks and their associated tributaries are within the City of Blacktown  In 2005, the Toongabbie Creek catchment area was rated as the highest polluting catchment out of the twenty-two catchments in Blacktown  Much of the creek is channeled in a concrete drain; and domestic garbage is often scattered along the creek's banks  Prior to April 2015, the creek was dammed at many places by fallen trees, and the rapids at Mons Road were not visible  The stagnant water in the dams was bubbly  After the rain in April 2015, which caused a flood that damaged infrastructure at Parramatta,  most of the dead trees were cleaned away and the rocks at Mons Road are now exposed 
Toongabbie Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway; the Westlink M7 and M2 Hills Motorway at their interchange; and the Old Windsor Road 
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Toongabbie Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 14:
Cabramatta Creek
Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the South Western Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cabramatta Creek rises in the rural/residential suburb of Denham Court, east south-east of Leppington, within the Liverpool local government area  From here the creek flows in a northerly direction under Camden Valley Way towards Hoxton Park, and its junction with Hinchinbrook Creek  Substantial residential development has occurred in these areas, particularly to the west of Cowpasture Road  A number of detention basins have also been constructed in conjunction with the development 
The Ingham's poultry farm also occupies a significant landholding in the area  Below Hoxton Park Road, Cabramatta Creek starts to flow in an easterly direction the Fairfield local government area, towards its confluence with the Georges River, to the east of Warwick Farm  A more prominent creek "corridor", up to 200 metres (660 ft) wide, becomes more evident throughout the lower catchment  This primarily consists of public open space, playing fields and golf courses  The Elouera Nature Reserve, which is an important pocket of native bushland, also forms part of this corridor 
Cabramatta Creek flows through established residential suburbs, including Miller, Cartwright, Sadlier, Ashcroft, Liverpool, Mount Pritchard and Warwick Farm  Major transport routes that cross the catchment includes Hoxton Park Road, Elizabeth Drive, Orange Grove Road (the Cumberland Highway), the Hume Highway and the Main Southern railway line  The catchment area of the creek is approximately 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi), and within the catchment area are the Cabramatta Creek, Hinchinbrook Creek, Maxwells Creek, and Brickmakers Creek The area around the creek was home to the Darug Aboriginal people  European settlement began on the site in the 1790s when they found good quality soil 
In the area surrounding Cabramatta Creek is a large flying fox population; located behind the Sunnybrook Motel and called the Cabrammatta Creek Flying Fox Reserve A concrete beam road bridge that carries the Hume Highway over Cabramatta Creek, constructed in 1951 and commonly known as Ireland's Bridge, is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register 
Passage 15:
Little River (Wingecarribee)
The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Little River rises south southeast of the locality of Wills Hill, near Robertson, and flows generally north before reaching its confluence with the Dudewaugh Creek, a tributary of the Burke River within the Upper Nepean River catchment  The course of the river is approximately 8 kilometres (5 0 mi) 

See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 16:
Cup and Saucer Creek
Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cup and Saucer Creek rises in Canterbury local government area, near Wiley Park railway station and flows in an east north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Roselands, Kingsgrove and Clemton Park, where it makes its confluence with the Cooks River, within the suburb of Earlwood  The upper reaches of the creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes part drain and part creek in the lower reaches  The Cup and Saucer Creek Catchment Management Study by the Water Board in 1992 showed extensive toxic organics in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines The creek is so named because of sandstone formations in the former bed of the creek A concrete culvert over Bexley Road constructed in 1920 is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register 
Passage 17:
Lansdowne River
Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Lansdowne River rises below Mount Gibraltar in the Gibraltar Range, north northwest of Upper Lansdowne, and flows generally southeast before reaching its confluence with the Northern Arm of the Manning River, near Coopernook  The river descends 740 metres (2,430 ft) over its 51 kilometres (32 mi) course The Pacific Highway crosses the Lansdowne River south-east of Coopernook 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Passage 18:
Doghole River
The Doghole River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada  The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin  It flows from Doghole Lake, where the outlet is part of the Mishkeegogamang First Nation Osnaburgh Indian Reserve No  63B, to the northeast shore of Lake St  Joseph; oddly, the mouth is not on Doghole Bay, adjacent to the east  Lake St  Joseph is the source of the Albany River, which flows to James Bay 
Passage 19:
Staaten River
The Staaten River is a river in northern Queensland, Australia, rising in the Great Dividing Range and flowing northwest into the Gulf of Carpentaria 

Location and features
The river rises of the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of Cairns  The river flows generally northwest to the Staaten River National Park and then west, joined by eleven minor tributaries before reaching its mouth and emptying into the Gulf of Carpentaria  From source to mouth the river's waters overflow into intertwining lagoons that create an enormous wetland sanctuary for a vast array of unique wildlife and plants  When the rains of the wet season cease, the Staaten River retreats from the floodplains and wetlands and becomes little more than a thread trickling down wide sand banks and a string of important lagoon refuges  The river descends 220 metres (720 ft) over its 383-kilometre (238 mi) course There is very little development in the catchment, with grazing being the most common activity, and there are no major water storage facilities on the river  The river is navigable for 17 kilometres (11 mi) upstream until sand and rock bars are found  Dinah Island, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) inland, is a small cattle property and at times provides short term accommodation for fishing enthusiasts 

