prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the record label of the Metalworks Studio founder?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
TML Entertainment
TML Entertainment is a record label launched by Canadian rock band Triumph in 2003  It is managed by Triumph's members Gil Moore and Mike Levine 
The label was previously known as TRC from 1995 until 2003  The decision for Triumph to launch their own label came after the band's 10 year/5-album contract with MCA Records expired at the end of 1994  Subsequently, all of Triumph's albums were re-released on the TRC imprint using the 1980s remasters  Then in 2003, TRC changed its name to TML Entertainment with the release of Triumph's live album and DVD Live at the US Festival  Over the last few years, TML has re-released the whole catalog with new remastered versions done in 2004/2005 and the concert DVD A Night with Triumph  Universal Music Group distributes the band's label in Canada and ADA (a small subsidiary of the Warner Music Group) in the US 
Passage 2:
Horse with a Heart
Horse with a Heart is the first studio album by Altan, released in May 1989 on the Green Linnet Records label 

Track listing
All titles arranged by Altan 

"The Curlew/McDermott's/Three Scones of Boxty/Unnamed Reel {= McConnell's}" – 4:11
"The Lass of Glenshee" – 4:38
"Con Cassidy's & Neil Gow's Highlands/Moll and Tiarna/Mcsweeney's Reels" – 4:27
"The Road to Durham" – 3:21
"An t-Oileán Úr" – 2:33
"An Grianán/Horse With a Heart" – 3:01
"A Bhean Udaí Thall" – 3:28
"Welcome Home Gráinne/Con McGinley's" – 3:18
"Tuirse Mo Chroí" – 4:06
"Come Ye by Atholl/Kitty O'Connor" – 3:11
"An Feochán" – 4:45
"Paddy's Trip to Scotland/Dinky's/The Shetland Fiddler" – 4:47All titles are traditional, except the following:

"An Grianán" and "Horse with a Heart" – composed by Frankie Kennedy
"The Curlew" – composed by Josephine Keegan
"McDermott's" – composed by Josie McDermott
"An Feochán" – composed by Tommy Peoples
"The Road to Durham" – composed by Armin Barnett and David MolkSee tune identifications for this album at irishtune info 

Personnel
Altan
Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh – Fiddle, Vocals
Frankie Kennedy – Flute
Paul O'Shaughnessy — Fiddle
Ciarán Curran – Bouzouki
Mark Kelly – Guitar

Guest musicians
Marie Askin – Piano on "The Lass of Glenshee"
Phil Cunningham – Keyboard, Whistle
Dónal Lunny – Bass Bodhrán on "A Bhean Udaí Thall"
Colm Murphy – Bodhrán
Steve White – Percussion on "A Bhean Udaí Thall"

Production
Phil Cunningham – Producer
Dan Fitzgerald – Engineer
John W  Davis – Assistant Engineer
Stephen Byram – Design
Ross Wilson – Artwork
Dave Harrold - Back cover photograph
Passage 3:
EmArcy Records
EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by the American Mercury Records  The name is a phonetic spelling of "MRC", the initials for Mercury Record Company During the 1950s and 1960s, musicians such as Max Roach, Clifford Brown, Cannonball Adderley, Dinah Washington, and Sarah Vaughan recorded for EmArcy Today, it is a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group  The catalogue is managed by the Island Records subsidiary 

Discography
Mono 12" LP series (1954–c  1958)
Passage 4:
Biltmore Records
Biltmore Records was a United States based record label active from 1949 through 1951  The label was headquartered in New York City  Biltmore Records were often reissues of recordings no longer in the catalogues of other labels  When RCA Victor found out that Biltmore were making unauthorized reissues of material originally recorded by Victor, they sued Biltmore, putting Biltmore out of business 
They rereleased recordings by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra recorded for Columbia and Brunswick, Benny Goodman, the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, Duke Ellington, Bix Beiderbecke, and Paul Whiteman 

External links
Biltmore Numerical Listing: http://www 78discography com/Biltmore htm

See also
List of record labels
Passage 5:
Graeme Goodall
Graeme Goodall (1932 – 3 December 2014) was an Australian recording engineer and record label owner who was a key figure in the early days of Jamaica's recording industry, constructing several of the Island's studios, co-founding Island Records, and operating other labels in the United Kingdom releasing Jamaican music 

Career
Born in 1932, Graeme Goodall grew up in Caulfield, Victoria, and studied at Caulfield North Central School and Scotch College  In the early 1950s he worked at Melbourne radio station 3UZ briefly before studying television in London and training as an engineer with the International Broadcasting Company He became involved in the independent record industry and travelled to Jamaica in 1954 to set up the first FM radio network in Kingston — Radio Jamaica Rediffusion  He went on to work as chief engineer of the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation He began recording local musicians at the Radio Jamaica studios, and went on to build Federal Records, Jamaica's first recording studio (which was rebuilt in 1961 and later became Tuff Gong Recording Studio) with local entrepreneur Ken Khouri to the rear of Khouri's furniture store on King Street  Goodall worked as a recording engineer for Ken Khouri on some of the earliest Jamaican studio recordings  The studio not only provided the Island's first recording facility but also produced acetate discs, allowing sound system operators to record tracks and have them available to play within hours Known to the local musicians as "Mr  Goody", Goddall went on to assist with the construction of several studios, including Dynamic Sound, Studio One and later Channel One Studios, and carry out engineering work for producers such as Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, Byron Lee, and Leslie Kong, engineering recordings by Laurel Aitken ("Boogie in My Bones") Millie ("My Boy Lollipop"), The Wailers, Prince Buster, The Skatalites, Derrick Morgan, and Desmond Dekker, among many others  He also trained Jamaican engineers such as Sylvan Morris and Lynford Anderson In 1959 he co-founded Island Records with Chris Blackwell and Kong, but his relationship with Blackwell broke down and he went on to start his own labels after relocating to the UK in 1965, the most successful of which were Doctor Bird and Pyramid  After Dekker's "Poor Me, Israelites" proved popular in clubs but failed to get much airplay due to its production, Goodall got Kong to send him the master tapes; he remixed it and released it in the UK in 1969 on Pyramid as "Israelites", the single going on to top the UK Singles Chart and sell over two million copies  He also ran West Indies Records and set up the Trojan Records subsidiary Attack Records Goodall married his Jamaican wife Fay in 1961 and in the early 1970s they moved to the US  Goodall later worked as Southern Regional Manager for Sony Pro Audio Graeme Goodall died at his home in Atlanta, Georgia on 3 December 2014 from natural causes, aged 82  He was survived by his wife, two children, and four grandchildren 
Passage 6:
Exit 13
Exit 13 is the thirteenth studio album by American rapper LL Cool J  It was released on September 9, 2008, on the record label Def Jam Recordings  This would be his last album release with the label 

Production
This album is the first LL Cool J album since G O A T  to have the parental advisory label for explicit lyrics   LL said in an interview with Chicago radio personality DJ Z that the vulgarities are not heavy and the edited version has alternate lyrics rather than simply omitting the vulgarities  LL and DJ Kayslay teamed up to release his first mixtape as a prelude to Exit 13 titled  The Return of the G O A T  
Other contributors for this album include 50 Cent, Sheek Louch, Fat Joe, Ryan Leslie, Wyclef Jean, The-Dream, Lil Mo, KRS-One, Funkmaster Flex, Richie Sambora and Darlisa Blackshere 

Singles
A buzz single titled, "Cry," featuring Lil' Mo, was released as a digital download and international 12" single on June 17, 2008  The unofficial street single, "Rockin' with the G O A T ," premiered on June 20, 2008 
The first official single, "Baby" featuring The-Dream was released on July 1, 2008, to the iTunes Music Store  On August 19, 2008, iTunes released the rock remix featuring Richie Sambora, lead guitarist of rock band Bon Jovi, with a rock rhythm and a sped-up tempo 
The second official single, "Feel My Heart Beat" featuring 50 Cent was released on August 26, 2008  The song did not enter the Billboard Hot 100  The official single version of the song was leaked to the Internet on November 27, 2008 

Critical reception
Exit 13 garnered mixed reviews from music critics  At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 57, based on 5 reviews Despite being too lengthy and containing lesser tracks like "American Girl", Jesal Padania of RapReviews praised the album for having a consistent sound of instruments and synths in the tracks and LL's strong lyricism, saying that "In other words, all that effort that LL finally put into Exit 13 has really paid off - and he is getting the best revenge of all    Showing Def Jam what they will be missing " Steve Jones of USA Today called it LL's "most aggressive album in years," praising his standard braggadocio and lady-swooning content for being consistently energetic because of an amalgam of young up-and-coming producers, concluding that "After 10 straight platinum albums, his last two have only gone gold  But he seems to have gotten his swagger back  He may be hitting the Exit, but he is not easing up on the gas "In The New York Times, Jon Pareles felt that LL more than holds his own with the sounds delivered by newer producers that lift his old-school meets new-school lyricism, concluding with, "To his credit, LL Cool J is too romantic to treat women as crudely as younger rappers do  And while this 76-minute album flags near the end, there's still more than enough smooth-tongued, quick-witted rhyming to justify his boasts " AllMusic's Andy Kellman said that despite tracks like "You Better Watch Me" and "This Is Ring Tone M   " that show LL at his best, he criticized the record for being too try-hard in sounding like the mainstream rap albums released that year, concluding that "Out with a whimper, not a bang, Exit 13 is an off-ramp leading to a boulevard of several mismanaged White Castle knock-offs "

Chart performance
Exit 13 debuted and peaked at number nine on the US Billboard 200 in the week of September 27, 2008, selling 44,000 copies in its first week of release  By October 2008, it had sold 80,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan  Exit 13 would become LL Cool J's final album with Def Jam  In regards to the album's reception and lack of proper marketing, the he stated in 2009: "The record just really honestly, you know, didn't have that support that I wish it would have had  [I] can't blame anyone  It was my last record, and I guess for whatever reason, whether it was quality or business, you know, the company just decided that they were going to write it off and not really give it that shot "

Track listing
Sample credits

"Dear Hip Hop"
"I'm Still a Struggling Man" by Edwin Starr
"Cry"
"Half a Man" by Bunny Sigler
"I Cry" by Ja Rule feat  Lil' Mo
"It's Time for War"
"The Ultimate" by Jarrid Mendelson
"Listen to My Heart Beat"
"Take Me With You" by Lyn Christopher
"Heartbeat" by Taana Gardner
"Old School New School"
"Who Shot Ya?" by The Notorious B I G 
"Ur Only a Customer"
"I've Been Pushed Aside" by McFadden & Whitehead
"Mary Jane (All Night Long) (Remix)" by Mary J  Blige feat  LL Cool J
"We Rollin'"
"90% of Me Is You" by Gwen McCrae
"You Better Watch Me"
"Pee-Wee's Dance" by Joeski Love
"I'm a Hustla" by Cassidy

Charts
Passage 7:
Sleaszy Rider Records
Sleaszy Rider Records is an independent record label which was founded in 1999 by Tolis G  Palantzas  The head office of the label is located in Greece  The label is mainly distributed in Europe by Sony Music/EMI  The label also distributes releases in Greece from numerous labels, including Roadrunner Records, SPV, and Pagan Records 

Artists
Current artists
Aetherius Obscuritas
Ancient
Bomb and Scary
Cold Colours
Cain
Darkwalker
Dedication
Depression
Desert
Dreamlike Horror
Duster 69
Edge Of Anger
Fahrenheit
Foundry
Funeral Revolt
Fragile Vastness
Greifenstein
Grenouer
Hesperia
The Illusion Fades
In Memory
Irony
Jerkstore
Lipstixx N Bulletz
Liquid Graveyard
Lloth
The Lust
Nocta
Odious
Of the Archaengel
On Thorns I Lay
Overtures
Posithrone
Prejudice
Psychotron
Redrum
Ricky Warwick
Sandness
Satarial
Shadowcast
Snowblind
Solar Fragment
Soulskinner
Sound of Silence
Space Mirrors
Spider Kickers
Thokkian Vortex
Through Art
Thurisaz
Vinder
Voodoo Highway
W A N T E D 
W E B 
Weeping Silence

Former artists
Ashes You Leave
D-Noiz
Deva Noctua Entropia
Deviser
En Garde
Enemynside
Fragile Vastness
Hannibal
Hellire B C 
Hortus Animae
Imagika
Insidius Infernus
Kinetic
Korrodead
Midnight Scream
Nordor
Obsecration
Overload
Phantom Lord
Pleurisy
Powertrip
Re-Vision
Rotting Flesh
Sangre Eterna
Sister Sin
Sorrowful Angels
Sotiris Lagonikas
Transcending Bizarre
Underdark
Uranus
Wastefall
Windfall
Womb of Maggots
Passage 8:
Big Wide Grin
Big Wide Grin is the sixth studio album by Keb' Mo', it was released in 2001 by the Sony Wonder record label 

Track listing
"Everybody Be Yoself" (Chic Streetman) - 4:59
"Love Train" (Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff) - 4:29
"Don't Say No" (Kevin Moore, Cynthia Tarr) - 4:17
"Infinite Eyes" (Essra Mohawk, Kevin Moore, John Lewis Parker) - 4:57
"Grandma's Hands" (Bill Withers) - 3:30
"Color Him Father" (R  Lewis Spencer) - 3:3
"Family Affair" (Sylvester Stewart) - 3:47
"The Flat Fleet Floogie" (Slim Gaillard, Bud Green, Slam Stewart) - 2:04
"I Am Your Mother Too" (Kevin Moore, Zuriani Zonneveld) - 4:03
"Big Yellow Taxi" (Joni Mitchell) - 3:45
"Isn't She Lovely" (Stevie Wonder) - 5:16
"America the Beautiful" (Katherine Lee Bates, Samuel Augustus Ward) - 3:35Sergio Gonzalez - Drums ( tr  1,4,5,7,9 ) Laval Belle - drums ( tr  2, 3) Roy McCurdy - drums ( 8,11 )
Freddie Washington - Bass (tr  1,4,9 ) Kevin McCormick - Bass ( tr  2,3,5,7,10 ), synth ( tr 7 )
Bob Hurst - Upright bass (tr  8, 11)
Luis Conte –  Percussion (tr 1,2,4,5,9,10)
Jeff Young - piano, organ (tr  1, 7), keyboards ( tr 2, 3), piano (tr  8, 11)
Leo Nocentelli – Guitar ( tr 1 )
Greg Leisz - Mandola, Pedal Steel Guitar (tr 2)
Clayton Gibb - Banjo ( tr  3 )
Joellen Friedkin – Electric Piano ( tr 4 )
Gerald Albright  – Tenor Saxophone ( tr 7 ), Charlie "Tuna" Dennis - guitar ( tr  7 )
Passage 9:
Ace Fu Records
Ace Fu Records is an independent record label founded in 1998 by Eric Speck  It is located in Williamsburg, Brooklyn  The label went on indefinite hiatus in 2007 

Roster
Acid Mothers Temple
Annuals
An Albatross
Aqui
The Dears
Devotchka
Ex Models
Illinois
Kaiser Chiefs
Man Man
Michael Leviton
Oneida
Officer May
Parts & Labor
Pinback
Priestess
Runner and the Thermodynamics
Secret Machines
The Sucka MCs
Ted Leo
Tunng

See also
List of record labels

External links
Official site
Passage 10:
Gramofon
Gramofon is a record label and event agency founded in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2003  It's the biggest music label of alternative music in Bosnia and Herzegovina 
Since 2003, Gramofon has organized more than 200 concerts and music events  It is also the organizer of the Sarajevo Jazz Festival and Xenophonia festival Gramofon is the exclusive distributor for Bosnia and Herzegovina of the labels ECM Records, Enja Records, ACT Music, Doublemoon Records, Pi Recordings, ESC Records, and Intakt Records 

Discography
Passage 11:
Takara (band)
Takara was an American rock band, formed in 1987 in Los Angeles, California  Takara recorded 5 studio albums for several different record labels in the U S , Europe, and Japan  Founding member and lead guitarist Neal Grusky, and bassist Carl Demarco remained permanent fixtures in the band since its early days 

Biography
1980s - Early Days
Takara was formed in August 1987  After a few months of rehearsals the band made their debut in October with a show in Hollywood, California  The band proceeded to play many more shows throughout 1987-88  In November 1988, Takara went into the studio to record their first demo with producer Jeff Scott Soto  As they entered the studio it became apparent that the original singer was not ready to record  In order to finish the new Takara demo, Soto was asked to help out by providing vocals for the demo  This was the beginning of a long relationship between the band and Jeff Scott Soto 

1990s - The Soto Era
In 1990, Takara went back into the studio to record what would eventually become their debut album, Eternal Faith  In 1992 Takara regrouped and added new members who would perform in Eternal Faith  The line-up was ultimately completed with Jeff Scott Soto on vocals, Neal Grusky on guitar, Gary Schutt on bass and Bob Duda on drums  In August 1993, Zero Corporation (Japan) and Now and Then records (Europe) offered Takara a deal to release Eternal Faith in December 1993 
After a short break the band began to work on what was to become their second album  Before rehearsals began, bassist Carl Demarco replaced Schutt and they returned to the studio to record Taste of Heaven  The band enlisted Bob Daisley on bass for guest performances on two songs  Taste of Heaven was released in May 1995 by Zero Corporation (Japan) and Long Island records (Europe)  Upon its release, Taste of Heaven had commercial success, and Long Island records brought Takara to Germany for a promo tour 
In 1996 Saraya Recordings, a new US label, asked permission to re-release Eternal Faith and Taste of Heaven as its first releases  Feeling that there was momentum starting to build, the band wasted no time in working on their third album  In 1998 they released Blind in Paradise through Zero Corporation (Japan), Point Music (Europe), and Saraya Recordings (US)  Shortly after the release of ‘Blind in Paradise’, all of Takara's labels released a greatest hits album Eternity: Best of 93 - 98 

2000-2010 Changes to the Lineup
In late 1998, the Takara went through significant lineup changes, leaving only guitarist/band leader Neal Grusky and bassist Carl Demarco to rebuild begin writing new material  The band found drummer Chad Clark and keyboardist Brook Hansen  Brook and Neal had known each other for years and always shared similar ideas on music  The last to come aboard was vocalist Michael J  Flatters, who Grusky found through a mutual friend  With the band complete, Takara re-entered the studio in February 2000 to record their fourth album, Perception of Reality  One year later, it was completed and released on the Avalon Marquee (Japan), Lion Music (Europe), and Metal Mayhem (US) labels 
After a hiatus of several years, Grusky decided to reform Takara in 2008, once again with a new lineup  This lineup saw the arrival of several new members including Bjorn Englen (bass), Patrick Johannson (drums), and vocalist Gus Monsanto  Keyboardist Brook Hansen returned to the lineup  Jeff Scott Soto also returned after ten years to provide harmony vocals for the resulting 2008 album entitled Invitation to Forever  This album, released by Progrock Records, marked a turning point for Takara with Grusky taking his powerful songwriting to a much harder edge than on previous Takara albums  The album subsequently gained mass approval by fans and progressive rock critics alike 

2011-2019 Final Lineup and First Live Performances
After the release of Invitation To Forever guitarist and bandleader Neal Grusky was faced with some tough decisions  Feeling that the band had gone too far in the direction of a studio project with hired musicians contributing internationally, he opted to change the lineup once again in hopes of finding fresh local talent willing to pursue the local LA club scene  Grusky brought back Carl Demarco now "Carla DeMarco" "on bass, reuniting the core of Takara  After a long search for a suitable vocal talent, the band found Jamie Kelli, who had been regularly performing in the LA area  Drummer Gene McEwen, also active in the local scene, completed the lineup  With Kelli filling in temporarily on keyboards, Takara proceeded to prepare for a series of live shows intended to re-introduce the modern LA rock scene to both new and old material from the band  On October 30, 2010, Takara's new lineup performed their first live show to showcase new vocalist Jamie Kelli at Paladino's in Los Angeles, California   In October 2011, Takara announced they would be contributing a song to a Randy Rhoads/Ozzy Osbourne tribute album which was released in the spring of 2012 by Versailles Records  Takara recorded a version of the song "Little Dolls" from the 1981 album "Diary of a Madman" 
In 2019, Grusky announced that the then current members of Takara would be moving on to alternate projects, and that for the time being Takara would no longer be active  Neal Grusky went on to form the LA progressive metal band Prey For Sunday, releasing their first self titled EP in 2021  Vocalist Jamie Kelli relocated to the Boston area where he has since formed the hard rock band Jasper Lane, releasing their debut self titled album in September 2020 

Discography
Studio albums
1993 - Eternal Faith
1995 - Taste of Heaven
1998 - Blind in Paradise
2001 - Perception of Reality
2008 - Invitation to Forever

