prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: During the war in which The Things They Carried is set, when was conscription introduced by the country where the film Grievous Bodily Harm was later released?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Things They Carried
The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War   His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division 
O'Brien generally refrains from political debate and discourse regarding the Vietnam War  He was dismayed that people in his home town seemed to have so little understanding of the war and its world  It was in part a response to what he considered ignorance that he wrote The Things They Carried  It was published by Houghton Mifflin in 1990 Many of the characters are semi-autobiographical, sharing similarities with figures from his memoir If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home (1973/paperback 1999)  In The Things They Carried, O'Brien plays with the genre of metafiction; he writes using verisimilitude  His use of real place names and inclusion of himself as the protagonist blurs fiction and non-fiction  As part of this effect, O'Brien dedicates The Things They Carried to the fictional men of the "Alpha Company," giving it “the form of a war memoir,” states O’Brien 

Plot summaries
"The Things They Carried"
Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, the leader of a platoon of soldiers in Vietnam, carries physical reminders of Martha, the object of his unrequited love  Thoughts of Martha often distract Lieutenant Cross from his team's objectives  A death in the squad under his supervision causes Cross to reconsider his priorities; as he was heartbroken, he burns and throws away all reminders of Martha in order to focus on the mission and avoid distractions : 1 
"Love"
Cross and O'Brien reminisce about the war and about Martha  O'Brien asks if he can write a story about Cross, expressing his memories and hopes for the future; Cross agrees, thinking that perhaps Martha will read it and come find him : 26 
"Spin"
A series of unrelated memories from the war are narrated from O'Brien's point of view  It includes moments of camaraderie and beauty: a joke of a hate letter to the Draft Board; learning a rain dance between battles : 30 
"On the Rainy River"
O'Brien gets drafted as soon as he graduates from college  He is reluctant to go to war and considers fleeing the draft; he begins to travel north to the Canada–US border on the Rainy River  Near the border, he encounters an elderly stranger who allows him to work through his internal struggle  O'Brien is given the opportunity to escape; however, the societal pressures are too much for him  He goes to war ashamed with his inability to face the consequences of leaving : 37 
"Enemies and Friends"Told in two sections, the developing relationship between soldiers Jensen and Strunk is shown  At first regularly antagonized by one another, the two are drawn toward respect and friendship by the stress and horrors of warfare  Ultimately, they agree that if one should be wounded, the other must deal a fatal blow as a form of mercy : 59 
"How to Tell a True War Story"
O'Brien explores the telling of war stories by comrades, revealing that truth is delicate and malleable  Anything can be faked     but generally, only the worst events can be proven real  He concludes that, in the end, the truth of a story doesn't matter so much as what the story is trying to say : 62 
"The Dentist"
In order to mourn Curt Lemon, a man O'Brien did not know well, he shares a brief recollection about a bizarre interaction between Lemon and an army dentist  Lemon, who is afraid of dentists, faints before the dentist can examine him  Later that night, however, he complains of a phantom tooth ache so severe a tooth is pulled - even though it's perfectly healthy  Lemon has felt he needs to prove himself in front of his men and be the fearless man all soldiers are supposed to be : 82 
"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong"
O'Brien recounts the legendary (and almost certainly exaggerated) tale of Rat Kiley's first assignment, near the Song Tra Bong river  The area is so isolated that one of the soldiers flies his hometown girlfriend in by helicopter  At first, she cooks, cleans, and tends to the soldiers' wounds, but she gradually assimilates into Vietnamese guerrilla culture, even wearing a necklace made of human tongues, and disappears into the jungle : 85 
"Stockings"
O'Brien explains how Henry Dobbins wore the stockings of his girlfriend around his neck to bed, and sometimes to battle  Even when the girlfriend breaks things off, he keeps the stockings around his neck, as their powers have been demonstrated : 111 
"Church"
The platoon discovers an abandoned building being used as a sort of church, inhabited by monks who bring them food and supplies  The men discuss their relationships with churches, and for the most part, appreciate the interaction with other people and the peace of the building  Henry Dobbins wants to become a priest, but decides otherwise : 113 
"The Man I Killed"
O'Brien describes a man he killed in My Khe, and how he did it  He makes up a life story for the man, torturing himself with the idea that the victim had been a gentle soul : 118 
"Ambush"
O'Brien's daughter asks if he killed anyone in the war; he lies to her that he did not  He then tells the story of an ambush outside My Khe, in which O'Brien kills a young man who may or may not have wanted to harm him : 125 
"Style"The platoon witnesses a young Vietnamese girl dancing through the burned remains of her village, and argue over whether it's a ritual or simply what she likes to do  Later, Azar mocks the girl, and Dobbins rebukes him : 129 
"Speaking of Courage"
After his service, Norman Bowker is at a loss  His former girlfriend has married someone else, his closest friends are dead  He reflects on the medals he won in Vietnam, and imagines telling his father about both these and the medals he did not win  Ultimately, although he has no one to share these memories with, he finds catharsis in imagined conversations : 131 
"Notes"
O'Brien says that Bowker asked him to write the previous story, and that he hanged himself three years later unable to regain his footing and find any meaning in life after the war  O'Brien muses over the suspicion that, without Harvard and writing, he too might have lost the will to live after returning from Vietnam : 149 
"In the Field"
When Kiowa is killed on the banks of a river, during a mission led by Jimmy Cross, Cross takes responsibility for his death  He writes to Kiowa's father while the others search for the body - as usual, Azar jokes around at first  Another soldier also feels responsible for the death, as he did not save Kiowa; the story ends with the body being found in the mud, and both soldiers left to their guilt : 155 
"Good Form"
O'Brien reiterates that the real truth does not have to be the same as the story truth, and that it is the emotions evoked by the story that matter  He says that his story about killing a man on the trail outside My Khe was fabricated, but he wanted to provoke the same feelings in the reader that he felt during the war : 171 
"Field Trip"
After finishing the story, "In the Field," O'Brien says, he and his ten-year-old daughter visit the site of Kiowa's death with an interpreter  The field looks different from his memory of it, but he leaves a pair of Kiowa's moccasins in the spot where he believes Kiowa sank  In this way, he comes to terms with his friend's death : 173 
"The Ghost Soldiers"
O'Brien recounts the two times he was wounded  The first time, he is treated by Rat Kiley, and is impressed with the man's courage and skill  The second time, he is treated by Kiley's replacement, Bobby Jorgenson; Jorgenson is incompetent, and nearly kills O'Brien  Furious, O'Brien promises revenge, but can recruit only Azar  They scare Jorgenson by pretending to be enemy soldiers, but the soldier proves that he is not a coward, so O'Brien lets go of his resentment : 180 
"Night Life"
O'Brien tells the second-hand account of Rat Kiley's injury: warned of a possible attack, the platoon is on edge  Kiley reacts by distancing himself, the stress causing him first to be silent for days on end, and then to talk constantly  He has a breakdown from the pressure of being a medic, and shoots himself in the toe in order to get released from combat  No one questions his bravery : 208 
"The Lives of the Dead"
O'Brien remembers his very first encounter with a dead body, that of his childhood sweetheart Linda  Suffering from a brain tumor, Linda died at the age of nine and O'Brien was deeply affected by her funeral  In Vietnam, O'Brien explains, the soldiers keep the dead alive by telling stories about them; in this way, he keeps Linda alive by telling her story : 213  The thought and presence of death has shown to have a large effect on O'Brien 

Characters
Main characters
Tim O'Brien
The narrator and the protagonist  While modeled after the author and sharing the same name, O'Brien (within the book) is a fictional character  The author intentionally blurs this distinction 
Lt  Jimmy Cross
The platoon leader, who is obsessed with a young woman back home, Martha (who does not return his feelings)  He later believes that his obsession led to the death of Ted Lavender 
Bob "Rat" Kiley
A young medic whose exaggerations are complemented by his occasional cruelty  Eventually, he sees too much gore and begins to break down, imagining "the bugs are out to get [him] "
Norman Bowker
A soldier who O'Brien says attempted to save Kiowa the night he died  When Kiowa slips into the "shitfield", Bowker repeatedly tries to save him but is unable to; as a result, he feels guilty for Kiowa's death after the war  His memories continue to haunt Norman at home as he realizes that the world has moved on from the war, and wants nothing to do with the "hell" in Vietnam  He is continually haunted by the fact that he could not save Kiowa from sinking under the "shitfield" on a rainy night  However, O'Brien admits eventually that Norman did not fail to save Kiowa, that was fictional, and it is implied that O'Brien himself was the one who could not save him  After the war he briefly assists O'Brien in writing a story about Vietnam, but he hangs himself with a jump rope in an Iowa YMCA facility, leaving no note and his family shocked 
Henry Dobbins
Machine gunner   A man who, despite having a rather large frame, is gentle and kind  He is very superstitious; as a result, he wears his girlfriend's pantyhose around his neck as a protective "charm", even after she dumps him  He briefly contemplates becoming a monk after the war due to their acts of charity 
Kiowa
A compassionate and talkative soldier; he demonstrates the importance of talking about one's problems and traumatic experiences  He is also a devout Baptist and a Native American that occasionally feels contempt and distrust towards white people  However, he appears to be Tim O'Brien's best friend in the company  Kiowa often helps other soldiers deal with their own actions, such as taking the lives of other human beings  He is eventually killed when camping out in the "shitfield "
Mitchell Sanders
He is the radiotelephone operator for the platoon  Like O'Brien, he is also a storyteller and is portrayed as a mentor 
Ted Lavender
A grenadier  He dies from a gunshot wound to the back of the head  He is notorious for using tranquilizers to cope with the pain of war, and for carrying a (rather large—six to eight ounces) stash of "premium dope" with him  Cross blames himself for Lavender's death, as he was fantasizing about Martha when Lavender was shot 
Curt Lemon
A young man who frequently attempts to assume the role as a tough soldier  However, he is also good friend of Rat Kiley  Lemon dies after setting off a rigged artillery shell  In one of the book's more disturbing scenes, O'Brien and Dave Jensen help clear the trees of Curt's scattered remains, during which Jensen sings "Lemon Tree" (something that "wakes [Tim] up")  After Lemon dies, Kiley writes a long, eloquent letter to Lemon's sister, describing his friendship with Lemon and emphasizing how good a person Lemon was; Lemon's sister never responds, which crushes Kiley emotionally 
Azar
A young, rather unstable soldier who engages in needless and frequent acts of brutality  In one story, he blows up an orphan puppy that Ted Lavender had adopted by strapping it to a Claymore mine, then detonating it  He also aids Tim O'Brien in gaining revenge on Bobby Jorgenson, but mocks O'Brien when he's not willing to take the revenge further  At one point, Azar breaks down emotionally, revealing that his cruelty is merely a defense mechanism 
Dave Jensen and Lee Strunk
Minor soldiers who are the main characters of "Enemies" and "Friends"  Jensen fights with Strunk over a stolen jackknife, but they became uneasy friends afterwards  They each sign a pact to kill the other if he is ever faced with a "wheelchair wound"  After Strunk steps on a rigged mortar round and loses a leg, he begs Jensen not to kill him  Jensen obliges, but seems to have an enormous weight relieved when he learns "Strunk died somewhere over in Chu Lai"  Jensen is sometimes mentioned singing "Lemon Tree" after Curt Lemon's abrupt death  Jensen also appears in "The Lives of the Dead", where he pressures O'Brien to shake hands with a dead Vietnamese 
Bobby Jorgenson
Rat Kiley's replacement, after Rat "put a round through his foot" due to breaking under pressure  Green and terrified, he is slow to aid O'Brien when he is shot in the behind   Jorgenson nearly kills O'Brien after failing to treat him for shock  Filled with rage after his recovery, O'Brien elicits help from Azar to conspire and punish Jorgenson with a night of terrifying pranks   Later, O'Brien and Jorgenson become friends  Jorgenson may be a reference to a similarly-named character from The Caine Mutiny 

Themes
Genre
The Things They Carried is a war novel   Literary Critic David Wyatt points out that O'Brien's novel is similar to the works of Wilfred Owen, Stephen Crane, George Orwell, and Ernest Hemingway  O’Brien utilizes a style of writing that combines both fiction and nonfiction together into one piece  When asked to describe how he blurs this line between the two genres, O’Brien says "I set out to write a book with the feel of utter and absolute reality, a work of fiction that would read like nonfiction and adhere to the conventions of a memoir: dedicating the book to the characters, using my name, drawing on my own life  This was a technical challenge  My goal was to compose a fiction with the texture, sound and authentic-seeming weight of nonfiction "Truth vs Reality
Another theme that is highlighted in the short story "Good Form" is when the narrator makes a distinction between "story truth" and "happening truth " O’Brien talks about truth and reality in relation to the story by describing, "I can say that the book’s form is intimately connected to how I, as a human being, tend to view the world unfolding itself around me  It’s sometimes difficult to separate external 'reality' from the internal processing of that reality " O'Brien's fluid and elliptical negotiation of truth in this context finds echoes in works labeled as 'non-fiction novels' 
Imagination/Comedy
Another important theme O'Brien highlights is the emphasis on imagination and pretending  He says that this theme, "That’s an important part of my work  I’m a believer in the power of the imagination in ordinary human lives, and it’s much more important that we often credit " O'Brien goes on to say, "And that is, I think, key to why I’m a fiction writer  If that element were not present, I’d be doing nonfiction  Or I wouldn’t be a writer at all " Tim O'Brien also alludes to the difficulty in using dark comedy as a theme by say, "My guess is that I’ll be remembered, if I’m remembered at all, for my so-called tragedies: The Things They Carried, Going After Cacciato, If I Die in a Combat Zone and In the Lake of the Woods  Personally, I consider Tomcat in Love, if not my best book, certainly up there among the best  Yet I realize the most “literary” folks will disagree  In the end, it’s a matter of taste, I suppose  My sense of humor, which tends toward the outrageous, is plainly not for everyone "Morality
O’Brien also shows the constant struggle of morality throughout the story during the Vietnam War  A paper from Brigham Young University highlights the conflict that soldiers face when transitioning from civilian life to soldier life in relation to morality  It states, “As demonstrated through the soldiers’ experiences with pleasure, the soldiers’ moral code must change from that of their civilian lives in order for them to find moral justification in the everyday violence war requires ” The paper goes on to acknowledge that, “In O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, the concept of morality is complicated by the treatment of violence and a connection between violence and pleasure; resultantly, morality must be defined on a spectrum rather than a binary scale ”Belief
Additionally, the character Tim references writing the book Going After Cacciato which the author Tim had written and published previously  The theme of believing in the people around you and having reliable people with you comes from the time period being filled with people who are opposed to the action of war  This causes the people who are drafted into the mutual hate to band together to live 

Publication
Before the book's publication in 1990, five of the stories: "The Things They Carried," "How to Tell a True War Story,"  "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong," "The Ghost Soldiers," and "The Lives of the Dead" were published in Esquire "Speaking of Courage" was originally published (in heavily modified form) as a chapter of O'Brien's earlier novel Going After Cacciato 
"The Things They Carried" was also included in the 1987 volume of The Best American Short Stories, edited by Ann Beattie and the second edition of Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama by Robert DiYanni 

Reception
The Things They Carried has received critical acclaim and has been established as one of the preeminent pieces of Vietnam War literature  It has sold over 2 million copies worldwide and celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2010  It has received multiple awards such as France's Prix du Meilleur Livre Etranger Award and the Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize, as well as being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Critics Circle Award O'Brien has expressed surprise at how the book has become a staple in middle schools and high schools, stating that he "certainly hadn't imagined fourteen year-old kids and eighteen year-olds and those even in their early twenties reading the book and bringing such fervor to it, which comes from their own lives, really  The book is applied to a bad childhood or a broken home, and these are the things they're carrying  And in a way, it's extremely flattering, and other times, it can be depressing "In 2014, the book was included in Amazon com's list of 100 Books to Read in a Lifetime and credited as the inspiration for a National Veterans Art Museum exhibit It was included in the Library of Congress 2016 exhibit "America Reads" of the public’s choice of 65 of "the most influential books written and read in America and their impact on our lives" 

Adaptations
Film
The story "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong" was made into a film in 1998 titled A Soldier's Sweetheart, starring Kiefer Sutherland A film adaptation of the book, directed by Rupert Sanders and starring Tom Hardy, is currently in pre-production  Scott B  Smith is adapting the script 

Theatre
The legal rights to adapt the book into a play were awarded to James R  Stowell  The book was adapted into a play and it premiered at The History Theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota, March 14, 2014  A second production was performed at The Lied Center, Lincoln Nebraska November 5, 2015  The stories "The Things They Carried", "On the Rainy River", "How to Tell a True War Story", "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong", "The Man I Killed", and "Lives of the Dead" were adapted for the theatre in March 2011 by the Eastern Washington University Theatre Department as part of the universities' Get Lit! Literary Festival in cooperation with the National Endowment for the Arts The Big Read 2011, of which The Things They Carried was the featured novel  The same department remounted the production in December 2011 for inclusion as a Participating Entry in the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival  The production was selected as an alternate for KCACTF Region VII, as well as receiving other KCACTF honors for the production's director, actors, and production staff 

Music
The band TV Girl features a song off their 2014 album French Exit called "Pantyhose"  The song alludes to the "Stockings" chapter from the book and references Henry Dobbins and his girlfriend's stockings, which he ties around his neck to keep him from harm  Lyrics such as, "And when the bullets came, he didn't duck; He wrapped her pantyhose around his neck; And he could feel their magic working; Keeping him from harm; Away to some place mystical and warm; His lucky charm" clearly references to Dobbins and his tactic that the scent of his girlfriend's stockings protect him and take him some place far from Vietnam 

Games
Carry  A game about war  is a 2006 tabletop role-playing game designed by Nathan D  Paoletta  Its author describes it as "heavily inspired by the films Platoon and Full Metal Jacket and the novel The Things They Carried" 
Passage 2:
Winter Saloon
The Winter Saloon, also known as Harm's Bar, is a historic structure in Norwood Young America, Minnesota, United States  The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on January 4, 1980 

Structure
The Winter Saloon is located on the corner of Elm and Hazel Streets in the central business district of historic Norwood, Minnesota   The town merged with neighboring Young America in 1997 to become Norwood Young America   The L-shaped, two story wood frame structure is sheathed in clapboard and topped with a gable roof   The orientation of the plan allows the commercial section to front the main street while the residential section is set back to allow for a front porch and small lawn The gable end of the commercial section forms the street facade   The original fenestration remains, including the design of the store front, the four-over-four double hung windows with peaked cornices and a fanlight near the top of the gable   The second floor of the commercial section originally served as a meeting hall and has an exterior enclosed staircase   The residential section is divided into three bays which front on the street   A one-story porch running the length of the street facade, and uses a simple configuration supported by three square posts with beveled corners   The windows for this section are two-over-two double hung and capped with simple cornices 

