prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the Battle at Choo Hoey's birthplace end?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Battle of Puebla
The Battle of Puebla (Spanish: Batalla de Puebla; French: Bataille de Puebla), also known as the Battle of May 5th (Spanish: Batalla del 5 de Mayo) took place on 5 May, Cinco de Mayo, 1862, near Puebla de los Ángeles, during the Second French intervention in Mexico  French troops under the command of Charles de Lorencez repeatedly failed to storm the forts of Loreto and Guadalupe situated on top of the hills overlooking the city of Puebla, and eventually retreated to Orizaba in order to await reinforcements  Lorencez was dismissed from his command, and French troops under Élie Frédéric Forey would eventually take the city, but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a better equipped force provided patriotic inspiration to the Mexicans 
The anniversary of the victory is primarily celebrated in the Mexican state of Puebla, where the holiday is celebrated as El Día de la Batalla de Puebla (English: The Day of the Battle of Puebla)  There is some limited recognition of the holiday in other parts of the country  In the United States, Cinco de Mayo has evolved into a holiday celebration of Mexican heritage 

Background
The Tripartite Expedition
The French intervention in Mexico, initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, was a consequence of Mexican President Benito Juárez's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors 
On December 14, 1861, a Spanish fleet sailed into and took possession of the port of Veracruz  The city was occupied on the 17th  French and English forces arrived on January 7, 1862  On January 10 a manifesto was issued by Spanish General Juan Prim disavowing rumors that the allies had come to conquer or to impose a new government  It was emphasized that the three powers merely wanted to open negotiations regarding their claims of damages On January 14, 1862, a bill of claims was presented to the government in Mexico City  Foreign Minister Manuel Doblado invited the commissioners to travel to Orizaba with two thousand of their own troops for a conference while requesting that the rest of the tripartite forces disembark from Veracruz  The proposal to disembark most of the troops was rejected, but negotiations then resulted in an agreement, ratified on January 23, to move the forces inland and hold a conference at Orizaba  The agreement also officially recognized the government of Juarez along with Mexican sovereignty 

The French invasion begins
On April 9, 1862, agreements at Orizaba between the allies broke down, as France made it increasingly clear that it intended to invade Mexico and interfere in its government in violation of previous treaties  The British informed the Mexican government that they now intended to exit the country, and an arrangement was made with the British government to settle its claims  Minister Doblado on April 11 made it known to the French government that its intentions would lead to war 
Certain Mexican officers had been sympathetic to the French since the beginning of the intervention  On April 16, 1862, the French issued a proclamation inviting Mexicans to join them in establishing a new government  On April 17, 1862, Mexican general Juan Almonte, who had been a foreign minister of the conservative government during the Reform War, and who was brought back to Mexico by the French, released his own manifesto, assuring the Mexican people of benevolent French intentions The French defeated a small Mexican force at Escamela, and then captured Orizaba  Mexican Generals Porfirio Diaz and Ignacio Zaragoza retreated to El Ingenio, and then headed towards Puebla General Charles de Lorencez led 6,000 French troops to attack Puebla de Los Angeles in May 1862, certain that the French would win the war in Mexico quickly  Juarez assembled a ragged group of faithful soldiers at his new base of operations in the north and dispatched them to Puebla  Britain and Spain bargained with Mexico before withdrawing, but Napoleon III's France opted to take advantage of the available space to create an empire based on Mexico  A well-armed French warship invaded Veracruz late in 1861, landing a sizable French army and forcing President Juarez and his administration into exile 
Almonte now attempted to consolidate the Mexican pro-French movement  The town of Orizaba joined him and so did the port of Veracruz and Isla del Carmen  Colonel Gonzales, Manuel Castellanos, Desiderio Samaniego, Padre Miranda, and Haro Tamariz, and General Antonio Taboada arrived in Orizaba to support Almonte  On April 28, 1862, French forces headed towards Puebla 

Prelude
On May 2 the French army and the Mexican troops under Antonio Taboada reached Amozoc, and on the 4th pitched their camp within the sight of Puebla  Lorencez intended on immediately taking the forts of Loreto and Guadalupe, whose possession would assure him control of the city  Juan Almonte and Antonio de Haro y Tamariz had advised Lorencez to attack an orchard of the Convento del Carmen opposite the fortified heights of Guadalupe and Loreto, which was not done  They had also previously advised Lorencez to simply bypass Puebla and march on to the capital  Mexican historian Francisco Bulnes remarked that Lorencez lacked the men to starve out the city, lacked the artillery to take it by intimidation, lacked the men and artillery to take it by gradual assaults, and could only attempt to storm it in a risky manner that could have scarcely hoped to succeed The Mexican Republican army arrived in Puebla on May 3  On the 4th Arteaga's division now under the command of General Miguel Negrete, occupied the Guadalupe and Loreto Forts  The remainder of the forces took up quarters in the city 

Battle
At half past eleven Lorencez arranged an attack column made up of two battalions of zouaves, one battery commanded by Captain Bernard, and four pieces of Captain Mallat's marine artillery 
  The regiment of marine infantry and marine riflemen formed the reserve along with a mountain gun  They were meant to protect the rear of the attack columns, which was threatened by the Mexican cavalry on the right  To contain a Mexican force which was threatening the left, he charged L’Heriller to protect with four battalions of marine infantry the convoy which he placed at a convenient location  Cavalry was assigned to place itself between the convoy and the attack columns, which now awaited orders to attack The two battalions of zouaves now set their backpacks on the foot of the hill and began their ascent marching in columns by division and between them carrying ten pieces of horse artillery  They headed to their right towards the Fort of Guadalupe  According to a report telegraphed by General Zaragoza to the central government, the fighting broke out at noon  The strategy of attacking the most difficult, fortified, and heavily armed point caught the attention of General Zaragoza, as it now seemed that the French had tossed aside the military maxim of achieving a victory with the least amount of losses possible in favor of bravado  Zaragoza upon noticing that the attack was going to come via a direct assault on the forts, and who had a large body of this troops on standby for attack now changed his strategy  He gave orders for the forts of Loreto and Guadalupe to be reinforced  The French division advanced and when opposite the Guadalupe fort, halted and planted its artillery to fire upon the Guadalupe and the Loreto forts  After shelling them for two hours, a strong column preceded by sharpshooters advanced upon Fort Guadalupe by the northern side  Felipe Berriozábal was then ordered to reinforce the two hills  A portion of the cavalry was divided into two bodies, one of which was placed under Colonel Alvarez and the other under Colonel Trujano  The rest were to be commanded by Colonel Felix Diaz France's army was extremely advanced compared to Mexico's during the time of the battle  French soldiers were equipped with long rifles that could easily outgun the Mexicans' antiquated muskets when they arrived at Puebla on May 4  At the onset of battle, French soldiers underestimated the defensive capacity of the Mexican positions, to the point that many didn't bother to properly assemble their weaponry  The French attempted to intimidate the civilian population on the morning of May 5 with loud bugle cries and complex bayonet drills  They were forced to retire, however, as a result of significant casualties, following a full day of warfare that included three miserably failed uphill attacks 
The French in their ascent towards Fort Guadalupe experienced little opposition and only a few casualties from the fort's guns  They had completed half of the ascent when they were met by two battalions of Mexican infantry, which after exchanging shots with French sharpshooters, returned to their position  The French troops continued their ascent while Mexican cavalry under the cover of a maguey field remained still  The Mexican infantry also under the same cover kept firing upon the French  The ascending column now turned diagonally towards the right, as if going between the two forts, and the two forts now took advantage of the opportunity to fire upon the French troops  Finding themselves assailed from all quarters by infantry and cavalry, the French retreated and were pursued by Mexican forces, but the pursuit was given up when another French column came to the support of the retreating troops The two French columns now pushed on together towards the Guadalupe and Resurrection chapel  The two columns combined and split into three  This second attack on the east and the north of the city was much more vigorous  The two columns which attempted an assault on the hill from the north again were completely routed  General Diaz with portions of his brigade and other troops and two pieces of artillery checked and drove away the French columns which were marching against the Mexican positions  The third French column which reached the east side just as the others were repulsed was also defeated  The Mexican cavalry then charged upon the remaining French and prevented their reorganization for further assaults The French and the Mexicans continue to face each other until seven in the evening when the French returned to their camp at Los Alamos and then to Orizaba on the 8th to await reinforcements which were on their way from France 

Aftermath
The Battle of Puebla was an inspirational event for Mexico during the war, and it proved a stunning revelation to the rest of the world which had largely expected a rapid victory for French arms  The victory filled the government of Benito Juarez with high hopes  Zaragoza received the thanks of congress, and was awarded a sword  The city name of Puebla de los Ángeles was changed to Puebla de Zaragoza  Honors and rewards were decreed to the officers and men who took part in the action  Zaragoza sent the government the medals and decorations taken on the battlefield as well of those from prisoners, but President Juarez returned them along with the French prisoners of war  General Zaragoza would not live long after the victory as he died four months later due to typhoid fever   By a decree issued by Benito Juárez and the holiday "5 de mayo" (cinco de mayo) is a major annual event here 
Only two days after the battle the Mexican General Taboada who had collaborated with the French during the battle wrote to his liberal friend, Tomás O'Horán, inviting him to join the French, arguing that they wished to establish a stable government and would bring order to the country 
O'Horan would reject the offer, even fighting against the ultimately triumphant Siege of Puebla that the French carried out the following year, but O'Horan eventually would defect to join the forces of the Second Mexican Empire 
Slowed by their loss at Puebla, the French forces retreated and regrouped, and the invasion continued after Napoleon III determinedly sent additional troops to Mexico and dismissed General Lorencez  The French were eventually victorious, winning the Second Battle of Puebla on 17 May 1863 and pushing on to Mexico City  When the capital fell, Juárez's government was forced into exile in the remote northern parts of Mexico 
With the backing of France, the Second Empire of Mexico was established, with the Habsburg Archduke Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico 
General Porfirio Diaz who had played a notable role during the battle would continue to distinguish himself as one of the most important liberal commanders throughout the Second French intervention, and even escaped after being captured by the French  After the end of the Intervention and the fall of the Empire, he would attempt to overthrow the government of Benito Juarez before eventually becoming the President of Mexico in 1876 
The political decision taken by President Franklin D  Roosevelt to implement the "Good Neighbor Policy," which was intended to promote links with Latin American nations and people, was one of the key factors in the popularization of "Cinco de Mayo" in the United States  As a result of the Roosevelt administration's promotion of the holiday, Cinco de Mayo gained popularity in the 1950s and 1960s and eventually became a recognized national holiday  While the original celebrations in the United States were localized among Mexican immigrants from the state of Puebla commemorating the battle, over time, the origins of the holiday have become less emphasized and the date has evolved into a general celebration of Mexican culture by immigrants and their descendants from all parts of Mexico  A comparable phenomenon can be found in the evolution of St  Patrick's Day from an ecclesiastical holiday marking the arrival of Christianity in Ireland to a largely secularized celebration of Irish-American culture 

Celebration
On 9 May 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday, regarded as "Battle of Puebla Day" or "Battle of Cinco de Mayo" Cinco de Mayo is not the national day of Mexico, as is sometimes misunderstood  The most important national patriotic holiday in Mexico is Independence Day, on 16 September, commemorating the 1810 "Cry of Dolores" call-to-arms, that began the War of Independence  Mexico also observes the culmination of the war of Independence, which lasted 11 years, on 27 September 
Cinco de Mayo is day of celebration for the Hispanics is a tradition that takes place on May 5 to mark the date that Mexico defeated the Second French Empire in the Battle of Puebla in 1862, under the command of General Ignacio Zaragoza, a Texas native  The Mexicans' morale was boosted by their win over the bigger and better armed French army with a smaller, less well-equipped Mexican force, which included 500 other Tejanos  Since the 1930s, a re-enactment of the Battle of Puebla has been held each year at Peñón de los Baños, a rocky outcrop close to Mexico City International Airport What most do not realize is that the “Battle of Puebla” is celebrated just as much if not more in America than it is in Mexico, some say it is a way that Mexican Americans can show patriotism towards their roots and traditions, but it has also always been overshadowed by occasions like September 16 Independence Day, which marks the beginning of hostilities against Spanish control in 1810  Contrarily, Cinco de Mayo became popular in the United States in the 1960s when Chicano activists started seeking for a means to celebrate their heritage  The largest Cinco de Mayo festivities currently take place in American cities with sizable Hispanic populations, such Los Angeles, Houston, and San Antonio  It is a common misconception among non-Mexicans that Cinco de Mayo commemorates the declaration of Mexican independence, which occurred around 50 years before the Battle of Puebla  On Cinco de Mayo there are multiple different ways that they celebrate this event, some of these being parades, speeches, and recreations of the 1862 fight  In the middle of the 20th century, Mexican immigrants in the United States began to take pride in their Mexican ancestry by celebrating Cinco de Mayo  The main cause for rejoicing in Mexico is a win in war 
The American celebration of Cinco de Mayo is more about honoring Mexican culture in general  In 1863, Americans started celebrating as a show of support for Mexico against the French  Critics noted that many American celebrations tended to both perpetuate negative stereotypes of Mexicans and promote excessive drinking, and that enthusiasm for the holiday celebration did not catch on with a wider demographic until it was associated with the promotion of Mexican alcoholic beverages  Commercial interests from both Mexico and the United States have contributed to the promotion of the event with goods and services that highlight Mexican cruises, drinks, and celebrations, with music taking on a more prominent role  Since parades and concerts are held in many American towns the week before May 5, Cinco de Mayo has grown in popularity both north and south of the border and is now included in the calendars of more and more people 

See also
List of battles of the French intervention in Mexico
Monument for the 150th Anniversary of the Battle of Puebla
Passage 2:
Battle of Palembang
The Battle of Palembang was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II  It occurred near Palembang, on Sumatra, on 13–15 February 1942  The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Plaju (then Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom after the Japanese invaded China and committed massive atrocities such as the rape of Nanking  With the area's abundant fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered significant potential as a military base to both the Allies and the Japanese 

Prelude
In January, the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) decided to concentrate Allied air forces in Sumatra at two airfields near Palembang: Pangkalan Benteng, also known as "P1" and a secret air base at Prabumulih (then Praboemoelih), or "P2" 
The British Royal Air Force created No  225 (Bomber) Group at Palembang  It included two Royal Australian Air Force squadrons and a large number of Australians serving with British squadrons  The group could only muster 40 Bristol Blenheim light bombers and 35 Lockheed Hudson light bombers  The Blenheims had flown from the Middle East and Egypt, where they were considered too old to cope with newer German and Italian fighters  A handful of United States Far East Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers also operated out of Palembang briefly in January, but these were withdrawn to Java and Australia before the battle commenced 
No  226 (Fighter) Group  RAF also arrived at Palembang in early February: two squadrons of Hawker Hurricanes transported to Sumatra by the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable  They were joined by the remnants of British, Australian and Royal New Zealand Air Force Hurricane and Brewster Buffalo squadrons, which had both inflicted and suffered heavy losses in intense air battles over the Malayan and Singapore campaigns 
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) South Sumatra Island Territorial Command, its command in the Palembang area, consisted of about 2,000 troops under Lieutenant Colonel L  N  W  Vogelesang: the South Sumatra Garrison Battalion and a Stadswacht/Landstorm ("home guard/reserve") infantry company in Palembang, a Stadswacht/Landstorm infantry company in Jambi (Djambi), as well as various artillery and machine gun units  (KNIL units in other parts of Sumatra lacked mobility and played no part in the fighting ) The Royal Netherlands Navy was represented by the minelayer Pro Patria and the patrol boats P-38 and P-40 on the Musi river 

Battle
Airborne attack
While the Allied planes attacked the Japanese ships on 13 February, Kawasaki Ki-56 transport planes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Chutai, Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF), dropped Teishin Shudan (Raiding Group) paratroopers over Pangkalan Benteng airfield  At the same time Mitsubishi Ki-21 bombers from the 98th Sentai dropped supplies for paratroopers  The formation was escorted by a large force of Nakajima Ki-43 fighters from the 59th and 64th Sentai 
As many as 180 men from the Japanese Army 2nd Parachute Regiment, under Colonel Seiichi Kume, dropped between Palembang and Pangkalan Benteng, and more than 90 men came down west of the refineries at Pladjoe  Although the Japanese paratroopers failed to capture the Pangkalan Benteng airfield, they did manage to gain possession of the entire Pladjoe oil refinery complex undamaged  A makeshift counter-attack by Landstorm troops and anti-aircraft gunners from Praboemoelih managed to retake the complex but took heavy losses, due to Japanese soldiers entrenched in the refinery's air raid shelters  The planned demolition failed to do any serious damage to the refinery, but the oil stores were set ablaze  Two hours after the first drop, another 60 Japanese paratroopers were dropped near Pangkalan Benteng airfield 
On 14 February, the surviving Japanese paratroopers advanced to the Musi, Salang and Telang rivers, near Palembang 

Amphibious assault
The main Japanese invasion force, an amphibious assault fleet under Vice-Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), was on its way from Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina  It was made up of the Imperial Japanese Army's 229th Infantry Regiment and one battalion from the 230th Infantry Regiment  A small advance party set out eight transports escorted by the light cruiser Sendai and four destroyers  The main force followed in 14 transports, escorted by the heavy cruiser Chokai and four destroyers  The covering force included the aircraft carrier Ryujo, four heavy cruisers, one light cruiser and three destroyers  Additional air cover was provided by land-based IJN planes and the IJAAF 3rd Air Division 
On the morning of 13 February, a river boat commandeered by the British Royal Navy, HMS Li Wo — under Lieutenant Thomas Wilkinson — ferrying personnel and equipment between Singapore and the Dutch East Indies, ran into the Japanese fleet  Although Li Wo was armed only with a 4-inch (100 mm) gun and two machineguns, its crew fired at the Japanese troop transport ships, setting one on fire and damaging several others, while under fire from the Japanese cruisers  This action continued for 90 minutes until the Li Wo ran out of ammunition  Wilkinson then ordered the ramming of the nearest transport, before his ship was destroyed by Japanese fire  Wilkinson received a posthumous Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the British Commonwealth, and the only VC awarded in the Dutch East Indies campaign 
On 15 February, an ABDA naval force of five cruisers, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and HNLMS Tromp, HMS Exeter, HMAS Hobart and 10 destroyers, under Admiral Karel Doorman, made an abortive attempt to intercept the Japanese force  Planes from Ryujo and land-based aircraft made a series of attacks on the Allied ships, forcing them to withdraw to the south of Sumatra 
As the Japanese landing force approached Sumatra, the remaining Allied aircraft attacked it, and the Japanese transport ship Otawa Maru was sunk  Hurricanes flew up the rivers, machine-gunning Japanese landing craft 

However, on the afternoon of 15 February, all Allied aircraft were ordered to Java, where a major Japanese attack was anticipated, and the Allied air units had withdrawn from southern Sumatra by the evening of 16 February 1942  Other personnel were evacuated via Oosthaven (now Bandar Lampung) by ships to Java or India 
Passage 3:
Giovanni Cifolelli
Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown  In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher  He published his Method for the mandolin while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period 
His chief works were the operas L'Italienne and Pierre et Lucette, the former being an opera bouffe in one act (with the storyline or libretto by Nicolas-Étienne Framery)  These works were commissioned by the Comedie Italienne, Paris, and were produced at this theatre successfully, in 1770 and 1774  Several of the songs and duets in Pierre and Lucette were exceedingly popular in France, and they were republished in Paris in 1775 and 1780 

Works
L'Italienne  : comédie en 1 acte, mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1770)
Pierre et Lucette, comédie en deux actes et en prose mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1774)
Airs détachés de Perin et Lucette, comédie en deux actes, mêlées d'ariettes par M  Davesne (Paris, 1775)
Ariette nouvelle avec accompagnement de deux violons et basse
Non, laisse moi, laisse moi, Lucas  Duo (1775)
Passage 4:
Tex Beneke
Gordon Lee "Tex" Beneke ( BEN-ə-kee; February 12, 1914 – May 30, 2000) was an American saxophonist, singer, and bandleader  His career is a history of associations with bandleader Glenn Miller and former musicians and singers who worked with Miller  His band is also associated with the careers of Eydie Gormé, Henry Mancini and Ronnie Deauville  Beneke also solos on the recording the Glenn Miller Orchestra made of their popular song "In The Mood" and sings on another popular Glenn Miller recording, "Chattanooga Choo Choo"  Jazz critic Will Friedwald considers Beneke to be one of the major blues singers who sang with the big bands of the early 1940s 

Early life
Beneke was born in Fort Worth, Texas  He started playing saxophone when he was nine, going from soprano to alto to tenor saxophones and staying with the latter  His first professional work was with bandleader Ben Young in 1935, but it was when he joined the Glenn Miller Orchestra three years later that his career hit its stride  Beneke said: "It seems that Gene Krupa had left the Goodman band and was forming his own first band  He was flying all over the country looking for new talent and he stopped at our ballroom one night [to listen to the Ben Young band]  [   ] Gene wound up taking two or three of our boys with him back to New York  [Krupa] wanted to take [Beneke] but his sax section was already filled " Krupa knew that Glenn Miller was forming a band and recommended Beneke to Miller Whatever concerns Miller might have had about Beneke's playing were quickly dismissed; Miller immediately made Beneke his primary tenor sax soloist and Beneke played all but a few of the tenor solos on all of the records and personal appearances made by the Miller band until it disbanded in 1942  On the August 1, 1939, recording made of the Joe Garland composition "In The Mood", Beneke trades two-measure tenor solo exchanges with his fellow section-mate Al Klink  Miller's 1941 recording of "A String of Pearls" (composed by the band's arranger, Jerry Gray) also has Beneke and Klink trading two-measure tenor solo phrases  Beneke appears with Miller and his band in the films Sun Valley Serenade (1941) and Orchestra Wives (1942), both of which helped propel the singer/saxophonist to the top of the Metronome polls  Tex Beneke is listed in the personnel of the 1941 Metronome All-Star Band led by Benny Goodman  In 1942, Glenn Miller's orchestra won the first Gold Record ever awarded for "Chattanooga Choo Choo"; the song was written by Harry Warren and Mack Gordon as part of the score for the 1941 Twentieth Century Fox movie Sun Valley Serenade which was primarily made for the purpose of putting the Miller band in a motion picture  Tex Beneke was the featured singer in the movie and on the Victor/Bluebird recording that also featured band vocalist Paula Kelly and the Modernaires, a vocal group of four male singers, who were also regular members of the Miller entourage  "Chattanooga Choo Choo", catalogue number Bluebird 11230-B, was recorded by the Miller band at the Victor recording studios in Hollywood, May 7, 1941  Hoping to repeat the success of "Chattanooga" the following year, songwriters Warren and Gordon composed "I've Got a Gal in Kalamazoo" for the "Orchestra Wives" score  That arrangement also featured Beneke, the Modernaires and band vocalist Marion Hutton in a not-too-dissimilar fashion  Not surprisingly, "Kalamazoo" became another hit record for Miller, Beneke and the band though not to the extent that "Chattanooga" had been the year before  By then, the U S  was involved in World War II and "Kalamazoo's" success was also short-lived partially because Miller disbanded his group only three months after the record was made and four months following the filming of "Orchestra Wives" 
When Miller broke up the band in August 1942 to join the Army Air Force, Beneke played very briefly with Horace Heidt before joining the Navy himself, leading a Navy band in Oklahoma  While employed with Miller, Beneke was offered his own band, as Miller had done with colleagues and employees like Hal McIntyre, Claude Thornhill and Charlie Spivak  Beneke wanted to come back to Miller after the war and learn more about leading a band before being given his own band  Beneke led two bands in the navy and kept in touch with Glenn Miller while they were both serving in the military  By 1945, Beneke felt ready to lead his own orchestra 

