prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the president of the newly declared independent country that is part of the Commission of Truth and Friendship with the country where Sambas is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
East Timor
East Timor ( (listen)), also known as Timor-Leste (; Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia  It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, of which the western half is administered by Indonesia, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco  Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea  The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi)  Dili is its capital and largest city 
East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975  Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation  Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory  On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century  That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN  
The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament  Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence  The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership  The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid 
The total population is over 1 1 million, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate  Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum  High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country  The majority of the population is Catholic, which exists alongside strong local traditions, especially in rural areas 

Name
"Timor" is derived from timur, meaning 'east' in Malay, thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'  In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur  (this name only refers to the former de facto Indonesian province, Timor Leste is used instead to refer this country)  In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east')  In Tetum it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises') The official names under its constitution are "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" in English, "República Democrática de Timor-Leste" in Portuguese, and "Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste" in Tetum  The official short form of the name is "Timor-Leste", and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL 

History
Prehistory and Classical era
Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago  The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages  A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain  The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island  Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south  These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra  Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law  Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai  Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom  These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule : 11–15 From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume  Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood, honey, and wax  The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute : 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century  Early European presence was limited to trade, with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor : 90

Portuguese era (1769–1975)
Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands  Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch : 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores  In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652  The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave : 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited  A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century  Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal : 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance  The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal : 269 During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942  The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor  Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians  The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943  Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited : 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%  Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975 
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975  Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975  Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976  The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration" 

Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance  The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality  A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness  The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data  One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000  Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia : 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia  Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence  A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999  A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military  In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons  On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN 

Contemporary era
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly  On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution  By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned  On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN  The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president  On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order  The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term  While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president  In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party  In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed  Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order  In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities  The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012 Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017  The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election  This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018  In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister  José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres 

Politics and government
The political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system : 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary : 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch  The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions : 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers : 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference : 13, 39  Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas  Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful : 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85% : 17  The political system has wide public acceptance : 17 : 106 The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms  Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers  However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence : 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget : 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority : 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter : 10  As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet 

Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term  The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five  Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method  Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system  Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance  Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system  Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis : 173 Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system  One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women  This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party : 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines  There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule  Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas : 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology : 16  The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections : 168–169  While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an "old guard" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia : 175 : 10–11 Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services : 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy : 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations : 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown  An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets : 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups  Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions : 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country : 40

Foreign relations and military
International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them : 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999  The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012 : 4, 14 East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,: 42–44  and was granted observer status and accepted "in principle" in November 2022  Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership  ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia  Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states : 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group  More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states  It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries : 42–44 Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds  Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions  These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country : 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili : 12 The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border  The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case  The dispute was resolved in 2018 following negotiations at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when a maritime boundary between the two was established along with an agreement on natural resource revenues The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006  It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor  These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component  A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component  There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States 

Administrative divisions
East Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets)  The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule : 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili : 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government  In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration  In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers : 88–92  In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government  This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders : 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime  Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region  The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015  In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households : 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants  Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration : 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself : 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives : 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers  An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services : 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration  Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state  They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration : 7–10

Geography
Located in between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay archipelago : 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south : 2  East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country  The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco  The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse : 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi) : 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude : 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long : 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere  East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi) The interior of the country is mountainous,: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island : 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%  The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline : 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft)  Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season : 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor : 13 : 2  The capital and largest city is Dili  The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau : 22 

The climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year  A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia : 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8 7–9 9 in) per month  In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0 47–0 71 in) : 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect : 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts  Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change : 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall : 6 Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west  These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot : 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park  It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country  It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated  The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country  Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid 2010s : 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct : 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion  There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority : 27 : 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution : 2–3

Economy
The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities and has a large public sector  Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty : 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions  The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country : 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers  There are far more imports than exports,: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries : 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending : 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2 5% per year from 2011 to 2021 : 24 Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line  This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen  Even in urban areas, the majority are poor  Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers : 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth : 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were  There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account : 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population : 214 Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports : 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government : 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries : 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards : 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses  A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each : 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers : 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks : 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually : 257 

This poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country  Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas  The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth : 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund  $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent : 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010 : 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget  As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted  Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009 : 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging  Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy : 264–272 The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors  Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years  The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects  Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth : 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes  Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies  Other government income comes from 23 "autonomous agencies", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor : 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible : 260 

Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment  Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights : 23  As of 2010, 87 7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18 9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38 2%  The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population  Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence : 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop, and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue : 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse  Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually : 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists 

Demographics
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census  The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located : 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare  While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital  The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes : 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20 : 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world : 212 The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese  Other reference sources list it as East Timorese  The word Maubere formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021 : 24  From 1990 to 2019 life expectancy rose from 48 5 to 69 5  Expected years of schooling rose from 9 8 to 12 4 between 2000 and 2010, while mean years of schooling rose from 2 8 to 4 4  Progress since 2010 for these has been limited  Gross national income per capita similarly peaked in 2010, and has decreased since : 3  As of 2016, 45 8% of East Timorese were impoverished, 16 3% severely so : 6  The fertility rate, which at the time of independence was the highest in the world at 7 8, dropped to 4 2 by 2016  It is relatively higher in rural areas, and among poorer: 3  and less literate households  As of 2016, the average household size was 5 3, with 41% of people aged under 15, and 18% of households headed by women : 2  Infant mortality stood at 30 per 1,000, down from 60 per 1,000 in 2003 : 7  46% of children under 5 showed stunted growth, down from 58% in 2010  Working age adult obesity increased from 5% to 10% during the same time period  As of 2016, 40% of children, 23% of women, and 13% of men had anemia : 11

Ethnicity and language
Timorese communities are not strictly defined by ethnic background or linguistic group  Separate communities may share ethnicity or language, and many areas show overlaps and hybridisation between ethnic and linguistic groups : 44  Familial relations and descent, which are interlinked with sacred house affiliation, are a more important indicator of identity : 47  Each family group generally identifies with a single language or dialect : 49  With this immense local variation in mind, there is a broad cultural and identity distinction between the east (Bacau, Lautém, and Viqueque Municipalities) and the west of the country, a product of history more than it is of linguistic and ethnic differences,: 45–47  although it is very loosely associated with the two language groups : 142–143  There is a small mestiço population of mixed Portuguese and local descent  There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka  Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s, but a significant number have also returned to East Timor following the end of Indonesian occupation  East Timor has a small community of Timorese Indian, specifically Goan descent, as well as historical immigration from Africa and Yemen Likely reflecting the mixed origins of the different ethnolinguistic groups of the island, the indigenous languages fall into two language families: Austronesian and Papuan : 10  Depending on how they are classified, there are up to 19 indigenous languages with up to 30 dialects : 136  Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a  According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a  The largest Malayo-Polynesian group is the Tetum, mostly around Dili or the western border  Other Malayo-Polynesian languages with native speakers of more than 40,000 are Mambai in the central mountains south of Dili, Baikeno in Oecusse, Kemak in the north-west interior, and Tokodede on the northwest coast  The main Papuan languages spoken are Bunak in the centre of Timor, especially within Bobonaro Municipality; Makasae in the eastern Baucau and Viqueque municipalities; and Fataluku in the eastern Lautém Municipality : 43  The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30 6% of the population), Mambai (16 6%), Makasai (10 5%), Tetum Terik (6 05%), Baikenu (5 87%), Kemak (5 85%), Bunak (5 48%), Tokodede (3 97%), and Fataluku (3 52%)  Other indigenous languages accounted for 10 47%, while 1 09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum  In addition, English and Indonesian are designated by the constitution as "working languages" : 3  This is within the Final and Transitional Provisions, which do not set a final date  In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report  Portuguese is recovering as it has now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools  The use of Portuguese for government information and in the court system provides some barriers to access for those who do not speak it  Tetum is also not understood by everyone in the country : 11  According to the Observatory of the Portuguese Language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77 8% in Tetum, 55 6% in Indonesian, and 39 3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012  According to the 2015 census, 50% of the population between the ages of 14 and 24 can speak and understand Portuguese  The 2015 census found around 15% of those over the age of five were literate in English 

Education
East Timor's adult literacy rate was 68% among adults, and 84% among those aged 15–24, as of 2021  It is slightly higher among women than men : 27  More girls than boys attend school, although some drop out upon reaching puberty : 25  As of 2016 22% of working age women (15–49) and 19% of working age men had no education, 15% of women and 18% of men had some primary education, 52% of women and 51% of men had some secondary education, and 11% of women and 12% of men had higher education  Overall, 75% of women and 82% of men were literate : 2  Primary schools exist throughout the country, although the quality of materials and teaching is often poor  Secondary schools are generally limited to municipal capitals  Education takes up 10% of the national budget : 27  The country's main university is the National University of East Timor  There are also four colleges Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8 4% of primary school and 6 8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81 6% for primary and 46 3% for secondary schools  Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73 7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 Portuguese was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district  Portugal provides support to about 3% of the public schools in East Timor, focused on those in urban areas, further encouraging the use of the Portuguese language : 28

Religion
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state, Section 45 Comma 1 also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble  Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as Flores and parts of Western New Guinea also have Catholic majorities According to the 2015 census, 97 57% of the population is Catholic; 1 96% Protestant; 0 24% Muslim; 0 08% Traditional; 0 05% Buddhist; 0 02% Hindu, and 0 08% other religions  A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98 3% of the population, Protestants 1 2%, and Muslims 0 3% The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to more than 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs  East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity  Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese mass was replaced by Indonesian mass  While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion  The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Archdiocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana  In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretised with local animist beliefs  The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999, as these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia  Fewer than half of previous Protestant congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor 

Culture
The many cultures within East Timor stem from the several waves of Austronesian and Melanesian migration that led to the current population, with unique identities and traditions developing within each petty kingdom  Portuguese authorities built upon traditional structures, blending Portuguese influence into the existing political and social systems : 91–92  The presence of the Catholic Church created a point of commonality across the various ethnic groups, despite full conversion remaining limited  The Portuguese language also provided common linkages, even if direct Portuguese impact was limited : 97–98  Under Indonesian rule, resistance strengthened cultural links to Catholicism and the Portuguese language  At the same time, Indonesian cultural influence was spread through schools and administration : 98–99 The preservation of traditional beliefs in the face of Indonesian attempts to suppress them became linked to the creation of the country's national identity : 7–13  This national identity only began to emerge at the very end of Portuguese rule, and further developed during Indonesian rule : 134–136  Following independence, a civic identity began to develop  This was most clearly expressed through enthusiasm for national-level democracy,: 155–156  and was reflected in politics through a shift from resistance narratives to development ones : 3  The capital has developed a more cosmopolitan culture, while rural areas maintain stronger traditional practices : 30  Internal migration into urban areas, especially Dili, creates cultural links between these areas and rural hinterlands  Those in urban areas often continue to identify with a specific rural area, even those with multiple generations born in Dili : 53–54 The presence of so many ethnic and linguistic groups means cultural practices vary across the country : 11  These practices reflect historical social structures and practices, where political leaders were regarded as having spiritual powers  Ancestry was an important part of cultural practices, and partly signified leadership  Leaders often had influence over land use, and these leaders continue to play an informal role in land disputes and other aspects of community practice today  An important traditional concept is lulik, or sacredness  Some lulik ceremonies continue to reflect animist beliefs, for example through divination ceremonies which vary throughout the country  Sacred status can also be associated with objects, such as Portuguese flags which have been passed down within families : 7–13 

Community life is centred around sacred houses (Uma Lulik), physical structures which serve as a representative symbol and identifier for each community : 47–49  The architectural style of these houses varies between different parts of the country, although following widespread destruction by Indonesian forces many were rebuilt with cheap modern materials : 22–25  The house as a concept extends beyond the physical object to the surrounding community : 92–93, 96  Kinship systems exist within and between houses  Traditional leaders, who stem from historically important families, retain key roles in administering justice and resolving disputes through methods that vary between communities : 47–49  Such leaders are often elected to official leadership positions, merging cultural and historical status with modern political status : 52  The concept of being part of a communal house has been extended to the nation, with Parliament serving as the national sacred house : 96 Art styles vary throughout the various ethnolinguistic groups of the island  Nonetheless, similar artistic motifs are present throughout, such as large animals and particular geometric patterns  Some art is traditionally associated with particular genders  For example, the Tais textiles that play a widespread role in traditional life throughout the island are traditionally handwoven by women  Different tais patterns are associated with different communities, and more broadly with linguistic groups : 137  Many buildings within central Dili maintain historical Portuguese architecture : I-5 Traditional rituals remain important, often mixed in with more modern aspects : 137  A strong oral history is highlighted in individuals able to recite long stories or poetry  This history, or Lia nain, passes down traditional knowledge : 16  There remains a strong tradition of poetry  Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior" In the field of cinema, East Timor released its first feature-length film, a period thriller titled Beatriz's War, in 2013  Shot with a limited budget by a mix of local filmmakers and a volunteer Australian film crew, the film depicted East Timorese life under Indonesian occupation in the 1970s, with producer Lurdes Pires acknowledging their aim to diverge from the government's "friendship and forgiveness" policy for its past conflicts by telling a story of truth-seeking and justice 

See also
Outline of East Timor
Index of East Timor-related articles
List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East
Passage 2:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1264
United Nations Security Council resolution 1264, adopted unanimously on 15 September 1999, after recalling previous resolutions on East Timor (Timor-Leste), the Council authorised the establishment of the multinational International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) to restore peace and security in the territory, facilitate humanitarian assistance and protect the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) The Security Council welcomed the successful conduct of the East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum on 30 August 1999, in which the East Timorese people voted for independence from Indonesia  Meanwhile, there was concern about the deteriorating security situation and the violence that had displaced many residents  Attacks also took place against UNAMET and other international and national humanitarian personnel and this had particularly affected vulnerable groups  There were reports of widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights law across East Timor, and Indonesia had accepted the presence of a United Nations international peacekeeping force in the region Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council condemned the violence in East Timor, called for those responsible to be brought to justice and emphasised the need for immediate unrestricted humanitarian assistance to the area  In this regard, it authorised the establishment of an Australian-led multinational force under joint command with the task of restoring peace, protecting the UNAMET mission and assisting in humanitarian operations using all necessary measures  The force consisted of 8,000 personnel from 17 countries  The Government of Indonesia, which had temporary responsibility for the security of East Timor, would co-operate with the multinational force or INTERFET 
The resolution noted that part of the agreement between Indonesia and Portugal on the future of East Timor stipulated a peaceful and orderly transfer of authority in East Timor to the United Nations and INTERFET was asked to support the process  The multinational force would be present in East Timor for four months until replaced by a United Nations peacekeeping force and would be required to submit periodic reports on its progress Finally, the Secretary-General was asked to make preparations for a transitional administration in East Timor that would include a peacekeeping operation during the implementation phase following the referendum 

See also
1999 East Timorese crisis
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1201 to 1300 (1998–2000)
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
Passage 3:
Shark sanctuary
A shark sanctuary is an area that forbids commercial fishing operations from targeting and retaining caught sharks, including their fins  The first shark sanctuary was created by Palau in 2009  It was followed by Maldives, Honduras, The Bahamas and Tokelau 

Background
Every year, fishermen pull "up to 73 million" or "some 100 million" sharks from the world's oceans  The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that more than half of shark species are overexploited or depleted  Globally, 21% of shark species whose extinction risk has been assessed fall into the "threatened" categories, and 18% are "near threatened", while 35% lack sufficient data to decide, leaving 26% in the unthreatened category 
The search for shark fins drives the illegal hunting trade  Some jurisdictions permit fishing for fins and food  Sharks are also caught as bycatch when fishing for marlin, tuna and other varieties Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after several years of life and produce very few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish  Harvesting sharks before they reproduce has severe impacts on future populations 

National and international status
Many nations restrict shark catches and shark finning 

Pacific Islands
Palau created the world's first so-named "shark sanctuary" on September 25, 2009  Palau forbids all commercial shark fishing within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) waters  The sanctuary protects about 600,000 square kilometres (230,000 sq mi) of ocean, an area similar to the country of France  President Johnson Toribiong made the announcement at a meeting of the United Nations  President Toribiong also requested a worldwide ban on shark fishing  Palau is home to 135 endangered or vulnerable shark and ray species The Maldives created a sanctuary in March, 2010  Tokelau declared its entire EEZ a shark sanctuary in 2011 On February 25, 2011, Guam, a US island territory, voted to ban commerce in fins  Guam's Senate passed a bill banning the sale, possession and distribution of the fins In August, 2011, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Guam announced plans to join Palau in a region-wide sanctuary that covers 2,000,000 square miles (5,200,000 km2) of ocean Kiribati, another Pacific island state, and the US operate Earth's largest marine reserve 

