prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the place of birth of who does the voice of stan on the series that Insecurity is part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of South Park cast members
South Park is an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone who also do the majority of the voices  Both Parker and Stone do most of the male characters on the show along with April Stewart and Mona Marshall, who do the female characters on the show  Guest stars have lent their voices to the show including Jay Leno, George Clooney, Jennifer Aniston, Bill Hader, Robert Smith and the comedy duo Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years  The entirety of the Nu-Metal band Korn also provided their voices and likenesses in the season three episode "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery" 
Characters in the show, according to Parker and Stone, are inspired by people they met when they were kids  Stan Marsh is made based on Parker himself while Kyle Broflovski is based on Stone himself  Eric Cartman is partially named after and based on Matt Karpman, a high school classmate of Parker who remains a friend of both Parker and Stone  Cartman is also inspired by All in the Family patriarch Archie Bunker, of whom Parker and Stone are fans  They state that creating Cartman as a "little eight-year-old fat kid" made it easier for the two to portray a Bunker-like character after the introduction of political correctness to late-20th century television  Kenny McCormick was based on the creator's observation that most groups of childhood friends in small middle-class towns always included "the one poor kid" and decided to portray Kenny in this light  Butters Stotch is loosely based on South Park co-producer Eric Stough Some of the original voice actors left the show  Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her suicide on November 11, 1999  Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003)  She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters  Isaac Hayes, who voiced the character Chef, left the show after Parker and Stone's depiction of the cult of Scientology, to which Hayes belonged, in the episode Trapped in the Closet 

Current cast
Parker and Stone voice most of the male South Park characters  Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her death on November 11, 1999  Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman in 2000, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003)  She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters  Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters  Stewart was originally credited under the name Gracie Lazar, while Schneider was sometimes credited under her rock opera performance pseudonym Blue Girl Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters; supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens, storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices the school's only black student, Tolkien Black, producer Vernon Chatman voiced an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie, and supervising producer John Hansen voices Mr  Slave, the former gay lover of Mr  Garrison  Series developer Eric Stough also voices Kenny McCormick "un-muffled," in the few episodes where the character does not wear his trademark parka that normally muffles his voice  Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection  The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader Isaac Hayes voiced the character of Chef, a black, soul-singing cafeteria worker who was one of the few adults the boys consistently trusted  Hayes agreed to voice the character after being among Parker and Stone's ideal candidates which also included Lou Rawls and Barry White  Hayes, who lived and hosted a radio show in New York during his tenure with South Park, would record his dialogue on a digital audio tape while a respective episode's director would give directions over the phone, then the tape would be shipped to the show's production studio in California  After Hayes left the show in early 2006, the character of Chef was killed off in the season 10 (2006) premiere "The Return of Chef" 

Guest stars
Celebrities who appear on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities lend their voice to their characters  Celebrities who have voiced themselves include Michael Buffer, Brent Musburger, Jay Leno, Robert Smith, and the bands Radiohead and Korn 
Comedy team Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years  Malcolm McDowell appears in live-action sequences as the narrator of the season four episode "Pip" Jennifer Aniston, Richard Belzer,Natasha Henstridge, Norman Lear, and Peter Serafinowicz have guest starred as other speaking characters  During South Park's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show  As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one (1997) episode "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride", Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut", and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two (1998) episode "City on the Edge of Forever"  Jerry Seinfeld offered to lend his voice for the Thanksgiving episode "Starvin' Marvin", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as "Turkey #4" 

Trey Parker
Trey Parker voices four of the main characters: Stan Marsh, Eric Cartman, Randy Marsh and Mr  Garrison  He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Clyde Donovan, Mr  Hankey, Mr  Mackey, Stephen Stotch, Jimmy Valmer, Timmy Burch, Tuong Lu Kim and Phillip 

Matt Stone
Matt Stone voices three of the main characters: Kyle Broflovski, Kenny McCormick and Butters Stotch  He also provides the voices of several recurring characters, such as Gerald Broflovski, Stuart McCormick, Craig Tucker, Jimbo Kern, Terrance, Saddam Hussein, Tweek Tweak, Mr  Adler and Jesus 

Mona Marshall
Mona Marshall voices Sheila Broflovski and Linda Stotch 

April Stewart
April Stewart voices Liane Cartman, Sharon Marsh, Carol McCormick, Shelly Marsh, Mayor McDaniels, Principal Victoria and Wendy Testaburger 

List
Recurring guest voices
The recurring guest voices include John Hansen, Vernon Chatman, Adrien Beard and Jennifer Howell 

Casting changes
Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her death on November 11, 1999  Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman in 2000, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003)  She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters  Isaac Hayes, who voiced the character Chef, left the show after Parker and Stone's depiction of his religion Scientology in the episode "Trapped in the Closet" 

Due to the unusually small cast (majority of characters voiced by Parker and Stone) only Bergman, Schneider, and Hayes have left the cast as aforementioned in 1999, 2003, and 2008 respectively 
Passage 2:
Line Describing a Cone
Line Describing a Cone is an avant-garde film produced in 1973 by artist Anthony McCall as part of his "solid light" film series  McCall's reduction of film to the essential properties of the medium resembles the work of other radical artists of his time, and has inspired various projects by artists such as Stan Douglas, Richard Serra, and Gordon Matta-Clark 

Description
The idea for Line Describing a Cone came to McCall on his voyage from London to New York, where he produced the film in 1973  Though he had already created a number of other 16mm films, Line allowed him to actualize his ideas on the relationship between viewer and film and the medium of film itself  The thirty-minute film begins with a single white dot projected onto a black surface  As time progresses, the dot begins to form a curved line, tracing the circumference of a circle until the end of the line reaches its starting point  Meanwhile, particles in the air reveal the path of light in the space between the projector and the wall, making visible a cone of light  If the artist's display specifications are met, this beam of light projects between thirty and fifty feet  The circle that is projected onto the surface sits approximately twelve inches above the ground, and its diameter spans seven to nine feet  The exhibition space lacks seating, inviting the viewer to interact with the ray of light beaming from the projector to the screen  When multiple spectators view the piece together, these encounters with the light, at once an interruption and component of the piece, become an interaction with other audience members 

Exhibition
Exhibition of Line has changed since its first displays  Following the rules of cinema, early screenings occurred at a specific time and place  Audiences had to arrive at the beginning of the film, typically hosted in New York lofts, and follow it through its conclusion  The dust and cigarette smoke that were common in these displays created the cone of light mentioned previously  When the film moved into art institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art, dust and smoke were replaced with fog machines  Moreover, these institutions played the film on a loop, allowing viewers to enter and leave the screening as they pleased In addition to the changes that have already occurred in the display of Line over time, changes in technology and media rouse concern for the long-term fate of the piece  Apart from the change in materials that make the cone visible, from cigarette smoke to artificial fog, the impending obsolescence of 16mm film may require the piece to be transferred to a digital projector 

Relation to film and sculpture
Line Describing a Cone reflects McCall's interests in film and sculpture  Line addresses the medium of film by removing the narrative demands and addressing the specific properties of the medium itself such as projection, frames, and light  Moreover, by emphasizing the physical space between the projector and screen McCall calls attention to the sculptural dimensions of projection  In his artists's statement written to judges of the Fifth International Experimental Film Competition, McCall writes:

 It deals with the projected light beam itself, rather than treating the light beam as a mere carrier of coded information, which is decoded when it strikes a flat surface… Line Describing a Cone deals with one of the irreducible, necessary conditions of film: projected light  It deals with this phenomenon directly, independently of any other consideration  It is the first film to exist in real, three-dimensional space 
McCall's manipulation of film has placed the piece within the art world as well as the world of avant-garde film 
Passage 3:
A Piñata Named Desire
"A Piñata Named Desire" is the eleventh episode of the seventh season of the animated comedy series American Dad!   It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 13, 2011  This episode mainly centers on Roger and Stan, who begin to experience tensions growing against each other for the dominant figure in the house  Roger becomes tired of Stan's stance as the authoritarian figure of the house, and he challenges Stan's leadership qualities  Stan insists that he is better than Roger at everything, and he tells him that he has a mission that involves acting  Unknown to Stan, Roger spies on him, only to find out that Stan is a terrible actor  Roger later boasts to the house that he is a better actor than Stan, but he eventually teaches him to improve his acting skills  Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to throw their last slumber party together 
This episode was written by Chris and Matt McKenna and directed by Bob Bowen, with Jacob Hair as the assistant director  It received highly positive reviews from television critics and fans alike upon its initial airing  The episode was viewed by over 3 94 million viewers upon its initial airing, and it garnered a 1 9 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to the Nielson ratings  It featured guest appearances from Lucy Lawless and Terry Crews, as well as several recurring voice actors and actresses for the show 

Plot
Roger auditions for a new play entitled "Piñata Man" and begins boasting about his acting ability, infuriating Stan   Stan insists that he's a better actor and is still the "top dog" in the house   Francine gets frustrated with their constant fighting while Hayley attributes it to sexual tension and says they should just have sex already and get over it   Roger, disbelieving the story, follows Stan to work and sees that he is indeed acting as a waiter in a CIA sting   However, he finds that Stan is a terrible actor, unable to even offer water to the patrons convincingly and causing the sting to turn sour, resulting in the deaths of several agents   Back home, Roger taunts Stan over his failure and Stan finally admits that he can't act  Stan asks Roger for help, and Roger refers him to acting coach Irwin Beyer Jr  (who, as Stan correctly predicts, is another of Roger's personas )  Stan shows progress by acting out a scene from WarGames by relating it to his acting inability, but refuses to perform the love scene with Roger as the "leading lady"   At the casting call for "Piñata Man", the title role goes to Stan, who reveals that he took the acting lessons so he could steal the role right out from under Roger and reassert his dominance 
On Opening Night, Roger injures the leading lady and her understudy so he can claim the role as an actress named Cleshawn Montague and show up Stan  The performance devolves into the pair desperately trying to outdo one another, including damaging the set and turning a scene into an impromptu battle rap   When they come to the love scene, Roger is confident that Stan won't be able to kiss him, but Stan gets over his disgust and does so; this leads to another battle of one-upmanship as they perform increasingly raunchy sexual acts until finally they're both arrested for public indecency for simulating sexual intercourse on stage  In the police car, Stan and Roger have become friends again, complimenting each other's acting talent, much to the confusion of Francine and with Hayley reaffirming what she said at the start of the episode 
Meanwhile, Steve and his friends plan to have a slumber party together  Vince Chung and the rest of the school students overhear and make fun of them, and Steve's friends think that they are too old to have a slumber party  Steve later suggests that this be the last sleepover that he and his friends will ever have  At a local pizzeria, Steve and his friends get into an argument over details, including a moment where Toshi tells Snot to "eat his bowls" after he screams at him to learn English  In the end, they hold a sleepover at Steve's treehouse, being reunited with the alleged fifth member of the group who had moved away years ago  Steve suspects he is a stranger who overheard them in the pizzeria, but they let him participate anyway 

Production
"A Piñata Named Desire" was written by series regulars Chris and Matt McKenna, in their second episode of the season  This would be the first episode that both writers would write since the season six episode "Fart-break Hotel"  This episode was directed by series regular Bob Bowen, with Jacob Hair as the assistant director  This would be the third time Bowen has directed an episode for the season, having also directed season six episode "For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls" and "White Rice"  Seth MacFarlane, the creator and executive producer of American Dad!, as well as its sister shows Family Guy and The Cleveland Show, served as the executive producer for the episode, along with series veterans Mike Barker, Rick Wiener, Matt Weitzman, and Kenny Schwartz  Diana Retchey was the animation producer for the episode, in her seventh episode of the season  She has also been the animation producers for many Cartoon Network shows, such as Johnny Bravo and Samurai Jack  Amanda Bell served as the production manager, while Michael Wittenberg would serve as the post-production supervisor for the episode  This would be Bell's eighth episode of the season where she served as the production manager, while this would be Wittenberg's ninth episode of the season as the post-production supervisor This episode featured a guest appearance from Lucy Lawless, who provided the voice for Stacy  Recurring voice actors Curtis Armstrong, Daisuke Suzuki and Eddie Kaye Thomas guest starred as Steve's friends in the episode  Armstrong previously reprised his role in "Stan's Food Restaurant", while Suzuki and Thomas reprised their roles in "Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls" 

Reception
"A Piñata Named Desire" was broadcast on February 13, 2011 as part of the animation television night on Fox  The show started off the line up, the third consecutive week that American Dad started off Fox's "Animation Domination" block  It was followed by The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, and its sister shows Family Guy and The Cleveland Show  It was viewed by 3 94 million viewers upon its original airing, despite airing simultaneously with Dateline NBC, 60 Minutes on CBS, and America's Funniest Home Videos on ABC  It achieved a 1 9 rating in the 18-49 demographic, the lowest rating of the line up  The episode's total viewership and ratings were significantly down from the previous episode, "Stanny Boy and Frantastic", which was viewed by 4 80 million viewers upon its initial airing, and garnered a 2 2 rating in the 18-49 demographic "A Piñata Named Desire" was met with highly positive reception by television critics and fans alike upon its initial release  Rowan Kaiser of The A V  Club gave the episode a very positive review, saying the show "is back in fine form tonight, something notable from the start when they bypass a full credit sequence in favor of a simple title card " Kaiser highly praised the main plot, calling the interaction between Stan and Roger "fantastic throughout " However, he wrote a mixed review about the secondary plot of the episode, suggesting that Steve's idea to plan a "sleepover to end all sleepovers" with his friends is "a pretty typical sitcom plot for adolescents"  Furthermore, "American Dad adds nothing new except more self-blowjob-attempt jokes  It's not terrible, and if nothing else, it highlights just how good the Roger/Stan [   ] storyline is  Despite his criticisms, he rated the episode an A−, the highest grade of the night, scoring higher than The Simpsons episode "The Blue and the Gray", the Bob's Burgers episode "Sexy Dance Fighting", the Family Guy episode "Friends of Peter G , and The Cleveland Show episode "A Short Story and a Tall Tale"  Jason Hughes of TV Squad also gave the episode a positive review, calling it "funny"  He praised the main plot, find it hilarious when "seeing Stan completely screw up a mission because he's not as good at acting as Roger is " As for Roger's acting in the episode, he says "it should have been obvious that he's a natural," especially when "he even has boobs when he plays women "
Passage 4:
Gamla stan metro station
Gamla stan is a station on the Green and Red lines of the Stockholm metro  It is located on the western side of the Gamla stan (Old town) district of central Stockholm, and is at ground level, although partly under the Centralbron bridge that carries road and mainline rail across the waterways that define the centre of the city  The same waterways are responsible for the ground level location of the station, unusual for a city centre metro station, as the lines cross between the  islands of Stadsholmen and Södermalm by a bridge immediately south of the station The station has two island platforms between four parallel through tracks, with the western platform for trains to the north and the eastern one for trains to the south  Red line trains use the inner pair of tracks and Green line the outer tracks  The platforms are accessed from a ticket hall located under the tracks and platforms  The ticket hall can be reached from Mälartorget, Munkbroleden or Munkbrohamnen The station site was previously occupied by the Köttorgshallen and Munkbrohallen markets, which were demolished to make way for the metro  The station was opened on 24 November 1957 as part of the Green line connection between Slussen and Hötorget which connected the previously disconnected southern and western sections of that line  On 5 April 1964, the first stretch of the Red line, between T-Centralen and Fruängen, was opened As part of Art in the Stockholm metro project, in 1998 the station received medieval weaving patterns, weather sun motifs and cement mosaic-patterned floors by Göran Dahl, as well as fencing with weaving patterns between the tracks by Britta Carlström 

Gallery
Passage 5:
Dian Bachar
Dian Bachar (; born October 26, 1970) is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as Cannibal! The Musical (George Noon), Orgazmo (Ben Chapleski) and his most famous role as Kenny "Squeak" Scolari in 1998's BASEketball, as well as making the occasional appearance on South Park 

Career
Dian Bachar attended Chatfield Senior High School  Bachar then received his BFA in Film Production at the University of Colorado at Boulder where he met Matt Stone and Trey Parker  From there, he went on to star in the student film, Cannibal! The Musical, for internship credit  Bachar also co-starred with Parker in Orgazmo, playing the eponymous character's sidekick "Choda Boy", and played multiple parts in Parker and Stone's short-lived series Time Warped 
Bachar shared an apartment with Parker and Stone up until 1997  When BASEketball was in the works, Parker asked David Zucker to change the script to allow for three players on each team (it was supposed to be just two to a team) to allow for Bachar to have a part in the movie In 1998, Bachar won a Leonardo da Vinci Award from the Beaux Arts Society, Inc  in the category of Actor, Debut Performance (Film) for his role in BASEketball  and an award for Best Actor in the 2012 short film Coaching Me Softly at the 48-Hour Film Project Most recently, Bachar starred in the horror feature The Murders of Brandywine Theater and the western drama short film Homestead   He is the co-owner of Bonobo Mountain Films with partner Carrie Rapaport 

South Park appearances
Due to his friendship with creators Parker and Stone, Bachar had provided several guest voices on their animated series South Park 

"Cow Days" - voicing the game show announcer 
"Merry Christmas Charlie Manson!" - voicing the fake Mr  Hankey 
"Do the Handicapped Go to Hell?" - voicing Satan's lover Chris 
"Probably" - again voicing Satan's lover, Chris 

Short films
Bachar and fellow actor Sam Macaroni are the leads in both of the internet series Roommates: The Series and Dimwits 

Music videos
Bachar appears in The Melvins "The Talking Horse" music video, and starred in and directed the music video "Rock Hard Soul" for the Chicago-based band, JIP 

Filmography
Passage 6:
Jamieson Price
Jamieson K  Price is an American actor, best known for his deep and booming voice in numerous anime and video games  He is known as the voice of the Count of Monte Cristo in Gankutsuou, Sojiro Sakura in Persona 5, Ovan in  hack//G U , and Galbalan, and Milton Grimm from Ever After High  Price also had a part in the 2000 movie The Patriot 

Biography
Price became interested in acting as a young child, starting from when he was in the fourth grade and later did theatre performances even during his adolescent and young adult years  In high school, Price got involved with dramatic interpretations-(focusing on poetry and prose reading) as well as voice competitions in his teens and became Virginia State Champion in his senior year of high school which later lead him to get into acting and voice acting by a close friend of his during the late 90s after graduate school  He eventually got a job in the voice acting business by Dorothy Fahn who is a friend of his wife Bethany who was very interested in his deep voice; aside from acting/voice acting, he has also done work for fight choreography as well as a theatrical technician 

Personal life
Price has been married to his wife Bethany Price since December 31, 1993, who works as a director, audition/stage coach, and an acting instructor  He has three children-(2 daughters and 1 son); Dane-(an actor and musician), Cynthia-(an actress and dancer), and Meghan-(a chiropractor)  Jamieson Price is also involved with a few podcasts, one of them being Crypto-Z 

Filmography
Anime
Animation
Films
Video games
Live action
Passage 7:
Arnaud Joyet
Arnaud Joyet (born 3 April 1974) is a French singer, musician, comedian and theatre director  He plays Stan in the series Hero Corp 
Passage 8:
Insecurity (South Park)
"Insecurity" is the tenth episode of the sixteenth season of the American animated sitcom South Park, and the 233rd episode of the series overall  It aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 10, 2012 The story concerns Kyle Broflovski's belief that his mother is having an affair with a UPS delivery man  When public suspicion falls upon the delivery man, package delivery to the neighborhood is threatened, and Eric Cartman purchases a home security system in response  The episode parodies security alarm systems, and also contains references to Amazon com and the film The Dark Knight Rises  Multiple characters, including Cartman himself, impersonate the fictional villain Bane 

