prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who does the performer of Don't Be Cruel play in the wire?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Don't Be Cruel (album)
Don't Be Cruel is the second studio album by American singer Bobby Brown  It was released in the United States on June 20, 1988, by MCA Records  MCA changed producers for this album and had Brown work with hit-making songwriting and production duo Babyface and L A  Reid  Brown dedicated the album to his deceased best friend James "Jimbo" Flint who was stabbed to death when Brown was aged 11  Don't Be Cruel incorporates new jack swing, R&B, funk, dance and soul Don't Be Cruel peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 and included five top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits, with "My Prerogative" being a US number-one hit  Three of the singles also reached number one on Billboard's Hot R&B Songs chart  "My Prerogative" was also the second-biggest single of 1989, ranking at number two on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1989  The album also spent a total of 11 non-consecutive weeks atop the Billboard R&B Albums chart over the course of 1988 and 1989  Internationally, it reached number one in Ireland and the top five in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom 
At the 32nd Grammy Awards, Brown won Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Every Little Step"  Don't Be Cruel received extremely positive reviews from music critics  It was far more successful than Brown's debut album, spending a total of six weeks on top of the Billboard 200 and being the best-selling album of 1989 in the United States  On April 28, 1995, it was certified 7× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  The album sold over 12 million copies worldwide in total  In 2015, Billboard ranked Don't Be Cruel at number 82 on its list of the Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums The album will receive a 2-disc and vinyl deluxe edition physical release commemorating its 35th anniversary on June 16, 2023 by Iconoclassic Records 

Development
Brown changed producers for this album, and worked extensively with hit-making songwriting and production duo Babyface and L A  Reid  Alex Henderson of AllMusic writes:

Don't Be Cruel was to Bobby Brown what Control was to Janet Jackson – a tougher, more aggressive project that shed his "bubblegum" image altogether and brought him to a new artistic and commercial plateau  With "My Prerogative" and the title song, Brown became a leader of new jack swing – a forceful, high-tech blend of traditional soul singing and rap/hip-hop that's also associated with Guy and Brown's New Edition colleagues, Bell Biv DeVoe 

Singles
All five singles released from the album reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100  "Don't Be Cruel" was released as the lead single  The second single, "My Prerogative", earned Brown his first number one on the Billboard Hot 100  "My Prerogative" was also the second-biggest single of 1989, finishing at number two on the Year-End Billboard Hot 100 Singles of 1989  Three of the singles also reached number one on Billboard's Hot R&B Songs chart 
All singles except "Roni" were certified Gold by the RIAA 

Commercial performance
Don't Be Cruel debuted at number 74 on the Billboard 200 on July 23, 1988  It wasn't until six months later that the album reached number one, starting a six-week non-consecutive run at number one, from January 21, 1989 – February 4, 1989 and February 18, 1989 – March 4, 1989  Its reign at number one was interrupted for one week by Guns N' Roses' Appetite for Destruction 
The album also spent a total of 11 non-consecutive weeks atop the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart over the course of 1988 and 1989  It spent an eight-week non-consecutive run at number one from September–November 1988, and then returned to number one four months later in March 1989 
Don't Be Cruel was the best-selling album of 1989 in the United States, and finished number one on the Billboard Year-End album chart  Eventually the album sold 12 million copies worldwide in less than a decade 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic 

Charts
Certifications
Passage 2:
Up All Night (Matt Willis song)
"Up All Night" is the debut solo single by English musician Matt Willis  It was released as a single on 22 May 2006 and appears on his debut album, Don't Let It Go to Waste  The song is about how Willis keeps thinking of a girl, and as a result cannot sleep at night  It debuted at number 52 on the UK Singles Chart on download sales alone  The following week, it peaked at number seven after the physical release  It stayed in the UK chart for a total of four weeks 
The video for "Up All Night" features Willis in a house late at night and flashes back and forth between scenes of Willis having difficulty sleeping and Willis in the midst of a party  Willis's first televised performance of "Up All Night" took place on 7 May 2006 on Top of the Pops  He then performed the song again on the same show on 28 May 2006, three weeks since his TV debut 

Track listings
CD2 contains a free beer mat, with images of a dragon on the front and Willis on the rear 

Charts
Passage 3:
Police of The Wire
The Baltimore Police Department plays an integral part in The Wire 

Command
The department is led by a Police Commissioner assisted by Deputy Commissioners of Operations (often shortened to Deputy Ops) and Administration  The Police Commissioner answers directly to the city mayor and outlines the departmental goals which are then enforced by the Deputy Commissioners  The Deputy Ops wields a great deal of power and is responsible for the day-to-day activity of the department's district and investigative unit commanders  
The Administrative Deputy oversees the Internal Investigations Division (IID) and other units  The real-life chain of command from the Commissioner downwards is Deputy Commissioner, Chief, Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, and Detective/Officer  However, in the series, any mention of the ranks of Chief, Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain are omitted  Presumably this is to avoid confusion and make the relationships between different members of the hierarchy clearer to the viewer  
Detectives fall into a rank that coincides with their administrative position  The Criminal Investigations Division (CID), commanded usually by a Colonel, is the division responsible for the Homicide unit, Narcotics unit, and Major Crimes Unit (MCU) among others  
The IID, homicide unit, and narcotics unit are each led by a Major  MCU is commanded by a lieutenant  A Major commands each of the nine patrol districts - the Central, Northern, Northeastern, Eastern, Southeastern, Southern, Southwestern, Western and Northwestern districts 

Department commanders
William Rawls
Rawls is Acting Commissioner on a temporary basis  Rawls is Caucasian, and Mayor Tommy Carcetti is unwilling to attempt a permanent promotion fearing that it would not be acceptable to the politically influential and largely black ministers  Rawls is a careerist and is feared by many of his subordinates  He has been known to punish anyone who crosses him with transfers to undesirable posts  Rawls is played by John Doman 

Cedric Daniels
Daniels is the Deputy Commissioner of Operations  He is a direct commanding officer of many of the show's characters in earlier seasons  Daniels previously worked as a lieutenant in the Eastern District Drug Enforcement Unit, CID Narcotics Unit, and was the first commander of the MCU  Daniels is promoted to Major and Western District Commander after his successful case work in the MCU  
He draws Carcetti's attention as a young and capable black commander and is quickly promoted to CID Colonel  He is eventually promoted to Police Commissioner, but resigns to practice law  Daniels is played by Lance Reddick 

Stanislaus Valchek
Valchek is the Deputy Commissioner of Administration  Valchek was previously the Southeastern District commander  His grudge against Frank Sobotka led to the formation of a specialised detail which became the Major Crimes Unit  Valchek is well-connected with the city's politicians, and was promoted because of his political association with Mayor Carcetti  Valchek is played by Al Brown 

Bobby Reed
Played by: Tony D  Head
Appears in:Season one: "The Buys"; "Lessons" (uncredited); "The Hunt" and "Cleaning Up" 
Season three: "Time After Time"; "Dead Soldiers"; "Reformation"; "Middle Ground" and "Mission Accomplished" 
Season four: "Misgivings" (uncredited)Reed is a Major in the Baltimore Police Department and commands the Internal Investigations Division  He is very loyal to Ervin Burrell's command, often more focused on protecting Burrell's status and command than on rigorously investigating individual officers  He often appears with discrediting evidence about officers for Burrell to use as blackmail 
In the first season Reed investigates the brutality charges made against Roland "Prez" Pryzbylewski for blinding a teenager in one eye  Reed dismisses the witnesses based upon their criminal records but suspends Prez from street duty pending a Grand Jury hearing  Reed then intervenes when the Barksdale detail stop State Senator Davis' driver (who received a bag full of cash from a Barksdale soldier) and again when Daniels tries to withhold the location of a Barksdale stash house to protect his investigation 
In the third season, Reed attends the weekly comstat meetings of Ervin Burrell and William Rawls  In the fourth season, Reed briefly appears when Burrell is contemplating the best method to keep his appointed position as commissioner 

Former members
Warren Frazier
Played by: Dick Stilwell
Appears in:Season one: "The Hunt" Frazier is the Commissioner in season one  He gives the order for citywide raids following the shooting of Kima Greggs  As actor Dick Stilwell died in a real-life car accident after appearing in this single episode, his character is retired and replaced by Ervin Burrell as commissioner 

Ervin Burrell
Burrell is a by-the-book careerist officer who reached the level of Commissioner  Initially appointed as an Acting Commissioner, Burrell negotiated for a permanent posting with the Royce administration  When Carcetti replaced Royce he immediately began looking to depose Burrell  He is eventually forced to resign in a scandal over manipulation of crime statistics but receives a highly paid replacement job in order to leave quietly  Burrell is played by Frankie Faison 

Raymond Foerster
Played by: Richard DeAngelis
Appears in:Season one: "The Target"; "The Detail"; "The Buys"; "The Wire"; "The Cost"; "The Hunt" and "Sentencing" 
Season three: "Time After Time "; " All Due Respect "; "Dead Soldiers"; "Straight and True"; "Homecoming"; "Slapstick" and "Mission Accomplished" 
Season four: "Refugees"Raymond Foerster was a Major and unit commander of the Baltimore narcotics division in season one  According to Season 4, he served 39 years on the force, suggesting he joined the BPD in 1967  When Judge Phelan questioned Deputy Commissioner Burrell about the Barksdale operation, Majors Foerster and Rawls faced his subsequent wrath and demands for more information  Foerster's response was to ask his shift lieutenant Cedric Daniels for a report and then to assign Daniels and his team to the Barksdale detail 
When Daniels's investigation became drawn out and relied upon wiretaps and surveillance, Foerster took the side of Deputy Commissioner Burrell against Daniels when he tried to explain the necessity of this technique to reach the heads of the organization  Foerster's and Burrell's insistence on using buy busts led to the operation that resulted in the shooting of Detective Greggs  Foerster visited Greggs in the hospital with many other command officers and appeared anxious when trying to find a tape recorder to replay the last transmissions before she was shot 
Foerster was promoted to colonel and took over as commander of the criminal investigations division when Rawls was promoted to deputy commissioner of operations  He was replaced as the Narcotics Major by George Smith, an associate of Major Colvin  He attended Rawls' weekly comstat meetings and worked with Sergeant Jay Landsman in running the homicide division  He was put under intense pressure to keep the murder rate down Foerster continued to command CID in season four and was involved in the management of the murder of a state's witness that became a politically important case  When Burrell ordered Foerster to replace veteran investigator Ed Norris with rookie homicide detective, Kima Greggs, Foerster realized that Burrell hoped to slow the investigation, assuming Burrell's intent was to prevent the investigation from revealing the victim's witness status as a possible motive for the murder before the upcoming mayoral election  Foerster argued with Burrell and Rawls about the decision and discussed it with Jay Landsman  
Actor Richard DeAngelis suffered from cancer during this time and was often absent from work  Repeated courses of chemotherapy failed to cure the disease  DeAngelis died of cancer after filming scenes for the fourth season  Landsman announced the Colonel's death to the homicide unit, stating that he served 39 years in the department without leaving a trace of bitterness or hatred with any officers, a miraculous career by BPD standards  A police wake was held at an Irish bar in his honor 

Major Crimes Unit
The Major Crimes Unit was established by Cedric Daniels in season three as part of a prior agreement with Commissioner Ervin Burrell  The unit's main responsibility is to build cases against high-profile targets responsible for murder, drug distribution and money laundering in Baltimore  The unit was originally formed by a group of detectives dumped upon Daniels by shift Lieutenants to make a case against Avon Barksdale  It is currently under the command of the Criminal Investigation Division  It is run by Lester Freamon, even though on paper it is commanded by Lieutenant Asher 
In the first season the detail's office is located in the basement of a downtown building where the only redeeming features are working telephones and electricity  In the second season, the detail is moved into an old building located at 1911 South Clinton Street in the southeastern part of town, leased by the Transportation Authority courtesy of Major Valchek  The office remains the permanent location of the unit when it is formed in season three 

Current members
Command
Jimmy Asher
Played by: Gene Terinoni
Appears in:Season four: "Boys of Summer"; "Home Rooms" and "That's Got His Own" 
Season five: "More with Less"Asher is the lenient lieutenant who was picked to command the Major Crimes Unit by Cedric Daniels  He normally lets the detectives do as they wish while working on his beach house in Delaware  Lieutenant Charles Marimow replaced him for purposes of properly "supervising" the Major Crimes Unit under the orders of Deputy Commissioner Rawls  With Daniels' promotion to C I D  colonel, Asher is reinstalled as commander of the unit again as Freamon feels he will effectively let the detectives do what they need to make a case without interference from the commissioner's office 

Lester Freamon
Freamon is a quiet and methodical veteran detective who makes major contributions to the unit's investigations  He is the unit's de facto commander, as he lays out their investigative strategies and specifically chose Lieutenant Asher to be the shift Lieutenant due to his lenient, hands-off attitude 

Detectives/Officers
Kenneth Dozerman
Played by: Rick Otto
Appears in:Season three: "Time After Time", "All Due Respect" and "Back Burners" 
Season four: "Refugees", "Alliances", "Know Your Place", "Misgivings", "That's Got His Own" and "Final Grades" 
Season five: "More with Less", "Clarifications", "Late Editions", and "–30–" Kenneth Dozerman is a plainclothes cop in the Western District  In season 3, he is part of Carver's Drug Enforcement Unit squad  He becomes friends with Herc and Carver while working in the squad accompanying them in various activities off duty  Dozerman gets shot in the face and critically injured in a buy bust operation gone wrong and gets decommissioned from duty for the rest of the season  Major Colvin uses Dozerman's shooting as the impetus for his "Hamsterdam" experiment, a way to reduce crime and not see any more of his men get hurt  The shooter also steals Dozerman's service weapon and Bunk Moreland is ordered to locate it  Dozerman is presented with it at a press conference In season four, Dozerman transfers to the Major Crimes Unit when Herc transfers in, filling the gap left by Greggs and Freamon leaving  Dozerman takes part in Lieutenant Charles Marimow's first series of failed raids as unit commander  Following these raids he helps Herc to set up video surveillance of Marlo Stanfield  Dozerman remains in the unit as an ally to both Herc and Leander Sydnor, who mentor Dozerman on his investigative strategies  All three detectives maintain a dislike for Marimow's caustic command style often fearing the repercussions that he has threatened them with  Dozerman remains in the unit following Marimow's departure and Herc's suspension under the new leadership of Lester Freamon 
In Season five, Dozerman is still with Major Crimes working with the detail on the row house serial murders  He still meets his old Western district DEU buddies for drinks along with Herc  After Major Crimes is disbanded, Dozerman is transferred to the Tactical division 

Jimmy McNulty
McNulty is known as “natural police” and ultimately whom the show centers around  He is dedicated and a highly driven Baltimore police detective but is riddled with many complicated personal problems, such as a ruined marriage, a series of flings with multiple women, and alcoholism  McNulty came up under the guidance of Bunny Colvin, a western district Major, who often  refers to McNulty as “Bushytop” for McNulty’s wavy or curly locks of hair  McNulty is liked by non-commanding officers and is most friendly to Bunk and Kima Greggs  The first three seasons foundation story revolves around McNulty’s obsession with arresting Stringer Bell 

Leander Sydnor
Sydnor is a young, married detective in the Baltimore Major Crimes Unit with a talent for investigative work and the stomach for drawn-out cases   Sydnor has been part of the Major Crimes Unit throughout seasons one, three, and four of the show 

Former members
Command
Cedric Daniels
Daniels left the unit when he was promoted to Major, taking the District Commander post in the Western 

Charles Marimow
Played by: Boris McGiver
Appears in season four: "Home Rooms", "Refugees", "Alliances", "Corner Boys", "Misgivings", "That's Got His Own" Bill Rawls installs Lieutenant Marimow as the commander of the Major Crimes Unit after Lester Freamon issues a series of subpoenas  Marimow attempts to change the unit's focus to the more obviously violent drug dealers and closes down their wiretaps on Marlo Stanfield  His caustic command style drives away Lester and Kima Greggs, leaving him with Leander Sydnor and Caroline Massey  His unit's staffing problems are relieved when Sergeant Herc Hauk transfers back  Dozerman joins him  Marimow and Herc develop an immediate mutual dislike 
Marimow is one of the most disliked commanders, often referred to as a "Trojan Horse", "Virus" and a "Unit Killer"  It is stated by Jay Landsman that "Marimow does not cast off talent lightly  He heaves it away with great force"  Marimow is also unafraid to threaten his subordinates' careers as a means of punishing them for insubordination or similar defiance  He prides himself on being a streetwise commander and having worked his way up through the ranks  While Marimow has worked hard to earn his rank, his hostile command style has established his negative reputation throughout the department 
He believes it would be easy to topple Marlo, but his first series of raids fail, as he underestimates his targets  Marimow orders his men to take Marlo down, leading Herc to break several rules by hiring a lip reader to spy on Marlo, and using a video camera without a court order or Marimow's approval  Marimow accurately suspects Herc of lying to him about the source of his information  
Herc also has Internal Investigations Division (IID) complaints sent to the office for attempted arrests based on misinformation  Marimow vows to Herc that he would be happy to attend his "execution" at an IID trial if he could prove he was lying  Marimow leaves the Unit when Cedric Daniels becomes the Criminal Investigations Division colonel and reinstalls Lester and Asher 
Show creator David Simon left the Baltimore Sun after a bitter feud with editor William K  Marimow   Simon chose to name an unsympathetic character after his old enemy 

Thomas "Herc" Hauk
Herc was a narcotics detective but his tendency towards brutality and acting without thinking held up his career progression as a member of the Barksdale and Sobotka details  To improve his chances of making sergeant he transferred to the Mayor's security detail  He returned to the Major Crimes Unit as a newly promoted sergeant  Herc is fired from the department after an Internal Investigation Division hearing 

Detail members
Ellis Carver
A detective on Daniels narcotics shift who followed him into the Barksdale and Sobotka details  He left the detail in season 2 for a drug enforcement unit sergeant posting in the Western District 

Patrick Mahon
Played by: Tom Quinn
Appears in season one: "The Detail"; "The Buys" and "Old Cases" Mahon was an elderly detective from the property unit who briefly worked with the Barksdale detail  Dubbed as a departmental "hump", he and his partner Polk had not made a single case in property crimes over their last ten years  The two were also regarded as a pair of drunks who were incapable of driving soberly  
He is punched by Bodie Broadus, a young drug dealer, when the detail raid the low rise projects  Mahon takes early retirement following his injury, and is last seen encouraging Polk to do the same 
Along with his counterpart Polk, his name is a reference to the Irish phrase "póg mo thóin" ("pogue mahone"), or "kiss my arse" 