Conservation and cultural values
The Staaten River catchment is one of Australia's last great wilderness areas  With little agricultural development, scant road access, and thriving forests and wildlife, it is a truly wild river system  The river straddles both the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf Country regions  Characterised by the replenishing floods of the wet season and an extensive network of lagoon refuges during the dry season, the river system is known for its excellent saratoga and barramundi fishing and saltwater crocodiles, one of Australia's best known animals 
The wet season is characterized by a large congregation of waterbirds from all over Australia and as far away as China and Russia   This birds live in the abundant waters of places like the huge Inkerman-Gilbrath Wetland, near the mouth of the catchment  The coastal margin of the Staaten River forms part of the Southeast Karumba Plan wetland aggregation, which is the best developed coastal wetland system in Queensland and provides critical habitat and breeding grounds for birds, fish, and other native wildlife  The Staaten River National Park in this area, covering around 467,000 hectares (1,150,000 acres), is one of Australia's largest and most remote national parks 
The Staaten Wild River Area covers about 25,700 square kilometres (9,900 sq mi) at the western base of Cape York Peninsula  The area contains the catchments of the Staaten River, Vanrook Creek, and ten major tributaries   The purpose of the wild river declaration is to "manage future development activity in the wild river area to ensure the wild river natural values are preserved" 

Threats
The Staaten River is remote and currently there is little demand for water extraction in this area  The major present threat in this area is cattle grazing   If not managed sustainably, cattle can cause major soil erosion, trample vegetation, and pollute river systems  There are also minor infestations of the invasive weeds such as rubber-vine in the Staaten River  Wild River protection, as well as the Indigenous Wild River Ranger program, will help address these impacts 

Indigenous heritage
The traditional owners of the upper catchment area are the Kunjen people The Agwamin, Kutjar, Koknar, Kunjen and Kokoberrin people are the traditional owners of the Staaten River catchment area and maintain strong cultural and spiritual connections with the land and rivers  The traditional ecological knowledge and health of these communities is in turn critical to the ongoing health of this wild river system 

Etymology
The river was first named by Dutch sea explorer Jan Carstensz in 1623  It is named after the States General, the parliament of the Netherlands 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Queensland
Passage 20:
Yukon River
The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America  From its source in British Columbia, Canada, it flows through Canada's territory of Yukon (itself named after the river)  The lower half of the river continues westward through the U S  state of Alaska  The river is 3,190 kilometres (1,980 mi) long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta  The average flow is 6,400–7,000 m3/s (230,000–250,000 cu ft/s)  The total drainage area is 833,000 km2 (321,500 sq mi), of which 323,800 km2 (125,000 sq mi) lies in Canada  The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta 
The longest river in Alaska and Yukon, it was one of the principal means of transportation during the 1896–1903 Klondike Gold Rush  A portion of the river in Yukon—"The Thirty Mile" section, from Lake Laberge to the Teslin River—is a national heritage river and a unit of Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park  Paddle-wheel riverboats continued to ply the river until the 1950s, when the Klondike Highway was completed  After the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, the Alaska Commercial Company acquired the assets of the Russian-American Company and constructed several posts at various locations on the Yukon River 
The Yukon River has a recent history of pollution from military installations, dumps, wastewater, and other sources  However, the Environmental Protection Agency does not list the Yukon River among its impaired watersheds, and water-quality data from the U S  Geological Survey shows relatively good levels of turbidity, metals, and dissolved oxygen   The Yukon and Mackenzie rivers have much higher suspended sediment concentrations than the great Siberian Arctic rivers The Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council, a cooperative effort of 70 First Nations and tribes in Alaska and Canada, has the goal of making the river and its tributaries safe to drink from again by supplementing and scrutinizing government data 

Name
The name Yukon, or ųųg han, is a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han, which means white water river and refers to "the pale colour" of glacial runoff in the Yukon River   The contraction is Ųųg Han, if the /ųų/ remains nasalized, or Yuk Han, if there is no vowel nasalization   In the 1840s, different tribes had different opinions as to the literal meaning of Yukon   In 1843, the Holikachuks had told the Russian-American Company that their name for the river was Yukkhana and that this name meant big river   However, Yukkhana does not literally correspond to a Holikachuk phrase that means big river   Then, two years later, the Gwich'ins told the Hudson's Bay Company that their name for the river was Yukon and that the name meant white water river   White water river in fact corresponds to Gwich'in words that can be shortened to form Yukon   Because the Holikachuks had been trading regularly with both the Gwich’ins and the Yup'iks, the Holikachuks were in a position to borrow the Gwich'in contraction and to conflate its meaning with the meaning of Kuig-pak [River-big], which is the Yup'ik name for the same river   For that reason, the documentary evidence suggests that the Holikachuks had borrowed the contraction Ųųg Han [White Water River] from Gwich'in, and erroneously assumed that this contraction had the same literal meaning as the corresponding Yup'ik name Kuig-pak [River-big] 
The Lewes River is the former name of the upper course of the Yukon, from Marsh Lake to the confluence of the Pelly River at Fort Selkirk 