Plot
Gerald Broflovski dresses up as a UPS delivery man in order to engage in sexual roleplay with his wife, Sheila  Their three-year-old son, Ike, sees this and is convinced that his mother is having an affair with a real delivery man  He draws a picture of what he saw, and tearfully shows his older brother Kyle  When Kyle confides this to the other boys at Stan Marsh's house, Stan’s father Randy Marsh overhears them, and informs the other men in town of this  Soon, all the children and men in South Park, led by Randy, are under the impression that UPS delivery men are sleeping with their wives and mothers  Around this time, Eric Cartman decides to have a home security system installed to protect his mother  However, he accidentally triggers the device and becomes infuriated with the company's nonchalant reaction 
The old mechanic at Skeeter's Bar convinces the men that the convenience of ordering products online has brought this situation upon them, relating the UPS delivery men to milk men of the 20th century  He recounts how back in his day, men got lazy and wanted to have milk delivered to their doorstep  Little did they know that the milkman delivering the milk would sleep with their wives  He says that history is now repeating itself with Amazon, with women receiving products from the e-commerce giant that they do not remember ordering  Randy then observes this phenomenon with his wife Sharon, and then finds Ike's drawing in Stan's room  Convinced that Thad, the UPS delivery man is sleeping with their wives, Randy and the men ask the old mechanic for advice  At first he states that there is no getting rid of the delivery man, not in any way they are "prepared for", but suggests they let him keep sleeping with their wives until he gets tired  Stephen, however, states that it is not just their wives anymore, believing that the UPS man is now going after the men too, as he just received a product that he does not remember ordering  The old mechanic tells them the only way to solve the problem is to kill the delivery man and resolve to return to purchase products in brick and mortar stores, stating that his generation did the same with milkmen 
The men each don Bane-type masks, severely beat up Thad, and leave Ike's drawing on him to indicate that they know what he did  When the deliveries continue, the men decide to install the Wolf Home Security personal alarm system, named "INSecurity", which is physically installed inside the user and triggered whenever the user feels insecure  This leads to rampant false alarms caused by the men's insecurities  Kyle attempts to address the issue of his mother's "affair" by having his parents sit down with the UPS delivery man  However, after Thad's UPS truck is destroyed by a bomb, he retreats deeper into the Broflovski's home before jumping out of a second-story window to his death  The men tell the police that Thad killed himself because he was a psychopath who had been forced to have sex with his mother  They purportedly illustrate this by showing the police Ike's drawing, which they say they found in the man's pocket  When the police find a UPS uniform in the Broflovski's closet, Kyle and the men realize that Gerald was the UPS man that Ike saw 
When the men inform the old mechanic that he was wrong about the trappings of modern convenience and merely need to be secure with themselves, the old man suggests that the security salesmen are having sex with their wives  As a result, Cartman and the men, again disguised as Bane, confront the security technician  The episode ends with him dragged out of his truck in shock after Cartman tells him that he should have "respected [Cartman's] authoritah" 

Production
"Insecurity" was developed from an idea created during meetings for the show's 2014 video game, South Park: The Stick of Truth  Parker and Stone and the team at South Park Studios had spent the summer prior to their fall run working on the video game, and one idea that came up was a character having to get into people's homes, and past their security systems  The idea got the team discussing in-home security systems, which Parker views as a "big scam" due to the rarity of the system alarming for a real emergency  Parker and Stone spoke to a close friend who is a policeman, who confirmed that they received false alarms "all the time " The United States Department of Justice estimates that between 94% and 98% of all alarm calls to law enforcement are indeed false alarms Several scenes were completed before the run began, with "Insecurity" set as the season premiere  Scenes scripted at this time included Cartman's dialogue back-and-forth with the security company employees, regarding his password  The storyline was still incomplete when its broadcast date neared, so they decided to wait on it for later in the season  At one point, they considered splitting the episode into a two-parter, between Cartman's battle with the security companies and the plot line regarding the postman  They decided to keep it one episode when they scripted scenes with the old man in Skeeter's Bar, feeling as though his dialogue connected the two stories enough Parker remarked that the episode was inspired by his own life, when he had ordered items from Amazon com, only to forget what it is when it arrives  Likening the surprise to Christmas morning, he noted in the episode's DVD commentary he has a tendency to order random items when South Park episodes are near completion: "I [order items] the most on Tuesday nights, when we're approving animation like crazy, it's like three in the morning, I'll just get on the computer and start ordering shit from Amazon […] just to make Thursday [its arrival date] like Christmas "

Cultural references
The episode references Bane, a character within the Batman universe, specifically, his depiction by actor Tom Hardy in  the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises  It also references UPS and Amazon com 

Reception
Ryan McGee of The A V  Club gave the episode a B, writing that the episode "did its best to link up the fear of cuckoldry with the fear of home invasion, but the results themselves were mixed " Max Nicholson of IGN called the episode an "admirable entry" for the season, though noting "While the plot here was clearly framed around recycling these two jokes over and over, they were both strong enough to carry out the 22 minutes in full "
Passage 9:
Stephen Russell
Stephen L  Russell is an American actor, playwright, and theater director  He is best known for his video game voice roles as Garrett in the Thief series, Corvo Attano in Dishonored 2, and various characters in Skyrim and the Fallout series 

Career
Russell appeared onstage in Huntington's The Last Hurrah  Other stage credits include The Life of Galileo (Underground Railway Theater), The Bottom of the Lake (Tir Na Theatre), Daughter of Venus (Boston Playwrights' Theatre), A Pinter Duet, A House With No Walls, White People (New Repertory Theatre), And Then There Were None, A Prayer for Owen Meany (Stoneham Theatre), Talley's Folly (The Lyric Stage Company of Boston), and more than two dozen productions with the Wellfleet Harbor Actors' Theatre (WHAT), including The Beauty Queen of Leenane and the Eliott Norton Award-winning production of A New War  He is the author of 13 plays for young audiences and won the 2009 WHAT Award for Sustained Artistic Excellence Russell made his debut film appearances as Bob in the 2007 film Noëlle and in 2008 appeared as Luther Norris in the film Chatham  In 2009, he played a minor role in the film The Ghosts of Girlfriends Past  In addition to voicing Garrett in the Thief video game series, he voiced Garrett's chief antagonist Karras in Thief II: The Metal Age, as well as many of the supporting characters in the series  He contributed the voice of the starship Von Braun's central computer XERXES and William Bedford Diego in System Shock 2  He also provided the voices of Andy, Mr  Buckingham, The Great One, Wadsworth, Sergeant RL-3, Cerberus, Enclave Scientists, an Enclave Soldier, and every Mr  Handy in Fallout 3, Fallout 4, and Fallout 76  The 2011 game Skyrim features Russell voicing a range of characters, including Barbas the talking dog, Daedric Prince Clavicus Vile, Belethor, and Thieves Guild leader Mercer Frey  In the 2015 game Fallout 4, he voices Codsworth and the android detective Nick Valentine  He provided the voice for Lord Protector Corvo Attano in the 2016 video game Dishonored 2 
Russell did not return to the Thief franchise for the 2014 reboot because it utilized motion-capture acting, which required the voice actors to physically portray the characters and perform their own stunts  Eidos-Montréal announced that Russell had been replaced by Romano Orzari for the role of Garrett in the series, and explained their decision: "The actor playing Garrett needed to be able to perform his own stunts  Garrett's a really athletic guy  We could have pasted Stephen's voice on top of the actions and stunts of someone else, but this wouldn't appear natural " The decision upset some fans of the series, who initiated an online petition requesting Eidos-Montréal to bring back Russell as lead voice actor 

Personal life
He is a vegetarian  He has a son named Peter, who is an actor and musician, and a daughter named Robin, who is a voice actress 

Selected voice credits
Passage 10:
Chef (South Park)
Jerome Nigel McElroy, often referred to as "The Chef" or simply "Chef", is a recurring fictional character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes  A cafeteria worker at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more intelligent than the other adult residents of the town, and understanding to the children  His advice is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists—Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick—as he is the only adult they completely trust  Chef frequently gives completely honest advice without considering whether it is appropriate for children, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song 
Chef was inspired by Hayes and other popular soul singers of the 1970s, as well as an actual dining hall worker encountered by series co-creator Trey Parker while he attended the University of Colorado  Chef played a less prominent role as the series progressed beyond its earlier seasons, and the character was retired at the beginning of the tenth season in "The Return of Chef" following the controversial departure of Hayes 

Character
In tradition with the show's animation style, Chef is composed of simple geometrical shapes, and is animated with use of a computer, though he is given the impression of being a construction paper cutout composition animated through the use of stop motion, which was the technique used to animate the "Spirit of Christmas" shorts and the show's first episode  Chef is an overweight black American with a beard who usually wears blue pants and a red shirt  He frequently dons a traditional chef's hat and white apron on which the word "CHEF" is printed in black, even when not at work 
Until Token Black and his family were given a more notable role starting in the show's fourth season, Chef was portrayed as the only black resident in all of South Park  Parker and co-creator Matt Stone initially planned to have one of themselves voice the character, fearing that their ideal candidates of Hayes (Lou Rawls and Barry White) would never agree to voice the character because the duo had admittedly and purposefully created him as a "stereotype" to reflect what they felt was the perception most inhabitants of less-diverse mountainous Colorado towns had of black people  However, Hayes agreed to voice the character due in part to the audacity of some of the show's early scripts  Chef (usually affectionately) referred to most people in town with the pejorative "crackers", including the children 
Chef, after abandoning his musical aspirations, moved to South Park with plans to open his own restaurant  Before this, he had befriended several famous recording artists in the music industry, including Elton John and Meat Loaf, helping them to launch their successful careers  Despite failing at yet another dream, Chef made his way onto the South Park City Council, representing Public Safety  In addition to dispensing wisdom to the children and a few of the adult townsfolk, Chef speaks out against what he feels are outrageous ideas  For example, he opposes the rampant prescription of Ritalin in the episode "Timmy 2000", and he objects to the town's acceptance of Mr  Garrison committing purposefully flamboyant sadomasochistic acts in front of schoolchildren in "The Death Camp of Tolerance"  In "Chef Goes Nanners", he briefly converts to Islam and adopted the name "Abdul Mohammed Jabar Rauf Kareem Ali" when he demanded that South Park change its official flag because it depicted the town's racist past  On several other occasions, Chef helped save South Park (and in a few other instances, the entire world) from potential disasters Chef is also known for frequently engaging in casual sex, a habit he often expresses through song  He drives a 1980s woodie station wagon with a vanity plate that reads "LUV CHEF"  He is often seen accompanied by numerous young women when at home or on vacation, and is even revealed to have had a one-night stand with Kathie Lee Gifford  He once resorted to male prostitution in an effort to raise money to pay legal fees, and had sex with nearly every woman in South Park before having to stop due to exhaustion  In "The Succubus", Chef briefly becomes an office worker and took up monogamy after meeting a woman named Veronica  The two were engaged to be married until it was revealed that Veronica was actually a succubus  In the South Park video game, the children can seek Chef's advice at one of the many buildings labelled "Chef's Shack O' Love", which is implied to be a brothel, complete with a naked woman in Chef's bed 
Chef's parents, Nellie and Thomas McElroy, live in Scotland  The couple have made two major appearances in the episodes "The Succubus" and "The Biggest Douche in the Universe", and made a brief cameo in a town Christmas celebration in "Red Sleigh Down"  They were not seen at Chef's funeral in "The Return of Chef" 
Chef is known to have run a quiz show called Chef's Luv Shack, as is apparent in the video game of the same name 

Relationship with the children
Chef endearingly calls the boys "the children" or just "children" (even when addressing one individually), and, unless he is preoccupied with a female companion, is usually willing to assist them with whatever help they need  Chef is consistently the only adult in town whom the boys held in high regard, and they view him as their friend  They are also visibly saddened if his presence in their lives is threatened  In addition to being fans of his food (especially his trademark Salisbury steak), the boys often heartily anticipate encountering Chef when waiting in the school lunch line, so that they can explain whatever dilemma is affecting them, usually after their traditional greeting:

Chef: Hello there, children!The boys [in unison]: Hey Chef!Chef: How's it goin'?The boys [one or in unison]: Bad Chef: Why "bad"?

The boys sometimes take it upon themselves to travel to Chef's house individually to seek his guidance on all manners of their problems, specifically relationships  Chef usually gives advice in the form of a soul song, which usually winds up being about sex, whether or not sex was relevant to the topic at hand  Hearing the songs would often leave the boys even more confused and with no further understanding of what they initially inquire about  In earlier seasons, Chef is often approached by the children when they are unfamiliar with a term that pertains to adult matters, such as "lesbian" or "prostitute"  This happens so often that it eventually angers Chef, who pleads with them to stop asking questions he feels are not appropriate for him to answer  Despite this, the children continue asking Chef these questions, much to his chagrin  An absent-minded Chef sometimes answers anyway, not realizing his lapse until the damage had been done  Chef acknowledges that doing this had repeatedly gotten him in trouble with his boss, Principal Victoria 

Music
In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children, Chef also sings about things relevant to what has transpired in the plot  These songs were original compositions written by Parker, and performed by Hayes in the same sexually suggestive R&B style he had utilized during his own music career  Within the show, Chef is the original composer of these songs, including "Stinky Britches", which was depicted as having been covered by Alanis Morissette without proper credit to Chef  When Chef is left with legal debt after losing a court case to have himself credited as the song's original writer, several bands and artists (guest starring as themselves) hold a concert dubbed "Chef Aid", a parody of Live Aid, to raise the funds  The episode inspired a real-life album, Chef Aid: The South Park Album, which featured guest stars from the episode such as Elton John and Ozzy Osbourne  The album includes many of the full-length versions of the songs Chef had performed in the show's first two seasons; "Chocolate Salty Balls" was released as a single, and reached #1 in both the record charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom  As the series progressed and Chef's role became more intermittent, his spontaneous outbursts into song became less of a show standard 
Parker and Stone originally planned to have Chef sing a song in every single episode but abandoned the idea after finding it too challenging and fearing writing too many songs would make them less funny, similar to their rationale for dispensing with Kenny's episodic deaths 

Departure of Isaac Hayes
On January 4, 2006, Hayes defended South Park's style of controversial humor to The A V  Club and XM's Opie and Anthony show, going so far as to note that although he was not pleased with the show's depiction of the Church of Scientology, of which he was a member, he "understood what Matt and Trey are doing " However, on March 13, 2006, nearly two months after suffering a stroke, Hayes was reported to have quit South Park over objections to the show's attitudes toward and depiction of various religions, claiming that the show had crossed the line from satire into intolerance 
Despite the content of the official press release, there remains considerable speculation about the motivations behind his departure  Parker and Stone assert that he quit due to the controversial episode "Trapped in the Closet", and its treatment of Scientology  Stone commented in a manner that suggested that Hayes practiced a double standard regarding the treatment of religion on South Park: "[We] never heard a peep out of Isaac in any way until we [lampooned] Scientology  He wants a different standard for religions other than his own, and to me, that is where intolerance and bigotry begin " Fox News reporter Roger Friedman suggested that, because he was still suffering from the effects of his stroke, Hayes was hospitalized and not in a position to make a rational decision to leave the show  Friedman also reported that Hayes left the show because of the external pressure forced by his fellow Scientologists, the decision was not voluntary, and the original press release announcing his departure was put out by someone who was not authorized to represent him  In a 2016 oral history of South Park in The Hollywood Reporter, Hayes' son Isaac Hayes III confirmed that the decision to leave the show was made by Hayes' entourage while Hayes was unable to make such decisions on his own 

Retirement
Nine days after Hayes's departure from production, the controversy was satirized in the show's Season 10 premiere "The Return of Chef"  For the episode, voice clips of Chef were taken from previous episodes and linked together to form new dialogue to support the plot, which involves Chef's leaving South Park to join the "Super Adventure Club", which eventually brainwashes Chef until he had the mindset of a child molester  The organization combines outdoor activities with child molestation, an act they perceive as justified because of their beliefs 
After the boys restore Chef to his original mindset, but are unable to convince him to come back to South Park, a rope bridge Chef is walking across is struck by lightning  He falls to a violent death, culminating with his mutilation at the hands of a grizzly bear and a mountain lion and finally discharged fecal matter (a reference to the episode "Something Wall-Mart This Way Comes", in which Cartman claims that the relaxation of the bowel muscles confirms that a person is really dead) South Park holds a memorial service for him (Canadian comedians Terrance and Phillip even attend, despite having never met the man themselves), in which Kyle gives a eulogy stating, "We shouldn't be mad at Chef for leaving us, we should be mad at that fruity little club for scrambling his brains", a deliberate parallel with Hayes' departure from the show in favor of Scientology Mimicking a scene from the finale of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Chef's body is secretly collected by the Super Adventure Club, who managed to revive him as a cyborg — identified on the show's official website as "Darth Chef" (a parody of Star Wars' Darth Vader)  He is fitted with a suit and mask like those of Vader, except with the helmet taking on the appearance of Chef's trademark hat, and wields a red, glowing spatula, parodying Vader's red lightsaber  Darth Chef's voice was provided by British comedian and filmmaker Peter Serafinowicz, who voiced Darth Maul in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace  Darth Chef has not made an appearance in subsequent episodes, but has appeared with other characters in the background of the South Park opening sequence, and is mentioned in the episode "Stunning and Brave", when PC Principal says the kids drove him to kill himself, which is not true Chef is alluded to after his death in the season 10 episode "Hell on Earth 2006" where, during Satan's party, there are multiple scenes in which a Caucasian male dressed as Chef can be seen in the background  He is also referenced in the season 14 episode "Crème Fraiche" when Randy becomes the new chef at school and greets the kids with Chef's trademark lines  Chef's death is also indirectly mentioned in the season 19 episode "Stunning and Brave" when PC Principal talks about all the things he finds offensive (incorrectly assuming that Chef's death was a suicide, before giving Butters detention for correcting him)  Isaac Hayes himself died on August 10, 2008, two years after his departure from South Park  On November 4, 2008, the film Return to Sleepaway Camp was released in the United States; filmed in 2003, the film features Hayes in a cameo as a live-action version of Chef, referred to once as Charlie but portrayed/credited as South Park's "The Chef" 
Chef makes an appearance in the 2014 video game South Park: The Stick of Truth as the reanimated Nazi Zombie penultimate boss later in the game  Once again, voice clips of Isaac Hayes as Chef are recycled from past episodes with the exception of recorded speech clips from Adolf Hitler  During his battle with the player and the other boys, Chef will express remorse by saying things like "I'm sorry, boys" and "what have I done?" While there were vague references to the Super Adventure Club and his death, there were no references to the Darth Chef suit  After being defeated, Chef regains control over his mind and tries to tell the boys, but he is then killed by Clyde and the New Kid In a sketch from the Robot Chicken episode "Boogie Bardstown in: No Need, I Have Coupons", Chef is a contestant on MasterChef Celebrity Showdown, where he has to cook with the thing he fears most: thetans 
Passage 11:
Buzz Lightyear
Buzz Lightyear is one of the main characters in Disney/Pixar's Toy Story franchise, voiced by Tim Allen  He is a superhero toy action figure based on the in-universe media franchise consisting of a blockbuster feature film and animated series, Space Ranger  In the Disney/Pixar Toy Story franchise, Buzz wears a green, purple, and white space suit  Buzz Lightyear is a recurring character in all of the Toy Story franchise's animated films, including spin-offs  Notably, Woody serves as the main protagonist throughout the four films in the series, while Buzz remains an important character  In Toy Story (1995), unlike most other toys, Buzz initially believes himself to be the "real" Buzz Lightyear and comes to terms with actually being just a toy; in Toy Story 2 (1999), Buzz encounters other Buzz Lightyear action figures from the toyline who similarly believe themselves to be "real" including one of the character's in-universe archenemy and father: Emperor Zurg; in Toy Story 3 (2010), set ten years later, Buzz explores a romance with cowgirl figure Jessie, while he uncovers his Spanish mode; while in Toy Story 4 (2019), Buzz finds his inner voice and bids farewell to Woody, who leaves to be with Bo Peep 
The fictional character, Buzz Lightyear, Space Ranger, on which the toy Buzz is based, also appears in the 2000 direct-to-video film "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins" and its subsequent spin-off television series, "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command " In these productions, he is voiced by Tim Allen and Patrick Warburton, respectively  Chris Evans voiced this version of the character in the 2022 spin-off film Lightyear, presented as an in-universe film the characters in Toy Story would watch (as previously depicted in the opening scene of The Adventure Begins) exploring their origin story, with James Brolin additionally voicing an elderly, nihilistic version of Buzz from an alternate future, known as Zurg (a separate character from Emperor Zurg) 

