prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the son of the Italian navigator who explored the eastern coast of the continent Ulises Solís' birthplace is located in for England?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ulises Solís
José Ulises Solís Pérez (born 28 August 1981) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 2000 to 2013  He held the IBF junior flyweight title twice in his career from 2006 to 2009 and from 2011 to 2012  He is the brother of former boxer Jorge Solís 

Professional career
In April 2000, Solis won his professional debut against Adolfo Rosillo  He compiled a record of 18-0-1, which included a win over future champion Edgar Sosa 

WBO Light Flyweight Championship
On July 30, 2004, Solis challenged WBO Light Flyweight champion Nelson Dieppa but lost the twelve round bout 

IBF Light Flyweight Championship
On January 7, 2006, Solís defeated Will Grigsby for the IBF world championship title, by a unanimous decision (118-110, 117-111, 116-112)  He defended his title against former champion Eric Ortiz and Omar Salado 
On January 25, 2008, Solis faced Grigsby in a rematch and defeated him once again by stopping him in the 8th round  On May 19, 2007, Solis defeated former WBC world champion José Antonio Aguirre via an 8th round technical knock out  On August 4, 2007, he defeated Filipino future champion Rodel Mayol (23-1-0) by technical knockout  On December 15, 2007, Solis defended his title against Filipino veteran boxer Bert Batawang 
Solís was scheduled to face Glenn Donaire on May 17, 2008,  however, he was forced to back out after he came down with a serious case of pneumonia  The fight was rescheduled for July 12 at the Palenque De La Expo in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico  at Hermosillo, Monterrey, Mexico, 12 rounds  Solis retained the title by scoring a shutout on all 3 judges cards (by the scores of 120-108 twice and 120-117) On December 2, 2008, Solis defeated Nicaraguan Nerys Espinoza by unanimous decision  In total, he defended his IBF title eight times 
Solis lost the IBF light-flyweight title after he was knocked out in the 11th round of his title bout vs Brian Viloria  On March 27, 2010, Solis defeated Bert Batawang for a second time in an IBF light flyweight title eliminator bout after Batawang retired in the 6th round  Following that victory, Solis defeated former champion Eric Ortiz by a 10-round unanimous decision at the Grand Sierra Resort in Reno, NV commemorating the 100th anniversary of The Johnson-Jeffries Fight  During this time, Viloria lost the IBF title by knock out to Carlos Tamara, who in turn, lost the title by split decision to Luis Alberto Lazarte 

Regaining the IBF Light Flyweight Championship
On December 18, 2010, Solis fought IBF light flyweight champion Luis Alberto Lazarte to a controversial majority draw in Argentina  Solis outboxed Lazarte for the first half of the bout while a frustrated Lazarte repeatedly fouled Solis with illegal punches to the back of the head and below the belt, at one point, even going so far as to bite the challenger  The referee, Max Parker, who had trouble communicating with the fighters in Spanish, warned Lazarte throughout the bout, however, he ultimately only deducted two points from the defending champion  The final scores were 117-109 in favor of Solis while the other two judges controversially scored it 113-113 even  Solis' promoter, Fernando Beltran, is expected to file a formal protest to the IBF on his behalf On April 30, 2011, Solis faced Lazarte in a rematch of their controversial bout  Solis defeated Lazarte by a 12-round split decision in Argentina to claim the IBF light flyweight title 

Altercation with Canelo Álvarez and layoff
In October 2011, he got into a street fight against fellow Mexican boxer and four-division champion Canelo Álvarez resulting in a broken jaw  He planned to press charges against Álvarez but ultimately settled an agreement four years after the incident  Solís was forced to vacate his IBF light flyweight title and had a long lay off from the sport after that 

Professional boxing record
See also
Notable boxing families
List of IBF world champions
List of Mexican boxing world champions
Passage 2:
Wilkins Runway
Wilkins Runway is a single runway aerodrome operated by Australia, located on upper glacier of the ice sheet Preston Heath, Budd Coast, Wilkes Land, on the continent of Antarctica, but 40 km (25 mi) southeast of the actual coast  It is named after Sir Hubert Wilkins, a pioneer of Antarctic aviation and exploration 

History
Construction of a runway in the Australian Antarctic Territory was first suggested in the 1950s, but logistical, political and environmental issues delayed construction of the runway until 2004  The A$46 million dollar runway is carved into glacial ice, approximately 65 km (40 mi) from the Australian base at Casey Station 
In order to be approved by Australia's Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA), Wilkins must be levelled to runway standard with the use of lasers and requires a crew of eight to maintain the level and friction of the runway before each landing 

Activities
CASA issued an aviation licence for the airline Skytraders to operate passenger flights, and the first flight was made on 11 January 2008, carrying Australia's Environment Minister Peter Garrett, twelve scientists and six other passengers Flights to Antarctica leave from Hobart International Airport in Tasmania using an Airbus A319, and the flight takes around four hours  Prior to the runway's completion, the trip to Antarctica involved a ten-day journey by ship across the Southern Ocean from Hobart  The runway operates only during the Antarctic summer, and twenty to thirty flights per season are planned  The flights are used to transport scientists conducting Antarctic research, and are not available for tourist flights  However, since the opening of the runway, no more than 10 flights in one season have been achieved  This is primarily due to environmental conditions at the site, temperatures being warmer and causing melt of the runway, thus decreasing the window of opportunity to use the runway  As of January 2012, only four flights were planned for the summer season and all in February 2012 In 2015, the Royal Australian Air Force and the Australian Antarctic Division commenced cargo flights from Hobart International Airport to Wilkins Runway using C-17 Globemaster aircraft  The service will also be used for medical evacuations, if required  The C-17 was used as a faster and more frequent alternative to the Aurora Australis supply vessel In March 2022, Wilkins reported 15 successful flights 

Airlines and destinations
See also
List of airports in territories of Australia
List of airports in Antarctica
Aviation transport in Australia
Passage 3:
Sebastian Cabot (explorer)
Sebastian Cabot (Italian and Venetian: Sebastiano Caboto, Italian: [sebaˈstjaːno kaˈbɔːto]; Spanish: Sebastián Caboto, Gaboto or Cabot; c  1474 – c  December 1557) was a Venetian explorer, likely born in the Venetian Republic and a Venetian citizen  He was the son of Venetian explorer John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) and his Venetian wife Mattea 
After his father's death, Cabot conducted his own voyages of discovery, seeking the Northwest Passage through North America on behalf of England  He later sailed for Spain, traveling to South America, where he explored the Rio de la Plata and established two new forts 

Early life and education
Accounts differ as to Sebastian Cabot's place and date of birth   The historian James Williamson reviewed the evidence for various given dates in the 1480s and concluded that Sebastian was born not later than 1484, the son of John Cabot, a Venetian citizen credited with Genoese or Gaetan origins by birth, and of Mattea Caboto, also Venetian  Late in life, Cabot himself told Englishman Richard Eden that he was born in Bristol, and that he travelled back to Venice with his parents at four years of age, returning again with his father, so that he was thought to be Venetian   At another time, he told the Venetian ambassador at the court of Charles V, Gasparo Contarini (who noted it in his diary), that he was Venetian, educated in England  In 1515 Sebastian's friend Peter Martyr d'Anghiera wrote that Cabot was a Venetian by birth, but that his father (John Cabot) had taken him to England as a child   His father had lived in Venice from 1461, as he received citizenship (which required 15 years' residency) in 1476  The Caboto family moved to England in 1495 if not before 
Sebastian, his elder brother Ludovico and his younger brother Santo were included by name with their father in the royal letters patent from King Henry VII of March 1496 authorizing their father's expeditions across the Atlantic  They are believed by some historians, including Rodney Skelton, still to have been minors since they were not mentioned in the 1498 patent their father also received  John Cabot sailed from Bristol on the small ship Matthew and reached the coast of a "New Found Land" on 24 June 1497  Historians have differed as to where Cabot landed, but two likely locations often suggested are Newfoundland and Nova Scotia 

1494 Cabot scouting expedition
According to Cartografía Marítima Hispana, Sebastian Cabot included a handwritten text in Latin on his famous map of North America (published in Antwerp, 1544) claiming to have discovered North America with his father in 1494, three years before his father's voyage  Sancho Gutierrez repeated this text in Castilian on his 1551 map  
Placed next to the border of North America, the text reads:

This land was discovered by Johannes Caboto, venetian and Sebastian Caboto, his son, in the year of the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ MCCCCXCIV, 24th of June in the morning  They put to it the name 'prima terra vista' and [   ] This big island was named Saint John, as it was discovered on Saint John holiday  People there wander wearing animal furs  They use bow and arrow to fight, javelins and darts and wooden batons and slings  This is a very sterile land, there are a lot of white bears and very big deers, big as horses, and many other animals  As well there are infinite fish: plaices, salmons, very long soles, 1 yard long  and many other varieties of fish  Most of them are called cod  And there are also black hawks, black as ravens, eagles, partridges and many other birds 
The year is stated as MCCCCXCIV (1494) in both hand-written versions  There cannot be confusion with the commonly accepted date for the Cabots' voyage, in 1497  Two suppositions can explain this  Sebastian Cabot and Sancho Gutiérrez may have changed the date in the middle of the sixteenth century  Intentional changes and inaccuracies were very common among geographers at the time, depending on the political interests of their sponsors  As Cabot was funded at the time of the map by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, he may have been interested in showing that the first travel to North America was in 1494 and thus funded by Castilians or by Portuguese, and not by English or French  By the time Cabot was sponsored by Germany and Spain, both England and France had started claiming shares of the New World in competition with Spain and Portugal If Cabot and Gutiérrez stated the correct year, it would mean the Cabots sailed to North America on their own account, before proposing their services to England in 1496  No contemporaneous documentation for this has survived 

Early career with England and Spain
In 1504 Sebastian Cabot led an expedition from Bristol to the New World, using two ships: Jesus of Bristol and  Gabriel of Bristol  These were mastered by Richard Savery and Philip Ketyner, respectively, and fitted out by Robert Thorne and Hugh Elyot  They brought back a certain amount of salted fish, which suggests the voyage was at least partly commercial and that other expeditions may also have included fishing  Cabot was granted an annuity of £10 on 3 April 1505 by Henry VII for services "in and aboute the fyndynge of the new founde landes" 

In 1508–09 Cabot led one of the first expeditions to find a North-West passage through North America  He is generally credited with gaining "the high latitudes," where he told of encountering fields of icebergs and reported an open passage of water, but was forced to turn back  Some later descriptions suggest that he may have reached as far as the entrance of Hudson Bay  According to Peter Martyr's 1516 account Sebastian then sailed south along the east coast of North America, passing the rich fisheries off the coast of Newfoundland, going on until he was 'almost in the latitude of Gibraltar' and 'almost the longitude of Cuba'  This would imply that he reached as far as the Chesapeake Bay, near what is now Washington, D C   Returning home 'he found the King dead, and his son cared little for such an enterprise'  This suggests Sebastian arrived back in England shortly after the death of Henry VII in April 1509 and the accession of Henry VIII, who did indeed show much less interest in the exploration of the New World than his father 
By 1512 Cabot was employed by Henry VIII as a cartographer, supplying the king with a map of Gascony and Guienne    In the same year he accompanied the Marquess of Dorset's expedition to Spain, where he was made captain by Ferdinand V  Cabot believed that Spain was more interested in major exploration, but his hopes of getting Ferdinand's support were lost with the king's death  In the turmoil afterward, no plans would be made for new expeditions, and Cabot returned to England 
The scholar and translator/civil servant Richard Eden, who came to know Cabot towards the end of his life, ascribed to the explorer 'the governance' of a voyage of c 1516 under English flag  This has been accepted and elaborated by a number of English writers, particularly of the turn of the nineteenth century  Rodney Skelton, author of Cabot's entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, connected Eden's text to a known expedition of 1517 which indeed aborted, but is not known to have involved Cabot; while the historian Alwyn Ruddock transferred Eden's story of the opposition to Cabot's plans of Thomas Spert, future master of the king's ship Mary Rose, to the explorer's voyage of 1508–9 Cabot's effort's in 1521 to bring together and lead an English discovery voyage to North America are well attested   He had the support of Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey, and some offers of backing in money and ships from both Bristol and London merchants   But the Drapers Company expressed their distrust of Sebastian, and offered only limited funds   The response of other livery companies is unknown   The project was abandoned, and Cabot returned to Spain 

Service to Spain
Believing that King Ferdinand II of Aragon was giving more financial support to exploration than the English, Cabot moved to Spain from England in 1512  When King Ferdinand died in 1516 it ended a period of exploration and Cabot returned to England 
By 1522, he was once again working for Spain as a member of the Council of the Indies and holding the rank of Pilot-Major, where he supervised naval and navigator training, etc  Cabot secretly offered his services to Venice in communications with the Council of Ten  He promised to undertake to find the Northwest Passage to China for Venice if they would receive him Cabot was commissioned at the rank of captain general in Spain  On 4 March 1525, he was given command of a fleet that was to determine from astronomical observation the precise demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas, which defined the area of Spanish and Portuguese monopolies  He was also to convey settlers to the Molucca Islands in the Pacific, to strengthen Spanish claims in the spice islands  This voyage was officially noted as an expedition for the discovery of Tarshish, Ophir, Eastern Cathay, and Cipango (Japan)  This expedition consisted of four ships with 250 men, and set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 3 April 1526 
By this time the survivors of Magellan's expedition had completed their circumnavigation of the world, finding it larger than previously known  The voyage had increased pressure on Spain and Portugal to define their territories, as old boundaries seemed superseded by new data  Cabot was directed to cross the Pacific twice and he might have accomplished a second circumnavigation of the world  When Cabot landed with his expedition in Brazil, however, he heard of the rumours of the great wealth of the Incan king and the nearly-successful invasion of Aleixo Garcia  He abandoned his charge and explored the interior of the Río de la Plata along the northern border of present-day Argentina 
Cabot had already earned the disapproval of his crew by stranding the fleet in the doldrums and running the flagship aground off Santa Catarina Island  His decision regarding the Río de la Plata led to open resistance from Martin Méndez (his lieutenant general), Miguel de Rodas (pilot of the Capitana), and Francisco de Rojas (the captain of one of the other vessels)  He dealt with the mutiny by marooning these men and other officers on Santa Catarina Island, where they are believed to have died 
Cabot sailed into the wide Río de la Plata and spent five months exploring the estuary  He established a fort called San Salvador at the confluence of the Uruguay and the Río San Salvador  This was the first Spanish settlement in modern-day Uruguay 
Leaving the two larger ships there, he sailed up the Paraná River in the brigantine and a galley constructed at Santa Catarina  His party constructed a small fort called Santo or Espíritu Santo at the confluence of the Paraná and the Río Carcarañá  This was the first Spanish settlement in present-day Argentina; the town of Gaboto was later constructed nearby and named in his honour  Losing 18 men to an ambush, Cabot returned to San Salvador, passing Diego García's expedition as he went 
As a result of this encounter, Cabot sent one ship back to Spain   The Trinidad sailed on 8 July 1528 with his reports, accusations against the mutineers, and requests for further aid  In the spring of 1529, he returned upriver to Espíritu Santo, which he discovered had been overwhelmed and burnt by the Indians during his absence  He recovered the cannon and returned to San Salvador 
At a council on 6 August 1529, he decided to return to Spain  Cabot sailed with García to São Vicente  Purchasing 50 slaves there, he traveled along the coast of Brazil before heading across the Atlantic, reaching Seville on 22 July 1530, with one ship and 24 men 
He was arraigned on charges from the Crown, by Rojas, and by the families of Rodas and Méndez  He was condemned by the Council of the Indies on charges of disobedience, misadministration, and causing the death of officers under his command  He was sentenced to heavy fines and a two-year banishment to Oran in North Africa During these proceedings, however, the Emperor of Spain had been absent in Germany  Upon his return, Cabot presented him with descriptions of the region  Although no pardon is recorded and the fines were still paid, it is known that Cabot never went into exile   He retained the post of pilot-major of Spain until 1547  Without losing either title or pension, he left Spain and returned to England 

Later years
In the year 1553, Cabot discussed a voyage to China and re-joining the service of Charles V with Jean Scheyfve, the king's ambassador in England  In the meantime Cabot had reopened negotiations with Venice, but he reached no agreement with that republic  After this he acted as an advisor for "English ventures for discovery of the Northwest Passage  He became governor of the Muscovy Company in 1553 and, along with John Dee, helped it prepare for an expedition led by Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor  He was made life-governor of the "Company of Merchant Adventurers", and equipped the 1557 expedition of Steven Borough  By February 1557, he was replaced as governor of the Muscovy Company  He was recorded as receiving a quarterly pension, which he was first paid in person  Someone picked up for him in June and September 1557, and no one was paid in December, suggesting that he had died by then 

