prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the head of the developer of Simon?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Khrystyne Haje
Khrystyne Kamil Haje ( krist-EEN HOZH; born December 21, 1968) is an American actress  She is known for her role as Simone Foster in the sitcom series Head of the Class  After the series ended in 1991, she continued acting in both television and films  Haje was named as one of the "50 Most Beautiful People" in People magazine's first edition of that list in 1990 

Career
Haje began her career at age 14 as a fashion model while attending North Hollywood High School  Her acting career started at 17 in the television movie Crime of Innocence 
After appearing in several other television roles, including an appearance in the movie Bates Motel, Haje landed the role of sensitive poet Simone Foster on Head of the Class  After the series ended in 1991, she continued acting in both television and films  She was named as one of the "50 Most Beautiful People" in People Magazine's first edition of that list in 1990 That same year, Haje won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program for hosting the special Spaceship Earth: Our Global Environment  In 1995, Haje voiced the character of Rebecca Fallbrook in an episode of Batman: The Animated Series 
In the late 1990s, she began working in theatre productions and appearing less in television productions In 2001, People Magazine reported that Haje was "quarter owner of a Silicon Valley company" worth $500 million  Haje explained, "I was really lucky and made a smart move "

Personal life
Haje was born in Santa Clara, California and has four brothers  Her parents are of Lebanese and Czech origin  Haje is a founding board member of the Earth Communication Office (ECO), which helps to protect ecosystems She appeared on the March 23, 2012 episode of the Rachael Ray Show to have her hair cut as part of National Donate Your Hair Day (April 27) for women with cancer In 2015, Haje was diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer, three years after being successfully treated for invasive lobular breast cancer  Although doctors estimated she had only two years to live, a medical trial called the SM-88 treatment (consisting of daily pills and injections) was successful, leaving her with no evidence of cancer within two years  She said, "I'm so lucky    I found this treatment, and I responded to it  And I don't suffer "

Filmography
Film

Television

Awards and nominations
1992: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program; Spaceship Earth: Our Global Environment (shared with Kirk Bergstrom and Kit Thomas)
Young Artist Awards nominations:

1987: Exceptional Performance By a Young Actress in a New Television, Comedy or Drama Series, Head of the Class
1988: Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress in a Television Comedy Series, Head of the Class
1989: Best Young Actress – Starring in a Television Comedy Series, Head of the Class
Passage 2:
The Dinner Party (play)
The Dinner Party is a one-act comedy written by Neil Simon, about marriage and divorce  This is Simon's 31st play 

Production
The Dinner Party had its world premiere at the Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles, in December 1999 and then ran at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC  in June and July 2000 The play opened on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre on October 19, 2000 and closed on September 1, 2001 after 364 performances and 20 previews  Directed by John Rando, the cast featured Len Cariou (Andre Bouville), Veanne Cox (Yvonne Fouchet), Penny Fuller (Gabrielle Buonocelli), Jan Maxwell (Mariette Levieux), John Ritter (Claude) and Henry Winkler (Albert)   The sets were by John Lee Beatty, costumes by Jane Greenwood and lighting by Brian MacDevitt Near the end of the run, Ritter and Winkler were replaced by Jon Lovitz and Larry Miller Fuller received a Tony nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play 

Background
In an interview in The New York Times (as reported by talkinbroadway com), Simon said that "he was trying to write a play very different from anything he had done before, and that he 'had the concept of creating a farce up to a certain point, and then instead of continuing the farce, to make a turn to where it becomes quite serious  [He] wanted to break the concept that farces can never get real, even for a minute ' "

Plot overview
Playwright Neil Simon, himself married five times, mines his own experience to create the thematic material for this unique farce-turned-dramedy 
Six unknowing guests have RSVP'd to a dinner at a private dining room in a first-rate restaurant in Paris  Arriving in a staggered manner, they eventually realize they are three divorced couples—providing the makings of the farce Simon intends the first half of the play to be  Five of them were mistaken into thinking a man they hold in high regard (who happens to be the divorce lawyer) is hosting the party, but he never shows up, and appearances prove to be deceiving 
Claude Pichon and Albert Donay are the first to arrive, and Claude asks what the party is for, but Albert does not know either  As the three male guests arrive first and the female guests later, it only gradually unfolds that they are three divorced couples and that somebody has designs for them to be together 
After the shock wears off, the characters inevitably begin to analyze and emotionally process their past marriages, and the play ends on a hopeful note 
The play treats similar themes to Stephen Sondheim's Follies, but has a generally more upbeat ending and a more positive spin on breakups and the meaning of relationships 

Reception
Ben Brantley in his New York Times review wrote: "The Dinner Party obviously hopes to invert a traditional comic form to reveal the truly absurd messes that so many people make of their marriages  Mr  Simon, who has been married five times, has reason to consider this subject  But no matter how profound his intentions, the play keeps shifting into automatic pilot, reflexively delivering barbs that glide over the surface instead of piercing it  The Dinner Party concludes on a tender, truly stirring note of pathos, bewilderment and affection for the foolish mortals who create such havoc for themselves  This sentimental moment is so palpably sincere, you wish you had been able to believe for a single instant in the events leading up to it "
Passage 3:
Love, Simon
Love, Simon is a 2018 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Greg Berlanti, written by Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger, and based on the novel Simon vs  the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli  The film stars Nick Robinson, Josh Duhamel, and Jennifer Garner  It centers on Simon Spier, a closeted gay high school boy who struggles to balance his friends, his family, and the blackmailer threatening to out him to the entire school, while simultaneously attempting to discover the identity of the anonymous classmate with whom he has fallen in love online 
Love, Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27, 2018, and was released in the United States on March 16, 2018, by 20th Century Fox  Critics praised the film for its "big heart, diverse and talented cast, and revolutionary normalcy", describing it as "tender, sweet, and affecting" and a "hugely charming crowd-pleaser" that is "funny, warm-hearted and life-affirming", with reviews comparing it to the romantic comedy-drama films of John Hughes  Notable as the first film by a major Hollywood studio to focus on a gay teenage romance, it grossed $66 million worldwide  A television series titled Love, Victor, set in the same universe as the film, premiered on June 17, 2020, on Hulu, with Robinson serving as the series' narrator for the first season 

Plot
Simon Spier is a closeted gay teenager living in a suburb of Atlanta, Georgia  He has a close and loving family—parents Emily and Jack, and sister Nora—as well as three best friends: Nick and Leah, whom he has known most of his life, and newcomer Abby 
Leah informs Simon about an online confession of a closeted gay student at their high school, known only by the pseudonym "Blue"  Simon begins communicating with Blue via email using the pseudonym "Jacques"  The two confide personal details and form a connection  Their emails are accidentally discovered by another student, Martin, who is infatuated with Abby  After learning his secret, Martin threatens to make Simon's emails public unless he helps Martin win over Abby  Simon begins trying to figure out which of his classmates is actually Blue 
At a Halloween party, Simon suspects his classmate Bram might be Blue and attempts to connect with him, but later walks in on Bram making out with a female student  Nick confides in Simon that he has feelings for Abby  Simon lies to Nick, telling him that Abby has a boyfriend in college  Leah walks an inebriated Simon home, where she speaks vaguely about how she feels that she is fated to love one person very intensely; Simon believes she is referring to Nick 
Simon meets up with Abby and Martin at a Waffle House after he convinces them to practice lines together for an upcoming school musical  Simon bonds with their server, a classmate named Lyle, and now suspects that Lyle may be Blue  That night, Simon comes out to Abby and is relieved when she reacts positively 
At a school football game, Simon crosses paths with Lyle; before he can summon the courage to ask if Lyle is Blue, he finds out Lyle is actually interested in Abby  An upset Simon tells a pestering Martin to either "go big or go home" when courting Abby  Martin interrupts the national anthem and publicly declares his feelings for Abby  When Abby admits she does not share those feelings, Martin is humiliated and becomes the subject of ridicule 
On Christmas Eve, to distract people from his own humiliation, Martin outs Simon by posting his emails on the school's gossip site  Simon's sister, Nora, tries to comfort Simon but he shuts her out and does not return his friends' texts and calls  Simon comes out to his parents on Christmas morning, to their surprise and acceptance 
After the holidays, Nick and Abby, now a couple, confront Simon about the lies he told and learn that he tried to keep them apart due to Martin's blackmail  Leah confesses to Simon that she was in love with him, not Nick, and is upset he came out to Abby first  After his friends break off from him, Simon receives a final email from Blue, who is upset that their emails have been leaked  Blue tells Simon that they should stop speaking and deletes his email account 
In the cafeteria, Simon and an openly gay student, Ethan, are mocked by classmates  Ethan and Simon bond over the difficulties they have faced coming out  After his mother reaches out and comforts him, Simon apologizes to Leah and tells her he is in love with Blue  Simon posts a confession on the gossip site apologizing to his friends, seeking out Blue and asking him to meet at the school carnival 
After the school musical, Leah, Nick and Abby make amends with Simon and invite him to go to the carnival with them  Waiting for Blue at the carnival, Simon rides the Ferris wheel, drawing a large crowd of peers  When Simon runs out of tickets, Martin buys him one more ride  Just before the ride begins, Bram sits next to Simon, revealing himself as Blue after all; the kiss Simon saw with the female student was a drunken misunderstanding  They ride the Ferris wheel together and kiss as their friends cheer them on 
Simon's life gradually returns to normal and he begins a relationship with Bram  While picking up his friends and boyfriend for school, Simon suggests that they forgo their usual morning routine and instead go "on a little adventure" 

Cast
Nick Robinson as Simon Spier
Bryson Pitts as 10-year-old Simon Spier
Nye Reynolds as 5-year-old Simon Spier
Josh Duhamel as Jack Spier, Simon's father
Jennifer Garner as Emily Spier, Simon's mother
Katherine Langford as Leah Burke, one of Simon's best friends
Alexandra Shipp as Abby Susso, one of Simon's best friends
Jorge Lendeborg Jr  as Nick Eisner, one of Simon's best friends
Keiynan Lonsdale as Abraham "Bram" Greenfeld, Simon's love interest
Miles Heizer as Cal Price, one of Simon's classmates
Logan Miller as Martin Addison, one of Simon's classmates who blackmails him
Tony Hale as Mr  Worth, the awkward vice principal of the school Simon attends
Talitha Bateman as Nora Spier, Simon's sister
Skye Mowbray as 6-year-old Nora Spier
Natasha Rothwell as Ms  Albright, Simon's drama teacher
Drew Starkey as Garrett Laughlin, one of Simon's classmates
Clark Moore as Ethan, one of Simon's classmates who is openly gay
Joey Pollari as Lyle, a flirty server at a local diner
Mackenzie Lintz as Taylor Metternich, one of Simon's classmates

Production
Principal photography began on March 6, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia  Filming officially ended on April 23, 2017, two days earlier than scheduled, an effort that Berlanti made to offset the cost of paying royalties for the most expensive songs on the film's soundtrack Becky Albertalli, the author of the novel the film is based on, and YouTuber Doug Armstrong make cameo appearances as students in the film 

Music
Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released by RCA Records and Sony Music Entertainment, on March 16, 2018  It featured music by several artists including Bleachers, Troye Sivan, Amy Shark, Brenton Wood, The 1975, Normani and Khalid, among others  It featured at #37 on Billboard 200's chart, #3 on Billboard Top Soundtracks chart, and at #24 in Billboard Canadian Albums chart for the week beginning with March 31, 2018, while also featured at #161 on Billboard 200 year-ender chart Rob Simonsen's score was distributed by Lakeshore Records as Love, Simon (Original Motion Picture Score) and released along with the soundtrack album 

Release
Love, Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27, 2018, and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival  The film was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on March 16, 2018, and was scheduled to be released in other countries on various dates throughout 2018 Following the film's release, several celebrities – including Jennifer Garner, Kristen Bell, Neil Patrick Harris, Joey Graceffa, Matt Bomer, Robbie Rogers, Benj Pasek, Tyler Oakley, Martin Gero, Andrew Rannells, and Jesse Tyler Ferguson – bought out theaters and offered free screenings of the film because they believed it conveyed an important message  Love, Simon is notable as the first film by a major Hollywood studio to focus on a gay teenage romance The film became available to pre-order on home video on January 17, 2018, was released digitally on May 29, 2018, and was released on 4K Blu-Ray, Blu-ray and DVD on June 12, 2018 

Reception
Box office
Love, Simon grossed $40 8 million in the United States and Canada, and $25 4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $66 3 million, against a production budget of $10–17 million  It is the 15th highest-grossing teen romance film since 1980, and the third-highest by 20th Century Fox after The Fault in Our Stars and Romeo + Juliet Love, Simon held early preview screenings on March 10 before its official release on March 16, where it grossed $800,000 from 927 theaters, which Deadline Hollywood considered "strong"  In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Tomb Raider and I Can Only Imagine, and was projected to gross $10–12 million from 2,401 theaters in its opening weekend  The film made $4 6 million on its first day (including $850,000 from Thursday previews at 2,125 theaters)  The film went on to debut at $11 8 million, finishing fifth at the box office; 58% of its opening weekend audience was female and 59% was under 25  In its second weekend the film dropped 33% to $7 8 million, finishing 7th, and in its third weekend made $4 8 million, finishing ninth In the United Kingdom, the film debuted fourth at the box office, earning $1 6 million  In Australia, the film debuted fourth at the box office, earning $916,697  In Brazil, the film debuted fourth at the box office, earning $804,567  In Mexico, the film debuted third at the box office, earning $982,391 

Critical response
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 239 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Love, Simon hits its coming-of-age beats more deftly than many entries in this well-traveled genre – and represents an overdue, if not entirely successful, milestone of inclusion " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 90 films in the history of the service to earn such a score Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film four out of five stars, calling it a "hugely charming crowd-pleaser"  Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film four out of five stars, stating that audiences "are guaranteed to fall in love with this sweet, funny coming-of-age film" Molly Freeman of Screen Rant gave the film four out of five stars or an Excellent rating, stating that "Love, Simon is a funny, heartfelt, and truly touching teen romantic comedy that instantly becomes a modern classic for today's generation " Josh Winning of GamesRadar+ gave the film four out five stars, describing it as a "warm, sensitive and engaging coming-out-of-ager" and "one of the freshest teen-coms in ages" Meredith Goldstein of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half out of four stars and stated, "Love, Simon is a sweet, modern romantic comedy that manages to channel the teen movie classics of the late John Hughes, but only the good stuff " Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film 3/4 stars and wrote, "If John Hughes had gone on to make a smart LGBT coming-of-age charmer, most likely it would resemble this "Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star also gave it three out of four stars, stating "The casting is high quality, the script – with a tantalizing mystery at its heart – is particularly well-crafted and the story hits all the right emotional notes in delivering a funny, warm-hearted and life-affirming tale " Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three and a half out of four stars and wrote, "Young and old, jocks and nerds, geeks and freaks, and everyone in between should be able to find something to adore in Love, Simon "Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media gave the film four out of five stars, describing it as "tender, sweet, and affecting", with the film also receiving The Common Sense Seal, which recognizes movies that offer families an exceptional media experience  MJ Franklin of Mashable wrote that "Love, Simon feels like an instant classic that you're going to want to watch again and again "Max Weiss of Baltimore gave Love, Simon three out of four stars, calling it a "sweet, funny, warm-hearted film" Peter Debruge of Variety, while stating that the film is average in execution, praised the content as "groundbreaking on so many levels, not least of which is just how otherwise familiar it all seems"  Jesse Hassenger of The A V  Club gave the film a C+ and wrote that the film "is touching as a gesture", but as entertainment "it's nothing Degrassi hasn't done better" Becky Albertalli, the author of the novel on which the film is based, watched an early cut and praised the film, stating: "It's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and so romantic  It says exactly what I wanted the book to say "

Accolades
Sequel television series
Although Berlanti indicated that, after witnessing the film's success, he would not necessarily be opposed to directing a sequel film based on the book's spin-off sequel, Leah on the Offbeat, stating "God willing that the movie is successful enough that people actually ask for something like that  I loved working with these people on this film so much  I would just like to spend more time with them, that would be good!" When asked about a sequel, Katherine Langford said "I mean, it's always a discussion of who would make it, but if the script was good and the filmmaker had a great vision, then I would be totally down  I'm always down to tell a good story "On April 11, 2019, it was announced that a spin-off television series would premiere on Disney+  The series is not an adaptation of Leah on the Offbeat but rather a new story set at the same high school and follows closeted basketball player Victor and his already out-of-the-closet hipster crush, Benji On June 13, 2019, actress Ana Ortiz was cast to star as Isabel, Victor's mother  On August 15, 2019, the rest of the cast was revealed, with Michael Cimino leading the series as Victor, James Martinez as Victor's father Armando, Isabella Ferreira as Victor's sister Pilar, Mateo Fernandez as Victor's brother Adrian, Rachel Naomi Hilson as Victor's friend Mia, Bebe Wood as Mia's friend Lake, George Sear as Victor's love interest Benji, Anthony Turpel as Victor's best friend Felix, and Mason Gooding as cocky jock Andrew  Additionally, Nick Robinson would return as narrator and a producer of the series In February 2020, the series – now titled Love, Victor – was announced to be premiering on Hulu instead in June 2020  It was released on Disney+ in February 2021 in territories where the Star content hub is available 
Passage 4:
Bruce Davis (video game industry)
Bruce L  Davis (born 1952) is an American businessman, most recently CEO and chairman of Digimarc  Formerly the head of both Imagic and Activision 

Early life and education
A native of New York, Davis earned a B S  in accounting and psychology and an M A  in criminal justice from University at Albany, SUNY, and a J D  degree from Columbia University 

Career
Davis began his professional career by establishing the intellectual property practice at the firm of Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe in San Francisco, California  He assumed leadership of Imagic as it was going out of business in the video game crash of 1983 From 1987 to 1991, Davis was first chief operating officer, then chairman and CEO of Activision  The board of directors promoted him from senior vice president to replace Jim Levy shortly after the acquisition of Infocom, in the hopes of stemming the continuing financial damage from the crash  He had opposed the merger, and many Infocom employees believed he was deliberately working against them, changing processes that had made the game business successful  Activision co-founder and programmer David Crane was also critical of Davis: "Bruce Davis’ biggest mistake was treating video games as commodities, rather than creative products " Nevertheless, Davis's leadership of Activision began well  He led the company to a profit in his first year at the helm on strong sales growth, following 16 consecutive quarters of multimillion-dollar losses  The turnaround effort was stymied after a huge damages award for infringement of Magnavox's original home video game patents was upheld on appeal in 1988  That year Activision changed its name to Mediagenic, as Davis sought to expand the company's product lines to non-gaming software  In February 1991, Robert Kotick, backed by Steve Wynn of Mirage Resorts, staged a successful hostile takeover  Kotick and his team then filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy in cooperation with Magnavox parent company Philips in a leveraged recapitalization of Activision, as it was renamed in 1992  Kotick replaced Davis in this restructuring Starting in 1992, Davis founded and served as president of TV Guide on Screen, a joint venture of News Corporation and TCI that supplied electronic guides and navigational software for the cable television market  The company later merged with Prevue Networks, then with TV Guide  TV Guide later merged with Gemstar International  The resulting Gemstar-TV Guide International was acquired in 2008 by Macrovision  
Davis was the chairman and CEO of Digimarc until 2021  He led Digimarc from start up in 1997 to a more than US$100 million public company supplying digital watermarking technologies to national and state governments and to the media industry  In April 2021, Davis retired from his role as chairman and CEO of Digimarc Davis has been awarded more than 50 patents on television user interface and media management and security  In 2003, Davis was named Ernst & Young's Pacific Northwest Entrepreneur Of The Year for the technology category 
Passage 5:
Empire Interactive
Empire Interactive was a British video game developer and publisher based in London  Founded in 1987 by Ian Higgins and Simon Jeffrey, it was acquired by Silverstar Holdings in 2006 and went out of business in 2009 

History
Empire Interactive was established by Ian Higgins (chief executive officer) and Simon Jeffrey (managing director) in 1987  In November 2000, the company acquired development studio Razorworks As well as full priced titles, Empire also had a budget range of titles, Xplosiv, for PC and PS2  Initially launched for PC in January 2000, Xplosiv published titles in Europe from third parties such as Sega and Microsoft  Later, in 2003 Empire launched titles for PS2 In March 2002 Empire acquired music creation software eJay Silverstar Holdings, a U S  public company listed on NASDAQ, offered to acquired Empire Interactive in late October 2006  The deal was accepted by 90% of Empire Interactive's shareholders by late November, and so Silverstar Holdings acquired 85% of Empire Interactive's shares  The deal was valued at approximately £4 5 million  Admissions of further Empire Interactive shares on the Alternative Investments Market of the London Stock Exchange, were expected to be cancelled, effective on 20 December  Higgins stepped down from his position in May 2008  In July, Empire Interactive reduced its staff count by 30%, with the intent to sell Razorworks  Razorworks was sold to and absorbed by Rebellion Developments a few days later  After Silverstar Holdings was delisted from NASDAQ in March 2009, Empire Interactive was placed into administration on 1 May 2009, with KPMG Restructuring appointed as administrator  Subsequently, 49 out of 55 employees were laid off, with the remaining six staying to aiding KPMG Restructuring in the winding-down of the company  Empire Interactive's intellectual property was sold to U S -based company New World IP  Shortly thereafter, U S  publisher Zoo Publishing acquired an exclusive licence for the publishing and distribution of Empire Interactive from New World IP 