Americas
Honduras prohibited the taking of sharks in its national waters as of February 2010 The U S  bans shark finning on all U S -flagged vessels, forbids the taking 19 species of sharks including white, whale, and basking sharks and shares lists of illegal vessels with established fishing companies, helping them report illegal activities  The U S  also assesses the health of many of its shark populations and includes sharks in its various Fishery Management Plans  Hawaii has banned the sale and possession of shark fins  The states of California, Oregon and Washington are considering similar bans 

Africa
In 1991 South Africa became the first country in the world to declare great white sharks a legally protected species 

Europe
In February 2009, the European Commission proposed first-ever shark conservation rules for European waters, although these are not outright bans  EU countries account for one-third of global shark meat exports 
Shark steaks are increasingly served in restaurants  Shark parts are also used in lotions and leather sports shoes 

Asia
Taiwan banned shark finning in 2012 Israel - All elasmobranchs are fully protected in Israel's territorial waters, in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Gulf of Aqaba (northeastern Red Sea), since 2005, making these effective shark sanctuaries 

Shark fishery
After reaching about 0 9 million tonnes in 2003, catches of the “sharks, rays and chimaeras” group declined to 0 75 million tonnes in 2006, a drop of 15 percent , numbering some 100 million fish 

Drivers of the shark trade
Sharks are a common seafood in many places around the world, including China (shark-fin soup), Japan, Australia (fish and chips under the name flake), in India (under the name sora in Tamil language and Telugu language), and Icelanders eat Greenland sharks as hákarl 
The practice of live finning, where a fisherman removes the fin with a hot metal blade and releases the dying animal occurs with some frequency, but is  not a prevalent practice, with most fins taken with the entire animal  Around 80% of shark fins are derived as accidental by-catch, which are quickly sold to the market due to their high price  Shark finning has become a major trade within black markets all over the world with shark fins going at about $300/lb in 2009 European consumers consume dogfishes, smoothhounds, catsharks, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays  However, the U S  FDA recommends that children and women who are or may be pregnant should refrain from eating shark 
For details see mercury in fish 
In the East Asian region, use of shark cartilage in preparing soups is considered a health tonic  Hong Kong imports it from North and South American countries, particularly for use in either a cooked format or to prepare boiled soup, as a health fad, by mixing it with herbals supplements 
Another large demand for shark cartilage is for manufacture of "Shark Cartilage Powder" or pills as a cure for cancer  The anti cancer claims of such powders marketed in many parts of the world has been discounted by the US Food and Drug Administration, Federal Trade Commissions and medical studies  In spite of such injunctions, the trade in this powder continues and the shark cartilage powder is still widely marketed as a cancer cure, stated to be selling at US$145 per gram  It is also stated that in Costa Rica, one single firm alone processed 235,000 sharks every month to manufacture cartilage pills Seafood Watch recommends that everyone avoid eating shark The majority of shark fisheries around the globe have little monitoring or management  With the rise in demand for shark products there is a greater pressure on fisheries  Sharks experience a long interval between birth and sexual maturity, such that many sharks never reach maturity  In some species, populations have declined by over 90% over the past 20–30 years with decline of 70% not unusual The practice of shark finning, attracts much controversy and regulations are being enacted to prevent it from occurring  The acclaimed 2007 documentary, Sharkwater exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction, in part due to the massive Asian demand for shark fin soup 

See also
Grey nurse shark conservation
Shark Conservation Act
Sharkwater
Passage 4:
The Trouble with the Truth (song)
"The Trouble with the Truth" is a song written by Gary Nicholson, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless  It was released in April 1997 as the fifth and final single and title track from her album  The Trouble with the Truth 
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 15 during the week of July 12, 1997 

Other versions
Joan Baez also cut a version of the song during an early 1990s recording session in Nashville, but the recording remained unissued until released in 2012 as a bonus track on the remastered rerelease of her 1992 album Play Me Backwards 

Chart positions
Passage 5:
Zeferino Martins
Zeferino Martins, also known as Ze Martins (born September 5, 1985) is an East Timorese footballer who plays as midfielder for Ad  Dili Oeste and the Timor-Leste national team 
Passage 6:
Sambas Regency
Sambas Regency is the most northerly regency in West Kalimantan Province of Indonesia  The regency is one of the original regencies in West Kalimantan, but on 20 April 1999 the southern districts were removed from Sambas Regency to form a new Bengkayang Regency (then including the town of Singkawang)  The residual regency now covers 6,394 70 km2, and had a population of 496,120 at the 2010 census and 629,905 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 647,844  The principal town lies at Sambas 

History
The famous Sambas Treasure, a collection of 9th century Buddhist sculptures, was found near Sambas Town  It is now part of the British Museum's collection 
In the Sambas riots in 1999 Malays and Dayaks joined to massacre the Madurese during the conflict  Madurese were mutilated, raped, and killed by the Malays and Dayaks and 3,000 of them died in the massacres, with the Indonesian government doing little to stop the violence 

Adjoining Regencies and City
Population
At the 2010 census, Sambas Regency had a population of 496,120, which by the 2020 census had grown to 629,905 people, and by mid 2022 was estimated at 647,844 (consisting of 331,046 males and 316,798 females), with an average density of 101 3 people per km2 

Watershed
Sambas has three watersheds (total: 516,200 ha): the Sambas watershed (258,700 ha), the Paloh watershed (64,375 ha), and the Sebangkau watershed (193,125 ha) 

Administrative Districts
Sambas Regency consists of nineteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, and the official estimates as at mid 2022 (rounded to nearest 100 persons)  The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (all rural desa), and its post code 

List of Sambas Regents and Vice Regents
Passage 7:
Estanislau da Silva
Estanislau da Conceição Aleixo Maria da Silva (born 4 August 1952) is an East Timorese politician and a key member of Fretilin  He was acting Prime Minister from May 2007 to August 2007 
A member of Fretilin since 1974, Da Silva served on the diplomatic front for the East Timorese resistance during the years of the Indonesian occupation of Timor-Leste (1975 to 1999)  During the occupation, Da Silva resided in Mozambique (1976 to 1984), Portugal (1975 to 1976 and 1984 to 1985) and Australia (1985 to 1999), before returning to Timor-Leste in 1999 
After Timor-Leste achieved independence in 2002, Da Silva was appointed as the country's first Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries  On 10 July 2006, he was sworn in as the First Deputy Prime Minister of Timor-Leste  He was sworn in as the acting Prime Minister on 19 May 2007 to replace José Ramos-Horta who had been elected President of the young nation  He left office when Xanana Gusmão was sworn in as Prime Minister on 8 August 2007, following the June 2007 parliamentary election 

Early life
Da Silva was born in Dili in 1952 to Luis da Silva and Genoveva Aleixo  He attended primary school from 1961-1962 to 1964-1965 in Fuiloro - Lautém district, and Dili Technical School from 1965-1966 to 1970-1971  Upon graduation from Dili Technical School, Da Silva went to Lisbon to pursue further training in electrical and mechanical engineering 

Political activities
Da Silva joined Fretilin in 1974 and was a founding member of the Fretilin External Branch in Lisbon 
In 1976, Da Silva interrupted his studies in Lisbon and was sent to Australia by the Fretilin leadership to lobby support for Timor-Leste's independence struggle  During that time, Australian supporters of Timor-Leste's independence struggle (Campaign for Independence of East Timor - CIET) requested that Da Silva assist Neville Cunningham and António Belo to operate and maintain a radio connection to the Fretilin leadership based in Timor-Leste  As Da Silva was not an Australian resident, he had to operate the radio secretly and spent six months in bush of Australia's Northern Territory  
In September 1976, Da Silva and Cunningham were tracked down and arrested by the Northern Territory Police Force and the radio link severed  Da Silva was released after a one-day trial and left Australia for Mozambique  The radio link was later re-established by Fretilin members and Australian supporters of Timor-Leste's struggle for independence 
Upon his return to Australia in 1985, Da Silva campaigned tirelessly for Timor-Leste's independence  This included speaking at public forums, organising demonstrations against the illegal Indonesian occupation, organising fundraising activities and lobbying MPs  Da Silva also maintained regular contact with the clandestine movement and the Fretilin leadership in Timor-Leste and assisted in helping people at risk of persecution escape Timor-Leste and settle in Australia  In 1994 he became the Fretilin representative in Australia 
Da Silva was voted into the Fretilin Central Committee in 1998 at the Fretilin National Conference held in Sydney, Australia  His mandate was renewed at the First National Congress in 2001 as well as the Second National Congress which was held in May 2006  He was elected chairperson in both events  He is also one of the 15 members of the National Political Commission of Fretilin which leads the work of the party between the Fretilin Central Committee meetings 
He was re-elected to a seat in parliament in the June 2007 parliamentary election as the ninth name on Fretilin's candidate list 

Education and professional career
Da Silva studied Agronomy at Eduardo Mondlane University, and worked at Marracuene state enterprise as the Chief Agronomist for the Mozambican government  He also attended the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India for short training courses in agriculture systems for arid and semi arid regions 
Whilst in Australia, Da Silva continued his studies in agronomy at the University of Sydney, where he completed a post-graduate diploma in Agronomy in 1987  In 1988 Da Silva was employed by the New South Wales Agricultural Department at the Trangie Research Agricultural Centre and from 1994 to 1997 worked at the Australian Cotton Research Institute in Narrabri 
In 1999, Da Silva returned to Timor-Leste  He worked as a World Bank consultant for agriculture and later as Asian Development Bank project manager for infrastructure before becoming Minister for Agriculture during the second United Nations transitional government  In May 2002, upon the restoration of independence of Timor Leste, Da Silva became the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 
In 2002, Da Silva completed a two-year post-graduate training course in management and leadership provided by the Asian Development Bank Institute in Tokyo, Japan 
Da Silva is a capable and respected administrator and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is one of the success stories of an independent Timor Leste  Under Da Silva, Timor-Leste's rice production increased every year except for in 2006 where the political crisis had a negative effect on the country's institutions and economy as a whole  During this time Timor-Leste's rice import dependency was reduced from two thirds to one third of domestic consumption 
Da Silva is fluent in English, Portuguese and Tetum 
Passage 8:
Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship
The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005  The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the "conclusive truth" behind the events  After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor  The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral 

Background
East Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974  East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist  The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory  It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support  The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken  The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government 
Indonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades  During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia  Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area, with UN workers being attacked in Maliana  It soon became clear in the wake of the referendum that the referendum result would be overwhelmingly in favor of the "no" option on the ballot; this raised tensions to a boiling point, and within two hours of the announcement of the results, armed militia groups began attacking civilians  Militia continued to attack civilians as they withdrew from the country, and several massacres occurred as the troops filtered out of the area  A UN peacekeeping force known as INTERFET was deployed to stabilize the situation, made up of mostly Australian troops, and was withdrawn with the arrival of normal UN peacekeepers  East Timor eventually transitioned from a UN mandate to an independent country 

Report
The commission itself was announced in August 2006 and sought to establish "the conclusive truth regarding human rights violations to have occurred prior to, immediately after the Popular Consultation on 30 August 1999" as well as "prepare recommendations that can contribute to healing wounds of the past and strengthen friendship"  The timing of the commission's creation was criticized by some, as it was believed that it was created to intentionally subvert calls for an international tribunal to deal with the events surrounding the 1999 plebiscite  The commission's mandate allowed it to review documents pertaining to four other inquiries surrounding the events that predated it: "The Indonesian National Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights Violations in East Timor in 1999", "The Indonesian Ad Hoc Human Rights Court on East Timor", "The Special Panels for Serious Crimes", and "The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation" The commission was made up of four members appointed from each nation, and these commissioners were instructed to conduct a document review and analyze previous trials and investigations into the subject, including the UN Special Panels for Serious Crimes and Serious Crime Units in Dili, and the report of the Commission of Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste  The commission also stated its intent to research the "historical background, political dynamics, and institutional structures that shaped events before and during 1999" to "inform its conclusions with a broader understanding of the way in which the causes of the violence in 1999 were connected to previously established institutional structures and practices "Operating over three years, the commission gave its final report on July 15, 2008, and presented it to the Presidents of Indonesia and East Timor, concluding that "gross human rights violations in the form of crimes against humanity did occur in East Timor in 1999" and that "pro-autonomy militia groups, TNI, the Indonesian civil government, and Polri must all bear institutional responsibility", as well as stating that "from a moral and political perspective the respective states must accept state responsibility for the violations identified in the report " The commission also made recommendations that both nations begin institutional reform enhancing the strength of investigative and prosecuting bodies involved with investigations into the events, as well as forming joint security policy to ensure the safety of individuals in case of the recurrence of violence  It also noted the need to resolve other standing border and security issues between the two nations to allow for more cooperation  Notably, the report gave no recommendations of amnesty or rehabilitation  The report was endorsed by the president of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, making it the first recognition of the Indonesian government's complicity in human rights violations in East Timor by Indonesia 

Reception
In Indonesia and Timor, the report was presented to both governments and accepted by both the Timorese and Indonesian governments  However, Timorese NGO Timor-Leste National Alliance for International Tribunal wrote an open letter in response to the commission's findings with several criticisms, including the lack of public consultation with victims and parliamentary approval of the commission, as well as noting that the commission assigned institutional responsibility rather than individual responsibility, "which is contrary to the principles of international laws which were ratified by the state of Timor-Leste and to Article 160 of its constitution which says that there must be a justice process for crimes against humanity ", as well as stating their belief that the CAVR was a more trustworthy and support worthy commission for the government to support Internationally, the report had a mixed reception  Some, such as the War Crimes Studies Center at the University of California, Berkeley, said that the commission could be seen as "widely acknowledged as credible and far-reaching ", noting that the Indonesian government's affirmation of the results was important and that the commission made arguments that "there was credible evidence to indicate that Timorese institutions were also responsible for illegal detentions and possibly other crimes "

See also
History of East Timor
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Santa Cruz massacre
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Things They Carried
The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War   His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division 
O'Brien generally refrains from political debate and discourse regarding the Vietnam War  He was dismayed that people in his home town seemed to have so little understanding of the war and its world  It was in part a response to what he considered ignorance that he wrote The Things They Carried  It was published by Houghton Mifflin in 1990 Many of the characters are semi-autobiographical, sharing similarities with figures from his memoir If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home (1973/paperback 1999)  In The Things They Carried, O'Brien plays with the genre of metafiction; he writes using verisimilitude  His use of real place names and inclusion of himself as the protagonist blurs fiction and non-fiction  As part of this effect, O'Brien dedicates The Things They Carried to the fictional men of the "Alpha Company," giving it “the form of a war memoir,” states O’Brien 