Significance
The Winter Saloon is the oldest and best preserved of Norwood Young America's bars, and is a dominating architectural feature in the small downtown   The original owners, the Winter Brothers, received the first liquor license in Norwood in 1891   Known as a "thirst parlor", it was located on the first floor of the commercial portion of the building   The second floor meeting hall was used by various fraternal organizations such as the Degree of Honor and Modern Woodmen   The proprietor lived in the residential section of the building At the time the first liquor license was issued in 1891 it cost $2 08   The bar went through a series of owners until Prohibition in 1919   In 1934, after the law was repealed, the bar was purchased by George Harm, Sr   A liquor license at that time cost $200 00   The bar remained in three generations of his family and was open at the time the building was listed on the NRHP in 1980; during this period the cost of a liquor license peaked at $1500 in 1954 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Carver County, Minnesota
Passage 3:
Take Me Home, Country Roads
"Take Me Home, Country Roads", also known simply as "Country Roads", is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert and John Denver  It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971, peaking at number two on Billboard's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971  The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017  The song became one of John Denver's most popular songs  It has continued to sell, with over 1 6 million digital copies sold in the United States The song is considered a symbol of West Virginia  In March 2014, it became one of the four official state anthems of West Virginia  In 2023, the song was selected by the Library of Congress for inclusion in the National Recording Registry 

Composition
Inspiration for the title line had come while Taffy Nivert and Bill Danoff, who were married, were driving along Clopper Road in Montgomery County, Maryland to a gathering of Nivert's family in Gaithersburg, with Nivert behind the wheel while Danoff played his guitar  "I just started thinking, country roads, I started thinking of me growing up in western New England and going on all these small roads," Danoff said  "It didn't have anything to do with Maryland or anyplace "To Danoff, the lyric "(t)he radio reminds me of my home far away" in the bridge is quintessentially West Virginian, an allusion to when he listened to the program Saturday Night Jamboree, broadcast from Wheeling, West Virginia, on WWVA at his home in Springfield, Massachusetts during his childhood in the 1950s Danoff was influenced by friend and West Virginian actor Chris Sarandon and members of a West Virginia commune who attended Danoff's performances  Of the commune members, Danoff remarked, "They brought their dogs and were a very colorful group of folks, but that is how West Virginia began creeping into the song " While the song was inspired by Danoff's upbringing in Springfield, Massachusetts, he "didn't want to write about Massachusetts because [he] didn't think the word was musical "Starting December 22, 1970, Denver was heading the New Year's bill at The Cellar Door, with Fat City opening for him, just as Denver had opened at the same club for then-headliner David Steinberg  After the club's post-Christmas reopening night on Tuesday, December 29 (Cellar Door engagements ran from Tuesday to Sunday, and this booking was for two weeks), the three returned to the couple's apartment for an impromptu jam  On the way, Denver's left thumb was broken in a collision  He was rushed to the emergency room, where the thumb was splinted  When they returned to the apartment, Denver said he was "wired, you know "When Danoff and Nivert ran through what they had of the song they had been working on for about a month, planning to sell to Johnny Cash, Denver "flipped"  He decided he had to have it, prompting them to abandon plans for the sale  The verses and chorus were still missing a bridge, so the three of them went about finishing 
Nivert got out an encyclopedia to learn more about West Virginia  The first thing she encountered was the Rhododendron, the state flower, so she kept trying to work the word Rhododendron into the song  Rhododendron was the title that Nivert had written down on the lyric sheet, which they later sent to ASCAP  The three stayed up until 6:00 a m , changing words and moving lines around When they finished, on the morning of Wednesday, December 30, 1970, Denver announced that the song had to go on his next album  Later that night, during Denver's first set, Denver called his two collaborators back to the spotlight, where the trio changed their career trajectories, reading the lyrics from a single, handheld, unfolded piece of paper  According to Len Jaffe, a Washington, D C -based singer-songwriter who attended the show where Denver premiered the song, this resulted in a five-minute standing ovation  The next day was Denver's 28th birthday  They recorded it in New York City in January 1971 
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" is written in a Key of A major and composed in a tempo of 82 beats per minute per common time 

Commercial performance and legacy
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" appeared on the LP Poems, Prayers & Promises and was released as a 45 in the spring of 1971  Original pressings credited the single to "John Denver with Fat City"  It broke nationally in mid-April but moved up the charts very slowly  After several weeks, RCA Records called John and told him they were giving up on the single  His response: "No! Keep working on it!" They did, and the single went to number 1 on the Record World Pop Singles Chart and the Cash Box Top 100, and number 2 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100, topped only by "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" by The Bee Gees 
On August 18, 1971, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for a million copies shipped  The song continued to sell in the digital era  As of January 2020, the song has also sold 1,591,000 downloads since it became available digitally Denver's recording of "Take Me Home, Country Roads" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2023 

Reception in West Virginia
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" received an enthusiastic response from West Virginians  On November 1, 2017, the West Virginia Tourism Office announced it had obtained the rights to use "Take Me Home, Country Roads", in its marketing efforts  "'Country Roads' has become synonymous with West Virginia all over the world," said West Virginia Tourism Commissioner Chelsea Ruby  "It highlights everything we love about our state: scenic beauty, majestic mountains, a timeless way of life, and most of all, the warmth of a place that feels like home whether you've lived here forever or are just coming to visit " The opening phrase of the song, "Almost heaven", became a primary tourism office slogan The song is the theme song of West Virginia University, and it has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972  The song is played for other athletic events and university functions, including after football games, for which the fans are encouraged to stay in the stands and sing the song along with the team  On September 6, 1980, at the invitation of West Virginia Governor Jay Rockefeller, songwriters Danoff, Nivert, and Denver performed the song during pregame festivities to a sold-out crowd of Mountaineer fans  This performance marked the dedication of the current West Virginia University Mountaineer Field and the first game for head coach Don Nehlen The popularity of the song inspired resolutions in the West Virginia Legislature to adopt "Take Me Home, Country Roads" as an official state song  On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song of West Virginia, alongside three other pieces: "West Virginia Hills", "This Is My West Virginia", and "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home"  Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014 The song was played at the funeral for West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston, West Virginia on July 2, 2010 The Mountain State Brewing Company based in Thomas, West Virginia, produces an amber ale named "Almost Heaven", which it says is "named after John Denver's ode to West Virginia, 'Country Roads'" 

Personnel
John Denver – vocals, 6- & 12-string acoustic guitar
Bill Danoff – backing vocals
Taffy Nivert – backing vocals
Eric Weissberg – banjo, steel guitar
Mike Taylor – acoustic guitar
Richard Kniss – double bass
Gary Chester – drums, percussion

Charts
Certifications
Cover versions
Hermes House Band version
Dutch pop band Hermes House Band covered the song and released it as "Country Roads"  This version was first released in Germany on May 21, 2001, and was issued in the United Kingdom on December 3, 2001, where it was a contender for the 2001 Christmas number-one single  This version was a chart success in Europe, reaching number one in Scotland, number two in Germany and Ireland, and the top 10 in Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Olivia Newton-John version
Olivia Newton-John released a cover version in January 1973 that reached number 6 in Japan and number 15 in the UK  It was the lead single from her third studio album, Let Me Be There  This version, as well as the song itself, features prominently in the Japanese animated film, Whisper of the Heart 

Fallout 76 version
A cover version of the song, a collaboration between Copilot Music and Sound and the vocal group Spank, was commissioned for and featured in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game Fallout 76, with its plot events are set in West Virginia  Released as an iTunes-only single on July 4, 2018, the song reached No  1 on the iTunes singles chart  It debuted at No  41 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart that week and at No  21 on Billboard's Country Digital Songs the following week  The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording, initially uploaded in 2013, would later edit its description in response to the song's use for the game  In Australia, a promotional Fallout 76 vinyl featuring the cover was included with the December 2018 issue of STACK Magazine exclusively from retailer JB Hi-Fi 

Forever Country
The song found further chart success as part of the Forever Country medley and video, created in 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Country Music Association Awards 
Passage 4:
Absorption of water
In higher plants water and minerals are absorbed through root hairs which are in contact with soil water and  from the  root hairs zone a little the root tips 

Active absorption
Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of adenosine triphosphate, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption  According to Jenner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well-watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process  The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption  In this process, energy is not required 
Active absorption is important for the plants 

Active osmotic water absorption
The root cells behave as an ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from the soil solution to the root xylem along an increasing gradient of D P D  (suction pressure, which is the real force for water absorption)  If the solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells, water can enter from soil to root cells through endosmosis  Mineral nutrients are absorbed actively by the root cells due to utilisation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  As a result, the concentration of ions (osmotica) in the xylem vessels is more in comparison to the soil water  A concentration gradient is established between the root and the soil water  The solute potential of xylem water is more in comparison to that of soil and correspondingly water potential is low than the soil water  If stated, water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water  This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis  The endosmosis of water continues until the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal  It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption  Hence, the absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life  Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion 

Active non-osmotic water absorption
Sometimes water is absorbed against a concentration gradient  This requires the expenditure of metabolic energy released from the respiration of root cells  There is no direct evidence, but some scientists suggest the involvement of energy from respiration  In conclusion, it is said that the evidence supporting active absorption of water are themselves poor 
This mechanism is carried out without utilisation of metabolic energy  Here, only the roots act as an organ of absorption or passage  Hence, sometimes it is called water absorption 'through roots', rather than 'by' roots  It occurs in rapidly transpiring plants during the daytime, because of the opening of stomata and the atmospheric conditions  The force for absorption of water is created at the leaf end i e  the transpiration pull  The main cause behind this transpiration pull, water is lifted up in the plant axis like a bucket of water is lifted by a person from a well  Transpiration pull is responsible for dragging water at the leaf end, the pull or force is transmitted down to the root through column of water in the xylem elements  The continuity of the water column remains intact due to the cohesion between the molecules and it act as a rope  Roots simply act as a passive organ of absorption  As transpiration proceeds, water absorption occurs simultaneously to compensate the water loss from the leaf end  Most volume of water entering plants is by means of passive absorption  Passive transport is no different from diffusion, it requires no input of energy: there is free movement of molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration  The water will enter the plant via the root cells that can be found in the roots where mainly passive absorption occurs  Also, with the absorption of water, minerals and nutrients are also absorbed 

See also
Root
Peter Atkins
Otto Renner
Kenneth Thimann
Passage 5:
Humanitarian civic assistance activities
In the United States Department of Defense, Humanitarian Civic Assistance (HCA) is relief and development activities that take place in the context of an overseas military exercise, training or operation  Under the HCA program, U S  military personnel participating in overseas deployments carry out humanitarian activities such as road and school construction, vaccination of children and animals, and well-digging  HCA programs are often executed with the involvement of host-country civilian and military personnel  U S  National Guard or reserve units are involved in many HCA activities 
HCA programs cannot be carried out solely for humanitarian purposes  The deployment's primary purpose must be training of U S  forces, readiness exercises or military operations  In describing the deployments which HCA accompanies, DoD states that

overseas deployments are an integral aspect of maintaining a forward U S  military presence, ensuring operational readiness to respond to crises, and preparing National Guard and Reserve Forces to perform their wartime missions  These exercises enhance U S  military operational readiness by providing unique training opportunities in remote and austere environments  During these deployments, U S  Forces practice command and control procedures, logistical operations and sustainment over extended distances 
HCA activities are now being described as "a key tool in the War on Terrorism " According to DoD, HCA activities 

directly support efforts to counter ideological support for terrorism - one of the fundamental elements of our national strategy and security cooperation initiatives  These humanitarian activities are often preventative in nature, focused at the root cause of ideological extremism, and provide access to regions where traditional military-to-military engagement is virtually impossible  They also provide significant training opportunities for U S  military personnel while also serving the basic economic and social needs of people in the countries supported 
The Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA) program falls within the HCA programs authorized by Section 401 of Title 10, U S  Code  The HMA program trains host nations in clearing landmines and other explosive remnants of war, while also providing U S  military personnel with training and readiness-enhancing experiences by giving them "access to geographical areas otherwise not easily available to US forces "  The program is directly supervised by the geographic combatant commanders  
The budget for Humanitarian Civic Assistance projects is presented in a yearly Defense Department report  The amounts indicate "incidental expenses" -- the cost of materials, supplies, and some services  The funding listed below does not include costs for transportation, personnel, fuel, or the repair of equipment  Expenses reported as HCA are only those components of a deployment which are directly related to the project at hand  Thus the dollar amounts categorized as "HCA" are very small when compared with the activity's actual expense 
Passage 6:
Grievous Bodily Harm
Grievous Bodily Harm is a 1988 Australian crime film directed by Mark Joffe starring Colin Friels and John Waters 

Plot
Crime reporter Tom Stewart (Colin Friels) and a cop (Bruno Lawrence) look for a deranged schoolteacher (John Waters) who goes on a murder spree while looking for the lover he thought to be dead 

Cast
John Waters as Morris Martin
Colin Friels as Tom Stewart
Bruno Lawrence as Det  Sgt  Ray Birch
Kim Gyngell as Mick
Gary Stalker as Derek Allen
Joy Bell as Claudine
Shane Briant as Stephen Enderby
Caz Lederman as Vivian Enderby
John Flaus as Neil Bradshaw

Production
The script was written by Warwick Hind, a former executive at Greater Union  Errol Sullivan showed the script to Richard Brennan, who raised up to around a $1 million of the budget; the remainder was raised through Antony I  Ginnane  Richard Brennan says the actual cost of the film was $3 million but various fees put it up to $3 4 million 

Awards
The film was nominated for 4 AFI Awards in 1988, including best picture 

Box office
Grievous Bodily Harm grossed $82,267 at the box office in Australia  However it did sell to American company Fries Entertainment for over $1 million 

See also
Cinema of Australia
Passage 7:
You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me
"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me" — also known simply as "Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me" — is a song written by Jim Weatherly, and produced by Don Law  It was first recorded in 1973 by Ray Price from his album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me  The song enjoyed two runs of popularity, each by an artist in a different genre 
Weatherly told Tom Roland in The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits that he wrote the song in 1971 and let his father-in-law first record it as a Christmas present for the latter's wife  "I thought it was really strange that nobody'd written a song with that title — possibly somebody had, but I'd never heard it — so I just sat down and let this stream of consciousness happen  I basically wrote it in a very short period of time, probably 30 minutes or an hour "

The versions
Ray Price country version
The song's first run of popularity, as "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me," came in 1973, when country music singer Ray Price took the song to number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on October 6, 1973 
For that version, it represented a last and a first  The "last" was Price's seventh and most recent No  1 single, in a string dating back to his 1956 hit "Crazy Arms " The "first": It was the No  1 single on the debut program of American Country Countdown, which used the Billboard chart in its programming  Although it fell short of the top 40 in his native United States, the song was an easy listening hit in Canada, his third such hit there 

Gladys Knight & the Pips pop/R&B version
In the early- to mid-1970s, Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded several of Weatherly's songs, and in 1974, they dipped into his catalog once again with their rendition of the song  Their version, titled "Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me," reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 that spring and topped the Hot Soul Singles for two weeks  The single was certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies  It also reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom 

James Cleveland gospel version
In 1975, legendary gospel singer Rev  James Cleveland & The Charles Fold Singers recorded a live version of the song, which was cited (in the song) as an adaptation of the Gladys Knight & The Pips version of the song 

Chart history
The Persuaders R&B version
In 1974, The Persuaders also recorded a version, taken from their album of the same name Their version was quieter, less brassy, and more introspective than The Pips' version The song reached number 85 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart 

Dean Martin pop version
The song was also recorded by Dean Martin in 1973 

Andy Williams version
Andy Williams released a version in 1974 on his album, The Way We Were 

Steve Lawrence version
Steve Lawrence released a version in 1973 under MGM Records label 

Chart performance
Ray Price version
Passage 8:
Zig & Sharko
Zig & Sharko (French: Zig et Sharko) is a French animated slapstick comedy television series created and directed by Olivier Jean-Marie and produced by Xilam Animation  The series' premise focuses on the lives of Zig, a brown hyena, and Sharko, a great white shark, over their conflicts regarding the mermaid Marina, in which Zig seeks to devour her while Sharko loves and protects her  The series employs silent comedy: characters either do not speak; rather they use unintelligible vocalizations, gestures, and occasional pictograms in speech balloons (the Indian version dubs Hindi dialogue over the animation instead) 
Three seasons with a total of 78 half-hour episodes (234 seven-minute segments) were originally broadcast on December 21, 2010, followed by an official premiere on January 10, 2011 on Canal+ Family, with the second and third seasons airing on Gulli, and reruns airing on TF1  A third season was announced in December 2018  A fourth season was announced in 2022 

Premise
The series focuses on the exploits and adventures of a group of characters - Zig, a brown hyena; Sharko, a great white shark; Marina, a mermaid with red hair; and Bernie, a hermit crab  Much of the stories of each episode revolve around an eternal war over Marina between Zig, who attempts to capture her to eat her, and Sharko, who loves her and acts as her bodyguard against Zig's various plans  The show itself draws inspiration for its plot and slapstick humor from the cartoons of Wile E  Coyote and the Road Runner, in that Zig often makes use of various items or concocts plans based on things he witnesses with Sharko and Marina, but is often foiled in the process by Sharko, bad luck, or a combination of both  Although the pair are enemies to each other because of their constant battles and grudges, they are also good friends, akin to the relationship of Tom and Jerry  Alongside the main characters, the show is frequently populated by minor background characters, many of whom are animals and aquatic creatures that, alongside Zig and Sharko, are portrayed as anthropomorphic beings 
Throughout the first season, much of the plots revolve around the oceans surrounding a tropical volcanic island, in which Marina often spends the day residing on a rocky pinnacle off the coast during the day, while residing in an underwater home that she shares with Sharko  In the second season, the plots shifted to the island itself, including its beaches, volcano, and jungle, with some changes for the main characters - Marina takes residence in an ornate, life-sized sandcastle, built by Sharko; Zig and Bernie live with a cargo plane pilot in his crashed plane within the jungle; and Sharko operates as a lifeguard for the aquatic lifeforms who frequent the beaches  In the third season, the main characters and the island's inhabitants move onto a cruise ship to travel the oceans, where much of the season's plots take place 

Characters
None of the characters in the series speak; a form of gibberish speech is sometimes used, but most interactions involve hand signals and body language to convey what a character is thinking about  The show's main characters include:

Zig is an anthropomorphic brown hyena, and best friends with Bernie since childhood  He frequently plots to capture Marina to eat her, but his schemes for this purpose are often foiled by Sharko  He is often desperate and eager to eat Marina on sight, but is no better outside of his main motive  He has a comically dry and wheezy voice  The design of the character's behavior and characteristics were in part inspired by the cartoon character Wile E  Coyote 
Sharko is an anthropomorphic great white shark, who appears brutish and tough, but is dorky with a heart of gold  He loves Marina and will do anything to protect her from harm, which include Zig's schemes  He is often portrayed as muscular and athletic, and is a fan of table tennis  In spite of his devotion to Marina, he can sometimes occasionally cause trouble for himself  During the first few episodes of the series, he was unable to get around on the island and can only swim in the ocean  Later on, he is capable of walking on dry land using his tail as feet 
Marina is a mermaid, who is good-natured, intelligent, bubbly and romantic - intrigued by anything new she encounters  She maintains a positive relationship with the other characters in the show, including Zig  although this makes her quite naive to Zig's intentions to eat her  She is portrayed as wearing a small living sea star in her hair, and capable of walking on her tail (using her fins as feet)  Her design was likely inspired by the character Ariel, from The Little Mermaid 
Bernie is a red anthropomorphic hermit crab, and Zig's best friend since childhood  He often collaborates in Zig's schemes to capture Marina, though holds no grudge against her or Sharko, in reality  He is often denoted as being quite smart, and capable of coming to the rescue when needed Aside from the main characters, various episodes feature a variety of background and minor characters to the stories - jungle animals, aquatic lifeforms, and various human characters - in the first season, one of these human characters is portrayed as a Japanese cargo ship captain, who, as a running gag, frequently crashes his ship into the island and is forced to return home with a rubber dingy  Throughout the first season, several episodes featured the supporting character of Neptune, based on the mythological Roman god of the sea and portrayed as a vain, muscular merman with numerous killer whale henchmen, who competed with Sharko for Marina's love, despite her disliking him  Marina despises him and often has to rely on Sharko and Zig to keep him at bay  The second season introduces Poseidon, portrayed as a muscular elderly merman, who served as Marina's adopted father in the episode "Father-In-Law", and an amnesiac human cargo plane pilot who often exhibits the behavior of a monkey due to his condition - one episode revolves around a flashback, where the pilot has met up with actual simians 

