prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the author of Growing Up this nationality of the creator MacGruder and Loud?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Randall Munroe
Randall Patrick Munroe (born October 17, 1984) is an American cartoonist, author, and engineer best known as the creator of the webcomic xkcd  Munroe has worked full-time on the comic since late 2006  In addition to publishing a book of the webcomic's strips, he has written four books: What If?, Thing Explainer, How To: Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems, and What If? 2 

Early life
Munroe was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, and his father has worked as an engineer and marketer  He has two younger siblings, including a brother named Doug, and was raised as a Quaker  He was a fan of comic strips in newspapers from an early age, starting off with Calvin and Hobbes  After graduating from the Chesterfield County Mathematics and Science High School at Clover Hill in Midlothian, Virginia, he graduated from Christopher Newport University in 2006 with a degree in physics 

Career
NASA
Munroe worked as a contract programmer and roboticist for NASA at the Langley Research Center, before and after his graduation with a physics degree  In late 2006, he left NASA and moved to Boston to focus on webcomics full time 

Webcomic
Munroe's webcomic, entitled xkcd, is primarily a stick figure comic  Its tagline describes it as "A webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math, and language" Munroe had originally used xkcd as an instant messaging screenname because he wanted a name without a meaning so he would not eventually grow tired of it  He registered the domain name, but left it idle until he started posting his drawings, perhaps in September 2005  The webcomic quickly became very popular, garnering up to 70 million hits a month by October 2007  Munroe has said, "I think the comic that's gotten me the most feedback is actually the one about the stoplights" Munroe now supports himself by the sale of xkcd-related merchandise, primarily thousands of t-shirts a month  He licenses his xkcd creations under the Creative Commons attribution-noncommercial 2 5, stating that it is not just about the free culture movement, but that it also makes good business sense In 2010, he published a collection of the comics  He has also toured the lecture circuit, giving speeches at places such as Google's Googleplex in Mountain View, California The popularity of the strip among science fiction fans resulted in Munroe being nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist in 2011 and again in 2012  In 2014, he won the Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story for the xkcd strip "Time" 

Other projects
Munroe is the creator of the now defunct websites "The Funniest", "The Cutest", and "The Fairest", each of which presents users with two options and asks them to choose one over the other In January 2008, Munroe developed an open-source chat moderation script named "Robot9000"  Originally developed to moderate one of Munroe's xkcd-related Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channels, the software's algorithm attempts to prevent repetition in IRC channels by temporarily muting users who send messages that are identical to a message that has been sent to the channel before  If users continue to send unoriginal messages, Robot9000 mutes the user for a longer period, quadrupling for each unoriginal message the user sends to the channel  Shortly after Munroe's blog post about the script went live, 4chan administrator Christopher Poole adapted the script to moderate the site's experimental /r9k/ board  Twitch trialed R9K mode but it did not pass beta In October 2008, The New Yorker magazine online published an interview and "Cartoon Off" between Munroe and Farley Katz, in which each cartoonist drew a series of four humorous cartoons In early 2010, Munroe ran the xkcd Color Name Survey, in which participants were shown a series of RGB colors and asked to enter a suitable name for each specific color  Munroe wanted to identify colors which were given identical or highly similar names by a large number of survey participants, which would then serve as an approximate list of the most common colors rendered similarly across a range of computer monitors  Over 200,000 people eventually completed the survey, and Munroe published the resulting list of 954 named RGB web colors on the xkcd website  They have since been adopted as conventional color identifiers in various programming and markup languages, including Python and LaTeX 

What If?
Munroe has a blog entitled What If?, where he has answered questions sent in by fans of his comics  These questions are usually absurd and related to math or physics, and he explains them using both his knowledge and various academic sources  In 2014, he published a collection of some of the responses, as well as a few new ones and some rejected questions, in a book entitled What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  Starting in November 2019, Munroe began writing a monthly column in the New York Times titled Good Question, answering user-submitted questions in the same style as What If 
A sequel, What If? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, was published in September 2022 

Radioactivity visualization
In response to concerns about the radioactivity released by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, and to remedy what he described as "confusing" reporting on radiation levels in the media, Munroe created a radiation chart of comparative radiation exposure levels  The chart was rapidly adopted by print and online journalists in several countries, including being linked to by online writers for The Guardian, and The New York Times  As a result of requests for permission to reprint the chart and to translate it into Japanese, Munroe placed it in the public domain, but requested that his non-expert status be clearly stated in any reprinting Munroe published an xkcd-style comic on scientific publishing and open access in Science in October 2013 

Thing Explainer
Munroe's book Thing Explainer, announced in May 2015 and published later that year, explains concepts using only the 1,000 most common English words  The book's publisher, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, saw these illustrations as potentially useful for textbooks, and announced in March 2016 that the next editions of their high-school-level chemistry, biology, and physics textbooks will include selected drawings and accompanying text from Thing Explainer 

How To
In February 2019, Munroe announced his next book, How To, which was released in September of that year  The book deals with everyday problems by using physics to find absurd, and generally extreme, solutions to them 

Influence
In September 2013, Munroe announced that a group of xkcd readers had submitted his name as a candidate for the renaming of asteroid (4942) 1987 DU6 to 4942 Munroe  The name was accepted by the International Astronomical Union 

Personal life
As of May 2008, Munroe lives in Somerville, Massachusetts In October 2010, Munroe's fiancée was diagnosed with stage three breast cancer; there had been no prior family history  The emotional effect of her illness was referenced in the comic panel "Emotion", published 18 months later in April 2012  In September 2011, he announced that they had married  In November 2012, he published a comic entitled "Two Years', and in December 2017, Munroe followed this with a comic entitled "Seven Years"  He revisited the subject in November 2020 in a comic entitled "Ten Years" His hobbies and interests include kite photography, in which cameras are attached to kites and photographs are then taken of the ground or buildings 

Publications
Publications by Munroe
xkcd: volume 0  Breadpig  2009  ISBN 9780615314464 
What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  London: John Murray  2014  ISBN 9781848549579 
Thing Explainer  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt  2015  ISBN 9780544668256 
How To: Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems  John Murray  2019  ISBN 9780525537090 
What If? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  Riverhead Books  2022  ISBN 9780525537113 

Publications with contributions by Munroe
North, Ryan; Matthew, Bennardo; Malki, David (2010)  Machine of Death (PDF)  ISBN 9780982167120  Archived from the original on August 15, 2014 
Passage 2:
Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 –  June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor  His productions included the TV series Family (1976–1980), Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), The Love Boat (1977–1986), Hart to Hart (1979–1984), Dynasty (1981–1989), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006)  He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976), and Sunset Beach (1997–1999) 
Through his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in US television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits  Forbes ranked him the 11th top-earning deceased celebrity in 2009 

Early life
Spelling was born in Dallas, Texas  He was the son of Pearl (née Wald) and David Spelling, Russian Jewish immigrants  His father worked as a tailor and changed his surname from Spurling to Spelling after emigrating to the United States  Spelling was the youngest of five children  He had three older brothers: Maxwell “Max” Seltzer (circa 1909–?), Sam Spelling (1916–2001) and Daniel Spelling (1921–2009) and an older half-sister, Becky Seltzer Giller (1910–1978) At the age of eight, Spelling psychosomatically lost the use of his legs due to trauma caused by constant anti-semitic bullying from his schoolmates, and was confined to bed for a year  He made a full recovery After attending Forest Avenue High School in Dallas, he served in the United States Army Air Corps as a pilot during World War II 
Spelling later graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1949, where he was a cheerleader 

Career
Spelling made his first appearance as an actor in a film as Harry Williams in Vicki, directed by Harry Horner, in 1953  That same year, he appeared in the TV series I Led Three Lives and Dragnet (six episodes, 1953–55)  Spelling appeared in episode 112 of I Love Lucy ("Tennessee Bound," season 4, 1955) and Alfred Hitchcock Presents ("Breakdown", 1955) , as Weed Pindle in Gunsmoke's season one, episode 35, "The Guitar" (1956); He continued to appear in films and TV (often uncredited) over 25 times by 1957, appearing briefly as an actor in 1963, 1995, and 1998 (all uncredited )Spelling sold his first script to Jane Wyman Presents in 1954  He guest-starred that same year as a dogcatcher in the premiere episode of the CBS situation comedy, Willy, starring June Havoc as a young lawyer in New Hampshire, who later relocates to New York City to represent a vaudeville troupe Two years later, Spelling gained experience as a producer and additional credits as a script writer working for Four Star Television on the series Zane Grey Theater, which aired between 1956 and 1961  Of the 149 episodes in that series, he wrote 20 of the teleplays and produced many others  Spelling produced Burke's Law while at Four Star   The show was the first success for Spelling and pioneered the multiple guest star format, later seen on The Love Boat and Fantasy Island  Thomas-Spelling Productions was a television production company formed by comedian Danny Thomas and producer Aaron Spelling on April 15, 1966, as a partnership with 24 properties  Thomas continued his existing partnership, T&L Productions, with Sheldon Leonard  The company adapted its name by July 18, 1966, when it announced the financial involvement of ABC with its first show, Range (later Rango), a half-hour comedy western starring Tim Conway and its rented space on Desilu Productions' Gower lot  ABC also picked up another show for a pilot, just in an outline treatment, in The Guns of Will Sonnett   Thomas-Spelling Productions' active operations ended with the last season of The Mod Squad in 1972   Spelling formed a new partnership with Leonard Goldberg, Spelling-Goldberg Productions 
Beginning in 1965, Spelling began producing successful television shows including The Mod Squad, The Rookies, Family, Charlie's Angels, Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, Dynasty, Beverly Hills, 90210 (which starred his daughter Tori), Melrose Place, 7th Heaven, Charmed, Jane's House and Sunset Beach  Spelling founded Spelling Entertainment in 1965, alongside partnerships with comedian/actor Danny Thomas (Thomas-Spelling Productions, 1966–1972), and television/film producer Leonard Goldberg (Spelling-Goldberg Productions, 1972–1986) He produced the unsuccessful situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums in 1977 
In 2004, Spelling was portrayed in two television movies: Dan Castellaneta portrayed Spelling in Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels, and Nicholas Hammond portrayed Spelling in television movie Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure 

Personal life
Spelling married actress Carolyn Jones in 1953, in California when he was 30 and she was 23  They divorced in 1964  He briefly dated actress Jill Haworth when he was 42 and she was 19  Spelling married Candy Gene (née Marer) in 1968 when he was 45 and she was 23  The couple had daughter Tori in 1973 and son Randy in 1978 In 1988, Spelling bought the 6-acre (2 4 ha) property of Bing Crosby's former Los Angeles house  He demolished the property and built a 123-room home on the lot in 1991  Known as "The Manor", it has 56,500 square feet (5,250 m2) of floor space and as of 2006 was the largest single-family home in Los Angeles  Spelling's widow Candy listed the home for sale in 2008 for $150 million  Heiress Petra Ecclestone ultimately purchased the property for $85 million in 2011 through a brokered agreement that was developed by Brandon Davis, the brother of Jason Davis and grandson of wealthy industrialist, Marvin Davis In 1992, Candy, Spelling's second wife, commissioned pinball manufacturer Data East to produce a personalized table as a gift to Spelling  The game, a modified version of Data East's Lethal Weapon 3 table, has since appeared publicly at collector's expos 

Legacy and death
On September 15, 1978, Spelling was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6667 Hollywood Blvd  In 1996, he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame 
In 1983, he was accorded the NAACP Humanitarian Award for his monetary donation that permitted a 21-year-old's heart transplant operation In 2001, Spelling was diagnosed with oral cancer On June 23, 2006, Spelling died at The Manor, his estate in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, from complications of a stroke he suffered five days prior  He also suffered from Alzheimer's disease  A private funeral was held several days later, and Spelling was entombed in a mausoleum in Culver City's Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery 
On August 27, 2006, Spelling was posthumously honored at the 58th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards by former employees Joan Collins, Stephen Collins, Heather Locklear, Farrah Fawcett, Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith 
7th Heaven's May 13, 2007, episode, the last before the series finale, was dedicated to Spelling  When 7th Heaven ended its run, it was touted by the network as being Spelling's longest-running series and the longest-running "family drama" in American television history 

Filmography
Spelling was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted 

Film
As writerAs an actor

Television
As writerAs an actorMiscellaneous crewSoundtrackAs directorThanks

Awards and nominations
See also
Norman Lear
David L  Wolper
Alan Landsburg
Passage 3:
Arman Arian
Arman Arian (Persian: آرمان آرین; born 1 September 1981) is an Iranian author, novelist and researcher, best known for his first trilogy, Persians and I (Persian:  پارسیان و من: کاخ اژدها)  He is the youngest winner of the annual “The Book of The Year of Iran”  In addition to many national awards, he received the honorary diploma in the 31st IBBY World Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark (2008) by the International Board on Books for Young People the highest recognition available to creators of children's books 
Although Arian is known as a children and young adults fantasy writer, he doesn't limit his genre to fantasy and also, his books are well received by wide range of readers from all age groups  Persians and I became the best-selling novel in the 19th Tehran International Book Fair, 2006 In his writings, Arman Arian has combined an affluent academic background in Cinema studies with an extensive knowledge of myths, religions and history “We need to look back to our cultural heritage to survive in the intricate modern life”, says this Iranian young author in an interview with Borna News in order to explain his intention to dig into Iranian ancient literature, history, mythical and epical stories 

Awards
Winner of the annual prize by The Children's Book Council of Iran for the trilogy of "Ash vaz dang heh" as the best fiction book of the year, 2016 
Winner of the annual book prize of "Payvar" for the trilogy of "Ashvazdangheh", 2016,
Winner of the diploma of the first book prize of Mehdi Azar Yazdi for the trilogy of "Ash vaz dang heh", 2016
The board of appreciation in “the Millennium Festival of Ferdowsi” For young researchers in Ferdowsi's Shaahname by the Youth Institute of Tehran's Municipality  2010 
Winner of the honorary diploma in the 31st IBBY World Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark by the International Board on Books for Young people 2008, for the book the Persians and I
The annual prize of “The Book of The Year of the Islamic Republic of Iran” was featured as the youngest recipient of this prestigious prize since its establishment in 1955, 2005 
The annual prize of -“Mehrgan e Adab” for writers and publishers, 2005

List of books
Patash Khoargar 2,(Persian:پَتَش خوآرگر 2: مردی از تبار اژدها), Ofogh publishing house, 2016
Writing about Writing, (نوشتن درباره نوشتن), Moaj publishing house, 2016
Shahnamag:Myths Six volumes,(Persian:شاهنامَگ: اسطوره ها), Chekke publishing house, 2015
Patash Khoargar 1,(Persian:پَتَش خوآرگر۱: حماسه سرآغاز), Ofogh publishing house, 2015
Ash vaz dang heh 2: Invincible Demons,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 2), Moaj publishing house, 2014
Ash vaz dang heh 3: Emancipatory Epic,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 3), Moaj publishing house, 2013
Shadowy light (Persian: تاریک روشنا), Ghatreh Publication House, 2014
Ancient Future3: The First Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
Ancient Future2: The First Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
Ancient Future1: The Last Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
The book of spell(Persian: افسون نامه), Iranban publishing house, 2011
The nightmare of the dark garden(Persian: کابوس باغ سیاه), Iranban publishing house, 2011
The encyclopedia of the Avesta’s dramatic elements(Persian:دانشنامه تصویری و نمایشی اوستا), Moaj publishing house, 2011
The Book of Wisdom (Persian: صد پند هزار بار شنیده), Iranban publishing house, 2012
The quiet hubbub, a collection of thoughts and articles (Persian: غوغای خموش ), Moaj publishing house, 2011
The dream of the white garden(Persian: رویای باغ سپید), Iranban publishing house, 2010
The guide to storytelling for computer games(Persian:راهنمای بازی نامه نویسی ), Co-authored, The National Computer game organization, 2010 
Sepit maan: the story of Zoroaster's life (Persian: سپیتمان), Iranban publishing house, 2009
Ash vaz dang heh 4:God, The World, and Thoughts: Ash vaz dang heh's Six-Thousand-Year-Old Manuscripts  (Persian: اشوزدنگهه 4), Moaj publishing house, 2009
Ash vaz dang heh 1: the myth now,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 1), Moaj publishing house, 2008
Bitter Earrings: a collection of short stories(Persian: گوشواره تلخ), Moaj publishing house, 2007  Bitter Earring is published in Turkish (Turkish: Acı Küpe)by Demavand Publication House, 2015
The Trilogy of the Persians and I(Persian: سه گانه پارسیان و من), Moaj publishing house, 2006 
Persians and I: the resurrection begins(Persian: پارسیان و من، رستاخیز فرا می رسد), Moaj publishing house, 2005
Persians and I: the secret of the bird mountain (Persian: پارسیان و من، راز کوه پرنده)),  Moaj publishing house, 2004
Persians and I: Azh dahak Fortress(Persian: کاخ اژدها), Moaj publishing house, 2003

Computer games and script
Ario: The little hero: An animated serial, produced by Saba & paarsima corporations, 2007  It participated in the 27th International Children Film Festival under the name of Legend of the Jewels Land, 2013 

Other activities
Conducting the "Creative Writing Workshop" in Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, 2014
He teaches the first professional workshop of scenario writing held by Iran National Foundation of Computer Game, 2010 
Conducting and teaching in a "Myths and Legends" workshop, 2009
He was a juror of the 1st International Tehran Game Expo and Festival, 2011
He was the judge in the First NoGhalam (Persian:نوقلم) amateur Story-writing Competition, 2009 
Passage 4:
Living Out Loud
Living Out Loud is a 1998 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Richard LaGravenese and set in New York City, starring Holly Hunter, Danny DeVito, Queen Latifah, Martin Donovan, and Elias Koteas 

Plot
Judith Moore had what she thought was a perfect marriage, with both her and her husband studying to be doctors  But after she puts her studies on hold to find a job and support them, many years pass until suddenly he leaves Judith to be with another doctor  Depressed, she holes up in her apartment, where the middle-aged Pat Francato serves as a building superintendent and elevator operator  He is as lonely as she is, beset with gambling problems, and Judith and Pat make a connection  Yet what he wishes to pursue as a romantic relationship, Judith sees only as a friendship  Her friend Liz Bailey, who sings at a nightclub, makes attempts to improve Judith's love life as well as her own 

Cast
Holly Hunter as Judith Moore
Danny DeVito as Pat Francato
Queen Latifah as Liz Bailey
Martin Donovan as Robert Nelson
Elias Koteas as The Kisser
Richard Schiff as Philly Francato
Mariangela Pino as Donna
Suzanne Shepherd as Mary
Eddie Cibrian as The Masseur
Tamlyn Tomita as Mrs  Nelson
Carmit Bachar as Dancer