Games
Passage 6:
René Simon
René Simon (1898 in Troyes – 1971) was a French actor and founder in 1925 of the Cours Simon drama school in Paris  Notable alumni of Cours Simon include Benoît Petitjean and Jean Reno 
Passage 7:
Director of the National Security Agency
The director of the National Security Agency (DIRNSA) is the highest-ranking official of the National Security Agency, which is a defense agency within the U S  Department of Defense  The director of the NSA also concurrently serves as the Chief of the Central Security Service (CHCSS) and as the commander of U S  Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)  As the director of the NSA and the chief of the CSC, the officeholder reports to the under secretary of defense for intelligence, and as the commander of U S  Cyber Command, the officeholder reports directly to the secretary of defense 
According to 10 U S C  § 201 of the United States Code, the director of the NSA is recommended by the secretary of defense and nominated for appointment by the president  The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate  In accordance with Department of Defense Directive 5100 20, dated 23 December 1971, the director of the NSA must always be a commissioned officer of the military services  As the assignment is currently part of a tri-hatted position, the director of the NSA is appointed to the grade of a four-star general or admiral during the period of his incumbency  The director's deputy is always a technically experienced civilian 

AFSA directors
The Armed Forces Security Agency was the predecessor to the National Security Agency and existed from 1949 to 1952 

NSA directors
Passage 8:
Wishful Drinking
Wishful Drinking is an autobiographical humor book by American actress and author Carrie Fisher, published by Simon & Schuster in 2008  Fisher's book was based on her one-woman stage show, which she developed with writer/director Joshua Ravetch 
The show debuted at The Geffen Playhouse  Fisher performed with Ravetch co-creating and directing  It enjoyed a successful Broadway run and then toured in other cities  In 2010, HBO filmed a feature-length documentary of the stage play 

Book reception
Wishful Drinking received generally positive reviews from critics  The January 2009 New York Times review described it as a "funny, sardonic little memoir", but "pretty slight, padded out with big type, extra space between the lines and some family photographs, and it displays at times an almost antic need to entertain  The paragraphs are short, and the jokes – the puns, the wisecracks, the deadpan one-liners – come rattling along at the rate of one every other sentence or so "  Salon reviewer Rebecca Traister found the book quite funny in large part, but was disappointed that "instead of pushing aside the twinkling craziness of her outside life to meaningfully reveal the crazy on the inside, as she has always done so well, Fisher is now gathering all the starry stuff around her for comfort and reassurance about who she is and what she means "The author, who died on December 27, 2016, had written the following comment in the book, and it was widely published by the news media after her death:

Now I think that this would make for a fantastic obit—so I tell my younger friends that no matter how I go, I want it reported that I drowned in moonlight, strangled by my own bra 

Stage adaptation
The book followed Fisher's one-woman play in which Fisher had been performing  Developed originally at The Geffen Playhouse with Josh Ravetch co-creating and directing the world premiere, it moved to Berkeley Repertory Theatre near San Francisco at the beginning of 2008, the production opened in a limited run on Broadway at Studio 54 on September 22, 2009 (previews) and October 4, 2009, and closed on January 17, 2010  After its successful San Francisco Bay Area run and before moving to Broadway, Wishful Drinking played at, among other venues, the Arena Stage in Washington, D C  in September 2008, and Seattle Repertory Theatre April – May 2009 

Production rights dispute
While the show met with critical and popular success on Broadway in New York, Fisher was soon embroiled in a battle with producer Jonathan Reinis over its production rights  Each claimed lost revenue at the hands of the other 

Film documentary
HBO cable television released a filmed documentary of the stage show, directed by Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato, and first broadcast in December 2010  The 76-minute film was released on DVD on September 13, 2011   The film production and DVD received a mixture of reviews   In the Los Angeles Times, Robert Lloyd described the performance captured: "Fisher can be broad, but that is also the person she plays everywhere now: a little larger than life, worn but not worn out  She's funny as an actress, and as a writer makes memorable phrases"   Boston Globe reviewer Matthew Gilbert wrote, "Fisher’s obsession with her parents and stepparents can be a little tiresome, to be honest, even while her tales of Hollywood absurdity remain outrageous     Fisher even starts to seem boastful about her dysfunction    "  Continuing, "Fortunately Fisher does have some self-awareness about the potential for her show to seem like a narcissistic screed  That helps " DVDTalk reviewer Jason Bailey wrote of the released DVD, "To put across the brilliance of Wishful Drinking, all Bailey and Barbato really needed to do was put Fisher on stage, and turn on the cameras  They do that skillfully and unobtrusively"  The DVD's content received 4/5 stars, video quality 3/5, audio quality 3 5/5, extras 2 5/5, replay 4/5, with final advice of "Highly Recommended" 
Passage 9:
Striking Out
Striking Out is an Irish television legal drama series, broadcast on RTÉ, that first aired on 1 January 2017  Produced by Bl!nder F!lms for RTÉ Television, Striking Out stars Amy Huberman as Dublin-based solicitor Tara Rafferty, who is currently working for a fledgling legal firm  Filmed in Dublin and Wicklow, the first series, comprising four episodes, was broadcast during January 2017, to critical acclaim  Subsequently, the series was sold to the United States, where it made its North American debut on Acorn TV on 17 March 2017  Internationally, the series has been distributed by DCD Rights and Acorn Media Enterprises The series drew the highest Sunday night ratings for RTÉ in over a year  Prior to the broadcast of the first episode, RTÉ's Head of Drama Jane Gogan confirmed to the Irish Examiner that a second series was already in development  Subsequently, a second series was officially confirmed by RTÉ, with filming taking place throughout the summer of 2017  The second series, extended to six episodes, commenced broadcasting in 2018, with Maria Doyle Kennedy, Moe Dunford and Jane Brennan amongst the new cast members  Simon Massey will also act as the director  In 2018, Channel 5 Broadcasting Ltd acquired the rights to air the series in the United Kingdom, with the first series airing on the newly launched 5Select from 13 February 2018 
There are currently no plans to develop a third season of the drama, despite the 'cliff hanger' ending of season 2 

Synopsis
Striking Out follows the professional and personal life of Dublin-based solicitor, Tara Rafferty 

Cast
Main cast
Amy Huberman as Tara Rafferty; a Dublin-based solicitor
Neil Morrissey as Vincent Pike; SC and close friend of Tara's
Rory Keenan as Eric Dunbar; Tara's cheating ex-fiancé and former colleague
Fiona O'Shaughnessy as Meg Reilly; a private investigator and tech guru
Emmet Byrne as Ray Lamont; a petty criminal represented by Tara whom she later employs
Maria Doyle Kennedy as George Cusack; Tara's new office partner (Series 2—)
Moe Dunford as Sam Dunbar; Eric's younger brother (Series 2—)
Paul Antony-Barber as Richard Dunbar; senior partner in the law firm and Eric's father
Nick Dunning as Conrad Rafferty; Tara's father, who works as a barrister
Ingrid Craigie as Irene Rafferty; Tara's mother and former legal secretary
Brahm Gallagher as Pete; a local cafe owner who allows Tara to set up her fledgling firm in his back office (Series 1 — Series 2, Episode 1)

Recurring cast
Conall Keating as Steve; Ray's partner
Kate Gilmore as Lucy Whelan; receptionist at Dunbar's
Sam McGovern as "Bookworm" Joe; a junior counsel
Natalie Radmall-Quirke as Caroline Walsh; an employee at Dunbar's
Elva Trill as Gillian; an employee at Dunbar's
Susannah De Wrixon as Joan Dunbar; Eric's mother
Enda Oates as Phillip McGrath (Series 2—)
Michael James Ford as Nigel Fitzjames (Series 2—)
Jane Brennan as Deidre York (Series 2—)

Episodes
Series 1 (2017)
Series 2 (2018)
Passage 10:
The Odd Couple (1970 TV series)
The Odd Couple (titled onscreen Neil Simon's The Odd Couple) is an American sitcom television series broadcast from September 24, 1970 to March 7, 1975 on ABC  The show, which stars Tony Randall as Felix Unger and Jack Klugman as Oscar Madison, was the first of several sitcoms developed by Garry Marshall for Paramount Television  The series is based on the 1965 play The Odd Couple written by Neil Simon, which was also adapted into the 1968 film The Odd Couple  The story examines two divorced men, Oscar and Felix, who share a Manhattan apartment and whose opposite personalities inevitably lead to conflict and laughter 
In 1997, the episodes "Password" and "The Fat Farm" were ranked No  5 and No  58, respectively, on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time  The show received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 

History
The success of the 1968 film version of the stage play of The Odd Couple, which starred Jack Lemmon as Felix and Walter Matthau as Oscar, catalyzed production of the television show  Mickey Rooney and Martin Balsam were also considered for the part of Oscar and Dean Martin and Art Carney for Felix (Carney had originated the role on Broadway) 
Eventually Tony Randall (as Felix) and Jack Klugman (as Oscar) were hired; Klugman had replaced Walter Matthau as Oscar in the original Broadway production, and Randall had also appeared as Felix in other productions of the play  Randall, who was hired first, had still wanted Mickey Rooney to play Oscar  Co-executive producer Garry Marshall had to lobby hard to get Klugman successfully hired  Once the casting was in place, the show's writers (Marshall, Jerry Belson, Jerry Paris, Bob Brunner, Mark Rothman and Lowell Ganz, among others) came up with a multitude of situations for Felix and Oscar to be in, while staying true to the soul of the play, which always reverted to the human tensions between the two that created the comic situations 
The show premiered on ABC on September 24, 1970  The first season was filmed at Paramount studios using the single-camera method and a laugh track, utilizing the same apartment set seen in Paramount's 1968 film version  Klugman and Randall both expressed displeasure with using a laugh track without a live audience  Marshall also disliked the practice; theatre veteran Randall particularly resented the process of having to wait several seconds between punchlines in order to allot enough space for the laughter to be inserted  The production team eventually experimented with omitting the laugh track altogether for Season One's 21st episode, "Oscar's New Life" (laughter was subsequently added for syndication in order to maintain continuity)  By the second season, ABC relented, and the show was then filmed with three cameras and performed like a stage play in front of a live studio audience, with laugh sweetening completed during post-production 
The change also required construction of a new, larger apartment set with a new layout, within a theatre at Paramount Randall and Klugman both enjoyed the spontaneity that came with performing in front of a live audience; any missed or blown lines usually went by without stopping (they would be reshot during post-production)  In addition, it gave the show a certain edge that had been lost during the first season, although the actors had to deliver lines more loudly, since they were on a larger sound stage, as opposed to a quiet studio with only minimal crew present Klugman later recalled, "We spent three days rehearsing the show  We sat around a table the first day  We tore the script apart  We took out all the jokes and put in character  The only reason we leave in any jokes is for the rotten canned laughter  I hated it  I watch the shows at home, I see Oscar come in and he says, 'Hi,' and there is the laughter  'Hey,' I think, 'what the hell did I do?' I hate it; it insults the audience "Throughout its five years on ABC, The Odd Couple was juggled several times around the network's programming schedule, never reaching the Top 30 in the Nielsen ratings  However, ABC continually renewed the show because the ratings for the summer reruns were consistently high 
In the final first-run episode, "Felix Remarries", Felix finally wins his ex-wife Gloria back and they remarry, as Oscar regains the freedom of living alone again  The final scene unfolds in this way, as the two say their goodbyes:

Felix: Your dinner's in the oven; turn it off in 20 minutes  [pause] Oscar … what can I say? Five years ago you took me in: a broken man on the verge of … mental collapse  I leave here a cured human being  I owe it all to you  [gesturing toward apartment] It's all yours buddy  I salute you  [empties waste basket onto floor]
Oscar: Felix, you know how I'm gonna salute you? I'm gonna clean that up 
Felix: It has not been in vain 
[They shake hands and Felix exits stage left through front door  After door closes …]
Oscar: [swings his hand through the air] I'm not gonna clean that up  [exits stage right to bedroom to audience laughter]
[Felix sneaks back in stage left and looks at floor]
Felix: [disgustedly] I knew he wouldn't clean it up! [proceeds to pick up trash to audience applause] (fade out)The 114 episodes went on to syndication and home video 

Differences between the series and the play/film
In the TV series, Felix's last name was spelled Unger but in the play and film it is spelled Ungar 
In the stage play, Felix is a news writer for CBS (in the film he writes the news for "television"), while in the TV series he is a commercial photographer  (His slogan, which he is quick to vocalize, is "Portraits a specialty" )
Felix's wife is named Frances in the play and in the film, but is Gloria in the TV series 
In the play and the film, Oscar has at least two children (including a son "Brucey"), who are referred to but not seen  In the series, Oscar is childless  In the play and the film, Felix has a son and a younger daughter  In the series, the children's birth order is reversed, and they are named Leonard and Edna, after Tony Randall's middle name and the name of his sister 
In the series, Felix is portrayed as being rather highbrow with refined tastes in food, music and the arts in general; he is baffled by much of popular culture  In the play/film, Felix is much more of a “regular guy”: He ogles go-go dancers,   plays poker, goes bowling and shoots pool  Though the pre-TV Felix enjoys cooking and prepares well-crafted sandwiches for his friends, he mentions on different occasions preparing rather simple dinners like meatloaf, franks and beans and cole slaw  When the dinner he has prepared for the Pigeon Sisters  burns (meatloaf in the film, London Broil in the play), he suggests substituting corned beef sandwiches from the local delicatessen 

Supporting characters
The Pigeon Sisters (Monica Evans as Cecily and Carole Shelley as Gwendolyn, reprising their roles from the Broadway stage play and film) made four appearances during the first season  The sisters were never seen after that, but were occasionally mentioned later on  Oscar gained a steady girlfriend during that latter part of the first season and half of the second, Dr  Nancy Cunningham (portrayed by Joan Hotchkis), an attractive physician, whose colleague, Dr  Melnitz (played by Bill Quinn in several episodes), is a curmudgeonly and sardonic older doctor who treats both Felix and Oscar  Felix also gained a girlfriend in the third season, Miriam Welby (portrayed by Elinor Donahue), and they lasted into the fifth season, presumably breaking up before Felix and Gloria remarry in the series finale  Christopher Shea appeared in three episodes of the first season as Philip, Felix and Oscar's precocious 11-year-old neighbor  Oscar makes frequent references to "Crazy Rhoda Zimmerman", his occasional good-time girlfriend, but she never appears onscreen 
The TV show also featured their ex-wives  Janis Hansen appeared as Felix's former wife Gloria (named Frances in the play and film), and Jack Klugman's real-life wife Brett Somers portrayed Blanche, Oscar's acerbic ex-wife (The couple separated in real life during the final season of the series)  There were several episodes in which Felix felt he had not tried hard enough to reconcile with Gloria, and took comically drastic measures to try to win her back  In contrast, Oscar seemed quite happy to be divorced from Blanche, and she from him, as the two constantly traded sarcastic barbs  The only major drawback from Oscar's point of view was the alimony he was ordered to pay  Willie Aames and later Leif Garrett made a few appearances as Felix's son, Leonard  Pamelyn Ferdin and later Doney Oatman appeared as Felix's teenaged daughter, Edna 
The two other major supporting characters, Officer Murray Greshler and Myrna Turner, Oscar's secretary, were portrayed by Al Molinaro and Penny Marshall (Garry's sister) respectively  Alice Ghostley played Murray's wife Mimi in one episode of the first season when Felix quickly outstays his welcome after he moves out of Oscar's apartment after a falling-out  Jane Dulo made one appearance as Mimi in the second season  The regular cast was rounded out by Garry Walberg, Larry Gelman and Ryan McDonald who portrayed Oscar's poker cronies Homer "Speed" Deegan, the bald, bespectacled Vincent "Vinnie" Barella and Roy, Oscar's accountant, respectively  Ryan McDonald left the show after the seventh of the first season's eight episodes in which there was a poker game, and the character of Roy was mentioned occasionally after that, but never seen again 
Garry Walberg (who later appeared with his friend Klugman on the 1976-83 series Quincy M E ) as "Speed", and Larry Gelman as Vinnie, both made several scattered guest appearances after the first season  Character actor Richard Stahl was seen in nine episodes as, among other things, a florist, a pet-shop owner, a psychiatrist, a volunteer fireman and a non-denominational monk, never playing the same role twice  Veteran character actors Herbie Faye and Phil Leeds appeared on the series in different roles, five and three times respectively    Oscar's mother appeared in two different episodes, played once by Elvia Allman, and once by Jane Dulo, both veteran actresses   Character actor John Fiedler who portrayed Vinnie in the 1968 film version, made two guest appearances in different roles  Victor Buono guest-starred in two episodes, playing a different role in each  Veteran stand-up comedian Leonard Barr made appearances in five episodes 

Celebrity guest stars
As themselves
The show often had celebrity guest stars, who reflected the cultural leanings either of Oscar or Felix, either playing themselves or fictional characters 
Sportscaster Howard Cosell (2 episodes) and then ABC television producer Roone Arledge (1 episode) played themselves 
Pop singer Jaye P  Morgan played herself as one of Oscar's many girlfriends  Opera singers Martina Arroyo and Richard Fredricks appeared as themselves  Other celebrities appearing as themselves included Edward Villella, Monty Hall, Richard Dawson, Wolfman Jack, David Steinberg, Hugh Hefner, Rodney Allen Rippy, John Simon, Bubba Smith, Deacon Jones, John Barbour and Allen Ludden and Betty White (married in real life)  In one episode, noted tennis frenemies and real-life competitors Bobby Riggs and Billie Jean King appeared as themselves 
Singer-songwriter Paul Williams appeared in an episode where Felix's daughter Edna runs away to follow Williams on tour  (Williams dissuades her ) Dick Clark made an appearance as himself, a radio disc jockey who calls Oscar in a contest, where he wins a new car (The New Car, episode 76)  Neil Simon (the author of the play which the series is based upon) makes an uncredited cameo appearance during the fifth season in Two on the Aisle, as does Bob Hope in The Hollywood Story 

Fictional depictions
Marilyn Horne played Jackie Hartman, a shy but musically talented co-worker of Oscar's 
Roy Clark played "Wild" Willie Boggs, an old practical joke-playing friend of Oscar's, who nonetheless has enormous musical talent, impressing even Felix 
Jean Simmons played the visiting Princess Lydia from the fictional European country of Liechtenberg (Peggy Rea played her lady-in-waiting), who meets Felix in a photography session but goes out on a date with Oscar, and he comes home bragging of a wonderful time  He proudly relates that the Princess had a wonderful time also, and that "she knighted a wino" 
Pernell Roberts played country music impresario Billy Joe Babcock, to whom Oscar owes a lot of money in gambling debts, and who does NOT take IOUs 
Jack Soo played Chinese wrestler Chuk Mai Chin 
Reta Shaw played a tough retired Army Colonel, Claire Frost, who works as housekeeper when Oscar is sick and Felix is too busy  She hails from Bayonne, New Jersey, and her domineering ways cause Oscar to derisively refer to her as "The Beast of Bayonne" 
Penny Marshall, who played Oscar's secretary, Myrna Turner, made her last appearance in an episode in which she married "Sheldn" (his legal name since the "o" was omitted from his birth certificate), played by Rob Reiner, Marshall's husband at the time  Marshall's real-life brother and sister, Garry and Ronnie played Myrna's siblings, Werner Turner and Verna Turner, in the same episode 
Victor Buono appeared twice, as Mr  Lovelace, the eccentric new manager of the building in which Felix and Oscar live, who loves plants but hates people, and as Dr  Clove, an "exorcist" in an episode inspired by the film The Exorcist in which the boys think their apartment is haunted 
Albert Brooks, as Rudy Mandel, a pretentious advertising colleague of Felix (in two episodes in the show's first season)
William Redfield as Felix's brother Floyd Unger, owner of Unger Gum in Buffalo, New York 

Awards and nominations
During its original run, the show had mediocre ratings at best (the show was never among the Top 30 programs on the Nielsen ratings list during its entire run)  Nonetheless, both actors were nominated for Emmy Awards in each year of the show's run  Jack Klugman won two Emmy Awards for his work (in 1971 and 1973), and Tony Randall won an Emmy as well (in 1975, upon accepting the award, he commented on the fact that he wished he "had a job,” as the show had recently been cancelled) 
Klugman was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1972 and won one in 1974  The show itself was also nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in the years 1971, 1972, and 1974  To date, these are the last Emmy nominations to a sitcom airing on a Friday night 

