prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the competition that the 1965 Federation Cup is part of named after?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of Chelsea F C  managers
The first manager of Chelsea Football Club was John Robertson, appointed player-manager in 1905  The current head coach is Mauricio Pochettino  
Chelsea have had 31 permanent managers/head coaches (of whom four also served as player-manager), seven interim managers and six caretakers  Ron Suart has served as both caretaker and interim manager  Roberto Di Matteo was first interim manager, but was later appointed permanent manager, while Frank Lampard was first permanent manager, and later interim manager  Guus Hiddink has been interim manager twice, while José Mourinho has served two different periods as permanent manager 
Chelsea's first ever manager was Scottish wing-half John Tait Robertson, who continued to play for the club until he resigned a year later  David Calderhead is Chelsea's longest-serving manager, holding the position from 1907 to 1933, spanning 966 matches  Chelsea's shortest reigning permanent manager is Graham Potter, who was in charge for 31 games  Statistically, Chelsea's least successful manager is Frank Lampard 
The first manager under whom Chelsea won a major trophy was Ted Drake, who guided the club to the league championship in the 1954–55 season, while Dave Sexton managed the club to their first European honour, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup triumph in 1971, and Gianluca Vialli guided Chelsea to win the 1998 UEFA Super Cup 
Mourinho has won the most domestic titles, and total titles with the club (in fact all titles won with Mourinho was domestic titles – eight in total), Vialli second most titles with five, whereas Carlo Ancelotti led Chelsea to their first league and FA Cup "Double" in 2010  
Di Matteo led Chelsea to their first UEFA Champions League for Chelsea in 2012  A year after, Rafael Benítez led the club to win the UEFA Europa League, becoming the first club to hold two major European titles simultaneously and one of five clubs, and the first British club, to have won all three of UEFA's major club competitions   In February 2022, Thomas Tuchel led Chelsea to its first FIFA Club World Cup  He is also the coach who have won the most international titles with the club; all three of his titles were international 

List of managers
Figures correct as of 28 May 2023  Includes competitive matches only This list of all managers includes performance records and honours 
M = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against

Managers with honours
Notes


== Footnotes ==
Passage 2:
Fed Cup
The Billie Jean King Cup (or the BJK Cup) is the premier international team competition in women's tennis, launched as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the International Tennis Federation (ITF)  The name was changed to the Fed Cup in 1995, and changed again in September 2020 in honor of former World No  1 Billie Jean King  The Billie Jean King Cup is the world's largest annual women's international team sports competition in terms of the number of nations that compete  The current Chairperson is Katrina Adams The Czech Republic dominated the BJK Cup in the 2010s, winning six of ten competitions in the decade  The men's equivalent of the Billie Jean King Cup is the Davis Cup, and the Czech Republic, Australia, Russia and the United States are the only countries to have held both Cups at the same time 

History
In 1919, Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman had an idea for a women's team tennis competition  This was not adopted but she persisted, presenting a trophy at the 1923 annual contest between the United States and Great Britain, named the Wightman Cup 
Nell Hopman, wife of the legendary Australian Davis Cup Captain Harry Hopman, later took up Mrs Wightman's original idea  In 1962, a British resident of the United States, Mary Hardwick Hare, presented a dossier proving that support for such an event was overwhelming, persuading the ITF that it was a 'good idea' to have a team championship played over one week in a different venue each year  40 years after Wightman's idea of a women's Davis Cup, it became a reality  In 1963, the ITF launched the Federation Cup to celebrate its 50th anniversary  Open to all nations the competition became a resounding success 
The inaugural event attracted 16 countries  The competition was supported by the top players right from the start  Held at the Queen's Club, in London, the first contest was between Australia and the United States   Grand Slam champions Darlene Hard, Billie Jean King, Margaret Smith and Lesley Turner all proudly representing their country on court  The United States would emerge the champion nation in the opening year  However, it was to be Australia in the early years, winning seven of the next eleven championships  Around 1980 the United States was able to establish some significant mark on the competition setting in future years a very high standard for others to compete against 

The first Federation Cup had attracted 16 entry teams, despite no prize money and teams having to meet their own expenses  When sponsorship became available, the number of teams expanded dramatically, first by the Colgate Group in 1976, and, from 1981 to 1994 by the Japanese communications and computer giant NEC  In 1994, there were 73 nations competing, with the host nation of a Federation Cup week was now being required to build a special tennis complex, giving rise to what became known as the Federation Cup "legacy " The additional costs of each event could be offset with the host nations viewing their involvement as providing an opportunity to boost their national game 
For the 1992, a regional group qualifying format was introduced  In 1995, the tournament's name was shortened to the Fed Cup, and a new home-and-away format was adopted as trialled by the Davis Cup, so that women could play for their country in their own country  There have been a number of smaller changes to the format since 1995  The format change implemented in 2005 incorporates an eight Nation World Group I and eight nation World Group II both playing home-and-away over three weekends throughout the year  Three regional groups compete and there are promotions and relegations based on results 
The 2021 edition is set to have US$12 million in prize money 

Format
Tournament
While many nations enter the BJK Cup each year, only 16 countries qualify for the elite World Group and World Group II each year (eight in World Group and eight in World Group II) They reach World Group and World Group II as follows:

(a) World Group – the four nations that win their World Group first round tie remain in the World Group for the following year  First round losers contest the World Group play-offs against the four winning nations from World Group II to determine relegation/promotion for the following year's competition  (The four nations that win World Group play-offs will be in the World Group the following year, while the four losers will start the following year in World Group II )
(b) World Group II – the four nations that win their World Group II ties will compete in the World Group I Play-Offs to determine relegation/promotion for the following year, as described above  Similarly the four nations that lose their World Group II ties will face winning nations from Group I Zonal competitions, in the World Group II play-offs, to determine relegation/promotion  (The four nations that win their World Group II play-offs will be in World Group II the following year, while the four losers will begin the next year in Group I Zonal events )Once in the World Group or World Group II, four nations will be seeded in each  The decision as to which nations will be seeded is made by the BJK Cup Committee, according to the ITF BJK Cup Nations Ranking 
At the levels below the World Group and World Group II, the BJK Cup nations compete in Zonal Competition events, which are split into three zones: The Americas Zone, the Asia/Oceania Zone and the Europe/Africa Zone  In each zone there are two groups, Group I being the higher and Group II the lower, except for the Europe/Africa Zone, which also has a Group III 
Within the Group zonal regions, teams are split into pools and play against each other in a round robin format  The exact format of each Group event, and promotion and relegation between them, varies according to the number of participating teams  Two teams are always promoted from Europe/Africa Group I to that year's World Group II Play-Offs, while one team each go to the World Group II Play-Offs from Americas Group I and Asia/Oceania Zone Group I 

Current structure
This structure has been implemented since 2016 

Ties
In World Group and World Group II, and World Group and World Group II Play-off ties, each tie is contested in a best of five matches format, and is played across two days  On the first day there are two singles matches, and then the reverse singles matches take place on the following day  The final match is a doubles 
In Zonal Groups I, II and III, ties are played over the best of three matches (two singles and a doubles) 
The First Round Ties in the World Group and World Group II are played on a home and away knock-out basis, and take place over a weekend in the early part of the year 
World Group Semi-finals and Final are played over on a home and away knock-out basis, and take place over a weekend in July (Semi-finals) and September (Final) 
Play-off ties for World Group and World Group II will also be played on a home and away knock-out basis taking place in July 
The choice of ground for First Round, Semi-finals and Play-off ties is decided by lot or goes automatically to one of the competing nations 
As Groups I, II and III are played in a round robin format in all three zones, each event takes place at a single venue over one week  These are held in the first half of the year (to allow promotion of teams to the World Group II Play-off ties in the second half of the year), and dates and venues are decided by the BJK Cup Committee 

Records and statistics
List of championship finals
Performance by country
Source:

Titles by country (since 1995)
Results by country in BJK Cup Finals
Team records
Consecutive titles
All-time: 7,  United States, 1976–1982
Consecutive finals appearances
All-time: 8,  Australia, 1973–1980
Most number of games in a tie
Best of Five Format: 162,  France 4–1  Japan, 1997 World Group First Round
Best of Three Format: 104,  Canada 2–1  Switzerland, 1977 Consolation Second Round
Years present in BJK Cup Finals

Individual records
Youngest player
Denise Panagopoulou;  Greece; 12 years, 360 days1
Oldest player
Gill Butterfield;  Bermuda; 52 years, 162 days
Most rubbers played
100, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario,  Spain
Most ties played
74, Anne Kremer,  Luxembourg
Most rubbers won
Total: 72, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Spain
Singles: 50, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Spain
Doubles: 38, Larisa Savchenko-Neiland,  Soviet Union /  Latvia
Longest rubber
2016 World Group First Round: Richèl Hogenkamp,  Netherlands defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova,  Russia in 4 hours, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 10–8 
Most successful captain
Petr Pála; 6 titles,  Czech Republic1Players must now be aged 14 and over

Heart Award
The Heart Award is the ITF's annual "MVP" award related to the Billie Jean King Cup, which "aims to recognise players who have represented their country with distinction, shown exceptional courage on court and demonstrated outstanding commitment to the team " The award was inaugurated in 2009 

Current rankings
For more information, see ITF rankings

†Change since previous ranking update
Source:

Broadcasters
See also
Junior Davis Cup and Junior Billie Jean King Cup
International Tennis Federation
Davis Cup
Hopman Cup
Wightman Cup
United Cup
Passage 3:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 4:
Division of Kingsford Smith
The Division of Kingsford Smith is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales 

History
The division is named after Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, a pioneer aviator, and the first pilot to fly across the Pacific Ocean  The Kingsford Smith International Airport (Sydney International), and the suburb of Kingsford, both of which are located within the division, are also named after him  The division was proclaimed at the redistribution of 11 May 1949, and was first contested at the 1949 federal election 
Kingsford Smith has been in Labor hands for its entire existence  A redistribution ahead of the 1969 election made it one of the safest Labor seats in both Sydney and the nation, and it remained a comfortably safe Labor seat for most of the next four decades  However, demographic changes since 2010 have made the seat much less secure for Labor  It has previously been held by Lionel Bowen, a minister in the Whitlam government, Deputy Leader of the Labor Party from 1977 to 1990 and Deputy Prime Minister for most of the Hawke government, and by Laurie Brereton, a minister in the Keating government  It was then held by Peter Garrett, a former lead singer of the Australian rock band Midnight Oil, former President of the Australian Conservation Foundation, and a minister in the Rudd and Gillard governments  Garrett announced his retirement on 26 June 2013 The Division was originally known as the Division of Kingsford-Smith (with a hyphen), based upon a misspelling of Sir Charles's surname  However, this was corrected at the redistribution in 2001 The current Member for Kingsford Smith, since the 2013 federal election, is Matt Thistlethwaite, a member of the Australian Labor Party who resigned from the Senate prior to the election 

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission  Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned The division is located in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, on the north shore of Botany Bay, and the coast of the Tasman Sea  The division includes the suburbs of Banksmeadow, Botany, Chifley, Coogee, Daceyville, East Botany, Eastgardens, Eastlakes, Hillsdale, Kensington, Kingsford, La Perouse, Little Bay, Malabar, Maroubra, Maroubra Junction, Mascot, Matraville, Pagewood, Phillip Bay, Port Botany, and South Coogee; as well as parts of Clovelly, Randwick, and Rosebery  Bare Island, Prince Henry Hospital, and the University of New South Wales are also located in the electorate 

Members
Election results
Passage 5:
Hilario López
Hilario López García (18 November 1907 – 17 June 1965) was a Mexican football forward who made three appearances for the Mexico at the 1930 FIFA World Cup 

Honours
Mexico

Central American and Caribbean Games: 1935Individual

Central American and Caribbean Games Top Scorer: 1935
Passage 6:
Dragoslav Čakić
Dragoslav 'Drago' Čakić (born 15 February 1965 in Split, Croatia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) is a Croatian retired footballer who played as a midfielder 

Club career
In his country, Čakić represented hometown clubs RNK Split and HNK Hajduk Split  In the 1987 summer he moved to Spain, where he remained until his retirement 12 years later, starting with Real Burgos CF in Segunda División 
Čakić also played professionally in the country with Xerez CD (two spells, being relegated from the second level in 1991 and 1998) and CD Ourense  He competed at amateur level with Jerez Industrial CF, CD San Fernando and CD Tortosa, retiring in June 1999 at the age of 34 
Passage 7:
Ružica Meglaj-Rimac
Ružica Meglaj-Rimac (15 February 1941 – 11 July 1996) was a former Yugoslav and Croatian basketball player born in Croatian-Slovenian family  The Ružica Meglaj-Rimac Cup is named after her 

Personal life
Her younger sister, Kornelija Meglaj is also a former basketball player  She had two sons, former Croatian basketball players Slaven Rimac and Davor Rimac 
Passage 8:
José Antunes Sobrinho
José Antunes Sobrinho (born 1962) is a Brazilian civil engineer and energy executive who specializes in hydroelectric and other energy projects  He holds a degree from the Federal University of Paraná (1974) and a Master's degree in hydraulic engineering from the Delft University of Technology, Netherlands (1978) 

History
In 1986, Antunes was appointed Director General of ENGEVIX Engenharia S/A Antunes has worked on the Itaipu (14,000 MW), Tucuruí Dam (8,370 MW), Belo Monte Dam (11,233 MW under construction); Ita Dam  (1,450 MW), Campos Novos Dam (880 MW), Barra Grande Hydroelectric Power Plant (690 MW) and other hydro projects 
Antunes is also an active consultant and provides local support for UK-based Coopers & Lybrand  He helped drive forward the Brazilian energy sector restructuring program, which basically set the foundations for the way the industry's regulatory and legal frameworks would operate 
Antunes was a member of the teams consulting on the Itaipu (14,000 MW) and Machadinho Hydroelectric Power Plant (1,240 MW) projects   He has also worked on projects in Asia (Vietnam, China and Nepal), Africa (Congo, Angola and Namibia) and South America (Peru, Mexico and elsewhere)   In 2009, he was invited to lecture at MIT (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) on renewable energy in Brazil 
In May 1995, Antunes founded DESENVIX, the investment arm of ENGEVIX that focuses on the energy industry  DESENVIX currently generates the equivalent of 400 MW provided by clean energy sources and ongoing or planned hydro, biomass and wind energy projects that will provide around 2,000 MW Antunes is currently managing the INFRAMERICA consortium, which is building the new Natal Airport (Rio Grande do Norte) and modernizing and expanding Brasília Airport, The ENGEVIX Group also has many maritime construction contracts and builds hulls for Floating production storage and offloading platforms 
Passage 9:
1965 Federation Cup (tennis)
The 1965 Federation Cup was a team tennis tournament that took place at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne, Australia  It was third edition of the of what is now known as the Fed Cup and had eleven nations participating in the tournament throughout the four days from 15–18 January 1965 
The eleven teams played in a knockout format with six teams having to play in the opening round to join the remaining five who received first rounds byes  After winning all of the ties 3-0, the final was between the United States and Australia who for the third time in consecutive years met up in the final which was played on the 18 January  After Lesley Turner and Margaret Smith each recorded wins in the singles, Australia would defend their title that they won in 1964 despite a loss in the doubles 

Participating teams
Draw
All ties were played at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne, Australia on grass courts 

First round
West Germany vs  Italy

Japan vs  France

New Zealand vs  Argentina

Quarterfinals
United States vs  Italy

Great Britain vs  South Africa

France vs  Brazil

New Zealand vs  Australia

Semifinals
United States vs  Great Britain

France vs  Australia

Final
United States vs  Australia
Passage 10:
Equipe Matra Sports
The Matra Company's racing team, under the names of Matra Sports, Equipe Matra Elf and Equipe Matra Sports (after a takeover by Simca in 1969 as Matra-Simca Division Automobile), was formed in 1965 and based at Champagne-sur-Seine (1965–1967), Romorantin-Lanthenay (1967–1969) and Vélizy-Villacoublay (1969–1979)  In 1979 the team was taken over by Peugeot and renamed as Automobiles Talbot 

