prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What other recognition did the Oscar winner for Best Actor in 2006 receive?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has had occurrences of actors nominated for two different Academy Awards in acting categories in a single year, with the first instance in 1938 
Provided that they receive enough votes from the Academy in both categories to earn a nomination, there are no restrictions on male actors being nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor or actresses being nominated for both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress in any given year  The only two rules with regard to multiple nominations is that an actor or actress cannot receive multiple nominations for different performances in the same category (one nomination must be for a lead role and the other must be for a supporting role), and they cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance  The second rule was introduced in 1944 after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor nomination and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way As of 2022, 12 actors and actresses have been nominated for two different Academy Awards in the same year  The first was Fay Bainter, who received nominations for her performances in White Banners and Jezebel at the 11th Academy Awards  The most recent occurrence was the 92nd Academy Awards when Scarlett Johansson received (her first ever) nominations for Marriage Story and Jojo Rabbit  Seven of these actors and actresses received an Academy Award in one of the categories they were nominated in, but none have won two Academy Awards in the same year  Five did not receive an Academy Award in either category: Sigourney Weaver (nominations for Gorillas in the Mist and Working Girl), Emma Thompson (nominations for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father), Julianne Moore (nominations for Far from Heaven and The Hours), Cate Blanchett (nominations for Elizabeth: The Golden Age and I'm Not There) and Johansson  Thompson is notable for not only her dual nominations, but also for being the only person to win Academy Awards for both acting and writing   In 1993, the only time to date, two actors were nominated in two categories each in a single year: Holly Hunter (for The Piano and The Firm) and Thompson (for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father) 

Nominees
See also
List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for non-English performances
Passage 2:
François Bégaudeau
François Bégaudeau (French pronunciation: ​[fʁɑ̃swa beɡodo]; born 27 April 1971) is a French writer, journalist, and actor  He is best known for co-writing and starring in Entre les murs (2008), a film based on his 2006 novel of the same name  The film won the Palme d'Or at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film in 2009 

Early life
He was born in Luçon, Vendée, France and was a member of the 1990s punk rock group Zabriskie Point  After receiving his degree in Literature, he taught high school in Dreux and in an inner city middle school in Paris 

Career
Bégaudeau published his first novel, Jouer juste in 2003  In 2005, he published Dans la diagonale and Un démocrate, Mick Jagger 1960-1969, a fictionalized account of the life of Mick Jagger  In 2006, his third novel entitled Entre les murs earned him the Prix France Culture/Télérama Bégaudeau works as a movie critic for the French version of Playboy, having previously worked for the Cahiers du cinéma  He was also a regular contributor for several French magazines, including Inculte, Transfuge and So Foot  Since 2006, he has been a columnist for La Matinale and Le Cercle on Canal+ television He worked on the screenplay for Entre les murs (2008), a film based on his 2006 novel of the same name, in collaboration with the film's director Laurent Cantet  Bégaudeau also starred as the lead in the film, which went on to win the Palme d'Or at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival  The film also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film in 2009, though it ultimately lost to Japan's Departures  The English-language version of Entre les murs was published in April 2009 by Seven Stories Press under the title The Class 

Works
Jouer juste, Éditions Verticales, 2003
Dans la diagonale, Éditions Verticales, 2005
Un démocrate : Mick Jagger 1960-1969, Naïve Records, 2005
Entre les murs, Éditions Verticales, 2006
Collaboration for Débuter dans l'enseignement : Témoignages d'enseignants, conseils d'experts, ESF, 2006
Collaboration  for Devenirs du roman, Naïve Records, 2007
Collaboration for Une année en France : Réferendum/banlieues/CPE, Gallimard, 2007
Fin de l'histoire, Éditions Verticales, 2007
Vers la Douceur, Éditions Verticales, 2009
Histoire de ta bêtise, Éditions Fayard/Pauvert, 2019
Notre Joie, Éditions Fayard/Pauvert, 2021
Passage 3:
List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception  Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, or Best Supporting Actress  The only restriction is that actors cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance  This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way As of 2021, 44 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories  Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four (all Best Actress)  Six have won exactly three acting Academy Awards:  Daniel Day-Lewis (three Best Actor awards), Frances McDormand (three Best Actress awards), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards)  Brennan became the first to receive three or more Academy Awards (winning the third for a 1940 film), followed by Hepburn (1968), Bergman (1974), Nicholson (1997), Streep (2011), Day-Lewis (2012), and, most recently, McDormand (2020)  Of the seven, only Nicholson, Streep, McDormand, and Day-Lewis are still living 
While there is no restriction on a performer winning the Best Actor/Actress and Best Supporting Actor/Actress awards in the same year for two roles in two movies, this has yet to happen—although there have been occasions where performers have been nominated for both in the same year 

List
† = deceased

See also
List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories
List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances
List of Academy Award records
Passage 4:
Charlie Wilson's War (film)
Charlie Wilson's War is a 2007 American biographical comedy-drama film based on the story of U S  Congressman Charlie Wilson and CIA operative Gust Avrakotos, whose efforts led to Operation Cyclone, a program to organize and support the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) 
The film was directed by Mike Nichols (his final film) and written by Aaron Sorkin, who adapted George Crile III's 2003 book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History  It stars Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, and Philip Seymour Hoffman, with Amy Adams and Ned Beatty in supporting roles  It earned five nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and Hoffman earned a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the 80th Academy Awards 

Plot
In 1980, Congressman Charlie Wilson is more interested in partying than legislating, frequently throwing huge galas and staffing his congressional office with attractive young women  His social life eventually brings about a federal investigation into allegations of his cocaine use, conducted by federal prosecutor Rudy Giuliani as part of a larger investigation into congressional misconduct  The investigation results in no charge against Wilson 
A friend and romantic interest, Joanne Herring, encourages Charlie to do more to help the Afghan people, and persuades him to visit the Pakistani leadership  The Pakistanis complain about the inadequate support of the U S  to oppose the Soviet Union, and they insist that Wilson visit a major Pakistan-based Afghan refugee camp  The Congressman is deeply moved by their misery and determination to fight, but is frustrated by the regional CIA personnel's insistence on a low key approach against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan  Wilson returns home to lead an effort to substantially increase funding to the mujahideen 
As part of this effort, Charlie befriends maverick CIA operative Gust Avrakotos and his understaffed Afghanistan group to find a better strategy, especially including a means to counter the Soviets' formidable Mil Mi-24 Hind helicopter gunship  This group was composed in part of members of the CIA's Special Activities Division, including a young paramilitary officer named Michael Vickers  As a result, Charlie's deft political bargaining for the necessary funding and Avrakotos' careful planning using those resources, such as supplying the guerrillas with FIM-92 Stinger missile launchers, turns the Soviet occupation into a deadly quagmire with their heavy fighting vehicles being destroyed at a crippling rate  Charlie enlists the support of Israel and Egypt for Soviet weapons and consumables, and Pakistan for distribution of arms   The CIA's anti-communism budget evolves from $5 million to over $500 million (with the same amount matched by Saudi Arabia), startling several congressmen  This effort by Charlie ultimately evolves into a major portion of the U S  foreign policy known as the Reagan Doctrine, under which the U S  expanded assistance beyond just the mujahideen and began also supporting other anti-communist resistance movements around the world  Charlie states that senior Pentagon official Michael Pillsbury persuaded President Ronald Reagan to provide the Stingers to the Afghans 
Gust vehemently advises Charlie to seek support for post-Soviet occupation Afghanistan, referencing the "zen master's" story of the lost horse  He also emphasizes that rehabilitating schools in the country will help educate young children before they are influenced by the "crazies"  Charlie attempts to appeal this with the government but finds no enthusiasm for even the modest measures he proposes  In the end, Charlie receives a major commendation for his support of the U S  clandestine services, but his pride is tempered by his fears of the blowback his secret efforts could yield in the future and the implications of U S  disengagement from Afghanistan 

Cast
Release and reception
Box office
The film was originally set for release on December 25, 2007; but on November 30, the timetable was moved back to December 21  In its opening weekend, the film grossed $9 6 million in 2,575 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking No  4 at the box office  It grossed a total of $119 million worldwide—$66 7 million in the United States and Canada and $52 3 million in other territories 

Critical reaction
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 205 reviews, with an average rating of 7 00/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Charlie Wilson's War manages to entertain and inform audiences, thanks to its witty script and talented cast of power players " Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 67 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale 

Governmental criticism and praise
Some Reagan Era officials, including former Under Secretary of Defense Fred Ikle, have criticized some elements of the film  The Washington Times reported claims that the film wrongly promotes the notion that the CIA-led operation funded Osama bin Laden and ultimately produced the September 11 attacks; however, other Reagan-era officials have been more supportive of the film   Michael Johns, the former foreign policy analyst at The Heritage Foundation and White House speechwriter to President George H  W  Bush, praised the film as "the first mass-appeal effort to reflect the most important lesson of America's Cold War victory: that the Reagan-led effort to support freedom fighters resisting Soviet oppression led successfully to the first major military defeat of the Soviet Union    Sending the Red Army packing from Afghanistan proved one of the single most important contributing factors in one of history's most profoundly positive and important developments "

Russian reception
In February 2008, it was revealed that the film would not release in Russian theaters  The rights for the film were bought by Universal Pictures International (UPI) Russia  It was speculated that the film would not appear because of a certain point of view that depicted the Soviet Union unfavorably  UPI Russia head Yevgeny Beginin denied that, saying, "We simply decided that the film would not make a profit " Reaction from Russian bloggers was also negative  One wrote: "The whole film shows Russians, or rather Soviets, as brutal killers "

Historical accuracy
Mujahideen support
While the film depicts Wilson as an immediate advocate for supplying the mujahideen with Stinger missiles, a former Reagan administration official recalls that he and Wilson, while advocates for the mujahideen, were actually initially "lukewarm" on the idea of supplying these missiles  Their opinion changed when they discovered that rebels were successful in downing Soviet gunships with them  As such, they were actually not supplied until 1987, during the second Reagan term, and their provision was advocated mostly by Reagan defense officials and influential conservatives 

Happy ending
According to Melissa Roddy, a Los Angeles film maker with inside information from the production, the film's happy ending where Wilson receives an award came about because Tom Hanks did not feel comfortable with an original draft which ended on a scene featuring the September 11 attacks   Citing the original screenplay, which was very different from the final product, in Reel Power: Hollywood Cinema and American Supremacy Matthew Alford wrote that the film gave up "the chance to produce what at least had the potential to be the Dr  Strangelove of our generation" 

Academic research
The book and the film based on it are mostly rated negatively in terms of historical accuracy 

Charlie Wilson’s War (2007) is amusing but has only an intermittent connection with historical reality 
George Crile's magnificent book Charlie Wilson's War, and the movie that was made from it, is an excellent account, but it is told from the perspective of one Texas congressman and tends to distort his importance 
George Crile's Charlie Wilson's War has been made into a film, and features the same degree of fantasy and escapism as Rambo III, which was also set in the Soviet-Afghan War 

Aftermath
The film depicts the concern expressed by Charlie and Gust that Afghanistan was being neglected in the 1990s, following the Soviet withdrawal  In one of the film's final scenes, Gust dampens Charlie's enthusiasm over the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, saying "I'm about to give you an NIE (National Intelligence Estimate) that shows the crazies are rolling into Kandahar "  As he says this, the sound of jet airliners soar overhead, a premonition of the coming 9/11 attacks 

George Crile III, author of the book on which the film is based, wrote that the mujahideen's victory in Afghanistan ultimately opened a power vacuum for bin Laden: By the end of 1993, in Afghanistan itself there were no roads, no schools, just a destroyed country—and the United States was washing its hands of any responsibility  It was in this vacuum that the Taliban and Osama bin Laden would emerge as the dominant players  It is ironic that a man who had almost nothing to do with the victory over the Red Army, Osama bin Laden, would come to personify the power of the jihad 
In 2008, Canadian journalist Arthur Kent sued the makers of the film, claiming that they had used material he produced in the 1980s without obtaining the proper authorization  On September 19, 2008, Kent announced that he had reached a settlement with the film's producers and distributors, and that he was "very pleased" with the terms of the settlement, which remain confidential 

Awards and nominations
Home media
The film was released on DVD April 22, 2008, while a HD DVD/DVD combo was also made available
Passage 5:
Heureux Anniversaire
Heureux Anniversaire (also known as Happy Anniversary) is a 1962 French short comedy film directed by Pierre Étaix  It won an Oscar in 1963 for Best Short Subject 

Cast
Robert Blome
Pierre Étaix
Lucien Frégis
Laurence Lignières
Georges Loriot
Ican Paillaud
Nono Zammit
Passage 6:
Beyond the Hills
Beyond the Hills (Romanian: După dealuri) is a 2012 Romanian drama film directed by Cristian Mungiu, starring Cristina Flutur and Cosmina Stratan  The narrative follows two young women at an Eastern Orthodox convent in Romania 

Plot
Two Romanian orphaned young women, Voichița and Alina, visit a Romanian Orthodox convent during Lent, where Voichița tells Alina the altar includes an icon that grants wishes  Alina had been working in Germany, and the two girls were previously roommates at a children's home and had shared a physical relationship  The monastery is led by a 30-year-old Priest who speaks ill of declining faith in Western Europe, citing same-sex marriage, and forbids anyone outside of the faith from entering  He inquires about Alina to Voichița, who tells him Alina irregularly attends church and does not go to confession  They urge Alina to begin confessing  Alina hopes to sleep with Voichița, but Voichița tells her they must be cautious given it is Lent 
Some time later after Alina has left the convent, Voichița retrieves her, but Voichița tells Alina she is now a nun, that she has chosen to be with God so she will never be alone, and her love of Alina is different from before  They return to the convent, but Alina asks Voichița that they escape together  After Voichița refuses, Alina attempts to jump down a well, but is restrained by the nuns and taken to the hospital  There, doctors restrain Alina to prevent her self-harm, after which they send her back to the convent to assist with recovery  There, the nuns read to Alina about sin  Alina begins a Black Fast, but when the Priest learns of this when Alina is not at the table, they see Alina is attempting to enter the altar to make a wish to the icon  The Priest admits the icon exists, but says entering the altar is a severe sin, and tells the nuns the Devil is in Alina and the convent 
Alina remains tied down to a board with chains and towels  The nuns witness a worsening in her condition and take her back to the hospital  There, the hospital staff find Alina is dead on arrival, and observe the wounds on her wrists and ankles from the restraints  The staff tells the nuns this constitutes homicide and threatens to call the police and media  An officer investigates the convent  Seeing the board Alina was tied to, the officer interprets it as a cross  The officer also says forcible restraint leading to death is a homicide  The Priest denies criminal intent, saying the restraints were to prevent self-harm, and invoking the analogy of a parent's right to force children to take medicine, though the officer replies Alina was not a child and the Priest was not her guardian  The nuns also cite Alina's strength as mysterious, but Voichița says Alina studied martial arts  The police take the Priest and the nuns who tied up Alina away, with Voichița choosing to go with them 