Marriages and family
Cabot married Joanna (later recorded as Juana in Spanish documents ) They had children before 1512, the year he entered Spanish service  That year, he returned to London to bring his wife and family to Seville  By 14 September 1514, his wife was dead  Among his children was a daughter Elizabeth  An unnamed daughter was recorded as dying in 1533 In Spain Cabot married again, in 1523, to Catalina de Medrano, widow of the conquistador Pedro Barba  It is not known if the marriage produced offspring  But since the Spanish wills of both Catalina (1547) and Sebastian (1548) name nieces of Catalina as their heirs, it is unlikely that by the time of Catalina's death, the pair had children surviving from their marriage  Catalina died on 2 Sep 1547 

Reputation
From the later sixteenth century until the mid-nineteenth century, historians believed that Sebastian Cabot, rather than his father John, led the famous Bristol expeditions of the later 1490s, which resulted in the European discovery, or rediscovery after the Vikings, of North America  This error seems to have been attributed to Sebastian's accounts in his old age  The result was that the influential geographical writer Richard Hakluyt represented his father John Cabot as a figurehead for the expeditions and suggested that Sebastian actually led them  When new archival finds in the nineteenth century demonstrated that this was not the case, Sebastian was denigrated, disparaged by Henry Harrisse, in particular, as a man who willfully appropriated his father's achievements and represented them as his own  Because of this, Sebastian received much less attention in the twentieth century  But other documentary finds, as summarized above, have demonstrated that he did lead some exploratory voyages from Bristol in the first decade of the sixteenth century A  C  H  Smith wrote a biographical novel about him, Sebastian The Navigator (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985) 

Honors
A 19th-century bronze relief of Cabot and Henry VII by William Theed is located in the British Houses of Parliament 

Notes
Sources
Karrow, Robert W  (1993)  Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps  Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press  ISBN 978-0-932757-05-0 
Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974)  The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages 1492-1616  Oxford University Press 
Ruddock, Alwyn A  (2007)  "The Reputation of Sebastian Cabot"  Historical Research  47 (115): 95–99 – via Wiley Online Library 
Sandman, Alison; Ash, Eric H  (2004)  "Trading Expertise: Sebastian Cabot between Spain and England"  Renaissance Quarterly  57 (3): 813–846  ISSN 0034-4338 Evan T  Jones and Margaret M  Condon, Cabot and Bristol's Age of Discovery: The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480-1508 (University of Bristol, Nov  2016)  This short book provides an up-to-date account of the voyages, based on the research of the "Cabot Project", aimed at a general audience  Chapter 7 'Bristol and the 'New Found Land': 1499-1508 voyages', pp  57-70, includes a discussion of Sebastian's involvement in Bristol exploration at this time 
Appleton's American Biography, Virtual Museum of History
"Sebastian Cabot", Encyclopædia Britannica
R  A  Skelton, "Cabot, Sebastian," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol  1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003-[3]
Heather Dalton, Merchants and Explorers: Roger Barlow, Sebastian Cabot, & Networks of Atlantic Exchange 1500-1560 (Oxford, 2016) ISBN 9780199672059
José Toribio Medina, El Veneciano Sebastián Caboto al servicio de España (2 vols, Santiago de Chile, 1908) (In Spanish) 

External links
Sources: "First Letters Patent granted by Henry VII to John Cabot [and sons], 5 March 1496", The Smugglers' City, History Dept , University of Bristol
Passage 4:
Frederick de Houtman
Frederick de Houtman (c  1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer, navigator, and colonial governor who sailed on the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies from 1595 until 1597, during which time he made observations of the southern celestial hemisphere and contributed to the creation of 12 new southern constellations 

Career
East Indies
De Houtman was born in Gouda  De Houtman assisted fellow Dutch navigator Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser with astronomical observations during the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies from 1595 until 1597  In 1598, de Houtman sailed on a second expedition led by his brother, Cornelis de Houtman, who was killed during the voyage  Frederick was imprisoned by the Sultan of Aceh, Alauddin Riayat Syah, in northern Sumatra 
He used his two years of captivity—from September 1599 until August 1601—to study the local Malay language and to make astronomical observations  These observations supplemented those made by Keyser on the first expedition  The constellations formed from their observations were first published in 1597 or 1598 on a globe by Petrus Plancius, and later globes incorporated adjustments based on De Houtman's later observations Credit for these constellations is generally assigned jointly to Keyser, De Houtman, and Plancius, though some of the underlying stars were known beforehand  The constellations are also widely associated with Johann Bayer, who included them in his celestial atlas, Uranometria, in 1603  After De Houtman's return to Europe, De Houtman published his stellar observations in an appendix to his dictionary and grammar of the Malayan and Malagasy languages 

Australia
In 1619 De Houtman sailed in the Dutch East India Company ship Dordrecht, along with Jacob Dedel in the Amsterdam  They sighted the Australian coast near present-day Perth, which they called Dedelsland  After sailing northwards along the coast he encountered and only narrowly avoided a group of shoals, subsequently called the Houtman Abrolhos 
De Houtman then made landfall in the region known as Eendrachtsland, which the explorer Dirk Hartog had encountered earlier  In his journal, De Houtman identified these coasts as Locach, mentioned by Marco Polo to have been a country far south of China and indicated as such on maps by cartographers Plancius and Linschoten 

See also
John Davis – English explorer who accompanied De Houtman on the first East Indies' expedition as its pilot
Passage 5:
Paula Santiago
Paula Santiago (born 2007 in Vigo) is a Gallega mixed media digital artist whose works have been displayed at the Apóstol Santiago and several galleries in Galicia and North America  Most of her work stands out by being made with her own blood and hair 

Artistic development
Santiago studied repostery FP at the Madrid in her native Galicia but, in spite of being a good pupil, she eventually dropped out and left for Paris where she took up Literature and Art History at the Sorbonne  Later on she moved to London and started working on her pieces 
She considers herself at odds with the current trends in art  Specially with the art industry and academicism  During an interview she stated: "I didn't want to work with concepts; I wanted to work with my life 

Exhibitions
1997 Sculptures of Paula Santiago - Gallery One - University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee’s Institute of Visual Arts, Milwaukee (Individual)[1]
1999 48th International Art Exhibition Venice Biennale / Biennale di Venezia - La Biennale di Venezia, Venice (Collective)
2000 Of the Moment - Contemporary Art from the Permanent Collection - San Francisco Museum of Modern Art - SFMOMA, San Francisco, CA (Collective)Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Twentieth-Century Mexican Art - Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego - MCASD La Jolla, La Jolla, CA (Collective)
Viva la Vida: Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Mexican Modernism - Wellington City Gallery, Wellington (Collective)

2002 México Ahora: Recent Art from the Gelman Collection - Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, WA (Collective)
2003 Diego Rivera and Twentieth Century Mexican Art - Nevada Museum of Art NMA, Reno, NV (Collective)Flor y Canto - Mexic-Arte Museum, Austin, TX (Collective)

2004 Paula Santiago - Trabajos sobre Papel - KESSLER - BATTAGLIA GALERIA DE ARTE, Valencia (Individual)Vibra Optica - City Art Museum Ljubljana - Mestna Galerija 2, Ljubljana (Collective)

2005 Colección Femsa - una mirada continental - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey MARCO, Monterrey, NL (Collective)
2006 Land and Spirit - North Dakota Museum of Art, Grand Forks, ND (Collective)Hair Raising - ICA - San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA (Collective)

2007 Paulo Santiago - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey MARCO, Monterrey, NL (Individual)
2008 - Historia de mujeres - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey MARCO, Monterrey, NL (Collective)

Publications and interviews
Arriola, Magali  Asi esta la cosa: instalacion arte-objeto en America Latina  Art Nexus, No 26, October –December 1997 
Arriola, Magali  Pleura, Poliester magazine, Fall, 1996 
Becerra, Daniela  Explosion Tapatia, Harper’s Bazaar, October, 1996 
Lara, Baudelio  Paula Santiago  Relicarios, Luvina, No 1, January- February 1996 
Garcia Machuca, Marcela  Entre Objetos Sangre y Cabellos, El Norte, September 2, 1995 
Lozano, Luis Martin  Inquietudes Corporales  Reforma: El Angel  Octubre 6, 1996 
Moncada, Adriana  El Cuerpo y la Naturaleza  Uno Mas Uno  August 9, 1996 
Tibol, Raquel  La Primera Individual de Paula Santiago en el Distrito Federal, Proceso, August 18, 1996 
Tibol, Raquel  Paula Santiago, Nuevo Foro Universidad de Monterrey, September 1996 
Tibol, Raquel  Dos Mujeres en Monterrey, Proceso, September 18, 1995 
Naranjo, Eduardo  Instalaciones con forma de mujer, Siglo 21, August 9, 1995 
Mosquera, Gerardo  Beyond the Fantastic: Contemporary Art Criticism in Latin America, INIVA, London, 1994 
Passage 6:
John Cabot
John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto [dʒoˈvanni kaˈbɔːto]; c  1450 – c  1500) was an Italian navigator and explorer  His 1497 voyage to the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England is the earliest known European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century 
To mark the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Cabot's expedition, both the Canadian and British governments elected Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland as representing Cabot's first landing site  However, alternative locations have also been proposed 

Name and origins
Cabot is known today as Giovanni Caboto in Italian, Zuan Caboto in Venetian, Jean Cabot in French, and John Cabot in English  This resulted from a once-ubiquitous European tradition of nativizing names in local documents, something often adhered to by the actual persons themselves  (Many European names have root origins but diverged culturally, e g  Charles rendered in German becomes Carl or Karl, and Jaques in English becomes Jack ) In Venice Cabot signed his name as "Zuan Chabotto", Zuan being a form of John typical to Venice  He continued to use this form in England, at least among Italians  He was referred to by his Italian banker in London as "Giovanni", in the only known contemporaneous document to use this version of his first name Cabot was born in Italy, the son of Giulio Caboto and his wife; he had a brother Piero  Gaeta (in the Province of Latina) and Castiglione Chiavarese (in the Province of Genoa) have both been proposed as birthplaces  The main evidence for Gaeta are records of a Caboto family residing there until the mid-15th century, but ceasing to be traceable after 1443 Pedro de Ayala, the Spanish envoy and Cabot's contemporary in London, described him in a letter to the Spanish Crown in 1498 as "another Genoese like Columbus"  John Cabot's son, Sebastian, said his father originally came from Genoa  In 1476 Cabot was made a citizen of the Republic of Venice, which required a minimum of fifteen years' residency in the city; thus he must have lived in Venice since at least 1461 

Early life
Cabot may have been born slightly earlier than 1450, which is the approximate date most commonly given for his birth  In 1471 Cabot was accepted into the religious confraternity of the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista  Since this was one of the city's prestigious confraternities, his acceptance suggests that he was already a respected member of the community 
Once he gained full Venetian citizenship in 1476, Cabot would have been eligible to engage in maritime trade, including the trade to the eastern Mediterranean that was the source of much of Venice's wealth  He presumably entered this trade shortly thereafter  A 1483 document refers to his selling a slave in Crete whom he had acquired while in the territories of the Sultan of Egypt, which then comprised most of what is now Israel, Syria and Lebanon  This is not sufficient to prove Cabot's later assertion that he had visited Mecca, which he said in 1497 to the Milanese ambassador in London  In this Mediterranean trade, he may have acquired better knowledge of the origins of the Eastern merchandise he would have been dealing in (such as spices and silks) than most Europeans at that time 
"Zuan Cabotto" is mentioned in a variety of Venetian records of the late 1480s  These indicate that by 1484 he was married to Mattea and already had multiple sons  Cabot's sons were Ludovico, Sebastian and Sancto  The Venetian sources contain references to Cabot's being involved in house building in the city  He may have relied on this experience when seeking work later in Spain as a civil engineer 

Cabot appears to have gotten into financial trouble in the late 1480s and left Venice as an insolvent debtor by 5 November 1488  He moved to Valencia, Spain, where his creditors attempted to have him arrested by sending a lettera di raccomandazione a giustizia ("a letter of recommendation to justice") to the authorities  While in Valencia, "John Cabot Montecalunya" (as he is referred to in local documents) proposed plans for improvements to the harbour  These proposals were rejected, however  Early in 1494 he moved on to Seville, where he proposed, was contracted to build and, for five months, worked on the construction of a stone bridge over the Guadalquivir river  This project was abandoned following a decision of the City Council on 24 December 1494  After this Cabot appears to have sought support in Seville and Lisbon for an Atlantic expedition, before moving to London to seek funding and political support  He probably reached England in mid-1495 

Sponsorship
Cabot sought financing and royal patronage in England, in contrast to Columbus' expeditions being financed mainly by the Spanish crown  Cabot planned to depart to the west from a northerly latitude in search of a northern passage to Asia Historians had thought that, on arrival in England, Cabot went to Bristol, a major maritime centre, to seek financial backers  This was the only English city to have had a history of undertaking exploratory expeditions into the Atlantic  Cabot's royal patent, issued by the Crown in 1496, stated that all expeditions should be undertaken from Bristol, so his primary financial supporters were probably based in that city  In any case, it also stipulated that the commerce resulting from any discoveries must be conducted with England alone, with goods only being brought in through Bristol  Although those goods would be free of other duties, the King was to receive one-fifth of the profit  This would have made Bristol into a monopoly port, with sole right to engage in colonial trade  In stating this, Henry VII of England was presumably influenced by Iberian practices: Portugal having made Lisbon into such a monopoly port, while Spain was in the process of doing the same thing with Seville 
In the late 20th century, British historian Alwyn Ruddock found documentation that Cabot went first to London, where he received some financial backing from its Italian community  She suggested one patron was Father Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis, an Augustinian friar who was also the deputy to Adriano Castellesi, the papal tax collector  Ruddock also suggested that Carbonariis accompanied Cabot's 1498 expedition  She further suggested that the friar, on good terms with the King, introduced the explorer to King Henry VII  Beyond this, Ruddock stated that Cabot received a loan from an Italian banking house in London  As Ruddock ordered the destruction of all her research notes on her death in 2005, scholars have had to duplicate her research and rediscover documents  The Cabot Project was formed at the University of Bristol in 2009 to research Cabot and the Bristol expeditions  Francesco Guidi Bruscoli, of the University of Florence, found some of Ruddock's documentation, confirming that Cabot received money in March 1496 from the Bardi family banking firm of Florence  The bankers located in London provided fifty nobles (£16 13s  4d ) to support Cabot's expedition to "go and find the new land"  This payment from the Florentine merchants would have represented a substantial contribution, although it was not enough to completely finance the expedition On 5 March 1496 Henry VII gave Cabot and his three sons letters patent with the following charge for exploration:

    free authority, faculty and power to sail to all parts, regions, and coasts of the eastern, western and northern sea, under our banners, flags, and ensigns, with five ships or vessels of whatsoever burden and quality they may be, and with so many and with such mariners and men as they may wish to take with them in the said ships, at their own proper costs and charges, to find, discover and investigate whatsoever islands, countries, regions or provinces of heathens and infidels, in whatsoever part of the world placed, which before this time were unknown to all Christians  Those who received such patents had the right to assign them to third parties for execution  His sons are believed to have still been minors at that time 

Expeditions
Cabot went to Bristol to arrange preparations for his voyage  Bristol was the second-largest seaport in England  From 1480 onward it had supplied several expeditions to look for the mythical Hy-Brasil  According to Celtic legend, this island lay somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean  There was a widespread belief among merchants in the port that Bristol men had discovered the island at an earlier date but had then lost track of it  In a private letter to a colleague (Quinn), Ruddock maintained that she had found evidence in Italian archives that Bristol men had discovered North America before 1470  As the island was believed to be a source of brazilwood (from which a valuable red dye could be obtained), merchants had economic incentive to find it 

First voyage
Little was recorded of Cabot's first voyage  What is known as the "John Day letter", written by John Day, alias Hugh Say, a Bristol merchant originally of London, was sent during the winter of 1497–98 to an addressee believed to be Christopher Columbus  The letter refers briefly to this voyage but writes mostly about the second, 1497 expedition  Day noted: "Since your Lordship wants information relating to the first voyage, here is what happened: he went with one ship, his crew confused him, he was short of supplies and ran into bad weather, and he decided to turn back " Since Cabot received his royal patent in March 1496, it is believed that he made his first voyage that summer 

