prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county where KRSU is licensed to broadcast?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Baranya County
Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya vármegye, pronounced [ˈbɒrɒɲɒ ˈvaːrmɛɟɛ]; German: Branau; Croatian: Baranjska županija) is a county (vármegye) in southern Hungary  It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century  Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II  It is bordered by Somogy County to the northwest, Tolna County to the north, Bács-Kiskun County and the Danube to the east, and the border with Croatia (part of which is formed by the Drava River) to the south 
As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 386,441 residents  Of the 19 counties of Hungary (excluding Budapest), it is ranked 10th by both geographic area and population  Its county seat and largest city is Pécs 

Etymology
In German, it is known as Komitat Branau, and in Croatian as Baranjska županija (Baranja) 
The county was probably named after its first comes 'Brana' or 'Braina' 

Geography
This county has a total area of 4,430 km2 (1,710 sq mi) – 4 76% of Hungary, it is divided in Upper Baranya and Lower Baranya 
The northern part of the county is a mountain area with large forests, the Mecsek Mountains  The central areas are shared between the Baranya Hills and Villány Mountains  The very eastern and southern parts are flat 
The highest point in the county is Zengő in the Mecsek Mountains, at 682 metres  This is also the highest point of the mountain range 
Baranya is rich in mineral and thermal water, and also in other resources  98% of Hungary's coal resources are found here 

Neighbours
Tolna County in the North 
Bács-Kiskun County in the East  (across the Danube river)
Croatia in the south (across the Drava river) – Osijek-Baranja County and Virovitica-Podravina County
Somogy County in the Northwest 

Climate
The climate of Baranya is a mix of continental and temperate, which makes it unique in Hungary, as the rest of the country is primarily continental  Its milder climate is due to its southern location and relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea in comparison to other parts of the country, leaving it with warmer winters  It has the highest average annual rainfall of the Hungarian counties and a high amount of sunshine hours 

History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times  Before the Hungarian tribes conquered the area, it was inhabited by Slavs and Avars  Stephen I founded an episcopal seat here 
In 1526, the county was occupied by Ottomans and was freed in 1689  Its medieval borders remained unchanged until 1919  According to the peace treaty of Trianon, the southern part of the county (1,163 km2, 449 sq mi) reverted to Slavic rule (present-day Croatia)  The re-organizing of the counties (1950) brought only minor changes (town of Szigetvár got there) 
Baranya has the largest number of minorities in Hungary (more than twice the country average), providing home to 34% of the German minority the so-called Danube Swabians, and 32% of the Southern Slav minorities in Hungary 
The Stifolder or Stiffoller Shvove are a Roman Catholic subgroup of the so-called Danube Swabians  Their ancestors once came ca  1717 - 1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings, (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in the Baranya  They retained their own German dialect and culture, until the end of WW2  After WW2, the majority of Danube Swabians were expelled to allied-occupied Germany and allied-occupied Austria as a result of the Potsdam Agreement Only a few people can speak the old Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect  Also a salami is named after these people  Electoral History

Demographics
In 2015, it had a population of 371,110 and the population density was 84/km2 

2011 census
As of the census of 2011, there were 386,441 residents, 160,040 households, and 105,646 families living in the county  The population density was 226 inhabitants per square mile (87/km2)  There were 167,453 housing units at an average density of 98 per square mile (38/km2) 
There were 160,040 households, of which 63 2% were one-family households, 1 4% were multi-family households, 32 1% were one-person households, and 3 4% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 15 9% of all households  The average household size was 2 34 
There were 105,646 families, of which 44 1% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 36 4% were couples without children, 16 7% were single females with children, and 2 8% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 82 
The age breakdown of the county was 20 1% under the age of 20, 7 0% between ages 20 and 24, 27 4% aged 25 to 44, 28 3% aged 45 to 64, and 17 2% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 2% male and 52 8% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 46 8% Roman Catholic, 6 4% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 2% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 3% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 1 5% other religions  The non-religious were 16 2% and atheists were 1 5%, with 26 0% declining to answer 

2001 census
As of the census of 2001, there were 407,448 residents, 151,956 households, and 115,946 families living in the county  The population density was 238 inhabitants per square mile (92/km2)  There were 156,632 housing units at an average density of 92 per square mile (35/km2) 
There were 151,956 households, of which 68 5% were one-family households, 3 8% were multi-family households, 24 9% were one-person households, and 2 7% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 13 1% of all households  The average household size was 2 60 
There were 115,946 families, of which 48 7% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 35 4% were couples without children, 13 7% were single females with children, and 2 1% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 87 
The age breakdown of the county was 23 0% under the age of 20, 8 1% between ages 20 and 24, 28 0% aged 25 to 44, 26 0% aged 45 to 64, and 14 9% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 5% male and 52 5% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 64 2% Roman Catholic, 8 7% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 5% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 5% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 0 8% other religions  The non-religious were 13 4%, with 10 8% declining to answer 

Ethnicity
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Germans (approx  22,000), Roma (17,000), Croats (6,000), and Serbs (500) 
Total population (2011 census): 386,441
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 364,801 persons:

Hungarians: 315,713 (86 54%)
Germans: 22,150 (6 07%)
Romani: 16,995 (4 66%)
Croats: 6,343 (1 74%)
Others and indefinable: 3,600 (0 99%)Approx  58,000 persons in Baranya County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census 

Regional structure
Politics
County Assembly
The Baranya County Council, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 counselors, with the following party composition:

President of the Assembly
Members of the National Assembly
The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election:

Municipalities
Baranya County has 1 urban county, 13 towns, 3 large villages and 284 villages  There are 301 municipalities 

Like Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Baranya is a county of extremes when it comes to regional structure  The county seat is one of the five largest cities (and three largest agglomerations) of Hungary, but more than 2/3 of the municipalities are small hamlets with a population under 500  Half of the county's population lives in the county seat or in its immediate vicinity, while 22% of the population lives in villages that have less than 1000 inhabitants 

Cities with county rights(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)

Pécs (156,049) – county seatTowns
Villages
 municipalities are large villages 

Gallery
Notes
Passage 2:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 3:
Koh Sotin District
Koh Sotin (Khmer: ស្រុកកោះសូទិន) is a district (srok) located in Kampong Cham province, Cambodia  The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road  The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area The district is easily accessed by boat from Kampong Cham  Road access however, is via 12 kilometres of secondary road to National road 11 and then a further 18 kilometres to the intersection with National Highway 7  From this intersection in Tbong Khmom district is it a further 12 kilometres west to the provincial capital  This small relatively narrow district follows the south bank of the Mekong for about 25 kilometres  As the district is low lying, much of the land area of the district is inundated when the Mekong rises during the wet season 

An unusual birth
On 11 November 2004, Koh Sotin was home to an unusual birth  A two headed calf was born to a local farmer and a rumour quickly spread that it was a miracle that might help students pass their upcoming exams  Hundreds of students flocked to burn incense and make offerings to the dead calf, hoping that the miracle might increase their brainpower  The farmer who owned the animal packed the dead body in ice to slow decomposition and take advantage of the windfall  Hopeful pilgrims were willing to pay anything from a few cents to a few dollars for an audience with the deceased bovine 

Location
Koh Sotin district is in southern Kampong Cham Province  The Mekong runs along the northern border of the district and the district boundary includes the river itself to midstream  Reading from the north clockwise, Koh Sotin shares a border with Kang Meas and Kampong Siem districts to the north and the district of Kampong Cham to the north east  Tbong Khmom and Ou Reang Ou districts are to the east  To the south is Sithor Kandal district of Prey Veng province and Srei Santhor district lies on the western boundary 

Administration
The Koh Sotin district governor reports to Hun Neng, the Governor of Kampong Cham  The following table shows the villages of Koh Sotin district by commune 

Demographics
The district is subdivided into 8 communes (khum) and 85 villages (phum)  According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 70,672 persons in 14,187 households in 1998  With a population of over 70,000 people, Koh Sotin has one of the smallest populations for districts in Kampong Cham province after Dambae and Kampong Cham districts  The average household size in Koh Sotin is 5 0 persons per household, which is slightly smaller than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 89 6%, with significantly more females than males 

Tourism
Wat Moha Leap, the only wooden-frame pagoda still standing in Cambodia, is a popular touristic destination located in Koh Sotin District 
Passage 4:
List of capitals in the United States
This is a list of capital cities of the United States, including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals 
Washington has been the federal capital of the United States since 1800  Each U S  state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas  Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times  There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments 

National capitals
The buildings in cities identified in below chart served either as official capitals of the United States under the United States Constitution, or, prior to its ratification, sites where the Second Continental Congress or Congress of the Confederation met  The United States did not have a permanent capital under the Articles of Confederation 
The U S  Constitution was ratified in 1787, and gave the Congress the power to exercise "exclusive legislation" over a district that "may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States " The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York  In 1790, it passed the Residence Act, which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D C  For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital  There, Congress met at Congress Hall  On November 17, 1800, the 6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D C  Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution; and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks  Both meetings were ceremonial 
On July 2, 1923, President Warren G  Harding commented in a speech (or, as a historic marker tells it, "reporters noted")  that the little town of Meacham, Oregon, was the nation's capital "all day long" 

State capitals
Each state has a capital that serves as the seat of its government  Ten of the thirteen original states and 15 other states have changed their capital city at least once; the last state to move its capital city was Oklahoma in 1910 
In the following table, the "Since" column shows the year that the city began serving as the state's capital (or the capital of the entities that preceded it)  The MSA/µSA and CSA columns display the population of the metro area the city is a part of, and should not be construed to mean the population of the city's sphere of influence or that the city is an anchor for the metro area  Fields colored light yellow denote that the population is a micropolitan statistical area 

Insular area capitals
An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district  Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below 

Former national capitals
Two of the 50 U S  states, Hawaii and Texas, were once de jure sovereign states with diplomatic recognition from the international community 

Hawaii
During its history as a sovereign nation (Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1893; Republic of Hawaii, 1894–1898), five sites served as the capital of Hawaii:

Waikīkī, 1795–1796
Hilo, 1796–1803
Honolulu, 1803–1812
Kailua-Kona, 1812–1820
Lahaina, 1820–1845
Honolulu, 1845–1898Annexed by the United States in 1898, Honolulu remained the capital, first of the Territory of Hawaii (1900–1959), and then of the state (since 1959) 

Texas
During its history as a sovereign nation (Republic of Texas, 1836–1845), seven sites served as the capital of Texas:

Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos), 1836
Harrisburg (now part of Houston), 1836
Galveston, 1836
Velasco, 1836
West Columbia, 1836
Houston, 1837–1839
Austin, 1839–1845Annexed by the United States in 1845, Austin remains the capital of the state of Texas 

Native American capitals
Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style  Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status  Since they did business with the U S  Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense 

Cherokee Nation
New Echota 1825–1832New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia, was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge  Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers  The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D C  and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation  Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements 

Red Clay 1832–1838The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee, on the Georgia state line, in order to evade the Georgia state militia  The log cabins, limestone springs, and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears 
Tahlequah 1839–1907, 1938–presentTahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal  After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick  The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma  The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 

Cherokee 20th century–present (Eastern Band of Cherokee)Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee River deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina  Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army, sent for the "round up", fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina, in order to remain in their homeland  In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary 

Muscogee Creek Nation
Hot Springs, Arkansas c  1837–1866After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta  Because some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over 3,000,000-acre (1,200,000 ha) - half of their land in what is now Arkansas 
Okmulgee 1867–1906Served as the National capital after the American Civil War  It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal  The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs 

Iroquois Confederacy
Onondaga (Onondaga privilege c  1450–present)The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse," was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York  These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations  Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation  Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy "

Seneca Nation of Indians
Jimerson Town (Allegany Reservation)
Irving (Cattaraugus Reservation)The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years  Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir  The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital 

Navajo Nation
Window RockWindow Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America  It lies within the boundaries of the St  Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line  Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings 

Unrecognized national capitals
There have been a handful of self-declared or undeclared nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence 

Colonies of British America
Prior to the independence of the United States from Great Britain, declared July 4, 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and ultimately secured in the American Revolutionary War, several congresses were convened on behalf of some of the colonies of British America  However, these bodies did not address the question of independence from England, and therefore did not designate a national capital  The Second Continental Congress encompassed the period during which the United States declared independence, but had not yet established a permanent national capital 

Vermont Republic
Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic (1777–1791)  Three cities served as the capital of the Republic:

Westminster, 1777
Windsor, 1777–?
Castleton, ?–1791The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier 

State of Franklin
The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created not long after the end of the American Revolution from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government  Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee  Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years 

Jonesborough, Tennessee, 1784–?
Greeneville, Tennessee, 1785?–?

State of Muskogee
The State of Muskogee was a Native American state in Spanish Florida created by the Englishman William Augustus Bowles, who was its "Director General," author of its Constitution, and designer of its flag  It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles  It existed from 1799 to 1803  It had one capital:

Miccosukee, 1799–1803

Republic of West Florida
The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived nation that broke away from the territory of Spanish West Florida in 1810   It comprised the Florida Parishes of the modern state of Louisiana and the Mobile District of the modern states of Mississippi and Alabama  (The Republic of West Florida did not include any part of the modern state of Florida ) Ownership of the area had been in dispute between Spain and the United States, which claimed that it had been included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803  Within two months of the settlers' rebellion and the declaration of an independent nation, President James Madison sent American forces to peaceably occupy the new republic  It was formally annexed by the United States in 1812 over the objections of Spain and the land was divided between the Territory of Orleans and Territory of Mississippi  During its brief existence, the capital of the Republic of West Florida was:

St  Francisville, Louisiana, 1810

Republic of Indian Stream
The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire 

The area that would become Pittsburg, New Hampshire, 1832–1835

California Republic
Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt)   The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself to join the advancing American army; its claimed territory later became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican Cession 

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation   The flag, featuring a silhouette of a California grizzly bear, a star, and the words "California Republic", became known as the Bear Flag and was later the basis for the official state flag of California 
There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:

Sonoma, 1846

Confederate States
The Confederate States of America (C S A ) had two capitals during its existence  The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23 
The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U S A ), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies 

Montgomery, February 4, 1861 – May 29, 1861
Richmond, May 29, 1861 – April 3, 1865

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals
Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War   State governments operated where and as they could   The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783   A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico 

Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic  Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously-running capital in the United States  Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt  An even older Spanish city, St  Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years 
The table below includes the following information:

The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown in bold type   NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution  (See List of U S  states by date of admission to the Union )
The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated 
In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders  (Those cities are generally indicated with the two-letter abbreviation for the U S  state in which the former administrative capital is now located )

See also
History of the United States
List of largest cities of U S  states and territories by population
List of state and territorial capitols in the United States
List of states and territories of the United States
Lists of capitals
Outline of United States history
Relocation of the United States Government to Trenton (1799)
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territories of the United States
Timeline of geopolitical changes

Explanatory notes
Passage 5:
Phoenix (German TV station)
Phoenix (stylised as phoenıx, pronounced [ˈføːnɪks]) is a German free-to-air television channel which is operated jointly by public-service broadcasters ARD and ZDF  It broadcasts documentaries, news, special events coverage and discussion programmes  Phoenix's headquarters are in Bonn, the former West German capital 
On November 15th 2022, Phoenix closed its SDTV feed across its cable and satellite feeds, but the SD feed can still be received via an antenna 

Programming
Phoenix broadcasts a deaf-subtitled version of the Tagesschau, ARD's flagship news broadcast, and ZDF's premier news broadcast Heute-Journal, in German Sign Language 
The channel's flagship news broadcast is Der Tag ("The Day"), which airs from 11:00 pm to midnight  Its length enables extended reports and interviews to be included 
The show Vor Ort ("On Scene") includes live coverage of political events, public lectures by important personalities, press conferences and assemblies of the Bundestag and Bundesrat 
Daily talk shows like Phoenix Runde (Phoenix Roundtable) with Alexander Kähler, Unter den Linden with Michaela Kolster or Michael Hirz, discuss current topics with experts or politicians 
As a benchmark in coverage, a "Meet the Press"-like show, Internationaler Frühschoppen is broadcast Sunday at 12 noon when the ARD's Presseclub is not broadcast 
The series "Historische Debatten" ("Historical Debates") and "Historische Ereignisse" ("Historical Events"), with journalist Helmut Illert, examine important topics relating to the development of the Federal Republic of Germany 
Phoenix is comparable to the American channel C-SPAN or the British BBC Parliament, because they also cover government and national politics 

Creation
The creation of Phoenix is credited to the former chancellor Helmut Kohl, who wanted to create a "European Parliamentary Channel"  However, the idea was rejected due to criticism by the public channels (ARD and ZDF) and suspicion that political pressure from Kohl could lead to a "Helmut-Kohl-Channel" 
The real idea for "Phoenix - Der Ereignis- und Dokumentationskanal" ("Phoenix - the current affairs and documentary channel") came from viewers of ARD and ZDF, who wanted a "media-political correction of faults in the system of information transfer"  This created the opportunity to create a "Parliamentary Channel", with the aim of increasing credibility and satisfying consumer demand 
Private channels (RTL and Sat  1) criticized the creation of Phoenix because they were at the time creating their own news channels (n-tv and N24 respectively) 
The headquarters of Phoenix were provisionally situated in Cologne  However, in 2000, the headquarters were relocated to studios in Bonn 
Phoenix's highest ratings to date were in August 2006, when it had 1 0% viewer share  With about 4 5 million viewers, it had more viewers than N-TV and N24 

Alignment of programming
Phoenix's stated aim is it to create "balance of the shortening of information, which are seen in news and magazines on television"  The programming should be a "truthful illustration of the reality in correspondence with the constitutional order of the publicly-funded broadcast and television stations in Germany"  The target is fulfilled with current reportages and documentaries from the vast archive of ARD and ZDF, as well as international productions from Discovery Channel and the BBC, dubbed into German 

Logo history
Audience share
Germany
Passage 6:
Chol Kiri District
Chol Kiri (Khmer: ស្រុកជលគិរី) is a district (srok) in the east of Kampong Chhnang province, in central  Cambodia  The district capital is Chol Kiri town located around eight km (5 0 mi) south of the provincial capital of Kampong Chhnang by road  Chol Kiri district is the easternmost district of Kampong Chhnang  The district shares a border with Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham provinces to the east  Most of the district is low lying floodplain and the Tonlé Sap river runs through the district roughly from north to south  This proximity to the river and the lack of high land make Chol Kiri one of the most flood prone districts in the country  The Kampong Chhnang Department of Development has estimated that both Chol Kiri and Kampong Leaeng districts are flooded for six months of the year and that after the floodwaters have receded drinking water sources are left contaminated The district has virtually no significant road infrastructure and all settlements are located along the Tonle Sap river and various smaller tributaries  Chol Kiri district is one of the smallest districts in Kampong Chhnang province by land area and only Kampong Chhnang district is smaller  It also has the smallest district population in the province due to its small size, flooded landscape and lack of road transport infrastructure  Two small tertiary roads run to Chol Kiri town from National Highway 6 in Batheay district in Kampong Cham province 

Location
Chol Kiri district lies in the east of the province and shares a border with Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham provinces  Reading from the north clockwise, Chol Kiri borders with Kampong Leang district to the north and north west and Baray district of Kampong Thom to the north east  The eastern border of the district is shared with Batheay district of Kampong Cham province  To the south the district shares a border with Kampong Tralach district  The western border of the district joins with Rola B'ier district and Kampong Chhnang district which surrounds the provincial capital 

Administration
The district is subdivided into five communes (khum) and 26 villages (phum)  The Chol Kiri district governor reports to Touch Marim, the Governor of Kampong Chhnang  The following table shows the villages of Chol Kiri district by commune 

Demographics
According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 28,300 persons in 4,918 households in 1998  This population consisted of 13,883 males (49 1%) and 14,417 females (50 9%)  With a population of under 30,000 people, Chol Kiri has by far the smallest district populations in Kampong Chhnang province  The average household size in Chol Kiri is 5 8 persons per household, which is significantly larger than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 96 3%, with slightly more females than males 

