prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the source of the river of which Kraai River is a tributary?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Kabompo River
The Kabompo River is one of the main tributaries of the upper Zambezi River  It flows entirely in Zambia, rising to the east of the source of the Zambezi, in North-Western Province along the watershed between the Zambezi and Congo river basins which also forms the border between Zambia and DR Congo  It is the second deepest river in Africa and one of the top five in the world 

Geography
The Kabompo River flows south-west through miombo woodland, then a remote Cryptosepalum dry forest ecoregion, with the West Lunga National Park on its west bank  After flowing past the town of Kabompo, it develops a swampy floodplain up to 5 km wide  The Kabompo Ferry on its lower course carries the main north–south gravel highway on the eastern side of the Zambezi  The river enters the Zambezi north of the town of Lukulu, at the north end of the Barotse Floodplain  Its main tributaries are the Western Lunga River which flows from the north, and the Dongwe River from the east 

See also
List of rivers of Africa
Passage 2:
Chapare River
The Chapare River is a river in Bolivia, which is a tributary of the Mamoré River in the Amazon Basin  The river has its source at the confluence of Espíritu Santo River and San Mateo River in the Cochabamba Department at Villa Tunari  It is the main waterway of Chapare Province 

See also
Tunari National Park

External links
 Media related to Río Chapare at Wikimedia Commons

Chapare River Floods
Passage 3:
Rhonelle
The Rhonelle is a river of northern France  It is 32 km (20 mi) long  It is a right tributary of the Scheldt  Its source is near Locquignol  It flows generally northwest along Le Quesnoy, Villers-Pol and Famars  It flows into the Scheldt in Valenciennes 
Passage 4:
Utva River (Perm Krai)
The Utva (Russian: Утьва) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Veslyana, which in turn is a tributary of the Kama  The river is 76 kilometres (47 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 697 square kilometres (269 sq mi)  The source of the river is in the extreme southwest of the Gaynsky District of Perm Krai, near the border with Kirov Oblast and the Komi Republic  The main tributaries are the Chugrum (right) and the Yuzhnaya Anva (left) 
Passage 5:
Hushe River
The Hushe River is a tributary river to the Shyok River which itself is tributary to the Indus River  The main source of the Hushe River is the Gondogoro Glacier  Some streams also flow from other glaciers of the Hushe valley  The Hushe river joins with Saltoro River at Haldi village before joining the Shyok River  Both the Hushe and Saltoro rivers join the Shyok river at the Tsa thang Ghursa village 
Passage 6:
Loimijoki
The river Loimijoki is a river in Finland and the longest tributary of the river Kokemäenjoki  The river originates at the lake Pyhäjärvi in Tammela and joins the river Kokemäenjoki in Huittinen  There is a 54-metre (177 ft) difference in elevation between the source and the mouth of the river, which is 114 kilometres (71 mi) long  The river drains a catchment area of 3,140 square kilometres (1,210 sq mi)  The river has several dams at Forssa, Jokioinen and Loimaa The Loimijoki river runs through the most fertile lands of Finland making its water  relatively muddy  The river was badly polluted by sewage of industry and population centers along the river, but since the 1980s the river has been starting to recover and currently the river sees also recreational use like fishing and water sports 
Passage 7:
Kraai River
The Kraai River (literally "Crow River") is a tributary of the Orange River (also called Gariep River by locals) that flows near Barkly East in the Eastern Cape, South Africa 

The Kraai River originates in the mountains south of Lesotho and flows westward from the confluence of the Bell River and the Sterk Spruit at Moshesh's Ford at 30°51′09″S 27°46′40″E all the way to Aliwal North, where it joins the Orange River at 30°40′02″S 26°45′06″E The river flows almost entirely over sandstone rocks of the Clarens Formation 
The Kraai is fishable, containing rainbow trout, brown trout and smallmouth yellowfish 

In 1881
a sandstone arch bridge called the J W Sauer bridge was completed over the river   The bridge linked communities in the Kraai River basin with Aliwal North  The Sauer bridge and the Loch Bridge on the farm
Tyger Krantz, are now Provincial Heritage sites 

Major tributaries
Bell River and a tributary of the Bell, the Kloppershoek Spruit
Sterk Spruit, its tributaries are the Bok Spruit and Rifle Spruit
Joggem Spruit
Langkloof Spruit
Diep Spruit and its tributary, the Three Drifts Stream
Carlisleshoek Spruit and the Maartenshoek Spruit
Klein Wildebeest Spruit
Saalboom Spruit and its tributary, the Vaalhoek Spruit
Karnmelk Spruit

See also

List of rivers of South Africa
List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
Passage 8:
Shaksgam River
The Shaksgam River (Chinese: 沙克思干河; pinyin: Shakesigan He, Hindi: शक्सगाम नदी, romanized: Shaksgām Nadi, Urdu: دریائے شکسگام, romanized: Daryá-e-Shaksgám) is a left tributary of the Yarkand River  The river is also known as the Kelechin River (Chinese: 克勒青河) and Muztagh River (Chinese: 穆斯塔格河)  It rises in the Gasherbrum, Urdok, Staghar, Singhi and Kyagar Glaciers in the Karakoram  It then flows in a general northwestern direction parallel to the Karakoram ridge line in  the Shaksgam Valley  It receives the waters of the Shimshal Braldu river and the Oprang river from the Pakistan-administered Hunza District before turning east and joining the Yarkand River  The stretch of the river's course between Shimshal Braldu and Oprang is used as the Pakistan–China border Administratively, the Chinese part of the valley is within the southernmost portions of Yarkand County (the source) and the Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County (lower course)  India claims the entire valley as part of its Jammu and Kashmir state, now part of Ladakh 

History
The river valley was explored in 1889 by Francis Younghusband (who referred to the Shaksgam as the Oprang) , and again in 1926 by Kenneth Mason, who confirmed the sources of the river 

Geography
The upper river valley is used by climbers approaching the north face of K2   The approach requires a crossing of the river, which is hazardous   Between its confluence with the Shimshal Braldu River and its confluence with the Oprang River the river forms the border between China and Pakistan administered Kashmir   The area is used as winter pastures by yak herdsmen from the village of Shimshal  Historically, the bed of the Yarkand river where Shaksgam joins it, was used for cultivation by farmers from the state of Hunza  The rulers of Hunza are said to have obtained these "territorial rights to Shaksgam" in the distant past The average annual temperature in the region can fall below freezing 

See also
Trans-Karakoram Tract
Dafdar
Yinsugaiti Glacier
Sarpo Laggo Glacier
Passage 9:
Neste (river)
The Neste (French pronunciation: ​[nɛst]; Occitan: Nestés) is a river in southern France, a left tributary of the Garonne  It is 73 1 km (45 4 mi) long  It rises from several sources around Saint-Lary-Soulan, central Pyrenees and flows through
the following departments and towns:

Hautes-Pyrénées: Saint-Lary-Soulan, Arreau, La Barthe-de-Neste
Haute-Garonne: MontréjeauTwo rivers, the Neste d'Aure and the Neste du Louron, join to form the Neste at Arreau  The Neste flows into the Garonne in Montréjeau 
Passage 10:
Bolshaya Lyampa
The Bolshaya Lyampa (Russian: Большая Лямпа) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Uls which in turn is a tributary of the Vishera  The river is 34 kilometres (21 mi) long  Its source is near the border with Sverdlovsk Oblast  It flows into the Uls 55 kilometres (34 mi) from the larger river's mouth  The Bolshaya Lyampa's main tributary is the Malaya Lyampa 
Passage 11:
Raba (river)
The Raba is a river in the south of Poland (Lesser Poland Voivodeship), right tributary to the river Vistula  Its source is in the Beskids, between the towns of Rabka-Zdrój and Nowy Targ  It flows to the north and then to the northeast  Towns along the river Raba include Rabka-Zdrój, Mszana Dolna, Myślenice, Dobczyce and Bochnia 
For centuries, the Raba was an important artery, along which several towns and villages were established  Its name probably comes from Celtic languages, and the Raba is divided into three parts: the Upper Raba (60 kilometres [37 mi] long located in the Beskids), the Middle Raba (in the Carpathian Foothills), and the Lower Raba (in the Sandomierz Basin) 
The Raba has its source at the Sieniawa mountain pass, at the height of 750 metres (2,460 ft) above sea level  It flows into the Vistula near Uscie Solne, after 134 7 kilometres (83 7 mi), while the area of its drainage basin is  1,537 1 square kilometres (593 5 sq mi)  From its source downstream to the town of Myślenice, the Raba is a typical mountain river, with narrow valley, rock-covered bed, fast currents and big drops  Below Lake Dobczyce it retains its mountain features for several kilometers  The river has no tributaries for its last 19 kilometres (12 mi) 
The Raba marks the boundary between the Makow Beskids and the Island Beskids, as well as the boundary between the Wieliczka Foothills, and the Wisnicz Foothills  Its tributaries are mainly mountain streams, such as Poniczanka, Slonka, Krzyworzeka, Mszanka, Kasinianka, Kaczanka, Krzczonówka, Trzemesnianka, Stradomka, Babica 

See also
Rivers of Poland
1934 flood in Poland

Sources
Description of the Raba

External links
Fishing on the Raba
Kayaking on the Raba
Passage 12:
Congo River
The Congo River (Kongo: Nzâdi Kôngo, French: Fleuve Congo, Portuguese: Rio Congo), formerly also known as the Zaire River, is the second-longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the third largest river in the world by discharge volume, following the Amazon and the Ganges rivers  It is also the world's deepest recorded river, with measured depths of around 220 m (720 ft)  The Congo-Lualaba-Chambeshi River system has an overall length of 4,700 km (2,900 mi), which makes it the world's ninth-longest river  The Chambeshi is a tributary of the Lualaba River, and Lualaba is the name of the Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls, extending for 1,800 km (1,100 mi) 
Measured along with the Lualaba, the main tributary, the Congo River has a total length of 4,370 km (2,720 mi)  It is the only major river to cross the Equator twice  The Congo Basin has a total area of about 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi), or 13% of the entire African landmass 

Name
The name Congo/Kongo originates from the Kingdom of Kongo once located on the southern bank of the river  The kingdom in turn was named for the indigenous Bantu Kongo people, known in the 17th century as "Esikongo"  South of the Kingdom of Kongo proper lay the similarly named Kakongo kingdom, mentioned in 1535  Abraham Ortelius labeled "Manicongo" as the city at the mouth of the river in his world map of 1564  The tribal names in Kongo possibly derive from a word for a public gathering or tribal assembly  The modern name of the Kongo people or Bakongo was introduced in the early 20th century The name Zaire is from a Portuguese adaptation of a Kikongo word, nzere ("river"), a truncation of nzadi o nzere ("river swallowing rivers")  The river was known as Zaire during the 16th and 17th centuries; Congo seems to have replaced Zaire gradually in English usage during the 18th century, and Congo is the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to Zahir or Zaire as the name used by the inhabitants remained common  The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo are named after it, as was the previous Republic of the Congo which had gained independence in 1960 from the Belgian Congo  The Republic of Zaire during 1971–1997 was also named after the river's name in French and Portuguese 

Basin and course
The Congo's drainage basin covers 4,014,500 km2 (1,550,000 sq mi), an area nearly equal to that of the European Union  The Congo's discharge at its mouth ranges from 23,000 to 75,000 m3/s (810,000 to 2,650,000 cu ft/s), with an average of 41,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s)  The river transports annually 86 million tonnes of suspended sediment to the Atlantic Ocean and an additional 6% of bedload The river and its tributaries flow through the Congo rainforest, the second largest rainforest area in the world, after the Amazon rainforest in South America  The river also has the second-largest flow in the world, behind the Amazon; the second-largest drainage basin of any river, behind the Amazon; and is one of the deepest rivers in the world, at depths greater than 220 m (720 ft)  Because its drainage basin includes areas both north and south of the Equator, its flow is stable, as there is always at least one part of the river experiencing a rainy season The sources of the Congo are in the highlands and mountains of the East African Rift, as well as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru, which feed the Lualaba River, which then becomes the Congo below Boyoma Falls  The Chambeshi River in Zambia is generally taken as the source of the Congo in line with the accepted practice worldwide of using the longest tributary, as with the Nile River 
The Congo flows generally toward the northwest from Kisangani just below the Boyoma Falls, then gradually bends southwestward, passing by Mbandaka, joining with the Ubangi River and running into the Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool)  Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) and Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool, where the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons (collectively known as the Livingstone Falls), running by Matadi and Boma, and into the sea at Muanda 
Lower Congo constitutes the 'lower' parts of the great river; that is the section of the river from the river mouth at the Atlantic coast to the twin capitals of Brazzaville and Kinshasa  In this section of the river, there are two significant tributaries, both on the left or south side  The Kwilu River originates in the hills near the Angolan border and enters the Congo some 100 km upstream from Matadi  The other being the Inkisi River, that flows in a northerly direction from the Uíge Province in Angola to the confluence with the Congo at Zongo some 80 km downstream from the twin capitals  Because of the vast number of rapids, in particular the Livingstone Falls, this section of the river is not operated continuously by riverboats 

Drainage basin
The Congo basin covers ten countries and accounts for about 13% of Africa  The highest point in the Congo basin is in the Ruwenzori Mountains, at an altitude of around 4,340 m (14,240 ft) above sea level 

Distribution of the Congo basin area between countries:
The most important hydrological stations along the Congo river are:

Discharge
The Congo River discharge at Kinshasa/Brazzaville stations since the start of measurements (1902 to 2021):

Tributaries
The main river and tributaries are (sorted in order from the mouth heading upstream):

Lower Congo (river mouth to Kinshasa)
Downstream of Kinshasa, from the river mouth at Banana, there are a few major tributaries 

M'pozo (left)
Kwilu (left)
Inkisi (left)
Djoué (right)Middle Congo (Kinshasa to the Boyoma Falls)

Kwa-Kassai (left)
Fimi
Lukenie
Kwango
Kwilu
Sankuru
Alima (right)
Likouala-Mossaka (right)
Sangha (right)
Kadéï (570 km, 41,000 km², 466 m³/s)
Ubangi (right)
Mbomou
Uele
Tshuapa or Ruki (left)
Lulonga (left)
Lopori
Maringa
Mongala (right)
Itimbiri (right)
Aruwimi (right)
Lomami (left)
Lindi (right)Upper Congo (Lualaba; upstream from the Boyoma Falls)

Lowa (right)
Ulindi (right)
Elila (right)
Luama (right)
Lukuga (right)
Luvua (right)
Luapula (740 km, 173,386 km², 741 m³/s)
Chambeshi (500 km, 44,427 km², 185 m³/s)

Economic importance
Although the Livingstone Falls prevent access from the sea, nearly the entire Congo above them is readily navigable in sections, especially between Kinshasa and Kisangani  Large river steamers worked the river until quite recently  The Congo River still is a lifeline in a land with few roads or railways  Railways now bypass the three major falls, and much of the trade of Central Africa passes along the river, including copper, palm oil (as kernels), sugar, coffee, and cotton 

Hydroelectric power
The Congo River is the most powerful river in Africa  During the rainy season over 50,000 cubic metres (1,800,000 cu ft) of water per second flows into the Atlantic Ocean  Opportunities for the Congo River and its tributaries to generate hydropower are therefore enormous  Scientists have calculated that the entire Congo Basin accounts for 13 percent of global hydropower potential  This would provide sufficient power for all of Sub-Saharan Africa's electricity needs Currently, there are about 40 hydropower plants in the Congo Basin  The largest are the Inga dams, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) southwest of Kinshasa  The project was launched in the early 1970s, when the first dam was completed  The plan (as originally conceived) called for the construction of five dams that would have had a total generating capacity of 34,500 megawatts (MW)  To date only the Inga I and Inga II dams have been built, generating 1,776 MW In February 2005, South Africa's state-owned power company, Eskom, announced a proposal to expand generation through improvements and the construction of a new hydroelectric dam  The project would bring the maximum output of the facility to 40,000 megawatt (GW)  It is feared that these new hydroelectric dams could lead to the extinction of many of the fish species that are native to the river 

Natural history
The current course of the Congo River formed between 1 5 and 2 million years BP, during the Pleistocene  It is likely that during this period many upper tributaries of the Congo were captured from adjacent river basins, including the Uele and upper Ubangi from the Chari system and the Chambeshi River alongside a number of upper Kasai River tributaries from the Zambezi system The Congo's formation may have led to the allopatric speciation of the bonobo and the common chimpanzee from their most recent common ancestor  The bonobo is endemic to the humid forests in the region, as are other iconic species like the Allen's swamp monkey, dryas monkey, aquatic genet, okapi, and Congo peafowl In terms of aquatic life, the Congo River Basin has a very high species richness and among the highest known densities of endemics  As of 2009, almost 800 fish species have been recorded from the Congo River Basin (not counting Lake Tanganyika, which is connected but ecologically very different), and large sections remain virtually unstudied  For example, the section in Salonga National Park, which is about the size of Belgium, had still not been sampled at all in 2006  New fish species are scientifically described with some regularity from the Congo River Basin, and many undescribed species are known The Congo has by far the highest diversity of any African river system; in comparison, the next richest are the Niger, Volta and Nile with about 240, 140 and 130 fish species, respectively  Because of the great ecological differences between the regions in the Congo basin —including habitats such as river rapids, deep rivers, swamps, and lakes— it is often divided into multiple ecoregions (instead of treating it as a single ecoregion)  Among these ecoregions, the Livingstone Falls cataracts has more than 300 fish species, including approximately 80 endemics while the southwestern part (Kasai River basin) has more than 200 fish species, of which about a quarter are endemic The dominant fish families – at least in parts of the river – are Cyprinidae (carp/cyprinids, such as Labeo simpsoni), Mormyridae (elephant fishes), Alestidae (African tetras), Mochokidae (squeaker catfishes), and Cichlidae (cichlids)  Among the natives in the river is the huge, highly carnivorous giant tigerfish  Three of the more unusual endemics are the whitish (non-pigmented) and blind Lamprologus lethops, which is believed to live as deep as 160 metres (520 ft) below the surface, Heterochromis multidens, which is more closely related to cichlids of the Americas than other African cichlids, and Caecobarbus geertsii, the only known cavefish in Central Africa  There are also numerous endemic frogs and snails  Several hydroelectric dams are planned on the river, and these may lead to the extinction of many of the endemics Several species of turtles and the slender-snouted, Nile and dwarf crocodile are native to the Congo River Basin  African manatees inhabit the lower parts of the river 

