prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city was the author of What We Talk About When We Talk About love born in?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Neal Asbury
Neal Asbury (born May 2, 1957) is Chief Executive of The Legacy Companies  An advocate of entrepreneurship and free enterprise,  he hosts the nationally syndicated talk radio show Neal Asbury's Truth for America (now Neal Asbury's Made in America) 

Early life
Neal Asbury attended Jefferson Township High School in Jefferson Township, New Jersey  After graduation he enrolled in Rowan University in New Jersey graduating in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music 

Career
After graduating from Rowan University Neal began working in the mail room of a Fifth Avenue as a food service exporter  A year later, Asbury moved on to Manila, working as a director of sales for a large trading company and traveling to capitals in the Far East  Seven years later, he founded Asbury Worldwide  By 1987, the firm had grown to include twelve distribution facilities around the globe   In 1989, he started began FAB Asia, Inc  in Manila, Philippines, an  Asian fabricator of commercial kitchens for McDonald's as well as other American restaurant chains 
After selling his group of companies in July 1999, Asbury established Greenfield World Trade, a global trading company selling and servicing American manufactured products in over 130 countries to both  retail and commercial markets  He acquired J  Cobo (a distribution company with operations throughout Latin America), General (a manufacturer of food preparation equipment), Zeroll (a manufacturer of kitchen gadgets), and Omega (a manufacturer of electrical kitchen appliances) 

Awards and distinctions
Asbury has received the E-Star Export Award and the Export Achievement Award from the U S  Department of Commerce  Asbury's company was recognized as National Champion Exporter of The Year(2008) after they were first recognized in February as Exporter of the Year for Florida, which was preceded by being selected as the Region IV Exporter of the Year, covering the Southeast United States   Greenfield World Trade's Neal Asbury Named SBA's National Champion Exporter of the Year 

Radio show and blog
Each week Asbury hosts a talk radio show, Neal Asbury's Made In America, (formerly Truth For America), produced by Atlantic Radio Network   It is broadcast around the US by Radio America and deals with topics related to America's entrepreneurial spirit and the American Dream Asbury also writes the Conscientious Equity blog, which focuses on his interest for small business, entrepreneurship and the benefits of expanding the U S  role in global commerce  Topics discussed on the blog range from the health care crisis to job creation and international trade  Asbury's blog entries have been syndicated online, appearing on Moneynews com 

Personal life
On December 29 in 1984 Neal married Elizabeth Trixia Gomez Carpio, an actress from the Philippines  They have two daughters 
Passage 2:
Steve Somers
Steve Somers (born April 17, 1947), nicknamed the Schmoozer, is an American talk radio host best known for his work on the New York City sports radio station WFAN (660 AM)  He has been with the station since its inception in 1987 

Personal life
Somers is a native of San Francisco, California, and became a fan of the San Francisco Giants upon the team's arrival to the city in 1958  He graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1969  He currently resides in Manhattan  
His nickname is  "The Schmoozer " He roots for the New York Mets (or Metropolitans as he refers to them), the New York Knicks (or Knickerbockers) the New York Rangers and New York Jets (sometimes he even calls them the Jetropolitans) 

Career
Somers began his career in the Bay Area  Before graduating high school, he worked at KYA radio in San Francisco delivering on air high school sports reports   After college, Somers began hosting a news talk show on KNEW radio in Oakland  To that effect, Time Magazine ran a story naming him the youngest talk show host in the country at that period of time  Somers also worked a public address announcer for the NBA's San Francisco Warriors 
In 1970, Somers joined KPIX in San Francisco  as a weekend sports anchor and won a San Francisco Press Club Award  Over the next decade and a half he held other television sportscasting positions at KOVR in Sacramento, WXIA-TV in Atlanta and KNBC in Los Angeles  While in Los Angeles, he also launched a sports talk program at KMPC radio 
Somers joined WFAN at the station's inception in July 1987  He spent his first few years with the station as the overnight host  While he was on the overnight program he dubbed himself "Captain Midnight"  During this time he conducted one of the last ever interviews with Mark Koenig, who was the last living member of the 1927 New York Yankees  He later spent a few years co-hosting the 10am-1pm slot with WWOR-TV sports anchor Russ Salzberg  The program was titled "The Sweater and the Schmoozer " At that time, Somers developed some of the quirks that have been hallmarks of his WFAN tenure, dropping catchphrases such as "schmoooooozing S-P-O-R-T-S" (spelling out the word "sports"), giving time checks in minutes and seconds, uniquely reading the end of the station's phone number as "six-six-six-six" rather than the standard "sixty six-sixty six", joking at the expense of engineer Eddie Scozzare ("THE Eddie Scozzare?" "No, Eddie Maple, who do you think we're talking?"), and reading the catalogue numbers of live commercials ("LV-242, for those of you scoring at home, and I know you are   ") 
He is also known to refer to the New York Mets, by their official name "The New York Metropolitans" drawing out the parts as Metro-Politans, and referring to the Islanders as the Ice-landers 
Currently, Somers usually works during the evening on weekdays  His program can be heard anywhere from 6:30pm to 2am, depending on whether WFAN airs a sporting event that night  He is also sometimes heard on weekends  He is colloquially known as "The Schmoozer " Somers has said of the infrequent scheduling, "Sometimes, just sometimes, I forget what time zone I live in "
In October 2021, Somers stated that WFAN's owner Audacy had requested to move his show back into the overnight hours, a request Somers declined as he was no longer willing to work a graveyard slot  He stated that, because of the request, he was planning on retiring from his regular shift at WFAN "sooner rather than later," with the intention of remaining at WFAN on a reduced schedule as a fill-in host if Audacy allows 

Film
Somers appeared in the 1979 film The Visitor 
Passage 3:
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes is an American talk show hosted by artist Andy Warhol, that aired on MTV from 1985 to 1987  One of the network's earliest series, it featured interviews with up-and-coming musicians such as Courtney Love  Other such talk show guests include Debbie Harry and Chris Stein of Blondie, Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran, Ric Ocasek of the Cars, the Ramones, Grace Jones, Yoko Ono, Judd Nelson, Kevin Dillon, John C  McGinley, and William S  Burroughs 

See also
15 minutes of fame
Passage 4:
Treat Her Like a Lady (Diana King song)
"Treat Her Like a Lady" is a song by Jamaican-American singer Diana King from the 1995 album, Tougher Than Love  It was written by King, Andy Marvel and Billy Mann, and produced by Marvel  In 1997, it was covered by Canadian singer Celine Dion for her album, Let's Talk About Love 

Celine Dion version
Canadian singer Celine Dion recorded a cover version of "Treat Her Like a Lady" for her 1997 album, Let's Talk About Love  It was produced by Ric Wake  Dion changed some lyrics, gaining a co-writing credit  Diana King and Brownstone recorded guest vocals for the track  "Treat Her Like a Lady" was released as the final single in Europe between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It peaked inside top 40 in the United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland, Austria and Iceland 

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne called Dion's cover an "overarranged stab at reggae dancehall" and "unintentionally amusing"  The New York Observer editor Jonathan Bernstein wrote, "She's fallen on her face before when attempting to be as one with the rhythm, but Celine Dion has never humiliated herself as comprehensively as she does when mashing it up in a dance-hall style on "Treat Her Like a Lady"  As Seinfeld' s George Costanza remarked in a similar situation, "Sweet fancy Moses!"" Steven Wells from NME commented, "Celine raps hardcore radical feminism! Yes she does! She says that we've got to treat women like "ladies"  Otherwise they might go "crazy"  This is possibly the most profound statement on the subject of women's oppression since Germaine Greer's The Female Eunuch" 

Commercial performance
After the success of "My Heart Will Go On", radio stations in Quebec started playing "Treat Her Like a Lady" in May 1998  Because of that, it entered the airplay chart on 30 May 1998 and peaked at number nine  The commercial single was released in selected European countries between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It was issued almost a year after the previous single from Let's Talk About Love, "Immortality" 
In April 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in Austria and Germany, peaking at numbers 16 and 64, respectively  In May 1999, it debuted on the charts in the Netherlands and Belgium, reaching numbers 62 in the Netherlands, 70 in Wallonia and 78 in Flanders  In July 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in few other countries, peaking at numbers 29 in the United Kingdom, 33 in Scotland, 40 in Ireland, 54 in Sweden, and as a result number 91 on the European Hot 100 Singles  The song also reached numbers 13 in Iceland and 38 on the airplay chart in Spain 

Music video
The live music video was recorded on 18 December 1998, during the Let's Talk About Love World Tour in Montreal, Canada  It was directed by Gérard Pullicino  The video was included on the UK enhanced CD single in June 1999  In November 2022, it was uploaded into Dion's official YouTube channel 

Track listing and formats
Charts
Release history
Passage 5:
Roamin' Holiday
Roamin' Holiday is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 155th Our Gang short released (156th episode, 67th talking short, and 68th talking episode) 

Plot
Upset at being forced to do the household chores all weekend long (and the threat of taking dancing lessons), Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat, and Porky decide to run away from home  Taking a breather in the tiny village of Jenksville, the boys manage to cadge a meal from kindly storekeeper Mrs  Jenks  But when she finds out that the kids are runaways, she passes this information along to her husband, Constable Hi Jenks, who jovially decides to teach the boys a lesson  Pretending to arrest the four youngsters, Constable Jenks dresses them in convict stripes and forces them to work on the rock pile, figuring that after an hour or so they will be glad to return home  But an unanticipated swarm of bees brings this little morality play to a sudden and painful conclusion for the four roamin' rascals 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Darla Hood as Darla
Pete the Pup as himself

Additional cast
Joe White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Tom White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Otis Harlan as Hiram Jenks
May Wallace as 'Ma' Jenks

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 6:
Bangkok Love Story
Bangkok Love Story (Thai: เพื่อน   กูรักมึงว่ะ; RTGS: Phuean   Ku Rak Mueng Wa; literally "Friend     I love you") is a 2007 Thai film written and directed by Poj Arnon  A gay romantic crime action drama, it is the story of a man who falls in love with a gunman assigned to kill him 

Plot
A loner gunman named Maek is assigned to kidnap a police informant named Iht, but Maek has a change of heart when he takes Iht to the 'hit house'  Maek is ordered to kill Iht, but because he only kills scum and has discovered that Iht isn't bad, he refuses, turning the gun on the enforcers who had hired him to murder Iht  A gun battle ensues during which Maek is wounded, but Iht grabs Maek's gun and shoots their way out of the mobsters' headquarters  The two men then escape on Maek's motorcycle  Maek tells Iht to leave at gun point but he won't and takes Maek back to his rooftop hide-out  There, over a period of time, Iht tends to Maek's wound and finds himself attracted to him 
In fact, Maek is also attracted to Iht, but keeps it hidden, while Iht cares for his former would-be killer with great tenderness 
While giving Maek a bath one day, Iht kisses him on the mouth   Maek reciprocates and the two men engage in a passionate sexual experience  The next day, however, a conflicted Maek demands that Iht go away and leave him alone  Iht returns home to his fiancée, Sai, but is no longer interested in continuing a relationship with her  Iht spends his days pining over Maek, and tracks down Maek's brother, Mhok, and their mother  Mhok is HIV positive, as the result of sexual abuse by his and Maek's stepfather, and their mother is dying of AIDS 
Maek remains elusive, hiding from Iht when he visits the hideout, but leaving signs that he's there so Iht will return 
Though Maek avoids making contact with Iht, eventually he goes to visit his mother and brother, and Iht corners him at the entrance to the building, declaring his love for Maek and stressing how much he misses him   They kiss passionately  They are unfortunately covertly observed by Sai, Iht's live-in fiancée 
Maek's dream is to take his mother and brother away from Bangkok to the mountains of Mae Hong Son Province  But after Maek's mother overhears that Mhok has prostituted himself to survive after contracting AIDS from his stepfather, she commits suicide by hanging herself  The brothers take her down, and as they are rushing her from the apartment, she is killed by a gunshot fired by an unseen sniper  The bullet is presumably intended for Maek 
Maek's former mobster employers are gunning for him and Iht  Maek decides to hunt them down first, and he succeeds in killing them  After Mohk informs Iht what Maek is doing, Iht goes to the capo's house to try to stop Maek, but he is too late and misses Maek by a second  Iht is injured when the capo's wife shoots at a clock that shatters in Iht's face 
Maek, meanwhile meets his brother at the railway station to leave Bangkok for good  But before he can board the train, he is apprehended by the police and taken away  Mhok breaks down  He's the sole witness to his brother being apprehended 
Years pass by  Iht visits Maek in prison and reveals that he was left blind in the final gunbattle with Maek's ex-boss  Mhok commits suicide while at a Hospice of Watphrabahtnamphu in Lopburi because he no longer has the energy to fight his disease  Eventually, Maek is released from prison, and Iht meets him  But before the two men can leave to start their life together, Maek is shot dead by a single bullet fired by an unseen assassin  A bewildered, blind Iht collapses over his lover's corpse, swearing his love for him again and again 
Iht eventually regains his sight, and is finally able to view on his mobile phone a video recorded by Maek himself many years before, admitting that all along, he had loved Iht and that he would love him to his last breath 

Cast
Rattanaballang Tohssawat as Maek (Cloud)
Chaiwat Thongsaeng as Iht (Stone)
Weeradit Srimalai as Mhok (Fog)
Chatcha Rujinanon as Sai (Sand)
Suchao Pongwilai
Chonprakhan Janthareuang
Uthumporn Silaphan
Rachanu Boonchuduang

Production
When Bangkok Love Story was in pre-production in 2006, the Royal Thai Police raised objections to the script, which originally depicted a policeman (Iht) falling in love with the assassin Maek  The character Iht's exact connection to the police department was then made ambiguous so that the film would be passed by the Board of Censors, which includes members of the Royal Thai Police Both lead actors, Chaiwat Thongsang (Iht) and Ratanabanrang Tosawat (Maek), are heterosexual, according to a profile of the two actors in BK Magazine  Chaiwat said he took the role because he wanted the "challenge" and to "become famous"  Ratanabanrang simply stated playing a gay man "is an honor" Chaiwat said he had hoped camera angles could be used so he could avoid having to kiss his co-star, but director Poj Arnon insisted the kisses must be real  "It was totally disgusting at first, but we kind of got used to it after a while", Chaiwat said  Ratanabanrang said he had to imagine he was kissing his girlfriend  "Actually, we acted so well, that my girlfriend got paranoid" Both actors acknowledged that the film would be compared to Brokeback Mountain, but Ratanabanrang noted that Poj Arnon had the idea for Bangkok Love Story long before Brokeback had been adapted into a film 

Release and reception
Bangkok Love Story was released in Thailand cinemas on August 13, 2007  The film proved popular, with the Bangkok Post stating it was "the movie everybody has been talking about"  The film earned US$325,000 in its Thailand theatrical run Critical reception was mixed  The weekly BK Magazine stated that the film suffered from being overly melodramatic, but praised the cinematography by Tiwa Moeithaisong, which "turns Bangkok into a character in its own right "Reviews from the Bangkok English-language daily The Nation were characterised as "dismissive" 
LGBT-related website Fridae praised Bangkok Love Story as "the boldest Thai gay movie to date " It additionally praised the film for being a departure from the Thai LGBT genre, which generally features coarsely stereotyped kathoey transvestite caricatures Gay Thai independent film producer Vitaya Saeng-aroon similarly praised the film, saying director Poj Arnon was "brave enough to shake society up" Bangkok Love Story was screened at the 34th Brussels International Independent Film Festival, where it won the top prize, the Grand Award in all Categories  It was also the Opening Night selection for the 2007 Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, and played at the 2008 London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival 
TLA Releasing acquired theatrical, home video, television and video on demand rights for North America and the United Kingdom  The company plans to release the film in those territories in summer 2008 

Soundtrack
The film also produced a popular theme song "Yahk-Roo   Tae-Mai-Yahk-Taam" (in Thai: "อยากรู้   แต่ไม่อยากถาม meaning "I want to know, but I don't want to ask") by Calories Blah Blah (in Thai: แคลอรี่ส์ บลาห์ บลาห์) 
Passage 7:
Glove Taps
Glove Taps is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 151st Our Gang short (152nd episode, 63rd talking short, and 64th talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Butch explains that he clobbers every kid in school to prove that he is in charge  By a fluke, weak-kneed Alfalfa is chosen to face Butch in the barnyard boxing ring—and he has only one day to train for the big bout 
Spanky volunteers to be Alfalfa's trainer, which consists mostly of Alfalfa pulling him around in a little red wagon 
Porky and Buckwheat have had "this will not end well" expressions on their faces the whole time  They take matters into their own hands once the bout starts; knocking Butch out from behind a curtain and allowing Alfalfa to take the credit 

Notes
After appearing as a peripheral player in several earlier Our Gang shorts, Tommy Bond made a spectacular return to the series in Glove Taps  Here and in all future appearances, Bond is cast as neighborhood bully Butch, the bane of the existence of Spanky McFarland, Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer and the rest of the Gang 
Another Our Ganger debuts as Glove Taps Marks the first appearance of Darwood Kaye 
The background music in this one-reel comedy came from Marvin Hatley's Oscar-nominated score for the Laurel and Hardy feature Way Out West 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
Tommy Bond as Butch
Sidney Kibrick as Woim
Darla Hood as Darla
Darwood Kaye as Waldo

Extra kids
Hugh Chapman, John Collum, Rex Downing, Larry Harris, Joe Levine, Jackie Lindquist, Donald Proffitt, Hugh Sheridan, Harold Switzer, Jerry Tucker, Bobs Watson, Robert Winkler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 8:
Full House (season 2)
The second season of the family sitcom Full House originally aired on ABC between October 14, 1988 and May 5, 1989  From this season onward, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen are credited in the opening credits 

Plot
In season two, Danny is fired from his job as a sportscaster and instead is promoted to a higher position as the host of a morning talk show titled Wake Up San Francisco, earning him a co-host named Rebecca Donaldson (Lori Loughlin) and Jesse's potential love interest  Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey become best friends (much to Danny's jealousy) and start doing advertising jingles together  D  J  begins sixth grade and Stephanie enters first grade 

Main cast
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D  J  Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner

Episodes
See also
List of Full House episodes
Passage 9:
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a 1981 collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver, as well as the title of one of the stories in the collection  Considered by many one of American literature's most ambitious short-story collections, it was this collection that turned Raymond Carver into a household name in the publishing industry 

Content
"Why Don't You Dance?"
In 1977, Carver submitted a story with this title to Esquire, which Gordon Lish subsequently edited and retitled "I Am Going to Sit Down", but no version ever appeared in Esquire  The story was first published in Quarterly West in Autumn 1978 and later in The Paris Review in Spring 1981  The Quarterly West version incorporated many of Lish's suggested changes, while the final version was 9% shorter  It tells the story of a drinking man overseeing his yard sale  The reader gets the feeling that he may be selling all his possessions, looking to start life anew  A young couple stops by to select furniture for their new apartment  They haggle a little over prices and buy a TV and a bed  The drinking man tells the young woman to put a record on  When the music begins the man asks the couple to dance  Uncomfortably, they comply  Then the drinking man dances with the girl, and she says to him: "You must be desperate or something " Several weeks later, the woman is telling her friends about the man at his yard sale  She mocks the record player and records he gave them, saying: "Will you look at this shit?" The story ends with her trying to make sense of the man's situation before quitting her wondering altogether 
The story was adapted in the 2010 film Everything Must Go starring Will Ferrell and written and directed by Dan Rush 

"Viewfinder"
A hook-handed man takes a photograph of the narrator's house from the street, then sells it to him  The narrator asks the photographer in for coffee  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Mr  Coffee and Mr  Fixit"
A man reflects "about three years back" on his struggle to come to grips with a couple of troublesome relationships  He was surprised to see his elderly single mother kissing a man on the sofa upstairs  He says his kids were crazy and so was his wife, Myrna, who eventually fell for another man named Ross whom she met at Alcoholics Anonymous  He remembers how his father died and suggests to Myrna that they "hug awhile" and have a "real nice supper," and she responds somewhat lukewarmly  The manuscript version titled "Where Is Everyone?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Gazebo"
Set in a roomy upstairs suite, motel managers Holly & Duane discuss the disintegration of their marriage  Duane has been having an affair with a cleaning lady, Juanita  Duane tries to convince Holly that their love can be rekindled and reconciled but Holly does not agree  Duane is left hopelessly bemoaning the future he had envisioned with Holly  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"I Could See the Smallest Things"
Nancy wakes up in the middle of the night because of a noise outside  She realizes it's the open gate, and hesitantly she goes to the kitchen to smoke for a while before going out to investigate, leaving her alcoholic husband Cliff "passed out" and snoring loudly in bed  At the fence, Nancy meets her neighbor Sam, a widower, who is spreading insecticide to kill slugs which are ruining his garden  Nancy & Sam talk and it becomes clear Sam and Cliff, once good friends, have had a falling-out  Lonely and wishing to patch up their relationship, Sam asks Nancy to tell Cliff he said hello  Nancy says she will and goes back to bed, realizing she forgot to latch the gate shut  The manuscript version titled "Want to See Something?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Sacks"
Les, a textbook salesman, reflects back a year ago on an incident where he met up with his father in a Sacramento airport  It's been two years since his father's divorce from his mother  While the wife was away, the father had been having an extramarital affair with a Stanley Products saleswoman  The father asks Les if everything is okay, and Les lies, saying everything is fine  A fissure seems to grow between the father and son during the uncomfortable, transient, confusing meeting  Fairly sure that his father will play a negligent to nonexistent role in his future, Les boards his flight  The manuscript version titled "The Fling" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Bath"
On his birthday, young Scotty is walking to school when he is hit by a car and knocked unconscious  "The Bath" is a predecessor of "A Small, Good Thing," one of Carver's most famous stories, which was published in Cathedral  It is much shorter than "A Small, Good Thing" and ends on an ambiguous note as Scotty's mother goes home from the hospital to take a bath, which is where this version of the story gets its name 