Working with the Miller estate
Glenn Miller went missing on December 15, 1944, while flying to France from England  After World War II, the United States Army Air Force decommissioned the Glenn Miller-led Army Air Force band  The Miller estate authorized an official Glenn Miller "ghost band" in 1946  This band was led by Tex Beneke who as time went on had more prominence in the band's identity  It had a make up similar to Glenn Miller's Army Air Force Band, having a large string section  The orchestra's official public début was at the Capitol Theatre on Broadway where it opened for a three-week engagement on January 24, 1946  Henry Mancini was the band's pianist and one of the arrangers  Another arranger was Norman Leyden, who also previously arranged for the Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band  This ghost band played to very large audiences all across the United States, including a few dates at the Hollywood Palladium in 1947, where the original Miller band played in 1941  The movie short Tex Beneke and the Glenn Miller Band was released by RKO pictures in 1947 with Lillian Lane, Artie Malvin and The Crew Chiefs vocal group performing  In a slightly sarcastic article in Time magazine from June 2, 1947, the magazine notes that the Beneke-led Miller orchestra was playing at the same venue the original Miller band played in 1939, the Glen Island Casino  Beneke's quote about the big band business at the time closes the article, "I don't know whether Glenn figured that times would be as tough"  By 1949, economics dictated that the string section be dropped This band recorded for RCA Victor, just as the original Miller band did  Beneke believed that Miller had promised him his own band in the early 1940s, and this was his chance to have that promise fulfilled  Beneke wanted a band with Beneke's musical identity  Larry Bruff, an announcer for the earlier Glenn Miller radio shows says, "Beneke would even set wrong tempos so as not to sound too much like Glenn " The Miller estate wanted a band that was primarily associated with Glenn Miller, playing the Glenn Miller songs in the Glenn Miller style  By 1950, Beneke and the Miller estate parted ways 

After Miller
Beneke continued to perform under his own name with no official connection to Miller  He enjoyed less success in the early 1950s, partly because he was limited to smaller recording labels such as Coral Records and partly because of competition from other Miller alumni and imitators such as Jerry Gray, Ray Anthony and Ralph Flanagan  Eydie Gormé sang with the Beneke band in 1950  Beneke appeared on Cavalcade of Bands, a television show in 1950 on the DuMont Television Network In the latter part of that decade there was some revived interest in music of the swing era  Beneke joined a number of other leaders such as Larry Clinton and Glen Gray in making new high fidelity recordings of their earlier hits, often featuring many of the original musicians  Beneke and former Miller singers Ray Eberle, Paula Kelly, and The Modernaires first recorded the LP Reunion in Hi-Fi, a 1958 Coral Records album which contained recreations of original Miller material  This was followed by others featuring newer songs, some performed in the Miller style and others done in a more contemporary mode  Among the best-known is Christmas Serenade in the Glenn Miller Style (1965) on Columbia Records, which has been excerpted on a number of holiday compilations 
The singer/saxophonist continued working in the coming decades, appearing periodically at Disneyland  He also made the rounds of various talk shows that had musical connections, including those hosted by Merv Griffin and Johnny Carson  His appearances on The Tonight Show sometimes included duos with fellow Miller veteran Al Klink who was by then a key member of The Tonight Show Band  Ray Eberle recovered from his earlier illness and resumed performing with Beneke and the Modernaires for a period in the early 1970s  In 1972, Beneke agreed to re-record some of his Miller vocals for Time-Life Records' set of big band recreations, The Swing Era, produced and conducted by yet another Miller alumnus, Billy May 
During the 1970s and 1980s, Beneke had a new band playing a style that resembled the classic Miller sound but with as much newer material as older  In the late 1970s, he played at Knott's Berry Farms Cloud 9 Ballroom  At one point he also toured with former Jimmy Dorsey vocalists Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly  Beneke suffered a stroke in the mid-1990s and was forced to give up the saxophone but continued to conduct and sing  In 1991, Tex Beneke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame with funds collected by co-leader Gary Tole  He settled in Costa Mesa, California and remained active toward the end of that decade, mostly touring the U S  West Coast and still playing in something resembling the Miller style  In 1998 he launched yet another tour paying tribute to The Army Air Force Band 

Death
In 2000 Beneke died from respiratory failure at a nursing home in Costa Mesa, California, aged 86 and was buried in Greenwood Memorial Park in Fort Worth, Texas  He was survived by his wife, Sandra, of Santa Ana, California  His saxophone is currently used by the Arizona Opry 

See also
Kalamazoo, Michigan
Passage 5:
Choo Hoey
Choo Hoey (朱暉, born 20 October 1934, Palembang, Sumatra) is a Singaporean musician and conductor  Choo founded the Singapore Symphony Orchestra and was also its first resident conductor and music director  Choo was awarded Singapore's inaugural Cultural Medallion for music in 1979 

Early life and education
Choo was born on 20 October 1934 in Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia to father, Choo Seng, a Chinese migrant from Chaojhou, Guangdong, China and his mother from Nanking, Jiangsu, China Choo's first encounter with classical music started from listening to his father's collection of records and was drawn to the violin  His father noticed his attraction and started his lessons in violin with a Teach Yourself book  After Choo Hoey's primary education in 1945, his family migrated to Singapore in 1946 and he continued his secondary education at The Chinese High School 
In 1947, Choo Hoey started his violin training under Goh Soon Tioe  Using only two years of study in Singapore, he obtained his Grade 8 with distinction from the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music in London, England  Upon completing his secondary education in 1951, Choo Hoey went to the Royal Academy of Music in London to study the violin under David Martin, the French horn under Aubrey Brain, and conducting under Maurice Miles 
In 1954, Choo Hoey studied conducting under Igor Markevitch and the violin under André Gertler  In 1955, he graduated from the Royal Academy of Music, awarded with the Mann's Memorial Prize and the Earnest Read Prize for conducting  In 1957, he continued his violin training at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels in Belgium where he would later start his career in the Belgian National Orchestra 

Career
In 1958, Choo Hoey began his career in the Belgian National Orchestra where his debut performances with Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale met critical acclaim and prompted a series of guest performances and a later career as visiting conductor across Europe and South America  Choo Hoey had guest performed with over sixty orchestras throughout the world including the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, Tonhalle Orchester Zürich, Oslo Philharmonic and the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande  From 1968 till 1977, he was named principal conductor of the Greek National Opera and became a frequent guest conductor in the four major symphony orchestras of Greece holding numerous world premieres of contemporary Greek works, many of which were recorded with the Hellenic Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra 
In 1978, Choo Hoey was invited by the Singapore government to set up the Singapore Symphony Orchestra and become its first Music Director and Conductor from 1979 to 1996  Choo Hoey also proposed the creation of the Singapore Symphony Chorus and along with the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, led them to their 1980 international debut in Scandinavia  Upon his retirement as Music Director and Conductor in the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, Choo Hoey was appointed Conductor Emeritus in honour of his contributions and service 

Honors
For his contribution to music in Singapore, Choo Hoey was awarded the Republic's inaugural Cultural Medallion (1979)  He was also conferred the Public Service Star in 1982, and was made an Honorary Doctor of Letters of the National University of Singapore in 1989  In 1997, Choo Hoey was knighted with the status of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France 

Personal life
Choo Hoey is married to Alexandra, a Greek archaeologist, and had two sons  He resides in Athens and London, where his sons live 
Passage 6:
Rue d'Austerlitz
The Rue d'Austerlitz is a street in the 4th arrondissement of Lyon, in La Croix-Rousse quarter  It begins on the rue du Mail, at the corner of Place de la Croix-Rousse, crosses the rue du Pavilion, the rue de Belfort and the rue Aimé Boussange, and ends on Place Bellevue  Its name refers to the Battle of Austerlitz, one of the greatest victories of Napoleon  There are metro and velo'v stations 

History
Nearby rue Dumenge, the rue d'Austerlitz was originally named rue des Fossés because it ran along the ditches dug at the base of the old wall  It was formed in 1812 during the creation of the "clos Dumenge" composed of buildings or workshops specially-designed for weavers (the canuts)  The Voraces had their headquarters in the cafe of the Mère Marshal in 1848, at the corner of the rue du Mail  The street was eventually named rue d'Austrelitz after deliberation of the Municipal Council on 4 August 1854, during the Second Empire  The upper part of the street was part of the town which was developed in front of the door of La Croix-Rousse from the 15th century  The No  4 was offered to the Hospices of Lyon on 7 March 1900 In the past, there were a military gymnasium, and a greenspace that still exists today in the street  In fact, there were five streets which were named after the victories of the battles of Napoleon Bonaparte: Marengo, Lodi, Jena, Eylau and Austerlitz  However, among them, only the rue Austerlitz has retained its name until today 

Architecture and events
The street starts with old one-floor houses, then with higher facades  After the rue de Belfast, there were buildings only on the eastern side : simple facades of 19th century canuts houses  The apartments are typical of the canuts architecture : particularly high, in the goal of installing the looms, and bright  The bottom of these buildings consisted of small shops, often businesses selling main foods  The rue d'Austerlitz, far more than its neighbor the rue Dumenge, has retained its commercial vocation  In front, there is the garden Deswarte  At Nos  21 and 23, two plaques pay tribute to painters E  Brouillard and G  N'Guyen who lived in the street The association of merchants on the street regularly organizes events, including a giant Advent calendar, some windows on the street are numbered and each day one of them opens, revealing a person who distributes sweets to passersby  Within the scoop of the 2008 Fête des Lumières, there were also a Tic Tac Toe using the windows of inhabitants and a Giant Tetris to which passersby played with a carpet underfoot 
Passage 7:
Battle of Aspromonte
The Battle of Aspromonte, also known as the Day of Aspromonte (Italian: Giornata dell'Aspromonte), was a minor engagement that took place on 29 August 1862, and was an inconclusive episode of the Italian unification process  It is named after the nearby mountain of Aspromonte in southern Italy  Giuseppe Garibaldi's army of volunteers was attacked by the Royal Italian Army while marching from Sicily towards Rome, capital of the Papal States, which it intended to annex into the newly created Kingdom of Italy  In the fighting, which took place a few kilometers from Gambarie, Garibaldi was wounded and taken prisoner 

Background
When Victor Emmanuel II became the King of Italy on 17 March 1861, the newly created Kingdom of Italy did not include Veneto and Rome  These "unredeemed" cities, as they would be called a few decades later, were a constant cause of friction in Italian politics  The dispute concerning Rome, specifically known as the "Roman Question", had arisen after the Italian Parliament had declared Rome capital of the kingdom on 27 March 1861  This conflicted with Pope Pius IX's intent to maintain his temporal control of the city 
Members of the government of the Kingdom of Italy had different perspectives on this issue, and the internal tensions that followed caused Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli to resign in 1862  While his successor, Urbano Rattazzi, was known for his disrespectful attitude towards the Holy See, the Kingdom of Italy maintained a low profile on the Roman Question after Rattazzi's election 
Meanwhile, General Giuseppe Garibaldi reached Sicily and began to form an army, with the intent of marching on Rome  The intransigent reaction of France (which was, at the time, the most influential ally of Italy) and the Pope caused the Italian government to intervene  On 3 August, Victor Emmanuel II officially condemned Garibaldi's "guilty impatience", and Rattazzi sent the Royal Army, at the orders of general Enrico Cialdini, to stop Garibaldi 

The battle
Garibaldi was known and respected as a hero by most Italians, including most soldiers in the Royal Army and Navy  Several actions that occurred reveal that neither Garibaldi nor his opponents were willing to enter open combat, or cause too much damage to their opponent 
Although Garibaldi's ships had likely been detected by the Royal Navy while they were crossing the Strait of Messina to reach land in Calabria, the Royal Army only attacked when Garibaldi's army had actually reached land, possibly to keep losses to a minimum  Garibaldi himself did not immediately counter-attack the Royal Army, instead trying to circumvent it by crossing the Aspromonte mountains 
Garibaldi's army marched for three days; on 28 August 1862, the leading regiment, led by Garibaldi, camped near Gambarie, where the rest of his army was expected to arrive in a few days  On 29 August, before Garibaldi's army was reunited, Bersaglieri from the Royal Army reached Garibaldi's camp and attacked 
Garibaldi ordered his army not to open fire "on our brothers", and some Bersaglieri changed sides during the battle, joining Garibaldi's volunteers  However, despite Garibaldi's order, one wing of his regiment mounted a counter-attack against the Bersaglieri  During the altercation, two bullets hit Garibaldi's hip and malleolus  A cease-fire was declared shortly thereafter, and Garibaldi surrendered 

Aftermath
The battle lasted for about ten minutes and resulted in around 15 casualties  Garibaldi, now wounded, was immediately assisted by surgeons and taken prisoner; he was later sent to the jail at Varignano, near Porto Venere  Garibaldi and his volunteers received amnesty on 5 October 1862; Garibaldi officially retired to Caprera, where he remained for two years 
The Day of Aspromonte caused both national and international criticism towards the Italian government, and caused the debate in Italy to become even harsher  Giuseppe Mazzini's party declared that, after the events of Aspromonte, any silent agreement between the Monarchy and the Republicans had been factually broken; supporters of the Monarchy maintained that the Republicans' support for such rash initiatives as Garibaldi's expedition proved that they were too irresponsible to lead the nation  Commentators accused the government of betraying the Italian revolution and being more supportive of the Pope than of Italy itself 
In 1863, Rattazzi was replaced by Marco Minghetti, who leveraged on the facts of Aspromonte to negotiate a treaty with France (the September Convention), in which Italy would protect the frontiers of the Papal States against attacks, and France would withdraw its troops from Rome within two years 
Despite the September Convention, annexing Rome remained an implicit objective of Italy  Garibaldi tried to march on Rome again in 1867, but was stopped by French troops at the Battle of Mentana  Eventually, the Questione Romana was solved under Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza, when Rome was finally captured in 1870 

In popular culture
A popular Italian nursery rhyme, Garibaldi fu ferito ("Garibaldi was wounded"), set to the melody of Bersaglieri's anthem, refers to the Battle of Aspromonte  The battle is also sometimes mentioned in political debate, when someone accuses the Italian government of betraying the expectations of the Italian people, or acting against national interests 
Passage 8:
Battle of Savenay
The Battle of Savenay took place on 23 December 1793, and marks the end of the Virée de Galerne operational phase of the first war in the Vendée after the French Revolution   A Republican force of approximately 18,000 decisively defeated the Armée Catholique et Royale force of 6,000 at Savenay 

Prelude
After a crushing defeat at the battle of Le Mans on 12 December 1793, a few thousand Vendéens fled to Laval and then to Ancenis, hoping to cross the Loire back into Vendée   Without boats, crossing the river was impossible   Hence the Vendéens built small boats and approximately 4,000 people, including Henri de La Rochejaquelein and Jean-Nicolas Stofflet, managed to cross before the arrival of Republican ships  The Vendéen rear guard was stranded to the north of the Loire and tried another way around  They went to Blain, 35 km north of Nantes, but had to go back towards Savenay, 30 km west of Nantes 

The eve of the battle
Savenay was taken by the Vendéens early morning of 22 December, with practically no fighting  The 150 republican soldiers quickly pulled back after a small skirmish with the Vendéen first line and the town's population was evacuated  At 09:00, the royalists prepared the defenses of the town  The republicans under François-Joseph Westermann were the first to arrive, at 11:00   They attacked but were pushed back after a small skirmish  At noon, Jean-Baptiste Kléber and François-Séverin Marceau arrived with the greater part of the Republican army  Another skirmish was fought for control of the Touchelais woods, to the northeast of Savenay, which the Republicans won Those were the last skirmishes of the day because a fog rose during the afternoon; the Republicans kept their positions  At nightfall some représentants en mission, Pierre-Louis Prieur, Louis Marie Turreau, and Pierre Bourbotte, arrived at the Republican camp   Surprised at the troops' inaction, they ordered military engagement so as to not allow the enemy to rest; Westermann agreed  A war council was held at which Kléber insisted they had to wait for sunrise before attacking; Marceau sided with Kléber and managed to convince Pierre-Louis Prieur  The Republicans took advantage of the night to deploy  At 02:00, Tilly's division, which came from Vannes, arrived and deployed in time  Simon Canuel commanded the left flank, Kléber the middle-left, Marceau the middle-right, and Tilly the right  Apart from a few passages to the south of the town, the Vendéens were surrounded 

Battle
At sunrise, the battle started, but it was the Vendéens and Chouans who unexpectedly launched it, in order to take the Touchelais woods and not be surrounded  The attack was commanded by Lyrot de la Patouillère and saw success:  two cannons were captured along with 40 prisoners  Soon after, Kléber launched a counter-attack with his Gendarmes regiment, charging with bayonets and forcing the Vendéens to pull back to the gates of Savenay  In the center, Marceau, commanding the légion des Francs and Chasseurs de Kastel, encountered difficulties and was for a moment restrained by the Vendéen artillery On their respective fronts, Simon Canuel, Jacques Louis François Delaistre Tilly and Westermann also launched attacks, putting pressure on the Royalists on all sides  Soon, the Republicans entered the town despite the resistance of Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny's artillery  Street combat took place amid great confusion, house by house; numerous Vendéen families participated in the fighting  The Vendéen artillery deployed in front of the church and managed to hold their ground for a while  Jacques Nicolas Fleuriot de La Fleuriais tried an ultimate counter-attack, he picked 200 to 300 cavalrymen, commanded by Georges Cadoudal, with Pierre-Mathurin Mercier and a few infantrymen  They attacked and pierced Tilly's lines and tried to attack Republican lines along their flank, but the Republican reserves arrived and forced the cavalrymen to retreat During that time, on the church square, the Republicans took control of the cannon and turned it against the Vendéens  They fled, pursued by the Republicans, retreating out of Savenay and regrouping to the west of the town (the battle's commemorative cross marks that place)  The Vendéens took their last two remaining cannons, which Marigny had kept in reserve, and tried to cover the retreat of the wounded and non-combatants  During this engagement, Lyrot was killed  Marigny retreated again, west to the Blanche-Couronne woods, with his two cannons and what was left of his men  He held his position for an hour, then cheered with his men in the marsh, for he had managed to escape   To the northwest, a group of 600 Vendéens managed to hold at the Butte des Vignes and retreated later to the Blanche-Couronnes woods but they were encircled mid-way by a corps of the Armagnac regiment and were massacred Inside Savenay, the town was searched and hundreds of elders, women, and children were taken out of their houses and locked in the church before their trials  The wounded of both sides were brought to the Saint-Armel hospital and taken care of   By 14:00, the battle was over 

The flight and massacres
After the battle, Kléber marched in Nantes to celebrate the victory with most of the troops  Yet the republican cavalry under Marceau and Westermann chased the Vendéens, searching the neighboring villages and the countryside, killing or capturing those left behind During the search, the brigadier general Alexis Antoine Charlery attacked a position held by 500 Vendéens but failed to defeat them  He proposed that they surrender in exchange for the right to go home unimpeded, a proposition that they accepted and signed  The prisoners were sent to Nantes for ratification of the arrangement by a Représentant en mission, but he refused and had the prisoners shot and general Charlery arrested  He was later freed and reassigned 

The Bignon Commission which arrived during the day was given the task of judging the prisoners  The commission worked for 3 days and ordered the execution of all the Vendéen combatants caught bearing arms  The executions started that same evening and lasted eight days, but the number executed is unknown  According to official statistics, they numbered 662, but there are doubts as to whether or not this number only reflects those executed during the 3 first days  The représentant en mission Benaban wrote that more than 2,000 were shot  Similarly, General François Carpantier boasted that he had 1,500 people executed   The 1,679 women and children were sent to prisons in Nantes  Some officers, such as Kléber and Savary, asked Carrier to spare them, but Carrier refused to listen and had them all shot or drowned Other massacres took place in the countryside  Westermann and his hussards shot 500 to 700 prisoners, men, women, and children, at the Sem forest near Prinquiau   Westermann, nicknamed the "butcher of the Vendéens" supposedly wrote to the Committee of Public Safety:

There is no more Vendée, Republican citizens  It died beneath our free sword, with its women and its children  I have just buried it in the swamps and the woods of Savenay  Following the orders that you gave to me, I crushed the children beneath the horses' hooves, massacred the women who, those at least, will bear no more brigands  I do not have a single prisoner to reproach myself with  I have exterminated them all   Nonetheless, some Vendéens were lucky enough to manage to escape, helped by the local population  Jean Legland, a ferryman on the Loire, declared in 1834 that he helped 1,258 escapees pass in the days following the battle of Savenay  This was confirmed by written testimonies by the Abbé Bernier  In total, 2,500 people might have survived the battle 

Consequences
The battle marked the end of the Virée de Galerne, and definitively ended the threat of Vendée to the republic  Yet fighting continued in Vendée  General Marceau, outraged by his soldiers' behavior, asked to be transferred  Marceau was soon replaced by Kléber as general of the Army of the West, and thereafter by Louis Marie Turreau  Guerrilla fighting continued for some time between the Vendéens and the Republican infernal columns 

In popular culture
Jules Verne described the battle at the beginning of his historical novel Le Comte de Chanteleine (1862) 
Passage 9:
Battle of Manila Bay
The Battle of Manila Bay (Filipino: Labanan sa Look ng Maynila; Spanish: Batalla de Bahía de Manila), also known as the Battle of Cavite, took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish–American War  The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Contraalmirante (Rear admiral) Patricio Montojo  The battle took place in Manila Bay in the Philippines, and was the first major engagement of the Spanish–American War  The battle was one of the most decisive naval battles in history and marked the end of the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over the Spanish conduct during their efforts to quell the Cuban War of Independence, with many Americans being agitated by largely falsified reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban population  In January 1898, fearing the fate of American interests in Cuba due to the war, the cruiser USS Maine was dispatched to protect them  Less than a month later, the cruiser exploded while lying at anchor in Havana harbor, killing 261 sailors onboard and inflaming American opinion 
Upon the outbreak of war, the Americans realized that defeating a significant Spanish squadron then stationed in the Philippines was important to ensuring victory in the war  The U S  Asiatic Squadron commanded by Dewey, a veteran of the American Civil War, was dispatched to ensure success  On 1 May, the American squadron steamed into Manila Bay to engage with the Spanish  The Spanish, aware that they were hopelessly outgunned, made a desperate defense against the Americans  The battle was not much of contest, with superior American naval gunnery and seamanship ensuring the entire Spanish fleet would be sunk with minimal casualties for the Americans, who suffered only ten casualties in all  Upon realising that the battle was hopeless, Montojo ordered his two protected cruisers to be scuttled to ensure that they did not fall into the hands of the Americans  The battle remains one of the most significant naval battles in American maritime history 