Course
The generally accepted source of the Yukon River is the Llewellyn Glacier at the southern end of Atlin Lake in British Columbia  Others suggest that the source is Lake Lindeman at the northern end of the Chilkoot Trail  Either way, Atlin Lake flows into Tagish Lake (via the Atlin River), as eventually does Lake Lindeman after flowing into Bennett Lake  Tagish Lake then flows into Marsh Lake (via the Tagish River)  The Yukon River proper starts at the northern end of Marsh Lake, just south of Whitehorse  Some argue that the source of the Yukon River should really be Teslin Lake and the Teslin River, which has a larger flow when it reaches the Yukon at Hootalinqua  The upper end of the Yukon River was originally known as the Lewes River until it was established that it actually was the Yukon  North of Whitehorse, the Yukon River widens into Lake Laberge, made famous by Robert W  Service's "The Cremation of Sam McGee"  Other large lakes that are part of the Yukon River system include Kusawa Lake (into the Takhini River) and Kluane Lake (into the Kluane and then White River) 
The river passes through the communities of Whitehorse, Carmacks, (just before the Five Finger Rapids) and Dawson City in Yukon, and crossing Alaska into Eagle, Circle, Fort Yukon, Stevens Village, Rampart, Tanana, Ruby, Galena, Nulato, Grayling, Holy Cross, Russian Mission, Marshall, Pilot Station, St  Marys (which is accessible from the Yukon at Pitkas Point), and Mountain Village  After Mountain Village, the main Yukon channel frays into many channels, sprawling across the delta  There are a number of communities after the "head of passes," as the channel division is called locally: Nunum Iqua, Alakanuk, Emmonak, and Kotlik  Of those delta communities, Emmonak is the largest with roughly 760 people in the 2000 census  Emmonak's gravel airstrip is the regional hub for flights 

Hazards
Navigational obstacles on the Yukon River are the Five Finger Rapids and Rink Rapids downstream from Carmacks 

Bridges
Despite its length, there are only four vehicle-carrying bridges across the river, listed from upstream to downstream:

The Lewes Bridge, north of Marsh Lake, Yukon, on the Alaska Highway;
The Robert Campbell Bridge, which connects the Whitehorse suburb of Riverdale to the downtown area;
The Yukon River Bridge in Carmacks, Yukon, on the Klondike Highway; and
The Yukon River Bridge, north of Fairbanks, Alaska on the Dalton Highway A car ferry crosses the river at Dawson City in the summer; it is replaced by an ice bridge over the frozen river during the winter  Plans to build a permanent bridge were announced in March 2004, although they are currently on hold because bids came in much higher than budgeted 
There are also two pedestrian-only bridges in Whitehorse, as well as a dam across the river and a hydroelectric generating station  The construction of the dam flooded the White Horse Rapids, which gave the city its name, and created Schwatka Lake 
Transportation is also performed along the river in summer by barge, enabling heavy goods, oil, and vehicles to be transported to communities along the Yukon, Tanana, Innoko, and Koyukuk rivers  This service is performed by Ruby Marine and reaches Tanana on the Yukon River and Nenana on the Tanana River 

Geography and ecology
Some of the upper slopes of this watershed (e g  Nulato Hills) are forested by Black Spruce  This locale near the Seward Peninsula represents the near westernmost limit of the Black Spruce, Picea mariana, one of the most widespread conifers in northern North America 
The river flows into several parklands and refuges including:

Innoko National Wildlife Refuge
Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge
Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve
Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge
Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge

Discharge
Yukon at Pilot Station (121 miles upstream of mouth) minimum, average and maximum discharge

Fisheries
The Yukon River is home to one of the longest salmon runs in the world  Each year Chinook, coho, and chum salmon return to their terminal streams in Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and British Columbia  The Chinook have the longest journey, with an estimated 35–50% bound for Canada  As salmon do not eat during their spawning migration, Yukon River salmon must have great reserves of fat and energy to fuel their thousands-mile-long journey  As a result, Yukon River salmon are noted for their especially rich and oily meat 
The villages along the Yukon have historically relied on and continue to rely on salmon for their cultural, subsistence, and commercial needs  Salmon are traditionally dried, smoked, and frozen for both human and sled dog consumption  Common methods of fishing on the Yukon include set gillnets, drift nets, dip nets, and fish wheels  The preference of certain gear is largely dependent on the river's varied characteristics in different areas  Some parts of the river do not have eddies to make set-nets successful, whereas in other places the tributaries are small enough to make drifting impractical 
Over the last 20 years salmon recruitment, the number of returning adults, has taken several shocks  The late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s have been marked by radically reduced runs for various salmon species  The United States Department of Commerce issued a Federal Disaster Declaration for the 2008 and 2009 Commercial Chinook Yukon River fisheries, calling for the complete closure of commercial fishing along with restrictions on subsistence fishing  The root cause of these poor returns remains debated, with questions about the effects of climate change on ocean food-supply & disease prevalence in returning adults, the methods of fishing used on the river, and the effects of the Bering Sea Pollock trawl fleet on food supply and salmon bycatch  In 2010, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Board of Fisheries issued the first-ever restriction for net mesh size on the Yukon, reducing it to 7 5 inches (190 mm) Various organizations are involved to protect healthy salmon runs into the future  The Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association was formed in 1990 by a consensus of fishers representing the entire drainage in response to recent disaster years  Its organizational goals include giving voice to the village fishers that have traditionally managed these resources, enabling communication between fishers and fishery managers, and helping to preserve the ecological integrity of salmon runs and local cultures' Traditional Ecological KnowledgeIn March 2001, the U S  & Canadian governments passed the Yukon River Salmon Agreement to better manage an internationally shared resource and ensure that more Canadian-originated salmon return across the border  The agreement is implemented through the Yukon River Panel, an international body of 12 members, equal-parts American and Canadian, that advises managers of Yukon River fisheries concerning restoration, conservation, and coordinated management Tribal organizations such as the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP), Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments (CATG), and Tanana Chiefs Conference (TCC) work to sustain Yukon River salmon to promote healthy people, cultures, and communities 