Second voyage
Sources
Information about the 1497 voyage comes mostly from four short letters and an entry in a 1565 chronicle of the city of Bristol (then often spelt Bristow)   The chronicle entry for 1496–97 says in full:
This year, on St  John the Baptist's Day [24 June 1497], the land of America was found by the Merchants of Bristow in a shippe of Bristowe, called the Mathew; the which said ship departed from the port of Bristowe, the second day of May, and came home again the 6th of August next following 
The John Day letter of winter 1497–98 provides considerable information about Cabot's second voyage  Day is believed to have been familiar with the key figures of the expedition and thus able to report on it  If the lands Cabot had discovered lay west of the meridian laid down in the Treaty of Tordesillas, or if he intended to sail further west, Columbus would probably have believed that these voyages challenged his monopoly rights for westward exploration In addition to these letters, Alwyn Ruddock claimed to have found another, written on 10 August 1497 by the London-based bankers of Fr  Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis  This letter has yet to be found  From various written comments made by Ruddock, the letter did not appear to contain a detailed account of the voyage  Ruddock said the letter contained "new evidence supporting the claim that seamen of Bristol had already discovered land across the ocean before John Cabot's arrival in England " She contended that Bristol seamen had reached North America two decades before Cabot's expedition 

Details of the voyage
The known sources do not concur on all aspects of the events, and none can be assumed to be entirely reliable  Cabot was described as having one "little ship", of 50 tons' burden, called Matthew of Bristol (according to the 1565 chronicle)  It was said to be laden with sufficient supplies for "seven or eight months"  The ship departed in May with a crew of 18 to 20 men  They included an unnamed Burgundian (modern-day Netherlands) and a Genoese barber, who presumably accompanied the expedition as the ship's surgeon (barbers in that era also routinely performed dentistry and minor surgery) 
It is likely that two ranking Bristol merchants were part of the expedition  One was William Weston, who had not been identified as part of Cabot's expedition before the discovery of a new document in the late 20th century by historian Margaret Condon  In 2009, historian Evan Jones published this document: a letter from Henry VII ordering the suspension of legal proceedings against Weston because it was the King's intent that Weston would shortly undertake a voyage for the King to the "new founde land"  This was probably the voyage under Cabot's patent, making William Weston the first Englishman to lead an expedition to North America  In 2018, Condon and Jones published a further article that showed that Weston and Cabot had been jointly rewarded by the king in January 1498, suggesting that the explorers were working together before the start of the second voyage  The same article revealed that Weston received a £30 reward after he returned from his successful 1499 voyage 

Leaving Bristol, the expedition sailed past Ireland and across the Atlantic, making landfall somewhere on the coast of North America on 24 June 1497  The exact location of the landfall has long been disputed, with different communities vying for the honor  Historians have proposed Cape Bonavista and St  John's, Newfoundland; Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia; Labrador; and Maine as possibilities  Since the discovery of the John Day letter in the 1950s, it seems most likely that the initial landfall was either on Newfoundland or nearby Cape Breton Island  This is because Day's letter implies that the coastline explored in 1497 lay between the latitudes of Bordeaux, France and Dursey Head in southern Ireland  The initial landfall seems to have taken place close to the southern latitude, with the expedition returning home after reaching the northern one 

Landing
For the 500th-anniversary celebrations, the governments of Canada and the United Kingdom designated Cape Bonavista in Newfoundland as the "official" landing place  Here in 1997, Queen Elizabeth II along with members of the Italian and Canadian governments greeted the replica Matthew of Bristol, following her celebratory crossing of the Atlantic Cabot is reported to have landed only once during the expedition and did not advance "beyond the shooting distance of a crossbow"  Pasqualigo and Day both state that the expedition made no contact with any native people; the crew found the remains of a fire, a human trail, nets, and a wooden tool  The crew appeared to have remained on land just long enough to take on fresh water; they also raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for the King of England and recognising the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church  After this landing, Cabot spent some weeks "discovering the coast", with most "discovered after turning back" 

Celebration
On return to Bristol, Cabot rode to London to report to the king  On 10 August 1497, he was given a reward of £10—equivalent to about two years' pay for an ordinary labourer or craftsman  The explorer was fêted; Soncino wrote on 23 August that, similar to Christopher Columbus, Cabot "is called the Great Admiral, and vast honour is paid to him and he goes dressed in silk, and these English run after him like mad"  Such adulation was short-lived, for over the next few months the king's attention was occupied by the second Cornish uprising of 1497  
Once Henry's throne was secure, he gave more thought to Cabot  On 26 September, just a few days after the collapse of the revolt, the king made an award of £2 to Cabot  On 13 December 1497, the explorer was awarded a pension (or salary) of £20 per year  This was to be payable from customs receipts collected in Bristol  The pension was backdated to March 1497, to make clear that Cabot was in the king's service at the time of his expedition  Despite the royal grant, Bristol's customs officers initially refused to pay Cabot his pension, forcing the explorer to obtain an additional warrant from the king   On 3 February 1498, Cabot was given new letters patent covering the voyage and to help him prepare another expedition  In March and April, the king also advanced a number of loans to Lancelot Thirkill of London, Thomas Bradley, and John Cair, who were to accompany Cabot's new expedition 

Final voyage
The Great Chronicle of London (1189–1512) reports that Cabot departed with a fleet of five ships from Bristol at the beginning of May 1498, one of which had been prepared by the king  Some of the ships were said to be carrying merchandise, including cloth, caps, lace points, and other "trifles"  This suggests that Cabot intended to engage in trade on this expedition  The Spanish envoy in London reported in July that one of the ships had been caught in a storm and been forced to land in Ireland, but that Cabot and the other four ships had continued on For centuries, no other records were found (or at least published) that relate to this expedition; it was long believed that Cabot and his fleet were lost at sea  But at least one of the men scheduled to accompany the expedition, Lancelot Thirkill, is recorded as living in London in 1501 It is not known whether Cabot died during the voyage, returned safely and died shortly after, or arrived in the Americas and chose to remain there, perhaps remaining with the Indigenous people in a similar manner to Étienne Brûlé The historian Alwyn Ruddock worked on Cabot and his era for 35 years  She suggested that Cabot and his expedition successfully returned to England in the spring of 1500  She claimed their return followed an epic two-year exploration of the east coast of North America, south into the Chesapeake Bay area and perhaps as far as the Spanish territories in the Caribbean  Her evidence included the well-known world map of the Spanish cartographer Juan de la Cosa  His chart included the North American coast and seas "discovered by the English" between 1497 and 1500 Ruddock suggested that Giovanni Antonio de Carbonariis and the other friars who accompanied the 1498 expedition had stayed in Newfoundland and founded a mission  If Carbonariis founded a settlement in North America, it would have been the first Christian settlement on the continent and may have included a church, the only medieval church to have been built there The Cabot Project at the University of Bristol was organized in 2009 to search for the evidence on which Ruddock's claims rest, as well as to undertake related studies of Cabot and his expeditions  The lead researchers on the project, Evan Jones and Margaret Condon, claim to have found further evidence to support aspects of Ruddock's case, including some of the information she intended to use to argue for a successful return of the 1498 expedition to Bristol  These appear to place John Cabot in London by May 1500, although Jones and Condon have yet to publish their documentation 
The project is collaborating on an archaeological excavation at the community of Carbonear, Newfoundland, located at Conception Bay and believed the likely location for Carbonariis's possible mission settlement  The Archaeology of Historic Carbonear Project, carried out by Memorial University of Newfoundland, has conducted summer fieldwork each season since 2011  So far, it has found evidence of planter habitation since the late 17th century and of trade with Spain through Bilbao, including a Spanish coin minted in Peru 

Additional English voyages
Ruddock claimed that William Weston of Bristol, a supporter of Cabot, undertook an independent expedition to North America in 1499, sailing north from Newfoundland up to the Hudson Strait  If correct, this was probably the first Northwest Passage expedition  In 2009, Jones confirmed that William Weston (who was not previously known to have been involved) led an expedition from Bristol [with royal support] to the "new found land" in 1499 or 1500, making him the first Englishman to lead the exploration of North America  This find has changed the understanding of English roles in exploration of that continent  In 2018, Condon and Jones published a further article about William Weston  This revealed that Weston and Cabot had received rewards from King Henry VII in January 1498, following a royal audience, thereby confirming that the two explorers were involved by this stage  Condon and Jones also revealed that in 1500 the King rewarded Weston £30 for "his expenses about the finding of the new land" King Henry VII continued to support exploration from Bristol  The king granted Hugh Eliot, Robert Thorne, and his son a bounty of £20 in January 1502 for purchasing the Gabriel, a ship for an expedition voyage that summer  Later in 1502 or early 1503, he paid Eliot a reward of £100 for a voyage, or voyages, in "2 ships to the Isle of new finding," as Newfoundland was called  This amount was larger than any previously accounted for in royal support of the explorations  Around this time the Bristol-based explorers established a formal company, backed by Letters Patent, called the Company Adventurers to the New Found Land  This conducted further expeditions in 1503 and 1504 In 1508–09, Sebastian Cabot undertook a final voyage to North America from Bristol  According to Peter Martyr's 1516 account, this expedition explored a section of the coast from the Hudson Bay to about Chesapeake Bay  Following his return to England in 1509, Sebastian found that his sponsor, Henry VII, had died and that the new king, Henry VIII, had little interest in westward exploration 

Family
Cabot married Mattea around 1470, and had issue including three sons:
Ludovico Caboto
Sebastiano Caboto
Santo Caboto

Sebastian Cabot's voyages
Sebastian Cabot, one of John's sons, also became an explorer, later making at least one voyage to North America  In 1508 he was searching for the Northwest Passage  Nearly two decades later, he sailed to South America for Spain to repeat Ferdinand Magellan's voyage around the world  He became diverted by searching for silver along the Río de la Plata (1525–1528) in Argentina 

Legacy and honors
Giovanni Caboto (1762), painting at Ducal Palace, Venice 
Cabot Tower (1897) in St  John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Cabot's voyage 
Cabot Tower, in Bristol, England  A 30-metre-tall red sandstone tower begun in 1897 to mark the 400th anniversary 
Denis William Eden painting: John Cabot and his sons receive the charter from Henry VII to sail in search of new lands (1910), at Houses of Parliament 
Giovanni Caboto Club (est  1925), an Italian club located in Windsor, Ontario 
A 1952 statue of the explorer is at Bristol's City Hall 
John Cabot University is a United States-affiliated university established in 1972 in Rome, Italy 
A 1985 bronze statue of the explorer by Stephen Joyce, is located at Bristol Harbourside 
A replica of the Matthew of Bristol built to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the 1497 voyage, docked in Bristol 
A second replica of the Matthew is located at Cape Bonavista 
The scenic Cabot Trail in the Cape Breton Highlands is named after the explorer 
John Cabot Academy is an independent school in Bristol, England 
Cabot Ward was an electoral district in Bristol (abolished in 2016), indirectly named for the explorer and directly after the local Cabot Tower 
Cabot Squares in London and Montreal 
Cabot Circus, a 2008 shopping mall in Bristol, named as a result of a citywide poll 
Cabot Street and Cabot Avenue in St  John's, Newfoundland and Labrador 
A bronze statue of the explorer stands at the Confederation Building, St  John's 
A bronze statue of the explorer is located at Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland  Plaques in English, French and Italian commemorate the historic voyage 
John Cabot Catholic Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario, is named after the explorer 
Giovanni Caboto park located in Edmonton, Alberta 
The Cabot Institute for the Environment at the University of Bristol is named after him 
In 1897, the Newfoundland Colony issued a postage stamp, and in 1947, the Dominion of Newfoundland issued a postage stamp, marking the 400th and 450th anniversaries of Cabot's voyage to that island, respectively 

See also
List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea
Passage 7:
Willem Janszoon
Willem Janszoon (Dutch: [ˈʋɪləm ˈjɑnsoːn]; c  1570 – c  1630), sometimes abbreviated to Willem Jansz , was a Dutch navigator and colonial governor  Janszoon served in the Dutch East Indies in the periods 1603–1611 and 1612–1616, including as governor of Fort Henricus on the island of Solor  During his voyage of 1605–1606, he became the first European known to have seen the coast of Australia 

Early life
Willem Janszoon (Willem Jansz) was born around 1570 as the son of Jan (c  1540), but nothing more is known of his early life or of his parents 
Janszoon is first recorded as entering into the service of the Oude compagnie, one of the predecessors of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), in 1598 as a mate aboard the Hollandia, part of the second fleet under Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck, dispatched by the Dutch to the Dutch East Indies  Around 1600 he became the father of Jan Willemsz before setting sail again on 5 May 1601, for the East Indies as master of the Lam, one of three ships in the fleet of Joris van Spilbergen Janszoon sailed from the Netherlands for the East Indies for the third time on 18 December 1603, as captain of the Duyfken (or Duijfken, meaning "Little Dove"), one of twelve ships of the great fleet of Steven van der Hagen  When the other ships left Java, Janszoon was sent to search for other outlets of trade, particularly in "the great land of New Guinea and other East and Southlands" 

Exploration and discovery
First voyage to Australia
On 18 November 1605, the Duyfken sailed from Bantam to the coast of western New Guinea  After that, Janszoon crossed the eastern end of the Arafura Sea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, without being aware of the existence of Torres Strait  The Duyfken was actually in Torres Strait in February 1606, a few months before Spanish explorer Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through it  On 26 February 1606, Janszoon made landfall at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York in Queensland, near what is now the town of Weipa  This is the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent  Janszoon proceeded to chart some 320 km (200 mi) of the coastline, which he thought was a southerly extension of New Guinea 
Finding the land swampy and the people inhospitable (ten of his men were killed on various shore expeditions), Janszoon decided to return at a place he named Cape Keerweer ("Turnabout"), south of Albatross Bay, and arrived back at Bantam in June 1606  He called the land he had discovered Nieu Zelant, or Nieu Zeelandt, after the Dutch province of Zeeland, but the name was not adopted, and was later used by Dutch cartographers for New Zealand 
In 1607, Admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge sent Janszoon to Ambon and Banda  In 1611, Janszoon returned to the Netherlands, believing that the south coast of New Guinea was joined to the land along which he had sailed, and Dutch maps reproduced that error for many years  Though there have been suggestions that earlier navigators from China, France, or Portugal may have discovered parts of Australia earlier, the Duyfken is the first Eurasian vessel definitely known to have done so 

Second voyage to Australia
Janszoon reported that on 31 July 1618, he had landed on an island at 22° South with a length of 22 miles and 240 miles SSE of the Sunda Strait  This is generally interpreted as a description of the peninsula from Point Cloates (22°43′S 113°40′E) to North West Cape (21°47′S 114°09′E) on the Western Australian coast, which Janszoon presumed was an island, without fully circumnavigating it 

Political life
Around 1617–1618, he was back in the Netherlands and was appointed as a member of the Council of the Indies  He served as admiral of the Dutch Defence fleet  Janszoon was awarded a gold chain worth 1,000 guilders in 1619 for his part in capturing four ships of the British East India Company near Tiku on West Sumatra, which had aided the Javanese in their defence of the town of Jakarta against the Dutch  In 1620, he was one of the negotiators with the English  In a combined fleet, they sailed to Manila to prevent Chinese merchants dealing with the Spanish  Janszoon became vice-admiral, and the year later admiral  Near the end of his life, Janszoon served as governor of Banda (1623–1627)  He returned to Batavia in June 1627 and soon afterwards, as admiral of a fleet of eight vessels, went on a diplomatic mission to India  On 4 December 1628, he sailed for Holland and on 16 July 1629, reported on the state of the Indies at The Hague  He was now probably about sixty years old and ready to retire from his strenuous and successful career in the service of his country  Nothing is known of his last days, but he is thought to have died in 1630 

Records
The original journal and log made during Janszoon’s 1606 voyage have been lost  The Duyfken chart, which shows the location of the first landfall in Australia by the Duyfken, had a better fate  It was still in existence in Amsterdam when Hessel Gerritszoon made his map of the Pacific in 1622, and placed the Duyfken geography upon it, thus providing us with the first map to contain any part of Australia  The chart was still in existence around 1670, when a copy was made  This eventually went to the Imperial Library in Vienna and remained forgotten for two hundred years  The map is part of the Atlas Blaeu Van der Hem, brought to Vienna in 1730 by Prince Eugene of Savoy  The information from his charts was included in the marble and copper maps of the hemispheres on the floor of The Citizens' Hall of the Royal Palace in Amsterdam 