Cast
Cosmina Stratan as Voichița
Cristina Flutur as Alina
Valeriu Andriuță as Priest
Dana Tapalagă as Mother superior
Cătălina Harabagiu as Antonia
Gina Țandură as nun Iustina
Vica Agache as nun Elisabeta
Nora Covali as Nun Pahomia
Dionisie Vitcu as Mr  Valerică

Production
The screenplay was inspired by two novels by the writer Tatiana Niculescu Bran, documenting the Tanacu exorcism, in which a young member of a monastery in Moldavia died in 2005 after an exorcism ritual  Mungiu was inspired to make the film after seeing the stage version in New York while promoting 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days The film production was made through the director's company, Mobra Films  It also received production support from Belgium and France  It received €273,100  from Romania's National Centre for Cinema and €400,000 from Eurimages  Filming took place from November 2011 to February 2012 

Release
The film premiered in the main competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, where it was screened on 19 May  At Cannes, Mungiu won the award for Best Screenplay, while Cristina Flutur and Cosmina Stratan shared the award for Best Actress  It was selected as the Romanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards,  making the January shortlist  The film also won the Golden Ástor for Best Film at the 2012 Mar del Plata International Film Festival 

Critical response
Dan Fainaru of Screen Daily wrote from Cannes: "Spare, unadorned and strikingly shot, Cristian Mungiu's film is an unusual rendering of a Romanian exorcism case and is bound to split both audience and critical opinions, some considering it a major achievement and others blaming it for overlong pretentious sensationalism  But it will certainly not pass unnoticed "Sight & Sound film magazine listed the film at #8 on its list of best films of 2012 

See also
Romanian New Wave
List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Romanian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films of 2012
Passage 7:
78th Academy Awards
The 78th Academy Awards presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 5, 2006, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p m  PST / 8:00 p m  EST  The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid a clash with the 2006 Winter Olympics  During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005  The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J  Horvitz  Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time  Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California held on February 18, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams Crash won three awards, including Best Picture  Other winners included Brokeback Mountain, King Kong, and Memoirs of a Geisha with three awards and Capote, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Constant Gardener, Hustle & Flow, March of the Penguins, The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation, A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin, Six Shooter, Syriana, Tsotsi, Walk the Line, and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one  The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States 

Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 78th Academy Awards were announced on January 31, 2006, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in the Academy's Beverly Hills headquarters by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino  Brokeback Mountain earned the most nominations with eight total; Crash, Good Night, and Good Luck, and Memoirs of a Geisha tied for second with six nominations each  All five Best Picture nominees received corresponding Best Director nominations (the fourth occurrence in Oscar history since the Best Picture nominees roster was limited to five films) The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 5, 2006  Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony  Crash was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's Rocky to win only three Oscars  Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category  For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees  At age 20, Keira Knightley was the second-youngest Best Actress nominee for her performance as Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice  Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films  By virtue of his nominations for both Memoirs of a Geisha and Munich, composer John Williams earned a total of 45 nominations tying him with Alfred Newman as the second most nominated individual in Oscar history  "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" became the second rap song to win Best Original Song and the first such song to be performed at an Oscars ceremony 

Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡) 

Academy Honorary Award
Robert Altman — In recognition of a career that has repeatedly reinvented the art form and inspired filmmakers and audiences alike 

Films with multiple nominations and awards
Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers 

Presenters
Performers
Ceremony information
Despite the negative reception from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy rehired Gilbert Cates to oversee production of the awards gala  However, in an article published in The New York Times, it was stated that 2005 host Chris Rock would not return to host the show  According to a statement released by his publicist, "He didn't want to do it in perpetuity, He'd like to do it again down the road " Furthermore, many media outlets speculated that several AMPAS members felt uncomfortable with Rock's disparaging comments about Colin Farrell, Jude Law, and Tobey Maguire  Initially, Cates sought actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony again  However, Crystal declined the offer citing his commitment to his one-man comedy show 700 Sundays In January 2006, Cates announced that actor, comedian, and talk show host Jon Stewart, who had previously hosted two consecutive Grammy Awards ceremonies in 2001 and 2002, was chosen as host of the 2006 telecast  Cates explained the decision to hire him saying, "My wife and I watch him every night  Jon is the epitome of a perfect host — smart, engaging, irreverent and funny " In a statement, Stewart expressed that he was honored to be selected to emcee the program, jokingly adding, "Although, as an avid watcher of the Oscars, I can't help but be a little disappointed with the choice  It appears to be another sad attempt to smoke out Billy Crystal "Several other people and companies participated in the production of the ceremony  Bill Conti served as musical supervisor for the telecast  Media firm The Ant Farm produced a thirty-second trailer promoting the broadcast featuring clips highlighting past Oscar winners to the tune of the song "Our Lives" by The Calling  Previous Oscar hosts such as Whoopi Goldberg and Steve Martin, and actors Mel Gibson, George Clooney, Halle Berry appeared in an opening comedic sketch  Actor Tom Hanks participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning Oscar speeches  Stephen Colbert (host of The Colbert Report, the sister program of Stewart's The Daily Show) narrated two different mock attack ads lampooning both the intense campaigning and lobbying during Oscar season put forth by film studios and political advertising during elections  Violinist Itzhak Perlman performed excerpts from the five nominees for Best Original Score 

Box office performance of nominated films
When the nominations were announced on January 31, the field of major nominees favored independent, low-budget films over blockbusters  The combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $186 million with an average gross of $37 3 million per film  Crash was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $53 4 million in domestic box office receipts  The film was followed by Brokeback Mountain ($51 7 million), Munich ($40 8 million), Good Night and Good Luck ($25 2 million), and finally Capote ($15 4 million) Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 35 nominations went to 13 films on the list  Only  Walk the Line (19th), Cinderella Man (41st), Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (45th), and Crash (48th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting  The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (1st), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2nd), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (3rd), War of the Worlds (4th), King Kong (5th), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (7th), Batman Begins (8th), March of the Penguins, (26th), and Memoirs of a Geisha (47th) 

Critical reviews
Some media outlets received the broadcast positively  St  Louis Post-Dispatch television critic Gail Pennington praised Stewart's performance as host writing that he "did the Oscars proud Sunday night, turning in a four-star hosting performance that unfortunately made the rest of the show seem sluggish by comparison " Film critic Roger Ebert said that Stewart was "on target, topical and funny," and added, "He was as relaxed, amusing and at home as Johnny Carson " Columnist Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter commented, "He seemed at times nervous and self-conscious, but on the whole, Stewart delivered with just the right balance of reverence and smugness "Others media publications were more critical of the show  Television critic Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote that Stewart was more "amusing than funny"  He added, "Many of his jokes fell flat with the stars in the Kodak Theatre, and his tendency to bow down before celebrities quickly grew tiresome " Tom Shales from The Washington Post commented, "It's hard to believe that professional entertainers could have put together a show less entertaining than this year's Oscars, hosted with a smug humorlessness by comic Jon Stewart, a sad and pale shadow of great hosts gone by " Moreover, he derided the "piles and piles and miles and miles of clips from films present and past" writing that it "squandered the visual luster" of the ceremony  Associated Press television critic Frazier Moore remarked, "Stewart, usually a very funny guy, displayed a lack of beginner's luck as first-time host   His usually impeccable blend of puckishness and self-effacement fell flat in the service of Oscar " He also criticized the decision to play music over the winner's acceptance speeches calling it "distracting and obnoxious "

Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 38 94 million people over its length, which was an 8% decrease from the previous year's ceremony  Additionally, the show earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 23 0% of households watching over a 35 share  Furthermore, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 13 9 rating among viewers in that demographic In July 2006, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 58th Primetime Emmys  The following month, the ceremony won four of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction (Roy Christopher and Jeff Richman), Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Program (Louis J  Horvitz), Outstanding Main Title Design (Renato Grgic, Alen Petkovic, Kristijan Petrovic, and Jon Teschner), and Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Variety, Music, or Animation Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J  Greene, Jamie Santos, and Tom Vicari) 

In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actor George Clooney  The montage featured an excerpt of the theme from Now, Voyager composed by Max Steiner 

See also
12th Screen Actors Guild Awards
26th Golden Raspberry Awards
48th Grammy Awards
58th Primetime Emmy Awards
59th British Academy Film Awards
60th Tony Awards
63rd Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 78th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

Notes
a^ : Walt Disney has the most Oscar nominations for any individual with 64 
b^ : Best Foreign Language Film nominee Paradise Now was initially nominated as a submission from Palestine  However, following protests from pro-Israeli groups in the United States, the Academy decided to designate it as a submission from the Palestinian Authority, a move that was decried by the film's director Hany Abu-Assad  During the awards ceremony, the film was eventually announced by presenter Will Smith as a submission from the Palestinian territories 
Passage 8:
Fiddler on the Roof
Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in or around 1905  It is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem  The story centers on Tevye, a milkman in the village of Anatevka, who attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon his family's lives  He must cope with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters who wish to marry for love; their choices of husbands are successively less palatable for Tevye  An edict of the tsar eventually evicts the Jews from their village 
The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances  Fiddler held the record for the longest-running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run  The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed  It won nine Tony Awards, including best musical, score, book, direction and choreography  It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation and has enjoyed enduring international popularity  It has also been a popular choice for school and community productions 

Background
Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye (or Tevye the Dairyman) and his Daughters, a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century  The stories are based on Aleichem's own upbringing near modern-day Kyiv (fictionalized as Yehupetz)  It is also influenced by Life is with People, by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog  Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s  In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, called Tevye and his Daughters, was produced off-Broadway by Arnold Perl  Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea 

Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences  Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow" and superficial; Philip Roth, writing in The New Yorker, called it shtetl kitsch  For example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him  Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; at the end of Fiddler, the family members are alive, and most are emigrating together to America  The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to become "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry"  Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins  The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye, before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall (Green Violinist (1924),  Le Mort (1924), The Fiddler (1912)) that also inspired the original set design  Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting" During rehearsals, one of the stars, Jewish actor Zero Mostel, feuded with Robbins, whom he held in contempt, because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public  Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy [and] strained the good nature of Hal Prince" 

Synopsis
Act I
Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ("Tradition")  At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal  His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks  Yente, the village matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter  The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel illustrates how it could have bad results ("Matchmaker, Matchmaker")  A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor 
Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame  He asks God: Whom would it hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"?  The bookseller tells Tevye news from the outside world of pogroms and expulsions  A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk  The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters  Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar  Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand  But Motel resists: he is afraid of Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages  Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife  The family gathers for the "Sabbath Prayer" 
After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar for a drink at the village inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow  Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything  All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ("To Life")  Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town  The Constable warns him that there is going to be a "little unofficial demonstration" in the coming weeks (a euphemism for a minor pogrom)  The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence 
The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with the younger sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story  He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing  To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together  The two begin to fall in love  Later, a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf  Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her  Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry  He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife  Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone  After some soul-searching ("Tevye's Monologue"), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde  An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ("Miracle of Miracles") 
In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare  Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ("Tevye's Dream")  Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf  Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah ("frum" is a Yiddish word for a devout Jew), rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar  The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel  While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths  One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others  He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins 
The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ("Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration ("The Wedding Dance")  Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement  Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel  The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the "demonstration"   They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreak more destruction in the village  Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess 

Act II
Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kyiv to work for the revolution  He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her  She agrees ("Now I Have Everything")  They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving  When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing  After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ("Tevye's Rebuttal")  He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission 
Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde  "Love", he says, "it's the new style " Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, "Do You Love Me?" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does  Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka   News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ("The Rumor/I Just Heard"), and Hodel is determined to join him there  At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ("Far From the Home I Love") 
Time passes  Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby  Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka  Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross  He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again  When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ("Chavaleh Sequence")  Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead  Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages  While the villagers are gathered, the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town  In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long 
As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków, unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others  Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you "  Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money  As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play  Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village 

Musical numbers
Principal characters
All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted:
Tevye, a poor milkman with five daughters  A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith, he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters 
Golde, Tevye's sharp-tongued wife 
Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen  She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him, even though he's poor, begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf 
Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen  Intelligent and spirited, she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia 
Chava, their daughter, about fifteen  A shy and bookish girl, who falls in love with Fyedka 
Motel Kamzoil, a poor but hardworking tailor who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel 
Perchik, a student revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel  He leaves for Kyiv, is arrested and exiled to Siberia 
Fyedka, a young Christian  He shares Chava's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians' treatment of the Jews 
Lazar Wolf, the wealthy village butcher  Widower of Fruma-Sarah  Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel 
Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar 
Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother, who rises from the grave in Tevye's "nightmare" 
Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who also rises from the grave in the "nightmare" 
Rabbi, the wise village leader 
Constable, the head of the local Russian police, a Christian 

Casts
Notable replacements
Broadway (1964–72)Tevye: Luther Adler, Herschel Bernardi, Harry Goz, Paul Lipson
Golde: Maria Karnilova, Peg Murray, Martha Schlamme, Dolores Wilson
Tzeitel: Rosalind Harris, Joanna Merlin, Bette Midler
Lazar Wolf: Paul LipsonBroadway revival (2004–06)Tevye: Harvey Fierstein
Golde: Andrea Martin, Rosie O'Donnell
Yente: Barbara BarrieBroadway revival (2015–16)Golde: Judy Kuhn

Productions
Original productions
Following its tryout at Detroit's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964, then Washington in August to September, the original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at the Imperial Theatre, transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to the Broadway Theatre, and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances  The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins – his last original Broadway staging  The set, designed in the style of Marc Chagall's paintings, was by Boris Aronson  A colorful logo for the production, also inspired by Chagall's work, was designed by Tom Morrow  Chagall reportedly did not like the musical The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman, Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde (both won a Tony for their performances), Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker, Austin Pendleton as Motel, Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary, Gino Conforti as the fiddler, and Julia Migenes as Hodel  Mostel ad-libbed increasingly as the run went on, "which drove the authors up the wall"  Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run  Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah, Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel, and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter, Bielke  Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi, Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz (in the original Broadway run), and Leonard Nimoy  Mostel's understudy in the original production, Paul Lipson, went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor (until Chaim Topol), clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals  Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run  The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it  It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography, and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova The original London West End production opened on February 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances  It starred Topol as Tevye, a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv, and Miriam Karlin as Golde  Alfie Bass, Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye  Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and in several revivals over the next four decades  The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium 