History
Pre-colonial history
The entire Congo basin is populated by Bantu peoples, divided into several hundred ethnic groups  Bantu expansion is estimated to have reached the middle Congo by about 500 BC and the upper Congo by the first century AD  Remnants of the aboriginal population displaced by the Bantu migration, Pygmies/Abatwa of the Ubangian phylum, remain in the remote forest areas of the Congo Basin 
The Kingdom of Kongo was formed in the late 14th century from a merging of the kingdoms of Mpemba Kasi and Mbata Kingdom on the left banks of the lower Congo River  Its territorial control along the river remained limited to what corresponds to the modern Kongo Central province  European exploration of the Congo began in 1482 when Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão discovered the river estuary (likely in August 1482), which he marked by a Padrão, or stone pillar (still existing, but only in fragments) erected on Shark Point  Cão sailed up the river for a short distance, establishing contact with the Kingdom of Kongo  The full course of the river remained unknown throughout the early modern period The upper Congo basin runs west of the Albertine Rift  Its connection to the Congo was unknown until 1877  The extreme northeast of the Congo basin was reached by the Nilotic expansion at some point between the 15th and 18th centuries, by the ancestors of the Southern Luo speaking Alur people  Francisco de Lacerda followed the Zambezi and reached the uppermost part of the Congo basin (the Kazembe in the upper Luapula basin) in 1796 
The upper Congo River was first reached by the Arab slave trade by the 19th century  Nyangwe was founded as a slavers' outpost around 1860  David Livingstone was the first European to reach Nyangwe in March 1871  Livingstone proposed to prove that the Lualaba connected to the Nile, but on 15 July, he witnessed a massacre of about 400 Africans by Arab slavers in Nyangwe, which experience left him too horrified and shattered to continue his mission to find the sources of the Nile, so he turned back to Lake Tanganyika 

Early European colonization
The Europeans had not reached the central regions of the Congo basin from either the east or west, until Henry Morton Stanley's expedition of 1876–77, supported by the Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo  At the time one of the last open questions of the European exploration of Africa was whether the Lualaba River fed the Nile (Livingstone's theory), the Congo, or even the Niger River  Financed in 1874, Stanley's first trans-Africa exploration started in Zanzibar and reached the Lualaba on October 17, 1876  Overland he reached Nyangwe, the center of a lawless area containing cannibal tribes at which Tippu Tip based his trade in slaves  Stanley managed to hire a force from Tippu Tip to guard him for the next 150 kilometres (90 mi) or so, for 90 days  
The party left Nyangwe overland through the dense Matimba forest  On November 19 they reached the Lualaba again  Since the going through the forest was so heavy, Tippu Tip turned around with his party on December 28, leaving Stanley on his own, with 143 people, including eight children and 16 women  They had 23 canoes  His first encounter with a local tribe was with the cannibal Wenya  In total Stanley reports 32 unfriendly meetings on the river, some violent, even though he attempted to negotiate a peaceful thoroughfare  But the tribes were wary as their only experience of outsiders was with slave traders 
On January 6, 1877, after 640 kilometres (400 mi), they reached Boyoma Falls (called Stanley Falls for some time after), consisting of seven cataracts spanning 100 kilometres (60 mi) which they had to bypass overland  It took them to February 7 to reach the end of the falls  Here Stanley learned that the river was called Ikuta Yacongo, proving to him that he had reached the Congo and that the Lualaba did not feed the Nile 
From this point, the tribes were no longer cannibals but possessed firearms, apparently as a result of Portuguese influence  Some four weeks and 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) later he reached Stanley Pool (now Pool Malebo), the site of the present day cities Kinshasa and Brazzaville  Further downstream were the Livingstone Falls, misnamed as Livingstone had never been on the Congo: a series of 32 falls and rapids with an elevation change of 270 metres (900 ft) over 350 kilometres (220 mi)  On 15 March they started the descent of the falls, which took five months and cost numerous lives  From the Isangile Falls, five falls from the foot, they beached the canoes and Lady Alice and left the river, aiming for the Portuguese outpost of Boma via land  
On August 3 they reached the hamlet Nsada  From there Stanley sent four men with letters forward to Boma, asking for food for his starving people  On August 7 relief came, being sent by representatives from the Liverpool trading firm Hatton & Cookson  On August 9 they reached Boma, 1,001 days since leaving Zanzibar on November 12, 1874  The party then consisted of 108 people, including three children born during the trip  Most probably (Stanley's own publications give inconsistent figures), he lost 132 people through disease, hunger, drowning, killing and desertion Kinshasa was founded as a trading post by Stanley in 1881 and named Léopoldville in honor of Leopold II of Belgium  The Congo Basin was privately claimed by Leopold II as Congo Free State in 1885 where the many Atrocities in the Congo Free State were committed until the region was called the Belgian Congo 

See also
List of crossings of the Congo River
2021 Congo River disaster

Notes
Passage 13:
Rufiji River
The Rufiji River lies entirely within Tanzania  It is also the largest and longest river in the country  The river is formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and Luwegu rivers  It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) long, with its source in southwestern Tanzania and its mouth on the Indian Ocean opposite Mafia Island across the Mafia Channel, in Pwani Region  Its principal tributary is the Great Ruaha River  It is navigable for approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) 
The Rufiji river is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Dar es Salaam  The river's delta contains the largest mangrove forest in eastern Africa 

History
A branch of ancient sea routes led down the East African coast called "Azania" by the Greeks and Romans in the 1st century CE as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (and, very probably, Chinese: 澤散 in the 3rd century by the Chinese), at least as far as the port known to the Romans as Rhapta, which was probably located in the delta of the Rufiji River in modern Tanzania During the First World War, from October 1914 to July 1915, the river delta was the scene of a protracted naval operation  These were the attempts, and later achievement, by the Royal Navy to neutralize and destroy the German cruiser Konigsberg 

Basin
The catchment basin for the Rufiji River complex is 177,429 square kilometres (68,506 sq mi) 

Hydroelectric Project
Tanzania president John Magufuli has approved the construction of a controversial new dam and power station on the river at Stiegler's Gorge  The power station is expected to provide 2,100 megawatts of electricity, more than triple Tanzania's existing installed hydropower capacity which is only 562 megawatts  Construction of the dam started on July 26, 2019, and it is expected be ready by 2022 
Passage 14:
Mangalam River
Mangalam River is the main tributary of the river Gayathripuzha, which in turn is a tributary of Bharathapuzha, the second longest river in Kerala, India   It is around 30 km long in length, with its source from Nelliyampathi forests, and passing through Vadakkencherry, Kannambra, Puthucode, Padur, etc  and joining Gayathripuzha at Plazhi in the border of Thrissur and Palakkad districts 
Cherukunnapuzha is a tributary of Mangalam River and Mangalam Dam is constructed across this river  A canal system for irrigation purpose was completed and opened in 1966, in Alathur taluk, Palakkad district 

Tributaries of the river Mangalam river
Cherukunnapuzha

See also
Bharathapuzha - Main river
Gayathripuzha - One of the main  tributaries of the river Bharathapuzha

Other tributaries of the river Gayathripuzha
Ayalurpuzha
Vandazhippuzha
Meenkarappuzha
Chulliyar
Passage 15:
Cagne
The Cagne is a river that flows through the Alpes-Maritimes department of southeastern France  Its source is near Coursegoules, and it flows into the Mediterranean Sea in Cagnes-sur-Mer  It is 27 5 km (17 1 mi) long  The Malvan is one of its tributaries 
Passage 16:
Thoré
The Thoré (French pronunciation: ​[tɔʁe]) is a 61 6-kilometre-long (38 3 mi) river in the Hérault and Tarn departments in southern France  Its source is in the northern part of Rieussec  It flows generally northwest  It is a left tributary of the Agout, into which it flows between Navès and Castres 

Departments and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth: 

Hérault: Rieussec, Verreries-de-Moussans,
Tarn: Labastide-Rouairoux, Anglès, Lacabarède, Rouairoux, Sauveterre, Albine, Saint-Amans-Valtoret, Saint-Amans-Soult, Bout-du-Pont-de-Larn, Mazamet, Pont-de-Larn, Aussillon, Payrin-Augmontel, Aiguefonde, Caucalières, Labruguière, Castres, Navès,
Passage 17:
Klehini River
The Klehini River is a large, glacially fed stream in the vicinity of Haines in the U S  state of Alaska 
The Klehini River is about 42 miles (68 km) long from its source in British Columbia to its mouth at the Chilkat River, of which it is the largest tributary   The Klehini River is renowned for its salmon runs, its biannual congregation of bald eagles—the second largest in the Haines area after the Chilkat River's Council Grounds—and for the Klehini Falls  The Klehini also delineates the northern boundary of the Chilkat Range 
The name Klehini appears to be derived from the Tlingit phrase l’éiw héeni, which translates to river with sand or gravel in it    The Klehini River contains abundances of both sand and gravel 
The lower Klehini is located within the Alaska Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve 
Walt Disney's 1991 rendition of White Fang was filmed along the Klehini River 

Klehini Falls
The Klehini Falls are a series of four cataracts in far northwestern British Columbia occurring in a narrow gorge near the headwaters of the Klehini River  The falls are separated from one another by a distance of approximately 300 feet (91 m), with an average plunge of 30 to 40 feet (9 1 to 12 2 m)  The individual cataracts are currently unnamed 

See also
List of rivers of Alaska
List of British Columbia rivers
Passage 18:
Orange River
The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: Oranjerivier) is a river in Southern Africa  It is the longest river in South Africa  With a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi), the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the north  It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean  The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho and between South Africa and Namibia, as well as several provincial borders within South Africa  Except for Upington, it does not pass through any major cities  The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power  The river was named the Orange River in honour of the Dutch ruling family, the House of Orange, by the Dutch explorer Robert Jacob Gordon  Other names include simply the word for river, in Khoekhoegowab orthography written as !Garib, which is rendered in Afrikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click, Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ǂNū "Black"  It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu 

Course
The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft)  The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu  Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude  This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production 

The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province  In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam  From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised  Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation 
At the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province  From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude  From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ǁKaras Region  On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia 

In the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams, and several large wadis lead into it  In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible  Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised  The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi) 
The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning "Orange mouth") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town  Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches 
The river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi) 

Catchment and rainfall
In the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation  At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2 0 in) per year  The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction  In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown colored torrent  The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long-term threat to engineering projects on the river The total catchment of the Orange River (including the Vaal) extends over 973,000 km2 (376,000 sq mi), i e  equivalent to about 77% of the land area of South Africa (1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi))  Around 366,000 km2 (141,000 sq mi) (38%), however, are situated outside the country in Lesotho, Botswana, and Namibia 

Tributaries
Vaal River - 1,458 km (906 mi)
Caledon River - 642 km (399 mi)
Khubelu River - 144 km (89 mi)

Dams
Armenia Dam
Egmont Dam
Gariep Dam
Newberry Dam
Vanderkloof Dam
Welbedacht Dam

History
Etymology
Some of the earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river ǂNūǃarib, referring to its black colour, or sometimes just Kai !Arib ("Great River"), from which is derived the Afrikaans version Gariep, and translation "Groote Rivier"  The early Dutch name for the river was just that translation, Groote Rivier, meaning "Great River"  The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon, commander of the United East India Company (VOC) garrison at Cape Town, on a trip to the interior in 1779  Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange  A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water, as opposed to the color of its tributary, the Vaal River, which name is derived from the name ǀHaiǃarib "pale river" (vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey)  Since the end of apartheid, the name "Gariep" has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa, although the name "Orange" has greater international recognition  In Lesotho, where the river rises, it is known as the Senqu River, derived from the original Khoemana name 

The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change from the colonial name, for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State, with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu  The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the "present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation "

The Grootslang
In South African folklore, the Orange River is often associated with the Grootslang, a mythical being resembling a giant serpent, which is often connected to the river's alluvial diamonds  The Grootslang is described as living in a gem-filled cave connected to the Orange River by a natural pipe through which the diamonds gradually enter the river  Other sites said to be lairs of the creature include the pool beneath the King George Cataract at Aughrabies Falls, which is also said to be a source of diamonds, and a large rock in the middle of the river itself  In this version of the legend, the Grootslang is also said to prey on cattle from the river's banks 

Economy
As the collection point for the majority of South Africa's water, the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture, industry, and mining  To assist in this, two large water schemes have been created, the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project  Historically, the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush, with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth 
Because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer, the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting  Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate  The most popular trips are four-day and six-day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area 

Orange River Project
The Orange River Project (ORP) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa  It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd's government at the height of the apartheid era  The ORP was built to exploit the waters of the Orange River—which, without the Vaal River, represents some 14 1% of the total runoff in South Africa—and in the process, to satisfy an increasing demand for water  The main objectives of the project were:

to stabilise river flow,
the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power,
to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin, and
to give a new lease on life to water-deficient areas in the Eastern Cape, such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys The Gariep Dam near Colesberg is the main storage structure within the Orange River  From here, the water is supplied in two directions, westward along the Orange River (via hydroelectric power generators) to the Vanderkloof Dam and southward through the Orange-Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape 

Hydroelectricity
Eskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam  The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power-generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground  The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure 

Irrigation
Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam, which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land, was made possible by the construction of the Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams  Old established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible  On the Namibian side of the river, Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange 
In recent years, the wine-producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance  Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost, not only from the additional water being made available, but also owing to improvement in water quality  Without this improvement, the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity 

Lesotho Highlands Water Project
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System  Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River, and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State, and discharges into the Ash River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) further to the north  The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, which used the Sterkfontein Dam, located near Harrismith in the Free State 

Alluvial diamonds
In 1867, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, the Eureka Diamond, was found near Hopetown on the Orange River  Two years later, a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area, causing a diamond rush  This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871, although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange  Today, several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river, as well as the beaches around its mouth  Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river 

Rafting and canoeing
During the temperate months of March and April, given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open, a canoeist (or rafter) can easily travel 30 kilometres (19 mi) per day  The lower reaches of the river are most popular, because of the spectacular topography  Commercial tours are available, and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif 

Wildlife
The Orange River has no large animals  It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile, and although hippopotami were once abundant, they were hunted to extermination in the 19th century  The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity  A 2011 survey of 13,762 fish found only 16 species of fish present   Three of these, the common carp, the Mozambique tilapia, and the western mosquitofish are not indigenous   Another exotic species, rainbow trout, is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho 
Seven species are endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system:
Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
Maluti redfin or Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)

See also
List of rivers in South Africa
List of international border rivers
List of crossings of the Orange River
Passage 19:
Bhilangna River
Bhilangna River is a Himalayan river in Uttarakhand, India, which is the major tributary of the Bhagirathi river, the source stream of the Ganges River of India  Bhilangana is a combination of Bhil and Ganga The mainstem, Bhilangna, rises at the foot of the Khatling Glacier (elevation 3,717 m (12,195 ft)) approximately 50 km (31 mi) south of the ice cave at Gaumukh, traditionally considered the source of both the Bhagirathi and the Ganges and flows into the Bhagirathi at Old Tehri, the site of the Tehri dam   It meets its major tributary the Bal Ganga at Ghansali (elevation 976 m (3,202 ft)) 
The Bal Ganga, whose headwaters are formed at the foot of Mount Kukhli Dhar (elevation 4,600 m (15,100 ft)), itself has a minor tributary, the Dharam Ganga, which meets it at Thati Kathur (also Budha Kedar) at elevation 1,524 m (5,000 ft)
The Khatling trek route passes alongside the Bhilangna, starting from the last point accessible by road, Ghuttu, until the glacier, which stands at 3700 metres  If one were to go further on the trail past the glacier, one could reach Kedarnath 

See also
Bhagirathi River
Ganges
Alaknanda River
Context 2: Passage 1:
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey  is a 1993 American adventure comedy film and a remake of the 1963 film The Incredible Journey, which was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Sheila Burnford  Directed by Duwayne Dunham, it was released on February 3, 1993  It grossed $57 million worldwide and was followed in 1996 by the sequel Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco  This film is dedicated to producer Franklin R  Levy, who died during production of the film 

Plot
Chance, a selfish and free-spirited American Bulldog and the narrator of the film, explains that he is the pet of Jamie Burnford, but expresses no interest in his owner or being part of a family  He shares his home with Shadow, a wise old Golden Retriever owned by Jamie's brother Peter, and Sassy, a pampered Himalayan cat owned by Peter and Jamie's sister Hope  That morning, the children's mother, Laura Burnford, marries Bob Seaver, and Chance causes trouble by devouring the wedding cake in front of all the guests 
Shortly after the wedding, the family has to temporarily move to San Francisco because Bob must relocate there for his job  They leave the pets at a ranch belonging to Kate, Laura's college friend  Shadow and Sassy miss their owners immediately, but Chance sees it as an opportunity to relax and be free  Later in the week, Kate goes on a cattle drive, leaving the animals to be looked after by her neighbor Frank  However, half of her message to him is lost, leading him to believe that she has taken them along, leaving the animals alone  Unsure about the disappearance of their host, the animals fear they have been abandoned  Shadow, refusing to believe that his boy would leave him, decides to make his way home  Not wanting to be left alone on the ranch, Chance and Sassy decide to accompany Shadow on his journey 
They head into the rocky, mountainous wilderness of the Sierra Nevada with Shadow leading  After a night spent in fear of the woodland noises, the group stops to catch breakfast at a river  However, two black bear cubs interrupt Chance and a large brown bear causes the group to retreat  At another river, Sassy refuses to swim across to follow the dogs and instead tries to cross via a wooden path further downstream; halfway across, the wood breaks and she falls into the river  Shadow tries to save her, but she goes over a waterfall to her apparent death  Guilt-ridden, Shadow and Chance go on without her  Unknown to them, Sassy survives and is later found on the riverbank by an old man named Quentin, who nurses her back to health 
Over the next two days, Shadow and Chance try unsuccessfully to catch food and encounter a mountain lion, which chases them to the edge of a cliff  Shadow gets an idea to use rocks positioned like a seesaw as a way to outsmart the mountain lion  While Shadow acts as bait, Chance pounces onto the end of the rock and sends the mountain lion over the cliff and into a river  Sassy hears the dogs barking in celebration and follows the sound to rejoin them 
The animals continue on their way, but Chance begins pestering a porcupine, ending up with a load of quills in his muzzle  The animals then encounter a little girl named Molly, who is lost in the woods  Loyalty instinct takes over and they stand guard over her during the night  In the morning, Shadow finds a rescue party and leads them back to the girl  They recognize the animals from a missing pets flyer and take them to the local animal shelter, but Chance mistakes it for an animal pound and the trio panic  As the medical staff remove the quills from Chance's muzzle, Sassy sneaks in and frees Shadow  Together, they retrieve Chance and escape the shelter, unaware that their owners are on their way to get them 
Finally reaching their hometown, the animals cross through a train yard, where Shadow falls into a muddy pit and injures his leg  Despondent, he tells Chance and Sassy to go on without him, and when Chance argues passionately, tells the younger dog he's learned all he needs; "Now all you have to learn is how to say goodbye " Heartbroken, Chance insists he won't let him give up  Near dusk, Chance and Sassy finally make it home and are happily reunited with their owners  Shadow initially fails to appear, but eventually he limps into view and happily comes running home at the sight of Peter  Chance narrates how it was Shadow's belief that brought them home and how the years seemed to lift off of him, making him a puppy again as he reunited with his boy  The film ends with Chance musing about how he truly feels "home" with his family, before happily running into the house at the smell of food 

