prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the explorer reach the headquarters location of the group Con-Test's record label is part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Con-Test
Con-Test is the fifth album by FM, a progressive rock band from Toronto, Canada, released in 1985 

Background
In 1983, former group member Nash the Slash proposed a future double bill tour with FM, as the two artists seemed to share a common audience  FM's best known previous album was Black Noise which he made with them in 1977   But they had not yet found a replacement for Ben Mink who had replaced Nash in 1977, and then left the group in 1983   Nash resolved the problem by rejoining the band, although work on a new album, even in its demo phase, did not begin until May 1984   Con-Test has the same band line-up as Black Noise 
FM's former record company, Passport Records, ceased operations in 1984   Nash had been signed to Quality Records as a solo artist in 1983, and was about to release his solo album American Band-ages, which the proposed double bill tour was to promote   He was able to use his association with Quality to get FM signed to the label as well 
The double bill concept was retained, with Nash playing a solo set as the opening act for most FM concerts from 1983 to 1989 
Former group member Ben Mink also appears on the album, albeit as a guitarist 

Title and artwork
The album was titled Con-Test after the group ran a contest to come up with something that "FM" might stand for, and its cover art featured fine print listing several hundred submissions including Fluent Monkeys, Flunk Math, Floyd Meddle, Fashion Magazine, Free Money, Forgiven Mistake, Facing Mecca, False Mammaries, and so on   (One intriguing entry is "Framed Mulroney" which would appear to reference the scandals surrounding then-Prime Minister Brian Mulroney; however, these incidents did not occur until years later )
Despite the absence of pictorial graphics, the cover art was credited to surrealist painter Robert Vanderhorst, who has frequently collaborated with Nash the Slash on multi-media presentations from 1978 to the 2000s 

Releases
The album was initially available on Quality Records in 1985 (catalogue number SV-2138), but the label ceased operations in 1986, after more than 35 years of business   They had been Canada's biggest domestic label in the 1950s and 1960s 
MCA Records picked up the reissue rights for Con-Test, as well as Nash's American Band-ages in 1986, but the abrupt change in record labels led to a near-absence of promotion for both records 
Duke Street Records would release FM's next album, Tonight on vinyl and CD   This was FM's first CD release   The CD edition included five bonus tracks taken from Con-Test (tracks 1 to 4, and 6)   This acquisition of the rights to Con-Test led to a CD edition of the full album on Duke Street in 1987, but Duke Street did not reissue it on vinyl 

Track listing
All tracks composed by Cameron Hawkins, Martin Deller, and Nash the Slash—except where noted  All tracks arranged by FM and Michael Waite 

Side one"Just Like You" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash, Waite) – 4:05
"We Hold On" – 4:35
"All of the Dreams" – 4:05
"Until the Night Is Over" – 3:50
"The Only Way to Win" – 3:46Side two"Why Don't You Take It" – 4:10
"Distant Early Warning" – 4:08
"Friends and Neighbours" – 4:33
"Stop!" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash, Waite) – 5:00

Personnel
Nash the Slash – lead and background vocals, electric mandolin, electric violin, harmonica
Cameron Hawkins – lead and background vocals, synthesizers, bass guitar
Martin Deller – drums, electronic percussion

Guests
Ben Mink – electric guitars
Rob Yale – Fairlight C M I 
Glen Johansen and David Moses – background vocals on "Distant Early Warning"

Technical credits
Produced by Michael Waite for Eye to Ear Productions
Bed tracks recorded at Manta Sound, engineered by John Naslin assisted by Ron Searls and Mark Baldi
Overdubs recorded at Metal Works, engineered by Glen Johansen assisted by Noel Golden
Mixed at Manta Sound, engineered by John Naslin assisted by Mark Baldi and Mike Duncan
Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Masterdisk, New York City
Robert Vanderhorst – cover art

Singles
"Just Like You" – 1985 (Canadian chart #38)
"All of the Dreams" – 1986 (Canadian chart #86)
"Why Don't You Take It" / "Just Like You" – MCA 52840, 1986 (issued with cover, Canadian chart #90)The latter record was also issued as a 12-inch single on MCA 23634 with alternate versions:

"Why Don't You Take It (Flight Mix)" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash) – total 6:27
"Intro (Taxi)" – 0:50
"The Tune (Take Off)" – 5:37
"Just Like You (Fun Mix)" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash, Waite) – 7:06

Demo recordings
Demo versions of four songs for Con-Test appeared on FM's Lost in Space CD on Cut-throat Records in 2001, recorded at Cut-throat Studios in May 1984   Cut-throat is Nash's own record company and studio   These include a cover version of "It's My Life", a song by The Animals from 1965, that did not make it to the album 
In the liner notes, Nash the Slash heavily criticizes the production of the Con-Test versions, preferring the demos   He states that he reluctantly took over the lead vocals from Hawkins on "Friends and Neighbours" between the demo and Con-Test versions, at the insistence of the producer (Waite), and characterizes the LP version of this song as "bastardized" 
"The Only Way to Win" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash) – 3:05
"Friends and Neighbours" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash) – 4:03
"It's My Life" (Roger Atkins, Carl D'Errico) – 3:20
"Why Don't You Take It" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash) – 4:42
Passage 2:
National Car Test
The National Car Test (Irish: An tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Tástála Carranna; abbreviated NCT) is a roadworthiness test, which all cars in Ireland must undergo  Following a tender process, the Road Safety Authority awarded the National Car Testing Service contract for the operation of the vehicle inspection service in the Republic of Ireland to Applus 

History
The National Car Test (the NCT) was introduced in 2000, since then all cars four years and older must undergo an NCT  The NCT due date is calculated by reference to the date of first registration of the car, with tests due every two years for cars younger than 10 years  Annual Testing was introduced in June 2011 and is now a legal requirement for vehicles that present for their 10th anniversary test and each subsequent test  Vehicles can be inspected up to 90 days in advance of the anniversary of the registration date  The waiting lists have proven to be long, with even the 'priority list' taking in excess of a month 

Procedure
The NCT is available in 47 centres around the Republic of Ireland  and it tests various aspects of cars for safety, including tyres, brakes and shock absorbers  It also tests the exhaust fumes for compliance with EU emissions standards  Other safety features, such as the spare tyre, seat belts and lights are also checked 
As of 2012, the fee for the NCT is €55 for a full test, and €28 for a re-test that requires testing equipment (e g  emission levels, aiming of headlights, etc )  Re-tests that do not require the use of test equipment (such as obscured registration plate, faulty windscreen wiper, etc ) are free of charge  However, if a confirmed appointment is cancelled with less than five working days' notice (Mon  - Fri , not including the day of the test or the day you contact NCTS), or failure to show up for the test, a €22 00 surcharge will be applied when the car is next brought in for testing  A similar surcharge of €11 50 will apply in the case of a re-test 
Upon successful completion of the test a valid NCT certificate is issued and this must be displayed on the front windscreen of the vehicle 
A driver without a valid NCT on their car will incur three penalty points and a fine of €60, if paid within the first 28 days, and €90 if paid within the following 28 days  Thereafter, if the fine is not paid, a court appearance becomes mandatory and if convicted, five penalty points and a fine will be imposed by the court  This system was introduced on December 8, 2014, where previously all offenders were immediately faced with a mandatory court appearance and five penalty points upon conviction, in addition to a fine  Enforcement is the responsibility of the Garda Síochána  Local authorities can (in theory) refuse to issue a tax disc to a vehicle not having an NCT certificate and insurance companies could (in theory) declare cover for an untested (or failed) vehicle invalid 
There are exemptions for certain categories of vehicles such as vintage cars (registered before 1980) and vehicles based permanently on some offshore Islands 
NCTS centres are run by Applus Car Testing Services, who are independent of the motor industry 
If applicants cannot get an NCT appointment within 28 days of applying for it, the test is undertaken free of charge  This is assuming that the applicant:

Has not declined another appointment more than twice at a centre of their choosing 
Has not previously accepted a booking outside of the 4 week period 

Statistics
In August 2017 the Irish Sunday Independent reported that the best performing car in 2016 tests was the Nissan Juke and the worst the Hyundai Trajet  The same article revealed the existence of a data visualisation of 2016 NCT results 

Similar tests
In Northern Ireland, motor vehicles are subject to the MOT test, which is the standard in the United Kingdom 

See also
Vehicle inspection (general overview of roadworthiness tests around the world)
MOT test (UK)
Shaken (Japan)
Warrant of Fitness (New Zealand)
Passage 3:
MCA Records
MCA Records was an American record label owned by MCA Inc , which later became part of Universal Music Group 

Pre-history
MCA Inc , a talent agency and television production company, entered the recorded music business in 1962 with the purchase of the New York-based US Decca Records (established in 1934), including Coral Records and Brunswick Records  MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger  As American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into a top film studio, producing several hits  In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967, purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management 

History
The early years
In 1937, the owner of Decca, Edward R  Lewis, chose to split off the UK Decca company from the US company (keeping his US Decca holdings), fearing the financial damage that would arise for UK Companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II  Lewis sold the remainder of his US Decca holdings when war did break out   US-based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan  UK Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world  After the war, British Decca formed a new US subsidiary, London Records 
During this time, American Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick and Coral labels  In 1962, MCA acquired American Decca and became a wholly owned subsidiary  In 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label, which was used to release US Decca and Kapp label material outside North America  Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16, 1968  Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, and solo artists Tony Christie, Mick Greenwood and Roy Young Early MCA UK releases were distributed by Decca, but moved to EMI in 1974  As the US division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest UK MCA Records material was released in the US on either Kapp or Decca  MCA UK also issued American Brunswick material on the MCA label until 1972, two years after MCA lost control of Brunswick, after which American Brunswick material was issued in the UK on the revived Brunswick label  Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide 

MCA Records formation in Canada and the United States
In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd  into MCA Records (Canada)  In April 1970, former Warner Bros  Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Decca's general manager  Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros  Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner 
In April 1971, Maitland supervised the consolidation of the New York-based Decca and Kapp labels plus the California-based Uni label into MCA Records based in Universal City, California, with Maitland serving as president  The three labels maintained their identities for a short time, but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973  "Drift Away" by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U S in 1973  Beginning the same year, the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the US on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler 

Early success
The first MCA Records release in the US was former Uni artist Elton John's "Crocodile Rock" single in 1972, which appeared on a plain black and white label  
Immediately following this, the US MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s  This design was directly inspired by the US Decca label of the 1960s 
In December 1972, Neil Diamond, another Uni artist, reached  superstar status with his first MCA release, the live multi-platinum Hot August Night  Elton John's double album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road was released in October 1973 and was number one on the US Billboard 200 albums chart for eight straight weeks  The management of former Decca artists the Who had formed their own label Track Records in the UK, but were still under contract with MCA for US distribution  The Who's double album Quadrophenia was  released by Track/MCA also in October 1973  Quadrophenia peaked at number 2 as it was held back from the number 1 slot by Goodbye Yellow Brick Road 
Other successful artists on MCA, after the consolidation, included former Kapp artist Cher, and Uni artist Olivia Newton-John  MCA released the highly successful soundtrack album to the 1973 film The Sting  The soundtrack music was arranged and conducted by Marvin Hamlisch and won an Academy Award for Best Original Score (MCA issued many other soundtracks to films from Universal, along with some non-Universal films) 
One of the most successful MCA artists in this era was the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, who would become one of the most popular in the Southern rock genre  The group was discovered by Al Kooper and initially released on his "Sounds of the South" label imprint of MCA  The song "Free Bird" became one of the most popular songs of all time on album-oriented rock radio stations  On Second Helping, the group recorded a song about their relationship with the label called, "Workin' for MCA"  Street Survivors was released in October 1977, just prior to a tragic plane crash in which members of the group were either killed or severely injured  The original Street Survivors cover had a picture of the band members surrounded by flames, but this was quickly substituted for a design without flames  Though a latter version of the group enjoyed success, Lynyrd Skynyrd's streak of hits ended after the crash  Eventually, three Lynyrd Skynyrd albums reached the double platinum sales level and at least two others reached platinum or gold levels 
During the 1970s and 1980s, MCA profited from reissuing classic early rock and roll recordings made by artists who recorded for the numerous labels absorbed by MCA  One notable example was the 1954 Decca recording "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley & His Comets, which was featured as the lead track of MCA's No  1-charting American Graffiti soundtrack album, and as a single returned to the American top 40 that year, 20 years after it was recorded 

Expansion and struggles
In 1977, MCA president Sidney Sheinberg set up the Infinity Records division, based in New York City with Ron Alexenberg as CEO  Alexenberg had been with the Epic division of CBS Records, now Sony Music Entertainment  The intention was to give MCA a stronger presence on the East Coast  The only big hit the Infinity label had was "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)" by Rupert Holmes, a #1 single at the end of 1979  Infinity also had some success with Hot Chocolate, Spyro Gyra, New England and TKO  But MCA pulled the plug on Infinity after it failed to sell most of the 1 million advance copies of an album featuring Pope John Paul II in October 1979  Infinity was fully absorbed by the parent company in 1980 
In 1979, Bob Siner replaced Maitland as MCA Records president  Shortly afterwards, MCA acquired ABC Records along with its subsidiaries Paramount, Dunhill, Impulse!, Westminster, and Dot  ABC had acquired the Paramount and Dot labels when they purchased Gulf+Western's record labels and Famous Music Corp  Thus, MCA now controlled material once owned by Paramount Pictures, the music released by Paramount's record labels, and the pre-1950 films by Paramount as well 
Also included in this deal were recordings controlled by ABC, including albums by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers which were originally released by Shelter Records  Petty was furious about the reassignment of his contract and refused to record for MCA  This led to a series of lawsuits, which resulted in his bankruptcy in 1980  Petty and other ABC/Shelter artists eventually had their contracts transferred to the Backstreet Records label, which was distributed by MCA  ABC Records' independent distributors sued ABC and MCA for $1 3 million in damages for being stuck with unsold ABC recordings they could not return to MCA  The better selling ABC Records catalog albums were reissued on the MCA label MCA distribution in Europe and Asia moved to CBS in 1979, while releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, or through WEA  Distribution moved to  BMG during the 1990s 

The 1980s
The combined effects of the Infinity Records failure, the purchase of ABC, rising vinyl costs and a major slump in record sales produced tremendous losses for the company between 1979 and 1982  It was not until the mid-1980s that the record labels returned to significant profitability  In late 1980, MCA received negative publicity when it attempted to raise the list price of new releases by top selling artists from $8 98 to $9 98  This policy, known as "superstar pricing", ultimately failed  The Xanadu soundtrack album and Gaucho, by former ABC act Steely Dan, were the first releases with the higher list price  Backstreet artist Tom Petty succeeded in his campaign to force MCA to drop prices back to $8 98 for the release of his album Hard Promises, in May 1981 MCA had a distribution deal with the independent label Unicorn Records, which in turn signed an agreement with another rising independent label, SST Records to manufacture and distribute Black Flag's first album Damaged  Reportedly, MCA executive Al Bergman heard an advance copy of the album and refused to let MCA Distributing Inc  handle it, claiming that it was "an anti-parent record " The members of Black Flag found themselves covering the MCA Distributing logo on the first 25,000 copies with a sticker reading "As a parent    I found it an anti-parent record " SST Records partner Joe Carducci later claimed that Bergman's comments were actually a red herring for MCA to cut ties with Unicorn, which had not produced any successful releases; the fact that MCA would, not soon afterward, directly commission a new recording of "TV Party" from Black Flag and SST Records for the  Repo Man soundtrack seems to bear this out  Unicorn would later go out of business after going bankrupt, partially the result of a lawsuit between themselves and Black Flag 

Recovery, further expansion and MCA Music Entertainment Group
Irving Azoff became the head of MCA Records in 1983  Azoff is known as an experienced music industry veteran who received credit amongst MCA management and staff for saving the company from bankruptcy 
In 1983, rock musician Frank Zappa negotiated a distribution agreement for his Barking Pumpkin label with MCA  As the records were being manufactured, a woman in the quality control department objected to the lyrics of Zappa's album Thing-Fish  After this MCA cancelled the Zappa contract  At about the same time, Zappa publicly argued with members of the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) over censorship and warning stickers for albums with potentially offensive content  The experience with MCA prompted Zappa to create a satirical "WARNING/GUARANTEE" sticker of his own  Thing-Fish was released with Zappa's sticker in December 1984 under a new agreement with Capitol/EMI  Despite the conflict with Zappa, MCA later became the biggest label to oppose the PMRC and the use of warning stickers  In October 1985, Azoff said "Never will you find a sticker on one of our records "In the 1980s, MCA became commonly known as "Music Cemetery of America" due to a huge surplus of unprofitable records sitting unsold in MCA warehouses  A number of MCA associates, including Azoff and Zappa, disparaged the company in this way Starting in 1984, William Knoedelseder wrote a series of articles for the Los Angeles Times about the connections between organized crime and MCA  Knoedelseder told the story of mobster Sal Pisello and the corrupt deals he arranged with MCA for the liquidation sales of unsold cut-out recordings that had been deleted from the MCA catalog  The story was later adapted into the book Stiffed: A True Story of MCA, the Music Business, and the Mafia, which was published in 1993 
The Chess Records catalog was acquired from the remnants of Sugar Hill Records in 1985  Motown Records was bought in 1988  In the late 1980s, MCA formed Mechanic Records as a sub-label for releasing heavy metal music  Bands signed to Mechanic included Voivod, Dream Theater, Bang Tango, and Trixter  Another sub-label, called The Futurist Label, was created to release progressive rock and death metal albums MCA created a new holding company in 1989 called MCA Music Entertainment Group, headed by Al Teller, former President of United Artists Records, and Co-Chairman of Turf Classics, a concert production company, run by Producer Richard Flanzer  The same year the MCA Inc  parent company was purchased by the Matsushita group 
Azoff resigned from MCA in 1989 to form his own record label, Giant Records, now defunct   Richard Palmese was named president of MCA Records after Azoff in 1990 

The 1990s
GRP Records and Geffen Records were acquired in 1990  Unlike most of MCA's previous acquisitions, GRP (which began managing MCA's jazz holdings) and Geffen (which became a second mainstream subsidiary) labels kept their identities  MCA sold Motown Records to PolyGram in 1993 

Universal Music Group
In 1995, Seagram Company Ltd  acquired 80% of MCA   In November of that year, Teller was fired and replaced by former Warner Music Group head Doug Morris  Palmese left MCA a week later  Afterwards, Jay Boberg was named as the new president of MCA  On December 9, 1996, the new owners dropped the MCA name; the company became Universal Studios, Inc  and its music division, MCA Music Entertainment Group, was renamed Universal Music Group (UMG), headed by Morris 
In 1997, MCA Records adopted a new logo that featured the parent company's former full name  Many younger people had been unaware of what MCA had stood for in the past, hence the new logo  In conjunction with the new logo, the first MCA Records website was launched 
On May 21, 1998, Seagram acquired PolyGram (owner of British Decca) from Philips and merged it with Universal Music Group  Unlike several labels under PolyGram and UMG, who faced closure and job cuts of employees, MCA was the only label that was not affected by the merger  When Seagram's drinks business was bought by France-based Pernod Ricard, its media holdings (including Universal) were sold to Vivendi which became Vivendi Universal which was later renamed back to Vivendi SA after selling most of the entertainment division (which included Universal Pictures) to General Electric  Morris continued to head the combined company, still called Universal Music Group 

MCA label phaseout
On January 16, 2003, Jay Boberg resigned from his position as president of MCA Records  Boberg's resignation arrived in the wake of slumping sales at MCA, which had seen the label's overall album market share decline to just 2 61% in 2002, down from 9% the previous year  His demise was hastened by the relative commercial failure of Shaggy's Lucky Day, released in October 2002, which MCA hoped would sell well enough to turn around their declining fortunes  Richard Nichols, manager of The Roots, felt that MCA had been attempting to spend lots of money on different projects, and subsequently many acts on MCA were "underfinanced" by the label, leading to poor sales  Rob Hitt of Midtown (who was signed to MCA through Drive-Thru Records) stated that MCA had lost a substantial amount of money that year from investing in several unsuccessful bands Management of the label was subsequently handed over to the Interscope Geffen A&M umbrella label and Jimmy Iovine, although UMG chairman Doug Morris promised that MCA would continue to operate as a "full-service, free standing label"  Craig Lambert, previously the vice president of the label, was named as the interim head of MCA, with a successor expected to be chosen within a few months  Following Boberg's resignation, it was rumoured that MCA could possibly be merged into Universal Records, something which would have given the latter, New York City-based label a stronger presence in the West Coast of the United States On May 20, 2003, insider sources at Universal reporting to Billboard revealed that the MCA label was to be absorbed by sister UMG label Geffen Records by the end of the year  The reported reason behind the MCA brand phaseout was due to declining sales, as well as the MCA brand becoming "tarnished" by "a history of acquisitions and mergers"  On June 9, 2003, MCA laid off 75 of their staff, equivalent to a third of their personnel, although no employees from Geffen were let go  Geffen's president, Jordan Schur, was named president of the newly merged entity, which continued under the Geffen branding  In the subsequent months, the MCA name was phased out entirely  The last album to be released under the MCA Records branding was Twisted Method's Escape from Cape Coma, which was released on July 15, 2003 Today Universal Music Enterprises manages MCA's rock, pop, and urban back catalogues (including those from ABC Records and Famous Music Group) in conjunction with Geffen – UME and Geffen have re-released various albums from MCA in the years since, as well as several compilations  Its country music label MCA Nashville Records is still in operation, and is one of the only businesses using the MCA trademark as of 2016 along with MCA Records France (imprint of Universal Music France)  MCA's jazz catalogue is managed by Verve Records (through the Impulse! and GRP imprints, depending on whether the recording was acquired from ABC or not), while its classical music catalogue is managed by Deutsche Grammophon  MCA's musical theatre catalogue is managed by Decca Records on its Decca Broadway imprint 

Logos
Labels
MCA Records recording artists
Passage 4:
Ace Fu Records
Ace Fu Records is an independent record label founded in 1998 by Eric Speck  It is located in Williamsburg, Brooklyn  The label went on indefinite hiatus in 2007 

Roster
Acid Mothers Temple
Annuals
An Albatross
Aqui
The Dears
Devotchka
Ex Models
Illinois
Kaiser Chiefs
Man Man
Michael Leviton
Oneida
Officer May
Parts & Labor
Pinback
Priestess
Runner and the Thermodynamics
Secret Machines
The Sucka MCs
Ted Leo
Tunng

See also
List of record labels

External links
Official site
Passage 5:
EmArcy Records
EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by the American Mercury Records  The name is a phonetic spelling of "MRC", the initials for Mercury Record Company During the 1950s and 1960s, musicians such as Max Roach, Clifford Brown, Cannonball Adderley, Dinah Washington, and Sarah Vaughan recorded for EmArcy Today, it is a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group  The catalogue is managed by the Island Records subsidiary 

Discography
Mono 12" LP series (1954–c  1958)
Passage 6:
Santa Monica, California
Santa Monica (Spanish for 'Saint Monica'; Spanish: Santa Mónica) is a city in Los Angeles County, situated along Santa Monica Bay on California's South Coast  Santa Monica's 2020 U S  Census population was 93,076  Santa Monica is a popular resort town, owing to its climate, beaches, and hospitality industry  It has a diverse economy, hosting headquarters of companies such as Hulu, Universal Music Group, Lionsgate Films, and The Recording Academy 
Santa Monica traces its history to Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, granted in 1839 to the Sepúlveda family of California  The rancho was later sold to John P  Jones and Robert Baker, who in 1875, along with his Californio heiress wife Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886  The city developed into a seaside resort during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the creation of tourist attractions such as Palisades Park, the Santa Monica Pier, Ocean Park, and the Hotel Casa del Mar 

History
Indigenous
The Tongva are Indigenous to the Santa Monica area  The village of Comicranga was established in the Santa Monica area  One of the village's notable residents was Victoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village  During the Spanish period, she was taken to Mission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six 

Spanish era
The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769 
There are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be  One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4  Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety 

Mexican era
In 1839, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica to Francisco Sepúlveda II, of the Sepúlveda family of California  As the definitions of the rancho grant were not precise, the Sepúlveda family came into conflict with the neighboring Rancho Boca de Santa Mónica, owned by Ysidro Reyes and Francisco Márquez  A small Californio community grew up on Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, made up primarily of vaqueros working on the rancho and their families 