Opening narration and credit sequence
For the first three seasons, the program's opening credit sequence consisted of Felix and Oscar in various humorous situations around New York City  These scenes included Felix trying, to no avail, to help an old lady cross the street, Oscar walking into wet cement while ogling a girl with a revealing dress, Oscar eating a hot dog and getting chili on his shirt, and both men cavorting around a Maypole  The end of the introduction title sequence (for the series entire run) showed the duo sitting on a park bench in front of the William Tecumseh Sherman Monument in Grand Army Plaza at West 58th Street and Fifth Avenue, where Oscar throws his lunch wrapper on the ground, while Felix beckons him to pick it up 
Halfway through the show's debut season, a "prologue" was added to the introduction and featured a narration (the voice of actor Bill Woodson) retelling how Felix and Oscar came to live together:

"On November 13, Felix Unger was asked to remove himself from his place of residence " (Unger's unseen wife slams door, only to reopen it and hand Felix his pan ) "That request came from his wife  Deep down, he knew she was right  But he also knew that, someday, he would return to her  With nowhere else to go, he appeared at the home of his childhood friend, Oscar Madison  Sometime earlier, Madison's wife had thrown him out, requesting that he never return  Can two divorced men share an apartment, without driving each other crazy?"
ABC apparently added the narration because it did not want the audience to speculate about a homosexual subtext, given the changing perceptions of masculinity at the time  ABC insisted that every episode mention that the characters were both divorced  It was noted that Oscar had been thrown out of his home like Felix, when several episodes had shown that Oscar had lived in the same apartment before and during his marriage (as in the original play and film)  Later, the opening narrative stated that when Felix moved into Oscar's apartment, Oscar was already divorced 
In another case, the fourth episode showed Felix and Oscar meeting during jury duty  Later, the opening narration included a retcon that they were childhood friends  During the second season, the narration changed it to them being “simply friends,” and the "sometime earlier" narrative was also changed to "several years earlier ”  Later, in an episode aired in 1973, the two were in the Army together, with Felix being Oscar's superior at the time Oscar and wife Blanche (Brett Somers) married  An episode aired in 1974, the epilogue showed Oscar's recollection of meeting Felix when they were children In later seasons, the opening sequence featured highlights from past episodes, mixed with the previous footage as well as another clip (recreated from a scene on the show), in which Felix reprimands Oscar for drying his hands on the curtains, only to have Oscar use Felix's shirt as a towel as well 
For the first three seasons of the show, the closing credits of the show consisted of more of the duo's zany antics, such as Felix talking to a man repairing a street clock and Oscar indiscreetly looking at a peep show  During the fourth season, the credits included a scene where Oscar throws his cigar into a fountain in Columbus Circle, Felix barks at him to pick it up, and Oscar scoops it up with his shoe and then places the wet, soiled cigar butt in Felix's pocket  For the final season, the credits were shown against a blue background 

Related appearances by Klugman and Randall
Over the years, Klugman and Randall  appeared in many television commercials and public service announcements for several different products as Felix and Oscar, including 1972 ads for Yoplait yogurt (Klugman later appeared in commercials without Randall for the product in the early 1980s); in 1974, for the game Challenge Yahtzee; for a while, their likenesses also appeared on the game's packaging, with the slogan "You play your way—I'll play mine!"; in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Klugman and Randall reprised their Odd Couple characters in a series of commercials for Eagle Snacks, although in some of these spots they called each other by their real names 
Klugman and Randall also reprised their roles as Felix and Oscar in several regional productions of the original Neil Simon play  They toured in the play during the TV version's summertime off-season in the early to mid-1970s; they later appeared in several performances of the play during the late 1980s and early 1990s  In 1997, they appeared in a Broadway revival of the Simon play, The Sunshine Boys In the early 1980s, while starring in the NBC drama Quincy, M E , Klugman appeared in TV commercials for Canon copiers  Minolta countered by hiring Randall, then on the NBC sitcom Love, Sidney, to do a commercial for that company's copiers where he channeled his Felix role, mentioning that he "can change copy colors without getting that disgusting black powder all over my hands!" He closed by saying "But that doesn't mean I'm a neat freak  Of course, I'm not a slob, either, like, uh    " and waved his hand, to suggest Klugman as Oscar Randall and Klugman reunited for the 1993 television movie, The Odd Couple Together Again to a mixed reception  Klugman had lost a vocal cord to throat cancer and this real-life struggle was written into the script  In the film, Felix tries to help Oscar recover following surgery; he also becomes overly involved in his daughter Edna's upcoming wedding, much to her and Gloria's (Barbara Barrie) dismay 

Other versions
An ABC cartoon version of The Odd Couple premiered on September 6, 1975 titled The Oddball Couple during the network's  Saturday morning kids' programming block, Funshine Saturday  Although authorized by Neil Simon (who received a "based on" credit) completely different characters were created: "Spiffy" (a fussy cat voiced by Frank Nelson) and "Fleabag" (a sloppy dog voiced by Paul Winchell) who live together in a house that is half rundown and messy and half pristine and tidy along with a matching car  It was directed and produced by  David DePatie and Friz Freleng, along with Gerry Chiniquy, and Robert McKimson among others, who directed several episodes  The characters' professions in this version were reversed from the original series, with the fastidious Spiffy working as a reporter and the rumpled Fleabag a photographer, often working together  The cartoon was canceled in 1977 In 1982, as a hedge against the 1981 Writers Guild of America strike, ABC aired an African-American version of The Odd Couple, starring  Ron Glass as Felix and Demond Wilson as Oscar  It was called The New Odd Couple, and initially used eight previously-filmed scripts from the original series; when the strike ended during the series' production, union writers returned, and original episodes were written from then on  It was canceled after only half a season A Chilean version titled Una Pareja Dispareja began airing in January 2009 on TVN (which had aired the series during the 1970s)  This version takes several of its cues from Two and a Half Men, a Chuck Lorre-created sitcom with a similar premise to The Odd Couple (even alluded to the similarities between the two in the episode "Whipped Unto The Third Generation")  Some of the details taken from Two and a Half Men include Felix and Oscar being siblings instead of friends, as well as Felix being a doctor and Oscar a musician Another American remake, also called The Odd Couple, aired on CBS for three seasons from 2015 to 2017  This version, a multi-camera sitcom, was co-created and co-produced by Matthew Perry, who played Oscar, while Thomas Lennon played Felix 

Episodes
Home media
The Complete First Season of The Odd Couple was released on DVD in Region 1 on August 18, 2006 by Time Life Video under license from Paramount Home Entertainment (Paramount Television was the program's original distributor)  Some episodes, mainly from the first season, were available on a VHS videotape set during the 1990s, and distributed by Columbia House 
Each episode on the First Season DVDs contain an introduction from the show's producer Garry Marshall  Also included as extras are Emmy Awards speeches, bloopers, TV interviews with the show's stars and a clip of The Odd Couple on Broadway Paramount/CBS DVD have since released the remaining seasons (two through five) of The Odd Couple on DVD in Region 1  Season 1 was released in Region 2 on April 28, 2008  While the Time/Life Season 1 DVD release contained only unedited episodes as originally broadcast, CBS Home Entertainment opted to edit their DVDs of seasons two through five, removing short segments or occasionally entire scenes which included music sung by Felix or some other character  A notable example of this can be seen in the Season 5 episode "Strike Up the Band or Else" where, in the epilogue, guest star Pernell Roberts' character is going to sing, and the episode abruptly ends and closing credits roll  Fans and critics alike lambasted CBS/Paramount for the shoddy treatment The Odd Couple DVD releases received, concluding that the studio has misled consumers by labeling their DVD sets as "complete" when they have been intentionally edited to avoid paying royalties required by the music publishers On June 16, 2015, CBS DVD released The Odd Couple- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1, albeit with the same edits and removal of scenes with music In Australia (Region 4), Paramount released The First Season in 2008, and no further releases were made  In 2016, Via Vision Entertainment obtained the rights to release the entire series from July 2016 through until September 2016  Followed by a Complete Series boxset in November 2016 
Passage 11:
Simon (cipher)
Simon is a family of lightweight block ciphers publicly released by the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013  Simon has been optimized for performance in hardware implementations, while its sister algorithm, Speck, has been optimized for software implementations The NSA began working on the Simon and Speck ciphers in 2011  The agency anticipated some agencies in the US federal government would need a cipher that would operate well on a diverse collection of Internet of Things devices while maintaining an acceptable level of security 

Description of the cipher
The Simon block cipher is a balanced Feistel cipher with an n-bit word, and therefore the block length is 2n   The key length is a multiple of n by 2, 3, or 4, which is the value m   Therefore, a Simon cipher implementation is denoted as Simon2n/nm   For example, Simon64/128 refers to the cipher operating on a 64-bit plaintext block (n = 32) that uses a 128-bit key  The block component of the cipher is uniform between the Simon implementations; however, the key generation logic is dependent on the implementation of 2, 3 or 4 keys 
Simon supports the following combinations of block sizes, key sizes and number of rounds:

Description of the key schedule
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Description of the constant sequence
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Cryptanalysis
The designers claim that Simon, though a "lightweight" cipher, is designed to have the full security possible for each block and key size, against standard chosen-plaintext (CPA) and chosen-ciphertext (CCA) attacks   Resistance against related-key attacks was also stated as a goal, though a less crucial one as attacks in that model are not relevant for typical use cases : 2   No effort was made to resist attacks in the known-key distinguishing attack model, nor did the designers evaluate Simon for use as a hash function As of 2018, no successful attack on full-round Simon of any variant is known   Due to interest in Simon and Speck, about 70 cryptanalysis papers have been published on them : 10   As is typical for iterated ciphers, reduced-round variants have been successfully attacked   The best published attacks on Simon in the standard attack model (CPA/CCA with unknown key) are differential cryptanalysis attacks; these make it through about 70–75% of the rounds of most variants, though these best attacks are only marginally faster than brute-force : 12   The design team states that while designing Simon, they found differential attacks to be the limiting attacks, i e  the type of attack that makes it through the most rounds; they then set the number of rounds to leave a security margin similar to AES-128's at approximately 30% : 12–13 
Simon has been criticized for having too small a security margin, i e  too few rounds between the best attacks and the full cipher, in comparison to more conservative ciphers such as ChaCha20 
Ciphers with small security margins are more likely to be broken by future advances in cryptanalysis   Simon's design team counters that there is a real-world cost to unnecessarily large security margins, especially on lightweight devices, that cryptanalysis during the design phase allowed the number of rounds to be set appropriately, and that they targeted AES's security margin : 17 Simon includes a round counter in the key schedule   The designers state this was included to block slide and rotational cryptanalysis attacks : 16   Still, rotational-XOR cryptanalysis has been used to find distinguishers against reduced-round versions of related ciphers like Speck  Though the authors don't describe standard key-recovery attacks based on their distinguishers, their best distinguishers on Simon32 and Simon48 in the known-key distinguishing attack model for certain weak key classes make it through slightly more rounds than the best differential distinguishers   One of the authors has said that his research was resource-constrained and that rotational-XOR distinguishers on more rounds are probably possible  The designers also state that Simon was not designed to resist known-key distinguishing attacks (which do not directly compromise the confidentiality of ciphers) : 8 The designers state that NSA cryptanalysis found the algorithms to have no weaknesses, and security commensurate with their key lengths : 2   The design team says that their cryptanalysis included linear and differential cryptanalysis using standard techniques such as Matsui's algorithm and SAT/SMT solvers, though a full list of techniques used is not given : 10   Simon's designers have been criticized for not providing more details on NSA cryptanalysis of the ciphers The NSA has approved Simon128/256 and Speck128/256 for use in U S  National Security Systems, though AES-256 is still recommended for non-constrained applications 

Standardization efforts and controversies
Initial attempts to standardise Simon and Speck failed to meet International Organization for Standardization super-majority required by the process and the ciphers were not adopted  Expert delegates to the ISO from several countries including Germany, Japan and Israel opposed the efforts by the NSA to standardise the Simon and Speck ciphers, citing concerns that the NSA is pushing for their standardisation with knowledge of exploitable weaknesses in the ciphers  The position was based on partial evidence of weaknesses in the ciphers, lack of clear need for standardisation of the new ciphers, and the NSA's previous involvement in the creation and promotion of the backdoored Dual_EC_DRBG cryptographic algorithm In response to concerns, the NSA stated that more than 70 security analysis papers from some of the world's leading cryptographers support NSA's conclusion that the algorithms are secure and NSA affirmed that it is not aware of any cryptanalytic techniques that would allow them or anyone else to exploit Simon or Speck 
After initial attempts to standardise the ciphers failed, the ISO standardised Simon and Speck in other working groups  As of October 2018, the Simon and Speck ciphers have been standardized by ISO as a part of the RFID air interface standard, International Standard ISO/29167-21 (for Simon) and International Standard ISO/29167-22 (for Speck), making them available for use by commercial entities 

See also
Balanced boolean function
Bent function
Passage 12:
Sam's Game
Sam's Game was a celebrity poker program on Playboy TV  It featured a lineup of comedians, Playmates, and professional Texas Hold 'Em players and was hosted by Simpsons' co-developer, Sam Simon 

Format
Shot at Hugh Hefner's private sky villa at the Palms Resort, the show featured celebrities playing traditional Texas Hold 'Em with their own actual money, as opposed to charity contributions 
Women in Playboy bunny costumes served as the card dealers and cocktail waitresses  A variety of comedians, actresses, professional card players, and ex-Playmates made up the rotating table of players, with Sam Simon being the only constant 

Featured players
Norm Macdonald
Artie Lange
Brande Roderick
Dave Attell
Jennifer Tilly
Jeff Ross
Deanna Brooks
Andrea Lowell
Phil Laak
Jay Kogen
Passage 13:
The Essential Simon and Garfunkel
The Essential Simon & Garfunkel is the second 2-CD compilation album of greatest hits by Simon & Garfunkel, released by Columbia Records on October 14, 2003 
This two-disc anthology was released to coincide with Simon & Garfunkel's 2003 reunion tour  It contains all of the duo's 16 singles originally released between 1964 and 1975 to reach the Hot 100 (including the 1975 reunion hit, "My Little Town")  The remaining 17 songs include non-hits like “Richard Cory”, and eight live performances from 1967 to 1969 

Track listing
All songs composed by Paul Simon, except where noted 

US version
Disc one

Disc two

Disc three (3 0 edition)

1 He Was My Brother
2	April Come She Will
3 7 O'Clock News/Silent Night
4	Punky's Dilemma
5	Why Don't You Write Me
6	Citizen of the Planet

European version
Disc one

Disc two

Charts
Certifications
Context 3: Passage 1:
Paul Bettany
Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is a British actor  He is best known for his roles as J A R V I S  and Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and for starring in the Disney+ miniseries WandaVision (2021), for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie 
Bettany first gained popularity for appearing in the films Gangster No  1 (2000), A Knight's Tale (2001) and A Beautiful Mind (2001)  He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for playing Stephen Maturin in the film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)  Other films in which Bettany has appeared include Dogville (2003), Wimbledon (2004), The Da Vinci Code (2006), The Tourist (2010), Margin Call (2011), Legend (2015) and Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018)  He made his directorial debut with the film Shelter (2014), which he also wrote and co-produced 
In television and theatre, Bettany has portrayed Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll in the series A Very British Scandal and Andy Warhol in the play The Collaboration in the West End, which is set to transfer to Broadway 

Early life
Bettany was born on 27 May 1971 in London, to Anne (née Kettle), a stage singer, theatre teacher, and stage manager, and Thane Bettany, a dancer, actor, drama teacher and godfather to Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh  Bettany was raised Roman Catholic, although his church attendance drifted after his confirmation  Bettany then experimented with other Christian denominations among which were Methodist and Church of England congregations with his father  Bettany is now an atheist  While his father taught at the all-girls boarding school Queenswood School, near Hatfield, Hertfordshire, the family lived on the school grounds When Bettany was 16, his brother Matthew died at age 8 after falling onto concrete from a tennis pavilion roof at Queenswood  Soon after, Bettany dropped out of school, left home, and became a street performer in London  He lived in a small flat and earned money by playing his guitar in the streets as a busker  His parents later divorced  After two years, he found a new job in a home for the elderly  After working there for a year, Bettany enrolled at the Drama Centre London  He had dyslexia prior to it being recognised as a learning difficulty 

Career
In 1990, at the age of 19, Bettany began a three-year course at the Drama Centre London in Chalk Farm  He made his stage debut in Stephen Daldry's acclaimed West End revival of An Inspector Calls at the Aldwych Theatre, playing the part of Eric Birling  He also appeared in the Royal Shakespeare Company's productions of Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, and Julius Caesar (for which he received a Charleson Award nomination)  When Bettany was 21, he appeared in a BBC production of Oliver Twist, playing Bill Sikes 
After appearing in the finale of Sean Bean's series Sharpe as William II of the Netherlands at the Battle of Waterloo, he made his film debut with a small part in Bent, a Holocaust drama which also featured Clive Owen, Jude Law, and Ian McKellen  He continued doing work in stage and television: these included Joe Penhall's Love and Understanding, which played at London's Bush Theatre and then ran in Connecticut  He had roles in the television productions Killer Net and Coming Home, during which he met and dated Emily Mortimer  His last stage work was in One More Wasted Year and Stranger's House at the Royal Court Theatre  He filmed several more movies, including his first leading role in Gangster No  1  The British Independent Film Awards nominated him for Best Actor, and the London Film Critics' Circle nominated him for British Newcomer of the Year Back in Hollywood, writer/director Brian Helgeland (L A  Confidential) was planning a new film called The Sin Eater (also known as The Order)  He was impressed by Bettany's audition tape, though Helgeland eventually decided to film A Knight's Tale instead  The studio executives were not impressed, but Helgeland was determined to cast him, even writing the part of Chaucer for him  A Knight's Tale would be Bettany's first big Hollywood production  He received critical acclaim for A Knight's Tale, including winning the London Film Critics Circle Award for Best British Supporting Actor  After the movie wrapped, Helgeland, determined that Hollywood should recognize Bettany's talent, showed the audition tape to many of his peers, including Ron Howard, who promptly cast Bettany in A Beautiful Mind alongside Russell Crowe and Jennifer Connelly  After A Beautiful Mind, Bettany was offered the role of serial killer Francis Dolarhyde in Red Dragon, opposite Edward Norton and Anthony Hopkins  He turned down the role due to his commitment to a role in Lars von Trier's Dogville Bettany's next major project saw him starring again alongside A Beautiful Mind costar Russell Crowe in Peter Weir's Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World  His portrayal of surgeon and naturalist Stephen Maturin brought him a BAFTA nomination, and he was named British Actor of the Year (London Film Critics' Circle), and Best Actor (Evening Standard) 
On 28 June 2004, Bettany and 13 other actors were included in the 2004 invitation to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences  Dogville and The Reckoning were released in limited cinemas in 2004  In September of that year, Bettany made his leading-man debut in Wimbledon, a romantic comedy with Kirsten Dunst  The film's cast would also introduce him to Jon Favreau, playing his manager, a relationship that would return when Favreau cast him as the voice of J A R V I S  in Iron Man  In mid-2005, Bettany filmed Firewall in Vancouver, Canada, a thriller also starring Harrison Ford and Virginia Madsen, which reunited him with Wimbledon director Richard Loncraine  He spent the autumn of 2005 filming The Da Vinci Code, based on Dan Brown's best-selling novel and starring Tom Hanks, Audrey Tautou and Ian McKellen  In the film, he played an Opus Dei monk named Silas 
In 2007, Bettany went to London to star in There For Me, written by his friends Dan Fredenburgh and Doraly Rosen  In 2008, he appeared in the New Line Cinema family fantasy Inkheart, playing the part of a fire-eater named Dustfinger  In 2009, he appeared as Charles Darwin in Creation, starring opposite his own wife Jennifer Connelly  In 2010, Bettany appeared alongside Johnny Depp and Angelina Jolie in The Tourist and portrayed the archangel Michael in Legion, a film depicting divine vengeance upon humanity  He starred in the films Priest and Margin Call, both released in 2011 
Bettany reprised his voice role as J A R V I S  in 2010's Iron Man 2, 2012's The Avengers, 2013's Iron Man 3, and Disneyland's Innoventions attraction  In 2014, Bettany starred alongside Johnny Depp and fellow British actor Rebecca Hall in the feature film Transcendence  He was once again paired with Depp in Mortdecai, a 2015 motion picture also starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Ewan McGregor  After voicing J A R V I S  for five years, Bettany made his first onscreen appearance in a Marvel Cinematic Universe film in the 2015 film Avengers: Age of Ultron, playing Vision  He reprised the role in the sequels Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018) Bettany portrayed Ted Kaczynski in the Discovery Channel television show, Manhunt: Unabomber  Bettany replaced Michael K  Williams in Solo: A Star Wars Story, after Williams was removed from the final film, as he was unable to return to set during the film's reshoots  Bettany was cast in his place, with the character being reworked from a motion-capture alien to a human  On 20 January 2018, it was reported that Bettany was nearing a deal to play Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on the Netflix series The Crown, succeeding Matt Smith  Days later, on 25 January, it was reported by TVLine that Bettany was ultimately unable to sign on due to scheduling conflicts Bettany starred alongside Elizabeth Olsen in the Marvel television miniseries WandaVision, portraying a new version of his Marvel Cinematic Universe character, Vision, with Olsen portraying the titular Wanda  It premiered on Disney+ in January 2021, garnering praise from critics  Reviewing the series, Matt Purslow of IGN wrote Bettany "effortlessly takes to the comedic skits" and that he and Olsen "provide a fantastic amount of life, wit, and emotion"  For his performance, Bettany received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Bettany starred in the 2021 miniseries A Very British Scandal  He played artist Andy Warhol in a production of the play The Collaboration by Anthony McCarten at the Young Vic in London from February to April 2022  He is slated to reprise the role in a film adaptation of the play  Bettany is attached to portray businessman Alexander Nix in a film about the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal as well as co-write and star in the dramedy film Harvest Moon Bettany will reprise his role as Vision in the television series Vision Quest 

