prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who published Communications of the organization that Andries van Dam is a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Natural Dam, Arkansas
Natural Dam is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States  Natural Dam is located on Arkansas Highway 59, 6 miles (9 7 km) north-northwest of Cedarville  Natural Dam has a post office with ZIP code 72948  The now-replaced Lee Creek Bridge, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was located in the community The community was named for a natural dam near the original town site 

Notable person
Shay Mooney, half of country duo Dan + Shay
Passage 2:
Yaté Dam
The Yaté Dam is an arch dam on the Yaté River in Yaté commune of New Caledonia, France  The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 68 MW power station  Plans for the project began in the early 1950s and the dam was designed by Coyne et Bellier  The owner and operator of the project, New Caledonian Society Energy (ENERCAL), was established on 27 August 1955 to implement the project  Construction began that year and the power station was commissioned in 1958  The dam and entire scheme was inaugurated by Jacques Soustelle, then Minister of State in charge of Overseas Departments, on 21 September 1959  It is the tallest dam and creates the largest reservoir in New Caledonia While the main retaining portion of the dam is an arch design, it also has a concrete gravity section and an earthen and rock-fill section  The arch dam has a height of 60 m (200 ft) and length of 200 m (660 ft)  On its left side adjoins the gravity section which serves as a spillway and is 61 m (200 ft) tall  It is 100 m (330 ft) long  The embankment section located direct the northwest of the gravity portion is 280 m (920 ft) long  Water from the dam is diverted through the hillsides via two 2,600 m (8,500 ft) long penstocks to the power station downstream along the Yaté River in the town of Yaté  The difference in elevation between the dam and power station affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of 157 m (515 ft)  Within the power station lies four 17 MW Francis turbine-generates which produce an average of 307 GWh annually 
Passage 3:
Van, Oregon
Van is an unincorporated community in Harney County, Oregon, United States  It is along Van–Drewsey Road about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Burns, in the Wolf Creek Valley Van post office was established in 1891 and named for local settler Van Middlesworth  The office closed in 1953  As of 2008, the former United States Forest Service Van Guard Station was for sale 

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Van has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps 
Passage 4:
De Stijl
De Stijl (; Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈstɛil]), Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden  De Stijl consisted of artists and architects   In a more narrow sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands  Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors 
De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg that served to propagate the group's theories  Along with van Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszár, Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff, and J  J  P  Oud  The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as Neoplasticism—the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in Dutch) 
According to Theo van Doesburg in the introduction of the magazine De Stijl 1917 no 1, the "De Stijl"-movement was a reaction to the "Modern Baroque" of the Amsterdam School movement (Dutch expressionist architecture) with the magazine Wendingen (1918–1931) 

Principles and influences
Mondrian sets forth the delimitations of Neoplasticism in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art"  He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour  On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour"  With these constraints, his art allows only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles, only straight and horizontal or vertical lines  The De Stijl movement posited the fundamental principle of the geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines The name De Stijl is supposedly derived from Gottfried Semper's Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Künsten oder Praktische Ästhetik (1861–3), which Curl suggests was mistakenly believed to advocate materialism and functionalism  The "plastic vision" of De Stijl artists, also called Neo-Plasticism, saw itself as reaching beyond the changing appearance of natural things to bring an audience into intimate contact with an immutable core of reality, a reality that was not so much a visible fact as an underlying spiritual vision  In general, De Stijl proposed ultimate simplicity and abstraction, both in architecture and painting, by using only straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms  Furthermore, their formal vocabulary was limited to the primary colours, red, yellow, and blue, and the three primary values, black, white, and grey  The works avoided symmetry and attained aesthetic balance by the use of opposition  This element of the movement embodies the second meaning of stijl: "a post, jamb or support"; this is best exemplified by the construction of crossing joints, most commonly seen in carpentry 
In many of the group's three-dimensional works, vertical and horizontal lines are positioned in layers or planes that do not intersect, thereby allowing each element to exist independently and unobstructed by other elements  This feature can be found in the Rietveld Schröder House and the Red and Blue Chair 
De Stijl was influenced by Cubist painting as well as by the mysticism and the ideas about "ideal" geometric forms (such as the "perfect straight line") in the neoplatonic philosophy of mathematician M  H  J  Schoenmaekers  The De Stijl movement was also influenced by Neopositivism   The works of De Stijl would influence the Bauhaus style and the international style of architecture as well as clothing and interior design  However, it did not follow the general guidelines of an "-ism" (e g , Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism), nor did it adhere to the principles of art schools like the Bauhaus; it was a collective project, a joint enterprise 
In music, De Stijl was an influence only on the work of composer Jakob van Domselaer, a close friend of Mondrian  Between 1913 and 1916, he composed his Proeven van Stijlkunst ("Experiments in Artistic Style"), inspired mainly by Mondrian's paintings  This minimalistic—and, at the time, revolutionary—music defined "horizontal" and "vertical" musical elements and aimed at balancing those two principles  Van Domselaer was relatively unknown in his lifetime, and did not play a significant role within De Stijl 

History
Early history
From the flurry of new art movements that followed the Impressionist revolutionary new perception of painting, Cubism arose in the early 20th century as an important and influential new direction  In the Netherlands, too, there was interest in this "new art" 
However, because the Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, Dutch artists were not able to leave the country after 1914 and were thus effectively isolated from the international art world—and in particular, from Paris, which was its centre then 
During that period, Theo van Doesburg started looking for other artists to set up a journal and start an art movement  Van Doesburg was also a writer, poet, and critic, who had been more successful writing about art than working as an independent artist  Quite adept at making new contacts due to his flamboyant personality and outgoing nature, he had many useful connections in the art world 

Founding of De Stijl
Around 1915, Van Doesburg started meeting the artists who would eventually become the founders of the journal  He first met Piet Mondrian at an exhibition in Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam  Mondrian, who had moved to Paris in 1912 (and there, changed his name from "Mondriaan"), had been visiting the Netherlands when war broke out  He could not return to Paris, and was staying in the artists' community of Laren, where he met Bart van der Leck and regularly saw M  H  J  Schoenmaekers  In 1915, Schoenmaekers published Het nieuwe wereldbeeld ("The New Image of the World"), followed in 1916 by Beginselen der beeldende wiskunde ("Principles of Plastic Mathematics")  These two publications would greatly influence Mondrian and other members of De Stijl 
Van Doesburg also knew J  J  P  Oud and the Hungarian artist Vilmos Huszár  In 1917 the cooperation of these artists, together with the poet Antony Kok, resulted in the founding of De Stijl  The young architect Gerrit Rietveld joined the group in 1918   At its height De Stijl had 100 members and the journal had a circulation of 300 During those first few years, the group was still relatively homogeneous, although Van der Leck left in 1918 due to artistic differences of opinion  Manifestos were being published, signed by all members  The social and economic circumstances of the time formed an important source of inspiration for their theories, and their ideas about architecture were heavily influenced by Hendrik Petrus Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright 
The name Nieuwe Beelding was a term first coined in 1917 by Mondrian, who wrote a series of twelve articles called De Nieuwe Beelding in de schilderkunst ("Neo-Plasticism in Painting") that were published in the journal De Stijl  In 1920 he published a book titled Le Néo-Plasticisme 

After 1920
Around 1921, the group's character started to change  From the time of van Doesburg's association with Bauhaus, other influences started playing a role  These influences were mainly Malevich and Russian Constructivism, to which not all members agreed  In 1924 Mondrian broke with the group after van Doesburg proposed the theory of elementarism, suggesting that a diagonal line is more vital than horizontal and vertical ones  In addition, the De Stijl group acquired many new "members"  Dadaist influences, such as I  K  Bonset's poetry and Aldo Camini's "antiphilosophy" generated controversy as well  Only after Van Doesburg's death was it revealed that Bonset and Camini were two of his pseudonyms 

After van Doesburg's death
Theo van Doesburg died in Davos, Switzerland, in 1931  His wife, Nelly, administered his estate 
Because of van Doesburg's pivotal role within De Stijl, the group did not survive  Individual members remained in contact, but De Stijl could not exist without a strong central character  Thus, it may be wrong to think of De Stijl as a close-knit group of artists  The members knew each other, but most communication took place by letter  For example, Mondrian and Rietveld never met in person 
Many, though not all, artists did stay true to the movement's basic ideas, even after 1931  Rietveld, for instance, continued designing furniture according to De Stijl principles, while Mondrian continued working in the style he had initiated around 1920  Van der Leck, on the other hand, went back to figurative compositions after his departure from the group 

Influence on architecture
The De Stijl influence on architecture remained considerable long after its inception; Mies van der Rohe was among the most important proponents of its ideas  Between 1923 and 1924, Rietveld designed the Rietveld Schröder House, the only building to have been created completely according to De Stijl principles  Examples of Stijl-influenced works by J J P  Oud can be found in Rotterdam (Café De Unie) and Hook of Holland  Other examples include the Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames, and the interior decoration for the Aubette dance hall in Strasbourg, designed by Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Jean Arp and van Doesburg 

Present day
Works by De Stijl members are scattered all over the world, but De Stijl-themed exhibitions are organised regularly  Museums with large De Stijl collections include the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague (which owns the world's most extensive, although not exclusively De Stijl-related, Mondrian collection) and Amsterdam's Stedelijk Museum, where many works by Rietveld and Van Doesburg are on display  The Centraal Museum of Utrecht has the largest Rietveld collection worldwide; it also owns the Rietveld Schröder House, Rietveld's adjacent "show house", and the Rietveld Schröder Archives 
The movement inspired the design aesthetics of Rumyantsevo and Salaryevo stations of Moscow Metro opened in 2016 

Neoplasticists
Ilya Bolotowsky (1907–1981), painter and sculptor
Burgoyne Diller (1906–1965), painter
Theo van Doesburg (1883–1931), painter, designer, and writer; co-founder of De Stijl movement; published De Stijl, 1917–1931
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897–1981), architect
Jean Gorin (1899–1981), painter, sculptor
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979), architect
Vilmos Huszár (1884–1960), painter
Frederick John Kiesler (1890–1965), architect, theater designer, artist, sculptor
Antony Kok (1882–1969), poet
Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), painter
Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), painter, co-founder of De Stijl
Marlow Moss (1889–1958), painter
J  J  P  Oud (1890–1963), architect
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964), architect and designer
Kurt Schwitters (1887–1948), painter, sculptor
Georges Vantongerloo (1886–1965), sculptor
Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart (1899–1962), painter
Jan Wils (1891–1972), architect

See also
Art Concret
Abstraction-Création
Concrete art
Form follows function
Fourth dimension in art
Mathematics and art
Modern architecture

References and sources
Passage 5:
Nieuwsblad van het Noorden
The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈniuzblɑt fɑn ət ˈnoːrdə(n)]; "Newspaper of the North") is a former regional daily newspaper from the city of Groningen in the Netherlands  It was published from 1888 to 2002, when it was merged with the Groninger Dagblad and the Drentse Courant into the Dagblad van het Noorden, which published its first edition on 2 April 2002 
The first issue of the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden appeared on 2 June 1888  Until 1997 its offices were in a 1903 Jugendstil building in the Gedempte Zuiderdiep designed by Gerrit Nijhuis 
During the German occupation in World War II, the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden, like many other Dutch newspapers, published anti-Semitic and pro-German articles  In 1944 they refused to hire a chief editor who was a member of the Dutch National Socialist Movement—at the time the only legal party in the Netherlands—and publication of the newspaper was suspended  The paper reappeared on 26 January 1946, some time after the liberation of the Netherlands, with a circulation of 35,000 copies 
The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden came under criticism in 2000 with the publication of Het Schandaal (The Scandal) by Johan van Gelder, which threw new light on the newspaper's relationship with the German occupiers  The revelations in the book were in stark contrast to the representations of the two owners, the brothers Nico and Jan Abraham Hazewinkel From 2 April 2002 the newspaper was succeeded by the Dagblad van het Noorden, a fusion with the Groninger Dagblad and the Drentse Courant, which had previously been publishing together  All were published at that time by Hazewinkel Pers (Press)  The Nieuwsblad van het Noorden published at midday; the other two were morning papers, as is the Dagblad van het Noorden 

Notes
Passage 6:
Johannes van Dam
Johannes van Dam (Amsterdam 9 October 1946 - Amsterdam 18 September 2013) was a Dutch journalist and the country's best-known writer on food  Van Dam wrote a regular column on food for the national daily Het Parool for almost 25 years 

Van Dam studied medicine and psychology and worked in the newspaper business from 1967 to 1981 (for Het Vrije Volk and Haagse Post), before running a cookbook store in Amsterdam, in 1983  In 1986 he started writing a column on food for the Dutch weekly Elsevier, and in 1989 sold the bookstore and began writing full-time, for Het Parool and the Belgian daily De Morgen in addition to Elsevier  He published a book on food, De Dikke Van Dam, in 2005  He died in an Amsterdam hospital in 2013 after suffering for some time from health problems, including diabetes  His biography, written by Jeroen Thijssen, was published on November 9, 2018 
Passage 7:
Andries Bonger
Andries Bonger (20 May 1861 – 20 January 1936) was a Dutch art collector, as well as Johanna van Gogh-Bonger's brother and Theo van Gogh's friend, who later became his brother-in-law 

Relationship with Theo
In December 1879, after finishing a course at the Amsterdam Trade School, Bonger traveled to Paris to work at Geo Wehry, a commodity trading firm that focused on tobacco, coffee, tea, and rubber  In 1881, he became librarian at the Hollandsche Club, an expatriate club in Paris, where he became friends with Theo van Gogh  He later introduced his sister Jo to Theo; they married in Amsterdam in 1889, but he and his wife did not attend the wedding because he thought the wedding cost too much and they could not afford to travel Through Theo, he knew Vincent van Gogh, who called him "André" in letters  In a letter that Bonger wrote to his parents on March 31, 1885, he describes Theo van Gogh as having received unexpected news the prior week that his father had died due to a "stroke of apoplexy" after having received a letter the previous day that he was in perfect health  He mentioned that Van Gogh was not very strong, and so this was a very melancholy circumstance  In several letters over the remainder of the year, Bonger comments on a growing appreciation for and friendship with Theo  In 1886, Vincent van Gogh arrived in Paris, which meant that Bonger saw less of Theo  Bonger expressed his concern that Vincent's harshness towards Theo, who had begun to look haggard  Theo met Bonger's parents during a visit to the Netherlands in 1886 Theo had hoped to open a gallery of his own, with his brother-in-law Andries as a partner  Despite promising talks, it never came to fruition 
Theo died six months after his older brother Vincent's death, leaving Andries's sister Jo holding the letters of Vincent to Theo and in control of Vincent's artwork   Andries believed that his younger sister should not have sole say about what became of these remnants of her marriage and attempted to exert his influence over her  She resisted and the close of the siblings were at odds  Andries managed the sales of some of Vincent's artwork whose sale Jo authorized 

Later life
In 1892, he returned to the Netherlands after taking a job with an insurance company based in Hilversum  Around this time, Bonger started collecting art, especially works by Odilon Redon and Émile Bernard, who were his friends  He also owned works by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne  He is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery in Amsterdam 

See also
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
Passage 8:
Indianford, Wisconsin
Indianford (also Fosters Ferry, Fulton Center, Indian Ford, or Morses Landing) is an unincorporated community located in the town of Fulton, in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States, on the Rock River  The Rock River is dammed at Indianford 


== Notes ==
Passage 9:
Navacerrada Dam
Navacerrada Dam is a reservoir at Navacerrada in the Community of Madrid, Spain  At an elevation of 1200 m, its maximum surface area is 93 hectares (230 acres) 

External links
 Media related to Embalse de Navacerrada at Wikimedia Commons
Sociedad Española de Presas y Embalses (in Spanish) profile
Passage 10:
ACM SIGGRAPH
ACM SIGGRAPH is the international Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques based in New York  It was founded in 1969 by Andy van Dam (its direct predecessor, ACM SICGRAPH was founded two years earlier in 1967) ACM SIGGRAPH convenes the annual SIGGRAPH conference, attended by tens of thousands of computer professionals  The organization also sponsors other conferences around the world, and regular events are held by its professional and student chapters in several countries 

Committees
Professional and Student Chapters Committee
The Professional and Student Chapters Committee (PSCC) is the leadership group that oversees the activities of ACM SIGGRAPH Chapters around the world  Details about Local Chapters can be found below 

International Resources Committee
The International Resources Committee (IRC) facilitates throughout the year worldwide collaboration in the ACM SIGGRAPH community, provides an English review service to help submitters whose first language is not English, and encourages participation in all SIGGRAPH  conference venues, activities, and events 

Awards
ACM SIGGRAPH presents six awards to recognize achievement in computer graphics  The awards are presented at the annual SIGGRAPH conference 

Steven A  Coons Award
The Steven Anson Coons Award for Outstanding Creative Contributions to Computer Graphics is considered the highest award in computer graphics, and is presented each odd-numbered year to individuals who have made a lifetime contribution to computer graphics  It is named for Steven Anson Coons, an early pioneer in interactive computer graphics Recipients:

Computer Graphics Achievement Award
The Computer Graphics Achievement award is given each year to recognize individuals for an outstanding achievement in computer graphics and interactive techniques that provided a significant advance in the state of the art of computer graphics and is still significant and apparent Recipients:

Significant New Researcher Award
The Significant New Researcher Award is given annually to a researcher with a recent significant contribution to computer graphics Recipients:

Distinguished Artist Award
The Distinguished Artist Award is presented annually to an artist who has created a significant body of digital art work that has advanced the aesthetic content of the medium 
Recipients:

Professional and Student Chapters
Within their local areas, Chapters continue the work of ACM SIGGRAPH on a year-round basis via their meetings and other activities  Each ACM SIGGRAPH Professional and Student Chapter consists of individuals involved in education, research & development, the arts, industry and entertainment  ACM SIGGRAPH Chapter members are interested in the advancement of computer graphics and interactive techniques, its related technologies and applications  For the annual conference, some of the Chapters produce a "Fast Forward" overview of activities 
Listed below are some examples of Chapter activities:

MetroCAF is the annual NYC Metropolitan Area College Computer Animation Festival, organized by the New York City chapter of ACM SIGGRAPH 
Bogota ACM SIGGRAPH has become one of the largest Animation and VFX events in Latin America, counting more than 6,000 registered attendees in 2015’s edition 
ACM SIGGRAPH Helsinki runs an evening-long graphics conference called SyysGraph, which is held autumn every year  The seminar strives to bring the latest updates of the 3D graphics field, demos, animations and interactive technologies  The presentations are held in English 
Silicon Valley ACM SIGGRAPH held "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" Visual Effects Panel with Industrial Light & Magic 

See also
Association for Computing Machinery
ACM Transactions on Graphics
Computer Graphics, its defunct quarterly periodical publication 
SIGGRAPH Conferences
Passage 11:
Communications of the ACM
Communications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)  It was established in 1958, with Saul Rosen as its first managing editor  It is sent to all ACM members 
Articles are intended for readers with backgrounds in all areas of computer science and information systems  The focus is on the practical implications of advances in information technology and associated management issues; ACM also publishes a variety of more theoretical journals  The magazine straddles the boundary of a science magazine, trade magazine, and a scientific journal  While the content is subject to peer review, the articles published are often summaries of research that may also be published elsewhere  Material published must be accessible and relevant to a broad readership From 1960 onward, CACM also published algorithms, expressed in ALGOL  The collection of algorithms later became known as the Collected Algorithms of the ACM According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 14 065 

See also
Journal of the ACM
Passage 12:
Calamus, Wisconsin
Calamus is a town in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States  The population was 1,005 at the 2000 census  The unincorporated community of South Beaver Dam is located in the town  The unincorporated community of Lost Lake is also located partially in the town 

History
The town was founded on January 22, 1846 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36 5 square miles (94 7 km2), of which, 36 1 square miles (93 4 km2) of it is land and 0 5 square miles (1 2 km2) of it (1 29%) is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,005 people, 379 households, and 297 families living in the town  The population density was 27 9 people per square mile (10 8/km2)   There were 396 housing units at an average density of 11 0 per square mile (4 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the town was 97 71% White, 0 70% African American, 0 90% Native American, 0 30% from other races, and 0 40% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 00% of the population 
There were 379 households, out of which 31 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67 0% were married couples living together, 5 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 6% were non-families  14 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 65 and the average family size was 2 95 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23 2% under the age of 18, 7 7% from 18 to 24, 29 8% from 25 to 44, 26 8% from 45 to 64, and 12 6% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 105 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110 4 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $50,000, and the median income for a family was $54,107  Males had a median income of $33,636 versus $24,671 for females  The per capita income for the town was $19,818  About 5 5% of families and 7 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 0% of those under age 18 and 5 4% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 13:
Andries Stockenström
Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet, (6 July 1792 in Cape Town – 16 March 1864 in London) was lieutenant governor of British Kaffraria from 13 September 1836 to 9 August 1838 
His efforts in restraining colonists from moving into Xhosa lands served to make him immensely unpopular among the settlers of the Cape Colony frontier  As a historical figure, he long remained controversial in South Africa for supposedly hindering colonisation, and pro-imperialist histories have traditionally vilified him  However his relatively far-sighted and respectful policies towards the Xhosa have increasingly gained recognition in modern South Africa 
On Stockenström's legacy, historian Christopher Saunders concluded: "No man in the 19th century Cape had greater breadth of vision, none gained the respect of a wider constituency, black as well as white "

Early life
The eldest son of Anders Stockenström (1757-1811), a Cape landdrost of Swedish ancestry, he received an elementary education in Cape Town and in 1808 took up an appointment as clerk in his father's office at Graaff-Reinet  En route he met up with Lt-Col R Collins and accompanied him as a Dutch interpreter on a journey that took them to the Orange River and into the Xhosa country  Inclined to pursue a military career, Andries accompanied the expedition sent in 1810 to inform Ndlambe, the Rharhabe paramount chief, of the government's aim to expel him from the Zuurveld 

Military career
In the 19th century, the Cape frontier was afflicted by a recurring series of Frontier Wars, between the Cape Colony on the one side, and the Xhosa chiefs on the other  Stockenström's military career additionally saw growing disagreement between the leadership of the local Cape forces (the Burgher commandos) and the settlers on the frontier who supported greater imperial control 
While the young Stockenström was a great and sometimes ruthless soldier in the frontier wars, in the coming years he came to develop a growing sympathy with his Xhosa opponents  
The frontier policy of the colonial government at the time was the so-called "Reprisals System", whereby frontier settlers were permitted to cross the border to reclaim stolen cattle from any Xhosa settlement to which the cattle-tracks led – even if the stolen cattle were not in fact there  Stockenström was fiercely opposed to this system  His opinion that the Cape Colony colonists of the frontier were unfairly treating of their Xhosa neighbours led to his later conclusion that a strictly-enforced system of treaties must be enforced on both sides in order for peace and mutual respect to develop 

The 4th Frontier War (1811-1812)
In 1811 he was commissioned as an ensign in the Cape Regiment, took part in the 4th Cape Frontier War (1811–12), and in the campaign against Ndlambe  During this time, Andries served as aide-de-camp to his father, Anders Stockenström 
When his father was ambushed and killed, the young Andries rode from Bruintjieshoogte with 18 mounted burghers  He hunted down and overtook a number of the killers near Doringnek, slaying 13 of them 
Upon returning from Doringnek, Andries was appointed to his father's position in command of the burgher forces  Following Ndlambe's expulsion, he assisted Colonel John Graham in fortifying the Fish River frontier  Governor Sir John Cradock then appointed him as assistant landdrost of Graaff-Reinet, stationed initially at Van Stadensdam on the (upper) Fish River, and afterwards at the newly founded town of Cradock  Andries retained his commission as his duties remained mostly of a military nature 
In a rapid and successful campaign in 1813, he struck across the Fish River against Xhosa tribes that had violated the new frontier, and in May 1814 he was appointed a lieutenant in the Cape Regiment  He rose through the ranks rapidly after fighting in the fourth frontier war 

