prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the source of the river Orlam clans crossed to migrate to Namibia?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Bhilangna River
Bhilangna River is a Himalayan river in Uttarakhand, India, which is the major tributary of the Bhagirathi river, the source stream of the Ganges River of India  Bhilangana is a combination of Bhil and Ganga The mainstem, Bhilangna, rises at the foot of the Khatling Glacier (elevation 3,717 m (12,195 ft)) approximately 50 km (31 mi) south of the ice cave at Gaumukh, traditionally considered the source of both the Bhagirathi and the Ganges and flows into the Bhagirathi at Old Tehri, the site of the Tehri dam   It meets its major tributary the Bal Ganga at Ghansali (elevation 976 m (3,202 ft)) 
The Bal Ganga, whose headwaters are formed at the foot of Mount Kukhli Dhar (elevation 4,600 m (15,100 ft)), itself has a minor tributary, the Dharam Ganga, which meets it at Thati Kathur (also Budha Kedar) at elevation 1,524 m (5,000 ft)
The Khatling trek route passes alongside the Bhilangna, starting from the last point accessible by road, Ghuttu, until the glacier, which stands at 3700 metres  If one were to go further on the trail past the glacier, one could reach Kedarnath 

See also
Bhagirathi River
Ganges
Alaknanda River
Passage 2:
Orange River
The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa  It is the longest river in South Africa  With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north  It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean  The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa  Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities  The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power  The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon  Other names include simply the word for river, in Khoekhoegowab orthography written as !Garib, which is rendered in Afrikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click, Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ǂNū "Black"  It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu 

Course
The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft)  The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu  Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude  This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production 

The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province  In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam  From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised  Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation 
At the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province  From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude  From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ǁKaras Region  On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia 

In the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams, and several large wadis lead into it  In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible  Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised  The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi) 
The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning "Orange mouth") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town  Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches 
The river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi) 

Catchment and rainfall
In the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation  At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2 0 in) per year  The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction  In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown colored torrent  The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long-term threat to engineering projects on the river The total catchment of the Orange River (including the Vaal) extends over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i e  equivalent to about 77% of the land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi))  Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, are situated outside the country in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia 

Tributaries
Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

Dams
Armenia Dam
Egmont Dam
Gariep Dam
Newberry Dam
Vanderkloof Dam
Welbedacht Dam

History
Etymology
Some of the earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river ǂNūǃarib, referring to its black colour, or sometimes just Kai !Arib ("Great River"), from which is derived the Afrikaans version Gariep, and translation "Groote Rivier"  The early Dutch name for the river was just that translation, Groote Rivier, meaning "Great River"  The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the United East India Company (VOC) garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779  Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange  A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color of its tributary, the Vaal River, which name is derived from the name ǀHaiǃarib "pale river" (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey)  Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition  In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River, derived from the original Khoemana name 

The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change from the colonial name, for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu  The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation "

The Grootslang
In South African folklore, the Orange River is often associated with the Grootslang, a mythical being resembling a giant serpent, which is often connected to the river's alluvial diamonds  The Grootslang is described as living in a gem-filled cave connected to the Orange River by a natural pipe through which the diamonds gradually enter the river  Other sites said to be lairs of the creature include the pool beneath the King George Cataract at Aughrabies Falls, which is also said to be a source of diamonds, and a large rock in the middle of the river itself  In this version of the legend, the Grootslang is also said to prey on cattle from the river's banks 

Economy
As the collection point for the majority of South Africa's water, the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture, industry, and mining  To assist in this, two large water schemes have been created, the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project  Historically, the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush, with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth 
Because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer, the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting  Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate  The most popular trips are four-day and six-day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area 

Orange River Project
The Orange River Project (ORP) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa  It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd's government at the height of the apartheid era  The ORP was built to exploit the waters of the Orange River—which, without the Vaal River, represents some 14 1% of the total runoff in South Africa—and in the process, to satisfy an increasing demand for water  The main objectives of the project were:

to stabilise river flow,
the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power,
to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin, and
to give a new lease on life to water-deficient areas in the Eastern Cape, such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys The Gariep Dam near Colesberg is the main storage structure within the Orange River  From here, the water is supplied in two directions, westward along the Orange River (via hydroelectric power generators) to the Vanderkloof Dam and southward through the Orange-Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape 

Hydroelectricity
Eskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam  The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground  The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure 

Irrigation
Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam, which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land, was made possible by the construction of the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams  Old established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible  On the Namibian side of the river, Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange 
In recent years, the wine-producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance  Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost, not only from the additional water being made available, but also owing to improvement in water quality  Without this improvement, the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity 

Lesotho Highlands Water Project
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System  Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River, and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State, and discharges into the Ash River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) further to the north  The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, which used the Sterkfontein Dam, located near Harrismith in the Free State 

Alluvial diamonds
In 1867, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, the Eureka Diamond, was found near Hopetown on the Orange River  Two years later, a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area, causing a diamond rush  This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871, although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river, as well as the beaches around its mouth  Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river 

Rafting and canoeing
During the temperate months of March and April, given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open, a canoeist (or rafter) can easily travel 30 kilometres (19 mi) per day  The lower reaches of the river are most popular, because of the spectacular topography  Commercial tours are available, and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif 

Wildlife
The Orange River has no large animals  It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile, and although hippopotami were once abundant, they were hunted to extermination in the 19th century  The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity  A 2011 survey of 13,762 fish found only 16 species of fish present   Three of these, the common carp, the Mozambique tilapia, and the western mosquitofish are not indigenous   Another exotic species, rainbow trout, is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho 
Seven species are endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system:
Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
Maluti redfin or Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)

See also
List of rivers in South Africa
List of international border rivers
List of crossings of the Orange River
Passage 3:
Khan River
The river Khan is an ephemeral river crossing the Erongo region of central Namibia  It is the main tributary of the Swakop River and only occasionally carries surface water during the rain seasons in November and February/March  Khan's catchment area including its tributaries Slang and Etiro is 8,400 square kilometres (3,200 sq mi) The Khan has its origin near the settlement of Otjisemba, north-west of Okahandja  From there the river course passes westwards to the town of Usakos, and further in a south-western direction through the Namib desert  It  has its confluence with the Swakop River 40 km east of Swakopmund It is a popular tourist attraction due to the proliferation of mammals such as the klipspringer antelope, ostriches and jackals 
Passage 4:
Namibia
Namibia ( (listen), ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa  Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean  It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east  Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres (660 feet) of the Botswanan right bank of the Zambezi River separates the two countries  Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence  Its capital and largest city is Windhoek  Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU) and the Commonwealth of Nations 
The driest country in sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia has been inhabited since pre-historic times by the San, Damara and Nama people  Around the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrived as part of the Bantu expansion  Since then, the Bantu groups, the largest being the Ovambo, have dominated the population of the country; since the late 19th century, they have constituted a majority  Today Namibia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world 
It has a population of 2 55 million people and is a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy  Agriculture, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver and base metals – form the basis of its economy, while the manufacturing sector is comparatively small 
In 1884, the German Empire established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as German South West Africa  Between 1904 and 1908, it perpetrated a genocide against the Herero and Nama people  German rule ended in 1915 with a defeat by South African forces  In 1920, after the end of World War I, the League of Nations mandated administration of the colony to South Africa  As mandatory power, South Africa imposed its laws, including racial classifications and rules  From 1948, with the National Party elected to power, this included South Africa applying apartheid to what was then known as South West Africa  In the later 20th century, uprisings and demands for political representation by native African political activists seeking independence resulted in the UN assuming direct responsibility over the territory in 1966, but the country of South Africa maintained de facto rule  In 1973, the UN recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people  Following continued guerrilla warfare, Namibia obtained independence in 1990  However, Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994 

History
Etymology
The name of the country is derived from the Namib desert, the oldest desert in the world  The name Namib itself is of Nama origin and means "vast place"  That word for the country was chosen by Mburumba Kerina, who originally proposed the name the "Republic of Namib"  Before its independence in 1990, the area was known first as German South-West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika), then as South West Africa, reflecting the colonial occupation by the Germans and South Africans 

Pre-colonial period
The dry lands of Namibia have been inhabited since prehistoric times by the San, Damara, and Nama  Around the 14th century, immigrating Bantu people began to arrive during the Bantu expansion from central Africa From the late 18th century onward, Oorlam people from Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia  Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful  They received the missionaries accompanying the Oorlam very well, granting them the right to use waterholes and grazing against an annual payment  On their way further north, however, the Oorlam encountered clans of the OvaHerero at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja, who resisted their encroachment  The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only after the German Empire deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo among the Nama, Oorlam, and Herero In 1878, the Cape of Good Hope, then a British colony, annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands; these became an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910 
The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, but the Portuguese did not try to claim the area  Like most of the interior of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century  At that time traders and settlers came principally from Germany and Sweden  In 1870, Finnish missionaries came to the northern part of Namibia to spread the Lutheran religion among the Ovambo and Kavango people  In the late 19th century, Dorsland Trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola  Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey 

German rule
Namibia became a German colony in 1884 under Otto von Bismarck to forestall perceived British encroachment and was known as German South West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika)  The Palgrave Commission by the British governor in Cape Town determined that only the natural deep-water harbour of Walvis Bay was worth occupying and thus annexed it to the Cape province of British South Africa 
In 1897, a rinderpest epidemic caused massive cattle die-offs of an estimated 95% of cattle in southern & central Namibia  In response the German colonizers set up a veterinary cordon fence known as the Red Line  In 1907 this fence then broadly defined the boundaries for the first Police Zone From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against brutal German colonialism  In a calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, government officials ordered the extinction of the natives in the OvaHerero and Namaqua genocide  In what has been called the "first genocide of the 20th century", the Germans systematically killed 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Herero (about 80% of the population)  The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation, and discrimination in a system that in many ways foreshadowed the apartheid established by South Africa in 1948 

Most Africans were confined to so-called native territories, which under South African rule after 1949 were turned into "homelands" (Bantustans)  Some historians have speculated that the German genocide in Namibia was a model for the Nazis in the Holocaust  The memory of genocide remains relevant to ethnic identity in independent Namibia and to relations with Germany  The German minister for aid development apologised for the Namibian genocide in 2004, however, the German government distanced itself from this apology 

South African mandate
During World War I, South African troops under General Louis Botha occupied the territory and deposed the German colonial administration  The end of the war and the Treaty of Versailles resulted in South West Africa remaining a possession of South Africa, at first as a League of Nations mandate, until 1990  The mandate system was formed as a compromise between those who advocated for an Allied annexation of former German and Ottoman territories and a proposition put forward by those who wished to grant them to an international trusteeship until they could govern themselves  It permitted the South African government to administer South West Africa until that territory's inhabitants were prepared for political self-determination  South Africa interpreted the mandate as a veiled annexation and made no attempt to prepare South West Africa for future autonomy 
As a result of the Conference on International Organization in 1945, the League of Nations was formally superseded by the United Nations (UN) and former League mandates by a trusteeship system  Article 77 of the United Nations Charter stated that UN trusteeship "shall apply   to territories now held under mandate"; furthermore, it would "be a matter of subsequent agreement as to which territories in the foregoing territories will be brought under the trusteeship system and under what terms"  The UN requested all former League of Nations mandates be surrendered to its Trusteeship Council in anticipation of their independence  South Africa declined to do so and instead requested permission from the UN to formally annex South West Africa, for which it received considerable criticism  When the UN General Assembly rejected this proposal, South Africa dismissed its opinion and began solidifying control of the territory  The UN Generally Assembly and Security Council responded by referring the issue to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which held a number of discussions on the legality of South African rule between 1949 and 1966 

South Africa began imposing apartheid, its codified system of racial segregation and discrimination, on South West Africa during the late 1940s  Black South West Africans were subject to pass laws, curfews, and a host of residential regulations that restricted their movement  Development was concentrated in the southern region of the territory adjacent to South Africa, known as the "Police Zone", where most of the major settlements and commercial economic activity were located  Outside the Police Zone, indigenous peoples were restricted to theoretically self-governing tribal homelands 
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the accelerated decolonisation of Africa and mounting pressure on the remaining colonial powers to grant their colonies self-determination resulted in the formation of nascent nationalist parties in South West Africa  Movements such as the South West African National Union (SWANU) and the South West African People's Organisation advocated for the formal termination of South Africa's mandate and independence for the territory  In 1966, following the ICJ's controversial ruling that it had no legal standing to consider the question of South African rule, SWAPO launched an armed insurgency that escalated into part of a wider regional conflict known as the South African Border War In 1971 Namibian contract workers led a general strike against the contract system and in support of independence  Some of the striking workers would later join SWAPO's PLAN as part of the South African Border War 

Independence
As SWAPO's insurgency intensified, South Africa's case for annexation in the international community continued to decline  The UN declared that South Africa had failed in its obligations to ensure the moral and material well-being of South West Africa's indigenous inhabitants, and had thus disavowed its own mandate  On 12 June 1968, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming that, in accordance with the desires of its people, South West Africa be renamed Namibia  United Nations Security Council Resolution 269, adopted in August 1969, declared South Africa's continued occupation of Namibia illegal  In recognition of this landmark decision, SWAPO's armed wing was renamed the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) Namibia became one of several flashpoints for Cold War proxy conflicts in southern Africa during the latter years of the PLAN insurgency  The insurgents sought out weapons and sent recruits to the Soviet Union for military training  As the PLAN war effort gained momentum, the Soviet Union and other sympathetic states such as Cuba continued to increase their support, deploying advisers to train the insurgents directly as well as supplying more weapons and ammunition  SWAPO's leadership, dependent on Soviet, Angolan, and Cuban military aid, positioned the movement firmly within the socialist bloc by 1975  This practical alliance reinforced the external perception of SWAPO as a Soviet proxy, which dominated Cold War rhetoric in South Africa and the United States  For its part, the Soviet Union supported SWAPO partly because it viewed South Africa as a regional Western ally 

Growing war weariness and the reduction of tensions between the superpowers compelled South Africa, Angola, and Cuba to accede to the Tripartite Accord, under pressure from both the Soviet Union and the United States  South Africa accepted Namibian independence in exchange for Cuban military withdrawal from the region and an Angolan commitment to cease all aid to PLAN  PLAN and South Africa adopted an informal ceasefire in August 1988, and a United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) was formed to monitor the Namibian peace process and supervise the return of refugees  The ceasefire was broken after PLAN made a final incursion into the territory, possibly as a result of misunderstanding UNTAG's directives, in March 1989  A new ceasefire was later imposed with the condition that the insurgents were to be confined to their external bases in Angola until they could be disarmed and demobilised by UNTAG By the end of the 11-month transition period, the last South African troops had been withdrawn from Namibia, all political prisoners granted amnesty, racially discriminatory legislation repealed, and 42,000 Namibian refugees returned to their homes  Just over 97% of eligible voters participated in the country's first parliamentary elections held under a universal franchise  The United Nations plan included oversight by foreign election observers in an effort to ensure a free and fair election  SWAPO won a plurality of seats in the Constituent Assembly with 57% of the popular vote  This gave the party 41 seats, but not a two-thirds majority, which would have enabled it to draft the constitution on its own The Namibian Constitution was adopted in February 1990  It incorporated protection for human rights and compensation for state expropriations of private property and established an independent judiciary, legislature, and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly)  The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990  Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia at a ceremony attended by Nelson Mandela of South Africa (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state  In 1994, shortly before the first multiracial elections in South Africa, that country ceded Walvis Bay to Namibia 

After independence
Since independence Namibia has completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy  Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly  Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the SWAPO has won every election since independence  The transition from the 15-year rule of President Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly Since independence, the Namibian government has promoted a policy of national reconciliation  It issued an amnesty for those who fought on either side during the liberation war  The civil war in Angola spilled over and adversely affected Namibians living in the north of the country  In 1998, Namibia Defence Force (NDF) troops were sent to the Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) contingent 
In 1999, the national government quashed a secessionist attempt in the northeastern Caprivi Strip  The Caprivi conflict was initiated by the Caprivi Liberation Army (CLA), a rebel group led by Mishake Muyongo  It wanted the Caprivi Strip to secede and form its own society 
In December 2014, Prime Minister Hage Geingob, the candidate of ruling SWAPO, won the presidential elections, taking 87% of the vote  His predecessor, President Hifikepunye Pohamba, also of SWAPO, had served the maximum two terms allowed by the constitution  In December 2019, President Hage Geingob was re-elected for a second term, taking 56 3% of the vote 

Geography
At 825,615 km2 (318,772 sq mi), Namibia is the world's thirty-fourth largest country (after Venezuela)  It lies mostly between latitudes 17° and 29°S (a small area is north of 17°), and longitudes 11° and 26°E 
Being situated between the Namib and the Kalahari deserts, Namibia has the least rainfall of any country in sub-Saharan Africa The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic abiotic conditions and vegetation, with some variation within and overlap between them: the Central Plateau, the Namib, the Great Escarpment, the Bushveld, and the Kalahari Desert 
The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the Skeleton Coast to the northwest, the Namib Desert and its coastal plains to the southwest, the Orange River to the south, and the Kalahari Desert to the east  The Central Plateau is home to the highest point in Namibia at Königstein elevation 2,606 metres (8,550 ft) The Namib is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel plains and dunes that stretches along Namibia's entire coastline  It varies between 100 and 200 kilometres (60 and 120 mi) in width  Areas within the Namib include the Skeleton Coast and the Kaokoveld in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast The Great Escarpment swiftly rises to over 2,000 metres (7,000 ft)  Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase further inland from the cold Atlantic waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish  Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is significantly more productive than the Namib Desert  As summer winds are forced over the Escarpment, moisture is extracted as precipitation The Bushveld is found in north-eastern Namibia along the Angolan border and in the Caprivi Strip  The area receives a significantly greater amount of precipitation than the rest of the country, averaging around 400 mm (16 in) per year  The area is generally flat and the soils sandy, limiting their ability to retain water and support agriculture The Kalahari Desert, an arid region that extends into South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features  The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas  The Succulent Karoo is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; approximately 10 percent of the world's succulents are found in the Karoo  The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation Namibia's Coastal Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world  Its sand dunes, created by the strong onshore winds, are the highest in the world  Because of the location of the shoreline, at the point where the Atlantic's cold water reaches Africa's hot climate, often extremely dense fog forms along the coast  Near the coast there are areas where the dune-hummocks are vegetated  Namibia has rich coastal and marine resources that remain largely unexplored 

The Caprivi Strip extends east from the northeastern corner of the country 

Climate
Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S latitude: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt  Its overall climate description is arid, descending from the Sub-Humid [mean rain above 500 mm (20 in)] through Semi-Arid [between 300 and 500 mm (12 and 20 in)] (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid [from 150 to 300 mm (6 to 12 in)] (these three regions are inland from the western escarpment) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain [less than 100 mm (4 in)]  Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, Warmbad for instance, are maxima above 40 °C (104 °F) recorded Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year  It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the Tropic of Capricorn cuts the country about in half  The winter (June – August) is generally dry  Both rainy seasons occur in summer: the small rainy season between September and November, the big one between February and April  Humidity is low, and average rainfall varies from almost zero in the coastal desert to more than 600 mm (24 in) in the Caprivi Strip  Rainfall is highly variable, and droughts are common  In the summer of 2006/07 the rainfall was recorded far below the annual average  In May 2019, Namibia declared a state of emergency in response to the drought, and extended it by additional 6 months in October 2019 Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela Current of the Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm (2 in) per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country  In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German for "mountain wind") or Oosweer (Afrikaans for "east weather") occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast  As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms, leaving sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are visible on satellite images The Central Plateau and Kalahari areas have wide diurnal temperature ranges of up to 30C (54F) Efundja, the annual seasonal flooding of the northern parts of the country, often causes not only damage to infrastructure but loss of life  The rains that cause these floods originate in Angola, flow into Namibia's Cuvelai-Etosha Basin, and fill the oshanas (Oshiwambo: flood plains) there  The worst floods so far occurred in March 2011 and displaced 21,000 people 

Water sources
Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater  With an average rainfall of about 350 mm (14 in) per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi Strip in the northeast (about 600 mm (24 in) per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm (2 in) and less per annum at the coast  The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi Strip  In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls  Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their run-off  Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater  Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country More than 100,000 boreholes have been drilled in Namibia over the past century  One third of these boreholes have been drilled dry  An aquifer called Ohangwena II, on both sides of the Angola-Namibia border, was discovered in 2012  It has been estimated to be capable of supplying a population of 800,000 people in the North for 400 years, at the current (2018) rate of consumption  Experts estimate that Namibia has 7,720 km3 (1,850 cu mi) of underground water According to African Folder, a sewage-to-water treatment project in Namibia not only provides citizens with safe drinking water but also boosts productivity by 6% per year  All pollutants and impurities are removed using cutting-edge "multi-barrier" technology, which includes residual chlorination, ozone treatment, and ultra membrane filtration  Strict bio-monitoring methods are also used throughout the process to ensure high-quality, safe drinking water 

Communal Wildlife Conservancies
Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address conservation and protection of natural resources in its constitution  Article 95 states, "The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future "In 1993, Namibia's newly formed government received funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE) Project  The Ministry of Environment and Tourism, with financial support from organisations such as USAID, Endangered Wildlife Trust, WWF, and Canadian Ambassador's Fund, together form a Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) support structure  The project's main goal is to promote sustainable natural resource management by giving local communities rights to wildlife management and tourism 

Government and politics
Namibia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic  The President of Namibia is elected to a five-year term and is both the head of state and the head of government  All members of the government are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature The Constitution of Namibia outlines the following as the organs of the country's government:
Executive: executive power is exercised by the President and the Government 
Legislature: Namibia has a bicameral Parliament with the National Assembly as lower house, and the National Council as the upper house 
Judiciary: Namibia has a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state While the constitution envisaged a multi-party system for Namibia's government, the SWAPO party has been dominant since independence in 1990 

Foreign relations
Namibia has a largely independent foreign policy, with persisting affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle, including Cuba  With a small army and a fragile economy, the Namibian government's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the Southern African region  A dynamic member of the Southern African Development Community, Namibia is a vocal advocate for greater regional integration  It became the 160th member of the UN on 23 April 1990  On its independence it became the 50th member of the Commonwealth of Nations 