Compilations
1998 - Eternity: Best of 93 – 98

Related Projects
Talisman
W E T 
Prey For Sunday
Soul Sign
Jasper Lane
Passage 12:
Equity Music Group
Equity Music Group was an American country music record label founded in 2003 by singer Clint Black  The label was distributed by Koch Entertainment (now E1 Entertainment) 
The name "Equity" was chosen to represent the equality between the artist and the label  According to Equity, "The artists will own what they create and get paid from the first scanned sale  In turn, the label has a vested interest in other aspects of the artist's career " The label closed in December 2008 due to financial difficulties 

Artist roster
The following acts were signed to Equity Music Group:

Clint Black
Laura Bryna
Carolina Rain
Kevin Fowler
Carolyn Dawn Johnson
Shannon Lawson
Little Big Town
Mark Wills
Blake Wise
Passage 13:
Metalworks Institute
Metalworks Institute is a post-secondary institution based in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada and Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada  Metalworks Institute offers certificates, diplomas, and advanced diplomas, on-campus and online, educating students for direct entry into careers in the entertainment industry or for articulation into undergraduate degrees  The institute was founded by Gil Moore (Inductee of the Mississauga Music Walk of Fame) of the Canadian rock band Triumph (inductees into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame), and is the educational extension of Metalworks Studios, Canada's largest music recording studio, and Metalworks Production Group   Metalworks Institute delivers programs in four core streams: Live Music, Recorded Music, Entertainment Business and Music Performance, at the flagship Mississauga campus and at the Fredericton campus Metalworks Institute received the inaugural Canadian Music & Broadcast Industry award for Music School of the Year in 2016  and again in 2019 

History and accreditation
Metalworks Institute Mississauga was founded in 2005 and is registered as a Private Career College under the Private Career Colleges Act, 2005  Metalworks Institute Fredericton was founded in 2020 and is a Private Occupational Training Organization registered under the Private Occupational Training Act, 1996  Metalworks Institute offers diploma and advanced diploma programs, on-campus and online, as well as individual certificate courses  The Institute includes over 80 full-time staff members and has an enrollment of more than 250 students On November 20, 2013, the Metalworks Group was the recipient of the SME Excellence Award at the Ontario Business Achievement Awards (OBAA), presented by the Ontario Chamber of Commerce  In 2016, Metalworks Institute received the inaugural Canadian Music & Broadcast Industry award for Music School of the Year  They then received the Canadian Music & Broadcast Industry award for Music School of the Year a second time in 2019  In 2019, Metalworks Institute received the inaugural Paul Kitchin Award for Community Involvement from Career Colleges Ontario for their sponsorship of the Sound Engineering Program at Interprovincial Music Camp (IMC) 

Academic programs
Metalworks Institute delivers programs on-campus and online in four core streams:

Live Music
Live Event & Concert Production Diploma 
Live Sound Diploma 
Stage Lighting & Video Diploma

Music Business
Music Business Diploma

Music Performance
Music Performance Advanced Diploma

Recorded Music
Audio Production & Engineering Diploma 
Electronic Music Production Diploma 
Music Mixing & Mastering (Post Graduate) Diploma 
Recording Engineering Diploma

Interdisciplinary Programs
Music Performance & Technology Advanced Diploma 
Professional Sound (Audio Specialist) Diploma 
Professional Sound & Business (Studio Production Major) Advanced Diploma 
Professional Sound & Business (Recording Engineering Major) Advanced Diploma 
Professional Sound & Business (Live Production Major) Advanced Diploma

Part-time certificate courses
Metalworks Institute is officially certified as an Avid Certified Learning Partner and offers certified training in Pro Tools  for both music and post-production as well as for live Venue (sound system)  They also offer certificate courses in Apple's Logic Pro, Steinberg Cubase, Ableton Live  and Reason as well as official certification courses in Waves Audio 

Flagship Campus and Educational Facilities
Metalworks Institute's flagship campus is located in Mississauga, Ontario, adjacent to Metalworks Studios and Metalworks Production Group  There are regularly scheduled campus tours which are open to the public  Prospective students and parents are able to meet the school faculty and find information related to the programs, courses, and student resources offered at Metalworks Institute 

Educational Amenities
Metalworks Institute's studios were designed by acoustician Terry Medwedyk  The equipment used by the institute to educate its students is the same as that used by the professional clients who make use of Metalworks Studios  The studios are equipped with SSL and ICON consoles, Pro Tools HD systems and a wide variety of industry standard microphones, plug-ins and vintage outboard equipment  The Institute's partnership with Metalworks Production Group also gives the show production students access to the equipment used to produce a large variety of live events such as concerts, theatrical productions, large and small scale business conferences trade shows and conventions   The institute has four professional recording studios dedicated to student use 

Notable alumni
Akeel Henry, Jack Richardson Recording Engineer of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2023
Alessia De Gasperis, formerly known as Kai, Canadian singer-songwriter
Michael "Mickey" Brandolino, guitarist in Juno-nominated (2021, 2022) Valley
Nav, rapper
Noel Cadastre, Award-winning mixer, music producer, audio engineer (OVO Sound)
Riley Bell, Jack Richardson Recording Engineer of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2018
Tim Oxford, musician in The Arkells
WondaGurl, record producer
Passage 14:
The Autumn Offering
The Autumn Offering was an American metalcore band that formed in Daytona Beach, Florida, in 1999  After achieving some degree of local success, the band was signed to Stillborn Records, founded by Jamey Jasta of Hatebreed, in 2003  The band released one album through this label  The Autumn Offering later signed to Victory Records in 2005 and released four studio albums before ceasing activity in 2010 

History
Formation and debut album (1999–2004)
The Autumn Offering was formed in 1999 while all the members were still in high school and by 2003, they had completed several regional tours and self-booked US tours  Hatebreed vocalist Jamey Jasta took notice of the band, and signed them to his own Stillborn Records in December 2003  The Autumn Offering released their debut album Revelations of the Unsung on July 27, 2004, through Stillborn and was recorded by Zeuss at Planet-Z 

Signing to Victory Records and second album (2005–2006)
In 2005, founding member and lead guitarist George Moore parted ways with the band and was soon after replaced by Tommy Church, guitarist from End of All, which later became known as Killwhitneydead  The Autumn Offering signed to Victory Records in September 2005  Their first release through the label was a reissue of their debut album in early 2006, which was followed by their second studio album Embrace the Gutter on May 16, 2006  Embrace the Gutter was recorded with Jason Suecof (Chimaira, Trivium) at Audiohammer Studios 

New vocalist and Fear Will Cast No Shadow (2007–2008)
After completing Embrace the Gutter and a few national tours, singer Dennis Miller quit the band to pursue a normal life  The band continued on and eventually chose good touring friend Matt McChesney from Hell Within to replace him  The band also separated with original drummer Nick Gelyon in the studio during the recording of Embrace the Gutter  He was replaced by Brian Sculley soon after 
The band's next album, Fear Will Cast No Shadow was released on October 30, 2007, with new singer Matt McChesney  The album featured a slight change in sound for the band, having a more melodic sound and using more clean vocals than on previous releases 

Requiem (2009)
The Autumn Offering entered the studio on February 1, 2009, to begin recording Requiem at AudioHammer Studios with Mark Lewis  Recording was finished by March 2009, and the album was later released on June 9, 2009, through Victory Records  A music video for the song "The Curtain Hits the Cast" from Requiem was released For the band's fourth studio album, The Autumn Offering took their music in a heavier direction contrasting the more pop and melody driven Fear Will Cast No Shadow  The album was described by the band as a more "mature" album featuring "longer songs, complex rhythms, and dynamic vocals " Further distancing themselves from their previous album, vocalist Matt McChesney wrote darker lyrics about substance abuse and being raised in a broken home, as opposed to songs about relationships  The song "Narcosis" is about McChesney's experience of being revived with an adrenaline shot after snorting heroin and cocaine at the same time Requiem became The Autumn Offering's first charting album, peaking at number 36 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart 

The Autumn Offering (2010)
For the band's fifth studio album, The Autumn Offering recruited two members: guitarist Jesse Nunn of Silent Civilian and Scum of the Earth who replaced Matt Johnson, and bassist Carl Bensley of Instinct of Aggression who replaced Mike Poggione The Autumn Offering was released on August 31, 2010, through Victory Records  The album featured another stylistic change for the band, this time going into a more melodic death metal and deathcore direction  Late that year, following the departure of guitarist Tommy Church, vocalist Matt McChesney stated that the band would be ending, citing burn out and "a million other things "

Band members
Current membersCarl Bensley – bass guitar (2010)
Tommy Church – guitars (2005–2010) (ex-Mushroomhead)
Matt McChesney – vocals (2007–2010) (ex-Hell Within)
Jesse Nunn (Saint) – guitars (2010)
Brian Sculley – drums (2008–2010)Former membersTony Cesaro – guitars (1999–2002)
Mike Bortle – drums (1999–2003)
George Moore – guitars (1999–2005) (ex-Trivium)
Dennis Miller – vocals (1999–2007)
Nick Gelyon – drums (2003–2007)
Jonathon Lee – drums (2007)
Allen Royal – drums (2007-2008)
Sean Robbins – bass guitar  (1999–2008)
Mike Poggione – bass guitar, vocals (2008–2009)
Erik Tisinger - bass guitar  (2009)
Matt Johnson – guitars (1999–2010)Timeline

Discography
Studio albumsRevelations of the Unsung (2004)
Embrace the Gutter (2006)
Fear Will Cast No Shadow (2007)
Requiem (2009)
The Autumn Offering (2010)

Music videos
Passage 15:
Mona Bone Jakon
Mona Bone Jakon is the third studio album by singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, released in April 1970 on the Island Records label in the United Kingdom and on A&M in the United States and Canada 

Overview
After a meteoric start to his career, surprising even his original producer at Deram Records with the hit singles "I Love My Dog", "Matthew and Son", and "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun", Stevens' debut album, Matthew and Son, began charting  However, after the pressure for a repeat album of the same calibre, Stevens, considered a young teen sensation, was overwhelmed by a new lifestyle as well as the demands of writing, recording, performing, publicity appearances, and touring  His second album was a commercial failure and in the autumn of 1968, he was hospitalized, with a diagnosis of tuberculosis and a collapsed lung  For over a year, while recovering, Stevens virtually disappeared from the British pop scene  Mona Bone Jakon is notable not only for his return but for the emergence of a very different artist  The album sold slowly (at first) but over time has been certified Gold for sales/shipments of more than 500,000 copies in the United States 

Background
During his hospital-dictated year of bedrest, Stevens began writing a catalogue of songs to fill far more than his next album  After his recovery, he negotiated out of his contract with Deram Records and worked with former Yardbirds bassist Paul Samwell-Smith on a stripped-down sound  In contrast to his first two albums, these new songs were sparse arrangements  They were played on acoustic guitars and keyboards and accompanied by a smaller backing band, consisting of three other performers: second guitarist Alun Davies, bassist John Ryan, and drummer Harvey Burns—and on one song, "Katmandu", Peter Gabriel on the flute  Samwell-Smith also produced the album and brought Stevens a high-fidelity sound that was not as present on his previous releases  Samwell-Smith was one of the early producers in rock to push the lower bass frequencies more prominently into the mix in an attempt to keep up with the new audiophile generation, which was embracing larger home speakers and high-end phonographic cartridges  Stevens began to make the transition from pop musician to a folk-rock performer when the term "singer-songwriter" was just being coined The songs themselves were darker in tone: the madrigal-inspired ballad "Lady D'Arbanville" elevated the tragedy of a lost lover (in this case, Stevens' former girlfriend Patti D'Arbanville) to that of a deceased one and "Trouble" was a plea to stave off death  There were also lighter songs: "Pop Star" showcased Stevens' dramatic change in voice by satirising the triviality of celebrity 
Though "Lady D'Arbanville" would reach No  8 on the British charts, Mona Bone Jakon was only a modest success upon its initial release  The album attracted attention, however, in the wake of the commercial breakthrough of its follow-up, Tea for the Tillerman, and with the inclusion of three of its songs ("Trouble", "I Wish, I Wish", and "I Think I See the Light") in Hal Ashby and Colin Higgins's 1971 black comedy, Harold and Maude 

Origin of title
According to a 1972 interview with Stevens, the inspiration for the title was a name he created to describe his penis: "'Mona Bone Jakon' is another name for my penis  It's the name I give it  It's not some sort of secret vocabulary, it's just something I made up "Journalist Robert Chalmers reiterated this point for a 2003 interview with Yusuf Islam for The Independent on Sunday when he wrote: "When [Stevens] re-emerged in 1969, he had more than 40 new songs and released three triumphant albums in 15 months on Chris Blackwell's Island label: Mona Bone Jakon (his pet word for penis), Tea for the Tillerman and Teaser and the Firecat "

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a B+, noting that "this one has a nice post-creative trauma feel, intimate and sensitive  Recommended to singer/songwriter specialists " Later, he revised his review to a B- and expressed a newfound dislike for the songs "Lady D'Arbanville," "Trouble," and "I Wish, I Wish" In a retrospective review, Allmusic's William Ruhlmann gave it four out of five stars and called it "a group of simple, heartfelt songs played in spare arrangements on acoustic guitars and keyboards and driven by a restrained rhythm section"  He added that "Stevens' craggy voice, with its odd breaks of tone and occasional huskiness, lent these sometimes sketchy songs depth" 

Track listing
Personnel
Cat Stevens – acoustic guitar, classical guitar, keyboards, vocals
Alun Davies – acoustic guitar, backing vocals
John Ryan – double bass
Harvey Burns – drums, percussion
Peter Gabriel – flute on "Katmandu"
Del Newman – strings, arrangements

Production
Producer – Paul Samwell-Smith
Engineer – Michael Bobak
Mixing – Paul Hicks
Supervisor – Bill Levenson
Coordinator – Beth Stempel
Mastering – Ted Jensen
Design – Roland Young, Mike Diehl
Illustrations – Cat Stevens
Photography – Grazia Neri, Richard Stirling

Charts
Certifications and sales


== Notes ==
Passage 16:
Trevor Wyatt
Trevor Wyatt is a British record company manager and record producer 
Wyatt was Chris Blackwell's first employee at Island Records London  Trevor drove the Island cab, delivering records to the stores as well as taking the artists around when they came to town  As Island grew, Trevor became the studio manager, UK A&R manager, and house producer, first in Island's Basing Street Studios and then at Island's HQ at St Peter's Square in Hammersmith  As such, he became a source of knowledge on who had recorded what in the studio and where their sessions could be found  Many compilations on the Island label existed purely because Trevor found material in the archives and brought it to the appropriate label manager's attention  He was responsible for the Island Reggae Greats series of releases, and also found many alternate takes and demos for box sets by Nick Drake and Sandy Denny 
After the takeover by Universal Records, Wyatt followed Blackwell to Palm Pictures, where he worked for some years  He is now an independent artist manager 
Passage 17:
Necessary Records
Necessary Records is a record label based in the UK, founded by Warren Clarke, a former A&R executive at London Records and Edel, in 2003  Clarke describes that the label was born out of a creative necessity  "It's an outlet for records that should and must be heard  An outlet for artists that deserve to and will, touch the widest possible audience "It is most notable for being the record label of English indie rock band Hard-FiThe label was responsible for the release of Hard Fi's debut album, Stars of CCTV, before the label secured a two album worldwide licensing deal with Atlantic, which saw the album re-released in the UK and subsequently nominated for a Mercury Prize and two Brit Awards  The album also peaked at #1 in the UK albums chart in January 2006, reaching sales of 1 2 million copies worldwide, with over 830,000 in the UK alone  The band's second album, Once Upon a Time in the West, released by Necessary/Atlantic, also reached #1 on the UK album charts  The band's third album, Killer Sounds, released by Necessary/Atlantic went to #9 on the UK album charts Necessary also have a publishing and management company 

Artist roster
Nights
Distophia
Hard-Fi
Maupa

See also
List of record labels
Passage 18:
Super Grit Cowboy Band
Super Grit Cowboy Band is an American country music band formed in North Carolina  It was founded by Clyde Mattocks, Libby Mattocks, Bill Lyerly, Danny Vinson, Dave Cavanaugh  and Alfred Ward  Active since 1974, the band recorded first with Sound Hut Studios  Beginning with their 1981 album, the band has recorded on its own Hoodswamp label 

History
The band formed in 1974, comprising Clyde Mattocks (steel guitar, Dobro, banjo, electric guitar), Danny Vinson (drums), Mike Kinzie (fiddle, saxophone, piano, harmonica, acoustic guitar), Bill Ellis (bass guitar, keyboards) and Curtis Wright (lead guitar) The band recorded their first album in 1977 featuring Bill Lyerly (Bill Lyerly Band) 
Later the band recorded for its own label, Hoodswamp Records, and released three albums on it  In 1981, the band charted for the first time on Hot Country Songs with "If You Don't Know Me by Now," which reached No  71  Between then and 1983, four more of the band's singles reached the country charts, including its highest-charting, the No  48 "She Is the Woman " Billboard gave the band's 1981 album If You Can't Hang a positive review, praising the instrumentation as well as the rock influences At one point, Don Cox was a member of the band  He later recorded All Over Town for Step One Records and charted at No  29 on the country music charts with its title track  Wright later joined Vern Gosdin's road band, of which he was a member until 1989  After quitting that band, Wright was a solo artist for Airborne and Liberty Records, charting in the Top 40 with "She's Got a Man on Her Mind" in 1990 and releasing a self-titled album in 1992  He later recorded one album with Robert Ellis Orrall in the duo Orrall & Wright, then joined Shenandoah from 2000 to 2008  Wright has also written singles for Shenandoah, Ronnie Milsap, Daryle Singletary, and Carolina Rain 
Since 2010, the band has consisted of Mattocks and Kinzie, along with guitarist Mark Golladay, drummer Dexter Horton and bass guitarist Carroll Wade 

Discography
Albums
Singles
Passage 19:
Raised on Radio
Raised on Radio is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Journey, released in April 1986 on the Columbia Records label  It is the first album to not feature founding bassist Ross Valory, who was replaced initially by session bassist Bob Glaub and then by  Randy Jackson  Drummer Steve Smith contributed to a few tracks, but was replaced during the recording by session drummer Larrie Londin and then Mike Baird for the subsequent tour 
The album spawned three top 20 singles in the US: "Girl Can't Help It" (No  17), "I'll Be Alright Without You" (No  14), and "Suzanne" (No  17)  It also spawned a top ten single "Be Good to Yourself" (No  9) It went to No  4 on the Billboard 200 chart, and it was certified double platinum in the USA 

Background
Raised on Radio was released three years after Frontiers (1983)  In 1984, both lead guitarist Neal Schon and lead singer Steve Perry released albums on their own; Schon in the band HSAS (Through the Fire), and Perry with his debut solo album, Street Talk  Perry considered leaving Journey following the release of Street Talk which he has referred to as "one of the most fun experiences I've had"  Perry decided to return to working with Journey when he received a call from keyboardist Jonathan Cain, who wanted him to work on some unfinished songs Following Perry's return to Journey, he began to take more control over the band's direction  Bassist Ross Valory and drummer Steve Smith were fired from the band, against the wishes of manager Herbie Herbert  According to Perry, Valory and Smith "weren't pleased with the kind of music we were playing and weren't too keen on touring"  Smith later said of the initial recording process: "There was a lot of pressure to do it the way Steve Perry wanted, which I had a lot of problems with because I felt it should be a group record, like all the other records " Valory was replaced by Randy Jackson (bass guitar) and Smith was replaced by session musician Larrie Londin (drums)  In the VH-1 Behind the Music episode featuring the band, Perry expressed regret over his decision, stating he'd have done things differently  Smith did record three tracks with Journey on the album, and he and Valory still received revenues from the record and subsequent tour  Both returned to Journey in 1995 
The band decided that Perry, who had proved his production capabilities on Street Talk, was the best fit to produce the album  According to Perry, this gave the rest of the band members as much creative control as possible: "Journey knows what it should sound like, so we all agreed I would be a good, safe, nondictator-type producer "Perry changed the original title of this project from Freedom to Raised on Radio, which drew the ire of Herbert and some of the band members, as it varied from the one-word general theme in most of their previous albums  The band would end up using the Freedom title 36 years later for their fifteenth studio album 
The subsequent tour featured Schon, Perry, Cain, and Jackson, with drummer Mike Baird  

Artwork
The cover of the album (by Prairie Prince, an early member of the band) was modeled after the studios and antennas for KNGS in Hanford, California, which was owned by Perry's parents, Ray and Mary Perry 

Songs
Cash Box said of "Suzanne" that "Somewhat brooding verses give way to explosive choruses which feature Steve Perry’s potent singing" and that "Journey has captured the essence of teen romance " Billboard said of it that Journey's "power rock style gets adapted just a bit here toward the techno-dance idiom "Cash Box said of "Why Can't This Night Go On Forever" that it's a "rousing, emotional ballad is pure Journey" with a "bracing, high-wire vocal" from Steve Perry 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Raised on Radio adapted from liner notes Journey