The 5th Frontier War (1818-1819)
Due in part to overcrowding, a civil war broke out between the amaNgqika (Ngqika Xhosa) and the amaGcaleka (Gcaleka Xhosa)  As the Cape had signed a defence treaty with Ngqika, it was legally required to respond to Ngqika's request for military assistance in 1818  Stockenström was thus ordered to lead his commando, as an ally of Ngqika, against Ndlambe's amaGcaleka 
After swiftly intercepting and defeating the Gcaleka army, he withdrew his commando and stationed his Graaff-Reinet burghers to defend the left flank at the Kat River  However, after the Cape withdrawal, the amaGcaleka regrouped in 1819 and this time invaded the Cape Colony itself, attacking Grahamstown 
Stockenström thus took to the field again  He was first ordered to position his Graaff-Reinet commando to meet any attack across the northern section of the frontier  Then while the Cape, Stellenbosch and Swellendam commandos advanced against the main amaGcaleka army, Stockenström's Graaff-Reinet commando was ordered to clear insurgents from the dense bush in the Fish River area – previously regarded as impenetrable  After successfully implementing this supposedly impossible campaign, Stockenström was promoted to captain in the Cape Regiment 
The war ended in October 1819, when Gcaleka agreed to recognise Ngqika's independent leadership of the Western Xhosa, and the area between the Keiskamma and Fish rivers was declared a neutral zone, closed off from both black and white settlement 
From about this period, Stockenström's relationship with Governor Lord Charles Somerset declined, in part because of his "outspoken criticism of Somerset’s frontier policy or his refusal to allow the settlement of the 1820 Settlers in his district and his opposition to their location on the frontier", Duminy suggests, and in part because of a quarrel with the Governor's son, Col  Henry Somerset  In addition, Stockenström was friendly with Acting Governor Sir Rufane Donkin, and since Grahamstown editor Robert Godlonton was a staunch supporter of Col  Somerset, this "meant that the remainder of his public career was characterized by personal and political feuds" 
His military career ended in July 1820 when he was transferred to the Corsican Rangers 
The Graaff-Reinet district's involvement with the frontier was also reduced by the creation in 1821 of the separate district of Albany (out of Uitenhage) and in 1826 of the district of Somerset East (out of Graaff-Reinet)  However Stockenström remained landdrost until the reform of 1828 which abolished his office 
In his final year as landdrost, he played a significant role in the Cape by lobbying for Ordinance 50 (1828) to grant the right to own land to the Khoikhoi and all other free black inhabitants of the Cape  A project that led to his later establishing of the Kat River Khoi Settlement 

Commissioner-General for the Eastern Province (1829-1833)
In 1827 the Council of Advice was enlarged to include two unofficial members, and in June that year Stockenström was appointed to fill one of these positions  
Early in 1829 Major-General Richard Bourke, who had arrived in the colony in 1826 as lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province, but instead became acting governor when Lord Charles Somerset departed, appointed Stockenström to the new post of commissioner-general for the Eastern Province 

The Kat River Khoi Settlement
In spite of the many political hindrances to his actions, Stockenström nonetheless set to work to reach an agreement for peace on the frontier and to stabilise the Ceded Territory between the Fish and Keiskamma rivers 
He decided to set aside this extensive and very fertile area for settlement, not by the white settlers of the frontier, but by the Cape's extensive Khoi and Griqua population  Some of Stockenström's top commanders were Khoi; he had long fought alongside Khoi soldiers in the frontier wars, and claimed to hold their bravery and loyalty in high esteem  He granted this displaced and marginalised people full and equal rights of land ownership and facilitated the establishment of their settlement, in what became known as the "Kat River Khoi Settlement" The dense settlements thrived and expanded, and the Kat River Settlement quickly became a large, peaceful and successful region of the Cape that subsisted more or less autonomously from the rest of the country  Stockenström was later to regard the creation of this settlement as his proudest achievement 

Frontier policy
Cattle raiding across the frontier, by both sides, was a persistent cause for frontier violence  For this reason, Stockenström promulgated new regulations dealing with the recovery of stolen stock  The previous "Reprisals System" of the frontier meant that the reaction to a cattle raid was simply to launch a counter-raid  Stockenström ruled that armed parties were only permitted to cross the frontier and recover stolen stock by force if the civil authorities gave permission 
This policy nonetheless proved to be very problematic because, when deciding whether to authorise punitive action, Stockenström depended on information from sources which were often unreliable  
In 1830 Stockenström permitted settlers to launch a punitive expedition against Tyali, having been shown evidence that this Xhosa chief was led raids across the border  However, the expedition resulted in the shooting of another chief, Zeko, which caused considerable controversy  Based on false information, Stockenström had at first commended Field Commandant Erasmus for his conduct, but later investigations showed that reports of Zeko being armed and removing livestock were false 
Faced with growing demands for punitive expeditions, Stockenström became increasingly suspicious of the motives of Col Somerset and the frontier settler group  The issue became critical in June 1831, when the colonial government directly authorised Somerset to launch an attack on the Xhosa, without Stockenström's permission and in spite of his objections 
Stockenström became increasingly critical of the frontier policy implemented, both in his reports from Graaff-Reinet and in the proceedings of the Council of Advice  After Lord Stanley, Secretary for the Colonies, requested his resignation from the council, Stockenström left the Cape in 1833 and traveled to London where he resigned as Commissioner-General, after having failed to persuade the Colonial Office to give him more independence in his frontier work 
He moved from London to Sweden – his ancestral home – in 1834 and, at roughly the same time, the Sixth Frontier War broke out in the Cape 

Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province (1836-1838)
In August 1835 he travelled to London to give evidence to the House of Commons on relations with the Xhosa in Southern Africa  In a hugely influential testimony, he blamed imperial policies and the frontier settlers' behaviour for causing repeated outbreaks of war with the Xhosa  In particular, the settlers' use of raids into Xhosa territory, to attack suspected cattle thieves 
His opinions – though hugely controversial – impressed the new Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Glenelg, who appointed him Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province 

New frontier policy
As lieutenant-governor, Stockenström now had the ability to construct a completely new policy for Cape-Xhosa relations 
He began by returning the recently annexed "Province of Queen Adelaide" to the Xhosa  He then instituted his own unique treaty system, recognising the Xhosa chiefs as independent and equal authorities in his diplomacy 
This system involved the exchange of diplomatic agents as reliable "ambassadors" between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa chiefs  The diplomatic agent system was underlain by formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side  Importantly, Stockenström forbade colonial expansion into Xhosa land  With this key provision, the treaty system soon brought a degree of peace to the frontier In his frontier policy, Stockenström was also in disagreement with the liberals and philanthropists of the Cape, in that he believed that the authority of the chiefs must be preserved, and that the relations of the borderlands needed to be strictly regulated and policed 

Legal pressure and decline of the treaty system
However many frontier colonists resented Stockenström's restrictions on their expansion into Xhosa land  
The Eastern Cape settler movement, which advocated dismantling Stockenström's treaty system and annexing the Xhosa land, was led by Godlonton and Col Somerset  This movement increasingly conducted a virulent and libellous campaign against Stockenström and his treaty system 
Godlonton had control of the most influential newspapers of the frontier region, and used them to advocate for his campaign  Godlonton also used his considerable influence in the religious institutions of the 1820 settlers to drive his opinions, declaring that the settlers were "selected by God himself to colonize Kaffraria" Officially, Stockenström was also beset by the problem that, as lieutenant-governor, he was still legally dependent on Sir Benjamin d’Urban, the overall Governor of the Cape, who resented the fact that he had been overlooked when the British parliament authorised Stockenström to take over the frontier  An additional problem was that he also still lacked authority over the military 
Under immense pressure from the frontier settlers' press campaign, Stockenström became increasingly drawn into a series of bitter legal battles  In February 1838 he started a libel action, after being publicly accused of murder, and requested the new governor, Sir George Napier, to launch a full inquiry  Stockenström was exonerated by the court of inquiry in June 1838, but nonetheless felt his position hopeless, and travelled to Britain to consult Glenelg  Glenelg refused to accept Stockenström's resignation, but his successor, Lord Normanby, dismissed Stockenström in August 1839 
Dispirited, Stockenström returned to the Cape in May 1840 and retired to his farm Klipkraal (in the Swaershoek Valley near Somerset East), making only occasional trips to Uitenhage and Cape Town 
In 1842, a severe drought effected the region, causing an increasing in cross-border cattle raiding  This, together with the growing neglect of Stockenström's treaty system, began to lead to growing violence along the frontier 
In 1844, the new governor of the Cape, Sir Peregrine Maitland, abolished Stockenström's treaty system altogether, imposing instead a unilateral system of more severe treaties  Certain provisions of the new treaty system, such as those allowing frontier settlers to counter-raid their Xhosa neighbours if they believed that cattle had been stolen, led to a sharp increase in violence  Maitland's system also involved building a system of military fortifications on Xhosa lands so as to secure the frontier militarily 
The new governor also began to settle Mfengu in frontier Xhosa territory, and opened parts of it up for permanent white settlement 
Aware of impending war, in 1845 Stockenström moved to his farm Maasström, at the foot of the Kaga Mountains, where he remained until April 1846 when the Seventh Frontier War broke out 

The 7th Frontier War (1846-1847)
When the Seventh Frontier War (the "Amatola War") erupted, the conventional imperial troops soon suffered setbacks in the rough frontier terrain  Their long troop columns were slow and easily ambushed by the elusive Xhosa gunmen  
Faced with increasing losses and a full-scale invasion of the Xhosa armies across the frontier, the British Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland called upon the local Cape Burgher Commandos  The Cape burghers were mounted frontier gunmen, recruited locally from Boer, Mfengu, settler, Khoikhoi and Griqua populations, and fiercely loyal to Stockenström  They objected to serving under an imperial commander, so Governor Maitland promoted Stockenström to colonel, so as to place him in command of the local mixed commandos 

Stockenström's burgher force first cleared the south-western part of the Eastern Province up to the Fish River, inflicting a string of defeats on the amaNgqika, and then advanced to Fort Beaufort, where it was initially ordered that he would invade the Xhosa country  Instead of launching a military invasion to destroy the Xhosa armies, Stockenström selected a small group of his mounted commandos, crossed the Colony's border and rapidly rode deep into the Transkei Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of Sarhili ("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa  Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili's capital 
Paramount Chief Sarhili and his generals agreed to meet Stockenström (with his commandants Groepe, Molteno and Brownlee), unarmed, on a nearby mountain ridge  The meeting was initially tense - the fathers of both Sarhili and Stockenström had been killed whilst unarmed  Both men were also veterans of several frontier wars against each other and, while they treated each other with extreme respect, Stockenström nonetheless made the extreme demand that Sarhili assume responsibility for any future Ngqika attacks   After protracted negotiations, Sarhili agreed to return any raided cattle & other property and to relinquish claims to the Ngqika land west of the Kei  He also promised to use his limited authority over the frontier Ngqika to restrain cross-border attacks  
A treaty was signed and the commandos departed on good terms However, Governor Maitland rejected the treaty and sent an insulting letter back to the Xhosa paramount-chief, demanding greater acts of submission and servility  Furious, Stockenstrom and his local commandos resigned and departed from the war, leaving the imperial troops and the Xhosa - both starving and afflicted by fever - to a long, drawn-out war of attrition Andries, his health ruined by this expedition (he remained in poor health the rest of his life), called on the British government to institute an inquiry into the war, maintaining that it had been prolonged needlessly but the new governor, Sir Harry Smith, ostentatiously blamed the Stockenström treaty system for being the cause of the war  In a meeting with the Xhosa chiefs, the Governor famously tore up a piece of paper in front of the chiefs and announced: "No more treaties"  Historian Piers Brendon described "Smith, placing his foot on the neck of the Xhosan ruler and proclaiming, 'I am your Paramount Chief, and the Kaffirs are my dogs!'"Sir Andries publicly condemned Governor Smith's policies, and warned that they would precipitate a further crisis, but Earl Grey, the Secretary for the Colonies, declined to take action 

Political career
Campaign for Representative Government
Stockenström's response to what he perceived as the incompetence of direct imperial control was to back calls for the Cape Colony to get greater local control over its affairs, through the institution of elected representative government  Stockenström was created a baronet in 1849, and used his military pension to support his drive for an elected parliament 
When Governor Smith called an election in 1850 (the only one of its kind) to get around the difficulty of finding suitable people to serve on the legislative council, Sir Andries received the most votes cast for any candidate from the Eastern Province  However, Robert Godlonton led several Legislative Council members in denying that the elections represented popular opinion, and Sir Andries and the other popularly elected members resigned in September 
In 1851 he and John Fairbairn travelled to Britain in the hope of persuading the British government to introduce representative government in the Cape  But as a result of his call for an inquiry into Governor Harry Smith's policies, Sir Andries was in turn made the scapegoat for their failure, and was additionally blamed for the Kat River rebellion during the Eighth Frontier War of 1850  
Instead of a commission of inquiry, a select committee was appointed  Duminy writes that it "neither recommended an inquiry nor prepared a report" 
During his absence, his opponents destroyed his farm, Maasström, in 1851 

Member of Parliament
Representative government was nonetheless instituted in 1853, and Sir Andries was approached to run for election to the new Cape Parliament to represent the Eastern Divisions  To meet the expenses of the campaign and of the destruction of his property, he arranged for the subdivision of a part of Maasström (one-third of the 4 985 morgen) as a township, which was named Bedford, after Sir Andries's friend, the 8th Duke of Bedford 
Following a heated electoral campaign, Sir Andries defeated his old enemy, Godlonton – despite renewed publication of all the old accusations against him in Godlonton's newspaper, the Graham's Town Journal 
As a member of the Cape legislative council, Sir Andries piloted the passage of the Divisional Councils Act, which in his view restored a link between the government and the governed, which had been broken in 1828 (with the abolition of landdrosts)  He also supported the passing of the Burgher Force Bill, which placed the local Cape commandos on an equal footing with the already-established military carrison 
In one of his final political acts, he gave his support to the infant movement for "Responsible Government" in the Cape, as a way to curtail what he saw as the ineptitude of direct imperial control in Southern Africa In other respects, he was frustrated  The Khoikhoi settlement on the Kat River was broken up, and little was done to rein in frontier warmongers and land speculators 

Retirement and later life
Failing health saw him resign his seat in March 1856, and he left the colony the following month  He lived for a while in Nice, Naples and England, returned to the Cape in 1860, and again went to London in 1862, where he would die in 1864 aged 71 of bronchitis that had plagued him for years  He was interred in Kensal Green Cemetery, London 

Family
Anders Andersen Stockenström (*1707 †1764), inspector of mines and mayor of Filipstad x Caterina Margarita Ekman (*1723) 

Anders Stockenström *6 January 1757 Filipstad in Värmland, Sweden x 1 June 1786 Maria Geertruyda Broeders (baptised 11 March 1764), daughter of Peter Caspar Brodersen (or Broders), from Rantrum, a North Frisian town in Schleswig, and Elsabe Cornelia Colijn  The couple had four sons and four daughters 
Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st baronet x 8 December 1828 Elsabe Helena Maasdorp (1808-1889), daughter of Gijsbert Henry Maasdorp  The couple had six children, of whom the firstborn died as a baby 
Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström (1841-1912), 2nd baronet - no issue
Elizabeth Maria Henrietta Stockenström x 1852 farmer and politician Charles William Hutton (13 July 1826 – 1 February 1905), who in 1887 edited Sir Andries's autobiography in two volumes, and was Cape Colony treasurer from 1881 to 1884 
Ella Elizabeth Hutton *1 February 1853 x Christian Maasdorp - 6 children
Andries Stockenström Hutton x Blanche Giddy
Charles Henry Hutton d 1897 x Elizabeth Leonard - 3 children
Edward Drummond Hutton d 1941 x Sara Maria Nel - 2 children
Maria Susanna Stockenström d 1870 x 1864 Sir Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard (1838/40-1902), lawyer and administrator
Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 – 22 March 1880) x 24 December 1867 Maria Henrietta Hartzenberg, of Graaff-Reinet
Sir Andries Stockenström, 3rd baronet (1868-1922)(only son), advocate of the Transvaal Supreme Court and a member of the Transvaal and Union parliaments 
Sir Anders Johan Booysen Stockenström, 4th baronet (1908-1957)
Andrée Mabel Stockenström (only child, owner of Maasström) x Gardiner

Anders Stockenström
In September 1781 Anders Stockenström sailed from Texel as a quarter-gunner aboard a VOC ship, 't Zeepaard 
Scurvy broke out in the fleet when it reached the Equator, and when it reached Table Bay in December 1782, 1,202 of the 2,753 passengers and crew had died, and 915 were ill  Four of the most heavily armed ships, including 't Zeepaard, sailed for Batavia, after four weeks, to assist in defence of the city against an expected British attack  It is not known whether Anders sailed with the fleet, but two years later he was working as an assistant in the goods office in Cape Town, where he remained for some years  He also served on a vessel carrying slaves for the VOC from Madagascar to the Cape, and was afterwards, until 1795 with the British occupation of the Cape, bookkeeper to the fleet  In March 1796 General J H Craig appointed Anders secretary to Landdrost A A Faure, of Swellendam 
Following the takeover of the Cape by the Batavian Republic, Anders was appointed landdrost of Graaff-Reinet by both Governor Jan Willem Janssens and Commissioner-General Jacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist  The latter swore him in on 14 February 1804, at which time Graaff-Reinet had been without a permanent landdrost since 1801 
During his eight years as landdrost – under Batavian rule until 1806, and then under British rule – the district experienced Bushman raids in the north and north-west, and an unsettled frontier with the amaXhosa  Public buildings were in need of restoration following the Khoikhoi/Xhosa invasion of 1802-03 (the Third Frontier War)  While commandos were sent against the Bushmen, Anders also tried to reconcile the Bushmen by having game shot for them, and periodically giving them cattle 
When steps were eventually taken against the Xhosa in December 1811, Anders, in command of the burghers of Graaff-Reinet, occupied Bruintjieshoogte to protect the area north of the Zuurberg  The commandos of George, Uitenhage and Swellendam, together with the Cape Regiment, gathered at the Sundays River mouth and after Christmas, crossed the river to drive the Xhosa from the Addo bush 
On 27 December Col John Graham of Fintry sent orders to Stockenström to join the rest of the force at Coerney, where Col J G Cuyler (landdrost of Uitenhage) was in charge  Realising that this would leave the area north of the Zuurberg vulnerable to Xhosa attack, Anders went to discuss the matter with Graham 
He set out at sunset on 29 December 1811 with 24 men  About five hours later he encountered a number of Xhosa of the Imidange clan under Kasa on Doringnek, the watershed between the White and Coerney rivers, on the Zuurberg 
Relying on his popularity as the friend and benefactor of both colonists and indigenous peoples, Anders dismounted and went to meet the war party unarmed  He spent at least half an hour endeavouring to persuade Kasa to return to their country without bloodshed but when he returned to mount his horse, the Imidange had surrounded his party and attacked, killing eight burghers and an interpreter  Four were wounded but managed to escape 

Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström
Sir Andries's eldest surviving son (*1841 †1912) succeeded him as baronet and was a member of the Cape Legislative Council from 1891 to 1910  Sir Gijsbert died without issue, and the title passed to the offspring of his younger brother, also named Andries 

Justice Andries Stockenström
Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 Graaff-Reinet - 22 March 1880 Swellendam), second son of Sir Andries Stockenström (1st Baronet), was an influential judge and the Attorney-General of the Cape Colony 
His child, Andries (1868-1922), became the third and penultimate Stockenström baronet in 1912 

Notes and references
Further reading
Hutton, C  W  (1964)  The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope  C  Struik 

External links
eggsa org
geocities com (Archived 2009-10-25)
Passage 14:
Vancouver Courier
The Vancouver Courier was a Canadian semi-weekly local newspaper published in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, by the Van-Net chain owned by Glacier Media Group  In 2007, it was Canada's largest distributed community newspaper, with a weekly distribution of 265,000  The circulation estimate included the Vancouver Courier, the Vancouver Courier Downtown, and the Vancouver Courier Westside, along with the Vancouver Courier Eastside on Wednesdays 
Delivered to homes, the paper is distributed from UBC to the Vancouver proper boundary at Boundary Road The newspaper began as an independent in 1908 as the Eburne News  From the late 90s to 2007, it had several owners: first, the national Southam Inc  chain, then Hollinger, CanWest, Postmedia, and finally Glacier Media  It expanded from being a neighbourhood newspaper to its current citywide circulation area after acquiring the Vancouver Echo and the West End Times The paper was twice named "Best Community Newspaper in BC" and was the second runner-up in the Canadian Community Newspaper Association's general excellence competition Unlike most community newspapers, which feature several news stories on their front pages, the Courier's Friday front page featured a single, lengthy feature that ran over several pages  The paper also frequently published material on local Vancouver history, usually written by Lisa Smedman  Columnists included Geoff Olson, Allen Garr, Fiona Hughes, and Keith Baldrey  The poet Earle Birney worked at the paper in the mid-1920s as a summer reporter and editor 
In April 2020, the Courier announced that they had ceased publication until further notice due to a lack of advertising revenue associated with lower business activity during the COVID-19 pandemic  In September 2020, this temporary publication halt was made permanent 

See also
Vancouver Sun
Vancouver Province
List of newspapers in Canada
Passage 15:
2011 Latvian presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Latvia on 2 June 2011  Incumbent president Valdis Zatlers was standing again, as well as Andris Bērziņš (Saeima member for the Union of Greens and Farmers), a former head of SEB Unibanka (not to be confused with Andris Bērziņš, former PM from Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way); Bērziņš was nominated by five Saeima members of the Union of Greens and Farmers just two days before the nomination deadline, although the party was assumed to back Zatlers for re-election In the first round, Bērziņš got 50 votes in favour and 48 against, while Zatlers got 43 in favour and 55 against (99 lawmakers cast votes, but one was invalid), meaning none was elected; a second round was held later on the same day, with Bērziņš winning the election 53 to 44 votes in favour; Zatlers got 41 to 56 votes Analysts attributed Zatlers' defeat to his decision to call Latvia's first parliamentary dissolution referendum on 28 May 2011 
Passage 16:
Van Riebeeck Society
Historical Publications Southern Africa (HiPSA)  is a South African text publication society which publishes or republishes primary sources relating to southern African history  It was founded in 1918 as the Van Riebeeck Society for the Publication of Southern African Historical Documents, usually abbreviated as the Van Riebeeck Society (VRS)  It changed to its present name in 2017, with the first volume published under the new name appearing in 2019  Since the society's foundation, with rare exceptions, a new volume has been published annually  Fees from subscribing members finance the publications  The society sets out to make historical sources available to the average reader, but it also maintain a high academic standard and has produced valuable Africana 

Origins
Since its inception the society has had close links with the National Library of South Africa (South African Library) in Cape Town  Two men who were instrumental in the Society's founding were A  C  G  Lloyd, librarian of the South African Public Library, and John X  Merriman, at one time prime minister of the Cape Colony and a trustee of the library 
The discovery by Lloyd in November 1911 of a large fragment of Adam Tas's diary of 1704 was to a large extent responsible for the society's creation  As leader of the free burghers opposed to the Dutch East India Company and governor of the Cape, Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Tas personified the struggle against colonialism  The trustees of the library raised the funds needed to publish the diary in 1914 
With surplus money from the publication fund, it was decided to publish Baron van Pallandt's General Remarks on the Cape of Good Hope, an 1803 pamphlet originally written in French, printed clandestinely and suppressed by Uitenhage De Mist, and consequently a rare work  This was published in 1917 and met with the disapproval of General J  B  M  Hertzog, the then prime minister, who was upset by passages describing the poor treatment meted out to the Khoikhoi by the settlers  Hertzog's denunciation of the work led to enormously increased sales 
Bolstered by this success, the trustees decided to publish certain reports on the Cape by Governor Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes, and by the commissioner at the Cape, Baron Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff  However, the library's mandate did not include publishing archival documents so that a decision was taken to found a private society to deal with the management of the project  This led on 29 August 1918 to the first meeting of the society  The initial membership was 54, many being members of parliament, and the de Chavonnes reports made up the first publication 
Passage 17:
Wrong Side of Town
Wrong Side of Town is a 2010 American action film written, produced and directed by David DeFalco, scored by Jim Kaufman, and starring Rob Van Dam and Dave Bautista  The film was released direct-to-DVD in the United States on February 23, 2010 