Cast
Reception
The film received positive reception  The film holds an 87% aggregate critic approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews, with the consensus stating "Disney's remake of The Incredible Journey successfully replicates, and in some ways improves upon, the simple charms of the original, with its cross-country animal odyssey sure to delight kids " According to movie critic Roger Ebert, the movie is "frankly designed for kids, and yet it has a certain craftsmanship and an undeniable charm, and if you find yourself watching it with a child you may end up liking it almost as much " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale The film grossed $41,833,324 in the United States and Canada and $15 5 million internationally for a worldwide total of $57 4 million 
Passage 2:
McGruff the Crime Dog
McGruff the Crime Dog is an anthropomorphic animated bloodhound created by Dancer Fitzgerald Sample advertising executive Jack Keil (who also voiced the character) through the Ad Council and later the National Crime Prevention Council to increase crime awareness and personal safety in the United States  McGruff costumes are used by police outreach efforts, often with children  McGruff was created in 1979 and debuted in 1980 with a series of public service announcements educating citizens on personal security measures, such as locking doors and putting lights on timers, in order to reduce crime  His name was selected as part of a nationwide contest in July 1980 
McGruff proved to be a successful campaign with over $100 million in free air time donated in the first year reaching over 50% of adults  McGruff campaigns continued over the years to cover topics such as child abduction, robbery, anti-drug messages, and anti-bullying campaigns  From 1982 to 2012, a number of municipalities participated in the McGruff house program which offered temporary haven to children fearing immediate harm  McGruff has continued to be well-recognized, with nine out of ten people recognizing him in a 2021 survey  This is thanks partly to recent campaigns against cyber-bullying, stopping online fakes, and elder-crime 

History
Crime as a public concern
The decades prior to McGruff's creation saw an increase in U S  public concern over crime  In the 1960s, a number of riots broke out across the U S  and numerous public figures were assassinated, including President Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr , and Malcolm X  Accepting the Republican nomination for president, Barry Goldwater positioned crime as one of the biggest issues facing the nation  While Goldwater lost to Lyndon Johnson, the issue of crime did not stop there  In July 1965, President Johnson formed the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice to "probe     fully and deeply into the problems of crime in our nation "After two years and $2 5 million, the Commission delivered its report, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, in February 1967 which influenced the Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968  The act gave $300 million to local police forces for more personnel and equipment  With the election of Richard Nixon in 1968, the attempts to control rising crime rates shifted from a social approach—the "War on Poverty"—to a tough on crime approach—the "War on Crime"  Despite Nixon's attempts (until his resignation in 1973), crime continued to rise from 363 5 crimes per 100,000 people in 1970 to 549 5 in 1979  The Carter administration took the focus away from crime and onto nuclear arms control and human rights  During Carter's presidency, crime continued to be a concern with the "kill for thrill murders" of 1979, when two men killed four people over eight days in Western Pennsylvania 

Creation
The Ad Council was first approached by the Department of Justice in 1977 to create a public campaign to engage the public in reducing crime  The FBI director recommended a campaign playing on fears to convince citizens to take personal safety steps, but the Ad Council rejected their proposal believing it would largely be ignored by an already frightened public  However, the Ad Council was still interested in a crime prevention campaign  Leo Perlis, a member of the Ad Council's Public Policy Committee, heard the proposal and liked the idea  He met with FBI Director Clarence M  Kelley, the head of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, and a board member of the National Sheriffs' Association to form a coalition to direct the ad campaign The Ad Council gave the creative responsibilities to Dancer Fitzgerald Sample who they had previously worked with on the Keep America Beautiful campaign  On February 8, 1979, the Ad Council's board of directors held a meeting where they and public officials met to listen to data Dancer Fitzgerald Sample had compiled  Dancer Fitzgerald Sample had conducted focus groups in a number of cities to determine public perceptions on crime  The focus groups found that the public believed police should be the ones to prevent crime, but that they were unwilling to pay more in taxes to support more officers  They recommended a campaign which would "emphasize that individual actions can reduce crime" and "offer easily accessible opportunities for people to participate "The task was given to Jack Keil, executive vice president and creative director of Dancer Fitzgerald Sample  Keil, thinking of Smokey Bear, came up with the idea of an animal mascot  After coming up with the slogan—"Take a bite out of crime"—he settled upon the idea of a dog  His first version was "a Snoopy look-alike wearing a Keystone Cop hat " His creative team however did not believe the dog would be taken seriously  In response, he gave the team a day to come up with a new version Five teams of two—a copywriter and an art director—produced proposals  They rejected proposals included a bulldog version of J  Edgar Hoover, a golden retriever, an "aggressive-looking deputy dog", and a "mongrel who became a wonder dog"  The proposal Keil selected, which would go on to become McGruff, was a talking dog in a trench coat produced by Sherry Nemmers and Ray Krivascy who "was tired   he had seen the world, and he had epitomized all the detectives we had seen from Raymond Chandler to Dashiell Hammett and even Columbo "While lauded by Keil, the U S  Department of Justice was less enthused by the idea of a talking dog as the spokesman for crime prevention  By 1979, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), created by President Johnson, was being criticized for its wastefulness prompting President Carter to shut down the program  The public safety outreach, part of the LEAA, was one of the few programs saved by Robert Diegelman who was tasked with dismantling the LEAA  Diegelman saw value in the public outreach effort and so sent monthly reports to his superiors in order to assuage their concerns  Despite this, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti criticised the effort saying: "Why has the LEAA gotten into a campaign that is spending good money on a talking dog?" Civiletti ordered the campaign be shut down, but the advertisements had already been distributed to the media and were set to run In November 1979, the dog was introduced at a press Conference in New York City with his slogan "Take a bite out of crime " Eight months later, in July 1980, a nationwide contest to name the dog was concluded  "McGruff the Crime Dog" was selected as the winner with "Shurlocked Homes" as the runner-up  The winning name was submitted by Officer John Isbell of the New Orleans Police Department 

Initial impact
McGruff was the first Ad Council campaign to be independently evaluated  Garrett O'Keefe of the University of Denver was given a grant of $900,000 by the Justice Department's National Institute of Justice in order to evaluate the campaign  O'Keefe found that "media response to the campaign was excellent  More than $100 million of [ad] time and space had been donated by mid-1981, making McGruff one of the most popular Ad Council campaigns " As a result of the advertisements, over 1 million free booklets had been distributed, and another 250,000 were purchased from the Government Printing Office  The Army printed 300,000 booklets for their own programs as well 
By the end of 1981, over 50% of Americans had seen at least one McGruff advertisement with one third reporting they had seen the advertisements more than ten times  The dominant medium of exposure was television advertisements, comprising 78% of views, followed by posters and billboards at 14%, and newspapers at 8%  While the demographics of exposure were notably diverse, there were some trends in who saw the ads more often than others  The ads were found to reach demographics prone to crime—men, youth, people with less stable residences, and those living in lower-working-class neighborhoods—slightly more often than those populations less prone to crime  Of those who had seen the advertisements, 88% were able to articulate what they were "trying to get across" with 28% pointing out the advertisements' goals of getting citizens to participate in crime prevention programs and reporting crime to the police 
O'Keefe also asked some questions related to public perception of McGruff  He found that only 3% disliked McGruff, most calling him "too cutesy", while 57% liked him for being "attention-getting, clever, different, or appealing to all ages " 36% of respondents were neutral to McGruff  8% said that they were annoyed by the commercials while 59% said that they were "pleased" by them In order to assess the impact of the McGruff advertisements, O'Keefe surveyed adults in 1979 and in 1981, a year before and a year after the premiere of the first McGruff advertisement  Of the forty personal security measures that McGruff advertisements recommended, only seven were explicitly mentioned in TV advertisements: locking doors, leaving outdoor lights on, putting indoor lights on timers, asking neighbors to watch your house, watching the neighborhood, reporting suspicious activity, and forming community groups to prevent crime  Of those seven, six saw a significant increase in usage by the public after seeing McGruff advertisements  The only activity not to see an increase was locking doors, despite the first McGruff spot specifically advocating this  O'Keefe hypothesizes that this is due to a plateau effect, as 75% of respondents in 1979 already reported locking their doors; the only personal security measure not mentioned in a television advertisement to see a significant increase was getting a dog 

Campaigns
McGruff debuted in 1980 with television, newspaper, billboard, and radio advertisements  The Ad Council and the National Crime Prevention Council still use McGruff in national campaigns to raise awareness about crime and crime prevention strategies  About 1500 law enforcement agencies use McGruff costumes as part of their outreach efforts in communities  McGruff advertisements feature a "fulfillment strategy", a means of contact for more information  Early advertisements contained PO boxes that could be written to for more information, but now contain phone numbers and websites McGruff was well received in the 1980s, and current campaigns are similarly recognizable  In a survey done by Harris Interactive for the National Crime Prevention Council, McGruff was known by 9 in 10 adults, teens, and children once being prompted; about 3 in 4 adults, 8 in 10 teens, and 8 in 10 children recognized McGruff without being prompted  Respondents were asked how likely they were to take McGruff's advice  Children were found to be very receptive, with 8 in 10 responding they were likely to take his advice  7 in 10 teens and 6 in 10 adults gave similar responses 

Initial campaign
The first McGruff campaign featured three television and radio advertisements as well as billboards and posters  The campaign focused on raising awareness of the ability for citizens to help prevent crime through personal security steps, community awareness, and reporting crimes in progress 
The first television advertisement, "Stop a Crime", debuted in February 1980  The full 60-second advertisement features McGruff (voiced by Jack Keil) entering an unlocked house and telling the viewer, "All crime needs is a chance  Don't give it a chance" before giving tips on preventive measures  These measures included locking doors, turning on exterior lights, securing windows, asking neighbors to watch the house during long absences, and putting lights on timers The advertisement was followed by two more which focused on community crime prevention tactics: "The Gilstraps" and "Mimi Marth"  In "The Gilstraps", McGruff is backgrounded by men loading furniture into a moving truck  McGruff points out that these are actually thieves stealing from the home of the titular Gilstraps  The camera cuts to the Gilstraps' neighbors who, knowing the Gilstraps are out of town, call the police In order to show the effectiveness of community watch, McGruff creator Sherry Nemmers selected actual Hartford resident Mimi Marth for the advertisement which now bears her name  "Mimi Marth" shows Marth and another watch member, Albert Bell, responding to crimes in progress by reporting them to police on their radios  McGruff tells the viewer that "There's 126 of them, regular people like you and me, working against crime "In addition to advertising and media campaigns, a costume was created for in-person appearances  Approximately 1,500 state and local law enforcement agencies use officers wearing a McGruff costume to educate children and others about crime prevention 

Addressing kidnapping, drugs, gun violence, and online fakes
The National Crime Prevention Council hired their first president and CEO, Jack Calhoun  Calhoun wanted to address the roots of crime saying, "At some point, I have to step out from my locked house and barred windows " Current plans are to introduce McGruff to a new generation and to have the Crime Dog become a watchdog to combat new criminal and 21st Century online crime  "A greater investment in community interventions will help take a bite out of violent crime," said Paul DelPonte, current head of the National Crime Prevention Council  "Strategies that increase public engagement in public safety are proven crime stoppers " DelPonte also has urged public health officials to use McGruff and crime prevention in health prevention programs 

NCPC and McGruff are currently working with the U S  Patent and Trademark Office to combat the sale of fake products online  The campaign, "You're Smart  Buy Smart ", premiered the first television ads  featuring McGruff in 3D animation in August 2022  The ads, filmed on the lot of Jim Henson Studios in Hollywood, are also in Spanish  Among the largest campaigns in the Crime Dog's lengthy career, it includes a partnership with NASCAR and featured a new car with driver Joey Gase In December 2021, the animated television show Family Guy featured McGruff and the National Crime Prevention Council on preventing kidnapping  The re-emergence of McGruff generated an outpouring of fan support In April 2022, the National Crime Prevention Council announced a partnership with McGruff the Crime Dog in creating Fentanyl Prevention Awareness Day scheduled for August 21, 2022  In October of the same year, the organization launched livesproject org, a digital remembrance quilt to honor victims and to raise awareness of the problem 

McGruff Houses and trucks
The McGruff House program was a program that designated temporary safe havens for children in emergency situations  The program was first created in Utah in 1982 in response to the abduction and murder of five children by Arthur Gary Bishop  Owners of houses and apartments, after clearing a background check, would display a sign in their window with the image of McGruff  Children would be educated at school and community events to go to these houses when they felt threatened or in need of help The program operated under the motto "we'll call for help" and emphasized its use as a temporary haven  Volunteers were trained to call the appropriate authorities in emergency situations and would provide emotional support to children in danger  The program made clear that volunteers were for emergency situations, and even in such situations, volunteers would not act as escorts or provide first aid "except in extreme emergency situations and then only if qualified "The first McGruff truck was established in Utah in 1986  A utility company asked that its trucks be designated as "rolling McGruff Houses" and were approved  The program was extended to other companies and municipalities, and in 2006 there were over 170 participants  In February 2012, the McGruff House program was ended after nearly 30 years  The program was ended because, with the advent and growing prominence of cell phones, the need for McGruff Houses declined combined with tightening budgets In 2018, the Martin Agency brought back McGruff as part of GEICO Insurance's 'count on GEICO' campaign  The TV spot has an animated McGruff attempting to share his investigation evidence with several human colleagues  They respond by not taking him seriously and treating him like an actual dog with 'baby talk', leading to McGruff's throwing his paperwork in the air and storming out of the scene 

In popular culture
Major League Baseball player Fred McGriff was given the name "Crime Dog" in reference to McGruff 
"The Springfield Connection", a sixth-season episode of The Simpsons, features a hand puppet named "McGriff the Crime Dog" briefly used by Marge 

The Dexter's Laboratory episode "G I R L  Squad" features a parody of McGruff named McBark the Crime Hound, depicted as a disinterested man wearing a dog mascot suit 
In "Christmas Crime", a twentieth-season episode of Family Guy, Brian states he was briefly McGruff's sidekick "Sergeant Bark"; a cutaway gag has him appearing in an edited remastered version of the 1984 "Don't Talk to Strangers" PSA 
McGruff makes a cameo appearance in the 2022 film Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers 
The album Never Breathe What You Can't See by Jello Biafra and Melvins features a song named after McGruff the Crime Dog which is critical of the United States Homeland Security 
In the Rooster Teeth original series, Death Battle, McGruff would face off against fellow PSA mascot Smokey Bear  He ultimately ended up losing the match 

See also
National Night Out
Smokey Bear
Passage 3:
List of Back to the Future characters
The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale 
The lead character of the series is Marty McFly  During the course of the trilogy, he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown  He also encounters the central antagonist, Biff Tannen, in several different time periods and visits his ancestors and descendants 

Main characters
Marty McFly
Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly  Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants  Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time 

Emmett "Doc" Brown
Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine  At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel 
In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No  20 

George McFly
George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X  Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine Baines McFly and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave  Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III 
In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying  The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself  In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school  He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection  In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious  As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight  In the new future, they are both married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around  In the dystopian timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973 
George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast  Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future  The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it  However, Glover did not appreciate this and sued  The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again 

Lorraine Baines-McFly
Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson, voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave  She is the oldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey 
In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy  After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985  In Part II, Lorraine is still happily married to George in 2015 but they are constantly disappointed in Marty for giving in to peer pressures that make his life difficult  In the alternate 1985 timeline, she is widowed and married to Biff Tannen 

Clara Clayton
Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is married to Doc Brown and is the mother of Jules and Verne Brown 
Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory  This later changed after Doc rescued her, with Mayor Herburt naming it Eastwood Ravine in honor of Marty's alias Clint Eastwood, remembered as a town hero who saved Clara, defeated Buford Tannen, and allegedly died trying to stop two bandits who hijacked a locomotive  The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley  She then became a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School 

Jennifer Parker
Jennifer Jane Parker (portrayed by Claudia Wells in the first film and voiced by her in Back to the Future: The Game, Elisabeth Shue in the second and third film, voiced by Cathy Cavadini in the animated series) is dating Marty McFly  In 2015 as seen in Back to the Future Part II, they are married 
In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty  In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor  She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage  In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr  (both played by Michael J  Fox) 
Melora Hardin was initially cast in the role, to appear alongside Eric Stoltz' Marty McFly  After Stoltz was fired from the production and Michael J  Fox was brought in, Claudia Wells was cast to portray the character, as Hardin was deemed too tall to appear next to the much shorter Fox  However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character  Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future 

Biff Tannen
Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson) is the main antagonist of the first two films, and a local bully who harassed George McFly and managed to alter history in the second film  He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family, including Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson, in Part III), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s 

McFly family
Dave McFly
David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985, before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985, he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm  In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff Tannen 

Linda McFly
Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job  In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys 

Seamus and Maggie McFly
Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly  In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie  While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do  They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather)  Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen  He also had a brother, Martin, who was fatally stabbed prior to the film's events 
Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her 

William McFly
William "Willie" McFly (voiced by Michael J  Fox in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of Seamus and Maggie McFly as well as Marty's great-grandfather  Baby Willie was played by Lindsay Clark  She left acting shortly after this role 

Arthur McFly and Sylvia Miskin
Arthur "Artie" McFly and Sylvia Miskin (stage name "Trixie Trotter") are Marty's paternal grandparents and George's parents introduced in Back to the Future: The Game and voiced by Michael X  Sommers and Melissa Hutchison respectively 

Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly
Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J  Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future son and daughter in 2015 in Part II 
Originally, 17-year-old Marty Jr  was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang  Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr  break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman's prison  Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening 

Baines family
Sam Baines
Sam Baines was the husband of Stella Baines and the father of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  He is the father-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandfather of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Stella Baines
Stella Baines (portrayed by Frances Lee McCain) was the wife of Sam Baines and the mother of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  She is the mother-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandmother of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Milton Baines
Milton Samuel Baines (portrayed by Jason Hervey) is the second child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Sally, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was 12 years old in 1955  In 1955, Milton liked to wear a coonskin cap, a fad inspired by the Davy Crockett film and television show, which Stella took off his head twice while Marty was eating dinner with the family, putting it back on both times 

Sally Baines
Sally Flora Baines (portrayed by Maia Brewton) was the third child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1949, she was present when Marty McFly in 1955 had dinner with her family, but did not speak 

Toby Baines
Toby Baines was the fourth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Milton, Sally, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was born in 1951  On November 5, 1955, he sat at the dinner table with his family and Marty McFly, whom his father had hit with the car earlier that day  He remained silent while the guest was present 

Joey Baines
Joey Baines was born on August 28, 1954, to Sam and Stella Baines, and was the fifth child in the Baines family  In the early 1970s, Joey was Marty McFly's favorite uncle  Joey would allow Marty to do dangerous things, but would always be there to make sure he was all right  He spent many years in Folsom Prison  On October 25, 1985, he failed to earn his release on parole for at least the second time 
By the 21st century, USA Today ran an article on Joey Baines in their October 22, 2015 issue, titled Parole denied again, which mentioned that this was Joey's twelfth consecutive parole hearing to end in denial  He was serving a twenty-year term at Folsom for racketeering and had spent two-thirds of his life behind bars 

Ellen Baines
Ellen Baines was the sixth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Sally Toby, and Joey Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1956 (a few months after Marty's trip to 1955), she moved to Chicago at some point prior to 1986 

Brown family
Jules and Verne Brown
Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Dannel Evans in Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne 
The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series  Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted  Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage 
In the Back to the Future game when asked about his family, Doc reveals that his sons are now teenagers and their parents are discussing what time period they should attend college at 