Tributaries
Yukon Territory
Takhini River
Big Salmon River
Little Salmon River (Yukon)
Nordenskiold River
Teslin River
Pelly River
Macmillan River
Stewart River
Nadaleen River
Lansing River
Hess River
Mayo River
McQuesten River
White River
Donjek River
Kluane River
Nisling River
Beaver Creek
Sixtymile River
Indian River
Klondike River
Fortymile River

Alaska
Tatonduk River
Seventymile River
Nation River
Kandik River
Charley River
Porcupine River
(tributaries in the Yukon)Miner tributaries
Fishing Branch
Bell River
Eagle River
Rock River (Yukon)
Driftwood River (Yukon)
Old Crow River
Bluefish River(tributaries in Alaska)Coleen River
Black River
Wood River
Bear Mountain Creek
Mountain Creek
Chandalar Creek
Sheenjek River
Sheenjek River East Fork
Koness River
Eskimo Creek
Christian River
Chandalar River
East Fork Chandalar River
Junjik River
Wind River
Middle Fork Chandalar River
North Fork Chandalar River
West Fork Chandalar River
Marten Creek
Birch Creek
Hadweenzic River
Beaver Creek
Hodzana River
Dall River
Ray River
Big Salt River
Hess Creek
Garnet Creek
Fish Creek
Texas Creek
Coal Creek
Tanana River
Nabesna River
Chisana River
Tetlin River
Goodpaster River
Delta River
Salcha River
Chena River
Wood River
Nenana River
Tolovana River
Kantishna River
NC Creek
Tozitna River
Bluebell Creek
Dagislakhna Creek
Banddana Creek
Blind River
Bering Creek
Nowitna River
Sulatna River
Big Creek
Beaver Creek
Glacier Creek
Melozitna River
Black Sand Creek
Little Melozitna River
Ruby Slough
Yuki River
East Fork Yuki River
Kala Creek
Kelly Creek
Galena Creek
Bishop Creek
Koyukuk River
Workyard Creek
Gisasa River
Kateel River
Dulbi River
Huslia River
Nulitna River
Tom Cook Slough
Billy Hawk Creek
Cutoff Slough
Hogatza River
Clear Creek
Batza River
Matthews Slough
Little Indian River
Indian River
Calamity Creek
Pocahontas Creek
Kanuti River
Discovery Creek
Alatna River
Siruk Creek
South Fork Koyokouk River
Jim River
Jane Creek
John River
North Fork Koyukuk River
Nulato River
Khotol River
Anvik River
Bonasila River
Stuyahok River
Innoko River
Paimiut Slough
Reindeer River
Iditarod River
Yetna River
First Chance Creek
Mud River
Dishna River
Coffee Creek
Tolstoi Creek
Madison Creek
Mastodon Creek
Hurst Creek
Taft Creek
Finland Creek
Scandinavian Creek
North Fork Innoko River
Tango Creek
West Fork North Fork Innoko River
Colorado Creek
Kako Creek
Engineer Creek
Reindeer River
Atchuelinguk River
Andreafsky River
Kashunuk River (distributary)

List of major tributaries
The main river and tributaries are (sorted in order from the mouth heading upstream):

In media
The Yukon River features as the setting for the 2015 National Geographic Channel series Yukon River Run 
The industrial metal band Lindemann wrote a song named "Yukon" on their first album Skills in Pills 

See also
Alaska salmon fishery
List of longest rivers of Canada
List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
List of rivers of Alaska
List of Yukon rivers
Steamboats of the Yukon River



ground_truth: Clifton College

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the source of the river that is the mouth of the Caledon River?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  It became Dion's first US number-one song, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in February 1994  It also became her first Australian chart topper and her second number-one single in Canada  The song also topped the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada  In the rest of the world, "The Power of Love" reached the top ten in France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden and New Zealand  It was certified Platinum in the United States (selling 1 5 million copies) and Australia, Gold in the UK and New Zealand, and Silver in France 

Accolades
"The Power of Love" won the ASCAP Pop Award for Most Performed Song in the United States  Dion was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, the American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, two Billboard Music Awards for Hot 100 Single of the Year and Hot Adult Contemporary Single of the Year, and for the Juno Award for Single of the Year  David Foster was also nominated for the Juno Award for Producer of the Year for Dion's version 

Promotion/Live performances
A music video for the Celine Dion version was released which saw heavy rotation on many music video networks and programs 
Dion included the song in many of her tour performances  "The Power of Love" is included on many of her live albums  It is also featured on several of her greatest hits collections such as All the Way    A Decade of Song (1999), Complete Best (2008), My Love: Essential Collection (2008) and The Best of Celine Dion & David Foster (2012)  Live performances are included on À l'Olympia (album), Live à Paris (album), Live à Paris (video), Au cœur du stade (video), Live in Las Vegas: A New Day    (video), Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert (album/video), and Céline une seule fois / Live 2013 (album/video)  She also performed the song at the American Music Awards of 1995 and her CBS television special That's Just the Woman in Me on February 15, 2008 

Critical reception
Dion's cover of "The Power of Love" received acclaim from music critics  About com placed the song at number seven in their ranking of "Top 10 Celine Dion Songs", calling it a "big ballad"  Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic "highlighted" it in his review of The Colour of My Love  A reviewer from The Baltimore Sun wrote that the singer "sounds great" when she's working with "tunefully romantic stuff"  Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report commented, "A song this powerful places extraordinary demands on those who sing it  Only a rare few are up to the task    Add Celine's interpretation to producer David Foster's arrangement and the result is nothing short of superb" Another editor, Ron Fell said "it's made better than ever", adding it as "awesome!" Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian described it as a "bodice-bursting" version  Mike Wass from Idolator complimented Dion's "flawless vocal" on a "classy" Foster arrangement  Dennis Hunt from LA Times compared Dion's vocals favorably to those of Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey  He noted "that grandiose, note-stretching finish"  Pan-European magazine Music & Media described the song as a "tender rendition"  Alan Jones from Music Week said it "is so powerful it's sure to score"  A reviewer from The Network Forty declared it "a reflective ballad brought to life by Celine's brilliantly distinctive vocals"  The Plain Dealer deemed it a "soaring rendition"  Christopher Smith from Talk About Pop Music viewed the song as "powerful and faithful to the original version" 