Reception
Living Out Loud received mixed reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 59% rating based on 34 reviews  The site's consensus states: "Unoriginal, with one-dimensional characters " On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 64% based on reviews from 24 critics  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars and wrote that he enjoyed that the movie provided "the comfort of these lives flowing briefly in the same stream  The sense that the unexpected was free to enter the story, and would not be shouldered aside by the demands of conventional plotting "  Ebert gave particular praise to writer and director Richard LaGravenese, who he wrote is "more interested in characters and dialogue than in shaping everything into a conventional story   He aims for the kind of bittersweet open ends that life itself so often supplies; he doesn't hammer his square pegs into round holes " Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune also gave the film a positive review, but noted that the "story also has a tendency to wander, which enhances the slice-of-life feel but at the expense of the movie feeling fully formed "  The New York Times critic Janet Maslin was less favorable, writing that LaGravenese "has borrowed from Chekhov the soul-baring introspection that can be so ineffable on the page or stage yet becomes so damply sensitive and dramatically vague on the screen" and, in describing some of the "wild flights of fancy springing from Judith's imagination," observed that "free-spirited as the film hopes to be, it can't easily reconcile such flamboyant departures with an otherwise static pace " Maslin credited Latifah as the film's "one big saving grace," and also offered praise for DeVito for "turning Pat into a three-dimensional figure and singing They Can't Take That Away from Me with brio on the nightclub's amateur night "
Passage 5:
A Kid for Two Farthings
A Kid for Two Farthings may refer to:

A Kid for Two Farthings (novel)
A Kid for Two Farthings (film)
Passage 6:
Dan Mirvish
Dan Mirvish is an American filmmaker and author, best known as the co-founder of the Slamdance Film Festival and co-creator of the Martin Eisenstadt hoax during the 2008 Presidential election 

Early life and education
Mirvish was born to a Jewish family in Omaha, the son of Linda  and Sidney Mirvish  His father was a prominent cancer researcher at the University of Nebraska Medical Center  In 1985, Mirvish graduated from Omaha Central High School  He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Washington University in St  Louis  After school, he worked as a freelance journalist and as a speechwriter for Tom Harkin, U S  Senator from Iowa before taking a sabbatical to travel around the world  He then returned to California to complete his education in film at the University of Southern California film school 

Career
In 1994, while still in school, he released his first feature film entitled Omaha as his master’s thesis for and then founded the Slamdance Film Festival in Park City, Utah after the film was not accepted at the Sundance Film Festival In 2004, Mirvish spearheaded the effort to get the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences to reactivate their Best Original Musical Oscar category  In a controversial move, the Academy canceled the category after Mirvish and others submitted the requisite number of films, including two by Mirvish In 2009, he co-authored the satirical novel I Am Martin Eisenstadt: One Man's (Wildly Inappropriate) Adventures with the Last Republicans published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 978-0-86547-914-2 Mirvish directed the film Between Us, based on the play of the same name by Joe Hortua  The four-person drama stars Taye Diggs, Melissa George, David Harbour and Julia Stiles   The original play premiered at Manhattan Theatre Club, and Hortua and Mirvish co-wrote the screenplay adaptation   The film version won the grand jury prize at the 2012 Bahamas International Film Festival, and was the Closing Night Film at the 50th Annual Gijón International Film Festival in Spain  The film had its world premiere at the Oldenburg International Film Festival, and also screened at such festivals as Athens International Film Festival, the Hamptons, Woodstock Film Festival, Slamdance Film Festival, Napa Valley Film Festival, and Whistler Film Festival In 2016, Mirvish wrote the nonfiction book The Cheerful Subversive's Guide to Independent Filmmaking  The phrase "cheerful subversive" comes from a New York Times article describing the original Slamdance filmmakers In 2016, Mirvish directed the feature film Bernard and Huey written by Oscar/Pulitzer/Obie-winner Jules Feiffer Mirvish directed the feature film 18½ which had its world premiere at the 2021 Woodstock Film Festival  The film had its international premiere at the São Paulo International Film Festival The film had its European premiere at the Gijón International Film Festival  The film won the Stubbornly Independent Award at the Tallgrass Film Festival in 2021 Mirvish is widely credited as the discoverer of the Hathaway effect, which indicates that when actress Anne Hathaway is in the news, the share price for Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway increases He was also a speechwriter for Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa 

Filmography
18½ (2021)
Bernard and Huey (2017)
Between Us (2012)
The Last Republican (2008)
Sheldon (2007)
The Few & the Proud (2007)
Half Empty (2006)
A Message from the President of Iran (2006)
Open House (2004)
Omaha (1994)
Passage 7:
Growing Up American
Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States, by Min Zhou and Carl L  Bankston III is one of the most influential books on the Vietnamese American experience  Published in 1998 by the Russell Sage Foundation, it is widely used in college classes on international migration, contemporary American history, and Asian Studies  The book emphasizes the role of Vietnamese communities in promoting the adaptation of Vietnamese American young people  
One of the unique characteristics of the book is its combination of a general history of the growth and nature of Vietnamese American communities around the United States with an in-depth study of one specific Vietnamese community, on the eastern edge of New Orleans, Louisiana 

Organization of the book
Chapter 1 traces the history of Vietnamese settlement in the United States, giving special attention to how the process of refugee resettlement and popular opinions of the American public have influenced Vietnamese American children  Chapter 2 gives a description of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the U S  Vietnamese population and describes the social and economic challenges facing the Vietnamese  Chapter 3 offers examples of how families and surrounding ethnic communities can serve as sources of social capital for young people  Chapter 4 discusses the patterns of social and kinship relations in Vietnamese ethnic communities  Here, Zhou and Bankston develop their theory that ethnic social relations can serve as a form of social capital for young people growing up in immigrant communities  Chapter 5 examines how Vietnamese language abilities promote the adaptation of young Vietnamese to American society by connecting them to the supports of their families and communities  Chapter 6 considers Vietnamese American adaptation to American schools and argues that generally high levels of school performance are products of tightly integrated ethnic communities  Chapter 7 examines bicultural conflict and gender role issues faced by Vietnamese growing up in the United States  Chapter 8 discusses peer group associations and problems of juvenile delinquency  It provides evidence that young people who follow delinquent patterns tend to be those who assimilate to the youth culture of Vietnamese and other subgroups, rather than remain bound within their ethnic communities  Chapter 9 gives a general summary and offers conclusions of relevance to the study of immigrant and minority groups in the United States 

Critical reception
Growing Up American has received widespread critical praise  Writing in the journal Social Forces, reviewer Jiannbin Shiao described the analysis of delinquency in the Vietnamese community as “contestable but refreshingly bold” and described it as “a fine contribution to the sociology of education, social stratification, social demography, Asian American Studies, and, one hopes, also U S  urban policy ” In the International Migration Review, Kimberly Goyette praised the book for “…elaborat[ing] a detailed and elegant framework for conceptualizing the relationship between children and their various environments and also the relationship between these environments ” Kelly Chong, reviewing the book for the American Journal of Sociology, observed “this comprehensive investigation of the adaptation process of second generation Vietnamese in the United States fills an important gap in the study of contemporary “new” immigrants and the second generation assimilation experience ”
In addition to the praise, though, reviewers have also had some reservations  In particular, critics have questioned the generalizability of the books findings to other ethnic groups and they have suggested the book may be too optimistic in its account of the future of young Vietnamese Americans  Critics of more radical orientations have often objected the authors’ acceptance of American society and the focus on adapting to that society  For example, Karin Aguilar-San Juan, in the book Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America, accuses Zhou and Bankston of ignoring the processes of racialization and systemic racism in encouraging Asian immigrant achievement while frustrating black American achievement 

Awards
1999 Thomas and Znaniecki Award, Outstanding Book in International Migration, American Sociological Association
2000 Distinguished Book Award, Mid-South Sociological Association

See also
Asian American
Diaspora studies
List of U S  cities with large Vietnamese American populations
List of Vietnamese Americans
Little Saigon
Overseas Vietnamese
Refugees
Vietnamese people

External links
Article title
Article title
http://tulane edu/liberal-arts/sociology/carlbankston cfm
http://www eric ed gov/PDFS/ED439180 pdf
http://blogs bauer uh edu/vietDiaspora/contributors-5/
Passage 8:
The Loud House
The Loud House is an American animated television series created by Chris Savino that premiered on Nickelodeon on May 2, 2016  The series revolves around the chaotic everyday life of a boy named Lincoln Loud, who is the middle child and only son in a large family of 11 children  It is set in a fictional town in southeastern Michigan called Royal Woods, based on Savino's hometown of Royal Oak  The series was pitched to the network in 2013 as a two-minute short film entered in the annual Animated Shorts Program  It entered production the following year  The series is based on Savino's own childhood growing up in a large family, and its animation is largely influenced by newspaper comic strips 
Since its debut, the series has gained high ratings, becoming the top-rated children's animated series on American television within its first month on the air  The series has received considerable media attention and nominations at both the 28th and the 29th GLAAD Media Awards for its inclusion of Howard and Harold McBride, two supporting characters who are an interracial gay married couple  Their introduction into the series was reported in the news as being historic and caused a ratings surge  In May 2017, the characters of Lincoln Loud and Clyde McBride were featured on the front cover of Variety as an example of diverse characters in children's television As of May 2023, seven seasons of the series have been broadcast  The series has spawned a multimedia franchise, including the spin-off series The Casagrandes, which aired from October 2019 to September 2022, an animated feature film that was released on Netflix in August 2021, a live-action television film that premiered in November 2021, and live-action series The Really Loud House that premiered in November 2022  Additionally, a second live-action television film is in development, set to premiere in fall 2023 

Premise
Lincoln Loud is the only boy and the middle child in a family of eleven children residing in the fictional town of Royal Woods, Michigan  He has ten sisters with distinctive personalities consisting of bossy eldest child Lori, ditzy fashionista Leni, musician Luna, comedian Luan, athletic Lynn Jr , gloomy poetic goth Lucy, polar opposite twins Lana and Lola, child genius Lisa, and baby Lily  Lincoln occasionally breaks the fourth wall to explain to the viewers the chaotic conditions and sibling relationships of the household, and continually devises plans to make his life in the Loud House better 
During the first four seasons, Lori, Leni, Luna, and Luan were in high school, Lynn was in middle school, and Lincoln, Lucy, Lana, Lola, and Lisa were in elementary school  In the fifth season, the Loud siblings aged up a year with Lori going to Fairway University, Lincoln going to middle school, and Lily going to preschool 

Episodes
Production
Development
The Loud House was created by Chris Savino for Nickelodeon  Savino based the series on his own experiences growing up in a large family  Early in development, the Loud family was going to be composed of rabbits, but this was terminated when an executive, Jenna Boyd, asked Savino to make them human  The idea of the Loud family being rabbits became used as Lincoln's dream in the Season 3 episode "White Hare"  He pitched the idea to Nickelodeon in 2013 as a 2+1⁄2-minute short for their annual Animated Shorts Program  In June 2014, Nickelodeon announced that The Loud House had been picked up for a season of 13 episodes  The episode order was later increased to 26  On May 25, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that the series had been picked up for a second season of 14 episodes later increased to 26  On October 19, 2016, the series had been picked up for a third season of 26 episodes  Savino has cited Peanuts and Polly and Her Pals as influences on the show's characterizations and animation  Newspaper comic strips are also influences on the show's background art 
Episodes are produced at Nickelodeon Animation Studio in Burbank, California, USA and animated by Canadian studio Jam Filled Entertainment 

Savino's firing
On October 17, 2017, Cartoon Brew reported that Chris Savino was suspended from the studio due to allegations of sexual harassment, the report noting that rumors of Savino's behavior have existed for "at least a decade " On October 19, a Nickelodeon spokesperson confirmed that Savino had been fired from the studio, and that the series will continue production without him  Six days later on October 23, Savino spoke for the first time since his firing saying he said he was "deeply sorry" for his actions  Alongside the announcement of the series being greenlit for a fourth season, it was revealed that story editor Michael Rubiner had now been named executive producer and showrunner  On May 30, 2018, Savino was suspended from The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839, for one year 

Broadcast
The series debuted on Nickelodeon on May 2, 2016, with new episodes premiering every weekday that month  The first trailer for the series premiered on March 13, 2016  The series also aired on AFN Family 
Internationally, the series premiered in Israel and Italy on May 15  It premiered in Latin America, Brazil, Poland, Germany, France and Africa the following day  It began airing in Southeast Asia on May 20  Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland's Nickelodeon channels premiered the series on May 30  In Canada, YTV aired a sneak peek of the series on September 5, 2016, which was followed by an official premiere on September 6, 2016 The series premiered on May 15, 2016, in the Middle East and North Africa on Nickelodeon, dubbed in Gulf Arabic 
In India, the series premiered on Nick HD+ on May 18, 2020 

Home media
Reception
Critical
The Loud House has received positive reviews, specifically for its animation, voice acting, characterization, and the heartwarming themes of each episode  Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media praised the show's voice cast and thematic messages, writing that "kids will come to The Loud House for the laughs, but they'll return for the ensemble cast and the surprisingly heartwarming themes that dominate every story " Kevin Johnson of The A V  Club gave the series a B+, noting that "the female characters are defined by their traits, but never judged for them "It attracted negative attention from some fans and critics later on for its heavy amount of spin-offs and merchandising  Ryan Lewis of CBR com wrote that "Nickelodeon tried too hard to match SpongeBob's influence and immediately took to creating spin-offs, a Netflix movie, and countless merchandise  These efforts may have been justified had The Loud House not been written with one-note stock characters making up its main cast "

LGBTQIA+ representation
The characters of Howard and Harold McBride have received praise for being a positive representation of an interracial gay married couple  They are the first married gay couple to be featured in a Nicktoon  Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair stated that The Loud House "handles the topic [of same-sex marriage] in exactly the right way   this kind of casual representation in children's programming is a milestone " De Elizabeth of Teen Vogue wrote, "The best part is that the show doesn't treat these characters any differently, or even introduce them with a heavy asterisk about their marital status " The Frisky's Tai Gooden mentioned that "kids who have two dads (or moms) will be more than thrilled to see a family they can identify with on TV " Time reported that "people are thrilled about Nickelodeon's decision" to include a gay couple  Some conservative groups, by contrast, have criticized the introduction of the characters  The One Million Moms division of the American Family Association objected to scenes featuring the McBride parents and unsuccessfully pushed for the episode in which they first appeared to be edited to exclude the couple, saying that "Nickelodeon should stick to entertaining instead of pushing an agenda " The Kenya Film Classification Board also called for the suspension of the series on pay television service DStv, saying that the animated series "promotes the Lesbian, Gay and Transgender agenda "
Kenya's film and classification board (KFCB) has called for the suspension of several US-produced children's programs running on channels provided by TV company MultiChoice  The board said the cartoons featured "disturbing content glorifying homosexual behavior" which was not suitable for children 
The animation programs are The Loud House, The Legend of Korra, and Hey Arnold, which run on the Nickelodeon channel, and Clarence, Steven Universe, and Adventure Time which air on Cartoon Network 
   

It's wasn't immediately clear if the supposedly offending Nickelodeon episodes ever aired in Kenya  Viacom Africa, which licenses the Nickelodeon shows said last July it would not be airing such shows in South Africa and the rest of sub Saharan Africa 

Ratings
The Loud House became the number-one children's animated series on television within its first month on the air  Throughout May 2016, it received an average of 68% more viewers in its target audience of children aged 6–11 than broadcasts on Nickelodeon in May of the previous year  As of June 2016, it was Nickelodeon's highest-rated program, beating SpongeBob SquarePants with an average Nielsen rating of 4 9 among the 2–11 demographic at the time The Los Angeles Times cited The Loud House as a major factor in maintaining Nickelodeon's position as the highest-rated children's network in summer 2016  During the show's fourth week of premieres, Cyma Zarghami announced that it was continuing to draw more viewers than any other program on the channel The show's highest-rated episode, with 2 28 million viewers upon its premiere, is "Two Boys and a Baby"  This was the first episode to air after it was announced that Howard and Harold McBride would be debuting on the program  The first episode of The Loud House shown at prime time, "11 Louds a Leapin'", was the seventh most-viewed telecast across all U S  households on November 25, 2016 

Awards and nominations
The Loud House's portrayal of interracial gay married couple Howard and Harold McBride led the series to be nominated for Outstanding Individual Episode at the 28th GLAAD Media Awards and for Outstanding Kids & Family Programming at the 29th, 31st and 32nd GLAAD Media Awards  The series has also been nominated for Favorite Cartoon at the Kids' Choice Awards every year since 2017 

Franchise
The Loud House has spawned a multimedia franchise, including several video game, graphic novel, and book series adaptations, the spin-off animated series The Casagrandes, which aired from October 2019 to September 2022, an animated feature film which was released on Netflix in August 2021, a live-action television film pilot that premiered in November 2021, and live-action series, The Really Loud House, that premiered in November 2022 

Graphic novel series
The series has spawned a graphic novel series by publisher Papercutz  The graphic novels are by either crew members or other incoming artists, and dive into the world of the show and the characters within  They are usually anthology comics, however, others are arranged on certain themes, while others have overarching storylines  The first graphic novel, There Will Be Chaos, was released on May 9, 2017  There are currently two series, a running series and a special series focusing on the seasons and certain holidays 

Running series
List current as of April 2023 

Seasonal/holiday series
Chapter book series
The series has also produced a series of chapter books with original stories, initially published by Random House before switching to Scholastic 

Podcast
Listen Out Loud
Nickelodeon and its YouTube channel have done a series of podcasts called Listen Out Loud, where each member of the Loud family does a podcast revolving around their topics 