Conception and creation
Buzz Lightyear's name was in honor of Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon  According to Pixar producers, the character was provisionally named Lunar Larry, but it sounded "too wacky"  Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear toy out during a speech at NASA  A clip of this can be found on the Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD  Aldrin did not receive any endorsement fees for the use of his nickname Regarding the design of Lightyear, Toy Story director John Lasseter said he wanted to create an action figure in the line of G I  Joe for the film and decided upon a spaceman figure  Lasseter attributes his design to the influence of Apollo astronauts, in particular, their clear helmets, skullcaps, communication devices, and white suits The purple and fluorescent green color scheme were the favorite colors of Lasseter and his wife's respectively  The looks of television actor Ed Kemmer are also believed to be a prototype for Lightyear  Kemmer played Commander Buzz Corry in Space Patrol, one of the first science-fiction series on American television Originally, when a screen test was being made, producers wanted Buzz to be voiced by Billy Crystal  He turned the role down, and after seeing the first film, he said that turning it down was "the biggest mistake of his career" 

Appearances
Buzz Lightyear, toy
Toy Story (1995)
In the animated film Toy Story, Buzz Lightyear, an action figure, is given to a boy named Andy Davis from his mother as a birthday present  He quickly impresses the other toys with his skills, flashy accessories and wings, and soon becomes Andy's favorite toy  Sheriff Woody, the former favorite toy, quickly becomes jealous  It soon becomes apparent that Buzz is unaware he is a toy, genuinely believing that he is a space ranger sent to stop the Evil Emperor Zurg  He further believes that his red light bulb "laser" is a deadly weapon, his wings are functional aircraft-grade steel, and that he cannot breathe with his helmet open 
After Woody unintentionally knocks Buzz out of Andy's bedroom window, Buzz follows and confronts Woody in Andy's car  The two become separated from Andy while fighting, and Woody tries to convince Buzz he is a toy but fails  The two are soon captured by Andy's sadistic neighbor, Sid Phillips  Buzz sees a commercial on a TV in Sid's house which reveals he is a toy  In denial, Buzz tries to fly and ends up breaking his arm  He falls into despair 
Sid's toys fix Buzz's arm, and Sid tapes him to a rocket with the intention to blow him up  Woody convinces Buzz his purpose is to make Andy happy; eventually causing Buzz to regain his resolve  He teams up with Woody to escape Sid and return to Andy  As the two pursue Andy's van, Woody is attacked by Sid's dog Scud  Buzz fights off the dog to rescue Woody, and Woody uses RC to rescue Buzz  When the two are still unable to catch up to Andy, Woody is forced to light the rocket and launch them into the air; Buzz opens his wings to sever the tape holding him to the rocket, saving them from exploding and flying solo for the first time, albeit, while carrying Woody  After they are reunited with Andy, Buzz and Woody remain close friends 

Toy Story 2
In the animated film Toy Story 2, Woody is kidnapped by a greedy toy collector named Al McWhiggin, who is intent on selling him and other "Woody's Roundup" toys to a toy museum in Japan  Buzz leads Mr  Potato Head, Slinky Dog, Rex, and Hamm on a daring rescue mission  They travel to the Al's Toy Barn store, which they believe Woody was taken to  The trip involves crossing a busy road  Buzz uses traffic cones to help the group avoid being crushed by cars 
In the store, the toys get separated  Buzz discovers an aisle full of his fellow Buzz Lightyear toys, one of which has a fancy Utility Belt  When Buzz tries to touch the belt, the Utility Belt Buzz comes to life; also believing he is a real space ranger  He quickly "arrests" Andy's Buzz as a rogue space ranger  Andy's Buzz mocks himself and earlier delusions while Utility Belt Buzz berates him for "backtalk" and imprisons him for "court martial" in an empty Buzz Lightyear case  Andy's Buzz unsuccessfully tries to explain that he and Utility Belt Buzz are both toys 
Soon, the other toys find Utility Belt Buzz and mistake him for Andy's Buzz  Andy's Buzz fails to get their attention and is forced to escape the box on his own  He pursues them out of the store and across the road to Al's apartment  Buzz inadvertently frees an Evil Emperor Zurg action figure while doing so, and he pursues him with intent to destroy him 
Andy's Buzz rejoins the group, and convinces Woody, who had been worried about Andy growing up and had considered going to Japan, that it would be better to come home  Woody invites the other Roundup toys to come with them; Jessie and Bullseye agree, but Stinky Pete refuses and locks them in (and Buzz out) when they try to escape  Al reappears and takes Woody and the Roundup toys to the airport  Andy's Buzz and Utility Belt Buzz pursue Al into the elevator shaft with the other toys  Zurg confronts them, and he reveals he is Utility Belt Buzz's father  Rex accidentally knocks him down the elevator shaft 
Utility Belt Buzz stays behind with a reformed Zurg, while Andy's Buzz and the other toys steal a Pizza Planet truck and drive to the airport  Andy's Buzz stands on a pizza box and operating the steering wheel  At the airport, they subdue Stinky Pete and rescue Woody and Bullseye in the baggage handling system  Buzz and Woody ride Bullseye onto the runway to rescue Jessie from the airplane before it takes off for Japan  The toys all return home in a stolen baggage cart 
By the end of the film, Buzz has developed a crush on Jessie  He and Woody decide not to worry about Andy growing up, as they will always have each other as friends for "infinity and beyond" 

Toy Story 3
In the animated film Toy Story 3, Woody, Buzz, and the other toys accidentally end up in a daycare center after Andy's mother mistakes them for trash while Andy is packing for college  Woody unsuccessfully tries to convince the other toys it was a mistake  Buzz, who was going to be put in the attic with most of Andy's other toys, decides the best thing the toys can do is to stay together at the daycare  This causes Woody to strike out on his own in search of Andy, who had earlier faced a difficult decision as to whether to take Woody or Buzz with him to college 
Meanwhile, Andy's toys are greeted by Lots-o’-Huggin' Bear (Lotso for short), who is seemingly the leader of the daycare toys  He assigns them to the Caterpillar Room, where they are subjected to a very rough playtime by children far too young to play safely with toys like them  At the behest of the other toys, Buzz finds Lotso to kindly request a transfer to the Butterfly Room if possible  When Buzz rejects Lotso's offer to join his gang upon hearing his friends couldn't be involved, Lotso orders his henchmen to switch Buzz to "demo" mode 
In the state, Buzz's memories and original personality appear to be erased; his space ranger delusions from the first film return  Lotso takes the opportunity to make Buzz think Andy's toys are minions of Zurg  The brainwashed Buzz angrily imprisons his friends when they attempt to escape; tasked to watch over the "prisoners" every night  Woody, now aware of the truth behind Lotso, returns to Sunnyside  Andy's toys subdue Buzz attempting to restore his memories, but accidentally reset him to his "Spanish Mode", confusing many characters and resulting in many comedic character changes for the audience 
Buzz still believes he is a real space ranger and still does not have his memories  Woody manages to convince him Andy's toys are his "amigos"  The Spanish Buzz helps the toys escape Sunnyside; making no secret of his love for Jessie  Lotso confronts them as they reach the dumpster outside the daycare  In the ensuing altercation, Lotso and all of Andy's toys are dumped into a garbage truck  Buzz heroically rescues Jessie from getting buried in trash, but ends up crushed by a broken TV  Jessie breaks down in tears over Buzz's "dead" body, only for Buzz to awaken unharmed with his normal personality/memories restored(albeit with no recollection of the events that occurred during his brainwashing and Spanish Mode) 
At the landfill, they toys are pushed onto a conveyor belt  Buzz and Woody rescue Lotso from a shredder and help him reach an emergency stop button  Lotso abandons them, however, and they fall into an incinerator  Buzz and Jessie join hands and face the approaching fire, prompting everyone else to do the same  The three toy aliens operating a claw rescue them, and they make their way home  Andy donates them all to a little girl Woody met at the daycare, Bonnie  When introducing Buzz, Andy describes him as "the coolest toy ever"  As the toys settle in at Bonnie's house, Buzz finds himself performing a romantic paso doble with Jessie to the Spanish version of "You've Got a Friend in Me" as the film ends; much to the amusement of the other toys 

Toy Story 4
In the animated film Toy Story 4, Buzz plays a significantly smaller role since the film is centered on Woody, Bo, and a host of new characters  He still acts as Woody's moral support, and tries to comfort Woody when he begins to sense Bonnie is no longer interested in Woody  Buzz also learns about the "inner voice", but mistakenly believes the term refers to his button-activated voice box and catchphrases  He spends much of the film using said voice box to guide him as to what he must do next 
When Woody and Bonnie's new favorite toy, Forky, are separated from the group during an RV trip, Buzz, guided by his "inner voice", pursues them into a carnival  He is captured by a vendor and put up with other toys as a potential prize at a game, where he encounters conjoined plushies Bunny and Ducky  Bunny and Ducky are initially antagonistic, as they believe Buzz has come to lower their chances of ever being won and owned by a kid  The two refuse to listen to his explanations, and become further enraged when Buzz frees them and himself from the game  Thinking they will now never be owned, they pursue and attack a bewildered Buzz, until Woody, who has now met up with Bo Peep and rejoined Buzz, offers to take the two plushies to Bonnie after Forky is rescued 
Buzz, Bunny, and Ducky join forces, and are tasked with retrieving keys from an antique store owner to free Forky, who is trapped inside the store  They succeed, but the mission to rescue Forky fails because of the antique store owner's cat  After Woody and Bo have a falling-out, Buzz's inner voice guides him to rejoin Andy's toys, which he does  Later, Forky is freed by Woody and reports that Woody and several other toys need rescuing - Buzz, Jessie, and the others take over the controls of the RV and force Bonnie's dad to drive it back to the carnival 
Woody and Buzz meet up at a carousel, and Buzz notices that Woody is feeling heartbroken about having to part ways with Bo Peep again  Buzz suggests that Woody stay behind to be with Bo, knowing that Bonnie will be okay even without him  Knowing that this might be the last time they will see each other, they share a final goodbye hug, part ways, and exchange their last words of dialogue from afar  Buzz says "to infinity   ", and Woody completes the sentence with "   and beyond "

Toy Story 5
Buzz is set to appear in Toy Story 5 and will once again be voiced by Tim Allen 

Buzz Lightyear, Space Ranger
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
In the television series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, Buzz Lightyear is a Space Ranger working for Star Command, protecting the universe from Evil Emperor Zurg  He works in a team alongside Mira Nova, a princess; Booster, a janitor; and XR, a robot  This version of Buzz Lightyear has a different personality from the one in Toy Story  Buzz Lightyear also has had many love interests on the show  He once had a friend and partner named Warp Darkmatter, however, he later joined Evil Emperor Zurg and became his primary agent  Buzz Lightyear also seems to never take off the purple headwear that he has with his Space Ranger uniform  Aside from his regular catchphrase, he has a habit of telling villains that "Evil never wins!"

Lightyear
In the Toy Story universe, The 2022 animated film Lightyear is the origin of the character on which the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command toy line was based  The film, which was directed by Angus MacLane, tells the story of young astronaut Buzz Lightyear, who, after being marooned on a hostile planet with his commander and crew, tries to find a way back home while confronting a threat to the universe's safety  Buzz was confirmed to be voiced by Chris Evans and the film was released on June 17, 2022 

Other appearances
Buzz Lightyear, voiced by Pat Fraley, appears in the computer games Disney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story and Disney's Activity Center: Toy Story, both released in 1996  A Buzz Lightyear toy also appears in Pixar's 2003 film Finding Nemo  He also appeared as a car in Pixar's 2006 movie, Cars, along with Woody and Hamm  He is also seen in the Toy Story Treats realised in 1996 and all three Toy Story Toons episodes Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, and Partysaurus Rex, and the two specials: Toy Story of Terror! and Toy Story That Time Forgot 
Buzz was also in the 2008 Disney film Bedtime Stories and the 2010 Disney film The Sorcerer's Apprentice  Buzz Lightyear and Woody appear as piñatas in Pixar's 2017 film Coco  Woody and Buzz appeared in the 2019 video game Kingdom Hearts III as guest party members, where Buzz gains the ability to use his laser  He is also able to fly as his fictional counterpart without knowing during a Keyblade war crisis across dimensions  Woody eventually recalls him back to normal reality 

Buzz Lightyear is a meetable character at all of the Disney Parks and Resorts, located in Tomorrowland and in Toy Story Land  He is often accompanied by the Aliens  Tim Allen reprised his role using one of his archival recordings in the 2018 Walt Disney Animation Studios film Ralph Breaks the Internet, where he repeated his famous catchphrase 

Merchandise
In 1995, Thinkway Toys introduced a 12-inch-tall Buzz Lightyear figure The figure was subject to mass sales in the Christmas after the film's release, mainly in the United States and the United Kingdom  In 1995, Thinkway did not think that Toy Story would be that popular and hence did not make enough dolls to meet demand, as referenced in Toy Story 2  Originally, Tim Allen's voice was on the action figure, but later models feature a voice actor who sounds similar to Allen In October 2009 and 2010, to coincide with Toy Story's 3-D re-release and the release of Toy Story 3 respectively, Thinkway Toys released a replica Buzz Lightyear figure based on the figure in the Toy Story movies as part of their Toy Story Collection series of toys and Disney released their own version of a replica Buzz Lightyear figure  Both Buzz Lightyears were much more accurately detailed than the other Buzz Lightyear figures and both had features similar to the figure seen in the movie with similar pop-out wings complete with blinking lights at the wingtips, laser, wrist communicator and the two figures had over 65 and 30 phrases with an original voice respectively  However, the Thinkway Toys figure lacks the karate chop action, while the Disney Store version has it  Only the Thinkway Toys figure comes with a Certificate of Authenticity and both come packaged in the spaceship packaging as seen in the movies  Another 2009 Buzz Lightyear figure by Thinkway Toys included the utility belt from Toy Story 2 

In May 2008, NASA and Disney announced that an original Thinkway Toys Buzz Lightyear action figure would fly aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-124  The 12-inch toy was to remain on the International Space Station (ISS) for six months, where it would take part in an experiment and appear in a video downlink from space whilst the Space Shuttle delivers the largest module of the space station – Kibō, the Japanese Experiment Module pressurized section  The flight was arranged as part of the Toys in Space program that began in 1985 The mission launched with Buzz Lightyear aboard on May 31, 2008, to celebrate the opening of Toy Story Midway Mania! at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure Park theme parks, with the ultimate destination of the ISS  The action figure "ate" dinner with the 10 astronauts and cosmonauts and was seen peering out a window aboard the ISS  The action figure stayed aboard the space station for a period of six months as part of the toys-in-space educational program The action figure returned from the space station on September 11, 2009, aboard mission STS-128 In 2009, Lego began releasing its Lego Toy Story line, which included a 205-piece Buzz Lightyear action figure  When the figure is completely built, it has an articulating head, arms, hands, torso, legs, feet, wings, and visor  Lego also created a Buzz Lightyear minifigure  In 2016 a new version of Buzz Lightyear was created for the Lego minifigures Disney series  This minifigure featured new prints for the legs and arms of the minifigure and removed the Star Command logo from the chest of the torso piece  A simpler version of this minifigure appeared in the Toy Story 4 line, with the Star Command logo reinstated but without prints on the arms or side of the legs  Two new minifigures were made for the spin off movie Lightyear with two sets featuring his regular space suit, with one set including an alternate head and hairpiece included to have him unmasked, and a third including one of him in the orange and gray suit he wears at the beginning of the film 

Reception and legacy
Buzz can be considered a pop culture icon  In October 2007, readers of Empire voted Buzz No  1 of the Top 20 Greatest Pixar Characters  They also rated him the 94th greatest movie character of all time Buzz Lightyear's classic line "To Infinity    and Beyond!" has seen usage not only on T-shirts but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well  A book about the history of infinity from 1991 (4 years before Toy Story), by Eli Maor, uses the phrase for its title  Lucia Hall of The Humanist linked the film's plot to an interpretation of humanism  She compared the phrase to "All this and heaven, too!", indicating one who is happy with a life on Earth as well as having an afterlife  The 2008 quadruple platinum song "Single Ladies" by Beyoncé includes the lyric "   and delivers me to a destiny, to infinity and beyond " Astronauts used the phrase while sending the Buzz Lightyear figure into space  The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g  Also in 2008, the phrase made international news when it was reported that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean Buzz Lightyear himself was mentioned in the 2012 song "Boyfriend" by Canadian pop star Justin Bieber, for instance, in the lyric "I can be your Buzz Lightyear, fly across the globe "
The first stable public release of the Debian project used the name "Buzz" as the codename for the version 1 1 

See also
Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin
List of Toy Story characters
Context 2: Passage 1:
Veera Ballala II
Veera Ballala II (Kannada: ವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ 2) (r  1173–1220 CE) was the most notable monarch of the Hoysala Empire  His successes against the Yadavas of Devagiri, the Southern Kalachuris, the Pandyas of Madurai and the waning Western Chalukya Empire, and his domination over the diminishing Cholas of Tanjore took the Hoysalas to their peak of power  The historian Chaurasia claims by the end of the 12th century, Ballala II's conquests had made the Hoysalas the most powerful dynasty of the Deccan  According to historian Derrett, Ballala II was "the most outstanding among Hoysala kings", and historian William Coelho in comparing Ballala II to King Vishnuvardhana writes, "he vied in glory with his grandfather" His court was adorned with some of the most notable of medieval Kannada language poets including the Jain poets Janna and Nemichandra, and the Brahman poet Rudrabhatta  According to the historians Chopra et al , during his rule, the Hoysala kingdom consolidated into an independent empire commencing an age of "Hoysala imperialism"  His architectural legacy includes among numerous ornate temples, the Kedareshwara temple, the Veera Narayana temple and the Amrutesvara temple  He was ably supported in war and in administrative matters by his son, prince Vira Narasimha II, and crowned queen Umadevi  His other queen Cholamahadevi was a Chola princes  His daughter Somaladevi was given in marriage to the Chola monarch Kulothunga Chola III 

Wars against the neighbouring kingdoms
Ballala II's ascendancy to the Hoysala throne in c  1173 was preceded by his successful rebellion against his weak father Narasimha I with the help of some malnad chiefs, such as the Chengalvas and the Kongalvas  He later ensured the same chiefs' could not rise against him  In the late 12th century, the weakening Chalukya throne became the bone of contention between the main vassals, the Yadavas, the Hoysalas and the Kalachuris  Around c 1168, the Kalachuri King Bijjala II had gained control of the Chalukyan capital Basavakalyan (then called Kalyani, in modern Bidar district of Karnataka state)  According to historian Kamath, in c 1171, an ambitious Ballala tasted first victory against Pandya king Kavadeva of the Uchchangi family  This was followed by the annexation of Hangal in c 1178  But an attempt by him to invade Belvola-300 in c 1179 led to his defeat by Kalachuri commander Sankama who seized Hangal  According to Chopra et al , in c 1179, a Kalachuri invasion into the Hoysala territory resulted in a truce with Ballala II agreeing to accept nominal subordination and to help the Kalachuri in their designs against the Chalukyas  However, by c 1183, the Kalachuris themselves were in serious decline due to the inept rule of the sons of Bijjala II  The last Chalukya scion, Someshvara IV, was back in control of his capital Basavakalyan with help from the Kalachuri commander Brahma 
The real contention now, for the territories in the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab region was between the Yadava King Bhillama V and the Hoysala monarch Ballala II  By c 1189, Basavakalyana had fallen to Bhillama V who nevertheless failed to gain recognition from Chalukya vassals such as the Rattas, the Kadambas of Banavasi and the Shilahara  Taking advantage of this uncertainty, Ballala II led several expeditions to Banavasi against the exiled Chalukya King Someshvara VI and defeated him by c 1190  In c 1191, the Hoysala monarch gained the upper hand over Yadava Bhillama V in the critical battles of Soratur and Lakkundi (in the modern Gadag district) where he appears to have spent much time consolidating his gains  Thus, Ballala II was able to push the northern boundaries of the Hoysala empire up to the Malaprabha river and Krishna rivers  By c 1192, Ballala II had crowned himself the emperor over the entire modern Karnataka region  A record of his dated c 1196 claims him victorious over several minor ruling families including those of Banavasi, Hangal, Halashi, Nolambavadi (Nolamba dynasty), Bagalkot, and Gulbarga (Yelburgi) indicating he had complete control over the rich Tungabhadra-Krishna river region  After c 1212, he lost all these territories north of the Tungabhadra river to Yadava king Singhana II 