"Tell the Women We're Going"
Two close childhood friends, identified by the author as Bill Jamison & Jerry Roberts, are out of school and have married  After Jerry married, Bill sensed a change in his friend, something that he'd never once shown  One afternoon, the two men leave both their wives and Jerry's kids to go out for a drive, for old-time's sake  They play pool and drink beer at the Rec Center, while reminiscing about the olden days  On their way out, they see two women biking down the road  Jerry proposes turning back and chatting them up, juvenile and excited  They pull up to the women and Bill introduces himself and Jerry, but the girls, named Barbara and Shannon, seem completely uninterested  They drive ahead and wait for the women to pass  The women, when they arrive, drop their bikes and cut down a path away from the men, which doesn't really bother Bill but does angers Jerry, who devises a plan to cut them off  The story ends in a surprise twist, with Jerry bashing Shannon and Barbara over their heads with a rock, ostensibly killing them both and proving Jerry's deep unhappiness with life  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"After the Denim"
James and Edith Packer, an elderly couple, go out for the night to play bingo at the local community center  While there, James is perturbed by a young hippy-like couple dressed in denim who go on to ruin his fun and evening: they take the Packers' parking spot; James sees the young man cheating and confronts him but the man denies the allegation  Later, when the young girl gets bingo, everybody but James claps  James is certain the couple will use the victory money on drugs  That night as the Packers are getting ready for bed, Edith reveals to James that she's been "bleeding" and "spotting," and she'll require medical attention  Restless and upset over his wife's sickness, James wonders why it isn't the young couple who has all the problems  The manuscript version titled "If It Please You" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"So Much Water So Close to Home"
As she was having breakfast, Claire, is shocked to learn that her husband, Stuart, and his three buddies, found the body of a girl washed up on the rivershore upon arriving in the afternoon for their yearly camping trip, as reported by the morning newspaper that day  Instead of reporting the body to the police immediately, the four rather enjoy their vacation, spending some time fishing, getting to eating, and drinking whisky as they sit by the fire, all the while the body of the dead girl lays there  As the quartet packs up the next morning, Stuart uses a payphone to alert the police about the corpse found by the riverbed  Claire feels deeply distanced from her husband, who she thought she knew, and cannot stop wondering about the dead girl, to whom she feels oddly connected  Inevitably, she starts believing Stuart and his friends could be behind the girl's murder  Claire wonders why they didn't go fishing locally, why didn't they report the body quickly, as she'd have  Later, after the body is identified and Stuart is at work, Claire reads the funeral plans in the newspaper and decides to attend  On her way to the funeral, a man in a pickup truck pulls her over and asks to talk to her, wants to make sure she's safe  Claustrophobic and frightened, Claire clicks her car locks shut and says she's fine  After the funeral Claire overhears a woman saying they caught the killer, but Claire is not so certain they have the right man  The story ends with Stuart making a sexual advance on Claire in the kitchen  As he reaches for her breasts, she hears water running in the sink and is reminded of the girl floating in the river  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off"
The character of Jack Fraser, in classical Carver style, tells the story of a local outsider named Dummy who worked in the same sawmill as Jack's father Del  Del gets Dummy to fill a pond on his land with bass, but Dummy eventually builds an electric fence around it so people stop coming by  Dummy drifts further into isolation and his wife starts going around with another man, much to his discontent  The story ends with Dummy murdering his wife and committing suicide by drowning in his beloved pond  Del impresses upon Jack what a wrong woman can turn a man into  Later, Jack understands Dummy's plight more clearly  The manuscript version titled "Dummy" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"A Serious Talk"
Burt finds himself incapable of leaving his wife Vera alone  On Boxing Day, Burt comes back to his wife's house to try and explain away his poor behavior from the night before  On Christmas Day, Burt put too many logs in the fire which could've burned the place down, reckless as he always was  On his way out to make room for Vera's boyfriend Charlie, Burt finds it appropriate to steal six pies from the kitchen counter left unattended  On the 26th, Vera does not want to talk to Burt; she doesn't have the time, it's obvious she has plans already  Burt tries again and again to apologize but Vera does not think it's sincere  Burt notices cigarette butts that are not Vera's regular brand collected in the ashtray, "their ashtray," and feels out of place  While Vera is the bathroom the phone rings and she shouts at Burt to answer it  It's a call for Charlie and Burt responds curtly, saying he's "not here" before leaving the phone off the hook  Vera comes back into the kitchen, and it's clear she cannot tolerate Burt sticking around  The phone rings again and Vera says she'll answer it from the bedroom  Instead of hanging up when Vera commands, Burt takes a knife from the cabinet and cuts the cord in two  Vera realizes what's happened and yells for Burt to leave, saying she'll get a restraining order  Burt leaves calmly and, as he drives away in his car holding their ashtray, he is deludedly convinced that in a few weeks they'll have a "serious talk" and get back together  The manuscript version titled "Pie" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Calm"
A man sitting in a barber's chair getting a haircut listens as three men waiting their turn argue about a hunting story one of the men is telling  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2004) 

"Little Things" (aka “Popular Mechanics”)
The protagonist is seen first packing a suitcase, all the while a woman swears at him and yells loudly, glad that he's finally leaving her  Their baby won't stop crying  The protagonist decides he wants to bring the baby with him but the woman won't let him even get near their baby  The two get into a tussle and a tug-of-war over the baby  The story ends with the man and the woman pulling tremendously on the baby, with somewhat ambiguously grim and dark possibilities  Titled "Little Things" in Where I'm Calling From (1988); the manuscript version titled "Mine" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Everything Stuck to Him"
A father tells his young adult daughter what life was like for their family when she was a young child, all while on vacation in Milan  The manuscript version titled "Distance" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"One More Thing"
At the kitchen table, L D  argues with his daughter Rae, age 15, about her beliefs  Maxine, the wife, comes home and notices L D  is drunk  Maxine sides with Rae, saying she can like what she likes  In a moment of fury, L D  throws a pickle jar through the window, shattering the glass  Maxine gives L D  an ultimatum: he must pack his things and go or she'll call the police  L D  starts packing, stuffing not only his belongings into his suitcase but also vindictively taking womanly toiletries he could make no use of  Taking one last look around, about to leave for good, L D  says he has one more thing to tell his wife and daughter but, suddenly inarticulate, he is unable to put what he feels into words  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love"
Mel McGinnis is a 45-year-old cardiologist married to Teresa, also known as Terri  They live together in Albuquerque  The narrator, Nick, describes Mel as tall and rangy with curly soft hair and Teresa (who is Mel's second wife) as bone-thin with a pretty face, dark eyes, and brown hair  Nick is 38 years old, and married to Laura, 35, who works as a legal secretary  The four sit around a table at Mel and Terri's, drinking gin in the afternoon 
They soon start to talk about love  Terri has had an abusive relationship; the abuse, she says, derives from love  Ed, Terri's former abusive boyfriend, "loved her so much he tried to kill her " Ed would beat Terri; he dragged her around the living room by her ankles knocking her into things along the way  Terri believes that Ed loved her and his abuse was his way of showing it  No matter what Terri says, Mel refuses to believe that was "love"  Ed also stalked Mel and Terri and called Mel at work with threatening messages  At one point, Mel was so scared he bought a gun and made out a will  Mel even wrote to his brother in California, saying that "if something happened to him" to look for Ed 
Terri's abusive boyfriend eventually committed suicide after two attempts (as Terri sees it, another act of love)  Ed's first attempt at suicide was when Terri had left him  Ed had drunk rat poison, but was rushed to the hospital where he was saved  In Ed's second, successful attempt he shot himself in the mouth  Terri and Mel argued about whether she could be in the hospital bedroom with him when he died  Terri won and was with Ed as he died; as Terri puts it, "He never came up out of it "
Soon afterward, Mel begins a story about an elderly couple struck by a drunk driver, a teenager who was pronounced dead at the scene  Mel was called into the hospital and saw how badly the elderly couple had been injured  He says that they had "multiple fractures, internal injuries, hemorrhaging, contusions, and lacerations " The couple were in casts and bandages from head to toe  Mel's point in telling the story is the husband's consternation when the couple was moved into the intensive care unit  Mel would visit the couple daily, and when he put his ear to the husband's mouth-hole, the latter told Mel he was upset because he could not see his wife through his eye-holes 
Mel strays from the topic with more talk about Ed, his personal thoughts about love, hatred toward his ex-wife, and life as a knight  Mel feels even though one loves a person, if something were to happen to them, the survivor would grieve but love again 
After finishing the second bottle of gin, the couples discuss going to dinner, but no one makes any moves to proceed with their plans 

Earlier version
Carver's original draft of the story "Beginners" was heavily edited by Gordon Lish, who cut out nearly half of Carver's story, adding in details of his own  Carver's original draft, released by his widow Tess Gallagher and published in a December 2007 issue of the New Yorker, reveals the extensive edits  For instance, the character Mel was originally named Herb, and the abusive boyfriend, renamed Ed by Lish, was originally named Carl  Additionally, Herb's story about the old couple was cut nearly in half, with Lish removing the story of the old couple's home life, love, and reunion in the hospital   In Carver's original version, the two had separate rooms, which caused them to pine for each other and eventually led to a scene when they met again   Lish removed all of this, rewrote the couple into the same room, but in body casts that prevented them from seeing each other, and then explained the old man's distress thus:

     "I mean, the accident was one thing, but it wasn't everything  I'd get up to his mouth-hole, you know, and he'd say no, it wasn't the accident exactly but it was because he couldn't see her through the eye-holes  He said that that was making him feel so bad  Can you imagine? I'm telling you, the man's heart was breaking because he couldn't turn his goddamn head and 'see' his goddamn wife "
      Mel looked around the table and shook his head at what he was going to say 
      "I mean, it was killing the old fart just because he couldn't 'look' at the fucking woman "

Lish also cut out eight paragraphs at the end, in which Terri communicates her worry over Herb's depression to Laura and Nick, and another aspect of love is shown as Laura comforts Terri, tying together all the types of love discussed in the story 

Editing
There was some contention between Raymond Carver and his editor Gordon Lish over several stories in the collection; the author complained about the "surgical amputation and transplant that might make them someway fit into the carton so the lid will close " Eventually, the book was published with Lish's extensive alterations, and received critical acclaim 
Shortly before his death, Carver arranged the publication of his own selection of 37 of his stories, Where I'm Calling From: Selected Tales   He included some stories as edited by Lish, some restored  from his original manuscripts, and some unpublished stories  
Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, fought with Knopf for permission to republish the 17 stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver  These original versions eventually appeared in Beginners, published by Jonathan Cape in 2009, and in the Library of America volume Collected Stories 

In popular culture
The stories "So Much Water So Close to Home" and "Tell the Women We're Going" were adapted for Robert Altman's 1993 feature film Short Cuts  The former was the inspiration for the Paul Kelly song "Everything's Turning to White" on the album So Much Water So Close to Home and was also later adapted for the 2006 film Jindabyne 
The story "Why Don't You Dance?" serves as the basis for the award-winning 2004 short film Everything Goes as well as for the 2010 feature film Everything Must Go 
The 2012 film Stuck in Love uses the quote, "I could hear my heart beating  I could hear everyone's heart  I could hear the human noise we sat there making, not one of us moving, not even when the room went dark" from "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as the main character's, author Bill Borgens's, favorite quote  They are the last words spoken in the film 
Alejandro González Iñárritu's 2014 film Birdman or: The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance depicts an eclipsed Hollywood star, Riggan Thomson, who mounts a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The Broadway production includes several aspects of the Carver story—such as the four friends telling stories over a bottle of gin, and Mel's story about the couple in the car crash—but also includes other, more melodramatic storylines that are not part of the Carver story  Thomson attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Carver written on a cocktail napkin 
Passage 10:
Love Is on the Way
Love Is On the Way may refer to:

Love Is On the Way (album), a 1998 compilation album by American R&B/soul singer Luther Vandross
"Love Is On the Way" (song), a 1992 song by American rock band Saigon Kick
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Billy Porter, released on The First Wives Club soundtrack, later covered by Celine Dion
"Love Is On the Way", a song by R  Kelly from the 1995 album R  Kelly
"Love is On the Way", a song by Natalie Cole from the 1985 album Dangerous
"Love is On the Way", a song by Dave Koz from the 1999 album The Dance
"Love is On the Way", a 2004 single by Little Louie Vega and Blaze
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Austins Bridge from the 2010 album Times Like These
"Love Is On The Way", a song by Viktor Lazlo from the 1996 album Back to Front

See also
"Good Love is On the Way", a song by the John Mayer Trio from the 2005 album Try!
"My Love Is On the Way", a song from the 1954 musical The Golden Apple
Passage 11:
WMMW
WBOM (1470 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Meriden, Connecticut, and covering Central Connecticut  The station broadcasts an R&B format, aimed at the Hartford area  The station is owned by Full Power Radio, through Red Wolf Broadcasting Corporation  WBOM's programming is also heard on FM translator W273DS (102 5); the station's branding emphasizes the FM frequency 

History
The station's original construction permit was granted by the Federal Communications Commission on January 2, 1947; it was initially assigned the call sign WMMB, but changed to WMMW on March 4  It began broadcasting June 8, 1947, on 1470 kHz with 1,000 watts of power  The station was licensed to Silver City Crystal Company  An FM sister station, WMMW-FM (95 7), would be added by that December On March 5, 2014, Buckley Broadcasting announced that it would sell its Connecticut radio stations, including WMMW, to Connoisseur Media  The sale was completed on July 7, 2014, at a price of $7,922,035  Connoisseur sold WMMW, along with the other Talk of Connecticut stations (except for WWCO in Waterbury), WDRC-FM in Hartford, and W272DO in New Haven, to Red Wolf Broadcasting for $8 million in January 2018; the sale was completed on March 29, 2018 The call sign was changed to WBOM on April 28, 2020  The station went silent in March 2022, and returned as "The New 102 5" on March 11, 2022 
Passage 12:
Morals for Women
Morals for Women (known in the UK as Farewell Party and in re-release as Big City Interlude) is a 1931 American pre-Code film produced and released by Tiffany Pictures, often considered a low budget studio  The film stars Bessie Love and Conway Tearle  It is preserved at the Library of Congress, has been released on DVD, and is in the public domain 
This film is a follow-up to Tiffany's 1925 silent Morals for Men, which also starred Conway Tearle and is also preserved at the Library of Congress 

Plot
Stenographer and gold digger Helen Huston (Love) has a personal relationship with her employer Van Dyne (Tearle), who has set her up in an apartment on Park Avenue  Her childhood beau visits New York and proposes to her, which prompts her to return to her hometown and seek advice from her family  News of her living situation is the talk of her hometown  In defending Helen's honor, her younger brother injures the town bully and must pay his large hospital bill  Helen returns to her New York boss to get the money  Her hometown sweetheart interrupts one of her parties to see her, and even upon learning about Helen's relationship with her boss, he wants to marry her 

Cast
Reception
The film received lukewarm reviews, and the morality of the story was questioned 
Passage 13:
The Pigskin Palooka
The Pigskin Palooka is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 159th Our Gang short (160th episode, 70th talking short, and 71st talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Having written of his football heroics in military school, Alfalfa returns home to a hero's welcome  But the fact is that Alfalfa never played a game in his life and borrowed Rex's, a classmate and football player's uniform to take a picture, angering him as well  No sooner has he stepped off the train than his old pal Spanky, manager of the gang's football team, informs Alfalfa that he's been slated to be star player in an upcoming gridiron battle—which is to be staged within the next few hours  Alfalfa winds up winning the game in a total fluke, which Buckwheat and Porky helped cause 

Cast
The Gang
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Pete The Pup as himself

Additional cast
Rex Downing as Cadet (photographer)
Gary Jasgur as Junior (timekeeper)
Cullen Johnson as Scorekeeper
Dickie Jones as Spike
Sidney Kibrick as Spike's sidekick
Delmar Watson as Captain of the military academy's football team

Members of Spanky's team
Daniel Boone, John Collum, Charles Flickinger, Larry Harris, Paul Hilton, Darwood Kaye, Tommy McFarland, Donald Proffitt, Drew Roddy, Harold Switzer

Members of Spike's team
Hugh Chapman, Dix Davis, Barry Downing, Roger McGee, Fred Walburn, Robert Winkler

Game spectators and band players
Barry Downing, Bobby Callahan, Dix Davis, Floyd Fisher, Vincent Graeff, Payne B  Johnson, Henry Lee, Joe Levine, Priscilla Lyon, Drew Roddy, Norman Salling, Joe Straunch, Jr , Fred Walburn, Robert Winckler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 14:
Raymond Carver
Raymond Clevie Carver Jr  (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet  He contributed to the revitalization of the American short story during the 1980s 

Early life
Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver  His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker  Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk  His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943 
Carver was educated at local schools in Yakima  In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family 
After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California  In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls  Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957  Their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born a year later  Carver worked as a delivery man, janitor, library assistant, and sawmill laborer, while Maryann worked as an administrative assistant, high school English teacher, salesperson, and waitress 

Writing career
Carver moved to Paradise, California, with his family in 1958 to be close to his mother-in-law  He became interested in writing while attending Chico State College and enrolled in a creative writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner, then a recent doctoral graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career  In 1961, Carver's first published story, "The Furious Seasons", appeared  More florid than his later work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner  "Furious Seasons" was later used as a title for a collection of stories published by Capra Press, and is part of the collection, No Heroics, Please and Call If You Need Me Carver continued his studies under the short story writer Richard Cortez Day (like Gardner, a recent PhD alumnus of the Iowa program) beginning in autumn 1960 at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California  He chose not to take the foreign language courses required by the English program and received a B A  in general studies in 1963  During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon, the college's literary magazine, in which he published several of his own pieces under his own name as well as the pseudonym John Vale With his B-minus average, exacerbated by his penchant to forsake coursework for literary endeavors, ballasted by a sterling recommendation from Day, Carver was accepted into the Iowa Writers' Workshop on a $1,000 fellowship for the 1963–1964 academic year  Homesick for California and unable to fully adjust to the program's upper middle class milieu, he only completed 12 credits out of the 30 required for a M A  degree or 60 for the M F A  degree  Although program director Paul Engle awarded him a fellowship for a second year of study after Maryann Carver personally interceded and compared her husband's plight to Tennessee Williams' deleterious experience in the program three decades earlier, Carver decided to leave the University of Iowa at the end of the semester  According to biographer Carol Sklenicka, Carver falsely claimed to have received an M F A  from Iowa in 1966 on later curricula vitae  Maryann, who postponed completing her education to support her husband's educational and literary endeavors, eventually graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977  After completing graduate work at Stanford, she briefly enrolled in the University of California, Santa Barbara's English doctoral program when Carver taught at the institution as a visiting lecturer in 1974 In the mid-1960s, Carver and his family resided in Sacramento, California, where he briefly worked at a bookstore before taking a position as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital  He did all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then wrote through the rest of his shift  He audited classes at what was then Sacramento State College, including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz  Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver wrote and published his first book of poems, Near Klamath, under Schmitz's guidance 1967 was a landmark year for Carver with the appearance of "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?" in Martha Foley's annual Best American Short Stories anthology and the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College  He briefly enrolled in the library science graduate program at the University of Iowa that summer but returned to California following the death of his father  Shortly thereafter, the Carvers relocated to Palo Alto, California, so he could take his first white-collar job, at Science Research Associates, a subsidiary of IBM in nearby Menlo Park, California, where he worked intermittently as a textbook editor and public relations director through 1970 Following a 1968 sojourn to Israel, the Carvers relocated to San Jose, California; as Maryann finished her undergraduate degree, he continued his graduate studies in library science at San Jose State through the end of 1969 before failing once again to take a degree  During this period, he established vital literary connections with Gordon Lish, who worked across the street from Carver as director of linguistic research at Behavioral Research Laboratories, and the poet/publisher George Hitchcock After the publication of "Neighbors" in the June 1971 issue of Esquire at the instigation of Lish (by now ensconced as the magazine's fiction editor), Carver began to teach at the University of California, Santa Cruz at the behest of provost James B  Hall, an Iowa alumnus and early mentor to Ken Kesey at the University of Oregon, commuting from his new home in Sunnyvale, California 
Having endured a succession of failed applications to the Stegner Fellowship, Carver was admitted to the prestigious non-degree Stanford University graduate creative writing program for the 1972–1973 term, where he cultivated friendships with Kesey-era luminaries Ed McClanahan and Gurney Norman in addition to contemporaneous fellows Chuck Kinder, Max Crawford, and William Kittredge  The $4,000 stipend enabled the Carvers to buy a house in Cupertino, California  He also took on another teaching job at the University of California, Berkeley that year and briefly rented a pied-à-terre in the city; this development was precipitated by his initiation of an extramarital affair with Diane Cecily, a University of Montana administrator and mutual friend of Kittredge who would subsequently marry Kinder During his years of working at miscellaneous jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started abusing alcohol  By his own admission, he gave up writing and took to full-time drinking  In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a visiting lecturer in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing  With the assistance of Kinder and Kittredge, he attempted to simultaneously commute to Berkeley and maintain his lectureship at Santa Cruz; after missing all but a handful of classes due to the inherent logistical hurdles of this arrangement and various alcohol-related illnesses, Hall gently enjoined Carver to resign his position  The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Carver went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism, but continued drinking for another three years His first short story collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, was published in 1976  The collection itself was shortlisted for the National Book Award, though it sold fewer than 5,000 copies that year 