Broadway revivals
The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre  Zero Mostel starred as Tevye  Robbins directed and choreographed  A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater  It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde  Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson  Robbins directed and choreographed  The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre  Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde  Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes  The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival 
A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre  Alfred Molina, and later Harvey Fierstein, starred as Tevye, and Randy Graff, and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell, was Golde  Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente, Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze   It was directed by David Leveaux  This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy"   The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any  In June 2014, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, a gala celebration and reunion was held at the Town Hall in New York City to benefit National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene, with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film, as well as Sheldon Harnick, Chita Rivera, Karen Ziemba, Joshua Bell, Jerry Zaks and others The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20, 2015, at the Broadway Theatre, with concept and choreography based on the original by Robbins  Bartlett Sher directed, and Hofesh Shechter choreographed  The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye, with Jessica Hecht as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel, Adam Kantor as Motel, Ben Rappaport as Perchik, Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava  Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22, 2016, for the last five weeks of the run  Designers include Michael Yeargan (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes) and Donald Holder (lighting)  Initial reviews were mostly positive, finding Burstein and the show touching  The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none  It closed on December 31, 2016, after 463 performances  The U S /Canadian tour of the Sher-directed production began in 2018 and was interrupted in March 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic; it resumed in 2021 and continued into 2023  The role of Tevye has been played by Yehezkel Lazarov into 2022, Danny Arnold then assumed the role for several months, and the last months are being played by Jonathan Hashmonay 

London revivals
Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre (a four-month season starring Topol) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf  The production was directed by Lindsay Posner  Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt A revival played at the Menier Chocolate Factory from November 23, 2018, until March 9, 2019, directed by Trevor Nunn and starring Andy Nyman as Tevye and Judy Kuhn as Golde  The production transferred to the Playhouse Theatre in the West End on March 21, 2019, with an official opening on March 27  Replacement players included Maria Friedman as Golde and Anita Dobson as Yente  The run closed on November 2, 2019 

Other UK productions
A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking  The production's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic, and Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12-foot puppet  This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood A revival played at Chichester Festival Theatre from July 10 to September 2, 2017, directed by Daniel Evans and starring Omid Djalili as Tevye and Tracy-Ann Oberman as Golde 

Australian productions
The original Australian production opened on June 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney  It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde  The production ran for two years  The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye  A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka In 1998, 2005, 2006 and 2007, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in Australian productions, with seasons in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Wellington and Auckland  The musical was again revived in Melbourne and Sydney in 2015–2016 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel 

Other notable North American productions
Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware  Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles  He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein and Theodore Bikel  The cast included Mary Stout, Susan Cella, Bill Nolte, Erik Liberman, Rena Strober, and Stephen Lee Anderson National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene mounted a Yiddish adaptation, Fidler Afn Dakh, at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City, under the direction of Joel Grey, with a translation by Shraga Friedman that was first used in a 1965 Israeli production  The cast included Jackie Hoffman as Yente, Steven Skybell as Tevye, Daniel Kahn as Pertshik, Stephanie Lynne Mason as Hodel and Raquel Nobile as Shprintze  Previews began on July 4, and opening night was July 15, 2018  The production played through the end of that year  It then transferred to Stage 42, an off-Broadway theatre, with Skybell, Hoffman, Mason and Nobile reprising their roles  Previews began February 11, with opening night on February 21, 2019  Musical staging was by Staś Kmieć (based on the original choreography by Robbins), with set design by Beowulf Boritt, costumes by Ann Hould-Ward, sound by Dan Moses Schreier and lighting by Peter Kaczorowski  The production closed on January 5, 2020  It won the 2019 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical 

International and amateur productions
The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany; and it was the longest-running musical ever seen in Tokyo  According to BroadwayWorld, the musical has been staged "in every metropolitan city in the world from Paris to Beijing "A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s  This version was so successful that in 1965 Godik produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman  A 2008 Hebrew-language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years  It was directed by Rabbi Moshe Kepten, choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970, resuming from September to January 1971 (a total of 292 performances) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde  Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde  The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore  It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye  An Italian version, Il violinista sul tetto, with lyrics sung in Yiddish and the orchestra on stage also serving as chorus, was given a touring production in 2004, with Moni Ovadia as Tevye and director; it opened at Teatro Municipale Valli in Reggio Emilia The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone 

Film adaptations and recordings
A film version was released by United Artists in 1971, directed and produced by Norman Jewison, and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay  Chaim Topol starred  The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics and became the highest-grossing film of 1971  Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director for Jewison, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey (as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son)  It won three, including best score/adaptation for arranger-conductor John Williams In the film version, the character of Yente is reduced, and Perchik's song to Hodel "Now I Have Everything" is cut and replaced by a scene in Kyiv  The "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka Theatre historian John Kenrick wrote that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964, "shimmers – an essential recording in any show lover's collection", praising the cast  The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album, the bottle dance from the wedding scene and "Rumor" performed by Beatrice Arthur  In 2020, the recording was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant"  Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and producers Dan Jinks and Aaron Harnick are planning a new film adaptation of the musical, with Thomas Kail directing and co-producing, and Steven Levenson penning the screenplay 

Cultural influence
The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere  A documentary film about the musical's history and legacy, Fiddler: A Miracle of Miracles, was released in 2019 

Parodies
Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof (Mad magazine #156, January 1973), which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America  In the film Mrs  Doubtfire (1993), Robin Williams parodies "Matchmaker"  In a 1994 Animaniacs parody, Pigeon on the Roof, the Goodfeathers decide to marry their girlfriends; song parodies include "Scorsese" ("Tradition"), "Egg Hatcher" ("Matchmaker") and others  In 2001, the H  P  Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody called A Shoggoth on the Roof, which sets music from Fiddler to a story based on the works of H  P  Lovecraft  Spanish comedian and TV-host Jose Mota parodied "If I Were a Rich Man" with the song "Si no fuera rico" ("If I weren't a rich man") during his 2008 New Year's Eve special References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled "Jews and Chinese Food", involving a production of the musical  A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair"   In the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (2003), William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler   The second episode of Muppets Tonight, in 1996, featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof   "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode of The Nanny, parodied the dream scene, when Mr  Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show   A 2011 episode of NBC's Community, entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody titled Fiddla, Please! with an all-black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes, singing "It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo"  Chabad org kicked off their 2008 "To Life" telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical Broadway references have included Spamalot, where a "Grail dance" sends up the "bottle dance" in Fiddler's wedding scene  In 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, "The Roof Is on Fiddler", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980s pop songs   The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets 

Covers
Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists  For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof, which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical  In a retrospective review AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars, stating, "Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet"  That same year, Eydie Gormé released a single of "Matchmaker", and jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery recorded the same tune for his album Movin' Wes In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof, a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by indie and experimental bands such as the Residents, Negativland, and the Magnetic Fields  Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors   Allmusic gave the album a favorable review, and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s   In 2005, Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof Gwen Stefani and Eve covered "If I Were a Rich Man" as "Rich Girl" for Stefani's 2004 debut solo album Love  Angel  Music  Baby  in 2004   The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name  Stefani's version reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it remained for over six months  It was certified gold by the RIAA and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration   It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps, poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich   The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the "Bottle Dance" from Fiddler as a "recurring trademark", including at the Drum Corps International World Championships 

Other
The song "Sunrise, Sunset" is often played at weddings, and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes  For example, for male couples, changes include "When did they grow to be so handsome" In 2015 a displaced persons camp southwest of Kyiv named Anatevka was built by Chabad Rabbi Moshe Azman to house the Jews fleeing the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine 

Awards
Fiddler's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography   Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress  In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history 
Its revivals have also been honored   At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor   Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor   The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none   The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor  The 2019 West End revival won the Olivier Award for best revival, and it received a further 7 nominations 

Notes
Passage 9:
45 Years
45 Years is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed and written by Andrew Haigh  The film is based on the short story "In Another Country" by David Constantine  The film premiered in the main competition section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival  Charlotte Rampling won the Silver Bear for Best Actress and Tom Courtenay won the Silver Bear for Best Actor  At the 88th Academy Awards, Rampling received a nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and also screened at the 2015 Telluride Festival  It was released in the United Kingdom on 28 August 2015  The film was released in the United States by Sundance Selects on 23 December 2015 

Plot
Five years after retirees Kate and Geoff Mercer had to cancel their 40th wedding anniversary because of his heart bypass surgery, the comfortably-off, childless Norfolk couple are preparing to celebrate their 45th anniversary with dozens of friends at the Assembly House in Norwich  Their morning is somewhat disturbed when Geoff opens a letter telling him that the body of Katya, his German lover in the early 1960s, has become visible in a melting glacier where she fell into a crevasse on their hike in Switzerland over five decades ago 
Kate has been told about Katya previously by Geoff and seems initially unconcerned by his controlled disquiet  Geoff tells Kate that he and Katya had pretended to be married in order to be able to share a room in the more puritanical early 1960s  Because of this, the Swiss authorities consider him to be Katya's next of kin 
As the days pass and preparations for the party continue, Geoff continues to be moody and starts smoking again  One night, Geoff climbs into the attic to look at his memorabilia of Katya and only reluctantly shows a picture of her to an angrily insistent Kate  Kate notices that Katya appears to look much like Kate did when she was young, with similar dark hair 
While Geoff is out at a reunion luncheon at his former workplace, Kate climbs the ladder to the attic  She finds Geoff's scrapbook filled with memorabilia from his time with Katya, including pressed violets from their last hike  She finds a carousel slide projector, loaded with images of Switzerland and Katya, next to a makeshift screen to view them  Kate is shocked to see slides showing that Katya was pregnant at the time of her death 
Kate also takes up smoking again and, upon learning of his visit to the local travel agency to inquire about trips to Switzerland, confronts Geoff about his recent behavior related to Katya, without revealing what she saw in the attic  She says that she now believes that many of their decisions as a couple were influenced by Katya  Geoff promises that their marriage will "start again", which the next morning he marks by serving her tea in bed and making breakfast for her  They attend their anniversary party in the historic Grand Hall  Geoff delivers a tearful speech in which he professes his love for Kate 
The first dance is announced, accompanied by the same first song from their wedding, "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" by The Platters  As Geoff and Kate slow dance, she becomes increasingly awkward and rigid, while he becomes silly and playful  As the song ends, Geoff raises their hands together in the air as the party guests cheer, but Kate yanks her arm down  Geoff, apparently oblivious, dances away  Kate stands alone amid the mass of people on the dance floor 

Cast
Charlotte Rampling as Kate Mercer
Tom Courtenay as Geoff Mercer
Geraldine James as Lena
Dolly Wells as Sally
David Sibley as George
Sam Alexander as Chris the Postman
Richard Cunningham as Mr  Watkins
Kevin Matadeen as the Waiter
Hannah Chalmers as the Travel Agent
Max Rudd as the Maître d'

Production
Filming lasted over 6 weeks and concluded in May 2014 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 97% based on 213 reviews, with an average rating of 8 6/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "45 Years offers richly thought-provoking rewards for fans of adult cinema – and a mesmerizing acting showcase for leads Charlotte Rampling and Tom Courtenay " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 94 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "universal acclaim "Mark Kermode described the film as a "subtle examination of the persistence of the past and the fragile (in)stability of the present" in The Observer, arguing that the lead performances "turn an apparently everyday story of a marriage in quiet crisis into something rather extraordinary " He concludes the review by observing "Like the final shot of The Long Good Friday, which lingers upon Bob Hoskins’s face as he revisits the events that brought him to this sorry pass, 45 Years shows us the past materialising in the expressions of those trapped in the present, staring into an uncertain future "

Accolades
Context 2: Passage 1:
Australian five-dollar note
The Australian five-dollar note was first issued on 29 May 1967, fifteen months after the currency was changed from the pound to the dollar on 14 February 1966  It was a new denomination with mauve colouration – the pre-decimal system had no denomination with a value of £21⁄2  The first polymer version of the note was introduced in 1992  A major design update was issued from 1 September 2016, with a minor update to the signatures in 2019 

Series
The first issue was a paper note which had a gradient of mauve, with a distinct black overprint  It was designed by Gordon Andrews, with Russell Drysdale as the Reserve Bank of Australia's artistic advisor  It featured portraits of Sir Joseph Banks and Caroline Chisholm, as well as elevations of Sydney streets from Joseph Fowles' "Sydney in 1848", the cover of the Shipping Gazette, a watercolour of the Waverley, and a handbill of a meeting of the Family Colonization Loan Society  All of these images were sourced from the State Library of New South Wales 
The first polymer banknote issue, which can be recognised for its mauve colouration and numeral font, was first issued in pale mauve in 1992  A number of people found it difficult to distinguish it from the $10 banknote, especially in poor lighting conditions 
In 1995, a second polymer issue was issued, distinguishable by its deeper shade of mauve and a different font for the numeral 
A federation commemorative was issued in 2001 for that year only  Notes featured Sir Henry Parkes on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse 
On 1 September 2016 Next Generation Banknote (NGB) $5 was issued  The NGB series banknotes contain more security features than the previous series, including a clear top-to-bottom window 

Statistics
According to Reserve Bank statistics, at the end of June 2017 there were two hundred and eleven million five dollar banknotes in circulation, fourteen percent of the total banknotes in circulation; worth one thousand and fifty five million, or one percent of the total value for all denominations Leek has the greatest value, issued for two years only; and the 1990 Fraser/Higgens being issued for less than a year From 1967 to 1974, the title identifying the country was "Commonwealth of Australia" and there were 195,504,000 of these notes issued  The title identifying the country was then changed to "Australia" and from 1974 until the end of the issuance of paper currency for this denomination (in 1992), 978,068,318 of these notes were issued 

Design
On the 1995 design, Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia at the time was on the obverse, along with eucalyptus (gum) leaves  There is a number 5 in the right hand corner of both sides  The word "Australia" is written to the bottom left of the Queen  Parliament House appears on the reverse  On the 2001 commemorative design, Sir Henry Parkes appears on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse 
On 12 April 2016, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced a new design for the 5-dollar banknote would be introduced into circulation on 1 September 2016, the fourth polymer $5 banknote issued since 1992  It is the first of a new series of banknotes that will feature a different species of Australian wattle and a native bird  The 5-dollar banknote has the prickly Moses wattle (Acacia verticillata subsp  ovoidea) and the Eastern Spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris)  It also features an image of the Federation Pavilion  The reverse features Parliament House, showing the mosaic forecourt designed by Kumantje Jagamara, called Possum and Wallaby Dreaming, as well as a plan of Parliament House The 2016 design was slightly updated in 2019, with new signatures for the Governor of the Reserve Bank and the Secretary to the Treasury After the death of Elizabeth II, the Reserve Bank of Australia said that it was discussing with the government before it decides the replacement portrait on the 5-dollar banknote  On 2 February 2023, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that King Charles III will not appear on the new five-dollar banknote, a design celebrating First Nations peoples to appear instead 