Prelude
Americans living on the West Coast of the United States feared a Spanish attack at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War  Only a few U S  Navy warships, led by the cruiser USS Olympia, stood between them and a powerful Spanish fleet  In practice however  Olympia was far superior to the Spanish colonial fleet, as the battle would show 
Admiral Montojo, a career Spanish naval officer who had been dispatched rapidly to the Philippines, was equipped with a variety of obsolete vessels  Efforts to strengthen his position amounted to little  The strategy adopted by the Spanish bureaucracy suggested they could not win a war and saw resistance as little more than a face-saving exercise : 59  Administration actions worked against the effort, sending explosives meant for naval mines to civilian construction companies while the Spanish fleet in Manila was seriously undermanned by inexperienced sailors who had not received any training for over a year  Reinforcements promised from Madrid resulted in only two poorly-armored scout cruisers being sent while at the same time the authorities transferred a squadron from the Manila fleet under Admiral Pascual Cervera to reinforce the Caribbean  Admiral Montojo had originally wanted to confront the Americans at Subic Bay, northwest of Manila Bay, but abandoned that idea when he learned the planned mines and coastal defensives were lacking and the cruiser Castilla started to leak : 69   Montojo compounded his difficulties by placing his ships outside the range of Spanish coastal artillery (which might have evened the odds) and choosing a relatively shallow anchorage  His intent seems to have been to spare Manila from bombardment and to allow any survivors of his fleet to swim to safety  The harbor was protected by six shore batteries and three forts whose fire during the battle proved to be ineffective  Only Fort San Antonio Abad had guns with enough range to reach the American fleet, but Dewey never came within their range during the battle The Spanish squadron consisted of seven ships: the cruisers Reina Cristina (flagship), Castilla, Don Juan de Austria, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, and the gunboat Marques del Duero  The Spanish ships were of inferior quality to the American ships; the Castilla was unpowered and had to be towed by the transport ship Manila  On 25 April, the squadron left Manila Bay for the port of Subic, intending to mount a defense there  The squadron was relying on a shore battery which was to be installed on Isla Grande  On 28 April, before that installation could be completed, a cablegram from the Spanish Consul in Hong Kong arrived with the information that the American squadron had left Hong Kong bound for Subic for the purpose of destroying the Spanish squadron and intending to proceed from there to Manila  The Spanish Council of Commanders, with the exception of the Commander of Subic, felt that no defense of Subic was possible with the state of things, and that the squadron should transfer back to Manila, positioning in shallow water so that the ships could be run aground to save the lives of the crews as a final resort  The squadron departed Subic at 10:30 a m  on 29 April  Manila, towing Castilla, was last to arrive in Manila Bay, at midnight 

Battle
At 7 p m  on 30 April, Montojo was informed that Dewey's ships had been seen in Subic Bay that afternoon  As Manila Bay was considered unnavigable at night by foreigners, Montojo expected an attack the following morning  However, Oscar F  Williams, the United States Consul in Manila, had provided Dewey with detailed information on the state of the Spanish defenses and the lack of preparedness of the Spanish fleet  Based in part upon this intelligence, Dewey—embarked aboard Olympia—led his squadron into Manila Bay at midnight on 30 April Passing the entrance, two Spanish mines exploded but were ineffective as they were well below the draft of any of the ships due to the depth of the water  Inside the bay, ships normally used the north channel between Corregidor Island and the northern coast, and this was the only channel mined  Dewey instead used the unmined south channel between El Fraile and Caballo Islands  The El Fraile battery fired a few rounds but the range was too great  The McCulloch, Nanshan and Zafiro were then detached from the line and took no further part in the fighting  At 5:15 a m  on 1 May, the squadron was off Manila and the Cavite battery fired ranging shots  The shore batteries and Spanish fleet then opened fire but all the shells fell short as the fleet was still out of range  At 5:41 with the now famous phrase, "You may fire when ready, Gridley", the Olympia's captain was instructed to begin the destruction of the Spanish flotilla The U S  squadron swung in front of the Spanish ships and forts in line ahead, firing their port guns  They then turned and passed back, firing their starboard guns  This process was repeated five times, each time closing the range from 5,000 yards to 2,000 yards  The Spanish forces had been alerted, and most were ready for action, but they were heavily outgunned  Eight Spanish ships, the land batteries, and the forts returned fire for two and a half hours although the range was too great for the guns on shore  Five other small Spanish ships were not engaged 
Montojo accepted that his cause was hopeless and ordered his ships to ram the enemy if possible  He then slipped the Cristina's cables and charged  Much of the American fleet's fire was then directed at her and she was shot to pieces  Of the crew of 400, more than 200, including Montojo, were casualties and only two men remained who were able to man her guns  The ship managed to return to shore and Montojo ordered it to be scuttled  The Castilla, which only had guns on the port side, had her forward cable shot away, causing her to swing about, presenting her weaponless starboard side  The captain then ordered her sunk and abandoned  The Ulloa was hit by a shell at the waterline that killed her captain and disabled half the crew  The Luzon had three guns out of action but was otherwise unharmed  The Duero lost an engine and had only one gun left able to fire At 7:45 a m , after Captain Gridley messaged Dewey that only 15 rounds of 5" ammunition remained per gun, Dewey ordered an immediate withdrawal  To preserve morale, he informed the crews that the halt in the battle was to allow the crews to have breakfast  According to an observer on the Olympia, "At least three of his (Spanish) ships had broken into flames but so had one of ours  These fires had all been put out without apparent injury to the ships  Generally speaking, nothing of great importance had occurred to show that we had seriously injured any Spanish vessel " Montojo took the opportunity to now move his remaining ships into Bacoor Bay where they were ordered to resist for as long as possible A captains' conference on the Olympia revealed little damage and no men killed  It was discovered that the original ammunition message had been garbled—instead of only 15 rounds of ammunition per gun remaining, the message had meant to say only 15 rounds of ammunition per gun had been expended  Reports arrived during the conference that sounds of exploding ammunition had been heard and fires sighted on the Cristina and Castilla  At 10:40 a m  action was resumed but the Spanish offered little resistance, and Montojo issued orders for the remaining ships to be scuttled and the breechblocks of their guns taken ashore  The Olympia, Baltimore and Boston then fired on the Sangley Point battery putting it out of action and followed up by sinking the Ulloa  The Concord fired on the transport Mindanao, whose crew immediately abandoned ship  The Petrel fired on the government offices next to the arsenal and a white flag was raised over the building after which all firing ceased  The Spanish colors were struck at 12:40 p m 
Dewey won the battle with seven men slightly wounded, a total of nine injured, and only a single fatality among his crew: Francis B  Randall, Chief Engineer on the McCulloch, from a heart attack  On the other hand, the Spanish naval historian Agustín Ramón Rodríguez González suggests that Dewey suffered heavier losses, though still much lower than those of the Spanish squadron  Rodríguez notes that Spanish officials estimated the American casualties at 13 crewmen killed and more than 30 wounded based on reliable information collected by the Spanish consulate in Hong Kong  According to Rodríguez, Dewey may have concealed the deaths and injuries by including the numbers among the 155 men who reportedly deserted during the campaign 

Subsequent action
A Spanish attempt to attack Dewey with the naval task force known as Camara's Flying Relief Column came to naught, and the naval war in the Philippines devolved into a series of torpedo boat hit-and-run attacks for the rest of the campaign  While the Spanish scored several hits, there were no American fatalities directly attributable to Spanish gunfire 
On 2 May, Dewey landed a force of Marines at Cavite  They completed the destruction of the Spanish fleet and batteries and established a guard for the protection of the Spanish hospitals  The resistance of the forts was weak  The Olympia turned a few guns on the Cavite arsenal, detonating its magazine, and ending the fire from the Spanish batteries 
Dewey cabled Washington, stating that although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5,000 additional men to seize Manila itself 

Aftermath
In recognition of George Dewey's leadership during the Battle of Manila Bay, a special medal known as the Dewey Medal was presented to the officers and sailors under Admiral Dewey's command   Dewey was later honored with promotion to the special rank of Admiral of the Navy  Building on his popularity, Dewey briefly ran for president in 1900, but withdrew and endorsed William McKinley, the incumbent, who won  The same year Dewey was appointed President of the General Board of the United States Navy, where he would play a key role in the growth of the U S  Navy until his death in January 1917 
Dewey Square in Boston is named after Admiral Dewey, as is Dewey Beach, Delaware  Union Square, San Francisco features a 97 ft (30 m) tall monument to Admiral Dewey's victory at the Battle of Manila Bay 

Order of battle
Vessels engaged in actual combat during the Battle of Manila Bay ranged in size from 5,870 tons (Olympia) to 492 tons (Marques del Duero) 

United States
Engaged Vessels:

USS Olympia, flagship, protected cruiser of 5,870 tons, with four 8-inch guns mounted in pairs on two turrets, plus ten 5-inch guns and six torpedo tubes  Top speed 20 knots   She is now a museum ship at the Independence Seaport Museum, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
USS Baltimore, protected cruiser of 4,600 tons, with four 8-inch guns on single mounts, plus six 6-inch guns  Top speed 20 knots 
USS Raleigh, protected cruiser of 3,200 tons, with one 6-inch and ten 5-inch guns  Top speed 19 knots 
USS Boston, protected cruiser of 3,200 tons, with two 8-inch and six 6-inch guns  Top speed 13 knots 
USS Concord, gunboat of 1,710 tons with six 6-inch guns  Top speed 17 knots 
USS Petrel, gunboat of 867 tons with four 6-inch guns  Top speed 12 knots Despite the superiority of the American artillery, the success rate of their guns was minimal, a total of 5,859 shells were expended during the battle  Excluding shells fired at land targets and the unengaged vessels, only 145 hit the seven Spanish engaged vessels  The Reina Cristina and Castilla suffered 81 hits between them, the Don Antonio de Ulloa was hit 33 times, the Don Juan de Austria 13, the Marques del Duero 10, the Isla de Cuba five and the Isla de Luzón was hit three times Unengaged vessels:

The Revenue Cutter McCulloch, the collier Nanshan and the steamer Zafiro (a supply vessel) were directed to keep out of the main action because of their light armament and lack of armor  The McCulloch's chief engineer, Francis B  Randall, died of a heart attack 

Spain
Engaged Vessels:

Reina Cristina, flagship, unprotected cruiser of 3,042 tons, with six 6 4-inch guns  The fastest Spanish vessel with a top speed of 16 knots 
Castilla, unprotected cruiser of 3,289 tons, with four 5 9-inch and two 4 7-inch guns  The vessel's 8-inch guns had been removed to equip the shore batteries  The ship was used as a floating battery as the temporary repair of the leaks had immobilized her propeller shaft 
Don Antonio de Ulloa, unprotected cruiser of 1,152 tons, with two 4 7-inch guns on the starboard side   Under repair with her engines ashore  Her entire port side armament had been removed to equip the shore batteries 
Don Juan de Austria, unprotected cruiser of 1,152 tons, with four 4 7-inch guns  Top speed 13 knots 
Isla de Cuba, protected cruiser of 1,030 tons, with six 4 7-inch guns  Top speed 14 knots 
Isla de Luzon, protected cruiser of 1,030 tons, with six 4 7-inch guns  Top speed 14 knots 
Marques del Duero, gunboat of 492 tons, with one 6 4-inch and two 4 7-inch guns  Top speed 10 knots Unengaged Vessels:

Mindanao, transport ship of 1,900 tons, with 2 secondary rapid fire guns  77 men 
Velasco, unprotected cruiser of 1,152 tons   Her boilers were ashore being repaired  All her guns were apparently removed to the Caballo Island Battery  145 men 
El Coreo, gunboat of 560 tons, with three 4 7-inch guns, three secondary rapid-fire guns, and 1 torpedo tube  115 men 
General Lezo, gunboat of 520 tons, with two 4 7-inch guns which were apparently removed to El Fraile Island, 2 secondary rapid-fire guns, and 1 torpedo tube  115 men 
Argos, gunboat of 508 tons, with one 3 5-inch gun   87 men The Spanish vessels had 19 torpedo tubes between them but no serviceable torpedoes 
Shore Defenses

Fort San Antonio Abad:  Built 1584  Located in Manila  Various guns with only the 9 4-inch having enough range to reach Dewey's ships at their closest approach 
Fort San Felipe:  Built 1609  A small castle built on a sandbar protected by a breakwater and separated from Cavite City by a moat 
Cavite Fort:  Fortified naval base and shipyard in Cavite City located adjacent to Fort San Felipe 
Corregidor battery:  Entrance to Manila Bay  Did not fire 
Caballo battery: Entrance to Manila Bay  Did not fire 
El Fraile battery: Entrance to Manila Bay  Fired three rounds before Raleigh silenced it after hitting the battery with a single shell 
Cañacao battery: Located in the town of Cañacao  Armed with a single 4 7-inch gun  Did not fire 
Sangley Point battery: Located at the Sangley Point Naval Base  Armed with three 64-lb muzzleloading cannon and two 5 9-inch guns (which were the only ones to fire )
Malate battery: Located in the Manila district of Malate  Did not fire The batteries were supplemented with the guns removed from Montojo's fleet  The Corregidor, Caballo and El Fraile batteries had a combined total of 17 guns 

Gallery
The United States Navy ships:

		
		
		
		
		
The destroyed Spanish ships after the battle:

See also
Battle of Manila (disambiguation)
Battles of the Spanish–American War
Philippine–American War
List of naval battles

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 2:
Ahmed Salah Hosny
Ahmed Salah Mohamed Hosni Hassan (Arabic: أحمد صلاح محمد حسني حسن; born 11 July 1979) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker  He turned to acting in 2012, after he composed songs for Mohamed Hamaki and others in 2011  He appeared in TV Shows that includes Kalabsh, Al Fetewa, and Hawary Bucharest 

International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hosny goal 1 Egypt goalscorer in Kenya is also accredited to Ahmed Hossam Mido 

Honours
Al AhlyEgyptian Premier League: 1997-1998VfB Stuttgart

UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
Passage 3:
2004–05 UEFA Champions League
The 2004–05 UEFA Champions League was the 50th season of UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the 13th since it was rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992  The competition was won by Liverpool, who beat Milan on penalties in the final, having come back from 3–0 down at half-time  Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard was named as UEFA's Footballer of the Year for his key role in the final and throughout the Champions League season  The final, played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, is often regarded as one of the best in the history of the tournament As it was their fifth European Cup title, Liverpool were awarded the trophy permanently, and received the UEFA Badge of Honour  A new trophy was made for the 2005–06 season 
Porto were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Milan's cross-city rival Internazionale in the first knockout round 

Association team allocation
A total of 72 teams from 48 of the 52 UEFA member associations participated in the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, Andorra and San Marino)  Kazakhstan also did not participate this year as none of their clubs were able to obtain UEFA license  The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
Associations 1–3 each have four teams qualify 
Associations 4–6 each have three teams qualify 
Associations 7–15 each have two teams qualify 
Associations 16–49 (except Liechtenstein) each have one team qualify 

Association ranking
For the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2003 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1998–1999 to 2002–03 Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:

Distribution
Since the title holders (Porto) qualified for the Champions League group stage through their domestic league, and the group stage spot reserved for the title holders is vacated, while no team from Kazakhstan was admitted, the following changes to the default access list are made:
The champions of association 10 (Turkey) are promoted from the third qualifying round to the group stage 
The champions of association 16 (Austria) are promoted from the second qualifying round to the third qualifying round 
The champions of associations 26, 27 and 28 (Romania, Hungary and Cyprus) are promoted from the first qualifying round to the second qualifying round 

Teams
League positions of the previous season shown in parentheses (TH: Champions League title holders) 

Notes

Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise) 
Notes

Qualifying rounds
First qualifying round
Second qualifying round
Third qualifying round
Group stage
16 winners from the third qualifying round, 10 champions from countries ranked 1–10, and six second-placed teams from countries ranked 1–6 were drawn into eight groups of four teams each  The top two teams in each group will advance to the Champions League play-offs, while the third-placed teams will advance to the third round of the UEFA Cup 
Tiebreakers, if necessary, are applied in the following order:

Points earned in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Total goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Away goals scored in head-to-head matches between the tied teams 
Cumulative goal difference in all group matches 
Total goals scored in all group matches 
Higher UEFA coefficient going into the competition Maccabi Tel Aviv made their debut appearance in the group stage 

Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Knockout phase
Bracket
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
As winners of the competition, Liverpool went on to represent UEFA at the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup 

Statistics
Statistics exclude qualifying rounds 

Top goalscorers
Source: Top Scorers – Final – Wednesday 25 May 2005 (after match)

Top assists
Source:

See also
2004–05 UEFA Cup
2005 UEFA Super Cup
2005 FIFA Club World Championship
2004–05 UEFA Women's Cup
Passage 4:
List of Wigan Warriors players
Wigan Warriors is an English professional rugby league club based in Wigan, Greater Manchester  Formed in 1872, the club was a founding member of the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895, and competed in the inaugural season of the Northern Union's league championship  Since then, more than 1,100 players have appeared for the club's first team  Jim Sullivan has made the most career appearances for Wigan, having played 774 games between 1921 and 1946  Sullivan is also the club's all-time top goal scorer (2,317) and point scorer (4,883), and holds the club record for most points scored in a single match, with 44 against Flimby & Fothergill in 1925 
The try scoring record is held by Billy Boston, who touched down 478 times for the club  Martin Offiah and Shaun Edwards share the record for most tries scored in one game, with Offiah scoring ten tries against Leeds in 1992 before Edwards repeated the feat against Swinton later that year 

List of players
The following is a list of rugby league players who have made 100 or more appearances for Wigan since the formation of the Northern Union in 1895  Appearances include all official league and cup games, but exclude friendlies  The list is ordered by date of debut, then by surname and first name 

Historically notable players
The following subsections are lists of players who have played in a notable event whilst playing at Wigan RLFC, such as an international fixture, or else have performed exceptionally and have been recognised by club and its fans in light of these efforts 

Testimonials
Once players have been at a club for a certain length of time (usually ten years), they may be offered a friendly game celebrating their time at the club, known as a testimonial match  This is a list of players who have received testimonials from Wigan RLFC, in ascending chronological order with respect to when they received it 

Brian McTigue (1960)
David Bolton (1964)
Colin Clarke (1973)
Dennis Ramsdale (1985)
Nicholas "Nicky" Kiss (1988)
Shaun Edwards (OBE) (1993)
Graeme West (1994)
Mick Cassidy (2000)
Andy Farrell (OBE) (2002)
Denis Betts (2003)
Terry O'Connor (2004)
Kris Radlinski (MBE) (2006)
Sean O'Loughlin (2012)
Paul Prescott (2014)
Michael McIlorum (2017)

Team of the Decade
In 2005 during the tenth season of the current Super League championship format, the fans of Wigan RLFC voted for their best thirteen players of the 'Nighties' and the 'Naughties', called the Team of the Decade  This is a list of the ballot's resulting thirteen players 

Footnotes
Passage 5:
Premier League records and statistics
The Premier League is an English professional league for association football clubs  At the top of the English football league system, it is the country's primary football competition and is contested by 20 clubs  The competition was formed in February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from The Football League, in order to take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal 

Team records
Titles
Most titles: 13, Manchester United
Most consecutive title wins: 3
Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)
Manchester City (2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23)
Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and +8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56)  Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference, the only time that goal difference has decided the Premier League title 
Earliest title win with the most games remaining: 7 games: Liverpool (2019–20)

Points
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)
Most home points in a season: 55Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)
Most points without winning the league: 97, Liverpool (2018–19)
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)
Most points while bottom of the league:
42 games: 40, Nottingham Forest (1992–93)
38 games: 34, Nottingham Forest (1996–97)
Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)
Most points in a season while being relegated:
42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)
Fewest points in a season while avoiding relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)
Most points in a season by a team promoted in the previous season:
42 games: 77, Newcastle United (1993–94) and Nottingham Forest (1994–95)
38 games: 66, Ipswich Town (2000–01)
Most days spent on top of the league: 274Chelsea (2014–15)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most days spent on top of the league without winning the title: 248Arsenal (2022–23)

Wins
Most wins in total: 726, Manchester United
Most wins in a season: 32
Manchester City (2017–18, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most home wins in a season: 18Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)
Most away wins in a season: 16, Manchester City (2017–18)
Fewest wins in a season: 1, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest home wins in a season: 1Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest away wins in a season: 0Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)
Most consecutive wins: 18
Manchester City (26 August – 27 December 2017)
Liverpool (27 October 2019 – 24 February 2020)
Most consecutive wins from the start of a season: 9, Chelsea (2005–06)
Most consecutive wins to the end of a season: 14, Manchester City (2018–19)
Most consecutive home wins: 24, Liverpool (9 February 2019 – 5 July 2020)
Most consecutive away wins: 12, Manchester City (19 December 2020 – 14 May 2021)
Most consecutive matches without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)
Most consecutive matches without a win from the start of a season: 17, Sheffield United (2020–21)
Defeated all league opponents at least once in a season:Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11, 2017–18)
Manchester City (2017–18, 2018–19)
Liverpool (2019–20)

Defeats
Most defeats in total: 432, Everton
Most defeats in a season: 29
Ipswich Town (1994–95) 42 game season
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Most home defeats in a season: 15, Watford (2021–22)
Most away defeats in a season: 17, Burnley (2009–10)
Fewest defeats in a season: 0, Arsenal (2003–04)
Fewest home defeats in a season: 0
Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22)
Manchester City (2011–12)
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)
Fewest away defeats in a season: 0
Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)
Manchester United (2020–21)
Most consecutive matches undefeated: 49, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)
Most consecutive away matches undefeated: 29, Manchester United (17 February 2020 – 16 October 2021)
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season: 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)
Most consecutive defeats from the start of a season: 7
Portsmouth (2009–10)
Crystal Palace (2017–18)

Draws
Most draws in total: 332, Everton
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18
Manchester City (1993–94)
Sheffield United (1993–94)
Southampton (1994–95)
Most draws in a season (38 games): 17
Newcastle United (2003–04)
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)
Sunderland (2014–15)
Most home draws in a season: 10
Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)
Manchester United (2016–17)
Most away draws in a season: 10
Newcastle United (2003–04)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Fewest draws in a season: 2Manchester City (2018–19)
Tottenham Hotspur (2018–19)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Fewest home draws in a season: 0Manchester City (2008–09, 2018–19)
Manchester United (2012–13)
Chelsea (2016–17)
Fewest away draws in a season: 0
Tottenham Hotspur (2018–19)
Leeds United (2020–21)
Most consecutive draws: 7
Norwich City (1993–94)
Southampton (1994–95)
Manchester City (2009–10)
Most consecutive matches without a draw: 32, Tottenham Hotspur (30 April 2018 – 27 February 2019)