Steve Perry – lead vocals
Jonathan Cain – keyboards, backing vocals
Neal Schon – guitars, guitar synthesizer, backing vocals, keyboards (10)
Randy Jackson – bass (all tracks except 2, 10 and 11), backing vocals (all tracks except 2, 10 and 11)
Steve Smith – drums (2, 10 and 11)Additional musicians

Bob Glaub – bass (2, 10 and 11)
Larrie Londin – drums (all tracks except 2, 10 and 11)
Mike Baird – drums (12 and 13) (2006 CD reissue only)
Steve Minkins – percussion (3)
Danny Hull (credited as Dan Hull) – saxophone (2 and 7), harp (7)Production

Steve Perry – producer
Jonathan Cain – additional vocal co-production
Randy Goodrum – additional vocal co-production
Jim Gaines – associate producer, engineer
Mark McKenna – engineer
Steve Rinkoff – engineer
Robert Missbach – assistant engineer
Bob Clearmountain – mixing at Bearsville Studios and The Power Station (New York, NY)
Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk (New York, NY), remastering
Brian Lee – remastering

Charts
Certifications
Context 2: Passage 1:
Peter Blum
Peter Emil Julius Blum (4 May 1925 – 5 December 1990) was an Afrikaans poet  As a child, he emigrated to the Union of South Africa with his family  From an early age Blum was already able to speak several languages, including German and Italian After studying literature at the University of Cape Town and at the University of Stellenbosch, he took up a position as a librarian in Cape Town and, later, in Kroonstad in the Orange Free State  Blum married Henrietta Cecilia Smit (born 3 November 1911, died 2002 in Worthing, Sussex, UK), a South African art teacher, in 1955 
His success as a poet was first affirmed in 1956 when he won the Reina Prinsen Geerligs Prize for his volume Steenbok tot poolsee (the title being a reference to the Tropic of Capricorn and the southern Antarctic Ocean, relating to the geographical location of South and Southern Africa) Blum was twice denied South African citizenship  Kannemeyer (1993) speculates that citizenship was denied because of Blum's vociferous opposition to the ruling National Party's policy of apartheid 
Frustrated by this turn of events, Blum and his wife left South Africa to resettle in the suburb of Hounslow in London During his imprisonment between 1975 and 1982, Breyten Breytenbach wrote the poem, Ballade van ontroue bemindes("Ballade of Unfaithful Lovers")  Inspired by François Villon's Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis, Breytenbach compared Afrikaner dissidents Peter Blum, Ingrid Jonker, and himself to unfaithful lovers, who had betrayed Afrikaans poetry by taking leave of it Peter Blum died in London on 5 December 1990, aged 65 

Works
Steenbok tot poolsee (1955) Tafelberg: Cape Town  ISBN 978-0-624-01581-9
Enklaves van die lig (1958) Human & Rousseau: Cape Town  ISBN 978-0-7981-3478-1
Passage 2:
Lee Eddy
Lee Eddy (born May 12, 1979) is an American stage actress, comedian and writer best known for her work on Red vs  Blue and Camp Camp 

Early life and career
She was born in Shreveport, Louisiana where as a child she was a member of The Peter Pan Players  Eddy regularly performs in Austin, Texas 
Eddy has been voted "Best Actress in Austin" in The Austin Chronicle's Reader poll for 2004, 2005 and 2006 She frequently works with Rooster Teeth, voicing the character of Four Seven Niner in Red vs  Blue, Gwen in their animated series, Camp Camp, and playing Lex in their live-action drama Day 5 

Personal life
She is married to actor and screenwriter Macon Blair and have a son Buck (born 2015) 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Passage 3:
Marshall Eriksen
Marshall Eriksen is a fictional character on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, portrayed by Jason Segel  Series co-creator Craig Thomas explained that he based Marshall and Lily on himself and his wife Rebecca 

Character overview
The series revolves around the adventures of the five main characters: Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) and his best friend Marshall, his friend and Marshall's girlfriend (later fiancee and wife) Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), friend Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and friend/love interest (and future love interest and wife to Barney Stinson) Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders) 
Marshall met Ted and Lily during their freshman year at Wesleyan University in 1996, and they moved into an apartment in New York City together after graduation  In the show's pilot episode, he proposes to Lily, inspiring Ted to start looking for the love of his life 
Marshall is fascinated by the paranormal, and has absolute faith that mythical creatures such as Sasquatch and the Loch Ness Monster are real  He has even discovered a paranormal event himself: a bizarre creature he names "the cockamouse"  He is also a huge fan of the Minnesota Vikings, much like his father 
Although very few references were made to identify Marshall's birthday, it can be assumed he was in the same school year as best friend and roommate Ted Mosby and then-girlfriend Lily Aldrin  In "The Yips" Marshall says he is 29  This episode aired in November 2007  This confirms Marshall's birth year to be either 1977 or 1978  Ted turned 30 on April 25, 2008 in "The Goat"  The dialogue in this episode implies that Lily, Marshall and Robin have not yet reached this milestone  In "Glitter", Lily says Marshall is 384 months old, thus 32 years, 1 week, 1 day and 21 hours old  Since the episode plays somewhere between November 9 (the date the previous episode played in) and November 24, 2010 (the date the next episode plays in) it can only be concluded that he was born between November 2 and November 14, 1978 

Life before first episode
Marshall was born and raised in St  Cloud, Minnesota, the youngest of three brothers  His last name, the fact that he is from Minnesota and his references to lutefisk suggests that he might be a Norwegian American  He has been shown to be extremely close to his family, particularly his father, Marvin (Bill Fagerbakke)  His relationships with his two older brothers, Marvin, Jr  and Marcus, was depicted in several episodes as involving pranks and  brutal fighting matches when they were teenagers  By the time the series begins, both of his brothers are married and have started families  It was depicted that his brothers were the ones who gave Marshall his very first car, a Pontiac Fiero, which had a cassette single stuck in it containing the song "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" 
In an episode it's shown Marshall starts smoking while still in high school and struggles to stop until his children are born 
After graduating from an unnamed St  Cloud high school, Marshall attended and received his B A  from Wesleyan University  He met both Lily and Ted during the move-in process  Ted was his first roommate in college  Marshall is shown to frequently smoke marijuana, though in the show, Future Ted refers to this as "eating a sandwich" in order to hide their past drug use from his children  In fact, Marshall is shown to have smoked marijuana before initially meeting Ted and confuses him for the dean of the school  Marshall is also shown to enjoy drinking to the point of intoxication in college  One of those times, he is involved in a hazing where he becomes so drunk that he streaks and proclaims himself "Beercules" following the drinking game "Edward 40-Hands", a reference to the film Edward Scissorhands, but instead of scissors for hands, the participant tapes 40 fl  oz  drinks to their hands 
Marshall and Ted became good friends after this  During a break during school, Marshall plans to drive back to Minnesota in his Fiero  Marshall offers Ted a ride to his own home in Shaker Heights saying that it is on the way, which Ted eventually accepts  They bond during a blizzard and over the song "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)"  Ted's friendship with Marshall is shown to help strengthen Lily and Marshall's early relationship, by him inviting her into their first roommate photo, Ted encouraging Marshall to commit to Lily, despite Marshall not having much prior relationship experience  Ted and Marshall would also take frequent roadtrips to Chicago to get pizza from their favorite shop  They also begin their tradition of watching the original Star Wars trilogy while in school together 
Marshall met Lily during the move-in process, when Lily was determined to meet him and found his room  She asked him to install her stereo for her and they were in love at first sight  They exclusively date through college, even when she studies abroad in Paris  Their nicknames for each other are "Lily-pad" and "Marsh-mallow" 
After graduating, Marshall and Ted move in together into the apartment in New York  Marshall is initially terrified of living in a large city, though he eventually overcomes his fear  He takes several years off, working in a clothing store, before attending  Columbia University Law School to receive his Juris Doctor (J D ) 

How I Met Your Mother
During the pilot episode, Marshall proposes to Lily  Throughout the series, his relationship with Lily progresses through their engagement, their break up when she decides to move to San Francisco for an art fellowship, Lily's eventual return to New York City and their attempt at a friendship outside of a romantic relationship, their reconciliation and re-engagement, their wedding, and finally their marriage 

Initial engagement
Marshall and Lily are initially engaged during the first season  Their engagement is what initially prompts Ted to begin pursuing marriage for himself 
Marshall at times is shown to feel left out of the hijinks that Ted and Barney get into without him, going so far as to drive to Philadelphia to have a "legendary" adventure with them 
Marshall is shown to be completely committed in spite of his sadness at being left out of Ted and Barney's "single man" shenanigans  In Best Prom Ever, he sneaks into a high school prom in order to provide Lily with sheet music for the song they want to dance to at their wedding, "Good Feeling" from the Violent Femmes album 
During this period, the couple is generally happy, but the instability of their engagement and relationship is foreshadowed in several episodes  In "Okay Awesome", Marshall is shown to be jealous of the fun that Barney and Ted have by going out to clubs while Lily wants to have a "grown up" wine and cheese party with other couples  In "Belly Full of Turkey", the couple go to Minnesota to visit Marshall's family for Thanksgiving  There, Lily vocalizes that she does not want to change her name, that she is hesitant about starting a family with Marshall, and that the couple are not on the same page about where they would raise their family if they chose to have children  In "Zip, Zip, Zip", Marshall and Lily are trapped in the apartment bathroom and openly discuss that they are sad about no longer having new milestones  This period of their relationship ends in the first season finale, "Come On", when Marshall discovers that Lily interviewed for an art fellowship in San Francisco  They have a fight, during which Lily claims that she was never going to actually take the fellowship, but due to Marshall's comments during the fight, she decides that she needed to take a break from the relationship in order to pursue her dream as an artist 
During this time, it was demonstrated that Marshall and Lily have a psychic connection and are able to communicate with each other through thought 

Break-up and Lily's return to New York
The second season begins with Marshall dealing with the break-up of his long-term relationship and engagement  He was shown to be extremely depressed during the first few months post-break-up  He becomes obsessed with credit card bills that are still sent to their apartment  This obsession leads him to believe that Lily returned to New York and didn't tell him, causing him to believe that she does not want to get back together  When he goes to a New York hotel shown on her credit card bill to confront her and the man that had answered the phone when he had called their room, he discovers that Lily had not returned, but had been a victim of identity fraud  This allows him to let go of the relationship 
He eventually tries dating, though most of his attempts are stymied by his friend Barney Stinson, who is later revealed to be intentionally sabotaging these attempts in order to ensure the reunification of Marshall and Lily 
Marshall, while single, misses parts of being in a relationship, such as having someone to attend concerts with and going to brunch, which his friends tell him is something that can only be done when in a couple  Marshall begins a "bromance" with his friend and fellow law student, Brad Morris (Joe Manganiello), who had also recently gone through a break-up  Marshall thinks that Brad is becoming too romantic for the relationship, which culminates in Marshall reluctantly agreeing to attend a wedding with him, only to arrive in front of Brad's apartment to see him with flowers  Marshall assumes that the flowers are for him and panics, but Brad reveals that he had gotten back together with his recent break-up 
When Marshall encountered Lily after her return to New York City, Lily proposed they get back together, saying that leaving him was a mistake and that she still loves him  Marshall refused and said that he also needed time to discover who he is outside the relationship 
Marshall managed to date one woman, a barista, who his friends claimed has "crazy eyes"  She tells him several outlandish stories, which are revealed to be true and caused by Lily, who is still obsessed with Marshall  At the end of their date, it is revealed that Lily had broken into the apartment to sabotage the date with a picture of Marshall and Lily together  This culminates with them making up and getting back together 

Second engagement and wedding
After reconciling, Marshall and Lily decide to elope in Atlantic City in order to avoid the judgment of Marshall's family for Lily having left him  They decide not to go through with it at the last moment and want to instead have a celebration with their families and friends present 
Marshall's friendship are further explored during this time in the episode "Slap Bet"  Marshall agrees to a bet with Barney about the reason Robin doesn't like malls  Marshall, being from Minnesota, believes that Robin doesn't like malls because she was married in one, as some people had done in the Mall of America  This results in Marshall being given several slaps which he inflict upon Barney throughout the series, because, although Robin was not married at a mall, Barney was incorrect that she had been in a pornographic film 
During this time, Marshall's first car dies  He reminisces with his friends about the times that they all shared in the car and is reluctant to scrap the vehicle  He reveals that he is unhappy with the corporate job he had been working and felt that only his old, beaten car kept him connected with the kind of man that he wanted to be 
Toward the end of the second season, before the wedding, when Ted is planning to move in with his girlfriend, Robin, it is shown that most of the possessions in the apartment belonged to Ted  Marshall and Lily, while still wanting to get married, learn that they are somewhat dependent on Ted  The couple is relieved when Ted ultimately decides not to move in with Robin and returns to the apartment 
On the day of their wedding, Marshall begins to have anxiety about the day and shave his head  To relieve some of the stress of the day, Marshall and Lily have a two ceremonies; first, one that is private and only their closest friends attend and the second one which is in before all of their guests 

Post-wedding
After their wedding, Marshall and Lily continue to live with Ted in the apartment for some time until they decide that they need to move out to be on their own  In "I'm Not That Guy" Marshall ends up taking a job working at another corporate position, though he is unhappy about doing so  He takes the job instead of pursuing his dream of working in environmental law after being offered his dream job working for the Natural Resources Defense Council in order to provide for Lily, who had helped to support him during law school on her kindergarten teacher's salary  He was informed that his only client at the corporate office would be an amusement park, which is shown to be equally awful as the other clients of the office 
With his new salary, Marshall believes that he is able to afford a new home and makes plans with Lily to purchase an apartment in "Dowisetrepla"  He finds out that Lily has massive credit card debt, which negatively affects their ability to get a good interest rate on a mortgage  They still decide to get the mortgage to afford the apartment, learn that "DOWISETREPLA" stands for "DOwn WInd of the SEwage TREatment PLAnt", which causes the area to reek of sewage when it is running during the week  Upon their initial move in to the apartment, they also discover that it is crooked and they temporarily move back in with Ted while the floors are levelled 
Marshall goes through several more life milestones  In "Spoiler Alert", he ends up passing the bar; then he ends up snapping when confronting his boss at the law office, resulting in Marshall quitting his job in "The Chain of Screaming" 
Marshall also confronts Ted about his behavior  Ted attempting to pursue a married woman deeply offends Marshall now that he is married 
Toward the beginning of season 4, it is revealed that Barney has gotten a job for Marshall working the fictional Goliath National Bank (GNB)  Lily and Marshall also discuss having a baby; initially Lily doesn't believe they are ready and Marshall does, but while working for GNB Marshall is extremely busy and while having to balance work with taking care of a drunken Lily, he realizes that he doesn't believe they are ready at that time and they decide to wait 
During this period of his life, Marshall reveals that he hates living in a small apartment in New York when visiting Ted's fiancee's home in New Jersey  He also reveals that he cannot fantasize about women other than Lily without first imagining that she has died and he has gone through a grieving process  It is shown in "The Sexless Innkeeper" that Lily and Marshall are terrible hosts during "couple's nights"  Marshall is apparently relegated to picking the cheese, because Lily is a gifted chef; Marshall takes this too far and is obsessed with the gouda during a night spent with Robin and Barney 
It is also shown that Ted somewhat resents Lily, because Marshall and Lily have become inseparable  Marshall is unable or unwilling to take road trips with Ted the way they would when they were both unmarried 

Attempts at pregnancy and death of Marshall's father
Eventually, Marshall and Lily decide to start trying for a baby  They agree to only do so once they have seen a doppelganger for each of their friends  Marshall decides that when Lily sees someone who looks nothing like Barney, however, and decides that it is his doppelganger, to not tell her and that it must mean that she is ready  They make this agreement during the formation of their friend group's tradition of going to "Robots vs Wrestlers" 
Marshall's relationship with his father is depicted around this time as being overly close  Lily was angered when she learned that Marshall had told his father that they were trying to conceive  Marshall realizes that while he loves his father and their relationship, he should keep some details of his private married life from him 
Marshall realizes that he would like his children to boys, due to some internalized misogyny after recalling how he spoke to and treated girls when he was in high school and various strippers he has seen with Barney  Marshall's father gives him advice on how to only conceive boys, based on their family traditions  Marshall learned that Lily had hoped for a girl and was trying her own absurd methods for guaranteeing a girl; they decide not to try to influence the sex of the baby while trying to conceive 
After trying for several months, Marshall and Lily to see a specialist hoping that they won't have issues conceiving  This is where they ultimately see Barney's true doppelganger, a gynecologist  Marshall is able to have an open and frank discussion about his worries with fertility with his parents, which he is later grateful to Lily for being able to have  They learn that they have no fertility issues 
The same day that they learn that they have no fertility issues, Marshall's father passes away from a heart attack  When Marvin dies Marshall is devastated, and takes a long time to recover; not to mention that during the episode "Last Words"  he struggles with remembering what Marvin's last words were to him  After the funeral, Marshall temporarily regresses to his teenage personality while staying with his mother under the guise of helping her to emotionally recover from Marvin's death 
Upon returning to New York, Marshall and Lily take a break from attempting to conceive, though by the season 6 finale, "Challenge Accepted", Lily is pregnant  Marshall leaves his job at GNB, hoping to start his career working in environmental law 

Pregnancy
After Marshall finds out that Lily is pregnant, he begins a new job working in an environmental law office  They begin to prepare their apartment for the baby's arrival and learn that they will be having a boy  During this time, Lily's paternal grandparents gift them their home on Long Island and despite Marshall wanting to move out of New York City to raise their children, they decide not to make any major decisions while Lily is having "pregnancy brain"  They do eventually begin moving into the home, much to the chagrin of their friends  At this time, Lily's father also moves in with them 
After realizing that they do not enjoy living in the home on Long Island, Marshall and Lily are informed by Ted that they were never taken off the lease  Ted decided to move out of the apartment and gifts it to them  They happily move back, taking Ted's bedroom and converting Marshall's old room into the baby's nursery 
Toward the end of Lily's pregnancy, Marshall demonstrates his anxiety about beginning parenthood; he panics about their (perceived) lack of preparation for when the baby comes  Lily is frustrated by this and has him sent on a trip to Atlantic City with Barney, so that she can have some quiet time before the baby comes  She goes into labor while Marshall is away 

Beginning of parenthood and dream job
Marshall is able to return to New York in time for the birth of their son, whom they name after Marshall's late father, Marvin  Marshall also promised Barney that they would give Marvin the middle name "Wait-for-it"  After returning home from the hospital, Marshall and Lily institute a new rule that their friends cannot come them with personal problems unless they are an 8 out of 10 or higher; this results in the couple not being aware of the struggles in their friends' lives, which the come to regret and rescind the rule after trying to find out whom they will appoint to be Marvin's godparents 
During this time, they agree to hire Lily's father Mickey as Marvin's nanny after Mickey recounts to Lily how he took care of her as a stay-at-home parent when she was young 
Marshall, now working his dream job, starts having new challenges there as well  He learns that his boss believes that the environment is already too devastated to save, so Marshall, to save the planet for his newborn son, marshals the office into being more aggressive when suing a pharmaceutical company   He also learns that he is not a credible reference, because he is too willing to approve of others; he learns this when he is a reference for his friend Brad, who actually works for the adverse pharmaceutical company on their big case and steals some of their work for the case  In the show, this is shown to be bad for Marshall's case, but in actuality, would have been detrimental for the pharmaceutical company under the Laws of Civil Procedure disallowing this type of activity  Marshall was still able to overcome this and win at trial, but the judge awards him a pittance  This inspires him to seek a position as a judge in New York 

Career conflicts
After he submits his application for a judge position, Lily starts a new career as a fine-arts consultant for Ted's now ex-girlfriend's ex-husband, The Captain  Marshall was at first supportive, but once Lily started, she began to spend very little time at home and he grew frustrated with feeling like he was handling more than his fair share of the parenting responsibilities  After communicating this to Lily, she helps to even the parenting load more 
After this, Lily was offered an opportunity to move to Rome to consult for the Captain  which she turns down so that Marshall can continue pursuing his dream job of working in environmental law  Marshall then reveals that since the disappointing outcome of the case, the office has functionally been shut down from a lack a clients  Marshall told her that he would be thrilled to move to Italy, so Lily took the position 
Marshall's mother then learns from Lily that they are planning to move to Italy and she wants to spend time with her grandson before they leave  Marshall flies out to Minnesota where he receives a phone call granting him a recently vacated judgeship  In the last episode of the eighth season, he had applied to become a judge, deciding that this is where he will be able to make the most impact  He accepts the judgeship without discussing it with Lily  This effectively cancelled their plans to move to Italy 