Security features
The paper design included a watermark of Captain James Cook in the white field  The same watermark was also used in the last issue of pound banknotes  A new feature of the decimal currency was metallic strip embedded within the paper of the note, first near the centre of the note, then from 1976 moved to the left side on the obverse of the note 
The polymer issue includes: a shadow image of the Australian coat of arms which is visible under other printing when the note is held up to light; a pointed star with four points on the obverse and three on the reverse that come together under light; a clear window that has a stylised gum flower showing; and raised print and micro printing of the denomination value Some features of the banknote glow under UV light  These features include the serial number and a square patch on the reverse of the note  There is also raised printing around the portraits and major design elements of the note which can be felt by rubbing the finger or fingernail against them 
Passage 2:
The White Princess (miniseries)
The White Princess is a historical drama television miniseries developed for Starz  It is based on Philippa Gregory's 2013 novel of the same name and, to a lesser extent, its 2014 sequel The King's Curse  It is a sequel to the 2013 miniseries The White Queen, which adapted three of Gregory's previous novels, and begins immediately where The White Queen finished 
In the eight episode series, the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York effectively ends the Wars of the Roses by uniting the houses of Lancaster and York  However, their mutual enmity and distrust, as well as the political plots of their mothers, threaten to tear both the marriage and the kingdom apart 

Cast and characters
Main
Jodie Comer as Elizabeth "Lizzie" of York, the Queen of England
Rebecca Benson as Margaret "Maggie" Plantagenet, the Queen's paternal cousin, sister of Teddy
Jacob Collins-Levy as Henry VII, the King of England, Elizabeth's husband
Kenneth Cranham as Bishop (later Cardinal) John Morton, a confidant of the King's mother
Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville, the Queen's mother
Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile, the Queen of Castile
Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley, Margaret Beaufort's husband
Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell, a Yorkist supporter
Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English crown who claims to be Richard of York 
Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the Queen's paternal grandmother  Goodall was the only actor to appear in both The White Queen and The White Princess 
Amy Manson as Catherine "Cathy" Gordon, wife of Perkin Warbeck
Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, husband of Eliza de la Pole
Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor, the King's uncle
Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, the Queen's sister
Joanne Whalley as Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the Queen's paternal aunt
Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole, husband of Maggie Plantagenet
Michelle Fairley as  Margaret Beaufort, the King's mother

Recurring
Nicholas Audsley as Lord Strange
Rhys Connah (child) and Albert de Jongh (teen) as Edward "Teddy" Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, the Queen's cousin, brother of Maggie
Heidi Ely as Princess Bridget, the Queen's sister
Oliver Hembrough as John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, the Duke of Suffolk's son
Rosie Knightley as Princess Anne, the Queen's sister
Ava Masters as Princess Catherine, the Queen's sister
Rollo Skinner as Ned, a stable boy
Susie Trayling as Elizabeth "Eliza" de la Pole, Duchess of Suffolk, the Queen's paternal aunt
Guy Williams as William Stanley, Lord Thomas's brother
Iain Batchelor as Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Dorian Grover as Philip
Zazie Hayhurst as Rettie
Billy Barratt as Prince Arthur, the King's first son
Woody Norman as Prince Harry, the King's second son
Philip Arditti as Rodrigo de Puebla, the Spanish ambassador

Guest
Ned Elliott as Prince Richard, the Queen's brother
Luc Webb as Prince Edward, the Queen's brother
Derek Frood as the Mayor of York
Kitty Smith as Ruth
Emmanuelle Bouaziz as Mary of Burgundy
Max True as Lambert Simnel
Nia Roberts as Catherine "Kate" Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham
Norman Arthur Eshley as the Abbot
Marc Danbury as the Priest
Juan Echenique as Ferdinand II of Aragon, the King of Aragon
Nicholas Gecks as the Wimborne Priest
Alex Sawyer as Kofi, Novice Monk
Mark Edel-Hunt as Thomas Wolsey
Alasdair McLaughlin as Noah Luff

Episodes
Production
Development
The 10-part 2013 television series The White Queen adapted Gregory's previous novels The White Queen (2009), The Red Queen (2010) and The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012)  The series was broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and on Starz in the United States, and features Freya Mavor as a young Elizabeth of York  Despite initial plans for a second series, on 20 August 2013 the BBC announced they were not commissioning one, possibly because of the lukewarm reception the series received However, in October 2013, The Telegraph reported that Starz was planning to develop a sequel miniseries called The White Princess, based on Gregory's novel  Starz CEO Chris Albrecht announced in January 2014 that the network was working with White Queen screenwriter Emma Frost on the project  Starz would produce the White Princess miniseries without involvement from the BBC  Gregory confirmed that the project was underway in August 2015  On 7 February 2016, Gregory announced on Facebook that the sequel was officially confirmed to be in production, with the scripts being written  The series was confirmed to be eight episodes in May 2016 Jamie Payne, who directed three episodes of The White Queen, directed episodes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8  Frost was the showrunner and executive producer  Lachlan MacKinnon is served as producer, with Gregory as executive producer  Playground's Colin Callender and Scott Huff also executive produced with Company Pictures' Michele Buck 

Casting
Jodie Comer was cast in the title role of Elizabeth of York in April 2016, with Michelle Fairley added as Margaret Beaufort in May  In June 2016, Starz announced the casting of Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth, Jacob Collins-Levy as Henry VII, Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, Rebecca Benson as Margaret Plantagenet, and Joanne Whalley as  Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy  The remaining cast includes Caroline Goodall as Duchess Cecily, Kenneth Cranham as Bishop Morton, Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor and Rhys Connah as Teddy Plantagenet 

Filming
Principal photography began in June 2016, with locations including Bradford on Avon, Bristol, Berkeley Castle, Gloucester Cathedral, Lacock, Salisbury Cathedral, and Wells 

Release
In early January 2017, the producers released a video clip from the series as a teaser trailer  In February 2017, Starz announced that The White Princess would premiere on 16 April 2017  In the UK the series began its satellite and terrestrial broadcasts on the Drama channel on 18 November 2017 

Reception
The miniseries received generally favorable reviews  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 17 critics, with an average rating of 6 95/10  The website's critics consensus indicated the series was "well-acted and enlivened by its fresh perspective" and "delivers more than enough intrigue to satisfy fans of period British royal court drama " On Metacritic, the show has a weighted average score of 71 based on reviews from 9 critics 

Continuation
On 15 March 2018, Starz announced that it will create a continuation of The White Queen and The White Princess to be titled The Spanish Princess, which will be based on Gregory's novels The Constant Princess and The King's Curse and center on Catherine of Aragon 
Passage 3:
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022  She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and remained the monarch of 15 realms by the time of her death  Her reign of over 70 years is the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female head of state in history 
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother)  Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive  She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service  In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021  They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward 
When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as head of the Commonwealth  Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union  The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics  As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms  Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents 
Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively  Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity  Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in September 2022 and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III 

Early life
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother)  Her father was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne  She was delivered at 02:40 (GMT) by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair  The Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised her in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May, and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother  She was called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first  She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England", and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930  The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford  Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music  Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family  The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility  Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character  She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant " Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved"  Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) and Royal Lodge in Windsor 

Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father  Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession  When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father  Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis  Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI  Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive  If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College, and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses  A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age  Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States  As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours  She "looked tearful" as her parents departed  They corresponded regularly, and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May 

Second World War
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War  Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe  This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me  I won't leave without the King  And the King will never leave " The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk  From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years  At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments  In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities  She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war  We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well "In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year  As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944  In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number 230873  She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later 

At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London  Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves  I remember we were terrified of being recognised     I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief "During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales  Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war  Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday  Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent  In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa  During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong " The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times 

Marriage
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937  They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria  After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters  She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947 The engagement attracted some controversy  Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links  Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her  He was a prince without a home or kingdom  Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin " Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun"  In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman" 

Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family  Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness  Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey  They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world  Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war  In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding  Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, in November 1948  One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince  A second child, Princess Anne, was born in August 1950 Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London  At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer  He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle Lord Mountbatten  Their two children remained in Britain 

Reign
Accession and coronation
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events  When she visited Canada and Harry S  Truman in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary Martin Charteris carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour  In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya  On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of Elizabeth's father  Philip broke the news to the new queen  She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name, and was therefore called Elizabeth II  The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland  She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom  Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the royal house would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time  Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, and Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title  The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor  Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor  Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children " In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage  Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out " Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce  If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession  Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend  In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year  They were divorced in 1978  She did not remarry Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested  The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the anointing and communion  On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries 

Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations  By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established  In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air  She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations  During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her  Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth  The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union  In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal  Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it  Eden resigned two months later 

The governing Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government following Eden's resignation  Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the lord president of the council  Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the lord chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth  In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch"  Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments  Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, advice she followed  Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister  In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement 

In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth  On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session  Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada  In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran  On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins  Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through     She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as     a film star     She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man'     She loves her duty and means to be a Queen " Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination  No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857  Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964 On 21 October 1966, the Aberfan disaster in Wales saw 116 children and 28 adults killed when a colliery spoil tip collapsed, engulfing Pantglas Junior School and the surrounding houses in the village  The Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before deciding to visit the village, and her delay in visiting the scene was a mistake that she later regretted 

Acceleration of decolonisation
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean  More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government  In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia"  Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade  As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973 Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country  She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain  The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals  When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned, and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals  As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision  She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General  The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism 

Silver Jubilee
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession  Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours  The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon  In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands"  The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her uncle-in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army According to Paul Martin Sr , by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister  Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing"
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mother lode
Mother lode is a principal vein or zone of gold or silver ore  The term is also used colloquially to refer to the real or imaginary origin of something valuable or in great abundance 

Term
The term probably came from a literal translation of the Spanish veta madre, a term common in old Mexican mining  Veta madre, for instance, is the name given to an 11-kilometre-long (6 8 mi) silver vein discovered in 1548 in Guanajuato, New Spain (modern-day Mexico) 

California Mother Lode
In the United States, Mother Lode is most famously the name given to a long alignment of hard-rock gold deposits stretching northwest-southeast in the Sierra Nevada of California, bounded on the east by the Melones Fault Zone  It was discovered in the early 1850s, during the California gold rush  The California Mother Lode is a zone from 1 5 to 6 kilometres (0 93 to 3 73 mi) wide and 190 kilometres (120 mi) long, between Georgetown on the north and Mormon Bar on the south     
The Mother Lode coincides with the suture line of a terrane, the Smartville Block  The zone contains hundreds of mines and prospects, including some of the best-known historic mines of the gold-rush era  Individual gold deposits within the Mother Lode are gold-bearing quartz veins up to 15 metres (49 ft) thick and a few thousand feet long  The California Mother Lode was one of the most productive gold-producing districts in the United States  Now it is known as a destination for tourism and for its vineyards As with most gold rushes, the California gold rush started with the discovery of placer gold in sands and gravels of streambeds, where the gold had eroded from hard-rock vein deposits  Placer miners followed the gold-bearing sands upstream to discover the source in the bedrock  This source was the "mother" of the gold in the river and so was dubbed the "mother lode" 

See also
Alaska Gold Rush (disambiguation)
Gold Country
Placer mining
Passage 2:
Passage to Zarahemla
Passage to Zarahemla is an adventure film directed and written by Chris Heimerdinger   It tells the story of a young pair of siblings seeking to find a new life following the abrupt death of their mother   Their exploits lead them to a relative's home in Utah and eventually a thrilling confrontation with their past and the merger of time  It is based partly on Book of Mormon people, including the Zarahemla of the title  It is only the second commercial theatrical release of a film with the Book of Mormon as a principal theme, the first being The Book of Mormon Movie (2003) 
This movie is based on the novel by the same name, originally published by Heimerdinger Entertainment in November 2003  The movie version of Passage to Zarahemla, was released to theaters October 15, 2007   Originally intended only as a film, the working title of this film was "Summer of the Nephite", but after unsuccessful attempts to gain backing for its production, the title was reworked and released in novel form as Passage to Zarahemla The film ranked 4th overall in Utah the first week of its release  According to BoxOfficeMojo the film currently ranks 125th on the all-time highest gross box office for a Christian film coming in behind Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy, ahead of Noëlle and 122nd for Fantasy Live-Action The film was released to DVD in June 2008 

Overview
Kerra (nicknamed "Sakura" by her father) and Brock McConnell are orphans on the run   To keep from being separated by state authorities, Kerra flees to the only relative she remembers from her earliest childhood - an aunt and uncle who are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and live near a wondrous place in the woods where parallel realities collide and where an ancient people called Nephites cross paths with the residents of a sleepy Utah town 

Plot
The story begins with its focus on a group of hunters illegally hunting game out in the woods   Originally thought to be dead, the hunter's target springs back to life and flees into the heavy brush and trees   Determined not to let the game suffer, one of the hunters decides to pursue the elk in its flight   After some amount of exploration he finds his elk   hanging over a branch, shot by an arrow   Hearing noises he turns around to an arrow shot at him and screams 
Kerra and Brock are introduced to the story line at their mother's funeral   With their father having apparently disappeared for some unknown reason years ago, their mother recently dying, and no other known relatives within the area, the two are set to become wards of the state   In an effort to keep the two together, Kerra decides that they must pack up their belongings and escape before the return of the social worker assigned to their case   Brock, having prior association with a local gang and a criminal record, assists his sister in stealing the social worker's vehicle   The two drive off in a fury in an effort to escape 
Remembering a relative from early on in her childhood, Kerra plots a course for Leeds, Utah, a small LDS rich community in the southern part of the state   Arriving at their aunt and uncle's house, the two concoct a story indicating that they are traveling across the country to meet up with their mother who had recently acquired a new place of employment   With the stolen car having problems, the pair is unable to travel any further until it is fixed, and are offered a place to stay until repairs are completed 
Shortly after their arrival, Kerra is confronted by her cousins with stories from her early childhood days   These stories recall "strange noises" in the woods behind their house and dealings with an "imaginary" being whom Kerra had termed to be "Kid Donni "  One night after the siblings arrival, an earthquake shakes the area with the epicenter believed to be near the property of their Aunt Corrine and Uncle Drew 
Following the quake, Kerra is reunited with her "imaginary" childhood friend Kiddoni, who is in reality a noted being from the Book of Mormon   The earthquake is revealed to have caused a "rift" in time - allowing Kerra contact with the ancient Nephite peoples and their adversaries, and allowing Kiddoni and his people to cross the time gap into the modern world 
As the story progresses, the time portal gap expands and eventually allows the Nephite and  Gadianton armies to exit the past near the  Whitman's home   Brock on the other hand is unaware of this time rift and eventually finds himself captured by the Gadianton armies   It is at this time that he comes into contact with a scraggly-bearded individual from "modern" times named Chris 
Meanwhile, during their escape from California, Brock had been given a bag by a former gang-member to take out of the area, which is later revealed to be a bag full of illegal drugs   Upon realizing who was in possession of the bag, the gang leader decides to make a trip to the small Utah community to recover the bag 
Near the end of the story the two worlds clash as the rift in time grows very large   The Gadianton army crosses the time border into the present day in an effort to find food for their armies   Through sheer coincidence Chris and Brock reunite with Kerra near the Whitman home, where it is revealed that Chris is the siblings father, who had disappeared during a hunting trip many years earlier   A major Nephite-Gadianton battle eventually ensues near the Whitman home while the trio of family retreats into hiding   Shortly thereafter, another quake hits the area and the division between the time periods is restored   Kerra is heartbroken at not getting to say goodbye to her Nephite friend, but both families are happy that they were kept safe and that father and children were reunited again 