Personal life and death
Decline of first marriage
The following excerpt from Scott Driscoll's review of Maryann Burk Carver's 2006 memoir describes the decline of her and Raymond's marriage 

The fall began with Ray's trip to Missoula, Mont , in '72 to fish with friend and literary helpmate Bill Kittredge  That summer Ray fell in love with Diane Cecily, an editor at the University of Montana, whom he met at Kittredge's birthday party  "That's when the serious drinking began  It broke my heart and hurt the children  It changed everything "
"By fall of '74", writes Carver, "he was more dead than alive  I had to drop out of the PhD program so I could get him cleaned up and drive him to his classes"  Over the next several years, Maryann's husband physically abused her  Friends urged her to leave Raymond 
"But I couldn't  I really wanted to hang in there for the long haul  I thought I could outlast the drinking  I'd do anything it took  I loved Ray, first, last and always "
Carver describes, without a trace of rancor, what finally put her over the edge  In the fall of '78, with a new teaching position at the University of Texas at El Paso, Ray started seeing Tess Gallagher, a writer from Port Angeles, who would become his muse and wife near the end of his life  "It was like a contretemps  He tried to call me to talk about where we were  I missed the calls  He knew he was about to invite Tess to Thanksgiving " So he wrote a letter instead 

"I thought, I've gone through all those years fighting to keep it all balanced  Here it was, coming at me again, the same thing  I had to get on with my own life  But I never fell out of love with him "
After being hospitalized three times between June 1976 and February or March 1977, Carver began his "second life" and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous  While he continued to regularly smoke marijuana and later experimented with cocaine at the behest of Jay McInerney during a 1980 visit to New York City, Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 had he not overcome his drinking 

Second marriage
In November 1977, Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas  Gallagher later remembered feeling "as if my life until then had simply been a rehearsal for meeting him " Beginning in January 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, Washington, and in Tucson, Arizona  
In 1980, the two moved to Syracuse, New York, where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University; Carver taught as a professor in the English department  He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue  In ensuing years, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" in order to be left alone  
In 1982, he and his first wife, Maryann, were divorced In 1988, six weeks prior to his death, Carver and Gallagher married in Reno, Nevada 

Death
On August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50  In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters  He is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, Washington  The inscription on his tombstone reads:

His poem "Gravy" is also inscribed 
As Carver's will directed, Tess Gallagher assumed the management of his literary estate 

Awards and memorials
Carver was nominated for the National Book Award for his first major-press collection, "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please" in 1977 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his third major-press collection, Cathedral (1984), the volume generally perceived as his best  Included in the latter collection are the award-winning stories "A Small, Good Thing", and "Where I'm Calling From"  John Updike selected the latter for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century  For his part, Carver perceived Cathedral as a watershed in his career for its shift toward a more optimistic and confidently poetic style amid the diminution of Lish's literary influence 
Carver won five O  Henry Awards with "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What Is It?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988) In Carver's birth town of Clatskanie, Oregon, a memorial park and statue are at the corner of Lillich and Nehalem Streets, across from the library  A block away is the building where Carver was born 

Legacy and posthumous publications
In December 2006, Gallagher published an essay in The Sun magazine, titled "Instead of Dying", about alcoholism and Carver's having maintained his sobriety  The essay is an adaptation of a talk she initially delivered at the Welsh Academy's Academi Intoxication Conference in 2006  The first lines read: "Instead of dying from alcohol, Raymond Carver chose to live  I would meet him five months after this choice, so I never knew the Ray who drank, except by report and through the characters and actions of his stories and poems "Chuck Kinder's Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale (2001) is a roman à clef about his friendship with Carver in the 1970s  Carver's high school sweetheart and first wife, Maryann Burk Carver, wrote a memoir of her years with Carver, What it Used to be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver (2006) 
In 2009, The New York Times Book Review and San Francisco Chronicle named Carol Sklenicka's unauthorized biography, Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life (2009), published by Scribner, one of the Best Ten Books of that year; and the San Francisco Chronicle deemed it: "exhaustively researched and definitive biography"  Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, refused to engage with Sklenicka His final (incomplete) collection of seven stories, titled Elephant in Britain (included in "Where I'm Calling From") was composed in the five years before his death  The nature of these stories, especially "Errand", have led to some speculation that Carver was preparing to write a novel  Only one piece of this work has survived – the fragment "The Augustine Notebooks", first printed in No Heroics, Please Tess Gallagher fought with Knopf for permission to republish the stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver, as opposed to the heavily edited and altered versions that appeared in 1981 under the editorship of Gordon Lish  On October 1, 2009, the book, entitled Beginners, was released in hardback in Great Britain, followed by its publication in the Library of America edition which collected all of Carver's short fiction in a single volume The Raymond Carver Reading Series at Syracuse University is a reading series program which annually brings 12 to 14 prominent writers to the campus  It is presented by the Creative Writing Program in SU's College of Arts and Sciences 

Literary characteristics
Carver's career emphasized short stories and poetry  He described himself as "inclined toward brevity and intensity" and "hooked on writing short stories" (in the foreword of Where I'm Calling From, a collection published in 1988 and a recipient of an honorable mention in the 2006 New York Times article citing the best works of fiction of the previous 25 years)  Another stated reason for his brevity was "that the story [or poem] can be written and read in one sitting " This was not simply a preference but, particularly at the beginning of his career, a practical consideration as he juggled writing with work  His subject matter was often focused on blue-collar experience, and was clearly reflective of his own life Characteristics of minimalism are generally seen as one of the hallmarks of Carver's work, although, as reviewer David Wiegand notes:
Carver never thought of himself as a minimalist or in any category, for that matter 
"He rejected categories generally," Sklenicka says  "I don't think he had an abstract mind at all  He just wasn't built that way, which is why he's so good at picking the right details that will stand for many things "
Carver's editor at Esquire, Gordon Lish, was instrumental in shaping his prose in this direction – where his earlier tutor John Gardner had advised Carver to use fifteen words instead of twenty-five, Lish instructed Carver to use five in place of fifteen  Objecting to the "surgical amputation and transplantation" of Lish's heavy editing, Carver eventually broke with him  During this time, Carver also submitted poetry to James Dickey, then poetry editor of Esquire 
Carver's style has also been described as dirty realism, which connected him with a group of writers in the 1970s and 1980s that included Richard Ford and Tobias Wolff with both of whom Carver was closely acquainted, as well as others such as Ann Beattie, Frederick Barthelme, and Jayne Anne Phillips  With the exception of Beattie, who wrote about upper-middle-class people, these were writers who focused on sadness and loss in the everyday lives of ordinary people—often lower-middle class or isolated and marginalized people In his essay "On Influence", Carver states that, while he was an admirer of Ernest Hemingway's fiction, he never saw him as an influence, citing instead the work of Lawrence Durrell 

Works
Fiction
Collections
Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (first published 1976)
Furious Seasons and other stories (1977)
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981)
Cathedral (1983)
Elephant (1988) – this title only published in Great Britain; included as a section of Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories in the U S 
Beginners (2009)

Compilations
Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories (1988)
Short Cuts: Selected Stories (1993) – published to accompany the Robert Altman film Short Cuts
Collected Stories (2009) – complete short fiction including Beginners (see section above for wiki-link)

Poetry
Collections
Near Klamath (1968)
Winter Insomnia (1970)
At Night The Salmon Move (1976)
Fires (1983)
Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)
Ultramarine (1986)
A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)
Gravy (Unknown year)

Compilations
In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)
All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)

Screenplays
Dostoevsky (1982, with Tess Gallagher) (published in 1985)
Purple Lake (1983, with Michael Cimino) (unpublished)

Films and theatre adaptations
Short Cuts directed by Robert Altman (1993), based on nine Carver short stories and a poem
Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko (2004), starring Hugo Weaving, Abbie Cornish and Sullivan Stapleton based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Whoever Was Using This Bed, also directed by Andrew Kotatko (2016), starring Jean-Marc Barr, Radha Mitchell and Jane Birkin, based on Carver's short story of the same name
Jindabyne directed by Ray Lawrence (2006), based on Carver's short story "So Much Water So Close to Home"
Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush (2010), and starring Will Ferrell, based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), directed by Alejandro G  Iñárritu, depicts the mounting of a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The film's main character, Riggan Thomson, attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Raymond Carver written on a cocktail napkin  The film also preludes with Carver's poem "Late Fragment " In February 2015, Birdman won four Oscars, including the Academy Award for Best Picture 
Passage 15:
Night 'n' Gales
Night 'n' Gales is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 156th Our Gang short (157th episode, 68th talking short, and 69th talking episode that was released 

Plot
Though he would rather spend his evening in peace and quiet, Mr  Hood (Johnny Arthur) is forced to endure the offkey harmonizing of The Four Nightengales, a junior singing aggregation composed of Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat and Porky 
After interminable choruses of "Home! Sweet Home!", the four boys are finally ready to leave, but are forced to stay in the Hood home due to a sudden thunderstorm  Both Darla and her mother are delighted, but Mr  Hood is dismayed, especially when he is told that he must share his bed with the Four Nightengales  Driven crazy by the boys' unintentionally disruptive shenanigans, Mr  Hood escapes to the living room and tries to sleep on the couch, covering himself with a bear rug to keep warm  Naturally, the gang mistake him for a real bear, and comic chaos ensues 

Notes
Comedian Johnny Arthur, who played Spanky McFarland's absent-minded father in Anniversary Trouble, returns as Darla's father in Night 'n' Gales  He was so popular with audiences that he played Darla's father once again in Feed 'em and Weep 

Cast
The Gang
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Gary Jasgur as Junior

Additional cast
Johnny Arthur as Arthur Hood, Darla's father
Elaine Shepard as Darla's mother

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 16:
Freak Talks About Sex
Freak Talks About Sex, released for home video as Blowin' Smoke (its working title was Syracuse Muse), is a 1999 film starring Steve Zahn and Josh Hamilton  The movie was shot in Auburn and Syracuse, New York  It deals with issues such as love, sex, life after college, and living in a medium-sized city, in this case Syracuse 

Plot
Dave Keenan (Josh Hamilton) left Syracuse for a new life in Arizona  When that didn't work out, he moved back to Syracuse  He works a dead-end job at a department store in a mall, his car has broken down (and the mechanic is taking forever to fix it) and his ex-girlfriend (Arabella Field) wants him to join her in New York City  To make matters more complicated, one of his co-workers, a high school girl named Nichole (Heather McComb) seems to be getting romantically interested in him  His best friend Freak (Steve Zahn) is around for him to hang out with and offer such choice philosophical observations, like "I can't think of a single movie that couldn't be improved by a lesbian sex scene " Dave is stuck in a rut and has to decide what to do with his life 

Soundtrack
Tugboat Annie - "Stay Inside"
The Wrench - "Girl"
Scary Chicken - "Favorite Channel"
Chic - "Le Freak"
The Tortillas You Wanted - "Girls and Cars"
Blondie - "Heart of Glass"

External links
A trailer for the movie
Freak Talks About Sex at IMDb
Freak Talks About Sex at Rotten Tomatoes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Secrets of a Windmill Girl
Secrets of a Windmill Girl is a 1966 British exploitation film directed by Arnold L  Miller  It recounts the road to ruin of a young woman (Pauline Collins) who becomes involved with the striptease scene after becoming a dancer at the Windmill Theatre in London  The film features fan dances by former Windmill Theatre Company performers  It was originally released in Britain as part of a double bill with Naked as Nature Intended 

Cast
Pauline Collins as Pat Lord
April Wilding as Linda Grey
Renée Houston as Molly - Dresser
Derek Bond as Inspector Thomas
Harry Fowler as Harry
Howard Marion-Crawford as	Richard - Producer
Peter Gordeno as Peter
Peter Swanwick as Len Mason
Martin Jarvis as Mike, Windmill Stage Manager
Leon Cortez as 'Uncle Marty'

Critical reception
A reviewer in TV Guide wrote that "the premise of this film is compelling, but the treatment is empty-headed"; and The Spinning Image asked, "and those hoping for titillation? As with so much of the sexually-themed cinema of this (British) nation, they were offered it with a moralistic angle, as if telling the audience off for their prurience "
Passage 2:
Mama's Little Girl
"Mama's Little Girl" is a song by Paul McCartney & Wings that was taped in March 1972 during the Red Rose Speedway recording sessions 

Recording and performance
The final mix was made in 1987 at Air Studios in London by McCartney, co-producer Chris Thomas and engineer Bill Price 
McCartney performed "Mama's Little Girl" as part of a medley during the 1973 James Paul McCartney television special, though it was not broadcast 

Personnel
Paul McCartney - vocals, acoustic guitar, drums, electric guitar, tambourine
Linda McCartney - tambourine, backing vocals
Denny Laine - backing vocals, bass
Henry McCullough - electric guitar
Denny Seiwell - African percussion
Heather McCartney - backing vocals

Release
"Mama's Little Girl" was intended to be included on Cold Cuts, an album of outtakes which was never released 
"Mama's Little Girl" was officially issued: 

In 1990 as the B-side of the "Put It There" single & on the 2 CD Japanese version of the Flowers in the Dirt album 
In 1993 as a bonus track on the 1993 remastered CD edition of Wings' 1971 Wild Life album 
In 2018 as part of the Red Rose Speedway Archive Collection 

Track listings
This song was released as a 7" single, a 12" maxi-single, and a CD single 

7" single"Put It There"
"Mama's Little Girl"12" single"Put It There"
"Mama's Little Girl"
"Same Time Next Year"CD single"Put It There"
"Mama's Little Girl"
"Same Time Next Year"
Passage 3:
Mia Aegerter
Mia Aegerter is a Swiss musician, model, and stage and film actress 

Childhood and early career
Mia Aegerter was born on October 9, 1976 into an artist family in Fribourg, Switzerland  Her parents were members of a band, which drew Aegerter to the stage at an early age  She started working as a model and took part in many talent competitions  At a young age, she won the "Little-Prix Walo," an important talent competition for young artists in Switzerland  She also succeeded in the famous "Bravo Girl - Model Contest,“ in Germany 
At fifteen, she began to write her own songs  After a yearlong stay in America, she graduated from high-school and moved to Munich to study music, dance, and acting  After a short time, Aegerter was discovered by a talent scout and moved to Berlin, Germany 

Musical and film career
From 2000 to 2003, she became famous for starring as "Xenia di Montalban" in eight episodes of Gute Zeiten Schlechte Zeiten, the most successful daily soap opera in Germany at the time 
At the beginning of 2003, Aegerter had a breakthrough in the national music scene  Her single, "U don't know how to love me," achieved high radio-ratings and got into the Top 20 of the Swiss single charts and the Top 40 of the German single charts  Shortly after, Aegerter played the role of “Laura Moretti” in the film Achtung, fertig, Charlie, which came in second on the list of the most successful Swiss movies ever made (with over 560'000 entries at the box office as of 2011; behind Rolf Lyssy's classic "Schweizermacher" of 1978 with over 940'000 tickets sold)  The film was also released in France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the USA, where it was renamed, Ready, Steady, Charlie!  Aegerter also composed and sang the film's title song, "Hie u Jetzt," which became a hit in Switzerland, reaching the Top 5 of the Swiss single charts  She received prizes and honors for her work, including the PRIX WALO in 2003, the VIVA COMET in the category of "Best of all CH Act," and the famous SWISS AWARD 
With her debut album, So wie I bi / The way I am, released in 2004, Aegerter proved that she is not only an excellent dialect singer, but very expressive with English lyrics  With the song, "Alive," she took part in the German selection to the "Grand Prix d'Eurovision"  "Alive" was her fourth single release and got into the Swiss and German charts 
In January 2005, the Album So wie I bi / The way I am went gold in Switzerland 
In the same year, Aegerter played the female lead in the Swiss film, Leben auf Kredit, which also played in France and Italy  She also hosted the weekly youth magazine, Bravo TV, for one year  Bravo TV was also broadcast in Germany, Switzerland and Austria 
After many unplugged gigs in 2004-2005, she and her rock band, were a supporting-act of Ronan Keating's German Tour, which allowed them to perform on the biggest stages in the country  Aegerter also had her own Club Tour in Switzerland and played in various open-air festivals 

Other skills
Besides acting in various plays and movies in Switzerland and Germany, Aegerter's main passion remains the music and the songwriting  Her lyrics have a healthy portion of provocative irony  She takes the listeners on a journey through her thoughts and beliefs 
She extended her writing, by working for three years, as a columnist for the Neue Luzerner Zeitung, a renowned daily Swiss newspaper 

Albums
Singles
External links
Myriam Aegerter at IMDb
(in German) Official website
Passage 4:
4 Little Girls
4 Little Girls is a 1997 American historical documentary film about the murder of four African-American girls (Addie May Collins, Carol Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Rosamond Robertson) in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963  The film was directed by Spike Lee and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary The events inspired the 1964 song "Birmingham Sunday" by Richard and Mimi Fariña, which was used in the opening sequence of the film, as sung by Joan Baez, Mimi's sister  They also inspired the 1963 tune "Alabama" by John Coltrane, which is also included in the soundtrack 
4 Little Girls premiered on June 25, 1997, at the Guild 50th Street Theatre in New York City  It was produced by Lee's production company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, and Home Box Office (HBO) In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Synopsis
A local chapter of the Ku Klux Klan placed bombs at the 16th Street Baptist Church and set them off as Sunday services prepared to commence on the morning of September 15, 1963  Four young girls, ranging in age from 11 to 14, were killed in the explosion, which also caused anywhere between 14 and 22 additional injuries  The deaths provoked national outrage, and, the following summer, the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was signed by President Lyndon B  Johnson  The bombing is marked in history as a critical and pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement 
The film covered the events in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 related to civil rights demonstrations and the movement to end racial discrimination in local stores and facilities  In 1963, Rev  Dr  Martin Luther King Jr  arrived in the town to help with their strategy and to speak at the funeral of the four young girls  People of the community met at the 16th Street Baptist Church while organizing their events  The demonstrations were covered by national media, and the use by police of police dogs and pressured water from hoses on young people shocked the nation  The large number of demonstrators who were arrested resulted in local jails filling to capacity 
The film ends with the trial and conviction in 1977 of Robert Edward Chambliss, also known as Dynamite Bob, as the main person responsible for the bombing, though he is said to have been only one of four Klan members involved  The film also references black churches being set on fire in Birmingham in 1993, giving the impression that, while progress has been made, there are some things that still have not changed 
Lee uses interviews with family and friends of the girls, government officials, and civil rights activists, as well as home movies and archival footage, to not only tell the story of the four girls' lives, but also to provide a greater historical and political context of the times 

