prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the last time the team that Arthur James was a member of beat the 1894-95 FA cup winner?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Arsenal F C 
Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Islington, London  Arsenal play in the Premier League, the top flight of English football  The club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 FA Cups, two League Cups, 16 FA Community Shields, one European Cup Winners' Cup, and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  In terms of trophies won, it is the third-most successful club in English football 
Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join the Football League in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904  Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history  In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war  In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double  Between 1989 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles  They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position  Between 1998 and 2017, Arsenal qualified for the UEFA Champions League for nineteen consecutive seasons 
Herbert Chapman, who changed the fortunes of Arsenal forever, won the club its first silverware, and his legacy led the club to dominate the 1930s decade  He helped introduce the WM formation, floodlights, and shirt numbers; he also added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club's jersey  Arsène Wenger is the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies  He won a record seven FA Cups, and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004, receiving the nickname The Invincibles 
In 1886, munitions workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich founded the club as Dial Square  In 1913 the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, becoming close neighbours of Tottenham Hotspur, and creating the North London derby  In 2006, they moved to the nearby Emirates Stadium  With an annual revenue of £367 1m in the 2021–22 season, Arsenal was estimated to be worth US$2 26 billion by Forbes, making it the world's tenth most valuable football club, while it is one of the most followed on social media  The motto of the club has long been Victoria Concordia Crescit, Latin for "Victory Through Harmony" 

History
1886–1919: from Dial Square to Arsenal
In October 1886, Scotsman David Danskin and fifteen fellow munitions workers in Woolwich formed Dial Square Football Club, named after a workshop at the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex  Each member contributed sixpence and Danskin also added three shillings to help form the club  Dial Square played their first match on 11 December 1886 against Eastern Wanderers and won 6–0  The club had renamed to Royal Arsenal by January 1887, and its first home was Plumstead Common, though they spent most of their time playing at the Manor Ground  Their first trophies were the Kent Senior Cup and London Charity Cup in 1889–90 and the London Senior Cup in 1890–91; these were the only county association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London  In 1891, Royal Arsenal became the first London club to turn professional Royal Arsenal renamed for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893  They registered their new name, Woolwich Arsenal, with The Football League when the club ascended later that year : 5–21  Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League, starting out in the Second Division and reaching the First Division in 1904  Falling attendances, due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city, led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910 : 112–149  Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall became involved in the club, and sought to move them elsewhere : 22–42 
In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, the club moved across the river to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury  In 1919, The Football League controversially voted to promote The Arsenal, instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur, into the newly enlarged First Division, despite only finishing fifth in the Second Division's last pre-war season of 1914–15  Later that year, The Arsenal started dropping "The" in official documents, gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal, as it is generally known today 

1919–1953: Bank of England club
With a new home and First Division football, attendances were more than double those at the Manor Ground, and Arsenal's budget grew rapidly  Their location and record-breaking salary offer lured star Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman in 1925  Over the next five years, Chapman built a new Arsenal  He appointed an enduring new trainer Tom Whittaker, implemented Charlie Buchan's new twist on the nascent WM formation, captured young players like Cliff Bastin and Eddie Hapgood, and lavished Highbury's income on stars like David Jack and Alex James  With record-breaking spending and gate receipts, Arsenal quickly became known as the Bank of England club Transformed, Chapman's Arsenal claimed their first national trophy, the FA Cup in 1930, and League Championships followed in 1930–31 and 1932–33  Chapman also presided over off the pitch changes: white sleeves and shirt numbers were added to the kit; a Tube station was named after the club; and the first of two opulent, Art Deco stands was completed, with some of the first floodlights in English football  Suddenly, in the middle of the 1933–34 season, Chapman died of pneumonia  His work was left to Joe Shaw and George Allison, who saw out a hat-trick with the 1933–34 and 1934–35 titles, and then won the 1936 FA Cup and 1937–38 title 
World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years, but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post-war season, 1947–48  This was Tom Whittaker's first season as manager, after his promotion to succeed Allison, and the club had equalled the champions of England record  They won a third FA Cup in 1950, and then won a record-breaking seventh championship in 1952–53  However, the war had taken its toll on Arsenal  The club had had more players killed than any top flight club, and debt from reconstructing the North Bank Stand bled Arsenal's resources 

1953–1986: mediocrity, Mee and Neill
Arsenal were not to win the League or the FA Cup for another 18 years  The '53 Champions squad had aged, and the club failed to attract strong enough replacements  Although Arsenal were competitive during these years, their fortunes had waned; the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in mid-table mediocrity  Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager, in a stint between 1962 and 1966 Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966  With new assistant Don Howe and new players such as Bob McNab and George Graham, Mee led Arsenal to their first League Cup finals, in 1967–68 and 1968–69  Next season saw a breakthrough, with Arsenal's first competitive European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  The season after, Arsenal achieved an even greater triumph with their first League and FA Cup double, and a new champions of England record  This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the rest of the decade was characterised by a series of near misses, with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972–73 Former player Terry Neill succeeded Mee in 1976  At the age of 34, he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date  With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side like Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club reached a trio of FA Cup finals (1978 FA Cup, 1979 FA Cup and 1980 FA Cup), and lost the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties  The club's only trophy during this time was the 1979 FA Cup, achieved with a last-minute 3–2 victory over Manchester United, in a final is widely regarded as a classic 

1986–1996: George Graham
One of Mee's double winners, George Graham, returned as manager in 1986, with Arsenal winning their first League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge  New signings Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon and Steve Bould had joined the club by 1988 to complete the "famous Back Four", led by homegrown player Tony Adams  They immediately won the 1988 Football League Centenary Trophy, and followed it with the 1988–89 Football League title, snatched with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool  Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1994  Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995  His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors 

1996–2018: Wenger years
The club metamorphosed during the tenure of French manager Arsène Wenger, who was appointed in 1996  Attacking football, an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices, and efficiency with money
have defined his reign  Accumulating key players from Wenger's homeland, such as Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry, Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02  In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup, were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cup finals, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles"  This feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first nine seasons at the club, although they never won the title in two consecutive seasons 
The club had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London to reach the final in the competition's fifty-year history, but were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona  In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury 
Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively  The club had not gained a trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until, spearheaded by club record acquisition Mesut Özil, Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2 
A year later, Arsenal completed another victorious FA Cup campaign, and became the most successful club in the tournament's history by winning their 13th FA Cup in 2016–17  However, in that same season, Arsenal finished fifth in the league, the first time they had finished outside the top four since before Wenger arrived in 1996  After another unspectacular league season the following year, Wenger departed Arsenal on 13 May 2018 

Since 2018: post-Wenger era
After conducting an overhaul in the club's operating model to coincide with Wenger's departure, Spaniard Unai Emery was named as the club's new head coach on 23 May 2018  He became the club's first ever 'head coach' and second manager from outside the United Kingdom  In Emery's first season, Arsenal finished fifth in the Premier League and as runner-up in the Europa League  On 29 November 2019, Emery was dismissed as manager and former player and assistant first team coach Freddie Ljungberg was appointed as interim head coach On 20 December 2019, Arsenal appointed former club captain Mikel Arteta as the new head coach  Arsenal finished the league season in eighth, their lowest finish since 1994–95, but beat Chelsea 2–1 to earn a record-extending 14th FA Cup win  After the season, Arteta's title was changed from head coach to manager  On 18 April 2021, Arsenal were announced as a founding club of the breakaway European competition The Super League; they withdrew from the competition two days later amid near-universal condemnation  Arsenal finished the season in eighth place once again, not qualifying for a European competition for the first time in 26 years  In the 2022–23 Premier League season, Arsenal returned to the Champions League by coming second to Manchester City after leading for most of the season 

Crest
Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannons viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich)  These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannons  This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter typography, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit – "victory comes from harmony" – coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer  For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green  Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it  Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise,
Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection  Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable 
The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon  Green was replaced by dark blue  The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue 
Until the 1960s, a badge was worn on the playing shirt only for high-profile matches such as FA Cup finals, usually in the form of a monogram of the club's initials in red on a white background The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border  This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors 
From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname "The Gunners", in the 1990s In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th anniversary  The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season  The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left  The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub  The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club  The laurel leaves also represent strength  To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto "Forward" at the bottom of the crest 

Colours
For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case  The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886  Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work  As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball  The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red  Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves  One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf 
Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons  The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season  The second was 2005–06, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season  In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs  In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip 
In 1941, Luis Robledo, an England-schooled founder of Santa Fe and a fan of Arsenal, selected the main colors for his newly created team  In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas 
These teams still wear those designs to this day 
For many years Arsenal's away colours were white or navy blue  However, in 1968 the FA banned navy shirts (they looked too similar to referees' black kit) so in the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts  This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history  The yellow and blue strip became almost as famous as their iconic red and white home kit  Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United  Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their "lucky" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982–83  The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before 
When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994, Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts  Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits  During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001–02 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013 
Until 2014, the away kit was changed every season, and the outgoing away kit became the third-choice kit if a new home kit was being introduced in the same year Since Puma began manufacturing Arsenal's kits in 2014, new home, away and third kits were released every single season  In the 2017–18 season, Puma released a new color scheme for the away and third kits  The away kit was a light blue, which fades to a darker blue near the bottom, while the third kit was black with red highlight  Puma returned to the original color scheme for the 2018–19 season From the 2019–20 season Arsenal's kits are manufactured by Adidas  In the 2020–21 season, Adidas unveiled the new away kit to 
mark the 15-year anniversary since leaving Highbury  The new away kit is white, with a marbled pattern all across to replicate the iconic marble hall in the East stand of Highbury 

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Stadiums
Before joining the Football League, Arsenal played briefly on Plumstead Common, then at the Manor Ground in Plumstead, then spent three years between 1890 and 1893 at the nearby Invicta Ground  Upon joining the Football League in 1893, the club returned to the Manor Ground and installed stands and terracing, upgrading it from just a field  Arsenal continued to play their home games there for the next twenty years (with two exceptions in the 1894–95 season), until the move to north London in 1913 Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006  The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing  The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954 Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak, and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s  The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993–94 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators  This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards, so much so that for two seasons, from 1998 to 2000, Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley, which could house more than 70,000 spectators 

Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties  These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time  After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury  The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season  The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million  Some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names  The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until at least 2024  From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end  The capacity of the Emirates now stands at 60,704 Arsenal's players train at the Shenley Training Centre in Hertfordshire, a purpose-built facility which opened in 1999 
Before that the club used facilities on a nearby site owned by the University College of London Students' Union  Until 1961 they had trained at Highbury 
Arsenal's Academy under-18 teams play their home matches at Shenley, while the reserves play their games at Meadow Park, which is also the home of Boreham Wood F C  Both the Academy under-18 & the reserves occasionally play their big games at the Emirates in front of a crowd reduced to only the lower west stand 

Supporters and rivalries
Arsenal's fanbase are referred to as "Gooners" – the name derived from the club's nickname "The Gunners"  Virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007–08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99 5% of available capacity), and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance  Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke  The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes  Much of the Afro-Caribbean support comes from the neighbouring London Borough of Hackney and a large portion of the South Asian Arsenal supporters commute to the stadium from Wembley Park, North West of the capital  There was also traditionally a large Irish community that followed Arsenal, with the nearby Archway area having a particularly large community, but Irish migration to North London is much lower than in the 1960s or 1970s 
Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line  The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans  The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!  In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing "One-Nil to the Arsenal" (to the tune of "Go West") 
There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography  Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club  A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million  The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014–15 season 

Rivalries
Arsenal's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbour, Tottenham Hotspur; matches between the two are referred to as the North London derby  There also exists a rivalry between Arsenal and Chelsea  In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in the early 2000s when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title 

Mascot
The club mascot is Gunnersaurus Rex, a smiling, 7-foot-tall green dinosaur, who first appeared at a home match against Manchester City in August 1994 (or 1993)  He is based on a drawing by then 11-year-old Peter Lovell, whose design and another similar idea won a Junior Gunners contest; his official back story is that he hatched from an egg found during renovations at Highbury The same person, Jerry Quy, has been inside the suit from the start; in early October 2020, as part of cost-cutting brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the club made him redundant from that and his other part-time job in supporter liaison, together with 55 full-time employees, although they later said Gunnersaurus could return after spectators were allowed back in stadiums  An online fundraiser was begun for Quy, and Mesut Özil offered to pay his salary himself as long as he remains with Arsenal  In November 2020, in advance of COVID-19 regulations being relaxed to allow supporters to attend home games from 3 December, Arsenal announced that Gunnersaurus would return, to be played by a roster of people that could include Quy if he wished 

Ownership and finances
The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke  Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007, and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares from David Dein in August 2007  Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016  Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29 9%)  In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62 89%  In May 2017, Kroenke owned 41,721 shares (67 05%) and Red & White Securities owned 18,695 shares (30 04%)  In January 2018, Kroenke expanded his ownership by buying twenty-two more shares, taking his total ownership to 67 09%  In August 2018, Kroenke bought out Usmanov for £550m  Now owning more than 90% of the shares, he had the required stake to complete the buyout of the remaining shares and become the sole owner  There has been criticism of Arsenal's poor performance since Kroenke took over, which has been attributed to his ownership  Ivan Gazidis was the club's Chief executive from 2009 to 2018 Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs  Only 62,219 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market  On 29 May 2017, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £18,000, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately £1,119 9m  Most football clubs are not listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult  Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand  Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $2 238 billion (£1 69 billion) in 2018, ranked third in English football  Research by the Henley Business School ranked Arsenal second in English football, modelling the club's value at £1 118 billion in 2015 Arsenal's financial results for the 2019–20 season showed an after tax loss of £47 8m, due in part to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic  The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenises and compares clubs' annual revenue  Deloitte put Arsenal's footballing revenue in 2019 at £392 7m (€445 6m), ranking Arsenal eleventh among world football clubs  Arsenal and Deloitte both listed the match day revenue generated in 2019 by the Emirates Stadium as €109 2m (£96 2m) 

In popular culture
Partly due to their proximity to the Alexandra Palace transmitter, Arsenal have appeared in a number of media "firsts"  On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio  A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live  Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC's Match of the Day, which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964  Sky's coverage of Arsenal's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain  They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related novels, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939), which was made into a film in the same year  The story centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned while playing  Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves in the film and manager George Allison was given a speaking part  The book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular  Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s  The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988–89 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and "boring" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s  In the 1997 film The Full Monty the principal characters move forward in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine 
Fifteen years later an almost identical scene was included in the 2012 Disney science-fiction film John Carter (director and co-writer Andrew Stanton, a notable overseas supporter of the club), along with other visual cues and oblique dialogue hints and references to the club throughout the film 
Another film reference to the club's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane, in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal's long-serving full backs – the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn In August 2022, Amazon Prime Video released an eight-episode docuseries called All or Nothing: Arsenal  It documented the club by spending time with the coaching staff and players behind the scenes both on and off the field throughout their 2021–22 season, in which they were the youngest team in the Premier League with an average starting age of 24 years and 308 days – more than a whole year younger than the next team 

In the community
In 1985, Arsenal founded a community scheme, "Arsenal in the Community", which offered sporting, social inclusion, educational and charitable projects  The club support a number of charitable causes directly and in 1992 established The Arsenal Charitable Trust, which by 2006 had raised more than £2 million for local causes  An ex-professional and celebrity football team associated with the club also raised money by playing charity matches  The club launched the Arsenal for Everyone initiative in 2008 as an annual celebration of the diversity of the Arsenal family  In the 2009–10 season Arsenal announced that they had raised a record breaking £818,897 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity  The original target was £500,000 Save the Children has been Arsenal global charity partner since 2011 and have worked together in numerous projects to improve safety and well-being for vulnerable children in London and abroad  On 3 September 2016 The Arsenal Foundation has donated £1m to build football pitches for children in London, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan and Somalia thanks to The Arsenal Foundation Legends Match against Milan Glorie at the Emirates Stadium  On 3 June 2018, Arsenal played Real Madrid in the Corazon Classic Match 2018 at the Bernabeu, where the proceeds went to Realtoo Real Madrid Foundation projects that are aimed at the most vulnerable children  In addition there will be a return meeting on 8 September 2018 at the Emirates stadium where proceeds will go towards the Arsenal foundation In 2022, Arsenal and Adidas partnered up to launch the "No More Red" campaign to support the long-standing work being done by Arsenal in the Community to help keep young people safe from knife crime and youth violence  To promote the event, the club launched an exclusive all white kit that was not commercially available and only awarded to individuals who are making a positive difference in the community 

Players
First-team squad
As of 28 June 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Under-23s and Academy
As of 1 July 2023Players to have featured in a first-team matchday squad for ArsenalNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Management and staff
Current staff
Arsenal board
Statistics and records
Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (19),
and they were the first club to reach a seventh and an eighth League Championship  As of June 2020, they are one of seven teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City, Leicester City and Liverpool, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992 They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, with 14  The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015 
Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup "Doubles" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999) 
They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993 
Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2–1 to Barcelona Arsenal have one of the best top-flight records in history, having finished below fourteenth only seven times  They have won the second most top flight league matches in English football, and have also accumulated the second most points, whether calculated by two points per win or by the contemporary points value  They have been in the top flight for the most consecutive seasons (95 as of 2020–21)  Arsenal also have the highest average league finishing position for the 20th century, with an average league placement of 8 5 Arsenal hold the record for the longest run of unbeaten League matches (49 between May 2003 and October 2004)  This included all 38 matches of their title-winning 2003–04 season, when Arsenal became only the second club to finish a top-flight campaign unbeaten, after Preston North End (who played only 22 matches) in 1888–89  They also hold the record for the longest top flight win streak  Arsenal set a Champions League record during the 2005–06 season by going ten matches without conceding a goal, beating the previous best of seven set by A C  Milan  They went a record total stretch of 995 minutes without letting an opponent score; the streak ended in the final, when Samuel Eto'o scored a 76th-minute equaliser for Barcelona David O'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances, having played 722 first-team matches between 1975 and 1993  Fellow centre half and former captain Tony Adams comes second, having played 669 times  The record for a goalkeeper is held by David Seaman, with 564 appearances  Thierry Henry is the club's top goalscorer with 228 goals in all competitions between 1999 and 2012,
having surpassed Ian Wright's total of 185 in October 2005 
Wright's record had stood since September 1997, when he overtook the longstanding total of 178 goals set by winger Cliff Bastin in 1939 
Henry also holds the club record for goals scored in the League, with 175, a record that had been held by Bastin until February 2006 Arsenal's record home attendance is 73,707, for a UEFA Champions League match against RC Lens on 25 November 1998 at Wembley Stadium, where the club formerly played home European matches because of the limits on Highbury's capacity  The record attendance for an Arsenal match at Highbury is 73,295, for a 0–0 draw against Sunderland on 9 March 1935, while that at Emirates Stadium is 60,161, for a 2–2 draw with Manchester United on 3 November 2007 

Honours
Arsenal's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890  The Kent Junior Cup, won by Royal Arsenal's reserves, was the club's first trophy, while the first team's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup  Their first national senior honour came in 1930, when they won the FA Cup  The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s, winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles  Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970–71 season and twice repeated the feat, in 1997–98 and 2001–02, as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992–93 Seasons in bold are seasons when the club won a Double of the league and FA Cup, or of the FA Cup and League Cup  The 2003–04 season was the only 38-match league season unbeaten in English football history  A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season As of 29 August 2020
  – Record
 †  – Shared title

County FAs
When the FA Cup was the only national football association competition available to Arsenal, the other football association competitions were County Cups, and they made up many of the matches the club played during a season  Arsenal's first first-team trophy was a County Cup, the inaugural Kent Senior Cup  Arsenal became ineligible for the London Cups when the club turned professional in 1891, and rarely participated in County Cups after this  Due to the club's original location within the borders of both the London and Kent Football Associations, Arsenal competed in and won trophies organised by each 

Other
During Arsenal's history, the club has participated in and won a variety of pre-season and friendly honours  These include Arsenal's own pre-season competition the Emirates Cup, begun in 2007  During the wars, previous competitions were widely suspended and the club had to participate in wartime competitions  During WWII, Arsenal won several of these 

Arsenal Women
Arsenal Women is the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal  Founded as Arsenal Ladies F C  in 1987 by Vic Akers, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and have been managed since 2021 by Jonas Eidevall; Akers holds the role of Honorary President of Arsenal Women  As part of the festivities surrounding their 30th anniversary in 2017, the club announced that they were changing their formal name to Arsenal Women F C , and would use "Arsenal" in all references except rare cases where there might be confusion with the men's side Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies  In the 2008–09 season, they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2017, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup or UEFA Women's Champions League, having won the Cup in the 2006–07 season as part of a unique quadruple  The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have close ties; Arsenal Women are entitled to play at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Meadow Park in Borehamwood 

Footnotes
Passage 2:
Singapore FA Cup
The Singapore FA Cup, (also known as the Singapore Pools FA Cup for sponsorship reasons), is an annual football competition in Singapore Initially held for clubs from the S League from 1996-1998, the Football Association of Singapore decided to change format of the cup to allow only teams from National Football League to take part in the knock out competition from 1999,
so that the S League clubs can focus on Singapore Cup, competition created in 1998 After the Singapore Cup and earlier League Cup, Singapore FA Cup is the next major cup competition in Singapore  For a number of years, the FA Cup was solely restricted to NFL clubs  In 2006, S League clubs were once again allowed in the competition, but were only permitted to field their developmental Prime League teams  The team matchups were drawn out of a hat against one another for the initial 2006 and 2007 seasons, before being seeded into two groups since 2008 