Cast
Summer Naomi Smart as Kerra McConnell
Moronai Kanekoa as Kiddoni
Brian Kary as Brock McConnell
Jan Felt as Aunt Corrine
Seth Packard as Spree
Alex Petrovitch as Hitch
Bryce Chamberlain as Grandpa Lee
Spencer King as Lobo
Jose Bacio as Adder
Jenny Latimer as Natasha

Soundtrack
The soundtrack is titled Whispered Visions and is a compilation of songs with music and lyrics by Chris Heimerdinger

Reception
Critic Sean P  Means of The Salt Lake Tribute gave the film 2 5 stars out of a possible 4  He wrote that Heimerdinger made "a few rookie mistakes" in his debut as a film director, but also "squeezes a lot of visual flair from a minuscule budget" and effectively balances entertaining filmmaking with beliefs of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 
Passage 3:
List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
On the Eiffel Tower, 72 names of French scientists, engineers, and mathematicians are engraved in recognition of their contributions  Gustave Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the protests against the tower  The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony, in letters about 60 cm (24 in) tall, and originally painted in gold  The engraving was painted over at the beginning of the 20th century and restored in 1986–87 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, the company that the city of Paris contracts to operate the Tower  The repainting of 2010–11 restored the letters to their original gold colour  There are also names of the engineers who helped build the Tower and design its architecture on a plaque on the top of the Tower, where a laboratory was built as well 

List
Location
The list is split in four parts (for each side of the tower)  The sides have been named after the parts of Paris that each side faces:

The North-East side (also known as La Bourdonnais side)
The South-East side (also known as the Military School side)
The South-West side (also known as the Grenelle side)
The North West side (also known as the Trocadéro side)

Names
In the table below are all the names on the four sides 

Criticism
Women
The list contains no women  The list has been criticized for excluding the name of Sophie Germain, a noted French mathematician whose work on the theory of elasticity was used in the construction of the tower itself  In 1913, John Augustine Zahm suggested that Germain was excluded because she was a woman 

Hydraulic engineers and scholars
Fourteen hydraulic engineers and scholars are listed on the Eiffel Tower  Eiffel acknowledged most of the leading scientists in the field  Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy is missing; some of his work did not come into wide use until the 20th century  Also missing are Antoine Chézy, who was less famous; Joseph Valentin Boussinesq, who was  early in his career at the time; and mathematician Évariste Galois 

Notes
Passage 4:
Jacob Folkema
Jacob Folkema (18 August 1692 – 3 February 1767), a Dutch designer and engraver, was born and died at Dokkum, in Friesland  He was first instructed by his father, Johann Jakob Folkema, a goldsmith, and studied afterwards under B  Picart at Amsterdam  During that time he worked for Royaumont's Bible, 1712, and Ruysch's Anatomy, 1737  Folkema was also an excellent engraver in mezzotint  He had a sister, Anna Folkema, who painted miniatures, assisted her brother, and engraved some few plates  She was born in 1695, and died in 1768  By Jakob Folkema there are, among others, the following plates:

An Emblematical Print on the Death of the Prince of Orange 
Time discovering the Bust of F  Rabelais, with figures and satirical and emblematical attributes 
The Martyrdom of St  Peter and St  Paul; after Niccolò dell'Abbate 
Several plates for the Dresden Gallery; after Le Brun and Niccolò dell'Abbate 

Portraits
Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra; after C  Kort 
Johannes Ens, Professor of Theology at Utrecht; after Colla 
Petrus de Maestricht, Professor of Theology at Frankfort; after the same 
Humphrey Prideaux, Dean of Norwich; after Seeman 
Suethlagius, Pastor at Amsterdam; after Anna Folkema 
Passage 5:
Étienne Ficquet
Étienne Ficquet (13 September 1719 – 11 December 1794) was a French engraver 
Ficquet was born in Paris in 1719, and was instructed by G  F  Schmidt and Le Bas  He acquired great reputation by a set of small portraits which he engraved of distinguished literary characters of France  They are executed with extraordinary neatness and delicacy, and are very correctly drawn  One of his best plates is a portrait of Madame de Maintenon, after Mignard, now become very scarce  He engraved also several of the plates for Descamps' Vie des Peintres Flamands et Hollandais, of which those of Rubens and Van Dyck are very highly finished  He died in Paris in 1794 

Works
Françoise d'Aubigné; after P  Mignard 
J  de La Fontaine; after Rigaud 
J  F  Regnard; after the same 
J  J  Rousseau; after De La Tour  1763 
F  M  Arouet de Voltaire; after the same  1762 
Pierre Corneille; after Le Brun 
J  de Crébillon; after Aved 
J  B  P  de Molière; after Coypel 
René Descartes; after F  Hals 
M  Montaigne; after Dumonstier  1772 
De La Mothe Le Vayer; after Nanteuil 
F  de La Mothe Fénélon; after Vivien 
J  J   Vadé; after Richard 
P  P  Rubens; after Van Dyck 
Anton Van Dyck; after the same 
Passage 6:
Alma the Younger
According to the Book of Mormon, Alma, the son of Alma () was a Nephite prophet often referred to as Alma the Younger to distinguish him from his father, who is often referred to as Alma the Elder  These appellations, "the Younger" and "the Elder," are not used in the Book of Mormon; they are distinctions made by scholars, useful because both individuals were prominent during the same time period in the Book of Mormon's story and filled a similar cultural and religious role  Alma is the namesake of the Book of Alma 

Summary of his life
Alma the Younger lived in Zarahemla during the end of the reign of the Nephite King Mosiah  Adherents of Mormonism believe that he was born in 126 BC   As a young man, he, the four sons of Mosiah, and others wanted to destroy the church and actively persecuted its members  After they were visited personally by an angel and rebuked for their actions, Alma fell into an unconscious state where for three days and three nights he lay unable to move until he felt within that he had been forgiven of his sins  He later recounted that he had experienced a vision during unconsciousness, in which he renounced his behavior against the church and subsequently received a glimpse of God sitting on his throne (Alma 36:12–22)  He and those who persecuted church members with him abdicated their role as persecutors and became followers of Christ Alma the Younger subsequently became the first elected chief judge of the Nephites as well as their religious leader  He observed that the Nephites of the church were becoming increasingly wicked, proud, disdainful of outsiders and neglectful toward the poor and needy (Alma 4:11–12)  When the "unbelievers" began to follow their example, Alma feared the entire people were on the path to self-destruction (Alma 4:11)  He resigned his post as chief judge and began traveling from city to city to preach to the Nephites  He began in Zarahemla, where his efforts were successful  A thorough purge of the church leadership and membership took place, with those former insiders and leaders who refused to relinquish their pride being "rejected, and their names blotted out" (Alma 6:3) 
Alma moved on to the cities of Gideon and Melek, where his call to humility was also well received   From Melek he traveled three days journey north to Ammonihah, whose inhabitants proved much more hardened than those of the previous three cities In Ammonihah the people were very wicked  They considered themselves superior to outsiders, especially the Lamanites, and gloried in the strength of their city, which they considered indestructible  According to Alma chapter 9, Satan held such control over them that they would not listen to Alma   While trying to speak to them he was abused and thrown out of the city  Commanded by an angel to return, Alma slipped back into the city through a different route from the south  There he met Amulek, a lapsed believer (Alma 10:5-6) of some social prominence who fed Alma and housed him for a time   In the city streets, the two of them joined up and preached to the people, where they were challenged by a lawyer named Zeezrom   After Amulek had silenced Zeezrom through his teaching and aroused his conscience, Alma took his turn, preaching to the people with similar results  When finished, Alma and Amulek were cast into prison and delivered by a miracle  A repentant Zeezrom eventually joined Alma in his missionary work 
Several years later, Alma met up with a man named Korihor, whom the Book of Mormon describes as an anti-Christ  This Korihor tried to lead the Nephites astray  Alma confronted him, confounding his arguments and miraculously removing Korihor's power of speech  The stricken Korihor signaled acknowledgement that he had acted maliciously, knowing all along that he was wrong and bringing destruction upon others  He was reduced to begging and was eventually run down and killed in a city of Nephite dissenters called Zoramites These same Zoramites were found to practice things that perverted the ways of the Lord  This led Alma to extend his missionary work to these people  While among them, he was most successful with the poor Alma's final instruction was to his sons, Helaman, Shiblon, and Corianton   He gave each separate lessons, and finally gave the records of the church to Helaman  He then departed, in the 19th year of the reign of the judges (or 73 BC) as if to go to Melek, but was never heard from again  Both Mormon and Helaman believed that he was taken up like Moses of old, and buried by the Lord 

Descendants
The Book of Mormon narrative describes several of Alma's notable descendants as shown in the following family tree:

Alleged similarities to Saul
Various critics argue that there are similarities in both plot and language between Alma the Younger's conversion story and the conversion story of Saul of Tarsus in the Bible  Critic Grant H  Palmer argues for nine specific parallels between Alma and Paul's conversion narrative plus various similarities in language  FAIR, the Latter-day Saint apologetics organization, argues that the parallels are superficial or otherwise poorly contrived  Latter-day Saint philosopher and historian Alan Goff, in a long paper written for and published in Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, argues that the "New and Old Testaments appropriate an ancient narrative genre called the prophetic commissioning story  Paul’s and Alma’s commissioning narratives hearken back to this literary genre, and to refer to either as pilfered is to misunderstand not just these individual narratives but the larger approach Hebraic writers used in composing biblical and Book of Mormon narrative "
Passage 7:
Johan Bara
Johan Bara or Johannes Barra (1581–1634) was a Dutch painter, designer and engraver 

Life
Barra was probably born in 's-Hertogenbosch or Middelburg  He was active in Augsburg and Neurenberg in 1599, in Middelburg in 1604, in London between 1624 and 1627, in Amsterdam in 1631, and back in London in 1634, where he died He called himself, sometimes, "sculptor et vitrearum imaginum pictor", and published, from 1598 to 1632, several engravings which resemble, without equalling, those of Aegidius Sadeler  His first plate, "Susanna in the Bath", signed Barra (1598), is very rare  His plates are numerous 
Passage 8:
Étienne Fessard
Étienne Fessard, a French engraver, was born in Paris in 1714  He was a pupil of Edme Jeaurat, and proved an artist of sufficient merit to be accepted for candidacy (agréé) at the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (1753)   A protegé of le comte de Caylus, whom he may have assisted in the development of skill in etching, Fessard received the appointment Engraver of the King's Library (graveur de la Bibliothèque du Roi) in 1756, with responsibility for the engravings of the royal collection of paintings and drawings, as a result of Caylus' influence   On his death in 1777, the position was given to his student Augustin de Saint-Aubin  Fessard executed a considerable number of plates, but his efforts to resume the engraving of the King's paintings did not obtain the support of the Acadmie royale and resulted in only two plates: "Feste Flamande" after Rubens and "L'Empire de Flore" after Poussin 

Portraits
Hortensia Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin; after Ferdinand 
Marie Madeleine de Lavergne, Countess de La Fayette; after the same 
J  P  de Bougainville, of the French Academy; after C  N  Cochin 
The Marquis de Mirabeau; after Van Loo 
The Duke de Choiseul; after the same 

Subjects after various masters
Diana and Actaeon; after Giacomo Bassano; for the Crozat Collection 
The Virgin enthroned, with SS  Francis, John, and Catharine; after Correggio 
The Holy Family, with St  Charles Borromeo; after Scarsellino 
The Four Liberal Arts, personified by Children; four plates; after C  van Loo 
Jupiter and Antiope; after the same  1758



ground_truth: nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the current queen of England?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office  In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed     than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats"  She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state 

Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese  Police later discovered the shots were blanks  The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three  Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised  That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand  Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a  22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed  Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with attempted murder or treason was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm  Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William 

From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety and pride  On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her  In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard  After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid  As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals  Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards " Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of     it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not " It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa  The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation  Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents  Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making"  Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated, and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major  Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid 

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country  The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors  At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602"  Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997 By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire  The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed  In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau  The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup  As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement  Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic 

Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991 

On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year")  Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family  In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April; angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October; and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November  The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny  In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding"  Two days later, John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list  In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated  At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast  The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity  Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell  In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil  In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien  Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued  In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury (George Carey) and her private secretary (Robert Fellowes), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris  Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral  Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning  Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay  Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral  In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes  As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects  Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back", and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier  At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence  As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off  That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary  Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay" In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May, and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July 

Golden Jubilee
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome  Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch  Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome  During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession  Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure  She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness  As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion  One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated 

In 2003, Elizabeth sued the Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace  The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs  Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees  In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair  She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland  She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007  On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth  The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age"  During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the 9/11 attacks  Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954  By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011 

Diamond Jubilee and longevity
Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond  She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf  On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world  On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781 Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries  For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond  On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony 

On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis  A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth  Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years  She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles  On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish"  She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018  In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015  She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015  She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017  On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee, and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary  Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017 

COVID-19 pandemic
On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution  Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble" 

On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK, she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again " On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair"  In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic  On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial  In 2021, she received her first and second COVID-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria  She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died, and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void"  Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world  In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him" Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May, and the 47th G7 summit in June  On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS would be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations"  In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004  Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland, the COP26 summit in Glasgow, and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds  On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a crossbow with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the Amritsar massacre  Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the Mental Health Act  In 2023, he pled guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign 

Platinum Jubilee
Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death  On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers  In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947 Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members  She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February, but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border, following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal  On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore  On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis  She later remarked that COVID infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted     It's not a nice result" Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March, but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month or the Royal Maundy service in April, due to "episodic mobility problems"  She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years  (She did not attend the 1959 and 1963 state openings as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively ) In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving  For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace  On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand  On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland  This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign  No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers  The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September to her Canadian people, in the aftermath of the Saskatchewan stabbings Elizabeth never planned to abdicate, though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties  The Queen told Canadian governor-general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition  Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something"  In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength "

Death
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision  The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral " Her immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side  She died peacefully at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and Anne, by her side  Her death was announced to the public at 18:30, setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn  Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542  Her death certificate recorded her cause of death as "old age" On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it  Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin  It was taken by air to London on 13 September  On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days  The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division  An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures  On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same 

Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760  More than a million people lined the streets of central London, and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries  In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed  Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession  After a committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members 

Legacy
Beliefs, activities, and interests
Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public  It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views  When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked her about the miners' strike of 1984–85 during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge disagreed  Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols  After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome  She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome  It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation Oath seriously  Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and with the national Church of Scotland  She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis  A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth  In 2000, she said:
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance  For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life  I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example 
Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities  The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1 4 billion for her patronages during her reign  Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis  Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family  Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards 

Media depiction and public opinion
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen"  After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age"  Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism  In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales  Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970  Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion  In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic; but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny  Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s  Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public  Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings  Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions  Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death 

In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state  Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia  In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign  Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime  "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists"  Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy, and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent  Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the working royal family and subsequent move to the United States  Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong  As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg  Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding  The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926 

Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world  In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc  In the Isle of Man, which is a Crown Dependency rather than a separate realm, she was known as Lord of Mann  Elizabeth was also styled Defender of the Faith 

Arms
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George  Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign  Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere 

Issue
Ancestry
See also
Finances of the British royal family
Household of Elizabeth II
List of things named after Elizabeth II
List of jubilees of Elizabeth II
List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II
Royal eponyms in Canada
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
List of covers of Time magazine (1920s), (1940s), (1950s), (2010s)

Notes
Passage 4:
Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth
The wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth II) was worn at her wedding to Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947 in Westminster Abbey  Given the rationing of clothing at the time, she still had to purchase the material using ration coupons  The dress was designed by Norman Hartnell  Hartnell's signature was said to be embroidery, and he enjoyed "working with soft, floating fabrics, particularly tulle and chiffon, and with plain, lustrous silks"  The dress was made of Chinese silk, with a high neckline, tailored bodice and a short train  Without straps and with long sleeves, it provided a "fit and flare silhouette" 

Design
The wedding was a royal event held following the end of the Second World War  The dress, designed by the Court Designer Norman Hartnell, had a star-patterned fan-shaped bridal train that was 13 feet (4 0 m) in length  The train, symbolic of rebirth and growth after the war, was stated to be inspired by Botticelli's c  1482 painting of Primavera, particularly the elaborate embroidery motifs of scattered flowers on the rich satin dress and the tulle veil worn by the royal bride  The material used was ivory silk and a diamond fringe tiara secured her veil  The dress was decorated with crystals and 10,000 seed pearls, imported from the United States of America  Hartnell, who had been Court Designer since 1938, claimed it as "the most beautiful dress I had so far made" On account of the austerity measures following the war, Princess Elizabeth had to use clothing ration coupons to show her entitlement to the dress  The government allowed her 200 extra ration coupons  She was given hundreds of clothing coupons by brides-to-be from all parts of the country to help her acquire the dress  She had to return these coupons as it was illegal for them to have been given away in the first instance The designs for the dress were approved three months before the wedding  Hartnell's search for suitable designs in London art galleries had led to him to the Botticelli figure  This was the inspiration for the use of ivory silk with flower designs of jasmine, smilax, lilac and white rose-like blossoms added to the train, embellished by white crystals and pearls  These motifs were transferred to drawings to enable embroidery experts to work on them  The dress featured a "heart-shaped neckline and long tight sleeves" The silk cloth was chosen at the specific directive of her mother, the Queen, who desired an "unusually rich, lustrous stiff satin which was made at Lullingstone Castle"  The silkworms to manufacture the silk were bought from Nationalist China, and not from Japan and Fascist Italy, the UK's enemies during the war  Satin was chosen for the train, and a more flexible material of the same tone as the train was chosen for the dress  However, in spite of the careful choice of the silk, the curator of the London Museum observed 30 years later when the dress was on display at the museum that "the choice of silk was not a good one" as the fabric had deteriorated considerably due to being weighted with tin salts, effectively rotting the fabric  It was also noted that the "weight of the embroidery dragged the skirt down, increasing the strain on the weave " Round the hem of the dress, "a border of orange blossom was appliqued with transparent tulle outlined in seed pearls and crystal" The final design of the dress was kept secret, although much speculation surrounded it  It was said the princess feared that if details were published fashion house copies would make it impossible for her to make last-minute design alterations  The dress was taken to the palace a day before the wedding in a 4-foot (1 2 m) box  On the wedding day, the dress glittered, bejewelled with pearls "skilfully combined with flowing lines of wheat ears, the symbol of fertility, and worked in pearl and diamante "

Similarities
Princess Elizabeth's wedding dress has drawn parallels with both the similarly designed dress worn by Grace Kelly in 1956 and the "Westminster décor" wedding dress that Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen designed for Catherine Middleton; particular points of similarity have been highlighted in the pleats and silhouette of the skirt The dress was put on display at St James's Palace and was then exhibited in the major cities and towns of the UK 

See also
Coronation gown of Elizabeth II
List of individual dresses
Context 3: 
Herminia armed as Clorinda; after J  B  Pierre 
The Birth of Venus; after F  de Troy 
Jupiter and Leda; after the same 
The Triumph of Galatea; after Bouchardon; etched by Count de Caylus, and finished by Fessard 
The Triumph of Bacchus; after the same; etched by Count de Caylus, and finished by Fessard 
The Nativity; after Boucher 
A Flemish Festival; after Rubens  1762 
Psyche abandoned by Cupid; after Le Moine 
Passage 9:
Nicolaes Visscher II
Nicolaes Visscher II (1649, Amsterdam – 1702, Amsterdam) was a Dutch engraver, cartographer and publisher  He was the son of Nicolaes Visscher I and the grandson of Claes Janszoon Visscher  After his death, his wife, Elisabeth, continued the family tradition of mapmaking and publishing  The works, engraved plates, were then sold to Peter Schenk, who also reprinted them 

Works
Passage 10:
Jean Audran
Jean Audran (1667-1756) was a French engraver and printmaker  The brother of Benoit, and the third son of Germain Audran, he was born at Lyons in 1667  After learning the rudiments of the art under his father, he was placed under the care of his uncle, the famous Gérard Audran, in Paris  Before he was twenty years of age he displayed uncommon ability, and became a very celebrated engraver  In 1706 he was made engraver to the king, with a pension and apartments at the Gobelins  The hand of a great master is discernible in all his plates; and without having attained the extraordinary perfection of Gérard Audran, his claim to excellence is very considerable  He died in 1756  His principal prints are:

Portraits
Louis XV; full length; after Gobert 
Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria, with his Page; full length; after Vivien 
Clement Augustus of Bavaria, Elector-Archbishop of Cologne; after the same 
The Duke d'Antin; after Rigaud 
The Abbé Jean d'Estrées; after the same 
Victor Marie, Duke d'Estrées, Marshal of France; after Zargilliere 
Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni; after Trevisani 
François de Salignac de la Motte Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambray; after Vivien 
François Pierre Gillet; after Tortebat 
Francois Robert Secousse, sitting; after Rigaud 
Peter Paul Rubens; after van Dyck; for the Luxembourg Gallery 
Noel Coypel, Painter to the King; after Coypel 
Antoine Coysevox, Sculptor to the King; after Rigaud  [The two last were engraved by Audran for his reception at the Academy in 1708 ]

Subjects after various masters
Our Saviour preaching to the Multitude; after Raphael 
The Infant Saviour regarding the Cross presented by Angels; after Albani 
The Nativity; after Pietro da Cortona; oval 
The Good Samaritan; after Ann  Carracci; arched 
St  John administering the Sacrament to the Virgin; after Lodovico Carracci 
Our Saviour on the Mount of Olives; after Domenichino 
St  Andrew led to Crucifixion; after Guido 
The Martyrdom of St  Peter; after Guido; on the plate improperly called after Domenichino 
St  Paul preaching at Athens; after Ciro Ferri; a small frieze 
The Triumph of Galatea; after Carlo Maratti; for the Crozat Collection 
The Miracle of the Loaves; after Claude Audran 
Six plates — Copies of the large Battles of Alexander; by G  Audran 
St  Augustine; after P  de Champagne 
Simeon holding the Infant Jesus; after M  Corneille 
Moses saved from the Nile; after Ant  Coypel 
Jacob and Laban; after the same 
Athaha and Joash; after the same 
Esther before Ahasuerus; after the same 
The Resurrection; after the same 
Cupid and Psyche; after the same 
Our Saviour curing the Sick; after Ant  Dieu 
Christ bearing His Cross; after the same 
The Elevation of the Cross; after Van Dijck 
The Crucifixion; after the same 
The French Parnassus; after the bronze by Gamier 
The Miraculous Draught of Fishes; after Jouvenet 
The Resurrection of Lazarus; after the same 
The Queen Blanche inspired with the Holy Spirit; after the same 
Acis and Galatea; after F  Marot 
Venus punishing Psyche; after J  M  Nattier 
Psyche consoled by Cupid; after the same 
The dead Christ, with the Marys, St  John, and Nicodemus; after Poussin 
The Rape of the Sabines; after Poussin; his most esteemed print 
St  Scholastica at the point of Death; after J  Restout 
Andromache entreating for her Son; after L  Silvestre 
Henri IV deliberating on his future Marriage; after Rubens 
Henri IV departing for the German War; after the same 
The Coronation of Marie de Médicis; after the same  [The three last form part of the Luxembourg Gallery ]
Passage 11:
Golden plates
According to Latter Day Saint belief, the golden plates (also called the gold plates or in some 19th-century literature, the golden bible) are the source from which Joseph Smith translated the Book of Mormon, a sacred text of the faith  Some accounts from people who reported handling the plates describe the plates as weighing from 30 to 60 pounds (14 to 27 kg), gold in color, and composed of thin metallic pages engraved with hieroglyphics on both sides and bound with three D-shaped rings Smith said that he found the plates on September 22, 1823, on a hill near his home in Manchester, New York, after the angel Moroni directed him to a buried stone box  He said that the angel prevented him from taking the plates but instructed him to return to the same location in a year  He returned to that site every year, but it was not until September 1827 that he recovered the plates on his fourth annual attempt to retrieve them  He returned home with a heavy object wrapped in a frock, which he then put in a box  He allowed others to heft the box but said that the angel had forbidden him to show the plates to anyone until they had been translated from their original "reformed Egyptian" language 
Smith dictated the text of the plates while a scribe wrote down the words which would later become the Book of Mormon  Eyewitnesses to the process said Smith translated the plates, not by looking directly at them, but by looking through a transparent seer stone in the bottom of his hat  Smith published the first edition of the translation in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon, with a print run of 5,000 copies at a production cost of $3,000 (or 60 cents per book) 
Smith eventually obtained testimonies from 11 men who said that they had seen the plates, known as the Book of Mormon witnesses  After the translation was complete, Smith said that he returned the plates to the angel Moroni; thus they could never be examined  Latter Day Saints believe the account of the golden plates as a matter of faith, while critics often assert that either Smith manufactured them himself or that the Book of Mormon witnesses based their testimony on visions rather than physical experience 

Origin and historicity
In the words of Mormon historian Richard Bushman, "For most modern readers, the plates are beyond belief, a phantasm, yet the Mormon sources accept them as fact " Smith said that he returned the plates to the angel Moroni after he finished translating them, and their authenticity cannot be determined by physical examination  They were reportedly shown to several close associates of Smith  Mormon scholars have formed collaborations such as Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies to provide apologetic answers to critical research about the golden plates and topics in the field of Mormon studies  The credibility of the plates has been a "troublesome item", according to Bushman The Book of Mormon itself portrays the golden plates as a historical record, engraved by two pre-Columbian prophet-historians from around the year AD 400: Mormon and his son Moroni  Mormon and Moroni, the book says, had abridged earlier historical records from other sets of metal plates  Their script, according to the book, was described as "reformed Egyptian", a language unknown to linguists or Egyptologists  Scholarly reference works on languages do not acknowledge the existence of either a "reformed Egyptian" language or "reformed Egyptian" script as it has been described in Mormon belief, and there is no archaeological, linguistic, or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in ancient America  Historically, Latter Day Saint movement denominations have taught that the Book of Mormon's description of the plates' origin is accurate, and that the Book of Mormon is a translation of the plates  The Community of Christ, however, accepts the Book of Mormon as scripture but no longer takes an official position on the historicity of the golden plates  Some adherents accept the Book of Mormon as inspired scripture but do not believe that it is a literal translation of a physical historical record, even in the more theologically conservative Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) Non-Mormons and some liberal Mormons have advanced naturalistic explanations for the story of the plates  For example, it has been theorized that the plates were fashioned by Smith or one of his associates, that Smith had the ability to convince others of their existence through illusions or hypnosis, or that witnesses were having ecstatic visions 

Story
The story of the golden plates consists of how, according to Joseph Smith and his contemporaries, the plates were found, received from the angel Moroni, translated, and returned to the angel before the publication of the Book of Mormon  Smith is the only source for a great deal of the story because much of it occurred while he was the only human witness  Nevertheless, Smith told the story to his family, friends, and acquaintances, and many of them provided second-hand accounts  Other parts of the story are derived from the statements of those who knew Smith, including several witnesses who said that they saw the golden plates 
The best-known elements of the golden plates story are found in an account told by Smith in 1838 and incorporated into the official church histories of some Latter Day Saint movement denominations  The LDS Church has canonized part of this 1838 account as part of its scripture, the Pearl of Great Price 

Background
During the Second Great Awakening, Joseph Smith lived on his parents' farm near Palmyra, New York  At the time, churches in the region contended so vigorously for souls that western New York later became known as the "burned-over district" because the fires of religious revivals had burned over it so often  Western New York was also noted for its participation in a "craze for treasure hunting"  Beginning as a youth in the early 1820s, Smith was periodically hired, for about $14 per month, as a scryer, using what were termed "seer stones" in attempts to locate lost items and buried treasure  Smith's contemporaries described his method for seeking treasure as putting the stone in a white stovepipe hat, putting his face over the hat to block the light, and then "seeing" the information in the reflections of the stone According to Richard Bushman, Smith did not consider himself to be a "peeper" or "glass-looker", a practice he is said to have called "nonsense", despite his use of seer stones  Rather, Smith and his family viewed their folk magical practices as spiritual gifts  Although Smith later rejected his youthful treasure-hunting activities as frivolous and immaterial, he never repudiated the stones themselves,  denied their presumed power to find treasure, or ever relinquish the magic culture in which he was raised  He came to view seeing with a stone in religious terms as the work of a "seer"  Smith's first stone, apparently the same one that he used at least part of the time to translate the golden plates, was chocolate-colored and about the size of a chicken egg, found in a deep well he helped dig for one of his neighbors  The LDS Church released photographs of the stone on August 4, 2015 

Finding the plates
According to Smith, he found the plates after he was directed to them by a heavenly messenger whom he later identified as the angel Moroni  According to the story, the angel first visited Smith's bedroom late at night, on September 22 in 1822 or 1823  Moroni told Smith that the plates could be found buried in a prominent hill near his home, later called Cumorah, a name found in the Book of Mormon  Before dawn, Moroni reappeared two more times and repeated the information 
However, the angel would not allow Smith to take the plates until he obeyed certain "commandments"  Smith recorded some of these commandments but made it clear the main thrust of Moroni's message was that he had to keep God's commandments in general  Some contemporaries who later claimed he told them the story said there were others, some of which are relevant to the modern debate about whether or how closely events of early Mormonism were related to the practice of contemporary folk magic  Smith's writings say that the angel required at least the following: (1) that he have no thought of using the plates for monetary gain, (2) that he tell his father about the vision, and (3) that he never show the plates to any unauthorized person  Smith's contemporaries who claimed to have heard the story, both sympathetic and unsympathetic, generally agreed that Smith mentioned the following additional commandments: (4) that Smith take the plates and leave the site in which they had been buried without looking back, and (5) that the plates never directly touch the ground until they were safe at home in a locked chest  Some unsympathetic listeners who allegedly heard the story from Smith or his father recalled that Smith had said the angel required him (6) to wear "black clothes" to the place where the plates were buried, (7) to ride a "black horse with a switchtail", (8) to call for the plates by a certain name, and (9) to "give thanks to God "

