prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the manufacturer of the Kentucky Tavern headquarters location saints symbol called?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pine Mountain State Resort Park
Pine Mountain State Resort Park is a Kentucky state park located in Bell County, southeastern Kentucky, United States  Located on part of the Pine Mountain ridge in the Appalachians, the park opened in 1924 as Kentucky's first state park  
Each spring since 1933, the park has hosted the annual Kentucky Mountain Laurel Festival   A portion of the park is legally dedicated as a nature preserve by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves 

History
When Pine Mountain State Resort Park was established in 1926, it was named Cumberland State Park  The name was changed in 1938 in order to avoid confusion with the newly formed Cumberland Falls State Resort Park  During the park's early years, there was little development  In 1933, during the Great Depression, President Franklin D  Roosevelt assigned the Civilian Conservation Corps to numerous infrastructure projects  At this park, they began constructing the main office building, cabins, roads, bridges, shelters, and hiking trails, creating a resource for all the citizens 
In the 1960s, the Kentucky State Park System began updating their parks  For Pine Mountain State Park, they constructed a new wing to the lodge, adding 30 more guest rooms; they also built 10 additional cottages, a swimming pool, and a golf course  Today, the park serves as one of southeastern Kentucky's premier state parks 

Amenities and recreation
Herndon J  Evans Lodge - The lodge has 30 guest rooms 
Mountain View Restaurant - seats 125 people and has a private dining area that seats 25 people 
Wasioto Winds Golf Course - This 18-hole golf course was ranked fourth in the nation by Golf Digest Magazine in January 2003 as among the Best New Affordable Public Golf Courses 
Cottages - The park has nine one-bedroom cabins that were built by the CCC in the 1930s  It also has eleven modern, two-bedroom cabins, built in the 1970s 
Chained Rock - During the 1930s, the people of Pineville, Kentucky decided to create a new tourist attraction  In 1933, a group of people hauled a 101-foot-long chain to the top of Pine Mountain and attached it to a massive boulder that loomed above the town  They said the rock was chained to the mountain in order to keep it from rolling down the mountain and destroying the city 
Other attractions -  Miniature golf, swimming, hiking, Ray Harm artworks (displayed throughout the lodge, restaurant, and convention center), interpretive center, playgrounds, picnicking, and gift shop (at the front desk) 

Events
Elk Viewing Tours - (January, September–December)
Kentucky Writers Workshop - (March)
Kentucky Mountain Laurel Festival - (May)
Great American Dulcimer Convention - (September)
Passage 2:
South Portsmouth, Kentucky
South Portsmouth is an unincorporated community in Greenup County, Kentucky, United States  South Portsmouth is located on the Ohio River across from Portsmouth, Ohio and 3 miles (4 8 km) west of South Shore, Kentucky  Kentucky Route 8 passes through the community South Portsmouth was originally called Springville due to the numerous springs in the area  Springville was incorporated as a town on March 3, 1876  The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad built a track through the community in the early 1900s  Subsequently the name of the community was changed to South Portsmouth, presumably to indicate its location and strengthen its connection with Portsmouth, Ohio, a city of more than 20,000 people An Amtrak train station, South Portsmouth-South Shore station, is located just east of South Portsmouth 
South Portsmouth is the site of an 18th-Century Shawnee Indian village called Lower Shawneetown 

Notable person
Charles Kinney (1850-1918) - Ohio Secretary of State
Passage 3:
Kentucky Tavern
Kentucky Tavern is a brand of straight bourbon whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company at the Barton Distillery located in Bardstown, Kentucky, who acquired the brand from United Distillers in 1995  The brand was originally produced and owned by the R  Monarch Distillery (RD #24, 2nd Dist ) of Owensboro, Kentucky, which entered bankruptcy in 1898 and was purchased by James Thompson in 1901 who renamed the company Glenmore Distillery Company with locations in Owensboro and Louisville, Kentucky  In 1903 the Kentucky Tavern trademark was first registered  Glenmore proved a successful and durable company, its main brand being Kentucky Tavern  It is usually produced as an 80 proof liquor, although a 100 proof is also available 
It bears resemblance in color and flavor to that of Kentucky Gentleman, which is also produced by Barton Distilleries 
Kentucky Tavern is relatively affordable for bourbon and can be purchased in 200 ml, 375 mL, 750 mL, 1 L and 1 75 L quantities 
In March 2009, the Sazerac Company of New Orleans purchased the Tom Moore distillery and many brands owned by Constellation Spirits (formerly Barton Brands) as part of a $334 million transaction 
In 2019 the whisky was awarded the Bronze by World Whiskies Awards for 'Best Kentucky Bourbon' 
Passage 4:
Mattingly, Kentucky
Mattingly is an unincorporated community in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, United States  Mattingly is located around the intersection of Kentucky Route 992 and Kentucky Route 629, 7 9 miles (12 7 km) west of Hardinsburg 

History
Its original name was Balltown, prior to the post office opening there in 1881  Some of the early settlers were the Balls, Bateses, Franks, Harrises, McQuadys, Mullens and Pates   The name Mattingly probably comes from the name of its first post master 
Passage 5:
Roff, Kentucky
Roff is an unincorporated community in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, United States  Roff is located on Kentucky Route 79, 8 5 miles (13 7 km) south-southeast of Hardinsburg 
Passage 6:
Prysmian Group
Prysmian S p A  is an Italian company with headquarters in Milan, specialising in the production of electrical cable for use in the energy and telecom sectors and for optical fibres  Prysmian is present in North America with 23 plants, 48 in Europe, 13 in LATAM, 7 MEAT, 13 APAC 
It is the world leader in the production of cables for wind farms  The company is listed on the Milan Stock Exchange in the FTSE MIB index 
On 4 December 2017, it took over 100% of the General Cable group in the US, to then complete the merger by incorporation the following year, after the antitrust approval by the respective countries 

History
The beginning
The company originated in 1879 as Pirelli Cavi e Sistemi  In 1881, it secured a contract to produce submarine telegraph cables for military engineering In 1886, it opened a submarine cable production plant in La Spezia  It later helped to lay the entire Italian telegraph network on behalf of the Italian state-owned company Telegrafi dello Stato, and to install the electrical grid for domestic use in Milan  It also laid telegraph cables in the colonies of Italian East Africa In 1925, it produced 5,150 km of submarine telegraph cabling for Italcable for communications between Italy and South America  Its collaboration with the Italian government continued with the laying of cables for the Italian interurban telephone network 

Prysmian
In 2005, Prysmian S r l  was created by Goldman Sachs after acquiring Pirelli & C  S p A's Cables and Systems business  After restructuring the organisation of the group's internal activities, the company decided to sell down its investment in the cable market  The figure negotiated was EUR 1 3 billion: Goldman Sachs gave Pirelli 225 million and the rest (more than one billion) was a debt that would be paid off the back of the new business  The company, led by Valerio Battista from 2005, was then a public company Since 3 May 2007, it has been listed on the Milan Stock Exchange and on 24 September 2007 it joined the S&P MIB index of the biggest Italian companies 
At the end of 2009, Goldman Sachs decided to sell down its stake, which was completed in March 2010 In February 2011, Prysmian successfully made a takeover bid of EUR 840 million for Dutch company Draka, with headquarters in Eindhoven, which at the time was fourth in the world in the cable and optical fibre sector In December 2017, it bought the American (and rival) company General Cable based in Kentucky  A transaction of almost three billion dollars, consisting of equity (1 5 billion) and financial debt  This merged the leading cable-making company in the world in terms of revenue (Prysmian) and the fourth (General Cable), creating a group with a revenue of EUR 10 billion, EBIDTA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation) of EUR 840 million and over 28,000 employees 

Acquisition of General Cable
The General Cable group was valued at 3 billion dollars with a price premium of approximately 81% to General Cable's share value on the last day of trading The acquisition was unanimously approved by the two Boards of Directors and would create a company present in 50 countries with 31,000 employees, which could generate revenue of 11 billion dollars a year, based on estimates from the 2017 financial statements  The integration was expected to cost 220 million dollars  The price per share paid to General Cable was 30 dollars, versus a Prysmian dividend that was halved in 2011 after the acquisition of Draka, and stable at 43 cents per share  The General Cable group has one billion dollars of debt Already the leading cable company in the world, with such "pro-forma" earnings, it would become twice as large as its second main competitor  Prysmian declared that it expects to increase its capital by more than 500 million in light of further acquisitions The transaction was subject to approval by the antitrust authorities of the two countries Its completion would create a market concentration in a strategic sector for public safety and economic development, which was already established by no more than ten competitors across Italy, the US and China  Other oligopolies exist in the fixed and mobile telephony sectors in various countries, partly due to the existence of natural monopolies 

Activity
The company is the global leader in the cable systems sector  Specifically, Prysmian produces and lays underground and submarine cables for the transmission and distribution of electricity, as well as specialised cables for use in various industrial contexts, and medium- and low-voltage cables for construction and infrastructure  For telecoms, the Group produces copper cables, optical cables and optical fibre cables for the transmission of data, video and sound 
On the customer's request, Prysmian also Designs and produces key systems and takes care of post-installation maintenance 
Every year, Prysmian invests more than EUR 100 million in research and development  This has allowed the Group to develop innovations like BendBrightXS 180μm, the narrowest bend-insensitive optical fibre, and FlexRibbon, which, with 6,912 fibres, is the optical cable with the highest number of fibres in the sector 
The company also developed the P-Laser technology for cabling systems, which combines greater transmission capacity and eco-sustainability, using 100% recyclable materials and cutting carbon emissions by 40% 
By 2022, Prysmian has planned to invest around EUR 450 million to net-zero the Group's CO2 emissions and improve the sustainability of its supply chain  An ambitious commitment, aligned with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, which would be executed with support from the non-profit organisation Carbon Trust 
For 2021, Prysmian confirmed the launch of the new Leonardo da Vinci cable-laying vessel, which will be the longest in the world at 171 metres 
In Italy, Prysmian is active in Merlino, Giovinazzo, Pignataro Maggiore, Quattordio, Livorno, Pozzuoli and Battipaglia 
Since the acquisition of General Cable, it is present in more than 50 countries with 104 facilities and over 28,000 employees 

Shareholders
BlackRock, Inc  – 5 2%
UBS AG – 4 0%
T  Rowe Price Group, Inc  – 3 9%
Crédit Agricole S A  – 3 7%
Sun Life Financial, Inc  – 3 2%
AXA S A  – 3 1%
Schroders PLC – 3 0%
The Vanguard Group, Inc  – 2 8%
Hardman Johnston Global Advisors LLC – 2 7%
Others – 68 4%Nasdaq, January 2021 

See also
Nexans
Sumitomo Electric Industries
Passage 7:
Sazerac
The Sazerac is a local variation of a cognac or whiskey cocktail originally from New Orleans, named for the Sazerac de Forge et Fils brand of cognac brandy that served as its original main ingredient  The drink is most traditionally a combination of
cognac or rye whiskey, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey is sometimes substituted for the rye and Herbsaint is sometimes substituted for the absinthe  Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in antebellum New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word cocktail to describe a mixture of spirits, bitters, and sugar can be traced to the dawn of the 19th century 

Characteristics
The defining feature of the Sazerac is its method of preparation, which commonly involves two chilled old-fashioned glasses  The first glass is swirled with a wash of absinthe for its flavor and strong scent  The second glass is used to combine the remaining ingredients, which are stirred with ice, then strained into the first glass  Various anisettes such as pastis, Pernod, or Herbsaint are common substitutes when absinthe is unavailable  In New Orleans, Herbsaint is most commonly used due to the absence of absinthe in the U S  market from 1912 until 2007 

History
Around 1850, Sewell T  Taylor sold his New Orleans bar, the Merchants Exchange Coffee House, to become an importer of spirits, and he began to import a brand of cognac named Sazerac-de-Forge et Fils  Meanwhile, Aaron Bird assumed proprietorship of the Merchants Exchange and changed its name to Sazerac Coffee House  On October 2, 2019, the Sazerac House opened to the public as a museum and immersive experience that shares the history of the New Orleans cocktail culture, including the Sazerac Legend has it that Bird began serving the "Sazerac Cocktail", made with Sazerac cognac imported by Taylor, and allegedly with bitters being made by the local apothecary, Antoine Amedie Peychaud  The Sazerac Coffee House subsequently changed hands several times, until around 1870 Thomas Handy became its proprietor  It is around this time that the primary ingredient changed from cognac to rye whiskey, due to the phylloxera epidemic in Europe that devastated the vineyards of France At some point before his death in 1889, Handy recorded the recipe for the cocktail, which made its first printed appearance in William T  "Cocktail Bill" Boothby's The World's Drinks and How to Mix Them (1908), although his recipe calls for Selner Bitters, not Peychaud's  After absinthe was banned in the United States in 1912, it was replaced by various anise-flavored liqueurs, most notably the locally produced Herbsaint, which first appeared in 1934 By the early 20th century, simple cocktails like the Sazerac had become rare, which eventually rekindled their popularity The creation of the Sazerac has also been credited to Antoine Amédée Peychaud, a Creole apothecary who emigrated to New Orleans from the West Indies and set up shop in the French Quarter in the early 19th century  He was known to dispense a proprietary mix of aromatic bitters from an old family recipe  
According to popular myth, he served his drink in the large end of an egg cup that was called a coquetier in French, and the Americanized mispronunciation resulted in the name cocktail  This belief was debunked when people discovered that the term "cocktail" as a type of drink first appeared in print at least as far back as 1803—and was defined in print in 1806 as, "a mixture of spirits of any kind, water, sugar and bitters, vulgarly called a bittered sling" 

Official cocktail of New Orleans
In March 2008, Louisiana state senator Edwin R  Murray (D-New Orleans) filed Senate Bill 6 designating the Sazerac as Louisiana's official state cocktail  The bill was defeated on April 8, 2008  After further debate, on June 23, 2008, the Louisiana Legislature agreed to proclaim the Sazerac as New Orleans' official cocktail In 2011, as a writer for the HBO TV series Treme, Anthony Bourdain penned a scene in which chef Janette Desautel (played by Kim Dickens) tosses one in the face of restaurant critic and food writer Alan Richman (appearing as himself)  Richman had angered many New Orleanians in 2006 with an article in the magazine GQ, in which he criticized New Orleans' food culture post-Hurricane Katrina  Despite reservations, he agreed to participate in the scene and called Sazerac "a good choice of weaponry, because it symbolizes the city", despite a running feud with Bourdain over, among other things, the review 

Similar cocktails
A cocktail named the Zazarack was included in the 1910 version of Jack's Manual, an early bartender's reference written by Jacob "Jack" Grohusko, the head bartender at Baracca's restaurant in New York  It is essentially the same cocktail as the Sazerac, but called for bourbon (and not rye) instead of cognac Later versions of the drink were spelled Zazarac and added rum, and are thought by some to be a variant of the Sazerac, although it might have originated completely independently of the more famous drink 

Brands
Sazerac is also a brand of rye whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company 

See also
List of cocktails
Old Fashioned
Passage 8:
Tyrone Generating Station
The Tyrone Generating Station was a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by Kentucky Utilities near Versailles, Kentucky  It is located 15 miles west of Lexington, Kentucky  It was retired in 2016 and demolished in 2019 According to Kentucky Utilities, the plant's owner's website, it was retired in 2013 

Emissions data
CO2 emissions: 468,036 tons (2005)
SO2 emissions: 3,192 tons (2005)
SO2 emissions per MWh: 17 94 lb/MWh (2005)
NOx emissions: 955 tons (2005)
Mercury emissions:

See also
Coal mining in Kentucky
Passage 9:
Fleur-de-lis
The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural fleurs-de-lis or fleurs-de-lys), is a common heraldic charge in the shape of a lily (in French, fleur and lis mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively)  Most notably, the fleur-de-lis is depicted on the traditional coat of arms of France that was used from the High Middle Ages until the French Revolution in 1792, and then again in brief periods in the 19th century  This design still represents France and the House of Bourbon in the form of marshalling in e g  the arms of Spain, Quebec and Canada 
Other European nations have also employed the symbol  The fleur-de-lis became "at one and the same time, religious, political, dynastic, artistic, emblematic, and symbolic," especially in French heraldry  The Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph are among saints often depicted with a lily 
The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C ⚜  in the Miscellaneous Symbols block 

Origin
The fleur-de-lis is widely thought to be a stylized version of the species Iris pseudacorus, or Iris florentina  However, the lily (genus Lilium, family Liliaceae) and the iris (family Iridaceae) are two different plants, phylogenetically and taxonomically unrelated  Lily (in Italian: giglio) is the name usually associated with the stylized flower in the Florentine heraldic devices 
Decorative ornaments that resemble the fleur-de-lis have appeared in artwork from the earliest human civilizations  According to Pierre-Augustin Boissier de Sauvages, an 18th-century French naturalist and lexicographer:
The old fleurs-de-lis, especially the ones found in our first kings' sceptres, have a lot less in common with ordinary lilies than the flowers called flambas [in Occitan], or irises, from which the name of our own fleur-de-lis may derive  What gives some colour of truth to this hypothesis that we already put forth, is the fact that the French or Franks, before entering Gaul itself, lived for a long time around the river named Lys in the Flanders  Nowadays, this river is still bordered with an exceptional number of irises —as many plants grow for centuries in the same places—: these irises have yellow flowers, which is not a typical feature of lilies but fleurs-de-lis  It was thus understandable that our kings, having to choose a symbolic image for what later became a coat of arms, set their minds on the iris, a flower that was common around their homes, and is also as beautiful as it was remarkable  They called it, in short, the fleur-de-lis, instead of the flower of the river of lis  This flower, or iris, looks like our fleur-de-lis not just because of its yellow colour but also because of its shape: of the six petals, or leaves, that it has, three of them are alternatively straight and meet at their tops  The other three on the opposite, bend down so that the middle one seems to make one with the stalk and only the two ones facing out from left and right can clearly be seen, which is again similar with our fleurs-de-lis, that is to say exclusively the one from the river Luts whose white petals bend down too when the flower blooms 