Goals
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20
Derby County (2007–08)
Sheffield United (2020–21)
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)
Most own goals scored in a season: 8, Leicester City (2003–04)
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)
Worst goal difference in a season: −69, Derby County (2007–08)
Highest finish with a negative goal difference: 3rd, Norwich City (1992–93, −4)
Lowest finish with a positive goal difference: 16th, Manchester City (2003–04, +1)
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 9, Fulham (2020–21)
Most goals conceded at home in a season: 46, Watford (2021–22)
Fewest goals conceded at home in a season: 4, Manchester United (1994–95)
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 7, Norwich City (2019–20)
Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)
Scored in every match: Arsenal (2001–02) (38 games)
Most consecutive matches scored in: 55, Arsenal (19 May 2001 – 30 November 2002)
Most goals scored in total: 2,243, Manchester United
Most goals conceded in total: 1,538, Everton
Most own goals scored in total: 59, Everton

Disciplinary
Most yellow cards in total: 1,877, Chelsea
Most red cards in total: 106, Everton
Most yellow cards in a season: 101, Leeds United (2021–22)
Fewest yellow cards in a season: 12, Coventry City (1993–94)
Most red cards in a season: 9
Sunderland (2009–10)
Queens Park Rangers (2011–12)
Most yellow cards in one match: 12Chelsea v  Leeds United, 25 October 1998
Wolverhampton Wanderers v  Newcastle United, 28 August 2010
Tottenham Hotspur v  Chelsea, 2 May 2016
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9, Tottenham Hotspur v  Chelsea, 2 May 2016
Most penalties awarded to a team in a season: 14, Manchester United (2019–20)
Most penalties conceded by a team in a season: 13, Hull City (2016–17)

Awards
Most Golden Boot Winners: 7Liverpool (1997–98†, 1998–99†, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19 (2)†, 2021–22†)
Most Golden Glove Winners: 7Manchester City (2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22†)† Indicates multiple award winners in the same season

Attendances
Highest attendance, single match: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)
Lowest attendance, single match: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)These figures do not take into account the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons, when many matches had an attendance of zero due to public health measures adopted to control the COVID-19 pandemic 

Player records
Appearances
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)
Most different clubs played for: 8, Marcus Bent (for Crystal Palace, Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town, Leicester City, Everton, Charlton Athletic, Wigan Athletic, and Wolverhampton Wanderers)
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v  Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)
Youngest player: Ethan Nwaneri, 15 years and 181 days (for Arsenal v  Brentford, 18 September 2022)
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)
Most Premier League appearances as a substitute: 200, James Milner
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Goalscoring
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v  Manchester United, 15 August 1992)
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer
Most Premier League goals at one club: 213, Harry Kane (for Tottenham Hotspur)
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v  Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v  Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August – 28 November 2015)
Most consecutive away Premier League matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January – 22 May 2011)Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most goals in a season: 36, Erling Haaland (Manchester City, 2022–23)
Most non-penalty goals in a season: 31Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
Luis Suárez (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Most matches scored in during a Premier League season: 26Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2022–23)
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)
Most Premier League teams scored against: 39, Frank Lampard
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17
20-team league:Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
22-team league:Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)
Most goals in a debut season: 36, Erling Haaland (Manchester City, 2022–23)
Fastest goal: 7 69 seconds, Shane Long (for Southampton v  Watford, 23 April 2019)
Fastest goal on Premier League debut: 28 seconds, Odsonne Édouard (for Crystal Palace v  Tottenham Hotspur, 11 September 2021)
Latest goal: 101 minutes and 48 seconds, Dirk Kuyt (for Liverpool v  Arsenal, 17 April 2011)
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3, Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4, Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5Thierry Henry (2001–2006 for Arsenal)
Sergio Agüero (2014–2019 for Manchester City)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 15 goals: 9, Harry Kane (2014–2023 for Tottenham Hotspur)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11, Wayne Rooney (2004–2015 for Manchester United)
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21, Ryan Giggs (1992–2013 for Manchester United)
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)
Most scored from outside the box: 41, Frank Lampard
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne
Most own goals in a season: 4
Martin Škrtel (Liverpool, 2013–14)
Lewis Dunk (Brighton & Hove Albion, 2017–18)
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)
Most penalties scored: 56, Alan Shearer
Most penalties missed: 11
Alan Shearer
Wayne Rooney

Penalties
Free kicks
Hat-tricks & multiple goal records
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 12, Sergio Agüero
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)
Youngest player to score a Premier League hat-trick: 18 years and 62 days, Michael Owen (Sheffield Wednesday 3–3 Liverpool, 14 February 1998)
Oldest player to score a Premier League hat-trick: 37 years and 146 days, Teddy Sheringham (Portsmouth 4–0 Bolton Wanderers, 26 August 2003)
Most goals in a match: 5Andy Cole (Manchester United 9–0 Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995)
Alan Shearer (Newcastle United 8–0 Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999)
Jermain Defoe (Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009)
Dimitar Berbatov (Manchester United 7–1 Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010)
Sergio Agüero (Manchester City 6–1 Newcastle United, 3 October 2015)
Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (Liverpool v  Norwich City)
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (Southampton 6–1 Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) 
Most goals scored by a substitute in a match: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (Nottingham Forest 1–8 Manchester United, 6 February 1999)
Most consecutive Premier League goal-scoring appearances by a player against a single opponent: 9, Sadio Mané (Liverpool v  Crystal Palace, 19 August 2017 to 18 September 2021) 
Most own goals scored by a player in a match: 2
Jamie Carragher (Liverpool player; Liverpool 2–3 Manchester United, 11 September 1999)
Michael Proctor (Sunderland player; Sunderland 1–3 Charlton Athletic, 1 February 2003)
Jonathan Walters (Stoke City player; Stoke City 0–4 Chelsea, 12 January 2013)
Wout Faes (Leicester City player; Liverpool 2–1 Leicester City, 30 December 2022)

Assists
Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most Premier League assists in a season: 20
Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)
Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City, 2019–20)
Quickest player to reach 50 assists: Kevin De Bruyne, 123 matches
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September – 21 November 2015)
Most assists from one player to another: 24, Frank Lampard to Didier Drogba
Most goals/assists between two players: 47, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min
Most goals/assists between two players in a season: 14, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min (Tottenham Hotspur, 2020–21)
Most individual assist givers in one match for the same team: 7, Crystal Palace 0–7 Liverpool (19 December 2020)
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4Dennis Bergkamp (Arsenal 5–0 Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (Arsenal 7–0 Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (Arsenal 6–2 Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (Tottenham Hotspur 5–0 Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (Arsenal 4–1 Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (Southampton 8–0 Sunderland, 18 October 2014)
Harry Kane (Southampton 2–5 Tottenham Hotspur, 20 September 2020) – only instance in which all four assists were to a single player (Son Heung-min)
Paul Pogba (Manchester United 5–1 Leeds United, 14 August 2021)

Goalkeepers
Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold 

Most Premier League clean sheets (career): 202, Petr Čech
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 matches (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)
Most clean sheets at one club: 162, Petr Čech (for Chelsea)
Most penalties saved: 13, David James
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):
Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)
Alisson (West Bromwich Albion 1–2 Liverpool, 16 May 2021)

Disciplinary
Most red cards for a player: 8Richard Dunne
Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Most red cards in a season: 3Vinnie Jones (Wimbledon, 1995–96)
Slaven Bilić (Everton, 1997–98)
David Batty (Newcastle United, 1997–98)
Craig Short (Blackburn Rovers, 2001–02)
Franck Queudrue (Middlesbrough, 2002–03)
Wes Brown (Sunderland, 2013–14)
Victor Wanyama (Southampton, 2015–16)
Most yellow cards for a player: 123, Gareth Barry
Most yellow cards in a season: 14Mark Hughes (Southampton, 1998–99)
Robbie Savage (Leicester City, 2001–02)
Cheick Tioté (Newcastle United, 2010–11)
Lee Cattermole (Sunderland, 2014–15)
José Holebas (Watford, 2016–17)
Étienne Capoue (Watford, 2018–19)
João Palhinha (Fulham, 2022–23)
Most fouls: 633, Gareth Barry (since 2006–07, the first season for which reliable records are available)
Most penalties conceded in a season: 5, David Luiz (Arsenal, 2019–20)
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton – after being dismissed for violent conduct against Manchester City on 13 May 2012, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct
Fastest booking: 24 seconds, Scott McTominay (for Manchester United v  Newcastle United, 26 December 2019)
Most appearances without a booking: 201, John Barnes

Awards
Most Premier League winner's medals: 13Ryan Giggs (1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13)
Most Player of the Season awards: 2Thierry Henry (2003–04 and 2005–06)
Cristiano Ronaldo (2006–07 and 2007–08)
Nemanja Vidić (2008–09 and 2010–11)
Kevin De Bruyne (2019–20 and 2021–22)
Most Player of the Month awards: 7Sergio Agüero (October 2013, November 2014, January 2016, April 2016, January 2018, February 2019, January 2020)
Harry Kane (January 2015, February 2015, March 2016, February 2017, September 2017, December 2017, March 2022)
Most Golden Boot Awards: 4Thierry Henry (2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06)
Most Golden Glove Awards: 4Joe Hart (2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15)
Petr Čech (2004–05, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2015–16)

Match records
Scorelines
Biggest home win: 9–0
Manchester United 9–0 Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)
Manchester United 9–0 Southampton (2 February 2021)
Liverpool 9–0 Bournemouth (27 August 2022)
Biggest away win: 9–0
Southampton 0–9 Leicester City (25 October 2019)
Biggest aggregate win: 12–0
Manchester City 8–0 Watford (21 September 2019) and Watford 0–4 Manchester City (21 July 2020)
Biggest loss by reigning champions: 5 goals
Coventry City 5–0 Blackburn Rovers (9 December 1995), after Blackburn Rovers won the 1994–95 season
Newcastle United 5–0 Manchester United (20 October 1996), after Manchester United won the 1995–96 season
Chelsea 5–0 Manchester United (3 October 1999), after Manchester United won the 1998–99 season
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season
Aston Villa 7–2 Liverpool (4 October 2020), after Liverpool won the 2019–20 season
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3
Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)
Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011), with Newcastle United scoring last
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v  Reading (29 September 2007)
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v  Manchester United (19 May 2013)
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals
Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score: 3–4)
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score: 4–4)
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score: 3–4)
Highest scoring in the second half: 9 goals, Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009 – first half score: 1–0)
Most individual goal scorers in one match: 9
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)
Most individual goal scorers in one match for the same team: 8, Manchester United 9–0 Southampton (2 February 2021)

All-time Premier League table
The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992  The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2022–23 season  Teams in bold are part of the 2023–24 Premier League  Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column 
League or status at 2023–24:

Notes

Manager records
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Season award: 11, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United; 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11 and 2012–13) 
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards in a single season: 5, Jürgen Klopp (2019–20)
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)
Most clubs managed: 9, Sam Allardyce (Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United, Sunderland, Crystal Palace, Everton, West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United)
Quickest to reach 50 Premier League wins: José Mourinho, 63 Games
Quickest to reach 100 Premier League wins: Pep Guardiola, 134 games
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 – 13 May 2018)
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers):
Fewest days: 30 days, Sam Allardyce (Leeds United, 3 May – 2 June 2023)
Fewest games: 4 games
Frank de Boer (Crystal Palace, 26 June – 10 September 2017)
Sam Allardyce (Leeds United, 3 May – 2 June 2023)
Oldest manager: Roy Hodgson, 75 years, 292 days (for Crystal Palace v  Nottingham Forest, 28 May 2023)
Youngest manager: Ryan Mason, 29 years, 312 days (for Tottenham Hotspur v  Southampton, 21 April 2021)

Notes
Passage 6:
Cho Chi-hyo
Cho Chi-hyo (born December 6, 1970 in Incheon, South Korea) is a South Korean former handball player 
Cho was a runner-up for top goal scorer (45 goals in 6 games) at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain, where the South Korea men's national handball team finished in the 6th place  He was eventually named to the All-Star Team of the competition 
After winning a gold medal at the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, Japan, he moved to the Swiss Handball League in October 1994  For 13 years in Switzerland, he led his teams to the league champions eight times, winning two scoring titles and one league MVP 
In 2007, Cho moved to Germany to play for HBW Balingen-Weilstetten in the Handball-Bundesliga  In 2008, he was selected for the South Korea men's national handball team at the age of 38, and led his team to the quarterfinals of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China 
Passage 7:
František Hoholko
František Hoholko (1 May 1947 – 9 February 2005) was a former Slovak football winger or striker and later coach  During his playing career he made 228 appearances and scored 44 goals at the Czechoslovak First League  Hoholko was the top VSS scorer in the 1970–71 season, scoring 13 goals 
On 7 October 1970, Hoholko played his only match for the Czechoslovakia national football team against Finland (1–1, Letná Stadium) at the UEFA Euro 1972 qualifying 
He acted as head coach at the Slovak Second League team FK Čaňa before his death in 2005 
Passage 8:
Assi Tubi
Assi Tubi (Hebrew: אסי טובי, born 27 January 1972) is an Israeli footballer  He was the Israeli Premier League top scorer in the 1999–2000 season with 27 goals 

Honours
State Cup
1999
Toto Cup
2000-01

External links
(in Hebrew) Profile and statistics of Assi Tubi on One co il
Assi Tubi at National-Football-Teams com
Passage 9:
Chan Siu Ki
Chan Siu Ki (Chinese: 陳肇麒; Cantonese Yale: Chàn Siuhkèi; born 14 July 1985) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Hong Kong First Division club Eastern District  He is the all-time top scorer for the Hong Kong national team with 40 goals 

Club career
Early career
Chan was spotted by the management of Tai Po when he was playing amateur football  At that time, he was working in a store operated by his family  He was responsible for stock delivery and eventually developed a strong physique  He played for Tai Po in the Hong Kong Third Division  He was spotted by Rangers and joined them  However, he was almost immediately loaned and then sold to Kitchee and thus never played for Rangers At Kitchee, Chan developed into a strong and pacy striker as the club employed a 4–3–3 system  As he continued to impress, he was called up to the Hong Kong team in 2005  However, he was later involved in several disciplinary incidents at Kitchee and was suspended from playing duties by the club management  At the end of 2007–08 season, he joined arch-rivals South China for HKD $800,000, breaking the former transfer fee record of $500,000, paid by South China for Chan Wai Ho 

South China
At South China, Chan inherited the no  7 shirt vacated by Au Wai Lun  In the 2008–2009 season, he primarily played on the right wing because the centre forward position was often occupied by Detinho or Cacá  In the 2009–10 season, with the signing of right winger Lee Wai Lim, Chan competed with new signing Leandro Carrijó for his preferred centre forward position after Cacá's return to Brazil  On 1 August 2009, at the Panasonic Invitation Cup, Chan scored the first goal in South China's 2–0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur with an dipping half-volley from 30 yards  Subsequently, after the two clubs forged a partnership, he joined the Spurs for a ten-day trial at some point during December 2009 His trial was terminated prematurely as he was recalled by the Hong Kong U-23s progressed into the final of the 2009 East Asian Games  He was ranked 63rd in IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year by International Federation of Football History & Statistics alongside Eduardo Da Silva, Mario Gómez and Fernando Torres In the 2009 AFC Cup, Chan was red-carded at the end of the quarter final first leg against Neftchi Farg'ona and was suspended for two games  He returned in the semi-final second leg to a packed Hong Kong Stadium, but was unable to help South China overturn a 1–2 deficit to Kuwait SC  The club eventually lost 1–3 and went out of the tournament On 15 December 2009, Chan scored a hat-trick for South China against Shatin  On 24 January 2010, Chan scored 4 goals against Happy Valley as South China won 6–2  This was the first time he had scored 4 goals in a local league match  On 30 January, Chan scored a goal to help South China overturn a 0–2 deficit to win the 2009–10 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield, 4–2  Chan was the tournament's top scorer with 4 goals and he was also named the Best Player  On 5 May, he was diagnosed with an osteophyte  But he still played in the second half of the game against Al Riffa in the 2010 AFC Cup  South China in the end lost the game 1–3 In the 2010–11 season, Chan scored against Sun Hei but was then involved with a collision with teammate Kwok Kin Pong, which resulted in a left knee ligament injury that sidelined him for a month  He returned from injuries in November to score two goals for South China against Kitchee, but could not prevent Kitchee from winning 4–3  On 2 February 2011, he scored two goals against Sun Hei SC to help South China win 3–2 and move back to the top of the league table In the 2011 AFC Cup, Chan scored the equalising goal from a Mateja Kezman cross for South China at home against Persipura Jayapura  In the away game to East Bengal, he was sent off after two bookable offences  In May, after teammate Kwok Kin Pong scored with a diving header in a Hong Kong FA Cup match between South China and Sun Hei SC, Chan rushed in to celebrate with Kwok, but his slide did not stop in time and caught Kwok in the face  The video was posted on the internet and picked up by Yahoo!'s Dirty Tackle On 20 November 2011, Chan was involved in a scuffle in a match away to Pegasus  In the confusion, he was seen on television to slapping Karl Dodd  Dodd retaliated and punched Chan in the face, resulting in him rolling on the ground  Dodd was sent off but Chan only received a yellow card  Chan has since apologised on his Facebook account  Chan only received a warning letter and escaped punishment from HKFA's disciplinary committee for his altercation with Dodd, and Chan was himself surprised by the verdict



ground_truth: 15 February 1942

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The all time top goal scorer in premier league in one season is a member of what team?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He scored his first goal of the season for South China on 24 November when he headed in a cross from Kwok Kin Pong to help South China progress to the semi-final of the 2011–12 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield by beating Sham Shui Po by 2–1 (aggregate 3–2)  Amidst his second smoking scandal in 4 months, South China's chairman Steven Lo announced on his official blog on 23 May 2012 that Chan's contract had been terminated by the club 

Guangdong Sunray Cave
On 10 July 2012, Chan announced that he had joined China League One club Guangdong Sunray Cave for a 12-month contract  On 11 August 2012, he scored his first goal in China League One in the match between Guangdong Sunray Cave and Chengdu Blades, where Guangdong Sunray Cave lost to Chengdu Blades 1–2 

Return to South China
On 31 December 2013, South China's boss Steven Lo announced that Chan would rejoin South China and be given the number 7 shirt  With Chan in the lineup, South China won their first silverware in three years, capturing the 2013–14 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield 
At the first annual Hong Kong Community Cup in 2014, Chan scored a goal and assisted on another as South China triumphed, 2–0 
On 26 November 2014, Chan scored the deciding goal in the club's 2–1 victory over Eastern  Chairman Wallace Cheung determined that night to award Chan with a "brave gold shield" and award all future players with one if they followed Chan's work ethic and dedication  Chan remarked after receiving the award, "The club recently experienced a lot of adversity lately, but I hope that the fans will continue to focus on our results and push us on!"On 18 March 2015, Chan scored a goal against Pahang en route to helping South China top their 2015 AFC Cup group and ensuring qualification into the Round of 16  Later in the month, he was named the HKPL March Player of the Month  At the end of the season, Chan was rewarded with a new contract For 2015–16, Chan was switched to central midfield and asked to take more free kicks, corners and throw-ins  On 23 October 2015, South China defeated Metro Gallery, 3–1, in their League Cup group stage encounter thanks to Chan's first goal of the domestic season  On 27 December 2015, Chan missed a penalty in a Senior Shield semi final shootout against Eastern, allowing the latter team to advance to the Final On 24 October 2016, South China were upset by Rangers, 4–2, leading Chan to vent "General loans out troops, soldiers fight their own! Ridiculous! Ridiculous!" on his Facebook page  This was reflecting that Lai Yiu Cheong, who had been loaned to Rangers by Rambo, scored two goals in the match against South China  The criticism was met by action on the part of the board the following day as manager Ricardo Rambo was demoted  On 2 November 2016, Chan scored his first goal under new manager Dejan Antonic in a 2–0 victory over R&F 

Pegasus
Frustrated by a lack of playing time under Antonic, Chan handed in a transfer request in early January 2017  His request was granted and on 27 January, Chan was sold for $200,000 HK to Pegasus with the player singing a two and a half-year contract with the club On 8 April 2018, Chan scored a crucial goal off a free kick to lead Pegasus to a 2–1 win over Eastern in the quarterfinals of the 2017–18 Hong Kong FA Cup On 6 June 2020, Chan announced he would retire from professional football and transition to a career in managing karaoke bars Chan contributed 4 goals in 17 matches in his last season as a professional, including 3 goals in the Sapling Cup and 1 goal in the HKPL 

International career
Chan has represented Hong Kong at both senior and under-23 international levels  He scored 9 goals in 15 games for the U-23 side and 40 goals in 70 games for the senior side 
Chan was urgently recalled by the Hong Kong U-23 team from Tottenham Hotspur for the final of 2009 East Asian Games on 12 December 2009  He arrived just before the match and was called into play at half-time  Two minutes after half-time, he equalised for Hong Kong  He also scored a penalty in the penalty shootout a e t, helping Hong Kong to their first international football tournament title  On winning the gold medal, he exclaimed to the assembled media: "We are gold medalists too!" (我哋都係金牌運動員) The line has since been associated with him  Due to a ligament injury to his left knee, Chan was replaced by Kitchee captain Lo Kwan Yee for the 2010 Asian Games In the second round of the preliminary competition of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship held in Kaohsiung in August 2009, he missed a penalty against North Korea but scored 4 goals against Guam  In a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match, he scored a hat trick in a game against Timor-Leste, which Hong Kong went on to win 8–1  On 3 June 2011, Chan scored a goal against Malaysia in a friendly, adding his goal tally to 27 and helping him surpass Au Wai Lun to become Hong Kong's all-time top scorer  On 4 October, he scored the first goal in Hong Kong's 6–0 win over Chinese Taipei in the 2011 Long Teng Cup  Hong Kong thus successfully defended the trophy  he also won the Most Valuable Player award  On 29 February 2012, in Hong Kong's first match under new coach Ernie Merrick, Chan scored a hat-trick against Chinese Taipei as Hong Kong won the match 5–1 

Personal life
In 2009, soon after his move to South China and subsequent success at the East Asian Games, Chan became a celebrity throughout Hong Kong, leading to his private life becoming a matter of interest to the local paparazzi  He was suspected to have committed adultery after pictures of him and TVB actress Helen Lee had been leaked  Later on, he denied the accusations, claimed to have broken up with Lee in August and reunited with his usual partner, known only as Natalie, in October 

Political views
He appeared on the government's television advertisement for the 2012 Legislative Council electoral reforms, in which he urged people to take their opportunity if they want to score a goal  The advertisement attracted a barrage of criticism against him on South China's official blog  Chan explained through his management company that he has no political views and he would not persuade people to support or oppose the LegCo reforms  He only accepted the invitation to appear in the advert due to the government's sincerity and he received no payment 