Cultural impact
Siren kings, members of a New Zealand street subculture devoted to the volume and clarity of music via public address system loudspeakers, value the Celine Dion version of "The Power of Love" as a perfect song for the medium  Siren king Purp Ci'i stated that it "will smash anyone in a battle—that song is dangerous   It's an old favourite from when sirens first started "

Credits and personnel
Producer – David Foster
Engineers – David Reitzas, Humberto Gatica
Assistant engineers – Bill Leonard, Erich Baron, Fred Kelly
Mix – Humberto Gatica
Vocal – Celine Dion
Keyboards – David Foster
Synclavier programming – Simon Franglen
Guitars – Michael ThompsonCredits adapted from the album liner notes 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
Other cover versions
The Spanish version of Jennifer Rush's "The Power of Love," "Si tu eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer" was introduced by Dominican singer Angela Carrasco in 1986 and became very popular throughout Latin America  The same version was later recorded by a number of Latin artists including Yolandita Monge, Amanda Miguel, and La India  La India's version of the song peaked at number thirty-eight on Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States  Brazilian singer Rosana recorded a Portuguese version of the song, titled "O Amor e o Poder", which was included on the soundtrack of 8PM prime time telenovela Mandala (1987–88), as the theme song for lead character Jocasta (Vera Fischer)  Her version was largely successful, becoming the sixth most played song in the country in 1988, as well as Rosana's biggest hit  It was also included on the tracklist for her album Coração Selvagem and propelled its sales, selling over 300,000 copies  Wilfrido Vargas's New York Band covered the song in merengue which peaked at number thirty-seven on the Hot Latin Songs chart  It was also covered by Los Melódicos and Dulce López from La Academia  Italian dance act Fits of Gloom released their version in 1994 with vocals by British singer Lizzy Mack which reached No  49 on the UK Singles Chart 

See also
Passage 10:
Pointless Nostalgic
Pointless Nostalgic is Jamie Cullum's second album but his first major release on a record label  It was released in 2002 through Candid Records  It was recorded at Clowns Pocket Recording Studio, Bexley, Kent by Derek Nash who also co produced the CD 

Track listing
Musicians
Jamie Cullum – piano, vocals
Martin Shaw – trumpet
Martin Gladdish – trombone
Matt Wates – alto saxophone
Dave O'Higgins – tenor saxophone
Ben Castle – tenor saxophone
Geoff Gascoyne – bass
Sebastiaan de Krom – drums

Charts and certifications
Passage 11:
Here Comes the Hotstepper
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" is a song co-written and recorded by Jamaican dancehall artist Ini Kamoze  It was released as the lead single from his 1995 album of the same name as well as the soundtrack to the film Prêt-à-Porter  It is known for its "naaaa na na na naaaa   " chorus inspired by the Cannibal and the Headhunters version of "Land of 1000 Dances" 
The song was Kamoze's only song to reach the top 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking atop the chart on December 17, 1994, and remaining there for two weeks  It also became a number-one hit in Denmark, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe and a top-10 hit in 13 other countries  Irish DJ John Gibbons made a remix of the song in 2018 

Usages of music sampling
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" contains several samples, including vocals from "The Champ" by The Mohawks, "Hot Pants" by Bobby Byrd, and "La Di Da Di" by Doug E  Fresh and Slick Rick  The song's instrumental samples the drums and bass from "Heartbeat" by Taana Gardner and guitar notes from "Hung Up on My Baby" by Isaac Hayes  The song uses the "na na na na na   " chorus from the Cannibal and the Headhunters version of "Land of a Thousand Dances," and the verse vocal melody is reminiscent of The Beatles' "Come Together", which was inspired by Chuck Berry's "You Can't Catch Me" 

Chart performance
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" remains Kamoze's biggest hit to date  It went to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and on the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart, while peaking at number two at the US Cash Box Top 100  In Europe, it peaked at number one in Denmark as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100  The single climbed into the top 10 in Austria (6), Belgium (Flanders (4) and Wallonia (3)), Finland (2), France (2), Germany (6), Iceland (3), Ireland (3), Norway (4), Spain (2), Sweden (5), Switzerland (4), and the United Kingdom  In the latter nation, it peaked at number four during its third week on the UK Singles Chart, on January 15, 1995, and spent four weeks at that position, topping the UK R&B Chart in the process  Elsewhere, "Here Comes the Hotstepper" topped the charts in New Zealand and Zimbabwe and peaked at number two in Australia The single was awarded with a gold record in France (250,000) and Germany (250,000) and a platinum record in Australia (70,000), New Zealand (10,000), the UK (600,000), and the US (1,000,000) 