Motorsports history
In the mid-1960s, Matra enjoyed considerable success in Formula 3 and F2 racing, particularly with the MS5 monocoque-based car, winning the French and European championships  In 1967, Jacky Ickx surprised the F1 establishment by posting the third-fastest qualifying time of 8:14" at the German Nürburgring in his 1600cc Matra MS7 F2, which was allowed to enter alongside the 3000cc F1 cars  In the race, he failed to finish due to a broken suspension 

Matra entered Formula One in 1968 when Jackie Stewart was a serious contender, winning several Grands Prix in the Tyrrell-run Matra MS10 which competed alongside the works team 
The F1 team was established at Vélizy-Villacoublay in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France  The car's most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks  These allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg (33 lb) lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors  The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970 
Matra CEO Jean-Luc Lagardère made a strategic decision for the 1969 championship: the Matra works team would not compete in Formula One  Matra would instead focus its efforts on Ken Tyrrell's privateer team (renamed Matra International) and build a new DFV powered car with structural fuel tanks, even though it would only be eligible for a single season  The decision was even more radical given that Matra was seeking a partnership with Simca, which would preclude using Ford-branded engines for the following year  Stewart won the 1969 title easily with the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80, which was designed by Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer, and corrected most of the weaknesses of the MS10  Stewart's title was the first won in a car built by a French constructor, and still remains the only one won in a car built in France as well as in a car entered by a privateer team  It was a spectacular achievement from a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year  France became only the third country (after the United Kingdom and Italy) to have produced a winning constructor, and Matra became the only constructor to have won the Constructors' Championship without running its own works team 
Like Cosworth, Lotus and McLaren, Matra experimented with four wheel drive during the 1969 season  Johnny Servoz-Gavin became the one and only driver to score a point with a 4WD car, finishing sixth with the Matra MS84 at the Canadian Grand Prix  The MS84, along with Brabham's BT26A, was one of the last spaceframe cars to compete in Formula One 
For 1970 following the agreement with Simca, Matra asked Tyrrell to use their V12 engine rather than the Cosworth  Stewart got to test the Matra V12, but since a large part of the Tyrrell budget was provided by Ford, and another significant sponsor was French state-owned petroleum company Elf, which had an agreement with Renault that precluded supporting a Simca partner, the partnership between Matra and Tyrrell ended 
Matra V12 engines powered the Shadow DN7 car in two races of 1975 and then cars built and entered by the Ligier Formula 1 team from 1976–1978, and again (under the name Talbot Ligier) from 1981-1982, winning three races (the 1977 Swedish Grand Prix, 1981 Austrian Grand Prix and 1981 Canadian Grand Prix)  Jacques Laffite´s victory at the 1977 Swedish Grand Prix was the first Formula One victory for a French team and a French engine, as well as the first all-French victory in the Formula One World Championship The company was also successful in endurance racing with cars powered by the V12 engine  The sportscar team was based at first at Vélizy-Villacoublay and then moved to Le Castellet, near Marseille, France The Matra MS670 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1972, 1973, and 1974  It also delivered the World Championship for Makes to Matra in both 1973 and 1974 

Racing models
Matra MS1
Matra MS2
Matra MS5
Matra MS6
Matra MS7
Matra MS9
Matra MS10
Matra MS11
Matra MS80
Matra MS84
Matra MS120
Matra MS120B
Matra MS120C
Matra MS120D
Matra MS610
Matra MS620
Matra MS630
Matra-Simca MS630
Matra-Simca MS630/650
Matra MS640
Matra-Simca MS650
Matra-Simca MS660
Matra-Simca MS660C
Matra-Simca MS670
Matra-Simca MS670B
Matra-Simca MS670C
Matra-Simca MS680

Successes
334 races, all categories, spanning 10 years
124 victories, 104 lap records
1 Formula One World Drivers' Championship (1969, Jackie Stewart, MS80)
1 Formula One World Constructors' Championship (1969, Matra-Elf International)
5 French Formula Two Championships (1966–1967–1968–1969–1970)
3 European Formula Two Championships (1967–1968–1969)
3 French Formula Three Championships (1965–1966–1967)
2 World Championship for Makes (1973–1974)
3 victories at 24 Hours of Le Mans (1972–1973–1974)
2 victories at Tour de France Automobile (1970–1971)

Complete Formula One World Championship results
As a constructor
(key)

As an engine supplier
(key)

Notes
Passage 11:
2014 Thai League Cup
The Thai League Cup is a knock-out football tournament played in Thai sport  Some games are played as a single match, others are played as two-legged contests  The 2014 Thai League Cup kicked off on   1 February 2014 with the Bangkok & field regional qualifiers  The Thai League Cup has been readmitted back into Thai football after a 10-year absence  The Thai League Cup is sponsored by Toyota thus naming it Toyota League Cup  The prize money for this prestigious award is said to be around 5 million baht and the runners-up will be netting 1 million baht 
The prize money is not the only benefit of this cup, the team winning the fair play spot will get a Hilux Vigo  The MVP of the competition will get a Toyota Camry Hybrid Car  The winner of the cup will earn the right to participate on a cup competition in Japan 
This is the first edition of the competition and the qualifying round will be played in regions featuring clubs from the Regional League Division 2 

Calendar
1st round


=== Final ===
Passage 12:
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are congresspeople who coordinate legislative initiatives and serve as the chief spokespersons for their parties on the House floor  These leaders are elected every two years in secret balloting of their party caucuses or conferences: the House Democratic Caucus and the House Republican Conference  Depending on which party is in power, one party leader serves as majority leader and the other as minority leader 
Unlike the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader is the second highest-ranking member of their party's House caucus, behind the Speaker of the House  The Majority Leader is responsible for setting the annual legislative agenda, scheduling legislation for consideration, and coordinating committee activity  The Minority Leader serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the minority counterpart to the Speaker  The Minority Leader also speaks for the minority party in the House and its policies, and works to protect the minority party's rights The assistant majority leader and assistant minority leader of the House, commonly called whips, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership  The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues 

Current floor leaders
With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority, the current leaders are Majority Leader Steve Scalise of Louisiana and Majority Whip Tom Emmer of Minnesota, Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries of New York, and Minority Whip Katherine Clark of Massachusetts 

Selection
The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot  The Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming Speaker, although not formally selected to be nominated for Speaker by the majority party's caucus  After this period, the Speaker-designate is also chosen in a closed-door session by the largest caucus although the Speaker is formally elevated to the position by a public vote of the entire House when Congress reconvenes 
Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position  When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress  When her predecessor, Dick Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections  Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House  Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service 
By contrast, party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber, such as Lyndon B  Johnson, William Knowland, Tom Daschle, and Bill Frist  Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor also had a comparatively quick rise to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history 

History
Before 1899, the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, the most powerful committee in the House, as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution as the House's unique power  However, this designation (begun under Speaker Henry Clay during the 12th United States Congress) was informal, and after 1865, alternated between the Ways and Means Committee Chair and the House Appropriations Committee Chair after the latter committee was split from the former  By at least 1850, the Senate and House Republican Conferences and the Senate and House Democratic Caucuses began naming chairs (although conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority) The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne  Speaker David B  Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more prominent and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356 Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership after the incumbent surrenders the position  The only exceptions during this period were Charles A  Halleck, who served as Majority Leader from 1947–1949, ultimately did not become Speaker because his party lost the House in the 1948 House election, and served as Majority Leader in 1953–1955, ultimately did not become Speaker because his party lost control over the House after the 1954 House Election and would not regain the House until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for years at this point); Hale Boggs, who served as Majority Leader from 1971–1973, died in a plane crash; and Dick Gephardt, who served as Majority Leader from 1989–1995, descended to Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections 
Since 1995, the only two Majority Leaders to become Speaker are John Boehner and Kevin McCarthy, though indirectly as their party lost control in the 2006 and 2018 midterm elections  Boehner subsequently served as House Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011, and McCarthy served from 2019 to 2023  Both were elected Speaker when the House reconvened after gaining a majority in their respective midterm elections  In 1998, when Speaker Newt Gingrich announced his resignation, neither Majority Leader Dick Armey nor Majority Whip Tom DeLay contested the Speakership, which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert 
Traditionally, the Speaker is viewed as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command  For example, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the Speakership while Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader  Cantor was understood to be the second-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the indisputable leader of the House Republicans  However, there have been some exceptions  The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay was considered more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006 In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party  For example, when the Republicans lost their majority in the 2018 elections, McCarthy was elected as Minority Leader and hence replaced Ryan as the highest-ranking House Republican 
When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President  For that situation, the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, owing to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership 
When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively  As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions  Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections  She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress In 2014, Eric Cantor became the first House Majority Leader to lose a primary election  Following his primary defeat, Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader, effective July 31, 2014, and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress 

Majority Leader
The House Majority Leader's duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus  In several recent sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees One statutory duty, per 19 U S C  § 2191(c)(1), stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the United States for a fast-track negotiating authority (trade promotion authority) trade agreement must be introduced (by request) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House 

Minority Leader
Responsibilities
From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader  For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar  The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities 
From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority control of the House  Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader 

The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers 
The minority leader devises strategies, in consultation with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives  For example, by stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" 
The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party's agenda 
The minority leader, if their party controls the White House, confers regularly with the President and the President's aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally 
The minority leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined  To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom  A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N Y , provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies  He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights  It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation "Since Snell's description, other responsibilities have been added to the job  These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions  Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position 

Origin of the post
To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation  Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader  Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders  However, from the earliest days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader"  Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader  In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause " In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

I found there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called, in England, Leaders, on either side of the House     It is true, that certain members do take charge of administration questions, and certain others of opposition questions; but all this so obviously without concert among themselves, actual or tacit, that nothing can be conceived less systematic or more completely desultory, disjointed Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader  For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field  Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855 " With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader"  The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five  The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership "In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader " However, this assertion is subject to dispute  On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G  Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker  Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J  Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress  Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader  He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives     all at handsome salaries " Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination  But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously " Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead  "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883  On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership " Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A  Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883  "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance " This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer 
In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position  Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians  This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and   high levels of party voting in Congress " Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House
leadership structure 

Minority party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897
While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899, the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the beginning of each Congress) may be considered their party's leaders before that time 

1865: James Brooks (D-NY)
1867: Samuel S  Marshall (D-IL)
1869: Michael C  Kerr (D-IN)
1871: George W  Morgan (D-OH)
1873: Fernando Wood (D-NY)
1875: James Gillespie Blaine (R-ME)
1877, 1879: James Abram Garfield (R-OH)
1881: Samuel Jackson Randall (D-PA)
1883: Joseph Warren Keifer (R-OH)
1885, 1887: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
1889: John Griffin Carlisle (D-KY)
1891, 1893: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
1895: Charles F  Crisp (D-GA)
1897: Joseph W  Bailey (D-TX)

Trends
Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention  First, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means " Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; however, they appoint the minority members of the Rules Committee and influence the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee 
Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status  Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern  In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R  Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker  Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker " More recently, although Robert H  Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day 
In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President  For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership  Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner 

Institutional functions
The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether their party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda  Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position  Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book  Others have devolved upon the position in other ways  To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out
diverse leadership functions  Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities 
Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities  They include the following:
Drug Testing  Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House "
Inspector General  Rule II, clause 6, states that the "Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly " This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general 
Questions of Privilege  Under Rule IX, clause 2, a resolution "offered as a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader     shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn " This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions 
Oversight Plans  Under Rule X, clause 2, not later "than March 31 in the first session of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans" of the standing committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees' oversight plans 
Committee on Standards of Official Conduct: Investigative Subcommittees  Rule X, clause 5, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress "
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence  "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum " In addition, each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties  (Rule X, clause 11) 
Motion to Recommit with Instructions  Under Rule XIII, clause 6, the Rules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions 
In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions  For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; they and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; they are a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and they may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference  Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible 

Party functions
The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities  Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader  For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus  They are a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the
Steering Committee  Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration  Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader 
Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments  Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's floor leader:
A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs  They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party  They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation  They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration  Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's
whip organization These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader's overarching objective: retake majority control of the House  "I want to get [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt, D-MO  "That's what [my partisan colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to do "Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal 
Provide Campaign Assistance  Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers  There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention  For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee  "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist "No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support "Devise Minority Party Strategies  The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that they can employ to advance minority party objectives  The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party  For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion  Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:
Cooperation  The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor 
Inconsequential Opposition  The minority party offers opposition, but it is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is so small 
Withdrawal  The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue, perhaps because of intraparty divisions 
Innovation  The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf 
Partisan Opposition  The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own 
Constructive Opposition  The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes 
Participation  The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority-building role with respect to his priorities A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances  The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party  "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt  Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics  By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House  To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public 
Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda  An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters  Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities  For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor  If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, they can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership  As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side "Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's  For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message", they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public 
House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House  The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues  Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements  They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel  In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals 
Confer With the White House  If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally  Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party  In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress  When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents  President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill  There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President  On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's " Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party  "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI  Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection  As Ford explained:
"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said  When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal  If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that  And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative  Or they could vote for it and make the same argument  Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, R-IL, to act as national spokesmen for their party  They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting  Ford's predecessor as minority leader, Charles Halleck, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this role, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Show"  In fact, the "Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference "Foster Party Harmony  Minority status, by itself, is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements  To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank-and-file Members and with different factional groupings  As Minority Leader Gephardt said:

We have weekly caucus meetings  We have daily leadership meetings  We have weekly ranking Member meetings  We have party effectiveness meetings  There's a lot more communication  I believe leadership is bottom up, not top down  I think you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up, and involve people in figuring out what that is Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party  Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the
minority party 

Party whips and assistant party leaders
Whips
A whip manages their party's legislative program on the House floor  The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon 
The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed legislation  They are reckoned as the third-ranking member of their party behind the Speaker and the Majority Leader 
The Minority Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters  They are reckoned as the second most powerful member of their party, behind the minority leader 
The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for their party  The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Guy Reschenthaler  Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership  Cantor and McCarthy, for instance, served as chief deputy Republican whips before ascending to the majority leader's post  The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus  John Lewis held this post from 1991 until his death in 2020  Jan Schakowsky held the position of senior chief deputy majority whip along with Lewis since 2019, previously holding a position as chief deputy whip since 2005  Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the title Deputy Whip 
List of Republican Chief Deputy Whips
1981–1983: David F  Emery (Minority)
1983–1987: Tom Loeffler (Minority)
1987–1989: Edward Rell Madigan (Minority)
1989–1993: Steve Gunderson and Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
1993–1995: Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
1995–1999: Dennis Hastert (Majority)
1999–2003: Roy Blunt (Majority)
2003–2009: Eric Cantor (Majority, 2003–2007; Minority, 2007–2009)
2009–2011: Kevin McCarthy (Minority)
2011–2014: Peter Roskam (Majority)
2014–2019: Patrick McHenry (Majority)
2019–2022: Drew Ferguson (Minority)
2023–present: Guy Reschenthaler (Majority)List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips1955–1962: Hale Boggs (Majority)
1962–1971: Tip O'Neill (Majority)
1971–1973: John Brademas, John J  McFall (Majority)
1973–1977: John Brademas (Majority)
1977–1981: Dan Rostenkowski (Majority)
1981–1987: Bill Alexander (Majority)
1987–1991: David Bonior (Majority)
1991–1993: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis (Majority)
1993–1995: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Majority)
1995–1997: Rosa DeLauro, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Minority)
1997–1999: Rosa DeLauro, Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Bob Menendez (Minority)
1999–2002: Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2002–2003: John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2003–2005: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Baron Hill, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Jan Schakowsky, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2005–2007: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Minority)
2007–2011: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Majority)
2011–2013: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Jim Matheson, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Maxine Waters, Peter Welch (Minority)
2013–2015: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Ben Ray Lujan, Jim Matheson, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Minority)
2015–2019: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G  K  Butterfield, Joaquin Castro, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Kyrsten Sinema, Peter Welch (Minority)
2019–2022: Cedric Richmond (until January 15, 2021) (Assistant to the Majority Whip), John Lewis (until July 17, 2020), Jan Schakowsky (Senior Chief Deputy Whips), Pete Aguilar, G  K  Butterfield, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Dan Kildee, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Majority)
2023–present: Jan Schakowsky, Terri Sewell, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Jimmy Panetta, Colin Allred, Sharice Davids, Deborah Ross, Linda Sánchez, Marilyn Strickland