The heraldist François Velde is known to have expressed the same opinion:
However, a hypothesis ventured in the 17th c  sounds very plausible to me  One species of wild iris, the Iris pseudacorus, yellow flag in English, is yellow and grows in marshes (cf  the azure field, for water)  Its name in German is Lieschblume (also gelbe Schwertlilie), but Liesch was also spelled Lies and Leys in the Middle Ages  It is easy to imagine that, in Northern France, the Lieschblume would have been called 'fleur-de-lis'  This would explain the name and the formal origin of the design, as a stylized yellow flag  There is a fanciful legend about Clovis which links the yellow flag explicitly with the French coat of arms 
Sauvages' hypothesis seems to be supported by the archaic English spelling fleur-de-luce and by the Luts's variant name Lits 

Alternative derivations
Another (debated) hypothesis is that the symbol derives from the angon or sting,  a typical Frankish throwing spear  The medieval Bec de Corban, a bladed and hooked polearm, bears similarities to the symbol as well  
A possibly derived symbol of Frankish royalty was the bee, of similar shape, as found in the burial of Childric I, whose royal see of power over the Salian Franks was based over the valley of the Lys Other imaginative explanations include the shape having been developed from the image of a dove descending, which is the symbol of the Holy Ghost 

Ancient usages
It has consistently been used as a royal emblem, though different cultures have interpreted its meaning in varying ways  Gaulish coins show the first Western designs which look similar to modern fleurs-de-lis  In the East it was found on the gold helmet of a Scythian king uncovered at the Ak-Burun kurgan and conserved in Saint Petersburg's Hermitage Museum 

Heraldic use
France
While the fleur-de-lis has appeared on countless European coats of arms and flags over the centuries, it is particularly associated with the French monarchy in a historical context and continues to appear in the arms of the king of Spain (from the French House of Bourbon), the grand duke of Luxembourg, and members of the House of Bourbon  It remains an enduring symbol of France which appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics  According to French historian Georges Duby, the three petals represent the three medieval social estates: the commoners, the nobility, and the clergy Although the origin of the fleur-de-lis is unclear, it has retained an association with French nobility  It is widely used in French city emblems as in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt, and Calais  Some cities that had been particularly faithful to the French Crown were awarded a heraldic augmentation of two or three fleurs-de-lis on the chief of their coat of arms; such cities include Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Reims, Le Havre, Angers, Le Mans, Aix-en-Provence, Tours, Limoges, Amiens, Orléans, Rouen, Argenteuil, Poitiers, Chartres, and Laon, among others  The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom  It has appeared on the coat-of-arms of other historical provinces of France including Burgundy, Anjou, Picardy, Berry, Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Maine, Touraine, Artois, Dauphiné, Saintonge, and the County of La Marche  Many of the current French departments use the symbol on their coats-of-arms to express this heritage 

The graphic evolution of crita to fleur-de-lis was accompanied by textual allegory  By the late 13th century, an allegorical poem by Guillaume de Nangis (d  1300), written at Joyenval Abbey in Chambourcy, relates how the golden lilies on an azure ground were miraculously substituted for the crescents on Clovis' shield, a projection into the past of contemporary images of heraldry The fleur-de-lis' symbolic origins with French monarchs may stem from the baptismal lily used in the crowning of King Clovis I  The French monarchy may have adopted the Fleur-de-lis for its royal coat of arms as a symbol of purity to commemorate the conversion of Clovis I, and a reminder of the Fleur-de-lis ampulla that held the oil used to anoint the king  So, the fleur-de-lis stood as a symbol of the king's divinely approved right to rule  The thus "anointed" kings of France later maintained that their authority was directly from God  A legend enhances the mystique of royalty by informing us that a vial of oil—the Holy Ampulla—descended from Heaven to anoint and sanctify Clovis as King, descending directly on Clovis or perhaps brought by a dove to Saint Remigius  One version explains that an angel descended with the Fleur-de-lis ampulla to anoint the king  Another story tells of Clovis putting a flower in his helmet just before his victory at the Battle of Vouillé  Through this propagandist connection to Clovis, the fleur-de-lis has been taken in retrospect to symbolize all the Christian Frankish kings, most notably Charlemagne In the 14th-century French writers asserted that the monarchy of France, which developed from the Kingdom of the West Franks, could trace its heritage back to the divine gift of royal arms received by Clovis  This story has remained popular, even though modern scholarship has established that the fleur-de-lis was a religious symbol before it was a true heraldic symbol  Along with true lilies, it was associated with the Virgin Mary, and in the 12th century Louis VI and Louis VII (House of Capet) started to use the emblem, on sceptres for example, so connecting their rulership with this symbol of saintliness and divine right  Louis VII ordered the use of fleur-de-lis clothing in his son Philip's coronation in 1179, while the first visual evidence of clearly heraldic use dates from 1211: a seal showing the future Louis VIII and his shield strewn with the "flowers"  Until the late 14th century the French royal coat of arms was Azure semé-de-lis Or (a blue shield "sown" (semé) with a scattering of small golden fleurs-de-lis), but Charles V of France changed the design from an all-over scattering to a group of three in about 1376  These two coats are known in heraldic terminology as France Ancient and France Modern, respectively 

In the reign of King Louis IX (St  Louis) the three petals of the flower were said to represent faith, wisdom and chivalry, and to be a sign of divine favour bestowed on France  During the next century, the 14th, the tradition of Trinity symbolism was established in France, and then spread elsewhere In 1328, King Edward III of England inherited a claim to the crown of France, and in about 1340 he quartered France Ancient with the arms of Plantagenet, as "arms of pretence"    After the kings of France adopted France Modern, the kings of England adopted the new design as quarterings from about 1411  The monarchs of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to quarter the French arms until 1801, when George III abandoned his formal claim to the French throne King Charles VII ennobled Joan of Arc's family on 29 December 1429 with an inheritable symbolic denomination  The Chamber of Accounts in France registered the family's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430  The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys 

France Moderne
France moderne remained the French royal standard, and with a white background was the French national flag until the French Revolution, when it was replaced by the tricolor of modern-day France  The fleur-de-lis was restored to the French flag in 1814, but replaced once again after the revolution against Charles X of France in 1830  In a very strange turn of events after the end of the Second French Empire, where a flag apparently influenced the course of history, Henri, comte de Chambord, was offered the throne as King of France, but he agreed only if France gave up the tricolor and brought back the white flag with fleurs-de-lis  His condition was rejected and France became a republic 

Other contries
In Brazil, the city of Joinville has three fleurs-de-lis surmounted with a label of three points on its flag and coat of arms  Due to the city is named after François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville, son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, who married Princess Francisca of Brazil in 1843 
The fleur-de-lis appears on the coat of Guadeloupe, an overseas département of France in the Caribbean, Saint Barthélemy, an overseas collectivity of France, and French Guiana  The overseas department of Réunion in the Indian Ocean uses the same feature  It appears on the coat of Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius which was named in honour of King Louis XV  On the coat of arms of Saint Lucia it represents the French heritage of the country 
In Ukraine, the Foreign Intelligence Service used the emblem with the coat of arms of Ukraine in conjunction with four golden fleurs-de-lis, along with the motto "Omnia, Vincit, Veritas" 

Municipal coats-of-arms
Fleurs-de-lis feature prominently in the Crown Jewels of England and Scotland  In English heraldry, they are used in many different ways, and can be the cadency mark of the sixth son  Additionally, it features in a large number of royal arms of the House of Plantagenet, from the 13th century onwards to the early Tudors (Elizabeth of York and the de la Pole family) The tressure flory–counterflory (flowered border) has been a prominent part of the design of the Scottish royal arms and Royal Standard since James I of Scotland 

In Italy, fleurs-de-lis have been used for some papal crowns and coats of arms, the Farnese Dukes of Parma, and by some doges of Venice The fleur-de-lis was also the symbol of the House of Kotromanić, a ruling house in medieval Bosnia allegedly in recognition of the Capetian House of Anjou, where the flower is thought of as a Lilium bosniacum  Today, fleur-de-lis is a national symbol of Bosniaks Other countries include Spain in recognition of rulers from the House of Bourbon  Coins minted in 14th-century Romania, from the region that was the Principality of Moldova at the time, ruled by Petru I Mușat, carry the fleur-de-lis symbol As a dynastic emblem it has also been very widely used: not only by noble families but also, for example, by the Fuggers, a medieval banking family 
Three fleurs-de-lis appeared in the personal coat of arms of Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt who ruled the Malta between 1601 and 1622  His nephew Adrien de Wignacourt, who was Grandmaster himself from 1690 to 1697, also had a similar coat of arms with three fleurs-de-lis 
The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread: among the numerous cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word 'lily', for example, Liljendal, Finland, and Lelystad, Netherlands  This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology  Other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden and Darmstadt in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania  The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats In Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms  These are derived from an arch which was part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct that had three sculpted fleurs-de-lis on top, as they were the heraldic symbols of Alof de Wignacourt, the Grand Master who financed its building  Another suburb which developed around the area became known as Fleur-de-Lys, and it also features a red fleur-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms 

Albania
In Albania, fleur-de-lys (alb: Lulja e Zambakut) has been always associated with the Noble House of Topia  After the Ottoman invasion of Albania, the symbol was removed by the Toptani family, a branch of the Topia Family 

Belarus
The Belarusian Scouting and Guiding organization that, while preserving the traditions of the past, uses a fleur-de-lis as a symbol 

Bosnia and Herzegovina
The golden lily is a traditional symbol of the Bosniak people  The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily, Lilium bosniacum  This emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998  The state insignia were changed in 1999  The former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy  Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of many cantons, municipalities, cities and towns  It is still used as official insignia of the Bosniak Regiment of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Canada
The Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon Flag"  symbolizing royal France, was the most commonly used flag in New France  The  "Bourbon Flag" has three gold fleur-de-lis on a dark blue field arranged two and one  The fleur-de-lys was also seen on New France's currency often referred to as "card money"  The white Royal Banner of France was used by the military of New France and was seen on naval vessels and forts of New France  After the fall of New France to the British Empire the fleur-de-lys remained visible on churches and remained part of French cultural symbolism  There are many French-speaking Canadians for whom the fleur-de-lis remains a symbol of their French cultural identity  Québécois, Franco-Ontarians, Franco-Ténois and Franco-Albertans, feature the fleur-de-lis prominently on their flags 
The Fleur-de-lys, as a traditional Royal symbol in Canada, has been incorporated into many national symbols, provincial symbols and
municipal symbols, The Canadian Red Ensign that served as the nautical flag and civil ensign for Canada from 1892 to 1965 and later as an informal flag of Canada before 1965 featured the traditional number of three golden fleur-de-lys on a blue background  The Arms of Canada throughout its variations has used fleur-de-lys, beginning in 1921 and subsequent various has featuring the blue "Bourbon Flag" in two locations within arms  The Canadian Royal cypher and the Arms of Canada feature St Edward's Crown that displays five cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys   The fleur-de-lis is featured on the flag of Quebec, known as the Fleurdelisé, as well as the flags of the cities of Montreal, Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières 

Italy
In Italy, the fleur de lis - called giglio bottonato (it) - is mainly known from the crest of the city of Florence  In the Florentine fleurs-de-lis  the stamens are always posed between the petals  Originally argent (silver or white) on gules (red) background, the emblem became the standard of the imperial party in Florence (parte ghibellina), causing the town government, which maintained a staunch Guelph stance, being strongly opposed to the imperial pretensions on city states, to reverse the color pattern to the final gules lily on argent background  This heraldic charge is often known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional (stamen-not-shown) design  As an emblem of the city, it is therefore found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop, and associated with Florence's patron Saint John the Baptist in the Florentine fiorino  Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens 

Lithuania
The design of the arms of Jurbarkas is believed to originate from the arms of the Sapieha house, a Lithuanian noble family which was responsible for Jurbarkas receiving city rights and a coat of arms in 1611 The three fleurs-de-lis design on the Jurbarkas coat of arms was abolished during the final years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but officially restored in 1993 after the independence of present-day Lithuania was re-established  Before restoration, several variant designs, such as using one over two fleurs-de-lis, had been restored and abolished  The original two over one version was briefly readopted in 1970 during the Soviet occupation, but abolished that same year 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a fleur-de-lis has appeared in the official arms of the Norroy King of Arms for hundreds of years  A silver fleur-de-lis on a blue background is the arms of the Barons Digby In English and Canadian heraldry the fleur-de-lis is the cadence mark of a sixth son It can also be found on the arms of the Scottish clan Chiefs of both Carruthers; Gules two engrailed chevrons between three fleur-d-lis Or and the Brouns/Browns: Gules a chevron between three fleur d-lis Or 

United States
Fleurs-de-lis crossed the Atlantic along with Europeans going to the New World, especially with French settlers  Their presence on North American flags and coats of arms usually recalls the involvement of French settlers in New France of the town or region concerned, and in some cases the persisting presence there of a population descended from such settlers 

In the US, the fleur-de-lis symbols tend to be along or near the Mississippi and Missouri rivers  These are areas of strong French colonial empire settlement  Some of the places that have it in their flag or seal are the cities of Baton Rouge, Detroit, Lafayette, Louisville, Mobile, New Orleans, Ocean Springs and St  Louis  On 9 July 2008, Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal signed a bill into law making the fleur-de-lis an official symbol of the state  Following Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005, the fleur-de-lis has been widely used in New Orleans and throughout Louisiana, as a symbol of grassroots support for New Orleans' recovery  The coat of arms of St  Augustine, Florida has a fleur-de-lis on the first quarter, due to its connection with Huguenots  Several counties have flags and seals based on pre-1801 British royal arms also includes fleur-de-lis symbols  They are King George County, Virginia and Prince George's County, Somerset County, Kent County, and Montgomery County in Maryland 
It has also become the symbol for the identity of the Cajuns and Louisiana Creole people, and their French heritage 

Military
Fleurs-de-lis are featured in military healdry  E g , in the United States, the New Jersey Army National Guard unit 112th Field Artillery (Self Propelled)—part of the much larger 42nd Infantry Division Mechanized—which has it in the upper left side of their distinctive unit insignia; the U S  Army's 2nd Cavalry Regiment, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 62nd Medical Brigade, 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team; and the Corps of Cadets at Louisiana State University   The U S  Air Force's Special Operations Weather Beret Flash also used a fleurs-de-lis in its design, carried over from its Vietnam War era Commando Weatherman Beret Flash  It is also featured by the Israeli Intelligence Corps, and the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force  In the British Army, the fleur-de-lis was the cap badge of the Manchester Regiment from 1922 until 1958, and also its successor, the King's Regiment up to its amalgamation in 2006  It commemorates the capture of French regimental colours by their predecessors, the 63rd Regiment of Foot, during the Invasion of Martinique in 1759  It is also the formation sign of the 2nd (Independent) Armored Brigade of the Indian Army, known as the 7th Indian Cavalry Brigade in First World War, which received the emblem for its actions in France 

In religion and art
In the Middle Ages, the symbols of lily and fleur-de-lis overlapped considerably in Christian religious art  The historian Michel Pastoureau says that until about 1300 they were found in depictions of Jesus, but gradually they took on Marian symbolism and were associated with the Song of Solomon's "lily among thorns" (lilium inter spinas), understood as a reference to Mary  Other scripture and religious literature in which the lily symbolizes purity and chastity also helped establish the flower as an iconographic attribute of the Virgin  It was also believed that the fleur-de-lis represented the Holy Trinity In medieval England, from the mid-12th century, a noblewoman's seal often showed the lady with a fleur-de-lis, drawing on the Marian connotations of "female virtue and spirituality"  Images of Mary holding the flower first appeared in the 11th century on coins issued by cathedrals dedicated to her, and next on the seals of cathedral chapters, starting with Notre Dame de Paris in 1146  A standard portrayal was of Mary carrying the flower in her right hand, just as she is shown in that church's Virgin of Paris statue (with lily), and in the centre of the stained glass rose window (with fleur-de-lis sceptre) above its main entrance  The flowers may be "simple fleurons, sometimes garden lilies, sometimes genuine heraldic fleurs-de-lis"  As attributes of the Madonna, they are often seen in pictures of the Annunciation, notably in those of Sandro Botticelli and Filippo Lippi  Lippi also uses both flowers in other related contexts: for instance, in his Madonna in the Forest 
The three petals of the heraldic design reflect a widespread association with the Holy Trinity, with the band on the bottom symbolizing Mary  The tradition says that without Mary you can not understand the Trinity since it was she who bore the Son  A tradition going back to 14th century France added onto the earlier belief that they also represented faith, wisdom and chivalry  Alternatively, the cord can be seen as representing the one Divine Substance (godhood) of the three Persons, which binds Them together 
"Flower of light" symbolism has sometimes been understood from the archaic variant fleur-de-luce (see Latin lux, luc- = "light"), but the Oxford English Dictionary suggests this arose from the spelling, not from the etymology 