Endorsements
Chan is a spokesman for Jockey International along with teammate Man Pei Tak  Both claimed to be embarrassed at the photo shoot but were happy with the pay 

Honours
Kitchee

Hong Kong League Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2005–06South China

Hong Kong First Division: 2008–09, 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2009–10
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2010–11
Hong Kong League Cup: 2010–11Hong Kong

2009 East Asian Games football event: GoldIndividual

Hong Kong First Division League Best Young Player: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07
Hong Kong First Division League Best Eleven Squad: 2008–09
East Asian Football Championship preliminary competition top scorer: 2009
Hong Kong FA Cup top scorer: 2008–09
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield Player of the Tournament: 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield top scorer: 2009–10
MVP of the Long Teng Cup: 2011
Hong Kong Footballer of the Year: 2011

Career statistics
Club
Updated 23 August 2011

International
Hong Kong
As of 5 September 2017As of 5 September 2017

International goals
Scores and results list Hong Kong's goal tally first 

Hong Kong U-23
Updated 9 January 2010
Passage 10:
Dario Zuffi
Dario Zuffi (born 7 December 1964) is a Swiss football coach and former international player  He is currently employed as assistant coach for FC Winterthur 

Career
Playing career
Zuffi played his youth football with the local Winterthur team FC Töss  In 1983 he moved across town to join FC Winterthur's first team and signed his first professional contract for the 1983–84 Nationalliga A season  He prolonged the contract and he played with Winterthur for two seasons before he moved on 
In the off-season before the 1985–86 Nationalliga A season Zuffi transferred to BSC Young Boys  From an early point in his career with YB, Zuffi showed tremendous skill and helped the team to win the Swiss Football Championship that season, personally scoring 15 goals  As a result of this performance, Zuffi received the 'Rookie of the Year' award during the 1985–86 season  In the 1986–87 season Zuffi and YB advanced to the final of the Swiss Cup  This was played in the Wankdorf Stadium on 8 June 1987  Zuffi scored the first goal of the game and YB went on to win 4–2 against Servette after extra time  Zuffi played six seasons for YB  In the 1988–89 season, he was joint second on the Top Scorers list with Kubilay Türkyılmaz (Bellinzona) both with 19 goals, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Servette FC) won the title  In the 1990–91 season, Zuffi topped the Top Scorers list with a grand total of 17 goals Zuffi then transferred to FC Lugano for the 1992–93 season  In this season Zuffi contributed to the team reaching the final and winning the Swiss Cup The following season, Zuffi moved home to the town of Oberwil and signed for FC Basel, who at that time played in the Nationalliga B, the second tier of Swiss football  Zuffi joined Basel's first team for their 1993–94 season under head-coach Claude Andrey  Zuffi was elected captain of the squad  He first played in five test games scoring seven goals, including a hat-trick in the semi-final of the Sepione Cup as Basel beat Aarau to reach the final  This was played on 17 July 1993 and Zuffi scored the only goal of the match as Basel won 1–0 against Everton Zuffi played his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game in the St  Jakob Stadium on 28 July 1993  He also scored his first goal for the club in the same game  It was the first goal of the game, in fact the first goal of the season in the second minute of the match  But it could not help the team, because Basel were defeated 1–2 by local rivals Old Boys  During that season his teammates were the likes of Swiss international goalkeeper Stefan Huber, defenders Massimo Ceccaroni, Marco Walker and Samir Tabakovic, the midfielders Mario Cantaluppi, Martin Jeitziner, Admir Smajić and Ørjan Berg and the Swiss international striker Philippe Hertig  Together they won the Promotion/relegation group, became Nationalliga B champions and thus won promotion to the top flight of Swiss football  This after six seasons in the second tier  Zuffi was the team's top scorer, netting 11 times in the first stage and another 11 goals during the promotion round Zuffi remained with FC Basel until the end of the 1997–98 Nationalliga A season  Between the years 1993 and 1998 Zuffi played a total of 220 games for Basel scoring a total of 70 goals  149 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, 15 in the Swiss Cup, five in the UEFA Intertoto Cup and 52 were friendly games  He scored 37 goals in the domestic league, nine in the Swiss Cup, four in the Interetoto Cup and the other 19 were scored during the test games In 1998, Zuffi returned to the club where he launched his professional career FC Winterthur, who in the meantime had just been relegated to the 1st League, the third tier of Swiss football  He helped the club with seven goals in eleven games to their immediate return to the Nationalliga B  There he completed his last season of his active career in 1999–2000, during which he was used in all possible positions (striker, midfielder, libero)  He then retired from professional soccer 

International career
In addition to his club career, Zuffi also scored 19 caps for the Switzerland national football team 

Managerial career
Since the end of his active playing career, Zuffi is employed as coach for FC Winterthur  First from 2000 to 2002 he looked after the U–12 youth team  Then from 2002 to 2004 he was coach for the U–16 team  From 2003 he was also coach of the U–21 team, with whom he achieved promotion to the then third-tier division and he was in this position until 2017, with an interruption between 2011 and 2014 
In addition to this, on various occasions he was required supervisor for their 1st team  From 2008 to 2009 he worked as an assistant under head-coach Mathias Walther for the first team  For the last two games of the FCW season 2015–16 he was ad-interim coach of the first team together with Umberto Romano and he has again performed the same interim function again from February to June 2017  Since 2017 he is assistant to first team head-coach Ralf Loose From January 2013 to September 2014 Zuffi was also the assistant coach of the Swiss U-21 national team in addition to his position for his club 

Personal life
Zuffi has three sons, Sandro, Luca, and Nico  Luca Zuffi plays for FC Basel, Sandro and Nico play for SC Young Fellows Juventus in Zürich 

Titles and honours
Young Boys

Nationalliga A: 1985–86
Swiss Cup: 1986–87
Swiss Super Cup: 1986
Swiss Football Championship top scorer: 1991Lugano

Swiss Cup: 1992–93Basel

Nationalliga B: 1993–94
Passage 11:
Ferenc Bene
Ferenc Bene (17 December 1944 – 27 February 2006) was a Hungarian football player of Újpesti Dózsa, who was a member of the team that won the gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan  A striker, he was the top scorer of the tournament (12 goals in 5 matches) 
Bene was born in Balatonújlak  He played his first international match against Yugoslavia on 14 October 1962, and his last against Czechoslovakia on 12 September 1979  He obtained 76 caps and scored 36 goals  He was bronze medallist at the European Championship of 1964, and a quarter-finalist at the World Cup of 1966 (at the latter event he was the top scorer of the Hungarian national team)  Bene was named Hungarian Footballer of the Year in 1964 and 1969  He died in Budapest, after a lengthy treatment following a fall at the end of 2005  His son Ferenc Bene jr  is also a former player, currently working as a coach 
He played for the following teams:

Újpesti Dózsa (1961–1978)
Volán SC (1978–79, 1983–84)
Sepsi-78, Finland (1981–82)
Soroksári VOSE (1984)
Kecskeméti SC (1985)

Career statistics
Honours
ÚjpestNemzeti Bajnokság I (8): 1969, 1970, 1970-71, 1971-72, 1972-73, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1977-78
Magyar Kupa: 1969, 1970, 1974-75HungaryOlympic Games: 1964IndividualUEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1964

See also
List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
Passage 12:
2015–16 Leicester City F C  season
The 2015–16 season was Leicester City's 111th season in the English football league system and their 48th (non-consecutive) season in the top tier of English football  During the season, Leicester participated in the Premier League for the second consecutive season, as well as the FA Cup and League Cup  In what was described as one of the greatest sporting stories of all time, Leicester were confirmed as champions of the 2015–16 Premier League season on 2 May 2016, finishing top of England's highest league for the first time in the club's history  The club was 5000–1 with bookmakers to win the division before the season kicked off  The feat meant that Leicester would be playing in the UEFA Champions League the following season, a first for the club in their history  The season also saw history be made for individual players within the team, as striker Jamie Vardy broke the record for consecutive games with a goal in the Premier League (11) and winger Riyad Mahrez became the first African and first Algerian player to be the recipient of the PFA Players' Player of the Year 

Pre-season events
Note: This section does not include close season transfers or pre-season match results, which are listed in their own sections below 

2 July 2015 – Dean Hammond signs a one-year contract extension until the summer of 2016 

Kit and sponsorship
Supplier: Puma / Sponsor: King Power

Friendlies
Win
  Draw
  Loss
On 21 May 2015, Leicester City confirmed their first three pre-season friendlies against Lincoln City, Mansfield Town and Birmingham City  On 22 May 2015, Leicester City added a trip to Burton Albion to their pre-season schedule  On 30 June 2015, the Foxes confirmed a friendly against Rotherham United 

Events
Note: This section does not include transfers or match results, which are listed in their own sections below 

14 June 2016 – Marcin Wasilewski signed a one-year contract until the summer of 2017 
2 May 2016 – Leicester became champions of the Premier League after Tottenham Hotspur drew 2–2 with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge 

Players and staff
First team squad
Backroom staff
Transfers
In
Total spending:  £27,300,000

Out
Total incoming:  £7,000,000

Loans in
Loans out
Released
Competitions
Win
  Draw
  Loss

Overview
Premier League
League table
Results summary
Results by matchday
Matches
On 17 June 2015, the fixtures for the forthcoming season were announced 

FA Cup
Leicester City entered the competition at the Third Round stage, and on 7 December 2015 they were drawn away to Tottenham Hotspur 

Football League Cup
Leicester City entered the competition in the second round and were drawn away to Bury  The third round draw was made on 25 August 2015 live on Sky Sports by Charlie Nicholas and Phil Thompson  Leicester City were drawn at home to West Ham United 

Awards
Club awards
At the end of the season, Leicester's annual award ceremony, including categories voted for by the players and backroom staff, the supporters, saw the players recognized for their achievements for the club throughout the 2015–16 season 

Divisional awards
Club statistics
All data from LCFC com

Appearances
Starts + Substitute appearances 
Italics indicates loan player 
Asterisks indicates player left mid-season 
Hash symbol indicates player retired mid-season 

Top scorers
Captains
Only counts starts as captain

Suspensions
Season summary
Passage 13:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 14:
Zviad Endeladze
Zviad Endeladze (Georgian: ზვიად ენდელაძე; born 7 April 1966 in Adigeni) is a retired Georgian footballer who played as a forward  He has played for clubs such as Guria Lanchkhuti and Margveti, scoring 40 goals during the 1995–96 season, which made him the top scorer in European domestic competitions and would have won the European Golden Boot had it not been suspended in 1991  The award was reinstated a season after Endeladze's feat under new rules that would count goals scored in the Georgian Top League as one point while goals scored in Europe's top leagues are counted double  He retired from football in 2006 

External links
European Sports Magazines at archive today (archived 14 September 2020)
Zviad Endeladze at FootballFacts ru  (in Russian)
Sport de
Zviad Endeladze at WorldFootball net
Context 3: Passage 1:
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, (Persian: دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان, Danushgah-e Shihid-e Midâni-ye Âzerbaijan) commonly called only Azarbaijan University, is a public university located near Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, founded in 1987  The university provides both undergraduate and graduate education to approximately 7,500 students at a wide range of fields including engineering, basic sciences, literature and theology  The university has got Research Gate's total impact point of 1716 47 from 61 publications, according to the latest statistics 

History
Azarbaijan University was founded in 1987 in Tabriz as a branch of Tehran's Tarbiat Moallem (teacher education) University  The initial objective of the university was to train teachers in different area for the fulfillment of Iranian government educational development policies and the major concern of the university was focused on training teachers for high schools and technical schools 
In 1988, Azarbaijan University became an independent university under the title Tabriz University of Tarbiat Moallem and later Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem  In 2012, due to changing of Iranian educational policies, the university turned to a general educational university under the title Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University  The name "Shahid Madani" comes from an Iranian cleric from Azarshahr who became a martyr in the early years of Islamic Revolution 
Recently, the university is expanding fast and it is planning to be one of the prominent educational and research centers in Iran  New faculty buildings are being opened, new young academic staff are being employed and a lot of academic activities are underway to convert the university to one of the most dynamic universities in northwestern Iran 

Faculties
Engineering
Basic Sciences
Literature and Human Sciences
Theology and Islamic Sciences
Information Technology
Psychology & Educational Sciences
Agriculture

Campuses
Azarbaijan University has two campuses:

Main campus is located in the countryside of Tabriz alongside the Tabriz - Maragheh highway, near Azarshahr and Mamaqan, 35 km Southwest of Tabriz  Administrative part, faculties, most of student dormitories, laboratories, workshops and amphitheaters are located in main campus  The campus also has a train station, 3 restaurants, bakery, a health center, and a shopping center 
Tabriz campus, which is located in Dampezeshki neighborhood of Tabriz, was established in 2013 with a focus on graduate studies in some of the theoretical engineering and science majors  The programs in Tabriz campus include Master of Science in: Analytical Chemistry, Theoretical Physics, Structural Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering, Applied Mathematics and PhD degree programs in: Analytical Chemistry, Atomic and Molecular Physics  Tabriz Campus holds the "Virtual and Distance Learning Center" of the university and also summer and short courses are held in this campus 

International Relations
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University has cooperation and exchange programs with several universities and institutes in the Middle East and also in Asia and Europe  Some of them are as follows:

Kanazawa University in Japan
Khazar University in Azerbaijan
Gebze Technical University in Turkey
Siirt University in Turkey
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University in Turkey 
BBCA Institute in Italy

Student Communities
There are various student communities and associations with different academic, athletic or artistic objects:

Materials Student Association
Poetry and Literature Association
Music Association
Photography and Filming Association
Red Crescent Association
Charitable Association
Engineering Academic Communities
Literature Academic Communities
Basic Sciences Academic Communities
Psychology Academic Community
Botany Academic Community

Exclusive Train
Thanks to the Tehran - Tabriz railroad which passes through the university, Azarbaijan University is the only university in Iran with a railway station inside and its exclusive train which transports students between Tabriz and the university 4 times every business day  Due to the rising number of students  In morning and afternoon rush hours an older train is also used to increase the capacity 

See also
Higher education in Iran
List of universities in Iran
Passage 2:
2018 French Grand Prix
The 2018 French Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Pirelli Grand Prix de France 2018) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 24 June 2018 at the Circuit Paul Ricard in Le Castellet, France  The race was the eighth round of the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship and marked the first time that the French Grand Prix has been run since 2008  It was the 87th running of the French Grand Prix, and the 59th time the event had been included as a round of the Formula One World Championship since the inception of the series in 1950 Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel entered the race with a one-point lead over Lewis Hamilton in the World Drivers' Championship  In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes led Ferrari by seventeen points  Hamilton took the lead in the Driver's Championship by winning the race, with Vettel finishing fifth 

Background
The race returned to the calendar for the first time since 2008, with Circuit Paul Ricard chosen as the venue  The circuit last hosted the French Grand Prix in 1990 before the event moved to the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours in 1991  The race used the 5 842 km (3 630 mi) layout of the Circuit Paul Ricard for the first time  The layout includes a chicane on the Mistral straight as opposed to the 5 809 km (3 610 mi) circuit that was used nine times between 1971 and 1985 The race was run in June, filling a vacancy left by the Azerbaijan Grand Prix  The race in Azerbaijan was moved to an April date to avoid clashing with celebrations for the centenary of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 

Drag reduction system
The circuit featured two drag reduction system (DRS) zones  The first was located along the main straight, while the second was on the Mistral Straight on the approach to the chicane 

Tyres
Tyre supplier Pirelli provided teams with the soft, supersoft and ultrasoft compounds of tyres  They reverted to their narrow tread compound following feedback from the teams in the wake of mid-season testing at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya 

Free practice
Lewis Hamilton set the fastest lap in the first free practice session, which was cut short by an accident involving Sauber driver Marcus Ericsson  Ericsson lost control of his Sauber C37 on the approach to Turn 11 and spun into the barrier on the outside of the corner  The car hit the tyre wall at an angle and subsequently caught fire  Ericsson was unharmed, but with two minutes remaining the session was abandoned and the damage to his car so extensive that he was unable to take part in the second free practice session  Several drivers experienced spins during the session, most notably at Turn 6 where an intermittent and gusty local wind caught the drivers unaware as they accelerated away from the apex of the corner  Unlike Ericsson, all of the drivers avoided contact with the wall courtesy of the circuit's unique, abrasive tarmac run-off areas designed to slow down cars that left the circuit 
Hamilton was fastest again in the second free practice session despite having his flying lap interrupted by another red flag  Sergio Pérez lost a wheel as he turned onto the Mistral Straight, prompting race officials to mount an investigation as to whether Force India had released Pérez from the pit lane with his car in an unsafe condition  The session was restarted once Pérez's car was cleared away 

Qualifying
Notes^1  – Brendon Hartley received a 35-place grid penalty for exceeding his quota of power unit components 

Race
Race report
At the start Sebastian Vettel ran into the back of Valtteri Bottas, with both sustaining damage and having to pit for repairs, also there was a separate collision between Pierre Gasly and Esteban Ocon leaving both cars stranded out on the track, this brought out a brief safety car period lasting till the end of lap 5  Vettel would later receive a penalty for his collision with Bottas which meant he would only manage to finish 5th  Lance Stroll suffered a tyre puncture near the end of the race causing a virtual safety car, which ended with only half a lap left of the race  Lewis Hamilton comfortably won ahead of Max Verstappen, while Kimi Räikkönen completed the podium 

Race classification
Notes^1  – Sergey Sirotkin had 5 seconds added to his race time for driving unnecessarily slowly behind the safety car 
^2  – Fernando Alonso and Lance Stroll retired from the race, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance 

Championship standings after the race
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings 

See also
2018 Le Castellet Formula 2 round
2018 Le Castellet GP3 Series round

Notes
Passage 3:
Hans Albert Einstein
Hans Albert Einstein (May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was a Swiss-American engineer and educator, the second child and first son of physicists Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić  He was a long-time professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley Einstein was widely recognized for his research on sediment transport  To honor his outstanding achievement in hydraulic engineering, the American Society of Civil Engineers established the "Hans Albert Einstein Award" in 1988 and the annual award is given to those who have made significant contributions to the field 

Early life
Hans Albert Einstein was born on May 14, 1904, in Bern, Switzerland, where his father, Albert Einstein, worked as a clerk in the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property  His father was of German-Jewish descent and his mother, Mileva Marić, Serbian  His younger brother, Eduard Einstein, was born in 1910 and died in 1965  In 1913, Hans and Eduard were baptized as 
Orthodox Christians in the Orthodox Church of Saint Nicholas in Novi Sad  The fate of his older sister, Lieserl Einstein, Albert Einstein's and Mileva Marić's first child, is unknown, although it has been suggested she died of scarlet fever in 1903  Their parents divorced in 1919 after living apart for five years 

Career
In 1922, Hans followed in his parents' footsteps and entered ETH Zurich, where he studied civil engineering, graduating in 1926  From 1926 to 1930 he worked at the steel design company Klönne, in Dortmund, Germany  From 1931 to 1938, he worked as a research engineer at the newly founded Laboratory of Hydraulics and Soil Mechanics (VAWE) at ETH Zurich  There, in 1936 Hans Albert obtained a doctorate in technical science  His doctoral thesis "Bed Load Transport as a Probability Problem" (Der Geschiebetrieb als Wahrscheinlichkeitsproblem) is considered the definitive work on sediment transport Hans' father, Albert, left Germany in 1933 to escape the persecution of Jews by the Nazi government  Heeding his father's advice, Hans emigrated from Switzerland to Greenville, South Carolina, in 1938  He worked for the US Department of Agriculture, studying sediment transport from 1938 to 1943  He continued working for the USDA at the California Institute of Technology starting in 1943  In 1947 he took a position as associate professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley  He advanced to full professor, and later professor emeritus   Einstein traveled the world to participate in hydraulic engineering conferences  He was at a symposium at Woods Hole in Massachusetts when he collapsed and died from heart failure on July 26, 1973 Einstein was honored by a Guggenheim Fellowship (1953), research awards from the American Society of Civil Engineers (1959 and 1960), the Berkeley Citation from the University of California (1971), the Certificate of Merit from the U S  Department of Agriculture (1971), and a certificate of recognition for more than 20 years of devoted and distinguished service to Applied Mechanics Reviews by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1972) Hans was also made an member of Pi Tau Sigma in December 1949 with honorary membership grade 
In 1958 he was the principal guest of honor at the Technion's dedication of a new building housing the Albert Einstein Institute of Physics 
 
Hans Albert Einstein died due to heart failure on July 26, 1973 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts  His papers are held at the Water Resources Collections and Archives in the University of California, Riverside Libraries and in the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections and Archives 

Personal life
In 1927, Hans Albert Einstein married Frieda Knecht  They had four children:

Bernhard Caesar Einstein (10 July 1930 – 30 September 2008), who was a physicist and engineer 
Klaus Martin Einstein (1932–1939), died of diphtheria aged six 
David Einstein (October–November 1939), died aged one month 
Evelyn Einstein (28 March 1941 – 13 April 2011), adopted Knecht died in 1958, and Hans Albert married neurochemist Elizabeth Roboz (1904–1995) the following year Einstein was an avid sailor, frequently taking colleagues and family out for excursions on the San Francisco Bay  On his many field trips and academic excursions, he took thousands of pictures, many of which he developed himself and presented as slide shows  He also loved music, as denoted on his gravestone, and he played flute and piano 

See also
Einstein family
Genius, a television series depicting the Einsteins
Passage 4:
2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 2017 MotoGP season  It was held at the Losail International Circuit in Doha on 26 March 2017  For all the three classes, the starting grid was formed by each rider's best time from any of the three free practice sessions held, after rain cancelled the planned qualifying sessions In the MotoGP race, Maverick Viñales won on his first outing for Yamaha, becoming the first rider to do so on début for Yamaha since his teammate Valentino Rossi did the same back in 2004 
The Moto2 class saw the début of the KTM Moto2 chassis package, following KTM's expansion into Moto2 along with MotoGP with the RC16 

Classification
MotoGP
Moto2
Moto3
Gabriel Rodrigo suffered a broken collarbone in a crash during the opening free practice and withdrew from the event 

Championship standings after the race
MotoGP
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round one has concluded 

Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings 

Moto2
Moto3
Notes
Passage 5:
Lap Engine
The Lap Engine is a beam engine designed by James Watt, built by Boulton and Watt in 1788  It is now preserved at the Science Museum, London 
It is important as both an early example of a beam engine by Boulton and Watt, and also mainly as illustrating an important innovative step in their development for its ability to produce rotary motion The engines name comes from its use in Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory, where it was used to drive a line of 43 polishing or lapping machines, used for the production of buttons and buckles 