Military
In early 2020, The Global Firepower Index (GFP) reported that Namibia's military is ranked as one of the weakest in the world, at 126th out of 137 countries  Among 34 African countries, Namibia is also poorly ranked at the 28th position  Despite this, government spending for the Ministry of Defence stood at N$5,885 million (a 1 2% decrease from the previous financial year)  With close to 6 billion Namibian dollars (US$411 million in 2021) the Ministry of Defence receives the fourth highest amount of money from Government per ministry 
Namibia does not have any enemies in the region, though it has been involved in various disputes regarding borders and construction plans The Namibian constitution defines the role of the military as "defending the territory and national interests " Namibia formed the Namibian Defence Force (NDF), comprising former enemies in a 23-year bush war: the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) and South West African Territorial Force (SWATF)  The British formulated the plan for integrating these forces and began training the NDF, which consists of a small headquarters and five battalions 
The United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG)'s Kenyan infantry battalion remained in Namibia for three months after independence to help train the NDF and to stabilise the north  According to the Namibian Defence Ministry, enlistments of both men and women will number no more than 7,500 
The chief of the Namibian Defence Force is Air Vice Marshal Martin Kambulu Pinehas (with effect from 1 April 2020) 
In 2017, Namibia signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 

Administrative divisions
Namibia is divided into 14 regions which are subdivided into 121 constituencies  The administrative division of Namibia is tabled by Delimitation Commissions and accepted or declined by the National Assembly  Since state foundation four Delimitation Commissions have delivered their work, the last one in 2013 under the chairmanship of Judge Alfred Siboleka Regional councillors are directly elected through secret ballots (regional elections) by the inhabitants of their constituencies Local authorities in Namibia can be in the form of municipalities (either Part 1 or Part 2 municipalities), town councils or villages 

Human rights
Namibia is one of the most free and democratic countries in Africa, with a government that maintains and protects basic human rights and freedoms  However, significant issues include government corruption and prison overcrowding  Also, refugees are not permitted free movement The law is not enforced, but homosexual acts are illegal in Namibia  Discrimination, as well as intolerance, against LGBT people is widespread  Some Namibian government officials and high-profile figures, such as Namibia's Ombudsman John Walters and First Lady Monica Geingos, have called for sodomy and homosexuality to be decriminalised and are in favour of LGBT rights In November 2018, it was reported that 32% of women aged 15–49 experienced violence and domestic abuse from their spouses/partners and 29 5% of men believe that physical abuse towards their wife/partner is acceptable  The Namibian constitution guarantees the rights, freedoms and equal treatment of women in Namibia and SWAPO, the ruling party in Namibia, has adopted a "zebra system", which ensures a fair balance of both genders in government and equal representation of women in the Namibian government 

Economy
Namibia's economy is tied closely to South Africa's due to their shared history  The largest economic sectors are mining (10 4% of the gross domestic product in 2009), agriculture (5 0%), manufacturing (13 5%), and tourism (14 5%) Namibia has a highly developed banking sector with modern infrastructures, such as online banking and cellphone banking  The Bank of Namibia (BoN) is the central bank of Namibia responsible for performing all other functions ordinarily performed by a central bank  There are five BoN authorised commercial banks in Namibia: Bank Windhoek, First National Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and Small and Medium Enterprises Bank  Namibia's economy is characterised by a divide between the formal and the informal economies, which is in part aggravated by the legacy of apartheid spatial planning According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the Namibia Statistics Agency, the country's unemployment rate is 27 4%  "Strict unemployment" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20 2% in 2000, 21 9% in 2004 and spiralled to 29 4% in 2008  Under a broader definition (including people who have given up searching for employment) unemployment rose to 36 7% in 2004  This estimate considers people in the informal economy as employed  Labour and Social Welfare Minister Immanuel Ngatjizeko praised the 2008 study as "by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously", but its methodology has also received criticism In 2004 a labour act was passed to protect people from job discrimination stemming from pregnancy and HIV/AIDS status  In early 2010 the Government tender board announced that "henceforth 100 per cent of all unskilled and semi-skilled labour must be sourced, without exception, from within Namibia" In 2013, global business and financial news provider, Bloomberg, named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world  Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of Morocco (19th), South Africa (15th), and Zambia (14th)  Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil, and Mexico  Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria  The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank  The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom  To attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations, making Namibia one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region  Facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures  Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the World Bank, and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business The cost of living in Namibia is relatively high because most goods, including cereals, need to be imported  Its capital city, Windhoek, is the 150th most expensive place in the world for expatriates to live Taxation in Namibia includes personal income tax, which is applicable to the total taxable income of an individual  All individuals are taxed at progressive marginal rates over a series of income brackets  The value-added tax (VAT) is applicable to most of the commodities and services 

Despite the remote nature of much of the country, Namibia has seaports, airports, highways, and railways (narrow-gauge)  It seeks to become a regional transportation hub; it has an important seaport and several landlocked neighbours  The Central Plateau already serves as a transportation corridor from the more densely populated north to South Africa, the source of four-fifths of Namibia's imports 

Agriculture
About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food  Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and have a subsistence way of life  Namibia has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cashless economy  The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival  Although arable land accounts for <1% of Namibia, (about  97%), nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture About 4,000 commercial farmers own almost half of Namibia's arable land   The United Kingdom offered about $180,000 in 2004 to help finance Namibia's land reform process, as Namibia plans to start expropriating land from white farmers to resettle landless black Namibians  Germany has offered €1 1bn in 2021 over 30 years in reparations for the genocides in the early 20th century but the money will go towards infrastructure, healthcare and training programmes not land reform An agreement has been reached on the privatisation of several more enterprises in coming years, with hopes that this will stimulate much needed foreign investment, but reinvestment of environmentally derived capital has hobbled Namibian per capita income  One of the fastest growing areas of economic development in Namibia is the growth of wildlife conservancies  These are particularly important to the rural, generally unemployed, population 

Mining and electricity
Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy  Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and was the world's fourth largest producer of uranium  There have been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia planned to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015  However, as of 2019 Namibia continued to produce 750 tons of uranium annually making it a smaller than average exporter in the competitive world market   Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds  While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc  There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future  According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive" Domestic supply voltage is 220 V AC  Electricity is generated mainly by thermal and hydroelectric power plants  Non-conventional methods of electricity generation also play some role  Encouraged by the rich uranium deposits, in 2010 the Namibian government planned to erect its first nuclear power station by 2018  Uranium enrichment was also envisaged to take place locally 

Diamonds
Although much of the world's diamond supply comes from what have been called African blood diamonds, Namibia has managed to develop a diamond mining industry largely free of the kinds of conflict, extortion, and murder that have plagued many other African nations with diamond mines  This has been attributed to political dynamics, economic institutions, grievances, political geography, and the effects of neighbourhoods, and is the result of a joint agreement between the government and De Beers that has led to a taxable base, strengthening state institutions 

Oil and natural gas
Estimates updated in 2022 suggest that two exploration wells in the offshore Orange Basin could hold 2 and 3 billion barrels of oil, respectively  The expected revenue could transform Namibia's domestic economy and facilitate sustainable development goals 

Tourism
Tourism is a major contributor (14 5%) to Namibia's GDP, creating tens of thousands of jobs (18 2% of all employment) directly or indirectly and servicing over a million tourists per year  The country is a prime destination in Africa and is known for ecotourism, which features Namibia's extensive wildlife There are many lodges and reserves to accommodate ecotourists  Sport and trophy hunting is also a large and growing component of the Namibian economy, accounting for 14% of total tourism in the year 2000, or 19 6 million U S  dollars, with Namibia boasting numerous species sought after by international sport hunters In addition, extreme sports such as sandboarding, skydiving and 4x4ing have become popular, and many cities have companies that provide tours  The most visited places include the capital city of Windhoek, Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, the Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund, Walvis Bay and Lüderitz Windhoek plays a very important role in Namibia's tourism due to its central location and close proximity to Hosea Kutako International Airport  According to The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, which was produced by the Millennium Challenge Corporation for the Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% of all tourists visiting Namibia in 2012–13 visited Windhoek  Many of Namibia's tourism related parastatals and governing bodies such as Namibia Wildlife Resorts and the Namibia Tourism Board as well as Namibia's tourism-related trade associations such as the Hospitality Association of Namibia are headquartered in Windhoek  There are also a number of notable hotels in Windhoek, such as Windhoek Country Club Resort, and some international hotel chains, such as Hilton Hotels and Resorts 
Namibia's primary tourism related governing body, the Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), was established by an Act of Parliament: the Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000)  Its primary objectives are to regulate the tourism industry and to market Namibia as a tourist destination  There are also a number of trade associations that represent the tourism sector in Namibia, such as the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (the umbrella body for all tourism associations in Namibia), the Hospitality Association of Namibia, the Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia and the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia 

Water supply and sanitation
The only bulk water supplier in Namibia is NamWater, which sells it to the respective municipalities which in turn deliver it through their reticulation networks  In rural areas, the Directorate of Rural Water Supply in the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry is in charge of drinking water supply The UN evaluated in 2011 that Namibia has improved its water access network significantly since independence in 1990  A large part of the population can not, however, make use of these resources due to the prohibitively high consumption cost and the long distance between residences and water points in rural areas  As a result, many Namibians prefer the traditional wells over the available water points far away Compared to the efforts made to improve access to safe water, Namibia is lagging behind in the provision of adequate sanitation  This includes 298 schools that have no toilet facilities  Over 50% of child deaths are related to lack of water, sanitation, or hygiene; 23% are due to diarrhoea alone  The UN has identified a "sanitation crisis" in the country Apart from residences for upper and middle class households, sanitation is insufficient in most residential areas  Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in townships due to their water consumption and installation cost  As a result, access to improved sanitation has not increased much since independence: in Namibia's rural areas 13% of the population had more than basic sanitation, up from 8% in 1990  Many of Namibia's inhabitants have to resort to "flying toilets", plastic bags to defecate into, which after use are flung into the bush  The use of open areas close to residential land for urination and defecation is very common and has been identified as a major health hazard 

Demographics
Namibia has the second-lowest population density of any sovereign country, after Mongolia  In 2017 there were on average 3 08 people per km2  The total fertility rate in 2015 was 3 47 children per woman according to the UN 

Ethnic groups
The majority of the Namibian population is of Bantu-speaking origin—mostly of the Ovambo ethnicity, which forms about half of the population—residing mainly in the north of the country, although many are now resident in towns throughout Namibia  Other ethnic groups are the Herero and Himba people, who speak the related Herero language, and the Damara, who, like the Nama, speak Khoekhoe 
In addition to the Bantu majority, there are large groups of Khoisan (such as Nama and San), who are descendants of the original inhabitants of Southern Africa  The country also contains some descendants of refugees from Angola  There are also two smaller groups of people with mixed racial origins, called "Coloureds" and "Basters", who together make up 8 0% (with the Coloureds outnumbering the Basters two to one)  There is a substantial Chinese minority in Namibia; it stood at 40,000 in 2006 

Whites (being mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4 0 and 7 0% of the population  Although their proportion of the population decreased after independence due to emigration and lower birth rates, they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa)  The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are of mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa  A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonised Namibia prior to the South African invasion during the First World War, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions  Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola  The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%) 

Censuses
Namibia conducts a census every ten years  After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991; further rounds followed in 2001, 2011, and 2023 (delayed two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and financial constraints)  The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be  This is called the de facto method  For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas  These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well The 2011 Population and Housing Census counted 2,113,077 inhabitants  Between 2001 and 2011 the annual population growth was 1 4%, down from 2 6% in the previous ten-year period 

Urban settlements
Namibia has 13 cities, governed by municipalities and 26 towns, governed by town councils  The capital Windhoek is by far the largest urban settlement in Namibia 

Religion
The Christian community makes up 80%–90% of the population of Namibia, with at least 75% being Protestant, of which at least 50% are Lutheran  Lutherans are the largest religious group, a legacy of the German and Finnish missionary work during the country's colonial times  10%–20% of the population hold indigenous beliefs Missionary activities during the second half of the 19th century resulted in many Namibians converting to Christianity  Today most Christians are Lutheran, but there also are Roman Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, African Methodist Episcopal, Dutch Reformed, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses 
Islam in Namibia is subscribed to by about 9,000 people, many of them Nama  Namibia is home to a small Jewish community of about 100 people 

Languages
Up to 1990, English, German, and Afrikaans were official languages  Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which it saw as "a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation " Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as Namibia's sole official language, though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language  Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system, especially the state broadcaster NBC  Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools  Private schools are expected to follow the same policy as state schools, and "English language" is a compulsory subject  Some critics argue that, as in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low According to the 2011 census, the most common languages are Oshiwambo (the most spoken language for 49% of households), Khoekhoegowab  (11 3%), Afrikaans (10 4%), RuKwangali (9%), and Otjiherero (9%)  The most widely understood national language is Afrikaans, the country's lingua franca  Both Afrikaans and English are used primarily as a second language reserved for public communication  A complete list of languages according to the 2011 census is 48 9% Oshiwambo, 11 3% Khoekhoegowab, 10 4% Afrikaans, 8 6% Otjiherero, 8 5% RuKwangali, 4 8% siLozi, 3 4% English, 1 2% Other African languages, 0 9% German, 0 8% San, 0 7% Other European languages, 0 3% Setswana, and 0 1% Asian languages Most of the white population speaks either Afrikaans or German  More than a century after the end of the German colonial era, German continues to play a role as a commercial language  Afrikaans is spoken by 60% of the white community, German by 32%, English by 7% and Portuguese by 4–5%  Geographical proximity to Portuguese-speaking Angola explains the relatively high number of Portuguese speakers; in 2011 these were estimated to number 100,000 

Health
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 64 years in 2017 – among the lowest in the world Namibia launched a National Health Extension Programme in 2012 deployment 1,800 (2015) of a total ceiling of 4,800 health extension workers trained for six months in community health activities including first aid, health promotion for disease prevention, nutritional assessment and counseling, water sanitation and hygiene practices, HIV testing and community-based antiretroviral treatment Namibia faces a non-communicable disease burden  The Demographic and Health Survey (2013) summarises findings on elevated blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity:

Among eligible respondents age 35–64, more than 4 in 10 women (44 percent) and men (45 percent) have elevated blood pressure or are currently taking medicine to lower their blood pressure 
Forty-nine percent of women and 61 percent of men are not aware that they have elevated blood pressure 
Forty-three percent of women and 34 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication for their condition 
Only 29 percent of women and 20 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication and have their blood pressure under control 
Six percent of women and 7 percent of men are diabetic; that is, they have elevated fasting plasma glucose values or report that they are taking diabetes medication  An additional 7 percent of women and 6 percent of men are prediabetic 
Sixty-seven percent of women and 74 percent of men with diabetes are taking medication to lower their blood glucose 
Women and men with a higher-than-normal body mass index (25 0 or higher) are more likely to have elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose 
The HIV epidemic remains a public health issue in Namibia despite significant achievements made by the Ministry of Health and Social Services to expand HIV treatment services  In 2001, there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000  According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, the epidemic in Namibia "appears to be leveling off " As the HIV/AIDS epidemic has reduced the working-aged population, the number of orphans has increased  It falls to the government to provide education, food, shelter and clothing for these orphans  A Demographic and Health Survey with an HIV biomarker was completed in 2013 and served as the fourth comprehensive, national-level population and health survey conducted in Namibia as part of the global Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme  The DHS observed important characteristics associated to the HIV epidemic:

Overall, 26 percent of men age 15–49 and 32 percent of those age 50–64 have been circumcised  HIV prevalence for men age 15–49 is lower among circumcised (8 0 percent) than among uncircumcised men (11 9 percent)  The pattern of lower HIV prevalence among circumcised than uncircumcised men is observed across most background characteristics  For each age group, circumcised men have lower HIV prevalence than those who are not circumcised; the difference is especially pronounced for men age 35–39 and 45–49 (11 7 percentage points each)  The difference in HIV prevalence between uncircumcised and circumcised men is larger among urban than rural men (5 2 percentage points versus 2 1 percentage points) 
HIV prevalence among respondents age 15–49 is 16 9 percent for women and 10 9 percent for men  HIV prevalence rates among women and men age 50–64 are similar (16 7 percent and 16 0 percent, respectively) 
HIV prevalence peaks in the 35–39 age group for both women and men (30 9 percent and 22 6 percent, respectively)  It is lowest among respondents age 15–24 (2 5–6 4 percent for women and 2 0–3 4 percent for men) 
Among respondents age 15–49, HIV prevalence is highest for women and men in Zambezi (30 9 percent and 15 9 percent, respectively) and lowest for women in Omaheke (6 9 percent) and men in Ohangwena (6 6 percent) 
In 76 4 percent of the 1,007 cohabiting couples who were tested for HIV in the 2013 NDHS, both partners were HIV negative; in 10 1 percent of the couples, both partners were HIV positive; and 13 5 percent of the couples were discordant (that is, one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not) As of 2015, the Ministry of Health and Social Services and UNAIDS produced a Progress Report in which UNAIDS projected HIV prevalence among 15–49-year-olds at 13 3% [12 2–14 5%] and an estimated 210,000 [200,000–230,000] living with HIV The malaria problem seems to be compounded by the AIDS epidemic  Research has shown that in Namibia the risk of contracting malaria is 14 5% greater if a person is also infected with HIV  The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50% with a concurrent HIV infection  The country had only 598 physicians in 2002 

Culture
Sport
The most popular sport in Namibia is association football  The Namibia national football team qualified for the 1998, 2008 and 2019 editions of the Africa Cup of Nations, but has yet to qualify for the World Cup 
The most successful national team is the Namibian rugby team, having competed in six separate World Cups  Namibia were participants in the 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019 Rugby World Cups  Cricket is also popular, with the national side having qualified for 2003 Cricket World Cup, 2021 ICC T20 World Cup and 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup  In December 2017, Namibia Cricket reached the final of the Cricket South Africa (CSA) Provincial One Day Challenge for the first time  In February 2018 Namibia hosted the ICC World Cricket League Division 2 with Namibia, Kenya, UAE, Nepal, Canada and Oman to compete for the final two ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier positions in Zimbabwe  Namibia also qualified the qualifiers of ICC T20 World Cup 2021 and entered the super 12 club The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks, sprinter in the 100 and 200 m events  He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several World Athletics Championships  Golfer Trevor Dodds won the Greater Greensboro Open in 1998, one of 15 tournaments in his career  He achieved a career-high world ranking of 78th in 1998  Professional cyclist and Namibian Road Race champion Dan Craven represented Namibia at the 2016 Summer Olympics in both the road race and individual time trial  Boxer Julius Indongo is the unified WBA, IBF, and IBO world champion in the Light welterweight division  Another famous athlete from Namibia is ex-professional rugby player Jacques Burger  Burger played for Saracens and Aurillac in Europe, as well as gaining 41 caps for the national team 

Media
Although Namibia's population is fairly small, the country has a diverse choice of media; two TV stations, 19 radio stations (without counting community stations), 5 daily newspapers, several weeklies and special publications compete for the attention of the audience  Additionally, a mentionable amount of foreign media, especially South African, is available  Online media are mostly based on print publication contents  Namibia has a state-owned Press Agency, called NAMPA  Overall c  300 journalists work in the country The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898  During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority  The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat  During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the South West African media system  Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, and critical journalists were often threatened Current daily newspapers are the private publications The Namibian (English and other languages), Die Republikein (Afrikaans), Allgemeine Zeitung (German) and Namibian Sun (English) as well as the state-owned New Era (predominantly English)  Except for the largest newspaper, The Namibian, which is owned by a trust, the other mentioned private newspapers are part of Democratic Media Holdings  Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times  Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine and Prime FOCUS  The Sister Namibia magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia, while Namibia Sport is the only national sport magazine  Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981  The broadcasting sector today is dominated by the state-run Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC)  The public broadcaster offers a TV station as well as a "National Radio" in English and nine language services in locally spoken languages  The nine private radio stations in the country are mainly English-language channels, except for Radio Omulunga (Oshiwambo) and Kosmos 94 1 (Afrikaans) 
Privately held One Africa TV has competed with NBC since the 2000s Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom  Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country  The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results  However, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia  In 2009, Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index  In 2013, it was 19th, 22nd in 2014 and 23rd in 2019, meaning that it is currently the highest ranked African country in terms of press freedom 
Media and journalists in Namibia are represented by the Namibian chapter of the Media Institute of Southern Africa and the Editors' Forum of Namibia  An independent media ombudsman was appointed in 2009 to prevent a state-controlled media council 

Education
Namibia has free education for both primary and secondary education levels  Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 are secondary  In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools  The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education  Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja  Among sub-Saharan African countries, Namibia has one of the highest literacy rates  According to CIA World Factbook, as of 2018 91 5% of the population age 15 and over can read and write Most schools in Namibia are state-run, but there are some private schools, which are also part of the country's education system  There are four teacher training universities, three colleges of agriculture, a police training college, and three universities: University of Namibia (UNAM), International University of Management (IUM) and Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST)  Namibia was ranked 100th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 

See also
Index of Namibia-related articles
Outline of Namibia
Context 2: Passage 1:
Benny Beaver
Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign  The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s 

Mascot history
The university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908  The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as "The Beaver" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot  The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon  For several early publishings, students at this school also used "The Beaver" as their yearbook's title Oregon State University's first documented use of "Benny Beaver" was found in a photograph showing students posing next to a statue of a beaver inscribed with the name "Benny Beaver " The photograph appears in the 1942 edition of the yearbook 

Prior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as John Richard Newton Bell (1893–1928)  A longtime member of the university's board of regents, Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's victories over Oregon  He was said to have tossed his top hat into the water as a token of celebration  Earlier mascots include "Jimmie" the Coyote (1892–1893) and "Bulldog" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad)  The beaver mascot's name, "Benny," was officially adopted in 1945  Two failed attempts to maintain a live beaver mascot include Bevo Beaver (rescued from Mary's River in 1921 and later stolen ) and Billy Beaver 
The early Benny Beaver "cartoon" icon/logo was created by famous graphic illustrator, and former Disney employee, Arthur C  Evans  As the art director for Angelus Pacific Company, Evans submitted his design to OSU and it was approved for use in 1951  His logos were used at hundreds of other universities and high schools throughout the nation  Evans' beaver logo also appeared in the 1985 movie Teen Wolf 
During the 1940s, students carted a beaver statue in parades throughout the state and around the stadium on game days  The statue was patterned after an earlier bronze statue that also went by the name "Benny "  Although the name "Benny" was adopted prior to the 1940s, a 1941 yearbook picture captions the statue as "Bill Beaver"  The following yearbook (1942) a photo of the same beaver statue is cited with the name "Benny Beaver"  After the statue's demise, the name "Benny" was regularly used in a popular sports column in The Daily Barometer - known as "The Gnawed Log "
The first live appearance during an athletic event by a mascot named "Benny", was September 18, 1952 and performed by Ken Austin  Austin later founded Newberg, Oregon-based A-dec, the largest privately held dental equipment manufacturer in North America  Austin is now a major Oregon State donor Between the early 1980s and mid-1990s, Benny was often joined at sporting events by a co-mascot, known as "Bernice Beaver "
In 1998 No Dinx, a graphic design shop in Albany, Oregon, redesigned the logo for the first time in nearly 50 years (shown below)  In March 2013, working together with Nike, Oregon State University unveiled the latest, newly redesigned version, of the Benny Beaver logo  The new logo replaced the No Dinx design  The Benny Beaver costume also changed to match the new logo in 2001  Benny wears #0 at football games and #0 at basketball games  Past numbers have included #100 (football) and #6 (basketball) 
In December 2010, Benny Beaver was ranked 13th on a list titled 20 Worst Behaved Mascots Of All Time  Despite the bad press, Benny Beaver won the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign, earning the mascot program $1000 and inclusion in the following year's Capital One All-America Mascot Team 
Passage 2:
Carl Wooten Field
Carl Wooten Field is a stadium in Goodwell, Oklahoma on the campus of Oklahoma Panhandle State University  Carl Wooten Field is the home stadium for PSU's American football and track and field teams  It has also hosted local soccer matches 
The capacity of the stadium is 5,000, mostly seated in the main stand  The main stand is colored red, white, and blue and reads "OPSU" in white letters which cover the stand's central area from top to bottom 