Copernicus
Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955  Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments  When Copernicus died, he was eventually replaced by Einstein 

Einstein
Einstein (portrayed by Tiger and stuntman Dick Butler in the first film and Freddie in the other two, voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog  He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog 
In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future  In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future 

Tannen family
Irving "Kid" Tannen
Kid Tannen (voiced by Owen Thomas) is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future: The Game  Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley  He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting  Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly  He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help 

Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen
Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in Back to the Future Part III, Liam O'Brien in Lego Dimensions) is the main antagonist of the third film  He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley  He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises  Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable  He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does  He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies  Like his descendant Biff, he has a dislike for manure 

Griff Tannen
Griff Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff  He is part of a gang that also consists of Rafe "Data" Unger, Leslie "Spike" O'Malley and Chester "Whitey" Noguera  Unlike his grandfather and great-great-great-grandfather whose gangs only consisted of Caucasian males, his accomplices are one Caucasian male (Data), one Caucasian female (Spike), and one Asian-American male (Whitey) 
In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family 
Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movie, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney, but in the animated series, Ziff says that both he and Griff are Tannens 

Biff Tannen Jr 
In the animated series, Biff Jr  (voiced by Benji Gregory) is the son of Biff Tannen  Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud  In addition, Biff Jr  delights in vandalizing other people's properties  Biff Jr  lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship 

Strickland family
Gerald Strickland
Gerald Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School  He is a descendant of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885  He frequently makes a great noisy show of sternly reprimanding his students for faults such as "slacking" or liquor consumption, although he himself is revealed to sneak a drink of alcohol at his desk at school 
There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal 

James Strickland
James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and an ancestor of Mr  Strickland  He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley) 
In a deleted scene not included in the final cut, and in the movie's novelization, Strickland is killed by Buford Tannen  In the theatrical release Strickland simply remains absent for the latter half 
In the Back to the Future game, Edna Strickland in 1986 notes that James was shot and killed by Buford  Marty remarks that's a detail he doesn't remember, possibly a reference to the differences between the film and the movie novelization 

Edna Strickland
Edna Strickland (voiced by Rebcca Sweitzer) is introduced in Back to the Future: The Game where she is the sister of Gerald Strickland  She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness  After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna married Kid Tannen and became the stepmother of Biff Tannen 

Other characters
Marvin Berry
Marvin Berry (portrayed by Harry Waters Jr ) is an African-American jazz musician and electric guitar player whose band was hired in Back to the Future Part I to perform at the "Enchantment Under The Sea" dance  He is also the cousin of then-rising musician Chuck Berry  After injuring his hand while helping Marty McFly out of a car's trunk, Marty takes his place as guitarist in the evening's most important dance  When Marty subsequently performs Johnny B  Goode to the audience's excitement, Marvin immediately calls Chuck to introduce him to the new music style, thereby humorously implying that Chuck stole the song to further his musical career  This creates a time paradox, since Marty was playing a song made famous by Chuck Berry, before Berry wrote it, so the song either has no actual creator or Berry was essentially stealing a song from his alternate timeline self  Another theory was that Chuck was going to write it anyway, but after hearing it maybe wrote it faster 

Otis "Old Man" Peabody
Otis Peabody (portrayed by Will Hare) is the patriarch of a 1950s farmer family in Back to the Future Part I  For some obscure reason, he decided to plant pines on his land; while his plan ultimately came to no fruition, the area was decades later converted into a shopping mall named "Twin Pines Mall" as a testimony to his efforts  The town sees Peabody odd including Doc Brown, who himself has a similar reputation  When Marty McFly makes his involuntary time trip back to 1955, he ends up crashing into Peabody's shed with the DeLorean and then flattening one of his two growing pine saplings while escaping  The farmer's family believes that the time-traveling car and its driver in an NBC suit are extraterrestrial  As results, according to a headline of the newspaper Hill Valley Telegraph with Peabody being photographed in a straitjacket, he is committed to a county asylum after claiming "'space zombie' wrecked his barn," and after Marty returns to 1985, the mall is found having been (re)named "Lone Pine Mall" 

Douglas J  Needles
Douglas J  Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is the rival of Marty McFly in Hill Valley High School  Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang and develops a rivalry with Marty (although he doesn't outright bully him like Biff did to George and has no relation to the Tannens)  He often goads Marty into doing reckless things, leveraging on Marty's fear of being labeled as a "chicken" 

Goldie Wilson
Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in the first film) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s  By 1985, he creates a controversy when he plans to replace the damaged clock from the Hill Valley Courthouse's clock tower, which continues in 2015 after he left the office  A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth 
He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) who works as a car salesman in Back to the Future: Part II 

Match, Skinhead and 3-D
"Match" O'Malley (portrayed by Billy Zane), Joey "Skinhead" Unger (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and "3-D" Noguera (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955  Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits  Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance 
In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards  Each get their nickname from a distinctive character trait  Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s) 

Spike, Data and Whitey
Leslie "Spike" O'Malley (portrayed by Darlene Vogel), Rafe "Data" Unger (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan) and Chester "Whitey" Noguera (portrayed by Jason Scott Lee) they are high school kids who make up Griff Tannen's gang in 2015  Each one of them is also the grandchild of Biff Tannen's original gang  Spike is Match's granddaughter, Data is Skinhead's grandson, and Whitey is 3-D's grandson 
Passage 4:
Back to the Future Part II
Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis from a screenplay by Bob Gale; both wrote the story  It is the sequel to the 1985 film Back to the Future and the second installment in the Back to the Future franchise  The film stars Michael J  Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Lea Thompson, and Thomas F  Wilson with Elisabeth Shue (replacing Claudia Wells), and Jeffrey Weissman (replacing Crispin Glover) in supporting roles  It follows Marty McFly (Fox) and his friend Dr  Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd) as they travel from 1985 to 2015 to prevent Marty's son from sabotaging the McFly family's future  When their arch-nemesis Biff Tannen (Wilson) steals Doc's DeLorean time machine and uses it to alter history for his benefit, the duo must return to 1955 to restore the timeline 
The film was produced on a $40 million budget and was filmed back to back with its sequel Part III  Filming began in February 1989, after two years were spent building the sets and writing the scripts  Back to the Future Part II was also a ground-breaking project for visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic (ILM)  In addition to digital compositing, ILM used the VistaGlide motion control camera system, which allowed an actor to portray multiple characters simultaneously on-screen without sacrificing camera movement 
Back to the Future Part II was released by Universal Pictures on November 22, 1989  Though the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, it was deemed inferior to its predecessor  The film grossed over $332 million worldwide in its initial run, making it the third-highest-grossing film of 1989 

Plot
On October 26, 1985, Dr  Emmett "Doc" Brown arrives unexpectedly in the DeLorean time machine  He persuades Marty McFly and his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, to travel to the future with him and help their future children, with Biff Tannen witnessing their departure  They arrive on October 21, 2015, where Doc incapacitates Jennifer electronically leaving her asleep in an alley, explaining that she should not have too much knowledge of future events  He has Marty pose as his son and lookalike Marty Jr  to refuse an offer to participate in a robbery with Biff's grandson Griff, thus saving Marty Jr  from prison 
Marty switches places with Marty Jr  and refuses Griff's offer, but Griff goads Marty into a fight, and a subsequent hoverboard chase ensues  Griff and his gang are arrested, saving Marty's future children  Before rejoining Doc, Marty purchases an almanac containing the results of major sporting events from 1950 to 2000  Doc discovers it and warns Marty about profiting from time travel  Before Doc can adequately dispose of it, they are interrupted by the police, who have found Jennifer incapacitated and are taking her to her 2015 home  They pursue, as does the elderly Biff, who has overheard their conversation and retrieved the discarded almanac 
Jennifer wakes up in her 2015 home and hides from the McFly family  She overhears that her future self's life with Marty is not what she expected, due to his involvement in an automobile accident  She witnesses Marty being goaded by his co-worker, Douglas Needles, into a shady business deal, resulting in Marty's firing  Jennifer tries to escape the house but faints after encountering her 2015 self  While Marty and Doc attend to her, Biff steals the time machine to give the almanac to his younger self, then returns to 2015  Marty, Doc, and an unconscious Jennifer return to 1985, unaware of Biff's actions  They leave Jennifer on her front porch 
The 1985 they return to has changed dramatically, with Biff now one of the country's wealthiest and most corrupt men  He has turned Hill Valley into a chaotic dystopia, secretly killed Marty's father, George, in 1973, and forced Marty's mother, Lorraine, to marry him  Doc has been committed to a mental hospital  Doc deduces that old Biff took the time machine to give his younger self the almanac, and Marty learns from the alternate 1985 Biff that he received it on November 12, 1955  Biff tries to kill Marty, but Marty flees and travels to 1955 with Doc 
Marty secretly follows the 1955 Biff and watches him receive the almanac from his 2015 self  Marty then follows him to the high school dance, carefully avoiding interrupting the events from his previous visit  After several fruitless attempts, Marty finally gets the almanac, leaving Biff to crash into a manure truck 
Marty burns the almanac, nullifying the changes to the timeline that it had caused, as Doc hovers above in the time machine  Before Marty can join him, the DeLorean is struck by lightning and disappears  A Western Union courier arrives immediately after and delivers a letter to Marty; it is from Doc, who tells him that the lightning strike transported him 70 years in the past to 1885  Marty races back into town to find the 1955 Doc, who had just helped Marty to return to 1985  Shocked by Marty's sudden reappearance, Doc faints 

Cast
Development
Director Robert Zemeckis said that initially, a sequel was not planned for the first film, but its huge box office success led to the conception of a second installment  He later agreed to do a sequel, but only if Michael J  Fox and Christopher Lloyd returned as well  With Fox and Lloyd confirmed, Zemeckis met with screenwriting partner Bob Gale to create a story for the sequel  Zemeckis and Gale would later regret that they ended the first one with Jennifer in the car with Marty and Doc Brown, because it required them to come up with a story that would fit her in, rather than a whole new adventure Gale wrote most of the first draft by himself as Zemeckis was busy making Who Framed Roger Rabbit  At first, the film's third act was to take place in 1967 where Lorraine was a flower child protesting the war and George was a college professor at Berkeley, but Zemeckis later stated that the time paradoxes of it provided a good opportunity to go back to 1955 and see the first film's events in a different light  While most of the original cast agreed to return, a major stumbling block arose when negotiating Crispin Glover's fee for reprising the role of George McFly  When it became clear that he would not return, the role was rewritten so that George is dead when the action takes place in the alternative version of 1985 The greatest challenge was the creation of the futuristic vision of Marty's hometown in 2015  Production designer Rick Carter wanted to create a very detailed image with a different tone from the film Blade Runner, wishing to get past the smoke and chrome  Carter and his crew spent months plotting, planning, and preparing Hill Valley's transformation into a city of the future  Visual effects art director John Bell said that they had no script to work with, only the indications that the setting would be 30 years into the future featuring "something called hoverboards" When writing the script for Part II, Gale wanted to push the first film's ideas further for humorous effect  Zemeckis said he was somewhat concerned about portraying the future because of the risk of making wildly inaccurate predictions  According to Gale, they tried to make the future a nice place, "where what's wrong is due to who lives in the future as opposed to the technology" in contrast to the pessimistic, Orwellian future seen in most science fiction  To keep production costs low and take advantage of an extended break Fox had from Family Ties (which was ending its run when filming began), it was shot back-to-back with sequel Part III 

Production
Two years were needed to finish building the sets and writing the scripts before shooting could begin  During filming the creation of the appearance of the aged characters was a well-guarded secret, involving state-of-the-art make-up techniques  Fox described the process as very time-consuming, saying that "it took over four hours, although it could be worse"  Principal photography began on February 20, 1989  For a three-week period near the end of the filming, the crew split and, while most remained dedicated to shooting Part III, a few, including Gale, focused on finishing its predecessor  Zemeckis himself slept only a few hours per day, supervising both films, having to fly between Burbank, where it was being finished and other locations in California for Part III The film was considered one of the most ground-breaking projects for Industrial Light & Magic  It was one of the effects house's first forays into digital compositing, as well as the VistaGlide motion control camera system, which enabled them to shoot one of its most complex sequences, in which Fox played three separate characters (Marty Sr , Marty Jr , and Marlene), all of whom interacted with each other  Although such scenes were not new, the VistaGlide allowed, for the first time, a completely dynamic scene in which camera movement could finally be incorporated  The technique was also used in scenes where Fox, Thomas F  Wilson, Christopher Lloyd, and Elisabeth Shue's characters encounter and interact with their counterparts  It also includes a brief moment of computer-generated imagery in a holographic shark used to promote a fictional Jaws 19, which wound up unaltered from the first test done by ILM's digital department because effects supervisor Ken Ralston "liked the fact that it was all messed up "Animation supervisor Wes Takahashi, who then was the head of ILM's animation department, worked heavily on the film's time travel sequences, as he had done in the original film and in Part III  As Part II neared release, sufficient footage of Part III had been shot to allow a trailer to be assembled  It was added to the conclusion of Part II before the closing credits, as a reassurance to moviegoers that there was more to follow 

Replacement of Crispin Glover and lawsuit
Crispin Glover was asked to reprise the role of George McFly  He expressed interest, but could not come to an agreement with the producers regarding his salary  He stated in a 1992 interview on The Howard Stern Show that the producers' highest offer was $125,000, less than half of what the other returning cast members were offered  Gale has since asserted that Glover's demands were excessive for an actor of his professional stature at that time  In an interview on the Opie and Anthony show in 2013, Glover stated that his primary reason for not doing Part II was a philosophical disagreement on the film's message; Glover felt the story rewarded the characters with financial gain, such as Marty's truck, rather than love Rather than write George out of the film, Zemeckis used previously filmed footage of Glover from the first film as well as new footage of actor Jeffrey Weissman, who wore prosthetics including a false chin, nose, and cheekbones to resemble Glover  Various techniques were used to obfuscate the Weissman footage, such as placing him in the background rather than the foreground, having him wear sunglasses, and hanging him upside down  Unhappy with this, Glover filed a lawsuit against the producers of the film on the grounds that they neither owned his likeness nor had permission to use it  As a result of the suit, there are now clauses in the Screen Actors Guild collective bargaining agreements stating that producers and actors are not allowed to use such methods to reproduce the likeness of other actors  Glover's legal action, while resolved outside of the courts, has been considered as a key case in personality rights for actors with increasing use of improved special effects and digital techniques, in which actors may have agreed to appear in one part of a production but have their likenesses be used in another without their agreement 

Replacement of Claudia Wells
Claudia Wells, who had played Marty's girlfriend Jennifer Parker in the first film, planned to reprise her role, but turned it down due to family reasons–reportedly to care for her mother, who was ill with cancer at the time of filming the second film  The producers cast Elisabeth Shue instead, which involved re-shooting the closing scenes of the first film for the beginning of Part II  The re-shot sequence is a near shot-for-shot match with the original, with only minor differences Wells returned to acting with a starring role in the 2008 independent film Still Waters Burn  She is one of the few cast members not to make an appearance within the bonus material on the Back to the Future Trilogy DVD set released in 2002  However, she is interviewed for the Tales from the Future documentaries in the trilogy's 25th anniversary issue on Blu-ray Disc in 2010  In 2011, she finally had the opportunity to reprise her role from the first film, 26 years after her last appearance in the series, by providing the voice of Jennifer for Back to the Future: The Game by Telltale Games 

Hoverboard hoax
Zemeckis said on the film's behind-the-scenes featurette that the hoverboards (flying skateboards) used in it were real, yet not released to the public, due to parental complaints regarding safety  Footage of "real hoverboards" was also featured in the extras of a DVD release of the trilogy  A number of people thought Zemeckis was telling the truth and requested them at toy stores  In an interview, Wilson said one of the most frequent questions he was asked was if they are real 

Depiction of the future
Though the filmmakers did research contemporary predictions by scientists on what might occur by 2015, Zemeckis has said that the film was not meant to be a serious attempt at predicting the future  In 2010, he commented: "For me, filming the future scenes of the movie were the least enjoyable of making the whole trilogy, because I don't really like films that try and predict the future  The only ones I've actually enjoyed were the ones done by Stanley Kubrick, and not even he predicted the PC when he made A Clockwork Orange  So, rather than trying to make a scientifically sound prediction that we were probably going to get wrong anyway, we figured, let's just make it funny"  Similarly, Gale said: "We knew we weren't going to have flying cars by the year 2015, but God we had to have those in our movie" However, the film did correctly predict a number of technological and sociological changes that occurred by 2015, including: the rise of ubiquitous cameras; use of unmanned flying drones for newsgathering; widescreen flat-panel television sets mounted on walls with multiple channel viewing; smart home technology; video chat systems; hands-free video games; talking animated billboards; wearable technology; tablet computers with fingerprint scanners and head-mounted displays  Payment on personal portable devices is also depicted  Although payment by thumbprint is not widely used, fingerprint scanning is in use as security at places such as airports and schools, and electronic payment with fingerprint scanning as a security feature is deployed for Apple Pay Other aspects of the depiction of the future had not come to pass by 2015, but efforts were made to replicate the technology advances 

The film shows Marty putting on Nike "Air Mag" tennis shoes with automatic shoelaces  Nike released a version of their Hyperdunk Supreme shoes, which appear similar to Marty's, in July 2008  Fans dubbed them the Air McFly  In April 2009, they filed the patent for self-lacing shoes, and their design bears a resemblance to those worn by Marty in the film  In 2010, a fan named Blake Bevin created shoes that tie themselves  Though Nike had made a very limited quantity of Air Mags in the same style as the movie, they stated in September 2011 that their consumer-line MAG line of shoes would not feature the self-lacing feature shown in it  Tinker Hatfield, one of the shoe's designers, indicated in 2014 that they would introduce shoes with power-lacing technology the following year, 2015  In March 2016, Nike unveiled the HyperAdapt 1 0 shoe, a consumer-market model of the Air Mag which features the same self-lacing technology used for the commemorative Air Mags; these were put on sale in limited quantities in late 2016 The producers created a futuristic flying car to depict a typical taxi cab in the future world of 2015  This taxi was based on the Citroën DS The concept of the hoverboard—a skateboard that can float off the ground—has been explored by various groups since the release of the film  Attempts similar to hoverboats, which blast air at the ground, have been demonstrated, with a 2021 record distance of 275 meters (902 ft)  A different type is the MagBoard, developed by researchers at the Paris Diderot University  It uses a large superconductor plate on the bottom cooled with liquid nitrogen as to achieve the Meissner effect and allow it to float over a special track; it was shown capable of carrying the weight of a human in its practical demonstration  However, the requirement to run the superconductor at higher, more ambient temperatures prevents this from becoming practical  In March 2014, a company named HUVr Tech purportedly demonstrated a working hoverboard along with several celebrities including Lloyd, though this shortly was revealed as a hoax created by the website Funny or Die  Self-balancing 'hoverboards' became popular in 2015 even though they do not hover above the ground In the 2015 scene, the film imagines the Chicago Cubs winning the 2015 World Series against the fictional Miami-based Gators, referring to the Cubs' longstanding failure to win a championship  In the actual 2015 season, the Cubs qualified for the postseason, their first postseason appearance since 2008, but lost the National League Championship Series (not the World Series) to the New York Mets on October 21, which coincidentally was the same day as "Back to the Future Day", the day Marty McFly arrived in 2015 in the film  Despite losing, one year later the Cubs did win the 2016 World Series against the Cleveland Indians; in congratulations to the Cubs, the official Twitter feed for the Back to the Future franchise jokingly tweeted out that Marty & Doc's time-traveling caused "a rift in the space-time continuum" that led to the 1994 strike (and subsequent cancellation of the 1994 World Series), thus delaying the accurate prediction by a year  In the real 2015 World Series, the Kansas City Royals defeated the Mets to win their first World Series championship since 1985, the year which Marty and Doc time traveled in the film  As for the fictional Miami team, when the film was made, Florida did not have a Major League Baseball team, but has since gained two: the Florida Marlins (now the Miami Marlins) in 1993 and Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now the Tampa Bay Rays) in 1998  While both teams have each made two appearances in the World Series (the Marlins winning in 1997 and 2003, and the Rays losing in 2008 and 2020), neither qualified for the postseason in 2015 