Robin and Barney's wedding weekend
Marshall spent time on the road trying to find his way back to New York City from Minnesota with his new companion Daphne who worked for an oil corporation  They initially butted heads, but became friends during their travels, bonding over their shared frustration with Ted's step-father and sharing their struggles with various aspects of parenthood  While Marshall was separated from Lily, she missed him so much that she attached a tablet to a body pillow so that he could be present for their conversations  She named it "Marsh-pillow" after him 
He has several attempts at trying to hide that he took the judgeship from Lily while he is on the road, but ultimately comes clean to her when he arrives at the wedding venue  He decided to do so because he didn't want to have any secrets from his wife 
Lily and Marshall had a fight about him accepting the position without first discussing it with her  After Lily stormed out, Marshall considered the consequences of the fight by having a discussion with his internal monologue which he pictured as his father and Lily from 10 years ago  He came to the conclusion that he doesn't want to win a fight over their careers, but wants them both to be happy  Lily and Marshall reconciled and Lily told Marshall to take the job, even though he was willing to give it up for her to be happy  Marshall soon learned that this was because Lily found out that she was pregnant with their second child  Marshall decided that since she has provided him with so much happiness from having a family, that he wanted to make her happy and agreed to move to Rome for her and her career 

Post Stinson-Scherbatsky wedding
The series finale, "Last Forever", reveals that he worked for another corporate firm after returning to New York, until another judge's seat opened up for him  In the year 2020, he is elected to the New York State Supreme Court  It is also shown that Marshall and Lily have a daughter for their second child, whom they name Daisy after the flower whose pot Lily stuck her pregnancy test into  Additionally, it is revealed that Lily becomes pregnant a third time, though the gender and name are not revealed  This pregnancy happens around the same time as Robin and Barney's divorce  Marshall and Lily eventually help their oldest son, Marvin, move into Wesleyan where they met 

How I Met Your Father
Though Marshall does not himself appear in the How I Met Your Father spinoff, it is revealed that by 2022, his, Ted's and Lily's apartment has been sold to Jesse who is roommates with Sid who also own the swords left behind 

Relationships
Lily Aldrin
Marshall and Lily meet on their first day of college and fall in love at first sight  They move in together and eventually get engaged  In the final episode of the first season, Lily breaks off their engagement to accept a painting fellowship in San Francisco  Marshall falls into a deep depression, but nevertheless refuses to take Lily back when she returns to New York  They eventually reconcile, however, and get married in the end of the second season  They initially have trouble conceiving a child, but Lily finally gets pregnant at the end of the sixth season, and gives birth to a boy, Marvin, at the end of the seventh Marshall and Lily are soul mates; they do virtually everything together, tell each other about every minute detail of their lives, and have only had sex with each other  They can even understand each other perfectly when they are seemingly incoherent, such as when Lily is trying to speak through bouts of morning sickness or when Marshall is speaking in pseudo-Italian gibberish Throughout the final season, which takes place over one weekend, Marshall travels with Marvin to the Farhampton Inn, where Robin and Barney are getting married  He struggles with telling Lily about his new job, as it conflicts with her dream of working as an art consultant in Rome  When he finds out she is pregnant with their second child, however, he gives up the judgeship and agrees to go to Rome with her and their new family By the end of the series, Marshall and Lily have three children: Marvin, Daisy, and a third child whose name is never revealed 

Ted Mosby
Marshall and Ted are college roommates and best friends  They first bonded during an ill-fated college road trip  Marshall and Lily consider Ted a part of their family, their "third Musketeer"  Ted helps Marshall recover when he and Lily briefly break up  Along with the other main characters, Marshall is by Ted's side during every major event in his life, including a serious car accident, being left at the altar, and, finally, Ted's marriage to the titular Mother  Ted is best man at Marshall's wedding, and Marshall does the honors when Ted gets married in the series finale 

Barney Stinson
Marshall and Barney know each other through Ted, Barney having taken it upon himself to "teach them how to live"  Along with the other characters, Marshall is both amused and horrified by Barney's promiscuity, deceptiveness and penchant for over-the-top schemes  Barney has shown himself to be a good friend, however; he gets Marshall an internship, persuades Lily to return to New York from San Francisco, and gets him his job at Goliath National Bank  Barney serves as "co-best man" (along with Ted) at Marshall and Lily's wedding  Along with Ted, Lily, and the Mother, Marshall is present for the birth of Barney's daughter in the series finale In the episode "Slap Bet", Barney loses a bet with Marshall and agrees to let Marshall slap him five times at random occasions "throughout eternity", which is later extended to eight  Marshall administers these slaps in the episodes "Slap Bet", "Stuff", "Slapsgiving", "Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap", "Disaster Averted", "Slapsgiving 3: Slappointment in Slapmarra", and "The End of the Aisle" 

Robin Scherbatsky
During the first season, Marshall and Robin are friends, but he nevertheless advises Ted to forget about his unrequited love for her  When the two finally get together, however, he accepts her as a permanent part of the group, and continues to do so after they break up  When Robin quits her job, he and Lily take her in to live with them, and do so again in the seventh season after Robin breaks up with her boyfriend, Kevin (Kal Penn)  Marshall asks her to move out when it becomes clear that Ted has unrequited feelings for her  However, he has an ongoing bet with Lily that Robin and Ted will end up together, which he eventually wins in 2030 
A running joke throughout the series is that Marshall believes that Robin is attracted to him, despite all evidence to the contrary 
When Robin  briefly leaves the group in 2016, as portrayed in the series finale, Marshall resents her for it, but nevertheless welcomes her back four years later to celebrate Ted's wedding 
Passage 4:
Johan Ludvig Heiberg (poet)
Johan Ludvig Heiberg (14 December 1791 – 25 August 1860), Danish poet, playwright, literary critic, literary historian son of the political writer Peter Andreas Heiberg (1758–1841), and of the novelist, afterwards the Baroness Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, was born in Copenhagen  He promoted Hegelian philosophy and introduced vaudeville to Denmark



ground_truth: TML Entertainment

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the child of Peter Andreas Heiberg?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Biography
In 1800 his father was exiled and settled in Paris, where he was employed in the French foreign office, retiring in 1817 with a pension  His political and satirical writings continued to exercise great influence over his fellow countrymen  Johan Ludvig Heiberg was taken by K L  Rahbek and his wife into their house, Bakkehuset (now part of the Danish Maritime Safety Administration)  He was educated at the University of Copenhagen, and his first publication, entitled The Theatre for Marionettes (1814), included two romantic dramas  This was followed by Christmas Jokes and New Years Tricks (1816), The Initiation of Psyche (1817), and The Prophecy of Tycho Brahe, a satire on the eccentricities of the Romantic writers, especially on the sentimentality of Ingemann  These works attracted attention at a time when Baggesen, Oehlenschläger and Ingemann possessed the popular ear, and were understood at once to be the opening of a great career 
In 1817 Heiberg took his degree, and in 1819 went abroad with a grant from government  He proceeded to Paris, and spent the next three years there with his father  In 1822 he published his drama Nina and was made professor of the Danish language at the University of Kiel, where he delivered a course of lectures, comparing the Scandinavian mythology as found in the Edda with the poems of Oehlenschläger  These lectures were published in German in 1827 
In 1825 Heiberg came back to Copenhagen for the purpose of introducing the vaudeville on the Danish stage  He composed a great number of these vaudevilles, of which the best known are King Solomon and George the Hatmaker (1825); April Fools (1826); A Story in Rosenborg Garden (1827); Kjøge Huskors (1831); The Danes in Paris (1833); No (1836); and Yes (1839)  He took his models from the French theatre, but showed extraordinary skill in blending the words and the music; but the subjects and the humour were essentially Danish and even topical 

Meanwhile he was producing dramatic work of a more serious kind; in 1828 he brought out the national drama of Elves' Hill (Danish: Elverhøi); in 1830 The Inseparables; in 1835 the fairy comedy of The Elves, a dramatic version of Tieck's Elfin; and in 1838 Fata Morgana  In 1841 Heiberg published a volume of New Poems containing A Soul after Death, a comedy which is perhaps his masterpiece, The Newly Wedded Pair, and other pieces 
He edited from 1827 to 1830 the famous weekly, the Flyvende Post (The Flying Post), and subsequently the Interimsblade (1834–1837) and the Intelligensblade (1842–1843)  In his journalism he carried on his warfare against the excessive pretensions of the Romanticists, and produced much valuable and penetrating criticism of art and literature  In 1831 he married the great actress Johanne Luise Pätges (1812–1890), the author of some popular vaudevilles 
Heiberg's scathing satires, however, made him very unpopular; and this antagonism reached its height when, in 1845, he published his malicious little drama of The Nut Crackers  Nevertheless he became in 1849 director of the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen  He filled the post for seven years, working with great zeal and conscientiousness, but was forced by intrigues from without to resign it in 1856 
Heiberg died at Bonderup Manor, near Ringsted, on 25 August 1860 

Philosophy
Heiberg's speculative philosophy had relation to Hegel and Kierkegaard, and dealt a lot with the perception of God  His work Om Vaudevillen (1826) has been described as an attack to Dilettantism, "a curse on the age's materialism or atheism in art, a critical attack on the prevailing aesthethics of content," as well as "a strong defense of true science," lifelong study, free laughter, satire and comedy  Heiberg tried to reconcile Hegel's philosophy with Christianity, for instance, equating Hegel's concept of Spirit, with the view of the Christian God; at other times he seems to prefer the Christian doctrine 

Legacy
His influence upon taste and critical opinion was greater than that of any writer of his time, and can only be compared with that of Holberg in the 18th century  Most of the poets of the Romantic movement in Denmark were very grave and serious; Heiberg added the element of humour, elegance and irony  He had the genius of good taste, and his witty and delicate productions stand almost unique in the literature of his country  First of all he created a Danish critical tradition based upon firm and consequent principles of aesthetics breaking with the often extremely subjective and occasional value judgements of his predecessors  In return he has not avoided being regarded a conservative formalist and elitist by posterity and the reaction against his line was already started by Georg Brandes who was, however, affected by his school too  At any rate most of later Danish critics had to make up their mind about his ideas 
The poetical works of Heiberg were collected, in 11 vols, in 1861–1862, and his prose writings (11 vols) in the same year  The last volume of his works contains fragments of autobiography  See also Georg Brandes, Essays (1889)  For the elder Heiberg see monographs by Thaarup (1883) and by Schwanenflügel (1891) 
Passage 5:
The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress
The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress (Danish: Krisen og en Krise i en Skuespillerindes Liv) was a series of articles written by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1847 and published in the Danish newspaper Fædrelandet (The Fatherland) in 1848 under the pseudonym Inter et Inter 
The actress in question is Johanne Luise Heiberg, the wife of Johan Ludvig Heiberg, although she is not mentioned by name in the articles  Johanne Luise was a popular and leading lady of the Danish stage at the time and she had written an autobiographical reflection of her life, in which she praised Kierkegaard for his insight into her art 
The Crisis discusses the life of a young actress' metamorphosis into a mature refined woman  When the actress first starts out in her career she is admired for her beauty, youthfulness, and novelty  Years later, although these accidental attributes are fading, she is still a talented actress, and she now possesses the experience and reflection needed for a truly aesthetic performance  The theme revolves around the transitions from the aesthetic stage of life to the ethical stage of life, and how a person in the ethical stage of life is still capable of aesthetic enjoyment 
Although Kierkegaard was writing philosophical-religious works at this time, such as Works of Love, Kierkegaard wrote The Crisis to show that a religious author can still write and appreciate aesthetic concerns  "The world is indeed so weak that, when it believes that a person who proclaims the religious is incapable of the aesthetic, it overlooks the religious" 
Passage 6:
Peter Ostrum
Peter Gardner Ostrum ( OH-strəm; born November 1, 1957) is an American veterinarian and former child actor, whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory  
Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka   Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film, he opted not to sign a three-film contract when it was over   After eschewing a career in film and theater, Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role   In 1990, he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film, and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to theaters 
Ostrum became interested in his family's horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka, and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian who tended to them   He received a Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984   As of 2021, Ostrum practiced and lived in Glenfield, New York with his wife Loretta (née Lepkowski), having raised two children 

Personal life
Peter Gardner Ostrum was born in Dallas on November 1, 1957, to Dean Gardner Ostrum (1922–2014) and Sarepta Mabel (née Pierpont; 1922–2021)   He is the youngest of four children   Ostrum was living in Cleveland at age twelve—a city of which he was described as a native by MSNBC, and later attended North Hunterdon Regional High School in Hunterdon County, New Jersey Ostrum married Loretta M  Lepkowski in 1987 or 1988   The couple have two children, Helenka and Leif, with the latter following his father onto the stage as the leading actor in several South Lewis Central School musicals   Ostrum and his wife lived in Glenfield, New York as recently as 2021 

Willy Wonka
Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children's theater, when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for an actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory   The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel, then returned to New York   Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming   Ostrum left for Munich on August 10, 1970 

In 2000, Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was "sort of like being an exchange student for five months"   Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark, for the 1972 Summer Olympics, and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson   As Ostrum had not worked in film before, Wilder took it upon himself to instruct the young actor in the business   Ostrum would later describe Wilder as a quirky yet gentle gentleman who "treated people with respect and dignity "  The bond that developed between the two actors was such that, even though they never saw each other again after filming Wonka, Ostrum described Wilder's 2016 death as "like losing a parent" Ostrum was tutored on-set for three hours a day, though sometimes only for 30–60 minutes at a time   Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed, it was Ostrum's own singing voice that made it to the screen—albeit significantly cut   In a 2011 interview, Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film, and later on asked him how he got it because he had forgotten that he had done so; it is Ostrum's only souvenir from the set After he finished shooting Willy Wonka, the then 13-year-old Ostrum declined David L  Wolper's offer of a three-film contract   The teenager confided in Frawley Becker, his Willy Wonka dialogue coach, that he turned down the contract to retain "the freedom to choose what he played, and in what picture "  (Ostrum and Becker remained friends through at least 1996 )  In January 2018, Ostrum said he sometimes misses acting—though not its hurry-up-and-wait nature—but feels he dodged having to make the transition from child- to adult-actor As of January 2018, Ostrum still received US$8–9 (equivalent to $9–10 in 2022) of royalty payments about every three months 

Lasting effect
In his senior year, Ostrum was involved in film class and, at the interest of one of his instructors, looked back into theater and acting   After auditioning for, but not landing, several roles (including for Alan Strang in Equus on Broadway), Ostrum decided not to pursue it further   After putting his short film career behind him, Ostrum declined reporters and interviews, preferring not to speak on the subject; "I wanted people to judge me on who I was, not what I’d done"   For some time, Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother, and not he, had starred in the film   It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville, New York, before he told anybody there about his one-time stardom; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother Since 1990, Ostrum has spoken to students at Lowville Academy once a year—on the last day of school, as a special treat—about his experience in Willy Wonka as well as his work in veterinary medicine   The students chiefly ask about the film's special effects, and Ostrum describes to them "what happened to Veruca, how did Violet blow up like a blueberry, how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe, all those types of questions "  Ostrum also accepted an invitation to appear at the 2018 Snowtown Film Festival in Watertown, New York, answering audience questions after a screening of the film; "it’s in my backyard—it's become a popular event in January and I like to support local events "  Ostrum said of the 2018 event that he enjoyed re-watching the film, and that people ask him "great questions "  Ostrum has been called "the most famous man in Lowville", where the local video rental shop twice wore out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory In the run-up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005, Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1's list of "100 Greatest Kid Stars" (at 78th)   On the new film, Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole, saying that "It's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it's been redecorated "  Ultimately, the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone, and requested "please, no more interviews "In January 2009, Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) at South Station in Boston; Ostrum's participation connected the MBTA's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka   The promotion also gave out one "golden ticket", worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin' Donuts coffee for 2009 In October 2000, Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD   In a 2010 interview, Wonka co-star Denise Nickerson (Violet Beauregarde) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen (Wonka's Mike Teevee) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film's release in 2011 

Veterinary career
Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming Willy Wonka, his family acquired a horse; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse, it was the animal's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him   Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college, Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania   Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood, and even visited California for a week to "test the waters" there   He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead, feeling that he would forever berate himself if he did not   In 1984, Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine As of June 2022, Ostrum worked in Lowville, New York both as a veterinarian with the Countryside Veterinary Clinic (working mainly with horses and cows) and as a managing partner with Dairy Health & Management Services   Ostrum also took part in Veterinarians on Call, a Pfizer-funded video series that highlighted the work of large animal veterinarians 
Passage 7:
Cooper Glacier
The Cooper Glacier (85°30′S 164°30′W) is a tributary glacier, 15 nautical miles (30 km) long, flowing northeast between Butchers Spur and the Quarles Range to enter the south side of Axel Heiberg Glacier, in the Queen Maud Mountains  It was discovered by R  Admiral Byrd on several plane flights to the Queen Maud Mountains in November 1929, and named by him for Kent Cooper, an official of the Associated Press 
Passage 8:
Peter Shockey
Peter Shockey (born 1955) is an American filmmaker and screenwriter 
He has received a New York City Film Festival award for his television film Life After Life (1992)  In addition, both he and his works have appeared on talk shows and television shows such as Oprah and the 700 Club 
Peter co-wrote the book Journey of Light with Stowe D  Shockey and its focus is to implement her experience as an abused child in order to help others  Peter and Stowe both live in Nashville, Tennessee 
Currently, he is working as a professor of Media Production & Writing classes at Webster University in Tashkent 

Books
Journey of Light: Stories of Dawn after Darkness (co-wrote with Stowe D  Shockey, Doubleday, 2007  ISBN 978-0-385-50126-2
Passage 9:
A Little Bit of Love (Andreas Johnson song)
"A Little Bit of Love" is a song written by Andreas Johnson and Peter Kvint, and performed by Andreas Johnson at Melodifestivalen 2007  The song participated in the semifinale in Gävle on 24 February 2007, heading directly to the finals inside the Stockholm Globe Arena on 10 March 2007, finishing second  On 5 March 2007 the single was released  The single peaked at third position at the Swedish singles chart, and became a major radio hit both at Sveriges Radio and the commercial stadions 
The song also charted at Svensktoppen, entering the chart on 8 April 2007 on 2nd position  On 15 April 2007 the song topped the chart  On 19 August 2007 the song was at Svensktoppen for 20th and final time  before getting knocked out the upcoming week 

Single track listing
A Little Bit of Love
A Little Bit of Love (PJ Harmony Remix Version)

Charts
Passage 10:
Eetookashoo Bay
Eetookashoo Bay is a waterway in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada  It is located at the northern end of Axel Heiberg Island between Cape Thomas Hubbard and Cape Stallworthy  The bay is named in honor of Eetookashoo (Itukassuk), one of the Inuit who had traveled with Frederick Cook and Donald Baxter MacMillan 
Passage 11:
Villa Foscari
Villa Foscari is a patrician villa in Mira, near Venice, northern Italy, designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio  It is also known as La Malcontenta ("The Discontented"), a nickname which—according to a legend—it received when the spouse of one of the Foscaris was locked up in the house because she allegedly did not live up to her conjugal duty 

Architecture
The villa was commissioned by the brothers Nicolò and Alvise (Luigi) Foscari, members of a patrician Venetian family that produced Francesco Foscari, one of Venice's most noted doges  It was built between 1558 and 1560  It is located beside the Brenta canal and is raised on a pedestal, which is characteristic of Palladio's villas; this pedestal is more massive than most of Palladio's villas (the base is 11 feet (3 4 m) high, more than twice the height Palladio normally used) because it was not possible to construct a subterranean basement on the site 
The villa lacks the agricultural buildings which were an integral part of some of the other Palladian villas  It was used for official receptions, such as that given for Henry III of France in 1574  It has been proposed that the villa was the home of Portia called Belmont in The Merchant of Venice Villa Foscari's thermal windows inspired the ones used on the façade of Villa Toeplitz in Varese 

Interior
The interior of the villa is richly decorated with frescoes by Battista Franco and Giambattista Zelotti 
Mythological scenes from Ovid alternate with allegories of the Arts and Virtues  As at other Palladian villas, the paintings reflect villa life in, for example, Astraea showing Jove the pleasures of the Earth  The frescoes have dulled over time, signs of the increasing threat that air pollution poses to works of art 

Recent history
The British travel writer Robert Byron visited the villa in 1933 and afterwards wrote that bon vivant Albert Clinton Landsberg had, nine years earlier, found the villa "at the point of ruin, doorless and windowless, a granary of indeterminate farm-produce  He has made it a habitable dwelling  The proportion of the great hall and state rooms are a mathematical paean " The villa had indeed been vacated in the early 19th century, the surrounding stables and other buildings had fallen apart and were demolished by Austrian troops during the 1848 uprisings  At the end of the 19th century however, banker Baron Frédéric Emile d'Erlanger, based in Paris and London, had found the house in the above described condition, then leased the villa from the Foscari family, and undertook some renovation work  Bertie Landsberg had purchased the villa in 1926, together with his friends Paul Rodocanachi and Catherine, Baroness d'Erlanger, the daughter-in-law of the former tenant  The new owners renovated the house and gardens and invited members of the high-society to lavish salons during summer seasons: choreographer Sergei Diaghilev, dancers Boris Kochno and Serge Lifar, writer Paul Morand, architect Le Corbusier, Winston Churchill, among others  Bertie Landsberg, issue of an originally Jewish banking family, as the Erlangers, fled the Italian Fascists in 1939 and only returned to the villa in 1947  Kate d'Erlanger moved to Beverly Hills  In 1965, the English architect Claud Phillimore, 4th Baron Phillimore (1911–1994) inherited the villa from Landsberg  He began restoration, but sold the house in 1973 to count Antonio ("Tonci") Foscari (b  1938), a descendant of the former owners and professor for architecture and preservation  He and his wife, Barbara del Vicario, undertook a painstaking process of restoring it to its original grandeur  In 2012, Foscari wrote of the villa's renaissance Since 1996 the building has been conserved as part of the World Heritage Site "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto"  Today, the villa is open to the public for visits on a limited basis 