Results
Note: 
Tampines Rovers SC is a separate entity from Tampines Rovers 
SAFSA is a separate entity from Singapore Armed Forces 
Police SA is a separate entity from Home United (formerly Police FC) 
Passage 3:
Arthur James (footballer)
Arthur James (January 1855 – June 1911) was an English footballer who played as an outside right for Small Heath Alliance, later to become Birmingham City, from the foundation of the club in 1875 until his career was ended by injury in 1887 
James was born in Longbridge, Birmingham  He played for the cricket club associated with Holy Trinity Church, in Bordesley, Birmingham, and together with his fellow members decided to form a football club for exercise and society in the winter months  The club, which they called Small Heath Alliance, played its first match in November 1875 on some waste ground in Arthur Street, Bordesley  James's brothers Tommy and Fred played in that first fixture, a 1–1 draw with Holte Wanderers of Aston, though he himself did not He was appointed club captain in 1878, retaining the position until 1885, and was regularly selected to represent the Birmingham County F A  in challenge matches against other major associations  In its centenary volume, the association describes the club as

blessed in having Arthur James from 1878 to 1885 as their captain, this player ranking as one of the most brilliant wing forwards of the day, he often represented the Birmingham Association at a time when competition was keen 
He made five appearances in the FA Cup, scoring three goals  His career ended in 1887 through a combination of illness and injury James died in Birmingham in June 1911, aged 56 
Passage 4:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 5:
1894–95 FA Cup
The 1894–95 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup)  The cup was won by Aston Villa, who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London  This was Villa's second victory in the FA Cup 
The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W  Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward  According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer  The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game 
Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week  If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played 

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final 

First round proper
The first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams  The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division  The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition  Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper  Eight non-league sides also qualified 
The matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895  One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture  The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played   The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool 

Second round proper
The eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895  There were two replays, played in the following midweek fixture 

Third round proper
The four Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 2 March 1895  There were no replays 

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 16 March 1895  Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion went on to meet in the final at Crystal Palace 

Final
The Final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace  Aston Villa won 1–0, with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history, scored after just 30 seconds  Devey found Hodgetts, whose cross was laid off by Athersmith to Chatt, whose half volley took a deflection 

Match details
See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-
Passage 6:
List of FIFA World Cup finals
The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body  The championship has been awarded every four years since 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, when it was not held because of World War II 
The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, played by the only two teams remaining in contention, and the result determines which country is declared the world champion  It is a one-off match decided in regulation time  In case of a draw, extra time is used  If scores are then still level, a penalty shoot-out determines the winner, under the rules in force since 1986; prior to that, finals still tied after extra time would have been replayed, though this never proved necessary  The golden goal rule would have applied during extra time in 1998 and 2002, but was not put in practice either 
The only exception to this type of format was the 1950 World Cup, which featured a final round-robin group of four teams; the decisive match of that group is often regarded as the de facto final of that tournament, including by FIFA itself The team that wins the final receives the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and its name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy  Of 80 different nations that have appeared in the tournament, 13 have made it to the final, and 8 have won  Brazil, the only team that has participated in every World Cup, is also the most successful team in the competition, having won five titles and finished second twice  Italy and Germany have four titles each, with Germany having reached more finals than any other team, eight  Current champion Argentina has three titles, Uruguay and France have two each, while England and Spain have one each  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands and Croatia have played in the final without winning  Only teams from Europe (UEFA) and South America (CONMEBOL) have ever competed in the final 
Argentina defeated France on penalties in the latest final, staged at Qatar's Lusail Stadium in 2022 

List of final matches
Results
See also
List of FIFA Confederations Cup finals
List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals
List of UEFA European Championship finals
List of FIFA World Cup final goalscorers

Footnotes
Passage 7:
Second City derby
In English football, the Second City derby or Birmingham derby, is the local derby between the two major clubs in the city of Birmingham – Aston Villa and Birmingham City, first contested in 1879  Villa play at Villa Park while Birmingham play at St Andrew's, the two grounds separated by roughly 2 4 miles (3 9 km)  It is known as the Second City Derby based on Birmingham being referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom  The two clubs are generally regarded as each other's most fierce rivals  In addition both sides have affiliated women's sides, Aston Villa W F C  and Birmingham City W F C 

History
The clubs first met on 27 September 1879, when Birmingham City were called Small Heath Alliance  The game, on a pitch at Small Heath's Muntz Street ground described by the Villa players as "only suitable for pot-holing", finished 1–0 – recorded as "one goal and a disputed goal to nil" – to the home side  Villa won the first competitive game between the clubs, in the Second Round of the FA Cup at Wellington Road in 1887, by four goals to nil, and their first league encounter, in the First Division in the 1894–95 season, 2–1 The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches  In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side 3–0 ahead with eleven minutes to go, Blues scored three times in a dramatic final spell to draw the match  The following year, Aston Villa made headlines with the signing of Tom 'Pongo' Waring, and his first appearance was for the reserves against Birmingham City's reserves, which famously drew a crowd of 23,000  Waring scored three times in the match The most significant clash was the final of the 1963 League Cup, which was staged not long after Aston Villa had beaten Birmingham City 4–0 in the league  Blues won 3–1 on aggregate over the two-legged final to claim their first major domestic honour During the late 1970s to early 1980s both Villa and Blues met regularly in the First Division and both teams had some memorable successes in the fixture  In 1980–81 Villa did the double over Blues and went on to win the First Division title  Blues scored a memorable 3–0 victory at St Andrew's in the first meeting following Villa's European Cup triumph in 1982  Both teams promptly went into decline  Blues racked up a 3–0 win in a relegation battle at Villa Park in March 1986 but were relegated at the end of that season  Villa would be demoted the following campaign  The next time Villa met Blues in a league fixture at Villa Park again was in the Second Division and saw a 2–0 Blues victory  The reverse fixture at St Andrew's was a 2–1 Villa victory with both goals coming from Garry Thompson  The two sides would only meet again in the 1980s in cup competitions  Villa won 7–0 on aggregate when they clashed twice in the 1988–89 League Cup  The same season Villa also won a Full Members Cup clash 6–0 

The Premier League Era
Following the creation of the Premier League, Aston Villa and Birmingham City met twice in the second round of the 1993–94 League Cup  Villa won both matches 1–0  The game at St Andrew's was settled by a Kevin Richardson goal after his keeper Mark Bosnich had saved a penalty from John Frain to keep the game at 0–0  The second leg at Villa Park was notable for a winning goal from Villa's Dean Saunders and a red card for Blues' Paul Tait  Villa went on to win the trophy 
Blues' promotion to the Premier League in 2002 saw fans eagerly anticipating the first league derbies in 15 years  Blues won both derbies 3–0 and 2–0, respectively  Both matches saw goalkeeping errors by Villa goalkeeper Peter Enckelman, including a goal scored directly from an Olof Mellberg throw-in  Violence between both sets of fans occurred before both matches as evening kick-off times had allowed fans to get drunk over the course of the day  In March 2003, during the game at Villa Park, two Villa players were sent off, Dion Dublin for a head-butt on Blues' Robbie Savage and Joey Guðjónsson for a reckless two-footed tackle on Matthew Upson  Trouble also took place following the game on Witton Lane outside Villa Park, where missiles were hurled at police who were attempting to keep both sets of fans apart 
The 2003–04 Premiership season saw games ending in 0–0 and 2–2 draws  The 2–2 draw saw Blues recover a two-goal deficit thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Stern John  Both games were lunchtime kick-offs to avoid drunken behaviour, which was achieved although the games lost none of their passionate edge  The following season Blues got back to winning ways, with 2–1 victory at Villa Park just before Christmas and 2–0 at home in March, Villa keeper Thomas Sørensen making mistakes in both matches, though it's debatable if his errors directly affected the respective results  In the 2005–06 Premiership Season, Villa finally beat Blues in the Premiership, thanks to a Kevin Phillips goal  This was followed up by another Villa victory on 16 April 2006, Easter Sunday, with Aston Villa winning 3–1 thanks to two goals from Milan Baroš and a bicycle kick from Gary Cahill  Blues were relegated in 2006 but subsequently promoted in 2007 
In November 2007, Villa won their third consecutive derby match with a 2–1 victory at St Andrew's  Former Villa defender Liam Ridgewell scored an own goal to put Villa 1–0 up, Blues equalised through Mikael Forssell only for Gabriel Agbonlahor to clinch it with a late header for Villa, having cleared off his own line seconds before  Violent clashes took place outside the ground after the game in which over 20 police officers were hurt  The derby on 20 April 2008 between the two sides ended in a 5–1 win for Aston Villa at Villa Park, the biggest winning margin for either side in a league match for 40 years 
Villa continued their winning ways in the derby, when they won both of the meetings between the clubs in the 2009–10 Premier League season  The first took place on 13 September 2009 at St Andrew's, and ended 1–0 to Aston Villa, with Agbonlahor scoring the winner in the 85th minute, once again there was trouble with 14 arrests  Villa then went on to beat Blues 1–0 at Villa Park thanks to a disputed penalty from James Milner in the 82nd minute  This was the 3rd time in 4 derbies that Villa had scored the winning goal in the final 10 minutes of the game  Villa also possess the record of six straight wins from 1987 to 1993, including five cup matches  This record was then achieved in the Premier League after Villa beat Blues 1–0 on 25 April 2010, setting a record of six straight league wins from 2005 to 2010  The record was finally ended at the next derby match on 31 October 2010, which resulted in a 0–0 draw at Villa Park  The return match at St Andrew's also ended in a draw, with it finishing 1–1 
In those games in October and December 2010 where Aston Villa played Birmingham City, at Villa Park (Premier League, 31 October) and St Andrew's (League Cup, 1 December, which was the first mid-week game between the two sides since 2003) violence between the two sets of supporters and hooligan firms occurred, with many fans being arrested  In the first game, there were scenes of violence outside Villa Park and there were a small amount of arrests including a Birmingham City club chef  In the second of the two games (and larger scale violence) after Blues had beaten Villa 2–1, Blues supporters came onto the pitch and confronted the visiting Villa fans, this resulted in flares, ripped out seats and other missiles being hurled by Villa fans into the Blues supporters, there were also flash points before and after the game including the attack on a Blues supporters pub by Villa hooligans, the events were described as a "warzone" by a supporter who attended the game  Birmingham City were later fined £40,000 by the Football Association for failing to control their fans On 10 April 2011, an episode of Police Academy UK, a TV show aired on BBC Three which documents overseas police officers' introduction to British crime and policing, was set in Birmingham and covered the violence that occurred at the game between Birmingham City and Aston Villa on 1 December 2010 On 17 June 2011, Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish swapped Blues for Villa in a move that shocked the football world  The reaction from both sets of supporters was one of anger  Blues supporters were angry at McLeish, who guided them to only their second ever major trophy win in February 2011, for betraying them to join bitter rivals Villa, and Villa fans were unhappy with the appointment of a manager that had got Blues relegated twice in four seasons, and was perceived to play a negative style of football; that he came from Blues only served to rub salt into the wound of the board making such an unambitious and negative appointment  Several hundred Villa supporters protested at Villa Park when it emerged that Villa owner Randy Lerner has begun talks with McLeish  McLeish received death threats from followers of both teams following his appointment as Aston Villa manager  This controversial move only increased tension and hostility between the players, supporters and owners of both clubs even more as Blues directors threatened legal action against Villa for allegedly "tapping up" McLeish, who resigned as Blues manager on 12 June 2011, while he was still under contract at Birmingham City  McLeish's appointment marked the first time in history that a manager had moved directly from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  On 14 May 2012, one day after the 2011–12 Premier League season ended, McLeish was sacked as Villa manager after a massively disappointing one season in charge 

The EFL Championship Era
After being relegated in 2011, Birmingham are still yet to gain promotion back to the top flight of English football  However, since Alex McLeish was sacked as Villa manager, Villa's poor form continued  Despite several manager changes over the next few years, after several close calls they were finally relegated at the end of the 2015/16 season  Earlier on in the 2015/16 season, the two teams were drawn to play each other in the third round of the League Cup  Aston Villa ran out 1–0 winners thanks to a goal from Rudy Gestede  
In the 2016–17 season the two teams faced off in the second tier of English football for the first time since 1987  The first game at St Andrew's ended in a 1–1 draw  Villa won the second match 1–0 with a 69th-minute goal scored by Agbonlahor  The two sides faced each other again in the league during the 2017/18 season, producing a dismal 0–0 draw at St  Andrews marred by Birmingham fans throwing clappers at the Villa players all throughout the game, before Villa emphatically fortified their second city superiority with a 2–0 victory in front of 41,232 spectators at Villa Park  Some fans believed this game to be a coming of age for lifelong Villa fan and local Jack Grealish, who produced a match-winning man-of-the-match display  
The teams next met on 25 November in one of the most exciting derby games in recent times, Villa ran out 4-2 winners after goals from Jonathan Kodjia, Jack Grealish, a Tammy Abraham penalty and Alan Hutton who ran half the length of the pitch to score, Pedersen and Lukas Jutkiewicz scored for Birmingham On 10 March 2019, a Birmingham City fan invaded the pitch during the reverse fixture at St  Andrew's and assaulted Aston Villa captain Jack Grealish on the pitch by punching him from behind in the head, which was labelled as "disgraceful and cowardly" by supporters of both teams  The man was arrested and charged by West Midlands Police  St Andrew's' security was criticised as a result  The game ended in an ironic twist with a 1–0 win for Aston Villa with Grealish scoring the winning goal  At the end of the same season, Villa were promoted as they won ten in a row including that game  Since then, this fiercely contested fixture hasn't been played between the two rivals 

Women's Sides
Birmingham City W F C  were founded in 1968, whilst Aston Villa W F C  were founded in 1973 as Solihull F C , and took on their current Aston Villa guise in 1996  During the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons both teams competed in the second tier FA Women's Premier League North  Birmingham were then promoted to the Women's Premier League National with Villa joining them for one season in 2003-04 before being relegated  Then followed 18 years of the teams being in different divisions, Birmingham being in the top tier and Villa elsewhere, until the 2020–21 Women's Super League season when Villa were promoted up to join Blues  In the first ever WSL match between the two sides Birmingham beat Villa 1–0 at an empty Villa Park (due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom), while the Birmingham's home match which was also played behind closed doors at Damson Park, Solihull was a 1–1 draw  In the 2021–22 season, Aston Villa won 1–0 at St  Andrew's  Birmingham returned the favour and won 1–0 at Villa Park on 8 May 2022, the final day of the season, as they were relegated to the FA Women's Championship As of the 2021–22 Birmingham currently play at St Andrew's, home of the men's team, having played at Redditch Utd, Stratford Town and Solihull Moors in the 21st century  Villa play at Walsall's Bescot Stadium, having moved from Boldmere St Michaels - although important games such as the Second City Derby will often take place at Villa Park 

Statistics and records
As of the end of the 2010–11 season, there have been 120 meetings in major competition between the two teams since the first FA Cup meeting in 1887, of which Aston Villa have won 52 and Birmingham City 38  The most goals in one game were scored in a league game on 7 July 1895, in the First Division, as Small Heath lost to Aston Villa 7–3  The biggest winning margin was 6–0 to Aston Villa on 9 November 1988, in a Full Members Cup fixture  The last Birmingham City league victory over Aston Villa was on 20 March 2005, when Blues won 2–0 at St Andrew's  Villa won six encounters in a row, most recently on 25 April 2010 (2005–2010)  The two teams drew for the first time in over six years in the next match (the first of three in the 2010–11 season), with the match finishing 0–0 (the other Premier League match of the season also finished as a draw)  The second match of the season resulted in the first Blues win since 2005, as they beat Villa 2–1 in the 2010–11 League Cup Quarter Final on 1 December 2010 

All-time results
Cup matches
Women's matches
Summary of results
Stats correct as of 10 March 2019 

Records
Firsts
First competitive meeting: Aston Villa 4–0 Small Heath Alliance (FA Cup), 5 November 1887 
First league meeting: Aston Villa 2–1 Small Heath, 1 September 1894 
First away victory for Aston Villa: Small Heath 1–4 Aston Villa, 26 October 1895 
First away victory for Birmingham City: Aston Villa 1–3 Birmingham, 20 January 1906 

Results
Highest scoring game: Aston Villa 7–3 Small Heath, 7 September 1895 
Largest winning margin (Aston Villa): 6 goals – 6–0, 9 November 1988 
Largest winning margin (Birmingham City): 4 goals – 4–0, 21 September 1968 

Players
Most goals in a match (Aston Villa):
Most goals in a match (Birmingham City):

Trends
Most games won in a row (Aston Villa): 6, 16 October 2005 to 25 April 2010 
Most games won in a row (Birmingham City): 5, 3 April 1976 – 25 February 1978 
Most games without defeat (Aston Villa): 14, 16 October 2005 – on going
Most games without defeat (Birmingham City): 6, 8 March 1933 – 23 November 1935 and 16 September 2002 – 20 March 2005 
Most drawn games in a row: 4, 10 December 1949 – 21 September 1955 
Whenever the clubs have met in the Premier League the result has always been the same during that particular season: 2002/2003– 2 Blues wins, 2003/2004– 2 draws, 2004/2005– 2 Blues wins, 2005/2006– 2 Villa Wins, 2007/2008– 2 Villa wins, 2009/2010– 2 Villa wins, 2010/11- 2 draws 

Top scorers
The following is a list of the top goal scorers for each team in the fixture  Only players who have scored 4 or more goals feature 

Crossing the divide
Players
Unlike, for example, the Old Firm derby, there is no shortage of players who have appeared for both clubs  Villa legend Harry Hampton transferred to Blues after the First World War and helped the club to the Second Division title  The last established first-team player to make this move was Des Bremner in 1984, though there had been loan signings and movement of youth players during this period  The most recent permanent transfer from Aston Villa to Birmingham City was that of Gary Gardner in Summer 2019, his brother Craig was the previous player to move from Villa to Birmingham in 2010  The last player to move directly in the other direction was Spanish Winger Jota in the same transfer window 
Notable players who have been transferred directly between the clubs are listed below 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Villa to Blues  In addition, there are several players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club 
European Cup winner Dennis Mortimer – regarded by Villa fans as one of their greatest ever players – also played for Birmingham City in the 1986/7 season 
Kevin Phillips played for Villa in the 2005/06 season before moving to Blues in 2008 via West Bromwich Albion 

Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Blues to Villa  In addition, there are several high-profile players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club  Notable examples include former England international Emile Heskey and European Cup winner Peter Withe 
Chris Sutton was released by Birmingham City at the end of the 2005–06 season  His next club was Aston Villa, for whom he signed for in October 2006 
Scott Sinclair has played on loan at both clubs  He was on loan at Birmingham City while he was playing for Chelsea during the 2008–09 season and he was on loan at Aston Villa during the 2014–15 season before signing permanently from Manchester City 

Managers
Former Aston Villa Manager Ron Saunders, who managed Villa to League Cup success in 1975 and again in 1977 before taking the club to its first Championship success for 70 years in 1981, also moved across to Birmingham City following his resignation in 1982 
Alex McLeish's appointment as Aston Villa manager in June 2011 after resigning from Birmingham City five days before was the first time in history a manager has moved from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  The move shocked the football world and increased tension between the two clubs even more Former Birmingham City Manager Steve Bruce was appointed Villa manager in 2016 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Chairmen
Doug Ellis was a director of Birmingham City in the late 1960s before becoming part of a consortium which took over at Aston Villa in 1968 

See also
Aston Villa Hardcore (hooligan firm)
Birmingham Zulu Warriors (hooligan firm)
List of Aston Villa F C  seasons
List of Birmingham City F C  seasons
List of Aston Villa F C  records and statistics
List of Birmingham City F C  records and statistics
Context 2: Passage 1:
WNDE
WNDE (1260 AM) is a commercial radio station in Indianapolis, Indiana   It is owned by iHeartMedia with the broadcast license held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WNDE broadcasts a sports radio format, with some afternoon talk programs, including The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show 
WNDE is powered at 5,000 watts   By day, it uses a non-directional antenna   But at night, to protect other stations on 1260 AM from interference, it switches to a directional antenna with a three-tower array   The transmitter is off Fall Creek Road in Indianapolis   Programming is also heard on the HD Radio digital subchannel of co-owned WFBQ 94 7 FM 

History
WFBM
The station signed on as WFBM on October 23, 1924   It is the oldest radio station still operating in Indianapolis, and third oldest in the state of Indiana   It was started by the Merchants Heating & Light Co , later Indianapolis Power & Light   In its early years, it broadcast on 1130 kilocycles   In 1927, it moved to 1330 kHz, then to 1090 kHz in 1928, and to 1230 kHz in 1929   It arrived at its current frequency after the enactment of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) in 1941, when all stations in the United States at 1230 kHz were moved to 1260 kHz 
In 1949, WFBM-TV (now WRTV) went on the air in time to broadcast the 1949 Indianapolis 500 (May 30, 1949)   The WFBM "family" grew on November 26, 1959, when WFBM-FM went on the air at 94 7 MHz (now WFBQ)   In 1957, WFBM-AM-FM-TV were sold to Time-Life, Inc   McGraw-Hill bought the stations in 1972, and almost immediately put the radio stations on the market   The WFBM stations had been grandfathered when the FCC banned common ownership of television and radio stations, but lost that protection with the McGraw-Hill purchase 

WNDE
In 1973, WFBM became WNDE, followed by WFBM-FM becoming WFBQ in Spring 1974   The WNDE call letters were chosen as the letters "NDE" phonetically sound like "Indy" Through much of the 1960s and 70s, WNDE had a Top 40 format, using the identifier "Windy Twelve Sixty "  WNDE and 1310 WIFE (now WTLC) had a spirited competition for youthful Top 40 listeners   But in the 1980s, contemporary music listening switched to the FM dial   WNDE needed to find a new format and eventually it switched to Sports Radio 

Sports Radio
WNDE has been a Fox Sports Radio network affiliate since 2002  It had previously been an ESPN Radio affiliate on two occasions   In September 2012, the network switched from Fox Sports Radio to NBC Sports Radio in the 10 p m -5 a m  weekday hours, remaining with Fox in other dayparts   Former hosts of the afternoon drive local show include former WISH-TV sports anchor and Hoosier Millionaire host Mark Patrick, the team of Tim Bragg & Bill Benner, Indiana Pacers announcer Mark Boyle, JMV (John Michael Vincent, currently with WFNI), IndyCar Radio announcer Jake Query, and Derek Schultz 