Post-conquest era
After the American conquest of California, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights  U S  government sovereignty in California began on February 2, 1848 
In the 1870s, the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay  The first town hall was an 1873 brick building, later a beer hall, and now part of the Santa Monica Hostel  By 1885, the town's first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel Amusement piers became popular in the first decades of the 20th century and the extensive Pacific Electric Railway brought people to the city's beaches from across the Greater Los Angeles Area 
Around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice  A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica and Venice  The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans, who were often well-disposed toward the Japanese but condescending to the Chinese  The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community 
Donald Wills Douglas Sr  built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field (Santa Monica Airport) for the Douglas Aircraft Company  In 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world  Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles (44,342 km) in 175 days, and were greeted on their return September 23, 1924, by a crowd of 200,000  The Douglas Company (later McDonnell Douglas) kept facilities in the city until the 1970s The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply  One report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000  Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt  In the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica (along with neighboring Los Angeles)  The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall  The main Post Office and Barnum Hall (Santa Monica High School auditorium) were also among other WPA projects 

Modern era
Douglas's business grew with the onset of World War II, employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943  To defend against air attack, set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield  The RAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945, and spun off into an independent think tank on May 14, 1948  RAND acquired a 15-acre (61,000 m2) campus across the street from the Civic Center and is still there today 
The completion of the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in 1958 eliminated Belmar, the first African American community in the city, and the Santa Monica Freeway in 1966 decimated the Pico neighborhood that had been a leading African American enclave on the Westside 
Beach volleyball is believed to have been developed by Duke Kahanamoku in Santa Monica during the 1920s Santa Monica has two hospitals: Saint John's Health Center and Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center  Its cemetery is Woodlawn Memorial 
Santa Monica has several local newspapers including Santa Monica Daily Press, Santa Monica Mirror, and Santa Monica Star 

Geography
Santa Monica rests on a mostly flat slope that angles down toward Ocean Avenue and toward the south  High bluffs separate the north side of the city from the beaches  Santa Monica borders the L A  neighborhoods of Pacific Palisades to the north and Venice to the south  To the west, Santa Monica has a 3-mile coastline fronting Santa Monica Bay, and to the east of the city are the L A  communities of West Los Angeles and Brentwood 

Climate
Santa Monica has a coastal Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb)  It enjoys an average of 310 days of sunshine a year  It is in USDA plant hardiness zone 11a  Because of its location, nestled on the vast and open Santa Monica Bay, morning fog is a common phenomenon in May, June, July and early August (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents)  Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the "May Gray", the "June Gloom" and even "Fogust"  Overcast skies are common on June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon  In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too  It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time  Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area enjoy sunny skies and warmer temperatures  At times, the sun can be shining east of 20th Street while the beach area is overcast  As a general rule, the beach temperature is from 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (3 to 6 degrees Celsius) cooler than it is inland during summer days, and 5 to 10 degrees warmer during winter nights 
It is also in September that the highest temperatures tend to be reached  It is winter, however, when the hot, dry winds of the Santa Anas are most common  In contrast, temperatures exceeding 10 degrees below average are rare 

The rainy season is from late October through late March  Winter storms usually approach from the northwest and pass quickly through the Southland  There is very little rain during the rest of the year  Yearly rainfall totals are unpredictable as rainy years are occasionally followed by droughts  There has never been any snow or frost, but there has been hail 
Santa Monica usually enjoys cool breezes blowing in from the ocean, which tend to keep the air fresh and clean  Therefore, smog is less of a problem for Santa Monica than elsewhere around Los Angeles  However, from September through November, the Santa Ana winds sometimes blow from the east, bringing smoggy and hot inland air to the beaches 
The hottest temperature ever reported in Santa Monica was 100 °F (38 °C) on November 1, 1966, while the lowest is 33 °F (1 °C) on March 1, 1945, and again on March 21, 1952  The highest minimum temperature is 72 °F (22 °C) on October 24, 2007, and the lowest maximum temperature is 51 °F (11 °C) on 4 dates in February 2001 and again March 10, 2006  The snowiest months on record are January 1954 and March 1955, both with trace amounts  They are the only months to ever report snowfall  Many months have reported no rainfall at all  Conversely, the wettest month on record is January 1995 with a total of 17 82 inches (453 mm) of rainfall  The wettest year on record is 1998, with a total of 25 4 inches (650 mm) of rainfall; the driest is 1989, with a total of 4 04 inches (103 mm) of rainfall 

Environment
The city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994, was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan, setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment  Eighty-two percent of the city's public works vehicles run on alternative fuels, including most of the municipal bus system, making it among the largest such fleets in the country  Santa Monica fleet vehicles and buses source their natural gas from Redeem, a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste Santa Monica adopted a Community Energy Independence Initiative, with a goal of achieving complete energy independence by 2020 (vs  California's already ambitious 33% renewables goal)  The city exceeded that aspiration when, in February 2019, it switched over to electricity from the Clean Power Alliance, with a citywide default of 100% renewably sourced energy   That same year, the Santa Monica City Council adopted a Climate Action and Adaptation Plan aimed at achieving an 80% cut in carbon emissions by 2030, and reaching community-wide carbon neutrality by 2050 or sooner 
An urban runoff facility (SMURFF), the first of its kind in the US, catches and treats 3 5 million US gallons (13,000 m3) of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water, while bioswales throughout the city allow rainwater to percolate into and replenish the groundwater  The groundwater supply plays an important role in the city's Sustainable Water Master Plan, whereby Santa Monica has set a goal of attaining 100% water independence by 2020  The city has numerous programs designed to promote water conservation among residents, including a rebate for those who convert lawns to drought-tolerant gardens that require less water 
Santa Monica has also instituted a green building-code whereby merely constructing to code automatically renders a building equivalent to the US Green Building Council's LEED Silver standards  The city's Main Library is one of many LEED certified or LEED equivalent buildings in the city  It is built over a 200,000 gallon cistern that collects filtered stormwater from the roof  The water is used for landscape irrigation 
Since 2009, Santa Monica has been developing the Zero Waste Strategic Operations Plan by which the city will set a goal of diverting at least 95% of all waste away from landfills, and toward recycling and composting, by 2030  The plan includes a food waste composting program, which diverts 3 million pounds of restaurant food waste away from landfills annually  As of 2013, 77% of all solid waste produced citywide is diverted from landfills Environmentally focused initiatives include curbside recycling, curbside composting bins (in addition to trash, yard-waste, and recycle bins), farmers' markets, community gardens, garden-share, an urban forest initiative, a hazardous materials home-collection service, and a green business certification As in other coastal beach communities, coastal erosion due to coastal infrastructure and high human usage is an increasing challenge, and will become worse due to sea level rise  Starting in 2016, local environmental groups began dune and beach restoration projects 

Demographics
2020
The  2020 United States Census reported Santa Monica had a population of 93,076  This corresponds to density of 11,067 3 people per square mile  The racial makeup of Santa Monica was 63,383 (68 1%) white, 8,602 (9 2%)  Asian, 3,776 (4 1%) Black or African American, 539 (0 6%) American Indian and Alaska Native, 123 (0 1%) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 5,347 (5 7%) some other race, and 11,306 (12 1%) people were of two or more races Including all responses for people of two or more races, 73,996 (79 5%) were white alone or in combination with one or more other races, 11,864 (12 7%) were Asian alone or in combination with one or more other races, 5,459 (5 9%) were Black or African American alone or in combination, 1,877 (2 0%) were American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination, 415 (0 4%) were Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander alone or in combination, and 11,619 (12 5%) were some other race alone or in combination with one or more other races 13,544 (14 6%) were  Hispanic or  Latino of any race  Of those, 2,729 (2 9% of the total population) were white alone, 153 (0 2%) were Black or African American alone, 410 (0 4%) were American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 136 (0 1%) were Asian alone, 14 (0 0%) were Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, 4,542 (4 9%) were some other race alone, and 5,560 (6 0%) were two or more races The census reported that Santa Monica had 52,389 housing units  Of those, 47,438 (90 5%) were occupied  12,856 (27 1%) of the occupied units were owner-occupied and 34,582 (72 9%) were renter-occupied  Of the vacant units, 2,540 (4 8% of total) were for rent, 230 (0 4%) were rented but not occupied, 183 (0 3%) were for sale only, 205 (0 4%) were sold but not occupied, 693 (1 3%) were for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use, and 1,100 (2 1%) were otherwise vacant  94 8% of households had a computer between 2017 and 2021, and 91 0% had broadband internet access 

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported Santa Monica had a population of 89,736  The population density was 10,662 6 inhabitants per square mile (4,116 9/km2)  The racial makeup of Santa Monica was 69,663 (77 6%) White (70 1% Non-Hispanic White), 3,526 (3 9%) African American, 338 (0 4%) Native American, 8,053 (9 0%) Asian, 124 (0 1%) Pacific Islander, 4,047 (4 5%) from other races, and 3,985 (4 4%) from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,716 persons (13 1%), with Mexican Americans, Spanish Americans, and Argentine Americans making up 64 2%, 6 4%, and 4 7% of the Hispanic population respectively The Census reported 87,610 people (97 6% of the population) lived in households, 1,299 (1 4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 827 (0 9%) were institutionalized 
There were 46,917 households, out of which 7,835 (16 7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,092 (27 9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,510 (7 5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,327 (2 8%) had a male householder with no wife present  There were 2,867 (6 1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 416 (0 9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  22,716 households (48 4%) were made up of individuals, and 5,551 (11 8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 1 87  There were 17,929 families (38 2% of all households); the average family size was 2 79 
The population was spread out, with 12,580 people (14 0%) under the age of 18, 6,442 people (7 2%) aged 18 to 24, 32,552 people (36 3%) aged 25 to 44, 24,746 people (27 6%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,416 people (15 0%) who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 40 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 2 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 2 males 
There were 50,912 housing units at an average density of 6,049 5 per square mile (2,335 7/km2), of which 13,315 (28 4%) were owner-occupied, and 33,602 (71 6%) were occupied by renters  The homeowner vacancy rate was 1 1%; the rental vacancy rate was 5 1%  30,067 people (33 5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 57,543 people (64 1%) lived in rental housing units 
According to the 2010 United States Census, Santa Monica had a median household income of $73,649, with 11 2% of the population living below the federal poverty line 

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 84,084 people, 44,497 households, and 16,775 families in the city  The population density was 10,178 7 inhabitants per square mile (3,930 0 inhabitants/km2)  There were 47,863 housing units at an average density of 5,794 0 per square mile (2,237 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 78 29% White, 7 25% Asian, 3 78% African American, 0 47% Native American, 0 10% Pacific Islander, 5 97% from other races, and 4 13% from two or more races  13 44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 44,497 households, out of which 15 8% had children under the age of 18, 27 5% were married couples living together, 7 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 62 3% were non-families  51 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 1 83 and the average family size was 2 80 
The city of Santa Monica is consistently among the most educated cities in the United States, with 23 8 percent of all residents holding graduate degrees The population was diverse in age, with 14 6% under 18, 6 1% from 18 to 24, 40 1% from 25 to 44, 24 8% from 45 to 64, and 14 4% 65 years or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 3 males 
According to a 2009 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $71,095, and the median income for a family was $109,410  Males had a median income of $55,689 versus $42,948 for females  The per capita income for the city was $42,874  10 4% of the population and 5 4% of families were below the poverty line  Out of the total population, 9 9% of those under the age of 18 and 10 2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line 

Crime
In 2006, crime in Santa Monica affected 4 41% of the population, slightly lower than the national average crime rate that year of 4 48%  The majority of this was property crime, which affected 3 74% of Santa Monica's population in 2006; this was higher than the rates for Los Angeles County (2 76%) and California (3 17%), but lower than the national average (3 91%)  These per-capita crime rates are computed based on Santa Monica's full-time population of about 85,000  However, the Santa Monica Police Department has suggested the actual per-capita crime rate is much lower, as tourists, workers, and beachgoers can increase the city's daytime population to between 250,000 and 450,000 people Hate crime has typically been minimal in Santa Monica, with only one reported incident in 2007  The city experienced a spike of anti-Islamic hate crime in 2001 after the September 11 attacks, but hate crime levels returned to their minimal 2000 levels by 2002 
Gang activityThe Pico neighborhood of Santa Monica (south of the Santa Monica Freeway) experiences some gang activity  The city estimates there are about 50 gang members based in Santa Monica, although some community organizers dispute this claim  Gang activity has been prevalent for decades in the Pico neighborhood 
In October 1998, alleged Culver City 13 gang member Omar Sevilla of Culver City was killed  A couple of hours after the shooting of Sevilla, German tourist Horst Fietze was killed  Several days later Juan Martin Campos, a Santa Monica city employee, was shot and killed  Police believe this was a retaliatory killing in response to Sevilla's killing  Less than 24 hours later, Javier Cruz was wounded in a drive-by shooting outside his home on 17th and Michigan In 1998, there was a double homicide in the Westside Clothing store on Lincoln Boulevard  During the incident, Culver City gang members David "Puppet" Robles and Jesse "Psycho" Garcia entered the store masked and began opening fire, killing Anthony and Michael Juarez  Police say the incident was in retaliation for a shooting committed by the Santa Monica 13 gang days before the Juarez brothers were shot down 

Homeless population
In 2022, there were 826 homeless individuals in Santa Monica 

Economy
Santa Monica is home to the headquarters of many notable businesses, such as Beachbody, Fatburger, Hulu, Illumination, Otter Media, Lionsgate, Macerich, Miramax, CBS Media Ventures, the RAND Corporation, Saban Capital Group, The Recording Academy (which presents the annual Grammy Awards), TOMS Shoes, and Universal Music Group  Atlantic Aviation is at the Santa Monica Airport  The National Public Radio member station KCRW is on the Santa Monica College campus  VCA Animal Hospitals is just outside the eastern city limit A number of game development studios are based in Santa Monica, making it a major location for the industry  These include:

Activision Blizzard (which includes Activision)
Cloud Imperium Games (Creators of Star Citizen)
Naughty Dog (Creators of Crash Bandicoot (1996–1999), Jak & Daxter, Uncharted and The Last of Us franchises)
PUBG Corporation (North American station, developed Miramar map in PUBG)
Riot Games, the creator of League of Legends, is just outside the eastern city limit 
TreyarchRecently, Santa Monica has emerged as the center of the Los Angeles region called Silicon Beach, and serves as the home of hundreds of venture capital funded startup companies 
Former Santa Monica businesses include Douglas Aircraft (now merged with Boeing), GeoCities (which in December 1996 was headquartered on the third floor of 1918 Main Street in Santa Monica), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and MySpace (now headquartered in Beverly Hills) 

Top employers
According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city were:

Arts and culture
The Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome (carousel) is a National Historic Landmark  It sits on the Santa Monica Pier, which was built in 1909  The La Monica Ballroom on the pier was once the largest ballroom in the US and the source for many New Year's Eve national network broadcasts 
The Santa Monica Civic Auditorium was an important music venue for several decades and hosted the Academy Awards in the 1960s  McCabe's Guitar Shop is a leading acoustic performance space as well as retail outlet  The Santa Monica Playhouse is a popular theater in the city 
Bergamot Station is a city-owned art gallery compound that includes the Santa Monica Museum of Art  The city is also home to the California Heritage Museum and the Angels Attic dollhouse and toy museum 

The New West Symphony is the resident orchestra of Barnum Hall  They are also resident orchestra of the Oxnard Performing Arts Center and the Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza 
Santa Monica hosts the annual Santa Monica Film Festival The city's oldest movie theater is the Majestic  Opened in 1912 and also known as the Mayfair Theatre, it has been closed since the 1994 Northridge earthquake  The Aero Theater (now operated by the American Cinematheque) and Criterion Theater were built in the 1930s and still show movies 
Notable restaurants have included Madame Wu's Garden, Batterfish, Stout Burgers and Beers, and The Misfit 

Shopping districts
Santa Monica has three main shopping districts: Montana Avenue on the north side, the Downtown District in the city's core, and Main Street on the south end  Each has its own unique feel and personality  Montana Avenue is a stretch of luxury boutique stores, restaurants, and small offices that generally features more upscale shopping  The Main Street district offers an eclectic mix of clothing, restaurants, and other specialty retail 
The Downtown District is the home of the Third Street Promenade, a major outdoor pedestrian-only shopping district that stretches for three blocks between Wilshire Blvd  and Broadway  Third Street is closed to vehicles for those three blocks to allow people to stroll, congregate, shop and enjoy street performers 
The Santa Monica Place, featuring Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom in a three-level outdoor environment, is at the Promenade's southern end  After a period of redevelopment, the mall reopened in the fall of 2010 as a modern shopping, entertainment and dining complex with more outdoor space 

Public library system
The Santa Monica Public Library consists of a Main Library in the downtown area, plus four neighborhood branches: Fairview, Montana Avenue, Ocean Park, and Pico Boulevard 

Sports
The men's and women's marathon ran through parts of Santa Monica during the 1984 Summer Olympics  The Santa Monica Track Club has many prominent track athletes, including many Olympic gold medalists  Santa Monica is the home to Southern California Aquatics, which was founded by Olympic swimmer Clay Evans and Bonnie Adair  Santa Monica is also home to the Santa Monica Rugby Club, a semi-professional team that competes in the Pacific Rugby Premiership, the highest-level rugby union club competition in the United States 
During the 2028 Summer Olympics, Santa Monica will host beach volleyball and surfing 

Parks and recreation
Palisades Park stretches out along the crumbling bluffs overlooking the Pacific and is a favorite walking area to view the ocean  It includes public art, a totem pole, camera obscura, benches, picnic areas, pétanque courts, and restrooms 
Tongva Park occupies 6 acres between Ocean Avenue and Main Street, just south of Colorado Avenue  The park includes an overlook, amphitheater, playground, garden, fountains, picnic areas, and restrooms 
The Santa Monica Stairs, a long, steep staircase that leads from north of San Vicente down into Santa Monica Canyon, is a popular spot for outdoor workouts  Some area residents have complained that the stairs have become too popular, and attract too many exercisers to the wealthy neighborhood of multimillion-dollar properties Ishihara Park opened to the public in 2017 and acts as a buffer between the Los Angeles Metro Rail and the surrounding residential community 

Government
Local government
Santa Monica is governed by the Santa Monica City Council, a Council-Manager governing body with seven members elected at-large  The mayor is Gleam Davis, and the Mayor Pro Tempore is Lana Negrete  The other five council members are Phil Brock, Christine Parra, Oscar de la Torre, Jesse Zwick and Caroline Torosis 

Representation
In the California State Legislature, Santa Monica is in the  26th Senate District, represented by Democrat María Elena Durazo, and in the  50th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Eloise Reyes In the United States House of Representatives, Santa Monica is in California's  36th congressional district, represented by Democrat Ted Lieu 

Education
Public schools
The Santa Monica–Malibu Unified School District provides public education at the elementary and secondary levels  In addition to the traditional model of early education school houses, SMASH (Santa Monica Alternative School House) is "a K–8 public school of choice with team teachers and multi-aged classrooms"  The district maintains eight elementary schools, three middle schools, and three high schools in Santa Monica 

Private schools
Private schools in the city include Crossroads School and Saint Monica Catholic High School 
Asahi Gakuen, a weekend Japanese supplementary school system, operates its Santa Monica campus (サンタモニカ校･高等部 Santamonika-kō kōtōbu) at Webster Middle in the Sawtelle neighborhood of Los Angeles  All high school classes in the Asahi Gakuen system are held at the Santa Monica campus 

Post-secondary
Santa Monica College is a community college founded in 1929  Many SMC graduates transfer to the University of California system  It occupies 35 acres (14 hectares) and enrolls 30,000 students annually  The Frederick S  Pardee RAND Graduate School, associated with the RAND Corporation, is the U S 's largest producer of public policy PhDs  The Art Institute of California – Los Angeles is also in Santa Monica near the Santa Monica Airport 
Universities and colleges within a 22-mile (35 km) radius from Santa Monica include Santa Monica College, Antioch University Los Angeles, Loyola Marymount University, Mount St  Mary's University, Pepperdine University, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Los Angeles, UCLA, USC, West Los Angeles College, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Occidental College (Oxy), Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Valley College, and Emperor's College of Traditional Oriental Medicine 

Infrastructure
Transportation
Bicycles
Santa Monica has a bike action plan and launched a bicycle sharing system in November 2015  The city is traversed by the Marvin Braude Bike Trail  Santa Monica has received the Bicycle Friendly Community Award (Bronze in 2009, Silver in 2013) by the League of American Bicyclists  Local bicycle advocacy organizations include Santa Monica Spoke, a local chapter of the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition  Santa Monica is thought to be one of the leaders for bicycle infrastructure and programming in Los Angeles County although cycling infrastructure in Los Angeles County in general remains very poor compared to other major cities The city implemented a 5-year and 20-year Bike Action Plan with a goal of attaining 14 to 35% bicycle transportation mode share by 2030 through the installation of enhanced bicycle infrastructure throughout the city   In 2023, Santa Monica scored near the 90th percentile of cities surveyed in the PeopleForBikes City Ratings, which measures the quality of a city’s bike network In terms of number of bicycle accidents, Santa Monica ranks as one of the worst (#2) out of 102 California cities with population 50,000–100,000, a ranking consistent with the city's composite ranking 
In 2007 and 2008, local police cracked down on Santa Monica Critical Mass rides that had become controversial, putting a damper on the tradition 

Highways
The Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10) begins in Santa Monica near the Pacific Ocean and heads east  The Santa Monica Freeway between Santa Monica and downtown Los Angeles has the distinction of being one of the busiest highways in all of North America  After traversing the Greater Los Angeles area, I-10 crosses seven more states, terminating at Jacksonville, Florida  In Santa Monica, there is a road sign designating this route as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway  State Route 2 (Santa Monica Boulevard) begins in Santa Monica, barely grazing State Route 1 at Lincoln Boulevard, and continues northeast across Los Angeles County, through the Angeles National Forest, crossing the San Gabriel Mountains as the Angeles Crest Highway, ending in Wrightwood  Santa Monica is also the western terminus of Historic U S  Route 66  Close to the eastern boundary of Santa Monica, Sepulveda Boulevard reaches from Long Beach at the south, to the northern end of the San Fernando Valley  Just east of Santa Monica is Interstate 405, the San Diego Freeway, a major north–south route in Los Angeles and Orange counties 

Motorized vehicles
Santa Monica has purchased the first ZeroTruck all-electric medium-duty truck  The vehicle will be equipped with a Scelzi utility body, it is based on the Isuzu N series chassis, a UQM PowerPhase 100 advanced electric motor and is the only US built electric truck offered for sale in the United States in 2009 

Bus
The city of Santa Monica runs its own bus service, the Big Blue Bus, which also serves much of West Los Angeles and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)  A Big Blue Bus was featured prominently in the action movie Speed 
The city of Santa Monica is also served by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority's (Metro) bus lines  Metro also complements Big Blue service, as when Big Blue routes are not operational overnight, Metro buses make many Big Blue Bus stops, in addition to MTA stops 

Light rail
Design and construction on the 6 6-mile extension (10 6 km) of the Expo Line from Culver City to Santa Monica started in September 2011, with service beginning on May 20, 2016  Santa Monica Metro stations include Downtown Santa Monica, 17th Street/SMC, and 26th Street/Bergamot  Travel time between Downtown Santa Monica station and 7th Street/Metro Center station in Downtown Los Angeles is approximately 46 minutes, while the travel time between the downtown Santa Monica station and the terminal Atlantic station in East Los Angeles is approximately 1 hour and 9 minutes 
Historical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy  It uses the former Los Angeles region's electric interurban Pacific Electric Railway's right-of-way that ran from the Exposition Park area of Los Angeles to Santa Monica  This route was called the Santa Monica Air Line and provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s  Passenger service was discontinued in 1953, but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988  The abandonment of the line spurred future transportation considerations and concerns within the community, and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority  The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach 

Airport and ports
The city owns and operates a general aviation airport, Santa Monica Airport, which has been the site of several important aviation achievements  Commercial flights are available for residents at LAX, a few miles south of Santa Monica 
Like other cities in Los Angeles County, Santa Monica is dependent upon the Port of Long Beach and the Port of Los Angeles for international ship cargo  In the 1890s, Santa Monica was once in competition with Wilmington, California, and San Pedro for recognition as the "Port of Los Angeles" (see History of Santa Monica, California) 

Other
Since the mid-1980s, various proposals have been made to extend the Purple Line subway to Santa Monica under Wilshire Boulevard  There are no current plans to complete the "subway to the sea," an estimated $5 billion project In August 2018, Santa Monica issued permits to Bird, Lime, Lyft, and Jump Bikes to operate dockless scooter-sharing systems in the city  As of April 2023, Lyft, Spin, Veo, and Wheels are licensed to provide micro-mobility transportation in city 

Emergency services
Two major hospitals are within the Santa Monica city limits, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica and Saint John's Health Center  Four fire stations provide medical and fire response, staffed with six Paramedic Engines, a Truck company, a Hazardous Materials team and an Urban Search & Rescue team  Santa Monica Fire Department has its own Dispatch Center  Ambulance transportation is provided by McCormick Ambulance Services Law enforcement services are provided by the Santa Monica Police Department
The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Simms/Mann Health and Wellness Center in Santa Monica  The Department's West Area Health Office is in the Simms/Mann Center 