Episodes
Production and development
In 2008, the television group Canal+ decided to develop pilot episodes for nine out of 135 animation projects received, including Zig and Sharko, for television broadcast during the 2010–11 season  A development budget of 6 to 6 5 million euros (7 1 to 7 69 million US dollars) was allocated to the series  The original title was The Mermaid, the Hyena and the Shark, and it is a co-production between the television channels TF1 and Canal+ Family which broadcast later this series  The type of animation is similar to the American series of Tex Avery, Bob Clampett and Tom and Jerry 
Dong Woo Animation and Armada TMT were the animation studios chosen for the series, similar to that of Space Goofs' second season and Oggy and the Cockroaches' third and fourth seasons  The development of the series was carried out by the French studios Xilam Animation  The series’ first season has been ordered and picked up by Xilam in 2009, which premiered on Canal+ on December 21, 2010, the series was launched on Canal+ Family on February 12, 2011, on Cartoon+ every Saturday at 7:40 pm  Xilam then produced a second season in 2013, changing its art style to match some of its modern TV shows, like Paprika and Lupin's Tales 

Distribution
On May 6, 2015, the official YouTube channel of Zig & Sharko was created, with all of the episodes – in a high-quality, widescreen format – from seasons 1 to 3  The channel made also various compilations  The channel made episodes with English title cards  As of August 2021, the channel has 11 9 million subscribers making it one of the Top 10 most-subscribed French channels on the site  As of November 2020, "The Were-Yena" (the 67th episode of the first season) is the most-viewed episode of the official channel, with over 99 million views  The most-viewed compilation has 118 million views 

Spin-off
In 2021, a spin-off series was created by Alexandre Simard, Mathieu Peters-Houg and Lucille Briand for Xilam, named The Adventures of Bernie  The series focused on the titular character who, while helping Zig in his next scheme to target and eat Marina, is sent off their island home in a freak accident and ends up in the depths of the rock-bottom ocean  The episodes focus on Bernie's endeavors in using his intelligence and inventive skills to find a way back home, and to Zig, all while meeting with a variety of new characters along the way  The series takes place in the same universe with a different art style like Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation, and employs silent slapstick humor, but with each episode being three and a half minutes long – with the exception of the first episode 
Passage 9:
Conscription in Australia
Conscription in Australia, also known as National Service following the Second World War, has a controversial history in the country which dates back to the implementation of compulsory military training and service in the first years of nationhood  Military conscription for peacetime service was abolished in 1972        
However, in times of war, the Defence Act 1903 allows the Governor-General of Australia to authorise conscription for service in the Defence Force, provided it is approved by the Parliament of Australia within 90 days 

History
Universal Training Scheme
In 1909, the Deakin government introduced an amendment to the Defence Act 1903, the Defence Act 1909, which allowed for a form of conscription for boys from 12 to 14 years of age and for youths of 18 to 20 years of age for the purposes of home defence  The Act, which passed with the combined support of the Protectionist Party and the Australian Labor Party, did not allow soldiers to be conscripted for overseas service  
Following recommendations arising from a visit to Australia by Field Marshal Kitchener to report on the country's defence readiness, the Australian Labor Party government instituted a system of compulsory military training for all males aged between 12 and 26 from 1 January 1911 John Barrett, in his study of boyhood conscription, Falling In, noted:

In 1911 there were approximately 350,000 boys of an age (10–17 years) to register for compulsory training up to the end of 1915  Since 'universal' was a misnomer, about half that number were exempted from training, or perhaps never registered, reducing the group to 175,000 
There was quite extensive opposition to the so-called "boy conscription"  By July 1915, there had been about 34,000 prosecutions and 7,000 detentions of trainees, parents, employers or other persons required to register 

World War I
Under Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes, full conscription for overseas service was attempted during the First World War in two plebiscites 
The first plebiscite was held on 28 October 1916 and narrowly rejected conscription with a margin of 49% for and 51% against  The plebiscite of 28 October 1916 asked Australians:

Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this War, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the Commonwealth?
A second plebiscite was held on 20 December 1917 and defeated by 46% for and 54% against  This question was put to Australians:

Are you in favour of the proposal of the Commonwealth Government for reinforcing the Commonwealth Forces overseas?
After the failure of the first plebiscite, Billy Hughes and his supporters left the Australian Labor Party parliamentary caucus and took with them a good deal of the parliamentary party's talent  They created a new National Labor Party, and Hughes survived as prime minister by forming a conservative Nationalist government, which was dependent for survival on the Commonwealth Liberal Party  The remainder of the Labor Party, under the new leader, Frank Tudor, then expelled Hughes and all of those who had followed him  Following the split, Labor stayed out of office for ten years 

After the first plebiscite, the government used the War Precautions Act and the Unlawful Associations Act to arrest and prosecute anti-conscriptionists such as Tom Barker, the editor of Direct Action and many other members of the Industrial Workers of the World and E  H  Coombe, who had three sons at the front, of the Daily Herald  The young John Curtin, then a member of the Victorian Socialist Party, was also arrested  Anti-conscriptionist publications, in one case, even when it was read into Hansard, were seized by government censors in police raids 

Other notable opponents to Conscription included the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix, Queensland Labor Premier Thomas Ryan, Vida Goldstein and the Women's Peace Army  Most trade unions actively opposed conscription  Archbishop Mannix, born in County Clare, stated that Ireland had been more wronged by Great Britain than Belgium had been by Germany Many people thought positively of conscription as a sign of loyalty to Britain and thought that it would also support those men who were already fighting  However, trade unions feared that their members might be replaced by cheaper foreign or female labour and so opposed conscription  Some groups argued that the whole war was immoral, and it was unjust to force people to fight 
South Africa and India were the only other participating countries not to introduce conscription during the First World War 

Divided nation
The conscription issue deeply divided Australia with large meetings held both for and against  The women's vote was seen as important, with large women's meetings and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters  The campaigning for the first plebiscite was launched by Hughes at a huge overflow meeting at the Sydney Town Hall, where he outlined the government's proposals  That was followed by a huge pro-conscription meeting at the Melbourne Town Hall on 21 September Anti-conscriptionists, especially in Melbourne, were also able to mobilise large crowds, with a meeting filling the Exhibition Building on 20 September 1916; 30,000 people on the Yarra bank on Sunday, 15 October, and 25,000 the following week; a "parade of women promoted by the United Women's No-Conscription Committee – an immense crowd of about 60,000 people gathered at Swanston St between Guild Hall and Princes Bridge, and for upwards of an hour the street was a surging area of humanity"  An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people  It was passed on 21 September 1916, and mandatory registration and enrolment commenced while the first plebiscite campaign was underway  By 5 October, The Age reported that of 11607 men examined, 4581 were found fit, approximately 40 percent The Age noted in the article "Influence of the IWW" that "the great bulk of the opposition to conscription is centred in Victoria"  Many meetings in inner Melbourne and Sydney were disrupted by anti-conscriptionists with speakers being howled down from the audience in what The Age described as "disgraceful exhibition" and "disorderly scenes" The issue deeply divided the Labor Party, with ministers such as Hughes and George Pearce vigorously arguing the need for conscription for Australia to help the Allies win the war  They were supported by many within the party, including Labor's first prime minister, Chris Watson and NSW Labor Premier William Holman  Hughes denounced anti-conscriptionists as traitors and a climate of bitter sectarianism developed since most Roman Catholics opposed conscription and most others supported it 
By the end of the war in November 1918, a total of 416,809 men had voluntarily enlisted in the Army, representing 38 7 percent of the white male population aged between 18 and 44 On 1 November 1929, the mandatory service provisions of the Defence Act were suspended, ending 18 years of conscription for home defence 

World War II
In 1939, at the start of World War II, all unmarried men aged 21 were to be called up for three months' military training  The men could serve only in Australia or its territories  Conscription was effectively introduced in mid-1942, when all men aged 18–35 and single men aged 35–45 were required to join the Citizen Military Forces (CMF)  Volunteers with the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) scorned CMF conscripts as "chocolate soldiers", or "chockos", because they were believed to melt under the conditions of battle, or it might be an allusion to George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man in which Bluntschli filled his backpack with chocolate bars, rather than ammunition  However, several CMF Militia units fought under difficult conditions, suffered extremely high casualties in 1942 and slowed the Japanese advance on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea, then an Australian territory The Papuan campaign of 1942 led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army  During the campaign, the restriction banning CMF personnel from serving outside Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and CMF  In late 1942 and early 1943, Prime Minister John Curtin overcame opposition within the Australian Labor Party to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the South West Pacific, and the necessary legislation was passed in January 1943  The 11th Brigade was the only CMF formation to serve outside Australian territory, however, when it formed part of Merauke Force in the Dutch East Indies in 1943 and 1944 

Korean War
In 1951, during the Korean War, national service was introduced under the National Service Act 1951  All Australian males aged 18 had to register for 176 days training (99 days full-time) and two years in the CMF  Later, the obligation was 140 days of training (77 days full-time) and three years' service in the CMF   In 1957 the system was changed to emphasise skill rather than numbers, then ended in 1959  The regular military forces remained voluntary 

Vietnam War
In 1964, compulsory national service for 20-year-old males was introduced under the National Service Act 1964  The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years of continuous full-time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list  The full-time service requirement was reduced to 18 months in October 1971 The Defence Act was amended May 1964 to provide that national servicemen could be obliged to serve overseas, a provision that had been applied only once before, during World War II  The 1964 amendments applied only to the permanent military forces and excluded the Citizen Military Forces  In 1965, the Defence Act was again amended to require the CMF to serve overseas, which had not been included in the 1964 amendments "Defence Act 1965"  Federal Register of Legislation  Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)  Section 16  Retrieved 26 January 2023  In March 1966, the government announced that national servicemen would be sent to South Vietnam to fight in units of the Australian Regular Army and for secondment to American forces  Requirements for overseas service were detailed by the Minister for the Army, Malcolm Fraser, on 13 May 1966  Men who wished to avoid national service could join the Citizen Military Forces and serve only inside Australia, claim a student deferment or attempt a conscientious objection application  To be exempted on the basis of conscientious objection, an applicant needed to demonstrate his moral objection to "all" wars in court and to be legalised as a pacifist  That meant that the rate of success for conscientious objection applications was generally low 

Opposition
During the late 1960s, domestic opposition to the Vietnam War and conscription grew in Australia  In 1965, a group of concerned Australian women formed the anti-conscription organisation Save Our Sons, which was established in Sydney with other branches later formed in Wollongong, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Newcastle and Adelaide  The movement protested against conscription of Australians to fight in the Vietnam War and made the plight of men under 21, who were not yet eligible to vote, a focus of their campaign  In 1970, five Save-Our-Sons women were jailed in Melbourne for handing out anti-conscription pamphlets on government property  The group, which included Jean Maclean, Irene Miller and Jo Maclaine-Ross, was dubbed "The Fairlea Five" after Fairlea women's prison in which they were incarcerated  Barbara Miller is understood to be related to the decorated conscript Simon Anderson, who mysteriously disappeared in 1970 

Young men who were subject to the conscription lottery also formed their own anti-conscription organisation, the Youth Campaign Against Conscription  Like Save Our Sons, it spread to other states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia  It was the YCAC that imported the concept of draft-card burning from the United States and ushered in a new form of resistance to conscription, active non-compliance  Instead of merely not registering (passive non-compliance with the National Service Scheme), the young conscripts actively demonstrated their distaste for the government's actions by destroying their registration cards  Unlike in the United States, that was not legal and so its importance remained symbolic 
There were several high-profile controversies caused by the government's heavy-handed treatment of conscientious objectors, including William White and Simon Townsend (who later became a well-known television personality)  In 1969 the Gorton administration was severely embarrassed by a renowned This Day Tonight story in which a conscientious objector, who had been on the run from police for several months, was interviewed live in the studio by the journalist Richard Carleton, who then posed awkward questions to the Army Minister about why TDT had been able to locate the man within hours and bring him to the studio when the federal police had been unable to capture him, and the event was made even more embarrassing for the government because the man was able to leave the studio before the police had arrived to arrest him 
By 1969, public opinion was turning against the war  A Gallup Poll in August showed that 55 percent of those surveyed favoured bringing Australian troops home, and only 40 percent favoured them staying  That was the first poll to show less than 50% approval for the government's policy, and all polls after August 1969 were to reveal a majority in favour of bringing the troops home  In October, during his policy speech for the 1969 federal elections, the opposition leader, Gough Whitlam, declared that if elected, the ALP would make sure that all Australian troops in Vietnam would be home 'by Christmas' Around then, opposition to conscription became more radical  Active non-compliers began to call themselves "draft resisters"  Instead of waiting to be called up, draft resisters wrote letters to the Minister for National Service detailing their intention not to comply with conscription  Under law, that immediately rendered them liable for service  A number of these young men formed a draft resisters' union, active in at least two states: New South Wales and Victoria  They included men such as Bob Scates and Michael Hamel-Green  They went underground while maintaining a public presence, appeared at protests and were spirited away by the crowd before they could be arrested  In December 1972, while 'underground' as a draft resister, Barry Johnson stood as the Australian Labor Party (ALP) candidate in the seat of Hotham against Minister Don Chipp 
Australian government cabinet documents released by Australian National Archives in 2001 show that in 1970, the conservative government was initially concerned about the growth of conscientious objection and of outright opposition to the National Service Act  Reportedly, the cabinet considered instituting an option of alternative civilian work program for conscientious objectors in an attempt to reduce the numbers of objectors going to jail  That was never instituted but was widely rumoured at the time  Such work would have been menial labouring jobs in remote locations such as north and western Queensland, western New South Wales and northern South Australia In Cabinet Submission Number 200 for 1970, Appendix 1, case studies of 17 men awaiting prosecution for failure to undertake service show a broad spectrum of opposition to conscription including:

Religious opposition such as Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses
Moral opposition to wars
Moral opposition to the Vietnam War in particular
Opposition based upon the compulsion and authoritarian nature of conscription and its conflict with democratic processes and ideals The documents reveal that draft resistance and draft dodging never posed a threat to the number of conscripts required, but the public opposition by draft resisters such as John Zarb, Michael Matteson and Robert Martin had an increasingly-political effect  Conscription ended in December 1972, and the remaining seven men in Australian prisons for refusing conscription were freed in mid-to-late December 1972 ef 63,735 national servicemen served in the Army, of whom 15,381 were deployed to Vietnam  Approximately 200 were killed 

See also
Australian Defence Force
Billy Hughes egg-throwing incident
Passage 10:
Get Right with the Man
Get Right with the Man is the fourth studio album by American musical duo Van Zant  It was released in 2005 by Columbia Records  It peaked at number 2 on the Top Country Albums chart, and was certified Gold by the RIAA  The album includes the singles "Help Somebody", "Nobody Gonna Tell Me What to Do" and "Things I Miss the Most" 
The song "I'm Doin' Alright", was featured in the 2006 EA Sports game NASCAR 07 
This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions 

Track listing
Personnel
Taken from liner notes 
Van ZantJohnny Van Zant – lead vocals, background vocals
Donnie Van Zant – lead vocals, background vocalsAdditional MusiciansBekka Bramlett – background vocals
Tom Bukovac – electric guitar
Perry Coleman – background vocals
Eric Darken – percussion
Glen Duncan – fiddle
Kenny Greenberg – electric guitar
Greg Morrow – drums, percussion
Russ Pahl – lap steel guitar, steel guitar, banjo
Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
Jeffrey Steele – background vocals
Trez – background vocals
John Willis – acoustic guitar
Glenn Worf – bass guitar
Reese Wynans – B3 organ, keyboards, piano, Wurlitzer

Chart performance
Singles
Certifications
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of U S  states and territories by elevation
This list includes the topographic elevations of each of the 50 U S  states, the District of Columbia, and the U S  territories The elevation of a geographic area may be stated in several ways  These include:

The maximum elevation of the area (high point);
The minimum elevation of the area (low point);
The arithmetic mean elevation of the area (statistical mean elevation);
The median elevation of the area (statistical 50% elevation); and
The elevation range of the area All topographic elevations are adjusted to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)  All geographic coordinates are adjusted to the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84)  The mean elevation for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are accurate to the nearest 100 feet (30 m)  Mean elevation data is not available for the other U S  territories 

Elevations
Minor outlying islands
The highest points in the U S  minor outlying islands, mostly unnamed:

Baker Island high point – 26 feet (8 m)
Howland Island high point – 10 feet (3 m)
Jarvis Island high point – 23 feet (7 m)
Johnston Atoll, Sand Island high point – 33 feet (10 m)
Kingman Reef high point – less than 7 feet (2 m)
Midway Atoll, Sand Island high point – 50 feet (15 m) – The highest point of the U S  minor outlying islands in the Pacific Ocean 
Navassa Island high point – 280 feet (85 m) – The highest point of all the U S  minor outlying islands 
Palmyra Atoll high point – 10 feet (3 m)
Wake Island high point – 26 feet (8 m)

Gallery
See also
Highpointing
List of elevation extremes by country
List of elevation extremes by region
Lists of highest points
List of highest U S  county high points
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of the highest major summits of the United States
List of the most prominent summits of the United States
List of the most isolated major summits of the United States
List of highest counties in the United States
List of highest United States cities by state

Notes
Passage 2:
Fort Davis, Texas
Fort Davis is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jeff Davis County, Texas, United States  The population was 1,201 at the 2010 census, up from 1,050 at the 2000 census  It is the county seat of Jeff Davis County 

History
It was the site of Fort Davis, established in 1854 on the San Antonio–El Paso Road through west Texas and named after Jefferson Davis, who was then the Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce  It was reestablished in 1867 following the civil war 

Geography
Fort Davis is located in southeastern Jeff Davis County at the southeast foot of the Davis Mountains  Texas State Highway 17 (State Street) passes through the center of town, leading northeast 38 miles (61 km) to Interstate 10 at Balmorhea and southwest 21 miles (34 km) to Marfa  Texas State Highway 118 joins Highway 17 through the center of Fort Davis, but leads northwest through the Davis Mountains 52 miles (84 km) to I-10 and southeast 23 miles (37 km) to Alpine 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10 1 square miles (26 1 km2), all land Fort Davis has the highest elevation above sea level of any county seat in Texas; the elevation is 4,900 feet (1,500 m) 