On July 7, 2015, WNDE added W248AW, an FM translator on 97 5 MHz  On July 22, 2019, the translator ended its simulcast  The next month, iHeart announced it was returning the translator originally owned by Christian radio company Educational Media Foundation back to that organization as part of a translator trade 

Programming
Most programming comes from the Fox Sports Radio network   In late mornings, it carries Premiere Networks' The Dan Patrick Show   And unusual for a sports radio station, it carries The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show from noon to 3 p m  weekdays   Travis & Sexton are followed by a two-hour financial talk show   Sports programming resumes at 5 p m  on weekdays 
WNDE's long-running local afternoon drive time show, "Query & Schultz", hosted by Jake Query and Derek Schultz, aired from 2011 to 2020  Query and Schultz were released in January 2020 as part of iHeart's cut backs  The 2020 iHeartRadio reduction in force (RIF) impacted over 1,000 employees across the USA  WNDE has not had a local sportstalk show in any daypart since 
On July 6, 2015, WNDE became the Indianapolis outlet for The Rush Limbaugh Show, which had been on WIBC for over two decades but whose carriage was ended for local programming   Coinciding with iHeart taking the show in-house to WNDE (the only choice it had locally due to incompatible music formats on iHeart's three other FM stations in the market), the company also acquired FM translator station W248AW 97 5 FM from the Educational Media Foundation to simulcast WNDE  The surrounding sports format did not change   Limbaugh began airing on WNDE the same day as the station rebranded to "Fox Sports 97 5 " That FM simulcast ended in 2019 and WNDE became "Fox Sports 1260" (named for the AM frequency)   When Limbaugh died in 2020 and Travis & Sexton succeeded him in the time slot, WNDE continued carrying the replacement program 
WNDE is the Indianapolis outlet for Purdue University football and men's basketball, sharing flagship status with Lafayette's WAZY   It also airs Westwood One's NFL and NCAA football and basketball coverage  After years of broadcasting Cincinnati Reds baseball, WNDE was briefly a part of the Chicago Cubs network in 2009 and 2010   In 2011, WNDE dropped NASCAR programming after many years, and began broadcasting Indianapolis Indians baseball 
Passage 2:
Notus, Idaho
Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho  The population was 531 at the time of the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County  It is part of the Boise metropolitan area 

History
The present day location of the City of Notus is located along Highway 20/26 
in 1874, the Lower Boise Post Office was established on the homestead of C L F Peterson  The inclusion of the Lower Boise Post Office is considered to be the primary reason for the present location of Notus  According to an Idaho Press Tribune article from 1986, Notus got its name from the daughter of a local railroad official  The daughter reportedly thought "notus" was of Native American origin and meant "it's all right " The town of Notus was almost known as 'Lemp' In 1926, the Notus secondary school was founded  In 2017, the old building was demolished 

Geography
Notus is located at 43°43′34″N 116°48′7″W (43 726082, -116 801866) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 39 square miles (1 01 km2), of which, 0 38 square miles (0 98 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water 

Features
Notus has one secondary school and one elementary school  Notus also has a city park, a museum located along highway 20/26, a public library, and one restaurant 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 531 people, 182 households, and 139 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,397 4 inhabitants per square mile (539 5/km2)  There were 198 housing units at an average density of 521 1 per square mile (201 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 73 3% White, 0 2% African American, 2 4% Native American, 0 4% Asian, 18 5% from other races, and 5 3% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29 8% of the population 
There were 182 households, of which 41 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61 5% were married couples living together, 9 3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23 6% were non-families  18 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 92 and the average family size was 3 34 
The median age in the city was 35 5 years  31 1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 25 4% were from 45 to 64; and 11 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 1% male and 52 9% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 458 people, 147 households, and 113 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,160 7 inhabitants per square mile (448 1/km2)  There were 156 housing units at an average density of 395 4 per square mile (152 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 86 90% White, 1 31% Native American, 0 66% Asian, 8 73% from other races, and 2 40% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 05% of the population 
There were 147 households, out of which 44 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 6% were married couples living together, 6 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23 1% were non-families  18 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 12 and the average family size was 3 58 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 33 4% under the age of 18, 7 6% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 20 1% from 45 to 64, and 11 1% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 31 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $43,750  Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $21,250 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,801  About 10 4% of families and 13 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11 2% of those under age 18 and 28 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Chris Horn, former NFL wide receiver
Passage 3:
WHRZ-LP
WHRZ-LP (104 1 FM, "The Z") is a non-commercial low-power radio station in Spartanburg, South Carolina  Owned by the First Baptist Church of Spartanburg, it broadcasts a youth-oriented Christian CHR format  The station is licensed by the FCC to broadcast with an ERP of 47 watts ( 047 kW)  Its transmitter is located on the former WSPA-TV tower in downtown Spartanburg  The station has a range of approximately 10 miles, although it reaches a wider audience via FM translators, and syndication of its programming on HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM and WLFS 

History
The station originally signed on in May 2005, broadcasting a Christian CHR format targeting teenagers and young adults  It initially used the branding Hangar Radio Z, referencing the nickname for the Church's recently-constructed youth center ("The Hangar"), which also housed the station's studios 

Translators
In addition to the main station at 104 1, the station operates multiple FM translators to broaden its coverage over the upstate of South Carolina, as well as the Charleston area:

As part of an agreement with Radio Training Network, the station's programming is also syndicated on the HD Radio subchannels of WLFJ-FM/Greenville and WLFS/Port Wentworth—co-branded as His Radio Z 
Passage 4:
KOLL
KOLL (106 3 FM, "La Zeta") is a radio station licensed in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas, area  KOLL airs Regional Mexican music format   The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter tower is located near Pettus 

History
Prior to their current format, the station aired Urban Contemporary format as KWTD in the early 1980s later changing their call letters to KMZX in 1990 with the same format  Later the station was named "The River" and played and All Favorites Hits English Format  Also prior to their current call letters, the station was "KLEC" which featured a modern rock format from the summer of 1998 until the fall of 2004  The station was known as "Lick 1063" On-air personalities were chosen from the local public through a series of studio interviews, then on-air interviews in a type of sink-or-swim competition of sorts 
The station logo was chosen through an internet poll on their website  Lick 1063 moved around on the radio dial several times, starting out at 101 1 FM in a "format" of a variety of about 35 compact discs, some home-recorded from the head engineer's (Steve Gimbert's) vinyl collection, then to 96 5 FM, when the station adopted a harder sound with groups such as Type O Negative, Marilyn Manson, Rob Zombie, Korn and Pantera 
Later, the format moved to the stronger 106 3 frequency 
Lick 1063 also featured The Corey and Jay Show in morning drive   They were fired when Archway Broadcasting purchased the station from Equity Broadcasting in late 2002  Corey and Jay later moved to KMJX, a classic rock station, replacing Tommy Smith and his long-running "Rock and Roll Breakfast" morning show  They later moved to KDJE 
On September 1, 2012, at 12:00am, after playing "Black Velvet" by Alannah Myles, KOLL flipped to a Regional Mexican format branded as "La Zeta 106 3″ 
Passage 5:
WRNX
WRNX (100 9 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts   The station is owned by iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC 
The station was assigned the WRNX call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on September 21, 1990 

Programming
WRNX airs a country music format   The format change to country music from WRNX's longtime adult album alternative format was part of sister station WPKX's move to the Hartford, Connecticut market, where it became WUCS In addition to its usual music programming, WRNX has served as the flagship station for University of Massachusetts Amherst athletics broadcasts  The station has carried all of the school's men's basketball, hockey and football games plus coaches shows and women's basketball games since 2002 
They also carry NASCAR races 

Ownership
In spring 2003, Pamal Broadcasting Ltd  (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) reached an agreement to acquire WPNI and WRNX from Western Massachusetts Radio Co  (Thomas G  Davis, president), for a reported sale price of $8 million  The broker for this transaction was Doug Ferber of Star Media Group, Inc  At the time of the purchase, WRNX broadcast a rock-leaning adult album alternative music format In the summer of 2006, iHeartMedia, under its former name of Clear Channel Communications (John Hogan, CEO, radio), reached an agreement to acquire WRNX from Pamal Broadcasting Ltd (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) in exchange for five radio stations on other states  The other stations in the deal are WBPM and WGHQ in upstate New York, WZRT and WSYB in Rutland, Vermont, and WPYR in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Published reports state that no cash changed hands in this transaction 

Alumni
Rachel Maddow, host of The Rachel Maddow Show on MSNBC and former Air America Radio personality, got her start through a contest to find a new sidekick for The Dave in the Morning Show  Maddow says, "I was crashing with friends in Massachusetts, working odd jobs, when they told me to try out  And they hired me on the spot  Radio came to me, I didn't come to it "
Passage 6:
CJXY-FM
CJXY-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 107 9 FM and serving the Hamilton, Ontario market, licensed to the suburb of Burlington  The station broadcasts an alternative-leaning active rock format as Y108  CJXY's studios are located on Main Street West (next to Highway 403) in Hamilton, while its transmitter is located atop the Niagara Escarpment near Burlington 

History
The station was originally launched in 1948 as 94 1 CHML-FM, a simulcast of AM station CHML  The simulcast was subsequently dropped in the 1950s, leaving the station silent  The owners relaunched the FM signal on 95 3 in 1964, with distinct programming from its AM sister station  In 1967, the station adopted the new callsign CKDS-FM, in honour of company founder Kenneth D  Soble, who had died in 1966 
In 1974, CHML and CKDS-FM were purchased by ML Radio, a division of what was to become Western International Communications  On September 1, 1991, CKDS-FM dropped its long-time adult contemporary/easy listening format, and adopted the CJXY callsign and a classic rock format as Y95 
In 2000, CHML and CJXY were acquired by Corus Entertainment  On August 31, 2001, CJXY swapped frequencies with Corus' CING-FM, taking over CING's former 107 9 frequency; at the same time, it changed its moniker to the current Y108 
Passage 7:
WRLS-FM
WRLS-FM (92 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Hayward, Wisconsin, United States   The station's broadcast license is held by Vacationland Broadcasting, Inc 
WRLS-FM broadcasts an adult contemporary music format to the greater Hayward, Wisconsin-Spooner, Wisconsin, area  The station airs select news programming from NBC News Radio   WRLS-FM airs the National Football League games of the Green Bay Packers as an affiliate of the Packers Radio Network The station was assigned the call sign WRLS-FM by the Federal Communications Commission on January 15, 1980 
Passage 8:
WRMN
WRMN (1410 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Elgin, Illinois  It serves the Fox Valley in the northwest suburbs of Chicago    The station's broadcast license is held by Elgin Community Broadcasting LLC   It has a format of talk radio shows and shopping programs 
By day, WRMN is powered at 1,000 watts non-directional   At night, it increases its power to 1,300 watts but it also uses a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1410 AM from interference   The transmitter is on Sundown Road at North La Fox Street in South Elgin   Programming is also heard on FM translator W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 

Programming
Weekdays begin with a local news and information morning drive time show, First Shift with Markie B   Middays and some hours on Saturdays feature shopping shows and Tradio   The rest of the weekday schedule is nationally syndicated talk shows, including Brian Kilmeade and Friends, The Jesse Kelly Show, Ground Zero with Clyde Lewis and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory Weekend syndicated shows include Rich DiMuro on Tech, The Weekend with Michael Brown, Bill Handel on the Law and Somewhere in Time with Art Bell   Starting with the 2012 season, WRMN became the flagship station for the Schaumburg Boomers of minor league baseball's Frontier League   Most hours begin with an update from Townhall Radio News 

History
In 1949 (1949), the station signed on the air   It has always used the call sign WRMN   It was originally powered at 500 watts and was a daytimer station, required to go off the air at sunset   It was owned by the Elgin Broadcasting Company with studios at 188 Division Street 
In Septemeber 1960, it added an FM station, 94 3 WRMN-FM   It is now a contemporary worship music station owned by the Educational Media Foundation, WAWE  
An agreement was signed October 26, 2016 to sell WRMN, along with commonly-owned stations KSHP and WBIG, to Pollack Broadcasting for $2 million  The sale was consummated on January 31, 2017   In August 2019, WRMN signed-on FM translator station W244EJ on 96 7 MHz 
Passage 9:
WGFX
WGFX (104 5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Gallatin, Tennessee, and serving the Nashville metropolitan area  It is branded as 104 5 The Zone, broadcasting a sports radio format  It is owned by Cumulus Media, with studios in Nashville's Music Row district   Most of its daytime schedule has local hosts, with programming from Fox Sports Radio heard nights and weekends 
WGFX has an effective radiated power of 58,000 watts   The transmitter is on Blevins Road off Interstate 24 in Whites Creek, Tennessee, amid the towers for other Nashville-area FM and TV stations 

History
Early years
The station signed on as WFMG-FM on December 1, 1960, in Gallatin, Tennessee, about 30 miles (47 km) northeast of Nashville, with a big band format  The station was started by Ellis F  Jones Jr  The studio and transmitter location was located on North Water Street on Gallatin's Public Square  The transmitter power was 8 2 KW ERP according to FCC Records  In 1965, the station's studio and transmitter site was moved 5 1 miles north of the City of Gallatin to a location known as "Music Mountain"  In 1971, Sumner Country Broadcasting Co , which owned WHIN in Gallatin, purchased WFMG and changed call letters to WHIN-FM  During the early years of WHIN-FM, the format was easy listening  In 1974, the station switched to an all oldies format  In July 1978, WHIN-FM flipped formats to contemporary hit radio (CHR)  Just over one month later, the call letters were changed to WWKX using the moniker KX 104 FM 
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the station was very popular and featured morning DJ Coyote McCloud  Its 100,000 watt signal broadcasting from "Music Mountain", one of the highest points on the northern Highland Rim north of Gallatin and the site of several broadcasting facilities, boomed far into the rural areas of northern Tennessee and southern Kentucky  By the mid-1980s, KX 104 was faced with competition from two new area CHRs, "96 Kiss" (WZKS, now WCJK) and "Y107" (WYHY, now WRVW)  Additionally, McCloud defected to WYHY in 1985 to host its morning show  To try to differentiate itself, WWKX segued into a rock-leaning Top 40 format calling itself Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM  This move proved unfruitful, and the station returned to mainstream CHR a year later in 1986  Faced with the success of Y107, this would not last 

Classic Rock
In the summer of 1987, WWKX moved its tower from Music Mountain into Nashville and downgraded power, noticeably affecting signal strength in rural areas north of the city  The call letters changed to WGFX on August 13, 1987 and the moniker became 104 5 The Fox with a classic rock format In the late 1980s, Dick Broadcasting Company (DBC) took over operations of the station through a local marketing agreement (LMA), and paired it with its popular rock and roll station WKDF to form "Nashville's Rock Network"  In the early 1990s, the station became known as "Arrow 104 5" (with Arrow originally standing for "All Rock n' Roll Oldies")  This format was somewhat successful and endured until the late 1990s 
The station was purchased outright by Dick Broadcasting Company following the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which, in part, loosened broadcast ownership rules  
Shortly after the acquisition, Dick Broadcasting entered into an agreement with SFX Broadcasting, the then-owner of WLAC-FM, to trade the intellectual property of the stations  The trade, to have taken place February 2, 1998, would have moved WLAC-FM's adult contemporary format to 104 5 FM, and moved WGFX's classic rock format to 105 9 under SFX ownership  However, when the agreement fell apart, SFX converted WLAC-FM to a classic rock format of its own, changed the call letters to WNRQ, and began to compete directly with WGFX 

Rhythmic Oldies
Responding to the early ratings success of WNRQ, WGFX reformatted to rhythmic oldies as "Jammin' Oldies 104 5", on December 11, 1998, but quickly changed its name to "Groovin' Hits 104 5" after a brief trademark dispute In early 1999, WGFX was slated to convert to a country music outlet built around local air personality Carl P  Mayfield  Dick Broadcasting purchased advertising in other media promoting Mayfield's impending debut on 104 5 WGFX  However, the company ultimately succumbed to Mayfield's repeated demands that the format be installed on the stronger-signalled WKDF, leaving WGFX to continue broadcasting rhythmic oldies 

Classic Hits
In January 2000, the station reverted to a classic hits format, focusing mainly on 1970s music  First known as simply "The New 104 — That '70s Station", it became "The New 104 — The Core" a few months later, and was positioned as a lighter alternative to WNRQ 
Citadel Broadcasting purchased the station (along with all of DBC's assets outside the Greenville, South Carolina market) in September 2000   In the summer of 2002, the station broadened its playlist to include music from 1980s, and changed its name to "Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX", marking the only time the station has used those call letters in its branding 

Sports 104 5 The Zone
The All Sports format began on August 11, 2003, with the station renamed "104 5 The Zone "  Management hired popular personalities George Plaster, Willy Daunic and Darren McFarland away from Cumulus Media station WWTN (99 7 FM)  However, because of litigation surrounding a contract dispute, Plaster did not appear on the station until two months after its launch 
In the early days of the Zone, the station had a heavy focus on local news, and featured general-interest talk on weekdays from 6am-Noon, with sports in all other dayparts  For the first three weeks of the talk format, the station broadcast "The Rick and Bubba Show" (a holdover from the previous "Rockin' Hits" format)



ground_truth: 1 December 2010

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What administrative territorial entity includes the place that KTRP is licensed to broadcast to?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  It then brought over Mayfield's "Carl P  & The P-Team" show from WKDF, where it had been replaced in morning drive  Following Mayfield's exit in December 2003, the station began broadcasting "The Wake-Up Zone" in early mornings, featuring Mayfield's supporting cast, but led by Nashville music industry executive Charlie Monk  Popular Knoxville morning talk personality Hallerin Hilton Hill also hosted a 2-hour version of his show for the Nashville market in the late morning slot 
Over the course of 18 months, the station migrated to 24/7 sports talk  Hill's show was canceled, and "The Wake-Up Zone" was converted to a sports-focused show, replacing Charlie Monk & Mike Donegan with Kevin Ingram and retired Titans tight end Frank Wycheck  They joined Mark Howard, who continued with the show from its previous iteration  The trio of Ingram, Howard and Wycheck continued on the show until 2017, when Wycheck left the show and was replaced with another former Titans star, Blaine Bishop 

Titans and Volunteers Football
WGFX was the flagship station for the Tennessee Oilers/Titans of the National Football League from 1997 until the completion of the 2001 season, when the rights were shifted to WGFX's sister station, WKDF  (WGFX returned as an "affiliate" station of the team's network for the 2004 season only)  WGFX also aired the franchise's games in 1996, the final year the team was located in Houston, Texas  WGFX returned as the full-time flagship station of the Titans Radio Network in 2010 
WGFX is the major Nashville-area affiliate for the University of Tennessee Volunteers football and men's basketball, The Vols moved to WGFX on 2010 after many years on WLAC  
The station also broadcasts selected Belmont Bruins men's basketball games which do not conflict with the Vols In the past, WGFX has served as the flagship station for the Nashville Predators (NHL, 2005–2010), Vanderbilt Commodores (SEC, 2004–2009), and Nashville Sounds (PCL, 2010–2011) 
WGFX has previously served as the Nashville affiliate for The Jim Rome Show, The Dan Patrick Show, Sporting News Radio and ESPN Radio, and is currently on its second stint as an affiliate of Fox Sports Radio  It was announced that in 2013 the station would once again drop its Fox affiliation to be an affiliate of the upstart CBS Sports Radio network, but never did actually did so  Shortly afterwards, the CBS Sports Radio affiliation went to a competitor, WNSR, as WGFX retained the Fox Sports Radio affiliation   However, WGFX also retains the hourly minute-long commentaries by CBSSR personalities such as Boomer Esiason and Doug Gottlieb 

Cumulus ownership
Following a bankruptcy, Citadel was acquired by Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011  Shortly after the merger, WGFX and WKDF moved their studios from Rutledge Hill to Cumulus' existing cluster at Music Row, where they broadcast alongside WWTN, WSM-FM, and WQQK  WRQQ and WNFN also briefly shared studio space with WGFX until they were each sold to separate buyers 
Plaster, Daunic and McFarland left WGFX immediately after Cumulus acquired the station in September 2011, and the trio was instrumental in launching its primary competitor, WPRT-FM 
In 2017, WGFX removed all network programming during its weekday prime dayparts, focusing entirely on locally-produced shows 

Prior formats
Rockin' Hits 104 5 WGFX – Classic Hits, 2002–2003
The New 104 — The Core (briefly known as The New 104 — That '70s Station) – Classic rock, 2000–2002
Groovin' Hits 104 5 (briefly known as Hot 104 5 and Jammin' Oldies 104 5) – R&B Oldies, 1998–2000
Arrow 104 5 – Classic Hits, 1993–1998
104 5 The Fox – Classic Rock, 1988–1993 (call letters changed to WGFX, which stood for Gallatin's FoX)
KX104 – Top 40, 1986–1987
Rock Hits 104, Kicks FM – Rock/Top 40, 1985–1986
Kix 104 – Top 40, 1978–1985 (as WHIN-FM and WWKX)
WHIN-FM – Oldies, 1974–1978 / Easy Listening, 1971–1974
WFMG-FM – Big Bands, 1960–1971 

Notable personalities
Fiona – 1999–2000
Mike "The Duke" Donegan – 2003–2004
Hallerin Hilton Hill – 2003–2005
Carl P  Mayfield – 2003
Coyote McCloud – 1980s
Mark Howard – 1998–2020
George Plaster – 2003–2011
Rich "Brother" Robbin – 2002–2003
Frank Wycheck – 2004–2016
Kevin Ingram - 2004-2020
Clay Travis – 2009–2014
Blaine Bishop – 2010–present
Dallas Reese – 1990–1992
Lauren McCleash – 1989–1992
Melissa Johnson Sweeton – 1989–1992/1999–2001