Assistant party leaders
The position of Assistant Democratic Leader was established by Nancy Pelosi on January 3, 2011 and filled by Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between then-Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then-Majority Whip Jim Clyburn  The title has undergone several name changes, with the title being known as the titular "Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives" during Pelosi's second speakership; it is said to replace the Assistant to the Leader post first established in 1999; and previously held by Chris Van Hollen  There is currently no Republican equivalent in the U S  House of Representatives 

List of House Democratic Assistants to the Leader1999–2003: Rosa DeLauro
2003–2007: John Spratt
2007–2009: Xavier Becerra
2009–2011: Chris Van HollenList of House Assistant Democratic Leaders2011–2019: Jim ClyburnList of Assistant Speakers of the House of Representatives2019–2021: Ben Ray Luján
2021–2023: Katherine ClarkList of House Assistant Democratic Leaders2023–present: Jim Clyburn

List of party leaders and whips
The Majority and President are included for historical and comparative reference 

See also
Party leaders of the United States Senate
Divided government in the United States

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 2:
FC Barcelona
Futbol Club Barcelona (Catalan pronunciation: [fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə] (listen)), commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ([ˈbaɾsə]), is a professional football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football 
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, Catalan, German, and English footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto "Més que un club" ("More than a club")  Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona  It is the third-most valuable sports team in the world, worth $5 51 billion, and the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €582 1 million  The official Barcelona anthem is the "Cant del Barça", written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs  Barcelona traditionally play in dark shades of blue and garnet stripes, hence nicknamed Blaugrana 
Domestically, Barcelona has won a record 77 trophies: 27 La Liga, 31 Copa del Rey, 14 Supercopa de España, three Copa Eva Duarte, and two Copa de la Liga titles, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions  In international club football, the club has won 22 European and worldwide titles: five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cups, a joint record five UEFA Super Cups, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, a joint record two Latin Cups, and three FIFA Club World Cups  Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015, and occupies the ninth position on the UEFA club rankings as of May 2023  The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid, and matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico 
Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world, and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams  Barcelona players have won a record twelve Ballon d'Or awards, with recipients including Johan Cruyff, as well as a record seven FIFA World Player of the Year awards, with winners including Romário, Ronaldo, Rivaldo and Ronaldinho  In 2010, three players who came through the club's youth academy (Lionel Messi, Andrés Iniesta and Xavi) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football academy  Additionally, players representing the club have won a record eight European Golden Shoe awards 
Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid  In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup  In 2011, the club became European champions again, winning five trophies  This Barcelona team, which won fourteen trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time  By winning their fifth Champions League trophy in 2015 under Luis Enrique, Barcelona became the first European football club in history to achieve the continental treble twice 

History
1899–1922: Beginnings
On 22 October 1899, Swiss Hans Gamper placed an advertisement in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club; a positive response resulted in a meeting at the Gimnasio Solé on 29 November  Eleven players attended – Walter Wild (the first president of the club), Luis de Ossó, Bartomeu Terradas, Otto Kunzle, Otto Maier, Enric Ducal, Pere Cabot, Carles Pujol, Josep Llobet, John Parsons, and William Parsons – and Foot-Ball Club Barcelona was born 

FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey  In 1901, the club participated in the very first football competition played on the Iberian Peninsula, the Copa Macaya, narrowly losing to Hispania AC, but in the following year, Barça won the tournament, the club's first-ever piece of silverware, and then participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya (a combination of players from Athletic Club and Bilbao FC) in the final  In 1908, Hans Gamper – now known as Joan Gamper – became club president in a desperate attempt to save Barcelona from extinction, finding the club struggling not just on the pitch, but also financially and socially, after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905  He said in a meeting, "Barcelona cannot die and must not die  If there is nobody who is going to try, then I will assume the responsibility of running the club from now on " Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm  One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income On 14 March 1909, the team moved into the Camp de la Indústria, a stadium with a capacity of 8,000  To celebrate their new surroundings, the club conducted a logo contest the following year  Carles Comamala won the contest, and his suggestion became the crest that the club still wears – with some minor changes – as of the present day The stadium is regarded as the main element that helped the club grow in the 1910s and become a dominant team, winning three successive Campionats de Catalunya between 1909 and 1911, three Copa del del Rey in four years between 1910 and 1913, and four successive Pyrenees Cup between the inaugural year in 1910 and 1913, which was one of the earliest international club cups in Europe since it consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi and Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country and Catalonia; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region  The contest was the most prestigious in that era  Notable figures of Barça's first great team include Carles Comamala, Alfredo Massana, Amechazurra, Paco Bru and Jack Greenwell  The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917 During the same period, the club changed its official language from Castilian to Catalan and gradually evolved into an important symbol of Catalan identity  For many fans, participating in the club had less to do with the game itself and more with being a part of the club's collective identity  On 4 February 1917, the club held its first tribute match to honour Ramón Torralba, who played from 1913 to 1928  The match was against local side Terrassa where Barcelona won the match 6–2 Gamper simultaneously launched a campaign to recruit more club members, and by 1922, the club had more than 20,000, who helped finance a new stadium  The club then moved to the new Les Cortes, which they inaugurated the same year  Les Cortes had an initial capacity of 30,000, and in the 1940s it was expanded to 60,000 In 1912, Gamper recruited Paulino Alcántara, the club's seventh all-time top-scorer, and in 1917, Gamper also recruited Jack Greenwell as the first full-time manager in Barcelona's history  After this hiring, the club's fortunes began to improve on the field and soon enjoyed its first "golden age"  Along with Alcántara, the Barça team under Greenwell also included Sagibarba, Ricardo Zamora, Josep Samitier, Félix Sesúmaga and Franz Platko  This team won 9 out of 10 Campionats de Catalunya between 1919 and 1928 and two Copa del Rey titles in 1920 and 1922  In total, during the Gamper-led era, Barcelona won eleven Campionats de Catalunya, six Copa del Rey and four Pyrenees Cups 

1923–1957: Rivera, Republic and Civil War
On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March  As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club  This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 1926, the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed, for the first time, to operate a professional football club 

On 3 July 1927, the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara, against the Spanish national team  To kick off the match, local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his aeroplane  In 1928, victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled "Oda a Platko", which was written by a member of the Generation of '27, Rafael Alberti, inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper, Franz Platko  On 23 June 1929, Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League  A year after winning the championship, on 30 July 1930, Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems Although they continued to have players of the standing of Josep Escolà, the club now entered a period of decline, in which political conflict overshadowed sports throughout society  Attendance at matches dropped as the citizens of Barcelona were occupied with discussing political matters  Although the team won the Campionat de Catalunya in 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936, and 1938, success at a national level (with the exception of the 1937 disputed title) evaded them 
A month after the entire Spanish Civil War began in 1936, several players from Barcelona enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising, along with players from Athletic Bilbao  On 6 August, Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol, a representative of the pro-independence political party  He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme, and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity  In the summer of 1937, the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States, where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic  The tour led to the financial security of the club but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France, making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies On 16 March 1938, Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force, causing more than 3,000 deaths, with one of the bombs hitting the club's offices  A few months later, Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the "undisciplined" Catalanism, the club, now down to just 3,486 members, faced a number of restrictions  All signs of regional nationalism, including language, flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain  The Catalan flag was banned and the club were prohibited from using non-Spanish names  These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest 

In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del Generalísimo (now the Copa del Rey)  The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3–0  Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg, beating Barcelona 11–1  According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid  Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history  This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims " It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona's players were threatened by police in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven Despite the difficult political situation, CF Barcelona enjoyed considerable success during the 1940s and 1950s  In 1945, with Josep Samitier as coach and players like César, Ramallets and Velasco, they won La Liga for the first time since 1929  They added two more titles in 1948 and 1949  In 1949, they also won the first Copa Latina  In June 1950, Barcelona signed László Kubala, who was to be an important figure at the club On a rainy Sunday of 1951, the crowd left Les Corts stadium after a 2–1 win against Santander by foot, refusing to catch any trams, and surprising the Francoist authorities  The reason was simple: at the same time, a tram strike was taking place in Barcelona, receiving the support of blaugrana fans  Events like this made CF Barcelona represent much more than just Catalonia and many progressive Spaniards saw the club as a staunch defender of rights and freedoms Coach Ferdinand Daučík and László Kubala led the team to five different trophies including La Liga, the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa Latina, the Copa Eva Duarte, and the Copa Martini Rossi in 1952  In 1953, the club won La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo again 

1957–1978: Club de Fútbol Barcelona
With Helenio Herrera as coach, a young Luis Suárez, the European Footballer of the Year in 1960, and two influential Hungarians recommended by Kubala, Sándor Kocsis and Zoltán Czibor, the team won another national double in 1959 and a La Liga and Fairs Cup double in 1960  In 1961, they became the first club to beat Real Madrid in a European Cup play-off  However, they lost 2–3 to Benfica in the final 

The 1960s were less successful for the club, with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga  The completion of the Camp Nou, finished in 1957, meant the club had little money to spend on new players  The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach, and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966  Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1–0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Santiago Bernabéu in front of dictator Francisco Franco, with coach Salvador Artigas, a former republican pilot in the Civil War  With the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974, the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design, including the original letters once again The 1973–74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record £920,000 from Ajax  Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco  He further endeared himself when he named his son "Jordi", after the local Catalan Saint George  Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973–74 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Santiago Bernabéu en route  He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971)  Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona 

1978–2000: Núñez and stabilization
In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president  The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship  The new president's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch  His presidency was to last for 22 years, and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting go of such players as Diego Maradona, Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands On 16 May 1979, the club won its first European Cup Winners' Cup by beating Fortuna Düsseldorf 4–3 in Basel in a final watched by more than 30,000 travelling blaugrana fans  The same year, Núñez began to invest in the club's youth programme by converting La Masia into a dormitory for young academy players from abroad  The name of the dormitory would later become synonymous with the youth programme of Barcelona 

In June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £5 million from Boca Juniors  In the following season, under coach César Luis Menotti, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid  Maradona's time with Barcelona, however, was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli  At the start of the 1984–85 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster  The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua București during a dramatic evening in Seville Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois  The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches  At the same time, Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads, who often identified with a right-wing separatism  The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois' ideology from liberalism to fascism, which caused division within the group and a sudden support for Núñez's presidency  Inspired by British hooligans, the remaining Boixos Nois became violent, causing havoc leading to large-scale arrests After the 1986 FIFA World Cup, Barcelona signed the English top scorer Gary Lineker, along with goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta, but the team could not achieve success, as Schuster was excluded from the team  Terry Venables was subsequently fired at the beginning of the 1987–88 season and replaced with Luis Aragonés  The season finished with the players rebelling against president Núñez, in an event known as the Hesperia mutiny, and a 1–0 victory in the Copa del Rey final against Real Sociedad 

The Dream Team era
In 1988, Johan Cruyff returned to the club, this time as manager and he assembled what would later be dubbed the "Dream Team"  He used a mix of Spanish players like Pep Guardiola, José Mari Bakero, Jon Andoni Goikoetxea, Miguel Angel Nadal and Txiki Begiristain while signing international players such as Ronald Koeman, Michael Laudrup, Romário and Hristo Stoichkov 

It was ten years after the inception of the youth programme, La Masia, when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team  One of the first graduates, who would later earn international acclaim, was future Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola 
Under Cruyff's guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994  They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley, with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman  They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de España trophies  With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager at that point  He also became the club's longest consecutive serving manager, serving eight years  Cruyff's fortune was to change, and, in his final two seasons, he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Josep Lluís Núñez, resulting in his departure  On the legacy of Cruyff's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club, future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state, "Cruyff built the cathedral, our job is to maintain and renovate it "Reacting to Cruyff's departure, an independent protest group was organised by Armand Caraben, Joan Laporta and Alfons Godall  The objective of the group, called L'Elefant Blau, was to oppose the presidency of Núñez, which they regarded as a corruption of the club's traditional values  Laporta would later take over the presidency of Barcelona in 2003 Cruyff was briefly replaced by Bobby Robson, who took charge of the club for a single season in 1996–97  He recruited Ronaldo for a world record transfer fee from his previous club, PSV and delivered a cup treble, winning the Copa del Rey, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the Supercopa de España, with Ronaldo registering 47 goals in 49 games  Despite his success, Robson was only ever seen as a short-term solution while the club waited for Louis van Gaal to become available Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Inter Milan in another world record transfer  However, new heroes emerged, such as Luís Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique and Rivaldo, and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998  In 1999, the club celebrated its centenari, winning the Primera División title, and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year  Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000 

2000–2008: Exit Núñez, enter Laporta
The departures of Núñez and Van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo, then club vice-captain  Figo had become a cult hero and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own  Barcelona fans, however, were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou, Figo was given an extremely hostile reception  Upon his first return, a piglet's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd  The next three years saw the club in decline, and managers came and went  Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer who, despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000, presided over a mediocre league campaign and a first-round Champions League exit, and was dismissed late in the season  Long-serving Barcelona deputy coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season against Valencia via an exceptional performance from Rivaldo, who completed arguably the greatest hat-trick in history with an overhead bicycle kick winner in the final minute to secure qualification Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, Rexach was never viewed as a long-term solution and that summer Van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager  What followed, despite another decent Champions League performance, was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club's history, with the team as low as 15th in February 2003  This led to Van Gaal's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Antić, though a sixth-place finish was the best that he could manage  At the end of the season, Antić's short-term contract was not renewed, and club president Joan Gaspart resigned, his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior 

After the disappointment of the Gaspart era, the combination of a new young president, Joan Laporta, and a young new manager, former Dutch and AC Milan star Frank Rijkaard, saw the club bounce back  On the field, an influx of international players, including Ronaldinho, Deco, Henrik Larsson, Ludovic Giuly, Samuel Eto'o, Rafael Márquez and Edgar Davids, combined with home grown Spanish players, such as Carles Puyol, Andrés Iniesta, Xavi and Víctor Valdés, led to the club's return to success  Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004–05, and Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third, respectively, in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards 

In the 2005–06 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercopa successes  The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernabéu in a 3–0 win over Real Madrid  It was Rijkaard's second victory at the Bernabéu, making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice  Ronaldinho's performance was so impressive that after his second goal, which was Barcelona's third, some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation  In the Champions League, Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final  Trailing 1–0 to a ten-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining, they came back to win 2–1, with substitute Henrik Larsson, in his final appearance for the club, setting up goals for Samuel Eto'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti, for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years Despite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006–07 season without trophies  A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi  There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticised coach Rijkaard and Ronaldinho  Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form  In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions  Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5–2, with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona's goal of the century, but then lost the second leg 4–0  They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional  In the Champions League, Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals Barcelona finished the 2007–08 season third in La Liga and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League and Copa del Rey, both times losing to the eventual champions, Manchester United and Valencia, respectively  The day after a 4–1 defeat to Real Madrid, Joan Laporta announced that Barcelona B coach Pep Guardiola would take over Frank Rijkaard's duties on 30 June 2008 

2008–2012: Guardiola era
Barcelona B youth manager Pep Guardiola took over Frank Rijkaard's duties at the conclusion of the season  Guardiola brought with him the now famous tiki-taka style of play he had been taught during his time in the Barcelona youth teams  In the process, Guardiola sold Ronaldinho and Deco and started building the Barcelona team around Xavi, Andrés Iniesta and Lionel Messi 

Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4–1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time  A historic 2–6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became 2008–09 La Liga champions  Barça finished the season by beating Manchester United 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, with goals from Eto'o and Messi, to win their third Champions League title, and complete the first ever treble won by a Spanish team  The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble  In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 Club World Cup  Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Supercopa de España for a ninth time After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president  The elections were held on 13 June, where he got 61 35% (57,088 votes, a record) of total votes  Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for €40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for €19 million  At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, Barcelona players that had graduated from the club's La Masia youth system would play a major role in Spain becoming world champions  On 11 July, seven players who came through the academy participated in the final, six of whom were Barcelona players who started the match, with Iniesta scoring the winning goal against the Netherlands In November 2010, Barcelona defeated their main rival Real Madrid 5–0 in El Clásico 
At the ceremony for the 2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or in December, Barcelona's La Masia became the first youth academy ever to have all three finalists for the Ballon d'Or, with Messi, Iniesta and Xavi being named the three best players in the world for 2010  In the 2010–11 season, Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy, their third title in succession, finishing with 96 points  In April 2011, the club reached the Copa del Rey final, losing 1–0 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla Stadium in Valencia  In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3–1 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup  In August 2011, La Masia graduate Cesc Fàbregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid  The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup defeating Porto 2–0 with goals from Messi and Fàbregas  This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies  The Super Cup victory also saw Guardiola win his 12th trophy out of a possible 15 in his three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at Barcelona 

In December, Barcelona won the Club World Cup for a record second time since its establishment, after defeating 2011 Copa Libertadores holders Santos 4–0 in the final thanks to two goals from Messi and goals from Xavi and Fàbregas  As a result, the overall trophy haul during the reign of Guardiola was further extended and saw Barcelona win their 13th trophy out of a possible 16  Considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time, with Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson stating, ”They mesmerise you with their passing”, their five trophies in 2011 saw them receive the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year In the 2011–12 season, Barcelona lost the semi-finals of the Champions League against Chelsea  Guardiola, who had been on a rolling contract and had faced criticism over his recent tactics and squad selections, announced that he would step down as manager on 30 June and be succeeded by assistant Tito Vilanova  Guardiola finished his tenure with Barça winning the Copa del Rey final 3–0, bringing the tally to 14 trophies that Barça had won under his coaching It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova, assistant manager at Barcelona, would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager  Following his appointment, Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season, recording only two losses and amassing 100 points  Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi, who scored 46 goals in La Liga, including two hat-tricks  On 11 May 2013, Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time, still with four games left to play  Ultimately, Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2–1 to them at the beginning of March  They reached the semi-final stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively  On 19 July, it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned, and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three-month medical leave in December 2012 

2014–2020: Bartomeu era
On 22 July 2013, Gerardo "Tata" Martino was confirmed as manager of Barcelona for the 2013–14 season  Barcelona won the 2013 Supercopa de España 1–1 on away goals  On 23 January 2014, Sandro Rosell resigned as president by the admissibility of a complaint for alleged misappropriation following the transfer of Neymar  Josep Maria Bartomeu replaced him to finish the term 

Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–15 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice  On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid  This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years  On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou  On 6 June, Barcelona won the 2015 Champions League Final with a 3–1 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in six years  Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Suárez and Neymar, dubbed "MSN", scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history On 11 August, Barcelona started the 2015–16 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla 5–4 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup  They ended the year with a 3–0 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 Club World Cup final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time, with Suárez, Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament  The Club World Cup was Barcelona's 20th international title, a record only matched by Egyptian club Al Ahly  By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions, Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year, breaking Real Madrid's record of 178 goals scored in 2014  On 10 February 2016, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique's Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola's team in the 2010–11 season, with a 1–1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015–16 Copa del Rey  With a 5–1 win at Rayo Vallecano on 3 March, Barcelona's 35th match unbeaten, the club broke Real Madrid's Spanish record of 34 games unbeaten in all competitions from the 1988–1989 season  After Barça reached 39 matches unbeaten, their run ended on 2 April 2016 with a 2–1 defeat to Real Madrid at Camp Nou



ground_truth: International Tennis Federation

ITF

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What series of wins did the sports team that the all time highest goal scorer in spain national team was a member or achieve in 2009?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  On 14 May 2016, Barcelona won their sixth La Liga title in eight seasons  The front three of Messi, Suárez and Neymar finished the season with 131 goals, breaking the record they had set the previous year for most goals by an attacking trio in a single season 

On 8 March 2017, Barcelona made the largest comeback in Champions League history in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League Round of 16 second Leg, defeating Paris Saint-Germain 6–1 (aggregate score 6–5), despite losing the first leg in France by a score of 4–0  On 29 May 2017, former player Ernesto Valverde was named as Luis Enrique's successor  On 20 September 2017, Barcelona issued a statement exercising their stance on the 2017 Catalan referendum saying, "FC Barcelona, in holding the utmost respect for its diverse body of members, will continue to support the will of the majority of Catalan people, and will do so in a civil, peaceful, and exemplary way"  The match against UD Las Palmas on the referendum day was requested to be postponed by the Barcelona board due to heavy violence in Catalonia, but it (the request) was declined by La Liga, therefore being held behind closed doors  Two directors, Jordi Monés and Carles Vilarrubí, handed in their resignations in protest at the game's being played  Winning La Liga for the 2017–18 season, on 9 May 2018, Barcelona defeated Villarreal 5–1 to set the longest unbeaten streak (43 games) in La Liga history  On 27 April 2019, Barcelona won their 26th La Liga title  However, the La Liga title was overshadowed by an improbable Champions League exit to Liverpool in the semi-finals, with Barça losing the second leg 0–4 after being up 3–0 after a home victory On 13 January 2020, following the loss to Atlético Madrid in the Spanish Supercup, former Real Betis coach Quique Setién replaced Ernesto Valverde as the new head coach of Barcelona  Ultimately Barcelona finished the season trophyless for first time in 12 years  On 17 August, the club confirmed that Setién had been removed from his position as manager with director of football Eric Abidal also dismissed from his position  Two days later, Ronald Koeman was appointed as the new head coach of Barcelona  Rising dissatisfaction among supporters due to worsening finances and decline on the pitch in the previous season led to Josep Maria Bartomeu announcing his resignation as president on 27 October 2020, to avoid facing a vote of no confidence from the club members 

2021–present: Return of Laporta and post-Messi era
On 7 March 2021, Joan Laporta was elected president of Barcelona with 54 28% of the vote  Barcelona won their 31st Copa del Rey, their only trophy under Ronald Koeman, after defeating Athletic Bilbao 4–0 in the final  In August 2021 Barcelona found themselves unable to comply with La Liga's Financial Fair Play requirements, and revealed a club debt of €1 35bn and a wage bill accounting for 103% of total income  Negotiations with Lionel Messi, now in the final year of his contract, had been ongoing for some time  However, on 5 August 2021, Barcelona announced that they would be unable to re-sign Messi to an extension due to La Liga regulations  This was despite the fact that the club and Messi had reached an agreement over the details of a new contract  Messi departed the club after 21 years as a Barça player, and the club's all-time leading goalscorer, and signed on a free transfer with French club Paris Saint-Germain  The financial implications also restricted Barcelona in the transfer market and as a result most of the incoming players were either free transfers or loans and they had to reduce players' wages to register the incoming players Poor performances in La Liga and the Champions League led to the sacking of Ronald Koeman on 28 October, with a club legend Xavi replacing him  Xavi could not reverse the fortunes in the Champions League, and Barcelona dropped down to the Europa League for the first time since 2003–04, subsequently exiting in the quarter-finals  In the domestic league, Xavi improved Barça's form and guided them from ninth to second, guaranteeing a Champions League spot next season  However, this also meant Barcelona finished trophyless after earlier Supercopa and Copa del Rey exits On 15 January 2023, Xavi guided Barcelona to their first trophy since the 2021 Copa del Rey, as the Catalans defeated Real Madrid 3–1 in the Supercopa de España final On March 10, 2023, Spanish prosecutors said they had filed a complaint against Barcelona and two of the La Liga club's ex-presidents over alleged payments to a company owned by a senior refereeing official to influence match results On 23 March 2023, UEFA said it had opened an investigation into the club for a potential violation of the European soccer governing body's legal framework regarding payments made by the club to a company owned by a senior refereeing official 

Support
The nickname culer for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Indústria, sat with their culs over the stand  In Spain, about 25% of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population  Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club  The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003–04 season to 170,000 in September 2009, the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media  As of 31 May 2023, the club has 150,317 memberships, called socis In addition to membership, as of March 2022 there are 1,264 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world  The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona  Among the best supported teams globally, Barcelona has the second highest social media following in the world among sports teams, with over 103 million Facebook fans as of December 2021, only behind Real Madrid with 111 million  The club has had many prominent people among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 

Club rivalries
El Clásico
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as "The Classic" (El Clásico)  From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities  The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War  Over the years, the head-to-head record between the two clubs is 102 victories for Madrid, 100 victories for Barcelona, and 52 draws 

As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid"  In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid)  During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and especially Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained  As such, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like regime  In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs There's an ongoing controversy as to what extent Franco's rule (1939–75) influenced the activities and on-pitch results of both Barcelona and Real Madrid  Fans of both clubs tend to exaggerate the myths favouring their narratives  Most historians agree than Franco did not have a preferred football team, but his Spanish nationalist beliefs led him to associate himself with the establishment teams, such as Atlético Aviación and Madrid FC (that recovered its royal name after the fall of the Republic)  On the other hand, he also wanted the renamed CF Barcelona succeed as "Spanish team" rather than a Catalan one  During the early years of Franco's rule, Real Madrid weren't particularly successful, winning two Copa del Generalísimo titles and a Copa Eva Duarte; Barcelona claimed three league titles, one Copa del Generalísimo and one Copa Eva Duarte  During that period, Atlético Aviación were believed to be the preferred team over Real Madrid  The most contested stories of the period include Real Madrid's 11–1 home win against Barcelona in the Copa del Generalísimo, where the Catalan team alleged intimidation, and the controversial transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano to Real Madrid despite his agreement with Barcelona  The latter transfer was part of Real Madrid chairman Santiago Bernabéu's "revolution" that ushered in the era of unprecedented dominance  Bernabéu, himself a veteran of the Civil War who fought for Franco's forces, saw Real Madrid on top not only of Spanish but also European football, helping create the European Cup, the first true competition for Europe's best club sides  His vision was fulfilled when Real Madrid not only started winning consecutive league titles but also swept the first five editions of the European Cup in the 1950s  These events had a profound impact on Spanish football and influenced Franco's attitude  According to historians, during this time he realized the importance of Real Madrid for his regime's international image, and the club became his preferred team until his death  Fernando Maria Castiella, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Franco from 1957 until 1969, noted that "[Real Madrid] is the best embassy we have ever had " Franco died in 1975, and the Spanish transition to democracy soon followed  Under his rule, Real Madrid had won 14 league titles, 6 Copa del Generalísimo titles, 1 Copa Eva Duarte, 6 European Cups, 2 Latin Cups and 1 Intercontinental Cup  In the same period, Barcelona had won 8 league titles, 9 Copa del Generalísimo titles, 3 Copa Eva Duarte titles, 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cups and 2 Latin Cups The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano  Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina  Soon after Millonarios' return to Colombia, Barcelona directors visited Buenos Aires and agreed with River Plate, the last FIFA-affiliated team to have held Di Stéfano's rights, for his transfer in 1954 for the equivalent of 150 million Italian lira (according to other sources 200,000 dollars)  This started a battle between the two Spanish rivals for his rights  FIFA appointed Armando Muñoz Calero, former president of the Spanish Football Federation as mediator  Calero decided to let Di Stéfano play the 1953–54 and 1955–56 seasons in Madrid, and the 1954–55 and 1956–57 seasons in Barcelona  The agreement was approved by the Football Association and their respective clubs  Although the Catalans agreed, the decision created various discontent among the Blaugrana members and the president was forced to resign in September 1953  Barcelona sold Madrid their half-share, and Di Stéfano moved to Los Blancos, signing a four-year contract  Real paid 5 5 million Spanish pesetas for the transfer, plus a 1 3 million bonus for the purchase, an annual fee to be paid to the Millonarios, and a 16,000 salary for Di Stéfano with a bonus double that of his teammates, for a total of 40% of the annual revenue of the Madrid club Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona  With him, Madrid won the first five editions of the European Cup  The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when Real Madrid and Barcelona met twice in the European Cup, with Madrid triumphing en route to their fifth consecutive title in 1959–60 and Barcelona prevailing en route to losing the final in 1960–61  In 2002, the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the "Match of The Century" by Spanish media, and Madrid's win was watched by more than 500 million people  An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition – such notable celebrations occurred in 2009 when Barcelona captain Carles Puyol kissed his Catalan armband in front of incensed Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and in 2017 when Lionel Messi celebrated his 93rd-minute winner for Barcelona against Real Madrid at the Bernabéu by taking off his Barcelona shirt and holding it up to incensed Real Madrid fans – with his name and number facing them 

El derbi Barceloní
Barça's local rival has always been Espanyol  Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Barça's primary board  The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners  The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid  Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià Traditionally, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Barça's revolutionary spirit  Also in the 1960s and 1970s, while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life, Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen, military officers, civil servants and career fascists In 1918, Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy, which at that time had become a pertinent issue  Later on, an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War, siding with the fascists  Despite these differences in ideology, the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives  In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant  In the primera división league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 87 seasons (1928–2022) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957  Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5–0 on seven occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975, 1992, 2016 and 2017)  Espanyol achieved a 2–1 win against Barça during the 2008–09 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season 

Rivalry with AC Milan
One of Barcelona's rivals in European football is Italian club AC Milan  The team against which Barcelona has played the most matches (19), it is also the third most played match in European club competitions, behind Real Madrid–Juventus (21) and Real Madrid–Bayern Munich (26)  Two of the most successful clubs in Europe, Milan has won seven European Cups to Barça's five, while both clubs have won a record five European Super Cups  Barcelona and Milan have won other continental titles, which make them the second and third most decorated teams in world football, with 19 and 14 titles respectively, both behind Real Madrid's 23 Barcelona leads the head-to-head record with eight wins and five defeats  The first encounter between the two clubs was in the 1959–60 European Cup  They faced off in the round of 16 and Barça won the tie on a 7–1 aggregate score (0–2 in Milan and 5–1 in Barcelona)  While Milan had never knocked Barcelona out of the European Cup, they beat Johan Cruyff's Dream Team 4–0 in the 1994 Champions League final, despite being the underdogs  In 2013, however, Barcelona made a "historic" comeback from a 0–2 first leg defeat in the round of 16 of the 2012–13 Champions League, winning 4–0 at the Camp Nou 

Ownership and finances
Along with Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, and Osasuna, Barcelona is organised as a registered association  Unlike a limited company, it is not possible to purchase shares in the club, but only membership  The members of Barcelona, called socis, form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club  As of 31 May 2023, the club has 150,317 socis In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around €752 million (US$1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008–09 season  According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of €366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated €401 million in revenue  In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2 6 billion  In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3 2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €484 6 million  In 2017, Forbes ranked them the fourth most valuable sports team in the world with a team value of $3 64 billion  In 2018, Barcelona became the first sports team to surpass $1bn in annual revenues  In November 2018 Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13 8m) per year  However, years of profligate spending under the leadership of Josep Maria Bartomeu (president between 2014 and 2020) and other factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, saw the club's gross debt rise to about $1 4 billion in 2021, much of it short-term 

Records
In March 2021, Lionel Messi overtook Xavi's record of 767 games played for the club, and presently has made 778 official appearances in all competitions, while also holding the record for the most appearances in La Liga matches for Barcelona, with 520 

Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in official competitions is Lionel Messi with 672 goals, surpassing Paulino Alcántara's 369 goals in March 2014, a record which stood for 87 years  In December 2020, Messi also overtook Pelé’s 643 goals for Santos to become the highest official scorer for a single club  Messi is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European and international club competitions, and the record league scorer with 474 goals in La Liga  Four other players have managed to score over 100 league goals for Barcelona: César Rodríguez (190), Luis Suárez (147), László Kubala (131) and Samuel Eto'o (108)  Josep Samitier is the club's highest goalscorer in the Copa del Rey, with 64 goals László Kubala holds the La Liga record for most goals scored in one match, with seven goals against Sporting Gijón in 1952  Lionel Messi co-holds the Champions League record with five goals against Bayer Leverkusen in 2012  Eulogio Martínez became Barça's top goalscorer in a cup game, when he scored seven goals against Atlético Madrid in 1957 Barcelona goalkeepers have won a record number of Zamora trophies (20), with Antoni Ramallets and Víctor Valdés winning a record five each  Valdés had a ratio of 0 832 goals-conceded-per-game, a La Liga record, and he also holds the record for longest period without conceding a goal (896 minutes) in all competitions for Barcelona  Claudio Bravo has the record of best unbeaten start in a season in La Liga history, at 754 minutes 