Climate
Fort Davis experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with cool, dry winters and hot, wet summers  There is a large degree of diurnal temperature variation due to the high elevation of the area 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,024 people, 415 households, and 317 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000,  1,050 people, 415 households, and 298 families resided in the CDP  The population density was 188 2 inhabitants per square mile (72 7/km2)  The 525 housing units averaged 94 1 per square mile (36 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 88 29% White, 0 19% African American, 0 48% Native American, 7 62% from other races, and 3 43% from two or more races  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 49 33% of the population 
Of the 415 households, 32 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57 6% were married couples living together, 10 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28 0% were not families  About 24 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 53 and the average family size was 3 02 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24 7% under the age of 18, 7 4% from 18 to 24, 26 9% from 25 to 44, 25 4% from 45 to 64, and 15 6% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 102 3 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97 3 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,882, and  for a family was $27,955  Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $20,000 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $14,249  About 20 7% of families and 21 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26 3% of those under age 18 and 26 0% of those age 65 or over 

Arts and culture
Points of interest
Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens at the Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute
Fort Davis National Historic Site
The McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin
Fort Davis is home to one of 10 dishes comprising the Very Long Baseline Array
Davis Mountains State Park

Education
Fort Davis is served by the Fort Davis Independent School District 

Dirks-Anderson Elementary School
Fort Davis High SchoolAll of Jeff Davis County is zoned to Odessa College 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Dell
Dell Inc  is an American based technology company  It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services  Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, and electronics built by other manufacturers  The company is known for how it manages its supply chain and electronic commerce  This includes Dell selling directly to customers and delivering PCs that the customer wants  Dell was a pure hardware vendor until 2009 when it acquired Perot Systems   Dell then entered the market for IT services  The company has expanded storage and networking systems  It is now expanding from offering computers only to delivering a range of technology for enterprise customers Dell is a publicly traded company (Nasdaq: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500  It is the third-largest personal computer vendor as of January 2021  Dell is ranked 31st on the Fortune 500 list in 2022, up from 76th in 2021  It is also the sixth-largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine  It is the second-largest non-oil company in Texas In 2015, Dell acquired the enterprise technology firm EMC Corporation  Dell and EMC became divisions of Dell Technologies  Dell EMC sells data storage, information security, virtualization, analytics, and cloud computing 

History
Founding and start-up
Michael Dell founded Dell Computer Corporation, doing business as PC's Limited in 1984 while a student at the University of Texas at Austin, operating from Michael Dell's off-campus dormitory room at Dobie Center  The start-up aimed to sell IBM PC compatible computers built from stock components  Michael Dell started trading in the belief that, by selling personal computer systems directly to customers, PC's Limited could better understand customers' needs and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs  Dell dropped out of college upon completion of his freshman year at the University of Texas in order to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting about $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family  As of April 2021, Dell's net worth was estimated to be over $50 billion 
In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the "Turbo PC", selling for US$795 and containing an Intel 8088-compatible processor capable of running at a maximum speed of 8 MHz  PC's Limited advertised the systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers, and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options  This offered buyers prices lower than those of retail brands, but with greater convenience than assembling the components themselves  Pc's Limited was not the first company to use this business model, but they became one of the first to succeed with it  The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of trading 
The company dropped the PC's Limited name in 1987 to become Dell Computer Corporation and began expanding globally  The reasoning was that this new company name better reflected its presence in the business market, and also resolved issues with the use of "Limited" in a company name in certain countries   The company set up its first international operations in Britain; 11 more followed within the next four years  In June 1988, Dell Computer's market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million from its June 22 initial public offering of 3 5 million shares at $8 50 a share  In 1989, Dell Computer set up its first on-site service programs in order to compensate for the lack of local retailers prepared to act as service centers 

Growth in the 1990s and early 2000s
In 1990, Dell Computer tried selling its products indirectly through warehouse clubs and computer superstores, but met with little success, and the company re-focused on its more successful direct-to-consumer sales model  In 1992, Fortune included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the world's 500 largest companies, making Michael Dell the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company at that time 
In 1993, to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, which would have brought in an additional $125 million in annual revenue  Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals, believing they would be money losers in the long run  Margins at retail were thin at best and Dell left the reseller channel in 1994  Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company president and CEO 
Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company's Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997  While the industry's average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell  Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days  In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users From 1997 to 2004, Dell steadily grew and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps  During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out  Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999  Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco  In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett-Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett-Packard took the top spot for a time but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead  Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s In 2002, Dell expanded its product line to include televisions, handhelds, digital audio players, and printers  Chairman and CEO Michael Dell had repeatedly blocked President and COO Kevin Rollins's attempt to lessen the company's heavy dependency on PCs, which Rollins wanted to fix by acquiring EMC Corporation; a move that would eventually occur over 12 years later In 2003, at the annual company meeting, the stockholders approved changing the company name to "Dell Inc " to recognize the company's expansion beyond computers In 2004, the company announced that it would build a new assembly-plant near Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the city and county provided Dell with $37 2 million in incentive packages; the state provided approximately $250 million in incentives and tax breaks  In July, Michael Dell stepped aside as chief executive officer while retaining his position as chairman of the board  Kevin Rollins, who had held a number of executive posts at Dell, became the new CEO  Despite no longer holding the CEO title, Dell essentially acted as a de facto co-CEO with Rollins Under Rollins, Dell purchased the computer hardware manufacturer Alienware in 2006  Dell Inc 's plan anticipated Alienware continuing to operate independently under its existing management  Alienware expected to benefit from Dell's efficient manufacturing system 

Key events
In 2005, while earnings and sales continued to rise, sales growth slowed considerably, and the company stock lost 25% of its value that year  By June 2006, the stock traded around US$25 which was 40% down from July 2005—the high-water mark of the company in the post-dotcom era  By June 2021, the stock had reached an all-time high of over US$100 per share, reflecting the company's successful transition to a technology solutions provider that helps customers navigate digital transformation The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC business segments such as storage, services, and servers  Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation  Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers  As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins  The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores [4] CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on US corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and 64 percent of its revenue comes from North and South America, according to its 2006 third-quarter results  US shipments of desktop PCs were shrinking, and the corporate PC market, which purchases PCs in upgrade cycles, had largely decided to take a break from buying new systems  The last cycle started around 2002, three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems, and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft's Windows Vista (expected in early 2007), putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008  Heavily dependent on PCs, Dell had to slash prices to boost sales volumes, while demanding deep cuts from suppliers Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model  Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first  Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift  The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players  Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York Dell had a reputation as a company that relied upon supply chain efficiencies to sell established technologies at low prices, instead of being an innovator  By the mid-2000s many analysts were looking to innovating companies as the next source of growth in the technology sector  Dell's low spending on R&D relative to its revenue (compared to IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Apple Inc )—which worked well in the commoditized PC market—prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments, such as MP3 players and later mobile devices  Increasing spending on R&D would have cut into the operating margins that the company emphasized  Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s, but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver an end-to-end IT product, and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett-Packard and Oracle Dell's reputation for poor customer service, which was exacerbated as it moved call centers offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web  The original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs sold for thousands of dollars but by the 2000s, the company could not justify that level of service when computers in the same line-up sold for hundreds of dollars  Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from the head of manufacturing to head of customer service  Hunter, who noted that Dell's DNA of cost-cutting "got in the way," aimed to reduce call transfer times and have call center representatives resolve inquiries in one call  By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly  In July 2006, the company started its Direct2Dell blog, and then in February 2007, Michael Dell launched IdeaStorm com, asking customers for advice including selling Linux computers and reducing the promotional "bloatware" on PCs  These initiatives did manage to cut the negative blog posts from 49% to 22%, as well as reduce the "Dell Hell" prominent on Internet search engines There was also criticism that Dell used faulty components for its PCs, particularly the 11 8 million OptiPlex desktop computers sold to businesses and governments from May 2003 to July 2005 that suffered from faulty capacitors  A battery recall in August 2006, as a result of a Dell laptop catching fire, caused much negative attention for the company though later, Sony was found responsible for the manufacturing of the batteries, however a Sony spokesman said the problem concerned the combination of the battery with a charger, which was specific to Dell 2006 marked the first year that Dell's growth was slower than the PC industry as a whole  By the fourth quarter of 2006, Dell lost its title of the largest PC manufacturer to Hewlett Packard whose Personal Systems Group was invigorated thanks to a restructuring initiated by their CEO Mark Hurd 

SEC investigation
In August 2005, Dell became the subject of an informal investigation by the United States SEC  In 2006, the company disclosed that the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York had subpoenaed documents related to the company's financial reporting dating back to 2002  The company delayed filing financial reports for the third and fourth fiscal quarter of 2006, and several class-action lawsuits were filed   Dell Inc's failure to file its quarterly earnings report could have subjected the company to de-listing from the NASDAQ, but the exchange granted Dell a waiver, allowing the stock to trade normally  In August 2007, the Company announced that it would restate its earnings for fiscal years 2003 through 2006 and the first quarter of 2007 after an internal audit found that certain employees had changed corporate account balances to meet quarterly financial targets  In July 2010, the SEC announced charges against several senior Dell executives, including Dell Chairman and CEO Michael Dell, former CEO Kevin Rollins, and former CFO James Schneider, "with failing to disclose material information to investors and using fraudulent accounting to make it falsely appear that the company was consistently meeting Wall Street earnings targets and reducing its operating expenses " Dell, inc  was fined $100 million, with Michael Dell personally fined $4 million 

Michael Dell resumes CEO role
After four out of five quarterly earnings reports were below expectations, Rollins resigned as president and CEO on January 31, 2007, and founder Michael Dell assumed the role of CEO again On March 1, 2007, the company issued a preliminary quarterly earnings report showing gross sales of $14 4 billion, down 5% year-over-year, and net income of $687 million (30 cents per share), down 33%  Net earnings would have declined even more if not for the effects of eliminated employee bonuses, which accounted for six cents per share  NASDAQ extended the company's deadline for filing financials to May 4 

Dell 2 0 and downsizing
Dell announced a change campaign called "Dell 2



ground_truth: 1964

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who followed Menucha Rochel Slonim's father?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Maxime Bono
Maxime Bono (born 1 November 1947 in Algiers, Algeria) is a French politician and a member of the Socialist Party  He has been mayor of La Rochelle from April 1999 to April 2014, president of the Agglomeration community of La Rochelle from January 2000 to April 2014  and an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency from April 1999 until June 2012  During his two mandates, he was a member of the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left parliamentary group 

Legal studies and work
Maxime Bono studied public law in the Law and Economics Faculty of the University of Toulouse, graduating with a licence in 1971  He has been a tax inspector between 1972 and 1982 
In 1983, he became cultural councillor of the municipality of La Rochelle  In 1985, he became representative in the cabinet of Michel Crépeau, then mayor of La Rochelle  In 1986, he became chief of the staff of Michel Crépeau 

Political career (1975–2012)
Early period (1975–1999)
He has been a member of the Socialist party since 1974 
He has been a first deputy mayor of La Rochelle during ten years (1989–1999)  He was in charge of cultural affairs during this period  From 1993 to 1999, he has been a vice president of the Community of cities of La Rochelle  He was in charge of economics during this period  From 1992 to 1999, he has represented the La Rochelle 6th canton in the General Council of Charente-Maritime 
From 1995 to 1999, he has been a president of the municipality-owned company of the public transportation of La Rochelle 

Mayor of La Rochelle (1999−2014) and MP (1999−2012)
A mayor of La Rochelle since 1971, an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency (1973–1993, again from 1997), a former Minister (1981–1986) during the first presidential mandate of François Mitterrand, Michel Crépeau died in Paris on 30 March 1999, after a heart attack which had arisen few days earlier during a parliamentary session of the National Assembly 
In April 1999, Maxime Bono succeeded him as a mayor of La Rochelle, a president of the Community of cities of La Rochelle and an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency (the nine cantons of La Rochelle and the two cantons of the Île de Ré)  In January 2000, the Community of cities turned into the Agglomeration community of La Rochelle, which currently groups together eighteen towns and villages of Aunis On 27 April 1999, he resigned as a general councillor of La Rochelle-6 because of the law of the accumulation of mandates ("Cumul des mandats") 
However, he didn't seek a third parliamentary mandate in 2012  In the National Assembly, he sat as a member in the committee of the sustainable development and spatial planning  Olivier Falorni (Divers Gauche) succeeded him as an MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency In 2013, he decided not to seek a further mayoral mandate, hinting at his defeat at the 2012 parliamentary elections as one of the reasons motivating his decision  Following the 2014 French municipal elections, Maxime Bono was succeeded as mayor of La Rochelle and President of the La Rochelle Agglomeration Community by Jean-François Fountaine (Divers Gauche) 

Elections (2001-2008)
Municipal elections
In the 2001 municipal elections, Maxime Bono's miscellaneous left list largely overtook the absolute majority from the first round (67 36%, 15,190 votes)  He even polled more than his predecessor Michel Crépeau in 1995 (58 02%) 

In the 2008 municipal elections, his miscellaneous left list again largely overtook the absolute majority from the first round  Despite the competition of six lists and a lower percentage than in 2001, his municipal list polled 58 93% (15 400 votes) and got 41 of the 49 seats 

Parliamentary elections
The first constituency of the Charente-Maritime consists of La Rochelle, some of its surrounding towns and villages (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Esnandes, L'Houmeau, Lagord, Marsilly, Nieul-sur-Mer, Périgny, Puilboreau, Saint-Xandre) and the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré (Ars-en-Ré, La Couarde-sur-Mer, La Flotte, Le Bois-Plage-en-Ré, Les Portes-en-Ré, Loix, Rivedoux-Plage, Saint-Clément-des-Baleines, Saint-Martin-de-Ré, Sainte-Marie-de-Ré) 

La Rochelle in 2002
Polling 37 12% (21,138 votes) in the first round, Maxime Bono largely overtook the UMP candidate Catherine Normandin (27 63%, 15,731 votes)  In the run-off, he was elected as MP with 53 02% (28,725 votes) He attained his highest score in La Rochelle in the first round (41 45%, 12,027 votes) and in the run-off (57 74%, 15,834 votes)  Except for Dompierre-sur-Mer where he was overtaken by four votes by Catherine Normandin, he headed in the first round in all the surrounding towns and villages of La Rochelle  Except for Lagord and Marsilly, he got the absolute majority in the run-off in all the surrounding towns and villages of La Rochelle  In the first round, he arrived in second position in the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré; his lowest score was in La Couarde-sur-Mer (21 71%)  In the second round, he was defeated by Catherine Normandin in the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré; his lowest score was in Les Portes-en-Ré (32 08%) 

La Rochelle in 2007
Polling 40 77% (23,928 votes) in the first round, Maxime Bono overtook the UMP candidate Dominique Morvant, then general councillor of La Rochelle-4 (35 95%, 21,099 votes)  In the run-off, he was re-elected as MP with 55 05% (32,345 votes)  Compared to 2002, he slightly increased his parliamentary score He attained his highest score in Esnandes in the first round (45 49%) and in the run-off (62 84%)  In La Rochelle, he polled 45 14% (13 120 votes) in the first round and 60 69% (17 667 votes) in the run-off  Except for Marsilly in the first round and the run-off, he headed in the first round and got the absolute majority in the run-off in all the surrounding towns and villages of La Rochelle  In the first round, he arrived in second position in the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré; like in 2002, his lowest score was in La Couarde-sur-Mer (23 11%)  In the run-off, he was defeated by Dominique Morvant in the ten municipalities of the Île de Ré; his lowest score was in Loix (32 44%) 

Former local mandates
President of the Community of cities of La Rochelle: April 1999-January 2000
General councillor of La Rochelle-6 : 30 March 1992 – 27 April 1999
Mayor of La Rochelle : 19 April 1999 - 5 April 2014
President of the Agglomeration community of La Rochelle : January 2000 - April 2014

National mandate
MP of the Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency (30 March 1999−19 June 2012) : Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left parliamentary group, member of the committee of the sustainable development and spatial planning
Passage 2:
Cornelius Demarest House
Cornelius Demarest House is located in Rochelle Park, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States  The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bergen County, New Jersey
Passage 3:
Jean Guiton
Jean Guiton (2 July 1585 – 15 March 1654) was born in La Rochelle, where he followed the occupation of ship-owner  He became a notable Huguenot leader during the Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré and siege of La Rochelle 
Having been nominated Admiral of the fleet of La Rochelle, Jean Guiton fought the Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré against Royal forces on 27 October 1622 He later participated to the uprising of Soubise in 1625, leading to the Capture of Ré island by Royal forces that same year 
He became mayor of La Rochelle and, during the 1627-1628 Siege of La Rochelle, he organized an energetic resistance to the troops of king Louis XIII  The scene is still visible today in the City Hall (Hotel de Ville) of La Rochelle, where a marble table with a chip made by his dagger is on display 
Then, Richelieu offered him leadership in the royal fleet and he fought Spain  One of his daughters married the son of the famous Protestant admiral Abraham Duquesne, Abraham Duquesne-Guiton 
Like many other Rochelais (people from La Rochelle), Jean Guiton was a Huguenot 


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
James T  Schleifer
James Thomas Schleifer is an American historian, and emeritus Dean of the Mother Irene Gill Memorial Library, and professor at the College of New Rochelle 

Life
He graduated from Yale University with a Ph D  in 1972   He also lectures at Yale University 

Awards
1981 Merle Curti Award

Works
"Tocqueville: Écrits et discours politiques"  LA REVUE TOCQUEVILLE / THE TOCQUEVILLE REVIEW, VOL  XIII No  2, 1992
Eduardo Nolla, ed  (1996)  "How Many Democracies?"  Liberty, Equality, Democracy  NYU Press  ISBN 978-0-8147-5778-9 
The making of Tocqueville's Democracy in America  University of North Carolina Press  1980  ISBN 978-0-8078-1372-0 
Cheryl B  Welch, ed  (2006)  "Tocqueville's Democracy in America Reconsidered"  The Cambridge Tocqueville Companion  Cambridge University Press  ISBN 978-0-521-84064-4 
Passage 5:
Menucha Rochel Slonim
Rebbetzin Menucha Rochel Slonim (1798–1888) was a daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic dynasty  She is regarded a matriarch to the Chabad dynasty as well as Hebron's Jewish population in general 

Origin of name
Rebbetzin Slonim was born on the 19 Kislev, 5559 AM (27 November 1798), the same day her grandfather, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi was released from imprisonment in S  Petersburg  Her father chose the name Menucha because in Hebrew the word "menucha" means "peace and quiet"  He said, "Henceforth we shall have a little Menucha " She was named Rochel after an aunt that died in her youth 
Her husband's last name was originally Griver, a descendant of Rabbi Moses Isserles, the Rema; they chose to change it to Slonim (this was when it was still easy to change names)  They then moved to Hebron 

Emigration to Hebron
After she fell dangerously ill, her father promised that she would live to emigrate to the Land of Israel  In 1845, with the blessing of her brother-in-law, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, she and her family emigrated to Hebron  To allay her fears of rainstorms on the journey to Hebron, Rabbi Schneersohn blessed her to "walk between the raindrops "