Innovations
Watt did not invent the steam engine and there is no single 'Watt steam engine' as such  He developed a number of separate innovations, each of which improved the existing engines of the day, beginning with Newcomen's   The Lap Engine of 1788, also the Whitbread Engine (1785), represent survivors of the first engines to show all of Watt's major improvements in one 

Parallel motion
Rotative beam engines
Sun and planet gear
The rotative beam engine needs a means to convert reciprocating motion of the piston and beam to rotary motion  The crankshaft was well known for centuries before Watt, mostly from its use in mining machinery powered by water wheels  However its use for a steam engine was covered by James Pickard's patent at this time  Watt was unwilling to pay a license fee to use the crank and so sought an alternative  The sun and planet gear was invented by another Scottish engineer, William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton and Watt  Watt patented it in October 1781 
The sun and planet gear is a simple epicyclic gear  The planet is attached rigidly to the end of the connecting rod, hung from the beam  As it rotates it applies a torque to the sun gear, just as for a crank, and so causes it to rotate  As the two gears also rotate relative to each other, like conventional gearwheels, this has the effect of giving the sun gear a further rotation  The sun, and the output crankshaft, thus rotates twice for every piston cycle of the engine, twice as fast as with a conventional crank  Beam engines were slow-moving and the output shafts driven by the Lap Engine were fast-moving, so this was an advantage 

Centrifugal governor
According to the Science Museum, it was the first steam engine to be fitted with a centrifugal governor 

History
Preservation
Notes
Passage 6:
Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College
Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College (MSEC) (Tamil:மீனாட்சி சுந்தரராஜன் பொறியியல் கல்லூரி) is an engineering college in Kodambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and it is founded in 2001 

History
The Engineering College was founded in 2001 by the educationist of South India, Professor K R Sundararajan  Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College is a part of the KRS Group of Institutions which includes the Indian Institute of Technical Education (IIET, est  1947), Meenakshi College for Women and the Meenakshi Sundararajan School of Management  Institutions dedicated to impart qualitative education and research for both under-graduate and post-graduate education in the fields of Engineering, Arts, Science, Commerce and Management 

Courses
B E  Electrical and Electronics Engineering
B Tech Information Technology
B E  Mechanical Engineering
B E  Civil Engineering
B E  Computer Science and Engineering
B E  Electronics and Communication Engineering
M E  Construction Engineering and Management
Passage 7:
Marvin R  Sambur
Marvin Robert Sambur (born March 31, 1946) is an American engineer and businessman who served as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) from 2001 to 2005 
Sambur was educated at the City College of New York, receiving his B S  in electrical engineering in 1968   He then joined the technical staff of Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, while continuing his education  He received an M S  in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969 and a Ph D  in electrical engineering from MIT in 1972 Sambur worked at Bell Labs until 1977, when he joined ITT Defense Communications in Nutley, New Jersey, as senior vice president   In 1988, he moved to Easton, Pennsylvania, to become president and general manager of the ITT's Electron Technology division   He held that position until 1991, when he became president and general manager of ITT's Aerospace/Communications division in Fort Wayne, Indiana   Finally, in 1998, he became president and CEO of ITT Defense in McLean, Virginia In 2001, President of the United States George W  Bush nominated Sambur to be Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition)   He held the office until January 2005 After leaving government service, Sambur co-founded Raptors Consulting Group, based in Potomac, Maryland   He also joined the faculty of the A  James Clark School of Engineering Sambur had been a resident of Denville Township, New Jersey 


== Notes ==
Passage 8:
1963 Mexican Grand Prix
The 1963 Mexican Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Ciudad Deportiva Magdalena Mixhuca in Mexico City on October 27, 1963  It was race 9 of 10 in both the 1963 World Championship of Drivers and the 1963 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers 
Jim Clark dominated the race from pole position, a time that was 1 7 seconds faster than anybody else  Mexico was considered one of his most successful venues  His fastest lap of the race eclipsed his pole time by 0 7 seconds, and he lapped the entire field except for second and third behind him  He eventually scored a total of five pole positions, four fastest laps and three victories at the venue in his Formula One career  This was also his sixth win, his sixth fastest lap, and his sixth pole position of the nine races completed in 1963 This was also the only World Championship Grand Prix where a car raced with the number 13 until Pastor Maldonado selected the number as his permanent race number in 2014 

Classification
Qualifying
Race
Surtees was disqualified for a push-start 

Championship standings after the race

Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings  Only the best 6 results counted towards the Championship  Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored 
Passage 9:
Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology
Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology or popularly known as TCET,  located in Vandavasi, Tamil Nadu, India is a private educational institution in India 

About
Varadhammal manickam education and charitable trust [VMECT] was founded in 1996 as a non-profitable organization at 178,vagataranam pillai street, Triplicane, Chennai 600 005  The administrative office is located at R 6/4, vaigai street, bezant nagar, Chennai -600 090  The trustees are eminent personalities in various walks of life such as education, research, industry, business, administration etc 
Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology was founded in the year 1998 by Prof  Dr  S  Arunachalam M E (Civil), PhD a Former Professor in Anna University and Former Syndicate Member - Anna University, Chennai 
The Institution is approved by A I C T E - All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University Chennai 

External links
Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology
Passage 10:
Callcott Reilly
Callcott Reilly (28 October 1828 – 21 May 1900) was a British civil and construction engineer  He is noted for his work on uniform stress, as illustrated by reference to bridge building, for which the Institution of Civil Engineers awarded him the Telford Medal in 1865   He played a prominent role in promoting the professional education of engineers and in 1871 became the first Professor of Engineering Construction at the newly formed Royal Indian Engineering College (RIEC) located at Coopers Hill near Englefield Green 
Passage 11:
André Milhoux
André Milhoux (born 9 December 1928) is a former racing driver from Belgium   He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the 1956 German Grand Prix on 5 August 1956, but had to retire after 15 laps due to an engine failure  He scored no championship points 

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Passage 12:
Malaviya Regional Engineering College
Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNIT or NIT Jaipur) is a public technical university located in Jaipur, India with, an emphasis on science, engineering and management 
Formerly known as Malaviya Regional Engineering College (MREC) Jaipur, it assumed its present name in 2002 and was recognised as an Institute of National Importance in 2007  It was founded in 1963 with only two engineering branches and now comprises fourteen departments, a school of management and allied centres  The institute is fully funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India and is governed by a Senate as per NIT Statutes 

History
The institute was established in 1963 as Malaviya Regional Engineering College (MREC), as a joint venture of the government of India and the Government of Rajasthan  It was named after Madan Mohan Malaviya  V G  Garde was its first principal  The college moved to the present campus in Jaipur in 1965 It used to offer five-year Bachelor of Engineering programs in Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, and Metallurgical Engineering  The duration of the B E  Degree Course was changed to four years from the year 1983 The institute was upgraded to a National Institute of Technology and was declared a Deemed University on 26 June 2002 since then the institute started offering Bachelor of Technology (B Tech ) degree instead of Bachelor of Engineering (B E ) degree On 15 August 2007, MNIT and all other NITs were declared Institutes of National Importance by the government of India under the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007  The institute is now under The Ministry of Education (MHRD), New Delhi  It has been selected to participate in the Technical Education Quality Improvement Program of the government of India and the World Bank Milestone: MNIT celebrated its Golden Jubilee foundation year in 2013 

Academics
Programmes
MNIT offers a wide variety of study in engineering, sciences, management, design, and humanities with a primary focus on engineering  Eight four-year undergraduate courses of study led to the Bachelor of Technology degree and a five-year undergraduate course leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree, with a total of over 5,000 students  Postgraduate degrees award Master of Technology (M Tech ), Master of Science (M Sc ), Master of Business Administration (M B A) and Master of Urban Planning  There are also doctoral programs with over 300 students  There are over 150 faculty members engaged in teaching and research 

Financial aid
More than 30 financial aid schemes are made available to students under different criteria to support institute fees and in some cases hostel accommodation as well 

Requisites for enrolments
Admission to undergraduate courses of the institute is through the Central Seat Allocation Board (CSAB) which takes into account the performance in Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Supernumerary seats are reserved for students from outside India who are nominated by the Ministry of External Affairs, Govt  of India, and the Indian Council of Cultural Relations and DASA students  SAT scores are criteria for selection Admission for post graduate courses namely Master of Technology (M Tech ) and Master of Urban & Regional Planning (MURP) are through Centralized Counselling for MTech/MArch and M Plan (CCMT) after Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) Admission to M Sc  is through CCMN (Centralized Counseling for MSc/MSc (Tech )), admission to M B A  is through GMAT/CAT followed by GD, PI and Ph D  are through department's respective written test followed by an interview 

Rankings
Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur was ranked 46th among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022 

Grading
MNIT follows the credit-based system of performance evaluation, with the proportional weighting of courses based on their importance  The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks  This range of marks is decided by Grade Moderation Committee and is relative in nature  For each semester, the students are graded by taking a weighted average from all the courses with their respective credit points  Each semester's evaluation is done independently with a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) reflecting the average performance across semesters 

Research
Research in the institute is sponsored by major government agencies which include the Indian Ordnance Factories, Ministry of Communication & IT, Govt  of India, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST) 

Collaboration with International Universities
University of Greenwich, London
Stevens Institute of Technology
North Dakota University
University of Saskatchewan
Deakin University
Florida International University
University of Dundee
Medine Education, Mauritius

Administration
The Organisational structure
MNIT shares a common Visitor (a position held by the President of India) who is the most powerful person in the NIT organizational structure and the NIT Council with the other sister NITs 
The board of governors consists of members nominated by the NIT Council, the director, representatives from the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource and Development, and Government of India 
The institute's director serves as the chief academic and executive officer of the institute  He is aided by the deputy director  Under the director and the deputy director are the deans, heads of departments, registrar, president of the students' council, and chairman of the hall management committee 
The registrar is the chief administrative officer and oversees day-to-day operations  He is the custodian of records, funds, and other properties of the institute 
Under the charge of the heads of departments (HODs) are the faculty (full-time professors as well as those of associate and assistant status)  The wardens of hostels are placed under the chairman of the hall management committee in the organization 

Financing
Annually, the institute receives US$20 million from the Government of India and the World Bank 
Alumni and other bodies also donate to contribute to the development of the institute  Financial management is undertaken by the Financial Committee of the institute 

Academic policies
The academic policies of the institute are decided by its senate  It consists of the deans of the institute, all the professors, the director, educationists, and specialists  The senate controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations, and results and appoints committees to look into academic matters  The teaching, training, and research activities of the institute are reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards  The director serves as the ex-officio and chairman of the senate 

Academic Events
MNIT Jaipur AICTE – Training Program on Design Thinking for Innovative Medical Devices

Motto
"Yogaḥ Karmasu Kauśalam" (योगः कर्मसु कौशलम् in Sanskrit)  The motto literally translates to "Excellence in action is Yoga" essentially implying that doing your work well is (true) yoga or "Diligence leads to Excellence"  It is sourced to Sri Krishna's discourse to Arjuna in Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 2, Verse 50  This quote in its larger context of Gita urges man to acquire equanimity because such a soul endowed with the mind of equanimity allows him to shed the effects of his good and evil deeds in this world itself  Equanimity is the source of perfection in Karmic endeavors while leading to Salvation 

Departments, Centres and Schools
Engineering departments
Architecture
Chemical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Computer Science & Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kota (temporary campus) – Computer Science Engineering and Electronics & Communication Engineering

Centres
Energy and Environment
Earthquake and Disaster Mitigation Centre
Innovation and Incubation Centre
Advance Materials Research Centre
Tribology Laboratory
Electronics & ICT Academy
Stones

Science Departments
Applied Biology
Mathematics
Physics (Photonics and Electronics )
Chemistry

Allied Departments
Humanities and Social Sciences
Department of Physical Education

Campus
MNIT's 317-acre campus is located in Jaipur, Rajasthan, approximately 2 5 miles (4 km) from Jaipur International Airport  It is 6 miles (10 km) from Pink City and is within walking distance of the business district therefore the two locations are frequent gateways for MNIT students  The vast campus is lush green and has a hill out of Aravali Ranges  
Numerous buildings, and clusters constitute the campus  To the west are the departmental buildings, research laboratories, associations and club buildings, lecture theatres, bank (ICICI Bank), post office, canteens, lawns, auditoriums, main building, computer centre; to the east are Boys hostels, STP; to the north are guest houses, staff quarters, bank (SBI, ICICI); at the center and south are sports facilities and dispensary 

The dispensary is supervised by a team of Medical Officers and supported staff  The institute has a part-time Homeopathic doctor and Ayurvedic doctor on the campus  Canteen buildings, five in all, are near the instructional zone and hostels and in addition to it, an Amul parlor  The central canteen is run by Akshaya Patra Foundation  There are two guest houses on the campus for visitors, alumni, guests, and guardians of students 
Each Department has its own building which has laboratories, staff cabins, lecture halls, classrooms, auditoriums, departmental libraries, etc , and all are linked via a continuous gallery that runs throughout the eastern part 

Sports facilities
Facilities for sports and games include a soccer ground, a cricket ground with nets, three basketball courts, three lawn tennis courts, three volleyball courts, three raw volleyball courts, one indoor badminton court and other outdoor badminton courts, a gymnasium, a billiards room, a chess room, a jogging track, table tennis boards, and a swimming pool is in future plans 

Materials Research Center
Materials Research Center (MRC) has the infrastructure for advanced research in various streams with a focus on materials  The facilities are extended to the scientists and researchers of other institutes  Equipment at the center, set up at the cost of $6 3 million, offers a wide range of research assistance  Various machines, facilities and software are available in the lab 

Central Library
Now known as LEARNING RESOURCE CENTRE (LRC), aids the teaching and research programmes of the institute and provides facilities for general reading and information with 156,314 print books, 3,073 ebooks, 10,000 e-journals, international journals, technical pamphlets, standards, CD-ROMs and periodicals  In addition, it is connected to other library networks like DELNET, which enables students to access libraries of other 4697 Indian and International libraries  It is spread across a plinth area of 15,847 Sq  feet  The services and operations in the library are fully digital with RFID and Smart card systems with Koha (software)   In addition to books, it offers Wi-Fi and LAN services 

Computer Center
The centre has 10 computer laboratories  A Datacenter with Private Cloud using VMWare V Cloud Suite 5 and 64 TB of EMC2 Storage has also been established in the center  The Private Cloud has features of automated provisioning of IT resources, a single interface for administrators for the entire IT infrastructure, and workload elasticity  It is used for Library digitization, E-mail archival, hosting various services/applications and Research on cloud computing by Ph D  and MTech students 

Vivekananda Lecture Theatre Complex (VLTC)
Vivekananda Lecture Hall complex will have 40 classrooms that could accommodate about 5,500 students at a time  It will have a food court in its basement  Its construction was started on 19 September 2012  It holds the record of being Asia's Largest Lecture Theatre Complex Among other facilities, each hostel is equipped with Wi-fi and/or LAN, and a common room with a TV, LAN, table-tennis court, newspaper stands and a mess 

Student life
Annually MNIT conducts the MNIT Sports Tournament (MST)  Students from all across Rajasthan and other parts of North India, participate in the event  MNIT also hosts inter-NIT sports tournaments being a part of the Inter-NIT sports federation  The institute is the West zone centre for NBA JAM National level events include Neuron, Blitzschlag, Electronica, Moments, MST, Schrifftum, Taal and Zodiac 

Hostel
MNIT has 10 boys and 2 girls hostels with an accommodation capacity of about 3,000 students  The largest among them is Aurobindo Hostel comprising 950 single bedrooms  First-year students are allotted triple bedrooms and from second Year onwards everyone gets single bedrooms  Most of the hostels are equipped with the mess  Students are given Wi-Fi, LAN, common room, and sports facilities in hostels  Hostel fees in a single semester is Rs  32,000 (out of which Rs  20,000 for Hostel mess bill and 12,000 for Room rent, electricity and light bill 

Blitzschlag
Blitzschlag is the annual cultural fest of MNIT Jaipur  It is a 3-day event held towards the start of February every year and attracts a crowd of over 20,000 students from more than 20 colleges all over the country The word Blitzschlag has German origins; it means a lightning strike  Aimed at inspiring innovation, technical interest among students, and awareness among the public, the event has played host to lectures, seminars, workshops, competitions, exhibitions, and quizzes 
The event is organized by the students under the guidance of their teachers 

Sphinx
Sphinx is the annual tech-fest organized autonomously by Malaviya National Institute of Technology, a 3-day event held in late October each year  The event is organized by the students under the guidance of their teachers 

Creative Arts & Cultural Society
MNIT CACS (Creative Arts & Cultural Society) allows students to exhibit extracurricular abilities 

Student Mentorship Program
Student Mentorship Program (SMP) is a program of mentorship of junior students by senior students  Web based services consist of an The Online Mentor-Mentee platform and SMP Media  Online Mentor-Mentee platform connects mentees with their Mentors, and SMP Media acts as a knowledge sharing platform 

The Mavericks
The Mavericks is the weekly newsletter service, run by a group of students which covers all activities going on on the campus, both academic and non-academic, discussing ongoing placements, internships, achievements by students, events, projects and other happenings on the campus 

Codavids
Codavids is the official programming and coding club of the institute, under the Head of the Computer Engineering Department  It aims to improve the programming culture among the student community and encourage them to solve practical problems through coding, improve their programming skills by taking lectures, organizing Online Coding Competitions (OCC) every month, organizing Guest lectures in algorithm complexity, algorithms, data structures, operating systems and programming in general 

Zine
Zine is a creative group of engineering undergraduates of Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur who are together to learn, improve and apply their technical skills to help foster the growth of society and India in the field of technology by using their engineering skills to work on real time problems  It is composed of students from various disciplines working under guidance of Dr  Rajesh Kumar from Electrical Engineering department and various alumni working in reputed firms and doing research in Universities in India and abroad 

Housing
MNIT provides on-campus residential facilities to its students, research scholars, faculty members, and many of its staff 
Hostel rooms are wired for the internet, for which students pay a compulsory charge included in the hostel fees  Most of the rooms in the hostels are designed to accommodate one student and is available after the first year, and there are hostels designed for triple bedding which are leased to students of the first year  Some hostels have Wi-fi networks  There are twelve hostels in all, and each hostel is provided with a common room equipped with a television, table tennis board, and newspaper reading section  Students residing in hostels are issued an advisory code of conduct and ragging or harassing other students, and juniors are strictly forbidden 

Past People
Students
MNIT enrols 710 undergraduates, 500 post graduate and 500 doctoral students every year  The Ratio of male to female students is seven to one  50% of students are from Rajasthan, due to the home state quota followed by Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, North East and other states in the same order  Students from abroad are from Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Bangladesh, Nepal, Uganda, Sri Lanka and other middle-eastern countries 

Alumni
Alumni-institute interaction is developed and maintained through the Alumni Network and Alumni chapters across the world under the direction of MNIT Jaipur Alumni Association (MNITJAA)  It also helps in conducting the annual alumni meets 
Alumni from MNIT contribute to society in various fields like Academics, Science and Engineering, Public Service, Corporate Service, Entertainment, Defence, Arts & Design, etc 

Notable alumni
Thomas Abraham, president of GOPIO
Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Mechanical Engineer, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate 
Nikhil Gupta, researcher and professor based in Brooklyn, New York 
Ashok M  Raichur, nanotechnologist, N-Bios laureate 
Shivangi, Indian Navy First Woman Pilot 
Ashish Arora, founder physicsgalaxy com, author of physics textbooks in IIT-JEE Category, works at Unacademy, worked at Allen Jaipur and Bansal classes, founding member of FIITJEE

See also
National Institutes of Technology
Indian Institutes of Technology
Ministry of Human Resource Development
List of Institutes of National Importance
Passage 13:
James Watt
James Watt  (; 30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world 
While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines  He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder  Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines  Eventually, he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water 
Watt attempted to commercialise his invention, but experienced great financial difficulties until he entered a partnership with Matthew Boulton in 1775  The new firm of Boulton and Watt was eventually highly successful and Watt became a wealthy man  In his retirement, Watt continued to develop new inventions though none was as significant as his steam engine work 
As Watt developed the concept of horsepower, the SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him 

Biography
Early life and education
James Watt was born on 19 January 1736 in Greenock, Renfrewshire, the eldest of the five surviving children of Agnes Muirhead (1703–1755) and James Watt (1698–1782)  His mother came from a distinguished family, was well educated and said to be of forceful character, while his father was a shipwright, ship owner and contractor, and served as the Greenock's chief baillie in 1751  The Watt family's wealth came in part from Watt's father's trading in slaves and slave-produced goods  
Watt's parents were Presbyterians and strong Covenanters, but despite his religious upbringing he later became a deist  Watt's grandfather, Thomas Watt (1642–1734), was a teacher of mathematics, surveying and navigation and baillie to the Baron of Cartsburn Initially, Watt was educated at home by his mother, later going on to attend Greenock Grammar School  There he exhibited an aptitude for mathematics, while Latin and Greek failed to interest him 
Watt is said to have suffered prolonged bouts of ill-health as a child and from frequent headaches all his life After leaving school, Watt worked in the workshops of his father's businesses, demonstrating considerable dexterity and skill in creating engineering models  After his father suffered unsuccessful business ventures, Watt left Greenock to seek employment in Glasgow as a mathematical instrument maker 

When he was 18, Watt's mother died and his father's health began to fail  Watt travelled to London and was able to obtain a period of training as an instrument maker for a year (1755–56), then returned to Scotland, settling in the major commercial city of Glasgow, intent on setting up his own instrument-making business  He was still very young and, having not had a full apprenticeship, did not have the usual connections via a former master to establish himself as a journeyman instrument maker 
Watt was saved from this impasse by the arrival from Jamaica of astronomical instruments bequeathed by Alexander MacFarlane to the University of Glasgow - instruments that required expert attention  Watt restored them to working order and was remunerated  These instruments were eventually installed in the Macfarlane Observatory  Subsequently, three professors offered him the opportunity to set up a small workshop within the university  It was initiated in 1757 and two of the professors, the physicist and chemist Joseph Black as well as the famed economist Adam Smith, became Watt's friends At first, he worked on maintaining and repairing scientific instruments used in the university, helping with demonstrations, and expanding the production of quadrants  He made and repaired brass reflecting quadrants, parallel rulers, scales, parts for telescopes, and barometers, among other things 
It is sometimes falsely stated that he struggled to establish himself in Glasgow due to opposition from the Trades House, but this myth has been thoroughly debunked by the historian Harry Lumsden  The records from this period are lost, but it is known that he was able to work and trade completely normally as a skilled metal worker so the Incorporation of Hammermen must have been satisfied that he met their requirements for membership  It is also known that other people in the metal trades were pursued for working without being members of the Incorporation well into the 19th century, so the rules were definitely being enforced when Watt was trading freely throughout the city 
In 1759, he formed a partnership with John Craig, an architect and businessman, to manufacture and sell a line of products including musical instruments and toys  This partnership lasted for the next six years, and employed up to 16 workers  Craig died in 1765  One employee, Alex Gardner, eventually took over the business, which lasted into the 20th century In 1764, Watt married his cousin Margaret (Peggy) Miller, with whom he had 5 children, 2 of whom lived to adulthood: James Jr  (1769–1848) and Margaret (1767–1796)  His wife died in childbirth in 1773  In 1777, he married again, to Ann MacGregor, daughter of a Glasgow dye-maker, with whom he had 2 children: Gregory (1777–1804), who became a geologist and mineralogist, and Janet (1779–1794)  Ann died in 1832  Between 1777 and 1790 he lived in Regent Place, Birmingham 