Personal life
On 1 January 2003, Bettany married American actress Jennifer Connelly in Scotland; they met when they starred together in the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind  They did not become a couple until some time after filming, as both were in other relationships at the time  As a teenager, he had developed a crush on her after seeing her in the 1986 film Labyrinth  The September 11 attacks motivated him to act on his feelings for her, and after two days of attempting to contact her, he proposed, despite the fact that they were not yet in a relationship  Soon after their marriage, they moved to Brooklyn Heights after living in Tribeca  The couple have two children together  Bettany is stepfather to Connelly's son from a previous relationship Bettany is close friends with actor Johnny Depp  Text messages between Bettany and Depp from 2013 were used as evidence in 2020 during Depp's defamation trial against The Sun and in 2022 as part of Depp's defamation trial against his ex-wife, actress Amber Heard 

Acting credits
Film
Television
Theatre
Awards and nominations
Notes
Passage 2:
Adriana Caselotti
Adriana Elena Loreta Caselotti (May 6, 1916 – January 18, 1997) was an American actress and singer  Caselotti was the voice of the title character of the first Walt Disney animated feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, for which she was named a Disney Legend in 1994, making her the first female voice-over artist to achieve this 

Early life
Adriana Caselotti was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, to an Italian-American family   Her father, Guido Luigi Emanuele Caselotti, was an immigrant from Udine, and worked as a music teacher and vocal coach, and served as the organist for the Holy Rosary Church; and her mother, Maria Josephine née Orefice Caselotti from Casavatore, was a singer in the Royal Opera Theatre of Rome   Her older sister, Louise, sang opera and gave voice lessons—Maria Callas being a student of hers   When Caselotti was seven years old, her family left Connecticut for Italy, while her mother toured with an opera company   Caselotti was educated and boarded at the San Getulio convent, near Rome   When her family returned to New York three years later, Caselotti re-learned English and studied singing with her father   In 1934, Caselotti attended Hollywood High School where she sang in the senior class Girls' Glee Club and had a leading role in the school's annual musical, The Belle of New York 

Career
In 1935, after her brief stint as a chorus girl and session singer at MGM, Walt Disney hired Caselotti as the voice of the heroine, Snow White   She was paid a total of $970 for working on the film (equivalent to $19,746 in 2022)   She was not credited for the role, and had trouble finding new opportunities later in life   Jack Benny specifically mentioned that he had asked Walt Disney for permission to use her on his radio show and was told, "I'm sorry, but that voice can't be used anywhere  I don't want to spoil the illusion of Snow White " Caselotti had two more jobs in the film business  The first was an uncredited role in MGM's The Wizard of Oz (1939); she provided the voice of Juliet during the Tin Man's song, "If I Only Had a Heart", speaking the line, "Wherefore art thou Romeo?" In 1946, she had an uncredited role in Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life, singing in Martini's bar as James Stewart is praying Adriana Caselotti appeared in several promotional spots for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and signed memorabilia during promotional events   On November 22, 1972 (Thanksgiving Day), she guest-starred on an episode of The Julie Andrews Hour saluting the music of Walt Disney, singing "I'm Wishing" and "Some Day My Prince Will Come" with Julie Andrews  She also made a guest appearance on the syndicated The Mike Douglas Show   Caselotti later wrote a how-to book, Do You Like to Sing? Later in life, she sold autographs and sang opera, including performing in Rigoletto  In the early 1990s, when the Snow White Grotto at Disneyland was refurbished, Caselotti, at the age of 75, re-recorded "I'm Wishing" for the Snow White Wishing Well exhibit  In 1994, she was named a Disney Legend 

Personal life
Caselotti was married four times  Her first husband was Robert James Chard, a local theater ticket broker whom she married in 1945  The marriage ended in divorce  She later met actor Norval Weir Mitchell, whom she married in 1952  He retired after marrying her and died in 1972  The same year, she was married to a podiatrist, Joseph Dana Costigan, who died in 1982  Caselotti married her last husband, Joseph Laureat Florian St  Pierre, a retired postal employee, in 1989 and they later divorced 

Illness and death
On January 18, 1997, Caselotti died of cancer at her Los Angeles home, at the age of 80 

Filmography
Television
Television shows
Film
Radio
Awards and recognition
Passage 3:
Samuel L  Jackson
Samuel Leroy Jackson (born December 21, 1948) is an American actor and producer  One of the most widely recognized actors of his generation, the films in which he has appeared have collectively grossed over $27 billion worldwide, making him the second highest-grossing actor of all time  According to a more recent rating, he is the highest-grossing actor of all time  In 2022, he received the Academy Honorary Award as "a cultural icon whose dynamic work has resonated across genres and generations and audiences worldwide" Jackson made his professional theatre debut in Mother Courage and her Children in 1980 at The Public Theatre  From 1981 to 1983 he originated the role of Private Louis Henderson in A Soldier's Play off-Broadway  He also originated the role of Boy Willie in August Wilson's The Piano Lesson in 1987 at the Yale Repertory Theatre  He portrayed Martin Luther King Jr  in the Broadway play The Mountaintop (2011)  He returned to Broadway in the 2022 revival of The Piano Lesson playing Doaker Charles, for which he received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination Jackson's early film roles include Coming to America (1988), Juice (1992), True Romance (1993), Menace II Society (1993), and Fresh (1994)  His collaborations with Spike Lee led to greater prominence with films such as School Daze (1988), Do the Right Thing (1989), Mo' Better Blues (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Oldboy (2013), and Chi-Raq (2015)  Jackson's breakout performance was as Jules Winnfield	in Quentin Tarantino's crime drama Pulp Fiction (1994) which earned him a BAFTA Award win and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor  He further collaborated with Tarantino, acting in Jackie Brown (1997), Django Unchained (2012), and The Hateful Eight (2015) 
He also gained widespread recognition as the Jedi Mace Windu in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005), and Nick Fury in 11 Marvel Cinematic Universe films, beginning with Iron Man (2008), as well as guest-starring in the ABC series Agents of S H I E L D   Jackson has provided his voice for Lucius Best / Frozone in the Pixar films The Incredibles (2004) and Incredibles 2 (2018)  He has also acted in a number of big-budget films, including Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), A Time to Kill (1996), Unbreakable (2000), Shaft (2000) and its reboot (2019), XXX (2002), Coach Carter (2005), Snakes on a Plane (2006), Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014), Kong: Skull Island (2017), and Glass (2019) 

Early life
Samuel Leroy Jackson was born in Washington, D C , on December 21, 1948, the only child of Elizabeth Harriett (née Montgomery) and Roy Henry Jackson  He grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee  His father lived away from the family in Kansas City, Missouri, and later died of alcoholism  Jackson met him only twice during his life  He was raised by his mother, a factory worker and later a supplies buyer for a mental institution; he was also raised by his maternal grandparents, Edgar and Pearl Montgomery, as well as extended family  According to DNA tests, Jackson partially descends from the Benga people of Gabon, and he became a naturalized citizen of Gabon in 2019  He attended several segregated schools and graduated from Riverside High School in Chattanooga  He played the French horn, piccolo, trumpet, and flute in the school orchestra  He developed a stutter during childhood and learned to "pretend to be other people who didn't stutter"  He still uses the word "motherfucker" to get through a speech block  He still has days where he stutters  Initially intent on pursuing a degree in marine biology, he attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia  After joining a local acting group to earn extra points in a class, he found an interest in acting and switched his major  Before graduating in 1972, he co-founded the Just Us Theatre After Martin Luther King Jr 's assassination in 1968, Jackson attended King's funeral in Atlanta as one of the ushers  He then travelled to Memphis, Tennessee, to join an equal rights protest march  In a 2005 Parade interview, he said, "I was angry about the assassination, but I wasn't shocked by it  I knew that change was going to take something different—not sit-ins, not peaceful coexistence " In 1969, Jackson and several other students held members of the Morehouse College board of trustees (including Martin Luther King Sr ) hostage on the campus, demanding reform in the school's curriculum and governance  The college eventually agreed to change its policy, but Jackson was charged with and eventually convicted of unlawful confinement, a second-degree felony  He was suspended for two years for his criminal record and his actions  He would later return to the college to earn a BA in drama in 1972  While he was suspended, he took a job as a social worker in Los Angeles  He decided to return to Atlanta, where he met with Stokely Carmichael, H  Rap Brown, and others active in the Black Power movement  He began to feel empowered with his involvement in the movement, especially when the group began buying guns  However, before he could become involved with any significant armed confrontations, his mother sent him to Los Angeles after the FBI warned her that he would die within a year if he remained with the group  In a 2018 interview with Vogue, he denied having been a member of the Black Panther Party 

Career
1972-1987: Early roles and theatre work
Jackson initially majored in marine biology at Morehouse College before switching to architecture  He later settled on drama after taking a public speaking class and appearing in a version of The Threepenny Opera  Jackson began acting on the stage, including Home and A Soldier's Play, which was the inspiration for the 1984 film, A Soldier's Story  He appeared in several television films, and made his feature film debut in the blaxploitation independent film Together for Days (1972)  After these initial roles, Jackson moved from Atlanta to New York City in 1976, and spent the next decade appearing in stage plays, including the premiers of The Piano Lesson and Two Trains Running at the Yale Repertory Theater  To supplement his income while auditioning, he worked at the Manhattan Plaza apartment complex as an overnight security guard   Jackson developed addictions to alcohol and cocaine, which prevented him from proceeding with the two plays to Broadway (actors Charles S  Dutton and Anthony Chisholm took his place) 

1988-1993: Rise to prominence
After a 1981 performance in the play A Soldier's Play, Jackson was introduced to director Spike Lee, who cast him for small roles in School Daze (1988) and Do the Right Thing (1989)



ground_truth: ADM Michael S. Rogers

Michael S. Rogers

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did Burroughs Corporation merge to form a new corporation?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Deanwood
Deanwood is a neighborhood in Northeast Washington, D C , bounded by Eastern Avenue to the northeast, Kenilworth Avenue to the northwest, Division Avenue to the southeast, and Nannie Helen Burroughs Avenue to the south 
One of Northeast's oldest neighborhoods, Deanwood's relatively low-density, small wood-frame and brick homes, and dense tree cover give it a small-town character that is unique in the District of Columbia  Much of its housing stock dates from the early 20th century  Several well-known African-American architects, including William Sidney Pittman and Howard D  Woodson, and many skilled local craftsmen designed and built many of its homes  The neighborhood was once home to Nannie Helen Burroughs, an early civil rights leader and the founder of the National Training School for Women and Girls, an independent boarding school for African-American girls founded in 1909 and located on 50th Street, NE  Marvin Gaye (1939–1984) was also born and raised in this neighborhood  From 1921 to 1940, Deanwood was also home to Suburban Gardens (50th and Hayes NE), a black-owned amusement park that served thousands of African-American residents during a time of racial segregation 
It is served by the Deanwood Metro station on the Orange Line 
The neighborhood is featured prominently in crime author Jim Beane's short story "Jeanette "

Schools
Integrated Design Electronics Academy
The Monroe School
Houston Elementary School
Aiton Elementary School
The Fishing School
H D  Woodson Senior High School

Churches
Beulah Baptist Church, of Deanwood Heights, DC

Libraries
Deanwood Neighborhood Library

Public transportation
Metro stations

Deanwood
Benning Road
Minnesota AvenueMajor bus routes

X-2 Minnesota Avenue to Lafayette Square
X-9 Express Capitol Heights to Metro Center
W-4 Deanwood to Anacostia

External links
Three Things About Deanwood
Passage 2:
William Amey
William Amey VC MM (5 March 1881 – 28 May 1940) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
Amey was 37 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 1/8th Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC 
On 4 November 1918 at Landrecies, France, when many hostile machine-gun nests were missed by the leading troops owing to fog, Lance-Corporal Amey led his section against a machine-gun nest under heavy fire and drove the garrison into a neighbouring farm, finally capturing 50 prisoners and several machine-guns  Later, single-handed and under heavy fire he attacked a machine-gun post in a farmhouse, killed two of the garrison and drove the remainder into a cellar until assistance arrived  Subsequently, he rushed a strongly held post, capturing 20 more prisoners Amey later achieved the rank of corporal, and was demobilised in 1919  He is buried at Leamington Cemetery, Brunswick Street, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England  His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Museum (Royal Warwickshire), in St John's House, Warwick, England 
Passage 3:
Mego Corporation
The Mego Corporation is an American toy company that in its original iteration was first founded in 1954   Originally known as a purveyor of dime store toys, in 1971 the company shifted direction and became famous for producing licensed action figures (including the long-running "World's Greatest Super Heroes" line), celebrity dolls, and the Micronauts toy line  For a time in the 1970s, their line of 8-inch-scale action figures with interchangeable bodies became the industry standard 
In 1982 Mego filed for bankruptcy, and by 1983, the Mego Corporation ceased to exist; today, Mego action figures and playsets can be highly prized collectibles, with some fetching hundreds, or even in some cases, thousands of dollars (depending on rarity) in the collectibles market In July 2018, the newly-reformed Mego Corporation announced they would be producing a limited run of their classic style clothed dolls in their traditional 1/9 scale, as well as some 1/5 figures sold exclusively through Target  These dolls, which include recreations of action figures released in the 1970s, began seeing release later in the year 

Corporate history
Mego was founded in 1954 by D  David Abrams and Madeline Abrams  The company thrived in the 1950s and early 1960s as an importer of dime store toys until the rising cost of newspaper advertising forced Mego to change its business model  In 1971, the Abrams's son Martin, a recent business school graduate, was named company president 
Under Martin Abrams's direction, the company shifted its production to dolls with interchangeable bodies  Generic bodies could be mass-produced and different dolls created by interposing different heads and costumes on them 
In 1972 Mego secured the licenses to create toys for both National Periodical Publications (DC Comics) and Marvel Comics  The popularity of this line of 8" dolls—dubbed "The World's Greatest Super Heroes"—created the standard action-figure scale for the 1970s 
Mego began to purchase the license rights of motion pictures, television programs, and comic books, eventually producing doll lines for Planet of the Apes, Star Trek, and the Wizard of Oz  Mego also obtained licenses from Edgar Rice Burroughs for his creations, such as Tarzan 
Beginning in 1974 Mego released the Planet of the Apes action-figures, the first such toys sold as film tie-ins  1975 saw the release of figures from Star Trek: The Original Series, which was steadily gaining fandom in syndication  The Planet of the Apes and Star Trek figures proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises During this period, Mego was known for the lavish parties the company threw at the annual New York American International Toy Fair  In 1975, Mego launched its Wizard of Oz film dolls with a gala whose special guests were every surviving member of the film's main cast  Mego's party at the Waldorf-Astoria with Sonny and Cher introducing their dolls drew a thousand people  Both dolls were formally unveiled on The Mike Douglas Show  The Cher doll was the number-1-selling doll in 1976, helping to make Mego the sixth-ranked American toy manufacturer, based on retail sales In 1976, Martin Abrams hashed out a deal with the Japanese toy manufacturer Takara to bring their popular lucite 3" fully articulated Microman figures to the United States under the name "Micronauts "  While Marty was in Japan, Fox's lawyer Mark Peders dropped by the office to show stills from the upcoming motion picture Star Wars, but no one in the office could sign the deal, so Peders visited Kenner in the same building and Kenner president Bernie Loomis was in the office and signed the deal   This decision seemed of little consequence to Mego at first, because the Micronauts figures initially sold well, earning the company more than $30 million at their peak  On the other hand, the Star Wars film was extremely popular and competitor Kenner Products sold substantial numbers of Star Wars action figures Following Star Wars' huge cultural impact, and Kenner's great success with its action figure line, Mego negotiated licenses for the manufacturing rights to a host of science fiction motion pictures and television shows, including Moonraker, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, The Black Hole, and Star Trek: The Motion Picture  Although these lines of Mego dolls were of much higher quality than Kenner's 12" Star Wars figures, none were as successful  The widespread success of Kenner's Star Wars 3-3/4" toy line soon made the newer, smaller size the industry standard, shifting sales away from the 8" standard popularized by Mego 
In the late 1970s, Mego was earning about $100 million in sales  Around this time, Mego began shifting their focus toward electronic toys like the 2-XL toy robot and the Fabulous Fred hand-held game player, but sales were not commensurate with the company's investment, and Mego went deeply into debt  Other problems included a rat infestation in Mego's warehouse and a lawsuit from Kenner over illegal appropriation of trade secrets related to the manufacture of their stretch figures  In the fiscal years 1980 and 1981, Mego reported combined losses of $40 million  In fiscal year 1982, the company reported losses of between $18 and $20 million In February 1982 the remaining staff was let go and the Mego offices were closed  On June 14, 1982, Mego filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy; the company officially went under in 1983 In 1986, Martin Abrams co-founded Abrams Gentile Entertainment (AGE), in order to retain and manage Mego's licensing contracts, rights and deals  In October 1995 AGE attempted to reclaim the Mego trademark  In March 2002, they abandoned the effort  In early 2009, Martin Abrams announced that AGE had reclaimed the rights to the name Mego Mego Corporation is headquartered in Great Neck, NY, with manufacturing facilities in China and Mexico  In July 2018, Mego Corporation premiered an exclusive line
with Target stores of their classic 8 inch clothed action figures as well as several 14 inch DC Superheroes figures at San Diego Comic Con with Joe Namath on hand to autograph his own 14 inch action figure   The Target exclusive featured three waves of figures hitting Target stores in August, October, and November   These figures were limited to 10,000 of each character 
Starting in 2019, Mego has continued to work with Target and other major retailers like Wal-Mart to bring the classic Star Trek, monsters, celebrities, and superheroes back to store shelves and on-line   Mego created action figures from the iconic Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan movie, giving fans of that 1982 classic the Mego figures they expected to see back then   Mego has also expanded distribution internationally, working with distributors in other countries to bring the magic of Mego to the rest of the world as well 
In 2020 Mego launched new waves of action figures and products with the help of Dr  Mego (Paul Clarke) to a wide audience via Target Corporation stores around the United States; Marty Abrams is greeting old and new fans at comic-cons and conventions nationwide 

Products history
Fighting Yank
A toy similar to GI Joe; so similar, in fact, that Hasbro was able to show that the toy's body had been copied directly from authentic GI Joe tooling  Hasbro threatened a lawsuit and Mego discontinued the product 

Broadway Joe Namath
An action doll based on New York Jets quarterback Joe Namath  The 1970s toyline included Broadway Joe in New York Jets football uniform, plus additional fashions sold separately 

Action Jackson
One of Mego's first toys under Martin Adams was an original character, Action Jackson, meant to compete with Hasbro's popular G I  Joe line  Heavily promoted on television commercials and in newspaper advertisements, the Action Jackson line included dolls, vehicles, and playsets  It was a big seller on its 1971 launch, but soon faded in popularity and was discontinued after 1974  The body design was reused for 8-inch licensed dolls 

Dinah Mite
A fashion doll produced as a female counterpart to Action Jackson  The doll was not a success, but the body design was reused for 8-inch licensed female dolls 

World's Greatest Super Heroes!
Beginning in 1972, Mego released the first comprehensive line of DC Comics and Marvel Comics superhero and villain dolls, coining the term "World's Greatest Super Heroes!" (WGSH) as an umbrella title for all the dolls released in this line  To start the line, Mego produced Batman, Robin, Aquaman, and Superman dolls  (For the South African market, a local radio play hero, Jet Jungle, was included in the series ) The earliest dolls were released in a solid box, but these boxes were often damaged by shoppers who wanted to see the figure inside  The design was quickly changed to a "window" style box  The WGSH line was offered from 1972 until 1983 

Fashion dolls
Mego marketed various fashion doll lines designed to compete with Mattel's popular Barbie line  The company's first attempt was the 1973 "Maddie Mod" line, which included an extensive wardrobe and Maddie's boyfriend "Richie," was not a success  Next, Mego created "Dinah-Mite," a poseable eight-inch (203 mm) scale Barbie-like doll with a boyfriend named Don  Other fashion dolls included "Beautiful Lainie," a 19" doll that danced back and forth from the hips; and Candi, a line that included "Coppertone Candi," a "tanning" doll co-branded with Coppertone sunscreen 