Life in Hebron
For forty-three years she served as the matriarch of the Hebron community  New brides and barren women would request blessings from her  Before she died on the 24th of Shevat, 5648 AM (6 February 1888), she sent a letter to the then Rebbe, Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, informing him of her imminent passing  She thus lived during the leadership of all of the first five Lubavitcher Rebbes She became renowned among both townspeople and beyond, Jews and non-Jews alike for her curative and salvation abilities, and was nicknamed "the grandmother Menucha Rachel"  Every bride who visited the Tomb of Machpela on the day of her wedding came to get her blessing and the Admor Rebbe Elazar Mendel of Lelov used to visit her home three times a week when staying in Hebron  He was strict about standing when she entered or left the room and always asked her to bless him 

Her family went on to become leaders of the Hebron Jewish community, helping unite the Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jewish communities and reaching out to the Arabic community  Her son was Rabbi Yehuda Leib Slonim, who was the father of Rebbetzin Moshke Devora Epstein, who inherited Menucha Rochel's home when she got married  Other children included Rabbi Mordechai Dov Slonim 
Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Slonim was the chief Ashkenazi rabbi during the 1929 Hebron massacre  His son was Eliezer Dan Slonim, who spoke fluent Arabic and was a member on the city council and a director of the Anglo-Palestine Bank  He had excellent relations with the British Mandate authorities and Arab community and was reported to have not believed in rumors of an impending riot  He and his family were slaughtered as they attempted to make a barricade in the Slonim family house  One-year-old Shlomo Slonim (1928-2014) survived the massacre  He was the grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Slonim and son of Eliezer Dan Slonim  Shlomo Slonim went on to join the Irgun Tzvai Leumi, the Haganah, and the Israel Defense Forces  He worked for Bank Leumi for almost 50 years, was married for 50 years, and had 4 children  His photo as a wounded toddler is included in the Museum of the Jewish Community of Hebron  as are many photos of the Slonim family 

Annual visits to grave in Hebron
Today, the grave of Menucha Rochel Slonim receives hundreds of visitors every year, especially on the anniversary of her passing  It is located in the Old Jewish cemetery, Hebron  The grave made headlines in 1997, when the H1 and H2 sections of the city were created  Concerned residents and supporters protested the government to ensure that the cemetery and Menucha Rochel's final resting place were not left outside of the designated area  Other venerated Jewish scholars buried in the cemetery include Eliyahu de Vidas, Solomon Adeni, Elijah Mizrachi and Yehuda Bibas 
Today, the local Chabad chapter in Hebron leads visits to her grave and continues her legacy  In 2002 The Menucha Rochel Kollel, a learning center moved to a historic building adjacent to the grave of Menucha Rochel in the cemetery  Daily classes and services are held there 
Passage 6:
Gillardeau oysters
Gillardeau oysters are a brand of edible oysters that are produced by the Gillardeau family and their small private company, which was founded in 1898 in Bourcefranc-le-Chapus near La Rochelle and the Île d'Oléron in western France Gillardeau now produces roughly half its oysters in Normandy, near Utah Beach, and half in County Cork, Ireland, He also gets his oysters from P  Sugrue one of the worlds top growers from Kerry Ireland  where the waters are cleaner, there are fewer parasites and less agricultural runoff, and the area is easier to farm with tractors 
Passage 7:
Daddy's Home 2
Daddy's Home 2 (titled on screen as Daddy's Home Two)  is a 2017 American Christmas buddy comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris  A sequel to Daddy's Home (2015), it stars Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, John Cena, with John Lithgow and Mel Gibson  The plot follows now-reformed fathers Brad and Dusty (Ferrell and Wahlberg), now co-parenting Dusty's kids, who have to deal with their own fathers (Lithgow and Gibson) visiting for the holidays 
Unlike its predecessor, Red Granite Pictures was not involved in the film's production  Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 and it was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 2017  Although the film received generally negative reviews from critics, it grossed over $180 million worldwide against a production budget of $69–70 million 

Plot
Finally friends, Brad Whitaker and Dusty Mayron co-parent Dusty's two children, Megan and Dylan, who take turns at each father's house  Dusty has remarried to Karen, a doctor/novelist, and is a stepfather to her daughter Adrianna  The men decide to have a joint Christmas rather than separate ones, after Megan embarrassingly admits during a school recital, that she does not like Christmas anymore due to the stress and embarrassment caused by the dual arrangement  She'd prefer one "together Christmas" 
Dusty's tough fighter pilot/Space Shuttle astronaut father Kurt and Brad's overbearing and cheerful father, Don, unexpectedly arrive for Christmas  Megan and Dylan warmly embrace Don, as he is very present in their lives, while Kurt hasn't seen them since they were toddlers  From his envy of the affection the children show Don, Kurt rents a large cabin through Airbnb, to house them all through the holiday week 
Brad and Dusty's co-parenting is put to the test by Kurt's meddling  Dusty’s beef with Kurt mainly stems from the fact that he was rarely there for him as a child  Especially painful was when, during a youth Glee Club recital he embarrassed himself by missing his solo part when Kurt left to make out with a woman during his part  Sara, meanwhile, tries to bond with Karen, but is appalled by her shoplifting clothes from a store and not caring if Adriana and Megan drink alcoholic eggnog  She later becomes concerned Don isn’t with his wife, whom he claims couldn’t come as she was staying home to take care of her ill brother 
Dylan develops a crush on a little girl staying in the cabin next door, causing Megan and Adrianna to constantly tease him in front of her  Brad gives him some “advice", and Dusty interjects when he thinks Brad is having what looks like “the talk” with Dylan, although they had agreed to do it together  As the trees on the Christmas tree farm are small, Kurt suggests they illegally go on to private property to cut one down  Brad mistakes a cell tower for a tree and is electrocuted 
After bowling, the family takes the kids to see Santa  There, Kurt tries to convince Dylan to ask Santa for a shotgun, but Don talks him out of it  Megan, however, wants one instead and is granted permission after Kurt makes a sexist comment  Out hunting the next day, Megan accidentally shoots Kurt in the shoulder, sending him to the hospital  While Kurt is down, she shoots two turkeys, surprising him  Sara confronts Brad over Don’s odd behavior, but he refuses to believe her 
Brad, Dusty, Don and Kurt go to an improv comedy club, where they have a good time until Kurt picking up a woman at the bar annoys Dusty  Brad enters Don into the improv show, and Dusty chooses the topic of a husband confronting his cheating wife as the subject of the skit  As it progresses, it is revealed that Don has separated from his wife in real life  Sara comforts Don about his divorce in front of an eggnog bowl, but when Dusty reveals his part in the skit, Don and Brad become furious and Dusty and Brad's relationship becomes strained  When they leave, Megan and Adrianna sneak cups of alcoholic eggnog  Brad, attempting to get back at Dusty, invites Adrianna's father, Roger  Roger intimidates Dusty as he had done to Brad in the first film 
The entire family takes part in a live nativity  Brad fights with Dusty because he wants to play Joseph  A drunken Megan begins to swear, and an equally drunk Adrianna falls from her platform, then the crowd breaks up  Instead of Dusty fighting Brad, he almost fights Roger, and Don is repeatedly hit in the face with ice-balls 
On Christmas Day the families, depressed from all the arguing, pack up to leave  On their way out of town, they are forced back due to a blizzard, taking shelter at a movie theater  They see Missile Tow, a holiday action comedy film starring Liam Neeson  When the power cuts off during the movie, everyone goes to the lobby where each man confronts his father about his secrets, lies, and attitudes, and reconcile 
Remembering advice given to him by Kurt, Dylan walks toward the girl he has a crush on to kiss her, but instead kisses Adrianna  Kurt pushes Dusty to stand up to Adrianna and punish her for her recent behavior, but he instead tells her he loves her  He then tells Roger that loving Adrianna means loving her real father as well as he is also part of the family  Roger almost leaves without Adrianna  However, he has a change of heart after everyone breaks out into a song of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" (during which the power comes back on) and he decides to stay 
Sometime later, at the airport, Don and Kurt are preparing to head back to their respective homes  Adrianna, who has grown close with Don, reveals she signed him up for a dating app for seniors so he can move on from Brad’s mother  Kurt and Don go up the terminal escalators, where Kurt reveals to Don that he switched out the tickets and they are going to spend New Year's together in Las Vegas to find dates more effectively 
As Brad's mother arrives, Dusty and Brad discover Brad's new stepfather is Sully Sullenberger, pilot of the 2009 "Miracle on the Hudson" flight  They remember watching the film Sully together recently, and Dusty appears to be excited to meet him  However, an infuriated Brad runs down the terminal, screaming that Sully will never replace his father and "You only have one good story, my father has a million" 

Cast
Production
In April 2016, the sequel was announced, with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles, Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script, and Anders directing  In January 2017, it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters' fathers in the film  The two were later confirmed to star, along with Linda Cardellini, John Cena, Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez, reprising their roles Principal photography began on March 20, 2017  Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Clinton, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, Lawrence, Massachusetts and Great Barrington, Massachusetts 

Release
The film was released in the United States on November 10, 2017 Daddy's Home 2 was released on Digital HD on February 6, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 20, 2018 

Reception
Box office
Daddy's Home 2 grossed $104 million in the United States and Canada, and $76 6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $180 6 million, against a production budget of  $69–70 million In the United States and Canada, Daddy's Home 2 opened alongside Murder on the Orient Express, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend  The film made $10 7 million on its first day, including $1 5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters, up from the $1 2 million made by the first film  It went on to debut to $29 7 million, finishing second at the box office, behind holdover Thor: Ragnarok ($57 million)  In its second weekend, the film made $14 4 million (a drop of 51 3%), finishing 4th behind Justice League, Wonder and Thor: Ragnarok 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Daddy's Home 2 holds an approval rating of 21% based on 129 reviews, and an average rating of 4 1/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "A formulaic comedy that's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment, Daddy's Home 2 can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was critical of what he described as the film's sloppiness and laziness, saying, "Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force  The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps, and almost none of them land, stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they’re straining to sell " Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, saying: "After enduring last week’s lousy and lazy A Bad Moms Christmas, I would have bet it would be many a year before we’d see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny  I sit corrected "Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert com gave the film 2 5 out of 4 stars, writing, "I found the sequel better than the original—the writing sharper, the jokes fresher and smarter, the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging  I mentioned this to my incredulous wife, who said, 'So you’re saying it's the Godfather, Part 2 of the Daddy’s Home series' "

Accolades
Possible sequel
In an interview, Mark Wahlberg mentioned that they would like to get Liam Neeson for the third installment of the film 

See also
List of Christmas films
Passage 8:
Jean Duvignaud
Jean Duvignaud (22 February 1921 – 17 February 2007) was a French novelist, sociologist and anthropologist  He was born in La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime, on February 22, 1921 
Duvignaud was a secondary school teacher first at Abbeville, then at Étampes (1947–1956), where he taught Georges Perec  After submitting his doctoral thesis, he taught at the University of Tours  In 1972, he founded the magazine Cause commune with Georges Perec and Paul Virilio  For a time he was in a relationship with Clara Malraux, the ex-wife of novelist André Malraux He died (aged 85) in La Rochelle on February 17, 2007 

Bibliography
L'Acteur, esquisse d'une sociologie du comédien, Paris, Gallimard, 1965  Rééd  L'Archipel, 1995
Durkheim, sa vie, son œuvre, Paris, PUF, 1965
Visites d'Atelier Marta Pan, Cimaise, N 87, Juin Spetembre 1968
Sociologie du théâtre, Paris, PUF, 1965  Rééd  Quadrige, 1999
Georges Gurvitch, symbolisme social et sociologie dynamique, Paris, Seghers, 1969
Anthologie des sociologues français contemporains, Paris, PUF, 1970
Spectacle et société, Paris, Denoël, 1970
Introduction à la sociologie, Paris, Gallimard, 1971
Sociologie de l'art, Paris, PUF, 1972
L'Anomie, hérésie et subversion, Paris, Anthropos, 1973
Le Langage perdu, essai sur la différence anthropologique, Paris, PUF, 1973
Fêtes et civilisations, Paris, Weber, 1974
Le Théâtre contemporain, culture et contre-culture, Paris, Larousse, 1974
Le Ça perché, Paris, Stock, 1976
Le Don du rien, essai d'anthropologie de la fête, Paris, Plon, 1977
Le Jeu du jeu, Paris, Balland, 1980
L' Or de la République, Paris, Gallimard, 1984
Le Propre de l'homme, histoires du comique et de la dérision, Paris, Hachette, 1985
La Solidarité, liens de sang et liens de raison, Paris, Fayard, 1986
Chebika, étude sociologique, Paris, Gallimard, 1978  Rééd  Paris, Plon, 1990
La Genèse des passions dans la vie sociale, Paris, PUF, 1990
Dis l'Empereur, qu'as-tu fait de l'oiseau ?, Arles, Actes Sud, 1991
Fêtes et civilisations ; suivi de La fête aujourd'hui, Arles, Actes Sud, 1991
Perec ou La cicatrice, Arles, Actes Sud, 1993
Le singe patriote  Talma, un portrait imaginaire (novel), Arles, Actes Sud, 1993
L'oubli ou La chute des corps, Arles, Actes Sud, 1995
Le pandémonium du présent, idées sages, idées folles, Paris, Plon, 1998
Le prix des choses sans prix, Arles, Actes Sud, 2001
Les octos, béant aux choses futures, Arles, Actes Sud, 2003
Le sous-texte, Arles, Actes Sud, 2005
La ruse de vivre, état des lieux, Arles, Actes Sud, 2006
Passage 9:
Julien Berger
Julien Berger is a Belgian rugby union player who currently plays for his national side and the French club La Rochelle as a scrum-half  He has played for La Rochelle since 2009 and has played 14 games, but had only started in 5 (during the 2011–12 season) 
Passage 10:
Peter Conrad (sociologist)
Peter Conrad (born 1945, raised in New Rochelle, NY) is an American medical sociologist who has researched and published on numerous topics including ADHD, the medicalization of deviance, the experience of illness, wellness in the workplace, genetics in the news, and biomedical enhancements 

Biography
He has been a member of the faculty at Brandeis University since 1979 and since 1993 has been the Harry Coplan Professor of Social Sciences   He received his B A  in Sociology at State University of New York at Buffalo (1967), M A, from Northeastern University (1970) and Ph D  in Sociology from Boston University in 1976   Prior to Brandeis, he taught at Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts (1971–75) and Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa (1975–78)   At Brandeis he served as chair of the Department of Sociology for nine years and since 2002 as chair of the interdisciplinary program "Health:  Science, Society and Policy" (HSSP)    He has also been a visiting professor at New York University, Gadjah Mada University (Yogyakarta, Indonesia), University of London, Royal Holloway, and Queen's University Belfast (Northern Ireland) 

Personal life
He lives in Lincoln, MA with his wife, Dr  Libby Bradshaw   They have two children, Rya (b  1980) and Jared (b  1985) 

Published works
Conrad is the author of over one hundred articles and chapters and a dozen books, including Identifying Hyperactive Children:  The Medicalization of Deviant Behavior (1975, 2004),  Deviance and Medicalization:  From Badness to Sickness (with Joseph W  Schneider, 1980, 1992), Having Epilepsy:  The Experience and Control of Illness (1983) and The Medicalization of Society:  On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders (2007)   He has also edited or co-edited numerous volumes, including Handbook of Medical Sociology, 5th edition (2000) and eight editions of Sociology of Health and Illness:  Critical Perspectives (1981–2009), a widely used text for undergraduates 

Awards
He has received numerous academic honors including the Charles Horton Cooley Award (1981) for Deviance and Medicalization, a Distinguished Fulbright Fellowship (1997), the Leo G  Reeder Award (2004) from the American Sociological Association for "distinguished contributions to medical sociology", and the Lee Founder's Award (2007) "made in recognition of significant achievements that, over a distinguished career, have demonstrated continuing devotion to the ideals of the founders of the Society for the Study of Social Problems and especially to the humanist tradition of Alfred McClung Lee and Elizabeth Briant Lee "
Passage 11:
Shelly Steely
Anne Rochelle Steely Ramirez (born October 23, 1962), née Anne Rochelle Steely, is a former long-distance runner who competed internationally for the United States   She specialized in the 3,000 meters on the track and later competed in road running events 
She made her international debut in cross country and helped the United States the women's team title at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1985   Her focus changed to the 3,000 meters, a distance in which she was a two-time US champion (outdoors in 1991 and indoors in 1992)  She reached the final of that event at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics 
Steely's performances deteriorated and she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism  However, she made an athletic comeback in 1998 and she won two national road titles, as well as appearing at the Goodwill Games and IAAF World Half Marathon Championships that year  She made one more appearance at the World Half Marathon event in 2000, but retired to focus on education studies 

Career
Early life and college career
Steely was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, and attended Bishop Conwell High School in Levittown, Pennsylvania   She received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she ran for the Florida Gators track and field team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition  Steely was fifth in the 10,000 meters at the NCAA Outdoors in 1983, but found greater success over shorter distances the following year: she won both the 5000 meters and 3000 meters Southeastern Conference (SEC) titles  She was third in the 3,000 meters at the 1984 NCAA Outdoors and made two podium finishes at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships (third over 5,000 meters, second over 3,000 meters)  She also reached the semi-finals of the US Olympic Track and Field Trials that year In her final year at Florida, she took a sweep of the SEC long-distance titles, winning the 3,000, 5,000 and 10,000-meter distance races   During her time as a Gator runner, she won five All-American honors and nine All-SEC honors, and was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 2006 Steely made her international debut for the United States in 1985, and her fifteenth-place finish at the 1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships helped the American women (including Cathy Branta and Betty Springs) to the long race team title  She made two more appearances at that competition, taking part in the 1989 and 1990 editions  She also competed on the international cross country circuit in Europe, including a win at the Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños 

World and Olympic competition
She began training in New Mexico and improved her best times in the 3,000 and 5,000 meters in 1990, and was ranked highly at the national level  She began to expand her oeuvre to include road running and that year she took wins at the Cooper River Bridge Run and Great Cow Harbor 10K races, as well as shorter distance wins at the Fifth Season Race and the Jean Bouin Memorial in Spain  The following year saw her make a career breakthrough on the track  She won the national title in the 3,000 meters with a significant personal best run of 8:49 00 minutes  This gained her a place on the national team for the 1991 World Championships in Athletics  Steely ran a personal record of 8:48 54 minutes in the qualifying rounds, only finishing behind two eventual medalists (Susan Sirma and Yelena Romanova)  She did not perform as well in the final, however, and ended the competition in fourteenth place  She ended her season with road wins at the Phoenix 10K and Senior Bowl 10K She claimed her second national title at the start of the following year, winning the 3,000 meters at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships with a time of 8:51 29 minutes  A third title followed on the roads that May as she took the 5,000 meters U S  title in Cedar Rapids, Iowa  In the outdoor season she ran a career best time of 8:41 28 minutes for the 3,000 meters and her runner-up placing at the Olympic Trials saw her make the US Olympic Team for the first time  At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, both Steely and PattiSue Plumer (the trials winner) made the event final and Steely came seventh, two spots behind her compatriot 