In the morning, Smith began work as usual and did not mention the visions to his father because, he said, he did not think his father would believe him  Smith said he then fainted because he had been awake all night, and while unconscious, the angel appeared a fourth time and chastised him for failing to tell the visions to his father  When Smith then told all to his father, he believed his son and encouraged him to obey the angel's commands  Smith then set off to visit the hill, later stating that he used his seer stone to locate the place that the plates were buried but that he "knew the place the instant that [he] arrived there "Smith said he saw a large stone covering a box made of stone (or possibly iron)  Using a stick to remove dirt from the edges of the stone cover and prying it up with a lever, Smith saw the plates inside the box, together with other artifacts 

Unsuccessful retrieval attempts
According to Smith's followers, Smith said he took the plates from the box, put them on the ground, and covered the box with the stone to protect the other treasures that it contained  Nevertheless, the accounts say that when Smith looked back at the ground after closing the box, the plates had once again disappeared into it  When Smith once again raised the stone and attempted to retrieve the plates, he said that he was stricken by a supernatural force that hurled him to the ground as many as three times Disconcerted by his inability to obtain the plates, Smith said he briefly wondered whether his experience had been a "dreem of Vision" [sic]  Concluding that it was not, he said he prayed to ask why he had been barred from taking the plates In response to his question, Smith said the angel appeared and told him he could not receive the plates because he "had been tempted of the advisary and saught the Plates to obtain riches and kept not the commandments that I should have an eye single to the Glory of God" [sic]  According to Smith's followers, Smith had also broken the angel's commandment "not to lay the plates down, or put them for a moment out of his hands," and according to a nonbeliever, Smith said, "I had forgotten to give thanks to God," as required by the angel Smith said the angel instructed him to return the next year, on September 22, 1824, with the "right person": his older brother Alvin  Alvin had died in November 1823, and Smith returned to the hill in 1824 to ask what he should do  Smith said he was told to return the following year (1825) with the "right person" but the angel did not tell Smith who that person might be  However, Smith determined after looking into his seer stone that the "right person" was Emma Hale, his future wife  For the visit on September 22, 1825, Smith may have attempted to bring his treasure-hunting associate Samuel T  Lawrence Smith said that he visited the hill "at the end of each year" for four years after the first visit in 1823, but there is no record of him being in the vicinity of Palmyra between January 1826 and January 1827, when he returned to New York from Pennsylvania with his new wife  In January 1827, Smith visited the hill and then told his parents that the angel had severely chastised him for not being "engaged enough in the work of the Lord," which may have meant that he had missed his annual visit to the hill in 1826 

Receiving the plates
The next annual visit on September 22, 1827, would be, Smith told associates, his last chance to receive the plates  According to Brigham Young, as the scheduled final date to obtain the plates approached, several Palmyra residents expressed concern "that they were going to lose that treasure" and sent for a skilled necromancer from 60 miles (96 km) away, encouraging him to make three separate trips to Palmyra to find the plates  During one of the trips, the unnamed necromancer is said to have discovered the location but was unable to determine the value of the plates  A few days prior to the September 22, 1827, visit to the hill, Smith's loyal treasure-hunting friends Josiah Stowell and Joseph Knight Sr  traveled to Palmyra, in part, to be there during Smith's scheduled visit to the hill Another of Smith's former treasure-hunting associates, Samuel T  Lawrence, was also apparently aware of the approaching date to obtain the plates, and Smith was concerned that he might cause trouble  Therefore, on the eve of September 22, 1827, the scheduled date for retrieving the plates, Smith dispatched his father to spy on Lawrence's house until dark  If Lawrence attempted to leave, the elder Smith was to tell him that his son would "thrash the stumps with him" if he found him at the hill  Late at night, Smith took a horse and carriage to the hill Cumorah with Emma  While Emma stayed behind kneeling in prayer, Smith walked to the site of the buried plates  Some time in the early morning hours, he said that he retrieved the plates and hid them in a hollow log on or near Cumorah  At the same time, Smith said he received a pair of large spectacles he called the Urim and Thummim or "Interpreters," with lenses consisting of two seer stones, which he showed his mother when he returned in the morning Over the next few days, Smith took a well-digging job in nearby Macedon to earn enough money to buy a solid lockable chest in which to put the plates  By then, however, some of Smith's treasure-seeking company had heard that Smith had said that he had been successful in obtaining the plates, and they wanted what they believed was their share of the profits from what they viewed as part of a joint venture in treasure hunting  Spying once again on the house of Samuel Lawrence, Smith Sr , determined that a group of ten to twelve of these men, including Lawrence and Willard Chase, had enlisted the talents of a renowned and supposedly talented seer from 60 miles (96 km) away, in an effort to locate where the plates were hidden by means of divination  When Emma heard of that, she rode a stray horse to Macedon and informed Smith, who reportedly determined through his Urim and Thummim that the plates were safe  He nevertheless hurriedly rode home with Emma Once home in Manchester, he said he walked to Cumorah, removed the plates from their hiding place, and walked home through the woods and away from the road with the plates wrapped in a linen frock under his arm  On the way, he said a man had sprung up from behind a log and struck him a "heavy blow with a gun     Knocking the man down with a single punch, Joseph ran as fast as he could for about a half mile before he was attacked by a second man trying to get the plates  After similarly overpowering the man, Joseph continued to run, but before he reached the house, a third man hit him with a gun  In striking the last man, Joseph said, he injured his thumb " He returned home with a dislocated thumb and other minor injuries  Smith sent his father, Joseph Knight, and Josiah Stowell to search for the pursuers, but they found no one Smith is said to have put the plates in a locked chest and hid them in his parents' home in Manchester  He refused to allow anyone, including his family, to view the plates or the other artifacts that he said he had in his possession, but some people were allowed to heft them or feel what were said to be the artifacts through a cloth  A few days after retrieving the plates, Smith brought home what he said was an ancient breastplate, which he said had been hidden in the box at Cumorah with the plates  After letting his mother feel through a thin cloth what she said was the breastplate, he placed it in the locked chest The Smith home was approached "nearly every night" by villagers hoping to find the chest, where Smith said the plates were kept  After hearing that a group of them would attempt to enter the house by force, Smith buried the chest under the hearth, and the family was able to scare away the intended intruders  Fearing the chest might still be discovered, Smith hid it under the floor boards of his parents' old log home nearby that was then being used as a cooper shop  Later, Smith told his mother he had taken the plates out of the chest, left the empty chest under the floor boards of the cooper shop, and hid the plates in a barrel of flax  Shortly thereafter the empty box was discovered and the place ransacked by Smith's former treasure-seeking associates, who had enlisted one of the men's sisters to find the hiding place by looking in her seer stone 

Translating the plates
Smith said that the plates were engraved in an unknown language, and he told associates that he was capable of reading and translating them  The translation took place mainly in Harmony, Pennsylvania (now Oakland Township), Emma's hometown, where Smith and his wife had moved in October 1827 with financial assistance from a prominent, though superstitious, Palmyra landowner Martin Harris  The translation occurred in two phases: the first, from December 1827 to June 1828, during which Smith transcribed some of the characters and then dictated 116 manuscript pages to Harris, which were lost  The second phase began sporadically in early 1829 and then in earnest in April 1829 with the arrival of Oliver Cowdery, a schoolteacher who volunteered to serve as Smith's full-time scribe  In June 1829, Smith and Cowdery moved to Fayette, New York, completing the translation early the following month 

Smith used scribes to write the words he said were a translation of the golden plates, dictating the words while peering into seer stones, which he said allowed him to see the translation  Smith's translation process evolved from his previous use of seer stones in treasure-seeking  During the earliest phase of translation, Smith said he used what he called Urim and Thummim, two stones set in a frame like a set of large spectacles  Witnesses said Smith placed the Urim and Thummim in his hat while he was translating After the loss of the first 116 manuscript pages, Smith translated with a single seer stone, which some sources say he had previously used in treasure-seeking  Smith placed the stone in a hat, buried his face in it to eliminate all outside light, and peered into the stone to see the words of the translation  A few times during the translation, a curtain or blanket was raised between Smith and his scribe or between the living area and the area where Smith and his scribe worked  Sometimes, Smith dictated to Harris from upstairs or from a different room Smith's translation did not require the use of the plates themselves  Though Smith himself said very little about the translation process, his friends and family said that as he looked into the stone, the written translation of the ancient script appeared to him in English  There are several proposed explanations for how Smith composed his translation



ground_truth: Philip Mountbatten

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the mother of the person who found the sacred writings that became the Book of Mormon?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  In the 19th century, the most common explanation among anti-Mormons was that he copied the work from a manuscript written by Solomon Spaulding  That theory is repudiated by Smith's preeminent modern biographers  The most prominent modern theory among many ex-Mormons is that Smith composed the translation in response to the provincial opinions of his time, perhaps while in a magical trance-like state  As a matter of faith, Latter Day Saints generally view the translation process as either an automatic process of transcribing text written within the stone or an intuitive translation by Smith, assisted by a mystical connection with God, through the stone  Some Latter Day Saint apologists argue that because of the length of the Book of Mormon (roughly 270,000 words) and the timeframe in which the Book was dictated, it is unlikely that he wrote it or memorized the words from elsewhere  It is also argued that Smith was unfamiliar with the text, often pausing to attempt to pronounce names of people and places that were unfamiliar to him, and therefore it is unlikely that he had read the text before or written it previously Smith's dictations were written down by a number of assistants, including Emma Smith, Martin Harris, and Oliver Cowdery  In May 1829, after Smith had lent 116 unduplicated manuscript pages to Harris, and Harris had lost them, Smith dictated a revelation explaining that Smith could not simply retranslate the lost pages because his opponents would attempt to see if he could "bring forth the same words again " According to Grant Palmer, Smith believed "a second transcription would be identical to the first  This confirms the view that the English text existed in some kind of unalterable, spiritual form rather than that someone had to think through difficult conceptual issues and idioms, always resulting in variants in any translation "

Location of the plates during translation
When Smith and Emma moved to Pennsylvania in October 1827, they transported a wooden box, which Smith said contained the plates, hidden in a barrel of beans  For a time, the couple stayed in the home of Emma's father, Isaac Hale, but when Smith refused to show Hale the plates, Hale banished the concealed objects from his house  Afterward, Smith told several of his associates that the plates were hidden in the nearby woods  Emma said that she remembered the plates being on a table in the house, wrapped in a linen tablecloth, which she moved from time to time when it got in the way of her chores  According to Smith's mother, the plates were also stored in a trunk on Emma's bureau  However, Smith did not require the physical presence of the plates to translate them In April 1828, Martin Harris's wife, Lucy, visited Harmony with her husband and demanded to see the plates  When Smith refused to show them to her, she searched the house, grounds, and woods  According to Smith's mother, during the search Lucy was frightened by a large, black snake and so was prevented from digging up the plates  As a result of Martin Harris's loss of the 116 pages of manuscript, Smith said that between July and September 1828, the angel Moroni took back both the plates and the Urim and Thummim as a penalty for his having delivered "the manuscript into the hands of a wicked man " According to Smith's mother, the angel returned the objects to Smith on September 22, 1828, the anniversary of the day that he first received them In March 1829, Martin Harris visited Harmony and asked to see the plates  Smith told him that he "would go into the woods where the Book of Plates was, and that after he came back, Harris should follow his tracks in the snow, and find the Book, and examine it for himself " Harris followed the directions but could not find the plates In early June 1829, the unwanted attentions of locals around Harmony necessitated Smith's move to the home of David Whitmer and his parents in Fayette, New York  Smith said that during this move the plates were transported by the angel Moroni, who put them in the garden of the Whitmer house, where Smith could recover them  The translation was completed at the Whitmer home 

Returning the plates
After translation was complete, Smith said he returned the plates to the angel, but he did not elaborate about this experience  According to accounts by several early Mormons, a group of Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and possibly others accompanied Smith and returned the plates to a cave inside the Hill Cumorah  There, Smith is said to have placed the plates on a table near "many wagon loads" of other ancient records, and the Sword of Laban hanging on the cave wall  According to Brigham Young's understanding, which he said that he had gained from Cowdery, on a later visit to the cave, the Sword of Laban was said to be unsheathed and placed over the plates and inscribed with the words: "This sword will never be sheathed again until the kingdoms of this world become the kingdom of our God and his Christ "Smith taught that part of the golden plates were "sealed " The "sealed" portion is said to contain "a revelation from God, from the beginning of the world to the ending thereof " Many Latter Day Saints believe that the plates will be kept hidden until a future time, when the sealed part will be translated and, according to one early Mormon leader, transferred from the hill to one of the Mormon temples David Whitmer is quoted as stating that he saw just the untranslated portion of the plates sitting on the table with the sword (and also a breastplate)  Apparently, Whitmer was aware of expeditions at Cumorah to locate the sealed portion of the plates through "science and mineral rods," which, he said, "testify that they are there "

Descriptions of the plates
Smith said the angel Moroni had commanded him not to show the plates to any unauthorized person  However, Smith eventually obtained the written statement of several witnesses who saw the plates  It is unclear whether the witnesses believed they had seen the plates with their physical eyes or had seen them in a vision  For instance, although Martin Harris continued to testify to the truth of the Book of Mormon even when he was estranged from the church, at least during the early years of the movement, he "seems to have repeatedly admitted the internal, subjective nature of his visionary experience "According to some sources, Smith initially intended that the first authorized witness be his firstborn son; but this child was stillborn in 1828  In March 1829, Martin Harris came to Harmony to see the plates, but was unable to find them in the woods where Smith said they could be found  The next day, Smith dictated a revelation stating that Harris could eventually qualify himself to be one of three witnesses with the exclusive right to "view [the plates] as they are" By June 1829, Smith determined that there would be eight additional witnesses, a total of twelve including Smith  During the second half of June 1829, Smith took Harris, Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer (known collectively as the Three Witnesses) into woods in Fayette, New York, where they said they saw an angel holding the golden plates and turning the leaves  The four also said they heard "the voice of the Lord" telling them that the translation of the plates was correct, and commanding them to testify of what they saw and heard  A few days later, Smith took a different group of Eight Witnesses to a location near Smith's parents' home in Palmyra where they said Smith showed them the golden plates  Statements over the names of these men, apparently drafted by Smith, were published in 1830 as an appendix to the Book of Mormon  According to later statements ascribed to Martin Harris, he viewed the plates in a vision and not with his "natural eyes "In addition to Smith and the other eleven who claimed to be witnesses, a few other early Mormons said they saw the plates  For instance, Smith's mother Lucy Mack Smith said she had "seen and handled" the plates  Smith's wife Emma and his younger brother William and younger sister Katharine also said they had examined and lifted the plates while they were wrapped in fabric  Others said they had visions of the plates or had been shown the plates by an angel, in some cases years after Smith said he had returned the plates 