Plot summaries
"The Things They Carried"
Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, the leader of a platoon of soldiers in Vietnam, carries physical reminders of Martha, the object of his unrequited love  Thoughts of Martha often distract Lieutenant Cross from his team's objectives  A death in the squad under his supervision causes Cross to reconsider his priorities; as he was heartbroken, he burns and throws away all reminders of Martha in order to focus on the mission and avoid distractions : 1 
"Love"
Cross and O'Brien reminisce about the war and about Martha  O'Brien asks if he can write a story about Cross, expressing his memories and hopes for the future; Cross agrees, thinking that perhaps Martha will read it and come find him : 26 
"Spin"
A series of unrelated memories from the war are narrated from O'Brien's point of view  It includes moments of camaraderie and beauty: a joke of a hate letter to the Draft Board; learning a rain dance between battles : 30 
"On the Rainy River"
O'Brien gets drafted as soon as he graduates from college  He is reluctant to go to war and considers fleeing the draft; he begins to travel north to the Canada–US border on the Rainy River  Near the border, he encounters an elderly stranger who allows him to work through his internal struggle  O'Brien is given the opportunity to escape; however, the societal pressures are too much for him  He goes to war ashamed with his inability to face the consequences of leaving : 37 
"Enemies and Friends"Told in two sections, the developing relationship between soldiers Jensen and Strunk is shown  At first regularly antagonized by one another, the two are drawn toward respect and friendship by the stress and horrors of warfare  Ultimately, they agree that if one should be wounded, the other must deal a fatal blow as a form of mercy : 59 
"How to Tell a True War Story"
O'Brien explores the telling of war stories by comrades, revealing that truth is delicate and malleable  Anything can be faked     but generally, only the worst events can be proven real  He concludes that, in the end, the truth of a story doesn't matter so much as what the story is trying to say : 62 
"The Dentist"
In order to mourn Curt Lemon, a man O'Brien did not know well, he shares a brief recollection about a bizarre interaction between Lemon and an army dentist  Lemon, who is afraid of dentists, faints before the dentist can examine him  Later that night, however, he complains of a phantom tooth ache so severe a tooth is pulled - even though it's perfectly healthy  Lemon has felt he needs to prove himself in front of his men and be the fearless man all soldiers are supposed to be : 82 
"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong"
O'Brien recounts the legendary (and almost certainly exaggerated) tale of Rat Kiley's first assignment, near the Song Tra Bong river  The area is so isolated that one of the soldiers flies his hometown girlfriend in by helicopter  At first, she cooks, cleans, and tends to the soldiers' wounds, but she gradually assimilates into Vietnamese guerrilla culture, even wearing a necklace made of human tongues, and disappears into the jungle : 85 
"Stockings"
O'Brien explains how Henry Dobbins wore the stockings of his girlfriend around his neck to bed, and sometimes to battle  Even when the girlfriend breaks things off, he keeps the stockings around his neck, as their powers have been demonstrated : 111 
"Church"
The platoon discovers an abandoned building being used as a sort of church, inhabited by monks who bring them food and supplies  The men discuss their relationships with churches, and for the most part, appreciate the interaction with other people and the peace of the building  Henry Dobbins wants to become a priest, but decides otherwise : 113 
"The Man I Killed"
O'Brien describes a man he killed in My Khe, and how he did it  He makes up a life story for the man, torturing himself with the idea that the victim had been a gentle soul : 118 
"Ambush"
O'Brien's daughter asks if he killed anyone in the war; he lies to her that he did not  He then tells the story of an ambush outside My Khe, in which O'Brien kills a young man who may or may not have wanted to harm him : 125 
"Style"The platoon witnesses a young Vietnamese girl dancing through the burned remains of her village, and argue over whether it's a ritual or simply what she likes to do  Later, Azar mocks the girl, and Dobbins rebukes him : 129 
"Speaking of Courage"
After his service, Norman Bowker is at a loss  His former girlfriend has married someone else, his closest friends are dead  He reflects on the medals he won in Vietnam, and imagines telling his father about both these and the medals he did not win  Ultimately, although he has no one to share these memories with, he finds catharsis in imagined conversations : 131 
"Notes"
O'Brien says that Bowker asked him to write the previous story, and that he hanged himself three years later unable to regain his footing and find any meaning in life after the war  O'Brien muses over the suspicion that, without Harvard and writing, he too might have lost the will to live after returning from Vietnam : 149 
"In the Field"
When Kiowa is killed on the banks of a river, during a mission led by Jimmy Cross, Cross takes responsibility for his death  He writes to Kiowa's father while the others search for the body - as usual, Azar jokes around at first  Another soldier also feels responsible for the death, as he did not save Kiowa; the story ends with the body being found in the mud, and both soldiers left to their guilt : 155 
"Good Form"
O'Brien reiterates that the real truth does not have to be the same as the story truth, and that it is the emotions evoked by the story that matter  He says that his story about killing a man on the trail outside My Khe was fabricated, but he wanted to provoke the same feelings in the reader that he felt during the war : 171 
"Field Trip"
After finishing the story, "In the Field," O'Brien says, he and his ten-year-old daughter visit the site of Kiowa's death with an interpreter  The field looks different from his memory of it, but he leaves a pair of Kiowa's moccasins in the spot where he believes Kiowa sank  In this way, he comes to terms with his friend's death : 173 
"The Ghost Soldiers"
O'Brien recounts the two times he was wounded  The first time, he is treated by Rat Kiley, and is impressed with the man's courage and skill  The second time, he is treated by Kiley's replacement, Bobby Jorgenson; Jorgenson is incompetent, and nearly kills O'Brien  Furious, O'Brien promises revenge, but can recruit only Azar  They scare Jorgenson by pretending to be enemy soldiers, but the soldier proves that he is not a coward, so O'Brien lets go of his resentment : 180 
"Night Life"
O'Brien tells the second-hand account of Rat Kiley's injury: warned of a possible attack, the platoon is on edge  Kiley reacts by distancing himself, the stress causing him first to be silent for days on end, and then to talk constantly  He has a breakdown from the pressure of being a medic, and shoots himself in the toe in order to get released from combat  No one questions his bravery : 208 
"The Lives of the Dead"
O'Brien remembers his very first encounter with a dead body, that of his childhood sweetheart Linda  Suffering from a brain tumor, Linda died at the age of nine and O'Brien was deeply affected by her funeral  In Vietnam, O'Brien explains, the soldiers keep the dead alive by telling stories about them; in this way, he keeps Linda alive by telling her story : 213  The thought and presence of death has shown to have a large effect on O'Brien 

Characters
Main characters
Tim O'Brien
The narrator and the protagonist  While modeled after the author and sharing the same name, O'Brien (within the book) is a fictional character  The author intentionally blurs this distinction 
Lt  Jimmy Cross
The platoon leader, who is obsessed with a young woman back home, Martha (who does not return his feelings)  He later believes that his obsession led to the death of Ted Lavender 
Bob "Rat" Kiley
A young medic whose exaggerations are complemented by his occasional cruelty  Eventually, he sees too much gore and begins to break down, imagining "the bugs are out to get [him] "
Norman Bowker
A soldier who O'Brien says attempted to save Kiowa the night he died  When Kiowa slips into the "shitfield", Bowker repeatedly tries to save him but is unable to; as a result, he feels guilty for Kiowa's death after the war  His memories continue to haunt Norman at home as he realizes that the world has moved on from the war, and wants nothing to do with the "hell" in Vietnam  He is continually haunted by the fact that he could not save Kiowa from sinking under the "shitfield" on a rainy night  However, O'Brien admits eventually that Norman did not fail to save Kiowa, that was fictional, and it is implied that O'Brien himself was the one who could not save him  After the war he briefly assists O'Brien in writing a story about Vietnam, but he hangs himself with a jump rope in an Iowa YMCA facility, leaving no note and his family shocked 
Henry Dobbins
Machine gunner   A man who, despite having a rather large frame, is gentle and kind  He is very superstitious; as a result, he wears his girlfriend's pantyhose around his neck as a protective "charm", even after she dumps him  He briefly contemplates becoming a monk after the war due to their acts of charity 
Kiowa
A compassionate and talkative soldier; he demonstrates the importance of talking about one's problems and traumatic experiences  He is also a devout Baptist and a Native American that occasionally feels contempt and distrust towards white people  However, he appears to be Tim O'Brien's best friend in the company  Kiowa often helps other soldiers deal with their own actions, such as taking the lives of other human beings  He is eventually killed when camping out in the "shitfield "
Mitchell Sanders
He is the radiotelephone operator for the platoon  Like O'Brien, he is also a storyteller and is portrayed as a mentor 
Ted Lavender
A grenadier  He dies from a gunshot wound to the back of the head  He is notorious for using tranquilizers to cope with the pain of war, and for carrying a (rather large—six to eight ounces) stash of "premium dope" with him  Cross blames himself for Lavender's death, as he was fantasizing about Martha when Lavender was shot 
Curt Lemon
A young man who frequently attempts to assume the role as a tough soldier  However, he is also good friend of Rat Kiley  Lemon dies after setting off a rigged artillery shell  In one of the book's more disturbing scenes, O'Brien and Dave Jensen help clear the trees of Curt's scattered remains, during which Jensen sings "Lemon Tree" (something that "wakes [Tim] up")  After Lemon dies, Kiley writes a long, eloquent letter to Lemon's sister, describing his friendship with Lemon and emphasizing how good a person Lemon was; Lemon's sister never responds, which crushes Kiley emotionally 
Azar
A young, rather unstable soldier who engages in needless and frequent acts of brutality  In one story, he blows up an orphan puppy that Ted Lavender had adopted by strapping it to a Claymore mine, then detonating it  He also aids Tim O'Brien in gaining revenge on Bobby Jorgenson, but mocks O'Brien when he's not willing to take the revenge further  At one point, Azar breaks down emotionally, revealing that his cruelty is merely a defense mechanism 
Dave Jensen and Lee Strunk
Minor soldiers who are the main characters of "Enemies" and "Friends"  Jensen fights with Strunk over a stolen jackknife, but they became uneasy friends afterwards  They each sign a pact to kill the other if he is ever faced with a "wheelchair wound"  After Strunk steps on a rigged mortar round and loses a leg, he begs Jensen not to kill him  Jensen obliges, but seems to have an enormous weight relieved when he learns "Strunk died somewhere over in Chu Lai"  Jensen is sometimes mentioned singing "Lemon Tree" after Curt Lemon's abrupt death  Jensen also appears in "The Lives of the Dead", where he pressures O'Brien to shake hands with a dead Vietnamese 
Bobby Jorgenson
Rat Kiley's replacement, after Rat "put a round through his foot" due to breaking under pressure  Green and terrified, he is slow to aid O'Brien when he is shot in the behind   Jorgenson nearly kills O'Brien after failing to treat him for shock  Filled with rage after his recovery, O'Brien elicits help from Azar to conspire and punish Jorgenson with a night of terrifying pranks   Later, O'Brien and Jorgenson become friends  Jorgenson may be a reference to a similarly-named character from The Caine Mutiny 

Themes
Genre
The Things They Carried is a war novel   Literary Critic David Wyatt points out that O'Brien's novel is similar to the works of Wilfred Owen, Stephen Crane, George Orwell, and Ernest Hemingway  O’Brien utilizes a style of writing that combines both fiction and nonfiction together into one piece  When asked to describe how he blurs this line between the two genres, O’Brien says "I set out to write a book with the feel of utter and absolute reality, a work of fiction that would read like nonfiction and adhere to the conventions of a memoir: dedicating the book to the characters, using my name, drawing on my own life  This was a technical challenge  My goal was to compose a fiction with the texture, sound and authentic-seeming weight of nonfiction "Truth vs Reality
Another theme that is highlighted in the short story "Good Form" is when the narrator makes a distinction between "story truth" and "happening truth " O’Brien talks about truth and reality in relation to the story by describing, "I can say that the book’s form is intimately connected to how I, as a human being, tend to view the world unfolding itself around me  It’s sometimes difficult to separate external 'reality' from the internal processing of that reality " O'Brien's fluid and elliptical negotiation of truth in this context finds echoes in works labeled as 'non-fiction novels' 
Imagination/Comedy
Another important theme O'Brien highlights is the emphasis on imagination and pretending  He says that this theme, "That’s an important part of my work  I’m a believer in the power of the imagination in ordinary human lives, and it’s much more important that we often credit " O'Brien goes on to say, "And that is, I think, key to why I’m a fiction writer  If that element were not present, I’d be doing nonfiction  Or I wouldn’t be a writer at all " Tim O'Brien also alludes to the difficulty in using dark comedy as a theme by say, "My guess is that I’ll be remembered, if I’m remembered at all, for my so-called tragedies: The Things They Carried, Going After Cacciato, If I Die in a Combat Zone and In the Lake of the Woods  Personally, I consider Tomcat in Love, if not my best book, certainly up there among the best  Yet I realize the most “literary” folks will disagree  In the end, it’s a matter of taste, I suppose  My sense of humor, which tends toward the outrageous, is plainly not for everyone "Morality
O’Brien also shows the constant struggle of morality throughout the story during the Vietnam War  A paper from Brigham Young University highlights the conflict that soldiers face when transitioning from civilian life to soldier life in relation to morality  It states, “As demonstrated through the soldiers’ experiences with pleasure, the soldiers’ moral code must change from that of their civilian lives in order for them to find moral justification in the everyday violence war requires ” The paper goes on to acknowledge that, “In O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, the concept of morality is complicated by the treatment of violence and a connection between violence and pleasure; resultantly, morality must be defined on a spectrum rather than a binary scale ”Belief
Additionally, the character Tim references writing the book Going After Cacciato which the author Tim had written and published previously  The theme of believing in the people around you and having reliable people with you comes from the time period being filled with people who are opposed to the action of war  This causes the people who are drafted into the mutual hate to band together to live 

Publication
Before the book's publication in 1990, five of the stories: "The Things They Carried," "How to Tell a True War Story,"  "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong," "The Ghost Soldiers," and "The Lives of the Dead" were published in Esquire "Speaking of Courage" was originally published (in heavily modified form) as a chapter of O'Brien's earlier novel Going After Cacciato 
"The Things They Carried" was also included in the 1987 volume of The Best American Short Stories, edited by Ann Beattie and the second edition of Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama by Robert DiYanni 

Reception
The Things They Carried has received critical acclaim and has been established as one of the preeminent pieces of Vietnam War literature  It has sold over 2 million copies worldwide and celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2010  It has received multiple awards such as France's Prix du Meilleur Livre Etranger Award and the Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize, as well as being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Critics Circle Award O'Brien has expressed surprise at how the book has become a staple in middle schools and high schools, stating that he "certainly hadn't imagined fourteen year-old kids and eighteen year-olds and those even in their early twenties reading the book and bringing such fervor to it, which comes from their own lives, really  The book is applied to a bad childhood or a broken home, and these are the things they're carrying  And in a way, it's extremely flattering, and other times, it can be depressing "In 2014, the book was included in Amazon com's list of 100 Books to Read in a Lifetime and credited as the inspiration for a National Veterans Art Museum exhibit It was included in the Library of Congress 2016 exhibit "America Reads" of the public’s choice of 65 of "the most influential books written and read in America and their impact on our lives" 

Adaptations
Film
The story "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong" was made into a film in 1998 titled A Soldier's Sweetheart, starring Kiefer Sutherland A film adaptation of the book, directed by Rupert Sanders and starring Tom Hardy, is currently in pre-production  Scott B  Smith is adapting the script 

Theatre
The legal rights to adapt the book into a play were awarded to James R  Stowell  The book was adapted into a play and it premiered at The History Theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota, March 14, 2014  A second production was performed at The Lied Center, Lincoln Nebraska November 5, 2015  The stories "The Things They Carried", "On the Rainy River", "How to Tell a True War Story", "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong", "The Man I Killed", and "Lives of the Dead" were adapted for the theatre in March 2011 by the Eastern Washington University Theatre Department as part of the universities' Get Lit! Literary Festival in cooperation with the National Endowment for the Arts The Big Read 2011, of which The Things They Carried was the featured novel  The same department remounted the production in December 2011 for inclusion as a Participating Entry in the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival  The production was selected as an alternate for KCACTF Region VII, as well as receiving other KCACTF honors for the production's director, actors, and production staff 

Music
The band TV Girl features a song off their 2014 album French Exit called "Pantyhose"  The song alludes to the "Stockings" chapter from the book and references Henry Dobbins and his girlfriend's stockings, which he ties around his neck to keep him from harm  Lyrics such as, "And when the bullets came, he didn't duck; He wrapped her pantyhose around his neck; And he could feel their magic working; Keeping him from harm; Away to some place mystical and warm; His lucky charm" clearly references to Dobbins and his tactic that the scent of his girlfriend's stockings protect him and take him some place far from Vietnam 

Games
Carry  A game about war  is a 2006 tabletop role-playing game designed by Nathan D  Paoletta  Its author describes it as "heavily inspired by the films Platoon and Full Metal Jacket and the novel The Things They Carried" 
Passage 2:
Winter Saloon
The Winter Saloon, also known as Harm's Bar, is a historic structure in Norwood Young America, Minnesota, United States  The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on January 4, 1980 

Structure
The Winter Saloon is located on the corner of Elm and Hazel Streets in the central business district of historic Norwood, Minnesota   The town merged with neighboring Young America in 1997 to become Norwood Young America   The L-shaped, two story wood frame structure is sheathed in clapboard and topped with a gable roof   The orientation of the plan allows the commercial section to front the main street while the residential section is set back to allow for a front porch and small lawn The gable end of the commercial section forms the street facade   The original fenestration remains, including the design of the store front, the four-over-four double hung windows with peaked cornices and a fanlight near the top of the gable   The second floor of the commercial section originally served as a meeting hall and has an exterior enclosed staircase   The residential section is divided into three bays which front on the street   A one-story porch running the length of the street facade, and uses a simple configuration supported by three square posts with beveled corners   The windows for this section are two-over-two double hung and capped with simple cornices 

Significance
The Winter Saloon is the oldest and best preserved of Norwood Young America's bars, and is a dominating architectural feature in the small downtown   The original owners, the Winter Brothers, received the first liquor license in Norwood in 1891   Known as a "thirst parlor", it was located on the first floor of the commercial portion of the building   The second floor meeting hall was used by various fraternal organizations such as the Degree of Honor and Modern Woodmen   The proprietor lived in the residential section of the building At the time the first liquor license was issued in 1891 it cost $2 08   The bar went through a series of owners until Prohibition in 1919   In 1934, after the law was repealed, the bar was purchased by George Harm, Sr   A liquor license at that time cost $200 00   The bar remained in three generations of his family and was open at the time the building was listed on the NRHP in 1980; during this period the cost of a liquor license peaked at $1500 in 1954 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Carver County, Minnesota
Passage 3:
Take Me Home, Country Roads
"Take Me Home, Country Roads", also known simply as "Country Roads", is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert and John Denver  It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971, peaking at number two on Billboard's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971  The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017  The song became one of John Denver's most popular songs  It has continued to sell, with over 1 6 million digital copies sold in the United States The song is considered a symbol of West Virginia  In March 2014, it became one of the four official state anthems of West Virginia  In 2023, the song was selected by the Library of Congress for inclusion in the National Recording Registry 