Plot
Bobby Kalinowski, is a former Navy Seal enjoys a peaceful life as a landscape architect in Louisiana with his family  After receiving an invitation from new neighbors Clay Freeman and Elise Freeman, they go out for a night on the town to a famous club  The evening soon takes a turn for the worse when Bobby gets into a conflict with one of the club owners, named Ethan Bordas  In the middle of the conflict, Ethan accidentally falls and is stabbed by his own knife, while fighting with Bobby, who was defending his wife 
Seeking revenge, Ethan's father Seth Bordas, previously thought to be his older brother, puts a $100,000 bounty on Bobby's head  Also making matters difficult, Bobby is unable to receive help from the law, for Seth has Clay Freeman, and a corrupt police sergeant, working for him  Now Bobby must survive and escape Louisiana while being hunted by criminals, corrupt law, and many others in the city  To protect his family and neighbors, Bobby decides to separate himself from them and goes to his Navy Seal colleague Big Ronnie (or known as B R ) for help  B R  initially refuses, deciding to take the bounty, but later changes his mind and helps Bobby  Seth targets Bobby’s family and kidnaps his 16-year-old daughter Brianna  However, Bobby ends up fighting and killing Seth and his henchmen with B R 's help, and rescues his daughter 

Cast
Rob Van Dam as Bobby Kalinowski
Dave Bautista as Big Ronnie (B R )
Lara Grice as Dawn Kalinowski
Edrick Browne as Clay Freeman
Ava Santana  as Elise Freeman
Stormy Daniels as Stormy
Randal Reeder as Trouble
Jerry Katz as Seth Bordas
Louis Herthum as Briggs
Brooke Frost as Brianna Kalinowski
Ja Rule a k a  Jeffrey Atkins as Razor
Nelson Frazier, Jr  as Animal
Damon Lipari as Nicky
Scott Schwartz as Deacon
David DeFalco as Demon
Marrese Crump as Markus
Omarion a k a  Omari Grandberry as Stash
Quess a k a  Brian Wakefield as Dawg
Ross Britz as Ethan Bordas
"Big Dog" Ramar Jenkins as Big Dog
Carsten H W  Lorenz as Cab Driver
Anthony M  Frederick as Detective Hernandez
Gabriela Ostos as Abusive Woman
J  Omar Castro as Cop

Production
The film is set and filmed at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Los Angeles, California on January 18 and February 21, 2009 

Home media
On February 23, 2010, DVD was released by Lionsgate in the United States in Region 1  DVD was released in Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 15 March 2010, it was distributed by Entertainment One 

Critical response
R L  Shaffer of IGN scored the film  2/10, writing "Alas, Wrong Side of Town gets everything wrong  The producers cast a bunch of wrestlers who can't act and they gave them unbelievable dialogue and stupid characters  It's no wonder their performances are terrible  No one is guided in the right direction, and the entire production feels like a high school-produced cheapie that everyone's ashamed they made" 
Passage 18:
Andris Ameriks
Andris Ameriks (born March 5, 1961 in Jūrmala, Latvian SSR) is a Latvian politician and economist who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since the 2019 elections  He is a former deputy mayor of Riga 

Political career
Career in national politics
During his youth, he was a former first secretary of the Communist Youth organization of the Latvian SSR  From 1993 to 1998 he was a member of the Saeima, representing the National Harmony Party and later, Democratic Party "Saimnieks"  From 2001 he has been a member of the Riga City Council, from 2010 till 2018 serving as the Deputy Chairman of Riga City Council, i e  the deputy mayor of the Latvian capital Ameriks is known to be getting a significant part of his income from investments in payday loan companies  In 2017 Ameriks received the largest income among the elected municipal officials in Latvia, reporting an income of 616,386 EUR and 35,250 USD, with most of it being interest payments from Mogo non-bank lender and from the sale of securities Ameriks resigned as deputy mayor of Riga City Council on December 17, 2018, amid corruption allegations around Rīgas Satiksme  On December 19, 2018 members from the Riga City Council opposition initiated an unsuccessful vote of no confidence against Ameriks as a board chairman for Freeport of Riga 

Member of the European Parliament
Ameriks has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2019 elections  He has since been serving on the Committee on Transport and Tourism and the Committee on Petitions  
In addition to his committee assignments, Ameriks is part of the Parliament’s delegation to the EU-Kazakhstan, EU-Kyrgyzstan, EU-Uzbekistan and EU-Tajikistan Parliamentary Cooperation Committees and for relations with Turkmenistan and Mongolia  He is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Western Sahara 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Dean Sampson
Dean Sampson (born 27 June 1967) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played as a prop, and spent the majority of his professional career at the Castleford Tigers (Heritage № 661), with spells in Australia for Gold Coast and the Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 551)  Sampson made over 400 appearances for Castleford (Tigers) between 1987 and 2005  He also represented England and Great Britain at international level, and was selected to go on the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand 

Background
Sampson was born in Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England 

Playing career
Sampson started his career at Stanley Rangers before joining Castleford in 1986, and made his first team début in 1987 

International honours
Sampson played right-prop in Great Britain's 14–8 victory over Auckland on the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australasia at Carlaw Park, Parnell, New Zealand on Wednesday 8 July 1992, and played left-prop in Great Britain's 17–6 victory over Canterbury on the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australasia at Rugby League Park/Addington Showgrounds, Christchurch on Wednesday 15 July 1992 
In the 1997 post season, Sampson was selected to play for Great Britain in the first match of the Super League Test series against Australia Sampson won caps for England while at Castleford in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup against Fiji, South Africa (interchange/substitute), and Wales (interchange/substitute), and in 1999 against France (two occasions) 

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Sampson was an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing Left-Prop Lee Crooks on 33-minutes) in Castleford's 12–28 defeat by Wigan in the 1992 Challenge Cup Final during the 1991–92 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 2 May 1992, in front of a crowd of 77,386 

County Cup Final appearances
Sampson played as an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing Hooker Kevin Beardmore) in Castleford's 12–12 draw with Bradford Northern in the 1987 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1987–88 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 17 October 1987, played as an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing Prop John Fifita) in the 2–11 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1987 Yorkshire Cup Final replay during the 1987–88 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 31 October 1987, played as an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing interchange/substitute David Roockley) in the 12–33 defeat by Leeds in the 1988 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1988–89 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Sunday 16 October 1988, and played prop in the 11–8 victory over Wakefield Trinity in the 1990 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1990–91 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Sunday 23 September 1990 

Regal Trophy Final appearances
Sampson played as an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing Prop Martin Ketteridge on 74-minutes) in Castleford's 33–2 victory over Wigan in the 1993–94 Regal Trophy Final during the 1993–94 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 22 January 1994 

Club career
Sampson came back in 2003 when Castleford Tigers went through an injury crisis, scoring on his comeback game against Warrington Wolves  He also played once more for Castleford Tigers in 2005 against Hull Dockers in the Challenge Cup  Overall Sampson played 431 games for Castleford scoring 68 tries  With 431-appearances, Sampson is joint second (along with Artie Atkinson) in Castleford's all-time appearance list behind John Joyner, who has 613-appearances  Sampson was a real fans favourite for Castleford and his name was often chanted by the home fans 

Coaching career
After retirement, Sampson became the club's academy coach and won the Junior academy championship in 2004  He left the club in 2005 and moved to Hull Kingston Rovers, and became the assistant coach there  Sampson left Hull Kingston Rovers after a brief period and stayed out of the game for a while 
Sampson rejoined Castleford for 2009's Super League XIV, and was the club's academy coach once again 

Honoured at Castleford Tigers
Sampson is a Tigers Hall of Fame Inductee 

Genealogical information
Sampson is the son of the rugby league footballer, and coach; Dave Sampson and Mavis (née Dean), the nephew of the rugby league footballer; Malcolm Sampson, and the cousin of the sprinter; Denise Ramsden, and the rugby union, and rugby league footballer; Paul Sampson 
Passage 2:
Nərimanabad, Lankaran
Nərimanabad (also, Narimanov, Sara, and Sara-Ostrov) is a village and municipality in the Lankaran Rayon of Azerbaijan   It has a population of 4,876   The municipality consists of the villages of Nərimanabad and Üzümçülük 
Passage 3:
Prison Break
Prison Break is an American serial drama television series created by Paul Scheuring for Fox  The series revolves around two brothers, Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell) and Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller); Burrows has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit, while Scofield devises an elaborate plan to help his brother escape prison and clear his name  Along with creator Paul Scheuring, the series is executive-produced by Matt Olmstead, Kevin Hooks, Marty Adelstein, Dawn Parouse, Neal H  Moritz, and Brett Ratner who directed the pilot episode  The series' theme music, composed by Ramin Djawadi, was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 2006  Prison Break is a joint production between Original Film, Adelstein/Parouse Productions (seasons 1–4), Dawn Olmstead Productions (season 5), Adelstein Productions (season 5), One Light Road Productions (season 5) and 20th Century Fox Television, and is syndicated by 20th Television 
The series was originally turned down by Fox in 2003, which was concerned about the long-term prospects of such a series  Following the popularity of serialized prime time television series Lost and 24, Fox decided to back production in 2004  The first season received mostly positive reviews from critics with universal acclaim from audiences  Furthermore, it performed exceptionally in the ratings and was originally planned for a 13-episode run, but was extended to include an extra nine episodes due to its popularity  The subsequent seasons continued to receive strong ratings, however, with some critics claiming the show had overstayed its welcome  Prison Break was nominated for several industry awards, including the 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series Drama and the 2006 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama, which it won  In the United States, all five seasons have been released on DVD and released on Blu-ray internationally 
The success of the series has spawned several official tie-ins: a video game, the spin-off series Prison Break: Proof of Innocence for mobile phones, online webisodes, an official magazine, and a novel  The fourth season of Prison Break returned from its mid-season break in a new timeslot on April 17, 2009, for the series' last six episodes  Two additional episodes, titled "The Old Ball and Chain" and "Free" were produced, and were later transformed into a standalone feature, titled The Final Break  Its events take place before the last scene of the series finale, and conclude the plotlines  The feature was released on DVD and Blu-ray July 21, 2009 A nine-episode fifth season was announced by Fox in January 2016  The revival series premiered on April 4, 2017, and concluded on May 30  In January 2018, Fox confirmed that season 6 was in early development; however, in August 2019, Fox announced that it had no current plans to revive Prison Break, with Miller stating in late 2020 that he had no plan to return to the series 

Series overview
Season 1
The first season follows the rescue of Lincoln Burrows, who is accused of murdering Terrence Steadman, the brother of Vice President of the United States, Caroline Reynolds  Lincoln is sentenced to death and is incarcerated in Fox River State Penitentiary where he awaits his execution  Lincoln's brother, brilliant structural engineer Michael Scofield, is convinced of Lincoln's innocence and formulates an elaborate escape plan  In order to gain access to Fox River, Michael commits an armed robbery which results in him being sentenced to Fox River  In prison, Michael befriends the prison doctor Sara Tancredi when he pretends to suffer from Type 1 diabetes, in order to gain daily access to the prison's infirmary, where he receives his daily insulin shots  The brothers' fight to ward off the execution is aided by their lifelong friend Veronica Donovan, who begins to investigate the conspiracy that put Lincoln in jail  However, they are hindered by covert agents, members of an organization called "The Company"  The Company was responsible for framing Lincoln, and they did so because of Lincoln's father Aldo Burrows, and his former connections with The Company  The brothers, along with six inmates, Fernando Sucre, Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell, Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin, David "Tweener" Apolskis, John Abruzzi, and Charles "Haywire" Patoshik, who come to be known as the Fox River Eight, escape in the season's penultimate episode by using their prison privileges to dig an escape tunnel underneath the prison 

Season 2
The second season begins eight hours after the escape, focusing mainly on the eight escapees  Series creator Paul Scheuring describes the second season as "The Fugitive times eight" and likens it to the "second half of The Great Escape " The fugitives split up and journey to locations across the country with the authorities close behind them as they each pursue their individual goals  Brad Bellick gets fired from the prison where he worked as the main guard and chases after the inmates himself for the reward money  Several of the escapees reunite in search of a large cache of money buried long ago by another Fox River inmate, Charles Westmoreland  Federal agent Alexander Mahone is assigned to track down and capture the eight fugitives, but is revealed to be working for The Company, which wants all eight men dead  When Sara discovers her father, Governor Frank Tancredi, has been killed, she meets with Michael, remaining with him as the brothers try to bring down now-President Reynolds, a Company member  To ensure the brothers' safety, Sara allows herself to be arrested and faces trial  During the trial, the testimony of former Secret Service agent Paul Kellerman, who used to work for The Company-controlled President, exonerates Lincoln and Sara  Half of the escapees are killed or recaptured, but the brothers make it to Panama  Michael, T-Bag, Mahone, and Bellick are arrested by the Panamanian authorities and imprisoned at the Penitenciaría Federal de Sona 

Season 3
The third season follows Michael inside Sona and Lincoln on the outside in Panama  Sona is a prison run by the inmates and guarded only from the outside, due to a riot the year before  Inmates are only supplied with food and water and are expected to distribute and serve fellow inmates independently  The surrounding landscape is monitored by armed guards, who shoot at  the sight of inmates escaping  Burrows is quickly contacted by Gretchen Morgan (a Company's operative who was in charge of operations in Panama) who kidnapped his son LJ and Sara, the woman Michael loves  He is told that The Company wants Scofield to break James Whistler out of Sona  The season follows Michael and Whistler's trials in formulating an escape plan, as Michael has to deal with extreme tension and as Lincoln deals with The Company's operative Gretchen Morgan  Sucre gets a job at the prison to aid Michael in his escape plan  When Lincoln attempts to rescue Sara and LJ following a clue provided by Sara, Gretchen claims to have beheaded Sara and sends Lincoln a head in a box as a warning  As the season ends, the pair manage to escape along with Mahone, and another inmate, Luis, leaving behind several accomplices including T-Bag and Bellick  Sucre's identity is discovered by a prison guard and he is thrown into Sona just after the escape  LJ and Sofia (who was captured for a guarantee that Whistler would go with her) are traded for Whistler, and Michael seeks revenge against Gretchen for Sara's death 

Season 4
The major storyline for the fourth season is about a team recruited by Homeland Security agent Don Self to obtain Scylla  Although the team initially believes it to be The Company's "black book," it is later revealed to contain information on an advanced renewable power cell  Over the course of the first half of the season, the team obtains cards to access Scylla and breaks into The Company's headquarters to steal it, Sara is discovered to be alive, Bellick dies when he sacrifices himself, and Self is revealed to be a double agent intent on selling Scylla to the highest bidder  Reluctantly, Lincoln decides to join The Company to get it back, while Michael suffers from a hypothalamic hamartoma  He is treated and operated on by The Company  Michael later learns that his mother, Christina is still alive and was an agent of The Company, who is revealed to acquire Scylla to sell to the highest bidder  Eventually, the series' main storyline of the past 4 seasons ends in Miami, where Scylla is recovered by Michael and the team, the General and The Company are taken down, and Sara kills Christina 
The last two episodes of the season represent the series finale   In the penultimate episode, Sara is seen buying flowers in Panama with her toddler son, Michael, before visiting Michael's grave with Lincoln, Sucre and Mahone   The final episode and television movie Prison Break: The Final Break show what happened between the takedown of The Company and Michael's death   This story involves the incarceration of Sara in Miami-Dade county penitentiary for Christina's murder  The General and T-Bag are in the adjacent men's facility   The General wants Sara dead and has put a $100,000 bounty on her  Michael hears of the bounty and devises a plan to break Sara out  In the end, knowing that he is dying from a brain tumor, Michael sacrifices himself for Sara to escape 

Season 5
In June 2015, it was reported that a revival was in development at Fox  The limited series is a sequel to the original series, taking place several years later and features Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of series creator Paul Scheuring  Despite Michael being killed in the series finale, Fox CEO Dana Walden said that the series will provide "a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world"  In January 2016, Fox officially ordered the revival to series, with the episode order revised to nine episodes  In March 2016, it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies, Amaury Nolasco, Robert Knepper, Rockmond Dunbar and Paul Adelstein would reprise their roles  Filming began in April 2016 in Vancouver, and several Moroccan cities including Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate  It debuted on April 4, 2017, and aired on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm 

Cast and characters
Prison Break maintains an ensemble cast for each season along with many recurring guest stars  The first season features a cast of ten actors who receive star billing, who were based in Chicago or at Fox River State Penitentiary  The second season features a cast of nine actors who receive billing; three characters are downgraded from series regular to recurring status, another is upgraded, and a new character is introduced  The third season introduces four new characters; two of whom are prisoners at Penitenciaría Federal de Sona Most of the changes in the cast have been due to character deaths  Series creator, Paul Scheuring, explains that killing off major characters "makes the audience that much more fearful for our protagonists" and that "it actually does help us in terms of reducing story lines"  The two protagonists of the series, Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows, are the only characters to have appeared in every episode of the series 

Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows: Lincoln is a high school drop-out and a convicted felon, who is wrongfully convicted of the murder of Terence Steadman, the brother of the Vice President of the United States  Purcell was cast three days before the start of production and consequently, he was the last actor to join the original cast  He auditioned for the role while he had a recurring role as Tommy Ravetto on North Shore  Since working on John Doe, Purcell has had an amiable relationship with Fox  Hence, he was sent the pilot script of Prison Break  Scheuring's first impression of Purcell did not convince him as a fit for the role since the actor went to the audition with his hair styled and a tan  However, Purcell's acting won the role  He arrived on the set on the first day of filming with a shaved head, which amazed Scheuring with the physical likeness of the series' two leading actors 
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield: Michael is Lincoln's brother (his last name is his mother's maiden name), and worked as a structural engineer before devoting full-time to his brother's case  In order to save his brother's life, Michael creates an elaborate plan to help his brother escape from prison  In an interview, Paul Scheuring recalled that most of the actors who tested for the role "would come in playing mysterious, but it was so cheesy and false " A week before the start of production, Miller auditioned for the role and impressed Scheuring with his performance; he was cast the following day 
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre: Sucre develops a friendship with Michael during time at Fox River State Penitentiary, where he was his cell-mate  Initially, his character's story focuses on his wish to reunite with his fiancée  Upon receiving the pilot script, Nolasco's first thought was that it was "one of those failed pilots that the network did not really want" since most of the series' pilots would have started production by that time  Admitting that he does not like to read, Nolasco was amazed that the script was a "huge page-turner"  Prior to his last audition for the role, Nolasco recalled his nervousness, which grew when Paul Scheuring told him that he was their favorite choice  Subsequently, he was cast in the role 
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell: T-Bag appears in all five seasons of the series as a cunning, violent, and manipulative psychopath, consistently underestimated by those around him  T-Bag will stop at nothing to get what he wants and lets nothing stand in his way 
Robin Tunney as Veronica Donovan (seasons 1–2): Veronica is Michael and Lincoln's childhood friend who decides to review Lincoln's case at Michael's insistence  She becomes Lincoln's lawyer and appears as a major character in the first season  She also stars in the first episode of the second season 
Peter Stormare as John Abruzzi (seasons 1–2): Due to his role as the leader of a Chicago mafia, Abruzzi became a prominent figure at Fox River State Penitentiary  He agrees to provide an escape jet plane for Michael in exchange for the location of the eyewitness to his crimes, Otto Fibonacci  He appears regularly in the first half of the first season and makes selected appearances towards the end of the first season and the beginning of the second season 
Marshall Allman as Lincoln "L  J " Burrows Jr  (seasons 1–4): L  J  is the teenage son of Lincoln Burrows and is greatly affected by his father's death sentence  He is forced into hiding after he becomes the target of the people who want Lincoln dead 
Wade Williams as Brad Bellick (seasons 1–4): Bellick is introduced as the captain of Fox River's correctional officers  After reading the pilot script, Williams initially did not want to portray the role of Bellick because the character was "horrible and despicable"  His reluctance stemmed from being the father of a four-year-old daughter  However, his manager persuaded him to audition and Williams landed the role 
Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi (seasons 1–2, 4–5): Sara is the prison doctor at Fox River and the daughter of Governor Frank Tancredi, who is linked into the plot that brings Lincoln to Fox River  She takes a liking to Michael and eventually aids his escape  She ultimately joins them on the run  Callies was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role of Sara Tancredi and was also the first to become a principal cast member 
Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman (seasons 1–2, 4–5): Kellerman was introduced as a Secret Service agent working for the Vice President to make sure that the execution of Lincoln Burrows goes smoothly  He appears as a major character in the first and second seasons 
Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin (seasons 1–2, 4–5): Desperate for his family, C-Note blackmails Michael at Fox River to join his escape team  He appears in the series as a major character in the first and second seasons 
William Fichtner as Alexander Mahone (seasons 2–4): Introduced as an FBI agent in the second season, Mahone's assignment was to locate the fugitives  Mahone is intellectually matched with Michael and his background unfolds as the series progresses  In the third season he finds himself incarcerated with Michael in Sona and is eventually forced to become his ally through the fourth season 
Chris Vance as James Whistler (seasons 3–4): Whistler is incarcerated in Sona for the murder of the Mayor's son and appears as a major character in the third season  He also stars in the first episode of the fourth season 
Robert Wisdom as Norman "Lechero" St  John (season 3): Appearing as a major character in the third season, Lechero is a prisoner at Sona who rules the prison as a dictator and a Panamanian drug kingpin 
Danay Garcia as Sofia Lugo (seasons 3–4): Sofia was introduced in the third season as Whistler's girlfriend  At the beginning of the fourth season, she begins dating Lincoln Burrows 
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Gretchen Morgan (seasons 3–4): Introduced as "Susan B  Anthony", Gretchen is an operative for The Company who is in charge of ensuring the escape of James Whistler 
Michael Rapaport as Donald Self (season 4): Introduced in the fourth season, Self is a Department of Homeland Security special agent who teams up with the gang to take down The Company 
Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness (season 5): Introduced in the fifth season, Jacob is Sara's new husband and an economics professor who is later revealed to be a rogue CIA operative who is responsible for Michael's disappearance 
Inbar Lavi as Sheba (season 5): The leader of a resistance against ISIL in Yemen, Sheba appears as C-Note's friend and Lincoln's love interest 
Augustus Prew as David "Whip" Martin (season 5): Michael's cellmate and partner in the fifth season, as well as T-Bag's illegitimate son  He is the muscle to back up Michael, often called Michael's whip hand 

Production
Conception
The original concept of Prison Break—a man deliberately getting himself sent to prison in order to help someone escape—was suggested to Paul Scheuring by producer Dawn Parouse, who wanted to produce an action-oriented series  Although Scheuring thought it was a good idea, he was initially stumped as to why someone would embark on such a mission or how he could develop it into a viable television show  He came up with the story of the wrongfully accused brother, and began working on the plot outline and devising the characters  In 2003, he pitched the idea to the Fox Broadcasting Company but was turned down as Fox felt nervous about the long-term possibilities of such a series  He subsequently showed the concept to other channels but was also turned down as it was thought to be more suited for a film project than a television series  Prison Break was later considered as a possible 14-part miniseries, which drew the interest of Steven Spielberg before his departure due to his involvement with War of the Worlds  Thus, the miniseries never materialized  Following the huge popularity of serialized prime time television series such as Lost and 24, Fox backed the production in 2004  The pilot episode was filmed one year after Scheuring wrote the script 