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic noted that the song "lifts a line from "Land of 1000 Dances", and places it on an infectious dancehall beat -- it's a great single that deserved to be a huge hit " Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Reggae-splashed pop/hip-hopper is fueled by a prominent sample of Taana Gardner's disco chestnut "Heartbeat"  Already getting active attention, infectious party jam percolates with innocuous but appealing rapping and familiar chants  Don't be surprised if this sleeper soars past the expected hits to the top of the Hot 100 " In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton stated that the "infectious dance track owes much of its success to the 'Na Na Na Na Na' hook"  A reviewer from Music & Media commented, "Let's go "funkin' for Jamaica" again  Included on the OST Prêt-à-Porter, the veteran reggae man unexpectedly sees himself in the US top 10 with a chunk of '80s fatback funk "British magazine Music Week's RM Dance Update complimented the song as a "catchy funk anthem doing the business in the US"  An editor, James Hamilton, described it as a "lyrical gangster's madly infectious US smash reggae jiggler using the 'naa na-na-naa' chant from 'Land of a 1000 Dances'"  Charles Aaron from Spin viewed it as a "seamless, nonsensical string of ragamuffin hip-hop clichés " He added further, "Rivaling Joey Gardner's sample constructions for K7 [with "Come Baby Come"], producer Salaam Remi drops in the bass line from Taana Gardner's 1981 club classic [   ], and next thing you know, you're humming "murderer" against your will  Kamoze is a Kingston native, a vet of four supposedly respectable albums, an author and playwright, but on this Top Ten hit, he could be Jah Blatt from down the block  Deeply disposable " Steve Pick from St  Louis Post-Dispatch wrote, "With this cut, he's distilled most of the stylistic variants of his competitors, sweetened them with some goof hooks and come up with a breakthrough pop record that threatens to keep folks dancing for the next several years  I'm not sure what's "Heartical" about this version, but this is the mix you want "

Music video
Two music videos were made to accompany the song  The remix version used various scenes from the film Prêt-à-Porter  It was later published by Vevo on YouTube in 2014, and had generated more than 31 million views as of January 2023 

Track listing
CD single"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartical Mix)
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allaam Mix)CD maxi – Europe (1994)"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartical Mix) – 4:13
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartipella) – 4:15
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Heartimental) – 4:13
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allaam Mix) – 4:36
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (Allamental) – 4:37
"Here Comes the Hotstepper" (LP Version) – 4:09

Charts
Certifications
Impact, legacy and cover versions
Blender listed the song at number 492 in their ranking of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born" in 2005  BuzzFeed listed it at number 46 in their list of "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs Of the '90s" in 2017  Billboard placed "Here Comes the Hotstepper" at number 126 in their ranking of "Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s" in 2019 John Gibbons covered the song in 2019 as "Hotstepper"  The song charted at no  67 on the Irish Singles Chart In 2020, American singer Nicky Jam and Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee interpolated the song's hook for the single "Muévelo", from the Bad Boys for Life soundtrack, as did Israeli musical duo Static & Ben El for their single "Further Up (Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)" alongside American rapper Pitbull  That same year, Parquet Courts frontman and artist A  Savage designed a t-shirt, Excuse Me Mister Officer (Murderer), named for a line in the song's pre-chorus, to honor victims of police brutality, the proceeds from which he donated to various US- and New York-based anti-prison organizations In 2021, Philadelphia-based musician and social media personality Pat Finnerty enlisted Dr  Dog to cover the track for the "Hey, Soul Sister" episode of his YouTube series, What Makes This Song Stink The song was featured in the second episode of the twelfth season of the sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia 
The song was included in the 2022 film, Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and plays during a scene where the titular character is left home alone The song was performed by Peter Griffin and his terminator clone in Season 19 Episode 13 of the cartoon Family Guy 
It was included in the launch trailer for the video game Yakuza: Like a Dragon 
Passage 12:
Here I Am (Patty Loveless song)
"Here I Am" is a song written by Tony Arata, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in November 1994 as the second single from her seventh album, When Fallen Angels Fly (1994)  The song reached a number four peak in February 1995 

Critical reception
Richard McVey from Cash Box wrote, "A far cry from her previous release, “I Try To Think About Elvis”, this easy-paced, guitar/vocally-driven tune is classic Loveless  She pours out emotions through her vocals like few can and “Here I Am” is no exception "

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Here I am" premiered in December 1994 

Charts
Passage 13:
Ornament Records
Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A  "Ziggy" Christmann  It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany  Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well 
Artists who were recorded for the label or in some cases whose US recordings were released on the label included Doctor Ross, Willie Mabon, John Lee Hooker, Blind John Davis, Jim Kahr Group, Champion Jack Dupree, Sunnyland Slim, Tommy Tucker, Big Joe Williams, Fernest Arceneaux, Louisiana Red, Al Rapone, Katie Webster, Big Jay McNeely, Detroit Gary Wiggins & Chris Rannenberg as the International Blues Duo and Black Cat Bone Almost all of the label's original blues LPs were—some with additional bonus tracks—re-released on CD on the CMA label in 1991  Some of these were released again on the Chrisly label in 2000 under the Ornament Blues Masters series Ornament also had two short-lived blues sub-labels: Chrischaa and ESCEHA Schallplatten  Both of these folded in June 1978 

See also
List of record labels
Passage 14:
Hamburg Records
Hamburg Records is a Hamburg, Germany, based independent record label and artist management owned by Pyogenesis vocalist Flo V  Schwarz 