Watt and the kettle
There is a popular story that Watt was inspired to invent the steam engine by seeing a kettle boiling, the steam forcing the lid to rise and thus showing Watt the power of steam  This story is told in many forms; in some Watt is a young lad, in others he is older, sometimes it's his mother's kettle, sometimes his aunt's  Watt did not actually invent the steam engine, as the story implies, but dramatically improved the efficiency of the existing Newcomen engine by adding a separate condenser  This is difficult to explain to someone not familiar with concepts of heat and thermal efficiency  It appears that the story was created, possibly by Watt's son James Watt Jr , and persists because it is easy for children to understand and remember  In this light, it can be seen as akin to the story of Isaac Newton and the falling apple and his discovery of gravity 
Although it is often dismissed as a myth, the story of Watt and the kettle has a basis in fact  In trying to understand the thermodynamics of heat and steam, James Watt carried out many laboratory experiments and his diaries record that in conducting these, he used a kettle as a boiler to generate steam 

Early experiments with steam
In 1759, Watt's friend, John Robison, called his attention to the use of steam as a source of motive power  The design of the Newcomen engine, in use for almost 50 years for pumping water from mines, had hardly changed from its first implementation   Watt began to experiment with steam, though he had never seen an operating steam engine   He tried constructing a model; it failed to work satisfactorily, but he continued his experiments and began to read everything he could about the subject  He came to realise the importance of latent heat—the thermal energy released or absorbed during a constant-temperature process—in understanding the engine, which, unknown to Watt, his friend Joseph Black had previously discovered years before  Understanding of the steam engine was in a very primitive state, for the science of thermodynamics would not be formalised for nearly another 100 years 
In 1763, Watt was asked to repair a model Newcomen engine belonging to the university  Even after repair, the engine barely worked  After much experimentation, Watt demonstrated that about 3/4 of the thermal energy of the steam was being consumed in heating the engine cylinder on every cycle  This energy was wasted because, later in the cycle, cold water was injected into the cylinder to condense the steam to reduce its pressure  Thus, by repeatedly heating and cooling the cylinder, the engine wasted most of its thermal energy rather than converting it into mechanical energy 
Watt's critical insight, arrived at in May 1765 as he crossed Glasgow Green park, was to cause the steam to condense in a separate chamber apart from the piston, and to maintain the temperature of the cylinder at the same temperature as the injected steam by surrounding it with a "steam jacket"  Thus, very little energy was absorbed by the cylinder on each cycle, making more available to perform useful work  Watt had a working model later that same year 

Despite a potentially workable design, there were still substantial difficulties in constructing a full-scale engine  This required more capital, some of which came from Black  More substantial backing came from John Roebuck, the founder of the celebrated Carron Iron Works near Falkirk, with whom he now formed a partnership  Roebuck lived at Kinneil House in Bo'ness, during which time Watt worked at perfecting his steam engine in a cottage adjacent to the house  The shell of the cottage, and a very large part of one of his projects, still exist to the rear The principal difficulty was in machining the piston and cylinder  Iron workers of the day were more like blacksmiths than modern machinists, and were unable to produce the components with sufficient precision  Much capital was spent in pursuing a patent on Watt's invention  Strapped for resources, Watt was forced to take up employment—first as a surveyor, then as a civil engineer—for 8 years Roebuck went bankrupt, and Matthew Boulton, who owned the Soho Manufactory works near Birmingham, acquired his patent rights  An extension of the patent to 1800 was successfully obtained in 1775 Through Boulton, Watt finally had access to some of the best iron workers in the world  The difficulty of the manufacture of a large cylinder with a tightly fitting piston was solved by John Wilkinson, who had developed precision boring techniques for cannon making at Bersham, near Wrexham, North Wales  Watt and Boulton formed a hugely successful partnership, Boulton and Watt, which lasted for the next 25 years 

First engines
In 1776, the first engines were installed and working in commercial enterprises  These first engines were used to power pumps and produced only reciprocating motion to move the pump rods at the bottom of the shaft  The design was commercially successful, and for the next 5 years, Watt was very busy installing more engines, mostly in Cornwall, for pumping water out of mines 
These early engines were not manufactured by Boulton and Watt, but were made by others according to drawings made by Watt, who served in the role of consulting engineer  The erection of the engine and its shakedown was supervised by Watt, at first, and then by men in the firm's employ  These were large machines  The first, for example, had a cylinder with a diameter of 50 inches and an overall height of about 24 feet, and required the construction of a dedicated building to house it  Boulton and Watt charged an annual payment, equal to 1/3 of the value of the coal saved in comparison to a Newcomen engine performing the same work 
The field of application for the invention was greatly widened when Boulton urged Watt to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston to produce rotational power for grinding, weaving and milling  Although a crank seemed the obvious solution to the conversion, Watt and Boulton were stymied by a patent for this, whose holder, James Pickard and his associates proposed to cross-license the external condenser  Watt adamantly opposed this and they circumvented the patent by their sun and planet gear in 1781 
Over the next 6 years, he made other improvements and modifications to the steam engine  A double-acting engine, in which the steam acted alternately on both sides of the piston, was one  He described methods for working the steam "expansively" (i e , using steam at pressures well above atmospheric)  A compound engine, which connected 2 or more engines, was described  Two more patents were granted for these in 1781 and 1782  Numerous other improvements that made for easier manufacture and installation were continually implemented  One of these included the use of the steam indicator which produced an informative plot of the pressure in the cylinder against its volume, which he kept as a trade secret  Another important invention, one which Watt was most proud of, was the parallel motion linkage, which was essential in double-acting engines as it produced the straight line motion required for the cylinder rod and pump, from the connected rocking beam, whose end moves in a circular arc  This was patented in 1784  A throttle valve to control the power of the engine, and a centrifugal governor, patented in 1788, to keep it from "running away" were very important  These improvements taken together produced an engine which was up to 5 times as fuel efficient as the Newcomen engine 
Because of the danger of exploding boilers, which were in a very primitive stage of development, and the ongoing issues with leaks, Watt restricted his use of high pressure steam – all of his engines used steam at near atmospheric pressure 

Patent trials
Edward Bull started constructing engines for Boulton and Watt in Cornwall in 1781  By 1792, he had started making engines of his own design, but which contained a separate condenser, and so infringed Watt's patents  Two brothers, Jabez Carter Hornblower and Jonathan Hornblower Jnr also started to build engines about the same time  Others began to modify Newcomen engines by adding a condenser, and the mine owners in Cornwall became convinced that Watt's patent could not be enforced  They started to withhold payments to Boulton and Watt, which by 1795 had fallen on hard times  Of the total £21,000 (equivalent to £2,310,000 as of 2021) owed, only £2,500 had been received  Watt was forced to go to court to enforce his claims He first sued Bull in 1793  The jury found for Watt, but the question of whether or not the original specification of the patent was valid was left to another trial  In the meantime, injunctions were issued against the infringers, forcing their payments of the royalties to be placed in escrow  The trial on determining the validity of the specifications which was held in the following year was inconclusive, but the injunctions remained in force and the infringers, except for Jonathan Hornblower, all began to settle their cases  Hornblower was soon brought to trial in 1799, and the verdict of the four was decisively in favour of Watt  Their friend John Wilkinson, who had solved the problem of boring an accurate cylinder, was a particularly grievous case  He had erected about 20 engines without Boulton's and Watts' knowledge  They finally agreed to settle the infringement in 1796  Boulton and Watt never collected all that was owed them, but the disputes were all settled directly between the parties or through arbitration  These trials were extremely costly in both money and time, but ultimately were successful for the firm 

Copying machine
Before 1780, there was no good method for making copies of letters or drawings  The only method sometimes used was a mechanical one using multiple linked pens  Watt at first experimented with improving this method, but soon gave up on this approach because it was so cumbersome  He instead decided to try to physically transfer ink from the front of the original to the back of another sheet, moistened with a solvent, and pressed to the original  The second sheet had to be thin, so that the ink could be seen through it when the copy was held up to the light, thus reproducing the original exactly Watt started to develop the process in 1779, and made many experiments to formulate the ink, select the thin paper, to devise a method for wetting the special thin paper, and to make a press suitable for applying the correct pressure to effect the transfer  All of these required much experimentation, but he soon had enough success to patent the process a year later  Watt formed another partnership with Boulton (who provided financing) and James Keir (to manage the business) in a firm called James Watt and Co  The perfection of the invention required much more development work before it could be routinely used by others, but this was carried out over the next few years  Boulton and Watt gave up their shares to their sons in 1794  It became a commercial success and was widely used in offices even into the 20th century 

Chemical experiments
From an early age, Watt was very interested in chemistry  In late 1786, while in Paris, he witnessed an experiment by Claude Louis Berthollet in which he reacted hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide to produce chlorine  He had already found that an aqueous solution of chlorine could bleach textiles, and had published his findings, which aroused great interest among many potential rivals  When Watt returned to Britain, he began experiments along these lines with hopes of finding a commercially viable process   He discovered that a mixture of salt, manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid could produce chlorine, which Watt believed might be a cheaper method  He passed the chlorine into a weak solution of alkali, and obtained a turbid solution that appeared to have good bleaching properties  He soon communicated these results to James McGrigor, his father-in-law, who was a bleacher in Glasgow  Otherwise, he tried to keep his method a secret With McGrigor and his wife Annie, he started to scale up the process, and in March 1788, McGrigor was able to bleach  1,500 yards (4,500 feet) of cloth to his satisfaction  About this time, Berthollet discovered the salt and sulphuric acid process, and published it, so it became public knowledge  Many others began to experiment with improving the process, which still had many shortcomings, not the least of which was the problem of transporting the liquid product  Watt's rivals soon overtook him in developing the process, and he dropped out of the race  It was not until 1799, when Charles Tennant patented a process for producing solid bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) that it became a commercial success 

By 1794, Watt had been chosen by Thomas Beddoes to manufacture apparatuses to produce, clean and store gases for use in the new Pneumatic Institution at Hotwells in Bristol  Watt continued to experiment with various gases, but by 1797, the medical uses for the "factitious airs" (artificial gases) had come to a dead end 

Personality
Watt combined theoretical knowledge of science with the ability to apply it practically  Chemist Humphry Davy said of him, "Those who consider James Watt only as a great practical mechanic form a very erroneous idea of his character; he was equally distinguished as a natural philosopher and a chemist, and his inventions demonstrate his profound knowledge of those sciences, and that peculiar characteristic of genius, the union of them for practical application" He was greatly respected by other prominent men of the Industrial Revolution  He was an important member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, and was a much sought-after conversationalist and companion, always interested in expanding his horizons  His personal relationships with his friends and business partners were always congenial and long-lasting 
According to Lord Liverpool (Prime Minister of the UK),
A more excllent and amikable man in all the relations of life I believe never existed 
Watt was a prolific correspondent  During his years in Cornwall, he wrote long letters to Boulton several times per week  He was averse to publishing his results in, for example, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society however, and instead preferred to communicate his ideas in patents  He was an excellent draughtsman 

He was a rather poor businessman, and especially hated bargaining and negotiating terms with those who sought to use the steam engine  In a letter to William Small in 1772, Watt confessed that "he would rather face a loaded cannon than settle an account or make a bargain " Until he retired, he was always very concerned about his financial affairs, and was something of a worrier  His health was often poor and he suffered frequent nervous headaches and depression  When he retired in 1800, he became a rich enough man to pass the business on to his sons 

Soho Foundry
At first, the partnership made the drawings and specifications for the engines, and supervised the work to erect them on the customers' property  They produced almost none of the parts themselves  Watt did most of his work at his home in Harper's Hill in Birmingham, while Boulton worked at the Soho Manufactory  Gradually, the partners began to actually manufacture more and more of the parts, and by 1795, they purchased a property about a mile away from the Soho Manufactory, on the banks of the Birmingham Canal, to establish a new foundry for the manufacture of the engines  The Soho Foundry formally opened in 1796 at a time when Watt's sons, Gregory and James Jr  were heavily involved in the management of the enterprise  In 1800, the year of Watt's retirement, the firm made a total of 41 engines 

Later years
Watt retired in 1800, the same year that his fundamental patent and partnership with Boulton expired  The famous partnership was transferred to the men's sons, Matthew Robinson Boulton and James Watt Jr   Longtime firm engineer William Murdoch was soon made a partner and the firm prospered 
Watt continued to invent other things before and during his semi-retirement  Within his home in Handsworth, Staffordshire, Watt made use of a garret room as a workshop, and it was here that he worked on many of his inventions  Among other things, he invented and constructed machines for copying sculptures and medallions which worked very well, but which he never patented  One of the first sculptures he produced with the machine was a small head of his old professor friend Adam Smith  He maintained his interest in civil engineering and was a consultant on several significant projects  He proposed, for example, a method for constructing a flexible pipe to be used for pumping water under the River Clyde at Glasgow He and his second wife travelled to France and Germany, and he purchased an estate in mid-Wales at Doldowlod House, one mile south of Llanwrthwl, which he much improved 
In 1816, he took a trip on the paddle-steamer Comet, a product of his inventions, to revisit his home town of Greenock He died on 25 August 1819 at his home "Heathfield Hall" near Handsworth in Staffordshire (now part of Birmingham) at the age of 83  He was buried on 2 September in the graveyard of St Mary's Church, Handsworth  The church has since been extended and his grave is now inside the church 

Family
On 16 July 1764, Watt married his cousin Margaret Miller (d  1773)  They had two children, Margaret (1767–1796) and James (1769–1848)  In 1791, their daughter married James Miller  In September 1773, while Watt was working in the Scottish Highlands, he learned that his wife, who was pregnant with their third child, was seriously ill  He immediately returned home but found that she had died and their child was stillborn In 1775, he married Ann MacGregor (d 1832) 

Freemasonry
He was Initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in The Glasgow Royal Arch Lodge, No  77, in 1763  The Lodge ceased to exist in 1810  A Masonic Lodge was named after him in his home town of Glasgow – Lodge James Watt, No  1215 

Murdoch's contributions
William Murdoch joined Boulton and Watt in 1777  At first, he worked in the pattern shop in Soho, but soon he was erecting engines in Cornwall   He became an important part of the firm and made many contributions to its success including important inventions of his own 
John Griffiths, who wrote a biography of him in 1992, has argued that Watt's discouragement of Murdoch's work with high-pressure steam on his steam road locomotive experiments delayed its development: Watt rightly believed that boilers of the time would be unsafe at higher pressures Watt patented the application of the sun and planet gear to steam in 1781 and a steam locomotive in 1784, both of which have strong claims to have been invented by Murdoch  The patent was never contested by Murdoch, however, and Boulton and Watt's firm continued to use the sun and planet gear in their rotative engines, even long after the patent for the crank expired in 1794   Murdoch was made a partner of the firm in 1810, where he remained until his retirement 20 years later at the age of 76 

Legacy
As one author states, James Watt's improvements to the steam engine "converted it from a prime mover of marginal efficiency into the mechanical workhorse of the Industrial Revolution" 

Honours
Watt was much honoured in his own time  In 1784, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was elected as a member of the Batavian Society for Experimental Philosophy, of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, in 1787  In 1789, he was elected to the elite group, the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers  In 1806, he was conferred the honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Glasgow   The French Academy elected him a Corresponding Member and he was made a Foreign Associate in 1814 The watt is named after James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine, and was adopted by the Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1889 and by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 as the unit of power incorporated in the International System of Units (or "SI") 
On 29 May 2009, the Bank of England announced that Boulton and Watt would appear on a new £50 note  The design is the first to feature a dual portrait on a Bank of England note, and presents the two industrialists side by side with images of Watt's steam engine and Boulton's Soho Manufactory  Quotes attributed to each of the men are inscribed on the note: "I sell here, sir, what all the world desires to have—POWER" (Boulton) and "I can think of nothing else but this machine" (Watt)  The inclusion of Watt is the second time that a Scot has featured on a Bank of England note (the first was Adam Smith on the 2007 issue £20 note)  In September 2011, it was announced that the notes would enter circulation on 2 November In 2011, he was one of seven inaugural inductees to the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame 

Memorials
Watt was buried in the grounds of St  Mary's Church, Handsworth, in Birmingham  Later expansion of the church, over his grave, means that his tomb is now buried inside the church The garret room workshop that Watt used in his retirement was left, locked and untouched, until 1853, when it was first viewed by his biographer J  P  Muirhead  Thereafter, it was occasionally visited, but left untouched, as a kind of shrine  A proposal to have it transferred to the Patent Office came to nothing  When the house was due to be demolished in 1924, the room and all its contents were presented to the Science Museum, where it was recreated in its entirety  It remained on display for visitors for many years, but was walled-off when the gallery it was housed in closed  The workshop remained intact, and preserved, and in March 2011 was put on public display as part of a new permanent Science Museum exhibition, "James Watt and our world" The approximate location of James Watt's birth in Greenock is commemorated by a statue  Other memorials in Greenock include street names and the Watt Memorial Library, which was begun in 1816 with Watt's donation of scientific books, and developed as part of the Watt Institution by his son (which ultimately became the James Watt College)  Taken over by the local authority in 1974, the library now also houses the local history collection and archives of Inverclyde, and is dominated by a large seated statue in the vestibule  Watt is additionally commemorated by statuary in George Square, Glasgow and Princes Street, Edinburgh, as well as others in Birmingham, where he is also remembered by the Moonstones and a school is named in his honour 
The James Watt College has expanded from its original location to include campuses in Kilwinning (North Ayrshire), Finnart Street and The Waterfront in Greenock, and the Sports campus in Largs  Heriot-Watt University near Edinburgh was at one time the School of Arts of Edinburgh, founded in 1821 as the world's first Mechanics Institute, but to commemorate George Heriot, the 16th-century financier to King James VI and I, and James Watt, after Royal Charter the name was changed to Heriot-Watt University  Dozens of university and college buildings (chiefly of science and technology) are named after him  Matthew Boulton's home, Soho House, is now a museum, commemorating the work of both men  The University of Glasgow's Faculty of Engineering has its headquarters in the James Watt Building, which also houses the department of Mechanical Engineering and the department of Aerospace Engineering  The huge painting James Watt contemplating the steam engine by James Eckford Lauder is now owned by the National Gallery of Scotland 

There is a statue of James Watt in Piccadilly Gardens, Manchester and City Square, Leeds 
A colossal statue of Watt by Francis Legatt Chantrey was placed in Westminster Abbey, and later was moved to St  Paul's Cathedral   On the cenotaph, the inscription reads, in part, "JAMES WATT     ENLARGED THE RESOURCES OF HIS COUNTRY, INCREASED THE POWER OF MAN, AND ROSE TO AN EMINENT PLACE AMONG THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS FOLLOWERS OF SCIENCE AND THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE WORLD" 
A bust of Watt is in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling, Scotland 
The French Navy submarine Watt was named for Watt 

Patents
Watt was the sole inventor listed on his 6 patents:
Patent 913:  A method of lessening the consumption of steam in steam engines – the separate condenser  The specification was accepted on 5 January 1769; enrolled on 29 April 1769, and extended to June 1800 by an Act of Parliament in 1775 
Patent 1,244:  A new method of copying letters   The specification was accepted on 14 February 1780 and enrolled on 31 May 1780 
Patent 1,306:  New methods to produce a continued rotation motion – sun and planet   The specification was accepted on 25 October 1781 and enrolled on 23 February 1782 
Patent 1,321:  New improvements upon steam engines – expansive and double acting   The specification was accepted on 14 March 1782 and enrolled on 4 July 1782 
Patent 1,432:  New improvements upon steam engines – three bar motion and steam carriage   The specification was accepted on 28 April 1782 and enrolled on 25 August 1782 
Patent 1,485: Newly improved methods of constructing furnaces  The specification was accepted on 14 June 1785 and enrolled on 9 July 1785 
Passage 14:
Archibald Barr
Archibald Barr LLD, FRS FRSE (18 November 1855, Glenfield House, Paisley, Renfrewshire – 5 August 1931) was a Scottish scientific engineer, inventor and businessman  He was a co-founder of Barr & Stroud, and invented the Barr & Stroud Rangefinder 

Early life and education
Barr was born in Glenfield House in Abbey, near Paisley, the third son of Archibald Barr, a yarn merchant, and Jeanie Stirrat, Barr was educated at Paisley Grammar School and apprenticed as an engineer to A F Craig & Co in Paisley before attending University of Glasgow to study engineering 

Academic career
Barr first worked as assistant to James Thomson, Regius Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow, a post Barr was to attain himself later in his career  In 1884 he was appointed to the chair of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the Yorkshire College (which became the University of Leeds in 1904)   In 1889 he returned to Glasgow as Regius Professor of Engineering 
In 1898 he successfully campaigned for a new chair in Electrical Engineering at Glasgow University  In 1901 he raised £54,000 to build and equip the James Watt Engineering Building at Glasgow University 

Other activities
Barr was a motoring enthusiast and as a member of the Scottish Automobile Club, he participated as an organiser of Scotland's first motor car reliability trials in 1901   He also helped to form the Scottish Aeronautical Club in 1909, becoming its president, and was a promoter of Scotland's first aviation meeting, held at Lanark in 1910 
He served as President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1910–11  Barr was also a governor of the Royal Scottish National Institution for the care of those with learning difficulties 
He also gifted £8,000 towards the cost of a new organ for Paisley Abbey 

Honours
Barr was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) by Glasgow upon his retirement in 1915   He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1923 

Marriage
Barr married Isabella Young in 1885 

Death
Barr died at his home, Westerton of Mugdock, near Milngavie, near Glasgow, on 5 August 1931 at the age of 75 

Positions held
President of the Royal Philosophical Society (Glasgow)
President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
President of the Scottish Aeronautical Society
President of the Optical Society, London



ground_truth: Egypt national football team

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was the designer of the Lap Engine educated?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  They went a record total stretch of 995 minutes without letting an opponent score; the streak ended in the final, when Samuel Eto'o scored a 76th-minute equaliser for Barcelona David O'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances, having played 722 first-team matches between 1975 and 1993  Fellow centre half and former captain Tony Adams comes second, having played 669 times  The record for a goalkeeper is held by David Seaman, with 564 appearances  Thierry Henry is the club's top goalscorer with 228 goals in all competitions between 1999 and 2012,
having surpassed Ian Wright's total of 185 in October 2005 
Wright's record had stood since September 1997, when he overtook the longstanding total of 178 goals set by winger Cliff Bastin in 1939 
Henry also holds the club record for goals scored in the League, with 175, a record that had been held by Bastin until February 2006 Arsenal's record home attendance is 73,707, for a UEFA Champions League match against RC Lens on 25 November 1998 at Wembley Stadium, where the club formerly played home European matches because of the limits on Highbury's capacity  The record attendance for an Arsenal match at Highbury is 73,295, for a 0–0 draw against Sunderland on 9 March 1935, while that at Emirates Stadium is 60,161, for a 2–2 draw with Manchester United on 3 November 2007 

