prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of the famous bridge located in the birthplace of the composer of Nulla in mundo pax sincera?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Roman numerals
Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages  Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet, each letter with a fixed integer value  Modern style uses only these seven:

The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire  From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced by Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persists in some applications to this day 
One place they are often seen is on clock faces  For instance, on the clock of Big Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as:

The notations IV and IX can be read as "one less than five" (4) and "one less than ten" (9), although there is a tradition favouring representation of "4" as "IIII" on Roman numeral clocks Other common uses include year numbers on monuments and buildings and copyright dates on the title screens of movies and television programs  MCM, signifying "a thousand, and a hundred less than another thousand", means 1900, so 1912 is written MCMXII  For the years of the current (21st) century, MM indicates 2000  The current year is MMXXIII (2023) 

Description
Roman numerals use different symbols for each power of ten and no zero symbol, in contrast with the place value notation of Arabic numerals (in which place-keeping zeros enable the same digit to represent different powers of ten) 
This allows some flexibility in notation, and there has never been an official or universally accepted standard for Roman numerals  Usage varied greatly in ancient Rome and became thoroughly chaotic in medieval times  Even the post-renaissance restoration of a largely "classical" notation has failed to produce total consistency: variant forms are even defended by some modern writers as offering improved "flexibility"  On the other hand, especially where a Roman numeral is considered a legally binding expression of a number, as in U S  Copyright law (where an "incorrect" or ambiguous numeral may invalidate a copyright claim, or affect the termination date of the copyright period) it is desirable to strictly follow the usual style described below 

Standard form
The following table displays how Roman numerals are usually written:
 The numerals for 4 (IV) and 9 (IX) are written using subtractive notation, where the smaller symbol (I) is subtracted from the larger one (V, or X), thus avoiding the clumsier IIII and VIIII  Subtractive notation is also used for 40 (XL), 90 (XC), 400 (CD) and 900 (CM)  These are the only subtractive forms in standard use 
A number containing two or more decimal digits is built by appending the Roman numeral equivalent for each, from highest to lowest, as in the following examples:

   39 = XXX + IX = XXXIX 
  246 = CC + XL + VI = CCXLVI 
  789 = DCC + LXXX + IX = DCCLXXXIX 
2,421 = MM + CD + XX + I = MMCDXXI Any missing place (represented by a zero in the place-value equivalent) is omitted, as in Latin (and English) speech:

  160 = C + LX = CLX
  207 = CC + VII = CCVII
1,009 = M + IX = MIX
1,066 = M + LX + VI = MLXVIThe largest number that can be represented in this manner is 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX), but this is sufficient for the values for which Roman numerals are commonly used today, such as year numbers:

1776 = M + DCC + LXX + VI = MDCCLXXVI (the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty) 
1918 = M + CM + X + VIII = MCMXVIII (the first year of the Spanish flu pandemic)
1944 = M + CM + XL + IV = MCMXLIV (erroneous copyright notice of the 1954 movie The Last Time I Saw Paris)
2023 = MMXXIII (this year)Prior to the introduction of Arabic numerals in the West, ancient and medieval users of Roman numerals used various means to write larger numbers; see large numbers below 

Other forms
Forms exist that vary in one way or another from the general standard represented above 

Other additive forms
While subtractive notation for 4, 40 and 400 (IV, XL and CD) has been the usual form since Roman times, additive notation to represent these numbers (IIII, XXXX and CCCC) continued to be used, including in compound numbers like XXIIII, LXXIIII, and CCCCLXXXX  The additive forms for 9, 90, and 900 (VIIII, LXXXX, and DCCCC) have also been used, although less often 
The two conventions could be mixed in the same document or inscription, even in the same numeral  For example, on the numbered gates to the Colosseum, IIII is systematically used instead of IV, but subtractive notation is used for XL; consequently, gate 44 is labelled XLIIII Modern clock faces that use Roman numerals still very often use IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock, a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century  However, this is far from universal: for example, the clock on the Palace of Westminster tower (commonly known as Big Ben) uses a subtractive IV for 4 o'clock 

Several monumental inscriptions created in the early 20th century use variant forms for "1900" (usually written MCM)  These vary from MDCCCCX for 1910 as seen on Admiralty Arch, London, to the more unusual, if not unique MDCDIII for 1903, on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum Especially on tombstones and other funerary inscriptions 5 and 50 have been occasionally written IIIII and XXXXX instead of V and L, and there are instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX 

Other subtractive forms
There is a common belief that any smaller digit placed to the left of a larger digit is subtracted from the total, and that by clever choices a long Roman numeral can be "compressed"  The best known example of this is the ROMAN() function in Microsoft Excel, which can render "499" (usually CDXCIX) into LDVLIV, XDIX, VDIV or ID depending on the "Form" setting   There is no indication this is anything other than an invention by the programmer, and the universal-subtraction belief may be a result of modern users trying to rationalize the syntax of Roman numerals 

There is, however, some historic use of subtractive notation other than that described in the above "standard": in particular IIIXX for 17, IIXX for 18, IIIC for 97, IIC for 98, and IC for 99  A possible explanation is that the word for 18 in Latin is duodeviginti, literally "two from twenty", 98 is duodecentum (two from hundred), and 99 is undecentum (one from hundred)  However, the explanation does not seem to apply to IIIXX and IIIC, since the Latin words for 17 and 97 were septendecim (seven ten) and nonaginta septem (ninety seven), respectively 
There are multiple examples of IIX being used for 8  There does not seem to be a linguistic explanation for this use, but it is one stroke shorter than VIII  XIIX was used by officers of the XVIII Roman Legion to write their number  The notation appears prominently on the cenotaph of their senior centurion Marcus Caelius (c  45 BC – 9 AD)  On the publicly displayed official Roman calendars known as Fasti, XIIX is used for the 18 days to the next Kalends, and XXIIX for the 28 days in February  The latter can be seen on the sole extant pre-Julian calendar, the Fasti Antiates Maiores 

Rare variants
While irregular subtractive and additive notation has been used at least occasionally throughout history, some Roman numerals have been observed in documents and inscriptions that do not fit either system  Some of these variants do not seem to have been used outside specific contexts, and may have been regarded as errors even by contemporaries 

IIXX was how people associated with the XXII Roman Legion used to write their number  The practice may have been due to a common way to say "twenty-second" in Latin, namely duo et vice(n)sima (literally "two and twentieth") rather than the "regular" vice(n)sima secunda (twenty second)  Apparently, at least one ancient stonecutter mistakenly thought that the IIXX of "22nd Legion" stood for 18, and "corrected" it to XVIII 
There are some examples of year numbers after 1000 written as two Roman numerals 1–99, e g  1613 as XVIXIII, corresponding to the common reading "sixteen thirteen" of such year numbers in English, or 1519 as XCVXIX as in French quinze-cent-dix-neuf (fifteen-hundred and nineteen), and similar readings in other languages In some French texts from the 15th century and later, one finds constructions like IIIIXXXIX for 99, reflecting the French reading of that number as quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (four-score and nineteen)  Similarly, in some English documents one finds, for example, 77 written as "iiixxxvii" (which could be read "three-score and seventeen") A medieval accounting text from 1301 renders numbers like 13,573 as "XIII  M  V  C  III  XX  XIII", that is, "13×1000 + 5×100 + 3×20 + 13" Other numerals that do not fit the usual patterns – such as VXL for 45, instead of the usual XLV — may be due to scribal errors, or the writer's lack of familiarity with the system, rather than being genuine variant usage 

Non-numeric combinations
As Roman numerals are composed of ordinary alphabetic characters, there may sometimes be confusion with other uses of the same letters  For example, "XXX" and "XL" have other connotations in addition to their values as Roman numerals, while "IXL" more often than not is a gramogram of "I excel", and is in any case not an unambiguous Roman numeral 

Zero
As a non-positional numeral system, Roman numerals have no "place-keeping" zeros  Furthermore, the system as used by the Romans lacked a numeral for the number zero itself (that is, what remains after 1 is subtracted from 1)  The word nulla (the Latin word meaning "none") was used to represent 0, although the earliest attested instances are medieval  For instance Dionysius Exiguus used nulla alongside Roman numerals in a manuscript from 525 AD  About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the initial of nulla or of nihil (the Latin word for "nothing") for 0, in a table of epacts, all written in Roman numerals The use of N to indicate "none" long survived in the historic apothecaries' system of measurement: used well into the 20th century to designate quantities in pharmaceutical prescriptions 

Fractions
The base "Roman fraction" is S, indicating 1⁄2  The use of S (as in VIIS to indicate 71⁄2) is attested in some ancient inscriptions and also in the now rare apothecaries' system (usually in the form SS): but while Roman numerals for whole numbers are essentially decimal, S does not correspond to 5⁄10, as one might expect, but 6⁄12 
The Romans used a duodecimal rather than a decimal system for fractions, as the divisibility of twelve (12 = 22 × 3) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1⁄3 and 1⁄4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2 × 5)  Notation for fractions other than 1⁄2 is mainly found on surviving Roman coins, many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as  Fractions less than 1⁄2 are indicated by a dot (·) for each uncia "twelfth", the source of the English words inch and ounce; dots are repeated for fractions up to five twelfths  Six twelfths (one half), is S for semis "half"  Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths, just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine  The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear  Five dots arranged like (⁙) (as on the face of a die) are known as a quincunx, from the name of the Roman fraction/coin  The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant 
Each fraction from 1⁄12 to 12⁄12 had a name in Roman times; these corresponded to the names of the related coins:

Other Roman fractional notations included the following:

Large numbers
The Romans developed two main ways of writing large numbers, the apostrophus and the vinculum, further extended in various ways in later times 

Apostrophus
Using the apostrophus method, 500 is written as IↃ, while 1,000 is written as CIↃ  This system of encasing numbers to denote thousands (imagine the Cs and Ↄs as parentheses) had its origins in Etruscan numeral usage 
Each additional set of C and Ↄ surrounding CIↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: CCIↃↃ represents 10,000 and CCCIↃↃↃ represents 100,000  Similarly, each additional Ↄ to the right of IↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: IↃↃ represents 5,000 and IↃↃↃ represents 50,000  Numerals larger than CCCIↃↃↃ do not occur 

Sometimes CIↃ is reduced to ↀ for 1,000  Similarly, IↃↃ for 5,000 is sometimes reduced to ↁ; CCIↃↃ for 10,000 to ↂ; IↃↃↃ for 50,000 to ↇ (ↇ); and CCCIↃↃↃ (ↈ) for 100,000 to ↈ 
IↃ and CIↃ most likely preceded, and subsequently influenced, the adoption of "D" and "M" in Roman numerals 
John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity ⟨∞⟩, and one conjecture is that he based it on ↀ, since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers 

Vinculum
Using the vinculum, conventional Roman numerals are multiplied by 1,000 by adding a "bar" or "overline", thus:
IV = 4,000
XXV = 25,000It was a common alternative to the apostrophic ↀ during the Imperial era around the Roman world (M for '1000' was not in use until the Medieval period)  It continued in use in the Middle Ages, though it became known more commonly as titulus, and it appears in modern editions of classical and medieval Latin texts In an extension of the vinculum, a three-sided box (now sometimes printed as two vertical lines and a vinculum) is used to multiply by 100,000, thus:

XIII XXXII p  = 1,332,000 paces (1,332 Roman miles) Vinculum notation is distinct from the custom of adding an overline to a numeral simply to indicate that it is a number  Both usages can be seen on Roman inscriptions of the same period and general location, such as on the Antonine Wall 

Origin
The system is closely associated with the ancient city-state of Rome and the Empire that it created  However, due to the scarcity of surviving examples, the origins of the system are obscure and there are several competing theories, all largely conjectural 

Etruscan numerals
Rome was founded sometime between 850 and 750 BC  At the time, the region was inhabited by diverse populations of which the Etruscans were the most advanced  The ancient Romans themselves admitted that the basis of much of their civilization was Etruscan  Rome itself was located next to the southern edge of the Etruscan domain, which covered a large part of north-central Italy 
The Roman numerals, in particular, are directly derived from the Etruscan number symbols: ⟨𐌠⟩, ⟨𐌡⟩, ⟨𐌢⟩, ⟨𐌣⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩ for 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 (they had more symbols for larger numbers, but it is unknown which symbol represents which number)  As in the basic Roman system, the Etruscans wrote the symbols that added to the desired number, from higher to lower value  Thus, the number 87, for example, would be written 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 𐌣𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌡𐌠𐌠 (this would appear as 𐌠𐌠𐌡𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌣 since Etruscan was written from right to left )The symbols ⟨𐌠⟩ and ⟨𐌡⟩ resembled letters of the Etruscan alphabet, but ⟨𐌢⟩, ⟨𐌣⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩ did not  The Etruscans used the subtractive notation, too, but not like the Romans  They wrote 17, 18, and 19 as 𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, 𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, and 𐌠𐌢𐌢, mirroring the way they spoke those numbers ("three from twenty", etc ); and similarly for 27, 28, 29, 37, 38, etc  However, they did not write 𐌠𐌡 for 4 (nor 𐌢𐌣 for 40), and wrote 𐌡𐌠𐌠, 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠 and 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌠 for 7, 8, and 9, respectively 

Early Roman numerals
The early Roman numerals for 1, 10, and 100 were the Etruscan ones: ⟨𐌠⟩, ⟨𐌢⟩, and ⟨𐌟⟩  The symbols for 5 and 50 changed from ⟨𐌡⟩ and ⟨𐌣⟩ to ⟨V⟩ and ⟨ↆ⟩ at some point  The latter had flattened to ⟨⊥⟩ (an inverted T) by the time of Augustus, and soon afterwards became identified with the graphically similar letter ⟨L⟩ The symbol for 100 was written variously as ⟨𐌟⟩ or ⟨ↃIC⟩, and was then abbreviated to ⟨Ↄ⟩ or ⟨C⟩, with ⟨C⟩ (which matched the Latin letter C) finally winning out  It might have helped that C was the initial letter of CENTUM, Latin for "hundred" 
The numbers 500 and 1000 were denoted by V or X overlaid with a box or circle  Thus, 500 was like a Ɔ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢, making it look like Þ  It became D or Ð by the time of Augustus, under the graphic influence of the letter D  It was later identified as the letter D; an alternative symbol for "thousand" was a CIↃ, and half of a thousand or "five hundred" is the right half of the symbol, IↃ, and this may have been converted into D The notation for 1000 was a circled or boxed X: Ⓧ, ⊗, ⊕, and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi  Over time, the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ  The latter symbol further evolved into ∞, then ⋈, and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille "thousand" According to Paul Kayser, the basic numerical symbols were I, X, C and Φ (or ⊕) and the intermediate ones were derived by taking half of those (half an X is V, half a C is L and half a Φ/⊕ is D) 

Classical Roman numerals
The Colosseum was constructed in Rome in CE 72–80, and while the original perimeter wall has largely disappeared, the numbered entrances from XXIII (23) to LIIII (54) survive, to demonstrate that in Imperial times Roman numerals had already assumed their classical form: as largely standardised in current use  The most obvious anomaly (a common one that persisted for centuries) is the inconsistent use of subtractive notation - while XL is used for 40, IV is avoided in favour of IIII: in fact, gate 44 is labelled XLIIII 

Use in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
Lower case, or minuscule, letters were developed in the Middle Ages, well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and since that time lower-case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used: i, ii, iii, iv, and so on 

Since the Middle Ages, a "j" has sometimes been substituted for the final "i" of a "lower-case" Roman numeral, such as "iij" for 3 or "vij" for 7  This "j" can be considered a swash variant of "i"  Into the early 20th century, the use of a final "j" was still sometimes used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it was written Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols, which today are called "medieval Roman numerals"  Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one (such as "A" for "V", or "Q" for "D"), while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals ("O" for "XI", or "F" for "XL")  Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries, they are long out of use 
Chronograms, messages with dates encoded into them, were popular during the Renaissance era  The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M  By putting these letters together, the reader would obtain a number, usually indicating a particular year 

Modern use
By the 11th century, Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al-Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises  Roman numerals, however, proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus)  Replacement by their more convenient "Arabic" equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts  A few examples of their current use are:

Names of monarchs and popes, e g  Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Pope Benedict XVI  These are referred to as regnal numbers and are usually read as ordinals; e g  II is pronounced "the second"  This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages, gaining widespread use in England during the reign of Henry VIII  Previously, the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor  Some monarchs (e g  Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage (see illustration) 
Generational suffixes, particularly in the U S , for people sharing the same name across generations, for example William Howard Taft IV  These are also usually read as ordinals 
In the French Republican Calendar, initiated during the French Revolution, years were numbered by Roman numerals – from the year I (1792) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV (1805) when it was abandoned 
The year of production of films, television shows and other works of art within the work itself  Outside reference to the work will use regular Arabic numerals 
Hour marks on timepieces  In this context, 4 is often written IIII 
The year of construction on building façades and cornerstones 
Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books, and sometimes of appendices and annexes, too 
Book volume and chapter numbers, as well as the several acts within a play (e g  Act iii, Scene 2) 
Sequels to some films, video games, and other works (as in Rocky II, Grand Theft Auto V, Myst III: Exile) 
Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships 
Occurrences of a recurring grand event, for instance:
The Summer and Winter Olympic Games (e g  the XXI Olympic Winter Games; the Games of the XXX Olympiad) 
The Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (e g  Super Bowl XLII; Super Bowl 50 was a one-time exception) 
WrestleMania, the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE (e g  WrestleMania XXX)  This usage has also been inconsistent 

Specific disciplines
In astronautics, United States rocket model variants are sometimes designated by Roman numerals, e g  Titan I, Titan II, Titan III, Saturn I, Saturn V 
In astronomy, the natural satellites or "moons" of the planets are designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet's name  For example, Titan's designation is Saturn VI In chemistry, Roman numerals are sometimes used to denote the groups of the periodic table, but this has officially been deprecated in favour of Arabic numerals  They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges  They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals, such as ice 
In education, school grades (in the sense of year-groups rather than test scores) are sometimes referred to by a Roman numeral; for example, "grade IX" is sometimes seen for "grade 9" 
In entomology, the broods of the thirteen- and seventeen-year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals 
In graphic design stylised Roman numerals may represent numeric values 
In law, Roman numerals are commonly used to help organize legal codes as part of an alphanumeric outline 

In mathematics (including trigonometry, statistics, and calculus), when a graph includes negative numbers, its quadrants are named using I, II, III, and IV  These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes, negative numbers on the X axis, negative numbers on both axes, and negative numbers on the Y axis, respectively  The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion, since Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph 
In military unit designation, Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels  This reduces possible confusion, especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps  In particular, army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals (for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2-era German III Panzerkorps) with Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies 
In music, Roman numerals are used in several contexts:

Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals 
In Roman numeral analysis, harmonic function is identified using Roman numerals 
Individual strings of stringed instruments, such as the violin, are often denoted by Roman numerals, with higher numbers denoting lower strings In pharmacy, Roman numerals were used with the now largely obsolete apothecaries' system of measurement: including SS to denote "one half" and N to denote "zero" In photography, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System 
In seismology, Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes 
In sport the team containing the "top" players and representing a nation or province, a club or a school at the highest level in (say) rugby union is often called the "1st XV", while a lower-ranking cricket or American football team might be the "3rd XI" 
In tarot, Roman numerals (with zero) are often used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana 
In theology and biblical scholarship, the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX, as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators (septuaginta being Latin for "seventy") 