"Meet the Loud Family" – The Loud siblings start their very first podcast, but they can't come up with a topic about it 
Luna Loud – Luna and her roadie Chunk give the listeners a virtual tour of Luna's home music studio (which is actually her and Luan's bedroom) where Luna talks about her musical instruments and her inspirations, but some of her instruments keep disturbing Bud Grouse 
Lola Loud – Lola does her podcast called "The Lowdown with Lola" where she starts dishing out the latest Loud family gossip much to the dismay of her siblings 
Leni Loud – With help from Lincoln as her producer, Leni gives the listeners a virtual tour of the Royal Woods Mall, where she shows her favorite stores and the different shopkeepers that she knows 
Luan Loud – Luan teaches her listeners the basics of playing pranks on anyone  She demonstrates a few on some of her siblings much to their annoyance  But little does Luan know that she might get pranked right back 
Lori Loud – With Bobby on her phone helping out from Great Lakes City and Luna providing musical accompaniment, he and Lori talk about how they first met and eventually started dating  However, they over-romanticize the details on their first date so Luan and Lynn Jr  chime in and tell them what really happened and how they had spied on them during the date to make sure that Bobby was good for Lori 
Lincoln Loud – Lincoln and Clyde give the listeners a virtual tour of their treehouse  When their hammock goes missing, Lincoln and Clyde become Ace Savvy and One-Eyed Jack to find out who stole it  While Lincoln suspects that it's one of his sisters, they soon discover that the culprit is someone they'd least suspect 
Lynn Loud Jr  – Lynn Jr  leads the listeners in her own at-home workout, arguing that gym memberships are expensive and mentioning how some gyms tend to ban people from bringing spicy submarine sandwiches into the sauna  During every single part of the workout, Lynn causes fitness-type chaos in the house which annoys her family 
Lana Loud – Lana teaches the listeners how to handle and take care of vehicles  Using the family van Vanzilla as an example, Lana gets some more help from her faithful frog Hops, her parents (Lynn Sr  and Rita), and two of her sisters, Lori and Leni, as they are the ones who drive Vanzilla 
Lucy Loud – Lucy talks about the five main features of the Royal Woods Cemetery with the help of Lincoln since Luan was unavailable  Though they soon find evidence that there is a ghost in the area 
Rita Loud – Rita discusses what she does at her dentist job as she runs the dental office while Dr  Feinstein is away at Cavity Con  While she does the dental work on Lola, Lori, and a reluctant Lynn Loud Sr , Rita also has to deal with some malfunctioning equipment which leads to her calling Lana in to take care of them 
Lisa Loud – Lisa takes a break from solving her family's problems so that she can use her brainpower to solve the greater challenges of humankind by hosting a call-in called "Ask a Brainiac"  Though the people who call her up are Lynn Loud Sr , Luan, Rita, Lincoln, and Lynn with their respectful questions 
Lincoln & Clyde Review Gus' Games & Grub - Lincoln and Clyde work to review Gus's Games & Grub only to find it crowded  While working on reviewing the games, they have a hard time trying to get a table due to the different actions done by Lynn and Chandler 
Lola Loud's Pageant Tips - With the aid of her pageant coach Lincoln, Lola gives pageant tips to the listeners while preparing for the Little Miss Iron Ore pageant that Cheryl is helping out with  When Lola's ribbon for her ribbon dance routine goes missing, Lincoln works to find it as Lola suspects that Lindsey Sweetwater is responsible 
Lucy and the Morticians Club - Lucy and the Morticians Club (consisting of Haiku, Persephone, Boris, Dante, and Morpheus) hold a séance to speak to Royal Woods Elementary School's mascot Ricky the Rooster  They try to hold it at different locations like the Royal Woods Cemetery where the groundskeeper Hank is dealing with owls, Lucy's home where the antics of Lynn and Lana disrupt it, and Boris's house where his home decorating mother tries to treat them  When it comes to attempting a séance at Royal Woods Elementary School, Principal Huggins allows it since he still misses Ricky 
Clyde's Explosive Cooking Problems - Clyde visits Lynn's Table to find out how to run a restaurant from Lynn Loud Sr  as Clyde works as his sous chef for the day  It becomes difficult for Clyde in the kitchen during the lunch rush as Kotaro mentions that it's the weekend of the Rattlesnake Roundup where some of the guests are from the Poconos  While also dealing with Scoots' demands, Clyde does some table service to Mr  Grouse and Flip 
Lana Loud Rescues Animals - As mentioned two podcasts ago, Lana is volunteering at the Royal Woods Animal Shelter  She is assisted by Sam Sharp who is working as the head volunteer as Lana learns about its Adoption Day  They work to find pets for every one of its visitors like Rocket the German Pinscher, Feline Dion the tabby, and Captain Ron the cockatoo  While Sam goes to pick up lunch, Lana makes efforts to sell pets to possible adopters like Mayor Davis, Cheryl, and Dante 
Luan Loud Teaches Comedy - Luan and Mr  Coconuts teach a comedy workshop at the Royal Woods Community Center, though Luan gets nervous when she finds that Benny is the co-teacher alongside his marionette, Mrs  Appleblossom  After setting up the classroom, Luan and Benny get Leni, Flip, Boris, and Mrs  Bernardo who arrived on a horse named Hamlet after finishing her directing debut for Sunset Canyon's afternoon dinner theater  Mr  Coconuts makes comments towards the students that cause them to leave one by one 

Films
Feature film
On March 28, 2017, Paramount Pictures' president Marc Evans announced a film based on the series, that was originally set for a February 7, 2020 theatrical release  However, in January 2019, Paramount removed the film from their schedule for unknown reasons  On February 5, 2019, it was announced that the film would instead be produced for a release on Netflix  On January 12, 2021, it was reconfirmed that the film would release on Netflix within the same year, with the film's plot focusing on the Loud family traveling to Scotland, where they discover that they are part of Scottish royalty  In April 2021, it was revealed that the film would be released in summer 2021  On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced the film would be released on August 20, 2021 

Television films
A live-action film based on the series, titled A Loud House Christmas, premiered on Nickelodeon on November 26, 2021  The film was first announced on February 19, 2020, originally titled The Loud House: A Very Loud Christmas!, and was set to premiere in late 2020  The film depicts Lincoln and Clyde working to preserve the Christmas traditions when the Loud sisters plan to have their Christmas plans elsewhere  Filming took place in Atlanta in mid-2021  On March 18, 2021, it was announced that Wolfgang Schaeffer and Jahzir Bruno were cast as Lincoln and Clyde, respectively  On August 23, 2021, other cast members of the film were announced, including Lexi Janicek as Lisa, Ella and Mia Allan as Lola and Lana, Aubin Bradley as Lucy, Morgan McGill as Lynn, Catherine Ashmore Bradley as Luan, Sophia Woodward as Luna, Dora Dolphin as Leni, Lexi DiBenedetto as Lori, Charlotte Ann Tucker as Lily, Brian Stepanek reprising his regular series voice role as Lynn Loud Sr , and Muretta Moss as Rita Loud In April 2023, a live-action Halloween movie titled A Really Haunted Loud House was announced 

Spin-off
A spin-off, entitled The Casagrandes, was put into development by Nickelodeon in March 2018  It features Bobby and Ronnie Anne Santiago as well as their extended Casagrande family living in Great Lakes City  On May 7, 2019, it was revealed that Eugenio Derbez, Ken Jeong, and Melissa Joan Hart had joined the cast as Bobby and Ronnie Anne's father Dr  Arturo Santiago and new neighbors Stanley and Rebecca Chang, respectively  The series premiered on October 14, 2019  On February 17, 2022, the series was reported to be cancelled, with its characters set to make more appearances in The Loud House  The series concluded September 30, 2022 

Live-action series
On March 24, 2022, a live-action series of The Loud House was originally announced for Paramount+  The main cast members of A Loud House Christmas reprise their roles for the series, including Wolfgang Schaeffer as Lincoln and Jahzir Bruno as Clyde  Filming for the series began in Albuquerque, New Mexico in June 2022  In September 2022, it was announced that the series, entitled The Really Loud House, would premiere on Nickelodeon in November 2022  On October 5, 2022, it was announced that the series would premiere on November 3, 2022  The show was renewed for a second season in April 2023 

Games
A mobile game based on the series called The Loud House: Ultimate Treehouse was released on September 20, 2018, for iOS and Android  The Loud House: Outta Control was released on Apple Arcade on February 14, 2020  In the game, the siblings try to get through to their goals without running into each other Lincoln, Lucy, and Clyde appear as playable characters, with the rest of Lincoln's sisters appearing as unlockable pit crew characters, in the 2020 racing video game Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix  Lincoln, Lucy and Clyde return in the 2022 sequel Nickelodeon Kart Racers 3: Slime Speedway, with Bentley Griffin, Jessica DiCicco, and Jaeden White reprising their roles from the show Lincoln and Lucy are also playable in the 2021 title Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl; a patch to the game added voice acting with their roles being reprised by Bentley Griffin and Jessica DiCicco 
Passage 9:
MacGruder and Loud
MacGruder and Loud is an American crime drama from Aaron Spelling Productions that aired on ABC from January 20 to April 30, 1985 

Premise
The series stars John Getz and Kathryn Harrold as married police officers Malcolm MacGruder and Jenny Loud in a Los Angeles Police Department-styled police agency (where strict anti-fraternization policies were in effect)  They fought a battle every day to keep it a closely guarded secret from their boss, Sgt  Hanson (played by veteran actor Lee de Broux) Malcolm and Jenny lived in a duplex-type apartment complex where there was a secret door behind the grandfather clock in her apartment, where Malcolm could sneak in and enjoy her company 

Cast
John Getz as Det  Malcolm MacGruder
Kathryn Harrold as Det  Jenny Loud MacGruder
Ted Ross as Det  Sgt  Debbin
Frank McCarthy as Sgt  Myhrum

Episodes
Production
This was one of the few failures from Aaron Spelling's production company in its history, since it was picked by ABC to debut right after the Super Bowl in 1985 and was heavily promoted  during the game  The promotion resulted in high ratings at first, but the series was cancelled three months into its run  The ratings decline was blamed on ABC's repeated changing of the show's timeslot before settling on Monday nights at 10:00 p m , known as "the graveyard slot"  It ranked 36th out of 77 shows with a 14 9 rating and a 23 share Because of the frequent commercials during the Super Bowl, the following night Johnny Carson asked rhetorically during his monologue on The Tonight Show, "Did you see that new show, 'Frequent and Loud'?"The series was rushed into production by ABC in order to capitalize on the popularity of another crime drama at that time, Cagney & Lacey (which aired on CBS) 
Passage 10:
The Weight of the Nation
The Weight of the Nation is a four-part documentary series produced by American cable television network HBO  Addressing the growing obesity epidemic in the United States, it was first aired in May 2012  The documentary series included collaboration with National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Institute of Medicine  The series was produced by John Hoffman The scientific commentators featured in the documentary include Francis Collins, Samuel Klein, Rudolph Leibel, Robert Lustig, and Kelly D  Brownell 

Content
The series consists of four approximately hour-long films:

Consequences
Choices
Children in Crisis
Challenges
Passage 11:
List of Italian musical terms used in English
Many musical terms are in Italian because, in Europe, the vast majority of the most important early composers from the Renaissance to the Baroque period were Italian  That period is when numerous musical indications were used extensively for the first time 

Italian terms and English translations
Musical instruments
Voices
Tempo
Dynamics – volume
Moods
Musical expression (general)
Patterns within the musical score
Directions
Techniques
Roles
Criticism
Musical direction and staging
See also
Musical terminology
Sheet music
Passage 12:
Scorpion Swamp
Scorpion Swamp is a single-player adventuring gamebook written by Steve Jackson (the American game designer, as opposed to the series co-creator), illustrated by Duncan Smith and originally published in 1984 by Puffin Books  It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's Fighting Fantasy series  It is the 8th in the series in the original Puffin series (ISBN 0-14-031829-1)  It was the first Fighting Fantasy book to be written by an author other than the co-creators of the series 

Rules
Story
Scorpion Swamp is a fantasy scenario  Having acquired a magical Brass Ring (which detects evil and always indicates which direction is north) from a mysterious old woman, the player enters the notorious Scorpion Swamp 
Gameplay differed from previous titles in several ways:

The story allows the player to choose one of three quests: the patrons of said quests being either good (locate a rare plant for the wizard Selator), evil (acquire the amulets of animal/insect avatars for the wizard Grimslade) or neutral (map a trade route for the trader Poomchukker) respectively 
Gameplay has a non-linear design, allowing "free roaming": the player may explore the swamp at will and return to locations previously visited 
The game design employed a grid system of locations to explore  Whereas in previous titles choosing an option to follow a point of the compass was nebulous and backtracking almost impossible, in this title each location was equidistant from all others and options only led in the four primary compass directions  On entering a location, the player was asked if they had visited previously, and instructed accordingly  This format was an innovation for Fighting Fantasy 
The 400th reference does not contain an ending to the adventure 
Passage 13:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 14:
A Perfect Sky
"A Perfect Sky" is Bonnie Pink's twenty-fifth single and first from the album Thinking Out Loud  The single was released under the Warner Music Japan label on June 28, 2006 

Track listing
A Perfect Sky
Free
Interlude -Siesta-
A Perfect Sky (Instrumental)


== Oricon Sales Chart ==
Passage 15:
Loud Planes Fly Low
Loud Planes Fly Low is the fifth album by the American band The Rosebuds, released in 2011 on Merge Records 

Track listing
Passage 16:
Ilyasah Shabazz
Ilyasah Shabazz (born July 22, 1962) is an American author, most notably of a memoir, Growing Up X, community organizer, social activist, and motivational speaker, and the third daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz 

Early life
Shabazz was born in Brooklyn, New York, on July 22, 1962  She was named after Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, the religious and Black nationalist group to which her parents belonged  Shabazz is of African-American, African-Grenadian, English and Scottish descent  
In February 1965, when she was two years old, Shabazz was present, with her mother and sisters, at the assassination of her father  She says she has no memory of the event Shabazz had an apolitical upbringing in a racially integrated neighborhood in Mount Vernon, New York  Her family never took part in demonstrations or attended rallies  Together with her sisters, she joined Jack and Jill, a social club for the children of well-off African Americans  She considered an acting career, though her mother was not supportive  Her mother instead took interest in trying to keep her father's presence alive, and baked her cookies, which she would break a piece off to give the impression that her father had eaten it before she arrived Concerning her father, Shabazz told an interviewer, "My mother always talked about our father, her husband, but     she didn't talk about these things that defined my father as the icon " To learn about her father, Shabazz read his autobiography as a college student, and enrolled in a class to learn more Shabazz was a student at Hackley School  After high school, she attended State University of New York at New Paltz  When she arrived, other African-American students expected her to be a firebrand  They had already elected her an officer of the Black Student Union After graduating, Shabazz earned a master's degree in Education and Human Resource Development from Fordham University 

Career
Shabazz worked for the city of Mount Vernon for more than a dozen years, serving at different times as Director of Public Relations, Director of Public Affairs and Special Events, and Director of Cultural Affairs Shabazz wrote Growing Up X, her memoir of her childhood and her personal views on her father, in 2002  It was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Nonfiction  A devout Muslim, she made the pilgrimage to Mecca, the hajj, in 2006 as her father had in 1964 and her mother did in 1965 In 2014, Shabazz wrote Malcolm Little: The Boy Who Grew Up to Become Malcolm X, a children's book about her father's childhood  It was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Children's  The following year, she wrote a young-adult novel, X, about the same subject  The book was among the ten finalists considered for the National Book Award for Young People's Literature and it won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Youth/Teens  It also won honors from the Coretta Scott King Awards and the Walter Dean Myers Awards for Outstanding Children's Literature and was named as a 2016 Bank Street Children's Book Committee's Best Book of the Year  Her middle-grade novel about her mother's childhood, Betty Before X, was published in January 2018 alongside co-author Renée Watson  It was one of the 2019 Bank Street Children's Book Committee Best Books of the Year and received an "Outstanding Merit" recognitionShabazz is a trustee for the Malcolm X and Dr  Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center, the Malcolm X Foundation, and the Harlem Symphony Orchestra  As of 2017, she is an adjunct professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice 

Personal life
Shabazz is a longtime resident of Southern Westchester  She grew up in Mount Vernon and presently lives in New Rochelle 

Bibliography
with Kim McLarin (2002)  Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X  New York: One World  ISBN 978-0-345-44495-0 
——— (2014)  Malcolm Little: The Boy Who Grew Up to Become Malcolm X  Illustrated by A G  Ford  New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers  ISBN 978-1-4424-1216-3 
Boyd, Herb; ———, eds  (2014)  The Diary of Malcolm X: 1964  Chicago: Third World Press  ISBN 978-0-88378-351-1 
with Kekla Magoon (2015)  X: A Novel  Somerville, Mass : Candlewick Press  ISBN 978-0-763-66967-6 
with Renée Watson (2018)  Betty Before X  New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux  ISBN 978-0-374-30610-6 
with Tiffany D  Jackson (2021)  The Awakening of Malcolm X  Farrar, Straus and Giroux  ISBN 9780374313296 



ground_truth: Min Zhou

Carl L. Bankston

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which county shares a border with the county where the most populous city in the state where Redan High School is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sejong High School (Sejong)
Sejong High School is a public high school located in Jochiwon-eup, Sejong City, South Korea  Its former name was Jochiwon High School 

External links
(in Korean) Official website
Passage 2:
Commonwealth Elementary School
Commonwealth Elementary School  is a grade school with more than 7,000 students, as of January 2023  It is located in Corner St  Commonwealth Avenue, Barangay Commonwealth, Quezon City of the National Capital Region, Philippines  The school is categorized as large school in Quezon City 
Passage 3:
List of municipalities in Georgia (U S  state)
Georgia is a state located in the Southern United States  According to the 2010 United States Census, Georgia is the 8th most populous state with 9,688,681 inhabitants and the 21st largest by land area spanning 57,513 49 square miles (148,959 3 km2) of land  Georgia is divided into 159 counties and contains 535 municipalities consisting of cities, towns, consolidated city-counties, and consolidated cities There is no legal difference in Georgia between cities and towns  Eight municipalities have merged with their counties to form consolidated city-counties: Athens with Clarke County, Augusta with Richmond County, Columbus with Muscogee County, Cusseta with Chattahoochee County, Georgetown with Quitman County, Macon with Bibb County, Statenville with Echols County, and Webster County unified government with Webster County  Athens and Augusta also have municipalities independent of the consolidated governments and are considered consolidated cities The largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta, with 498,715 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Aldora, with 0 residents  The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city-county, which spans 302 47 sq mi (783 4 km2), and Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest, at 0 18 sq mi (0 47 km2) each 

List of municipalities
Largest cities and towns in Georgia by population
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
  County seat†
  State capital and county seat‡

Notes
See also
Georgia statistical areas
List of counties in Georgia (U S  state)
Passage 4:
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (UK: , US: , French: [stʁasbuʁ] (listen); German: Straßburg [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊʁk] (listen); Bas Rhin Alsatian: Strossburi [ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁi] (listen), Haut Rhin Alsatian: Strossburig [ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁiɡ̊] (listen)) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France and the official seat of the European Parliament  Located at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace, it is the prefecture of the Bas-Rhin department 
In 2020, the city proper had 290,576 inhabitants and both the Eurométropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 511,552 inhabitants  Strasbourg's metropolitan area had a population of 853,110 in 2019, making it the eighth-largest metro area in France and home to 14% of the Grand Est region's inhabitants  The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of roughly 1,000,000 in 2022  Strasbourg is one of the de facto four main capitals of the European Union (alongside Brussels, Luxembourg and Frankfurt), as it is the seat of several European institutions, such as the European Parliament, the Eurocorps and the European Ombudsman of the European Union  An organization separate from the European Union, the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines most commonly known in French as "Pharmacopée Européenne", and its European Audiovisual Observatory) is also located in the city 
Together with Basel (Bank for International Settlements), Geneva (United Nations), The Hague (International Court of Justice) and New York City (United Nations world headquarters), Strasbourg is among the few cities in the world that is not a state capital that hosts international organisations of the first order  The city is the seat of many non-European international institutions such as the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine and the International Institute of Human Rights  It is the second city in France in terms of international congress and symposia, after Paris  Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988, with the newer "Neustadt" being added to the site in 2017  Strasbourg is immersed in Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a cultural bridge between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second-largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture  It is also home to the largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque Economically, Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as a hub of road, rail, and river transportation  The port of Strasbourg is the second-largest on the Rhine after Duisburg in Germany, and the second-largest river port in France after Paris 