Augustus Polk
Played by: Nat Benchley
Appears inSeason one: "The Detail"; "The Buys"; "Old Cases"; "The Pager" and "The Wire" 
Season two: "Collateral Damage" (uncredited) and "Hot Shots" (uncredited) 
Season five: "Late Editions" Polk was an aging detective from the property unit who worked briefly in the Barksdale and Sobotka details  He is often called "Auggie" by his partner Pat Mahon  He is generally regarded as a "hump", since he has not made a single case in property crimes over their last ten years  He is also an alcoholic 
After his partner Mahon retired due to injury, Polk considers deliberately injuring himself to follow in his partner's footsteps  Unable to follow through on his plan, he becomes despondent and goes on a drinking binge  He misses several days' work and finally shows up drunk at 9am  Lieutenant Daniels tells him to take sick leave for his alcohol problem or work "wet"  Polk opted for sick leave and is off until the case is closed 
In the second season, he is briefly assigned to the first Sobotka detail under Lieutenant Grayson  When Major Valchek complains about the unit being full of humps, Daniels is put in command and Polk is moved back to property 
In the ninth episode of the fifth season, Polk makes a small cameo, as the officer running the evidence control locker in one of the precincts  After helping Commissioner Daniels locate a crucial piece of evidence, Daniels tells Polk that he's "glad he landed okay"  Displaying his usual sarcasm, Polk replies "Yeah   beats working" 

Michael Santangelo
For a full character description see Western District section, below 
Original Barksdale detail member partnered with Jimmy McNulty  He was dumped from homicide by Major Rawls for refusal to act as an insider in on Rawls' behalf  Santangelo took a post driving the narcotics wagon in the Western District 

Unit members
Shakima "Kima" Greggs
Daniels' protege who mentored Herc and Carver while in Narcotics  She transferred to homicide when Lieutenant Marimow came into the unit as he was a caustic commander who was difficult to work for  When Marimow left, she remained in homicide due to the higher pay 

Roland "Prez" Pryzbylewski
Prez was the son-in-law of deputy commissioner Stan Valchek who had a knack for tracing phone patterns and money accounts but was inept on the streets  Prez left the department after accidentally shooting a plainclothes black officer Derrick Waggoner  He becomes a teacher at Tilghman Middle School soon after 

Caroline Massey
Played by: Joilet F  Harris
Appears inSeason three: "Time After Time"; "All Due Respect"; "Dead Soldiers"; "Reformation" and "Middle Ground" 
Season four: "Boys of Summer"; "Soft Eyes"; "Refugees" Officer Massey joined the show in season three as a member of the Major Crimes Unit under Lieutenant Cedric Daniels  Massey is a world-weary officer with a penchant for sarcasm and cutting coupons  She was particularly adept at deciphering the slang used by Barksdale drug dealers on wiretaps of cellular phones  Her diligent work manning wiretaps earned the respect of Lester Freamon when she was part of his successful undercover operation to supply pre-wiretapped phones to the Barksdale organization 
In season four, Massey continued to work with the Major Crimes Unit and settled into her role  When the unit was assigned Lieutenant Marimow as a commander, Freamon transferred out  Massey and Sydnor were left to face Marimow closing down their wiretaps and ordering raids on weeks old targets 

Homicide unit
The Homicide Unit of the Baltimore City Police Department is responsible for the investigation of all unexplained deaths that take place within Baltimore City   They are also responsible for investigating all police-related shootings  Because the homicide unit is generally regarded as containing the best detectives on the police force, they are often given high-profile cases which are not necessarily homicides  
A clearance rate of 50% or more for the year is aimed for and the unit is among the most demanding in the Criminal Investigations Division  Sergeant Landsman's squad is typically the focus of the show, though there is at least one other squad (according to David Simon's book, there are typically three homicide squads in Baltimore, on rotating shifts)  The unit is under the C I D  supervision of Rawls in season 2, then Raymond Foerster from the start of season 3 until Foerster's death from cancer, at which point the role is taken over by Cedric Daniels 
Like the real department described in David Simon's Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, the unit uses a red-black system of tracking cases where red is the color for an open/not cleared case and black is the color for a closed/cleared case  Additionally similar slang such as "dunkers" (easy cases), "whodunits" (difficult cases), and "redball" (media attention gaining cases) are used to describe the various cases   Victims who are not associated with the drug trade or other crime are often referred to as "taxpayers" 
A running practical joke within the unit is that if a detective is caught sleeping at his desk, his necktie will be cut off with scissors and pinned to a "necktie mausoleum"  Detectives often fall asleep in the office (or on stakeout) because of the overtime demands and have at times worked double and triple shifts as they have dealt with multiple murders  This is used most prominently in the third season, where Bunk is shown cutting Crutchfield's tie, and later Crutchfield gets to repay the favor 

Current members
Jay Landsman
Landsman is a squad sergeant in the homicide unit who must divide his loyalties between his men and his superiors 

Frank Barlow
Played by: Michael Stone Forrest
Appears in:Season one: "The Target"
Season five: "Not for Attribution", "Took" (uncredited), "Clarifications"Frank Barlow is a Caucasian detective in the homicide unit who first appeared as the primary detective at the trial of D'Angelo Barksdale  Despite having two witnesses, D'Angelo is found not guilty due to witness intimidation in the court room  Barlow appears later in the series with open murders of homeless men that McNulty ties into his fabricated serial killer  
Barlow then sees that McNulty is falsifying paper work on the homeless murders case to provide resources for detectives to investigate unrelated cases  Barlow blackmails McNulty into providing funds for him to take a long weekend to play golf in South Carolina 

Christeson
Played by: Dennis Hill
Appears in:Season five: "More with Less", "Took", "Clarifications", "Late Editions" and "–30–" Christeson is a young black detective who is the homicide unit's newest detective  He first appears assisting Bunk and Norris on a "polygraph-by-copier" where an idiotic suspect confesses to a homicide  Christeson is the first detective whom Jimmy McNulty covers for the "homeless killer" and he is granted overtime to solve a case which the department's upper command interferes with 

Michael Crutchfield
Played by: Gregory L  Williams
Appears in:Season three: "Back Burners", "Moral Midgetry", "Slapstick" and "Mission Accomplished" 
Season four: "Home Rooms", "Soft Eyes", "Refugees", "Alliances", "Margin of Error", "Unto Others", "Corner Boys", "A New Day" and "Final Grades" 
Season five: "More With Less", "Unconfirmed Reports", "Not for Attribution", "Took", "Clarifications", and "–30–" Crutchfield is a detective in the homicide unit whose name is mentioned earlier in the series but who does not appear on screen until season three  He was the primary detective at the murder that took place in Major Colvin's "free zone" and withheld the investigation at Colvin's request  Colvin then helped create a "dunker" case having his suspect turned in after threatening the drug dealers in the "free zone" 
In season four, Crutchfield plays a bigger role, appearing with Vernon Holley getting an identification of Omar Little as a murder suspect from Old Face Andre  When Bunk Moreland wants to re-examine the case, Crutchfield displays his anger over Bunk wanting to reverse one of his clearances  Crutchfield then promises to reverse a clearance of Bunk's as payback for going back on a solved case  
When Carver leaves a message for Bunk, Crutchfield deliberately throws it away, causing a lengthy delay in the discovery of the bodies being left all over the city by the Stanfield Organization, and also indirectly ruining Randy Wagstaff's life in the process  Crutchfield ends season four investigating murders at the hands of the Stanfield Organization 
In season five Crutchfield remains with Sergeant Jay Landsman's homicide squad  Crutchfield helps Bunk to manipulate a confession from DeShawn Williams  Crutchfield buys Monell, another involved party, a McDonald's meal and parades the boy in front of Bunk's interrogation room to lead Bunk's suspect to believe that his friend had turned against him  When departmental cut backs lead to the withholding of overtime, Crutchfield secures part-time work as a security guard to replace his lost pay  Crutchfield is later assigned along with Kima Greggs to Chris Partlow and Snoop's triple murder of Junebug, Junebug's partner, and bodyguard  He is last seen watching as Kenard is being placed in the back of a squad car, presumably having arrested him for the murder of Omar Little 
According to Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, there was actually a Caucasian detective in the Baltimore Police Department homicide division named Michael Crutchfield 

Shakima "Kima" Greggs
Greggs is a tenacious investigator and a rookie homicide detective  She was a key member of the Major Crimes Unit and proved herself on both the Barksdale and Sobotka investigations  She struggles to balance her life as a police officer with her role as a potential mother with her partner 

Vernon Holley
Played by: Brian Anthony Wilson
Appears in:Season one: "The Wire" and "The Hunt" 
Season two: "Port in a Storm" (uncredited) 
Season three: "All Due Respect" (uncredited), "Dead Soldiers", "Hamsterdam"; "Slapstick"; "Reformation" and "Mission Accomplished" 
Season four: "Soft Eyes", "Alliances", "Margin of Error", "Unto Others", "Corner Boys", "A New Day" and "Final Grades" 
Season five: "React Quotes", "The Dickensian Aspect", "Took", and "–30–" Holley is a detective in the homicide unit under the command of Bill Rawls, and later Raymond Foerster followed by Cedric Daniels  Holley often works with Norris, Bunk, or Crutchfield and is one of the unit's more short tempered and physically intimidating detectives  He first appears with partner Ed Norris and catches the case of the murder of Omar Little's boyfriend Brandon  They recognize a connection to the recent murder of Omar's crew member Bailey because both corpses are found in Kevlar vests  They call in Jimmy McNulty and the Barksdale detail's work secured a conviction for the murder against soldier Wee-Bey Brice 
Following the shooting of detective Kima Greggs, Holley tracks down Bubbles paging her from a payphone  Holley assumes he is a suspect and has uniformed officers bring him in for an interrogation  Believing Bubbles to be the shooter, Holley tries to interrogate Bubbles in an accusatory and threatening manner  When Bubbles is unable to respond to his questions, Holley quickly loses his temper and tries to beat a confession out of him  Once McNulty intervenes, the situation is cleared up and Holley lies about Bubbles trying to attack him as a means of justifying the beating 
In season two, Holley is briefly seen investigating the murder of Frank Sobotka 
In season three he is assigned to investigate the murder of Tosha Mitchell and Tank and later the shooting of Stringer Bell, both working with Bunk Moreland  During this season, he is also seen called to duty for other investigations as the city's homicide rate rapidly approaches 300 murders for the year 
In season four, Holley initially works as the secondary investigator on Norris' case of a murdered state's witness named Braddock that becomes a "red ball" case  Later in that investigation, he is replaced by Kima Greggs for political reasons  Holley and Crutchfield are then seen catching the case of a delivery woman murdered by Chris Partlow in Old Face Andre's convenience store  They interview Andre, who quickly (as ordered by Chris) identifies Omar Little as the killer in a photo array When Omar is arrested he manages to convince Bunk Moreland he is innocent and Bunk asks Crutchfield and Holley to re-open the case  Crutchfield refuses to entertain the idea but Holley agrees that Andre is a possible drug dealer and goes with Bunk to the crime scene reluctantly  At the scene revisitation, Bunk views evidence confirming Omar's innocence in the shooting He states that Andre's store is a drug stash house, Andre's story makes no sense, and in addition to his fear of Chris, he was likely willing to implicate Omar for ripping off his stash  Holley and Bunk then reappear with a grand jury summons where at the courtroom, Holley manages to intimidate Andre both physically and legally to have him confess his role in lying about the murder  Holley ends Season 4 assisting Crutchfield, Norris, and Bunk in the investigations of murders caused by Marlo Stanfield's crew According to Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, there was actually a black detective in the Baltimore Police Department homicide division named Vernon Holley  The real life Holley has worked in security for the Baltimore Ravens 

William "Bunk" Moreland
Bunk is a well liked and proficient member of the homicide unit  Although he is a capable detective, Bunk is a known alcoholic with a penchant for infidelity 

Ed Norris
Played by: Ed Norris
Appears in:Season one: "The Wire", "The Cost", "The Hunt" and "Sentencing" 
Season two: "Stray Rounds"
Season three: "Time After Time", "All Due Respect" and "Dead Soldiers" 
Season four: "Boys of Summer", "Soft Eyes", "Alliances" (uncredited), "Margin of Error", "Unto Others", "A New Day" and "Final Grades" 
Season five: "More With Less", "Transitions", "React Quotes", "The Dickensian Aspect" (uncredited), "Took", and "–30–" Norris is a homicide detective who has been in the unit for 15 years since 1991 according to Season 4  Norris and his squad mate Vernon Holley first appeared assigned to the case of the murder of Omar Little's boyfriend Brandon  They recognized a connection to the recent murder of Omar's crew member Bailey because both corpses were found in Kevlar vests  They called in their colleague Jimmy McNulty and the Barksdale detail's work secured a conviction for the murder against soldier Wee-Bey Brice 
Norris was also lead detective on the shooting of Wendell "Orlando" Blocker and Kima Greggs this time working with Detective Ray Cole  This case was also solved when Wee-Bey confessed to the shooting 
In season two he appeared briefly when investigating the shooting of a child by a stray bullet  In season three he attended the wake of his colleague Ray Cole  Norris remains with the homicide unit in season four when he is the lead investigator in the politically important murder of a state's witness  He is briefly taken off the case and replaced with Greggs, now a rookie in the squad, in order to slow progress because of pressure from the Mayor  Norris is soon reinstated when this story is leaked to the press  
He works alongside Greggs to maintain a coverup story that they were always working together  Norris secures an informant for the witness murder, but his attempt to break the story right before the election leads to him and Greggs being sent off to a security detail at a polling station for the day  Norris continues to pursue this lead after the election, however Greggs solves the case with a careful recanvassing of the crime scene before he is able to make progress  She earns Norris' respect with her work although he responds to the knowledge that the shooting was random with incredulity because of the political ramifications it had Norris is played by ex-police commissioner of Baltimore and convicted felon Ed Norris  His cameo appearances are a source of irony on the show, and he is often given dialogue bemoaning the state of the Baltimore Police Department 

Winona
Appears in:Season two: "Ebb Tide", "Hard Cases"
Season three: "Dead Soldiers", Mission Accomplished (uncredited)
Season four: "Soft Eyes", "Refugees", "Corner Boys"; "Know Your Place", "A New Day", "Final Grades" Winona is a recurring background character who maintains The Board at the offices of the BPD Homicide Division  She is a middle-aged black woman with a distinctive, bouffant hairdo  Detective McNulty greets her by name in episode 14 

Former members
Ray Cole
Played by: Robert F  Colesberry
Appears in:Season one: "The Target" (uncredited); "The Detail" (uncredited); "The Wire" (uncredited); "The Cost" (uncredited); "The Hunt" (uncredited); "Sentencing" (uncredited) 
Season two: "Ebb Tide" (uncredited); "Collateral Damage" (uncredited); "Undertow (uncredited); "Stray Rounds" (uncredited) Ray Cole was a somewhat inept member of Sergeant Landsman's homicide squad under the command of William Rawls 
Cole was the lead investigator of the death of Anton "Stinkum" Artis  His colleague Bunk Moreland told him that there was information about the case as part of a wiretap investigation that Bunk's partner Jimmy McNulty was involved in  The information would jeopardize the wiretap so they promised they would give it to Cole when the case closed  McNulty never intended to give Cole the information because the perpetrator was his informant Omar Little 
Cole was secondary investigator on the shooting of Wendell "Orlando" Blocker and Detective Kima Greggs  Cole achieved a clearance in the case working alongside lead investigator Detective Ed Norris when the case was solved with a confession from Wee-Bey Brice 
Cole was initially assigned the fourteen Jane Doe homicides that Rawls had tried to avoid  Jimmy McNulty was responsible for proving the cases fell under Rawls' jurisdiction  McNulty called Cole collateral damage when discussing Cole's misfortune with Bunk  Landsman reassigned the case to Bunk and Lester Freamon because he felt he needed his most capable detectives on it 
Cole died unexpectedly and the department held a wake for him  Landsman gave a eulogy for Cole at the wake Cole was played by the show's executive producer, Robert F  Colesberry, who died unexpectedly of complications from heart surgery  The character's wake was in part a tribute to Colesberry   In all subsequent seasons, the opening titles showed Cole's photo at the wake 

Lester Freamon
Freamon is a methodical detective who was very skilled at homicide investigations but was once kicked out of the unit for angering the Deputy of Operations  He was let back in by William Rawls on two occasions transferring out on both to be of more assistance in leading the Major Crimes Unit 
Freamon is a methodical and competent homicide detective who was exiled to the Pawn Shop Unit – for thirteen years (and four months) – for angering the then-Deputy of Operations  He was transferred to the Barksdale detail in Season One, later returning twice to the Homicide unit 

Jimmy McNulty
McNulty was one of the homicide unit's better detectives until his insubordination drew the ire of his commander Major Rawls  Rawls had him transferred out of homicide at the end of season one, although he did return in Season Five 

William Rawls
Rawls was a Major in homicide promoted to Criminal Investigations Division Colonel and then Deputy Commissioner of Operations  He was a ruthless and feared commander of the unit who expected nothing less than unwavering loyalty and competence from his detectives 

Western District
The Western District (along with the Eastern District as shown in Season 3) of the Baltimore Police Department is one of the city's most violent districts and is located in the middle of West Baltimore at 1034 North Mount Street  The Western District has been examined in greater depth than any other on The Wire and was the center of the major investigations in seasons one, three and four 

Current staff
Command
Currently, the Western District is administered by Major Dennis Mello, former deputy to Howard Colvin, who was forced into retirement 