Relationship with Cholas
Around c 1216, Maravarman Sundara Pandya ascended the throne at Madurai  To seek revenge for the humiliation of his elder brother Jatavarman Kulashekara by the Chola monarch Kulothunga III, he invaded the Chola territory and drove Kulothunga into exile  Kulothunga III sought the help of the Hoysalas  Ballala II promptly sent his forces under the command of prince Narasimha II who succeeded in repulsing the Pandya and re-establishing the Chola kingdom  With this victory, Ballala II not only assumed imperial titles such as Cholarajyapratishtacharya ("Establisher of the Chola kingdom"), Hoysala Chakravarti ("Hoysala emperor") and Dakshina Chakravarti ("Emperor of the south"), he also brought under his direct control parts of the rich Kaveri plains around Srirangam (central Tamil Nadu)  A Hoysala army was left standing in Kanchi to pursue hostilities with the Telugu Chodas and their overlords, the Kakatiya dynasty  In words of historian John Keay, "Gloriously if briefly the Hoysalas were paramount throughout most of the Kannada speaking Deccan, and could pose a arbiters in the lusher lands below the Eastern Ghats" 

Patron of art and architecture
Veera Ballala II was a great patron of Kannada literature  Janna, one of the most influential Kannada poets of the 13th century, graced his court and was honored with the title Kavichakravarthi ("Emperor among poets")  His most noteworthy writing and magnum opus, the Yashodhara Charitre (c 1209) deals with Jain tenets  Nemichandra was court poet to both Ballala II and the Shilahara King Lakshmana of Kholapur  He wrote Lilavati Prabandha (about c 1170), the earliest available romantic true fiction in Kannada, and an unfinished Jain epic called Neminathapurana at the instance of Ballala II's minister  Rudrabhatta, a noteworthy Brahman writer of the late 12th century was patronized by the king and one of his ministers  He composed the Jagannatha Vijaya in c 1180, the earliest available Vaishnava epic in the Kannada language Ballala II's rule saw the proliferation of the temple construction adhering to the Vesara architecture, a style first made popular by the Western Chalukyas  Some of the best known temples built during his rule were the Kedareshwara temple at Halebidu, the Veera Narayana temple at Belavadi, the Amrutesvara Temple at Amruthapura and the twin ensemble of the Chennakeshava and Nageshvara temples at Mosale Ballala II donated Meruhalli village and other lands in 1174 CE for providing food to Jain monks  He further gifted two villages to Vajranandi-Siddhantadeva for the same purpose  Nanjedevaragudda stone inscription of 1192 CE describes the donations by Hoysala rulers and subjects for Jain monks at Abhinava Shantideva temple at Somepur, Hassan district 
Passage 2:
George VI
George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death on 6 February 1952  He was also the last Emperor of India from 1936 until the British Raj was dissolved in August 1947, and the first Head of the Commonwealth following the London Declaration of 1949 
The future George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Victoria; he was named Albert at birth after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort, and was known as "Bertie" to his family and close friends  His father ascended the throne as George V in 1910  As the second son of the king, Albert was not expected to inherit the throne  He spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Prince Edward, the heir apparent  Albert attended naval college as a teenager and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War  In 1920, he was made Duke of York  He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret  In the mid-1920s, he engaged speech therapist Lionel Logue to treat his stutter, which he learned to manage to some degree  His elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII after their father died in 1936, but Edward abdicated later that year to marry the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson  As heir presumptive to Edward VIII, Albert thereby became the third monarch of the House of Windsor, taking the regnal name George VI 
In September 1939, the British Empire and most Commonwealth countries—but not Ireland—declared war on Nazi Germany  War with the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively  George VI was seen as sharing the hardships of the common people and his popularity soared  Buckingham Palace was bombed during the Blitz while the King and Queen were there, and his younger brother the Duke of Kent was killed on active service  George became known as a symbol of British determination to win the war  Britain and its allies were victorious in 1945, but the British Empire declined  Ireland had largely broken away, followed by the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947  George relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 and instead adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth  He was beset by smoking-related health problems in the later years of his reign and died at Sandringham House, aged 56, of a coronary thrombosis in 1952  He was succeeded by his elder daughter, Elizabeth II 

Early life
Albert was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria  His father was Prince George, Duke of York (later King George V), the second and only surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra)  His mother, the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), was the eldest child and only daughter of Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck  His birthday, 14 December 1895, was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort  Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed"  Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her "The Queen was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good " Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham on 17 February 1896  Formally he was His Highness Prince Albert of York; within the royal family he was known informally as "Bertie"  The Duchess of Teck did not like the first name her grandson had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one"  Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth, after his grandfather, father and elder brother, Edward 
Albert was ill often and was described as "easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears"  His parents were generally removed from their children's day-to-day upbringing, as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era  He had a stutter that lasted for many years  Although naturally left-handed, he was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time  He had chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees, for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII  Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother 

Military career and education
Beginning in 1909, Albert attended the Royal Naval College, Osborne, as a naval cadet  In 1911 he came bottom of the class in the final examination, but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth  When his grandfather Edward VII died in 1910, his father became King George V  Prince Edward became Prince of Wales, with Albert second in line to the throne Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada  He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913  He spent three months in the Mediterranean, but never overcame his seasickness  Three weeks after the outbreak of World War I he was medically evacuated from the ship to Aberdeen, where his appendix was removed by Sir John Marnoch  He was mentioned in dispatches for his actions as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), the great naval battle of the war  He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917 In February 1918 Albert was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell  With the establishment of the Royal Air Force Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force  He served as Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting for duty on the staff of the RAF's Cadet Brigade at St Leonards-on-Sea and then at Shorncliffe  He completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing  He was the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot Albert wanted to serve on the Continent while the war was still in progress and welcomed a posting to General Trenchard's staff in France  On 23 October, he flew across the Channel to Autigny  For the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France  Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as an RAF staff officer until posted back to Britain  He accompanied King Albert I of Belgium on his triumphal re-entry into Brussels on 22 November  Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and was promoted to squadron leader the following day In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year, with the historian R  V  Laurence as his "official mentor"  On 4 June 1920 his father created him Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney  He began to take on more royal duties  He represented his father and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards  Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince"  His stutter, and his embarrassment over it, together with a tendency to shyness, caused him to appear less confident in public than his older brother, Edward  However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis  He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round  He developed an interest in working conditions, and was president of the Industrial Welfare Society  His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds 

Marriage
In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife  An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Lady Loughborough came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her  That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore  He became determined to marry her  Elizabeth rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family  In the words of Lady Strathmore, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife  After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him Albert and Elizabeth were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey  Albert's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture  The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio, but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea (although the Dean, Herbert Edward Ryle, was in favour) 

From December 1924 to April 1925, the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya, Uganda, and the Sudan, travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden  During the trip, they both went big-game hunting Because of his stutter, Albert dreaded public speaking  After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist  The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently  Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation  With his delivery improved, Albert opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire with the Duchess in 1927  Their journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took them via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, Bertrand Clark, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races The Duke and Duchess had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family, and the future Elizabeth II) who was born in 1926, and Margaret who was born in 1930  The close family lived at White Lodge, Richmond Park, and then at 145 Piccadilly, rather than one of the royal palaces  In 1931, the Canadian prime minister, R  B  Bennett, considered Albert for Governor General of Canada—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J  H  Thomas 

Reign
Reluctant king
King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward, saying "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months" and "I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne " On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII  In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers (the new king, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Prince George, Duke of Kent) took a shift standing guard over their father's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall 
As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne  Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated in order to marry Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second  Edward had been advised by British prime minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands  He abdicated and Albert, though he had been reluctant to accept the throne, became king  The day before the abdication, Albert went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary  He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child "On the day of Edward's abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution  The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties  The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth Across Britain, gossip spread that Albert was physically and psychologically incapable of being king  No evidence has been found to support the contemporaneous rumour that the government considered bypassing him, his children and his brother Prince Henry, in favour of their younger brother Prince George, Duke of Kent  This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son 

Early reign
Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy  The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain  He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession, Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness"  In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title "Duke of Windsor" with the style "Royal Highness", but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles  George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to him automatically  Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter 

George VI's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation  In a break with tradition, his mother Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son  There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the Government of India  Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War  Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI  The King was constitutionally bound to support British prime minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler  When the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them  This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family  While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe George's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century" 

In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States; it was the first visit of a reigning British monarch to North America, although George had been to Canada prior to his accession  From Ottawa, George and Elizabeth were accompanied by Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada  Both Mackenzie King and the Canadian governor general, Lord Tweedsmuir, hoped that George's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions  On 19 May, George personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U S  ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave royal assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two   international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada  The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth" The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe  Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public  The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor was dispelled  They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D  Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York  A strong bond of friendship was forged between Roosevelt and the royal couple during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years 

Second World War
Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the United Kingdom and the self-governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany  The King and Queen resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids  They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle  The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End  On 13 September, the couple narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there  In defiance, Elizabeth declared: "I am glad we have been bombed  It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face " The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country  They were subject to British rationing restrictions, and U S  First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace  In August 1942, the King's brother, the Duke of Kent, was killed on active service 

In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as prime minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax  After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister"  Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness  George related much of what the two discussed in his diary, which is the only extant first-hand account of these conversations Throughout the war, George and Elizabeth provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops  George visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944  Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance  At a social function in 1944, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, he thought Montgomery was after his job  George replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"In 1945, crowds shouted "We want the King!" in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations  In an echo of Chamberlain's appearance, the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim  In January 1946, George addressed the United Nations at its first assembly, which was held in London, and reaffirmed "our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small" 

Empire to Commonwealth
George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire  The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states  The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War  During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent Dominions of India and Pakistan in August 1947  George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead  In late April 1949, the Commonwealth leaders issued the London Declaration, which laid the foundation of the modern Commonwealth and recognised George as Head of the Commonwealth  In January 1950, he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic  He remained King of Pakistan until his death  Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949 In 1947, George and his family toured southern Africa  The prime minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit  George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo"  Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation 

Illness and death
The stress of the war had taken its toll on George's health, made worse by his heavy smoking, and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and Buerger's disease  A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after George developed an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949  His elder daughter and heir presumptive, Elizabeth, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated  The delayed tour was re-organised, with Princess Elizabeth and her husband, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen 
George was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 4 June it was announced that he would need immediate and complete rest for the next four weeks, despite the arrival of Haakon VII of Norway the following afternoon for an official visit  On 23 September 1951, he underwent a surgical operation where his entire left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found  In October 1951, Elizabeth and Philip went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to George's illness  At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds, read the King's speech from the throne  The King's Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, George went to London Airport to see Elizabeth and Philip off on their tour to Australia via Kenya  It was his last public appearance  Six days later, at 07:30 GMT on the morning of 6 February, he was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk  He had died in the night from a coronary thrombosis at the age of 56  His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II From 9 February George's coffin rested in St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February  His funeral took place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th  He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St George's on 26 March 1969  In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter, Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him  In 2022, the remains of Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, were also interred in the chapel 

Legacy
In the words of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda"  George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne" and tried "to make it steady again"  He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb  During his reign, his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded  However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery  He bestowed the George Cross on the entire "island fortress of Malta" in 1943  He was posthumously awarded the Order of Liberation by the French government in 1960, one of only two people (the other being Churchill in 1958) to be awarded the medal after 1946 Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in the 2010 film The King's Speech 

Titles, honours and arms
As Duke of York, Albert bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure—a difference earlier awarded to his father, George V, when he was Duke of York, and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew, Duke of York  As king, he bore the royal arms undifferenced 

Issue
Ancestry
Notes
Passage 3:
The King's Speech
The King's Speech is a 2010 historical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler  Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who, to cope with a stammer, sees Lionel Logue, an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush  The men become friends as they work together, and after his brother abdicates the throne, the new king relies on Logue to help him make his first wartime radio broadcast upon Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1939 
Seidler read about George VI's life after learning to manage a stuttering condition he developed during his own youth  He started writing about the relationship between the therapist and his royal patient as early as the 1980s, but at the request of the King's widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, postponed work until her death in 2002  He later rewrote his screenplay for the stage to focus on the essential relationship between the two protagonists  Nine weeks before filming began, the filmmakers learned of the existence of notes written by Logue that were being used by his grandson Mark and Peter Conradi as the basis of a book, and were granted permission to incorporate material from the notes and book into the script 
Principal photography took place in London and around Britain from November 2009 to January 2010  Hard light was used to give the story a greater resonance and wider-than-normal lenses were employed to recreate the Duke of York's feelings of constriction  A third technique Hooper employed was the off-centre framing of characters 
The King's Speech was a major box office and critical success  It was widely praised by film critics for its visual style, art direction, screenplay, directing, score, and acting  Other commentators discussed the film's representation of historical detail, especially the reversal of Winston Churchill's opposition to abdication  The film received many awards and nominations, particularly for Colin Firth's performance, which resulted in his first Academy Award for Best Actor  At the 83rd Academy Awards, The King's Speech received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year, and subsequently won four, including Best Picture  Censors initially gave it adult ratings due to profanity, though these were later revised downwards after criticism by the makers and distributors in the UK and some instances of swearing were muted in the US
Context 3: Passage 1:
Clan Gordon
Clan Gordon is a Highland Scottish clan, historically one of the most powerful Scottish clans  The Gordon lands once spanned a large territory across the Highlands  Presently, Gordon is seated at Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire  The Chief of the clan is the Earl of Huntly, later the Marquess of Huntly  
During the Wars of Scottish  Independence in the 13th century, the Gordons supported William Wallace in the cause of independence  In the 15th century, the chiefship of the clan passed to an heiress, who married into the Seton family and her male descendants assumed the surname Gordon and continued as chiefs of the clan  The Gordons assisted in defeating the rebellion of the Earl of Douglas also in the 15th century  In the 16th  century, the Gordons as Catholics feuded with their Protestant neighbors the Clan Forbes and also defeated at the Battle of Glenlivet, the Protestant Earl of Argyll  During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of the 17th century, the Gordons supported the Royalist cause  During the Jacobite rising of 1715 the Clan Gordon was Jacobite  During the Jacobite rising of 1745, their chief, then the Duke of Gordon, pledged his support to the British-Hanoverian Government, but his clan remained Jacobite 

History
Origins
The first Gordon on record is Richard of Gordon, previously of Swinton, said to have been the grandson of a famous knight who slew some monstrous animal in the Merse during the time of King Malcolm III of Scotland  This Richard was Lord of the Barony of Gordon in the Merse  Richard de (of) Gordon probably died around 1200  Between 1150 and 1160 he granted from his estate a piece of land to the Monks of St  Mary at Kelso, a grant which was confirmed by his son Thomas Gordon  Other notable Gordons from this time include Bertram de Gordon who wounded King Richard of England with an arrow at Châlons Alicia Gordon, IV of the Gordon family was the heiress who married her cousin, Adam Gordon  Adam Gordon was a soldier who King Alexander III of Scotland sent with King Louis of France to Palestine  One tradition is that from Adam's grandson, Sir Adam, all of the Gordons in Scotland are descended  This Adam Gordon supported Sir William Wallace in 1297 to recapture the Castle of Wigtown from the English and Adam was made the Governor 

Wars of Scottish Independence
During the Wars of Scottish Independence Sir Adam Gordon, who had supported William Wallace, renounced his subsequent acceptance of the claims of Edward I of England and became a staunch supporter of Robert the Bruce  Adam was killed leading the Clan Gordon at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 but his son Sir Alexander Gordon escaped and was the first Gordon to be designated "of Huntly" Chief Sir John Gordon was killed leading the clan at the Battle of Otterburn where the English were defeated in 1388  His son, Chief Sir Adam Gordon, was killed leading the clan at the Battle of Homildon Hill, also known as the Battle of Humbleton Hill on 14 September 1402  The chief left his only child, a daughter named Elizabeth Gordon who married Alexander Seton, who was the son of Sir William Seton, chief of Clan Seton 

15th century and clan conflicts
The Battle of Arbroath was fought in 1445 where Patrick Gordon of Methlic, a cousin of the Earl of Huntly, was killed fighting the Clan Lindsay  From this Patrick Gordon the Earls of Aberdeen descend In 1449 Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Huntly, the eldest son of Elizabeth Gordon and Alexander Seton, Lord Gordon, changed the family name from Seton to Gordon c  1457  His male heirs through his third wife Elizabeth Crichton continued to bear the name of Gordon and were chiefs of Clan Gordon 
The chief of Clan Lindsay, Alexander Lindsay, the 4th Earl of Crawford, was badly defeated by the Clan Gordon and Clan Ogilvy under Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly (previously Alexander Seton) at the Battle of Brechin in 1452 The Gordons became involved in the deadly feud between the king and the Clan Douglas for power  The Gordons supported the king but when Gordon moved his forces south, the Earl of Moray who was an ally of the Douglases devastated the Gordon lands and burned Huntly Castle  However, the Gordons returned and soon defeated their enemies  Huntly Castle was rebuilt and when the Douglases were finally defeated the power of the Gordons grew unchallenged  In 1454 the Douglasses broke out in rebellion again and when confronted with the king in the south and Huntly in the north were soundly defeated, effectively ending the confederacy of the Douglasses, Rosses and Crawfords  For his notable contributions Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly was styled Cock o' the North, a designation which has ever since been accorded to the heads of clan Gordon 

16th century and clan conflicts
In 1513, during the Anglo-Scottish Wars, the Clan Gordon led by Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly fought at the Battle of Flodden In 1515, the title of Earl of Sutherland and chiefship of the Clan Sutherland passed by right of marriage to Adam Gordon who was a younger son of George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly Later during the Anglo-Scottish Wars, George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly defeated an English army at the Battle of Haddon Rig in 1542 but the Gordons were later part of the Scottish army which was defeated at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 Chief George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly was General of the forces on the Borders who opposed the forces of Henry VIII of England and Gordon had many victorious encounters  He was however later killed at the Battle of Corrichie in 1562 fighting against the forces of James Stuart, Earl of Moray (half-brother to Mary Queen of Scots)  Gordon was killed and his son, Sir John, and other members of his family were later executed at Aberdeen Throughout the 16th century the Clan Gordon were involved in a long and bitter struggle against the Clan Forbes  In the 1520s there were murders by both sides, and one of the most prominent killed by the Forbeses was Seton of Meldrum who was a close connection of the Earl of Huntly, chief of Clan Gordon  The Earl of Huntly then became involved in a plot against the Master of Forbes, who was the son of the sixth Lord Forbes  The sixth Lord Forbes had been heavily implicated of the murder of Seton of Meldrum  The Master of Forbes was accused by the Earl of Huntly of conspiring to assassinate James V of Scotland in 1536 by shooting at him with a cannon  The Master of Forbes was tried and executed however just days later his conviction was reversed and the Forbes family was restored to favor  The Protestant Reformation added to the feud between the Clan Forbes and Clan Gordon in that the Gordons remained Catholic and the Forbeses became Protestant  The traditional enemies of the Forbses such as the Clan Leslie, Clan Irvine and Clan Seton sided with the Gordons while Protestant families such as the Clan Keith, Clan Fraser and Clan Crichton sided with the Clan Forbes  Twenty Gordons were killed at a banquet held at the Forbes's Druminnor Castle in 1571  Later in 1571 the feud climaxed with the Battle of Tillieangus, and the Battle of Craibstone, and Druminnor, then the seat of the chief of Clan Forbes was plundered  The Gordons followed this up with the massacre of twenty seven Forbeses of Towie at Corgarff Castle  It took two Acts of Parliament for the clans to put down their arms For two centuries from the mid-15th century the Clan Gordon and Clan Campbell controlled the north-east and west of Scotland respectively, as the magnates who straddled the divide between the Scottish Highlands and Scottish Lowlands  In 1594, Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll was granted a Royal Commission against George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly but was defeated at the Battle of Glenlivet 