See also
List of Nashville media
Passage 10:
WJYM
WJYM (730 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Bowling Green, Ohio, and serving the Toledo metropolitan area  It broadcasts a Christian radio format, and is owned by the ministry of noted Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart  The studios and transmitter are on Freemont Pike (U S  Route 20 - U S  Route 23) near Lime City Road in Lime City, Ohio  
By day, WJYM is powered at 1,000 watts   But 730 AM is a Mexican and Canadian clear channel frequency   So to avoid interference, at night WJYM reduces power to 359 watts   It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array   Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator W295DB at 106 9 MHz 

History
Beginnings as WHRW
The station first signed on the air on December 1954 (1954-12)   The original call sign was WHRW, selected as the initials of its then-owner and founder, Howard R  Ward   It was a daytimer with a power of 250 watts using two towers and required to go off the air at sunset   Ward served as the president and general manager   By the end of the 1950s, the station was given permission to increase its power to 1,000 watts, but still days only   The studios were at the transmitter facility 
Ward was famous for stunting including a fight he had with General Telephone (GTE) concerning a teletype circuit which they could not provide to his station in rural Bowling Green   Ward purchased an old truck and painted "WTLG Carrier Pigeon News Service" on the side   He made a ceremony each day of driving it through the streets of Bowling Green to supposedly return his birds for dispatch of news releases out to his station from downtown  The local papers and wire services picked up on the story which embarrassed GTE  When GTE still would not budge he announced that he was giving away a free savings bond to the 10th caller to his station  He did not answer the phones during the contest and successfully locked up the GTE system in Bowling Green several times until the company obtained an injunction against him 
On July 1, 1961, Ward sold WHRW to H  Max Good 

As WMGS
After WHRW was sold to Good, the studios and offices were moved to the Waldorf Hotel in Toledo, as the recent power increase afforded the station with full market signal penetration   The relocation to Toledo did not last long and the station returned to the Bowling Green area, taking space along Main Street  The call letters were then changed to WMGS, to reflect the positioning statement "with more good sounds", though some station insiders referred to "Max Good's Station" as the more accurate translation 
The station was silent until it moved to the present location in Lime City   It returned to the air with 1,000 watts, days only, using four towers   The Program Director was George Mishler who also hosted middays  The morning drive time DJ was Roy Blair, and the afternoon host was Jim Hamilton  The music was middle of the road (MOR)   When the format changed to country music, George Mishler went to work for the Voice of America (VOA) in Washington, D C   He ultimately became a manager of Special English programming  Jim Hamilton headed for Chicago, and Roy Blair went to Bowling Green State University to complete his B A  in English  During this time, Roy announced for WFOB AM/FM, Fostoria and began work at WSPD AM after graduation  After WSPD AM, Roy was next heard on WJBK-TV 2, Detroit 
Under the country format, the DJs including Jim Bonnett as "Big Jim", who also was the station manager until 1966; Roger Price as "Pistol Pete" and program director from 1962 to 1966, Johnny Dauro as "Lonesome John" and manager from 1966 to 1970; Roy Blair as "Cousin Roy", George Lubgate as "Tiny Tim"; Ron Kitchen as "Ron the Dude" and program director in 1966; Lowell Thomas (Not the famous newscaster) as "L T "; Bob Zrake as "Buffalo Bob"; Jerry Kiefer as program director in 1972; Earl Sharninghouse as "Rick Allen" and program director and Chief engineer from 1972 to 1973; Ken Robey as "Ken Roberts"; Dennis Rutherford as Chief engineer and part-time air talent in 1973; Klaus Helfers as "J P  Jones"; and The Reverend Max Good, who preached daily 

As WJYM
On October 14, 1976, WMGS was sold to the Jimmy Swaggart Evangelistic Association, and became WJYM "Son Life Radio " The call letters are evocative of the name "Jim", after owner Jimmy Swaggart  For many years, the station operated locally with a full staff of approximately 12  In the mid 1990s, WJYM carried Bowling Green State University football and basketball games 
By 1980, the station's on-air operations moved to its transmitter facility along Fremont Pike in Rossford, where they remained for the rest of the 20th Century   Advances made in hard-disk computer-based broadcast automation and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was passed, which relieved many stations of the main studio rule that required a studio and management presence within close proximity of the community of license   At that point, on-air functions were moved to the ministry's headquarters in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  Though station signage remains outside the transmitter facility, it is, for the most part, unattended   Except for some computerized local announcements, WJYM is basically a simulcast of WJFM, the flagship station for Jimmy Swaggart Ministries 
Passage 11:
KAPE
KAPE (1550 AM, "KAPE Radio") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Cape Girardeau, Missouri   The station is owned by Withers Broadcasting and the broadcast license is held by Withers Broadcasting Company of Missouri, LLC 

The station was assigned the call sign "KAPE" by the U S  Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 2, 1987  It was licensed as "KGMO" when it signed on in 1951, and was assigned "KEWI" on April 14, 1986, and "KKPE" on May 1, 1986 

Programming
KAPE broadcasts a news/talk format  The station features programming from Fox News Radio and Salem Media Group  As of August 2022, syndicated programming includes weekday talk shows hosted by Dana Loesch, Dave Ramsey, Glenn Beck, Hugh Hewitt, Joe Pags, John Gibson, and Todd Schnitt Legendary radio broadcaster Rush Limbaugh started his career at KGMO in 1967 

Translator
KAPE programming is also carried on a broadcast translator station to extend or improve the coverage area of the station 
Passage 12:
WHOS
WHOS (800 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Decatur, Alabama, United States   The station is owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC  WHOS is one of five stations in the Huntsville, Alabama, market owned by iHeartMedia, Inc  The station is also simulcast on WBHP at 1230 AM in Huntsville, a 106 5 FM broadcast translator in Huntsville, and on WQRV-HD2 (HD Radio)   Its studios are located in Madison, Alabama and its transmitter is located in West Decatur, Alabama 

Programming
WHOS broadcasts a news/talk format that serves northwest Alabama and south-central Tennessee   The station's current programming is a simulcast of Huntsville, Alabama, sister station WBHP (1230 AM), "The Valley's Big Talker "  The studios for both stations are located in nearby Madison, Alabama 
Notable local weekday programming includes The WBHP Morning Program with Gary Dobbs and Toni Lowery  Notable syndicated weekday programming includes Coast to Coast AM with George Noory, The Glenn Beck Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, and The Sean Hannity Show  Weekend programming includes local news and sports, Somewhere In Time hosted by Art Bell, Fox News Sunday, and select programming from Fox Sports Radio 

History
This station began licensed operation in October 1948 as a 1,000-watt daytime-only station broadcasting at 800 kHz  Originally owned by North Alabama Broadcasting, the station was randomly assigned the WHOS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission; they do not stand for anything in particular  It ran a country music format for most of its first 40 years 
In February 1987, the broadcast license for WHOS was transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession   The transfer was approved by the FCC on February 26, 1987  Dixie Broadcasting had filed bankruptcy in an effort to stave off an adverse civil lawsuit outcome regarding the contracted sale of WDRM to W H  Pollard, Jr , the then-owner of WBHP (1230 AM) in Huntsville, Alabama In October 1988, the station, which had been airing a Southern Gospel music format, flipped to an all-Elvis Presley format using the advertising tagline "WHOS alive?"  This novel format garnered the station national media attention, but failed to gain a local audience and lasted just six months, in effect a lengthy stunt  After the stunt ended, WHOS switched to a simulcast of then co-owned WDRM and its country music format, which was by this time very successful and on the verge of becoming North Alabama's top-rated station 
In January 1992, a deal was reached for the broadcast license for WHOS to be transferred from Dixie Broadcasting, Inc  as Debtor-In-Possession back to Dixie Broadcasting, Inc   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 26, 1992, and the transaction was consummated on September 15, 1992 In December 1991, Dixie Broadcasting, Inc , reached an agreement to merge ownership of this station with the ownership of WBHP to a new company named Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, Inc , pending the resolution of Dixie's legal difficulties   In October 1993, with Dixie Broadcasting back in good financial standing and the legal issues settled by the appeals courts, the merger moved forward   The deal was approved by the FCC on November 3, 1993, and the transaction was consummated on November 11, 1993 In November 1996, J  Mack Bramlett, W H  Pollard Jr , and Trust B Under The Will Of W H  Pollard Sr  reached an agreement to transfer control of Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, licensee of this station as well as WDRM and WBHP, to Osborn Communications Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on January 29, 1997  In November 1997, WHOS and WBHP dropped their shared country music format for an all-news format featuring CNN Radio 24 hours a day In August 1998, Osborn-owned Mountain Lakes Broadcasting, LLC, reached an agreement to sell this station to AMFM Inc  a subsidiary of Ameron Broadcasting Corporation   The deal was approved by the FCC on October 2, 1998, and the transaction was consummated on November 5, 1998 In February 1999, AMFM Inc 's Ameron Broadcasting Corporation made a deal to sell this station to Clear Channel Communications through its Capstar Royalty II Corporation subsidiary   The deal was approved by the FCC on March 2, 1999, and the transaction was consummated on March 5, 1999  This deal, a small part of a larger $16 6 billion transaction, included all five of the Huntsville stations then in Clear Channel's Huntsville station group 

Former on-air staff
Notable former WHOS on-air staff included George Rose, who, along with his alter-ego "Cousin Josh" character, hosted "The Cousin Josh Jam-O-Ree" on several North Alabama radio stations in a career that began in 1948 and ended with his death in 2006 

Former programming
WHOS and sister station WBHP were the broadcast flagships for the 1999-2000 final season of the Huntsville Channel Cats and for the short-lived Huntsville Tornado for the 2000-2001 hockey season  Both teams played their home games at the Von Braun Center and competed in the Central Hockey League 
Passage 13:
KFGY
KFGY (92 9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Healdsburg, California, broadcasting to the Santa Rosa, California, area 
KFGY airs a country music format branded as "Froggy 92 9" 

External links
Official Website
KFGY in the FCC FM station database
KFGY on Radio-Locator
KFGY in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 14:
WKHK
WKHK (95 3 FM) is a country music formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia   WKHK is owned and operated by SummitMedia   The station's studios and offices are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Bensley, Virginia WKHK is licensed by the FCC to broadcast in the HD digital hybrid format 

WKHK-HD2
On August 7, 2016, WKHK-HD2 and simulcasting translator W282CA signed on for the first time   The new stations began stunting with Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang, by Dr  Dre and Snoop Dogg, on a loop   The stunt ended just after Noon, on August 9, and the Classic Hip Hop format began   Using Westwood One's Classic Hip Hop network, the first song heard on the station was Rock It by Master P On May 7, 2021, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the classic hip hop format and began simulcasting WKHK On January 11, 2022, WKHK-HD2/W282CA dropped the WKHK simulcast and changed its format to classic country as "Classic Country 104 3" 

WKHK-HD3
WKHK-HD3 carries a non-commercial Contemporary Christian music format branded as "The Journey," based at WRVL in Lynchburg which feeds translator W235AI at 94 9 FM 
Passage 15:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 16:
KFRU
KFRU (1400 AM) is a radio station located in Columbia, Missouri  Its programming format consists primarily of news, talk and sports   The station is licensed to Cumulus Media  The station is also audible on translator K255DJ 98 9 FM in Columbia 

History
KFRU was founded in Bristow, Oklahoma by E H  Rollestone, in January 1925  That fall, the station was purchased by Stephens College and moved to Columbia (with Rollestone going on to found KVOO, now KTSB) On September 24, 1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of the station from Nelson R  Darragh, of St  Louis, to Luther L  Hill, of Des Moines  Several owners later, the station was purchased by the St  Louis Star-Times newspaper, mostly for its regional broadcast frequency of 630 kHz, later moved to its St  Louis radio station, KXOK  In 1940, KFRU became an affiliate of the Blue Network  The station was assigned its current 1400 kHz frequency in 1941 
Mahlon Aldridge, Jr  was appointed manager in 1945, purchasing the station in 1948 in partnership with the publisher of the Columbia Daily Tribune  In 1957, the station's format consisted of a mixture of country music, news and sports 
Aldridge sold his interest to his partner's son in the 1980s, and competition caused the station's audience share to fall   After another change in ownership, KFRU was purchased by a local ownership group headed by Al Germond, who moved the studios into the broadcast complex with their KARO-FM (now KPLA) station   The group formed and purchased additional stations in the Columbia and Jefferson City markets under the name of Premier Marketing Group 
In 2004, KFRU and the other Premier Marketing Group stations were sold to Cumulus Broadcasting   In August 2017, KFRU applied for an FM translator at 98 9 as part of the FCC's AM revitalization project   The translator signed on for the first time on August 18, 2019 

Network affiliations
ABC Radio Network
When KFRU was purchased by the Star-Times, it became affiliated with the NBC Blue Network, now the ABC Radio Network,   KFRU switched to the Westwood One/CNN news feed in 2012   After Westwood One ended their newsfeed, KFRU returned to ABC News Radio on August 31, 2020 

Missouri Tiger Network
KFRU was the longtime flagship station of play-by-play broadcasts of Missouri Tiger football and basketball teams  On December 22, 2009, Mizzou Sports Properties (owned by Learfield Sports) announced it would move Tiger broadcasts to Zimmer Radio's mid-Missouri cluster, fronted by 99,000-watt KCMQ, starting in 2010 With KMOX-AM in St  Louis as a network affiliate, the network has had many regional and national broadcasters providing play-by-play and color commentary for MU sports broadcasts, including:

Jack Buck (member of the Baseball and Radio Hall of Fame)
Harry Caray (member of the Baseball Hall of Fame)
Bob Starr
Bob Costas (NBC Sports)
Kevin Harlan (CBS Sports)
Tom Dore (Chicago Bulls)
Joe Buck (Fox Sports)
John Rooney (Chicago White Sox, St  Louis Cardinals)
Bill Wilkerson
Kellen Winslow (Fox Sports Net) (member of the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame)
Dan Kelly (member of the Hockey Hall of Fame)
Jon Sundvold
Kevin CalabroFormer color commentators include Jim Kennedy and Rod Kelly 
The current broadcast teams through the 2011-12 season are:

Football - Mike Kelly (play-by-play), Howard Richards (color commentary) and Chris Gervino (sideline)
Men's Basketball - Mike Kelly (play-by-play) and Gary Link (color commentary)
Women's Basketball - David Lile or Will Palaszczuk (play-by-play) and Gary Link or Michael Porter (color commentary)

St  Louis Cardinals Baseball Network
As of the 2012 Major League Baseball season, the station is no longer a St  Louis Cardinals radio network affiliate; Zimmer Radio's KSSZ replaced KFRU as the Columbia market affiliate   According to previous years' KFRU promotional advertisements, they had been affiliated with the Cardinals for at least 60 years 

Awards
Peabody Award for Public Service by a Small Station, 1940
Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism, presented to Mahlon Aldridge
KFRU awarded the Missouri Broadcasters Association 2015 Station of the Year award   This was the first ever Station of the Year award given by the MBA 
KFRU inducted into the Boone County Historical Society's Hall of Fame, October 8, 2015, just days after the station's 90th Anniversary 

Affiliation with the University of Missouri School of Journalism
Prior to the founding of University-owned station KBIA-FM in 1971, KFRU was a primary training ground for broadcast journalism students at the University   Even after this time, the station still employs students and recent graduates; many graduates list the station on their current employment biography pages 

Former KFRU employees in TV/radio
Eric Engberg, news director, 1963-68 - retired CBS News Washington Correspondent
Ben Bradley, host, reporter and news anchor - currently WLS-TV general assignment reporter
Dave Hunziker, sports director - currently Oklahoma State Cowboys play-by-play
Chris Gervino, sports director - currently KOMU-TV sports director
Will Sterrett, board-op - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Sean Kelley - sports director - currently New Orleans Pelicans play-by-play
Ed Kilgore - currently WGRZ-TV sports director
Mike Roberts - currently KRCG-TV chief meteorologist
Mark Reardon - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
John Carney - overnight board-op/host - currently KMOX-AM talk show host
Michael Calhoun - currently KMOX-AM news anchor
Amy Miller - currently local Morning Edition host at WDET
Joe Scialfa - currently Newsradio 620 WTMJ-AM, Program Director
Michael Putney, news director - currently WPLG-TV, Miami Political Reporter
Steve Moore - currently KMOX-AM, Vice President of News/Talk, CBS Radio, Director of Programming and Operations
Ellen Schenk - currently KMBZ-FM morning co-anchor
Larry Zimmer - retired KOA-AM sports director, University of Colorado play-by-play
Mark Becker - WSOC-TV reporter
Mark Davidson - KSNW-TV sports anchor/reporter
Matt Boltz - currently Houston Astrosradio network producer/engineer
Kevin Larue - currently KSL-AM news and program director
RJ McAllister, news - formerly news director at KWTO
Jim Fry - currently at WFAA
Brian Sussman - currently host at KSFO
Paul Hannigan, news director - formerly reporter at KTRH-AM
Darren Hellwege - Host of "Morning Edition" and "Thinking Out Loud with Darren Hellwege" on KBIA-FM, Columbia; formerly of KCSC and WWLS, Oklahoma City 
Dick (Kettenbrink) Preston - Currently Morning and Noon news anchor at KRCG-TV Jefferson City, Mo 

Other former employees and program hosts
James Keown - state capital reporter and Sunday Morning Roundtable contributor - currently incarcerated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts after being convicted of murdering his wife by poisoning her with antifreeze  Keown was arrested by the United States Marshal’s Service in November 2005 during a commercial break on his “Partyline” program on sister-station KLIK in Jefferson City, Mo 
Roger Gafke, news director
Scott Baker - currently press secretary for Rep  Kenny Hulshof
Rod Kelly - Missouri Basketball color commentator
Kathy Poppe (Watson)- Constituent Service Director, U S  Senator John Boozman, former talk host/reporter (KWHN - Fort Smith, Arkansas)
Barry Bennett - Currently Director of Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Brian Hauswirth, news director - currently public information officer with the Missouri Department of Corrections
Doug Ross
Dick Aldrich -Radio Communications for Missouri House of Representatives
Chris Lincoln - co-founder of Winnercomm; ABC Sports and ESPN commentator on Thoroughbred racing; former sports host of KTUL-TV, Tulsa
Dr  John Williams - host, The Pet Place
Bob O'Connell - host, The Garden Spot
Ray Rothenberger - host, The Garden Spot (deceased)
Stacy Allen - meteorologist
Brendan Cosgrove - news - currently Broadcast Associate at Northwestern University
Greg Crain - sports (deceased)
Leslie Callison - news
Judd McIlvain - consumer reporter, worked at KRCG, KTTV, KCBS-TV and CBS 48 Hours 
Ara Ayer - reporter for WAAY-TV; producer for Dateline NBC, NBC Nightly News; conflict photographer: World Picture News; commercial director, DP, filmmaker for PBS, Bloomberg TV
Anne Steffens - formerly with KMOV, now Director of the Office of Communications of the Archdiocese of St  Louis
John Fougere, sportscaster - currently Press Secretary to Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon
Robert Loggia - actor
Brad Whitworth - sportscaster/announcer - now Sr  Comms Mgr, Strategic Alliances at Cisco Systems
Kevin M  Gray - sportscaster and sports director - now President of the Kansas City Sports Commission
Tony Messenger - evening show host; was concurrently a Columnist with the Columbia Daily Tribune - now Editorial Page Editor of the Springfield News-Leader
Chris Kelly - evening show host; former local and state politician; resigned to accept appointment as Boone County associate circuit judge (retired) - now Democratic candidate for Missouri House of Representatives 24th District
Mike Kelly - Morning sports reports; Missouri Men's Basketball play-by-play; Left his full-time job as Missouri Athletic Department Director of Broadcast Operations on May 30, 2007 to join The Insurance Group sales department [1], but will remain as play-by-play announcer   During the David Lile Show on June 29, 2007, it was announced that it was his last day "due to budgetary reasons" with the Cumulus stations (he also provided reports for Jefferson City station KLIK-AM)
Dave Schmidt - Weatherman for KOMU TV in Columbia, Mo 
Steve Lager- 25 year radio career in Kansas City including mornings at KCIY
Dusty Rhodes-the Midnight Mayor
Bob Pollack - Sports Director
Brad Stephenson - news anchor/reporterRichard M  Cottam (deceased)  - news anchor/reporter 1957-1963; Instructor Dept  of Journalism Univ  of Missouri- Columbia 1956-1963;  Co-host    "Conversations with Dick and Doris" 1961-1963; NBC News associate Producer Huntley-Brinkley Report 1963-1967; NBC News Election unit 1968-1971
Passage 17:
WKDM
WKDM (1380 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to New York, New York  The station is owned by Multicultural Broadcasting and broadcasts on weekdays in Mandarin Chinese  Most shows are brokered programming, where the host pays for the time and may sell commercials to support the broadcasts  On weekends, programming switches to Spanish language Christian radio 
WKDM operates at 5,000 watts by day, using a directional antenna to protect other stations on 1380 AM   After being granted a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to increase night power, it operates at 13,000 watts after sunset, using a different directional pattern  The station's transmitter is located in Carlstadt, New Jersey 