Internet services
Santa Monica has a municipal wireless network which provides several free city Wi-Fi hotspots distributed around the city 

In popular culture
Film and television
Hundreds of moving pictures have been shot or set in part in Santa Monica 

Films
One of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica is Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage (1929) which shows much of 2nd Street  The comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) included several scenes shot in Santa Monica, including those along the California Incline, which led to the movie's treasure spot, "The Big W"  The Sylvester Stallone film Rocky III (1982) shows Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed training to fight Clubber Lang by running on the Santa Monica Beach, and Stallone's Demolition Man (1993) includes Santa Monica settings  In Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), the theft of Pee-wee's bike occurs on the Third Street Promenade  Henry Jaglom's indie Someone to Love (1987), the last film in which Orson Welles appeared, takes place in Santa Monica's venerable Mayfair Theatre  Heathers (1988) used Santa Monica's John Adams Middle School for many exterior shots  The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996) is set entirely in Santa Monica, particularly the Palisades Park area, and features a radio station that resembles KCRW at Santa Monica College  17 Again (2009) was shot at Samohi  Other films that show significant exterior shots of Santa Monica include Fletch (1985), Species (1995), Get Shorty (1995), and Ocean's Eleven (2001)  Richard Rossi's biopic Aimee Semple McPherson opens and closes at the beach in Santa Monica  Iron Man features the Santa Monica pier and surrounding communities as Tony Stark tests his experimental flight suit 
The documentary Dogtown and Z-Boys (2001) and the related dramatic film Lords of Dogtown (2005) are both about the influential skateboarding culture of Santa Monica's Ocean Park neighborhood in the 1970s 
Santa Monica (and in particular the Santa Monica Airport) was featured in Roland Emmerich's disaster film 2012 (2009)  A magnitude 10 9 earthquake destroys the airport and the surrounding area as a group of survivors escape in a personal plane  The Santa Monica Pier and the whole city sinks into the Pacific Ocean after the earthquake 

Television
A number of television series have been set in Santa Monica, including Baywatch, Goliath, Pacific Blue (1996-2000), Private Practice (2007-2013), and Three's Company (1977-1984)  The Santa Monica pier is shown in the main theme of CBS series NCIS: Los Angeles  In Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the main exterior set of the town of Sunnydale that includes the infamous "sun sign", was in Santa Monica in a lot on Olympic Boulevard 

Literature
Horace McCoy's 1935 novel They Shoot Horses, Don't They? is set at a dance marathon held in a ballroom on the Santa Monica Pier 
Raymond Chandler's most famous character, private detective Philip Marlowe, frequently has a portion of his adventures in a place called "Bay City", which is modeled on Depression-era Santa Monica  In Marlowe's world, Bay City is "a wide-open town", where gambling and other crimes thrive due to a massively corrupt and ineffective police force 
Tennessee Williams lived (while working at MGM Studios) in a hotel on Ocean Avenue in the 1940s  At that location he wrote the play The Glass Menagerie (that premiered in 1944)  His short story "The Mattress by the Tomato Patch" (1954) is set near Santa Monica Beach and mentions the clock visible in much of the city, high up on The Broadway Building, on Broadway near Second Street 

Music
Notable locationsThe band Linkin Park is named in homage to Santa Monica's Lincoln Park (now called Christine Emerson Reed Park) 
The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences is based in Santa Monica on Olympic Boulevard 
Universal Music Group is based in Santa Monica  Several of its labels, such as A&M Records, Aftermath Entertainment (started by Dr  Dre), G-Unit Records (created by 50 Cent & Sha Money XL), Geffen Records, Interscope (started by Jimmy Iovine), and Shady Records, are based in Santa Monica, CA 

Works
The folk Australian duo Angus and Julia Stone has a single titled "Santa Monica Dream" on its album Down the Way 
The ska/reggae band Bedouin Soundclash has a song called "Santa Monica" 
The band Everclear released a song titled "Santa Monica" in 1995, which became their first mainstream hit 
The British singer-songwriter Noel Harrison released a song and album titled Santa Monica Pier (1968) 
In 1948, bandleader Kay Kyser released a 78 record of the novelty song "When Veronica Plays the Harmonica (Down at the Pier in Santa Monica)" 
One of the few songs musical satirist Tom Lehrer has recorded since the 1970s is a tribute to the holidays of the Jewish calendar called "I'm Spending Hanukkah in Santa Monica" 
Richard Rossi released a song called "Santa Monica," celebrating the Santa Monica Pier, on his album Seasons of My Heart 
The band Savage Garden released a song titled "Santa Monica" from its album Savage Garden (1997) 
The modern rock band Theory of a Deadman's song "Santa Monica" is a first-person account of a girl leaving her significant other to start a new life in Santa Monica 
French Rapper Moha La Squale released the song "Santa Monica" in 2019 

Notable people
Sister cities
Mazatlán, Mexico
 Hamm, Germany
 Fujinomiya, Japan

See also
2013 Santa Monica shootings
Aragon Ballroom (Ocean Park, Santa Monica, California)
Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker, co-founder and benefactress of Santa Monica
List of cities and towns in California
List of City of Santa Monica Designated Historic Landmarks
List of people from Santa Monica, California
List of public art in Santa Monica, California
Muscle Beach
Passage 7:
The Right Stuff Records
The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California 
The label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations  The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records  The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New  York-based Laurie Records  The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others  The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright 

Selected artists on reissues
Context 2: Passage 1:
Clan Gordon
Clan Gordon is a Highland Scottish clan, historically one of the most powerful Scottish clans  The Gordon lands once spanned a large territory across the Highlands  Presently, Gordon is seated at Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire  The Chief of the clan is the Earl of Huntly, later the Marquess of Huntly  
During the Wars of Scottish  Independence in the 13th century, the Gordons supported William Wallace in the cause of independence  In the 15th century, the chiefship of the clan passed to an heiress, who married into the Seton family and her male descendants assumed the surname Gordon and continued as chiefs of the clan  The Gordons assisted in defeating the rebellion of the Earl of Douglas also in the 15th century  In the 16th  century, the Gordons as Catholics feuded with their Protestant neighbors the Clan Forbes and also defeated at the Battle of Glenlivet, the Protestant Earl of Argyll  During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of the 17th century, the Gordons supported the Royalist cause  During the Jacobite rising of 1715 the Clan Gordon was Jacobite  During the Jacobite rising of 1745, their chief, then the Duke of Gordon, pledged his support to the British-Hanoverian Government, but his clan remained Jacobite 

History
Origins
The first Gordon on record is Richard of Gordon, previously of Swinton, said to have been the grandson of a famous knight who slew some monstrous animal in the Merse during the time of King Malcolm III of Scotland  This Richard was Lord of the Barony of Gordon in the Merse  Richard de (of) Gordon probably died around 1200  Between 1150 and 1160 he granted from his estate a piece of land to the Monks of St  Mary at Kelso, a grant which was confirmed by his son Thomas Gordon  Other notable Gordons from this time include Bertram de Gordon who wounded King Richard of England with an arrow at Châlons Alicia Gordon, IV of the Gordon family was the heiress who married her cousin, Adam Gordon  Adam Gordon was a soldier who King Alexander III of Scotland sent with King Louis of France to Palestine  One tradition is that from Adam's grandson, Sir Adam, all of the Gordons in Scotland are descended  This Adam Gordon supported Sir William Wallace in 1297 to recapture the Castle of Wigtown from the English and Adam was made the Governor 

Wars of Scottish Independence
During the Wars of Scottish Independence Sir Adam Gordon, who had supported William Wallace, renounced his subsequent acceptance of the claims of Edward I of England and became a staunch supporter of Robert the Bruce  Adam was killed leading the Clan Gordon at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 but his son Sir Alexander Gordon escaped and was the first Gordon to be designated "of Huntly" Chief Sir John Gordon was killed leading the clan at the Battle of Otterburn where the English were defeated in 1388  His son, Chief Sir Adam Gordon, was killed leading the clan at the Battle of Homildon Hill, also known as the Battle of Humbleton Hill on 14 September 1402  The chief left his only child, a daughter named Elizabeth Gordon who married Alexander Seton, who was the son of Sir William Seton, chief of Clan Seton 

15th century and clan conflicts
The Battle of Arbroath was fought in 1445 where Patrick Gordon of Methlic, a cousin of the Earl of Huntly, was killed fighting the Clan Lindsay  From this Patrick Gordon the Earls of Aberdeen descend In 1449 Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Huntly, the eldest son of Elizabeth Gordon and Alexander Seton, Lord Gordon, changed the family name from Seton to Gordon c  1457  His male heirs through his third wife Elizabeth Crichton continued to bear the name of Gordon and were chiefs of Clan Gordon 
The chief of Clan Lindsay, Alexander Lindsay, the 4th Earl of Crawford, was badly defeated by the Clan Gordon and Clan Ogilvy under Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly (previously Alexander Seton) at the Battle of Brechin in 1452 The Gordons became involved in the deadly feud between the king and the Clan Douglas for power  The Gordons supported the king but when Gordon moved his forces south, the Earl of Moray who was an ally of the Douglases devastated the Gordon lands and burned Huntly Castle  However, the Gordons returned and soon defeated their enemies  Huntly Castle was rebuilt and when the Douglases were finally defeated the power of the Gordons grew unchallenged  In 1454 the Douglasses broke out in rebellion again and when confronted with the king in the south and Huntly in the north were soundly defeated, effectively ending the confederacy of the Douglasses, Rosses and Crawfords  For his notable contributions Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly was styled Cock o' the North, a designation which has ever since been accorded to the heads of clan Gordon 

16th century and clan conflicts
In 1513, during the Anglo-Scottish Wars, the Clan Gordon led by Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly fought at the Battle of Flodden In 1515, the title of Earl of Sutherland and chiefship of the Clan Sutherland passed by right of marriage to Adam Gordon who was a younger son of George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly Later during the Anglo-Scottish Wars, George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly defeated an English army at the Battle of Haddon Rig in 1542 but the Gordons were later part of the Scottish army which was defeated at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 Chief George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly was General of the forces on the Borders who opposed the forces of Henry VIII of England and Gordon had many victorious encounters  He was however later killed at the Battle of Corrichie in 1562 fighting against the forces of James Stuart, Earl of Moray (half-brother to Mary Queen of Scots)  Gordon was killed and his son, Sir John, and other members of his family were later executed at Aberdeen Throughout the 16th century the Clan Gordon were involved in a long and bitter struggle against the Clan Forbes  In the 1520s there were murders by both sides, and one of the most prominent killed by the Forbeses was Seton of Meldrum who was a close connection of the Earl of Huntly, chief of Clan Gordon  The Earl of Huntly then became involved in a plot against the Master of Forbes, who was the son of the sixth Lord Forbes  The sixth Lord Forbes had been heavily implicated of the murder of Seton of Meldrum  The Master of Forbes was accused by the Earl of Huntly of conspiring to assassinate James V of Scotland in 1536 by shooting at him with a cannon  The Master of Forbes was tried and executed however just days later his conviction was reversed and the Forbes family was restored to favor  The Protestant Reformation added to the feud between the Clan Forbes and Clan Gordon in that the Gordons remained Catholic and the Forbeses became Protestant  The traditional enemies of the Forbses such as the Clan Leslie, Clan Irvine and Clan Seton sided with the Gordons while Protestant families such as the Clan Keith, Clan Fraser and Clan Crichton sided with the Clan Forbes  Twenty Gordons were killed at a banquet held at the Forbes's Druminnor Castle in 1571  Later in 1571 the feud climaxed with the Battle of Tillieangus, and the Battle of Craibstone, and Druminnor, then the seat of the chief of Clan Forbes was plundered  The Gordons followed this up with the massacre of twenty seven Forbeses of Towie at Corgarff Castle  It took two Acts of Parliament for the clans to put down their arms For two centuries from the mid-15th century the Clan Gordon and Clan Campbell controlled the north-east and west of Scotland respectively, as the magnates who straddled the divide between the Scottish Highlands and Scottish Lowlands  In 1594, Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll was granted a Royal Commission against George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly but was defeated at the Battle of Glenlivet 

17th century and Civil War
The register of the Privy Seal records that in 1615 a complaint was made from Alexander Leask of the Clan Leask that Adam Gordon, brother of the Laird of Gight, put violent hands upon him at the Yet of Leask, wounding him grievously  Later that year the Gordons again attacked the Leasks, setting upon a son of the chief for which George Gordon was outlawed  In 1616, William Leask of that Ilk was accosted by John Gordon of Ardlogy and a party of men with pistolets and hagbuts In the early 17th century Clan Gordon had a number of alliances by marriage or friendship  Among these was a strong bond to the Clan Burnett of Leys  The Gordon crest is emblazoned in plasterwork on the ceiling of the early 17th century great hall of Muchalls Castle built by Alexander Burnett In 1644 Alexander Bannerman of Pitmedden fought a duel with his cousin, Sir George Gordon of Haddo, and wounded him  Also in 1644 during the Civil War at the Battle of Aberdeen there were Gordons on both sides  Lord Lewis Gordon led his forces on the side of the Covenanters while Sir Nathaniel Gordon led his forces in support of the Royalists During the Civil War the second Marquess of Huntly was a fierce royalist and his followers have passed into history as the Gordon Horse and they figured very prominently in the campaigns of the great James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose  Cavalry from the Clan Gordon fought in support of the royalists at the Battle of Auldearn in 1645 where they helped to defeat the Covenanters of Lord Seaforth  The Clan Gordon fought at the Battle of Alford in 1645 where they were victorious, led by George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly  The Marquess of Huntly's eldest son George Gordon fell at this battle  Also in 1645, Lewis Gordon, clan chief and 3rd Marquess of Huntly burned Brodie Castle of the Clan Brodie In 1682 William Gordon of Cardoness Castle, was killed in a fight with Sir Godfrey McCulloch  McCulloch fled Scotland for a time, but returned, only to be apprehended and executed in 1697 

18th century and Jacobite risings
Jacobite rising of 1715
The Gordons fought on both sides during both the Jacobite rising of 1715 and the Jacobite rising of 1745  The second Duke of Gordon followed the Jacobites in 1715 and fought at the Battle of Sheriffmuir  General Wade's report on the Highlands in 1724, estimated the clan strength at 1,000 men 

Jacobite rising of 1745
Cosmo Gordon, 3rd Duke of Gordon supported the British Government during the rising of 1745  However, his brother, Lord Lewis Gordon, raised two Jacobite regiments against the Hanoverians  The Gordon Jacobites fought at the Battle of Inverurie (1745), the Battle of Falkirk (1746) and the Battle of Culloden (1746) 

British Army regiments
Two regiments named the "Gordon Highlanders" have been raised from the Clan Gordon  The first was the 81st Regiment of Foot (Aberdeenshire Highland Regiment) formed in 1777 by the Hon  Colonel William Gordon, son of the Earl of Aberdeen and was disbanded in 1783  The second was the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot raised by Alexander the 4th Duke of Gordon in 1794 

Chief and arms
The Chief of Clan Gordon is Granville Charles Gomer Gordon, 13th Marquess of Huntly, Earl of Enzie, Earl of Aboyne, Lord Gordon of Badenoch, Lord Gordon of Strathavon and Glenlivet, Baron Meldrum of Morven 
The Chief of Clan Gordon is known as: The Cock o' the North 
Chief's Arms: Quarterly, 1st Azure three boars’ heads couped Or langued Gules (for Gordon), 2nd, Or three lions heads erased Gules langued Azure (for Lordship of Badenoch), 3rd, Or three crescents within a Royal Tressure flory counter flory Gules (for Seton), 4th, Azure three fraises Argent (for Fraser, acquisition of the Aboyne lands)

Tartans
Clan Gordon has several recognized tartans, most of them predominantly green-blue-and-black, but also including dress patterns, some red-based ones, and some variants for specific branches of the clan The main Gordon tartan is based on that originally used by the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot; the clan version has thinner black bands, and thin black "guard lines" on either side of the yellow over-check  The tartan is ultimately based on the Black Watch tartan, but with the yellow over-check added, and the single black over-check of Black Watch converted into a pair, like the rest of the black over-checks in the design  The 92nd later became the Gordon Highlanders in 1881, then amalgamated into the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) in 1994, which is now the Highlanders, 4th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland (4 SCOTS)  The modern unit (for dress) uses the Cameron of Erracht tartan, not a Gordon variant 
The main Gordon tartan has been used for many years as the troop tartan for the 10th Finchley (Scottish) Scout Group, London N3  The Scout Group was and still is unique in being the only group south of the border to wear kilts and actively maintains its links with the Gordon clan  Every four years (with a few exceptions) they camp in the grounds of Aboyne Castle and the Marquess would often attend Burns Night dinners as the guest of honour at the scout hall  The group's pipe band always plays "The Cock of the North 6/8 March" when returning to their hall following parades and every member wears a badge bearing the stag's head that forms part of the clan crest  A picture of the band outside their current scout hall shows all members wearing Gordon Tartan kilts 
The ties go further, with the address of the scout hall being Gordon Hall, Huntly Drive, West Finchley, London, N3 

Castles
Castles that have been owned by the Clan Gordon include, amongst many others:

Gordon Castle, which once stood to the north of the village of Gordon, Scottish Borders, in Berwickshire was an old stronghold, although its exact location is not certain  The Gordons held the castle from the twelfth century, but as a result of supporting Robert the Bruce they were given lands in Strathbogie in Aberdeenshire  A mile from Strathbogie was Huntly where the Gordons also had a castle, and it was Huntly that gave its name to the Gordon's more famous stronghold that was originally known as Strathbogie, in Aberdeenshire 
Huntly Castle, just to the north of Huntly in Aberdeenshire is now a ruin that consists of a large rectangular block with a substantial round tower at one end, with the remains of a courtyard and other buildings  There are the remains of decorative stone work and three oriel windows on the upper part of the building  The lands had passed from the Clan Seton to the Clan Gordon in the fourteenth century  The original castle was torched by the Clan Douglas in 1452 and was re-built  The name of the property was changed from Strathbogie to Huntly in 1506  During the Jacobite rising of 1745 the castle was garrisoned by Hanoverian soldiers but by then had been abandoned as a residence  Some of the materials from Huntly Castle were used to build what is now the Huntly Castle Hotel 
Gordon Castle, is eight and a half miles east of Elgin, Moray, and the Gordons had a castle there since the fifteenth century  In the eighteenth century it was enlarged and remodeled for the Duke of Gordon  It was sold to the government in 1936 and became deteriorated during World War II  The castle was later bought back by the Gordon-Lennox family but most of it was demolished apart from the six story block and two separate wings 
Abergeldie Castle, five miles west of Ballater, Aberdeenshire, dates from the sixteenth century  Abergeldie was held by the Gordons from 1482  In 1547 James Gordon of Abergeldie was killed at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh and in 1562 Alexander Gordon of Abergeldie took part in the earl of Huntly's rising against Mary, Queen of Scots  He was also at the Battle of Glenlivet in 1594  During the feud with the Clan Forbes over land, seven sons of Gordon of Knock were murdered by Forbes of Strathgirnock and as a result Forbes was executed by Gordon of Abergeldie  The castle was burnt by the Clan Mackenzie in 1592 
Glenbuchat Castle, four miles west of Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, dates from 1590  It was seized by James VI of Scotland during Huntly's rising of 1594  Brigadier-General John Gordon of Glenbuchat fought for the Jacobites in both the risings of 1715 and 1745, leading the Gordons and Farquharsons at the Battle of Culloden  He escaped to Norway and died in France  The castle was a ruin by 1738 and was sold to the Duff Earl of Fife  It was then replaced with Glenbuchat House and the old castle is now in the care of Historic Scotland 
Rothiemay Castle, at Milltown of Rothiemay, dated from the fifteenth century  It stood five miles north of Huntly  Mary, Queen of Scots may have stayed here during Huntly's rebellion of 1562  In 1618 the castle was attacked by George Gordon of Gight  In 1630 William Gordon of Rothiemay and others were burnt to death at the castle of Frendraught in suspicious circumstances  James Crichton of Frendraught had not been on good terms with Rothiemay but he was cleared of involvement  However, Lady Rothiemay employed Highlanders to attack Crichton's property and as a result she was imprisoned in 1635 but later released 
Haddo House, ten miles north west of Ellon, Aberdeenshire, stands on the site of a stronghold that was held by the Gordons from 1429  Patrick Gordon of Haddo was killed at the Battle of Arbroath in 1446  Sir John Gordon of Haddo was made a Baronet of Nova Scotia in 1642 and actively supported James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose during the Civil War, but was captured after being besieged in the castle  Haddo House is now in the care of the National Trust for Scotland 
Fyvie Castle, a mile north of Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was held by the Gordon Earls of Aberdeen from 1733 to 1889 
Kenmure Castle, a mile south of New Galloway was originally held by the Balliols but passed to the Gordons of Lochinvar in about 1297  It was torched after the Gordons welcomed Mary, Queen of Scots there in 1568  In 1633 Sir John Gordon was made Viscount of Kenmure  The castle was burned again by Oliver Cromwell in 1650 after the Gordons had supported Charles I of England  William Gordon, sixth Viscount Kenmure was beheaded in the Tower of London after being captured at the Battle of Preston (1715) fighting for the Jacobites  The property and title were recovered in 1824 and the castle had been restored from a ruin  The castle was visited by Robert Burns but as a result of a fire in 1950 it was stripped of materials 
Auchindoun Castle near Dufftown is a ruinous L-plan tower house that was originally held by the Clan Ogilvy but passed to the Gordons in 1535  Adam Gordon of Auchindoun was the leader of a party of Gordons who torched the Forbes's Corgarff Castle killing Margaret Campbell who was the wife of Forbes of Towie along with her family and retainers  Auchindoun Castle itself may have been burned in 1544 or 1671  The castle was sacked after James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray was murdered at Donibristle by Gordon, Marquess of Huntly and Sir Patrick Gordon of Auchindoun in 1592  Sir Patrick Gordon of Auchindoun was later killed at the Battle of Glenlivet in 1594  The castle is in the care of Historic Scotland 
Gight Castle, at Gight, near Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was held by the Gordons of Gight and William Gordon of Gight was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513  The sixth Gordon laird of Gight broke his sword across the head of the Laird of Leask  The seventh Gordon laird of Gight was a Tax collector who virtually plundered the town of Banff, Aberdeenshire and kept all of the money  The heiress, Catherine Gordon of Gight, married John "Mad Jack" Byron and they were the parents of the poet Lord Byron  John Byron had to sell the estate due to debts and it was acquired by the Gordon Earls of Aberdeen 
Aboyne Castle, near Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, is the current seat of the Marquess of Huntly, chief of Clan Gordon 

See also
Marquess of Huntly
Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair
Duke of Gordon
Lord Byron {George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron}
Gordon Highlanders
Gordon Riots


== Notes and references ==
Passage 2:
Battle of Brechin
The Battle of Brechin was fought on 18 May 1452 during the reign of James II of Scotland, about two and a half miles north north east of Brechin  It has been regarded as part of the civil war during his reign between the king and an alliance of powerful noble families led by the Black Douglases, which as the king won was significant in the development of a relatively strong centralised monarchy in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages A royalist army formed by the Clan Gordon and Clan Ogilvy, led by Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly, defeated the rebel Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford, a leading ally of the Black Douglases who was known as "The Tiger"  Shortly after Crawford submitted to the king, leaving the Black Douglases more isolated, to be defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm in 1455 However, it has been argued that it was a localised conflict in the north-east of Scotland, of only limited relevance to wider conflicts in Scotland as a whole in spite of the fact that the Gordons fought under the royal banner 
Passage 3:
Kearsarge-class battleship
The Kearsarge-class was a group of two pre-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy in the 1890s  The two ships—USS Kearsarge and USS Kentucky—represented a compromise between two preceding battleship designs, the low-freeboard Indiana class and the high-freeboard USS Iowa, though their design also incorporated several improvements  Their primary advances over earlier designs consisted of new quick-firing guns and improved armor protection, but their most novel feature was their two-story gun turrets that consisted of a secondary 8-inch (203 mm) gun turret fixed to the top of their primary 13-inch (330 mm) turrets  The ships suffered from a number of problems, however, including a tertiary battery mounted too low in the hull and poorly-designed turrets, though the latter were attempted again with the Virginia class in the early 1900s, also with negative results 
Kearsarge served as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron after entering service, while Kentucky was initially sent to East Asia  In 1904, Kearsarge was temporarily transferred to the European Squadron, also serving as its flagship  Both vessels returned to the North Atlantic Squadron in 1905, and in 1906, Kentucky carried marines to Cuba during unrest in the country  Both ships participated in the cruise of the Great White Fleet around the world between late 1907 and early 1908, and after their return, they were modernized between 1909 and 1911, thereafter being placed in reserve  The two ships were reactivated in mid-1915 and Kearsarge was used as a training ship, while Kentucky was sent to participate in the United States occupation of Veracruz 
After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, both ships were used as training vessels for the rapidly-expanding fleet before being decommissioned in 1920  Kentucky was quickly discarded, being struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1922 and sold for scrap the following year, but Kearsarge was converted into a crane ship  She was used in this capacity for the next twenty years, being involved in the recovery of the submarine Squalus and numerous warship construction, repair, and modernization projects  She was ultimately struck in 1955 and sold to ship breakers later that year 