Sports
The fleur-de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag  This is true with the teams from Quebec (Nordiques (ex-NHL), Montreal Expos (ex-MLB) and CF Montréal (MLS)), the teams of New Orleans, Louisiana (Saints (NFL), Pelicans (NBA), and Zephyrs (PCL)), the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien – The Lilies), the Rugby league team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, the NPSL team Detroit City FC Marc-André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur-de-lis logo on his mask  The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St-Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur-de-lis on his right calf  The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F C  has it in their logo  France uses the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 

Education
The emblem appears in coats of arms and logos for universities (like Washington University in St  Louis, Saint Louis University in Spain, University of Lincoln in England and University of Louisiana at Lafayette) and schools such as in Hilton College (South Africa), Adamson University and St  Paul's University in the Philippines  The Lady Knights of the University of Arkansas at Monticello have also adopted the fleur de lis as one of the symbols associated with their coat of arms  The flag of Lincolnshire, adopted in 2005, has a fleur-de-lis for the city of Lincoln  It is one of the symbols of the American sororities Kappa Kappa Gamma and Theta Phi Alpha, the American fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Sigma Alpha Mu, as well as the international co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega  It is also used by the high school and college fraternity Scouts Royale Brotherhood of the Philippines 

Scouting
The fleur-de-lis is the main element in the logo of most Scouting organizations  The symbol was first used by Sir Robert Baden-Powell as an arm-badge for soldiers who qualified as scouts (reconnaissance specialists) in the 5th Dragoon Guards, which he commanded at the end of the 19th century; it was later used in cavalry regiments throughout the British Army until 1921  In 1907, Baden-Powell made brass fleur-de-lis badges for the boys attending his first experimental "Boy Scout" camp at Brownsea Island  In his seminal book Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell referred to the motif as "the arrowhead which shows the North on a map or a compass" and continued; "It is the Badge of the Scout because it points in the right direction and upward    The three points remind you of the three points of the Scout Promise", being duty to God and country, helping others, and keeping the Scout Law  The World Scout Emblem of the World Organization of the Scout Movement has elements which are used by most national Scout organizations  The stars stand for truth and knowledge, the encircling rope for unity, and its reef knot or square knot, service 

Organizations
Fleurs-de-lis appear on military insignia and the logos of many organisations  During the 20th century the symbol was adopted by various Scouting organisations worldwide for their badges  Architects and designers use it alone and as a repeated motif in a wide range of contexts, from ironwork to bookbinding, especially where a French context is implied 

Healdic feature in architecture
In building and architecture, the fleur-de-lis is often placed on top of iron fence posts, as a pointed defence against intruders  It may ornament any tip, point or post with a decorative flourish, for instance, on finials, the arms of a cross, or the point of a gable  The fleur-de-lis can be incorporated in friezes or cornices, although the distinctions between fleur-de-lis, fleuron, and other stylized flowers are not always clear, or can be used as a motif in an all-over tiled pattern, perhaps on a floor 
It may appear in a building for heraldic reasons, as in some English churches where the design paid a compliment to a local lord who used the flower on his coat of arms  Elsewhere the effect seems purely visual, like the crenellations on the 14th-century Muslim Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 
It can also be seen on the doors of the 16th-century Hindu Padmanabhaswamy Temple 

Derived non-heraldic usage
Some modern usage of the fleur-de-lis reflects "the continuing presence of heraldry in everyday life", often intentionally, but also when users are not aware that they are "prolonging the life of centuries-old insignia and emblems" 

The symbol may be used in less traditional ways  After Hurricane Katrina many New Orleanians of varying ages and backgrounds were tattooed with "one of its cultural emblems" as a "memorial" of the storm, according to a researcher at Tulane University  The US Navy Blue Angels have named a looping flight demonstration manoeuvre after the flower as well, and there are even two surgical procedures called "after the fleur "
American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet takes its name from the racing driver Louis Chevrolet, who was born in Switzerland   But, because the Chevrolet name is French, the manufacturer has used the fleur-de-lis emblems on their cars, most notably the Corvette, but also as a small detail in the badges and emblems on the front of a variety of full-size Chevys from the 1950s, and 1960s   The fleur-de-lis has also been featured more prominently in the emblems of the Caprice sedan A fleur-de-lis also appears in some of the logos of local Louisiana media, such as WGNO-TV and WVUE-TV, the local ABC-affiliated and Fox-affiliated television stations in New Orleans respectively 
The fleur-de-lis is one of the objects to drop during the New Year's Eve celebrations in New Orleans, which was broadcast for the first time during Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve '17 with Ryan Seacrest 
New Orleans sludge metal band Crowbar use it as a logo  It's appeared on every album cover since Lifesblood for the Downtrodden and is sometimes incorporated into the artwork (on The Serpent Only Lies as a snake and on Sever the Wicked Hand as a sword's hilt)  The Fleur-de-lis is also used decoratively on fire apparatus 

Compass rose
The symbol is also often used on a compass rose to mark the north direction, a tradition started by the Portuguese cartographer Jorge de Aguiar in his chart of 1492 

Slave branding
In Mauritius, slaves were branded with a fleur-de-lis, when being punished for escaping or stealing food In France, some categories of outlaws were branded with a fleur de lys iron rod as a punishment for crimes involving a banishment sentence  In 1724, the punishment evolved in a system of letters brandings relative to the crime  The fleur de lys became an exclusive punishment for slaves in the colonies 
The fleur-de-lis (or flower de Luce) could be branded on slaves as punishment for certain offenses in French Louisiana   For instance, the Louisiana Code Noir (1724) stated:

XXXII  The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the shoulder: and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder  On the third offence, he shall suffer death" 
The Code Noir was an arrangement of controls received in Louisiana in 1724 from other French settlements around the globe, intended to represent the state's slave populace  Those guidelines included marking slaves with the fleur-de-lis as discipline for fleeing 

In fiction
The symbol has featured in modern fiction on historical and mystical themes, as in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code and other books discussing the Priory of Sion  It recurs in French literature, where examples well known in English translation include Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, a character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo, and the mention in Dumas's The Three Musketeers of the old custom of branding a criminal with the sign (fleurdeliser)  During the reign of Elizabeth I of England, known as the Elizabethan era, it was a standard name for an iris, a usage which lasted for centuries, but occasionally refers to lilies or other flowers  It also appeared in the novel A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole on a sign composed by the protagonist 

In John Steinbeck's East of Eden, Cathy Ames ("Kate") wears a gold watch with a fleur-de-lis pin around her neck A variation on the symbol has also been used in the Star Wars franchise to represent the planet of Naboo  The fleur de lis is also used as the heraldic emblem for the Kingdom of Temeria in Andrzej Sapkowski's fantasy novel series The Witcher 
The fleur de lis has also been used in the TV series The Originals, in which it is used to represent the Mikaelson family, the first vampires in the world  The symbol's representation of unity and its usage in New Orleans where the show is set, are used to represent the vow three of the Mikaelson siblings made to each other that they remain together, always and forever 
The fleur de lis is displayed in Champion, a cavalry unit that appears in Heroes of Might and Magic V: Tribes of the East, and is also a symbol adopted by the Sisters of Battle, a faction in Warhammer 40,000  A heavily stylized fleur de lis symbol can also be recognized as the symbol of the ICA in the Hitman series of video games The Pokémon villain Lysandre; whose debut game was Pokémon X and Y is known in Japan as フラダリ (Furadari); a romanised name for the fleur-de-lis  Relevant is that Pokémon X and Y are inspired by France  Many locations and landmarks across Kalos have real-world inspirations, including Prism Tower (Eiffel Tower), the Lumiose Art Museum (the Louvre) and the stones outside Geosenge Town (Carnac stones) This symbol is also used as the icon for the fictional street gang "Third Street Saints" in the Saints Row series 
The symbol is also seen in the video games Gangstar: New Orleans and Persona 5, on Yusuke Kitagawa's shirt 

See also
Cross fleury
Floral emblem
Armorial of France
The Golden Lily (disambiguation)
Iris florentina
Iris pseudacorus
Jessant-de-lys
Lilium
Palmette
Prince of Wales's feathers
Shamrock
Scottish thistle
Tree of LifeUse of the lily in coinage and coat-of-arms in the Land of Israel/PalestineAcre, Israel, where the Hospitaller refectory contains two early depictions of the French fleur-de-lis
Hasmonean coinage, coins minted during Hasmonean rule, sometimes depicting a lily
Yehud coinage, Achaemenid period coinage often depicting a lily

Explanatory notes
Passage 10:
The Pentagon
The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense, in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D C  It was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II  As a symbol of the U S  military, the phrase The Pentagon is often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership 
The building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain  Ground was broken on 11 September 1941, and the building was dedicated on 15 January 1943  General Brehon Somervell provided the major impetus to gain Congressional approval for the project; Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U S  Army Corps of Engineers, which supervised it 
The Pentagon is the world's largest office building, with about 6 5 million square feet (150 acres; 60 ha) of floor space, of which 3 7 million square feet (85 acres; 34 ha) are used as offices  Some 23,000 military and civilian employees, and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel, work in the Pentagon  It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17 5 mi (28 2 km) of corridors, with a central five-acre (2 0 ha) pentagonal plaza 
In 2001, the Pentagon was damaged during the September 11 attacks  Five al-Qaeda hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the western side of the building, killing themselves and 184 other people: 59 on the airplane and 125 in the Pentagon  It was the first significant foreign attack on government facilities in Washington, D C  since the burning of Washington during the War of 1812  Following the attacks, the western side of the building was repaired, with a small indoor memorial and chapel added at the point of impact  An outdoor memorial dedicated to the Pentagon victims of 9/11 opened in 2008 

Layout and facilities
The Pentagon building spans 28 7 acres (116,000 m2), and includes an additional 5 1 acres (21,000 m2) as a central courtyard Starting with the north side and moving clockwise, its five façade entrances are the Mall Terrace, the River Terrace, the Concourse (or Metro Station), the South Parking, and the Heliport  On the north side of the building, the Mall Entrance, which also features a portico, leads out to a 600 ft-long (180 m) terrace that is used for ceremonies  The River Entrance, which features a portico projecting out twenty ft (6 m), is on the northeast side, overlooking the lagoon and facing Washington  A stepped terrace on the River Entrance leads down to the lagoon; and a landing dock was used until the late 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling Air Force Base and the Pentagon  The main entrance for visitors is on the southeast side, as are the Pentagon Metro station and the bus station 
There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the second floor of the building, which contains a mini-shopping mall  The south parking lot adjoins the southwest façade, and the west side of the Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard 
The concentric rings are designated from the center out as "A" through "E" (with additional "F" and "G" rings in the basement)  "E" Ring offices are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior officials  Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings, and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (1 to 10), followed by a bay number (00 to 99), so office numbers range from 100 to 1099  These corridors radiate out from the central courtyard, with corridor 1 beginning with the Concourse's south end  Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block)  There are a number of historical displays in the building, particularly in the "A" and "E" rings Subterranean floors in the Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "M" for Mezzanine  The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance  Above-ground floors are numbered 1 to 5  Room numbers are given as the floor, concentric ring, and office number (which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed by the bay number)  Thus, office 2B315 is on the second floor, B ring, and nearest to corridor 3 (between corridors 2 and 3)  One way to get to this office would be to go to the second floor, get to the A (innermost) ring, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15 It is possible for a person to walk between any two points in the Pentagon in less than ten minutes, though the most optimal route may involve a brisk walk, routing through the open-air central courtyard, or both  The complex includes eating and exercise facilities as well as meditation and prayer rooms 
Just south of the Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal City, extensive shopping, business, and high-density residential districts in Arlington  Arlington National Cemetery is to the north  The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex Pentagon road network The Pentagon has six Washington, DC, ZIP Codes (despite its location in Virginia): The Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the four service branches each have their own ZIP Code 

History
Background
Before the Pentagon was built, the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building, a temporary structure erected during World War I along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall  The War Department, which was a civilian agency created to administer the U S  Army, was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall, as well as dozens of other buildings in Washington, D C , Maryland and Virginia  In the late 1930s, during the Great Depression and federal construction program, a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not solve the department's space problem  It became the headquarters of the Department of State When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, the War Department rapidly expanded to deal with current issues and in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict  Secretary of War Henry L  Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and department offices spread out in additional sites Stimson told U S  President Franklin D  Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space  On 17 July 1941, a congressional hearing took place, organized by Congressman Clifton Woodrum (D-VA), regarding proposals for new War Department buildings  Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold, who was representing the War Department at the hearing, for an "overall solution" to the department's "space problem", rather than building yet more temporary buildings  Reybold agreed to report back to the congressman within five days  The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, to come up with a plan 

Planning
Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia  Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, and that it use a minimal amount of steel to reserve that resource for war needs  The requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area  Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agriculture's Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, and the obsolete Hoover Field site The site originally chosen was Arlington Farms, which had an asymmetric, roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon  Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D C , from Arlington Cemetery, President Roosevelt ended up selecting the Hoover Airport site instead  The building retained the pentagonal layout because Roosevelt liked it and a major redesign at that stage would have been costly  Freed of the constraints of the Arlington Farms site, the building was modified as a regular pentagon  It resembled star forts constructed during the gunpowder age On 28 July, Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington, which would house the entire department under one roof  President Roosevelt officially approved of the Hoover Airport site on 2 September  While the project went through the approval process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc  of Philadelphia, which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington, the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, along with Wise Contracting Company, Inc  and Doyle and Russell, both from Virginia  In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres (1 16 km2), which were acquired at a cost of $2 2 million (equivalent to $31 6 million in 2021)  The Hell's Bottom neighborhood, consisting of numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, and other buildings around Columbia Pike, was cleared to make way for the Pentagon  Later, 300 acres (1 2 km2) of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres (1 1 km2) for the Pentagon 

Construction
Contracts totaling $31,100,000 (equivalent to $446 million in 2021) were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on 11 September 1941, and ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day  Among the design requirements, Somervell required the structural design to accommodate floor loads of up to 150 psi (1,000 kPa), which was done in case the building became a records storage facility at some time after the end of the current war  A minimal amount of steel was used as it was in short supply during World War II  Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River, and a lagoon was created beneath the Pentagon's river entrance  To minimize steel usage, concrete ramps were built rather than installing elevators  Indiana limestone was used for the building's façade Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon proceeded simultaneously with construction, with initial drawings provided in early October 1941, and most of the design work completed by 1 June 1942  At times the construction work got ahead of the design, with different materials used than those specified in the plans  Pressure to speed up design and construction intensified after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, with Somervell demanding that 1 million sq ft (9 3 ha) of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation by 1 April 1943  David J  Witmer replaced Bergstrom as chief architect on 11 April after Bergstrom resigned  Unrelated to the Pentagon project, he was charged with improper conduct while having served as president of the American Institute of Architects  Construction was completed 15 January 1943 Soil conditions of the site – on the Potomac River floodplain – presented challenges, as did the varying elevations across the site, which ranged from ten to forty ft (3 to 12 m) above sea level  Two retaining walls were built to compensate for the elevation variations, and cast-in-place piles were used to deal with the soil conditions  Construction of the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months at a total cost of $83 million (equivalent to $1 19 billion in 2021)  The building's approximate height is 77 ft (23 m), and each of the five sides is 921 ft (281 m) in length The building was built wedge by wedge; each wedge was occupied as soon as it was completed, even as construction continued on the remaining wedges The Pentagon was designed in accordance with the racial segregation laws in force in the state of Virginia at the time, with separate eating and lavatory accommodations for white and black persons  While the sets of lavatories were side by side, the dining areas for blacks were located in the basement  When Roosevelt visited the facility before its dedication, he ordered removal of the "Whites Only" signs in segregated areas  When the Governor of Virginia protested, Roosevelt's administration responded that the Pentagon, although on Virginia land, was under Federal jurisdiction  In addition, its military and civilian Federal employees were going to comply with the President's policies  As a result, the Pentagon was the only building in Virginia where racial segregation laws were not enforced (these laws were not overturned until 1965)  The side-by-side sets of restrooms still exist, but have been integrated in practice since the building was occupied 

Hall of Heroes
On the building's main concourse is the Hall of Heroes, opened 1968 and dedicated to the more than 3,460 recipients of the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest military decoration  The three versions of the Medal of Honor – Army, Sea Service (for the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard), and Air Force (for the Air Force and Space Force) – are on display along with the names of recipients The Hall is also used for promotions, retirements, and other ceremonies 

Renovation
From 1998 to 2011, the Pentagon was completely gutted and reconstructed in phases to bring it up to modern standards and improve security and efficiency  Asbestos was removed and all office windows were sealed As originally built, most Pentagon office space consisted of open bays which spanned an entire ring  These offices used cross-ventilation from operable windows instead of air conditioning for cooling  Gradually, bays were subdivided into private offices with many using window air conditioning units  With renovations now complete, the new space includes a return to open office bays, and a new Universal Space Plan of standardized office furniture and partitions developed by Studios Architecture Pentagon tours were suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic 