Release and reception
Box office
The film was released to theaters in North America on Wednesday, November 22, 1989, the day before Thanksgiving  It grossed a total of $27 8 million over Friday to Sunday, and $43 million across the five-day holiday opening, breaking the previous Thanksgiving record set by Rocky IV in 1985  On the following weekend, it had a drop of 56 percent, earning $12 1 million, but remained at number 1  Its total gross was $118 5 million in the United States and $213 million overseas, for a total of $332 million worldwide, ranking as 1989's sixth-most successful film domestically and the third-most worldwide—behind Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Batman  However this was still short of the first film's gross  Part III, which Universal released only six months later, experienced a similar drop  In Japan, it had a record opening, grossing $7 5 million in six days from 153 screens 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 6 2/10  The website's critics consensus reads: "Back to the Future II is far more uneven than its predecessor, but its madcap highs outweigh the occasionally cluttered machinations of an overstuffed plot"  On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars  Ebert criticized it for lacking the "genuine power of the original" but praised it for its slapstick humor and the hoverboard in its chase sequence  Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film is "ready for bigger and better things" and later said that it "manages to be giddily and merrily mind-boggling, rather than confusing"  Tom Tunney of Empire magazine wrote that the film was well-directed, "high-energy escapism", and called it "solidly entertaining", though noting it as being inferior to the other two films in the franchise Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader gave the film a negative review, criticizing Zemeckis and Gale for turning the characters into "strident geeks" and for making the frenetic action formulaic  He believed that it contained "rampant misogyny", because the character of Jennifer Parker "is knocked unconscious early on so she won't interfere with the little-boy games"  He cited, as well, Michael J  Fox dressing in drag  Variety said, "[Director Robert] Zemeckis' fascination with having characters interact at different ages of their lives hurts it visually, and strains credibility past the breaking point, by forcing him to rely on some very cheesy makeup designs" In 2018, Bob Gale, who co-wrote the movie with Robert Zemeckis, said the movie received a mixed reception because of the dark aspect of the story: "They [the audiences] were absolutely surprised by it  The whole 1985 stuff    we went places the audience was not ready to go  That is some of my favorite stuff in the whole trilogy" 

Accolades
The film won the Saturn Award for Best Special Effects (for Ken Ralston, the special effects supervisor), the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (Ken Ralston, Michael Lantieri, John Bell and Steve Gawley), an Internet-voted 2003 AOL Movies DVD Premiere Award for the trilogy DVDs, a Golden Screen Award, a Young Artist Award, and the Blimp Awards for Favorite Movie Actor (Michael J  Fox), and Favorite Movie Actress (Lea Thompson) at the 1990 Kids' Choice Awards  It was nominated in 1990 for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (John Bell, Steve Gawley, Michael Lantieri and Ken Ralston), but lost to The Abyss 

Home media
The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc on May 22, 1990, three days before the theatrical release of Part III  It was due to be the first release under the MCA/Universal Home Video banner  Universal reissued it on VHS, LaserDisc, and compact disc in 1991, 1995, and 1998  On December 17, 2002, Universal released it on DVD in a boxed trilogy set, although widescreen framing problems led to a product recall  The trilogy was released on Blu-ray Disc in October 2010 
Universal re-released the trilogy alongside new features on DVD and Blu-ray on October 20, 2015, coinciding with Back to the Future Day the following day  The new set included a featurette called "Doc Brown Saves the World", where Lloyd, reprising his role as Doc Brown, explains the reasons for the differences between the future of 2015 as depicted in Back to the Future Part II and in real life  A new remaster as part of Back to the Future: The Ultimate Trilogy on Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on October 20, 2020 In May 2020, the trilogy was released for streaming on Netflix  A small minor edit was noticed to Part II during the scene featuring the fictional soft porn magazine called Oh La La!  Gale stated that neither he nor Zemeckis were aware of this change, and believed it originated from a foreign print of the film  Shortly afterwards, Universal provided Netflix with the unedited, theatrical version of the film, replacing the censored cut on the streaming platform 

Music
The soundtrack was released by MCA Records on November 22, 1989  AllMusic rated it four-and-a-half stars out of five  Unlike the previous soundtrack, it contains only a musical score by composer Alan Silvestri  None of the vocal songs featured throughout the film are included  On October 12, 2015, Intrada Records released the complete score of Back to the Future Part II in a 2-disc set including early scoring sessions and alternative takes 

See also
List of 1989 box office number-one films in the United States
List of films featuring drones

Notes
Passage 5:
William Ragsdale
William Ragsdale (born January 19, 1961) is an American actor known for playing teenaged vampire slayer Charley Brewster in the horror vampire film Fright Night (1985) and Herman Brooks in the television series Herman's Head (1991–94) 

Early life and education
Ragsdale was born January 19, 1961, in El Dorado, Arkansas, and attended Hendrix College, where he appeared in plays alongside Natalie Canerday 

Career
He garnered attention as the young hero of Fright Night and Fright Night Part 2 and onstage in Neil Simon's plays Brighton Beach Memoirs and Biloxi Blues, two of the three parts of Simon's trilogy, which ends with Broadway Bound  Ragsdale featured in the romance comedy movie Mannequin Two: On the Move (1991) Ragsdale has had a sporadic career with regard to prime-time television  He featured for three years on Herman's Head  He had a brief recurring role in the television series Judging Amy  He played a television producer for Grosse Pointe, which lasted one season 
He was cast in the pilot for Charmed, but refused the series to feature in the short-lived situation comedy Brother's Keeper  He appeared on Ellen as the boyfriend of Ellen Morgan (played by Ellen DeGeneres) before her character revealed her homosexuality  He has had guest roles on television, including a four-episode stint on Less than Perfect, as well as small feature movie roles 
He played the role of Gary Hawkins in 12 episodes of the television series Justified from March 2010 through March 2012, during the series' first three seasons   In 2014, he played Chris Smith in the remake of the movie Left Behind In 2017, he appeared in the role of Reverend Todd in the Off-Broadway production of Man from Nebraska at the Second Stage Theatre 

Filmography
Film
Television
Context 3: Passage 1:
Can't Hurry Love
Can't Hurry Love is an American sitcom television series created by Gina Wendkos, starring Nancy McKeon that aired on CBS from September 18, 1995, to February 26, 1996 

Premise
The series is about Annie, a single, thirty-something woman living in New York and her three friends: Didi, Roger and Elliot  The general premise of the series centers around love seeking by Annie  Most of the action takes place in either Annie's small apartment or the employment agency she manages  Roger and Elliot work with her at the agency and Didi, the beautiful free spirit of the group, often drops by the agency  or Annie's apartment 

Cast
Nancy McKeon as Annie O'Donnell
Mariska Hargitay as Didi Edelstein
Louis Mandylor as Roger Carlucci
Kevin Crowley as Elliot Tenney

Cancellation
The series was canceled after one season despite having an average household rating of 11 4, tying it for 24th place among all TV shows that year 

Episodes
Passage 2:
Lava Ground
Lava Ground is the debut album from Jamaican reggae artist I Wayne  The album features guest appearances from Fire Chess, Harmony and Fire Star  As well as production from P  Henry, M Miller, O  Hibbert etc  The album includes the hits Living In Love and Can't Satisfy Her 

Track listing
"Life Seeds
"Lava Ground"
"Rastafari Liveth"
"More Life"
"Bleacher"
"Don't Worry"
"Ma Ma and Pa Pa" (feat  Fire Chess)
"Nah Draw Nil"
"Touch Her Softly"
"Ready Fe Live Up"
"Kid Artist"
"Living in Love"
"Conquer" (feat  Fire Star)
"Can't Satisfy Her (Prelude)"
"Can't Satisfy Her"
"Grow Proper"
"Cool as the Breeze"
"Keep Burning Rome" (feat  Harmony)
Passage 3:
John Cowsill
John Patrick Cowsill (born March 2, 1956) is an American musician, best known for his work as a singer and drummer with his siblings' band The Cowsills  He has been a drummer and vocalist for The Beach Boys touring band, which featured original Beach Boy Mike Love and long time member Bruce Johnston  Cowsill has also played keyboards for the "Beach Boys Band" performing Al Jardine's and the late Carl Wilson's vocal parts  He also has performed and recorded with Jan and Dean 

Early life
John Patrick Cowsill was born in Newport, Rhode Island to William "Bud" and Barbara Cowsill  He is the second youngest of seven children (Bill, Richard, Bob, Paul, Barry, John, Susan) 

The Cowsills
In the wake of Beatlemania, John and three of his brothers, Bill, Bob, and Barry, would form their own group solely based around the Liverpool band  Soon after, their mother Barbara and sister Susan would also join  They signed to a label in 1965 and after releasing a few non-commercially successful singles, were transferred to MGM Records in 1967  Their first single with MGM was The Rain, the Park & Other Things 
John mainly backing vocals, although he sang lead on Silver Threads and Golden Needles  From 1967 to 1969, the family group would have more hit songs such as Indian Lake, We Can Fly, and Hair, they split in 1972, although John would re-appear with the band for most of its reformed tenures  The Cowsills were the main inspiration for The Partridge Family 

Tommy Tutone
In the early 1980s, Cowsill recorded with the one-hit wonder band Tommy Tutone, playing percussion and singing back-up vocals on the band's hit, "867-5309/Jenny," although he did not appear in the video 

The Beach Boys
Cowsill began playing with the Beach Boys touring band on keyboards in 2000   He moved to the drums in 2008  His solos for the concerts include "Wild Honey," and "Sail On, Sailor " and also "Darlin" and "California Dreaming" on the 2022 tour  In 2011, Cowsill was confirmed to be performing alongside The Beach Boys on their 50th Anniversary Reunion Tour  Cowsill appears on the band's subsequent studio album, That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)  He also performed on Mike Love's solo albums Unleash the Love (2017) and Reason for the Season (2018) 

Other works
In 2017, Cowsill joined with Vicki Peterson and Bill Mumy as the band Action Skulls to release an album (also including posthumous contributions from the bassist Rick Rosas) entitled Angels Hear For a time, he was part of Dwight Twilley's band, as was his sister Susan Cowsill 

Personal life
In October 2003, he married Vicki Peterson of The Bangles 

Discography
With the Cowsills
With Tommy Tutone
Studio albums
Singles
With The Beach Boys
Albums
That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)

Singles
That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)
Isn't It Time (2012)

Mike Love
Albums
Unleash the Love (2017)
Reason for the Season (2018)
Passage 4:
Platonic love
Platonic love is a type of love in which sexual desire or romantic features are nonexistent or have been suppressed or sublimated, but it means more than simple friendship The term is derived from the name of Greek philosopher Plato, though the philosopher never used the term himself  Platonic love, as devised by Plato, concerns rising through levels of closeness to wisdom and true beauty, from carnal attraction to individual bodies to attraction to souls, and eventually, union with the truth Platonic love is contrasted with romantic love 

Classical philosophical interpretation
Platonic love is examined in Plato's dialogue, the Symposium, which has as its topic the subject of love, or more generally the subject of Eros  It explains the possibilities of how the feeling of love began and how it has evolved, both sexually and non-sexually, and defines genuine platonic love as inspiring a person's mind and soul and directing their attention towards spiritual matters  Of particular importance is the speech of Socrates, who attributes to the prophet Diotima an idea of platonic love as a means of ascent to contemplation of the divine, an ascent known as the "Ladder of Love"  For Diotima and Plato generally, the most correct use of love of human beings is to direct one's mind to love of divinity  Socrates defines love based on separate classifications of pregnancy (to bear offspring); pregnancy of the body, pregnancy of the soul, and direct connection to existence  Pregnancy of the body results in human children  Pregnancy of the soul, the next step in the process, produces "virtue"—which is the soul (truth) translating itself into material form  "    virtue for the Greeks means self-sameness     in Plato's terms, Being or idea "(106)

Eros
Pausanias, in Plato's Symposium (181b–182a), defines two types of the love known as "Eros": vulgar Eros, or earthly love, and divine Eros, or divine love  Pausanias defines vulgar Eros as material attraction towards a person's beauty for the purposes of physical pleasure and reproduction, and divine Eros as starting from physical attraction but transcending gradually to love for supreme beauty, placed on a similar level to the divine  This concept of divine Eros was later transformed into the term "platonic love" 
Vulgar Eros and divine Eros were both considered to be connected, and part of the same continuous process of pursuing perfection of one's being, with the purpose of mending one's human nature and eventually reaching a point of unity where there is no longer an aspiration or need to change 
"Eros is     a moment of transcendence     in so far as the other can never be possessed without being annihilated in its status as the other, at which point both desire and transcendence would cease     (84)

Eros as a god
In the Symposium, Eros is discussed as a Greek god—more specifically, the king of the gods, with each guest of the party giving a eulogy in praise of Eros 

Virtue
Virtue, according to Greek philosophy, is the concept of how closely reality and material form equates good, positive, or benevolent  This can be seen as a form of linguistic relativity 

Some modern authors' perception of the terms "virtue" and "good" as they are translated into English from the Symposium are a good indicator of this misunderstanding  In the following quote, the author simplifies the idea of virtue as simply what is "good" "    what is good is beautiful, and what is beautiful is good    "

Ladder of Love
The Ladder of Love is a metaphor that relates each step toward Being as consecutive rungs of a ladder  Each step closer to the truth further distances love from beauty of the body toward love that is more focused on wisdom and the essence of beauty 
The ladder starts with carnal attraction of body for body, progressing to a love for body and soul  Eventually, in time, with consequent steps up the ladder, the idea of beauty is eventually no longer connected with a body, but entirely united with Being itself "[   ] decent human beings must be gratified, as well as those that are not as yet decent, so that they might become more decent; and the love of the decent must be preserved " (187d, 17) - Eryximachus' "completion" of Pausanias' speech on Eros

Tragedy and comedy
Plato's Symposium defines two extremes in the process of platonic love; the entirely carnal and the entirely ethereal  These two extremes of love are seen by the Greeks in terms of tragedy and comedy  According to Diotima in her discussion with Socrates, for anyone to achieve the final rung in the Ladder of Love, they would essentially transcend the body and rise to immortality—gaining direct access to Being  Such a form of love is impossible for a mortal to achieve 
What Plato describes as "pregnancy of the body" is entirely carnal and seeks pleasure and beauty in bodily form only  This is the type of love, that, according to Socrates, is practiced by animals "Now, if both these portraits of love, the tragic and the comic, are exaggerations, then we could say that the genuine portrayal of Platonic love is the one that lies between them  The love described as the one practiced by those who are pregnant according to the soul, who partake of both the realm of beings and the realm of Being, who grasp Being indirectly, through the mediation of beings, would be a love that Socrates could practice "

Tragedy
Diotima considers the carnal limitation of human beings to the pregnancy of the body to be a form of tragedy, as it separates someone from the pursuit of truth  One would be forever limited to beauty of the body, never being able to access the true essence of beauty 

Comedy
Diotima considers the idea of a mortal having direct access to Being to be a comic situation simply because of the impossibility of it  The offspring of true virtue would essentially lead to a mortal achieving immortality 

Historical views of platonic love
In the Middle Ages, new interest in the works of Plato, his philosophy and his view of love became more popular, spurred on by Georgios Gemistos Plethon during the Councils of Ferrara and Firenze in 1438–1439  Later in 1469, Marsilio Ficino put forward a theory of neo-platonic love, in which he defined love as a personal ability of an individual, which guides their soul towards cosmic processes, lofty spiritual goals and heavenly ideas  The first use of the modern sense of platonic love is considered to be by Ficino in one of his letters 
Though Plato's discussions of love originally centered on relationships which were sexual between members of the same sex, scholar Todd Reeser studies how the meaning of platonic love in Plato's original sense underwent a transformation during the Renaissance, leading to the contemporary sense of nonsexual heterosexual love The English term "platonic" dates back to William Davenant's The Platonick Lovers, performed in 1635, a critique of the philosophy of platonic love which was popular at Charles I's court  The play was derived from the concept in Plato's Symposium of a person's love for the idea of good, which he considered to lie at the root of all virtue and truth  For a brief period, platonic love was a fashionable subject at the English royal court, especially in the circle around Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of King Charles I  Platonic love was the theme of some of the courtly masques performed in the Caroline era, though the fashion for this soon waned under pressures of social and political change 

Seven types of love
Throughout these eras, platonic love was slowly categorized into seven different classical definitions  These were:

Eros: sexual or passionate love, or a modern perspective of romantic love 
Philia: the love of friendship or goodwill, often met with mutual benefits that can also be formed by companionship, dependability, and trust 
Storge: the love found between parents and children, often a unilateral love 
Agape: the universal love, consisting of love for strangers, nature, or God 
Ludus: playful and uncommitted love, intended for fun with no resulting consequences 
Pragma: love founded on duty and reason, and one's longer-term interests 
Philautia: self-love, both healthy or unhealthy; unhealthy if one places oneself above the gods (to the point of hubris), and healthy if it is used to build self-esteem and confidence Despite the variety and number of definitions, the different distinctions between types of love were not considered concrete and mutually exclusive, and were often considered to blend into one another at certain points 

Modern interpretations
Definition
"Platonic love in its modern popular sense is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise " "Platonic lovers function to underscore a supportive role where the friend sees [their] duty as the provision of advice, encouragement, and comfort to the other person     and do not entail exclusivity "

Complications
One of the complications of platonic love lies within the persistence of the use of the title itself "platonic love" versus the use of "friend"  It is the use of the word love that directs us towards a deeper relationship than the scope of a normal friendship 

Queerplatonic love
Some in the aromantic and asexual communities, within the broader LGBT community, have coined the term "queerplatonic" to refer to formal intimate relationships between significant others that do not involve romance  Queerplatonic feelings are often described, like romance, as involving a deeper and more profound emotional connection than friendship 
Julie Sondra Decker writes that queerplatonic love often "looks indistinguishable from romance when outside the equation", but should not be "assigned a romantic status if participants say it is not romantic"  She also notes that it can also be misread by observers as close friendship in circumstances where overtly romantic gestures are socially expected  For Decker, the essence of queerplatonic attraction is its ambiguous position in relation to normative categories: she writes that QPR "is a platonic relationship, but it is 'queered' in some way—not friends, not romantic partners, but something else" 