External links
D2 Football - Carl Wooten Field
Passage 3:
Sandy Goss
Donald Alexander Goss (born 2 October 1968), nicknamed Sandy Goss, is a former competition swimmer from Canada   Goss was a freestyle and backstroke specialist who was an Olympic silver medalist 

Early years
Goss was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia in 1968   At the age of 8, Goss' family moved to Toronto and he began swimming for the North York Aquatic Club   At age 11, he was a member of the Canadian tour team that traveled to Germany and won two silver medals   At 17, Goss set a new short-course world record in the 200-metres backstroke at the Canadian Nationals 

College career
Goss received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he swam for the Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition under coach Randy Reese from 1987 to 1990   Goss, together with Duffy Dillon, Paul Robinson and Troy Dalbey, won the NCAA national championship in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay in 1987   He also won three Southeastern Conference (SEC) individual championships in the 100-metre backstroke (1987) and the 200-metre backstroke (1987, 1988), as well as seven SEC championships as a member of winning Gators relay teams   Goss received twenty-three All-American honors during his four-year American college swimming career   He graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in marketing in 1991 

International career
Goss represented Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California   In 1984, he won a silver medal with the Canadian team by swimming the freestyle anchor leg in the men's 4x100-metre medley relay   Goss was also a member of Canada's fifth-place team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, and seventh-place team in the men's 4x100-metre freestyle relay   Individually, he placed seventh in the 100-metre backstroke Four years later, he again swam for Canada in four events at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea   He again earned a silver medal by swimming the freestyle leg for Canada's second-place team in the 4x100-metre medley relay   He was also a member of the Canadian eighth-place team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, and ninth-place team in the men's 4x100-metre freestyle relay   In individual competition, he advanced to the semifinals of the 100-metre freestyle, and finished with the tenth best time overall He was a double gold medalist at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, winning championships in the 200-metre backstroke and 4x100-metre medley relay, and also won silver medals as a member of the second-place Canadian teams in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay and 4x200-metre freestyle relay 

Life after swimming
Goss and Jane Kerr were inducted into the Swimming Canada Circle of Excellence Hall of Fame in 2006   He lives in Toronto with his wife Judy, with whom he has two children, including competitive swimmer Kennedy Goss, who was named to Canada's Olympic team in 2016 and won a bronze medal in the women's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay   As of 2006, he was working as a stock broker for Research Capital in Toronto 

See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Olympians
Passage 4:
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field is a college baseball park in the northwest United States, on the campus of Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon   It is home to the Oregon State Beavers of the Pac-12 Conference  Through the 2014 season, OSU had an all-time record of 1134–474–1 ( 705) at the venue 

History
The field was established in 116 years ago in 1907, with the first game on April 12  The baseball diamond was later named "Ralph Coleman Field" for the head coach who stepped down after 35 years following the 1966 season 
The Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard was added to Ralph Coleman Field in 1986 in memory of the 1981 freshman outfielder, who died in a freak accident just three days prior to his first season with the Beavers   The scoreboard remained in use until its replacement in 2006 
In the late fall of 1998, after many years of talks regarding upgrading the bleachers, concession stands, and the press box, a major remodel was undertaken, in large part due to a $2 3 million donation by John and Eline Goss   Completed before the start of the 1999 season, the addition of the all new stadium put to rest the idea that the Beavers may not be able to continue to play at their longtime home   With the field located in the middle of campus, there had been discussion of the land being turned over to academic uses  The first official game at Goss Stadium at Coleman field was played March 12, 1999 Lights were added to the stadium in 2002, allowing the Beavers to play their first night game at home on April 27, a 4–1 victory over the fourth-ranked Stanford Cardinal 
In the summer of 2006, after the Beavers' first national championship, a state-of-the-art scoreboard was installed, replacing the Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard   This scoreboard featured the first video replay screen in the conference   The natural grass (and dirt) infield was replaced with FieldTurf in late 2006, in time for the 2007 season  The pitcher's mound and home plate area were the only portions that remained dirt  The basepaths and "skin" portion are FieldTurf, colored dark orange   The home plate area at Goss Stadium was later covered with FieldTurf, leaving only the pitcher's mound with dirt 
In May 2008, the Goss Stadium expansion project which consisted of extending the stadium down the 1st and 3rd baselines, was completed   This expansion raised the capacity from 2,000 to 3,248 spectators   The Omaha Room, a suite overlooking the field along the first base line, was built during the expansion project   An academic center as well as the Oregon State Baseball Hall of Fame area celebrating its rich baseball history were also added and are housed underneath the Omaha Room suite 
The official stadium capacity is currently at 3,587   In the 2013 season, home games averaged 2,676 fans per game (24th best among Division I baseball programs) as the Beavers tied an all-time season best 27–5 record at home In 2014, former Oregon State center fielder and MLB All-Star, Jacoby Ellsbury, donated $1 million as part of a $3 million renovation project  Construction was completed in February 2015 adding a beer garden standing deck for fans above a new home team locker room  Also in the winter of 2015, new FieldTurf was installed that covered the entire field, from the backstop to the outfield fence, removing the last remaining natural turf from Coleman Field   The only natural surface remaining was the dirt pitchers mound 
Prior to the start of the 2016 season, the existing scoreboard was removed to accommodate the upgrade which will replace all existing scoreboard elements with one large LED videoboard that is projected to be twice as large from its predecessor The facility has hosted 11 NCAA Regional Tournaments (1952, 1963, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022), as well as 7 NCAA Super-Regional Tournaments (2005, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2022)   As of 2023, Oregon State has posted an impressive mark of 39–11 in postseason games at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field 

Facility
Opened over a century ago, Coleman Field is located near the center of campus and is the oldest continuous ballpark in the nation The playing field has an unorthodox alignment, with the batter and catcher facing southeast, resulting in difficult visual conditions for the fielders on the left side of the diamond for games played near sunset  (The recommended orientation of a baseball diamond is east-northeast ) The field's elevation is approximately 240 feet (75 m) above sea level 
Since 2007, the stadium is the home field of the Corvallis Knights of the West Coast League, a collegiate summer league 

See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Passage 5:
Javelina Stadium
Javelina Stadium is a stadium in Kingsville, Texas   It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of Texas A&M University–Kingsville   The stadium holds 15,000 people and opened in 1950 
A new scoreboard was installed during the 2006 football season   The scoreboard is the largest scoreboard in NCAA Division II   The scoreboard is 36 feet (11 m) wide and 36 feet (11 m) tall and stands 12 feet (3 7 m) off the ground   The video display is over 15 feet (5 m) tall and 20 feet (6 m) wide   It features a three camera system and a fully functional production room located under the east side grandstand   It also features a new sound system 
As the home of the Javelinas, the stadium has seen Texas A&M-Kingsville win 7 National Championships in 1959, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1979   Also of note, the Javelinas achieved a 42-game winning streak - undefeated and untied from their last game of 1973 through the third game of 1977 
In addition to college football, the stadium serves as the home of Henrietta M  King High School's football team and is often selected as a neutral site for high school football playoff games 
From 2001 to 2011, it hosted the Cactus Bowl, an all-star game for NCAA Division II seniors 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Jim Coleman (musician)
James F  Coleman is an American musician who plays keyboards and sampler  He was a member of the 1990s noise rock band Cop Shoot Cop, and afterwards worked as a solo musician specializing in instrumental electronic music and film scores 

Biography
He was a founding member of New York's Cop Shoot Cop, and performed under a variety of stage names: Cripple Jim (he toured on crutches due to a broken leg), and usually as Filer  For most of their existence the band had two bassists and no guitar, leaving Coleman's keyboards to occupy much of the middle-frequency range normally filled by a guitarist in a rock band  Coleman's use of found sounds and other unusual noises was described as "inventive" by critics Art Black David Sprague of Trouser Press  On Release (1994), Cop Shoot Cop's final album, Coleman relied more on conventional piano playing rather than his early sample-based approach He has recorded solo albums as Phylr and the closely related project Here (with Teho Teardo) and collaborates with JG Thirlwell as Baby Zizanie Most recently, Coleman has released the ambient album Trees (2012) under his own name  He has been doing sporadic live shows of this material in Europe and the US Additionally, Coleman has scored a good number of indie films and TV series  Indie features emerging in 2014 are "Exposed" by Beth B and "Stay Then Go" by Shelli Ainsworth  He has worked with directors such as Todd Phillips, Hal Hartley, Richard Kern and Danny Leitner Coleman is currently working on a number of music tracks that are based on recordings of people's near death experiences In 2018-2019, Coleman co-formed a new group called Human Impact 
Passage 7:
DU Stadium
DU Stadium, sometimes referred to as Hilltop Stadium, was a stadium in the western United States, located on the campus of the University of Denver in Denver, Colorado  Built 97 years ago in 1926, the crescent-shaped main grandstand design on the west sideline was based on other similar-sized stadiums from the same time period, Brown Stadium and Cornell's Schoellkopf Field, both in the Ivy League 
It hosted Denver Pioneers football until the program was discontinued in early 1961, due to mounting deficits  The stadium had a seating capacity of 30,000 at its peak, and the natural grass field had a conventional north–south orientation at an elevation of 5,350 feet (1,630 m) above sea level  Nearly half a century in age, it was torn down in the early 1970s 

Stadium history
DU played its first football game in 1885, and by 1909 had moved to a 10,000-seat grandstand in University Park  By 1924, DU football had outgrown that grandstand, and DU alumni decided to launch an ambitious public bond drive to fund a new stadium  The university broke ground for Hilltop Stadium in March 1925 

Construction
The construction costs ran just under $571,000, with the project using one million board-feet of lumber, 7,000 cubic feet (200 m3) of concrete and 295 tons of steel  Gavin Hadden, an engineer whose office was in New York City, designed the stadium; he also designed the football stadiums at Cornell, Brown, and Northwestern  The community called the new structure by the nickname “Monument to Concrete ” The famous sculptor Robert Garrison created two massive figures of athletes, one male and one female, for the stadium's main entrance as symbols of the value of coeducation and “the vitality, the vigor, and the strength of modern American youth” 
In the venue's first official game, DU defeated Colorado School of Mines 27–7  However, no regional match-up overshadowed the annual rivalry game between DU and the University of Colorado, Boulder (CU) on Thanksgiving Day  This Front Range tradition came to end when CU moved to the Big Seven Conference in 1948  The facility also hosted other sports during its history, including soccer and track and field 
The use of Hilltop Stadium extended beyond the realm of athletic competition as well: aviator Charles Lindbergh visited the Denver landmark during a parade held in his honor in 1927, several months after his solo transatlantic flight  Hilltop Stadium also hosted outdoor theater productions and DU commencement ceremonies for a number of years 
The U S  Air Force Academy Falcons shared the stadium with DU until their new Falcon Stadium opened in Colorado Springs in 1962  Additionally, the professional Denver Broncos, a charter AFL franchise, played eleven pre-season and two early regular season games at DU stadium in the early and mid-1960s  Perhaps the most famous of those DU-hosted Bronco games was the 1967 pre-season game on August 5, when the Broncos beat the Detroit Lions in the first inter-league exhibition game  The Broncos' home venue, Bears Stadium (later renamed "Mile High"), was shared with the Triple-A Denver Bears baseball club of the American Association (and Pacific Coast League) 

Demolition
The university decided to demolish Hilltop Stadium in 1971  The venue had started to crumble, and after the discontinuation of the DU football program in January 1961, a costly reconstruction of the main grandstand seemed unwarranted  Although the large crescent-shaped section on the west side was removed, the far smaller section to the east remained until 1974 
DU also needed the space for its growing intramural sports program: new plans included ten lighted tennis courts and three regulation-sized playing fields for a wide variety of sports  Today, the Benjamin F  Stapleton, Jr  Tennis Pavilion, Diane Wendt Sports Field, University of Denver Soccer Stadium and Peter Barton Lacrosse Stadium, all stand on the site of the old Hilltop Stadium 
A few remnants of the stadium remain today  The light towers now stand in working order at Englewood High School's football field, and the old line markers are housed at the Anderson Academic Commons, formerly the Penrose Library on the DU campus 

Bibliography
Fisher, Steve  “The Short, Happy Life of Hilltop Stadium ” University of Denver Magazine  Winter 2006  3 Oct  2008 
Haraway, Frank O  “Football ” A Tribute to Champions  Ed  Erik Prenzler  Denver: Mile High Alumni Boosters, 1985  8-10 
Moffett, Jessie  “Statues Will Be Placed in Niches by October 25, Sculptor Announces ” The Clarion 26 September 1926: 3 
“Say Goodbye to an Oldtimer… ” Communiqué (DU Faculty and Staff Publication) 21 June 1971 
Passage 8:
A League of Their Own
A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Penny Marshall that tells a fictionalized account of the real-life All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL)  It stars Tom Hanks, Geena Davis, Madonna, Lori Petty, Rosie O'Donnell, Jon Lovitz, David Strathairn, Garry Marshall and Bill Pullman  It was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson 
A League of Their Own was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $132 4 million worldwide and garnering acclaim for Marshall's direction and the performances of its ensemble cast  In 2012, the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Plot
In 1988, Dottie Hinson attends the opening of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame  She sees many former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943 
When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, Chicago Cubs owner Walter Harvey persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league  Ira Lowenstein is put in charge  Scout Ernie Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy  She is not interested; she is happy with her life while waiting for her husband Bob to return from the war  Her younger sister Kit Keller, however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself  Capadino is unimpressed by Kit's batting and refuses to watch her pitch, but agrees to take her along if she changes Dottie's mind  Dottie agrees for her sister's sake 
Dottie and Kit travel to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout  They meet taxi dancer Mae "All the Way Mae" Mordabito and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy, soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner, illiterate left fielder Shirley Baker, pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander, left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn, second baseman Marla Hooch, first baseman Helen Haley, and Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers  They and five others constitute the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others make up the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox 
The Peaches are managed by former star Cubs slugger Jimmy Dugan, a cynical alcoholic  He initially treats the whole thing as a joke, forcing Dottie to take over as on-field leader initially  Dugan is also abrasive toward his players  The team travels with Evelyn's spoiled bratty son Stillwell and tightly wound team chaperone Miss Cuthburt  With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular, as the league has attracted little attention  Dottie obliges, catching a popped-up ball behind home plate while doing a split  The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover  A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced 
The teammates bond  Marla marries a man named Nelson whom she met on a raucous roadhouse outing and leaves the team for the rest of the season, Mae teaches Shirley to read, and Evelyn writes a team song  Lowenstein makes Dottie the face of the league, making Kit resentful  Their sibling rivalry intensifies, resulting in Kit's trade to the Racine Belles 
The Peaches end the season with the league's best record, qualifying for the World Series  Jimmy gives Betty a telegram informing her that her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater  Grief-stricken, she leaves the team  That evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob shows up, having been wounded and discharged from the Army  Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob  Unable to persuade her to play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision 
The Peaches face the Belles in the World Series, which goes the full seven games  Dottie rejoins the Peaches for the seventh game, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles  With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run  Kit is distraught, but gets a second chance when she comes to bat with two outs in the bottom of the ninth  She gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand 
The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support  After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves with Bob 
In the present, Dottie is reunited with the other players, including Kit, Capadino and Lowenstein  The surviving Peaches sing Evelyn's team song and pose for a photo  During the closing credits, they play baseball at Doubleday Field 

Cast
Rockford Peaches
Others
Production
Development
Director Penny Marshall was inspired by the 1987 TV documentary A League of their Own, about the AAGPBL  She had never heard of the league, and contacted the film's creators, Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson, to collaborate with the scriptwriters, Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz, on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox  Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce it 

Casting
On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant " Debra Winger was then cast as Dottie and spent three months training with the Chicago Cubs in preparation  However, she dropped out of the production four weeks before the start of principal photography, later saying that the casting of Madonna was the reason for her decision  Marshall chose Geena Davis to replace Winger USC assistant baseball coach Bill Hughes was the film’s technical adviser and put the film’s ensemble cast through baseball camp three months before filming 

Filming
Principal photography began July 10, 1991  Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball, and the large bruise seen on actress Renée Coleman's thigh was real 
Discussing the skirts they wore playing in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs  It was nutty " In a 2021 interview, Petty claimed to have broken her foot during filming, but reiterated her enjoyment of the shoot and the understanding of the film's importance at the time The tryout scene, at a fictional Major League Baseball stadium in Chicago called Harvey Field, was filmed at the Chicago Cubs' home stadium, Wrigley Field  The Rockford Peaches' home games were filmed at League Stadium in Huntingburg, Indiana, and the championship game against Racine was filmed at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana  Additional games were filmed at Jay Littleton Ball Park in Ontario, California  The final week of shooting was during late October 1991 in Cooperstown, New York, where 65 original AAGPBL members appeared in scenes recreating the induction of the league into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988  Due to the length of the schedule, the cast entertained themselves by putting on an elaborate amateur production, "Jesus Christ Superstar Goes Hawaiian "

Soundtrack
A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992  The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992  Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons 

Reception
Box office
A League of Their Own was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13 2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns  In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11 5 million and finishing first  It ended up a commercial success, making $107 5 million in the United States and Canada, but only $24 9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132 4 million against a production budget of $40 million 

Critical response
The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast 
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 81% based on 79 reviews, with an average score of 7/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast " On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 69 based 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "Though big of budget, A League of Their Own is one of the year's most cheerful, most relaxed, most easily enjoyable comedies  It's a serious film that's lighter than air, a very funny movie that manages to score a few points for feminism in passing " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: "The movie has a real bittersweet charm  The baseball sequences, we've seen before  What's fresh are the personalities of the players, the gradual unfolding of their coach and the way this early chapter of women's liberation fit into the hidebound traditions of professional baseball "

Accolades
On December 19, 2012, it was announced that A League of Their Own would be preserved in the United States National Film Registry Jimmy Dugan's (Tom Hanks) remark to Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), "There's no crying in baseball!", was ranked 54th on the American Film Institute's 2005 list AFI's 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes 

20th anniversary Blu-ray edition
A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012 47 former AAGPBL players reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it  Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting AAGPBL players and family meeting to honor the Women's Professional Baseball League  The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed  Bosse Field still retains many of the Racine Belles themes from the movie  The event included an outdoor screening of the film, and a display of cars featured in the film  In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse, that was renovated for it 

Spinoffs
A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, Freddie Simpson, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles  Carey Lowell took over Geena Davis's role  Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast 
On August 6, 2020, Amazon Video ordered a reboot series with the same title as the movie  The series debuted on August 12, 2022 on  Amazon  On March 14, 2023 it was announced that the rebooted series would end with a four-episode second season bringing the total number of episodes of the series to twelve after having aired eight episodes in its first season 

See also
Women in baseball
List of baseball films
Passage 9:
Linda and Terry Fuller Track
Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex is a multi-use stadium in Lubbock, Texas on the campus of Texas Tech University where it serves as home to Red Raider track and field  Formerly, it was also the home of the women's soccer team before they moved to the John Walker Soccer Complex  The stadium seats 3,500 

Usage
The 2013 Big 12 Conference Outdoor Track & Field Championship was hosted at the Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex on May 16–18, 2014 
Passage 10:
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on the campus of Bellarmine University in Louisville, Kentucky  The facility serves as home to Bellarmine's soccer, field hockey, lacrosse, and track and field teams  The stadium opened on August 24, 2007 in a Bellarmine Knights women's soccer game, and was officially dedicated on August 28, 2007  Construction took approximately 18 months and was completed at an estimated cost of $5 1 million 
On February 20, 2010, the plaza area of the stadium was named after men's lacrosse coach Jack McGetrick  The plaza houses the locker rooms, concessions, and restrooms for the stadium  McGetrick started the lacrosse program at Bellarmine in 2004 and is well known throughout the lacrosse community 

Features
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium incorporates several innovative features, including:

Artificial turf  The artificial turf at the stadium has permanent markings for soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse  A complex drainage system is incorporated into the design to allow for play in all weather conditions  The "24/7" artificial field surface is named Joseph P  and Janet A  Clayton Field 
Stadium lighting  The lighting system features redirected lighting which bends spill lighting back on to the field, drastically reducing the amount of light which will fall outside the stadium's perimeter 
Track surface  The track is an eight-lane, 400-meter track, featuring three long jump pits, two pole vault areas, a high jump pit, and a steeplechase water jump pit  The surface is a dual-durometer, polyurethane poured surface provided by Beynon Sport Surfaces, the same company which has installed tracks at other top college facilities including at Illinois, Maryland, and Purdue 
Passage 11:
Skip Wilson Field
Skip Wilson Field is a baseball stadium in Ambler, Pennsylvania  It is the home field of the Arcadia University baseball team which moved to the ballfield in 2018 

Temple University
It was the home field of the Temple Owls baseball team until the end of the 2014 season, when the school cut the program   The stadium holds 1,000 spectators and opened in 2004



ground_truth: Thaba Putsoa

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the mascot of the school that owns Goss Stadium at Coleman Field?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:   It is named after former Owls baseball coach James "Skip" Wilson Temple played their first game at the field on March 25, 2004, and beat University of the Sciences 6-2  Four other projected home openers had been canceled due to either bad weather or poor field conditions The field was originally called Temple's Ambler Field in reference to its location at Temple's Ambler campus  The university began to refer to the ball-field as Skip Wilson Field in 2006  On April 28, 2007, Temple University-Ambler celebrated “Skip Wilson Day" when the university officially dedicated Skip Wilson Field at Ambler in honor of the coach Prior to Skip Wilson Field, Temple baseball played its home games at Erny Field at Mount Pleasant Avenue and Michener Street in the West Oak Lane section of Philadelphia 

See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Passage 12:
Dugout (baseball)
In baseball, the dugout is a team's bench and is located in foul territory between home plate and either first or third base  There are two dugouts, one for the home team and one for the visiting team  In general, the dugout is occupied by all players not prescribed to be on the field at that particular time, as well as coaches and other personnel authorized by the league  The players' equipment (gloves, bats, batting helmets, catcher's equipment, etc ) is usually stored in the dugout 
In baseball, the manager, with the help of his assistants, will dictate offensive strategy from the dugout by sending hand signals to the first and third base coaches  To avoid detection, the first and third base coaches will then translate those hand signals into their own set of hand signals and then send them on to the batter and runners 