Incidents
Protests
During the late 1960s, the Pentagon became a focal point for protests against the Vietnam War  A group of 2,500 women, organized by Women Strike for Peace, demonstrated outside Secretary of Defense Robert S  McNamara's office at the Pentagon on 15 February 1967  In May 1967, a group of 20 demonstrators held a sit-in outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff's office, which lasted four days before they were arrested  In one of the better known incidents, on 21 October 1967, some 35,000 anti-war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, gathered for a demonstration at the Defense Department (the "March on the Pentagon")  They were confronted by some 2,500 armed soldiers  During the protest, a famous picture was taken, where George Harris placed carnations into the soldiers' gun barrels  The march concluded with an attempt to "exorcise" the building On 19 May 1972, the Weather Underground Organization bombed a fourth-floor women's restroom, in "retaliation" for the Nixon administration's bombing of Hanoi in the final stages of the Vietnam War On 17 March 2007, 4,000 to 15,000 people (estimates vary significantly) protested the Iraq War by marching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon's north parking lot 

September 11, 2001 attacks
On September 11, 2001, coincidentally the 60th anniversary of the Pentagon's groundbreaking, five al-Qaeda affiliated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight 77, en route from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport, and deliberately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side of the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT as part of the September 11 attacks  The impact of the plane severely damaged the outer ring of one wing of the building and caused its partial collapse  At the time of the attacks, the Pentagon was under renovation and many offices were unoccupied, resulting in fewer casualties  Only 800 of 4,500 people who would have been in the area were there because of the work  Furthermore, the area hit, on the side of the Heliport façade, was the section best prepared for such an attack  The renovation there, improvements which resulted from the Oklahoma City bombing, had nearly been completed It was the only area of the Pentagon with a sprinkler system, and it had been reconstructed with a web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts  The steel reinforcement, bolted together to form a continuous structure through all of the Pentagon's five floors, kept that section of the building from collapsing for 30 minutes—enough time for hundreds of people to crawl out to safety  The area struck by the plane also had blast-resistant windows—2 inches (5 cm) thick and 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) each—that stayed intact during the crash and fire  It had fire doors that opened automatically and newly built exits that allowed people to get out 

Contractors already involved with the renovation were given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks  This additional project was named the "Phoenix Project" and was charged with having the outermost offices of the damaged section occupied by 11 September 2002 When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired, a small indoor memorial and chapel were added at the point of impact  For the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, a memorial of 184 beams of light shone up from the center courtyard of the Pentagon, one light for each victim of the attack  In addition, an American flag is hung each year on the side of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks, and the side of the building is illuminated at night with blue lights  After the attacks, plans were developed for an outdoor memorial, with construction underway in 2006  This Pentagon Memorial consists of a park on 2 acres (8,100 m2) of land, containing 184 benches, one dedicated to each victim  The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77 according to the victims' ages, from 3 to 71  The park opened to the public on 11 September 2008 

Gallery
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
List of United States military bases
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia
The Octagon, headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense in the New Administrative Capital
Pentagon Force Protection Agency

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Police dog
A police dog is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers, search and rescue, or the military  Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting officers and other people, and attacking suspects who flee from officers  The breeds most commonly used by law enforcement are the German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever  In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size, though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement Police dogs are used on a federal and local level for law enforcement purposes in many parts of the world  They are often assigned to a K-9 Unit with a specific handler, and must remember several verbal cues and hand gestures  Initial training for a police dog typically takes between eight months and a year, depending on where and how they are trained, and for what purpose  Police dogs often regularly take training programs with their assigned handler to reinforce their training  In many countries, intentionally injuring or killing a police dog is a criminal offense In some English-speaking countries, police dog units are referred to as K-9 or K9, which is a homophone of the word canine 

History
Early history
Dogs have been used in law enforcement since the Middle Ages  Wealth and money was then tithed in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constable's bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws  The first recorded use of police dogs were in the early 14th century in St  Malo, France, where dogs were used to guard docks and piers  By the late 14th century, bloodhounds were used in Scotland, known as "Slough dogs" – the word "Sleuth", (meaning detective) was derived from this  Between the 12th and 20th centuries, police dogs on the British Isles and European continent were primarily used for their tracking abilities The rapid urbanization of England and France in the 19th century increased public concern regarding growing lawlessness  In London, the existing law enforcement, the Bow Street Runners, struggled to contain the crime on their own, and as a result, private associations were formed to help combat crime  Night watchmen were employed to guard premises, and were provided with firearms and dogs to protect themselves from criminals 

Modern era
One of the first attempts to use dogs in policing was in 1889 by the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police of London, Sir Charles Warren  Warren's repeated failures at identifying and apprehending the serial killer Jack the Ripper had earned him much vilification from the press, including being denounced for not using bloodhounds to track the killer  He soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killer's crimes  The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and both dogs later running off, requiring a police search to find them It was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale  Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night, but it was the police department in Ghent, Belgium that introduced the first organized police dog service program in 1899  These methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany; in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training  The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the ideal breed for police work and opened up the first dog training school in 1920 in Greenheide  In later years, many Belgian Malinois dogs were added to the unit  The dogs were systematically trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals  
In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were among the first to use police dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull  By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other breeds such as Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retrievers, and German shepherds 

Training
Popular dog breeds used by law enforcement include the Airedale terrier, Akita, Groenendael, Malinois dog, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Boxer, Bouvier des Flandres, Croatian Sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler and English Springer Spaniel Training of police dogs is a very lengthy process since it begins with the training of the canine handler  The canine handlers go through a long process of training to ensure that they will train the dog to the best of its ability  First, the canine handler has to complete the requisite police academy training and one to two years of patrol experience before becoming eligible to transfer to a specialty canine unit  This is because the experience as an officer allows prospective canine officers to gain valuable experience in law enforcement  However, having dog knowledge and training outside of the police academy is considered to be an asset, this could be dog obedience, crowd control, communicating effectively with animals and being approachable and personable since having a dog will draw attention from surrounding citizens 
For a dog to be considered for a police department, it must first pass a basic obedience training course  They must be able to obey the commands of their handler without hesitation  This allows the officer to have complete control over how much force the dog should use against a suspect  Dogs trained in Europe are usually given commands in the country's native language  Dogs are initially trained with this language for basic behavior, so, it is easier for the officer to learn new words/commands, rather than retraining the dog to new commands  This is contrary to the popular belief that police dogs are trained in a different language so that a suspect cannot command the dog against the officer Dogs used in law enforcement are trained to either be "single purpose" or "dual purpose"  Single-purpose dogs are used primarily for backup, personal protection, and tracking  Dual-purpose dogs, however, are more typical  Dual-purpose dogs do everything that single-purpose dogs do, and also detect either explosives or narcotics  Dogs can only be trained for one or the other because the dog cannot communicate to the officer if it found explosives or narcotics  When a narcotics dog in the United States indicates to the officer that it found something, the officer has probable cause to search whatever the dog alerted on (i e  bag or vehicle) without a warrant, in most states In suspect apprehension, having a loud barking dog is helpful and can result in suspects surrendering without delay 

Specialization
Police dogs can be specialized to perform in specific areas 

Apprehension and attack dogs – This dog is used to locate, apprehend, and sometimes subdue suspects 
Detection dogs – Trained to detect explosives or drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, or methamphetamines  Some dogs are specifically trained to detect firearms and ammunition 
Dual purpose dog – Also known as a patrol dog, these dogs are trained and skilled in tracking, handler protection, off-leash obedience, criminal apprehension, and article, area and building search 
Search and rescue dogs (SAR) – This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects  Belgian Malinois, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Bloodhounds can all be used 

Retirement
Police dogs are retired if they become injured to an extent where they will not recover completely, pregnant or raising puppies, or are too old or sick to continue working  Since many dogs are raised in working environments for the first year of their life and retired before they become unable to perform, the working life of a dog is 6–9 years However, when police dogs retire in some countries they may have the chance to receive a pension plan for their contribution to policing  In 2013, a pension scheme for police dogs in Nottinghamshire, England was introduced, wherein the police force offered £805 over the span of three years to cover any additional medical costs; the dogs were also allowed to be adopted by their original handler In many countries, police dogs killed in the line of duty receive the same honors as their human partners 

Accusations of brutality and racial partiality
A 2020 investigation coordinated by the Marshall Project found evidence of widespread deployment of police dogs in the U S  as disproportionate force and disproportionately against people of color  A series of 13 linked reports found more than 150 cases from 2015 to 2020 of K-9 officers improperly using dogs as weapons to catch, bite, and injure people  The rate of police K-9 bites in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a majority-Black city of 220,000 residents, averages more than double that of the next-ranked city, Indianapolis, and nearly one-third of the police dog bites are inflicted on teenage men, most of whom are Black  Medical researchers found that police dog attacks are "more like shark attacks than nips from a family pet” due to the aggressive training police dogs undergo  Many people bitten were not violent and were not suspected of crimes  Police officers are often shielded from liability, and federal civil rights laws don’t typically cover bystanders who are bitten by mistake  Even when victims can bring cases, lawyers say they struggle because jurors tend to love police dogs 

Usage by country and region
Australia
The Australian Federal Police employ "general purpose" police dogs, whose duties include searching for missing persons, suspect apprehension, and keeping the peace  The Australian Federal Police also employ police dogs trained for specialized purposes, such as detecting firearms, explosives, illegal narcotics, and currency  The Australian Border Force also utilizes detector dogs to search for concealed people or illegal products at border checkpoints 

Bangladesh
Border Guards Bangladesh, Rapid Action Battalion and the Dhaka Metropolitan Police maintain several dog squads to assist in anti-narcotic and anti-bombing campaigns 

Belgium
The Belgian Canine Support Group is part of the country's federal police  It has 35 dog teams, most of which are Belgian Malinois  Some dogs are trained to detect drugs, human remains, hormones or fire accelerants  About a third are tracker dogs trained to find or identify living people  These teams are often deployed to earthquake areas to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings   The federal police's explosive detector dogs are attached to the Federal Police Special Units 

Canada
Canadians started using police dogs occasionally in 1908  However, they used privately owned dogs until 1935 when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) saw the value of police dogs and created the first team in 1937  By the 1950s, the RCMP had German Shepherds, Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers in service Many Canadian municipalities use dog squads as a means of tracking suspects  Most municipalities in Canada employ the bite and hold technique rather than the bark and hold technique meaning once the dog is deployed, it bites the suspect until the dog handler commands it to release  This often results in serious puncture wounds and is traumatic for suspects  A dog has the legal status of property in Canada  As such, developing case law is moving towards absolute liability for the handlers of animals deliberately released to intentionally maim suspects  The dog is effectively a weapon 
In 2010, an Alberta Court of Queen's Bench judge stayed criminal charges against Kirk Steele, a man who was near-fatally shot by a police officer while he stabbed the officer's police dog  The judge found that the shooting was cruel and unusual treatment and excessive force Police require reasonable suspicion they will recover evidence in order to use a dog to sniff a person or their possessions in public  This is because using a dog to detect scents is considered a search  The main exemption to that rule are the dogs of the Canada Border Services Agency who are allowed to make searches without warrants under s 98 of the Customs Act 
In 2017, it was reported that the Canadian forces had approximately 170 RCMP dog teams across Canada, and was continuing to grow as more and more Canadian municipalities saw the value of police dogs 

Denmark
There are a total of 240 active police dogs in Denmark, each of which are ranked in one of three groups: Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3  Dogs in Group 1 are very experienced, and highly trained  Group 1 dogs are typically within the age range of four to eight years old and are used for patrolling, rescue, searching for biological evidence and major crime investigations  Group 2 dogs are employed for the same tasks as members of Group 1, but they do not participate in major crime investigations or searching for biological evidence  Group 3 is the beginner rank for police dogs, and are only employed for patrol operations 

Hong Kong
The Police Dog Unit (PDU; Chinese: 警犬隊) was established in 1949 and is a specialist force of the Hong Kong Police under the direct command of the Special Operations Bureau  Their roles are crowd control, search and rescue, and poison and explosive detection  In addition, the PDU works in collaboration with other departments for anti-crime operations 

Netherlands
The Dutch  Police Dog Brigade is part of the national police corps national unit, and supports other units with specially trained dogs  The  dogs are trained to recognize a single specific scent  They specialize in identifying scents (identifying the scent shared by an object and a person), narcotics, explosives and firearms, detecting human remains, and locating drowning people and fire accelerants 
The 10 regional units also have dog brigades of their own  For example, the canine unit of the regional police East netherlands 

India
In India, the National Security Guard inducted the Belgian Malinois into its K-9 Unit, Border Security Force, and Central Reserve Police Force use Rajapalayam as guard dogs to support the Force on the borders of Kashmir  
For regional security, the Delhi Police has recruited many of the city's street dogs to be trained for security purposes  The Bengal Police uses German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and the Indian pariah dog in its bomb-sniffing squad 

Israel
Israel utilizes canine units for border patrols to track illegal persons or objects that pose a threat  Police dogs serve in the Israel Police and Israel Prison Service 

Italy
All the law enforcement in Italy (Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato and Guardia di Finanza) have in service many patrol dogs for Public Order, Anti-Drug, Anti-explosive, Search and Rescue  The first train centers for police dogs in Italy were established after World War I and in 1924, Italy purchased German Shepherds from Germany for border patrol operations in the Alps  The Carabinieri Kennel Club was formed in 1957 to produce police dogs and train handlers in Italy  German and Belgian shepherds are used for multiple purposes, Labradors for drug, weapons and explosive surveillance and Rottweilers serve for protection 

Japan
Japan is one of the few east Asian countries that have dogs serving in law enforcement as others dislike dogs due to cultural norms  Between the 16th and 19th centuries, samurai had Akita service companions that would defend samurai while they slept at night  In modern times, the German shepherd is the common police dog of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 

Kenya
Police dogs began their service in Kenya in 1948 as part of the Kenya Police Criminal Investigation Department of the Kenya Police  Since the 1950s, the main police dog in service is the German shepherd, with Labradors, Rottweilers and English Springer Spaniels being used for specialized purposes  Since the 2000s, the Kenya Police has increased the breeding and adoption of police dogs with the long-term goal of having canines serving in each police station of Kenya 

Nepal
The Nepal Police first established a canine unit in 1975 due to increased crime rates and to help with investigations  Since then, police dogs are in service throughout various regions of Nepal and have been present at the Tribhuwan International Airport since 2009 

Pakistan
Pakistan Customs uses a K-9 unit for anti-smuggling operations  Pakistan's Sindh Police also have a specialized K-9 unit 

Peru
Peru recruits various canine units for various governmental, military and police operations  The National Service of Agrarian Health (SENASA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation has the Canine Brigade of Plant Health that detects plants that may violate phytosanitary trade practices and to prevent the contraband importation of pests in plants and fruit  The brigade is present at Jorge Chávez International Airport and in Peruvian territory For the National Police of Peru, they prefer the German Shepherd, Belgian Shepherd Malinois, Beagle, Weimaraner, Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever breeds for their service and accept donations of dogs between the ages of 12 and 24 months  The National Police use canine units for drug surveillance in the country's main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport, with the force receiving canine training from United States Customs and Border Protection The Peruvian Army has canine units trained for search and rescue as well as disaster situations  During the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, a limitation of gatherings and curfew was enforced with the assistance of canine units that served for law enforcement 

Russia
Police dogs have been used in Russia since 1909 in Saint Petersburg  Attack dogs are used commonly by police and are muzzled at all times unless ordered to apprehend a suspect  Police dogs have also been used to track fugitives, which has remained common in most Soviet Union Successor States 

Sweden
The Swedish Police Authority currently deploys around 400 police canines  There is however no requirement for the dogs to be purebred, as long as they meet mental and physical requirements set by the police  Dogs aged 18–48 months are eligible to take admission tests for the K9 training  The police dogs live with their operators, and after retirement at age 8–10 the operator often assumes the ownership of the dog 

United Kingdom
Police forces across the country, as well as the RAF Police, employ dogs and handlers and dog training schools are available to cater for the ever-increasing number of dogs being used  The use of police dogs became popular in the 1930s when Scotland Yard officially added dogs to its police force There are over 2,500 police dogs employed amongst the various police forces in the UK, with the Belgian Malinois as the most popular breed for general purpose work  In 2008, a Belgian Malinois female handled by PC Graham Clarke won the National Police Dog Trials with the highest score ever recorded 
All British police dogs, irrespective of the discipline they are trained in, must be licensed to work operationally  To obtain the licence they have to pass a test at the completion of their training, and then again every year until they retire, which is usually at about the age of 8  The standards required to become operational are laid down by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on police dogs and are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that training and licensing reflects the most appropriate methods and standards 