Dennis Mello
Played by: Jay Landsman
Appears in:Season 2: "Stray Rounds" (uncredited) 
Season 3: "Time After Time"; "All Due Respect"; "Dead Soldiers"; "Hamsterdam"; "Straight and True"; "Homecoming"; "Back Burners"; "Reformation"; "Middle Ground" and "Mission Accomplished" 
Season 4: "Boys of Summer"; "Margin of Error"; "Misgivings"; "A New Day"; "Final Grades" 
Season 5: "More With Less", "Took"Mello first appeared on the series as Western District administrative lieutenant and Major "Bunny" Colvin's second in command and confidante before Colvin's forced retirement  Mello then ran the district until Major Daniels was named district commander  Mello ran briefings for the Western district at roll call maintaining a sense of humor, typically dismissing the men with "don't get captured" and jokingly referring to them as "humps" and "mopes"  
Mello was once again given command of the Western district after Daniels' promotion to C I D  colonel, at least until a new Major is given district command  The actor who plays Dennis Mello is a retired Baltimore detective named Jay Landsman, and was the real-life basis for the character of the same name in the show 
Mello appeared with Colvin during the accidental shooting of a nine-year-old child after Colonel Rawls' command to shake down the district for all known drug dealers to get a murder suspect  Mello comments that it was too bad a child had to die before locking all the drug dealers up, while Colvin questions what it is they are really doing 
He accompanied Colvin to comstat meetings  Mello was aware of Colvin's "Hamsterdam" free zone where he allowed drug dealing to go unpunished  Mello was worried, but did not report Colvin's actions to his superiors  Colvin protected Mello following the discovery of Hamsterdam by their superiors  After Colvin's departure, Mello was temporarily promoted to Western District Commander  The two remained friends 
In season four Mello returned to his post of administrative lieutenant after Major Daniels was granted the district commander post  Mello worked closely with Daniels  The two tried to convince Officer McNulty to take a position in their operations unit  Both rated his capabilities highly but could not convince him to leave his position in patrol  Daniels, however, remembering McNulty's past insubordination, viewed McNulty's position as a patrolman as a self-redeeming job and was more understanding of McNulty's desire to work as a patrolman Mello was given command of the Western district again when Daniels was promoted to Criminal Investigations Division colonel  Mello continues to give charismatic roll call briefings including readying his men for polling station duty and introducing the murder warrant for Omar Little  When Commissioner Burrell tried to reassert his command of the force by "juking the stats", the district commanders were told to increase the number of arrests in their districts whether they be felonies or minor infractions After seeing his officers at work, he went to Daniels to discuss the orders patrol had been given  Mello was personally opposed to this statistical posturing, claiming that while the troops were increasing the minor infraction arrests, they were locking up the neighborhood people in the process  Claiming that half of his officers felt the same way, he then asked who they were doing this for as the election was over Daniels informed Mayor Carcetti, who then initiated a new order for the department to no longer make arrests based on statistical quotas but rather quality felonies, something Daniels had been lobbying for  Mello then was later seen commanding the Western troops to do the complicated (by Baltimore Police standards which Mello jokingly states is uncomplicated only if officers went to college or were born by women who did not drink alcohol while they were pregnant) task of searching empty homes for bodies at the request of former district major Cedric Daniels and detective Lester Freamon The character is named after a real-life Captain Dennis Mello, who was the Western District commander when Ed Burns was an officer 

Ellis Carver
Sergeant Carver is SIC (Sergeant in Charge) of the Western District under Major Mello  At the end of the series Carver is promoted to Lieutenant 

Uniformed Patrolmen
Brian Baker
Played by: Derek Horton
Appears inSeason three: "Time After Time"; "All Due Respect"
Season four: "Misgivings"; "A New Day" (uncredited) 
Season five: "Took" (uncredited)Baker is a rookie patrolman assigned with Castor to the Western District under the command of Bunny Colvin in Season three  He and Castor are both forced by Colvin to carry a compass until they can correctly identify the north direction  In Season four, Baker teams with officer Jimmy McNulty to arrest two people for a string of felony church burglaries  McNulty allows him credit for the arrest, later concurring with Bunk Moreland that Baker could be "good police" 

Bobby Brown
Played by: Bobby J  Brown
Appears inSeason one: "The Target" (uncredited); "The Wire" (uncredited)  and "The Cost" (uncredited) 
Season three: "Middle Ground" (uncredited) 
Season four: "Refugees"; "Know Your Place"; "Misgivings"; "A New Day"  (uncredited) 
Season five: "More With Less"; "Unconfirmed Reports"; "Clarifications"; "Late Editions"; and "–30–" Bobby Brown is a Western District uniformed officer  He was the first officer on scene at the shooting of William Gant  He was also at the Brandon Wright crime scene  Detective Jimmy McNulty later enlisted Brown to help watch the home of Wallace  In season 3 when Major Colvin institutes the Hamsterdam initiative Brown is one of the officers freed up to be assigned to investigate complaints rather than perform radio car patrols and he solves a church burglary case 
Brown was later present with Sergeant Ellis Carver to both warn and arrest Namond Brice for selling drugs on a pre-indicted corner  In season five Brown is livid about the withholding of his overtime pay and is insubordinate in Carver's first roll-call briefing as Sergeant in charge  Brown is involved in a parking lot brawl with another officer over the poor state of a vehicle he hands over  Later, Brown is the first officer at a suspicious death that is investigated by Detective McNulty—the death is later ruled natural as predicted by Brown and McNulty 
Brown's character is the same Baltimore police officer also called Bob Brown, played by the same featured in David Simon's miniseries, The Corner  Bobby J  Brown is also featured in The Corner as another officer  Brown would later portray real-life, corrupt BPD Sergeant Thomas Allers in another of Simon's series, and the “spiritual successor” to The Wire, We Own This City 

Aaron Castor
Played by: Lee E  Cox
Appears inSeason three: "Time After Time"; "All Due Respect" and "Moral Midgetry" (uncredited)
Season five: "More With Less"; "Unconfirmed Reports"Castor is a rookie patrolmen, assigned with Baker to the Western District under the command of Howard Colvin in season three  He and Baker are both ordered by Colvin to carry a compass until they can correctly identify the north direction  He is apparently the nephew of former Baltimore Police officer Lloyd Castor, whom Major Colvin has dubbed as "good police"  In season five Castor is first seen warning his new Major, Dennis Mello, about a brawl in the district parking lot  Later, Castor is the first officer attending the triple homicide of Junebug and his wife and associate, investigated by Detective Kima Greggs  Castor fails to notice a child hiding in a closet when he secures the scene and Greggs hears the child when she arrives 

Michael Santangelo
Played by: Michael Salconi
Appears inSeason one: "The Target"; "The Detail"; "The Buys"; "Old Cases"; "The Wire"; "One Arrest"; "Game Day"; "The Cost"; "The Hunt"; "Cleaning Up" and "Sentencing" 
Season two: "Port in a Storm" 
Season three: "Dead Soldiers"; "Straight and True"; "Homecoming"; "Slapstick" and "Mission Accomplished" 
Season four: "Boys of Summer"; "Margin of Error"; "Misgivings"; "A New Day" 
Season five: "Transitions", "Took", and "–30–" Mike "Sanny" Santangelo is an Italian American officer responsible for driving the district arrest van in the Western District 
In season one, Santangelo is an eight-year veteran in the Homicide Unit  Santangelo is, along with McNulty, assigned to the Barksdale detail by Rawls, to spy on McNulty  This also allows Rawls to unburden himself of one of his more inept homicide detectives, as Santangelo has a clearance rate of less than 40%, with his excuse for his performance being a lack of easy cases  He tries to resist, saying that it isn't his job to inform on a fellow cop  Rawls orders him either to solve one of his open cases, all of which are difficult cases, inform on McNulty or leave the Homicide Unit altogether  
Landsman eventually recommends a psychic, "Madame LaRue", and Santangelo, in desperation, follows her instructions to bury a doll in the murder victim's grave  That evening, McNulty solves another of the open cases, and Santangelo, though pleased, doesn't understand why a different case was solved  Landsman tells him that the psychic was meant as a joke and that Bunk and McNulty did his work for him  With the clearance, Santangelo is able to refuse Rawls' demands and is grateful enough to tell McNulty that Rawls wants him fired 
Santangelo is demoted to patrol officer at the end of season one for failing to give Rawls any more information  In season two, he is seen briefly as a beat officer, arresting Bubbles and Johnny when they try to steal medical supplies from an ambulance  In season three, he drives the Western district prisoner transport vehicle under the command of Major Colvin  When he encounters former Barksdale detail members McNulty and Kima Greggs, Santangelo mentions that he is happy at being a patrolman as his job is easier: he is no longer a detective, he no longer deals with difficult commanders like Rawls and still takes home the same pay and pension contributions He remains a patrolman in the Western District in season four, when McNulty transfers in alongside him  During a counter-terrorism seminar, he was the first officer to point out the uselessness of Western District officers learning anti-terrorism tactics in a crime-ridden district  Santangelo is also one of several officers present for the arrest of Omar Little on a murder warrant 

Eddie Walker
Played by: Jonnie Louis Brown
Appears in: Season four: "Soft Eyes"; "Refugees"; "Margin of Error"; "Unto Others"; "Misgivings"; "A New Day" Walker is a corrupt black patrolman in the Western District  He is a violent bully, who is feared and loathed by Namond, Michael, and the other young drug dealers in the area, and several times is seen brutalizing them  He is first seen stealing money from Randy  Later he steals bootleg DVDs from Bubbles, after Bubbles attempted to report a robbery  He is the arresting officer for Omar Little, stealing a ring from him in the process  
After Walker breaks Donut's fingers for giving him more paper work to do after a car chase, Michael orchestrates an act of revenge  When Walker exits a club late one night, Dukie runs down the sidewalk keying cars  Walker chases him into an alley, where Michael and Namond are waiting for him  Michael makes Walker drop to his knees at gunpoint and sees the ring that Walker stole from Omar (who stole it from Marlo, who took it from Old Face Andre); he takes it before Namond drenches Walker with paint  Walker tells fellow officers that he was attacked by Bloods  
Walker's attitude earns him the respect of more zealous officers and the disdain of others, such as Jimmy McNulty  McNulty later describes Walker as an "asshole", while talking to Bodie Broadus 

Plainclothes Officers
Anthony Colicchio
Played by: Benjamin BuschSeason three: "Time After Time"; "All Due Respect"; "Dead Soldiers"; "Hamsterdam"; "Straight and True"; "Homecoming"; "Back Burners"; "Moral Midgetry"; "Slapstick" and "Mission Accomplished" 
Season four: "Boys of Summer"; "Alliances" (uncredited); "Margin of Error"; "Misgivings"; "That's Got His Own" and "Final Grades" 
Season five: "More With Less", "Transitions"Anthony "Tony" Colicchio is a narcotics officer in Sergeant Ellis Carver's drug enforcement unit squad in the Western District of Baltimore  He was often partnered with fellow squad members Herc Hauk and Lloyd "Truck" Garrick  Colicchio is part of the operation that resulted in the shooting of Officer Dozerman  Along with the rest of the squad, Colicchio is involved in policing drug tolerant zones set up by his district commander Major Colvin without the knowledge of his superiors  It is Colicchio who inspires the name Hamsterdam, after citing Amsterdam's liberal drug laws as a metaphor for Colvin's new policies  As Colicchio is zealously committed to using brute force to fight the war on drugs, he describes the drug-free zones as "moral midgetry "
Colicchio remains in Carver's squad in season four, and Carver tries to bring him around to his new way of doing things—getting to know the street dealers and cultivating informants  Colicchio takes part in Lieutenant Marimow's failed raids in the Western district  Colicchio is also present for the arrest of Omar Little on a murder warrant, relishing finally bringing in the legendary criminal With his overzealous attitude, Colicchio is delighted to participate in the arrest hike ordered by Commissioner Burrell to appease the city's politicians  He appears outside a bar with other officers, causing a near riot with their "quality of life violation" arrests against people with open alcohol containers  (Major Colvin had compared "Hamsterdam" to the practice of not enforcing violations of open-container laws when the bottles were obscured by paper bags ) Colicchio's method of policing supports the Broken Windows Theory In season five, Colicchio remains in the Western District drug enforcement unit and continues to take a combative approach to his work  He is the subject of an Internal Investigation Division investigation after he attacks a teacher who had asked him to move a vehicle while he was making an arrest  Carver refuses to back Colicchio when he shows no remorse for his action, and charges him with conduct unbecoming an officer and excessive force  Colicchio accuses Carver of being a rat, but Carver is not deterred by the damage to his reputation Colicchio is played by Benjamin Busch, who spent two tours of duty in Iraq with the U S  Marine Corps 

Lloyd "Truck" Garrick
Played by: Ryan Sands
Appears in:Season three: "Time After Time"; "All Due Respect"; "Homecoming"; "Back Burners"; "Moral Midgetry"; "Slapstick"; "Reformation" and "Mission Accomplished" 
Season four: "Boys of Summer"; "Alliances"; "Margin of Error"; "Corner Boys"; "Know Your Place"; "Misgivings"; "A New Day"; "That's Got His Own" and "Final Grades" 
Season five: "More With Less"; "Clarifications"; "Late Editions"Lloyd "Truck" Garrick is a black narcotics officer in Sergeant Ellis Carver's squad in the Western District of the Baltimore Police Department, often partnered with fellow squad members Herc, Lambert and Colicchio  Garrick was part of the operation that resulted in the shooting of Officer Dozerman  Along with the rest of the squad Garrick was involved in policing drug tolerant zones set up by his district commander Howard "Bunny" Colvin without the knowledge of his superiors  He was with Herc when he phoned the paper to report Colvin's actions and again when he met with a reporter In season 4, Truck appeared briefly at a useless lesson for Western police on counter-terrorism, and once while assisting Herc and Carver  In Season 5, Truck appears with the Western District officers who are frustrated by the lack of overtime pay due to city cutbacks  During Detective Jimmy McNulty's homeless killer case, McNulty has Western District Sergeant Ellis Carver detail officers to track Marlo Stanfield's crew including officers Brown, Dozerman, and Truck 

Lambert
Played by: Nakia Dillard
Appears in:Season three: "Time After Time"; "All Due Respect"; "Homecoming"; "Back Burners"; Reformation Lambert is a black narcotics officer in Sergeant Ellis Carver's Drug Enforcement Unit in the Western District of the Baltimore Police Department, often seen with fellow squad members Herc, Anthony Colicchio, and Lloyd "Truck" Garrick  He was part of the operation that resulted in the shooting of Officer Dozerman  After Dozerman's shooting the D E U 's hand-to-hand operations were suspended as Major Colvin did not want to see any more of his men come close to death over a minimal amount of drugs 

Former staff
Major Howard "Bunny" Colvin
Colvin was the veteran Major and District commander who was forced out of the department due to his "Hamsterdam" experiment that de-criminalized drugs, despite this causing a reduction in felonies 

Kenneth Dozerman
Dozerman was a friend of Carver and Herc in the DEU that moved into the Major Crimes Unit in season 4 

Thomas "Herc" Hauk
A former D E U  member who was a partner of Ellis Carver  He left the Western District to work on the Mayor's security detail 

Jimmy McNulty
McNulty was a former beat officer who became a detective  He returned to patrol in season 4 but after the death of an informant, he rejoined the Homicide Unit 

Others
The following are former officers or assistant police not part of a District, Administrative, or Criminal Investigation Division 

Walter Cantrell
Played by: Dave Trovato
Appears inSeason one: "The Detail" and "Sentencing" (uncredited) 
Season four: "Unto Others" (uncredited) Walter Cantrell is a major and the Southern District commander  He is first seen in season one where he is a lieutenant and commands Roland "Prez" Pryzbylewski and Leander Sydnor  Lieutenant Cedric Daniels bargains with Cantrell to have the highly competent Sydnor assigned to the Barksdale detail to compensate for taking the erratic Pryzbylewski  Cantrell and Daniels are both candidates for the next post of major, and because of Daniels' insubordination while conducting the Barksdale investigation, Cantrell receives the promotion at the end of the first season  He is seen again in season four commanding the Southern District and preparing new mayor Tommy Carcetti for a ride-along 

Claude Diggins
Played by: Jeffrey Fugitt
Appears in season two: "Ebb Tide"; "Collateral Damage"; "Undertow"; "All Prologue"; "Duck and Cover"; "Storm Warnings" and "Port in a Storm" Diggins is a Baltimore police department Marine Unit officer who partners with Jimmy McNulty when he is assigned to the unit  He advises McNulty on how to make the best of the situation, but McNulty hates the fumes  Diggins is forgiving of McNulty's time away from the unit and shares his own boat with Bunk Moreland and McNulty to pose as a fishing craft when observing Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos  He has a noticeable Baltimore accent 

Randall Frazier
Played by: Erik Todd Dellums
Appears inSeason one: "The Detail"; "The Wire"
Season two: "Collateral Damage"; "Hot Shots" and "All Prologue"
Season three: "All Due Respect"Frazier is a Baltimore police department medical examiner  He is involved in the investigation of the death of William Gant  Later he was responsible for the autopsies of fourteen unidentified women found at the Baltimore docks  He helped Jimmy McNulty to prove that the deaths occurred in the city jurisdiction, by establishing their time of death based upon the air supply in the container the bodies were discovered in  He also linked the bodies to a specific plastic surgery clinic by identifying a breast implant type that several of the women shared and tracing the serial number  This information helped the detectives to establish that the women were sex trade workers 

Beadie Russell
Russell is a port authority police officer and a single mother who develops an interest in case work following a chance discovery  She also develops a relationship with Jimmy McNulty in seasons 4 and 5 

Marvin Taylor
Played by: Barnett Lloyd
Appears inSeason three: "Time After Time"; "All Due Respect"; "Dead Soldiers"Taylor is a black Major who was the acting commander of the Eastern District  Under pressure from the Mayor's office, Ervin Burrell is told to start coming down on the department to reduce the crime rate by any means possible  As Taylor's district had a low number of felony arrests and handgun confiscations in addition to a high number of homicides in a very short period of time, Deputy Rawls angrily tells him that he had eight hours to get a grip on his district or he would be fired  
Cedric Daniels and Jimmy McNulty then arrested an eastside drug dealer named "Cheese" whom they suspect of being responsible for some of the murders in his district  When insufficient evidence against "Cheese" or any other suspected murderers is present, Rawls berates him one last time at a Comstat meeting, after which Commissioner Burrell relieves Taylor of command  This is intended as an example to all the other commanders in the department, that if they did not improve their statistics they will also be replaced 

Torret
Played by: Derren M  Fuentes
Appears inSeason one: "The Hunt", "Cleaning Up"
Season two: "Stray Rounds"
Season three: "Middle Ground", "Mission Accomplished"Lieutenant Torret is a black officer who appears in charge of the Quick Response Team (QRT) when they are required for raids and arresting criminals  He first appeared in Season 1 leading the search for Savino and then commanding the unit to surround Avon Barksdale's strip club during his arrest  In Season 2, he appeared leading the raid on the Franklin Terrace towers when a nine-year-old child was accidentally shot and killed by a stray round in a shootout between drug dealers  In that raid he had the unit arrest everyone in "The Pit" as he assumed them a suspect for being around that area  
In Season 3, he appeared at the rank of Major commanding QRT and Tactical units citywide no longer actively participating in the raids  He helped plan and lead the raid to shut down "Hamsterdam" at the orders of Deputy Rawls  He was present with Rawls when finding the body of drug addict Johnny Weeks, who was then taken to the morgue in a squad car as a means of preventing the media from linking the death to the "Hamsterdam" experiment 

Relatives
Cheryl
Played by: Melanie Nicholls-King
Appears inSeason one: "The Target"; "Old Cases"; "The Cost"; "The Hunt" and "Sentencing" 
Season two: "Ebb Tide"; "Hard Cases"; "All Prologue"; "Storm Warnings" and "Port in a Storm" 
Season three: "All Due Respect" and "Back Burners" 
Season four: "Know Your Place"
Season five: "Transitions",Cheryl is Kima Greggs' live-in partner; she works in the television news industry and often worries about Kima's safety as a police officer  She hopes that Kima will take a less dangerous job and start a family with her  She also appears to do most of the cooking and cleaning in the relationship 
After Kima's shooting, Cheryl insists that Kima take a desk job  Kima acquiesces for a time but eventually returns to investigative work in season 2  Cheryl jealously insists on accompanying Kima when she goes to interview a contact in a strip club  Cheryl finds the assignment hard to understand, until Kima shows her the conditions in which fourteen girls were murdered 
In season 2, Cheryl becomes pregnant by artificial insemination, and in season 3, the couple has a baby boy  Kima begins to spend less time at home, and Cheryl is left to deal with motherhood alone  Kima eventually realizes she does not want to be a parent and moves out of their shared home  Kima is behind on her child support for much of season 4, but gets some overtime in Homicide and visits Cheryl, who is now happy with her new partner 