Composition
Inspiration for the title line had come while Taffy Nivert and Bill Danoff, who were married, were driving along Clopper Road in Montgomery County, Maryland to a gathering of Nivert's family in Gaithersburg, with Nivert behind the wheel while Danoff played his guitar  "I just started thinking, country roads, I started thinking of me growing up in western New England and going on all these small roads," Danoff said  "It didn't have anything to do with Maryland or anyplace "To Danoff, the lyric "(t)he radio reminds me of my home far away" in the bridge is quintessentially West Virginian, an allusion to when he listened to the program Saturday Night Jamboree, broadcast from Wheeling, West Virginia, on WWVA at his home in Springfield, Massachusetts during his childhood in the 1950s Danoff was influenced by friend and West Virginian actor Chris Sarandon and members of a West Virginia commune who attended Danoff's performances  Of the commune members, Danoff remarked, "They brought their dogs and were a very colorful group of folks, but that is how West Virginia began creeping into the song " While the song was inspired by Danoff's upbringing in Springfield, Massachusetts, he "didn't want to write about Massachusetts because [he] didn't think the word was musical "Starting December 22, 1970, Denver was heading the New Year's bill at The Cellar Door, with Fat City opening for him, just as Denver had opened at the same club for then-headliner David Steinberg  After the club's post-Christmas reopening night on Tuesday, December 29 (Cellar Door engagements ran from Tuesday to Sunday, and this booking was for two weeks), the three returned to the couple's apartment for an impromptu jam  On the way, Denver's left thumb was broken in a collision  He was rushed to the emergency room, where the thumb was splinted  When they returned to the apartment, Denver said he was "wired, you know "When Danoff and Nivert ran through what they had of the song they had been working on for about a month, planning to sell to Johnny Cash, Denver "flipped"  He decided he had to have it, prompting them to abandon plans for the sale  The verses and chorus were still missing a bridge, so the three of them went about finishing 
Nivert got out an encyclopedia to learn more about West Virginia  The first thing she encountered was the Rhododendron, the state flower, so she kept trying to work the word Rhododendron into the song  Rhododendron was the title that Nivert had written down on the lyric sheet, which they later sent to ASCAP  The three stayed up until 6:00 a m , changing words and moving lines around When they finished, on the morning of Wednesday, December 30, 1970, Denver announced that the song had to go on his next album  Later that night, during Denver's first set, Denver called his two collaborators back to the spotlight, where the trio changed their career trajectories, reading the lyrics from a single, handheld, unfolded piece of paper  According to Len Jaffe, a Washington, D C -based singer-songwriter who attended the show where Denver premiered the song, this resulted in a five-minute standing ovation  The next day was Denver's 28th birthday  They recorded it in New York City in January 1971 
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" is written in a Key of A major and composed in a tempo of 82 beats per minute per common time 

Commercial performance and legacy
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" appeared on the LP Poems, Prayers & Promises and was released as a 45 in the spring of 1971  Original pressings credited the single to "John Denver with Fat City"  It broke nationally in mid-April but moved up the charts very slowly  After several weeks, RCA Records called John and told him they were giving up on the single  His response: "No! Keep working on it!" They did, and the single went to number 1 on the Record World Pop Singles Chart and the Cash Box Top 100, and number 2 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100, topped only by "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" by The Bee Gees 
On August 18, 1971, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for a million copies shipped  The song continued to sell in the digital era  As of January 2020, the song has also sold 1,591,000 downloads since it became available digitally Denver's recording of "Take Me Home, Country Roads" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2023 

Reception in West Virginia
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" received an enthusiastic response from West Virginians  On November 1, 2017, the West Virginia Tourism Office announced it had obtained the rights to use "Take Me Home, Country Roads", in its marketing efforts  "'Country Roads' has become synonymous with West Virginia all over the world," said West Virginia Tourism Commissioner Chelsea Ruby  "It highlights everything we love about our state: scenic beauty, majestic mountains, a timeless way of life, and most of all, the warmth of a place that feels like home whether you've lived here forever or are just coming to visit " The opening phrase of the song, "Almost heaven", became a primary tourism office slogan The song is the theme song of West Virginia University, and it has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972  The song is played for other athletic events and university functions, including after football games, for which the fans are encouraged to stay in the stands and sing the song along with the team  On September 6, 1980, at the invitation of West Virginia Governor Jay Rockefeller, songwriters Danoff, Nivert, and Denver performed the song during pregame festivities to a sold-out crowd of Mountaineer fans  This performance marked the dedication of the current West Virginia University Mountaineer Field and the first game for head coach Don Nehlen The popularity of the song inspired resolutions in the West Virginia Legislature to adopt "Take Me Home, Country Roads" as an official state song  On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song of West Virginia, alongside three other pieces: "West Virginia Hills", "This Is My West Virginia", and "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home"  Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014 The song was played at the funeral for West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston, West Virginia on July 2, 2010 The Mountain State Brewing Company based in Thomas, West Virginia, produces an amber ale named "Almost Heaven", which it says is "named after John Denver's ode to West Virginia, 'Country Roads'" 

Personnel
John Denver – vocals, 6- & 12-string acoustic guitar
Bill Danoff – backing vocals
Taffy Nivert – backing vocals
Eric Weissberg – banjo, steel guitar
Mike Taylor – acoustic guitar
Richard Kniss – double bass
Gary Chester – drums, percussion

Charts
Certifications
Cover versions
Hermes House Band version
Dutch pop band Hermes House Band covered the song and released it as "Country Roads"  This version was first released in Germany on May 21, 2001, and was issued in the United Kingdom on December 3, 2001, where it was a contender for the 2001 Christmas number-one single  This version was a chart success in Europe, reaching number one in Scotland, number two in Germany and Ireland, and the top 10 in Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Olivia Newton-John version
Olivia Newton-John released a cover version in January 1973 that reached number 6 in Japan and number 15 in the UK  It was the lead single from her third studio album, Let Me Be There  This version, as well as the song itself, features prominently in the Japanese animated film, Whisper of the Heart 

Fallout 76 version
A cover version of the song, a collaboration between Copilot Music and Sound and the vocal group Spank, was commissioned for and featured in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game Fallout 76, with its plot events are set in West Virginia  Released as an iTunes-only single on July 4, 2018, the song reached No  1 on the iTunes singles chart  It debuted at No  41 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart that week and at No  21 on Billboard's Country Digital Songs the following week  The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording, initially uploaded in 2013, would later edit its description in response to the song's use for the game  In Australia, a promotional Fallout 76 vinyl featuring the cover was included with the December 2018 issue of STACK Magazine exclusively from retailer JB Hi-Fi 

Forever Country
The song found further chart success as part of the Forever Country medley and video, created in 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Country Music Association Awards 
Passage 4:
Absorption of water
In higher plants water and minerals are absorbed through root hairs which are in contact with soil water and  from the  root hairs zone a little the root tips 

Active absorption
Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of adenosine triphosphate, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption



ground_truth: Francisco Guterres

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: During the war in which The Things They Carried is set, when was conscription introduced by the country where the film Grievous Bodily Harm was later released?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  According to Jenner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well-watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process  The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption  In this process, energy is not required 
Active absorption is important for the plants 

Active osmotic water absorption
The root cells behave as an ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from the soil solution to the root xylem along an increasing gradient of D P D  (suction pressure, which is the real force for water absorption)  If the solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells, water can enter from soil to root cells through endosmosis  Mineral nutrients are absorbed actively by the root cells due to utilisation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  As a result, the concentration of ions (osmotica) in the xylem vessels is more in comparison to the soil water  A concentration gradient is established between the root and the soil water  The solute potential of xylem water is more in comparison to that of soil and correspondingly water potential is low than the soil water  If stated, water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water  This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis  The endosmosis of water continues until the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal  It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption  Hence, the absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life  Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion 

Active non-osmotic water absorption
Sometimes water is absorbed against a concentration gradient  This requires the expenditure of metabolic energy released from the respiration of root cells  There is no direct evidence, but some scientists suggest the involvement of energy from respiration  In conclusion, it is said that the evidence supporting active absorption of water are themselves poor 
This mechanism is carried out without utilisation of metabolic energy  Here, only the roots act as an organ of absorption or passage  Hence, sometimes it is called water absorption 'through roots', rather than 'by' roots  It occurs in rapidly transpiring plants during the daytime, because of the opening of stomata and the atmospheric conditions  The force for absorption of water is created at the leaf end i e  the transpiration pull  The main cause behind this transpiration pull, water is lifted up in the plant axis like a bucket of water is lifted by a person from a well  Transpiration pull is responsible for dragging water at the leaf end, the pull or force is transmitted down to the root through column of water in the xylem elements  The continuity of the water column remains intact due to the cohesion between the molecules and it act as a rope  Roots simply act as a passive organ of absorption  As transpiration proceeds, water absorption occurs simultaneously to compensate the water loss from the leaf end  Most volume of water entering plants is by means of passive absorption  Passive transport is no different from diffusion, it requires no input of energy: there is free movement of molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration  The water will enter the plant via the root cells that can be found in the roots where mainly passive absorption occurs  Also, with the absorption of water, minerals and nutrients are also absorbed 

See also
Root
Peter Atkins
Otto Renner
Kenneth Thimann
Passage 5:
Humanitarian civic assistance activities
In the United States Department of Defense, Humanitarian Civic Assistance (HCA) is relief and development activities that take place in the context of an overseas military exercise, training or operation  Under the HCA program, U S  military personnel participating in overseas deployments carry out humanitarian activities such as road and school construction, vaccination of children and animals, and well-digging  HCA programs are often executed with the involvement of host-country civilian and military personnel  U S  National Guard or reserve units are involved in many HCA activities 
HCA programs cannot be carried out solely for humanitarian purposes  The deployment's primary purpose must be training of U S  forces, readiness exercises or military operations  In describing the deployments which HCA accompanies, DoD states that

overseas deployments are an integral aspect of maintaining a forward U S  military presence, ensuring operational readiness to respond to crises, and preparing National Guard and Reserve Forces to perform their wartime missions  These exercises enhance U S  military operational readiness by providing unique training opportunities in remote and austere environments  During these deployments, U S  Forces practice command and control procedures, logistical operations and sustainment over extended distances 
HCA activities are now being described as "a key tool in the War on Terrorism " According to DoD, HCA activities 

directly support efforts to counter ideological support for terrorism - one of the fundamental elements of our national strategy and security cooperation initiatives  These humanitarian activities are often preventative in nature, focused at the root cause of ideological extremism, and provide access to regions where traditional military-to-military engagement is virtually impossible  They also provide significant training opportunities for U S  military personnel while also serving the basic economic and social needs of people in the countries supported 
The Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA) program falls within the HCA programs authorized by Section 401 of Title 10, U S  Code  The HMA program trains host nations in clearing landmines and other explosive remnants of war, while also providing U S  military personnel with training and readiness-enhancing experiences by giving them "access to geographical areas otherwise not easily available to US forces "  The program is directly supervised by the geographic combatant commanders  
The budget for Humanitarian Civic Assistance projects is presented in a yearly Defense Department report  The amounts indicate "incidental expenses" -- the cost of materials, supplies, and some services  The funding listed below does not include costs for transportation, personnel, fuel, or the repair of equipment  Expenses reported as HCA are only those components of a deployment which are directly related to the project at hand  Thus the dollar amounts categorized as "HCA" are very small when compared with the activity's actual expense 
Passage 6:
Grievous Bodily Harm
Grievous Bodily Harm is a 1988 Australian crime film directed by Mark Joffe starring Colin Friels and John Waters 

Plot
Crime reporter Tom Stewart (Colin Friels) and a cop (Bruno Lawrence) look for a deranged schoolteacher (John Waters) who goes on a murder spree while looking for the lover he thought to be dead 

Cast
John Waters as Morris Martin
Colin Friels as Tom Stewart
Bruno Lawrence as Det  Sgt  Ray Birch
Kim Gyngell as Mick
Gary Stalker as Derek Allen
Joy Bell as Claudine
Shane Briant as Stephen Enderby
Caz Lederman as Vivian Enderby
John Flaus as Neil Bradshaw

Production
The script was written by Warwick Hind, a former executive at Greater Union  Errol Sullivan showed the script to Richard Brennan, who raised up to around a $1 million of the budget; the remainder was raised through Antony I  Ginnane  Richard Brennan says the actual cost of the film was $3 million but various fees put it up to $3 4 million 

Awards
The film was nominated for 4 AFI Awards in 1988, including best picture 

Box office
Grievous Bodily Harm grossed $82,267 at the box office in Australia  However it did sell to American company Fries Entertainment for over $1 million 

See also
Cinema of Australia
Passage 7:
You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me
"You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me" — also known simply as "Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me" — is a song written by Jim Weatherly, and produced by Don Law  It was first recorded in 1973 by Ray Price from his album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me  The song enjoyed two runs of popularity, each by an artist in a different genre 
Weatherly told Tom Roland in The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits that he wrote the song in 1971 and let his father-in-law first record it as a Christmas present for the latter's wife  "I thought it was really strange that nobody'd written a song with that title — possibly somebody had, but I'd never heard it — so I just sat down and let this stream of consciousness happen  I basically wrote it in a very short period of time, probably 30 minutes or an hour "

The versions
Ray Price country version
The song's first run of popularity, as "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me," came in 1973, when country music singer Ray Price took the song to number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on October 6, 1973 
For that version, it represented a last and a first  The "last" was Price's seventh and most recent No  1 single, in a string dating back to his 1956 hit "Crazy Arms " The "first": It was the No  1 single on the debut program of American Country Countdown, which used the Billboard chart in its programming  Although it fell short of the top 40 in his native United States, the song was an easy listening hit in Canada, his third such hit there 

Gladys Knight & the Pips pop/R&B version
In the early- to mid-1970s, Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded several of Weatherly's songs, and in 1974, they dipped into his catalog once again with their rendition of the song  Their version, titled "Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me," reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 that spring and topped the Hot Soul Singles for two weeks  The single was certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies  It also reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom 

James Cleveland gospel version
In 1975, legendary gospel singer Rev  James Cleveland & The Charles Fold Singers recorded a live version of the song, which was cited (in the song) as an adaptation of the Gladys Knight & The Pips version of the song 

Chart history
The Persuaders R&B version
In 1974, The Persuaders also recorded a version, taken from their album of the same name Their version was quieter, less brassy, and more introspective than The Pips' version The song reached number 85 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart 

Dean Martin pop version
The song was also recorded by Dean Martin in 1973 

Andy Williams version
Andy Williams released a version in 1974 on his album, The Way We Were 

Steve Lawrence version
Steve Lawrence released a version in 1973 under MGM Records label 

Chart performance
Ray Price version
Passage 8:
Zig & Sharko
Zig & Sharko (French: Zig et Sharko) is a French animated slapstick comedy television series created and directed by Olivier Jean-Marie and produced by Xilam Animation  The series' premise focuses on the lives of Zig, a brown hyena, and Sharko, a great white shark, over their conflicts regarding the mermaid Marina, in which Zig seeks to devour her while Sharko loves and protects her  The series employs silent comedy: characters either do not speak; rather they use unintelligible vocalizations, gestures, and occasional pictograms in speech balloons (the Indian version dubs Hindi dialogue over the animation instead) 
Three seasons with a total of 78 half-hour episodes (234 seven-minute segments) were originally broadcast on December 21, 2010, followed by an official premiere on January 10, 2011 on Canal+ Family, with the second and third seasons airing on Gulli, and reruns airing on TF1  A third season was announced in December 2018  A fourth season was announced in 2022 

Premise
The series focuses on the exploits and adventures of a group of characters - Zig, a brown hyena; Sharko, a great white shark; Marina, a mermaid with red hair; and Bernie, a hermit crab  Much of the stories of each episode revolve around an eternal war over Marina between Zig, who attempts to capture her to eat her, and Sharko, who loves her and acts as her bodyguard against Zig's various plans  The show itself draws inspiration for its plot and slapstick humor from the cartoons of Wile E  Coyote and the Road Runner, in that Zig often makes use of various items or concocts plans based on things he witnesses with Sharko and Marina, but is often foiled in the process by Sharko, bad luck, or a combination of both  Although the pair are enemies to each other because of their constant battles and grudges, they are also good friends, akin to the relationship of Tom and Jerry  Alongside the main characters, the show is frequently populated by minor background characters, many of whom are animals and aquatic creatures that, alongside Zig and Sharko, are portrayed as anthropomorphic beings 
Throughout the first season, much of the plots revolve around the oceans surrounding a tropical volcanic island, in which Marina often spends the day residing on a rocky pinnacle off the coast during the day, while residing in an underwater home that she shares with Sharko  In the second season, the plots shifted to the island itself, including its beaches, volcano, and jungle, with some changes for the main characters - Marina takes residence in an ornate, life-sized sandcastle, built by Sharko; Zig and Bernie live with a cargo plane pilot in his crashed plane within the jungle; and Sharko operates as a lifeguard for the aquatic lifeforms who frequent the beaches  In the third season, the main characters and the island's inhabitants move onto a cruise ship to travel the oceans, where much of the season's plots take place 

Characters
None of the characters in the series speak; a form of gibberish speech is sometimes used, but most interactions involve hand signals and body language to convey what a character is thinking about  The show's main characters include:

Zig is an anthropomorphic brown hyena, and best friends with Bernie since childhood  He frequently plots to capture Marina to eat her, but his schemes for this purpose are often foiled by Sharko  He is often desperate and eager to eat Marina on sight, but is no better outside of his main motive  He has a comically dry and wheezy voice  The design of the character's behavior and characteristics were in part inspired by the cartoon character Wile E  Coyote 
Sharko is an anthropomorphic great white shark, who appears brutish and tough, but is dorky with a heart of gold  He loves Marina and will do anything to protect her from harm, which include Zig's schemes  He is often portrayed as muscular and athletic, and is a fan of table tennis  In spite of his devotion to Marina, he can sometimes occasionally cause trouble for himself  During the first few episodes of the series, he was unable to get around on the island and can only swim in the ocean  Later on, he is capable of walking on dry land using his tail as feet 
Marina is a mermaid, who is good-natured, intelligent, bubbly and romantic - intrigued by anything new she encounters  She maintains a positive relationship with the other characters in the show, including Zig  although this makes her quite naive to Zig's intentions to eat her  She is portrayed as wearing a small living sea star in her hair, and capable of walking on her tail (using her fins as feet)  Her design was likely inspired by the character Ariel, from The Little Mermaid 
Bernie is a red anthropomorphic hermit crab, and Zig's best friend since childhood  He often collaborates in Zig's schemes to capture Marina, though holds no grudge against her or Sharko, in reality  He is often denoted as being quite smart, and capable of coming to the rescue when needed Aside from the main characters, various episodes feature a variety of background and minor characters to the stories - jungle animals, aquatic lifeforms, and various human characters - in the first season, one of these human characters is portrayed as a Japanese cargo ship captain, who, as a running gag, frequently crashes his ship into the island and is forced to return home with a rubber dingy  Throughout the first season, several episodes featured the supporting character of Neptune, based on the mythological Roman god of the sea and portrayed as a vain, muscular merman with numerous killer whale henchmen, who competed with Sharko for Marina's love, despite her disliking him  Marina despises him and often has to rely on Sharko and Zig to keep him at bay  The second season introduces Poseidon, portrayed as a muscular elderly merman, who served as Marina's adopted father in the episode "Father-In-Law", and an amnesiac human cargo plane pilot who often exhibits the behavior of a monkey due to his condition - one episode revolves around a flashback, where the pilot has met up with actual simians 

Episodes
Production and development
In 2008, the television group Canal+ decided to develop pilot episodes for nine out of 135 animation projects received, including Zig and Sharko, for television broadcast during the 2010–11 season  A development budget of 6 to 6 5 million euros (7 1 to 7 69 million US dollars) was allocated to the series  The original title was The Mermaid, the Hyena and the Shark, and it is a co-production between the television channels TF1 and Canal+ Family which broadcast later this series  The type of animation is similar to the American series of Tex Avery, Bob Clampett and Tom and Jerry 
Dong Woo Animation and Armada TMT were the animation studios chosen for the series, similar to that of Space Goofs' second season and Oggy and the Cockroaches' third and fourth seasons  The development of the series was carried out by the French studios Xilam Animation  The series’ first season has been ordered and picked up by Xilam in 2009, which premiered on Canal+ on December 21, 2010, the series was launched on Canal+ Family on February 12, 2011, on Cartoon+ every Saturday at 7:40 pm  Xilam then produced a second season in 2013, changing its art style to match some of its modern TV shows, like Paprika and Lupin's Tales 

Distribution
On May 6, 2015, the official YouTube channel of Zig & Sharko was created, with all of the episodes – in a high-quality, widescreen format – from seasons 1 to 3  The channel made also various compilations  The channel made episodes with English title cards  As of August 2021, the channel has 11 9 million subscribers making it one of the Top 10 most-subscribed French channels on the site  As of November 2020, "The Were-Yena" (the 67th episode of the first season) is the most-viewed episode of the official channel, with over 99 million views  The most-viewed compilation has 118 million views 

Spin-off
In 2021, a spin-off series was created by Alexandre Simard, Mathieu Peters-Houg and Lucille Briand for Xilam, named The Adventures of Bernie  The series focused on the titular character who, while helping Zig in his next scheme to target and eat Marina, is sent off their island home in a freak accident and ends up in the depths of the rock-bottom ocean  The episodes focus on Bernie's endeavors in using his intelligence and inventive skills to find a way back home, and to Zig, all while meeting with a variety of new characters along the way  The series takes place in the same universe with a different art style like Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation, and employs silent slapstick humor, but with each episode being three and a half minutes long – with the exception of the first episode 
Passage 9:
Conscription in Australia
Conscription in Australia, also known as National Service following the Second World War, has a controversial history in the country which dates back to the implementation of compulsory military training and service in the first years of nationhood  Military conscription for peacetime service was abolished in 1972        
However, in times of war, the Defence Act 1903 allows the Governor-General of Australia to authorise conscription for service in the Defence Force, provided it is approved by the Parliament of Australia within 90 days 

History
Universal Training Scheme
In 1909, the Deakin government introduced an amendment to the Defence Act 1903, the Defence Act 1909, which allowed for a form of conscription for boys from 12 to 14 years of age and for youths of 18 to 20 years of age for the purposes of home defence  The Act, which passed with the combined support of the Protectionist Party and the Australian Labor Party, did not allow soldiers to be conscripted for overseas service  
Following recommendations arising from a visit to Australia by Field Marshal Kitchener to report on the country's defence readiness, the Australian Labor Party government instituted a system of compulsory military training for all males aged between 12 and 26 from 1 January 1911 John Barrett, in his study of boyhood conscription, Falling In, noted:

In 1911 there were approximately 350,000 boys of an age (10–17 years) to register for compulsory training up to the end of 1915  Since 'universal' was a misnomer, about half that number were exempted from training, or perhaps never registered, reducing the group to 175,000 
There was quite extensive opposition to the so-called "boy conscription"  By July 1915, there had been about 34,000 prosecutions and 7,000 detentions of trainees, parents, employers or other persons required to register 

World War I
Under Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes, full conscription for overseas service was attempted during the First World War in two plebiscites 
The first plebiscite was held on 28 October 1916 and narrowly rejected conscription with a margin of 49% for and 51% against  The plebiscite of 28 October 1916 asked Australians:

Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this War, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the Commonwealth?
A second plebiscite was held on 20 December 1917 and defeated by 46% for and 54% against  This question was put to Australians:

Are you in favour of the proposal of the Commonwealth Government for reinforcing the Commonwealth Forces overseas?
After the failure of the first plebiscite, Billy Hughes and his supporters left the Australian Labor Party parliamentary caucus and took with them a good deal of the parliamentary party's talent  They created a new National Labor Party, and Hughes survived as prime minister by forming a conservative Nationalist government, which was dependent for survival on the Commonwealth Liberal Party  The remainder of the Labor Party, under the new leader, Frank Tudor, then expelled Hughes and all of those who had followed him  Following the split, Labor stayed out of office for ten years 

After the first plebiscite, the government used the War Precautions Act and the Unlawful Associations Act to arrest and prosecute anti-conscriptionists such as Tom Barker, the editor of Direct Action and many other members of the Industrial Workers of the World and E  H  Coombe, who had three sons at the front, of the Daily Herald  The young John Curtin, then a member of the Victorian Socialist Party, was also arrested  Anti-conscriptionist publications, in one case, even when it was read into Hansard, were seized by government censors in police raids 

Other notable opponents to Conscription included the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix, Queensland Labor Premier Thomas Ryan, Vida Goldstein and the Women's Peace Army  Most trade unions actively opposed conscription  Archbishop Mannix, born in County Clare, stated that Ireland had been more wronged by Great Britain than Belgium had been by Germany Many people thought positively of conscription as a sign of loyalty to Britain and thought that it would also support those men who were already fighting  However, trade unions feared that their members might be replaced by cheaper foreign or female labour and so opposed conscription  Some groups argued that the whole war was immoral, and it was unjust to force people to fight 
South Africa and India were the only other participating countries not to introduce conscription during the First World War 

Divided nation
The conscription issue deeply divided Australia with large meetings held both for and against  The women's vote was seen as important, with large women's meetings and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters  The campaigning for the first plebiscite was launched by Hughes at a huge overflow meeting at the Sydney Town Hall, where he outlined the government's proposals  That was followed by a huge pro-conscription meeting at the Melbourne Town Hall on 21 September Anti-conscriptionists, especially in Melbourne, were also able to mobilise large crowds, with a meeting filling the Exhibition Building on 20 September 1916; 30,000 people on the Yarra bank on Sunday, 15 October, and 25,000 the following week; a "parade of women promoted by the United Women's No-Conscription Committee – an immense crowd of about 60,000 people gathered at Swanston St between Guild Hall and Princes Bridge, and for upwards of an hour the street was a surging area of humanity"  An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people  It was passed on 21 September 1916, and mandatory registration and enrolment commenced while the first plebiscite campaign was underway  By 5 October, The Age reported that of 11607 men examined, 4581 were found fit, approximately 40 percent The Age noted in the article "Influence of the IWW" that "the great bulk of the opposition to conscription is centred in Victoria"  Many meetings in inner Melbourne and Sydney were disrupted by anti-conscriptionists with speakers being howled down from the audience in what The Age described as "disgraceful exhibition" and "disorderly scenes" The issue deeply divided the Labor Party, with ministers such as Hughes and George Pearce vigorously arguing the need for conscription for Australia to help the Allies win the war  They were supported by many within the party, including Labor's first prime minister, Chris Watson and NSW Labor Premier William Holman  Hughes denounced anti-conscriptionists as traitors and a climate of bitter sectarianism developed since most Roman Catholics opposed conscription and most others supported it 
By the end of the war in November 1918, a total of 416,809 men had voluntarily enlisted in the Army, representing 38 7 percent of the white male population aged between 18 and 44 On 1 November 1929, the mandatory service provisions of the Defence Act were suspended, ending 18 years of conscription for home defence 

World War II
In 1939, at the start of World War II, all unmarried men aged 21 were to be called up for three months' military training  The men could serve only in Australia or its territories  Conscription was effectively introduced in mid-1942, when all men aged 18–35 and single men aged 35–45 were required to join the Citizen Military Forces (CMF)  Volunteers with the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) scorned CMF conscripts as "chocolate soldiers", or "chockos", because they were believed to melt under the conditions of battle, or it might be an allusion to George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man in which Bluntschli filled his backpack with chocolate bars, rather than ammunition  However, several CMF Militia units fought under difficult conditions, suffered extremely high casualties in 1942 and slowed the Japanese advance on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea, then an Australian territory The Papuan campaign of 1942 led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army  During the campaign, the restriction banning CMF personnel from serving outside Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and CMF  In late 1942 and early 1943, Prime Minister John Curtin overcame opposition within the Australian Labor Party to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the South West Pacific, and the necessary legislation was passed in January 1943  The 11th Brigade was the only CMF formation to serve outside Australian territory, however, when it formed part of Merauke Force in the Dutch East Indies in 1943 and 1944 

Korean War
In 1951, during the Korean War, national service was introduced under the National Service Act 1951  All Australian males aged 18 had to register for 176 days training (99 days full-time) and two years in the CMF  Later, the obligation was 140 days of training (77 days full-time) and three years' service in the CMF   In 1957 the system was changed to emphasise skill rather than numbers, then ended in 1959  The regular military forces remained voluntary 

Vietnam War
In 1964, compulsory national service for 20-year-old males was introduced under the National Service Act 1964  The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years of continuous full-time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list  The full-time service requirement was reduced to 18 months in October 1971 The Defence Act was amended May 1964 to provide that national servicemen could be obliged to serve overseas, a provision that had been applied only once before, during World War II  The 1964 amendments applied only to the permanent military forces and excluded the Citizen Military Forces  In 1965, the Defence Act was again amended to require the CMF to serve overseas, which had not been included in the 1964 amendments "Defence Act 1965"  Federal Register of Legislation  Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)  Section 16  Retrieved 26 January 2023  In March 1966, the government announced that national servicemen would be sent to South Vietnam to fight in units of the Australian Regular Army and for secondment to American forces  Requirements for overseas service were detailed by the Minister for the Army, Malcolm Fraser, on 13 May 1966  Men who wished to avoid national service could join the Citizen Military Forces and serve only inside Australia, claim a student deferment or attempt a conscientious objection application  To be exempted on the basis of conscientious objection, an applicant needed to demonstrate his moral objection to "all" wars in court and to be legalised as a pacifist  That meant that the rate of success for conscientious objection applications was generally low 

Opposition
During the late 1960s, domestic opposition to the Vietnam War and conscription grew in Australia  In 1965, a group of concerned Australian women formed the anti-conscription organisation Save Our Sons, which was established in Sydney with other branches later formed in Wollongong, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Newcastle and Adelaide  The movement protested against conscription of Australians to fight in the Vietnam War and made the plight of men under 21, who were not yet eligible to vote, a focus of their campaign  In 1970, five Save-Our-Sons women were jailed in Melbourne for handing out anti-conscription pamphlets on government property  The group, which included Jean Maclean, Irene Miller and Jo Maclaine-Ross, was dubbed "The Fairlea Five" after Fairlea women's prison in which they were incarcerated  Barbara Miller is understood to be related to the decorated conscript Simon Anderson, who mysteriously disappeared in 1970 

Young men who were subject to the conscription lottery also formed their own anti-conscription organisation, the Youth Campaign Against Conscription  Like Save Our Sons, it spread to other states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia  It was the YCAC that imported the concept of draft-card burning from the United States and ushered in a new form of resistance to conscription, active non-compliance  Instead of merely not registering (passive non-compliance with the National Service Scheme), the young conscripts actively demonstrated their distaste for the government's actions by destroying their registration cards  Unlike in the United States, that was not legal and so its importance remained symbolic 
There were several high-profile controversies caused by the government's heavy-handed treatment of conscientious objectors, including William White and Simon Townsend (who later became a well-known television personality)  In 1969 the Gorton administration was severely embarrassed by a renowned This Day Tonight story in which a conscientious objector, who had been on the run from police for several months, was interviewed live in the studio by the journalist Richard Carleton, who then posed awkward questions to the Army Minister about why TDT had been able to locate the man within hours and bring him to the studio when the federal police had been unable to capture him, and the event was made even more embarrassing for the government because the man was able to leave the studio before the police had arrived to arrest him 
By 1969, public opinion was turning against the war  A Gallup Poll in August showed that 55 percent of those surveyed favoured bringing Australian troops home, and only 40 percent favoured them staying  That was the first poll to show less than 50% approval for the government's policy, and all polls after August 1969 were to reveal a majority in favour of bringing the troops home  In October, during his policy speech for the 1969 federal elections, the opposition leader, Gough Whitlam, declared that if elected, the ALP would make sure that all Australian troops in Vietnam would be home 'by Christmas' Around then, opposition to conscription became more radical  Active non-compliers began to call themselves "draft resisters"  Instead of waiting to be called up, draft resisters wrote letters to the Minister for National Service detailing their intention not to comply with conscription  Under law, that immediately rendered them liable for service  A number of these young men formed a draft resisters' union, active in at least two states: New South Wales and Victoria  They included men such as Bob Scates and Michael Hamel-Green  They went underground while maintaining a public presence, appeared at protests and were spirited away by the crowd before they could be arrested  In December 1972, while 'underground' as a draft resister, Barry Johnson stood as the Australian Labor Party (ALP) candidate in the seat of Hotham against Minister Don Chipp 
Australian government cabinet documents released by Australian National Archives in 2001 show that in 1970, the conservative government was initially concerned about the growth of conscientious objection and of outright opposition to the National Service Act  Reportedly, the cabinet considered instituting an option of alternative civilian work program for conscientious objectors in an attempt to reduce the numbers of objectors going to jail  That was never instituted but was widely rumoured at the time  Such work would have been menial labouring jobs in remote locations such as north and western Queensland, western New South Wales and northern South Australia In Cabinet Submission Number 200 for 1970, Appendix 1, case studies of 17 men awaiting prosecution for failure to undertake service show a broad spectrum of opposition to conscription including:

Religious opposition such as Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses
Moral opposition to wars
Moral opposition to the Vietnam War in particular
Opposition based upon the compulsion and authoritarian nature of conscription and its conflict with democratic processes and ideals The documents reveal that draft resistance and draft dodging never posed a threat to the number of conscripts required, but the public opposition by draft resisters such as John Zarb, Michael Matteson and Robert Martin had an increasingly-political effect  Conscription ended in December 1972, and the remaining seven men in Australian prisons for refusing conscription were freed in mid-to-late December 1972 ef 63,735 national servicemen served in the Army, of whom 15,381 were deployed to Vietnam  Approximately 200 were killed 

See also
Australian Defence Force
Billy Hughes egg-throwing incident
Passage 10:
Get Right with the Man
Get Right with the Man is the fourth studio album by American musical duo Van Zant  It was released in 2005 by Columbia Records  It peaked at number 2 on the Top Country Albums chart, and was certified Gold by the RIAA  The album includes the singles "Help Somebody", "Nobody Gonna Tell Me What to Do" and "Things I Miss the Most" 
The song "I'm Doin' Alright", was featured in the 2006 EA Sports game NASCAR 07 
This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions 