Etymology and names
Until the fifth century CE, the city was known as Argantorati (in the nominative, Argantorate in the locative), a Celtic Gaulish name Latinised first as Argentorate (with Gaulish locative ending, as appearing on the first Roman milestones in the first century CE) and then as Argentoratum (with regular Latin nominative ending, in later Latin texts)  That Gaulish name is a compound of -rati, the Gaulish word for fortified enclosures, cognate to the Old Irish ráth (see ringfort) and arganto(n)- (cognate to Latin argentum, which gave modern French argent), the Gaulish word for silver, but also any precious metal, particularly gold, suggesting either a fortified enclosure located by a river gold mining site, or hoarding gold mined in the nearby rivers After the fifth century CE the city became known by a completely different name, later Gallicized as Strasbourg (Lower Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Straßburg)  That name is of Germanic origin and means 'town (at the crossing) of roads'  The modern Stras- is cognate with the German Straße and English street, both derived from Latin strata ("paved road"), while -bourg is cognate with the German Burg and English borough, both derived from Proto-Germanic *burgz ("hill fort, fortress") 
Gregory of Tours was the first to mention the name change: in the tenth book of his History of the Franks written shortly after 590 he said that Egidius, Bishop of Reims, accused of plotting against King Childebert II of Austrasia in favor of his uncle King Chilperic I of Neustria, was tried by a synod of Austrasian bishops in Metz in November 590, found guilty and removed from the priesthood, then taken "ad Argentoratensem urbem, quam nunc Strateburgum vocant" ("to the city of Argentoratum, which they now call Strateburgus"), where he was exiled 

Geography
Location
Strasbourg is situated at the eastern border of France with Germany  This border is formed by the Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl  The historic core of Strasbourg, however, lies on the Grande Île in the river Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2 5 mi) from, the Rhine  The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city 
The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain, at between 132 metres (433 ft) and 151 metres (495 ft) above sea level, with the upland areas of the Vosges Mountains some 20 km (12 mi) to the west and the Black Forest 25 km (16 mi) to the east  This section of the Rhine valley is a major axis of north–south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself, and major roads and railways paralleling it on both banks 
The city is some 397 kilometres (247 mi) east of Paris  The mouth of the Rhine lies approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) to the north, or 650 kilometres (400 mi) as the river flows, whilst the head of navigation in Basel is some 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south, or 150 kilometres (93 mi) by river 

Climate
In spite of its position far inland, Strasbourg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), though with less maritime influence than the milder climates of Western and Southern France  The city has warm, relatively sunny summers and cool, overcast winters  Precipitation is elevated from mid-spring to the end of summer, but remains largely constant throughout the year, totaling 631 4 mm (24 9 in) annually  On average, snow falls 30 days per year The third highest temperature ever recorded was 38 5 °C (101 3 °F) in August 2003, during the 2003 European heat wave  This record was broken, on June 30, 2019, when it reached 38 8 °C (101 8 °F)  and then on July 25, 2019, when it reached 38 9 °C (102 0 °F)  The lowest temperature ever recorded was −23 4 °C (−10 1 °F) in December 1938 Strasbourg's location in the Rhine valley, sheltered from strong winds by the Vosges and Black Forest mountains, results in poor natural ventilation, making Strasbourg one of the most atmospherically polluted cities of France  Nonetheless, the progressive disappearance of heavy industry on both banks of the Rhine, as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city have reduced air pollution in recent years 

History
The Roman camp of Argentoratum was first mentioned in 12 BC; the city of Strasbourg which grew from it celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1988  The fertile area in the Upper Rhine Plain between the rivers Ill and Rhine had already been populated since the Middle Paleolithic Between 362 and 1262, Strasbourg was governed by the bishops of Strasbourg; their rule was reinforced in 873 and then more in 982  In 1262, the citizens violently rebelled against the bishop's rule (Battle of Hausbergen) and Strasbourg became a free imperial city  It became a French city in 1681, after the conquest of Alsace by the armies of Louis XIV  In 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War, the city became German again, until 1918 (end of World War I), when it reverted to France  After the defeat of France in 1940 (World War II), Strasbourg came under German control again through formal annexation into the Gau Baden-Elsaß under the Nazi Gauleiter Robert Wagner; since the end of 1944, it has again been a French city  In 2016, Strasbourg was promoted from capital of Alsace to capital of Grand Est 
Strasbourg played an important part in the Protestant Reformation, with personalities such as John Calvin, Martin Bucer, Wolfgang Capito, Matthew and Katharina Zell, but also in other aspects of Christianity such as German mysticism, with Johannes Tauler, Pietism, with Philipp Spener, and Reverence for Life, with Albert Schweitzer  Delegates from the city took part in the Protestation at Speyer  It was also one of the first centres of the printing industry with pioneers such as Johannes Gutenberg, Johannes Mentelin, and Heinrich Eggestein  Among the darkest periods in the city's long history were the years 1349 (Strasbourg massacre), 1518 (Dancing plague), 1793 (Reign of Terror), 1870 (Siege of Strasbourg) and the years 1940–1944 with the Nazi occupation (atrocities such as the Jewish skull collection) and the British and American bombing raids  Some other notable dates were the years 357 (Battle of Argentoratum), 842 (Oaths of Strasbourg), 1538 (establishment of the university), 1605 (world's first newspaper printed by Johann Carolus), 1792 (La Marseillaise), and 1889 (pancreatic origin of diabetes discovered by Minkowski and Von Mering) 
Strasbourg has been the seat of European institutions since 1949: first of the International Commission on Civil Status and of the Council of Europe, later of the European Parliament, of the European Science Foundation, of Eurocorps, and others as well 

Districts
Strasbourg is divided into the following districts:
Bourse, Esplanade, Krutenau
Centre Ville (Downtown Strasbourg)
Gare, Tribunal (Central Station, Court)
Conseil des XV, Orangerie
Cronenbourg
Hautepierre, Poteries
Koenigshoffen,
Montagne-Verte (Green Hill)
Elsau
Meinau
Neudorf-Musau
Neuhof 1 (including Ganzau)
Neuhof 2
Robertsau
Port du Rhin (Rhin's Harbor)

Main sights
Architecture
The city is chiefly known for its sandstone Gothic Cathedral with its famous astronomical clock, and for its medieval cityscape of Rhineland black and white timber-framed buildings, particularly in the Petite France district or Gerberviertel ("tanners' district") alongside the Ill and in the streets and squares surrounding the cathedral, where the renowned Maison Kammerzell stands out 
Notable medieval streets include Rue Mercière, Rue des Dentelles, Rue du Bain aux Plantes, Rue des Juifs, Rue des Frères, Rue des Tonneliers, Rue du Maroquin, Rue des Charpentiers, Rue des Serruriers, Grand' Rue, Quai des Bateliers, Quai Saint-Nicolas and Quai Saint-Thomas 
Notable medieval squares include Place de la Cathédrale, Place du Marché Gayot, Place Saint-Étienne, Place du Marché aux Cochons de Lait and Place Benjamin Zix 

In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids; the part-Romanesque, part-Gothic, very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played; the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century; the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture; the Gothic Église Saint-Jean; the part-Gothic, part-Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine etc  The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood-worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display; especially the Passion of Christ  Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out 
The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i e  palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (completed 1742, used for university purposes from 1872 to 1895, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular  Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall); the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet); the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor); the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc  The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150-metre-long (490 ft) 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil 
As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style 
Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II  Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles  The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period  But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the Haute école des arts du Rhin with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica 

Notable streets of the German district include: Avenue de la Forêt Noire, Avenue des Vosges, Avenue d'Alsace, Avenue de la Marseillaise, Avenue de la Liberté, Boulevard de la Victoire, Rue Sellénick, Rue du Général de Castelnau, Rue du Maréchal Foch, and Rue du Maréchal Joffre  Notable squares of the German district include Place de la République, Place de l'Université, Place Brant, and Place Arnold 
Impressive examples of Prussian military architecture of the 1880s can be found along the newly reopened Rue du Rempart, displaying large-scale fortifications among which the aptly named Kriegstor (war gate) 
As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest  Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid 

The city has many bridges, including the medieval and four-towered Ponts Couverts that, despite their name, are no longer covered  Next to the Ponts Couverts is the Barrage Vauban, a part of Vauban's 17th-century fortifications, that does include a covered bridge  Other bridges are the ornate 19th-century Pont de la Fonderie (1893, stone) and Pont d'Auvergne (1892, iron), as well as architect Marc Mimram's futuristic Passerelle over the Rhine, opened in 2004 
The largest square at the centre of the city of Strasbourg is the Place Kléber  Located in the heart of the city's commercial area, it was named after general Jean-Baptiste Kléber, born in Strasbourg in 1753 and assassinated in 1800 in Cairo  In the square is a statue of Kléber, under which is a vault containing his remains  On the north side of the square is the Aubette (Orderly Room), built by Jacques François Blondel, architect of the king, in 1765–1772 

Parks
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture 
The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times  The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II  The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s  The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration  The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil 

Museums
As of 2020, the city of Strasbourg has eleven municipal museums (including Aubette 1928), eleven university museums, and at least two privately owned museums (Musée vodou and Musée du barreau de Strasbourg)  Five communes in the metropolitan area also have museums (see below), three of them dedicated to military history 

Overview
The collections in Strasbourg are distributed over a wide range of museums, according to a system that takes into account not only the types and geographical provenances of the items, but also the epochs  This concerns in particular the following domains:

Old Master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame (MOND); old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871, as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871, are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts; paintings since 1871 are displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain (MAMCS) 
Decorative arts until 1681 are on display in the MOND, decorative arts from the years 1681 until 1871 are on display in the Musée des arts décoratifs, decorative arts after 1871 are on display at the MAMCS, with items from each epoch also shown in the Musée historique 
Prints and drawings until 1871 are displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins, save for the original plans of Strasbourg Cathedral, displayed in the MOND  Prints and drawings after 1871 are displayed in the MAMCS, and in the Musée Tomi Ungerer/Centre international de l'illustration (the combined number of prints and drawings amounts to well over 200,000) 
Artefacts from Ancient Egypt are on display in two entirely different collections, one in the Musée archéologique and the other belonging to the Instituts d'Égyptologie et de Papyrologie of the University of Strasbourg 

Fine art museums
The Musée des Beaux-Arts owns paintings by Hans Memling, Francisco de Goya, Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese, Giotto di Bondone, Sandro Botticelli, Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, El Greco, Correggio, Cima da Conegliano and Piero di Cosimo, among others 
The Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame (located in a part-Gothic, part-Renaissance building next to the cathedral) houses a large and renowned collection of medieval and Renaissance upper-Rhenish art, among which original sculptures, plans and stained glass from the cathedral and paintings by Hans Baldung and Sebastian Stoskopff 
The Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain is among the largest museums of its kind in France 
The Musée des Arts décoratifs, located in the sumptuous former residence of the cardinals of Rohan, the Palais Rohan displays a reputable collection of 18th century furniture and china 
The Cabinet des estampes et des dessins displays five centuries of engravings and drawings, but also woodcuts and lithographies 
The Musée Tomi Ungerer/Centre international de l'illustration, located in a large former villa next to the Theatre, displays original works by Ungerer and other artists (Saul Steinberg, Ronald Searle     ) as well as Ungerer's large collection of ancient toys 

Other museums
The Musée archéologique presents a large display of regional findings from the first ages of man to the sixth century, focusing on the Roman and Celtic period  It also includes a collection of works from Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, assembled and bequeathed by Gustave Schlumberger 
The Musée alsacien is dedicated to traditional Alsatian daily life 
Le Vaisseau ("The vessel") is a science and technology centre, especially designed for children 
The Musée historique (historical museum) is dedicated to the tumultuous history of the city and displays many artifacts of the times, including the Grüselhorn, the horn that was blown at 10 every evening during medieval times to order the Jews out of the city 
The Musée vodou (Voodoo museum) opened its doors on 28 November 2013  Displaying a private collection of artefacts from Haiti, it is located in a former water tower (château d'eau) built in 1883 and classified as a Monument historique 
The Musée du barreau de Strasbourg (The Strasbourg bar association museum) is a museum dedicated to the work and the history of lawyers in the city 

University museums
The Université de Strasbourg is in charge of a number of permanent public displays of its collections of scientific artefacts and products of all kinds of exploration and research 
The Musée zoologique is one of the oldest in France and is especially famous for its collection of birds  The museum is co-administrated by the municipality 
The Gypsothèque (also known as Musée des moulages or Musée Adolf Michaelis) is France's second-largest cast collection and the largest university cast collection in France 
The Musée de Sismologie et Magnétisme terrestre displays antique instruments of measure 
The Musée Pasteur is a collection of medical curiosities 
The Musée de minéralogie is dedicated to minerals 
The Musée d'Égyptologie houses a collections of archaeological findings made in and brought from Egypt and Sudan  This collection is entirely separate from the Schlumberger collection of the Musée archéologique (see above) 
The Crypte aux étoiles ("star crypt") is situated in the vaulted basement below the Observatory of Strasbourg and displays old telescopes and other antique astronomical devices such as clocks and theodolites 

Museums in the suburbs
Musée Les Secrets du Chocolat (Chocolate museum) in Geispolsheim
Fort Frère in Oberhausbergen
Fort Rapp in Reichstett
Pixel Museum, a video game museum, in Schiltigheim
MM Park France, a military museum, in La Wantzenau

Demographics
The commune of Strasbourg proper had a population of 290,576 on 1 January 2020, the result of a constant moderate annual growth which is also reflected in the constant growth of the number of students at its university (e  g  from 42,000 students in 2010 to 52,000 students in 2019)  The metropolitan area of Strasbourg had a population of 853,110 inhabitants in 2019 (French side of the border only), while the transnational Eurodistrict had a population of 1,000,000 in 2022 
In the Middle Ages, Strasbourg (a Free imperial city since 1262), was an important town  According to a 1444 census, the population was circa 20,000; only one third less than Cologne, then a major European city 

Population growth
Population composition
Culture
Strasbourg is the seat of internationally renowned institutions of music and drama:

The Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg, founded in 1855, one of the oldest symphonic orchestras in western Europe  Based since 1975 in the Palais de la musique et des congrès 
The Opéra national du Rhin
The Théâtre national de Strasbourg
The Percussions de Strasbourg
The Théâtre du Maillon
The "Laiterie"
Joshy's house - a venue for performance poetry and freestyle urban music 
Au ZénithOther theatres are the Théâtre jeune public, the TAPS Scala, the Kafteur    

Events
Musica, international festival of contemporary classical music (autumn)
Festival international de Strasbourg (founded in 1932), festival of classical music and jazz (summer)
Festival des Artefacts, festival of contemporary non-classical music
Les Nuits électroniques de l'Ososphère
Strasbourg European Fantastic Film Festival is an annual film festival devoted to science fiction, horror and fantasy  It was known as the Spectre Film Festival before 2008 
Strasbulles is the annual comic con, also known as the European Festival of Bande Dessinée
The Strasbourg International Film Festival is an annual film festival focusing on new and emerging independent filmmakers from around the world 
Christkindelsmärik, held from the end of November through December, is an annual Christmas market that dates back to 1570 

Education
Universities and tertiary education
Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions  Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century, and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, with Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent  With 19 Nobel prizes in total, Strasbourg is the most eminent French university outside of Paris 
Up until January 2009, there were three universities in Strasbourg, with an approximate total of 48,500 students as of 2007 (another 4,500 students are being taught at one of the diverse post-graduate schools):
Strasbourg I – Louis Pasteur University
Strasbourg II – Marc Bloch University
Strasbourg III – Robert Schuman UniversityAs of 1 January 2009, those three universities have merged and now constitute the Université de Strasbourg 
Schools part of the Université de Strasbourg include:

Sciences Po Strasbourg (Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg), the University of Strasbourg's political science & international studies center
The EMS (EM Strasbourg Business School), the University of Strasbourg's business school
The INSA (Institut national des sciences appliquées), the University of Strasbourg's engineering school
The ENA (École nationale d'administration)  ENA trains most of the nation's high-ranking civil servants  The relocation to Strasbourg was meant to give a European vocation to the school and to implement the French government's "décentralisation" plan 
The ISEG Group (Institut supérieur européen de gestion group)
The ECPM (École européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux)
The EPITA (École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées)
The EPITECH (École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies)
The ITIRI (Institute de traducteurs, d'interpretes, et de relations Internationales)
The INET (Institut national des études territoriales)
The IIEF (Institut international d'études françaises)
Three IUTs (Instituts universitaires de technologie located in Schiltigheim, Illkirch, and Haguenau)
The ENGEES (École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg)
The CUEJ (Centre universitaire d'enseignement du journalisme)
TÉLÉCOM Physique Strasbourg (École nationale supérieure de physique de Strasbourg), Institute of Technology, located in the South of Strasbourg (Illkirch-Graffenstaden)

Other Tertiary institutions
Two American colleges have a base in Strasbourg: University of Syracuse, NY, and Centre College, KT  There is also HEAR (Haute école des arts du Rhin) the celebrated art school, and the International Space University in the south of Strasbourg (Illkirch-Graffenstaden) 

Primary and secondary education
International schools include:
Multiple levels:

European School of Strasbourg (priority given to children whose parents are employed at the European institutions)For elementary education:
École Internationale Robert Schuman
International School at Lucie Berger
Russian Mission School in StrasbourgFor middle school/junior high school education:
Collège International de l'EsplanadeFor senior high school/sixth form college:
Lycée International des Pontonniers (FR)
Lycée International Jean Sturm

Libraries
The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire (BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles, the second-largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France  It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library  The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as "City Hall" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns  A librarian from Munich later pointed out "   that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman "The municipal library Bibliothèque municipale de Strasbourg (BMS) administrates a network of ten medium-sized librairies in different areas of the town  A six stories high "Grande bibliothèque", the Médiathèque André Malraux, was inaugurated on 19 September 2008 and is considered the largest in Eastern France 

Incunabula
As one of the earliest centers of book-printing in Europe (see above: History), Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of incunabula — books printed before 1500 — in its library as one of its most precious heritages: no less than 7,000  After the total destruction of this institution in 1870, however, a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch  Today, Strasbourg's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula, distributed as follows: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire, ca  2,120, Médiathèque de la ville et de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg, 349, Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire, 238, Médiathèque protestante, 66, and Bibliothèque alsatique du Crédit Mutuel, 5 