Elena McNulty
Played by: Callie Thorne
Appears in:Season one: "Old Cases" and "The Cost" 
Season two: "Hot Shots"; "Hard Cases"; "Undertow"; "All Prologue" and "Backwash" 
Season three: "Time After Time"; "Hamsterdam" and "Straight and True" 
Season four: "Misgivings"
Season five: "React Quotes"Elena was Jimmy McNulty's wife  They are divorced and have two sons, Sean and Michael 
Elena is angered by Jimmy due to catching him in bed with another woman  She uses her lawyer to try to destroy Jimmy throughout the first season as much as she can  She is also protective of her sons and worries that Jimmy is a dangerous influence on them because of his drinking  When he exposes them to danger by having them tail the subject of his investigation, Stringer Bell, she files for an emergency order to prevent him from seeing the boys  At the court hearing, the judge convinces them to work out arrangements between themselves 
In season two Elena is seen at work as a realtor showing a house to Nick Sobotka  Jimmy tries to initiate a reconciliation with Elena and considerably cleans up his drinking habits and behaviour  The two sleep together, but in the morning Elena asks Jimmy to leave as she feels it would be unfair on her sons for them to see him in the house 
In season three, Elena is established as seriously dating a man named Dennis who sits front row at Orioles games but wears a suit and spends most of the game talking on a cell phone  Jimmy's partner Bunk Moreland suspects that Dennis is a downtown lawyer due to his appearance and mannerisms 
In season four, Elena sees that Jimmy is becoming more stable as a patrolman and states to him that "If I knew you were going to grow up to be a grown up   " suggesting that she wishes she was the one reaping the benefits of this new Jimmy McNulty 
In season five, Elena confronts Jimmy because she notices he is going back to his old ways  She tells him Beadie knows she is losing him just like she, herself, knew back then  She tells him she was actually happy for him that he found Beadie and that he was really turning his life around  She convinces him to try to work things out with Beadie 

Sean James McNulty
Played by: Eric Gershowitz
Appears in:Season one: "The Wire"; "Lessons" and "Sentencing" 
Season two: "Hot Shots" 
Season three: "Time After Time"; "Straight and True" and "Slapstick" 
Season four: "Misgivings"
Season five: "React Quotes"Sean is Elena and Jimmy McNulty's oldest son  He lives with his mother and his brother Michael following his parents separation but still sees his father  Jimmy teaches his sons the front and follow technique and when he spots Stringer Bell in a market he has them follow him  Michael and Sean manage to record Stringer's number plate, which aids their father's investigation  In a brief appearance in the fourth season, he says he wants to be a rock star 

Michael Barnes McNulty
Played by: Antonio Cordova
Appears in:Season one: "Old Cases"; "The Wire" and "Lessons" 
Season three: "Time After Time"; "Hamsterdam"; "Straight and True" and "Slapstick" 
Season four: "Misgivings"
Season five: "React Quotes"Michael is Elena and Jimmy McNulty's younger son  He lives with his mother and his brother Sean following his parents separation but still sees his father  Michael plays soccer and Jimmy tries to attend his games  Jimmy teaches his sons the front and follow technique and when he spotted Stringer Bell in a market he had them follow him  Michael and Sean managed to record Stringer's number plate, which aided their father's investigation  In a brief appearance in the fourth season, he says he wants to be a video game designer 

Actual BPD Officers who have appeared
The following is a list of actual Baltimore Police Department officers who have appeared on the show at some point  Many of these officers were either commanders of the department or featured officers in the David Simon's books of The Corner and Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets 

Gary D'Addario
Recurring character
A former Baltimore Police Department Major who was featured homicide unit shift lieutenant in David Simon's Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets  He appears recurringly as a grand jury prosecutor named Gary DiPasquale 

Leonard Hamm
Season five: "Not for Attribution"A former Baltimore Police Department Commissioner who appears as a midnight shift homicide detective in Season 5 

Jay Landsman
Recurring character
A former Baltimore Police Department Sergeant who was featured homicide unit sergeant in David Simon's Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets  He appears recurringly as Western District Administrative Lieutenant turned Major Dennis Mello 

Edward Norris
Recurring character
A former Baltimore Police Department Commissioner who appears as a recurring character of the same name working as a homicide detective 

Jimmy Rood
Season four: "Boys of Summer"A Baltimore Police Department C I D  Major who appears as a patrolman in Season 4 who encounters mayoral candidate Tommy Carcetti 

Donald Worden
Worden is a former Baltimore Police Department homicide detective featured in David Simon's Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets who appears as a midnight shift homicide detective in season five  He is also mentioned in episodes in season one ("The Pager"), season three ("Slapstick"), season four ("Margin of Error") and season five ("Not for Attribution") 

Other officers mentioned
The following is a list of other Baltimore Police Department officers who have been mentioned on the show at some point  Many of these officers were either commanders of the department or featured officers in the David Simon's books of The Corner and Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets 

Ed Burns
Mentioned in :Season three: "Slapstick"
A former Baltimore Police Department narcotics detective turned school teacher who co-authored The Corner with David Simon 

Michael Crutchfield
Recurring character of the same name
A former Baltimore Police Department homicide detective mentioned in David Simon's Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets who inspired a character of the same name played by actor Gregory L  Williams throughout the series 

Richard Garvey
Mentioned in :Season one: "Cleaning Up"
A Baltimore Police Department homicide detective featured prominently in David Simon's 'Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets'  He is mentioned by his last name as the detective investigating the murder of Nakeysha Lyles 

Vernon Holley
Recurring character of the same name
A former Baltimore Police Department homicide detective mentioned in David Simon's Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets who inspired a character of the same name played by actor Brian Anthony Wilson throughout the series 

Roger Nolan
Mentioned  in :Season one: "The Target"
A former Baltimore Police Department Sergeant who was featured homicide unit sergeant in David Simon's Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets  Nolan's name is mentioned as the sergeant of another homicide unit in the department 

Rick Requer
Mentioned in :Season five: "Transitions"
A former Baltimore Police Department homicide detective featured in David Simon's Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets  He inspired a character named Oscar Requer played by actor Roscoe Orman in Season 5  Requer was the basis for the character of Bunk Moreland 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Hans Modrow
Hans Modrow (German pronunciation: [ˈhans ˈmoːdʁo]; 27 January 1928 – 10 February 2023) was a German politician best known as the last communist premier of East Germany 
Taking office in the middle of the Peaceful Revolution, he was the de facto leader of the country for much of the winter of 1989 and 1990  He was a transitional figure, paving the way to the first and only free elections in East Germany and including many opposition politicians in his cabinet  
After the end of Communist rule and reunification of Germany, he was convicted of electoral fraud and perjury by the Dresden District Court in 1995, on the basis that he had been the SED official nominally in charge of the electoral process  He was later convicted of the first charge and was given a nine-month suspended sentence  One of the few high-ranking former SED officials to not have been expelled, he was the honorary chairman of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) and was the president of the "council of elders" of the Left Party from 2007 

Early life and education
Modrow was born on 27 January 1928 in Jasenitz, Province of Pomerania, German Reich, now Jasienica, part of the town of Police in Poland  As a child he was a Hitler Youth leader and attended a Volksschule  He trained as a machinist from 1942 to 1945 when he was filled with intense hatred of the Bolsheviks, whom he deemed as subhumans, inferior to Germans physically and morally  For six months during the Allied bombing of Stettin he served as a volunteer firefighter  He later served briefly in the Volkssturm in January 1945, and was subsequently captured as a prisoner of war by the Soviet Red Army in Stralsund in May 1945  He and other German prisoners were sent to a farm in Hinterpommern to work  Upon arrival, his backpack was stolen, making him begin to rethink the Germans' so-called camaraderie  Days later, he was appointed a driver to a Soviet captain, who asked him about Heinrich Heine, a German poet  Modrow had never heard of him and felt embarrassed that the people he thought of as "subhumans" knew more about German culture than he  Transported to a POW camp near Moscow, he joined a National Committee for a Free Germany anti-fascist school run by future SED Politburo member Alfred Neumann for Wehrmacht members and received training in Marxism-Leninism, which he embraced  Upon release in 1949 he worked as a machinist for LEW Hennigsdorf  That same year he joined the Socialist Unity Party (SED) From 1949 to 1961, Modrow worked in various functions for the Free German Youth (FDJ) in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, and Berlin and in 1952 and 1953 studied at the Komsomol college in Moscow  In 1953, he attended the state funeral of Joseph Stalin  After Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech at the 20th Party Congress condemning Stalin and beginning de-Stalinization, Modrow claimed to have complained to his former teacher Neumann "Comrade, this is unacceptable — you are accusing us of having learned Stalin off by heart, but I never had the inclination to do this myself, you asked us to!" From 1953 to 1961, he served as an FDJ functionary in East Berlin  From 1954 to 1957, he studied at the SED's Karl Marx school in Berlin, graduating as a social scientist  In 1959 to 1961 he studied at the University of Economics in Berlin-Karlshorst and obtained the degree of graduate economist  He gained his doctorate at the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1966  West Germany's Federal Intelligence Service (BND) kept Modrow under observation from 1958 to 2013 

Communist party career
Modrow had a long political career in East Germany, serving as a member of the Volkskammer from 1957 to 1990 and in the SED's Central Committee (ZK) from 1967 to 1989, having previously been a candidate for the ZK from 1958 to 1967  From 1961 to 1967 he was first secretary of the district administration of the SED in Berlin-Köpenick and secretary for agitation and propaganda from 1967 to 1971 in the SED's district leadership in Berlin  During this time he was involved in the formation of the Union Berlin football club, which is based in the Köpenick district  From 1971 to 1973 he worked as the head of the SED's department of agitation  In 1975 he was awarded the GDR's Patriotic Order of Merit in gold and received the award of the Order of Karl Marx in 1978 From 1973 onward, he was the SED's first secretary in Dresden, East Germany's third-largest city  He was prevented from rising any further than a local party boss, largely because he was one of the few SED leaders who dared to publicly criticise longtime SED chief Erich Honecker  He developed some important contacts with the Soviet Union, including eventual Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev  Modrow initially supported Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika reforms  In early 1987, Gorbachev and the KGB explored the possibility of installing Modrow as Honecker's successor  From 1988 to 1989, the Stasi, under the orders of Honecker and Erich Mielke, conducted a massive surveillance operation against Modrow with the intention of gathering enough evidence to convict him of high treason 

Peaceful Revolution and premiership
During the Peaceful Revolution of 1989, Modrow ordered thousands of Volkspolizei, Stasi, Combat Groups of the Working Class, and National People's Army troops to crush a demonstration at the Dresden Hauptbahnhof on 4–5 October  Some 1,300 people were arrested  In a top secret and encrypted telex to Honecker on 9 October, Modrow reported: "With the determined commitment of the comrades of the security organs, anti-state terrorist riots were suppressed" When Honecker was toppled on 18 October, Gorbachev hoped that Modrow would become the new leader of the SED  Egon Krenz was selected instead  He became premier following the resignation of Willi Stoph on 13 November, four days after the Berlin Wall fell  The SED formally abandoned power on 1 December  Krenz resigned two days later, on 3 December  Since the premiership was the highest state post in East Germany, Modrow became the de facto leader of the country To defeat the opposition's demand for the complete dissolution of the Stasi, it was renamed as the "Office for National Security" (Amt für Nationale Sicherheit – AfNS) on 17 November 1989  Modrow's attempt to re-brand it further as the "Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the GDR" (Verfassungsschutz der DDR) failed due to pressure from the public and the opposition parties and the AfNS was dissolved on 13 January 1990  The Modrow government gave orders to destroy incriminating Stasi files On 7 December 1989, Modrow accepted the proposal of the East German Round Table opposition groups to hold free elections within six months  Modrow and the Round Table agreed on 28 January to bring the elections forward to 18 March  By this time, the SED had added "Party of Democratic Socialism" to its name; the SED portion was dropped altogether in February  Some of the Round Table parties strove for a "third way" model of democratic socialism and therefore agreed with Modrow to slow down or block a reunification with capitalist West Germany  As the SED-PDS regime grew weaker, Modrow on 1 February 1990 proposed a slow, three-stage process that would create a neutral German confederation and continued to oppose "rapid" reunification  The collapse of the East German state and economy in early 1990 and the approaching East German free elections allowed Helmut Kohl's government in Bonn to disregard Modrow's demand for neutrality From 5 February 1990 on, Modrow included eight representatives of opposition parties and civil liberties groups as ministers without portfolio in his cabinet  On 13 February 1990, Modrow met with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, asking for an accommodation loan of 15 billion DM, which was rejected by Kohl  Modrow remained premier until the 18 March 1990 elections  The PDS expelled Honecker, Krenz, and other Communist-era leaders in February 1990 

Criminal sentence
On 27 May 1993, the Dresden District Court found Modrow guilty of electoral fraud committed in the Dresden municipal elections in May 1989, specifically, understating the percentage of voters who refused to vote for the official slate  The judge declined to impose a prison sentence or a fine  The Dresden District Court revoked the decision in August 1995 and Modrow was sentenced to nine months on probation  Modrow did not directly deny the charges, but argued that the trial was politically motivated and that the court lacked jurisdiction for crimes committed in East Germany   "We were all members of a political system," he said, speaking to the court in Dresden   "Some perhaps had the good fortune not to come into contact with manipulation, while others could not or were not allowed to turn away "

Later life and death
After German reunification, Modrow served as a member of the Bundestag (1990–1994) and of the European Parliament (1999–2004)  After leaving office, he wrote a number of books on his political experiences, his continued Marxist political views, and his disappointment at the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc  Although a supporter of Gorbachev's reforms in the 1980s, after the fall of Communism he criticised them for weakening the Eastern Bloc's economy  In 2006, he suggested both West Germany and East Germany were responsible for the killings of East Germans by the communist regime at the Berlin Wall, and later defended the construction of the wall as a necessary measure to prevent a war over West Berlin  He also called East Germany an "effective democracy"  He was criticised for maintaining contacts with Neo-Stalinist groups  In 2018, he sued the Federal Intelligence Service for access to West German intelligence files on him from the Cold War  In 2019 he criticised the enlargement of NATO, which he also opposed reunified Germany's membership in  Modrow died on 10 February 2023, aged 95  He was buried at Dorotheenstadt Cemetery 

Citations
Passage 2:
Mátyás Szűrös
Mátyás Szűrös (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmaːcaːʃ ˈsyːrøʃ]; born 11 September 1933 in Püspökladány) is a Hungarian politician  He served as provisional president of the Republic from 23 October 1989 to 2 May 1990  His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from Communism to democratic government 

Biography
Szűrös served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary from March 1989 to May 1990  In the fall of 1989, as part of an agreement between the Communists and the opposition to establish multiparty democracy, the 1949 Constitution was almost completely rewritten to remove its Communist character  The Presidential Council, the country's Communist-era collective presidency, was dissolved  Under the Constitution, Szűrös became provisional president until the election  Soon after taking office on 23 October he made the official proclamation that Hungary had removed the "People's Republic" from its constitutional name and was now the "Republic of Hungary "He remained in parliament until 2002 as a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party, often voting against the party consensus  He quit the party, in 2002, joined the newly established New Left Party and ran as their prime minister candidate at the parliamentary elections, but the party only got 0 1% of the popular vote  In 2003, he joined the Social Democratic Party and was later elected chairman of the party  He resigned his position in 2005 
Passage 3:
Friedrich Ebert Foundation
The Friedrich Ebert Foundation (German: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e V ; Abbreviation: FES) is a German political party foundation associated with, but independent from, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)  Established in 1925 as the political legacy of Friedrich Ebert, Germany's first democratically elected President, it is the largest and oldest of the German party-associated foundations  It is headquartered in Bonn and Berlin, and has offices and projects in over 100 countries  It is Germany's oldest organisation to promote democracy, political education, and promote students of outstanding intellectual abilities and personality 

History
The FES was named after Friedrich Ebert (1871–1925), the Social Democratic President of Germany, 1919–1925  In his will, he specified that the proceeds from donations at his funeral should be used to create a foundation   The SPD chairman at the time, Konrad Ludwig, was given the responsibility of building this foundation, which he did a few days after Ebert's death in 1925  The main concern of the foundation was to work against discrimination of workers in the area of education: "The Friedrich Ebert Foundation pursues the goal of giving young, empowered proletarians government aid to fund an education at state-accredited institutions  As a basic principle, only those people who have a recommendation from the party organisation will receive funding " (SPD Yearbook 1926) By the end of 1931, 295 students had been funded with over 52,000 marks  At this point the funding of the foundation fell through, as a result of the Great Depression  The FES was a section of the Social Democratic Education and Culture Organisation, and was banned along with the party itself in 1933 by the Nazis 
In 1946, the FES was reinstituted at the founding assembly of the Socialist German Student Federation  In 1954, the FES was restructured into a charitable organisation "for the advancement of democratic education"  This established the FES as an independent, self-contained institute  In addition to education programmes, the FES has also worked in the area of development aid since the 1960s  In this effort, it has supported democracy and freedom movements, for instance in the African National Congress (ANC), and played an important role in overcoming dictatorial regimes in Greece, Spain, and Portugal   Thus it was not a coincidence that the Socialist Party of Portugal was formed in an FES school in the German town of Bad Münstereifel 
The German state did subsidize the work of the foundation with 170 Million Euros in 2018 

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Academic Foundation
The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Academic Foundation (FES) is one of thirteen state-funded organizations for the promotion of young talents (Begabtenförderwerke) in Germany  Less than 1% of German students achieve a scholarship at one of the thirteen organizations (i e  FES, Studienstiftung, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Friedrich Naumann Foundation, Hanns Seidel Foundation, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, Cusanuswerk, Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich Scholarship Fund)  It is financially funded and subsidized by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and supports students with outstanding academical and political achievements  Awards are granted after a multi-stage selection process and are based on grades, letters of recommendation, letters of motivation, political and social engagement as well as personality and character  Until today it has sponsored more than 12,000 grantees  Over 90% of those sponsored graduate with honours   In 2005, there were 1,731 students in the programme, of which 51% were women   
Beyond the financial support, grantees also receive so-called ideational support, which comes from opportunities to attend political seminars, conferences, and other activities, which can be important job qualifications  Students are assigned advisors who work with them for the length of their grants 
Each year, the grantees vote for a board during the nationwide conference at the Gustav Stresemann Institute in Bonn   This board serves for the next full year as the representation of grantees for dialog with the foundation   The FES maintains a website ([1] www fes-stip de) for networking among grantees, which includes a wide variety of mailing lists, services, and communications tools 
Since 1971, foreign students have also had the opportunity to receive grants through solidarity funds   Preference for these grants goes to people who are persecuted on political, racial or religious grounds   Funding for this program comes exclusively from donations from current and former grantees   The program have helped over 1,000 students  Currently there are 31 students who are in the solidarity programme  Two grantees from this programme are chosen every year at the conference in Bonn to work on the steering committee of the fund 