TV and movie dolls
The popularity of the 1974 releases of the Planet of the Apes and Star Trek: The Original Series lines led Mego to produce a variety of licensed figures based on films and TV shows, including The Flintstones, Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Our Gang, Starsky & Hutch, The Waltons, and Wizard of Oz 

Mego introduced a Lynda Carter Wonder Woman doll line in 1977  The first edition of the Wonder Woman dolls and accessories included:

Wonder Woman (factory-painted bustier top with cloth star-spangled bottoms, bracelets, golden lasso, tiara, and red boots), as well as a Diana Prince Navy Yeoman outfit, featuring black glasses and black high-heeled shoes
Nubia, Wonder Woman's super-foe
Queen Hippolyta, Wonder Woman's mother
Major Steve Trevor, Wonder Woman's best friend and bossMego added 121⁄2" dolls from the Superman movie in 1978, which included Superman, Jor-El, Lex Luthor, and General Zod 
In the early 1980s Mego produced dolls and vehicles for the popular TV shows CHiPs, Dallas, Dukes of Hazzard, and The Greatest American Hero  The Dukes of Hazzard dolls sold well, but Mego failed with its CHiPs and Dallas dolls 

Comic Action Heroes!
Always thinking of ways to reduce costs of production, in 1975 Mego released a smaller plastic line of action toys called Comic Action Heroes! that had the costumes molded onto the figure (and later adopted by Star Wars and Super Powers lines), thus eliminating the extra cost of creating the suits  The line featured Batman, Robin, The Joker, and The Penguin, as well as other DC Comics characters, and Marvel characters such as Spider-Man, Captain America, and the Hulk  Later, in 1979, Mego re-released the line under the new name Pocket Super Heroes 

Celebrity dolls
In 1976, Mego launched a highly successful 12½-inch celebrity doll line  The first dolls were Sonny and Cher, with famed fashion designer Bob Mackie designing an extensive wardrobe for Cher  Farrah Fawcett, Jaclyn Smith, Diana Ross, Suzanne Somers, Captain and Tennille, and Kiss celebrity dolls followed in 1977 and 1978 

Micronauts
From 1976 to 1980 Mego produced a licensed line of Takara's Microman figures under the name Micronauts  The 3-3/4" toy line's popularity led Marvel Comics to launch a Micronauts comic book in 1979, which ran until 1986 

2-XL robot
In 1978, Martin Abrams purchased inventor Michael J  Freeman's toy robot, the 2-XL, which was introduced to the public and became a success  The toy was sold in different countries and was voiced in seven languages, including English  2-XL was a revolutionary idea, combining toys and education  A lot of games were also developed for the toy  By 1981, the 2-XL's popularity had waned, and it was later discontinued  However, the 2-XL robot was upgraded and reintroduced in the early 1990s by Tiger Electronics, a US based toy company  The programs for this version were also voiced by Freeman and sold worldwide The 2-XL was part of Mego's electronic games line, which included the handheld devices Mini-Vid and Fabulous Fred 

Military dolls
In 1976, Mego began producing a small collection of World War II-themed military dolls marketed in France, Italy (under the Polistil name), Germany, Australia, and the United Kingdom under different names  Most of these products were branded under the "Lion Rock" name, Mego's manufacturing arm  These dolls were released in United States the early 1980s as "Johnny Action" or "Combat Man " Using the 6-inch (150 mm) format, they were produced after the 12-inch (300 mm) G I  Joe dolls had lost their popularity and before the revival of the G I  Joe line in 3-¾" format; they were also intended to compete with Spain's Madelman line of soldier dolls  The 6-inch (150 mm) combat line was not a success 

Eagle Force
One of Mego's final large product lines was Eagle Force, a 2+3⁄4-inch-high (70 mm) die-cast action figure toy line co-designed by Paul Kirchner and marketed in 1981-1982  Produced during Ronald Reagan's first term as president, the Eagle Force toy line was marketed as a counter-terrorist task force, to send the message that the United States wasn't going to be "pushed around" anymore 
The line was similar to Hasbro's G I  Joe: A Real American Hero dolls 

Reissued Marx playsets
Mego acquired the moulds of World War II soldiers, vehicles and landscape terrain from Louis Marx and Company, reissuing their Battleground (1980) and Navarone (1981) playsets  Mego also reissued a Prehistoric Dinosaur, Fort Apache and Galaxy Command playsets 

Toys and games manufactured by Mego
"Mego Melt"
Several different (but not all) plastic dolls made by Mego have suffered from "Mego Melt" (also known as "Mego Molt"), a term coined by toy collectors to describe the material deteriorating over time  The plastic used for the doll's torso reacts with the rubberized plastic used for the arms and legs  The result is a melting of the torso at those joining points: shoulder, underarm, hips, and buttocks  Even when stored carefully, this melting often results in the costumes becoming stuck to the dolls  Excessive heat from storage in hot attics or garages exacerbates this problem  The dolls' hair and eyelashes are prone to similar deterioration when exposed to high temperatures 

In popular culture
From 1996–2011, Mego's 8-inch (200 mm) dolls, particularly the superhero line, found new life in Twisted ToyFare Theater (originally called "Twisted Mego Theatre"), a humorous photo comic strip appearing in ToyFare, a monthly magazine published by Wizard Entertainment  ToyFare staff posed and took photos depicting the dolls in bizarre situations, with added dialogue balloons  The series was well known in comic book and collectors' circles for its distinctive, off-the-wall sense of humor  The popular strips were later published separately in their own collections 
Mego dolls as well as similarly styled figures are used in sexually perverted adult oriented situations in the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim program Robot Chicken  The show, which debuted in February 2005, is directly based on Twisted ToyFare Theater and features three of its writers 

See also
Hasbro
Kenner Products
Mattel
Trendmasters
Passage 4:
David Ferguson Hunter
David Ferguson Hunter VC (28 November 1891 – 14 February 1965) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
Hunter was 26 years old, and a corporal in the 1/5th Battalion, The Highland Light Infantry, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC on 23 October 1918 On 16/17 September 1918 at Moeuvres, France, Corporal Hunter was detailed to take on an advanced post which was established in shell holes close to the enemy  There was no opportunity for reconnoitring adjacent ground, and the following afternoon Corporal Hunter found that the enemy had established posts all round him, isolating his command  He determined to hold out and despite being exceedingly short of food and water this NCO managed to maintain his position for over 48 hours until a counter-attack relieved him  He repelled frequent enemy attacks and also barrage from our attacks, which came right across his post 
He was subsequently promoted to the rank of sergeant on 23 October 1918  He died 14 February 1965
On 12 August 2004, his previously unmarked grave in Dunfermline Cemetery was marked by a memorial stone in a ceremony 

Freemasonry
He was initiated into Freemasonry in Lodge Union, No  250, (Dunfermline, Scotland) on 3 January, Passed on 6 February and Raised 3 May 1919 

The Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of The Royal Highland Fusiliers, Glasgow, Scotland 
Passage 5:
John Burroughs Medal
The John Burroughs Medal, named for nature writer John Burroughs (1837–1921), is awarded each year in April by the John Burroughs Association to the author of a book that the association has judged to be distinguished in the field of natural history  Only twice has the award been given to a work of fiction 

List of recipients of the John Burroughs Medal
1926 - William Beebe, Pheasants of the World
1927 - Ernest Thompson Seton, Lives of Game Animals
1928 - John Russell McCarthy, Nature Poems
1929 - Frank M  Chapman, Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America (published 1906)
1930 - Archibald Rutledge, Peace in the Heart
1931 - no award
1932 - Frederick S  Dellenbaugh, A Canyon Voyage: A Narrative of the Second Powell Expedition, ISBN 0-8165-0880-1
1933 - Oliver P  Medsker, Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter (set)
1934 - W W  Christman, Wild Pasture Pine
1935 - no award
1936 - Charles Crawford Gorst, Recordings of Bird Calls
1937 - no award
1938 - Robert Cushman Murphy, Oceanic Birds of South America
1939 - T  Gilbert Pearson, Adventures in Bird Protection
1940 - Arthur Cleveland Bent, Life Histories of North American Birds (18 title series, United States Government Printing Office)
1941 - Louis J  Halle, Jr , Birds Against Men
1942 - Edward A  Armstrong, Birds of the Grey Wind
1943 - Edwin Way Teale, Near Horizons: The Story of an Insect Garden
1944 - no award
1945 - Rutherford Platt, This Green World ISBN 0-396-09188-1
1946 - Florence Page Jaques and Francis Lee Jaques (illustrator), Snowshoe Country, ISBN 0-87351-236-7
1947 - no award
1948 - Theodora Stanwell-Fletcher, Driftwood Valley, ISBN 0-87071-524-0
1949 - Helen G  Cruickshank, Flight Into Sunshine: Bird Experiences in Florida
1950 - Roger Tory Peterson, Birds Over America, ISBN 0-396-08269-6
1951 - no award
1952 - Rachel Carson, The Sea Around Us, ISBN 0-451-61873-4
1953 - Gilbert Klingel, The Bay, ISBN 0-8018-2536-9
1954 - Joseph Wood Krutch, The Desert Year, ISBN 0-8165-0923-9
1955 - Wallace Byron Grange and Olaus J  Murie (illustrator), Those of the Forest, ISBN 1-55971-083-7
1956 - Guy Murchie, Song of the Sky
1957 - Archie Fairly Carr, The Windward Road: Adventures of a Naturalist on Remote Caribbean Shores, ISBN 0-8130-0639-2
1958 - Robert Porter Allen, On the Trail of the Vanishing Birds
1959 - no award
1960 - John Kieran, A Natural History of New York City, ISBN 0-8232-1086-3
1961 - Loren Eiseley, The Firmament of Time, ISBN 0-8032-6739-8
1962 - George Miksch Sutton, Iceland Summer: Adventures of a Bird Painter, ISBN 0-8061-0491-0
1963 - Adolph Murie, A Naturalist in Alaska, ISBN 0-8165-1168-3
1964 - John Hay, The Great Beach: A Naturalist Explores the Frontier Between Land and Sea on the Outer Reaches of Cape Cod, ISBN 0-345-02255-6
1965 - Paul Brooks, Roadless Area, ISBN 0-345-25276-4
1966 - Louis Darling, The Gull's Way, ISBN 0-688-21366-9
1967 - Charlton Ogburn, Jr , The Winter Beach, ISBN 0-688-09418-X
1968 - Hal Borland, Hill Country Harvest
1969 - Louise de Kiriline Lawrence, The Lovely and the Wild, ISBN 0-920474-43-8
1970 - Victor B  Scheffer, The Year of the Whale
1971 - John K  Terres, From Laurel Hill to Siler's Bog, ISBN 0-8078-4426-8
1972 - Robert S  Arbib, The Lord's Woods: The Passing of an American Woodland, ISBN 0-393-08639-9
1973 - Elizabeth Barlow, The Forests and Wetlands of New York City
1974 - Sigurd F  Olson, Wilderness Days, ISBN 0-394-47155-5
1975 - no award
1976 - Ann Haymond Zwinger, Run, River, Run, ISBN 0-06-014824-1
1977 - Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, ISBN 0-915024-15-2
1978 - Ruth Kirk, The American Southwest Desert, ISBN 0-395-17209-8
1979 - Barry Lopez, Of Wolves and Men, ISBN 0-7432-4936-4
1980 - no award
1981 - Mary Durant and Michael Harwood, On the Road with John James Audubon, ISBN 0-396-07740-4
1982 - Peter Matthiessen, Sand Rivers, ISBN 0-906053-22-6
1983 - Alexander F  Skutch, A Naturalist on a Tropical Farm, ISBN 0-520-03802-9
1984 - David Rains Wallace, The Klamath Knot: Explorations of Myth and Evolution, ISBN 0-520-23659-9
1985 - Mark Owens and Delia Owens, Cry of the Kalahari, ISBN 0-395-64780-0
1986 - Gary Paul Nabhan, Gathering the Desert, ISBN 0-8165-0935-2
1987 - Robert Michael Pyle, Wintergreen: Rambles in a Ravaged Land, ISBN 0-684-18321-8
1988 - Tom Horton and Charles R  Hazard (illustrator), Bay Country, ISBN 0-8018-3525-9
1989 - Lawrence Kilham, On Watching Birds, ISBN 0-930031-14-8
1990 - John McPhee, The Control of Nature, ISBN 0-374-12890-1
1991 - Richard Nelson, The Island Within, ISBN 0-86547-404-4
1992 - Kenneth S  Norris, Dolphin Days: The Life and Times of the Spinner Dolphin, ISBN 0-393-02945-X
1993 - Vincent Dethier, Crickets and Katydids, Concerts and Solos, ISBN 0-674-17577-8
1994 - David G  Campbell, The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica, ISBN 0-436-20049-X
1995 - Craig Packer, Into Africa, ISBN 0-226-64429-4
1996 - Bill Green, Water, Ice and Stone:Science and Memory on the Antarctic Lakes, ISBN 0-517-58759-9
1997 - David Quammen, The Song Of The Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction, ISBN 0-684-80083-7
1998 - John Alcock, In a Desert Garden:Love and Death Among the Insects, ISBN 0-8165-1970-6
1999 - Jan DeBlieu, Wind: How the Flow of Air Has Shaped Life, Myth, and the Land, ISBN 0-395-78033-0
2000 - Bernd Heinrich, Mind Of the Raven, ISBN 0-06-017447-1
2001 - David M  Carroll, Swampwalker's Journal, ISBN 0-395-64725-8
2002 - Ken Lamberton, Wilderness and Razor Wire, ISBN 1-56279-116-8
2003 - Carl Safina, Eye of the Albatross: Visions of Hope and Survival, ISBN 0-8050-6228-9
2004 - Ted Levin, Liquid Land: A Journey Through The Florida Everglades, ISBN 0-8203-2512-0
2005 - Robin Wall Kimmerer, Gathering Moss: A Natural and Cultural History of Mosses, ISBN 0-87071-499-6
2006 - Donald Kroodsma, The Singing Life of Birds, ISBN 0-618-40568-2
2007 - Ellen Meloy, Eating Stone: Imagination And The Loss Of The Wild, ISBN 0-375-42216-1
2008 - Julia Whitty, The Fragile Edge: Diving and Other Adventures in the South Pacific, ISBN 0-618-19716-8
2009 - Franklin Burroughs, Confluence: Merrymeeting Bay, ISBN 0-88448-282-0
2010 - Michael Welland, Sand: The Never-Ending Story, ISBN 0-520-26597-1
2011 - Elisabeth Tova Bailey, The Sound of a Wild Snail Eating, ISBN 978-1565126060
2012 - Edward (Ted) Hoagland, Sex and the River Styx, ISBN 978-1603583374
2013 - Thor Hanson, Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle, ISBN 978-0465028788
2014 - Kathleen Jamie, Sightlines, ISBN 978-0956308665
2015 - Sherry Simpson, Dominion of Bears, ISBN 978-0700619351
2016 - Sharman Apt Russell, Diary of a Citizen Scientist, ISBN 978-0870717529 
2017 - Brian Doyle, Martin Marten, ISBN 978-1250045201 
2018 - David George Haskell, The Songs of Trees, ISBN 978-0525427520; a special John Burroughs Medal was given for Lifetime Achievement in Nature Poetry to Pattiann Rogers
2020 - Marilyn Sigman, Entangled: People and Ecological Change in Alaska's Kachemak Bay, ISBN 978-1602233485
Passage 6:
Australia Day
Australia Day is the official national day of Australia  Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 landing of the First Fleet, and raising of the Union Flag by Arthur Phillip, at Sydney Cove in New South Wales  In present-day Australia, celebrations aim to reflect the diverse society and landscape of the nation and are marked by community and family events, reflections on Australian history, official community awards and citizenship ceremonies welcoming new members of the Australian community The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved and been contested over time, and not all states historically celebrated the same date as their date of historical significance  The date of 26 January 1788 marks the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia  Records of celebrations on 26 January date back to 1808, with the first official celebration of the formation of New South Wales held in 1818  It was not until 1935 that all Australian states and territories adopted use of the term "Australia Day" to mark the date of the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, and not until 1994 that 26 January was consistently marked by a public holiday on that day by all states and territories  Historically, the date was also variously named Anniversary Day, Foundation Day and ANA Day In contemporary Australia, the holiday is marked by the presentation of the Australian of the Year Awards on Australia Day Eve, announcement of the Australia Day Honours list and addresses from the Governor-General and Prime Minister  It is an official public holiday in every state and territory  With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation  Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia Indigenous Australian events are now included  However, since at least 1938, the date of Australia Day has also been marked by some Indigenous Australians and supporters mourning what is seen as the invasion of the land – which they had occupied for millennia – by the British and the start of colonisation, protesting its celebration as a national holiday  Invasion Day, Survival Day, or Day of Mourning is observed by many as a counter-observance on 26 January, with calls for the date of Australia Day to be changed or the holiday to be abolished entirely  Support for changing the date is a minority position; however, polls indicate some support, particularly among Australians under age 30 

History
Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788
On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland  Under the command of Naval Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770  The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America  The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable 
On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson, 12 kilometres (7 5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement  They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney  They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people 
They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January  That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January  However, during 24 January, they spotted the ships Astrolabe and Boussole, flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but only HMS Supply made it out, carrying Arthur Phillip, Philip Gidley King, some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon  Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, Captain John Hunter of HMS Sirius made contact with the French ships, and he and the commander, Captain de Clonard, exchanged greetings  Clonard informed Hunter that the fleet commander was Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse  Sirius successfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty  Charlotte was blown dangerously close to rocks, Friendship and Prince of Wales became entangled, both ships losing booms or sails, Charlotte and Friendship collided, and Lady Penrhyn nearly ran aground  Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January  The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm 
 
So it was on 26 January that a landing was made at Sydney Cove and clearing of the ground for an encampment immediately began  Then, according to Phillip's account: In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king's health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing presages 
The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not however occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed  It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip's governorship were read out  The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788 

1788–1838
Although there was no official recognition of the colony's anniversary, with the New South Wales Almanacks of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January, by 1808 the date was being used by the colony's immigrants, especially the emancipated convicts, to "celebrate their love of the land they lived in" with "drinking and merriment"  The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night, the chief toast of the occasion being Major George Johnston  Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict James Ruse  Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to Annandale, Johnston led the officers of the New South Wales Corps in arresting Governor William Bligh on the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the "Rum Rebellion" 
Almanacs started mentioning "First Landing Day" or "Foundation Day" and successful immigrants started holding anniversary dinners  In 1817 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of Isaac Nichols:

On Monday the 27th ult  a dinner party met at the house of Mr  Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan  1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following   The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number  At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated  After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded 
1818 was the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and Governor Lachlan Macquarie chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration  The governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of "one pound [450 grams] of fresh meat", and ordered a 30-gun salute at Dawes Point – one for each year that the colony had existed  This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow 

Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events  One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day regatta was held on Sydney Harbour  Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels to watermen's skiffs, and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including the steamboat Australian and the Francis Freeling—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day  Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make it an annual event  However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the "United Australians" dinner being limited to those born in Australia  In describing the dinner, the Sydney Herald justified the decision, saying:

The parties who associated themselves under the title of "United Australians" have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness  It is not fair so to censure them  If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate  That was a good reason  The "Australians" had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain 
The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia's first public holiday was declared  The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (Maitland, Experiment, Australia, Rapid, and the miniature steamer Firefly) to view the proceedings from the water  At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes' Battery as the Royal Standard was raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky  The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837, and the anniversary as a whole was described as a "day for everyone" 

1839–1935
Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had its own commemoration for its founding  In Tasmania, Regatta Day occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of Abel Tasman  South Australia celebrated Proclamation Day on 28 December  Western Australia had its own Foundation Day (now Western Australia Day) on 1 June The decision to mark the occasion of the First Fleet’s arrival in 1788 at Sydney Cove and Captain Arthur Phillip’s proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern continent on 26 January was first made outside NSW by the Australian Natives' Association (ANA), a group of white "native-born" middle-class men formed in Victoria in 1871  They dubbed the day "ANA Day" In 1888, all colonial capitals except Adelaide celebrated "Anniversary Day"  In 1910, South Australia adopted 26 January as "Foundation Day", to replace another holiday known as Accession Day, which had been held on 22 January to mark the accession to the throne of King Edward VII, who died in May 1910 The first Australia Day was established in response to Australia's involvement in World War I  In 1915, Ellen "Ellie" Wharton Kirke MBE, née Clements, mother of four servicemen, thought up the idea of a national day, with the specific aim of raising funds for wounded soldiers, and the term was coined to stir up patriotic feelings  In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July, on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort  It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916, 27 July 1917, and 26 July 1918 The idea of a national day to be celebrated on 26 January was slow to catch on, partly because of competition with Anzac Day  Victoria adopted 26 January as Australia Day in 1931, and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales)  The name "Foundation Day" persisted in local usage 