Filming
The majority of the first season was filmed on location in and around Chicago  Joliet Prison closed in 2002, and in 2005 became the set of Prison Break as Fox River State Penitentiary  Scenes set in Lincoln's cell, the infirmary, and the prison yard were all shot on location there  Lincoln's cell was alleged to be where serial killer John Wayne Gacy was incarcerated, which at least one member of the production crew refused to enter, because it was allegedly haunted  Other sets were built at the prison, including the cell blocks that housed the general prison population; these blocks had three tiers of cells (instead of the real cell block's four), enlarged for the actors and cameras  Exterior scenes were filmed in areas around Chicago, Woodstock, and Joliet in Illinois  Other locations included O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Toronto, Ontario in Canada  Prison Break production spent $2 million per episode in the state of Illinois, totaling $24 million in 2005 Renewed for a second season, Prison Break resumed filming on June 15, 2006, in Dallas, Texas, due to the close proximity of rural and urban settings  Locations within a 30-minute radius of Dallas included Little Elm, Decatur, Mineral Wells, and McKinney  Many of these locations were used to represent various American towns  The show was expected to spend more than $50 million in Texas during the second season  For the final three episodes of the second season, filming took place in Pensacola, Florida to represent Panama  Each episode took eight days to film and contributed approximately $1 4 million to the local economy The third season was shot in Dallas and had a budget of $3 million per episode  Several of the exterior scenes with Lincoln and Gretchen negotiating the escape from the Panama jail were shot in the Casco Viejo quarter of Panama City  The principal photography for the fourth season was relocated to Los Angeles, California 

Music
The theme music of Prison Break and the incidental music of each episode was composed by Ramin Djawadi  The score for the first two seasons is featured in the Prison Break: Original Television Soundtrack, which was released on August 28, 2007  Djawadi and Ferry Corsten produced a remix of the theme music titled "Prison Break Theme (Ferry Corsten Breakout Mix)" as a single, which was released by Fox Music in 2006  In Europe, rapper Faf Larage's song "Pas le temps" is used by television network M6 in France and by RTL-TVI in Belgium to replace the show's original theme music in the title sequence, which generated publicity and helped to localize the show 

Format
Prison Break features a serialized story structure, similar to that of its first season companion show 24  At the 2009 TV Critics Press Tour, Kevin Reilly told reporters that the series would end with the fourth season  Despite decreasing ratings, Reilly attributed the cancellation to creativity  He stated, "The show has just played out  You get to a point creatively where you feel all the stories have been told, and you want to end strong and not gimp out in the end of the season " Regarding the finale, Reilly stated, "They have a really cool ending, actually  I know where they end, and it's a hell of an idea "

Tattoo
Designed by Tom Berg and created by Tinsley Transfers, Michael Scofield's tattoo took around five hours to be applied onto Wentworth Miller  In scenes where the actor is wearing a T-shirt and the entire tattoo is not being shown, only the forearm pieces of the tattoo were applied 

Reception
Ratings
The following seasonal rankings are based on a weighted average total viewers per episode as recorded by Nielsen Media Research  The recording period begins in late September (the start of the U S  network television season) and ends in late May 

Critical response
The show debuted on August 29, 2005 to an estimated audience of 10 5 million viewers  Fox had not had such success for mid-year Monday numbers since Melrose Place and Ally McBeal aired in September 1998  The premiere was ranked first in both the 18–49 and 18–34 demographics  The strong debut performance was matched by positive reviews  The New York Times wrote, Prison Break was "more intriguing than most of the new network series, and it certainly is one of the most original", complimenting its ability to create a "suspenseful thriller" and its "authentic look"  Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly dubbed it one of the best new shows of 2005  The Washington Post criticized the "somber pretentiousness" and "uniformly overwrought" performances  Due to its ratings success, Fox extended Prison Break by an extra nine episodes, making it the first new series in the 2005–2006 television season to receive a full season order of 22 episodes  The series averaged 9 2 million viewers per week in its first season The premiere of the second season of Prison Break obtained an average of 9 4 million viewers  The decline was steeper among young-adult viewers with a decrease of 20% in the 18–49 demographic compared to its series premiere, but its household rating grew from 3 6% to 3 9% during the last half-hour  Robert Bianco of USA Today commented on the "harebrained absurdities that have swamped this show", and blamed the writers for being "incredibly lazy" for the continuous use of the tattoo as an "all-purpose plot fix"  In contrast, Detroit Free Press commended the second-season premiere on matching the standard set by the first season, which delivered "rocking good entertainment" due to its "motley crew of cellblock characters" and the "taut, ingenious storytelling of series creator Paul T  Scheuring and his staff"  The second season obtained its largest audience on the original airdate of the episode, "Chicago" with an average of 10 1 million viewers  Overall, the second season averaged 9 3 million viewers per week The third and particularly fourth season received progressively negative reviews, as the show's plot diverged from its origin story of breaking out of prison, and focused more on conventional elements of a government conspiracy drama series Season five received mixed reviews  On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 52% based on 21 reviews, with an average score of 6 61/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return, but familiar faces and frenetic action aren't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief " On Metacritic, the season has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" 

Classification
Concerns were raised by the Parents Television Council in the United States about the time slot in which Prison Break was broadcast (8:00 pm ET) because of graphic content  In France, the broadcasting watchdog, Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel (CSA), also complained that the violence in some episodes exceeded the amount allowed for its rating, which is "not for under 10s"  Under France's regulations, any higher ratings would have moved the show away from its primetime timeslot to a later timeslot  However, the decision to change the rating would have affected only the first season, which had already been broadcast, and not the second season 

Awards and nominations
Following a successful airing of the series' first thirteen episodes, Prison Break was nominated for its first award, the 2005 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama  The series won the award in January 2006, beating other nominees in the same category, Commander in Chief and Criminal Minds  In January 2006, the show had two nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, which were Best Drama Television Series and Best Actor in a Drama Television Series for Wentworth Miller's performance  Lead actor Wentworth Miller, received another nomination for his performance in the first season at the 2005 Saturn Awards for Best Actor on Television  Likewise, the series was nominated for 2005 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series  At the 2006 Television Critics Association Awards, the show was nominated for Best New Drama Series  Nominations for technical awards include the 2006 Eddie Award for Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television (Mark Helfrich for the pilot episode), and the 2006 Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music (Ramin Djawadi)  In December 2006, Robert Knepper was nominated for the 2006 Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television 

Alleged copyright infringement
On October 24, 2006, the Associated Press reported that Donald and Robert Hughes filed a lawsuit against Fox Broadcasting Company and the show's executive producer and creator, Paul Scheuring, for copyright infringement, seeking unspecified damages and other costs  They claimed that in 2001, they had sent Fox their manuscript which was based on their own experiences of a prison break at a juvenile facility  In the 1960s, Donald Hughes planned and successfully executed a prison escape for his brother, Robert Hughes, who was wrongfully incarcerated 

Distribution
Television
In Canada, Prison Break was broadcast on Global one hour before it aired on Fox, except in the Maritimes where it aired two hours before Fox's airing  Prison Break was the only new television series to be positioned in the top twenty television shows of 2005–2006 in Canada, achieving an average of 876,000 viewers in the key demographic of 18–49 and 1 4 million viewers nationally for its first season  Prison Break premiered on Australian television network Seven on February 1, 2006, to an average audience of 1 94 million  The first season attracted an overall average of 1 353 million viewers  After decreasing ratings throughout the second season, Seven decided to fast-track the airing of the third-season episodes  The fifth season revival moved to Network Ten and debuted on May 15, 2017 In the United Kingdom, the first and second seasons premiered on Five, with the first season being replayed on UKTV Gold before the second season debuted on Five  Prior to the start of the third season, Sky One acquired the rights to broadcast Prison Break, paying £500,000 per episode  The series premiered in France on August 31, 2006, with an average of 5 5 million viewers  The second season premiered on September 13, 2007, to 5 3 million viewers The first season's broadcast in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl received the largest audience in the country for a foreign drama  The series premiere obtained an average of 260,000 viewers while the first-season finale obtained an average of 470,000 viewers  The second season's premiere received an average of 270,000 viewers 

Home media
The DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets of each season were released after their television broadcast in various regions  At the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced that the complete first season of Prison Break was to be released on Blu-ray in early 2007  The release date was later announced to be November 13, 2007, and Prison Break became the first television show to be released on Blu-ray Disc by Fox  The Blu-ray box set contains six discs and includes all the DVD box set's special features  A DVD set containing the first three seasons was released on May 19, 2008, in Region 2  The television movie, Prison Break: The Final Break, was included in the Season 4 set in Regions 2 and 4, but was released separately in Region 1  The Final Break was later released separately in Regions 2 and 4  In France, Germany and the United Kingdom, a Blu-ray package of all four seasons including The Final Break has been released  Over a year after its initial release, Season 4 was later re-issued in Region 4 without The Final Break included 

Online distribution
In addition to the television broadcast of the show, episodes of Prison Break have also been released on the Internet  Towards the end of the first season, episodes of Prison Break were made available for purchase online at the iTunes Store, which began on May 9, 2006  After the premiere of the second season of Prison Break, Fox began allowing online streaming of the current episode for free via more than 50 websites including AOL, Google, and Yahoo!, as well as its own extensive network  However, this was restricted to the United States  The first three episodes of the second season were broadcast commercial free, available for a week after their television broadcast date  Online streaming of episodes was postponed after the third episode  However, due to the show's three-week broadcast hiatus prompted by Fox's broadcast of the Major League Baseball playoff games in October, a strategy was developed by News Corporation (the parent company of Fox Broadcasting Company and MySpace) in an attempt to maintain their viewers' interest in the show  Starting in October, Fox began to stream past episodes of the second season on the social networking site MySpace and websites of the network's owned and operated stations (the stations are part of the Fox Television Stations Group)  Although commercials were aired throughout the broadcast, the episodes were free of charge 

Other media
Spin-off series
A spin-off series, Prison Break: Proof of Innocence, was produced exclusively for mobile phones and was broadcast first to Sprint customers in April 2006 on SprintTV's Fox station  The first episode of Proof of Innocence became available on the Internet for viewing on May 8, 2006  This was an exclusive deal made between Toyota Motor and News Corporation's Fox network, allowing Toyota to sponsor exclusive content of the show and to obtain advertising exclusivity During the show's third season, a series of six online shorts, collectively known as Prison Break: Visitations, were made exclusively for Fox  They feature the characters Lechero, Sammy, McGrady, T-Bag, and Bellick  They were distributed on the Internet and are available for free from iTunes 
On October 24, 2007, The Hollywood Reporter reported that a full spin-off series was under development, tentatively titled Prison Break: Cherry Hill
Context 3: Passage 1:
Grown Ups (film)
Grown Ups is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan, written by Adam Sandler and Fred Wolf, produced by Sandler and Jack Giarraputo, and starring Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Rob Schneider, Salma Hayek, Maria Bello, and Maya Rudolph  The film tells a story of five lifelong friends who won their junior high school basketball championship in 1978  They reunite three decades later for a 4th of July weekend after learning about the sudden death of their basketball coach 
Produced by Sandler's Happy Madison Productions in association with Relativity Media, Grown Ups was released in the United States on June 25, 2010, by Columbia Pictures  Despite receiving unfavorable reviews from critics, it grossed $272 million and led to a sequel, Grown Ups 2, in 2013 

Plot
In 1978, childhood friends Lenny Feder, Eric Lamonsoff, Kurt McKenzie, Marcus Higgins, and Rob Hilliard win their junior high basketball championship  They celebrate at a lake house with their coach Robert "Buzzer" Ferdinando 
Thirty years later in 2008, Lenny is a wealthy and successful Hollywood talent agent, married to fashion designer Roxanne and has three children: Greg, Keith, and Becky  Eric claims to co-own a lawn furniture company and has two children: Donna and Bean; his wife Sally still breastfeeds Bean  Kurt is a stay-at-home father, and has two children: Andre and Charlotte, his wife Deanne is pregnant with their third child, and her mother Ronzoni lives with them  Marcus is a slacker and lothario  Rob is married to his much older fourth wife Gloria 
When Buzzer dies, the five friends reunite for his funeral in their hometown with their families  Lenny rents the Earnshaw family's lake house for everyone to stay over Fourth of July weekend, though his family is leaving early to attend Roxanne's fashion show in Milan  He pushes his boys to play outside and runs into his childhood opponent Dickie, who claims Lenny's foot was out of bounds when he made the winning shot 
As the friends spread Buzzer's ashes, Rob breaks down over his failed marriages and reveals that he has invited his estranged daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget to visit  The men play “arrow roulette”, shooting an arrow straight into the air, and Rob wins by not running for cover, but the arrow impales his left foot, causing him to 'snap' at Gloria from the pain  
Lenny is thrilled to find the kids playing with cup-and-string telephones  Realizing the positive impact the weekend is having on their children, Roxanne tells Lenny to cancel their Milan trip and stay at the lake instead 
Everyone visits Water Wizz where Marcus flirts with Jasmine and Amber after buying them skimpy bikinis, and Eric teaches Bean to drink cow's milk  The families cause chaos throughout the park: the wives attract a bodybuilder, then jeer at his high-pitched Canadian accent; Rob assaults a slide attendant when he insults Bridget, and Eric ignores Donna's warning about a chemical in the pool that turns urine blue  At the zipline attraction, Lenny's group meets up with Dickie, accompanied by his former teammates  One of them, Wiley, is severely injured after crashing into a shed while sliding down the zipline using his feet 
The next day, Rob attacks Marcus, mistakenly believing that he slept with Jasmine, and Marcus admits to feeling insecure compared to his happily married friends  Everyone comes clean about the state of their lives: Roxanne confronts Lenny for canceling their flight to Milan before they left home, and he explains he wanted their family to have a normal vacation and to rein in his children's respectful attitudes; Deanne confronts Kurt for spending time with the Feders' nanny Rita, but Kurt retaliates by pointing out how she under-appreciates him; Eric reveals that he was laid off from his job, and was showing off the whole time so the others wouldn't humiliate him; Rob admits what everybody already knows – that he wears a toupee  Gloria helps everyone reconcile, and Lenny and Kurt offer to help Eric start a new business 
On their last day at the lake house, Lenny and his friends agree to a rematch against Dickie, Robideaux, Muzby, Tardio, and Malcolm  The game culminates in Lenny and Greg facing Dickie and his son, but Lenny misses the game-deciding shot  As the families watch the Fourth of July fireworks, Lenny tells Roxanne that he let Dickie's family win to get him off his case, and felt that his own family needed to know what losing feels like  A drunken Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, and the crowd flees in panic  Trapped in a full-body cast, Wiley is struck in the foot by the arrow 

Cast
Production
Sandler, Rock, Schneider, and Spade met when they all joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in the 1990–1991 season; supporting cast members Colin Quinn, Rudolph, Tim Meadows, and Norm Macdonald have also been SNL cast members 
Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August 2009  Chebacco Lake was used to portray the fictional Amoskeag Lake where the Earnshaw family's lake house setting was  Woodman's of Essex was used for the restaurant "Woodman's Eat in the Rough  Water Wizz was also used for the water park scene 

Release
Box office
Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $110 2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $272 2 million against a production budget of $75 million  Grown Ups surpassed Click to become Sandler's highest-grossing film worldwide  Happy with the gross, Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand-new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Grown Ups has an approval rating of 10% based on 169 reviews and an average rating of 3 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Grown Ups' cast of comedy vets is amiable, but they're let down by flat direction and the scattershot, lowbrow humor of a stunted script " On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as "the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity " Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism, saying the cast "lob[bed] gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off-camera dash all the way to the bank " Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was "a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema", and that he hated it  Tom Long of the Detroit News called it "trite comedy" and "total garbage " On the other end of the spectrum, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it "crude and decent-hearted" and "easy, breezy, predictable "

Awards
Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film, but lost to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the "Best Line from a Movie" category, which it won for the line "I want to get chocolate wasted!", delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez 

Home media
Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on November 9, 2010 

Sequel
A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013  Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director  The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider  New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger  The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up   Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews but was still a box office hit 
Passage 2:
Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang
Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang (released in the United States and Canada as Nanny McPhee Returns) is a 2010 period fantasy comedy film directed by Susanna White, produced by Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Lindsay Doran with music by James Newton Howard and co-produced by StudioCanal, Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Three Strange Angels  It is a sequel to the 2005 film Nanny McPhee  It was adapted by Emma Thompson from Christianna Brand's Nurse Matilda books  Thompson reprises her role as Nanny McPhee, and the film also stars Maggie Gyllenhaal, Ralph Fiennes, Rhys Ifans, Ewan McGregor, Asa Butterfield and Maggie Smith  The film was theatrically released on 20 August 2010 by Universal Pictures 
The film received positive reviews from critics and it earned $93 2 million on a $35 million budget  It also received a Young Artist Award nomination for Best Performance in a Feature Film  The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on 19 June 2010 

Plot
Isabel Green is driven to her wit's end by her hectic life while her husband Rory fights in World War II  Between trying to keep the family farm up and running and her job in the village shop, run by the slightly mad Mrs  Docherty, she also has three boisterous children to look after, Norman, Megsie and Vincent  When her children's two wealthy, but pompous and snobby city cousins, Cyril and Celia, are evacuated to live with them in the countryside, they start fighting with them, only adding to Isabel's problems 
When the magical Nanny McPhee arrives to help, the children at first do not listen and carry on fighting, which she soon puts a stop to with her magic  Meanwhile, Isabel's brother-in-law Phil has gambled away his half of the farm, and is being chased by two hired female assassins working for casino owner Mrs  Biggles  He desperately attempts to make Isabel sell her half of the farm, using mean and spiteful schemes to leave her no choice; one of the schemes, setting loose a litter of piglets to be sold to a neighbouring farmer, is discovered by the children, leading them to bond as they work together to fix it  Isabel takes everyone on a picnic as a show of thanks, during which Mrs  Docherty's ARP Warden husband warns them about bombs and relates how he imagines a pilot might accidentally release one, and Phil subsequently delivers a telegram saying Rory was killed in action  Everyone believes the news except Norman, who is sure his father is alive because he "can feel it in [his] bones"  He tells this to Cyril, who at first thinks he is just upset, but then agrees that Norman might be right; the two convince Nanny McPhee to take them to the War Office in London, where Cyril and Celia's father Lord Gray holds an important position, believing he will know the truth 
At first Lord Gray sneers at Norman's disbelief at his father's death, but after Cyril reveals that he knows he is divorcing their mother and blasts him for his neglect as a parent, Lord Gray investigates what has happened  While he is gone, Norman asks Cyril where he will live following the divorce; upon learning he rarely sees either of his parents, he says that he and Celia are welcome to live permanently with the Greens  Lord Gray returns and tells Norman that his father is merely missing in action, and that there is no record of a telegram being sent to his mother  After the boys leave, Norman deduces that Phil forged the telegram 
While the older boys are at the War Office, Megsie, Celia and Vincent try to stop Isabel from signing Phil's papers and selling the farm by creating distractions such as pretending that a mouse was in the kitchen  Just as she is about to finally do so, a German pilot accidentally drops a huge bomb on the Greens' barley field; it does not explode, but the fallout is strong enough to cover Phil's papers with ink  When Nanny McPhee, Norman and Cyril return, Phil admits to Norman's accusation of forgery and is handcuffed to the stove by Isabel  The children go out to watch Mr  Docherty defuse the bomb, but when he faints, Megsie takes over, succeeding with the help of the other children and Nanny McPhee's jackdaw friend Mr  Edelweiss  Nanny McPhee helps to harvest the barley with a little magic, saving Phil from Mrs  Biggles' hitwomen in the process  While everyone celebrates, Mrs  Docherty is revealed to be baby Agatha from the first film and to remember Nanny McPhee, who has been staying with her  As Nanny McPhee walks away from the now-happy Isabel and the children, they chase after her, only to see Rory, with an injured arm, making his way back to them  He runs to his family and they embrace 
In a mid-credits scene, Ellie, an elephant conjured by Nanny McPhee to share Vincent's bed, is seen enjoying the magically operated Scratch-o-matic invented for the piglets 

Cast
Emma Thompson as Nanny McPhee, the  nanny who changes the lives of the Green and Gray children 
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Isabel Green (née Carrington), the frazzled mother of Norman, Megsie and Vincent 
Rhys Ifans as Phil Green, Norman, Megsie and Vincent's uncle, Rory's brother and Isabel's brother-in-law, who tries to sell the farm because he gambled it away at a casino 
Asa Butterfield as Norman Green, the eldest of the Green children 
Lil Woods as Megan “Megsie” Green, the middle and only girl of the Green children 
Oscar Steer as Vincent Green, the youngest of the Green children 
Eros Vlahos as Cyril Gray, the spoiled cousin of Norman, Megsie and Vincent  He becomes kinder throughout the film and makes friends with Norman 
Rosie Taylor-Ritson as Celia Gray, the other spoiled cousin of Norman, Megsie and Vincent  She also becomes kinder throughout the film and makes friends with Megsie 
Maggie Smith as Agatha Rose Docherty (née Brown), the owner of the shop at which Mrs  Green works  She's baby Aggie from the first film grown up 
Ewan McGregor as Rory Green, Isabel's husband, Phil's brother and the father of the Greens, away fighting in World War II 
Ralph Fiennes as Lord Gray, Cyril and Celia's father, a General very high up in the War Office 
Sam Kelly as Mr  Algernon Docherty, Mrs  Docherty's husband, who's an ARP (Air Raid Precautions) Warden 
Sinead Matthews as Miss Topsey, a henchwoman of Mrs  Biggles, the woman who owns the casino at which Phil gambled the farm away 
Katy Brand as Miss Turvey, the colleague of Miss Topsey 
Bill Bailey as Farmer MacReadie, the farmer who buys the piglets from the Greens 
Nonso Anozie as Sergeant Ralph Jeffreys - the guard at the War Office, and a former charge of Nanny McPhee 
Daniel Mays as Blenkinsop - Cyril and Celia's chauffeur 
Ed Stoppard as Lieutenant Addis, a coworker of Lord Gray 
Toby Sedgwick as an enemy plane pilot 

Production
Filming locations
The village in the film is Hambleden in Buckinghamshire, the farm set and scenes were filmed in Hascombe, near Godalming in Surrey and the War Office scenes, both interior and exterior, were filmed at the University of London, and the motorbike scenes on various London roads Dunsfold Aerodrome, the location of Top Gear, name Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang as being filmed there, with more filming taking place at Shepperton Studios 

Release
Theatrical
Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang was theatrically released on 20 August 2010 by Universal Pictures (2 April 2010 in the UK) 

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on 19 June 2010  Nanny McPhee Returns, as the film was renamed for the North American market, was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 14 December 2010 

Other media
Emma Thomson wrote a novelization of the movie  Thomson narrated its audiobook and included a behind-the-scenes diary  Thomson won the Audie Award for Narration by the Author and was nominated for an Audie Award for Middle Grade Title and a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for her narration

Reception
Critical response
Critical response for the film was positive  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 75% based on 121 reviews  The site's critic consensus reads: "Emma Thompson's second labor of love with the Nanny McPhee character actually improves on the first, delivering charming family fare with an excellent cast " Metacritic calculated an average score of 52 out of 100 based on 25 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale  The Independent also gave a favourable review, with praise given to the actors and Thompson's script "

Box office
In the UK, the film opened at number one, with £2,586,760, outperforming new release The Blind Side, grossing a total of £16,211,057  In the United States and Canada, it debuted in seventh position with a $8 4 million  Gross exceeded $27 million 