Further activities
Today, the Friedrich Ebert Foundation's main goals are to promote political and societal education of people from all walks of life in the spirit of democracy and pluralism, to enable young people the opportunity to study and do research through grants, and to work toward international understanding and cooperation 
The foundation employs several hundred employees in their offices in Bonn and Berlin, as well as in 14 regional offices and an academy within Germany and in over 100 foreign agencies   It is financed mainly through grants from the federal budget and the budgets of the various Bundesländer 
The FES had its own conference center on the Venusberg in Bonn for these activities until its closure in 2009   
The historical research center of the foundation also contains the Archive of Social Democracy and its libraries in Bonn and at the Karl Marx House in Trier   This is one of the largest collections of documents on social history and the history of the workers movement 
Since 1982, the foundation has awarded a prize of 10,000 euro called Das politische Buch ("The Political Book") to promote noteworthy political books  The prize serves to remind people of the Nazi book burnings of May 10, 1933 

Controversy
In 2017, Friedrich Ebert Foundation was attacked by a group dubbed “Pawn Storm”, the same cyber spy group that targeted that year's campaign of French presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron; the group used email phishing tricks and attempted to install malware at the foundation In 2022, the Friedrich Ebert Foundation was barred from working in Russia 

Leadership
1953–1970: Gerhard Weisser
1970–1983: Alfred Nau
1983–1987: Heinz Kühn
1987–2003: Holger Börner (chairman laureate from 2003 until his death in 2006)
2003–2010: Anke Fuchs
2010–2012: Peter Struck
2013–2020: Kurt Beck and Dieter Schulte (interim since Struck's death)
2020–present: Martin Schulz

See also
Konrad Adenauer Foundation (CDU)
Hanns Seidel Foundation (CSU)
Friedrich Naumann Foundation für die Freiheit (FDP)
Heinrich Böll Foundation (Grüne)
Rosa Luxemburg Foundation (Die Linke)
Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung (AfD)
Passage 4:
LSV Berlin
LSV Berlin was a short-lived German association football club from the city of Berlin  It served as the sports club for Luftwaffe (German air force) personnel in the city during World War II and disappeared with the end of the conflict 

History
The formation of military-based sports and football clubs was common under the Third Reich and they took part in the country's established football competition alongside traditional civilian clubs 
German football was re-organized under the Reich's politically motivated sports policies in 1933 into sixteen top-flight regional divisions  Luftwaffensportverein Berlin was a latecomer to the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg, joining the top-flight division for the 1943–44 season and earning a 2nd-place result As the tide of the war turned against Germany and Allied forces invaded the country, most military football sides were disbanded  LSV Berlin was lost in September 1944, before the start of the 1944–45 season, its place in the Oberliga being taken by SG OrPo Berlin 

Stadium
LSV played its home matches in Steitstaße Spandau or Mommsenstadion (capacity 37,570) 
Passage 5:
Gleiwitz incident
The Gleiwitz incident (German: Überfall auf den Sender Gleiwitz; Polish: Prowokacja gliwicka) was a false flag attack on the radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz (then Germany and now Gliwice, Poland) staged by Nazi Germany on the night of 31 August 1939  Along with some two dozen similar incidents, the attack was manufactured by Germany as a casus belli to justify the invasion of Poland  Prior to the invasion, Adolf Hitler gave a radio address condemning the acts and announcing German plans to attack Poland, which began the next morning  Despite the German government using the attack as a justification to go to war with Poland, the Gleiwitz assailants were not Polish but were German SS officers wearing Polish uniforms  
During his declaration of war, Hitler did not mention the Gleiwitz incident but grouped all provocations staged by the SS as an alleged "Polish assault" on Germany  The Gleiwitz incident is the best-known action of Operation Himmler, a series of special operations undertaken by the Schutzstaffel (SS) to serve German propaganda at the outbreak of war  The operation was intended to create the appearance of a Polish aggression against Germany to justify the invasion of Poland  On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and the European theatre of World War II had begun  Manufactured evidence for the Gleiwitz attack by the SS was provided by the German SS officer Alfred Naujocks in 1945 

Events at Gleiwitz
Much of what is known about the Gleiwitz incident comes from the affidavit of SS-Sturmbannführer Alfred Naujocks at the Nuremberg Trials  In his testimony, he stated that he organised the incident under orders from Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Müller, chief of the Gestapo  On the night of 31 August, a small group of German operatives dressed in Polish uniforms and led by Naujocks seized the Gleiwitz station and broadcast a short anti-German message in Polish (sources vary on the content of the message)   The operation was named "Grossmutter gestorben" (Grandmother died)  The operation was to make the attack and the broadcast look like the work of Polish anti-German saboteurs  The operation was planned and carried out from the Sławięcice Palace (Schloss Slawentzitz) To make the attack seem more convincing, the Gestapo executed Franciszek Honiok, a 43-year-old unmarried Upper Silesian Catholic farmer, known for sympathising with the Poles  He had been arrested the previous day by the Gestapo and dressed to look like a saboteur, then rendered unconscious by an injection of drugs, then killed by gunshot wounds  Honiok was left dead at the scene so that he appeared to have been killed while attacking the station  His corpse was then presented to the police and press as proof of the attack  Several prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp were drugged, shot dead on the site and their faces disfigured to make identification impossible  The Germans referred to them by the code phrase "Konserve" (canned goods)  Some sources incorrectly refer to the incident as Operation Canned Goods In an oral testimony at the trials, Erwin von Lahousen stated that his division of the Abwehr was one of two that were given the task of providing Polish Army uniforms, equipment and identification cards; he was later told by Wilhelm Canaris that people from concentration camps had been disguised in these uniforms and ordered to attack the radio stations Oskar Schindler, who is credited with later saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust, played a role in supplying the Polish uniforms and weapons used in the operation as an agent for the Abwehr 

Context
The Gleiwitz incident was a part of a larger operation carried out by Abwehr and SS forces  Other orchestrated incidents were conducted along the Polish–German border at the same time as the Gleiwitz attack, such as a house burning in the Polish Corridor and spurious propaganda  The project was called Operation Himmler and comprised incidents intended to give the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany  German newspapers and politicians, including Adolf Hitler, had made accusations against Polish authorities for months before the 1939 invasion of organising or tolerating violent ethnic cleansing of ethnic Germans living in Poland  On 1 September, the day following the Gleiwitz attack, Germany launched Fall Weiss (Case White), the strategic plan for the invasion of Poland, which precipitated World War II in Europe  Hitler cited the border incidents in a speech in the Reichstag on the same day, with three of them called very serious, as justification for his invasion of Poland  Hitler had told his generals on 22 August, "I will provide a propagandistic casus belli  Its credibility doesn't matter  The victor will not be asked whether he told the truth" 

International reactions
American correspondents were summoned to the scene the next day but no neutral parties were allowed to investigate the incident in detail and the international public was skeptical of the German version of the incident 

In popular culture
There have been several adaptations of the incident in cinema  Der Fall Gleiwitz (1961), directed by Gerhard Klein for DEFA studios (The Gleiwitz Case; English subtitles), is an East German film that reconstructs the events Operacja Himmler (1979) is a Polish film that covers the events Both Die Blechtrommel (1979), directed by Volker Schlöndorff and Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil (1985), directed by Jim Goddard, briefly include the incident It was also mentioned in a video game; Codename: Panzers (2004), which stirred up some controversy in Poland where the game was briefly discussed in Polish media as anti-Polish falsification of history, before the issue was cleared up as a case of poor reporting 

See also
1939 in Poland
1939 Tarnow rail station bomb attack
Jablunkov incident
Mukden Incident, a similar false flag operation that started the Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
Operation Greif
Shelling of Mainila, a similar false flag operation that started the Soviet invasion of Finland
Passage 6:
1990 Polish presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December  They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926  Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm   From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the presidency did not exist as a separate institution, and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland, whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president 
The leader of the Solidarity movement, Lech Wałęsa, won the first round  However, he did not earn over 50% of the vote, which led to a runoff election  Wałęsa faced Polish-Canadian businessman Stanisław Tymiński in the second round, defeating him easily 

Background
Wałęsa was an electrician and union leader with the image of an emotional, shirtsleeves populist  The first non-communist prime minister, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, was very popular and widely considered a front-runner   He appeared as a more respectable and intellectual leader than Wałęsa   but also as more of a compromiser   However, in the first round, Mazowiecki finished in a distant third, with only 18 7 percent of the vote, well behind Tymiński 
The reasons for Tymiński's unexpected success remain unclear  His vague promise to create wealth for everyone quickly, supported by his image as a patriotic Pole who had succeeded abroad, was well received at a time of radical political change and a worsening economic situation  There was increasing disappointment with the trench warfare that had broken out within the former anti-communist opposition so a mysterious, honest and patriotic stranger "straight out of nowhere" had considerable appeal 
Another factor was that Tymiński's use of political-marketing methods unknown in Poland at the time  A key element of his campaign was an omnipresent black briefcase, allegedly containing "secret documents" which would destroy his rivals' careers when the time was right  Although the elections passed without the briefcase being opened, its presence attracted constant attention  Tymiński's adversaries adopted a similar strategy; the daily Gazeta Wyborcza (which supported Mazowiecki) reported that Tymiński had had contact with the secret police, a story that was not withdrawn until after the elections 
Despite Tymiński's defeat, he had not only humiliated Mazowiecki (one of the best-known and most-respected figures in Polish politics), but also forced Wałęsa (who at that time was a national hero) into a runoff   After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party, but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland 

Candidates
Results
Passage 7:
Raymond Triboulet
Raymond Triboulet (3 October 1906 – 26 May 2006) was a French politician  He was a leading World War II resistance fighter who helped U S , Canadian, and British troops invade France, which was then occupied by Nazi Germany 

Biography
Born in Paris, Raymond Triboulet was a farmer and also had a law degree  At the start of World War II he enlisted in the French Army and was taken prisoner, but was later freed and returned home under the German occupation in 1941  He then joined the Calvados section of the group "Ceux de la Résistance", or Those of the Resistance 
By informing Allied forces of German movements between the towns of Caen and Bayeux, he contributed to the success of the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944  Following the reinstatement of a legitimate French government, Charles de Gaulle appointed him the first local governor of liberated France, in the Normandy town of Bayeux 
He was elected to Parliament in 1946 and served until 1973  He served as a minister in the governments of Michel Debré and Georges Pompidou from 1959 to 1966 and then became a member of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament 
He was elected to the Académie des sciences morales et politiques in 1979, serving as its president in 1991 

Publications
Un gaulliste de la IVe, Plon, 1985 (A Gaullist from the IVth Republic)
Un ministre du Général, Plon, 1985 (Minister to the General)

External links
Obituary, The Guardian, 16 June 2006 accessed at [1] 19 July 2006
Raymond Triboulet accessed at fr:Raymond Triboulet 21:02, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
Passage 8:
Green
Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum  It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm  In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combination of yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors  By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy  Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage  Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content 
During post-classical and early modern Europe, green was the color commonly associated with wealth, merchants, bankers, and the gentry, while red was reserved for the nobility  For this reason, the costume of the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci and the benches in the British House of Commons are green while those in the House of Lords are red  It also has a long historical tradition as the color of Ireland and of Gaelic culture  It is the historic color of Islam, representing the lush vegetation of Paradise  It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries In surveys made in American, European, and Islamic countries, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope, and envy  In the European Union and the United States, green is also sometimes associated with toxicity and poor health, but in China and most of Asia, its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness  Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement  Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties  This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products  Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States 

Etymology and linguistic definitions
The word green comes from the Middle English and Old English word grene, which, like the German word grün, has the same root as the words grass and grow  It is from a Common Germanic *gronja-, which is also reflected in Old Norse grænn, Old High German gruoni (but unattested in East Germanic), ultimately from a PIE root *ghre- "to grow", and root-cognate with grass and to grow 
The first recorded use of the word as a color term in Old English dates to ca  AD 700 Latin with viridis also has a genuine and widely used term for "green"  Related to virere "to grow" and ver "spring", it gave rise to words in several Romance languages, French vert, Italian verde (and English vert, verdure etc )  Likewise the Slavic languages with zelenъ  Ancient Greek also had a term for yellowish, pale green – χλωρός, chloros (cf  the color of chlorine), cognate with χλοερός "verdant" and χλόη "chloe, the green of new growth" 
Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation 
However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green"  For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit hari "yellow, ochre, golden" 
The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow" 

Languages where green and blue are one color
In some languages, including old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese, the same word can mean either blue or green  The Chinese character 青 (pronounced qīng in Mandarin, ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "青"  In more contemporary terms, they are 藍 (lán, in Mandarin) and 綠 (lǜ, in Mandarin) respectively  Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, 緑 (midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru "to be in leaf, to flourish" in reference to trees) and グリーン (guriin, which is derived from the English word "green")  However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors as other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, aoi, because green is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word aoi  Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh, with variants such as xanh da trời (azure, lit  "sky blue"), lam (blue), and lục (green; also xanh lá cây, lit  "leaf green") 
"Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e g  using a term for the range of ca  450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca  530–590 nm ("green/yellow")  In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue)  These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote "green", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit)  Thus, the Thai word เขียว kheīyw, besides meaning "green", also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations The Celtic languages had a term for "blue/green/grey", Proto-Celtic *glasto-, which gave rise to Old Irish glas "green, grey" and to Welsh glas "blue"  This word is cognate with the Ancient Greek γλαυκός "bluish green", contrasting with χλωρός "yellowish green" discussed above 

In modern Japanese, the term for green is 緑, while the old term for "blue/green", blue (青, Ao) now means "blue"  But in certain contexts, green is still conventionally referred to as 青, as in blue traffic light (青信号, ao shingō) and blue leaves (青葉, aoba), reflecting the absence of blue-green distinction in old Japanese (more accurately, the traditional Japanese color terminology grouped some shades of green with blue, and others with yellow tones) 

In science
Color vision and colorimetry
In optics, the perception of green is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm  The sensitivity of the dark-adapted human eye is greatest at about 507 nm, a blue-green color, while the light-adapted eye is most sensitive about 555 nm, a yellow-green; these are the peak locations of the rod and cone (scotopic and photopic, respectively) luminosity functions The perception of greenness (in opposition to redness forming one of the opponent mechanisms in human color vision) is evoked by light which triggers the medium-wavelength M cone cells in the eye more than the long-wavelength L cones  Light which triggers this greenness response more than the yellowness or blueness of the other color opponent mechanism is called green  A green light source typically has a spectral power distribution dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 487–570 nm 

Human eyes have color receptors known as cone cells, of which there are three types  In some cases, one is missing or faulty, which can cause color blindness, including the common inability to distinguish red and yellow from green, known as deuteranopia or red-green color blindness 
Green is restful to the eye  Studies show that a green environment can reduce fatigue In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors  On the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples)  On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – the RGB color model  A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary 

Lasers
Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers  Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563 5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness  The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light 
An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281 76 THz (1064 nm)  This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563 5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green") 
Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm 
Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers  Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons, and bird control As of mid-2011, direct green laser diodes at 510 nm and 500 nm have become generally available,
although the price remains relatively prohibitive for widespread public use
Context 3: Passage 1:
Ann Peoples
Ann Elizabeth Peoples (née Murphy; January 31, 1947 – November 12, 2019) was an American politician from Maine  A Democrat, Peoples was elected for the third time in 2010 to represent part of Westbrook, Cumberland County  She also has served on the Westbrook City Council and Planning Board Peoples was unable to seek re-election to the Maine House of Representatives for a 5th consecutive term in 2014 due to term-limits  She was replaced by fellow Democrat Dillon Bates  Bates resigned from the seat in September 2018  Peoples was elected again to the Maine House in November 2018, defeating Republican Jim Borque Peoples died on November 12, 2019 
Passage 2:
Nicholas Girod
Nicolas Girod (French spelling) or Nicholas Girod (April 1751—September 1840) was the fifth mayor of New Orleans, from late in 1812 to September 4, 1815  He was the first mayor of the city after Louisiana entered into the Union as a state 

Biography
Nicolas Girod, born into a prominent family in Savoy, migrated to Spanish Louisiana in the late 1770s with brother Claude François (1752-1813) and brother-in-law Andre-Marie Quetant and was later joined by brother Jean François (1773-1850)  He prospered as a commission merchant and owner of extensive property in New Orleans, especially in the American quarter  They conducted commercial enterprises with area planters in what was known as the commission or factorage business  The Girods kept a wholesale and retail store in the vicinity of the levee landing, which in later years was transferred to the building at the corner of Chartres and St  Louis streets  He owned a large number of properties in the area of today's Central Business District, in the vicinity of Girod Street In 1812, He was the first regularly-elected mayor of New Orleans after Louisiana's admission to the Union  He was initially elected on September 21, 1812  Girod took office on November 5 of that year and served until September 4, 1814; at which date he was re-elected, resigning on September 4, 1815  He was briefly out of office in his first year, most likely due to illness, before retaking his position 
It was during his time in office that The War of 1812 broke out, and he prepared the city to defend itself against a British invasion force  He welcomed in General Andrew Jackson who declared martial law upon entering New Orleans in December 1814, having marched overland from present-day southern Alabama and then crossing Lake Pontchartrain  He ruled over the city until ending martial law in March 1815  After the Battle of New Orleans, Girod retired from politics and returned to manage his many businesses Girod was a noted philanthropist  Among other provisions in his 1837 holographic will, he left a bon (obligation) of $100,000 to be applied to the construction of a facility in Orleans Parish for the housing and care of Louisiana's French orphans  Other institutions and individuals were recipients under this will, including Charity Hospital, $30,000 Nicolas Girod died on September 1, 1840, at his home located on the corner of Chartres and St  Louis streets  Both New Orleans and Mandeville, Louisiana, have a Girod Street, named in Nicolas Girod's honor  He never married and had no children 

Plot to free Napoleon
New Orleans was full of excitement in the spring of 1821 when Girod remodeled and furnished a house he owned on Chartres Street, that he inherited from Claude Francois Girod, which is now known as the Napoleon house  Girod was one of the prominent financial sponsors of a plan to rescue Napoleon Bonaparte from his exile in Saint Helena, and bring him back to live in New Orleans at the Napoleon house  The ship Seraphine was constructed and would sail out on its mission commanded by Capt  Bossier and Louisiana pirate Dominique You  The expedition set sail, but returned when signaled by a French merchantman that Napoleon had died May 5, 1821 