See also
Passage 5:
Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now
Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now is an album by Tower of Power released in 1976, the band's first record on Columbia Records  Ron Beck takes up the drummers spot after David Garibaldi exited for a second time 
This also would be the last album to feature bassist Francis "Rocco" Prestia as he would go on an extended hiatus from the band until his return in 1986  It is also the only album to feature vocalist Edward McGee 

Release history
In addition to the standard 2 channel stereo version the album was also released by Columbia in a 4 channel quadraphonic version in 1976 on LP and 8-track tape  The quad LP was encoded with the SQ matrix 
This album was reissued in the UK on the Super Audio CD format in 2016 by Dutton Vocalion  This release contains the complete stereo and quad recordings 

Track listing
"Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now" (Emilio Castillo, Stephen "Doc" Kupka, David Bartlett) – 3:58
"By Your Side" (Edward McGee, Clifford Coulter) – 4:30
"Make Someone Happy" (Ron E  Beck, Keith Rogers) – 2:47
"Doin' Alright" (Bruce Conte, Coleman Head) – 4:48
"Because I think the World Of You" (Stephen "Doc" Kupka, Frank Biner) – 	3:00
"You Ought To Be Havin' Fun" (Hubert Tubbs, Emilio Castillo, Stephen "Doc" Kupka) – 3:06
"Can't Stand To See The Slaughter" (Stephen "Doc" Kupka, Emilio Castillo) – 2:47
"It's So Nice" (T  Castillo, Emilio Castillo, David Bartlett, Stephen "Doc" Kupka, Frank Biner) – 5:39
"Deal With It" (Chester Thompson) – 3:20
"While We Went To The Moon" (Stephen "Doc" Kupka, David Bartlett, Emilio Castillo) – 4:24

Personnel
Tower of Power

Edward McGee – lead vocals
Chester Thompson – acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes, clavinet, organ, Moog synthesizer, bass pedals, backing vocals, horn arrangements (7, 9, 10), string arrangements and conductor (10)
Bruce Conte – guitars, backing vocals
Francis Rocco Prestia – bass guitar
Ron E  Beck – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Stephen "Doc" Kupka – baritone saxophone
Lenny Pickett – alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, Lyricon, tenor sax solo (1, 2)
Emilio Castillo – tenor saxophone, backing vocals
Mic Gillette – trombone, bass trombone, trumpet, flugelhorn, baritone horn, backing vocals, "superbone" solo (10)
Greg Adams – trumpet, flugelhorn, backing vocals, horn arrangements (1-6, 8), string arrangements and conductor (2, 4, 5, 8), flugelhorn solo (3)Additional musicians

Bill Lamb – trombone (2), trumpet (2), flugelhorn (2)
Tower of Power – horn arrangements (1, 8)
Patricia Henley – backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
Melba Joyce – backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
Ivory Stone – backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
Carol Rogers – backing vocals (3, 9, 10)

Production
Emilio Castillo – producer
Tower of Power – producers
Alan Chinowsky – production assistant, engineer, mixing
Bob Edwards – engineer, assistant engineer
Jim Gaines – mixing
Rich Ehrman – assistant engineer, mix assistant
Bruce Steinberg – art direction, design, photographyStudios

Recorded at Kendun Recorders (Burbank, California); Record Plant, Los Angeles (California); Record Plant, Sausalito (California); CBS Studios (San Francisco, California) 
Mixed at Record Plant, Sausalito 
Passage 6:
Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick
"Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick / Ningyo" is a song by Japanese singer Namie Amuro from her eighth studio album Play (2007)  It was released as a single on May 17, 2006, by Avex Trax, as the album's second single  Although she has had Japanese song titles prior to signing with Avex Trax, "Ningyo" or "人魚" which means mermaid, is her first with the label  "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick" is featured on the album Play, although the latter A-side, "Ningyo" or "人魚", was excluded 

Background
In 1994 Amuro appeared in the drama "Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo" which used the original "Ningyo" as its ending theme song 
During the release of Queen of Hip-Pop (2005) to "White Light / Violet Sauce" (2005), Namie predominantly worked with producer/songwriter, Nao'ymt  This single reunites her with producers T Kura and Michico who crafted many of her early R&B hits in 2003  "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick," produced by the pair has been described as a funky summer dance tune  The other a-side, "Ningyo," is a cover of Japanese artist, Nokko, who made the song a massive hit in 1994, and is a theme song of TV drama "Toki o Kakeru Shojo" in which Amuro played a younger sister of Yuki Uchida who is a leading actor 
For the production of the music video for "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick", Namie teamed up with American choreographer Shawnette Heard  Shawnette Heard has danced and choreographed routines for many of the world's biggest musical artists including Christina Aguilera, Janet Jackson, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Ricky Martin, Mýa, and many more 
On May 17, 2006, along with the release of the single her complete solo catalog was released to iTunes Japan  Immediately afterwards, "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick" and "Ningyo" ranked #4 and #6 respectively 

Commercial endorsements
"Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick" was used in commercials for ringtone service sites, Mu-Mo and Iromelo Mix DX  "Ningyo" was also used in commercials for Mu-Mo 

Music video
The promotional video for "Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick" debuted on music channel, VMC on May 1, 2006  Directed by longtime collaborator, Masashi Muto, the video focuses entirely on a dance routine choreographed by Shawnette Heard  It is also reminiscent of Kylie Minogue's "Can't Get You Out of My Head" (2001) as a majority of it is filmed in a dark room entirely adorned in lights  It was also filmed on top of a skyscraper roof engulfed in lights from the skyscrapers in the background  The video was named VMC's "Video of the Month" for May and was played in heavy rotation on the channel 
A promotional video for "Ningyo" was also filmed and premiered on the music video outlet M-ON on May 9, 2006  Based on the story of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, the video begins with a shot of a full moon that morphs into window  The window opens to show Amuro sitting on a rock before a mural  It transitions to a scene of her on a bridge grasping the moon from the sky  For the final scene, Amuro is again sitting in a dense bamboo forest before the window closes  The video ends with her becoming part of the mural in the opening scene  The video is unlike any of Amuro's previous videos as it portrays her in a distinctly Japanese manner 

Track listing
Personnel
"Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick"
Namie Amuro – vocals
Michico – background vocals
Producers – T Kura & Michico
Arranger – T Kura
Choreographer – Shawnette Heard
Director – Masashi Muto

"Ningyo"
Namie Amuro – vocals
Nao'ymt – background vocals
Producers – Nao'ymt
Arranger – Nao'ymt
Director – Masashi Muto

Live performances
Can't Sleep, Can't Eat, I'm Sick
May 11, 2006 – Utaban
May 15, 2006 – Hey! Hey! Hey!
May 19, 2006 – Music Station
May 20, 2006 – CDTV
May 26, 2006 – Music Fighter
May 28, 2006 – MTV VMAJ 2006 Red Carpet Show
June 5, 2006 – SMAPxSMAP
September 25, 2006 – Hey! Hey! Hey! 13th Year Special

Charts
Passage 7:
Erin Pitt
Erin Michelle Pitt (born September 22, 1999) is a Canadian actress, known for her trio of roles in the horror film Silent Hill: Revelation, where she played Dark Alessa, Alessa Gillespie, and the younger Sharon DaSilva  Pitt's first leading role was in the 2013 film Against the Wild as Hanna Wade  She also played the title role in the 2014 made-for-television film An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight  Pitt is a voice actress and is known for her roles in the television series The 99 as Samda the Invulnerable and Evie in the television series Mike the Knight 

Life and career
Pitt was born in Hamilton, Ontario, one of six siblings  She has two sisters and three brothers  She has attended the Hamilton Academy of Performing Arts, where she studies acting, singing and dancing, and has performed with the Hamilton City Ballet Pitt first acted in a Paperoni toy commercial in 2008  In 2010 she has a role in the short film Rick Mercer — Canadian Action Plan  The same year she was cast in the film You Lucky Dog as the character Erin  Following this she acted in the film Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam as Junior Rocker Audrey Her first major film was 2012's Silent Hill: Revelation, in which she played the triple roles of Alessa Gillespie, Dark Alessa, and the younger Sharon DaSilva  Pitt appeared on the cover of Fangoria magazine that year as Dark Alessa  She then had the major starring role Hannah Wade in Against the Wild, released in 2014 In 2014 Pitt starred as Isabelle in the Universal Picture direct-to-DVD production An American Girl: Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight  She also had the voice role of Evie in the animated series Mike the Knight 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Passage 8:
Airplay (band)
Airplay was a short-lived American band, formed by David Foster and Jay Graydon  The band released a self-titled album in 1980, containing "Nothin' You Can Do About It" (originally recorded by The Manhattan Transfer) and the original recording of the Earth, Wind & Fire hit "After the Love Has Gone", written by Foster and Graydon with Bill Champlin 
Graydon was asked about Airplay in a 2014 interview:
Did you guys ever envision Airplay becoming a full-time, touring type of band?
David wanted to tour and I didn't  A dumb move on my part 

Personnel
Principal members
Jay Graydon – vocals, guitar
David Foster – keyboards, background vocals
Tommy Funderburk – vocals

Backing musicians
Toto membersJeff Porcaro – drums
David Hungate – bass
Steve Lukather – additional rhythm guitars
Steve Porcaro – synthesizer programmingOthersWarren Wiebe
Mike Baird – drums
Ray Parker Jr  – additional rhythm guitars
Pete Robinson – synthesizer programming
Jerry Hey – trumpet & flugelhorn
Gary Grant – trumpet
Steve Madaio – trumpet
Bill Reichenbach Jr  – trombone
Charlie Loper – trombone
Lew McCreary – tromboneBackground vocalsBill Champlin
Tom Kelly
Max Gronenthal

Discography
Studio albums
Airplay (1980)

Singles
"Stranded" (1980)
"Nothin' You Can Do About It" (1980)
"Should We Carry On" (1981)
"Stressed Out (Close to the Edge)" in St  Elmo's Fire soundtrack (1985)
Passage 9:
Are You Ready for Love
"Are You Ready for Love" is a song recorded by English musician Elton John in 1977 and first released in the UK in 1979 as the first single from the EP The Thom Bell Sessions   It was written by LeRoy Bell, Thom Bell and Casey James, and was originally produced in Philadelphia by Thom Bell, who had already produced a series of hits for the Spinners, the Delfonics and the Stylistics   While the song "Mama Can't Buy You Love" from the EP charted in 1979, this song and the other track on the three-track 12-inch vinyl disc, "Three Way Love Affair", were only minor footnotes at the time 
In 1989, MCA released a 6-track CD, The Complete Thom Bell Sessions, which contained a different mix of "Are You Ready for Love" in place of the one that appeared on the original 1979 EP  (The original Thom Bell Sessions EP mix did, however, surface – along with the EP's other two original tracks – as a B-side to a UK CD-single of "The Last Song" in 1992, issued as Rocket/Phonogram EJSCB-30) 

2003 version
In 2003, "Are You Ready for Love" was remixed by Ashley Beedle and released as a 12-inch vinyl single on 25 August 2003  It gave John the sixth No  1 hit of his career when it topped the UK Singles Chart in the first week of its 2003 re-release, following his performance of the song in a television advertisement promoting the new 2003–04 football season for Sky Sports  The 2003 single's B-side is "Three Way Love Affair" (from the original EP) and also the full-length 1979 version of "Are You Ready for Love"  On some CD versions, the CD also contains a QuickTime version of a video for the song, with recording studio footage from 1977 with John recording his vocals 
Various hit R&B vocalists of the late 1970s, including Bell and James, MFSB and the Spinners with lead singer John Edwards, contributed backing and accompanying lead vocals, most prominent on the Thom Bell Sessions mixes of the song  In 1979, the Spinners also recorded a version of the song which charted at number 25 on the US Billboard R&B chart 
The music video, produced in a 1970s retro style, was directed by Kate Dawkins 

Track listings
UK, US, and Australian CD single
"Are You Ready for Love" ('79 radio edit)
"Are You Ready for Love" (full length 1979 version)
"Three Way Love Affair"
"Are You Ready for Love" (CD-ROM video)UK 12-inch single 1
A  "Are You Ready for Love" (full length '79 version)
B  "Are You Ready for Love" (Freeform Reform remix)UK 12-inch single 2
A  "Are You Ready for Love" ('79 original)
B  "Are You Ready for Love" (Ashley Beedle Love and Protection mono edit)UK cassette single
"Are You Ready for Love" ('79 radio edit)
"Are You Ready for Love" (full length 1979 version)
"Three Way Love Affair"European CD single
"Are You Ready for Love" ('79 radio edit)
"Are You Ready for Love" (full length 1979 version)US 12-inch single
A1  "Are You Ready for Love" (Linus Loves Strobelight mix)
A2  "Are You Ready for Love" (79 full length)
B1  "Are You Ready for Love" (Mylo's Road Map to Peace remix)
B2  "Are You Ready for Love" (Ashley Beedle Love and Protection mono re-edit)

Charts and certifications
Cover versions
In 2003, the Spinners reissued "Are You Ready for Love", featuring them on backing vocals



ground_truth: Thaba Putsoa

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who played the girlfriend of Chance's voice actor in Homeward Bound in Back to the Future?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  In 1977, the Spinners had recorded two versions of the track  One had all of the Spinners, the other with only lead singer John Edwards on vocals  Finally in 1979, the John Edwards version was released making it to number 42 on the UK Singles Chart 

In popular culture
"Are You Ready for Love" was featured on the European version of Donkey Konga 2 

See also
List of number-one dance singles of 2004 (U S )
Passage 10:
Back to the Future (soundtrack)
The music of the Back to the Future series is composed in conjunction with the development of several feature films and a stage musical, within the Back to the Future franchise created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale  All music in the franchise was composed by American composer Alan Silvestri, with The Musical being co-written with Glen Ballard 

Back to the Future (1985)
Soundtrack
Back to the Future: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the film of the same name, released on July 8, 1985, by MCA Records  The soundtrack includes two tracks from American composer Alan Silvestri's score for the film, two pop tracks from American rock band Huey Lewis and the News, two songs played by the fictional Marvin Berry and The Starlighters, one played by the fictional Marty McFly with The Starlighters, and two pop songs that are very briefly heard in the background of the film 
"The Power of Love" was released as the album's lead single in June 1985, becoming Huey Lewis and the News's first chart topper on the US Billboard Hot 100, as well as being certified Gold and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song  The soundtrack spent nineteen weeks on the Billboard 200, peaking at number twelve in October 1985 

Development
American rock band Huey Lewis and the News performed "The Power of Love" and "Back in Time"  Huey Lewis was approached to write a theme song for the film  He met with Bob Gale, Steven Spielberg, and Robert Zemeckis, from the film's production team, who intended that the band be Marty McFly's favorite band  Though flattered, Lewis did not want to participate because he did not know how to write film songs and did not want to write one called "Back to the Future"  Zemeckis assured Lewis he could write any song he wanted  Lewis agreed to submit the next song he wrote, which was "The Power of Love"  The lyrics do not make any mention of the film's storyline Lewis was asked by Zemeckis to write one more song for the film's end credits, which came to be "Back in Time"  Unlike "The Power of Love", the lyrics for "Back in Time" center around the movie's story points  In an interview with People in 2015, Lewis states: "Sean [Hopper], [Chris] Hayes and I put together "Back in Time" – and it turned out that it's actually quite easy to write for film! In a way, it's easier, in that you don't have to invest yourself in it  So that was a lot of fun, actually" "Johnny B  Goode", written by Chuck Berry, is performed by the characters Marty McFly, and Marvin Berry and the Starlighters in the film, with lead vocals by Mark Campbell as Marty McFly, Harry Waters Jr  as Marvin Berry, and the guitar solo by Tim May  Campbell and May received a "special thanks" acknowledgment in the film's end credits, with the recording credit going to the fictional characters  Campbell did not receive credit as the filmmakers wanted to create the illusion that Fox was singing  When music supervisor Bones Howe learned of this, he secured Campbell a small percentage of the soundtrack revenue as compensation  Berry withheld permission to use "Johnny B  Goode" until the day before filming, and was paid $50,000 for the rights 

In the film
In the film, Marvin Berry, a fictitious cousin of Chuck Berry, phones Chuck and lets him listen to the music  The real "Johnny B  Goode" was released in 1958, three years after the time it is played in the film Huey Lewis portrays a high-school band audition judge who rejects Marty McFly's band, the "Pinheads", as they perform an instrumental hard rock version of "The Power of Love"  Lewis mentioned that his character was inspired by a Chrysalis Records executive  "Time Bomb Town", "Heaven Is One Step Away", and "Back in Time" are very briefly played in the background in some scenes during the film; "Back in Time" is additionally played in full in the film's end credits 

Track listing
^a  Lead vocals provided by Harry Waters Jr 
^b  Lead vocals provided by Mark CampbellSongs in the film but not included on the soundtrack album:
"The Washington Post" – composed by John Philip Sousa
"Mr  Sandman" – performed by The Four Aces
"The Ballad of Davy Crockett" – performed by Fess Parker
"Pledging My Love" – performed by Johnny Ace
"Out the Window" – Performed by Edward Van HalenThe tracks are not presented in the order they appear in the film  In chronological order, the track listing goes: 1, 2, 7, the first 90 seconds of 6, 8, 9, 10, the remainder of 6, 4, 5, and 3  "Back to the Future Overture" consists of the following cues, as released in its original form, on the subsequent score album:

Marty's Letter
Clocktower
'85 Lone Pine Mall

Charts
Certifications
Film score
Back to the Future: Intrada Special Collection was released by Intrada Records on November 24, 2009, and contains Alan Silvestri's complete score for Back to the Future  It is a two-disc release: the first disc contains the complete orchestral score for the film, along with two source cues that Silvestri wrote  The second disc contains alternate approaches that Silvestri took with a large portion of the score, with a darker and more serious tone  The two-disc set had a limited release of 10,000 units and sold nearly 6,000 units by the end of January 2010 The soundtrack was reissued on October 12, 2015, as a single-disc release, titled Back to the Future: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Expanded Edition), to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary  This release only contains the music on disc one of the initial limited two-disc set 

Development
Alan Silvestri had previously worked with director Robert Zemeckis on the score for Romancing the Stone  In composing the score, the only direction Zemeckis gave him was "it's got to be big"  Silvestri used an orchestral score to create a sound that contrasted with the small-town setting and the significant time-changing events occurring within it, and developed a heroic theme that was designed to be instantly recognizable in just a few notes For moments in the film where Silvestri's score was shortened (i e  the final moments of "Einstein Disintegrated" and "Peabody Barn; Marty Ditches DeLorean"), replaced with source music ("Town Square") or unused ("Logo"), the full score cue is presented as originally recorded 
The themes from the score have since been included in the scores of the film's sequels, in Back to the Future: The Ride, and used as ambient music at Universal Studios theme parks 