Barcelona's longest serving manager is Jack Greenwell, with nine years in two spells (1917–1924) and (1931–1933), and Pep Guardiola is the club's most successful manager (14 trophies in 4 years)  The most successful Barcelona player is Lionel Messi with 35 trophies, surpassing Andrés Iniesta, with 32 trophies Barcelona's Camp Nou is the largest stadium in Europe  The club's highest home attendance was 120,000 in a European Cup quarter-final against Juventus on 3 March 1986  The modernisation of Camp Nou during the 1990s and the introduction of all-seater stands means the record will not be broken for the foreseeable future as the current capacity of the stadium is 99,354 El Barça de les Cinc Copes is the first team in Spanish football to have won five trophies in a single season (1951–1952)  Barcelona is the only club to have played in every season of European competitions since they started in 1955 counting non-UEFA competition Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  On 18 December 2009, alongside being the only Spanish club to achieve a continental treble, Barcelona became the first ever European football team to win six trophies in a calendar year (Sextuple)  In January 2018, Barcelona signed Philippe Coutinho from Liverpool for €120 million, the highest transfer fee in club's history  In August 2017, Barcelona player Neymar transferred to Paris Saint-Germain for a world record transfer fee of €222 million In 2016, Barcelona's La Masia was ranked second by the International Centre for Sports Studies (CIES) as the most top-level players producing academy in the world 

Kits and crest
The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm  The club shared Barcelona's coat of arms, as a demonstration of its identification with the city and a desire to be recognised as one  In 1910, the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest  The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club  Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations  The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom The blue and garnet colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900  Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and garnet design of the Barcelona shirt  The son of the first president, Arthur Witty, claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor's School team  Another explanation, according to author Toni Strubell, is that the colours are from Robespierre's First Republic  In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team, FC Basel Since 1998, the club has had a kit deal with Nike  In 2016, the deal was renewed until 2028 for a record €155 million per year  The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Barcelona fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga 
Notes

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Anthems
Throughout its history, the club has had various official songs  The anthem in use today is El Cant del Barça (The Song of Barça), composed in 1974 on the occasion of the club's 75th anniversary  Authors Josep Maria Espinàs and Jaume Picas composed the lyrics in Catalan, while the music was composed by Manuel Valls The song was first performed on 27 November 1974 at the Camp Nou stadium before the match between FC Barcelona and the East Germany national team by a 3,500-man choir led by Oriol Martorell  On November 28, 1988, in celebration of the club's centenary, the song was performed by Catalan singer-songwriter Joan Manuel Serrat at the end of the festival at the Camp Nou stadium  Since the 2008–09 season, "Cant del Barça" has been featured on the official Barcelona jerseys 
El Cant del Barça is turned on before Barcelona games take place at the Camp Nou, especially during matches against Real Madrid and just before the start of the meeting  The song is also often played for supporters and fans to cheer, chant and celebrate the victory 

Stadium
Barcelona initially played in the Camp de la Indústria  The capacity was about 6,000, and club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club with growing membership In 1922, the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club, Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts, which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators  After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches  This led to several expansion projects: the grandstand in 1944, the southern stand in 1946, and finally the northern stand in 1950  After the last expansion, Les Corts could hold 60,000 spectators After the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts  Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950, who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches, drew larger crowds to the games  The club began to make plans for a new stadium  The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954, before a crowd of 60,000 Barça fans  The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego  Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas, 336% over budget 

In 1980, when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee  The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee  Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu  In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline  It has a current capacity of 99,354 making it the largest stadium in Europe In December 2021, a record 88% of the club members voted in favor of the Espai Barça project to revamp the club's sporting facilities, being the first online referendum in FC Barcelona history  Originally projected to have been completed in 2021, renovation work on Camp Nou began on 1 June 2023 and it is now aimed to finish by the end of 2026, with an estimated €1 5 billion net funding  During the renovation period, Barcelona will move for the entire 2023–24 season to Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys in Montjuïc, expecting to return in November 2024, with the stadium still under construction There are also other facilities, which include:
Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper (FC Barcelona's training ground)
Masia-Centre de Formació Oriol Tort (Residence of young players)
Estadi Johan Cruyff (Home of the reserve team, women's team, and Juvenil A)
Palau Blaugrana (FC Barcelona indoor sports arena)
Palau Blaugrana 2 (Secondary indoor arena of FC Barcelona)

Honours
S Shared recordIn 2015, Barcelona received the Nine Values Cup, an award of the international children's social programme Football for Friendship 

Players
Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship  The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country  Also, players from the ACP countries that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling 

Current squad
As of 7 July 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Personnel
Current technical staff
Football Sport Management
Management
Board of directors
Filmography
See also
List of fan-owned sports teams
La Masia
Barcelona Femení
Barcelona Atlètic
Barcelona C
Barcelona Futsal
Barcelona Bàsquet
Barcelona Handbol
Barcelona Voleibol
Passage 3:
Spain national football team records and statistics
The following details the Spain national football team records 

Individual records
Player records
Nationwide
Most hat-tricks scored: 3 – Fernando Torres & David Villa
Most consecutive games with at least one goal: 6 – David Villa
Top scorer in World Cup finals: 9 – David Villa
Most goals scored in one World Cup: 5 – Emilio Butragueño (1986) & David Villa (2010)
Most consecutive matches scored in at World Cup: 4 – David Villa (2010)
Top scorer in European Championship finals: 6 – Álvaro Morata
Most goals scored in one European Championship: 4 – David Villa (2008)
Top scorer in Confederations Cup finals: 8 – Fernando Torres
Most goals scored in one Confederations Cup: 5 – Fernando Torres (2013)
Top scorer in UEFA Nations League finals: 6 – Ferran Torres
Most goals scored in one UEFA Nations League: 6 – Ferran Torres (2020–21)

Most caps
As of 18 June 2023, the players with the most caps for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Most goals
As of 18 June 2023, the ten highest scorers for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Most assists
As of 14 June 2021, the highest assist-providers for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 
These are Opta defined assists 

Most penalty goals
As of 29 March 2022 

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Hat-tricks
As of 17 November 2020 

4 Player scored 4 goals
5 Player scored 5 goals
6 Player scored 6 goals

Manager records
Most manager appearances
Vicente del Bosque: 114

Team records
Worldwide
World Cup winners: 2010
Most consecutive wins including friendlies: 15 (2008–09)
Most consecutive wins achieved by an international coach from debut: 13 – Vicente del Bosque
Longest unbeaten run: 36 matches (2007–09)
Longest streak without conceding a goal: 9 matches (1992–93)
Most penalty shoot-outs in one World Cup by one team: 2 at the 2002 FIFA World Cup (shared with  Argentina at the 1990 FIFA World Cup,  Netherlands and  Costa Rica at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and  Russia and  Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup)
Highest maximum number of points in World Cup qualification: 30 out of 30 (2010) (shared with  Germany for 2018)

Biggest wins
Heaviest defeats
Scores from 4–0 and up

FIFA Rankings
Last update was on 14 November 2021   
Source:
Passage 4:
List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi is an Argentine footballer who has represented the Argentina national team since his debut in 2005  Since then, Messi has scored 103 goals in 175 international appearances, making him the country's all-time top scorer; he surpassed Gabriel Batistuta's record of 54 goals with a free kick against the United States in the semi-final of the Copa América Centenario on 21 June 2016  He also holds the record for most goals by a South American male, surpassing Pelé‘s 77 goals with a hat-trick against Bolivia in September 2021  Messi made his debut for Argentina in a 2–1 away win over Hungary on 17 August 2005, and scored his first international goal a year later in his sixth appearance, against Croatia Messi's goal against Serbia and Montenegro, on 16 June 2006, at the age of 18 years and 357 days, made him the youngest-ever scorer for Argentina at a FIFA World Cup  He has scored nine international hat-tricks, and has netted twice in a match on ten occasions  In a June 2022 friendly against Estonia, Messi scored five goals in a match for Argentina for the first time  Out of all his opponents, Messi has scored the most against Bolivia, netting eight goals in total 29 of Messi's goals have come in FIFA World Cup qualifiers  Additionally, he has netted 13 in the Copa América, leading his team to victory in the 2021 edition of the tournament  Furthermore, he also reached the final with Argentina in 2007, 2015 and 2016  At the 2015 Copa América, he allegedly rejected the tournament's Best Player award, and the trophy was omitted from the ceremony  Nonetheless, he received the Best Player award and accepted it for his performances in the 2021 tournament  Messi has scored thirteen times in FIFA World Cup tournaments, a record for Argentina; Messi netted once in 2006, four in 2014, when he guided his team to the final, being awarded the Golden Ball for best player, once in 2018 and another seven in 2022, when he captained Argentina to their third World Cup Trophy, scoring twice in the final and winning the Golden Ball for a record second time  The remainder of Messi's goals, 49, have come in friendlies 

Goals
As of match played 15 June 2023 
Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Messi goal 

Hat-tricks
Statistics
As of match played 15 June 2023

See also
List of career achievements by Lionel Messi
List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
List of footballers with the most goals in a single game
List of top international men's football goal scorers by country
Lists of hat-tricks
List of international goals scored by Gabriel Batistuta
List of international goals scored by Diego Maradona
List of international goals scored by Alfredo Di Stéfano
Passage 5:
Trevor Porritt
Trevor Porritt (born May 24, 1961, in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a former Canadian field hockey player who played for the Canada men's national field hockey team from 1980 to 1988, including the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics  He was the top-scorer for the gold medalist team at the 1987 Pan American Games  Porritt was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 2000 

International senior competitions
1983 – Pan American Games, Caracas (1st)
1984 – Olympic Games, Los Angeles (10th)
1987 – Pan American Games, Indianapolis (1st)
1988 – Olympic Games, Seoul (11th)
Passage 6:
2013 Supercopa de España
The 2013 Supercopa de España was a two-legged Spanish football match-up that was played in August 2013 between the champions of 2012–13 La Liga, Barcelona, and the winner of the 2012–13 Copa del Rey, Atlético Madrid In the first leg which was played on 21 August in Madrid, former Barcelona striker David Villa put Atlético Madrid ahead when he hit a right-footed volley into the back of the net after a cross from the left after 12 minutes  Barcelona equalized in the 66th minute when substitute Neymar headed in at the far post after a high cross by Dani Alves from the right In the second leg, played on 28 August at the Camp Nou, Lionel Messi missed a penalty for Barcelona in the 89th minute, hitting his shot against the crossbar after Miranda had bundled substitute Pedro over in the area  Atlético Madrid had two players sent off: Filipe Luís in the 81st minute for tangling with Dani Alves, and Arda Turan, who had already been substituted, in the first minute of added time for protesting a decision 
Barcelona won the cup for a record 11th time on the away goals rule 

Match details
First leg
Second leg
See also
2013–14 Atlético Madrid season
2013–14 FC Barcelona season
Context 3: Passage 1:
Aguamarina
Aguamarina, is a 1997 American telenovela produced by Telemundo  Was led by Ruddy Rodríguez and Leonardo García with antagonistic action of Mara Croatto 

Cast
Passage 2:
Tourism in Nepal
Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal and its largest source of foreign exchange and revenue  Possessing eight of the ten highest mountains in the world, Nepal is a hot spot destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and people seeking adventure  The Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Nepal and its cool weather are also strong attractions 

Overview
Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world (8848 88m above the sea level), is located in Nepal  Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors  The World Heritage Site Lumbini, birthplace of Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is located in the center of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country  The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country  Tourism brings $471 million a year to Nepal 

According to statistics of 2019, there was a growth rate of 2 1%  According to statistics from Nepal Tourism Board (NTB), a total of 1,197,191 foreign tourists entered the country in 2019 as compared to 1,173,072 in 2018  The government of Nepal declared 2011 to be Nepal Tourism Year, and hoped to attract one million foreign tourists to the country during that year  The government of Nepal has also declared Lumbini Tourism Year 2012 to promote Lumbini  The government of Nepal has also recently declared Visit Nepal 2020 with the aim of bringing in two million tourists by 2020 
According to the statistics of 2017, most of the tourists comes to Nepal for observing the pilgrimage sites and heritages sites of the country i e  70 3%, then 34 5% visit for pleasure, 13 1% of them visit Nepal for mountaineering and trekking and remaining 18 0% of the tourists arrive for official activities, conferences, business etc 
The tourism industry of Nepal was affected after the destructive earthquake in 2015, by the series of earthquakes in 2015  In 2020, the tourism sector in Nepal collapsed due to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Religious sites
The majority religion in Nepal is Hinduism, and the Pashupatinath Temple, the world's largest temple of Shiva, located in Kathmandu, attracts many pilgrims and tourists  Other Hindu pilgrimage sites include the temple complex in Swargadwari in the Pyuthan district; Janaki Mandir in Janakpurdham in Mithila region; Lake Gosainkunda near Dhunche; the temples at Devghat; Kalinchowk Bhagwati Temple in Dolakha ;Manakamana temple in the Gorkha District; Pathibhara near Phungling; and Mahamrityunjaya Shivasan Nepal in Palpa District where the biggest metallic idol of Lord Shiva is located  
Buddhism is the largest minority religion  The World Heritage Site at Lumbini, which is traditionally considered to be the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is an important pilgrimage site  Another prominent Buddhist site is Swayambhunath, the Monkey Temple, in Kathmandu 
Dang valley is a sacred place for Hindus as well as other religions  Kalika and Malika Devi in Chhillikot hill, Ambekeshawori temple, Krishna temple, Dharapani temple are among the sacred places in Dang district  Chillikot hill is also a good place for sightseeing and also an ancient palace of a king 
Muktinath is a sacred place for Hindus as well as Buddhists  The site is located in Muktinath Valley, Mustang district 
Badimalika temple in Bajura District, Gadhimai Temple in Bara district, Halesi Mahadeva temple in Khotang  Bhageshwori Mandir in Nepalgunj  Bhagbhati mandir in Rajbiraj are also some popular temples in Nepal 

Wilderness tourism
According to Nepal's Ministry of Tourism, major tourist activities include wilderness and adventure activities such as mountain biking, bungee jumping, rock climbing and mountain climbing, trekking, hiking, bird watching, flights, paragliding and hot air ballooning over the mountains of Himalaya, exploring the waterways by raft, kayak or canoe and jungle safaris especially in the Terai region  International elephant polo is played at  Chitwan National Park 

Statistics
In 2007, the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was 526,705, which was an increase of 37 2% compared to the previous year  In 2008, the number of tourists decreased by 5% to 500,277  In 2018, the number of international tourists arrival was 1 17 million  In 2019, the number increased to 1 19 million  In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on tourism in Nepal, with tourist arrivals dropping to just 230,085 with a decrease of over 80 7% and further decrease by 30% in 2021 with an total number of 150,962  Pokhara is one of the main tourist destinations in Nepal 
In 2008, 55 9% of the foreign visitors came from Asia (18 2% from India), while Western Europeans accounted for 27 5%, 7 6% were from North America, 3 2% from Australia and the Pacific Region, 2 6% from Eastern Europe, 1 5% from Central and South America, 0 3% from Africa and 1 4% from other countries 
Foreign tourists visiting Nepal in 2008 stayed in the country for an average of 11 78 days which has now increased to 15 1 days and 15 5 days in 2020 and 2021 respectively

Arrivals
This statistic shows the number of international tourist arrivals by year, 1993–2021:

Arrivals by country
Most tourists arriving to Nepal on short-term basis were from the following countries of nationality:

See also
Visa policy of Nepal
Passage 3:
Mariett Dances Today
Mariett Dances Today (German: Heut tanzt Mariett) is a 1928 German silent romance film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Fred Louis Lerch and Harry Halm  It was shot at the Staaken Studios in Berlin and on location in the Swiss resort of St  Moritz 
It was made by the German subsidiary of First National Pictures  The film's sets were designed by the art directors Andrej Andrejew and Erich Zander 

Cast
Lya Mara as Mariett
Fred Louis Lerch as Robert van Dammen
Harry Halm as Ein junger Maler
Ralph Arthur Roberts as Prinz Beaufort
Kurt Gerron as Der Besitzer der Bar, Brigon
Jakob Tiedtke as Der Bürgermeister
Sophie Pagay as Die Haushälterin
Karl Harbacher as Der Schuhmacher
Josefine Dora as Seine Mutter
Fritz Kampers
Ivan Koval-Samborsky
Adele Sandrock
Franz Schafheitlin

Plot summary
The story begins like a fairytale: A stork, hunting for food in a Dutch village pond, picks out a baby girl and drops her in the cradle in the mayor's house  The mayor, who is a practical man, connects his saw and the baby's cradle with a string, and with every pull of the saw he rocks little Mariett – which is the name of the tiny foundling – to her sleep 
As the years go by, Mariett grows up to be a merry young woman, albeit a bit naïve, but full of joie de vivre and very fond of dancing  When on her 16th birthday a covert admirer gives her a pair of silk shoes she hurries to the village church to pray to Saint Joseph for a fitting pair of silk stockings  Her prayer, though, is overheard by two affluent young men  The one of them is a painter, copying one of the church windows; he is accompanied by his friend Robert van Dammen  They are very much amused about the girl's simple-mindedness and they plan to hoax her  With her father's consent – who is paid 300 guilder – Mariett is drugged and in her dreams she sees herself as a princess  When she awakes in Robert's palais the men proceed with their hoax, with Robert himself acting as “princess” Mariett's driver  Three days later, however, the fun is over and Mariett is told the truth  She is deeply upset about being had in such a way  So she decides to leave the village to seek her fortune in the big wide world 
Riding a train on her journey she plays her harmonica and dances  A bar operator who watches Mariett is delighted by her unsophisticated naivety, but also her outstanding entertaining talent  So he hires her as a show act for his Paris establishment  And soon the simple Dutch girl rises to be a number one star of the Paris show scene 
Meanwhile the two jokesters have heard about Mariett's racy success  As Robert has fallen in love with her he tries to find the way into her heart, what he undertakes on the skiing slopes and toboggan runs of Saint Moritz  On New Year's Eve Mariett and Robert are reconciled at last 

Production notes
Heut' tanzt Mariett was filmed between 28 November 1927 and 4 February 1928 in Staaken Studios (Berlin) and the location shots were done at Saint Moritz (Switzerland) 
On 10 March 1928 the motion picture passed censorship and was first released five days later in Beba-Palast Atrium, Berlin 
The movie was cleared for minors  It consisted of nine acts, the length of the reel being 2783 meters 
Passage 4:
Indru Nee Nalai Naan
Indru Nee Naalai Naan (transl  Today you, tomorrow me) is a 1983 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by Major Sundarrajan  The film stars Sivakumar, Jaishankar, Lakshmi and Sulakshana  It is based on the novel Thookku Mara Nizhalil by C  A  Balan  The film was released on 12 August 1983 

Plot
Marudhachalam marries Papathi, who prefers his brother Pazhaniappan  Papathi and Valli are childhood friends like sisters  Then Pazhaniappan marries Valli and has a child  Suddenly Marudhachalam dies before she gets to be with him intimately  She becomes a widow and raises Pazhaniappan's child  Now Papathi feels differently about Pazhaniappan and when Valli is gone, to have the second child, she asks Pazhaniappan to marry her  They both are on the way to get married, while they both change their minds  She goes back to being a widow and Pazhaniappan goes to see his wife and child  When Valli finds out, she tries to kill Papathi  Pazhaniappan tries to stop it, but Valli gets upset that he defends Papathi and she runs and falls into a well, hence committing suicide  Pazhaniappan goes to jail, stating he killed Valli as he feels guilty  He gets the death penalty  Papathi comes to see Pazhaniappan in the jail and he tells Papathi to marry someone else, but she refuses and commits suicide in front of Pazhaniappan 

Cast
Sivakumar as Pazhaniappan
Jaishankar as Marudhachalam
Lakshmi as Papathi
Sulakshana as Valli
Thengai Srinivasan as Doctor
Manorama as Kamalam
Major Sundarrajan as a police officer

Production
Indru Nee Naalai Naan was based on the novel Thookku Mara Nizhalil by C  A  Balan which was inspired from true events of his life  It was directed by Major Sundarrajan, his second directorial after Kalthoon (1982) and was produced by his younger brother Sampath alongside Pala  Karuppiah  The film was launched on 12 October 1982  The song "Kaangeyam Kaalaigale" was shot at Aathur Road, Salem  The scenes were also shot at Salem Prison with special permission  L  R  Shanmugam's home at Salem was used as Sivakumar's house for the film 

Soundtrack
Music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja  The song "Ponvaanam Panneer Thoovuthu" is set in the Carnatic raga Gourimanohari, and follows a 78 time signature  Writer Suka said the song uses the "spirit of the rain" to evoke love 

Release and reception
Indru Nee Naalai Naan was released on 12 August 1983  Jayamanmadhan of Kalki praised the performances of the actors and Ilaiyaraaja's music and concluded by praising Sundarrajan for properly narrating a story but felt the end monologue could have been avoided 
Passage 5:
Mara Triangle
The Mara Triangle is the southwestern part of the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, and is managed by the not-for-profit organisation The Mara Conservancy on behalf of Trans-Mara County Council 
Divided from the rest of the Maasai Mara National Reserve by the Mara River, the Mara Triangle is less visited and less crowded, with a fairly good concentration of wildlife all year-round including the Big Five (lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo and rhino) and diverse plains 'game' such as cheetah, hyena, jackal, wildebeest, zebra, giraffe, waterbuck and many other species 
The Mara Triangle is one of the areas where herds of the Great Migration enter and exit the Maasai Mara National Reserve from the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, making it one of the prime viewing locations for this wildlife spectacle  Crossings of the Mara River are world-renown for being particularly dramatic, featuring in many wildlife documentaries such as Wild Africa and Big Cat Diary 

Geography
The Mara Triangle is one third of the Maasai Mara National Reserve, with an area of 510 km²  It has two natural borders and one political; to the southwest is the Tanzania/Serengeti border, to the east is the Mara River, and to the northwest is the Oldoinyio Escarpment (also called Oloololo or Siria Escarpment) 
The landscapes of the Mara Triangle include riverine forest, red oat grasslands, volcanic hills and the 400-metre high Oloololo Escarpment 

Tourism
The Mara Triangle is managed by the Mara Conservancy, under contract by the Trans-Mara county council, a local non profit organisation formed by the local Maasai people, and contains a number of anti-poaching units 
There are two permanent lodges inside the Mara Triangle - Mara Serena and Little Governors   There are a few camps on the park's periphery which offer game drives inside the park: Angama Mara, Bateleur Camp, Kichwa Tembo, Kilima Camp, Mara Engai Wilderness Lodge, Mara Siria, and Mpata Safari Club 
It is also possible to take your own camping gear and stay at one of the public or private campsites and a number of seasonal mobile camps are set up to coincide with the arrival of the megaherds of the Great Migration each year 
The Mara Triangle is easy to access by plane with Angama Mara Airfield, Kichwa Tembo, Mara North, Musiara and Serena airstrips, and with daily scheduled flights connecting it with other parks and reserves in Kenya, the Kenyan coast (Mombasa, Diani, Malindi) and Nairobi (Jomo Kenyatta and Wilson airports)  The Mara Triangle is also reachable by road 
Passage 6:
Ann Mara
Ann Mara (June 18, 1929 – February 1, 2015) was an American businesswoman, socialite, philanthropist, the wife  and later widow of Wellington Mara, and the matriarch of the Mara family, which includes New York Giants CEO John Mara, and her granddaughters, actresses Rooney Mara and Kate Mara 

Personal life
Mara was born Ann Maria Teresa Mumm in Manhattan, New York City, the daughter of Olive (née DuBord) and George Mumm  She was of German, French-Canadian, and Irish ancestry  She married Wellington Mara (1916–2005) in 1954 and had eleven children Ann Mumm met Wellington Mara by chance when a woman fainted at a 7:30 a m  Mass that they both regularly attended  Both Ann and Wellington rushed to her side to help  Three of their early dates took place at Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and the Fordham gymnasium  After that Ann and Wellington were married, in 1954  They took their honeymoon in Southern California  Ann and Wellington had 11 children (7 girls and 4 boys) and 42 grandchildren  All their girls attended Convent of the Sacred Heart 
Her husband is considered  to have been one of the most influential figures in the history of the National Football League as the owner of the New York Giants  Ann Mara had been called the "First Lady of Football"  As a philanthropist, she donated money to various causes  In November 2014 she dedicated the opening of a new building for the San Miguel Academy for children at risk, which was built through the NFL Snowflake Foundation 

Media attention
Mara was an active member of the Giants community  In 2012 she gained media attention after having an argument with Terry Bradshaw 

Death
Mara was in good health until she fell on ice when she was fetching her newspaper outside of her Harrison home  Mara's housekeeper usually went to get the paper but on that day Mara went to get it herself  She died from pneumonia two weeks after her fall, on February 1, 2015  She was 85 years old  She was remembered with a moment of silence during Super Bowl XLIX; also, the Giants wore a patch on the right side of their uniforms, near the shoulders during the following season in her memory, with the letters "ATM" in black on a white circle background 
Passage 7:
The Trial of Madame X
The Trial of Madame X is a 1948 British drama film directed by Paul England and starring England and Mara Russell-Tavernan  It is based on the 1908 play Madame X by the French playwright Alexandre Bisson (1848-1912) 

Plot
A woman is thrown out of her home by her jealous husband and sinks into depravity  Twenty years later, she finds herself accused of murder for saving her son, who does not know who she is  He finds himself defending her without knowing her background 

Cast
Mara Russell-Tavernan as Jacqueline
Paul England as Perrisard
Frank Hawkins as La Roque
Eddie Leslie as Raymond
Hamilton Deane as Noel
Hamilton Keene as Louis
Jean Le Roy as Madeleine

See also
Madame X

External links
The Trial of Madame X at IMDb
Passage 8:
Serengeti District
Serengeti District is one of the seven districts of Mara Region of Tanzania  Its administrative centre is the town of Mugumu  It is home to part of the world-famous Serengeti National Park a UNESCO World Heritage Site and contains one of the western gates to the park According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of Serengeti District was 249,420 

Transport
There are no paved roads connecting Serengeti District with the rest of the country  The unpaved trunk road T17 from Musoma to Arusha passes through the district from west to east 

Administrative subdivisions
As of 2012, Serengeti District was administratively divided into 28 wards 

Wards
Passage 9:
The Girl from Capri
The Girl from Capri (German: Das Mädel von Capri) is a 1924 German silent comedy film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Ulrich Bettac and Robert Scholz  It premiered in Berlin on 10 July 1924 

Cast
Lya Mara
Ulrich Bettac
Robert Scholz
Hermann Böttcher
Julia Serda
Passage 10:
Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ʁon alp] (listen)) was an administrative region of France  Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes  It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south  The region was named after the river Rhône and the Alps mountain range  Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris  Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region 

Geography
Rhône-Alpes is located in the southeast of France  The neighboring (pre-2016) regions are Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté to the north, Auvergne to the west, Languedoc-Roussillon to the southwest, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the south  The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy  The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border  The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône  The confluence of these two rivers is at Lyon  The western part of the region contains the start of the Massif Central mountain range  The region also borders or contains major lakes such as Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) and Lake Annecy  The Ardèche flows through the southwest portion of the region, where it has carved the deepest gorge in Europe 
As with the rest of France, French is the only official language of the region  Until the mid-20th century, Arpitan was widely spoken in the whole region, while many of the inhabitants of the south spoke varieties of Occitan; both are in steep decline in this region  There are immigrant populations from Armenia, Italy, North Africa, Poland and Portugal, and elsewhere 
Rhône-Alpes is made up of the following departments:

Ain (01)  Capital: Bourg-en-Bresse
Ardèche (07)  Capital: Privas
Drôme (26)  Capital: Valence
Isère (38)  Capital: Grenoble
Loire (42)  Capital: Saint-Étienne
Rhône (69)  Capital: Lyon
Savoie (73)  Capital: Chambéry
Haute-Savoie (74)  Capital: AnnecyAnd, since 2015, Metropolis with territorial collectivity statute:

Metropolis of Lyon (69)  Capital: Lyon

Lakes
There are six main lakes in Rhône-Alpes:

Lac de Paladru
Lac d'Aiguebelette
Lac du Bourget
Lac d'Annecy
Lac de Nantua
Lac Léman

Prefectures
Prefectures listed in descending order of size:

Lyon (Rhône)
Grenoble (Isère)
Saint-Étienne (Loire)
Valence (Drôme)
Chambéry (Savoie)
Annecy (Haute-Savoie)
Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain)
Privas (Ardèche)

History
Although there have been people in Rhône-Alpes since pre-historic times, the earliest recorded settlers of the region were the Gauls (Celts)  Cities such as Lyon were founded by them and the region traded with both northern and southern Europe  Most of the area became part of Roman territory during the invasion of Celtic Gaul led by Julius Caesar and was at various times part of the regions of Lugdunensis and Gallia  Lyon itself became a major city in the Roman Empire 
The region, excepting Savoy, was part of the Merovingian and Carolingian Kingdoms before becoming a royal territory under the Capetians  As it became a royal territory early on in French history, its cultural, political and economic influences and developments paralleled those of greater France  (See History of France )

Transportation
Rhône-Alpes is a major European transit hub, linking northern France and Europe to the Mediterranean area  Millions travel along its motorways in summertime from Paris to holidays at the sea  The E15 Euroroute (Britain to Spain) runs through the region  There are international airports at Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne and many other minor airports and airfields 
The region is also a transport hub for the rail network with the TGV running through Lyon from Paris and the north, to the Mediterranean  A high-speed rail link is planned from Lyon to Turin 

Economy
Rhône-Alpes is a prosperous region which can be seen by its per capita GDP of about €31,231 ($40,000), which is higher than the French average, and an average income of €35,910 ($50,246), its economy second in size only to Île-de-France in France  This can be attributed to the diversity of the production in different sectors  The region is one of the Four Motors for Europe 

Industry, in particular:
Light engineering and high-tech
Mechanical engineering in the area of Annecy
Precision machining in the area of Cluses
Services, in particular:
High-tech industries, nanotechnology, biotechnology especially in Grenoble with 62,300 jobs in these sectors thanks to the presence of the Polygone Scientifique, Inovallée and some large companies as Schneider Electric 
Optic and design in Saint-Étienne
Tourism with the Alps (for skiing), Lyon and Grenoble (for culture) and the Ardèche (adventure sports/camping) particularly popular
Education, with major universities in Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne In the past mining, especially coal mining was an important sector, particularly around Saint-Étienne, although this has declined since the 1970s 
The area of the region that lies close to Switzerland has an economy linked to that of Geneva  This area forms a hinterland for the Geneva hub The Triangle of Lyon, Saint-Étienne and Grenoble contribute a GDP of €145 billion to the region  Add Valence to it, it is almost €150 billion  In addition, Lyon alone has a Gross Metropolitan Product of about €85 billion 
The region has been part of Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion since 10 July 2007 

Major cities
Winter Olympics
Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times; in 1924 at Chamonix, 1968 at Grenoble, and 1992 at Albertville 

Tourism
Situated between Paris and the Côte d’Azur, on the border with both Switzerland and Italy, and offering access to two international airports (Lyon and Geneva), rail connections and a vast motorway network, the Rhône-Alpes region is at "the crossroads of Europe" 
Boasting eight natural parks and peerless sites such as Mont Blanc and the Gorges de l’Ardèche, Rhône-Alpes offers a wide range of different landscapes: mountains, vineyards and gentle valleys, fields of lavender and olive groves 
Every form of sport is readily available, set against a natural backdrop: skiing, hiking, mountain biking or even paragliding and canoeing  Besides hosting three Winter Olympics games due to its being the largest ski area in the world, Rhône-Alpes is the second most important golfing region in France with over 60 courses 