Modern use in European languages other than English
Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries may be relatively common in parts of continental Europe and in other regions (e g  Latin America) that use a European language other than English  For instance:
Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries, e g  the French XVIIIe siècle and the Spanish siglo XVIII (not XVIII siglo) for "18th century"  Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favor Roman numerals (xviii век)  On the other hand, in Slavic languages in Central Europe, like most Germanic languages, one writes "18 " (with a period) before the local word for "century" 

Mixed Roman and Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates (especially in formal letters and official documents, but also on tombstones)  The month is written in Roman numerals, while the day is in Arabic numerals: "4 VI 1789" and "VI 4 1789" both refer unambiguously to 4 June 1789 

Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours-of-operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses, and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables  Monday, taken as the first day of the week, is represented by I  Sunday is represented by VII  The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time  In the example case (left), the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays, 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays  Note that the listing uses 24-hour time 

Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering  For instance, apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138-III, with both an Arabic numeral (number of the block or house) and a Roman numeral (floor number)  The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as 138-huis 
In Italy, where roads outside built-up areas have kilometre signs, major roads and motorways also mark 100-metre subdivisionals, using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals  The sign IX/17 thus marks 17 9 km 
Certain romance-speaking countries use Roman numerals to designate assemblies of their national legislatures  For instance, the composition of the Italian Parliament from 2018 to 2022 (elected in the 2018 Italian general election) is called the XVIII Legislature of the Italian Republic (or more commonly the "XVIII Legislature") 
A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece, where Greek numerals (based on the Greek alphabet) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere 

Unicode
The "Number Forms" block of the Unicode computer character set standard has a number of Roman numeral symbols in the range of code points from U+2160 to U+2188  This range includes both upper- and lowercase numerals, as well as pre-combined characters for numbers up to 12 (Ⅻ or XII) 
One justification for the existence of pre-combined numbers is to facilitate the setting of multiple-letter numbers (such as VIII) on a single horizontal line in Asian vertical text  The Unicode standard, however, includes special Roman numeral code points for compatibility only, stating that "[f]or most purposes, it is preferable to compose the Roman numerals from sequences of the appropriate Latin letters" 
The block also includes some apostrophus symbols for large numbers, an old variant of "L" (50) similar to the Etruscan character, the Claudian letter "reversed C", etc 

See also
Passage 2:
Warren Covered Bridge
The Warren Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge that crosses the Mad River in Warren, Vermont on Covered Bridge Road   It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 The bridge is of queen post truss design   A sign on the bridge also identifies it as the Lincoln Gap covered bridge, despite no official reference to that name   A unique oddity with this bridge is the fact that the eastern portal extends further over the approaching roadway than the western, according to a sign posted in the bridge by the Vermont Festival of the Arts   This trusses on this bridge are covered not only on the outside, but on the inside as well    one of only two bridges left in the state with similar construction (the other being the School House Covered Bridge) 

Recent history
The bridge deck was strengthened and roof replaced in 1995   In 1999 it was closed to all traffic after inspections found problems that were being hidden by the covering on the inside of the trusses   The bridge was extensively rehabilitated and re-dedicated on October 6, 2000 On August 28, 2011, one of the abutments of the bridge received damage due to flooding caused by Hurricane Irene   It appears the bridge itself was not damaged and as of 2020 the bridge is open to traffic 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Vermont
List of Vermont covered bridges
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Passage 3:
Flatford
Flatford is a small hamlet close to East Bergholt  in Suffolk  It is most famous for Flatford Mill, Willy Lott's Cottage and Bridge Cottage, immortalised in the paintings of John Constable 

Access by road
Flatford is accessible by Road from East Bergholt, with a limited access route looping down to the main Flatford Car park  The route is a two way road at the top section, allowing access to the properties there  From the car park onwards though the route is one way, back into East Bergholt, emerging near the village War memorial and the church 

Access by foot and public transport
As well as being able to walk from East Bergholt along the road route, Flatford can also be accessed on foot from Manningtree and Dedham, Essex  The hamlet is approximately 1 5 miles (2 4 km) from Manningtree railway station, to which it is linked by an off-road footpath 

External links
 Media related to Flatford at Wikimedia Commons
Passage 4:
Goodpasture Bridge
The Goodpasture Bridge spans the McKenzie River near the community of Vida in Lane County, Oregon, United States  It is the second longest covered bridge and one of the most photographed covered bridges in the state  The Goodpasture Bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places 

History
Lane County was the first Oregon county to build covered bridges on a large scale  Today, the county has more surviving covered bridges than any other county west of the Mississippi River, with a total of 17 bridges, including 14 that are still open to traffic  The county's engineering division maintains the covered bridges that are open to traffic, including the Goodpasture Bridge The Goodpasture Bridge was built in 1938, and cost $13,154 to construct  It was named for Benjamin Franklin Goodpasture, a pioneer farmer who had settled near the bridge site  The bridge crosses the McKenzie River two miles west of the community of Vida  At 165 feet (50 m) long, it the second longest covered bridge in Oregon  Because of its unique scenic beauty and its importance to Oregon's transportation history, the Goodpasture Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 Over time, bridge traffic significantly weakened the structure  In 1987, Lane County officials decided to restore the original covered bridge instead of bypassing it with a modern concrete span  The county spent $750,000 to renovate the bridge structure, road surface, and approaches  The project also added a right-turn lane for traffic exiting Oregon Route 126 onto the bridge, and built a concrete retaining wall along the north bank of the McKenzie River to stabilize the area  Today, the Goodpasture Bridge handles a normal load of traffic including logging trucks In 2005, the Lane County Public Works Department began issuing a series of 17 commemorative coins to honor the county's covered bridges  Income from coin sales is used to help maintain the historic bridges  The first coin, struck in the fall of 2005, honored the Goodpasture Bridge   The remaining sixteen coins are being released at a rate of two per year through 2013 In 2010, Lane County reported receiving $2 million in a federal transportation grant to repair the bridge and raise its derated load limit from 15 short tons (14 t) back to 40 short tons (36 t) beginning in 2012 It was rumored that the bridge was destroyed in the Holiday Farm wildfire on September 8, 2020, but these was later confirmed to be false 

Structure
The Goodpasture Bridge was designed by the Oregon State Highway Department (now the Oregon Department of Transportation) and was built by Lane County  A C  Striker was the county bridge superintendent at the time of its construction  It was built to allow local families and commercial logging trucks to cross the McKenzie River The Goodpasture Bridge is a classic covered bridge in design  The deck is 17 7 feet (5 4 m) wide with a vertical clearance of 15 3 feet (4 7 m)  The bridge's two foundation tiers were concrete  Its wooden floor planks and shingled roof were intact, as is the weatherboard housing that protects the Howe truss infrastructure from the weather Most of Oregon's covered bridges, including the Goodpasture Bridge, were built using the Howe truss system, developed in 1840 by the Massachusetts architect William Howe  The system uses heavy timbers reinforced with iron or steel rods  The trusses have central beams and crossed timbers with adjustable, vertical iron rods to support the structural load The Goodpasture Bridge is one of the most photographed bridges in the state of Oregon  The bridge's architectural detailing includes false end beams, semi-elliptical portals, and ten Gothic style louvered windows on each side  The windows were built to allow light into the long covered structure so drivers could see oncoming traffic  During the Christmas season, the bridge is hung with decorations, attracting many winter visitors 

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
List of Oregon covered bridges
Passage 5:
Carleton Bridge
The Carleton Bridge (or Carlton Bridge) is a historic wooden covered bridge that carries Carlton Road over the South Branch Ashuelot River in East Swanzey, New Hampshire   The bridge was built in 1869, and is the region's only surviving example of a 19th-century Queenspost truss bridge   The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 

Description and history
The Carleton Bridge is located in central eastern Swanzey, in a rural setting on Carlton Road east of New Hampshire Route 32   Carlton Road is one of the main routes connecting Swanzey village with East Swanzey   The bridge is a single span 67 feet 3 inches (20 50 m) in length and 16 feet 6 inches (5 03 m) wide, resting on granite abutments   Its roadway is 12 feet 4 inches (3 76 m) wide, sufficient for one lane of traffic   Its exterior is sheathed in vertical board siding and is topped by a gabled roof   Its trusses have been reinforced with iron tie rods and other metal elements The bridge was built in 1869 on a site that is believed to have had a bridge since 1789   It is believed to be the only example of a Queenspost truss bridge in southern New Hampshire   This truss method is quite old, and is based on techniques used for building large structures such as churches and barns 

See also
List of New Hampshire covered bridges
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cheshire County, New Hampshire

Notes
Passage 6:
Orlando furioso (Vivaldi, 1714)
Orlando furioso RV 819 (Italian pronunciation: [orˈlando fuˈrjoːzo, -so], Teatro San Angelo, Venice 1714) is a three-act opera surviving in manuscript in Antonio Vivaldi's personal library, only partly related to his better known Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727  It is a recomposition of an Orlando furioso written by Giovanni Alberto Ristori which had been very successfully staged by Vivaldi and his father's impresa in 1713, and whose music survives in a few fragments retained in the score of RV 819  Therefore, Vivaldi's first cataloguer Peter Ryom did not assign the opera a RV number, but catalogued it as RV Anh  84  The libretto was by Grazio Braccioli 

Authorship
Federico Maria Sardelli, according to the studies of Reinhard Strohm, argues that Orlando RV 819 was entirely recomposed by Vivaldi, starting from the original Ristori's opera that Vivaldi himself had already changed during the numerous representations of the season 1713  He assigned to it the catalogue number RV 819  One suggestion is that Vivaldi avoided putting his own name on the opera having himself only recently taken direction of the Teatro San Angelo  Against this others consider that the bulk of the opera is a copy of Ristori's lost work 

Opera
Unlike the Orlando furioso (RV 728) of 1727, in which the role of Orlando is sung by a contralto, the 1714 opera assigns the title role to a bass  The third act is missing and the rest of the score (evidently used in performances by the composer) is incomplete  Two arias are lost, seven arias are incomplete (only the bass part is extant) and three arias are identical with extant arias in RV 727 and RV 729 

Recording
The French label Naïve, which had already recorded the more famous Orlando furioso and Orlando finto pazzo for its Vivaldi Edition, released a recording of the July 20, 2012 première at the Festival de Beaune, with Sardelli conducting Modo Antiquo and singers including Riccardo Novaro as Orlando, Gaëlle Arquez as Angelica, Romina Basso as Alcina and Teodora Gheorghiu as Bradamante  Given the heavily defective nature of the surviving manuscript, Sardelli had to reconstruct or compose ex novo the seven incomplete arias, in a Vivaldian style 

See also
List of operas by Antonio Vivaldi
Passage 7:
Royal Albert Bridge
The Royal Albert Bridge is a railway bridge which spans the River Tamar in England between Plymouth, Devon and Saltash, Cornwall  Its unique design consists of two 455-foot (138 7 m) lenticular iron trusses 100 feet (30 5 m) above the water, with conventional plate-girder approach spans  This gives it a total length of 2,187 5 feet (666 8 m)  It carries the Cornish Main Line railway in and out of Cornwall  It is adjacent to the Tamar Bridge which opened in 1961 to carry the A38 road 
The Royal Albert Bridge was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel  Surveying started in 1848 and construction commenced in 1854  The first main span was positioned in 1857 and the completed bridge was opened by Prince Albert on 2 May 1859  Brunel died later that year and his name was then placed above the portals at either end of the bridge as a memorial  During the 20th century the approach spans were replaced, and the main spans strengthened  It has attracted sightseers since its construction and has appeared in many paintings, photographs, guidebooks, postage stamps and on the UK £2 coin  Anniversary celebrations took place in 1959 and 2009 

Cornwall Railway
Two rival schemes for a railway to Falmouth, Cornwall, were proposed in the 1830s  The 'central' scheme was a route from Exeter around the north of Dartmoor, an easy route to construct but with little intermediate traffic  The other, the 'coastal' scheme, was a line with many engineering difficulties but which could serve the important naval town of Devonport and the industrial area around St Austell  The central scheme was backed by the London and South Western Railway while the coastal scheme was promoted by the Cornwall Railway and backed by the Great Western Railway which wanted it to join up with the South Devon Railway at Devonport  The Cornwall Railway applied for an Act of Parliament in 1845 but it was rejected, in part because of William Moorsom's plan to carry trains across the water of the Hamoaze on the Devonport-to-Torpoint Ferry  Following this Isambard Kingdom Brunel took over as engineer and proposed to cross the water higher upstream using a bridge at Saltash instead  The Act enabling this scheme was passed on 3 August 1846 

Design
The structure was the third in a series of three large wrought iron bridges built in the middle of the 19th century  It was influenced by the preceding two, both of which had been designed by Robert Stephenson  The two central sections of Brunel's bridge are novel adaptations of the design Stephenson employed for the High Level Bridge across the River Tyne in Newcastle Upon Tyne in 1849  Brunel was present when Stephenson raised the girders of his Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait in the same year  From 1849 to 1853 Brunel was erecting an iron bridge of his own; the Chepstow Railway Bridge carried the South Wales Railway across the River Wye and featured a main truss of 300 feet (91 m) with a curving tubular main member and three conventional plate-girder approach spans of 100 feet (30 m), a similar solution to that adopted for crossing the River Tamar at Saltash The river is about 1,100 feet (340 m) wide at Saltash  Brunel's first thoughts had been to cross this on a double track timber viaduct with a central span of 255 feet (78 m) and six approach spans of 105 feet (32 m) with 80 feet (24 m) clearance above the water  This was rejected by the Admiralty, who had statutory responsibility for navigable waters, so Brunel produced a revised design to give 100 feet (30 m) clearance, with two spans of 300 feet (91 m) and two of 200 feet (61 m)  The Admiralty again rejected this plan, stipulating that there should not be more than one pier in the navigable part of the river 
Brunel now abandoned plans for a double track timber structure and instead proposed a single track wrought iron design consisting of a single 850-foot (259 1 m) span  As the cost of this structure would have been around £500,000 at 1846 prices (equivalent to £51,510,000 in 2021), he amended the design to one of two main spans of 455 feet (138 7 m) with 100 feet (30 5 m) clearance above mean high spring tide; this was approved by the Admiralty and the directors of the Cornwall Railway The two spans are lenticular trusses with the top chord of each truss comprising a heavy tubular arch in compression, which tend to expand in length under load, while the bottom chord comprises a pair of chains, which tend to contract in length under load  By design, these two effects cancel so that there is no net change in length under load  This in turn enables each of the trusses to be supported with no horizontal thrust exerted on the piers, which is crucial in view of the curved track on either side  Between these two chords are supporting cross-bracing members and suspension standards which hang beneath the bottom chord to carry the railway deck which is a continuous plate beam  There are also 17 shorter and more conventional plate-girder approach spans on the shore  On the Cornish side there are ten which measure (from Saltash station towards the river): 67 5 feet (20 6 m), 69 5 feet (21 2 m), 69 5 feet (21 2 m), 69 5 feet (21 2 m), 69 5 feet (21 2 m), 69 5 feet (21 2 m), 72 5 feet (22 1 m), 78 0 feet (23 8 m), 83 5 feet (25 5 m), 93 0 feet (28 3 m), and seven on the Devon side of (from the river towards St Budeaux): 93 0 feet (28 3 m), 83 5 feet (25 5 m), 78 0 feet (23 8 m), 72 5 feet (22 1 m), 69 5 feet (21 2 m), 69 5 feet (21 2 m), 69 5 feet (21 2 m)  This gives a total length for the nineteen spans of 2,187 5 feet (666 8 m) 

History
Construction
The first work was to properly survey the river bed  On 26 April 1848 a 6-foot (1 8 m) iron cylinder 85 feet (25 9 m) tall was launched into the Tamar  From the bottom of this the bed of the river could be examined to identify its nature and the location of solid foundations  The Cornwall Railway at this time was finding it difficult to raise funds and so most operations were suspended that summer, but a small fund was allowed for Brunel to continue the survey  The cylinder was positioned at 35 different places and a total of 175 borings made In 1853 the tenders for the bridge were considered by the Cornwall Railway Board, and it was decided to let the work to Charles John Mare, a shipbuilder from Blackwall who had built the ironwork for the Britannia Bridge  The fee he sought for building the Saltash Bridge was £162,000, but on 21 September 1855 while constructing the first of the two trusses he filed for bankruptcy  Brunel proposed that the company should complete this first truss itself by its own direct labour, to which the company agreed  A contract for the remainder of the building was awarded to Messrs Hudson and Male 

Mare's first task had been to establish an erecting yard on the Devon shore with a jetty and workshops  He then proceeded to construct a 37-foot (11 3 m) iron cylinder 90 feet (27 4 m) tall which was to form the work base for the construction of the central pier  This was launched in May 1854 and moored in the centre of the river between four pontoons  The bottom had been shaped to follow the rock surveyed in 1848  Once it was settled on the river bed the water was pumped out, the mud within it excavated, and a solid masonry pier built up clear of the water  This was completed in November 1856 The landward piers on the Cornish side of the river were completed in 1854 and the girders for these spans were hoisted up to their correct positions  Next to be built was the main truss for the Cornwall side of the river  The lower ties of the trusses formed of chains made from 20 feet (6 1 m) links  Many were obtained from the suspended works for Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge and others rolled new for Saltash  The Cornwall span was floated into position on 1 September 1857 and jacked up to full height in 3-foot (0 9 m) stages as the piers were built up beneath it, the central pier using cast iron octagonal columns; the landward one using ordinary masonry 

With the yard now cleared of the first truss, work could start on the main Devon span  This was similarly floated into position on 10 July 1858 and then raised in a similar manner  It was in its final position by 28 December 1858  After this had been removed, part of the yard had to be cleared to allow the construction of the final landward pier and then the Devon approach spans could be raised up to their final position  The work was sufficiently advanced that directors were able to make an inspection by train on 11 April 1859 The Cornwall span had been tested before it was launched  The two ends were supported on substantial timber piers and the remaining scaffolding removed  Static loads of 1 25 and 2 25 long tons per foot (4 2 and 7 5 t/m) were placed on the deck, the deflections measured and any permanent change measured once the load was removed  Now that it was completed, the bridge had its statutory inspection and tests by Colonel Yolland on behalf of the Board of Trade on 20 April 1859  He ran a heavy train over the bridge and measured deflections in the main trusses of 1 14 inches (29 mm) in the Devon truss, and 1 20 inches (30 mm) in the Cornwall one  Overall he described it as 'highly satisfactory' 

Opening day
Prince Albert had agreed to the bridge being named after him as early as 1853  He was invited to perform the opening ceremony, and on 2 May 1859 he travelled from Windsor on the Royal Train  Several thousand spectators attended that day, although guests from Cornwall were late for the ceremony as their train broke down at Liskeard  Illness prevented the attendance of Brunel who was instead represented by his chief assistant Robert Brereton   Public services commenced on 4 May 1859 

Changes since 1859
After Brunel's premature death on 15 September 1859 the directors of the Cornwall Railway Company decided to make the bridge a memorial to him by adding the words I K  BRUNEL, ENGINEER, 1859 in large metal letters on either end of the bridge  In 1921, new access platforms were added that obscured the lettering but in 2006 Network Rail relocated the platforms, allowing the name to be clearly seen again  The walkways had previously been temporarily removed in 1959 and the bridge floodlit during its centenary year Over the weekend of 21–22 May 1892 the track gauge on the bridge was converted from 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) during the final conversion of the whole Great Western Railway 401 new cross-girders were fitted in 1905 to allow heavier locomotives to pass over  In 1908 the two spans nearest Saltash station were replaced with wider ones to accommodate a new track layout  The remaining approach spans were replaced on both sides of the river during 1928 and 1929  During the 1930s new cross-bracing and diagonal sway-bracing were added between the vertical standards to further strengthen the bridge and keep the suspension chains hanging in the correct shape 