See also
Battle of New Orleans
Napoleon House
Girod Street Cemetery
Passage 3:
Pete Harman
Leon Weston "Pete" Harman (January 16, 1919 – November 19, 2014) was an American businessman best known for having struck a deal with Colonel Harland Sanders to open the first KFC franchise  Located in Salt Lake City, Utah, Harman's location opened for business in August 1952 

Early life
Harman was born in 1919 in Granger, now a part of West Valley City, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah to David Reese Harman (1874–1924) and Grace May Hemenway (1879–1919)   Harman was the youngest of 14 children in a Latter-day Saint family  Harman's mother died two days after he was born, and his father later married Caroline Hemenway Harman, the widow of Pete's uncle  Harman was a major donor to the construction of the Caroline Hemenway Harman Continuing Education Building at Brigham Young University, named after his step-mother Harman and his wife, Arline, opened their first restaurant, The Do Drop Inn, with two employees in 1941  They had met in the 1930s while both employees at the same restaurant in San Francisco, California, and married in 1938 

Career
Harman worked with Colonel Sanders to develop and prepare the KFC system for franchising, working to develop training manuals and product guides  His other claims to fame are the development of the bucket packaging and the emphasis on the "Finger-lickin' good" motto 
In 1990 the International Foodservice Manufacturer Association recognized Harman's achievements with its Gold Plate Award  At the time of the award the Harman Management Corp  of Los Altos, California, employed over 4,000 people and operated 238 KFC stores in four states  Credit for his success was given to his enlightened practices towards his staff including stock purchase schemes 
His original KFC building was demolished in 2004 to make way for a museum and an updated restaurant  Harman relocated to Los Altos, California as the scope of his business expanded in the 1960s  He lived there until his death on November 19, 2014, at 95 years old 
Passage 4:
Ufuoma McDermott
Ufuoma Stacey McDermott (née Ejenobor  oo-FOH-mə EJ-ə-nə-bor; born 23 April 1981) is a Nigerian film-maker, actress and former model 

Early life
Ejenobor was born in Benin City to Nigerian parents of Urhobo descent who hails from Delta State in Nigeria  She moved a lot - from Benin City to Jos, where she spent the better part of her toddler years, and later to Lagos, where she has lived for the greater part of her life and still resides till date  At the age of seven, her father coined a pet name for her: ISIO (which means "star" in Urhobo)  She was so named after the star actress of the TELEFEST programme put together by NTA Benin, The Pot of Life 

Personal life
Ejenobor got married on 23 April 2010 to Steven McDermott 
She officially changed her name to Ufuoma McDermott on 23 May 2014 at a Lagos high court 

Education
She went through Alama Private School Jos, Plateau state, Tunwase Nursery and primary school Ikeja, Lagos and finally Molly International Nursery and primary Ajao Estate for her nursery and primary education  She then attended Federal Government College, Odogbolu, Ogun State for her secondary education 
Ufuoma later bagged a degree in French language from the University of Lagos where she partook in a Federal Government scholarship holiday programme  She also has certificates and diplomas from Alliance Française and NIIT  She holds a master's degree in Public and International Affairs, also from the University of Lagos In 2011, she attended New York Film Academy in Los Angeles for an acting course and later on a film making course from Dov Simen's Hollywood Film Institute  In 2013, she obtained a certificate in Human resource management from the London Business School In Summer 2015, she was part of the Relativity Education program from Nigeria, owned by Relativity Media in Beverly Hills 

Entertainment
She started a career in entertainment with modelling in 2000 as a photographic model and later moved on to the runway and beauty pageants 

Pageants
By 2002, she had participated in two mini-pageants, won the Miss Ebony beauty pageant and partaken in her first national pageant: Miss Commonwealth(Vanessa Ekeke), where she won the Miss Congeniality prize  Later the same year, she emerged 1st runner up in the queen Afrik beauty pageant (Tamilore Kuboye) 
2003 saw her in the Queen of all Nations beauty pageant (Dubra Fufeyin) where she was again the 1st runner up 
In 2004 she contested in the Miss Nigeria beauty pageant where she emerged    yet, 1st runner up  Not long after she was crowned Miss Earth Nigeria and consequently went to represent the country at the Miss Earth 2004

Film
In February 2004, Ejenobor decided on a movie career  Starting off with Zeb Ejiro's The President Must Not Die, she has continued to have roles in movies  In May 2005, she played her first lead role in Life and Death, her third movie after The President Must Not Die and Guy on the Line  By December 2005, she played Chibuzor on the Edge of Paradise TV series produced by Royal Roots network 

In 2008 she took on the role of "Lillian Wright" in the TV series My Mum and I a role that garnered her a nomination for a best actress award at the 2010 Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo and one at The Terracotta Nigerian TV and Film Awards  She was nominated as the Actor of the year 2011 at the Future Awards

Stage
In January 2018, McDermott reprised her roles as "Mama Baby", "Women Call Leader" and "Sister Esther" in the stage production Hear Word!, which returned for the second year in a row to Harvard and was staged at the prestigious American Repertory theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U SA  The production covers various themes, which address issues against women in the society  The play, which made its debut in Lagos, Nigeria in 2014, also features the acting talents of Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett, Elvina Ibru and Bimbo Akintola Hear Word! featured at the Edinburgh International Festival in August 2019, and McDermott, Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett and other cast members performed at the Royal Lyceum, in Edinburgh, Scotland  The Guardian UK, in its review of the show described it as "at once tough and inspirational", giving the play a three-star out of five 

The USM Show with Ufuoma McDermott
In July 2019, McDermott put together a live-theater experience at the Eko Hotel and Towers in Lagos, tagged "The USM Show with Ufuoma McDermott"  The event was a potpourri of live music, dance performances and a debut of her stage production "The Magic of a Dream" The Magic of a Dream was directed by Toritseju Ejoh and featured acting performances from several notable Nigerian thespians including Femi Branch, Chioma Akpotha, Offiong Anthony (Thin Tall Tony), Akah Nnani and Zara Udofia-Ejoh  The USM Show also featured live musical and comedy performances from a range of Nigerian entertainers, including, Teni the entertainer, Seyi Law and MC Abbey 

Movie Directing/Production
At the premiere of her movie directorial debut, McDermott revealed that she had begun writing the story for the film Christmas is Coming in 2013  The movie was however released in November 2017 ahead of the Christmas holidays In 2018, she earned her sophomore production credit with the release of What Just Happened in cinemas across Nigeria 

Recognition
Best Actress in a TV series Nominee - Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2011
Actor of the Year 2011 Nominee- The Future Awards
Best Actress nominee - Golden Nymph Awards 2010 (Monte Carlo Television Festival)
Best Actress in a Drama series nominee, Terracotta TV and Film Awards
Go Red Africa, Best Female Model, 2007
African Youth Society, Role Model Award, 2009
Represented Nigeria at the Miss Earth 2004 beauty pageant
McDermott was a speaker at TEDx Rayfield, which held in December 2017Pageant

Ufuoma also received a Golden Nymph Best Actress nomination at the 2010 Monte Carlo Television Festival alongside Tina Fey, Jane Krakowski and January Jones 

Awards
Filmography
Passage 5:
Evrenli
Evrenli is a village in the Mersin Province, Turkey  It is part of Toroslar district (a part of Greater Mersin)  Evrenli at 36°56′N 34°35′E  is to the north of the Mersin city center and the  distance to the city center is 18 kilometres (11 mi)  The population of the village was 225  as of 2012 
Passage 6:
Bloomingdale, Georgia
Bloomingdale is a city in Chatham County, Georgia, United States  As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 2,790  It is part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area 

Geography
Bloomingdale is located along the northwestern border of Chatham County at 32°7′27″N 81°18′26″W (32 124122, -81 307211)  It is bordered to the northeast by Port Wentworth, to the east by Pooler, to the south by a western portion of Savannah, and to the northwest by Effingham County  U S  Route 80 runs east–west through the center of Bloomingdale, and Interstate 16 runs parallel to it through the southern part of the city, with access from Exit 152  Both highways lead east 13 miles (21 km) to downtown Savannah 
According to the United States Census Bureau, Bloomingdale has a total area of 14 0 square miles (36 3 km2), of which 12 8 square miles (33 1 km2) is land and 1 2 square miles (3 2 km2), or 8 90%, is water 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,790 people, 1,272 households, and 791 families residing in the city 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,713 people, 1,001 households, and 752 families residing in the city   The population density was 193 6 inhabitants per square mile (74 7/km2)   There were 1,141 housing units at an average density of 81 4 per square mile (31 4/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 89 0% White, 8 0% African American, 1 5% Asian, 1 0% Native American, 1 7% from other races, and 1 8% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4 7% of the population 
There were 1,141 households, out of which 30 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53 8% were married couples living together, 12 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27 8% were non-families  22 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 63 and the average family size was 3 05 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23 8% under the age of 18, 8 3% from 18 to 24, 27 4% from 25 to 44, 27 9% from 45 to 64, and 12 7% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 37 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 104 1 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,510, and the median income for a family was $55,950  Males had a median income of $37,404 versus $22,409 for females  The per capita income for the city was $22,030   About 3 8% of families and 8 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5 0% of those under age 18 and 21 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 7:
Portage, Wisconsin
Portage is a city in and the county seat of Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States  The population was 10,581 at the 2020 census, making it the largest city in Columbia County  The city is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area 
Portage was named for the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway, a portage between the Fox River and the Wisconsin River, which was recognized by Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet during their discovery of a route to the Mississippi River in 1673  The city's slogan is "Where the North Begins "

History
The Native American tribes that once lived here, and later the European traders and settlers, took advantage of the lowlands between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers as a natural "portage"  This is reflected in indigenous names for the town, such as the Menominee name Kahkāmohnakaneh, which means "at the short cut"  In May 1673, Jacques Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet, a French-Canadian explorer, to find the Mississippi River  They departed from St  Ignace on May 17, with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry (Métis)  They followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River, nearly to its headwaters  From there, they were told to portage their canoes a distance of slightly less than two miles through marsh and oak plains to the Wisconsin River  Later, French fur traders described the place as "le portage", which eventually lent itself to the name of the community  As a portage, this community developed as a center of commerce and trade; later, a canal was constructed to facilitate this trade  When the railroads came through, the community continued in this role 
Portage emerged at this place because of its unique position along the one and a half mile strip of marshy floodplain between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers  By the end of the 17th century, the Fox-Wisconsin waterway, linked at The Portage, served as the major fur trade thoroughfare between Green Bay and Prairie du Chien  It was not until the 1780s and 1790s that traders built their posts and warehouses at each end of The Portage   In the early 19th century Portage was primarily populated by Métis   In 1828, the federal government recognized the strategic economic importance of The Portage and built Fort Winnebago at the Fox River end  After 15 years of controversy, Winnebago settlement (now Portage) won the county seat in 1851   The community incorporated as Portage City in 1854 
The Portage business district lies along a hill that overlooks the Portage Canal  The buildings now in the city's downtown were once part of a bustling, urban commercial center serving a large region across north central Wisconsin  The building of the city paralleled its commercial prominence between the end of the American Civil War and the second decade of the 20th century 

Historic sites
Fort Winnebago Surgeon's Quarters Historic Site
Fox-Wisconsin Portage Site
Henry Merrell House
Old Indian Agency House
Portage Industrial Waterfront Historic District
Portage Retail Historic District
Zona Gale House
Museum at the Portage
Wisconsin American Legion Museum and Learning Center
Portage Canal Society
Historic Portage Canal
World War II History Museum
Wisconsin State Historical Markers in PortageFort Winnebago Surgeon's Quarters Historic Site
Frederick Jackson Turner
Jacques Marquette
Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet
Ketchum's Point
Potter's Emigration Society
Society Hill Historic District
Zona Gale
Veterans memorials
Revolutionary War Veteran (Cooper Pixley and Alexander Porter)
To Honor Pierre Pauquette
To the Memory of Our Historic Dead
Daughters of the American Revolution Historic MarkersSite of Fort Winnebago / Surrender of Red Bird
Pierre Pauquette and East End of Wauona Trail
Landing Place of the Ferry Built by Pierre Pauquette

Geography
Portage lies in the Wisconsin River valley  The city is surrounded by prairies and grasslands  Approximately three miles (5 km) west of the city are the Baraboo bluffs   According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9 62 square miles (24 92 km2), of which, 8 82 square miles (22 84 km2) is land and 0 80 square miles (2 07 km2) is water  The location of the town at the split of the Wisconsin and Fox river is what gives it the name "Portage", which means carrying a boat of its cargo between two navigable waters  In addition to the rivers, the city has access to Swan Lake and Silver Lake 

Cityscape
When Portage was first established, the streets were laid out on a traditional grid system  Today, the streets of the outlying city are contorted as a result of the many marshes and lowlands that run through much of Columbia County  The northern side of the city thus looks different from the central city, with the organized grid street system giving way to a more suburban streetscape with a lower housing density 
The city has two commercial areas  One is the downtown historic district, which features several small boutique shops and restaurants; the other is the Northridge commercial area that features big box stores  In the summer of 2007, the Portage Canal was cleaned up and now features a bike path that runs alongside part of it  In the summer of 2008, the main downtown street was redone  Historical landmarks of the city include the Museum at the Portage, the Indian Agency house, and the Surgeons Quarters 

Climate
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,324 people, 4,060 households, and 2,349 families living in the city  The population density was 1,170 5 inhabitants per square mile (451 9/km2)  There were 4,493 housing units at an average density of 509 4 per square mile (196 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 90 9% White, 5 0% African American, 0 9% Native American, 0 8% Asian, 0 7% from other races, and 1 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4 0% of the population 
There were 4,060 households, of which 31 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40 5% were married couples living together, 11 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42 1% were non-families  34 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 27 and the average family size was 2 90 
The median age in the city was 37 2 years  22 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30 6% were from 25 to 44; 24 8% were from 45 to 64; and 13 9% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 53 7% male and 46 3% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,728 people, 3,770 households, and 2,228 families living in the city  The population density was 1,172 9 people per square mile (453 1/km2)  There were 3,970 housing units at an average density of 478 7 per square mile (184 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 92 76% European-American, 3 90% African American, 0 51% Native American, 0 71% Asian, 0 05% Pacific Islander, 0 85% from other races, and 1 21% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 39% of the population 
There were 3,770 households, out of which 30 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44 5% were married couples living together, 10 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40 9% were non-families  34 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 30 and the average family size was 2 96 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23 3% under the age of 18, 10 6% from 18 to 24, 31 7% from 25 to 44, 19 3% from 45 to 64, and 15 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 106 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108 7 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $35,815, and the median income for a family was $44,804  Males had a median income of $33,158 versus $23,478 for females  The per capita income for the city was $18,039  About 4 6% of families and 7 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 5% of those under age 18 and 7 8% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Portage Community School District serves Portage 
Portage High School (Wisconsin) was recently upgraded to a larger building, with the older high school building now housing the Wayne E  Bartels Middle School  Portage has three elementary schools: John Muir, Woodridge, and Rusch  Three rural elementary schools serve three of the towns in Columbia County: Lewiston, Fort Winnebago, and Caledonia  There are also two private schools: St  John's Lutheran and St  Mary's Catholic Schools  The Madison Area Technical College, also has a campus located in Portage 
The Portage scheme of support for children with special educational needs was developed in the city 

Infrastructure
Corrections
Wisconsin Department of Corrections operates the Columbia Correctional Institution 

Transportation
Major highways
Three interstate highways, Interstate 94, Interstate 90, and Interstate 39 run past Portage, giving the city a 30-minute commute to Madison and 15-minute commute to Wisconsin Dells  The city also lies only a few hours from Milwaukee, Chicago, and Minneapolis/ Saint Paul, Minnesota 

Rail
Portage is served by Amtrak's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle or Portland, with a train stopping there in each direction every day  Freight railroad service is provided by the Canadian Pacific Railway which does business in the American Midwest as the Soo Line Railroad 

Portage (Amtrak station)

Intercity bus
Portage is served by intercity bus from Milwaukee via Madison and to Wisconsin Rapids via Stevens Point, with a bus stopping in each direction daily at the Portage station 
List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin

Airport
Portage Municipal Airport (C47) serves the city and surrounding communities 

Notable people
Images
Passage 8:
Ian North
Ian North (March 24, 1952 – February 28, 2021) was an American musician, producer, and painter known for being part of the bohemian punk movement in United States with his power pop band Milk 'N' Cookies 

Early life and career
Ian North was born in Brooklyn, New York, United States  He grew up in Long Island  He received his first guitar at age 12, but being virtually tone deaf, could not play any songs other than those he composed  In 1970, he slowly started to get serious about his artwork 

Milk 'N' Cookies
In 1973, North formed a power pop and glam outfit called Milk 'N' Cookies along with Justin Strauss on vocals, Jay Weiss (replaced by Sal Maida, later in Roxy Music and Sparks) on bass and Mike Ruiz on drums (later in Paul Collins' Beat)  While the album's release was initially delayed and largely ignored upon release, it has subsequently become a cult classic  After its reissue in 2005, the band headlined the Radio Heartbeat festival in 2007 without North  As younger bands that now claim Milk 'n' Cookies as an influence have gained in popularity, like Nobunny and Cheap Time, the band has garnered even more attention  In 2016, Captured Tracks released a 3xLP Milk 'N' Cookies boxset which included a book of liners featuring notes by members of Sonic Youth, Ramones, and Blondie 

British punk and new wave scene: Radio and Neo
After the split of Milk 'N' Cookies, North moved to England and formed Radio with Sparks bassist Martin Gordon and the Simon brothers, Paul and Robert  That group transformed to Neo after Gordon's departure (he joined Radio Stars) and changed line-ups, with North being the only remaining member until 1979, when his visa ended and he returned to New York  The same year, twelve Neo tracks were released in Britain by Aura Records as a North solo album, titled Neo 

Return to US and solo career
Back in New York, North took to newly affordable synth technology and recording equipment, first on his debut full-length album as a solo artist, My Girlfriend's Dead, and then on his Rape of the Orchids EP  During this time he also produced material for The Fast; he also filled in as the band's bassist in the music videos for their songs "Kids Just Wanna Dance" and "Love Me Like a Locomotive"  From 1983 to 1993, North worked sporadically on the album Torch Songs & Arson



ground_truth: a Western District uniformed officer

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In 1990, who became the president of the country that Germany invaded?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The efficiency of these lasers (peak 3%) compared to that of DPSS green lasers (peak 35%)
may also be limiting adoption of the diodes to niche uses 