Murder over burials
On July 6, 2008, a farmer named Lon Chak died from axe wounds to the head in Prey Kiri village, Chol Kiri district  His uncle An Lonh confessed responsibility for the crime to local police  Lonh reported that the crime stemmed from a long-standing dispute with his nephew  The dispute between the two relatives was over burying bodies on farmland belong to Lonh  Lonh reported to police that Chak had already buried two of his relatives on the land against Lonh's wishes  After Chak buried a third body, Lonh attacked his nephew with an axe 
Passage 7:
Capital Bars
Capital Bars plc (formerly known as Break for the Border Group plc) was an Irish leisure company based in Dublin  Its core business was the acquisition, development and operation of bars, hotels and restaurants, all based in Dublin city centre  Brothers Desmond and Liam O'Dwyer control the company as Joint Managing Directors  After acquiring Capital Bars in 2001, the O’Dwyers took the company private the following year The company was dissolved in 2017 following the sale of all its operational assets The business originally began in O'Dwyers Bar and Lounge, in Mount Street Dublin 2  This small family run pub was extensively refurbished by elder brother Liam O'Dwyer in the early 1980s and became the first "victorian style" pub of which Dublin is so well known for now  This was also one of the first pubs in Dublin to sell "pub-grub" at lunch times 
The chain reached its peak in number of pubs in the early 2000s, with 11 pubs/nightclubs, one Planet Hollywood franchise and 3 hotels in 2001; but significant numbers of pubs were divested prior to 2009 including Bad Bobs for €12m in 2006  Poor financial performance was reported during the mid-00s The company entered mixed examinership/receivership on September 19, 2009; five days after poor results showing a 10m euro loss in the previous year   At that time the portfolio of multi-themed bars (several of them 'superpubs') included: Break for the Border, Café En Seine, Howl at the Moon, The Dragon, and The George, Dublin  All were situated in key locations in Dublin City Centre 
The O'Dwyers repurchased ownership of much of the section of the group put through receivership through their company Toji Holdings, with the other premises exiting examinership; however all properties have since been sold 
The "Zanzibar" pub was closed, and has since been sold for redevelopment as a hotel The Trinity Capital Hotel was sold in 2013 with the Grafton Capital Hotel sold in 2015, closing for refurbishment afterwards The remaining pubs - Café En Seine, The Dragon, The George and Howl at the Moon - were sold for a reported €15 million in late 2014 to rival pub and hotel operator Mercantile Group 
Passage 8:
Bondary
Bondary [bɔnˈdarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Michałowo, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus  It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Michałowo and 44 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok 
The village has a population of 330 
Passage 9:
KQSC
KQSC (1530 AM) is a radio station licensed to broadcast from Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, with a daytime power of 15,000 watts, and can be heard by day from the outskirts of Denver to the state's border with New Mexico In August 2006, Don Crawford Jr  bought the then-KCMN and a sister station, KCBR, from his father's radio company, Crawford Broadcasting, for an undisclosed amount (formally, KCMN was purchased by a new company called DJR Broadcasting, owned by Crawford)  The new owner said that the formats and staffing would stay the same at the stations  Crawford had begun working at Crawford Broadcasting in 1989, and had been a regional manager since 1994, responsible for the company's stations in Colorado Springs, Denver, Dallas, Los Angeles and San Francisco  Following the purchase, Crawford was to continue to manage KAAM in Dallas, which continues to run a "Legends" adult standards format similar to KCMN's former format Beginning in 2007, the station began broadcasting in HD Radio format In 2012, DJR Broadcasting sold KCMN (along with sister station KCBR) to the locally owned Pueblo Radio Group  PRG flipped KCMN from "Legends 1530" to an oldies format, even though KCMN added Classic Top 40/Oldies titles from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s under the ownerships of Crawford Sr  and Jr 
On February 5, 2015, KCMN changed their call letters to KKHI 
On March 18, 2015, Kona Coast Radio closed on their acquisition of KKHI at a price of $200,000  Following the acquisition, KKHI went silent  On October 16, 2015, the station changed their call sign to KQSC 
Effective December 10, 2015, KQSC was sold by Kona Coast Radio to Mountain Radio Group Inc , at a purchase price of $200,000  On January 1, 2016, KQSC flipped to a country music format called Mountain Country 1530 
Passage 10:
WFFG-FM
WFFG-FM (100 3 FM), known as "Froggy 100 3", is a country music radio station licensed to Warrensburg, New York, and is owned by Pamal Broadcasting   The radio studios and offices are on Everts Avenue in Queensbury, New York WFFG-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,450 watts   Its transmitter is near Black Spruce Mountain in the town of Warrensburg, Warren County, New York, near the Adirondack Northway   The tower is shared with WCKM-FM and WCQL   Thanks to its tall tower, WFFG-FM's signal can be heard as far south as southern Albany and Rensselaer counties, and as far north as Schroon Lake and Elizabethtown 

History
WFFG-FM signed on November 1, 1990, on 100 5 MHz with 6 kilowatts ERP as adult contemporary KB-100 with the WKBE call letters  Locally owned by Karamatt Broadcasting, LLC, KB-100 aired mostly local programming with some off-peak timeslots carrying syndicated programs and also aired local programs such as high school sporting events  These events, however, were soon taken by WCKM-FM when that station signed on 
In 1994, Karamatt filed an application to upgrade for a 6 kilowatt Class A station to a 25 kilowatt Class B1 station as a response to the then-new application of the similarly powered WNYQ with the station moving down to 100 3 MHz in the process  The move took place in summer 1995; however, the increased value of the station led to its sale to Paul Bendat, owner of WABY/WABY-FM/WKLI in Albany in March 1996 after two months of running WKLI's K-Lite format under an LMA  With WKLI's adult contemporary format on the decline, Bendat saw an opportunity, and both WKLI and WKBE flipped to CHR K-100 with the closing of the purchase of WKBE 
Though the initial year of WKBE's new format did well in the ratings, outlasting upstart WHTR, the station soon began to enter a period of decline, and in February 1999, Bendat sold his stations to Tele-Media, Inc  After a three-month stunting period, the stations relaunched as modern adult contemporary The Point that May (with WKLI taking the WCPT calls in the process)  After two years of struggling against a relaunched WNYQ in Glens Falls as well as WFLY and WRVE in Albany, Tele-Media sold WCPT and WKBE in August 2001 to Pamal Broadcasting with the sale closing that October 

While WCPT (which reverted to WKLI) took a new format, WKBE instead retained the Point format, though now programming was based out of Glens Falls  This format has evolved over the last decade from the modern adult contemporary approach in place at the outset to a variation more similar to CHR and eventually to a modern rock-leaning format 
From November 22, 2006, to December 25, 2006, the station stunted with a temporary Christmas music format, and after the month-long stint of Christmas music, WKBE began its lean towards a modern rock-oriented format on December 26, by introducing a new logo and slogan (Today's Modern Mix) 

After the relaunch in 2006, the station's playlist included mainly modern and active rock artists, such as Alanis Morissette, Evanescence, No Doubt, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Green Day, as well as pop rock acts such as Kelly Clarkson, Christina Perri, Paramore, Neon Trees, and Avril Lavigne  In the late 2000s, soul music artists such as Adele, Duffy, and KT Tunstall began to be added to the playlist; however, by 2010, the station has become closer to a true modern rock format, although the station still plays some modern AC and AAA artists which are not found on most modern rock stations  By 2012, Arbitron, Mediabase and Nielsen BDS reported the station under the hot adult contemporary format 
On December 27, 2013, WKBE and sister station WFFG-FM swapped formats and call letters; WKBE became a country music format as Froggy 100 3 and WFFG-FM became a modern AC/AAA format as 107 1 The Point 
Passage 11:
Potes
Potes is a municipality in the autonomous community of Cantabria in Spain  It is the capital of the Comarca of Liébana and is located in the centre of it  It is bordered to the north by Cillorigo de Liébana, to the west by Camaleño, to the south by Vega de Liébana and to the east by Cabezón de Liébana 

Geography
The town of Potes is located at the confluence of four valleys, near where the River Quiviesa flows in the River Deva, the latter born at altitudes of the Picos de Europa  Like the rest of the Liébana region, Potes enjoys a Mediterranean microclimate that allows the cultivation of the vines, walnut and poplar  Overlooking the town is Arabedes mountain (694m) 

History
Potes is located at a strategic point where the two rivers of Liébana meet: the Deva and its tributary the Quiviesa  There is little trace of prehistoric occupation in the region, but the Romans named it Pontes  A village was founded in the 8th century under Alfonso I of Asturias  Potes appeared for the first time in a document written in 847; the document mentions the parish church and the town  Later in the 10th century, Potes became the administrative centre of the Comarca of Liébana  Potes was considered a city from the 13th century and received royal recognition 
In the Becerro de las Behetrías de Castilla manuscript (1351), Potes appears as the property of Tello Alfonso, son of Alfonso XI of Castile  During the late Middle Ages, like all of Liébana, the town was involved in the confrontation between the families of Manrique Castañeda and Mendoza  In 1444, John II of Castile resolved the issue in favour of the Marquis of Santillana  The Marquis made Potes the capital of Liebana, and erected a large tower, called the Torre del Infantado  In this same period, other prominent buildings, such as the nearby Tower of Orejón de la Lama and the San Cayetano bridge were built 
In the modern age, Potes remained a place of manorialism  The Duke of Infantado appointed its mayor  Many villagers emigrated to America and the riches of the new continent allowed the construction of notable buildings in the village  In 1822, Potes received its own town council, being head of a judicial district covering Potes, Castro and Cillorigo, Cabezón de Liébana, Camaleño, Espinama, Pesaguero, Tresviso and Vega de Liébana  Thirty years later, it was incorporated into the judicial district of San Vicente de la Barquera 
During the Spanish Civil War, Potes was hit by a fire caused by the Republican side that destroyed the old town, it was rebuilt afterwards  The old town was classified as a Conjunto Histórico in 1983 

Economy and infrastructure
The main source of income is from tourism due to its location in the Picos de Europa  Potes is on the national road N-621  The nearest major town, Santander, is 100 km away 

Sites and monuments
The old town, a historical monument, is a maze of alleys and steps with a medieval atmosphere 
It is dominated by the Torre del Infantado, a symbol of Potes, built in the 15th century  It has four floors and forms an imposing stone cube, only relieved by turrets  The tower now houses the City Council 
The old gothic church of San Vicente was built in 15th century and rebuilt from the late 15th century to 17th century, it was replaced in the 19th  century by the new parish church of San Vicente  This has 18th-century altarpieces from the Convent of San Raimundo and a sculpture of Saint Vincent, patron saint of the city  In the square is a monument to the violinist Jesús de Monasterio who was a native of Potes 
The nearby Bridge of San Cayetano overlooks the Rio Quiviesa since the 13th century  At one end is the Ermita de San Cayetano, a chapel which retains its wooden doors and an altarpiece of the 18th century with a portrait of San Cayetano and the Torre de Orejón de la Lama, built from the 15th century to the 17th century and has on its front the shields of Celis and Bedoya  It now serves as a centre for exhibitions and cultural events 
Other houses, the Casona de la Canal (18th century), the Torre de la Familia Osorio (17th century) and the 18th century San Marcial Street, bears the arms of the family Campillo and birthplace of Jesus Monasterio, dating from the same period 
The Ermita de la Virgen del Camino is a chapel of the 18th century in the district of la Serna, it has an altarpiece of the same century  The Convent of San Raimundo was built in the early 17th century by the Benedictines  It remains today as the cloister which houses an exhibition on the Picos de Europa and Comarca of Liébana 
The Ermita de la Virgen de Valmayor, located outside the village, on the road to Vega de Liebana is a chapel built in the 16th century  The altarpiece of the 18th century with the image of the Virgin of Valmayor  This image is carried every 15 August during a procession 

Demographics
Administration
Francisco Javier Gomez Ruiz (PP) is the current mayor of the municipality  The following tables show the results of the elections held in 2003 and 2007 

Cuisine
The best known dish from Potes is the chickpea stew Cocido Lebaniego  Other products from Potes, include various cheeses, honey and the grape brandy Orujo that is made from wine grown in the valley 

Festivals and events
Potes has regular religious processions:

23 January, the day of the martyr Saint Vincent, patron saint of Potes, and it is the occasion of traditional dances and festivities 
Early May, the Liébana is host to the procession of Santuca, one of the biggest in Spain  The statue of the Virgen de la Luz leaves the chapel to join Aniezo Santo Toribio de Liebana 
15 August, the procession of the Virgen de Valmayor is accompanied by dance, music and songs of the Middle Ages 
From 13 to 17 September, there is the festival of the Exaltation of the Cross (the Monastery Santo Toribio claims to retain a fragment of the True Cross)  This holiday is declared to be of Regional Tourist Interest Non-religious, the Feast of the Orujo is also a major event, which takes place in November 
Passage 12:
Carreño
Carreño is a municipality in the autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain  It is bordered by Corvera de Asturias on the west, Gozón on the north, the Cantabrian Sea on the north and east, and Gijón on the east and south  Its capital is Candás 

History
As characteristic of other sites in Asturias, artifacts from the Neolithic era were also found in Carreño  Tumuli, dolmens and hill forts in the region provide evidence for the 100,000-year-old history of the area 

Parishes
(The number preceding the parish name refers to its location on the parroquias map)

Candás (capital)
Perlora
Albandi
Carrió
Pervera (Asturian: Prevera)
Prendes (Asturian: Priendes)
Piedeloro (Asturian: Pieloro)
Logrezana (Asturian: Llorgozana)
Guimarán
El Valle
Ambás
Tamón

Politics
Culture
La iglesia de San Félix church built under Fruela II in the 9th century
La iglesia de Santa María de Logrezana church finished in the 19th century 
La iglesia de Santa María de Piedeloro church built  in the 13th century
La iglesia parroquial de Ambás parish church from the 18th century
La ermita de San Antonio hermitage from the 16th century
El palacio de Estrada Mora palace from the 16th century

Notable people
Antón de Marirreguera, 17th-century writer, and one of the first to write in Asturian 
Juan Carreño de Miranda (March 1614 - September 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period 
Passage 13:
CIBX-FM
CIBX-FM (106 9 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, owned by Bell Media and known as Move 106 9  It broadcasts an adult contemporary format  The studios and offices are on Rookwood Avenue in Fredericton, shared with sister stations CFXY-FM and CKHJ CIBX-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 78,000 watts, horizontal polarization only   The transmitter is on Provincial Route 620 at Route 617, at Hamtown Corner in Douglas, northwest of Fredericton 

History
CIBX traces its history to the first radio station in New Brunswick, CFNB   The call letters stood for Fredericton, New Brunswick  The station went on the air under the experimental call sign of 10AD, broadcasting at 1210 kilocycles in 1923   It was granted a full license as CFNB in 1926  CFNB then moved to 1030 in 1933, and to 550 in 1934 
The station was affiliated with the CBC's Trans-Canada Network  In 1959 the station increased its power to 50,000 watts, giving it full-time coverage over most of the Maritime Provinces  The CBC affiliation was dropped in 1964 when the network started its own station in Fredericton, CBZ  CFNB played a full service, adult contemporary format before switching to oldies in the early 1990s 
In 1996, CFNB's parent company, Radio Atlantic, was granted permission to move its signal to 106 9 FM and to shut down the AM transmitter  The call sign changed in the process, and after a brief simulcast period, CFNB 550 signed off the air on June 11 of that year  The new station, CIBX, played soft adult contemporary music  The former CFNB call sign now belongs to a radio station in D'Arcy, British Columbia, known as CFNB-FM  Over time, CIBX evolved towards adult contemporary 
Between 2000 and 2005, CIBX used the on-air "EZ Rock" branding along with other stations in Canada, while using Capital FM as a secondary name   Eventually, "EZ Rock" was phased out as a moniker 
As of July 18, 2012, CIBX officially flipped to Top 40/CHR  It was one of two Top 40 outlets in the Fredericton radio market as it took on rival station CFRK-FM  The competition lasted nearly three years    On May 31, 2015, CFRK flipped to country music, which left CIBX as the only Top 40 station in the market CIBX and seven other radio stations in the Atlantic Provinces are currently owned by Bell Media 
On December 27, 2020, as part of a mass format reorganization by Bell Media, CIBX shifted to Hot AC and rebranded as Move 106 9  While the station ran without DJs for the first week of the format, the on-air staff returned on January 4, 2021 In 2022, CIBX flipped back to adult contemporary music 

Former logos
Passage 14:
Sinzongo
Sinzongo is a village in the Lobaye region in the Central African Republic southwest of the capital, Bangui and near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo 
Nearby towns and villages include Pissa, (1 4 nm), Boali (1 4 nm), Boyama (2 2 nm), Seoundou (8 2 nm), Boundara (8 0 nm) and Ancien Bakani (11 3 nm) 
Passage 15:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 16:
Ou Reang Ov District
Ou Reang Ov District (Khmer: ស្រុកអូរាំងឪ) is a district (srok) located in Tboung Khmum Province, Cambodia  The district capital is Ou Reang Ov town located around 30 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by road  Ou Reang Ov lies on the border where Tboung Khmum, Kampong Cham and Prey Veng provinces meet; the town of Prey Veng is only 42 kilometres away by road Prior to 31 December 2013 when Tboung Khmum Province was formed by royal decree, the district was part of Kampong Cham Province  Ou Reang Ov is easily accessed by road from Kampong Cham or Prey Veng town  Ou Reang Ov is a long narrow district located in southern Tboung Khmum  A large rubber plantation covers the northern part of the district  Ou Reang Ov town lies on National Highway 11 which runs from Neak Leung in Prey Veng province to an intersection with National Highway 7 at Thnal Totoung in Tboung Kmom District 

Location
Ou Reang Ov district lies in the southwestern region of Tboung Khmum Province, sharing a border with Prey Veng Province to the south and Kampong Cham to the west  Reading from the north clockwise, Ou Reang Ov borders with Tboung Khmum District to the north and Ponhea Kraek District to the east, while Kanhchriech and Sithor Kandal districts of Prey Veng Province are to the south  Sithor Kandal district continues from the south to wrap around the lower western border of the district and Koh Sotin district of Kampong Cham makes up the remainder of the western border 

Operation Pacific Angel
In 2008, Ou Reang Ov district was home to a humanitarian mission from Operation Pacific Angel  Operation Pacific Angel is a recurring joint/combined humanitarian assistance mission sponsored by United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) designed to bring humanitarian civic assistance and civil-military operations to areas in need in the Pacific region  In May 2008, the first Pacific Angel mission took place  Members of the US Air Force, US Army, and US Marine Corps conducted the twofold mission to Cambodia and Thailand  At the Ou Reang Ov district hospital, medical and dental programs were set up to see patients along with doctors from the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces and the Children’s Surgical Centre  Medical staff provided cost-free general medical care, women's health care, and ophthalmology/optometry care to a total of more than 6,000 people in Kampong Chhnang and what was then part of Kampong Cham 

Administration
The Ou Reang Ov district governor reports to the Governor of Tboung Khmum  The following table shows the villages of Ou Reang Ov district by commune 

Demographics
The district is subdivided into 7 communes (khum) and 141 villages (phum)  According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 82,806 persons in 16,940 households in 1998  With a population of over 80,000 people, Ou Reang Ov district has one of the smaller district populations in Tboung Khmum province  The average household size in Ou Reang Ov is 4 9 persons per household, which is slightly lower than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 90 5%, with significantly more females than males 
Passage 17:
Province of Toledo
Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha  It is bordered by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, Cáceres, and Ávila  Its capital is the city of Toledo 

Demography
Of the province's 711,228 people (2012), only about 1/9 live in the capital, Toledo, which is also the capital of the autonomous community  The most populated municipalities in the province are Toledo and Talavera de la Reina with 83,741 and 83,303 inhabitants each (INE, 2017) 
The province contains 204 municipalities  The smallest municipality in Spain, Illán de Vacas, with a population of 8, is in Toledo province  See List of municipalities in Toledo 