17th century and Civil War
The register of the Privy Seal records that in 1615 a complaint was made from Alexander Leask of the Clan Leask that Adam Gordon, brother of the Laird of Gight, put violent hands upon him at the Yet of Leask, wounding him grievously  Later that year the Gordons again attacked the Leasks, setting upon a son of the chief for which George Gordon was outlawed  In 1616, William Leask of that Ilk was accosted by John Gordon of Ardlogy and a party of men with pistolets and hagbuts In the early 17th century Clan Gordon had a number of alliances by marriage or friendship  Among these was a strong bond to the Clan Burnett of Leys  The Gordon crest is emblazoned in plasterwork on the ceiling of the early 17th century great hall of Muchalls Castle built by Alexander Burnett In 1644 Alexander Bannerman of Pitmedden fought a duel with his cousin, Sir George Gordon of Haddo, and wounded him  Also in 1644 during the Civil War at the Battle of Aberdeen there were Gordons on both sides  Lord Lewis Gordon led his forces on the side of the Covenanters while Sir Nathaniel Gordon led his forces in support of the Royalists During the Civil War the second Marquess of Huntly was a fierce royalist and his followers have passed into history as the Gordon Horse and they figured very prominently in the campaigns of the great James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose  Cavalry from the Clan Gordon fought in support of the royalists at the Battle of Auldearn in 1645 where they helped to defeat the Covenanters of Lord Seaforth  The Clan Gordon fought at the Battle of Alford in 1645 where they were victorious, led by George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly  The Marquess of Huntly's eldest son George Gordon fell at this battle  Also in 1645, Lewis Gordon, clan chief and 3rd Marquess of Huntly burned Brodie Castle of the Clan Brodie In 1682 William Gordon of Cardoness Castle, was killed in a fight with Sir Godfrey McCulloch  McCulloch fled Scotland for a time, but returned, only to be apprehended and executed in 1697 

18th century and Jacobite risings
Jacobite rising of 1715
The Gordons fought on both sides during both the Jacobite rising of 1715 and the Jacobite rising of 1745  The second Duke of Gordon followed the Jacobites in 1715 and fought at the Battle of Sheriffmuir  General Wade's report on the Highlands in 1724, estimated the clan strength at 1,000 men 

Jacobite rising of 1745
Cosmo Gordon, 3rd Duke of Gordon supported the British Government during the rising of 1745  However, his brother, Lord Lewis Gordon, raised two Jacobite regiments against the Hanoverians  The Gordon Jacobites fought at the Battle of Inverurie (1745), the Battle of Falkirk (1746) and the Battle of Culloden (1746) 

British Army regiments
Two regiments named the "Gordon Highlanders" have been raised from the Clan Gordon  The first was the 81st Regiment of Foot (Aberdeenshire Highland Regiment) formed in 1777 by the Hon  Colonel William Gordon, son of the Earl of Aberdeen and was disbanded in 1783  The second was the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot raised by Alexander the 4th Duke of Gordon in 1794 

Chief and arms
The Chief of Clan Gordon is Granville Charles Gomer Gordon, 13th Marquess of Huntly, Earl of Enzie, Earl of Aboyne, Lord Gordon of Badenoch, Lord Gordon of Strathavon and Glenlivet, Baron Meldrum of Morven 
The Chief of Clan Gordon is known as: The Cock o' the North 
Chief's Arms: Quarterly, 1st Azure three boars’ heads couped Or langued Gules (for Gordon), 2nd, Or three lions heads erased Gules langued Azure (for Lordship of Badenoch), 3rd, Or three crescents within a Royal Tressure flory counter flory Gules (for Seton), 4th, Azure three fraises Argent (for Fraser, acquisition of the Aboyne lands)

Tartans
Clan Gordon has several recognized tartans, most of them predominantly green-blue-and-black, but also including dress patterns, some red-based ones, and some variants for specific branches of the clan The main Gordon tartan is based on that originally used by the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot; the clan version has thinner black bands, and thin black "guard lines" on either side of the yellow over-check  The tartan is ultimately based on the Black Watch tartan, but with the yellow over-check added, and the single black over-check of Black Watch converted into a pair, like the rest of the black over-checks in the design  The 92nd later became the Gordon Highlanders in 1881, then amalgamated into the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) in 1994, which is now the Highlanders, 4th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland (4 SCOTS)  The modern unit (for dress) uses the Cameron of Erracht tartan, not a Gordon variant 
The main Gordon tartan has been used for many years as the troop tartan for the 10th Finchley (Scottish) Scout Group, London N3  The Scout Group was and still is unique in being the only group south of the border to wear kilts and actively maintains its links with the Gordon clan  Every four years (with a few exceptions) they camp in the grounds of Aboyne Castle and the Marquess would often attend Burns Night dinners as the guest of honour at the scout hall  The group's pipe band always plays "The Cock of the North 6/8 March" when returning to their hall following parades and every member wears a badge bearing the stag's head that forms part of the clan crest  A picture of the band outside their current scout hall shows all members wearing Gordon Tartan kilts 
The ties go further, with the address of the scout hall being Gordon Hall, Huntly Drive, West Finchley, London, N3 

Castles
Castles that have been owned by the Clan Gordon include, amongst many others:

Gordon Castle, which once stood to the north of the village of Gordon, Scottish Borders, in Berwickshire was an old stronghold, although its exact location is not certain  The Gordons held the castle from the twelfth century, but as a result of supporting Robert the Bruce they were given lands in Strathbogie in Aberdeenshire  A mile from Strathbogie was Huntly where the Gordons also had a castle, and it was Huntly that gave its name to the Gordon's more famous stronghold that was originally known as Strathbogie, in Aberdeenshire 
Huntly Castle, just to the north of Huntly in Aberdeenshire is now a ruin that consists of a large rectangular block with a substantial round tower at one end, with the remains of a courtyard and other buildings  There are the remains of decorative stone work and three oriel windows on the upper part of the building  The lands had passed from the Clan Seton to the Clan Gordon in the fourteenth century  The original castle was torched by the Clan Douglas in 1452 and was re-built  The name of the property was changed from Strathbogie to Huntly in 1506  During the Jacobite rising of 1745 the castle was garrisoned by Hanoverian soldiers but by then had been abandoned as a residence  Some of the materials from Huntly Castle were used to build what is now the Huntly Castle Hotel 
Gordon Castle, is eight and a half miles east of Elgin, Moray, and the Gordons had a castle there since the fifteenth century  In the eighteenth century it was enlarged and remodeled for the Duke of Gordon  It was sold to the government in 1936 and became deteriorated during World War II  The castle was later bought back by the Gordon-Lennox family but most of it was demolished apart from the six story block and two separate wings 
Abergeldie Castle, five miles west of Ballater, Aberdeenshire, dates from the sixteenth century  Abergeldie was held by the Gordons from 1482  In 1547 James Gordon of Abergeldie was killed at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh and in 1562 Alexander Gordon of Abergeldie took part in the earl of Huntly's rising against Mary, Queen of Scots  He was also at the Battle of Glenlivet in 1594  During the feud with the Clan Forbes over land, seven sons of Gordon of Knock were murdered by Forbes of Strathgirnock and as a result Forbes was executed by Gordon of Abergeldie  The castle was burnt by the Clan Mackenzie in 1592 
Glenbuchat Castle, four miles west of Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, dates from 1590  It was seized by James VI of Scotland during Huntly's rising of 1594  Brigadier-General John Gordon of Glenbuchat fought for the Jacobites in both the risings of 1715 and 1745, leading the Gordons and Farquharsons at the Battle of Culloden  He escaped to Norway and died in France  The castle was a ruin by 1738 and was sold to the Duff Earl of Fife  It was then replaced with Glenbuchat House and the old castle is now in the care of Historic Scotland 
Rothiemay Castle, at Milltown of Rothiemay, dated from the fifteenth century  It stood five miles north of Huntly  Mary, Queen of Scots may have stayed here during Huntly's rebellion of 1562  In 1618 the castle was attacked by George Gordon of Gight  In 1630 William Gordon of Rothiemay and others were burnt to death at the castle of Frendraught in suspicious circumstances  James Crichton of Frendraught had not been on good terms with Rothiemay but he was cleared of involvement  However, Lady Rothiemay employed Highlanders to attack Crichton's property and as a result she was imprisoned in 1635 but later released 
Haddo House, ten miles north west of Ellon, Aberdeenshire, stands on the site of a stronghold that was held by the Gordons from 1429  Patrick Gordon of Haddo was killed at the Battle of Arbroath in 1446  Sir John Gordon of Haddo was made a Baronet of Nova Scotia in 1642 and actively supported James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose during the Civil War, but was captured after being besieged in the castle  Haddo House is now in the care of the National Trust for Scotland 
Fyvie Castle, a mile north of Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was held by the Gordon Earls of Aberdeen from 1733 to 1889 
Kenmure Castle, a mile south of New Galloway was originally held by the Balliols but passed to the Gordons of Lochinvar in about 1297  It was torched after the Gordons welcomed Mary, Queen of Scots there in 1568  In 1633 Sir John Gordon was made Viscount of Kenmure  The castle was burned again by Oliver Cromwell in 1650 after the Gordons had supported Charles I of England  William Gordon, sixth Viscount Kenmure was beheaded in the Tower of London after being captured at the Battle of Preston (1715) fighting for the Jacobites  The property and title were recovered in 1824 and the castle had been restored from a ruin  The castle was visited by Robert Burns but as a result of a fire in 1950 it was stripped of materials 
Auchindoun Castle near Dufftown is a ruinous L-plan tower house that was originally held by the Clan Ogilvy but passed to the Gordons in 1535  Adam Gordon of Auchindoun was the leader of a party of Gordons who torched the Forbes's Corgarff Castle killing Margaret Campbell who was the wife of Forbes of Towie along with her family and retainers  Auchindoun Castle itself may have been burned in 1544 or 1671  The castle was sacked after James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray was murdered at Donibristle by Gordon, Marquess of Huntly and Sir Patrick Gordon of Auchindoun in 1592  Sir Patrick Gordon of Auchindoun was later killed at the Battle of Glenlivet in 1594  The castle is in the care of Historic Scotland 
Gight Castle, at Gight, near Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was held by the Gordons of Gight and William Gordon of Gight was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513  The sixth Gordon laird of Gight broke his sword across the head of the Laird of Leask  The seventh Gordon laird of Gight was a Tax collector who virtually plundered the town of Banff, Aberdeenshire and kept all of the money  The heiress, Catherine Gordon of Gight, married John "Mad Jack" Byron and they were the parents of the poet Lord Byron  John Byron had to sell the estate due to debts and it was acquired by the Gordon Earls of Aberdeen 
Aboyne Castle, near Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, is the current seat of the Marquess of Huntly, chief of Clan Gordon 

See also
Marquess of Huntly
Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair
Duke of Gordon
Lord Byron {George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron}
Gordon Highlanders
Gordon Riots


== Notes and references ==
Passage 2:
Battle of Brechin
The Battle of Brechin was fought on 18 May 1452 during the reign of James II of Scotland, about two and a half miles north north east of Brechin  It has been regarded as part of the civil war during his reign between the king and an alliance of powerful noble families led by the Black Douglases, which as the king won was significant in the development of a relatively strong centralised monarchy in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages A royalist army formed by the Clan Gordon and Clan Ogilvy, led by Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly, defeated the rebel Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford, a leading ally of the Black Douglases who was known as "The Tiger"  Shortly after Crawford submitted to the king, leaving the Black Douglases more isolated, to be defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm in 1455 However, it has been argued that it was a localised conflict in the north-east of Scotland, of only limited relevance to wider conflicts in Scotland as a whole in spite of the fact that the Gordons fought under the royal banner 
Passage 3:
Kearsarge-class battleship
The Kearsarge-class was a group of two pre-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy in the 1890s  The two ships—USS Kearsarge and USS Kentucky—represented a compromise between two preceding battleship designs, the low-freeboard Indiana class and the high-freeboard USS Iowa, though their design also incorporated several improvements  Their primary advances over earlier designs consisted of new quick-firing guns and improved armor protection, but their most novel feature was their two-story gun turrets that consisted of a secondary 8-inch (203 mm) gun turret fixed to the top of their primary 13-inch (330 mm) turrets  The ships suffered from a number of problems, however, including a tertiary battery mounted too low in the hull and poorly-designed turrets, though the latter were attempted again with the Virginia class in the early 1900s, also with negative results 
Kearsarge served as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron after entering service, while Kentucky was initially sent to East Asia  In 1904, Kearsarge was temporarily transferred to the European Squadron, also serving as its flagship  Both vessels returned to the North Atlantic Squadron in 1905, and in 1906, Kentucky carried marines to Cuba during unrest in the country  Both ships participated in the cruise of the Great White Fleet around the world between late 1907 and early 1908, and after their return, they were modernized between 1909 and 1911, thereafter being placed in reserve  The two ships were reactivated in mid-1915 and Kearsarge was used as a training ship, while Kentucky was sent to participate in the United States occupation of Veracruz 
After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, both ships were used as training vessels for the rapidly-expanding fleet before being decommissioned in 1920  Kentucky was quickly discarded, being struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1922 and sold for scrap the following year, but Kearsarge was converted into a crane ship  She was used in this capacity for the next twenty years, being involved in the recovery of the submarine Squalus and numerous warship construction, repair, and modernization projects  She was ultimately struck in 1955 and sold to ship breakers later that year 

Design
Following the authorization of the battleship Iowa in 1892, the United States Navy failed to order new vessels in 1893 and 1894; this was in part the result of an economic depression in 1893 that reduced naval budgets, and also the views of the new Secretary of the Navy Hilary A  Herbert, who had opposed fleets of expensive battleships earlier in the decade  Nevertheless, the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) continued to work on new designs, and by 1893, Herbert had been convinced by Alfred Thayer Mahan's seminal work The Influence of Sea Power upon History  In his requested budget for 1893, Herbert requested Congress appropriate funds for at least one new battleship  Congress delayed until 1895, when it authorized funding for two ships that were to become the Kearsarge class by the Act of 2 March 1895 Work on the new design began immediately, and by late March, four proposals had been prepared  All four marked a compromise between the high-freeboard Iowa and the coastal battleships of the Indiana class; they had greater freeboard than the Indiana's, but lacked the raised forecastle that had rendered Iowa an excellent sea boat  Coal storage, again, represented a compromise between the two  Armor protection was increased compared to the earlier vessels, which included an improved arrangement of the armor deck so that it protected a greater volume of the hull  The main battery was to repeat the 12-inch (305 mm) guns used in Iowa, since they fired significantly faster than the 13-inch guns the Indianas carried The designs varied considerably with regard to their armament  By this time, a new 5-inch (127 mm) quick-firing gun had been developed, which significantly increased the offensive power of the tertiary battery  The designers initially considered adopting gun turrets for these weapons, but decided against it owing to the increased weight of such an arrangement, along with problems with ammunition magazines and fire control  All four designs arranged these in a central battery amidships, which forced the secondary battery of 8-inch guns to be pushed toward the ends of the ship  The four variants adopted different arrangements for these guns: "A" called for eight guns, two in centerline positions superfiring over the main battery and two wing turrets amidships  "B" discarded the forward turret and placed two wing turrets further forward and one superfiring aft; "C" retained the centerline turrets and discarded the wing mounts, and "D" opted for the reverse of "C" C&R preferred the "A" design, since it maximized firepower, while the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) believed that none of the proposals was worth pursuing  An ensign in BuOrd, Joseph Strauss, developed a two-story turret that solved the problem; it would carry the 8-inch guns in a separate turret mounted directly atop (and fixed to) the main battery turret  Strauss accordingly proposed a fifth version, "E", that incorporated his turret  Some officers questioned whether it was advisable that the 8-inch guns could not be directed against targets other than what the 12-inch guns were engaging, but Strauss pointed out that at long range, ships were relatively small targets, and at close range, the much greater reloading time of the large guns would permit the 8-inch guns to direct the rotation of the turret while the gun crews prepared the main guns  By this time, American naval engineers had made improvements to their gun turret designs and significant weight savings were achieved  In addition, the two-story, four-gun turret adopted for the Kearsarge class was lighter than the two-gun turrets used in the Indianas of just five years earlier At the same time, BuOrd registered its opposition to what it viewed as a regression to 12-inch guns; while the 13-inch weapons were slower to fire, BuOrd estimated that they were 30 percent more powerful  Experiments with 15 in (381 mm) armor plate demonstrated that 12-inch guns could not penetrate that thickness even at the relatively close range of 1,000 yards (910 m), while the 13-inch shells were capable of defeating the armor plate  C&R refused to accept BuOrd's objections, but further tests with a mock up of Iowa's belt demonstrated that the 13-inch shells could easily defeat the armor, while the 12-inch shells were kept out  The Navy decided to adopt "E", with 13-inch guns in place of the 12-inch weapons originally proposed The Navy repeated the two-story turret arrangement with the Virginia-class battleships designed in the early 1900s, with much the same reasoning, namely the goal of weight reduction and the belief that the faster-firing 8-inch guns could be operated without disrupting the 12-inch guns adopted for the Virginias  A new, sloped turret design remedied the problem with the overly-large gun ports of the Kearsarge turrets, but the advent of large-caliber, quick-firing guns rendered the concept a failure, since the 12-inch guns fired nearly as quickly as the 8-inch weapons, and the latter could not be fired without severe blast effects disrupting the crew of the former 

General characteristics and machinery
The two Kearsarge-class ships were 368 feet (112 m) long at the waterline and 375 ft 4 in (114



ground_truth: Denver

Denver, Colorado

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who played the monarch at the end of WW2 in The King's Speech?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  On a budget of £8 million, it earned over £250 million internationally 

Plot
At the official closing of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium, Prince Albert, Duke of York, the second son of King George V, addresses the crowd with a strong stammer  His search for treatment has been discouraging, but his wife, Elizabeth, persuades him to see the Australian-born Lionel Logue, a non-medically trained Harley Street speech defects therapist  "Bertie", as he is called by his family, believes the first session is not going well, but Lionel, who insists that all his patients address him as such, has his potential client recite Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" soliloquy while hearing classical music played on a pair of headphones  Bertie is frustrated at the experiment but Lionel gives him the acetate recording that he has made of the reading as a souvenir 
After Bertie's father, King George V, broadcasts his 1934 Royal Christmas Message, he explains to Bertie that the wireless will play a significant part in the role of the royal family, allowing them to enter the homes of the people, and that Bertie's brother's neglect of his responsibilities make training in it necessary  The attempt at reading the message himself is a failure, but that night Bertie plays the recording Lionel gave him and is astonished at the lack of stutter there  He therefore returns for daily treatments to overcome the physical and psychological roots of his speaking difficulty 
George V dies in 1936, and his eldest son David ascends the throne as King Edward VIII  A constitutional crisis arises with the new king over a prospective marriage with the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson  Edward, as the supreme governor of the Church of England, cannot marry her, even if she receives her second divorce, since both her previous husbands are alive 
At an unscheduled session, Bertie expresses his frustration that, while his speech has improved when speaking to most people, he still stammers when talking to David, at the same time revealing the extent of Edward VIII's folly with Simpson  When Lionel insists that Bertie himself could make a good king, Bertie accuses Lionel of speaking treason and quits Lionel in anger  Bertie must now face the Accession Council without any assistance 
Bertie and Lionel only come together again after King Edward decides to abdicate in order to marry  Bertie, urged ahead by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, ascends the throne as King George VI and visits Lionel's home with his wife before their coronation, much to the surprise of Mrs  Logue when she comes upon Queen Elizabeth having tea at her dining room table  This is the first time that she learns who her husband's patient has been 
Bertie and Lionel's relationship is questioned by the King's advisors during the preparations for his coronation in Westminster Abbey  The archbishop of Canterbury, Cosmo Gordon Lang, brings to light that George never asked for advice from his advisors about his treatment and that Lionel has never had formal training   Lionel explains to an outraged Bertie that at the time he started with speech defects there were no formal qualifications and that the only known help that was available for returning Great War shell-shocked Australian soldiers was from personal experience  Bertie remains unconvinced until provoked to protest at Lionel's disrespect for King Edward's Chair and the Stone of Scone  Only at this pivotal moment, after realising he has just expressed himself without impairment, is Bertie able to rehearse with Lionel and complete the ceremony 
As the new king, Bertie is in a crisis when he must broadcast to Britain and the Empire following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany in 1939  Lionel is summoned to Buckingham Palace to prepare the king for his speech  Knowing the challenge that lies before him, Lang, Winston Churchill, and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain are present to offer support  The King and Logue are then left in the broadcasting room  He delivers his speech with Logue conducting him, but by the end he is speaking freely  Preparing to leave the room for the congratulations of those present, Logue mentions to the King that he still has difficulty enunciating w and the King jokes back, "I had to throw in a few so they'd know it was me "
As the Royal Family step onto the palace balcony and are applauded by the crowd, a title card explains that Logue, who received the Royal Victorian Order for service to the Crown, was always present at King George VI's speeches during the war and that they remained friends until the King's death from lung cancer in 1952 