Transport
Train services operate from the Gare de Strasbourg, the city's main station in the city centre, eastward to Offenburg and Karlsruhe in Germany, westward to Metz and Paris, and southward to Basel  Strasbourg's links with the rest of France have improved due to its recent connection to the TGV network, with the first phase of the TGV Est (Paris–Strasbourg) in 2007, the TGV Rhin-Rhône (Strasbourg-Lyon) in 2012, and the second phase of the TGV Est in July 2016 
Strasbourg also has its own airport, serving major domestic destinations as well as international destinations in Europe and northern Africa  The airport is linked to the Gare de Strasbourg by a frequent train service City transport in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway, which opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55 8 km (34 7 mi)  The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams  With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named Vélhop  The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of tram system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by trolleybus routes between 1939 and 1962 Being on the Ill and close to the Rhine, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings  In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city  That canal has since closed, but the subsequent Canal du Rhône au Rhin, Canal de la Marne au Rhin and Grand Canal d'Alsace are still in use, as is the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg  Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly 
The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it  The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable  These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of "filtered permeability" to the existing irregular network of streets  It means that the network adaptations favour active transport and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre  While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre  In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip  This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the fused grid 
At present the A35 autoroute, which parallels the Rhine between Karlsruhe and Basel, and the A4 autoroute, which links Paris with Strasbourg, penetrate close to the centre of the city  The Grand contournement ouest (GCO) project, programmed since 1999, planned to construct a 24-kilometre-long (15 mi) highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south  This routes well to the west of the city in order to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the unité urbaine  The GCO project was opposed by environmentalists, who created a ZAD (or Zone to Defend)  After much delay, the GCO was finally inaugurated on 11 December 2021 

Strasbourg public transport statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transport in Strasbourg on weekdays is 52 min  7% of travellers on public transport travel for more than 2 hours every day  The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport is 9 min and 11% of passengers wait for more than 20 minutes on average every day  The average distance people usually travel in a single trip on public transport is 3 9 km (2 4 mi), whilst none travels for more than 12 km (7 5 mi) in a single direction 

European role
Institutions
Strasbourg is the seat of over twenty international institutions, most famously of the Council of Europe and of the European Parliament, of which it is the official seat  Strasbourg is considered the legislative and democratic capital of the European Union, while Brussels is considered the executive and administrative capital and Luxembourg the judiciary and financial capital Strasbourg is the seat of the following organisations, among others:

Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine (since 1920)
Council of Europe with all the bodies and organisations affiliated to this institution (since 1949)
European Parliament (since 1952)
European Ombudsman
Eurocorps headquarters,
Franco-German television channel Arte
European Science Foundation
International Institute of Human Rights
Human Frontier Science Program
International Commission on Civil Status
Assembly of European Regions
Centre for European Studies (French: Centre d'études européennes de Strasbourg)
Sakharov Prize

Eurodistrict
France and Germany have created a Eurodistrict straddling the Rhine, combining the Greater Strasbourg and the Ortenau district of Baden-Württemberg, with some common administration  It was established in 2005 and has been fully functional since 2010 

Sports
Sporting teams from Strasbourg are the Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace (football), SIG Strasbourg (basketball) and the Étoile Noire (ice hockey)  The women's tennis Internationaux de Strasbourg is one of the most important French tournaments of its kind outside Roland-Garros  In 1922, Strasbourg was the venue for the XVI Grand Prix de l'A C F  which saw Fiat battle Bugatti, Ballot, Rolland Pilain, and Britain's Aston Martin and Sunbeam 
In 2006 Strasbourg hosted the Grand Depart of the Tour de France 
The city is home to SN Strasbourg, a First division water polo team that plays its home games at the Piscine de la Kibitzenau 

Honours
Honours associated with the city of Strasbourg:

The Medal of Honor Strasbourg
Sakharov Prize seated in Strasbourg
City of Strasbourg Silver (gilt) Medal, a former medal with City Coat of Arms and Ten Arms of the Cities of the Dekapolis

Notable people
In chronological order, notable people born in Strasbourg include: Eric of Friuli, Johannes Tauler, Sebastian Brant, Jean Baptiste Kléber, Louis Ramond de Carbonnières, François Christophe Kellermann, Marie Tussaud, Ludwig I of Bavaria, Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, Louis-Frédéric Schützenberger, Gustave Doré, Émile Waldteufel, René Beeh, Jean/Hans Arp, Charles Münch, Hans Bethe, Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, Marcel Marceau, Tomi Ungerer, Elizabeth Sombart, Arsène Wenger, Petit and Matt Pokora 
In chronological order, notable residents of Strasbourg include: Johannes Gutenberg, Hans Baldung, Martin Bucer, John Calvin, Joachim Meyer, Johann Carolus, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Georg Büchner, Louis Pasteur, Ferdinand Braun, Albrecht Kossel, Georg Simmel, Albert Schweitzer, Otto Klemperer, Marc Bloch, Alberto Fujimori, Marjane Satrapi, Paul Ricœur and Jean-Marie Lehn 

Twin towns and sister cities
Strasbourg is twinned with:
 Boston, United States, since 1960
 Leicester, United Kingdom, since 1960
 Stuttgart, Germany, since 1962
 Dresden, Germany, since 1990
 Ramat Gan, Israel, since 1991Strasbourg has cooperative agreements with:
 Jacmel, Haiti, since 1991 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Fez, Morocco, since 1999 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Douala, Cameroon, since 2005 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Vologda, Russia, since 2009 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Oran, Algeria, since 2015 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Kairouan, Tunisia, since 2015 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Moscow, Russia, since 2016 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Kampala, Uganda, since 2018 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Kagoshima, Japan, since 2019 (Coopération décentralisée)

In popular culture
In film
The opening scenes of the 1977 Ridley Scott film The Duellists take place in Strasbourg in 1800 
The 2007 film In the City of Sylvia is set in Strasbourg 
Early February 2011, principal photography for Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011) moved for two days to Strasbourg  Shooting took place on, around, and inside the Strasbourg Cathedral  The opening scene of the movie covers an assassination-bombing in the city 

In literature
One of the longest chapters of Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy (1759–1767), "Slawkenbergius' tale", takes place in Strasbourg 
An episode of Matthew Gregory Lewis' novel The Monk (1796) takes place in the forests then surrounding Strasbourg 
A part of the story in White Album 2 takes place in Strasbourg 

In music
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called his Third violin concerto (1775) Straßburger Konzert because of one of its most prominent motives, based on a local, minuet-like dance that had already appeared as a tune in a symphony by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf  It is not related to Mozart's ulterior stay in Strasbourg (1778), where he gave three concert performances on the piano 
Havergal Brian's Symphony No  7 was inspired by passages in Goethe's memoirs recalling his time spent at Strasbourg University  The work ends with an orchestral bell sounding the note E, the strike-note of the bell of Strasbourg Cathedral 
British art-punk band The Rakes had a minor hit in 2005 with their song "Strasbourg"  This song features witty lyrics with themes of espionage and vodka and includes a count of 'eins, zwei, drei, vier!!', even though Strasbourg's spoken language is French 
On their 1974 album Hamburger Concerto, Dutch progressive band Focus included a track called "La Cathédrale de Strasbourg", which included chimes from a cathedral-like bell 
Strasbourg pie, a dish containing foie gras, is mentioned in the finale of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats 
Several works have specifically been dedicated to Strasbourg Cathedral, notably ad hoc compositions (masses, motets etc ) by Kapellmeisters Franz Xaver Richter and Ignaz Pleyel and, more recently, It is Finished by John Tavener 

Notes
Passage 5:
Maria Carrillo High School
Maria Carrillo High School is a public high school in Santa Rosa, California, United States  It is managed by the Santa Rosa City Schools district  It opened in 1996 and is in Santa Rosa's Rincon Valley neighborhood 

History
Maria Carrillo High School opened in 1997 and is named after María Ygnacia López de Carrillo 
In 2011, a YouTube video of Maria Carrillo student Kayla Kearney speaking at a Martin Luther King Jr  memorial assembly went viral after Kearney came out during her speech Maria Carrillo High School (MCHS), a California Distinguished High School 2013, is one of five comprehensive high schools in the Santa Rosa City Schools district  MCHS currently enrolls 1,550 students in grades 9-12  The school received its first regular accreditation by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 1999 

Curriculum
Maria Carrillo follows curriculum as mandated by the Santa Rosa City Schools district  The school offers English classes, fine arts, mathematics, physical education, social sciences, and science classes  The latter include biology, chemistry, zoology, physics, and physical science 
The school has a culinary program, in which students learn cooking skills and compete for awards at local Santa Rosa restaurants 

Extracurricular activities
Sports
The school has a girls and boys basketball team  In November, 2011, the girls basketball coach resigned after being accused of bullying team members over the course of his career at the school  There is a track and field team, which is part of the North Coast Section competition field  There is also a baseball team, which, as of 2004, were the two-time North Coast Section champions 

Notable alumni
Madeline Jane "Maya" DiRado, Class of 2010, is an American former competitive swimmer who specialized in freestyle, butterfly, backstroke, and individual medley events  She won four medals in the 2016 Summer Olympics- two gold, one silver, and one bronze 
Kevin Jorgeson, Class of 2003, is an American mountain climber; he partnered with Tommy Caldwell to successfully free climb The Dawn Wall of El Capitan in Yosemite National Park 
Tristan Harris, Class of 2002, is the founder of the Center for Humane Technology, an organization focused on better aligning technology with the needs of humanity  Harris was featured on TED Talks and 60 Minutes 
Andrew Vaughn, Class of 2016, baseball player, winner of the 2018 Golden Spikes Award with the University of California, drafted third overall by the Chicago White Sox in the 2019 Major League Baseball Draft 
Maria Carrillo High School Alumni Hall of Fame 
Passage 6:
Alpena Power Company
Alpena Power Company is a public utility company that provides electricity to most of Alpena County, Michigan, as well as southeastern Presque Isle County and the village of Hillman, in Montmorency County  The headquarters are located in Alpena, Michigan  The company was founded in 1881 by George N  Fletcher   
they produce 1-2% of power for the area using 3 hydro electric dams located on the thunder bay river 
Alpena Power has one 138KV interconnection with Consumers Energy/METC 

See also
Lists of public utilities

External links
Official website
Passage 7:
Mount View High School (Maine)
Maine School Administrative District 3 (MSAD 3) is an operating school district within Maine, covering the towns of Brooks, Freedom, Jackson, Knox, Liberty, Monroe, Montville, Thorndike, Troy, Unity and Waldo  MSAU District 3 students attend Mount View High School in Thorndike 
Passage 8:
Sno*Drift
Sno*Drift is a rally racing event held in Montmorency County, Michigan, annually, with headquarters in Atlanta, Michigan   The event is currently the first Rally America National Rally Championship event of the season   Currently the event is organized into three distinct rallies:  the national championship event covering both days of rallying, and two regional rally events each covering one of the two days   Competitors may be entered in any or all of these events simultaneously 
Sno*Drift is a winter rally, run primarily on snow-covered gravel surface roads, and is usually held in January   The winners of the 2009 Sno*Drift Rally were Travis Pastrana and Christian Edstrom of Maryland, driving a Subaru Impreza WRX STI  This team also won the event in 2007, but in 2008, they were leading but did not finish the event as they encountered a deer on the next to last stage 

History
A national event in the 1970s and 1980s
Sno*Drift was first held in 1973 as a National event as part of the SCCA Performance Rally series near Grayling, Michigan   Chaired by Tim Steiner, the event was won by the team of Erhard Dahm and John Campbell driving a Jeep Wagoneer, with Gene Henderson and Ken Pogue finished 2nd in a similar vehicle   Scott Harvey and Tom King placed third in a Dodge Colt   Of the 38 teams starting the event, 24 finished 
The event was repeated the next year with Henderson and Pogue rising to win over Dahm with new co-driver Tom Grimshaw   Third was again captured by Harvey, who also had a new co-driver (Wayne Zitkus)   The final Sno*Drift of the period was held in 1975, and was won by Harvey and Zitkus, this time with a Dodge Ramcharger, while second place was claimed by Tom Tolles and Virginia Reese in a Volvo 122S and third by Bob Hourihan and Doug Shepherd, also in a Volvo 122S 
Sno*Drift was not held again until 1979 when it again became a national event for the SCCA   This running saw 48 teams enter, of whom 31 finished   Taisto Heinonen and Tom Burgess won the event in a Toyota Celica GT while Doug Leverton and Greg Wilkinson placed second in their Datsun 510 and Scott Harvey and Randy Graves finished third in a Dodge Aspen 
46 teams entered the 1980 event, while only 24 finished   Overall winners were Guy Light and Jim Brandt in a Jeep CJ-7, followed by John Buffum and Doug Shepherd in a Triumph TR7 and by Dick Turner and Tom Grimshaw in an International Scout   1980's winner in the production class was the team of Erik Zenz and Brian Berg in a Saab 99L followed by Curt Spicer and Tom Hudak, also in a Saab 99, and by Roger Suppes and Woody Crutchfield in a Toyota Corolla 
Sno*Drift was held in 1981 with 49 teams entering and 39 finishing   Jean Paul Perusse and Jim Brandt took the overall win in their Peugeot 504, while second place was claimed by Randy Black and Fred Baker in a Datsun 510, and third by Bjorn Anderson and Randy Weiser in a Toyota Celica   Niall Leslie and Doug Martin captured the 1981 production class win in a Datsun 200 SX, with second in class going to Gene Henderson and Jim Kloosterman, and third to Guy Light and Jim Brandt, with both teams driving a pair of AMC Eagle SX/4 coupes 
Sno*Drift saw 50 entries in 1982 with 31 finishing the rally   John Buffum and Tom Grimshaw took first with an Audi Quattro, with second going to Rod Millen and John Bellefleur in a Mazda RX-7 and third to Doug Shepherd and Jim Roller in a Colt   The production class winners were Guy Light and Jim Brandt in an Oldsmobile Omega, followed by Gene Henderson and Jim Kloosterman in their AMC Eagle SX/4, and Erik Zenz and Lawson Smith in a Saab 99 EMS 
1983, marking the eighth running of the event was also the last of the period run as a national event   40 teams entered and 29 finished, with Rod Millen and Michael Parris winning overall in their RX-7, with Mark Klos and Andrew Klos taking second in a Jeep C101 and Don Jankowski and Karen Landau finishing third in a Dodge Charger   The Production class was led by a pair of Chargers, the first driven by Cal Landau and Craig Marr, and the second by Dan Coughnour and Eric Marcus with Gene Henderson and Jim Kloosterman finishing third in their AMC Eagle SX/4 

Years as a non-national event
Sno*Drift was run in 1984, but was downgraded from a national event to a coefficient 2 divisional event of the, with 28 entries and 20 finishers   The event was held in December as part of the 1985 divisional series   Winners were Tom Bell and Mary Jo Czyzio in a Datsun 510, with second going to Erik Zenz and Steve Nowicki in a Saab 99 and third place awarded to Robert Parks and Jerry Tobin in an Alfa Romeo GTV 
Sno*Drift was run again in 1991, but as a time-speed-distance rally   14 teams took part, with Gene Henderson and Jim Mickle winning in a BMW 325ix   This team won again in 1992 when the event was repeated 

Restoration as a national event in the 1990s
After a long period of dormancy, Sno*Drift was run again as national event for the SCCA, although not as a full event, but instead at 60%, while also counting as coefficient 3 divisional event   In 1997, it was held in Montmorency County, Michigan, with 27 entries and 21 finishers   Overall winners were Frank Sprongl and Dan Sprongl in an Audi S2, followed by Steve Gingras and Bill Westrick and by Cal Landau and Eric Marcus, both in the Mitsubishi Eclipse   Group 5 winners were Mike Villemure and Rene Villemure driving a Volkswagen Beetle, followed by Mike Hurst and Lynn Dillon driving a Pontiac Sunbird and by Gail Truess and Paul Truess in a Chevrolet Citation   Group 2 winners were Gerald Sweet and Stuart Spark in a Saab 99 EMS, followed by Wayne Prochaska and Annette Prochaska in a Volkswagen Golf and Art Burmeister and Randy Moore in a Volkswagen GTI   The Production GT class win went to Steve Gingras and Bill Westrick in a Mitsubishi Eclipse followed by another Eclipse driven by Cal Landau and Eric Marcus and an Eagle Talon piloted by Brian Pepp and Dean Rushford   The Production class was won by a Ford Escort GT driven by Tad Ohtake and Bob Martin followed by a Honda Civic driven by Jay Kowalik and Jeff Wheeler   It was intended to run the event in 1998, although this was cancelled due to extreme weather conditions 
1999 saw Sno*Drift run again as a 60% national event and coefficient 3 divisional event   Overall victory went to Tom Ottey and Pam McGarvey in a Mazda 323 GTX, followed up by Jon Kemp and Brian Maxwell in an Audi 4000 Quattro and by Peter Lahm and Matt Chester in a Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IV   Group 5 was won by Henry Krolikowski and Cindy Krolikowski in a Dodge Shadow GT, followed by Mark Utecht and Diane Sargent in a Dodge Omni and by Jeremy Butts and Peter Jacobs in a Plymouth Arrow   Group 2 winners were Wayne and Annette Prochaska in a Volkswagen Golf followed by David S  Cizmas and David L  Cizmas in a Suzuki Swift and by Art Burmeister and Randy Moore in their GTI   Ottey and McGarvey also took the Proguction GT victory, with Chris Czyzio and Eric Carlson in second and Cal Landau and Eric Marcus in third, both in Eclipses   Production class victory went to a pair of Volkswagen GTIs, the first driven by Karl Scheible and Gail McGuire, and the second by Brian Vinson and Richard Beels   Third was captured by a Plymouth Neon ACR piloted by Evan Moen and Ronald Moen 

Becoming a full national event
2000 marked Sno*Drift's promotion to a full national event   The national event, part of the SCCA's ProRally series, would run all of the stages that comprised the rally   In addition, there would be two SCCA ClubRally events   The first, titled simply Sno, covered the first portion of the rally's stages, and was considered a coefficient 2 club rally, while the second, entitled Drift, covered the remaining stages and was scored as a coefficient 3 club rally   Competitors could enter any or all of these rallies and score points the appropriate series   the 2000 and 2001 event results were as follows (results are listed in the format - driver / co-driver / vehicle):