Pigments, food coloring and fireworks
Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries  Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities  The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all  Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium 
Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment  For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery  Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar 
Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal  The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny  It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD  It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks: it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact, and it was toxic  Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it  It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries  Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green  Viridian, as described above, was patented in 1859  It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic  Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Café Terrace at Night Green earth is a natural pigment used since the time of the Roman Empire  It is composed of clay colored by iron oxide, magnesium, aluminum silicate, or potassium  Large deposits were found in the South of France near Nice, and in Italy around Verona, on Cyprus, and in Bohemia  The clay was crushed, washed to remove impurities, then powdered  It was sometimes called Green of Verona Mixtures of oxidized cobalt and zinc were also used to create green paints as early as the 18th century Cobalt green, sometimes known as Rinman's green or zinc green, is a translucent green pigment made by heating a mixture of cobalt (II) oxide and zinc oxide  Sven Rinman, a Swedish chemist, discovered this compound in 1780 
Green chrome oxide was a new synthetic green created by a chemist named Pannetier in Paris in about 1835  Emerald green was a synthetic deep green made in the 19th century by hydrating chrome oxide  It was also known as Guignet green 

There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration  Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs  Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames  Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate  Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate 

Biology
Green is common in nature, as many plants  are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis  Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green 
Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis  Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin  The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria 

Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment  Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment  Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment  For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light  Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially  Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet  This can causes their feces to look green as well  Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin  Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields  Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation 
The green huntsman spider is green due to the presence of bilin pigments in the spider's hemolymph (circulatory system fluids) and tissue fluids 
It hunts insects in green vegetation, where it is well camouflaged 

Green eyes
There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light Nobody is brought into the world with green eyes  An infant has one of two eye hues: dark or blue  Following birth, cells called melanocytes start to discharge melanin, the earthy colored shade, in the child's irises  This begins happening since melanocytes respond to light in time 
Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe 
They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia  In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color 
A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men 
Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16% 

In history and art
Prehistoric history
Neolithic cave paintings do not have traces of green pigments, but neolithic peoples in northern Europe did make a green dye for clothing, made from the leaves of the birch tree  It was of very poor quality, more brown than green  Ceramics from ancient Mesopotamia show people wearing vivid green costumes, but it is not known how the colors were produced 

Ancient history
In Ancient Egypt, green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile  For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert; a paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun  They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite  To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations  The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth  In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth  Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs  It was worn by both the living and the dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil  Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased  It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green" In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees  The philosopher Democritus described two different greens: chloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green  Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water  However, green was not counted among the four classic colors of Greek painting – red, yellow, black and white – and is rarely found in Greek art The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards  The Romans made a fine green earth pigment that was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities  They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine  By the second century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green 

Postclassical history
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the color of clothing showed a person's social rank and profession  Red could only be worn by the nobility, brown and gray by peasants, and green by merchants, bankers and the gentry and their families  The Mona Lisa wears green in her portrait, as does the bride in the Arnolfini portrait by Jan van Eyck 
There were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight for those who wanted or were required to wear green  Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color  Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with Reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed The pigments available to painters were more varied; monks in monasteries used verdigris, made by soaking copper in fermenting wine, to color medieval manuscripts  They also used finely-ground malachite, which made a luminous green  They used green earth colors for backgrounds 
During the early Renaissance, painters such as Duccio di Buoninsegna learned to paint faces first with a green undercoat, then with pink, which gave the faces a more realistic hue  Over the centuries the pink has faded, making some of the faces look green 

Modern history
In the 18th and 19th century
The 18th and 19th centuries brought the discovery and production of synthetic green pigments and dyes, which rapidly replaced the earlier mineral and vegetable pigments and dyes  These new dyes were more stable and brilliant than the vegetable dyes, but some contained high levels of arsenic, and were eventually banned 
In the 18th and 19th centuries, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art  The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms  Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests  Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution 
The second half of the 19th century saw the use of green in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature  One of the first to make color the central element of his picture was the American artist James McNeill Whistler, who created a series of paintings called "symphonies" or "noctures" of color, including Symphony in gray and green; The Ocean between 1866 and 1872 
The late 19th century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other  These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh  Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions  The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green  Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens "

In the 20th and 21st century
In the 1980s green became a political symbol, the color of the Green Party in Germany and in many other European countries  It symbolized the environmental movement, and also a new politics of the left which rejected traditional socialism and communism  (See § In politics section below )

Symbolism and associations
Safety and permission
Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights  Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century  The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London  It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it  In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah  Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red  Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should  In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red 

Nature, vivacity, and life
Green is the color most commonly associated in Europe and the United States with nature, vivacity and life 
It is the color of many environmental organizations, such as Greenpeace, and of the Green Parties in Europe  Many cities have designated a garden or park as a green space, and use green trash bins and containers  A green cross is commonly used to designate pharmacies in Europe 
In China, green is associated with the east, with sunrise, and with life and growth  In Thailand, the color green is considered auspicious for those born on a Wednesday (light green for those born at night) 

Springtime, freshness, and hope
Green is the color most commonly associated in the United States and Europe with springtime, freshness, and hope  Green is often used to symbolize rebirth and renewal and immortality  In Ancient Egypt; the god Osiris, king of the underworld, was depicted as green-skinned  Green as the color of hope is connected with the color of springtime; hope represents the faith that things will improve after a period of difficulty, like the renewal of flowers and plants after the winter season 

Youth and inexperience
Green the color most commonly associated in Europe and the United States with youth  It also often is used to describe anyone young, inexperienced, probably by the analogy to immature and unripe fruit  Examples include green cheese, a term for a fresh, unaged cheese, and greenhorn, an inexperienced person 

Food and diet
The color green has been increasingly used by food companies, governments, and practitioners themselves to identify veganism and vegetarianism  The government of India requires food that is vegetarian to be marked with a green circle as part of the Food Safety and Standards Act of 2006 with changes to symbolism since but still maintaining the color green  In 2021, India introduced a green V to exclusively label vegan options  In the west, the V-Label, a green V designed by the European Vegetarian Union, has been used by food distributors to label vegan and vegetarian options 

Calm, tolerance, and the agreeable
Surveys also show that green is the color most associated with the calm, the agreeable, and tolerance  Red is associated with heat, blue with cold, and green with an agreeable temperature  Red is associated with dry, blue with wet, and green, in the middle, with dampness  Red is the most active color, blue the most passive; green, in the middle, is the color of neutrality and calm, sometimes used in architecture and design for these reasons 
Blue and green together symbolize harmony and balance  Experimental studies also show this calming effect in a statistical significant decrease of negative emotions
and increase of creative performance 

Jealousy and envy
Green is often associated with jealousy and envy  The expression "green-eyed monster" was first used by William Shakespeare in Othello: "it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on " Shakespeare also used it in the Merchant of Venice, speaking of "green-eyed jealousy" 

Love and sexuality
Green today is not commonly associated in Europe and the United States with love and sexuality, but in stories of the medieval period it sometimes represented love and the base, natural desires of man  It was the color of the serpent in the Garden of Eden who caused the downfall of Adam and Eve  However, for the troubadours, green was the color of growing love, and light green clothing was reserved for young women who were not yet married In Persian and Sudanese poetry, dark-skinned women, called "green" women, were considered erotic  The Chinese term for cuckold is "to wear a green hat " This was because in ancient China, prostitutes were called "the family of the green lantern" and a prostitute's family would wear a green headscarf In Victorian England, the color green was associated with homosexuality 

Dragons, fairies, monsters, and devils
In legends, folk tales and films, fairies, dragons, monsters, and the devil are often shown as green 
In the Middle Ages, the devil was usually shown as either red, black or green  Dragons were usually green, because they had the heads, claws and tails of reptiles 
Modern Chinese dragons are also often green, but unlike European dragons, they are benevolent; Chinese dragons traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods  The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck  The Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength  The dragon dance is a popular feature of Chinese festivals 
In Irish folklore and English folklore, the color was sometimes was associated with witchcraft, and with faeries and spirits  The type of Irish fairy known as a leprechaun is commonly portrayed wearing a green suit, though before the 20th century he was usually described as wearing a red suit 
In theater and film, green was often connected with monsters and the inhuman  The earliest films of Frankenstein were in black and white, but in the poster for the 1935 version The Bride of Frankenstein, the monster had a green face  Actor Bela Lugosi wore green-hued makeup for the role of Dracula in the 1927–1928 Broadway stage production 

Poison and sickness
Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations  While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison  There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic  The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy" 
A green tinge in the skin is sometimes associated with nausea and sickness  The expression 'green at the gills' means appearing sick  The color, when combined with gold, is sometimes seen as representing the fading of youth  In some Far East cultures the color green is used as a symbol of sickness or nausea 

Social status, prosperity and the dollar
Green in Europe and the United States is sometimes associated with status and prosperity  From the Middle Ages to the 19th century it was often worn by bankers, merchants country gentlemen and others who were wealthy but not members of the nobility  The benches in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, where the landed gentry sat, are colored green 
In the United States green was connected with the dollar bill  Since 1861, the reverse side of the dollar bill has been green  Green was originally chosen because it deterred counterfeiters, who tried to use early camera equipment to duplicate banknotes  Also, since the banknotes were thin, the green on the back did not show through and muddle the pictures on the front of the banknote  Green continues to be used because the public now associates it with a strong and stable currency One of the more notable uses of this meaning is found in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz  The Emerald City in this story is a place where everyone wears tinted glasses that make everything appear green  According to the populist interpretation of the story, the city's color is used by the author, L  Frank Baum, to illustrate the financial system of America in his day, as he lived in a time when America was debating the use of paper money versus gold 

On flags
The flag of Italy (1797) was modeled after the French tricolor  It was originally the flag of the Cisalpine Republic, whose capital was Milan; red and white were the colors of Milan, and green was the color of the military uniforms of the army of the Cisalpine Republic  Other versions say it is the color of the Italian landscape, or symbolizes hope 
The flag of Brazil has a green field adapted from the flag of the Empire of Brazil  The green represented the royal family 
The flag of India was inspired by an earlier flag of the independence movement of Gandhi, which had a red band for Hinduism and a green band representing Islam, the second largest religion in India 
The flag of Pakistan symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam and equal rights of religious minorities where the larger portion (3:2 ratio) of flag is dark green representing Muslim majority (98% of total population) while a white vertical bar (3:1 ratio) at the mast representing equal rights for religious minorities and minority religions in country  The crescent and star symbolizes progress and bright future respectively 
The Flag of Bangladesh has a green field based on a similar flag used during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971  It consists of a red disc on top of a green field  The red disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh  The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh 
The flag of the international constructed language Esperanto has a green field and a green star in a white area  The green represents hope ("esperanto" means "one who hopes"), the white represents peace and neutrality and the star represents the five inhabited continents Green is one of the three colors (along with red and black, or red and gold) of Pan-Africanism  Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia, Togo, Guinea, Benin, and Zimbabwe  The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the Ethiopian flag, one of the oldest independent African countries  Green on some African flags represents the natural richness of Africa Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below)  The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology  The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics  It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details  Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria  The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance 

Green is a symbol of Ireland, which is often referred to as the "Emerald Isle"  The color is particularly identified with the republican and nationalist traditions in modern times  It is used this way on the flag of the Republic of Ireland, in balance with white and the Protestant orange  Green is a strong trend in the Irish holiday St  Patrick's Day 

In politics
The first recorded green party was a political faction in Constantinople during the 6th century Byzantine Empire  which took its name from a popular chariot racing team  They were bitter opponents of the blue faction, which supported Emperor Justinian I and which had its own chariot racing team  In 532 AD rioting between the factions began after one race, which led to the massacre of green supporters and the destruction of much of the center of Constantinople  (See Nika Riots) 
Green was the traditional color of Irish nationalism, beginning in the 17th century  The green harp flag, with a traditional gaelic harp, became the symbol of the movement  It was the banner of the Society of United Irishmen, which organized the ultimately unsuccessful Irish Rebellion of 1798  When Ireland achieved independence in 1922, green was incorporated into the national flag In the 1970s green became the color of the third biggest Swiss Federal Council political party, the Swiss People's Party SVP  The ideology is Swiss nationalism, national conservatism, right-wing populism, economic liberalism, agrarianism, isolationism, euroscepticism  The SVP was founded on September 22, 1971 and has 90,000 members In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism  Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth  The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany  In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 11% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag 
Green parties in Europe have programs based on ecology, grassroots democracy, nonviolence, and social justice  Green parties are found in over one hundred countries, and most are members of the Global Green Network Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization which emerged from the anti-nuclear and peace movements in the 1970s  Its ship, the Rainbow Warrior, frequently tried to interfere with nuclear tests and whaling operations  The movement now has branches in forty countries 
The Australian Greens was founded in 1992  In the 2010 federal election, the party received 13% of the vote (more than 1 6 million votes) in the Senate, a first for any Australian minor party 
Green is the color associated with Puerto Rico's Independence Party, the smallest of that country's three major political parties, which advocates Puerto Rican independence from the United States 
In Taiwan, green is used by Democratic Progressive Party  Green in Taiwan associates with Taiwan independence movement 

In religion
Green is the traditional color of Islam  According to tradition, the robe and banner of Muhammad were green, and according to the Koran (XVIII, 31 and LXXVI, 21) those fortunate enough to live in paradise wear green silk robes  Muhammad is quoted in a hadith as saying that "water, greenery, and a beautiful face" were three universally good things  Green was accordingly adopted as a Shi'a color Al-Khidr ("The Green One"), was an important Qur'anic figure who was said to have met and traveled with Moses  He was given that name because of his role as a diplomat and negotiator  Green was also considered to be the median color between light and obscurity Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time  In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost  Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season  Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration  In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism  This is shown on the national flag of Ireland 
In Paganism, green represents abundance, growth, wealth, renewal, and balance  In magickal practices, green is often used to bring money and luck  One figure who shares parallels with various deities is the Green Man 

In gambling and sports
Gambling tables in a casino are traditionally green  The tradition is said to have started in gambling rooms in Venice in the 16th century 
Billiards tables are traditionally covered with green woolen cloth  The first indoor tables, dating to the 15th century, were colored green after the grass courts used for the similar lawn games of the period 
Green was the traditional color worn by hunters in the 19th century, particularly the shade called hunter green  In the 20th century most hunters began wearing the color olive drab, a shade of green, instead of hunter green 
Green is a common color for sports teams  Well-known teams include A S  Saint-Étienne of France, known as Les Verts (The Greens)  The Green Bay Packers, an American football team, has the color in its official name and wears green uniforms  A number of national soccer teams feature the color, with the color usually reflective of the teams' national flag 
British racing green was the international motor racing color of Britain from the early 1900s until the 1960s, when it was replaced by the colors of the sponsoring automobile companies 
A green belt in karate, taekwondo, and judo symbolizes a level of proficiency in the sport 

Idioms and expressions
Having a green thumb (American English) or green fingers (British English)  To be passionate about or talented at gardening  The expression was popularized beginning in 1925 by a BBC gardening program 
Greenhorn  Someone who is inexperienced 
Green-eyed monster  Refers to jealousy  (See section above on jealousy and envy) 
Greenmail  A term used in finance and corporate takeovers  It refers to the practice of a company paying a high price to buy back shares of its own stock to prevent an unfriendly takeover by another company or businessman  It originated in the 1980s on Wall Street, and originates from the green of dollars 
Green room  A room at a theater where actors rest when not onstage, or a room at a television studio where guests wait before going on-camera  It originated in the late 17th century from a room of that color at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London 
Greenwashing  Environmental activists sometimes use this term to describe the advertising of a company which promotes its positive environmental practices to cover up its environmental destruction 
Green around the gills  A description of a person who looks physically ill 
Going green  An expression commonly used to refer to preserving the natural environment, and participating in activities such as recycling materials 
Looking green  A description of a person who looks revolted or repulsed 

Notes
See also
Shades of green
Green pigments



ground_truth: Lech Wałęsa

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What mythology is the city where Eutychides was born in a part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  While the label originally slated to release the album folded in the decade over which it was created, it has since been made available for free download  In 2009, North ended the longest period of musical inactivity in his life, releasing the 12-song album, E Z Listening For Suicides, under the moniker "Darkjet" 

Death
North died in Sarasota Florida following complications from a heart attack on February 28, 2021  He is survived by his wife of 20 years, Mooshi Chapel and four children, including artist Sammy thrashLife 

See also
Milk 'N' Cookies
Neo
Passage 9:
Neuengasse
The Neuengasse is one of the streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland   It is part of the Äussere Neustadt which was built during the third expansion of the city in 1344 to 1346  It runs from Waisenhausplatz in the east toward the main train station   It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City 

History
The street has been known as Neuengasse since its construction in the 14th century when the 3rd city wall was built   The name Neuengasse means New Lane 
Passage 10:
Bissegem
Bissegem is a sub-municipality of the city of Kortrijk, Belgium  It is part of the urban area of this city  As of 2020 it had a population of 5,283 It also has a railway station, with trains to leper, Kortrijk, Dendermonde, Sint-Niklaas and Brussels 

Gallery
Passage 11:
Mounds View, Minnesota
Mounds View is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States  The population was 12,155 at the 2010 census  It is part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area 
U S  Highway 10, County Road 10, and Interstate Highway 35W are three of the main routes in the city 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4 12 square miles (10 67 km2), of which 4 03 square miles (10 44 km2) is land and 0 09 square miles (0 23 km2) is water Rice Creek flows through the southeast part of Mounds View Nearby places include Shoreview, Arden Hills, New Brighton, Fridley, Spring Lake Park, and Blaine   The boundary line between Ramsey and Anoka counties is nearby 