Switch to roads and retirement
She won the Carlsbad 5000 the following March  Steely was the 1993 USA Outdoor runner-up in the 3,000 meters but was replaced in the national team for the 1993 World Championships in Athletics  Her performances waned over the next three years and she did not compete at all in 1996  She was later diagnosed with a hyperthyroid condition Steely returned to compete in 1998 and ran frequently, mainly out of necessity as she no longer had a sponsor  She was in the top three at the 1998 USA Outdoors in the 10,000 meters, came fourth in the event at the 1998 Goodwill Games, and ranked second nationally in the distance that year  She won the US titles in the 25-kilometer and 10-mile events that year, as well as runner-up placing in the national 12-kilometer and half marathon events  Her performance over the latter distance gained her a spot at the 1998 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, where she placed 42nd overall She ran in the 10,000 meters at the 1999 USA Outdoor Championships (coming fifth) and competed at the 2000 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships  However, she moved on from her athletic career to focus on obtaining an Educational specialist degree 

Personal bests
1500 m – 4:05 07 mins (1992)
3000 m – 8:41 28 mins (1992)
5000 m – 15:08 67 mins (1992)
10,000 m – 32:41 14 mins (1990)
Half marathon – 1:13:33 hrs (1998)

International competition record
See also
Florida Gators
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members
List of University of Florida Olympians
Passage 12:
La Jarne
La Jarne (French pronunciation: ​[la ʒaʁn]) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France  It is 7 km southeast of the city of La Rochelle 

Population
See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department
Passage 13:
June Rochelle
June Rochelle is an American contemporary gospel singer, songwriter, executive media producer, editor, and talent scout from Indianapolis, Indiana  Her music infuses gospel, soul, pop, r&b, and jazz  Her debut album, Changing Places, garnered a Grammy ballot  Her next albums are Play This, and June Rochelle Christmas ' Rochelle is the first African-American to headline ABC's-RTV6 Circle of Lights  She was previously a backing vocalist for Diana Ross and Celine Dion  June Rochelle is also the founder of Good Deeds People a public-benefit charity and June Rochelle Media 
Passage 14:
Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches
Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches (16 August 1608 to 12 August 1682), also known as Ludwig de Souches, was a French-born professional soldier who spent a number of years in the Swedish Army before switching to Imperial service in 1642  Although he was a capable officer who reached the rank of Field Marshal, his career was marred by a tendency to quarrel with his colleagues and superiors 
Born into a family of minor French Protestant nobility, de Souches went into exile after the Siege of La Rochelle in 1629  He served in the Swedish army when it entered the Thirty Years' War against Emperor Ferdinand III and by 1642 was colonel of an infantry regiment  However, he fell out with his superior officer and switched sides, joining the Imperial army 
He established his reputation in the defence of Brno against the Swedes in 1645 and was promoted Field Marshal in 1664  When Emperor Leopold joined the Franco-Dutch War in 1673, de Souches was appointed commander of Imperial forces in the Low Countries but had a poor relationship with his Dutch and Spanish allies and was removed in December 1674  
This was the end of his military career; he retired to his estates in at Jevišovice in Moravia, where he died on 12 August 1682 and was buried in the Church of St  James (Brno) 

Personal details
Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches was born on 16 August 1608, son of Jean Ratuit, Sieur de Barres (died 1614), and his wife Marguerite de Bourdigalea (died after 1636)  Both parents were members of the Huguenot nobility, originally from Aunis, who owned property in the Protestant stronghold of La Rochelle  His elder brother was killed serving with the French army in 1636, while he also had a sister, Marguerite (died 1654) His first wife Anna Elisabeth de Hoffkirchen died in 1663; they had two sons, Jean Louis (died 1717) and Charles Louis (1645–1691), who both served in the Imperial Army, and two daughters, Anna Dorotha (1652–1724) and Eleonora  Anna Salome Aspermont-Reckheim (1648–1729) became his second wife in 1677; they had no surviving children 

Career
Thirty Years War
Souches began his military career during the siege of La Rochelle, part of the 1627 to 1629 Huguenot rebellions against Louis XIII of France  When the town surrendered in October 1628, he went into exile in Protestant Sweden, where he joined the army led by Gustavus Adolphus which entered the Thirty Years War in 1630  By 1636, he was captain in an infantry regiment which unsuccessfully defended Stargard against an Imperial force; he narrowly escaped court martial after accusing his commanding officer of negligence  This was symptomatic of a quarrelsome tendency which followed him throughout his career 

In May 1636, France formally entered the Thirty Years War in alliance with Sweden; the rapid expansion of the French army created vacancies for experienced officers and de Souches used the opportunity to return home  He was unable to obtain a satisfactory position and returned to Sweden in August 1639, where he was promoted colonel of a regiment in the force that invaded Bohemia in early 1640  However, he later fell out with his superior officer whom he challenged to a duel in violation of military regulations; he resigned from the Swedish army in early 1642 and a few months later was appointed colonel in the Imperial army Over the next two years, de Souches took part in the 1643 invasion of Pomerania and an attack on the Swedish-held city of Olomouc in Moravia  Although both actions were unsuccessful, he impressed his superiors sufficiently to be given command of defending Brno in May 1645 against a force led by Lennart Torstensson; after a siege described as "one of the epic stands of the Imperial army", the Swedes retreated in August having lost 8,000 men  This contributed to the failure of Torstensson's attempt to attack Vienna and helped speed up peace negotiations at Westphalia  Until the end of the war, de Souches contributed to regaining Swedish-occupied cities in the Erblande like the capture of Jihlava in 1647 De Souches was rewarded with promotion to the rank of general and granted lands outside Brno; when the war finally ended in 1648, he was placed in charge of supervising the withdrawal of Swedish troops from Moravia and made Governor of Špilberk Castle  In 1649, he was elevated to the Moravian nobility on condition he converted to Catholicism within the next three years 

Later career
In 1654, Sweden attacked the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, initiating the Second Northern War  When the fighting expanded to include Brandenburg-Prussia in 1657, Austria joined the anti-Swedish coalition  With de Souches in charge of the infantry, an army under Melchior von Hatzfeldt was sent to support Poland and helped recapture Kraków in August 1657  De Souches later commanded the Austrian contingent at the Siege of Toruń, whose Swedish garrison surrendered in December 1658  In 1659, he was given command of an army of 13,000 which invaded Swedish Pomerania and besieged Stettin; before the town fell, the Treaty of Oliva ended the war in May 1660, while de Souches quarrelled with his colleague Raimondo Montecuccoli and was ordered home to Moravia The 1663 to 1664 Austro-Turkish War began when Ottoman forces invaded Hungary and over-ran large parts of eastern and southern Moravia  Having successfully defended Brno and Olomouc, de Souches was promoted Field Marshall in May 1664 and given command of one of three separate forces operating in Hungary, with the other two led by Montecuccoli and Miklós Zrínyi  Although he won a minor victory at Levice in July 1664, while Montecuccoli stopped the main Ottoman advance at Saint Gotthard in August, Leopold was concerned by the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France and agreed the Peace of Vasvár a few days later 
          
In October 1664, de Souches was appointed Governor of Komárom, an important town on the modern Slovakian/Hungarian border, and spent the next few years supervising the construction of new fortifications there, as well as other towns in the region  He also became a member of the Hofkriegsrat, or Imperial War Council, although his duties were largely nominal  When Austria entered the Franco-Dutch War in 1673 as an ally of the Dutch Republic and Spain, he was appointed commander of Imperial troops in the Low Countries and took part in the Battle of Seneffe in August 1674  The Imperial troops suffered minimal casualties in what was the bloodiest battle of the war and his Allies subsequently claimed de Souches had ignored requests for support  One suggestion is he did so under instructions from Emperor Leopold, who wanted to conserve resources for the Rhineland campaign, which he viewed as having far greater strategic significance Shortly thereafter, the Allies attacked the town of Oudenarde; siege operations commenced on 16 September, and the French began marching to its relief three days later  The Dutch and Spanish redoubled efforts to breach the walls before their arrival, but without advising his colleagues, de Souches withdrew the Imperial artillery to Ghent  Since his troops would not fight without their guns, and the Dutch and Spanish could not face the French on their own, the Allies were forced to abandon the siege  After strong protests from the Dutch States General, supported by some of his Austrian colleagues, de Souches was relieved of his command  In December 1674, Emperor Leopold set up an enquiry into his conduct, which resulted in de Souches being dismissed from his remaining military positions  He retired to his estates at Jevišovice in Moravia, where he died on 12 August 1682 and was buried in the Church of St  James (Brno) 
Passage 15:
Chaya Mushka Schneersohn
Chaya Mushka Schneersohn was the daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic movement, and the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn the third Rebbe Chaya Mushka Schneerson died on December 9, 1860 O S  (Tevet 8, 5621; December 21, 1860 N S ), and was buried in the town of Lubavitch near her grandmother Rebbetzin Sterna and her mother Rebbetzin Sheina 

History
Chaya Mushka Schneersohn married the third Rebbe of Chabad, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn  She is known in the Chabad community as "Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka " Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka was an advocate for Agunot, women who are bound to their marriages by Jewish law whether through the husband's disappearance or refusal to comply with divorce proceedings Chaya Mushka held the personal custom of reciting the Slichot prayers during the week between Rosh Hashana, the Jewish New Year, and Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement 
Passage 16:
Hunt Slonem
Hunt Slonem (born Hunt Slonim, July 18, 1951) is an American painter, sculptor, and printmaker  He is best known for his Neo-Expressionist paintings of butterflies, bunnies, and his tropical birds, often based on a personal aviary in which he has been keeping from 30 to over 100 live birds of various species  Slonem's works are included in many important museum collections all over the world; he is exhibiting regularly at both public and private venues, and he has received numerous honors and awards 

Early life
Hunt Slonem was born in Kittery, Maine, in an upper middle class family, the eldest of four children  His father was a Navy officer, and mother – a homemaker who spent much of her time doing volunteer work  As a result of his father's military career, Slonem's family moved around as frequently as every two to three years  He lived in Hawaii, Virginia, Connecticut, California and Washington State  Slonem's grandmother was a Tennessee native who married a Minnesota-born amateur artist and educator who became the Superintendent of Public Schools in Duluth, Minnesota  It was Slonem's grandfather who always encouraged young Hunt to paint   "I grew up around painting, and my parents dabbled in painting themselves  I was given paints as a child, and I wanted to be a painter from first grade onwards," Slonem told the online magazine Art Interview  His younger brother, Jeffrey Slonim, is a prolific journalist, and contributing editor of the Interview Magazine, and his cousin is the best-selling author Tama Janowitz After completing school, which included living in Nicaragua as an exchange student when he was 16 years old, Slonem commenced undergraduate studies at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee  He then spent about six months of his sophomore year at the University of the Americas in San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, but later graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Painting and Art History from Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana  He also took courses at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Maine, where he was exposed to such influential artists from the New York area as Louise Nevelson, Alex Katz, Alice Neel, Richard Estes, Jack Levine, and Al Held  During that period, Slonem altered the "i" to an "e" in his family name as a nod to numerology  He moved to New York in 1973 to further his art practice, and Manhattan had become his consistent base ever since 

Career
I would say my whole life could be summed up by the word 'exotica' 
Hunt Slonem's artistic career began in New York, in the late 1970s  When he first came to Manhattan, in 1973, he was hired by the Department of Social Services to teach painting to senior citizens  He was unhappy at his job and seriously considered moving to Amsterdam when, unexpectedly, in 1975, he got a call from artist Janet Fish who offered him her studio for the summer  That telephone call turned Slonem's life around  Shortly afterwards, In 1976, Hunt Slonem received a painting grant from the Elizabeth Greenshields Foundation in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and began painting in earnest  His first solo show was held at New York's Harold Reed Gallery in 1977, followed by a major exhibition at the prestigious Fischbach Gallery  As Slonem's career progressed, he was introduced to people like Andy Warhol, Liza Minnelli, Sylvia Miles, and Truman Capote  Through Jeffrey Slonim, who would later serve as an usher at Andy Warhol's funeral, he also met and befriended the Belgian-born actress Monique van Vooren, the star of Warhol's film Flesh for Frankenstein  He soon became a habitué of New York's trendiest hot spots and an active participant in the city's burgeoning art scene Slonem's move to New York had a profound influence on his development as an artist  According to the New York Times, he fell in love with "a very particular kind of New York life, one most people can only fantasize about  But people this determinedly unusual do exist here, and that is one of the city's surest charms  They feed off the city and the city feeds off them " Novelist Tama Janowitz put it succinctly, saying, "His pictures are the subtext of Manhattan, an imaginary, vivid and grotesquely evocative world that bubbles beneath the paved-over, gray city of New York which he physically inhabits -- a city where people have come from all over the world, bringing their images of other places and other lives with them "Despite living in the heart of Manhattan,  Slonem remained true to his boyhood fascination with exotica, which he had developed as a youth in Hawaii and during his time as a foreign exchange student in Managua, Nicaragua  His paintings expressed a strong affinity for nature, especially the various species of exotic butterflies and tropical birds living on the island  He soon became well known for creating grisaille paintings of small birds in their cages   He often painted them wet-on-wet and grit off the surfaces to denote wire enclosures after the birds had been strategically placed  Art critic Roberta Smith wrote in the New York Times that Slonem's "witty Formalism strategy meshes the creatures into the picture plane and sometimes nearly obliterates them as images, but it also suspends and shrouds them in a dim, atmospheric light that is quite beautiful  If Joseph Cornell had concentrated on painting, the results might have looked like this " Birds also fill the surface of his largest project yet – a 6-foot by 86 foot mural he painted for the iconic Bryant Park Grill Restaurant in New York City, completed in 1995  According to The New Yorker, "The most notable aspect of the [restaurant's] interior is an 86-foot long mural by the artist Hunt Slonem, which depicts hundreds of birds, similar to those found in the artist's studio, where he can be found painting away with a bird or two perched on his shoulders "Hunt Slonem's oil paintings pivot between the fantastic and the natural  These natural forms ultimately become the subjects for many of his artworks, appearing in large lavishly colored paintings and constructed sculptures  As an artist, he endeavors to explore the many expressive faculties of color  His paintings are layered with thick brushstrokes of vivid color, often cut into in a cross-hatched pattern that adds texture to the overall surface of the painting  Slonem often hides his subjects "behind a grid of incised lines, blurring their contours and emphasizing the paint's tactile quality " This surface patterning combines with the rich colors and recognizable subject matter to create paintings that are physically and aesthetically rich  Poet and critic John Ashbery observed, "From the narrow confines of his grids, half cage, half perch, Slonem summons dazzling explosions of the variable life around us that need only to be looked at in order to spring into being "Slonem's obsessive and repetitive rendering of his subjects reflects his desire to explore issues of spatial complexity, compression and density in what the acclaimed Metropolitan Museum of Art curator Henry Geldzahler deemed "a consistent investigation of post-cubist abstraction " The repetitive imagery also makes a reference to Andy Warhol  "I was influenced by Warhol's repetition of soup cans and Marilyn," says Slonem  "But I'm more interested in doing it in the sense of prayer, with repetition    It's really a form of worship " He is not interested in realism or, unlike Warhol, in advertising or media, and his paintings are neither narrative nor specific in detail  Rather, Slonem's work is deeply rooted in the act of painting  His jarring color choices, spontaneous mark making, and scratched hatch marks are the result of his ongoing fascination with the manipulation and implementation of paint  For Slonem, cross-hatching has "a feeling of a tapestry, it's like weaving  I'm making colors bleed into each other, I'm revealing the under-painting  I'm making these marks to allow the light to come through, basically  So you're seeing about five levels of paint, instead of one " It is this kind of devotion to the process of painting that prompted Henry Geldzahler to observe in 1993 that "Slonem is a painter, a painter's painter with an enormous bag of technical tricks which become apparent to the viewer the longer he stands before the work "Another recurring theme of Slonem's pictorial work is portrait painting, and that of Abraham Lincoln in particular  He is interested in history and memorabilia, and for him, the "larger-than-life" Lincoln is a catchall  In Slonem's words, "On Marilyn [Monroe]'s desk, she had a picture of her mother and a picture of Lincoln  And she said, 'I really didn't know who my father was, so it might as well be Abraham Lincoln '" According to the Interview Magazine, "Slonem's portraits of Lincoln feel personal, and in surprising ways, he's close to the long-deceased " "I work with diviners and mystics, and one of them started channeling Lincoln in my house," says Slonem  "[Lincoln] guided me to paint certain things, like my doves: he wanted me to paint them as a symbol of freedom "In the early 1980s, Slonem began working on a new series of so-called "Rabbit paintings "  The idea for this critically acclaimed series came to him after he had discovered that the year of his birth, 1951, was the year of the Rabbit in the Chinese zodiac calendar  He often repeats imagery in this series, just like in his other series, because, he told the Wall Street Journal, the act is similar to spiritual meditation: "Mantras are holy because you repeat them " This theme continued to inspire Slonem over the years, and the series is as prominent in his work today as it was over thirty years ago Apart from painting, Slonem is also making sculptures, like the sizable, "Tocos," an 18-foot acrylic and aluminum tower of toucans exhibited at the Polk Museum of Art in 2012  He has also restored several historic houses  "I consider it part of my art form,"  Slonem said in an interview with NewsChief com   His "art form" also includes Gothic revival furniture - in his homes, studios, and exhibits  In 2009, Bergdorf Goodman, a luxury department store in New York City, recreated Slonem's distinct art-filled living room for its windows display  In Slonem's view, "Art incorporated with furniture becomes a work of art itself "In 2008, German automaker Audi enlisted Hunt Slonem to create an exclusive design for its sleek new A5 coupe, and he created a one-of-a-kind design based on one of his oil painting for the car's exterior  "It's an earlier work of mine with birds flying through the sky; the original work is in the collection of the Colby Museum in Maine, where I was born," said Slonem of the piece, which is painted in blues, blacks, reds, and whites with cockatoos  The mobile artwork was unveiled in conjunction with the New York International Auto Show at the Audi Forum in Manhattan  The "Hunt Slonem Audi A5," as it was dubbed, then toured Audi dealerships throughout the United States, before returning to New York where it was auctioned off to benefit a cancer research charity In 2010, Albert Maysles, the Oscar-nominated documentary filmmaker (Salesman, Gimme Shelter, Grey Gardens), announced that he will be shooting a feature-length documentary on Hunt Slonem's life and his art In 2014, he collaborated with fashion accessories company Echo Design Group for a limited edition scarf and handbag collection 