History
The station began operation in 1926 as WBNX, the call letters reflecting the station's location in the borough of The Bronx  One of the station's first permanent homes was inside Starlight Park, an amusement park located on the east bank of the Bronx River just south of East 177th Street   This tenancy lasted until 1932, when the Great Depression forced the park's closure, which then led to the station's eviction from its studios WBNX changed frequencies several times during its early years, eventually finding a permanent home on 1380 kHz, sharing time on the frequency with religious broadcaster WAWZ in central New Jersey  It operated 18 hours a day with general entertainment and brokered programming 
In 1960 WBNX was sold to United Broadcasting  By the mid-1960s, WBNX was airing a Spanish contemporary music format during most of its hours, with some Jewish-oriented and Italian-language programming on weekends 
In 1984 the station changed the call letters to WKDM and became a full-time operation as United paid WAWZ owner Pillar of Fire to give up its portion of the time-share (WAWZ continued to operate on FM)  It remained successful until the advent of a full-time Spanish language format on WSKQ-FM in 1989, which pulled away listeners  As a result, in the early 1990s the station began to carry more leased-access/brokered shows  In 1992 it went completely brokered, and was sold to Multicultural in 1994 
In 1999 Multicultural transferred WKDM to Mega Communications in exchange for cash and various Washington D C  area stations   Mega changed the call letters to WNNY and instituted an all news Spanish format (Noticas 1380)  Eventually, the all-news evolved into a news/talk format   This format was not successful, and by 2002 Mega had changed the call letters to WLXE and the format to Mexican pop music as "X-1380"   A few months later, Multicultural bought the station back and reinstated the WKDM call sign and the brokered programming policy 
Since 2007, WKDM has broadcast in Mandarin Chinese 24 hours a day Monday through Friday, featuring drama, popular music, talk shows, news program, children’s programs and sports, as well as programs from China and Taiwan 
Passage 18:
KTRP (AM)
KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States   The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano  KTRP is silent as of April 20, 2016 

History
The station went on the air June 14, 1965 as KYET  It changed its call sign to KACY on October 1, 1984  On January 30, 1990, the station changed its call sign to KIOV  The station took on the KWEI call sign on March 25, 2011; three years later, the station swapped call signs with 1260 AM and became KTRP Until April 20, 2016, KTRP broadcast a Tejano format to the greater Boise, Idaho, area and was the only full-time Tejano station in the state of Idaho  The station went off the air on April 20, 2016, following a transmitter failure 
Passage 19:
WRGV
WRGV (107 3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Pensacola, Florida, United States   The station is currently owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia and the broadcast license is held by iHM Licenses, LLC   WRGV broadcasts a mainstream urban music format to the greater Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, area   Its studios are located inside the building of unrelated television station WKRG-TV on Broadcast Drive in Mobile, and the transmitter is near Robertsdale, Alabama 

History
In 1976, 107 3 FM belonged to WAJB, which was a beautiful music station with studios at the Tiger Point Country Club in Gulf Breeze, until it was purchased by Colonial Broadcasting in 1979   The format was changed to country music along with new call letters, WOWW to become known as "WOW 107", moving its studios to Davis Highway in Pensacola 
As the 1980s progressed, "WOW 107" would rise up to become a country music power house, overthrowing the heritage country station in the market, WXBM-FM, and winning several Billboard Magazine's Station of the Year (small market) awards   It was also known for its full-time News department, winner of multiple AP news awards 
As the 1980s ended, so did WOW 107's run of being a ratings king, now owned by Sun Media Group   The 1990s saw several re-imaging attempts, including "The New WOW 107 3" and "107 Thunder Country", until its demise as a country station in 1995 when it became "New Rock One Zero Seven", flipping to alternative rock  Riding the popularity wave of mid-1990s alternative music, WOWW debuted at #1 in Arbitron's Persons 18-34, where it remained until the purchase and format flip by Paxson  "New Rock 107" staff included Steve Williams as Operations Manager/Morning Show host, Program Director/Midday host Joel Sampson, Music Director/Afternoon host LaLaine, and evening host Suzy Boe, among others 
In 1996, the station was purchased by Southern Broadcasting, which owned New Rock 107's only competition, WTKX, "TK101"   Two months later, both were purchased by Paxson Communications   After the Paxson purchase, TK101, being a heritage rock station since the mid-1970s, brought over WOWW's PD Joel Sampson, retained Midday personality Mark "the Shark" Dyba and added a majority of WOWW air staff and re-imaged itself as "The Rock Station", dropping the moniker "The New Rock Alternative", leaving WOWW without an airstaff or a format 
After stunting for two days playing "Macarena" by Los del Rio non-stop, WOWW changed formats to oldies from the 1950s and 1960s, and changed its call letters to WYCL (which stood for "Way Cool")   As time went on, they phased out the 1950s music to include more 1970s songs 

Then, in late 2004, the station's owner, now iHeartMedia, Inc  (formerly Clear Channel Communications), switched the format to "My 107 3", and played 1970s and 1980s music   However, the "My 70s, My 80s" positioner was discontinued and the station used "My Variety" as its main positioner, in order to include a slightly wider variety of music   The playlist remained mostly 1970s and early 1980s, with a fair amount of 1960s and other 1980s songs, making it a classic hits format 
For three years after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the station played breaking news bulletins every hour on top of the hour (first provided by ABC News, then by Clear Channel Worldwide News), as well as "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the start and close of each workday 

In February 2010, the station ceased the "My 107 3" format and began simulcasting sister station WMXC  On February 26, 2010, at 8:00 a m , WYCL flipped to rhythmic adult contemporary format, branded as "107 3 The Groove"  The first song on The Groove was "Into the Groove" by Madonna  On March 5, 2010, WYCL changed their call letters to WRGV to go with "The Groove" branding  After a year as a Rhythmic AC, WRGV evolved to Rhythmic Top 40 in April 2011  On September 2, 2011, WRGV changed their format to Top 40 (CHR), branded as "107 3 Hit Music Now"  It featured the syndicated Elvis Duran Morning Show and former WABB staffers Reid and Matt McCoy  On July 20, 2015, WRGV rebranded as "107 3 Kiss FM" On December 8, 2017, at 5 p m , after playing "1-800-273-8255" by Logic featuring Alessia Cara and Khalid, WRGV adopted W262BL/WMXC-HD2's urban contemporary format as "107 3 The Beat"  The first song on "The Beat" was "Love" by Kendrick Lamar featuring Zacari 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Benny Beaver
Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign  The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s 

Mascot history
The university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908  The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as "The Beaver" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot  The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon  For several early publishings, students at this school also used "The Beaver" as their yearbook's title Oregon State University's first documented use of "Benny Beaver" was found in a photograph showing students posing next to a statue of a beaver inscribed with the name "Benny Beaver " The photograph appears in the 1942 edition of the yearbook 

Prior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as John Richard Newton Bell (1893–1928)  A longtime member of the university's board of regents, Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's victories over Oregon  He was said to have tossed his top hat into the water as a token of celebration  Earlier mascots include "Jimmie" the Coyote (1892–1893) and "Bulldog" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad)  The beaver mascot's name, "Benny," was officially adopted in 1945  Two failed attempts to maintain a live beaver mascot include Bevo Beaver (rescued from Mary's River in 1921 and later stolen ) and Billy Beaver 
The early Benny Beaver "cartoon" icon/logo was created by famous graphic illustrator, and former Disney employee, Arthur C  Evans  As the art director for Angelus Pacific Company, Evans submitted his design to OSU and it was approved for use in 1951  His logos were used at hundreds of other universities and high schools throughout the nation  Evans' beaver logo also appeared in the 1985 movie Teen Wolf 
During the 1940s, students carted a beaver statue in parades throughout the state and around the stadium on game days  The statue was patterned after an earlier bronze statue that also went by the name "Benny "  Although the name "Benny" was adopted prior to the 1940s, a 1941 yearbook picture captions the statue as "Bill Beaver"  The following yearbook (1942) a photo of the same beaver statue is cited with the name "Benny Beaver"  After the statue's demise, the name "Benny" was regularly used in a popular sports column in The Daily Barometer - known as "The Gnawed Log "
The first live appearance during an athletic event by a mascot named "Benny", was September 18, 1952 and performed by Ken Austin  Austin later founded Newberg, Oregon-based A-dec, the largest privately held dental equipment manufacturer in North America  Austin is now a major Oregon State donor Between the early 1980s and mid-1990s, Benny was often joined at sporting events by a co-mascot, known as "Bernice Beaver "
In 1998 No Dinx, a graphic design shop in Albany, Oregon, redesigned the logo for the first time in nearly 50 years (shown below)  In March 2013, working together with Nike, Oregon State University unveiled the latest, newly redesigned version, of the Benny Beaver logo  The new logo replaced the No Dinx design  The Benny Beaver costume also changed to match the new logo in 2001  Benny wears #0 at football games and #0 at basketball games  Past numbers have included #100 (football) and #6 (basketball) 
In December 2010, Benny Beaver was ranked 13th on a list titled 20 Worst Behaved Mascots Of All Time  Despite the bad press, Benny Beaver won the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign, earning the mascot program $1000 and inclusion in the following year's Capital One All-America Mascot Team 
Passage 2:
Carl Wooten Field
Carl Wooten Field is a stadium in Goodwell, Oklahoma on the campus of Oklahoma Panhandle State University  Carl Wooten Field is the home stadium for PSU's American football and track and field teams  It has also hosted local soccer matches 
The capacity of the stadium is 5,000, mostly seated in the main stand  The main stand is colored red, white, and blue and reads "OPSU" in white letters which cover the stand's central area from top to bottom 

External links
D2 Football - Carl Wooten Field
Passage 3:
Sandy Goss
Donald Alexander Goss (born 2 October 1968), nicknamed Sandy Goss, is a former competition swimmer from Canada   Goss was a freestyle and backstroke specialist who was an Olympic silver medalist 

Early years
Goss was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia in 1968   At the age of 8, Goss' family moved to Toronto and he began swimming for the North York Aquatic Club   At age 11, he was a member of the Canadian tour team that traveled to Germany and won two silver medals   At 17, Goss set a new short-course world record in the 200-metres backstroke at the Canadian Nationals 

College career
Goss received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he swam for the Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition under coach Randy Reese from 1987 to 1990   Goss, together with Duffy Dillon, Paul Robinson and Troy Dalbey, won the NCAA national championship in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay in 1987   He also won three Southeastern Conference (SEC) individual championships in the 100-metre backstroke (1987) and the 200-metre backstroke (1987, 1988), as well as seven SEC championships as a member of winning Gators relay teams   Goss received twenty-three All-American honors during his four-year American college swimming career   He graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in marketing in 1991 

International career
Goss represented Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California   In 1984, he won a silver medal with the Canadian team by swimming the freestyle anchor leg in the men's 4x100-metre medley relay   Goss was also a member of Canada's fifth-place team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, and seventh-place team in the men's 4x100-metre freestyle relay   Individually, he placed seventh in the 100-metre backstroke Four years later, he again swam for Canada in four events at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea   He again earned a silver medal by swimming the freestyle leg for Canada's second-place team in the 4x100-metre medley relay   He was also a member of the Canadian eighth-place team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, and ninth-place team in the men's 4x100-metre freestyle relay   In individual competition, he advanced to the semifinals of the 100-metre freestyle, and finished with the tenth best time overall He was a double gold medalist at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, winning championships in the 200-metre backstroke and 4x100-metre medley relay, and also won silver medals as a member of the second-place Canadian teams in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay and 4x200-metre freestyle relay 

Life after swimming
Goss and Jane Kerr were inducted into the Swimming Canada Circle of Excellence Hall of Fame in 2006   He lives in Toronto with his wife Judy, with whom he has two children, including competitive swimmer Kennedy Goss, who was named to Canada's Olympic team in 2016 and won a bronze medal in the women's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay   As of 2006, he was working as a stock broker for Research Capital in Toronto 

See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Olympians
Passage 4:
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field is a college baseball park in the northwest United States, on the campus of Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon   It is home to the Oregon State Beavers of the Pac-12 Conference  Through the 2014 season, OSU had an all-time record of 1134–474–1 ( 705) at the venue 

History
The field was established in 116 years ago in 1907, with the first game on April 12  The baseball diamond was later named "Ralph Coleman Field" for the head coach who stepped down after 35 years following the 1966 season 
The Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard was added to Ralph Coleman Field in 1986 in memory of the 1981 freshman outfielder, who died in a freak accident just three days prior to his first season with the Beavers   The scoreboard remained in use until its replacement in 2006 
In the late fall of 1998, after many years of talks regarding upgrading the bleachers, concession stands, and the press box, a major remodel was undertaken, in large part due to a $2 3 million donation by John and Eline Goss   Completed before the start of the 1999 season, the addition of the all new stadium put to rest the idea that the Beavers may not be able to continue to play at their longtime home   With the field located in the middle of campus, there had been discussion of the land being turned over to academic uses  The first official game at Goss Stadium at Coleman field was played March 12, 1999 Lights were added to the stadium in 2002, allowing the Beavers to play their first night game at home on April 27, a 4–1 victory over the fourth-ranked Stanford Cardinal 
In the summer of 2006, after the Beavers' first national championship, a state-of-the-art scoreboard was installed, replacing the Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard   This scoreboard featured the first video replay screen in the conference   The natural grass (and dirt) infield was replaced with FieldTurf in late 2006, in time for the 2007 season  The pitcher's mound and home plate area were the only portions that remained dirt  The basepaths and "skin" portion are FieldTurf, colored dark orange   The home plate area at Goss Stadium was later covered with FieldTurf, leaving only the pitcher's mound with dirt 
In May 2008, the Goss Stadium expansion project which consisted of extending the stadium down the 1st and 3rd baselines, was completed   This expansion raised the capacity from 2,000 to 3,248 spectators   The Omaha Room, a suite overlooking the field along the first base line, was built during the expansion project   An academic center as well as the Oregon State Baseball Hall of Fame area celebrating its rich baseball history were also added and are housed underneath the Omaha Room suite 
The official stadium capacity is currently at 3,587   In the 2013 season, home games averaged 2,676 fans per game (24th best among Division I baseball programs) as the Beavers tied an all-time season best 27–5 record at home In 2014, former Oregon State center fielder and MLB All-Star, Jacoby Ellsbury, donated $1 million as part of a $3 million renovation project  Construction was completed in February 2015 adding a beer garden standing deck for fans above a new home team locker room  Also in the winter of 2015, new FieldTurf was installed that covered the entire field, from the backstop to the outfield fence, removing the last remaining natural turf from Coleman Field   The only natural surface remaining was the dirt pitchers mound 
Prior to the start of the 2016 season, the existing scoreboard was removed to accommodate the upgrade which will replace all existing scoreboard elements with one large LED videoboard that is projected to be twice as large from its predecessor The facility has hosted 11 NCAA Regional Tournaments (1952, 1963, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022), as well as 7 NCAA Super-Regional Tournaments (2005, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2022)   As of 2023, Oregon State has posted an impressive mark of 39–11 in postseason games at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field 

Facility
Opened over a century ago, Coleman Field is located near the center of campus and is the oldest continuous ballpark in the nation The playing field has an unorthodox alignment, with the batter and catcher facing southeast, resulting in difficult visual conditions for the fielders on the left side of the diamond for games played near sunset  (The recommended orientation of a baseball diamond is east-northeast ) The field's elevation is approximately 240 feet (75 m) above sea level 
Since 2007, the stadium is the home field of the Corvallis Knights of the West Coast League, a collegiate summer league 

See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Passage 5:
Javelina Stadium
Javelina Stadium is a stadium in Kingsville, Texas   It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of Texas A&M University–Kingsville   The stadium holds 15,000 people and opened in 1950 
A new scoreboard was installed during the 2006 football season   The scoreboard is the largest scoreboard in NCAA Division II   The scoreboard is 36 feet (11 m) wide and 36 feet (11 m) tall and stands 12 feet (3 7 m) off the ground   The video display is over 15 feet (5 m) tall and 20 feet (6 m) wide   It features a three camera system and a fully functional production room located under the east side grandstand   It also features a new sound system 
As the home of the Javelinas, the stadium has seen Texas A&M-Kingsville win 7 National Championships in 1959, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1979   Also of note, the Javelinas achieved a 42-game winning streak - undefeated and untied from their last game of 1973 through the third game of 1977 
In addition to college football, the stadium serves as the home of Henrietta M  King High School's football team and is often selected as a neutral site for high school football playoff games 
From 2001 to 2011, it hosted the Cactus Bowl, an all-star game for NCAA Division II seniors 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Jim Coleman (musician)
James F  Coleman is an American musician who plays keyboards and sampler  He was a member of the 1990s noise rock band Cop Shoot Cop, and afterwards worked as a solo musician specializing in instrumental electronic music and film scores 

Biography
He was a founding member of New York's Cop Shoot Cop, and performed under a variety of stage names: Cripple Jim (he toured on crutches due to a broken leg), and usually as Filer  For most of their existence the band had two bassists and no guitar, leaving Coleman's keyboards to occupy much of the middle-frequency range normally filled by a guitarist in a rock band  Coleman's use of found sounds and other unusual noises was described as "inventive" by critics Art Black David Sprague of Trouser Press  On Release (1994), Cop Shoot Cop's final album, Coleman relied more on conventional piano playing rather than his early sample-based approach He has recorded solo albums as Phylr and the closely related project Here (with Teho Teardo) and collaborates with JG Thirlwell as Baby Zizanie Most recently, Coleman has released the ambient album Trees (2012) under his own name  He has been doing sporadic live shows of this material in Europe and the US Additionally, Coleman has scored a good number of indie films and TV series  Indie features emerging in 2014 are "Exposed" by Beth B and "Stay Then Go" by Shelli Ainsworth  He has worked with directors such as Todd Phillips, Hal Hartley, Richard Kern and Danny Leitner Coleman is currently working on a number of music tracks that are based on recordings of people's near death experiences In 2018-2019, Coleman co-formed a new group called Human Impact 
Passage 7:
DU Stadium
DU Stadium, sometimes referred to as Hilltop Stadium, was a stadium in the western United States, located on the campus of the University of Denver in Denver, Colorado  Built 97 years ago in 1926, the crescent-shaped main grandstand design on the west sideline was based on other similar-sized stadiums from the same time period, Brown Stadium and Cornell's Schoellkopf Field, both in the Ivy League 
It hosted Denver Pioneers football until the program was discontinued in early 1961, due to mounting deficits  The stadium had a seating capacity of 30,000 at its peak, and the natural grass field had a conventional north–south orientation at an elevation of 5,350 feet (1,630 m) above sea level  Nearly half a century in age, it was torn down in the early 1970s 

Stadium history
DU played its first football game in 1885, and by 1909 had moved to a 10,000-seat grandstand in University Park  By 1924, DU football had outgrown that grandstand, and DU alumni decided to launch an ambitious public bond drive to fund a new stadium  The university broke ground for Hilltop Stadium in March 1925 

Construction
The construction costs ran just under $571,000, with the project using one million board-feet of lumber, 7,000 cubic feet (200 m3) of concrete and 295 tons of steel  Gavin Hadden, an engineer whose office was in New York City, designed the stadium; he also designed the football stadiums at Cornell, Brown, and Northwestern  The community called the new structure by the nickname “Monument to Concrete ” The famous sculptor Robert Garrison created two massive figures of athletes, one male and one female, for the stadium's main entrance as symbols of the value of coeducation and “the vitality, the vigor, and the strength of modern American youth” 
In the venue's first official game, DU defeated Colorado School of Mines 27–7  However, no regional match-up overshadowed the annual rivalry game between DU and the University of Colorado, Boulder (CU) on Thanksgiving Day  This Front Range tradition came to end when CU moved to the Big Seven Conference in 1948  The facility also hosted other sports during its history, including soccer and track and field 
The use of Hilltop Stadium extended beyond the realm of athletic competition as well: aviator Charles Lindbergh visited the Denver landmark during a parade held in his honor in 1927, several months after his solo transatlantic flight  Hilltop Stadium also hosted outdoor theater productions and DU commencement ceremonies for a number of years 
The U S  Air Force Academy Falcons shared the stadium with DU until their new Falcon Stadium opened in Colorado Springs in 1962  Additionally, the professional Denver Broncos, a charter AFL franchise, played eleven pre-season and two early regular season games at DU stadium in the early and mid-1960s  Perhaps the most famous of those DU-hosted Bronco games was the 1967 pre-season game on August 5, when the Broncos beat the Detroit Lions in the first inter-league exhibition game  The Broncos' home venue, Bears Stadium (later renamed "Mile High"), was shared with the Triple-A Denver Bears baseball club of the American Association (and Pacific Coast League) 

Demolition
The university decided to demolish Hilltop Stadium in 1971  The venue had started to crumble, and after the discontinuation of the DU football program in January 1961, a costly reconstruction of the main grandstand seemed unwarranted  Although the large crescent-shaped section on the west side was removed, the far smaller section to the east remained until 1974 
DU also needed the space for its growing intramural sports program: new plans included ten lighted tennis courts and three regulation-sized playing fields for a wide variety of sports  Today, the Benjamin F  Stapleton, Jr  Tennis Pavilion, Diane Wendt Sports Field, University of Denver Soccer Stadium and Peter Barton Lacrosse Stadium, all stand on the site of the old Hilltop Stadium 
A few remnants of the stadium remain today  The light towers now stand in working order at Englewood High School's football field, and the old line markers are housed at the Anderson Academic Commons, formerly the Penrose Library on the DU campus 