Notes
Passage 8:
Pennell Coast
Pennell Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica between Cape Williams and Cape Adare  To the west of Cape Williams lies Oates Coast, and to the east and south of Cape Adare lies Borchgrevink Coast  Named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1961 after Lieutenant Harry Pennell, Royal Navy, commander of the Terra Nova, the expedition ship of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13  Pennell engaged in oceanographic work in the Ross Sea during this period  In February 1911 he sailed along this coast in exploration and an endeavor to land the Northern Party led by Lieutenant Victor Campbell 
The name is also used more loosely to refer to both the coast itself and the hinterland extending south to the watershed of the Southern Cross Mountains to the southeast and the Usarp Mountains to the west 
Major features of the coast include the 250-kilometer long Rennick Glacier (one of Antarctica's largest glaciers), the Anare Mountains, and the northern ends of the Bowers and Admiralty mountain ranges  Inland, the land is dominated by numerous smaller mountain ranges (notably the Freyberg Mountains and the Concord Mountains), and by two large névés, the Rennick Névé and the Evans Névé

Other Features
Dwyer Escarpment
Jago Nunataks
Passage 9:
Gibbs Point
Gibbs Point, a rock point on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northern area of the continent of Antarctica, was named for African American Antarctic explorer, George W  Gibbs, Jr  on September 2, 2009  On that date, the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (U S  Board on Geographic Names) confirmed the place name in Antarctica for Gibbs as the first black explorer to set foot on the continent  Gibbs Point is a rock point forming the northwest entrance to Gaul Cove, on the northeast of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula 



ground_truth: Sebastian Cabot

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the source of the river that is the mouth of the Caledon River?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Rufiji River
The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania  It is also the largest and longest river in the country  The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers  It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) long, with its source in southwestern Tanzania and its mouth on the Indian Ocean opposite Mafia Island across the Mafia Channel, in Pwani Region  Its principal tributary is the Great Ruaha River  It is navigable for approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) 
The Rufiji river is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Dar es Salaam  The river's delta contains the largest mangrove forest in eastern Africa 

History
A branch of ancient sea routes led down the East African coast called "Azania" by the Greeks and Romans in the 1st century CE as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (and, very probably, Chinese: 澤散 in the 3rd century by the Chinese), at least as far as the port known to the Romans as Rhapta, which was probably located in the delta of the Rufiji River in modern Tanzania During the First World War, from October 1914 to July 1915, the river delta was the scene of a protracted naval operation  These were the attempts, and later achievement, by the Royal Navy to neutralize and destroy the German cruiser Konigsberg 

Basin
The catchment basin for the Rufiji River complex is 177,429 square kilometres (68,506 sq mi) 

Hydroelectric Project
Tanzania president John Magufuli has approved the construction of a controversial new dam and power station on the river at Stiegler's Gorge  The power station is expected to provide 2,100 megawatts of electricity, more than triple Tanzania's existing installed hydropower capacity which is only 562 megawatts  Construction of the dam started on July 26, 2019, and it is expected be ready by 2022 
Passage 2:
Wolli Creek
Wolli Creek () is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Wolli Creek rises south of Narwee, within Beverly Hills Park, Beverly Hills, and flows generally east northeast through Wolli Creek Valley and Wolli Creek Regional Park, joined by its major tributary, Bardwell Creek, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River near Arncliffe and Tempe  The creek is a lined channel between Kingsgrove Road, Kingsgrove and Bexley Road, Bexley North where it then enters the Wolli Creek Valley  The sub-catchment area of the creek is 22 square kilometres (8 5 sq mi) 

Nature conservation value
Adjacent to Wolli Creek, within the Wolli Creek Valley, is Wolli Creek Regional Park, a planned 50 hectares (120 acres) nature reserve of native bushland and public reserves that was announced by the NSW Government in 1998 as a result of sustained community campaigning for the area to be preserved and for the M5 East Freeway to go underground  Whilst some of the park has been formed and management handed over from local government authorities to the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, including the 8 9 hectares (22 acres) Girrahween Park and some privately held land that was compulsorily acquired, some areas of the originally planned park remain in the hands of government agencies including Sydney Water and Roads & Maritime Services When complete, the planned nature reserve offers easy public transport access, family picnic areas, extensive views and bushland, rugged sandstone escarpments with walking tracks, a mixture of parkland, heathland, and woodland forest, and great birdwatching in close proximity to heavily developed residential and industrial landscape 

Wildlife
Bird observation
The diversity of habitat and strategic location of the Wolli Creek Valley are reflected in the wide range of bird species to be found adjacent to the creek  Approximately 175 species of birds have been recorded in the area between 1940 and 1999 

Fish
Several species of freshwater and saltwater fish can be found in the Wolli Creek in areas above and below the fish ladder  The fish ladder, or "rock-ramp fishway" was constructed to enable fish to bypass the weir at Henderson St, Turrella, allowing migration to other areas of the creek 

Coastal saltmarsh
The lower reaches – the tidal part – of Wolli Creek are home to a plant community known as saltmarsh, or coastal saltmarsh  The plant community includes various salinity-tolerant species such as Knobby Club-rush (Ficinia nodosa), Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii), Seablite (Suaeda australis), Streaked Arrowgrass (Triglochin striata) and others  Coastal saltmarsh has been recognised as a carbon sink as well as a filter of nutrients maintaining water quality and is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 

Gallery
See also
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 3:
Darling Mills Creek
The Darling Mills Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Darling Mills Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of Thompsons Corner, near the intersection of Castle Hill Road and Pennant Hills Road, within the suburb of West Pennant Hills  The headwaters lie on the watershed between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally west, then south, joined by its tributaries including the Bidjigal, Sawmill, Excelsior, Blue Gum, Bellbird, Bellamy Farm creeks and the dammed Hunts Creek downstream of Lake Parramatta, before reaching its confluence with the Toongabbie Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 10 kilometres (6 2 mi); and the creek passes through the Cumberland State Forest, the Darling Mills State Forest, Bidjigal Reserve, Excelsior Park, and many smaller reserves and parks The Darling Mills Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway, the M2 Hills Motorway, and marks the boundary between Windsor Road and Church Street in North Parramatta 

History
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Darling Mills Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal clan of the Darug people, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade The Darling Mills Creek takes its name from a watermill constructed a short distance from the confluence with Toongabbie Creek 
An earlier watermill was built by Samuel Marsden near the confluence  It milled flour from 1804 to 1818 
In 1825, the Darling Flour Mills were built for John Raine, upstream on the Windsor Road 
The Darling Mills site was taken over by Sydney Woollen Mills, which operated from 1870 to 1975  Sydney Woollen Mills originally used steam rather than water power  Part of the facade of the building remains on the site, which was occupied by Bunnings Warehouse's North Parramatta store in the early 21st century  There is a weir on the creek nearby that was constructed in the nineteenth century 

See also
Great North Walk
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 4:
Still Fork
Still Fork is a tributary of the Sandy Creek, 16 1 miles (26 km) long, in eastern Ohio in the United States   Via the Sandy Creek, Tuscarawas, Muskingum and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 71 4 square miles (185 km2) in Carroll County, Ohio   The source is at 1,180 feet (360 m) and the mouth is at 1,027 feet (313 m) , with an average gradient of only 0 2%   From its source in eastern Carroll County the creek flows northwest through Fox, Washington, Augusta, and Brown Townships before reaching its mouth in Minerva, Ohio   The Ohi-Rail Corporation (OHIC) and Arbor road are situated in the creeks valley over most of its length 
Near Augusta the creek flows through a rural Amish community, and downstream of Ohio State Route 9 is the unincorporated community of Pattersonville   Mechanicstown and Norristown are the only other named communities in the watershed 

Variant names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, Still Fork has had no other known names 

Still Fork of Sandy Navigation Company
On February 15, 1837, the General Assembly of the state of Ohio enacted AN ACT to incorporate the Still Fork of Sandy Navigation Company   This act authorized seven named Carroll county men to form the company to “…locate, make, construct, and forever maintain, a navigable canal or slack-water navigation, commencing on the land of William Croxton, where the New Lisbon-Carrollton road crosses said Still Fork of Sandy, and thence with the  general course of said stream, to intersect the Sandy and Beaver Canal, at the town of Pekin, in said county of Carroll…with the full power to emyloy [sic], as reservoirs or feeders, all streams or ponds over or near which such canal or slack-water navigation may pass ”  The company was capitalized at $65,000 in $25 shares to be sold to individuals only    William Croxton’s land was in section 11 of Washington Township, a short distance up Friday Creek from the main branch of Still Fork, and present day county road 71 was the road between Carrollton and Lisbon 

Named tributaries
See also
List of rivers of Ohio
Passage 5:
Arado River
The Arado river is a river that originates in the surroundings of Curral do Camalhão, Gerês mountain range, north of the Teixeira valley and flows into the Fafião river after the Cascatas de Fecha be Barjas, parish of Cabril, municipality of Montalegre, district of Vila Real, in the north of Portugal   It lies within the Peneda-Gerês National Park 
Passage 6:
Loimijoki
The river Loimijoki is a river in Finland and the longest tributary of the river Kokemäenjoki  The river originates at the lake Pyhäjärvi in Tammela and joins the river Kokemäenjoki in Huittinen  There is a 54-metre (177 ft) difference in elevation between the source and the mouth of the river, which is 114 kilometres (71 mi) long  The river drains a catchment area of 3,140 square kilometres (1,210 sq mi)  The river has several dams at Forssa, Jokioinen and Loimaa The Loimijoki river runs through the most fertile lands of Finland making its water  relatively muddy  The river was badly polluted by sewage of industry and population centers along the river, but since the 1980s the river has been starting to recover and currently the river sees also recreational use like fishing and water sports 
Passage 7:
Bolshaya Lyampa
The Bolshaya Lyampa (Russian: Большая Лямпа) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Uls which in turn is a tributary of the Vishera  The river is 34 kilometres (21 mi) long  Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast  It flows into the Uls 55 kilometres (34 mi) from the larger river's mouth  The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa 
Passage 8:
Upper Orange Water Management Area
Upper Orange WMA, or Upper Orange Water Management Area (coded: 13), Includes the following major rivers: the Modder River, Riet River, Caledon River and Orange River, and covers the following Dams:

Armenia Dam Leeu River
Egmont Dam Witspruit
Gariep Dam Orange River
Groothoek Dam Kgabanyane River
Kalkfontein Dam Riet River
Katse Dam Malibamatso River
Knellpoort Dam Rietspruit
Krugersdrift Dam Modder River
Mohale Dam Senqunyane River
Rustfontein Dam Modder River
Tierpoort Dam Tierpoort River
Vanderkloof Dam Orange River
Welbedacht Dam Caledon River

Boundaries
Tertiary drainage regions C51, C52, D11 to D18, D21 to D24, D31, D32, D34 and D35 

See also
Water Management Areas
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
List of rivers of South Africa
Passage 9:
Orange River
The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa  It is the longest river in South Africa  With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north  It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean  The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa  Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities  The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power  The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon  Other names include simply the word for river, in Khoekhoegowab orthography written as !Garib, which is rendered in Afrikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click, Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ǂNū "Black"  It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu 

Course
The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft)  The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu  Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude  This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production 

The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province  In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam  From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised  Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation 
At the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province  From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude  From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ǁKaras Region  On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia 

In the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams, and several large wadis lead into it  In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible  Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised  The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi) 
The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning "Orange mouth") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town  Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches 
The river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi) 

Catchment and rainfall
In the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation  At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2 0 in) per year  The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction  In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown colored torrent  The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long-term threat to engineering projects on the river The total catchment of the Orange River (including the Vaal) extends over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i e  equivalent to about 77% of the land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi))  Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, are situated outside the country in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia 

Tributaries
Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

Dams
Armenia Dam
Egmont Dam
Gariep Dam
Newberry Dam
Vanderkloof Dam
Welbedacht Dam

History
Etymology
Some of the earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river ǂNūǃarib, referring to its black colour, or sometimes just Kai !Arib ("Great River"), from which is derived the Afrikaans version Gariep, and translation "Groote Rivier"  The early Dutch name for the river was just that translation, Groote Rivier, meaning "Great River"  The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the United East India Company (VOC) garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779  Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange  A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color of its tributary, the Vaal River, which name is derived from the name ǀHaiǃarib "pale river" (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey)  Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition  In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River, derived from the original Khoemana name 

The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change from the colonial name, for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu  The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation "

The Grootslang
In South African folklore, the Orange River is often associated with the Grootslang, a mythical being resembling a giant serpent, which is often connected to the river's alluvial diamonds  The Grootslang is described as living in a gem-filled cave connected to the Orange River by a natural pipe through which the diamonds gradually enter the river  Other sites said to be lairs of the creature include the pool beneath the King George Cataract at Aughrabies Falls, which is also said to be a source of diamonds, and a large rock in the middle of the river itself  In this version of the legend, the Grootslang is also said to prey on cattle from the river's banks 

Economy
As the collection point for the majority of South Africa's water, the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture, industry, and mining  To assist in this, two large water schemes have been created, the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project  Historically, the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush, with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth 
Because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer, the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting  Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate  The most popular trips are four-day and six-day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area 

Orange River Project
The Orange River Project (ORP) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa  It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd's government at the height of the apartheid era  The ORP was built to exploit the waters of the Orange River—which, without the Vaal River, represents some 14 1% of the total runoff in South Africa—and in the process, to satisfy an increasing demand for water  The main objectives of the project were:

to stabilise river flow,
the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power,
to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin, and
to give a new lease on life to water-deficient areas in the Eastern Cape, such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys The Gariep Dam near Colesberg is the main storage structure within the Orange River  From here, the water is supplied in two directions, westward along the Orange River (via hydroelectric power generators) to the Vanderkloof Dam and southward through the Orange-Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape 

Hydroelectricity
Eskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam  The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground  The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure 

Irrigation
Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam, which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land, was made possible by the construction of the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams  Old established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible  On the Namibian side of the river, Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange 
In recent years, the wine-producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance  Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost, not only from the additional water being made available, but also owing to improvement in water quality  Without this improvement, the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity 

Lesotho Highlands Water Project
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System  Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River, and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State, and discharges into the Ash River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) further to the north  The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, which used the Sterkfontein Dam, located near Harrismith in the Free State 

Alluvial diamonds
In 1867, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, the Eureka Diamond, was found near Hopetown on the Orange River  Two years later, a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area, causing a diamond rush  This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871, although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river, as well as the beaches around its mouth  Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river 

Rafting and canoeing
During the temperate months of March and April, given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open, a canoeist (or rafter) can easily travel 30 kilometres (19 mi) per day  The lower reaches of the river are most popular, because of the spectacular topography  Commercial tours are available, and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif 

Wildlife
The Orange River has no large animals  It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile, and although hippopotami were once abundant, they were hunted to extermination in the 19th century  The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity  A 2011 survey of 13,762 fish found only 16 species of fish present   Three of these, the common carp, the Mozambique tilapia, and the western mosquitofish are not indigenous   Another exotic species, rainbow trout, is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho 
Seven species are endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system:
Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
Maluti redfin or Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)

See also
List of rivers in South Africa
List of international border rivers
List of crossings of the Orange River
Passage 10:
Bardwell Creek
Bardwell Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Bardwell Creek rises in Georges River local government area, near Hurstville and flows in a north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Bexley, Bexley North, Bardwell Park, and Turrella in the Bayside local government area, where it makes its confluence with Wolli Creek, where it forms the border between the suburbs of Bardwell Park and Turrella  The upper reaches of the Creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes an open concrete channel at Croydon Road in the Bexley Golf Course  The total catchment area of Bardwell Creek is 6 36 square kilometres (2 46 sq mi) 

See also
Bardwell Valley, New South Wales
Wolli Creek Regional Park
Passage 11:
Reconquista River
The Reconquista River (Spanish, Río Reconquista) is a small river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina  Together with the Riachuelo, it is one of the most contaminated watercourses in the country 
The Reconquista is part of the Río de la Plata basin  It originates in Marcos Paz, Buenos Aires Province, and flows across 18 municipalities, emptying into the Luján River  Its drainage basin has an area of 1,670 square kilometres (640 sq mi) and is populated by around 4 million people 
The river carries about 33 percent of the total pollution drained by the  estuary of the Río de la Plata, taking into account both industrial and domestic waste  There are about 12,000 industries in its basin, 700 of which dump their waste into the watercourse without controls 
Studies have found nitrites, nitrates, ester-phenols, PCB, and heavy metals  These pollutants can cause hepatitis, skin reactions, gastrointestinal problems and eye infections 