History
Flo V  Schwarz, who has been working in the music industry in companies such as Nuclear Blast long before, originally set up the label to exploit the Pyogenesis-rights after the band's contract ran out in 2002, but the company has evolved into a bigger and respected business  Throughout the 2000s, the company included an artist management department, while the musically focus was on any kind of Rock, particularly on Punk  In 2004 Hamburg Records, based at the world famous red-light district St  Pauli Reeperbahn, started their mail-order with just management and label attached band products  Throughout the years this changed and the company runs that business for quite a few namable bands and music-affine brands  Since 2006 Hamburg Records offers with Shirtagentur the service to print all kinds of merchandising and grew within just a few years to one of the biggest suppliers, especially for all kinds of Punk, Rock and Metal bands in Central Europe  In 2010 after being partners in co-publishing with EMI and Warner, for a few years already, Hamburg Records started their own publishing named Glorious Songs  The first signing was the Top40 chart-success of Itchy Poopzkid "Lights Out London" 
Most of the bands on Hamburg Records, especially those who sing in German, are concentrated on the European markets, but the activities for a few bands are yet territorially unlimited 

Current and former artists
See also
Pyogenesis
List of record labels
Passage 15:
Necessary Records
Necessary Records is a record label based in the UK, founded by Warren Clarke, a former A&R executive at London Records and Edel, in 2003  Clarke describes that the label was born out of a creative necessity  "It's an outlet for records that should and must be heard  An outlet for artists that deserve to and will, touch the widest possible audience "It is most notable for being the record label of English indie rock band Hard-FiThe label was responsible for the release of Hard Fi's debut album, Stars of CCTV, before the label secured a two album worldwide licensing deal with Atlantic, which saw the album re-released in the UK and subsequently nominated for a Mercury Prize and two Brit Awards  The album also peaked at #1 in the UK albums chart in January 2006, reaching sales of 1 2 million copies worldwide, with over 830,000 in the UK alone  The band's second album, Once Upon a Time in the West, released by Necessary/Atlantic, also reached #1 on the UK album charts  The band's third album, Killer Sounds, released by Necessary/Atlantic went to #9 on the UK album charts Necessary also have a publishing and management company 

Artist roster
Nights
Distophia
Hard-Fi
Maupa

See also
List of record labels
Passage 16:
Jive Records
Jive Records (later stylized as JIVE Records) was a British-American independent record label founded by Clive Calder in 1981 as a subsidiary of the Zomba Group  In the US, the label had offices in New York City and Chicago  Jive was best known for its successes with hip hop, R&B, and dance acts in the 1980s and 1990s, along with teen pop and boy bands during the late 1990s and early 2000s 
Jive was acquired by Bertelsmann Music Group in 2002  In 2008, BMG itself was bought out by Sony Music Entertainment  Jive Records thereupon remained a unit wholly owned by Sony up until the label’s dissolution in 2011, when Jive was absorbed into RCA Records 

History
1970s: Beginnings
In 1971, South African businessmen Clive Calder and Ralph Simon began a publishing and management company  It was named Zomba Records and relocated to London, England, four years later; their first client was a young Robert "Mutt" Lange  Zomba originally wanted to avoid record labels to instead focus on their songwriters and producers while allowing other established labels to release the material  Later that decade, the company opened offices in the US, where Calder began a business relationship with Clive Davis, whose Arista Records began releasing material by Zomba artists 

Formation and early distribution at Arista and RCA (1981)
In 1981, Zomba formed Jive Records, whose operations began with the release of British dance and pop music from groups such as Q-Feel, A Flock of Seagulls, and Tight Fit  Its name was inspired by township Jive, a type of music that originated in South Africa  Clive Davis had hoped that Zomba's connection with Mutt Lange would help alleviate the difficulties Arista was having with launching rock acts to success 

Hip hop sprawl and rise in popularity (1982–1995)
By 1982, Calder was introduced to Barry Weiss, a young college graduate who took Calder out to hip-hop clubs in New York City for his job interview with Zomba  Weiss and Calder began grooming musicians for what would eventually become the hip hop group Whodini  After two days, the group created and recorded its hit single "Magic's Wand " While the group would eventually leave Jive, the early success allowed the label to focus on hip-hop artists throughout the 1980s In 1987, Jive cut distribution ties with Arista, effectively separating them from Davis, who eschewed hip hop music at his label  As the 1980s drew to a close, the label entered a distribution deal with Arista's sister label RCA Records, and it continued to sign hip hop acts including DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Boogie Down Productions, Too $hort, Schoolly D, and Kid Rock 

In 1990, Calder bought Simon’s stake in Zomba and became the sole owner of Jive Records  Jive's distribution deal with RCA expired in 1991  At this time, Bertelsmann Music Group acquired a minority share of the label and began to distribute its records directly  Weiss became chief executive of Jive Records that year  Jive opened branches in Chicago and had also become a premier label in the genres of hip hop and R&B with the success of acts like D-Nice, E-40, UGK, A Tribe Called Quest, Hi-Five, KRS-One/Boogie Down Productions, R  Kelly and Aaliyah 

Teen pop acts (1996–2001)
In 1996, BMG deepened its relationship with the label by purchasing a 20-percent stake of Jive  By the late 1990s, Jive began signing pop acts Backstreet Boys, NSYNC and Britney Spears  All three acts achieved massive success as the 2000s dawned, becoming the three best-selling acts in the label's history 