Population development
The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics and government
Provincial government and administration
The government body of the province is the Provincial Deputation of Toledo  Its seat is located at Toledo  The members of the plenary of the deputation (diputación) are indirectly elected from among the municipal councillors in the province based on the results of the municipal elections  In turn, the plenary elects the president of the deputation from among its members 

Representation of the Central Government
The Government of Spain appoints a Government Sub-delegate for the province, whose headquarters are located at Toledo  The Government Delegate charged with the representation in the whole autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha also has its seat in Toledo 

Coat of arms
Since 2013 the province of Toledo uses the arms of the city, the imperial double-headed eagle Sable bearing an escutcheon with the arms of Castile and Leon, party per pale with the arms of the former Kingdom of Toledo  The eagle is flanked by the pillars of Hercules 

Geography
The province shares the Parque Nacional de Cabañeros with the province of Ciudad Real  The Corocho de Rocigalgo, located in the Montes de Toledo, is the highest point of the province (1,448 m)  The Tagus crosses the province from the northeast to the west  Some right-bank tributaries are the Guadarrama, the Alberche or the Tiétar 

See also
List of municipalities in Toledo
Passage 18:
KRSU (FM)
Minnesota Public Radio broadcasts on 43 stations that serve Minnesota and its neighboring communities and 42 translators providing additional local coverage   (40 + 41 = 81 total )  Stations are located in Minnesota, Wisconsin (La Crosse), North Dakota (Fargo and Grand Forks), South Dakota (Sioux Falls), Michigan (Houghton), Iowa (Decorah), and Idaho (Sun Valley)  MPR also operates KPCC in Pasadena, California 
Most areas are served by both a classical music station and a news and information station  One location is covered by a single station that combines both services  Two locations are served by a classical music station, a news and information station, and The Current 
MPR's newest service, The Current, is available in Austin, Hinckley, Mankato, the Twin Cities, New Ulm, Rochester and St  Peter 
Minnesota Public Radio also broadcasts all three of its services — News, Classical and The Current — on HD Radio in several communities throughout the state of Minnesota  In the Twin Cities, MPR multicasts "Classical 24", BBC News and "More", a Spanish language service from Radio Netherlands called "Ahora", and "Wonderground Radio", a service specifically geared towards children 

Gray background indicates a network flagship 
Blue background indicates an FM translator 
Passage 19:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 



ground_truth: Green Bay

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the Battle at Choo Hoey's birthplace end?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Battle of Puebla
The Battle of Puebla (Spanish: Batalla de Puebla; French: Bataille de Puebla), also known as the Battle of May 5th (Spanish: Batalla del 5 de Mayo) took place on 5 May, Cinco de Mayo, 1862, near Puebla de los Ángeles, during the Second French intervention in Mexico  French troops under the command of Charles de Lorencez repeatedly failed to storm the forts of Loreto and Guadalupe situated on top of the hills overlooking the city of Puebla, and eventually retreated to Orizaba in order to await reinforcements  Lorencez was dismissed from his command, and French troops under Élie Frédéric Forey would eventually take the city, but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a better equipped force provided patriotic inspiration to the Mexicans 
The anniversary of the victory is primarily celebrated in the Mexican state of Puebla, where the holiday is celebrated as El Día de la Batalla de Puebla (English: The Day of the Battle of Puebla)  There is some limited recognition of the holiday in other parts of the country  In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has evolved into a holiday celebration of Mexican heritage 

Background
The Tripartite Expedition
The French intervention in Mexico, initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, was a consequence of Mexican President Benito Juárez's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors 
On December 14, 1861, a Spanish fleet sailed into and took possession of the port of Veracruz  The city was occupied on the 17th  French and English forces arrived on January 7, 1862  On January 10 a manifesto was issued by Spanish General Juan Prim disavowing rumors that the allies had come to conquer or to impose a new government  It was emphasized that the three powers merely wanted to open negotiations regarding their claims of damages On January 14, 1862, a bill of claims was presented to the government in Mexico City  Foreign Minister Manuel Doblado invited the commissioners to travel to Orizaba with two thousand of their own troops for a conference while requesting that the rest of the tripartite forces disembark from Veracruz  The proposal to disembark most of the troops was rejected, but negotiations then resulted in an agreement, ratified on January 23, to move the forces inland and hold a conference at Orizaba  The agreement also officially recognized the government of Juarez along with Mexican sovereignty 

The French invasion begins
On April 9, 1862, agreements at Orizaba between the allies broke down, as France made it increasingly clear that it intended to invade Mexico and interfere in its government in violation of previous treaties  The British informed the Mexican government that they now intended to exit the country, and an arrangement was made with the British government to settle its claims  Minister Doblado on April 11 made it known to the French government that its intentions would lead to war 
Certain Mexican officers had been sympathetic to the French since the beginning of the intervention  On April 16, 1862, the French issued a proclamation inviting Mexicans to join them in establishing a new government  On April 17, 1862, Mexican general Juan Almonte, who had been a foreign minister of the conservative government during the Reform War, and who was brought back to Mexico by the French, released his own manifesto, assuring the Mexican people of benevolent French intentions The French defeated a small Mexican force at Escamela, and then captured Orizaba  Mexican Generals Porfirio Diaz and Ignacio Zaragoza retreated to El Ingenio, and then headed towards Puebla General Charles de Lorencez led 6,000 French troops to attack Puebla de Los Angeles in May 1862, certain that the French would win the war in Mexico quickly  Juarez assembled a ragged group of faithful soldiers at his new base of operations in the north and dispatched them to Puebla  Britain and Spain bargained with Mexico before withdrawing, but Napoleon III's France opted to take advantage of the available space to create an empire based on Mexico  A well-armed French warship invaded Veracruz late in 1861, landing a sizable French army and forcing President Juarez and his administration into exile 
Almonte now attempted to consolidate the Mexican pro-French movement  The town of Orizaba joined him and so did the port of Veracruz and Isla del Carmen  Colonel Gonzales, Manuel Castellanos, Desiderio Samaniego, Padre Miranda, and Haro Tamariz, and General Antonio Taboada arrived in Orizaba to support Almonte  On April 28, 1862, French forces headed towards Puebla 

Prelude
On May 2 the French army and the Mexican troops under Antonio Taboada reached Amozoc, and on the 4th pitched their camp within the sight of Puebla  Lorencez intended on immediately taking the forts of Loreto and Guadalupe, whose possession would assure him control of the city  Juan Almonte and Antonio de Haro y Tamariz had advised Lorencez to attack an orchard of the Convento del Carmen opposite the fortified heights of Guadalupe and Loreto, which was not done  They had also previously advised Lorencez to simply bypass Puebla and march on to the capital  Mexican historian Francisco Bulnes remarked that Lorencez lacked the men to starve out the city, lacked the artillery to take it by intimidation, lacked the men and artillery to take it by gradual assaults, and could only attempt to storm it in a risky manner that could have scarcely hoped to succeed The Mexican Republican army arrived in Puebla on May 3  On the 4th Arteaga's division now under the command of General Miguel Negrete, occupied the Guadalupe and Loreto Forts  The remainder of the forces took up quarters in the city 

Battle
At half past eleven Lorencez arranged an attack column made up of two battalions of zouaves, one battery commanded by Captain Bernard, and four pieces of Captain Mallat's marine artillery 
  The regiment of marine infantry and marine riflemen formed the reserve along with a mountain gun  They were meant to protect the rear of the attack columns, which was threatened by the Mexican cavalry on the right  To contain a Mexican force which was threatening the left, he charged L’Heriller to protect with four battalions of marine infantry the convoy which he placed at a convenient location  Cavalry was assigned to place itself between the convoy and the attack columns, which now awaited orders to attack The two battalions of zouaves now set their backpacks on the foot of the hill and began their ascent marching in columns by division and between them carrying ten pieces of horse artillery  They headed to their right towards the Fort of Guadalupe  According to a report telegraphed by General Zaragoza to the central government, the fighting broke out at noon  The strategy of attacking the most difficult, fortified, and heavily armed point caught the attention of General Zaragoza, as it now seemed that the French had tossed aside the military maxim of achieving a victory with the least amount of losses possible in favor of bravado  Zaragoza upon noticing that the attack was going to come via a direct assault on the forts, and who had a large body of this troops on standby for attack now changed his strategy  He gave orders for the forts of Loreto and Guadalupe to be reinforced  The French division advanced and when opposite the Guadalupe fort, halted and planted its artillery to fire upon the Guadalupe and the Loreto forts  After shelling them for two hours, a strong column preceded by sharpshooters advanced upon Fort Guadalupe by the northern side  Felipe Berriozábal was then ordered to reinforce the two hills  A portion of the cavalry was divided into two bodies, one of which was placed under Colonel Alvarez and the other under Colonel Trujano  The rest were to be commanded by Colonel Felix Diaz France's army was extremely advanced compared to Mexico's during the time of the battle  French soldiers were equipped with long rifles that could easily outgun the Mexicans' antiquated muskets when they arrived at Puebla on May 4  At the onset of battle, French soldiers underestimated the defensive capacity of the Mexican positions, to the point that many didn't bother to properly assemble their weaponry  The French attempted to intimidate the civilian population on the morning of May 5 with loud bugle cries and complex bayonet drills  They were forced to retire, however, as a result of significant casualties, following a full day of warfare that included three miserably failed uphill attacks 
The French in their ascent towards Fort Guadalupe experienced little opposition and only a few casualties from the fort's guns  They had completed half of the ascent when they were met by two battalions of Mexican infantry, which after exchanging shots with French sharpshooters, returned to their position  The French troops continued their ascent while Mexican cavalry under the cover of a maguey field remained still  The Mexican infantry also under the same cover kept firing upon the French  The ascending column now turned diagonally towards the right, as if going between the two forts, and the two forts now took advantage of the opportunity to fire upon the French troops  Finding themselves assailed from all quarters by infantry and cavalry, the French retreated and were pursued by Mexican forces, but the pursuit was given up when another French column came to the support of the retreating troops The two French columns now pushed on together towards the Guadalupe and Resurrection chapel  The two columns combined and split into three  This second attack on the east and the north of the city was much more vigorous  The two columns which attempted an assault on the hill from the north again were completely routed  General Diaz with portions of his brigade and other troops and two pieces of artillery checked and drove away the French columns which were marching against the Mexican positions  The third French column which reached the east side just as the others were repulsed was also defeated  The Mexican cavalry then charged upon the remaining French and prevented their reorganization for further assaults The French and the Mexicans continue to face each other until seven in the evening when the French returned to their camp at Los Alamos and then to Orizaba on the 8th to await reinforcements which were on their way from France 

Aftermath
The Battle of Puebla was an inspirational event for Mexico during the war, and it proved a stunning revelation to the rest of the world which had largely expected a rapid victory for French arms  The victory filled the government of Benito Juarez with high hopes  Zaragoza received the thanks of congress, and was awarded a sword  The city name of Puebla de los Ángeles was changed to Puebla de Zaragoza  Honors and rewards were decreed to the officers and men who took part in the action  Zaragoza sent the government the medals and decorations taken on the battlefield as well of those from prisoners, but President Juarez returned them along with the French prisoners of war  General Zaragoza would not live long after the victory as he died four months later due to typhoid fever   By a decree issued by Benito Juárez and the holiday "5 de mayo" (cinco de mayo) is a major annual event here 
Only two days after the battle the Mexican General Taboada who had collaborated with the French during the battle wrote to his liberal friend, Tomás O'Horán, inviting him to join the French, arguing that they wished to establish a stable government and would bring order to the country 
O'Horan would reject the offer, even fighting against the ultimately triumphant Siege of Puebla that the French carried out the following year, but O'Horan eventually would defect to join the forces of the Second Mexican Empire 
Slowed by their loss at Puebla, the French forces retreated and regrouped, and the invasion continued after Napoleon III determinedly sent additional troops to Mexico and dismissed General Lorencez  The French were eventually victorious, winning the Second Battle of Puebla on 17 May 1863 and pushing on to Mexico City  When the capital fell, Juárez's government was forced into exile in the remote northern parts of Mexico 
With the backing of France, the Second Empire of Mexico was established, with the Habsburg Archduke Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico 
General Porfirio Diaz who had played a notable role during the battle would continue to distinguish himself as one of the most important liberal commanders throughout the Second French intervention, and even escaped after being captured by the French  After the end of the Intervention and the fall of the Empire, he would attempt to overthrow the government of Benito Juarez before eventually becoming the President of Mexico in 1876 
The political decision taken by President Franklin D  Roosevelt to implement the "Good Neighbor Policy," which was intended to promote links with Latin American nations and people, was one of the key factors in the popularization of "Cinco de Mayo" in the United States  As a result of the Roosevelt administration's promotion of the holiday, Cinco de Mayo gained popularity in the 1950s and 1960s and eventually became a recognized national holiday  While the original celebrations in the United States were localized among Mexican immigrants from the state of Puebla commemorating the battle, over time, the origins of the holiday have become less emphasized and the date has evolved into a general celebration of Mexican culture by immigrants and their descendants from all parts of Mexico  A comparable phenomenon can be found in the evolution of St  Patrick's Day from an ecclesiastical holiday marking the arrival of Christianity in Ireland to a largely secularized celebration of Irish-American culture 

Celebration
On 9 May 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday, regarded as "Battle of Puebla Day" or "Battle of Cinco de Mayo" Cinco de Mayo is not the national day of Mexico, as is sometimes misunderstood  The most important national patriotic holiday in Mexico is Independence Day, on 16 September, commemorating the 1810 "Cry of Dolores" call-to-arms, that began the War of Independence  Mexico also observes the culmination of the war of Independence, which lasted 11 years, on 27 September 
Cinco de Mayo is day of celebration for the Hispanics is a tradition that takes place on May 5 to mark the date that Mexico defeated the Second French Empire in the Battle of Puebla in 1862, under the command of General Ignacio Zaragoza, a Texas native  The Mexicans' morale was boosted by their win over the bigger and better armed French army with a smaller, less well-equipped Mexican force, which included 500 other Tejanos  Since the 1930s, a re-enactment of the Battle of Puebla has been held each year at Peñón de los Baños, a rocky outcrop close to Mexico City International Airport What most do not realize is that the “Battle of Puebla” is celebrated just as much if not more in America than it is in Mexico, some say it is a way that Mexican Americans can show patriotism towards their roots and traditions, but it has also always been overshadowed by occasions like September 16 Independence Day, which marks the beginning of hostilities against Spanish control in 1810  Contrarily, Cinco de Mayo became popular in the United States in the 1960s when Chicano activists started seeking for a means to celebrate their heritage  The largest Cinco de Mayo festivities currently take place in American cities with sizable Hispanic populations, such Los Angeles, Houston, and San Antonio  It is a common misconception among non-Mexicans that Cinco de Mayo commemorates the declaration of Mexican independence, which occurred around 50 years before the Battle of Puebla  On Cinco de Mayo there are multiple different ways that they celebrate this event, some of these being parades, speeches, and recreations of the 1862 fight  In the middle of the 20th century, Mexican immigrants in the United States began to take pride in their Mexican ancestry by celebrating Cinco de Mayo  The main cause for rejoicing in Mexico is a win in war 
The American celebration of Cinco de Mayo is more about honoring Mexican culture in general  In 1863, Americans started celebrating as a show of support for Mexico against the French  Critics noted that many American celebrations tended to both perpetuate negative stereotypes of Mexicans and promote excessive drinking, and that enthusiasm for the holiday celebration did not catch on with a wider demographic until it was associated with the promotion of Mexican alcoholic beverages  Commercial interests from both Mexico and the United States have contributed to the promotion of the event with goods and services that highlight Mexican cruises, drinks, and celebrations, with music taking on a more prominent role  Since parades and concerts are held in many American towns the week before May 5, Cinco de Mayo has grown in popularity both north and south of the border and is now included in the calendars of more and more people 

See also
List of battles of the French intervention in Mexico
Monument for the 150th Anniversary of the Battle of Puebla
Passage 2:
Battle of Palembang
The Battle of Palembang was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II  It occurred near Palembang, on Sumatra, on 13–15 February 1942  The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Plaju (then Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom after the Japanese invaded China and committed massive atrocities such as the rape of Nanking  With the area's abundant fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered significant potential as a military base to both the Allies and the Japanese 

Prelude
In January, the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) decided to concentrate Allied air forces in Sumatra at two airfields near Palembang: Pangkalan Benteng, also known as "P1" and a secret air base at Prabumulih (then Praboemoelih), or "P2" 
The British Royal Air Force created No  225 (Bomber) Group at Palembang  It included two Royal Australian Air Force squadrons and a large number of Australians serving with British squadrons  The group could only muster 40 Bristol Blenheim light bombers and 35 Lockheed Hudson light bombers  The Blenheims had flown from the Middle East and Egypt, where they were considered too old to cope with newer German and Italian fighters  A handful of United States Far East Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers also operated out of Palembang briefly in January, but these were withdrawn to Java and Australia before the battle commenced 
No  226 (Fighter) Group  RAF also arrived at Palembang in early February: two squadrons of Hawker Hurricanes transported to Sumatra by the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable  They were joined by the remnants of British, Australian and Royal New Zealand Air Force Hurricane and Brewster Buffalo squadrons, which had both inflicted and suffered heavy losses in intense air battles over the Malayan and Singapore campaigns 
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) South Sumatra Island Territorial Command, its command in the Palembang area, consisted of about 2,000 troops under Lieutenant Colonel L  N  W  Vogelesang: the South Sumatra Garrison Battalion and a Stadswacht/Landstorm ("home guard/reserve") infantry company in Palembang, a Stadswacht/Landstorm infantry company in Jambi (Djambi), as well as various artillery and machine gun units  (KNIL units in other parts of Sumatra lacked mobility and played no part in the fighting ) The Royal Netherlands Navy was represented by the minelayer Pro Patria and the patrol boats P-38 and P-40 on the Musi river 

Battle
Airborne attack
While the Allied planes attacked the Japanese ships on 13 February, Kawasaki Ki-56 transport planes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Chutai, Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF), dropped Teishin Shudan (Raiding Group) paratroopers over Pangkalan Benteng airfield  At the same time Mitsubishi Ki-21 bombers from the 98th Sentai dropped supplies for paratroopers  The formation was escorted by a large force of Nakajima Ki-43 fighters from the 59th and 64th Sentai 
As many as 180 men from the Japanese Army 2nd Parachute Regiment, under Colonel Seiichi Kume, dropped between Palembang and Pangkalan Benteng, and more than 90 men came down west of the refineries at Pladjoe  Although the Japanese paratroopers failed to capture the Pangkalan Benteng airfield, they did manage to gain possession of the entire Pladjoe oil refinery complex undamaged  A makeshift counter-attack by Landstorm troops and anti-aircraft gunners from Praboemoelih managed to retake the complex but took heavy losses, due to Japanese soldiers entrenched in the refinery's air raid shelters  The planned demolition failed to do any serious damage to the refinery, but the oil stores were set ablaze  Two hours after the first drop, another 60 Japanese paratroopers were dropped near Pangkalan Benteng airfield 
On 14 February, the surviving Japanese paratroopers advanced to the Musi, Salang and Telang rivers, near Palembang 