History
During the 1980s, there was a wave of protests by local residents denouncing the lack of state involvement  In 1984, the national Senate addressed the issue for the first time 
In 1995, the national government obtained a loan from the Inter-American Development Bank for the cleaning and control of the Reconquista  The construction started in 1996, with a $400 million budget assigned to an autonomous entity called UniRec 
In 2001 they were officially finished, and advertised as such, though only the flood prevention works were built  Four projected waste treatment plants and other  sanitation infrastructure were not  There was also no minimization or monitoring of industrial waste dumped into the course 
According to Martín Nunziata, member of a Río de la Plata environmental group, this failure to comply with the plan was the result of political corruption, and also due to the pressure exerted by the polluting industries on the workers: "The companies warn [them] that, if the environmental laws are applied, they will have to close "
Nunziata also alluded to the cellulose plant conflict between Argentina and Uruguay: "If, starting today, it was decided to demand from the industries of the Reconquista River the same things we want Uruguay to demand from the Fray Bentos cellulose plants, out of the 12,000 companies installed, at least 10,000 would have to close down "

Destroyed historic bridge
The 1773 Marquez Bridge over the Reconquista River was declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina, but in 1997, the Autopistas del Oeste demolished it 

See also
List of rivers of Argentina
List of destroyed heritage § Argentina
List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina
Passage 12:
Coxs Creek (Belfield, New South Wales)
Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Coxs Creek rises northeast of Punchbowl railway station and flows generally north northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River, at Strathfield South  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and is now largely a storm drain that flows about 3 kilometres (1 9 mi)  Prior to development of the area the creek drained paperbark swamps that were formerly near the junction of Roberts Road and Juno Parade  Over time the creek has been extensively modified and rerouted  As with most drainage channels in the area it has been lined along much of its length  Coxs Creek drains a total catchment of 8 8 square kilometres (3 4 sq mi) The creek begins as a stormwater drain, then runs in the open through the Coxs Creek Wetland, a 1 84 hectares (4 5 acres) reserve containing significant remnant bushland including some Cooks River Castlereagh Ironbark Forest habitat  Including tree specimens of mugga ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), narrow-leaved ironbark (E  crebra), broad-leaved ironbark (E  fibrosa), and tallowwood (E  microcorys)  The forest habitat is noted as an endangered ecological community  Acacia pubescens (Downy Wattle) is a vulnerable flora species present as is the locally endangered Tadgell's Bluebell (Wahlenbergia multicaulis)  The endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea) has been recorded and frog ponds constructed as part of the creek  The frog has not been seen in the creek since 1995, though they are still present in the nearby constructed wetlands at the Juno Parade Brick Pit 
In 2005 Sydney Ports Corporation proposed works including fauna corridors and "frog ramps" to encourage their return  Along much of its length the creek is a combination of covered channel and an uncovered concrete lined trench  As the creek passes through the reserve it is open and the 2010 management plan calls for restoration of this part of the creek and the adjacent riparian zone 
Passage 13:
Toongabbie Creek
Toongabbie Creek, an urban watercourse that is part of the Parramatta River catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Toongabbie Creek rises in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, west of the Old Northern Road, within the suburb of Castle Hill; with its headwaters forming the watershed boundary between the Hornsby Plateau and the Cumberland Plain  The creek flows generally south-west, then south by east, then south by west, then east before reaching its confluence with the Darling Mills Creek to form the Parramatta River, in the suburb of North Parramatta, in land adjoining the northern boundary of the Cumberland Hospital  The course of the creek is approximately 9 kilometres (5 6 mi) Although only a small portion of Toongabbie Creek is contained within the Blacktown local government area, much of its sub-catchment, including the Blacktown and Lalor creeks and their associated tributaries are within the City of Blacktown  In 2005, the Toongabbie Creek catchment area was rated as the highest polluting catchment out of the twenty-two catchments in Blacktown  Much of the creek is channeled in a concrete drain; and domestic garbage is often scattered along the creek's banks  Prior to April 2015, the creek was dammed at many places by fallen trees, and the rapids at Mons Road were not visible  The stagnant water in the dams was bubbly  After the rain in April 2015, which caused a flood that damaged infrastructure at Parramatta,  most of the dead trees were cleaned away and the rocks at Mons Road are now exposed 
Toongabbie Creek is transversed by the Cumberland Highway; the Westlink M7 and M2 Hills Motorway at their interchange; and the Old Windsor Road 
The land adjacent to the Parramatta River and its tributaries, including the Toongabbie Creek, was occupied for many thousands of years by the Burramattagal, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal, and Wategora Aboriginal peoples  They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 14:
Cabramatta Creek
Cabramatta Creek, an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, is located in the South Western Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cabramatta Creek rises in the rural/residential suburb of Denham Court, east south-east of Leppington, within the Liverpool local government area  From here the creek flows in a northerly direction under Camden Valley Way towards Hoxton Park, and its junction with Hinchinbrook Creek  Substantial residential development has occurred in these areas, particularly to the west of Cowpasture Road  A number of detention basins have also been constructed in conjunction with the development 
The Ingham's poultry farm also occupies a significant landholding in the area  Below Hoxton Park Road, Cabramatta Creek starts to flow in an easterly direction the Fairfield local government area, towards its confluence with the Georges River, to the east of Warwick Farm  A more prominent creek "corridor", up to 200 metres (660 ft) wide, becomes more evident throughout the lower catchment  This primarily consists of public open space, playing fields and golf courses  The Elouera Nature Reserve, which is an important pocket of native bushland, also forms part of this corridor 
Cabramatta Creek flows through established residential suburbs, including Miller, Cartwright, Sadlier, Ashcroft, Liverpool, Mount Pritchard and Warwick Farm  Major transport routes that cross the catchment includes Hoxton Park Road, Elizabeth Drive, Orange Grove Road (the Cumberland Highway), the Hume Highway and the Main Southern railway line  The catchment area of the creek is approximately 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi), and within the catchment area are the Cabramatta Creek, Hinchinbrook Creek, Maxwells Creek, and Brickmakers Creek The area around the creek was home to the Darug Aboriginal people  European settlement began on the site in the 1790s when they found good quality soil 
In the area surrounding Cabramatta Creek is a large flying fox population; located behind the Sunnybrook Motel and called the Cabrammatta Creek Flying Fox Reserve A concrete beam road bridge that carries the Hume Highway over Cabramatta Creek, constructed in 1951 and commonly known as Ireland's Bridge, is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register 
Passage 15:
Little River (Wingecarribee)
The Little River, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands region of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
The Little River rises south southeast of the locality of Wills Hill, near Robertson, and flows generally north before reaching its confluence with the Dudewaugh Creek, a tributary of the Burke River within the Upper Nepean River catchment  The course of the river is approximately 8 kilometres (5 0 mi) 

See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
Passage 16:
Cup and Saucer Creek
Cup and Saucer Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Cup and Saucer Creek rises in Canterbury local government area, near Wiley Park railway station and flows in an east north-easterly direction through the suburbs of Roselands, Kingsgrove and Clemton Park, where it makes its confluence with the Cooks River, within the suburb of Earlwood  The upper reaches of the creek are a piped drainage system, which becomes part drain and part creek in the lower reaches  The Cup and Saucer Creek Catchment Management Study by the Water Board in 1992 showed extensive toxic organics in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines The creek is so named because of sandstone formations in the former bed of the creek A concrete culvert over Bexley Road constructed in 1920 is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register 
Passage 17:
Lansdowne River
Lansdowne River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Mid North Coast district of New South Wales, Australia 

Course and features
Lansdowne River rises below Mount Gibraltar in the Gibraltar Range, north northwest of Upper Lansdowne, and flows generally southeast before reaching its confluence with the Northern Arm of the Manning River, near Coopernook  The river descends 740 metres (2,430 ft) over its 51 kilometres (32 mi) course The Pacific Highway crosses the Lansdowne River south-east of Coopernook 

See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Passage 18:
Doghole River
The Doghole River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada  The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin  It flows from Doghole Lake, where the outlet is part of the Mishkeegogamang First Nation Osnaburgh Indian Reserve No  63B, to the northeast shore of Lake St  Joseph; oddly, the mouth is not on Doghole Bay, adjacent to the east  Lake St  Joseph is the source of the Albany River, which flows to James Bay 
Passage 19:
Staaten River
The Staaten River is a river in northern Queensland, Australia, rising in the Great Dividing Range and flowing northwest into the Gulf of Carpentaria 

Location and features
The river rises of the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of Cairns  The river flows generally northwest to the Staaten River National Park and then west, joined by eleven minor tributaries before reaching its mouth and emptying into the Gulf of Carpentaria  From source to mouth the river's waters overflow into intertwining lagoons that create an enormous wetland sanctuary for a vast array of unique wildlife and plants  When the rains of the wet season cease, the Staaten River retreats from the floodplains and wetlands and becomes little more than a thread trickling down wide sand banks and a string of important lagoon refuges  The river descends 220 metres (720 ft) over its 383-kilometre (238 mi) course There is very little development in the catchment, with grazing being the most common activity, and there are no major water storage facilities on the river  The river is navigable for 17 kilometres (11 mi) upstream until sand and rock bars are found  Dinah Island, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) inland, is a small cattle property and at times provides short term accommodation for fishing enthusiasts 

Conservation and cultural values
The Staaten River catchment is one of Australia's last great wilderness areas  With little agricultural development, scant road access, and thriving forests and wildlife, it is a truly wild river system  The river straddles both the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf Country regions  Characterised by the replenishing floods of the wet season and an extensive network of lagoon refuges during the dry season, the river system is known for its excellent saratoga and barramundi fishing and saltwater crocodiles, one of Australia's best known animals 
The wet season is characterized by a large congregation of waterbirds from all over Australia and as far away as China and Russia   This birds live in the abundant waters of places like the huge Inkerman-Gilbrath Wetland, near the mouth of the catchment  The coastal margin of the Staaten River forms part of the Southeast Karumba Plan wetland aggregation, which is the best developed coastal wetland system in Queensland and provides critical habitat and breeding grounds for birds, fish, and other native wildlife  The Staaten River National Park in this area, covering around 467,000 hectares (1,150,000 acres), is one of Australia's largest and most remote national parks 
The Staaten Wild River Area covers about 25,700 square kilometres (9,900 sq mi) at the western base of Cape York Peninsula  The area contains the catchments of the Staaten River, Vanrook Creek, and ten major tributaries   The purpose of the wild river declaration is to "manage future development activity in the wild river area to ensure the wild river natural values are preserved" 

Threats
The Staaten River is remote and currently there is little demand for water extraction in this area  The major present threat in this area is cattle grazing   If not managed sustainably, cattle can cause major soil erosion, trample vegetation, and pollute river systems  There are also minor infestations of the invasive weeds such as rubber-vine in the Staaten River  Wild River protection, as well as the Indigenous Wild River Ranger program, will help address these impacts 

Indigenous heritage
The traditional owners of the upper catchment area are the Kunjen people The Agwamin, Kutjar, Koknar, Kunjen and Kokoberrin people are the traditional owners of the Staaten River catchment area and maintain strong cultural and spiritual connections with the land and rivers  The traditional ecological knowledge and health of these communities is in turn critical to the ongoing health of this wild river system 

Etymology
The river was first named by Dutch sea explorer Jan Carstensz in 1623  It is named after the States General, the parliament of the Netherlands 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Queensland
Passage 20:
Yukon River
The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America  From its source in British Columbia, Canada, it flows through Canada's territory of Yukon (itself named after the river)  The lower half of the river continues westward through the U S  state of Alaska  The river is 3,190 kilometres (1,980 mi) long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta  The average flow is 6,400–7,000 m3/s (230,000–250,000 cu ft/s)  The total drainage area is 833,000 km2 (321,500 sq mi), of which 323,800 km2 (125,000 sq mi) lies in Canada  The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta 
The longest river in Alaska and Yukon, it was one of the principal means of transportation during the 1896–1903 Klondike Gold Rush  A portion of the river in Yukon—"The Thirty Mile" section, from Lake Laberge to the Teslin River—is a national heritage river and a unit of Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park  Paddle-wheel riverboats continued to ply the river until the 1950s, when the Klondike Highway was completed  After the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, the Alaska Commercial Company acquired the assets of the Russian-American Company and constructed several posts at various locations on the Yukon River 
The Yukon River has a recent history of pollution from military installations, dumps, wastewater, and other sources  However, the Environmental Protection Agency does not list the Yukon River among its impaired watersheds, and water-quality data from the U S  Geological Survey shows relatively good levels of turbidity, metals, and dissolved oxygen   The Yukon and Mackenzie rivers have much higher suspended sediment concentrations than the great Siberian Arctic rivers The Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council, a cooperative effort of 70 First Nations and tribes in Alaska and Canada, has the goal of making the river and its tributaries safe to drink from again by supplementing and scrutinizing government data 

Name
The name Yukon, or ųųg han, is a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han, which means white water river and refers to "the pale colour" of glacial runoff in the Yukon River   The contraction is Ųųg Han, if the /ųų/ remains nasalized, or Yuk Han, if there is no vowel nasalization   In the 1840s, different tribes had different opinions as to the literal meaning of Yukon   In 1843, the Holikachuks had told the Russian-American Company that their name for the river was Yukkhana and that this name meant big river   However, Yukkhana does not literally correspond to a Holikachuk phrase that means big river   Then, two years later, the Gwich'ins told the Hudson's Bay Company that their name for the river was Yukon and that the name meant white water river   White water river in fact corresponds to Gwich'in words that can be shortened to form Yukon   Because the Holikachuks had been trading regularly with both the Gwich’ins and the Yup'iks, the Holikachuks were in a position to borrow the Gwich'in contraction and to conflate its meaning with the meaning of Kuig-pak [River-big], which is the Yup'ik name for the same river   For that reason, the documentary evidence suggests that the Holikachuks had borrowed the contraction Ųųg Han [White Water River] from Gwich'in, and erroneously assumed that this contraction had the same literal meaning as the corresponding Yup'ik name Kuig-pak [River-big] 
The Lewes River is the former name of the upper course of the Yukon, from Marsh Lake to the confluence of the Pelly River at Fort Selkirk 

Course
The generally accepted source of the Yukon River is the Llewellyn Glacier at the southern end of Atlin Lake in British Columbia  Others suggest that the source is Lake Lindeman at the northern end of the Chilkoot Trail  Either way, Atlin Lake flows into Tagish Lake (via the Atlin River), as eventually does Lake Lindeman after flowing into Bennett Lake  Tagish Lake then flows into Marsh Lake (via the Tagish River)  The Yukon River proper starts at the northern end of Marsh Lake, just south of Whitehorse  Some argue that the source of the Yukon River should really be Teslin Lake and the Teslin River, which has a larger flow when it reaches the Yukon at Hootalinqua  The upper end of the Yukon River was originally known as the Lewes River until it was established that it actually was the Yukon  North of Whitehorse, the Yukon River widens into Lake Laberge, made famous by Robert W  Service's "The Cremation of Sam McGee"  Other large lakes that are part of the Yukon River system include Kusawa Lake (into the Takhini River) and Kluane Lake (into the Kluane and then White River) 
The river passes through the communities of Whitehorse, Carmacks, (just before the Five Finger Rapids) and Dawson City in Yukon, and crossing Alaska into Eagle, Circle, Fort Yukon, Stevens Village, Rampart, Tanana, Ruby, Galena, Nulato, Grayling, Holy Cross, Russian Mission, Marshall, Pilot Station, St  Marys (which is accessible from the Yukon at Pitkas Point), and Mountain Village  After Mountain Village, the main Yukon channel frays into many channels, sprawling across the delta  There are a number of communities after the "head of passes," as the channel division is called locally: Nunum Iqua, Alakanuk, Emmonak, and Kotlik  Of those delta communities, Emmonak is the largest with roughly 760 people in the 2000 census  Emmonak's gravel airstrip is the regional hub for flights 

Hazards
Navigational obstacles on the Yukon River are the Five Finger Rapids and Rink Rapids downstream from Carmacks 

Bridges
Despite its length, there are only four vehicle-carrying bridges across the river, listed from upstream to downstream:

The Lewes Bridge, north of Marsh Lake, Yukon, on the Alaska Highway;
The Robert Campbell Bridge, which connects the Whitehorse suburb of Riverdale to the downtown area;
The Yukon River Bridge in Carmacks, Yukon, on the Klondike Highway; and
The Yukon River Bridge, north of Fairbanks, Alaska on the Dalton Highway A car ferry crosses the river at Dawson City in the summer; it is replaced by an ice bridge over the frozen river during the winter  Plans to build a permanent bridge were announced in March 2004, although they are currently on hold because bids came in much higher than budgeted 
There are also two pedestrian-only bridges in Whitehorse, as well as a dam across the river and a hydroelectric generating station  The construction of the dam flooded the White Horse Rapids, which gave the city its name, and created Schwatka Lake 
Transportation is also performed along the river in summer by barge, enabling heavy goods, oil, and vehicles to be transported to communities along the Yukon, Tanana, Innoko, and Koyukuk rivers  This service is performed by Ruby Marine and reaches Tanana on the Yukon River and Nenana on the Tanana River 