Cast
Colin Firth as King George VI
Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue
Helena Bonham Carter as Queen Elizabeth
Guy Pearce as King Edward VIII
Timothy Spall as Winston Churchill
Derek Jacobi as Cosmo Gordon Lang
Jennifer Ehle as Myrtle Logue
Michael Gambon as King George V
Freya Wilson as Princess Elizabeth
Ramona Marquez as Princess Margaret
Patrick Ryecart as Lord Wigram
Simon Chandler as Lord Dawson of Penn
Claire Bloom as Queen Mary
Orlando Wells as Prince George, Duke of Kent
Tim Downie as Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Eve Best as Wallis Simpson
Anthony Andrews as Stanley Baldwin
Andrew Havill as Robert Wood

Production
Development
As a child, David Seidler developed a stammer, which he believes was caused by the emotional trauma of World War II and the murder of his grandparents during the Holocaust  King George VI's success in overcoming his stammer inspired the young Seidler, "Here was a stutterer who was a king and had to give radio speeches where everyone was listening to every syllable he uttered, and yet did so with passion and intensity " When Seidler became an adult, he resolved to write about King George VI  During the late 1970s and 1980s he voraciously researched the King, but found a dearth of information on Logue  Eventually Seidler contacted Valentine Logue, who agreed to discuss his father and make his notebooks available if the Queen Mother gave her permission  She asked him not to do so in her lifetime, and Seidler halted the project 

The Queen Mother died in 2002  Three years later, Seidler returned to the story during a bout of creative work inspired by a recovery from cancer  His research, including a chance encounter with an uncle whom Logue had treated, indicated he used mechanical breathing exercises combined with psychological counselling to probe the underlying causes of the condition  Thus prepared, Seidler imagined the sessions  He showed the finished screenplay to his wife, who liked it, but pronounced it too "seduced by cinematic technique"  She suggested he rewrite it as a stage play to focus on the essential relationship between the King and Logue  After he had completed it, he sent it to a few friends who worked in theatre in London and New York for feedback In 2005, Joan Lane of Wilde Thyme, a production company in London, received the script  Lane started talking with Simon Egan and Gareth Unwin of Bedlam Productions, and they invited Seidler to London to rewrite the play again, this time for the screen  Together, Lane and Bedlam Productions organised a reading of the play in Pleasance Theatre, a small house in north London, to a group of Australian expatriates, among whom was Tom Hooper's mother  She called her son and said, "I've found your next project" Instead of trying to contact his agent, Lane asked an Australian staff member to hand-deliver the script to Geoffrey Rush's house, not far away from hers in Melbourne  Unwin reports that he received a four-page e-mail from Rush's manager admonishing them for the breach of etiquette, but ending with an invitation to discuss the project further  Iain Canning from See-Saw Films became involved and, in Gareth Unwin's words: "We worked with ex-chair of BAFTA Richard Price, and started turning this story about two grumpy men sitting in a room into something bigger " Hooper liked the story, but thought that the original ending needed to be changed to reflect events more closely: "Originally, it had a Hollywood ending     If you hear the real speech, he's clearly coping with his stammer  But it's not a perfect performance  He's managing it "

The production team learned – some nine weeks prior to the start of filming – of a diary containing Logue's original notes on his treatment of the Duke, which was in the process of being turned into a non-fiction book by Logue's grandson Mark and journalist Peter Conradi, titled The King's Speech: How One Man Saved the British Monarchy  Striking an agreement with the authors, they then went back and re-worked the script to reflect what was in the notes and the book  Some lines, such as at the climax, when Logue smiles and says, "You still stammered on the W" to the King, who replies, "I had to throw in a few so they would know it was me" were direct quotations from Logue's notes  Changes from the script to reflect the historical record included Michael Gambon improvising the ramblings of George V as he signed away authority, and the decision in the opening scene to dress the Duke in an overcoat rather than regal finery Seidler thought Paul Bettany would be a good choice to play King George VI, while Hooper preferred Hugh Grant, though both actors declined the offer  Once they met with Firth and heard him read for the part, Seidler and Hooper were convinced of his suitability for the role The UK Film Council awarded the production £1 million in June 2009  Filming began in December 2009, and lasted 39 days  Most was shot in the three weeks before Christmas because Rush would be performing in a play in January  The schedule was further complicated by Bonham Carter's availability: she worked on Harry Potter during the week, so her scenes had to be filmed during the weekend 

Location and design
The film depicted both regal opulence and scruffy, depression-era London  On 25 November 2009 the crew took over the Pullens buildings in Southwark and gave it the appearance of a street from 1930s London  Large advertisements for (among other things) Bovril and fascism were added to walls, and grit and grime to streets and buildings  To reproduce London smog of the time – thick enough that cars might need guidance from someone walking ahead – so much artificial smoke was used that fire alarms were triggered On 26 November, a week's filming with Firth, Rush, and Jacobi began at Ely Cathedral, the location used for Westminster Abbey  The production had asked for permission to film in the Abbey but were denied due to the demands of tourism  Though Lincoln Cathedral is architecturally a closer match to the Abbey, they preferred Ely, a favoured filming location  Its size allowed them to build sets showing not just the coronation, but the preparations before it Lancaster House, an opulent government-owned period house in London, was rented (at £20,000 per day) for interior scenes of Buckingham Palace  The 1936 Accession Council at St  James's Palace, where George VI swore an oath, was filmed in the Livery Hall of Drapers' Hall  The room, ornate and vast, met the occasion: the daunting nature of the new King's responsibilities was shown by surrounding him with rich detail, flags and royal portraiture The crew investigated Logue's former consultation rooms, but they were too small to film in  Instead, they found a high, vaulted room not far away in 33 Portland Place  Eve Stewart, the production designer, liked the mottled, peeling wallpaper there so much that she recreated the effect throughout the entire room  In his DVD commentary, Hooper said he liked Portland Place as a set because it felt "lived in", unlike other period houses in London  The scenes of the Duke of York at home with his family were also filmed here; showing the Prince living in a townhouse "subverted" expectations of a royal drama 

The opening scene, set at the closing ceremony of the 1925 British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium, was filmed on location at Elland Road, home of Leeds United, and Odsal Stadium, home of Bradford RLFC  Elland Road was used for the speech elements of the prince stammering his way through his first public address, and Odsal Stadium was selected because of the resemblance of its curved ends to Wembley Stadium in 1925  The crew had access to the stadium only at 10 pm, after a football game  They filled the terraces with inflatable dummies and over 250 extras dressed in period costumes  Live actors were interspersed to give the impression of a crowd  Additional people, as well as more ranks of soldiers on the pitch, were added in post-production with visual effects Other locations include Cumberland Lodge, Harley Street, Knebworth, Hatfield House, the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, Queen Street Mill Textile Museum in Burnley, and Battersea Power Station, which doubled as a BBC wireless control room  The final cut of the film was completed on 31 August 2010 

Dialogue
In developing his portrayal of George VI's stammer, Firth worked with Neil Swain, the voice coach for the film  His sister, Kate Firth, also a professional voice coach to actors, proposed exercises the King might have done with Logue, and made suggestions on how to imagine Logue's mix of physical and psychological coaching for the film In addition, Firth watched archive footage of the King speaking  In an interview with Allan Tyrer published by the British Stammering Association, Swain said: "[It] was very interesting while we were working on the film just to think tonally how far we could go and should go with the strength of George's stammer  I think a less courageous director than Tom [Hooper] – and indeed a less courageous actor than Colin [Firth] – might have felt the need to slightly sanitise the degree and authenticity of that stammer, and I'm really really pleased that neither of them did " In May 2011 Firth said he was finding traces of the stammer difficult to eliminate: "You can probably hear even from this interview, there are moments when it's quite infectious  You find yourself doing it and if I start thinking about it the worse it gets  If nothing else it's an insight into what it feels like "

Music
The film's original music is composed by Alexandre Desplat, which consisted of a sparse arrangement of strings and piano  The London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Terry Davies, limited orchestral score by only adding oboe and harp in one cut, to convey the character of the king, while also using single note to represent the stickiness of the King's speech  Old microphones extracted from the EMI archives, specially made for the royal family, had been used to record the score, to create a dated sound The use of the 2nd movement (Allegretto) of Beethoven's 7th Symphony, played during the broadcast of the 1939 radio speech from the film's climax, was played as a temp track added by editor Tariq Anwar  Desplat did not want to change the track and defended Anwar's suggestion, as the theme has a universal quality  Hooper further remarked that the stature of the piece helps elevate the status of the speech to a public event  The score album also featured Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Marriage of Figaro overture  The score was nominated for several awards, including Best Original Score at the Oscars, Golden Globes, and BAFTAs, winning the latter award  The score also won a Grammy at the 54th Grammy Awards 

Visual style
Hooper employed a number of cinematic techniques to evoke the King's feelings of constriction  He and cinematographer Danny Cohen used wider than normal lenses to photograph the film, typically 14mm, 18mm, 21mm, 25mm and 27mm, where the subtle distortion of the picture helps to convey the King's discomfort  For instance, the subjective point of view shot during the Empire exhibition speech used a close up of the microphone with a wider lens, similar to the filming technique used for one of the Duke's early consultations with a physician  In The New York Times, Manohla Dargis wrote that the feeling of entrapment inside the King's head was rendered overly literal with what she believed to be a fisheye lens, though in these scenes the wider lenses were used  Hooper also discussed using the 18mm lens, one he likes "because it puts human beings in their context" Roger Ebert noted that the majority of the film was shot indoors, where oblong sets, corridors, and small spaces manifest constriction and tightness, in contrast to the usual emphasis on sweep and majesty in historical dramas  Hooper used wide shots to capture the actors' body language, particularly that of Geoffrey Rush, who trained at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris and "is consequently brilliant in the way he carries his body"  Hooper widened his scope first to capture Rush's gestures, then full body movements and silhouettes  The approach carried over to Firth as well  In the first consultation scene, the Duke is squeezed against the end of a long couch framed against a large wall, "as if to use the arm of the sofa as a kind of friend, as a security blanket?" Martin Filler praised the "low-wattage" cinematography of Danny Cohen's, as making everything look like it has been "steeped in strong tea" At other times, the camera was positioned very close to the actors to catch the emotion in their faces: "If you put a lens 6 inches from somebody's face, you get more emotion than if you're on a long lens 20 feet away," Cohen said in an interview  Hooper sought a second subtlety while filming the first consultation room scene between the two men, having placed the camera 18 inches from Colin Firth's face: "I wanted the nervousness of the first day to percolate into his performances," he said Historical dramas traditionally tend to use "soft light", but Hooper wanted to use a harsher glare, which gives a more contemporary feel, and thus a greater emotional resonance  To achieve the effect, the lighting team erected huge blackout tents over the Georgian buildings and used large lights filtered through Egyptian cotton 

Historical accuracy
Several events in the film did not happen, or were exaggerated  The visual blog Information is Beautiful deduced that, while taking creative licence into account, the film was 74 4% accurate when compared to real-life events, summarising: "Some nips and tucks of the historical record, but mostly an accurate retelling of a unique friendship" 

Relationship with Lionel Logue
The filmmakers not only tightened the chronology of the events to just a few years but even shifted the timeline of treatment  The Duke of York actually began working with Logue in October 1926, ten years before the abdication crisis, and the improvement in his speech was apparent in months rather than years as suggested by the film  When he was dispatched to Australia to open their new Parliament House in Canberra in 1927, the Duke gave numerous speeches during the journey and performed well despite Logue not accompanying him on the trip  He wrote to Logue from the Caribbean, "You remember my fear of 'The King'  I give it every evening at dinner on board  This does not worry me any more " Of his speech opening Parliament it was observed that he spoke "resonantly and without stuttering" Robert Logue, a grandson of Lionel, doubted the film's depiction of the speech therapist, stating "I don't think he ever swore in front of the King and he certainly never called him 'Bertie'"  Andrew Roberts, an English historian, states that the severity of the King's stammer was exaggerated and the characters of Edward VIII, Wallis Simpson, and George V made more antagonistic than they really were, to increase the dramatic effect 

Politics
Christopher Hitchens and Isaac Chotiner have criticised the film for failing to indict the appeasement of the era or to portray Edward VIII's sympathetic attitude to Nazi Germany   The Guardian also corrected the portrayal of Stanley Baldwin as having resigned due to his refusal to order Britain's re-armament, when he in fact stepped down as "a national hero, exhausted by more than a decade at the top"  Stanley's grandson, Earl Baldwin, was particularly unhappy with this film due to its factual distortions and portrayal of his grandfather as a dithering fool who misunderstood Hitler's intentions Hugo Vickers, an adviser on the film, agreed that the alteration of historical details to preserve the essence of the dramatic story was sometimes necessary  The high-ranking officials, for instance, would not have been present when the King made his speech, nor would Churchill have been involved at any level, "but the average viewer knows who Churchill is; he doesn't know who Lord Halifax and Sir Samuel Hoare are "Hitchens and Chotiner also challenged the film's portrayal of Winston Churchill's role in the abdication crisis  It is well established that Churchill encouraged Edward VIII to resist pressure to abdicate, whereas he is portrayed in the film as supportive of the Duke of York and not opposed to the abdication  Hitchens attributes this treatment to the "cult" surrounding Churchill's legacy  In a smart, well-made film "would the true story not have been fractionally more interesting for the audience?", he wondered 

Realism
Martin Filler acknowledged that the film legitimately used artistic licence to make valid dramatic points, such as in the probably imagined scene when George V lectures his son on the importance of broadcasting  Filler cautions that George VI would never have tolerated Logue addressing him casually, nor swearing, and the King almost certainly would have understood a newsreel of Hitler speaking in German  Filler makes the larger point that both the King and his wife were, in reality, lukewarm towards Churchill because of the latter's support for his brother during the abdication crisis Commenting on the film's final scene on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, Andrew Roberts has written, "The scene is fairly absurd from a historical point of view – Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill were not present and there were no cheering crowds outside Buckingham Palace " However, Roberts praises the film overall as a sympathetic portrayal of the King's "quiet, unassuming heroism [   ] The portrayals by Firth and Bonham Carter are sympathetic and acute, and the movie's occasional factual bêtises should not detract from that "

Release
Cinema release
The film had its world première on 6 September 2010 at the Telluride Film Festival in the United States  It was screened at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, on Firth's 50th birthday, where it received a standing ovation and won the People's Choice Award  The cinema release poster was re-designed to show an extreme close-up of Firth's jaw and a microphone after Hooper criticised the first design as a "train smash"  Tim Appelo called the original, air-brushed effort, which showed the three leads, "shockingly awful" though the new one "really is worthwhile" The film was distributed by Transmission Films in Australia and by Momentum Pictures in the United Kingdom  The Weinstein Company distributed it in North America, Germany, Benelux, Scandinavia, China, Hong Kong, and Latin America  The film was released in France on 2 February 2011 by Wild Bunch under the title Le discours d'un roi 

Ratings controversy
The film was initially given a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification, due to a minute-long scene where Logue encourages the King to swear, which he could do without stuttering  At the London Film Festival, Hooper criticised the decision, questioning how the board could certify the film "15" for bad language but allow films such as Salt (2010) and Casino Royale (2006) to have "12A" ratings, despite their graphic torture scenes  Following Hooper's criticism, the board lowered the rating to "12A", allowing children under 12 years of age to see the film if they are accompanied by an adult  Hooper levelled the same criticism at the Motion Picture Association of America, which gave the film an "R" rating, preventing anyone under the age of 17 from seeing the film without an adult  In his review, Roger Ebert criticised the "R" rating, calling it "utterly inexplicable", and wrote, "This is an excellent film for teenagers "In January 2011 Harvey Weinstein, the executive producer and distributor, said he was considering having the film re-edited to remove some profanity, so that it would receive a lower classification and reach a larger audience  Hooper refused to cut the film, though he considered covering the swear words with bleeps  Helena Bonham Carter also defended the film, saying, "[The film] is not violent  It's full of humanity and wit  [It's] for people not with just a speech impairment, but who have got confidence [doubts] " After receiving his Academy Award, Colin Firth noted that he does not support re-editing the film; while he does not condone the use of profanity, he maintains that its use was not offensive in this context  "The scene serves a purpose", Firth states  An alternative version, with some of the profanities muted out, was classified as "PG-13" in the United States; this version was released to cinemas on 1 April 2011, replacing the R-rated one  The PG-13 version of this film is not available on DVD and Blu-ray 

Reception
Box office
In Great Britain and Ireland, the film was the highest earning film on its opening weekend  It took in £3,510,000 from 395 cinemas  The Guardian said that it was one of the biggest takes in recent memory, and compared it to Slumdog Millionaire (2008), which, two years earlier, earned £1 5 million less  The King's Speech continued a "stunning three weeks" atop the UK Box office, and earned over £3 million for four consecutive weekends, the first film to do so since Toy Story 3 (2010)  After five weeks on UK release, it was hailed as the most successful independent British film ever In the United States The King's Speech opened with $355,450 (£220,000) in four cinemas  It holds the record for the highest per-cinema gross of 2010  It was widened to 700 screens on Christmas Day and 1,543 screens on 14 January 2011  It eventually made $138 million in North America overall In Australia The King's Speech made more than A$6,281,686 (£4 million) in the first two weeks, according to figures collected by the Motion Picture Distributors Association of Australia  The executive director of Palace Cinemas, Benjamin Zeccola, said customer feedback on the film was spectacular  "It's our No 1 for all the period, all throughout the country      I think this is more successful than Slumdog Millionaire and a more uplifting film  It's a good example of a film that started out in the independent cinemas and then spread to the mainstream cinemas "Of the film's net profit, estimated to amount to $30–40 million (£20–25 million) from the cinema release alone, roughly 20% was to be split between Geoffrey Rush (as executive producer), Tom Hooper and Colin Firth, who were to receive their bonuses before the other stakeholders  The remaining profit was to be split equally between the producers and the equity investors  The UK Film Council invested £1 million of public funds from the United Kingdom lottery into the film  In March 2011 Variety estimated that the return could be between fifteen and twenty times that  The Council's merger into the British Film Institute means that the profits were to be returned to that body 

Critical response
The King's Speech has received widespread critical acclaim, with Firth's performance receiving universal praise  Bonham Carter and Rush were also widely praised with both going on to win BAFTAs and receiving Academy Award nominations  Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 94% based on reviews from 297 critics; the film's average rating was calculated as 8 60/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "Colin Firth gives a masterful performance in The King's Speech, a predictable but stylishly produced and rousing period drama " Metacritic gave the film a weighted score of 88/100, based on 41 critical reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim"  CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade  Empire gave the film five stars out of five, commenting, "You'll be lost for words " Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film full marks for its humane qualities and craftsmanship: "It is an intelligent, winning drama fit for a king – and the rest of us", she said  Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars, commenting that "what we have here is a superior historical drama and a powerful personal one " Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave four stars out of five, stating, "Tom Hooper's richly enjoyable and handsomely produced movie     is a massively confident crowd-pleaser "Manohla Dargis, whilst generally ambivalent towards the film, called the lead performances one of its principal attractions  "With their volume turned up, the appealing, impeccably professional Mr  Firth and Mr  Rush rise to the acting occasion by twinkling and growling as their characters warily circle each other before settling into the therapeutic swing of things and unknowingly preparing for the big speech that partly gives the film its title," she wrote  The Daily Telegraph called Guy Pearce's performance as Edward VIII "formidable     with glamour, charisma and utter self-absorption"  Empire said he played the role well as "a flash harry flinty enough to shed a nation for a wife " The New York Times thought he was able to create "a thorny tangle of complications in only a few abbreviated scenes"  Hooper praised the actor in the DVD commentary, saying he "nailed" the 1930s royal accent  Richard Corliss of Time magazine named Colin Firth's performance one of the Top 10 Movie Performances of 2010 