Amphibious assault
The main Japanese invasion force, an amphibious assault fleet under Vice-Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), was on its way from Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina  It was made up of the Imperial Japanese Army's 229th Infantry Regiment and one battalion from the 230th Infantry Regiment  A small advance party set out eight transports escorted by the light cruiser Sendai and four destroyers  The main force followed in 14 transports, escorted by the heavy cruiser Chokai and four destroyers  The covering force included the aircraft carrier Ryujo, four heavy cruisers, one light cruiser and three destroyers  Additional air cover was provided by land-based IJN planes and the IJAAF 3rd Air Division 
On the morning of 13 February, a river boat commandeered by the British Royal Navy, HMS Li Wo — under Lieutenant Thomas Wilkinson — ferrying personnel and equipment between Singapore and the Dutch East Indies, ran into the Japanese fleet  Although Li Wo was armed only with a 4-inch (100 mm) gun and two machineguns, its crew fired at the Japanese troop transport ships, setting one on fire and damaging several others, while under fire from the Japanese cruisers  This action continued for 90 minutes until the Li Wo ran out of ammunition  Wilkinson then ordered the ramming of the nearest transport, before his ship was destroyed by Japanese fire  Wilkinson received a posthumous Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the British Commonwealth, and the only VC awarded in the Dutch East Indies campaign 
On 15 February, an ABDA naval force of five cruisers, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and HNLMS Tromp, HMS Exeter, HMAS Hobart and 10 destroyers, under Admiral Karel Doorman, made an abortive attempt to intercept the Japanese force  Planes from Ryujo and land-based aircraft made a series of attacks on the Allied ships, forcing them to withdraw to the south of Sumatra 
As the Japanese landing force approached Sumatra, the remaining Allied aircraft attacked it, and the Japanese transport ship Otawa Maru was sunk  Hurricanes flew up the rivers, machine-gunning Japanese landing craft 

However, on the afternoon of 15 February, all Allied aircraft were ordered to Java, where a major Japanese attack was anticipated, and the Allied air units had withdrawn from southern Sumatra by the evening of 16 February 1942  Other personnel were evacuated via Oosthaven (now Bandar Lampung) by ships to Java or India 
Passage 3:
Giovanni Cifolelli
Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown  In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher  He published his Method for the mandolin while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period 
His chief works were the operas L'Italienne and Pierre et Lucette, the former being an opera bouffe in one act (with the storyline or libretto by Nicolas-Étienne Framery)  These works were commissioned by the Comedie Italienne, Paris, and were produced at this theatre successfully, in 1770 and 1774  Several of the songs and duets in Pierre and Lucette were exceedingly popular in France, and they were republished in Paris in 1775 and 1780 

Works
L'Italienne  : comédie en 1 acte, mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1770)
Pierre et Lucette, comédie en deux actes et en prose mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1774)
Airs détachés de Perin et Lucette, comédie en deux actes, mêlées d'ariettes par M  Davesne (Paris, 1775)
Ariette nouvelle avec accompagnement de deux violons et basse
Non, laisse moi, laisse moi, Lucas  Duo (1775)
Passage 4:
Tex Beneke
Gordon Lee "Tex" Beneke ( BEN-ə-kee; February 12, 1914 – May 30, 2000) was an American saxophonist, singer, and bandleader  His career is a history of associations with bandleader Glenn Miller and former musicians and singers who worked with Miller  His band is also associated with the careers of Eydie Gormé, Henry Mancini and Ronnie Deauville  Beneke also solos on the recording the Glenn Miller Orchestra made of their popular song "In The Mood" and sings on another popular Glenn Miller recording, "Chattanooga Choo Choo"  Jazz critic Will Friedwald considers Beneke to be one of the major blues singers who sang with the big bands of the early 1940s 

Early life
Beneke was born in Fort Worth, Texas  He started playing saxophone when he was nine, going from soprano to alto to tenor saxophones and staying with the latter  His first professional work was with bandleader Ben Young in 1935, but it was when he joined the Glenn Miller Orchestra three years later that his career hit its stride  Beneke said: "It seems that Gene Krupa had left the Goodman band and was forming his own first band  He was flying all over the country looking for new talent and he stopped at our ballroom one night [to listen to the Ben Young band]  [   ] Gene wound up taking two or three of our boys with him back to New York  [Krupa] wanted to take [Beneke] but his sax section was already filled " Krupa knew that Glenn Miller was forming a band and recommended Beneke to Miller Whatever concerns Miller might have had about Beneke's playing were quickly dismissed; Miller immediately made Beneke his primary tenor sax soloist and Beneke played all but a few of the tenor solos on all of the records and personal appearances made by the Miller band until it disbanded in 1942  On the August 1, 1939, recording made of the Joe Garland composition "In The Mood", Beneke trades two-measure tenor solo exchanges with his fellow section-mate Al Klink  Miller's 1941 recording of "A String of Pearls" (composed by the band's arranger, Jerry Gray) also has Beneke and Klink trading two-measure tenor solo phrases  Beneke appears with Miller and his band in the films Sun Valley Serenade (1941) and Orchestra Wives (1942), both of which helped propel the singer/saxophonist to the top of the Metronome polls  Tex Beneke is listed in the personnel of the 1941 Metronome All-Star Band led by Benny Goodman  In 1942, Glenn Miller's orchestra won the first Gold Record ever awarded for "Chattanooga Choo Choo"; the song was written by Harry Warren and Mack Gordon as part of the score for the 1941 Twentieth Century Fox movie Sun Valley Serenade which was primarily made for the purpose of putting the Miller band in a motion picture  Tex Beneke was the featured singer in the movie and on the Victor/Bluebird recording that also featured band vocalist Paula Kelly and the Modernaires, a vocal group of four male singers, who were also regular members of the Miller entourage  "Chattanooga Choo Choo", catalogue number Bluebird 11230-B, was recorded by the Miller band at the Victor recording studios in Hollywood, May 7, 1941  Hoping to repeat the success of "Chattanooga" the following year, songwriters Warren and Gordon composed "I've Got a Gal in Kalamazoo" for the "Orchestra Wives" score  That arrangement also featured Beneke, the Modernaires and band vocalist Marion Hutton in a not-too-dissimilar fashion  Not surprisingly, "Kalamazoo" became another hit record for Miller, Beneke and the band though not to the extent that "Chattanooga" had been the year before  By then, the U S  was involved in World War II and "Kalamazoo's" success was also short-lived partially because Miller disbanded his group only three months after the record was made and four months following the filming of "Orchestra Wives" 
When Miller broke up the band in August 1942 to join the Army Air Force, Beneke played very briefly with Horace Heidt before joining the Navy himself, leading a Navy band in Oklahoma  While employed with Miller, Beneke was offered his own band, as Miller had done with colleagues and employees like Hal McIntyre, Claude Thornhill and Charlie Spivak  Beneke wanted to come back to Miller after the war and learn more about leading a band before being given his own band  Beneke led two bands in the navy and kept in touch with Glenn Miller while they were both serving in the military  By 1945, Beneke felt ready to lead his own orchestra 

Working with the Miller estate
Glenn Miller went missing on December 15, 1944, while flying to France from England  After World War II, the United States Army Air Force decommissioned the Glenn Miller-led Army Air Force band  The Miller estate authorized an official Glenn Miller "ghost band" in 1946  This band was led by Tex Beneke who as time went on had more prominence in the band's identity  It had a make up similar to Glenn Miller's Army Air Force Band, having a large string section  The orchestra's official public début was at the Capitol Theatre on Broadway where it opened for a three-week engagement on January 24, 1946  Henry Mancini was the band's pianist and one of the arrangers  Another arranger was Norman Leyden, who also previously arranged for the Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band  This ghost band played to very large audiences all across the United States, including a few dates at the Hollywood Palladium in 1947, where the original Miller band played in 1941  The movie short Tex Beneke and the Glenn Miller Band was released by RKO pictures in 1947 with Lillian Lane, Artie Malvin and The Crew Chiefs vocal group performing  In a slightly sarcastic article in Time magazine from June 2, 1947, the magazine notes that the Beneke-led Miller orchestra was playing at the same venue the original Miller band played in 1939, the Glen Island Casino  Beneke's quote about the big band business at the time closes the article, "I don't know whether Glenn figured that times would be as tough"  By 1949, economics dictated that the string section be dropped This band recorded for RCA Victor, just as the original Miller band did  Beneke believed that Miller had promised him his own band in the early 1940s, and this was his chance to have that promise fulfilled  Beneke wanted a band with Beneke's musical identity  Larry Bruff, an announcer for the earlier Glenn Miller radio shows says, "Beneke would even set wrong tempos so as not to sound too much like Glenn " The Miller estate wanted a band that was primarily associated with Glenn Miller, playing the Glenn Miller songs in the Glenn Miller style  By 1950, Beneke and the Miller estate parted ways 

After Miller
Beneke continued to perform under his own name with no official connection to Miller  He enjoyed less success in the early 1950s, partly because he was limited to smaller recording labels such as Coral Records and partly because of competition from other Miller alumni and imitators such as Jerry Gray, Ray Anthony and Ralph Flanagan  Eydie Gormé sang with the Beneke band in 1950  Beneke appeared on Cavalcade of Bands, a television show in 1950 on the DuMont Television Network In the latter part of that decade there was some revived interest in music of the swing era  Beneke joined a number of other leaders such as Larry Clinton and Glen Gray in making new high fidelity recordings of their earlier hits, often featuring many of the original musicians  Beneke and former Miller singers Ray Eberle, Paula Kelly, and The Modernaires first recorded the LP Reunion in Hi-Fi, a 1958 Coral Records album which contained recreations of original Miller material  This was followed by others featuring newer songs, some performed in the Miller style and others done in a more contemporary mode  Among the best-known is Christmas Serenade in the Glenn Miller Style (1965) on Columbia Records, which has been excerpted on a number of holiday compilations 
The singer/saxophonist continued working in the coming decades, appearing periodically at Disneyland  He also made the rounds of various talk shows that had musical connections, including those hosted by Merv Griffin and Johnny Carson  His appearances on The Tonight Show sometimes included duos with fellow Miller veteran Al Klink who was by then a key member of The Tonight Show Band  Ray Eberle recovered from his earlier illness and resumed performing with Beneke and the Modernaires for a period in the early 1970s  In 1972, Beneke agreed to re-record some of his Miller vocals for Time-Life Records' set of big band recreations, The Swing Era, produced and conducted by yet another Miller alumnus, Billy May 
During the 1970s and 1980s, Beneke had a new band playing a style that resembled the classic Miller sound but with as much newer material as older  In the late 1970s, he played at Knott's Berry Farms Cloud 9 Ballroom  At one point he also toured with former Jimmy Dorsey vocalists Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly  Beneke suffered a stroke in the mid-1990s and was forced to give up the saxophone but continued to conduct and sing  In 1991, Tex Beneke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame with funds collected by co-leader Gary Tole  He settled in Costa Mesa, California and remained active toward the end of that decade, mostly touring the U S  West Coast and still playing in something resembling the Miller style  In 1998 he launched yet another tour paying tribute to The Army Air Force Band 

Death
In 2000 Beneke died from respiratory failure at a nursing home in Costa Mesa, California, aged 86 and was buried in Greenwood Memorial Park in Fort Worth, Texas  He was survived by his wife, Sandra, of Santa Ana, California  His saxophone is currently used by the Arizona Opry 

See also
Kalamazoo, Michigan
Passage 5:
Choo Hoey
Choo Hoey (朱暉, born 20 October 1934, Palembang, Sumatra) is a Singaporean musician and conductor  Choo founded the Singapore Symphony Orchestra and was also its first resident conductor and music director  Choo was awarded Singapore's inaugural Cultural Medallion for music in 1979 

Early life and education
Choo was born on 20 October 1934 in Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia to father, Choo Seng, a Chinese migrant from Chaojhou, Guangdong, China and his mother from Nanking, Jiangsu, China Choo's first encounter with classical music started from listening to his father's collection of records and was drawn to the violin  His father noticed his attraction and started his lessons in violin with a Teach Yourself book  After Choo Hoey's primary education in 1945, his family migrated to Singapore in 1946 and he continued his secondary education at The Chinese High School 
In 1947, Choo Hoey started his violin training under Goh Soon Tioe  Using only two years of study in Singapore, he obtained his Grade 8 with distinction from the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music in London, England  Upon completing his secondary education in 1951, Choo Hoey went to the Royal Academy of Music in London to study the violin under David Martin, the French horn under Aubrey Brain, and conducting under Maurice Miles 
In 1954, Choo Hoey studied conducting under Igor Markevitch and the violin under André Gertler  In 1955, he graduated from the Royal Academy of Music, awarded with the Mann's Memorial Prize and the Earnest Read Prize for conducting  In 1957, he continued his violin training at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels in Belgium where he would later start his career in the Belgian National Orchestra 

Career
In 1958, Choo Hoey began his career in the Belgian National Orchestra where his debut performances with Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale met critical acclaim and prompted a series of guest performances and a later career as visiting conductor across Europe and South America  Choo Hoey had guest performed with over sixty orchestras throughout the world including the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, Tonhalle Orchester Zürich, Oslo Philharmonic and the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande  From 1968 till 1977, he was named principal conductor of the Greek National Opera and became a frequent guest conductor in the four major symphony orchestras of Greece holding numerous world premieres of contemporary Greek works, many of which were recorded with the Hellenic Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra 
In 1978, Choo Hoey was invited by the Singapore government to set up the Singapore Symphony Orchestra and become its first Music Director and Conductor from 1979 to 1996  Choo Hoey also proposed the creation of the Singapore Symphony Chorus and along with the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, led them to their 1980 international debut in Scandinavia  Upon his retirement as Music Director and Conductor in the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, Choo Hoey was appointed Conductor Emeritus in honour of his contributions and service 

Honors
For his contribution to music in Singapore, Choo Hoey was awarded the Republic's inaugural Cultural Medallion (1979)  He was also conferred the Public Service Star in 1982, and was made an Honorary Doctor of Letters of the National University of Singapore in 1989  In 1997, Choo Hoey was knighted with the status of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France 

Personal life
Choo Hoey is married to Alexandra, a Greek archaeologist, and had two sons  He resides in Athens and London, where his sons live 
Passage 6:
Rue d'Austerlitz
The Rue d'Austerlitz is a street in the 4th arrondissement of Lyon, in La Croix-Rousse quarter  It begins on the rue du Mail, at the corner of Place de la Croix-Rousse, crosses the rue du Pavilion, the rue de Belfort and the rue Aimé Boussange, and ends on Place Bellevue  Its name refers to the Battle of Austerlitz, one of the greatest victories of Napoleon  There are metro and velo'v stations 

History
Nearby rue Dumenge, the rue d'Austerlitz was originally named rue des Fossés because it ran along the ditches dug at the base of the old wall  It was formed in 1812 during the creation of the "clos Dumenge" composed of buildings or workshops specially-designed for weavers (the canuts)  The Voraces had their headquarters in the cafe of the Mère Marshal in 1848, at the corner of the rue du Mail  The street was eventually named rue d'Austrelitz after deliberation of the Municipal Council on 4 August 1854, during the Second Empire  The upper part of the street was part of the town which was developed in front of the door of La Croix-Rousse from the 15th century  The No  4 was offered to the Hospices of Lyon on 7 March 1900 In the past, there were a military gymnasium, and a greenspace that still exists today in the street  In fact, there were five streets which were named after the victories of the battles of Napoleon Bonaparte: Marengo, Lodi, Jena, Eylau and Austerlitz  However, among them, only the rue Austerlitz has retained its name until today 

Architecture and events
The street starts with old one-floor houses, then with higher facades  After the rue de Belfast, there were buildings only on the eastern side : simple facades of 19th century canuts houses  The apartments are typical of the canuts architecture : particularly high, in the goal of installing the looms, and bright  The bottom of these buildings consisted of small shops, often businesses selling main foods  The rue d'Austerlitz, far more than its neighbor the rue Dumenge, has retained its commercial vocation  In front, there is the garden Deswarte  At Nos  21 and 23, two plaques pay tribute to painters E  Brouillard and G  N'Guyen who lived in the street The association of merchants on the street regularly organizes events, including a giant Advent calendar, some windows on the street are numbered and each day one of them opens, revealing a person who distributes sweets to passersby  Within the scoop of the 2008 Fête des Lumières, there were also a Tic Tac Toe using the windows of inhabitants and a Giant Tetris to which passersby played with a carpet underfoot 
Passage 7:
Battle of Aspromonte
The Battle of Aspromonte, also known as the Day of Aspromonte (Italian: Giornata dell'Aspromonte), was a minor engagement that took place on 29 August 1862, and was an inconclusive episode of the Italian unification process  It is named after the nearby mountain of Aspromonte in southern Italy  Giuseppe Garibaldi's army of volunteers was attacked by the Royal Italian Army while marching from Sicily towards Rome, capital of the Papal States, which it intended to annex into the newly created Kingdom of Italy  In the fighting, which took place a few kilometers from Gambarie, Garibaldi was wounded and taken prisoner 

Background
When Victor Emmanuel II became the King of Italy on 17 March 1861, the newly created Kingdom of Italy did not include Veneto and Rome  These "unredeemed" cities, as they would be called a few decades later, were a constant cause of friction in Italian politics  The dispute concerning Rome, specifically known as the "Roman Question", had arisen after the Italian Parliament had declared Rome capital of the kingdom on 27 March 1861  This conflicted with Pope Pius IX's intent to maintain his temporal control of the city 
Members of the government of the Kingdom of Italy had different perspectives on this issue, and the internal tensions that followed caused Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli to resign in 1862  While his successor, Urbano Rattazzi, was known for his disrespectful attitude towards the Holy See, the Kingdom of Italy maintained a low profile on the Roman Question after Rattazzi's election 
Meanwhile, General Giuseppe Garibaldi reached Sicily and began to form an army, with the intent of marching on Rome  The intransigent reaction of France (which was, at the time, the most influential ally of Italy) and the Pope caused the Italian government to intervene  On 3 August, Victor Emmanuel II officially condemned Garibaldi's "guilty impatience", and Rattazzi sent the Royal Army, at the orders of general Enrico Cialdini, to stop Garibaldi 

The battle
Garibaldi was known and respected as a hero by most Italians, including most soldiers in the Royal Army and Navy  Several actions that occurred reveal that neither Garibaldi nor his opponents were willing to enter open combat, or cause too much damage to their opponent 
Although Garibaldi's ships had likely been detected by the Royal Navy while they were crossing the Strait of Messina to reach land in Calabria, the Royal Army only attacked when Garibaldi's army had actually reached land, possibly to keep losses to a minimum  Garibaldi himself did not immediately counter-attack the Royal Army, instead trying to circumvent it by crossing the Aspromonte mountains 
Garibaldi's army marched for three days; on 28 August 1862, the leading regiment, led by Garibaldi, camped near Gambarie, where the rest of his army was expected to arrive in a few days  On 29 August, before Garibaldi's army was reunited, Bersaglieri from the Royal Army reached Garibaldi's camp and attacked 
Garibaldi ordered his army not to open fire "on our brothers", and some Bersaglieri changed sides during the battle, joining Garibaldi's volunteers  However, despite Garibaldi's order, one wing of his regiment mounted a counter-attack against the Bersaglieri  During the altercation, two bullets hit Garibaldi's hip and malleolus  A cease-fire was declared shortly thereafter, and Garibaldi surrendered 

Aftermath
The battle lasted for about ten minutes and resulted in around 15 casualties  Garibaldi, now wounded, was immediately assisted by surgeons and taken prisoner; he was later sent to the jail at Varignano, near Porto Venere  Garibaldi and his volunteers received amnesty on 5 October 1862; Garibaldi officially retired to Caprera, where he remained for two years 
The Day of Aspromonte caused both national and international criticism towards the Italian government, and caused the debate in Italy to become even harsher  Giuseppe Mazzini's party declared that, after the events of Aspromonte, any silent agreement between the Monarchy and the Republicans had been factually broken; supporters of the Monarchy maintained that the Republicans' support for such rash initiatives as Garibaldi's expedition proved that they were too irresponsible to lead the nation  Commentators accused the government of betraying the Italian revolution and being more supportive of the Pope than of Italy itself 
In 1863, Rattazzi was replaced by Marco Minghetti, who leveraged on the facts of Aspromonte to negotiate a treaty with France (the September Convention), in which Italy would protect the frontiers of the Papal States against attacks, and France would withdraw its troops from Rome within two years 
Despite the September Convention, annexing Rome remained an implicit objective of Italy  Garibaldi tried to march on Rome again in 1867, but was stopped by French troops at the Battle of Mentana  Eventually, the Questione Romana was solved under Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza, when Rome was finally captured in 1870 