The bridge was Grade 1 listed in 1952 Additional links between the suspensions chains and the decking were added in 1969 to further strengthen the bridge  In 2011 Network Rail began a three-year £10 million refurbishment involving replacing 50,000 bolts and installation of 100 tonnes of new steelwork  The bridge has also been stripped back to the bare metal and repainted in the Goose Grey colour originally applied in 1952 

Viewing the bridge
The bridge can be crossed using a train on the Cornish Main Line which affords far-reaching views of the Tamar  Cruise boats operate between Phoenix Wharf, Plymouth, from Saltash, and Calstock  Main view points are:

Saltash railway station (50 40719°N 4 20924°W﻿ / 50 40719; -4 20924)The Cornish approach spans start right at the platform end  These were replaced in 1908 so that the single line on the bridge could split into two lines before reaching the station Saltash Quay (50 40779°N 4 20614°W﻿ / 50 40779; -4 20614)The foreshore at Saltash runs right up to the pier that supports the Cornish end of the main span   An inscribed stone commemorating the bridge can be found beneath the bridge on the hillside alongside Fore Street Tamar Bridge (50 40777°N 4 19974°W﻿ / 50 40777; -4 19974)The road bridge runs parallel to and slightly higher, on the north side   A toll-free foot and cycle path is on the south side of the road bridge from which it is possible to examine the bridge in detail   An area of grass beside the motor vehicle toll booths affords a view of the Devon end of the railway bridge Saltash Passage, St Budeaux (50 40585°N 4 20069°W﻿ / 50 40585; -4 20069)The Devon piers can be reached from the waterfront at St Budeaux   The yard where the spans were constructed was situated alongside the bridge at the foot of the road down the hill 

Cultural impact
The construction of such a large and distinctive bridge soon caught the attention of the general public  The launching of the Cornish span in 1857 attracted a crowd of around 20,000, with similar numbers said to have witnessed the launch of the Devonport span and the opening day  During its construction it was photographed many times and after its opening it was the subject for many paintings, including those by Devonport-born artist Alfred Wallis  It has also been the subject of many photographs and postcards It was already a feature in guidebooks in the year of its opening: "It is a labour of Hercules, but Mr Brunel has accomplished the feat," proclaimed one, and went on to report in detail the design and construction of the bridge that "for novelty and ingenuity of construction stands unrivalled in the world"  More than 100 years later it continues to appear in many travel guides and features  John Betjeman summed up its impact on the traveller:

The general grey slate and back gardens of Plymouth, as seen from the Great Western made the surprise of Saltash Bridge all the more exciting  Up and down stream, grey battleships were moored in the Tamar and its reaches  Hundreds of feet below, the pathetic steam ferry to Saltash from the Devon bank tried to compete with Brunel's mighty bridge 
The bridge has become a symbol of the transition from Devon to Cornwall  In the Great Western Railway's The Cornish Riviera travel guide, SPB Mais regarded it as "an almost magic means of transporting travellers from a county, which, if richer than others, is yet unmistakingly an English county, to a Duchy which is in every respect un-English  You shut your eyes going over the Saltash Bridge only to open them again on a foreign scene" The bridge is the backdrop of ITV1's The West Country Tonight during the old westcountry region 

Special events
Special occasions have been marked over the years by special events:

1859 – The bridge was opened by Prince Albert two days before the railway was opened to the public  He arrived by special train from Windsor, was shown around the bridge and the works yard, and then left aboard the Royal Yacht 
1959 – Floodlights lit up the bridge during 1959 in celebration of its centenary 
2006 – The 200th anniversary of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's birth was celebrated by Network Rail permanently removing the access ways that covered his name above the portals 
2009 – During the bank holiday weekend of 2–4 May there were many special events to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the opening of the bridge including a guided walk across the bridge and a re-enactment of the opening day 
Passage 8:
Rialto Bridge
The Rialto Bridge (Italian: Ponte di Rialto; Venetian: Ponte de Rialto) is the oldest of the four bridges spanning the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy  Connecting the sestieri (districts) of San Marco and San Polo, it has been rebuilt several times since its first construction as a pontoon bridge in 1173, and is now a significant tourist attraction in the city 

History
The first dry crossing of the Grand Canal was a pontoon bridge built in 1181 by Nicolò Barattieri  It was called the Ponte della Moneta, presumably because of the mint that stood near its eastern entrance The development and importance of the Rialto market on the eastern bank increased traffic on the floating bridge, so it was replaced in 1255 by a wooden bridge  This structure had two ramps meeting at a movable central section, that could be raised to allow the passage of tall ships  The connection with the market eventually led to a change of name for the bridge  During the first half of the 15th century, two rows of shops were built along the sides of the bridge  The rents brought an income to the State Treasury, which helped maintain the bridge 
Maintenance was vital for the timber bridge  It was partly burnt in the revolt led by Bajamonte Tiepolo in 1310  In 1444, it collapsed under the weight of a crowd rushing to see the marriage of the Marquis of Ferrara and it collapsed again in 1524 
The idea of rebuilding the bridge in stone was first proposed in 1503  Several projects were considered over the following decades  In 1551, the authorities requested proposals for the renewal of the Rialto Bridge, among other things  Plans were offered by famous architects, such as Jacopo Sansovino, Palladio and Vignola, but all involved a Classical approach with several arches, which was judged inappropriate to the situation  Michelangelo also was considered as designer of the bridge The present stone bridge, a single span designed by Antonio da Ponte, began to be constructed in 1588 and was completed in 1591  It is similar to the wooden bridge it succeeded  Two ramps lead up to a central portico  On either side of the portico, the covered ramps carry rows of shops  The engineering of the bridge was considered so audacious that architect Vincenzo Scamozzi predicted future ruin  The bridge has defied its critics to become one of the architectural icons, and top tourist attractions, in Venice 

Other names
It was called Shylock's bridge in Robert Browning's poem "A Toccata of Galuppi's" 

See also
Miracle of the Relic of the Cross at the Ponte di Rialto (depiction of wooden bridge)
List of buildings and structures in Venice
Passage 9:
Dufferin Street bridges
The Dufferin Street bridges are two inter-connected vehicular bridges in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  The bridges carry Dufferin Street over a railway corridor and the Gardiner Expressway to Exhibition Place  The bridges closed to vehicular traffic in 2013  Temporary structures were built in 2013-2014 to allow a resumption of traffic in early 2014  As of March 2019 the spans over the Gardiner Expressway remain in place and the bailey bridges replacing the older outer pedestrian bridges of the northern span with the inner vehicular steel plate box girder bridge still in place 

North span
The truss bridge is a 30 metres (98 ft) steel truss bridge, built from 1911 to 1912 to cross over railway tracks south of Springhurst Avenue  Four tracks pass under the bridge  A 2013 engineering study determined that the bridge was unsafe and not viable to be repaired  However, in 2014, Bailey bridges were added for pedestrian traffic on the east and west sides, while the inner steel plate box girder bridge for vehicular traffic remains in place 

South span
The south span is a 35 metres (115 ft) concrete overpass built in 1958 after demolition of the old Dufferin Gate to allow for clearance for the Gardiner Expressway below 

Deterioration and replacement
After a report from external inspections conducted in 2007 the city decided to replace both spans with a single span:
1911 steel plate girder bridge over rail corridor is structurally unsafe for vehicular traffic
lack space below to expanded rail corridor
need to provide space for future LRT corridor to the south end of the bridge
1958 concrete bridge over Gardiner Expressway needs maintenance to keep it structurally safe
eliminate the existing 10 metres (33 ft) gap between the two existing bridges spans
From June 2013 the bridges have been closed to vehicular traffic  In November 2013-early 2014, the north bridge superstructure were replaced by three temporary bridges - two for traffic, and a third for pedestrians  The temporary bridges were opened in 2014 and are still used as of September 11, 2021  

Toronto tried deciding the type of bridge that will span over the tracks, but the decision was canceled as of September 11, 2021    The four types were:

Steel plate box girder
Hung arch
Cable stay
Concrete box girder

Gallery
Passage 10:
Mundo Civilizado
Mundo Civilizado is the second solo album by American musician Arto Lindsay 

Critical reception
Rock critic Robert Christgau named the album his favorite of 1997 in the annual Pazz & Jop poll published by The Village Voice and among his 10 best albums from the 1990s 

Track listing
"Complicity" – 4:07
"Q Samba" – 3:27
"Simply Beautiful" (Al Green cover) – 3:59
"Mundo Civilizado" – 4:24
"Titled" – 3:19
"Horizontal" – 3:32
"Mar da Gávea" – 2:43
"Imbassaí" – 3:18
"Pleasure" – 2:38
"Erotic City" (Prince cover) – 5:02
"Clown" – 3:50
Passage 11:
Nulla in mundo pax sincera
Nulla in mundo pax sincera, RV 630, is a sacred motet composed by Antonio Vivaldi in 1735 to an anonymous Latin text, the title of which may be translated as "In this world there is no honest peace" or "There is no true peace in this world without bitterness"   Written in the key of E major and in the typical lyrical Italian Baroque style, it is scored for solo soprano, two violins, viola and basso continuo, this would normally be a cello and keyboard instrument, in Vivaldi's case often the organ  The text dwells on the imperfections of a world full of evil and sin, and praises Jesus for the salvation he offers from it   It is considered to be one of Vivaldi's most beautiful solo motets The motet consists of three parts (Aria; Recitative; Aria), followed by a concluding Alleluia  A full performance of the piece takes approximately 13 minutes 

Text
In popular culture
The first aria, sung by Jane Edwards, was featured in the 1996 film Shine 

Media
The instrumental version of Nulla in mundo pax sincera is used as the song for the phonograph in the video game We Need to Go Deeper

External links
Nulla in mundo pax sincera: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Performance of Nulla in mundo pax sincera by A Far Cry with Amanda Forsythe (soprano) from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in M4A format
Passage 12:
Giovanni Cifolelli
Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown  In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher  He published his Method for the mandolin while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period 
His chief works were the operas L'Italienne and Pierre et Lucette, the former being an opera bouffe in one act (with the storyline or libretto by Nicolas-Étienne Framery)  These works were commissioned by the Comedie Italienne, Paris, and were produced at this theatre successfully, in 1770 and 1774  Several of the songs and duets in Pierre and Lucette were exceedingly popular in France, and they were republished in Paris in 1775 and 1780 

Works
L'Italienne  : comédie en 1 acte, mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1770)
Pierre et Lucette, comédie en deux actes et en prose mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1774)
Airs détachés de Perin et Lucette, comédie en deux actes, mêlées d'ariettes par M  Davesne (Paris, 1775)
Ariette nouvelle avec accompagnement de deux violons et basse
Non, laisse moi, laisse moi, Lucas  Duo (1775)
Passage 13:
Mariefred Charterhouse
Mariefred Charterhouse, sometimes referred to as Gripsholm Charterhouse (Swedish: Mariefreds kloster, Latin: Monasterium Pacis Mariae or Pax Mariae), was a Carthusian monastery, or charterhouse, in the present town of Mariefred in Södermanland, Sweden, to which it gave its name; before the building of the monastery the place was known as Gripsholm  It was the only Carthusian monastery in Scandinavia, and one of the last monasteries established in Sweden before the Reformation 

History
The establishment of a Carthusian monastery in Sweden was brought about by the efforts of Jakob Ulvsson, Archbishop of Uppsala, and Kort Rogge, Bishop of Strängnäs, who in 1493 persuaded Sten Sture the elder, Regent of Sweden, to have the monks Fikke Dyssin and Johannes Sanderi together with two lay brothers sent from the Marienehe Charterhouse near Rostock to Sweden for a meeting with the riksrådet (Privy Council of Sweden)  Later that year Sten Sture enfeoffed the Carthusians with the Gripsholm estate in Selebo härad in Södermanland and in 1502 gave them other lands round about  
The monastery church was dedicated on 15 February 1504, and Sten Sture was buried here  The monastery was built on the high ground close to Gripsholm Castle on the site where Mariefred Church now stands In 1498 the lay brothers set up a printing press  The only book now known from this press is a tract for an ecstatic devotional movement based on the veneration of the rosary, the "Brotherhood of the Psalter of the Virgin Mary"  This was distributed across the whole of Europe, and had a powerful effect on the devotional life of late medieval period 
Mariefred Charterhouse was short-lived: in 1526 it was one of the first monasteries secularised by Gustav Vasa  In December 1525 he claimed its assets from the heirs of Sten Sture the Elder, who had given the estate to the monastery on the condition that it should pass to the right heirs of the monastery if it were ever wound up  This claim was legitimated by the Privy Council in January 1526 
Virtually no trace of the monastic buildings now remains above ground: Gustav Vasa had them dismantled for the construction of Gripsholm Castle  A cellar and a few traces of walls have been discovered to the south of the church  A small collection of stones discovered during excavations in the monastery grounds, is in the church tower 

Mariefred Church
Mariefred Church (Mariefreds kyrka) was built in 1621-1624 over the ruins of the old Carthusian monastery  It was built of stone and was burned down in 1682 but  rebuilt and  completed in 1697  Today it is the parish church of Mariefred and is associated with the Diocese of Strängnäs 
Next to the church stands the Sten Sture stone, erected in 1905, marking the site of the monastery  The inscription reads: "Sten Sture, riddare till Gripsholm, rikets föreståndare, grundade här klostret Mariefred och fick här sin lägerstad år 1504 " ("Sten Sture, knight at Gripsholm, regent of the realm, founded here the monastery of Mariefred and received here his resting place in the year 1504") 

Literary reference
August Strindberg describes the monks calling in an artist to paint an altarpiece for the newly built monastery  in the chapter entitled Utveckling from  his  collection of short stories entitled Svenska öden och äventyr  (Alb  Bonniers  1913) 

Notes and references
Further reading
Berg, Per E, 1949: August Strindberg och Sörmland  Årsboken Sörmlandsbygden 1949
Berg, Per E, 1949: Sörmländska kloster  Södermanlands Nyheter
Berntson, Martin, 2003: Klostren och reformationen  Artos och & Normas bokförlag
Collmar, Magnus, 1968: När klostermurarna revos  Årsboken Sörmlandsbygden 1968
Medeltidens ABC (2nd edition)  SHM 1985
Nordisk Familjebok  Uggleupplagan, nd
Nordisk tidskrift för bok- och biblioteksväsen, Årg  XXII, 1935
Context 2: Passage 1:
John Camm
John Camm may refer to:

John Camm (Anglican priest) (1718–1778), president of the College of William & Mary
John Camm (Quaker preacher) (1604/5–1657), English Quaker preacher and writer
Passage 2:
Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute
Kenjgewin Teg (formerly Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute) is an Aboriginal-owned and controlled post-secondary institution at M'Chigeeng First Nation, on Mnidoo Mnising Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada  In the Ojibwe language, Kenjgewin Teg means a place of knowledge 
Programs are offered to its eight-member First Nations: 

Aundeck Omni Kaning First Nation
Constance Lake First Nation
M'Chigeeng First Nation
Sagamok First Nation
Sheguiandah First Nation
Sheshegwaning First Nation
Whitefish River First Nation
Zhiibaahaasing First Nation

History
In April 1994 the Wautebek Training Institute and Nda-Gkenjge-Gamig Educational Institute merged to create the Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute (KTEI)  Kenjgewin Teg developed Joint Management Committees with the affiliated educational institutions In January, 2022, Kenjgewin Teg received accreditation from the Indigenous Advanced Education and Skills Council to offer certificates, diplomas and degrees 

Partnerships
University
Indigenous Teacher Education Program, Queens' University
Master of Education in World Indigenous Studies in Education (WISE), Queens' University
Master of Social Work, Indigenous Field of Study, Laurentian University

College
Practical Nursing, Fleming College
Personal Support Worker, Canadore College
Anishinaabemowin Early Childhood Education, Canadore College
Renovation Techniques: Construction Carpentry, Canadore College

See also
United Chiefs and Councils of Manitoulin
Passage 3:
Robert Ray Hamilton
Robert Ray Hamilton (March 18, 1851 – August 23, 1890) was an American politician from New York 

Early life
He was the son of Gen  Schuyler Hamilton (1822–1903); grandson of John Church Hamilton (1792–1882); and great-grandson of Alexander Hamilton (1755/7–1804) and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton 
Robert Ray Hamilton graduated from Columbia College and Columbia Law School  He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in New York City 

Career
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co , 11th D ) in 1881, 1886, 1887, 1888 and 1889 
Hamilton bought a half interest in a ranch owned by John Sargent in Idaho where he intended to live permanently  In May 1890, he left New York City for his ranch, to go hunting 

Personal life
In August 1889, it became known that he was married to Evangeline L  Mann (née Steele), a "notorious woman" who had ensnared him by claiming that he was the father of her child Beatrice  Evangeline Mann assaulted her maid, and was sentenced to two years in prison  In October 1889, Hamilton sued for divorce  He stated that the marriage had been performed on January 7, 1889, and told the truth about Beatrice which had been in fact some foundling used for the scheme to get money out of Hamilton (who had an income of about $40,000 a year inherited from his maternal grandfather Robert Ray)  It was later proved in court that Eva had been married already to one Joshua L  Mann before she ever knew Hamilton, and Mann sued for divorce in 1893 
In September 1890, he was found dead in the Snake River, near the Southern end of Yellowstone Park, apparently having drowned and having been in the water for several days, making identification somewhat difficult  An investigation accused John I  Sergent of murdering Hamilton, but Sergent was found to be legally insane and was never prosecuted for the crime 
Passage 4:
Maltepe University
Maltepe University (Turkish: Maltepe Üniversitesi) is a private university located in Maltepe district of Istanbul, Turkey  It was established on July 9, 1997 by "Istanbul Marmara Education Foundation" (İMEV)   The institution has a broad scope of education starting from the elementary level to university  The first students graduated in June 2001 

Medium of teaching
Turkish is chosen as the medium of teaching, unlike many other private universities in Turkey, with the belief that an individual can best learn and perform in the mother tongue  However, having the awareness that English is indispensable in the international scientific arena, the university includes an English teaching program  Those students who are not exempt in the proficiency exam of the English language department enroll in the two-semester intensive English preparatory program  All students take compulsory English courses during their undergraduate education 

Academic programs
Undergraduate programs
Faculty of paedagogy (psychological guidance, English language)
Faculty of natural sciences and literature (philosophy, mathematics, psychology)
Faculty of fine arts (acting, film, plastic arts, cartoon making-animation, photography)
Faculty of law
Faculty of economics and business administration (economics, business administration, international relations and European Union)
Faculty of communication sciences (visual communication and design, public relations and publicity, radio-cinema-TV)
Faculty of architecture (graphic design, interior decoration, architecture)
Faculty of engineering (computer engineering, electronics, industrial engineering)
Faculty of medicine (Nursing)Vocational school
Radio–TV programming
Tourism and hotel management
Computer technology and programming
Film production techniquesPost-graduate and doctorate programs
Institute of social sciences (education administration, economics policy, business administration, law, psychology, human sciences, philosophy, radio-cinema-TV)
Institute of natural sciences (computer science, industrial engineering, mathematics, architecture, civil engineering-earthquake engineering)General
Atatürk's reforms and history of the Republic of Turkey
Foreign languages