1936–1960s
The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated  Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council  In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as "Australia Day" in 1946, although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the anniversary The Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 26 January 1949, creating Australian citizenship for the first time  Previously, the government-approved residents of Australia had only been "British nationals"; now they had both Australian and British nationality Historian Ken Inglis wrote in 1967 that Australia Day was not celebrated publicly in Canberra at that time 

1988: Bicentenary
In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale as the Australian Bicentenary, with many significant events taking place in all major cities  Over 2 5 million people attended the event in Sydney  These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of the Powerhouse Museum at its new location  A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part 

Contemporary celebrations
The various celebrations and civic ceremonies such as citizenship ceremonies, the Australian of the Year awards and the Australia Day Honours (introduced in 1975) only started to be performed on Australia Day from around the 1950s onwards Since 1988, participation in Australia Day has increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on 26 January – regardless of the day of the week –  for the first time  Previously, some states had celebrated the public holiday on a Monday or Friday to ensure a long weekend  Research conducted in 2007 reported that 28% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 26% celebrated with family and friends  This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005 Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia  These official events are presented by the National Australia Day Council, an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race  In Adelaide, the key celebrations are "Australia Day in the City" which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder Park, with a new outdoor art installation in 2019 designed to acknowledge, remember and recognise Aboriginal people who have contributed to the community  Featuring the People's March and the Voyages Concert, Melbourne's events focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism  In Perth, for many years until 2022, the Skyworks were the largest single event presented each Australia Day Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of Australian citizenship  On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and around 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship  In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an affirmation by existing citizens  Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78 6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day  In September 2019, the Morrison government amended the Australian Citizenship Ceremonies Code to require local councils to hold a citizenship ceremony on Australia Day The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations  In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations  The Order of Australia awards are also a feature of the day  The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations  The governor-general and prime minister both address the nation  On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a "significant contribution to the Australian community and nation" and is an "inspirational role model for the Australian community"  Subcategories of the award include Young Australian of the Year and Senior Australian of the Year, and an award for Australia's Local Hero 
Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day  Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards "our future", while 13% thought it was important to "think about the present at this time" and 3% were unsure  Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme  There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader's participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians' understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity, Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed "it was important to recognise Australia's indigenous people and culture" as part of Australia Day celebrations  A similar proportion (89%) agreed that "it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation"  Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion 

Debate
Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia's Indigenous peoples  In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premier Henry Parkes was asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations  He replied: "And remind them that we have robbed them?"The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning  A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an "Invasion Day" commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture  Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as "Invasion Day", and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events  Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne range into tens of thousands The anniversary is also termed by some as "Survival Day" and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination  In 2016, National Indigenous Television chose the name "Survival Day" as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term "recognises the invasion", but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present Several major employers, both public and private, including the Australian Public Service, permit employees to work on Australia Day and take another day off 

Polling
Polling by Essential Media since 2015 suggests that the number of people celebrating Australia Day is declining, indicating a shift in attitudes  In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%, and in 2021 it was down to 29% of over 1000 people surveyed  In 2021, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday A poll commissioned in December 2020 by the conservative think tank Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) was published in January 2021, showing that support for changing the date had remained a minority position  In January 2021, an Essential poll reported that 53% supported a separate day to recognise Indigenous Australians; however only 18% of these thought that it should replace Australia Day  A poll by Ipsos for The Age / The Sydney Morning Herald reported in January 2021 that 28% were in support of changing the date, 24% were neutral and 48% did not support changing the date  49% believed that the date would change within the next decade and 41% believed that selecting a new date would improve the lives of Indigenous Australians  Results were split by demographic factors, with age being a significant factor  47% of people aged 18–24 supported changing the date, compared to only 19% among those aged 55 years or older  Individuals who voted for the Greens were most likely to support the date change at 67%, followed by Labor voters at 31% and Coalition voters at 23% The 2022 IPA poll found 65% were opposed to changing the date, including 47% of 18–24 year olds, with 15% of the general population and 25% of 18–24 year olds in favour of changing it 

See also
Culture of Australia
Australian nationalism
Reconciliation in Australia

Notes
Passage 7:
Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997
The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997 (Act No  33 of 1997) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that abolished judicial corporal punishment  It followed the Constitutional Court's 1995 decision in the case of S v Williams and Others that caning of juveniles was unconstitutional  Although the ruling in S v Williams was limited to the corporal punishment of males under the age of 21, Justice Langa mentioned in dicta that there was a consensus that corporal punishment of adults was also unconstitutional The act contains two substantive sections  The first provides that "any law which authorises corporal punishment by a court of law, including a court of traditional leaders," is repealed to the extent that it authorises such a punishment  The second makes specific textual amendments various statutes, including the Black Administration Act, the Magistrates' Courts Act and the Criminal Procedure Act, to remove references to corporal punishment 
Passage 8:
Robert Smallwood
Robert F  Smallwood is an American writer, technologist, magazine publisher, and podcast host   A prolific writer and speaker on information technology topics, he has published 10 books, and over 100 articles in trade journals and given more than 60 conference presentations  He was a chapter founder and president for AIIM International and was elected to its international Board of Directors in 1997, and the Board's Executive Committee in 1998  In 2014 he founded the Institute for Information Governance; in 2018 he co-founded "Information Governance World" magazine, and in 2020 he founded the Certified Information Governance Officers Association 

Personal
Smallwood was born in 1959 in Davenport, Iowa   He grew up in nearby Bettendorf, where he was an academic,  athletic, and musical standout, earning All-State Honors in Band (as a drummer), and Cross Country  He broke the freshman, sophomore, and varsity track records in the 2-mile run, indoors and outdoors, running 9:32 5, and in the 3000 meters, 8:48 8  He was also part of record-breaking 2-mile and 4 mile relay teams  In 1977 he earned his varsity letter in cross country as a freshman at University of Northern Iowa 
After attending the University of Massachusetts Boston on a scholarly exchange program he graduated from the University of Northern Iowa in 1982 with honors and degrees in Business Management and Psychology  In 2000, Smallwood completed work on his Master of Business Administration degree at Loyola University New Orleans 
Smallwood moved to New Orleans where he worked for Burroughs Corporation (later Unisys after a merger with Sperry) implementing mainframe computer and document management systems for commercial banks and the Federal Reserve Bank branch in New Orleans   Later he worked for Wang Laboratories where he implemented some of the first commercially available document imaging systems, and law firm software 
In 1988 he published a paper, "Implementing Document Imaging in Financial Services Applications" internally for Wang   In 1991 he became an independent IT consultant and in 1995 he merged with and co-founded IMERGE Consulting  In 2014, he founded the Institute for Information Governance, and published the world's first textbook on Information Governance through Wiley & Sons  The second edition was released in 2020 

The Five People You Meet in Hell: Surviving Katrina
Smallwood's first book, The Five People You Meet in Hell: Surviving Katrina, was published in 2005  The book is Smallwood's account of his experience during the storm and in its aftermath  It was the first personal account of the disaster to be published   "One of the "five people" was Smallwood's friend and neighbor Harry Anderson, the comic actor who starred in Night Court, a popular 1980's sitcom In 2006, Smallwood embarked on a 21-city book tour and interviews on C-SPAN (BookTV), BBC Radio, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, ABCNews com and other major media outlets   The book was optioned for film in November, 2013, by Safier Entertainment under the working title, A Season in Hell The title was borrowed from the extended poem of the same name by French writer Arthur Rimbaud 

Other publications
2005 "Brando, Tennessee & Me " - his first play
2007 "Prisoners of Katrina"
2009 "Jackson Squared" - his first novel

Information governance publications
In 2008, Smallwood published his first nonfiction technology book, "Taming the Email Tiger" In 2012, Wiley & Sons published Smallwood's 'WikiLeaks prevention guide' entitled, "Safeguarding Critical E-Documents: Implementing a Program for Securing Confidential Information Assets" and in 2013, in collaboration with nine subject matter experts (SME), "Managing Electronic Records: Methods, Best Practices, and Technologies " A third book in the Wiley CIO series "Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices" was released in April 2014, and the second edition in January, 2020  That book is being used to guide corporate IG programs, and to teach information governance to graduate students at University of Oxford, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences in Helsinki, Finland, San Jose State and other major universities  In April 2016 Smallwood published, "Information Governance for Executives: Fundamentals and Strategies, and in 2018, "Information Governance for Healthcare Professionals," was published by HIMSS and Taylor & Francis (under CRC imprint)  Also in 2018, Smallwood founded "Information Governance World" magazine, the first magazine dedicated to coverage of Information Governance  In 2020, "Information Governance" 2nd Edition was published by Wiley 

Black & White Ball - Hurricane Katrina fundraiser
As the executive director of the Louisiana Writers' Foundation, Smallwood was responsible for organizing a "Black & White Ball" at the Hotel Monteleone on the 40th anniversary of Truman Capote's famous New York event  The event was held to raise donations for writers struggling to return to post-Katrina New Orleans, in conjunction with Habitat for Humanity   Honorees included noted Romanian writer and New Orleans resident Andrei Codrescu, Louisiana Poet Laureate Brenda Marie Osbey, and poet Dave Brinks   News anchor Angela Hill emceed the festivities 
Passage 9:
John William Sayer
Lance Corporal John William Sayer  (12 April 1879 – 18 April 1918) was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
He was 38 years old, and a Lance Corporal in the 8th Battalion, The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment), British Army during the
First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC 
On 21 March 1918 at Le Verguier, France, Lance Corporal Sayer held the flank of a small isolated post for two hours  Owing to mist the enemy approached from both sides to within 30 yards before being discovered, but the lance corporal, on his own initiative without assistance, beat off a succession of attacks, inflicting heavy losses  During the whole time he was exposed to heavy fire but his contempt of danger and skill in the use of his fire-arms enabled the post to hold out until nearly all the garrison had been killed and he himself wounded and captured  He died as a result of wounds four weeks later 
Passage 10:
Unisys
Unisys Corporation is an American multinational information technology (IT) services and consulting company founded in 1986 and headquartered in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania  The company provides digital workplace, cloud applications & infrastructure, enterprise computing and business process services 

History
Founding
Unisys was formed in 1986 through the merger of mainframe corporations Sperry and Burroughs, with Burroughs buying Sperry for $4 8 billion  The name was chosen from over 31,000 submissions in an internal competition when Christian Machen submitted the word "Unisys" which was composed of parts of the words united, information and systems The merger was the largest in the computer industry at the time and made Unisys the second largest computer company with annual revenue of $10 5 billion  Michael Blumenthal became CEO and Chairman  Soon after the merger, the market for proprietary mainframe-class systems—the mainstream product of Unisys and its competitors such as IBM—began a long-term decline that continues, at a lesser rate, today  In response, Unisys made the strategic decision to shift into high-end servers (e g , 32-bit processor Windows Servers), as well as information technology (IT) services such as systems integration, outsourcing, and related technical services, while holding onto the profitable revenue stream from maintaining its installed base of proprietary mainframe hardware and applications In 1988, the company acquired Convergent Technologies, makers of CTOS In 1990, Blumenthal resigned  James Unruh (formerly of Memorex and Honeywell) became the new CEO and Chairman after Blumenthal's departure and continued in that role until 1997, when Larry Weinbach of Arthur Andersen became the new CEO 

Product development and CEO changes
Joseph McGrath served as CEO and President from January 2005, until September, 2008  On October 7, 2008, J  Edward Coleman replaced J  McGrath as CEO and was named Chairman of the board as well  On November 10, 2008, the company was removed from the S&P 500 index as the market capitalization of the company had fallen below the S&P 500 minimum of $4 billion In 2010, Unisys sold its Medicare processing Health Information Management service to Molina Healthcare for $135 million On October 6, 2014, after six years as CEO and chairman, Unisys announced that Coleman was stepping down effective December 1, 2014 On January 1, 2015, Unisys officially named Peter Altabef as its new president and CEO, replacing Edward Coleman  Paul Weaver, who was formerly Lead Independent Director, was named Chairman 

2020–present time
In February 2020, SAIC announced plans to acquire Unisys Federal, the company’s federal defense contracting operation, for $1 2 billion  The company’s federal customer list included over a dozen military and civilian agencies   As part of the acquisition, Unisys has a licensing agreement with SAIC to continue providing its software to federal clients In June 2020, Australia’s Home Affairs’ biometric identification system, built in part through partnership with Unisys, was launched In June 2021, the company announced the acquisition of Unify Square  Unify Square provides software and services which help enterprises manage collaboration and communication platforms like Zoom and Microsoft Teams  In November, Mobinergy, a mobile device management software company, was acquired; and in December, Unisys acquired CompuGain, an Amazon Web Services Advanced Consulting Partner In July 2021, Unisys partnered with Vodafone to help the company boost its IT services  The two launched “Vodafone Digital Factory,” and Unisys helped Vodafone clients with technologies like AI, virtual and augmented reality, and blockchain In May 2022, the company joined the Plug and Play Enterprise Tech program  This allowed Unisys to source and partner with technology startups to access and use early-stage emerging technology 

Recognition and awards
In 2018, 2019, and 2020, Unisys was named an overall market segment leader in the NelsonHall Evaluation & Assessment Tool Vendor Evaluation for Advanced Digital Workplace Services 
NelsonHall: 2021 NEAT Assessment, Leader, Cognitive and Self-Healing IT Infrastructure Services
In August 2020, Unisys Corporation reported that for the third straight year, NelsonHall has listed the organization as the regional market sector leader in the Evaluation & Assessment Tool (NEAT) Vendor Analysis report for Advanced Digital Workplace Services 
Avasant: 2021 RadarView – Digital Workplace Services
NelsonHall: 2022 NEAT Assessment, Leader, End-to-end Cloud Infrastructure Services
Everest Group: 2022 PEAK Matrix - Cloud Services, Major Contender - North America and EuropeIn 2022, the company was named a Forbes’ America’s Best Employers For Women and a Leader in Advanced Digital Workplace Services Assessment 

Products and services
Unisys offers outsourcing managed services, systems integration and consulting services, application management and device management software, high end server technology, maintenance and support services, and cybersecurity services In line with larger trends in the information technology industry, an increasing amount of Unisys revenue comes from services rather than equipment sales; in 2014, the ratio was 86% for services, up from 65% in 1997  The company maintains a portfolio of over 1,500 U S  and non-U S  patents In 2014, Unisys phased out its CMOS processors, completing the migration of its ClearPath mainframes to Intel x86 chips, allowing clients to run the company's OS 2200 and MCP operating systems alongside more recent Windows and Linux workloads on Intel-based systems that support cloud and virtualization  The company announced its new ClearPath Dorado 8380 and 8390 systems in May, 2015  These new systems allowed the company to transition its ClearPath server families from proprietary CMOS processor technology to a software-based fabric architecture running on Intel processors Unisys operates data centers around the world 
Digital Workplace Services (DWS)In March 2022, Vision-Box awarded Unisys two digital workplace solutions contracts to help build automated “SmartGates,” electronic security gates, at New Zealand’s Auckland International Airport and Australia’s 10 international airports Cloud, Applications, and Infrastructure (CA & I)California State University used Unisys’ CloudForte and Managed Security Services to integrate its hybrid-cloud environment 
After acquiring Compugain, Unisys furthered its cloud capabilities, including hybrid cloud and cloud optimization, agile cloud migration, cloud-native capabilities, and data governance 
Cybersecurity
In November 2020, Unisys updated its Stealth platform to include visualization and dashboard tools to make it easier for an organization to track security in real-time  The new version made it possible for cybersecurity teams to see relationships between all network endpoints, including multiple clouds and edge computing platforms Enterprise Computing (ECS)Unisys was the first to develop a server architecture that supported four operating environments to run simultaneously on the same computer system in a single virtualized partition 
In 2013, Unisys won a $650 million Enterprise Computing Center Support contract to support the computer systems used by the Internal Revenue Service 
Business Processes (BPS)Unisys launched their business process consulting service in 2004  This service called Business Blueprints helped developers create high level models of their own software 
The company partners with Rubicon Technologies to deliver business process solutions 

Partnerships
Unisys’ company partnerships include the following:

VMware
Oracle
British Telecom
Dell Technologies
Amazon Web Services (AWS) MSP Partner and an AWS Government Competency
Microsoft Azure Expert MSP partner and a Microsoft Gold Partner
Global managed services partner to ServiceNow
Google Cloud Partner Advantage Program as a Google Cloud and Google Workspace Resell Partner

Clients
Clients include Bank ABC, Hershey, the Bank of China, Somos, Henkel, Flowserve, The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), MASkargo (the cargo division of Malaysia Airlines), Nutreco,  California State University (CSU), Air India, RAMS Home Loans, and the Georgia Technology Authority Unisys systems are used for many industrial and government purposes, including banking, check processing, income tax processing, airline passenger reservations, biometric identification, newspaper content management, and shipping port management, as well as providing weather data services 

Projects
Additional projects include the following:

Consumerization of IT
A study sponsored by Unisys and conducted by IDC revealed the gap between the activities and expectations of the new generation of "iWorkers" and the ability of organizations to support their needs  The results showed that organizations continue to work with standardized command and control IT models of the past and are not able to profit from the widespread use of newer networked technologies 

Cloud 20/20
Cloud 20/20 is an annual technical paper contest for tertiary students from India in October 2009  The contest allows students to explore the possibilities and complexities of cloud computing in areas such as automation, virtualization, application development, security, consumerization of IT and airports  The contest has drawn participation from universities across India, with over 570 institutes taking part in 2009 and more than a thousand in 2010  The contest culminates in an event where five finalists present their papers before a panel of judges that comprise academicians and technologists  Prizes include the latest technology gadgets, internship projects and career opportunities with Unisys 

People and Culture
Unisys earned a score of 100% on the 2021 Disability Equality Index  The company was recognized as a “Best Place to Work for Disability Inclusion ” The Disability Equality Index is a joint initiative of Disability:IN and the American Association of People with Disabilities  It is a “comprehensive benchmarking tool to measure disability workplace inclusion ”In November 2021, Unisys launched its UGrow program to help its employees grow internally  The program makes different courses available; each one focuses on skills needed by Unisys employees  Company employees also have access to Unisys University, which offers free certifications for over 100 different skills   A few examples include courses focused on management and team leadership skills, communication skills, and culture courses  The courses are organized around Unisys’ core business functions 

Supplier Diversity Program
Unisys has a supplier diversity program, which is a program that “encourages using companies owned by either minorities, veterans, women, or historically underutilized companies as suppliers ”

Carbon Footprint Reduction
In 2006, Unisys committed to reducing its carbon footprint by 75% by 2026  It achieved this five years early in 2021  A year later, the company announced a new goal of net zero carbon emissions by 2030  The company also participates in the Carbon Disclosure Project and UN Global Compact 

Controversies
In 1987, Unisys was sued with Rockwell Shuttle Operations Company for $5 2 million by two former employees of the Unisys Corporation, one a subcontractor responsible for the computer programs for the space shuttle  The suit filed by Sylvia Robins, a former Unisys engineer, and Ria Solomon, who worked for Robins, charges that the two were forced from their jobs and harassed after complaining about safety violations and inflated costs 
Unisys overcharged the U S  government and in 1998 was found guilty of failure to supply adequate equipment  In 1998, Unisys Corporation agreed to pay the government $2 25 million to settle allegations that it supplied refurbished, rather than new, computer materials to several federal agencies in violation of the terms of its contract  Unisys admitted to supplying re-worked or refurbished computer components to various civilian and military agencies in the early 1990s, when the contract required the company to provide new equipment  The market price for the refurbished material was less than the price for new material which the government paid 
In 1998, Unisys was found guilty of price inflation and government contract fraud, with the company settling to avoid further prosecution  Lockheed Martin and Unisys paid the government $3 15 million to settle allegations that Unisys inflated the prices of spare parts sold to the U S  Department of Commerce for its NEXRAD Doppler Radar System, in violation of the False Claims Act, 31 U S C  § 3729, et seq  "[T]he settlement resolves allegations that Unisys knew that prices it paid Concurrent Computer Corporation for the spare parts were inflated when it passed on those prices to the government  Unisys had obtained price discounts from Concurrent on other items Unisys was purchasing from Concurrent at Unisys' own expense in exchange for agreeing to pay Concurrent the inflated prices" In October 2005, the Washington Post reported that the company had allegedly overbilled on the $1-to-3-billion Transportation Security Administration contract for almost 171,000 hours of labor and overtime at up to the maximum rate of $131 13 per hour, including 24,983 hours not allowed by the contract  Unisys denied wrongdoing In 2006, the Washington Post reported that the FBI was investigating Unisys for alleged cybersecurity lapses under the company's contract with the United States Department of Homeland Security  A number of security lapses supposedly occurred during the contract, including incidents in which data was transmitted to Chinese servers  Unisys denies all charges and said it has documentation disproving the allegations In 2007, Unisys was found guilty of misrepresentation of retiree benefits  A federal judge in Pennsylvania ordered Unisys Corp  to reinstate within 60 days free lifetime retiree medical benefits to 12 former employees who were employed by a Unisys predecessor, the Burroughs Corporation  The judge ruled that Unisys "misrepresented the cost and duration of retiree medical benefits" at a time "trial plaintiffs were making retirement decisions" and while it was advising them about the benefits the company would provide during retirement 
Also in 2007, Unisys was found guilty of willful trademark infringement in Visible Systems v  Unisys (Trademark Infringement)  Computer company Visible Systems prevailed over Unisys Corp  in a trademark infringement lawsuit filed in Massachusetts federal court  In November 2007, the court entered an injunction and final judgment ordering Unisys to discontinue its use of the "Visible" trademark, upholding the jury's award to Visible Systems of $250,000 in damages, and awarding an additional $17,555 in interest  Visible Systems claimed Unisys wrongfully used the name "Visible" in marketing its software and services  The jury found the infringement by Unisys was willful  Visible Systems appealed the final judgment, believing the court wrongly excluded the issues of bad faith and disgorgement of an estimated $17 billion in unjust profits from the consideration of the jury 
In 2010, Unisys Hungary terminated the local Workers' Union representative Gabor Pinter's employment contract with immediate effect for raising concerns on the company's practice about the overtime payments and the non-respect of the health regulations in its local Shared Services Center  According to the verdict of the Labour Court of Budapest, Unisys' act was illegal and the Company must reimburse all damages of the Workers' Union representative 