Production
Lee first became interested in making a film about the Birmingham bombing in 1983, when he was a student at New York University  After reading a New York Times Magazine article about the incident, he was moved to write to Chris McNair, the father of Denise, one of the victims, to ask for permission to tell her story on film  McNair turned down the young, aspiring filmmaker  "I was entering my first semester at N Y U  So my skills as a filmmaker were nonexistent, and at that time, Chris McNair was still hesitant to talk about it," Lee said in a 1997 interview with Industry Central's The Director's Chair   "I believe timing is everything  So it took ten years of Chris thinking about this and ten years of myself making movies for this to come together "According to McNair, he changed his mind about supporting Lee's film idea due to learning about the depth and precision of Lee's research  McNair said, "[I]t's very important that this be done accurately and correctly  In all his research, he [Lee] showed that he was objective and seeking a broad section of opinion  I'm a stickler for the facts "At first, Lee had intended to create a dramatic reproduction of the incident, but eventually, he decided that would not be the best approach, and the project became a documentary  Once he secured funding, he went to Birmingham with a small skeleton film crew, as he wanted the families be as comfortable as possible during the interviews  Sam Pollard served as a producer and the editor and Ellen Kuras was the director of photography of the film 
Lee had developed a relationship with Kuras while working on an HBO project called Subway Stories, which was an anthology of short films compiled by Jonathan Demme (though Lee's film did not make the final cut due, in part, to conflict between him and Demme)  Kuras said of her desire to shoot 4 Little Girls, "I was really interested because my background is in political documentaries     I always felt that one of the reasons that I had got into filmmaking was that I wanted to use my craft to be able to say something about the human condition, however I could, in my own humble way  For me this was an opportunity to make a small contribution "
Lee's partnership with Sam Pollard had begun on Mo' Better Blues when Pollard was recommended to replace Barry Alexander Brown, who was unavailable because he was directing his own film, as editor  Pollard originally refused the overture because he was busy working on his segments of Eyes on the Prize, but ultimately, he accepted, and he has since become one of Lee's most frequent collaborators  Their first few films together were fiction, but Pollard's background was in documentary, and he was key to guiding the structure of 4 Little Girls  He said about his role: Basically it was to help with the conception of the structure, to edit it     We spent a lot of time screening dailies together   We could come to 40 Acres at 7a m , and we would spend three hours a day screening dailies for two weeks straight     We talked, selected all the material that we liked, and I started working on the structure in the editing room   Spike was asking if he needed narration and what the structure should be  I basically said the structure should be that there are parallels—the family, the history of the community—and then they come together on the explosion 

Reception
Critics and public
The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature  On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 100% based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 8 42/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "4 Little Girls finds Spike Lee moving into documentary filmmaking with his signature style intact -- and all the palpable fury the subject requires "

Box office
It was initially planned for the film to first be seen by the public when it was aired on HBO, but, after seeing the final product, the production team decided it was important to release the film in theaters before running it on television  Accordingly, 4 Little Girls opened in American theaters on July 9, 1997, and closed on October 2, 1997  It grossed $130,146 from a total of four theaters  In its opening weekend, it earned $13,528 from a single theater, which was 10 4% of its total gross  It cost approximately $1 million to make, funded by HBO 

See also
Civil rights movement in popular culture
1956 Sugar Bowl
civil rights movement
Timeline of the civil rights movement
Passage 5:
Good Little Girls (song)
"Good Little Girls" is the debut song recorded by American country music duo Blue County   It was released in September 2003 as the first single from their debut album Blue County   The song was written by Troy Seals and Brett Jones 

Chart performance
"Good Little Girls" debuted at number 51 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 18, 2003 

Year-end charts
Passage 6:
The King of Rock and Roll
The King of Rock and Roll is an album by Little Richard, released in 1971  It was his second album for Reprise Records  It was rereleased as part of the King of Rock and Roll: The Complete Reprise Recordings set 

Production
The King of Rock and Roll was produced and arranged by H  B  Barnum  It contains one original Little Richard song, the gospel rock "In the Name", and a new song co-written by Barnum, "Green Power", the album's single  The rest of the tracks are covers  The title track is a mock braggadocio that references Tom Jones, Elvis Presley, Ike & Tina Turner, Sly and the Family Stone and Aretha Franklin, among others  The album title and cover art were inspired by Little Richard's image in the early 1970s, when he would often appear in public wearing robes, jewelry, and a crown 

Critical reception
The album received a largely negative review in Rolling Stone, where Vince Aletti stated: "Much of the album seems designed around the Talk Show Personality rather than the Singer, giving it the sticky veneer of a jive extravaganza " Reviewing the album as part of the Reprise collection, The Austin Chronicle deemed it a "pandering covers concept "

Track listing
"King of Rock 'n' Roll" (Bradford Craig, H B  Barnum) - 3:11
"Joy to the World" (Hoyt Axton) – 6:49
"Brown Sugar" (Keith Richards, Mick Jagger) – 3:23
"In the Name" (Richard Penniman) – 3:10
"Dancing in the Street" (Marvin Gaye, William "Mickey" Stevenson) – 5:31
"Midnight Special" (Traditional; arranged by Richard Penniman) – 4:02
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (Robert Rogers, William Robinson) – 3:29
"Green Power" (H B  Barnum, John "Skip" Anderson) – 3:59
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" (Hank Williams) – 2:40
"Settin' the Woods on Fire" (Ed G  Nelson, Fred Rose) – 2:22
"Born on the Bayou" (John C  Fogerty) – 4:27

Personnel
Little Richard – vocals, electric pianoRest of personnel unknown, records not kept by Reprise 

Charts
Passage 7:
A Little Girl in Old Pittsburg
A Little Girl in Old Pittsburg is a novel for children set in late 18th century Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania written by the American writer Amanda Minnie Douglas (1831–1916) 
It opens in 1781 with the news of Lord Cornwallis’ surrender to George Washington as it reaches the Carrick, Bradin, and Duvernay families, pioneers who live near Fort Pitt  The protagonist, Daffodil, is the "little girl" of the title, and the plot primarily is used to illustrate the domestic life of early Pittsburghers  It ends with Daffodil’s marriage and her taking leave of the city   The novel is part of a series (e g , A Little Girl in Old Boston, A Little Girl in Old Philadelphia) that was among the first fiction series for American girls 

See also
List of fiction set in Pittsburgh
Passage 8:
The Little Match Girl (1928 film)
The Little Match Girl (French: La petite marchande d'allumettes) is a 1928 French drama featurette film directed by Jean Renoir and starring Catherine Hessling 

Plot
The story of a frozen girl who tries to sell matches during Christmas and dreams about a toy store  The film is based on the 1845 short story of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen 

Cast
Catherine Hessling as Karen
Amy Wells as Pop
Jean Storm as Lieutenant Axel Ott
Manuel Raaby as Politieagent

See also
List of Christmas films
Passage 9:
Ugod
Ugod is a small village in the North-Western part of Hungary, in Veszprém county, near Mount Bakony and close to Lake Balaton, at the juncture of Bakony and Little Alföld  The town is a great starting point for hikers, hunters and the lovers of countryside 
Distances: Budapest (150 km), Győr (60 km), Lake Balaton (80 km), Veszprém (60 km), Pápa (15 km) 

History
First written mention of the village from 1289  King László IV dated a charter during a campaign in this year  It  is supposed that the Fortress of Ugod still existed at that time but it is doubtful  Because that charter dated  "in Ugod" instead of "in Ugod fortress" or "under Ugod fortress" as usual at that time 
During Árpád Dynasty Ugod was the part of Bakony Erdőispánság  Ispán is the ruler of the territory  King Stephen V signed Csák Lukács's son Demeter and his posteriors to be forever ispán of that territory and allowed him to build fortress 
Csák family was relative to the dynasty  Their origin is from the Honfoglalás (settlement of the Magyars)  Due  to Anonymus and Képes Krónika Csák was the son of Chief Előd's great-grandchild Szabolcs  From that Csák is the  family originated  That family was streamed to 12 arm  One of them called ugodi  That arm's earliest known member  was Csák Lukács  In this family the name Ugrin (means Hungarian man) was very popular  One form of that name with  diminutive -d is Ugod 
That was the name of Demeter's son or grandson, who after the village is nominated 
Jews lived in the village in the 19th and 20th centuries, dozens of whom were murdered in the Holocaust 

Sights
Roman Catholic church (former fortress)
Parish
Pieta in front of parish
Chalk-smelters around the village
Ugod Lake
Stephen I's statue
Hubertlak in the surrounding forest
Passage 10:
This Little Girl of Mine
"This Little Girl of Mine" is a rhythm and blues single written and released as a single by Ray Charles in 1955 on the Atlantic label 
"This Little Girl of Mine" played off "This Little Light of Mine", much like the previous "I Got a Woman" and the later "Hallelujah I Love Her So" played off other classic gospel hymns  Much like those songs, it replaced sacred lyrics with secular blues lyrics, featuring doo-wop call and response harmonies 
The song was the B-side to Charles' number-one R&B single, "A Fool for You", and was a charted hit on its own, peaking at number nine on the chart 
The tune was re-made to top 40 pop status in 1958 by The Everly Brothers  It should not be confused with the 1981 Gary U S  Bonds hit "This Little Girl "
Passage 11:
Reform School Girl
Reform School Girl is a 1957 film starring Gloria Castillo as a teenage girl who is sent to a reformatory  The film was directed by Edward Bernds and was produced by Samuel Z  Arkoff   Reform School Girl was one of many sexploitation films released by American International Pictures (AIP) during the 1950s and 1960s   AIP's films during this period were largely focused on juvenile delinquency   As part of the AIP formula, young girls were typically depicted as "good" or "bad", the latter of which were petty criminals, gang members, or the girlfriends of gang members   Other AIP films in the same genre included Drag Strip Girl, Hot Rod Girl, and High School Hellcats  Reform School Girl is available for on-line viewing at AMCtv com  The film was released by American International Pictures as a double feature with Shake, Rattle and Rock 
The film marked the acting debut of Sally Kellerman   While filming the movie, she met Vickers and Byrnes and the three of them became lifelong friends 

Plot
Donna Price (Gloria Castillo) is picked up on a double date by Vince (Edward Byrnes)  During the course of the evening she discovers that the car they are riding in is stolen  As the night unfolds, an argument ensues in the car and Vince tells the others to get out, leaving Donna as his only passenger  When she asks him if he is worried about the other couple notifying the police, Vince tells her that he would murder anybody who ever turned on him  Subsequently, the police attempt to pull Vince over for speeding  During the high speed chase, Vince strikes a pedestrian and kills him  He flees the scene leaving Donna alone in the car  Fearing for her life, she refuses to identify Vince as the car's driver  Considered a juvenile delinquent, Donna is sent to a state school for girls 

At the school, Donna attends a history class that is taught by David Lindsay (Ross Ford) who is also the school's psychologist   Although Donna does not reveal her secret to David, he believes that she is a good person who may have been caught up in a series of bad events and that she can straighten out her life with his help 
While Donna is in the school, the police continue the accident investigation   Vince is troubled by the event and is worried that Donna will eventually tell authorities what happened   He develops a ruse where his girlfriend places a phone call to the police and identifies herself as Donna   She tells the police that one of the girls in the reform school is a thief   Eventually the other girls come to believe that Donna is a police informer  She is attacked by Roxy (Yvette Vickers) and while defending herself, Donna cuts Roxy with a pair of scissors   Despite David's plea to conduct an investigation, the school superintendent determines that Donna is a high risk student and that she should be transferred to the state prison   School authorities also question David's judgment, his relationship with Donna, and his ability to help students   Vince, who is still convinced that Donna will turn him into the police, attempts to break into the school and kill her   He fails and is apprehended   The police and school authorities investigate the incident and as a result of the investigation David is vindicated, and Donna is exonerated and released 

Reviews
The Rotten Tomatoes provides the following narrative:

 "The inherent trashiness of Reform School Girl is redeemed by the sincere performance of Gloria Castillo and the matter-of-fact direction of Edward Bernds  Castillo plays mixed-up teenager Donna Price, who is shipped off to a girl's reformatory when she is involved in a fatal car crash  Actually, Donna is innocent, but she refuses to reveal who was driving  Only when the culprit (a pre-77 Sunset Strip Edward Byrnes) reveals himself to be a total piece of excrement is Donna able to extricate herself from her dilemma "
Movie critic Leonard Maltin has characterized the movie as a "bomb "

"Hokey time capsule about a pretty teen from the "other side of the tracks" (Castillo)  After a fatal car mishap she ends up in reform school   Will she or won't she squeal on the party responsible for her dilemma?"
Since the film's release in 1957, the theatrical movie poster, featuring blond haired Vickers fighting dark haired Castillo, has become a collector's item  "    the two girls wrestling for a pair of scissors promise anything that a teenage male, from any decade, could want " The poster has also become popular on the internet since it was used as part of an advertisement for a 2006 Scrabble tournament held in France   The poster's slogan says, "In Scrabble anything is possible  Grand National Tournament September 23, 2006 "

In popular culture
An April 21, 1977 episode of SCTV (Season 1, Episode 11) contains a satirical skit called "Broads Behind Bars" which has half of the story of the movie, but mostly contains a subplot about the smoking of marijuana making one do criminal things  The skit is featured on the DVD SCTV: Best of the Early Years 

See also
List of American films of 1957
Passage 12:
Blue County (music group)
Blue County was an American country music duo composed of actor-singers Aaron Benward and Scott Reeves  They released their self-titled debut album in 2004 on Curb Records  This album produced four singles on the Billboard country singles charts, including the No  11 "Good Little Girls"  Two more singles — "Firecrackers and Ferris Wheels" and "I Get To" — were released in 2006, although neither was included on an album 

History
Blue County was founded in 2003 by Aaron Benward (formerly of Aaron Jeoffrey) and actor-singer Scott Reeves, who had been friends for several years before the duo's foundation  Signed to Curb Records that year, the duo released their debut single "Good Little Girls"  This single peaked at No  11 on the Billboard country charts in early 2004, and was the first of four singles from their self-titled debut album, which Dann Huff produced  Also in 2004, the duo performed at the Country Music Association Music Festival Following "Good Little Girls" was the single "That's Cool", which peaked at No  24 on the country charts  "Nothing but Cowboy Boots" and "That Summer Song" followed in 2005, peaking at No  38 and No  53 respectively  The duo released their fifth single, "Firecrackers and Ferris Wheels", in 2006, although it did not chart  Their final release for Curb was the No  51-peaking "I Get To", which like "Firecrackers and Ferris Wheels" was never included on an album  After recording two songs for the Evan Almighty soundtrack, Blue County exited the Curb label in 2007 

Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Music videos
Passage 13:
Lara Cardella
Lara Cardella (born 13 November 1969 in Licata, Italy) is an Italian writer  She is best known for her best selling novel Good girls don't wear trousers 

Career
Cardella's first book Good Girls Don't Wear Trousers (in Italian: Volevo i pantaloni), written when she was nineteen, caused a scandal in the small Sicilian community where she lived because it fiercely criticized what she perceived as the backwardness and chauvinism of contemporary Sicilian society  One commentator laeleed her Italy's Salman Rushdie  The controversy surrounding the book, as well as the young age of its author, contributed to make it a huge bestseller in Italy and the novel was translated in many languages and published across the rest of Europe, in Brazil and Korea 
A film based on the novel, titled Volevo i pantaloni, came out in 1990 
In 1991 she wrote Intorno a Laura, a novel based on an original structure which combines the traditional novel structure and that of theatrical drama, showing she was able to experiment new solutions and themes 
Fedra se ne va and Una ragazza normale followed, in 1992 and 1994 respectively, but none of them matched the enormous success of her first book 
In 1995, perhaps in the effort of renewing her success as a writer, she wrote the sequel to her first novel: Volevo i pantaloni 2 She then changed publisher, leaving Mondadori for Rizzoli  With this publisher she released Detesto il soft (1997), a dreamy novel centred on morbid sexuality, and Finestre accese (2000), her last novel so far, where the lives of the two main female characters are followed down the years through the entries in their personal journals and where Cardella addresses for the first time the theme of mafia 

Themes
Through the years Cardella has experimented various styles and narrative solutions, from the traditional novel (Volevo i pantaloni, Una ragazza normale) to the contamination between novel and drama (Intorno a Laura), from the dreamlike atmospheres of Detesto il soft to the journal (Finestre accese) 
There are however some basic themes recurring in much of her work, as the main focus of the plot or lying under the surface, such as chauvinism, rape, the backward and negative aspects of Sicilian traditional society  In Una ragazza normale and Detesto il soft the subjects of sexuality and death are addressed in a fascinating morbid way  A general sense of pessimism and fatalism permeates much of her writings 

Selected works
In English
Good girls don't wear trousers, London, H Hamilton, 1993

In Italian
Finestre accese, Milano, Rizzoli, 2000
Detesto il soft, Milano, Rizzoli, 1997
Volevo i pantaloni 2, Milano, Mondadori, 1995
Una ragazza normale, Milano, Mondadori, 1994
Fedra se ne va, Milano, Mondadori, 1992
Intorno a Laura, Milano, Mondadori, 1991
Volevo i pantaloni, Milano, Mondadori, 1989
Passage 14:
Bobby's Girl (song)
"Bobby's Girl" is a song and single written by Gary Klein and Henry Hoffman   The original was performed by American teenage singer Marcie Blane, and became a #3 hit on the US charts   A near-simultaneous cover by British singer Susan Maughan was the hit in the UK, coincidentally also reaching #3 on the UK charts   Both Blane and Maughan are one-hit wonders; for both these artists, "Bobby's Girl" marked their only appearance on a national top 40 chart 

Marcie Blane version
Blane's version of the song was released in the United States in August, 1962  It has a spoken introduction and a backing refrain of "You're not a kid anymore" and was popular with the American teenage audience  It entered the charts in October and made the Top 10 within a month reaching 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 by December, where it stayed for four weeks  It reached 2 on the Cash Box chart staying on the charts for nineteen weeks and made Blane (very briefly) the top selling female singer in the US 

Chart history
Susan Maughan version
Susan Maughan's cover version was released in the UK, also in 1962  It featured Wally Stott and his orchestra and chorus  Substantially re-arranged from Blane's original, Maughan's version dropped the spoken word intro, and had a more sophisticated, less 'teen-age' sound   It spent nineteen weeks on the UK's Record Retailer chart, peaking at No  3 

Chart history
Other versions
In 1963 Swedish artist Lil Malmkvist made a version in German (Ariola AT 10 106) 

Tracey Ullman version
In 1983 Tracey Ullman released a version of "Bobby's Girl" on the album You Broke My Heart in 17 Places and as a single  Ullman's version reached No  45 in West Germany 

Foreign-language versions
1963 : French singer Arielle performed the French-language version Je n'aime que Bobby (I only love Bobby) 
1972 : Canadian singer Mimi Hétu performed the French-language version Pardonne-moi (Forgive me) 
1984 : French singer Douchka performed the French-language version Mon p'tit cœur (My little heart) 
Passage 15:
Little Green (song)
"Little Green" is a song composed and performed by Joni Mitchell  It is the third track on her 1971 album Blue 

Background
Mitchell wrote "Little Green" in 1966, shortly after she had signed the papers to place her daughter for adoption the previous year, while she was a poor folk singer in Toronto The existence of her daughter, originally called Kelly Dale, was not publicly known until 1993, when a roommate from Mitchell's art school days in the 1960s sold the story of the adoption to a tabloid magazine  However, in at least one early live performance, she mentioned her daughter’s given first name  At the Café Au Go Go in New York in 1967, there was (a reviewer later stated) "a raw, husky catch to her tender wishes for 'Kelly Green'" during the song Mitchell commented on the situation in an interview quoted in a 1998 article: "I was dirt poor  An unhappy mother does not raise a happy child  It was difficult parting with the child, but I had to let her go " Mitchell was reunited with her daughter, Kilauren Gibb, in 1997 The guitar tuning Mitchell uses on the song is Open G (low-to-high: D G D G B D) 

Critical reaction
Writing for Rolling Stone in 1971, Timothy Crouse, said:

Several of the lesser cuts on Blue give every indication of having sat in Joni's trunk for some time  The folkie melody of "Little Green" recalls "I Don't Know Where I Stand" from her second album  The pretty, "poetic" lyric is dressed up in such cryptic references that it passeth all understanding 
Reflecting on the song for The Atlantic in 2013, Jack Hamilton noted that "Little Green", arguably the most personal song on Blue, was not written about a lover but rather about Mitchell's daughter, concluding that "Blue was Mitchell's way into music that transcended her life to become about yours and everyone else's "Bob Dylan played the song on the "Colors" episode of Season 1 of his Theme Time Radio Hour show in 2007 
Passage 16:
Forrest Gump
Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Eric Roth  It is based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson and Sally Field  The film follows several decades in the life of a slow-witted and kindhearted Alabama man named Forrest Gump (Hanks) and his experiences in the 20th-century United States  The film differs substantially from the novel 
Principal photography took place between August and December 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina  Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate Hanks into archived footage and to develop other scenes  The soundtrack features songs reflecting the different periods seen in the film 
Forrest Gump was released in the United States on July 6, 1994, and received mostly positive reviews, with critical acclaim for Zemeckis's direction, performances (particularly those of Hanks and Sinise), visual effects, music, and screenplay  The film was an enormous success at the box office; it became the top-grossing film in America released that year and earned over US$678 2 million worldwide during its theatrical run, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1994, behind The Lion King  The soundtrack sold over 12 million copies  Forrest Gump won six Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor for Hanks, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Film Editing  It received many award nominations, including Golden Globes, British Academy Film Awards and Screen Actors Guild Awards 
Various interpretations have been made of the protagonist and the film's political symbolism  In 2011, the Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Plot
In 1981, a man named Forrest Gump recounts his life story to strangers who happen to sit next to him at a bus stop  
As a boy in 1956, Forrest has an IQ of 75 and is fitted with leg braces to correct a curved spine  He lives in Greenbow, Alabama, with his mother, who runs a boarding house and encourages him to live beyond his disabilities  Among their temporary tenants is a young Elvis Presley, who plays the guitar for Forrest and incorporates the boy's jerky dance movements into his performances  On his first day of school, Forrest meets a girl named Jenny Curran, and the two become best friends  Jenny is a victim of sexual abuse at the hands of her widowed, alcoholic father, but she is later removed from his custody 
Bullied because of his leg braces and dimwittedness, Forrest flees from a group of children, but when his braces break off, he is revealed to be a fast runner  With this talent, he receives a football scholarship at the University of Alabama in 1962, where he is coached by Bear Bryant, becomes a top kick returner, is named to the All-American team, and meets president John F  Kennedy at the White House  In his first year at college, he witnesses Governor George Wallace's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door and returns a dropped book to Vivian Malone Jones, one of the students admitted over state resistance  He visits Jenny at her college, where the two have an awkward sexual encounter 
After graduating from college in 1966, Forrest enlists in the U S  Army  During basic training, he befriends a fellow soldier named Benjamin Buford Blue (nicknamed "Bubba"), who becomes a close friend and convinces Forrest to go into the shrimping business with him after their service  While on leave, Forrest goes to Memphis, Tennessee, to see Jenny, who was expelled from college for posing in Playboy in her college sweater, and now works as a singer in a strip club  However, he embarrasses her by attacking some patrons who were harassing her, causing the two to part ways  Soon afterwards, Forrest and Bubba are sent to fight in Vietnam, serving with the 9th Infantry Division in the Mekong Delta region under Lieutenant Dan Taylor  After months of routine operations, their platoon is ambushed while on patrol, and several members of the platoon are killed in action, including Bubba  Forrest saves several others, including Lieutenant Dan, who loses both of his lower legs, while Forrest is shot "in the buttocks " While recovering from his wound, Forrest develops a talent for ping pong  Taylor is embittered from having his life saved as he had hoped to die in combat like his ancestors, and detests being handicapped  Forrest is awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism by President Lyndon B  Johnson  
At an anti-war March on the Pentagon rally, Forrest meets Abbie Hoffman, encounters a Black Panther group, and reunites with Jenny, who has become a drug-addicted hippie and anti-war activist, but the two are soon parted again when she leaves for San Francisco with her abusive boyfriend, the president of SDS at Berkeley  Forrest plays ping-pong in the special services, competing against Chinese teams in ping-pong diplomacy, becoming a celebrity, and earns himself an interview alongside John Lennon on The Dick Cavett Show, appearing to influence Lennon's song "Imagine"  Forrest spends 1972 New Year's Eve in New York City with Lieutenant Dan, who has become an alcoholic, still bitter about his disability and the government's apathy towards Vietnam War veterans  Forrest does not enjoy the company of Lt  Dan's prostitutes because of his devotion to Jenny, and rejects their advances, leading Lt  Dan to angrily throw them out for insulting Forrest  Forrest's ping-pong success eventually leads to a meeting with President Richard Nixon  He is given a room in the Watergate complex, where he unwittingly exposes the Watergate scandal 
In 1974, Forrest is honorably discharged from the Army, and returns to Greenbow, where he endorses a company that makes ping-pong paddles  He uses the earnings to buy a shrimping boat in Bayou La Batre, fulfilling his promise to Bubba  Lieutenant Dan joins Forrest as his first mate, and they initially have very little success  However, after their boat becomes the only one to survive Hurricane Carmen, they pull in vast amounts of shrimp and create the profitable Bubba Gump Shrimp Company  Lieutenant Dan acknowledges that Forrest saved him, however does not actually thank him for saving his life  Dan invests his money in early tech companies on the stock market, which Forrest mistakes for "some kind of fruit company", and the two become millionaires  Forrest gives half of his earnings to Bubba's family for having inspired the shrimping venture  Forrest returns home to his mother and cares for her during her terminal illness from cancer  After she dies, Forrest spends most of his time volunteering as a gardener at the University of Alabama 
In 1976, Jenny – recovering from years of drugs and abuse – returns to Forrest  One day, the two are walking, and come across the now-abandoned house of Jenny's father, where Jenny, in a rage, throws all the rocks she can find at it, until she collapses in anguish  After some time, Forrest proposes to her, but she turns him down, much to Forrest's dismay  That night, she confesses to Forrest that she does indeed love him  They make love, but Jenny leaves the next morning  Heartbroken, Forrest, "for no particular reason", starts running and embarks on a cross-country marathon, becoming famous for another feat  Forrest starts to garner many followers, some of whom are struggling businessmen, whom he unwittingly gives inspiration  After a total of about three years and two-and-a half months running, Forrest decides to end the run, and returns to Greenbow, much to the surprise of his followers 
In 1981, Forrest gets a letter from Jenny, asking him to visit her, and it turns out that's why he's been waiting at the bus stop  An old lady informs him that the address is only five/six blocks away, and he rushes off  Forrest again reunites with Jenny, who has quit abusing drugs, and has turned her life around  Jenny then introduces him to her young son, Forrest Gump Jr , revealing that Forrest is his father  Initially shocked at the revelation, Forrest starts to bond with his son  Jenny later tells Forrest she is sick with "some kind of virus" and the doctors can't do anything for her  The three move back to Greenbow and Jenny and Forrest finally marry  Among their wedding guests is Lt  Dan, now walking on titanium alloy prosthetics, with his fiancé, a Vietnamese woman named Susan  Jenny succumbs to her illness a year later  Forrest is deeply saddened by her death but becomes a loving, devoted father to Forrest Jr  as the two engage in activities like ping pong and fishing  Forrest also buys the land that belonged to Jenny's father and has the house demolished  Lastly, Forrest sees his son off on his first day of school 

Cast
Tom Hanks as Forrest Gump: At an early age, Forrest is deemed to have a below-average IQ of 75  He has an endearing character and shows devotion to his loved ones and duties, character traits that bring him into many life-changing situations  Along the way, he encounters many historical figures and events throughout his life 
Michael Conner Humphreys as young Forrest Gump: Hanks revealed in interviews that instead of having Michael copy his accent, he copied Michael's unique accented drawl into the older character's accent 
Robin Wright as Jenny Curran: Forrest's childhood friend with whom he immediately falls in love, and never stops loving throughout his life  A victim of child sexual abuse at the hands of her bitterly widowed father, Jenny embarks on a different path from Forrest, leading a self-destructive life and becoming part of the hippie movement in California in the 1960s and the following Me Decade's sex and drug culture of the 1970s  She re-enters Forrest's life at various times in adulthood  Jenny eventually becomes a waitress in Savannah, Georgia, where she lives in an apartment with her (and Forrest's) son, Forrest Jr  They eventually get married, but soon afterward she dies from complications due to an unnamed disease  This unknown disease was intended by Winston Groom, the author of the original novel, to be Hepatitis C, itself an "unknown virus" until defined in April 1989, although some of the makers of the film have said that they intended for the unknown disease to have been HIV/AIDS Hanna R  Hall as young Jenny Curran
Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan Taylor: Forrest and Bubba Blue's platoon leader during the Vietnam War, whose ancestors have died in every U S  war and who regards it as his destiny to do the same  After losing his legs in an ambush and being rescued against his will by Forrest, he is initially bitter and antagonistic toward Forrest for leaving him a "cripple" and denying him his family's destiny, falling into a deep depression  He later serves as Forrest's first mate at the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, gives most of the orders, becomes wealthy with Forrest, and regains his will to live  He ultimately forgives and thanks Forrest for saving his life  By the end of the film, he is engaged to be married to his fiancée Susan and is sporting "magic legs" – titanium alloy prosthetics that allow him to walk again 
Mykelti Williamson as Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue: Bubba was originally supposed to be the senior partner in the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, but due to his death in Vietnam, their platoon leader, Dan Taylor, took his place  The company posthumously carried his name  Forrest later gave Bubba's mother Bubba's share of the business  Throughout filming, Williamson wore a lip attachment to create Bubba's protruding lip 
Sally Field as Mrs  Gump: Forrest's mother  Field reflected on the character, "She's a woman who loves her son unconditionally      A lot of her dialogue sounds like slogans, and that's just what she intends "
Haley Joel Osment as Forrest Gump Jr : Osment was cast in the film after the casting director noticed him in a Pizza Hut commercial  It was his debut feature film role 
Peter Dobson as Elvis Presley: Although Kurt Russell was uncredited, he provided the voice for Elvis in the scene 
Dick Cavett as himself: Cavett played a de-aged version of himself in the 1970s, with makeup applied to make him appear younger  Consequently, Cavett is the only well-known figure in the film to play a cameo role rather than be represented through the use of archival footage like John Lennon or President John F  Kennedy 
Sam Anderson as Principal Hancock: Forrest's elementary school principal 
Geoffrey Blake as Wesley: A member of the SDS group and Jenny's abusive boyfriend
Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Dorothy Harris: The school bus driver who drives Forrest, and later his son, to school
Sonny Shroyer as Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant
Grand L  Bush, Michael Jace, Conor Kennelly, and Teddy Lane Jr  as the Black Panthers
Richard D'Alessandro as Abbie Hoffman
Tiffany Salerno and Marla Sucharetza as "Cunning" Carla and "Long-Limbs" Lenore: a couple of prostitutes that Forrest and Dan spend a New Year's evening with and later turn away

Production
Pre-production and script
The film is based on the 1986 novel by Winston Groom  Both center on the character of Forrest Gump  However, the film primarily focuses on the first eleven chapters of the novel before skipping ahead to the end of the novel, with the founding of Bubba Gump Shrimp Co  and the meeting with Forrest Jr  In addition to skipping some parts of the novel, the film adds several aspects to Gump's life that do not occur in the novel, such as his needing leg braces as a child and his run across the United States Gump's core character and personality are also changed from the novel; among other things, his film character is less of a savant—in the novel, while playing football at the university, he fails craft and gym but receives a perfect score in an advanced physics class he is enrolled in by his coach to satisfy his college requirements  The novel also features Gump as an astronaut, a professional wrestler, and a chess player The book had a bidding war regarding an adaptation even before publication, with Wendy Finerman and Steve Tisch acquiring them by joining forces with Warner Bros , where Finerman's husband Mark Canton was president of production  Groom was paid $500,000 and also wrote the first three first drafts of the screenplay, which leaned closer to the events of the novel  After Rain Man told the story of a savant, Warner lost interest in the picture, and by 1990 the project was in turnaround  Finerman contacted Columbia Pictures, who went on reject it, while hiring Eric Roth to rewrite the script  Roth and Finerman kept in contact with Groom to ensure the script was historically accurate  Roth delivered a screenplay in 1992, which Paramount Pictures chairwoman Sherry Lansing liked enough to bring the project to her studio, who acquired the rights from Warner in exchange for the script for Executive Decision Ivan Reitman, Penny Marshall and Terry Gilliam passed on the project before Robert Zemeckis was hired  Barry Sonnenfeld was attached to the film, but left to direct Addams Family Values 

Casting
John Travolta was the original choice to play the title role and says passing on the role was a mistake  Bill Murray and Chevy Chase were also considered for the role  Sean Penn stated in an interview having been second choice for the role  Hanks revealed that he signed on to the film after an hour and a half of reading the script  He initially wanted to ease Forrest's pronounced Southern accent but was eventually persuaded by director Robert Zemeckis to portray the heavy accent stressed in the novel  Hanks also said it took him three days to learn how to play the role, and footage from that time could not be included  Winston Groom, who wrote the original novel, describes the film as having taken the "rough edges" off the character whom he had envisioned being played by John Goodman  Additionally, Tom's younger brother Jim Hanks is his acting double in the movie for the scenes when Forrest runs across the U S  Tom's daughter Elizabeth Hanks appears in the movie as the girl on the school bus who refuses to let young Forrest (Michael Conner Humphreys) sit next to her  Joe Pesci was considered for the role of Lieutenant Dan Taylor, which was eventually given to Gary Sinise  David Alan Grier, Ice Cube and Dave Chappelle were offered the role of Benjamin Buford Blue, but all three turned it down  Chappelle, who said he believed the film would be unsuccessful, has been reported as saying that he regrets not taking the role  Hanks was aware of Chappelle's disappointment in missing out on the part and agreed to work with him in a future movie, which ended up being You've Got Mail  Rapper Tupac Shakur also auditioned 

Filming
Filming began in August 1993 and ended in December of that year  Although most of the film is set in Alabama, filming took place mainly in and around Beaufort, South Carolina, as well as parts of coastal Virginia and North Carolina, including a running shot on the Blue Ridge Parkway  Downtown portions of the fictional town of Greenbow were filmed in Varnville, South Carolina  The scene of Forrest running through Vietnam while under fire was filmed on Hunting Island State Park  and Fripp Island, South Carolina  Additional filming took place on the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina and along the Blue Ridge Parkway near Boone, North Carolina  The most notable place was Grandfather Mountain where a part of the road subsequently became known as "Forrest Gump Curve" 

The Gump family home set was built along the Combahee River near Yemassee, South Carolina, and the nearby land was used to film Curran's home as well as some of the Vietnam scenes  Over 20 palmetto trees were planted to improve the Vietnam scenes  Forrest Gump narrated his life's story at the northern edge of Chippewa Square in Savannah, Georgia as he sat at a bus stop bench  There were other scenes filmed in and around the Savannah area as well, including a running shot on the Richard V  Woods Memorial Bridge in Beaufort while he was being interviewed by the press, and on West Bay Street in Savannah  Most of the college campus scenes were filmed in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California  The lighthouse that Forrest runs across to reach the Atlantic Ocean the first time is the Marshall Point Lighthouse in Port Clyde, Maine  Additional scenes were filmed in Arizona, Utah's Monument Valley, and Montana's Glacier National Park 

Visual effects
Ken Ralston and his team at Industrial Light & Magic were responsible for the film's visual effects  Using CGI techniques, it was possible to depict Gump meeting deceased personages and shaking their hands  Hanks was first shot against a blue screen along with reference markers so that he could line up with the archive footage  To record the voices of the historical figures, voice actors were filmed and special effects were used to alter lip-syncing for the new dialogue  Archival footage was used and with the help of such techniques as chroma key, image warping, morphing, and rotoscoping, Hanks was integrated into it 
In one Vietnam War scene, Gump carries Bubba away from an incoming napalm attack  To create the effect, stunt actors were initially used for compositing purposes  Then, Hanks and Williamson were filmed, with Williamson supported by a cable wire as Hanks ran with him  The explosion was then filmed, and the actors were digitally added to appear just in front of the explosions  The jet fighters and napalm canisters were also added by CGI The CGI removal of actor Gary Sinise's legs, after his character had them amputated, was achieved by wrapping his legs with a blue fabric, which later facilitated the work of the "roto-paint" team to paint out his legs from every single frame  At one point, while hoisting himself into his wheelchair, his legs are used for support The scene where Forrest spots Jenny at a peace rally at the Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool in Washington, D C , required visual effects to create the large crowd of people  Over two days of filming, approximately 1,500 extras were used  At each successive take, the extras were rearranged and moved into a different quadrant away from the camera  With the help of computers, the extras were multiplied to create a crowd of several hundred thousand people 

Reception
Box office
Produced on a budget of $55 million, Forrest Gump opened in 1,595 theaters in the United States and Canada grossing $24,450,602 in its opening weekend  Motion picture business consultant and screenwriter Jeffrey Hilton suggested to producer Wendy Finerman to double the P&A (film marketing budget) based on his viewing of an early print of the film  The budget was immediately increased, in line with his advice  In its opening weekend, the film placed first at the US box office, narrowly beating The Lion King, which was in its fourth week of release  For the first twelve weeks of release, the film was in the top 3 at the US box office, topping the list 5 times, including in its tenth week of release  Paramount removed the film from release in the United States when its gross hit $300 million in January 1995, and it was the second-highest-grossing film of the year, behind The Lion King with $305 million  The film was reissued on February 17, 1995, after the Academy Awards nominations were announced  After the reissue in 1,100 theaters, the film grossed an additional $29 million in the United States and Canada, bringing its total to $329 7 million, making it the third-highest-grossing film at that time behind only E T  the Extra-Terrestrial and Jurassic Park, and was Paramount's biggest, surpassing Raiders of the Lost Ark  Forrest Gump held the record for being the highest-grossing Paramount film until it was taken by Titanic three years later in 1997  For 12 years, it remained as the highest-grossing film starring Tom Hanks until 2006 when it was surpassed by The Da Vinci Code  Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 78 5 million tickets in the US and Canada in its initial theatrical run The film took 66 days to surpass $250 million and was the fastest grossing Paramount film to pass $100 million, $200 million, and $300 million in box office receipts (at the time of its release)  After reissues, the film has gross receipts of $330,252,182 in the U S  and Canada and $347,693,217 in international markets for a total of $677,945,399 worldwide  Even with such revenue, the film was known as a "successful failure"—due to distributors' and exhibitors' high fees, Paramount's "losses" clocked in at $62 million, leaving executives realizing the necessity of better deals  This has also been associated with Hollywood accounting, where expenses are inflated in order to minimize profit sharing  It is Robert Zemeckis' highest-grossing film to date 

Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 71% of 106 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The website's consensus reads: "Forrest Gump may be an overly sentimental film with a somewhat problematic message, but its sweetness and charm are usually enough to approximate true depth and grace " At the website Metacritic, the film earned a rating of 82 out of 100 based on 20 reviews by mainstream critics, indicating "universal acclaim"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade The story was commended by several critics  Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "I've never met anyone like Forrest Gump in a movie before, and for that matter I've never seen a movie quite like 'Forrest Gump ' Any attempt to describe him will risk making the movie seem more conventional than it is, but let me try  It's a comedy, I guess  Or maybe a drama  Or a dream  The screenplay by Eric Roth has the complexity of modern fiction   The performance is a breathtaking balancing act between comedy and sadness, in a story rich in big laughs and quiet truths   What a magical movie " Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote that the film "has been very well worked out on all levels, and manages the difficult feat of being an intimate, even delicate tale played with an appealingly light touch against an epic backdrop " In contrast, Anthony Lane of The New Yorker called the film "Warm, wise, and wearisome as hell " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said that the film was "glib, shallow, and monotonous" and "reduces the tumult of the last few decades to a virtual-reality theme park: a baby-boomer version of Disney's America "Gump garnered comparisons to fictional character Huckleberry Finn, as well as U S  politicians Ronald Reagan, Pat Buchanan and Bill Clinton  Peter Chomo writes that Gump acts as a "social mediator and as an agent of redemption in divided times"  Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called Gump "everything we admire in the American character – honest, brave, and loyal with a heart of gold " The New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin called Gump a "hollow man" who is "self-congratulatory in his blissful ignorance, warmly embraced as the embodiment of absolutely nothing " Marc Vincenti of Palo Alto Weekly called the character "a pitiful stooge taking the pie of life in the face, thoughtfully licking his fingers " Bruce Kawin and Gerald Mast's textbook on film history notes that Forrest Gump's dimness was a metaphor for glamorized nostalgia in that he represented a blank slate onto which the Baby Boomer generation projected their memories of those events 