Described format, binding, and dimensions
The plates were said to be bound at one edge by a set of rings  In 1828, Martin Harris, is reported to have said that the plates were "fastened together in the shape of a book by wires"  In 1859 Harris said that the plates "were seven inches [18 cm] wide by eight inches [20 cm] in length, and were of the thickness of plates of tin; and when piled one above the other, they were altogether about four inches [10 cm] thick; and they were put together on the back by three silver rings, so that they would open like a book"  David Whitmer, another of the Three Witnesses, was quoted by an 1831 Palmyra newspaper as having said the plates were "the thickness of tin plate; the back was secured with three small rings     passing through each leaf in succession"  Anomalously, Smith's father is quoted as saying that the plates were only half an inch (1 27 centimeter) thick  Smith's mother, who said she had "seen and handled" the plates, is quoted as saying they were "eight inches [20 cm] long, and six [15 cm] wide     all connected by a ring which passes through a hole at the end of each plate" Hyrum Smith and John Whitmer, also witnesses in 1829, are reported to have stated that the rings holding the plates together were, in Hyrum's words, "in the shape of the letter D, which facilitated the opening and shutting of the book"  Smith's wife Emma and his younger brother William said they had examined the plates while wrapped in fabric  Emma said she "felt of the plates, as they thus lay on the table, tracing their outline and shape  They seemed to be pliable like thick paper, and would rustle with a metallic sound when the edges were moved by the thumb, as one does sometimes thumb the edges of a book"  William agreed that the plates could be rustled with one's thumb like the pages of a book Smith did not provide his own published description of the plates until 1842, when he said in a letter that "each plate was six inches [15 cm] wide and eight inches [20 cm] long, and not quite so thick as common tin  They were     bound together in a volume, as the leaves of a book, with three rings running through the whole  The volume was something near six inches [15 cm] in thickness" 

Described composition and weight
The plates were first described as "gold", and beginning about 1827, the plates were widely called the "gold bible"  When the Book of Mormon was published in 1830, the Eight Witnesses described the plates as having "the appearance of gold"  The Book of Mormon describes the plates as being made of "ore"  In a June 1830 court hearing, Josiah Stowell testified that he inadvertently caught a glimpse of a corner of the plates (making him "the only witness to see the plates 'by accident,'") and said it "resembled a stone of a greenish caste " In 1831, a Palmyra newspaper quoted David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses, as having said that the plates were a "whitish yellow color", with "three small rings of the same metal" Smith's first published description of the plates said that the plates "had the appearance of gold", and Smith said that Moroni had referred to the plates as "gold " Late in life, Martin Harris stated that the rings holding the plates together were made of silver, and he said the plates themselves, based on their heft of "forty or fifty pounds" (18–23 kg), "were lead or gold"  Joseph's brother William, who said he felt the plates inside a pillow case in 1827, said in 1884 that he understood the plates to be "a mixture of gold and copper     much heavier than stone, and very much heavier than wood" Different people estimated the weight of the plates differently  According to Smith's one-time-friend Willard Chase, Smith told him in 1827 that the plates weighed between 40 and 60 pounds (18–27 kg), most likely the latter  Smith's father Joseph Smith Sr , who was one of the Eight Witnesses, reportedly weighed them and said in 1830 that they "weighed thirty pounds" (14 kg)  Smith's brother William, who had lifted the plates, thought they "weighed about sixty pounds [27 kg] according to the best of my judgment"  Others who lifted the plates while they were wrapped in cloth or enclosed in a box thought that they weighed about 60 pounds [27 kg]  Martin Harris said that he had "hefted the plates many times, and should think they weighed forty or fifty pounds [18–23 kg]"  Smith's wife Emma never estimated the weight of the plates but said they were light enough for her to "move them from place to place on the table, as it was necessary in doing my work" From descriptions of the plates' dimensions, had the plates been made of 24-karat gold (which Smith never claimed), they would have weighed about 140 pounds (64 kg)  Based on the plates' lighter weight and Stowell's description of its corner's "greenish cast", one scholar has hypothesized Smith made the plates from copper, which weighs less than gold and rusts green  LDS writers have speculated the plates could also exhibit those qualities if it were made of a copper-gold alloy like Mesoamerican tumbaga 

"Sealed" portion
According to Smith and others, the golden plates contained a "sealed" portion containing "a revelation from God, from the beginning of the world to the ending thereof " Smith never described the nature of the seal, and the language of the Book of Mormon may be interpreted to describe a sealing that was spiritual, metaphorical, physical, or a combination of these elements 
The Book of Mormon refers to other documents and plates as being "sealed" to be revealed at some future time  For example, the Book of Mormon says the entire set of plates was "sealed up, and hid up unto the Lord" and that separate records of John the Apostle were "sealed up to come forth in their purity" in the end times  One set of plates to which the Book of Mormon refers was "sealed up" in the sense that they were written in a language that could not be read Smith may have understood the sealing to be a supernatural or spiritual sealing "by the power of God" (2 Nephi 27:10), an idea supported by a reference in the Book of Mormon to the "interpreters" with which Smith said they were buried or "sealed " Oliver Cowdery also stated that when Smith visited the hill, he was stricken by a supernatural force because the plates were "sealed by the prayer of faith "Several witnesses described a physical sealing placed on part of the plates by Mormon or Moroni  David Whitmer said that when an angel showed him the plates in 1829, "a large portion of the leaves were so securely bound together that it was impossible to separate them," that the "sealed" part of the plates were held together as a solid mass "stationary and immovable," "as solid to my view as wood," and that there were "perceptible marks where the plates appeared to be sealed" with leaves "so securely bound that it was impossible to separate them " In 1842, Lucy Mack Smith said that some of the plates were "sealed together" while others were "loose " The account of the Eight Witnesses says they saw the plates in 1829 and handled "as many of the leaves as Smith has translated," implying that they did not examine untranslated parts, such as the sealed portion  In one interview, David Whitmer said that "about half" the book was unsealed; in 1881, he said "about one-third" was unsealed  Whitmer's 1881 statement is consistent with an 1856 statement by Orson Pratt, an associate of Smith's who never saw the plates himself but who had spoken with witnesses, that "about two-thirds" of the plates were "sealed up" 

Engravings
The golden plates were said to contain engravings that the Book of Mormon describes as reformed Egyptian  Smith described the writing as "Egyptian characters     small, and beautifully engraved," exhibiting "much skill in the art of engraving "John Whitmer, one of the Eight Witnesses, said the plates had "fine engravings on both sides," and Orson Pratt, who did not see the plates himself but who had spoken with witnesses, understood that there were engravings on both sides of the plates, "stained with a black, hard stain, so as to make the letters more legible and easier to be read "

Significance in the Latter Day Saint tradition
The golden plates are significant within the Latter Day Saint movement because they are the reputed source for the Book of Mormon, which Smith called the "most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion " However, the golden plates are just one of many known and reputed metal plates with significance in the Latter Day Saint movement  The Book of Mormon itself refers to a long tradition of writing historical records on plates, of which the golden plates are a culmination (see List of plates (Latter Day Saint movement)) 
Some Latter Day Saints, especially those within the Community of Christ, have doubted the historicity of the golden plates and downplayed their significance  For most adherents of the Latter Day Saint faith, however, the physical existence and authenticity of the golden plates are essential elements of their faith  For them, the message of the Book of Mormon is inseparable from the story of its origins Hugh Nibley, a Latter-day Saint scholar popular among church members, said in 1957 that he believed even proof of the actual existence of the golden plates would not settle disputes about the Book of Mormon and the story of its origin 

Other plates
A few other sets of plates have arisen to prominence in various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement 

Kinderhook plates hoax
In 1843, after reading a missionary tract written by Orson Pratt, three men in Kinderhook, Pike County, Illinois—Robert Wiley, Wilburn Fugate, and Bridge Whitton—decided to collaborate to counterfeit a set of metal plates and "startle the natives," as one of Fugate's sons recalled  The trio forged plates from copper, etched them with acid, and buried them in a mound, digging them up on April 23, 1843, in a pretended discovery  The Quincy Whig published a story on the discovery, and the Times and Seasons and Nauvoo Neighbor, a publication of the church and of the city respectively, reprinted the story  The Mormon community soon expressed much interest in the plates 
By May 1, the plates had been brought to Nauvoo and Smith, apparently believing they were authentic, attempted to translate them  Smith's private secretary William Clayton recorded that upon receiving the plates, Smith sent for his "Hebrew Bible & Lexicon", suggesting that rather than translate the plates by direct revelation, Smith attempted to translate the plates by more conventional means  That day, Clayton wrote in his journal:
I have seen 6 brass plates     covered with ancient characters of language containing from 30 to 40 on each side of the plates  Prest J  [Joseph Smith] has translated a portion and says they contain the history of the person with whom they were found and he was a descendant of Ham through the loins of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and that he received his kingdom from the ruler of heaven and earth 
Scholars examining the Kinderhook plates in retrospect have found that one character coincidentally resembles a character in Smith's Egyptian Alphabet Book, the alleged meaning of which matches Smith's attempted translation of the Kinderhook plates, further suggesting Smith tried to translate the plates as an amateur linguist Apostles John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff, editors of the Nauvoo Neighbor, anticipated Smith would translate the plates in their entirety and promised in a June 1843 article that "The contents of the plates, together with a Fac-simile of the same, will be published in the 'Times and Seasons,' as soon as the translation is completed " However, the plates were returned untranslated to Wiley and Fugate in Kinderhook  Smith did not express reservations about the plates to any of his compatriots, but whether or not he recognized the Kinderhook plates as fraudulent, "he did not swing into a full-fledged translation" as he had with his earlier encounter with Egyptian scrolls In 1886, a signed letter from Fugate was published in the book Joseph Smith the Prophet, His Family and His Friends: A Study Based on Facts and Documents, and in the letter Fugate revealed the hoax and the fabrication of the plates  Nevertheless, many members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (a denomination of Mormons who followed Brigham Young after Smith's death) refused to accept Fugate's confession and defended the Kinderhook plates as authentic and Smith's translation as legitimate until 1980, when Northwestern University materials science professor D  Lynn Johnson examined a plate still held by the Chicago Historical Society and conclusively proved it was a nineteenth-century creation 

Strangite plates
Two other sets of alleged plates, the Voree plates and the Book of the Law of the Lord, were translated by James Strang—one of three major contenders to succeed Smith—who went on to lead the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)  The Voree plates were alleged to have been written by an ancient inhabitant of what is now Burlington, Wisconsin, while the Book of the Law of the Lord was alleged by Strang to be a translation of the Plates of Laban mentioned in the Book of Mormon  Neither of these alleged discoveries by Strang is accepted as authentic outside of the Strangite community 

Notes
Passage 12:
Jan van de Velde the Elder
Jan van de Velde the Elder (1568, Antwerp – 1623, Haarlem), was a Dutch calligrapher, writing teacher, and engraver  He was the father of the engraver Jan van de Velde 

Biography
According to the RKD he was possibly the pupil of Felix van Sambix  He married Mayken van Bracht from Turnhout, sister-in-law of the publisher Jan van Waesberghe, in 1592 in Rotterdam and opened a French school there  Their son, Jan van de Velde, became a painter  He published his calligraphy in the Spieghel der Schrijfkonste in 1605  In 1620 moved to Haarlem, where he was possibly the teacher of the Haarlem calligraphers Jean de la Chambre or Nicolaes Bodding van Laer 
Passage 13:
History of Joseph Smith by His Mother
History of Joseph Smith by His Mother is a biography of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, according to his mother, Lucy Mack Smith   It was originally titled Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith, the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations and was published by Orson Pratt in Liverpool in 1853 

Background
Shortly following the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, and into 1845, Lucy Mack Smith dictated her recollections and family story to Nauvoo schoolteacher Martha Jane Coray  Coray worked with her husband to compile these books of notes and other sources into a manuscript, which was then copied 
One copy was given to apostle Brigham Young, and the other stayed with Lucy Smith in Nauvoo  Eventually, apostle Orson Pratt obtained Lucy's copy and published it in 1853, to great controversy 

Brigham Young's opposition
After its publication, Brigham Young declared the book to be a "tissue of lies" and wanted corrections made  In the Millennial Star in 1855, he said,

There are many mistakes in the work     I have had a written copy of those sketches in my possession for several years, and it contains much of the history of the Prophet Joseph  Should it ever be deemed best to publish these sketches, it will not be done until after they are carefully corrected 
In 1865, Young ordered the church members to have their copies destroyed  There was no "corrected" version until the church published a 1901 serialization and 1902 book, which were done under the direction of Joseph F  Smith, Lucy's grandson Later historians theorized that Young opposed the book because of his own conflicts with its publisher, Orson Pratt, as well as the book's favorable references to William Smith, Young's opponent and Lucy's son  Lucy Mack Smith portrayed the Smith family as the legitimate leaders of the church, which Young may also have seen as a challenge to his leadership 

Importance
LDS historian Leonard Arrington saw the book as "informative, basically accurate, and extremely revealing of Joseph Smith's early life and family background," and felt it "perhaps tells more about Mormon origins than any other single source   Richard L  Anderson called it one of "the essential sources for Mormon origins "  Non-Mormon historian Jan Shipps identifies this history as being "of central importance in the Mormon historical corpus "

Editions
The book has been republished several times, under various publishers, editors and titles   The following is a list of editions with significant changes to the text or title 

Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations, by Lucy Smith, Mother of the Prophet  Liverpool: S W  Richards for Orson Pratt  1853 
Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet and His Progenitors for Many Generations  Plano, Illinois: Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints  1880 
Smith, George A ; Smith, Elias, eds  (1902)  History of the Prophet Joseph, by His Mother, Lucy Smith, as Revised by George A  Smith and Elias Smith  Salt Lake City, Utah: Improvement Era  
Nibley, Preston, ed  (1945)  History of Joseph Smith, By His Mother, Lucy Mack Smith  Salt Lake City, Utah: Stevens & Wallis 
Nibley, Preston, ed  (1956)  History of Joseph Smith, By His Mother, Lucy Mack Smith  Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft 
Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith, the Prophet  New York: Arno Press  1969 
Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1978)  Joseph Smith's History By His Mother: The Book Brigham Young Tried to Destroy  Salt Lake City, Utah: Modern Microfilm Co 
Proctor, Scot Facer; Proctor, Maurine Jensen, eds  (1996)  The Revised and Enhanced History of Joseph Smith By His Mother  Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft  ISBN 1-57008-267-7  
Anderson, Lavina Fielding, ed  (2001)  Lucy's Book: A Critical Edition of Lucy Mack Smith's Family Memoir  Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books  ISBN 1-56085-137-6 
Ingleton, R  Vernon, ed  (2005)  History of Joseph Smith by His Mother, Lucy Mack Smith; the Unabridged Original Version  Provo, Utah: Stratford Books  ISBN 0-929753-05-4 

Notes



ground_truth: Lucy Mack Smith