Design
Following the authorization of the battleship Iowa in 1892, the United States Navy failed to order new vessels in 1893 and 1894; this was in part the result of an economic depression in 1893 that reduced naval budgets, and also the views of the new Secretary of the Navy Hilary A  Herbert, who had opposed fleets of expensive battleships earlier in the decade  Nevertheless, the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) continued to work on new designs, and by 1893, Herbert had been convinced by Alfred Thayer Mahan's seminal work The Influence of Sea Power upon History  In his requested budget for 1893, Herbert requested Congress appropriate funds for at least one new battleship  Congress delayed until 1895, when it authorized funding for two ships that were to become the Kearsarge class by the Act of 2 March 1895 Work on the new design began immediately, and by late March, four proposals had been prepared  All four marked a compromise between the high-freeboard Iowa and the coastal battleships of the Indiana class; they had greater freeboard than the Indiana's, but lacked the raised forecastle that had rendered Iowa an excellent sea boat  Coal storage, again, represented a compromise between the two  Armor protection was increased compared to the earlier vessels, which included an improved arrangement of the armor deck so that it protected a greater volume of the hull  The main battery was to repeat the 12-inch (305 mm) guns used in Iowa, since they fired significantly faster than the 13-inch guns the Indianas carried The designs varied considerably with regard to their armament  By this time, a new 5-inch (127 mm) quick-firing gun had been developed, which significantly increased the offensive power of the tertiary battery  The designers initially considered adopting gun turrets for these weapons, but decided against it owing to the increased weight of such an arrangement, along with problems with ammunition magazines and fire control  All four designs arranged these in a central battery amidships, which forced the secondary battery of 8-inch guns to be pushed toward the ends of the ship  The four variants adopted different arrangements for these guns: "A" called for eight guns, two in centerline positions superfiring over the main battery and two wing turrets amidships  "B" discarded the forward turret and placed two wing turrets further forward and one superfiring aft; "C" retained the centerline turrets and discarded the wing mounts, and "D" opted for the reverse of "C" C&R preferred the "A" design, since it maximized firepower, while the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) believed that none of the proposals was worth pursuing  An ensign in BuOrd, Joseph Strauss, developed a two-story turret that solved the problem; it would carry the 8-inch guns in a separate turret mounted directly atop (and fixed to) the main battery turret  Strauss accordingly proposed a fifth version, "E", that incorporated his turret  Some officers questioned whether it was advisable that the 8-inch guns could not be directed against targets other than what the 12-inch guns were engaging, but Strauss pointed out that at long range, ships were relatively small targets, and at close range, the much greater reloading time of the large guns would permit the 8-inch guns to direct the rotation of the turret while the gun crews prepared the main guns  By this time, American naval engineers had made improvements to their gun turret designs and significant weight savings were achieved  In addition, the two-story, four-gun turret adopted for the Kearsarge class was lighter than the two-gun turrets used in the Indianas of just five years earlier At the same time, BuOrd registered its opposition to what it viewed as a regression to 12-inch guns; while the 13-inch weapons were slower to fire, BuOrd estimated that they were 30 percent more powerful  Experiments with 15 in (381 mm) armor plate demonstrated that 12-inch guns could not penetrate that thickness even at the relatively close range of 1,000 yards (910 m), while the 13-inch shells were capable of defeating the armor plate  C&R refused to accept BuOrd's objections, but further tests with a mock up of Iowa's belt demonstrated that the 13-inch shells could easily defeat the armor, while the 12-inch shells were kept out  The Navy decided to adopt "E", with 13-inch guns in place of the 12-inch weapons originally proposed The Navy repeated the two-story turret arrangement with the Virginia-class battleships designed in the early 1900s, with much the same reasoning, namely the goal of weight reduction and the belief that the faster-firing 8-inch guns could be operated without disrupting the 12-inch guns adopted for the Virginias  A new, sloped turret design remedied the problem with the overly-large gun ports of the Kearsarge turrets, but the advent of large-caliber, quick-firing guns rendered the concept a failure, since the 12-inch guns fired nearly as quickly as the 8-inch weapons, and the latter could not be fired without severe blast effects disrupting the crew of the former 

General characteristics and machinery
The two Kearsarge-class ships were 368 feet (112 m) long at the waterline and 375 ft 4 in (114 4 m) long overall, with a beam of 72 ft 3 in (22 02 m) and a draft of 23 ft 6 in (7 16 m)  They displaced 11,540 long tons (11,730 t) normally, which increased to 12,850 long tons (13,060 t) at full load  Like the Indiana class, the Kearsarge class also had a very low freeboard, amounting to 14 ft 6 in (4 42 m) forward under normal conditions, which resulted in her guns becoming unusable in bad weather  The ships' hulls incorporated a prominent ram bow, a common feature for battleships of the period Steering was controlled with a single rudder; while steaming at a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), it took Kearsarge 475 yd (434 m) to complete a turn to port and 455 yd (416 m) to turn to starboard  As completed, both ships carried two heavy military masts that carried some of the vessels' light guns, along with spotting tops to help direct the aim of their guns  Kearsarge was manned by 38 officers and 548 enlisted men, while Kentucky carried 38 officers and 549 enlisted men  Their complement was later adjusted to 40 officers and 513 enlisted men The battleships had two 3-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines that each drove a single screw propeller  Steam for the engines was provided by five coal-fired Scotch marine boilers, which were ducted into a pair of funnels  The ships' engines were designed to produce a total of 10,000 indicated horsepower (7,500 kW) for a top speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)  During sea trials, the indicated horsepower and speed exceeded the design, with Kearsarge's engines producing a total of 11,674 indicated horsepower (8,705 kW) for 16 8 knots (31 1 km/h; 19 3 mph) and Kentucky's propulsion system reaching 12,179 indicated horsepower (9,082 kW) for 16 9 knots (31 3 km/h; 19 4 mph)  Coal storage amounted to 410 long tons (420 t) normally and up to 1,591 long tons (1,617 t) at full load  At a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), the ships could steam for 5,070 nautical miles (9,390 km; 5,830 mi) 

Armament
The Kearsarge-class battleships had two double turrets, with two 13-inch (330 mm)/35 caliber guns and two 8 in (203 mm)/35 caliber guns each, stacked in two levels  The guns and turret armor were designed by BuOrd, while the turret itself was designed by C&R  Since the turrets retained the vertical walls of the type used in the first generation of American battleships, the ports had to be very large to allow for sufficient elevation  Then-Lieutenant William Sims noted that the floors of the turrets could be easily seen through the ports, and claimed that as a result, a shell fired into the port could reach the magazines below, disabling the guns The 13-inch weapons were built-up guns of the Mark II type, mounted in Mark III turrets that were electrically trained  They were originally supplied with brown powder propellant charges that weighed nearly 500 lb (230 kg), later being replaced by 180 lb (82 kg) smokeless charges  The shells had a muzzle velocity of 2,000 ft/s (610 m/s), and at the muzzle, could penetrate up to 25 in (640 mm) of standard steel, and at a range of 2,500 yd (2,300 m), could pierce 20 in (510 mm) of steel  The turrets allowed depression to −5 degrees and elevation to 15 degrees, which provided a maximum range of 12,100 yd (11,100 m), though this was significantly in excess of what could be achieved with the rudimentary gunnery direction equipment at the time; BuOrd recommended that crews open fire at 8,000 yd (7,300 m), and even this was optimistic  The rate of fire was one shot every 320 seconds, and the guns had to be returned to 2 degrees elevation to be reloaded The 8-inch guns were the Mark IV version, which had a muzzle velocity of 2,080 ft/s (630 m/s)  Also originally brown-powder guns, they, too, received updated smokeless charges in the early 1900s  The change improved the rate of fire from one shot per minute to one shot every forty seconds  Reloading was also fixed at 0 degrees  They were mounted in Mark IX turrets that were fixed atop the main battery turrets  The arrangement was adopted because the significantly higher rate of fire of the 8-inch guns was thought to reduce interference between the guns, but with the adoption of smokeless propellant and rapid fire for the main battery in the early 1900s proved this to be an incorrect assumption The turret guns were supported by a battery of fourteen 5 in/40 caliber guns mounted individually in casemates in the upper deck, seven on each broadside  Once the ships entered service, it was discovered that the central battery had been placed too close to the waterline, and the casemates were frequently washed out, rendering them unusable in all but calm seas  For defense against torpedo boats, they also carried twenty 6-pounder (57 mm or 2 2 in) Hotchkiss guns and eight 1-pounder (37 mm or 1 5 in) guns  These were also in individual open mounts distributed around the decks and fighting tops of the masts; eight of the 57 mm guns were placed in a broadside battery one deck above the 5-inch guns, four on either side  Four more were placed in casemates in the bow, and another four were similarly arranged toward the stern  The ships also carried a pair of M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun chambered in 6 mm (0 24 in) Lee Navy As was customary for battleships of the period, the Kearsarge-class carried four 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes  These were placed in above-water mounts in the hull; two were placed abreast of the forward main battery turret and the other two were placed on either side of the aft superstructure  The tubes were supplied with a total of six torpedoes  They were initially equipped with the Mark II Whitehead design, which carried a 140-pound (64 kg) warhead and had a range of 800 yards (730 m) at a speed of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) 

Armor
The ships were protected with face-hardened Harvey armor, an improvement over earlier compound plates  The main strake of the belt armor extended from the forward boiler room
to the aft main battery barbette, and covered a section of the hull from 3 ft 6 in (1 07 m) above the waterline and 4 ft (1 2 m) below the line  It was 16 5 in (419 mm) thick at the top, gradually tapering to 13 25 in (337 mm) at the waterline, and reducing further to 9 5 in (241 mm) at the bottom edge of the belt  Forward of the boiler rooms, the belt was reduced to a maximum thickness of 10 5 in (267 mm), and from the forward barbette, slimmed further to 4 in (102 mm)  Transverse bulkheads that were 10 in (254 mm) forward and 12 in (305 mm) aft connected the belt on both sides of the ships  Above the main strake was a second one that was 5 in thick, extending from the forward to aft barbette The belt structure was reinforced by a curved armor deck that was curved at the sides and connected to the bottom edge of the belt  The flat portion of the deck was level with the upper edge of the belt, and it was 2 75 in (70 mm) thick  Forward, where the belt was significantly reduced in thickness, the deck was increased slightly to 3 in (76 mm); aft, where were was no side protection, the deck was more significantly strengthened, being 5 in thick  The conning tower had 10 in thick sides and a 2-inch-thick (51 mm) roof Armor protection for the 13-inch turrets amounted to 15 to 17 in (381 to 432 mm) on the sides and 25 in (640 mm) on the rear to balance the turrets, while the 8-inch turrets received 6 to 11 in (152 to 279 mm) on the sides and 9 in (230 mm) on the rears  Their roofs were 3 5 in (89 mm) and 2 inches thick for the 13-inch and 8-inch turrets, respectively  The turrets rested in armored barbettes that were 12 5 to 15 in (318 to 381 mm) thick  The 5-inch gun battery, which was placed directly above the upper belt, received 6 in of armor plating  The casemate battery lacked splinter screens between each gun, a significant shortcoming since a single hit could disable numerous guns 

Modifications
After the US Navy introduced rapid-firing for main guns in 1903, Kearsarge and Kentucky had automatic shutters installed in the ammunition hoists to prevent an explosion in the turret from traveling down to the magazines  After a propellant charge was accidentally detonated by an electrical short aboard Kentucky in April 1906, most electrical equipment was removed from the ships' turrets and additional precautions were installed, including bulkheads between the guns in each turret and gas evacuators in the breeches of the guns to prevent propellant gasses from blowing back into the turrets Between 1909 and 1911, most of the 57 mm guns were removed and four more 5-inch guns were installed  The original military masts were replaced with lattice masts, and the torpedo tubes were also removed  The ships also had their original boilers replaced with eight Mosher boilers  The ships underwent another refit by 1919 that included the removal of all but eight of the 5-inch guns  The guns that were removed were used to arm merchant ships to defend themselves against German U-boat attacks  A pair of 3 in (76 mm) anti-aircraft guns were installed aboard each vessel  At some point in the ships' careers, splinter bulkheads were added to the 5-inch battery to improve survivability 

Ships in class
Service histories
USS Kearsarge (BB-5)
Kearsarge was laid down on 30 June 1896  She was launched on 24 March 1898 and was commissioned on 20 February 1900  From 1900 to 1905, Kearsarge served as flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron, except for a short period in 1904 when she was reassigned as flagship of the European Squadron  In 1905, the battleship Maine replaced Kearsarge as flagship of the North Atlantic Fleet, although she remained with the fleet  In April, the ship suffered an explosion in her forward 13-inch turret that killed ten of its crew; Isadore Nordstrom and George Breeman both received the Medal of Honor, the former for rescuing several badly wounded men and the latter for preventing the fire from reaching the propellant magazines 

In 1907, the Great White Fleet was ordered by U S  President Theodore Roosevelt to circle the world as a demonstration of the might of the United States Navy  Kearsarge was attached to the Fourth Division of the Second Squadron  The fleet left from Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907, circled South America, passed through San Francisco, and arrived at Hawaii  From there they sailed to New Zealand and Australia, visited the Philippine Islands, Japan, China, and Ceylon before transiting the Suez Canal  The fleet split at Port Said to visit various ports, with Kearsarge leaving for Malta and Algiers, before reforming with the rest of the fleet at Gibraltar  The ships arrived back in Hampton Roads on 22 February 1908 Between 1909 and 1911, Kearsarge was modernized at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, and thereafter was placed in reserve  She was recommissioned on 23 June 1915 and operated along the Atlantic coast for the next two years as a training ship for naval militia from Massachusetts and Maine  After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, she was used to train armed guard crews and naval engineers during cruises along the Atlantic seaboard  Following the end of the war, she continued training duties until being decommissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on either 10 May or 18 May 1920
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of South Park cast members
South Park is an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone who also do the majority of the voices  Both Parker and Stone do most of the male characters on the show along with April Stewart and Mona Marshall, who do the female characters on the show  Guest stars have lent their voices to the show including Jay Leno, George Clooney, Jennifer Aniston, Bill Hader, Robert Smith and the comedy duo Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years  The entirety of the Nu-Metal band Korn also provided their voices and likenesses in the season three episode "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery" 
Characters in the show, according to Parker and Stone, are inspired by people they met when they were kids  Stan Marsh is made based on Parker himself while Kyle Broflovski is based on Stone himself  Eric Cartman is partially named after and based on Matt Karpman, a high school classmate of Parker who remains a friend of both Parker and Stone  Cartman is also inspired by All in the Family patriarch Archie Bunker, of whom Parker and Stone are fans  They state that creating Cartman as a "little eight-year-old fat kid" made it easier for the two to portray a Bunker-like character after the introduction of political correctness to late-20th century television  Kenny McCormick was based on the creator's observation that most groups of childhood friends in small middle-class towns always included "the one poor kid" and decided to portray Kenny in this light  Butters Stotch is loosely based on South Park co-producer Eric Stough Some of the original voice actors left the show  Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her suicide on November 11, 1999  Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003)  She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters  Isaac Hayes, who voiced the character Chef, left the show after Parker and Stone's depiction of the cult of Scientology, to which Hayes belonged, in the episode Trapped in the Closet 

Current cast
Parker and Stone voice most of the male South Park characters  Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her death on November 11, 1999  Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman in 2000, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003)  She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters  Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters  Stewart was originally credited under the name Gracie Lazar, while Schneider was sometimes credited under her rock opera performance pseudonym Blue Girl Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters; supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens, storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices the school's only black student, Tolkien Black, producer Vernon Chatman voiced an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie, and supervising producer John Hansen voices Mr  Slave, the former gay lover of Mr  Garrison  Series developer Eric Stough also voices Kenny McCormick "un-muffled," in the few episodes where the character does not wear his trademark parka that normally muffles his voice  Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection  The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader Isaac Hayes voiced the character of Chef, a black, soul-singing cafeteria worker who was one of the few adults the boys consistently trusted  Hayes agreed to voice the character after being among Parker and Stone's ideal candidates which also included Lou Rawls and Barry White  Hayes, who lived and hosted a radio show in New York during his tenure with South Park, would record his dialogue on a digital audio tape while a respective episode's director would give directions over the phone, then the tape would be shipped to the show's production studio in California  After Hayes left the show in early 2006, the character of Chef was killed off in the season 10 (2006) premiere "The Return of Chef" 

Guest stars
Celebrities who appear on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities lend their voice to their characters  Celebrities who have voiced themselves include Michael Buffer, Brent Musburger, Jay Leno, Robert Smith, and the bands Radiohead and Korn 
Comedy team Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years  Malcolm McDowell appears in live-action sequences as the narrator of the season four episode "Pip" Jennifer Aniston, Richard Belzer,Natasha Henstridge, Norman Lear, and Peter Serafinowicz have guest starred as other speaking characters  During South Park's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show  As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one (1997) episode "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride", Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut", and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two (1998) episode "City on the Edge of Forever"  Jerry Seinfeld offered to lend his voice for the Thanksgiving episode "Starvin' Marvin", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as "Turkey #4" 

Trey Parker
Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr  Garrison  He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr  Hankey, Mr  Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip 

Matt Stone
Matt Stone voices three of the main characters: Kyle Broflovski, Kenny McCormick and Butters Stotch  He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Gerald Broflovski, Stuart McCormick, Craig Tucker, Jimbo Kern, Terrance, Saddam Hussein, Tweek Tweak, Mr  Adler and Jesus 

Mona Marshall
Mona Marshall voices Sheila Broflovski and Linda Stotch 

April Stewart
April Stewart voices Liane Cartman, Sharon Marsh, Carol McCormick, Shelly Marsh, Mayor McDaniels, Principal Victoria and Wendy Testaburger 

List
Recurring guest voices
The recurring guest voices include John Hansen, Vernon Chatman, Adrien Beard and Jennifer Howell 

Casting changes
Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her death on November 11, 1999  Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman in 2000, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003)  She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters  Isaac Hayes, who voiced the character Chef, left the show after Parker and Stone's depiction of his religion Scientology in the episode "Trapped in the Closet" 

Due to the unusually small cast (majority of characters voiced by Parker and Stone) only Bergman, Schneider, and Hayes have left the cast as aforementioned in 1999, 2003, and 2008 respectively 
Passage 2:
Line Describing a Cone
Line Describing a Cone is an avant-garde film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his "solid light" film series  McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark 

Description
The idea for Line Describing a Cone came to McCall on his voyage from London to New York, where he produced the film in 1973  Though he had already created a number of other 16mm films, Line allowed him to actualize his ideas on the relationship between viewer and film and the medium of film itself  The thirty-minute film begins with a single white dot projected onto a black surface  As time progresses, the dot begins to form a curved line, tracing the circumference of a circle until the end of the line reaches its starting point  Meanwhile, particles in the air reveal the path of light in the space between the projector and the wall, making visible a cone of light  If the artist's display specifications are met, this beam of light projects between thirty and fifty feet  The circle that is projected onto the surface sits approximately twelve inches above the ground, and its diameter spans seven to nine feet  The exhibition space lacks seating, inviting the viewer to interact with the ray of light beaming from the projector to the screen  When multiple spectators view the piece together, these encounters with the light, at once an interruption and component of the piece, become an interaction with other audience members 

Exhibition
Exhibition of Line has changed since its first displays  Following the rules of cinema, early screenings occurred at a specific time and place  Audiences had to arrive at the beginning of the film, typically hosted in New York lofts, and follow it through its conclusion  The dust and cigarette smoke that were common in these displays created the cone of light mentioned previously  When the film moved into art institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art, dust and smoke were replaced with fog machines  Moreover, these institutions played the film on a loop, allowing viewers to enter and leave the screening as they pleased In addition to the changes that have already occurred in the display of Line over time, changes in technology and media rouse concern for the long-term fate of the piece  Apart from the change in materials that make the cone visible, from cigarette smoke to artificial fog, the impending obsolescence of 16mm film may require the piece to be transferred to a digital projector 

Relation to film and sculpture
Line Describing a Cone reflects McCall's interests in film and sculpture  Line addresses the medium of film by removing the narrative demands and addressing the specific properties of the medium itself such as projection, frames, and light  Moreover, by emphasizing the physical space between the projector and screen McCall calls attention to the sculptural dimensions of projection  In his artists's statement written to judges of the Fifth International Experimental Film Competition, McCall writes:

 It deals with the projected light beam itself, rather than treating the light beam as a mere carrier of coded information, which is decoded when it strikes a flat surface… Line Describing a Cone deals with one of the irreducible, necessary conditions of film: projected light  It deals with this phenomenon directly, independently of any other consideration  It is the first film to exist in real, three-dimensional space 
McCall's manipulation of film has placed the piece within the art world as well as the world of avant-garde film 
Passage 3:
A Piñata Named Desire
"A Piñata Named Desire" is the eleventh episode of the seventh season of the animated comedy series American Dad!   It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011  This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house  Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities  Stan insists that he is better than Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting  Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor  Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills  Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together 
This episode was written by Chris and Matt McKenna and directed by Bob Bowen, with Jacob Hair as the assistant director  It received highly positive reviews from television critics and fans alike upon its initial airing  The episode was viewed by over 3 94 million viewers upon its initial airing, and it garnered a 1 9 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to the Nielson ratings  It featured guest appearances from Lucy Lawless and Terry Crews, as well as several recurring voice actors and actresses for the show 

Plot
Roger auditions for a new play entitled "Piñata Man" and begins boasting about his acting ability, infuriating Stan   Stan insists that he's a better actor and is still the "top dog" in the house   Francine gets frustrated with their constant fighting while Hayley attributes it to sexual tension and says they should just have sex already and get over it   Roger, disbelieving the story, follows Stan to work and sees that he is indeed acting as a waiter in a CIA sting   However, he finds that Stan is a terrible actor, unable to even offer water to the patrons convincingly and causing the sting to turn sour, resulting in the deaths of several agents   Back home, Roger taunts Stan over his failure and Stan finally admits that he can't act  Stan asks Roger for help, and Roger refers him to acting coach Irwin Beyer Jr  (who, as Stan correctly predicts, is another of Roger's personas )  Stan shows progress by acting out a scene from WarGames by relating it to his acting inability, but refuses to perform the love scene with Roger as the "leading lady"   At the casting call for "Piñata Man", the title role goes to Stan, who reveals that he took the acting lessons so he could steal the role right out from under Roger and reassert his dominance 
On Opening Night, Roger injures the leading lady and her understudy so he can claim the role as an actress named Cleshawn Montague and show up Stan  The performance devolves into the pair desperately trying to outdo one another, including damaging the set and turning a scene into an impromptu battle rap   When they come to the love scene, Roger is confident that Stan won't be able to kiss him, but Stan gets over his disgust and does so; this leads to another battle of one-upmanship as they perform increasingly raunchy sexual acts until finally they're both arrested for public indecency for simulating sexual intercourse on stage  In the police car, Stan and Roger have become friends again, complimenting each other's acting talent, much to the confusion of Francine and with Hayley reaffirming what she said at the start of the episode 
Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to have a slumber party together  Vince Chung and the rest of the school students overhear and make fun of them, and Steve's friends think that they are too old to have a slumber party  Steve later suggests that this be the last sleepover that he and his friends will ever have  At a local pizzeria, Steve and his friends get into an argument over details, including a moment where Toshi tells Snot to "eat his bowls" after he screams at him to learn English  In the end, they hold a sleepover at Steve's treehouse, being reunited with the alleged fifth member of the group who had moved away years ago  Steve suspects he is a stranger who overheard them in the pizzeria, but they let him participate anyway 

Production
"A Piñata Named Desire" was written by series regulars Chris and Matt McKenna, in their second episode of the season  This would be the first episode that both writers would write since the season six episode "Fart-break Hotel"  This episode was directed by series regular Bob Bowen, with Jacob Hair as the assistant director  This would be the third time Bowen has directed an episode for the season, having also directed season six episode "For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls" and "White Rice"  Seth MacFarlane, the creator and executive producer of American Dad!, as well as its sister shows Family Guy and The Cleveland Show, served as the executive producer for the episode, along with series veterans Mike Barker, Rick Wiener, Matt Weitzman, and Kenny Schwartz  Diana Retchey was the animation producer for the episode, in her seventh episode of the season  She has also been the animation producers for many Cartoon Network shows, such as Johnny Bravo and Samurai Jack  Amanda Bell served as the production manager, while Michael Wittenberg would serve as the post-production supervisor for the episode  This would be Bell's eighth episode of the season where she served as the production manager, while this would be Wittenberg's ninth episode of the season as the post-production supervisor This episode featured a guest appearance from Lucy Lawless, who provided the voice for Stacy  Recurring voice actors Curtis Armstrong, Daisuke Suzuki and Eddie Kaye Thomas guest starred as Steve's friends in the episode  Armstrong previously reprised his role in "Stan's Food Restaurant", while Suzuki and Thomas reprised their roles in "Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls" 