In popular culture
A popular Italian nursery rhyme, Garibaldi fu ferito ("Garibaldi was wounded"), set to the melody of Bersaglieri's anthem, refers to the Battle of Aspromonte  The battle is also sometimes mentioned in political debate, when someone accuses the Italian government of betraying the expectations of the Italian people, or acting against national interests 
Passage 8:
Battle of Savenay
The Battle of Savenay took place on 23 December 1793, and marks the end of the Virée de Galerne operational phase of the first war in the Vendée after the French Revolution   A Republican force of approximately 18,000 decisively defeated the Armée Catholique et Royale force of 6,000 at Savenay 

Prelude
After a crushing defeat at the battle of Le Mans on 12 December 1793, a few thousand Vendéens fled to Laval and then to Ancenis, hoping to cross the Loire back into Vendée   Without boats, crossing the river was impossible   Hence the Vendéens built small boats and approximately 4,000 people, including Henri de La Rochejaquelein and Jean-Nicolas Stofflet, managed to cross before the arrival of Republican ships  The Vendéen rear guard was stranded to the north of the Loire and tried another way around  They went to Blain, 35 km north of Nantes, but had to go back towards Savenay, 30 km west of Nantes 

The eve of the battle
Savenay was taken by the Vendéens early morning of 22 December, with practically no fighting  The 150 republican soldiers quickly pulled back after a small skirmish with the Vendéen first line and the town's population was evacuated  At 09:00, the royalists prepared the defenses of the town  The republicans under François-Joseph Westermann were the first to arrive, at 11:00   They attacked but were pushed back after a small skirmish  At noon, Jean-Baptiste Kléber and François-Séverin Marceau arrived with the greater part of the Republican army  Another skirmish was fought for control of the Touchelais woods, to the northeast of Savenay, which the Republicans won Those were the last skirmishes of the day because a fog rose during the afternoon; the Republicans kept their positions  At nightfall some représentants en mission, Pierre-Louis Prieur, Louis Marie Turreau, and Pierre Bourbotte, arrived at the Republican camp   Surprised at the troops' inaction, they ordered military engagement so as to not allow the enemy to rest; Westermann agreed  A war council was held at which Kléber insisted they had to wait for sunrise before attacking; Marceau sided with Kléber and managed to convince Pierre-Louis Prieur  The Republicans took advantage of the night to deploy  At 02:00, Tilly's division, which came from Vannes, arrived and deployed in time  Simon Canuel commanded the left flank, Kléber the middle-left, Marceau the middle-right, and Tilly the right  Apart from a few passages to the south of the town, the Vendéens were surrounded 

Battle
At sunrise, the battle started, but it was the Vendéens and Chouans who unexpectedly launched it, in order to take the Touchelais woods and not be surrounded  The attack was commanded by Lyrot de la Patouillère and saw success:  two cannons were captured along with 40 prisoners  Soon after, Kléber launched a counter-attack with his Gendarmes regiment, charging with bayonets and forcing the Vendéens to pull back to the gates of Savenay  In the center, Marceau, commanding the légion des Francs and Chasseurs de Kastel, encountered difficulties and was for a moment restrained by the Vendéen artillery On their respective fronts, Simon Canuel, Jacques Louis François Delaistre Tilly and Westermann also launched attacks, putting pressure on the Royalists on all sides  Soon, the Republicans entered the town despite the resistance of Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny's artillery  Street combat took place amid great confusion, house by house; numerous Vendéen families participated in the fighting  The Vendéen artillery deployed in front of the church and managed to hold their ground for a while  Jacques Nicolas Fleuriot de La Fleuriais tried an ultimate counter-attack, he picked 200 to 300 cavalrymen, commanded by Georges Cadoudal, with Pierre-Mathurin Mercier and a few infantrymen  They attacked and pierced Tilly's lines and tried to attack Republican lines along their flank, but the Republican reserves arrived and forced the cavalrymen to retreat During that time, on the church square, the Republicans took control of the cannon and turned it against the Vendéens  They fled, pursued by the Republicans, retreating out of Savenay and regrouping to the west of the town (the battle's commemorative cross marks that place)  The Vendéens took their last two remaining cannons, which Marigny had kept in reserve, and tried to cover the retreat of the wounded and non-combatants  During this engagement, Lyrot was killed  Marigny retreated again, west to the Blanche-Couronne woods, with his two cannons and what was left of his men  He held his position for an hour, then cheered with his men in the marsh, for he had managed to escape   To the northwest, a group of 600 Vendéens managed to hold at the Butte des Vignes and retreated later to the Blanche-Couronnes woods but they were encircled mid-way by a corps of the Armagnac regiment and were massacred Inside Savenay, the town was searched and hundreds of elders, women, and children were taken out of their houses and locked in the church before their trials  The wounded of both sides were brought to the Saint-Armel hospital and taken care of   By 14:00, the battle was over 

The flight and massacres
After the battle, Kléber marched in Nantes to celebrate the victory with most of the troops  Yet the republican cavalry under Marceau and Westermann chased the Vendéens, searching the neighboring villages and the countryside, killing or capturing those left behind During the search, the brigadier general Alexis Antoine Charlery attacked a position held by 500 Vendéens but failed to defeat them  He proposed that they surrender in exchange for the right to go home unimpeded, a proposition that they accepted and signed  The prisoners were sent to Nantes for ratification of the arrangement by a Représentant en mission, but he refused and had the prisoners shot and general Charlery arrested  He was later freed and reassigned 

The Bignon Commission which arrived during the day was given the task of judging the prisoners  The commission worked for 3 days and ordered the execution of all the Vendéen combatants caught bearing arms  The executions started that same evening and lasted eight days, but the number executed is unknown  According to official statistics, they numbered 662, but there are doubts as to whether or not this number only reflects those executed during the 3 first days  The représentant en mission Benaban wrote that more than 2,000 were shot  Similarly, General François Carpantier boasted that he had 1,500 people executed   The 1,679 women and children were sent to prisons in Nantes  Some officers, such as Kléber and Savary, asked Carrier to spare them, but Carrier refused to listen and had them all shot or drowned Other massacres took place in the countryside  Westermann and his hussards shot 500 to 700 prisoners, men, women, and children, at the Sem forest near Prinquiau   Westermann, nicknamed the "butcher of the Vendéens" supposedly wrote to the Committee of Public Safety:

There is no more Vendée, Republican citizens  It died beneath our free sword, with its women and its children  I have just buried it in the swamps and the woods of Savenay  Following the orders that you gave to me, I crushed the children beneath the horses' hooves, massacred the women who, those at least, will bear no more brigands  I do not have a single prisoner to reproach myself with  I have exterminated them all   Nonetheless, some Vendéens were lucky enough to manage to escape, helped by the local population  Jean Legland, a ferryman on the Loire, declared in 1834 that he helped 1,258 escapees pass in the days following the battle of Savenay  This was confirmed by written testimonies by the Abbé Bernier  In total, 2,500 people might have survived the battle 

Consequences
The battle marked the end of the Virée de Galerne, and definitively ended the threat of Vendée to the republic  Yet fighting continued in Vendée  General Marceau, outraged by his soldiers' behavior, asked to be transferred  Marceau was soon replaced by Kléber as general of the Army of the West, and thereafter by Louis Marie Turreau  Guerrilla fighting continued for some time between the Vendéens and the Republican infernal columns 

In popular culture
Jules Verne described the battle at the beginning of his historical novel Le Comte de Chanteleine (1862) 
Passage 9:
Battle of Manila Bay
The Battle of Manila Bay (Filipino: Labanan sa Look ng Maynila; Spanish: Batalla de Bahía de Manila), also known as the Battle of Cavite, took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish–American War  The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Contraalmirante (Rear admiral) Patricio Montojo  The battle took place in Manila Bay in the Philippines, and was the first major engagement of the Spanish–American War  The battle was one of the most decisive naval battles in history and marked the end of the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over the Spanish conduct during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by largely falsified reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban population  In January 1898, fearing the fate of American interests in Cuba due to the war, the cruiser USS Maine was dispatched to protect them  Less than a month later, the cruiser exploded while lying at anchor in Havana harbor, killing 261 sailors onboard and inflaming American opinion 
Upon the outbreak of war, the Americans realized that defeating a significant Spanish squadron then stationed in the Philippines was important to ensuring victory in the war  The U S  Asiatic Squadron commanded by Dewey, a veteran of the American Civil War, was dispatched to ensure success  On 1 May, the American squadron steamed into Manila Bay to engage with the Spanish  The Spanish, aware that they were hopelessly outgunned, made a desperate defense against the Americans  The battle was not much of contest, with superior American naval gunnery and seamanship ensuring the entire Spanish fleet would be sunk with minimal casualties for the Americans, who suffered only ten casualties in all  Upon realising that the battle was hopeless, Montojo ordered his two protected cruisers to be scuttled to ensure that they did not fall into the hands of the Americans  The battle remains one of the most significant naval battles in American maritime history 

Prelude
Americans living on the West Coast of the United States feared a Spanish attack at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War  Only a few U S  Navy warships, led by the cruiser USS Olympia, stood between them and a powerful Spanish fleet  In practice however  Olympia was far superior to the Spanish colonial fleet, as the battle would show 
Admiral Montojo, a career Spanish naval officer who had been dispatched rapidly to the Philippines, was equipped with a variety of obsolete vessels  Efforts to strengthen his position amounted to little  The strategy adopted by the Spanish bureaucracy suggested they could not win a war and saw resistance as little more than a face-saving exercise : 59  Administration actions worked against the effort, sending explosives meant for naval mines to civilian construction companies while the Spanish fleet in Manila was seriously undermanned by inexperienced sailors who had not received any training for over a year  Reinforcements promised from Madrid resulted in only two poorly-armored scout cruisers being sent while at the same time the authorities transferred a squadron from the Manila fleet under Admiral Pascual Cervera to reinforce the Caribbean  Admiral Montojo had originally wanted to confront the Americans at Subic Bay, northwest of Manila Bay, but abandoned that idea when he learned the planned mines and coastal defensives were lacking and the cruiser Castilla started to leak : 69   Montojo compounded his difficulties by placing his ships outside the range of Spanish coastal artillery (which might have evened the odds) and choosing a relatively shallow anchorage  His intent seems to have been to spare Manila from bombardment and to allow any survivors of his fleet to swim to safety  The harbor was protected by six shore batteries and three forts whose fire during the battle proved to be ineffective  Only Fort San Antonio Abad had guns with enough range to reach the American fleet, but Dewey never came within their range during the battle The Spanish squadron consisted of seven ships: the cruisers Reina Cristina (flagship), Castilla, Don Juan de Austria, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, and the gunboat Marques del Duero  The Spanish ships were of inferior quality to the American ships; the Castilla was unpowered and had to be towed by the transport ship Manila  On 25 April, the squadron left Manila Bay for the port of Subic, intending to mount a defense there  The squadron was relying on a shore battery which was to be installed on Isla Grande  On 28 April, before that installation could be completed, a cablegram from the Spanish Consul in Hong Kong arrived with the information that the American squadron had left Hong Kong bound for Subic for the purpose of destroying the Spanish squadron and intending to proceed from there to Manila  The Spanish Council of Commanders, with the exception of the Commander of Subic, felt that no defense of Subic was possible with the state of things, and that the squadron should transfer back to Manila, positioning in shallow water so that the ships could be run aground to save the lives of the crews as a final resort  The squadron departed Subic at 10:30 a m  on 29 April  Manila, towing Castilla, was last to arrive in Manila Bay, at midnight 

Battle
At 7 p m  on 30 April, Montojo was informed that Dewey's ships had been seen in Subic Bay that afternoon  As Manila Bay was considered unnavigable at night by foreigners, Montojo expected an attack the following morning  However, Oscar F  Williams, the United States Consul in Manila, had provided Dewey with detailed information on the state of the Spanish defenses and the lack of preparedness of the Spanish fleet  Based in part upon this intelligence, Dewey—embarked aboard Olympia—led his squadron into Manila Bay at midnight on 30 April Passing the entrance, two Spanish mines exploded but were ineffective as they were well below the draft of any of the ships due to the depth of the water  Inside the bay, ships normally used the north channel between Corregidor Island and the northern coast, and this was the only channel mined  Dewey instead used the unmined south channel between El Fraile and Caballo Islands  The El Fraile battery fired a few rounds but the range was too great  The McCulloch, Nanshan and Zafiro were then detached from the line and took no further part in the fighting  At 5:15 a m  on 1 May, the squadron was off Manila and the Cavite battery fired ranging shots  The shore batteries and Spanish fleet then opened fire but all the shells fell short as the fleet was still out of range  At 5:41 with the now famous phrase, "You may fire when ready, Gridley", the Olympia's captain was instructed to begin the destruction of the Spanish flotilla The U S  squadron swung in front of the Spanish ships and forts in line ahead, firing their port guns  They then turned and passed back, firing their starboard guns  This process was repeated five times, each time closing the range from 5,000 yards to 2,000 yards  The Spanish forces had been alerted, and most were ready for action, but they were heavily outgunned  Eight Spanish ships, the land batteries, and the forts returned fire for two and a half hours although the range was too great for the guns on shore  Five other small Spanish ships were not engaged 
Montojo accepted that his cause was hopeless and ordered his ships to ram the enemy if possible  He then slipped the Cristina's cables and charged  Much of the American fleet's fire was then directed at her and she was shot to pieces  Of the crew of 400, more than 200, including Montojo, were casualties and only two men remained who were able to man her guns  The ship managed to return to shore and Montojo ordered it to be scuttled  The Castilla, which only had guns on the port side, had her forward cable shot away, causing her to swing about, presenting her weaponless starboard side  The captain then ordered her sunk and abandoned  The Ulloa was hit by a shell at the waterline that killed her captain and disabled half the crew  The Luzon had three guns out of action but was otherwise unharmed  The Duero lost an engine and had only one gun left able to fire At 7:45 a m , after Captain Gridley messaged Dewey that only 15 rounds of 5" ammunition remained per gun, Dewey ordered an immediate withdrawal  To preserve morale, he informed the crews that the halt in the battle was to allow the crews to have breakfast  According to an observer on the Olympia, "At least three of his (Spanish) ships had broken into flames but so had one of ours  These fires had all been put out without apparent injury to the ships  Generally speaking, nothing of great importance had occurred to show that we had seriously injured any Spanish vessel " Montojo took the opportunity to now move his remaining ships into Bacoor Bay where they were ordered to resist for as long as possible A captains' conference on the Olympia revealed little damage and no men killed  It was discovered that the original ammunition message had been garbled—instead of only 15 rounds of ammunition per gun remaining, the message had meant to say only 15 rounds of ammunition per gun had been expended  Reports arrived during the conference that sounds of exploding ammunition had been heard and fires sighted on the Cristina and Castilla  At 10:40 a m  action was resumed but the Spanish offered little resistance, and Montojo issued orders for the remaining ships to be scuttled and the breechblocks of their guns taken ashore  The Olympia, Baltimore and Boston then fired on the Sangley Point battery putting it out of action and followed up by sinking the Ulloa  The Concord fired on the transport Mindanao, whose crew immediately abandoned ship  The Petrel fired on the government offices next to the arsenal and a white flag was raised over the building after which all firing ceased  The Spanish colors were struck at 12:40 p m 
Dewey won the battle with seven men slightly wounded, a total of nine injured, and only a single fatality among his crew: Francis B  Randall, Chief Engineer on the McCulloch, from a heart attack  On the other hand, the Spanish naval historian Agustín Ramón Rodríguez González suggests that Dewey suffered heavier losses, though still much lower than those of the Spanish squadron  Rodríguez notes that Spanish officials estimated the American casualties at 13 crewmen killed and more than 30 wounded based on reliable information collected by the Spanish consulate in Hong Kong  According to Rodríguez, Dewey may have concealed the deaths and injuries by including the numbers among the 155 men who reportedly deserted during the campaign 

Subsequent action
A Spanish attempt to attack Dewey with the naval task force known as Camara's Flying Relief Column came to naught, and the naval war in the Philippines devolved into a series of torpedo boat hit-and-run attacks for the rest of the campaign  While the Spanish scored several hits, there were no American fatalities directly attributable to Spanish gunfire 
On 2 May, Dewey landed a force of Marines at Cavite  They completed the destruction of the Spanish fleet and batteries and established a guard for the protection of the Spanish hospitals  The resistance of the forts was weak  The Olympia turned a few guns on the Cavite arsenal, detonating its magazine, and ending the fire from the Spanish batteries 
Dewey cabled Washington, stating that although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5,000 additional men to seize Manila itself 

Aftermath
In recognition of George Dewey's leadership during the Battle of Manila Bay, a special medal known as the Dewey Medal was presented to the officers and sailors under Admiral Dewey's command   Dewey was later honored with promotion to the special rank of Admiral of the Navy  Building on his popularity, Dewey briefly ran for president in 1900, but withdrew and endorsed William McKinley, the incumbent, who won  The same year Dewey was appointed President of the General Board of the United States Navy, where he would play a key role in the growth of the U S  Navy until his death in January 1917 
Dewey Square in Boston is named after Admiral Dewey, as is Dewey Beach, Delaware  Union Square, San Francisco features a 97 ft (30 m) tall monument to Admiral Dewey's victory at the Battle of Manila Bay 

Order of battle
Vessels engaged in actual combat during the Battle of Manila Bay ranged in size from 5,870 tons (Olympia) to 492 tons (Marques del Duero) 

United States
Engaged Vessels:

USS Olympia, flagship, protected cruiser of 5,870 tons, with four 8-inch guns mounted in pairs on two turrets, plus ten 5-inch guns and six torpedo tubes  Top speed 20 knots   She is now a museum ship at the Independence Seaport Museum, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
USS Baltimore, protected cruiser of 4,600 tons, with four 8-inch guns on single mounts, plus six 6-inch guns  Top speed 20 knots 
USS Raleigh, protected cruiser of 3,200 tons, with one 6-inch and ten 5-inch guns  Top speed 19 knots 
USS Boston, protected cruiser of 3,200 tons, with two 8-inch and six 6-inch guns  Top speed 13 knots 
USS Concord, gunboat of 1,710 tons with six 6-inch guns  Top speed 17 knots 
USS Petrel, gunboat of 867 tons with four 6-inch guns  Top speed 12 knots Despite the superiority of the American artillery, the success rate of their guns was minimal, a total of 5,859 shells were expended during the battle  Excluding shells fired at land targets and the unengaged vessels, only 145 hit the seven Spanish engaged vessels  The Reina Cristina and Castilla suffered 81 hits between them, the Don Antonio de Ulloa was hit 33 times, the Don Juan de Austria 13, the Marques del Duero 10, the Isla de Cuba five and the Isla de Luzón was hit three times Unengaged vessels:

The Revenue Cutter McCulloch, the collier Nanshan and the steamer Zafiro (a supply vessel) were directed to keep out of the main action because of their light armament and lack of armor  The McCulloch's chief engineer, Francis B  Randall, died of a heart attack 

Spain
Engaged Vessels:

Reina Cristina, flagship, unprotected cruiser of 3,042 tons, with six 6 4-inch guns  The fastest Spanish vessel with a top speed of 16 knots 
Castilla, unprotected cruiser of 3,289 tons, with four 5 9-inch and two 4 7-inch guns  The vessel's 8-inch guns had been removed to equip the shore batteries  The ship was used as a floating battery as the temporary repair of the leaks had immobilized her propeller shaft 
Don Antonio de Ulloa, unprotected cruiser of 1,152 tons, with two 4 7-inch guns on the starboard side   Under repair with her engines ashore  Her entire port side armament had been removed to equip the shore batteries 
Don Juan de Austria, unprotected cruiser of 1,152 tons, with four 4 7-inch guns  Top speed 13 knots 
Isla de Cuba, protected cruiser of 1,030 tons, with six 4 7-inch guns  Top speed 14 knots 
Isla de Luzon, protected cruiser of 1,030 tons, with six 4 7-inch guns  Top speed 14 knots 
Marques del Duero, gunboat of 492 tons, with one 6 4-inch and two 4 7-inch guns  Top speed 10 knots Unengaged Vessels:

Mindanao, transport ship of 1,900 tons, with 2 secondary rapid fire guns  77 men 
Velasco, unprotected cruiser of 1,152 tons   Her boilers were ashore being repaired  All her guns were apparently removed to the Caballo Island Battery  145 men 
El Coreo, gunboat of 560 tons, with three 4 7-inch guns, three secondary rapid-fire guns, and 1 torpedo tube  115 men 
General Lezo, gunboat of 520 tons, with two 4 7-inch guns which were apparently removed to El Fraile Island, 2 secondary rapid-fire guns, and 1 torpedo tube  115 men 
Argos, gunboat of 508 tons, with one 3 5-inch gun   87 men The Spanish vessels had 19 torpedo tubes between them but no serviceable torpedoes 
Shore Defenses

Fort San Antonio Abad:  Built 1584  Located in Manila  Various guns with only the 9 4-inch having enough range to reach Dewey's ships at their closest approach 
Fort San Felipe:  Built 1609  A small castle built on a sandbar protected by a breakwater and separated from Cavite City by a moat 
Cavite Fort:  Fortified naval base and shipyard in Cavite City located adjacent to Fort San Felipe 
Corregidor battery:  Entrance to Manila Bay  Did not fire 
Caballo battery: Entrance to Manila Bay  Did not fire 
El Fraile battery: Entrance to Manila Bay  Fired three rounds before Raleigh silenced it after hitting the battery with a single shell 
Cañacao battery: Located in the town of Cañacao  Armed with a single 4 7-inch gun  Did not fire 
Sangley Point battery: Located at the Sangley Point Naval Base  Armed with three 64-lb muzzleloading cannon and two 5 9-inch guns (which were the only ones to fire )
Malate battery: Located in the Manila district of Malate  Did not fire The batteries were supplemented with the guns removed from Montojo's fleet  The Corregidor, Caballo and El Fraile batteries had a combined total of 17 guns 

Gallery
The United States Navy ships:

		
		
		
		
		
The destroyed Spanish ships after the battle:

See also
Battle of Manila (disambiguation)
Battles of the Spanish–American War
Philippine–American War
List of naval battles

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Ivanoff Head
Ivanoff Head (66°53′S 109°7′E) is a small rocky headland, or probable island, which lies along the coast and is partly overlain by continental ice, situated 4 miles (6 4 km) west of the Hatch Islands at the head of Vincennes Bay, Antarctica  The feature was first mapped from aerial photographs taken by U S  Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and was named "Brooks Island" by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1956  The name Ivanoff Head, inadvertently applied by Australia in 1961, has succeeded the earlier name in general use and is now recommended  Helicopter landings were made here by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions from the Magga Dan in February 1960  The feature was used as a rescue base when a helicopter crashed nearby, and was named after Captain P  Ivanoff, the pilot of the crashed helicopter 

See also
Brooks Point
Passage 2:
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban   (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I  Bacon led the advancement of both natural philosophy and the scientific method and his works remained influential even in the late stages of the Scientific Revolution Bacon has been called the father of empiricism  He argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature  He believed that science could be achieved by the use of a sceptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves  Although his most specific proposals about such a method, the Baconian method, did not have long-lasting influence, the general idea of the importance and possibility of a sceptical methodology makes Bacon one of the later founders of the scientific method  His portion of the method based in scepticism was a new rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, whose practical details are still central to debates on science and methodology  He is famous for his role in the scientific revolution, begun during the Middle Ages, promoting scientific experimentation as a way of glorifying God and fulfilling scripture 
Bacon was a patron of libraries and developed a system for cataloguing books under three categories – history, poetry, and philosophy –  which could further be divided into specific subjects and subheadings  About books he wrote, "Some books are to be tasted; others swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested " The Shakespearean authorship thesis, which was first proposed in the mid-19th century, contends that Bacon wrote at least some and possibly all of the plays conventionally attributed to William Shakespeare Bacon was educated at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, where he rigorously followed the medieval curriculum, which was presented largely in Latin  He was the first recipient of the Queen's counsel designation, conferred in 1597 when Elizabeth I reserved him as her legal advisor  After the accession of James I in 1603, Bacon was knighted, then created Baron Verulam in 1618 and Viscount St Alban in 1621  He had no heirs and so both titles became extinct on his death of pneumonia in 1626 at the age of 65  He is buried at St Michael's Church, St Albans, Hertfordshire 

Biography
Early life and education
Francis Bacon was born on 22 January 1561 at York House near Strand in London, the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper of the Great Seal) by his second wife, Anne (Cooke) Bacon, the daughter of the noted Renaissance humanist Anthony Cooke  His mother's sister was married to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, making Burghley Bacon's uncle Biographers believe that Bacon was educated at home in his early years owing to poor health, which would plague him throughout his life  He received tuition from John Walsall, a graduate of Oxford with a strong leaning toward Puritanism  He attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge on 5 April 1573 at the age of 12, living there for three years along with his older brother Anthony Bacon under the personal tutelage of Dr John Whitgift, future Archbishop of Canterbury  Bacon's education was conducted largely in Latin and followed the medieval curriculum  It was at Cambridge that Bacon first met Queen Elizabeth, who was impressed by his precocious intellect, and was accustomed to calling him "The young lord keeper" His studies brought him to the belief that the methods and results of science as then practised were erroneous  His reverence for Aristotle conflicted with his rejection of Aristotelian philosophy, which seemed to him barren, argumentative and wrong in its objectives 
On 27 June 1576, he and Anthony entered de societate magistrorum at Gray's Inn  A few months later, Francis went abroad with Sir Amias Paulet, the English ambassador at Paris, while Anthony continued his studies at home  The state of government and society in France under Henry III afforded him valuable political instruction  For the next three years he visited Blois, Poitiers, Tours, Italy, and Spain  There is no evidence that he studied at the University of Poitiers  During his travels, Bacon studied language, statecraft, and civil law while performing routine diplomatic tasks  On at least one occasion he delivered diplomatic letters to England for Walsingham, Burghley, Leicester, and for the queen The sudden death of his father in February 1579 prompted Bacon to return to England  Sir Nicholas had laid up a considerable sum of money to purchase an estate for his youngest son, but he died before doing so, and Francis was left with only a fifth of that money  Having borrowed money, Bacon got into debt  To support himself, he took up his residence in law at Gray's Inn in 1579, his income being supplemented by a grant from his mother Lady Anne of the manor of Marks near Romford in Essex, which generated a rent of £46 

Parliamentarian
Bacon stated that he had three goals: to uncover truth, to serve his country, and to serve his church  He sought to achieve these goals by seeking a prestigious post  In 1580, through his uncle, Lord Burghley, he applied for a post at court that might enable him to pursue a life of learning, but his application failed  For two years he worked quietly at Gray's Inn, until he was admitted as an outer barrister in 1582 His parliamentary career began when he was elected MP for Bossiney, Cornwall, in a by-election in 1581  In 1584 he took his seat in Parliament for Melcombe in Dorset, and in 1586 for Taunton  At this time, he began to write on the condition of parties in the church, as well as on the topic of philosophical reform in the lost tract Temporis Partus Maximus  Yet he failed to gain a position that he thought would lead him to success  He showed signs of sympathy to Puritanism, attending the sermons of the Puritan chaplain of Gray's Inn and accompanying his mother to the Temple Church to hear Walter Travers  This led to the publication of his earliest surviving tract, which criticized the English church's suppression of the Puritan clergy  In the Parliament of 1586, he openly urged execution for the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots About this time, he again approached his powerful uncle for help; this move was followed by his rapid progress at the bar  He became a bencher in 1586 and was elected a Reader in 1587, delivering his first set of lectures in Lent the following year  In 1589, he received the valuable appointment of reversion to the Clerkship of the Star Chamber, although he did not formally take office until 1608; the post was worth £1,600 a year In 1588 he became MP for Liverpool and then for Middlesex in 1593  He later sat three times for Ipswich (1597, 1601, 1604) and once for Cambridge University (1614) He became known as a liberal-minded reformer, eager to amend and simplify the law  Though a friend of the crown, he opposed feudal privileges and dictatorial powers  He spoke against religious persecution  He struck at the House of Lords in its usurpation of the Money Bills  He advocated for the union of England and Scotland, which made him a significant influence toward the consolidation of the United Kingdom; and he later would advocate for the integration of Ireland into the Union  Closer constitutional ties, he believed, would bring greater peace and strength to these countries 

Final years of the Queen's reign
Bacon soon became acquainted with Robert Devereux, the 2nd Earl of Essex, Queen Elizabeth's favourite  By 1591 he acted as the earl's confidential adviser  In 1592, he was commissioned to write a tract in response to the Jesuit Robert Parson's anti-government polemic, which he titled Certain Observations Made upon a Libel, identifying England with the ideals of democratic Athens against the belligerence of Spain  Bacon took his third parliamentary seat for Middlesex when in February 1593 Elizabeth summoned Parliament to investigate a Roman Catholic plot against her  Bacon's opposition to a bill that would levy triple subsidies in half the usual time offended the Queen: opponents accused him of seeking popularity, and for a time the Court excluded him from favour When the office of Attorney General fell vacant in 1594, Lord Essex's influence was not enough to secure the position for Bacon and it was given to Sir Edward Coke  Likewise, Bacon failed to secure the lesser office of Solicitor General in 1595, the Queen pointedly snubbing him by appointing Sir Thomas Fleming instead  To console him for these disappointments, Essex presented him with a property at Twickenham, which Bacon subsequently sold for £1,800 In 1597 Bacon became the first Queen's Counsel designate, when Queen Elizabeth reserved him as her legal counsel  In 1597, he was also given a patent, giving him precedence at the Bar  Despite his designations, he was unable to gain the status and notoriety of others  In a plan to revive his position he unsuccessfully courted the wealthy young widow Lady Elizabeth Hatton  His courtship failed after she broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to Sir Edward Coke, a further spark of enmity between the men  In 1598 Bacon was arrested for debt  Afterward, however, his standing in the Queen's eyes improved  Gradually, Bacon earned the standing of one of the learned counsels  His relationship with the Queen further improved when he severed ties with Essex—a shrewd move, as Essex would be executed for treason in 1601 With others, Bacon was appointed to investigate the charges against Essex  A number of Essex's followers confessed that Essex had planned a rebellion against the Queen  Bacon was subsequently a part of the legal team headed by the Attorney General Sir Edward Coke at Essex's treason trial  After the execution, the Queen ordered Bacon to write the official government account of the trial, which was later published as A DECLARATION of the Practices and Treasons attempted and committed by Robert late Earle of Essex and his Complices, against her Majestie and her Kingdoms     after Bacon's first draft was heavily edited by the Queen and her ministers According to his personal secretary and chaplain, William Rawley, as a judge Bacon was always tender-hearted, "looking upon the examples with the eye of severity, but upon the person with the eye of pity and compassion"  And also that "he was free from malice", "no revenger of injuries", and "no defamer of any man" 

James I comes to the throne
The succession of James I brought Bacon into greater favour  He was knighted in 1603  In another shrewd move, Bacon wrote his Apologies in defense of his proceedings in the case of Essex, as Essex had favoured James to succeed to the throne  The following year, during the course of the uneventful first parliament session, Bacon married Alice Barnham  In June 1607, he was at last rewarded with the office of solicitor general and, in 1608, he began working as the Clerkship of the Star Chamber  Despite a generous income, old debts still could not be paid  He sought further promotion and wealth by supporting King James and his arbitrary policies  In 1610, the fourth session of James's first parliament met  Despite Bacon's advice to him, James and the Commons found themselves at odds over royal prerogatives and the king's embarrassing extravagance  The House was finally dissolved in February 1611  Throughout this period Bacon managed to stay in the favor of the king while retaining the confidence of the Commons 
In 1613, Bacon was finally appointed attorney general, after advising the king to shuffle judicial appointments  As attorney general, Bacon, by his zealous efforts—which included torture—to obtain the conviction of Edmund Peacham for treason, raised legal controversies of high constitutional importance; and successfully prosecuted Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, and his wife, Frances Howard, Countess of Somerset, for murder in 1616  The so-called Prince's Parliament of April 1614 objected to Bacon's presence in the seat for Cambridge and to the various royal plans that Bacon had supported  Although he was allowed to stay, parliament passed a law that forbade the attorney general to sit in parliament  His influence over the king had evidently inspired resentment or apprehension in many of his peers  Bacon, however, continued to receive the King's favour, which led to his appointment in March 1617 as temporary Regent of England (for a period of a month), and in 1618 as Lord Chancellor  On 12 July 1618 the king created Bacon Baron Verulam, of Verulam, in the Peerage of England; he then became known as Francis, Lord Verulam Bacon continued to use his influence with the king to mediate between the throne and Parliament, and in this capacity he was further elevated in the same peerage, as Viscount St Alban, on 27 January 1621 

Lord Chancellor and public disgrace
Bacon's public career ended in disgrace in 1621  After he fell into debt, a parliamentary committee on the administration of the law charged him with 23 separate counts of corruption  His lifelong enemy, Sir Edward Coke, who had instigated these accusations, was one of those appointed to prepare the charges against the chancellor  To the lords, who sent a committee to enquire whether a confession was really his, he replied, "My lords, it is my act, my hand, and my heart; I beseech your lordships to be merciful to a broken reed " He was sentenced to a fine of £40,000 and committed to the Tower of London at the king's pleasure; the imprisonment lasted only a few days and the fine was remitted by the king  More seriously, parliament declared Bacon incapable of holding future office or sitting in parliament  He narrowly escaped undergoing degradation, which would have stripped him of his titles of nobility  Subsequently, the disgraced viscount devoted himself to study and writing 
There seems little doubt that Bacon had accepted gifts from litigants, but this was an accepted custom of the time and not necessarily evidence of deeply corrupt behaviour  While acknowledging that his conduct had been lax, he countered that he had never allowed gifts to influence his judgement and, indeed, he had on occasion given a verdict against those who had paid him  He even had an interview with King James in which he assured:

The law of nature teaches me to speak in my own defence: With respect to this charge of bribery I am as innocent as any man born on St  Innocents Day  I never had a bribe or reward in my eye or thought when pronouncing judgment or order    I am ready to make an oblation of myself to the King
He also wrote the following to Buckingham:

My mind is calm, for my fortune is not my felicity  I know I have clean hands and a clean heart, and I hope a clean house for friends or servants; but Job himself, or whoever was the justest judge, by such hunting for matters against him as hath been used against me, may for a time seem foul, especially in a time when greatness is the mark and accusation is the game  
As the conduct of accepting gifts was ubiquitous and common practice, and the Commons was zealously inquiring into judicial corruption and malfeasance, it has been suggested that Bacon served as a scapegoat to divert attention from Buckingham's own ill practice and alleged corruption The true reason for his acknowledgement of guilt is the subject of debate, but some authors speculate that it may have been prompted by his sickness, or by a view that through his fame and the greatness of his office he would be spared harsh punishment  He may even have been blackmailed, with a threat to charge him with sodomy, into confession The British jurist Basil Montagu wrote in Bacon's defense, concerning the episode of his public disgrace:

Bacon has been accused of servility, of dissimulation, of various base motives, and their filthy brood of base actions, all unworthy of his high birth, and incompatible with his great wisdom, and the estimation in which he was held by the noblest spirits of the age  It is true that there were men in his own time, and will be men in all times, who are better pleased to count spots in the sun than to rejoice in its glorious brightness  Such men have openly libelled him, like Dewes and Weldon, whose falsehoods were detected as soon as uttered, or have fastened upon certain ceremonious compliments and dedications, the fashion of his day, as a sample of his servility, passing over his noble letters to the Queen, his lofty contempt for the Lord Keeper Puckering, his open dealing with Sir Robert Cecil, and with others, who, powerful when he was nothing, might have blighted his opening fortunes for ever, forgetting his advocacy of the rights of the people in the face of the court, and the true and honest counsels, always given by him, in times of great difficulty, both to Elizabeth and her successor  When was a "base sycophant" loved and honoured by piety such as that of Herbert, Tennison, and Rawley, by noble spirits like Hobbes, Ben Jonson, and Selden, or followed to the grave, and beyond it, with devoted affection such as that of Sir Thomas Meautys 

Personal life
Religious beliefs
Bacon was a devout Anglican  He believed that philosophy and the natural world must be studied inductively, but argued that we can only study arguments for the existence of God  Information about God's attributes (such as nature, action, and purposes) can only come from special revelation  Bacon also held that knowledge was cumulative, that study encompassed more than a simple preservation of the past  "Knowledge is the rich storehouse for the glory of the Creator and the relief of man's estate," he wrote  In his Essays, he affirms that "a little philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth men's minds about to religion "Bacon's idea of idols of the mind may have self-consciously represented an attempt to Christianize science at the same time as developing a new, reliable scientific method; Bacon gave worship of Neptune as an example of the idola tribus fallacy, hinting at the religious dimensions of his critique of the idols Bacon was against the splintering within Christianity, believing that it would ultimately lead to the creation of atheism as a dominant worldview, as indicated with his quote that "The causes of atheism are: divisions in religion, if they be many; for any one main division, addeth zeal to both sides; but many divisions introduce atheism  Another is, scandal of priests; when it is come to that which St  Bernard saith "One cannot now say the priest is as the people, for the truth is that the people are not so bad as the priest"  A third is, custom of profane scoffing in holy matters; which doth by little and little deface the reverence of religion  And lastly, learned times, specially with peace and prosperity; for troubles and adversities do more bow men's minds to religion "

Architectural projects
Bacon built Verulam House to his own designs 

Marriage to Alice Barnham
When he was 36, Bacon courted Elizabeth Hatton, a young widow of 20  Reportedly, she broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to a wealthier man, Bacon's rival, Sir Edward Coke  Years later, Bacon still wrote of his regret that the marriage to Hatton had not taken place At the age of 45, Bacon married Alice Barnham, the 13-year-old daughter of a well-connected London alderman and MP  Bacon wrote two sonnets proclaiming his love for Alice  The first was written during his courtship and the second on his wedding day, 10 May 1606  When Bacon was appointed lord chancellor, "by special Warrant of the King", Lady Bacon was given precedence over all other Court ladies  Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain, William Rawley, wrote in his biography of Bacon that his marriage was one of "much conjugal love and respect", mentioning a robe of honour that he gave to Alice and which "she wore unto her dying day, being twenty years and more after his death" However, an increasing number of reports circulated about friction in the marriage, with speculation that this may have been due to Alice's making do with less money than she had once been accustomed to  It was said that she was strongly interested in fame and fortune, and when household finances dwindled, she complained bitterly  Bunten wrote in her Life of Alice Barnham  that, upon their descent into debt, she went on trips to ask for financial favours and assistance from their circle of friends  Bacon disinherited her upon discovering her secret romantic relationship with Sir John Underhill, rewriting his will (which had generously planned to leave her lands, goods, and income) and revoking her entirely as a beneficiary 

Sexuality
Several authors believe that, despite his marriage, Bacon was primarily attracted to men  Forker, for example, has explored the "historically documentable sexual preferences" of both Francis Bacon and King James I and concluded they were both oriented to "masculine love", a contemporary term that "seems to have been used exclusively to refer to the sexual preference of men for members of their own gender "The well-connected antiquary John Aubrey noted in his Brief Lives concerning Bacon, "He was a Pederast  His Ganimeds and Favourites tooke Bribes"  ("Pederast" in Renaissance diction meant generally "homosexual" rather than specifically a lover of minors; "ganimed" derives from the mythical prince abducted by Zeus to be his cup-bearer and bed warmer )
The Jacobean antiquarian Sir Simonds D'Ewes (Bacon's fellow Member of Parliament) implied there had been a question of bringing him to trial for buggery, which his brother Anthony Bacon had also been charged with In his Autobiography and Correspondence, in the diary entry for 3 May 1621, the date of Bacon's censure by Parliament, D'Ewes describes Bacon's love for his Welsh serving-men, in particular Godrick, a "very effeminate-faced youth" whom he calls "his catamite and bedfellow" This conclusion has been disputed by others, who point to lack of consistent evidence, and consider the sources to be more open to interpretation  Publicly, at least, Bacon distanced himself from the idea of homosexuality  In his New Atlantis, he described his utopian island as being "the chastest nation under heaven", and "as for masculine love, they have no touch of it" 