United States
Police dogs are in widespread use across the United States  Police dogs are operated on the federal, state, county, and local levels and are used for a wide variety of duties, similar to those of other nations  Their duties generally include detecting illegal narcotics, explosives, and other weapons, search-and-rescue, and cadaver searches  The most common breeds for everyday duties are the German Shepherd and the Belgian Malinois, though other breeds may be used to perform specific tasks On the federal level, police dogs may be seen in some airports assisting Transportation Security Administration officials search for explosives and weapons, or by Customs and Border Protection searching for concealed narcotics and people  Some dogs may also be used by tactical components of such agencies as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the United States Marshals Service  Federally owned police dogs play a vital role in homeland security  An expert on police dogs, L  Paul Waggoner of the Canine Performance Sciences Program at Auburn University said, "detector dogs are a critical component of national security – and they also provide a very visible and proven deterrent to terrorist activities " The American Kennel Club estimates that between 80–90 percent of dogs purchased by the U S  Department of Homeland Security and U S  Department of Defense come from foreign vendors, mostly located in Europe Most police agencies in the United States – whether state, county, or local – use police dogs as means of law enforcement  Often, even the smallest of departments operates a K-9 division of at least one dog; in these cases, police dogs will usually serve all purposes deemed necessary, most commonly suspect apprehension and narcotics detection, and teams are often on call  In larger cities and metropolitan areas, police departments regularly employ dozens of police dogs  In these cases, individual dogs often serve individual purposes in which each particular animal is specialized, and teams usually serve scheduled shifts  In both cases, police dogs are almost always cared for by their specific handlers  The U S  Fish and Wildlife Services agency requires police dogs to undergo annual in-service training to recertify their skills and credentials  This training must last at least 24 hours each year 

Under the Federal Law Enforcement Animal Protection Act, it is a felony to assault or kill a law enforcement animal, including police dogs and police horses, in all 50 states  However, police dogs are not treated as police officers for the purpose of the law, and attacking or killing a police dog is not punishable in the same manner as attacking or killing a human police officer  Although many police departments formally swear dogs in as police officers, this swearing-in is purely honorary, and carries no legal significance Police dogs also play a major role in American penal systems  Many jails and prisons will use special dog teams as a means of intervening in large-scale fights or riots by inmates  Also, many penal systems will employ dogs – usually bloodhounds – in searching for escaped prisoners 
In October 2017, the U S  House Oversight and Government Reform Intergovernmental Affairs Subcommittee held a hearing about whether there is a sufficient supply of dogs that can be trained as police dogs  Congressman Mike Rogers (R-AL) said that the continued ISIS-inspired attacks in the U S  and all over the world "have driven demand through the roof" for police dogs 
The Marshall Project maintains a database of police dog bites across the United States 

Supreme Court cases
The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States of America  Some U S  Supreme Court cases that pertain to police dogs are:

United States v  Place (1983) – The Court held that the sniff of a specially trained police dog is sui generis and it does not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure for one to sniff a person's personal items in a public place, even if done without a warrant 
City of Indianapolis v  Edmond (2000) – The Court held that is unconstitutional to set up a highway checkpoint for the primary purpose of illegal narcotic discovery  In the case, the Indianapolis Police Department was using police dogs to detect narcotics at the checkpoint without reasonable suspicion 
Illinois v  Caballes (2005) – The Court held that police do not need probable cause to bring a drug-detection dog to a vehicle during a legal traffic stop, and searches by a police dog do not count as an invasion of privacy, because a well-trained one will only alert to the presence of illegal substances 
Florida v  Harris (2013) – The Court held that a police dog's alert to the exterior of a vehicle gives the officer probable cause to search the vehicle without a warrant  Further, the Court affirmed that the state does not have to prove each dog's reliability in order for evidence gathered from them to be valid in court 
Florida v  Jardines (2013) – The Court held that evidence collected from a police dog at the front door of a house cannot be used in court  The front porch of a house is considered a private place, and the police need probable cause and a search warrant to bring a police dog to the front door 
Rodriguez v  United States (2015) – The Court held that, without reasonable suspicion, the use of a police dog after the conclusion of a legal traffic stop violates the Fourth Amendment 

See also
Detection dog
Dogs in warfare
Nosework
Working dog
Passage 2:
Dog
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf  Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from extinct Pleistocene wolves, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative  Dogs were the first species to be domesticated by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ago before the development of agriculture  Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes



ground_truth: fleur - de-lis

Fleur-de-lis

fleur-de-lis

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which county shares a border with the county where the most populous city in the state where Redan High School is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sejong High School (Sejong)
Sejong High School is a public high school located in Jochiwon-eup, Sejong City, South Korea  Its former name was Jochiwon High School 

External links
(in Korean) Official website
Passage 2:
Commonwealth Elementary School
Commonwealth Elementary School  is a grade school with more than 7,000 students, as of January 2023  It is located in Corner St  Commonwealth Avenue, Barangay Commonwealth, Quezon City of the National Capital Region, Philippines  The school is categorized as large school in Quezon City 
Passage 3:
List of municipalities in Georgia (U S  state)
Georgia is a state located in the Southern United States  According to the 2010 United States Census, Georgia is the 8th most populous state with 9,688,681 inhabitants and the 21st largest by land area spanning 57,513 49 square miles (148,959 3 km2) of land  Georgia is divided into 159 counties and contains 535 municipalities consisting of cities, towns, consolidated city-counties, and consolidated cities There is no legal difference in Georgia between cities and towns  Eight municipalities have merged with their counties to form consolidated city-counties: Athens with Clarke County, Augusta with Richmond County, Columbus with Muscogee County, Cusseta with Chattahoochee County, Georgetown with Quitman County, Macon with Bibb County, Statenville with Echols County, and Webster County unified government with Webster County  Athens and Augusta also have municipalities independent of the consolidated governments and are considered consolidated cities The largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta, with 498,715 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Aldora, with 0 residents  The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city-county, which spans 302 47 sq mi (783 4 km2), and Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest, at 0 18 sq mi (0 47 km2) each 

List of municipalities
Largest cities and towns in Georgia by population
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
  County seat†
  State capital and county seat‡

Notes
See also
Georgia statistical areas
List of counties in Georgia (U S  state)
Passage 4:
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (UK: , US: , French: [stʁasbuʁ] (listen); German: Straßburg [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊʁk] (listen); Bas Rhin Alsatian: Strossburi [ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁi] (listen), Haut Rhin Alsatian: Strossburig [ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁiɡ̊] (listen)) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France and the official seat of the European Parliament  Located at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace, it is the prefecture of the Bas-Rhin department 
In 2020, the city proper had 290,576 inhabitants and both the Eurométropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 511,552 inhabitants  Strasbourg's metropolitan area had a population of 853,110 in 2019, making it the eighth-largest metro area in France and home to 14% of the Grand Est region's inhabitants  The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of roughly 1,000,000 in 2022  Strasbourg is one of the de facto four main capitals of the European Union (alongside Brussels, Luxembourg and Frankfurt), as it is the seat of several European institutions, such as the European Parliament, the Eurocorps and the European Ombudsman of the European Union  An organization separate from the European Union, the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines most commonly known in French as "Pharmacopée Européenne", and its European Audiovisual Observatory) is also located in the city 
Together with Basel (Bank for International Settlements), Geneva (United Nations), The Hague (International Court of Justice) and New York City (United Nations world headquarters), Strasbourg is among the few cities in the world that is not a state capital that hosts international organisations of the first order  The city is the seat of many non-European international institutions such as the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine and the International Institute of Human Rights  It is the second city in France in terms of international congress and symposia, after Paris  Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988, with the newer "Neustadt" being added to the site in 2017  Strasbourg is immersed in Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a cultural bridge between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second-largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture  It is also home to the largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque Economically, Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as a hub of road, rail, and river transportation  The port of Strasbourg is the second-largest on the Rhine after Duisburg in Germany, and the second-largest river port in France after Paris 

Etymology and names
Until the fifth century CE, the city was known as Argantorati (in the nominative, Argantorate in the locative), a Celtic Gaulish name Latinised first as Argentorate (with Gaulish locative ending, as appearing on the first Roman milestones in the first century CE) and then as Argentoratum (with regular Latin nominative ending, in later Latin texts)  That Gaulish name is a compound of -rati, the Gaulish word for fortified enclosures, cognate to the Old Irish ráth (see ringfort) and arganto(n)- (cognate to Latin argentum, which gave modern French argent), the Gaulish word for silver, but also any precious metal, particularly gold, suggesting either a fortified enclosure located by a river gold mining site, or hoarding gold mined in the nearby rivers After the fifth century CE the city became known by a completely different name, later Gallicized as Strasbourg (Lower Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Straßburg)  That name is of Germanic origin and means 'town (at the crossing) of roads'  The modern Stras- is cognate with the German Straße and English street, both derived from Latin strata ("paved road"), while -bourg is cognate with the German Burg and English borough, both derived from Proto-Germanic *burgz ("hill fort, fortress") 
Gregory of Tours was the first to mention the name change: in the tenth book of his History of the Franks written shortly after 590 he said that Egidius, Bishop of Reims, accused of plotting against King Childebert II of Austrasia in favor of his uncle King Chilperic I of Neustria, was tried by a synod of Austrasian bishops in Metz in November 590, found guilty and removed from the priesthood, then taken "ad Argentoratensem urbem, quam nunc Strateburgum vocant" ("to the city of Argentoratum, which they now call Strateburgus"), where he was exiled 

Geography
Location
Strasbourg is situated at the eastern border of France with Germany  This border is formed by the Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl  The historic core of Strasbourg, however, lies on the Grande Île in the river Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2 5 mi) from, the Rhine  The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city 
The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain, at between 132 metres (433 ft) and 151 metres (495 ft) above sea level, with the upland areas of the Vosges Mountains some 20 km (12 mi) to the west and the Black Forest 25 km (16 mi) to the east  This section of the Rhine valley is a major axis of north–south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself, and major roads and railways paralleling it on both banks 
The city is some 397 kilometres (247 mi) east of Paris  The mouth of the Rhine lies approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) to the north, or 650 kilometres (400 mi) as the river flows, whilst the head of navigation in Basel is some 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south, or 150 kilometres (93 mi) by river 

Climate
In spite of its position far inland, Strasbourg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), though with less maritime influence than the milder climates of Western and Southern France  The city has warm, relatively sunny summers and cool, overcast winters  Precipitation is elevated from mid-spring to the end of summer, but remains largely constant throughout the year, totaling 631 4 mm (24 9 in) annually  On average, snow falls 30 days per year The third highest temperature ever recorded was 38 5 °C (101 3 °F) in August 2003, during the 2003 European heat wave  This record was broken, on June 30, 2019, when it reached 38 8 °C (101 8 °F)  and then on July 25, 2019, when it reached 38 9 °C (102 0 °F)  The lowest temperature ever recorded was −23 4 °C (−10 1 °F) in December 1938 Strasbourg's location in the Rhine valley, sheltered from strong winds by the Vosges and Black Forest mountains, results in poor natural ventilation, making Strasbourg one of the most atmospherically polluted cities of France  Nonetheless, the progressive disappearance of heavy industry on both banks of the Rhine, as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city have reduced air pollution in recent years 

History
The Roman camp of Argentoratum was first mentioned in 12 BC; the city of Strasbourg which grew from it celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1988  The fertile area in the Upper Rhine Plain between the rivers Ill and Rhine had already been populated since the Middle Paleolithic Between 362 and 1262, Strasbourg was governed by the bishops of Strasbourg; their rule was reinforced in 873 and then more in 982  In 1262, the citizens violently rebelled against the bishop's rule (Battle of Hausbergen) and Strasbourg became a free imperial city  It became a French city in 1681, after the conquest of Alsace by the armies of Louis XIV  In 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War, the city became German again, until 1918 (end of World War I), when it reverted to France  After the defeat of France in 1940 (World War II), Strasbourg came under German control again through formal annexation into the Gau Baden-Elsaß under the Nazi Gauleiter Robert Wagner; since the end of 1944, it has again been a French city  In 2016, Strasbourg was promoted from capital of Alsace to capital of Grand Est 
Strasbourg played an important part in the Protestant Reformation, with personalities such as John Calvin, Martin Bucer, Wolfgang Capito, Matthew and Katharina Zell, but also in other aspects of Christianity such as German mysticism, with Johannes Tauler, Pietism, with Philipp Spener, and Reverence for Life, with Albert Schweitzer  Delegates from the city took part in the Protestation at Speyer  It was also one of the first centres of the printing industry with pioneers such as Johannes Gutenberg, Johannes Mentelin, and Heinrich Eggestein  Among the darkest periods in the city's long history were the years 1349 (Strasbourg massacre), 1518 (Dancing plague), 1793 (Reign of Terror), 1870 (Siege of Strasbourg) and the years 1940–1944 with the Nazi occupation (atrocities such as the Jewish skull collection) and the British and American bombing raids  Some other notable dates were the years 357 (Battle of Argentoratum), 842 (Oaths of Strasbourg), 1538 (establishment of the university), 1605 (world's first newspaper printed by Johann Carolus), 1792 (La Marseillaise), and 1889 (pancreatic origin of diabetes discovered by Minkowski and Von Mering) 
Strasbourg has been the seat of European institutions since 1949: first of the International Commission on Civil Status and of the Council of Europe, later of the European Parliament, of the European Science Foundation, of Eurocorps, and others as well 

Districts
Strasbourg is divided into the following districts:
Bourse, Esplanade, Krutenau
Centre Ville (Downtown Strasbourg)
Gare, Tribunal (Central Station, Court)
Conseil des XV, Orangerie
Cronenbourg
Hautepierre, Poteries
Koenigshoffen,
Montagne-Verte (Green Hill)
Elsau
Meinau
Neudorf-Musau
Neuhof 1 (including Ganzau)
Neuhof 2
Robertsau
Port du Rhin (Rhin's Harbor)

Main sights
Architecture
The city is chiefly known for its sandstone Gothic Cathedral with its famous astronomical clock, and for its medieval cityscape of Rhineland black and white timber-framed buildings, particularly in the Petite France district or Gerberviertel ("tanners' district") alongside the Ill and in the streets and squares surrounding the cathedral, where the renowned Maison Kammerzell stands out 
Notable medieval streets include Rue Mercière, Rue des Dentelles, Rue du Bain aux Plantes, Rue des Juifs, Rue des Frères, Rue des Tonneliers, Rue du Maroquin, Rue des Charpentiers, Rue des Serruriers, Grand' Rue, Quai des Bateliers, Quai Saint-Nicolas and Quai Saint-Thomas 
Notable medieval squares include Place de la Cathédrale, Place du Marché Gayot, Place Saint-Étienne, Place du Marché aux Cochons de Lait and Place Benjamin Zix 

In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids; the part-Romanesque, part-Gothic, very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played; the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century; the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture; the Gothic Église Saint-Jean; the part-Gothic, part-Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine etc  The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood-worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display; especially the Passion of Christ  Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out 
The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i e  palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (completed 1742, used for university purposes from 1872 to 1895, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular  Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall); the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet); the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor); the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc  The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150-metre-long (490 ft) 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil 
As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style 
Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II  Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles  The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period  But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the Haute école des arts du Rhin with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica 

Notable streets of the German district include: Avenue de la Forêt Noire, Avenue des Vosges, Avenue d'Alsace, Avenue de la Marseillaise, Avenue de la Liberté, Boulevard de la Victoire, Rue Sellénick, Rue du Général de Castelnau, Rue du Maréchal Foch, and Rue du Maréchal Joffre  Notable squares of the German district include Place de la République, Place de l'Université, Place Brant, and Place Arnold 
Impressive examples of Prussian military architecture of the 1880s can be found along the newly reopened Rue du Rempart, displaying large-scale fortifications among which the aptly named Kriegstor (war gate) 
As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest  Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid 

The city has many bridges, including the medieval and four-towered Ponts Couverts that, despite their name, are no longer covered  Next to the Ponts Couverts is the Barrage Vauban, a part of Vauban's 17th-century fortifications, that does include a covered bridge  Other bridges are the ornate 19th-century Pont de la Fonderie (1893, stone) and Pont d'Auvergne (1892, iron), as well as architect Marc Mimram's futuristic Passerelle over the Rhine, opened in 2004 
The largest square at the centre of the city of Strasbourg is the Place Kléber  Located in the heart of the city's commercial area, it was named after general Jean-Baptiste Kléber, born in Strasbourg in 1753 and assassinated in 1800 in Cairo  In the square is a statue of Kléber, under which is a vault containing his remains  On the north side of the square is the Aubette (Orderly Room), built by Jacques François Blondel, architect of the king, in 1765–1772 

Parks
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture 
The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times  The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II  The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s  The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration  The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil 

Museums
As of 2020, the city of Strasbourg has eleven municipal museums (including Aubette 1928), eleven university museums, and at least two privately owned museums (Musée vodou and Musée du barreau de Strasbourg)  Five communes in the metropolitan area also have museums (see below), three of them dedicated to military history 

Overview
The collections in Strasbourg are distributed over a wide range of museums, according to a system that takes into account not only the types and geographical provenances of the items, but also the epochs  This concerns in particular the following domains:

Old Master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame (MOND); old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871, as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871, are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts; paintings since 1871 are displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain (MAMCS) 
Decorative arts until 1681 are on display in the MOND, decorative arts from the years 1681 until 1871 are on display in the Musée des arts décoratifs, decorative arts after 1871 are on display at the MAMCS, with items from each epoch also shown in the Musée historique 
Prints and drawings until 1871 are displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins, save for the original plans of Strasbourg Cathedral, displayed in the MOND  Prints and drawings after 1871 are displayed in the MAMCS, and in the Musée Tomi Ungerer/Centre international de l'illustration (the combined number of prints and drawings amounts to well over 200,000) 
Artefacts from Ancient Egypt are on display in two entirely different collections, one in the Musée archéologique and the other belonging to the Instituts d'Égyptologie et de Papyrologie of the University of Strasbourg 