Re-evaluation
In the 21st century, the film became negatively re-evaluated  Writing in 2004, Entertainment Weekly said, "Nearly a decade after it earned gazillions and swept the Oscars, Robert Zemeckis's ode to 20th-century America still represents one of cinema's most clearly drawn lines in the sand  One half of folks see it as an artificial piece of pop melodrama, while everyone else raves that it's sweet as a box of chocolates " On the other hand though "Despite many, often special-effects-generated laughs, and several genuinely touching moments, one wishes that Forrest Gump were a sarcastic cautionary tale about the dangers of a simple-minded, apolitical America and not the anti-intellectual, mostly conservative fantasy it is,"" in other words, the film has been criticized for its perceived conservative politics  Writing for Indiewire in 2019, Eric Kohn said: "This no-nothing white man becomes a war hero and a wealthy man simply by chugging along, participating in a country that dictates his every move  He never comprehends racism or the complexities of Vietnam; the movie portrays political activism and hippy culture as a giant cartoon beyond Forrest’s understanding, while presenting his apolitical stance as the height of all virtue " Furthermore, in a 2014 article for CNN discussing the film's reassessment, Brandon Griggs wrote of possible readings against the film "Forrest, as played by Tom Hanks, is the epitome of wholesome decency: a God-fearing, All-American football player and war hero who has no use for the counterculture movements of the late '60s  Despite an IQ of 75, he achieves fame and financial success  He's even from red-state Alabama!"In a 2014 retrospective for the film's 20th anniversary re-release, Amy Nicholson criticized the film for being apolitical, writing "Forrest doesn't kill anyone  He doesn't get PTSD  He doesn't even have a clue why he's in Vietnam  The film is so afraid to dredge up debate that when Abbie Hoffman hands Forrest the microphone at an antiwar rally, someone unplugs the speakers so we can't hear him — fitting for a movie with nothing to say " LGBTQ+ critics have criticized the "shallow" portrayal of the AIDS epidemic, one that "sidesteps the significance of the disease by erasing its mere mention"  In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter polled hundreds of academy members, asking them to re-vote on past controversial decisions  Academy members said that, given a second chance, they would award the 1994 Oscar for Best Picture to The Shawshank Redemption instead 

Author payment controversy
Winston Groom was paid $350,000 for the screenplay rights to his novel Forrest Gump and was contracted for a 3 percent share of the film's net profits  However, Paramount and the film's producers did not pay him the percentage, using Hollywood accounting to posit that the blockbuster film lost money  Tom Hanks, by contrast, contracted for a percent share of the film's gross receipts instead of a salary, and he and director Zemeckis each received $40 million  In addition, Groom was not mentioned once in any of the film's six Oscar-winner speeches Groom's dispute with Paramount was later effectively resolved after Groom declared he was satisfied with Paramount's explanation of their accounting, this coinciding with Groom receiving a seven-figure contract with Paramount for film rights to another of his books, Gump & Co  This film was never made, remaining in development hell for at least a dozen years 

Home video
Forrest Gump was first released on VHS on April 27, 1995, and on Laserdisc the following day  The laserdisc was THX certified and released without chapters, requiring the film be watched start to finish  Film magazines of the period stated this was at the request of Zemeckis who wanted viewers to enjoy the film in its entirety  It became the best-selling adult sell-through video with sales of over 12 million  
A widescreen VHS release debuted a year later on September 10, 1996  It was released in a two-disc DVD set on August 28, 2001  Special features included director and producer commentaries, production featurettes, and screen tests  The film was released on Blu-ray in November 2009  Paramount released the film on Ultra HD Blu-ray in June 2018  On May 7, 2019, Paramount Pictures released a newly remastered two-disc Blu-ray that contains bonus content 

Accolades
Forrest Gump won Best Picture, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Hanks had won the previous year for Philadelphia), Best Director, Best Visual Effects, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Editing at the 67th Academy Awards  The film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards, winning three of them: Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, Best Director – Motion Picture, and Best Motion Picture – Drama  The film was also nominated for six Saturn Awards and won two for Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actor (Film) 
In addition to the film's multiple awards and nominations, it has also been recognized by the American Film Institute on several of its lists  The film ranks 37th on 100 Years   100 Cheers, 71st on 100 Years   100 Movies, and 76th on 100 Years   100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)  In addition, the quote "Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates  You never know what you're gonna get," was ranked 40th on 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes  The film also ranked at number 61 on Empire's list of the 100 Greatest Movies of All Time In December 2011, Forrest Gump was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry  The Registry said that the film was "honored for its technological innovations (the digital insertion of Gump seamlessly into vintage archival footage), its resonance within the culture that has elevated Gump (and what he represents in terms of American innocence) to the status of folk hero, and its attempt to engage both playfully and seriously with contentious aspects of the era's traumatic history "American Film Institute lists

AFI's 100 Years   100 Movies – #71
AFI's 100 Years   100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Passions – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Heroes and Villains:
Forrest Gump – Nominated Hero
AFI's 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes:
"Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates  You never know what you're gonna get " – #40
"Mama says, 'Stupid is as stupid does '" – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years   100 Cheers – #37
AFI's 100 Years   100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #76
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film

Symbolism
Feather
Various interpretations have been suggested for the feather present at the opening and conclusion of the film  Sarah Lyall of The New York Times noted several suggestions made about the feather: "Does the white feather symbolize The Unbearable Lightness of Being? Forrest Gump's impaired intellect? The randomness of experience?" Hanks interpreted the feather as: "Our destiny is only defined by how we deal with the chance elements to our life and that's kind of the embodiment of the feather as it comes in  Here is this thing that can land anywhere and that it lands at your feet  It has theological implications that are really huge " Sally Field compared the feather to fate, saying: "It blows in the wind and just touches down here or there  Was it planned or was it just perchance?" Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston compared the feather to an abstract painting: "It can mean so many things to so many different people "

Political interpretations
Hanks states that "the film is non-political and thus non-judgmental"  Nevertheless, CNN's Crossfire debated in 1994 whether the film promoted conservative values or was an indictment of the counterculture movement of the 1960s  Thomas Byers called it "an aggressively conservative film" in a Modern Fiction Studies article 

It has been noted that while Gump follows a very conservative lifestyle, Jenny's life is full of countercultural embrace, complete with drug use, promiscuity, and antiwar rallies, and that their eventual marriage might be a kind of reconciliation  Jennifer Hyland Wang argues in a Cinema Journal article that Jenny's death to an unnamed virus "symbolizes the death of liberal America and the death of the protests that defined a decade" in the 1960s  She also notes that the film's screenwriter, Eric Roth, developed the screenplay from the novel and transferred to Jenny "all of Gump's flaws and most of the excesses committed by Americans in the 1960s and 1970s" Other commentators believe the film forecast the 1994 Republican Revolution and used the image of Forrest Gump to promote movement leader Newt Gingrich's traditional, conservative values  Jennifer Hyland Wang observes that the film idealizes the 1950s, as made evident by the lack of "Whites Only"-signs in Gump's Southern childhood, and envisions the 1960s as a period of social conflict and confusion  She argues that this sharp contrast between the decades criticizes the counterculture values and reaffirms conservatism  Wang argues that the film was used by Republican politicians to illustrate a "traditional version of recent history" to gear voters toward their ideology for the congressional elections  Presidential candidate Bob Dole stated that the film's message was "no matter how great the adversity, the American Dream is within everybody's reach" In 1995, National Review included Forrest Gump in its list of the "Best 100 Conservative Movies" of all time, and ranked it number four on its "25 Best Conservative Movies of the Last 25 Years" list  National Review's John Miller wrote that "Tom Hanks plays the title-character, an amiable dunce who is far too smart to embrace the lethal values of the 1960s  The love of his life, wonderfully played by Robin Wright Penn, chooses a different path; she becomes a drug-addled hippie, with disastrous results "Professor James Burton at Salisbury University argues that conservatives claimed Forrest Gump as their own due less to the content of the film and more to the historical and cultural context of 1994  Burton claims that the film's content and advertising campaign were affected by the cultural climate of the 1990s, which emphasized family-values and American values, epitomized in the book Hollywood vs  America  He claims that this climate influenced the apolitical nature of the film, which allowed many different political interpretations Some commentators see the conservative readings of Forrest Gump as indicating the death of irony in American culture  Vivian Sobchack notes that the film's humor and irony rely on the assumption of the audience's historical knowledge 

Soundtrack
The 32-song soundtrack from the film was released on July 6, 1994  With the exception of a lengthy suite from Alan Silvestri's score, all the songs are previously released; the soundtrack includes songs from Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Aretha Franklin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Three Dog Night, the Byrds, the Beach Boys, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Doors, the Mamas & the Papas, the Doobie Brothers, Simon & Garfunkel, Bob Seger, and Buffalo Springfield among others  Music producer Joel Sill reflected on compiling the soundtrack: "We wanted to have very recognizable material that would pinpoint time periods, yet we didn't want to interfere with what was happening cinematically " The two-disc album has a variety of music from the 1950s–1980s performed by American artists  According to Sill, this was due to Zemeckis' request, "All the material in there is American  Bob (Zemeckis) felt strongly about it  He felt that Forrest wouldn't buy anything but American "The soundtrack reached a peak of number 2 on the Billboard album chart  The soundtrack went on to sell twelve million copies, and is one of the top selling albums in the US  The Oscar-nominated score for the film was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri and released on August 2, 1994 

Adaptations
Novel-sequel
The screenplay for the sequel was written by Eric Roth in 2001  It is based on the original novel's sequel, Gump and Co , written by Winston Groom in 1995  Roth's script begins with Forrest sitting on a bench waiting for his son to return from school  After the September 11 attacks, Roth, Zemeckis, and Hanks decided the story was no longer "relevant " In March 2007, however, it was reported Paramount producers took another look at the screenplay On the first page of the sequel novel, Forrest Gump tells readers "Don't never let nobody make a movie of your life's story," and "Whether they get it right or wrong, it doesn't matter " The first chapter of the book suggests the real-life events surrounding the film have been incorporated into Forrest's storyline, and that Forrest got a lot of media attention as a result of the film  During the course of the sequel novel, Gump runs into Tom Hanks and at the end of the novel in the film's release, includes Gump going on The David Letterman Show and attending the Academy Awards 

Remake
The Indian film Laal Singh Chaddha, released in August 2022 and starring Aamir Khan in the title role, is an official remake of Forrest Gump, set in India between the late 1970s and the 2010s  The film was directed by Advait Chandan and produced by Aamir Khan Productions, Viacom18 Studios and Paramount Pictures 

See also
List of American football films
List of films about the sport of athletics



ground_truth: Clatskanie

Clatskanie, Oregon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is one of the members of the music group that performed "Good Little Girls"?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Natural Dam, Arkansas
Natural Dam is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States  Natural Dam is located on Arkansas Highway 59, 6 miles (9 7 km) north-northwest of Cedarville  Natural Dam has a post office with ZIP code 72948  The now-replaced Lee Creek Bridge, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was located in the community The community was named for a natural dam near the original town site 

Notable person
Shay Mooney, half of country duo Dan + Shay
Passage 2:
Yaté Dam
The Yaté Dam is an arch dam on the Yaté River in Yaté commune of New Caledonia, France  The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 68 MW power station  Plans for the project began in the early 1950s and the dam was designed by Coyne et Bellier  The owner and operator of the project, New Caledonian Society Energy (ENERCAL), was established on 27 August 1955 to implement the project  Construction began that year and the power station was commissioned in 1958  The dam and entire scheme was inaugurated by Jacques Soustelle, then Minister of State in charge of Overseas Departments, on 21 September 1959  It is the tallest dam and creates the largest reservoir in New Caledonia While the main retaining portion of the dam is an arch design, it also has a concrete gravity section and an earthen and rock-fill section  The arch dam has a height of 60 m (200 ft) and length of 200 m (660 ft)  On its left side adjoins the gravity section which serves as a spillway and is 61 m (200 ft) tall  It is 100 m (330 ft) long  The embankment section located direct the northwest of the gravity portion is 280 m (920 ft) long  Water from the dam is diverted through the hillsides via two 2,600 m (8,500 ft) long penstocks to the power station downstream along the Yaté River in the town of Yaté  The difference in elevation between the dam and power station affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of 157 m (515 ft)  Within the power station lies four 17 MW Francis turbine-generates which produce an average of 307 GWh annually 
Passage 3:
Van, Oregon
Van is an unincorporated community in Harney County, Oregon, United States  It is along Van–Drewsey Road about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Burns, in the Wolf Creek Valley Van post office was established in 1891 and named for local settler Van Middlesworth  The office closed in 1953  As of 2008, the former United States Forest Service Van Guard Station was for sale 

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Van has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps 
Passage 4:
De Stijl
De Stijl (; Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈstɛil]), Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden  De Stijl consisted of artists and architects   In a more narrow sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands  Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors 
De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg that served to propagate the group's theories  Along with van Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszár, Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff, and J  J  P  Oud  The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as Neoplasticism—the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in Dutch) 
According to Theo van Doesburg in the introduction of the magazine De Stijl 1917 no 1, the "De Stijl"-movement was a reaction to the "Modern Baroque" of the Amsterdam School movement (Dutch expressionist architecture) with the magazine Wendingen (1918–1931) 

Principles and influences
Mondrian sets forth the delimitations of Neoplasticism in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art"  He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour  On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour"  With these constraints, his art allows only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles, only straight and horizontal or vertical lines  The De Stijl movement posited the fundamental principle of the geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines The name De Stijl is supposedly derived from Gottfried Semper's Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Künsten oder Praktische Ästhetik (1861–3), which Curl suggests was mistakenly believed to advocate materialism and functionalism  The "plastic vision" of De Stijl artists, also called Neo-Plasticism, saw itself as reaching beyond the changing appearance of natural things to bring an audience into intimate contact with an immutable core of reality, a reality that was not so much a visible fact as an underlying spiritual vision  In general, De Stijl proposed ultimate simplicity and abstraction, both in architecture and painting, by using only straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms  Furthermore, their formal vocabulary was limited to the primary colours, red, yellow, and blue, and the three primary values, black, white, and grey  The works avoided symmetry and attained aesthetic balance by the use of opposition  This element of the movement embodies the second meaning of stijl: "a post, jamb or support"; this is best exemplified by the construction of crossing joints, most commonly seen in carpentry 
In many of the group's three-dimensional works, vertical and horizontal lines are positioned in layers or planes that do not intersect, thereby allowing each element to exist independently and unobstructed by other elements  This feature can be found in the Rietveld Schröder House and the Red and Blue Chair 
De Stijl was influenced by Cubist painting as well as by the mysticism and the ideas about "ideal" geometric forms (such as the "perfect straight line") in the neoplatonic philosophy of mathematician M  H  J  Schoenmaekers  The De Stijl movement was also influenced by Neopositivism   The works of De Stijl would influence the Bauhaus style and the international style of architecture as well as clothing and interior design  However, it did not follow the general guidelines of an "-ism" (e g , Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism), nor did it adhere to the principles of art schools like the Bauhaus; it was a collective project, a joint enterprise 
In music, De Stijl was an influence only on the work of composer Jakob van Domselaer, a close friend of Mondrian  Between 1913 and 1916, he composed his Proeven van Stijlkunst ("Experiments in Artistic Style"), inspired mainly by Mondrian's paintings  This minimalistic—and, at the time, revolutionary—music defined "horizontal" and "vertical" musical elements and aimed at balancing those two principles  Van Domselaer was relatively unknown in his lifetime, and did not play a significant role within De Stijl 

History
Early history
From the flurry of new art movements that followed the Impressionist revolutionary new perception of painting, Cubism arose in the early 20th century as an important and influential new direction  In the Netherlands, too, there was interest in this "new art" 
However, because the Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, Dutch artists were not able to leave the country after 1914 and were thus effectively isolated from the international art world—and in particular, from Paris, which was its centre then 
During that period, Theo van Doesburg started looking for other artists to set up a journal and start an art movement  Van Doesburg was also a writer, poet, and critic, who had been more successful writing about art than working as an independent artist  Quite adept at making new contacts due to his flamboyant personality and outgoing nature, he had many useful connections in the art world 

Founding of De Stijl
Around 1915, Van Doesburg started meeting the artists who would eventually become the founders of the journal  He first met Piet Mondrian at an exhibition in Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam  Mondrian, who had moved to Paris in 1912 (and there, changed his name from "Mondriaan"), had been visiting the Netherlands when war broke out  He could not return to Paris, and was staying in the artists' community of Laren, where he met Bart van der Leck and regularly saw M  H  J  Schoenmaekers  In 1915, Schoenmaekers published Het nieuwe wereldbeeld ("The New Image of the World"), followed in 1916 by Beginselen der beeldende wiskunde ("Principles of Plastic Mathematics")  These two publications would greatly influence Mondrian and other members of De Stijl 
Van Doesburg also knew J  J  P  Oud and the Hungarian artist Vilmos Huszár  In 1917 the cooperation of these artists, together with the poet Antony Kok, resulted in the founding of De Stijl  The young architect Gerrit Rietveld joined the group in 1918   At its height De Stijl had 100 members and the journal had a circulation of 300 During those first few years, the group was still relatively homogeneous, although Van der Leck left in 1918 due to artistic differences of opinion  Manifestos were being published, signed by all members  The social and economic circumstances of the time formed an important source of inspiration for their theories, and their ideas about architecture were heavily influenced by Hendrik Petrus Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright 
The name Nieuwe Beelding was a term first coined in 1917 by Mondrian, who wrote a series of twelve articles called De Nieuwe Beelding in de schilderkunst ("Neo-Plasticism in Painting") that were published in the journal De Stijl  In 1920 he published a book titled Le Néo-Plasticisme 

After 1920
Around 1921, the group's character started to change  From the time of van Doesburg's association with Bauhaus, other influences started playing a role  These influences were mainly Malevich and Russian Constructivism, to which not all members agreed  In 1924 Mondrian broke with the group after van Doesburg proposed the theory of elementarism, suggesting that a diagonal line is more vital than horizontal and vertical ones  In addition, the De Stijl group acquired many new "members"  Dadaist influences, such as I  K  Bonset's poetry and Aldo Camini's "antiphilosophy" generated controversy as well  Only after Van Doesburg's death was it revealed that Bonset and Camini were two of his pseudonyms 

After van Doesburg's death
Theo van Doesburg died in Davos, Switzerland, in 1931  His wife, Nelly, administered his estate 
Because of van Doesburg's pivotal role within De Stijl, the group did not survive  Individual members remained in contact, but De Stijl could not exist without a strong central character  Thus, it may be wrong to think of De Stijl as a close-knit group of artists  The members knew each other, but most communication took place by letter  For example, Mondrian and Rietveld never met in person 
Many, though not all, artists did stay true to the movement's basic ideas, even after 1931  Rietveld, for instance, continued designing furniture according to De Stijl principles, while Mondrian continued working in the style he had initiated around 1920  Van der Leck, on the other hand, went back to figurative compositions after his departure from the group 

Influence on architecture
The De Stijl influence on architecture remained considerable long after its inception; Mies van der Rohe was among the most important proponents of its ideas  Between 1923 and 1924, Rietveld designed the Rietveld Schröder House, the only building to have been created completely according to De Stijl principles  Examples of Stijl-influenced works by J J P  Oud can be found in Rotterdam (Café De Unie) and Hook of Holland  Other examples include the Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames, and the interior decoration for the Aubette dance hall in Strasbourg, designed by Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Jean Arp and van Doesburg 

Present day
Works by De Stijl members are scattered all over the world, but De Stijl-themed exhibitions are organised regularly  Museums with large De Stijl collections include the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague (which owns the world's most extensive, although not exclusively De Stijl-related, Mondrian collection) and Amsterdam's Stedelijk Museum, where many works by Rietveld and Van Doesburg are on display  The Centraal Museum of Utrecht has the largest Rietveld collection worldwide; it also owns the Rietveld Schröder House, Rietveld's adjacent "show house", and the Rietveld Schröder Archives 
The movement inspired the design aesthetics of Rumyantsevo and Salaryevo stations of Moscow Metro opened in 2016 

Neoplasticists
Ilya Bolotowsky (1907–1981), painter and sculptor
Burgoyne Diller (1906–1965), painter
Theo van Doesburg (1883–1931), painter, designer, and writer; co-founder of De Stijl movement; published De Stijl, 1917–1931
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897–1981), architect
Jean Gorin (1899–1981), painter, sculptor
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979), architect
Vilmos Huszár (1884–1960), painter
Frederick John Kiesler (1890–1965), architect, theater designer, artist, sculptor
Antony Kok (1882–1969), poet
Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), painter
Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), painter, co-founder of De Stijl
Marlow Moss (1889–1958), painter
J  J  P  Oud (1890–1963), architect
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964), architect and designer
Kurt Schwitters (1887–1948), painter, sculptor
Georges Vantongerloo (1886–1965), sculptor
Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart (1899–1962), painter
Jan Wils (1891–1972), architect

See also
Art Concret
Abstraction-Création
Concrete art
Form follows function
Fourth dimension in art
Mathematics and art
Modern architecture