Origin
The term dugout refers to the area being slightly depressed below field level, as is common in professional baseball  The prevailing theory of the origin of locating the dugouts below field level is that it allowed spectators seated behind the dugouts to see the field, specifically the home plate area  Unlike most other sports, the primary action in baseball is centered on one area – home plate – and obstructing this area from fans' view, even if by players on the bench, would not be popular with fans 

Not all dugouts are located below the field level  At the major league level, the few dugouts that are located at the field level are in multi-purpose stadiums to simplify the conversion from baseball configuration to another sports field configuration  At such ballparks, the seating area is raised such that the dugouts do not obstruct the spectators' view  Dugouts are also at field level at most amateur ballparks, where locating them below field level would be cost prohibitive or otherwise not beneficial  In these cases, the term "dugout" still applies, as does "bench " In the early days of professional baseball, the seating areas were often constructed high enough that the bench was at field level 

Variations
Most professional and collegiate ballparks feature dugouts that are below the field level, with concrete steps along the entire length of the dugout  Some feature a railing along the top step, or "lip", while others are open 
In most Major League Baseball ballparks, as well as many minor league ballparks, the dugout is directly connected to the clubhouse by a tunnel 
Most high school, Little League, and recreational ballparks feature dugouts that are at the field level, usually separated from the playing field by chain-link fencing 
Historic Cardines Field in Newport, Rhode Island, home of the Newport Gulls, features both dugouts on the first base side 

Official rules
MLB rule 3 17 specifies that "no one except players, substitutes, managers, coaches, athletic trainers and batboys shall occupy a bench during a game " The rule also stipulates that players on the disabled list are allowed in the dugout, but may not enter the field of play at any time during the game  Players and coaches who have been ejected from the game may not remain in the dugout per Rule 4 07 Unlike most other sports, where a ball or puck entering a team's bench area has already passed out of bounds and is thus dead before it reaches the bench, it is possible in baseball for a dugout to be a factor in play  MLB rule 6 05(a) states that a fielder may reach into a dugout to catch a fly ball as long as one or both feet is on or over the playing field, and does not have a foot on the ground in the dugout when making the catch  MLB universal ground rules state that the player may subsequently enter the dugout after making the catch if his momentum is carrying him that way, but if he falls in the dugout as a result, the catch is allowed but baserunners advance in accordance with Rule 7 04(c) A live ball entering a dugout becomes dead and the batter-runner and any base runners advance in accordance with Rule 7 04(c)  However, a live ball bouncing off a dugout railing, if present, is still in play (unless a foul ball)  Due to the dugouts' location in foul territory, live balls entering dugouts usually only occur after an errant throw by the defensive team 

Dugout choice in MLB
Which team occupies the dugout on the first-base side or the third-base side is purely arbitrary  The Major League Baseball Rulebook is silent on the subject  There are many anecdotal reasons why one dugout is chosen over the other  In the past, the manager also served as the third base coach, so occupying the third base dugout meant less walking for the manager between innings  Contrarily, the thought is that since more close plays occur at first base than third, the first base dugout is preferred  For a pre-existing facility, the home team might choose the better clubhouse and the dugout on that side of the field  (For example, prior to their 2008 move to Nationals Park, the Washington Nationals occupied the third-base dugout at RFK Stadium because it was the larger and newer of the two dugouts ) Another factor can be the sun angle during day games  In ballparks where one of the dugouts faces direct sunlight for much of the game, which can be problematic on hot summer days, the home club might choose the dugout that is better shaded 
In both the National League and American League, more home team dugouts are on the first-base side (9 to 6 each)  Even the two oldest parks still in use differ on this point: the Cubs sit on the third-base side at Wrigley while the Red Sox inhabit the first-base dugout at Fenway  Due to the ballpark's orientation, at Wrigley the third-base dugout faces away from the sun from noon onward, whereas the first base dugout faces sunlight in the late innings  At Fenway, the third-base dugout faces the sun for part of a day game, while the first-base dugout remains shaded 

See also

Bullpen
Technical area
Passage 13:
Ramblin' Wreck
The Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech is the 1930 Ford Model A Sport coupe that serves as the official mascot of the student body at the Georgia Institute of Technology  The Wreck is present at all major sporting events and student body functions  Its most noticeable role is leading the football team into Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field, a duty which the Wreck has performed since 1961  The Ramblin' Wreck is mechanically and financially maintained on campus by students in Ramblin' Reck Club 
The first mechanical Wreck was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field  Until the current Wreck was donated to the school in 1961, most of the early Ramblin' Wrecks were owned by students, faculty or alumni  The modern Wreck has donned a number of different paint jobs and has had several restorations and modifications made to it  These changes were made by various individuals and organizations over the years, including Bobby Dodd and Georgia Tech Alumnus Pete George, who worked at the Ford plant in Hapeville, Georgia  The upkeep of the Wreck has been the sole responsibility of Ramblin' Reck Club and the Wreck driver since 1987 
The Ramblin' Wreck has been the target of several pranks perpetrated by rival schools; the University of Tennessee once provided the Wreck with an unsolicited new paint job, and the University of Georgia has stolen the Wreck on at least two occasions  Several replica or "false" Wrecks are owned by alumni, or are used for display and do not run  The official Ramblin' Wreck is considered the only "true" Wreck, and no backups or replacements exist 

History
The term "Ramblin' Wreck" has been used to refer to students and alumni of Georgia Tech much longer than the car that now bears the name has been in existence  The expression has its origins in the late 19th century and was used originally to refer to the makeshift motorized vehicles constructed by Georgia Tech engineers employed in projects in the jungles of Central America  The Wrecks were constructed from whatever the engineers could find—mostly old tractor and automotive parts—and were kept running by the engineers' ingenuity and creativity  Other workers in the area began to refer to these vehicles and the men who drove them as "Rambling Wrecks from Georgia Tech "The first "mechanical mascot" at Georgia Tech was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field  Field drove the car to and from class every day from 1916 until 1928   Field cared so much for the car that he even nicknamed it "Nellie"  The vehicle was distinguished by its metallic black paint job and a large black box fastened to the rear end by a buggy wheel hoop  The black box's contents were never revealed to the student body and the box became part of the mystique of the Old Ford The student body initially nicknamed the vehicle "Floyd's Flivver" but eventually began to call the car the "Ramblin' 'Reck "  The first mention of Field's Ford as a Ramblin' 'Reck was in 1926 when he performed an overhaul of the car's engine, body, and paint job with the help of the campus machine shop Dean Field found a love for travel with his Model T  He took it all the way to California for seminars on mathematics and education  However, in 1927 rumors began to abound campus that Field was going to buy a Model A  Field quelled the rumors with a personal interview in the last issue of the 1927 Technique  By September 1928, Field felt he could not travel as much with the dilapidated Model T  To the dismay of the student body the vehicle was discarded by Dean Field in 1928 and a Model A was purchased  Field's Model A lasted until 1934 in which he bought a Ford V8  He would drive over 122,000 miles (196,300 km) in all three cars during his Georgia Tech tenure of 1900–1945 
In memoriam to his retired "Tin Lizzie", Dean Field started "an Old Ford Race" from the intersection of North Avenue and Techwood Drive in Atlanta to the intersection of Hills Street and Prince Avenue in Athens  The race was sponsored by the Technique, which nicknamed the event the "Flying Flivver Race " The finish line was facilitated by the University of Georgia student newspaper The Red and Black  The only rule of the race was that the car had to be a pre-1926 4-cylinder motor car  The fastest time in the race was achieved by an Essex which completed the 79-mile (126 km) race in 1 hour and 26 minutes or 55 mph (88 km/h) The Tech administration disliked the perilous race and reduced the race to a more peaceful and regulated parade of contraptions known as the Ramblin' Wreck Parade after races were completed in 1929 and 1930  The Yellow Jacket Club facilitated the first official Ramblin' Wreck parade in 1932   The only break in the parade's continuous operation occurred with the onset of World War II   There were no parades from 1942 to 1943 and when the parade did continue in 1944, all Wrecks had to be human powered   In 1946, the Ramblin' Wreck Parade was allowed to operate combustion engines again   The rules instituted in the 1946 Wreck Parade still remain as the parade has become the featured event for all Tech homecomings 

Mascot for students
Dean of Student Affairs Jim Dull recognized a need for an official Ramblin' Wreck when he observed the student body's fascination with classic cars  Fraternities, in particular, would parade around their House Wrecks as displays of school spirit and enthusiasm  It was considered a rite of passage to own a broken down vehicle In 1960, Dull began a search for a new official symbol to represent the institute  He specifically wanted a classic pre-war Ford  Dull's search would entail newspaper ads, radio commercials, and other means to locate this vehicle  The search took him throughout the state and country, but no suitable vehicle was found until the autumn of 1960  Dean Dull spotted a polished 1930 Ford Model A outside of his apartment located in Towers Dormitory  The owner was Captain Ted J  Johnson, Atlanta's chief Delta Air Lines pilot Johnson had purchased the car from a junkyard in 1956  Johnson and his son, Craig, would restore the car as a father-son project while Craig attended the Georgia Military Academy  The two spent two years and over $1,800 restoring the vehicle  Johnson used spare parts from many different sources to refurbish the rusty hulk  He bought the mahogany dash from a parts dealer in Caracas, Venezuela and used Convair 440 aluminum sheets to replace the flooring  After Craig graduated from high school, he attended Florida State on a track scholarship  In 1960, Craig's track team would be in Atlanta competing against Tech  Johnson, wanting to see his son compete, took the Model A to Tech campus, parked it near Towers dormitory, and went to watch Craig compete When Johnson returned to his car, he found a note from Dean Dull attached to his windshield  Dull's note offered to purchase the car to serve as Georgia Tech's official mascot  Johnson, after great deliberation, agreed to take $1,000, but eventually returned the money in 1984 so that the car would be remembered as an official donation to Georgia Tech and the Alexander-Tharpe Fund  The Ramblin' Wreck was officially transferred to the Athletic Association on May 26, 1961 The Ramblin' Wreck was unveiled September 30, 1961, at Grant Field in front of 43,501 Tech fans, as it led the team onto the field against Rice University  The team prevailed 24–0 and the Wreck became an instant success within the Tech family 
The Wreck has since led the team onto the field for every home game 

Bobby Dodd's restorations
The current color scheme was selected in 1974 by then athletic director and former head coach Bobby Dodd  The original Wreck decor featured a wooden GT shield on both the driver- and passenger-side doors  This shield was removed during Dodd's revitalization of the old Model A  Dodd chose an old gold paint from a Lincoln car paint catalogue as the base for the new color scheme  He also placed a slightly stretched GT emblem on the door, a Tech helmet on the rear quarter panel, and a 1952 version of the Yellow Jacket on the front quarter panel  According to Tech lore, Bobby Dodd was so enamored with the Lincoln gold, he changed the football helmet and uniform color to match the new Ramblin' Wreck paint scheme The biggest structural change was a support system attached to the car's frame  The support system runs the length of the running boards and allows the increased weight of cheerleaders or Reck Club members standing on the running boards 

Pete George's restorations
From 1973 to 1987, 1947 IE alum Pete George maintained the Ramblin' Wreck at the Hapeville Ford Plant  George would mastermind the 1974 change of colors as well as a major refurbishment of the Wreck in 1982 in time for Georgia Tech's 1985 centennial celebration  The car was completely disassembled, rebuilt, and repainted by late 1982 There were a few noticeable changes to the Ramblin' Wreck after the 1982 refurbishment  An aftermarket chrome stone guard was added to protect the grill, The emblems on the side were removed and replaced by a basic GT decal on the doors  The 1952 Yellow Jackets were moved to the front tire wells  The white horn was chromed over  The old tire cover was a shield with a football helmet wearing yellow jacket  This was replaced with a white generic naugahyde Ford tire cover  The blackwall tires and brakes were replaced with whitewall tires and modified brakes 
The Wreck experienced a major transition of ownership after the Centennial Celebration  Since Reck Club had financially maintained the vehicle for so long and Reck Club fell under the dean of students rather than the athletic association, the vehicle was sold from the athletic association to the institute for zero dollars in 1987  The transaction further solidified Reck Club's responsibilities over the car but also made the car more than simply a football mascot  The Old Ford was officially an institute icon 

Post-centennial restoration and change of ownership
After Pete George's retirement in 1987, the upkeep of the Wreck fell directly upon the shoulders of the Wreck Drivers and Reck Club  In 1994, the Hapeville Plant ended their relationship with Reck Club  Since then, the Wreck has been student maintained with the assistance of local Atlanta garages  The Wreck has had numerous mechanical and cosmetic repairs over the years since Pete George's initial full rebuild After 1994, Reck Club restored the wheels and brakes to original Model A specifications  Reck Club performed a major off body restoration in the Spring of 2000 that saw the car repainted and the engine rebuilt  Pete George, although several years retired, aided Reck Club in its restoration providing funding and labor to the 2000 restoration  After the restoration, a small modification replaced the electrical generator with a more efficient Nu-Rex alternator 

2007 highway accident
Reck Club coordinated their second major restoration following damage incurred during a highway accident on June 22, 2007, on Interstate 75 in Monroe County, about 60 miles south of Atlanta  Though trailered, the crash caused severe damage to the body and top of the Ramblin' Wreck, while the Ford Expedition and trailer in tow were both wrecked  Fourth-year Polymer, Textile, and Fiber Engineering major John Bird was driving, with his younger brother Matt, and recalled for the press:

Something in the trailer failed, and the trailer pulled us off the road going 70 miles an hour  We went perpendicular to the lanes of traffic, and we crashed into a ditch on the side of the road    There wasn’t any fishtailing    The trailer just snapped and made a 90 degree turn, and I just said ‘Matt, hold on’ and we hit the ditch  The whole thing lasted about 2 seconds    The left side is smashed up pretty good and the roof is torn up    but the motor is fine and all the wheels are fine "
Bird had stated that both his brother and he got whiplash from the crash, one of Matt's legs was bruised, and "it also could have
been a lot worse "

Modern role of the Wreck
The Ramblin' Wreck has led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Grant Field almost 300 games  It also makes appearances for other Georgia Tech sports teams: it is often seen before big basketball games at Hank McCamish Pavilion, occasionally parked outside of Russ Chandler Stadium during warm weekend baseball series, and has attended several softball games a year at the new mid-campus stadium A symbol of the institute's academic and collegiate tradition, the old Model A is often dispatched to special events on campus  It is always present when new buildings are opened or dedicated  On December 5, 2006, the Wreck became the first car to drive across the new Fifth Street Bridge Every spring, the Institute holds a ceremony, known as When the Whistle Blows, to honor students, staff, and faculty who died during the previous year  The Georgia Tech Whistle is blown once for each person who died, and once more to salute Georgia Tech alumni and friends who may also have died  A procession of the military escort, led by the Ramblin' Wreck, leads up to the ceremony, during which the Wreck is parked next to the speaker's stage During Tech Homecoming, the Ramblin' Wreck has several duties  Several days before Homecoming, it acts as a giant gold starter pistol for the Mini 500 tricycle race  The Wreck's next task is to lead the racers out of the starting line in the Freshman Cake Race  On the day of the Homecoming football game, the Wreck leads the Ramblin' Wreck Parade, then leads the football team onto the field The car is also present at every Freshman Orientation (FASET), Earth Day festival, and other campuswide events A ride in the Wreck serves as a gift to many retiring faculty and staff; a ride onto Grant Field is one of the greatest honors Georgia Tech can bestow  Kim King, for example, received this honor on October 2, 2004, during halftime of the Miami game 

Wreck traditions and specifications
There are several lesser known details about the Wreck that are easily missed when it rambles down Techwood Drive  Specific physical details and the actual person behind the wheel are often missed or overlooked  The Wreck is financially maintained through Ramblin' Reck Club appearances and fundraisers  There is no official source of funding from the institute, Athletic Association, or Alumni Association  This gives the Wreck a unique level of independence that is atypical amongst college mascots When a freshman first reaches campus for FASET (orientation), one of the many traditions that they are introduced to is that freshmen cannot touch the Wreck until the completion of their first year   This rule originated in the 1963 edition of the RAT Rules  If a freshman touches the Wreck between convocation and the last day of classes in the Spring, they will receive bad luck throughout their college career and GT will be cursed to lose to UGA in football that year The Wreck is distinguished by its old gold body and white soft top  The soft top has a chrome support strut, which features a brass classic Tech T and 1952 yellow jacket  The body also has two solid white runningboards, which run the length of the vehicle  The running boards support cheerleaders or the occasional Tech student looking for a ride  The interior upholstery is solid white vinyl  The gear shifter knob is a white globe with the classic Tech T painted on it  There are two golden nylon pennants emblazoned with the words "To Hell With Georgia" and "Give 'Em Hell Tech" fastened to the front bumper 

Driver
The driver of the Ramblin' Wreck is an elected position within Ramblin' Reck Club  This position is determined after every football season  The driver manages the car's public appearances and maintenance  There have only been 46 drivers of the Wreck, making the position of Wreck driver one of the most prestigious positions in all of Georgia Tech's student organizations The driver gets to add their own personal touch every year to the Wreck  The front license plate is chosen by the driver every year and the radiator cap is replaced yearly, as well  The cap is typically a flying quail or a wreath  After each driver's term, the driver gets to keep the two pennants, too 
Dean Dull initiated a group known as the Ramblin' Wreck Committee of the Student Council to aid in his search for a mascot  When the Wreck was found in 1961, the Ramblin' Wreck Committee was chaired by Dekle Rountree  Rountree would drive the Wreck for school functions and Student Council fundraisers  He was also the first person to drive the Ramblin' Wreck onto Grant Field  Don Gentry, the president of Reck Club in 1961, was the first student to drive the Wreck as he aided in retrieving the Model A from Ted Johnson's home  The Wreck was always maintained by Reck Club but the complete transition of control occurred between 1964 and 1967  During this period, Reck Club was relieved of its RAT rules enforcement duties and given more wholesome jobs of maintaining the Wreck, upholding traditions, and generating school spirit 
Four women have officially driven the Ramblin' Wreck in its history  Lisa Volmar, an industrial engineering major, was elected the driver in 1984 and she was the first female driver after 23 consecutive years of male-only drivers 

Reck or Wreck
The name can be spelled either Ramblin' Reck or Ramblin' Wreck  In all spellings, there is no g in Ramblin'  The first references to the 1930 Model A (1961) spelled the word Reck while the first references to the 1914 Model T owned by Dean Field spelled the word 'Reck (1925)  Ramblin' Reck Club has spelled the word Reck since their 1945 club charter  The institute has adopted the spelling Ramblin' Wreck and holds a trademark on the phrase  Reck Club still refers to the Ramblin' Wreck as the Ramblin' Reck while most other agencies refer to it as the Ramblin' Wreck 

Travelin' Wreck
In its history, the Wreck has appeared at a number of away games and other events away from the Georgia Tech campus  Many of these trips resulted in damage to the Reck or other interesting anecdotes 
The first away game for the Ramblin' Wreck was the 1961 game against the Alabama Crimson Tide  The Wreck was freighted by Southern Railway to Birmingham, Alabama  At the time, Alabama played its home games at Legion Field  Before the game, the current driver Dekle Rountree decided to traverse the slope up to visit Birmingham's Vulcan statue  The trip to Birmingham was such a success, a trip to Jacksonville for Tech's Gator Bowl appearance against Penn State was organized, as well  These were the first road and bowl game appearances for the Wreck in its illustrious career In 1963, the Ramblin' Wreck Committee and Ramblin' Reck Club organized another road trip for the Wreck  This trip took the Wreck up to Knoxville for a game against the Tennessee Volunteers  After Tech won the game, the Wreck was stored overnight in Neyland Stadium  Administrators and Tennessee's Athletic Director Bob Woodruff promised Georgia Tech Athletics that the Wreck would be safe  They were wrong  Tennessee students broke into the storage area and painted the Wreck orange  They wrote "Go Vols" in the paint and covered the gold wheels with paint, as well  After the incident, Georgia Tech sent a bill to Tennessee's Athletic Department asking for restitution   Woodruff was believed to have  aided the students in their efforts after he openly contested the officiating of the football contest In 1976, Tech students took the Wreck to Athens for the annual football game with UGA  After the game, the Wreck's police escort abandoned the car  The vehicle appeared relatively unprotected and was approached by UGA students attempting to vandalize it  The Tech students responsible for the car's safekeeping frightened the encroaching Bulldog fans away by producing a concealed 9 mm pistol The farthest trips the Ramblin' Wreck has ever traveled from Atlanta were the 1970 Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, and Denver, Colorado, in 1990 for Tech's NCAA Final Four appearance against UNLV  The Wreck was freighted by van 1,400 miles (2,250 km) to Denver Coliseum  Along the way, a television crew documented the trip and broadcast the Wreck's expedition during the Final Four promotions 
The last major road trips for the Ramblin' Wreck were to the 2004 Final Four in San Antonio, the 2006 ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville, Florida, and the 2009 ACC Championship Game in Tampa's Raymond James Stadium 
 The Wreck led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Alltel Stadium's field for Tech's first appearance in the ACC title game, as well as performing the same duty in their second appearance and first win in the ACC championship game in 2009  The Wreck has also been to the Orange Bowl, Gator Bowl, All-American Bowl, Sun Bowl, Peach Bowl, Citrus Bowl, and Champs Sports Bowl On June 15, 2007, the Wreck was involved in an accident while being towed to a wedding south of Atlanta in a covered car trailer  The trailer failed while carrying the Wreck, in turn causing the truck and trailer to run off the road and into the roadside ditch  The Wreck fell over inside the trailer, causing damage to its side and roof  Despite the severe body damage (in excess of $30,000), the Wreck was repaired for the first game of the 2007 season against the Samford Bulldogs 