Track listing
Personnel
Taken from liner notes 
Van ZantJohnny Van Zant – lead vocals, background vocals
Donnie Van Zant – lead vocals, background vocalsAdditional MusiciansBekka Bramlett – background vocals
Tom Bukovac – electric guitar
Perry Coleman – background vocals
Eric Darken – percussion
Glen Duncan – fiddle
Kenny Greenberg – electric guitar
Greg Morrow – drums, percussion
Russ Pahl – lap steel guitar, steel guitar, banjo
Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
Jeffrey Steele – background vocals
Trez – background vocals
John Willis – acoustic guitar
Glenn Worf – bass guitar
Reese Wynans – B3 organ, keyboards, piano, Wurlitzer

Chart performance
Singles
Certifications
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes
Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series, airing on the E! network  Its premise originated with Rhys Parkin, who additionally serves as an executive producer  The series focuses on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian, along with Kylie and Kendall Jenner 
It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step-parent Caitlyn Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick  Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast from the fourth season onwards, though he rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé  Along in season seven, Kanye West became a recurring cast member after entering into a relationship with Kim  West later developed a more prominent role from season 16 onwards  In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's ex-wife, Leah became recurring cast members  Blac Chyna appeared as a recurring cast member throughout season 12 whilst engaged to Rob 
The series has produced the spin-offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, Dash Dolls, I Am Cait,  Kocktails with Khloé , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian, Rob & Chyna, Life of Kylie and Flip It Like Disick 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2007)
Season 2 (2008)
Season 3 (2009)
Season 4 (2009-10)
Season 5 (2010)
Season 6 (2011)
Season 7 (2012)
Season 8 (2013)
Season 9 (2014)
Season 10 (2015)
Season 11 (2015-2016)
Season 12 (2016)
Season 13 (2017)
Season 14 (2017-18)
Season 15 (2018)
Season 16 (2019)
Season 17 (2019)
Season 18 (2020)
Season 19 (2020)
Season 20 (2021)
Specials
Passage 2:
Tim Credeur
Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist  He was a cast member of Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter 7 and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals  He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor  He fought C B  Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision 

Mixed martial arts career
The Ultimate Fighter 7
Tim is a member of Louisiana's Gladiator Academy and appeared on "The Ultimate Fighter" series 
Tim advanced to the semifinals with victories over Erik Charles, Matthew Riddle, and Dan Cramer (all by submission)  During the show's semi-final fight between him and Jesse Taylor, Taylor won by unanimous decision after 3 rounds  However, after Taylor was removed from the finale for disciplinary reasons, Credeur fought C B  Dollaway to determine who would match up against Amir Sadollah in the show's live finale 
Tim lost the match by unanimous decision after 3 rounds, though the match was very closely contested 

UFC career
He was scheduled to fight fellow Team Forrest member Cale Yarbrough at the TUF 7 finale  However, Tim admitted to using the prescription drug Adderall five days prior to the event; Adderall is a drug banned by the Nevada State Athletic Commission  A drug test was performed and the prescription drug was still in Tim's system  As a result, the match was cancelled 
As Tim admitted to the recent use of the drug and he did not fight, there was no disciplinary action taken against him; his bout with Yarbrough was rescheduled for the UFC's July 19 show, UFC: Silva vs  Irvin    This time the match did happen and Tim won by TKO at 1:54 of round 1  Tim took on Nate Loughran at UFC: Fight For The Troops, Tim beat Loughran, due to Loughran withdrawing at the end of round two 
His next fight would be against Nick Catone at UFC Fight Night: Condit vs  Kampmann which he won by Submission (Guillotine Choke) at 3:45 of round 2, giving him his third consecutive victory in the UFC 
Tim fought on the UFC Fight Night 19 card against former middleweight title contender Nate Quarry  Tim lost the fight by unanimous decision after winning the first round but losing the second and third  The fight was shown live and free on the main card  The fight earned Fight of the Night 
Credeur was scheduled to face Mike Massenzio at UFC Fight Night 20, but was replaced by fellow TUF castmate and UFC newcomer Gerald Harris after being forced off the card with an injury Credeur was scheduled to face Tom Lawlor on May 8, 2010 at UFC 113, but was forced off the card with another injury   He was replaced by Joe Doerksen  Credeur later revealed that he was forced out of the scheduled UFC 113 bout due to an abnormality found during a brain scan Credeur faced Ed Herman on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale   He lost the fight via TKO in the first round 
Credeur was expected to face Brad Tavares on October 29, 2011 at UFC 137   However, Creduer was forced out of the bout and replaced by promotional newcomer Dustin Jacoby In 2013 Credeur quietly retired from fighting to focus on teaching and coaching in his MMA gym in Lafayette, Louisiana 

Personal life
Credeur and his wife Mamie had their first child, a daughter named Audrey on January 4, 2011 

Mixed martial arts record
Passage 3:
Money (1921 film)
Money is a 1921 British silent comedy film directed by Duncan McRae and starring Henry Ainley, Faith Bevan and Margot Drake  It is an adaptation of the 1840 comic play Money by Edward Bulwer-Lytton 

Cast
Henry Ainley      Alfred Evelyn
Faith Bevan      Georgina Vesey
Margot Drake      Clare Douglas
Sam Wilkinson      Sir Frederick Blount
James Lindsay      Captain Smooth
Olaf Hytten      Henry Graves
Sidney Paxton      Sir John Vesey
Ethel Newman      Lady Franklyn
Adelaide Grace      Nanny
Passage 4:
List of Ghost Whisperer characters
The following are fictional characters from the television drama Ghost Whisperer created by John Gray 

Main characters
Melinda Gordon
Melinda Gordon, played by Jennifer Love Hewitt, is the protagonist of  Ghost Whisperer   Melinda has been able to see ghosts since she was a little girl  Specifically, she sees ghosts who are not able to pass to the other side due to tasks they need her help with  She helps them find peace and cross into the light  The gift has been passed on for many generations  She is married to Jim Clancy (David Conrad) and owns an antique store, located in the fictional town of Grandview  She has many enemies who dislike her abilities, including Gabriel Lawrence (Ignacio Serricchio) and Romano (John Walcutt) 

Andrea Marino
Andrea Joyce Marino, played by Aisha Tyler, is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) best friend and was part of the main cast during season one  Andrea once worked in New York City, as a lawyer, until she moved to Grandview  She set up an antique store, named The Same As It Never Was, that she owns along with Melinda 
Melinda even comes to trust Andrea enough to tell her about her gift of being able to communicate with earthbound spirits, or ghosts  Andrea becomes essential to the store and Melinda, because of the very fact she knows about Melinda's gift  Whenever Melinda has to run off and help a ghost, Andrea is left to keep the store  Andrea also helps Melinda with difficult crossovers removing some of the stress from Melinda's husband, Jim (David Conrad)  In "The One", a plane crashes and Andrea notices Melinda is hiding something  She believes her brother Mitch died during the plane crash and Melinda is seeing his ghost 
At the end of season one, it was revealed it was Andrea who had died during the crash and not Mitch  While Andrea was not on the plane, she died because her car had been on the path on which the plane had crashed  Romano attempts to prevent Andrea from crossing over into the Light and get her to join him on the Dark Side  Melinda would not allow such a horrific occurrence to happen to her friend, so she sets out to stop Romano and warn Andrea  With the help of an occult professor at Rockland University, Rick Payne, Melinda is able to help Andrea find peace and cross over into the Light  Her death was foreshadowed in Season 1, Episode 15  Romano is seen sitting in a chair in the antique store  When he disappears, a faint sound of an airplane engine is heard 
Andrea is later mentioned in "Drowned Lives", "A Grave Matter", "Delia's First Ghost" and "The Prophet"  Also, while having been successfully crossed over into the Light for over a year, two ghosts taunt Melinda by calling her Andrea during "Bad Blood" 
In the season four episode, "Leap of Faith", when Jim swims to rescue Melinda and hits his head, he has flashbacks of his past as Jim, and Andrea can be seen briefly when remembering his wedding with Melinda  Andrea's date of death is in the book of changes backwards and was mentioned before a flashback of the plane crash which killed her 

Jim Clancy
Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband  He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode 
Jim and Melinda get married and move in at the start of the first season  Jim was a paramedic and firefighter, and the two met when he rescued her from her apartment complex, which had a structural issue  Jim knew of Melinda's unique ability to communicate with ghosts at the start of the series; he helped her as much as he could, though Melinda's good friend, Andrea Marino, provided most of the aid until her death at the end of the first season  It was revealed in the pilot episode that Jim witnessed his older brother, Dan, die when they were young  After having seen Dan die and being unable to save him, Jim decides to become a paramedic  Dan attended Jim and Melinda's wedding as a ghost and conversed with Melinda during the reception 
After Melinda's near death experience during the season two finale, "The Gathering", Jim becomes worried about what else could happen to Melinda because of the ghosts  Jim also helps to try to find information about Melinda's father (Tom Gordon), who might or might not be dead, as well as try to find any information about Melinda's brother, Gabe  In "Haunted Hero", Jim and Melinda welcome a returning soldier from Iraq, Matt, back to Grandview  When Matt becomes paranoid due to being haunted by his dead comrades and post-traumatic stress disorder, Jim confronts Matt in the town square and talks Matt out of trying to kill himself  Jim delivered some of his convincing argument with Matt's gun pointed at him 
In "Weight of What Was", Gabriel returns to Grandview and Jim warns him away, though not before Gabriel reveals that he is Melinda's half-brother  Jim, Rick, and Delia go in search of Melinda, who is trapped in old Grandview, which is buried under present day Grandview  Tessa, the ghost of Melinda's maternal ancestor who was also a Ghost Whisperer, helps them find Melinda by communicating with Delia and Jim  Jim also begins thinking of moving out of Grandview to attend medical school   At first, Melinda does not like the idea, but she later agrees to it  In "Deadbeat Dads", Jim admits he would like to have children someday; Jim and Melinda try to get pregnant and succeed, but Melinda loses the baby 
Near the end of "Imaginary Friends and Enemies" (early season 4), Jim is shot in the shoulder and rushed to the hospital, where he is immediately taken into surgery  Relieved to hear his surgery went well, Melinda is taken to his room and asks if she may stay with him until he awakens  It is implied she waits several hours, and she eventually falls asleep next to him  She wakes up to find Jim next to her, and believing him to be awake, she tells him she loves him  When Jim tells her softly he suffered an embolism, Melinda tries to get a doctor but Jim tells her not to and says that he wants her to remember him as he is now  This causes Melinda to realize Jim is appearing to her as a ghost; his body then flatlines in the background  As doctors rush in to revive him, Melinda tearfully pleads with Jim for it not be him  Jim then says, "I will always love you, Melinda", and then his ghost disappears as Melinda sobs and the doctors are unable to revive him  His death was foreshadowed in the season premiere, when a ghost warned Melinda death might rub off on those she loves 
In the next episode ("Threshold"), Jim refuses to cross over because he still loves Melinda and believes their love is what is holding him back  Even though Melinda wants Jim to stay, she knows it's selfish of her and begs him to go into the light, promising she'll be there one day  But when Jim and Melinda witness paramedics trying to revive a motorcycle accident victim named Sam Lucas (Kenneth Mitchell), they see the ghost of the victim go into the light  Jim goes over to the body and tells Melinda it's the only way  Before Melinda can stop him, Jim's ghost enters Sam's body, thus bringing him back to "life " However, the viewers continue to see him as Jim while everyone else in the show including Melinda sees him as Sam  When Melinda says "You're back", Jim, who now believes he is Sam and has no memory as Jim, says "Do I know you?" This leads Melinda to try to prove to him who he really is, especially when pieces of Jim's memory start to show  At first, he thinks she's crazy and doesn't believe her  When Melinda is trapped underground, Jim goes to save her, but he starts to drown and he has flashes of memories as Jim, thus bringing Jim fully back  When he finds Melinda, she calls him Sam to which Jim replies "Why are you calling me Sam?" Melinda then realizes Jim is back and she happily hugs him 
Later on, Melinda finds out she is pregnant again and it turns out Jim had gotten her pregnant shortly before he died  Later Melinda begins to worry about their unborn baby  She began to have nightmares and visions the baby was in danger  She was sure by the things she was being told the baby was a girl after Melinda runs into the faceless child again, who puts her hand on Melinda's tummy and says, "You can't save her  You can't " Jim reveals to Melinda he had seen her chart accidentally and knew it was a boy, although he knew they agreed not to find out, but he told her to ease her mind, so she’d see her visions and dreams were wrong  Jim and Melinda marry again at the same place they met - in front of witnesses, Eli James (best man) and Delia Banks (matron of honor), and a full gathering of spirits 
In Season 5, Melinda believes her due date is the exact date in the book, which causes doubts in Jim, Delia, Ned, and Eli  Melinda finally needs an emergency C-Section  When the baby suddenly goes into fetal distress in the operating room, the season’s first ghosts appear to Melinda  First the watcher, who warned Melinda of her child’s power and the danger he may come into, stops time to tell her Fate and Free Will will work together to decide whether or not the baby will live  The second ghost comes in the form of a young woman in a white gown  She quickly disappears and time restarts  While the baby isn’t breathing at first, he suddenly recovers to full health  Later in recovery, Melinda tells Jim they’ll name the baby Aiden Lucas, in honor of Jim’s father and Sam Lucas 
The series then jumps ahead to 2014 and the celebration of Aiden's upcoming fifth birthday  Jim is now a resident at Rockland Memorial Teaching Hospital, as Sam, and he takes the name Jim as his middle name  Ned is also in college, taking classes with Eli, while Delia has become a big realtor  There were always problems every year on Aiden's birthday  He would become strangely sick, for example  Every year a woman would visit Aiden and sing him happy birthday  The woman, Amber, had died in childbirth the night Melinda gave birth to Aiden  Amber was convinced her son’s spirit had jumped into Aiden, as he had stopped breathing shortly after he was born  Later on in the episode, it is revealed the son was actually adopted by the birth father and his wife 
Melinda helps Amber into the light and learns from the watcher that Aiden is an empath  He feels and takes on emotions of those around him  This is revealed as the reason why each year Amber would show up and he gets sick  Melinda also finds out she shares a psychic link with Aiden, which allows them to communicate with one another, though he doesn’t fully understand it  Melinda and Jim decide to not tell Aiden, because they want him to have a normal life, with his own dreams  In 5 19 "Lethal Combination", Jim is caught by Dr  Mavis, a morgue coroner, snooping through the files in the hospital morgue 

Delia Banks
Delia Banks (portrayed by Camryn Manheim) joined the main cast of Ghost Whisperer at the start of season 2  She and her teenage son, Ned, lost their husband and father, Charlie, three years prior to their appearance on the show  Delia became a real estate agent after Charlie's death 
Delia meets Melinda Gordon after Melinda calls Delia about Ned's having tried to shoplift from Melinda's antique store  Delia tells Melinda about how stressful her job as a real estate agent is, so Melinda offers her a job to help work at the antique store, which Delia accepts  They begin a friendship, though Delia does not know about Melinda's gift at first  In the episode "Delia's First Ghost", Melinda has to tell Delia about her gift because Charlie's spirit is haunting her  At first Delia calls Melinda crazy, admitting she had seen Melinda talking to herself and was worried  Delia even goes as far as to tell Melinda not to expect her at work again  By the end of the episode Delia learns, with Melinda's help, Charlie is only haunting her because he wants her to be safe  While still a little skeptical of Melinda's gift, Delia tells her that she will open the shop the next morning 
Delia remains skeptical concerning Melinda's gift in season three, but discusses the various ghosts Melinda encounters to help Melinda with them  When Melinda was stalked by a lawyer, Shane, he tampered with Ned's records because Delia was trying to get him into private school  Nevertheless, when Shane was caught with Ned's records, Ned got in  In episode 5, "Weight of What Was", Delia travels along with Jim and Rick into a series of tunnels and alleyways from a much older Grandview to find Melinda  With the help of a ghost named Tessa, they manage to locate her and get her to safety  In "Bad Blood", Delia's need to find a rational explanation for every situation, including ones involving ghosts, is brought up  Delia tells Melinda that she will try harder to accept the notion of ghosts  In the episode "Heart and Soul", Delia's need for a rational explanation nearly destroys her relationship with Melinda, but a conversation with her son and a moment with "Sam" at a basketball court provides her with faith in Melinda's gift  She now believes Jim is living in Sam's body  Sometime within the five-year leap between seasons 4 and 5 she left working for Melinda to open a Real Estate agency next to the shop, however she is frequently seen helping Melinda in the shop at various points in the series and remains Melinda's best friend 