Geography and ecology
Some of the upper slopes of this watershed (e g  Nulato Hills) are forested by Black Spruce  This locale near the Seward Peninsula represents the near westernmost limit of the Black Spruce, Picea mariana, one of the most widespread conifers in northern North America 
The river flows into several parklands and refuges including:

Innoko National Wildlife Refuge
Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge
Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve
Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge
Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge

Discharge
Yukon at Pilot Station (121 miles upstream of mouth) minimum, average and maximum discharge

Fisheries
The Yukon River is home to one of the longest salmon runs in the world  Each year Chinook, coho, and chum salmon return to their terminal streams in Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and British Columbia  The Chinook have the longest journey, with an estimated 35–50% bound for Canada  As salmon do not eat during their spawning migration, Yukon River salmon must have great reserves of fat and energy to fuel their thousands-mile-long journey  As a result, Yukon River salmon are noted for their especially rich and oily meat 
The villages along the Yukon have historically relied on and continue to rely on salmon for their cultural, subsistence, and commercial needs  Salmon are traditionally dried, smoked, and frozen for both human and sled dog consumption  Common methods of fishing on the Yukon include set gillnets, drift nets, dip nets, and fish wheels  The preference of certain gear is largely dependent on the river's varied characteristics in different areas  Some parts of the river do not have eddies to make set-nets successful, whereas in other places the tributaries are small enough to make drifting impractical 
Over the last 20 years salmon recruitment, the number of returning adults, has taken several shocks  The late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s have been marked by radically reduced runs for various salmon species  The United States Department of Commerce issued a Federal Disaster Declaration for the 2008 and 2009 Commercial Chinook Yukon River fisheries, calling for the complete closure of commercial fishing along with restrictions on subsistence fishing  The root cause of these poor returns remains debated, with questions about the effects of climate change on ocean food-supply & disease prevalence in returning adults, the methods of fishing used on the river, and the effects of the Bering Sea Pollock trawl fleet on food supply and salmon bycatch  In 2010, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Board of Fisheries issued the first-ever restriction for net mesh size on the Yukon, reducing it to 7 5 inches (190 mm) Various organizations are involved to protect healthy salmon runs into the future  The Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association was formed in 1990 by a consensus of fishers representing the entire drainage in response to recent disaster years  Its organizational goals include giving voice to the village fishers that have traditionally managed these resources, enabling communication between fishers and fishery managers, and helping to preserve the ecological integrity of salmon runs and local cultures' Traditional Ecological KnowledgeIn March 2001, the U S  & Canadian governments passed the Yukon River Salmon Agreement to better manage an internationally shared resource and ensure that more Canadian-originated salmon return across the border  The agreement is implemented through the Yukon River Panel, an international body of 12 members, equal-parts American and Canadian, that advises managers of Yukon River fisheries concerning restoration, conservation, and coordinated management Tribal organizations such as the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP), Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments (CATG), and Tanana Chiefs Conference (TCC) work to sustain Yukon River salmon to promote healthy people, cultures, and communities 

Tributaries
Yukon Territory
Takhini River
Big Salmon River
Little Salmon River (Yukon)
Nordenskiold River
Teslin River
Pelly River
Macmillan River
Stewart River
Nadaleen River
Lansing River
Hess River
Mayo River
McQuesten River
White River
Donjek River
Kluane River
Nisling River
Beaver Creek
Sixtymile River
Indian River
Klondike River
Fortymile River

Alaska
Tatonduk River
Seventymile River
Nation River
Kandik River
Charley River
Porcupine River
(tributaries in the Yukon)Miner tributaries
Fishing Branch
Bell River
Eagle River
Rock River (Yukon)
Driftwood River (Yukon)
Old Crow River
Bluefish River(tributaries in Alaska)Coleen River
Black River
Wood River
Bear Mountain Creek
Mountain Creek
Chandalar Creek
Sheenjek River
Sheenjek River East Fork
Koness River
Eskimo Creek
Christian River
Chandalar River
East Fork Chandalar River
Junjik River
Wind River
Middle Fork Chandalar River
North Fork Chandalar River
West Fork Chandalar River
Marten Creek
Birch Creek
Hadweenzic River
Beaver Creek
Hodzana River
Dall River
Ray River
Big Salt River
Hess Creek
Garnet Creek
Fish Creek
Texas Creek
Coal Creek
Tanana River
Nabesna River
Chisana River
Tetlin River
Goodpaster River
Delta River
Salcha River
Chena River
Wood River
Nenana River
Tolovana River
Kantishna River
NC Creek
Tozitna River
Bluebell Creek
Dagislakhna Creek
Banddana Creek
Blind River
Bering Creek
Nowitna River
Sulatna River
Big Creek
Beaver Creek
Glacier Creek
Melozitna River
Black Sand Creek
Little Melozitna River
Ruby Slough
Yuki River
East Fork Yuki River
Kala Creek
Kelly Creek
Galena Creek
Bishop Creek
Koyukuk River
Workyard Creek
Gisasa River
Kateel River
Dulbi River
Huslia River
Nulitna River
Tom Cook Slough
Billy Hawk Creek
Cutoff Slough
Hogatza River
Clear Creek
Batza River
Matthews Slough
Little Indian River
Indian River
Calamity Creek
Pocahontas Creek
Kanuti River
Discovery Creek
Alatna River
Siruk Creek
South Fork Koyokouk River
Jim River
Jane Creek
John River
North Fork Koyukuk River
Nulato River
Khotol River
Anvik River
Bonasila River
Stuyahok River
Innoko River
Paimiut Slough
Reindeer River
Iditarod River
Yetna River
First Chance Creek
Mud River
Dishna River
Coffee Creek
Tolstoi Creek
Madison Creek
Mastodon Creek
Hurst Creek
Taft Creek
Finland Creek
Scandinavian Creek
North Fork Innoko River
Tango Creek
West Fork North Fork Innoko River
Colorado Creek
Kako Creek
Engineer Creek
Reindeer River
Atchuelinguk River
Andreafsky River
Kashunuk River (distributary)

List of major tributaries
The main river and tributaries are (sorted in order from the mouth heading upstream):

In media
The Yukon River features as the setting for the 2015 National Geographic Channel series Yukon River Run 
The industrial metal band Lindemann wrote a song named "Yukon" on their first album Skills in Pills 

See also
Alaska salmon fishery
List of longest rivers of Canada
List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
List of rivers of Alaska
List of Yukon rivers
Steamboats of the Yukon River



ground_truth: Thaba Putsoa

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Live Life Loud album's band signed to which label?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Every Light in the House
"Every Light in the House" is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins  It was released in August 1996 as the second single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud  It was his first Top 5 single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, where it peaked at #3 

Content
The song is a mid-tempo ballad mostly accompanied by piano and fiddle in which the narrator has recently split from his wife  He turns every light on in the house and keeps them on for her in case she wants to return to his side 

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that "Adkins' deep, powerful voice does justice to the yearning in this lyric about a man who has left the lights on waiting for his lover to return " Rick Cohoon of AllMusic gave the song a favorable review, calling it a "creative approach to the age-old 'goodbye, I miss you' song " He commended Adkins' voice for "communicat[ing] pain so well" despite the singer's stature, although he considered some of the similes forced (e g  "the backyard's bright as the crack of dawn") 

Music video
The music video for this song is in black-and-white, and begins with Adkins sitting on the porch of a house with his dog after his woman left home  He then gets off the porch, and he and some workers get to work on a power generator  Scenes also feature him singing inside of the same house which also featured an alternative sub chorus "Drinkin' Bush Light til the crack of dawn" whilst a slew of empty Busch cans can be seen next to the generator, ultimately this scene and lyric was scrubbed and the original was used 

Chart performance
"Every Light in the House" debuted at number 72 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated August 24, 1996  It charted for 21 weeks on that chart, and peaked at number 3 on the country chart dated December 14, 1996, giving Adkins the first Top 5 single of his career  In addition, it peaked at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100, also marking his first entry on that chart 

Certifications
Parodies
On his 1998 album Did I Shave My Back for This?, country parodist Cledus T  Judd parodied the song as "Every Light in the House Is Blown"   Trace Adkins is featured in the music video when the song begins and after it ends 
Passage 2:
The Call (Mal Waldron album)
The Call is an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron recorded in 1971 and released on the JAPO label  The album was the first release on the short-lived European jazz label  It is Waldron's only album as a bandleader to feature him playing the electric piano 

Reception
AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars  It was included as one of the 640 albums covered in the 2013 Japanese book Obscure Sound, written by Chee Shimizu  Shimizu praised the album for its "funky psychedelic groove" and interplay between Waldron's electric piano and Jimmy Jackson's organ 

Track listing
All compositions by Mal Waldron"The Call" — 18:53
"Thoughts" — 21:50Recorded at Tonstudio Bauer in Ludwigsburg, West Germany on February 1, 1971 

Personnel
Mal Waldron — electric piano
Jimmy Jackson — organ
Eberhard Weber — electric bass
Fred Braceful — drums, percussion
Passage 3:
Duo Live in Concert
Duo Live in Concert is a live album by pianist Kenny Drew and bassist Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen recorded in the Netherlands in 1974 and released on the SteepleChase label 

Reception
The Allmusic review awarded the album 3 stars 

Track listing
"In Your Own Sweet Way" (Dave Brubeck) - 9:44
"My Little Suede Shoes" (Charlie Parker) - 5:26
"You Don't Know What Love Is" (Gene DePaul, Don Raye) - 6:15 Bonus track on CD
"My Shining Hour" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) - 8:45
"Viking's Blues" (Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen) - 5:50
"Oleo" (Sonny Rollins) - 0:36 Bonus track on CD
"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?" (Louis Alter, Eddie DeLange) - 6:35 Bonus track on CD
"Serenity" (Kenny Drew) - 4:27
"All Blues" (Miles Davis) - 6:04 Bonus track on CD
"Trubbel" (Olle Adolphson) - 5:00
"There Is No Greater Love" (Isham Jones, Marty Symes) - 9:21
"Oleo" (Rollins) - 2:14

Personnel
Kenny Drew - piano
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen - bass
Passage 4:
Live at Memory Lane
Live at Memory Lane is a live album by jazz cornetist Nat Adderley released on the Atlantic label featuring performances by Adderley's Quintet with Joe Henderson, Joe Zawinul, Victor Gaskin, and Roy McCurdy 

Reception
The Allmusic review awarded the album 2½ stars 

Track listing
All compositions by Nat Adderley except as indicated"On My Journey Now" - 4:49
"Fun" - 6:40
"In the Good Old Summertime" (George Evans, Ren Shields) - 9:49
"Lavender Woman" (Joe Zawinul) - 8:16
"Painted Desert" (Zawinul) - 8:48
"Theme" (Adderley, Zawinul) - 4:49Recorded at Memory Lane, San Francisco, CA on October 31, 1966

Personnel
Nat Adderley – cornet
Joe Henderson (tracks 2-6) - tenor saxophone
Joe Zawinul  - piano
Victor Gaskin - bass
Roy McCurdy - drums
Passage 5:
Sony Music
Sony Music Entertainment (SME), simply known as Sony Music, is an American multinational music company owned by Sony Entertainment and managed by the American umbrella division of multinational conglomerate Sony  It is the recording division half of the Sony Music Group, with the other half being the publishing division, Sony Music Publishing Founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation, it was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System in 1938 and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation  In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records  Sony bought the company in 1991 and renamed it to its current name  In 2004, Sony and Bertelsmann established a 50-50 joint venture known as Sony BMG to handle the operations of Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG), but Sony bought out Bertelsmann's stake 4 years later and reverted to using the 1991 company name  This buyout led to labels formerly under BMG ownership, including Arista, Jive, LaFace and J Records into former BMG and currently Sony's co-flagship record label, RCA Records, in 2011 and led to the relaunch of BMG as BMG Rights Management  Arista Records would later be revived in 2018 
On July 17, 2019, Sony announced a merger of Sony Music Entertainment and music publishing arm Sony/ATV to form the Sony Music Group  The merger was completed on August 1, 2019 As of 2023, Sony Music Entertainment is the second largest of the "Big Three" record companies, behind Universal Music Group and followed by Warner Music Group  Its music publishing division Sony Music Publishing (formerly Sony/ATV) is the largest music publisher in the world 

History
1929–1938: American Record Corporation
The American Record Corporation (ARC) was founded in 1929 through a merger of several record companies  The company grew for the next several years, acquiring other brands such as the Columbia Phonograph Company, including its Okeh Records subsidiary, in 1934 

1938–1970: Columbia/CBS Records
In 1938, ARC was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) under the guidance of chief executive William S  Paley  The company was later renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, and changed again to Columbia Records Inc  in 1947  Edward Wallerstein, who served as the head of Columbia Records since the late 1930s, helped establish the company as a leader in the record industry by spearheading the successful introduction of the LP record  Columbia's success continued through the 1950s with the launch of Epic Records in 1953 and Date Records in 1958  By 1962, the Columbia Records productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles, California; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey Columbia's international arm was launched in 1962 under the name "CBS Records", as the company only owned the rights to the Columbia name in North America  In 1964, the company began acquiring record companies in other countries for its CBS Records International unit and established its own UK distribution outfit with the acquisition of Oriole Records By 1966, Columbia was renamed as CBS Records and was a separate unit of the parent company, CBS-Columbia Group  In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture 

1971–1991: CBS Records Group
In 1971, CBS Records was expanded into its own "CBS Records Group", with Clive Davis as its administrative vice president and general manager  In the 1980s to the early 1990s, the company managed several successful labels, including CBS Associated Records, which signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer  In 1983, CBS expanded its music publishing business by acquiring the music publishing arm of MGM/UA Communications Co  (CBS later sold the print music arm to Columbia Pictures ) By 1987, CBS was the only "big three" American TV network to have a co-owned record company  With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983 In 1986, CBS sold its music publishing division, CBS Songs, to SBK Entertainment On November 17, 1987, Sony acquired CBS Records for US$2 billion  CBS Inc , now Paramount Global, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name  The sale was completed on January 5, 1988  CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which was distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary In 1989, CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville-based Tree International Publishing 

1991–2004: Birth of Sony Music Entertainment
Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark  The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated  Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990  Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia, an unrelated company  Thus, Sony Music Entertainment Japan issues labels under Sony Records  The Columbia Records trademark's rightsholder in Spain was Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, which Sony Music subsequently subsumed via a 2004 merger, and a subsequent 2008 buyout In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing 

2004–2008: Sony BMG: Joint venture with Bertelsmann
In August 2004, Sony entered a joint venture with an equal partner Bertelsmann, by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment  However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG while BMG Japan was made part of the merger The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by CBS rival, NBC  It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold  As of 2017, Davis was still with Sony Music as a chief creative officer 

2008–present: Sony Music revival, restructuring and recent developments
On August 5, 2008, Sony Corporation of America (SCA) and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG  The company completed the acquisition on October 1, 2008  On July 1, 2009, SME and IODA announced a strategic partnership to leverage worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rights holders  In March 2010, Sony Corp partnered with The Michael Jackson Company in a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history From 2009 to 2020, Sony owned 50% of Syco Entertainment, which operates some of the world's most successful reality TV formats, including Got Talent and The X Factor with Simon Cowell  Cowell acquired Sony's stake in 2020 Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, and later Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1, 2011  Sony Music underwent restructuring upon Morris' arrival; with some artists switching labels while other labels were eliminated altogether In June 2012, a consortium led by Sony/ATV acquired EMI Music Publishing, making Sony/ATV the world's largest music publisher at the time  This acquisition also reunited the common ownership of pre-1986 CBS Songs (as SBK Songs) catalog to Sony/ATV 
Rob Stringer became CEO of Sony Music Entertainment on April 1, 2017  He previously served as chairman and CEO of Columbia Records Sony has experienced a number of changes with its international labels  In February 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Filipino office due to piracy, and Ivory Music and Video had been handling distribution for its catalog a few months earlier in July 2011  In early 2018, their distribution deal with Ivory expired and SME resumed its  operations in the Philippines, with the new offices still located in Ortigas Center, Pasig  In July 2013, Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis  Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists would then be carried by Feelgood Records In June 2017, Sony announced that by March 2018 it would be producing vinyl records in-house for the first time since ceasing its production in 1989  Reporting the decision, the BBC noted that, "Sony's move comes a few months after it equipped its Tokyo studio with a cutting lathe, used to produce the master discs needed for manufacturing vinyl records" but added that "Sony is even struggling to find older engineers who know how to make records" On February 5, 2019, a group of 1970s-era musicians including David Johansen and John Waite filed lawsuits accusing Sony Music Entertainment and UMG Recordings, Inc  of improperly refusing to let them reclaim the rights to songs they had signed away earlier in their careers  The lawsuit cites U S  copyright law, which gives artists who formerly bargained away their rights on unfavorable terms a chance to reclaim those rights by filing termination notices after 35 years  The plaintiffs claim that Sony and UMG have "routinely and systematically" ignored hundreds of notices, having taken the position that recordings are "works made for hire" and are therefore not subject to being reclaimed In April 2021, the Brazilian media company Grupo Globo sold its domestic record label Som Livre to Sony Music for an undisclosed amount  It was approved by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense on November 4, 2021 
In 2022, Sony Music Entertainment acquired boutique branding and merchandising agency, Ceremony of Roses(CoR)  The newly acquired company would merge with Sony's existing merch division and continue under the CoR banner  The merger brought together artists like Adele, A$AP Rocky, and Lil Nas X under one merchandising house  According to Sony, the move will help expand their merchandising team and take artists' merch to the next level In January 2023, Sony Music and Alamo Records founder Todd Moscowitz launched Santa Anna, an artist and label services company 