See also
Ca' Foscari
Palladian Villas of the Veneto
Palladian architecture
Passage 12:
André Duchesne
André Duchesne (French: [dyʃɛːn]; sometimes spelled Du Chesne, Latinized Andreas Chesneus, Andreas Quercetanus, or Andreas Querneus; May 1584 – 30 May 1640) was a French geographer and historian, generally styled the father of French history 
Duchesne was born in L'Île-Bouchard   He was educated at Loudun and afterwards at Paris  From his earliest years he devoted himself to historical and geographical research, and his first work, Egregiarum seu selectarum lectionum et antiquitatum liber, published in his eighteenth year, displayed great erudition  He enjoyed the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu, a native of the same district with himself, through whose influence he was appointed historiographer and geographer to the king He died in Paris in 1640, in consequence of having been run over by a carriage when on his way from the city to his country house at Verrières 

Works
Duchesne's works were very numerous and varied, and in addition to what he published, he left behind him more than 100 folio volumes of manuscript extracts now preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale (L  Delisle, Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque impériale, t  L, 333–334)  Several of his larger works were continued by his only son François Duchesne (1616–1693), who succeeded him in the office of historiographer to the king The principal works of André Duchesne are Les Antiquités et recherches de la grandeur et majesté des rois de France (Paris, 1609), Les Antiquités et recherches des villes, châteaux, &c , de toute la France (Paris, 1609), Histoire d'Angleterre, d'Ecosse, et d'Irelande (Paris, 1614), Histoire des Papes jusqu'à Paul V (Paris, 1619), Histoire des rois, ducs, et comtes de Bourgogne (1619–1628, 2 vols  fol ), Historiae Normanorum scriptores antiqui (1619, fol , now the only source for some of the texts), and his Historiae Francorum scriptores (5 vols  fol , 1636–1649) This last was intended to comprise 24 volumes, and to contain the narrative sources for French history in the Middle Ages; only two volumes were published by the author, his son François published three more, and the work remained unfinished  Besides these Duchesne published a great number of genealogical histories of illustrious families, of which the best is that of the house of Montmorency  His Histoire des cardinaux francais (2 vols  101  1660–1666) and Histoire des chanceliers et gardes des sceaux de France (1630) were published by his son François  André also published a translation of the Satires of Juvenal, and editions of the works of Alcuin, Abelard, Alain Chartier and Étienne Pasquier 

Les Antiquités et recherches de la grandeur et majesté des rois de France (Paris, 1609)
Les Antiquités et recherches des villes, châteaux, &c , de toute la France (Paris, 1609)
Histoire d'Angleterre, d'Écosse, et d'Irlande (Paris, 1614)
Bibliothèque des auteurs qui ont écrit l'histoire et la topographie de la France, 1618
Histoire des Papes jusqu'à Paul V (Paris, 1619)
Histoire des rois, ducs, et comtes de Bourgogne (1619–1628, 2 volumes fol )
Grande Histoire de la Maison de Vergy, (Paris, 1625)
Annales Francorum Mettenses (Paris, 1626) also known as Annals of Metz 
Historiae Normanorum scriptores antiqui (1619)
Histoire de la Maison de Chastillon sur Marne, Paris, 1621
Historiae Francorum scriptores (5 volumes fol , 1636–1649)
Passage 13:
Margareta von Ascheberg
Margareta von Ascheberg (9 July 1671 – 26 October 1753) was a Swedish land owner, noble and acting regiment colonel during the Great Northern War 

Early life and marriage
Margareta von Ascheberg was the youngest child of Field Marshal Rutger von Ascheberg and Magdalena Eleonora Busseck  
On 26 January 1691, she married colonel count Kjell Christopher Barnekow (d  1700) in Malmö  As was the custom of the Swedish nobility as that time, she kept her name after marriage and style herself »Grevinnan Ascheberg» (Countess Ascheberg)  The couple had four children  She accompanied her spouse on his military commissions: she gave birth to their youngest sons during the Bombardment of Brussels in 1695  
At the outbreak of the Great Northern War, Kjell Christopher Barnekow was called to Sweden and appointed colonel of the Scanian dragoons, which he undertook to equip himself  However, he died very suddenly and unexpectedly of a fever 19 December 1700 before he had the time to fulfill his task 

Madame Colonel
As a widow, Margareta von Ascheberg was left with the responsibility of her four minor children and the management of their estates as well as the other responsibilities of her late spouse  This included the task of the command and equipment of his Scanian regiment  She was not freed from this responsibility, and the acting colonel Kr  A  v  Buchwaldt was appointed to see that she fulfilled her task  In the spring of 1702, she had performed the task of a colonel by having organized and equipped the regiment and appointed its officers ready for inspection by the royal command and ready to serve in the war  She also sat at the inspection office of the regiment when it was sent to war from Kristianstad  
During the war, she took care of the continued equipment and affairs of the regiment, and exchanged letters with Charles XII of Sweden about its appointments and promotions  She was called "Coloneless" or Madame Colonel  She was admired for "The energy and care, with which she performed her unusual task, a circumstance, which in other cases would seem impossible for a woman" 

Estate management
Margareta von Ascheberg was also given the responsibility of the estates of her spouse, including Vittskövle, Rosendal and Örtofta in Scania, Gammel-Kjöge on Själland, Ralsvik and Streu on Rügen, and she also added the estate of Ugerup in Scania to it  She herself inherited and acquired the additional estates of Eliinge, Sövdeborg and Tosterup  
She was a very successful business person and land owner and recommended for her efficiency  She founded schools, hospitals and gave anonymous donations to the poor in the parishes of her estates, and in contrast to other contemporary land owners, such as the hated Christina Piper, she managed to make herself popular among her employees  She was called "A true mother of the household" and was admired for her "unusual accomplishment, which should not be interpreted dishonestly, as the whole of Scania can testify for it to be truthful"  In the parish of Vittskövle, where she preferred to reside, "The Ascheberg woman" became a respected figure of folklore 

See also
Maria Sofia De la Gardie
Passage 14:
Hansen's problem
Hansen's problem is a problem in planar surveying, named after the astronomer Peter Andreas Hansen (1795–1874), who worked on the geodetic survey of Denmark  There are two known points A and B, and two unknown points P1 and P2  From P1 and P2 an observer measures the angles made by the lines of sight to each of the other three points   The problem is to find the positions of P1 and P2  See figure; the angles measured are (α1, β1, α2, β2) 
Since it involves observations of angles made at unknown points, the problem is an example of resection (as opposed to intersection) 

Solution method overview
Define the following angles: 
γ = P1AP2, δ = P1BP2, φ = P2AB, ψ = P1BA 
As a first step we will solve for φ and ψ 
The sum of these two unknown angles is equal to the sum of β1 and β2, yielding the equation

  
    
      
        ϕ
        +
        ψ
        =
        
          β
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          β
          
            2
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle \phi +\psi =\beta _{1}+\beta _{2} }
  A second equation can be found more laboriously, as follows   The law of sines yields

  
    
      
        
          
            
              A
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
              B
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ϕ
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{P_{2}B}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{2}}{\sin \phi }}}
   and

  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  1
                
              
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  1
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              δ
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {P_{2}B}{P_{1}P_{2}}}={\frac {\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta }} }
  Combining these, we get

  
    
      
        
          
            
              A
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  1
                
              
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  2
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  1
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ϕ
              sin
              ⁡
              δ
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{P_{1}P_{2}}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \phi \sin \delta }} }
  Entirely analogous reasoning on the other side yields

  
    
      
        
          
            
              A
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  1
                
              
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  1
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ψ
              sin
              ⁡
              γ
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{P_{1}P_{2}}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}{\sin \psi \sin \gamma }} }
  Setting these two equal gives

  
    
      
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ϕ
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ψ
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              γ
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  2
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  1
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              δ
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  1
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        =
        k
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \phi }{\sin \psi }}={\frac {\sin \gamma \sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta \sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}}=k }
  Using a known trigonometric identity this ratio of sines can be expressed as the tangent of an angle difference:

  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        
          
            
              ϕ
              −
              ψ
            
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              k
              −
              1
            
            
              k
              +
              1
            
          
        
        tan
        ⁡
        
          
            
              ϕ
              +
              ψ
            
            2
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle \tan {\frac {\phi -\psi }{2}}={\frac {k-1}{k+1}}\tan {\frac {\phi +\psi }{2}} }
  Where 
  
    
      
        
          k
          =
        
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ϕ
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              ψ
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle {k=}{\frac {\sin \phi }{\sin \psi }} }
  
This is the second equation we need  Once we solve the two equations for the two unknowns 
  
    
      
        ϕ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \phi }
   and 
  
    
      
        ψ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \psi }
  , we can use either of the two expressions above for 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              A
              B
            
            
              
                P
                
                  1
                
              
              
                P
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{P_{1}P_{2}}}}
   to find P1P2 since AB is known   We can then find all the other segments using the law of sines 

Solution algorithm
We are given four angles (α1, β1, α2, β2) and the distance AB   The calculation proceeds as follows:

Calculate 
  
    
      
        γ
        =
        π
        −
        
          α
          
            1
          
        
        −
        
          β
          
            1
          
        
        −
        
          β
          
            2
          
        
        ,
        
        δ
        =
        π
        −
        
          α
          
            2
          
        
        −
        
          β
          
            1
          
        
        −
        
          β
          
            2
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma =\pi -\alpha _{1}-\beta _{1}-\beta _{2},\quad \delta =\pi -\alpha _{2}-\beta _{1}-\beta _{2} }
  
Calculate 
  
    
      
        k
        =
        
          
            
              sin
              ⁡
              γ
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  2
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  1
                
              
            
            
              sin
              ⁡
              δ
              sin
              ⁡
              
                α
                
                  1
                
              
              sin
              ⁡
              
                β
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle k={\frac {\sin \gamma \sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta \sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}} }
  
Let 
  
    
      
        s
        =
        
          β
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          β
          
            2
          
        
        ,
        
        d
        =
        2
        arctan
        ⁡
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  k
                  −
                  1
                
                
                  k
                  +
                  1
                
              
            
            tan
            ⁡
            (
            s
            
              /
            
            2
            )
          
          ]
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle s=\beta _{1}+\beta _{2},\quad d=2\arctan \left[{\frac {k-1}{k+1}}\tan(s/2)\right]}
   and then 
  
    
      
        ϕ
        =
        (
        s
        +
        d
        )
        
          /
        
        2
        ,
        
        ψ
        =
        (
        s
        −
        d
        )
        
          /
        
        2 
      
    
    {\displaystyle \phi =(s+d)/2,\quad \psi =(s-d)/2 }
  
Calculate  or equivalently  If one of these fractions has a denominator close to zero, use the other one 

See also
Solving triangles
Snell's problem
Passage 15:
Amundsen Icefall
Amundsen Icefall (85°28′S 166°42′W) is a steep and turbulent icefall where the Axel Heiberg Glacier descends from the polar plateau between Mount Fridtjof Nansen and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica  Named by the Southern Party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1961–62) for Captain Roald Amundsen, who ascended Axel Heiberg Glacier en route to the South Pole in 1911 
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence (Titian)
The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence is a 1558 painting by Titian, now in the church of I Gesuiti in Venice  It so impressed Philip II of Spain that he commissioned a second version in 1567 for the basilica at El Escorial 

See also
List of works by Titian
Passage 2:
Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353  It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351  Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis spread by fleas, but during the Black Death it probably also took a secondary form, spread by person-to-person contact via aerosols, causing pneumonic plague The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic  The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history 
The origin of the Black Death is disputed  Genetic analysis points to the evolution of Yersinia pestis in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China 2,600 years ago  The immediate territorial origins of the Black Death and its outbreak remains unclear with some pointing towards Central Asia, China, the Middle East and Europe  The pandemic was reportedly first introduced to Europe during the siege of the Genoese trading port of Kaffa in Crimea by the Golden Horde army of Jani Beg in 1347  From Crimea, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese ships, spreading through the Mediterranean Basin and reaching North Africa, Western Asia and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily and the Italian Peninsula  There is evidence that once it came ashore, the Black Death mainly spread person-to-person as pneumonic plague, thus explaining the quick inland spread of the epidemic, which was faster than would be expected if the primary vector was rat fleas causing bubonic plague  In 2022, it was discovered that there was a sudden surge of deaths in what is today Kyrgyzstan from the Black Death in the late 1330s; when combined with genetic evidence, this implies that the initial spread may not have been due to Mongol conquests in the 14th century, as previously speculated The Black Death was the second great natural disaster to strike Europe during the Late Middle Ages (the first one being the Great Famine of 1315–1317) and is estimated to have killed 30 percent to 60 percent of the European population, as well as about one-third of the population of the Middle East  The plague might have reduced the world population from c  475 million to 350–375 million in the 14th century  There were further outbreaks throughout the Late Middle Ages and, with other contributing factors (the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages), the European population did not regain its level in 1300 until 1500  Outbreaks of the plague recurred around the world until the early 19th century 

Names
European writers contemporary with the plague described the disease in Latin as pestis or pestilentia, 'pestilence'; epidemia, 'epidemic'; mortalitas, 'mortality'  In English prior to the 18th century, the event was called the "pestilence" or "great pestilence", "the plague" or the "great death"  Subsequent to the pandemic "the furste moreyn" (first murrain) or "first pestilence" was applied, to distinguish the mid-14th century phenomenon from other infectious diseases and epidemics of plague The 1347 pandemic plague was not referred to specifically as "black" in the time of occurrence in any European language, though the expression "black death" had occasionally been applied to fatal disease beforehand  "Black death" was not used to describe the plague pandemic in English until the 1750s; the term is first attested in 1755, where it translated Danish: den sorte død, lit  'the black death'  This expression as a proper name for the pandemic had been popularized by Swedish and Danish chroniclers in the 15th and early 16th centuries, and in the 16th and 17th centuries was transferred to other languages as a calque: Icelandic: svarti dauði, German: der schwarze Tod, and French: la mort noire  Previously, most European languages had named the pandemic a variant or calque of the Latin: magna mortalitas, lit  'Great Death' The phrase 'black death' – describing Death as black – is very old  Homer used it in the Odyssey to describe the monstrous Scylla, with her mouths "full of black Death" (Ancient Greek: πλεῖοι μέλανος Θανάτοιο, romanized: pleîoi mélanos Thanátoio)  Seneca the Younger may have been the first to describe an epidemic as 'black death', (Latin: mors atra) but only in reference to the acute lethality and dark prognosis of disease  The 12th–13th century French physician Gilles de Corbeil had already used atra mors to refer to a "pestilential fever" (febris pestilentialis) in his work On the Signs and Symptoms of Diseases (De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium)  The phrase mors nigra, 'black death', was used in 1350 by Simon de Covino (or Couvin), a Belgian astronomer, in his poem "On the Judgement of the Sun at a Feast of Saturn" (De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni), which attributes the plague to an astrological conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn  His use of the phrase is not connected unambiguously with the plague pandemic of 1347 and appears to refer to the fatal outcome of disease The historian Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the Great Pestilence in 1893 and suggested that it had been "some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"  In 1908, Gasquet said use of the name atra mors for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J  I  Pontanus: "Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocitabant) 

Previous plague epidemics
Research from 2017 suggests plague first infected humans in Europe and Asia in the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age  Research in 2018 found evidence of Yersinia pestis in an ancient Swedish tomb, which may have been associated with the "Neolithic decline" around 3000 BCE, in which European populations fell significantly  This Y  pestis may have been different from more modern types, with bubonic plague transmissible by fleas first known from Bronze Age remains near Samara The symptoms of bubonic plague are first attested in a fragment of Rufus of Ephesus preserved by Oribasius; these ancient medical authorities suggest bubonic plague had appeared in the Roman Empire before the reign of Trajan, six centuries before arriving at Pelusium in the reign of Justinian I  In 2013, researchers confirmed earlier speculation that the cause of the Plague of Justinian (541–542 CE, with recurrences until 750) was Y  pestis  This is known as the first plague pandemic  In 610, the Chinese physician Chao Yuanfang described a "malignant bubo" "coming in abruptly with high fever together with the appearance of a bundle of nodes beneath the tissue " The Chinese physician Sun Simo who died in 652 also mentioned a "malignant bubo" and plague that was common in Lingnan (Guangzhou)  Ole Jørgen Benedictow believes that this indicates it was an offshoot of the first plague pandemic which made its way eastward to Chinese territory by around 600 

14th-century plague
Causes
Early theory
The most authoritative contemporary account is found in a report from the medical faculty in Paris to Philip VI of France  It blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air" (miasma theory)  Muslim religious scholars taught that the pandemic was a "martyrdom and mercy" from God, assuring the believer's place in paradise  For non-believers, it was a punishment  Some Muslim doctors cautioned against trying to prevent or treat a disease sent by God  Others adopted preventive measures and treatments for plague used by Europeans  These Muslim doctors also depended on the writings of the ancient Greeks 

Predominant modern theory
Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried-out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease  The plague disease, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas, including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, North India, Uganda and the western United States Y  pestis was discovered by Alexandre Yersin, a pupil of Louis Pasteur, during an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894; Yersin also proved this bacillus was present in rodents and suggested the rat was the main vehicle of transmission  The mechanism by which Y  pestis is usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y  pestis several days after feeding on an infected host  This blockage starves the fleas and drives them to aggressive feeding behaviour and attempts to clear the blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host  The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lacks resistance  When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic 

DNA evidence
Definitive confirmation of the role of Y  pestis arrived in 2010 with a publication in PLOS Pathogens by Haensch et al  They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for Y  pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences  The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, "ends the debate about the cause of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y  pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages"  In 2011, these results were further confirmed with genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England  Schuenemann et al  concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y  pestis that may no longer exist" Later in 2011, Bos et al  reported in Nature the first draft genome of Y  pestis from plague victims from the same East Smithfield cemetery and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of Y  pestis Since this time, further genomic papers have further confirmed the phylogenetic placement of the Y  pestis strain responsible for the Black Death as both the ancestor of later plague epidemics including the third plague pandemic and as the descendant of the strain responsible for the Plague of Justinian  In addition, plague genomes from significantly earlier in prehistory have been recovered DNA taken from 25 skeletons from 14th century London have shown plague is a strain of Y  pestis almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013  Further DNA evidence also proves the role of Y  Pestis and traces the source to the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan 

Alternative explanations
It is recognised that an epidemiological account of plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period  Most work has been done on the spread of the disease in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100% as no census was undertaken in England between the time of publication of the Domesday Book of 1086 and the poll tax of the year 1377  Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures for the clergy 
Mathematical modelling is used to match the spreading patterns and the means of transmission  A research in 2018 challenged the popular hypothesis that "infected rats died, their flea parasites could have jumped from the recently dead rat hosts to humans"  It suggested an alternative model in which "the disease was spread from human fleas and body lice to other people"  The second model claims to better fit the trends of death toll because the rat-flea-human hypothesis would have produced a delayed but very high spike in deaths, which contradict historical death data Lars Walløe complains that all of these authors "take it for granted that Simond's infection model, black rat → rat flea → human, which was developed to explain the spread of plague in India, is the only way an epidemic of Yersinia pestis infection could spread", whilst pointing to several other possibilities  Similarly, Monica Green has argued that greater attention is needed to the range of (especially non-commensal) animals that might be involved in the transmission of plague Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of numerous rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the disease spread too quickly to support the thesis that Y  pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person  This theory is supported by research in 2018 which suggested transmission was more likely by body lice and fleas during the second plague pandemic 

Summary
Although academic debate continues, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance  Many scholars arguing for Y  pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections  In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicaemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms  In 2014, Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed in the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis  Currently, while osteoarcheologists have conclusively verified the presence of Y  pestis bacteria in burial sites across northern Europe through examination of bones and dental pulp, no other epidemic pathogen has been discovered to bolster the alternative explanations 