Fine art museums
The Musée des Beaux-Arts owns paintings by Hans Memling, Francisco de Goya, Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese, Giotto di Bondone, Sandro Botticelli, Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, El Greco, Correggio, Cima da Conegliano and Piero di Cosimo, among others 
The Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame (located in a part-Gothic, part-Renaissance building next to the cathedral) houses a large and renowned collection of medieval and Renaissance upper-Rhenish art, among which original sculptures, plans and stained glass from the cathedral and paintings by Hans Baldung and Sebastian Stoskopff 
The Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain is among the largest museums of its kind in France 
The Musée des Arts décoratifs, located in the sumptuous former residence of the cardinals of Rohan, the Palais Rohan displays a reputable collection of 18th century furniture and china 
The Cabinet des estampes et des dessins displays five centuries of engravings and drawings, but also woodcuts and lithographies 
The Musée Tomi Ungerer/Centre international de l'illustration, located in a large former villa next to the Theatre, displays original works by Ungerer and other artists (Saul Steinberg, Ronald Searle     ) as well as Ungerer's large collection of ancient toys 

Other museums
The Musée archéologique presents a large display of regional findings from the first ages of man to the sixth century, focusing on the Roman and Celtic period  It also includes a collection of works from Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, assembled and bequeathed by Gustave Schlumberger 
The Musée alsacien is dedicated to traditional Alsatian daily life 
Le Vaisseau ("The vessel") is a science and technology centre, especially designed for children 
The Musée historique (historical museum) is dedicated to the tumultuous history of the city and displays many artifacts of the times, including the Grüselhorn, the horn that was blown at 10 every evening during medieval times to order the Jews out of the city 
The Musée vodou (Voodoo museum) opened its doors on 28 November 2013  Displaying a private collection of artefacts from Haiti, it is located in a former water tower (château d'eau) built in 1883 and classified as a Monument historique 
The Musée du barreau de Strasbourg (The Strasbourg bar association museum) is a museum dedicated to the work and the history of lawyers in the city 

University museums
The Université de Strasbourg is in charge of a number of permanent public displays of its collections of scientific artefacts and products of all kinds of exploration and research 
The Musée zoologique is one of the oldest in France and is especially famous for its collection of birds  The museum is co-administrated by the municipality 
The Gypsothèque (also known as Musée des moulages or Musée Adolf Michaelis) is France's second-largest cast collection and the largest university cast collection in France 
The Musée de Sismologie et Magnétisme terrestre displays antique instruments of measure 
The Musée Pasteur is a collection of medical curiosities 
The Musée de minéralogie is dedicated to minerals 
The Musée d'Égyptologie houses a collections of archaeological findings made in and brought from Egypt and Sudan  This collection is entirely separate from the Schlumberger collection of the Musée archéologique (see above) 
The Crypte aux étoiles ("star crypt") is situated in the vaulted basement below the Observatory of Strasbourg and displays old telescopes and other antique astronomical devices such as clocks and theodolites 

Museums in the suburbs
Musée Les Secrets du Chocolat (Chocolate museum) in Geispolsheim
Fort Frère in Oberhausbergen
Fort Rapp in Reichstett
Pixel Museum, a video game museum, in Schiltigheim
MM Park France, a military museum, in La Wantzenau

Demographics
The commune of Strasbourg proper had a population of 290,576 on 1 January 2020, the result of a constant moderate annual growth which is also reflected in the constant growth of the number of students at its university (e  g  from 42,000 students in 2010 to 52,000 students in 2019)  The metropolitan area of Strasbourg had a population of 853,110 inhabitants in 2019 (French side of the border only), while the transnational Eurodistrict had a population of 1,000,000 in 2022 
In the Middle Ages, Strasbourg (a Free imperial city since 1262), was an important town  According to a 1444 census, the population was circa 20,000; only one third less than Cologne, then a major European city 

Population growth
Population composition
Culture
Strasbourg is the seat of internationally renowned institutions of music and drama:

The Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg, founded in 1855, one of the oldest symphonic orchestras in western Europe  Based since 1975 in the Palais de la musique et des congrès 
The Opéra national du Rhin
The Théâtre national de Strasbourg
The Percussions de Strasbourg
The Théâtre du Maillon
The "Laiterie"
Joshy's house - a venue for performance poetry and freestyle urban music 
Au ZénithOther theatres are the Théâtre jeune public, the TAPS Scala, the Kafteur    

Events
Musica, international festival of contemporary classical music (autumn)
Festival international de Strasbourg (founded in 1932), festival of classical music and jazz (summer)
Festival des Artefacts, festival of contemporary non-classical music
Les Nuits électroniques de l'Ososphère
Strasbourg European Fantastic Film Festival is an annual film festival devoted to science fiction, horror and fantasy  It was known as the Spectre Film Festival before 2008 
Strasbulles is the annual comic con, also known as the European Festival of Bande Dessinée
The Strasbourg International Film Festival is an annual film festival focusing on new and emerging independent filmmakers from around the world 
Christkindelsmärik, held from the end of November through December, is an annual Christmas market that dates back to 1570 

Education
Universities and tertiary education
Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions  Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century, and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, with Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent  With 19 Nobel prizes in total, Strasbourg is the most eminent French university outside of Paris 
Up until January 2009, there were three universities in Strasbourg, with an approximate total of 48,500 students as of 2007 (another 4,500 students are being taught at one of the diverse post-graduate schools):
Strasbourg I – Louis Pasteur University
Strasbourg II – Marc Bloch University
Strasbourg III – Robert Schuman UniversityAs of 1 January 2009, those three universities have merged and now constitute the Université de Strasbourg 
Schools part of the Université de Strasbourg include:

Sciences Po Strasbourg (Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg), the University of Strasbourg's political science & international studies center
The EMS (EM Strasbourg Business School), the University of Strasbourg's business school
The INSA (Institut national des sciences appliquées), the University of Strasbourg's engineering school
The ENA (École nationale d'administration)  ENA trains most of the nation's high-ranking civil servants  The relocation to Strasbourg was meant to give a European vocation to the school and to implement the French government's "décentralisation" plan 
The ISEG Group (Institut supérieur européen de gestion group)
The ECPM (École européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux)
The EPITA (École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées)
The EPITECH (École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies)
The ITIRI (Institute de traducteurs, d'interpretes, et de relations Internationales)
The INET (Institut national des études territoriales)
The IIEF (Institut international d'études françaises)
Three IUTs (Instituts universitaires de technologie located in Schiltigheim, Illkirch, and Haguenau)
The ENGEES (École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg)
The CUEJ (Centre universitaire d'enseignement du journalisme)
TÉLÉCOM Physique Strasbourg (École nationale supérieure de physique de Strasbourg), Institute of Technology, located in the South of Strasbourg (Illkirch-Graffenstaden)

Other Tertiary institutions
Two American colleges have a base in Strasbourg: University of Syracuse, NY, and Centre College, KT  There is also HEAR (Haute école des arts du Rhin) the celebrated art school, and the International Space University in the south of Strasbourg (Illkirch-Graffenstaden) 

Primary and secondary education
International schools include:
Multiple levels:

European School of Strasbourg (priority given to children whose parents are employed at the European institutions)For elementary education:
École Internationale Robert Schuman
International School at Lucie Berger
Russian Mission School in StrasbourgFor middle school/junior high school education:
Collège International de l'EsplanadeFor senior high school/sixth form college:
Lycée International des Pontonniers (FR)
Lycée International Jean Sturm

Libraries
The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire (BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles, the second-largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France  It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library  The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as "City Hall" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns  A librarian from Munich later pointed out "   that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman "The municipal library Bibliothèque municipale de Strasbourg (BMS) administrates a network of ten medium-sized librairies in different areas of the town  A six stories high "Grande bibliothèque", the Médiathèque André Malraux, was inaugurated on 19 September 2008 and is considered the largest in Eastern France 

Incunabula
As one of the earliest centers of book-printing in Europe (see above: History), Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of incunabula — books printed before 1500 — in its library as one of its most precious heritages: no less than 7,000  After the total destruction of this institution in 1870, however, a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch  Today, Strasbourg's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula, distributed as follows: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire, ca  2,120, Médiathèque de la ville et de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg, 349, Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire, 238, Médiathèque protestante, 66, and Bibliothèque alsatique du Crédit Mutuel, 5 

Transport
Train services operate from the Gare de Strasbourg, the city's main station in the city centre, eastward to Offenburg and Karlsruhe in Germany, westward to Metz and Paris, and southward to Basel  Strasbourg's links with the rest of France have improved due to its recent connection to the TGV network, with the first phase of the TGV Est (Paris–Strasbourg) in 2007, the TGV Rhin-Rhône (Strasbourg-Lyon) in 2012, and the second phase of the TGV Est in July 2016 
Strasbourg also has its own airport, serving major domestic destinations as well as international destinations in Europe and northern Africa  The airport is linked to the Gare de Strasbourg by a frequent train service City transport in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway, which opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55 8 km (34 7 mi)  The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams  With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named Vélhop  The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of tram system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by trolleybus routes between 1939 and 1962 Being on the Ill and close to the Rhine, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings  In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city  That canal has since closed, but the subsequent Canal du Rhône au Rhin, Canal de la Marne au Rhin and Grand Canal d'Alsace are still in use, as is the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg  Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly 
The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it  The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable  These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of "filtered permeability" to the existing irregular network of streets  It means that the network adaptations favour active transport and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre  While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre  In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip  This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the fused grid 
At present the A35 autoroute, which parallels the Rhine between Karlsruhe and Basel, and the A4 autoroute, which links Paris with Strasbourg, penetrate close to the centre of the city  The Grand contournement ouest (GCO) project, programmed since 1999, planned to construct a 24-kilometre-long (15 mi) highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south  This routes well to the west of the city in order to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the unité urbaine  The GCO project was opposed by environmentalists, who created a ZAD (or Zone to Defend)  After much delay, the GCO was finally inaugurated on 11 December 2021 

Strasbourg public transport statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transport in Strasbourg on weekdays is 52 min  7% of travellers on public transport travel for more than 2 hours every day  The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport is 9 min and 11% of passengers wait for more than 20 minutes on average every day  The average distance people usually travel in a single trip on public transport is 3 9 km (2 4 mi), whilst none travels for more than 12 km (7 5 mi) in a single direction 

European role
Institutions
Strasbourg is the seat of over twenty international institutions, most famously of the Council of Europe and of the European Parliament, of which it is the official seat  Strasbourg is considered the legislative and democratic capital of the European Union, while Brussels is considered the executive and administrative capital and Luxembourg the judiciary and financial capital Strasbourg is the seat of the following organisations, among others:

Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine (since 1920)
Council of Europe with all the bodies and organisations affiliated to this institution (since 1949)
European Parliament (since 1952)
European Ombudsman
Eurocorps headquarters,
Franco-German television channel Arte
European Science Foundation
International Institute of Human Rights
Human Frontier Science Program
International Commission on Civil Status
Assembly of European Regions
Centre for European Studies (French: Centre d'études européennes de Strasbourg)
Sakharov Prize

Eurodistrict
France and Germany have created a Eurodistrict straddling the Rhine, combining the Greater Strasbourg and the Ortenau district of Baden-Württemberg, with some common administration  It was established in 2005 and has been fully functional since 2010 

Sports
Sporting teams from Strasbourg are the Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace (football), SIG Strasbourg (basketball) and the Étoile Noire (ice hockey)  The women's tennis Internationaux de Strasbourg is one of the most important French tournaments of its kind outside Roland-Garros  In 1922, Strasbourg was the venue for the XVI Grand Prix de l'A C F  which saw Fiat battle Bugatti, Ballot, Rolland Pilain, and Britain's Aston Martin and Sunbeam 
In 2006 Strasbourg hosted the Grand Depart of the Tour de France 
The city is home to SN Strasbourg, a First division water polo team that plays its home games at the Piscine de la Kibitzenau 

Honours
Honours associated with the city of Strasbourg:

The Medal of Honor Strasbourg
Sakharov Prize seated in Strasbourg
City of Strasbourg Silver (gilt) Medal, a former medal with City Coat of Arms and Ten Arms of the Cities of the Dekapolis

Notable people
In chronological order, notable people born in Strasbourg include: Eric of Friuli, Johannes Tauler, Sebastian Brant, Jean Baptiste Kléber, Louis Ramond de Carbonnières, François Christophe Kellermann, Marie Tussaud, Ludwig I of Bavaria, Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, Louis-Frédéric Schützenberger, Gustave Doré, Émile Waldteufel, René Beeh, Jean/Hans Arp, Charles Münch, Hans Bethe, Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont, Marcel Marceau, Tomi Ungerer, Elizabeth Sombart, Arsène Wenger, Petit and Matt Pokora 
In chronological order, notable residents of Strasbourg include: Johannes Gutenberg, Hans Baldung, Martin Bucer, John Calvin, Joachim Meyer, Johann Carolus, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Georg Büchner, Louis Pasteur, Ferdinand Braun, Albrecht Kossel, Georg Simmel, Albert Schweitzer, Otto Klemperer, Marc Bloch, Alberto Fujimori, Marjane Satrapi, Paul Ricœur and Jean-Marie Lehn 

Twin towns and sister cities
Strasbourg is twinned with:
 Boston, United States, since 1960
 Leicester, United Kingdom, since 1960
 Stuttgart, Germany, since 1962
 Dresden, Germany, since 1990
 Ramat Gan, Israel, since 1991Strasbourg has cooperative agreements with:
 Jacmel, Haiti, since 1991 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Fez, Morocco, since 1999 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Douala, Cameroon, since 2005 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Vologda, Russia, since 2009 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Oran, Algeria, since 2015 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Kairouan, Tunisia, since 2015 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Moscow, Russia, since 2016 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Kampala, Uganda, since 2018 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Kagoshima, Japan, since 2019 (Coopération décentralisée)

In popular culture
In film
The opening scenes of the 1977 Ridley Scott film The Duellists take place in Strasbourg in 1800 
The 2007 film In the City of Sylvia is set in Strasbourg 
Early February 2011, principal photography for Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011) moved for two days to Strasbourg  Shooting took place on, around, and inside the Strasbourg Cathedral  The opening scene of the movie covers an assassination-bombing in the city 

In literature
One of the longest chapters of Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy (1759–1767), "Slawkenbergius' tale", takes place in Strasbourg 
An episode of Matthew Gregory Lewis' novel The Monk (1796) takes place in the forests then surrounding Strasbourg 
A part of the story in White Album 2 takes place in Strasbourg 

In music
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called his Third violin concerto (1775) Straßburger Konzert because of one of its most prominent motives, based on a local, minuet-like dance that had already appeared as a tune in a symphony by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf  It is not related to Mozart's ulterior stay in Strasbourg (1778), where he gave three concert performances on the piano 
Havergal Brian's Symphony No  7 was inspired by passages in Goethe's memoirs recalling his time spent at Strasbourg University  The work ends with an orchestral bell sounding the note E, the strike-note of the bell of Strasbourg Cathedral 
British art-punk band The Rakes had a minor hit in 2005 with their song "Strasbourg"  This song features witty lyrics with themes of espionage and vodka and includes a count of 'eins, zwei, drei, vier!!', even though Strasbourg's spoken language is French 
On their 1974 album Hamburger Concerto, Dutch progressive band Focus included a track called "La Cathédrale de Strasbourg", which included chimes from a cathedral-like bell 
Strasbourg pie, a dish containing foie gras, is mentioned in the finale of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats 
Several works have specifically been dedicated to Strasbourg Cathedral, notably ad hoc compositions (masses, motets etc ) by Kapellmeisters Franz Xaver Richter and Ignaz Pleyel and, more recently, It is Finished by John Tavener 

Notes
Passage 5:
Maria Carrillo High School
Maria Carrillo High School is a public high school in Santa Rosa, California, United States  It is managed by the Santa Rosa City Schools district  It opened in 1996 and is in Santa Rosa's Rincon Valley neighborhood 

History
Maria Carrillo High School opened in 1997 and is named after María Ygnacia López de Carrillo 
In 2011, a YouTube video of Maria Carrillo student Kayla Kearney speaking at a Martin Luther King Jr  memorial assembly went viral after Kearney came out during her speech Maria Carrillo High School (MCHS), a California Distinguished High School 2013, is one of five comprehensive high schools in the Santa Rosa City Schools district  MCHS currently enrolls 1,550 students in grades 9-12  The school received its first regular accreditation by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 1999 

Curriculum
Maria Carrillo follows curriculum as mandated by the Santa Rosa City Schools district  The school offers English classes, fine arts, mathematics, physical education, social sciences, and science classes  The latter include biology, chemistry, zoology, physics, and physical science 
The school has a culinary program, in which students learn cooking skills and compete for awards at local Santa Rosa restaurants 

Extracurricular activities
Sports
The school has a girls and boys basketball team  In November, 2011, the girls basketball coach resigned after being accused of bullying team members over the course of his career at the school  There is a track and field team, which is part of the North Coast Section competition field  There is also a baseball team, which, as of 2004, were the two-time North Coast Section champions 