Awards
Cancelled sequel
A third film, to be set in 21st-century England, was planned, but the sequel did not meet studio expectations and plans for any future films were cancelled 
Passage 3:
Here Comes the Boom
Here Comes the Boom is a 2012 American sports comedy film directed by Frank Coraci, co-written, produced by, and starring Kevin James as a biology teacher who attempts to save his school's music program by becoming an MMA fighter  It was also written by Allan Loeb with music by Rupert Gregson-Williams  The film co-stars Henry Winkler and Salma Hayek  It was produced by Happy Madison Productions  The film was released in the United States on October 12, 2012, by Columbia Pictures  The film's title is taken from the song "Boom" by Christian nu-metal band P O D 

Plot
Former Division I collegiate wrestler Scott Voss is a 42-year-old bored and disillusioned biology teacher at the failing Wilkinson High School  Budget cutbacks at the school jeopardize the continuation of its music program, which would result in its teacher, Marty Streb, being laid off  Concerned for both his colleague and his students, Scott attempts to raise the $48,000 necessary to keep the music program  He moonlights as a night instructor for an adult citizenship class, where student Niko requests outside tutoring  When Scott arrives at Niko's apartment, he learns that Niko is a former MMA fighter  While watching the UFC at Niko's apartment, Scott learns that the loser of a fight receives $10,000, which gives him the idea of raising the money by fighting and losing in MMA 
Scott, helped by Niko and Marty, begins with small unsanctioned bouts paying only $750 to the loser  Niko begins training him in defense, later adding trainer Mark to teach offense, after Scott knocks out opponent "Lucky" Patrick Murray and realizes that wins give larger payouts, needing fewer fights to achieve his goal  While Marty trains with Scott, Malia De La Cruz, one of Scott's students and a band member, helps Niko study for his citizenship test by putting the information into songs  Scott then begins fighting in small MMA fights and gradually gains greater amounts of money for the school 
Scott has been pursuing the school nurse, Bella Flores, and they share moments flirting with each other, while also rekindling Scott's passion for teaching  He begins to engage the class and earns the respect of his students  Scott is within $6,000 of his goal when Mark tells him that Niko turned down a sanctioned UFC fight offered by Joe Rogan, with the certainty of earning $10,000 for a loss  Scott confronts Niko, who apologizes and admits he turned it down because he was jealous as he was once asked to fight at the UFC but suffered a neck injury while training, ending his career  Scott and Niko accept the offer, and they travel to the MGM Grand Las Vegas for the fight  The night he arrives, Bella calls Scott to tell him that the school's vice principal Robert Elkins has been arrested for embezzling from the school, including Scott's winnings  All Scott's efforts have been in vain, and he decides he must win the fight and the $50,000 
The publicity of Scott's rise to fame has grown, and the school's band appears in the stands to play his theme song, "Holly Holy" by Neil Diamond, thanks to Bella contacting Rogan  During the fight, Marty reminds the losing Scott that even if he does not win, he has inspired the students, which is their real purpose as teachers  Scott has no answer to his dangerous opponent Ken Dietrich, who is angered that his original opponent canceled and that he is stuck with a man that "does not deserve" to be fighting at the UFC  Scott struggles to survive the first two rounds, but after finding inspiration from the students, he manages to win in the third and final round of the fight, earning $50,000 and Dietrich's respect  Scott and Bella kiss through the chain link fence of the ring 
In the closing scene, the music program is saved, the school is operating on a normal budget thanks to Scott's donation and Niko and all of the students in Scott's citizenship class attend their American citizenship ceremony 

Cast
Production
Filming began on March 28, 2011, in and around the Boston, Massachusetts, area  Filming continued on through May 25, 2011, in Lowell and Quincy, Massachusetts, where it wrapped shortly thereafter, by early June 2011 

Music
"Holly Holy" – versions by Neil Diamond and Charice are heard in the film
"Bouncing off the Ceiling (Upside Down)" by A-Teens
"Joker & the Thief" by Wolfmother
"Optimus Bellum Domitor" by Sak, Williams and Welch
"Boom" by P O D 
"Spank" by Jimmy "Bo" Horne
"James Brown Is Dead" by L A  Style
"New Noise" by Refused
"Holly Holy" by Neil Diamond
"Faithfully" by Journey
"Holly Holy (NSFW Remix)" by Neil Diamond ft  UltraLove
"Pictures" by Joseph Anderson
"I Stand Alone" by Godsmack
"Doin' It Right (Delta Mix)" by Steve Azar

Release
DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on February 5, 2013, and also Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 18 March 2013, it was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment 

Reception
Box office
In its opening weekend, the movie earned $11 8 million in the domestic box office and ended its box office run with $73 million worldwide 

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 42% based on 98 reviews, and an average rating of 5/10  The website's consensus reads, "Here Comes the Boom benefits from Kevin James's genial presence, but the film doesn't deliver enough laughs to live up to its title – or enough satisfying plot to make up the difference " On Metacritic the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale USA Today's Scott Bowles says the film "telegraphs every punch     but when the comedy connects, it can deliver with funny force"  He says, "The film suffers from too many side stories, but it does a nice job capturing the heavyweight battles of everyday folk " 
Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune writes: "Once it gets going and commits to its time-worn inspirational formula, it's not half-bad " Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote: "If you can choke down the implausible notion that the doughy Kevin James would last more than five seconds in a mixed martial arts ring, Here Comes the Boom is a moderately enjoyable, nontaxing sort of comedy "John Anderson of Variety magazine wrote: "Hands of stone meet heads of air in Here Comes the Boom, a sports story so daffy it may as well star Kevin James " He called the film "a triumph of recycling" comparing it to Rocky  Anderson is critical of the different clashing tones of the film, but calls the characters likable, and writes the "violence adds a frisson of tension to the pic’s mix of grappling, romance and anemic social critique "Entertainment Weekly's Lisa Schwarzbaum called it "A cloddish, harmlessly drecky comedy from the Sandler factory of crude mush "
Nathan Rabin of The A V  Club wrote: "Here Comes The Boom seems to have made it from the pitch stage - Kevin James does MMA to save his school or something! - to the big screen without an iota of inspiration, ambition, or personality seeping in at any juncture "
Marc Savlov of the Austin Chronicle wrote: ""Here Comes the Bomb" would've been a more fitting title, but props to Henry Winkler for rising to the occasion and turning in a sweet, idealistic performance in a film that otherwise feels like a tawdry commercial for the UFC and MMA "

Awards and nominations
Here Comes the Boom was chosen as one of ten best films for family audiences by the 21st Annual Movieguide Awards on February 15, 2013 
Passage 4:
Sau Crore
Sau Crore (lit  'Hundred crores') is a 1991 Indian film starring, produced and directed by Dev Anand  It also debuts newcomers Fatima Sheikh and Raman Kapoor  The movie is based on the story of Indian Badminton Player Syed Modi, who was shot dead on 28 July 1988 in Lucknow as he came out of the K  D  Singh Babu Stadium after a practice session  The murder sent shock waves through India, especially after the police filed murder charges against Modi's wife Ameeta Modi and her lover (and future husband) Raja Sanjay Singh of Amethi, who was a prominent politician belonging to the Congress Party  The role of Syed Modi was played by Raman Kapoor and the politician was played by (Naseeruddin Shah) 

Plot
After her husband Raj (Raman Kapoor) is murdered, Kamlesh (Fatima Sheikh) receives a shock and doesn't speak for days  The cause of this is that she indeed witnessed her husband's murder  But who did murder Raj? Was it really the politician Somnath (Naseeruddin Shah) who fell in love with Kamlesh and wanted to marry her? Was it a plot created by Somnath's rival candidate Mohanbhai (Anupam Kher) to win the elections? Or was it Kamlesh herself who wanted to leave Raj and run off with Somnath? It's up to CBI Inspector Kumar (Dev Anand) to find out 

Music
Lyrics: Suraj Sanim

External links
Sau Crore at IMDb
Passage 5:
Galate Samsara
Galate Samsara (transl  Chaotic family) is a 1977 Indian Kannada language comedy film directed by C  V  Rajendran and produced by C  Jayaram  It stars Dr Vishnuvardhan, Rajinikanth and Manjula in the lead roles  It also stars Dwarakish, Dr  K S Ashwath, Balakrishna and Vajramuni in supporting roles  The movie is a remake of Tamil movie Veettuku Veedu which was based on the play Thikku Theriyatha Veettil which in turn was an adaptation of the English comedy play Right Bed Wrong Husband  The Marathi adaptation of the same English play titled Pati Sagle Uchapati was adapted into a Kannada titled Housefull  Further, the Marathi play was also adapted in Hindi as All The Best which was remade in Malayalam as Best of Luck which in turn went on to be remade in Kannada as Ond Chance Kodi 

Plot
Vasudevan (Dr Vishnuvardhan) is rich businessman Kadikalingam's son  Vasu is fearful of his father, because Kadikalingam is a very strict man  He works at his father's company as General Manager  He is in love with a young bold woman Malathy  But Kadikalingam strictly opposes this love, so Vasu leaves his home and registers for marriage to Malathy  The couple is tenant to Kala's house  She is Malathy's close friend and her husband is Balu (Rajinikanth)  He has a close relationship with another woman Prameela, who is a stage dancer  Kala feels unhappy about her married life  Balu has been avoiding Kala lately since his infidelity with Prameela  Balu is physically abusive towards his wife  Malathy warns Balu to stay away from Prameela and to be sincere to his wife  Balu signs the divorce papers and leaves his wife and starts staying at his girlfriends house 
Meanwhile, Balu's paternal uncle died in an accident and had named him as the next in kin in the will  They intend laying their hand on 2 lakhs cash  In a moment of crisis, Malathy is forced to make her husband Vasu pose as Kala's husband Balu  Pattusamy is manager Paramanandham's son, who works as a music teacher  Pattusamy and Paramanandham come to Kala's house and spend a week with her at her home  Pattusamy falls in love with Malathy  He tries to impress her  Pattusamy is always standing in front of Malathy's room watching her 
Prameela finds a richer businessman than Balu and kicks him out  Balu who sees Vasu and Kala's photo published in a newspaper for a soap company advertisement, goes home and argues with Vasu and Malathy  Then Malathy briefly explains the house's situation  Balu claims to hear the truth and also joins the drama 
Next day, Balu introduces himself to Paramanandham as Ramesh, Malathy's brother from Sri Lanka  Pattusamy closely watches the house and the peoples' activities because he thinks there is something fishy with the members of the house  He tells his suspicion to his father, but Paramandham does not believe his son  Unfortunately, Kadigalingam reaches Vasu's rented house and calls Kala for our home  Then, Kala and Malathy was explained the truth and Kadikalingam understood Malathy is his daughter-in-law's and mistress of Vasu  Pattusamy and his father hear the news  They are explained the crisis situation and then Paramandham gives the cash into Kala and Balu's hands  Finally Malathy succeeds in her plan and Pattusamy was asked to apologize to Malathy 

Cast
Dr  Vishnuvardhan as Vasudev Rao
Manjula as Janaki - Janu
Rajinikanth as Balu
Shubha as Kaveri
Halam
Baby Rekha as Prameela
Balakrishna
Dwarakish
K  S  Ashwath
Vajramuni

Soundtrack
Passage 6:
Greetings from the Shore
Greetings From The Shore is a 2007 American coming-of-age romantic comedy film directed by Greg Chwerchak  The movie has played over 60 festivals, winning over 20 awards  It had its American theatrical release on September 12, 2008, on a limited basis The film is set (and was shot) on the New Jersey shore, mainly in Lavallette 

Plot
Still reeling from the death of her father, a young girl spends one last summer at the Jersey Shore before heading off to college  But when her plans fall apart, the girl stumbles into a mysterious world of Russian sailors, high-stakes gambling, and unexpected love 

Cast
Kim Shaw as Jenny Chambers
Paul Sorvino as Catch Turner
David Fumero as Benicio Aceveda
Jay O  Sanders as Commodore Callaghan
Andrew Shaifer as Flip Dooley
Lars Arentz-Hansen as Lars Ramkildestrom
Gideon Emery as Sasha Mientkiewicz
Ron Geren as Christos Zazavich
Cristin Milioti as Didi
Alexander Cendese as Owen Callaghan

Reception
Critical response
When the film was released Neil Genzlinger, the film critic of The New York Times, was critical of the actors experience, writing, "The problem with having a big-name actor in your small film is that he tends to underscore the inexperience of some of your other stars  That’s the effect Paul Sorvino has in Greetings From the Shore, a watchable-enough summer-at-the-beach tale billed as Gabrielle Berberich’s first feature as writer and producer   until Mr  Sorvino, a real actor and a good one, shows up  He plays a down-on-his-luck fisherman who takes the girl under his wing, and he makes Ms  Shaw and some of the other cast members look like amateurs  The director, Greg Chwerchak (who also gets a writing credit), doesn’t help; he allows several secondary characters to become thudding clichés, trampling the delicate story "Film critics Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat of the web based Spirituality & Practice, discussed the basic theme of the film, "Jenny's summer teaches her to go with the flow when her life plan is upset  She also learns that the universe is set up in such a felicitous way that when a door closes, a window opens "Critic David Hiltbrand liked the film, writing, "It's a formulaic and familiar plot, the Jersey girl version of The Flamingo Kid  But it unfolds smoothly, thanks to Greg Chwerchak's focused direction  And the water down on Barnegat Inlet Island looks oddly idyllic on film  Greetings From the Shore is well-acted, including by newcomer Shaw, who has an appealing, wide-eyed innocence reminiscent of a young Meg Ryan  This is a two-hankie weeper that doesn't really earn its tears  But it's a sweet little movie nonetheless "

Awards
Wins

Bare Bones International Film Festival, 2008 - Won, Festival Recognition: Instrumental Score - Jim Latham
Columbus International Film & Video Festival, 2007 - Won, Bronze Plaque Award: Entertainment - Greg Chwerchak
Great Lakes Film Festival, 2007 - Won, Grand Jury Prize: Best Narrative Feature; Best of the Fest; Best Director - Greg Chwerchak; Best Lead Actress - Kim Shaw
Red Rock Film Festival, 2007 - Won, Audience Award: Best Narrative Feature - Gabrielle Berberich, Greg Chwerchak
Wild Rose Independent Film Festival, 2007 - Won, WRIFF Award: Best Acting Ensemble, Best Screenplay, Best Feature, Best Director of a Feature, Certificate of Distinctive Achievement: Best Sound, Best Cinematography/Videography, Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Editing
Fargo Film Festival, 2008 - Won, Best Narrative Feature, Best Screenplay - Gabrielle Berberich, Greg Chwerchak
Garden State Film Festival, 2008 - Won, Audience Award: Pick of the Flicks; Home Grown Award: Best Feature - Gabrielle Berberich, Greg Chwerchak
George Lindsey UNA Film Festival, 2008 - Won, Honorable Mention: Professional Full-Length Feature
Tupelo Film Festival, 2008 - 2nd Place, Festival Prize: Best Feature - Gabrielle Berberich, Greg Chwerchak
WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival, 2008 - Won, Special Jury Award: Best Feature - Gabrielle Berberich, Greg Chwerchak
Passage 7:
Sylvia Fine
Sylvia Fine Kaye (August 29, 1913 – October 28, 1991) was an American lyricist, composer, and producer  Many of her compositions and productions were performed by her husband, comedian Danny Kaye  Fine was a Peabody Award-winner and was nominated for two Academy Awards and two Emmys during her career  She won an Emmy award in 1976 for children's special 

Early life
Sylvia Fine was born in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest of three children of a Jewish dentist, and raised in East New York  She attended Thomas Jefferson High School and studied music at Brooklyn College, where she wrote the music for the school's alma mater, with lyrics from the poet Robert Friend 

Career and Danny Kaye
She was working as an audition pianist when she met Danny Kaye; both were working on a short-lived Broadway show, The Straw Hat Revue  Fine wrote the lyrics and music for the show  Although the pair had never met before, they discovered some things in common   They were both born in Brooklyn, and Kaye had once worked for Fine's father, watching his office while the dentist went to lunch  Dr  Fine had fired his future son-in-law for doing woodworking with his dental drills He proposed on the telephone while working in Florida; Fine was in New York  She made the trip to Fort Lauderdale where they were married on January 3, 1940 She took a direct role in managing her husband's career and wrote many of his songs for him, both in film and recordings   Those for the film The Court Jester were co-written with Sammy Cahn  She was an associate producer of some of the films  Fine received a Peabody Award in 1980, and during her career she was also nominated for two Oscars and two Emmys  She began working in television production with her husband's 1960s television shows The New York Times reported, "In the 1970s, [Fine] embarked on a separate career as a television producer and teacher  She began teaching musical comedy at the University of Southern California in 1971 and at Yale in 1975  She produced and narrated the course as a 90-minute PBS program Musical Comedy Tonight (eventually a three-part series), earning her a Peabody Award in 1979 In 1975 she was executive producer for the television special "Danny Kaye: Look in at the Metropolitan opera "She produced and edited Assignment Children, a UNICEF film that starred her husband  In the last three years of her life, she had been writing a book about her life with Kaye, Fine and Danny, for Knopf Books 

Personal life
Fine and Kaye had a daughter, Dena (born December 17, 1946)  They separated in September 1947, attributing the separation to "two people working very hard " They reunited seven months later, and remained married until his death in 1987 
In 1992, her daughter Dena Kaye was quoted in a newspaper article, recalling Fine's advice to her and the influence it had in her life  Both Fine and Kaye were determined not to influence their daughter's choices as she grew up  In a 1954 interview, Kaye stated that "Whatever she (Dena) wants to be she will be without interference from her mother nor from me " Dena grew up to become a journalist 

Death
Sylvia Fine Kaye died of emphysema at the age of 78 in her Manhattan apartment in 1991  She is buried with her husband at Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York 

Legacy
The careers of Fine and Kaye are documented in The Danny Kaye and Sylvia Fine Collection at the Library of Congress  The materials preserved in the collection include manuscripts, scores, scripts, photographs, sound recordings, and video clips 

Selected list of Sylvia Fine songs
"Anatole of Paris" from The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947)
"The Inspector General" and "Happy Times" (Johnny Green, Sylvia Fine) from The Inspector General (1949)
"The Moon Is Blue" (Herschel Burke Gilbert, Sylvia Fine) from The Moon Is Blue (1953) - Oscar nominee, Best Original Song
"Knock on Wood" from Knock on Wood (1954)
"(You'll Never) Outfox the Fox" (Sammy Cahn, Sylvia Fine) from The Court Jester (1956)
"The Five Pennies" from The Five Pennies (1959) - Oscar nominee, Best Original Song 
"Lullaby in Ragtime," also from The Five Pennies
Passage 8:
Marius Weyers
Marius Weyers (born 3 February 1945, in Johannesburg) is a South African actor  He lives with his wife Yvette, an artist in her own right, in Rooi-Els in the Western Cape  He received international attention playing Andrew Steyn, a bumbling scientist in the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980)  He appeared in Blood Diamond (2006) 

Selected filmography
1967 Love Nights in the Taiga as Markjoff
1974 No Gold for a Dead Diver as Rene Chagrin
1977 Target of an Assassin as Colonel Pahler
1980 The Gods Must Be Crazy as Andrew Steyn
1982 Gandhi as Train Conductor
1988 Thieves of Fortune as Unknown
1989 DeepStar Six as Dr  John Van Gelder
1989 Farewell to the King as Sergeant Conklin
1989 Happy Together as Denny Dollenbacher
1989 Jewel of the Gods as Snowy Grinder
1992 The Power of One as Professor Daniel Marais
1992 Golden Girls as Derek
1993 Bopha! as Van Tonder
1997 Paljas as Hendrik MacDonald
2003 Stander as General Francois Jacobus Stander, Andre Stander's Father
2005 The Triangle as Karl Sheedy
2006 Blood Diamond as Rudolf Van de Kaap
Woestynblom (TV series) as Jerry F 
2013 Nothing for Mahala as Hendrik Botha
2018 The Seagull (Die Seemeeu) as Piet
2018 The Recce as General Piet Visagie
2019 The Story of Racheltjie De Beer as George
Passage 9:
God's Law and Man's
God's Law and Man's is a lost 1917 silent film drama direct by John H  Collins and distributed by Metro Pictures  It starred Collins's wife Viola Dana  The story comes from a novel by Paul Trent, A Wife by Purchase 

Cast
Viola Dana - Ameia
Robert Walker - Dr  Claude Drummond
Augustus Phillips - Jack Aston
Henry Hallam - Kunda Ram
Frank Currier - Major General Dennison
Marie Adell - Olive Dennison
George A  Wright - Earl of Hetherington
Floyd Buckley - Lord Charles Drummond
Passage 10:
Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)
"Boom Boom" is a song written by American blues singer and guitarist John Lee Hooker and recorded in 1961   Although it became a blues standard, music critic Charles Shaar Murray calls it "the greatest pop song he ever wrote"  "Boom Boom" was both an American R&B and pop chart success in 1962 and a UK top-twenty hit in 1992 
The song is one of Hooker's most identifiable and enduring songs and "among the tunes that every band on the [early 1960s UK] R&B circuit simply had to play"   It has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, including a 1965 North American hit by the Animals 

Recording and composition
Prior to recording for Vee-Jay Records, John Lee Hooker was primarily a solo performer or  accompanied by a second guitarist, such as early collaborators Eddie Burns or Eddie Kirkland  However, with Vee-Jay, he usually recorded with a small backing band, as heard on the singles "Dimples", "I Love You Honey", and "No Shoes"  Detroit keyboardist Joe Hunter, who had previously worked with Hooker, was again enlisted for the recording session  Hunter brought with him "the cream of the Motown label's session men, later known as the Funk Brothers": bassist James Jamerson, drummer Benny Benjamin, plus guitarist Larry Veeder, tenor saxophonist Hank Cosby, and baritone saxophonist Andrew "Mike" Terry  They have been described as "just the right band" for "Boom Boom"  Hooker had a unique sense of timing, which demanded "big-eared sidemen" The original "Boom Boom" is an uptempo (168 beats per minute) blues song, which has been notated in 2/2 time in the key of F   It has been described as "about the tightest musical structure of any Hooker composition: its verses sedulously adhere to the twelve-bar format over which Hooker generally rides so roughshod"  The song uses "a stop-time hook that opens up for one of the genre's most memorable guitar riffs" and incorporates a middle instrumental section Hooker-style boogie According to Hooker, he wrote the song during an extended engagement at the Apex Bar in Detroit 

I would never be on time [for the gig]; I always would be late comin' in   And she [the bartender Willa] kept saying, "Boom boom – you late again"   Every night: "Boom, boom – you late again"   I said "Hmm, that's a song!"     I got it together, the lyrics, rehearsed it, and I played it at the place, and the people went wild 
Also included are several wordless phrases, "how-how-how-how" and "hmm-hmm-hmm-hmm"   "Boom Boom" became the Hooker song that is "the most memorable, the most instantly appealing, and the one which has proved the most adaptable to the needs of other performers"  ZZ Top later used similar lines ("how-how-how-how") for their popular "La Grange" 

Releases and charts
When "Boom Boom" was released as a single in April or May 1962, the song became a hit   It entered the Billboard Hot R&B Sides chart on June 16, 1962, where it spent eight weeks and reached number 16  The song also appeared the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at number 60, making it one of only two Hooker singles to enter the broader chart  It was included on the 1962 Vee-Jay album Burnin'  as well as many Hooker compilations, including John Lee Hooker: The Ultimate Collection  
Two years later, in 1964, the song made a brief appearance on the chart in Walloon Belgium, which at the time did not rank positions   In 1992, after being featured in a Lee Jeans commercial, the "Boom Boom" reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart  It also appeared on charts in New Zealand (number 24 in 1992) and France (numbers 45 in 1993 and 87 in 2013) Hooker recorded several later versions  Following the success of the Animals' version, Hooker re-recorded the song in 1968 for Stateside Records as the B-side of "Cry Before I Go" under the longer title "Boom Boom Boom"   He reworked the song as "Bang Bang Bang Bang" for his Live at Soledad Prison album, as a South Side Chicago street musician in the film The Blues Brothers (but the song itself is not included in the film soundtrack), and as the title track for his 1992 album Boom Boom with Jimmie Vaughan 