Museum exhibitions and collections
Since 1977, Slonem had solo shows at many prestigious contemporary art galleries including the Fischbach Gallery in New York and the Serge Sorokko Gallery in San Francisco  His work has been exhibited globally, including in Madras, Quito, Venice, Gustavia, San Juan, Guatemala City, Paris, Amsterdam, Madrid, Stockholm, Oslo, Cologne, Tokyo, and Hong Kong  His work has been shown in thirty-one different museums including the Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1981; the Museo Diocesano d'arte sacra Sant'Apollonia in Venice, Italy, in 1986; the Albany Museum of Art in Albany, Georgia, in 2007; the  Istanbul Museum of Modern Art in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2007; Museo de Arte de El Salvador in San Salvador, El Salvador, in 2010; the National Gallery for Foreign Art in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 2010;  the Alexandria Museum of Art in Alexandria, Louisiana in 2011, the Polk Museum of Art in Lakeland, Florida in 2012, the Moscow Museum of Modern Art in 2015, and the Russian State Museum in St  Petersburg, Russia in 2017, among others Slonem has been an active participant in the Art in Embassies Program sponsored by the United States Department of State, alongside other American artists including Jim Dine, Julian Schnabel, Sol LeWitt, Jasper Johns, Ellsworth Kelly, and Jeff Koons, who received the first ever Medal of Arts from the Department of State for his "outstanding commitment" to the program  Through Art in Embassies, Slonem's paintings have been exhibited globally revealing, as Hillary Clinton put it, "the rich history and cultural heritage of the United States and the experiences that we share with peoples of different countries, backgrounds and faiths  Every exhibition reminds us of the diversity of mankind and the values that bind us together "Hunt Slonem's paintings are widely represented in important private collections all over the world  According to the San Francisco Chronicle, "Slonem's work has attracted many well-known [Hollywood] art collectors including Sharon Stone, Gina Gershon, Brooke Shields, Julianne Moore, Mandy Moore, Kate Hudson, and J Lo", among others   "I'm a big fan of Hunt's work," Brooke Shields told Daily Front Row  "It's whimsical without being too sweet "  A March 2012 issue of Architectural Digest features Shields's Manhattan townhouse, with three of Slonem's "rabbit paintings" prominently displayed on her living room wall Over fifty museums internationally include Hunt Slonem's paintings in their collections, among them the Smithsonian American Art Museum; the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D C ; the Brooklyn Museum of Art in Brooklyn, NY; the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts; Fundació Joan Miró in Barcelona, Spain; the Würth Museum in Künzelsau, Germany; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Solomon R  Guggenheim Museum all in New York 

Personal life
Until 2010, Slonem occupied a Tenth Street studio in Manhattan that was 40,000 square feet, divided into 89 rooms  In 2010, Slonem moved to a 15,000 square foot fourth floor former headquarters of the film company Moviola, on West 45th Street  The space served as his painting studio and was divided into a number of small rooms, all of which Slonem painted in old Louisiana plantation-house colors  The studio housed his ever-expanding quirky collections, from Neo-Gothic chairs to top hats, to marble busts of Marie Antoinette, to various objets d'art, mined from flea markets and antique fairs  In an interview in Vincent Katz's book Pleasure Palaces: The Art & Homes of Hunt Slonem, he describes his collecting technique as "cluttering "  For him, objects are "friends;" the more there are, the more he is inspired  "I have to have a certain amount of stuff in place before I can function and paint," he says  Although, Slonem still lives in the loft apartment he moved into in 1973, according to the Wall Street Journal, he does nearly all his entertaining at his new 25,000 square foot West 34th Street studio in the industrial Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan where he moved in 2011  He christened the third floor loft space with a birthday party attended by more than 200 people Hunt Slonem also owns two historically important Louisiana plantations—one called Albania Plantation, on the Bayou Teche in St  Mary Parish, about two hours' drive northwest of New Orleans, and the other – the Lakeside Plantation, in a remote location near the town of Batchelor, one hour north of Baton Rouge  According to the New York Times, the Batchelor property includes "an 1832 plantation house called Lakeside, pink if you please, as surprising in this community of shoebox houses as an aged diva in a pink organdy dress at McDonald's  Also as indifferent, inasmuch as a house can be indifferent, to the bruising of time " It was once owned by Marquis de La Fayette whose close relationship with lifelong friends such as Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, James Monroe, John Adams, and Robert Livingston played a pivotal role in the Louisiana Purchase   In a show of gratitude, the United States gave La Fayette land which is known today as Lakeside Plantation  The property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana 
Passage 17:
Sébastien Fauqué
Sébastien Fauqué is a French rugby union player, born 6 March 1977 in Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées), who plays as fly half for La Rochelle 
He arrived at US Montauban from US Dax after a spell at Castres Olympique and a first professional contract at Section Paloise  He was the backup for David Aucagne at Pau and Thomas Castaignède at Castres  He trained at two clubs: Riscle and Lourdes  After the 2008 season, and after six seasons at Montauban, he joined RC Toulon, who were promoted to Top 14 

Honours
Club
Pro D2 Champions : 2006

Personal
Best player of Pro D2: 2006 (383 points, 22 more than second placed Antoine Vignau-Tuquet)2nd : 2005 (397 points, 18 less than first place Martin Vickers-Pearson)
Best kicker in Pro D2: 2006 (353 points, 22 more than second placed Antoine Vigneau-Tuquet)2nd : 2005 (377 points, 3 less than first placed Martin Vickers-Pearson)

Notes
External links
(in French) Player profile at lequipe fr
(in French) Statistics at itsrugby fr
"Sébastien Fauqué"  itsrugby co uk  Retrieved 13 November 2021 
Passage 18:
Gaston de Gerlache
Baron Gaston de Gerlache de Gomery (Brussels, 17 November 1919 – Oudenaarde, 13 July 2006) was a Belgian polar explorer 
Gaston de Gerlache was the son of Adrien de Gerlache, and followed in the tracks of his father by leading the second Belgian expedition to Antarctica in 1957–1958, 60 years after his father led the 1897–1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition aboard the ship Belgica 
Gaston de Gerlache and his crew established the King Baudouin Base in 1958 in the context of the International Geophysical Year  On 11 December 1958 an aircraft with four Belgians, led by Gaston de Gerlache crashed in the Crystal Mountains, 250 km from King Baudouin Base, Antarctica  The crew was searched for and rescued on 16 December by the Soviet polar pilot V  M  Perov on an Li-2 aircraft, that had taken off from Mirny Station In 1960 Gaston de Gerlache published his travel journal Retour dans l'antarctique  A year later he made a documentary about his expedition named Plein sud 
An article, "Belgium in the Antarctic", written by Gaston de Gerlache de Gomery appeared in the Geographical magazine (May 1962 issue) 
Mount Gaston de Gerlache in the Queen Fabiola Mountains on Antarctica was named after him 
Passage 19:
Marvin Felix Camillo
Marvin Felix Camillo (1937 in Newark, New Jersey – January 22, 1988 in La Rochelle, France) was an American theater director and actor, noted for his founding of The Family theater company, a group in New York largely made up of ex-convicts 

Stage productions
Short Eyes (1974)
The Cool World (1960)
Context 3: 0," reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company's products  While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position, Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins' years as CEO  With the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company  Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the "Dell 2 0" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance  These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of "bureaucracy"  Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices On April 23, 2008, Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata, Ontario, terminating approximately 1100 employees, with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot, and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer  The call-center had opened in 2006 after the city of Ottawa won a bid to host it  Less than a year later, Dell planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers add a new building  These plans were reversed, due to a high Canadian dollar that made the Ottawa staff relatively expensive, and also as part of Dell's turnaround, which involved moving these call-center jobs offshore to cut costs 
 
The company had also announced the shutdown of its Edmonton, Alberta, office, losing 900 jobs  In total, Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007–2008 — 10% of its workforce By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities  Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively  The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010  Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife  Much work was transferred to manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas  On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in Łodź in Poland 

Attempts at diversification
The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs  Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android  The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen  InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers  Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets  The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012  In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8 In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world  Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and were willing to accept lower profit margins  In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design—for instance, Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops—Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping  Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple's Mac that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer Dell attempted to offset its declining PC business, which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow, by expanding into the enterprise market with servers, networking, software, and services  It avoided many of the acquisition write-downs and management turnover that plagued its chief rival Hewlett Packard  Despite spending $13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware, the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world, as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price  Dell's market share in the corporate segment was previously a "moat" against rivals but this has no longer been the case as sales and profits have fallen precipitously 

2013 buyout
After several weeks of rumors, which started around January 11, 2013, Dell announced on February 5, 2013, that it had struck a $24 4 billion leveraged buyout deal, that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private  Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners, aided by a $2 billion loan from Microsoft, would acquire the public shares at $13 65 apiece  The $24 4 billion buyout was projected to be the largest leveraged buyout backed by private equity since the 2007 financial crisis  It is also the largest technology buyout ever, surpassing the 2006 buyout of Freescale Semiconductor for $17 5 billion Michael Dell said of the February offer "I believe this transaction will open an exciting new chapter for Dell, our customers and team members"  Dell rival Lenovo responded to the buyout, saying, "the financial actions of some of our traditional competitors will not substantially change our outlook "In March 2013, the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell  In April 2013, Blackstone withdrew their offer, citing deteriorating business  Other private equity firms such as KKR & Co  and TPG Capital declined to submit alternative bids for Dell, citing the uncertain market for personal computers and competitive pressures, so the "wide-open bidding war" never materialized  Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an "exit strategy" to profit from its investment, which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again, and one warned "But even if you can get a $25bn enterprise value for Dell, it will take years to get out "In May 2013, Michael Dell joined his board in voting for the offer  The following August he reached a deal with the special committee on the board for $13 88 per share, a raised price of $13 75 plus a special dividend of 13 cents, as well as a change to the voting rules  The $13 88 cash offer (plus a $ 08 per share dividend for the third fiscal quarter) was accepted on September 12 and closed on October 30, 2013, ending Dell's 25-year run as a publicly-traded company 
After the buyout, the newly private Dell offered a Voluntary Separation Program that they expected to reduce their workforce by up to seven percent  The reception to the program so exceeded the expectations that Dell may be forced to hire new staff to make up for the losses 

Recent history
On November 19, 2015, Dell, alongside ARM Holdings, Cisco Systems, Intel, Microsoft, and Princeton University, founded the OpenFog Consortium, to promote interests and development in fog computing 

Acquisition of EMC
On October 12, 2015, Dell Inc  announced its intent to acquire EMC Corporation in a cash-and-stock deal valued at $67 billion, which has been considered the largest-ever acquisition in the technology sector  As part of the acquisition, Dell would take over EMC's 81% stake in the cloud-computing and virtualization company VMWare  This would combine Dell's enterprise server, personal computer, and mobile businesses with EMC's enterprise storage business in a significant Vertical merger of IT giants  Dell would pay $24 05 per share of EMC, and $9 05 per share of tracking stock in VMware The announcement came two years after Dell Inc  returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business  It was thought that the company's value had roughly doubled since then  EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2 2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual "Federation" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies  Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core "EMC II" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies  The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27 3 billion from personal computers and $8 9 billion from servers, while EMC had $16 5 billion from EMC II, $1 billion from RSA Security, $6 billion from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software  EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware  The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell  Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013 The combined business was expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell  Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a "ton of sense" for Dell, it's a "nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies" for EMC  Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but "does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not " The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would "blow up the current IT chess board", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration  The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63–64bn rather than the $67bn originally reported  Key investors backing the deal besides Dell were Singapore's Temasek Holdings and Silver Lake Partners On September 7, 2016, Dell completed the merger with EMC, which involved the issuance of $45 9 billion in debt and $4 4 billion of common stock  At the time, some analysts claimed that Dell's acquisition of the former Iomega could harm the LenovoEMC partnership In July 2018, Dell announced intentions to become a publicly traded company again by paying $21 7 billion in both cash and stock to buy back shares from its stake in VMware, offering shareholders roughly 60 cents on the dollar as part of the deal  In November, Carl Icahn (9 3% owner of Dell) sued the company over plans to go public  As a result of pressure from Icahn and other activist investors, Dell renegotiated the deal, ultimately offering shareholders about 80% of market value  As part of this deal, Dell once again became a public company, with the original Dell computer business and Dell EMC operating under the newly created parent, Dell Technologies Post-acquisition, Dell was re-organized with a new parent company, Dell Technologies; Dell's consumer and workstation businesses are internally referred to as the Dell Client Solutions Group, and is one of the company's three main business divisions alongside Dell EMC and VMware In January 2021, Dell reported $94 billion in sales and $13 billion operating cash flow during 2020 

Dell and AMD
When Dell acquired Alienware early in 2006, some Alienware systems had AMD chips  On August 17, 2006, a Dell press release stated that starting in September, Dell Dimension desktop computers would have AMD processors and that later in the year Dell would release a two-socket, quad-processor server using AMD Opteron chips, moving away from Dell's tradition of only offering Intel processors in Dell PCs 
CNet's News com on August 17, 2006, cited Dell's CEO Kevin Rollins as attributing the move to AMD processors to lower costs and to AMD technology  AMD's senior VP in commercial business, Marty Seyer, stated: "Dell's wider embrace of AMD processor-based offerings is a win for Dell, for the industry and most importantly for Dell customers "
On October 23, 2006, Dell announced new AMD-based servers — the PowerEdge 6950 and the PowerEdge SC1435 
On November 1, 2006, Dell's website began offering notebooks based on AMD processors (the Inspiron 1501 with a 15 4-inch (390 mm) display) with the choice of a single-core MK-36 processor, dual-core Turion X2 chips or Mobile Sempron In 2017, Dell released the AlienWare 17  The model was primarily based on NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 systems 

Dell and desktop Linux
In 1998, Ralph Nader asked Dell (and five other major OEMs) to offer alternate operating systems to Microsoft Windows, specifically including Linux, for which "there is clearly a growing interest"  Possibly coincidentally, Dell started offering Linux notebook systems that "cost no more than their Windows 98 counterparts" in 2000, and soon expanded, with Dell becoming "the first major manufacturer to offer Linux across its full product line"  However, by early 2001 Dell had "disbanded its Linux business unit "On February 26, 2007, Dell announced that it had commenced a program to sell and distribute a range of computers with pre-installed Linux distributions as an alternative to Microsoft Windows  Dell indicated that Novell's SUSE Linux would appear first  However, the next day, Dell announced that its previous announcement related to certifying the hardware as ready to work with Novell SUSE Linux and that it (Dell) had no plans to sell systems pre-installed with Linux in the near future  On March 28, 2007, Dell announced that it would begin shipping some desktops and laptops with Linux pre-installed, although it did not specify which distribution of Linux or which hardware would lead  On April 18, a report appeared suggesting that Michael Dell used Ubuntu on one of his home systems  On May 1, 2007, Dell announced it would ship the Ubuntu Linux distribution  On May 24, 2007, Dell started selling models with Ubuntu Linux 7 04 pre-installed: a laptop, a budget computer, and a high-end PC On June 27, 2007, Dell announced on its Direct2Dell blog that it planned to offer more pre-loaded systems (the new Dell Inspiron desktops and laptops)  After the IdeaStorm site supported extending the bundles beyond the US market, Dell later announced more international marketing  On August 7, 2007, Dell officially announced that it would offer one notebook and one desktop in the UK, France and Germany with Ubuntu "pre-installed"  At LinuxWorld 2007 Dell announced plans to provide Novell's SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop on selected models in China, "factory-installed"  On November 30, 2007, Dell reported shipping 40,000 Ubuntu PCs  On January 24, 2008, Dell in Germany, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom launched a second laptop, an XPS M1330 with Ubuntu 7 10, for 849 euro or GBP 599 upwards  On February 18, 2008, Dell announced that the Inspiron 1525 would have Ubuntu as an optional operating system  On February 22, 2008, Dell announced plans to sell Ubuntu in Canada and in Latin America From September 16, 2008, Dell has shipped both Dell Ubuntu Netbook Remix and Windows XP Home versions of the Inspiron Mini 9 and the Inspiron Mini 12  As of November 2009 Dell shipped the Inspiron Mini laptops with Ubuntu version 8 04 As of 2021, Dell continues to offer select laptops and workstations with Ubuntu Linux pre-installed, under the "Developer Edition" moniker 

List of Dell marketing slogans
Be direct (1998-2001)
Easy as Dell (2001-2004)
Get more out of now (2004–2005)
It's a Dell (2005-2006)
Dell  Purely You (2006–2007)
Yours is Here (2007–2011)
The power to do more (2011–present)

Senior leadership
List of chairmen
Michael Dell (1984– )

List of chief executives
Michael Dell (1984–2004)
Kevin Rollins (2004–2007)
Michael Dell (2007–present); second term

Acquisitions
Dell facilities
Dell's headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas  As of 2013 the company employed about 14,000 people in central Texas and was the region's largest private employer, which has 2,100,000 square feet (200,000 m2) of space  As of 1999 almost half of the general fund of the city of Round Rock originated from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas  In 1989 Dell occupied 127,000 square feet (11,800 m2) in the Arboretum complex  In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters  In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled "Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design " Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters  In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum  The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room  Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock  Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994 

By 1996, Dell was moving its headquarters to Round Rock  As of January 1996, 3,500 people still worked at the current Dell headquarters  One building of the Round Rock headquarters, Round Rock 3, had space for 6,400 employees and was scheduled to be completed in November 1996  In 1998 Dell announced that it was going to add two buildings to its Round Rock complex, adding 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of office space to the complex In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters  100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000  In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360  Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions  Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3  After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex  In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured  By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock  It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003  By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants In 2008, Dell switched the power sources of the Round Rock headquarters to more environmentally friendly ones, with 60% of the total power coming from TXU Energy wind farms and 40% coming from the Austin Community Landfill gas-to-energy plant operated by Waste Management, Inc Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin, Texas; Nashua, New Hampshire; Nashville, Tennessee; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Peoria, Illinois; Hillsboro, Oregon (Portland area); Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Eden Prairie, Minnesota (Dell Compellent); Bowling Green, Kentucky; Lincoln, Nebraska; and Miami, Florida  Facilities located abroad include Penang, Malaysia; Xiamen, China; Bracknell, UK; Manila, Philippines Chennai, India; Hyderabad, India; Noida, India; Hortolândia and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bratislava, Slovakia; Łódź, Poland; Panama City, Panama; Dublin and Limerick, Ireland; Casablanca, Morocco and Montpellier, France 
The US and India are the only countries that have all Dell's business functions and provide support globally: research and development, manufacturing, finance, analysis, and customer care 

Manufacturing
From its early beginnings, Dell operated as a pioneer in the "configure to order" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications  In contrast, most PC manufacturers in those times delivered large orders to intermediaries on a quarterly basis To minimize the delay between purchase and delivery, Dell has a general policy of manufacturing its products close to its customers  This also allows for implementing a just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing approach, which minimizes inventory costs  Low inventory is another signature of the Dell business model—a critical consideration in an industry where components depreciate very rapidly Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including "burn-in"), and quality control  Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out the manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house  The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, "We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships " The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that "Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell" their plants  By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas, (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee, (opened in 1999), which were closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively  The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, opened in 2005 but ceased operations in November 2010  Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's US plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas  The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland, and once employed about 4,500 people in that country  Dell began manufacturing in Limerick in 1991 and went on to become Ireland's largest exporter of goods and its second-largest company and foreign investor  On January 8, 2009, Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell's new plant in the Polish city of Łódź by January 2010  European Union officials said they would investigate a €52 7million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland  European Manufacturing Facility 1 (EMF1, opened in 1990) and EMF3 form part of the Raheen Industrial Estate near Limerick  EMF2 (previously a Wang facility, later occupied by Flextronics, situated in Castletroy) closed in 2002, and Dell Inc  has consolidated production into EMF3 (EMF1 now contains only offices)  Subsidies from the Polish government did keep Dell for a long time  After ending assembly in the Limerick plant the Cherrywood Technology Campus in Dublin was the largest Dell office in the republic with over 1200 people in sales (mainly UK & Ireland), support (enterprise support for EMEA) and research and development for cloud computing, but no more manufacturing except Dell's Alienware subsidiary, which manufactures PCs in an Athlone, Ireland, plant  Whether this facility will remain in Ireland is not certain  Dell started production at EMF4 in Łódź, Poland, in late 2007 Dell moved desktop, notebook and PowerEdge server manufacturing for the South American market from the Eldorado do Sul plant opened in 1999, to a new plant in Hortolândia, Brazil, in 2007 