Enthusiasts of art and culture will not be disappointed by the region's Villes d’Art: Lyon, which is classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, Annecy, Grenoble, Chambéry, and Saint-Étienne 
And last but not least, connoisseurs of good food and wine will be spoilt for choice by the range of local specialties available to taste along with a Beaujolais or a Côtes du Rhône, and by the sheer number of famous restaurants (with Paul Bocuse at the top of the list) in the region 

Gastronomy
Lyon is noted as a gastronomic centre of France and specialities served in its traditional bouchons include Lyon sausage, sophisticated salami (known there as "rosette"), tripe and quenelles  In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard  The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin du Haut-Doubs Wines in this region include Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine  Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region 
Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants: the bouchons  Bouchons are usually convivial restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines 
Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie, especially the rosette and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine  Traditional local dishes include saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg), marrons glacés and cardoon au gratin 

See also
List of châteaux in Rhône-Alpes
Transport in Rhône-Alpes
Passage 11:
Trans Mara District
Trans Mara District was an administrative district in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya  Its capital town was Kilgoris  The district had a population of 170,591 (1999 census) and an area of 2,846 km² [1]  It was created in 1994, when Trans Mara District was split from Narok District 
The Mara Triangle (part of the Masai Mara reserve) is located in Trans-Mara District  The district had only one local authority, Trans Mara county council  Kilgoris Constituency was the only constituency of the district 
Under the 2010 Constitution of Kenya and the new devolved form of government, the Trans Mara area was merged into Narok County   It continues as the Kilgoris Constituency electorally and administratively 
Its name refers to the territory "across the Mara River" from the perspective of the rest of Narok County   The term "Trans Mara" is still used to refer to the geographical area 

External links
Aridland go ke
Reliefweb int
Passage 12:
A Ghost Story
A Ghost Story is a 2017 American supernatural drama film written and directed by David Lowery and starring Casey Affleck and Rooney Mara, with Will Oldham, Liz Cardenas Franke, Sonia Acevedo, and Rob Zabrecky in supporting roles  It is about a man who becomes a ghost and remains in the house he shared with his wife 
The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017, and was released by A24 in the United States on July 7, 2017  It received positive reviews from critics



ground_truth: continental treble

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country has a body of water that was inspiration for the name of the Mara Region?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Plot
A woman mentions to her musician husband that she moved a lot as a child and took to hiding little notes wherever she lived  The couple are in disagreement about moving away  Occasionally they hear strange noises and one night there is a loud bang, the source of which they are unable to define 
Shortly afterwards the husband is killed in a car accident a short distance from the house  At the hospital his wife views his body, covering it with a sheet before departing  The husband awakens and, still covered by the sheet, wanders through the hospital  He is invisible to the living, as he is now a ghost  A door of light opens before him but he makes no attempt to approach it and it closes 
The ghost walks home and sees Linda, his landlord, drop off a pie  When the wife gets home she sits on the floor and eats the pie until she vomits 
Unable to communicate, the ghost watches while the wife grieves and then begins to proceed with her life  In the house next door he sees a ghost covered by a flower-print sheet who communicates that it is waiting for someone, though it does not remember who 
The wife comes home with a man whom she kisses in the doorway, and the ghost makes the lights flicker and knocks books from a shelf  Later, the wife listens to one of her husband's songs and recalls when he played her the recording for the first time  She moves away but first writes a short note and hides it in a gap between some molding, which she paints over  The ghost picks at the paint but he is unable to reach the note 
A Spanish-speaking mother moves into the house with her young son and daughter  The ghost watches them eat, play the piano and celebrate Christmas  The children begin to sense his presence and become frightened  One night, the ghost knocks a framed photo of the family off the piano and smashes dishes in the kitchen  The family moves out and the ghost again scrapes at the paint 
At a party thrown by the next occupants a woman says she has stopped working on her novel and a man responds by musing about what the point is of any creative pursuit, even one as uplifting and universally known as Beethoven's 9th Symphony, given that the sun will eventually engulf Earth and the universe will eventually rip itself apart  The partygoers notice the lights flicker 
The house is abandoned and becomes derelict and the ghost's efforts to retrieve the note are interrupted by a bulldozer crashing through a wall  The house next door is also torn down and the flower-print ghost communicates that it does not think whoever it is waiting for is coming, and it disappears from beneath its sheet  A skyscraper is built where the house was and, when the work is done, the ghost looks at a futuristic cityscape from a balcony before jumping off the ledge 
The celestial sphere rotates in reverse, and the ghost finds himself in a field in the 19th century with a man who is driving stakes into the ground  The man's wife and three daughters arrive in a covered wagon, and the family prepares to build a house  The youngest daughter writes a note and hides it under a rock while humming the tune of the husband's song  Native Americans attack and kill the family, and the ghost watches the girl's corpse decay 
Back in the house, which is empty except for the piano, the ghost sees himself and his wife enter and look around, and his life in the house repeats itself  The husband's resistance to the wife's desire to move causes tension in their relationship and, the night before his death, he finally acquiesces  Hearing this, the ghost sits down heavily at the piano, causing the bang that had earlier startled himself and his wife  Later, the ghost watches his earlier ghost-self watch the wife leave the house for the last time  He retrieves the note and, upon reading it, disappears, his empty sheet collapsing to the floor 

Cast
Production
Development
David Lowery had wanted to make a film featuring a man in a rudimentary ghost costume "for a while", telling Comingsoon net: "I just loved that image  I love taking something that is understood to be funny or charming or sweet or naive and instilling it with some degree of gravity " When he and his wife got in an argument about moving back to Texas, he began to write down the argument "thinking about my own attachment to physical spaces " After he thought to combine this with the idea about the ghost costume, he came up with the basic concept for the movie fairly quickly and began to write the screenplay in the spring of 2016  Lowery also used the film to work through what he termed "An existential crisis" brought on by reading an article about the possibility of a catastrophic earthquake, saying: "I was not feeling optimistic about the future of mankind  I felt the world was on its way to ending  The film became my way of dealing with those issues " The film's atypical 1 33:1 aspect ratio was chosen by Lowery partially because he thought it was thematically appropriate: "It’s about someone basically trapped in a box for eternity, and I felt the claustrophobia of that situation could be amplified by the boxiness of the aspect ratio "The ghost costume that was ultimately designed for the film ended up being more complicated than Lowery had anticipated  At first, the filmmakers attempted to simply use a normal bed sheet, but they found that even a king-sized sheet does not fully cover an adult male  The final costume required Affleck to wear certain other garments beneath the fabric to achieve the desired look, and the filmmakers found they had to resort to some "puppeteering" to keep the eyes in place  Beyond the practical constraints of the costume, Lowery also found that it impeded Affleck's ability to act, noting: "every unique physical trait as a human being was pronounced and exaggerated by this sheet over his head " This did not give Lowery the results he wanted, and he eventually solved the problem by reducing the amount Affleck moved, so "it became a matter of patience and posture and moving very specifically, slowly and rigidly "

Filming
Principal photography began in June 2016  The majority of the film takes place within a single house, which was chosen by Lowery because it closely resembled the first house he lived in with his wife  As the house was about to be demolished, the film crew were allowed to use it for free  Some shots of the ghost, specifically those done during pickups or reshoots, do not feature Affleck, instead replacing him with the film's art director, David Pink, who was found to have a similar build As the filmmakers did not know how the final product would turn out, the film was shot in secret and not officially announced until November 2016, at which point it was confirmed that Mara and Affleck were the leads  It was later revealed that Kesha would appear in the film in a cameo role 

Music
Daniel Hart composed the score for the film, as he had for all of Lowery's previous features and one short film  A soundtrack of the score was released by Milan Records on July 7, 2017 

Release
Prior to the film's world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017, A24 acquired its worldwide distribution rights  The company released the film in the United States on July 7, 2017 

Box office
The film earned $104,030 from four theaters during its opening weekend (an average per-location gross of $26,008), finishing in 26th place at the American box office  By the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed $1,596,371 domestically and $355,312 internationally, for a worldwide total of just under $2 million 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 285 reviews, with an average score of 8/10; the website's "critics consensus" reads: "A Ghost Story deftly manages its ambitious themes through an inventive, artful, and ultimately poignant exploration of love and loss " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average rating of 84 out of 100 based on reviews from 46 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing: "While Lowery's actual method of delivery may not be scary, it's sure to haunt those who open themselves up to the experience " David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the film a positive review, writing: "A poetic meditation on time, memory and spiritual connection that is utterly true to its title " Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film an "A" rating, calling it "an extraordinary mood piece that amounts to [Lowery's] best movie yet " Gary Thompson of the Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two and a half stars out of four and wrote: "The movie is trippy and almost willfully opaque—all I can say for sure is I left A Ghost Story feeling full "Richard Brody, writing for The New Yorker, included A Ghost Story in his list of the 27 best films of the decade 

Accolades
On September 9, 2017, the film won three awards at the 43rd Deauville American Film Festival: the Revelation Prize, the Critics Prize and the Jury Prize; additionally, David Lowery was nominated for the Grand Special Prize  On October 14, the film won two awards at the Sitges Film Festival: Best Photography and the Carnet Jove Jury Award  At the Fantasia Film Festival, the film won the Camera Lucida Award 
Passage 13:
Mara Marini
Mara Marini is a Canadian actress best known for her reoccurring role as Brandi Maxxxx in the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation  She has performed in several independent films and plays in the Los Angeles theater scene, as well as making other television appearances 

Early life
Mara Marini was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and had wanted to be an actress since the age of four  She was accepted to the University of Hawaii for marine biology, but ultimately attended York University in Toronto  After graduating, she auditioned for and was accepted to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Los Angeles, where she moved to study acting 

Career
Marini appeared in a number of independent films starting in the mid-2000s, particularly horror films, including In The Dark (2004), Slaughterhouse Phi: Death Sisters (2006), Darkworld (2006), Blood Legend (2006), Gothic Vampires from Hell (2007) and Munch (2008)  She has also experimented with stand-up comedy Marini, who had some theater experience in Canada, started performing on stage in the Los Angeles area, and became an active member of The Road Theatre Company  Among her credits with that company in 2007 was "Biblio," a Wayne Peter Liebman one-act play about a girl whose psychological issues invoke a barrage of images, including a Marilyn Monroe character portrayed by Marini  Also in 2007, she appeared in "Bitch", a dark comedy by Susan Rubin that played at the Bootleg Theater  Marini portrayed a giddy receptionist who has an affair with one of the main characters, a hedonistic public relations firm partner  In 2008, she appeared in a Road Theatre production of "The Friendly Hour" at the Road Theatre, playing one of a group of South Dakota housewives whose life stories are told over a 73-year period Marini appeared in the 2008 horror short film Deader Living Through Chemistry, a horror short film about zombies that appeared on the DVD release of George A  Romero's film Diary of the Dead  In 2009, Marini performed in a 15-week run of "Bram Stoker's Dracula" at the NoHo Theatre in Los Angeles, directed by Ken Sawyer  She portrayed Mina Harker, although on rare occasions she served as an understudy for the Lucy Westenra role  Marini received positive reviews; in a review of one of her Lucy performances, Culture Spot LA writer Julie Riggott said she "made a convincing transformation from meek innocent to voluptuous vampire"  Robert Machray of BlogCritics org wrote she "should get an award for her bloodcurdling screams" Marini had a supporting role in the 2009 film Ballistica, and played a Texan art dealer in the film The Back-Up Bride (2010)  She appeared in the film Psychosomatika (2010) after director Jeff Graham, who directed her in Blood Legend, contacted her and asked her to audition for a role  Also in 2010 she appeared in comedy sketches for the E! late night talk show Chelsea Lately, and a commercial for the website Vevo with American Idol runner-up Adam Lambert  Marini filmed a number of television pilots around this time, including ones for the Spike and the Oxygen channels Marini was cast in a guest appearance in the NBC comedy series Parks and Recreation as Brandi Maxxxx, a pornographic film actress  Marini had previously participated in a workshop with Dorian Frankel, the show's casting director, before auditioning for the Brandi Maxxxx role  Marini was concerned she didn't do her best at the audition, but was nevertheless chosen for the role  She first appeared in the third season episode "Jerry's Painting", which originally aired on April 28, 2011  In the episode, Brandi appears on a television news program along with Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) in which Leslie is defending a painting that depicts her as a centaur with her breasts exposed  While Leslie defends the artistic merit of the painting, Brandi defends the painting while simultaneously comparing it to pornography, unwittingly undermining Leslie's arguments  Marini later reprised the role in the fourth season episode "The Debate", where Brandi Maxxxx ran for city council against Leslie and participated in a political debate against Bobby Newport (Paul Rudd) and two other candidates Marini returned to the stage in 2011, appearing in the Laurel Ollstein comedy "Esther's Moustache" at the Studio/Stage Theatre in Los Angeles  The play was about a female artist who draws magazine cartoons of beautiful goddesses, and Marini played Lilith, a sex-obsessed imaginary goddess who appears before the protagonist as her alter ego  She received positive reviews for the performance  LA Weekly writer Steven Leigh Morris called her a "scene-stealer", and the Los Angeles Times called her "an amusingly empty-headed statuesque siren"  Natalia Evdikimova of Culver City News wrote that Marini was "superbly cast" and "hard to ignore", adding: "Mara Marini is everything that a sex-loving goddess should be: bossy, sassy and provocative"  In 2011, Marini also appeared in the ABC legal drama series The Whole Truth, and that show's casting director called her for auditions in several other television roles Marini appeared in the 2012 film Sushi Girl, reuniting Marini with director Kern Saxton, who directed her in Deader Living Through Chemistry  Marini also portrayed Gloria, who she described as a "Marilyn Monroe-type scarlet-wannabe", in the 2013 film Rock and Roll: The Movie  She also has filmed performances for the upcoming films Alongside the Night and King of the Road 

Filmography
Passage 14:
Philippine television drama
Philippine television drama, also known as teledrama, Filipino telenovelas or P-drama, is a form of melodramatic, serialized, televised fiction in the Philippines  Teledrama is derived from two Filipino words: "tele", short for "telebisyón" (television) and "drama" (drama series) 
Teledramas share characteristics with and have roots similar to soap operas and telenovelas  They have evolved into a genre with unique characteristics, however, and often reflect Filipino social reality  Teledramas are aired in the afternoon and prime time, five days a week  Their audience crosses age and gender lines, and they have the highest advertising rates in the Philippine television industry  Series last from three months to a year or longer, depending on ratings 
Philippine TV dramas also include serials and anthologies, usually shown weekly  These dramas have a finite number of episodes and usually last one season, again depending on ratings 

History
1940s-1980s
Soap operas in the Philippines began with Gulong ng Palad (Wheel of Fortune) on radio in 1949, and the genre expanded into television during the early 1960s  The first Philippine TV soap opera was Hiwaga sa Bahay na Bato (Mystery at the Stone House) in 1963, produced by ABS-CBN  Larawan ng Pag-ibig (Picture of Love), Prinsipe Amante (Prince Amante), and a number of others followed Gulong ng Palad, co-written by Loida Virina, was the longest-running radio serial and ran until the mid-1980s  Its TV version starred Marianne Dela Riva and Ronald Corveau and introduced young actors, including Romnick Sarmenta  Veteran actress Caridad Sanchez enhanced the series' popularity 
The government closed several networks (including ABS-CBN) during the 1972–1986 martial-law period, leaving RPN and GMA the country's only two commercial television networks  The lack of a diverse media base aided the emergence of nationwide satellite broadcasting, and competition between the two networks spurred afternoon and prime-time sitcoms and serials  Philippine TV schedules resembled those in the U S , with networks scheduling shows in daily time blocks instead of separate weekday and weekend programming 
RPN produced María Flordeluna, starring Janice de Belén  Its cast also included Dindo Fernando and actress-director Laurice Guillen  GMA produced Anna Liza, starring Julie Vega  Before the introduction of a TV ratings system in the Philippines during the 1990s, the shows were rivals  Anna Liza, canceled in 1985 after Vega's death, had an unfinished storyline and a two-hour special in 1986 