The Animals version
English rock band the Animals recorded "Boom Boom" for their 1964 UK debut album The Animals   Their blues-rock rendition generally follows John Lee Hooker's original, although they add "shake it baby" as a response to the "come on and shake" refrain in the middle section, taken from Hooker's "Shake It Baby" (recorded during the 1962 American Folk Blues Festival tour in Europe, where it became a hit in 1963) The Animals' version was released as a single in North America in November 1964 and is included on the Animals' second American album, The Animals on Tour  It reached number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the Canadian RPM Top 40&5 singles chart  The song also appeared on the unranked chart in Wallonia Cash Box described it as "a rousing salute to the apple of a guy's eye" that's "exciting, funky-styled" and "a great swinger "Over the years, several versions of "Boom Boom" have been recorded by various Animals reunion lineups as well as by former members Eric Burdon and Alan Price  In 2012, the original 1964 version was used in the film Skyfall 

Big Head Todd and the Monsters version
American rock group Big Head Todd and the Monsters recorded "Boom Boom" for their album Beautiful World (1997)  Group bassist Rob Squires described the recording session: "Hooker has just this incredible presence  He walked into the room and literally everyone was intimidated including our producer and the people who work in the studio "  Beginning with the television series debut of NCIS: New Orleans in 2014, a portion of Big Head Todd's version has been used as the opening theme 

Recognition and legacy
In 1995, John Lee Hooker's "Boom Boom" was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll"   It was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 2009 in the "Classics of Blues Recording" category  A Detroit Free Press poll in 2016 ranked the song at number 37 in "Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs"  Rolling Stone magazine ranked Hooker's version at number 463 on its 2021 list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time", down from number 220 on its 2004 list 
Passage 11:
Beethoven (TV series)
Beethoven is a 1994  American Saturday morning cartoon television series loosely based on the 1992 motion picture of the same name   The series was produced by Northern Lights Entertainment and Universal Cartoon Studios, and aired for one season on CBS Saturday Mornings, with 13 episodes with two 10 minute segments produced  Dean Jones, who played Dr  Varnick in the film, voiced the role of George Newton; Nicholle Tom, who played teenage daughter Ryce in the film and Beethoven's 2nd, was the only cast member from the films to reprise her role in the series 

Premise
The Newton family love Beethoven, their St  Bernard dog  But the father, George, has his moments with Beethoven, who gets in different mishaps time after time  When not with the Newton family, Beethoven spends time with three other dogs, Sparky (the stray from the first film), Ginger, and Caesar 
Unlike the film, Beethoven has a speaking voice, at least among the other animals  The same plot was used in another animated series, Free Willy, where the main character also could talk 

Cast
Additional voices
Crew
Paul Germain - Producer, Story Editor and Voice Director

Episodes
Home release
Universal and Goodtimes released episodes of the show on VHS  In July 2020, the series became available on the Peacock streaming service 
Passage 12:
Sonny & Cher
Sonny & Cher were an American pop and entertainment duo in the 1960s and 1970s, made up of spouses Sonny Bono and Cher  The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector 
The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, "Baby Don't Go" and "I Got You Babe"  Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, Good Times and Chastity, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, "Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)"  In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label 
In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and The Sonny & Cher Show  The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce  In the decade they spent together, Sonny and Cher were nominated for two Grammy Awards and sold over 40 million records worldwide  Rolling Stone ranked them No  18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Performing under her first name, Cher went on to a highly successful career as a solo singer and actress, while Sonny Bono was eventually elected to Congress as a Republican U S  Representative from California  The two performers were inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998, following Sonny's death in a skiing accident 

Career
1962–1964: The origin
Cherilyn Sarkisian first met Salvatore Bono in a Los Angeles coffee shop in November 1962, when she was sixteen  Eleven years her senior, Bono was working for record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood  The two became best friends, eventual lovers, and were supposedly married in 1964, but Bono says in his autobiography that it was not an official marriage  They were legally wed after their only child, Chaz, was born  Through Bono, Cher started as a session singer, and sang backup on several of Spector's classic recordings, including "Be My Baby" by the Ronettes, "You've Lost That Loving Feeling" by The Righteous Brothers and Darlene Love's "A Fine, Fine Boy"  In Darlene Love's recording, the listener can clearly hear Cher and Sonny close to the mic (along with Love, who recorded her own backing vocals) 

1965–1966: Career development
With Bono continuing to write, arrange and produce the songs, the couple's first incarnation was as the duo "Caesar and Cleo"  They released some singles in 1964, including "The Letter", with Vault Records, and "The Letter", "Do You Wanna Dance" and "Love Is Strange", with Reprise Records In September 1964, they released "Baby Don't Go" under the name of Sonny & Cher, which became their first regional hit  The song was later included on the 1965 Reprise compilation Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends, which also included songs from artists such as Bill Medley, The Lettermen and The Blendells The duo released their first album Look at Us in the summer of 1965  The album contained the number one single "I Got You Babe"  Look at Us peaked at number two on the Billboard chart for eight weeks in the later part of 1965 Sonny & Cher made their first promotional tour of Britain in the first two weeks of August 1965  The tour was organized and overseen by Larry Page, co-manager of the English rock band the Kinks, who met Cher a month earlier while she finished recording her debut album and while the Kinks toured America  Page and the Kinks' publicist Brian Sommerville quickly signed to be Sonny & Cher's European business manager and British publicist, respectively  During their two weeks in Britain, the duo primarily appeared on British television and radio, but they also performed at the 100 Club in central London on August 5 The couple appeared on many of the top television shows of the era including The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Where The Action Is, Hollywood A Go-Go, Hollywood Palace, Hullabaloo, Beat Club, Shindig!, Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops  They also appeared as themselves in the film Wild on the Beach, singing "It's Gonna Rain"  On their first album Bono also displayed his political interest long before running for Congress in the lyrics of the song, "The Revolution Kind" 
As the followup to the success of Look at Us, they released their second studio album in April 1966, The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér, which peaked at number 34  The two dressed in animal skins with Bono wearing knee high caveman boots and Cher going barefoot During 1965, five of their songs were in US Billboard Top 20, a record passed only by Elvis Presley and behind famous artists like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and others  Periodic solo releases by Cher continued during this period, including major successes with "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", and Burt Bacharach & Hal David's theme from "Alfie" (as heard in the motion picture Alfie, as well as a single release), both in 1966  Because they sided with the young people being harassed on the Sunset Strip during the Sunset Strip curfew riots; they were removed from their promised position of honor in the Tournament of Roses Parade in January 1967 

1967–1969: Career woes
In 1967, Sonny and Cher released their third album, In Case You're In Love  It peaked at number 45 in the U S  charts  It contained two hit singles, both written by Bono, "The Beat Goes On" (No  6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and "Little Man" (No  21 on the Billboard Hot 100) 
In an attempt to capitalize on the duo's initial success, Bono speedily arranged a film project for the duo to star in, but the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb, despite the efforts of fledgling director William Friedkin and co-star George Sanders  After Good Times flopped in 1968, Columbia Pictures immediately sold rights to their intended follow-up film Speedway to MGM  The couple were replaced by Elvis Presley and Nancy Sinatra  In 1969, another film, Chastity, starring Cher, written and produced by Sonny, was also a commercial bomb Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up  Their gentle, easy-listening pop sound and drug-free life had become unpopular in an era increasingly consumed with the psychedelic rock of the evolving landscape of American pop culture during the late 1960s 
Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts, where they sharpened their public persona with Cher as the wise-cracking, glamorous singer, and Bono as the good-natured recipient of her insults  In reality, Bono controlled every aspect of their act, from the musical arrangements to the joke-writing  While success was slow to come, their luck improved when network TV talent scouts attended a show, noting their potential appeal for a variety series 
Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity (named after Cher's movie), born on March 4, 1969 

1970–1977: TV success and divorce
In 1970, Sonny and Cher starred in their first television special, The Nitty Gritty Hour, a mixture of slapstick comedy, skits, and live music  The appearance was a critical success, which led to numerous guest spots on other television shows  They also appeared in The New Scooby-Doo Movies as guest stars 
Sonny and Cher caught the eye of CBS head of programming Fred Silverman while guest-hosting The Merv Griffin Show, and Silverman offered the duo their own variety show  The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour debuted in 1971 as a summer replacement series  The show returned to prime time later that year and was an immediate hit, quickly reaching the Top 10  The show received 15 Emmy Award nominations during its run, winning one for direction, throughout its initial four seasons on CBS  The duo also revived their recording career, releasing the album All I Ever Need Is You, and charting two more top ten hits: "All I Ever Need Is You", and "A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done" in 1972 Sonny and Cher's dialogues were patterned after the successful nightclub routines of Louis Prima and Keely Smith: the happy-go-lucky husband squelched by a tart remark from the unamused wife  The show featured a stock company of zany comedians, including Teri Garr, Freeman King, Ted Ziegler, Billy Van and Murray Langston (later The Unknown Comic on The Gong Show)  One sketch satirizing CBS's detective show Cannon and its portly star William Conrad was so successful that Sonny and Cher staged several follow-ups, with Tony Curtis as "Detective Fat"  Everybody in these sketches wore wide-waisted "fat suits" (similar to hoop skirts), so Detective Fat and his clients and his suspects would spend most of the time bumping each other and bouncing across the crowded room 
By the third season of the Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour (1974), the marriage of Sonny and Cher was falling apart; the duo separated later that year  The show imploded, while still rating in the top 10  What followed was a very public divorce (finalized on June 26, 1975)  Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance By an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour in 1974 

Bono launched his own show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, in the fall of 1974, retaining the "Sonny and Cher" troupe of comedians and writers  Cher also announced plans to star in a new variety series of her own  Critics predicted that Bono would be the big winner with a solo comedy vehicle, and held little hope for Cher's more musical showcase  After only six weeks, however, Bono's show was abruptly canceled The Cher show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16, 1975, featuring Flip Wilson, Bette Midler, and special guest Elton John  Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest-stars a few weeks later, and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year  The first season ranked in the Top 25 of the year-end ratings 
As a result of the divorce, Sonny and Cher went their separate ways until Cher attended the opening of one of Bono's restaurants in something of a reconciliation  The Sonny & Cher Show returned in 1976, even though they were no longer married (the duo "reunited" with a humorous handshake)  After struggling with low ratings through 1977, Sonny and Cher finally parted ways for good  In 1976, Mego Toys also released a line of toys and dolls, in the likeness of Sonny & Cher  The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show 

1978–1999: After Sonny and Cher
Sonny Bono went on to an acting career and later entered politics, eventually becoming a member of the U S  House of Representatives  Cher went on to become a Grammy Award-winning solo singer and an Academy Award-winning actress 
The couple made two surprise impromptu reunion performances: the first on The Mike Douglas Show in the spring of 1979, singing a medley of "United We Stand" and "Without You", and the second on November 13, 1987, on Late Night with David Letterman where they performed their hit song "I Got You Babe"; it turned out to be the last time the two would perform together In early 1999, And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, directed by David Burton Morris and starring Jay Underwood and Renee Faia, was broadcast on ABC  The TV movie was based on the autobiography of Bono, and focuses on the relationship between the couple during the early 1960s to their divorce in the mid 1970s  This movie was also nominated for two Emmy Awards 

Bono's death, music copyright
On January 5, 1998, Bono died of injuries from hitting a tree while skiing at Heavenly Ski Resort in Lake Tahoe  He was 62 years old  Bono's death came just days after Michael Kennedy died in a similar accident  Bono's widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until she was defeated for re-election in 2012  She continues to champion many of her late husband's causes, including the ongoing fight as how to best save the Salton Sea 
The funeral, unbeknownst to Cher, was broadcast live on CNN  She gave a tearful eulogy, after which the attendees sang the song "The Beat Goes On"  In front of millions, Cher tearfully and effusively praised Bono, calling him "the most unforgettable character I've ever met"  His final resting place is Desert Memorial Park in nearby Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery in which Frank Sinatra was laid to rest later that same year  The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads: "And The Beat Goes On" In 1998, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television  Cher appeared at the event with Mary Bono, who accepted the award on behalf of her late husband  Cher paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, calling her grief "something I never plan to get over"  During the same year, Cher also released her twenty-second album Believe that was highly influenced by Bono's death, and in the booklet Cher wrote "In memory of Son" When Cher and Bono divorced, they agreed to split revenue from the songs recorded together  When Bono died, one-third of his interest passed to wife Mary Bono, and one-sixth interests were split amongst his children  Cher sued UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in "hidden" royalties 

Legacy and achievements
Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny & Cher as "part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the beat and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyrics and often lyrics of protest "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour received numerous Emmy nominations; Director Art Fisher won for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series in 1972  Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1974 Sonny and Cher received the following honors:

1966: Grammy nomination for Best New Artist
1972: Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance
1998: Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
2015: Ranked No  18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time

Filmography
Discography
Look at Us (1965)
The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966)
In Case You're in Love (1967)
All I Ever Need Is You (1972)
Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1974)

See also
Cher
Sonny Bono
Supercouple
List of number-one hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100

Notes
Passage 13:
Shakalaka Boom Boom
Shakalaka Boom Boom is a 2007 Indian musical drama film directed and produced by Suneel Darshan and written by Anurag Kashyap  The film stars Bobby Deol, Upen Patel, Celina Jaitly and Kangana Ranaut in the lead  It released on April 6, 2007 
Shakalaka Boom Boom is based on conflicts and the power game involved in the functioning of the music industry  The film is loosely based on the Academy Award winning film Amadeus  The film was partly shot in South Africa 

Plot
Shakalaka Boom Boom follows the tale of a jealous, selfish and greedy music artist, Ayan Joshi aka AJ (Bobby Deol)  AJ is one of the finest music artists in the industry and is currently under a stop since he can't think of a new project  AJ is in love with the hot and sexy Ruhi (Kangana Ranaut) and hopes to tell her how he feels  However, a wannabe singer, Reggie (Upen Patel) appears who falls in love with Ruhi and woos her before AJ can  
Therefore, AJ swears to destroy Reggie's career and hence comes into Reggie's life as his friend  Getting him drunk, getting him smoking, is all that AJ has been doing to Reggie, and Reggie even loses control and passes out  One day, AJ finds out all Reggie's secrets and gets him so drunk that he has liver-fail  While Reggie was in the state of dying, AJ takes all his music-notes and beats and flees from the place  Then Ruhi shows up and takes him to the hospital  He is placed into the operation section due to liver failure, and then Ruhi plans to destroy AJ's career just like he did to Reggie 
Though Ruhi does not know that AJ isn't alone, he also has his hidden agenda with Reggie's ex-girlfriend Sheena (Celina Jaitly) who is now a bigshot due to AJ  AJ and Sheena together publish Reggie's music as their own, and it goes onto becoming a big hit  At the music-signing, Ruhi gets her gun out, though it doesn't seem to work  She seems that's it, though Karma has a different plan in mind  Due to her gun not working, she leaves and as she leaves, a disco ball randomly falls on top of AJ's head  He is placed into the hospital, and the doctors declare him "deaf"  The ending shows him going to hell, and Reggie waking up to a better life, as he and Ruhi have now proved that the music is really his 

Cast
Bobby Deol as A J 
Upen Patel as Reggie
Celina Jaitly as Sheena
Kangana Ranaut as Ruhi
Asrani as Yogra
Dalip Tahil as Kumar
Anupam Kher as Reggie's Father
Govind Namdev as Guru
Vivek Vaswani as Vidyacharan Shukla
Seema Rahmani as Seema

Soundtrack
All songs  are composed by Himesh Reshammiya and lyrics are penned by Sameer 

Reception
Critical reception
Shakalaka Boom Boom attracted negative reviews from top critics of India  Mayank Shekhar of Hindustan Times rated the film with 1 out of 5 stars  Shakti Salgaokar of DNA gave movie a one and half stars and wrote in his review, "It's simple — sexual innuendo, potshots at popular films, bad mimicry, foreign locations, a generous dose of overacting, an item song and a gora villain  And as he magnificently presents the climax of the film  Spare us the comedy, please?" Nikhat Kazmi of Times of India said, "This one's definitely not for the fastidious, choosy viewer but for those who don't mind losing it for a bit, Shakalaka Boom Boom works like an average Bollywood musical  Performance-wise, it's one big circus with the guys hogging most of the limelight  The girls — Kangana and Celina — are mere confetti" and gave it 3 out of 5 stars  Taran Adarsh also gave it 3 out of 5 stars, saying "It's a well-crafted entertainer and lives up to the expectations of its target audience — the youth  At the box-office, its business at the multiplexes will help it generate good revenue, making it a profitable proposition for its investors "
Passage 14:
He Comes Up Smiling
He Comes Up Smiling is a 1918 American comedy film produced by and starring Douglas Fairbanks and directed by Allan Dwan 
This film was based on a novel of the same title by Charles Sherman, which was adapted into a 1914 play of the same name by Byron Ongley and Emil Nyitray  Fairbanks starred in the play with Patricia Collinge as the female lead  This film "survives incomplete" 

Plot
As described in a film magazine, the principal duty of bank clerk Jerry Martin is to care for the bank president's pet canary  The bird escapes and Jerry starts in pursuit  In a chase that takes him far afield, Jerry meets a hobo and decides to give up his bank job  Baron Bean (Montana), another hobo, becomes his valet, but they desert Jerry when he is taking a bath and steal his clothes  He finds a suit belonging to William Batchelor (MacQuarrie), a broker who is cooling off at a pool, and with the broker's business cards he passes himself off as Batchelor  He meets John Bartlett (Campeau) and his daughter Billie (Daw) and promptly falls in love  Her father is also a stock broker who has been nicked by Batchelor  An attempt is made to corner the market while Jerry is being entertained, but he foils the plotters, falls heir to a fortune, and wins the love of Billie 

Cast
Douglas Fairbanks as Jerry Martin
Marjorie Daw as Billie Bartlett
Herbert Standing as Mike
Frank Campeau as John Bartlett
Bull Montana as Baron Bean
Albert MacQuarrie as William Batchelor
Kathleen Kirkham as Louise
Jay Dwiggins as General
William Elmer
Robert Cain

Preservation
The surviving reels of He Comes Up Smiling were preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2010 



ground_truth: Association for Computing Machinery

ACM

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is another notable work made by the author of Miss Sara Sampson?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The series was to revolve around an upper-middle-class housewife, Molly, and her stint in a women's prison  However, the producers' original idea to introduce Molly in the third season of Prison Break was later dropped due to the writers' strike  The new series was planned to instead begin under the Prison Break brand similar to CSI: Miami and CSI: NY, but ultimately did not go into production 

Connection to Breakout Kings
Robert Knepper reprised his role as T-Bag in the 2011 A&E Network television series, Breakout Kings, which was created by a few of Prison Break writers, Matt Olmstead and Nick Santora 

Magazine, novel, book and comic
In printed media, the show's tie-in products include an official magazine and a tie-in novel  The official magazine, published by Titan Publishing, was launched on November 21, 2006  Each issue contains interviews with selected cast and crew members with other feature stories 
The tie-in novel, Prison Break: The Classified FBI Files (ISBN 1-4165-3845-3), contains details of the show's characters pertaining to the second season's storyline  Written by Paul Ruditis, the book is published by Simon & Schuster and was released on May 8, 2007 In September 2009, Insight Editions published Prison Break: Behind the Scenes, a companion book featuring production photography, in which writers Christian Trokey and Kalinda Vazquez, as well as Paul Scheuring, Matt Olmstead, and director of photography Fernando Arguelles comment on the show's four-season run An official manga adaptation of the series became available on the online service Piccoma beginning June 23, 2019  Artwork is done by Hikosuke Soyama and the adaptation is under the supervision of Twentieth Century Fox 

Attraction tour
There is also a live feature called "Prison Break LIVE!", created by The Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company, which is an interactive experience aimed at bringing to life the atmosphere from the television series  The attraction toured the US, Australia, UK, China, Germany and Mexico from 2006 to 2008 

Video games
A mobile game for J2ME was released by Vivendi Games Mobile in 2008 A video game based on Prison Break was in development for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 for release in February 2009, but was cancelled when Brash Entertainment shut down Development of Prison Break: The Conspiracy restarted when the game's developer, ZootFly, found a new publisher  The video game was released on March 30, 2010  The game's protagonist is Tom Paxton, a Company employee who is sent inside of Fox River to observe and report every move of Michael Scofield  The game features voices from the original cast members with the exception of Sarah Wayne Callies (Dr  Sara Tancredi) 

International adaptation
In April 2010, it was announced that the series would be adapted for Russia  On September 20, 2010, the Russian adaptation premiered on Channel One  This adaptation uses many of the features of the original series, with some scenes and dialogue copied completely, but also introduces new storylines and characters which reflect the Russian reality 

Notes
Passage 4:
Jason Sampson
Jason Sampson (born February 21, 1982) is an American professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the flyweight division of Legacy FC  A professional competitor since 2009, Sampson has previously competed for Bellator and Shark Fights 

Background
Born and raised in Dallas, Texas, Sampson, along with his two brothers, competed in wrestling  Sampson began wrestling at the age of 12 and wrestled at MacArthur High School  Sampson was talented, earning three state titles, and continued his wrestling career at The Apprentice School in Newport News, Virginia, where he earned NCWA All-American honors  Sampson was involved in a freak accident during his collegiate career in which his opponent broke his neck and became paralyzed despite Sampson using a legal move  Sampson was heavily affected by the incident and the school received a lawsuit, which was later dismissed  Sampson then began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu before transitioning into mixed martial arts 

Mixed martial arts career
Early career
After going 9–1 as an amateur, Sampson made his professional debut on November 28, 2009, winning via submission in the first round  Sampson would then compile a record of 8–1 before making his Bellator debut 

Bellator
Sampson made his Bellator debut against Jeremy Myers on March 16, 2012 at Bellator 61  Sampson won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in the third round Sampson faced Chris Pham on January 24, 2013 at Bellator 86  He won the fight via armbar submission in the third round Sampson faced Danny Sykora at Bellator 128 on October 10, 2014  He won the fight via unanimous decision 

Legacy Fighting Championship
Sampson made his flyweight debut against former UFC competitor Joseph Sandoval at Legacy FC 38 on February 13, 2015  He won the fight via TKO due to punches in the first round 