Notable alumni
Madeline Jane "Maya" DiRado, Class of 2010, is an American former competitive swimmer who specialized in freestyle, butterfly, backstroke, and individual medley events  She won four medals in the 2016 Summer Olympics- two gold, one silver, and one bronze 
Kevin Jorgeson, Class of 2003, is an American mountain climber; he partnered with Tommy Caldwell to successfully free climb The Dawn Wall of El Capitan in Yosemite National Park 
Tristan Harris, Class of 2002, is the founder of the Center for Humane Technology, an organization focused on better aligning technology with the needs of humanity  Harris was featured on TED Talks and 60 Minutes 
Andrew Vaughn, Class of 2016, baseball player, winner of the 2018 Golden Spikes Award with the University of California, drafted third overall by the Chicago White Sox in the 2019 Major League Baseball Draft 
Maria Carrillo High School Alumni Hall of Fame 
Passage 6:
Alpena Power Company
Alpena Power Company is a public utility company that provides electricity to most of Alpena County, Michigan, as well as southeastern Presque Isle County and the village of Hillman, in Montmorency County  The headquarters are located in Alpena, Michigan  The company was founded in 1881 by George N  Fletcher   
they produce 1-2% of power for the area using 3 hydro electric dams located on the thunder bay river 
Alpena Power has one 138KV interconnection with Consumers Energy/METC 

See also
Lists of public utilities

External links
Official website
Passage 7:
Mount View High School (Maine)
Maine School Administrative District 3 (MSAD 3) is an operating school district within Maine, covering the towns of Brooks, Freedom, Jackson, Knox, Liberty, Monroe, Montville, Thorndike, Troy, Unity and Waldo  MSAU District 3 students attend Mount View High School in Thorndike 
Passage 8:
Sno*Drift
Sno*Drift is a rally racing event held in Montmorency County, Michigan, annually, with headquarters in Atlanta, Michigan   The event is currently the first Rally America National Rally Championship event of the season   Currently the event is organized into three distinct rallies:  the national championship event covering both days of rallying, and two regional rally events each covering one of the two days   Competitors may be entered in any or all of these events simultaneously 
Sno*Drift is a winter rally, run primarily on snow-covered gravel surface roads, and is usually held in January   The winners of the 2009 Sno*Drift Rally were Travis Pastrana and Christian Edstrom of Maryland, driving a Subaru Impreza WRX STI  This team also won the event in 2007, but in 2008, they were leading but did not finish the event as they encountered a deer on the next to last stage 

History
A national event in the 1970s and 1980s
Sno*Drift was first held in 1973 as a National event as part of the SCCA Performance Rally series near Grayling, Michigan   Chaired by Tim Steiner, the event was won by the team of Erhard Dahm and John Campbell driving a Jeep Wagoneer, with Gene Henderson and Ken Pogue finished 2nd in a similar vehicle   Scott Harvey and Tom King placed third in a Dodge Colt   Of the 38 teams starting the event, 24 finished 
The event was repeated the next year with Henderson and Pogue rising to win over Dahm with new co-driver Tom Grimshaw   Third was again captured by Harvey, who also had a new co-driver (Wayne Zitkus)   The final Sno*Drift of the period was held in 1975, and was won by Harvey and Zitkus, this time with a Dodge Ramcharger, while second place was claimed by Tom Tolles and Virginia Reese in a Volvo 122S and third by Bob Hourihan and Doug Shepherd, also in a Volvo 122S 
Sno*Drift was not held again until 1979 when it again became a national event for the SCCA   This running saw 48 teams enter, of whom 31 finished   Taisto Heinonen and Tom Burgess won the event in a Toyota Celica GT while Doug Leverton and Greg Wilkinson placed second in their Datsun 510 and Scott Harvey and Randy Graves finished third in a Dodge Aspen 
46 teams entered the 1980 event, while only 24 finished   Overall winners were Guy Light and Jim Brandt in a Jeep CJ-7, followed by John Buffum and Doug Shepherd in a Triumph TR7 and by Dick Turner and Tom Grimshaw in an International Scout   1980's winner in the production class was the team of Erik Zenz and Brian Berg in a Saab 99L followed by Curt Spicer and Tom Hudak, also in a Saab 99, and by Roger Suppes and Woody Crutchfield in a Toyota Corolla 
Sno*Drift was held in 1981 with 49 teams entering and 39 finishing   Jean Paul Perusse and Jim Brandt took the overall win in their Peugeot 504, while second place was claimed by Randy Black and Fred Baker in a Datsun 510, and third by Bjorn Anderson and Randy Weiser in a Toyota Celica   Niall Leslie and Doug Martin captured the 1981 production class win in a Datsun 200 SX, with second in class going to Gene Henderson and Jim Kloosterman, and third to Guy Light and Jim Brandt, with both teams driving a pair of AMC Eagle SX/4 coupes 
Sno*Drift saw 50 entries in 1982 with 31 finishing the rally   John Buffum and Tom Grimshaw took first with an Audi Quattro, with second going to Rod Millen and John Bellefleur in a Mazda RX-7 and third to Doug Shepherd and Jim Roller in a Colt   The production class winners were Guy Light and Jim Brandt in an Oldsmobile Omega, followed by Gene Henderson and Jim Kloosterman in their AMC Eagle SX/4, and Erik Zenz and Lawson Smith in a Saab 99 EMS 
1983, marking the eighth running of the event was also the last of the period run as a national event   40 teams entered and 29 finished, with Rod Millen and Michael Parris winning overall in their RX-7, with Mark Klos and Andrew Klos taking second in a Jeep C101 and Don Jankowski and Karen Landau finishing third in a Dodge Charger   The Production class was led by a pair of Chargers, the first driven by Cal Landau and Craig Marr, and the second by Dan Coughnour and Eric Marcus with Gene Henderson and Jim Kloosterman finishing third in their AMC Eagle SX/4 

Years as a non-national event
Sno*Drift was run in 1984, but was downgraded from a national event to a coefficient 2 divisional event of the, with 28 entries and 20 finishers   The event was held in December as part of the 1985 divisional series   Winners were Tom Bell and Mary Jo Czyzio in a Datsun 510, with second going to Erik Zenz and Steve Nowicki in a Saab 99 and third place awarded to Robert Parks and Jerry Tobin in an Alfa Romeo GTV 
Sno*Drift was run again in 1991, but as a time-speed-distance rally   14 teams took part, with Gene Henderson and Jim Mickle winning in a BMW 325ix   This team won again in 1992 when the event was repeated 

Restoration as a national event in the 1990s
After a long period of dormancy, Sno*Drift was run again as national event for the SCCA, although not as a full event, but instead at 60%, while also counting as coefficient 3 divisional event   In 1997, it was held in Montmorency County, Michigan, with 27 entries and 21 finishers   Overall winners were Frank Sprongl and Dan Sprongl in an Audi S2, followed by Steve Gingras and Bill Westrick and by Cal Landau and Eric Marcus, both in the Mitsubishi Eclipse   Group 5 winners were Mike Villemure and Rene Villemure driving a Volkswagen Beetle, followed by Mike Hurst and Lynn Dillon driving a Pontiac Sunbird and by Gail Truess and Paul Truess in a Chevrolet Citation   Group 2 winners were Gerald Sweet and Stuart Spark in a Saab 99 EMS, followed by Wayne Prochaska and Annette Prochaska in a Volkswagen Golf and Art Burmeister and Randy Moore in a Volkswagen GTI   The Production GT class win went to Steve Gingras and Bill Westrick in a Mitsubishi Eclipse followed by another Eclipse driven by Cal Landau and Eric Marcus and an Eagle Talon piloted by Brian Pepp and Dean Rushford   The Production class was won by a Ford Escort GT driven by Tad Ohtake and Bob Martin followed by a Honda Civic driven by Jay Kowalik and Jeff Wheeler   It was intended to run the event in 1998, although this was cancelled due to extreme weather conditions 
1999 saw Sno*Drift run again as a 60% national event and coefficient 3 divisional event   Overall victory went to Tom Ottey and Pam McGarvey in a Mazda 323 GTX, followed up by Jon Kemp and Brian Maxwell in an Audi 4000 Quattro and by Peter Lahm and Matt Chester in a Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IV   Group 5 was won by Henry Krolikowski and Cindy Krolikowski in a Dodge Shadow GT, followed by Mark Utecht and Diane Sargent in a Dodge Omni and by Jeremy Butts and Peter Jacobs in a Plymouth Arrow   Group 2 winners were Wayne and Annette Prochaska in a Volkswagen Golf followed by David S  Cizmas and David L  Cizmas in a Suzuki Swift and by Art Burmeister and Randy Moore in their GTI   Ottey and McGarvey also took the Proguction GT victory, with Chris Czyzio and Eric Carlson in second and Cal Landau and Eric Marcus in third, both in Eclipses   Production class victory went to a pair of Volkswagen GTIs, the first driven by Karl Scheible and Gail McGuire, and the second by Brian Vinson and Richard Beels   Third was captured by a Plymouth Neon ACR piloted by Evan Moen and Ronald Moen 

Becoming a full national event
2000 marked Sno*Drift's promotion to a full national event   The national event, part of the SCCA's ProRally series, would run all of the stages that comprised the rally   In addition, there would be two SCCA ClubRally events   The first, titled simply Sno, covered the first portion of the rally's stages, and was considered a coefficient 2 club rally, while the second, entitled Drift, covered the remaining stages and was scored as a coefficient 3 club rally   Competitors could enter any or all of these rallies and score points the appropriate series   the 2000 and 2001 event results were as follows (results are listed in the format - driver / co-driver / vehicle):

2000 Sno*Drift national rally (41 entrants/28 finishers)
Overall
1  Paul Choiniere / Jeff Becker / Hyundai Tiburon
2  Karl Scheible / Russ Hughes / Mitsubishi Lancer
3  Pete Lahm / Matt Chester / Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IV
Group N
1  Karl Scheible / Russ Hughes / Mitsubishi Lancer
Group 5
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
2  Mike Hurst / Rob Bohn / Pontiac Sunbird
3  Bryan Hourt / Peter Cardimen / Honda Civic
Group 2
1  Douglas Davenport / Lea Hoffa / Volkswagen Golf
Production GT
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Steve Gingras / Bill Westrick / Eagle Talon
Production
1  Brian Vinson / Luke Stuart / Volkswagen GTI
2  Evan Moen / Kurt Winkelman / Chrysler Neon
2000 Sno Club Coefficient 2 Rally (30 entrants; 20 finishers)
Overall
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
3  Sylvester Stepniewski / Adam Pelc / Audi Quattro
Group 5
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
2  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
3  Rene Villemure / Mike Villemure / Volkswagen Beetle
Group 2
1  Douglas Davenport / Lea Hoffa / Volkswagen Golf
2  Charles Langan / Hughie Langan / Ford Escort
Production GT
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Scott Harvey, Jr  / Bob Martin / Eagle Talon
Production
1  Jouni Pohjolainen / John Matikainen / Nissan NX 200
2  Ryan Brooks / Shanti Traskowski / Acura Integra
2000 Drift Club Coefficient 3 Rally
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
3  Sylvester Stepniewski / Adam Pelc / Audi Quattro
Group 5
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Corneliusen / Dodge Omni
2  Rene Villemure / Mike Villemure / Volkswagen Beetle
3  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
Group 2
1  Douglas Davenport / Lea Hoffa / Volkswagen Golf
2  Joshua Scott / Roxanne Slancik / Volkswagen GTI
3  Mark Brown / Ole Holter / Toyota Corolla
Production GT
1  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Scott Harvey, Jr  / Bob Martin / Eagle Talon
Production
1  Jouni Pohjolainen / John Matikainen / Nissan NX 200
2  Tom Young / Jim LeBeau / Dodge Neon ACR
3  Ryan Brooks / Shanti Traskowski / Acura Integra
2001 Sno*Drift National Rally
Overall
1  Paul Choiniere / Jeff Becker / Hyundai Tiburon
2  Mark Lovell / Steve Turvey / Subaru WRX STi
3  Seamus Burke / Frank Cunningham / Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IV
Group N
1  Mark Lovell / Steve Turvey / Subaru WRX STi
2  Karl Scheible / Brian Maxwell / Subaru Impreza
3  Henry Krolikowski / Cindy Krolikowski / Subaru WRX STi
Group 5
1  Tad Ohtake / Bob Martin / Ford Escort
2  Mike Hurst / Rob Bohn / Pontiac Sunbird
3  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
Group 2
1  Eric Burmeister / Mark Buskirk / Volkswagen GTI
2  Matthew Johnson / Eric Adams / Volkswagen GTI
3  Thomas Lawless / Brendan Lawless / Honda Civic
Production GT
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Gail Truess / Pattie Hughes-Mayer / Mazda 323 GTX
3  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
Production
1  Scott Carlborn / Dale Ewald / Jeep Comanche
2  Tom Young / Jim LeBeau / Dodge Neon ACR
2001 Sno Club Coefficient 2 Rally (32 entries; 26 finishers)
Overall
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
3  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Group 5
1  Mike Hurst / Rob Bohn / Pontiac Sunbird
2  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
3  Wiktor Biegalski / Andy Malikowski / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Group 2
1  Thomas Lawless / Brendan Lawless / Honda Civic
2  Phil Smith / Dallas Smith / MGB-GT
3  Brad Hawkins / Adrian Wintle / Volkswagen Golf GT
Production GT
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
3  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Production
1  Jim Cox / Kaarii Louise Cox / Chevrolet S-10
2  Ryan Brooks / Randy Berdan / Acura Integra
2001 Drift Club Coefficient 2 Rally (32 entries; 26 finishers)
Overall
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
3  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Group 5
1  Mike Hurst / Rob Bohn / Pontiac Sunbird
2  Colin McCleery / Jeff Secor / Volkswagen GTI
3  Jerry Brownell / Jim Windsor / Chevrolet Citation
Group 2
1  Thomas Lawless / Brendan Lawless / Honda Civic
2  Phil Smith / Dallas Smith / MGB-GT
3  Phil Schmidt / Steve Irwin / Toyota MR2
Production GT
1  Mark Utecht / Brenda Lewis / Mitsubishi Eclipse
2  Bruce Perry / Phil Barnes / Eagle Talon
3  Chris Czyzio / Eric Carlson / Mitsubishi Eclipse
Production
1  Jim Cox / Kaarii Louise Cox / Chevrolet S-10
2  Ryan Brooks / Randy Berdan / Acura Integra
3  William Tremmel / Peter Coleman / Volkswagen GTI
2002 Sno*Drift national rally (46 starters; 34 finishers)
Overall
1  Frank Sprongl / Dan Sprongl / Hyundai Tiburon
2  Mark Lovell / Steve Turvey / Subaru WRX
3  Mark Higgins / Michael Gibson / Hyundai Tiburon
Group N
1  Mark Utecht / Jeff Secor / Subaru WRX
2  Henry Krolikowski / Cindy Krolikowski / Subaru WRX STi
3  Mark Cox / Jim Gill / Mitsubishi Evo VI

Expansion to a two-day event
In 2002, Sno*Drift was expanded to cover two days, with the Sno club rally covering day one and Drift on day two   In 2003, the event was awarded the ProRally of the Year title by the SCCA   The 2004 event was marked by heavy snow 

Transition to Rally America
In 2005, the SCCA transferred organization and marketing of ProRally and ClubRally to Rally America, Inc , with Sno*Drift as the first event of the 2005 calendar, and thus the first event to take place under Rally America organization 

Summary of events
Sno*Drift 1973:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1974:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1975:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1979:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1980:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1981:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1982:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1983:  SCCA national performance rally
Sno*Drift 1984:  SCCA divisional coefficient 2 rally
Sno*Drift 1991:  SCCA regional time-speed-distance rally
Sno*Drift 1992:  SCCA regional time-speed-distance rally
Sno*Drift 1997:  SCCA 60% national and divisional coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 1999:  SCCA 60% national and divisional coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2000:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2000:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2000:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2001:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2001:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2001:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2002:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2002:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2002:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2003:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2003:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2003:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2004:  SCCA ProRally national rally
Sno 2004:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 2 rally
Drift 2004:  SCCA ClubRally coefficient 3 rally
Sno*Drift 2005:  Rally America National Rally Championship event
Sno 2005:  Rally America Central Regional Rally (coefficient 2)
Drift 2005:  Rally America Central Regional Rally (coefficient 3)
Sno*Drift 2006:  Rally America National Rally Championship event
Sno 2006:  Rally America Central Regional Rally (coefficient 2)
Drift 2006:  Rally America Central Regional Rally (coefficient 3)

See also
Rally America
Rallying
Passage 9:
Redan High School
Redan High School is a public secondary school of the DeKalb County School District located in Redan, Georgia 
Redan was established in 1976 by the DeKalb County School District  The school's mascot is the Raider  Both Redan High School and its "twin," Stone Mountain High School, were built without any main windows on their exteriors (except for in the main common area)  The windowless construction was for energy-saving purposes during the "energy crunch" of the mid-to-late 1970s 
As part of the DeKalb County School District, the school is accredited through AdvancED through 2022 

Campus
The school is in Redan, a census-designated place in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States  The school is south of the city of Stone Mountain and has a Stone Mountain mailing address 