In the media
In 1987, the Ramblin' Wreck and Dean Jim Dull were featured on ABC-TV's morning show  Dean Dull shouted into the camera, "I'm Dean of Students Jim Dull and I'm a Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech  Good Morning, America!" Dull was on the show because he had won a make-a-wish contest  All he wanted was for the Ramblin' Wreck, gold-clad students, and himself to be on the ABC morning show and ABC granted the wish The Ramblin' Wreck has been featured in several newspapers, magazines, and books  The Ramblin' Wreck is portrayed leading the Georgia Tech football team onto the field on the cover of Al Thomy's 1973 work Ramblin' Wreck – A Story of Georgia Tech Football  Pete George's 1982 refurbishment was featured in the November 1983 edition of the Ford Times  The June 1986 edition of Cars & Parts Magazine featured the Ramblin' Wreck and the raffle for the Centennial Wreck  The December 1991 Car Collector & Car Classics featured the Wreck on the cover after the National Championship season  The December 2007 Bellsouth Real White Pages for Greater Atlanta featured the Ramblin' Wreck with censored flags The Ramblin' Wreck has been featured numerous times in Tech's student newspaper, The Technique, and Atlanta's primary newspaper, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution  The Wreck has also been featured in The New York Times and the Associated Press  Local newspapers such as the Cherokee Times, Augusta Chronicle, and Gwinnett Daily Post have also printed articles about the Wreck In the week prior to the 2007 home opener, the Ramblin' Wreck was featured on ESPN First Take  ESPN showed old clips of the Wreck leading the football team onto the field and discussed the possibility of the Wreck not making the football opener after 45 consecutive years of never missing a game The Ramblin' Wreck was featured prominently on the October 18, 2007 episode of Jim Cramer's Mad Money  Cramer exited the Wreck's passenger door to start the show and one of Cramer's trademark soundboards was attached to the front bumper On April 16, 2009, a Georgia Tech student riding on the running board of the Ramblin' Wreck fell and suffered severe head injuries hospitalizing the student for four days   Almost a year later, the student filed suit against Georgia Tech and an auto shop responsible for installing handles on the roof of the car   The lawsuit cites the failure of the auto shop's handles as the reason for the fall and claims the University promoted the unsafe use of a vehicle by students  In September 2013, the student injured in the April 2009 accident, won a settlement of $1 36 million from the Georgia Board of Regents and Eco-Clean, Inc The 2012 edition of EA Sports' NCAA football video game featured the addition of the Ramblin' Wreck leading Georgia Tech's football team onto the field at all games played in Bobby Dodd Stadium   The Ramblin' Wreck was included in the game alongside many other colleges' pre-game traditions to "deliver the pride and pageantry of game day" 

Ramblin' replicas
Several vehicles  claim "Ramblin' Wreck status " However, only one car is the official Ramblin' Wreck, with no backups or equivalent vehicles The most famous of the fake Wrecks is a 1931 Ford Model A Cabriolet known as the Centennial Wreck  This vehicle was refurbished along with the real Wreck in 1985  The vehicle followed the Ramblin' Wreck onto the field all of the 1985 football season and was raffled for $250,000 by Pete George and Georgia Tech in 1986 
In 1988, the Alumni Association purchased a 1931 Ford Model A Roadster and restored the vehicle again in 1994  The Alumni Wreck is distinguished by its spare tire locations on the driver's side and passenger-side runningboards and the words "Georgia Tech Alumni Association" printed on the doors  It also has a convertible top  On the real Wreck, the spare is behind the rumble seat and the roof cannot be removed or lowered 
A 1930 Ford Model A Sports Coupe shell is kept in the Georgia Tech Hotel  This car has not worked since it has been on campus  The motor is incomplete and the front end lacks the Wreck's chrome stone guard  This is one of the few replicas that is almost identical in make, model, and paint scheme when compared to the real Ramblin' Wreck 
Also, several alumni-owned vehicles are painted to resemble the Wreck  These vehicles mimic the look and feel of the car, but are not the Ramblin' Wreck  One of the most famous instances of mistaken identity occurred in 1988  A father-son duo of Georgia Tech alumni attempted to lead the Tech football team onto the field at Sanford Stadium in Athens  After getting inside of the stadium with their gold 1924 Ford Model T, the two were finally stopped by Georgia officials, who were informed the real Ramblin' Wreck had remained in Atlanta 
Several B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators and at least one F4U Corsair were designated the name Ramblin' Wreck during service in World War II 
The Chicago Brewing Company features an amber ale by the name of Ramblin' Wreck Amber Ale 
The Savoy Automobile Museum in Cartersville, GA features a Ramblin' Wreck replica in their permanent collection

See also
Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate – the rivalry between Tech and UGA
Georgia Tech traditions – a comprehensive list of Georgia Tech Traditions
Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech – the fight song of Georgia Tech
WREK FM – the college radio station of Georgia Tech, whose name and callsign comes directly from the ReckOther student-owned vintage and veteran vehicles:

Jezebel – a 1916 Dennis Fire Engine at Imperial College London
A 1929 Dennis Charabanc owned by Southampton University
A 1902 James and Browne car and 1926 Ner-a-Car owned by the City and Guilds College
A 1926 Morris truck owned by the Royal School of MinesSimilar vehicular mascots at other universities:

The Boilermaker Special –   A replica locomotive built on a truck chassis which has served as the official mascot of Purdue University since 1940 
The Sooner Schooner – a pioneering wagon and a symbol of the University of Oklahoma
Passage 14:
Bangalore Hockey Stadium
Bangalore Hockey Stadium, also known as KSHA Hockey Stadium, is a field hockey stadium at Akkithimmanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India  It is the home of the Karnataka Lions of the World Series Hockey  It has a seating capacity of 7,000 people 
The stadium hosted seven home matches of Karnataka Lions in World Series Hockey  It will also host the first semi-final of World Series Hockey in 2012 

History
Akkithimmanhalli lake was breached in the 1970s as part of a Malaria Eradication Drive and the Hockey stadium constructed in its place 
Passage 15:
Negoesco Stadium
Negoesco Stadium is a 3,000 seat soccer stadium located in San Francisco, on the campus of University of San Francisco  The facility was named in honour of USF soccer coach Steve Negoesco  The stadium is also used by USF students and staff for recreational activities 

Stadium history
The stadium was renovated in 2000 expanding it to its current capacity of 3,000 seats including theater style seats on the west side of the field and a full permanent grandstand on the east side  Additionally TV capable lights were added to the field that year  In 2003 the current fieldturf surface was added 

Negoesco has also hosted a US Open Cup game between the Los Angeles Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer and an international friendly between the Earthquakes and Shanghai Shenhua of the Chinese Super League 
Some of the most notable improvements were made in September 2008, just before the Dons began their season, as banners celebrating the rich legacy and tradition of USF Soccer were hung along the stadiums west wall  Six national championship banners hang alongside 2 national runner-up banners and alongside banners celebrating the Dons glorious postseason past (30 NCAA appearances, 9 College Cup appearances)   Additional banners also feature USF conference titles as members of the Northern California Intercollegiate Soccer Conference/West Coast Intercollegiate Soccer Conference, Pacific Soccer Conference, and the West Coast Conference  A final banner will feature the names of all 41 NSCAA All-Americans to proudly wear the Green and Gold 
Other changes include the installation of advertising panels acknowledging sponsors and supporters of USF Athletics and the Dons Soccer program alongside the east sideline of the field, and European-style protective team benches, were also added to the technical areas on the east sideline 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Neal Asbury
Neal Asbury (born May 2, 1957) is Chief Executive of The Legacy Companies  An advocate of entrepreneurship and free enterprise,  he hosts the nationally syndicated talk radio show Neal Asbury's Truth for America (now Neal Asbury's Made in America) 

Early life
Neal Asbury attended Jefferson Township High School in Jefferson Township, New Jersey  After graduation he enrolled in Rowan University in New Jersey graduating in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music 

Career
After graduating from Rowan University Neal began working in the mail room of a Fifth Avenue as a food service exporter  A year later, Asbury moved on to Manila, working as a director of sales for a large trading company and traveling to capitals in the Far East  Seven years later, he founded Asbury Worldwide  By 1987, the firm had grown to include twelve distribution facilities around the globe   In 1989, he started began FAB Asia, Inc  in Manila, Philippines, an  Asian fabricator of commercial kitchens for McDonald's as well as other American restaurant chains 
After selling his group of companies in July 1999, Asbury established Greenfield World Trade, a global trading company selling and servicing American manufactured products in over 130 countries to both  retail and commercial markets  He acquired J  Cobo (a distribution company with operations throughout Latin America), General (a manufacturer of food preparation equipment), Zeroll (a manufacturer of kitchen gadgets), and Omega (a manufacturer of electrical kitchen appliances) 

Awards and distinctions
Asbury has received the E-Star Export Award and the Export Achievement Award from the U S  Department of Commerce  Asbury's company was recognized as National Champion Exporter of The Year(2008) after they were first recognized in February as Exporter of the Year for Florida, which was preceded by being selected as the Region IV Exporter of the Year, covering the Southeast United States   Greenfield World Trade's Neal Asbury Named SBA's National Champion Exporter of the Year 

Radio show and blog
Each week Asbury hosts a talk radio show, Neal Asbury's Made In America, (formerly Truth For America), produced by Atlantic Radio Network   It is broadcast around the US by Radio America and deals with topics related to America's entrepreneurial spirit and the American Dream Asbury also writes the Conscientious Equity blog, which focuses on his interest for small business, entrepreneurship and the benefits of expanding the U S  role in global commerce  Topics discussed on the blog range from the health care crisis to job creation and international trade  Asbury's blog entries have been syndicated online, appearing on Moneynews com 

Personal life
On December 29 in 1984 Neal married Elizabeth Trixia Gomez Carpio, an actress from the Philippines  They have two daughters 
Passage 2:
Steve Somers
Steve Somers (born April 17, 1947), nicknamed the Schmoozer, is an American talk radio host best known for his work on the New York City sports radio station WFAN (660 AM)  He has been with the station since its inception in 1987 

Personal life
Somers is a native of San Francisco, California, and became a fan of the San Francisco Giants upon the team's arrival to the city in 1958  He graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1969  He currently resides in Manhattan  
His nickname is  "The Schmoozer " He roots for the New York Mets (or Metropolitans as he refers to them), the New York Knicks (or Knickerbockers) the New York Rangers and New York Jets (sometimes he even calls them the Jetropolitans) 

Career
Somers began his career in the Bay Area  Before graduating high school, he worked at KYA radio in San Francisco delivering on air high school sports reports   After college, Somers began hosting a news talk show on KNEW radio in Oakland  To that effect, Time Magazine ran a story naming him the youngest talk show host in the country at that period of time  Somers also worked a public address announcer for the NBA's San Francisco Warriors 
In 1970, Somers joined KPIX in San Francisco  as a weekend sports anchor and won a San Francisco Press Club Award  Over the next decade and a half he held other television sportscasting positions at KOVR in Sacramento, WXIA-TV in Atlanta and KNBC in Los Angeles  While in Los Angeles, he also launched a sports talk program at KMPC radio 
Somers joined WFAN at the station's inception in July 1987  He spent his first few years with the station as the overnight host  While he was on the overnight program he dubbed himself "Captain Midnight"  During this time he conducted one of the last ever interviews with Mark Koenig, who was the last living member of the 1927 New York Yankees  He later spent a few years co-hosting the 10am-1pm slot with WWOR-TV sports anchor Russ Salzberg  The program was titled "The Sweater and the Schmoozer " At that time, Somers developed some of the quirks that have been hallmarks of his WFAN tenure, dropping catchphrases such as "schmoooooozing S-P-O-R-T-S" (spelling out the word "sports"), giving time checks in minutes and seconds, uniquely reading the end of the station's phone number as "six-six-six-six" rather than the standard "sixty six-sixty six", joking at the expense of engineer Eddie Scozzare ("THE Eddie Scozzare?" "No, Eddie Maple, who do you think we're talking?"), and reading the catalogue numbers of live commercials ("LV-242, for those of you scoring at home, and I know you are   ") 
He is also known to refer to the New York Mets, by their official name "The New York Metropolitans" drawing out the parts as Metro-Politans, and referring to the Islanders as the Ice-landers 
Currently, Somers usually works during the evening on weekdays  His program can be heard anywhere from 6:30pm to 2am, depending on whether WFAN airs a sporting event that night  He is also sometimes heard on weekends  He is colloquially known as "The Schmoozer " Somers has said of the infrequent scheduling, "Sometimes, just sometimes, I forget what time zone I live in "
In October 2021, Somers stated that WFAN's owner Audacy had requested to move his show back into the overnight hours, a request Somers declined as he was no longer willing to work a graveyard slot  He stated that, because of the request, he was planning on retiring from his regular shift at WFAN "sooner rather than later," with the intention of remaining at WFAN on a reduced schedule as a fill-in host if Audacy allows 

Film
Somers appeared in the 1979 film The Visitor 
Passage 3:
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes
Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes is an American talk show hosted by artist Andy Warhol, that aired on MTV from 1985 to 1987  One of the network's earliest series, it featured interviews with up-and-coming musicians such as Courtney Love  Other such talk show guests include Debbie Harry and Chris Stein of Blondie, Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran, Ric Ocasek of the Cars, the Ramones, Grace Jones, Yoko Ono, Judd Nelson, Kevin Dillon, John C  McGinley, and William S  Burroughs 

See also
15 minutes of fame
Passage 4:
Treat Her Like a Lady (Diana King song)
"Treat Her Like a Lady" is a song by Jamaican-American singer Diana King from the 1995 album, Tougher Than Love  It was written by King, Andy Marvel and Billy Mann, and produced by Marvel  In 1997, it was covered by Canadian singer Celine Dion for her album, Let's Talk About Love 

Celine Dion version
Canadian singer Celine Dion recorded a cover version of "Treat Her Like a Lady" for her 1997 album, Let's Talk About Love  It was produced by Ric Wake  Dion changed some lyrics, gaining a co-writing credit  Diana King and Brownstone recorded guest vocals for the track  "Treat Her Like a Lady" was released as the final single in Europe between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It peaked inside top 40 in the United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland, Austria and Iceland 

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne called Dion's cover an "overarranged stab at reggae dancehall" and "unintentionally amusing"  The New York Observer editor Jonathan Bernstein wrote, "She's fallen on her face before when attempting to be as one with the rhythm, but Celine Dion has never humiliated herself as comprehensively as she does when mashing it up in a dance-hall style on "Treat Her Like a Lady"  As Seinfeld' s George Costanza remarked in a similar situation, "Sweet fancy Moses!"" Steven Wells from NME commented, "Celine raps hardcore radical feminism! Yes she does! She says that we've got to treat women like "ladies"  Otherwise they might go "crazy"  This is possibly the most profound statement on the subject of women's oppression since Germaine Greer's The Female Eunuch" 

Commercial performance
After the success of "My Heart Will Go On", radio stations in Quebec started playing "Treat Her Like a Lady" in May 1998  Because of that, it entered the airplay chart on 30 May 1998 and peaked at number nine  The commercial single was released in selected European countries between March and June 1999, to coincide with the Let's Talk About Love World Tour  It was issued almost a year after the previous single from Let's Talk About Love, "Immortality" 
In April 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in Austria and Germany, peaking at numbers 16 and 64, respectively  In May 1999, it debuted on the charts in the Netherlands and Belgium, reaching numbers 62 in the Netherlands, 70 in Wallonia and 78 in Flanders  In July 1999, "Treat Her Like a Lady" entered the charts in few other countries, peaking at numbers 29 in the United Kingdom, 33 in Scotland, 40 in Ireland, 54 in Sweden, and as a result number 91 on the European Hot 100 Singles  The song also reached numbers 13 in Iceland and 38 on the airplay chart in Spain 

Music video
The live music video was recorded on 18 December 1998, during the Let's Talk About Love World Tour in Montreal, Canada  It was directed by Gérard Pullicino  The video was included on the UK enhanced CD single in June 1999  In November 2022, it was uploaded into Dion's official YouTube channel 

Track listing and formats
Charts
Release history
Passage 5:
Roamin' Holiday
Roamin' Holiday is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 155th Our Gang short released (156th episode, 67th talking short, and 68th talking episode) 

Plot
Upset at being forced to do the household chores all weekend long (and the threat of taking dancing lessons), Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat, and Porky decide to run away from home  Taking a breather in the tiny village of Jenksville, the boys manage to cadge a meal from kindly storekeeper Mrs  Jenks  But when she finds out that the kids are runaways, she passes this information along to her husband, Constable Hi Jenks, who jovially decides to teach the boys a lesson  Pretending to arrest the four youngsters, Constable Jenks dresses them in convict stripes and forces them to work on the rock pile, figuring that after an hour or so they will be glad to return home  But an unanticipated swarm of bees brings this little morality play to a sudden and painful conclusion for the four roamin' rascals 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Darla Hood as Darla
Pete the Pup as himself

Additional cast
Joe White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Tom White as One of Alfalfa's twin brothers
Otis Harlan as Hiram Jenks
May Wallace as 'Ma' Jenks

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 6:
Bangkok Love Story
Bangkok Love Story (Thai: เพื่อน   กูรักมึงว่ะ; RTGS: Phuean   Ku Rak Mueng Wa; literally "Friend     I love you") is a 2007 Thai film written and directed by Poj Arnon  A gay romantic crime action drama, it is the story of a man who falls in love with a gunman assigned to kill him 

Plot
A loner gunman named Maek is assigned to kidnap a police informant named Iht, but Maek has a change of heart when he takes Iht to the 'hit house'  Maek is ordered to kill Iht, but because he only kills scum and has discovered that Iht isn't bad, he refuses, turning the gun on the enforcers who had hired him to murder Iht  A gun battle ensues during which Maek is wounded, but Iht grabs Maek's gun and shoots their way out of the mobsters' headquarters  The two men then escape on Maek's motorcycle  Maek tells Iht to leave at gun point but he won't and takes Maek back to his rooftop hide-out  There, over a period of time, Iht tends to Maek's wound and finds himself attracted to him 
In fact, Maek is also attracted to Iht, but keeps it hidden, while Iht cares for his former would-be killer with great tenderness 
While giving Maek a bath one day, Iht kisses him on the mouth   Maek reciprocates and the two men engage in a passionate sexual experience  The next day, however, a conflicted Maek demands that Iht go away and leave him alone  Iht returns home to his fiancée, Sai, but is no longer interested in continuing a relationship with her  Iht spends his days pining over Maek, and tracks down Maek's brother, Mhok, and their mother  Mhok is HIV positive, as the result of sexual abuse by his and Maek's stepfather, and their mother is dying of AIDS 
Maek remains elusive, hiding from Iht when he visits the hideout, but leaving signs that he's there so Iht will return 
Though Maek avoids making contact with Iht, eventually he goes to visit his mother and brother, and Iht corners him at the entrance to the building, declaring his love for Maek and stressing how much he misses him   They kiss passionately  They are unfortunately covertly observed by Sai, Iht's live-in fiancée 
Maek's dream is to take his mother and brother away from Bangkok to the mountains of Mae Hong Son Province  But after Maek's mother overhears that Mhok has prostituted himself to survive after contracting AIDS from his stepfather, she commits suicide by hanging herself  The brothers take her down, and as they are rushing her from the apartment, she is killed by a gunshot fired by an unseen sniper  The bullet is presumably intended for Maek 
Maek's former mobster employers are gunning for him and Iht  Maek decides to hunt them down first, and he succeeds in killing them  After Mohk informs Iht what Maek is doing, Iht goes to the capo's house to try to stop Maek, but he is too late and misses Maek by a second  Iht is injured when the capo's wife shoots at a clock that shatters in Iht's face 
Maek, meanwhile meets his brother at the railway station to leave Bangkok for good  But before he can board the train, he is apprehended by the police and taken away  Mhok breaks down  He's the sole witness to his brother being apprehended 
Years pass by  Iht visits Maek in prison and reveals that he was left blind in the final gunbattle with Maek's ex-boss  Mhok commits suicide while at a Hospice of Watphrabahtnamphu in Lopburi because he no longer has the energy to fight his disease  Eventually, Maek is released from prison, and Iht meets him  But before the two men can leave to start their life together, Maek is shot dead by a single bullet fired by an unseen assassin  A bewildered, blind Iht collapses over his lover's corpse, swearing his love for him again and again 
Iht eventually regains his sight, and is finally able to view on his mobile phone a video recorded by Maek himself many years before, admitting that all along, he had loved Iht and that he would love him to his last breath 

Cast
Rattanaballang Tohssawat as Maek (Cloud)
Chaiwat Thongsaeng as Iht (Stone)
Weeradit Srimalai as Mhok (Fog)
Chatcha Rujinanon as Sai (Sand)
Suchao Pongwilai
Chonprakhan Janthareuang
Uthumporn Silaphan
Rachanu Boonchuduang

Production
When Bangkok Love Story was in pre-production in 2006, the Royal Thai Police raised objections to the script, which originally depicted a policeman (Iht) falling in love with the assassin Maek  The character Iht's exact connection to the police department was then made ambiguous so that the film would be passed by the Board of Censors, which includes members of the Royal Thai Police Both lead actors, Chaiwat Thongsang (Iht) and Ratanabanrang Tosawat (Maek), are heterosexual, according to a profile of the two actors in BK Magazine  Chaiwat said he took the role because he wanted the "challenge" and to "become famous"  Ratanabanrang simply stated playing a gay man "is an honor" Chaiwat said he had hoped camera angles could be used so he could avoid having to kiss his co-star, but director Poj Arnon insisted the kisses must be real  "It was totally disgusting at first, but we kind of got used to it after a while", Chaiwat said  Ratanabanrang said he had to imagine he was kissing his girlfriend  "Actually, we acted so well, that my girlfriend got paranoid" Both actors acknowledged that the film would be compared to Brokeback Mountain, but Ratanabanrang noted that Poj Arnon had the idea for Bangkok Love Story long before Brokeback had been adapted into a film 

Release and reception
Bangkok Love Story was released in Thailand cinemas on August 13, 2007  The film proved popular, with the Bangkok Post stating it was "the movie everybody has been talking about"  The film earned US$325,000 in its Thailand theatrical run Critical reception was mixed  The weekly BK Magazine stated that the film suffered from being overly melodramatic, but praised the cinematography by Tiwa Moeithaisong, which "turns Bangkok into a character in its own right "Reviews from the Bangkok English-language daily The Nation were characterised as "dismissive" 
LGBT-related website Fridae praised Bangkok Love Story as "the boldest Thai gay movie to date " It additionally praised the film for being a departure from the Thai LGBT genre, which generally features coarsely stereotyped kathoey transvestite caricatures Gay Thai independent film producer Vitaya Saeng-aroon similarly praised the film, saying director Poj Arnon was "brave enough to shake society up" Bangkok Love Story was screened at the 34th Brussels International Independent Film Festival, where it won the top prize, the Grand Award in all Categories  It was also the Opening Night selection for the 2007 Hong Kong Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, and played at the 2008 London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival 
TLA Releasing acquired theatrical, home video, television and video on demand rights for North America and the United Kingdom  The company plans to release the film in those territories in summer 2008 

Soundtrack
The film also produced a popular theme song "Yahk-Roo   Tae-Mai-Yahk-Taam" (in Thai: "อยากรู้   แต่ไม่อยากถาม meaning "I want to know, but I don't want to ask") by Calories Blah Blah (in Thai: แคลอรี่ส์ บลาห์ บลาห์) 
Passage 7:
Glove Taps
Glove Taps is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas  It was the 151st Our Gang short (152nd episode, 63rd talking short, and 64th talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Butch explains that he clobbers every kid in school to prove that he is in charge  By a fluke, weak-kneed Alfalfa is chosen to face Butch in the barnyard boxing ring—and he has only one day to train for the big bout 
Spanky volunteers to be Alfalfa's trainer, which consists mostly of Alfalfa pulling him around in a little red wagon 
Porky and Buckwheat have had "this will not end well" expressions on their faces the whole time  They take matters into their own hands once the bout starts; knocking Butch out from behind a curtain and allowing Alfalfa to take the credit 