Products
Scope and brands
The corporation markets specific brand names to different market segments 
Its Business/Corporate class includes:

OptiPlex (office desktop computer systems)
Dimension (home desktop computer systems)
Vostro (office/small business desktop and notebook systems)
n Series (desktop and notebook computers shipped with Linux or FreeDOS installed)
Latitude (business-focused notebooks)
Precision (workstation systems and high-performance "Mobile Workstation" notebooks),
PowerEdge (business servers)
PowerVault (direct-attach and network-attached storage)
Force10 (network switches)
PowerConnect (network switches)
Dell Compellent (storage area networks)
EqualLogic (enterprise class iSCSI SANs)
Dell EMR (electronic medical records)Dell's Home Office/Consumer class includes:

Inspiron (budget desktop and notebook computers)
XPS (high-end desktop and notebook computers)
G Series (high/medium-performance gaming laptops)
Alienware (high-performance gaming systems)
Venue (Tablets Android / Windows)Dell's Peripherals class includes USB keydrives, LCD televisions, and printers; Dell monitors includes LCD TVs, plasma TVs and projectors for HDTV and monitors  Dell UltraSharp is further a high-end brand of monitors 
Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station (extended domestic support services, previously "Dell on Call"), Dell Support Center (extended support services abroad), Dell Business Support (a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues), Dell Everdream Desktop Management ("Software as a Service" remote-desktop management, originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk's cousin, Lyndon Rive, which Dell bought in 2007), and Your Tech Team (a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell's website or through Dell phone-centers) 
Discontinued products and brands include Axim (PDA; discontinued April 9, 2007), Dimension (home and small office desktop computers; discontinued July 2007), Dell Digital Jukebox (MP3 player; discontinued August 2006), Dell PowerApp (application-based servers), Dell Optiplex (desktop and tower computers previously supported to run server and desktop operating systems), Dell Unix (an SVR4-based Unix operating system for its Dell-branded PCs and workstations; discontinued in 1993) and Dell Mobile Connect（Windows Mobile application; discontinued July 31st, 2022) 

Security
Self-signed root certificate
In November 2015, it emerged that several Dell computers had shipped with an identical pre-installed root certificate known as "eDellRoot"  This raised such security risks as attackers impersonating HTTPS-protected websites such as Google and Bank of America and malware being signed with the certificate to bypass Microsoft software filtering  Dell apologized and offered a removal tool 

Dell Foundation Services
Also in November 2015, a researcher discovered that customers with diagnostic program Dell Foundation Services could be digitally tracked using the unique service tag number assigned to them by the program  This was possible even if a customer enabled private browsing and deleted their browser cookies  Ars Technica recommended that Dell customers uninstall the program until the issue was addressed 

Commercial aspects
Organization
The board consists of nine directors  Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer  Other board members include Don Carty, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, and Sam Nunn  Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation  The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters



ground_truth: Menachem Mendel Schneersohn

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the highest city in the state where Dell ranks sixth by revenue?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including the nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws Day-to-day operations of the company are run by the Global Executive Management Committee, which sets strategic direction  Dell has regional senior vice-presidents for countries other than the United States 

Marketing
Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs, and newspapers  Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors  In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19 2% market share  This also cut profit margins by more than half, from 8 7 to 4 3 percent  To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador A popular United States television and print ad campaign in the early 2000s featured the actor Ben Curtis playing the part of "Steven", a lightly mischievous blond-haired youth who came to the assistance of bereft computer purchasers  Each television advertisement usually ended with Steven's catch-phrase: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"A subsequent advertising campaign featured interns at Dell headquarters (with Curtis' character appearing in a small cameo at the end of one of the first commercials in this particular campaign) 
In 2007, Dell switched advertising agencies in the US from BBDO to Working Mother Media  In July 2007, Dell released new advertising created by Working Mother to support the Inspiron and XPS lines  The ads featured music from the Flaming Lips and Devo who re-formed especially to record the song in the ad "Work it Out"  Also in 2007, Dell began using the slogan "Yours is here" to say that it customizes computers to fit customers' requirements Beginning in 2011, Dell began hosting a conference in Austin, Texas, at the Austin Convention Center titled "Dell World"  The event featured new technology and services provided by Dell and Dell's partners  In 2011, the event was held October 12–14  In 2012, the event was held December 11–13  In 2013, the event was held December 11–13  In 2014, the event was held November 4–6 

Dell partner program
In late 2007, Dell Inc  announced that it planned to expand its program to value-added resellers (VARs), giving it the official name of "Dell Partner Direct" and a new Website Dell India has started Online Ecommerce website with its Dell Partner www compuindia com GNG Electronics Pvt Ltd termed as Dell Express Ship Affiliate(DESA) 
The main objective was to reduce the delivery time  Customers who visit Dell India official site are given the option to buy online which then will be redirected to Dell affiliate website compuindia com 

Global analytics
Dell also operates a captive analytics division which supports pricing, web analytics, and supply chain operations  DGA operates as a single, centralized entity with a global view of Dell's business activities  The firm supports over 500 internal customers worldwide and has created a quantified impact of over $500 million 

Criticisms of marketing of laptop security
In 2008, Dell received press coverage over its claim of having the world's most secure laptops, specifically, its Latitude D630 and Latitude D830  At Lenovo's request, the (US) National Advertising Division (NAD) evaluated the claim, and reported that Dell did not have enough evidence to support it 

Retail
Dell first opened their retail stores in India 

United States
In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States  Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade  In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the US  In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the US once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart  Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the US, and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the US, became Dell retail partners later that same year 

Kiosks
Starting in 2002, Dell opened kiosk locations in the United States to allow customers to examine products before buying them directly from the company  Starting in 2005, Dell expanded kiosk locations to include shopping malls across Australia, Canada, Singapore and Hong Kong  On January 30, 2008, Dell announced it would shut down all 140 kiosks in the US due to expansion into retail stores  By June 3, 2010, Dell had also shut down all of its mall kiosks in Australia 

Retail stores
As of the end of February 2008, Dell products shipped to one of the largest office supply retailers in Canada, Staples Business Depot  In April 2008, Future Shop and Best Buy began carrying a subset of Dell products, such as certain desktops, laptops, printers, and monitors 
Since some shoppers in certain markets show reluctance to purchase technological products through the phone or the Internet, Dell has looked into opening retail operations in some countries in Central Europe and Russia  In April 2007, Dell opened a retail store in Budapest  In October of the same year, Dell opened a retail store in Moscow 
In the UK, HMV's flagship Trocadero store has sold Dell XPS PCs since December 2007  From January 2008 the UK stores of DSGi have sold Dell products (in particular, through Currys and PC World stores)  As of 2008, the large supermarket chain Tesco has sold Dell laptops and desktops in outlets throughout the UK 
In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with the office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range  These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store  Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year  In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with the discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for "Slashing Prices"  Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008  Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks—owned by Coles Group—reached a deal)  The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range  As of 2009, Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centers throughout Australia  On March 31, 2010, Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program 
In Germany, Dell is selling selected smartphones and notebooks via Media Markt and Saturn, as well as some shopping websites 

Competition
Dell's major competitors include Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard (HP), Hasee, Acer, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Gateway, Sony, Asus, MSI, Panasonic, Samsung and Apple  Dell and its subsidiary, Alienware, compete in the enthusiast market against AVADirect, Falcon Northwest, VoodooPC (a subsidiary of HP), and other manufacturers  In the second quarter of 2006, Dell had between 18% and 19% share of the worldwide personal computer market, compared to HP with roughly 15% 
In late 2006, Dell lost its lead in the PC business to Hewlett-Packard  Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did  Dell's 3 6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period  The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8 9% (versus HP's 23 9% growth)  As a result, at the end of 2006 Dell's overall PC market share stood at 13 9% (versus HP's 17 4%) 
IDC reported that Dell lost more server market share than any of the top four competitors in that arena  IDC's Q4 2006 estimates show Dell's share of the server market at 8 1%, down from 9 5% in the previous year  This represents an 8 8% loss year-over-year, primarily to competitors EMC and IBM  As of 2021, Dell is the third-largest PC manufacturer after Lenovo and HP 

Partnership with EMC
In 2001, Dell and EMC entered into a partnership whereby both companies jointly design products, and Dell provided support for certain EMC products including midrange storage systems, such as fibre channel and iSCSI storage area networks  The relationship also promotes and sells OEM versions of backup, recovery, replication and archiving software  On December 9, 2008, Dell and EMC announced the multi-year extension, through 2013, of the strategic partnership with EMC  In addition, Dell expanded its product lineup by adding the EMC Celerra NX4 storage system to the portfolio of Dell/EMC family of networked storage systems and partnered on a new line of data deduplication products as part of its TierDisk family of data storage devices On October 17, 2011, Dell discontinued reselling all EMC storage products, ending the partnership 2 years early  Later Dell would acquire and merge with EMC in the largest tech merger to date 

Environmental record
Dell committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with the 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year   It is listed in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are  In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5 1 from 4 9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010) Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009  It revised this commitment and now aims to remove toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products 
In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell's founder and CEO Michael Dell to "drop the toxics" and claiming that Dell's aspiration to be 'the greenest technology company on the planet' was "hypocritical"   Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009 In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Dell the eighth-highest of 24 consumer electronics companies 

Green initiatives
Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006 
On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its "Recycling Works" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility 
On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009  The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12 4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier On June 5, 2007, Dell set a goal of becoming the greenest technology company on Earth for the long term  The company launched a zero-carbon initiative that includes:

reducing Dell's carbon intensity by 15 percent by 2012
requiring primary suppliers to report carbon emissions data during quarterly business reviews
partnering with customers to build the "greenest PC on the planet"
expanding the company's carbon-offsetting program, "Plant a Tree for Me"Dell reports its environmental performance in an annual Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report that follows the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) protocol  Dell's 2008 CSR report ranked as "Application Level B" as "checked by GRI" The company aims to reduce its external environmental impact through an energy-efficient evolution of products, and also reduce its direct operational impact through energy-efficiency programs 

Criticism
In the 1990s, Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors  This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts  While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003, Dell remains secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals (such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs) In 2005, complaints about Dell more than doubled to 1,533, after earnings grew 52% that year In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service  Issues included call transfers
of more than 45% of calls and long wait times  Dell's blog detailed the response: "We're spending more than a $100 million—and a lot of blood, sweat, and tears of talented people—to fix this " Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million  Since 2018, Dell has seen significant increase in consumer satisfaction  Moreover, their customer service has been praised for its prompt and accurate answers to most questions, especially those directed to their social media support On August 17, 2007, Dell Inc  announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $50 million and $150 million, or 2 cents to 7 cents per share  The investigation, begun in November 2006, resulted from concerns raised by the US Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc  had submitted  It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD  In 2010 Dell finally paid $100 million to settle the SEC's charges of fraud  Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges In July 2009, Dell apologized after drawing the ire of the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission for twice refusing to honor a flood of orders against unusually low prices offered on its Taiwanese website  In the first instance, Dell offered a 19" LCD panel for $15  In the second instance, Dell offered its Latitude E4300 notebook at NT$18,558 (US$580), 70% lower than the usual price of NT$60,900 (US$1900)  Concerning the E4300, rather than honor the discount taking a significant loss, the firm withdrew orders and offered a voucher of up to NT$20,000 (US$625) a customer in compensation  The consumer rights authorities in Taiwan fined Dell NT$1 million (US$31250) for customer rights infringements  Many consumers sued the firm for unfair compensation  A court in southern Taiwan ordered the firm to deliver 18 laptops and 76 flat-panel monitors to 31 consumers for NT$490,000 (US$15,120), less than a third of the normal price  The court said the event could hardly be regarded as mistakes, as the prestigious firm said the company mispriced its products twice in Taiwanese website within 3 weeks After Michael Dell made a $24 4 billion buyout bid in August 2013, activist shareholder Carl Icahn sued the company and its board in an attempt to derail the bid and promote his own forthcoming offer In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including BYD, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang 

See also
List of computer system manufacturers
List of Dell ownership activities
Configurator
Mass customization
Passage 4:
Adam Dell
Adam R  Dell (born January 14, 1970) is an American venture capitalist and is the brother of Michael Dell, the founder of computer manufacturing company Dell Inc 

Early life and education
Dell was born in Houston, Texas to a German Jewish family  He attended Tulane University and the University of Texas School of Law 

Career
He began his career working as a corporate attorney for Winstead Sechrest & Minick, in Austin, Texas, before joining the venture capital firm of Enterprise Partners in La Jolla, California  He then joined Crosspoint Venture Partners, in Woodside, California, where he became a partner in 1999  In 2000 he formed Impact Venture Partners, a $100mm early stage venture capital firm, in New York City  Dell joined Austin Ventures as a venture partner in 2009  Dell joined Goldman Sachs as a partner in 2018 
During the course of his career, Dell invested in numerous technology companies such as Hotjobs com, which was acquired by Yahoo! in 2002; Ingenio, which was acquired by AT&T in 2007; and OpenTable He founded six companies: Clarity Money, which was acquired by Goldman Sachs in 2018, Civitas Learning, Buzzsaw com, which was acquired by AutoDesk in 2002, MessageOne which was acquired by Dell, Inc  in 2008, Domain Money, and Shared Earth  
Dell has served as an adjunct professor at both Columbia Business School and the University of Texas School of Law 

Personal life
In 2010, Dell had a daughter with Padma Lakshmi 
Passage 5:
The Dice Spelled Murder
The Dice Spelled Murder, by American novelist Al Fray, was published in 1957 by Dell Publishing Company, Inc  as a Dell (paperback) First Edition  The jacket notes
to Fray's subsequent novel, Come Back for More, refer to The Dice Spelled Murder as a "best selling" novel 

Plot introduction
Danny is a master with the dice and Velma could con any man into anything  As a pair they cruise the California convention circuit, hustling suckers and raking in the dough  Where will their greed finally take them? To the fulfillment of their dreams? Or to sudden, violent death?

Plot summary
Danny Hogan, a truck driver disaffected with his job at Torgus Trucking, meets beautiful Velma Reed in a seedy Los Angeles bar where she has been working as the bartender's shill, enticing lonely men to buy drinks  Danny doesn't recognize Velma, but the two of them attended the same high school in a distant city, where they were only casually acquainted 
Danny was expelled from high school after being caught using loaded dice in an after-school craps game  A short time later, and unbeknownst to Danny, Velma became pregnant and also left school and their home town  Now, a dozen years later, Velma recognizes Danny and renews their acquaintance  Appealing to his greed and his masculinity, she convinces him to use his skills with crooked dice in a confidence game to help her separate convention-goers from their money  At first reluctant because of a beating he received in the Army after being caught using altered dice, Danny eventually agrees, hoping to amass enough money to start his own trucking company  He soon comes to realize that Velma, too, has a loftier purpose in mind—buying a motel in Las Vegas that she can operate, in order to become "legit" and no longer feel ashamed of the way she earns money to support her young son, whom she has placed in a boarding school 
The bulk of the novel's action surrounds Velma's artful pickup of likely suckers at conventions, mostly in California cities, and Danny's subsequent fleecing of them in craps games  Their adventures bring them into contact with a number of ordinary and extraordinary characters, including a gay con artist toward whom Danny displays a disdain that was probably more politically correct in 1957 than it seems now  Various close calls ensue, and Danny loses some of his enthusiasm for the con  He tells Velma he wants to quit, but she convinces him to run the con with her one last time 
Along the way, and unbeknownst to Danny, Velma and another male friend, Joe Lovelli, have committed  blackmail  Velma has twice enticed men to her hotel room, where Joe waited in a closet with a camera  Using infrared film, Joe snapped photographs of the men in compromising positions with Velma  The blackmailers then extorted—or attempted to extort—hush-up money from their victims  Danny remains unaware of Velma and Joe's sideline until near the end of the book, when Velma's second blackmail victim, a mob-related big shot, propels the novel to its climax in a fatal car chase 
After struggling with a conflict between conscience and ambition, Danny mails the bulk of his dishonest gambling earnings to Velma's young son, keeping only enough to buy a good used truck so that he and Jill Conner—the pretty, young, former office manager at Torgus Trucking—can start their own trucking firm 
Passage 6:
Hagerty Insurance Agency
Hagerty, Inc  is an American automotive lifestyle and membership company and the world's largest provider of specialty insurance for classic vehicles  Hagerty is based in Traverse City, Michigan and also operates in Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom 

History
Hagerty was launched in 1984 by Frank and Louise Hagerty after they could not find good insurance coverage for their wooden boats  The company initially focused on providing coverage for antique boats, and later expanded into cars and other vehicles  In 1991, the company added coverage for classic cars In 2000, McKeel Hagerty, son of Frank and Louise, became CEO  Under McKeel Hagerty's guidance, the company developed an automotive media arm by launching Hagerty magazine (ISSN 2162-8033), covering the classic and enthusiast vehicle market  In 2020, the magazine was renamed Hagerty Drivers Club Magazine Hagerty published its first annual Hagerty Price Guide in 2008, a valuation tool that informs classic car buyers on how to best navigate the digital automotive age  Hagerty also originated both the Historic Vehicle Association (HVA) and the RPM Foundation In 2017, the company adopted saving driving and preserving automotive culture for future generations as its corporate mission  To support the mission, Hagerty launched Hagerty Drivers Club, offering members access to events, automotive discounts, roadside service and more  In 2017, Hagerty also acquired DriveShare  The company became the owner and organizer of the Greenwich Concours d'Elégance and established MotorsportReg com and Hagerty Garage + Social in 2019  In 2021 it bought the California Mile, the Concours d’Elegance of America, and the Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance In December 2021, Hagerty went public by merging with Aldel Financial, a SPAC, under the symbol HGTY  The merger deal was valued at $3 13 billion In January 2023, Hagerty launched Hagerty ECO (Enthusiast Carbon Offset) scheme for classic motorists to offset their carbon emissions  Hagerty partner with a third party to plant trees on your behalf  The scheme quickly came under scruitiny when the third party was found to be taking 20-30% of offset donations to simply pass the funds on to other charities  There are also no calculations provided as to how they achieve their CO2 or 'Trees' figures  A 2023 Bloomberg News article documented how within two years McKeel Hagerty turned the small family business into a conglomerate with dominance in the industry and classic car insurance markets 

In popular culture
Hagerty partnered with Japanese video game developer Polyphony Digital in 2022 to appear in the video game Gran Turismo 7  Hagerty branding appeared in the game's "Legend Cars Dealer" screen, and CEO McKeel Hagerty also featured, describing the cars that were available for the player to purchase, dubbed the "Hagerty Collection "



ground_truth: Fort Davis