Marching band
The Redan High School "Blue Thunder" Marching Band is one of the largest high school marching bands in the state of Georgia and in the southeast  The band has won the national VH1 Save the Music Battle of the Bands twice, the only high school band invited to perform in this competition to do so The band performs consistently highly in both marching band and concert band competitions, and was considered for inclusion in the inaugural parade of President Barack Obama in January 2009 
The band was featured in the blockbuster movie Drumline and the Disneyland Christmas parade, and shot a live commercial while performing at the Atlanta Football Classic  The band has recorded live commercials for several Fortune 500 companies and featured on releases by a number of recording artists  In November 2009, the Marching Blue Thunder was asked to perform in the movie Stomp the Yard 2: Homecoming, released in 2010 
The band has performed for many college and university halftime shows, including the Florida A&M Homecoming Celebration, Jackson State University, Bethune-Cookman University, Norfolk State University, and Tennessee State University, as well as major international events including the Chinese Festival in Beijing, China 
Among traditional marching bands, the Marching Blue Thunder is currently ranked number two in the United States and in the Southeast, number one in the South, and the number one ranked "High Stepping" high school marching band in Georgia  The band earns thousands of dollars annually in scholarship and tuition funds 

Athletics
The Redan baseball program has a history of producing competitive athletes that reach elite levels of play  In 2013, the Raiders baseball program won the 4A State Championship  This makes the Raiders the first team made up of only African Americans to win a baseball state championship in the state 
The school's Lady Raiders basketball team won the 5A State Championship in 2009 and 2014 

Feeder schools
The following elementary and middle schools feed into Redan High School:

Elementary
Eldridge Miller Elementary School
Shadow Rock Elementary School
Panola Way Elementary School (partial, about 15%)
Redan Elementary School (partial, about 45%)
Woodridge Elementary School

Middle
Redan Middle School
Freedom Middle School
Miller Grove Middle School

Notable alumni
La La Anthony - disc jockey, television personality, actress
Domonic Brown - former professional baseball player (Philadelphia Phillies)
Charles W  "Chuck" Bryant - co-host of Stuff You Should Know
Kevin Butler - former professional football player (Chicago Bears, Arizona Cardinals)
Urso Chappell - graphic designer, writer, and World's Fair historian
Cyhi the Prynce - rapper
Danger Mouse - Grammy Award-winning producer
Chris Gardocki - former college and professional football player (Clemson Tigers, Chicago Bears, Indianapolis Colts, Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers)
TJ Hassan - actor
Milt Hill -  former professional baseball player (Cincinnati Reds, Atlanta Braves, Seattle Mariners)
Jagged Edge - R&B group
Wally Joyner - former professional baseball player (California Angels, Kansas City Royals, San Diego Padres, Atlanta Braves); former assistant hitting coach for the Philadelphia Phillies and Detroit Tigers
Terance Mathis - former professional football player (New York Jets, Atlanta Falcons, Pittsburgh Steelers)
Chris Nelson - former professional baseball player (Colorado Rockies, New York Yankees, Los Angeles Angels, San Diego Padres)
Brandon Phillips - professional baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Reds)
Silentó - rapper
Armond Smith - former professional football player (Carolina Panthers, Cleveland Browns)
Everett Stull - former professional baseball player (Montreal Expos, Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Brewers)
Swizz Beats - Grammy Award-winning producer
Natasha Trethewey, United States Poet Laureate 2012–2014, awarded the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry; Poet Laureate of Mississippi
Context 3:  Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color  They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people  Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human–canine bond has been a topic of frequent study  This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend" 

Taxonomy
In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature)  Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal  He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus  Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other  In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W  Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793  Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo  Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision  Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade with some debating it In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 

Evolution
Domestication
The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany  Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf  The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks  The dog had died of canine distemper  Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs, but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated in the time of hunter–gatherers, which predates agriculture  DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage  Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kesslerloch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago  The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago  This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication  The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades  Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia  In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia 

Breeds
Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds  In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes  Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans  The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores  These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour  Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection  Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs  As a result, present day dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world  The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era 

Biology
Anatomy
Skeleton
All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types  The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis  Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types  The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls 

Senses
A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch  One study suggested that dogs can feel Earth's magnetic field 

Coat
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only  Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside  Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals 

Tail
There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew  As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others  In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries 

Health
Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees  Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs  Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly  Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs 
Several human foods and household ingestible are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol  The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs  Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e g , from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea  Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis 

Lifespan
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years  The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged  For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i e , the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1 2 years longer than purebred dogs 

Reproduction
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle  They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy  At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation  Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary  An average litter consists of about six puppies 

Neutering
Neutering is the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive  Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year  Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes  Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs  Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs  However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs and prostate cancer in males and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex 

Inbreeding depression
A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e g , between half and full siblings)  Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations  Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival  Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression  In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age  Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection  Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding 

Behavior
Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli  As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans  As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors  Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs  These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors  In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs  These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication  These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i e , selection for tameness) and emotional processing  Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves  Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation  Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability 

Intelligence
Researchers have tested dogs' ability to perceive information, retain it as knowledge, and apply it to solve problems  Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills   A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items  He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure  A study of another Border Collie, Chaser, documented his learning and memory capabilities  He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words  Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing, pointing, and human voice commands 
One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats  One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focused on the "what" of a task rather than the "where" Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception  An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans  Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not 

Communication
Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting : xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste)  Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture 

Ecology
Population
The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment 
In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million and 987 million  About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries  In the developing world, dogs are typically feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon  Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%)  Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes 

Competitors and predators
Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans  For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves  Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together  In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed  Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs  In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size  Siberian tigers in the Amur River region have killed dogs in the middle of villages  This indicates that the dogs were targeted  Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way  Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range 

Diet
Dogs have been described as omnivores  Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet  Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet  However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh  
Of the twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms (including selenocysteine), dogs cannot synthesize ten: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine  
Also more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain nitrogen balance  These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores 

Range
As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies  Notable exceptions once included:

The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent
The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar
The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species
Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands, Palau and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro, the Marshall Islands, the Gilbert Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Marquesas, Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island, the Chatham Islands and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships) Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections 

Roles with humans
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language  These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations  These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures  Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals  This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world  In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat 

Pets
It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history  Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased  In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (the expression "in the doghouse" – recorded since 1932 – to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion  From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians  People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status  The first has been "commodification", shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior  The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion  The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries  Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack  Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships  However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions  The idea of the "alpha dog" trying to be dominant is based on a disproved theory about wolf packs  Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77 5 million people in the United States have pet dogs  The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs  There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs  Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do  This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans 

Workers
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles  In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),  hunting (hounds, pointers) and rodent control (terriers)  Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads  In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities  Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care 

Athletes and models
People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions  In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard  As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows 

Food
Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, which dates back to antiquity  Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year  In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat   Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog  As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward  Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland  Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history  Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland and Central Asia  Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months  Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy  A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder  Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots  While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken 

Health risks
In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59 6% in Asia and 36 4% in Africa  Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector



ground_truth: Presque Isle County

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the actor of Ethan in A Dog's Purpose?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year  Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck  They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate  Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections In the U S , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year  It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U K  hospitals are domestic accidents  The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis  In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U S  population is infected  Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision  Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans 

Health benefits
Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders  Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes  Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans  The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being  Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being have been criticized for being poorly controlled  It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal " Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people  Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets " In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition  This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets  The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term  Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival  Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs  The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets  For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety  Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis  The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans  One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not  In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders  Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease  One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program 

Cultural importance
Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love  In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine, and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her  In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection  In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs  Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion  In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades  Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate  In Norse mythology, a dog called Garmr guards Hel, a realm of the dead  In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge  In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn  In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes  They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka  A black dog is also considered to be the vahana (vehicle) of Bhairava (an incarnation of Shiva) In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness  Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the saint's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that  As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis)  In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege  Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets  Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them  The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet " Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets 

Terminology
Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same 
Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies) 
Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old 
Sire – the male parent of a litter 
Dam – the female parent of a litter 
Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping 
Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth 
Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam 

See also
Passage 3:
Flesh and Bone (film)
Flesh and Bone is a 1993 American neo noir mystery thriller film written and directed by Steve Kloves that stars Meg Ryan, Dennis Quaid and James Caan  Gwyneth Paltrow is featured in an early role, for which she received some praise 

Plot
A family in rural Texas finds a boy, Arlis, who says he is lost  They take him into their home, feed him, and give a place to sleep  But the boy later lets his father, Roy (James Caan), into the house to commit a robbery  When they are discovered, Roy brutally murders the family, which the boy witnesses  The sole survivor is a baby girl 
Time passes, and Arlis (Dennis Quaid) lives a solitary life in which he drives a truckload of goods and novelties to restock vending machines and arcade games in roadside stores and restaurants  Making a stop at a roadhouse where a rowdy party is being held, he spots Kay (Meg Ryan), a woman who pops up out of a cake at the party and then passes out because she's been drinking liquor 
Arlis ends up giving her a ride home, a long drive, while continuing to make his rounds  Upon coming home, Kay sees that her husband Reese has sold the furniture, having lost their money gambling  She packs up her remaining belongings and leaves with Arlis  They spend more time together and grow close 
Meanwhile, a young woman named Ginnie (Gwyneth Paltrow) now travels with a much older Roy  She is a grifter who will pretend to be a mourner in order to steal the jewelry from a dead body at a funeral home  Ginnie brings an injured Roy to his estranged son, Arlis, to tend to his injury 
Passing the house where he grew up, Arlis realizes that Kay was the infant who survived the long-ago murders  Roy figures this out as well  He begins talking about tying up loose ends  It leads to a confrontation, and Arlis shoots Roy dead  Ginnie goes off on her own, and Kay and Arlis go their separate ways 

Cast
Dennis Quaid as Arlis Sweeney
Meg Ryan as Kay Davies
James Caan as Roy Sweeney
Gwyneth Paltrow as Ginnie
Scott Wilson as Elliott
Gail Cronauer as Emma
John Hawkes as Groom

Location
Principal photography began on October 5, 1992 and completed on December 26, 1992 
It was filmed in Lockhart and Marfa, Texas, as well as at the Mustang Mott store owned by Maxine McCoy, in Westhoff, Texas Producer Mark Rosenberg died of a heart attack suffered on the film's location in Stanton, Texas 
As the end credits begin, the film is dedicated to him 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Flesh and Bone holds a 65% approval rating from 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10  On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale 
Passage 4:
A Dog's Purpose (film)
A Dog's Purpose is a 2017 American family comedy-drama adventure film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by W  Bruce Cameron, Cathryn Michon, Audrey Wells, Maya Forbes, and Wally Wolodarsky, based on the 2010 novel of the same name by W  Bruce Cameron  The film stars Britt Robertson, KJ Apa, Juliet Rylance, John Ortiz, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, Peggy Lipton, Dennis Quaid, and Josh Gad  The first film from the novel covers themes of loyalty, grief, dysfunctional family, and reincarnation from one lifetime to another 
The film is a co-production between Amblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media, and Pariah Entertainment Group  It was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017, and grossed $205 million worldwide  It was Peggy Lipton's final film role before her death in 2019 
A sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released on May 17, 2019 

Plot
In the 1950s, a feral puppy wonders about life's true purpose  Weeks later, he is caught by dogcatchers, whisked away to the pound, and euthanized 
The dog is reborn as a Red Retriever in 1961  Leaving his cage at a puppy mill, he is taken by two garbage men, who plan to sell him  Left locked inside their pick-up truck, he begins to die of heatstroke, but is rescued by a kindhearted mother and her eight-year-old son, Ethan Montgomery  They break the truck's window and bring him home, naming him Bailey  Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer at Ethan's grandparents' farm, and Bailey decides Ethan alone is his purpose  Ethan gives him the nickname “Boss Dog”  Years pass, and after several attempts at advancing in his job fail, Ethan's father has become an alcoholic  In 1969, Ethan meets a girl named Hannah at a fair with Bailey, and they soon begin dating  They spend their summer together, happily, through senior year  They plan to go to the same college, Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah with an academic one  At home one night, Ethan's drunken father becomes abusive towards his mother and him  Ethan kicks him out  Later in 1971 at a football game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full scholarship to Michigan State University  That night, his vindictive classmate Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house, causing a house fire  Bailey alerts Ethan, who saves his mother out through an upstairs window  Ethan lowers her, then Bailey  However, he loses his rope and must jump, fracturing his leg and ending his athletic scholarship  Bailey attacks Todd, who is arrested by the police when firecrackers fall out of his pocket  Now, Ethan must go to an agricultural school, where he will learn to take over the farm  Depressed, Ethan breaks up with Hannah before leaving for college, while Bailey stays with Ethan's grandparents  Bailey ages and Ethan comes to say goodbye 
Bailey is reborn as a female German Shepherd puppy, growing into a police dog named Ellie, in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while fully retaining memories of her past lives  Ellie is partnered with lonely officer Carlos Ruiz who has recently split up with his partner, of the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "seeking" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose  They form a close bond, ending after Ellie saves a girl, kidnapped by her mother's ex-boyfriend, from drowning and is then fatally shot by the kidnapper while protecting Carlos 
Reborn in the mid-1980s as a male Corgi, Bailey is adopted by Atlanta college student Maya, who names him Tino  Lonely, he tries to find her happiness  She meets Al, a classmate, after Tino falls for Al's dog, a female Landseer named Roxy  They marry, having three children  Tino is heartbroken when one day Roxy does not return from the vet  As Tino ages and dies, he thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives 
Bailey reincarnates again, this time as a St  Bernard/Australian Shepherd mix puppy in 2014  At first adopted by a woman named Wendi, he is named Waffles  Unfortunately, Wendi's husband neglects him, refuses to let her keep him inside, and after several years, abandons him  Waffles searches for a new life, gradually making his way back to where he spent summers as Bailey  He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, now in his 60s, lonely on his grandparents' old farm, now his  Not recognizing him, Ethan takes him to the local animal shelter, but later reclaims him, naming him Buddy  Sensing that he has finally found his true purpose, he reunites Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they get married  Buddy shows Ethan that he is his “Boss Dog”, by performing tricks and responding to phrases that were known only to the two of them many years back  Ethan finds Bailey's collar, now old and rusty, and places it back on Bailey's neck, and they resume playing exactly the way they did so long ago  Bailey narrates that life is about having fun, saving others, finding someone to be with, not getting upset over the past or the future, and living for today 

Cast
Josh Gad as the voice of Bailey, Ellie, Tino and Buddy, the reincarnations of "Boss Dog", the main protagonist 
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery, an old man who runs a farm 
KJ Apa as teenaged Ethan Montgomery, a popular football player who later gets injured and must become a farmer 
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year-old Ethan Montgomery, a young boy interested in comics and football 
Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother in an unhappy and abusive marriage to Jim, whom she later divorces 
Peggy Lipton as Hannah, an old woman who is widowed and has two children 
Britt Robertson as teenaged Hannah, the supportive and intelligent girlfriend of Ethan 
John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz, Ellie’s partner who trains her as a police dog 
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya, a shy young woman who adopts Tino 
Pooch Hall as Al, a young man who dates and later marries Maya, and has three children with her 
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father in an unhappy and abusive marriage with Elizabeth and an alcoholic 
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather and a farmer 
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother 
Logan Miller as Todd, a former friend of Ethan’s who is vindictive and jealous of him 

Production
In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel  On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film  On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast  On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film  On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play Bailey's inner voice, but the role was eventually performed by Josh Gad  Principal photography began on August 17, 2015  During production, controversy ensued over treatment of a dog during filming 

Release
In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy  The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017  Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales 

Reception
Box office
A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64 5 million in the United States and Canada and $140 5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $205 million, against a production budget of $22 million In North America, it was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for  It made $466,000 from Thursday-night previews and $5 3 million on its first day  It ended up debuting to $18 2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split  The film dropped 40 6% in its second weekend, grossing $10 8 million and finishing third at the box office 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35% based on reviews from 142 critics, with an average rating of 4 8/10  The site's critics consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale Andrew Barker of Variety wrote: "Viewed in a vacuum, it’s hard to fault the movie’s earnestness; Hallström’s canine cinema pedigree (which includes the superior Hachi: A Dog's Tale) shows through; and Rachel Portman's score is understandably sentimental without going completely saccharine " 
Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "While the human performers are more than adequate, there’s no doubt that the canine stars carry the day  Their utter irresistibility helps a long way in terms of getting past the corny plot machinations of A Dog’s Purpose "

Home media
A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Pictures Home Entertainment  The film topped the home-video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017 

Controversy
On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a male German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting  After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog  The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident was under further investigation  PETA called for a boycott of the film  Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie and was not on set during the making of the film, said he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will " Director Lasse Hallström said via Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage  Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying, "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape, so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot," and  "Hercules is happy and healthy " On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public 

Sequel
On June 21, 2017, CEO of Amblin Entertainment Michael Wright announced that a sequel was in development  On August 26, 2018, Universal began production on the sequel, which is directed by Gail Mancuso, and was released on May 17, 2019  In addition to Quaid and Gad reprising their roles, the cast also includes Marg Helgenberger (replacing Peggy Lipton, who had become seriously ill), Betty Gilpin, Kathryn Prescott, and Henry Lau  The trailer for the sequel, titled A Dog's Journey, was released in January 2019 



ground_truth: Meg Ryan