Death
On 9 April 1626, Bacon died of pneumonia while at Arundel mansion at Highgate outside London  An influential account of the circumstances of his death was given by John Aubrey's Brief Lives  Aubrey's vivid account, which portrays Bacon as a martyr to experimental scientific method, had him journeying to High-gate through the snow with the King's physician when he is suddenly inspired by the possibility of using the snow to preserve meat:They were resolved they would try the experiment presently  They alighted out of the coach and went into a poor woman's house at the bottom of Highgate hill, and bought a fowl, and made the woman exenterate it 
After stuffing the fowl with snow, Bacon contracted a fatal case of pneumonia  Some people, including Aubrey, consider these two contiguous, possibly coincidental events as related and causative of his death:The Snow so chilled him that he immediately fell so extremely ill, that he could not return to his Lodging     but went to the Earle of Arundel's house at Highgate, where they put him into     a damp bed that had not been layn-in     which gave him such a cold that in 2 or 3 days as I remember Mr Hobbes told me, he died of Suffocation Aubrey has been criticized for his evident credulousness in this and other works; on the other hand, he knew Thomas Hobbes, Bacon's fellow-philosopher and friend 
Being unwittingly on his deathbed, the philosopher dictated his last letter to his absent host and friend Lord Arundel:My very good Lord,—I was likely to have had the fortune of Caius Plinius the elder, who lost his life by trying an experiment about the burning of Mount Vesuvius; for I was also desirous to try an experiment or two touching the conservation and in-duration of bodies  As for the experiment itself, it succeeded excellently well; but in the journey between London and High-gate, I was taken with such a fit of casting as I know not whether it were the Stone, or some surfeit or cold, or indeed a touch of them all three  But when I came to your Lordship's House, I was not able to go back, and therefore was forced to take up my lodging here, where your housekeeper is very careful and diligent about me, which I assure myself your Lordship will not only pardon towards him, but think the better of him for it  For indeed your Lordship's House was happy to me, and I kiss your noble hands for the welcome which I am sure you give me to it  I know how unfit it is for me to write with any other hand than mine own, but by my troth my fingers are so disjointed with sickness that I cannot steadily hold a pen 
Another account appears in a biography by William Rawley, Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain:He died on the ninth day of April in the year 1626, in the early morning of the day then celebrated for our Savior's resurrection, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, at the Earl of Arundel's house in Highgate, near London, to which place he casually repaired about a week before; God so ordaining that he should die there of a gentle fever, accidentally accompanied with a great cold, whereby the defluxion of rheum fell so plentifully upon his breast, that he died by suffocation 
He was buried in St Michael's Church in St Albans  At the news of his death, over 30 great minds collected together their eulogies of him, which were then later published in Latin 
He left personal assets of about £7,000 and lands that realised £6,000 when sold  His debts amounted to more than £23,000, equivalent to more than £4m at current value 

Philosophy and works
Francis Bacon's philosophy is displayed in the vast and varied writings he left, which might be divided into three great branches:

Scientific works in which his ideas for a universal reform of knowledge into scientific methodology and the improvement of mankind's state using the Scientific method are presented 
Religious and literary works in which he presents his moral philosophy and theological meditations 
Juridical works in which his reforms in English Law are proposed 

Influence and legacy
Science
Bacon's seminal work Novum Organum was influential in the 1630s and 1650s among scholars, in particular Sir Thomas Browne, who in his encyclopedia Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646–72) frequently adheres to a Baconian approach to his scientific enquiries  This book entails the basis of the scientific method as a means of observation and induction 
According to Bacon, learning and knowledge all derive from the basis of inductive reasoning  Through his belief in experimental encounters, he theorised that all the knowledge that was necessary to fully understand a concept could be attained using induction  In order to get to the point of an inductive conclusion, one must consider the importance of observing the particulars (specific parts of nature)  "Once these particulars have been gathered together, the interpretation of Nature proceeds by sorting them into a formal arrangement so that they may be presented to the understanding " Experimentation is essential to discovering the truths of Nature  When an experiment happens, parts of the tested hypothesis are started to be pieced together, forming a result and conclusion  Through this conclusion of particulars, an understanding of Nature can be formed  Now that an understanding of Nature has been arrived at, an inductive conclusion can be drawn  "For no one successfully investigates the nature of a thing in the thing itself; the inquiry must be enlarged to things that have more in common with it "Bacon explains how we come to this understanding and knowledge because of this process in comprehending the complexities of nature  "Bacon sees nature as an extremely subtle complexity, which affords all the energy of the natural philosopher to disclose her secrets " Bacon described the evidence and proof revealed through taking a specific example from nature and expanding that example into a general, substantial claim of nature  Once we understand the particulars in nature, we can learn more about it and become surer of things occurring in nature, gaining knowledge and obtaining new information all the while  "It is nothing less than a revival of Bacon's supremely confident belief that inductive methods can provide us with ultimate and infallible answers concerning the laws and nature of the universe " Bacon states that when we come to understand parts of nature, we can eventually understand nature better as a whole because of induction  Because of this, Bacon concludes that all learning and knowledge must be drawn from inductive reasoning 
During the Restoration, Bacon was commonly invoked as a guiding spirit of the Royal Society founded under Charles II in 1660  During the 18th-century French Enlightenment, Bacon's non-metaphysical approach to science became more influential than the dualism of his French contemporary Descartes, and was associated with criticism of the Ancien Régime  In 1733 Voltaire introduced him to a French audience as the "father" of the scientific method, an understanding which had become widespread by the 1750s  In the 19th century his emphasis on induction was revived and developed by William Whewell, among others  He has been reputed as the "Father of Experimental Philosophy" He also wrote a long treatise on Medicine, History of Life and Death, with natural and experimental observations for the prolongation of life 
One of his biographers, the historian William Hepworth Dixon, states: "Bacon's influence in the modern world is so great that every man who rides in a train, sends a telegram, follows a steam plough, sits in an easy chair, crosses the channel or the Atlantic, eats a good dinner, enjoys a beautiful garden, or undergoes a painless surgical operation, owes him something "In 1902 Hugo von Hofmannsthal published a fictional letter, known as The Lord Chandos Letter, addressed to Bacon and dated 1603, about a writer who is experiencing a crisis of language 

North America
Bacon played a leading role in establishing the British colonies in North America, especially in Virginia, the Carolinas and Newfoundland in northeastern Canada  His government report on "The Virginia Colony" was submitted in 1609  In 1610 Bacon and his associates received a charter from the king to form the Tresurer and the Companye of Adventurers and planter of the Cittye of London and Bristoll for the Collonye or plantacon in Newfoundland, and sent John Guy to found a colony there  Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, wrote: "Bacon, Locke and Newton  I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences" In 1910, Newfoundland issued a postage stamp to commemorate Bacon's role in establishing the colony  The stamp describes Bacon as "the guiding spirit in Colonization Schemes in 1610"  Moreover, some scholars believe he was largely responsible for the drafting, in 1609 and 1612, of two charters of government for the Virginia Colony  William Hepworth Dixon considered that Bacon's name could be included in the list of Founders of the United States 

Law
Although few of his proposals for law reform were adopted during his lifetime, Bacon's legal legacy was considered by the magazine New Scientist in 1961 as having influenced the drafting of the Napoleonic Code as well as the law reforms introduced by 19th-century British Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel  The historian William Hepworth Dixon referred to the Napoleonic Code as "the sole embodiment of Bacon's thought", saying that Bacon's legal work "has had more success abroad than it has found at home", and that in France "it has blossomed and come into fruit" Harvey Wheeler attributed to Bacon, in Francis Bacon's Verulamium—the Common Law Template of The Modern in English Science and Culture, the creation of these distinguishing features of the modern common law system:

using cases as repositories of evidence about the "unwritten law";
determining the relevance of precedents by exclusionary principles of evidence and logic;
treating opposing legal briefs as adversarial hypotheses about the application of the "unwritten law" to a new set of facts As late as the 18th century, some juries still declared the law rather than the facts, but already before the end of the 17th century Sir Matthew Hale explained modern common law adjudication procedure and acknowledged Bacon as the inventor of the process of discovering unwritten laws from the evidences of their applications  The method combined empiricism and inductivism in a new way that was to imprint its signature on many of the distinctive features of modern English society  Paul H  Kocher writes that Bacon is considered by some jurists to be the father of modern Jurisprudence Bacon is commemorated with a statue in Gray's Inn, South Square in London where he received his legal training, and where he was elected Treasurer of the Inn in 1608 More recent scholarship on Bacon's jurisprudence has focused on his advocating torture as a legal recourse for the crown  Bacon himself was not a stranger to the torture chamber; in his various legal capacities in both Elizabeth I's and James I's reigns, Bacon was listed as a commissioner on five torture warrants  In 1613(?), in a letter addressed to King James I on the question of torture's place within English law, Bacon identifies the scope of torture as a means to further the investigation of threats to the state: "In the cases of treasons, torture is used for discovery, and not for evidence " For Bacon, torture was not a punitive measure, an intended form of state repression, but instead offered a modus operandi for the government agent tasked with uncovering acts of treason 

Organization of knowledge
Francis Bacon developed the idea that a classification of knowledge must be universal while handling all possible resources  In his progressive view, humanity would be better if access to educational resources were provided to the public, hence the need to organise it  His approach to learning reshaped the Western view of knowledge theory from an individual to a social interest 
The original classification proposed by Bacon organised all types of knowledge into three general groups: history, poetry, and philosophy



ground_truth: 15 February 1942

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the father of the artist who painted Head I?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He did that based on his understanding of how information is processed: memory, imagination, and reason, respectively  His methodical approach to the categorization of knowledge goes hand-in-hand with his principles of scientific methods  Bacon's writings were the starting point for William Torrey Harris's classification system for libraries in the United States by the second half of the 1800s 
The phrase "scientia potentia est" (or "scientia est potentia"), meaning "knowledge is power", is commonly attributed to Bacon: the expression "ipsa scientia potestas est" ("knowledge itself is power") occurs in his Meditationes Sacrae (1597) 

Historical debates
Bacon and Shakespeare
The Baconian hypothesis of Shakespearean authorship, first proposed in the mid-19th century, contends that Francis Bacon wrote some or even all of the plays conventionally attributed to William Shakespeare 

Occult theories
Francis Bacon often gathered with the men at Gray's Inn to discuss politics and philosophy, and to try out various theatrical scenes that he admitted writing  Bacon's alleged connection to the Rosicrucians and the Freemasons has been widely discussed by authors and scholars in many books  However, others, including Daphne du Maurier in her biography of Bacon, have argued that there is no substantive evidence to support claims of involvement with the Rosicrucians  Frances Yates does not make the claim that Bacon was a Rosicrucian, but presents evidence that he was nevertheless involved in some of the more closed intellectual movements of his day  She argues that Bacon's movement for the advancement of learning was closely connected with the German Rosicrucian movement, while Bacon's New Atlantis portrays a land ruled by Rosicrucians  He apparently saw his own movement for the advancement of learning to be in conformity with Rosicrucian ideals The link between Bacon's work and the Rosicrucians' ideals which Yates allegedly found was the conformity of the purposes expressed by the Rosicrucian Manifestos and Bacon's plan of a "Great Instauration", for the two were calling for a reformation of both "divine and human understanding", as well as both, had in view the purpose of mankind's return to the "state before the Fall" Another major link is said to be the resemblance between Bacon's New Atlantis and the German Rosicrucian Johann Valentin Andreae's Description of the Republic of Christianopolis (1619)  Andreae describes a utopic island in which Christian theosophy and applied science ruled, and in which the spiritual fulfilment and intellectual activity constituted the primary goals of each individual, the scientific pursuits being the highest intellectual calling—linked to the achievement of spiritual perfection  Andreae's island also depicts a great advancement in technology, with many industries separated in different zones which supplied the population's needs—which shows great resemblance to Bacon's scientific methods and purposes While rejecting occult conspiracy theories surrounding Bacon and the claim Bacon personally identified as a Rosicrucian, intellectual historian Paolo Rossi has argued for an occult influence on Bacon's scientific and religious writing  He argues that Bacon was familiar with early modern alchemical texts and that Bacon's ideas about the application of science had roots in Renaissance magical ideas about science and magic facilitating humanity's domination of nature  Rossi further interprets Bacon's search for hidden meanings in myth and fables in such texts as The Wisdom of the Ancients as succeeding earlier occultist and Neoplatonic attempts to locate hidden wisdom in pre-Christian myths  As indicated by the title of his study, however, Rossi claims Bacon ultimately rejected the philosophical foundations of occultism as he came to develop a form of modern science Rossi's analysis and claims have been extended by Jason Josephson-Storm in his study, The Myth of Disenchantment  Josephson-Storm also rejects conspiracy theories surrounding Bacon and does not make the claim that Bacon was an active Rosicrucian  However, he argues that Bacon's "rejection" of magic actually constituted an attempt to purify magic of Catholic, demonic, and esoteric influences and to establish magic as a field of study and application paralleling Bacon's vision of science  Furthermore, Josephson-Storm argues that Bacon drew on magical ideas when developing his experimental method  Josephson-Storm finds evidence that Bacon considered nature a living entity, populated by spirits, and argues Bacon's views on the human domination and application of nature actually depend on his spiritualism and personification of nature The Rosicrucian organization AMORC claims that Bacon was the "Imperator" (leader) of the Rosicrucian Order in both England and the European continent, and would have directed it during his lifetime Bacon's influence can also be seen on a variety of religious and spiritual authors, and on groups that have utilized his writings in their own belief systems 

Bibliography
Some of the more notable works by Bacon are:

Essays
1st edition with 10 essays (1597)
2nd edition with 38 essays (1612)
3rd/final edition with 58 essays (1625)
The Advancement and Proficience of Learning Divine and Human (1605)
Instauratio magna (The Great Instauration) (1620) – a multi-part work including Distributio operis (Plan of the Work); Novum Organum (The New Organon); Parasceve ad historiam naturalem (Preparatory for Natural History) and Catalogus historiarum particularium (Catalogue of Particular Histories)
De augmentis scientiarum (1623) – an enlargement of The Advancement of Learning translated into Latin
New Atlantis (1626)

See also
Cestui que (defence and comment on Chudleigh's Case)
Romanticism and Bacon
Scientia potentia est
Works by Francis Bacon

Notes
Passage 3:
Red Head, Florida
Red Head is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Florida, United States  It is located along State Road 79 north of Ebro, and is the home of a local airstrip named Red Head Airport 
Passage 4:
Head I
Head I is a relatively small oil and tempera on hardboard painting by the Irish-born British figurative artist Francis Bacon  Completed in 1948, it is the first in a series of six heads, the remainder of which were painted the following year in preparation for a November 1949 exhibition at the Hanover Gallery in London  Like the others in the series, it shows a screaming figure alone in a room, and focuses on the open mouth  The work shows a skull which has disintegrated on itself and is largely a formless blob of flesh  The entire upper half has disappeared, leaving only the jaw, mouth and teeth and one ear still intact  It is the first of Bacon's paintings to feature gold background railings or bars; later to become a prominent feature of his 1950s work, especially in the papal portraits where they would often appear as enclosing or cages around the figures  It is not known what influences were behind the image; most likely they were multiple – press or war photography, and critic Denis Farr detects the influence of Matthias Grünewald Bacon juxtaposes traditional elements of portraiture with loose, spontaneous brushwork  In some passages he has rubbed or brushed out (perhaps with a cloth) the paint, a technique art historian Armin Zweite describes as "productive vandalism"   There are a number of ambiguous elements in the work  The hanging tassel rest just above the figure's right ear, giving the impression that it has hooked the head and is pulling it sideways  The gold railings suggest in the top right suggest the corner of a room, while those in the center background may be the headboard of a bed  The upper half is largely void of detail, while the lower portion, particularly the lower third has been heavily reworked, and consists of a blending of white, gray and black pigments The use of heavy impasto gives the impression of animal skin; critic Robert Melville described the "color of wet, black snakes lightly powdered with dust"  In 1951 Bacon said of his choice of colour and gloss; "One of the problems is to paint like Velázquez, but with the texture of a hippopotamus skin", and later "I had an idea in those days that textures should be very much thicker, and therefore the texture of, for instance a rhinoceros skin would help me to think about the texture of the human skin"  Furthering this impression, the mouth and teeth resemble those of a howling fanged animal Bacon began the Head series out of necessity; he was granted the 1949 exhibition at the Hayward a year in advance, but had not painted at all in 1947, and had only a few works he was happy with from 1948  Over time, the series became something quite apart from his initial idea; Head VI turned into the first of his many examinations of Velázquez's c  1650 Portrait of Innocent X 

See also
List of paintings by Francis Bacon
Passage 5:
Sun Ce
Sun Ce (Chinese: 孫策; pinyin: Sūn Cè; Wade–Giles: Sun1 Ts‘ê4) (pronunciation ) (175 – 5 May 200), courtesy name Bofu, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China  He was the eldest child of Sun Jian, who was killed during the Battle of Xiangyang when Sun Ce was only 16  Sun Ce then broke away from his father's overlord, Yuan Shu, and headed to the Jiangdong region in southern China to establish his own power base there  With the help of several people, such as Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu, Sun Ce managed to lay down the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period 
In 200, when the warlord Cao Cao was at war with his rival Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu, Sun Ce was rumoured to be planning an attack on Xuchang, Cao Cao's base  However, he was assassinated before he could carry out the plan  Sun Ce was posthumously honoured as "Prince Huan of Changsha" (長沙桓王) by his younger brother Sun Quan when the latter became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu 
Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) describes Sun Ce as a handsome man who was full of laughter  He was also a generous and receptive man who employed people according to their abilities  As such, his subjects were willing to risk their lives for him  One detractor named Xu Gong, in a letter to Emperor Xian, compared Sun Ce to Xiang Yu, the warrior-king who overthrew the Qin dynasty  As a result, Sun Ce was also referred to as the "Little Conqueror" in popular culture  Sun Ce is depicted in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang 

Early life and career
Born in 175, Sun Ce was the eldest son of Sun Jian, a military general serving under the Eastern Han dynasty  In 190, a year after Emperor Ling died, the warlord Dong Zhuo usurped power, placing in the throne the puppet Emperor Xian  Regional warlords in eastern China then launched a campaign against Dong Zhuo  Sun Jian rendered his service to Yuan Shu, one of the leaders of the coalition  The attempt to oust Dong Zhuo soon failed and China slid into a series of massive civil wars  In the next year, Sun Jian was sent by Yuan Shu to attack Liu Biao, governor of Jing Province, but he was killed in an ambush 
Sun Ce brought his father's body to Qu'e (曲阿; present-day Danyang, Jiangsu) for burial and settled his mother down before heading for Danyang, where his maternal uncle Wu Jing was the governor  There he raised a small militia a few hundred in strength  This small force was far from sufficient for him to establish his own power so in 194 Sun Ce went to Yuan Shu  Yuan Shu was very impressed with Sun Ce and often lamented that he had no son like him  He also returned Sun Jian's former division of troops to Sun Ce 
Initially, Yuan Shu promised to appoint Sun Ce the governor of Jiujiang but eventually gave the governorship to Chen Ji (陳紀)  Later, when Yuan Shu was denied a large loan of grains from the governor of Lujiang, he sent Sun Ce to attack the latter, promising to make Sun Ce the governor of Lujiang should he succeed  When Sun Ce did, however, Yuan Shu again went back on his words and appointed someone else instead  The disappointed Sun Ce then began to contemplate leaving 
Meanwhile, Liu Yao, who was by imperial decree the governor of Yang Province, occupied Qu'e as the regional seat Shouchun was already occupied by Yuan Shu  He then forced Wu Jing back west across the Yangtze River to Liyang (歷陽; present-day He County, Anhui)  However, Yuan Shu claimed to be the rightful governor and sent Wu Jing and Sun Ce's cousin Sun Ben to attack Liu Yao  After they were unable to break down Liu Yao's defences for more than a year, Sun Ce requested to lead forces to assist the effort 