Allociné, a French cinema website, gave the film an average of four out of five stars, based on a survey of 21 reviews  Le Monde, which characterised the film as the "latest manifestation of British narcissism" and summarised it as "We are ugly and boring, but, By Jove!, we are right!", nevertheless admired the performances of Firth, Rush, and Bonham Carter  It said that, though the film swept British appeasement under the carpet, it was still enjoyable Slovenian Marxist philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek has incorporated the film into his critique of ideology by describing it as "reactionary," interpreting the king's stutter as evidence that he "displays a minimum of common sense, experiencing the stupidity of seriously accepting that one is king by divine will" and claiming that "the task of the Australian voice-coach is to render him stupid enough to accept his being a king as his natural property " Žižek thus interprets the king's stutter as a case of what is referred to in Lacanian psychoanalysis as "symbolic castration "Queen Elizabeth II, the daughter and successor of King George VI, was sent two copies of the film before Christmas 2010  The Sun newspaper reported she had watched the film in a private screening at Sandringham House  A palace source described her reaction as being "touched by a moving portrayal of her father"  Seidler called the reports "the highest honour" the film could receive 

Depiction of stuttering
The British Stammering Association welcomed the release of The King's Speech, congratulating the film makers on their "realistic depiction of the frustration and the fear of speaking faced by people who stammer on a daily basis " It said that "Colin Firth's portrayal of the King's stammer in particular strikes us as very authentic and accurate " The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists welcomed the film, and launched their "Giving Voice" campaign around the time of its commercial release Disfluency advocate Jonah Lehrer called the film "an inspiring tale" and praised its portrayal of the troubles suffered by Firth's character 
 However, Lehrer and other advocates criticized the film's depiction of stuttering as a result of emotional repression and childhood trauma  The treatment performed by Rush's character also drew criticism  Lehrer did admit it was a necessary artistic license: "[the film] would have been a rather tedious piece of entertainment if the climactic scene involved Logue telling the monarch that his primary motor cortex was to blame "Science journalist Jeremy Hsu wrote that the film "mainly succeeds by tackling the social stigma that surrounds stuttering " However, similar to Lehrer, he disapproved that it perpetuated myths about the condition, namely its relationship with childhood trauma and overly strict parenting Columnist Jane Ahlin praised the film as it "brings out of the shadows a common problem figuring into the lives of children and adults from every culture around the world " At the same time, she stated, "heartwarming though the movie The King's Speech is, as someone who married a stutterer and is the mother of a stutterer, I'm not sure it does anything to put myths about stuttering to rest " She criticized the depiction of family and social dynamics as causes of the condition, as well as the portrayal of stutterering as connected to emotional or psychological problems 

Awards and nominations
At the 83rd Academy Awards, The King's Speech won the Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Director (Hooper), Best Actor (Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler)  The film had received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year  Besides the four categories it won, the film received nominations for Best Cinematography (Danny Cohen) and two for the supporting actors (Bonham Carter and Rush), as well as two for its mise-en-scène: Art Direction and Costumes At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, it won seven awards, including Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Actor for Firth, Best Supporting Actor for Rush, Best Supporting Actress for Bonham Carter, Best Original Screenplay for Seidler, and Best Music for Alexandre Desplat  The film had been nominated for 14 BAFTAs, more than any other film  At the 68th Golden Globe Awards, Firth won for Best Actor   The film won no other Golden Globes, despite earning seven nominations, more than any other film At the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Firth won the Best Actor award and the entire cast won Best Ensemble, meaning Firth went home with two acting awards in one evening  Hooper won the Directors Guild of America Awards 2010 for Best Director  The film won the Darryl F  Zanuck Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture at the Producers Guild of America Awards 2010 The King's Speech won the People's Choice Award at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, Best British Independent Film at the 2010 British Independent Film Awards, and the 2011 Goya Award for Best European Film from the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España (Spanish Academy of Cinematic Art and Science) 

See also
Bertie & Elizabeth (2002), a television film which also addresses the stammering of the king (played by James Wilby)  It was a co-production of PBS (Masterpiece Theatre) and Carlton Television 
Passage 4:
H  Vernon Watson
H  Vernon Watson (1886–1952), better known under his stage name Nosmo King, was a popular English variety artist  He was touring the music halls before World War I, but he remained relatively obscure until the 1920s, when he went by Nosmo King  He was the father of actor Jack Watson 

Early years
Coming from a rural background near Peterborough, Watson showed a leaning towards things theatrical and it was evident that he had a rare talent for mimicry  In 1911, he turned professional, using his real name, doing impressions of the leading comedians of the day 
Then, when Frank Tinney, the American black-faced comedian, came to the UK, Watson added an impression of him to his repertoire  He noticed that this impression gained him great applause, and when Tinney returned to the United States, Watson gave thought to a different style of act based on a black-faced personality 

Fame
Opportunity for this came about in the early 1930s in Leeds, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, which boasted two variety theatres, run by two rival organisations  The Great Depression was beginning to bite, and on hearing that the rival theatre had lost its comic, he determined to double his income by doing both shows (four performances a night), travelling between the two theatres by taxi, disguising himself by blacking up 
Watson had the black-face study ready, but was stuck for a name  Then inspiration came to his aid  The scene dock doors backstage were partly open and the two halves read "No Smo" & "king"  That was it  From then on, the character would be Nosmo King 
Nosmo King became a huge star and a household name  The stage act of Nosmo King & Hubert developed when his son Jack Watson joined him as straight man directly from school  Vernon Watson made his last bow and he was to be Nosmo for good when his speciality became long comic monologues 
During a later interview, he made two remarkable confessions  Someone pointed out that a cigar-smoking figure was hardly compatible with the name and suggested he gave up  This he found remarkably difficult, but he eventually accomplished it with the aid of snuff  The second confession was that he had never at any time set eyes on Frank Tinney 
During World War II, Nosmo King reverted to going solo, the reason being that his son, playing "Hubert," had joined up 
The end came for Nosmo King early in 1952 when Watson died in his sleep in his Chelsea flat 
He is buried in Thorney Cemetery near Peterborough, with "Nosmo King" on his headstone 

Acts
One of Nosmo's act starters was when a young pageboy would come over to him carrying his luggage  Once he had handed it to Nosmo, Nosmo would say to him "how much do I owe you" and the boy would say "2 nicker" (a colloquialism for two pounds) whilst making a V sign at him  Nosmo took this as an insult and would slap the boy across the face, then the boy would slap Nosmo across his face in return 

See also
Paul Shannon, a Pittsburgh radio announcer, also used the name 'Nosmo King' for a character 
Nosmo King was the name of a 1994 album by jazz guitarist John Abercrombie and Andy LaVerne 
See also English singer Jonathan King who appeared on Top of the Pops in the early 1970s as Nosmo King  When he was asked about the name, he said it was a pun which I didn't get at the time as I was very young  He also implied that he had come up with the name himself 
Context 3: 4 m) long overall, with a beam of 72 ft 3 in (22 02 m) and a draft of 23 ft 6 in (7 16 m)  They displaced 11,540 long tons (11,730 t) normally, which increased to 12,850 long tons (13,060 t) at full load  Like the Indiana class, the Kearsarge class also had a very low freeboard, amounting to 14 ft 6 in (4 42 m) forward under normal conditions, which resulted in her guns becoming unusable in bad weather  The ships' hulls incorporated a prominent ram bow, a common feature for battleships of the period Steering was controlled with a single rudder; while steaming at a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), it took Kearsarge 475 yd (434 m) to complete a turn to port and 455 yd (416 m) to turn to starboard  As completed, both ships carried two heavy military masts that carried some of the vessels' light guns, along with spotting tops to help direct the aim of their guns  Kearsarge was manned by 38 officers and 548 enlisted men, while Kentucky carried 38 officers and 549 enlisted men  Their complement was later adjusted to 40 officers and 513 enlisted men The battleships had two 3-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines that each drove a single screw propeller  Steam for the engines was provided by five coal-fired Scotch marine boilers, which were ducted into a pair of funnels  The ships' engines were designed to produce a total of 10,000 indicated horsepower (7,500 kW) for a top speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)  During sea trials, the indicated horsepower and speed exceeded the design, with Kearsarge's engines producing a total of 11,674 indicated horsepower (8,705 kW) for 16 8 knots (31 1 km/h; 19 3 mph) and Kentucky's propulsion system reaching 12,179 indicated horsepower (9,082 kW) for 16 9 knots (31 3 km/h; 19 4 mph)  Coal storage amounted to 410 long tons (420 t) normally and up to 1,591 long tons (1,617 t) at full load  At a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), the ships could steam for 5,070 nautical miles (9,390 km; 5,830 mi) 

Armament
The Kearsarge-class battleships had two double turrets, with two 13-inch (330 mm)/35 caliber guns and two 8 in (203 mm)/35 caliber guns each, stacked in two levels  The guns and turret armor were designed by BuOrd, while the turret itself was designed by C&R  Since the turrets retained the vertical walls of the type used in the first generation of American battleships, the ports had to be very large to allow for sufficient elevation  Then-Lieutenant William Sims noted that the floors of the turrets could be easily seen through the ports, and claimed that as a result, a shell fired into the port could reach the magazines below, disabling the guns The 13-inch weapons were built-up guns of the Mark II type, mounted in Mark III turrets that were electrically trained  They were originally supplied with brown powder propellant charges that weighed nearly 500 lb (230 kg), later being replaced by 180 lb (82 kg) smokeless charges  The shells had a muzzle velocity of 2,000 ft/s (610 m/s), and at the muzzle, could penetrate up to 25 in (640 mm) of standard steel, and at a range of 2,500 yd (2,300 m), could pierce 20 in (510 mm) of steel  The turrets allowed depression to −5 degrees and elevation to 15 degrees, which provided a maximum range of 12,100 yd (11,100 m), though this was significantly in excess of what could be achieved with the rudimentary gunnery direction equipment at the time; BuOrd recommended that crews open fire at 8,000 yd (7,300 m), and even this was optimistic  The rate of fire was one shot every 320 seconds, and the guns had to be returned to 2 degrees elevation to be reloaded The 8-inch guns were the Mark IV version, which had a muzzle velocity of 2,080 ft/s (630 m/s)  Also originally brown-powder guns, they, too, received updated smokeless charges in the early 1900s  The change improved the rate of fire from one shot per minute to one shot every forty seconds  Reloading was also fixed at 0 degrees  They were mounted in Mark IX turrets that were fixed atop the main battery turrets  The arrangement was adopted because the significantly higher rate of fire of the 8-inch guns was thought to reduce interference between the guns, but with the adoption of smokeless propellant and rapid fire for the main battery in the early 1900s proved this to be an incorrect assumption The turret guns were supported by a battery of fourteen 5 in/40 caliber guns mounted individually in casemates in the upper deck, seven on each broadside  Once the ships entered service, it was discovered that the central battery had been placed too close to the waterline, and the casemates were frequently washed out, rendering them unusable in all but calm seas  For defense against torpedo boats, they also carried twenty 6-pounder (57 mm or 2 2 in) Hotchkiss guns and eight 1-pounder (37 mm or 1 5 in) guns  These were also in individual open mounts distributed around the decks and fighting tops of the masts; eight of the 57 mm guns were placed in a broadside battery one deck above the 5-inch guns, four on either side  Four more were placed in casemates in the bow, and another four were similarly arranged toward the stern  The ships also carried a pair of M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun chambered in 6 mm (0 24 in) Lee Navy As was customary for battleships of the period, the Kearsarge-class carried four 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes  These were placed in above-water mounts in the hull; two were placed abreast of the forward main battery turret and the other two were placed on either side of the aft superstructure  The tubes were supplied with a total of six torpedoes  They were initially equipped with the Mark II Whitehead design, which carried a 140-pound (64 kg) warhead and had a range of 800 yards (730 m) at a speed of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) 

Armor
The ships were protected with face-hardened Harvey armor, an improvement over earlier compound plates  The main strake of the belt armor extended from the forward boiler room
to the aft main battery barbette, and covered a section of the hull from 3 ft 6 in (1 07 m) above the waterline and 4 ft (1 2 m) below the line  It was 16 5 in (419 mm) thick at the top, gradually tapering to 13 25 in (337 mm) at the waterline, and reducing further to 9 5 in (241 mm) at the bottom edge of the belt  Forward of the boiler rooms, the belt was reduced to a maximum thickness of 10 5 in (267 mm), and from the forward barbette, slimmed further to 4 in (102 mm)  Transverse bulkheads that were 10 in (254 mm) forward and 12 in (305 mm) aft connected the belt on both sides of the ships  Above the main strake was a second one that was 5 in thick, extending from the forward to aft barbette The belt structure was reinforced by a curved armor deck that was curved at the sides and connected to the bottom edge of the belt  The flat portion of the deck was level with the upper edge of the belt, and it was 2 75 in (70 mm) thick  Forward, where the belt was significantly reduced in thickness, the deck was increased slightly to 3 in (76 mm); aft, where were was no side protection, the deck was more significantly strengthened, being 5 in thick  The conning tower had 10 in thick sides and a 2-inch-thick (51 mm) roof Armor protection for the 13-inch turrets amounted to 15 to 17 in (381 to 432 mm) on the sides and 25 in (640 mm) on the rear to balance the turrets, while the 8-inch turrets received 6 to 11 in (152 to 279 mm) on the sides and 9 in (230 mm) on the rears  Their roofs were 3 5 in (89 mm) and 2 inches thick for the 13-inch and 8-inch turrets, respectively  The turrets rested in armored barbettes that were 12 5 to 15 in (318 to 381 mm) thick  The 5-inch gun battery, which was placed directly above the upper belt, received 6 in of armor plating  The casemate battery lacked splinter screens between each gun, a significant shortcoming since a single hit could disable numerous guns 

Modifications
After the US Navy introduced rapid-firing for main guns in 1903, Kearsarge and Kentucky had automatic shutters installed in the ammunition hoists to prevent an explosion in the turret from traveling down to the magazines  After a propellant charge was accidentally detonated by an electrical short aboard Kentucky in April 1906, most electrical equipment was removed from the ships' turrets and additional precautions were installed, including bulkheads between the guns in each turret and gas evacuators in the breeches of the guns to prevent propellant gasses from blowing back into the turrets Between 1909 and 1911, most of the 57 mm guns were removed and four more 5-inch guns were installed  The original military masts were replaced with lattice masts, and the torpedo tubes were also removed  The ships also had their original boilers replaced with eight Mosher boilers  The ships underwent another refit by 1919 that included the removal of all but eight of the 5-inch guns  The guns that were removed were used to arm merchant ships to defend themselves against German U-boat attacks  A pair of 3 in (76 mm) anti-aircraft guns were installed aboard each vessel  At some point in the ships' careers, splinter bulkheads were added to the 5-inch battery to improve survivability 

Ships in class
Service histories
USS Kearsarge (BB-5)
Kearsarge was laid down on 30 June 1896  She was launched on 24 March 1898 and was commissioned on 20 February 1900  From 1900 to 1905, Kearsarge served as flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron, except for a short period in 1904 when she was reassigned as flagship of the European Squadron  In 1905, the battleship Maine replaced Kearsarge as flagship of the North Atlantic Fleet, although she remained with the fleet  In April, the ship suffered an explosion in her forward 13-inch turret that killed ten of its crew; Isadore Nordstrom and George Breeman both received the Medal of Honor, the former for rescuing several badly wounded men and the latter for preventing the fire from reaching the propellant magazines 

In 1907, the Great White Fleet was ordered by U S  President Theodore Roosevelt to circle the world as a demonstration of the might of the United States Navy  Kearsarge was attached to the Fourth Division of the Second Squadron  The fleet left from Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907, circled South America, passed through San Francisco, and arrived at Hawaii  From there they sailed to New Zealand and Australia, visited the Philippine Islands, Japan, China, and Ceylon before transiting the Suez Canal  The fleet split at Port Said to visit various ports, with Kearsarge leaving for Malta and Algiers, before reforming with the rest of the fleet at Gibraltar  The ships arrived back in Hampton Roads on 22 February 1908 Between 1909 and 1911, Kearsarge was modernized at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, and thereafter was placed in reserve  She was recommissioned on 23 June 1915 and operated along the Atlantic coast for the next two years as a training ship for naval militia from Massachusetts and Maine  After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, she was used to train armed guard crews and naval engineers during cruises along the Atlantic seaboard  Following the end of the war, she continued training duties until being decommissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on either 10 May or 18 May 1920 Kearsarge was converted into a crane ship, and was given hull classification symbol IX-16 on 17 July 1920, but it was changed to AB-1 on 5 August  Her turrets, superstructure, and armor were removed, and were replaced by a large revolving crane with a lifting capacity of 250 long tons (254 t), as well as 10-foot (3 m) blisters, which improved her stability  The crane ship was used often over the next 20 years, including the raising of USS Squalus in 1939  On 6 November 1941, Kearsarge was renamed Crane Ship No  1, allowing her name to be given to the aircraft carrier that was eventually renamed Hornet, and later to the carrier Kearsarge  She continued her service, however, handling guns, turrets, armor, and other heavy lifts for vessels such as the battleships Indiana, Alabama, and  Pennsylvania and the cruisers Savannah and Chicago  She was transferred to the San Francisco Naval Shipyard in 1945, where she participated in the construction of Hornet, the carrier Boxer, and the re-construction of the carrier Saratoga  In 1948, she left the West Coast for the Boston Naval Shipyard  On 22 June 1955, her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register, and she was sold for scrap on 9 August 

USS Kentucky (BB-6)
Kentucky laid down on the same day as her sister ship, and was launched the same day as well  She was commissioned on 15 May 1900  Later that year, she left for China to join the Eight Nation Alliance then in the process of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion  Kentucky arrived in East Asia in early 1901 and she saw no action during the final stage of the uprising  The ship operated in the region until early 1904  After returning to the United States, she joined the North Atlantic Squadron in 1905  During the 1906 Cuban Insurrection, she carried Marines to the island, embarking them in Provincetown and landing them at Havana, Cuba for the Second Occupation of Cuba In 1907, Kentucky participated in the Great White Fleet, as part of the Fourth Division with her sister  The fleet left from Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907, circled South America, passed through San Francisco, and arrived at Hawaii  From there, they sailed to New Zealand and Australia, visited the Philippine Islands, Japan, China, and Ceylon before transiting the Suez Canal  The fleet split at Port Said, with Kentucky visiting Tripoli and Algiers, before reforming with the fleet at Gibraltar  She returned to Hampton Roads on 22 February From 1909–1911, Kentucky was modernized at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard  She was thereafter placed in reserve, where she remained until she was recommissioned at Philadelphia on 23 June 1915  Following the United States occupation of Veracruz, she sailed to Mexico, patrolling the coast off Veracruz until 1916  She then returned to New York, where she laid until the United States entered World War I  During the war, she operated as a training ship as part of the mobilization effort, training several thousand men along the Atlantic coast In late 1918 and early 1919, Kentucky was overhauled at the Boston Navy Yard  She then left for exercises in Guantanamo Bay, Norfolk, and along the New England coast, and later trained United States Naval Academy midshipmen  Kentucky was decommissioned on 29 March 1920; the Navy briefly considered rebuilding her into a crane ship as well, but ultimately decided against it  Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 27 May 1922 and she was sold for scrap to Dravo Corporation on 24 March 1923 

Footnotes
Passage 4:
Otho Holland Williams
Otho Holland Williams (March 1, 1749 – July 15, 1794) was a Continental Army officer from Maryland in the American Revolutionary War  He participated in many battles throughout the war in the New York, New Jersey  and Southern theaters, eventually ending his career as a brigadier general 
Born in rural Prince George's County, Maryland, Williams spent his childhood on Springfield Farm near present-day Williamsport  He was orphaned at age thirteen and was put in the care of his father's brother-in-law, Mr  Ross  Williams took an apprenticeship under Mr  Ross and studied his profession in the Clerk's office of Frederick, eventually taking charge of the office  At age eighteen, Williams moved to Baltimore and undertook a similar trade  Williams returned to Frederick in 1774 and entered into a commercial life 
In response to Congress's call for soldiers at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in the spring of 1775, Williams joined a Continental Army rifle unit as a commissioned officer  Soon thereafter, he and his unit marched off to the Siege of Boston  Seeing his first significant combat action in late 1776 at the Battle of Fort Washington, Williams was captured by the British and imprisoned in New York  He was released in early 1778 and returned to the Continental Army as colonel of the 6th Maryland Regiment, a position he had acquired during his captivity  From thereafter, Williams led his regiment through much of the southern campaign, most notably in the battles of Camden, Guilford Court House, and Eutaw Springs  Near the end of the War, Williams was sent by his commanding officer General Greene with documents to Congress and was promoted to brigadier general in 1782 
After the war, Williams later served as an associate justice for Baltimore County, and as the first commissioner of the Port of Baltimore  He returned to Springfield Farm in 1787, bought the house and the surrounding land, and began laying out the town of Williamsport   In 1792, Washington offered Williams to be brigadier general of the army, though he declined due to his failing health  Williams died two years later in 1794 while travelling to Sweet Springs, Virginia 