Reception
"A Piñata Named Desire" was broadcast on February 13, 2011 as part of the animation television night on Fox  The show started off the line up, the third consecutive week that American Dad started off Fox's "Animation Domination" block  It was followed by The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, and its sister shows Family Guy and The Cleveland Show  It was viewed by 3 94 million viewers upon its original airing, despite airing simultaneously with Dateline NBC, 60 Minutes on CBS, and America's Funniest Home Videos on ABC  It achieved a 1 9 rating in the 18-49 demographic, the lowest rating of the line up  The episode's total viewership and ratings were significantly down from the previous episode, "Stanny Boy and Frantastic", which was viewed by 4 80 million viewers upon its initial airing, and garnered a 2 2 rating in the 18-49 demographic "A Piñata Named Desire" was met with highly positive reception by television critics and fans alike upon its initial release  Rowan Kaiser of The A V  Club gave the episode a very positive review, saying the show "is back in fine form tonight, something notable from the start when they bypass a full credit sequence in favor of a simple title card " Kaiser highly praised the main plot, calling the interaction between Stan and Roger "fantastic throughout " However, he wrote a mixed review about the secondary plot of the episode, suggesting that Steve's idea to plan a "sleepover to end all sleepovers" with his friends is "a pretty typical sitcom plot for adolescents"  Furthermore, "American Dad adds nothing new except more self-blowjob-attempt jokes  It's not terrible, and if nothing else, it highlights just how good the Roger/Stan [   ] storyline is  Despite his criticisms, he rated the episode an A−, the highest grade of the night, scoring higher than The Simpsons episode "The Blue and the Gray", the Bob's Burgers episode "Sexy Dance Fighting", the Family Guy episode "Friends of Peter G , and The Cleveland Show episode "A Short Story and a Tall Tale"  Jason Hughes of TV Squad also gave the episode a positive review, calling it "funny"  He praised the main plot, find it hilarious when "seeing Stan completely screw up a mission because he's not as good at acting as Roger is " As for Roger's acting in the episode, he says "it should have been obvious that he's a natural," especially when "he even has boobs when he plays women "
Passage 4:
Gamla stan metro station
Gamla stan is a station on the Green and Red lines of the Stockholm metro  It is located on the western side of the Gamla stan (Old town) district of central Stockholm, and is at ground level, although partly under the Centralbron bridge that carries road and mainline rail across the waterways that define the centre of the city  The same waterways are responsible for the ground level location of the station, unusual for a city centre metro station, as the lines cross between the  islands of Stadsholmen and Södermalm by a bridge immediately south of the station The station has two island platforms between four parallel through tracks, with the western platform for trains to the north and the eastern one for trains to the south  Red line trains use the inner pair of tracks and Green line the outer tracks  The platforms are accessed from a ticket hall located under the tracks and platforms  The ticket hall can be reached from Mälartorget, Munkbroleden or Munkbrohamnen The station site was previously occupied by the Köttorgshallen and Munkbrohallen markets, which were demolished to make way for the metro  The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the Green line connection between Slussen and Hötorget which connected the previously disconnected southern and western sections of that line  On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fruängen, was opened As part of Art in the Stockholm metro project, in 1998 the station received medieval weaving patterns, weather sun motifs and cement mosaic-patterned floors by Göran Dahl, as well as fencing with weaving patterns between the tracks by Britta Carlström 

Gallery
Passage 5:
Dian Bachar
Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as Cannibal! The Musical (George Noon), Orgazmo (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny "Squeak" Scolari in 1998's BASEketball, as well as making the occasional appearance on South Park 

Career
Dian Bachar attended Chatfield Senior High School  Bachar then received his BFA in Film Production at the University of Colorado at Boulder where he met Matt Stone and Trey Parker  From there, he went on to star in the student film, Cannibal! The Musical, for internship credit  Bachar also co-starred with Parker in Orgazmo, playing the eponymous character's sidekick "Choda Boy", and played multiple parts in Parker and Stone's short-lived series Time Warped 
Bachar shared an apartment with Parker and Stone up until 1997  When BASEketball was in the works, Parker asked David Zucker to change the script to allow for three players on each team (it was supposed to be just two to a team) to allow for Bachar to have a part in the movie In 1998, Bachar won a Leonardo da Vinci Award from the Beaux Arts Society, Inc  in the category of Actor, Debut Performance (Film) for his role in BASEketball  and an award for Best Actor in the 2012 short film Coaching Me Softly at the 48-Hour Film Project Most recently, Bachar starred in the horror feature The Murders of Brandywine Theater and the western drama short film Homestead   He is the co-owner of Bonobo Mountain Films with partner Carrie Rapaport 

South Park appearances
Due to his friendship with creators Parker and Stone, Bachar had provided several guest voices on their animated series South Park 

"Cow Days" - voicing the game show announcer 
"Merry Christmas Charlie Manson!" - voicing the fake Mr  Hankey 
"Do the Handicapped Go to Hell?" - voicing Satan's lover Chris 
"Probably" - again voicing Satan's lover, Chris 

Short films
Bachar and fellow actor Sam Macaroni are the leads in both of the internet series Roommates: The Series and Dimwits 

Music videos
Bachar appears in The Melvins "The Talking Horse" music video, and starred in and directed the music video "Rock Hard Soul" for the Chicago-based band, JIP 

Filmography
Passage 6:
Jamieson Price
Jamieson K  Price is an American actor, best known for his deep and booming voice in numerous anime and video games  He is known as the voice of the Count of Monte Cristo in Gankutsuou, Sojiro Sakura in Persona 5, Ovan in  hack//G U , and Galbalan, and Milton Grimm from Ever After High  Price also had a part in the 2000 movie The Patriot 

Biography
Price became interested in acting as a young child, starting from when he was in the fourth grade and later did theatre performances even during his adolescent and young adult years  In high school, Price got involved with dramatic interpretations-(focusing on poetry and prose reading) as well as voice competitions in his teens and became Virginia State Champion in his senior year of high school which later lead him to get into acting and voice acting by a close friend of his during the late 90s after graduate school  He eventually got a job in the voice acting business by Dorothy Fahn who is a friend of his wife Bethany who was very interested in his deep voice; aside from acting/voice acting, he has also done work for fight choreography as well as a theatrical technician 

Personal life
Price has been married to his wife Bethany Price since December 31, 1993, who works as a director, audition/stage coach, and an acting instructor  He has three children-(2 daughters and 1 son); Dane-(an actor and musician), Cynthia-(an actress and dancer), and Meghan-(a chiropractor)  Jamieson Price is also involved with a few podcasts, one of them being Crypto-Z 

Filmography
Anime
Animation
Films
Video games
Live action
Passage 7:
Arnaud Joyet
Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director  He plays Stan in the series Hero Corp 
Passage 8:
Insecurity (South Park)
"Insecurity" is the tenth episode of the sixteenth season of the American animated sitcom South Park, and the 233rd episode of the series overall  It aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 10, 2012 The story concerns Kyle Broflovski's belief that his mother is having an affair with a UPS delivery man  When public suspicion falls upon the delivery man, package delivery to the neighborhood is threatened, and Eric Cartman purchases a home security system in response  The episode parodies security alarm systems, and also contains references to Amazon com and the film The Dark Knight Rises  Multiple characters, including Cartman himself, impersonate the fictional villain Bane 

Plot
Gerald Broflovski dresses up as a UPS delivery man in order to engage in sexual roleplay with his wife, Sheila  Their three-year-old son, Ike, sees this and is convinced that his mother is having an affair with a real delivery man  He draws a picture of what he saw, and tearfully shows his older brother Kyle  When Kyle confides this to the other boys at Stan Marsh's house, Stan’s father Randy Marsh overhears them, and informs the other men in town of this  Soon, all the children and men in South Park, led by Randy, are under the impression that UPS delivery men are sleeping with their wives and mothers  Around this time, Eric Cartman decides to have a home security system installed to protect his mother  However, he accidentally triggers the device and becomes infuriated with the company's nonchalant reaction 
The old mechanic at Skeeter's Bar convinces the men that the convenience of ordering products online has brought this situation upon them, relating the UPS delivery men to milk men of the 20th century  He recounts how back in his day, men got lazy and wanted to have milk delivered to their doorstep  Little did they know that the milkman delivering the milk would sleep with their wives  He says that history is now repeating itself with Amazon, with women receiving products from the e-commerce giant that they do not remember ordering  Randy then observes this phenomenon with his wife Sharon, and then finds Ike's drawing in Stan's room  Convinced that Thad, the UPS delivery man is sleeping with their wives, Randy and the men ask the old mechanic for advice  At first he states that there is no getting rid of the delivery man, not in any way they are "prepared for", but suggests they let him keep sleeping with their wives until he gets tired  Stephen, however, states that it is not just their wives anymore, believing that the UPS man is now going after the men too, as he just received a product that he does not remember ordering  The old mechanic tells them the only way to solve the problem is to kill the delivery man and resolve to return to purchase products in brick and mortar stores, stating that his generation did the same with milkmen 
The men each don Bane-type masks, severely beat up Thad, and leave Ike's drawing on him to indicate that they know what he did  When the deliveries continue, the men decide to install the Wolf Home Security personal alarm system, named "INSecurity", which is physically installed inside the user and triggered whenever the user feels insecure  This leads to rampant false alarms caused by the men's insecurities  Kyle attempts to address the issue of his mother's "affair" by having his parents sit down with the UPS delivery man  However, after Thad's UPS truck is destroyed by a bomb, he retreats deeper into the Broflovski's home before jumping out of a second-story window to his death  The men tell the police that Thad killed himself because he was a psychopath who had been forced to have sex with his mother  They purportedly illustrate this by showing the police Ike's drawing, which they say they found in the man's pocket  When the police find a UPS uniform in the Broflovski's closet, Kyle and the men realize that Gerald was the UPS man that Ike saw 
When the men inform the old mechanic that he was wrong about the trappings of modern convenience and merely need to be secure with themselves, the old man suggests that the security salesmen are having sex with their wives  As a result, Cartman and the men, again disguised as Bane, confront the security technician  The episode ends with him dragged out of his truck in shock after Cartman tells him that he should have "respected [Cartman's] authoritah" 

Production
"Insecurity" was developed from an idea created during meetings for the show's 2014 video game, South Park: The Stick of Truth  Parker and Stone and the team at South Park Studios had spent the summer prior to their fall run working on the video game, and one idea that came up was a character having to get into people's homes, and past their security systems  The idea got the team discussing in-home security systems, which Parker views as a "big scam" due to the rarity of the system alarming for a real emergency  Parker and Stone spoke to a close friend who is a policeman, who confirmed that they received false alarms "all the time " The United States Department of Justice estimates that between 94% and 98% of all alarm calls to law enforcement are indeed false alarms Several scenes were completed before the run began, with "Insecurity" set as the season premiere  Scenes scripted at this time included Cartman's dialogue back-and-forth with the security company employees, regarding his password  The storyline was still incomplete when its broadcast date neared, so they decided to wait on it for later in the season  At one point, they considered splitting the episode into a two-parter, between Cartman's battle with the security companies and the plot line regarding the postman  They decided to keep it one episode when they scripted scenes with the old man in Skeeter's Bar, feeling as though his dialogue connected the two stories enough Parker remarked that the episode was inspired by his own life, when he had ordered items from Amazon com, only to forget what it is when it arrives  Likening the surprise to Christmas morning, he noted in the episode's DVD commentary he has a tendency to order random items when South Park episodes are near completion: "I [order items] the most on Tuesday nights, when we're approving animation like crazy, it's like three in the morning, I'll just get on the computer and start ordering shit from Amazon […] just to make Thursday [its arrival date] like Christmas "

Cultural references
The episode references Bane, a character within the Batman universe, specifically, his depiction by actor Tom Hardy in  the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises  It also references UPS and Amazon com 

Reception
Ryan McGee of The A V  Club gave the episode a B, writing that the episode "did its best to link up the fear of cuckoldry with the fear of home invasion, but the results themselves were mixed " Max Nicholson of IGN called the episode an "admirable entry" for the season, though noting "While the plot here was clearly framed around recycling these two jokes over and over, they were both strong enough to carry out the 22 minutes in full "
Passage 9:
Stephen Russell
Stephen L  Russell is an American actor, playwright, and theater director  He is best known for his video game voice roles as Garrett in the Thief series, Corvo Attano in Dishonored 2, and various characters in Skyrim and the Fallout series 

Career
Russell appeared onstage in Huntington's The Last Hurrah  Other stage credits include The Life of Galileo (Underground Railway Theater), The Bottom of the Lake (Tir Na Theatre), Daughter of Venus (Boston Playwrights' Theatre), A Pinter Duet, A House With No Walls, White People (New Repertory Theatre), And Then There Were None, A Prayer for Owen Meany (Stoneham Theatre), Talley's Folly (The Lyric Stage Company of Boston), and more than two dozen productions with the Wellfleet Harbor Actors' Theatre (WHAT), including The Beauty Queen of Leenane and the Eliott Norton Award-winning production of A New War  He is the author of 13 plays for young audiences and won the 2009 WHAT Award for Sustained Artistic Excellence Russell made his debut film appearances as Bob in the 2007 film Noëlle and in 2008 appeared as Luther Norris in the film Chatham  In 2009, he played a minor role in the film The Ghosts of Girlfriends Past  In addition to voicing Garrett in the Thief video game series, he voiced Garrett's chief antagonist Karras in Thief II: The Metal Age, as well as many of the supporting characters in the series  He contributed the voice of the starship Von Braun's central computer XERXES and William Bedford Diego in System Shock 2  He also provided the voices of Andy, Mr  Buckingham, The Great One, Wadsworth, Sergeant RL-3, Cerberus, Enclave Scientists, an Enclave Soldier, and every Mr  Handy in Fallout 3, Fallout 4, and Fallout 76  The 2011 game Skyrim features Russell voicing a range of characters, including Barbas the talking dog, Daedric Prince Clavicus Vile, Belethor, and Thieves Guild leader Mercer Frey  In the 2015 game Fallout 4, he voices Codsworth and the android detective Nick Valentine  He provided the voice for Lord Protector Corvo Attano in the 2016 video game Dishonored 2 
Russell did not return to the Thief franchise for the 2014 reboot because it utilized motion-capture acting, which required the voice actors to physically portray the characters and perform their own stunts  Eidos-Montréal announced that Russell had been replaced by Romano Orzari for the role of Garrett in the series, and explained their decision: "The actor playing Garrett needed to be able to perform his own stunts  Garrett's a really athletic guy  We could have pasted Stephen's voice on top of the actions and stunts of someone else, but this wouldn't appear natural



ground_truth: August 3, 1769

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: A participant of the Battle of Brechin is an instance of?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Kearsarge was converted into a crane ship, and was given hull classification symbol IX-16 on 17 July 1920, but it was changed to AB-1 on 5 August  Her turrets, superstructure, and armor were removed, and were replaced by a large revolving crane with a lifting capacity of 250 long tons (254 t), as well as 10-foot (3 m) blisters, which improved her stability  The crane ship was used often over the next 20 years, including the raising of USS Squalus in 1939  On 6 November 1941, Kearsarge was renamed Crane Ship No  1, allowing her name to be given to the aircraft carrier that was eventually renamed Hornet, and later to the carrier Kearsarge  She continued her service, however, handling guns, turrets, armor, and other heavy lifts for vessels such as the battleships Indiana, Alabama, and  Pennsylvania and the cruisers Savannah and Chicago  She was transferred to the San Francisco Naval Shipyard in 1945, where she participated in the construction of Hornet, the carrier Boxer, and the re-construction of the carrier Saratoga  In 1948, she left the West Coast for the Boston Naval Shipyard  On 22 June 1955, her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register, and she was sold for scrap on 9 August 

USS Kentucky (BB-6)
Kentucky laid down on the same day as her sister ship, and was launched the same day as well  She was commissioned on 15 May 1900  Later that year, she left for China to join the Eight Nation Alliance then in the process of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion  Kentucky arrived in East Asia in early 1901 and she saw no action during the final stage of the uprising  The ship operated in the region until early 1904  After returning to the United States, she joined the North Atlantic Squadron in 1905  During the 1906 Cuban Insurrection, she carried Marines to the island, embarking them in Provincetown and landing them at Havana, Cuba for the Second Occupation of Cuba In 1907, Kentucky participated in the Great White Fleet, as part of the Fourth Division with her sister  The fleet left from Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907, circled South America, passed through San Francisco, and arrived at Hawaii  From there, they sailed to New Zealand and Australia, visited the Philippine Islands, Japan, China, and Ceylon before transiting the Suez Canal  The fleet split at Port Said, with Kentucky visiting Tripoli and Algiers, before reforming with the fleet at Gibraltar  She returned to Hampton Roads on 22 February From 1909–1911, Kentucky was modernized at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard  She was thereafter placed in reserve, where she remained until she was recommissioned at Philadelphia on 23 June 1915  Following the United States occupation of Veracruz, she sailed to Mexico, patrolling the coast off Veracruz until 1916  She then returned to New York, where she laid until the United States entered World War I  During the war, she operated as a training ship as part of the mobilization effort, training several thousand men along the Atlantic coast In late 1918 and early 1919, Kentucky was overhauled at the Boston Navy Yard  She then left for exercises in Guantanamo Bay, Norfolk, and along the New England coast, and later trained United States Naval Academy midshipmen  Kentucky was decommissioned on 29 March 1920; the Navy briefly considered rebuilding her into a crane ship as well, but ultimately decided against it  Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 27 May 1922 and she was sold for scrap to Dravo Corporation on 24 March 1923 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Otho Holland Williams
Otho Holland Williams (March 1, 1749 – July 15, 1794) was a Continental Army officer from Maryland in the American Revolutionary War  He participated in many battles throughout the war in the New York, New Jersey  and Southern theaters, eventually ending his career as a brigadier general 
Born in rural Prince George's County, Maryland, Williams spent his childhood on Springfield Farm near present-day Williamsport  He was orphaned at age thirteen and was put in the care of his father's brother-in-law, Mr  Ross  Williams took an apprenticeship under Mr  Ross and studied his profession in the Clerk's office of Frederick, eventually taking charge of the office  At age eighteen, Williams moved to Baltimore and undertook a similar trade  Williams returned to Frederick in 1774 and entered into a commercial life 
In response to Congress's call for soldiers at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in the spring of 1775, Williams joined a Continental Army rifle unit as a commissioned officer  Soon thereafter, he and his unit marched off to the Siege of Boston  Seeing his first significant combat action in late 1776 at the Battle of Fort Washington, Williams was captured by the British and imprisoned in New York  He was released in early 1778 and returned to the Continental Army as colonel of the 6th Maryland Regiment, a position he had acquired during his captivity  From thereafter, Williams led his regiment through much of the southern campaign, most notably in the battles of Camden, Guilford Court House, and Eutaw Springs  Near the end of the War, Williams was sent by his commanding officer General Greene with documents to Congress and was promoted to brigadier general in 1782 
After the war, Williams later served as an associate justice for Baltimore County, and as the first commissioner of the Port of Baltimore  He returned to Springfield Farm in 1787, bought the house and the surrounding land, and began laying out the town of Williamsport   In 1792, Washington offered Williams to be brigadier general of the army, though he declined due to his failing health  Williams died two years later in 1794 while travelling to Sweet Springs, Virginia 

Early life
Otho Holland Williams was born on March 1, 1749, the third generation of his family born on the North American Continent, his ancestors having emigrated from Wales   For the first year of his life, he lived with his parents Joseph and Prudence Williams in Prince George's County until the family settled at the mouth of the Conecocheague near present-day Williamsport  His family home was Springfield Farm, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974  Shortly before Joseph Williams death, he placed his thirteen-year-old son into the care of his brother-in-law Mr  Ross, who worked in the clerk's office in Frederick County   After studying the duties of the office, Williams took charge of the office himself before moving to Baltimore for similar employment at the age of eighteen   In the spring of 1774, Williams returned to Frederick and entered into commercial life 

Early War
On June 14, 1775, upon the call for soldiers by the Continental Congress, Williams joined Capt  Thomas Price's Independent Rifle Company of Maryland as first lieutenant  The company then marched to the Siege of Boston  Soon after the company's arrival in Boston, Williams was promoted to the command of the company   By order of the Continental Congress on June 27, 1776, the rifle company was integrated into the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, with Hugh Stephenson as colonel, Moses Rawlings as lieutenant colonel and Williams as major The regiment did not see much action until the Battle of Fort Washington, where Williams was taken prisoner by the British   He was taken to New York, where due to his rank he was permitted to go at large on his parole   During this time in New York, it was common for British officers to amuse themselves by insulting American prisoners with pointed questions such as "What Trade were you of before you entered the service?"  When a high ranking British officer asked this question of Williams he replied:

That he was in a profession which taught him to resist tyranny and punish insolence, and that proofs of his profession would follow a reputation towards him 
It is suggested that the officer offended by this retort informed William Phillips—then in command of the New York garrison—that Williams was sending military information to George Washington contrary to the terms of his parole   Williams was promptly arrested and confined to a sixteen square foot (1 5 square meter) room without ventilation in the city's provost jail which he shared with Ethan Allen   Due to possible maltreatment by his captors and malnourishment, his health was affected to the point where he never fully recovered from his imprisonment 
After the surrender of General John Burgoyne after the Battles of Saratoga, Williams was exchanged on January 16, 1778   During his imprisonment, Williams had been  promoted to colonel and given command of the 6th Maryland Regiment of the Maryland Line   Shortly after his release, he stated in a letter to the governor of Maryland that the regiment contained "   not above a hundred effective men    and that those are very indifferently clothed "  He further stated: "I heartily desire to join the army as soon as possible but certainly it had better be reinforced by a regiment without a colonel than by a colonel without a regiment " After joining Washington's army shortly before the Battle of Monmouth he learned that the regiment was noted for a looseness of discipline and was unable to stand with others in the line during battle  Soon after he took effective command, the 6th Maryland Regiment became known as the equal, if not superior, to any in the whole army 

Southern campaign
After the unsuccessful attempt to capture Savannah, Georgia, under the command of General Benjamin Lincoln, the Southern Department of the Continental Army retreated to Charleston, South Carolina   General Sir Henry Clinton moved his forces, surrounded the city where Lincoln's army was located and cut off any chance of relief for the Continental Army   Prior to his surrender, Lincoln had been able to get messages to General Washington and Congress requesting aid   At the end of April 1780, Washington dispatched General Johann de Kalb with 1,400 Maryland and Delaware troops   The Maryland Line made up a large portion of this force, with Williams serving in the post of Adjutant general to General De Kalb 
General de Kalb's forces took almost a month to descend the Chesapeake Bay and did not arrive in Petersburg, Virginia, until the middle of June, almost a month after Lincoln had surrendered his army  The Continental Congress appointed Horatio Gates to command the Southern Department  He assumed command on July 25, 1780, and immediately marched into South Carolina with the intent of engaging the British Army, now under the command of Charles Cornwallis  Williams served as Deputy Adjutant-General under Gates 

Battle of Camden
After brief aggressive maneuvering which threatened the British position in the Carolinas, Cornwallis moved his forces to engage the American forces   The two armies met in the Battle of Camden on August 16, 1780, six miles (9 5 km) north of Camden, South Carolina   Due to several tactical errors on the part of General Gates, Cornwallis achieved a decisive victory   Deserted by their commander and facing opposition on all sides, the Continental Army was forced to retreat   During this engagement, Williams had been stationed to the rear of the army and was unable to contribute until the end  and General de Kalb was mortally wounded   Prior to his death three days later, de Kalb paid a glowing tribute to the Maryland Troop under his command 

Battle of Guilford Court House
After the successful retreat across the Dan River, during which Williams led his men during many highly successful rear guard actions checking the enemy's advance and baffling every British attempt to bring the American army into a general engagement, General Nathanael Greene chose to offer battle to General Cornwallis's forces on March 15, 1781, on ground of his own choosing at Guilford Court House, inside the city limits of present-day Greensboro, North Carolina After the British forces had broken Greene's first line made up of North Carolina Militia and the second line made up of Virginia Militia they threatened the third line made up by the 1st Maryland Regiment, under the command of Colonel John Gunby, and the 2nd Maryland Regiment  The Brigade of Guards, under the command of a Colonel Stewart, broke through the 2nd Maryland Regiment, captured two field pieces and threatened the rear of the 1st Maryland forces whom were already engaged with sizable force under the command of a Colonel Webster 
The 1st Maryland Regiment charged and swept Webster's forces from the field   They then turned to face the oncoming guards unit   After a brief exchange of musket fire, in which 1st Maryland's commander's horse was shot from under him, the 1st Maryland Regiment charged the Guards unit who were quickly routed 
Greene, not able to see this part of the battle from his vantage point, had already ordered a retreat   Thus, unsupported, the Maryland troops were soon forced to withdraw  During this retreat the 6th Maryland Regiment under Williams again acted as the rear guard of the army and is credited with holding off the British forces allowing Greene to move his forces to safety   In recognition of Williams' gallantry, Greene appointed him to the post of Adjutant general of the Army 