Honours
Arsenal's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890  The Kent Junior Cup, won by Royal Arsenal's reserves, was the club's first trophy, while the first team's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup  Their first national senior honour came in 1930, when they won the FA Cup  The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s, winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles  Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970–71 season and twice repeated the feat, in 1997–98 and 2001–02, as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992–93 Seasons in bold are seasons when the club won a Double of the league and FA Cup, or of the FA Cup and League Cup  The 2003–04 season was the only 38-match league season unbeaten in English football history  A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season As of 29 August 2020
  – Record
 †  – Shared title

County FAs
When the FA Cup was the only national football association competition available to Arsenal, the other football association competitions were County Cups, and they made up many of the matches the club played during a season  Arsenal's first first-team trophy was a County Cup, the inaugural Kent Senior Cup  Arsenal became ineligible for the London Cups when the club turned professional in 1891, and rarely participated in County Cups after this  Due to the club's original location within the borders of both the London and Kent Football Associations, Arsenal competed in and won trophies organised by each 

Other
During Arsenal's history, the club has participated in and won a variety of pre-season and friendly honours  These include Arsenal's own pre-season competition the Emirates Cup, begun in 2007  During the wars, previous competitions were widely suspended and the club had to participate in wartime competitions  During WWII, Arsenal won several of these 

Arsenal Women
Arsenal Women is the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal  Founded as Arsenal Ladies F C  in 1987 by Vic Akers, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and have been managed since 2021 by Jonas Eidevall; Akers holds the role of Honorary President of Arsenal Women  As part of the festivities surrounding their 30th anniversary in 2017, the club announced that they were changing their formal name to Arsenal Women F C , and would use "Arsenal" in all references except rare cases where there might be confusion with the men's side Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies  In the 2008–09 season, they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2017, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup or UEFA Women's Champions League, having won the Cup in the 2006–07 season as part of a unique quadruple  The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have close ties; Arsenal Women are entitled to play at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Meadow Park in Borehamwood 

Footnotes
Passage 2:
Singapore FA Cup
The Singapore FA Cup, (also known as the Singapore Pools FA Cup for sponsorship reasons), is an annual football competition in Singapore Initially held for clubs from the S League from 1996-1998, the Football Association of Singapore decided to change format of the cup to allow only teams from National Football League to take part in the knock out competition from 1999,
so that the S League clubs can focus on Singapore Cup, competition created in 1998 After the Singapore Cup and earlier League Cup, Singapore FA Cup is the next major cup competition in Singapore  For a number of years, the FA Cup was solely restricted to NFL clubs  In 2006, S League clubs were once again allowed in the competition, but were only permitted to field their developmental Prime League teams  The team matchups were drawn out of a hat against one another for the initial 2006 and 2007 seasons, before being seeded into two groups since 2008 

Results
Note: 
Tampines Rovers SC is a separate entity from Tampines Rovers 
SAFSA is a separate entity from Singapore Armed Forces 
Police SA is a separate entity from Home United (formerly Police FC) 
Passage 3:
Arthur James (footballer)
Arthur James (January 1855 – June 1911) was an English footballer who played as an outside right for Small Heath Alliance, later to become Birmingham City, from the foundation of the club in 1875 until his career was ended by injury in 1887 
James was born in Longbridge, Birmingham  He played for the cricket club associated with Holy Trinity Church, in Bordesley, Birmingham, and together with his fellow members decided to form a football club for exercise and society in the winter months  The club, which they called Small Heath Alliance, played its first match in November 1875 on some waste ground in Arthur Street, Bordesley  James's brothers Tommy and Fred played in that first fixture, a 1–1 draw with Holte Wanderers of Aston, though he himself did not He was appointed club captain in 1878, retaining the position until 1885, and was regularly selected to represent the Birmingham County F A  in challenge matches against other major associations  In its centenary volume, the association describes the club as

blessed in having Arthur James from 1878 to 1885 as their captain, this player ranking as one of the most brilliant wing forwards of the day, he often represented the Birmingham Association at a time when competition was keen 
He made five appearances in the FA Cup, scoring three goals  His career ended in 1887 through a combination of illness and injury James died in Birmingham in June 1911, aged 56 
Passage 4:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 5:
1894–95 FA Cup
The 1894–95 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup)  The cup was won by Aston Villa, who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London  This was Villa's second victory in the FA Cup 
The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W  Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward  According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer  The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game 
Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week  If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played 

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final 

First round proper
The first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams  The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division  The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition  Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper  Eight non-league sides also qualified 
The matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895  One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture  The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played   The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool 

Second round proper
The eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895  There were two replays, played in the following midweek fixture 

Third round proper
The four Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 2 March 1895  There were no replays 

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 16 March 1895  Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion went on to meet in the final at Crystal Palace 

Final
The Final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace  Aston Villa won 1–0, with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history, scored after just 30 seconds  Devey found Hodgetts, whose cross was laid off by Athersmith to Chatt, whose half volley took a deflection 

Match details
See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-
Passage 6:
List of FIFA World Cup finals
The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body  The championship has been awarded every four years since 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, when it was not held because of World War II 
The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, played by the only two teams remaining in contention, and the result determines which country is declared the world champion  It is a one-off match decided in regulation time  In case of a draw, extra time is used  If scores are then still level, a penalty shoot-out determines the winner, under the rules in force since 1986; prior to that, finals still tied after extra time would have been replayed, though this never proved necessary  The golden goal rule would have applied during extra time in 1998 and 2002, but was not put in practice either 
The only exception to this type of format was the 1950 World Cup, which featured a final round-robin group of four teams; the decisive match of that group is often regarded as the de facto final of that tournament, including by FIFA itself The team that wins the final receives the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and its name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy  Of 80 different nations that have appeared in the tournament, 13 have made it to the final, and 8 have won  Brazil, the only team that has participated in every World Cup, is also the most successful team in the competition, having won five titles and finished second twice  Italy and Germany have four titles each, with Germany having reached more finals than any other team, eight  Current champion Argentina has three titles, Uruguay and France have two each, while England and Spain have one each  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands and Croatia have played in the final without winning  Only teams from Europe (UEFA) and South America (CONMEBOL) have ever competed in the final 
Argentina defeated France on penalties in the latest final, staged at Qatar's Lusail Stadium in 2022 

List of final matches
Results
See also
List of FIFA Confederations Cup finals
List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals
List of UEFA European Championship finals
List of FIFA World Cup final goalscorers

Footnotes
Passage 7:
Second City derby
In English football, the Second City derby or Birmingham derby, is the local derby between the two major clubs in the city of Birmingham – Aston Villa and Birmingham City, first contested in 1879  Villa play at Villa Park while Birmingham play at St Andrew's, the two grounds separated by roughly 2 4 miles (3 9 km)  It is known as the Second City Derby based on Birmingham being referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom  The two clubs are generally regarded as each other's most fierce rivals  In addition both sides have affiliated women's sides, Aston Villa W F C  and Birmingham City W F C 

History
The clubs first met on 27 September 1879, when Birmingham City were called Small Heath Alliance  The game, on a pitch at Small Heath's Muntz Street ground described by the Villa players as "only suitable for pot-holing", finished 1–0 – recorded as "one goal and a disputed goal to nil" – to the home side  Villa won the first competitive game between the clubs, in the Second Round of the FA Cup at Wellington Road in 1887, by four goals to nil, and their first league encounter, in the First Division in the 1894–95 season, 2–1 The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches  In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side 3–0 ahead with eleven minutes to go, Blues scored three times in a dramatic final spell to draw the match  The following year, Aston Villa made headlines with the signing of Tom 'Pongo' Waring, and his first appearance was for the reserves against Birmingham City's reserves, which famously drew a crowd of 23,000  Waring scored three times in the match The most significant clash was the final of the 1963 League Cup, which was staged not long after Aston Villa had beaten Birmingham City 4–0 in the league  Blues won 3–1 on aggregate over the two-legged final to claim their first major domestic honour During the late 1970s to early 1980s both Villa and Blues met regularly in the First Division and both teams had some memorable successes in the fixture  In 1980–81 Villa did the double over Blues and went on to win the First Division title  Blues scored a memorable 3–0 victory at St Andrew's in the first meeting following Villa's European Cup triumph in 1982  Both teams promptly went into decline  Blues racked up a 3–0 win in a relegation battle at Villa Park in March 1986 but were relegated at the end of that season  Villa would be demoted the following campaign  The next time Villa met Blues in a league fixture at Villa Park again was in the Second Division and saw a 2–0 Blues victory  The reverse fixture at St Andrew's was a 2–1 Villa victory with both goals coming from Garry Thompson  The two sides would only meet again in the 1980s in cup competitions  Villa won 7–0 on aggregate when they clashed twice in the 1988–89 League Cup  The same season Villa also won a Full Members Cup clash 6–0 

The Premier League Era
Following the creation of the Premier League, Aston Villa and Birmingham City met twice in the second round of the 1993–94 League Cup  Villa won both matches 1–0  The game at St Andrew's was settled by a Kevin Richardson goal after his keeper Mark Bosnich had saved a penalty from John Frain to keep the game at 0–0  The second leg at Villa Park was notable for a winning goal from Villa's Dean Saunders and a red card for Blues' Paul Tait  Villa went on to win the trophy 
Blues' promotion to the Premier League in 2002 saw fans eagerly anticipating the first league derbies in 15 years  Blues won both derbies 3–0 and 2–0, respectively  Both matches saw goalkeeping errors by Villa goalkeeper Peter Enckelman, including a goal scored directly from an Olof Mellberg throw-in  Violence between both sets of fans occurred before both matches as evening kick-off times had allowed fans to get drunk over the course of the day  In March 2003, during the game at Villa Park, two Villa players were sent off, Dion Dublin for a head-butt on Blues' Robbie Savage and Joey Guðjónsson for a reckless two-footed tackle on Matthew Upson  Trouble also took place following the game on Witton Lane outside Villa Park, where missiles were hurled at police who were attempting to keep both sets of fans apart 
The 2003–04 Premiership season saw games ending in 0–0 and 2–2 draws  The 2–2 draw saw Blues recover a two-goal deficit thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Stern John  Both games were lunchtime kick-offs to avoid drunken behaviour, which was achieved although the games lost none of their passionate edge  The following season Blues got back to winning ways, with 2–1 victory at Villa Park just before Christmas and 2–0 at home in March, Villa keeper Thomas Sørensen making mistakes in both matches, though it's debatable if his errors directly affected the respective results  In the 2005–06 Premiership Season, Villa finally beat Blues in the Premiership, thanks to a Kevin Phillips goal  This was followed up by another Villa victory on 16 April 2006, Easter Sunday, with Aston Villa winning 3–1 thanks to two goals from Milan Baroš and a bicycle kick from Gary Cahill  Blues were relegated in 2006 but subsequently promoted in 2007 
In November 2007, Villa won their third consecutive derby match with a 2–1 victory at St Andrew's  Former Villa defender Liam Ridgewell scored an own goal to put Villa 1–0 up, Blues equalised through Mikael Forssell only for Gabriel Agbonlahor to clinch it with a late header for Villa, having cleared off his own line seconds before  Violent clashes took place outside the ground after the game in which over 20 police officers were hurt  The derby on 20 April 2008 between the two sides ended in a 5–1 win for Aston Villa at Villa Park, the biggest winning margin for either side in a league match for 40 years 
Villa continued their winning ways in the derby, when they won both of the meetings between the clubs in the 2009–10 Premier League season  The first took place on 13 September 2009 at St Andrew's, and ended 1–0 to Aston Villa, with Agbonlahor scoring the winner in the 85th minute, once again there was trouble with 14 arrests  Villa then went on to beat Blues 1–0 at Villa Park thanks to a disputed penalty from James Milner in the 82nd minute  This was the 3rd time in 4 derbies that Villa had scored the winning goal in the final 10 minutes of the game  Villa also possess the record of six straight wins from 1987 to 1993, including five cup matches  This record was then achieved in the Premier League after Villa beat Blues 1–0 on 25 April 2010, setting a record of six straight league wins from 2005 to 2010  The record was finally ended at the next derby match on 31 October 2010, which resulted in a 0–0 draw at Villa Park  The return match at St Andrew's also ended in a draw, with it finishing 1–1 
In those games in October and December 2010 where Aston Villa played Birmingham City, at Villa Park (Premier League, 31 October) and St Andrew's (League Cup, 1 December, which was the first mid-week game between the two sides since 2003) violence between the two sets of supporters and hooligan firms occurred, with many fans being arrested  In the first game, there were scenes of violence outside Villa Park and there were a small amount of arrests including a Birmingham City club chef  In the second of the two games (and larger scale violence) after Blues had beaten Villa 2–1, Blues supporters came onto the pitch and confronted the visiting Villa fans, this resulted in flares, ripped out seats and other missiles being hurled by Villa fans into the Blues supporters, there were also flash points before and after the game including the attack on a Blues supporters pub by Villa hooligans, the events were described as a "warzone" by a supporter who attended the game  Birmingham City were later fined £40,000 by the Football Association for failing to control their fans On 10 April 2011, an episode of Police Academy UK, a TV show aired on BBC Three which documents overseas police officers' introduction to British crime and policing, was set in Birmingham and covered the violence that occurred at the game between Birmingham City and Aston Villa on 1 December 2010 On 17 June 2011, Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish swapped Blues for Villa in a move that shocked the football world  The reaction from both sets of supporters was one of anger  Blues supporters were angry at McLeish, who guided them to only their second ever major trophy win in February 2011, for betraying them to join bitter rivals Villa, and Villa fans were unhappy with the appointment of a manager that had got Blues relegated twice in four seasons, and was perceived to play a negative style of football; that he came from Blues only served to rub salt into the wound of the board making such an unambitious and negative appointment  Several hundred Villa supporters protested at Villa Park when it emerged that Villa owner Randy Lerner has begun talks with McLeish  McLeish received death threats from followers of both teams following his appointment as Aston Villa manager  This controversial move only increased tension and hostility between the players, supporters and owners of both clubs even more as Blues directors threatened legal action against Villa for allegedly "tapping up" McLeish, who resigned as Blues manager on 12 June 2011, while he was still under contract at Birmingham City  McLeish's appointment marked the first time in history that a manager had moved directly from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  On 14 May 2012, one day after the 2011–12 Premier League season ended, McLeish was sacked as Villa manager after a massively disappointing one season in charge 

The EFL Championship Era
After being relegated in 2011, Birmingham are still yet to gain promotion back to the top flight of English football  However, since Alex McLeish was sacked as Villa manager, Villa's poor form continued  Despite several manager changes over the next few years, after several close calls they were finally relegated at the end of the 2015/16 season  Earlier on in the 2015/16 season, the two teams were drawn to play each other in the third round of the League Cup  Aston Villa ran out 1–0 winners thanks to a goal from Rudy Gestede  
In the 2016–17 season the two teams faced off in the second tier of English football for the first time since 1987  The first game at St Andrew's ended in a 1–1 draw  Villa won the second match 1–0 with a 69th-minute goal scored by Agbonlahor  The two sides faced each other again in the league during the 2017/18 season, producing a dismal 0–0 draw at St  Andrews marred by Birmingham fans throwing clappers at the Villa players all throughout the game, before Villa emphatically fortified their second city superiority with a 2–0 victory in front of 41,232 spectators at Villa Park  Some fans believed this game to be a coming of age for lifelong Villa fan and local Jack Grealish, who produced a match-winning man-of-the-match display  
The teams next met on 25 November in one of the most exciting derby games in recent times, Villa ran out 4-2 winners after goals from Jonathan Kodjia, Jack Grealish, a Tammy Abraham penalty and Alan Hutton who ran half the length of the pitch to score, Pedersen and Lukas Jutkiewicz scored for Birmingham On 10 March 2019, a Birmingham City fan invaded the pitch during the reverse fixture at St  Andrew's and assaulted Aston Villa captain Jack Grealish on the pitch by punching him from behind in the head, which was labelled as "disgraceful and cowardly" by supporters of both teams  The man was arrested and charged by West Midlands Police  St Andrew's' security was criticised as a result  The game ended in an ironic twist with a 1–0 win for Aston Villa with Grealish scoring the winning goal  At the end of the same season, Villa were promoted as they won ten in a row including that game  Since then, this fiercely contested fixture hasn't been played between the two rivals 

Women's Sides
Birmingham City W F C  were founded in 1968, whilst Aston Villa W F C  were founded in 1973 as Solihull F C , and took on their current Aston Villa guise in 1996  During the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons both teams competed in the second tier FA Women's Premier League North  Birmingham were then promoted to the Women's Premier League National with Villa joining them for one season in 2003-04 before being relegated  Then followed 18 years of the teams being in different divisions, Birmingham being in the top tier and Villa elsewhere, until the 2020–21 Women's Super League season when Villa were promoted up to join Blues  In the first ever WSL match between the two sides Birmingham beat Villa 1–0 at an empty Villa Park (due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom), while the Birmingham's home match which was also played behind closed doors at Damson Park, Solihull was a 1–1 draw  In the 2021–22 season, Aston Villa won 1–0 at St  Andrew's  Birmingham returned the favour and won 1–0 at Villa Park on 8 May 2022, the final day of the season, as they were relegated to the FA Women's Championship As of the 2021–22 Birmingham currently play at St Andrew's, home of the men's team, having played at Redditch Utd, Stratford Town and Solihull Moors in the 21st century  Villa play at Walsall's Bescot Stadium, having moved from Boldmere St Michaels - although important games such as the Second City Derby will often take place at Villa Park 

Statistics and records
As of the end of the 2010–11 season, there have been 120 meetings in major competition between the two teams since the first FA Cup meeting in 1887, of which Aston Villa have won 52 and Birmingham City 38  The most goals in one game were scored in a league game on 7 July 1895, in the First Division, as Small Heath lost to Aston Villa 7–3  The biggest winning margin was 6–0 to Aston Villa on 9 November 1988, in a Full Members Cup fixture  The last Birmingham City league victory over Aston Villa was on 20 March 2005, when Blues won 2–0 at St Andrew's  Villa won six encounters in a row, most recently on 25 April 2010 (2005–2010)  The two teams drew for the first time in over six years in the next match (the first of three in the 2010–11 season), with the match finishing 0–0 (the other Premier League match of the season also finished as a draw)  The second match of the season resulted in the first Blues win since 2005, as they beat Villa 2–1 in the 2010–11 League Cup Quarter Final on 1 December 2010 

All-time results
Cup matches
Women's matches
Summary of results
Stats correct as of 10 March 2019 

Records
Firsts
First competitive meeting: Aston Villa 4–0 Small Heath Alliance (FA Cup), 5 November 1887 
First league meeting: Aston Villa 2–1 Small Heath, 1 September 1894 
First away victory for Aston Villa: Small Heath 1–4 Aston Villa, 26 October 1895 
First away victory for Birmingham City: Aston Villa 1–3 Birmingham, 20 January 1906 

Results
Highest scoring game: Aston Villa 7–3 Small Heath, 7 September 1895 
Largest winning margin (Aston Villa): 6 goals – 6–0, 9 November 1988 
Largest winning margin (Birmingham City): 4 goals – 4–0, 21 September 1968 

Players
Most goals in a match (Aston Villa):
Most goals in a match (Birmingham City):

Trends
Most games won in a row (Aston Villa): 6, 16 October 2005 to 25 April 2010 
Most games won in a row (Birmingham City): 5, 3 April 1976 – 25 February 1978 
Most games without defeat (Aston Villa): 14, 16 October 2005 – on going
Most games without defeat (Birmingham City): 6, 8 March 1933 – 23 November 1935 and 16 September 2002 – 20 March 2005 
Most drawn games in a row: 4, 10 December 1949 – 21 September 1955 
Whenever the clubs have met in the Premier League the result has always been the same during that particular season: 2002/2003– 2 Blues wins, 2003/2004– 2 draws, 2004/2005– 2 Blues wins, 2005/2006– 2 Villa Wins, 2007/2008– 2 Villa wins, 2009/2010– 2 Villa wins, 2010/11- 2 draws 

Top scorers
The following is a list of the top goal scorers for each team in the fixture  Only players who have scored 4 or more goals feature 

Crossing the divide
Players
Unlike, for example, the Old Firm derby, there is no shortage of players who have appeared for both clubs  Villa legend Harry Hampton transferred to Blues after the First World War and helped the club to the Second Division title  The last established first-team player to make this move was Des Bremner in 1984, though there had been loan signings and movement of youth players during this period  The most recent permanent transfer from Aston Villa to Birmingham City was that of Gary Gardner in Summer 2019, his brother Craig was the previous player to move from Villa to Birmingham in 2010  The last player to move directly in the other direction was Spanish Winger Jota in the same transfer window 
Notable players who have been transferred directly between the clubs are listed below 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Villa to Blues  In addition, there are several players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club 
European Cup winner Dennis Mortimer – regarded by Villa fans as one of their greatest ever players – also played for Birmingham City in the 1986/7 season 
Kevin Phillips played for Villa in the 2005/06 season before moving to Blues in 2008 via West Bromwich Albion 

Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Blues to Villa  In addition, there are several high-profile players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club  Notable examples include former England international Emile Heskey and European Cup winner Peter Withe 
Chris Sutton was released by Birmingham City at the end of the 2005–06 season  His next club was Aston Villa, for whom he signed for in October 2006 
Scott Sinclair has played on loan at both clubs  He was on loan at Birmingham City while he was playing for Chelsea during the 2008–09 season and he was on loan at Aston Villa during the 2014–15 season before signing permanently from Manchester City 

Managers
Former Aston Villa Manager Ron Saunders, who managed Villa to League Cup success in 1975 and again in 1977 before taking the club to its first Championship success for 70 years in 1981, also moved across to Birmingham City following his resignation in 1982 
Alex McLeish's appointment as Aston Villa manager in June 2011 after resigning from Birmingham City five days before was the first time in history a manager has moved from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  The move shocked the football world and increased tension between the two clubs even more Former Birmingham City Manager Steve Bruce was appointed Villa manager in 2016 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Chairmen
Doug Ellis was a director of Birmingham City in the late 1960s before becoming part of a consortium which took over at Aston Villa in 1968 

See also
Aston Villa Hardcore (hooligan firm)
Birmingham Zulu Warriors (hooligan firm)
List of Aston Villa F C  seasons
List of Birmingham City F C  seasons
List of Aston Villa F C  records and statistics
List of Birmingham City F C  records and statistics



ground_truth: University of Glasgow