Bibliography
Fisher, Steve  “The Short, Happy Life of Hilltop Stadium ” University of Denver Magazine  Winter 2006  3 Oct  2008 
Haraway, Frank O  “Football ” A Tribute to Champions  Ed  Erik Prenzler  Denver: Mile High Alumni Boosters, 1985  8-10 
Moffett, Jessie  “Statues Will Be Placed in Niches by October 25, Sculptor Announces ” The Clarion 26 September 1926: 3 
“Say Goodbye to an Oldtimer… ” Communiqué (DU Faculty and Staff Publication) 21 June 1971 
Passage 8:
A League of Their Own
A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Penny Marshall that tells a fictionalized account of the real-life All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL)  It stars Tom Hanks, Geena Davis, Madonna, Lori Petty, Rosie O'Donnell, Jon Lovitz, David Strathairn, Garry Marshall and Bill Pullman  It was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson 
A League of Their Own was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $132 4 million worldwide and garnering acclaim for Marshall's direction and the performances of its ensemble cast  In 2012, the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Plot
In 1988, Dottie Hinson attends the opening of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame  She sees many former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943 
When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, Chicago Cubs owner Walter Harvey persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league  Ira Lowenstein is put in charge  Scout Ernie Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy  She is not interested; she is happy with her life while waiting for her husband Bob to return from the war  Her younger sister Kit Keller, however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself  Capadino is unimpressed by Kit's batting and refuses to watch her pitch, but agrees to take her along if she changes Dottie's mind  Dottie agrees for her sister's sake 
Dottie and Kit travel to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout  They meet taxi dancer Mae "All the Way Mae" Mordabito and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy, soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner, illiterate left fielder Shirley Baker, pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander, left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn, second baseman Marla Hooch, first baseman Helen Haley, and Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers  They and five others constitute the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others make up the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox 
The Peaches are managed by former star Cubs slugger Jimmy Dugan, a cynical alcoholic  He initially treats the whole thing as a joke, forcing Dottie to take over as on-field leader initially  Dugan is also abrasive toward his players  The team travels with Evelyn's spoiled bratty son Stillwell and tightly wound team chaperone Miss Cuthburt  With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular, as the league has attracted little attention  Dottie obliges, catching a popped-up ball behind home plate while doing a split  The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover  A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced 
The teammates bond  Marla marries a man named Nelson whom she met on a raucous roadhouse outing and leaves the team for the rest of the season, Mae teaches Shirley to read, and Evelyn writes a team song  Lowenstein makes Dottie the face of the league, making Kit resentful  Their sibling rivalry intensifies, resulting in Kit's trade to the Racine Belles 
The Peaches end the season with the league's best record, qualifying for the World Series  Jimmy gives Betty a telegram informing her that her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater  Grief-stricken, she leaves the team  That evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob shows up, having been wounded and discharged from the Army  Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob  Unable to persuade her to play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision 
The Peaches face the Belles in the World Series, which goes the full seven games  Dottie rejoins the Peaches for the seventh game, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles  With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run  Kit is distraught, but gets a second chance when she comes to bat with two outs in the bottom of the ninth  She gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand 
The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support  After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves with Bob 
In the present, Dottie is reunited with the other players, including Kit, Capadino and Lowenstein  The surviving Peaches sing Evelyn's team song and pose for a photo  During the closing credits, they play baseball at Doubleday Field 

Cast
Rockford Peaches
Others
Production
Development
Director Penny Marshall was inspired by the 1987 TV documentary A League of their Own, about the AAGPBL  She had never heard of the league, and contacted the film's creators, Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson, to collaborate with the scriptwriters, Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz, on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox  Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce it 

Casting
On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant " Debra Winger was then cast as Dottie and spent three months training with the Chicago Cubs in preparation  However, she dropped out of the production four weeks before the start of principal photography, later saying that the casting of Madonna was the reason for her decision  Marshall chose Geena Davis to replace Winger USC assistant baseball coach Bill Hughes was the film’s technical adviser and put the film’s ensemble cast through baseball camp three months before filming 

Filming
Principal photography began July 10, 1991  Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball, and the large bruise seen on actress Renée Coleman's thigh was real 
Discussing the skirts they wore playing in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs  It was nutty " In a 2021 interview, Petty claimed to have broken her foot during filming, but reiterated her enjoyment of the shoot and the understanding of the film's importance at the time The tryout scene, at a fictional Major League Baseball stadium in Chicago called Harvey Field, was filmed at the Chicago Cubs' home stadium, Wrigley Field  The Rockford Peaches' home games were filmed at League Stadium in Huntingburg, Indiana, and the championship game against Racine was filmed at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana  Additional games were filmed at Jay Littleton Ball Park in Ontario, California  The final week of shooting was during late October 1991 in Cooperstown, New York, where 65 original AAGPBL members appeared in scenes recreating the induction of the league into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988  Due to the length of the schedule, the cast entertained themselves by putting on an elaborate amateur production, "Jesus Christ Superstar Goes Hawaiian "

Soundtrack
A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992  The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992  Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons 

Reception
Box office
A League of Their Own was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13 2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns  In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11 5 million and finishing first  It ended up a commercial success, making $107 5 million in the United States and Canada, but only $24 9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132 4 million against a production budget of $40 million 

Critical response
The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast 
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 81% based on 79 reviews, with an average score of 7/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast " On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 69 based 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "Though big of budget, A League of Their Own is one of the year's most cheerful, most relaxed, most easily enjoyable comedies  It's a serious film that's lighter than air, a very funny movie that manages to score a few points for feminism in passing " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: "The movie has a real bittersweet charm  The baseball sequences, we've seen before  What's fresh are the personalities of the players, the gradual unfolding of their coach and the way this early chapter of women's liberation fit into the hidebound traditions of professional baseball "

Accolades
On December 19, 2012, it was announced that A League of Their Own would be preserved in the United States National Film Registry Jimmy Dugan's (Tom Hanks) remark to Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), "There's no crying in baseball!", was ranked 54th on the American Film Institute's 2005 list AFI's 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes 

20th anniversary Blu-ray edition
A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012 47 former AAGPBL players reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it  Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting AAGPBL players and family meeting to honor the Women's Professional Baseball League  The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed  Bosse Field still retains many of the Racine Belles themes from the movie  The event included an outdoor screening of the film, and a display of cars featured in the film  In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse, that was renovated for it 

Spinoffs
A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, Freddie Simpson, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles  Carey Lowell took over Geena Davis's role  Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast 
On August 6, 2020, Amazon Video ordered a reboot series with the same title as the movie  The series debuted on August 12, 2022 on  Amazon  On March 14, 2023 it was announced that the rebooted series would end with a four-episode second season bringing the total number of episodes of the series to twelve after having aired eight episodes in its first season 

See also
Women in baseball
List of baseball films
Passage 9:
Linda and Terry Fuller Track
Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex is a multi-use stadium in Lubbock, Texas on the campus of Texas Tech University where it serves as home to Red Raider track and field  Formerly, it was also the home of the women's soccer team before they moved to the John Walker Soccer Complex  The stadium seats 3,500 

Usage
The 2013 Big 12 Conference Outdoor Track & Field Championship was hosted at the Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex on May 16–18, 2014 
Passage 10:
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on the campus of Bellarmine University in Louisville, Kentucky  The facility serves as home to Bellarmine's soccer, field hockey, lacrosse, and track and field teams  The stadium opened on August 24, 2007 in a Bellarmine Knights women's soccer game, and was officially dedicated on August 28, 2007  Construction took approximately 18 months and was completed at an estimated cost of $5 1 million 
On February 20, 2010, the plaza area of the stadium was named after men's lacrosse coach Jack McGetrick  The plaza houses the locker rooms, concessions, and restrooms for the stadium  McGetrick started the lacrosse program at Bellarmine in 2004 and is well known throughout the lacrosse community 

Features
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium incorporates several innovative features, including:

Artificial turf  The artificial turf at the stadium has permanent markings for soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse  A complex drainage system is incorporated into the design to allow for play in all weather conditions  The "24/7" artificial field surface is named Joseph P  and Janet A  Clayton Field 
Stadium lighting  The lighting system features redirected lighting which bends spill lighting back on to the field, drastically reducing the amount of light which will fall outside the stadium's perimeter 
Track surface  The track is an eight-lane, 400-meter track, featuring three long jump pits, two pole vault areas, a high jump pit, and a steeplechase water jump pit  The surface is a dual-durometer, polyurethane poured surface provided by Beynon Sport Surfaces, the same company which has installed tracks at other top college facilities including at Illinois, Maryland, and Purdue 
Passage 11:
Skip Wilson Field
Skip Wilson Field is a baseball stadium in Ambler, Pennsylvania  It is the home field of the Arcadia University baseball team which moved to the ballfield in 2018 

Temple University
It was the home field of the Temple Owls baseball team until the end of the 2014 season, when the school cut the program   The stadium holds 1,000 spectators and opened in 2004   It is named after former Owls baseball coach James "Skip" Wilson Temple played their first game at the field on March 25, 2004, and beat University of the Sciences 6-2  Four other projected home openers had been canceled due to either bad weather or poor field conditions The field was originally called Temple's Ambler Field in reference to its location at Temple's Ambler campus  The university began to refer to the ball-field as Skip Wilson Field in 2006  On April 28, 2007, Temple University-Ambler celebrated “Skip Wilson Day" when the university officially dedicated Skip Wilson Field at Ambler in honor of the coach Prior to Skip Wilson Field, Temple baseball played its home games at Erny Field at Mount Pleasant Avenue and Michener Street in the West Oak Lane section of Philadelphia 

See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Passage 12:
Dugout (baseball)
In baseball, the dugout is a team's bench and is located in foul territory between home plate and either first or third base  There are two dugouts, one for the home team and one for the visiting team  In general, the dugout is occupied by all players not prescribed to be on the field at that particular time, as well as coaches and other personnel authorized by the league  The players' equipment (gloves, bats, batting helmets, catcher's equipment, etc ) is usually stored in the dugout 
In baseball, the manager, with the help of his assistants, will dictate offensive strategy from the dugout by sending hand signals to the first and third base coaches  To avoid detection, the first and third base coaches will then translate those hand signals into their own set of hand signals and then send them on to the batter and runners 

Origin
The term dugout refers to the area being slightly depressed below field level, as is common in professional baseball  The prevailing theory of the origin of locating the dugouts below field level is that it allowed spectators seated behind the dugouts to see the field, specifically the home plate area  Unlike most other sports, the primary action in baseball is centered on one area – home plate – and obstructing this area from fans' view, even if by players on the bench, would not be popular with fans 

Not all dugouts are located below the field level  At the major league level, the few dugouts that are located at the field level are in multi-purpose stadiums to simplify the conversion from baseball configuration to another sports field configuration  At such ballparks, the seating area is raised such that the dugouts do not obstruct the spectators' view  Dugouts are also at field level at most amateur ballparks, where locating them below field level would be cost prohibitive or otherwise not beneficial  In these cases, the term "dugout" still applies, as does "bench " In the early days of professional baseball, the seating areas were often constructed high enough that the bench was at field level 

Variations
Most professional and collegiate ballparks feature dugouts that are below the field level, with concrete steps along the entire length of the dugout  Some feature a railing along the top step, or "lip", while others are open 
In most Major League Baseball ballparks, as well as many minor league ballparks, the dugout is directly connected to the clubhouse by a tunnel 
Most high school, Little League, and recreational ballparks feature dugouts that are at the field level, usually separated from the playing field by chain-link fencing 
Historic Cardines Field in Newport, Rhode Island, home of the Newport Gulls, features both dugouts on the first base side 

Official rules
MLB rule 3 17 specifies that "no one except players, substitutes, managers, coaches, athletic trainers and batboys shall occupy a bench during a game " The rule also stipulates that players on the disabled list are allowed in the dugout, but may not enter the field of play at any time during the game  Players and coaches who have been ejected from the game may not remain in the dugout per Rule 4 07 Unlike most other sports, where a ball or puck entering a team's bench area has already passed out of bounds and is thus dead before it reaches the bench, it is possible in baseball for a dugout to be a factor in play  MLB rule 6 05(a) states that a fielder may reach into a dugout to catch a fly ball as long as one or both feet is on or over the playing field, and does not have a foot on the ground in the dugout when making the catch  MLB universal ground rules state that the player may subsequently enter the dugout after making the catch if his momentum is carrying him that way, but if he falls in the dugout as a result, the catch is allowed but baserunners advance in accordance with Rule 7 04(c) A live ball entering a dugout becomes dead and the batter-runner and any base runners advance in accordance with Rule 7 04(c)  However, a live ball bouncing off a dugout railing, if present, is still in play (unless a foul ball)  Due to the dugouts' location in foul territory, live balls entering dugouts usually only occur after an errant throw by the defensive team 

Dugout choice in MLB
Which team occupies the dugout on the first-base side or the third-base side is purely arbitrary  The Major League Baseball Rulebook is silent on the subject  There are many anecdotal reasons why one dugout is chosen over the other  In the past, the manager also served as the third base coach, so occupying the third base dugout meant less walking for the manager between innings  Contrarily, the thought is that since more close plays occur at first base than third, the first base dugout is preferred  For a pre-existing facility, the home team might choose the better clubhouse and the dugout on that side of the field  (For example, prior to their 2008 move to Nationals Park, the Washington Nationals occupied the third-base dugout at RFK Stadium because it was the larger and newer of the two dugouts ) Another factor can be the sun angle during day games  In ballparks where one of the dugouts faces direct sunlight for much of the game, which can be problematic on hot summer days, the home club might choose the dugout that is better shaded 
In both the National League and American League, more home team dugouts are on the first-base side (9 to 6 each)  Even the two oldest parks still in use differ on this point: the Cubs sit on the third-base side at Wrigley while the Red Sox inhabit the first-base dugout at Fenway  Due to the ballpark's orientation, at Wrigley the third-base dugout faces away from the sun from noon onward, whereas the first base dugout faces sunlight in the late innings  At Fenway, the third-base dugout faces the sun for part of a day game, while the first-base dugout remains shaded 

See also

Bullpen
Technical area
Passage 13:
Ramblin' Wreck
The Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech is the 1930 Ford Model A Sport coupe that serves as the official mascot of the student body at the Georgia Institute of Technology  The Wreck is present at all major sporting events and student body functions  Its most noticeable role is leading the football team into Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field, a duty which the Wreck has performed since 1961  The Ramblin' Wreck is mechanically and financially maintained on campus by students in Ramblin' Reck Club 
The first mechanical Wreck was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field  Until the current Wreck was donated to the school in 1961, most of the early Ramblin' Wrecks were owned by students, faculty or alumni  The modern Wreck has donned a number of different paint jobs and has had several restorations and modifications made to it  These changes were made by various individuals and organizations over the years, including Bobby Dodd and Georgia Tech Alumnus Pete George, who worked at the Ford plant in Hapeville, Georgia  The upkeep of the Wreck has been the sole responsibility of Ramblin' Reck Club and the Wreck driver since 1987 
The Ramblin' Wreck has been the target of several pranks perpetrated by rival schools; the University of Tennessee once provided the Wreck with an unsolicited new paint job, and the University of Georgia has stolen the Wreck on at least two occasions  Several replica or "false" Wrecks are owned by alumni, or are used for display and do not run  The official Ramblin' Wreck is considered the only "true" Wreck, and no backups or replacements exist 

History
The term "Ramblin' Wreck" has been used to refer to students and alumni of Georgia Tech much longer than the car that now bears the name has been in existence  The expression has its origins in the late 19th century and was used originally to refer to the makeshift motorized vehicles constructed by Georgia Tech engineers employed in projects in the jungles of Central America  The Wrecks were constructed from whatever the engineers could find—mostly old tractor and automotive parts—and were kept running by the engineers' ingenuity and creativity  Other workers in the area began to refer to these vehicles and the men who drove them as "Rambling Wrecks from Georgia Tech "The first "mechanical mascot" at Georgia Tech was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field  Field drove the car to and from class every day from 1916 until 1928   Field cared so much for the car that he even nicknamed it "Nellie"  The vehicle was distinguished by its metallic black paint job and a large black box fastened to the rear end by a buggy wheel hoop  The black box's contents were never revealed to the student body and the box became part of the mystique of the Old Ford The student body initially nicknamed the vehicle "Floyd's Flivver" but eventually began to call the car the "Ramblin' 'Reck "  The first mention of Field's Ford as a Ramblin' 'Reck was in 1926 when he performed an overhaul of the car's engine, body, and paint job with the help of the campus machine shop Dean Field found a love for travel with his Model T  He took it all the way to California for seminars on mathematics and education  However, in 1927 rumors began to abound campus that Field was going to buy a Model A  Field quelled the rumors with a personal interview in the last issue of the 1927 Technique  By September 1928, Field felt he could not travel as much with the dilapidated Model T  To the dismay of the student body the vehicle was discarded by Dean Field in 1928 and a Model A was purchased  Field's Model A lasted until 1934 in which he bought a Ford V8  He would drive over 122,000 miles (196,300 km) in all three cars during his Georgia Tech tenure of 1900–1945 
In memoriam to his retired "Tin Lizzie", Dean Field started "an Old Ford Race" from the intersection of North Avenue and Techwood Drive in Atlanta to the intersection of Hills Street and Prince Avenue in Athens  The race was sponsored by the Technique, which nicknamed the event the "Flying Flivver Race " The finish line was facilitated by the University of Georgia student newspaper The Red and Black  The only rule of the race was that the car had to be a pre-1926 4-cylinder motor car  The fastest time in the race was achieved by an Essex which completed the 79-mile (126 km) race in 1 hour and 26 minutes or 55 mph (88 km/h) The Tech administration disliked the perilous race and reduced the race to a more peaceful and regulated parade of contraptions known as the Ramblin' Wreck Parade after races were completed in 1929 and 1930  The Yellow Jacket Club facilitated the first official Ramblin' Wreck parade in 1932   The only break in the parade's continuous operation occurred with the onset of World War II   There were no parades from 1942 to 1943 and when the parade did continue in 1944, all Wrecks had to be human powered   In 1946, the Ramblin' Wreck Parade was allowed to operate combustion engines again   The rules instituted in the 1946 Wreck Parade still remain as the parade has become the featured event for all Tech homecomings 

Mascot for students
Dean of Student Affairs Jim Dull recognized a need for an official Ramblin' Wreck when he observed the student body's fascination with classic cars  Fraternities, in particular, would parade around their House Wrecks as displays of school spirit and enthusiasm  It was considered a rite of passage to own a broken down vehicle In 1960, Dull began a search for a new official symbol to represent the institute  He specifically wanted a classic pre-war Ford  Dull's search would entail newspaper ads, radio commercials, and other means to locate this vehicle  The search took him throughout the state and country, but no suitable vehicle was found until the autumn of 1960  Dean Dull spotted a polished 1930 Ford Model A outside of his apartment located in Towers Dormitory  The owner was Captain Ted J  Johnson, Atlanta's chief Delta Air Lines pilot Johnson had purchased the car from a junkyard in 1956  Johnson and his son, Craig, would restore the car as a father-son project while Craig attended the Georgia Military Academy  The two spent two years and over $1,800 restoring the vehicle  Johnson used spare parts from many different sources to refurbish the rusty hulk  He bought the mahogany dash from a parts dealer in Caracas, Venezuela and used Convair 440 aluminum sheets to replace the flooring  After Craig graduated from high school, he attended Florida State on a track scholarship  In 1960, Craig's track team would be in Atlanta competing against Tech  Johnson, wanting to see his son compete, took the Model A to Tech campus, parked it near Towers dormitory, and went to watch Craig compete When Johnson returned to his car, he found a note from Dean Dull attached to his windshield  Dull's note offered to purchase the car to serve as Georgia Tech's official mascot  Johnson, after great deliberation, agreed to take $1,000, but eventually returned the money in 1984 so that the car would be remembered as an official donation to Georgia Tech and the Alexander-Tharpe Fund  The Ramblin' Wreck was officially transferred to the Athletic Association on May 26, 1961 The Ramblin' Wreck was unveiled September 30, 1961, at Grant Field in front of 43,501 Tech fans, as it led the team onto the field against Rice University  The team prevailed 24–0 and the Wreck became an instant success within the Tech family 
The Wreck has since led the team onto the field for every home game 

Bobby Dodd's restorations
The current color scheme was selected in 1974 by then athletic director and former head coach Bobby Dodd  The original Wreck decor featured a wooden GT shield on both the driver- and passenger-side doors  This shield was removed during Dodd's revitalization of the old Model A  Dodd chose an old gold paint from a Lincoln car paint catalogue as the base for the new color scheme  He also placed a slightly stretched GT emblem on the door, a Tech helmet on the rear quarter panel, and a 1952 version of the Yellow Jacket on the front quarter panel  According to Tech lore, Bobby Dodd was so enamored with the Lincoln gold, he changed the football helmet and uniform color to match the new Ramblin' Wreck paint scheme The biggest structural change was a support system attached to the car's frame  The support system runs the length of the running boards and allows the increased weight of cheerleaders or Reck Club members standing on the running boards 

Pete George's restorations
From 1973 to 1987, 1947 IE alum Pete George maintained the Ramblin' Wreck at the Hapeville Ford Plant  George would mastermind the 1974 change of colors as well as a major refurbishment of the Wreck in 1982 in time for Georgia Tech's 1985 centennial celebration  The car was completely disassembled, rebuilt, and repainted by late 1982 There were a few noticeable changes to the Ramblin' Wreck after the 1982 refurbishment  An aftermarket chrome stone guard was added to protect the grill, The emblems on the side were removed and replaced by a basic GT decal on the doors  The 1952 Yellow Jackets were moved to the front tire wells  The white horn was chromed over  The old tire cover was a shield with a football helmet wearing yellow jacket  This was replaced with a white generic naugahyde Ford tire cover  The blackwall tires and brakes were replaced with whitewall tires and modified brakes 
The Wreck experienced a major transition of ownership after the Centennial Celebration  Since Reck Club had financially maintained the vehicle for so long and Reck Club fell under the dean of students rather than the athletic association, the vehicle was sold from the athletic association to the institute for zero dollars in 1987  The transaction further solidified Reck Club's responsibilities over the car but also made the car more than simply a football mascot  The Old Ford was officially an institute icon 

Post-centennial restoration and change of ownership
After Pete George's retirement in 1987, the upkeep of the Wreck fell directly upon the shoulders of the Wreck Drivers and Reck Club  In 1994, the Hapeville Plant ended their relationship with Reck Club  Since then, the Wreck has been student maintained with the assistance of local Atlanta garages  The Wreck has had numerous mechanical and cosmetic repairs over the years since Pete George's initial full rebuild After 1994, Reck Club restored the wheels and brakes to original Model A specifications  Reck Club performed a major off body restoration in the Spring of 2000 that saw the car repainted and the engine rebuilt  Pete George, although several years retired, aided Reck Club in its restoration providing funding and labor to the 2000 restoration  After the restoration, a small modification replaced the electrical generator with a more efficient Nu-Rex alternator 