Battle of Eutaw Springs
The Battle of Eutaw Springs can be divided into two distinct engagements   During the first action, Greene had given the following order to Williams:

Let Williams advance and sweep the field with his bayonets "
The 6th Maryland Regiment advanced and broke the British line forcing them to fall back several miles and allowing the Continental Army to gain control of the British Camp   The Americans then began to pillage the camp which allowed time for the British to form a new line anchored by a stone house that the Continental Army was unable to move later in the day Near the close of the War, he was sent by General Greene with dispatches to congress and on May 9, 1782, promoted to brigadier general 

Later life
After the War, Williams returned to Maryland and settled in Baltimore   He was soon appointed commissioner of the port by the governor of Maryland, an appointment that was renewed when George Washington assumed the Presidency of the United States  He was also admitted as an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland in November 1783 and was later elected as the first assistant secretary general of the National Society at its first general meeting in 1784 In 1786 he married his wife, Mary, the second daughter of William Smith with whom he had four sons  In the year following his marriage, Williams bought his father's house near the Potomac River and dedicated himself to improving the farm and laying out the town of Williamsport, Maryland, which was named in his honor  Williams wanted the capital of the United States to be located in Williamsport and wrote a letter to Washington to that effect on November 1, 1790, enclosing a map of the town Washington thought so highly of Williams that in 1792, when Daniel Morgan refused the rank of brigadier general of the American Army, the president had Henry Knox, the United States Secretary of War, write Williams asking him to accept the position  The position would have made Williams the second in command of the American Army, but citing poor health and no ambition for the position, Williams declined the appointment  However, on December 21, 1792, Williams accepted the Maryland State Legislature's invitation for him to serve as an associate justice for Baltimore County His health deteriorating, Williams was induced to try the "sea airs" and in 1793 journeyed to Barbados which afforded him some benefits   In 1794 upon reaching Woodstock on his way to Sweet Springs, Virginia, Williams became too ill to travel   On Tuesday, July 15, 1794, at the age of 46, Otho Holland Williams died   His remains were interred under a simple monument on the summit of a hill on his Williamsport homestead   His wife died one year later leaving their children orphaned and under the care of her father 

Footnotes
Passage 5:
Battle of Kazan (1774)
The Battle of Kazan (1774) was a major battle during Pugachev's Rebellion  It took place on 12–15 July 1774 in Kazan, Russia, and the surrounding area  The first stage began in the morning of 12 July, when rebels under Yemelyan Pugachev defeated government troops and besieged them in the Kazan Kremlin  During the battle some government forces defected to the rebels' side  However, in the evening, tsarist forces under Johann Michelson reached Kazan and defeated the rebels in two battles which took place on 13 and 15 July, forcing Pugachev to retreat to Tsaryovokokshaysk and then to cross the Volga  Out of 25,000 and 15,000 rebels who participated in the first and last stages of the battle respectively, only 500 escaped 

Prelude to the battle
Kazan was threatened by Pugachev as early as the autumn of 1773  Many of the town's nobles escaped to Moscow, inspiring fear there  A defensive plan was formulated by the Russian high command and was approved personally by Catherine the Great 

Kazan's defenders
There were 3 sectors of defense in Kazan  The first, under general Banner, extended from Kazanka and Arsk Field to Qaban lakes  There, government troops were reinforced by gymnasium pupils under headmaster Kanitsa and armed town militiamen  The second was from the Pleteni to Yamskoy quarter under general-mayor Larionov, and the third was from Yamskoy to Kazanka, under colonel Svechin  The area north from the citadel was defended by Admiralty troops under Shchelin  The citadel itself was reinforced and the garrison under Letskoy was ready to fight  Zilantov Monastery and the Admiralty were turned into strongholds, redoubts were installed at Kazanka's bank and Arsk Field, and a system of knife-rests was installed around the city  Nine cannons were placed behind the knife-rests  The suburban settlements were left to defend themselves without government assistance 
There were 1,500 regular troops in Kazan, along with policemen, Admiralty troops and firemen the defenders numbered 2,000  On 2 July the governor von Brandt announced a coming siege 

Rebels
Ten mullahs sent by Catherine's officers to agitate against Pugachev were killed by rebels  The Orthodox bishop Veniamin appealed to Christians to refuse from joining Pugachev army  However, many peasants from the entire region of modern Tatarstan joined the rebellion and marched to Kazan 
On 10 and 11 July Pugachev's troops encamped to the north-east of Kazan, between Troitskaya Noksa and Tsaritsyno  The army numbered 25,000, mostly Cossacks supported by Tatar and Udmurt peasants and Bashkir cavalry  Only the Cossacks had firearms; the Bashkirs were armed with bows while the peasants were mostly equipped with clubs and stakes  On 11 July, Pugachev, with an interpreter, approached Kazan borders and demanded that the loyalist forces surrender  The Tatar community was invited to support the rebellion  Von Brandt refused to disarm; however, the Tatars quarters sent seventy emissaries with presents to Pugachev  They also disclosed weaknesses in the Kazan defense 
On 12 July, at four o'clock in the morning, Pugachev convened a council of war, dividing his army into 4 groups  The first two under Beloborodov and Mineyev should attack Arsk Field, the main group under Pugachev himself attacked Sukonny (Broadcloth Manufactory) quarter  The group under Ovchinnikov and Bakhmutov should attack Tatar quarters  The storm started at six o'clock after Pugachev's prayer 

Battle
Storm of Kazan
Beloborodov took Neyelova grove, the area of modern-day Gorky Park and approached the citadel by the avenue now known as Karl Marx Street  Pugachev's cannons neutralized government artillery and shelled the defenders of the cloth factory under manufacturer Dryablov  Workers joined the rebel army  The fourth group of rebels reached Mokry quarter and Admiralty 
Government troops were forced to retreat and were besieged in the citadel  Nearly half of the defenders, mostly ethnic Tatars, defected to the rebels  The central stone part of Kazan, mostly settled by Russian nobles and merchants, was set on fire  Sukonny and Tatar quarters, however, stayed safe 
Pugachev ordered his troops to safeguard the lives of civilians and captives  They were convoyed to the nearby village of Savinovo, where Pugachev invited them to join his troops  Among others, a captive Lutheran priest was appointed colonel in Pugachev's army, but nobles and resisters were massacred 

Pugachev's family
Pugachev's family, his wife Sofia Dmitrievna, his 11-year-old son Trofim, daughters Khristina and Agrafena and his brother, were imprisoned in Kazan during the rebellion  Sofia Pugacheva should confirm, that Yemelyan is not Peter III, but a Cossack  She could visit markets to spread this information  When Pugachev's group marched they occasionally met his family  Trofim called him, but Pugachev said that he is simply a friend of this family  So, he took them to unit transport 

Michelson's arrival
The Kremlin surrounded, rebel cannons were installed near Spasskaya Tower and started shelling  After noon, Pugachev stopped the storm and retreated to Arsk Field  There he participated in thanksgiving service  Then he had a dinner at Tatar merchant Musa Apanayev's house 
In the evening governmental troops from Ufa under Johann Michelson reached Kazan  A harsh battle took place at the modern Gogol street, but neither side won  Pugachev retreated to Savinovo and Sukhaya Reka villages  On 13 July he tried to prevent the end of the siege of the citadel, but under the pressure of Michelson and Potyomkin the rebels were defeated and were forced to retreat  On 15 July Pugachyov's army of 15,000 was defeated in the battle of Arsk Field  Pugachev with 500 men escaped to Tsaryovokokshaysk, to cross the Volga on 18 July and to continue his struggle then  Michelson didn't follow him, as government forces had no horses 
Before the trial captives were imprisoned in a camp near the suburb of Bishbalta  In autumn two gallows were placed in Kazan, one in Sukonny, another in Tatar quarter  Many captive rebels were executed, including Beloborodov and Mineyev 

Aftermath
After Pugachev's escape some rebel groups under Bäxtiär Qanqayıv and Usman Timerev continued the resistance, but they were shortly neutralized by governmental troops 
The battle of Kazan had a significant role in Tatarstan's history  The Tatar participation in the rebellion numbered up to 85,000  Nevertheless, the participants of the rebellion were harshly punished  The Tsar's government continued its policy of the support of Muslim nobility and clergy, to prevent similar uprisings as a result of religious oppression in the future  Feudal oppression, however, stayed for a long time This battle took a major place in the Soviet culture  The first Tatar movie Bulat-Batır was devoted to Pugachev's rebellion in Tatarstan and the siege of Kazan 

See also
Pugachov's oak


== References and footnotes ==
Passage 6:
HMS Galatea (1914)
HMS Galatea was one of eight Arethusa-class light cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s  She fought in the First World War, participating in the Battle of Jutland  Following the war, she was scrapped 

Design and description
The Arethusa-class cruisers were intended to lead destroyer flotillas and defend the fleet against attacks by enemy destroyers  The ships were 456 feet 6 inches (139 1 m) long overall, with a beam of 49 feet 10 inches (15 2 m) and a deep draught of 15 feet 3 inches (4 6 m)  Displacement was 5,185 long tons (5,268 t) at normal and 5,795 long tons (5,888 t) at full load  Arethusa was powered by four Parsons steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, which produced a total of 40,000 indicated horsepower (30,000 kW)  The turbines used steam generated by eight Yarrow boilers which gave her a speed of about 28 5 knots (52 8 km/h; 32 8 mph)  She carried 840 long tons (853 t) tons of fuel oil that gave a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) The main armament of the Arethusa-class ships was two BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns that were mounted on the centreline fore and aft of the superstructure and six QF 4-inch Mk V guns in waist mountings  They were also fitted with a single QF 3-pounder 47 mm (1 9 in) anti-aircraft gun and four 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes in two twin mounts 

Service history
She was launched on 14 May 1914 at William Beardmore and Company shipyard  On her commissioning she was assigned as the leader to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Harwich Force, guarding the eastern approaches to the English Channel  On 4 May 1916, she took part in the shooting down of Zeppelin L 7  At the Battle of Jutland, she was the flagship of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron under Commodore E S  Alexander-Sinclair  She was the first ship to report the presence of German ships, triggering the battle  Galatea was also the first to receive a hit by the German light cruiser SMS Elbing, but no explosion occurred  She was sold for scrapping on 25 October 1921  Mount Galatea in Alberta, Canada is named after this ship 

Notes
Bibliography
Colledge, J  J ; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]  Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev  ed )  London: Chatham Publishing  ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8 
Corbett, Julian (March 1997)  Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands  History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents  Vol  I (2nd, reprint of the 1938 ed )  London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press  ISBN 0-89839-256-X 
Corbett, Julian (1997)  Naval Operations  History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents  Vol  II (reprint of the 1929 second ed )  London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum in association with the Battery Press  ISBN 1-870423-74-7 
Friedman, Norman (2010)  British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After  Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth  ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8 
Friedman, Norman (2011)  Naval Weapons of World War One  Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth  ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7 
Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds  (1985)  Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921  Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press  ISBN 0-85177-245-5 
Newbolt, Henry (1996)  Naval Operations  History of the Great War Based on Official Documents  Vol  V (reprint of the 1931 ed )  Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press  ISBN 0-89839-255-1 
Pearsall, Alan (1984)  "Arethusa Class Cruisers, Part I"  Warship  London: Conway Maritime Press  VIII: 203–11  ISBN 0-87021-983-9 
Pearsall, Alan (1984)  "Arethusa Class Cruisers, Part II"  Warship  London: Conway Maritime Press  VIII: 258–65  ISBN 0-87021-983-9 

External links

Ships of the Arethusa class
Battle of Jutland Crew Lists Project - HMS Galatea Crew List
Passage 7:
Jakub Jasiński
Jakub Krzysztof Jasiński (Lithuanian: Jokūbas Kristupas Jasinskis) of Rawicz Clan (24 July 1761 – 4 November 1794) was a Polish general, and poet of Enlightenment  He participated in the War in Defence of the Constitution in 1792, was an enemy of the Targowica Confederation and organized an action against its supporters in Vilnius  He participated also in the Kościuszko Uprising, during the course of which he was killed in the Battle of Praga in 1794 
A graduate of the Warsaw-based Szkoła Rycerska, with time he became the tutor of engineering at his alma mater  He fought with distinction in the War in Defense of the Constitution of 1792  After the king joined the Targowica Confederation he remained loyal to the new authorities  In 1789 he became the commanding officer of the Engineering Corps for Lithuania 

War in Defence of the Constitution
He participated in the Battle of Brześć in July 1792, for which he was awarded the military award Virtuti Militari Despite his antipathy towards the Confederation of Targowica, opposed the Constitution of 3 May which Jasiński had defended, during this time he pledged his loyalty to it, not giving up conspiratorial activities against it 

The war of liberation
During the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794 Jasiński was among the most prominent members of the radical wing of the Polish Jacobins and at the same time a successful military commander of partisan forces in the area of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  In April of that year he liberated the city of Vilnius by leading a successful uprising there  Supported by Tadeusz Kościuszko and appointed the commander in chief of all the partisan forces in the former Grand Duchy, he managed to defeat numerous Russian garrisons in the area  However, accusations of radical republicanism brought him into conflict with the state authorities, and by the beginning of June he was forced to resign as commander-in-chief of Lithuanian forces and pass his office to General Michał Wielhorski  Jakub Jasiński continued to harass enemy forces in Lithuania and then withdrew with a small partisan troop towards Warsaw  There he perished in November during the defense of Warsaw against the forces of Alexander Suvorov 
Among his literary works are numerous poems of satirical and fabled character, under huge influence of Voltaire, for example Jasiński's better-known "Sprzeczki" (Quarrels)  He was also an author of many patriotic and revolutionary poems and songs against injustices, inspired by the French Revolution, and arousing hope of a similar one in his homeland 

Commemoration

In Poland, there are or were a number of streets named after Jakub Jasiński, including in Warsaw, Chorzów, Częstochowa, Gliwice, Inowrocław, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Przemyśl, Radom, Świdnica, and Zielona Góra 
Outside Poland, he is also commemorated in the names of Streets in Belarus, where there is a street named after him in Maladzyechna as well in Lithuania, where he has a street both in the Old Town of Vilnius and in Kaunas  Belarus also released a stamp with his image in 1994 
Context 3: " The decision upset some fans of the series, who initiated an online petition requesting Eidos-Montréal to bring back Russell as lead voice actor 

Personal life
He is a vegetarian  He has a son named Peter, who is an actor and musician, and a daughter named Robin, who is a voice actress 

Selected voice credits
Passage 10:
Chef (South Park)
Jerome Nigel McElroy, often referred to as "The Chef" or simply "Chef", is a recurring fictional character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes  A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more intelligent than the other adult residents of the town, and understanding to the children  His advice is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists—Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick—as he is the only adult they completely trust  Chef frequently gives completely honest advice without considering whether it is appropriate for children, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song 
Chef was inspired by Hayes and other popular soul singers of the 1970s, as well as an actual dining hall worker encountered by series co-creator Trey Parker while he attended the University of Colorado  Chef played a less prominent role as the series progressed beyond its earlier seasons, and the character was retired at the beginning of the tenth season in "The Return of Chef" following the controversial departure of Hayes 

Character
In tradition with the show's animation style, Chef is composed of simple geometrical shapes, and is animated with use of a computer, though he is given the impression of being a construction paper cutout composition animated through the use of stop motion, which was the technique used to animate the "Spirit of Christmas" shorts and the show's first episode  Chef is an overweight black American with a beard who usually wears blue pants and a red shirt  He frequently dons a traditional chef's hat and white apron on which the word "CHEF" is printed in black, even when not at work 
Until Token Black and his family were given a more notable role starting in the show's fourth season, Chef was portrayed as the only black resident in all of South Park  Parker and co-creator Matt Stone initially planned to have one of themselves voice the character, fearing that their ideal candidates of Hayes (Lou Rawls and Barry White) would never agree to voice the character because the duo had admittedly and purposefully created him as a "stereotype" to reflect what they felt was the perception most inhabitants of less-diverse mountainous Colorado towns had of black people  However, Hayes agreed to voice the character due in part to the audacity of some of the show's early scripts  Chef (usually affectionately) referred to most people in town with the pejorative "crackers", including the children 
Chef, after abandoning his musical aspirations, moved to South Park with plans to open his own restaurant  Before this, he had befriended several famous recording artists in the music industry, including Elton John and Meat Loaf, helping them to launch their successful careers  Despite failing at yet another dream, Chef made his way onto the South Park City Council, representing Public Safety  In addition to dispensing wisdom to the children and a few of the adult townsfolk, Chef speaks out against what he feels are outrageous ideas  For example, he opposes the rampant prescription of Ritalin in the episode "Timmy 2000", and he objects to the town's acceptance of Mr  Garrison committing purposefully flamboyant sadomasochistic acts in front of schoolchildren in "The Death Camp of Tolerance"  In "Chef Goes Nanners", he briefly converts to Islam and adopted the name "Abdul Mohammed Jabar Rauf Kareem Ali" when he demanded that South Park change its official flag because it depicted the town's racist past  On several other occasions, Chef helped save South Park (and in a few other instances, the entire world) from potential disasters Chef is also known for frequently engaging in casual sex, a habit he often expresses through song  He drives a 1980s woodie station wagon with a vanity plate that reads "LUV CHEF"  He is often seen accompanied by numerous young women when at home or on vacation, and is even revealed to have had a one-night stand with Kathie Lee Gifford  He once resorted to male prostitution in an effort to raise money to pay legal fees, and had sex with nearly every woman in South Park before having to stop due to exhaustion  In "The Succubus", Chef briefly becomes an office worker and took up monogamy after meeting a woman named Veronica  The two were engaged to be married until it was revealed that Veronica was actually a succubus  In the South Park video game, the children can seek Chef's advice at one of the many buildings labelled "Chef's Shack O' Love", which is implied to be a brothel, complete with a naked woman in Chef's bed 
Chef's parents, Nellie and Thomas McElroy, live in Scotland  The couple have made two major appearances in the episodes "The Succubus" and "The Biggest Douche in the Universe", and made a brief cameo in a town Christmas celebration in "Red Sleigh Down"  They were not seen at Chef's funeral in "The Return of Chef" 
Chef is known to have run a quiz show called Chef's Luv Shack, as is apparent in the video game of the same name 

Relationship with the children
Chef endearingly calls the boys "the children" or just "children" (even when addressing one individually), and, unless he is preoccupied with a female companion, is usually willing to assist them with whatever help they need  Chef is consistently the only adult in town whom the boys held in high regard, and they view him as their friend  They are also visibly saddened if his presence in their lives is threatened  In addition to being fans of his food (especially his trademark Salisbury steak), the boys often heartily anticipate encountering Chef when waiting in the school lunch line, so that they can explain whatever dilemma is affecting them, usually after their traditional greeting:

Chef: Hello there, children!The boys [in unison]: Hey Chef!Chef: How's it goin'?The boys [one or in unison]: Bad Chef: Why "bad"?

The boys sometimes take it upon themselves to travel to Chef's house individually to seek his guidance on all manners of their problems, specifically relationships  Chef usually gives advice in the form of a soul song, which usually winds up being about sex, whether or not sex was relevant to the topic at hand  Hearing the songs would often leave the boys even more confused and with no further understanding of what they initially inquire about  In earlier seasons, Chef is often approached by the children when they are unfamiliar with a term that pertains to adult matters, such as "lesbian" or "prostitute"  This happens so often that it eventually angers Chef, who pleads with them to stop asking questions he feels are not appropriate for him to answer  Despite this, the children continue asking Chef these questions, much to his chagrin  An absent-minded Chef sometimes answers anyway, not realizing his lapse until the damage had been done  Chef acknowledges that doing this had repeatedly gotten him in trouble with his boss, Principal Victoria 

Music
In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children, Chef also sings about things relevant to what has transpired in the plot  These songs were original compositions written by Parker, and performed by Hayes in the same sexually suggestive R&B style he had utilized during his own music career  Within the show, Chef is the original composer of these songs, including "Stinky Britches", which was depicted as having been covered by Alanis Morissette without proper credit to Chef  When Chef is left with legal debt after losing a court case to have himself credited as the song's original writer, several bands and artists (guest starring as themselves) hold a concert dubbed "Chef Aid", a parody of Live Aid, to raise the funds  The episode inspired a real-life album, Chef Aid: The South Park Album, which featured guest stars from the episode such as Elton John and Ozzy Osbourne  The album includes many of the full-length versions of the songs Chef had performed in the show's first two seasons; "Chocolate Salty Balls" was released as a single, and reached #1 in both the record charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom  As the series progressed and Chef's role became more intermittent, his spontaneous outbursts into song became less of a show standard 
Parker and Stone originally planned to have Chef sing a song in every single episode but abandoned the idea after finding it too challenging and fearing writing too many songs would make them less funny, similar to their rationale for dispensing with Kenny's episodic deaths 

Departure of Isaac Hayes
On January 4, 2006, Hayes defended South Park's style of controversial humor to The A V  Club and XM's Opie and Anthony show, going so far as to note that although he was not pleased with the show's depiction of the Church of Scientology, of which he was a member, he "understood what Matt and Trey are doing " However, on March 13, 2006, nearly two months after suffering a stroke, Hayes was reported to have quit South Park over objections to the show's attitudes toward and depiction of various religions, claiming that the show had crossed the line from satire into intolerance 
Despite the content of the official press release, there remains considerable speculation about the motivations behind his departure  Parker and Stone assert that he quit due to the controversial episode "Trapped in the Closet", and its treatment of Scientology  Stone commented in a manner that suggested that Hayes practiced a double standard regarding the treatment of religion on South Park: "[We] never heard a peep out of Isaac in any way until we [lampooned] Scientology  He wants a different standard for religions other than his own, and to me, that is where intolerance and bigotry begin " Fox News reporter Roger Friedman suggested that, because he was still suffering from the effects of his stroke, Hayes was hospitalized and not in a position to make a rational decision to leave the show  Friedman also reported that Hayes left the show because of the external pressure forced by his fellow Scientologists, the decision was not voluntary, and the original press release announcing his departure was put out by someone who was not authorized to represent him  In a 2016 oral history of South Park in The Hollywood Reporter, Hayes' son Isaac Hayes III confirmed that the decision to leave the show was made by Hayes' entourage while Hayes was unable to make such decisions on his own 