Track listing
Disc 1: The Complete Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Logo"
"DeLorean Reveal"
"Einstein Disintegrated"
"'85 Twin Pines Mall"
"Peabody Barn; Marty Ditches DeLorean"
"'55 Town Square"
"Lorraine's Bedroom"
"Retrieve DeLorean"
"1 21 Jigowatts"
"The Picture"
"Picture Fades"
"Skateboard Chase"
"Marty's Letter"
"George to the Rescue – Pt  1"
"Marvin Be-Bop"
"George to the Rescue – Pt  2"
"Tension; The Kiss"
"Goodnight Marty"
"It's Been Educational; Clocktower"
"Helicopter"
"'85 Lone Pine Mall"
"4x4"
"Doc Returns"
"Back to the Future"Disc 2: The Creation of a Classic    alternate Early Sessions

"DeLorean Reveal"
"Einstein Disintegrated"
"Peabody Barn"
"Marty Ditches DeLorean"
"'55 Town Square #1"
"'55 Town Square #2"
"Retrieve DeLorean"
"1 21 Jigowatts"
"The Picture"
"Skateboard Chase"
"George to the Rescue"
"Tension; The Kiss"
"Clocktower"
"'85 Lone Pine Mall"
"Doc Returns"
"Ling Ting Ring"

Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part II: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the 1989 film of the same name, the second installment in the Back to the Future trilogy  It was released under MCA Records on November 22, 1989, and features most of the film score by American composer Alan Silvestri  AllMusic rated it four-and-a-half stars out of five  Unlike the previous soundtrack, it only contains the musical score by Silvestri, none of the vocal songs featured throughout the film are included 
Intrada Records reissued the soundtrack as a two-disc expanded edition on October 12, 2015, in commemoration of the first film's 30th anniversary  The soundtrack includes the complete score (22 tracks) on disc one and an arrangement of alternate cues and source music on disc two 

Track listings
Standard edition

"Main Title"
"The Future"
"Hoverboard Chase"
"A Flying DeLorean?"
"My Father!"
"Alternate 1985"
"If They Ever Did"
"Pair O' Docs"
"The Book"
"Tunnel Chase"
"Burn The Book"
"Western Union"
"End Title"Expanded edition – Disc 1: The Film Score"

"Back to Back / It's Your Kids"
"Main Title (extended version)"
"The Future"
"Chicken / Hoverboard Chase"
"A Flying DeLorean?"
"I'm in The Future / Biff Steals DeLorean"
"Chicken Needles / Jenn Sees Jenn"
"Biff's World / 27th Floor"
"My Father!"
"Alternate 1985"
"Gray's Sports Almanac / If They Ever Did"
"Something Inconspicuous"
"You'll Never Lose / Old New DeLorean"
"Pair O' Docs"
"The Book"
"Nobody / Tunnel Chase"
"Burn The Book"
"He's Gone"
"Western Union"
"I'm Back / End Logo"
"The West"
"End Title"Expanded edition – Disc 2: Alternates

"Back to Back (alternate)"
"Main Title (alternate)"
"The Future (alternate)"
"Hoverboard Chase (alternate)"
"A Flying DeLorean? (alternate)"
"Biff's World (alternate)"
"If They Ever Did (alternate segment)"
"You'll Never Lose (alternate)"
"Western Union (alternate #1)"
"I'm Back (alternate #1)"
"Western Union (alternate #2)"
"I'm Back (alternate #2)"
"End Logo (alternate)"
"The West (alternate)"
"End Title (alternate)"

Back to the Future Part III (1990)
Back to the Future Part III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the film of the same name, the third and final installment in the Back to the Future trilogy  It was released under Varèse Sarabande on May 29, 1990, and features most of the film score by American composer Alan Silvestri  The soundtrack includes the acoustic instrumental version of the song "Doubleback" as performed during the film, but does not include the original ZZ Top version of the song played in the end credits 
Varèse Sarabande reissued the soundtrack as a two-disc expanded edition on October 12, 2015, in commemoration of the film's 25th anniversary  The soundtrack includes the complete score (26 tracks) in chronological order on disc one, and an arrangement of alternate cues, source music and acoustic renditions of traditional folk songs on disc two 

Track listings
Standard edition

"Main Title"
"It's Clara (The Train, Part II)"
"Hill Valley"
"The Hanging"
"At First Sight"
"Indians"
"Goodbye Clara"
"Doc Returns"
"Point of No Return (The Train, Part III)"
"The Future Isn't Written"
"The Showdown"
"Doc to the Rescue"
"The Kiss"
"We're Out of Gas"
"Wake Up Juice"
"A Science Experiment (The Train, Part I)"
"Doubleback (acoustic instrumental version)"
"End Credits"25th Anniversary edition – Disc 1: The Film Score

"Back to Back / Court House"
"Main Title"
"Into the Mine / Tombstone / It's Me"
"Warmed Up"
"Indians (film version)"
"Safe and Sound"
"Hill Valley"
"The Hanging"
"We're Out of Gas"
"There is No Bridge / Doc to the Rescue"
"At First Sight"
"Yellow"
"The Kiss"
"You Talkin' to Me?"
"The Future Isn't Written"
"Goodbye Clara"
"What's Up Doc / Marty Gallops / To the Future"
"Wake Up Juice"
"Callin' You Out / Count Off"
"The Showdown / The Kick"
"A Science Experiment (The Train – Part I)"
"It's Clara (The Train – Part II)"
"Point of No Return (The Train – Part III)"
"It's Destroyed / Back to the Girlfriend / It's Erased"
"Doc Returns"
"End Credits25th Anniversary edition – Disc 2: Alternates

"Back to Back / Court House (alternate)"
"I'm Back / Main Title (alternate)"
"Into the Mine / Tombstone (alternate)"
"Warmed Up (alternate)"
"Indians (alternate)"
"The Hanging (alternate)"
"Goodbye Clara (alternate segment)"
"Count Off (alternate)"
"The Kick (alternate)"
"Doc's Return (alternate)"
"Clock Dedication / Battle Cry of Freedom"
"Doubleback (extended version)"
"Turkey in the Straw"
"My Darling Clementine"
"Saloon Piano Melody"
"Arkansas Traveler"
"Devil's Dream"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Virginia Reel (Tip-Top)"
"I'm Back (alternate #2)"
"Into the Mine (alternate #2)"
"Indians (alternate #2)"
"Doc Returns (alternate #2)"On the standard edition, the tracks are not presented in the order they appear in the film  In chronological order, the track listing goes 1, 6, 3, 4, 14, 12, 5, 17, 13, 10, 7, 15, 11, 16, 2, 9, 8, and 18 
Songs in the film not included on the soundtrack album:
"Doubleback" (original version) – performed by ZZ Top
"The Power of Love" – performed by Huey Lewis and the News

The Back to the Future Trilogy
The Back to the Future Trilogy is a soundtrack compilation album, released by Varèse Sarabande on September 21, 1999  The album is a compilation of Alan Silvestri compositions from all three Back to the Future film scores, as well the theme from Back to the Future: The Ride  Whilst the tracks from Part III are from the film's original soundtrack, the tracks for Part I, Part II and The Ride are re-recorded renditions performed by John Debney and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra at the Glasgow City Halls 

Track listing
Back to the Future: The Musical (2020)
Back to the Future: The Musical (Original Cast Recording) is the cast recording of the musical of the same name, with music and lyrics by Alan Silvestri and Glen Ballard, and a book by Bob Gale  Recorded by the musical's original West End cast, it was released by Sony Music's Masterworks Broadway imprint on March 11, 2022  The musical's score was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Original Score or New Orchestrations in 2022 

Background
The Back to the Future website originally announced on October 21, 2020 ("Back to the Future Day") that a cast recording of the West End production will be released in summer 2021  The announcement was accompanied by the release of Dobson's rendition of "Back in Time", which was originally written for and featured in the first film, in addition to the original track "Put Your Mind to It"  The cast recording was originally set to be released on November 26, 2021, but was delayed several times, eventually releasing on March 11, 2022 

Track listing
Passage 11:
Pulse (1988 film)
Pulse is a 1988 American science-fiction horror film written and directed by Paul Golding, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror, and starring Cliff De Young, Roxanne Hart, Joseph Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, and Charles Tyner  The film's title refers to a highly aggressive and intelligent pulse of electricity that terrorizes the occupants of a suburban house in Los Angeles, California  The film was produced through Columbia Pictures and the Aspen Film Society and distributed by Columbia Pictures  The titular Pulse and its accompanying elements were designed by Cinema Research Corporation 

Plot
A highly aggressive, paranormal intelligence thriving within the electrical grid system of Los Angeles, California is moving from house to house  It terrorizes the occupants by taking control of the appliances, killing them or causing them to wreck the house in an effort to destroy it  Once this has been accomplished, it travels along the power lines to the next house, and the terror restarts  Having thus wrecked one household in a quiet, suburban neighborhood, the pulse finds itself in the home of a boy's divorced father whom he is visiting  It gradually takes control of everything, injuring the stepmother, and trapping father and son, who must fight their way out 

Cast
Cliff De Young as Bill Rockland
Roxanne Hart as Ellen Rockland
Joey Lawrence as David Rockland
Matthew Lawrence as Stevie
Charles Tyner as Old Man Holger
Dennis Redfield as Pete
Robert Romanus as Paul
Myron Healey as Howard
Michael Rider as Foreman
Jean Sincere as Ruby
Terry Beaver as Policeman
Greg Norberg as Policeman
Tim Russ as Policeman

Release
The film was promoted by the taglines "It traps you in your house   then pulls the plug," "In every second of every day, it improves our lives  And in a flash, it can end them," and also "the ultimate shocker "

Production
The film was produced by Aspen Film Society, a film production company founded by Steve Martin and William E  McEuen Paul Golding got the idea for Pulse from two unrelated events with the first being when the screenwriter Caleb Deschanel spent the night in his house and told him that at night he’d been listening to “the sounds of the house…  the house was alive and it was taking care of me“, and the second was when he heard about a computer that reprogrammed itself  Golding wrote the screenplay under the working titles of House, Tract and Currents in 1981 but couldn’t get it made until Columbia eventually took it on seven years later  David Morse and Tommy Lee Jones both auditioned for the role of Bill but lost to Cliff De Young  Production was completed a day early and $1 million dollars under its $6 million dollar budget, and as a result were able to afford Oxford Scientific Films to do many of the special effects 

Release
David V  Picker, the head of Paramount Pictures at the time, was impressed by the film and intended to position it as a wide release, but changes in studio management curtailed this and it was only released theatrically in Texas and Oklahoma, while it went straight to video elsewhere  The movie did however become a success on video 

Reception
Pulse has a 64% approval rating at the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews 

Music
The musical score for Pulse was composed by Jay Ferguson, who also composed "Pictures of You" from the soundtrack to The Terminator, and the film score to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child 
Passage 12:
Nothin' My Love Can't Fix
"Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" is a song by American actor and singer Joey Lawrence, released as the first single from his self-titled debut album on February 15, 1993, by MCA Records subsidiary Impact Records  Written by Lawrence, Alexandra Forbes and Eric Beall and produced by Forbes, Beall, Steve Barri and Tony Peluso, "Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" is Lawrence's most successful single, peaking at number 19 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40  It also reached number 13 in the United Kingdom, number 22 in Ireland, number 50 in Canada and number 68 in Australia 

Background
"Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" was written by Joey Lawrence, Alexandra Forbes, and Eric Beall  The song was written when Lawrence was approximately fifteen years old 

Composition
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes com by Alfred Publishing, the song is written in the key of F major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 108 beats per minute  Lawrence's vocal range spans three octaves, from F3 to F♯6 

Chart performance
In the United States, "Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" debuted at number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the issue dated March 6, 1993  The song spent 20 weeks on the chart, reaching its peak position of number 19 for the issue dated May 8, 1993  On the 1993 year-end chart, the song achieved a position of number 92 

Music video
The video premiered on February 15, 1993, during an episode of Blossom  Prior to its broadcast, the video was promoted through advertisements on MTV and NBC  The music video received heavy airplay on many outlets, including MTV, and Lawrence was invited to perform on MTV Spring Break, The Arsenio Hall Show, and Top of the Pops 

Track listings and formats
Personnel
Personnel are adapted from the Joey Lawrence album liner notes 
Joey Lawrence – vocals, writing
Steve Barri – production
Alexandra Forbes – production, writing
Eric Beall – production, writing
Tony Peluso – production, vocal recording, mixing
Steve Skinner – keyboards, drum programming
Fred Tenny – recording
Axel Niehaus – assistant recording engineer
Fred Kelly – assistant mixing engineer
Julie Barri – production assistance
Steve Hall – mastering

Charts
Release history
In popular culture
"Nothin' My Love Can't Fix" was used as the end-title theme for the 1993 film Cop and a Half 
Passage 13:
Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You
"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" is a duet between Billy Newton-Davis and Celine Dion, released as a single in July 1989 in Canada  The song was featured on Newton-Davis' album Spellbound  "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" was later included on Dion's Japanese maxi-single "Unison" (1991)  It was written by Dan Hill who also wrote for Dion "Seduces Me" on her 1996 album Falling into You 

Background
The "Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" music video received a MuchMusic Video Award for Best MOR Video in 1990 The song was Dion's second commercial English single after her 1985 "Listen to the Magic Man"  It reached number 41 on the Canadian Singles Chart and number 12 on the Adult Contemporary Chart  In Quebec, it peaked at number 19 Dion performed this song during her Unison Tour 

Track listings and formats
Canadian 7" single"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You" – 4:16
"Stop Me (Before I Dream Again)" – 3:40

Charts
Release history
Passage 14:
I Still Can't Get Over Loving You
"I Still Can't Get Over Loving You" is a 1983 song written and performed by Ray Parker Jr  It was the lead single from his Woman Out of Control album of the same year, and it reached #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1984  It was Parker's fifth top 20 hit, the sixth being 1984's "Ghostbusters" 

Background
The song is an up-tempo ballad with electronic instruments 
While initially the song speaks of lost love and an ended relationship, the lyrics gradually take a considerably more sinister tone, ultimately implying that the man either is stalking his former girlfriend, or potentially preparing to do harm to her  A turning point in the tone occurs when Parker borrows a line from  The Police's "Every Breath You Take", "Every breath you take, I'll be watching you " It is summarily followed by closing lines which indicate that the relationship has taken a dark turn:  "There's no way that this thing is through, no; Not yet, I ain't through lovin' you; I'm gettin' mad, girl, don't you ever try to leave, no, no; It'll be the last thing you'll ever do "

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Passage 15:
You Can't Beat Love
You Can't Beat Love is a 1937 American comedy film directed by Christy Cabanne and written by Maxwell Shane and David Silverstein  The film stars Preston Foster, Joan Fontaine, Herbert Mundin, William Brisbane and Alan Bruce  The film was released on June 25, 1937 

Plot
Jimmy Hughes (Preston Foster) is a fun-loving carouser who can't resist a dare  He is awakened by his gentleman's gentleman Jasper (Herbert Mundin) after a drunken evening in which he misappropriated a milk truck, and instructs Jasper to see that the damages (thirty dollars' worth of lost milk) are paid and the truck is returned  Accompanied by Jasper, Jimmy then fulfills a bet by putting in a day of hard work digging ditches in formal wear, good-naturedly tangling with other crew members in the process  He donates his winnings to a children's charity 
When a campaign truck stops by the site to dispense free cake and solicit support for Mayor Olson's re-election, Jimmy engages in a heckling match with a campaign worker who proves to be the mayor's daughter, Trudy Olson (Joan Fontaine)  Trudy angrily suggests that he throw his hat in the ring, and in a bluff, he declares that he will 
When the newspapers run with the story, Jimmy is caught by surprise and the mayor's campaign is concerned  Trudy visits Jimmy at his home with a cake to patch things up, and as he pledges to clear up the misunderstanding, the two become mutually attracted  Trudy accompanies Jimmy to the newspaper office the next day to help him announce his withdrawal, but she mistakenly dares him to run for real, obliging him to do so 
Jimmy pledges a clean campaign, but still ruffles Trudy at times as he continues to pursue her  Things begin to go well between them again as Jimmy helps Trudy save a child who has stolen ice from an ice truck from punishment, and they steal a fun ride on the back of the truck together 
The corrupt police chief, who works for the mayor, secretly attempts to frame Jimmy by luring him to a phony love nest with a hired woman (Barbara Pepper) and a waiting photographer, but catches Jimmy's friend instead  In retaliation, Jimmy recruits the woman's jealous boyfriend, a gangster, to involve the police chief in a citywide gambling ring 
As the mayor comes under criticism for the resulting scandal, Trudy visits Jimmy's campaign office and overhears him colluding with the gamblers  At a debate on election eve, she accuses him of being behind the ring  Jimmy produces a check designating all gambling proceeds to a children's charity, and plays a recording for the crowd of the police chief agreeing to participate in the criminal profits  He also has a recording of the mayor angrily confronting the police chief, proving the mayor's innocence  Jimmy then endorses the mayor for re-election as the guilty parties are arrested  The press asks for a photo of Jimmy kissing Trudy, and she dares him 

Cast
Preston Foster as James Ellsworth 'Jimmy' Hughes
Joan Fontaine as Trudy Olson
Herbert Mundin as Jasper 'Meadows' Hives
William Brisbane as Clem Bruner
Alan Bruce as Scoop Gallagher
Paul Hurst as Foreman Butch Mehaffey
Bradley Page as Dwight Parsons
Berton Churchill as Police Chief Brennan
Frank M  Thomas as Mayor Olson
Harold Huber as Pretty Boy Jones
Paul Guilfoyle as Louie the Weasel
Barbara Pepper as May 'Bubbles' Smith
Passage 16:
Can't Go for That
"Can't Go for That" is a song by Canadian recording artist Tamia  It was written by Missy Elliott, Brycyn Evans and Roosevelt "Bink" Harrell for her second studio album A Nu Day (2000), featuring main production from the latter with Elliottt and Evans serving as co-producers  Musically, the song includes an interpolation of "I Can't Go For That (No Can Do)" as performed by Hall & Oates 
"Can't Go for That" was released as the album's lead single in 2000 and peaked at number 84 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and 23 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart  The single was remixed by Jonathan Peters  There is another remix version as the album bonus track which features 213 members Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg and Warren G 

Music video
A music video for "Can't Go for That" was directed by Chris Hafner in the week of July 1, 2000  It was filmed in Los Angeles 

Track listings
Notes

^[a]  denotes co-producer
^[b]  denotes additional producer

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of A Nu Day 
Co-producer – Brycyn Evans, Missy Elliott
Assistant engineer – Edith Luis
Mixing, recording – Bill Importico
Producer – Bink!