2000 Sno*Drift national rally (41 entrants/28 finishers)
Overall
1  Paul Choiniere / Jeff Becker / Hyundai Tiburon
2  Karl Scheible / Russ Hughes / Mitsubishi Lancer
3  Pete Lahm / Matt Chester / Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IV
Group N
1  Karl Scheible / Russ Hughes / Mitsubishi Lancer
Group 5
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
2  Mike Hurst / Rob Bohn / Pontiac Sunbird
3  Bryan Hourt / Peter Cardimen / Honda Civic
Group 2
1  Douglas Davenport / Lea Hoffa / Volkswagen Golf
Production GT
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Steve Gingras / Bill Westrick / Eagle Talon
Production
1  Brian Vinson / Luke Stuart / Volkswagen GTI
2  Evan Moen / Kurt Winkelman / Chrysler Neon
2000 Sno Club Coefficient 2 Rally (30 entrants; 20 finishers)
Overall
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
3  Sylvester Stepniewski / Adam Pelc / Audi Quattro
Group 5
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
2  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
3  Rene Villemure / Mike Villemure / Volkswagen Beetle
Group 2
1  Douglas Davenport / Lea Hoffa / Volkswagen Golf
2  Charles Langan / Hughie Langan / Ford Escort
Production GT
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Scott Harvey, Jr  / Bob Martin / Eagle Talon
Production
1  Jouni Pohjolainen / John Matikainen / Nissan NX 200
2  Ryan Brooks / Shanti Traskowski / Acura Integra
2000 Drift Club Coefficient 3 Rally
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
3  Sylvester Stepniewski / Adam Pelc / Audi Quattro
Group 5
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
2  Rene Villemure / Mike Villemure / Volkswagen Beetle
3  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
Group 2
1  Douglas Davenport / Lea Hoffa / Volkswagen Golf
2  Joshua Scott / Roxanne Slancik / Volkswagen GTI
3  Mark Brown / Ole Holter / Toyota Corolla
Production GT
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Scott Harvey, Jr  / Bob Martin / Eagle Talon
Production
1  Jouni Pohjolainen / John Matikainen / Nissan NX 200
2  Tom Young / Jim LeBeau / Dodge Neon ACR
3  Ryan Brooks / Shanti Traskowski / Acura Integra
2001 Sno*Drift National Rally
Overall
1  Paul Choiniere / Jeff Becker / Hyundai Tiburon
2  Mark Lovell / Steve Turvey / Subaru WRX STi
3  Seamus Burke / Frank Cunningham / Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IV
Group N
1  Mark Lovell / Steve Turvey / Subaru WRX STi
2  Karl Scheible / Brian Maxwell / Subaru Impreza
3  Henry Krolikowski / Cindy Krolikowski / Subaru WRX STi
Group 5
1  Tad Ohtake / Bob Martin / Ford Escort
2  Mike Hurst / Rob Bohn / Pontiac Sunbird
3  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
Group 2
1  Eric Burmeister / Mark Buskirk / Volkswagen GTI
2  Matthew Johnson / Eric Adams / Volkswagen GTI
3  Thomas Lawless / Brendan Lawless / Honda Civic
Production GT
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Gail Truess / Pattie Hughes-Mayer / Mazda 323 GTX
3  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
Production
1  Scott Carlborn / Dale Ewald / Jeep Comanche
2  Tom Young / Jim LeBeau / Dodge Neon ACR
2001 Sno Club Coefficient 2 Rally (32 entries; 26 finishers)
Overall
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
3  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Group 5
1  Mike Hurst / Rob Bohn / Pontiac Sunbird
2  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
3  Wiktor Biegalski / Andy Malikowski / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Group 2
1  Thomas Lawless / Brendan Lawless / Honda Civic
2  Phil Smith / Dallas Smith / MGB-GT
3  Brad Hawkins / Adrian Wintle / Volkswagen Golf GT
Production GT
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
3  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Production
1  Jim Cox / Kaarii Louise Cox / Chevrolet S-10
2  Ryan Brooks / Randy Berdan / Acura Integra
2001 Drift Club Coefficient 2 Rally (32 entries; 26 finishers)
Overall
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
3  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Group 5
1  Mike Hurst / Rob Bohn / Pontiac Sunbird
2  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
3  Jerry Brownell / Jim Windsor / Chevrolet Citation
Group 2
1  Thomas Lawless / Brendan Lawless / Honda Civic
2  Phil Smith / Dallas Smith / MGB-GT
3  Phil Schmidt / Steve Irwin / Toyota MR2
Production GT
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
3  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Production
1  Jim Cox / Kaarii Louise Cox / Chevrolet S-10
2  Ryan Brooks / Randy Berdan / Acura Integra
3  William Tremmel / Peter Coleman / Volkswagen GTI
2002 Sno*Drift national rally (46 starters; 34 finishers)
Overall
1  Frank Sprongl / Dan Sprongl / Hyundai Tiburon
2  Mark Lovell / Steve Turvey / Subaru WRX
3  Mark Higgins / Michael Gibson / Hyundai Tiburon
Group N
1  Mark Utecht / Jeff Secor / Subaru WRX
2  Henry Krolikowski / Cindy Krolikowski / Subaru WRX STi
3  Mark Cox / Jim Gill / Mitsubishi Evo VI

Expansion to a two-day event
In 2002, Sno*Drift was expanded to cover two days, with the Sno club rally covering day one and Drift on day two   In 2003, the event was awarded the ProRally of the Year title by the SCCA   The 2004 event was marked by heavy snow 

Transition to Rally America
In 2005, the SCCA transferred organization and marketing of ProRally and ClubRally to Rally America, Inc , with Sno*Drift as the first event of the 2005 calendar, and thus the first event to take place under Rally America organization 

Summary of events
Sno*Drift 1973:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1974:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1975:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1979:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1980:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1981:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1982:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1983:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1984:  SCCA divisional coefficient 2 rally
Sno*Drift 1991:  SCCA regional time-speed-distance rally
Sno*Drift 1992:  SCCA regional time-speed-distance rally
Sno*Drift 1997:  SCCA 60% national and divisional coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 1999:  SCCA 60% national and divisional coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2000:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2000:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2000:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2001:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2001:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2001:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2002:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2002:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2002:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2003:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2003:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2003:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2004:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2004:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2004:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2005:  Rally America National Rally Championship event
Sno 2005:  Rally America Central Regional Rally (coefficient 2)
Drift 2005:  Rally America Central Regional Rally (coefficient 3)
Sno*Drift 2006:  Rally America National Rally Championship event
Sno 2006:  Rally America Central Regional Rally (coefficient 2)
Drift 2006:  Rally America Central Regional Rally (coefficient 3)

See also
Rally America
Rallying
Passage 9:
Redan High School
Redan High School is a public secondary school of the DeKalb County School District located in Redan, Georgia 
Redan was established in 1976 by the DeKalb County School District  The school's mascot is the Raider  Both Redan High School and its "twin," Stone Mountain High School, were built without any main windows on their exteriors (except for in the main common area)  The windowless construction was for energy-saving purposes during the "energy crunch" of the mid-to-late 1970s 
As part of the DeKalb County School District, the school is accredited through AdvancED through 2022 

Campus
The school is in Redan, a census-designated place in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States  The school is south of the city of Stone Mountain and has a Stone Mountain mailing address 

Marching band
The Redan High School "Blue Thunder" Marching Band is one of the largest high school marching bands in the state of Georgia and in the southeast  The band has won the national VH1 Save the Music Battle of the Bands twice, the only high school band invited to perform in this competition to do so The band performs consistently highly in both marching band and concert band competitions, and was considered for inclusion in the inaugural parade of President Barack Obama in January 2009 
The band was featured in the blockbuster movie Drumline and the Disneyland Christmas parade, and shot a live commercial while performing at the Atlanta Football Classic  The band has recorded live commercials for several Fortune 500 companies and featured on releases by a number of recording artists  In November 2009, the Marching Blue Thunder was asked to perform in the movie Stomp the Yard 2: Homecoming, released in 2010 
The band has performed for many college and university halftime shows, including the Florida A&M Homecoming Celebration, Jackson State University, Bethune-Cookman University, Norfolk State University, and Tennessee State University, as well as major international events including the Chinese Festival in Beijing, China 
Among traditional marching bands, the Marching Blue Thunder is currently ranked number two in the United States and in the Southeast, number one in the South, and the number one ranked "High Stepping" high school marching band in Georgia  The band earns thousands of dollars annually in scholarship and tuition funds 

Athletics
The Redan baseball program has a history of producing competitive athletes that reach elite levels of play  In 2013, the Raiders baseball program won the 4A State Championship  This makes the Raiders the first team made up of only African Americans to win a baseball state championship in the state 
The school's Lady Raiders basketball team won the 5A State Championship in 2009 and 2014 

Feeder schools
The following elementary and middle schools feed into Redan High School:

Elementary
Eldridge Miller Elementary School
Shadow Rock Elementary School
Panola Way Elementary School (partial, about 15%)
Redan Elementary School (partial, about 45%)
Woodridge Elementary School

Middle
Redan Middle School
Freedom Middle School
Miller Grove Middle School

Notable alumni
La La Anthony - disc jockey, television personality, actress
Domonic Brown - former professional baseball player (Philadelphia Phillies)
Charles W  "Chuck" Bryant - co-host of Stuff You Should Know
Kevin Butler - former professional football player (Chicago Bears, Arizona Cardinals)
Urso Chappell - graphic designer, writer, and World's Fair historian
Cyhi the Prynce - rapper
Danger Mouse - Grammy Award-winning producer
Chris Gardocki - former college and professional football player (Clemson Tigers, Chicago Bears, Indianapolis Colts, Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers)
TJ Hassan - actor
Milt Hill -  former professional baseball player (Cincinnati Reds, Atlanta Braves, Seattle Mariners)
Jagged Edge - R&B group
Wally Joyner - former professional baseball player (California Angels, Kansas City Royals, San Diego Padres, Atlanta Braves); former assistant hitting coach for the Philadelphia Phillies and Detroit Tigers
Terance Mathis - former professional football player (New York Jets, Atlanta Falcons, Pittsburgh Steelers)
Chris Nelson - former professional baseball player (Colorado Rockies, New York Yankees, Los Angeles Angels, San Diego Padres)
Brandon Phillips - professional baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Reds)
Silentó - rapper
Armond Smith - former professional football player (Carolina Panthers, Cleveland Browns)
Everett Stull - former professional baseball player (Montreal Expos, Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers)
Swizz Beats - Grammy Award-winning producer
Natasha Trethewey, United States Poet Laureate 2012–2014, awarded the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry; Poet Laureate of Mississippi
Context 3: Passage 1:
Tuymazinsky District
Tuymazinsky District (Russian: Туймази́нский райо́н; Bashkir and Tatar: Туймазы районы, Tuymazı rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia  It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Sharansky District in the north, Buzdyaksky District in the east, Belebeyevsky District in the southeast and south, Yermekeyevsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west  The area of the district is 2,403 square kilometers (928 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Tuymazy (which is administratively separate from the district)  As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 64,389 

History
The district was established on August 20, 1930  On March 20, 1937, the district was split into two—Tuymazinsky and Kandrinsky—but that was reversed in 1956 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tuymazinsky District is one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan  It is divided into 18 selsoviets, comprising 113 rural localities  The town of Tuymazy serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of republic significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Tuymazinsky Municipal District, with the town of republic significance of Tuymazy being incorporated within it as Tuymazy Urban Settlement  Its eighteen selsoviets are incorporated as eighteen rural settlements within the municipal district  The town of Tuymazy serves as the administrative center of the municipal district as well 
Passage 2:
Chaunsky District
Chaunsky District (Russian: Ча́унский райо́н; Chukchi: Чаан район, Čaan rajon) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia  It is located on the northern shore of the autonomous okrug and borders with Iultinsky District in the northeast, Anadyrsky District in the southeast, and with Bilibinsky District in the south and west  The area of the district is 67,091 square kilometers (25,904 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Pevek  Population:  5,148 (2010 Census); 6,962 (2002 Census); 32,167 (1989 Census)  The population of Pevek accounts for 80 8% of the district's total population Chaunsky District is flat compared to other districts in the autonomous okrug  The land within the current boundaries was first discovered by non-indigenous people in the 18th century, and now the indigenous people of the district are a minority as ethnic Russians came to the area following a growth in mining 

Geography
The district is centered around the Chaunskaya Bay, on the shores of which Pevek, the administrative center of the district, is situated  The district's territory also includes Ayon Island, found at the entrance to the Chaunskaya Bay  There is an eponymous settlement on the island 
The district's territory stretches for 330 kilometers (210 mi) from north to south and for 290 kilometers (180 mi) from east to west  Cape Shelagsky is its northernmost point  Chaunsky District is significantly flatter than Bilibinsky District located to the west and contains large areas devoted to reindeer pasture 
Approximately 350 kilometers (220 mi) long, the Chaun River, which flows into Chaunskaya Bay, is the longest river in the whole autonomous okrug There are a number of wetland areas of significance within the district  The most westerly of these is situated on the Kyttyk Peninsula and the mouth of the Rauchua River  This area is dominated by the Lower Rauchua delta and the alluvial plains of the Kyttyk Peninsula, from which Ayon Island is separated by the Maly Chaunsky Strait  The peninsula is almost completely covered in a complex system of lakes, ranging in size from small saline pools lying on a recently exposed marine terrace 1 to 2 m above sea level, near the coast, to lakes up to 1 km wide and 12 m deep on high level surfaces 10–15 m above sea level  In addition, the peninsula is scored by a number of rivers, the Eyukuul, Koz'mina, Rakvezan and Emykkyvian among the most significant The Ust-Chaun area of the district also contains significant wetlands at the south end of Chaunskaya Bay, consisting mainly of an alluvial plain approximately 100 km wide and 60 km north to south  The wetlands at Ust-Chaun are similar in structure to those at the Rauchua / Kyttyk wetland, consisting of a landscape almost entirely filled with small lakes, those nearest Chaunskaya Bay are the smallest and shallowest (less than 70 cm deep) and those on more elevated ground being deeper at 1 5–3 m deep The Ust-Chaun region serves a fishing centre for the inhabitants of Rytkuchi, although this has lost its importance in recent years as stocks of Char have diminished, as a result of overfishing both for sale to the local Sovkhoz and as bait for trapping foxes 

Flora
There are approximately 200 different species of plant within the Rauchua / Kyttyk wetland area comprising a variety of steppe, boreal and arctic species, a number of which occur at the eastern limit of their natural habitat  In the Ust-Chaun area, there are even more recorded plant species, at 252 , including a number of rare species 

Fauna
Humpback and chum salmon enter the lower reaches of the Rauchua  Several species of whitefish, grayling and smelt also live in the river or in the many surrounding lakes  Sticklebacks also live in the lakes along with Arctic char, although the community of char is infested with Acanthocephala  Similar fish exist in the Ust-Chaun region, and in addition to fish, the wetland is also home to the Siberian newt, which lives in the shrub-covered tundra near the delta The Rauchua / Kyttyk wetland area is considered to be the easternmost extent of so-called "Kolyma fauna", such as the Terek sandpiper, brown shrike and scarlet rosefinch  The most common bird species in the Rauchua / Kyttyk wetland are the yellow-billed, black-throated and Pacific divers  One of the main reasons for the importance of the Rauchua / Kyttyk is the breeding population (figures as of 1994) of Bewick's swan (approximately 300 birds), the Pacific eider (approximately 3,000 birds) and the spectacled eider (approximately 2,000 birds)  Spectacled and Pacific eider as well as black-throated and Pacific divers are also found in the Ust-Chaun region, though the Pacific eider is much more common on the Kyttyl Peninsula and near Apapelgino Birds of prey are found in the Ust-Chaun area, with the rough-legged buzzard nesting in the area and species such as the goshawk and peregrine falcon visiting the area regularly  Their prey consists of a wide variety of small mammals and almost all mammals found in the tundra regions of the Russian Far East are found in the Ust-Chaun area, including a number of species of shrew, vole and lemming  Larger mammals include wild reindeer, wolves and brown bear 

Demographics
Approximately 85% of the district's population in 2003 were non-indigenous peoples  As with most of the districts in Chukotka, indigenous peoples are more often found in the scattered rural localities, while ethnic Russians are more often found in the urban areas  These people either migrated to the Far East, or are the descendants of those who did, enticed by the higher pay, large pensions, and more generous allowances permitted to those prepared to endure the cold and the isolation, or, more likely, were exiled here as a result of one of Stalin's purges, or were exiled here having been released from the Gulag  The existence of the port of Pevek in the district is a major reason for the presence of ethnic Russians The indigenous people present in the district are almost exclusively Chukchi  An environmental impact study produced by Bema Gold for the Kupol gold project states that at the start of 2004, 846 of the districts inhabitants were of indigenous origin  Of these people, 841 were Chukchi, with 2 reported as Yupik, 2 Mansi and 1 Even comprising the remaining five indigenous individuals  The indigenous people of Chaunsky District reside mainly in Rytkuchi, Ayon and Yanranay 

History
18th and 19th centuries
The area of what is now Chaunsky District was first visited by non-indigenous people, when Karl Merk came across the Chaun River, as part of the overland element of the Billings Expedition—the expedition ordered by Catherine the Great and led by Englishman Joseph Billings in an attempt to find a true Northeast Passage   Prior to the river's discovery by Merk, the Chaun River represented the westernmost boundary of the Chukchi land  Merk named the river Chavaveyam after Mount Chaun, from where the river springs The Rauchua River was a place inhabited by mammoths in prehistoric times and was also the scene of a bloody battle between Chukchi herders and a combination of Yukaghirs and Evens during the 19th century  The name Rauchua comes from the Chukchi word "Ravchyvan", meaning place of a victory over a camp 

20th century
The district in its present form was founded in 1933  Gold and tin were discovered in the 1940s, which led to the first occurrences of industrial mining in the district in the 1950s  The effect of this growth in industry was that Chaunsky District became the first district in the region to have a road network constructed as well as an electricity grid  During World War II, the Chaunskaya Bay area of Chaunsky District was the most important tin producing area in the whole of the Soviet Union 

Economy
Industrial and administrative
Many of the populated places throughout Chukotka owe their existence to tin and gold mines, and deposits of these metals were first discovered in Chukotka in Chaunsky District in 1941  In 2002, the average monthly salary was just over 11,000 rubles per month, although agricultural wages were on average only around half that per month  Mining and ancillary services still form the major elements of the economy of Chaunsky District  There are two large mines and a number of small mines in the district, supported by a large trucking company 

Traditional and cultural
Compared to other districts in Chukotka, agricultural enterprise is not particularly well developed  There is only one farming brigade, Chaunskoye, employing just under 200 people  The brigade herds around 15,000 reindeer and is also involved in fishing 

Transportation
As a result of the development of the mining industry, Chaunsky District also has the most developed road transport network in Chukotka, with paved, unpaved, or snow roads leading from Pevek to all major population hubs  Pevek Airport, located about 14 kilometers (8 7 mi) from Pevek proper, provides a link for the region to Moscow  Pevek's port is the largest in Chukotka and is generally open for about two and a half months a year from mid-July to September The transport infrastructure of the district is more developed compared to the rest of Chukotka; this in part is helped by the presence of Pevek  Pevek itself has the second largest airport in Chukotka after the Ugolny Airport and offers one of the few means of direct air travel to Moscow  Pevek is also the naval headquarters of the East Arctic during the short summer 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Chaunsky District is one of the six in the autonomous okrug  The town of Pevek serves as its administrative center  The district does not have any lower-level administrative divisions and has administrative jurisdiction over one town, six urban-type settlements, and four rural localities, consisting of all the inhabited localities listed below in the "Inhabited localities" section, except for Billings, which is administratively subordinated to Iultinsky District 
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Chaunsky Municipal District and is divided into one urban settlement and three rural settlements 