References and sources
Passage 5:
Nieuwsblad van het Noorden
The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈniuzblɑt fɑn ət ˈnoːrdə(n)]; "Newspaper of the North") is a former regional daily newspaper from the city of Groningen in the Netherlands  It was published from 1888 to 2002, when it was merged with the Groninger Dagblad and the Drentse Courant into the Dagblad van het Noorden, which published its first edition on 2 April 2002 
The first issue of the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden appeared on 2 June 1888  Until 1997 its offices were in a 1903 Jugendstil building in the Gedempte Zuiderdiep designed by Gerrit Nijhuis 
During the German occupation in World War II, the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden, like many other Dutch newspapers, published anti-Semitic and pro-German articles  In 1944 they refused to hire a chief editor who was a member of the Dutch National Socialist Movement—at the time the only legal party in the Netherlands—and publication of the newspaper was suspended  The paper reappeared on 26 January 1946, some time after the liberation of the Netherlands, with a circulation of 35,000 copies 
The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden came under criticism in 2000 with the publication of Het Schandaal (The Scandal) by Johan van Gelder, which threw new light on the newspaper's relationship with the German occupiers  The revelations in the book were in stark contrast to the representations of the two owners, the brothers Nico and Jan Abraham Hazewinkel From 2 April 2002 the newspaper was succeeded by the Dagblad van het Noorden, a fusion with the Groninger Dagblad and the Drentse Courant, which had previously been publishing together  All were published at that time by Hazewinkel Pers (Press)  The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden published at midday; the other two were morning papers, as is the Dagblad van het Noorden 

Notes
Passage 6:
Johannes van Dam
Johannes van Dam (Amsterdam 9 October 1946 - Amsterdam 18 September 2013) was a Dutch journalist and the country's best-known writer on food  Van Dam wrote a regular column on food for the national daily Het Parool for almost 25 years 

Van Dam studied medicine and psychology and worked in the newspaper business from 1967 to 1981 (for Het Vrije Volk and Haagse Post), before running a cookbook store in Amsterdam, in 1983  In 1986 he started writing a column on food for the Dutch weekly Elsevier, and in 1989 sold the bookstore and began writing full-time, for Het Parool and the Belgian daily De Morgen in addition to Elsevier  He published a book on food, De Dikke Van Dam, in 2005  He died in an Amsterdam hospital in 2013 after suffering for some time from health problems, including diabetes  His biography, written by Jeroen Thijssen, was published on November 9, 2018 
Passage 7:
Andries Bonger
Andries Bonger (20 May 1861 – 20 January 1936) was a Dutch art collector, as well as Johanna van Gogh-Bonger's brother and Theo van Gogh's friend, who later became his brother-in-law 

Relationship with Theo
In December 1879, after finishing a course at the Amsterdam Trade School, Bonger traveled to Paris to work at Geo Wehry, a commodity trading firm that focused on tobacco, coffee, tea, and rubber  In 1881, he became librarian at the Hollandsche Club, an expatriate club in Paris, where he became friends with Theo van Gogh  He later introduced his sister Jo to Theo; they married in Amsterdam in 1889, but he and his wife did not attend the wedding because he thought the wedding cost too much and they could not afford to travel Through Theo, he knew Vincent van Gogh, who called him "André" in letters  In a letter that Bonger wrote to his parents on March 31, 1885, he describes Theo van Gogh as having received unexpected news the prior week that his father had died due to a "stroke of apoplexy" after having received a letter the previous day that he was in perfect health  He mentioned that Van Gogh was not very strong, and so this was a very melancholy circumstance  In several letters over the remainder of the year, Bonger comments on a growing appreciation for and friendship with Theo  In 1886, Vincent van Gogh arrived in Paris, which meant that Bonger saw less of Theo  Bonger expressed his concern that Vincent's harshness towards Theo, who had begun to look haggard  Theo met Bonger's parents during a visit to the Netherlands in 1886 Theo had hoped to open a gallery of his own, with his brother-in-law Andries as a partner  Despite promising talks, it never came to fruition 
Theo died six months after his older brother Vincent's death, leaving Andries's sister Jo holding the letters of Vincent to Theo and in control of Vincent's artwork   Andries believed that his younger sister should not have sole say about what became of these remnants of her marriage and attempted to exert his influence over her  She resisted and the close of the siblings were at odds  Andries managed the sales of some of Vincent's artwork whose sale Jo authorized 

Later life
In 1892, he returned to the Netherlands after taking a job with an insurance company based in Hilversum  Around this time, Bonger started collecting art, especially works by Odilon Redon and Émile Bernard, who were his friends  He also owned works by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne  He is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery in Amsterdam 

See also
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
Passage 8:
Indianford, Wisconsin
Indianford (also Fosters Ferry, Fulton Center, Indian Ford, or Morses Landing) is an unincorporated community located in the town of Fulton, in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States, on the Rock River  The Rock River is dammed at Indianford 


== Notes ==
Passage 9:
Navacerrada Dam
Navacerrada Dam is a reservoir at Navacerrada in the Community of Madrid, Spain  At an elevation of 1200 m, its maximum surface area is 93 hectares (230 acres) 

External links
 Media related to Embalse de Navacerrada at Wikimedia Commons
Sociedad Española de Presas y Embalses (in Spanish) profile
Passage 10:
ACM SIGGRAPH
ACM SIGGRAPH is the international Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques based in New York  It was founded in 1969 by Andy van Dam (its direct predecessor, ACM SICGRAPH was founded two years earlier in 1967) ACM SIGGRAPH convenes the annual SIGGRAPH conference, attended by tens of thousands of computer professionals  The organization also sponsors other conferences around the world, and regular events are held by its professional and student chapters in several countries 

Committees
Professional and Student Chapters Committee
The Professional and Student Chapters Committee (PSCC) is the leadership group that oversees the activities of ACM SIGGRAPH Chapters around the world  Details about Local Chapters can be found below 

International Resources Committee
The International Resources Committee (IRC) facilitates throughout the year worldwide collaboration in the ACM SIGGRAPH community, provides an English review service to help submitters whose first language is not English, and encourages participation in all SIGGRAPH  conference venues, activities, and events 

Awards
ACM SIGGRAPH presents six awards to recognize achievement in computer graphics  The awards are presented at the annual SIGGRAPH conference 

Steven A  Coons Award
The Steven Anson Coons Award for Outstanding Creative Contributions to Computer Graphics is considered the highest award in computer graphics, and is presented each odd-numbered year to individuals who have made a lifetime contribution to computer graphics  It is named for Steven Anson Coons, an early pioneer in interactive computer graphics Recipients:

Computer Graphics Achievement Award
The Computer Graphics Achievement award is given each year to recognize individuals for an outstanding achievement in computer graphics and interactive techniques that provided a significant advance in the state of the art of computer graphics and is still significant and apparent Recipients:

Significant New Researcher Award
The Significant New Researcher Award is given annually to a researcher with a recent significant contribution to computer graphics Recipients:

Distinguished Artist Award
The Distinguished Artist Award is presented annually to an artist who has created a significant body of digital art work that has advanced the aesthetic content of the medium 
Recipients:

Professional and Student Chapters
Within their local areas, Chapters continue the work of ACM SIGGRAPH on a year-round basis via their meetings and other activities  Each ACM SIGGRAPH Professional and Student Chapter consists of individuals involved in education, research & development, the arts, industry and entertainment  ACM SIGGRAPH Chapter members are interested in the advancement of computer graphics and interactive techniques, its related technologies and applications  For the annual conference, some of the Chapters produce a "Fast Forward" overview of activities 
Listed below are some examples of Chapter activities:

MetroCAF is the annual NYC Metropolitan Area College Computer Animation Festival, organized by the New York City chapter of ACM SIGGRAPH 
Bogota ACM SIGGRAPH has become one of the largest Animation and VFX events in Latin America, counting more than 6,000 registered attendees in 2015’s edition 
ACM SIGGRAPH Helsinki runs an evening-long graphics conference called SyysGraph, which is held autumn every year  The seminar strives to bring the latest updates of the 3D graphics field, demos, animations and interactive technologies  The presentations are held in English 
Silicon Valley ACM SIGGRAPH held "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" Visual Effects Panel with Industrial Light & Magic 

See also
Association for Computing Machinery
ACM Transactions on Graphics
Computer Graphics, its defunct quarterly periodical publication 
SIGGRAPH Conferences
Passage 11:
Communications of the ACM
Communications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)  It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor  It is sent to all ACM members 
Articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areas of computer science and information systems  The focus is on the practical implications of advances in information technology and associated management issues; ACM also publishes a variety of more theoretical journals  The magazine straddles the boundary of a science magazine, trade magazine, and a scientific journal  While the content is subject to peer review, the articles published are often summaries of research that may also be published elsewhere  Material published must be accessible and relevant to a broad readership From 1960 onward, CACM also published algorithms, expressed in ALGOL  The collection of algorithms later became known as the Collected Algorithms of the ACM According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 14 065 

See also
Journal of the ACM
Passage 12:
Calamus, Wisconsin
Calamus is a town in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States  The population was 1,005 at the 2000 census  The unincorporated community of South Beaver Dam is located in the town  The unincorporated community of Lost Lake is also located partially in the town 

History
The town was founded on January 22, 1846 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36 5 square miles (94 7 km2), of which, 36 1 square miles (93 4 km2) of it is land and 0 5 square miles (1 2 km2) of it (1 29%) is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,005 people, 379 households, and 297 families living in the town  The population density was 27 9 people per square mile (10 8/km2)   There were 396 housing units at an average density of 11 0 per square mile (4 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 97 71% White, 0 70% African American, 0 90% Native American, 0 30% from other races, and 0 40% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 00% of the population 
There were 379 households, out of which 31 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67 0% were married couples living together, 5 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 6% were non-families  14 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 65 and the average family size was 2 95 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23 2% under the age of 18, 7 7% from 18 to 24, 29 8% from 25 to 44, 26 8% from 45 to 64, and 12 6% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 105 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110 4 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $50,000, and the median income for a family was $54,107  Males had a median income of $33,636 versus $24,671 for females  The per capita income for the town was $19,818  About 5 5% of families and 7 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 0% of those under age 18 and 5 4% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 13:
Andries Stockenström
Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet, (6 July 1792 in Cape Town – 16 March 1864 in London) was lieutenant governor of British Kaffraria from 13 September 1836 to 9 August 1838 
His efforts in restraining colonists from moving into Xhosa lands served to make him immensely unpopular among the settlers of the Cape Colony frontier  As a historical figure, he long remained controversial in South Africa for supposedly hindering colonisation, and pro-imperialist histories have traditionally vilified him  However his relatively far-sighted and respectful policies towards the Xhosa have increasingly gained recognition in modern South Africa 
On Stockenström's legacy, historian Christopher Saunders concluded: "No man in the 19th century Cape had greater breadth of vision, none gained the respect of a wider constituency, black as well as white "

Early life
The eldest son of Anders Stockenström (1757-1811), a Cape landdrost of Swedish ancestry, he received an elementary education in Cape Town and in 1808 took up an appointment as clerk in his father's office at Graaff-Reinet  En route he met up with Lt-Col R Collins and accompanied him as a Dutch interpreter on a journey that took them to the Orange River and into the Xhosa country



ground_truth: Aaron Benward

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who published Communications of the organization that Andries van Dam is a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Inclined to pursue a military career, Andries accompanied the expedition sent in 1810 to inform Ndlambe, the Rharhabe paramount chief, of the government's aim to expel him from the Zuurveld 

Military career
In the 19th century, the Cape frontier was afflicted by a recurring series of Frontier Wars, between the Cape Colony on the one side, and the Xhosa chiefs on the other  Stockenström's military career additionally saw growing disagreement between the leadership of the local Cape forces (the Burgher commandos) and the settlers on the frontier who supported greater imperial control 
While the young Stockenström was a great and sometimes ruthless soldier in the frontier wars, in the coming years he came to develop a growing sympathy with his Xhosa opponents  
The frontier policy of the colonial government at the time was the so-called "Reprisals System", whereby frontier settlers were permitted to cross the border to reclaim stolen cattle from any Xhosa settlement to which the cattle-tracks led – even if the stolen cattle were not in fact there  Stockenström was fiercely opposed to this system  His opinion that the Cape Colony colonists of the frontier were unfairly treating of their Xhosa neighbours led to his later conclusion that a strictly-enforced system of treaties must be enforced on both sides in order for peace and mutual respect to develop 

The 4th Frontier War (1811-1812)
In 1811 he was commissioned as an ensign in the Cape Regiment, took part in the 4th Cape Frontier War (1811–12), and in the campaign against Ndlambe  During this time, Andries served as aide-de-camp to his father, Anders Stockenström 
When his father was ambushed and killed, the young Andries rode from Bruintjieshoogte with 18 mounted burghers  He hunted down and overtook a number of the killers near Doringnek, slaying 13 of them 
Upon returning from Doringnek, Andries was appointed to his father's position in command of the burgher forces  Following Ndlambe's expulsion, he assisted Colonel John Graham in fortifying the Fish River frontier  Governor Sir John Cradock then appointed him as assistant landdrost of Graaff-Reinet, stationed initially at Van Stadensdam on the (upper) Fish River, and afterwards at the newly founded town of Cradock  Andries retained his commission as his duties remained mostly of a military nature 
In a rapid and successful campaign in 1813, he struck across the Fish River against Xhosa tribes that had violated the new frontier, and in May 1814 he was appointed a lieutenant in the Cape Regiment  He rose through the ranks rapidly after fighting in the fourth frontier war 

The 5th Frontier War (1818-1819)
Due in part to overcrowding, a civil war broke out between the amaNgqika (Ngqika Xhosa) and the amaGcaleka (Gcaleka Xhosa)  As the Cape had signed a defence treaty with Ngqika, it was legally required to respond to Ngqika's request for military assistance in 1818  Stockenström was thus ordered to lead his commando, as an ally of Ngqika, against Ndlambe's amaGcaleka 
After swiftly intercepting and defeating the Gcaleka army, he withdrew his commando and stationed his Graaff-Reinet burghers to defend the left flank at the Kat River  However, after the Cape withdrawal, the amaGcaleka regrouped in 1819 and this time invaded the Cape Colony itself, attacking Grahamstown 
Stockenström thus took to the field again  He was first ordered to position his Graaff-Reinet commando to meet any attack across the northern section of the frontier  Then while the Cape, Stellenbosch and Swellendam commandos advanced against the main amaGcaleka army, Stockenström's Graaff-Reinet commando was ordered to clear insurgents from the dense bush in the Fish River area – previously regarded as impenetrable  After successfully implementing this supposedly impossible campaign, Stockenström was promoted to captain in the Cape Regiment 
The war ended in October 1819, when Gcaleka agreed to recognise Ngqika's independent leadership of the Western Xhosa, and the area between the Keiskamma and Fish rivers was declared a neutral zone, closed off from both black and white settlement 
From about this period, Stockenström's relationship with Governor Lord Charles Somerset declined, in part because of his "outspoken criticism of Somerset’s frontier policy or his refusal to allow the settlement of the 1820 Settlers in his district and his opposition to their location on the frontier", Duminy suggests, and in part because of a quarrel with the Governor's son, Col  Henry Somerset  In addition, Stockenström was friendly with Acting Governor Sir Rufane Donkin, and since Grahamstown editor Robert Godlonton was a staunch supporter of Col  Somerset, this "meant that the remainder of his public career was characterized by personal and political feuds" 
His military career ended in July 1820 when he was transferred to the Corsican Rangers 
The Graaff-Reinet district's involvement with the frontier was also reduced by the creation in 1821 of the separate district of Albany (out of Uitenhage) and in 1826 of the district of Somerset East (out of Graaff-Reinet)  However Stockenström remained landdrost until the reform of 1828 which abolished his office 
In his final year as landdrost, he played a significant role in the Cape by lobbying for Ordinance 50 (1828) to grant the right to own land to the Khoikhoi and all other free black inhabitants of the Cape  A project that led to his later establishing of the Kat River Khoi Settlement 

Commissioner-General for the Eastern Province (1829-1833)
In 1827 the Council of Advice was enlarged to include two unofficial members, and in June that year Stockenström was appointed to fill one of these positions  
Early in 1829 Major-General Richard Bourke, who had arrived in the colony in 1826 as lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province, but instead became acting governor when Lord Charles Somerset departed, appointed Stockenström to the new post of commissioner-general for the Eastern Province 

The Kat River Khoi Settlement
In spite of the many political hindrances to his actions, Stockenström nonetheless set to work to reach an agreement for peace on the frontier and to stabilise the Ceded Territory between the Fish and Keiskamma rivers 
He decided to set aside this extensive and very fertile area for settlement, not by the white settlers of the frontier, but by the Cape's extensive Khoi and Griqua population  Some of Stockenström's top commanders were Khoi; he had long fought alongside Khoi soldiers in the frontier wars, and claimed to hold their bravery and loyalty in high esteem  He granted this displaced and marginalised people full and equal rights of land ownership and facilitated the establishment of their settlement, in what became known as the "Kat River Khoi Settlement" The dense settlements thrived and expanded, and the Kat River Settlement quickly became a large, peaceful and successful region of the Cape that subsisted more or less autonomously from the rest of the country  Stockenström was later to regard the creation of this settlement as his proudest achievement 

Frontier policy
Cattle raiding across the frontier, by both sides, was a persistent cause for frontier violence  For this reason, Stockenström promulgated new regulations dealing with the recovery of stolen stock  The previous "Reprisals System" of the frontier meant that the reaction to a cattle raid was simply to launch a counter-raid  Stockenström ruled that armed parties were only permitted to cross the frontier and recover stolen stock by force if the civil authorities gave permission 
This policy nonetheless proved to be very problematic because, when deciding whether to authorise punitive action, Stockenström depended on information from sources which were often unreliable  
In 1830 Stockenström permitted settlers to launch a punitive expedition against Tyali, having been shown evidence that this Xhosa chief was led raids across the border  However, the expedition resulted in the shooting of another chief, Zeko, which caused considerable controversy  Based on false information, Stockenström had at first commended Field Commandant Erasmus for his conduct, but later investigations showed that reports of Zeko being armed and removing livestock were false 
Faced with growing demands for punitive expeditions, Stockenström became increasingly suspicious of the motives of Col Somerset and the frontier settler group  The issue became critical in June 1831, when the colonial government directly authorised Somerset to launch an attack on the Xhosa, without Stockenström's permission and in spite of his objections 
Stockenström became increasingly critical of the frontier policy implemented, both in his reports from Graaff-Reinet and in the proceedings of the Council of Advice  After Lord Stanley, Secretary for the Colonies, requested his resignation from the council, Stockenström left the Cape in 1833 and traveled to London where he resigned as Commissioner-General, after having failed to persuade the Colonial Office to give him more independence in his frontier work 
He moved from London to Sweden – his ancestral home – in 1834 and, at roughly the same time, the Sixth Frontier War broke out in the Cape 

Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province (1836-1838)
In August 1835 he travelled to London to give evidence to the House of Commons on relations with the Xhosa in Southern Africa  In a hugely influential testimony, he blamed imperial policies and the frontier settlers' behaviour for causing repeated outbreaks of war with the Xhosa  In particular, the settlers' use of raids into Xhosa territory, to attack suspected cattle thieves 
His opinions – though hugely controversial – impressed the new Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Glenelg, who appointed him Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province 

New frontier policy
As lieutenant-governor, Stockenström now had the ability to construct a completely new policy for Cape-Xhosa relations 
He began by returning the recently annexed "Province of Queen Adelaide" to the Xhosa  He then instituted his own unique treaty system, recognising the Xhosa chiefs as independent and equal authorities in his diplomacy 
This system involved the exchange of diplomatic agents as reliable "ambassadors" between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa chiefs  The diplomatic agent system was underlain by formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side  Importantly, Stockenström forbade colonial expansion into Xhosa land  With this key provision, the treaty system soon brought a degree of peace to the frontier In his frontier policy, Stockenström was also in disagreement with the liberals and philanthropists of the Cape, in that he believed that the authority of the chiefs must be preserved, and that the relations of the borderlands needed to be strictly regulated and policed 

Legal pressure and decline of the treaty system
However many frontier colonists resented Stockenström's restrictions on their expansion into Xhosa land  
The Eastern Cape settler movement, which advocated dismantling Stockenström's treaty system and annexing the Xhosa land, was led by Godlonton and Col Somerset  This movement increasingly conducted a virulent and libellous campaign against Stockenström and his treaty system 
Godlonton had control of the most influential newspapers of the frontier region, and used them to advocate for his campaign  Godlonton also used his considerable influence in the religious institutions of the 1820 settlers to drive his opinions, declaring that the settlers were "selected by God himself to colonize Kaffraria" Officially, Stockenström was also beset by the problem that, as lieutenant-governor, he was still legally dependent on Sir Benjamin d’Urban, the overall Governor of the Cape, who resented the fact that he had been overlooked when the British parliament authorised Stockenström to take over the frontier  An additional problem was that he also still lacked authority over the military 
Under immense pressure from the frontier settlers' press campaign, Stockenström became increasingly drawn into a series of bitter legal battles  In February 1838 he started a libel action, after being publicly accused of murder, and requested the new governor, Sir George Napier, to launch a full inquiry  Stockenström was exonerated by the court of inquiry in June 1838, but nonetheless felt his position hopeless, and travelled to Britain to consult Glenelg  Glenelg refused to accept Stockenström's resignation, but his successor, Lord Normanby, dismissed Stockenström in August 1839 
Dispirited, Stockenström returned to the Cape in May 1840 and retired to his farm Klipkraal (in the Swaershoek Valley near Somerset East), making only occasional trips to Uitenhage and Cape Town 
In 1842, a severe drought effected the region, causing an increasing in cross-border cattle raiding  This, together with the growing neglect of Stockenström's treaty system, began to lead to growing violence along the frontier 
In 1844, the new governor of the Cape, Sir Peregrine Maitland, abolished Stockenström's treaty system altogether, imposing instead a unilateral system of more severe treaties  Certain provisions of the new treaty system, such as those allowing frontier settlers to counter-raid their Xhosa neighbours if they believed that cattle had been stolen, led to a sharp increase in violence  Maitland's system also involved building a system of military fortifications on Xhosa lands so as to secure the frontier militarily 
The new governor also began to settle Mfengu in frontier Xhosa territory, and opened parts of it up for permanent white settlement 
Aware of impending war, in 1845 Stockenström moved to his farm Maasström, at the foot of the Kaga Mountains, where he remained until April 1846 when the Seventh Frontier War broke out 