2000s: Acquisition by BMG and Sony
In 2002, Calder sold Zomba to BMG for US$2 74 billion, which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution  Calder then announced his resignation from Zomba, but continued to stay on at Jive in a temporary advisory role as Zomba was integrated into BMG  Weiss succeeded Calder as the new head of Zomba  In 2004, BMG merged with Sony Music Entertainment to form Sony BMG  During this time, Jive's management and distribution were restructured under the newly formed Zomba Label Group  Artists who had previously been on LaFace and Arista Records were subsequently absorbed under the Zomba group and placed under the purview of Jive Records’ staff  Thus, artists such as Pink, Usher, and Outkast became de facto Jive artists  Though both physical record sales and teen pop had steadily declined since the early 2000s, the output from Jive’s newer artists — particularly Usher’s Confessions album and Outkast’s Speakerboxxx/The Love Below — would prove to be profitable successes for Jive  In addition to releasing Spears’ 2007 album Blackout, Jive was now also the home of a solo Justin Timberlake, whose FutureSex/LoveSounds also saw high sales  Other Jive artists at that time included Ciara and Chris Brown By early 2008, the BMG Label Group was said to include RCA Records, J Records, LaFace, Arista, Volcano Entertainment, Verity, GospoCentric and Fo Yo Soul  — all overseen by Weiss  Later that year, Sony and BMG dissolved its merger, with the former buying out shares of the latter  As a result of Sony's buyout, Jive (along with its BMG sisters RCA and Arista) became a wholly owned unit of a refreshed Sony Music Entertainment  Starting in 2008 Jive was all capital (e g  JIVE Records), this change started when BMG Label Group was renamed RCA/JIVE Label Group 

2010s: Dormancy
After two decades as president of Jive, Barry Weiss left for Universal Music Group in March 2011  On October 7, 2011, it was announced that Jive, along with Arista and J Records, would be retired to refresh and re-brand RCA Records by not confusing or diluting it with other labels  All retained artists on those labels were then moved to RCA Records The label is currently in hibernation, with the distribution of its back catalog handled by Sony Music's Legacy Recordings  Previously, the Jive brand was being exclusively used under the Sony Music France division under the name Jive Epic in France until 2019, when it was absorbed into RCA Records France 

Criticism and controversies
On September 27, 2021, singer R  Kelly was found guilty by a federal jury of acts including bribery and sexual exploitation of a child  Allegations of Kelly’s sexual misconduct had long followed the singer since his early career with Jive in the early 1990s, as well as throughout the 2000s when a video tape surfaced allegedly showing Kelly engaging in sexual acts with a minor and when Kelly was arrested for possession of child pornography  Despite the scandals, Kelly remained signed to Jive’s roster and continued to release albums with the label up to its merger with RCA in 2011  In 2018, the Washington Post ran a lengthy article alleging industry executives at Jive had been aware of Kelly's sexually abusive behavior towards young women for years, but did nothing about them due to his success as a performer and songwriter  Though the article reported Clive Calder had been warned about Kelly’s behavior as early as 1994, Calder retrospectively told the Post he regretted not having done more at the time, saying "Clearly, we missed something”  Former Jive president Barry Weiss told the newspaper that during his 20 years with the label, he never concerned himself with Kelly's private life, and was unaware of two lawsuits filed against Kelly and the label by women alleging sexual misconduct, suits in which the label had successfully argued it was not liable  Larry Khan, another Jive executive who worked closely with the singer even after viewing the sex tape, similarly implied Kelly’s misconduct was not the label's responsibility 

Discography
Artists
See also
Zomba Group of Companies
RCA/Jive Label Group
List of record labels
Passage 17:
Big Blue Note
"Big Blue Note" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith  It was released in September 2005 as the third and final single from Keith's album Honkytonk University   It peaked at number 5 on the United States country charts  Prior to that single's release, DreamWorks Records closed its doors, so Keith had a newly-formed label, Show Dog Nashville  Keith wrote the song with Scotty Emerick 

Music video
The music video was directed by Michael Salomon, and premiered on CMT on September 12, 2005  It begins on a rainy day where a businessman had a good life, until his wife ran away with a "big blue note" on the floor  The video shows him having trouble getting rid of the note, but being unable to let go of her memory  Because of this, he is having trouble focusing at work, and an inkblot test at his psychiatrist shows up  Leading to him running a cliffside, he is actually taking the big blue note by folding into a paper airplane, and throws the big blue note off the cliff  The scene switches from a rainy day to a bright sunny day, as the businessman plays the banjo on the cliff 

Chart performance
"Big Blue Note" debuted at number 57 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week ending September 17, 2005 
Passage 18:
Whiskey River
"Whiskey River" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Johnny Bush   It was a hit for both Bush and his friend Willie Nelson 

Johnny Bush version
Bush released the song in 1972 through RCA Victor and included it on his album Whiskey River  Bush later re-recorded the song in 1981 and released it through the Delta label, with "When My Conscience Hurts the Most" on the b-side 

Willie Nelson versions
Willie Nelson first recorded "Whiskey River" for the album Shotgun Willie in 1973  In 1978, a recording from Nelson's live album Willie and Family Live was released as a single through Columbia Records  "Whiskey River", despite not being a Nelson original, has come to be regarded as one of his signature songs and a concert staple 
Nelson performed the song during the pilot episode of the long-running music television series Austin City Limits—marking the first song to be performed on the program 

Chart performance
Johnny Bush
ARe-recording 

Willie Nelson
In popular culture
Willie Nelson's version of the song is featured in Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto V game soundtrack 
Passage 19:
Ellahy Amen Records
Ellahy Amen Records is an American-French independent avant-garde record label, launched in 2002 by former Pigface member and experimental/avant-garde musician Leila Bela  The record label is based both in Paris, France and Austin, Texas, United States  Currently, the label has three artists signed to the roster 

Roster
Leila Bela
Maya Bond
Lexion Blacklord

See also
List of record labels

External links
Official site



ground_truth: Thaba Putsoa