1990s
Until the late 1980s, Philippine television dramas were broadcast during the afternoon  ABS-CBN resumed operations after the end of the Marcos dictatorship in 1986, and regained its audience lead by the end of the decade  During the early and mid-1990s, local sitcoms dominated Philippine television with the rise of ABS-CBN's Palibhasa Lalake, Home Along Da Riles, Oki Doki Doc and the political satire Abangan Ang Susunod Na Kabanata and GMA Network's Bubble Gang  International television swept the Philippines, beginning with Mexican telenovelas 
The decade is considered the golden age of Philippine television drama  Most, such as Agila, Anna Luna, Valiente and Mara Clara, were aired on ABS-CBN 
The most popular was the Las Tres Marias trilogy, produced by Televisa and starring Thalía  Marimar and Maria la del Barrio were broadcast in prime time on RPN, and Maria Mercedes was broadcast on ABS-CBN)  Major networks began to reschedule Filipino telenovelas in prime time to attract increased advertising revenue  By the mid-1990s, teledramas surpassed sitcoms in Filipino prime-time television 
One of the country's best-known TV series was Mara Clara, which aired from 1992 to 1997  The longest-running teledrama in the post-martial-law era, it had frequent time-slot changes before settling into the standard 7-8:00 pm prime-time block by late 1995  In mid-1997, Mula sa Puso (another ABS-CBN series) saw the rise of Claudine Barretto  Barretto played the heiress Via in the two-year soap; Rico Yan and Diether Ocampo were her leading men, and Princess Punzalan played Selina (the series' most influential character)  Mula Sa Puso was the country's first middle-class primetime series, differing from the telenovelas with protagonists from the lower socioeconomic classes 
GMA retained and popularized its afternoon dramas, such as 1995–1997's Villa Quintana (with Donna Cruz, Keempee de Leon and Isabel Rivas); it was followed by 1997–1998's Ikaw na Sana, with Angelu de Leon and Bobby Andrews  Both were moved to prime time 

2000s
Philippine television dramas evolved into teleserye, a portmanteau of the Filipino words telebisyon ("television") and serye ("series")  The term originated with the ABS-CBN drama Pangako Sa 'Yo, airing from 2000 to 2002 and starring Jericho Rosales and Kristine Hermosa, and the rivalry between actresses Eula Valdez and Jean Garcia  Pangako Sa'Yo, the Philippines' first teleserye, was considered a turning point in Philippine television because of its production and fast-paced, multiple-arc plotlines which distinguished it from telenovelas  Broadcast in the Americas, Africa and Asia, it remains the most successful Philippine television series worldwide  At the end of its run in 2002, Pangako Sa 'Yo had the highest-rated series-finale episode of a Philippine show  Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay, which ended in 2003, was the Philippines' first series which was a finalist in the Best Drama Series category of the 2003 International Emmy Awards 
ABS-CBN's 2004's Marina popularized the fantasy of most Filipino teleseryes  GMA Network's political drama Kung Mawawala Ka examined corruption, starring Eddie Garcia; it ran from 2001 to 2002, and received an award from the Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC) 
Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas, aired between 2003 and 2004, was the world's first drama series to allow viewers to choose a story's ending by texting  A contemporary ABS-CBN teleserye, Basta't Kasama Kita, starred Judy Ann Santos and Robin Padilla; notable for its depiction of the National Bureau of Investigation, it was the first Filipino series to broadcast a live series-finale episode in 2004  In 2004, GMA Network overtook ABS-CBN in popularity when it introduced an all-fantaserye prime-time lineup featuring female-lead shows such as Encantadia and Mulawin  GMA gained a ratings foothold with Darna, starring Angel Locsin 
The Philippines emerged as one of the world's largest television-drama-producing nations in the middle of the decade  International hits included ABS-CBN's 2006 Gulong ng Palad, starring Kristine Hermosa and TJ Trinidad, which was carried on TFC  A 2007 remake of Maria Flordeluna, which had aired on RPN-9 during the 1970s and 1980s, starred Eliza Pineda; the 93-episode series received the 2008 PMPC Star Award for Best Television Series 
TV adaptations of films included ABS-CBN's Panday (starring Jericho Rosales and Heart Evangelista), Mga Anghel na Walang Langit and Kampanerang Kuba, starring Anne Curtis  The "sineserye" genre was introduced with Bituing Walang Ningning, starring Sarah Geronimo and Angelika de la Cruz 
2005 marked the start of domination of religious-oriented teleseryes, and trend of airing family-oriented drama series produced by ABS-CBN's Dreamscape Entertainment on series based on Fernando Poe Jr 's movies with Mga Anghel na Walang Langit which lasted for 210 episodes from May 9, 2005, to February 2006  Religious teleseryes continued to dominate on the following years and decades 
Late in the decade, GMA-7 and ABS-CBN became rivals  GMA aired its 2007 remake of the international telenovela MariMar  Three ABS-CBN series became popular: the remake of the 1977–1985 soap opera Gulong ng Palad, the teleserye Sa Piling Mo and the series Maging Sino Ka Man—the most popular teleserye internationally after Pangako Sa'Yo 
ABS-CBN produced its most expensive series, Lobo, in 2008; it starred Piolo Pascual and Angel Locsin—the first Filipino nominated for an International Emmy for a lead role  I Love Betty La Fea, a Filipino remake of the Colombian telenovela Yo soy Betty, la fea, was broadcast that same year; it was the most successful Philippine remake of a Latin telenovela since GMA Network's Marimar remake the year before 

2010s
ABS-CBN and GMA Network both claimed to be the Philippines' most popular network  GMA Network began appealing to viewers in Mega Manila during the mid-2000s; ABS-CBN's prime-time shows attracted viewers in other parts of the country, particularly Visayas and Mindanao  Philippine media experts attributed the trend to ABS-CBN's return to Filipino programming 
The 2010s featured two successful teleseryes (Dahil May Isang Ikaw and May Bukas Pa)  Dahil May Isang Ikaw began during the previous decade and ended on January 15, 2010  Religious teleseryes continued dominating television from the late 2000s since the premiere of Mga Anghel na Walang Langit on May 9, 2005  Among these religious teleseryes aired during the 2010s include May Bukas Pa, 100 Days to Heaven, Oh My G!, and Nathaniel, all of which were aired on ABS-CBN 
With the earlier success of the 2007 remake of Maria Flordeluna and the 2010 remake of Mara Clara (which introduced Julia Montes and Kathryn Bernardo), ABS-CBN popularized the revival of teen-themed telenovelas  Mara Clara's success inspired a remake of 1997's Mula sa Puso  In 2011, a number of actors moved between ABS-CBN and GMA Network  Both networks' hold on prime-time television was challenged by TV5's teleserye Babaeng Hampaslupa 
Teleseryes began to include storylines reflecting contemporary Philippine controversy  ABS-CBN's 2012 Walang Hanggan addressed adultery, while the network's 2012–2013 series Ina, Kapatid, Anak explored surrogate motherhood 
GMA Network premiered the big-budget historical drama series Amaya, starring Marian Rivera; Rivera also appeared in Temptation Of Wife, the Filipino version of a popular Korean series, with Dennis Trillo  Trillo later appeared in the 2013 teleserye My Husband's Lover, the Philippines' first gay-themed prime-time series 
ABS-CBN's 2014 series, The Legal Wife, was followed by the 2015 remake of Pangako Sa'Yo, starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla  The 2015 teleseryes Bridges of Love was broadcast as Puentes de Amor; the first Philippine drama aired in Latin America, it premiered on April 25, 2016, on Panamericana Televisión in Peru  The 2017–2018 series Wildflower was the first Philippine prime-time teleserye to explore nepotism, human rights abuses and mental illness 
The decade marked the renewed popularity of long-running dramas after the early 2000s  May Bukas Pa, which premiered in the previous 2000s decade on February 2, 2009 and ended in the 2010s decade on February 5, 2010, ran for 1 year and 3 days  Be Careful With My Heart aired for 2 years from 2012 to 2014  from 2014 to 2016, GMA broadcast The Half Sisters  ABS-CBN's afternoon teleserye Doble Kara ran between 2015 and 2017  Ang Probinsyano, starred by Coco Martin, attracted national attention for depicting the Philippine Drug War and the Philippine National Police despite renewed MTRCB censorship, ran for 7 years from September 28, 2015 and ended in the 2020s decade on August 12, 2022, and currently holds the title for being the country's longest-running drama series since June 26, 2020 which surpassed the five-year run 1992–1997's Mara Clara  GMA Network dominated the late afternoon between 2016 and 2018 with its teleserye Ika-6 na Utos  Kadenang Ginto, also aired on ABS-CBN, premiered on October 8, 2018, and ended in the next decade on February 7, 2020 
Live teleserye finales returned for the first time since GMA's 2007 remake of Marimar  ABS-CBN's On the Wings of Love starred James Reid and Nadine Lustre  Born for You was the first musical teleserye since ABS-CBN's 2006 TV version of Bituing Walang Ningning 
ABS-CBN's series 2019 military drama The General's Daughter was replaced by The Killer Bride, which has been praised for depicting the Duterte administration 

2020s
Teleserye production was suspended In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic  Interest in boys' love series developed after the Thai series 2gether: The series aired on ABS-CBN's Kapamilya Channel and blocktime agreement with ZOE Broadcasting Network through A2Z On June 26, 2020, the action drama series Ang Probinsyano surpassed the 1992–1997 series Mara Clara upon airing its 1,166th episode, with the former now the longest-running drama series on Philippine television since the said date 
Domination of religious-oriented drama series continued throughout the 2020s decade, with teleseryes belonging to this genre that aired in the 2020s are Huwag Kang Mangamba topbilled by The Gold Squad (Andrea Brillantes, Seth Fedelin, Kyle Echarri, and Francine Diaz), Maria Clara at Ibarra, and FPJ's Batang Quiapo 
After 7 years of airing, Ang Probinsyano ended on August 12, 2022, with 1,696 episodes and was replaced with the 2022 version of Darna, marking the change in ABS-CBN's primetime slot after its news program TV Patrol that was not seen since the start of airing of the said action drama series on September 28, 2015 

Impact
Philippine TV drama became popular during the early 2000s in Asia, Africa and Filipino communities in North America  Teleseryes have evolved from the telenovelas on which they were based  Philippine teleseryes have also attracted audiences in Indonesia, Malaysia and China  Often dubbed into local languages, they are sometimes shown with English and other foreign subtitles 
ABS-CBN and GMA were among the first Asian television producers to export dramas with a universal message, reflecting the reality of Filipino and other Asian societies  Pangako Sa 'Yo is the Philippines' most successful TV series worldwide  Before leading the Chinese television ratings during the mid-2000s, the series was seen by over one billion viewers in Southeast Asia and Africa  ABS-CBN introduced its International Sales website, providing access to its shows  The network shows Sana Maulit Muli (Taiwan), Lobo (dubbed as She-Wolf: The Last Sentinel), Tayong Dalawa, Dahil May Isang Ikaw, Kahit Isang Saglit, Katorse, Mara Clara, Magkaribal, Be Careful With My Heart (Vietnam) and Walang Hanggan were exported  They were followed by Ina, Kapatid, Anak, May Bukas Pa, Forevermore, Till I Met You, Wildflower and Ang Probinsyano 
GMA Network has the highest-rated pilot episodes with Darna and Encantadia in 2005, and made fantaserye a popular genre  The network produced Boys Next Door, a teen melodrama which was the first Philippine television series aired in South Korea  The 2007 Philippine adaptation of MariMar, GMA's most successful domestic television series, was also aired in Thailand, Malaysia, China, Singapore, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya and Hawaii  Other GMA shows, such as Habang Kapiling Ka, Kahit Kailan, Bakekang, Muli, Impostora, Mga Mata ni Anghelita, Dyesebel and Encantadia, are still broadcast elsewhere in Asia and Africa 
Ang Probinsyano has had a wide-ranging effect on Philippine pop culture and society  Called the Pambansang Teleserye, the series has been nominated for and received a number of awards The show is widely regarded for tackling timely issues, and has generated controversy for its negative portrayal of the government and its agencies  It was defended, with viewers saying that the government should take heed  The series has been considered a kingmaker, with a high endorsement value in the 2019 midterm elections, and is a desirable platform for actors wishing to run for public office  A party list with the show's name, endorsed by series leads Coco Martin and Yassi Pressman, finished fifth in 2019 and won a seat in the House of Representatives  The series' lead character, Cardo Dalisay, has been called "steadfast and incorruptible"  Ang Probinsyano is popular, and has been credited with reviving the action genre in film and television  Netflix streams the show under its international title, Brothers 

Adaptations
Philippine television dramas have spawned adaptations in other Asian countries:
Impostora (GMA): Impostors, Cambodia, 2012
Pangako Sa 'Yo (ABS-CBN): The Promise (សន្យាស្នេហ៍), Cambodia, 2013
Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas (ABS-CBN): Cinta Tiada Ganti, Malaysia, 2018
Kadenang Ginto (ABS-CBN): Putri Mahkota, Indonesia, 2020
Love Thy Woman (ABS-CBN): Belenggu Dua Hati, Indonesia, 2020
Sino ang Maysala?: Mea Culpa (ABS-CBN): Bukan Salah Cinta, Indonesia, 2020
Tayong Dalawa (ABS-CBN): Angkara Cinta, Malaysia, 2020
Hanggang Saan (ABS-CBN): Bir Annenin Günahı, Turkey, 2020
Forevermore (ABS-CBN): Vermem Seni Ellere, Turkey, 2023

See also
Television in the Philippines
List of Philippine drama series
List of ABS-CBN drama series
List of programs aired by TV5 (Philippine TV network)
List of GMA Network original drama series
Passage 15:
Labanoras Regional Park
Labanoras Regional Park, established in 1992, is located 80 kilometers northeast of Lithuania's capital, Vilnius  Covering 553 18 km², it is the largest regional park in the country  Its administration is in the small town of Labanoras 

Nature

The park contains about 70 lakes; about 80% of its land is forested  Its floral biodiversity is high, and it is home to the densest population of nesting white stork couples in Europe  It also contains areas with archeological, architectural, ethnographic, and historic value 
It is the largest Lithuania regional park, distinguished by a variety of landscapes, extremely rich flora and fauna  The largest part of the park is occupied by forests (80%), mostly pine forests  Labanoras forest with abundant wetlands and lakes is characterized by an abundance of protected species  Lakes occupy 14 percent  park areas  Spectacular Black Lakajai and White Lakajai, Stirniai, Siesartis and other lakes in Molėtai Lake District, 15 8 km long Aisetas lake  Lakaja, one of the most beautiful and exotic rivers, was loved not only by water birds but also by water tourists 
There are 285 lakes in Labanoras Regional Park - the largest of all Lithuanian regional parks  Largest: Stirniai, White Lakajai, Kertuojai  About 30 streams flow through the park  These are Lakaja, Peršokšna, Dumblė, Luknelė  In addition to these water bodies, the park protects swamp ecosystems, valuable calcareous marshes 
A whole complex of high marshes and lakeside low marshes is protected - Kanija raistas and many larger and smaller wetlands  In the Girutiškis Nature Reserve here, the Beržalotas upland swamp shines with the mirrors of the lakes 
Pine forests make up 81 percent  of all the forests in the park  Along with abundant lakes, swamps, hilly and undulating terrain, they are very picturesque 
The distant surroundings of Aukštaitija National Park can be seen from the observation tower of the Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology 
The park is a famous breeding ground for elks,  wolves  and lynxes 
Passage 16:
Kirumi Bridge
Kirumi Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge in northern Tanzania across the Mara River on the border of Butiama and Rorya Districts of Mara Region  Its construction was financed via a loan from the African Development Fund  It was inaugurated in October 1985 by Julius Nyerere, the country's first president 



ground_truth: Tanzania