Academic staff
As of 2003 academic year, the university holds 300 teaching staff of which 205 are full-time 

Campus
Maltepe University has three campuses  The main campus in Maltepe Eğitim Köyü (Maltepe Education Village), located at Maltepe, Büyükbakkalköy, was opened in September 2003  The President's Office and administrative units are situated on this campus, which extends over an area of 100 hectares comprising faculty buildings, indoor/outdoor sports facilities, an olympic-size swimming pool and student social activities centers 
The university's Dragos campus is located at Dragos, close to the shore on an area of 15,000 m²  The Vocational School, The Science Institute, The Social Sciences Institute and The Continuous Education Center are all located on this campus 
The Faculty of medicine and its hospital, which serves its students as an application hospital, are both located in Maltepe, on the campus where the university was first founded 

Affiliations
The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association 

Gallery
See also
List of universities in Turkey
Passage 5:
Jeffrey Black
Jeffrey Black (born September 6, 1962) is an Australian baritone who has had an active international performance career since the early 1980s  A frequent performer with Opera Australia and the Glyndebourne Festival Opera, he has performed leading role with the Metropolitan Opera, Opéra Bastille, Lyric Opera of Chicago, Bavarian State Opera, and the Royal Opera, Covent Garden among other opera houses  He is particularly known for his portrayals of Guglielmo in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Count Almaviva in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, and Figaro in Rossini's The Barber of Seville 

Early life and education
Born in Brisbane, Black was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School  In his youth he was a boy soprano in the choir at the Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane for several years  He studied singing at the Queensland Conservatorium of Music where graduated with a Bachelor of Music degree in 1983  At the Conservatorium he participated in opera workshops led by tenor Donald Smith whose influence oriented his career towards opera  He appeared in many of the operas staged by the conservatorium students and post-graduate students, including appearing in the role of Figaro, as a first year opera student, in the conservatorium's 1981 production of The Marriage of Figaro at the Basil Jones Theatre (now called the QUT Gardens Theatre) In 1983 Black won the Marianne Mathy Scholarship in the Australian Singing Competition which enabled him to pursue further vocal training at the National Opera Studio in London in 1984  In 1985 he was awarded the Armstrong-Martin Scholarship  He later pursued further vocal training with Audrey Langford and Jane Chapman in London 

Performance career
Black began his professional career in the early 1980s as a concert baritone  He made his debut as a principal singer with the Opera Australia (OA) in 1984 as a featured soloist in a concert of works by Jean-Philippe Rameau at the Sydney Opera House  His first role in an opera with the OA was in 1985 as Mercutio in Charles Gounod's Roméo et Juliette  He notably performed the role of Nevers in Les Huguenots with the OA in 1990 for the farewell performance of Joan Sutherland as Marguerite de Valois  He also performed and recorded the roles of Nerone and Ottone, both transposed down an octave from the original score, in Claudio Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea with the AO in 1988 Black performed regularly at the Sydney Opera House with the OA for twenty years  His roles with that company included Papageno in Mozart's The Magic Flute (1986),  Schaunard in Giacomo Puccini's La bohème (1986), Dr  Falke in Die Fledermaus (1986), Dandini in Rossini's La Cenerentola (1987),  Figaro in The Barber of Seville (1989),  Guglielmo in Così fan tutte (1990),  Enrico in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor (1996 and 2003), the title role of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin (1997), Wolfram in Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser (1998) Rodrigo in Verdi's Don Carlo (1999), the Count in Richard Strauss's Capriccio (2000), Belcore in L'elisir d'amore (2001), Count Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro (2002), and Danilo in  The Merry Widow (2004)  In 1991 he had a critical triumph with the OA in the title role of Mozart's Don Giovanni; later reprising the role with the company in 2003 In 1986 Black made his first appearance in the United Kingdom with the Glyndebourne Festival Opera (GFO)  He returned to the GFO numerous times, portraying such roles as Demetrius in Benjamin Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream (1989), the Count in Richard Strauss's Capriccio (1990), and Count Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro (1991)  In 1987 he made his debut at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden as Harlequin in Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos, and appeared at the Opera Queensland in Brisbane as Dandini in Rossini's La Cenerentola  He returned to Covent Garden as Sid in Britten's Albert Herring (1989), Figaro in Rossini's The Barber of Seville (1990), and Dandini in Rossini's La Cenerentola (1991) Black made his first appearance in the United States as Guglielmo in Così fan tutte with the Los Angeles Opera in 1988; a role which he repeated at the Lyric Opera of Chicago (1993), the Salzburg Festival (1993), and the Aix-en-Provence Festival  In 1991 he made his debut at the Opéra Bastille in Paris as Lescaut in Puccini's Manon Lescaut  In 1992 he portrayed the Pirate King in Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance with the Victoria State Opera  He performed the role of Fieramosca in Berlioz's Benvenuto Cellini at the Grand Théâtre de Genève in 1992, and returned there in 1995 as Riccardo in Bellini's I puritani In 1995 Black made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City as Figaro in The Barber of Seville; a role which he has also performed with the San Francisco Opera (1992), the San Diego Opera (1993), and the Bavarian State Opera (1995)  In 1994 he returned to the San Diego Opera in the title role of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, appeared in Los Angeles as Marcello in La bohème', and performed the role of Demetrius in Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream with the Israeli Opera In 2000 Black made his debut with the Michigan Opera Theatre as Captain Balstrode in Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes  In 2004 he portrayed Escamillo in Opera Queensland's production of Georges Bizet's Carmen with Yvonne Fontane in the tile role  In 2005 he performed the role of Danilo in a staging celebrating the 100th anniversary of The Merry Widow with the Welsh National Opera In 2009 Black sang the title role in a concert version of Verdi's Simon Boccanegra with the Chelsea Opera Group at Queen Elizabeth Hall  That same year he performed the role of Frank in Die Fledermaus with the London Lyric Opera  In 2010 he portrayed Gianciotto in Riccardo Zandonai's Francesca da Rimini with Opera Holland Park Black has also performed in operas with the Netherlands Opera, Vlaamse Opera, Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Washington National Opera, Teatro Colón, and Opera North  His stage repertoire also included the role of Ford in Falstaff 

Personal life
He met his wife Janice on stage when playing Figaro in the Marriage of Figaro and she played Suzanna  They have a son and a daughter  Black's son has diabetes, and he has been active in fundraising in support of this cause 
Passage 6:
Bobelle Sconiers Harrell
Ina Bobelle "Bobbie" Wright Sconiers Harrell (1923-2012) was a pharmacist and pilot who was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal (as part of the Civil Air Patrol) on December 10, 2014 She was born in Fort Walton Beach, and was the first female student admitted to the School of Pharmacy at what is today Auburn University, and was then Alabama Polytechnic Institute  She graduated in 1944 at the top of her class with Phi Kappa Phi and Cardinal Key honors  She later became one of the first women licensed to practice pharmacy in Florida  She was also licensed to practice pharmacy in Alabama Bobelle had married at age 18, to 1st Lt  Ewart T  Sconiers, but he died while imprisoned as a POW during World War II in Stalag Luft III (of “The Great Escape” fame)  [13] Shortly before Bobelle died, she learned his remains had been found  She and her second husband, Philip B  Harrell, owned Harrell's Drug Store from 1956 through 1982 According to her own journal, she made her first solo flight on April 5, 1945  That year she received a pilot's license and was trained to fly missions with the Civil Air Patrol  Bobelle moved to Crestview in 1946, where she worked at Brackin's Pharmacy and flew with the patrol between Pensacola and Birmingham off and on for two years 
Passage 7:
HOSA (organization)
HOSA – Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is an international career and technical student organization (CTSO) endorsed by the U S  Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE  HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post-secondary/collegiate students, along with professionals, alumni, and honorary members  It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization that prepares students to enter healthcare and similar fields, with membership in the United States, U S  Territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico 

History
HOSA was founded in 1976 out of a task force from the American Vocational Association in order to determine whether a new student organization accommodating healthcare students was necessary 
From November 4–7, 1975, the State Department of Education and Division of Vocational Education in New Jersey with 18 representatives from Alabama, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Texas voted to form the American Health Occupations Education Student Organization 
On November 10–13, 1976, in a constitutional convention in Arlington, Texas AHOESO adopted bylaws, which also changed the organization's name to Health Occupations Students of America; elected national leaders; selected colors and a motto; made plans to design an emblem; and set the first National Leadership Conference for the spring of 1978 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma In 2004, the organization dropped the acronym from its name, and began publishing all documents under the brand "HOSA – Future Health Professionals "

Chartered associations
As of 2020, HOSA has grown to more than 50 chartered associations in several countries, including the United States and its territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico  HOSA's chartered associations are:

Mission statement
The mission of HOSA is to empower HOSA-Future Health Professionals to become leaders in the global health community through education, collaboration, and experience 

Uniform
The official HOSA uniform consists of a navy-blue suit with maroon accent in the form of a tie for men or a scarf for women  The HOSA emblem is affixed to the suit jacket 

International Leadership Conferences (ILCs)
Members meet annually at an International Leadership Conference held in late June in cities across the United States  Selected major cities for hosting the conference rotate every few years  Over 7,500 students participate in general sessions, competitive events, and leadership experiences, all while networking with health sciences students representing nearly all 50 states and countries including Canada, China, and Mexico 

Competitive events
HOSA offers 82 competitive events, ranging from skill-based to leadership and team-based  The event groups are as follows: Health science, health professions, leadership, and recognition events  Members compete at the regional, state, and international levels  Those who place in the top three positions at the state level are given the opportunity to compete at the international level 
Passage 8:
Roberts Vaux Junior High School
The Promise Academy at Roberts Vaux High School (commonly referred to as the Roberts Vaux Promise Academy) is an historic, American high school building that is located in the North Central neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Named for American jurist, abolitionist, and philanthropist Roberts Vaux (1786-1836), it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 

History and architectural features
Designed by Irwin T  Catharine and built between 1936 and 1938, this historic structure is a four-story, twenty-three-bay, "U"-shaped, yellow brick building that was created in a Moderne/Art Deco style  It features projecting end pavilions, terra cotta decorative work, and a two-story, stone, Tudor-arched entryway It was named for American jurist, abolitionist, and philanthropist Roberts Vaux (1786-1836)  Jacob C  White, Jr  served as principal from 1864 to 1896 and was the first black school principal in Philadelphia  During his tenure, White reformed the institute and became the leading figure in the field of urban education in Philadelphia 
During the 1980s and 1990s, Vaux developed a positive reputation for creating national and state chess champions  Mathematics teacher Jeff Chesin coached the team that first decade, but the team disbanded when Chesin Vaux left for another school  It was then resurrected during the 1990s by special education teacher Salome Thomas-Elwho later became the school's principal  During the early 2000s, the chess program disbanded again  
While teaching at Vaux High in North Philadelphia during the 2000s, rugby player Larry Conlan saw a need for his students to positively channel their aggression and started an after-school rugby club in 2012  
Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, the school was closed in 2013 as part of Philadelphia's shutdown of twenty-three district-run schools  Displaced students were enrolled in Strawberry Mansion High School and Benjamin Franklin High School  The school then reopened for the 2017-2018 academic year under the new leadership of Big Picture Philadelphia 

See also
Passage 9:
Yeni Həyat, Khachmaz
Yeni Həyat (also, Yeni-Khayat) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan   It has a population of 3,503 
Passage 10:
James Meredith
James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, and United States Air Force veteran who became, in 1962, the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government (an event that was a flashpoint in the civil rights movement)  Inspired by President John F  Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional rights and apply to the University of Mississippi  His goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration to enforce civil rights for African Americans  The admission of Meredith ignited the Ole Miss riot of 1962 where Meredith's life was threatened and 31,000 American servicemen were required to quell the violence - the largest ever invocation of the Insurrection Act of 1807 In 1966, Meredith planned a solo 220-mile (350-kilometer) March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi; he wanted to highlight continuing racism in the South and encourage voter registration after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965  He did not want major civil rights organizations involved  The second day, he was shot by a white gunman and suffered numerous wounds  Leaders of major organizations vowed to complete the march in his name after he was taken to the hospital  While Meredith was recovering, more people from across the country became involved as marchers  He rejoined the march and when Meredith and other leaders entered Jackson on June 26, they were leading an estimated 15,000 marchers, in what was the largest civil rights march in Mississippi  During the march, more than 4,000 African Americans registered to vote, and it was a catalyst to continued community organizing and additional registration 
In 2002 and again in 2012, the University of Mississippi led year-long series of events to celebrate the 40th and 50th anniversaries of Meredith's integration of the institution  He was among numerous speakers invited to the campus, where a statue of him commemorates his role  The Lyceum-The Circle Historic District at the center of the campus has been designated as a National Historic Landmark for these events 

Early life and education
Meredith was born in 1933 in Kosciusko, Mississippi, the son of Roxie (Patterson) and Moses Meredith  He is of African-American, English Canadian, Scots and Choctaw heritage  His family nickname was "J-Boy"  European traders intermarried with some Choctaw during the colonial period  In the 1830s, thousands of Choctaw chose to stay in Mississippi and become United States citizens when most of the tribe left their traditional homeland for Indian Territory during the federally imposed removal  Those in the state had unions with European Americans and African Americans (some of whom were enslaved), adding to the multi-racial population in the developing territory Meredith completed 11th grade at Attala County Training School (which was segregated as "white" and "colored" under the state's Jim Crow laws) and completed 12th grade at Gibbs High School in St  Petersburg, Florida  He graduated from high school in 1951  Then, Meredith enlisted in the United States Air Force  He served from 1951 to 1960 Afterward Meredith attended Jackson State University for two years, achieving good grades 

University of Mississippi
Challenge to the University
In 1961, inspired the day before by U S  President John F  Kennedy, Meredith started to apply to the University of Mississippi, intending to insist on his civil rights to attend the state-funded university  It still admitted only white students under the state's culture of racial segregation, although the U S  Supreme Court ruled in Brown v  Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, as they are supported by all the taxpayers 
Meredith wrote in his application that he wanted admission for his country, race, family, and himself  He said,

Nobody handpicked me   I believed, and believe now, that I have a Divine Responsibility    I am familiar with the probable difficulties involved in such a move as I am undertaking and I am fully prepared to pursue it all the way to a degree from the University of Mississippi 
He was twice denied admission  During this time, he was advised by Medgar Evers, who was head of the state chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 
On May 31, 1961, Meredith, with backing of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, filed suit in the U S  District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, alleging that the university had rejected him only because of his race, as he had a highly successful record of military service and academic courses  The case went through many hearings, after which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that Meredith had the right to be admitted to the state school  The state appealed to the U S  Supreme Court, which supported the ruling of the appeals court On September 13, 1962, the District Court entered an injunction directing the members of the Board of Trustees and the officials of the University to register Meredith  The Democratic Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, declared "no school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your governor"   The state legislature quickly created a plan  They passed a law that denied admission to any person "who has a crime of moral turpitude against him" or who had been convicted of any felony offense or not pardoned  The same day it became law, Meredith was accused and convicted of "false voter registration," in absentia, in Jackson County  The conviction against Meredith was trumped up: Meredith both owned land in northern Mississippi and was registered to vote in Jackson, where he lived  "Later the clerk testified that Meredith was qualified to register and vote in Jackson [where he was registered] "
On September 20, the federal government obtained an injunction against enforcement of this Act and of the two state court decrees that had barred Meredith's registration  That day Meredith was rebuffed again by Governor Barnett in his efforts to gain admission, though university officials were prepared to admit him  On September 28, the Court of Appeals, en banc and after a hearing, found the Governor in civil contempt and ordered that he be arrested and pay a fine of $10,000 for each day that he kept up the refusal, unless he complied by October 2  On September 29, Lieutenant Governor Paul B  Johnson Jr  (elected Governor on November 5, 1963) was also found in contempt by a panel of the court, and a similar order was entered against him, with a fine of $5,000 a day Attorney General Robert F  Kennedy had a series of phone calls with Governor Barnett between September 27 to October 1  Barnett reluctantly agreed to let Meredith enroll in the university, but secretly bargained with Kennedy on a plan which would allow him to save face 
Barnett committed to maintain civil order  Robert Kennedy ordered 127 U S  Marshals as well as 316 deputized U S  Border Patrol and 97 Federal Bureau of Prisons officers to accompany Meredith during his arrival and registration  On September 29, President Kennedy issued a proclamation commanding all persons engaged in the obstruction of the laws and the orders of the courts to "cease and desist therefrom and to disperse and retire peaceably forthwith", citing his authority under 10 U S C  § 332, § 333, and § 334 to use the militia or the armed forces to suppress any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy 

Rioting at the University
On the evening of September 29, the day after State Senator George Yarbrough withdrew the State Highway Police, a riot broke out  Whites opposing integration had been gathering at the campus and began fighting with federal agents  Despite the Kennedy administration's reluctance to use force, it ordered the nationalized Mississippi National Guard and federal troops to the campus  In the violent clashes which followed, two civilians were killed by gunshot wounds, and white rioters burned cars, pelted federal agents and soldiers with rocks, bricks and small arms fire, and damaged university property 

Enrollment
The day after the riots, on October 1, 1962, after federal and state forces took control, Meredith became the first African-American student to enroll at the University of Mississippi  Meredith's admission is regarded as a pivotal moment in the history of civil rights in the United States 
Many students harassed Meredith during his two semesters on campus, but others accepted him  According to first-person accounts, students living in Meredith's dorm bounced basketballs on the floor just above his room through all hours of the night  Other students ostracized him: when Meredith walked into the cafeteria for meals, the students eating would turn their backs  If Meredith sat at a table with other students, all of whom were white, the students would immediately get up and go to another table  He persisted through harassment and extreme isolation to graduate on August 18, 1963, with a degree in political science 

Education and activism
Meredith continued his education, focusing on political science, at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria  He returned to the United States in 1965  He attended law school through a scholarship at Columbia University and earned an LL B (law degree) in 1968 In 1966, Meredith organized and led a solo, personal March Against Fear for 220 miles from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi, beginning on June 6, 1966  Inviting only black men to join him, he wanted to highlight continuing racial oppression in the Mississippi Delta, as well as to encourage blacks to register and vote following passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965, which authorized federal oversight and enforcement of rights  Governor Paul Johnson promised to allow the march and provide State Highway Police protection  Meredith wanted blacks in Mississippi to overcome fear of violence Despite police, on the second day, Meredith was shot and wounded by Aubrey James Norvell, a white man whose motives were never determined, and who pleaded guilty at trial  Meredith was quickly taken to a hospital  Leaders of major organizations rallied at the news and vowed to complete the march in Meredith's name  They struggled to reconcile differing goals, but succeeded in attracting more than 10,000 marchers from local towns and across the country by the end Meredith recovered from his wounds and rejoined the march before it reached Jackson on June 26, when 15,000 marchers entered the city in what had become the largest civil rights march in state history  During the march, more than 4,000 black Mississippians registered to vote  Continued community organizing was catalyzed by these events, and African Americans began to enter the political system again  Black voters in Mississippi have established a high rate of voter registration and voting participation 