Notes
After appearing as a peripheral player in several earlier Our Gang shorts, Tommy Bond made a spectacular return to the series in Glove Taps  Here and in all future appearances, Bond is cast as neighborhood bully Butch, the bane of the existence of Spanky McFarland, Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer and the rest of the Gang 
Another Our Ganger debuts as Glove Taps Marks the first appearance of Darwood Kaye 
The background music in this one-reel comedy came from Marvin Hatley's Oscar-nominated score for the Laurel and Hardy feature Way Out West 

Cast
The Gang
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
Tommy Bond as Butch
Sidney Kibrick as Woim
Darla Hood as Darla
Darwood Kaye as Waldo

Extra kids
Hugh Chapman, John Collum, Rex Downing, Larry Harris, Joe Levine, Jackie Lindquist, Donald Proffitt, Hugh Sheridan, Harold Switzer, Jerry Tucker, Bobs Watson, Robert Winkler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 8:
Full House (season 2)
The second season of the family sitcom Full House originally aired on ABC between October 14, 1988 and May 5, 1989  From this season onward, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen are credited in the opening credits 

Plot
In season two, Danny is fired from his job as a sportscaster and instead is promoted to a higher position as the host of a morning talk show titled Wake Up San Francisco, earning him a co-host named Rebecca Donaldson (Lori Loughlin) and Jesse's potential love interest  Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey become best friends (much to Danny's jealousy) and start doing advertising jingles together  D  J  begins sixth grade and Stephanie enters first grade 

Main cast
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D  J  Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner

Episodes
See also
List of Full House episodes
Passage 9:
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a 1981 collection of short stories by American writer Raymond Carver, as well as the title of one of the stories in the collection  Considered by many one of American literature's most ambitious short-story collections, it was this collection that turned Raymond Carver into a household name in the publishing industry 

Content
"Why Don't You Dance?"
In 1977, Carver submitted a story with this title to Esquire, which Gordon Lish subsequently edited and retitled "I Am Going to Sit Down", but no version ever appeared in Esquire  The story was first published in Quarterly West in Autumn 1978 and later in The Paris Review in Spring 1981  The Quarterly West version incorporated many of Lish's suggested changes, while the final version was 9% shorter  It tells the story of a drinking man overseeing his yard sale  The reader gets the feeling that he may be selling all his possessions, looking to start life anew  A young couple stops by to select furniture for their new apartment  They haggle a little over prices and buy a TV and a bed  The drinking man tells the young woman to put a record on  When the music begins the man asks the couple to dance  Uncomfortably, they comply  Then the drinking man dances with the girl, and she says to him: "You must be desperate or something " Several weeks later, the woman is telling her friends about the man at his yard sale  She mocks the record player and records he gave them, saying: "Will you look at this shit?" The story ends with her trying to make sense of the man's situation before quitting her wondering altogether 
The story was adapted in the 2010 film Everything Must Go starring Will Ferrell and written and directed by Dan Rush 

"Viewfinder"
A hook-handed man takes a photograph of the narrator's house from the street, then sells it to him  The narrator asks the photographer in for coffee  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Mr  Coffee and Mr  Fixit"
A man reflects "about three years back" on his struggle to come to grips with a couple of troublesome relationships  He was surprised to see his elderly single mother kissing a man on the sofa upstairs  He says his kids were crazy and so was his wife, Myrna, who eventually fell for another man named Ross whom she met at Alcoholics Anonymous  He remembers how his father died and suggests to Myrna that they "hug awhile" and have a "real nice supper," and she responds somewhat lukewarmly  The manuscript version titled "Where Is Everyone?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Gazebo"
Set in a roomy upstairs suite, motel managers Holly & Duane discuss the disintegration of their marriage  Duane has been having an affair with a cleaning lady, Juanita  Duane tries to convince Holly that their love can be rekindled and reconciled but Holly does not agree  Duane is left hopelessly bemoaning the future he had envisioned with Holly  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"I Could See the Smallest Things"
Nancy wakes up in the middle of the night because of a noise outside  She realizes it's the open gate, and hesitantly she goes to the kitchen to smoke for a while before going out to investigate, leaving her alcoholic husband Cliff "passed out" and snoring loudly in bed  At the fence, Nancy meets her neighbor Sam, a widower, who is spreading insecticide to kill slugs which are ruining his garden  Nancy & Sam talk and it becomes clear Sam and Cliff, once good friends, have had a falling-out  Lonely and wishing to patch up their relationship, Sam asks Nancy to tell Cliff he said hello  Nancy says she will and goes back to bed, realizing she forgot to latch the gate shut  The manuscript version titled "Want to See Something?" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Sacks"
Les, a textbook salesman, reflects back a year ago on an incident where he met up with his father in a Sacramento airport  It's been two years since his father's divorce from his mother  While the wife was away, the father had been having an extramarital affair with a Stanley Products saleswoman  The father asks Les if everything is okay, and Les lies, saying everything is fine  A fissure seems to grow between the father and son during the uncomfortable, transient, confusing meeting  Fairly sure that his father will play a negligent to nonexistent role in his future, Les boards his flight  The manuscript version titled "The Fling" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Bath"
On his birthday, young Scotty is walking to school when he is hit by a car and knocked unconscious  "The Bath" is a predecessor of "A Small, Good Thing," one of Carver's most famous stories, which was published in Cathedral  It is much shorter than "A Small, Good Thing" and ends on an ambiguous note as Scotty's mother goes home from the hospital to take a bath, which is where this version of the story gets its name 

"Tell the Women We're Going"
Two close childhood friends, identified by the author as Bill Jamison & Jerry Roberts, are out of school and have married  After Jerry married, Bill sensed a change in his friend, something that he'd never once shown  One afternoon, the two men leave both their wives and Jerry's kids to go out for a drive, for old-time's sake  They play pool and drink beer at the Rec Center, while reminiscing about the olden days  On their way out, they see two women biking down the road  Jerry proposes turning back and chatting them up, juvenile and excited  They pull up to the women and Bill introduces himself and Jerry, but the girls, named Barbara and Shannon, seem completely uninterested  They drive ahead and wait for the women to pass  The women, when they arrive, drop their bikes and cut down a path away from the men, which doesn't really bother Bill but does angers Jerry, who devises a plan to cut them off  The story ends in a surprise twist, with Jerry bashing Shannon and Barbara over their heads with a rock, ostensibly killing them both and proving Jerry's deep unhappiness with life  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"After the Denim"
James and Edith Packer, an elderly couple, go out for the night to play bingo at the local community center  While there, James is perturbed by a young hippy-like couple dressed in denim who go on to ruin his fun and evening: they take the Packers' parking spot; James sees the young man cheating and confronts him but the man denies the allegation  Later, when the young girl gets bingo, everybody but James claps  James is certain the couple will use the victory money on drugs  That night as the Packers are getting ready for bed, Edith reveals to James that she's been "bleeding" and "spotting," and she'll require medical attention  Restless and upset over his wife's sickness, James wonders why it isn't the young couple who has all the problems  The manuscript version titled "If It Please You" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"So Much Water So Close to Home"
As she was having breakfast, Claire, is shocked to learn that her husband, Stuart, and his three buddies, found the body of a girl washed up on the rivershore upon arriving in the afternoon for their yearly camping trip, as reported by the morning newspaper that day  Instead of reporting the body to the police immediately, the four rather enjoy their vacation, spending some time fishing, getting to eating, and drinking whisky as they sit by the fire, all the while the body of the dead girl lays there  As the quartet packs up the next morning, Stuart uses a payphone to alert the police about the corpse found by the riverbed  Claire feels deeply distanced from her husband, who she thought she knew, and cannot stop wondering about the dead girl, to whom she feels oddly connected  Inevitably, she starts believing Stuart and his friends could be behind the girl's murder  Claire wonders why they didn't go fishing locally, why didn't they report the body quickly, as she'd have  Later, after the body is identified and Stuart is at work, Claire reads the funeral plans in the newspaper and decides to attend  On her way to the funeral, a man in a pickup truck pulls her over and asks to talk to her, wants to make sure she's safe  Claustrophobic and frightened, Claire clicks her car locks shut and says she's fine  After the funeral Claire overhears a woman saying they caught the killer, but Claire is not so certain they have the right man  The story ends with Stuart making a sexual advance on Claire in the kitchen  As he reaches for her breasts, she hears water running in the sink and is reminded of the girl floating in the river  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off"
The character of Jack Fraser, in classical Carver style, tells the story of a local outsider named Dummy who worked in the same sawmill as Jack's father Del  Del gets Dummy to fill a pond on his land with bass, but Dummy eventually builds an electric fence around it so people stop coming by  Dummy drifts further into isolation and his wife starts going around with another man, much to his discontent  The story ends with Dummy murdering his wife and committing suicide by drowning in his beloved pond  Del impresses upon Jack what a wrong woman can turn a man into  Later, Jack understands Dummy's plight more clearly  The manuscript version titled "Dummy" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"A Serious Talk"
Burt finds himself incapable of leaving his wife Vera alone  On Boxing Day, Burt comes back to his wife's house to try and explain away his poor behavior from the night before  On Christmas Day, Burt put too many logs in the fire which could've burned the place down, reckless as he always was  On his way out to make room for Vera's boyfriend Charlie, Burt finds it appropriate to steal six pies from the kitchen counter left unattended  On the 26th, Vera does not want to talk to Burt; she doesn't have the time, it's obvious she has plans already  Burt tries again and again to apologize but Vera does not think it's sincere  Burt notices cigarette butts that are not Vera's regular brand collected in the ashtray, "their ashtray," and feels out of place  While Vera is the bathroom the phone rings and she shouts at Burt to answer it  It's a call for Charlie and Burt responds curtly, saying he's "not here" before leaving the phone off the hook  Vera comes back into the kitchen, and it's clear she cannot tolerate Burt sticking around  The phone rings again and Vera says she'll answer it from the bedroom  Instead of hanging up when Vera commands, Burt takes a knife from the cabinet and cuts the cord in two  Vera realizes what's happened and yells for Burt to leave, saying she'll get a restraining order  Burt leaves calmly and, as he drives away in his car holding their ashtray, he is deludedly convinced that in a few weeks they'll have a "serious talk" and get back together  The manuscript version titled "Pie" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"The Calm"
A man sitting in a barber's chair getting a haircut listens as three men waiting their turn argue about a hunting story one of the men is telling  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2004) 

"Little Things" (aka “Popular Mechanics”)
The protagonist is seen first packing a suitcase, all the while a woman swears at him and yells loudly, glad that he's finally leaving her  Their baby won't stop crying  The protagonist decides he wants to bring the baby with him but the woman won't let him even get near their baby  The two get into a tussle and a tug-of-war over the baby  The story ends with the man and the woman pulling tremendously on the baby, with somewhat ambiguously grim and dark possibilities  Titled "Little Things" in Where I'm Calling From (1988); the manuscript version titled "Mine" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"Everything Stuck to Him"
A father tells his young adult daughter what life was like for their family when she was a young child, all while on vacation in Milan  The manuscript version titled "Distance" appears in Beginners (2009) 

"One More Thing"
At the kitchen table, L D  argues with his daughter Rae, age 15, about her beliefs  Maxine, the wife, comes home and notices L D  is drunk  Maxine sides with Rae, saying she can like what she likes  In a moment of fury, L D  throws a pickle jar through the window, shattering the glass  Maxine gives L D  an ultimatum: he must pack his things and go or she'll call the police  L D  starts packing, stuffing not only his belongings into his suitcase but also vindictively taking womanly toiletries he could make no use of  Taking one last look around, about to leave for good, L D  says he has one more thing to tell his wife and daughter but, suddenly inarticulate, he is unable to put what he feels into words  The manuscript version of the same title appears in Beginners (2009) 

"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love"
Mel McGinnis is a 45-year-old cardiologist married to Teresa, also known as Terri  They live together in Albuquerque  The narrator, Nick, describes Mel as tall and rangy with curly soft hair and Teresa (who is Mel's second wife) as bone-thin with a pretty face, dark eyes, and brown hair  Nick is 38 years old, and married to Laura, 35, who works as a legal secretary  The four sit around a table at Mel and Terri's, drinking gin in the afternoon 
They soon start to talk about love  Terri has had an abusive relationship; the abuse, she says, derives from love  Ed, Terri's former abusive boyfriend, "loved her so much he tried to kill her " Ed would beat Terri; he dragged her around the living room by her ankles knocking her into things along the way  Terri believes that Ed loved her and his abuse was his way of showing it  No matter what Terri says, Mel refuses to believe that was "love"  Ed also stalked Mel and Terri and called Mel at work with threatening messages  At one point, Mel was so scared he bought a gun and made out a will  Mel even wrote to his brother in California, saying that "if something happened to him" to look for Ed 
Terri's abusive boyfriend eventually committed suicide after two attempts (as Terri sees it, another act of love)  Ed's first attempt at suicide was when Terri had left him  Ed had drunk rat poison, but was rushed to the hospital where he was saved  In Ed's second, successful attempt he shot himself in the mouth  Terri and Mel argued about whether she could be in the hospital bedroom with him when he died  Terri won and was with Ed as he died; as Terri puts it, "He never came up out of it "
Soon afterward, Mel begins a story about an elderly couple struck by a drunk driver, a teenager who was pronounced dead at the scene  Mel was called into the hospital and saw how badly the elderly couple had been injured  He says that they had "multiple fractures, internal injuries, hemorrhaging, contusions, and lacerations " The couple were in casts and bandages from head to toe  Mel's point in telling the story is the husband's consternation when the couple was moved into the intensive care unit  Mel would visit the couple daily, and when he put his ear to the husband's mouth-hole, the latter told Mel he was upset because he could not see his wife through his eye-holes 
Mel strays from the topic with more talk about Ed, his personal thoughts about love, hatred toward his ex-wife, and life as a knight  Mel feels even though one loves a person, if something were to happen to them, the survivor would grieve but love again 
After finishing the second bottle of gin, the couples discuss going to dinner, but no one makes any moves to proceed with their plans 

Earlier version
Carver's original draft of the story "Beginners" was heavily edited by Gordon Lish, who cut out nearly half of Carver's story, adding in details of his own  Carver's original draft, released by his widow Tess Gallagher and published in a December 2007 issue of the New Yorker, reveals the extensive edits  For instance, the character Mel was originally named Herb, and the abusive boyfriend, renamed Ed by Lish, was originally named Carl  Additionally, Herb's story about the old couple was cut nearly in half, with Lish removing the story of the old couple's home life, love, and reunion in the hospital   In Carver's original version, the two had separate rooms, which caused them to pine for each other and eventually led to a scene when they met again   Lish removed all of this, rewrote the couple into the same room, but in body casts that prevented them from seeing each other, and then explained the old man's distress thus:

     "I mean, the accident was one thing, but it wasn't everything  I'd get up to his mouth-hole, you know, and he'd say no, it wasn't the accident exactly but it was because he couldn't see her through the eye-holes  He said that that was making him feel so bad  Can you imagine? I'm telling you, the man's heart was breaking because he couldn't turn his goddamn head and 'see' his goddamn wife "
      Mel looked around the table and shook his head at what he was going to say 
      "I mean, it was killing the old fart just because he couldn't 'look' at the fucking woman "

Lish also cut out eight paragraphs at the end, in which Terri communicates her worry over Herb's depression to Laura and Nick, and another aspect of love is shown as Laura comforts Terri, tying together all the types of love discussed in the story 

Editing
There was some contention between Raymond Carver and his editor Gordon Lish over several stories in the collection; the author complained about the "surgical amputation and transplant that might make them someway fit into the carton so the lid will close " Eventually, the book was published with Lish's extensive alterations, and received critical acclaim 
Shortly before his death, Carver arranged the publication of his own selection of 37 of his stories, Where I'm Calling From: Selected Tales   He included some stories as edited by Lish, some restored  from his original manuscripts, and some unpublished stories  
Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, fought with Knopf for permission to republish the 17 stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver  These original versions eventually appeared in Beginners, published by Jonathan Cape in 2009, and in the Library of America volume Collected Stories 

In popular culture
The stories "So Much Water So Close to Home" and "Tell the Women We're Going" were adapted for Robert Altman's 1993 feature film Short Cuts  The former was the inspiration for the Paul Kelly song "Everything's Turning to White" on the album So Much Water So Close to Home and was also later adapted for the 2006 film Jindabyne 
The story "Why Don't You Dance?" serves as the basis for the award-winning 2004 short film Everything Goes as well as for the 2010 feature film Everything Must Go 
The 2012 film Stuck in Love uses the quote, "I could hear my heart beating  I could hear everyone's heart  I could hear the human noise we sat there making, not one of us moving, not even when the room went dark" from "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as the main character's, author Bill Borgens's, favorite quote  They are the last words spoken in the film 
Alejandro González Iñárritu's 2014 film Birdman or: The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance depicts an eclipsed Hollywood star, Riggan Thomson, who mounts a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The Broadway production includes several aspects of the Carver story—such as the four friends telling stories over a bottle of gin, and Mel's story about the couple in the car crash—but also includes other, more melodramatic storylines that are not part of the Carver story  Thomson attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Carver written on a cocktail napkin 
Passage 10:
Love Is on the Way
Love Is On the Way may refer to:

Love Is On the Way (album), a 1998 compilation album by American R&B/soul singer Luther Vandross
"Love Is On the Way" (song), a 1992 song by American rock band Saigon Kick
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Billy Porter, released on The First Wives Club soundtrack, later covered by Celine Dion
"Love Is On the Way", a song by R  Kelly from the 1995 album R  Kelly
"Love is On the Way", a song by Natalie Cole from the 1985 album Dangerous
"Love is On the Way", a song by Dave Koz from the 1999 album The Dance
"Love is On the Way", a 2004 single by Little Louie Vega and Blaze
"Love Is On the Way", a song by Austins Bridge from the 2010 album Times Like These
"Love Is On The Way", a song by Viktor Lazlo from the 1996 album Back to Front

See also
"Good Love is On the Way", a song by the John Mayer Trio from the 2005 album Try!
"My Love Is On the Way", a song from the 1954 musical The Golden Apple
Passage 11:
WMMW
WBOM (1470 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Meriden, Connecticut, and covering Central Connecticut  The station broadcasts an R&B format, aimed at the Hartford area  The station is owned by Full Power Radio, through Red Wolf Broadcasting Corporation  WBOM's programming is also heard on FM translator W273DS (102 5); the station's branding emphasizes the FM frequency 

History
The station's original construction permit was granted by the Federal Communications Commission on January 2, 1947; it was initially assigned the call sign WMMB, but changed to WMMW on March 4  It began broadcasting June 8, 1947, on 1470 kHz with 1,000 watts of power  The station was licensed to Silver City Crystal Company  An FM sister station, WMMW-FM (95 7), would be added by that December On March 5, 2014, Buckley Broadcasting announced that it would sell its Connecticut radio stations, including WMMW, to Connoisseur Media  The sale was completed on July 7, 2014, at a price of $7,922,035  Connoisseur sold WMMW, along with the other Talk of Connecticut stations (except for WWCO in Waterbury), WDRC-FM in Hartford, and W272DO in New Haven, to Red Wolf Broadcasting for $8 million in January 2018; the sale was completed on March 29, 2018 The call sign was changed to WBOM on April 28, 2020  The station went silent in March 2022, and returned as "The New 102 5" on March 11, 2022 
Passage 12:
Morals for Women
Morals for Women (known in the UK as Farewell Party and in re-release as Big City Interlude) is a 1931 American pre-Code film produced and released by Tiffany Pictures, often considered a low budget studio  The film stars Bessie Love and Conway Tearle  It is preserved at the Library of Congress, has been released on DVD, and is in the public domain 
This film is a follow-up to Tiffany's 1925 silent Morals for Men, which also starred Conway Tearle and is also preserved at the Library of Congress 

Plot
Stenographer and gold digger Helen Huston (Love) has a personal relationship with her employer Van Dyne (Tearle), who has set her up in an apartment on Park Avenue  Her childhood beau visits New York and proposes to her, which prompts her to return to her hometown and seek advice from her family  News of her living situation is the talk of her hometown  In defending Helen's honor, her younger brother injures the town bully and must pay his large hospital bill  Helen returns to her New York boss to get the money  Her hometown sweetheart interrupts one of her parties to see her, and even upon learning about Helen's relationship with her boss, he wants to marry her 

Cast
Reception
The film received lukewarm reviews, and the morality of the story was questioned 
Passage 13:
The Pigskin Palooka
The Pigskin Palooka is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 159th Our Gang short (160th episode, 70th talking short, and 71st talking episode) that was released 

Plot
Having written of his football heroics in military school, Alfalfa returns home to a hero's welcome  But the fact is that Alfalfa never played a game in his life and borrowed Rex's, a classmate and football player's uniform to take a picture, angering him as well  No sooner has he stepped off the train than his old pal Spanky, manager of the gang's football team, informs Alfalfa that he's been slated to be star player in an upcoming gridiron battle—which is to be staged within the next few hours  Alfalfa winds up winning the game in a total fluke, which Buckwheat and Porky helped cause 

Cast
The Gang
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Pete The Pup as himself

Additional cast
Rex Downing as Cadet (photographer)
Gary Jasgur as Junior (timekeeper)
Cullen Johnson as Scorekeeper
Dickie Jones as Spike
Sidney Kibrick as Spike's sidekick
Delmar Watson as Captain of the military academy's football team

Members of Spanky's team
Daniel Boone, John Collum, Charles Flickinger, Larry Harris, Paul Hilton, Darwood Kaye, Tommy McFarland, Donald Proffitt, Drew Roddy, Harold Switzer

Members of Spike's team
Hugh Chapman, Dix Davis, Barry Downing, Roger McGee, Fred Walburn, Robert Winkler

Game spectators and band players
Barry Downing, Bobby Callahan, Dix Davis, Floyd Fisher, Vincent Graeff, Payne B  Johnson, Henry Lee, Joe Levine, Priscilla Lyon, Drew Roddy, Norman Salling, Joe Straunch, Jr , Fred Walburn, Robert Winckler

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 14:
Raymond Carver
Raymond Clevie Carver Jr  (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet  He contributed to the revitalization of the American short story during the 1980s 

Early life
Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver  His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker  Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk  His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943 
Carver was educated at local schools in Yakima  In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family 
After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California  In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls  Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957  Their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born a year later  Carver worked as a delivery man, janitor, library assistant, and sawmill laborer, while Maryann worked as an administrative assistant, high school English teacher, salesperson, and waitress 