Transmission
Lack of hygiene
The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century with the development of the germ theory of disease; until then streets were commonly filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding, facilitating the spread of transmissible disease By the early fourteenth century so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste  In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for "shit"  There were rue Merdeux, rue Merdelet, rue Merdusson, rue des Merdons and rue Merdiere—as well as a rue du Pipi Pigs, cattle, chickens, geese, goats and horses roamed the streets of medieval London and Paris  Medieval homeowners were supposed to police their housefronts, including removing animal dung, but most urbanites were as careless as William E  Cosner, a resident of the London suburb of Farringdon Without  A complaint lodged against Cosner charges that "men could not pass [by his house] for the stink [of]       horse dung and horse piss "One irate Londoner complained that the runoff from the local slaughterhouse had made his garden "stinking and putrid", while another charged that the blood from slain animals flooded nearby streets and lanes, "making a foul corruption and abominable sight to all dwelling near " In much of medieval Europe, sanitation legislation consisted of an ordinance requiring homeowners to shout, "Look out below!" three times before dumping a full chamber pot into the street Early Christians, who thought self-abnegation a cardinal virtue, considered bathing, if not a vice, then a temptation  "Who knows what impure thoughts might arise in a tub of warm water? With this danger in mind, St  Benedict declared, "To those who are well, and especially to the young, bathing shall seldom be permitted " St  Agnes took the injunction to heart and died without ever bathing 

Territorial origins
According to a team of medical geneticists led by Mark Achtman that analysed the genetic variation of the bacterium Yersinia pestis "evolved in or near China" over 2,600 years ago  Later research by a team led by Galina Eroshenko places the origins more specifically in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China  However more recent research notes that the previous sampling had a very heavy East Asian bias and that sampling since then has discovered strains of Y  pestis in the Caucasus region that were previously thought to be restricted to China  There is also no physical or specific textual evidence of the Black Death in 14th century China  As a result, China's place in the sequence of the plague's spread is still debated to this day  According to Charles Creighton, records of epidemics in 14th century China suggest nothing more than typhus and major Chinese outbreaks of epidemic disease post-date the European epidemic by several years  The earliest Chinese descriptions of the bubonic plague do not appear until the 1640s Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague, which has led some historians and epidemiologists to think they mark the outbreak of the epidemic; this is supported by recent direct findings of Y  pestis DNA in teeth samples from graves in the area with inscriptions referring to "pestilence" as the cause of death  Epidemics killed an estimated 25 million across Asia during the fifteen years before the Black Death reached Constantinople in 1347 
The evidence does not suggest, at least at present, that these mortality crises were caused by plague  Although some scholars, including McNeill and Cao, see the 1333 outbreak as a prelude to the outbreaks in Europe from the late 1340s to the early 1350s, scholars of the Yuan and Ming periods remain skeptical about such an interpretation  Nonetheless, the remarkably high mortality rates during the Datong mortality should discourage us from rejecting the possibility of localized/regional outbreaks of plague in different parts of China, albeit differing in scale from, and unrelated to, the pandemic mortality of the Black Death  What we lack is any indication of a plague pandemic that engulfed vast territories of the Yuan Empire and later moved into western Eurasia through Central Asia 
According to John Norris, evidence from Issyk-Kul indicates a small sporadic outbreak characteristic of transmission from rodents to humans with no wide-scale impact  According to Achtman, the dating of the plague suggests that it was not carried along the Silk Road, and its widespread appearance in that region probably postdates the European outbreak  There are no records of the symptoms of the Black Death from Mongol sources or writings from travelers east of the Black Sea prior to the Crimean outbreak in 1346  Finally, the Silk Road had already been heavily disrupted before the spread of the Black Death  Western and Middle Eastern traders found it difficult to trade on the Silk Road by 1325 and impossible by 1340, making spread of the plague less likely Others still favor an origin in China or even Kurdistan, and not Central Asia  According to the theory of Chinese origin, the disease may have traveled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders, or it could have arrived via ship, but this theory is still contested  It is speculated that rats aboard Zheng He's ships in the 15th century may have carried the plague to Southeast Asia, India and Africa 
Research on the Delhi Sultanate and the Yuan Dynasty shows no evidence of any serious epidemic in fourteenth-century India and no specific evidence of plague in fourteenth-century China, suggesting that the Black Death may not have reached these regions  Ole Benedictow argues that since the first clear reports of the Black Death come from Kaffa, the Black Death most likely originated in the nearby plague focus on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea 
Demographic historians estimate that China's population fell by at least 15 percent, and perhaps as much as a third, between 1340 and 1370  This population loss coincided with the Black Death that ravaged Europe and much of the Islamic world in 1347–52  However, there is a conspicuous lack of evidence for pandemic disease on the scale of the Black Death in China at this time  War and famine – and the diseases that typically accompanied them – probably were the main causes of mortality in the final decades of Mongol rule 
Monica H  Green suggests that the reason why other parts of Eurasia outside the west do not contain the same evidence of the Black Plague is because there were actually four strains of Yersinia pestis that became predominant in different parts of the world  Mongol records of illness such as food poisoning may have been referring to the Black Plague  Another theory is that the Black Death originated near Europe and cycled through the Mediterranean, Northern Europe and Russia before making its way to China  Other historians such as John Norris and Ole Benedictaw believe the Black Death likely originated in Europe or the Middle East and never reached China 

European outbreak
Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347  During a protracted siege of the city, in 1345–1346 the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants, though it is more likely that infected rats travelled across the siege lines to spread the epidemic to the inhabitants  As the disease took hold, Genoese traders fled across the Black Sea to Constantinople, where the disease first arrived in Europe in summer 1347 The epidemic there killed the 13-year-old son of the Byzantine emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos, who wrote a description of the disease modelled on Thucydides's account of the 5th century BCE Plague of Athens, but noting the spread of the Black Death by ship between maritime cities  Nicephorus Gregoras also described in writing to Demetrios Kydones the rising death toll, the futility of medicine, and the panic of the citizens  The first outbreak in Constantinople lasted a year, but the disease recurred ten times before 1400 Carried by twelve Genoese galleys, plague arrived by ship in Sicily in October 1347; the disease spread rapidly all over the island  Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy  Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseilles From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain (the epidemic began to wreak havoc first on the Crown of Aragon in the spring of 1348), Portugal and England by June 1348, then spread east and north through Germany, Scotland and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350  It was introduced into Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland  Finally, it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351  Plague was somewhat more uncommon in parts of Europe with less developed trade with their neighbours, including the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated Alpine villages throughout the continent According to some epidemiologists, periods of unfavourable weather decimated plague-infected rodent populations and forced their fleas onto alternative hosts, inducing plague outbreaks which often peaked in the hot summers of the Mediterranean, as well as during the cool autumn months of the southern Baltic region  Among many other culprits of plague contagiousness, malnutrition, even if distantly, also contributed to such an immense loss in European population, since it weakened immune systems 

Western Asian and North African outbreak
The disease struck various regions in the Middle East and North Africa during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures  As infected rodents infected new rodents, the disease spread across the region, entering also from southern Russia 
By autumn 1347, plague had reached Alexandria in Egypt, transmitted by sea from Constantinople; according to a contemporary witness, from a single merchant ship carrying slaves  By late summer 1348 it reached Cairo, capital of the Mamluk Sultanate, cultural centre of the Islamic world, and the largest city in the Mediterranean Basin; the Bahriyya child sultan an-Nasir Hasan fled and more than a third of the 600,000 residents died  The Nile was choked with corpses despite Cairo having a medieval hospital, the late 13th century bimaristan of the Qalawun complex  The historian al-Maqrizi described the abundant work for grave-diggers and practitioners of funeral rites, and plague recurred in Cairo more than fifty times over the following one and a half centuries During 1347, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza by April; by July it had reached Damascus, and in October plague had broken out in Aleppo  That year, in the territory of modern Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine, the cities of Ascalon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon and Homs were all infected  In 1348–1349, the disease reached Antioch  The city's residents fled to the north, but most of them ended up dying during the journey  Within two years, the plague had spread throughout the Islamic world, from Arabia across North Africa  The pandemic spread westwards from Alexandria along the African coast, while in April 1348 Tunis was infected by ship from Sicily  Tunis was then under attack by an army from Morocco; this army dispersed in 1348 and brought the contagion with them to Morocco, whose epidemic may also have been seeded from the Islamic city of Almería in al-Andalus Mecca became infected in 1348 by pilgrims performing the Hajj  In 1351 or 1352, the Rasulid sultan of the Yemen, al-Mujahid Ali, was released from Mamluk captivity in Egypt and carried plague with him on his return home  During 1348, records show the city of Mosul suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease 

Signs and symptoms
Bubonic plague
Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise  Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days Contemporary accounts of the pandemic are varied and often imprecise  The most commonly noted symptom was the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, neck and armpits, which oozed pus and bled when opened  Boccaccio's description:

In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg     From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous  As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death, such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves 
This was followed by acute fever and vomiting of blood  Most people died two to seven days after initial infection  Freckle-like spots and rashes, which could have been caused by flea-bites, were identified as another potential sign of plague 

Pneumonic plague
Lodewijk Heyligen, whose master the Cardinal Colonna died of plague in 1348, noted a distinct form of the disease, pneumonic plague, that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems  Symptoms include fever, cough and blood-tinged sputum  As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red  Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent 

Septicaemic plague
Septicaemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%  Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation)  In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicaemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes 

Consequences
Deaths
There are no exact figures for the death toll; the rate varied widely by locality  In urban centres, the greater the population before the outbreak, the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality  It killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia  A study published in 2022 of pollen samples across Europe between 1250 and 1450 was used to estimate changes in agricultural output before and after the Black Death  The authors found great variability in different regions, with evidence for high mortality in areas of Scandinavia, France, western Germany, Greece and central Italy, but uninterrupted agricultural growth in central and eastern Europe, Iberia and Ireland The mortality rate of the Black Death in the 14th century was far greater than the worst 20th-century outbreaks of Y  pestis plague, which occurred in India and killed as much as 3% of the population of certain cities  The overwhelming number of deceased bodies produced by the Black Death caused the necessity of mass burial sites in Europe, sometimes including up to several hundred or several thousand skeletons  The mass burial sites that have been excavated have allowed archaeologists to continue interpreting and defining the biological, sociological, historical and anthropological implications of the Black Death According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague  Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it could have been as much as 60% of the European population  In 1348, the disease spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished  In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die  Half of Paris' population of 100,000 people died  In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from between 110,000 and 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 down to 50,000 in 1351  At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well, with a death toll of approximately 62,000 between 1346 and 1353  Florence's tax records suggest that 80% of the city's population died within four months in 1348  Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450  The disease bypassed some areas, with the most isolated areas being less vulnerable to contagion  Plague did not appear in Douai in Flanders until the turn of the 15th century, and the impact was less severe on the populations of Hainaut, Finland, northern Germany and areas of Poland  Monks, nuns and priests were especially hard-hit since they cared for people with the Black Death 

The physician to the Avignon Papacy, Raimundo Chalmel de Vinario (Latin: Magister Raimundus, lit  'Master Raymond'), observed the decreasing mortality rate of successive outbreaks of plague in 1347–48, 1362, 1371 and 1382 in his 1382 treatise On Epidemics (De epidemica)  In the first outbreak, two thirds of the population contracted the illness and most patients died; in the next, half the population became ill but only some died; by the third, a tenth were affected and many survived; while by the fourth occurrence, only one in twenty people were sickened and most of them survived  By the 1380s in Europe, it predominantly affected children  Chalmel de Vinario recognised that bloodletting was ineffective (though he continued to prescribe bleeding for members of the Roman Curia, whom he disliked), and said that all true cases of plague were caused by astrological factors and were incurable; he himself was never able to effect a cure The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death toll of about a third of the population  The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population  In Cairo, with a population numbering as many as 600,000, and possibly the largest city west of China, between one third and 40% of the inhabitants died within eight months Italian chronicler Agnolo di Tura recorded his experience from Siena, where plague arrived in May 1348:

Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through the breath and sight  And so they died  And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship  Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could, without priest, without divine offices     great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead  And they died by the hundreds both day and night     And as soon as those ditches were filled more were dug     And I, Agnolo di Tura     buried my five children with my own hands  And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city  There was no one who wept for any death, for all awaited death  And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world 

Economic
It has been suggested that the plague, like some others in history, disproportionately affected the poorest people, who were already in generally worse physical condition than the wealthier citizens   Nevertheless, with such a large overall population decline from the pandemic, wages soared in response to a labour shortage  On the other hand, in the quarter century after the Black Death in England, it is clear many labourers, artisans and craftsmen, those living from money-wages alone, did suffer a reduction in real incomes owing to rampant inflation  Landowners were also pushed to substitute monetary rents for labour services in an effort to keep tenants 

Environmental
A study performed by Thomas Van Hoof of the Utrecht University suggests that the innumerable deaths brought on by the pandemic cooled the climate by freeing up land and triggering reforestation  This may have led to the Little Ice Age 

Persecutions
Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death  Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims", lepers and Romani, blaming them for the crisis  Lepers, and others with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were killed throughout Europe 
Because 14th-century healers and governments were at a loss to explain or stop the disease, Europeans turned to astrological forces, earthquakes and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for outbreaks  Many believed the epidemic was a punishment by God for their sins, and could be relieved by winning God's forgiveness There were many attacks against Jewish communities  In the Strasbourg massacre of February 1349, about 2,000 Jews were murdered  In August 1349, the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated  By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed  During this period many Jews relocated to Poland, where they received a warm welcome from King Casimir the Great 

Social
One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th-century Italy and led to the Renaissance  Italy was particularly badly hit by the pandemic, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on spirituality and the afterlife  It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art This does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred in Italy in the 14th century  The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy  The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors, in combination with an influx of Greek scholars following the fall of the Byzantine Empire  As a result of the drastic reduction in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom  To answer the increased need for labour, workers travelled in search of the most favorable position economically Prior to the emergence of the Black Death, the workings of Europe were run by the Catholic Church and the continent was considered a feudalistic society, composed of fiefs and city-states  The pandemic completely restructured both religion and political forces; survivors began to turn to other forms of spirituality and the power dynamics of the fiefs and city-states crumbled Cairo's population, partly owing to the numerous plague epidemics, was in the early 18th century half of what it was in 1347  The populations of some Italian cities, notably Florence, did not regain their pre-14th century size until the 19th century  The demographic decline due to the pandemic had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400  Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall  The survivors of the pandemic found not only that the prices of food were lower but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives, and this probably destabilised feudalism The word "quarantine" has its roots in this period, though the concept of isolating people to prevent the spread of disease is older  In the city-state of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia), a thirty-day isolation period was implemented in 1377 for new arrivals to the city from plague-affected areas  The isolation period was later extended to forty days, and given the name "quarantino" from the Italian word for "forty" 

Recurrences
Second plague pandemic
The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries  According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671  (Note that some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data ) The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67  Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century)  The historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 1900s  However, other sources suggest that the Second pandemic did indeed reach Sub-Saharan Africa According to historian Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31 " In the first half of the 17th century, a plague killed some 1 7 million people in Italy  More than 1 25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world  Plague could be found in the Islamic world almost every year between 1500 and 1850  Sometimes the outbreaks affected small areas, while other outbreaks affected multiple regions  Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa  Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42  Cairo suffered more than fifty plague epidemics within 150 years from the plague's first appearance, with the final outbreak of the second pandemic there in the 1840s  Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century  Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800  Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population had died 

Third plague pandemic
The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone  The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney  This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908 

Modern-day
Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine  It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat  One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995  A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014  In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands An estimate of the case fatality rate for the modern bubonic plague, following the introduction of antibiotics, is 11%, although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions 

See also
Black Death in England
Black Death in medieval culture
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Flagellant
Globalization and disease
List of epidemics
Second plague pandemic
Timeline of plague
Passage 3:
Black Death in England
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic, which reached England in June 1348  It was the first and most severe manifestation of the second pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria  The term Black Death was not used until the late 17th century 
Originating in Asia, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony  The plague was spread by flea-infected rats, as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent  Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y  pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector 
The first-known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth, Dorset, from Gascony in June 1348  By autumn, the plague had reached London, and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country, before dying down by December  Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information, and a figure of 40–60 percent of the population is widely accepted 
The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years' War  In the long term, the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour, with subsequent rise in wages, resisted by the landowners, which caused deep resentment among the lower classes  The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment, and even though the rebellion was suppressed, in the long term serfdom was ended in England  The Black Death also affected artistic and cultural efforts, and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular 
In 1361–62 the plague returned to England, this time causing the death of around 20 per cent of the population  After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, in local or national outbreaks  From this point on its effect became less severe, and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665–1666 

Background
England in the mid-14th century
It is impossible to establish with any certainty the exact number of inhabitants in England at the eve of the Black Death, and estimates range from 3 to 7 million  The number is probably in the higher end, and an estimate of around 6 million inhabitants seems likely  Earlier demographic crises—in particular the Great Famine of 1315–1317—had resulted in great numbers of deaths, but there is no evidence of any significant decrease in the population prior to 1348  England was still a predominantly rural and agrarian society; close to 90 per cent of the population lived in the countryside  Of the major cities, London was in a class of its own, with perhaps as many as 70,000 inhabitants  Further down the scale were Norwich, with around 12,000 people, and York with around 10,000  The main export, and the source of the nation's wealth, was wool  Until the middle of the century the export had consisted primarily of raw wool to cloth makers in Flanders  Gradually though, the technology for cloth making used on the Continent was appropriated by English manufacturers, who started an export of cloths around mid-century that would boom over the following decades Politically, the kingdom was evolving into a major European power, through the youthful and energetic kingship of Edward III  In 1346, the English had won a decisive battle over the Scots at the Battle of Neville's Cross, and it seemed that Edward III would realise his grandfather Edward I's ambition of bringing the Scots under the suzerainty of the English crown  The English were also experiencing military success on the continent  Less than two months before the Battle of Neville's Cross, a numerically inferior English army led by the king himself won a spectacular victory over the French royal forces at the Battle of Crécy  The victory was immediately followed by Edward laying siege to the port city of Calais  When the city fell the next year, this provided the English with a strategically important enclave that would remain in their possession for over two centuries 

The Black Death
The term "Black Death"—which refers to the first and most serious outbreak of the second pandemic—was not used by contemporaries, who preferred such names as the "Great Pestilence" or the "Great Mortality"  It was not until the 17th century that the term under which we know the outbreak today became common, probably derived from Scandinavian languages  It is generally agreed today that the disease in question was plague, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria  These bacteria are carried by fleas, which can be transferred to humans through contact with rats  Flea bites carry the disease into the lymphatic system, through which it makes its way to the lymph nodes  Here the bacteria multiply and form swellings called buboes, from which the term bubonic plague is derived  After three or four days the bacteria enter the bloodstream, and infect organs such as the spleen and the lungs  The patient will then normally die after a few days  A different strain of the disease is pneumonic plague, where the bacteria become airborne and enter directly into the patient's lungs  This strain is far more virulent, as it spreads directly from person to person  These types of infection probably both played a significant part in the Black Death, while a third strain was more rare  This is the septicaemic plague, where the flea bite carries the bacteria directly into the blood stream, and death occurs very rapidly A study reported in 2011 of skeletons exhumed from the Black Death cemetery in East Smithfield, London, found Yersinia pestis DNA  An archaeological dig in the vicinity of Thornton Abbey in Lincolnshire was reported in the science section of The Guardian for 30 November 2016, not only confirming evidence of the Y  pestis DNA in the human remains exhumed there but also dating the remains to mid-1349 
Genotyping showed that it was [at that time] a newly evolved strain, ancestor of all modern strains and proved the Black Death was bubonic plague  Modern medical knowledge suggests that because it was a new strain, the human immune system would have had little or no defence against it, helping to explain the plague's virulence and high death rates The Black Death seems to have originated in Central Asia, where the Y  pestis bacterium is endemic in the rodent population  It is unknown exactly what caused the outbreak, but a series of natural occurrences likely brought humans into contact with the infected rodents  The epidemic reached Constantinople in the late spring of 1347, through Genoese merchants trading in the Black Sea  From here it reached Sicily in October that same year, and by early 1348 it had spread over the entire Italian mainland  It spread rapidly through France, and had reached as far north as Paris by June 1348  Moving simultaneously westward, it arrived in the English province of Gascony around the same time 