Conquest of Wu territory
Though Yuan Shu knew Sun Ce intended to leave, he believed the latter would not be able to defeat Liu Yao  Thus he deployed the young general off with merely a thousand odd troops and a tiny cavalry force  Along with a few hundred more willing followers, Sun Ce proceeded to Liyang, where he boosted his strength to more than 5,000  He then launched an offensive across the Yangtze River and successfully occupied the strategic position of Niuzhu (牛渚; southwest of present-day Ma'anshan, Anhui) in 195 
Two of Liu Yao's allies then came south from Pengcheng and Xiapi respectively to aid him  Sun Ce chose to first attack one of them, Ze Rong, who made camp south of Moling  After suffering initial defeat in the hands of the aggressor, Ze Rong fell back in defence and refused to engage in battle  Sun Ce then marched further north and attacked Xue Li (薛禮) in Moling  Although Xue Li soon gave up the city and escaped, Liu Yao's subordinate Fan Neng (樊能) and others had regrouped their forces and launched a renewed attack on Niuzhu  Turning back, Sun Ce defeated Fan Neng and secured Niuzhu  He then began a second offensive against Ze Rong  However, he was struck by a stray arrow in the thigh  Returning to Niuzhu, he sent out false words that he was killed in battle  The exulted Ze Rong then sent a force to attack  Sun Ce led the enemies into an ambush and annihilated them  When Ze Rong heard that Sun Ce was still alive, he further reinforced his defences 
Sun Ce then temporarily gave up attacking Ze Rong and focused his forces on Qu'e  After all the surrounding areas were taken over by Sun Ce, Liu Yao gave up the city and escaped south to Nanchang, capital of Yuzhang Commandery, where he died later  Hua Xin, administrator of Yuzhang, joined Sun's forces  As Sun Ce implemented strict discipline among his troops, he won the instant support of the local people and gathered many talented men, such as Chen Wu, Zhou Tai, Jiang Qin, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, Qin Song, and Lü Fan  He then pushed his force deeper into Yang Province and conquered Kuaiji along the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay, whose governor Wang Lang surrendered  Sun Ce made Kuaiji his base city and struck out at the wandering bandit army led by Yan Baihu  Yan Baihu sent his younger brother Yan Yu (嚴輿) to offer Sun Ce a position alongside Yan Baihu, but Sun Ce showed no mercy and personally slew the emissary  As Yan Yu was known among Yan Baihu's men as a fierce warrior, his death struck fear into their hearts and they were soon defeated  Sun Ce then appointed his relatives and a trusted subject to govern Danyang and Yuzhang, from which he divided a new commandery named Luling (廬陵)  His campaign, from the occupation of Niuzhu to the conquest of the entire region southeast of the Long River, took less than a year  He then defeated and received the services of Zu Lang (祖郎), the Chief of Danyang, and Taishi Ci, the leader of the remnants of Liu Yao's forces; he then urged the surrender of Hua Xin, another one of the remnants of Liu Yao's forces  Thus, with the exception of the scattered but still numerous army of Yan Baihu, the lands south of the Yangtze were mostly pacified 
The barbarians of Shanyue tribe, however, were not easily dealt with  To counter the frequent rebellions of the Shanyue (who would continue to rebel for many years), Sun Ce appointed He Qi to a military rank with orders to subdue the Shanyue  He Qi became a highly successful general later; truly, his appointment by Sun Ce was the first important step to Wu's eventual subjugation of the Shanyue 

Later life
In 197, Yuan Shu declared himself emperor – an act deemed treasonous against the Han dynasty  In a letter to Yuan Shu, Sun Ce denounced the move and broke ties with the former  In an effort to garner support from Sun Ce, the rising warlord Cao Cao then recommended him to be appointed General Who Attacks Rebels (討逆將軍) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Wu (吳侯)  In 199 Yuan Shu died of sickness along with his short-lived Zhong Dynasty  His cousin Yuan Yin (袁胤) feared Cao Cao and gave up Shouchun  Bringing along Yuan Shu's coffin and his former troops, he headed to Wan County (皖縣; present-day Qianshan County, Anhui) to seek refuge under Liu Xun (劉勳)  As Liu Xun had insufficient food supplies in his realm to support the additional troops, he led a force south to pillage Haihun (海昏; east of present-day Yongxiu County, Jiangxi) 
Sun Ce was en route to attack Huang Zu in Xiakou when he received the news  He then turned back and captured the poorly-defended Wan County, taking over all of Yuan Shu's 30,000 former troops  Hearing that his base city had been taken, Liu Xun headed west and sought help from Huang Zu, who sent a 5,000-strong naval force to assist him  Sun Ce pressed forward and defeated Liu Xun, who escaped north to Cao Cao  Sun Ce annexed more than 2,000 former troops and 1,000 ships of his enemy and came upon Huang Zu  Despite reinforcements from Liu Biao, Huang Zu was utterly defeated  During the battle, Sun Ce slew Liu Biao's officer, Han Xi (韓希), and completely routed Huang Zu's son, Huang She (黃射) 
The victorious Sun Ce in 199 looked poised to take over the entire southern China  As he was threatened by rival Yuan Shao in the north and could not divide his attention, Cao Cao attempted to further reinforce the alliance with Sun Ce by marrying the daughter of his relative Cao Ren to Sun Ce's youngest brother Sun Kuang  Sun Ce in turn agreed to marry Sun Ben's daughter to Cao Cao's son Cao Zhang 
The former administrator of Wu Commandery, Xu Gong, had long opposed Sun Ce  Xu Gong wrote to Emperor Xian, recommending the emperor to summon Sun Ce to the capital as he deemed Sun Ce to be a hero comparable to Xiang Yu and too dangerous to be allowed to occupy a territory  However, the letter was intercepted by an official loyal to Sun Ce, who attacked and then had Xu Gong executed  Xu Gong's former servants then kept a low profile and waited for chance to revenge 
In the year 200, Cao Cao engaged in the decisive Battle of Guandu with Yuan Shao along the shores of the Yellow River, leaving the capital and his base city Xuchang poorly guarded  Sun Ce is said to have then plotted to attack Xuchang under the banner of rescuing Emperor Xian, who was a figurehead under Cao Cao's control  Preparations were underway for the military excursion when Sun Ce ran into three former servants of Xu Gong during a solo hunting trip  One of them managed to plant an arrow into Sun Ce's cheek before Sun Ce's men arrived and slew the assassins  Many differing accounts of Sun Ce's death exist (see below)  One generally accepted scenario is that he died that same night 
Another possible scenario has Sun Ce living for quite some time  The physician told Sun Ce to rest still for a hundred days to allow the wound to heal, but Sun Ce looked into the mirror one day and, seeing his scar, became so enraged that he slammed his table  The large movement caused the wound to break and he died in the same night  Although he was survived by one son, Sun Ce passed his legacy to his younger brother, Sun Quan  When Sun Quan declared himself emperor of the state of Eastern Wu in 222, he honoured Sun Ce with the posthumous title "Prince Huan of Changsha" (長沙桓王) 
Sun Ce was succeeded by a posthumous son, Sun Shao (孫紹), as well as at least two (possibly three) daughters, married to Gu Shao and later Zhu Ji (朱紀), and Lu Xun respectively  Sun Shao bore one son, Sun Feng (孫奉), who was executed by Sun Hao for alleged treason due to his popularity 

Dispute over cause of death
Sun Sheng (孫盛) in his Exposition on Disparities and Similarities (異同評) discounted the theory that Sun Ce made plans to attack Xuchang  He believed that although Sun Ce was a rising power, he was threatened in the west by Huang Zu, who was defeated but not eliminated, in the north by Chen Deng, governor of Guangling Commandery, and in the south by indigenous tribes yet to be assimilated  These prevented Sun Ce from striking far out at Xuchang and moving the emperor to southeastern China  He further argued that Sun Ce died on the fifth day in the fourth month of 200, before the Battle of Guandu even took place 
Pei Songzhi, who annotated the Records of the Three Kingdoms, rebutted Sun Sheng, arguing that Huang Zu was newly broken and had yet to recollect his forces while the indigenous tribes were scattered and not much of a threat  Pei Songzhi believed that the first objective of Sun Ce's planned northward excursion was to attack Chen Deng, which would provide a platform for capturing Xuchang  On the other hand, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao had been engaging in skirmishes and small-scale battles before Sun Ce's death  Thus there was in fact no discrepancy in timing 
A historically implausible legend regarding Sun Ce's death involves a highly respected Taoist priest of his time, Gan Ji (干吉), whom he condemned as a sorcerer due to his popularity  Despite petitions from his subjects and his own mother, Sun Ce ordered Gan Ji's execution  According to In Search of the Supernatural (搜神記) by Gan Bao (干竇), a compilation largely based on legends and hearsay, Sun Ce began to see apparitions of Gan Ji ever since the execution of the latter  After he was injured by assassins, Sun Ce was told by the physician to rest still to allow the wound to heal  However, he looked into the mirror one day and saw Gan Ji's face, whereupon he let out a cry and slammed the mirror  His wound broke and he died shortly  This version was adopted and further dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in which Gan Ji's name was taken to be "Yu Ji" (于吉) 

Family
In popular culture
Chinese opera
In Peking opera, Sun Ce's role is usually that of a hero or tragic hero, while his brother, Sun Quan is usually portrayed as a villain at worst or self-seeking at best  Several operas even toy with the idea that Sun Quan had Sun Ce assassinated so that he could take control of the warlord state, though there is no historical evidence to support this view  In the opera Fenghuang Er Qiao, Sun Ce borrows 3,000 troops from Yuan Shu and allies with the Qiao army, which is led by the Two Qiaos  Sun Ce, the protagonist of the opera, eventually gains Da Qiao's hand in marriage through a martial arts contest with the help of Zhou Yu and Xiao Qiao 

Film and television
In the 1983 Shaw Brothers Studio film The Weird Man, Sun Ce has Yu Ji executed and the sorcerer becomes a vengeful ghost  In this film Sun Ce is portrayed as the anti-hero and Yu Ji as the hero due to the controversy between them in the novel  The 1993 Hong Kong film Ninja in Ancient China is also adapted from this story except Yu Ji's apprentices try to avenge him 
Sha Yi portrayed Sun Ce in the 2010 Chinese television series Three Kingdoms 

Comics and anime
In the anime Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sangokushi, Sun Ce fights alongside his father against Dong Zhuo and is befriended by Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei, with whom he trains to become a hero 
The protagonist of the manga/anime Ikki Tousen, Sonsaku Hakufu, is loosely based on the historical figure Sun Ce ("Sonsaku Hakufu" being the Japanese reading of Sun Ce's name and courtesy name)  Her guardian, Shuuyu Koukin, bears the same name and personality as Zhou Yu 
In the anime Kōtetsu Sangokushi, Sun Ce is portrayed as a once kind-hearted and virtuous hero who was corrupted by the power of the Imperial Seal, causing him to kill its protector 
In the Chinese manhua The Ravages of Time, Sun Ce is a cunning, ruthless and manipulative character 

Video games
Sun Ce appears in Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms strategy game series 
Sun Ce is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series, as well as Warriors Orochi, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors 
Sun Ce is also a legendary character in Creative Assembly's Total War: Three Kingdoms, the newest part of the Total War video games series which was released on May 23, 2019 
Sun Ce is also a playable character in the fighting game Sango Fighter 2 

Card games
In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there is a card named "Sun Ce, Young Conqueror", in the Portal Three Kingdoms set 

See also
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
Eastern Wu family trees

Notes
Passage 6:
Gorgons Head
Gorgons Head (79°33′S 157°30′E) is a peak southeast of Mount Hughes in the Cook Mountains of Antarctica  The peak is sandstone with dolerite intrusions and is a sharp summit ridge  It was named after the Gorgons, three winged creatures of Greek mythology only one of which (Medusa) could be killed by having its head cut off 
Passage 7:
Louise of Savoy
Louise of Savoy (11 September 1476 – 22 September 1531) was a French noble and regent, Duchess suo jure of Auvergne and Bourbon, Duchess of Nemours and the mother of King Francis I and Marguerite of Navarre  She was politically active and served as the regent of France in 1515, in 1525–1526 and in 1529 

Family and early life
Louise of Savoy was born at Pont-d'Ain, the eldest daughter of Philip II, Duke of Savoy and his first wife, Margaret of Bourbon  Her brother, Philibert II, Duke of Savoy, succeeded her father as ruler of the duchy and head of the House of Savoy  He was, in turn, succeeded by their half-brother Charles III, Duke of Savoy 
Because her mother died when she was only seven, she was brought up by Anne de Beaujeu, who was regent of France for her brother Charles VIII  At Amboise she met Margaret of Austria (daughter of Maximlian and Mary of Burgundy), who was betrothed to the young king and with whom Louise would negotiate peace several decades later 

Marriage
At age eleven, Louise married Charles of Orléans, Count of Angoulême, on 16 February 1488 in Paris  She only began living with him when she was fifteen, though  Despite her husband having two mistresses, the marriage was not unhappy and they shared a love for books 
The household of Charles was presided over by his châtelaine Antoinette de Polignac, Dame de Combronde, by whom he had two illegitimate daughters, Jeanne of Angoulême and Madeleine  Antoinette became Louise's lady-in-waiting and confidante  Her children were raised alongside Louise's own  Charles had another illegitimate daughter, Souveraine, by Jeanne le Conte, who also lived in the Angoulême chateau  She would later arrange marriages for her husband's illegitimate children Their first child, Marguerite, was born on 11 April 1492; their second child, Francis, was born on 12 September 1494 
When her husband fell ill after going out riding in the winter of 1495, she nursed him and suffered much grief when he died on 1 January 1496 

Widowed and motherhood
When she was widowed at the young age of 19, Louise deftly manoeuvred her children into a position that would secure for each of them a promising future  Though they remained in Cognac for two years, she moved her family to court at the ascension of King Louis XII, her husband's cousin 
Louise had a keen awareness of the intricacies of politics and diplomacy, and was deeply interested in the advances in arts and sciences in Renaissance Italy  She made certain that her children were educated in the spirit of the Italian Renaissance, also helped by her Italian confessor, Cristoforo Numai from Forlì  She commissioned books specifically for them and she taught Francis Italian and Spanish When Louis XII became ill in 1505, he determined that Francis should succeed him and that both Louise and his wife Anne of Brittany should be part of the regency council  He recovered and Francis became a favourite of the king, who eventually gave him his daughter Claude of France in marriage on 8 May 1514  Following the marriage, Louis XII designated Francis as his heir 

Mother of the King
With the death of Louis XII on 1 January 1515, Francis became king of France  On 4 February 1515, Louise was named Duchess of Angoulême, and on 15 April 1524, Duchess of Anjou 

The Bourbon inheritance
Her mother having been one of the sisters of the last dukes of the main branch of Bourbon, after the death of Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon, in 1521, Louise, on basis of proximity of blood, advanced claims to the Duchy of Auvergne and other possessions of the Bourbons  This led her (supported by her son) in rivalry against Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Suzanne's widower, whom she proposed to marry in order to settle the Bourbon inheritance issue  When her suit was insultingly rejected by Charles, Louise instigated efforts to undermine him  This led to Charles' exile and his attempt to regain his lost status by waging war against the King  He died in 1527 having failed to regain his lost lands and titles  Louise recovered Auvergne from confiscations and became duchess in the name of her son 

Regent
Louise of Savoy remained politically active on behalf of her son in the early years of his reign especially  During his absences, she acted as regent on his behalf  Louise served as the Regent of France in 1515, during the king's war in Italy, and again from 1525 to 1526, when the king was at war and during his time as a prisoner in Spain 
In 1524, she sent one of her servants, Jean-Joachim de Passano, to London to open unofficial negotiations with Cardinal Wolsey for a peace treaty; the negotiations were not a success, although they may have prepared the ground for the Treaty of the More the following year 

She initiated friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire by sending a mission to Suleiman the Magnificent requesting assistance, but the mission was lost on its way in Bosnia  In December 1525, a second mission was sent, led by John Frangipani, which managed to reach Constantinople, the Ottoman capital, with secret letters asking for the deliverance of King Francis I and an attack on the Habsburg  Frangipani returned with a positive answer from Suleiman, on 6 February 1526, initiating the first steps of a Franco-Ottoman alliance She was the principal negotiator for the Treaty of Cambrai between France and the Holy Roman Empire, which concluded on 3 August 1529  That treaty, called "the Ladies' Peace", put an end to the second Italian war between the head of the Valois dynasty, Francis I of France, and the head of the Habsburg dynasty, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor  The Treaty temporarily confirmed Habsburg hegemony in Italy  The treaty was signed by Louise of Savoy for France and her sister-in-law, Margaret of Austria, for the Holy Roman Empire 

Death
Louise of Savoy died on 22 September 1531, in Grez-sur-Loing of the plague  Her remains were entombed at Saint-Denis in Paris  After her death, her lands, including Auvergne, merged in the crown  Through her daughter Marguerite (Queen of Navarre) and her granddaughter Jeanne d'Albret, she is the ancestress of the Bourbon kings of France, as her great-grandson, Henry of Navarre, succeeded as Henry IV of France 

Ancestors
Passage 8:
Chen Peisi
Chen Peisi (Chinese: 陈佩斯; born 1 February 1954) is a Chinese sketch comedian, film and stage actor, and voice actor   Chen's oft-time comedy partner is Zhu Shimao 

Name
Chen Peisi is the second son of famous stage and film actor Chen Qiang  Chen Qiang's first son (Chen Peisi's brother) was born in 1951 while he was overseas in the Hungarian capital Budapest performing The White-Haired Girl, so he named his first son Chen Buda (陈布达) after Buda, the western half of Budapest, as he loved the city during the visit   When the second son was born three years later, he named the son Peisi after Pest, the eastern half of Budapest, as the Standard Chinese phonetic translation of Budapest is "Bù Dá Peì Sī"   Chen Qiang's youngest child and daughter Chen Lida (陈丽达) was also named after a part of Budapest — the Margaret Island in the Danube between Buda and Pest 

Biography
Chen was born in Changchun, Jilin on 1 February 1954  In 1966, Chen studied at The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University  In 1969, during the Cultural Revolution, he worked in Inner Mongolia Production and Construction Corps  In 1973, Chen worked in August First Film Studio as an actor  In 1991, Chen set up a company named Hainan Comedy Film and Television Limited Company (海南喜剧影视有限公司), then renamed it Dadao Film and Television Limited Company (大道影业有限公司)  In 2000, Chen and his partner Zhu Shimao sued the China International Television Corporation over royalties from broadcasts which they won, but they were then taken off air by the parent company, China Central Television On October 26, 2020, he returned to the CCTV stage and served as the first instructor of the variety show "Gold Medal Comedy Class" after 20 years 

Filmography
Film
Television
Variety show
Passage 9:
Hugi Glacier
Hugi Glacier (66°11′S 65°7′W) is a glacier flowing northward into the head of Holtedahl Bay southwest of Rasnik Peak, on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica  It was charted by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill, 1934–37, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 for Franz Joseph Hugi, a Swiss teacher who was called the "father of winter mountaineering," and was author of two pioneer works on glacier phenomena 
Passage 10:
Rivers Inlet, British Columbia
Rivers Inlet is an unincorporated settlement and First Nations community of the Wuikinuxv (Owikeno) people, located at the head of the inlet of the same name in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada   The community is located adjacent to the Wannock River, a short waterway connecting Owikeno Lake to the head of Rivers Inlet 
Passage 11:
Head of Grassy, Kentucky
Head of Grassy is an unincorporated community in Lewis County, Kentucky, United States  Head of Grassy is located on Kentucky Route 59 and the Grassy Fork 14 7 miles (23 7 km) south-southeast of Vanceburg; its name is a misnomer, as it lies 5 miles (8 0 km) downstream from the head of the Grassy Fork  Head of Grassy had a post office, which opened on November 19, 1878, and closed in 1982 or 1984 



ground_truth: Nicholas Bacon

Sir Nicholas Bacon