Political career
In 1967, while living and studying in New York, Meredith decided to run as a Republican against incumbent Adam Clayton Powell Jr , a multi-term Democrat, in a special election for the Congressional seat in Harlem  He withdrew from the race and Powell was re-elected  Meredith said later of his campaign, "The Republican Party [of New York] made me an offer: full support in every way, everything " He had full access to top New York Republicans After returning to Mississippi to live, in 1972 Meredith ran for the US Senate against Democratic senator James Eastland, who had been the incumbent for 29 years in what had operated as a one-party state  Following provisions of a new state constitution in 1890 that made voter registration extremely difficult, African Americans had been effectively disenfranchised and the Republican Party had been crippled  Meredith conceded that he had little chance of winning unless Governor George Wallace of Alabama entered the presidential race and split the white vote An active Republican, Meredith served from 1989 to 1991 as a domestic adviser on the staff of United States Senator Jesse Helms  Faced with criticism from the civil rights community for working for the avowed segregationist, Meredith said that he had applied to every member of the Senate and House offering his services, and only Helms' office responded  He also wanted a chance to do research at the Library of Congress In 2002, officials at the University of Mississippi celebrated the 40th anniversary of Meredith's historic admission and integration of the institution with a year-long series of events  Of the celebration, Meredith said,

It was an embarrassment for me to be there, and for somebody to celebrate it, oh my God  I want to go down in history, and have a bunch of things named after me, but believe me that ain't it 
He said he had achieved his main goal at the time by getting the federal government to enforce his rights as a citizen  He saw his actions as "an assault on white supremacy " In 2003, he was far more proud that his son Joseph Meredith graduated as the top doctoral student at the university's graduate business school 

Legacy and honors
In 2002, the University of Mississippi honored the 40th anniversary of Meredith's admission with numerous events 
In 2006, a statue of him was dedicated on campus in his honor 
In 2012, the University commemorated the 50th anniversary of the historic admission, featuring a range of speakers, artists, lectures and events during the year 
That year Meredith received the Harvard Graduate School of Education 'Medal for Education Impact' and was the school's convocation speaker  Meredith said it was the first award in 50 years he had accepted 

Cultural depictions
In 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, he was portrayed by Matthew G  Brown in episode five of the series, Life Sentences 

Political viewpoint
A highly independent man, Meredith has identified as an individual American citizen who demanded and received the constitutional rights held by any American, not as a participant in the Civil Rights Movement  There have been tensions between him and leaders of major organizations of the movement  When interviewed in 2002, the 40th anniversary of his enrollment at University of Mississippi, Meredith said, "Nothing could be more insulting to me than the concept of civil rights  It means perpetual second-class citizenship for me and my kind "Meredith was a supporter of the unsuccessful 1967 gubernatorial bid of ex-Mississippi Governor (and avowed segregationist) Ross Barnett, as well as the 1991 gubernatorial campaign of Louisiana State Representative and ex-Klansman David Duke In a 2002 interview with CNN, Meredith said of his efforts to integrate Ole Miss, "I was engaged in a war  I considered myself engaged in a war from Day One  And my objective was to force the federal government—the Kennedy administration at that time—into a position where they would have to use the United States military force to enforce my rights as a citizen "

Personal life
On March 14, 1956, Meredith married Mary June Wiggins  She later worked as a high school English teacher  They had three sons, James, John and Joseph Howard Meredith   Mary June Meredith died of heart failure in December 1979 
In 1982, Meredith married Judy Alsobrooks in Gary, Indiana  She had one son, Kip Naylor, from a previous marriage  Jessica Howard Meredith was born to their union   The couple live in Jackson, Mississippi 

Works
In 1966, his memoir, Three Years in Mississippi, was published by the Indiana University Press 
He has self-published several books on politics and society 

See also
List of African-American pioneers in desegregation of higher education
List of civil rights leaders
School integration in the United States
Passage 11:
Student loans in the United States
In the United States, student loans are a form of financial aid intended to help students access higher education  In 2018, 70 percent of higher education graduates had used loans to cover some or all of their expenses  With notable exceptions, student loans must be repaid, in contrast to other forms of financial aid such as scholarships, which are not repaid, and grants, which rarely have to be repaid  Student loans may be discharged through bankruptcy, but this is difficult Student loan debt has proliferated since 2006, totaling $1 73 trillion by July 2021  In 2019, students who borrowed to complete a bachelor's degree had about $30,000 of debt upon graduation : 1   Almost half of all loans are for graduate school, typically in much higher amounts : 1   Loan amounts vary widely based on race, social class, age, institution type, and degree sought  As of 2017, student debt constituted the largest non-mortgage liability for US households  Research indicates that increasing borrowing limits drives tuition increases Student loan defaults are disproportionately common in the for-profit college sector  Around 2010, about 10 percent of college students attended for-profit colleges, but almost 40 percent of all defaults on federal student loans were to for-profit attendees  The schools whose students have the highest amount of debt are University of Phoenix, Walden University, Nova Southeastern University, Capella University, and Strayer University  Except for Nova Southeastern, they are all for-profit  In 2018, the National Center for Education Statistics reported that the 12-year student loan default rate for for-profit colleges was 52 percent The default rate for borrowers who do not complete their degree is three times the rate for those who did : 1  A Brookings Institution study from 2023 revealed that when the government pauses repayment on student loans, it most often "   benefit[s] affluent borrowers the most   " primarily due to affluent borrowers holding the largest student debt balances 

History
Federal student loans were first offered in 1958 under the National Defense Education Act (NDEA)  They were available only to select categories of students, such as those studying engineering, science, or education  The program was established in response to the Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite  It addressed the widespread perception that the United States had fallen behind in science and technology  Student loans became more broadly available in the 1960s under the Higher Education Act of 1965, with the goal of encouraging greater social mobility and equal opportunity In 1967, the publicly owned Bank of North Dakota made the first federally-insured student loan The US first major government loan program was the Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae), formed in 1973 Before 2010, federal loans included:

loans originated and funded directly by the Department of Education (DOE)
government guaranteed loans originated and funded by private investors Direct-to-consumer private loans were the fastest-growing segment of education finance  The "percentage of undergraduates obtaining private loans from 2003–04 to 2007–08 rose from 5 percent to 14 percent" and was under legislative scrutiny due to the lack of school certification The rules for disability discharge underwent major changes as a result of the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008  The regulations took effect July 1, 2010  In June 2010, the amount of student loan debt held by Americans exceeded the amount of credit card debt held by Americans  At that time, student loan debt totalled at least $830 billion, of which approximately 80% was federal and 20% was private  By the fourth quarter of 2015, total outstanding student loans owned and securitized had surpassed $1 3 trillion Guaranteed loans were eliminated in 2010 through the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act and replaced with direct loans  The Obama administration claimed that guaranteed loans benefited private companies at taxpayer expense but did not reduce student costs The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (HCERA) ended private-sector lending under the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP) starting July 1, 2010; all subsidized and unsubsidized Stafford loans, PLUS loans, and Consolidation loans are under the Federal Direct Loan Program As of July 1, 2013, borrowers determined to be disabled by the Social Security Administration would be accepted for loan discharge if the SSA placed the individual on a five- to seven-year review cycle  As of January 1, 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 established that debt discharged due to the death or disability of the borrower was no longer treated as taxable income  (This provision is scheduled to sunset on December 31, 2025 )In an effort to improve the student loan market, LendKey, SoFi (Social Finance, Inc ) and CommonBond began offering student loans and refinancing at lower rates than traditional lenders, using an alumni-funded model  According to a 2016 analysis by online student loan marketplace Credible, about 8 million borrowers could qualify for refinancing The Federal Reserve Bank of New York's February 2017 Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit reported 11 2% of aggregate student loan debt was 90 or more days delinquent On July 25, 2018, Education Secretary Betsy DeVos issued an order declaring that the Borrower Defense Program (enacted in November 2016), would be replaced with a stricter repayment policy, effective July 1, 2019  When a school closes for fraud before conferring degrees, students would have to prove that they were financially harmed  As of 2018, 10% of borrowers were in default after three years and 16 percent after five years In 2019, President Donald Trump ordered loan forgiveness for permanently disabled veterans, saving 25,000 veterans an average of $30,000 each  The same year, Theresa Sweet and other student loan debtors filed a claim against the US Department of Education, arguing that they had been defrauded by their colleges  The debtors filed under a rule known as Borrower Defense to Repayment In 2021, student loan servicers began dropping out of the federal student loan business, including FedLoan Servicing on July 8, Granite State Management and Resources on July 20, and Navient on September 28  According to Sallie Mae, as of 2021, 1 in 8 families lenders are using private student loans when federal financing doesn't cover all college costs In July 2021, the U S  Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that private student loans are dischargeable in bankruptcy, following two other cases In August 2021, the Biden administration announced it would use executive action to cancel $5
Context 3: Passage 1:
Baranya County
Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya vármegye, pronounced [ˈbɒrɒɲɒ ˈvaːrmɛɟɛ]; German: Branau; Croatian: Baranjska županija) is a county (vármegye) in southern Hungary  It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century  Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II  It is bordered by Somogy County to the northwest, Tolna County to the north, Bács-Kiskun County and the Danube to the east, and the border with Croatia (part of which is formed by the Drava River) to the south 
As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 386,441 residents  Of the 19 counties of Hungary (excluding Budapest), it is ranked 10th by both geographic area and population  Its county seat and largest city is Pécs 

Etymology
In German, it is known as Komitat Branau, and in Croatian as Baranjska županija (Baranja) 
The county was probably named after its first comes 'Brana' or 'Braina' 

Geography
This county has a total area of 4,430 km2 (1,710 sq mi) – 4 76% of Hungary, it is divided in Upper Baranya and Lower Baranya 
The northern part of the county is a mountain area with large forests, the Mecsek Mountains  The central areas are shared between the Baranya Hills and Villány Mountains  The very eastern and southern parts are flat 
The highest point in the county is Zengő in the Mecsek Mountains, at 682 metres  This is also the highest point of the mountain range 
Baranya is rich in mineral and thermal water, and also in other resources  98% of Hungary's coal resources are found here 

Neighbours
Tolna County in the North 
Bács-Kiskun County in the East  (across the Danube river)
Croatia in the south (across the Drava river) – Osijek-Baranja County and Virovitica-Podravina County
Somogy County in the Northwest 

Climate
The climate of Baranya is a mix of continental and temperate, which makes it unique in Hungary, as the rest of the country is primarily continental  Its milder climate is due to its southern location and relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea in comparison to other parts of the country, leaving it with warmer winters  It has the highest average annual rainfall of the Hungarian counties and a high amount of sunshine hours 

History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times  Before the Hungarian tribes conquered the area, it was inhabited by Slavs and Avars  Stephen I founded an episcopal seat here 
In 1526, the county was occupied by Ottomans and was freed in 1689  Its medieval borders remained unchanged until 1919  According to the peace treaty of Trianon, the southern part of the county (1,163 km2, 449 sq mi) reverted to Slavic rule (present-day Croatia)  The re-organizing of the counties (1950) brought only minor changes (town of Szigetvár got there) 
Baranya has the largest number of minorities in Hungary (more than twice the country average), providing home to 34% of the German minority the so-called Danube Swabians, and 32% of the Southern Slav minorities in Hungary 
The Stifolder or Stiffoller Shvove are a Roman Catholic subgroup of the so-called Danube Swabians  Their ancestors once came ca  1717 - 1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings, (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in the Baranya  They retained their own German dialect and culture, until the end of WW2  After WW2, the majority of Danube Swabians were expelled to allied-occupied Germany and allied-occupied Austria as a result of the Potsdam Agreement Only a few people can speak the old Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect  Also a salami is named after these people  Electoral History

Demographics
In 2015, it had a population of 371,110 and the population density was 84/km2 

2011 census
As of the census of 2011, there were 386,441 residents, 160,040 households, and 105,646 families living in the county  The population density was 226 inhabitants per square mile (87/km2)  There were 167,453 housing units at an average density of 98 per square mile (38/km2) 
There were 160,040 households, of which 63 2% were one-family households, 1 4% were multi-family households, 32 1% were one-person households, and 3 4% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 15 9% of all households  The average household size was 2 34 
There were 105,646 families, of which 44 1% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 36 4% were couples without children, 16 7% were single females with children, and 2 8% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 82 
The age breakdown of the county was 20 1% under the age of 20, 7 0% between ages 20 and 24, 27 4% aged 25 to 44, 28 3% aged 45 to 64, and 17 2% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 2% male and 52 8% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 46 8% Roman Catholic, 6 4% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 2% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 3% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 1 5% other religions  The non-religious were 16 2% and atheists were 1 5%, with 26 0% declining to answer 

2001 census
As of the census of 2001, there were 407,448 residents, 151,956 households, and 115,946 families living in the county  The population density was 238 inhabitants per square mile (92/km2)  There were 156,632 housing units at an average density of 92 per square mile (35/km2) 
There were 151,956 households, of which 68 5% were one-family households, 3 8% were multi-family households, 24 9% were one-person households, and 2 7% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 13 1% of all households  The average household size was 2 60 
There were 115,946 families, of which 48 7% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 35 4% were couples without children, 13 7% were single females with children, and 2 1% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 87 
The age breakdown of the county was 23 0% under the age of 20, 8 1% between ages 20 and 24, 28 0% aged 25 to 44, 26 0% aged 45 to 64, and 14 9% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 5% male and 52 5% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 64 2% Roman Catholic, 8 7% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 5% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 5% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 0 8% other religions  The non-religious were 13 4%, with 10 8% declining to answer 

Ethnicity
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Germans (approx  22,000), Roma (17,000), Croats (6,000), and Serbs (500) 
Total population (2011 census): 386,441
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 364,801 persons:

Hungarians: 315,713 (86 54%)
Germans: 22,150 (6 07%)
Romani: 16,995 (4 66%)
Croats: 6,343 (1 74%)
Others and indefinable: 3,600 (0 99%)Approx  58,000 persons in Baranya County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census 

Regional structure
Politics
County Assembly
The Baranya County Council, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 counselors, with the following party composition:

President of the Assembly
Members of the National Assembly
The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election:

Municipalities
Baranya County has 1 urban county, 13 towns, 3 large villages and 284 villages  There are 301 municipalities 

Like Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Baranya is a county of extremes when it comes to regional structure  The county seat is one of the five largest cities (and three largest agglomerations) of Hungary, but more than 2/3 of the municipalities are small hamlets with a population under 500  Half of the county's population lives in the county seat or in its immediate vicinity, while 22% of the population lives in villages that have less than 1000 inhabitants 

Cities with county rights(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)

Pécs (156,049) – county seatTowns
Villages
 municipalities are large villages 

Gallery
Notes
Passage 2:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 3:
Koh Sotin District
Koh Sotin (Khmer: ស្រុកកោះសូទិន) is a district (srok) located in Kampong Cham province, Cambodia  The district capital is Chi Haer town located around 10 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by water, but some 42 kilometres by road  The district borders on the southern bank of the Mekong River and includes the islands of Koh Sothin and Koh Mitt in its area The district is easily accessed by boat from Kampong Cham  Road access however, is via 12 kilometres of secondary road to National road 11 and then a further 18 kilometres to the intersection with National Highway 7  From this intersection in Tbong Khmom district is it a further 12 kilometres west to the provincial capital  This small relatively narrow district follows the south bank of the Mekong for about 25 kilometres  As the district is low lying, much of the land area of the district is inundated when the Mekong rises during the wet season 

An unusual birth
On 11 November 2004, Koh Sotin was home to an unusual birth  A two headed calf was born to a local farmer and a rumour quickly spread that it was a miracle that might help students pass their upcoming exams  Hundreds of students flocked to burn incense and make offerings to the dead calf, hoping that the miracle might increase their brainpower  The farmer who owned the animal packed the dead body in ice to slow decomposition and take advantage of the windfall  Hopeful pilgrims were willing to pay anything from a few cents to a few dollars for an audience with the deceased bovine 

Location
Koh Sotin district is in southern Kampong Cham Province  The Mekong runs along the northern border of the district and the district boundary includes the river itself to midstream  Reading from the north clockwise, Koh Sotin shares a border with Kang Meas and Kampong Siem districts to the north and the district of Kampong Cham to the north east  Tbong Khmom and Ou Reang Ou districts are to the east  To the south is Sithor Kandal district of Prey Veng province and Srei Santhor district lies on the western boundary 

Administration
The Koh Sotin district governor reports to Hun Neng, the Governor of Kampong Cham  The following table shows the villages of Koh Sotin district by commune 

Demographics
The district is subdivided into 8 communes (khum) and 85 villages (phum)  According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 70,672 persons in 14,187 households in 1998  With a population of over 70,000 people, Koh Sotin has one of the smallest populations for districts in Kampong Cham province after Dambae and Kampong Cham districts  The average household size in Koh Sotin is 5 0 persons per household, which is slightly smaller than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 89 6%, with significantly more females than males 

Tourism
Wat Moha Leap, the only wooden-frame pagoda still standing in Cambodia, is a popular touristic destination located in Koh Sotin District 
Passage 4:
List of capitals in the United States
This is a list of capital cities of the United States, including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals 
Washington has been the federal capital of the United States since 1800  Each U S  state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas  Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times  There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments 

National capitals
The buildings in cities identified in below chart served either as official capitals of the United States under the United States Constitution, or, prior to its ratification, sites where the Second Continental Congress or Congress of the Confederation met  The United States did not have a permanent capital under the Articles of Confederation 
The U S  Constitution was ratified in 1787, and gave the Congress the power to exercise "exclusive legislation" over a district that "may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States " The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York  In 1790, it passed the Residence Act, which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D C  For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital  There, Congress met at Congress Hall  On November 17, 1800, the 6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D C  Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution; and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks  Both meetings were ceremonial 
On July 2, 1923, President Warren G  Harding commented in a speech (or, as a historic marker tells it, "reporters noted")  that the little town of Meacham, Oregon, was the nation's capital "all day long" 

State capitals
Each state has a capital that serves as the seat of its government  Ten of the thirteen original states and 15 other states have changed their capital city at least once; the last state to move its capital city was Oklahoma in 1910



ground_truth: Rialto Bridge

Ponte di Rialto

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the first black student admitted to where Robert Khayat was educated?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 8 billion in student loans held by 323,000 people who are permanently disabled Starting in March 2020, federal student loan borrowers received temporary relief from student loan payments during the COVID-19 pandemic  This relief was subsequently extended multiple times, and is set to expire at the end of June 2023 According to repayment data released by the Education Department, in December 2021, just 1 2 percent of borrowers were continuing to pay down their loans during the over two years of optional deferment In November 2022, federal judge William Alsup ruled for immediate relief for about 200,000 student debtors and in April 2023 US Supreme Justice Elana Kagan declined to grant emergency relief to three for-profit colleges In February 2023, the U S  Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Biden v  Nebraska concerning President Biden's order to cancel student loan debt for an estimated 40 million debtors In June 2023, the Supreme Court voted in favour of Nebraska to block Biden’s plan to forgive federal student loans 

Overview
Student loans play a significant role in U S  higher education  Nearly 20 million Americans attend college each year, of whom close to 12 million –  or 60% –  borrow annually to help cover costs  As of 2021, approximately 45 million Americans held student debt, with an average balance of approximately $30,000 In Europe, higher education receives more government funding, making student loans less common  In parts of Asia and Latin America government funding for post-secondary education is lower –  usually limited to flagship universities, like UNAM in Mexico –  and government programs under which students can borrow money are uncommon In the United States, college is funded by government grants, scholarships, loans  The primary grant program is Pell grants Student loans come in several varieties, but are basically either federal loans or private student loans  Federal loans are either subsidized (the government pays the interest) and unsubsidized  Federal student loans are subsidized for undergraduates only  Subsidized loans generally defer payments and interest until some period (usually six months) after the student has left school  Some states have their own loan programs, as do some colleges  In almost all cases, these student loans have better conditions than private loans Student loans may be used for college-related expenses, including tuition, room and board, books, computers, and transportation 