Retirement
Nine days after Hayes's departure from production, the controversy was satirized in the show's Season 10 premiere "The Return of Chef"  For the episode, voice clips of Chef were taken from previous episodes and linked together to form new dialogue to support the plot, which involves Chef's leaving South Park to join the "Super Adventure Club", which eventually brainwashes Chef until he had the mindset of a child molester  The organization combines outdoor activities with child molestation, an act they perceive as justified because of their beliefs 
After the boys restore Chef to his original mindset, but are unable to convince him to come back to South Park, a rope bridge Chef is walking across is struck by lightning  He falls to a violent death, culminating with his mutilation at the hands of a grizzly bear and a mountain lion and finally discharged fecal matter (a reference to the episode "Something Wall-Mart This Way Comes", in which Cartman claims that the relaxation of the bowel muscles confirms that a person is really dead) South Park holds a memorial service for him (Canadian comedians Terrance and Phillip even attend, despite having never met the man themselves), in which Kyle gives a eulogy stating, "We shouldn't be mad at Chef for leaving us, we should be mad at that fruity little club for scrambling his brains", a deliberate parallel with Hayes' departure from the show in favor of Scientology Mimicking a scene from the finale of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Chef's body is secretly collected by the Super Adventure Club, who managed to revive him as a cyborg — identified on the show's official website as "Darth Chef" (a parody of Star Wars' Darth Vader)  He is fitted with a suit and mask like those of Vader, except with the helmet taking on the appearance of Chef's trademark hat, and wields a red, glowing spatula, parodying Vader's red lightsaber  Darth Chef's voice was provided by British comedian and filmmaker Peter Serafinowicz, who voiced Darth Maul in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace  Darth Chef has not made an appearance in subsequent episodes, but has appeared with other characters in the background of the South Park opening sequence, and is mentioned in the episode "Stunning and Brave", when PC Principal says the kids drove him to kill himself, which is not true Chef is alluded to after his death in the season 10 episode "Hell on Earth 2006" where, during Satan's party, there are multiple scenes in which a Caucasian male dressed as Chef can be seen in the background  He is also referenced in the season 14 episode "Crème Fraiche" when Randy becomes the new chef at school and greets the kids with Chef's trademark lines  Chef's death is also indirectly mentioned in the season 19 episode "Stunning and Brave" when PC Principal talks about all the things he finds offensive (incorrectly assuming that Chef's death was a suicide, before giving Butters detention for correcting him)  Isaac Hayes himself died on August 10, 2008, two years after his departure from South Park  On November 4, 2008, the film Return to Sleepaway Camp was released in the United States; filmed in 2003, the film features Hayes in a cameo as a live-action version of Chef, referred to once as Charlie but portrayed/credited as South Park's "The Chef" 
Chef makes an appearance in the 2014 video game South Park: The Stick of Truth as the reanimated Nazi Zombie penultimate boss later in the game  Once again, voice clips of Isaac Hayes as Chef are recycled from past episodes with the exception of recorded speech clips from Adolf Hitler  During his battle with the player and the other boys, Chef will express remorse by saying things like "I'm sorry, boys" and "what have I done?" While there were vague references to the Super Adventure Club and his death, there were no references to the Darth Chef suit  After being defeated, Chef regains control over his mind and tries to tell the boys, but he is then killed by Clyde and the New Kid In a sketch from the Robot Chicken episode "Boogie Bardstown in: No Need, I Have Coupons", Chef is a contestant on MasterChef Celebrity Showdown, where he has to cook with the thing he fears most: thetans 
Passage 11:
Buzz Lightyear
Buzz Lightyear is one of the main characters in Disney/Pixar's Toy Story franchise, voiced by Tim Allen  He is a superhero toy action figure based on the in-universe media franchise consisting of a blockbuster feature film and animated series, Space Ranger  In the Disney/Pixar Toy Story franchise, Buzz wears a green, purple, and white space suit  Buzz Lightyear is a recurring character in all of the Toy Story franchise's animated films, including spin-offs  Notably, Woody serves as the main protagonist throughout the four films in the series, while Buzz remains an important character  In Toy Story (1995), unlike most other toys, Buzz initially believes himself to be the "real" Buzz Lightyear and comes to terms with actually being just a toy; in Toy Story 2 (1999), Buzz encounters other Buzz Lightyear action figures from the toyline who similarly believe themselves to be "real" including one of the character's in-universe archenemy and father: Emperor Zurg; in Toy Story 3 (2010), set ten years later, Buzz explores a romance with cowgirl figure Jessie, while he uncovers his Spanish mode; while in Toy Story 4 (2019), Buzz finds his inner voice and bids farewell to Woody, who leaves to be with Bo Peep 
The fictional character, Buzz Lightyear, Space Ranger, on which the toy Buzz is based, also appears in the 2000 direct-to-video film "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins" and its subsequent spin-off television series, "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command " In these productions, he is voiced by Tim Allen and Patrick Warburton, respectively  Chris Evans voiced this version of the character in the 2022 spin-off film Lightyear, presented as an in-universe film the characters in Toy Story would watch (as previously depicted in the opening scene of The Adventure Begins) exploring their origin story, with James Brolin additionally voicing an elderly, nihilistic version of Buzz from an alternate future, known as Zurg (a separate character from Emperor Zurg) 

Conception and creation
Buzz Lightyear's name was in honor of Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon  According to Pixar producers, the character was provisionally named Lunar Larry, but it sounded "too wacky"  Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear toy out during a speech at NASA  A clip of this can be found on the Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD  Aldrin did not receive any endorsement fees for the use of his nickname Regarding the design of Lightyear, Toy Story director John Lasseter said he wanted to create an action figure in the line of G I  Joe for the film and decided upon a spaceman figure  Lasseter attributes his design to the influence of Apollo astronauts, in particular, their clear helmets, skullcaps, communication devices, and white suits The purple and fluorescent green color scheme were the favorite colors of Lasseter and his wife's respectively  The looks of television actor Ed Kemmer are also believed to be a prototype for Lightyear  Kemmer played Commander Buzz Corry in Space Patrol, one of the first science-fiction series on American television Originally, when a screen test was being made, producers wanted Buzz to be voiced by Billy Crystal  He turned the role down, and after seeing the first film, he said that turning it down was "the biggest mistake of his career" 

Appearances
Buzz Lightyear, toy
Toy Story (1995)
In the animated film Toy Story, Buzz Lightyear, an action figure, is given to a boy named Andy Davis from his mother as a birthday present  He quickly impresses the other toys with his skills, flashy accessories and wings, and soon becomes Andy's favorite toy  Sheriff Woody, the former favorite toy, quickly becomes jealous  It soon becomes apparent that Buzz is unaware he is a toy, genuinely believing that he is a space ranger sent to stop the Evil Emperor Zurg  He further believes that his red light bulb "laser" is a deadly weapon, his wings are functional aircraft-grade steel, and that he cannot breathe with his helmet open 
After Woody unintentionally knocks Buzz out of Andy's bedroom window, Buzz follows and confronts Woody in Andy's car  The two become separated from Andy while fighting, and Woody tries to convince Buzz he is a toy but fails  The two are soon captured by Andy's sadistic neighbor, Sid Phillips  Buzz sees a commercial on a TV in Sid's house which reveals he is a toy  In denial, Buzz tries to fly and ends up breaking his arm  He falls into despair 
Sid's toys fix Buzz's arm, and Sid tapes him to a rocket with the intention to blow him up  Woody convinces Buzz his purpose is to make Andy happy; eventually causing Buzz to regain his resolve  He teams up with Woody to escape Sid and return to Andy  As the two pursue Andy's van, Woody is attacked by Sid's dog Scud  Buzz fights off the dog to rescue Woody, and Woody uses RC to rescue Buzz  When the two are still unable to catch up to Andy, Woody is forced to light the rocket and launch them into the air; Buzz opens his wings to sever the tape holding him to the rocket, saving them from exploding and flying solo for the first time, albeit, while carrying Woody  After they are reunited with Andy, Buzz and Woody remain close friends 

Toy Story 2
In the animated film Toy Story 2, Woody is kidnapped by a greedy toy collector named Al McWhiggin, who is intent on selling him and other "Woody's Roundup" toys to a toy museum in Japan  Buzz leads Mr  Potato Head, Slinky Dog, Rex, and Hamm on a daring rescue mission  They travel to the Al's Toy Barn store, which they believe Woody was taken to  The trip involves crossing a busy road  Buzz uses traffic cones to help the group avoid being crushed by cars 
In the store, the toys get separated  Buzz discovers an aisle full of his fellow Buzz Lightyear toys, one of which has a fancy Utility Belt  When Buzz tries to touch the belt, the Utility Belt Buzz comes to life; also believing he is a real space ranger  He quickly "arrests" Andy's Buzz as a rogue space ranger  Andy's Buzz mocks himself and earlier delusions while Utility Belt Buzz berates him for "backtalk" and imprisons him for "court martial" in an empty Buzz Lightyear case  Andy's Buzz unsuccessfully tries to explain that he and Utility Belt Buzz are both toys 
Soon, the other toys find Utility Belt Buzz and mistake him for Andy's Buzz  Andy's Buzz fails to get their attention and is forced to escape the box on his own  He pursues them out of the store and across the road to Al's apartment  Buzz inadvertently frees an Evil Emperor Zurg action figure while doing so, and he pursues him with intent to destroy him 
Andy's Buzz rejoins the group, and convinces Woody, who had been worried about Andy growing up and had considered going to Japan, that it would be better to come home  Woody invites the other Roundup toys to come with them; Jessie and Bullseye agree, but Stinky Pete refuses and locks them in (and Buzz out) when they try to escape  Al reappears and takes Woody and the Roundup toys to the airport  Andy's Buzz and Utility Belt Buzz pursue Al into the elevator shaft with the other toys  Zurg confronts them, and he reveals he is Utility Belt Buzz's father  Rex accidentally knocks him down the elevator shaft 
Utility Belt Buzz stays behind with a reformed Zurg, while Andy's Buzz and the other toys steal a Pizza Planet truck and drive to the airport  Andy's Buzz stands on a pizza box and operating the steering wheel  At the airport, they subdue Stinky Pete and rescue Woody and Bullseye in the baggage handling system  Buzz and Woody ride Bullseye onto the runway to rescue Jessie from the airplane before it takes off for Japan  The toys all return home in a stolen baggage cart 
By the end of the film, Buzz has developed a crush on Jessie  He and Woody decide not to worry about Andy growing up, as they will always have each other as friends for "infinity and beyond" 

Toy Story 3
In the animated film Toy Story 3, Woody, Buzz, and the other toys accidentally end up in a daycare center after Andy's mother mistakes them for trash while Andy is packing for college  Woody unsuccessfully tries to convince the other toys it was a mistake  Buzz, who was going to be put in the attic with most of Andy's other toys, decides the best thing the toys can do is to stay together at the daycare  This causes Woody to strike out on his own in search of Andy, who had earlier faced a difficult decision as to whether to take Woody or Buzz with him to college 
Meanwhile, Andy's toys are greeted by Lots-o’-Huggin' Bear (Lotso for short), who is seemingly the leader of the daycare toys  He assigns them to the Caterpillar Room, where they are subjected to a very rough playtime by children far too young to play safely with toys like them  At the behest of the other toys, Buzz finds Lotso to kindly request a transfer to the Butterfly Room if possible  When Buzz rejects Lotso's offer to join his gang upon hearing his friends couldn't be involved, Lotso orders his henchmen to switch Buzz to "demo" mode 
In the state, Buzz's memories and original personality appear to be erased; his space ranger delusions from the first film return  Lotso takes the opportunity to make Buzz think Andy's toys are minions of Zurg  The brainwashed Buzz angrily imprisons his friends when they attempt to escape; tasked to watch over the "prisoners" every night  Woody, now aware of the truth behind Lotso, returns to Sunnyside  Andy's toys subdue Buzz attempting to restore his memories, but accidentally reset him to his "Spanish Mode", confusing many characters and resulting in many comedic character changes for the audience 
Buzz still believes he is a real space ranger and still does not have his memories  Woody manages to convince him Andy's toys are his "amigos"  The Spanish Buzz helps the toys escape Sunnyside; making no secret of his love for Jessie  Lotso confronts them as they reach the dumpster outside the daycare  In the ensuing altercation, Lotso and all of Andy's toys are dumped into a garbage truck  Buzz heroically rescues Jessie from getting buried in trash, but ends up crushed by a broken TV  Jessie breaks down in tears over Buzz's "dead" body, only for Buzz to awaken unharmed with his normal personality/memories restored(albeit with no recollection of the events that occurred during his brainwashing and Spanish Mode) 
At the landfill, they toys are pushed onto a conveyor belt  Buzz and Woody rescue Lotso from a shredder and help him reach an emergency stop button  Lotso abandons them, however, and they fall into an incinerator  Buzz and Jessie join hands and face the approaching fire, prompting everyone else to do the same  The three toy aliens operating a claw rescue them, and they make their way home  Andy donates them all to a little girl Woody met at the daycare, Bonnie  When introducing Buzz, Andy describes him as "the coolest toy ever"  As the toys settle in at Bonnie's house, Buzz finds himself performing a romantic paso doble with Jessie to the Spanish version of "You've Got a Friend in Me" as the film ends; much to the amusement of the other toys 

Toy Story 4
In the animated film Toy Story 4, Buzz plays a significantly smaller role since the film is centered on Woody, Bo, and a host of new characters  He still acts as Woody's moral support, and tries to comfort Woody when he begins to sense Bonnie is no longer interested in Woody  Buzz also learns about the "inner voice", but mistakenly believes the term refers to his button-activated voice box and catchphrases  He spends much of the film using said voice box to guide him as to what he must do next 
When Woody and Bonnie's new favorite toy, Forky, are separated from the group during an RV trip, Buzz, guided by his "inner voice", pursues them into a carnival  He is captured by a vendor and put up with other toys as a potential prize at a game, where he encounters conjoined plushies Bunny and Ducky  Bunny and Ducky are initially antagonistic, as they believe Buzz has come to lower their chances of ever being won and owned by a kid  The two refuse to listen to his explanations, and become further enraged when Buzz frees them and himself from the game  Thinking they will now never be owned, they pursue and attack a bewildered Buzz, until Woody, who has now met up with Bo Peep and rejoined Buzz, offers to take the two plushies to Bonnie after Forky is rescued 
Buzz, Bunny, and Ducky join forces, and are tasked with retrieving keys from an antique store owner to free Forky, who is trapped inside the store  They succeed, but the mission to rescue Forky fails because of the antique store owner's cat  After Woody and Bo have a falling-out, Buzz's inner voice guides him to rejoin Andy's toys, which he does  Later, Forky is freed by Woody and reports that Woody and several other toys need rescuing - Buzz, Jessie, and the others take over the controls of the RV and force Bonnie's dad to drive it back to the carnival 
Woody and Buzz meet up at a carousel, and Buzz notices that Woody is feeling heartbroken about having to part ways with Bo Peep again  Buzz suggests that Woody stay behind to be with Bo, knowing that Bonnie will be okay even without him  Knowing that this might be the last time they will see each other, they share a final goodbye hug, part ways, and exchange their last words of dialogue from afar  Buzz says "to infinity   ", and Woody completes the sentence with "   and beyond "

Toy Story 5
Buzz is set to appear in Toy Story 5 and will once again be voiced by Tim Allen 

Buzz Lightyear, Space Ranger
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
In the television series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, Buzz Lightyear is a Space Ranger working for Star Command, protecting the universe from Evil Emperor Zurg  He works in a team alongside Mira Nova, a princess; Booster, a janitor; and XR, a robot  This version of Buzz Lightyear has a different personality from the one in Toy Story  Buzz Lightyear also has had many love interests on the show  He once had a friend and partner named Warp Darkmatter, however, he later joined Evil Emperor Zurg and became his primary agent  Buzz Lightyear also seems to never take off the purple headwear that he has with his Space Ranger uniform  Aside from his regular catchphrase, he has a habit of telling villains that "Evil never wins!"

Lightyear
In the Toy Story universe, The 2022 animated film Lightyear is the origin of the character on which the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command toy line was based  The film, which was directed by Angus MacLane, tells the story of young astronaut Buzz Lightyear, who, after being marooned on a hostile planet with his commander and crew, tries to find a way back home while confronting a threat to the universe's safety  Buzz was confirmed to be voiced by Chris Evans and the film was released on June 17, 2022 

Other appearances
Buzz Lightyear, voiced by Pat Fraley, appears in the computer games Disney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story and Disney's Activity Center: Toy Story, both released in 1996  A Buzz Lightyear toy also appears in Pixar's 2003 film Finding Nemo  He also appeared as a car in Pixar's 2006 movie, Cars, along with Woody and Hamm  He is also seen in the Toy Story Treats realised in 1996 and all three Toy Story Toons episodes Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, and Partysaurus Rex, and the two specials: Toy Story of Terror! and Toy Story That Time Forgot 
Buzz was also in the 2008 Disney film Bedtime Stories and the 2010 Disney film The Sorcerer's Apprentice  Buzz Lightyear and Woody appear as piñatas in Pixar's 2017 film Coco  Woody and Buzz appeared in the 2019 video game Kingdom Hearts III as guest party members, where Buzz gains the ability to use his laser  He is also able to fly as his fictional counterpart without knowing during a Keyblade war crisis across dimensions  Woody eventually recalls him back to normal reality 

Buzz Lightyear is a meetable character at all of the Disney Parks and Resorts, located in Tomorrowland and in Toy Story Land  He is often accompanied by the Aliens  Tim Allen reprised his role using one of his archival recordings in the 2018 Walt Disney Animation Studios film Ralph Breaks the Internet, where he repeated his famous catchphrase 

Merchandise
In 1995, Thinkway Toys introduced a 12-inch-tall Buzz Lightyear figure The figure was subject to mass sales in the Christmas after the film's release, mainly in the United States and the United Kingdom  In 1995, Thinkway did not think that Toy Story would be that popular and hence did not make enough dolls to meet demand, as referenced in Toy Story 2  Originally, Tim Allen's voice was on the action figure, but later models feature a voice actor who sounds similar to Allen In October 2009 and 2010, to coincide with Toy Story's 3-D re-release and the release of Toy Story 3 respectively, Thinkway Toys released a replica Buzz Lightyear figure based on the figure in the Toy Story movies as part of their Toy Story Collection series of toys and Disney released their own version of a replica Buzz Lightyear figure  Both Buzz Lightyears were much more accurately detailed than the other Buzz Lightyear figures and both had features similar to the figure seen in the movie with similar pop-out wings complete with blinking lights at the wingtips, laser, wrist communicator and the two figures had over 65 and 30 phrases with an original voice respectively  However, the Thinkway Toys figure lacks the karate chop action, while the Disney Store version has it  Only the Thinkway Toys figure comes with a Certificate of Authenticity and both come packaged in the spaceship packaging as seen in the movies  Another 2009 Buzz Lightyear figure by Thinkway Toys included the utility belt from Toy Story 2 

In May 2008, NASA and Disney announced that an original Thinkway Toys Buzz Lightyear action figure would fly aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-124  The 12-inch toy was to remain on the International Space Station (ISS) for six months, where it would take part in an experiment and appear in a video downlink from space whilst the Space Shuttle delivers the largest module of the space station – Kibō, the Japanese Experiment Module pressurized section  The flight was arranged as part of the Toys in Space program that began in 1985 The mission launched with Buzz Lightyear aboard on May 31, 2008, to celebrate the opening of Toy Story Midway Mania! at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure Park theme parks, with the ultimate destination of the ISS  The action figure "ate" dinner with the 10 astronauts and cosmonauts and was seen peering out a window aboard the ISS  The action figure stayed aboard the space station for a period of six months as part of the toys-in-space educational program The action figure returned from the space station on September 11, 2009, aboard mission STS-128 In 2009, Lego began releasing its Lego Toy Story line, which included a 205-piece Buzz Lightyear action figure  When the figure is completely built, it has an articulating head, arms, hands, torso, legs, feet, wings, and visor  Lego also created a Buzz Lightyear minifigure  In 2016 a new version of Buzz Lightyear was created for the Lego minifigures Disney series  This minifigure featured new prints for the legs and arms of the minifigure and removed the Star Command logo from the chest of the torso piece  A simpler version of this minifigure appeared in the Toy Story 4 line, with the Star Command logo reinstated but without prints on the arms or side of the legs  Two new minifigures were made for the spin off movie Lightyear with two sets featuring his regular space suit, with one set including an alternate head and hairpiece included to have him unmasked, and a third including one of him in the orange and gray suit he wears at the beginning of the film 

Reception and legacy
Buzz can be considered a pop culture icon  In October 2007, readers of Empire voted Buzz No  1 of the Top 20 Greatest Pixar Characters  They also rated him the 94th greatest movie character of all time Buzz Lightyear's classic line "To Infinity    and Beyond!" has seen usage not only on T-shirts but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well  A book about the history of infinity from 1991 (4 years before Toy Story), by Eli Maor, uses the phrase for its title  Lucia Hall of The Humanist linked the film's plot to an interpretation of humanism  She compared the phrase to "All this and heaven, too!", indicating one who is happy with a life on Earth as well as having an afterlife  The 2008 quadruple platinum song "Single Ladies" by Beyoncé includes the lyric "   and delivers me to a destiny, to infinity and beyond " Astronauts used the phrase while sending the Buzz Lightyear figure into space  The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g  Also in 2008, the phrase made international news when it was reported that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean Buzz Lightyear himself was mentioned in the 2012 song "Boyfriend" by Canadian pop star Justin Bieber, for instance, in the lyric "I can be your Buzz Lightyear, fly across the globe "
The first stable public release of the Debian project used the name "Buzz" as the codename for the version 1 1 

See also
Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin
List of Toy Story characters



ground_truth: Scottish clan

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of who does the voice of stan on the series that Insecurity is part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Unfortunately Marie runs away from Staples thinking she has joined forces with her captors who want to take her back, and Staples gets killed by Sheng's men  Marie later contacts Conklin and Panov, who arrive in Hong Kong and confront McAllister and Havilland 
Webb, tracking the impostor Bourne on land, water and air, through Kowloon and Macau, encounters D'Anjou, alias Echo, another former Medusa operative, who is also tracking down the impostor Bourne, whom he had personally trained to be like Bourne  They join forces and track the impostor to mainland China, where they realise that a trap was laid by Sheng who was anticipating them following the impostor, and Echo is captured  Webb tracks him to a bird sanctuary at night, where Sheng Chou Yang is seen holding an open air conference with his rebel supporters and captured "traitors" to his cause, whom he is going to "judge", including Echo and the impostor Bourne  Echo is executed but not before he manages to delay Sheng and buy enough time for Bourne to mount a surprise attack on everyone  Amidst explosions and gunfire and killings, Webb captures the impostor Bourne, hijacks an empty charter plane and brings him to Kowloon, but in attempting to swap the impostor for Marie, is misled by McAllister, as Marie is not with them as was agreed, and still hidden by Conklin  Thinking Marie has been killed, an angry Webb now attacks and bombs Havilland's estate, Victoria Peak, where the impostor Bourne is killed and Webb nearly is as well, saved only by the timely arrival of Marie, Panov, and Conklin 
Webb and Marie learn he was selected because no one was more skilled and lethal, and Marie was abducted because Webb would have never agreed to the mission had the CIA told him the truth  Since Webb has now seen what Sheng is capable of and since Echo died for his sake, he decides to go back into the fray and kill Sheng  McAllister accompanies Webb, and during their search for Sheng, McAllister explains that he should be the one to kill Sheng, and Sheng will only trust McAllister for agreeing to rendezvous, and this has been McAllister's plan from the start  They fool Sheng into meeting with them, proposing to destroy the only copy of confidential documents that can expose him in return for money  The meeting between Sheng, Webb and McAllister takes place on the Chinese border with the assistance of Wong, a previous acquaintance of Bourne  During the meeting, McAllister sees that Sheng has already grabbed the confidential documents from Victoria Peak, and is shot by Sheng before he can shoot the latter  But Bourne arrives and stabs Sheng dead  Webb, McAllister, and Wong escape in Sheng's helicopter amidst gunfire 
In the end, it is shown that Lin Wenzu and McAllister have survived, Havilland commends McAllister for his acts of bravado, saying he will be promoted, Panov and Conklin have left for the U S , and Webb and Marie have flown to Hawaii to rest 

Publication history
Passage 4:
The Bourne Deception
The Bourne Deception is a novel by Eric Van Lustbader, the seventh in the Jason Bourne series created by Robert Ludlum  It was released on June 9, 2009  It is Lustbader's fourth Bourne novel, following The Bourne Sanction, which was published in 2008 

Plot
The Bourne Deception picks up where The Bourne Sanction left off  Jason Bourne's nemesis, Arkadin, is still hot on his trail and the two continue their struggle, reversing roles of hunter and hunted  When Bourne is ambushed and badly wounded in Bali, he fakes his death and goes into hiding  Only his close friends, Moira Trevor and Freddie Willard are aware that he is alive  In safety, he takes on a new identity, and begins a mission to find out who tried to assassinate him  Jason begins to question who he really is, how much of him is tied up in the Bourne identity, and what he would become if that was suddenly taken away from him  Shortly after, an American passenger airliner is shot down over Egypt by an Iranian missile  This is where a global conspiracy is revealed  Bud Halliday is at the helm of manipulations by NSA assisted by a wet-work outfit known as Black River  DCI Veronica Hart was an ex-employee of Black River like Moira Trevor and is at loggerheads with the intentions of Bud Halliday  Moira Trevor has started her own company which is a direct competitor of Black River  A global investigative team, led by Soraya Moore, is assembled to get at the truth of the situation before it can escalate into an international scandal  The conspiracy is discovered by one of Moira's employees and he is subsequently killed with Moira being left in grave danger  The trail to his assassin leads Bourne to Seville  On the way there, he meets Tracy Atherton, who tells him that she is going to Seville to buy the 14th Black Painting  In Seville, Bourne is attacked in a bullfighting arena by a killer named The Torturer  Later on, search for the man who shot him intersects with the search for the people that brought down the airliner, leading Bourne into one of the most deadly and challenging situations he has ever encountered  With the threat of a new world war brewing, Bourne finds himself in a race against time to uncover the truth and find the person behind his assault, all the while stalked by his unknown nemesis 

Publication history
Passage 5:
Heart of Glass (film)
Heart of Glass (German: Herz aus Glas) is a 1976 German film directed and produced by Werner Herzog, set in 18th century Bavaria  The film was written by Herzog, based partly on a story by Herbert Achternbusch  The main character is Hias, based on the legendary Bavarian prophet Mühlhiasl 

Plot
The setting is an 18th-century Bavarian town with a glassblowing factory that produces a brilliant ruby glass  When the master glass blower dies, the secret of producing it is lost  The local Baron, who owns the factory, is obsessed with the ruby glass and believes it to have magical properties  With the loss of the secret, he descends into madness along with the rest of the townspeople  The main character is Hias, a seer from the hills, who predicts the destruction of the factory in a fire 