See also
Context 3:  He also worked for three years as a stand-in for Bill Cosby on The Cosby Show  Throughout his early film career, mainly in minimal roles in films such as Coming to America (1988) and various television films, Jackson was mentored by Morgan Freeman Jackson played a minor role in the 1990 Martin Scorsese film Goodfellas, as real-life Mafia associate Stacks Edwards  Having overdosed on heroin several times, he switched to cocaine  His family entered him into a New York rehabilitation clinic  After he completed rehabilitation, he appeared in Jungle Fever as a crack cocaine addict  Jackson said that the role was cathartic, commenting, "It was a funny kind of thing  By the time I was out of rehab, about a week or so later I was on set and we were ready to start shooting " His performance was so acclaimed that the jury of 1991 Cannes Film Festival added a special "Supporting Actor" award just for him  Following this role, Jackson became involved with the comedy Strictly Business and dramas Juice and Patriot Games  He then moved on to two other comedies: National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1 (his first starring role) and Amos & Andrew  Jackson worked with the director Steven Spielberg in 1993's Jurassic Park 

1994-1998: Career breakthrough
After a turn as the criminal Big Don in 1993's True Romance—written by Quentin Tarantino and directed by Tony Scott—Tarantino asked Jackson to play Jules Winnfield in Pulp Fiction (1994)  Jackson was surprised to learn that the part had been specifically written for him: "To know that somebody had written something like Jules for me  I was overwhelmed, thankful, arrogant—this whole combination of things that you could be, knowing that somebody's going to give you an opportunity like that " Pulp Fiction, Jackson's thirtieth film, made him internationally recognized and he received praise from critics  Entertainment Weekly wrote: "As superb as Travolta, Willis, and Keitel are, the actor who reigns over Pulp Fiction is Samuel L  Jackson  He just about lights fires with his gremlin eyes and he transforms his speeches into hypnotic bebop soliloquies " For the Academy Awards, Miramax Films pushed for, and received, the Best Supporting Actor nomination for Jackson  He also received a Golden Globe nomination and won the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Role After Pulp Fiction, Jackson received multiple scripts to review: "I could easily have made a career out of playing Jules over the years  Everybody's always sending me the script they think is the new Pulp Fiction " With a succession of poor-performing films such as Kiss of Death, The Great White Hype, and Losing Isaiah, Jackson began to receive poor reviews from critics who had praised his performance in Pulp Fiction  This ended with his involvement in the two box-office successes, Die Hard with a Vengeance, starring alongside Bruce Willis in the third installment of the Die Hard series; and A Time to Kill, where he played a father put on trial for killing two men who raped his daughter  For A Time to Kill, Jackson earned an NAACP Image for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture and a Golden Globe nomination for a Best Supporting Actor Quickly becoming a box office star, Jackson continued with three starring roles in 1997  In 187 he played a dedicated teacher striving to leave an impact on his students  He received an Independent Spirit award for Best First Feature alongside first-time writer/director Kasi Lemmons in the drama Eve's Bayou, for which he also served as executive producer  He worked again with Tarantino on Jackie Brown and received the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin Film Festival and a fourth Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of the arms merchant Ordell Robbie  In 1998, he worked with established actors: Sharon Stone and Dustin Hoffman in Sphere; and Kevin Spacey in The Negotiator, playing a hostage negotiator who resorts to taking hostages himself when he is falsely accused of murder and embezzlement  In 1999, Jackson starred in the horror film Deep Blue Sea, and as Jedi Master Mace Windu in George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace  In an interview, Jackson claimed that he did not have a chance to read the script for the film and did not learn he was playing the character Mace Windu until he was fitted for his costume (though he later said that he was eager to accept any role, just for the chance to be a part of the Star Wars saga) 

1999-2007: Established actor
On June 13, 2000, Jackson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7018 Hollywood Blvd  He began the next decade of his film career playing a Marine colonel put on trial in Rules of Engagement, co-starred with Bruce Willis for a third time in the supernatural thriller Unbreakable, and starred in the 2000 remake of the 1971 film Shaft  He reprised both of the latter roles in 2019, his Unbreakable character Mr  Glass in Glass and Shaft in another film titled Shaft  Jackson's sole film in 2001 was The Caveman's Valentine, a murder thriller directed by Lemmons in which he played a homeless musician  In 2002, he played a recovering alcoholic, attempting to keep custody of his kids while fighting a battle of wits (in Changing Lanes) with Ben Affleck's character  He returned for Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, seeing his minor supporting role develop into a major character  Mace Windu's purple lightsaber in the film was the result of Jackson's suggestion; he wanted to be sure that his character would stand out in a crowded battle scene  Jackson then acted as an NSA agent, alongside Vin Diesel in XXX, and as a kilt-wearing drug dealer in The 51st State  In 2003, Jackson again worked with John Travolta in Basic and then as a police sergeant alongside Colin Farrell in the television show remake SWAT A song within the soundtrack was named after him, entitled Sammy L  Jackson by Hot Action Cop  Jackson also appeared in HBO's documentary Unchained Memories, as a narrator along many other stars like Angela Bassett and Whoopi Goldberg 
Based on reviews gathered by Rotten Tomatoes, in 2004 Jackson starred in both his lowest and highest ranked films in his career  In the thriller Twisted, Jackson played a mentor to Ashley Judd  The film garnered a 2% approval rating on the website, with reviewers calling his performance "lackluster" and "wasted"  He then lent his voice to the computer-animated film The Incredibles as the superhero Frozone  The film received a 97% approval rating, and Jackson's performance earned him an Annie Award nomination for Best Voice Acting  He made a cameo in another Quentin Tarantino film, Kill Bill: Volume 2 In 2005, he starred in the sports drama Coach Carter, where he played a coach (based on the actual coach Ken Carter) dedicated to teaching his players that education is more important than basketball  Although the film received mixed reviews, Jackson's performance was praised despite the film's storyline  Bob Townsend of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution commended Jackson's performance, "He takes what could have been a cardboard cliché role and puts flesh on it with his flamboyant intelligence " Jackson also returned for two sequels: XXX: State of the Union, this time commanding Ice Cube, and the final Star Wars prequel film, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith  His last film for 2005 was The Man alongside comedian Eugene Levy  On November 4, 2005, he was presented with the Hawaii International Film Festival Achievement in Acting Award On January 30, 2006, Jackson was honored with a hand and footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre; he is the seventh African American and 191st actor to be recognized in this manner  In an interview that year, he said that he chooses roles that are "exciting to watch" and have an "interesting character inside of a story", and that in his roles he wanted to "do things [he hasn't] done, things [he] saw as a kid and wanted to do and now [has] an opportunity to do"  He next starred opposite actress Julianne Moore in the box office bomb Freedomland, where he depicted a police detective attempting to help a mother find her abducted child while quelling a citywide race riot  Jackson's second film of the year, Snakes on a Plane, gained cult film status months before it was released based on its title and cast  Jackson's decision to star in the film was solely based on the title  To build anticipation for the film, he also cameoed in the 2006 music video "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" by Cobra Starship  On December 2, 2006, Jackson won the German Bambi Award for International Film, based on his many film contributions  In December 2006, Jackson starred in Home of the Brave, as a doctor returning home from the Iraq War 
On January 30, 2007, Jackson was featured as narrator in Bob Saget's direct-to-DVD Farce of the Penguins  The film was a spoof of the box office success March of the Penguins (which was narrated by Morgan Freeman)  Also in 2007, he portrayed a blues player who imprisons a young woman (Christina Ricci) addicted to sex in Black Snake Moan, and the horror film 1408, an adaptation of the Stephen King short story  Later the same year, Jackson portrayed an athlete who impersonates former boxing heavyweight Bob Satterfield in director Rod Lurie's drama, Resurrecting the Champ  In 2008, Jackson reprised his role of Mace Windu in the CGI film, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, followed by Lakeview Terrace where he played a racist cop who terrorizes an interracial couple  In November of the same year, he starred along with Bernie Mac and Isaac Hayes (who both died before the film's release) in Soul Men 

2008-2019: Career expansion
In 2008, he portrayed the villain in The Spirit, which was poorly received by critics and the box office  In 2009, he again worked with Quentin Tarantino when he narrated several scenes in the World War II film Inglourious Basterds In 2010, he starred in the drama Mother and Child and portrayed an interrogator who attempts to locate several nuclear weapons in the direct-to-video film Unthinkable  Alongside Dwayne Johnson, Jackson again portrayed a police officer in the opening scenes of the comedy The Other Guys  He also co-starred with Tommy Lee Jones for a film adaptation of The Sunset Limited 
Throughout Jackson's career, he has appeared in many films alongside mainstream rappers  These include Tupac Shakur (Juice), Queen Latifah (Juice/Sphere/Jungle Fever), Method Man (One Eight Seven), LL Cool J (Deep Blue Sea/S W A T ), Busta Rhymes (Shaft), Eve (xXx), Ice Cube (xXx: State of the Union), Xzibit (xXx: State of the Union), David Banner (Black Snake Moan), and 50 Cent (Home of the Brave)  Additionally, Jackson has appeared in five films with actor Bruce Willis (National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1, Pulp Fiction, Die Hard with a Vengeance, Unbreakable, and Glass) and the actors were slated to work together in Black Water Transit before both dropped out 
In 2002, Jackson gave his consent for Marvel Comics to design their "Ultimate" version of the character Nick Fury after his likeness  In the 2008 film Iron Man, he made a cameo as the character in a post-credit scene  In February 2009, Jackson signed on to a nine-picture deal with Marvel Studios which would see him appear as the character in Iron Man 2, Thor, Captain America: The First Avenger, and The Avengers, as well as any other subsequent film they would produce  He reprised the role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)  In February 2015, Jackson stated that he only has two movies left on his Marvel contract following Age of Ultron  In 2018 and 2019, Jackson made cameo appearances as Fury in the Avengers sequels Infinity War and Endgame, and starred as a younger, de-aged Fury in Captain Marvel alongside Brie Larson 
Among his more recent film roles, Jackson appeared in Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained, which was released December 25, 2012, Tarantino's The Hateful Eight, which was released in 70mm on December 25, 2015, and Jordan Vogt-Roberts' Kong: Skull Island, which was released on March 10, 2017  In 2019, Jackson reprised his Unbreakable role as Mr  Glass in the film Glass, and his Shaft role in Shaft, both sequels to his 2000 films  Also in 2019, he appeared in the Brie Larson film Unicorn Store, and had a prominent role as Fury in the Marvel film Spider-Man: Far From Home  Additionally, he reprised his role as Fury in a cameo appearance on the ABC television series Agents of S H I E L D  in 2013 and the season finale in 2014 

2020-present: Return to theatre
In 2020, he appeared in the television documentary series Enslaved  He also appeared in the 2021 movie Spiral: From the Book of Saw alongside Chris Rock  After an eleven-year absence from the stage Jackson returned to Broadway as Doaker Charles in a revival of August Wilson's The Piano Lesson opposite John David Washington and Danielle Brooks  The 2022 production was directed by Jackson's wife LaTanya Richardson Jackson  For his performance he received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination 

Upcoming projects
He is set to produce a live-action film adaptation of Afro Samurai, and will play the role of Sho'nuff in a remake of The Last Dragon  He is set to reprise his MCU role as Nick Fury in the upcoming Disney+ series Secret Invasion, and in The Marvels, the sequel to Captain Marvel 

Other appearances
He's known for his extensive voice roles including Whiplash in Turbo (2013), the title character of the anime series Afro Samurai (2007), and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004)  He also narrated the acclaimed documentary I Am Not Your Negro (2016) 
In addition to films, Jackson also appeared in several television shows, a video game, music videos, as well as audiobooks  Jackson had a small part in the Public Enemy music video for "911 Is a Joke"  Jackson voiced several television show characters, including the lead role in the anime series, Afro Samurai, in addition to a recurring part as the voice of Gin Rummy in several episodes of the animated series The Boondocks  He was in the Pilot for Ghostwriter  He guest-starred as himself in an episode of the BBC/HBO sitcom Extras  He voiced the main antagonist, Officer Frank Tenpenny, in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas  Jackson also hosted a variety of awards shows  He has hosted the MTV Movie Awards (1998), the ESPYs (1999, 2001, 2002, and 2009), and the Spike TV Video Game Awards (2005, 2006, 2007, and 2012)  In November 2006, he provided the voice of God for The Bible Experience, the New Testament audiobook version of the Bible  He was given the lead role because producers believed his deep, authoritative voice would best fit the role  He also recorded the Audible com audiobook of Go the Fuck to Sleep  For the Atlanta Falcons' 2010 season, Jackson portrayed Rev  Sultan in the Falcons "Rise Up" commercial 
He also appeared in the Capital One cash-back credit card commercials  Jackson too appeared in a Sky Broadband Shield commercial, Sky UK's broadband service as Nick Fury to promote Captain America: The Winter Soldier  He also played Nick Fury in an ad for the video game Marvel Snap  Jackson released a song about social justice with KRS-One, Sticky Fingaz, Mad Lion & Talib Kweli about violence in America called "I Can't Breathe" which were the last words said by Eric Garner 

Box-office performance
Throughout the 1990s, A C  Neilson E C I , a box office–tracking company, determined that Jackson appeared in more films than any other actor who grossed $1 7 billion domestically  By 2011, the films that featured Jackson as a leading actor or supporting co-star had grossed a total of $2 81 to $4 91 billion at the North American box office  This placed him as the seventh-highest-grossing lead actor and the second-highest-grossing actor, behind only voice actor Frank Welker  The 2009 edition of The Guinness World Records, which uses a different calculation to determine film grosses, stated that Jackson is the world's highest-grossing actor, with $7 42 billion generated across 68 films  Subsequently, as of 2022, according to data crunched by the Golden Globes, this total has ballooned out to more than $27 billion grossed across 152 movies, locking him in as the highest-grossing actor, and second-highest grossing person in film in general behind Stan Lee, who was primarily known for his cameo work 

Audiobooks
2011: Adam Mansbach: Go the Fuck to Sleep, publisher: BRILLIANCE CORP, ISBN 978-1-4558-4165-3
2014: Chester Himes: A Rage in Harlem, publisher: BRILLIANCE CORP, ISBN 978-1-4915-1908-0

Personal life
In 1980, Jackson married actress and producer LaTanya Richardson, whom he met while attending Morehouse College  The couple have a daughter named Zoe (born 1982)  In 2009, they started their own charity to help support education  Jackson has said that he watches his own films in cinemas: "Even during my theater years, I wished I could watch the plays I was in—while I was in them! I dig watching myself work " He also enjoys collecting the action figures of the characters he portrays in his films, including Jules Winnfield, Shaft, Mace Windu, and Frozone Jackson is bald but enjoys wearing wigs in his films  He said about his decision to shave his head, "I keep ending up on those 'bald is beautiful' lists  It's cool  You know, when I started losing my hair, it was during the era when everybody had lots of hair  All of a sudden, I felt this big hole in the middle of my afro  I couldn't face having a comb over so I had to quickly figure what the haircut for me was " His first bald role was in The Great White Hype  He usually gets to pick his own hairstyles for each character he portrays  He poked fun at his baldness the first time he appeared bald on The Tonight Show, explaining that he had to shave his head for one role, but then kept receiving more and more bald roles and had to keep shaving his head so that wigs could be made for him  He joked that "the only way [he's] gonna have time to grow [his] hair back is if [he's] not working"  He is noted for often wearing a Kangol hat in public Jackson has a clause in his contracts that allows him to play golf during film shoots  He has played in the Gary Player Invitational charity golf tournament to assist Gary Player in raising funds for children in South Africa  He is a keen basketball fan, supporting the Toronto Raptors and the Harlem Globetrotters  He has supported English football team Liverpool FC since appearing in The 51st State, which was shot in Liverpool, and also supports Irish football team Bohemian FC 
Jackson campaigned during the 2008 Democratic Primary for Barack Obama in Texarkana, Texas  He said, "Barack Obama represents everything I was told I could be growing up  I am a child of segregation  When I grew up and people told me I could be president, I knew it was a lie  But now we have a representative    the American Dream is a reality  Anyone can grow up to be a president " He also said, "I voted for Barack because he was black  That's why other folks vote for other people—because they look like them " In December 2012, he compared his Django Unchained character, a villainous house slave who sides with his white oppressors, to black conservative Justice Clarence Thomas and said that the character had "the same moral compass as Clarence Thomas does"  Following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v  Wade in June 2022, he again criticized Thomas, referring to him as "Uncle Clarence" and asking how Clarence—who is married to white attorney Ginni Thomas—feels about overturning Loving v Virginia, a Supreme Court ruling which allowed interracial marriages In June 2013, Jackson launched a joint campaign with Prizeo in an effort to raise money to fight Alzheimer's disease  As part of the campaign, he recited various fan-written monologues and a popular scene from the AMC series Breaking Bad  In August 2013, he started following a vegan diet for health reasons, explaining that he is "just trying to live forever"  He attributed his 40 lb (18 kg) weight loss to the diet  He had largely abandoned the diet by March 2017, but still praised and recommended it  He launched a campaign called "One for the Boys", which teaches men about testicular cancer and urges them to "get themselves checked out" He was granted Gabonese citizenship in 2019 after the results of a DNA test claimed to link him to the country's Benga ethnic group  In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Jackson encouraged people to wear face masks as part of California's "Your Actions Save Lives" campaign  Along with Dwayne Johnson, he also encouraged those who had recovered from COVID-19 to donate their blood to help others fighting the virus  He additionally appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! to read a satirical book, Stay the Fuck at Home, which spread awareness of social distancing 

Filmography
Awards and honors
Over his career, Jackson has received various awards for his performances on film  At the 44th Cannes Film Festival he received the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in Spike Lee's Jungle Fever (1991)  He received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead for his performance in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994)  He also received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for the performance as well  At the 48th Berlin International Film Festival, he received Silver Bear for Best Actor for his leading performance in Tarantino's Jackie Brown (1997)  In 2021, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences named Jackson as one of its Academy Honorary Award recipients as "A cultural icon whose dynamic work has resonated across genres and generations and audiences worldwide " At the 12th Annual Governors Awards, friend and actor Denzel Washington presented Jackson with his Oscar 

Notes
Passage 4:
Andy Serkis
Andrew Clement Serkis (born 20 April 1964) is an English actor, director and producer  He is best known for his performance capture roles comprising motion capture acting, animation and voice work for computer-generated characters such as Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003) and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), King Kong in the eponymous 2005 film, Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot trilogy (2011–2017), Captain Haddock / Sir Francis Haddock in Steven Spielberg's The Adventures of Tintin (2011), Baloo in his self-directed film Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018) and Supreme Leader Snoke in the Star Wars sequel trilogy films The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017), also portraying Kino Loy in the Star Wars Disney+ series Andor (2022) 
Serkis is the tenth highest-grossing actor of all time, and his film work in motion capture has been critically acclaimed  He has received an Empire Award and two Saturn Awards for his motion-capture acting  He earned a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of serial killer Ian Brady in the British television film Longford (2006) and was nominated for a BAFTA for his portrayal of new wave and punk rock musician Ian Dury in the biopic Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll (2010)  In 2020, Serkis received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema  In 2021, he won a Daytime Emmy Award for the series The Letter for the King (2020) Serkis portrayed Ulysses Klaue in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and Black Panther (2018), as well as the Disney+ series What If…? (2021)  He has played Alfred Pennyworth in The Batman (2022)  Serkis has his own production company and motion capture workshop, The Imaginarium in London, which he used for Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle  He made his directorial debut with Imaginarium's 2017 film Breathe  He directed Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021), which is set in Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) 