Ned Banks
Ned Banks was originally portrayed by Tyler Patrick Jones, but starting with season 3 episode "Slambook!" Christoph Sanders took over the role  Ned is a nice guy who has dedicated his life to helping Melinda with the occult  He is the son of Delia and Charlie Banks  The events of his adolescence have been part of the plots of some episodes 
Ned was caught shoplifting at Melinda's antique shop, stealing Grateful Dead backstage passes  Melinda realized his behavior was the result of a spirit's urging  Ned found out Melinda's secret before his mother did when he overheard Melinda in the episode "Curse of the Ninth " He is always eager to help Melinda with her ghosts  A few episodes later, when his deceased father Charlie visits him and his mother, Melinda helps his father go into the Light  In the season three episode "No Safe Place," Ned gets into a private school 
In "Slambook," Ned (played by Christoph Sanders from then on) is on the basketball team when a ghost begins tampering with the scoreboard  In the episode "Home But Not Alone," Ned has his first girlfriend and (probably) his first kiss  In season 4, there was a plot which involved his mother suspecting him of smoking marijuana, but as it turned out, it was his mother's friend's joint  As of season five, he is a student at Rockland University  In "Dead Air" he is a host of a radio show, and has cheated on his girlfriend TJ (which he later regrets and apologizes for) 
In season 5, Ned is studying Anthropology of the Occult at Rockland University  He uses his knowledge to help Melinda and Eli solve the mystery of the Shadows and Shinies, also aiding them in crossing over spirits  Ned, Melinda, and Eli take turns keeping the Book of Changes 

Rick Payne
Rick Payne (portrayed by Jay Mohr) is a professor at Rockland University  He is a widower; his wife, Kate, died in a crane accident before his first appearance in the series 
At the beginning of season two, Melinda Gordon first seeks Rick Payne's help to save her deceased friend, Andrea Marino, who is being attacked by a dark spirit, Romano  She finds him teaching an occult class at Rockland University  She continues to seek Rick's help for various paranormal occurrences throughout the rest of the season  Rick first meets Melinda's husband, Jim Clancy, when Melinda recommends Jim talk to him about a ghost  It is in "The Night We Met" that Rick first questions Melinda about whether or not she believes she has supernatural abilities, as well as meets Melinda's close friend and co-worker, Delia Banks  It is only in the episode "Cat's Claw" that Melinda finally informs Rick of her abilities  In the season finale, Rick and Melinda are seen working very closely trying to figure out who Gabriel Lawrence, a dark Ghost Whisperer, really is  Rick, Jim, and Melinda go as far as breaking into Gabriel's home  It is also revealed Rick's wife, Kate, is a ghost who worked for the dark side but would later cross over into the Light after telling her husband a secret she had been keeping from him since she died 
The character joins the main cast in season three  At the beginning of this season, Rick appears to be worried about Melinda after her near-death experience  He also works a large deal more with Melinda on some things  In "The Weight of What Was", Rick, Jim, and Delia all travel into old Grandview to try finding Melinda  Jim and Delia are aided by a ghost named Tessa, an ancestor of Melinda's, and locate the trapped Melinda  Rick also helps Melinda search town death records for information about Tessa, who at the time Melinda believed to be Gabriel's mother, though a group of ghosts attempt to stop them from finding anything  In "Double Exposure", Rick's date and co-worker, Claudia, is haunted by a ghost who makes it so she cannot appear in any pictures 
It seems Rick had somewhat of a crush on Melinda when they first met; he was clearly embarrassed by everything he said to her, afraid it might sound stupid  The crush dissipated after he met Jim, Melinda's husband, but they remain very close friends 
Abrasive at times, Professor Rick Payne is often perceived as obnoxious on first impression, but most of the time he means well  Sarcastic and sometimes insensitive, he has a tendency to shout randomly and hates to be awakened by late night telephone calls  Even though he does not appreciate the title, he is rather well known as a genius, and spouts useless information at times  He has admitted that he talks a lot when he is nervous, but he talks a lot whether he is nervous or not  Professor Payne is quick-witted and highly intelligent, taking delight in annoying people and considers the reactions he gets from being rude amusing  He feels that he is taken for granted too often and likes to tell people so, though some believe it is only a technique to make others feel sorry for him  He has a certain charm, despite his ability to annoy even those with saintly amounts of patience, and he is a good friend to those who can stand to stick with him 

Eli James
Dr  Eli James (Jamie Kennedy) was introduced in the first episode of season four  He was a psychology professor at Rockland University 
During a building fire on the Rockland University campus on October 3, 2008, he died but was brought back, causing him to have a near death experience  It unlocked an ability which allows him to hear ghosts, but doesn't allow him to see them like Melinda  Throughout the fourth season, he adjusts to his newfound ability and starts helping her cross ghosts over  Eli also helps Melinda when she needs information from the Police 
Zoe, previous Guardian of the Book of Changes and Eli's ex-girlfriend, died after falling off the stairs in an attempt to stop a thief influenced by a Watcher  At the end of Season 4, Zoe crossed into the light (or so it seems) after telling Eli he was the next Guardian of the Book of Changes  In Season 5, it is revealed Eli is one of Ned's university lecturers  Evelyn, Eli's mother, died 7 years ago, even though in "Stage Fright" he told Melinda and Jim he was getting an autograph for his mom who watches the show which was visiting Grandview  Eli's father, Ray James, died from a heart-attack in the third episode of Season 5, "Till Death Do Us Start," which shared more shocking secrets about Eli's parents 
Eli and Melinda over time become very close friends  At first, Eli thought that Melinda was crazy (as almost everyone always does when she shares about her gift) until he realized he could do the same thing (almost)  As he learns more about his gift, he becomes more and more willing to help Melinda with the hauntings and even enjoys it 

Supporting characters
Beth Gordon
Beth Gordon (portrayed by Anne Archer), Melinda's mother and Aiden's grandmother, has the ability to communicate with ghosts, but chooses not to  She never came to terms with her mother or Melinda when it came to their gifts and prefers not to speak of anything that has to do with ghosts, or her husband Tom Gordon  Before she met Tom, she was in a relationship with a man named Paul Eastman, whom she was having a baby with when he went to jail  Once he died, Beth married Tom and never told Melinda about her real father  In "Pater Familias", Paul convinces Beth to tell Melinda the truth  She is then invited to watch the tall ships come into the harbor with Melinda, Jim and their friends, Rick, Delia, and Ned  She appeared in the episodes "Melinda's First Ghost", "The Vanishing", "The Underneath", and "Pater Familias" 

Mary Ann Patterson
Mary Ann Patterson, (played by June Squibb) - Melinda's grandmother and Aiden's great grandmother, now deceased, was a person who spoke to ghosts  It was she who gave lost spirits the title "earthbound " She helped them cross over into the Light (Heaven)  Her gift was passed down to Melinda, the current "ghost whisperer " Mary Ann crossed over into the Light so she is currently a "Light" Spirit  She helps Melinda bring ghosts to peace through dreams in two episodes: "Voices" and "The Gathering"  It is later revealed, in Season 3, that Melinda's maternal great-great-great-grandmother, Tessa (Amy Acker), could also communicate with ghosts and Melinda helps her cross over  When Melinda tells Tessa the fate of her daughter (in "Weight of What Was"), it is revealed that Mary Anne was the granddaughter of Julie Lee Lucas   Her married name was Patterson, according to Melinda  Melinda was in high school when her grandmother died and Melinda did not realize it until her grandmother said something about presence and then it dawned on Melinda that her grandmother was talking about her death and Melinda's loss of her grandmother 

Romano
Romano (John Walcutt), also known as "Wide Brim" (due to his outfit: black suit and black hat) was an American evil cult leader who lived in Spain, and who committed suicide along with 100 followers in 1939  The energy of the mass suicide made him powerful and strong, and he went to the Dark Side  He can be considered Melinda's true archenemy  He started to trick souls to go with him, by making them refuse to "cross over" into The Light 
When Romano first appeared on the show, his appearances were quick and mysterious, and he was usually attached to a laughing man who had, theretofore, never spoken  He always seemed to be observing Melinda  When in the episode "The One", the final episode of season one, a plane crashes outside Grandview, he attempts to gather all of the lost souls from the accident  This is the first time he declares his hatred and rivalry to Melinda, and he says he would release all "his earthbound souls" in exchange for her one soul 
Romano and Melinda confront each other verbally, each using persuasive speeches directed to the souls from the plane crash  Finally, Romano manages to get at least seven of the souls, including a stewardess who later does go into the Light in season two 
In "Love Never Dies", season two episode one, Romano tries to prevent Melinda's friend Andrea from crossing over into The Light  Melinda gathers all her strength to make Andrea cross over, and she learns with the help of Professor Rick Payne the identity of Romano  Payne also warns Melinda about Romano's real purpose: to destroy good spirits (the ones in charge of helping souls to "cross over" into The Light, such as Melinda) in order to make the dead stronger than the living, and to be endlessly powerful  According to Payne, Dark Spirit Romano would literally take over a weak soul in a weak body to make too much harm to humanity, until the last trace of joy and happiness vanished from earth  It is impossible for Romano to get closer when Melinda helps spirits to "cross over" into The Light, because there is too much love, and love is what Romano hates 
Romano last appeared in season two, episode one, when he was unsuccessful in trying to possess Andrea's soul  However, mid-season two, Melinda seems to foreshadow Romano's comeback, when Delia Banks tries on a black hat which resembles Romano's, although nothing arises from this  Melinda loosely references Romano in an episode of season five; when discussing the Shadows, she mentions that she's seen similar ghosts before, ones which didn't "cross over, so much as "cross under" much like Romano does with his followers  This reference could tell viewers that Romano ultimately became a Shadow after Andrea crossed over, and this is why he does not appear to Melinda for the rest of the series 

Charlie Banks
Delia was married to Charlie Banks (Fredric Lehne) until he died three years prior to Delia's first appearance on the show  They had a loving relationship  After a fire at the place where Charlie worked, Charlie was said to be different and more of a family man  We also learn that it was Tim who saved Charlie's life  Together with Charlie, Delia had her twelve-year-old son, Ned  Charlie died after being shot 

Tim Flaherty
In the episode "The Walk-In", Tim Flaherty (Thomas Wilson), a friend and co-worker of Jim's, is trying to get Delia to go out on a date with him, something Delia refuses to do  In "Delia's First Ghost", Tim tries to get Jim to tell him what Delia likes so he can impress her  Charlie, Delia's dead husband, helps him by knocking over a pot of lavender roses Delia likes  Tim also buys a motorcycle exactly like the one Charlie used to have  At the end of the episode, they are seen walking away hand in hand  He reappears in the fourth season in the episode Threshold  He is at Jim's funeral and talks about Jim before turning on an iPod with rock music which he says Jim would have wanted 

Gabriel Lawrence
Gabriel Lawrence (Ignacio Serricchio) claims to be Melinda's half-brother  He is also a "ghost whisperer"  It is unclear from whom he inherited this gift, since neither of his parents has that gift 
When he was a child, Gabriel knew he could interact with the dead, but nobody believed him, and he received psychiatric treatment in a mental health institution  Gabriel never had a living friend  In fact, all of his friends were dead, and he always hated watching them "cross over" into The Light  He managed to get out of the mental health institution by lying  He was in the same mental health institution where his mother resided 
In "The Collector" episode, Gabriel is now in his late twenties, and he has recently moved to Grandview  He mentions Grandview always brings him memories   Melinda Gordon has the opportunity to meet him, and she is amazed by the gift they have in common  Melinda warns Gabriel about a shift in the "other world": ghosts are becoming stronger  She tells him how she struggled against a very dark spirit called Romano the year before, when a plane crashed in Grandview 
However, Melinda discovers she was naive to believe in Gabriel, who had invited her to work with him in the difficult task of dealing with ghosts  Gabriel turns out to be a Ghost Whisperer from the Dark Side, and he had been gathering souls to prepare for what "was coming", a complex prophecy of the death of a "loved one" 
Gabriel, along with the dark spirits, was blocking The Light, because he was trying to make the dead stronger than the living



ground_truth: 1964

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the child of the male star of the 1921 film Money?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  When Melinda, Jim Clancy, and Rick Payne break into Gabriel's house, they find out Gabriel's obsession with Melinda  He had been observing her moves for quite a long time  At the end of season two, both Gabriel and Melinda struggle against each other for the fate of living and dead 
Gabriel returns to Grandview in the third season episode "Weight of What Was", informing Melinda he is her half-brother  He hands her a package containing images of her father's family  An image in the package, in fact from Melinda's mother's past, leads Melinda to an underground church and her great-great-great grandmother, Tessa  A ghost which haunts the archives of Grandview tells Gabriel that Melinda has entered the tunnel, and Gabriel blocks the exit, preventing Melinda from escaping the way she entered  The episode ends with Gabriel speaking to Tom Gordon about what seems like a plan to get Melinda to help ghosts in a dark way  While in Grandview, he resided in a hotel under the name Gabriel Gordon  Gabriel also appears in "All Ghosts Lead to Grandview", wherein he has a brief conversation with Melinda at the end of the episode 

Thomas Gordon
Thomas "Tom" Gordon (Martin Donovan) first appears in the plot in season two's finale, although he has previously appeared in some flashbacks  When Melinda "dies" in season two's finale, she confronts what appears to be an already dead Tom, who tells her she is ready to find the darkness within herself, and also tells her she has a brother, later revealed to be Gabriel  In season three, Tom has contact with both Melinda and Gabriel, manifesting himself in Melinda's dreams, and speaking as a ghost with Gabriel  It has been suggested Tom is part of the Dark Side, and he is developing a plan to get Melinda into the Dark Side 
In the penultimate episode of season three, however, Tom is found alive in Gabriel's home  Melinda later learns every time she had seen Tom's "ghost", his body had in fact been taken over by Paul Eastman, when he was trying to kill Tom  Melinda then finds out Tom actually is not her father, Paul Eastman is  After discovering this shocking truth, Melinda goes to the main square in town to think, where Tom meets her  He asks her to come back to the house she grew up in  There he gets her to go back through her memories to the night Paul Eastman had come to their house  Just then Melinda realizes Tom is actually a cold-blooded killer; she remembers Tom deliberately murdering Paul Eastman  Tom then informs her that he now has to kill her to keep his secret safe  As he tries to choke her to death, Melinda cries out to her dad, to which Tom answers, "I'm not your Dad"  Melinda replies she wasn't talking to Tom but actually was asking for help from her real father  Paul Eastman then arrives and takes over Tom's body one last time, forcing him to throw himself over the staircase, effectively killing him  Soon afterwards he appears before Melinda  Tom is then pulled away by an unknown force to an unknown location 

Paul Eastman
Paul Eastman  (Corin Nemec) first appears in Melinda's dreams as someone who haunted her and/or wanted to haunt her  She soon discovers that he was an escaped prisoner accused of killing a child whose ghost Melinda was attempting to cross over  However, before he crosses over, the boy admits that his death was an accident, and that he had spoken to Eastman as a ghost to lead him to his body  This led to his wrongful incarceration  In the season 3 finale, it is revealed he is Melinda's biological father, not Tom Gordon  Paul set a series of "clues" to help Melinda see the truth  To quicken the process and save Melinda, he convinces her mother to tell Melinda the truth  Melinda is initially in disbelief and consoled by Tom, who convinces her to follow him to a safe place  The "safe" place is Melinda's childhood home and Paul Eastman's burial site  Once they arrive, Tom probes Melinda about her memory of Paul's death; she eventually has a flashback revealing Tom deliberately killed Paul  Tom decided he must kill Melinda to protect himself from the truth being revealed  Melinda cries out to her father, to which Tom replies: "Don't call me Dad  I'm not your Father " Melinda answers, "I wasn't talking to you " As Tom realizes to whom Melinda had been calling, Paul enters Tom's body and forces him to fall to his death  Paul talks to Melinda and her mother and says he thought that he would never be so angry with his former lover, and only hearing his daughter calling for her father made all of his anger disappear  He then went into The Light  He has one grandson by Melinda, Aiden  In life, he apparently had the ability to speak to ghosts just like Melinda and her maternal relations, meaning that Melinda received her ability from both parents 

Zoe Ramos
Zoe Ramos (Jaclyn DeSantis) is Eli's ex-girlfriend and a professor at Rockland University  She knows a lot about the supernatural, because she teaches a course entitled the "Science of the Occult " Zoe and Eli had broken up because at the time he didn't share her beliefs regarding ghosts, life after death, etc  At the end of the fourth season, Eli decides to resume contact with her  Zoe helps Melinda and Eli with cases involving voodoo and vampirism (episodes "Cursed" and "Endless Love") 
In season four's finale, Eli observes Zoe having lunch with a lawyer, Jeremy Bishop, and becomes very jealous   When Eli attempts the theft of an ancient book from the library of the University, Zoe tells him the true value of the book, which she has studied   Eli decides to invite Zoe out for dinner  When she fails to appear, Eli goes to Zoe's house and finds her dead  Her spirit tells Eli she died from falling down the stairs while a thief, influenced by a Watcher, entered her house to put the Book there 
After securing the Book, Eli calls to Zoe, who informs him about the Other Side  She tells him that she was the "Guardian of the Book of Changes" and, henceforth, he will need to take care of the Book  Eli agrees and realizes he still loves Zoe  After saying goodbye to Eli, Zoe goes into the light 