The 7th Frontier War (1846-1847)
When the Seventh Frontier War (the "Amatola War") erupted, the conventional imperial troops soon suffered setbacks in the rough frontier terrain  Their long troop columns were slow and easily ambushed by the elusive Xhosa gunmen  
Faced with increasing losses and a full-scale invasion of the Xhosa armies across the frontier, the British Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland called upon the local Cape Burgher Commandos  The Cape burghers were mounted frontier gunmen, recruited locally from Boer, Mfengu, settler, Khoikhoi and Griqua populations, and fiercely loyal to Stockenström  They objected to serving under an imperial commander, so Governor Maitland promoted Stockenström to colonel, so as to place him in command of the local mixed commandos 

Stockenström's burgher force first cleared the south-western part of the Eastern Province up to the Fish River, inflicting a string of defeats on the amaNgqika, and then advanced to Fort Beaufort, where it was initially ordered that he would invade the Xhosa country  Instead of launching a military invasion to destroy the Xhosa armies, Stockenström selected a small group of his mounted commandos, crossed the Colony's border and rapidly rode deep into the Transkei Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of Sarhili ("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa  Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili's capital 
Paramount Chief Sarhili and his generals agreed to meet Stockenström (with his commandants Groepe, Molteno and Brownlee), unarmed, on a nearby mountain ridge  The meeting was initially tense - the fathers of both Sarhili and Stockenström had been killed whilst unarmed  Both men were also veterans of several frontier wars against each other and, while they treated each other with extreme respect, Stockenström nonetheless made the extreme demand that Sarhili assume responsibility for any future Ngqika attacks   After protracted negotiations, Sarhili agreed to return any raided cattle & other property and to relinquish claims to the Ngqika land west of the Kei  He also promised to use his limited authority over the frontier Ngqika to restrain cross-border attacks  
A treaty was signed and the commandos departed on good terms However, Governor Maitland rejected the treaty and sent an insulting letter back to the Xhosa paramount-chief, demanding greater acts of submission and servility  Furious, Stockenstrom and his local commandos resigned and departed from the war, leaving the imperial troops and the Xhosa - both starving and afflicted by fever - to a long, drawn-out war of attrition Andries, his health ruined by this expedition (he remained in poor health the rest of his life), called on the British government to institute an inquiry into the war, maintaining that it had been prolonged needlessly but the new governor, Sir Harry Smith, ostentatiously blamed the Stockenström treaty system for being the cause of the war  In a meeting with the Xhosa chiefs, the Governor famously tore up a piece of paper in front of the chiefs and announced: "No more treaties"  Historian Piers Brendon described "Smith, placing his foot on the neck of the Xhosan ruler and proclaiming, 'I am your Paramount Chief, and the Kaffirs are my dogs!'"Sir Andries publicly condemned Governor Smith's policies, and warned that they would precipitate a further crisis, but Earl Grey, the Secretary for the Colonies, declined to take action 

Political career
Campaign for Representative Government
Stockenström's response to what he perceived as the incompetence of direct imperial control was to back calls for the Cape Colony to get greater local control over its affairs, through the institution of elected representative government  Stockenström was created a baronet in 1849, and used his military pension to support his drive for an elected parliament 
When Governor Smith called an election in 1850 (the only one of its kind) to get around the difficulty of finding suitable people to serve on the legislative council, Sir Andries received the most votes cast for any candidate from the Eastern Province  However, Robert Godlonton led several Legislative Council members in denying that the elections represented popular opinion, and Sir Andries and the other popularly elected members resigned in September 
In 1851 he and John Fairbairn travelled to Britain in the hope of persuading the British government to introduce representative government in the Cape  But as a result of his call for an inquiry into Governor Harry Smith's policies, Sir Andries was in turn made the scapegoat for their failure, and was additionally blamed for the Kat River rebellion during the Eighth Frontier War of 1850  
Instead of a commission of inquiry, a select committee was appointed  Duminy writes that it "neither recommended an inquiry nor prepared a report" 
During his absence, his opponents destroyed his farm, Maasström, in 1851 

Member of Parliament
Representative government was nonetheless instituted in 1853, and Sir Andries was approached to run for election to the new Cape Parliament to represent the Eastern Divisions  To meet the expenses of the campaign and of the destruction of his property, he arranged for the subdivision of a part of Maasström (one-third of the 4 985 morgen) as a township, which was named Bedford, after Sir Andries's friend, the 8th Duke of Bedford 
Following a heated electoral campaign, Sir Andries defeated his old enemy, Godlonton – despite renewed publication of all the old accusations against him in Godlonton's newspaper, the Graham's Town Journal 
As a member of the Cape legislative council, Sir Andries piloted the passage of the Divisional Councils Act, which in his view restored a link between the government and the governed, which had been broken in 1828 (with the abolition of landdrosts)  He also supported the passing of the Burgher Force Bill, which placed the local Cape commandos on an equal footing with the already-established military carrison 
In one of his final political acts, he gave his support to the infant movement for "Responsible Government" in the Cape, as a way to curtail what he saw as the ineptitude of direct imperial control in Southern Africa In other respects, he was frustrated  The Khoikhoi settlement on the Kat River was broken up, and little was done to rein in frontier warmongers and land speculators 

Retirement and later life
Failing health saw him resign his seat in March 1856, and he left the colony the following month  He lived for a while in Nice, Naples and England, returned to the Cape in 1860, and again went to London in 1862, where he would die in 1864 aged 71 of bronchitis that had plagued him for years  He was interred in Kensal Green Cemetery, London 

Family
Anders Andersen Stockenström (*1707 †1764), inspector of mines and mayor of Filipstad x Caterina Margarita Ekman (*1723) 

Anders Stockenström *6 January 1757 Filipstad in Värmland, Sweden x 1 June 1786 Maria Geertruyda Broeders (baptised 11 March 1764), daughter of Peter Caspar Brodersen (or Broders), from Rantrum, a North Frisian town in Schleswig, and Elsabe Cornelia Colijn  The couple had four sons and four daughters 
Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st baronet x 8 December 1828 Elsabe Helena Maasdorp (1808-1889), daughter of Gijsbert Henry Maasdorp  The couple had six children, of whom the firstborn died as a baby 
Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström (1841-1912), 2nd baronet - no issue
Elizabeth Maria Henrietta Stockenström x 1852 farmer and politician Charles William Hutton (13 July 1826 – 1 February 1905), who in 1887 edited Sir Andries's autobiography in two volumes, and was Cape Colony treasurer from 1881 to 1884 
Ella Elizabeth Hutton *1 February 1853 x Christian Maasdorp - 6 children
Andries Stockenström Hutton x Blanche Giddy
Charles Henry Hutton d 1897 x Elizabeth Leonard - 3 children
Edward Drummond Hutton d 1941 x Sara Maria Nel - 2 children
Maria Susanna Stockenström d 1870 x 1864 Sir Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard (1838/40-1902), lawyer and administrator
Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 – 22 March 1880) x 24 December 1867 Maria Henrietta Hartzenberg, of Graaff-Reinet
Sir Andries Stockenström, 3rd baronet (1868-1922)(only son), advocate of the Transvaal Supreme Court and a member of the Transvaal and Union parliaments 
Sir Anders Johan Booysen Stockenström, 4th baronet (1908-1957)
Andrée Mabel Stockenström (only child, owner of Maasström) x Gardiner

Anders Stockenström
In September 1781 Anders Stockenström sailed from Texel as a quarter-gunner aboard a VOC ship, 't Zeepaard 
Scurvy broke out in the fleet when it reached the Equator, and when it reached Table Bay in December 1782, 1,202 of the 2,753 passengers and crew had died, and 915 were ill  Four of the most heavily armed ships, including 't Zeepaard, sailed for Batavia, after four weeks, to assist in defence of the city against an expected British attack  It is not known whether Anders sailed with the fleet, but two years later he was working as an assistant in the goods office in Cape Town, where he remained for some years  He also served on a vessel carrying slaves for the VOC from Madagascar to the Cape, and was afterwards, until 1795 with the British occupation of the Cape, bookkeeper to the fleet  In March 1796 General J H Craig appointed Anders secretary to Landdrost A A Faure, of Swellendam 
Following the takeover of the Cape by the Batavian Republic, Anders was appointed landdrost of Graaff-Reinet by both Governor Jan Willem Janssens and Commissioner-General Jacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist  The latter swore him in on 14 February 1804, at which time Graaff-Reinet had been without a permanent landdrost since 1801 
During his eight years as landdrost – under Batavian rule until 1806, and then under British rule – the district experienced Bushman raids in the north and north-west, and an unsettled frontier with the amaXhosa  Public buildings were in need of restoration following the Khoikhoi/Xhosa invasion of 1802-03 (the Third Frontier War)  While commandos were sent against the Bushmen, Anders also tried to reconcile the Bushmen by having game shot for them, and periodically giving them cattle 
When steps were eventually taken against the Xhosa in December 1811, Anders, in command of the burghers of Graaff-Reinet, occupied Bruintjieshoogte to protect the area north of the Zuurberg  The commandos of George, Uitenhage and Swellendam, together with the Cape Regiment, gathered at the Sundays River mouth and after Christmas, crossed the river to drive the Xhosa from the Addo bush 
On 27 December Col John Graham of Fintry sent orders to Stockenström to join the rest of the force at Coerney, where Col J G Cuyler (landdrost of Uitenhage) was in charge  Realising that this would leave the area north of the Zuurberg vulnerable to Xhosa attack, Anders went to discuss the matter with Graham 
He set out at sunset on 29 December 1811 with 24 men  About five hours later he encountered a number of Xhosa of the Imidange clan under Kasa on Doringnek, the watershed between the White and Coerney rivers, on the Zuurberg 
Relying on his popularity as the friend and benefactor of both colonists and indigenous peoples, Anders dismounted and went to meet the war party unarmed  He spent at least half an hour endeavouring to persuade Kasa to return to their country without bloodshed but when he returned to mount his horse, the Imidange had surrounded his party and attacked, killing eight burghers and an interpreter  Four were wounded but managed to escape 

Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström
Sir Andries's eldest surviving son (*1841 †1912) succeeded him as baronet and was a member of the Cape Legislative Council from 1891 to 1910  Sir Gijsbert died without issue, and the title passed to the offspring of his younger brother, also named Andries 

Justice Andries Stockenström
Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 Graaff-Reinet - 22 March 1880 Swellendam), second son of Sir Andries Stockenström (1st Baronet), was an influential judge and the Attorney-General of the Cape Colony 
His child, Andries (1868-1922), became the third and penultimate Stockenström baronet in 1912 

Notes and references
Further reading
Hutton, C  W  (1964)  The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope  C  Struik 

External links
eggsa org
geocities com (Archived 2009-10-25)
Passage 14:
Vancouver Courier
The Vancouver Courier was a Canadian semi-weekly local newspaper published in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, by the Van-Net chain owned by Glacier Media Group  In 2007, it was Canada's largest distributed community newspaper, with a weekly distribution of 265,000  The circulation estimate included the Vancouver Courier, the Vancouver Courier Downtown, and the Vancouver Courier Westside, along with the Vancouver Courier Eastside on Wednesdays 
Delivered to homes, the paper is distributed from UBC to the Vancouver proper boundary at Boundary Road The newspaper began as an independent in 1908 as the Eburne News  From the late 90s to 2007, it had several owners: first, the national Southam Inc  chain, then Hollinger, CanWest, Postmedia, and finally Glacier Media  It expanded from being a neighbourhood newspaper to its current citywide circulation area after acquiring the Vancouver Echo and the West End Times The paper was twice named "Best Community Newspaper in BC" and was the second runner-up in the Canadian Community Newspaper Association's general excellence competition Unlike most community newspapers, which feature several news stories on their front pages, the Courier's Friday front page featured a single, lengthy feature that ran over several pages  The paper also frequently published material on local Vancouver history, usually written by Lisa Smedman  Columnists included Geoff Olson, Allen Garr, Fiona Hughes, and Keith Baldrey  The poet Earle Birney worked at the paper in the mid-1920s as a summer reporter and editor 
In April 2020, the Courier announced that they had ceased publication until further notice due to a lack of advertising revenue associated with lower business activity during the COVID-19 pandemic  In September 2020, this temporary publication halt was made permanent 

See also
Vancouver Sun
Vancouver Province
List of newspapers in Canada
Passage 15:
2011 Latvian presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Latvia on 2 June 2011  Incumbent president Valdis Zatlers was standing again, as well as Andris Bērziņš (Saeima member for the Union of Greens and Farmers), a former head of SEB Unibanka (not to be confused with Andris Bērziņš, former PM from Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way); Bērziņš was nominated by five Saeima members of the Union of Greens and Farmers just two days before the nomination deadline, although the party was assumed to back Zatlers for re-election In the first round, Bērziņš got 50 votes in favour and 48 against, while Zatlers got 43 in favour and 55 against (99 lawmakers cast votes, but one was invalid), meaning none was elected; a second round was held later on the same day, with Bērziņš winning the election 53 to 44 votes in favour; Zatlers got 41 to 56 votes Analysts attributed Zatlers' defeat to his decision to call Latvia's first parliamentary dissolution referendum on 28 May 2011 
Passage 16:
Van Riebeeck Society
Historical Publications Southern Africa (HiPSA)  is a South African text publication society which publishes or republishes primary sources relating to southern African history  It was founded in 1918 as the Van Riebeeck Society for the Publication of Southern African Historical Documents, usually abbreviated as the Van Riebeeck Society (VRS)  It changed to its present name in 2017, with the first volume published under the new name appearing in 2019  Since the society's foundation, with rare exceptions, a new volume has been published annually  Fees from subscribing members finance the publications  The society sets out to make historical sources available to the average reader, but it also maintain a high academic standard and has produced valuable Africana 

Origins
Since its inception the society has had close links with the National Library of South Africa (South African Library) in Cape Town  Two men who were instrumental in the Society's founding were A  C  G  Lloyd, librarian of the South African Public Library, and John X  Merriman, at one time prime minister of the Cape Colony and a trustee of the library 
The discovery by Lloyd in November 1911 of a large fragment of Adam Tas's diary of 1704 was to a large extent responsible for the society's creation  As leader of the free burghers opposed to the Dutch East India Company and governor of the Cape, Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Tas personified the struggle against colonialism  The trustees of the library raised the funds needed to publish the diary in 1914 
With surplus money from the publication fund, it was decided to publish Baron van Pallandt's General Remarks on the Cape of Good Hope, an 1803 pamphlet originally written in French, printed clandestinely and suppressed by Uitenhage De Mist, and consequently a rare work  This was published in 1917 and met with the disapproval of General J  B  M  Hertzog, the then prime minister, who was upset by passages describing the poor treatment meted out to the Khoikhoi by the settlers  Hertzog's denunciation of the work led to enormously increased sales 
Bolstered by this success, the trustees decided to publish certain reports on the Cape by Governor Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes, and by the commissioner at the Cape, Baron Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff  However, the library's mandate did not include publishing archival documents so that a decision was taken to found a private society to deal with the management of the project  This led on 29 August 1918 to the first meeting of the society  The initial membership was 54, many being members of parliament, and the de Chavonnes reports made up the first publication 
Passage 17:
Wrong Side of Town
Wrong Side of Town is a 2010 American action film written, produced and directed by David DeFalco, scored by Jim Kaufman, and starring Rob Van Dam and Dave Bautista  The film was released direct-to-DVD in the United States on February 23, 2010 

Plot
Bobby Kalinowski, is a former Navy Seal enjoys a peaceful life as a landscape architect in Louisiana with his family  After receiving an invitation from new neighbors Clay Freeman and Elise Freeman, they go out for a night on the town to a famous club  The evening soon takes a turn for the worse when Bobby gets into a conflict with one of the club owners, named Ethan Bordas  In the middle of the conflict, Ethan accidentally falls and is stabbed by his own knife, while fighting with Bobby, who was defending his wife 
Seeking revenge, Ethan's father Seth Bordas, previously thought to be his older brother, puts a $100,000 bounty on Bobby's head  Also making matters difficult, Bobby is unable to receive help from the law, for Seth has Clay Freeman, and a corrupt police sergeant, working for him  Now Bobby must survive and escape Louisiana while being hunted by criminals, corrupt law, and many others in the city  To protect his family and neighbors, Bobby decides to separate himself from them and goes to his Navy Seal colleague Big Ronnie (or known as B R ) for help  B R  initially refuses, deciding to take the bounty, but later changes his mind and helps Bobby  Seth targets Bobby’s family and kidnaps his 16-year-old daughter Brianna  However, Bobby ends up fighting and killing Seth and his henchmen with B R 's help, and rescues his daughter 

Cast
Rob Van Dam as Bobby Kalinowski
Dave Bautista as Big Ronnie (B R )
Lara Grice as Dawn Kalinowski
Edrick Browne as Clay Freeman
Ava Santana  as Elise Freeman
Stormy Daniels as Stormy
Randal Reeder as Trouble
Jerry Katz as Seth Bordas
Louis Herthum as Briggs
Brooke Frost as Brianna Kalinowski
Ja Rule a k a  Jeffrey Atkins as Razor
Nelson Frazier, Jr  as Animal
Damon Lipari as Nicky
Scott Schwartz as Deacon
David DeFalco as Demon
Marrese Crump as Markus
Omarion a k a  Omari Grandberry as Stash
Quess a k a  Brian Wakefield as Dawg
Ross Britz as Ethan Bordas
"Big Dog" Ramar Jenkins as Big Dog
Carsten H W  Lorenz as Cab Driver
Anthony M  Frederick as Detective Hernandez
Gabriela Ostos as Abusive Woman
J  Omar Castro as Cop

Production
The film is set and filmed at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Los Angeles, California on January 18 and February 21, 2009 

Home media
On February 23, 2010, DVD was released by Lionsgate in the United States in Region 1  DVD was released in Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 15 March 2010, it was distributed by Entertainment One 

Critical response
R L  Shaffer of IGN scored the film  2/10, writing "Alas, Wrong Side of Town gets everything wrong  The producers cast a bunch of wrestlers who can't act and they gave them unbelievable dialogue and stupid characters  It's no wonder their performances are terrible  No one is guided in the right direction, and the entire production feels like a high school-produced cheapie that everyone's ashamed they made" 
Passage 18:
Andris Ameriks
Andris Ameriks (born March 5, 1961 in Jūrmala, Latvian SSR) is a Latvian politician and economist who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since the 2019 elections  He is a former deputy mayor of Riga 

Political career
Career in national politics
During his youth, he was a former first secretary of the Communist Youth organization of the Latvian SSR  From 1993 to 1998 he was a member of the Saeima, representing the National Harmony Party and later, Democratic Party "Saimnieks"  From 2001 he has been a member of the Riga City Council, from 2010 till 2018 serving as the Deputy Chairman of Riga City Council, i e  the deputy mayor of the Latvian capital Ameriks is known to be getting a significant part of his income from investments in payday loan companies  In 2017 Ameriks received the largest income among the elected municipal officials in Latvia, reporting an income of 616,386 EUR and 35,250 USD, with most of it being interest payments from Mogo non-bank lender and from the sale of securities Ameriks resigned as deputy mayor of Riga City Council on December 17, 2018, amid corruption allegations around Rīgas Satiksme  On December 19, 2018 members from the Riga City Council opposition initiated an unsuccessful vote of no confidence against Ameriks as a board chairman for Freeport of Riga 

Member of the European Parliament
Ameriks has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2019 elections  He has since been serving on the Committee on Transport and Tourism and the Committee on Petitions  
In addition to his committee assignments, Ameriks is part of the Parliament’s delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan, EU-Uzbekistan and EU-Tajikistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and for relations with Turkmenistan and Mongolia  He is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Western Sahara 



ground_truth: Association for Computing Machinery

ACM