Inhabited localities
Divisional source:Population source:*Administrative centers are shown in bold
Passage 3:
Shmidtovsky District
Shmidtovsky District (Russian: Шми́дтовский райо́н) was an administrative district (raion) of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, which existed in 1973–2011  As a municipal division, it was, together with Iultinsky Administrative District, incorporated as Iultinsky Municipal District  It was located in the far north of the autonomous okrug and bordered with Iultinsky District in the east, Anadyrsky District in the south, and with Chaunsky District in the west  The area of the district was 70,900 square kilometers (27,400 sq mi)  Its administrative center was the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Mys Shmidta  Population:  1,469 (2010 Census); 2,660 (2002 Census); 15,726 (1989 Census)  The population of Mys Shmidta accounted for 33 5% of the district's total population 

History
Shmidtovsky District was founded in 1973  It was named after Otto Schmidt, a Soviet scientist  Beyond the mainland, the district also incorporated the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Wrangel Island, which straddles the 180° meridian, and its neighboring island Herald, which in 2004 was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list at the same time as Wrangel Island The indigenous population made up around 28% of the total population of the district, which, although lower than in Chukotsky and Providensky Districts, was at the time around average in the autonomous okrug 
Signs of earlier habitation by indigenous peoples can be seen at several sites throughout the former district's territory  In the central parts of the region one can still see the Pegtymel rock drawings, where images were carved into the rock by the local inhabitants using quartz  Over a hundred more examples of ancient artwork can be seen on eleven of the Kaikuul cliffs, describing hunting and farming scenes as well as what is thought to be early references to Shamanism 

Economy
The main economic drivers were gold mining, traditional reindeer herding, and marine hunting  However, there was little mining done in the vicinity of Mys Shmidta, with the three main prospecting teams in the region (Polyarnaya, Arktikaand, and Shakhtar) being based in Leningradsky 

Transportation
Although much of the internal region of the district was given over to reindeer pasture, thus creating a significant area of wilderness, connections between the populated places along the coast were present  As with all areas of Siberia and the Russian Far East, there was very limited road transport  There is a road, however, linking Mys Shmidta with Egvekinot  There is also a 435-kilometer (270 mi) unpaved road between Mys Shmidta and Komsomolsky, of which 235 kilometers (146 mi) is unpaved road and the remaining 199 kilometers (124 mi) is snow road In addition to local road transport, the district was also served by Mys Shmidta Airport, located immediately to the southwest of the settlement  The airport is now employed solely for civilian usage, providing flights to Anadyr  Flights are provided by Chukotavia  The runway is 2,450-meter (8,040 ft) long and 60-meter (200 ft) wide  The distance to Anadyr by air is 478 kilometers (297 mi) 
Unlike airports such as the Provideniya Bay Airport, which has always been a civilian airport, or the Iultin Airport, which was constructed specifically to serve the needs of the remote mine nearby, the Mys Shmidta airport was initially part of the ring of forward staging bases used by the Arctic Control Group (OGA) prior to intercontinental ballistic missiles gaining favor as the primary means of long-range defense 

Status changes
Before May 2008, Shmidtovsky Administrative District was municipally incorporated as Shmidtovsky Municipal District  In May 2008, Iultinsky and Shmidtovsky Municipal Districts were merged, forming an enlarged Vostochny Municipal District  This change, however, did not affect the administrative aspect of these districts  Both Iultinsky and Shmidtovsky Administrative Districts continued to exist separately  In October 2008, the law mandating the change was amended and the name Vostochny was discarded with the combined municipal district being renamed Iultinsky Municipal District 
Shmidtovsky Administrative District was itself merged into Iultinsky Administrative District effective June 13, 2011 

Climate
The climate of the former Shmidtovsky District is more severe than in neighboring Alaska or even as in the neighboring districts and varies significantly throughout the year  Average July temperatures could range from +4 °C (39 °F) to +14 °C (57 °F), and January temperatures from −18 to −42 °C (0 to −44 °F)  The lowest temperatures were characteristic for the western part of the region while storms and winds were frequent on the eastern coast  The summer was short but comparatively warm 

Divisions
Administrative divisions
Shmidtovsky Administrative District had administrative jurisdiction over two urban-type settlements (Mys Shmidta and Leningradsky) and two rural localities (Billings and Ryrkaypiy) 

Municipal
Shmidtovsky Municipal District was abolished in 2008, and all of the municipal formations previously within the district became a part of Iultinsky Municipal District 
Passage 4:
Gmina Włodawa
Gmina Włodawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine  Its seat is the town of Włodawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 243 75 square kilometres (94 1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,936 

Villages
Gmina Włodawa contains the villages and settlements of Korolówka, Korolówka-Kolonia, Korolówka-Osada, Krasówka, Luta, Okuninka, Orchówek, Połód, Różanka, Sobibór, Stawki, Suszno, Szuminka, Wołczyny, Żłobek Duży, Żłobek Mały and Żuków 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Włodawa is bordered by the town of Włodawa and by the gminas of Hanna, Hańsk, Wola Uhruska and Wyryki  It also borders Belarus and Ukraine 

See also
Sobibor extermination camp
Passage 5:
Shumerlinsky District
Shumerlinsky District  (Russian: Шу́мерлинский райо́н; Chuvash: Çĕмĕрле районӗ, Śĕmĕrle rayonĕ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia  It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Alikovsky and Krasnochetaysky Districts in the north, Vurnarsky District in the east, Ibresinsky and Poretsky Districts in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast on the Sura River in the west  The area of the district is 1,047 6 square kilometers (404 5 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Shumerlya (which is not administratively a part of the district)  Population: 10,765 (2010 Census); 13,298 (2002 Census); 16,187 (1989 Census) 

History
The district was formed on January 9, 1935 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Shumerlinsky District is one of the twenty-one in the republic  The town of Shumerlya serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of republic significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Shumerlinsky Municipal District  The town of republic significance of Shumerlya is incorporated separately from the district as Shumerlya Urban Okrug 

Notable residents
Valery Yardy (1948–1994), Olympic road cyclist
Passage 6:
Dnovsky District
Dnovsky District (Russian: Дно́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia  It is located in the east of the oblast and borders with Soletsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the northeast, Volotovsky District, also of Novgorod Oblast, in the east, Dedovichsky District in the south, and with Porkhovsky District in the west  The area of the district is 1,194 square kilometers (461 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Dno  Population: 13,341 (2010 Census); 16,048 (2002 Census); 20,110 (1989 Census)  The population of Dno accounts for 67 9% of the district's total population 

Geography
Being a part of the Ilmen Depression, the district's landscape is essentially flat  The district lies in the basin of the Shelon River  The biggest rivers in the district, all of them being right tributaries of the Shelon, are the Dubyanka, the Polonka, and the Lyuta  A part of the Shelon itself flows through the district as well 

History
In the past, the area belonged to the Novgorod Republic  Two villages with the name of Dno (Bolshoye Dno and Maloye Dno) were first mentioned in chronicles in the 15th century  After the fall of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, the area was, together will the rest of Novgorod lands, annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow  It belonged to Shelonskaya Pyatina, one of the five pyatinas into which Novgorod lands were divided  In the 16th century, state-sponsored roads were built, and the area became one of the centers of yam, the road messenger system  In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate)  In 1727, separate Novgorod Governorate was split off, and in 1772, Pskov Governorate (which between 1777 and 1796 existed as Pskov Viceroyalty) was established  In 1776, Porkhovsky Uyezd was transferred from Novgorod Governorate to Pskov Governorate  The area was a part of Porkhovsky Uyezd, and Dno was the seat of Dnovskaya Volost 
On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished, and Dnovsky District was established, with the administrative center in the town of Dno  It included parts of former Porkhovsky Uyezd  The governorates were abolished as well, and the district became a part of Pskov Okrug of Leningrad Oblast  On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were also abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast  Between August 1941 and February 1944, Dnovsky District was occupied by German troops  On August 23, 1944, the district was transferred to newly established Pskov Oblast 

Economy
Industry
The industrial enterprises in the district include two metalworking plants, a ceramic production plant, and a bakery 

Agriculture
The main agricultural specialization in the district is cattle breeding with meat and milk production  As of 2012, eight large- and mid-scale farms were operating in the district 

Transportation
Dno is an important railway station where two railways cross  One connects Bologoye and Pskov via Staraya Russa and runs from east to west  Another one connects St  Petersburg and Vitebsk and runs from north to south 
Dno is connected by roads with Soltsy, Porkhov, and Dedovichi  There are also local roads with bus traffic 

Culture and recreation
The district contains three cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally twenty-six objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance  The federally protected monuments are archeological sites 
Passage 7:
Niassa Reserve
Niassa Reserve is a nature reserve in Cabo Delgado Province and Niassa Province, Mozambique  Covering over 42,000 square kilometres (10,000,000 acres), it is the largest protected area in the country  The reserve is part of the Trans-Frontier Conservation Area and links to the Tanzanian Lukwika-Lumesule Game Reserve  It will connect to the Lake Niassa Reserve when it is completed 

History
Founded in 1954 while Mozambique was still Portuguese East Africa, Niassa did not receive effective protection until the end of the Mozambican Civil War with the signing of the Rome General Peace Accords  Since then, the Mozambican government has set up management systems in order to protect the ecology of northern Mozambique  
The relative isolation and lack of development that protects the park also hurts its potential for tourism  Mozambican officials admit constraints to development of the park's appeal include "remoteness and difficult access     lack of any established tourism infrastructure and the logistical hardship associated with starting an enterprise under these conditions "Since 2005, the protected area is considered a Lion Conservation Unit 

Borders
The northern border is formed by the Rovuma River, which also forms the border with Tanzania  Niassa Reserve is twice the size of Kruger National Park and comparable to the total area of Wales, Denmark or Massachusetts 

Ecosystem
Niassa is part of the Eastern miombo woodlands, which also encompasses parts of Tanzania and Malawi  The reserve is one of the largest miombo woodland preserves in the world, with miombo forest covering half of the preserve  The remainder is mostly open savannah, with some wetlands and isolated patches of forest  95% of the preserve's biomass is vegetation, which includes 21 types of plant matter and 191 species of trees and shrubs Niassa Preserve boasts an African wild dog population of over 350, significant for an endangered mammal with a global population estimated at 8000  The park boasts a sable antelope population of over 12000, an elephant population of 16000, over 400 bird species, and large populations of Cape buffalo, impala, wildebeest, zebra and leopards  The area has three endemic species - the Niassa wildebeest, Boehm's zebra, and Johnston's Impala The reserve is home to Mecula Mountain, located at the center of the park with a height of 1,441 metres (4,728 ft) 
Passage 8:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 9:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Passage 10:
Kazachinsky District
Kazachinsky District (Russian: Каза́чинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia  It is located in the southern central part of the krai and borders with Yeniseysky and Motyginsky Districts in the north, Taseyevsky District in the east, Bolshemurtinsky District in the south, and with Pirovsky District in the west  The area of the district is 5,755 square kilometers (2,222 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kazachinskoye  Population:  11,430 (2010 Census); 12,732 (2002 Census); 16,015 (1989 Census)  The population of Kazachinskoye accounts for 33 8% of the district's total population 

Geography
The district is located in the Central part of Krasnoyarsk region, 160-230 km North of Krasnoyarsk And 110-130 km from Yeniseisk  The area is 5755 km² 
Situated on both banks of the Yenisey river, through the area the trail passes Р409 "Krasnoyarsk — Yeniseisk"  Near the village of kazachinsky (233-240 km from Krasnoyarsk) is one of the most impassable areas on the Yenisei — kazachinsky threshold (rus)   Adjacent territory:

North: Yeniseisky and Motyginsky districts of Krasnoyarsk region;
East: Taseevsky district of Krasnoyarsk territory;
South: Bolshemurtinsky district of Krasnoyarsk region;
West: Pirovsky district of Krasnoyarsk region 

History
The district was founded on April 4, 1924 

Divisions and government
Kazachinsky district Council of deputies
Date of formation: 13 09 2015  Term of office: 5 years
Chairman
Paskolniy Igor Nikolaevich
Head of kazachinsky district
Ozerskyh Yury Evgenievich  Date of election: 27 07 2015  Term of office: 5 years
Passage 11:
Swan Miara
Swan Miara (ساون میرا) is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan  It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District Formerly it was a part of the Princely State of Amb 
Passage 12:
Lago District
Lago District is a district of Niassa Province in north-western Mozambique  The principal town is Metangula  Lago District is bordered to the west by Lake Nyasa, on the south by Lichinga, on the east by Sanga District   Lago shares its northern boundary with Tanzania   

Area: 6,438 km2 
Population: 55, 892 (1997 census)
Population density: 8 7 people/km2 (1997)

Settlements
Lupilichi
Chicago

Further reading
District profile (PDF)
Passage 13:
Gallaratese
Gallaratese is a district ("quartiere") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city  It is located about 7 km north-west of the city centre  It borders on the comune of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to 

Overview
The district is clearly subdivided into two parts; the first one, in the area of Via Cechov, has developed after the other one, enclosed between Via Cilea and Via Apennini; this latter, older part of the district is sometimes referred to as quartiere San Leonardo  These two parts are connected by a major shopping mall called Bonola  
Gallaratese is one of the largest districts in Italy to have been built "from scratch" in the 20th century (between the 1960s and 1980s) in a previously rural area  The Olona river, which traverses the district, has been laid underground  The first buildings to be created in Gallaratese were large apartment blocks; smaller palaces were added later  Today, the district has a population of about 60,000  The district is well connected by public transportation; it has four stops of the Milan Metro subway and five bus lines traversing it  It is also close to major thoroughfares such as the Tangenziale and the Strada del Sempione  
A major landmark of the Gallaratese district is Monte Amiata, a complex of apartment blocks that were designed by Carlo Aymonino, and that are characterized by a futuristic architecture  The most typical buildings are the so-called "tower houses" (case torri in Italian, tower-shaped apartment blocks 

History
The project for the Gallaraterse district was first laid down by architect Piero Bottoni in the mid 20th century  The objective was to create a low-income housing district with green areas, effective traffic connection to the city, and functional public services  Construction began in 1957, from a first core of the district named "Gallaratese G 1"  The original plan by Bottoni was then refined and developed by over 60 architects, led by Gianluigi Reggio   A second and third part of the district, named "Gallaratese G 2" and "San Leonardo" respectively, were developed between 1964 and 1974   In those years, the "tower houses" that now characterize the Gallaratese' skyline were built   The final outcome was quite different from the original plans; the district was in fact developed with less green areas and less services than it had been planned, resulting in a definitely "satellite" district  
In the last decades of the 20th century the district has grown larger, gradually extending north up to the borders of Pero; the Bonola shopping mall was also created 

Footnotes
External links
Portal of the Gallaratese district (in Italian)
Passage 14:
Nyuksensky District
Nyuksensky District (Russian: Ню́ксенский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia  It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Ustyansky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, Velikoustyugsky District in the east, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District in the southeast, Babushkinsky District in the south, Totemsky District in the southwest, and with Tarnogsky District in the west  The area of the district is 5,167 42 square kilometers (1,995 15 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Nyuksenitsa  District's population: 9,777 (2010 Census); 11,714 (2002 Census); 13,287 (1989 Census)  The population of Nyuksenitsa accounts for 43 7% of the district's total population 

Geography
The district is located on both banks of the Sukhona River  It is elongated from north to south and divided by the Sukhona roughly into two equal parts  The major part of the district belongs to the basin of the Sukhona and two of its tributaries: the Uftyuga (left) and the Gorodishna (right)  The rivers in the north of the district drain into the Ustya River basin and thus into the basin of the Vaga, a major tributary of the Northern Dvina  Some rivers in the southeast of the district drain into the Kichmenga and the Sharzhenga, left tributaries of the Yug River  The whole district belongs to the basin of the Northern Dvina 
The district is almost completely covered by coniferous forests (taiga)  The exception are the meadows in the floodplains 

History
The area was populated by Finnic peoples and then colonized by the Novgorod Republic (Totma) and Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (Veliky Ustyug)  The Novgorod merchants used the Sukhona River as one of the main waterways leading to the White Sea and the Pechora  After the fall of Novgorod, the area became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow  The village of Bobrovy Yam (currently Bobrovskoye) was mentioned in the chronicles in 1425  Nyuksenitsa was first mentioned in 1619 In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate  In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty  The latter was abolished in 1796, and the part of it which included Nyuksenitsa became Vologda Governorate  It was included into Velikoustyugsky Uyezd  In 1918, the area was transferred to the newly established Northern Dvina Governorate, and in 1924 the uyezds were abolished in favor of the new divisions, the districts (raions) 
Nyuksensky District was established on June 10, 1924 and included areas of former Solvychegodsky and Velikoustyugsky Uyezds  On February 27, 1928, it was renamed Sukhonsky District  In 1929, Northern Dvina Governorate was merged into Northern Krai, and Kokshengsky District was established  On July 30, 1931, Sukhonsky and Kokshengsky Districts were merged, and Nyuksensky District was re-established, with the administrative center located in Nyuksenitsa  In 1935, Tarnogsky District was split off from Nyuksensky District  In 1936, Northern Krai was transformed into Northern Oblast, and in 1937, Northern Oblast itself was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast  Nyuksensky District remained in Vologda Oblast ever since 

Administrative and municipal divisions
Administratively, the district is divided into eleven selsoviets  Municipally, the district is incorporated as Nyuksensky Municipal District and is divided into four rural settlements  The municipal district includes all of the inhabited localities of the administrative district, with the exception of the settlement of Ilezka, which is municipally a part of Babushkinsky District 

Economy
Industry
The economy of the district is based on timber production  There is some food industry present, including a milk factory in Nyuksenitsa 

Agriculture
There is cattle farming in the district, which is still in crisis after the fall in the 1990s 

Transportation
Nyuksenitsa stands on the road connecting Vologda and Veliky Ustyug, and in Nyuksenitsa the road moves over the bridge from the left bank to the right bank of the Sukhona  Another paved road branches off in Nyuksenitsa northwest to Tarnogsky Gorodok and further to Oktyabrsky in Arkhangelsk Oblast  There is regular passenger bus service on both roads 
The Sukhona is navigable within the district; however, there is no passenger navigation 
Nyuksenitsa has an oil-pumping station in the Baltic Pipeline System 

Culture and recreation
The district contains 130 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance  Most of these are wooden farm buildings and churches built prior to 1917 
The only state museum in the district is the Nyuksenitsa Regional Museum, located in Nyuksenitsa 
Passage 15:
Cherdynsky District
Cherdynsky District (Russian: Че́рдынский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Cherdynsky Municipal District  It is located in the north and northeast of the krai and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Krasnovishersky District in the east, Solikamsky District in the south, Kosinsky District in the southwest, and with Gaynsky District in the west  The area of the district is 20,872 square kilometers (8,059 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Cherdyn  Population:  24,568 (2010 Census); 35,152 (2002 Census); 40,688 (1989 Census)  The population of Cherdyn accounts for 20 0% of the district's total population 