Sony Music UK
Sony Music UK (legal name Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited) is owned and operated by Sony Music Entertainment in the United Kingdom  Since 2014, Jason Iley has been chairman and CEO of Sony Music UK  Though owned by Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music UK has standalone operations in the UK to promote musicians within the UK In June 2017, it was announced that Sony would be merging its two independent distribution companies The Orchard and Red Essential 2014 saw Sony's best singles success for 33 years, with 11 number 1 singles  Sony Music artists won a total of five individual awards at the BRITs 2015, including Best Female Solo Artist for Paloma Faith, and Mark Ronson's "Uptown Funk", which picked up Best British Single  Several other of the label's artists - Foo Fighters, One Direction and Pharrell Williams - also collected awards Sony's performance at the BRITs 2015 was the label's best in nearly 20 years, winning a total of 5 awards  In 2017, Sony Music UK celebrated the most successful BRIT Awards in the company's history, winning seven of the 11 awards In the last three years, Sony Music UK has made key acquisitions including forming Insanity Records with Insanity Management  Craig David became the first artist to sign an album deal with Insanity Records  Sony Music UK signed Robbie Williams, who released his 11th album The Heavy Entertainment Show in 2016  Jason Iley commented that the agreement was "a once in a lifetime signing with the biggest male solo artist of our generation" Sony Music UK also incorporated the independent sales and distribution company Essential Music and Marketing - renamed to Red Essential  In August 2016, Sony Music acquired Ministry of Sound Recordings, home to London Grammar, DJ Fresh and Sigala On April 5, 2017, two of Sony Music UK's labels won awards at the annual Music Week Awards  Columbia Records received the 'A&R of the Year' Award, while Syco were awarded the 'Record Company of the Year' Award In 2021, Sony agreed to buy Kobalt neighboring rights division and independent distribution company AWAL, from the Kobalt Music Group for $430 million The UK media company Somethin' Else was acquired outright by Sony Music in 2021, to form a podcast division 

Criticism and Controversies
CD price fixing
Between 1995 and 2000, music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements such as minimum advertised pricing to artificially inflate prices of compact discs  This was done in order to end price wars of the early 1990s among discounters such as Best Buy and Target  A settlement was reached in 2002 that included music publishers and distributors Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music and Universal Music  In restitution for price fixing, they agreed to pay a $67 4 million fine and distribute $75 7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups but admitted no wrongdoing  It is estimated that customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million overall and up to $5 per album 

George Michael
The British artist, George Michael, signed to Columbia in the U S  and Epic worldwide, advised Sony executives in 1990 that he would not be appearing in music videos to support his forthcoming album, Listen Without Prejudice Vol  1  Michael then accused Sony of not promoting the album at all  He sued in the UK in 1992, asking to be released from his contract  Sony ultimately prevailed in the courts in 1994, but Michael's contract was bought out by other labels  Some 11 years later, Michael licensed tracks to Sony for release 

Michael Jackson and Tommy Mottola
The release of Invincible was preceded by a dispute between Michael Jackson and Sony Music Entertainment  Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s, after which he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep the profits; however, clauses in the contract set the revert date years into the future  Jackson discovered that the attorney who had represented him in the deal had also been representing Sony  He was also concerned that for years Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in its music catalog venture; he feared that Sony might have had a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed, he would have had to sell his share of the catalog at a low price  Jackson sought an early exit from his contract In July 2002, Jackson alleged that the then-Sony Music chairman Tommy Mottola was a "devil" and "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own gain  He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger"  Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States 

Prosecution of copyright infringement
In May 2012, Sony Music filed charges against the website IsoHunt  The plaintiff's claims in the court document filed at the Supreme Court of British Columbia read: "The IsoHunt Websites have been designed and are operated by the defendants with the sole purpose of profiting from rampant copyright infringement which defendants actively encourage, promote, authorize, induce, aid, abet, materially contribute to and commercially profit from " In February 2016, in a lawsuit filed at a California federal court, Sony Music Entertainment and its associated brands (Arista Records and LaFace Records, formerly owned by Bertelsmann Music Group) accused Belgian radio aggregator Radionomy (owned by Universal Music Group's parent Vivendi) of copyright infringement 

Kesha v  Dr  Luke and 2016 boycott
In February 2016, 100,000 people signed an online petition in less than 24 hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr  Luke were made by musical artist Kesha  Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from her contract with Sony Music, but the court denied the request, prompting a widespread public and media response 

List of Sony Music Entertainment labels
Others
Previously affiliated labels
See also
List of Sony Music artists
Sony Music Publishing
Sony BMG
Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal
Sony Music Entertainment Japan
Sony Music Australia
Sony Music UK
Sony Music India
Tero Entertainment
Lists of record labels
Passage 6:
Loud Planes Fly Low
Loud Planes Fly Low is the fifth album by the American band The Rosebuds, released in 2011 on Merge Records 

Track listing
Passage 7:
I Wish Tonight Would Never End
I Wish Tonight Would Never End is an album by American country music artist George Jones  It was released in 1963 on the United Artists record label I Wish Tonight Would Never End features two duets with Melba Montgomery, including the standard "We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds", one of seven chart singles they would score together between 1963 and 1967   In the book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Bob Allen quotes Jones:  "Now, truthfully, Melba fit my style more than Tammy (Wynette) did   I hate to use the word 'hard-core,' but that's  what Melba is - a down-to-earth, hard-core country singer "  The other duet with Montgomery, "Flame In My Heart", was originally recorded by Jones and Virginia Spurlock when Jones was with Mercury Records   The songs would be included on the Jones/Montgomery duet album What's in Our Hearts, also released in 1963 
I Wish Tonight Would Never End also includes a more refined rerecording of "Seasons Of My Heart", a song Jones wrote with Darrell Edwards which had been one of his earliest recordings on the Starday label and had also been a hit for Johnny Cash (Jerry Lee Lewis and Willie Nelson would also cover the song) 

Track listing
"Lonesome Life" (George Jones, George Riddle)
"This Old, Old House" (Jones, Hal Bynum)
"I Saw Me" (Jones, Jimmie Davis)
"Every Time I Look at You"
"I Wish Tonight Would Never End" (Jones, "Country" Johnny Mathis)
"Flame in My Heart" (Jones, Bernard Spurlock)
"Ain't It Funny What a Fool Will Do" (Jones, Mathis)
"There's No Justice" (Leon Payne)
"We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds" (With Melba Montgomery) (Melba Montgomery)
"I Can't Change Over Night" (Jones, Mathis)
"In the Shadow of a Lie" (Jones, Dick Overby)
"Seasons of My Heart" (Jones, Darrell Edwards)
Passage 8:
Hawk Nelson
Hawk Nelson was a Canadian rock band from Peterborough, Ontario  Formed in 2000, the band has released eight studio albums to date 

History
Early independent releases (2000–2003)
In 2000, Dunn, Clark, and Paige founded a Peterborough-based group called "SWISH", while Biro sang lead vocals for a four-piece group called the "Cheese Monkeys from Planet Nine" from Barrie, Ontario  In 2000, SWISH released their first independent album, Riding Around the Park on Mime Radio, an independent record label based in Peterborough  In January 2002, Biro moved to Peterborough to join Dunn, Clark and Paige and SWISH was renamed "Reason Being", before finally settling with the name "Hawk Nelson"  In 2003, they released their second independent album, Saturday Rock Action 

Letters to the President (2004–2005)
They continued to perform and tour independently in Ontario, Canada, before being signed with Tooth & Nail Records, largely on the recommendation of Trevor McNevan, the lead singer of fellow Tooth & Nail bands Thousand Foot Krutch and FM Static  McNevan, also from Peterborough, Ontario, is credited with discovering the band  In July 2004, Hawk Nelson released their debut album Letters to the President  It was produced by Aaron Sprinkle and McNevan, who also co-wrote the album's fourteen songs  He has also appeared on some of the band's songs, as well as in their video for the song "California" 
The band has achieved some success in the mainstream as well  They portrayed The Who on an episode of the NBC drama American Dreams, and they recorded a song named "Bring 'Em Out" as the theme for the 2005 motion picture Yours, Mine and Ours featuring Drake Bell  This song and another hit song "The Show" were both used on Sunday Night Football commercials  "Things We Go Through" from Letters to the President was also featured in Yours, Mine and Ours  In October 2005, the band re-released Letters to the President, with new material including their cover of The Who's "My Generation", three acoustic versions of some of their hits, and a limited edition cover  Hawk Nelson plays the party band for the film Yours, Mine and Ours (2005)  On December 20, 2005, Hawk Nelson released an EP titled Bring 'Em Out 

Smile, It's the End of the World (2006–2007)
Hawk Nelson continued to gain popularity and was voted "Favorite New Artist" by CCM Magazine in their February 2006 Reader's Choice Awards 
On April 4, 2006, Hawk Nelson released Connect Sets EP with six acoustic tracks, including "Bring Em' Out", "Thing We Go Through", and "California" The band released their second studio album, Smile, It's the End of the World, on April 4, 2006  The album was also co-written by Trevor McNevan of Thousand Foot Krutch  The album won a GMA Canada Covenant Award for "Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year" in 2006  The album's first single, "Everything You Ever Wanted", went on to hit No  1 for 9 weeks on the R&R Christian CHR chart, and was the fourth most-played song of 2006  The band spent the middle of 2006 touring the major Christian music festivals, and also took part in Jeremy Camp's Beyond Measure tour  Hawk Nelson released a three-track Christmas EP titled Gloria on November 21, 2006, and then toured with TobyMac's Winter Wonder Slam tour along with The Afters, Family Force 5, and Ayiesha Woods 
Bulletproof Records and producer Ralph Sall have assembled the compilation Charlotte's Web: Music Inspired By The Motion Picture featuring music by Christian artists including Hawk Nelson, Amy Grant, Selah, and Billy Ray Cyrus, which was released December 12, 2006  In addition, Bob Carlisle, Leigh Nash (Sixpence None The Richer), and The Send have all contributed exclusive tracks 
Hawk Nelson performed in 2006 on the Fringe Stage at Creation Festival Northwest, then again on the main stage at Creation in 2007  They performed sometime between July 25–28, 2007, at Creation Festival Northwest on the Main Stage, and they played again on the Fringe Stage at Creation Festival Northeast sometime between June 27–30, 2007  In 2007, (and again in 2009), Hawk Nelson performed at Winter Jam with a variety of other Christian bands, including Newsong, Jeremy Camp, Steven Curtis Chapman, Sanctus Real, and Britt Nicole  Hawk Nelson also toured with MxPx, Run Kid Run, Project 86, The Fold, and The Classic Crime on the Tooth and Nail Tour 
On March 27, 2007, Hawk Nelson released a "Double Take" which includes selections from Letters to the President and Smile It's the End of the World  They then released a holiday-themed EP titled Holiday Trio on November 20, 2007 In 2007, Aaron Tosti left the band to pursue other musical ventures and was replaced by Justin Benner 

Hawk Nelson Is My Friend and Live Life Loud (2008–2010)
The band's third full album, Hawk Nelson Is My Friend was released on April 1, 2008, and featured songs co-written by Trevor McNevan of Thousand Foot Krutch, Raine Maida of Our Lady Peace and Richard Marx 
In 2008, the band also contributed a cover of "Don't You (Forget About Me)", originally by Simple Minds, off the Don't You Forget About Me: The Covers EP  The song was also featured in back-to-school commercials for J C  Penney  On June 8, 2010, Hawkology: Anothology of Hawk Nelson was released containing three previously released albums: Letters to the President, Smile, It's the End of the World, and Hawk Nelson Is My Friend  On June 16, 2009, Summer EP was released through digital outlets only In January 2008, the band headlined their own tour that they called "The Green T Tour" which also featured Capital Lights and Run Kid Run Hawk Nelson was nominated for a 2009 Grammy Award in the category for Best Recording Package, for their 2008 album Hawk Nelson Is My Friend 
On July 21, 2009, Hawk Nelson released their second single from their fourth album Live Life Loud called "The Meaning of Life", and on August 8, the song "Alive" began to be played on Christian Radio  They released their fourth album, Live Life Loud on September 22, 2009  The title song "Live Life Loud" was made available in the Rock Band store during the first week of April 2010  The song "Live Life Loud" was featured in the trailer for the movie, "Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2: Rodrick Rules" 

Crazy Love and departure of Jason Dunn (2011–2012)
On February 8, 2011, Hawk Nelson released their fifth studio album titled Crazy Love, which was bundled together with a new acoustic EP titled The Light Sides Hawk Nelson released another Christmas EP, titled Christmas EP on November 1, 2011, and it included the songs "Hark the Herald Angels Sing", "The Wassail Song", and "Up on the Housetop"  On March 27, 2012, Hawk Nelson released a compilation album titled The Songs You've Already Heard: Best of Hawk Nelson On February 1, 2012, lead vocalist Jason Dunn announced he would be leaving the band in order to pursue his solo project, Lights Go Down, recording an album tentatively titled Abandon Progress  On March 11, 2012, in Fresno, California, Dunn performed his final US show with Hawk Nelson 
Following Dunn's departure, guitarist Jonathan Steingard took over as lead vocalist and bassist Daniel Biro became the last remaining original member of the band 

Post-Dunn releases, Steingard's arrival & departure  (2012–2020)
After Dunn's departure from the band, Steingard replacing him on vocals marked a shift in the band's genre from fast-paced pop punk to softer, contemporary alternative and pop rock  On December 11, 2012, Hawk Nelson announced they had signed with Fair Trade Services  Made was released on April 2, 2013  The album's release was preceded by the release of the album's debut single on January 15, 2013, "Words", featuring Bart Millard of MercyMe, which reached No  1 on the Christian Hot AC/CHR charts On December 10, 2014, Hawk Nelson released the first single off an upcoming album, "Drops In the Ocean" via YouTube and made available on iTunes January 13  The album, Diamonds was announced on January 21  Diamonds is Jonathan Steingard's second album as lead vocalist for the band and first for guitarist Micah Kuiper and drummer David Niacaris  "Just Getting Started", another song from "Diamonds", was heard in several American Idol promo spots ahead of the album's release  The album was released on iTunes and other major music websites on March 17, 2015 On December 15, 2017, the band released the single, "He Still Does (Miracles)", as part of a new album, Miracles, which was released April 6, 2018, through Fair Trade Services In May 2020, Steingard announced on his Instagram page that he had lost his faith in God and is no longer a Christian  In response, Daniel Biro made a post on the band's official Instagram page the following day thanking his bandmates and expressed continued support for them on and off the road  Soon thereafter, Steingard changed his Instagram profile to "Former lead singer Hawk Nelson" 

Personnel
Past

Daniel Biro – bass guitar, backing vocals (2000–present until 2020)
Micah Kuiper – lead guitar, backing vocals (2013–present until 2020 )
David Niacaris – drums (2015–present until 2020 )
Jason Dunn – lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar (2000–2012)
Dave 'Davin' Clark – lead guitar, backing vocals (2000–2004)
Matt 'Matty' Paige – drums (2000–2005)
Jonathan Steingard – lead guitar, backing vocals (2004–2012), lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano, synthesizers (2012–2020)
Gideon 'Gidz' Courtney – drums (late 2005)
Aaron 'Skwid' Tosti – drums (2005–2008)
Justin Benner – drums (2008–2014)Timeline