Mixed martial arts record
Passage 5:
(Miss)understood
(Miss)understood (stylized in all lowercase) is the seventh studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki, released January 1, 2006 by Avex Trax  Hamasaki acted as the album's sole lyricist, as she had on all of her preceding albums  (Miss)understood marked new musical directions for Hamasaki: she explored new influences such as funk and used gospel choruses in some of the songs, foreign to her previous works  This was the result of her having heard compositions by Geo from Sweetbox and asking him for his works; subsequently, Hamasaki rewrote the lyrics to fit (Miss)understood  Lyrically, the album was a departure from her previous work, My Story, which had been primarily autobiographical 
Where My Story had contained "musings about her past", Hamasaki wanted the lyricism on (Miss)understood to send a strong message to all women—to be a kind of "girls' talk" to give "moral support", while at the same time reminding women that there were times when they would feel weak and low  These themes, along with the album's funk influences, are epitomized on songs such as "Bold & Delicious" and "Ladies Night" 
"Step You/Is This Love?" was released as the lead single from (Miss)understood on April 20, 2005  It was a commercial success, reaching number one in Japan and receiving a Platinum certification, selling 345,340 copies in its chart run  It was the nineteenth best-selling song in Japan in 2005, and Hamasaki's best-selling single that year  Second single "Fairyland" was released August 3, and debuted at number one in Japan  It sold 170,000 copies in its first week, the most of any single from (Miss)understood  It went on to sell 316,663 copies, receiving a platinum certification  The third single, "Heaven", experienced similar success: it reached number one, and was certified Platinum, selling around 325,000 copies  "Bold & Delicious/Pride" was not as successful  Despite reaching number one, it became her poorest-selling single at the time since 1998's "Depend on You", selling only 133,000 copies 
(Miss)understood was commercially successful, opening at number one in Japan (her eighth consecutive record to do so) with first-week sales of 653,830 copies  It went on to sell over 877,000 copies in Japan in its 31-week chart run, receiving a Million certification and becoming the 8th best-selling album of 2006  It is, to date, her last Million-certified album  According to Avex, It is also her first album to fail to hit over a million sales in Japan according to Oricon  By 2007 (Miss)understood sold 1,030,000 copies in Japan 

Production
Background and themes
In 2005, after hearing demo tracks from band Sweetbox's then-upcoming album Addicted, Hamasaki "fell in love" with the songs and consequently asked Sweetbox's composer GEO if she could use some of the songs for her album  GEO agreed and gave Hamasaki permission to use "Bold & Delicious", "Pride", "Ladies Night", "In the Corner", "Every Step", and "Beautiful Girl"  Hamasaki then set to work rewriting the lyrics and rearranging parts of songs While My Story, Hamasaki's preceding album, contained mostly "autobiographical" lyrics and "musings about [her] past", (Miss)understood was a "strong message to send to all women": it was a kind of "girl's talk" to give "moral support" while at the same time reminding women that there would be times when they would "feel weak and low"  "Bold & Delicious" "scolded indecisive men", "Pride" expressed Hamasaki's appreciation of "women who do not give up easily", and "Ladies Night" was about female camaraderie  Other themes appeared as well: "Is This Love?" and "Heaven" were about love, and "Fairyland" was about "childhood memories" 

Composition
(Miss)understood is more musically diverse than My Story; Hamasaki incorporated a variety of musical styles including rock, dance-pop and funk  The album opens with "Bold & Delicious", a funk-infused dance track that utilises a gospel choir in the harmony  The song makes use of funk guitars  "Pride" is a ballad song that "sounded like it could be from a musical"; the arrangement of both songs were influenced by Hamasaki's trip to New York City to record the songs and film their respective music videos  An organ Hamasaki heard while visiting a church inspired her to include the gospel choir in "Bold", while the musical The Phantom of the Opera influenced her arrangement of "Pride"  "Criminal", "Step You", "Alterna", and the titular "(Miss)understood" are all rock songs with prominent electric guitars, while "Heaven" is an "ethereal" piano-driven ballad  As with "Bold & Delicious" and "Pride", other songs composed by GEO were rearranged; violins were added to the bridge of "Rainy Day", and a choir was added to the chorus of "Beautiful Day" 

Extras
The initial pressings of the album included two photobooks—one for the CD version (entitled "Off My Day"), and another for the CD+DVD version (entitled "On My Way")  The DVD version included all PV's that were made for her 2005 releases (excluding "My Name's Women")—"Step You", "Is This Love?", "Fairyland", "Alterna", "Heaven", "Bold & Delicious" and "Pride", as well as an alternative PV for "Bold & Delicious" (called the "Side Story")  Two new PVs were also included—"Ladies Night" and "Rainy Day" made their debut on the disc  Behind-the-scenes clips for "Step You", "Is This Love?", "Fairyland", "Alterna", "Heaven" and "Pride" are featured as well  The song "Rainy Day" was used as the ending theme for the game "Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams" 

Music videos
The PV for "Step You" was directed by Tetsuo Inoue and the video featured Ayumi wearing different styles of outfits (signifying different parts of her image and personality)  A man walks up to a music box-like contraption and as he activates the levers (shown as I, II, III, and IV) different miniature versions of Ayumi appear  As he activates the last lever, the contraption begins to short-circuit, and the four Ayumis turn into one 
The PV for "Is This Love?" was directed by Masashi Muto, the music video features Ayumi singing emotionally in a hotel suite  As she passes by, objects begin to explode (i e  a bowl of fruit, a fish tank, walls, etc )  The video ends as Ayumi looks at the hotel, in one piece with no sort chaos that happened earlier 
The PV of "Fairyland" was shot in Hawaii and is one of the most expensive music videos in the world, as well as being Japan's most expensive music video in terms of production costs  The PV cost 240 million Yen (2 million in U S  dollars)  The video was directed by Wataru Takeishi and it depicts Hamasaki with her companions (dance team) on a lush tropical island, with some scenes showing a timber house with a deck  Eventually, a fallen oil lamp causes the entire structure to burn  Images from earlier sequences showing the group having fun are interspersed through the burning of the house  The video ends with the camera moving away from Hamasaki singing solemnly as she watches the house burn 
The PV of "Alterna" depicts Ayumi as an up-coming star who is chased by clowns  The video also depicts her as a singing machine; this aspect of the music video (as well as the lyrics of "alterna") may be Hamasaki's response to either tabloid articles or to her record label's oppressive treatment of her at the time 
The PV for "Heaven" features Ayumi singing alone in a subway  As she does, ghosts frequently pass by her  Near the end of the video, the spirits leave Ayumi and board on a train (implying their departure to heaven)  The video is done entirely in one shot and in black and white 
The music videos of "Bold & Delicious" and "Pride" were both filmed in New York and were both directed by Luis Hernandez 
In the video for "Bold & Delicious", Hamasaki is featured with long wavy black hair, and wears a faux fur jacket with a light pink dress  She is seen standing on the back of a moving truck driving through areas of New York City, evoking the iconic 1993 Björk music video for her single "Big Time Sensuality"  Some shots feature "behind the scenes" material, showing footage of the truck driving around the city and film crew members 
The video for "Pride" features several long takes of Hamasaki in a black dress being prepared by assistants and make-up artists, and then walking through an on-location set prepared under a New York City bridge and in the rain 
The music video for "Ladies Night" features Ayumi wearing a pink and blue mini dress, and her legendary long blue leg muffs as she walks down a hotel hallway, trying to go into some of the rooms, and occasionally singing into a payphone  Scenes of different things happening in the rooms can be seen  In one room, a maid is mounted on a man and is whipping him  In another room, a woman dressed in a white 18th century dress and white powdered wig is seen walking around her room, which is all white and has a large collection of butterflies  In the third room, a strange woman in a bulky black dress with a long braided black wig and face painted all in black (later revealed to be Ayumi herself) is seen dominating and whipping mannequins  The hotel room scenes have been compared by many to the 1995 indie film Four Rooms  In between the hotel room scenes there are other scenes of Ayumi dressed in a dictator's outfit and addressing an army of bald and pale women in an outdoor arena that resembles the Colosseum  The women all appear to have the same face and march along to Ayumi's singing during the song's middle eight 
The music video of "Rainy Day" features Ayumi with short-black hair singing in a house looking in and out of the window  The scene then cuts to her sitting at a bus stop, wearing a white-powered wig  A dog appears out of an alleyway  The dog and Ayumi stare at each other  During the mid-eight, rain has started to fall and the dog is no longer in the scene  Images of people passing the bus stop with umbrellas are shown  An Hansom cab then arrives and picks up Ayumi  She sees the lone dog again and looks back with a regretful face  The house scenes featuring shows Ayumi collapsing onto the floor and crying 

Sales
In 2007, Avex reported that (Miss)understood sold 1,030,000 copies in Japan  (Miss)understood was certified million by RIAJ in sales and was recognized for having more than a million copies shipped to store  On the Oricon Charts, (Miss)understood failed to break a million-selling only a little under 900,000 in 2006, but by 2007 it was able to sell 1,030,000 copies  The total sales number of the album's singles comes to a total of 1,285,000  The album sales and the single sales combined come to a grand sales revenue of 2,315,000 CDs sold 

Track listing
Charts
Total sales: 1,030,000 (Japan)
Total sales: 1,140,000 (Avex)

Singles
Total single sales: 1,285,000
Total album and single sales: 2,315,000

Release history
Notes
Passage 6:
Emilia Galotti
Emilia Galotti (German pronunciation: [eˈmiːli̯a ɡaˈlɔti] (listen)) is a play in five acts by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), which premiered on 8 March 1772 in Brunswick ("Braunschweig" in German)  The work is a classic example of German bürgerliches Trauerspiel (bourgeois tragedy)  Other works in this category include Schiller's Kabale und Liebe and Hebbel's Maria Magdalene  The story is based upon the Roman myth of Verginia 
Emilia Galotti is a drama of the Enlightenment, though it doesn't precisely follow the standard French model of the era  Although love is a central theme, in reality Emilia Galotti is primarily a political commentary  The arbitrary style of rule by the aristocracy is placed in stark contrast to the new and enlightened morality of the bourgeoisie  The more feudal ideas of love and marriage thus come into conflict with the growing tendency to marry for love, rather than family tradition and power  This combination results in a rather explosive situation  It was made into a film in 1958 

Characters
Emilia Galotti
Odoardo Galotti, father of Emilia Galotti
Claudia Galotti, mother of Emilia Galotti
Pirro, servant of the Galottis
Hettore Gonzaga, prince of Guastalla
Marinelli, chamberlain of the prince
Camillo Rota, one of the prince's advisors
Conti, a painter
Count Appiani
Countess Orsina
Angelo, a robber
Battista, servant of Gonzaga

Plot
Set in Italy , Emilia Galotti tells the story of a virtuous young woman of the bourgeoisie  The absolutist prince of Guastalla, Hettore Gonzaga, becomes obsessed with the idea of making Emilia his lover after their first meeting  He thus gives his conniving Chamberlain, Marinelli, the right to do anything in his power to delay the previously arranged marriage between Emilia and Count Appiani  Marinelli then hires criminals who shortly thereafter murder the count on his way to the wedding  Emilia is quickly brought to safety in the prince's nearby summer residence  Unlike her mother Claudia, Emilia does not yet recognise the true implications of the scheme  A few moments later, Countess Orsina, the prince's former mistress, comes to the residence as well  Out of frustration over her harsh rejection by the prince, she attempts to convince Odoardo, Emilia's father, to avenge Count Appiani by stabbing the prince to death  Odoardo, however, hesitates in agreeing to this proposal and decides to leave the revenge in the hands of God  Emilia, who must remain under the protection of the prince due to another intrigue on Marinelli's behalf, attempts to convince her father to kill her in order to maintain her dignity in light of the prince's exertions to seduce her  The father agrees and stabs her, but immediately feels appalled by his deed  In the end Odoardo leaves the matter to the prince  He subsequently decides that Marinelli is responsible for the catastrophe and has him banned from his court  Ultimately, Emilia's father recognises God as the absolute authority 

Theme
Lessing's work of course comprises an attack against the nobility and its powers  Lessing depicts aristocrats as having unfair powers in society and as ruining the happiness of the emerging middle class  With the play, Lessing directs criticism at the tyranny of the reigning class 

Criticism
Music historian Charles Burney, arriving in Vienna in 1772, attended a performance of Emilia Galotti  "I should suppose this play to have been well acted; there were energy and passion, and many speeches were much applauded " But the Englishman was surprised by the "impious oaths and execrations" of the script: "The interlocutors curse, swear, and call names, in a gross and outrageous manner  I know not, perhaps, the exact ideas annexed by the Germans to the following expressions, of "Mein Gott," "Gott verdamm ihn," etc , but they shocked my ears very frequently " Still, Burney was impressed by the piece: "There is an original wildness in the conduct and sentiments of this piece which renders it very interesting "In Arthur Schopenhauer's The Art of Literature, he criticised Emilia Galotti as a play with a "positively revolting" end 

In literature
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe refers to Emilia Galotti in his novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers), which was published in 1774 

They had laid Werther on the bed: his head was bound up, and the paleness of death was upon his face  His limbs were motionless; but he still breathed, at one time strongly, then weaker—his death was momently expected 
He had drunk only one glass of the wine  Emilia Galotti lay open upon his bureau 
The detail of Emilia Galotti's presence in the room, like many of the details of Werther, was taken from the 1772 suicide of Goethe's acquaintance Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem 
Passage 7:
Pendennis
The History of Pendennis: His Fortunes and Misfortunes, His Friends and His Greatest Enemy (1848–50) is a novel by the English author William Makepeace Thackeray  It is set in 19th-century England, particularly in London  The main hero is a young English gentleman Arthur Pendennis, who is born in the country and sets out for London to seek his place in life and society  The novel took two years for Thackeray to write and, in line with other Thackeray works, most notably Vanity Fair, it offers an insightful and satiric picture of human character and aristocratic society  The characters include the snobbish social hanger-on Major Pendennis and the tipsy Captain Costigan  Miss Amory and Sir Francis Clavering are somewhat reminiscent of Becky Sharp and Sir Pitt from Vanity Fair 

Plot summary
Arthur Pendennis ("Pen" to his friends) is the only child of a prosperous physician and former apothecary now deceased  He and his foster sister Laura are raised in the village of Fairoaks by his indulgent mother, Mrs Pendennis  The family has risen to gentility in the past generation or two but is not wealthy: the late Mr Pendennis left only a house and investments producing about 500 pounds a year  The Pendennises, however, claim descent from an ancient family, and Arthur's uncle Major Pendennis, though he has only his retired Army pay, associates with wealthy and titled people  As Pen and Laura grow up, Mrs Pendennis tells them she hopes they will marry someday 
At age 18, however, Pen falls in love with an actress, Emily Fotheringay (a stage name), who is about ten years his senior  Emily's father, Captain Costigan, believes Pen is rich and wants Pen to marry his daughter, but Pen's mother is horrified  She summons Major Pendennis from London, and the Major derails the marriage simply by telling Costigan his nephew is not rich  Emily jilts Pen 
Pen, heartbroken, leaves home to study at St Boniface's college in Oxbridge  There he lives extravagantly, unwittingly causing his mother and Laura to live in near poverty  After two years, Pen fails his final examination and remorsefully returns home where, unfortunately, his mother and Laura easily forgive him and Laura sacrifices her small personal fortune to pay Pen's debts  He soon returns to Oxbridge, retakes the exam, and obtains a degree, but returns to Fairoaks as his mother thinks earning a living is both beneath her son and harmful to his health 
Soon a large house in the neighbourhood that has stood empty for years is reoccupied by its owners, the Clavering family, consisting of Sir Francis, a baronet and Member of Parliament addicted to gambling; his rich and kindly but low-born wife, whose father earned his fortune in India; their young son; and Lady Clavering's daughter from her first marriage, Blanche Amory  The Pendennises become friendly with the Claverings and Pen becomes infatuated with Blanche, but the flirtation doesn't last long  To please his mother, Pen at this point languidly proposes to Laura but she turns him down essentially because she thinks he's not mature enough 
Pen then sets out for London, where he meets George Warrington, a journalist, with whom Pen takes cheap lodgings and who helps Pen get started as a writer  Pen achieves some success and starts to support himself, swearing he'll take no more of his mother's or Laura's money 
The Clavering family also comes up to London, where they live very well, and Blanche continues to flirt with Pen and many other men  One of them, Pen's college friend Harry Foker, falls in love with Blanche but cannot propose to her as his father will disinherit him unless he marries his cousin Ann  Pen—by now rather cynical about love and life—toys with the idea of a marriage of convenience to Blanche, and his uncle encourages him in this, but—partly because he knows that Harry Foker loves Blanche—Pen doesn't propose  Foker leaves England for a year or two, unable to marry Blanche but unwilling to marry his cousin 
A new character, Colonel Altamont, is introduced at this point: he knows a secret about the Clavering family and uses it to extort money from the baronet  Major Pendennis meets Colonel Altamont, recognises him from his Army service in India, and knows that Altamont is really Lady Clavering's supposedly dead first husband Mr Amory  He is an escaped convict and a murderer as well  Major Pendennis, however, doesn't act on his knowledge  In addition to being blackmailed, Sir Francis Clavering loses a tremendous sum of money at the races and hides from his wife and creditors in an obscure part of London 

Meanwhile, Pen meets Fanny Bolton, who is pretty and young, but ignorant and lower-class  They fall in love a little, but after a very short and innocent relationship, Pen decides not to see her any more for the good of both  Brooding and keeping to his comfortless room to avoid seeing Fanny, Pen falls very ill  When malicious gossip reaches Helen and Laura that Pen is "entangled" with a girl of low station, they rush to his side: they find Fanny in his room, where she has just arrived to nurse him, but Helen and Laura think the worst and treat Fanny very rudely  Pen, unconscious, is unable to defend Fanny and himself 
Recovering after several weeks of illness, Pen takes a journey with his mother, Laura, and Warrington, who falls in love with Laura but cannot marry her because of his own catastrophic early marriage  (He is separated from his venal wife and her children—of whom he is only legally, not biologically, the father  He supports them but does not see them, and has no ambition because if he earns more money, his wife will demand it ) Helen's health deteriorates because of her belief in Pen's immoral connection with Fanny  Pen finally discovers how Helen treated Fanny; he is very angry at his mother and tells her he and Fanny are innocent  She is overjoyed to hear it, and soon mother and son forgive each other  Helen's health is nevertheless too much shaken and she dies soon afterward 
Pen thus comes into possession of the family property of 500 pounds a year  He leases his house at Fairoaks to tenants and returns to London, while Laura goes to live as companion to a Lady Rockminster  Pen does send a small amount of money to Fanny Bolton with his thanks; she eventually marries a Mr Huxter (who had started the gossip about her and Pen) 
Major Pendennis, still hoping to arrange a profitable marriage between Pen and Blanche Amory, meets Sir Francis and threatens to divulge his secret—that he is not really married to Lady Clavering—if Sir Francis will not retire and turn over his seat in Parliament to Pen  Sir Francis consents  Major Pendennis' shrewd valet Morgan overhears the conversation and makes plans to extort everyone—the Major, Pen, Altamont, Sir Francis, and Lady Clavering  When Morgan tries this on Major Pendennis, however, the Major won't stand for it, as he has as much to threaten Morgan with (theft) as Morgan has to threaten others with 
At this point Pen has finally become engaged to Blanche, though they do not love each other  Then he learns, through Morgan, of the scandal concerning the Claverings  Pen does what he considers the honourable thing: he maintains his engagement with Blanche, but refuses her family money and the seat in Parliament 
Now Harry Foker comes back into the picture: his father has died and his fiancee-cousin Ann has eloped with another man, leaving Harry rich and free to marry as he likes  He returns to England and immediately proposes to Blanche  She accepts because he is richer than Pen  On learning that Blanche has broken their engagement, Pen proposes to Laura, whom he has come to love, and is accepted, because she has long loved him—even when she refused his first marriage proposal 
The secret of the Clavering family finally becomes known to everybody and Harry Foker breaks his engagement to Blanche—not because of her disreputable father, but because she deceived him and doesn't love him  There is one final surprise: Altamont/Amory, although he is Blanche's father, was bigamously married to several women before he "married" Blanche's mother, so the Clavering marriage is legal after all, but Blanche is illegitimate  Blanche leaves for Paris, where she apparently marries a confidence trickster  Foker remains unmarried  Pen and Laura marry; soon their income increases, and he enters Parliament through his own honest efforts 

Recent editions
Classic Books, 1999  ISBN 1-58201-392-6 
Michigan Historical Reprint Series, Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, 2005  ISBN 1-4255-4211-5  http://name umdl umich edu/AAN4217 0001 001
Passage 8:
Ivanhoe, North Carolina
Ivanhoe is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sampson County, North Carolina, United States  The population was 198 at the 2020 U S  census 

History
The Beatty-Corbett House, Black River Presbyterian and Ivanhoe Baptist Churches, and Delta Farm were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 

Geography
Ivanhoe is located at 34°35′43″N 78°14′4″W (34 595158, -78 234380) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5 03 square miles (13 0 km2), of which 5 02 square miles is land and 0 01 square miles is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 311 people, 113 households, and 83 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 61 9 people per square mile (23 9 people/km2)  There were 123 housing units at an average density of 24 5 per square mile (9 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 21 54% White, 70 74% African American, 0 32% Native American, 0 64% Asian, 6 11% from other races, and 0 64% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8 68% of the population 
There were 113 households, out of which 35 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49 6% were married couples living together, 19 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 5% were non-families  22 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 61 and the average family size was 3 10 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26 7% under the age of 18, 6 8% from 18 to 24, 30 2% from 25 to 44, 22 5% from 45 to 64, and 13 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 98 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101 8 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $32,917  Males had a median income of $20,000 versus $18,458 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $11,305  About 6 8% of families and 6 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 16 3% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 9:
Miss Sara Sampson
Miss Sara Sampson (original spelling Miß Sara Sampson) is a play by the Enlightenment philosopher, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing  Written in 1755 while the author was living in Potsdam, it is seen by many scholars to be one of the first bourgeois tragedies  In the same year it was represented at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder and was very well received  It was afterwards translated and acted in France, where it also met with success  The play was Lessing's first real success as a playwright and it was in part due to the success of this play that he was asked to be the dramaturg at the German National Theatre in Hamburg 

See also
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Bourgeois tragedy
Age of Enlightenment

Notes
External links
Miss Sara Sampson, full translation by Ernest Bell online 
 Miss Sara Sampson public domain audiobook at LibriVox



ground_truth: Emilia Galotti

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who plays the wife of the producer of Here Comes the Boom in Grown Ups?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The Canadian Royal cypher and the Arms of Canada feature St Edward's Crown that displays five cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys   The fleur-de-lis is featured on the flag of Quebec, known as the Fleurdelisé, as well as the flags of the cities of Montreal, Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières 

Italy
In Italy, the fleur de lis - called giglio bottonato (it) - is mainly known from the crest of the city of Florence  In the Florentine fleurs-de-lis  the stamens are always posed between the petals  Originally argent (silver or white) on gules (red) background, the emblem became the standard of the imperial party in Florence (parte ghibellina), causing the town government, which maintained a staunch Guelph stance, being strongly opposed to the imperial pretensions on city states, to reverse the color pattern to the final gules lily on argent background  This heraldic charge is often known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional (stamen-not-shown) design  As an emblem of the city, it is therefore found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop, and associated with Florence's patron Saint John the Baptist in the Florentine fiorino  Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens 

Lithuania
The design of the arms of Jurbarkas is believed to originate from the arms of the Sapieha house, a Lithuanian noble family which was responsible for Jurbarkas receiving city rights and a coat of arms in 1611 The three fleurs-de-lis design on the Jurbarkas coat of arms was abolished during the final years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but officially restored in 1993 after the independence of present-day Lithuania was re-established  Before restoration, several variant designs, such as using one over two fleurs-de-lis, had been restored and abolished  The original two over one version was briefly readopted in 1970 during the Soviet occupation, but abolished that same year 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a fleur-de-lis has appeared in the official arms of the Norroy King of Arms for hundreds of years  A silver fleur-de-lis on a blue background is the arms of the Barons Digby In English and Canadian heraldry the fleur-de-lis is the cadence mark of a sixth son It can also be found on the arms of the Scottish clan Chiefs of both Carruthers; Gules two engrailed chevrons between three fleur-d-lis Or and the Brouns/Browns: Gules a chevron between three fleur d-lis Or 

United States
Fleurs-de-lis crossed the Atlantic along with Europeans going to the New World, especially with French settlers  Their presence on North American flags and coats of arms usually recalls the involvement of French settlers in New France of the town or region concerned, and in some cases the persisting presence there of a population descended from such settlers 