Demographics
Approximately 30% of all college students do not borrow  In 2019, the average undergraduate who had taken on debt had a loan balance of about $30,000 upon graduation  Almost half of the student loans are for graduate education, and those loan amounts are typically much higher : 1

Social class
According to the Saint Louis Federal Reserve Bank, "existing racial wealth disparities and soaring higher education costs may replicate racial wealth disparities across generations by driving racial disparities in student loan debt load and repayment "Low-income students often prefer grants and scholarships over loans because of their difficulty repaying them  In 2004, 88 5% of Pell Grant recipients who had bachelor's degrees graduated with student loan debt  After college, students struggle to break into a higher income bracket because of the loans they owe  Though, it's been shown that when it comes to student loan forgiveness and advocacy around this issue, lower-socioeconomic groups are the ones most motivated to contact their legislators about student loans  In 1995, 64 percent of students whose family incomes falling below $35,000 were contacting their legislators concerning student loans 

Race and gender
According to the New York Times, "recent black graduates of four-year colleges owe, on average, $7,400 more than their white peers  Four years after graduation, they still owe an average of $53,000, almost twice as much as whites "According to an analysis by Demos, 12 years after entering college:

White men paid off 44 percent of their student-loan balance
White women paid off 28 percent
Black men saw their balances grow 11 percent
Black women saw their loan balances grow 13 percent

Age
According to a CNBC analysis, the highest student debt balances are carried by adults aged 25–49, with the lowest debt loads held by those aged 62 and older As of 2021, approximately 7 8 million Americans from 18 to 25 carry student loan debt, with an average balance of almost $15,000  For adults between the ages of 35 and 49, the average individual balance owed exceeded $42,000  The average debt for adults between 50 and 61 is slightly lower  These balances include loans for their education and their children 

Federal loans
Loans to students
Stafford and Perkins loans were federal loans made to students  These loans did not consider credit history (most students have no credit history); approval was automatic if the student met program requirements  Nearly all students are eligible to receive federal loans 

Payment/discharge
The student makes no payments while enrolled at least half-time  If a student drops below half time or graduates, a six-month deferment begins  If the student returns to least half-time status, the loans are again deferred, but a second episode no longer qualifies and repayment must begin  All Perkins loans and some undergraduate Stafford loans are subsidized  Loan amounts are limited 
Many deferment and forbearance options are offered in the Federal Direct Student Loan program Disabled borrowers have the possibility of discharge  Other discharge provisions are available for teachers in specific critical subjects or in a school that has more than 30% of its students on reduced-price lunch  They qualify for discharge of Stafford, Perkins, and Federal Family Education Loan Program loans up to $77,500 Any person employed full-time by a 501(c)(3) non-profit group, or another qualifying public service organization, or serving in a full-time AmeriCorps or Peace Corps position, qualifies for discharge after 120 qualifying payments  However, loan discharge is considered taxable income  Loans discharged that were not the result of long-term public service employment constitute taxable income 
Student loan borrowers may have their existing federal student loan debt removed if they can prove that their school misled them  The program is called Borrower Defense to Repayment or Borrower Defense Subsidies are conditional depending on financial need  Pricing and loan limits are determined by Congress  Undergraduates typically receive lower interest rates, while graduate students typically can borrow more  Disregarding risk has been criticized as contributing to inefficiency  Financial needs may vary from school to school  The government covers interest charges while the student is in college  For example, those who borrow $10,000 during college owe $10,000 upon graduation 

Terms
Loans are guaranteed by DOE, either directly or through guarantee agencies 
The dependent undergraduate limits are $5,500 per year for freshman undergraduates, $6,500 for sophomore undergraduates, and $7,500 per year for junior and senior undergraduates, as well as students enrolled in teacher certification or coursework preparatory for graduate programs For independent undergraduates, the limits are $9,500 per year for freshmen, $10,500 for sophomores, and $12,500 per year for juniors and seniors, as well as students enrolled in teacher certification or preparatory coursework for graduate programs 
Unsubsidized loans are also guaranteed, but interest accrues during study  Nearly all students are eligible for these loans regardless of financial need  Those who borrow $10,000 during college owe $10,000 plus interest upon graduation  Accrued interest is added to the loan amount, and the borrower makes payments on the total  Students can make payments while studying 
Graduate students have higher limits: $8,500 for subsidized Stafford and $12,500 (varying by course of study) for unsubsidized Stafford  For graduate students, the Perkins limit is $6,000 per year 

Stafford loan aggregate limits
Stafford borrowers cannot exceed aggregate limits for subsidized and unsubsidized loans  For dependent undergraduates, the aggregate limit is $57,500, while subsidized loans are limited to $23,000  Students who reach the maximum in subsidized loans may (based on grade level—undergraduate, graduate/professional, etc ) add a loan of less than or equal to the amount they would have been eligible for in subsidized loans  Once aggregate limits are met, the student is ineligible for additional Stafford loans until they pay back a portion of the borrowed funds  A student who has paid back some of these amounts regains eligibility up to the aggregate limits as before  Graduate students have a lifetime aggregate loan limit of $138,500 

Debt statistics
Direct loans ($1 15 trillion, 34 2 million borrowers)
FFEL loans ($281 8 billion, 13 5 million borrowers)  The program ended in 2010 
Perkins loans ($7 1 billion, 2 3 million borrowers)  The program ended in 2018 
Total ($1 4392 trillion, 42 9 million borrowers)

Loans to parents
PLUS loans are federal education loans made to parents  These have much higher loan limits, usually enough to cover costs that exceed student financial aid  Payments start immediately after education ends, although prepayment is allowed  Credit history is considered; thus, approval is not automatic 
Interest accrues during the time the student is in school  PLUS interest rates as of 2017 were 7% The parents are personally responsible for repayment  The parents sign the master promissory note and are accountable  Parents are advised to consider their monthly payments  Loan documents reflect the repayment schedule for a single year  Since most students borrow again each year, the ultimate payments are much higher  PLUS loans consider credit history, making it more difficult for low-income parents to qualify 
Graduate students are eligible to receive PLUS loans in their own names  Graduate PLUS loans have the same interest rates and terms as those to parents 
Federal Direct Student Loans, also known as Direct Loans or FDLP loans, originate with the United States Treasury  FDLP loans are distributed by the DOE, then to the college or university and then to the student 

Debt levels
Loan limits are below the cost of most four-year private institutions and most public universities  Students add private student loans to make up the difference The maximum amount that any student can borrow is adjusted as federal policies change 

Defaults
Out of 100 students who ever attended a for-profit institution, 23 defaulted in the 1996 cohort compared to 43 in the 2004 cohort (compared to an increase from 8 to 11 among borrowers who never attended a for-profit) As of 2018 black BA graduates defaulted at five times the rate of white BA graduates (21 versus 4 percent), and were more likely to default than white dropouts 

Private loans
Private loans are offered by banks or finance companies  They are not guaranteed by a government agency  Private loans cost more, offer less favorable terms, and are generally used only when students have exhausted the federal borrowing limit  They are not eligible for Income-Based Repayment plans, and frequently have less flexible payment terms, higher fees, and more penalties, than federal student loans  Private loans may be difficult to discharge through bankruptcy Private loans are made to students or parents  They have higher limits and no payments until after education, although interest starts to accrue immediately and the deferred interest is added to the principal  Interest rates are higher on federal loans, which are set by the United States Congress The advantage of private student loans is that they do not include loan or total debt limits  They typically offer a no-payment grace period of six months (occasionally 12 months) 
Most experts recommend private loans only as a last resort, because of the less favorable terms 

Loan types
Private student loans generally come in two types: school-channel and direct-to-consumer 
School-channel loans offer borrowers lower interest rates, but generally take longer to process  These loans are "certified" by the school, which means the school signs off on the borrowing amount, and the funds are disbursed directly to the school  The "certification" means only that the school confirms the loan funds will be used for educational expenses only and agrees to hold them and disburse them as needed  Certification does not mean that the school approves of, recommends, or has even examined the loan terms 
Direct-to-consumer private loans do not involve the school  The student supplies enrollment verification to the lender, and the loan proceeds are disbursed directly to the student  While direct-to-consumer loans generally carry higher interest rates than school-channel loans, they allow families access to funds more quickly — in some cases, in a matter of days  This convenience comes at the risk of student over-borrowing and/or use of funds for inappropriate purposes Loan providers range from large education finance companies to speciality companies that focus exclusively on this niche 

Interest rates
Private student loans usually have substantially higher interest rates, and the rates fluctuate depending on the financial markets  Some private loans require substantial up-front origination fees ("points") along with lower interest rates  Interest rates also vary depending on the applicant's credit history 
Most private loan programs are tied to financial indexes such as the Wall Street Journal Prime rate or the BBA LIBOR rate, plus an overhead charge  Students and families with excellent credit generally receive lower rates and smaller loan origination fees than those with poorer credit histories  Interest payments are tax deductible 
Lenders rarely give complete details of loan terms until after an application is submitted  Many lenders advertise only the lowest interest rate they charge (for good credit borrowers)  Borrowers with damaged credit can expect interest rates that are as much as 6% higher, loan fees that are as much as 9% higher, and loan limits that are two-thirds lower than those advertised figures 

Loan fees
Private loans often carry an origination fee, which can be substantial  Origination fees are a one-time charge based on the amount of the loan  They can be paid from the loan proceeds or from personal funds independent of the loan amount, often at the borrower's preference  Some lenders offer low-interest, 0-fee loans  The origination fee gets paid once, while interest is paid throughout the loan  The loan amount accumulates to about 15 billion borrowed from private loans All lenders are legally required to provide a statement of the annual percentage rate (APR) prior to closure  Unlike the "base" rate, this rate includes any fees charged and can be thought of as the "effective" interest rate including interest, fees, etc  When comparing loans, comparing APR rather than "rate" ensures a valid comparison for loans that have the same repayment term  However, if the repayment terms are different, APR becomes a less-perfect comparison tool  In those circumstances comparing total financing costs may be more appropriate 

Loan terms
In contrast with federal loans, whose terms are standardized, private loan terms vary from loan to loan  However, it is not easy to compare them, as some conditions may not be revealed until signing  A common suggestion is to consider all terms, not just respond to advertised interest rates  Applying to multiple lenders (to create a comparison) can damage the borrower's credit score  Examples of other terms  that vary by lender are deferments (amount of time after leaving school before payments start) and forbearances (a period when payments are temporarily stopped due to financial or other hardship) 

Cosigners
Private student loan programs generally issue loans based on the credit history of the applicant and any applicable cosigner, co-endorser or coborrower  Students may find that their families have too much income or too many assets to qualify for federal aid, but lack sufficient assets and income to pay for school without assistance  Most students need a cosigner in order to qualify for a private loan Many international students can obtain private loans (they are usually ineligible for federal loans) with a cosigner who is a citizen or permanent resident  However, some graduate programs (notably top MBA programs) partner with private loan providers  In those cases, no cosigner is needed for international students 

Loan servicers
The U S  Department of Education contracts with companies to manage, or service, the loans it owns  These companies are the primary point of contact for borrowers after they graduate and enter repayment 
As of July 2023, the four companies which service the majority of student loans are Aidvantage, EdFinancial Services, MOHELA (Higher Education Loan Authority of the State of Missouri) and Nelnet  ECSI (Educational Computer Systems, Inc ) is the exclusive servicer for the remaining Perkins Loans  Borrowers who have defaulted on loans are assigned to the Department of Education’s Default Resolution Group for servicing 

Student loan asset-backed securities (SLABS)
FFELP and private loans are bundled, securitized, rated, then sold to institutional investors as student loan asset-backed securities (SLABS)  Navient and Nelnet are two major private lenders  Wells Fargo Bank, JP MorganChase, Goldman Sachs and other large banks package and sell SLABS in bundles  Moody's, Fitch Ratings, and Standard and Poor's rate SLAB quality The Asset-Backed Security (ABS) industry received financial relief in 2008 and in 2020 through the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) program, which was created to preserve the flow of credit to consumers and businesses, including student loans  In 2020, critics argued that the SLAB market was poorly regulated and could be headed toward a significant downturn, despite perceptions that it was low risk 

Repayment and default
Metrics
The industry metrics are repayment rate and default rate, such as the one-, three-, five-, and seven-year default rates  DOE's College Scorecard includes the following repayment statuses:

Making Progress
Forbearance
Deferment
Not Making Progress
Delinquent
Defaulted
Paid In Full
Discharged

Repayment rate
The three-year repayment rate for each school that receives Title IV funding is available at DOE's College Scorecard  This number may be a poor indicator of the overall default rate: some schools place loans into forebearance, deferring loans beyond the three-year window to present a low default rate 

Default rate
The default rate for borrowers who did not complete their degree is three times as high as the rate for those who did : 1

Standard repayment
Federal loans are initially designated as standard repayment  Standard repayment borrowers have 10 years to repay  The loan servicer calculates the monthly payment amount that will pay off the original loan amount plus all accrued interest after 120 equal payments 
Payments cover interest and part of the principal  Some loan terms may be shorter than 10 years  The minimum monthly payment is  $50 

Income-related repayment
Income-based repayment
If loan debt is high but income is modest or zero, borrowers may qualify for an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan  Most major types of federal student loans—except for PLUS loans for parents—are eligible  IDRs allow borrowers to cap their monthly payments at 10%, 15%, or 20% of disposable income for up to 20 or 25 years, after which the remaining balance is forgiven Four IDRs are available:

Income-Based Repayment (IBR)
Pay As You Earn (PAYE)
Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE)
Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR)

Income share agreements
An income share agreement is an alternative to a traditional loan  The borrower agrees to pay a percentage of their salary to the educational institution after graduation  Purdue University offers income share agreements 

Defenses to repayment
Under some circumstances, debt can be cancelled  For example, students who attended a school when it closed or the student was enrolled based on false claims may be able to escape repayment 

Leaving the country to evade repayment
Debt evasion is the intentional act of trying to avoid attempts by creditors to collect a debt  News accounts report that some individuals are departing the US to escape their debt  Emigration does not discharge the loan or stop interest and penalties from accruing 
International addresses make it more difficult to find people, and collection companies would usually need to hire an international counsel or a third party collector to recoup the debt, cutting into their profits and reducing their incentive to go after a debtor   'It increases our expenses to go overseas,' says Justin Berg of American Profit Recovery, a debt collection agency in Massachusetts  'Our revenues are cut by more than half,' he says "
Nations may enter into agreements with the US to facilitate the collection of student loans After default, co-signers remain liable for repayment 

Bankruptcy
Federal loans and some private loans can be discharged in bankruptcy by demonstrating that the loan does not meet the requirements of section 523(a)(8) of the bankruptcy code or by showing that repayment of the loan would constitute "undue hardship"  While credit card debt often can be discharged through bankruptcy proceedings, this option is not generally available for federally subsidize or insured student loans  Unless the loan can be proven not to be an educational benefit, those seeking to discharge their debt must initiate an adversary proceeding, a separate lawsuit within the bankruptcy case where they illustrate the required hardship  Many borrowers cannot afford the costs to retain an attorney or litigation costs associated with an adversary proceeding, such as a bankruptcy case  The undue hardship standard varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but is generally difficult to meet  In most circuit courts discharge depends on meeting the three prongs in the Brunner test: As noted by the district court, there is very little appellate authority on the definition of "undue hardship" in the context of 11 U S C  § 523(a)(8)(B)  Based on legislative history and the decisions of other district and bankruptcy courts, the district court adopted a standard for "undue hardship" requiring a three-part showing: (1) that the debtor cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses, a "minimal" standard of living for herself and her dependents if forced to repay the loans; (2) that additional circumstances exist indicating that this state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period of the student loans; and (3) that the debtor has made good faith efforts to repay the loans  For the reasons set forth in the district court's order, we adopt this analysis  The first part of this test has been applied frequently as the minimum necessary to establish "undue hardship " See, e g , Bryant v  Pennsylvania Higher Educ  Assistance Agency (In re Bryant), 72 B R  913, 915 (Bankr E D Pa 1987); North Dakota State Bd  of Higher Educ  v  Frech (In re Frech), 62 B R  235 (Bankr D Minn 1986); Marion v  Pennsylvania Higher Educ  Assistance Agency (In re Marion), 61 B R  815 (Bankr W D Pa 1986)  Requiring such a showing comports with common sense as well 
Federal student loans may be eligible for administrative discharge  Those provisions do not apply to private loans, although private loans may be subject to discharge in bankruptcy  One study found that a quarter million student debtors file for bankruptcy each year  Approximately 450 attempted to seek a discharge in 2017 by arguing that their loan was not an "educational benefit" as defined by section 523(a)(8), or they successfully argued for "undue hardship"  Of the completed cases, more than 60% were able to discharge their debts or achieve a settlement  The study concluded that the data showed: Creditors are settling unfavorable cases to avoid adverse precedent and litigating good cases to cultivate favorable precedent  Ultimately, this litigation strategy has distorted the law and cultivated the myth of nondischargeability The study found that debtors who obtain favorable outcomes do not possess unique characteristics differentiating them from those who do not seek discharge and estimates that 64,000 individuals who filed for bankruptcy in 2019 would have met the hardship standard  It concluded about half of all bankrupt debtors could obtain relief, except that they had become convinced that loans were not dischargeable For disabled debtors the standard is whether "substantial gainful activity" (SGA) is still possible Borrowers determined to be disabled by the Social Security Administration, are eligible if the SSA placed the individual on a five- to seven-year review cycle  Debt discharged due to death or total permanent disability is nontaxable In three circuit court jurisdictions private student loans are dischargeable in bankruptcy 

Criticisms
School effects
Some critics of financial aid in general claim that it allows schools to raise their fees, to accept unprepared students, and to produce too many graduates in some fields of study In 1987, then-Secretary of Education William Bennett argued that “    increases in financial aid in recent years have enabled colleges and universities blithely to raise tuition, confident that Federal loan subsidies would help cushion the increase ” This statement came to be known as the “Bennett Hypothesis” 
In July 2015, a Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report concluded that institutions more exposed to increases in student loan program maximums tended to respond with disproportionate tuition increases  Pell Grant, subsidized, and unsubsidized loans led to increases of about 40, 60, and 15 cents on the dollar, respectively  In the 20 years between 1987 and 2007, tuition costs rose 326%  Public universities increased their fees by 27% over the five years ending in 2012, or 20% adjusted for inflation  Public university students paid an average of almost $8,400 annually for in-state tuition, while out-of-state students paid more than $19,000  For the two decades ending in 2013, college costs rose 1 6% more than inflation each year  By contrast, government funding per student fell 27% between 2007 and 2012 Many students cannot get loans or determine that the cost of going to school is not worth the debt, believing that they would still be unable to make enough income to pay it back Some universities steered borrowers to preferred lenders that charged higher interest rates  Some of these lenders allegedly paid kick backs to university financial aid staff  After the behavior became public, many universities rebated fees to affected borrowers 

Interest rates
The federal student loan program was criticized for not adjusting interest rates according to factors under students' control, such as the choice of academic major  Critics have contended that flat-rate pricing contributes to inefficiency and misallocation of resources in higher education and lower productivity in the labor market  However, one study found that high debt and default levels do not burden society substantially 

Bankruptcy
In 2009 student loans' non-dischargeability was claimed to provide a credit risk-free loan for the lender, averaging 7 percent a year 