Progress of the plague
According to the chronicle of the grey friars at King's Lynn, the plague arrived by ship from Gascony to Melcombe in Dorset—today normally referred to as Weymouth—shortly before the Feast of St  John the Baptist on 24 June 1348  Other sources mention different points of arrival, including Bristol and Southampton  Though the plague might have arrived independently at Bristol at a later point, the Grey Friars' Chronicle is considered the most authoritative account  If it is assumed that the chronicle reports the first outbreak of the plague, rather than its actual arrival, then the arrival most likely happened around 8 May From Weymouth the disease spread rapidly across the south-west  The first major city to be struck was Bristol  The disease reached London in the autumn of 1348, before most of the surrounding countryside  This had certainly happened by November, though according to some accounts as early as 29 September  Arrival in London happened by three principal roads: overland from Weymouth—through Salisbury and Winchester—overland from Gloucester, and along the coast by ship  The full effect of the plague was felt in the capital early the next year  Conditions in London were ideal for the plague: the streets were narrow and flowing with sewage, and houses were overcrowded and poorly ventilated  By March 1349 the disease was spreading haphazardly across all of southern England During the first half of 1349 the Black Death spread northwards  A second front opened up when the plague arrived by ship at the Humber, after which it spread both south and north  In May it reached York, and during the summer months of June, July and August, it ravaged the north  Certain northern counties, like Durham and Cumberland, had been the victim of violent incursions from the Scots, and were therefore left particularly vulnerable to the devastations of the plague  Pestilence is less virulent during the winter months, and spreads less rapidly  The Black Death in England had survived the winter of 1348–49, but during the following winter it gave in, and by December 1349 conditions were returning to relative normality  It had taken the disease approximately 500 days to traverse the entire country 

Medical practice
Various methods were used including sweating, bloodletting, forced vomiting and urinating to treat patients infected with the plague  Several symptoms of the illness included blotches, hardening of the glands under the groin and underarms, and dementia  Within the initial phase of the disease, bloodletting was performed on the same side of where the physical manifestations of the buboes or risings appeared  For instance, if a rising appeared on the right side of the groin the physician would bleed a vein in the ankle on the same side  In the case of sweating, it was achieved with such medicines as Mithridate, Venice-Treacle, Matthiolus, Bezoar-Water, Serpentary Roots and Electuarium de Ovo  Sweating was used when measures were desperate; if a patient had tokens, a severe version of risings, the physician would wrap the naked patient in a blanket drenched in cold water  This measure was only performed while the patient still had natural heat in his system  The desired effect was to make the patient sweat violently and thus purge all corruption from the blood which was caused by the disease Another practice was the use of pigeons when treating swellings  Swellings which were white in appearance and deep were unlikely to break and were anointed with Oil of Lillies or Camomil  Once the swelling rose to a head and was red in appearance and not deep in the flesh, it was broken with the use of a feather from a young pigeon's tail  The feather's fundament was held to the swelling and would draw out the venom  However, if the swelling dropped and became black in appearance, the physician had to be cautious when drawing the cold from the swelling  If it was too late to prevent, the physician would take the young pigeon, cut it open from breast to back, break it open and apply the pigeon (while still alive) over the cold swelling  The cupping therapy was an alternative method which was heated and then placed over the swellings  Once the sore was broken, the physician would apply Mellilot Plaister with Linimentum Arcei and heal the sore with digence 

Victims
Death toll
Although historical records for England were more extensive than those of any other European country, it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty  Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total population, as described above, but also issues regarding the proportion of the population that died from the plague  Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating numbers as high as 90 per cent  Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25 per cent to more than 60 per cent of the total population 
The pioneering work in the field was made by Josiah William Russell in his 1948 British Medieval Population  Russell looked at inquisitions post mortem (IPMs)—taken by the crown to assess the wealth of the greatest landowners after their death—to assess the mortality caused by the Black Death, and from this arrived at an estimate of 23 6 per cent of the entire population  He also looked at episcopal registers for the death toll among the clergy, where the result was between 30 and 40 per cent  Russell believed the clergy was at particular risk of contagion, and eventually concluded with a low mortality level of only 20 per cent Several of Russell's assumptions have been challenged, and the tendency since has been to adjust the assessment upwards  Philip Ziegler, in 1969, estimated the death rate to be at around one third of the population  Jeremy Goldberg, in 1996, believed a number closer to 45 per cent would be more realistic  A 2004 study by Ole Jørgen Benedictow suggests the exceptionally high mortality level of 62 5 per cent  Assuming a population of 6 million, this estimate would correspond to 3,750,000 deaths  Such a high percentage would place England above the average that Benedictow estimates for Western Europe as a whole, of 60 per cent  A death rate at such a high level has not been universally accepted in the historical community In 2016, Carenza Lewis reported the results of a new method of assessing the death toll  She argued that pottery before and after the Black Death is datable because there was a change at that time from the high medieval to the late medieval style, and that counts of pottery of each type therefore provide a useful proxy for long term changes in population  She and her colleagues analysed pottery sherds from test pits in more than 50 continuously occupied rural settlements in eastern England, and found a decline in the number of pottery producing pits of 45 per cent  Norfolk had the greatest drop of 65 per cent, while there was no drop in 10 per cent of settlements, mostly commercial centres 

Impact of the Black Death: 1349
Archbishop Zouche of York issued a warning throughout the diocese in July 1348 (when the epidemic was raging further south) of "great mortalities, pestilences and infections of the air" 
The Great Mortality, as it was then known, entered Yorkshire around February 1349 and quickly spread through the diocese  The clergy were on the front line of the disease, bringing comfort to the dying, hearing final confessions and organising burials  This, almost by necessity, put them at a greater risk of infection 
Estimates suggest that the death rate of clergy in some parts of the archdiocese could have been as high as 48 per cent  This is reflected in the Ordination Register, which shows a massive rise in ordained clergy over the period—some being recruited before the arrival of plague in a clerical recruitment drive, but many once plague had arrived, replacing those who had been killed  In 1346, 111 priests and 337 acolytes were recruited  In 1349, 299 priests and 683 acolytes are named, with 166 priests being ordained in one session alone in February 1350 "

Social distribution
Russell had trusted the IPMs to give a true picture of the national average, because he assumed death rates to be relatively equal across the social spectrum  This assumption has been proven wrong, and studies of peasant plague mortality from manor rolls have returned much higher rates  This could be a consequence of the elite's ability to avoid infection by escaping plague-infected areas  It could also result from lower post-infection mortality among those more affluent, due to better access to care and nursing  If so, this would also mean that the mortality rates for the clergy—who were normally better off than the general population—were no higher than the average 

The manorial records offer a good opportunity to study the geographical distribution of the plague  Its effect seems to have been about the same all over England, though a place like East Anglia, which had frequent contact with the Continent, was severely affected  On a local level, however, there were great variations  A study of the Bishop of Worcester's estates reveal that, while his manors of Hartlebury and Hanbury had a mortality of only 19 per cent, the manor of Aston lost as much as 80 per cent of its population  The manor rolls are less useful for studying the demographic distribution of the mortality, since the rolls only record the heads of households, normally an adult male  Here the IPMs show us that the most vulnerable to the disease were infants and the elderly There seem to have been relatively few deaths from the Black Death at higher levels of society  The only member of the royal family who can be said with any certainty to have died from the Black Death was in France at the time of her infection  Edward III's daughter Joan was residing in Bordeaux on her way to marry Pedro of Castile in the summer of 1348  When the plague broke out in her household she was moved to a small village nearby, but she could not avoid infection, and died there on 2 September  It is possible that the popular religious author Richard Rolle, who died on 30 September 1349, was another victim of the Black Death  The English philosopher William of Ockham has been mentioned as a plague victim  This, however, is an impossibility  Ockham was living in Munich at the time of his death, on 10 April 1347, two years before the Black Death reached that city 

Consequences
Economic, social and political effects
Among the most immediate consequences of the Black Death in England was a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages  The medieval world-view was unable to interpret these changes in terms of socio-economic development, and it became common to blame degrading morals instead  The landowning classes saw the rise in wage levels as a sign of social upheaval and insubordination, and reacted with coercion  In 1349, King Edward III passed the Ordinance of Labourers, fixing wages at pre-plague levels  The ordinance was reinforced by Parliament's passing of the Statute of Labourers in 1351  The labour laws were enforced with ruthless determination over the following decades 

These legislative measures proved largely inefficient at regulating the market, but the government's repressive measures to enforce them caused public resentment  These conditions were contributing factors to the Peasants' Revolt in 1381  The revolt started in Kent and Essex in late May, and once the rebels reached London they burnt down John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace, and killed both the Chancellor and the Treasurer  They then demanded the complete abolition of serfdom, and were not pacified until the young King Richard II personally intervened  The rebellion was eventually suppressed, but the social changes it promoted were already irreversible  By around 1400 serfdom was virtually extinct in England, replaced by the form of tenure called copyhold It is conspicuous how well the English government handled the crisis of the mid-fourteenth century, without descending into chaos and total collapse in the manner of the Valois government of France  To a large extent this was the accomplishment of administrators such as Treasurer William de Shareshull and Chief Justice William Edington, whose highly competent leadership guided the governance of the nation through the crisis  The plague's greatest effect on the government was probably in the field of war, where no major campaigns were launched in France until 1355 Another notable consequence of the Black Death was the raising of the real wage of England (due to the shortage of labour as a result of the reduction in population), a trait shared across Western Europe, which in general led to a real wage in 1450 that was unmatched in most countries until the 19th or 20th century  The higher wages for workers combined with sinking prices on grain products led to a problematic economic situation for the gentry  As a result, they started to show an increased interest for offices like justice of the peace, sheriff and member of parliament  The gentry took advantage of their new positions and a more systematic corruption than before spread  A result of this was that the gentry as a group became highly disliked by commoners 

Religious and cultural consequences
The omnipresence of death also inspired greater piety in the upper classes, which can be seen in the fact that three Cambridge colleges were founded during or shortly after the Black Death  England did not experience the same trend of roving bands of flagellants, common on the continent  Neither were there any pogroms against the Jews, since the Jews had been expelled by Edward I in 1290 The high rate of mortality among the clergy naturally led to a shortage of priests in many parts of the country  The clergy were seen to have an elevated status among ordinary people and this was partly due to their purported closeness with God, being his envoys on earth  However, as the church itself had given the cause of the Black Death to be the impropriety of the behaviour of men, the higher death rate among the clergy led the people to lose faith in the Church as an institution—it had proved as ineffectual against the horror of Y  pestis as every other medieval institution  The corruption within the Catholic priesthood also angered the English people  Many priests abandoned the terrified people  Others sought benefits from the rich families who needed burials  The dissatisfaction led to anti-clericalism and the rise of John Wycliffe, an English priest  His ideas paved a path for the Christian reformation in England  Some people did not lose their Christian faith, if anything it was renewed; they began to long for a more personal relationship with God—around the time after the Black Death many chantries (private chapels) began to spread in use from not just the nobility, but to among the well-to-do  This change in the power of the papacy in England is demonstrated by the statutes of Praemunire 
The Black Death also affected arts and culture significantly  It was inevitable that a catastrophe of such proportions would affect some of the greater building projects, as the amount of available labour fell sharply  The building of the cathedrals of Ely and Exeter was temporarily halted in the years immediately following the first outbreak of the plague  The shortage of labour also helped advance the transition from the Decorated style of building to the less elaborate Perpendicular style  The Black Death may also have promoted the use of vernacular English, as the number of teachers proficient in French dwindled, contributing to the late-14th-century flowering of English literature, represented by writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower 

Recurrences
The Black Death was the first occurrence of the second pandemic, which continued to strike England and the rest of Europe more or less regularly until the 18th century  The first serious recurrence in England came in the years 1361−62  Little is known about the death rates caused by these later outbreaks, but the so-called pestis secunda may have had a mortality of around 20 per cent  Genetic analysis performed on remains recovered from the abbey of St  Mary's Graces dating between 1353 and 1364 found the pPCP1 plasmid, a plasmid only found in Yersinia pestis and not the related environmental agent Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, revealing that this outbreak was also caused by Yersinia pestis just as the initial outbreak had been  This epidemic was also particularly devastating for the population's ability to recover, since it disproportionately affected infants and young men  This was also the case with the next occurrence, in 1369, where the death rate was around 10−15 per cent Over the following decades the plague would return—on a national or a regional level—at intervals of five to 12 years, with gradually dwindling death tolls  Then, in the decades from 1430 to 1480, the disease returned in force  An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15 per cent of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20 per cent  From that point outbreaks became fewer and more manageable, due largely to conscious efforts by central and local governments—from the late 15th century onward—to curtail the disease  This included quarantines on people and goods coming from infected places, bans on public gatherings (such as fairs), enforced household quarantine for the infected (known as 'locking up') and quarantines on ships and crews coming from ports where Plague outbreaks had occurred  From the early seventeenth century there was also greater use of quarantine facilities, called pesthouses, in preference to household quarantine  Some of these, such as the Forlorn Hope Pesthouse established by Bristol in 1665–6, appear to have been proper quarantine hospitals, staffed by doctors  The establishment of such a hospital may help to explain why the death rate in Bristol in the 1665–66 outbreak was "only" c 0 6 percent  This was much lower than the mortality rate of 10–20 percent witnessed in Bristol's Plague epidemics of 1565, 1575, 1603–04 and 1645  The Great Plague of 1665–66 was the last major outbreak in England  It is best known for the famous Great Plague of London, which killed 100,000 people (20 per cent of the population) in the capital  Other places hit hard included Eyam in Derbyshire, Derby itself and Norwich 

See also
Passage 4:
2013 Houphouët-Boigny stampede
The 2013 Houphouët-Boigny stampede occurred as crowds departed a New Year's Eve fireworks display in the early hours of 1 January 2013 near the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast  It resulted in 61 deaths and over 200 injuries, mostly women and children  This was the second time in four years that a fatal stampede occurred at the stadium 
President Alassane Ouattara declared three days of mourning and promised an investigation 

Incident
At some time between 1 and 4 am according to sources, following the New Year's Eve celebration and fireworks display, crowds stampeded as they exited the stadium into the Boulevard de la République near the Hotel Tirama  This was the second year that fireworks had been held by the government to commemorate the end of the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War, following the controversial 2010 presidential election  According to official reports, 61 individuals were killed, with upwards of 200 injured  According to Alain Lobognon, the Minister of Youth, 26 children were among the dead, most of whom were between the ages of 8 and 15, as well as 28 women and six men 

Investigation and reaction
The cause of the stampede is not yet clear, however a senior police spokesman has confirmed they are investigating  Lieutenant Colonel Issa Sako, the officer in charge of the military responding to the disaster, said that the deaths were caused when "people were walked over and suffocated by the crowd"  According to an Ivorian government official, approximately "50,000 people [were] on the streets     going home" after the New Year's celebrations  Witnesses have alternatively claimed that two large crowds moving in opposite directions collided, and that security forces attempting to break up the crowd leaving the stadium caused a panic Visiting the injured in hospital, President Alassane Ouattara said that the national tragedy would be investigated  Minister of the Interior Hamed Bakayoko stated in a national television broadcast on Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne that "the government extends its condolences to the families of those deceased and assures them of its solidarity" and that the Ivorian government would help by "all means possible " Bakayoko went on to say that "the precise circumstances of this tragic occurrence are being looked into by the security services" 
Passage 5:
2010 Elazığ earthquake
The 2010 Elazığ earthquake was a 6 1 Mw earthquake that occurred on 8 March 2010 at 02:32 UTC (04:32 local time)  The epicentre was Başyurt in Elazığ Province, in eastern Turkey  Initial reports in global media said as many as 57 people had died  By 10 March, reports in the Turkish media placed the death toll at 41 and later, the death toll rose to 42  Another 74 were injured, many after falling and jumping from buildings  A stampede through the streets led to further injuries The earthquake came one week to the day after the Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers sent a report to parliament detailing inadequate building projects and the possibility that Istanbul would be destroyed by an earthquake, which could kill tens of thousands of people, at some point in the next three decades 

Earthquake
The quake occurred on the East Anatolian Fault, a major transform fault which represents  the boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Arabian Plate 

Damage
According to officials, most of the deaths occurred in three villages: Okçular, Yukarı Kanatlı and Kayalı  At least five villages, though, suffered loss of life  Villagers fled buildings, spending the night outside and lighting fires in the streets for warmth Thirty houses collapsed in Okçular, and the death toll is at least 17  Reports from the scene indicate "the village is totally flattened" and "everything has been knocked down – there is not a stone in place" At least 25 people died in Yukarı Demirci, and emergency services went to Kovancılar Many people used vehicles and taxis to drive to the hospital  Most were asleep at the time the quake struck, with four sleeping sisters perishing in one house  Farm animals were also killed, and minarets fell down 

Aftershocks
Several aftershocks were felt, the strongest measuring 5 5 (at 09:47 local time), 5 1 (at 12:14) and 5 3 (at 13:12)  A total of over 20 aftershocks were counted within a short time following the quake  Villagers were told to stay away from buildings for several days due to the potential of further aftershocks Onur Tan et al  (2011) analyzed 2130 aftershocks (ML≥0 3) and reported in Geophysical Research Letters 

Response
Turkey: Four government ministers, including Deputy Prime Minister Cemil Çiçek, visited the scene as soon as news of the earthquake was reported  The Red Crescent and Turkey's disaster management centre donated blankets and tents  Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan later arrived  Pakistan: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani sent a condolence message to his Turkish counterpart Recep Tayyip Erdoğan over the loss of lives and property and said that "We have learnt with utter sense of shock and profound sadness the news of the massive earthquake that has hit your beautiful country, today  Our hearts go out to our Turkish brethren over the loss of precious lives and destruction of property  I wish to convey, on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan and on my own behalf our deepest condolences and commiserations to the people and Government of Turkey in bearing this enormous natural calamity " Israel: Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered an aid proposal to be put together but later said that Turkey informed Israel that it did not require assistance at this time 

See also
2020 Elazığ earthquake
List of earthquakes in 2010
List of earthquakes in Turkey
Passage 6:
Flora (Titian)
Flora is an oil painting by Italian late Renaissance painter Titian, dated to around 1515 and now held at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence 

History
The work was reproduced in numerous 16th century etchings  Later, it followed an unclear series of changes of hands at Brussels and Vienna  In the 17th century, it was sold by the Spanish ambassador at Amsterdam to Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and was cited by Rembrandt in his Saskia Dressing as Flora  of London and in two portraits in Dresden and New York  Later included in the Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna, it was one of the works exchanged with the Uffizi 
In the 18th century, it was erroneously attributed to Palma the Elder 

Description
It portrays an idealized beautiful woman, a model established in the Venetian school by Titian's master Giorgione with his Laura  Her left hand holds a pink-shaded mantle, and her right holds a handful of flowers and leaves 
The woman was portrayed by Titian in numerous other works of the period, including the Woman at the Mirror, the Vanity, Salome and Violante, as well as some Holy Conversations  The meaning of the painting is disputed: some, basing for example to inscriptions added to the 16th century reproductions, identifies the woman as a courtesan; other consider it a symbol of nuptial love, although her dress is not a dressing one  The identification with Flora, the ancient goddess of Spring and vegetation, derives from the presence of Spring flowers in her hands 

See also
List of works by Titian

Notes



ground_truth: Johanne Luise Heiberg

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many times did the plague occur in the city where Flora's painter died?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Italian chronicler Agnolo di Tura recorded his experience from Siena, where plague arrived in May 1348:

Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through the breath and sight  And so they died  And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship  Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could, without priest, without divine offices     great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead  And they died by the hundreds both day and night     And as soon as those ditches were filled more were dug     And I, Agnolo di Tura     buried my five children with my own hands  And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city  There was no one who wept for any death, for all awaited death  And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world 

Economic
It has been suggested that the plague, like some others in history, disproportionately affected the poorest people, who were already in generally worse physical condition than the wealthier citizens   Nevertheless, with such a large overall population decline from the pandemic, wages soared in response to a labour shortage  On the other hand, in the quarter century after the Black Death in England, it is clear many labourers, artisans and craftsmen, those living from money-wages alone, did suffer a reduction in real incomes owing to rampant inflation  Landowners were also pushed to substitute monetary rents for labour services in an effort to keep tenants 

Environmental
A study performed by Thomas Van Hoof of the Utrecht University suggests that the innumerable deaths brought on by the pandemic cooled the climate by freeing up land and triggering reforestation  This may have led to the Little Ice Age 

Persecutions
Renewed religious fervour and fanaticism bloomed in the wake of the Black Death  Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims", lepers and Romani, blaming them for the crisis  Lepers, and others with skin diseases such as acne or psoriasis, were killed throughout Europe 
Because 14th-century healers and governments were at a loss to explain or stop the disease, Europeans turned to astrological forces, earthquakes and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for outbreaks  Many believed the epidemic was a punishment by God for their sins, and could be relieved by winning God's forgiveness There were many attacks against Jewish communities  In the Strasbourg massacre of February 1349, about 2,000 Jews were murdered  In August 1349, the Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne were annihilated  By 1351, 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed  During this period many Jews relocated to Poland, where they received a warm welcome from King Casimir the Great 