Writing career
Carver moved to Paradise, California, with his family in 1958 to be close to his mother-in-law  He became interested in writing while attending Chico State College and enrolled in a creative writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner, then a recent doctoral graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career  In 1961, Carver's first published story, "The Furious Seasons", appeared  More florid than his later work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner  "Furious Seasons" was later used as a title for a collection of stories published by Capra Press, and is part of the collection, No Heroics, Please and Call If You Need Me Carver continued his studies under the short story writer Richard Cortez Day (like Gardner, a recent PhD alumnus of the Iowa program) beginning in autumn 1960 at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California  He chose not to take the foreign language courses required by the English program and received a B A  in general studies in 1963  During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon, the college's literary magazine, in which he published several of his own pieces under his own name as well as the pseudonym John Vale With his B-minus average, exacerbated by his penchant to forsake coursework for literary endeavors, ballasted by a sterling recommendation from Day, Carver was accepted into the Iowa Writers' Workshop on a $1,000 fellowship for the 1963–1964 academic year  Homesick for California and unable to fully adjust to the program's upper middle class milieu, he only completed 12 credits out of the 30 required for a M A  degree or 60 for the M F A  degree  Although program director Paul Engle awarded him a fellowship for a second year of study after Maryann Carver personally interceded and compared her husband's plight to Tennessee Williams' deleterious experience in the program three decades earlier, Carver decided to leave the University of Iowa at the end of the semester  According to biographer Carol Sklenicka, Carver falsely claimed to have received an M F A  from Iowa in 1966 on later curricula vitae  Maryann, who postponed completing her education to support her husband's educational and literary endeavors, eventually graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977  After completing graduate work at Stanford, she briefly enrolled in the University of California, Santa Barbara's English doctoral program when Carver taught at the institution as a visiting lecturer in 1974 In the mid-1960s, Carver and his family resided in Sacramento, California, where he briefly worked at a bookstore before taking a position as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital  He did all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then wrote through the rest of his shift  He audited classes at what was then Sacramento State College, including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz  Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver wrote and published his first book of poems, Near Klamath, under Schmitz's guidance 1967 was a landmark year for Carver with the appearance of "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?" in Martha Foley's annual Best American Short Stories anthology and the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College  He briefly enrolled in the library science graduate program at the University of Iowa that summer but returned to California following the death of his father  Shortly thereafter, the Carvers relocated to Palo Alto, California, so he could take his first white-collar job, at Science Research Associates, a subsidiary of IBM in nearby Menlo Park, California, where he worked intermittently as a textbook editor and public relations director through 1970 Following a 1968 sojourn to Israel, the Carvers relocated to San Jose, California; as Maryann finished her undergraduate degree, he continued his graduate studies in library science at San Jose State through the end of 1969 before failing once again to take a degree  During this period, he established vital literary connections with Gordon Lish, who worked across the street from Carver as director of linguistic research at Behavioral Research Laboratories, and the poet/publisher George Hitchcock After the publication of "Neighbors" in the June 1971 issue of Esquire at the instigation of Lish (by now ensconced as the magazine's fiction editor), Carver began to teach at the University of California, Santa Cruz at the behest of provost James B  Hall, an Iowa alumnus and early mentor to Ken Kesey at the University of Oregon, commuting from his new home in Sunnyvale, California 
Having endured a succession of failed applications to the Stegner Fellowship, Carver was admitted to the prestigious non-degree Stanford University graduate creative writing program for the 1972–1973 term, where he cultivated friendships with Kesey-era luminaries Ed McClanahan and Gurney Norman in addition to contemporaneous fellows Chuck Kinder, Max Crawford, and William Kittredge  The $4,000 stipend enabled the Carvers to buy a house in Cupertino, California  He also took on another teaching job at the University of California, Berkeley that year and briefly rented a pied-à-terre in the city; this development was precipitated by his initiation of an extramarital affair with Diane Cecily, a University of Montana administrator and mutual friend of Kittredge who would subsequently marry Kinder During his years of working at miscellaneous jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started abusing alcohol  By his own admission, he gave up writing and took to full-time drinking  In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a visiting lecturer in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing  With the assistance of Kinder and Kittredge, he attempted to simultaneously commute to Berkeley and maintain his lectureship at Santa Cruz; after missing all but a handful of classes due to the inherent logistical hurdles of this arrangement and various alcohol-related illnesses, Hall gently enjoined Carver to resign his position  The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Carver went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism, but continued drinking for another three years His first short story collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, was published in 1976  The collection itself was shortlisted for the National Book Award, though it sold fewer than 5,000 copies that year 

Personal life and death
Decline of first marriage
The following excerpt from Scott Driscoll's review of Maryann Burk Carver's 2006 memoir describes the decline of her and Raymond's marriage 

The fall began with Ray's trip to Missoula, Mont , in '72 to fish with friend and literary helpmate Bill Kittredge  That summer Ray fell in love with Diane Cecily, an editor at the University of Montana, whom he met at Kittredge's birthday party  "That's when the serious drinking began  It broke my heart and hurt the children  It changed everything "
"By fall of '74", writes Carver, "he was more dead than alive  I had to drop out of the PhD program so I could get him cleaned up and drive him to his classes"  Over the next several years, Maryann's husband physically abused her  Friends urged her to leave Raymond 
"But I couldn't  I really wanted to hang in there for the long haul  I thought I could outlast the drinking  I'd do anything it took  I loved Ray, first, last and always "
Carver describes, without a trace of rancor, what finally put her over the edge  In the fall of '78, with a new teaching position at the University of Texas at El Paso, Ray started seeing Tess Gallagher, a writer from Port Angeles, who would become his muse and wife near the end of his life  "It was like a contretemps  He tried to call me to talk about where we were  I missed the calls  He knew he was about to invite Tess to Thanksgiving " So he wrote a letter instead 

"I thought, I've gone through all those years fighting to keep it all balanced  Here it was, coming at me again, the same thing  I had to get on with my own life  But I never fell out of love with him "
After being hospitalized three times between June 1976 and February or March 1977, Carver began his "second life" and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous  While he continued to regularly smoke marijuana and later experimented with cocaine at the behest of Jay McInerney during a 1980 visit to New York City, Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 had he not overcome his drinking 

Second marriage
In November 1977, Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas  Gallagher later remembered feeling "as if my life until then had simply been a rehearsal for meeting him " Beginning in January 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, Washington, and in Tucson, Arizona  
In 1980, the two moved to Syracuse, New York, where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University; Carver taught as a professor in the English department  He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue  In ensuing years, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" in order to be left alone  
In 1982, he and his first wife, Maryann, were divorced In 1988, six weeks prior to his death, Carver and Gallagher married in Reno, Nevada 

Death
On August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50  In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters  He is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, Washington  The inscription on his tombstone reads:

His poem "Gravy" is also inscribed 
As Carver's will directed, Tess Gallagher assumed the management of his literary estate 

Awards and memorials
Carver was nominated for the National Book Award for his first major-press collection, "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please" in 1977 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his third major-press collection, Cathedral (1984), the volume generally perceived as his best  Included in the latter collection are the award-winning stories "A Small, Good Thing", and "Where I'm Calling From"  John Updike selected the latter for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century  For his part, Carver perceived Cathedral as a watershed in his career for its shift toward a more optimistic and confidently poetic style amid the diminution of Lish's literary influence 
Carver won five O  Henry Awards with "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What Is It?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988) In Carver's birth town of Clatskanie, Oregon, a memorial park and statue are at the corner of Lillich and Nehalem Streets, across from the library  A block away is the building where Carver was born 

Legacy and posthumous publications
In December 2006, Gallagher published an essay in The Sun magazine, titled "Instead of Dying", about alcoholism and Carver's having maintained his sobriety  The essay is an adaptation of a talk she initially delivered at the Welsh Academy's Academi Intoxication Conference in 2006  The first lines read: "Instead of dying from alcohol, Raymond Carver chose to live  I would meet him five months after this choice, so I never knew the Ray who drank, except by report and through the characters and actions of his stories and poems "Chuck Kinder's Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale (2001) is a roman à clef about his friendship with Carver in the 1970s  Carver's high school sweetheart and first wife, Maryann Burk Carver, wrote a memoir of her years with Carver, What it Used to be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver (2006) 
In 2009, The New York Times Book Review and San Francisco Chronicle named Carol Sklenicka's unauthorized biography, Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life (2009), published by Scribner, one of the Best Ten Books of that year; and the San Francisco Chronicle deemed it: "exhaustively researched and definitive biography"  Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, refused to engage with Sklenicka His final (incomplete) collection of seven stories, titled Elephant in Britain (included in "Where I'm Calling From") was composed in the five years before his death  The nature of these stories, especially "Errand", have led to some speculation that Carver was preparing to write a novel  Only one piece of this work has survived – the fragment "The Augustine Notebooks", first printed in No Heroics, Please Tess Gallagher fought with Knopf for permission to republish the stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver, as opposed to the heavily edited and altered versions that appeared in 1981 under the editorship of Gordon Lish  On October 1, 2009, the book, entitled Beginners, was released in hardback in Great Britain, followed by its publication in the Library of America edition which collected all of Carver's short fiction in a single volume The Raymond Carver Reading Series at Syracuse University is a reading series program which annually brings 12 to 14 prominent writers to the campus  It is presented by the Creative Writing Program in SU's College of Arts and Sciences 

Literary characteristics
Carver's career emphasized short stories and poetry  He described himself as "inclined toward brevity and intensity" and "hooked on writing short stories" (in the foreword of Where I'm Calling From, a collection published in 1988 and a recipient of an honorable mention in the 2006 New York Times article citing the best works of fiction of the previous 25 years)  Another stated reason for his brevity was "that the story [or poem] can be written and read in one sitting " This was not simply a preference but, particularly at the beginning of his career, a practical consideration as he juggled writing with work  His subject matter was often focused on blue-collar experience, and was clearly reflective of his own life Characteristics of minimalism are generally seen as one of the hallmarks of Carver's work, although, as reviewer David Wiegand notes:
Carver never thought of himself as a minimalist or in any category, for that matter 
"He rejected categories generally," Sklenicka says  "I don't think he had an abstract mind at all  He just wasn't built that way, which is why he's so good at picking the right details that will stand for many things "
Carver's editor at Esquire, Gordon Lish, was instrumental in shaping his prose in this direction – where his earlier tutor John Gardner had advised Carver to use fifteen words instead of twenty-five, Lish instructed Carver to use five in place of fifteen  Objecting to the "surgical amputation and transplantation" of Lish's heavy editing, Carver eventually broke with him  During this time, Carver also submitted poetry to James Dickey, then poetry editor of Esquire 
Carver's style has also been described as dirty realism, which connected him with a group of writers in the 1970s and 1980s that included Richard Ford and Tobias Wolff with both of whom Carver was closely acquainted, as well as others such as Ann Beattie, Frederick Barthelme, and Jayne Anne Phillips  With the exception of Beattie, who wrote about upper-middle-class people, these were writers who focused on sadness and loss in the everyday lives of ordinary people—often lower-middle class or isolated and marginalized people In his essay "On Influence", Carver states that, while he was an admirer of Ernest Hemingway's fiction, he never saw him as an influence, citing instead the work of Lawrence Durrell 

Works
Fiction
Collections
Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (first published 1976)
Furious Seasons and other stories (1977)
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981)
Cathedral (1983)
Elephant (1988) – this title only published in Great Britain; included as a section of Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories in the U S 
Beginners (2009)

Compilations
Where I'm Calling From: New & Selected Stories (1988)
Short Cuts: Selected Stories (1993) – published to accompany the Robert Altman film Short Cuts
Collected Stories (2009) – complete short fiction including Beginners (see section above for wiki-link)

Poetry
Collections
Near Klamath (1968)
Winter Insomnia (1970)
At Night The Salmon Move (1976)
Fires (1983)
Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)
Ultramarine (1986)
A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)
Gravy (Unknown year)

Compilations
In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)
All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)

Screenplays
Dostoevsky (1982, with Tess Gallagher) (published in 1985)
Purple Lake (1983, with Michael Cimino) (unpublished)

Films and theatre adaptations
Short Cuts directed by Robert Altman (1993), based on nine Carver short stories and a poem
Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko (2004), starring Hugo Weaving, Abbie Cornish and Sullivan Stapleton based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Whoever Was Using This Bed, also directed by Andrew Kotatko (2016), starring Jean-Marc Barr, Radha Mitchell and Jane Birkin, based on Carver's short story of the same name
Jindabyne directed by Ray Lawrence (2006), based on Carver's short story "So Much Water So Close to Home"
Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush (2010), and starring Will Ferrell, based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), directed by Alejandro G  Iñárritu, depicts the mounting of a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline  The film's main character, Riggan Thomson, attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Raymond Carver written on a cocktail napkin  The film also preludes with Carver's poem "Late Fragment " In February 2015, Birdman won four Oscars, including the Academy Award for Best Picture 
Passage 15:
Night 'n' Gales
Night 'n' Gales is a 1937 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gordon Douglas   It was the 156th Our Gang short (157th episode, 68th talking short, and 69th talking episode that was released 

Plot
Though he would rather spend his evening in peace and quiet, Mr  Hood (Johnny Arthur) is forced to endure the offkey harmonizing of The Four Nightengales, a junior singing aggregation composed of Spanky, Alfalfa, Buckwheat and Porky 
After interminable choruses of "Home! Sweet Home!", the four boys are finally ready to leave, but are forced to stay in the Hood home due to a sudden thunderstorm  Both Darla and her mother are delighted, but Mr  Hood is dismayed, especially when he is told that he must share his bed with the Four Nightengales  Driven crazy by the boys' unintentionally disruptive shenanigans, Mr  Hood escapes to the living room and tries to sleep on the couch, covering himself with a bear rug to keep warm  Naturally, the gang mistake him for a real bear, and comic chaos ensues 

Notes
Comedian Johnny Arthur, who played Spanky McFarland's absent-minded father in Anniversary Trouble, returns as Darla's father in Night 'n' Gales  He was so popular with audiences that he played Darla's father once again in Feed 'em and Weep 

Cast
The Gang
Darla Hood as Darla
Eugene Lee as Porky
George McFarland as Spanky
Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
Billie Thomas as Buckwheat
Gary Jasgur as Junior

Additional cast
Johnny Arthur as Arthur Hood, Darla's father
Elaine Shepard as Darla's mother

See also
Our Gang filmography
Passage 16:
Freak Talks About Sex
Freak Talks About Sex, released for home video as Blowin' Smoke (its working title was Syracuse Muse), is a 1999 film starring Steve Zahn and Josh Hamilton  The movie was shot in Auburn and Syracuse, New York  It deals with issues such as love, sex, life after college, and living in a medium-sized city, in this case Syracuse 

Plot
Dave Keenan (Josh Hamilton) left Syracuse for a new life in Arizona  When that didn't work out, he moved back to Syracuse  He works a dead-end job at a department store in a mall, his car has broken down (and the mechanic is taking forever to fix it) and his ex-girlfriend (Arabella Field) wants him to join her in New York City  To make matters more complicated, one of his co-workers, a high school girl named Nichole (Heather McComb) seems to be getting romantically interested in him  His best friend Freak (Steve Zahn) is around for him to hang out with and offer such choice philosophical observations, like "I can't think of a single movie that couldn't be improved by a lesbian sex scene " Dave is stuck in a rut and has to decide what to do with his life 

Soundtrack
Tugboat Annie - "Stay Inside"
The Wrench - "Girl"
Scary Chicken - "Favorite Channel"
Chic - "Le Freak"
The Tortillas You Wanted - "Girls and Cars"
Blondie - "Heart of Glass"

External links
A trailer for the movie
Freak Talks About Sex at IMDb
Freak Talks About Sex at Rotten Tomatoes



ground_truth: Benny Beaver

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city was the author of What We Talk About When We Talk About love born in?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Marieta Johnson, in Detroit, Michigan  She is buried at the Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit A special collection, the E  Azalia Hackley Collection of African Americans in the Performing Arts, was founded in her name at the Detroit Public Library in 1943 

In popular culture
A portrait of Hackley, painted by Detroit artist Telitha Cumi Bowens, was included in the 1988/89 exhibit Ain't I A Woman at the Museum of African American History, Detroit  The exhibit featured a dozen prominent Black women from the state of Michigan, including the Honorable Cora M  Brown, Ethelene Jones Crockett, M D , and teacher Fannie M  Richards 

See also
List of African American pioneers of Colorado

Notes
Passage 9:
Thurgood Marshall College
Thurgood Marshall College (Marshall) is one of the seven undergraduate colleges at the University of California, San Diego   The college, named after Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court Justice and lawyer for the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v  Board of Education, emphasizes "scholarship, social responsibility and the belief that a liberal arts education must include an understanding of [one's] role in society " Marshall College's general education requirements emphasize the culture of community involvement and multiculturalism; accordingly Marshall houses the minors in Public Service and Film Studies for the campus  Significant academic programs and departments have come out of the college over many decades: Communication, Ethnic Studies, Third World Studies, African American Studies, Urban Studies & Planning, and Education Studies 
Founded as Third College in 1970 amid the student activism of the period, TMC's original aim was to help students understand their own community through a critical examination of diversity and community in the United States  Marshall College's required writing program is called Dimensions of Culture (DOC), and is a 3 quarter (1 year) sequence that explores race, identity, imagination, tradition, and the law in the United States  During President Obama's administration, the White House honored UC San Diego and Marshall College's Public Service minor and charter school outreach as exemplary community service institutions serving the United States 

Early history
In November 1965, the College III Preliminary Planning Committee released the first substantial report on what form UCSD's third college would take  The committee, comprising faculty members George Backus, Henry Booker, Gabriel Jackson, C D  Keeling, and committee chair Andrew Wright, suggested that College III should focus itself on history and theory 
The Wright Committee report suggested that the college have a muse—namely Clio, the Greek muse of history  History was chosen by the committee because it mixed humanism with science—College III would be a sort of "common ground" between the science of Revelle and the humanities of Muir 
In a quiet act of rebelliousness (or perhaps it was just individuality), the committee planned that College III students would only have to take three courses per quarter to graduate in four years, as opposed to the four it took at the other UCSD colleges  Citing the three-course "full load" at UC Santa Cruz, the committee suggested that taking four courses in one quarter would "make the students ride off in all directions," and that three-in depth courses would be preferable 
The final note of the Wright Committee report described what the committee felt was needed in a College III Provost "a paragon of intellectual vitality, scholarly accomplishment, and administrative talent    sympathetic with the aims of College III, but independent enough    to be able to shape the College in important ways " They asked that a provost be appointed as soon as possible 
By 1967, College III had found its first provost, Armin Rappaport, a history professor at U C  Berkeley  It was appropriate that the provost of a college with Clio as its muse would be a historian, and Rappaport was that  By the time May rolled around, College III was now "Third College "
However, with the swirling political changes of the late 1960s, the college of Clio and Rappaport was never to be  Once the controversy and battles among students, faculty, and administration commenced—featuring lively figures such as Herbert Schiller, Herbert Marcuse, and Angela Davis—the future of Third College would be in a turmoil that didn't fully clear until it finally received its official name, Thurgood Marshall College, in 1993 
Chancellor William J  McGill persuaded Dr  Joseph Watson to become the first operational provost of Third College during this very turbulent time in 1970  Provost Watson's term lasted eleven years as he then assumed a higher campus position as Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs   Professor Faustina Solís then followed as the second college administrator and was also the university's first Latina provost  She served in that capacity from 1981 to 1988  Solís established public health coursework for undergraduates and medical students, following years of social work and health care for under-served populations  She was honored in 1990 when Thurgood Marshall Lecture Hall was renamed the Faustina F  Solís Hall 

Student activism
Naming controversy
At its inception, students pushed for the new college to be named "Lumumba-Zapata College" in honor of the legendary twentieth century revolutionaries Patrice Lumumba and Emiliano Zapata  Unable to get approval for this name from UC Administration, the college was renamed Third College  This name did also inspire the idea that the student body would be one-third white students, one-third black students, and one-third definable minority students  Third College took up much of the activism that the campus was lacking, and the naming controversy was a catalyst for this movement  However, UCSD failed to attract enough black students for this plan to reach fruition and the UC Regents would not allow large scale deviation from the University of California's admission guidelines In the early 1990s, an attempt was made to name the college after Martin Luther King Jr , but failed when UCSD students objected to naming the college after someone who was charged with plagiarizing his doctoral dissertation  More to the point, King's family announced that they would rather see a full-fledged King College built in the South, and preferably in Atlanta 
In 1993 UCSD's Third College finally received its official name in honor of the famous lawyer and Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall  Before becoming the first African American Supreme Court Justice, Marshall argued the 1954 landmark civil rights case Brown v  Board of Education  Justice Marshall was widely known and recognized for his historic contributions to American life and dedication to breaking down barriers to education, civil rights, freedom of speech, women's rights, and the right to privacy  Today Thurgood Marshall College continues to honor the legacy of its namesake by promoting a curriculum and environment that empowers students to become both scholars and citizens 

DOC controversy
In the early 1990s, Thurgood Marshall College created a core freshman writing program that provided a critical examination of identity and diversity in American culture  The intellectual program was inspired by the University of Chicago and Columbia University's freshman humanities programs  The program, Dimensions of Culture (DOC), periodically generated heated debates among students, families, and alumni, based on difficult political issues 
In the spring of 2007, a new curriculum controversy arose pertaining to DOC as students at TMC began protesting against the administrators of the college  The Lumumba-Zapata Coalition (which had resurfaced with the addition of graduate students) along with other students claimed that DOC had lost some of its original messages, protesting against what they termed a "new and diluted" core writing requirement with a decreased focus on race and the ethnic significance of the individual within society  The protests, including picketing, began with the controversial non-renewal of two DOC Teaching Assistants’ contracts for the subsequent year  Others believed that the coalition was pushing an agenda of political indoctrination that conflicted with the academic goals of the Dimensions of Culture Program and the sensibility of a science oriented campus 
The protests had mixed effects  In response to the complaints in regards to the curriculum a new committee was set up to review and change the curriculum accordingly with an emphasis on hiring tenured faculty to teach DOC  Student positions with voting rights were included on the permanent committee so an equitable curriculum will be created reflecting full community input from both students and faculty  Thurgood Marshall College Student Council (TMCSC) issued a report recommending that DOC have an upper division course which also sparked the public service course  In August 2009, Co-Director of the DOC Program, Robert Horwitz stated, "Various criticisms were leveled at DOC in the last few years, and faculty and student investigations concluded that changes needed to be made  Those changes have been implemented and have resulted in a new DOC ”