2007 highway accident
Reck Club coordinated their second major restoration following damage incurred during a highway accident on June 22, 2007, on Interstate 75 in Monroe County, about 60 miles south of Atlanta  Though trailered, the crash caused severe damage to the body and top of the Ramblin' Wreck, while the Ford Expedition and trailer in tow were both wrecked  Fourth-year Polymer, Textile, and Fiber Engineering major John Bird was driving, with his younger brother Matt, and recalled for the press:

Something in the trailer failed, and the trailer pulled us off the road going 70 miles an hour  We went perpendicular to the lanes of traffic, and we crashed into a ditch on the side of the road    There wasn’t any fishtailing    The trailer just snapped and made a 90 degree turn, and I just said ‘Matt, hold on’ and we hit the ditch  The whole thing lasted about 2 seconds    The left side is smashed up pretty good and the roof is torn up    but the motor is fine and all the wheels are fine "
Bird had stated that both his brother and he got whiplash from the crash, one of Matt's legs was bruised, and "it also could have
been a lot worse "

Modern role of the Wreck
The Ramblin' Wreck has led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Grant Field almost 300 games  It also makes appearances for other Georgia Tech sports teams: it is often seen before big basketball games at Hank McCamish Pavilion, occasionally parked outside of Russ Chandler Stadium during warm weekend baseball series, and has attended several softball games a year at the new mid-campus stadium A symbol of the institute's academic and collegiate tradition, the old Model A is often dispatched to special events on campus  It is always present when new buildings are opened or dedicated  On December 5, 2006, the Wreck became the first car to drive across the new Fifth Street Bridge Every spring, the Institute holds a ceremony, known as When the Whistle Blows, to honor students, staff, and faculty who died during the previous year  The Georgia Tech Whistle is blown once for each person who died, and once more to salute Georgia Tech alumni and friends who may also have died  A procession of the military escort, led by the Ramblin' Wreck, leads up to the ceremony, during which the Wreck is parked next to the speaker's stage During Tech Homecoming, the Ramblin' Wreck has several duties  Several days before Homecoming, it acts as a giant gold starter pistol for the Mini 500 tricycle race  The Wreck's next task is to lead the racers out of the starting line in the Freshman Cake Race  On the day of the Homecoming football game, the Wreck leads the Ramblin' Wreck Parade, then leads the football team onto the field The car is also present at every Freshman Orientation (FASET), Earth Day festival, and other campuswide events A ride in the Wreck serves as a gift to many retiring faculty and staff; a ride onto Grant Field is one of the greatest honors Georgia Tech can bestow  Kim King, for example, received this honor on October 2, 2004, during halftime of the Miami game 

Wreck traditions and specifications
There are several lesser known details about the Wreck that are easily missed when it rambles down Techwood Drive  Specific physical details and the actual person behind the wheel are often missed or overlooked  The Wreck is financially maintained through Ramblin' Reck Club appearances and fundraisers  There is no official source of funding from the institute, Athletic Association, or Alumni Association  This gives the Wreck a unique level of independence that is atypical amongst college mascots When a freshman first reaches campus for FASET (orientation), one of the many traditions that they are introduced to is that freshmen cannot touch the Wreck until the completion of their first year   This rule originated in the 1963 edition of the RAT Rules  If a freshman touches the Wreck between convocation and the last day of classes in the Spring, they will receive bad luck throughout their college career and GT will be cursed to lose to UGA in football that year The Wreck is distinguished by its old gold body and white soft top  The soft top has a chrome support strut, which features a brass classic Tech T and 1952 yellow jacket  The body also has two solid white runningboards, which run the length of the vehicle  The running boards support cheerleaders or the occasional Tech student looking for a ride  The interior upholstery is solid white vinyl  The gear shifter knob is a white globe with the classic Tech T painted on it  There are two golden nylon pennants emblazoned with the words "To Hell With Georgia" and "Give 'Em Hell Tech" fastened to the front bumper 

Driver
The driver of the Ramblin' Wreck is an elected position within Ramblin' Reck Club  This position is determined after every football season  The driver manages the car's public appearances and maintenance  There have only been 46 drivers of the Wreck, making the position of Wreck driver one of the most prestigious positions in all of Georgia Tech's student organizations The driver gets to add their own personal touch every year to the Wreck  The front license plate is chosen by the driver every year and the radiator cap is replaced yearly, as well  The cap is typically a flying quail or a wreath  After each driver's term, the driver gets to keep the two pennants, too 
Dean Dull initiated a group known as the Ramblin' Wreck Committee of the Student Council to aid in his search for a mascot  When the Wreck was found in 1961, the Ramblin' Wreck Committee was chaired by Dekle Rountree  Rountree would drive the Wreck for school functions and Student Council fundraisers  He was also the first person to drive the Ramblin' Wreck onto Grant Field  Don Gentry, the president of Reck Club in 1961, was the first student to drive the Wreck as he aided in retrieving the Model A from Ted Johnson's home  The Wreck was always maintained by Reck Club but the complete transition of control occurred between 1964 and 1967  During this period, Reck Club was relieved of its RAT rules enforcement duties and given more wholesome jobs of maintaining the Wreck, upholding traditions, and generating school spirit 
Four women have officially driven the Ramblin' Wreck in its history  Lisa Volmar, an industrial engineering major, was elected the driver in 1984 and she was the first female driver after 23 consecutive years of male-only drivers 

Reck or Wreck
The name can be spelled either Ramblin' Reck or Ramblin' Wreck  In all spellings, there is no g in Ramblin'  The first references to the 1930 Model A (1961) spelled the word Reck while the first references to the 1914 Model T owned by Dean Field spelled the word 'Reck (1925)  Ramblin' Reck Club has spelled the word Reck since their 1945 club charter  The institute has adopted the spelling Ramblin' Wreck and holds a trademark on the phrase  Reck Club still refers to the Ramblin' Wreck as the Ramblin' Reck while most other agencies refer to it as the Ramblin' Wreck 

Travelin' Wreck
In its history, the Wreck has appeared at a number of away games and other events away from the Georgia Tech campus  Many of these trips resulted in damage to the Reck or other interesting anecdotes 
The first away game for the Ramblin' Wreck was the 1961 game against the Alabama Crimson Tide  The Wreck was freighted by Southern Railway to Birmingham, Alabama  At the time, Alabama played its home games at Legion Field  Before the game, the current driver Dekle Rountree decided to traverse the slope up to visit Birmingham's Vulcan statue  The trip to Birmingham was such a success, a trip to Jacksonville for Tech's Gator Bowl appearance against Penn State was organized, as well  These were the first road and bowl game appearances for the Wreck in its illustrious career In 1963, the Ramblin' Wreck Committee and Ramblin' Reck Club organized another road trip for the Wreck  This trip took the Wreck up to Knoxville for a game against the Tennessee Volunteers  After Tech won the game, the Wreck was stored overnight in Neyland Stadium  Administrators and Tennessee's Athletic Director Bob Woodruff promised Georgia Tech Athletics that the Wreck would be safe  They were wrong  Tennessee students broke into the storage area and painted the Wreck orange  They wrote "Go Vols" in the paint and covered the gold wheels with paint, as well  After the incident, Georgia Tech sent a bill to Tennessee's Athletic Department asking for restitution   Woodruff was believed to have  aided the students in their efforts after he openly contested the officiating of the football contest In 1976, Tech students took the Wreck to Athens for the annual football game with UGA  After the game, the Wreck's police escort abandoned the car  The vehicle appeared relatively unprotected and was approached by UGA students attempting to vandalize it  The Tech students responsible for the car's safekeeping frightened the encroaching Bulldog fans away by producing a concealed 9 mm pistol The farthest trips the Ramblin' Wreck has ever traveled from Atlanta were the 1970 Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, and Denver, Colorado, in 1990 for Tech's NCAA Final Four appearance against UNLV  The Wreck was freighted by van 1,400 miles (2,250 km) to Denver Coliseum  Along the way, a television crew documented the trip and broadcast the Wreck's expedition during the Final Four promotions 
The last major road trips for the Ramblin' Wreck were to the 2004 Final Four in San Antonio, the 2006 ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville, Florida, and the 2009 ACC Championship Game in Tampa's Raymond James Stadium 
 The Wreck led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Alltel Stadium's field for Tech's first appearance in the ACC title game, as well as performing the same duty in their second appearance and first win in the ACC championship game in 2009  The Wreck has also been to the Orange Bowl, Gator Bowl, All-American Bowl, Sun Bowl, Peach Bowl, Citrus Bowl, and Champs Sports Bowl On June 15, 2007, the Wreck was involved in an accident while being towed to a wedding south of Atlanta in a covered car trailer  The trailer failed while carrying the Wreck, in turn causing the truck and trailer to run off the road and into the roadside ditch  The Wreck fell over inside the trailer, causing damage to its side and roof  Despite the severe body damage (in excess of $30,000), the Wreck was repaired for the first game of the 2007 season against the Samford Bulldogs 

In the media
In 1987, the Ramblin' Wreck and Dean Jim Dull were featured on ABC-TV's morning show  Dean Dull shouted into the camera, "I'm Dean of Students Jim Dull and I'm a Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech  Good Morning, America!" Dull was on the show because he had won a make-a-wish contest  All he wanted was for the Ramblin' Wreck, gold-clad students, and himself to be on the ABC morning show and ABC granted the wish The Ramblin' Wreck has been featured in several newspapers, magazines, and books  The Ramblin' Wreck is portrayed leading the Georgia Tech football team onto the field on the cover of Al Thomy's 1973 work Ramblin' Wreck – A Story of Georgia Tech Football  Pete George's 1982 refurbishment was featured in the November 1983 edition of the Ford Times  The June 1986 edition of Cars & Parts Magazine featured the Ramblin' Wreck and the raffle for the Centennial Wreck  The December 1991 Car Collector & Car Classics featured the Wreck on the cover after the National Championship season  The December 2007 Bellsouth Real White Pages for Greater Atlanta featured the Ramblin' Wreck with censored flags The Ramblin' Wreck has been featured numerous times in Tech's student newspaper, The Technique, and Atlanta's primary newspaper, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution  The Wreck has also been featured in The New York Times and the Associated Press  Local newspapers such as the Cherokee Times, Augusta Chronicle, and Gwinnett Daily Post have also printed articles about the Wreck In the week prior to the 2007 home opener, the Ramblin' Wreck was featured on ESPN First Take  ESPN showed old clips of the Wreck leading the football team onto the field and discussed the possibility of the Wreck not making the football opener after 45 consecutive years of never missing a game The Ramblin' Wreck was featured prominently on the October 18, 2007 episode of Jim Cramer's Mad Money  Cramer exited the Wreck's passenger door to start the show and one of Cramer's trademark soundboards was attached to the front bumper On April 16, 2009, a Georgia Tech student riding on the running board of the Ramblin' Wreck fell and suffered severe head injuries hospitalizing the student for four days   Almost a year later, the student filed suit against Georgia Tech and an auto shop responsible for installing handles on the roof of the car   The lawsuit cites the failure of the auto shop's handles as the reason for the fall and claims the University promoted the unsafe use of a vehicle by students  In September 2013, the student injured in the April 2009 accident, won a settlement of $1 36 million from the Georgia Board of Regents and Eco-Clean, Inc The 2012 edition of EA Sports' NCAA football video game featured the addition of the Ramblin' Wreck leading Georgia Tech's football team onto the field at all games played in Bobby Dodd Stadium   The Ramblin' Wreck was included in the game alongside many other colleges' pre-game traditions to "deliver the pride and pageantry of game day" 

Ramblin' replicas
Several vehicles  claim "Ramblin' Wreck status " However, only one car is the official Ramblin' Wreck, with no backups or equivalent vehicles The most famous of the fake Wrecks is a 1931 Ford Model A Cabriolet known as the Centennial Wreck  This vehicle was refurbished along with the real Wreck in 1985  The vehicle followed the Ramblin' Wreck onto the field all of the 1985 football season and was raffled for $250,000 by Pete George and Georgia Tech in 1986 
In 1988, the Alumni Association purchased a 1931 Ford Model A Roadster and restored the vehicle again in 1994  The Alumni Wreck is distinguished by its spare tire locations on the driver's side and passenger-side runningboards and the words "Georgia Tech Alumni Association" printed on the doors  It also has a convertible top  On the real Wreck, the spare is behind the rumble seat and the roof cannot be removed or lowered 
A 1930 Ford Model A Sports Coupe shell is kept in the Georgia Tech Hotel  This car has not worked since it has been on campus  The motor is incomplete and the front end lacks the Wreck's chrome stone guard  This is one of the few replicas that is almost identical in make, model, and paint scheme when compared to the real Ramblin' Wreck 
Also, several alumni-owned vehicles are painted to resemble the Wreck  These vehicles mimic the look and feel of the car, but are not the Ramblin' Wreck  One of the most famous instances of mistaken identity occurred in 1988  A father-son duo of Georgia Tech alumni attempted to lead the Tech football team onto the field at Sanford Stadium in Athens  After getting inside of the stadium with their gold 1924 Ford Model T, the two were finally stopped by Georgia officials, who were informed the real Ramblin' Wreck had remained in Atlanta 
Several B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators and at least one F4U Corsair were designated the name Ramblin' Wreck during service in World War II 
The Chicago Brewing Company features an amber ale by the name of Ramblin' Wreck Amber Ale 
The Savoy Automobile Museum in Cartersville, GA features a Ramblin' Wreck replica in their permanent collection

See also
Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate – the rivalry between Tech and UGA
Georgia Tech traditions – a comprehensive list of Georgia Tech Traditions
Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech – the fight song of Georgia Tech
WREK FM – the college radio station of Georgia Tech, whose name and callsign comes directly from the ReckOther student-owned vintage and veteran vehicles:

Jezebel – a 1916 Dennis Fire Engine at Imperial College London
A 1929 Dennis Charabanc owned by Southampton University
A 1902 James and Browne car and 1926 Ner-a-Car owned by the City and Guilds College
A 1926 Morris truck owned by the Royal School of MinesSimilar vehicular mascots at other universities:

The Boilermaker Special –   A replica locomotive built on a truck chassis which has served as the official mascot of Purdue University since 1940 
The Sooner Schooner – a pioneering wagon and a symbol of the University of Oklahoma
Passage 14:
Bangalore Hockey Stadium
Bangalore Hockey Stadium, also known as KSHA Hockey Stadium, is a field hockey stadium at Akkithimmanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India  It is the home of the Karnataka Lions of the World Series Hockey  It has a seating capacity of 7,000 people 
The stadium hosted seven home matches of Karnataka Lions in World Series Hockey  It will also host the first semi-final of World Series Hockey in 2012 

History
Akkithimmanhalli lake was breached in the 1970s as part of a Malaria Eradication Drive and the Hockey stadium constructed in its place 
Passage 15:
Negoesco Stadium
Negoesco Stadium is a 3,000 seat soccer stadium located in San Francisco, on the campus of University of San Francisco  The facility was named in honour of USF soccer coach Steve Negoesco  The stadium is also used by USF students and staff for recreational activities 

Stadium history
The stadium was renovated in 2000 expanding it to its current capacity of 3,000 seats including theater style seats on the west side of the field and a full permanent grandstand on the east side  Additionally TV capable lights were added to the field that year  In 2003 the current fieldturf surface was added 

Negoesco has also hosted a US Open Cup game between the Los Angeles Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer and an international friendly between the Earthquakes and Shanghai Shenhua of the Chinese Super League 
Some of the most notable improvements were made in September 2008, just before the Dons began their season, as banners celebrating the rich legacy and tradition of USF Soccer were hung along the stadiums west wall  Six national championship banners hang alongside 2 national runner-up banners and alongside banners celebrating the Dons glorious postseason past (30 NCAA appearances, 9 College Cup appearances)   Additional banners also feature USF conference titles as members of the Northern California Intercollegiate Soccer Conference/West Coast Intercollegiate Soccer Conference, Pacific Soccer Conference, and the West Coast Conference  A final banner will feature the names of all 41 NSCAA All-Americans to proudly wear the Green and Gold 
Other changes include the installation of advertising panels acknowledging sponsors and supporters of USF Athletics and the Dons Soccer program alongside the east sideline of the field, and European-style protective team benches, were also added to the technical areas on the east sideline 



ground_truth: Canyon County

Canyon County, Idaho

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the mascot of the school that owns Goss Stadium at Coleman Field?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Release
Theatrical
The film's world premiere was conducted in Dublin, Ireland on January 29, 2017, where upon it went into general release from February 8; it was released in Denmark on February 9, and in the United States and the United Kingdom on February 10  Its overall release saw movie theatres displaying the film in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema, IMAX 3D and 4DX  though the latter format was restricted to 3D for North America, while international countries were able to view it in IMAX The Lego Batman Movie is notably the first animated movie based on Batman to receive a full theatrical release since Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) 

Home media
The LEGO Batman Movie was released on Digital HD on May 19, 2017  The release included the theatrical short film The Master: A LEGO Ninjago Short, as well as four new short films: Dark Hoser, Batman is Just Not That Into You, Cooking with Alfred and Movie Sound Effects: How Do They Do That?  The LEGO Batman Movie was released on DVD, Blu-ray (2D and 3D), and Ultra HD Blu-ray by Warner Bros  Home Entertainment on June 13, 2017  The film debuted at No  3 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart 

Reception
Box office
The Lego Batman Movie grossed $175 8 million in the United States and Canada and $136 2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $312 million, against a production budget of $80 million In the United States and Canada, The Lego Batman Movie opened alongside two other sequels, Fifty Shades Darker and John Wick: Chapter 2, and was projected to gross around $60 million from 4,088 theaters in its opening weekend  It earned $2 2 million from Thursday-night previews and $14 5 million on Friday  It went on to open with $53 million, finishing first at the box office  In its second weekend, the film grossed $32 7 million (a small drop of 38 4%), again topping the box office; with the additional President's Day holiday on Monday, it made a total of $42 7 million for the weekend  In its third weekend of release, the film dropped to second at the box office, behind newcomer Get Out, grossing $19 2 million (a drop of 41 2%) Outside North America the film was simultaneously released in 61 countries, and was expected to gross around $40 million over its first three days  It ended up grossing $37 million in its opening weekend, including $9 3 million in the United Kingdom, $2 6 million in Mexico, $2 3 million in Germany and $2 2 million in Russia 

Critical response
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 90% based on 315 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The Lego Batman Movie continues its block-buster franchise's winning streak with another round of dizzyingly funny—and beautifully animated—family-friendly mayhem " It was ranked the 23rd best superhero movie of all time on the site  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, praising its comedy, and saying: "The LEGO Batman Movie isn't the same experience as watching The LEGO Movie, but I also don't think it's trying to be  It's trying to be a fun superhero movie with clever callbacks to previous Batman films (every single Batman movie all the way back to the 1940s serials are referenced) that can, at least, provide DC superhero fans with a taste of fun amidst all the doom and gloom  (That can either be a reference to 'the real world' or the current DC Cinematic Universe films, you can choose either one you want or both ) And at that, The LEGO Batman Movie succeeds " Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B+" and wrote, "LEGO Batman revs so fast and moves so frenetically that it becomes a little exhausting by the end  It flirts with being too much of a good thing  But rarely has corporate brainwashing been so much fun and gone down with such a delightful aftertaste " Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times was positive in his review, saying, "In its best moments, this gag-a-minute Bat-roast serves as a reminder that, in the right hands, a sharp comic scalpel can be an instrument of revelation as well as ridicule " Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post praised the film for its heart, humor, and action which "snap together, with a satisfying click "

Accolades
Other media
Sets
Video games
Lego Dimensions includes characters from various franchises, including The Lego Movie and The Lego Batman Movie  The game's Starter Pack includes Wyldstyle, while Emmet, Benny, Bad Cop, and Unikitty are included in Fun Packs  From The Lego Batman Movie, Robin and Batgirl are included in a Story Pack while Excalibur Batman is included in a Fun Pack  However, Robin gets his voice actor changed in the game to Robbie Daymond and can also use his appearance from Teen Titans Go! if he is used in the Teen Titans Go! World 
Based on The Lego Batman Movie, Warner Bros  Interactive Entertainment released the endless-runner game coinciding with the release of the film  It was released for Android and iOS 

Cancelled sequel
On December 5, 2018, McKay announced a sequel to the film was in the works, with him returning to direct  The film was set for release in 2022  However, following the box office underperformance of The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part in 2019, Universal Pictures acquired the film rights to The Lego Movie franchise in 2020, effectively cancelling the sequel due to the rights of DC Comics being owned by Warner Bros In June 2021, McKay revealed that the script was being written by Michael Waldron and Dan Harmon  It would have focused on Batman's relationship with the Justice League, particularly Superman, and the main villains would have been Lex Luthor and OMAC  Waldron revealed that the film was tentatively titled Lego Superfriends 
Passage 6:
The Lego Batman Movie
The Lego Batman Movie (stylized as The LEGO Batman Movie) is a 2017 computer-animated superhero comedy film produced by Warner Animation Group, DC Entertainment, RatPac Entertainment, Lego System A/S, Lin Pictures, Lord Miller Productions, and Vertigo Entertainment, and distributed by Warner Bros  Pictures  It was directed by Chris McKay (in his feature directorial debut) from a screenplay by Seth Grahame-Smith, Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers, Jared Stern, and John Whittington  Based on the characters from the DC Universe created by DC Comics and the Lego DC Super Heroes' Batman toy line, the film is a collaboration between production houses from the United States, Australia, and Denmark, the first spin-off in The Lego Movie franchise and the second installment overall  The film features Will Arnett reprising his role as Batman from The Lego Movie alongside Zach Galifianakis, Michael Cera, Rosario Dawson, and Ralph Fiennes  The story follows the title character (Arnett) as he attempts to overcome his greatest fear to stop the Joker's (Galifianakis) latest plan 
Development of The Lego Batman Movie started in October 2014, after Warner Bros  announced several Lego films, following the critical and commercial success of The Lego Movie, while Chris McKay was hired to direct the film after being replaced by Rob Schrab to direct the sequel to The Lego Movie  He cited both The Naked Gun and Airplane! film series as his main inspirations  Casting call began in July to November 2015  The film pays homage to previous Batman films, cartoons, and comics  The film also features characters from other notable franchises and film series with them  Like The Lego Movie, the animation was provided by Animal Logic  Lorne Balfe composed the film's musical score 
The Lego Batman Movie had its world premiere in Dublin, Ireland on January 29, 2017, and was released in the United States on February 10, 2017 in RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema, IMAX, IMAX 3D and 4DX formats  The film received generally positive reviews from critics for its animation, voice acting, score, visual style, and humor, and was also commercially successful, having grossed $312 million worldwide against a budget of around $80 million  A sequel, Lego Superfriends, was announced in 2018, but was cancelled after Universal Pictures acquired the Lego franchise rights, with Zach's casting being the main criminal of the film 