Production
During shooting, almost all of the actors performed while under hypnosis  Every actor in every scene was hypnotized, with the exception of the character Hias and the professional glassblowers who appear in the film  The hypnotized actors give very strange performances, which Herzog intended to suggest the trance-like state of the townspeople in the story  Herzog provided the actors with most of their dialogue, memorised during hypnosis  However, many of the hypnotised actors' gestures and movements occurred spontaneously during filming The majority of the film was shot in Bavaria, just a few miles from where Herzog was raised in the remote village of Sachrang (nestled in the Chiemgau Alps), and also at a nearby village in Switzerland  Other brief shots of landscape scenes were filmed in various locations around the world that Herzog scouted out, including Yellowstone National Park  The conclusion of the film was shot on the Skellig Islands 
Herzog, along with other members of the crew, has a cameo as one of the men carrying a load of ruby glass to the river 
Passage 6:
Fildes Point
Fildes Point is a point which forms the north side of Neptunes Bellows, the entrance to Port Foster, Deception Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica  Deception Island was known to sealers in the area as early as 1821; the point was later named for Robert Fildes, a British sealer in these waters at that early time 

See also
Stanley Patch
Passage 7:
Much Ado About Nothing
Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599  The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623 
The play is set in Messina and revolves around two romantic pairings that emerge when a group of soldiers arrives in the town  The first, between Claudio and Hero, is nearly scuppered by the accusations of the villain, Don John  The second, between Claudio's friend Benedick and Hero's cousin Beatrice, takes centre stage as the play continues, with both characters' wit and banter providing much of the humour 
Through "noting" (sounding like "nothing" and meaning gossip, rumour, overhearing), Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their love for each other, and Claudio is tricked into believing that Hero is not a maiden (virgin)  The title's play on words references the secrets and trickery that form the backbone of the play's comedy, intrigue, and action 

Characters
Synopsis
In Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro will return that night from a successful battle, along with Claudio and Benedick  Beatrice asks the messenger about Benedick and mocks Benedick's ineptitude as a soldier  Leonato explains, "There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signor Benedick and her "On the soldiers' arrival, Don Pedro tells Leonato that they will stay a month at least, and Benedick and Beatrice resume their "merry war"  Pedro's illegitimate brother, Don John, is also introduced  Claudio's feelings for Hero are rekindled, and he informs Benedick of his intention to court her  Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade him  Don Pedro encourages the marriage  Benedick swears that he will never marry  Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him he will when he finds the right person 
A masquerade ball is planned  Therein a disguised Don Pedro woos Hero on Claudio's behalf  Don John uses this situation to sow chaos by telling Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself  Claudio rails against the entrapments of beauty  But the misunderstanding is later resolved, and Claudio is promised Hero's hand in marriage 
Meanwhile, Benedick and Beatrice have danced together, trading disparaging remarks under the cover of their masks  Benedick is stung at hearing himself described as "the prince's jester, a very dull fool", and yearns to be spared the company of "Lady Tongue"  Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, concoct a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice  They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love with him but too afraid to tell him  Hero and Ursula likewise ensure that Beatrice overhears a conversation in which they discuss Benedick's undying love for her  Both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think that they are the object of unrequited love, and both resolve to mend their faults and declare their love 
Meanwhile, Don John plots to stop the wedding, embarrass his brother, and wreak misery on Leonato and Claudio  He tells Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is "disloyal", and arranges for them to see his associate, Borachio, enter her bedchamber and engage amorously with her (it is actually Hero's chambermaid)  Claudio and Don Pedro are duped, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly 

The next day, at the wedding, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests and storms off with Don Pedro  Hero faints  A humiliated Leonato expresses his wish for her to die  The presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero innocent  He suggests that the family fake Hero's death to fill Claudio with remorse  Prompted by the stressful events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other  Beatrice then asks Benedick to kill Claudio as proof of his devotion  Benedick hesitates but is swayed  Leonato and Antonio blame Claudio for Hero's supposed death and threaten him, to little effect  Benedick arrives and challenges him to a duel 

On the night of Don John's treachery, the local Watch overheard Borachio and Conrade discussing their "treason" and "most dangerous piece of lechery that ever was known in the commonwealth", and arrested them therefore  Despite their ineptitude (headed by constable Dogberry), they obtain a confession and inform Leonato of Hero's innocence  Don John has fled, but a force is sent to capture him  Remorseful and thinking Hero dead, Claudio agrees to her father's demand that he marry Antonio's daughter, "almost the copy of my child that's dead" After Claudio swears to marry this other bride, she is revealed to be Hero  Claudio is overjoyed  Beatrice and Benedick publicly confess their love for each other  Don Pedro taunts "Benedick the married man", and Benedick counters that he finds the Prince sad, advising him: "Get thee a wife"  As the play draws to a close, a messenger arrives with news of Don John's capture, but Benedick proposes to postpone deciding Don John's punishment until tomorrow so that the couples can enjoy their newfound happiness  The couples dance and celebrate as the play ends 

Sources
Shakespeare's immediate source may have been one of Matteo Bandello of Mantua's Novelle ("Tales"), possibly the translation into French by François de Belleforest, which dealt with the tribulations of Sir Timbreo and his betrothed Fenicia Lionata, in Messina, after Peter III of Aragon's defeat of Charles of Anjou  Another version, featuring lovers Ariodante and Ginevra, with the servant Dalinda impersonating Ginevra on the balcony, appears in Book V Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (published in an English translation in 1591)   The character of Benedick has a counterpart in a commentary on marriage in Orlando Furioso  But the witty wooing of Beatrice and Benedick is apparently original and very unusual in style and syncopation  Edmund Spenser tells one version of the Claudio–Hero plot in The Faerie Queene (Book II, Canto iv) 

Date and text
According to the earliest printed text, Much Ado About Nothing was "sundry times publicly acted" before 1600  The play likely debuted in the autumn or winter of 1598–99  The earliest recorded performances are two at Court in the winter of 1612–13, during festivities preceding the marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Frederick V, Elector Palatine (14 February 1613)  In 1600, the stationers Andrew Wise and William Aspley published the play in quarto  This was the only edition prior to the First Folio in 1623 

Analysis and criticism
Style
The play is predominantly written in prose  The substantial verse sections achieve a sense of decorum 

Setting
Much Ado About Nothing is set in Messina, a port city on the island of Sicily, when Sicily is ruled by Aragon  Its action takes place mainly at the home and grounds of Leonato's Estate 

Themes and motifs
Gender roles
Benedick and Beatrice quickly became the main interest of the play  They are considered the leading roles even though their relationship is given equal or lesser weight in the script than Claudio's and Hero's situation  Charles II wrote, 'Benedick and Beatrice' beside the title of the play in his copy of the Second Folio  The provocative treatment of gender is central and should be considered in its Renaissance context  This was reflected and emphasized in certain plays of the period but was also challenged  Amussen notes that the undoing of traditional gender clichés seems to have inflamed anxieties about the erosion of social order  It seems that comic drama could be a means of calming such anxieties  Ironically, the play's popularity suggests that this only increased interest in such behavior  Benedick wittily gives voice to male anxieties about women's "sharp tongues and proneness to sexual lightness"  In the play's patriarchal society, the men's loyalties are governed by conventional codes of honour, camaraderie, and a sense of superiority over women  Assumptions that women are by nature prone to inconstancy are shown in the repeated jokes about cuckoldry, and partly explain Claudio's readiness to believe the slander against Hero  This stereotype is turned on its head in Balthasar's song "Sigh No More", which presents men as the deceitful and inconstant sex that women must abide 

Infidelity
Several characters seem obsessed with the idea that a man cannot know whether his wife is faithful and that women can take full advantage of this  Don John plays upon Claudio's pride and fear of cuckoldry, leading to the disastrous first wedding  Many of the men readily believe that Hero is impure; even her father condemns her with very little evidence  This motif runs through the play, often referring to horns (a symbol of cuckoldry) 
In contrast, Balthasar's song "Sigh No More" tells women to accept men's infidelity and continue to live joyfully  Some interpretations say that Balthasar sings poorly, undercutting the message  This is supported by Benedick's cynical comments about the song, comparing it to a howling dog  In Kenneth Branagh's 1993 film, Balthasar sings it beautifully: it is given a prominent role in the opening and finale, and the women seem to embrace its message 

Deception
The play has many examples of deception and self-deception  The games and tricks played on people often have the best intentions: to make people fall in love, to help someone get what they want, or to lead someone to realize their mistake  But not all are well-meant: Don John convinces Claudio that Don Pedro wants Hero for himself, and Borachio meets 'Hero' (actually Margaret) in Hero's bedroom window  These modes of deceit play into a complementary theme of emotional manipulation, the ease with which the characters' sentiments are redirected and their propensities exploited as a means to an end  The characters' feelings for each other are played as vehicles to reach the goal of engagement rather than as an end in themselves 

Masks and mistaken identity
Characters are constantly pretending to be others or mistaken for others  Margaret is mistaken for Hero, leading to Hero's disgrace  During a masked ball (in which everyone must wear a mask), Beatrice rants about Benedick to a masked man who is actually Benedick, but she acts unaware of this  During the same celebration, Don Pedro pretends to be Claudio and courts Hero for him  After Hero is proclaimed dead, Leonato orders Claudio to marry his 'niece', who is actually Hero 

Nothing
Another motif is the play on the words nothing and noting  These were near-homophones in Shakespeare's day  Taken literally, the title implies that a great fuss ('much ado') is made of something insignificant ('nothing'), such as the unfounded claims of Hero's infidelity and that Benedick and Beatrice are in love with each other  Nothing is also a double entendre: 'an O-thing' (or 'n othing' or 'no thing') was Elizabethan slang for "vagina", derived from women having 'nothing' between their legs  The title can also be understood as Much Ado About Noting: much of the action centres on interest in others and critique of others, written messages, spying, and eavesdropping  This attention is mentioned several times directly, particularly concerning 'seeming', 'fashion', and outward impressions 
Examples of noting as noticing occur in the following instances: (1 1 131–132)

Claudio: Benedick, didst thou note the daughter of Signor Leonato?Benedick: I noted her not, but I looked on her 
and (4 1 154–157) 

Friar: Hear me a little,For I have only been silent so long
And given way unto this course of fortune
By noting of the lady 
At (3 3 102–104), Borachio indicates that a man's clothing doesn't reveal his character:

Borachio: Thou knowest that the fashion of a doublet, or a hat, or a cloak is nothing to a man 
A triple play on words in which noting signifies noticing, musical notes, and nothing, occurs at (2 3 47–52):

Don Pedro: Nay pray thee, come;Or if thou wilt hold longer argument,
Do it in notes Balthasar: Note this before my notes:
There's not a note of mine that's worth the noting Don Pedro: Why, these are very crotchets that he speaks –
Note notes, forsooth, and nothing!
Don Pedro's last line can be understood to mean 'Pay attention to your music and nothing else!' The complex layers of meaning include a pun on 'crotchets', which can mean both 'quarter notes' (in music) and whimsical notions 
The following are puns on notes as messages: (2 1 174–176),

Claudio: I pray you leave me Benedick: Ho, now you strike like the blind man – 'twas the boy that stole your meat, and you'll beat the post 
in which Benedick plays on the word post as a pole and as mail delivery in a joke reminiscent of Shakespeare's earlier advice 'Don't shoot the messenger'; and (2 3 138–142)

Claudio: Now you talk of a sheet of paper, I remember a pretty jest your daughter told us of Leonato: O, when she had writ it and was reading it over, she found Benedick and Beatrice between the sheet?
in which Leonato makes a sexual innuendo, concerning sheet as a sheet of paper (on which Beatrice's love note to Benedick is to have been written), and a bedsheet 

Performance history
The play was very popular in its early decades and continues to be one of Shakespeare's most performed plays  In a poem published in 1640, Leonard Digges wrote: "let but Beatrice / And Benedick be seen, lo in a trice / The Cockpit galleries, boxes, all are full "

After the theatres reopened during the Restoration, Sir William Davenant staged The Law Against Lovers (1662), which inserted Beatrice and Benedick into an adaptation of Measure for Measure  Another adaptation, The Universal Passion, combined Much Ado with a play by Molière (1737)  John Rich had revived Shakespeare's text at Lincoln's Inn Fields (1721)  David Garrick first played Benedick in 1748 and continued to play him until 1776 In 1836, Helena Faucit played Beatrice at the very beginning of her career at Covent Garden, opposite Charles Kemble as Benedick in his farewell performances  The great 19th-century stage team Henry Irving and Ellen Terry counted Benedick and Beatrice as their greatest triumph  John Gielgud made Benedick one of his signature roles between 1931 and 1959, playing opposite Diana Wynyard, Peggy Ashcroft, and Margaret Leighton  The longest-running Broadway production is A  J  Antoon's 1972 staging, starring Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes, and Barnard Hughes  Derek Jacobi won a Tony Award for playing Benedick in 1984  Jacobi had also played Benedick in the Royal Shakespeare Company's highly praised 1982 production, with Sinéad Cusack playing Beatrice  Director Terry Hands produced the play on a stage-length mirror against an unchanging backdrop of painted trees  In 2013, Vanessa Redgrave and James Earl Jones (then in their seventies and eighties, respectively) played Beatrice and Benedick onstage at The Old Vic, London 

Actors, theatres, and awards
c  1598: In the original production by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, William Kempe played Dogberry and Richard Cowley played Verges 
1613: Wedding festivities of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate 
1748: David Garrick played Benedick for the first time 
1836: Helena Faucit and Charles Kemble as Beatrice and Benedick, Covent Garden 
1882: Henry Irving and Ellen Terry played Benedick and Beatrice at the Lyceum Theatre 
1931: John Gielgud played Benedick for the first time at the Old Vic Theatre, and it stayed in his repertory until 1959 
1960: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" went to Margaret Leighton for her role played in Much Ado 
1965: A National Theatre production directed by Franco Zeffirelli with Maggie Smith, Robert Stephens, Ian McKellen, Lynn Redgrave, Albert Finney, Michael York and Derek Jacobi among others
1965: A Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word or Drama Recording nomination went to a recording of a National Theatre production with Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens
1973: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Featured Actor in a Play" went to Barnard Hughes as Dogberry in the New York Shakespeare Festival production 
1973: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" went to Kathleen Widdoes 
1980: Sinéad Cusack and Derek Jacobi in a Royal Shakespeare Company production directed by Terry Hands 
1983: The Evening Standard Award for the "Best Actor" went to Derek Jacobi 
1985: A Tony Award Nomination for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play" was received by Sinéad Cusack 
1985: The Tony Award for "Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play" went to Derek Jacobi as Benedick 
1987: Tandy Cronyn as Beatrice and Richard Monette as Benedick in a production at the Stratford Festival directed by Peter Moss
1989: The Evening Standard Award for "Best Actress" went to Felicity Kendal as Beatrice in Elijah Moshinsky's production at the Strand Theatre 
1994: The Laurence Olivier Award for "Best Actor" went to Mark Rylance as Benedick in Matthew Warchus' production at the Queen's Theatre 
2006: The Laurence Olivier Award for "Best Actress" was received by Tamsin Greig as Beatrice in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, directed by Marianne Elliott 
2007: Zoë Wanamaker appeared as Beatrice and Simon Russell Beale as Benedick in a National Theatre production directed by Nicholas Hytner 
2011: Eve Best appeared as Beatrice and Charles Edwards as Benedick at Shakespeare's Globe, directed by Jeremy Herrin 
2011: David Tennant as Benedick alongside Catherine Tate as Beatrice in a production of the play at the Wyndham's Theatre, directed by Josie Rourke  An authorized recording of this production is available to download and watch from Digital Theatre 
2012: Meera Syal as Beatrice and Paul Bhattacharjee as Benedick in an Indian setting, directed by Iqbal Khan for the Royal Shakespeare Company, part of the World Shakespeare Festival 
2013: Vanessa Redgrave as Beatrice and James Earl Jones as Benedick in a production at The Old Vic directed by Mark Rylance 
2013: A German-language production (Viel Lärm um Nichts), translated and directed by Marius von Mayenburg at the Schaubuhne am Lehniner Platz, Berlin 
2017: Beatriz Romilly as Beatrice and Matthew Needham as Benedick in a Mexican setting, at Shakespeare's Globe, directed by Matthew Dunster 
2018: Mel Giedroyc as Beatrice and John Hopkins as Benedick in a modern Sicilian setting, at the Rose Theatre, Kingston, directed by Simon Dormandy 
2019: Danielle Brooks as Beatrice and Grantham Coleman as Benedick with an all-Black cast set in contemporary Georgia, at The Public Theater, directed by Kenny Leon  This version was broadcast on PBS Great Performances on 22 November 2019 
2023: Maev Beaty as Beatrice and Graham Abbey as Benedick in a production at the Stratford Festival directed by Chris Abraham 

Adaptations
Music
The operas Montano et Stéphanie (1799) by Jean-Élie Bédéno Dejaure and Henri-Montan Berton, Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) by Hector Berlioz, Beaucoup de bruit pour rien (pub  1898) by Paul Puget and Much Ado About Nothing by Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (1901) are based upon the play The composer Edward MacDowell said he was inspired by Ellen Terry's portrayal of Beatrice in this play for the scherzo of his Piano Concerto No  2 Erich Wolfgang Korngold composed music for a 1917 production at the Vienna Burgtheater by Max Reinhardt In 2006 the American Music Theatre Project produced The Boys Are Coming Home, a musical adaptation by Berni Stapleton and Leslie Arden that sets Much Ado About Nothing in America during the Second World War 
The title track of the 2009 Mumford & Sons album Sigh No More uses quotes from this play in the song  The title of the album is also a quotation from the play In 2015, Billie Joe Armstrong wrote the music for a rock opera adaptation of the play, These Paper Bullets, which was written by Rolin Jones Opera McGill commissioned an operatic adaptation of the play with music by James Garner and libretto adapted by Patrick Hansen, to premiere in Montréal in the 2023/24 season 

Film
The first cinematic version in English may have been the 1913 silent film directed by Phillips Smalley Martin Hellberg's 1964 East German film Viel Lärm um nichts was based on the play  In 1973 a Soviet film adaptation was directed by Samson Samsonov, starring Galina Jovovich and Konstantin Raikin The first sound version in English released to cinemas was the highly acclaimed 1993 film by Kenneth Branagh  It starred Branagh as Benedick, Branagh's then-wife Emma Thompson as Beatrice, Denzel Washington as Don Pedro, Keanu Reeves as Don John, Richard Briers as Leonato, Michael Keaton as Dogberry, Robert Sean Leonard as Claudio, Imelda Staunton as Margaret, and Kate Beckinsale in her film debut as Hero 
The 2001 Hindi film Dil Chahta Hai is a loose adaptation of the play In 2011, Joss Whedon completed filming an adaptation, released in June 2013  The cast includes Amy Acker as Beatrice, Alexis Denisof as Benedick, Nathan Fillion as Dogberry, Clark Gregg as Leonato, Reed Diamond as Don Pedro, Fran Kranz as Claudio, Jillian Morgese as Hero, Sean Maher as Don John, Spencer Treat Clark as Borachio, Riki Lindhome as Conrade, Ashley Johnson as Margaret, Tom Lenk as Verges, and Romy Rosemont as the sexton  Whedon's adaptation is a contemporary revision with an Italian-mafia theme 
In 2012 a filmed version of the live 2011 performance at The Globe was released to cinemas and on DVD  The same year, a filmed version of the 2011 performance at Wyndham's Theatre was made available for download or streaming on the Digital Theatre website In 2015, Owen Drake created a modern movie version of the play, Messina High, starring Faye Reagan 

Television and web series
There have been several screen adaptations of Much Ado About Nothing, almost all of them made for television  An adaptation is the 1973 New York Shakespeare Festival production by Joseph Papp, shot on videotape and released on VHS and DVD, that includes more of the text than Branagh's version  It is directed by A  J  Antoon  The Papp production stars Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes, and Barnard Hughes 
The 1984 BBC Television version stars Lee Montague as Leonato, Cherie Lunghi as Beatrice, Katharine Levy as Hero, Jon Finch as Don Pedro, Robert Lindsay as Benedick, Robert Reynolds as Claudio, Gordon Whiting as Antonio and Vernon Dobtcheff as Don John  An earlier BBC television version with Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens, adapted from Franco Zeffirelli's stage production for the National Theatre Company's London stage production, was broadcast in February 1967 In 2005, the BBC adapted the story by setting it in the modern-day studios of Wessex Tonight, a fictional regional news programme, as part of the ShakespeaRe-Told season, with Damian Lewis, Sarah Parish, and Billie Piper The 2014 YouTube web series Nothing Much to Do is a modern retelling of the play, set in New Zealand In 2019, PBS recorded a live production of the Public Theater's 2019 Shakespeare in the Park production at the Delacorte Theater in New York City’s Central Park for Great Performances  The all-Black cast features Danielle Brooks and Grantham Coleman as Beatrice and Benedick, directed by Kenny Leon, with choreography by Camille A  Brown  The cast also includes Jamar Brathwaite (Ensemble), Chuck Cooper (Leonato), Javen K  Crosby (Ensemble), Denzel DeAngelo Fields (Ensemble), Jeremie Harris (Claudio), Tayler Harris (Ensemble), Erik Laray Harvey (Antonio/Verges), Kai Heath (Messenger), Daniel Croix Henderson (Balthasar), Tyrone Mitchell Henderson (Friar Francis/Sexton), Tiffany Denise Hobbs (Ursula), Lateefah Holder (Dogberry), LaWanda Hopkins (Dancer), Billy Eugene Jones (Don Pedro), Margaret Odette (Hero), Hubert Point-Du Jour (Don John), William Roberson (Ensemble), Jaime Lincoln Smith (Borachio), Jazmine Stewart (Ensemble), Khiry Walker (Conrade/Ensemble), Olivia Washington (Margaret) and Latra A  Wilson (Dancer) 

Literature
In 2016, Lily Anderson released the young adult novel The Only Thing Worse Than Me Is You, a modern adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing whose main characters, Trixie Watson and Ben West, attend a "school for geniuses" In 2017, Mckelle George released a YA adaptation, Speak Easy, Speak Love, in which the play's events take place in the 1920s, focused around a failing speakeasy In 2018, Molly Booth released a summer YA novel adaptation, Nothing Happened, in which Claudio and Hero are a homosexual couple, Claudia and Hana In 2019, Laura Wood released Under a Dancing Star, a YA modernized version set in Florence 

Citations
In his text on Jonathan Swift from 1940, Johannes V  Jensen cited Don John's line

 I am trusted with a muzzle and enfranchised with a clog; therefore I have decreed not to sing in my cage  If I had my mouth, I would bite; if I had my liberty, I would do my liking: in the meantime let me be that I am and seek not to alter me  
Jensen later explained that this was a reference to the censorship imposed after the German invasion of Denmark in 1940 

See also
Margaret (moon), a moon of Uranus, named after the character from Much Ado About Nothing
Passage 8:
It Happens Every Spring
It Happens Every Spring is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring Ray Milland, Jean Peters and Paul Douglas 

Plot
A college professor is working on a long-term scientific experiment when a baseball comes through the window, destroying all of his glassware and spilling the fluids that the flasks and test tubes contained  The pooled fluids combine to form the chemical "methylethylpropylbutyl," which then covers a large portion of the baseball  The professor soon discovers that the fluid, along with any object with which it makes contact, is repelled by wood (cf  Alexander Fleming's serendipitous discovery of penicillin) 
Suddenly, he realizes the possibilities and takes a leave of absence to go to St  Louis to pitch in the big leagues, where he becomes a star and propels his team to the World Series 

Cast
Ray Milland as Prof  Vernon K  Simpson / King Kelly (not based on the 19th-century ball player Mike "King" Kelly)
Jean Peters as Deborah Greenleaf
Paul Douglas as Monk Lanigan
Ed Begley as Edgar Stone
Ted de Corsia as Jimmy Dolan
Ray Collins as Prof  Alfred Greenleaf
Jessie Royce Landis as Mrs  Greenleaf
Alan Hale Jr  as Schmidt
William Murphy as Tommy Isbell (as Bill Murphy)

Production
Alan Hale, Jr  has a small role as a catcher on the college baseball team 
Although the home team is "St  Louis", and both St  Louis major league teams (the Cardinals and the Browns) played at Sportsman's Park at the time, the exteriors for the movie were filmed in Los Angeles' Wrigley Field, which was built to resemble Wrigley Field in Chicago 
A novelization of the film was written by Valentine Davies 

Reception
New York Times critic Bosley Crowther found the film trying, particularly Valentine Davies's "monotonous" script  He did have measured praise for Paul Douglas, however Leonard Maltin gives the film three and a half stars, calling it “a most enjoyable, unpretentious picture” 

See also
List of American films of 1949
List of baseball films



ground_truth: Denver

Denver, Colorado