College programs
Minors
Thurgood Marshall College has created more academic departments and programs than any other college at UCSD, including Third World Studies, Ethnic Studies, Education Studies, African American Studies Minor, and Urban Studies and Planning  TMC is now home to two UCSD Minors: the Public Service Minor and the Film Studies Minor 
The Public Service Minor encourages students to understand the history and practices of public service and to work towards the development of civic skills  Those skills and practices are essential cornerstones of participation in a democratic society regardless of one's chosen profession  The coursework for the minor emphasizes the history and emergence of the non-profit sector as a national institution distinct from the private and public spheres  The practicum aspects of the minor couples with the traditional academic work encourages students to see the connection between the deeds of charitable service and the historic worth of citizens participation in the common public franchise The Film Studies Minor provides students an exciting opportunity to examine the many facets of American and International cinema  Students interested in exploring cinema as a multidimensional art medium will engage in the analysis of cinematic works of various forms  Study of film genres, history, theories, directors, cultural perspectives and more allow students to gain a robust understanding of cinema as a historical and contemporary means of expression  The interdisciplinary nature of the minor provides investigation of cinematic art through its connection to related fields such as Communication, Literature, Sociology and Visual Arts  Students pursuing the Film Studies Minor exhibit a wide range of interests; from those who plan graduate study in film to those who simply wish to understand better this powerful and influential medium 

Morehouse/Spelman/Xavier Student Exchange Program
The Morehouse/Spelman Student Exchange Program was officially launched in the fall quarter of 1989  This formal exchange program with two distinguished Historically Black Colleges was developed by Thurgood Marshall College and is open to all UCSD undergraduates  Morehouse College and Spelman College are both located in Atlanta, Georgia 
Xavier University in New Orleans became the third historic Black college to have this exchange with Marshall College in 2016 

Marshall partnership schools
Then Thurgood Marshall College Provost Cecil Lytle and Sociology Professor Bud Mehan were instrumental in founding the Preuss School at UCSD, which opened in 1999 on campus despite strong opposition  The project was seen by faculty as a deviation from UC San Diego's focus on science and medicine  However, providing the impetus for the founding of The Preuss School reflected the social justice oriented mission of Marshall College  Between 2007 and 2012 Preuss has consistently been listed among the top 50 American high schools by both Newsweek and U S  News & World Report After Preuss was established successfully, the idea and structure of the UCSD-supported charter school model was expanded to Gompers Preparatory Academy  Based on educational theories, the successes of Preuss should be able to be recreated in a different environment, which was why Gompers was selected   Gompers was historically one of the most dangerous and low performing schools in the district, and yet has been transformed into an academically rigorous school with 100% graduation rate with the transition to the charter school model The College maintains strong links to both charter schools by providing them with hundreds of undergraduate tutors and mentors every year from all six colleges  In addition, the College's Provost is a Preuss School Board Member 

Artist in residence
The artist-in-residence program, begun in 2006, brings to campus leading performers and visual artists from San Diego and Southern California to UC San Diego  Each artist is featured for one year and given the opportunity to develop new showcase work, which often goes on to fuller production off campus  Marshall College is the first college at UCSD to commission public art on campus, and has contributed in the creation of a vibrant campus community  Allan Havis, a professor from the Theatre Department, launched these programs during his term as college provost from 2006 to 2016 

Student life
Student involvement
Marshall College is home to an eclectic mix of student-led organizations, programs to facilitate students' success, and opportunities to give back to the Marshall community 

Student organizations
ACT (Active Community at TMC)
Commuter Board
CAUSE (Cultural Association Uniting Students through Education)
Graduation Committee
Judicial Board
LC3 (Leadership Committee for Cultural Celebration)
MAC (Marshall Activities Committee)
Marshall Memos
MSC (Marshall Spirit Crew)
Marshallpalooza Committee
SCORE (Student Committee on Residential Engagement)
TMCSC (Thurgood Marshall College Student Council)
TMTV (Thurgood Marshall Television)
TRES (Transfer and Re-Entry Student Organizations)

Student programs
Dine-with-a-Prof
Each One Reach One
Marshall Mentor Program
Transfer Connect & Success

Leadership Development
Dean's Office Internship
Lift as You Climb
Orientation Leaders (OL)
Resident Advisors (RA)
Resident Life Interns
Passage 10:
Robert Khayat
Robert Conrad Khayat (born April 18, 1938) was the 15th Chancellor of the University of Mississippi  He also played American football as a placekicker, guard, and center for Ole Miss and in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins during the 1960, 1962 and 1963 seasons  He was appointed Chancellor in 1995 

Early years
Khayat was born in Moss Point, Mississippi, to Lebanese parents  He attended Moss Point High School and the University of Mississippi  He received both bachelor of arts and Juris Doctor degrees from the University of Mississippi  He also played football for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1957 to 1959  He also received an LL M  degree from Yale University 

Professional football career
Khayat was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the 1960 NFL Draft  He was then traded to the Washington Redskins in April 1960  He played for the Redskins during the 1960, 1962, and 1963 seasons  Following the 1960 season, he was named to the Pro Bowl squad  He appeared in a total of 40 NFL games and kicked 38 field goals and 90 extra points His brother Eddie Khayat also played and coached in the NFL 

Later years
Khayat later became a lawyer and taught law at the University of Mississippi School of Law He was appointed chancellor in 1995  In one of his first acts as chancellor, Khayat arranged for a $5 4 million gift from Jim and Sally Barksdale to establish an honors college at the university  In 1996, with enrollment declining, Khayat retained the public relations firm, Burson-Marsteller, to conduct a survey of public perception — including university symbols  When The New York Times reported on the review, which included the Confederate Flag and other Old South symbols, a media frenzy ensued 
On January 6, 2009, Khayat announced his retirement effective June 30, 2009  He was succeeded by Daniel Jones on June 15, 2009 
Khayat's memoir, The Education of a Lifetime, was published on September 10, 2013 
Passage 11:
Yeni Həyat, Khachmaz
Yeni Həyat (also, Yeni-Khayat) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan   It has a population of 3,503 
Passage 12:
Fort Wagner
Fort Wagner or Battery Wagner was a beachhead fortification on Morris Island, South Carolina, that covered the southern approach to Charleston Harbor  It was the site of two American Civil War battles in the campaign known as Operations Against the Defenses of Charleston in 1863, in which United States forces took heavy casualties while trying to seize the fort 

Construction
Named for deceased Lt  Col  Thomas M  Wagner, Fort Wagner measured 250 yards (230 m) by 100 yards (91 m), and spanned an area between the Atlantic on the east and an impassable swamp on the west  Its walls, composed of sand and earth, rose 30 feet (9 1 m) above the level beach and were supported by palmetto logs and sandbags  The fort's arsenal included fourteen cannons, the largest a 10-inch (250 mm) Columbiad that fired a 128-pound shell  It was a large structure capable of sheltering nearly 1,000 of the fort's 1,700-man garrison and provided substantial protection against naval shelling  The fort's land face was protected by a water-filled trench, 10 feet (3 0 m) wide and 5 feet (1 5 m) deep, surrounded by buried land mines and sharpened palmetto stakes   The fort itself was supported by defenses throughout Morris Island 

History
The First Battle of Fort Wagner, occurred on July 11, 1863  Only 12 Confederate soldiers were killed, as opposed to 339 losses for the U S  side The Second Battle of Fort Wagner (pictured in Glory (1989 film)), a week later, is better known  It was the Union attack on July 18, 1863, led by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, one of the first major American military units made up of black soldiers  Colonel Robert Gould Shaw led the 54th Massachusetts on foot while they charged, and was killed in the assault Although a tactical defeat, the publicity of the battle of Fort Wagner led to further action for black U S  troops in the Civil War, and it spurred additional recruitment that gave the Union Army a further numerical advantage in troops over the South Union forces besieged the fort after the unsuccessful assault  By August 25, Union entrenchments were close enough to attempt an assault on the Advanced Rifle Pits, 240 yards in front of the Battery, but the attempt was defeated  A second attempt, by the 24th Massachusetts Infantry, on August 26 was successful  After enduring almost 60 days of heavy U S  shelling, the Confederates abandoned it on the night of September 6–7, 1863, withdrawing all operable cannons and the garrison The main reason the fort was abandoned was a concern about the loss of the garrison due to artillery fire and the threat of imminent assault   On September 6, the garrison commander, Colonel Keitt, wrote to his superiors, "The garrison must be taken away immediately after dark, or it will be destroyed or captured  It is idle to deny that the heavy Parrott shells have breached the walls and are knocking away the bomb-proofs  Pray have boats immediately after dark at Cummings Point to take away the men  I say deliberately that this must be done or the garrison will be sacrificed  I am sending the wounded and sick now to Cummings Point, and will continue to do so, if possible, until all are gone  I have a number of them now there  I have not in the garrison 400 effective men, including artillery  The engineers agree in opinion with me, or, rather, shape my opinion  I shall say no more " A council of war in Charleston on the 4th had already reached the same conclusion, and the evacuation was carried out as planned Within twenty years of the Civil War, the remnants of the fort had been washed away by erosion on Morris Island  A group of three ex-servicemen traveled to the fort in May 1885 and reported that the entire fort and approaches to it had washed away into the ocean The fall of Battery Wagner would have considerable strategic significance  With its loss and that of Fort Gregg, Morris Island too fell to the United States  Although Charleston remained in the hands of the rebels its port was effectively closed   At the end of the year Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles could report that "the commerce of Charleston has ceased "  The impact also showed directly in rebel customs receipts, which fell drastically from 1863 to 1864   The labors and sacrifices of the United States forces during the storms and siege had in the end shut down a vital lifeline to the rebellion 

54th Massachusetts
The most famous regiment that fought for the Union in the battle of Fort Wagner was the 54th regiment, which was one of the first African-American regiments in the war  The 54th was controversial in the North, where many people supported the abolition of slavery but still treated African Americans as lesser or inferior to whites  Though some claimed blacks could not fight as well as whites, the actions of the 54th Massachusetts demonstrated once again the fallacy in that argument, as this was not the first time blacks ever fought in war or even for the United States 
William Carney, an African American and a sergeant with the 54th, is considered the first black recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at Fort Wagner in recovering and returning the unit's American flag to Union lines  After the battle, the Confederates buried the regiment's commanding officer, Colonel Shaw, in an unmarked mass grave with the African-American soldiers of his regiment as an insult to him  Instead, his family considered it an honor that Shaw was buried with his men 
Morris Island is smaller than 1,000 acres and is subject to extensive erosion by storm and sea  Much of the site of Fort Wagner has been eroded away, including the place where the Union soldiers were buried  However, by the time that happened, the soldiers' remains were no longer there because soon after the end of the Civil War, the Army disinterred and reburied all the remains, including presumably those of Shaw, at the Beaufort National Cemetery in Beaufort, South Carolina, where their gravestones were marked as "unknown"     The number missing presumed dead at Battery Wagner was 391, among the 10 regiments involved  54th with the most at 146   100 NY with 119, 48th NY with 112  The number of unknowns at Beaufort on their Civil monument 1870s is 174 unknowns   These unknowns collected from three Southern states  Sites include East Florida,  Millen and Lawton Georgia  and Hilton Head   Two Confederate POW sites included  Given the missing at Morris island is  more than double the total unknowns at Beaufort National Cemetery, it appears many bodies were not removed and were lost to the shifting sea 

In popular culture
This fort plays a major part in the film Glory  The final scene portrays Shaw and the men of the 54th Massachusetts leading the attack and storming the fort unsuccessfully 
In the book Magnus Chase and the Ship of the Dead, a character named T J  dies charging the battlements at Fort Wagner 

Preservation
Although the Atlantic Ocean consumed Fort Wagner in the late 1800s and the original site is now offshore, the Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 118 acres (0 48 km2) of historic Morris Island, which had gun emplacements and other military installations during the war 
Passage 13:
James Meredith
James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, and United States Air Force veteran who became, in 1962, the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government (an event that was a flashpoint in the civil rights movement)  Inspired by President John F  Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional rights and apply to the University of Mississippi  His goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration to enforce civil rights for African Americans  The admission of Meredith ignited the Ole Miss riot of 1962 where Meredith's life was threatened and 31,000 American servicemen were required to quell the violence - the largest ever invocation of the Insurrection Act of 1807 In 1966, Meredith planned a solo 220-mile (350-kilometer) March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi; he wanted to highlight continuing racism in the South and encourage voter registration after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965  He did not want major civil rights organizations involved  The second day, he was shot by a white gunman and suffered numerous wounds  Leaders of major organizations vowed to complete the march in his name after he was taken to the hospital  While Meredith was recovering, more people from across the country became involved as marchers  He rejoined the march and when Meredith and other leaders entered Jackson on June 26, they were leading an estimated 15,000 marchers, in what was the largest civil rights march in Mississippi  During the march, more than 4,000 African Americans registered to vote, and it was a catalyst to continued community organizing and additional registration 
In 2002 and again in 2012, the University of Mississippi led year-long series of events to celebrate the 40th and 50th anniversaries of Meredith's integration of the institution  He was among numerous speakers invited to the campus, where a statue of him commemorates his role  The Lyceum-The Circle Historic District at the center of the campus has been designated as a National Historic Landmark for these events 

Early life and education
Meredith was born in 1933 in Kosciusko, Mississippi, the son of Roxie (Patterson) and Moses Meredith  He is of African-American, English Canadian, Scots and Choctaw heritage  His family nickname was "J-Boy"  European traders intermarried with some Choctaw during the colonial period  In the 1830s, thousands of Choctaw chose to stay in Mississippi and become United States citizens when most of the tribe left their traditional homeland for Indian Territory during the federally imposed removal  Those in the state had unions with European Americans and African Americans (some of whom were enslaved), adding to the multi-racial population in the developing territory Meredith completed 11th grade at Attala County Training School (which was segregated as "white" and "colored" under the state's Jim Crow laws) and completed 12th grade at Gibbs High School in St  Petersburg, Florida  He graduated from high school in 1951  Then, Meredith enlisted in the United States Air Force  He served from 1951 to 1960 Afterward Meredith attended Jackson State University for two years, achieving good grades 

University of Mississippi
Challenge to the University
In 1961, inspired the day before by U S  President John F  Kennedy, Meredith started to apply to the University of Mississippi, intending to insist on his civil rights to attend the state-funded university  It still admitted only white students under the state's culture of racial segregation, although the U S  Supreme Court ruled in Brown v  Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, as they are supported by all the taxpayers 
Meredith wrote in his application that he wanted admission for his country, race, family, and himself  He said,

Nobody handpicked me   I believed, and believe now, that I have a Divine Responsibility    I am familiar with the probable difficulties involved in such a move as I am undertaking and I am fully prepared to pursue it all the way to a degree from the University of Mississippi 
He was twice denied admission  During this time, he was advised by Medgar Evers, who was head of the state chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 
On May 31, 1961, Meredith, with backing of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, filed suit in the U S  District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, alleging that the university had rejected him only because of his race, as he had a highly successful record of military service and academic courses  The case went through many hearings, after which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that Meredith had the right to be admitted to the state school  The state appealed to the U S  Supreme Court, which supported the ruling of the appeals court On September 13, 1962, the District Court entered an injunction directing the members of the Board of Trustees and the officials of the University to register Meredith  The Democratic Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, declared "no school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your governor"   The state legislature quickly created a plan  They passed a law that denied admission to any person "who has a crime of moral turpitude against him" or who had been convicted of any felony offense or not pardoned  The same day it became law, Meredith was accused and convicted of "false voter registration," in absentia, in Jackson County  The conviction against Meredith was trumped up: Meredith both owned land in northern Mississippi and was registered to vote in Jackson, where he lived  "Later the clerk testified that Meredith was qualified to register and vote in Jackson [where he was registered] "
On September 20, the federal government obtained an injunction against enforcement of this Act and of the two state court decrees that had barred Meredith's registration  That day Meredith was rebuffed again by Governor Barnett in his efforts to gain admission, though university officials were prepared to admit him  On September 28, the Court of Appeals, en banc and after a hearing, found the Governor in civil contempt and ordered that he be arrested and pay a fine of $10,000 for each day that he kept up the refusal, unless he complied by October 2  On September 29, Lieutenant Governor Paul B  Johnson Jr  (elected Governor on November 5, 1963) was also found in contempt by a panel of the court, and a similar order was entered against him, with a fine of $5,000 a day Attorney General Robert F  Kennedy had a series of phone calls with Governor Barnett between September 27 to October 1  Barnett reluctantly agreed to let Meredith enroll in the university, but secretly bargained with Kennedy on a plan which would allow him to save face 
Barnett committed to maintain civil order  Robert Kennedy ordered 127 U S  Marshals as well as 316 deputized U S  Border Patrol and 97 Federal Bureau of Prisons officers to accompany Meredith during his arrival and registration  On September 29, President Kennedy issued a proclamation commanding all persons engaged in the obstruction of the laws and the orders of the courts to "cease and desist therefrom and to disperse and retire peaceably forthwith", citing his authority under 10 U S C  § 332, § 333, and § 334 to use the militia or the armed forces to suppress any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy 

Rioting at the University
On the evening of September 29, the day after State Senator George Yarbrough withdrew the State Highway Police, a riot broke out  Whites opposing integration had been gathering at the campus and began fighting with federal agents  Despite the Kennedy administration's reluctance to use force, it ordered the nationalized Mississippi National Guard and federal troops to the campus  In the violent clashes which followed, two civilians were killed by gunshot wounds, and white rioters burned cars, pelted federal agents and soldiers with rocks, bricks and small arms fire, and damaged university property 

Enrollment
The day after the riots, on October 1, 1962, after federal and state forces took control, Meredith became the first African-American student to enroll at the University of Mississippi  Meredith's admission is regarded as a pivotal moment in the history of civil rights in the United States 
Many students harassed Meredith during his two semesters on campus, but others accepted him  According to first-person accounts, students living in Meredith's dorm bounced basketballs on the floor just above his room through all hours of the night  Other students ostracized him: when Meredith walked into the cafeteria for meals, the students eating would turn their backs  If Meredith sat at a table with other students, all of whom were white, the students would immediately get up and go to another table  He persisted through harassment and extreme isolation to graduate on August 18, 1963, with a degree in political science 

Education and activism
Meredith continued his education, focusing on political science, at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria  He returned to the United States in 1965  He attended law school through a scholarship at Columbia University and earned an LL B (law degree) in 1968 In 1966, Meredith organized and led a solo, personal March Against Fear for 220 miles from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi, beginning on June 6, 1966  Inviting only black men to join him, he wanted to highlight continuing racial oppression in the Mississippi Delta, as well as to encourage blacks to register and vote following passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965, which authorized federal oversight and enforcement of rights  Governor Paul Johnson promised to allow the march and provide State Highway Police protection  Meredith wanted blacks in Mississippi to overcome fear of violence Despite police, on the second day, Meredith was shot and wounded by Aubrey James Norvell, a white man whose motives were never determined, and who pleaded guilty at trial  Meredith was quickly taken to a hospital  Leaders of major organizations rallied at the news and vowed to complete the march in Meredith's name  They struggled to reconcile differing goals, but succeeded in attracting more than 10,000 marchers from local towns and across the country by the end Meredith recovered from his wounds and rejoined the march before it reached Jackson on June 26, when 15,000 marchers entered the city in what had become the largest civil rights march in state history  During the march, more than 4,000 black Mississippians registered to vote  Continued community organizing was catalyzed by these events, and African Americans began to enter the political system again  Black voters in Mississippi have established a high rate of voter registration and voting participation 

Political career
In 1967, while living and studying in New York, Meredith decided to run as a Republican against incumbent Adam Clayton Powell Jr , a multi-term Democrat, in a special election for the Congressional seat in Harlem  He withdrew from the race and Powell was re-elected  Meredith said later of his campaign, "The Republican Party [of New York] made me an offer: full support in every way, everything " He had full access to top New York Republicans After returning to Mississippi to live, in 1972 Meredith ran for the US Senate against Democratic senator James Eastland, who had been the incumbent for 29 years in what had operated as a one-party state  Following provisions of a new state constitution in 1890 that made voter registration extremely difficult, African Americans had been effectively disenfranchised and the Republican Party had been crippled  Meredith conceded that he had little chance of winning unless Governor George Wallace of Alabama entered the presidential race and split the white vote An active Republican, Meredith served from 1989 to 1991 as a domestic adviser on the staff of United States Senator Jesse Helms  Faced with criticism from the civil rights community for working for the avowed segregationist, Meredith said that he had applied to every member of the Senate and House offering his services, and only Helms' office responded  He also wanted a chance to do research at the Library of Congress In 2002, officials at the University of Mississippi celebrated the 40th anniversary of Meredith's historic admission and integration of the institution with a year-long series of events  Of the celebration, Meredith said,

It was an embarrassment for me to be there, and for somebody to celebrate it, oh my God  I want to go down in history, and have a bunch of things named after me, but believe me that ain't it 
He said he had achieved his main goal at the time by getting the federal government to enforce his rights as a citizen  He saw his actions as "an assault on white supremacy " In 2003, he was far more proud that his son Joseph Meredith graduated as the top doctoral student at the university's graduate business school 

Legacy and honors
In 2002, the University of Mississippi honored the 40th anniversary of Meredith's admission with numerous events 
In 2006, a statue of him was dedicated on campus in his honor 
In 2012, the University commemorated the 50th anniversary of the historic admission, featuring a range of speakers, artists, lectures and events during the year 
That year Meredith received the Harvard Graduate School of Education 'Medal for Education Impact' and was the school's convocation speaker  Meredith said it was the first award in 50 years he had accepted 

Cultural depictions
In 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, he was portrayed by Matthew G  Brown in episode five of the series, Life Sentences 

Political viewpoint
A highly independent man, Meredith has identified as an individual American citizen who demanded and received the constitutional rights held by any American, not as a participant in the Civil Rights Movement  There have been tensions between him and leaders of major organizations of the movement  When interviewed in 2002, the 40th anniversary of his enrollment at University of Mississippi, Meredith said, "Nothing could be more insulting to me than the concept of civil rights  It means perpetual second-class citizenship for me and my kind "Meredith was a supporter of the unsuccessful 1967 gubernatorial bid of ex-Mississippi Governor (and avowed segregationist) Ross Barnett, as well as the 1991 gubernatorial campaign of Louisiana State Representative and ex-Klansman David Duke In a 2002 interview with CNN, Meredith said of his efforts to integrate Ole Miss, "I was engaged in a war  I considered myself engaged in a war from Day One  And my objective was to force the federal government—the Kennedy administration at that time—into a position where they would have to use the United States military force to enforce my rights as a citizen "

Personal life
On March 14, 1956, Meredith married Mary June Wiggins  She later worked as a high school English teacher  They had three sons, James, John and Joseph Howard Meredith   Mary June Meredith died of heart failure in December 1979 
In 1982, Meredith married Judy Alsobrooks in Gary, Indiana  She had one son, Kip Naylor, from a previous marriage  Jessica Howard Meredith was born to their union   The couple live in Jackson, Mississippi 

Works
In 1966, his memoir, Three Years in Mississippi, was published by the Indiana University Press 
He has self-published several books on politics and society 

See also
List of African-American pioneers in desegregation of higher education
List of civil rights leaders
School integration in the United States



ground_truth: Clatskanie

Clatskanie, Oregon