History
The city of Mounds View was located in the former Mounds View Township, which was organized in 1858   In 1958, 100 years after Minnesota became a state, the village of Mounds View was incorporated   Post-World War II growth was partially fueled by the proximity of the Twin Cities Arsenal  Calvin Academy relocated to the area in 1999 
The city is primarily residential, with several business parks and businesses located in Mounds View   The bulk of businesses are located along the County Road 10 corridor, with most residential areas flanking it to the north and south   Some of the businesses include Multitech's headquarters, Liberty Checks and Sysco Distributing 
A petroleum pipeline exploded in Mounds View on July 8, 1986  Two-hundred people had to evacuate their homes and two people, a mother and her young daughter, were killed   The Office of Pipeline Safety was created in response to the tragedy 
In 2005, the Mounds View City Council voted to sell the city-owned golf course, "The Bridges of Mounds View", to Medtronic, Inc , to become its new campus  The new campus is located in the north east corner of the city and opened Fall of 2007 In June 2016, the Mounds View city council voted to change the name of County Road 10 to Mounds View Blvd for the city’s portion of the road 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 12,155 people, 4,954 households, and 3,236 families residing in the city  The population density was 3,016 1 inhabitants per square mile (1,164 5/km2)  There were 5,221 housing units at an average density of 1,295 5 per square mile (500 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 81 3% White, 5 5% African American, 0 8% Native American, 7 0% Asian, 0 1% Pacific Islander, 2 3% from other races, and 3 1% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 0% of the population 
There were 4,954 households, of which 31 6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 5% were married couples living together, 12 8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34 7% were non-families  27 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 45 and the average family size was 2 98 
The median age in the city was 37 8 years  23 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27 9% were from 25 to 44; 27 6% were from 45 to 64; and 12 6% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 50 1% male and 49 9% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,738 people, 5,018 households, and 3,387 families residing in the city   The population density was 3,096 6 inhabitants per square mile (1,195 6/km2)   There were 5,130 housing units at an average density of 1,247 1 per square mile (481 5/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 90 65% White, 2 40% African American, 0 66% Native American, 3 12% Asian, 0 05% Pacific Islander, 1 02% from other races, and 2 09% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 62% of the population 
There were 5,018 households, out of which 33 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50 8% were married couples living together, 12 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32 5% were non-families  23 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 53 and the average family size was 3 02 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25 8% under the age of 18, 10 5% from 18 to 24, 32 4% from 25 to 44, 22 4% from 45 to 64, and 8 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 34 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97 5 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,974, and the median income for a family was $60,685  Males had a median income of $37,418 versus $29,196 for females  The per capita income for the city was $24,271   About 4 4% of families and 5 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9 4% of those under age 18 and 5 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 12:
Tony Dale
Anthony William Dale, known as Tony Dale (born 1969) is a public servant from suburban Cedar Park, Texas, who is a Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 136 First elected in 2012, Dale was reelected to successive two-year terms in 2014 and 2016   House District 136 consists of the Williamson County portion of Austin, the City of Cedar Park, the City of Leander, North Austin MUD #1 (Rattan Creek), Block House Creek MUD, Brushy Creek MUD, Fern Bluff MUD and a small portion of Round Rock 

Background
Dale received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from Ohio State University at Columbus in central Ohio  While at Ohio State, he was active in partisan politics and for a time was President of the Ohio State University College Republican Club and the state co-chairman of the Ohio College Republican Federation   He also worked at the Ohio Republican Party for four years as a college intern 
Dale is a US Army veteran and active member of the Texas State Guard   His military decorations include the Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, Army Achievement Medal, National Defense Service Ribbon, Army Service Ribbon, Texas Outstanding Service Medal, Texas Adjutant General's Individual Award, Texas State Guard Service Medal, Texas Cold War Service Medal, Texas Humanitarian Relief Ribbon, Commanding General's Individual Award (second award), Texas Faithful Service Medal, Texas State Guard Commendation Medal, Texas State Guard Achievement Medal, Texas State Guard Officer Professional Education Ribbon, State Guard Association of the United States Professional Development Medal, State Guard Association of the United States Meritorious Unit Award, Basic Parachutist Badge, Master Military Emergency Management Specialist Badge and Expert Marksman Badge and The Noble Patron of Armor Award  Dale is a charter member of the Hunter-Morris Memorial American Legion Post 911 in Cedar Park  Mrs  Dale was the 2014-2015 post commander  He is a Colonel in the Texas State Guard where he serves as the Operations and Plans Officer at Headquarters, Camp Mabry  In 2021 he was inducted into the Ohio State University Army ROTC Society Hall of Fame 
The former owner of a consulting company, Dale is a member of the Cedar Park Chamber of Commerce  
In 2020, Mary Lopez Dale was appointed by Governor Greg Abbott as a member of the Texas Veterans Commission  She is the past Chair of the Williamson County United Way  The Dales have been married over 30 years and they have two daughters  One is graduate of Leander ISD schools and the other attends school at LISD  They attend St  Vincent de Paul Roman Catholic Church in Austin 

Political life
From 2002 until 2009 Dale served as a precinct chairman for the Williamson County Republican Party   He also served in the capacity of election clerk and election judge From 2009 to 2012, Dale was a member of the Cedar Park City Council and for a year served as the mayor pro tem  Earlier, he was the secretary and later vice chairman of the Cedar Park Planning and Zoning Commission  As a member of the board of the Williamson County Conservation Foundation, he pushed for local control over federal regulations  He served too on the Cedar Park Charter Review Committee In 2014 Dale was unopposed in the Republican Primary   In the November 4, 2014 Dale received 20,862 (54 2 percent) and out paced his closest opponent by 13 1 percent  Democratic nominee John Bucy of Austin received 15,821 (41 1 percent) and Libertarian nominee Justin Billiot of Cedar Park received 1,811 (4 7 percent) In the 84th Legislative Session (2015-2016) Dale served on the house committees of (1) Homeland Security and Public Safety, (2) Energy Resources and (3) Local and Consent Calendar Committee   In the 85th Legislative Session (2017-2018) Dale served on (1) Environmental Regulation Committee and (2) Vice Chairman of the Juvenile Justice & Family Issues Committee and (3) House Select Committee on Cybersecurity  He was appointed as a member of the House Working Group to reform the Child Protective Service   He is a member of the House Working Group developing internal House policies on sexual harassment   He is the Chairman of the House Energy Caucus   In the 85th legislative session Dale served as Deputy Floor Leader for the Republican Caucus   He is on the board of directors of the Texas Conservative Coalition 
The Cedar Park Chamber of Commerce named Dale the 2017 Citizen of the Year   In 2018 Cedar Park Mayor Matt Powell presented Dale with the city's highest civilian honor by bestowing upon him a key to the city  In 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2013 the Hill Country News reader poll voted Dale the "Best Elected Official"  The Texas Conservative Coalition, a bipartisan group of legislators, named him a "Courageous Conservative" following the 83rd, 84th and 85th regular sessions  After the 84th session the Texas Right To Life rated him a 100%   The Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas (CLEAT) named him Freshman of the Year in 2013 " Following the 84th legislative session in 2015 the Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas named him, "Best of the House"  In 2015 he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Texas Conservative Coalition  In 2013 and 2015 the Texas Association of Business named him a "Champion For Free Enterprise"  The Texas Alliance for Life PAC endorsed his reelection in 2015/2016   In 2015 the Texas Conservative Roundtable named him an "Effective Conservative" 
Prior to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution he traveled to Amman, Jordan to train pro-democracy Egyptians on grassroots campaign tactics  This training was conducted on behalf of the International Republican Institute 

Legislative positions
During the 84th Regular Legislative Session (2015) Dale filed legislation to award the Texas Purple Heart Medal to the Fort Hood shooting victims of terrorist Nidal Hasan on 11/5/2009 (HB115)   He also filed legislation to require the use of E-Verify by all state agencies and public universities (HB183) and require the use of E-Verify by state contractors and subcontractors (HB889)   Dale filed HB861 to facilitate the prosecution of adults who solicit minors online for illicit sexual purposes His 2015 84th legislative session accomplishments also include: HB939 – Allows homeowners in HOAs to install standby generators  HB1446 – Allows sexual assault victims and stalking victims to get reimbursed by the crime victims fund    HB 1447 – streamlines protective orders for victims of sexual abuse, assault, stalking and trafficking   HB2604- Reduces red tape for police officers applying for a concealed handgun license (CHL)  HB4030 – Requires a complete background check prior to starting work as a private security licensee 
In the 84th session he also jointly authored of co-authored the following successful legislation: HB114 – Restricts the use of Capital Appreciation Bonds  HB505 – Removes limits on the number of dual-credit courses high school students may take  HB1286 – Enhanced penalties for injury to a child, elderly individual or disable person  HB1293 – Allows stalking victims to have confidentiality in court proceedings  HB1783 – Requires schools to reports crimes to police and not coerce employees to not report crimes  HB2339 – Allows customers to carry alcoholic beverages throughout all areas inside stadiums and arenas 
During the 85th session (2017) Dale authored legislation to target the teachers having inappropriate relationships with students   He authored additional child protection measures such as HB 1810 that allows for the prosecution of criminals possessing and publishing lewd visual images of children   He also passed legislation targeting online predators who blackmail individuals online using intimate images and videos   This crime known as 'sextortion" is a growing concern as reported by the National Center For Missing and Exploited Children"   The Speaker of the House appointed Dale to the House Working Group on Child Protective Service Reform   In that capacity Dale worked on legislation to transform and improve Texas' challenged child welfare system 

Interest group ratings
The Texas Association of Business scored him 93 percent for the 83rd session  The National Rifle Association scored Dale 92 percent following the 83rd session  Following the 84th session Texas Right to Life noted his score of 100%   Americans for Prosperity named him a Lone Star Leader with an A rating  Dale was in the top 24 most conservative House Members on Rice University Professor Mark Jones' 2017 Liberal-Conservative Ranking and Score of Texas House of Representatives 

Third term election in 2016
Dale won his third term in the House in the general election held on November 8, 2016  With 41,643 votes (55 percent), he defeated the Democrat Paul R  Gordon, who polled 34,077 (45 percent) 

2018 general election
Dale lost his bid for a fourth term in the general election held on November 6, 2018  He was unseated by the Democrat John Bucy III, who had lost the 2014 election to Dale: 41,485 votes (53 3) to 34,031 (43 8 percent)  The Libertarian Party choice, Zack Parks, held another 2,253 (2 9 percent) 
Passage 13:
Boriavi
Boriavi is a city in Anand district  in the state of Gujarat, India 

Demographics
As of 2001 India census, Boriavi had a population of 45,861  Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%  Boriavi has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59 5%; with male literacy of 77% and female literacy of 55%  13% of the population is under 6 years of age 
Boriavi is mainly known internationally for Mahatma Gandhiji's Dandiyatra as the town was visited and stayed overnight by all the Dandi members and that is the main cause for the Central Government to develop its roads, rail and businesses  The central government has given many projects for its development in education, roads and others  The town is the first for its RO mineral water plant in the total houses of Boriavi for all people 24 hours supplied by its Nagarpalika management 
Boriavi was internationally recognised in 1996-97 when the "Government of Canada" and "Government of India" decided to develop relations between two countries and ran students exchange program in which Canadian government had sent 24 high ranking students to live in sub part of India  At the time of calculating, 3 towns were selected in all over the country of India on the basis of culture, industries, people, education, sustainability, peace and wealth where " Boriavi " was placed into the selection and half of the international guests were stayed in the town for more than 3 months with some of the most prestigious residents of the town  Government of India have made a monument in Boriavi in the memory of relations of Canadian and Indian government 
Boriavi is very well developed for its education culture  It has very good schools and colleges for the surrounding area and the town of Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand and Nadiad have also attracted for its students to study in the community of Boriavi 
Every summer, the locals come together to celebrate the 'Batata Festival' when there are many rituals to celebrate the annual potato festival to symbolize fertility and prosperity 
Boriavi is considered as the part of Anand city and the region is very industry friendly  Also it has many industries in food, cement and agriculture  The land of Boriavi is under the " Vegetable Belt of India " and is one of the most prosperous town of India  Boriavi is also known for its unity of people  The overall wealth of Boriavi has attracted many investors from all over the country and that has given the chance to risen the prices of lands in the region  Many industries have their manufacturing and operating plants in the region 
The central government has given " National Research Center on Medicinal  and aromatic plants" funded by Indian Council of Agricultural Research and some subpart laboratories to the region of Boriavi 
Boriavi festivals are famous for its Diwali and Uttarayan (kite flying day) 
In Boriavi Transportation Facility is very good  N H no 8 and Indian Railway and also Anand -Nadiad Approach road facility in Boriavi  There are Many Big Cold storage located here 
Passage 14:
Adam Ravenstahl
Adam Ravenstahl (born November 9, 1984) is a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 20th District which includes the North Side, Strip District, Polish Hill, Stanton Heights, and Lawrenceville neighborhoods of the city of Pittsburgh, as well as parts of the suburbs of Reserve Township, Ross Township and West View Ravenstahl graduated from North Catholic High School in Pittsburgh, and then graduated from Robert Morris University with a degree in Business Management  After graduation, he was employed as a Business Analyst for UPMC Health Plan, while participating in numerous community activities, and served as a Democratic Committee Member 
He is a member of a prominent political family in Pittsburgh   He held the state house seat that was once held by his grandfather, Robert Ravenstahl   His elder brother is former Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl while his father, Robert Jr , is Magisterial District Judge of the city's 26th and 27th Wards 
Ravenstahl won a special election May 18, 2010 to become the state representative for the 20th District  In the June 2, 2020 Democratic primary election, Ravenstahl was defeated by attorney Emily Kinkead, receiving 45 2% of the vote 
Passage 15:
Sicyon (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Sicyon (; Ancient Greek: Σικυών) is the eponym of the polis of the same name, which was said to have previously been known as Aegiale and, earlier, Mecone 

Family
Sicyon's father is named variously as Marathon, Metion, Erechtheus or Pelops  He married Zeuxippe, the daughter of Lamedon, the previous king of the polis and region that would come to be named after him  They had a daughter Chthonophyle, who bore two sons: Polybus to Hermes and, later, Androdamas to Phlius, the son of Dionysus  However, in some accounts, Chthnophyle bore Phlius to Dionysus instead 

Mythology
Sicyon became the 19th king of Sicyonia after he was named as the successor of his father-in-law Lamedon  This was his reward after aiding the latter in his war against, Archander and Architeles, the sons of Achaeus  Sicyon reigned for 45 years and the kingdom was inherited by his son Polybus 

Notes
Passage 16:
John Wojcik
John Joseph Wojcik (born April 6, 1942) is an American former professional baseball player  He played parts of three seasons for the Kansas City Athletics of Major League Baseball, primarily as an outfielder 
Wojcik graduated from McKinley Vocational High School and Erie County Technical Institute where he played college baseball and college basketball Wojcik batted left-handed, threw right-handed, and was listed as 6 feet (1 8 m) tall and weighing 170 pounds (77 kg)  He was signed as an amateur free agent by the Athletics in 1961  He made his major league debut on September 9, 1962  In 148 career at bats, Wojcik collected 27 hits for a  218 batting average and had only four extra-base hits, all doubles 
Wojcik's professional baseball career ended in 1965 after five seasons 
Passage 17:
Joe Jones (baseball)
Joseph Carmack Jones (born December 13, 1941 in Lebanon, Tennessee) is an American retired professional baseball player, coach and manager   He spent all or parts of seven seasons in Major League Baseball as a coach for the Kansas City Royals (1987; 1992; 2005) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1997–2000) A second baseman during his active career, Jones stood 5 feet 9 inches (1 75 m) tall and weighed 155 pounds (70 kg); he threw and batted right-handed   He graduated from Southeastern High School, Detroit, Michigan, and played varsity baseball at the University of Michigan, where he earned a degree in education   He was signed by the Chicago White Sox in 1963 and played for seven seasons in the ChiSox' farm system, appearing in 813 minor league games, with 773 hits in 3,027 at bats for a career batting average of  255  He also pitched one inning for the Tidewater Tides in 1965, giving up one run for an earned run average of 9 00, but was credited with the win  Most of Jones' playing career occurred at the Class A level; he appeared in one game in Triple-A, for the 1967 Indianapolis Indians of the Pacific Coast League, batting five times with one hit, a single 
Jones then served as a minor league manager from 1970 through 1983, leaving the White Sox' organization for the Royals' system in 1979  His managerial record was 629 wins and 545 losses, for a  536 winning percentage in 1,178 games  Twelve of those 14 seasons were spent in the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League   From 1984–86, Jones was the Royals' field coordinator of minor league instruction, leading to the first of his three separate terms as a member of Kansas City's Major League coaching staff 
In 1987, Jones served as first-base coach for skippers Billy Gardner and John Wathan, then resumed his former role as field coordinator from 1988 through 1996—a nine-year tenure interrupted by service as interim bench coach in 1992 after Glenn Ezell required emergency surgery to repair an aneurysm    From 1997 through early June 2000, Jones was the first-base coach on the Major League staff of Pirates' manager Gene Lamont, a former colleague from the Royals' organization   But Jones was released, along with third-base coach Jack Lind, on June 5, 2000, during a shakeup of Lamont's top aides Jones then returned to the Royals in 2001 as coordinator of instruction, serving for four seasons in that role, until one final MLB term in 2005 as the Royals' first-base coach   He then worked as a special assistant for player development in the Royals' system in 2006–07 
Passage 18:
Eutychides
Eutychides  (Ancient Greek: Εὐτυχίδης, Eutukhídēs) of Sicyon in Corinthia, Greek sculptor of the early part of the 3rd century BC, was a pupil of Lysippus  His most noted work was a statue of the Tyche of Antioch, a goddess who embodied the idea of the then newly founded city of Antioch  The Tyche was seated on a rock, crowned with towers, and having the river Orontes at her feet  There is a small copy of the statue in the Vatican  It was imitated by a number of Asiatic cities; and indeed most statues since created that commemorate cities borrow something from the work of Eutychides At the invitation of king Areus, Eutychides spent some time in Sparta, where he made a statue of the Eurotas river, and perhaps another of a seated Herakles, in the 280s or 270s 

List of known works
Tyche of Antioch
Allegory of the Eurotas river, in Sparta
Allegory of the Nile
Allegory of the Orontes river
Herakles seated and reclining on his mace, in Sparta
Passage 19:
Metro Pino Suárez
Pino Suárez is a station on Line 1 and Line 2 of the Mexico City Metro system   It is located in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, on the southern part of the city center  Starting 11 July 2022, the Line 1 station will remain closed for at least eight months for modernization work on the tunnel and the line's technical equipment 

Name and pictogram
The station is named after José María Pino Suárez, Vice President of Mexico during the term of Francisco I  Madero (1911–1913)   However, the station logo depicts a pyramid dedicated to Ehecatl, the Aztec god of wind   This pyramid was discovered in the early construction of the station and it can be seen on display along the main transfer corridor 

General information
The station is located at the intersection of José María Pino Suárez and José María Izazaga avenues in downtown Mexico City, a few blocks from the Zócalo 
The Ehecatl pyramid was found during the construction of the station in 1967  While excavating was unearthed a round-shaped altar and was decided to let the pyramid remains and allow the National Institute of Archeology and History (INAH) to preserve and maintain it This pyramid is the smallest archaeological zone in Mexico and is thought to have been part of a larger ceremonial center  The Ehecatl pyramid has 4 structural construction stages and it counts on a circular base that functioned as a pedestal for the deity placed at the top  Inside the pyramid have been found a few offerings 
Pino Suárez was opened on 5 September 1969  The station is an important link to the centre of the city  It was the first transfer station of the network and it connects the two busiest lines  Pino Suárez has many corridors, the most notable among them being the Pasaje Zócalo–Pino Suárez that connects with Metro Zócalo at the north side, filled with bookstores and a mini-cinema; other corridors have cultural displays and temporary exhibitions   The station also has an information desk 

Ridership
Exits
Line 1
North: Av  José María Izazaga and Av  José María Pino Suárez, Col  Centro
West: Av  José María Izazaga and Av  José María Pino Suárez, Col  Centro

Line 2
South: San Lucas street and Av  Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, Col  Centro
North: Av  José María Izazaga and Calzada San Antonio Abad, Col  Centro

Gallery
See also
List of Mexico City metro stations



ground_truth: Greek mythology