Social
One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th-century Italy and led to the Renaissance  Italy was particularly badly hit by the pandemic, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on spirituality and the afterlife  It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art This does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred in Italy in the 14th century  The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy  The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors, in combination with an influx of Greek scholars following the fall of the Byzantine Empire  As a result of the drastic reduction in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom  To answer the increased need for labour, workers travelled in search of the most favorable position economically Prior to the emergence of the Black Death, the workings of Europe were run by the Catholic Church and the continent was considered a feudalistic society, composed of fiefs and city-states  The pandemic completely restructured both religion and political forces; survivors began to turn to other forms of spirituality and the power dynamics of the fiefs and city-states crumbled Cairo's population, partly owing to the numerous plague epidemics, was in the early 18th century half of what it was in 1347  The populations of some Italian cities, notably Florence, did not regain their pre-14th century size until the 19th century  The demographic decline due to the pandemic had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400  Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall  The survivors of the pandemic found not only that the prices of food were lower but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives, and this probably destabilised feudalism The word "quarantine" has its roots in this period, though the concept of isolating people to prevent the spread of disease is older  In the city-state of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia), a thirty-day isolation period was implemented in 1377 for new arrivals to the city from plague-affected areas  The isolation period was later extended to forty days, and given the name "quarantino" from the Italian word for "forty" 

Recurrences
Second plague pandemic
The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries  According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671  (Note that some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data ) The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67  Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century)  The historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 1900s  However, other sources suggest that the Second pandemic did indeed reach Sub-Saharan Africa According to historian Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31 " In the first half of the 17th century, a plague killed some 1 7 million people in Italy  More than 1 25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world  Plague could be found in the Islamic world almost every year between 1500 and 1850  Sometimes the outbreaks affected small areas, while other outbreaks affected multiple regions  Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa  Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42  Cairo suffered more than fifty plague epidemics within 150 years from the plague's first appearance, with the final outbreak of the second pandemic there in the 1840s  Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century  Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800  Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population had died 

Third plague pandemic
The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone  The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in well over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney  This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus Yersinia pestis The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904, followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908 

Modern-day
Modern treatment methods include insecticides, the use of antibiotics, and a plague vaccine  It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat  One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995  A further outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014  In October 2017, the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands An estimate of the case fatality rate for the modern bubonic plague, following the introduction of antibiotics, is 11%, although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions 

See also
Black Death in England
Black Death in medieval culture
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Flagellant
Globalization and disease
List of epidemics
Second plague pandemic
Timeline of plague
Passage 3:
Giovanni Cifolelli
Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown  In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher  He published his Method for the mandolin while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period 
His chief works were the operas L'Italienne and Pierre et Lucette, the former being an opera bouffe in one act (with the storyline or libretto by Nicolas-Étienne Framery)  These works were commissioned by the Comedie Italienne, Paris, and were produced at this theatre successfully, in 1770 and 1774  Several of the songs and duets in Pierre and Lucette were exceedingly popular in France, and they were republished in Paris in 1775 and 1780 

Works
L'Italienne  : comédie en 1 acte, mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1770)
Pierre et Lucette, comédie en deux actes et en prose mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1774)
Airs détachés de Perin et Lucette, comédie en deux actes, mêlées d'ariettes par M  Davesne (Paris, 1775)
Ariette nouvelle avec accompagnement de deux violons et basse
Non, laisse moi, laisse moi, Lucas  Duo (1775)
Passage 4:
Orlando furioso (Vivaldi, 1714)
Orlando furioso RV 819 (Italian pronunciation: [orˈlando fuˈrjoːzo, -so], Teatro San Angelo, Venice 1714) is a three-act opera surviving in manuscript in Antonio Vivaldi's personal library, only partly related to his better known Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727  It is a recomposition of an Orlando furioso written by Giovanni Alberto Ristori which had been very successfully staged by Vivaldi and his father's impresa in 1713, and whose music survives in a few fragments retained in the score of RV 819  Therefore, Vivaldi's first cataloguer Peter Ryom did not assign the opera a RV number, but catalogued it as RV Anh  84  The libretto was by Grazio Braccioli 

Authorship
Federico Maria Sardelli, according to the studies of Reinhard Strohm, argues that Orlando RV 819 was entirely recomposed by Vivaldi, starting from the original Ristori's opera that Vivaldi himself had already changed during the numerous representations of the season 1713  He assigned to it the catalogue number RV 819  One suggestion is that Vivaldi avoided putting his own name on the opera having himself only recently taken direction of the Teatro San Angelo  Against this others consider that the bulk of the opera is a copy of Ristori's lost work 

Opera
Unlike the Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727, in which the role of Orlando is sung by a contralto, the 1714 opera assigns the title role to a bass  The third act is missing and the rest of the score (evidently used in performances by the composer) is incomplete  Two arias are lost, seven arias are incomplete (only the bass part is extant) and three arias are identical with extant arias in RV 727 and RV 729 

Recording
The French label Naïve, which had already recorded the more famous Orlando furioso and Orlando finto pazzo for its Vivaldi Edition, released a recording of the July 20, 2012 première at the Festival de Beaune, with Sardelli conducting Modo Antiquo and singers including Riccardo Novaro as Orlando, Gaëlle Arquez as Angelica, Romina Basso as Alcina and Teodora Gheorghiu as Bradamante  Given the heavily defective nature of the surviving manuscript, Sardelli had to reconstruct or compose ex novo the seven incomplete arias, in a Vivaldian style 

See also
List of operas by Antonio Vivaldi
Passage 5:
Bajazet (opera)
Bajazet (Italian pronunciation: [baʒaˈzɛ]; also called Il Tamerlano) (RV 703) is an Italian opera in 3 acts composed by Antonio Vivaldi in 1735  Its libretto was written by Agostino Piovene  It was premiered in Verona, during the Carnival season of that year  It includes a three-movement sinfonia as an introduction  The story is about the fate of Bajazet (known as Bayezid I) after being captured by Tamerlane (Timur Lenk)  The famous aria "Sposa son disprezzata" is from this opera 

Roles
Synopsis
Act I  In garden of occupied capital of Bursa, where Tamerlane resides following the defeat of the Turks 

Scene 1 (Bajazet & Andronicus): Awaiting death, Bajazet tells Andronicus that if he weds Asteria he must hate Tamerlane 
Scene 2 (Andronicus & Idaspe)  Andronicus tells Idaspe to watch Bajazet for Asteria’s sake  Idaspe warns him that Greece has already turned the Empire over to Tamerlane and that Asteria’s beauty will fade, but Andronicus could be crowned Byzantine emperor 
Scene 3 (Tamerlane & Andronicus): Tamerlane grants to Andronicus the Byzantine Empire and discloses that he is in love with Asteria  He asks Andronicus to ask her hand from Bajazet and tells him that he should marry Irene (who is betrothed to Tamerlane) 
Scene 4 (Andronicus alone): Andronicus considers: He is not ungrateful to Tamerlane but wishes to have Asteria  Royal apartments for Bajazet and Asteria, guarded 
Scene 5 (Asteria): Asteria considers her dilemma—she loves Andronicus but believes he is interested only in imperial ambition 
Scene 6 (Tamerlane & Asteria); Tamerlane tells Asteria of his love and threatens her with her father’s life  He tells her that Andronicus will wed Irene and sings love aria before leaving 
Scene 7 (Andronicus, Bajazet & Asteria): Asteria reproaches Andronicus in front of her father  Andronicus begins to explain himself but Bajazet tells him that he speaks for his daughter in saying that she will refuse to marry Tamerlane and Bajazet will forfeit his head 
Scene 8 (Asteria & Andronicus): Asteria remains angry with Andronicus and tells him to carry out her father’s orders but not to speak for her  After he leaves, she wonders how she can continue to love one who is untrue to her 
Scene 9 (Irene, Andronicus & Idaspe): Irene wants to know why her proposed husband is not there to greet her  Idaspe explains that he loves another  Andronicus proposes that she go to him as Irene’s messenger  [Tamerlane does not know what she looks like ] She agrees to fight for her rights 
Scene 10 (Andronicus alone): Andronicus admits to himself that Irene is pretty and her kingdom adds to her beauty, but he is sad for Asteria  He sings aria in which he recognizes that if one does not die of grief in these circumstances it is because “either the power of death is weak; or grief is powerless ”
Act 2  Open countryside with Tamerlane’s pavilions which open to show Tamerlane and Andronicus seated  

Scene 1 (Tamerlane, Andronicus, Idaspe): Tamerlane tells Andronicus that he learned of Asteria’s consent through her maid and that today both Tamerlane’s marriage to Asteria and Andronicus’s to Irene will take place 
Scene 2 (Andronicus & Idaspe): Andronicus tells Idaspe that he plans to reprove Asteria, relinquish Irene and her realm to Tamerlane, make full restitution, and offer Asteria his life and fortune  Idapse goes to inform Bajazet of Asteria’s decision 
Scene 3 (Andronicus & Asteria): Asreria berates Andronicus for not opposing Tamerlane’s offer to her  Andronicus says that he will lay down his life if that is what she wishes  She tells him it is too late, Tamerlane calls 
Scene 4 (Andronicus alone): Andronicus despairs that he has lost Asteria and will lose his life  He decides to see Bajazet  Pavilion opens to reveal Tamerlane and Asteria on cushions 
Scene 5  (Tamerlane, Asteria, Idaspe & later Irene): Idaspe announces a messenger from Irene, and Irene enters pretending to be that messenger  Tamerlane has Asteria tell her of her decision to accept Tamerlane  Irene protests and Tamerlane admits his guilt (of faithlessness) but instructs her to tell Irene that she will obtain a new husband and a kingdom that day 
Scene 6 (Asteria, Irene, & Idaspe): Asteria informs Irene’s “messenger” that she intends to displease Tamerlane and Irene might have him back 
Scene 7 (Irene & Idaspe): Irene marvels at the resolve of Asteria and says that she loves Tamerlane, despite his unfaithfulness 
Scene 8 (Andronicus & Bajazet): Andronicus informs Bajazet that he saw Asteria accept the throne  Bajazet accuses Andronicus of not fighting hard enough for her  They go to see her, while Bajazet sings of his desperation  Military camp with Tamerlane and Asteria sitting in view of the army 
Scene 9 (Tamerlane, Asteria, later Andronicus, Bajazet & Irene): Asteria complies with Tamerlane’s request that she retire to the royal quarters (with aside that she has a plan)  Bajazet arrives seeking his daughter and tells Tamerlane that the blood of an Ottoman sultan will not mingle with a peasant’s  Irene (still as messenger) arrives to challenge Asteria  Tamerlane says that if she can make Asteria renounce the throne, will be Irene’s  Bajazet gives lengthy denunciation of Asteria  Then Asteria renounces the throne and reveals she was going to stab Tamerlane in bed  Tamerlane calls on guards to take Asteria and Bajazet upon whom he will exact vengeance  Tamerlane, Bajazet, Asteria and Irene sing quartet about faithlessness, cruelty mercy and death 
Act 3  Garden on the banks of the River Euphrates  

Scene 1 (Asteria & Bajazet): Bajazet shares with his daughter poison to be used when Tamerlane begins his vengeance on them 
Scene 2 (Tamerlane, Andronicus & Asteria (aside at first)): Tamerlane tells Andronicus that he will forgive Asteria if she relents  Andronicus begins to plead but Asteria enters and misunderstands his intention  Andronicus is forced to declare his love in front of Tamerlane, who in fury orders Bajazet beheaded and ASteria wedded to the meanest slave 
Scene 3 (Bajazet and the foregoing): Bajazet enters and orders his daughter to arise; she is not to bow to Tamerlane   Tamerlane becomes enraged and orders both Asteria and Bajazet to the dining hall and invites Andronicus should he wish to watch  Tamerlane sings an aria of his “hate, fury and poison for Asteria 
Scene 4 (Andronicus alone): Andronicus decides to give up his throne for Asteria, realizing that he cannot escape from “love and pity, anger and cruelty ” Dining hall with entire guard 
Scene 5 (Tamerlane, Bajzset, Andronicus, later Irene): Tamerlane informs Bajazet that he has been brought from his cell to watch  He then summons Asteria 
Scene 6 (Asteria and the foregoing): Tamerlane orders Asteria to serve him a drink  She secretly fills it with the poison Bajazet gave her  and offers it to Tamerlane 
Scene 7 (Irene with the foregoing): Irene warns Tamerlane not to take the drink, telling him that him that Asteria has poisoned it  Asteria takes the cup to drink it but Andronicus snatches it from her hand  Asteria rushes out  Tamerlane orders the guard to take her to be turned over to the mob  Bajazet promises he will come with a thousand furies to tear out Tamerlane’s heart 
Scene 8 (Bajazet leaves, the rest remain): Irene asks Tamerlane what will become of her  Tamerlane says that she will be his bride  Irene agrees to forgive his past insults to her 
Scene 9 (Idaspe and the foregoing): Idaspe advises Tamerlane that Bajazet has taken poison and is on the verge of death  Tamerlane offers Andronicus his friendship, but not Asteria 
Scene 10 (Asteria and the foregoing): Asteria arrives and announces that “he is indeed dead, you tyrant ” Her Ottoman hatred for Tamerlane has not died, however  She begs for the means to kill herself so she can join her father and sings “Stab me, beat me, kill me, fell me ”
Final Scene (Asteria leaves, but others remain): Irene and Andronicus ask Tamerlanne to have mercy on Asteria  Tamerlane says that the death of Bajazet has softened his heart  All sing of the coming peace and hope for the loss of hate among “a thousand amorous flames ”

Sinfonia
Allegro
Andante Molto
Allegro

Music
Origin of arias
Bajazet is a pasticcio  It was a common practice during Vivaldi's time for composers to borrow and adapt arias from other composers with their own works for an opera  Vivaldi himself composed the arias for the good characters (Bajazet, Asteria and Idaspe) and mostly used existing arias from other composers for the villains (Tamerlano, Irene, Andronico) in this opera  Some of the arias are reused from previous Vivaldi operas  The table below lists the origin of some of the arias used in Bajazet 

Recordings
The first complete recording of this opera was released by Virgin Classics on 10 May 2005  Fabio Biondi conducts Europa Galante in Brussels for this recording  The singers are:

bass-baritone Ildebrando D'Arcangelo as Bajazet
countertenor David Daniels as Tamerlano
mezzo-soprano Vivica Genaux as Irene
contralto Marijana Mijanovic as Asteria
soprano Patrizia Ciofi as Idaspe
mezzo-soprano Elīna Garanča as AndronicoThis recording received the award for Best Opera by Midem Classical Awards 2006 and shortlisted for the 48th Annual Grammy Awards 2006 
Before this release, excerpts from this opera had been performed by other singers such as Cecilia Bartoli 
Pinchgut Opera's 2015 production of the opera was recorded live and broadcast on ABC Classic FM A recoding of the complete opera was released in 2020 on naive classics, featuring Bruno Taddia as Bajazet and Filippo Mineccia as Tamerlano  The orchestra is Accademia Bizantina   All conducted by Ottavio Dantone 
Passage 6:
Denmark Place fire
The Denmark Place fire occurred on 16 August 1980 at 18 Denmark Place in Central London  The fire, caused by arson, killed 37 people of eight nationalities, most of whom were Spanish or Latin American, who were patrons of two unlicensed bars in the building  At the time, The Sunday Times suggested that it could be "the worst mass murder in British history" 

Background
There were two unlicensed bars on the top two floors of 18 Denmark Place: The Spanish Rooms, a late night bar frequented by locals, including Irish and Jamaican immigrants; and Rodo's, also known as El Dandy, a salsa club popular with South American immigrants  Access to both of these bars was obtained by shouting up from the street below in order to obtain a key  The only way into both of these clubs was through a locked front door and up some stairs leading to a landing  
Access to the club on the lower floor was via this landing and access to the club on the upper floor was via a fire escape enclosed with plywood  Both bars, being unlicensed, were obscured from the outside world by boarded up windows and the door on Denmark Street that led to the fire escape was bolted shut  The Metropolitan Police were aware of the clubs and were planning to shut them both down on Monday 18 August  A farewell party was being thrown over the weekend 

The fire
On the night of 16 August 1980, John Thompson, a Scottish-born petty criminal aged 42, entered The Spanish Rooms and drank there  He believed that the barman had overcharged him for the drink  After fighting with the barman he was ejected from the building and the door was locked behind him  Thompson found a 2-gallon container outside the club, hailed a taxi and then travelled to a 24-hour petrol station in Camden where he filled the container with petrol  He then returned to 18 Denmark Place, poured the petrol through the letterbox of the front door and put a lit piece of paper through Fire quickly took hold in the premises owing to the largely timber construction of the building  Both bars were badly damaged  There were estimated to be 150 people within the building at the time  People could not escape easily due to the boarded up windows, the locked fire escape and general lack of fire safety precautions owing to the bars' unlicensed status The fire burned quickly through the wooden staircase, destroying the main entrance and exit to the bars  Some patrons tried to escape via the back door but found that this was locked  Others smashed windows and jumped out onto the street below  On Denmark Street there was a music shop that backed onto the clubs and some patrons were found here trapped behind the security shutters  One firefighter managed to rescue six people from this area 
When firefighters were called to the fire at around 03:30 they could see smoke seeping from the shuttered windows  When an attempt was made to force the locked front door open they were showered with sparks and embers and were forced to retreat  Once firefighters were able to access the front door it took four minutes to break it down – behind it they found that the staircase was completely on fire 
The speed of the fire was so rapid that many of the bar patrons died where they were sitting or standing  An officer from the London Fire Brigade described the scene:

People seem to have died on the spot without even having time to move an inch  Some were slumped at tables  Seven were at the bar and appear to have fallen as they stood, with drinks still in their hands 

Aftermath
In May 1981, Thompson was convicted on a specimen charge of murdering one of the victims, Archibald Campbell (aged 63) and sentenced to life imprisonment  He died of lung cancer on 16 August 2008, the 28th anniversary of the fire There was comparatively little publicity about the fire, and no formal enquiry into it  The families of some of those who died were not aware of the circumstances  In 2022, after redevelopment of the site, a plaque was placed on a wall in memory 

See also
Blue Bird Café fire, 1972 fire in Montreal started in retaliations by patrons refused entry who then lit petrol in front of main entrance and only exit; also killed 37 
Happy Land fire, 1990 fire in New York City at illegally operated nightclub started the same way by aggrieved ejected patron; resulting 87 fatalities is the worst mass murder in city history caused by a single person 
Clerkenwell cinema fire, 1994 fire in London at an illegally operated adult cinema, intentionally started by an aggrieved patron 
Ghost Ship warehouse fire, 2016 fire at illegally operated nightclub in California that killed 37
Passage 7:
2010 Elazığ earthquake
The 2010 Elazığ earthquake was a 6 1 Mw earthquake that occurred on 8 March 2010 at 02:32 UTC (04:32 local time)  The epicentre was Başyurt in Elazığ Province, in eastern Turkey  Initial reports in global media said as many as 57 people had died  By 10 March, reports in the Turkish media placed the death toll at 41 and later, the death toll rose to 42  Another 74 were injured, many after falling and jumping from buildings  A stampede through the streets led to further injuries The earthquake came one week to the day after the Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers sent a report to parliament detailing inadequate building projects and the possibility that Istanbul would be destroyed by an earthquake, which could kill tens of thousands of people, at some point in the next three decades 

Earthquake
The quake occurred on the East Anatolian Fault, a major transform fault which represents  the boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Arabian Plate 

Damage
According to officials, most of the deaths occurred in three villages: Okçular, Yukarı Kanatlı and Kayalı  At least five villages, though, suffered loss of life  Villagers fled buildings, spending the night outside and lighting fires in the streets for warmth Thirty houses collapsed in Okçular, and the death toll is at least 17  Reports from the scene indicate "the village is totally flattened" and "everything has been knocked down – there is not a stone in place" At least 25 people died in Yukarı Demirci, and emergency services went to Kovancılar Many people used vehicles and taxis to drive to the hospital  Most were asleep at the time the quake struck, with four sleeping sisters perishing in one house  Farm animals were also killed, and minarets fell down 

Aftershocks
Several aftershocks were felt, the strongest measuring 5 5 (at 09:47 local time), 5 1 (at 12:14) and 5 3 (at 13:12)  A total of over 20 aftershocks were counted within a short time following the quake  Villagers were told to stay away from buildings for several days due to the potential of further aftershocks Onur Tan et al  (2011) analyzed 2130 aftershocks (ML≥0 3) and reported in Geophysical Research Letters 

Response
Turkey: Four government ministers, including Deputy Prime Minister Cemil Çiçek, visited the scene as soon as news of the earthquake was reported  The Red Crescent and Turkey's disaster management centre donated blankets and tents  Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan later arrived  Pakistan: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani sent a condolence message to his Turkish counterpart Recep Tayyip Erdoğan over the loss of lives and property and said that "We have learnt with utter sense of shock and profound sadness the news of the massive earthquake that has hit your beautiful country, today  Our hearts go out to our Turkish brethren over the loss of precious lives and destruction of property  I wish to convey, on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan and on my own behalf our deepest condolences and commiserations to the people and Government of Turkey in bearing this enormous natural calamity " Israel: Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered an aid proposal to be put together but later said that Turkey informed Israel that it did not require assistance at this time 

See also
2020 Elazığ earthquake
List of earthquakes in 2010
List of earthquakes in Turkey



ground_truth: 22