Early life
Serkis was born on 20 April 1964 in Ruislip Manor in Middlesex (now within Greater London)



ground_truth: 1986

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the person who voices Jarvis in the Avengers Age of Ultron?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He grew up in both Ruislip and Baghdad, Iraq  His mother, Lylie Weech, was half Iraqi and half English, and taught disabled children; his father, Clement Serkis, was an Iraqi-Armenian gynaecologist  His parents are Catholic  His ancestors' original surname was "Sarkisian"  His father often worked abroad in the Middle East, while Serkis and his siblings were raised in Britain, with regular holidays in the Middle Eastern cities of Tyre, Sidon, Damascus and Baghdad Serkis was educated at St Benedict's School, Ealing  He studied visual arts and theatre as part of his degree at Lancaster University and graduated in 1985  Serkis was a member of The County College and part of the student radio station Bailrigg FM  He joined the Nuffield Studio, getting involved in designing and producing plays Having agreed to act in a couple of productions towards the end of his first year, Serkis played the lead role in Barrie Keeffe's play Gotcha as a rebellious teenager holding a teacher hostage  As a result, he changed his major subject to acting, constructing his Independent Studies Degree around acting and set design, studying Konstantin Stanislavski and Bertolt Brecht, and including minor modules in art and visual graphics  In his final year at Lancaster he adapted Raymond Briggs's graphic novel The Tin-Pot Foreign General and the Old Iron Woman, a satire about the Falklands War, as a one-man show, which he performed to acclaim 

Career
In his third year at university, Serkis joined the backstage team at the local Duke's Playhouse to earn his Equity card  On graduating, although advised to take a one-year post-graduate acting course, he joined Dukes as an actor  Under director Jonathan Petherbridge, who used workshops based on the methods of Augusto Boal, he spent 18 months acting in a broad range of productions from Brecht, Shakespeare and modern British playwrights After 16 months, and having gained his Equity card, Serkis joined a series of touring companies, including productions of: Bouncers opposite Hull Truck; Florizel in The Winter's Tale; and the fool in King Lear with director Max Stafford-Clark  In the early 1990s he settled in London, and took a role in April de Angelis' Hush (Royal Court) as Dogboy  Also the Royal Court Theatre's production of Mojo, and Wilson Milam's production of Hurlyburly (1997) at the Queen's Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, with Rupert Graves and David Tennant  Serkis also developed a career in television, appearing in small roles such as Greville in an episode of The Darling Buds of May (1992) and a criminal called Maxwell in an episode of Pie in the Sky (1994)  Serkis joined director Mike Leigh's ensemble for two film productions, and appeared in the romantic comedy Loop (1997) alongside Susannah York  Serkis portrayed Victorian choreographer John D'Auban in Topsy-Turvy, a 1999 film about Gilbert and Sullivan's creation of The Mikado  In 1999, Serkis played Bill Sikes in ITV's adaptation of Oliver Twist  He appeared alongside Sacha Baron Cohen in The Jolly Boys' Last Stand in 2000 
Serkis first came to wide public notice for his performance as Sméagol / Gollum, in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003), for which he provided motion capture movements and voice for the CGI character  His work on The Lord of the Rings started a debate on the legitimacy of CGI-assisted acting  Some critics felt Serkis should have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, since his voice, body language and facial expressions were used Serkis has performed motion capture work in several other films, including the title character in the 2005 version of King Kong (in which he also played the ship's cook in live action) and as Caesar in Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011), Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), and War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)  He also worked with game developers Ninja Theory on the 2007 release Heavenly Sword, providing the motion capture and voice for King Bohan (the game's main villain) In 2006, Serkis starred as serial killer Ian Brady in the BAFTA-nominated Longford, co-starring Samantha Morton as Myra Hindley and Jim Broadbent as Lord Longford  That same year, Serkis appeared in the role of Mr  Grin in the film rendition of Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider novel Stormbreaker  He also acted in the film The Prestige as Mr  Alley (assistant to Nikola Tesla), as the voice of one of the henchrats in the Aardman Animations film Flushed Away named Spike, and appeared in Jim Threapleton's improvised feature film Extraordinary Rendition, which premiered in 2007  In 2007, he appeared in Sugarhouse, a low-budget independently made film, playing local crime lord Hoodwink, who terrorises an east London housing estate  For the role, Serkis shaved his head and had sessions lasting 20 hours each to have temporary tattoos stencilled onto his body  The film premiered at the 2007 Edinburgh Festival and released in the UK on 24 August  Also that year, Serkis provided the voiceover for Monkey Life, on Five broadcast for three weeks from 13 to 31 August 2007  This series was about Monkey World, the popular ape and monkey sanctuary and zoo near Wool, Dorset  In the joint BBC/HBO production Einstein and Eddington, (2008) Serkis played Albert Einstein, following the development of his theory of relativity, while David Tennant played scientist Sir Arthur Eddington  In 2008, Serkis appeared as Rigaud in the BBC Television adaptation of Charles Dickens' Little Dorrit and as Capricorn in Inkheart, the film adaptation of Cornelia Funke's novel  In 2010, Serkis played 1970s new wave singer Ian Dury in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll 
Serkis reunited with Peter Jackson, as a cast member in Jackson's and Steven Spielberg's Tintin trilogy, based on The Adventures of Tintin  Serkis supplied the voice and motion capture performance of Captain Haddock (adopting a Scottish accent) as well as his ancestor, Sir Francis Haddock  Filming began in January 2009 and the film was released in 2011  Filming was due to begin in September 2008, but was delayed due to Universal pulling out of backing the project In 2009, Serkis voiced the role of the demon Screwtape in Focus on the Family's Radio Theatre audio adaptation of C  S  Lewis's The Screwtape Letters  In 2010, Serkis was cast as William Hare, with Simon Pegg as Burke, in the John Landis black comedy film Burke and Hare based on the Burke and Hare murders in Scotland in 1828  He also featured in the TV series The Accused, in "Liam's Story", written by Danny Brocklehurst and Jimmy McGovern  He played Caesar in the 20th Century Fox science-fiction film Rise of the Planet of the Apes  Serkis was acclaimed for his performance as Caesar in 2011, and in a high-profile campaign by 20th Century Fox for him to be honoured with a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination, his co-star James Franco stated: "Andy Serkis is the undisputed master of the newest kind of acting called 'performance capture,' and it is time that Serkis gets credit for the innovative artist that he is " In 2010, Serkis played Monkey, the lead character along with Lindsey Shaw in the videogame Enslaved: Odyssey to the West 
In January 2011, it was confirmed that Serkis would reprise the role of Gollum in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey the first film in the three-part The Hobbit films  It was released in 2012, and the follow-ups were released in 2013 and 2014  He was also the trilogy's second unit director, which included directing aerial shots and battle scenes  He was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012 along with 175 other individuals  In 2014, Serkis reprised his role as Caesar in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, and again in 2017 for War for the Planet of the Apes, the last of the trilogy In Gareth Edwards' 2014 science-fiction monster film Godzilla, Serkis was the consultant on the film's motion capture sequences in order to "control the souls" of the creatures  Serkis played Ulysses Klaue in Marvel Studios' Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and was also a motion capture consultant on the film  He reprised the role in Marvel Studios' Black Panther (2018), and provided the voice in the sixth episode of Marvel's What If   ?  He played Supreme Leader Snoke in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) and reprised the role in Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019)  Serkis appeared as the Ghost of Christmas Past in the 2019 BBC/FX three-part miniseries A Christmas Carol  In 2019, it was announced that Serkis would play Alfred Pennyworth in The Batman (2022) In late 2015, it was announced that Serkis was working on a modern film adaptation of Rumpelstiltskin, titled Steelskin  In addition to starring in the film, Serkis will serve as producer and director In 2021, he received a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Daytime Fiction Program for his role as Mayor of Mistrinaut, the father of his real life daughter Ruby's character, in the Netflix fantasy series The Letter for the King  Also for Netflix, Serkis is scheduled to star alongside Idris Elba and Cynthia Erivo in a new TV movie of Elba's show, Luther In 2022, Serkis returned to the Star Wars franchise in a different, non-CGI role in the Disney+ television series Andor, as Kino Loy 

The Imaginarium Studios
In 2011, Serkis founded The Imaginarium Studios with film producer Jonathan Cavendish  The Imaginarium is a production company and creative digital studio based in Ealing, London and is dedicated to invention of believable, emotionally engaging digital characters using Performance Capture technology, in which Serkis specialises  On 20 October 2012, the studio acquired rights to The Bone Season by Samantha Shannon and a new motion capture adaptation of Animal Farm, which Serkis has confirmed is his next film he will be directing 

Directing
Serkis has served as the second unit director for The Hobbit films and made his directorial debut with Breathe  He also directed and starred in the film, Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle  In 2021, Serkis directed the sequel to Venom, titled, Venom: Let There Be Carnage  It was released on 1 October in the US and 15 October in the UK  In 2022, he was set to direct Animal Farm an animated adaptation of George Orwell's novel of the same name 

Other work
Serkis made an appearance in the music video for Neneh Cherry's "Woman", portraying an abusive boyfriend, in 1996  After portraying Gollum in The Lord of the Rings series, he published a memoir about his experiences, titled Gollum: How We Made Movie Magic, published in late 2004  In 2015, Serkis collaborated with rock band Coldplay in the making of the music video for "Adventure of a Lifetime"  The group performed as chimpanzees with Serkis acting as a performance capture consultant In December 2018, he appeared in a video for People's Vote as UK Prime Minister Theresa May using the voice of Gollum, spoofing May's Brexit deal  He also appears in the BBC Earth programme, Neanderthals: Meet Your Ancestors Serkis, together with fellow Lord of the Rings castmates Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban and Elijah Wood, plus writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson, on 1 May 2020 joined Josh Gad's YouTube series Reunited Apart which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and promotes donations to non-profit charities During the COVID-19 lockdown, on VE Day, Serkis read the entire book of The Hobbit to raise money for NHS Charities Together and Best Beginnings, a pregnancy charity of which he has been an ambassador  More than 650,000 people tuned in worldwide, and Serkis raised more than £283,000 ($351,000)  On 2 July 2020, HarperCollinsUK announced that Serkis would professionally narrate The Hobbit again to be published for Audible  The audiobook was released on 3 September 2020 in the UK, published by HarperCollins, and 21 September in the US, published by Recorded Books  The cover art, by Alan Lee, was drawn specially for the release                              
On 7 July 2021, HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books announced Serkis would follow up his narration of The Hobbit with a professional recording of all three The Lord of the Rings novels that were released on 16 September  The CDs were released on 14 October 2021 
Serkis and producer Andrew Levitas will release a seven-part comic book series in 2022, titled Eternus, about Heracles, the son of Zeus, trying to identify Zeus's killer  The series will be published by Thunder Books In 2023 he starred in the Netflix Film Luther: The Fallen Sun, based on the BBC TV Series Luther', playing a psychopathic killer 

Personal life
Serkis was born to Catholic parents, and though he has been an atheist since his teenage years, he is "drawn to the karmic possibilities of energy transference", specifically "the idea that your energy lives on after you" Serkis married actress Lorraine Ashbourne in July 2002  He lives in Crouch End, North London with Ashbourne and their three children: Ruby (b  1998), Sonny (b  2000) and Louis (b  2004), all of whom are actors  Louis and Ruby starred in the 2019 film The Kid Who Would Be King and the 2020 Netflix series The Letter for the King respectively  Serkis also starred alongside Ruby, and they played father and daughter  Louis also voiced Bhoot in Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle, which was directed by and co-starred his father as Baloo 

Filmography and accolades
Selected theatre
The Porter in Macbeth  Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1988)
Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith  Directed by James Maxwell at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1990)
Sean Grogan in Your Home in the West by Rod Wooden  World premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1991)
Doctor Jan Heart in Doctor Heart by Peter Muller  English premiere directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1991)
David in Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love by Brad Fraser  Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (1995)
Iago in Othello  Directed by Braham Murray at the Royal Exchange, Manchester  (2002)

See also
Motion-capture acting
Passage 5:
Linda Cardellini
Linda Edna Cardellini (born June 25, 1975) is an American actress  In television, she is known for her leading roles in the teen drama Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000), the medical drama ER (2003–09), the drama thriller Bloodline (2015–17), and the tragicomedy Dead to Me (2019–2022), the latter of which earned her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  She also guest starred in the period drama Mad Men (2013–15), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination  Her voice work includes the animated series Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (2010–13), Regular Show (2012–15), Gravity Falls (2012–16), and Sanjay and Craig (2013–16) 
In film, Cardellini is best known for her portrayal of Velma Dinkley in Scooby-Doo (2002) and its sequel Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004), and her supporting roles in Legally Blonde (2001), Brokeback Mountain (2005), Grandma’s Boy (2006), Kill the Irishman (2011),  Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), The Founder (2016), Green Book, A Simple Favor (both 2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019)  She also starred in the drama Return (2011), earning an Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead nomination, the comedies Daddy's Home (2015) and Daddy's Home 2 (2017), the horror film The Curse of La Llorona (2019), and the Disney+ television series Hawkeye as Laura Barton, which she also portrayed in Avengers: Age of Ultron and Avengers: Endgame  She also voiced Lylla in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  3, making her one of the few actresses in the Marvel Cinematic Universe to play two characters 

Early life and education
Cardellini was born and raised in Redwood City, California, the daughter of Lorraine Cardellini (née Hernan), a homemaker, and Wayne David Cardellini, a businessman  She is the youngest of four children  Cardellini is of Italian, Irish, German, and Scottish descent  She was raised Catholic  She made her first public appearance at age 10, when she sang in a school play  Subsequently, she acted in several school productions and started attending drama lessons  She graduated from nearby Mountain View's Catholic St  Francis High School in 1993, then moved to Los Angeles to seek roles in television and film Cardellini was a contestant in a 1994 episode of The Price Is Right, winning a fireplace She attended Loyola Marymount University's College of Communication and Fine Arts, graduating in 1997 with a degree in theater arts  In 2007, she was recognized as a "Distinguished Alumna" by the university 

Career
Cardellini received her first big break role in 1996 as Sarah on ABC's Saturday morning live-action children's series, Bone Chillers  Following this, she made guest appearances on prime-time programs including Step by Step, Clueless, 3rd Rock from the Sun, and she played Lauren on Boy Meets World, a girl that came between the show's star couple  Cardellini starred in the first season of the AMC series The Lot in 1999, and spent the summer in Europe as part of a touring production of Lancelot, a fourteenth-century Dutch tragedy 
Cardellini had her first major success when she landed one of the starring roles in the NBC series Freaks and Geeks, which debuted during the 1999–2000 season  As Lindsay Weir, an honor student in the midst of an identity crisis, Cardellini earned positive response that subsequently catapulted her to fame  Cardellini starred in the live-action adaptation of Scooby-Doo in 2002, in which she played the cartoon character Velma Dinkley  She later reprised the role of Velma in 2004's Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed  She joined the cast of the hospital drama ER in 2003 as Samantha Taggart, a free-spirited nurse  Cardellini acted for six seasons on ER, until the series finale, "And in the End   ", and with the cast won the TV Land ensemble Icon Award in 2009 
Her other film work includes roles in Dead Man on Campus, Strangeland, Good Burger, Legally Blonde, Brokeback Mountain (for which she was nominated for the ensemble Gotham and Screen Actors Guild awards), and a starring role in the Happy Madison film Grandma's Boy as Samantha  She was the voice of Ursula in the role-playing video game Gladius and played the voice of Bliss Goode on the ABC animated series The Goode Family  In 2007, Cardellini was chosen to play lovelorn Clara in the CBS miniseries Comanche Moon, a prequel to 1989's Lonesome Dove In 2010 and 2011, Cardellini returned to the stage with the Dr  God comedy group in Los Angeles and San Francisco, appeared in Kill the Irishman and Super, and starred in the independent film Return  She appeared with cast members and producers of Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared at the Paley Center for Media PaleyFest on March 12, 2011  From June 15, 2012, to February 15, 2016, she was the voice of Wendy on the Disney Channel show Gravity Falls 
Cardellini voice acts periodically on the podcast and live show The Thrilling Adventure Hour,  on the Sparks Nevada: Marshal on Mars segments  In 2013, she was chosen to play Sylvia Rosen, a love interest of Don Draper on Mad Men  For her performance on Mad Men, she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series  In 2015, she played Hawkeye's wife Laura Barton in Avengers: Age of Ultron, a role she reprised in the 2019 sequel Avengers: Endgame, which was briefly the highest-grossing film of all time  Starting in 2015, she joined Kyle Chandler on a new Netflix drama series Bloodline, from the creators of Damages  The show was canceled in 2016, and ended after its third season  That same year, she also had a starring role as Sara Whitaker in the comedy film Daddy's Home  In 2017, she reprised her role in the sequel film Daddy's Home 2 
In August 2018, Cardellini was cast to co-star with Christina Applegate in Netflix's dark comedy series Dead to Me  It premiered on May 3, 2019  For her performance, she received critical acclaim and a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  That same year, she co-starred with Viggo Mortensen and Mahershala Ali in the film Green Book, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture  
In 2019, she starred in the horror film The Curse of La Llorona  In 2020, Cardellini appeared in the biographical drama film Capone as Mae Capone, the wife of the title character In 2021, she reprised her role of Laura Barton in the Marvel Studios show Hawkeye, which premiered on Disney+ in November 2021 

Personal life
Cardellini dated her Freaks and Geeks co-star Jason Segel for several years following the show's cancellation in 2000  In October 2011, she and her boyfriend Steven Rodriguez announced her pregnancy  She gave birth to their daughter in February 2012  She and Rodriguez became engaged in June 2013 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
A Beautiful Mind (soundtrack)
A Beautiful Mind is the original soundtrack album, on the Decca Records label, of the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind starring Russell Crowe, Jennifer Connelly (who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as "Alicia Nash"), Christopher Plummer and Paul Bettany  The original score and songs were composed and conducted by James Horner 
The album garnered nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Best Original Score  Music critics felt that the musical score fit the film well, but believed it to be similar to several of Horner's previous films 

Development
Composer James Horner was a frequent collaborator with Ron Howard, the director of A Beautiful Mind  Horner desired to feature vocals reminiscent of being midway between a girl and woman, and wrote the score specifically for 15-year-old Welsh singer Charlotte Church  To convey "the beauty of mathematics", Horner decided to use the idea of a kaleidoscope, as its "patterns are always changing, and things move very quickly, but in moving so quickly, they create other patterns that move very slowly underneath"  He added that these changing patterns were conveyed with the piano and Church's voice 

Release and reception
Writing for Empire magazine, Danny Graydon gave the soundtrack four out of five stars  He thought the score contained elements of Horner's previous films Sneakers (1992) and Bicentennial Man (1999), but said "if you can forgive that, this is a clever, masterful and romantic score that captures a brilliant mind in conflict"  In the tracks "Creating Government Dynamics" and "Cracking The Russian Codes", Graydon opined that Church's "poignant vocals mix well with the frenetic piano and strings to represent Nash’s brilliance" and wished that her voice had been used more in the film Dan Goldwasser of Soundtrack net also found similarities to the score in Bicentennial Man, but thought Horner's work fit the film regardless, explaining "it effectively underscores the drama and romance, and even provides a few bits of tension for the action scene"  Goldwasser concluded that "while it all works well in the film, there is enough about this score that just seemed to  [sic] 'familiar' to make it stand out"  Contributing to National Public Radio, Andy Trudeau believed Church's particular voice adds a "human element  It's the sound that, I think, gives a sense of--the center of this character, if you will  I think it's the soul  And it's trying to be normal in a way, and underneath it it's trying to be crazy" Horner's score garnered nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Best Original Score  It lost the Golden Globe to the film Moulin Rouge! and the Oscar to The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring 

Track listing
Adapted from:
Passage 7:
Roy Jarvis
Leroy Gilbert Jarvis (June 7, 1926 – January 13, 1990) was an American professional baseball player  He debuted at age 17 in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1944 during the World War II manpower shortage   He struck out in his only at bat, but later appeared in another 20 games for the 1946–1947 Pittsburgh Pirates, in addition to having a ten-year playing career in minor league baseball 
Born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, Jarvis batted and threw right-handed and was listed at 5 feet 9 inches (1 75 m) tall and 160 pounds (73 kg)  He signed with Brooklyn after graduation from Central High School in Oklahoma City  In his one game for the Dodgers, an April 30, 1944, 26–8 defeat at the hands of the New York Giants, Jarvis relieved starting catcher Mickey Owen and fanned against Harry Feldman  He spent the remainder of the 1944 season in the minors, then was drafted by the Pirates that autumn in the Rule 5 draft  After serving in the United States Navy during 1945, the final wartime year, he resumed his baseball career in 1946 by appearing in two games for the Pirates  Jarvis split 1947 between Pittsburgh and the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, hitting his only MLB home run off Clayton Lambert of the Cincinnati Reds on April 18 In all, Jarvis made 57 plate appearances in the Majors, with eight hits and seven bases on balls 



ground_truth: Jennifer Connelly