Geography
About 94% of the district's territory is covered by forests, which are mostly coniferous  Large portions of the territory are also covered by swamps and lakes  Major rivers flowing through the district include the Kama and the Kolva, with tributaries 

History
The district was established in 1924 

Demographics
Russians, at 90 5%, are the predominant ethnicity in the district  Other ethnicities of note include Tatars and Ukrainians, at 1 5% each 

Economy
The economy of the district is based on forestry and timber industry  There is also food industry 

See also
Vilisova
Passage 16:
Novolaksky District
Novolaksky District (Russian: Новола́кский райо́н; Lak: Цӏуссалакрал кIану) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia  It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Khasavyurtovsky District in the northeast, Kazbekovsky District in the southeast, and with the Chechen Republic in the west  The area of the district is 218 2 square kilometers (84 2 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Novolakskoye  As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 28,556, with the population of Novolakskoye accounting for 20 8% of that number 

History
The area of the modern district was historically a part of Aukh, the homeland of the Aukhs Chechens (one of the nine Chechen tukkhums)  During the Soviet times, it was incorporated as Aukh District of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR and included the territories of modern Novolaksky District along with parts of Kazbekovsky and Khasavyurtovsky Districts  In 1944, when the Chechens were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan, Aukh District was split, and Avars, Laks, Russians, and Kumyks were moved in to replace the deported Chechen population  Novolaksky District was resettled mainly by Laks (hence the name "Novolaksky"; literally "New Lak District"), but some Russians and Avars were settled there too  The mainly Chechen toponyms were replaced with Russian, Avar, and Lak ones 
When the Chechens began returning in 1957, conflicts erupted, as they found others literally living in their houses  Fortunately, the two sides came to an understanding  Neither Laks nor Chechens had much hatred for the other side, and both blamed Moscow for the conflict rather  Chechens understood that Laks had been forced against their will to move there, and did not want to be homeless; Laks understood that Aukh was the Chechens' historical home and they had nowhere else to go  The conflict is still being solved currently by the government of Dagestan with the help of local governments  Laks are being resettled, village by village, to the marsh north of Makhachkala, and Chechen names and the Chechen ownership have been restored to many villages  The process, however, is not complete, and there is still room for pitfalls in the negotiation process  Furthermore, there is still the problem of the Avar-settled former Chechen villages 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Novolaksky District is one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan  The district is divided into three selsoviets which comprise fifteen rural localities  As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Novolaksky Municipal District  Its three selsoviets are incorporated as twelve rural settlements within the municipal district  The selo of Novolakskoye serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district 

See also
History of the Lak people
History of Chechnya
Passage 17:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 18:
Akshinsky District
Akshinsky District (Russian: Акшинский район) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia  It is located in the south of the krai and borders with Ononsky, Ulyotovsky, and Kyrinsky Districts of Zabaykalsky Krai, as well as with Mongolia  The area of the district is 7,400 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi)    Administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Aksha  Population: 10,682 (2010 Census); 12,080 (2002 Census); 14,695 (1989 Census)  The population of Aksha accounts for 36 9% of the district's total population 

Geography
The Onon River flows through the district 

History
The district was established on March 4, 1926 

Economy
The district's landscape is suitable for agriculture  The mineral resources of the district include gold, uranium, precious stones, and timber 
Passage 19:
Michurinsky District
Michurinsky District  (Russian: Мичу́ринский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tambov Oblast, Russia  It is located in the northwest of the oblast  The district borders with Pervomaysky District in the north, Nikiforovsky District in the east, Petrovsky District in the south, and with Dobrovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast in the west  The area of the district is 1,655 25 square kilometers (639 10 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Michurinsk (which is not administratively a part of the district)  Population: 34,245 (2010 Census);   35,196 (2002 Census); 39,224 (1989 Census) 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Michurinsky District is one of the twenty-three in the oblast  The town of Michurinsk serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a town of oblast significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Michurinsky Municipal District  The town of oblast significance of Michurinsk is incorporated separately from the district as Michurinsk Urban Okrug 

Notable residents
Afanasy Grigoriev (1782–1868), Neoclassical architect, born in Vasilievskaya
Afanasiy Remnyov (1890–1919), Soviet soldier during the Russian Civil War

See also
Glazok
Passage 20:
Lago Verde (Queyras)
Lago Verde (Italian for "green lake") is a lake which is located  in Italy, close to the French border and the Queyras valley 



ground_truth: Presque Isle County

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What province shares a border with the province where Lago District is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: : 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48 5 to 69 5  Expected years of schooling rose from 9 8 to 12 4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2 8 to 4 4  Progress since 2010 for these has been limited  Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since : 3  As of 2016, 45 8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16 3% severely so : 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7 8, dropped to 4 2 by 2016  It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer: 3  and less literate households  As of 2016, the average household size was 5 3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women : 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003 : 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010  Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period  As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia : 11

Ethnicity and language
Timorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group  Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups : 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity : 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect : 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups : 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent  There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka  Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation  East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically Goan descent, as well as historical immigration from Africa and Yemen Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan : 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects : 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a  According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a  The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum, mostly around Dili or the western border  Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast  The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality : 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30 6% of the population), Mambai (16 6%), Makasai (10 5%), Tetum Terik (6 05%), Baikenu (5 87%), Kemak (5 85%), Bunak (5 48%), Tokodede (3 97%), and Fataluku (3 52%)  Other indigenous languages accounted for 10 47%, while 1 09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum  In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as "working languages" : 3  This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date  In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report  Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools  The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it  Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country : 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77 8% in Tetum, 55 6% in Indonesian, and 39 3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012  According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese  The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English 

Education
East Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021  It is slightly higher among women than men : 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty : 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education  Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate : 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor  Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals  Education takes up 10% of the national budget : 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor  There are also four colleges Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8 4% of primary school and 6 8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81 6% for primary and 46 3% for secondary schools  Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73 7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district  Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language : 28

Religion
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble  Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities According to the 2015 census, 97 57% of the population is Catholic; 1 96% Protestant; 0 24% Muslim; 0 08% Traditional; 0 05% Buddhist; 0 02% Hindu, and 0 08% other religions  A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98 3% of the population, Protestants 1 2%, and Muslims 0 3% The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs  East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity  Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese mass was replaced by Indonesian mass  While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion  The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana  In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretised with local animist beliefs  The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia  Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor 

Culture
The many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom  Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems : 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited  The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited : 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language  At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration : 98–99 The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity : 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule : 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop  This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones : 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices : 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands  Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili : 53–54 The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country : 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers  Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership  Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today  An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness  Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country  Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families : 7–13 

Community life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community : 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials : 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community : 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses  Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities : 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status : 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house : 96 Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island  Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns  Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders  For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women  Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups : 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture : I-5 Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects : 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry  This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge : 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry  Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior" In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013  Shot with a limited budget by a mix of local filmmakers and a volunteer Australian film crew, the film depicted East Timorese life under Indonesian occupation in the 1970s, with producer Lurdes Pires acknowledging their aim to diverge from the government's "friendship and forgiveness" policy for its past conflicts by telling a story of truth-seeking and justice 

See also
Outline of East Timor
Index of East Timor-related articles
List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East
Passage 2:
Dutch Republic
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Dutch: Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795  It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands  The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the Spanish Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule, forming a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the Union of Utrecht) and declaring their independence in 1581 (the Act of Abjuration)  It comprised Groningen, Frisia, Overijssel, Guelders, Utrecht, Holland and Zeeland 
Although the state was small and contained only around 1 5 million inhabitants, it controlled a worldwide network of seafaring trade routes  Through its trading companies, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (GWC), it established a Dutch colonial empire  The income from this trade allowed the Dutch Republic to compete militarily against much larger countries  It amassed a huge fleet of 2,000 ships, initially larger than the fleets of England and France combined  Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the Dutch–Portuguese War (1602–1663), four Anglo-Dutch Wars (the first against the Commonwealth of England, two against the Kingdom of England, and a fourth against the Kingdom of Great Britain: 1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674 and 1780–1784), the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), the War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748) and the War of the First Coalition (1792–1795) against the Kingdom of France 
The republic was more tolerant of different religions and ideas than its contemporary states were, allowing freedom of thought to its residents  Artists flourished under this regime, including painters such as Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer and many others  So did scientists, such as Hugo Grotius, Christiaan Huygens and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek  The Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century, a period which became known in Dutch history as the Dutch Golden Age 
The republic was a confederation of provinces each with a high degree of independence from the federal assembly, known as the States General  In the Peace of Westphalia (1648) the republic gained approximately 20% more territory, located outside the member provinces, which was ruled directly by the States General as Generality Lands  Each province was led by an official known as the stadtholder (Dutch for 'steward'); this office was nominally open to anyone, but most provinces appointed a member of the House of Orange  The position gradually became hereditary, with the Prince of Orange simultaneously holding most or all of the stadtholderships, making him effectively the head of state  This created tension between political factions: the Orangists favoured a powerful stadtholder, while the Republicans favoured a strong States General  The Republicans forced two Stadtholderless Periods, 1650–1672 and 1702–1747, with the latter causing national instability and the end of Great Power status 
Economic decline led to a period of political instability known as the Patriottentijd (1780–1787)  This unrest was temporarily suppressed by a Prussian invasion in support of the stadtholder  The French Revolution and subsequent War of the First Coalition caused these tensions to reignite  Following military defeat by France, the stadtholder was expelled in the Batavian Revolution of 1795  This ended the Dutch Republic; it was succeeded by the Batavian Republic 

History
Until the 16th century, the Low Countries—corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg—consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the County of Flanders, most of which was under the Kingdom of France 
Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg  In 1549, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule  Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain  In 1568, the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, together with Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn, and Lamoral, Count of Egmont revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces  This was the start of the Eighty Years' War  During the initial phase of the war, the revolt was largely unsuccessful  Spain regained control over most of the rebelling provinces  This period is known as the "Spanish Fury" due to the high number of massacres, instances of mass looting, and total destruction of multiple cities and in particular Antwerp between 1572 and 1579 
In 1579, a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Army of Flanders  This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II  Dutch colonialism began at this point, as the Netherlands was able to swipe a number of Portuguese and Spanish colonies, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region  After the assassination of William of Orange on 10 July 1584, both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined offers of sovereignty  However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general  This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy  The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by Spain until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 
During the Anglo-French War (1778–1783), the internal territory was divided into two groups: the Patriots, who were pro-French and pro-American, and the Orangists, who were pro-British  The Republic of the United Provinces faced a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1787  During this period, republican forces occupied several major Dutch cities  Initially on the defence, the Orangist forces received aid from Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands in 1787  The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French Republic (1793–1795), ousting stadtholder William V, abolishing the Dutch Republic, and replacing it with the Batavian Republic (1795–1806)  After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) 
The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813  In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used  In 1815, it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France  On 16 March 1815, the son of stadtholder William V crowned himself King William I of the Netherlands  Between 1815 and 1890, the King of the Netherlands was also in a personal union the Grand Duke of the sovereign Grand Duchy of Luxembourg  After Belgium gained its independence in 1830, the state became unequivocally known as the "Kingdom of the Netherlands", as it remains today 

Economy
During the Dutch Golden Age in the late-16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation  The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world  In 1650 the urban population of the Dutch Republic as a percentage of total population was 31 7 percent, while that of the Spanish Netherlands was 20 8 percent, of Portugal 16 6 percent, and of Italy 14 percent  In 1675 the urban population density of Holland alone was 61 percent, compared to the rest of the Dutch Republic, where 27 percent lived in urban areas The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries  The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands  The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public in six different cities  Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles  While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output The Dutch Republic was a master of banking, often compared to 14th century Florence  When Southern Europe was experiencing poor harvests, surplus grain from Poland was sold by the Dutch for large profits 

Politics
The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands  The latter were governed directly by the States General, the federal government  The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces  The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

Duchy of Guelders
County of Holland
County of Zeeland
Lordship of Utrecht
Lordship of Overijssel
Lordship of Frisia
Lordship of GroningenThere was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor that it was exempt from paying federal taxes, and as a consequence, it was denied representation in the States General 
Each province was governed by the Provincial States, their main executive official (though not the official head of state) being a raadpensionaris or landsadvocaat  In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadpensionaris  In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province  However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces 
Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland  There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure 
After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces  They were federally governed Generality Lands  These were Staats-Brabant, Staats-Vlaanderen, Staats-Overmaas, and (after the Treaty of Utrecht) Staats-Opper-Gelre  The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and Zeeland 
The framers of the United States Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No  20, by James Madison, shows  Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war " Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the latter directly influenced the former is absent 

Religion
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism)  Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice  William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat  In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Dutch Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the republic During the republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect  The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders  In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy  In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city  Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor—along with economic reasons—in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe In the first years of the republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination  This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants  In 1618, the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith 
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches 

Decline
Long-term rivalry between the two main factions in Dutch society, the Staatsgezinden (Republicans, Dutch States Party) and the Prinsgezinden (Royalists or Orangists), sapped the strength and unity of the country  Johan de Witt and the Republicans did reign supreme for a time at the middle of the 17th century (the First Stadtholderless Period) until his overthrow and murder in 1672  Subsequently, William III of Orange became stadtholder  After a 22-year stadtholderless era, the Orangists regained power, and his first problem was to survive the Franco-Dutch War (with the derivative Third Anglo-Dutch war), when France, England, Münster, and Cologne united against this country 
Wars to contain the expansionist policies of France in various coalitions after the Glorious Revolution, mostly including England and Scotland—after 1707, Great Britain—burdened the republic with huge debts, although little of the fighting after 1673 took place on its own territory  The necessity to maintain a vast army against France meant that less money could be spent on the navy, weakening the republic's economy  After William III's death in 1702 the Second Stadtholderless Period was inaugurated  Despite having contributed much in the War of the Spanish Succession, the Dutch Republic gained little from the peace talks in Utrecht (1713)  However, the Dutch had over a period of forty years successfully defended their positions in the Southern Netherlands and their troops were central in the alliances which had halted French territorial expansion in Europe until 1792  The end of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, and Austria becoming allies with France against Prussia, marked the end of the republic as a major military power Fierce competition for trade and colonies, especially from France and England, furthered the economic downturn of the country  The three Anglo-Dutch Wars and the rise of mercantilism had a negative effect on Dutch shipping and commerce 

See also
List of countries that gained independence from Spain
Dutch Empire
Dutch East India Company
Passage 3:
Sumardi
Sumardi (born 26 June 1972) is an Indonesian former footballer who plays as a goalkeeper 
Passage 4:
Zeferino Martins
Zeferino Martins, also known as Ze Martins (born September 5, 1985) is an East Timorese footballer who plays as midfielder for Ad  Dili Oeste and the Timor-Leste national team 
Passage 5:
The Trouble with the Truth (song)
"The Trouble with the Truth" is a song written by Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in April 1997 as the fifth and final single and title track from her album  The Trouble with the Truth 
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 15 during the week of July 12, 1997 

Other versions
Joan Baez also cut a version of the song during an early 1990s recording session in Nashville, but the recording remained unissued until released in 2012 as a bonus track on the remastered rerelease of her 1992 album Play Me Backwards 

Chart positions
Passage 6:
Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship
The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005  The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the "conclusive truth" behind the events  After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor  The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral 

Background
East Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974  East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist  The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory  It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support  The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken  The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government 
Indonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades  During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia  Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area, with UN workers being attacked in Maliana  It soon became clear in the wake of the referendum that the referendum result would be overwhelmingly in favor of the "no" option on the ballot; this raised tensions to a boiling point, and within two hours of the announcement of the results, armed militia groups began attacking civilians  Militia continued to attack civilians as they withdrew from the country, and several massacres occurred as the troops filtered out of the area  A UN peacekeeping force known as INTERFET was deployed to stabilize the situation, made up of mostly Australian troops, and was withdrawn with the arrival of normal UN peacekeepers  East Timor eventually transitioned from a UN mandate to an independent country 

Report
The commission itself was announced in August 2006 and sought to establish "the conclusive truth regarding human rights violations to have occurred prior to, immediately after the Popular Consultation on 30 August 1999" as well as "prepare recommendations that can contribute to healing wounds of the past and strengthen friendship"  The timing of the commission's creation was criticized by some, as it was believed that it was created to intentionally subvert calls for an international tribunal to deal with the events surrounding the 1999 plebiscite  The commission's mandate allowed it to review documents pertaining to four other inquiries surrounding the events that predated it: "The Indonesian National Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights Violations in East Timor in 1999", "The Indonesian Ad Hoc Human Rights Court on East Timor", "The Special Panels for Serious Crimes", and "The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation" The commission was made up of four members appointed from each nation, and these commissioners were instructed to conduct a document review and analyze previous trials and investigations into the subject, including the UN Special Panels for Serious Crimes and Serious Crime Units in Dili, and the report of the Commission of Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste  The commission also stated its intent to research the "historical background, political dynamics, and institutional structures that shaped events before and during 1999" to "inform its conclusions with a broader understanding of the way in which the causes of the violence in 1999 were connected to previously established institutional structures and practices "Operating over three years, the commission gave its final report on July 15, 2008, and presented it to the Presidents of Indonesia and East Timor, concluding that "gross human rights violations in the form of crimes against humanity did occur in East Timor in 1999" and that "pro-autonomy militia groups, TNI, the Indonesian civil government, and Polri must all bear institutional responsibility", as well as stating that "from a moral and political perspective the respective states must accept state responsibility for the violations identified in the report " The commission also made recommendations that both nations begin institutional reform enhancing the strength of investigative and prosecuting bodies involved with investigations into the events, as well as forming joint security policy to ensure the safety of individuals in case of the recurrence of violence  It also noted the need to resolve other standing border and security issues between the two nations to allow for more cooperation  Notably, the report gave no recommendations of amnesty or rehabilitation  The report was endorsed by the president of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, making it the first recognition of the Indonesian government's complicity in human rights violations in East Timor by Indonesia 

Reception
In Indonesia and Timor, the report was presented to both governments and accepted by both the Timorese and Indonesian governments  However, Timorese NGO Timor-Leste National Alliance for International Tribunal wrote an open letter in response to the commission's findings with several criticisms, including the lack of public consultation with victims and parliamentary approval of the commission, as well as noting that the commission assigned institutional responsibility rather than individual responsibility, "which is contrary to the principles of international laws which were ratified by the state of Timor-Leste and to Article 160 of its constitution which says that there must be a justice process for crimes against humanity ", as well as stating their belief that the CAVR was a more trustworthy and support worthy commission for the government to support Internationally, the report had a mixed reception  Some, such as the War Crimes Studies Center at the University of California, Berkeley, said that the commission could be seen as "widely acknowledged as credible and far-reaching ", noting that the Indonesian government's affirmation of the results was important and that the commission made arguments that "there was credible evidence to indicate that Timorese institutions were also responsible for illegal detentions and possibly other crimes "

See also
History of East Timor
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Santa Cruz massacre



ground_truth: Cabo Delgado Province