Plot
Within the DC superhero dimension of the Lego multiverse, Batman protects Gotham City and fights crime  During his latest mission to stop the Joker, Kite Man, Crazy Quilt, the Penguin, the Riddler, the Kabuki Twins, Calculator, Captain Boomerang, Man-Bat, Red Hood and more villains from destroying the city, Batman succeeds, but also hurts the Joker's feelings by telling him he is not as important in his life as he thinks he is, leading the Joker to seek the ultimate revenge on him 
The following day, Batman's alter ego Bruce Wayne attends the city's winter gala, which is celebrating both the retirement of Police Commissioner Gordon and the ascension of his daughter Barbara to replace him  Wayne is smitten by Barbara, and this distraction results in him unwittingly agreeing to adopt the enthusiastic orphan Dick Grayson  Wayne is then infuriated by Barbara's plans to restructure the police to function without the need of Batman  The Joker crashes the party with his villain team  The Joker surrenders himself to police, while capturing almost all the villains for the police, except Harley Quinn  With so many villains incarcerated, Batman becomes desolate as Gotham no longer requires his crime-fighting skills 
Suspecting that the Joker is up to no good, Batman plans to steal Superman's Phantom Zone projector, a device that can banish anyone to the Phantom Zone, which houses some of the most dangerous criminals in the Lego multiverse, only for Alfred to intervene and advise him to take care of Dick  Batman initially refuses, so Alfred allows Dick to enter the Batcave  Appearing as Batman before Dick, Batman states that he is also adopting Dick, and fosters Dick as Robin to help in his scheme  Batman and Robin recover the projector from the Fortress of Solitude, break into Arkham Asylum and successfully send the Joker to the Phantom Zone  Suspecting that the Joker wanted to be sent there, Barbara locks up Batman and Robin 
While the projector is being seized as evidence, Harley steals it back as part of the Joker's plan, and frees him, allowing him to return to Gotham with all the multiverse's villains he had recruited in the Phantom Zone, including Sauron, who informs the Joker that Batman is Bruce Wayne  The criminals attack Gotham and take over Wayne Island  Realizing that Gotham does need Batman after all, Barbara releases Batman and Robin and teams up with them and Alfred to stop the new threat  Although his teammates achieve some success in fighting the multiverse's villains, Batman forcibly sends them away and confronts the Joker alone, fearing that he might lose them just like his parents 
Believing that Batman is incapable of changing his ways, the Joker sends him to the Phantom Zone before stealing the Batcave's stash of confiscated bombs to destroy Gotham  Meanwhile, Phyllis, the Phantom Zone's gatekeeper, shows Batman how he has mistreated Dick, Alfred, Barbara and the Joker  Batman accepts his greatest fear, being part of a family, and decides to change  Batman's teammates return to the fight to help him, but are endangered themselves  Batman makes a deal with Phyllis to temporarily return to Gotham to retrieve the Zone's escaped prisoners, and arrives in time to save his teammates, apologizing to them for leaving them and requesting their help to stop the Joker  They agree, with Barbara taking on the Batgirl costume 
With help from Bane, Orca and Egghead, who felt neglected by the Joker when he refused to break them out of Arkham, Batman and his team defeat the escaped multiverse's villains and send them back to the Phantom Zone  However, the Joker's bombs explode, tearing Gotham apart at the plates below the city  Batman convinces Joker to help him by telling him he gives him purpose to be the hero he is, and with the help of every civilian and villain, they manage to save Gotham, chain-linking themselves together to reassemble the plates 
In the aftermath, Batman reveals to Dick that he is Wayne in disguise, then goes to return to the Phantom Zone to face the consequences of his earlier behavior  Phyllis prevents Batman from entering the Phantom Zone, after realizing he is a hero and seeing how he changed to save everyone  Afterward, Batman gives the Joker, the Penguin, Bane, Mr  Freeze, Clayface, the Riddler, Harley, the Kabuki Twins and the rest of the villains a headstart, knowing they will be no match for the Bat-family 

Voice cast
Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman: A billionaire by day and superhero by night, who defends Gotham City from crime  Arnett also voiced the character in The Lego Movie and later reprised his role in its sequel 
Zach Galifianakis as Joker: A clown-themed villain in Gotham City and Batman's archenemy, who defines himself by his conflict with him 
Michael Cera as Dick Grayson / Robin: An orphan who is adopted by Bruce Wayne, and becomes a sidekick to Batman 
Rosario Dawson as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl: The newly elected police commissioner of Gotham, who hopes to restructure the Gotham City Police Department so that the city could defend itself without Batman  She eventually comes to trust Batman and becomes Batgirl 
Ralph Fiennes as Alfred Pennyworth: The Wayne family's butler, and Bruce's father figure and only confidant  Fiennes later reprised his role in The Lego Movie 2 
Jenny Slate as Harley Quinn, The Joker's girlfriend and accomplice 
Héctor Elizondo as James Gordon, the retired police commissioner of Gotham and Barbara's father 
Ellie Kemper as Phyllis, a brick who is the gatekeeper of the Phantom Zone 
Mariah Carey as Mayor McCaskill, the mayor of Gotham 
Lauren White as Chief O'Hara, the police chief of Gotham 
Todd Hansen and Chris McKay respectively as Captain Dale and Pilot Bill, the two pilots of the airplane hijacked by the Joker at the beginning of the film 
Brent Musburger, Ralph Garman, and Chris Hardwick make cameo appearances as three unnamed reporters 
Mark Jonathan Davis as a fictionalized version of himself (his character Richard Cheese also appears through the use of archival recordings) 
Channing Tatum and Jonah Hill as Superman and Green Lantern, both reprising their respective roles from The Lego Movie 
Adam DeVine as The Flash Several actors voice the various villains from Batman's rogues gallery, including Billy Dee Williams as Two-Face (as a nod to his role as Harvey Dent, Two-Face's former identity, in the 1989 Batman film), Riki Lindhome as Poison Ivy, Conan O'Brien as Riddler, Jason Mantzoukas as the Scarecrow, Zoë Kravitz as Catwoman (she would later portray Catwoman in The Batman), Matt Villa as Killer Croc, Kate Micucci as Clayface, Doug Benson as Bane (the character's appearance and Benson's performance are meant to satirize Tom Hardy's portrayal of Bane in The Dark Knight Rises), John Venzon as Penguin, (the character's appearance is a nod to Danny DeVito‘s portrayal of Penguin in Batman Returns), David Burrows as Mr  Freeze (Burrows also voices an anchorman), and Laura Kightlinger as Orca (Kightlinger also voices a reporter)  The film also features villains from other franchises, including Sauron's Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit (voiced by Jemaine Clement), the Wicked Witch of the West from The Wizard of Oz (also voiced by Riki Lindhome), Lord Voldemort from Harry Potter (voiced by Eddie Izzard), King Kong from King Kong, the Swamp Creature from various monster films (both voiced by Seth Green), Medusa from Greek mythology (also voiced by Lauren White), and the Daleks from Doctor Who (voiced by Nicholas Briggs, reprising his role from the television series) 
The voice of the Batcomputer (credited as 'Puter), depicted here as an artificial intelligence controlling all of Batman's gadgets and vehicles, is done by Siri Archive footage of Tom Cruise and Renée Zellweger from Jerry Maguire is used 

Production
Development
In October 2014, following the success of The Lego Movie, Warner Bros  greenlit multiple Lego films, including The Lego Batman Movie, a spin-off starring Batman  Warner Bros  scheduled the release of The Lego Batman Movie for May 26, 2017, moving the release date for The Lego Movie 2 (later titled as The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part) to May 25, 2018  Chris McKay, who co-directed The Lego Movie, was brought on board to direct the film, making it his solo directorial debut  Will Arnett returned to voice Batman, with the story written by Seth Grahame-Smith, and the film produced by Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller  On April 20, 2015, Warner Bros  moved up The Lego Batman Movie to a February 10, 2017 release  The film itself also serves as the first theatrically released animated feature to be based on a licensed property, which explains the lack of yellow Lego figures, despite Emmet Brickowski, the main character of the Lego Movie, making a small cameo 
In an interview about his work on the film, McKay stated that working on the film was "a very mixed blessing" owing partly to the film's hectic time schedule for its production, remarking that the two-and-a-half years allocated to the film made it difficult to fit in everything that he wanted for the movie, considering his earlier work on The Lego Movie  His work on The Lego Batman Movie was influenced by the comedy portrayed in both The Naked Gun and Airplane! film series, with his pitch for the film to the studios being described as like "Jerry Maguire as directed by Michael Mann"  His proposal to combine all the Batman eras featured in the comic book series and various media formats, including movies and comic series, despite a couple of issues—the total inconsistency inherent to such a task, and Lego rejecting some of the characters he proposed to include in the film—was based on his desire of how to portray Robin within the film's setting  In an interview regarding his version of the superhero duo, McKay stated:
"I was thinking that we were basically taking the Burt Ward Robin and sticking him in the Batmobile with the Zack Snyder/Ben Affleck Batman, or the Frank Miller Batman  And putting these two different energies together  Somebody who’s like the grumpiest, dark grittiest, broodiest Batman with the most positive, indefatigable kid "
In 2019, prior to the release of The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part, Chris Miller stated that all of the Lego movies are based on the imagination of a child character, with The Lego Movie events happening in young Finn's mind  Miller affirmed that The Lego Batman Movie was also from the imagination of Finn and Bianca, though the characters did not appear within the film, although Bianca was alluded to as Phyllis' boss 

Casting
In July 2015, Arnett's Arrested Development co-star Michael Cera was cast to voice Robin  In August 2015, Zach Galifianakis entered final negotiations to voice the Joker  In October 2015, Rosario Dawson was cast to voice Barbara Gordon, the daughter of police commissioner James Gordon who later becomes the crime-fighting heroine Batgirl  The following month, Ralph Fiennes was cast as Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's butler  Initial reports indicated that Mariah Carey was playing Commissioner Gordon  However, she was actually cast as Mayor McCaskill 

Batman and pop culture references
As part of its production, the film was designed to make numerous references to previous Batman films, cartoons and comics  In two distinct scenes where Barbara Gordon depicts Batman's long history of services for the police and Alfred quotes Batman's previous films (as previous moments of emotional crisis), they mention: the 1940s Batman serials (erroneously placed earlier than his comic books appearances); the films Batman (1966), Batman (1989), Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), Batman & Robin (1997), Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) and Suicide Squad (2016); the television shows Batman (1960s), Batman: The Animated Series (1990s), Batman Beyond (2000s) and The Batman (2000s); and the comics Detective Comics #27 (Batman's introductory story), The Dark Knight Returns (1986) and Gotham by Gaslight (1989)  Other references include previous costumes worn by Batman and Robin and the various Batmobiles used  In most cases, their appearances in the film are done in a Lego style, with the exception being footage from a live-action shot of Adam West's depiction of Batman in the 1960s Batman series and a picture of Batman's suit from Batman and Robin  Climactic events from past Batman films involving the Joker have been mentioned, including "that time with the parade and the Prince music" (1989's Batman) and "the two boats" (The Dark Knight) Alongside Joker, the main antagonist of the film's story, and Superman, who features heavily and has notable links to the Christopher Reeve films Superman (1978) and its sequel Superman II (1980), many other DC characters, both villains associated with Batman and other DC superheroes, feature in the film  The film's villains who have been featured in Batman comics, films and cartoons include: Man-Bat; Captain Boomerang; Egghead; Crazy Quilt; Eraser; Polka-Dot Man; Mime; Tarantula; King Tut from the 1960s series; Killer Moth; March Harriet; Zodiac Master; the Mutant Leader from The Dark Knight Returns; Doctor Phosphorus; Magpie; Calculator; Hugo Strange; an unidentified version of Red Hood; the Kabuki Twins from The Batman; Orca; Gentleman Ghost; Clock King; Calendar Man; Kite Man; Catman; Zebra-Man; and a variation of Condiment King from Batman: The Animated Series  The other DC heroes who feature, both from the Justice League and Super Friends, include: Wonder Woman; Aquaman; The Flash; Cyborg; Green Arrow; Black Canary; Hawkman; Hawkgirl; Martian Manhunter; Apache Chief; Black Vulcan; El Dorado; Samurai; Wonder Dog; the Wonder Twins and Gleek  Although not part of the DC franchise, Iron Man from Marvel Comics is referenced in the film as part of a small joke about Batman's password for entering the Batcave, referencing the famous rivalry between DC and Marvel The film also features characters from other notable franchises and film series with them following the same narrative of The Lego Movie in that they came from worlds that co-exist alongside others of the Lego Universe, which are made up of Lego playsets of the various media franchises  These additional characters include: Medusa from Lego Minifigures; the Swamp Creature, Evil Mummy, and Lord Vampyre from Lego Monster Fighters; King Kong; the Daleks from Doctor Who; the Wicked Witch of the West and her flying monkeys from The Wizard of Oz; the Kraken from Clash of the Titans; Agent Smith and his clones from The Matrix; the great white shark from Jaws; Voldemort from Harry Potter; Sauron from The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit; the Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptors from Jurassic Park; The Skeleton Warriors from Jason and the Argonauts and the Gremlins  The way in which the Gremlins attack a plane references The Twilight Zone episode "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet" The film also includes Batman watching the scene from Jerry Maguire where Tom Cruise says "You complete me" (which makes Batman laugh out loud); this line had previously been quoted by The Joker in The Dark Knight  In the scene where Batman discusses possible team names he mentions Fox Force Five, which is the name of Mia Wallace's failed television pilot mentioned in Pulp Fiction  The film's use of Cutting Crew's "(I Just) Died in Your Arms" is a nod to the romantic comedy Never Been Kissed  The film's other references include Gleaming the Cube and Gymkata The casting of Billy Dee Williams as Two-Face references the 1989 Batman film, in which Williams played District Attorney Harvey Dent, before his transition to Two-Face  Director Chris McKay said the film's depiction of Gotham City was inspired by Chicago partly due to  Christopher Nolan having filmed The Dark Knight Trilogy in Chicago A scene from The Lego Movie is reused in the film, depicting Emmet falling down from Lord Business's tower into the real world, as television journalists explain what would happen if Joker detonates his bomb 

Music
The Lego Batman Movie is the first in the franchise not to be composed by Mark Mothersbaugh; the film score is composed by Lorne Balfe  The soundtrack album was released by WaterTower Music on February 3, 2017, through two-disc CD and for digital download, while the vinyl version was released on May 19, 2017 

Marketing
The first teaser trailer for The Lego Batman Movie was released on March 24, 2016, and features the song "Black and Yellow" by Wiz Khalifa  It was attached to showings of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in theatres  A second teaser trailer was released on March 28, 2016, and features references to all live-action iterations of Batman, from the 1960s Batman TV series to Batman v Superman  A third trailer was released on July 23, 2016  A fourth trailer was released on November 4, 2016  Over twenty Lego sets inspired by scenes from the film were released for the film including two sets of Collectible Minifigures  A Story Pack for the toys-to-life video game Lego Dimensions based on The Lego Batman Movie was released on February 10, 2017, alongside the film  The pack adds a six-level story campaign adapting the events of the film, and includes playable figures of Robin and Batgirl, a driveable Batwing, and a constructible gateway model based on the Batcomputer  A Fun Pack including Excalibur Batman and his Bionic Steed was also released the same day On January 14, 2017, at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Chevrolet unveiled a life-sized Lego Batmobile inspired by the design featured in the film, constructed from around 350,000 Lego pieces  As a related promotion, a Bat-Signal (alternating between Batman's emblem and the Chevrolet logo) was projected on the Renaissance Center over the weekend, and Chevrolet released a new television commercial tying into the film, featuring the Batmobile as a crossover with its ongoing "Real People, Not Actors" campaign Warner Bros  released several promotional tie-ins on the week of the movie's release  LEGO billboard versions of several TV shows were shown outside of the studio lot, that took 300 hours to make out of 10,000 bricks  The Big Bang Theory included a LEGO version of the opening sequence in the episode "The Locomotion Reverberation" that first aired on CBS  In addition, the network aired two LEGO commercials featuring Batman and the cast The CW featured LEGO end cards for Supergirl, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, and Arrow, respectively, on the week of the movie's release  All four DC shows also include a special variant of the Berlanti Productions logo that featured Batman's cameo and a new recording from Greg Berlanti's real-life father who says "Batman, move your head " instead of the usual "Greg, move your head " In addition, the network aired two commercials where Batman interacts with the characters from each show 

Release
Theatrical
The film's world premiere was conducted in Dublin, Ireland on January 29, 2017, where upon it went into general release from February 8; it was released in Denmark on February 9, and in the United States and the United Kingdom on February 10  Its overall release saw movie theatres displaying the film in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema, IMAX 3D and 4DX  though the latter format was restricted to 3D for North America, while international countries were able to view it in IMAX The Lego Batman Movie is notably the first animated movie based on Batman to receive a full theatrical release since Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) 

Home media
The LEGO Batman Movie was released on Digital HD on May 19, 2017  The release included the theatrical short film The Master: A LEGO Ninjago Short, as well as four new short films: Dark Hoser, Batman is Just Not That Into You, Cooking with Alfred and Movie Sound Effects: How Do They Do That?  The LEGO Batman Movie was released on DVD, Blu-ray (2D and 3D), and Ultra HD Blu-ray by Warner Bros  Home Entertainment on June 13, 2017  The film debuted at No  3 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart 

Reception
Box office
The Lego Batman Movie grossed $175 8 million in the United States and Canada and $136 2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $312 million, against a production budget of $80 million In the United States and Canada, The Lego Batman Movie opened alongside two other sequels, Fifty Shades Darker and John Wick: Chapter 2, and was projected to gross around $60 million from 4,088 theaters in its opening weekend  It earned $2 2 million from Thursday-night previews and $14 5 million on Friday  It went on to open with $53 million, finishing first at the box office  In its second weekend, the film grossed $32 7 million (a small drop of 38 4%), again topping the box office; with the additional President's Day holiday on Monday, it made a total of $42 7 million for the weekend  In its third weekend of release, the film dropped to second at the box office, behind newcomer Get Out, grossing $19 2 million (a drop of 41 2%) Outside North America the film was simultaneously released in 61 countries, and was expected to gross around $40 million over its first three days  It ended up grossing $37 million in its opening weekend, including $9 3 million in the United Kingdom, $2 6 million in Mexico, $2 3 million in Germany and $2 2 million in Russia 

Critical response
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 90% based on 315 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The Lego Batman Movie continues its block-buster franchise's winning streak with another round of dizzyingly funny—and beautifully animated—family-friendly mayhem " It was ranked the 23rd best superhero movie of all time on the site  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, praising its comedy, and saying: "The LEGO Batman Movie isn't the same experience as watching The LEGO Movie, but I also don't think it's trying to be  It's trying to be a fun superhero movie with clever callbacks to previous Batman films (every single Batman movie all the way back to the 1940s serials are referenced) that can, at least, provide DC superhero fans with a taste of fun amidst all the doom and gloom  (That can either be a reference to 'the real world' or the current DC Cinematic Universe films, you can choose either one you want or both ) And at that, The LEGO Batman Movie succeeds " Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B+" and wrote, "LEGO Batman revs so fast and moves so frenetically that it becomes a little exhausting by the end  It flirts with being too much of a good thing  But rarely has corporate brainwashing been so much fun and gone down with such a delightful aftertaste " Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times was positive in his review, saying, "In its best moments, this gag-a-minute Bat-roast serves as a reminder that, in the right hands, a sharp comic scalpel can be an instrument of revelation as well as ridicule " Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post praised the film for its heart, humor, and action which "snap together, with a satisfying click "

Accolades
Other media
Sets
Video games
Lego Dimensions includes characters from various franchises, including The Lego Movie and The Lego Batman Movie  The game's Starter Pack includes Wyldstyle, while Emmet, Benny, Bad Cop, and Unikitty are included in Fun Packs  From The Lego Batman Movie, Robin and Batgirl are included in a Story Pack while Excalibur Batman is included in a Fun Pack  However, Robin gets his voice actor changed in the game to Robbie Daymond and can also use his appearance from Teen Titans Go! if he is used in the Teen Titans Go! World 
Based on The Lego Batman Movie, Warner Bros  Interactive Entertainment released the endless-runner game coinciding with the release of the film  It was released for Android and iOS 

Cancelled sequel
On December 5, 2018, McKay announced a sequel to the film was in the works, with him returning to direct  The film was set for release in 2022  However, following the box office underperformance of The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part in 2019, Universal Pictures acquired the film rights to The Lego Movie franchise in 2020, effectively cancelling the sequel due to the rights of DC Comics being owned by Warner Bros In June 2021, McKay revealed that the script was being written by Michael Waldron and Dan Harmon  It would have focused on Batman's relationship with the Justice League, particularly Superman, and the main villains would have been Lex Luthor and OMAC  Waldron revealed that the film was tentatively titled Lego Superfriends 



ground_truth: Benny Beaver