Early life
Otho Holland Williams was born on March 1, 1749, the third generation of his family born on the North American Continent, his ancestors having emigrated from Wales   For the first year of his life, he lived with his parents Joseph and Prudence Williams in Prince George's County until the family settled at the mouth of the Conecocheague near present-day Williamsport  His family home was Springfield Farm, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974  Shortly before Joseph Williams death, he placed his thirteen-year-old son into the care of his brother-in-law Mr  Ross, who worked in the clerk's office in Frederick County   After studying the duties of the office, Williams took charge of the office himself before moving to Baltimore for similar employment at the age of eighteen   In the spring of 1774, Williams returned to Frederick and entered into commercial life 

Early War
On June 14, 1775, upon the call for soldiers by the Continental Congress, Williams joined Capt  Thomas Price's Independent Rifle Company of Maryland as first lieutenant  The company then marched to the Siege of Boston  Soon after the company's arrival in Boston, Williams was promoted to the command of the company   By order of the Continental Congress on June 27, 1776, the rifle company was integrated into the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, with Hugh Stephenson as colonel, Moses Rawlings as lieutenant colonel and Williams as major The regiment did not see much action until the Battle of Fort Washington, where Williams was taken prisoner by the British   He was taken to New York, where due to his rank he was permitted to go at large on his parole   During this time in New York, it was common for British officers to amuse themselves by insulting American prisoners with pointed questions such as "What Trade were you of before you entered the service?"  When a high ranking British officer asked this question of Williams he replied:

That he was in a profession which taught him to resist tyranny and punish insolence, and that proofs of his profession would follow a reputation towards him 
It is suggested that the officer offended by this retort informed William Phillips—then in command of the New York garrison—that Williams was sending military information to George Washington contrary to the terms of his parole   Williams was promptly arrested and confined to a sixteen square foot (1 5 square meter) room without ventilation in the city's provost jail which he shared with Ethan Allen   Due to possible maltreatment by his captors and malnourishment, his health was affected to the point where he never fully recovered from his imprisonment 
After the surrender of General John Burgoyne after the Battles of Saratoga, Williams was exchanged on January 16, 1778   During his imprisonment, Williams had been  promoted to colonel and given command of the 6th Maryland Regiment of the Maryland Line   Shortly after his release, he stated in a letter to the governor of Maryland that the regiment contained "   not above a hundred effective men    and that those are very indifferently clothed "  He further stated: "I heartily desire to join the army as soon as possible but certainly it had better be reinforced by a regiment without a colonel than by a colonel without a regiment " After joining Washington's army shortly before the Battle of Monmouth he learned that the regiment was noted for a looseness of discipline and was unable to stand with others in the line during battle  Soon after he took effective command, the 6th Maryland Regiment became known as the equal, if not superior, to any in the whole army 

Southern campaign
After the unsuccessful attempt to capture Savannah, Georgia, under the command of General Benjamin Lincoln, the Southern Department of the Continental Army retreated to Charleston, South Carolina   General Sir Henry Clinton moved his forces, surrounded the city where Lincoln's army was located and cut off any chance of relief for the Continental Army   Prior to his surrender, Lincoln had been able to get messages to General Washington and Congress requesting aid   At the end of April 1780, Washington dispatched General Johann de Kalb with 1,400 Maryland and Delaware troops   The Maryland Line made up a large portion of this force, with Williams serving in the post of Adjutant general to General De Kalb 
General de Kalb's forces took almost a month to descend the Chesapeake Bay and did not arrive in Petersburg, Virginia, until the middle of June, almost a month after Lincoln had surrendered his army  The Continental Congress appointed Horatio Gates to command the Southern Department  He assumed command on July 25, 1780, and immediately marched into South Carolina with the intent of engaging the British Army, now under the command of Charles Cornwallis  Williams served as Deputy Adjutant-General under Gates 

Battle of Camden
After brief aggressive maneuvering which threatened the British position in the Carolinas, Cornwallis moved his forces to engage the American forces   The two armies met in the Battle of Camden on August 16, 1780, six miles (9 5 km) north of Camden, South Carolina   Due to several tactical errors on the part of General Gates, Cornwallis achieved a decisive victory   Deserted by their commander and facing opposition on all sides, the Continental Army was forced to retreat   During this engagement, Williams had been stationed to the rear of the army and was unable to contribute until the end  and General de Kalb was mortally wounded   Prior to his death three days later, de Kalb paid a glowing tribute to the Maryland Troop under his command 

Battle of Guilford Court House
After the successful retreat across the Dan River, during which Williams led his men during many highly successful rear guard actions checking the enemy's advance and baffling every British attempt to bring the American army into a general engagement, General Nathanael Greene chose to offer battle to General Cornwallis's forces on March 15, 1781, on ground of his own choosing at Guilford Court House, inside the city limits of present-day Greensboro, North Carolina After the British forces had broken Greene's first line made up of North Carolina Militia and the second line made up of Virginia Militia they threatened the third line made up by the 1st Maryland Regiment, under the command of Colonel John Gunby, and the 2nd Maryland Regiment  The Brigade of Guards, under the command of a Colonel Stewart, broke through the 2nd Maryland Regiment, captured two field pieces and threatened the rear of the 1st Maryland forces whom were already engaged with sizable force under the command of a Colonel Webster 
The 1st Maryland Regiment charged and swept Webster's forces from the field   They then turned to face the oncoming guards unit



ground_truth: Colin Firth

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: A participant of the Battle of Brechin is an instance of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   After a brief exchange of musket fire, in which 1st Maryland's commander's horse was shot from under him, the 1st Maryland Regiment charged the Guards unit who were quickly routed 
Greene, not able to see this part of the battle from his vantage point, had already ordered a retreat   Thus, unsupported, the Maryland troops were soon forced to withdraw  During this retreat the 6th Maryland Regiment under Williams again acted as the rear guard of the army and is credited with holding off the British forces allowing Greene to move his forces to safety   In recognition of Williams' gallantry, Greene appointed him to the post of Adjutant general of the Army 

Battle of Eutaw Springs
The Battle of Eutaw Springs can be divided into two distinct engagements   During the first action, Greene had given the following order to Williams:

Let Williams advance and sweep the field with his bayonets "
The 6th Maryland Regiment advanced and broke the British line forcing them to fall back several miles and allowing the Continental Army to gain control of the British Camp   The Americans then began to pillage the camp which allowed time for the British to form a new line anchored by a stone house that the Continental Army was unable to move later in the day Near the close of the War, he was sent by General Greene with dispatches to congress and on May 9, 1782, promoted to brigadier general 

Later life
After the War, Williams returned to Maryland and settled in Baltimore   He was soon appointed commissioner of the port by the governor of Maryland, an appointment that was renewed when George Washington assumed the Presidency of the United States  He was also admitted as an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland in November 1783 and was later elected as the first assistant secretary general of the National Society at its first general meeting in 1784 In 1786 he married his wife, Mary, the second daughter of William Smith with whom he had four sons  In the year following his marriage, Williams bought his father's house near the Potomac River and dedicated himself to improving the farm and laying out the town of Williamsport, Maryland, which was named in his honor  Williams wanted the capital of the United States to be located in Williamsport and wrote a letter to Washington to that effect on November 1, 1790, enclosing a map of the town Washington thought so highly of Williams that in 1792, when Daniel Morgan refused the rank of brigadier general of the American Army, the president had Henry Knox, the United States Secretary of War, write Williams asking him to accept the position  The position would have made Williams the second in command of the American Army, but citing poor health and no ambition for the position, Williams declined the appointment  However, on December 21, 1792, Williams accepted the Maryland State Legislature's invitation for him to serve as an associate justice for Baltimore County His health deteriorating, Williams was induced to try the "sea airs" and in 1793 journeyed to Barbados which afforded him some benefits   In 1794 upon reaching Woodstock on his way to Sweet Springs, Virginia, Williams became too ill to travel   On Tuesday, July 15, 1794, at the age of 46, Otho Holland Williams died   His remains were interred under a simple monument on the summit of a hill on his Williamsport homestead   His wife died one year later leaving their children orphaned and under the care of her father 

Footnotes
Passage 5:
Battle of Kazan (1774)
The Battle of Kazan (1774) was a major battle during Pugachev's Rebellion  It took place on 12–15 July 1774 in Kazan, Russia, and the surrounding area  The first stage began in the morning of 12 July, when rebels under Yemelyan Pugachev defeated government troops and besieged them in the Kazan Kremlin  During the battle some government forces defected to the rebels' side  However, in the evening, tsarist forces under Johann Michelson reached Kazan and defeated the rebels in two battles which took place on 13 and 15 July, forcing Pugachev to retreat to Tsaryovokokshaysk and then to cross the Volga  Out of 25,000 and 15,000 rebels who participated in the first and last stages of the battle respectively, only 500 escaped 

Prelude to the battle
Kazan was threatened by Pugachev as early as the autumn of 1773  Many of the town's nobles escaped to Moscow, inspiring fear there  A defensive plan was formulated by the Russian high command and was approved personally by Catherine the Great 

Kazan's defenders
There were 3 sectors of defense in Kazan  The first, under general Banner, extended from Kazanka and Arsk Field to Qaban lakes  There, government troops were reinforced by gymnasium pupils under headmaster Kanitsa and armed town militiamen  The second was from the Pleteni to Yamskoy quarter under general-mayor Larionov, and the third was from Yamskoy to Kazanka, under colonel Svechin  The area north from the citadel was defended by Admiralty troops under Shchelin  The citadel itself was reinforced and the garrison under Letskoy was ready to fight  Zilantov Monastery and the Admiralty were turned into strongholds, redoubts were installed at Kazanka's bank and Arsk Field, and a system of knife-rests was installed around the city  Nine cannons were placed behind the knife-rests  The suburban settlements were left to defend themselves without government assistance 
There were 1,500 regular troops in Kazan, along with policemen, Admiralty troops and firemen the defenders numbered 2,000  On 2 July the governor von Brandt announced a coming siege 

Rebels
Ten mullahs sent by Catherine's officers to agitate against Pugachev were killed by rebels  The Orthodox bishop Veniamin appealed to Christians to refuse from joining Pugachev army  However, many peasants from the entire region of modern Tatarstan joined the rebellion and marched to Kazan 
On 10 and 11 July Pugachev's troops encamped to the north-east of Kazan, between Troitskaya Noksa and Tsaritsyno  The army numbered 25,000, mostly Cossacks supported by Tatar and Udmurt peasants and Bashkir cavalry  Only the Cossacks had firearms; the Bashkirs were armed with bows while the peasants were mostly equipped with clubs and stakes  On 11 July, Pugachev, with an interpreter, approached Kazan borders and demanded that the loyalist forces surrender  The Tatar community was invited to support the rebellion  Von Brandt refused to disarm; however, the Tatars quarters sent seventy emissaries with presents to Pugachev  They also disclosed weaknesses in the Kazan defense 
On 12 July, at four o'clock in the morning, Pugachev convened a council of war, dividing his army into 4 groups  The first two under Beloborodov and Mineyev should attack Arsk Field, the main group under Pugachev himself attacked Sukonny (Broadcloth Manufactory) quarter  The group under Ovchinnikov and Bakhmutov should attack Tatar quarters  The storm started at six o'clock after Pugachev's prayer 

Battle
Storm of Kazan
Beloborodov took Neyelova grove, the area of modern-day Gorky Park and approached the citadel by the avenue now known as Karl Marx Street  Pugachev's cannons neutralized government artillery and shelled the defenders of the cloth factory under manufacturer Dryablov  Workers joined the rebel army  The fourth group of rebels reached Mokry quarter and Admiralty 
Government troops were forced to retreat and were besieged in the citadel  Nearly half of the defenders, mostly ethnic Tatars, defected to the rebels  The central stone part of Kazan, mostly settled by Russian nobles and merchants, was set on fire  Sukonny and Tatar quarters, however, stayed safe 
Pugachev ordered his troops to safeguard the lives of civilians and captives  They were convoyed to the nearby village of Savinovo, where Pugachev invited them to join his troops  Among others, a captive Lutheran priest was appointed colonel in Pugachev's army, but nobles and resisters were massacred 

Pugachev's family
Pugachev's family, his wife Sofia Dmitrievna, his 11-year-old son Trofim, daughters Khristina and Agrafena and his brother, were imprisoned in Kazan during the rebellion  Sofia Pugacheva should confirm, that Yemelyan is not Peter III, but a Cossack  She could visit markets to spread this information  When Pugachev's group marched they occasionally met his family  Trofim called him, but Pugachev said that he is simply a friend of this family  So, he took them to unit transport 

Michelson's arrival
The Kremlin surrounded, rebel cannons were installed near Spasskaya Tower and started shelling  After noon, Pugachev stopped the storm and retreated to Arsk Field  There he participated in thanksgiving service  Then he had a dinner at Tatar merchant Musa Apanayev's house 
In the evening governmental troops from Ufa under Johann Michelson reached Kazan  A harsh battle took place at the modern Gogol street, but neither side won  Pugachev retreated to Savinovo and Sukhaya Reka villages  On 13 July he tried to prevent the end of the siege of the citadel, but under the pressure of Michelson and Potyomkin the rebels were defeated and were forced to retreat  On 15 July Pugachyov's army of 15,000 was defeated in the battle of Arsk Field  Pugachev with 500 men escaped to Tsaryovokokshaysk, to cross the Volga on 18 July and to continue his struggle then  Michelson didn't follow him, as government forces had no horses 
Before the trial captives were imprisoned in a camp near the suburb of Bishbalta  In autumn two gallows were placed in Kazan, one in Sukonny, another in Tatar quarter  Many captive rebels were executed, including Beloborodov and Mineyev 

Aftermath
After Pugachev's escape some rebel groups under Bäxtiär Qanqayıv and Usman Timerev continued the resistance, but they were shortly neutralized by governmental troops 
The battle of Kazan had a significant role in Tatarstan's history  The Tatar participation in the rebellion numbered up to 85,000  Nevertheless, the participants of the rebellion were harshly punished  The Tsar's government continued its policy of the support of Muslim nobility and clergy, to prevent similar uprisings as a result of religious oppression in the future  Feudal oppression, however, stayed for a long time This battle took a major place in the Soviet culture  The first Tatar movie Bulat-Batır was devoted to Pugachev's rebellion in Tatarstan and the siege of Kazan 

See also
Pugachov's oak


== References and footnotes ==
Passage 6:
HMS Galatea (1914)
HMS Galatea was one of eight Arethusa-class light cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s  She fought in the First World War, participating in the Battle of Jutland  Following the war, she was scrapped 

Design and description
The Arethusa-class cruisers were intended to lead destroyer flotillas and defend the fleet against attacks by enemy destroyers  The ships were 456 feet 6 inches (139 1 m) long overall, with a beam of 49 feet 10 inches (15 2 m) and a deep draught of 15 feet 3 inches (4 6 m)  Displacement was 5,185 long tons (5,268 t) at normal and 5,795 long tons (5,888 t) at full load  Arethusa was powered by four Parsons steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, which produced a total of 40,000 indicated horsepower (30,000 kW)  The turbines used steam generated by eight Yarrow boilers which gave her a speed of about 28 5 knots (52 8 km/h; 32 8 mph)  She carried 840 long tons (853 t) tons of fuel oil that gave a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) The main armament of the Arethusa-class ships was two BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns that were mounted on the centreline fore and aft of the superstructure and six QF 4-inch Mk V guns in waist mountings  They were also fitted with a single QF 3-pounder 47 mm (1 9 in) anti-aircraft gun and four 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes in two twin mounts 

Service history
She was launched on 14 May 1914 at William Beardmore and Company shipyard  On her commissioning she was assigned as the leader to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Harwich Force, guarding the eastern approaches to the English Channel  On 4 May 1916, she took part in the shooting down of Zeppelin L 7  At the Battle of Jutland, she was the flagship of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron under Commodore E S  Alexander-Sinclair  She was the first ship to report the presence of German ships, triggering the battle  Galatea was also the first to receive a hit by the German light cruiser SMS Elbing, but no explosion occurred  She was sold for scrapping on 25 October 1921  Mount Galatea in Alberta, Canada is named after this ship 

Notes
Bibliography
Colledge, J  J ; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]  Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev  ed )  London: Chatham Publishing  ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8 
Corbett, Julian (March 1997)  Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands  History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents  Vol  I (2nd, reprint of the 1938 ed )  London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum and Battery Press  ISBN 0-89839-256-X 
Corbett, Julian (1997)  Naval Operations  History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents  Vol  II (reprint of the 1929 second ed )  London and Nashville, Tennessee: Imperial War Museum in association with the Battery Press  ISBN 1-870423-74-7 
Friedman, Norman (2010)  British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After  Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth  ISBN 978-1-59114-078-8 
Friedman, Norman (2011)  Naval Weapons of World War One  Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth  ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7 
Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds  (1985)  Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921  Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press  ISBN 0-85177-245-5 
Newbolt, Henry (1996)  Naval Operations  History of the Great War Based on Official Documents  Vol  V (reprint of the 1931 ed )  Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press  ISBN 0-89839-255-1 
Pearsall, Alan (1984)  "Arethusa Class Cruisers, Part I"  Warship  London: Conway Maritime Press  VIII: 203–11  ISBN 0-87021-983-9 
Pearsall, Alan (1984)  "Arethusa Class Cruisers, Part II"  Warship  London: Conway Maritime Press  VIII: 258–65  ISBN 0-87021-983-9 

External links

Ships of the Arethusa class
Battle of Jutland Crew Lists Project - HMS Galatea Crew List
Passage 7:
Jakub Jasiński
Jakub Krzysztof Jasiński (Lithuanian: Jokūbas Kristupas Jasinskis) of Rawicz Clan (24 July 1761 – 4 November 1794) was a Polish general, and poet of Enlightenment  He participated in the War in Defence of the Constitution in 1792, was an enemy of the Targowica Confederation and organized an action against its supporters in Vilnius  He participated also in the Kościuszko Uprising, during the course of which he was killed in the Battle of Praga in 1794 
A graduate of the Warsaw-based Szkoła Rycerska, with time he became the tutor of engineering at his alma mater  He fought with distinction in the War in Defense of the Constitution of 1792  After the king joined the Targowica Confederation he remained loyal to the new authorities  In 1789 he became the commanding officer of the Engineering Corps for Lithuania 

War in Defence of the Constitution
He participated in the Battle of Brześć in July 1792, for which he was awarded the military award Virtuti Militari Despite his antipathy towards the Confederation of Targowica, opposed the Constitution of 3 May which Jasiński had defended, during this time he pledged his loyalty to it, not giving up conspiratorial activities against it 

The war of liberation
During the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794 Jasiński was among the most prominent members of the radical wing of the Polish Jacobins and at the same time a successful military commander of partisan forces in the area of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  In April of that year he liberated the city of Vilnius by leading a successful uprising there  Supported by Tadeusz Kościuszko and appointed the commander in chief of all the partisan forces in the former Grand Duchy, he managed to defeat numerous Russian garrisons in the area  However, accusations of radical republicanism brought him into conflict with the state authorities, and by the beginning of June he was forced to resign as commander-in-chief of Lithuanian forces and pass his office to General Michał Wielhorski  Jakub Jasiński continued to harass enemy forces in Lithuania and then withdrew with a small partisan troop towards Warsaw  There he perished in November during the defense of Warsaw against the forces of Alexander Suvorov 
Among his literary works are numerous poems of satirical and fabled character, under huge influence of Voltaire, for example Jasiński's better-known "Sprzeczki" (Quarrels)  He was also an author of many patriotic and revolutionary poems and songs against injustices, inspired by the French Revolution, and arousing hope of a similar one in his homeland 

Commemoration

In Poland, there are or were a number of streets named after Jakub Jasiński, including in Warsaw, Chorzów, Częstochowa, Gliwice, Inowrocław, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Przemyśl, Radom, Świdnica, and Zielona Góra 
Outside Poland, he is also commemorated in the names of Streets in Belarus, where there is a street named after him in Maladzyechna as well in Lithuania, where he has a street both in the Old Town of Vilnius and in Kaunas  Belarus also released a stamp with his image in 1994 



ground_truth: Scottish clan