Long-term debt and default
About one-third of borrowers never pay off their loans  Those who default shift their burden to taxpayers According to Harvard Business School researchers, "when student debt is erased, a huge burden is lifted and people take big steps to improve their lives: They seek higher-paying careers in new states, improve their education, get their other finances in order, and make more substantial contributions to the economy "

Sallie Mae and Nelnet
Sallie Mae and Nelnet are the largest lenders and are frequently defendants in lawsuits  The False Claims Suit was filed on behalf of the federal government by former DOE researcher Dr  Jon Oberg against Sallie Mae, Nelnet, and other lenders  Oberg argued that the lenders overcharged the United States Government and defrauded taxpayers of over $22 million  In August 2010, Nelnet settled and paid $55 million  Ultimately seven lenders returned taxpayer funds as a result of his lawsuits 

School quality
In April 2019, Brookings Institution fellow Adam Looney, a long-time analyst of student loans, claimed that:"It is an outrage that the federal government offers loans to students at low-quality institutions even when we know those schools don’t boost their earnings and that those borrowers won’t be able to repay their loans  It is an outrage that we make parent PLUS loans to the poorest families when we know they almost surely will default and have their wages and social security benefits garnished and their tax refunds confiscated, as $2 8 billion was in 2017  It is an outrage that we saddled several million students with loans to enroll in untested online programs that seem to have offered no labor market value  It is an outrage that our lending programs encourage schools like USC to charge $107,484 (and students to blithely enroll) for a master’s degree in social work (220 percent more than the equivalent course at UCLA) in a field where the median wage is $47,980  It’s no wonder many borrowers feel their student loans led to economic catastrophe "

Potential consequences of student loan debt
While college grads earn about 70% more than people with only a high school degree, student loan debt has been associated with several social, economic, and psychological consequences, including:

having to choose less satisfying work that pays more
lower credit ratings from missed payments that may disqualify borrowers from work opportunities given poor payment history
reduced wealth accumulation
reduced housing access
delayed marriage
delayed childbirth
decreased retirement security
increased anxiety

Reform proposals
Organizations that advocate for student loan reform include the Debt Collective and Student Loan Justice Some pundits proposed that colleges share liability on defaulted student loans Sen  Bernie Sanders (I-Vt ) and Rep  Pramila Jayapal (D-Wash ) introduced legislation in 2017 to "make public colleges and universities tuition-free for working families and to significantly reduce student debt " The policy would eliminate undergraduate tuition and fees at public colleges and universities, lower interest rates, and allow those with existing debt to refinance  Sanders offered a new proposal in 2019 that would cancel $1 6 trillion of student loan, undergraduate and graduate debt for around 45 million Americans Senator Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii) reintroduced the Debt Free College Act in 2019 In 2020, a majority of economists surveyed by the Initiative on Global Markets felt that forgiving all student loans would be more beneficial to higher income earners than lower income earners During the 2020 presidential election, then-candidate Joe Biden said he planned to allow $10,000 in debt forgiveness to all student debtors  On August 24, 2022, Biden announced that he would forgive an amount of $10,000 for an estimated 43 million borrowers, and an additional $10,000 for Pell Grant recipients, with this relief limited to singles earning under $125,000 and married couples earning under $250,000, including refunding payments during the forbearance period by any borrower who requests it  This would reduce debt for an estimated 43 million borrowers and eliminate student loan debt for an estimated 20 million   The Congressional Budget Office estimated that it would cost the government about $400 billion  The administration also proposed a new income-driven repayment plan  The U S  Supreme Court ruled June 30, 2023 that Biden's plan required action by Congress and that the HEROES Act did not permit the administration to act on its own Some borrowers still have loans issued under the Federal Family Education Loan Program which closed in 2010  The Biden forgiveness plan originally allowed these borrowers to receive forgiveness by consolidating into Direct Loans, but due to potential lawsuits stopped allowing this on September 29, 2022, potentially excluding 800,000 FFEL borrowers 

See also
Student financial aid in the United States
College tuition in the United States
EdFund
Free education
Higher Education Price Index
Tertiary education
Private university
Student debt
Student loan
Tuition payments
Tuition freeze
Passage 12:
Robert Khayat
Robert Conrad Khayat (born April 18, 1938) was the 15th Chancellor of the University of Mississippi  He also played American football as a placekicker, guard, and center for Ole Miss and in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins during the 1960, 1962 and 1963 seasons  He was appointed Chancellor in 1995 

Early years
Khayat was born in Moss Point, Mississippi, to Lebanese parents  He attended Moss Point High School and the University of Mississippi  He received both bachelor of arts and Juris Doctor degrees from the University of Mississippi  He also played football for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1957 to 1959  He also received an LL M  degree from Yale University 

Professional football career
Khayat was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the 1960 NFL Draft  He was then traded to the Washington Redskins in April 1960  He played for the Redskins during the 1960, 1962, and 1963 seasons  Following the 1960 season, he was named to the Pro Bowl squad  He appeared in a total of 40 NFL games and kicked 38 field goals and 90 extra points His brother Eddie Khayat also played and coached in the NFL 

Later years
Khayat later became a lawyer and taught law at the University of Mississippi School of Law He was appointed chancellor in 1995  In one of his first acts as chancellor, Khayat arranged for a $5 4 million gift from Jim and Sally Barksdale to establish an honors college at the university  In 1996, with enrollment declining, Khayat retained the public relations firm, Burson-Marsteller, to conduct a survey of public perception — including university symbols  When The New York Times reported on the review, which included the Confederate Flag and other Old South symbols, a media frenzy ensued 
On January 6, 2009, Khayat announced his retirement effective June 30, 2009  He was succeeded by Daniel Jones on June 15, 2009 
Khayat's memoir, The Education of a Lifetime, was published on September 10, 2013 
Context 3: 
In the following table, the "Since" column shows the year that the city began serving as the state's capital (or the capital of the entities that preceded it)  The MSA/µSA and CSA columns display the population of the metro area the city is a part of, and should not be construed to mean the population of the city's sphere of influence or that the city is an anchor for the metro area  Fields colored light yellow denote that the population is a micropolitan statistical area 

Insular area capitals
An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district  Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below 

Former national capitals
Two of the 50 U S  states, Hawaii and Texas, were once de jure sovereign states with diplomatic recognition from the international community 

Hawaii
During its history as a sovereign nation (Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1893; Republic of Hawaii, 1894–1898), five sites served as the capital of Hawaii:

Waikīkī, 1795–1796
Hilo, 1796–1803
Honolulu, 1803–1812
Kailua-Kona, 1812–1820
Lahaina, 1820–1845
Honolulu, 1845–1898Annexed by the United States in 1898, Honolulu remained the capital, first of the Territory of Hawaii (1900–1959), and then of the state (since 1959) 

Texas
During its history as a sovereign nation (Republic of Texas, 1836–1845), seven sites served as the capital of Texas:

Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos), 1836
Harrisburg (now part of Houston), 1836
Galveston, 1836
Velasco, 1836
West Columbia, 1836
Houston, 1837–1839
Austin, 1839–1845Annexed by the United States in 1845, Austin remains the capital of the state of Texas 

Native American capitals
Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style  Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status  Since they did business with the U S  Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense 

Cherokee Nation
New Echota 1825–1832New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia, was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge  Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers  The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D C  and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation  Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements 

Red Clay 1832–1838The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee, on the Georgia state line, in order to evade the Georgia state militia  The log cabins, limestone springs, and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears 
Tahlequah 1839–1907, 1938–presentTahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal  After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick  The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma  The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 

Cherokee 20th century–present (Eastern Band of Cherokee)Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee River deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina  Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army, sent for the "round up", fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina, in order to remain in their homeland  In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary 

Muscogee Creek Nation
Hot Springs, Arkansas c  1837–1866After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta  Because some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over 3,000,000-acre (1,200,000 ha) - half of their land in what is now Arkansas 
Okmulgee 1867–1906Served as the National capital after the American Civil War  It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex  However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal  The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs 

Iroquois Confederacy
Onondaga (Onondaga privilege c  1450–present)The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse," was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York  These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations  Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation  Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy "

Seneca Nation of Indians
Jimerson Town (Allegany Reservation)
Irving (Cattaraugus Reservation)The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years  Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir  The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital 

Navajo Nation
Window RockWindow Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America  It lies within the boundaries of the St  Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line  Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings 

Unrecognized national capitals
There have been a handful of self-declared or undeclared nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence 

Colonies of British America
Prior to the independence of the United States from Great Britain, declared July 4, 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and ultimately secured in the American Revolutionary War, several congresses were convened on behalf of some of the colonies of British America  However, these bodies did not address the question of independence from England, and therefore did not designate a national capital  The Second Continental Congress encompassed the period during which the United States declared independence, but had not yet established a permanent national capital 

Vermont Republic
Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic (1777–1791)  Three cities served as the capital of the Republic:

Westminster, 1777
Windsor, 1777–?
Castleton, ?–1791The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier 

State of Franklin
The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created not long after the end of the American Revolution from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government  Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee  Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years 

Jonesborough, Tennessee, 1784–?
Greeneville, Tennessee, 1785?–?

State of Muskogee
The State of Muskogee was a Native American state in Spanish Florida created by the Englishman William Augustus Bowles, who was its "Director General," author of its Constitution, and designer of its flag  It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles  It existed from 1799 to 1803  It had one capital:

Miccosukee, 1799–1803

Republic of West Florida
The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived nation that broke away from the territory of Spanish West Florida in 1810   It comprised the Florida Parishes of the modern state of Louisiana and the Mobile District of the modern states of Mississippi and Alabama  (The Republic of West Florida did not include any part of the modern state of Florida ) Ownership of the area had been in dispute between Spain and the United States, which claimed that it had been included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803  Within two months of the settlers' rebellion and the declaration of an independent nation, President James Madison sent American forces to peaceably occupy the new republic  It was formally annexed by the United States in 1812 over the objections of Spain and the land was divided between the Territory of Orleans and Territory of Mississippi  During its brief existence, the capital of the Republic of West Florida was:

St  Francisville, Louisiana, 1810

Republic of Indian Stream
The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire 

The area that would become Pittsburg, New Hampshire, 1832–1835

California Republic
Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt)   The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself to join the advancing American army; its claimed territory later became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican Cession 

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation   The flag, featuring a silhouette of a California grizzly bear, a star, and the words "California Republic", became known as the Bear Flag and was later the basis for the official state flag of California 
There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:

Sonoma, 1846

Confederate States
The Confederate States of America (C S A ) had two capitals during its existence  The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23 
The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U S A ), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies 

Montgomery, February 4, 1861 – May 29, 1861
Richmond, May 29, 1861 – April 3, 1865

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals
Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War   State governments operated where and as they could   The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783   A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico 

Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic  Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously-running capital in the United States  Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt  An even older Spanish city, St  Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years 
The table below includes the following information:

The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown in bold type   NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution  (See List of U S  states by date of admission to the Union )
The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated 
In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders  (Those cities are generally indicated with the two-letter abbreviation for the U S  state in which the former administrative capital is now located )

See also
History of the United States
List of largest cities of U S  states and territories by population
List of state and territorial capitols in the United States
List of states and territories of the United States
Lists of capitals
Outline of United States history
Relocation of the United States Government to Trenton (1799)
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territories of the United States
Timeline of geopolitical changes

Explanatory notes
Passage 5:
Phoenix (German TV station)
Phoenix (stylised as phoenıx, pronounced [ˈføːnɪks]) is a German free-to-air television channel which is operated jointly by public-service broadcasters ARD and ZDF  It broadcasts documentaries, news, special events coverage and discussion programmes  Phoenix's headquarters are in Bonn, the former West German capital 
On November 15th 2022, Phoenix closed its SDTV feed across its cable and satellite feeds, but the SD feed can still be received via an antenna 

Programming
Phoenix broadcasts a deaf-subtitled version of the Tagesschau, ARD's flagship news broadcast, and ZDF's premier news broadcast Heute-Journal, in German Sign Language 
The channel's flagship news broadcast is Der Tag ("The Day"), which airs from 11:00 pm to midnight  Its length enables extended reports and interviews to be included 
The show Vor Ort ("On Scene") includes live coverage of political events, public lectures by important personalities, press conferences and assemblies of the Bundestag and Bundesrat 
Daily talk shows like Phoenix Runde (Phoenix Roundtable) with Alexander Kähler, Unter den Linden with Michaela Kolster or Michael Hirz, discuss current topics with experts or politicians 
As a benchmark in coverage, a "Meet the Press"-like show, Internationaler Frühschoppen is broadcast Sunday at 12 noon when the ARD's Presseclub is not broadcast 
The series "Historische Debatten" ("Historical Debates") and "Historische Ereignisse" ("Historical Events"), with journalist Helmut Illert, examine important topics relating to the development of the Federal Republic of Germany 
Phoenix is comparable to the American channel C-SPAN or the British BBC Parliament, because they also cover government and national politics 

Creation
The creation of Phoenix is credited to the former chancellor Helmut Kohl, who wanted to create a "European Parliamentary Channel"  However, the idea was rejected due to criticism by the public channels (ARD and ZDF) and suspicion that political pressure from Kohl could lead to a "Helmut-Kohl-Channel" 
The real idea for "Phoenix - Der Ereignis- und Dokumentationskanal" ("Phoenix - the current affairs and documentary channel") came from viewers of ARD and ZDF, who wanted a "media-political correction of faults in the system of information transfer"  This created the opportunity to create a "Parliamentary Channel", with the aim of increasing credibility and satisfying consumer demand 
Private channels (RTL and Sat  1) criticized the creation of Phoenix because they were at the time creating their own news channels (n-tv and N24 respectively) 
The headquarters of Phoenix were provisionally situated in Cologne  However, in 2000, the headquarters were relocated to studios in Bonn 
Phoenix's highest ratings to date were in August 2006, when it had 1 0% viewer share  With about 4 5 million viewers, it had more viewers than N-TV and N24 

Alignment of programming
Phoenix's stated aim is it to create "balance of the shortening of information, which are seen in news and magazines on television"  The programming should be a "truthful illustration of the reality in correspondence with the constitutional order of the publicly-funded broadcast and television stations in Germany"  The target is fulfilled with current reportages and documentaries from the vast archive of ARD and ZDF, as well as international productions from Discovery Channel and the BBC, dubbed into German 

Logo history
Audience share
Germany
Passage 6:
Chol Kiri District
Chol Kiri (Khmer: ស្រុកជលគិរី) is a district (srok) in the east of Kampong Chhnang province, in central  Cambodia  The district capital is Chol Kiri town located around eight km (5 0 mi) south of the provincial capital of Kampong Chhnang by road  Chol Kiri district is the easternmost district of Kampong Chhnang  The district shares a border with Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham provinces to the east  Most of the district is low lying floodplain and the Tonlé Sap river runs through the district roughly from north to south  This proximity to the river and the lack of high land make Chol Kiri one of the most flood prone districts in the country  The Kampong Chhnang Department of Development has estimated that both Chol Kiri and Kampong Leaeng districts are flooded for six months of the year and that after the floodwaters have receded drinking water sources are left contaminated The district has virtually no significant road infrastructure and all settlements are located along the Tonle Sap river and various smaller tributaries  Chol Kiri district is one of the smallest districts in Kampong Chhnang province by land area and only Kampong Chhnang district is smaller  It also has the smallest district population in the province due to its small size, flooded landscape and lack of road transport infrastructure  Two small tertiary roads run to Chol Kiri town from National Highway 6 in Batheay district in Kampong Cham province 

Location
Chol Kiri district lies in the east of the province and shares a border with Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham provinces  Reading from the north clockwise, Chol Kiri borders with Kampong Leang district to the north and north west and Baray district of Kampong Thom to the north east  The eastern border of the district is shared with Batheay district of Kampong Cham province  To the south the district shares a border with Kampong Tralach district  The western border of the district joins with Rola B'ier district and Kampong Chhnang district which surrounds the provincial capital 

Administration
The district is subdivided into five communes (khum) and 26 villages (phum)  The Chol Kiri district governor reports to Touch Marim, the Governor of Kampong Chhnang  The following table shows the villages of Chol Kiri district by commune 

Demographics
According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 28,300 persons in 4,918 households in 1998  This population consisted of 13,883 males (49 1%) and 14,417 females (50 9%)  With a population of under 30,000 people, Chol Kiri has by far the smallest district populations in Kampong Chhnang province  The average household size in Chol Kiri is 5 8 persons per household, which is significantly larger than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 96 3%, with slightly more females than males 

Murder over burials
On July 6, 2008, a farmer named Lon Chak died from axe wounds to the head in Prey Kiri village, Chol Kiri district  His uncle An Lonh confessed responsibility for the crime to local police  Lonh reported that the crime stemmed from a long-standing dispute with his nephew  The dispute between the two relatives was over burying bodies on farmland belong to Lonh  Lonh reported to police that Chak had already buried two of his relatives on the land against Lonh's wishes  After Chak buried a third body, Lonh attacked his nephew with an axe 
Passage 7:
Capital Bars
Capital Bars plc (formerly known as Break for the Border Group plc) was an Irish leisure company based in Dublin  Its core business was the acquisition, development and operation of bars, hotels and restaurants, all based in Dublin city centre  Brothers Desmond and Liam O'Dwyer control the company as Joint Managing Directors  After acquiring Capital Bars in 2001, the O’Dwyers took the company private the following year The company was dissolved in 2017 following the sale of all its operational assets The business originally began in O'Dwyers Bar and Lounge, in Mount Street Dublin 2  This small family run pub was extensively refurbished by elder brother Liam O'Dwyer in the early 1980s and became the first "victorian style" pub of which Dublin is so well known for now  This was also one of the first pubs in Dublin to sell "pub-grub" at lunch times 
The chain reached its peak in number of pubs in the early 2000s, with 11 pubs/nightclubs, one Planet Hollywood franchise and 3 hotels in 2001; but significant numbers of pubs were divested prior to 2009 including Bad Bobs for €12m in 2006  Poor financial performance was reported during the mid-00s The company entered mixed examinership/receivership on September 19, 2009; five days after poor results showing a 10m euro loss in the previous year   At that time the portfolio of multi-themed bars (several of them 'superpubs') included: Break for the Border, Café En Seine, Howl at the Moon, The Dragon, and The George, Dublin  All were situated in key locations in Dublin City Centre 
The O'Dwyers repurchased ownership of much of the section of the group put through receivership through their company Toji Holdings, with the other premises exiting examinership; however all properties have since been sold 
The "Zanzibar" pub was closed, and has since been sold for redevelopment as a hotel The Trinity Capital Hotel was sold in 2013 with the Grafton Capital Hotel sold in 2015, closing for refurbishment afterwards The remaining pubs - Café En Seine, The Dragon, The George and Howl at the Moon - were sold for a reported €15 million in late 2014 to rival pub and hotel operator Mercantile Group 
Passage 8:
Bondary
Bondary [bɔnˈdarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Michałowo, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus  It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Michałowo and 44 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok 
The village has a population of 330 
Passage 9:
KQSC
KQSC (1530 AM) is a radio station licensed to broadcast from Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, with a daytime power of 15,000 watts, and can be heard by day from the outskirts of Denver to the state's border with New Mexico In August 2006, Don Crawford Jr  bought the then-KCMN and a sister station, KCBR, from his father's radio company, Crawford Broadcasting, for an undisclosed amount (formally, KCMN was purchased by a new company called DJR Broadcasting, owned by Crawford)  The new owner said that the formats and staffing would stay the same at the stations  Crawford had begun working at Crawford Broadcasting in 1989, and had been a regional manager since 1994, responsible for the company's stations in Colorado Springs, Denver, Dallas, Los Angeles and San Francisco  Following the purchase, Crawford was to continue to manage KAAM in Dallas, which continues to run a "Legends" adult standards format similar to KCMN's former format Beginning in 2007, the station began broadcasting in HD Radio format In 2012, DJR Broadcasting sold KCMN (along with sister station KCBR) to the locally owned Pueblo Radio Group  PRG flipped KCMN from "Legends 1530" to an oldies format, even though KCMN added Classic Top 40/Oldies titles from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s under the ownerships of Crawford Sr  and Jr 
On February 5, 2015, KCMN changed their call letters to KKHI 
On March 18, 2015, Kona Coast Radio closed on their acquisition of KKHI at a price of $200,000  Following the acquisition, KKHI went silent  On October 16, 2015, the station changed their call sign to KQSC 
Effective December 10, 2015, KQSC was sold by Kona Coast Radio to Mountain Radio Group Inc , at a purchase price of $200,000  On January 1, 2016, KQSC flipped to a country music format called Mountain Country 1530 
Passage 10:
WFFG-FM
WFFG-FM (100 3 FM), known as "Froggy 100 3", is a country music radio station licensed to Warrensburg, New York, and is owned by Pamal Broadcasting   The radio studios and offices are on Everts Avenue in Queensbury, New York WFFG-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,450 watts   Its transmitter is near Black Spruce Mountain in the town of Warrensburg, Warren County, New York, near the Adirondack Northway



ground_truth: James Howard Meredith

James Meredith

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county where KRSU is licensed to broadcast?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   The tower is shared with WCKM-FM and WCQL   Thanks to its tall tower, WFFG-FM's signal can be heard as far south as southern Albany and Rensselaer counties, and as far north as Schroon Lake and Elizabethtown 