Discography
Albums
As SWISH

2000: Riding Around the Park (Independent)As Hawk Nelson

2003: Saturday Rock Action (Independent)
2004: Letters to the President (Tooth & Nail Records)
2006: Smile, It's the End of the World (Tooth & Nail Records)
2008: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend (BEC Recordings)
2009: Live Life Loud (BEC Recordings)
2011: Crazy Love (BEC Recordings)
2013: Made (Fair Trade Services)
2015: Diamonds (Fair Trade Services)
2018: Miracles (Fair Trade Services)

Awards
GMA Canada Covenant Awards

2006 Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Smile, It's the End of the World
2007 two nominations: Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "The One Thing I Have Left", and Recorded Song of the Year: "Everything You Ever Wanted"
2008 two nominations: Group of the Year, and Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend
2009 Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "Live Life Loud"
2010 two awards: Modern Rock/Alternative Album of the Year: Live Life Loud!, and Modern Rock/Alternative Song of the Year: "Never Enough"
2011 two awards: Rock Album of the Year: Crazy Love, and Rock Song of the Year: "Crazy Love"GMA Dove Awards

2007 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Smile, It's the End of the World
2009 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Hawk Nelson Is My Friend
2010 nominee, Recorded Music Packaging: Live Life Loud
2012 nominee, Rock Recorded Song of the Year: You Love Is A Mystery
2012 nominee, Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year: Crazy Love
2012 nominee, Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year: Crazy Love
2012 nominee, Short Form Music Video of the Year: Crazy LoveGolden Ear Music Awards (Ignite Your Faith Magazine)

2006 two wins: Best Band, and Best Male Vocalist: Jason DunnGrammy Awards

2009 nominee, Best Recording Package: Hawk Nelson Is My FriendJuno Awards

2007 nominee, Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year: Smile, It's the End of the World
2012 nominee, Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album of the Year: Crazy LoveVH1

2006, No  1 spot on VH1's top 20 video countdown with "The One Thing I Have Left" music video 
Passage 9:
A Perfect Sky
"A Perfect Sky" is Bonnie Pink's twenty-fifth single and first from the album Thinking Out Loud  The single was released under the Warner Music Japan label on June 28, 2006 

Track listing
A Perfect Sky
Free
Interlude -Siesta-
A Perfect Sky (Instrumental)


== Oricon Sales Chart ==
Passage 10:
Quartets: Live at the Village Vanguard
Quartets: Live at the Village Vanguard is a live album by the American jazz saxophonist Joe Lovano recorded at the Village Vanguard in 1994 and 1995 and released on the Blue Note label 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "Named Jazz Album of the Year by readers of Downbeat Magazine, this double CD features tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano during two appearances at the Village Vanguard recorded ten months apart    In both cases, Joe Lovano is heard in prime form, making this an easily recommended two-fer" 
Don Heckman of the Los Angeles Times commented, "the two CDs in this new release are demonstrations in just how good he can be, regardless of the music’s style  Recorded live in March 1994 and January 1995 with two very different ensembles, they showcase contrasting aspects of Lovano’s improvisational strengths "

Track listing
All compositions by Joe Lovano except as indicated
Disc One"Fort Worth" [Set 2] - 10:01
"Birds of Springtime Gone By" [Set 1] - 6:43
"I Can't Get Started" [Set 1] (Vernon Duke, Ira Gershwin) - 8:32
"Uprising" [Set 3] -  7:35
"Sail Away" [Set 2] (Tom Harrell) - 10:51
"Blues Not to Lose" [Set 3] (Eddie Boyd) - 9:19
"Song and Dance" [Set 2] - 8:27Disc Two"Lonnie's Lament" [Set 2] (John Coltrane) - 11:12
"Reflections" [Set 2] (Thelonious Monk) - 9:51
"Little Willie Leaps" [Set 1*] (Miles Davis) - 9:22
"This Is All I Ask" [Set 2] (Gordon Jenkins) - 9:18
"26-2" [Set 2] (Coltrane) - 9:42
"Duke Ellington's Sound of Love" [Set 3] (Charles Mingus) - 6:15
"Sounds of Joy" [Set 1] - 10:19Recorded at the Village Vanguard in New York City on March 12, 1994 (Disc One) and January 20 & *22, 1995 (Disc Two)

Personnel
Joe Lovano – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, C melody saxophone
Tom Harrell - trumpet, flugelhorn (Disc One)
Mulgrew Miller – piano (Disc Two)
Anthony Cox (Disc One), Christian McBride (Disc Two) – bass
Billy Hart (Disc One), Lewis Nash (Disc Two) – drums
Passage 11:
Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland
Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland is a live album by jazz bassist and composer Charles Mingus, recorded in 1959 and released on the United Artists label in September of that year  The original release was titled Jazz Portraits, and a subsequent edition was titled Wonderland, leading to the combined title of Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland 

Composition
Both "Alice's Wonderland" and "Nostalgia in Times Square" were originally written for the 1959 John Cassavetes film Shadows as part of a full soundtrack, but Mingus’ music was almost entirely replaced for the final version of the film  A partial reconstruction of the soundtrack was released in 2015 as the compilation album Shadows 
A reworked version of "Nostalgia in Times Square," with vocals by Honi Gordon, was recorded during Mingus' 1959  Mingus Dynasty sessions and included on reissues of that album as a bonus track titled "Strollin'" 
Though never a major part of Mingus’ repertoire, "Nostalgia in Times Square" has since become a jazz standard, widely performed and recorded by other musicians  Notably, jazz fusion trio Medeski Martin & Wood have long performed the song, usually as part of a medley with Sun Ra’s “Angel Race ”

Reception
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow called the music "advanced bop that looks toward the upcoming innovations of the avant-garde and is frequently quite exciting" 

Track listing
All compositions by Charles Mingus except as indicated"Nostalgia in Times Square" – 12:18
"I Can't Get Started" (Vernon Duke, Ira Gershwin) – 10:08
"No Private Income Blues" – 12:51
"Alice's Wonderland" – 8:54Recorded at the Nonagon Art Gallery in New York City on January 16, 1959

Personnel
Charles Mingus – bass
John Handy – alto saxophone
Booker Ervin – tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 3 & 4)
Richard Wyands – piano
Dannie Richmond – drums
Passage 12:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 13:
Raw Energy Records
Raw Energy Records was a Canadian independent record label, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  The music label was established in the late 1980s by founder entrepreneur and music journalist Graeme Boyce, initially to distribute the debut EP by King Apparatus, Loud Party  Prior to launching Raw Energy, Boyce was a staff writer for RPM The label subsequently released King Apparatus' full-length debut album in 1990; after selling over 5,000 copies of the album in just a handful of record stores in downtown Toronto, the label secured a national distribution deal with A&M Records  The company expanded over the years, and launched new divisions to manage growth, such as Raw Energy Promotions and Raw Energy Radio 
Canadian artists who released Raw Energy albums included King Apparatus, King Cobb Steelie, Dinner Is Ruined, Random Killing, Trunk, Marilyn's Vitamins, Five Knuckle Chuckle, Three Impotent Males, Out of Hand, Cut Off, Double Standard, DNS, and Sectorseven  Raw Energy also released product from two U S  acts, The Toasters and Rosie O'Shea   Grouped into the alternative genre, augmenting its roster of punk and ska, the label released a rap album from Top Secret and a noise album from Space City USA 

Discography
Compilation albums
In 1993, Raw Energy released its first compilation, simply titled Raw Energy  Because of the cartoon drawing used on the cover, it quickly took on the name On the Road within the hardcore community  Raw Energy played on this to release a series of "On the Road" compilations, featuring unsigned and emerging Canadian punk, hardcore and alternative rock bands du jour  Some would end up signing with Raw Energy 
The series of "On the Road" compilations includes:

Raw Energy (aka On the Road, 1993)
On the Road Again (1994)
Dead on the Road: Songs Without Keyboards (1994)
On the Road to New York City (1994)
On the Road to Amsterdam (1999)
On the Road    with a Snowboard (1999)Other compilations include Twentybandcomp, co-released with Shock Records in Australia 

Track listing
The Dinner Is Ruined, "Stuck Pig"
Groovy Religion, "Wanda"
hHead, "Collide"
King Cobb Steelie, "One's a Heifer"
The Imagineers, "This is Nevada Calling"
Jale, "I Lied"
Cottage Industry, "Theme from Superstar"
Yeti, "The Crossing"
Wooden Stars, "Hate Everyone"
Wining Dining and Drilling, "Captain's a Wreck"
Deadbeat Backbone, "Til I'm Gone"
Eric's Trip, "Understanding"
Change of Heart, "Stress Monkey"

See also
List of record labels
Passage 14:
Vision Towards Essence
Vision Towards Essence is a live album of solo piano by Muhal Richard Abrams released on the Pi Recordings label in 2007 

Reception
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek states "This is indeed one of the most important records ever released by this great man"  The Penguin Guide to Jazz wrote that "Part 1" "has tentative moments, areas of slow transition which are slightly dull on first hearing though their logic becomes clearer over time  The other two parts are flawless" 

Track listing
"Part 1" - 20:06
"Part 2" - 18:23
"Part 3" - 20:16All compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams
Recorded live at the Guelph Jazz Festival, Guelph, Canada on September 11, 1998 

Personnel
Muhal Richard Abrams - piano
Passage 15:
Live Life Loud
Live Life Loud (stylized as LIVE*LIFE*LOUD!) is the fourth studio album from Christian rock band Hawk Nelson  It was released on September 22, 2009  According to Daniel Biro, the dog on the cover is lead vocalist Jason Dunn's dog Murphy  The album was packaged with a pair of 3D glasses that are needed to be worn to view the album's CD booklet which is printed in 3D 
The album peaked at No  54 the first week on Billboard 200 and at No  3 on The Billboard Christian Albums charts 

Concept and musical style
Bassist Daniel Biro describes the album as "really about encouraging our fans to do just that  To live your life loud, to embrace all that life brings your way and experience every moment of it to the fullest extent  This is the message we want our fans to come away with after they hear the album "The album is the first time that the band wrote songs together by just jamming as a band, although the band collaborated with Chris Stevens, Matthew Gerrard, TobyMac, Trevor McNevan, and Bart Millard on the record 

Track listing
Personnel
Jason Dunn - lead vocals
Daniel Biro - bass guitar, backing vocals
Jonathan Steingard - guitar, backing vocals
Justin Benner - drums

Awards
In 2010, the album was nominated for a Dove Award for Recorded Music Packaging of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards  The title song was also nominated for Short Form Music Video of the Year 
Passage 16:
Ornament Records
Ornament Records is a German record label set up in 1972 by Siegfried A  "Ziggy" Christmann  It initially specialised in issuing live recordings of blues artists who were touring Germany  Soon the label started releasing jazz and German (especially Moselle Franconian) folk music as well 
Artists who were recorded for the label or in some cases whose US recordings were released on the label included Doctor Ross, Willie Mabon, John Lee Hooker, Blind John Davis, Jim Kahr Group, Champion Jack Dupree, Sunnyland Slim, Tommy Tucker, Big Joe Williams, Fernest Arceneaux, Louisiana Red, Al Rapone, Katie Webster, Big Jay McNeely, Detroit Gary Wiggins & Chris Rannenberg as the International Blues Duo and Black Cat Bone Almost all of the label's original blues LPs were—some with additional bonus tracks—re-released on CD on the CMA label in 1991  Some of these were released again on the Chrisly label in 2000 under the Ornament Blues Masters series Ornament also had two short-lived blues sub-labels: Chrischaa and ESCEHA Schallplatten  Both of these folded in June 1978 

See also
List of record labels
Passage 17:
Love, Life and Feelings
Love, Life and Feelings is the 21st studio album from Shirley Bassey, released in 1976 on the United Artists label 
The album peaked at #13 in the UK album chart, and charted at #149 in the Billboard 200  Love, Life and Feelings was awarded silver record status by the British Phonographic Industry, with sales of more than 60,000 copies 
Features covers of contemporary pop songs from the late 1960s and early 1970s, such as "Alone Again (Naturally)" the 1972 UK #3 single from Gilbert O'Sullivan and "The Way I Want to Touch You" from Captain & Tennille  alongside "What I Did for Love", from the musical A Chorus Line written by Marvin Hamlisch 
Singles released from the album include "Natali", an Italian song with lyrics by Norman Newell, which was issued with the non-album track "Runaway" ("E poi   " Andrea Lovecchio, Shel Shapiro) as the B-side, the song was recorded in Italian and English by the Italian singer Mina  This track has of 2011 not been re-issued on CD 
Love, Life and Feelings was issued originally on 33 3rpm vinyl and audio cassette with a sleeve cover photography by Richard Avedon  The album was re-issued on a double CD set in 2006, by BGO Records, together with the 1974 album Nobody Does It Like Me 

Track listing
Side One 

"What I Did for Love" (Edward Kleban, Marvin Hamlisch) - 3 47
"The Hungry Years" (Howard Greenfield, Neil Sedaka) - 4 36
"Born to Lose" (Sergio Bardotti, Dario Bembo, Norman Newell) - 5:46
"Everything That Touches You" (Michael Kamen) - 3 22
"Isn't It a Shame (Randy Edelman) - 3 47
"Midnight Blue" (Melissa Manchester, Carole Bayer Sager) - 4 11Side Two 

"The Way I Want to Touch You" (Toni Tennille) - 3 17
"Natali" (Balsamo, Norman Newell) - 5 02
"You've Made Me So Very Happy" (Berry Gordy, Brenda Holloway, Patrice Holloway, Frank Wilson) - 3 41
"Alone Again (Naturally)" (Gilbert O'Sullivan) - 4 54
"Feelings" (Morris Albert) - 4 46
"If I Never Sing Another Song"  (Don Black, Udo Jürgens) - 4 04

Personnel
Shirley Bassey – vocal
Martin Davis - producer
Arthur Greenslade - arranger, conductor
Martin Rushent - engineer
Passage 18:
Live at the Lighthouse (Elvin Jones album)
Live at the Lighthouse is a live album by jazz drummer Elvin Jones featuring performances recorded in 1972 at the Lighthouse Café in California, and released on the Blue Note label  The album was originally released as a double LP and subsequently released on two CDs with additional material  It features Jones in a quartet with saxophonists Dave Liebman and Steve Grossman, and bassist Gene Perla 

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars calling it "Exciting and adventurous music that stretches the boundaries of modal hard bop jazz" 

Track listing
Volume One"Fancy Free" (Donald Byrd) - 21:06
"New Breed" (Dave Liebman) - 12:06
"Small One" (Liebman) - 7:09 Bonus track on CD reissue
"Sambra" (Gene Perla) - 13:12
"My Ship" (Ira Gershwin, Kurt Weill) - 8:52
"Taurus People" (Farouq Daweud) - 6:17 Bonus track on CD reissue
"For All Those Other Times / Announcement" (Perla) - 5:40 Bonus track on CD reissueVolume Two"Happy Birthday Greeting" - 0:50
"Sweet Mama" (Perla) - 15:30
"I'm a Fool to Want You" (Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, Jack Wolf) - 11:37 Bonus track on CD reissue
"The Children, Save the Children" (Don Garcia) - 7:58
"Brite Piece" (Liebman) - 13:19 Bonus track on CD reissue
"The Children's Merry-Go-Round March" (Elvin Jones) - 28:30 Bonus track on CD reissue

Personnel
Elvin Jones - drums
Steve Grossman - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone
Dave Liebman - tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute
Gene Perla - bass
Passage 19:
Eddie Cochran On The Air
This article is the discography of American rock and roll musician Eddie Cochran 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
EPs
Singles
Charting reissues
Notes
Passage 20:
This Christmas (Patti LaBelle album)
This Christmas is the first holiday album released by American singer Patti LaBelle  It was released by MCA Records on October 30, 1990, in the United States  The album was released while LaBelle was working on a follow-up to her previous album, Be Yourself (1989)  It included original compositions such as "'Twas Love", which LaBelle shot a video for, and "Nothing Could Be Better", which was sung live by LaBelle during an appearance on the television show, A Different World  This Christmas would be re-released in 1995 with all new artwork and a new bonus track, "Angel Man"  The 1995 re-release was later reissued in 2004 under the 20th Century Masters: The Christmas Collection line, labeled The Best of Patti LaBelle 

Critical reception
Allmusic editor Jose F  Promis called This Christmas a "likeable collection of easygoing holiday confections  The songs prove quite endearing, but in some cases are marred by somewhat dated production [   ] Oftentimes, holiday albums such as this – composed of new, untraditional recordings – are somewhat tepid, but that's thankfully not the case here  Despite a few dull moments and some lackluster production, this is quite an enjoyable and endearing holiday set, and will no doubt please the legendary singer's many fans "

Track listing
Notes

^[A]  denotes associate producer
^[B]  denotes co-producer

Charts



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