Charts
Weekly charts
Passage 17:
Can't Nobody
"Can't Nobody" is a song performed by American recording artist Kelly Rowland  It was written and produced by Rich Harrison for Rowland's solo debut album Simply Deep (2002)  The song is built around a sample of "Let's Get Small" (1982) by American R&B band Trouble Funk  Due to the inclusion of the sample, band members Robert "Syke Dyke" Reed and Tony Fisher are also credited as songwriters  Musically, the uptempo track has been described as an "airy hip hop funk" song, that has Rowland describing an infatuation as she tries to convince the object of desire of her charms and advantages 
The song was released as the second single from Simply Deep on January 21, 2003, following lead "Stole" and Rowland's duet single "Dilemma" with Nelly from his album Nellyville (2002)  While it widely failed to match the success of its predecessors, "Can't Nobody" reached the top-five in the United Kingdom and became a top-twenty hit in Australia, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Scotland  In the US, the song entered Billboard's Mainstream Top 40  An accompanying music video was directed by Benny Boom and shot in Los Angeles, California in January 2003  In further promotion of the song, Rowland performed the song on television shows such as Top of the Pops and made it part of the setlist of her Simply Deeper Tour (2003) 

Background
After the release of her former group Destiny's Child's 2001 album Survivor, Rowland launched a solo career when American rapper Nelly asked her to appear as a featured artist on his song "Dilemma"  The record originally appeared on his album Nellyville (2002) and was released as its third single  An instant success, it became a worldwide number-one hit that year and prompted Rowland's label Columbia Records to advance the release date of her solo album from 2003 to late 2002 to capitalize on the success of "Dilemma"  Rowland was forced to complete the album within a month   "Can't Nobody" was written by producer and songwriter Rich Harrison  Known for his work on fellow Columbia Records signee Amerie's debut album All I Have (2002), the song marked his first collaboration with a Destiny's Child member  In contrast to his own production style and major parts of Simply Deep, which featured mid-tempo tracks and wide influences by pop and rock music, the track includes a beat driven but poppy and radio-friendly instrumental, involving elements from "Let's Get Small", a song written by Robert Reed and Tony Fisher and performed by Trouble Funk 

Critical reception
"Can't Nobody" received generally mixed reviews from music critics  AllMusic editor Jon O'Brien named the song one of the album's highlights along with "Stole", "Dilemma" and "Everytime You Walk Out That Door" and complimented the production on "Can't Nobody" due to its "clattering percussion"  Chuck Taylor from Billboard found that "while the single has its charms, its skittish production and overly busy chorus tend to grate after a few spins, limiting its chances to go to the long haul " Sal Cinquemani of Slant compared the song to Rowland's previous single "Dilemma" and wrote: "'Can’t Nobody' features a catchy, retro hook and slick production, but Rowland’s voice isn’t as powerful as Whitney Houston’s or even Beyoncé Knowles's " Vibe journalist Craig Seymour named "Can’t Nobody" one of the better tracks on Simply Deep, calling it "a morsel of airy hip hop funk [   ] But while the tune offers her a good rump-wiggling groove, it can't quite fill the need for an authentic identity "

Commercial performance
The song was first issued as the album's second single in the United States on January 21, 2003  However, "Can't Nobody" received little commercial response in Rowland's native, where it was less successful than previous single "Stole", debuting and peaking at number ninety-seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number seventy-two on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, respectively  It also entered the US Mainstream Top 40, reaching number forty  The single fared better overseas, where it became Rowland's third consecutive top five hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number five, as well as her ninth best-selling solo single as of November 2011  The song also entered the top ten of the Scottish Singles Chart, reaching number nine, and peaked within the top twenty in Denmark, Ireland, and the Netherlands  In Australia, "Can't Nobody" peaked at number thirteen and was eventually certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), indicating sales in excess of 35,000 copies 

Music video
Rowland reteamed with "Dilemma" director Benny Boom to craft a music video for "Can't Nobody" which was shot in Los Angeles, California at the weekend of January 4, 2003  Filming locations include the Orpheum Theatre on Broadway and the Chinatown neighborhood, both set in the Downtown Los Angeles district  Joe Oz served as first assistant director, while production was helmed by Veronica Zelle for now defunct Gorilla Flix Productions  Main camera was operated by Paul Cameron  Upon its release, the music video for "Can't Nobody" was included on the European maxi-single as an enhanced video element  It was later also included on the Japanese edition of Destiny's Child's Destiny's Child World Tour concert DVD, released in 2003, as well as the 2004 Wal-Mart exclusive limited Destiny's Child's Fan Pack DVD which was released a week before the release of Destiny Fulfilled (2004) In the video, Rowland is waiting outside of the Orpheum Theatre nightclub for her boyfriend, who is surprising her with tickets for a fictional Simply Deep musical  She arrives after her boyfriend leaves and after buying a ticket for the musical and waiting for him to meet her, she is disturbed upon seeing a hologram of the two of them waiting in line together  Frustrated, Rowland walks around the Chinatown neighborhood seeing couples all around her until she comes across the Grand Star Jazz Club  She enters the club and begins enjoying herself while dancing until she sees her boyfriend nearby  She confronts him over his absence at the theatre, and he reveals he was going to surprise her with tickets to the musical  Rowland is relieved and after the two laugh over the misunderstanding, they both proceed to dance together in the club  The video ends with the two leaving the club to go watch the musical at the theatre  In a report surrounding the production of the short film, MTV News noted that the video was "a take-off of the Christian Slater flick True Romance "

Track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Simply Deep 

Charts
Certifications
Release history



ground_truth: Claudia Wells

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the brother of the Nothin' My Love Can't Fix performer?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie, especially the rosette and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine  Traditional local dishes include saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg), marrons glacés and cardoon au gratin 

See also
List of châteaux in Rhône-Alpes
Transport in Rhône-Alpes
Passage 7:
Rodnowo
Rodnowo [rɔdˈnɔvɔ] (German: Reddenau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Bartoszyce and 51 km (32 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn 
Passage 8:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 9:
Union territory
A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India  Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed, in part or in whole, by the Union Government of India  There are currently eight union territories in India, namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry 

History
When the Constitution of India was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included:

Part C states, which were chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, each governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India  The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh 
One Part D state (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Part C and Part D states were combined into a single category of "Union territory"  Due to various other reorganisations, only 6 union territories remained: 

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands (later renamed Lakshadweep)
Delhi
Manipur
Tripura
Himachal PradeshBy the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and Chandigarh became a union territory  Another three (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu and Puducherry) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers (Portuguese India and French India, respectively) 
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019  The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one to be eponymously called Jammu and Kashmir, and the other Ladakh on 31 October 2019 
In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 

Administration
The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi and Puducherry  Generally, the President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant governor for each UT Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir operate differently from the other five  They were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the [National Capital Territory] (NCT) and incorporated into a larger area known as the National Capital Region (NCR)  Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir have an elected legislative assembly and an executive council of ministers with a partially state-like function Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation  Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development  The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on  These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states  The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government  Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government  As union territories are directly ruled by the union government, some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states 
After the introduction of GST, UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly  UT- GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories 

Constitutional status
Article 1 (1) of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts V (The Union) and VI (The States) of the constitution  Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired  The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956  Article 366(30) also defines Union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that Schedule  In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories  Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories  Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights (part III), Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), Article 245, etc  apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India  The executive power of the Union (i e  union of states only) rests with President of India  The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per Article 239  The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in Part XIV 
The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial president's rule per Article 356 subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly  As Per Article 240 (1), supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, NCT and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India  Article 240 (2) allows implementing tax haven laws in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign tax haven countries 
The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in the constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly (Part VIII) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states) 
Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha: Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry  Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only 3 Union Territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected legislative assembly and have a Chief Minister 

Current union territories
Former union territories
Proposed union territories
There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories 

See also
Staff Selection Commission
Federalism in India
Lawmaking procedure in India
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
List of Acts of the Parliament of India
Passage 10:
Naas River
The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia 

Course
The river rises in the southern ranges of Namadgi National Park, south of Canberra, with flow generated by runoff and melting snow during spring from the Snowy Mountains  The river flows generally north, joined by four minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Gudgenby River, south of Tharwa; descending 266 metres (873 ft) over its 26-kilometre (16 mi) course The watershed boundary of the Naas River defines the southern and south-eastern border of the Australian Capital Territory with New South Wales 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Australian Capital Territory
Australian Alps Walking Track
Passage 11:
Kis-Küküllő County
Kis-Küküllő was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary  Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania)  Kis-Küküllő is the Hungarian name for the river Târnava Mică  The capital of the county was Dicsőszentmárton (now Târnăveni) 

Geography
Kis-Küküllő county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Alsó-Fehér, Torda-Aranyos, Maros-Torda, Udvarhely and Nagy-Küküllő  The river Mureș formed part of its northern border, the river Târnava Mare its southern border  Târnava Mică river flowed through the county  Its area was 1,724 km² around 1910 

History
Kis-Küküllő county came into existence in 1876, when the administrative structure of Transylvania was changed and Küküllő County was split  In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania  After the Second Vienna Award, a little part of the former county became part of Hungary again and was assigned to the recreated Maros-Torda County  Its territory lies in the present Romanian counties Mureș (a o  Târnăveni), Alba (the south-west) and Sibiu (the south, a o  Dumbrăveni) 

Demographics
Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Kis-Küküllő county were:

Notes
Passage 12:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Passage 13:
Gmina Ujsoły
Gmina Ujsoły is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Slovak border  Its seat is the village of Ujsoły, which lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of Żywiec and 88 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice 
The gmina covers an area of 109 95 square kilometres (42 5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 4,466 

Villages
Gmina Ujsoły contains the villages and settlements of Cicha, Danielka, Glinka, Herdula, Kotrysia Polana, Kręcichłosty, Młada Hora, Okrągłe, Smereków Wielki, Soblówka, Stawiska, Szczytkówka, Ujsoły and Złatna 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Ujsoły is bordered by the gminas of Jeleśnia, Milówka, Rajcza and Węgierska Górka  It also borders Slovakia 
Passage 14:
Bondary
Bondary [bɔnˈdarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Michałowo, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus  It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Michałowo and 44 km (27 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok 
The village has a population of 330 
Passage 15:
Cielętnik
Cielętnik [t͡ɕɛˈlɛntnik] (German: Kälberhaus) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia  It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Braniewo and 82 km (51 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn 
The village has a population of 51 
Passage 16:
Tymce
Tymce [ˈtɨmt͡sɛ] (Ukrainian: Тимці, Tymtsi) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubaczów, within Lubaczów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine  It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Lubaczów and 90 km (56 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów The village has a population of 307 
Passage 17:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 
Passage 18:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 19:
Confederate Arizona
Arizona Territory, colloquially referred to as Confederate Arizona, was an organized incorporated territory of the Confederate States that existed from August 1, 1861 to May 26, 1865, when the Confederate States Army Trans-Mississippi Department, commanded by General Edmund Kirby Smith, surrendered at Shreveport, Louisiana  However, after the Battle of Glorieta Pass, the Confederates had to retreat from the territory, and by July 1862, effective Confederate control of the territory had ended 
Delegates to the secession convention had voted in March 1861 to secede from the New Mexico Territory and the Union, and seek to join the Confederacy  It consisted of the portion of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona  The capital was Mesilla, along the southern border  The breakaway region overlapped Arizona Territory, established by the Union government in February 1863 
Arizona was proclaimed a Confederate territory on August 1, 1861, after Colonel John R  Baylor's victory at the Battle of Mesilla  His hold on the area was broken after Glorieta Pass (March 26–28, 1862), the defining battle of the New Mexico Campaign  In July 1862, the Confederate territorial government withdrew to El Paso, Texas  With the approach of Union troops, it relocated to San Antonio, where it remained for the duration of the civil war  The territory continued to be represented in the Confederate States Congress, and Confederate troops continued to fight under the Arizona banner until the war ended 
The political geography of the two Arizona Territories differed in that the Confederate Arizona was approximately the southern half of the historic New Mexico Territory, while the Union-defined Arizona Territory was approximately the western half of what had been New Mexico Territory, which became the basis for present-day Arizona 

Background
Before the start of the war, the land of the current states of New Mexico and Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory and the Gadsden Purchase, which ran parallel to William Walker's Republics of Lower California and Sonora  As early as 1856, the territorial government in Santa Fe had raised concerns about being able to effectively govern the southern part of the territory  It was separated from the rest by the Jornada del Muerto, a difficult stretch of desert 
In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona Territory  The border was to be defined along the 32nd meridian west from Washington  The legislature proposed that all the Indians of New Mexico would be removed to northern Arizona 
In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, the territory called a convention and 31 delegates met in Tucson  In July 1860, the convention drafted a constitution for a "Territory of Arizona" to be organized out of the New Mexico Territory south of 34th parallel north  The convention elected Lewis S  Owings as the Territorial Governor, and elected a delegate to Congress 
Anti-slavery Representatives opposed creating a new territory, as they feared it had the potential to become a slave state  Many people in the area were pro-slavery, with business connections in southern states, from which some had migrated  In addition, all of this new territory lay below the old Missouri Compromise line of demarcation between slave and free states 
Since the proceedings of the Tucson convention were never ratified by the United States Congress, the Provisional Territory was not considered a legal entity  For a time it operated as a de facto, if not de jure, government for the intended Arizona Territory  Lewis S  Owings, Governor of the Provisional Territory, appointed James Henry Tevis to raise the first Territorial Militia  This comprised three companies of Arizona Rangers for the protection of the Territory from marauding Apaches and bandits  Two companies were raised in the Pinos Altos mining camp, and another at Mesilla 

Secession
After the start of the American Civil War, support for the Confederacy was strong in the southern part of the New Mexico Territory  Some residents felt neglected by the United States government  They worried about the lack of sufficient troops to fight the Apache  These Native Americans were attacking White settlers, killing off ranchers and mining camps all over Traditional Arizona   This became open warfare following the February 3–9, 1861 Bascom Affair, that brought Cochise into the war   Arizona settlers were also disturbed by the closing of the Butterfield Overland Mail route and their stations in March 1861, which had connected the Arizona frontier colonies to the East and California 
In March 1861, the citizens of Mesilla called a secession convention to join the Confederacy  On March 16 the convention adopted a secession ordinance, citing the region's common interests and geography with the Confederacy, their political sympathy with the Southern secession movement, their opposition to the "sectional" party, the "Black" Republicans, the need of frontier protection, and the loss of postal service routes under the United States government, as reasons for their separation  The ordinance proposed the question of secession to the western portions of the territory  On March 28 a second convention in present-day Tucson met and ratified the ordinance  The conventions subsequently established a provisional territorial government for the Confederate "Territory of Arizona " Owings was elected again as provisional governor and Granville Henderson Oury was chosen as a delegate to petition for the territory's admission into the Confederacy 

Confederate units
Arizona Militia (1860–1862)
Arizona Guards (Pinos Altos mining camp)
Arizona Rangers (Mesilla)
Minute Men (Pinos Altos mining camp)
Herbert's Battalion, Arizona Cavalry (1862–1863)
Capt  Thomas Helm's Company (Arizona Guards)
Capt  G  H  Oury's Company (Arizona Rangers)
Capt  R  L  Swope's Company (Arizona Rangers)

Major campaigns
Arizona was thought to be important to the role of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War primarily because it offered Confederate access to California  Consequently, it was the scene of several important battles in the war's Trans-Mississippi Theater 
In July 1861 a force under Lieutenant-Colonel John R  Baylor arrived in El Paso, Texas across the border from Mesilla  With support from the secessionist residents of Mesilla, Baylor's 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles entered the territory and took a position in the town on July 25  Union forces under Major Isaac Lynde at nearby Fort Fillmore prepared to attack Baylor  On July 25 the two armies met outside of town at the Battle of Mesilla in a brief engagement in which the Union troops were defeated 
Major Lynde then abandoned Fort Fillmore and began a march north to join the troops at Fort Craig under Colonel Edward R  S  Canby  However, his retreat came to a halt in severe heat and was overtaken by Baylor  Lynde surrendered his command without a shot fired at San Augustine Springs, in the Organ Mountains On August 1, 1861, the victorious Baylor proclaimed the existence of a Confederate Arizona Territory, which comprised the area defined in the Tucson convention the previous year  He appointed himself as permanent governor  Among his cabinet members was the Mesilla attorney Marcus H  MacWillie, who served as the territorial attorney general The next month, Baylor's cavalrymen under Bethel Coopwood, marched north from Camp Robledo along the Rio Grande and surprised a Union force of New Mexican militia cavalry in a small engagement west of the Rio Grande at the village of Canada Alamosa, ending with another Confederate victory and the capture of 25 men of that unit including its commander  The next day after disarming and paroling the captured New Mexican enlisted men, Coopwood retired southward along the west bank of the river with the two captured Union officers and an NCO to a camp 15 miles to the north of Fort Thorn   There a Union column of Mounted Infantry sent to relieve the New Mexican militia force caught up with Coopwood, and skirmished for a few hours with the Confederates until their ammunition was depleted, forcing the Mounted Infantry to retire northward to their base at Fort Craig 
The proposal to organize the Confederate Territory of Arizona was passed by the Confederate Congress in early 1862 and proclaimed by President Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862  Coincidentally, Arizona statehood was approved exactly fifty years later on February 14, 1912 

Efforts by the Confederacy to secure control of the region led to the New Mexico Campaign  Baylor sent Company A, Arizona Rangers to Tucson to protect the population from the Apache and delay the advance of Union troops from Fort Yuma 
In 1862 Baylor was ousted as governor of the territory by President Davis, and the Confederate loss at the Battle of Glorieta Pass forced Confederate retreat from the territory  On March 30, Union forces fought a smaller engagement against a detachment of Company A, Arizona Rangers, a Confederate force destroying supply depots along the California Column route of advance on the Gila River, 80 miles east of its base at Fort Yuma  This skirmish, known as the Battle of Stanwix Station, was the westernmost engagement of regular forces in the Civil War, and successfully delayed the advance of the California forces 
The following month a small picket troop of the Rangers north of Tucson fought with an equally small Union cavalry patrol from the California Column in the so-called Battle of Picacho Pass again delaying the advance of the California Column to Tucson 
By July 1862, Union forces of the California Column were approaching the territorial capital of Mesilla from the west but severe flooding of the Rio Grande barred their way and they had to divert north to Fort Thorn and the San Diego Crossing and wait two weeks for the water to fall enough for a crossing   With Canby advancing down the east bank of the Rio Grande and the loss of control of the countryside to New Mexican guerillas after the Second Battle of Mesilla the Confederates abandoned Mesilla and retreated south to Franklin, Texas 
In 1862 the California Column volunteers who fought at Stanwix Station and Picacho Pass fought at the Battle of Apache Pass against 500 Apaches  The battle is considered part of the American Civil War  There were also several engagements between Apaches and Confederates  The Battle of Dragoon Springs marks the only known Confederate combat deaths in the modern confines of Arizona  Other engagements include the Siege of Tubac, the Battle of Cookes Canyon, the Battle of the Florida Mountains, the Battle of Pinos Altos and a number of other smaller skirmishes and massacres 
The territorial government relocated to Franklin, then with Confederate military units retreated to San Antonio abandoning West Texas  For the rest of the war, California Column troops controlled all of Confederate Arizona, Franklin and Fort Quitman in West Texas   The government in exile remained in Texas for the duration of the war, although MacWillie continued to represent the territory in the First and 2nd Confederate States Congresses  Minor resistance in Arizona continued at the partisan level, and Confederate units under the banner of Arizona fought until the end of the war in May 1865 

See also
List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century
New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

Notes



ground_truth: Matthew Lawrence