History
WFFG-FM signed on November 1, 1990, on 100 5 MHz with 6 kilowatts ERP as adult contemporary KB-100 with the WKBE call letters  Locally owned by Karamatt Broadcasting, LLC, KB-100 aired mostly local programming with some off-peak timeslots carrying syndicated programs and also aired local programs such as high school sporting events  These events, however, were soon taken by WCKM-FM when that station signed on 
In 1994, Karamatt filed an application to upgrade for a 6 kilowatt Class A station to a 25 kilowatt Class B1 station as a response to the then-new application of the similarly powered WNYQ with the station moving down to 100 3 MHz in the process  The move took place in summer 1995; however, the increased value of the station led to its sale to Paul Bendat, owner of WABY/WABY-FM/WKLI in Albany in March 1996 after two months of running WKLI's K-Lite format under an LMA  With WKLI's adult contemporary format on the decline, Bendat saw an opportunity, and both WKLI and WKBE flipped to CHR K-100 with the closing of the purchase of WKBE 
Though the initial year of WKBE's new format did well in the ratings, outlasting upstart WHTR, the station soon began to enter a period of decline, and in February 1999, Bendat sold his stations to Tele-Media, Inc  After a three-month stunting period, the stations relaunched as modern adult contemporary The Point that May (with WKLI taking the WCPT calls in the process)  After two years of struggling against a relaunched WNYQ in Glens Falls as well as WFLY and WRVE in Albany, Tele-Media sold WCPT and WKBE in August 2001 to Pamal Broadcasting with the sale closing that October 

While WCPT (which reverted to WKLI) took a new format, WKBE instead retained the Point format, though now programming was based out of Glens Falls  This format has evolved over the last decade from the modern adult contemporary approach in place at the outset to a variation more similar to CHR and eventually to a modern rock-leaning format 
From November 22, 2006, to December 25, 2006, the station stunted with a temporary Christmas music format, and after the month-long stint of Christmas music, WKBE began its lean towards a modern rock-oriented format on December 26, by introducing a new logo and slogan (Today's Modern Mix) 

After the relaunch in 2006, the station's playlist included mainly modern and active rock artists, such as Alanis Morissette, Evanescence, No Doubt, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Green Day, as well as pop rock acts such as Kelly Clarkson, Christina Perri, Paramore, Neon Trees, and Avril Lavigne  In the late 2000s, soul music artists such as Adele, Duffy, and KT Tunstall began to be added to the playlist; however, by 2010, the station has become closer to a true modern rock format, although the station still plays some modern AC and AAA artists which are not found on most modern rock stations  By 2012, Arbitron, Mediabase and Nielsen BDS reported the station under the hot adult contemporary format 
On December 27, 2013, WKBE and sister station WFFG-FM swapped formats and call letters; WKBE became a country music format as Froggy 100 3 and WFFG-FM became a modern AC/AAA format as 107 1 The Point 
Passage 11:
Potes
Potes is a municipality in the autonomous community of Cantabria in Spain  It is the capital of the Comarca of Liébana and is located in the centre of it  It is bordered to the north by Cillorigo de Liébana, to the west by Camaleño, to the south by Vega de Liébana and to the east by Cabezón de Liébana 

Geography
The town of Potes is located at the confluence of four valleys, near where the River Quiviesa flows in the River Deva, the latter born at altitudes of the Picos de Europa  Like the rest of the Liébana region, Potes enjoys a Mediterranean microclimate that allows the cultivation of the vines, walnut and poplar  Overlooking the town is Arabedes mountain (694m) 

History
Potes is located at a strategic point where the two rivers of Liébana meet: the Deva and its tributary the Quiviesa  There is little trace of prehistoric occupation in the region, but the Romans named it Pontes  A village was founded in the 8th century under Alfonso I of Asturias  Potes appeared for the first time in a document written in 847; the document mentions the parish church and the town  Later in the 10th century, Potes became the administrative centre of the Comarca of Liébana  Potes was considered a city from the 13th century and received royal recognition 
In the Becerro de las Behetrías de Castilla manuscript (1351), Potes appears as the property of Tello Alfonso, son of Alfonso XI of Castile  During the late Middle Ages, like all of Liébana, the town was involved in the confrontation between the families of Manrique Castañeda and Mendoza  In 1444, John II of Castile resolved the issue in favour of the Marquis of Santillana  The Marquis made Potes the capital of Liebana, and erected a large tower, called the Torre del Infantado  In this same period, other prominent buildings, such as the nearby Tower of Orejón de la Lama and the San Cayetano bridge were built 
In the modern age, Potes remained a place of manorialism  The Duke of Infantado appointed its mayor  Many villagers emigrated to America and the riches of the new continent allowed the construction of notable buildings in the village  In 1822, Potes received its own town council, being head of a judicial district covering Potes, Castro and Cillorigo, Cabezón de Liébana, Camaleño, Espinama, Pesaguero, Tresviso and Vega de Liébana  Thirty years later, it was incorporated into the judicial district of San Vicente de la Barquera 
During the Spanish Civil War, Potes was hit by a fire caused by the Republican side that destroyed the old town, it was rebuilt afterwards  The old town was classified as a Conjunto Histórico in 1983 

Economy and infrastructure
The main source of income is from tourism due to its location in the Picos de Europa  Potes is on the national road N-621  The nearest major town, Santander, is 100 km away 

Sites and monuments
The old town, a historical monument, is a maze of alleys and steps with a medieval atmosphere 
It is dominated by the Torre del Infantado, a symbol of Potes, built in the 15th century  It has four floors and forms an imposing stone cube, only relieved by turrets  The tower now houses the City Council 
The old gothic church of San Vicente was built in 15th century and rebuilt from the late 15th century to 17th century, it was replaced in the 19th  century by the new parish church of San Vicente  This has 18th-century altarpieces from the Convent of San Raimundo and a sculpture of Saint Vincent, patron saint of the city  In the square is a monument to the violinist Jesús de Monasterio who was a native of Potes 
The nearby Bridge of San Cayetano overlooks the Rio Quiviesa since the 13th century  At one end is the Ermita de San Cayetano, a chapel which retains its wooden doors and an altarpiece of the 18th century with a portrait of San Cayetano and the Torre de Orejón de la Lama, built from the 15th century to the 17th century and has on its front the shields of Celis and Bedoya  It now serves as a centre for exhibitions and cultural events 
Other houses, the Casona de la Canal (18th century), the Torre de la Familia Osorio (17th century) and the 18th century San Marcial Street, bears the arms of the family Campillo and birthplace of Jesus Monasterio, dating from the same period 
The Ermita de la Virgen del Camino is a chapel of the 18th century in the district of la Serna, it has an altarpiece of the same century  The Convent of San Raimundo was built in the early 17th century by the Benedictines  It remains today as the cloister which houses an exhibition on the Picos de Europa and Comarca of Liébana 
The Ermita de la Virgen de Valmayor, located outside the village, on the road to Vega de Liebana is a chapel built in the 16th century  The altarpiece of the 18th century with the image of the Virgin of Valmayor  This image is carried every 15 August during a procession 

Demographics
Administration
Francisco Javier Gomez Ruiz (PP) is the current mayor of the municipality  The following tables show the results of the elections held in 2003 and 2007 

Cuisine
The best known dish from Potes is the chickpea stew Cocido Lebaniego  Other products from Potes, include various cheeses, honey and the grape brandy Orujo that is made from wine grown in the valley 

Festivals and events
Potes has regular religious processions:

23 January, the day of the martyr Saint Vincent, patron saint of Potes, and it is the occasion of traditional dances and festivities 
Early May, the Liébana is host to the procession of Santuca, one of the biggest in Spain  The statue of the Virgen de la Luz leaves the chapel to join Aniezo Santo Toribio de Liebana 
15 August, the procession of the Virgen de Valmayor is accompanied by dance, music and songs of the Middle Ages 
From 13 to 17 September, there is the festival of the Exaltation of the Cross (the Monastery Santo Toribio claims to retain a fragment of the True Cross)  This holiday is declared to be of Regional Tourist Interest Non-religious, the Feast of the Orujo is also a major event, which takes place in November 
Passage 12:
Carreño
Carreño is a municipality in the autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain  It is bordered by Corvera de Asturias on the west, Gozón on the north, the Cantabrian Sea on the north and east, and Gijón on the east and south  Its capital is Candás 

History
As characteristic of other sites in Asturias, artifacts from the Neolithic era were also found in Carreño  Tumuli, dolmens and hill forts in the region provide evidence for the 100,000-year-old history of the area 

Parishes
(The number preceding the parish name refers to its location on the parroquias map)

Candás (capital)
Perlora
Albandi
Carrió
Pervera (Asturian: Prevera)
Prendes (Asturian: Priendes)
Piedeloro (Asturian: Pieloro)
Logrezana (Asturian: Llorgozana)
Guimarán
El Valle
Ambás
Tamón

Politics
Culture
La iglesia de San Félix church built under Fruela II in the 9th century
La iglesia de Santa María de Logrezana church finished in the 19th century 
La iglesia de Santa María de Piedeloro church built  in the 13th century
La iglesia parroquial de Ambás parish church from the 18th century
La ermita de San Antonio hermitage from the 16th century
El palacio de Estrada Mora palace from the 16th century

Notable people
Antón de Marirreguera, 17th-century writer, and one of the first to write in Asturian 
Juan Carreño de Miranda (March 1614 - September 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period 
Passage 13:
CIBX-FM
CIBX-FM (106 9 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, owned by Bell Media and known as Move 106 9  It broadcasts an adult contemporary format  The studios and offices are on Rookwood Avenue in Fredericton, shared with sister stations CFXY-FM and CKHJ CIBX-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 78,000 watts, horizontal polarization only   The transmitter is on Provincial Route 620 at Route 617, at Hamtown Corner in Douglas, northwest of Fredericton 

History
CIBX traces its history to the first radio station in New Brunswick, CFNB   The call letters stood for Fredericton, New Brunswick  The station went on the air under the experimental call sign of 10AD, broadcasting at 1210 kilocycles in 1923   It was granted a full license as CFNB in 1926  CFNB then moved to 1030 in 1933, and to 550 in 1934 
The station was affiliated with the CBC's Trans-Canada Network  In 1959 the station increased its power to 50,000 watts, giving it full-time coverage over most of the Maritime Provinces  The CBC affiliation was dropped in 1964 when the network started its own station in Fredericton, CBZ  CFNB played a full service, adult contemporary format before switching to oldies in the early 1990s 
In 1996, CFNB's parent company, Radio Atlantic, was granted permission to move its signal to 106 9 FM and to shut down the AM transmitter  The call sign changed in the process, and after a brief simulcast period, CFNB 550 signed off the air on June 11 of that year  The new station, CIBX, played soft adult contemporary music  The former CFNB call sign now belongs to a radio station in D'Arcy, British Columbia, known as CFNB-FM  Over time, CIBX evolved towards adult contemporary 
Between 2000 and 2005, CIBX used the on-air "EZ Rock" branding along with other stations in Canada, while using Capital FM as a secondary name   Eventually, "EZ Rock" was phased out as a moniker 
As of July 18, 2012, CIBX officially flipped to Top 40/CHR  It was one of two Top 40 outlets in the Fredericton radio market as it took on rival station CFRK-FM  The competition lasted nearly three years    On May 31, 2015, CFRK flipped to country music, which left CIBX as the only Top 40 station in the market CIBX and seven other radio stations in the Atlantic Provinces are currently owned by Bell Media 
On December 27, 2020, as part of a mass format reorganization by Bell Media, CIBX shifted to Hot AC and rebranded as Move 106 9  While the station ran without DJs for the first week of the format, the on-air staff returned on January 4, 2021 In 2022, CIBX flipped back to adult contemporary music 

Former logos
Passage 14:
Sinzongo
Sinzongo is a village in the Lobaye region in the Central African Republic southwest of the capital, Bangui and near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo 
Nearby towns and villages include Pissa, (1 4 nm), Boali (1 4 nm), Boyama (2 2 nm), Seoundou (8 2 nm), Boundara (8 0 nm) and Ancien Bakani (11 3 nm) 
Passage 15:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 16:
Ou Reang Ov District
Ou Reang Ov District (Khmer: ស្រុកអូរាំងឪ) is a district (srok) located in Tboung Khmum Province, Cambodia  The district capital is Ou Reang Ov town located around 30 kilometres south of the provincial capital of Kampong Cham by road  Ou Reang Ov lies on the border where Tboung Khmum, Kampong Cham and Prey Veng provinces meet; the town of Prey Veng is only 42 kilometres away by road Prior to 31 December 2013 when Tboung Khmum Province was formed by royal decree, the district was part of Kampong Cham Province  Ou Reang Ov is easily accessed by road from Kampong Cham or Prey Veng town  Ou Reang Ov is a long narrow district located in southern Tboung Khmum  A large rubber plantation covers the northern part of the district  Ou Reang Ov town lies on National Highway 11 which runs from Neak Leung in Prey Veng province to an intersection with National Highway 7 at Thnal Totoung in Tboung Kmom District 

Location
Ou Reang Ov district lies in the southwestern region of Tboung Khmum Province, sharing a border with Prey Veng Province to the south and Kampong Cham to the west  Reading from the north clockwise, Ou Reang Ov borders with Tboung Khmum District to the north and Ponhea Kraek District to the east, while Kanhchriech and Sithor Kandal districts of Prey Veng Province are to the south  Sithor Kandal district continues from the south to wrap around the lower western border of the district and Koh Sotin district of Kampong Cham makes up the remainder of the western border 

Operation Pacific Angel
In 2008, Ou Reang Ov district was home to a humanitarian mission from Operation Pacific Angel  Operation Pacific Angel is a recurring joint/combined humanitarian assistance mission sponsored by United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) designed to bring humanitarian civic assistance and civil-military operations to areas in need in the Pacific region  In May 2008, the first Pacific Angel mission took place  Members of the US Air Force, US Army, and US Marine Corps conducted the twofold mission to Cambodia and Thailand  At the Ou Reang Ov district hospital, medical and dental programs were set up to see patients along with doctors from the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces and the Children’s Surgical Centre  Medical staff provided cost-free general medical care, women's health care, and ophthalmology/optometry care to a total of more than 6,000 people in Kampong Chhnang and what was then part of Kampong Cham 

Administration
The Ou Reang Ov district governor reports to the Governor of Tboung Khmum  The following table shows the villages of Ou Reang Ov district by commune 

Demographics
The district is subdivided into 7 communes (khum) and 141 villages (phum)  According to the 1998 Census, the population of the district was 82,806 persons in 16,940 households in 1998  With a population of over 80,000 people, Ou Reang Ov district has one of the smaller district populations in Tboung Khmum province  The average household size in Ou Reang Ov is 4 9 persons per household, which is slightly lower than the rural average for Cambodia (5 2 persons)  The sex ratio in the district is 90 5%, with significantly more females than males 
Passage 17:
Province of Toledo
Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha  It is bordered by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, Cáceres, and Ávila  Its capital is the city of Toledo 

Demography
Of the province's 711,228 people (2012), only about 1/9 live in the capital, Toledo, which is also the capital of the autonomous community  The most populated municipalities in the province are Toledo and Talavera de la Reina with 83,741 and 83,303 inhabitants each (INE, 2017) 
The province contains 204 municipalities  The smallest municipality in Spain, Illán de Vacas, with a population of 8, is in Toledo province  See List of municipalities in Toledo 

Population development
The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics and government
Provincial government and administration
The government body of the province is the Provincial Deputation of Toledo  Its seat is located at Toledo  The members of the plenary of the deputation (diputación) are indirectly elected from among the municipal councillors in the province based on the results of the municipal elections  In turn, the plenary elects the president of the deputation from among its members 

Representation of the Central Government
The Government of Spain appoints a Government Sub-delegate for the province, whose headquarters are located at Toledo  The Government Delegate charged with the representation in the whole autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha also has its seat in Toledo 

Coat of arms
Since 2013 the province of Toledo uses the arms of the city, the imperial double-headed eagle Sable bearing an escutcheon with the arms of Castile and Leon, party per pale with the arms of the former Kingdom of Toledo  The eagle is flanked by the pillars of Hercules 

Geography
The province shares the Parque Nacional de Cabañeros with the province of Ciudad Real  The Corocho de Rocigalgo, located in the Montes de Toledo, is the highest point of the province (1,448 m)  The Tagus crosses the province from the northeast to the west  Some right-bank tributaries are the Guadarrama, the Alberche or the Tiétar 

See also
List of municipalities in Toledo
Passage 18:
KRSU (FM)
Minnesota Public Radio broadcasts on 43 stations that serve Minnesota and its neighboring communities and 42 translators providing additional local coverage   (40 + 41 = 81 total )  Stations are located in Minnesota, Wisconsin (La Crosse), North Dakota (Fargo and Grand Forks), South Dakota (Sioux Falls), Michigan (Houghton), Iowa (Decorah), and Idaho (Sun Valley)  MPR also operates KPCC in Pasadena, California 
Most areas are served by both a classical music station and a news and information station  One location is covered by a single station that combines both services  Two locations are served by a classical music station, a news and information station, and The Current 
MPR's newest service, The Current, is available in Austin, Hinckley, Mankato, the Twin Cities, New Ulm, Rochester and St  Peter 
Minnesota Public Radio also broadcasts all three of its services — News, Classical and The Current — on HD Radio in several communities throughout the state of Minnesota  In the Twin Cities, MPR multicasts "Classical 24", BBC News and "More", a Spanish language service from Radio Netherlands called "Ahora", and "Wonderground Radio", a service specifically geared towards children 

Gray background indicates a network flagship 
Blue background indicates an FM translator 
Passage 19:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 



ground_truth: Green Bay