In the US, the fleur-de-lis symbols tend to be along or near the Mississippi and Missouri rivers  These are areas of strong French colonial empire settlement  Some of the places that have it in their flag or seal are the cities of Baton Rouge, Detroit, Lafayette, Louisville, Mobile, New Orleans, Ocean Springs and St  Louis  On 9 July 2008, Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal signed a bill into law making the fleur-de-lis an official symbol of the state  Following Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005, the fleur-de-lis has been widely used in New Orleans and throughout Louisiana, as a symbol of grassroots support for New Orleans' recovery  The coat of arms of St  Augustine, Florida has a fleur-de-lis on the first quarter, due to its connection with Huguenots  Several counties have flags and seals based on pre-1801 British royal arms also includes fleur-de-lis symbols  They are King George County, Virginia and Prince George's County, Somerset County, Kent County, and Montgomery County in Maryland 
It has also become the symbol for the identity of the Cajuns and Louisiana Creole people, and their French heritage 

Military
Fleurs-de-lis are featured in military healdry  E g , in the United States, the New Jersey Army National Guard unit 112th Field Artillery (Self Propelled)—part of the much larger 42nd Infantry Division Mechanized—which has it in the upper left side of their distinctive unit insignia; the U S  Army's 2nd Cavalry Regiment, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 62nd Medical Brigade, 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team; and the Corps of Cadets at Louisiana State University   The U S  Air Force's Special Operations Weather Beret Flash also used a fleurs-de-lis in its design, carried over from its Vietnam War era Commando Weatherman Beret Flash  It is also featured by the Israeli Intelligence Corps, and the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force  In the British Army, the fleur-de-lis was the cap badge of the Manchester Regiment from 1922 until 1958, and also its successor, the King's Regiment up to its amalgamation in 2006  It commemorates the capture of French regimental colours by their predecessors, the 63rd Regiment of Foot, during the Invasion of Martinique in 1759  It is also the formation sign of the 2nd (Independent) Armored Brigade of the Indian Army, known as the 7th Indian Cavalry Brigade in First World War, which received the emblem for its actions in France 

In religion and art
In the Middle Ages, the symbols of lily and fleur-de-lis overlapped considerably in Christian religious art  The historian Michel Pastoureau says that until about 1300 they were found in depictions of Jesus, but gradually they took on Marian symbolism and were associated with the Song of Solomon's "lily among thorns" (lilium inter spinas), understood as a reference to Mary  Other scripture and religious literature in which the lily symbolizes purity and chastity also helped establish the flower as an iconographic attribute of the Virgin  It was also believed that the fleur-de-lis represented the Holy Trinity In medieval England, from the mid-12th century, a noblewoman's seal often showed the lady with a fleur-de-lis, drawing on the Marian connotations of "female virtue and spirituality"  Images of Mary holding the flower first appeared in the 11th century on coins issued by cathedrals dedicated to her, and next on the seals of cathedral chapters, starting with Notre Dame de Paris in 1146  A standard portrayal was of Mary carrying the flower in her right hand, just as she is shown in that church's Virgin of Paris statue (with lily), and in the centre of the stained glass rose window (with fleur-de-lis sceptre) above its main entrance  The flowers may be "simple fleurons, sometimes garden lilies, sometimes genuine heraldic fleurs-de-lis"  As attributes of the Madonna, they are often seen in pictures of the Annunciation, notably in those of Sandro Botticelli and Filippo Lippi  Lippi also uses both flowers in other related contexts: for instance, in his Madonna in the Forest 
The three petals of the heraldic design reflect a widespread association with the Holy Trinity, with the band on the bottom symbolizing Mary  The tradition says that without Mary you can not understand the Trinity since it was she who bore the Son  A tradition going back to 14th century France added onto the earlier belief that they also represented faith, wisdom and chivalry  Alternatively, the cord can be seen as representing the one Divine Substance (godhood) of the three Persons, which binds Them together 
"Flower of light" symbolism has sometimes been understood from the archaic variant fleur-de-luce (see Latin lux, luc- = "light"), but the Oxford English Dictionary suggests this arose from the spelling, not from the etymology 

Sports
The fleur-de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag  This is true with the teams from Quebec (Nordiques (ex-NHL), Montreal Expos (ex-MLB) and CF Montréal (MLS)), the teams of New Orleans, Louisiana (Saints (NFL), Pelicans (NBA), and Zephyrs (PCL)), the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien – The Lilies), the Rugby league team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, the NPSL team Detroit City FC Marc-André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur-de-lis logo on his mask  The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St-Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur-de-lis on his right calf  The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F C  has it in their logo  France uses the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 

Education
The emblem appears in coats of arms and logos for universities (like Washington University in St  Louis, Saint Louis University in Spain, University of Lincoln in England and University of Louisiana at Lafayette) and schools such as in Hilton College (South Africa), Adamson University and St  Paul's University in the Philippines  The Lady Knights of the University of Arkansas at Monticello have also adopted the fleur de lis as one of the symbols associated with their coat of arms  The flag of Lincolnshire, adopted in 2005, has a fleur-de-lis for the city of Lincoln  It is one of the symbols of the American sororities Kappa Kappa Gamma and Theta Phi Alpha, the American fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Sigma Alpha Mu, as well as the international co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega  It is also used by the high school and college fraternity Scouts Royale Brotherhood of the Philippines 

Scouting
The fleur-de-lis is the main element in the logo of most Scouting organizations  The symbol was first used by Sir Robert Baden-Powell as an arm-badge for soldiers who qualified as scouts (reconnaissance specialists) in the 5th Dragoon Guards, which he commanded at the end of the 19th century; it was later used in cavalry regiments throughout the British Army until 1921  In 1907, Baden-Powell made brass fleur-de-lis badges for the boys attending his first experimental "Boy Scout" camp at Brownsea Island  In his seminal book Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell referred to the motif as "the arrowhead which shows the North on a map or a compass" and continued; "It is the Badge of the Scout because it points in the right direction and upward    The three points remind you of the three points of the Scout Promise", being duty to God and country, helping others, and keeping the Scout Law  The World Scout Emblem of the World Organization of the Scout Movement has elements which are used by most national Scout organizations  The stars stand for truth and knowledge, the encircling rope for unity, and its reef knot or square knot, service 

Organizations
Fleurs-de-lis appear on military insignia and the logos of many organisations  During the 20th century the symbol was adopted by various Scouting organisations worldwide for their badges  Architects and designers use it alone and as a repeated motif in a wide range of contexts, from ironwork to bookbinding, especially where a French context is implied 

Healdic feature in architecture
In building and architecture, the fleur-de-lis is often placed on top of iron fence posts, as a pointed defence against intruders  It may ornament any tip, point or post with a decorative flourish, for instance, on finials, the arms of a cross, or the point of a gable  The fleur-de-lis can be incorporated in friezes or cornices, although the distinctions between fleur-de-lis, fleuron, and other stylized flowers are not always clear, or can be used as a motif in an all-over tiled pattern, perhaps on a floor 
It may appear in a building for heraldic reasons, as in some English churches where the design paid a compliment to a local lord who used the flower on his coat of arms  Elsewhere the effect seems purely visual, like the crenellations on the 14th-century Muslim Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 
It can also be seen on the doors of the 16th-century Hindu Padmanabhaswamy Temple 

Derived non-heraldic usage
Some modern usage of the fleur-de-lis reflects "the continuing presence of heraldry in everyday life", often intentionally, but also when users are not aware that they are "prolonging the life of centuries-old insignia and emblems" 

The symbol may be used in less traditional ways  After Hurricane Katrina many New Orleanians of varying ages and backgrounds were tattooed with "one of its cultural emblems" as a "memorial" of the storm, according to a researcher at Tulane University  The US Navy Blue Angels have named a looping flight demonstration manoeuvre after the flower as well, and there are even two surgical procedures called "after the fleur "
American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet takes its name from the racing driver Louis Chevrolet, who was born in Switzerland   But, because the Chevrolet name is French, the manufacturer has used the fleur-de-lis emblems on their cars, most notably the Corvette, but also as a small detail in the badges and emblems on the front of a variety of full-size Chevys from the 1950s, and 1960s   The fleur-de-lis has also been featured more prominently in the emblems of the Caprice sedan A fleur-de-lis also appears in some of the logos of local Louisiana media, such as WGNO-TV and WVUE-TV, the local ABC-affiliated and Fox-affiliated television stations in New Orleans respectively 
The fleur-de-lis is one of the objects to drop during the New Year's Eve celebrations in New Orleans, which was broadcast for the first time during Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve '17 with Ryan Seacrest 
New Orleans sludge metal band Crowbar use it as a logo  It's appeared on every album cover since Lifesblood for the Downtrodden and is sometimes incorporated into the artwork (on The Serpent Only Lies as a snake and on Sever the Wicked Hand as a sword's hilt)  The Fleur-de-lis is also used decoratively on fire apparatus 

Compass rose
The symbol is also often used on a compass rose to mark the north direction, a tradition started by the Portuguese cartographer Jorge de Aguiar in his chart of 1492 

Slave branding
In Mauritius, slaves were branded with a fleur-de-lis, when being punished for escaping or stealing food In France, some categories of outlaws were branded with a fleur de lys iron rod as a punishment for crimes involving a banishment sentence  In 1724, the punishment evolved in a system of letters brandings relative to the crime  The fleur de lys became an exclusive punishment for slaves in the colonies 
The fleur-de-lis (or flower de Luce) could be branded on slaves as punishment for certain offenses in French Louisiana   For instance, the Louisiana Code Noir (1724) stated:

XXXII  The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the shoulder: and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder  On the third offence, he shall suffer death" 
The Code Noir was an arrangement of controls received in Louisiana in 1724 from other French settlements around the globe, intended to represent the state's slave populace  Those guidelines included marking slaves with the fleur-de-lis as discipline for fleeing 

In fiction
The symbol has featured in modern fiction on historical and mystical themes, as in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code and other books discussing the Priory of Sion  It recurs in French literature, where examples well known in English translation include Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, a character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo, and the mention in Dumas's The Three Musketeers of the old custom of branding a criminal with the sign (fleurdeliser)  During the reign of Elizabeth I of England, known as the Elizabethan era, it was a standard name for an iris, a usage which lasted for centuries, but occasionally refers to lilies or other flowers  It also appeared in the novel A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole on a sign composed by the protagonist 

In John Steinbeck's East of Eden, Cathy Ames ("Kate") wears a gold watch with a fleur-de-lis pin around her neck A variation on the symbol has also been used in the Star Wars franchise to represent the planet of Naboo  The fleur de lis is also used as the heraldic emblem for the Kingdom of Temeria in Andrzej Sapkowski's fantasy novel series The Witcher 
The fleur de lis has also been used in the TV series The Originals, in which it is used to represent the Mikaelson family, the first vampires in the world  The symbol's representation of unity and its usage in New Orleans where the show is set, are used to represent the vow three of the Mikaelson siblings made to each other that they remain together, always and forever 
The fleur de lis is displayed in Champion, a cavalry unit that appears in Heroes of Might and Magic V: Tribes of the East, and is also a symbol adopted by the Sisters of Battle, a faction in Warhammer 40,000  A heavily stylized fleur de lis symbol can also be recognized as the symbol of the ICA in the Hitman series of video games The Pokémon villain Lysandre; whose debut game was Pokémon X and Y is known in Japan as フラダリ (Furadari); a romanised name for the fleur-de-lis  Relevant is that Pokémon X and Y are inspired by France  Many locations and landmarks across Kalos have real-world inspirations, including Prism Tower (Eiffel Tower), the Lumiose Art Museum (the Louvre) and the stones outside Geosenge Town (Carnac stones) This symbol is also used as the icon for the fictional street gang "Third Street Saints" in the Saints Row series 
The symbol is also seen in the video games Gangstar: New Orleans and Persona 5, on Yusuke Kitagawa's shirt 

See also
Cross fleury
Floral emblem
Armorial of France
The Golden Lily (disambiguation)
Iris florentina
Iris pseudacorus
Jessant-de-lys
Lilium
Palmette
Prince of Wales's feathers
Shamrock
Scottish thistle
Tree of LifeUse of the lily in coinage and coat-of-arms in the Land of Israel/PalestineAcre, Israel, where the Hospitaller refectory contains two early depictions of the French fleur-de-lis
Hasmonean coinage, coins minted during Hasmonean rule, sometimes depicting a lily
Yehud coinage, Achaemenid period coinage often depicting a lily

Explanatory notes
Passage 10:
The Pentagon
The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense, in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D C  It was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II  As a symbol of the U S  military, the phrase The Pentagon is often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership 
The building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain  Ground was broken on 11 September 1941, and the building was dedicated on 15 January 1943  General Brehon Somervell provided the major impetus to gain Congressional approval for the project; Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U S  Army Corps of Engineers, which supervised it 
The Pentagon is the world's largest office building, with about 6 5 million square feet (150 acres; 60 ha) of floor space, of which 3 7 million square feet (85 acres; 34 ha) are used as offices  Some 23,000 military and civilian employees, and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel, work in the Pentagon  It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17 5 mi (28 2 km) of corridors, with a central five-acre (2 0 ha) pentagonal plaza 
In 2001, the Pentagon was damaged during the September 11 attacks  Five al-Qaeda hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the western side of the building, killing themselves and 184 other people: 59 on the airplane and 125 in the Pentagon  It was the first significant foreign attack on government facilities in Washington, D C  since the burning of Washington during the War of 1812  Following the attacks, the western side of the building was repaired, with a small indoor memorial and chapel added at the point of impact  An outdoor memorial dedicated to the Pentagon victims of 9/11 opened in 2008 

Layout and facilities
The Pentagon building spans 28 7 acres (116,000 m2), and includes an additional 5 1 acres (21,000 m2) as a central courtyard Starting with the north side and moving clockwise, its five façade entrances are the Mall Terrace, the River Terrace, the Concourse (or Metro Station), the South Parking, and the Heliport  On the north side of the building, the Mall Entrance, which also features a portico, leads out to a 600 ft-long (180 m) terrace that is used for ceremonies  The River Entrance, which features a portico projecting out twenty ft (6 m), is on the northeast side, overlooking the lagoon and facing Washington  A stepped terrace on the River Entrance leads down to the lagoon; and a landing dock was used until the late 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling Air Force Base and the Pentagon  The main entrance for visitors is on the southeast side, as are the Pentagon Metro station and the bus station 
There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the second floor of the building, which contains a mini-shopping mall  The south parking lot adjoins the southwest façade, and the west side of the Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard 
The concentric rings are designated from the center out as "A" through "E" (with additional "F" and "G" rings in the basement)  "E" Ring offices are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior officials  Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings, and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (1 to 10), followed by a bay number (00 to 99), so office numbers range from 100 to 1099  These corridors radiate out from the central courtyard, with corridor 1 beginning with the Concourse's south end  Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block)  There are a number of historical displays in the building, particularly in the "A" and "E" rings Subterranean floors in the Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "M" for Mezzanine  The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance  Above-ground floors are numbered 1 to 5  Room numbers are given as the floor, concentric ring, and office number (which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed by the bay number)  Thus, office 2B315 is on the second floor, B ring, and nearest to corridor 3 (between corridors 2 and 3)  One way to get to this office would be to go to the second floor, get to the A (innermost) ring, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15 It is possible for a person to walk between any two points in the Pentagon in less than ten minutes, though the most optimal route may involve a brisk walk, routing through the open-air central courtyard, or both  The complex includes eating and exercise facilities as well as meditation and prayer rooms 
Just south of the Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal City, extensive shopping, business, and high-density residential districts in Arlington  Arlington National Cemetery is to the north  The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex Pentagon road network The Pentagon has six Washington, DC, ZIP Codes (despite its location in Virginia): The Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the four service branches each have their own ZIP Code 

History
Background
Before the Pentagon was built, the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building, a temporary structure erected during World War I along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall  The War Department, which was a civilian agency created to administer the U S  Army, was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall, as well as dozens of other buildings in Washington, D C , Maryland and Virginia  In the late 1930s, during the Great Depression and federal construction program, a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not solve the department's space problem  It became the headquarters of the Department of State When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, the War Department rapidly expanded to deal with current issues and in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict  Secretary of War Henry L  Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and department offices spread out in additional sites Stimson told U S  President Franklin D  Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space  On 17 July 1941, a congressional hearing took place, organized by Congressman Clifton Woodrum (D-VA), regarding proposals for new War Department buildings  Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold, who was representing the War Department at the hearing, for an "overall solution" to the department's "space problem", rather than building yet more temporary buildings  Reybold agreed to report back to the congressman within five days  The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, to come up with a plan 

Planning
Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia  Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, and that it use a minimal amount of steel to reserve that resource for war needs  The requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area  Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agriculture's Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, and the obsolete Hoover Field site The site originally chosen was Arlington Farms, which had an asymmetric, roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon  Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D C , from Arlington Cemetery, President Roosevelt ended up selecting the Hoover Airport site instead  The building retained the pentagonal layout because Roosevelt liked it and a major redesign at that stage would have been costly  Freed of the constraints of the Arlington Farms site, the building was modified as a regular pentagon  It resembled star forts constructed during the gunpowder age On 28 July, Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington, which would house the entire department under one roof  President Roosevelt officially approved of the Hoover Airport site on 2 September  While the project went through the approval process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc  of Philadelphia, which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington, the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, along with Wise Contracting Company, Inc  and Doyle and Russell, both from Virginia  In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres (1 16 km2), which were acquired at a cost of $2 2 million (equivalent to $31 6 million in 2021)  The Hell's Bottom neighborhood, consisting of numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, and other buildings around Columbia Pike, was cleared to make way for the Pentagon  Later, 300 acres (1 2 km2) of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres (1 1 km2) for the Pentagon 

Construction
Contracts totaling $31,100,000 (equivalent to $446 million in 2021) were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on 11 September 1941, and ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day  Among the design requirements, Somervell required the structural design to accommodate floor loads of up to 150 psi (1,000 kPa), which was done in case the building became a records storage facility at some time after the end of the current war  A minimal amount of steel was used as it was in short supply during World War II  Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River, and a lagoon was created beneath the Pentagon's river entrance  To minimize steel usage, concrete ramps were built rather than installing elevators  Indiana limestone was used for the building's façade Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon proceeded simultaneously with construction, with initial drawings provided in early October 1941, and most of the design work completed by 1 June 1942  At times the construction work got ahead of the design, with different materials used than those specified in the plans  Pressure to speed up design and construction intensified after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, with Somervell demanding that 1 million sq ft (9 3 ha) of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation by 1 April 1943  David J  Witmer replaced Bergstrom as chief architect on 11 April after Bergstrom resigned  Unrelated to the Pentagon project, he was charged with improper conduct while having served as president of the American Institute of Architects  Construction was completed 15 January 1943 Soil conditions of the site – on the Potomac River floodplain – presented challenges, as did the varying elevations across the site, which ranged from ten to forty ft (3 to 12 m) above sea level  Two retaining walls were built to compensate for the elevation variations, and cast-in-place piles were used to deal with the soil conditions  Construction of the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months at a total cost of $83 million (equivalent to $1 19 billion in 2021)  The building's approximate height is 77 ft (23 m), and each of the five sides is 921 ft (281 m) in length The building was built wedge by wedge; each wedge was occupied as soon as it was completed, even as construction continued on the remaining wedges The Pentagon was designed in accordance with the racial segregation laws in force in the state of Virginia at the time, with separate eating and lavatory accommodations for white and black persons  While the sets of lavatories were side by side, the dining areas for blacks were located in the basement  When Roosevelt visited the facility before its dedication, he ordered removal of the "Whites Only" signs in segregated areas  When the Governor of Virginia protested, Roosevelt's administration responded that the Pentagon, although on Virginia land, was under Federal jurisdiction  In addition, its military and civilian Federal employees were going to comply with the President's policies  As a result, the Pentagon was the only building in Virginia where racial segregation laws were not enforced (these laws were not overturned until 1965)  The side-by-side sets of restrooms still exist, but have been integrated in practice since the building was occupied 

Hall of Heroes
On the building's main concourse is the Hall of Heroes, opened 1968 and dedicated to the more than 3,460 recipients of the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest military decoration  The three versions of the Medal of Honor – Army, Sea Service (for the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard), and Air Force (for the Air Force and Space Force) – are on display along with the names of recipients The Hall is also used for promotions, retirements, and other ceremonies 

Renovation
From 1998 to 2011, the Pentagon was completely gutted and reconstructed in phases to bring it up to modern standards and improve security and efficiency  Asbestos was removed and all office windows were sealed As originally built, most Pentagon office space consisted of open bays which spanned an entire ring  These offices used cross-ventilation from operable windows instead of air conditioning for cooling  Gradually, bays were subdivided into private offices with many using window air conditioning units  With renovations now complete, the new space includes a return to open office bays, and a new Universal Space Plan of standardized office furniture and partitions developed by Studios Architecture Pentagon tours were suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic 

Incidents
Protests
During the late 1960s, the Pentagon became a focal point for protests against the Vietnam War  A group of 2,500 women, organized by Women Strike for Peace, demonstrated outside Secretary of Defense Robert S  McNamara's office at the Pentagon on 15 February 1967  In May 1967, a group of 20 demonstrators held a sit-in outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff's office, which lasted four days before they were arrested  In one of the better known incidents, on 21 October 1967, some 35,000 anti-war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, gathered for a demonstration at the Defense Department (the "March on the Pentagon")  They were confronted by some 2,500 armed soldiers  During the protest, a famous picture was taken, where George Harris placed carnations into the soldiers' gun barrels  The march concluded with an attempt to "exorcise" the building On 19 May 1972, the Weather Underground Organization bombed a fourth-floor women's restroom, in "retaliation" for the Nixon administration's bombing of Hanoi in the final stages of the Vietnam War On 17 March 2007, 4,000 to 15,000 people (estimates vary significantly) protested the Iraq War by marching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon's north parking lot 

September 11, 2001 attacks
On September 11, 2001, coincidentally the 60th anniversary of the Pentagon's groundbreaking, five al-Qaeda affiliated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight 77, en route from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport, and deliberately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side of the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT as part of the September 11 attacks  The impact of the plane severely damaged the outer ring of one wing of the building and caused its partial collapse  At the time of the attacks, the Pentagon was under renovation and many offices were unoccupied, resulting in fewer casualties  Only 800 of 4,500 people who would have been in the area were there because of the work  Furthermore, the area hit, on the side of the Heliport façade, was the section best prepared for such an attack  The renovation there, improvements which resulted from the Oklahoma City bombing, had nearly been completed It was the only area of the Pentagon with a sprinkler system, and it had been reconstructed with a web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts  The steel reinforcement, bolted together to form a continuous structure through all of the Pentagon's five floors, kept that section of the building from collapsing for 30 minutes—enough time for hundreds of people to crawl out to safety  The area struck by the plane also had blast-resistant windows—2 inches (5 cm) thick and 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) each—that stayed intact during the crash and fire  It had fire doors that opened automatically and newly built exits that allowed people to get out 

Contractors already involved with the renovation were given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks  This additional project was named the "Phoenix Project" and was charged with having the outermost offices of the damaged section occupied by 11 September 2002 When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired, a small indoor memorial and chapel were added at the point of impact  For the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, a memorial of 184 beams of light shone up from the center courtyard of the Pentagon, one light for each victim of the attack  In addition, an American flag is hung each year on the side of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks, and the side of the building is illuminated at night with blue lights  After the attacks, plans were developed for an outdoor memorial, with construction underway in 2006  This Pentagon Memorial consists of a park on 2 acres (8,100 m2) of land, containing 184 benches, one dedicated to each victim  The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77 according to the victims' ages, from 3 to 71  The park opened to the public on 11 September 2008 

Gallery
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
List of United States military bases
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia
The Octagon, headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense in the New Administrative Capital
Pentagon Force Protection Agency

Notes



ground_truth: Maria Bello