Aiden Lucas
Aiden Lucas (portrayed by Connor Gibbs) is the son of Melinda Gordon and Jim Clancy  Aiden is also the grandson of Paul Eastman and Beth Gordon who are Melinda's parents and Aiden and Faith Clancy who are Jim's parents 
Aiden was born on September 25, 2009  Before his birth, the watchers predict him and tell Melinda that her son is the key if the ghost's balances shift, and he will be more powerful than she is  On the day of his birth, Melinda worries about her son's fate  During his birth, Melinda needs an emergency C-section and Aiden suddenly goes into fetal distress in the operating room  First, the watcher (Carl) warned Melinda of her child’s power and the danger he may come into, stops time to tell her Fate and Free Will will work together to decide whether or not the baby will live  He quickly disappears and time restarts  While the baby is not breathing at first, he suddenly recovers to full health  Later in recovery, Melinda tells Jim they will name the baby Aiden Lucas, after Jim’s father and the late Sam Lucas 
Years later, the family is celebrating Aiden's upcoming fifth birthday  Every year on his birthday something bad happens; Aiden strangely gets sick or something happens to Melinda or Jim  Delia and Melinda call it a birthday curse  However, Aiden is actually haunted by the ghost of the woman who died during childbirth when Melinda gave birth to Aiden  The woman believes Aiden is the spirit of her dead son and she haunts Aiden every year on his birthday 
Melinda discovers this and finds out the ghost's son, Tyler, is actually alive and safe with his real father and adoptive mother  Aiden saved Tyler earlier in a bowling accident and Melinda helped the woman go into the light  Later, Carl reveals to Melinda that Aiden is an empath and can feel other people's emotions; he would get sick on his birthday and something went wrong with his birth because of the ghost 
In addition to being an empath, Aiden is able to see and communicate with ghosts like his mother and grandparents do, and he is psychically connected to Melinda  Melinda does not tell Aiden this because she wants him to have a normal life 
Aiden is able to see things Melinda can't, namely the Shinies (which Aiden refers to as "faceless" and made of "light") and the Shadows, which can be defeated easily by the Shinies, but the Shinies are too afraid of them to do so 

Spirits
Characters that appear as spirit guest stars:

Lost spirits
These are some of the spirits who either did not cross over or went to the Dark Side (Hell) 

Laughing Man (appears with Romano and is a ghostly agent for the dark side  He wears a two-piece suit and is usually seen laughing  He was portrayed by Douglas Bierman; death was from accidental ingestion of water dropwort)
Bleeding Man (a dark spirit whose right hand is bleeding, hence his name  He was portrayed by Lou Glenn; death was from exsanguination)
Bloody Mary, a girl who was accidentally buried alive and died in the coffin, scratching her nails off on the seal of the coffin  Seen in the last seconds of Episode 2, Season 3
Giles Nickelburg (plane crash due to pilot error)
Greg Carter (car accident due to car going off a cliff)
Martha Rucker (building collapse)
Unnamed Man (conjunctivitis infection)
Greta Hansen (wheelchair fell down the stairs)
Tom Gordon (fell down the stairs)
Eli's parents (death from natural causes  Melinda helps them see The Light after solving a problem between them  The problem was caused by the fact that Eli's mother was a lesbian and had an affair with a friend  Eli's father thought she was really having a love affair with her friend's husband, making his spirit unable to cross over  They decide to stay to take care of her son, although he disagrees with the idea )
Shane Carson (suicide to continue stalking Melinda)
Randy Cooper (asthma attack)

Shinies and Shadows
Two different kinds of spirits that appear throughout the series  They are sworn enemies of each other, created by the emotions of ghosts, and feed upon others  Aiden Lucas, Melinda's son, is the only one who has the ability to see both of them while his mother and the Watchers cannot 

Shinies
Beings of good who are composed of light energy  Aiden reveals, in Season 5, that the Shinies are ghost children that have crossed over into The Light  He also comments that there are more Shinies than there are Shadows, and that if they were to go to war with each other, the Shinies would win  The Shadows prevent their growing numbers by consuming still-earthbound ghost children, making the Shinies fear them  But in the episode "The Children's Parade", Aiden reveals that if he, along with the other Shinies, use their combined power, they can defeat the Shadows forever 
In previous seasons, the Shinies have already revealed their presence to Melinda without her knowing  Carl, a Watcher, tells Melinda that she is surrounded by "light beings" watching over her and they are shown all throughout Grandview, watching over her during her wedding vow renewal  In later events, Melinda notices Aiden talking to himself  But later events reveal that Aiden has the ability to see these spirits (the Shinies), which she cannot see  Cassidy Peyton, a ghost girl Melinda crossed over, becomes a Shiny after going into The Light and becomes good friends with Aiden 
Shinies are attracted to "shiny things" such as flashlights, utensils, etc  Also, the Shinies are afraid of the Shadows, as depicted in the season 5 episode "Lost in the Shadows" 
In the series finale ("The Children's Parade") the Shinies, led by Aiden, destroy the Shadows once and for all 

Shadows
The Shadows are ghosts who are seen as beings of darkness  Aiden reveals that the Shadows are either "broken pieces" left behind by ghosts who have crossed over or have "crossed under"  Ghosts describe them as cold things and don't like to talk about them  They feed on the negative emotions of ghosts, especially ghost children, break their souls beyond repair, and feed on the rest of them 
In previous seasons, Gabriel was working for them, but since he disappeared they could no longer block The Light  They are extremely dangerous and use people, both living and dead, to gather the souls of ghost children so that they may feed; examples are President Bedford of Rockland University to get the Book of Changes, which helps Melinda, Eli and Aiden, but they killed him when he could not complete the task  Another is Greta Hansen, a woman in a wheelchair who helped the Shadows by luring children's spirits into her house (using Cassidy Peyton), but Melinda saved some spirits imprisoned by the ghost Greta 
Ravens are their symbols, and they fear lights, shiny things, and the Shinies 
Passage 5:
National Commission for Scheduled Castes
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is an Indian constitutional body under the jurisdiction of  Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo Indian communities to promote and protect their social, educational, economic and cultural interests, special provisions were made in the Constitution  Article 338 of the Indian constitution deals with National Commission for Scheduled Castes  Article 338 A deals with National Commission for Scheduled tribes 

History
Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as chairman and other four members  Members of the commission includes a chairman, a vice chairman and four other members  It was set up as a national level advisory body to advise the government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes  The president of India appoints the chairman of commission  The fifth schedule of Indian constitution deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes  Service condition and tenure is determined by president of India  Article 341 deals with notification of Scheduled Castes and Article 342 deals with notification of Scheduled Tribes 
The first Commission was constituted in 1992 with S  H  Ramdhan as chairman 
The second Commission was constituted in October 1995 with H  Hanumanthappa as chairman 
The third Commission was constituted in December 1998 with Dileep Singh Bhuria as the chairman 
The fourth Commission was constituted in March 2002 with Dr  Bizay Sonkar Shastri as the chairperson 
Consequent upon the Constitution (Eighty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 2003 the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been replaced by
(1) National Commission for Scheduled Castes and
(2) National Commission for Scheduled Tribes 

National Commission for Scheduled Castes
The first National Commission for Scheduled Castes was constituted in 2004 with Suraj Bhan as the chairman  The second was constituted in May 2007 (chairperson: Buta Singh); the third from October 2010 (P  L  Punia); and the fourth from 2013, also with Punia as chairperson  The fifth National Commission for Scheduled Castes began work in 2017 under chairmanship of Ram Shankar Katheria  L Murugan was made vice chairman with K Ramulu, Dr Yogendra Paswan and Dr  Swaraj Vidwan as members  The President has appointed Shri Vijaya Sampla as the chairman of the sixth National Commission for Scheduled Castes  Shri Arun Halder is the vice-chairman  Shri Subhash Ramnath Pardhi and Smt  Anju Bala are the other members of the sixth NCSC 

Functions
The following are the functions of the commission:
To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards
To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Castes
To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State
To present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards
To make in such reports recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes
To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Castes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify

Chairman
See also
National Commission for Backward Classes
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
National human rights commission
Passage 6:
Ryan Michelle Bathe
Ryan Michelle Bathé (born July 27, 1976) is an American actress 

Early life
Bathe's mother is Clare Bathé, an actress and singer who was a member of the late 1970s funk/disco/rock group Machine  She grew up in Stamford, Connecticut  She graduated from Stanford University, and she received a Master of Fine Arts degree from New York University  She is a member of the sorority Delta Sigma Theta 

Career
Bathe has had guest starring roles in a number of television shows, including ER, Half & Half, Girlfriends, Brothers & Sisters, and How I Met Your Mother  She was regular cast member during the second season of the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal playing attorney Sara Holt  From  2009 to 2010, she had a recurring role on the short-lived NBC medical drama Trauma, and in 2011 had starring role in the TV Land sitcom Retired at 35  She had main roles in the independent films All About Us and April Moon 
In 2012, Bathe co-starred opposite Katherine Heigl in the crime comedy film One for the Money  Later that year, she had a recurring role opposite her real life husband Sterling K  Brown in the Lifetime drama series Army Wives  In 2014, she was a female lead opposite Kevin Hart in the ABC comedy pilot Keep It Together  In 2016, Bathe was cast in a recurring role in the NBC drama series, This Is Us, also starring Brown In 2018, Bathe was cast as one of leads in the BET+ comedy-drama series First Wives Club based on the film of the same name written by Robert Harling  In 2020, she signed a first look deal with ViacomCBS  In 2022, Bathe was cast as a lead alongside Morena Baccarin in the NBC heist thriller series The Endgame 

Personal life
In June 2007, Bathe married fellow actor and Stanford alum Sterling K  Brown  They have two sons 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 7:
Chuck Green
Charles Green (November 6, 1919 – March 7, 1997) was an American tap dancer  Green was born in Fitzgerald, Georgia  He would stick bottle caps on his bare feet as a child and tap dance on the sidewalk for money  He won third place in a dance contest in 1925, in which Noble Sissle was the bandleader  Soon, Green would be touring the South tap dancing 
When he was nine he was brought to New York by a talent scout to study tap dancing  A famous talent agent, Nat Nazzaro, signed Green up as a client when he was just twelve years old  He and his childhood friend James Walker teamed up and called themselves "Shorty and Slim"  Walker was a talented comic dancer and would be "Slim" to Green's "Shorty" 
They changed their name to "Chuck and Chuckles," and played New York's Palace Theatre  Described as a modern Buck and Bubbles, Chuckles, an expert in legomania, played the vibes, while Green performed tap in a breathtaking yet gentle style of John Bubbles, whose protégé' he later became  Up until 1944, "Chuck and Chuckles" toured Europe, Australia, and the United States, performing in such venues as Radio City Music Hall, the Paramount, Apollo, and Capital theatres  Jobs were plentiful and they would double up on performances, averaging five stage shows a day, playing nightclubs until early morning, and touring nonstop with big bands across the country and abroad  In 1944, due to Green's stress, the team broke up and Green was committed to a mental institution where he stayed for fifteen years 
Upon his release in 1959, Green had become very introverted, but he could still dance  He quickly adapted to bebop and created his own style of tap dancing, experimenting with new harmonies and rhythmic patterns  He could easily ad-lib his dance numbers to the new music  He began performing again, on stage and on television 
He appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival on July 6, 1963, along with Honi Coles  Then, in 1964, Green faced tap dancer Groundhog in a tap challenge at the Village Vanguard  In 1969, Green appeared with members of Harlem's Hoofers Club for a series of "Tap Happenings" that were produced in New York City by Letitia Jay  Through the 1970s and 1980s, Green performed with the Copasetics  Honi Coles would introduce him as, "Chuck Green, the greatest tap dancer in the world "  In 1979, Green was featured in the documentary film No Maps on My Taps 
In 2003, Green was inducted into the Tap Dance Hall of Fame 
Chuck Green died on March 7, 1997, at the Oakridge Care Center in Oakland, Calif ,

Filmography
Passage 8:
Think I'm in Love (Eddie Money song)
"Think I'm in Love" is a 1982 hit single by American rock singer Eddie Money from his album No Control  The song was written by Money and Randy Oda (who is perhaps best known otherwise for his collaborations with former Creedence Clearwater Revival member Tom Fogerty)   The song was released as a single and reached #16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and hit #1 on the Billboard Top Tracks chart The song was Money's first Top 40 hit in several years, and sparked a brief comeback for the artist  The song remains a popular track, and gets frequent airplay on classic rock radio stations 

Music video
The music video included elements from classic vampire movies (with Eddie Money cast as a quasi-Dracula character)   It was one of the most popular early MTV music videos 

In popular culture
The song has been featured in several movies, including Joe Dirt and Paul Blart: Mall Cop, the miniseries Waco and the fourth series opener of Cuckoo 

Chart history
See also
List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 1980s
Passage 9:
Greatest Hits: The Sound of Money
Greatest Hits: Sound of Money is a compilation of American rock singer Eddie Money's biggest hits plus three new tracks: "Peace in Our Time", "Looking Through the Eyes of a Child" and "Stop Steppin' on My Heart"  The disc was originally released in 1989 by Columbia Records  A remastered CD surfaced in 2009, released by SPV 
The song "Looking Through the Eyes of a Child" was covered by Puerto Rican singer Chayanne on his album Atado a Tu Amor, as "Soy como un niño" (Spanish for "I'm Like a Child")

Track listing
Singles
"Peace in Our Time" (1990) #11 US
Passage 10:
Jenny Slate
Jenny Sarah Slate (born March 25, 1982) is an American actress, stand-up comedian, and writer 
Following early acting and stand-up roles on television, Slate gained recognition for her live variety shows in New York City and for co-creating, writing, and producing the children's short film and book series Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2010–present)  She became more widely known as a cast member on the 35th season of the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live between 2009 and 2010 and for subsequent roles in the comedic series Bob's Burgers (2012–present), Parks and Recreation (2013–2015), House of Lies (2013–2015), Kroll Show (2013–2015) 
Slate's breakout role came with her leading performance in the coming-of-age comedy-drama film Obvious Child (2014), for which she won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy and was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award and Gotham Independent Film Award  She lent voice performances to the animated films The Lorax (2012), Zootopia (2016), The Secret Life of Pets film franchise (2016–2019), The Lego Batman Movie, and Despicable Me 3 (both 2017), and she ventured into dramatic roles with her supporting performance as Bonnie in Gifted (2017)  She also appeared in the critically acclaimed science-fiction film Everything Everywhere All At Once, winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 
Starting in 2017, Slate, who is Jewish, appeared on the animated Netflix series Big Mouth as the biracial Black–Jewish character Missy Foreman-Greenwald  She exited the role in 2020 because she felt it should be played by a Black actress; Slate has continued to voice other various characters on the show 

Early life and education
Slate was born on March 25, 1982, in Milton, Massachusetts, to Ron Slate, a businessman and poet who worked as vice president of global communications for the EMC Corporation and later as CEO of a biotech startup, and Nancy (née Gilson), a housewife who also made pottery  She is the middle child of three, with an older sister, Abigail, and younger sister, Stacey  She and her family are Jewish  One of her grandmothers was born in Cuba and was raised in France  After graduating from Milton Academy as the valedictorian, Slate attended Columbia University as a literature major, where she helped form the improv group Fruit Paunch, starred in the Varsity Show and met Gabe Liedman, who would become her comedy partner  Slate graduated from Columbia in 2004 

Career
She and Gabe Liedman formed the comedy duo Gabe & Jenny  Their stand-up shows with Max Silvestri, "Big Terrific," were named best new variety show of 2008 by Time Out New York  In 2015, Slate, Liedman, and Silvestri ended the show, citing their busy schedules, though they have since occasionally performed together 
Slate first met Liedman in 2000 while attending Columbia University  They describe their relationship as a "nonsexual romance"; Slate says, "I like to think of us as kind of like Elaine Benes and George Costanza, but we like each other " Throughout 2008 and 2009, Slate regularly performed her one-woman show titled Jenny Slate: Dead Millionaire at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre (UCBT) in New York City 

Slate was a regular commentator on many VH1 "talking head" commentary programs  In early 2009, she had made several appearances on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon recurring sketch "7th Floor West", where she played an NBC page also named Jenny, who was later promoted to Fallon's assistant  She had a recurring role in Bored to Death  Slate's guest appearances on television programs include Bob's Burgers, Girls, The Whitest Kids U' Know, Important Things with Demetri Martin and Raising Hope 
Slate joined the cast of Saturday Night Live for the 2009-10 season  In her first episode, she accidentally said "fucking" during her debut sketch "Biker Chick Chat", which was heard on the live broadcast, but removed from reruns  In various sketches, she impersonated Hoda Kotb, Lady Gaga, Kristen Stewart, Ashley Olsen, and Olympia Snowe  She was best known for Tina-Tina Cheneuse, an infomercial pitchwoman who advertises personalized doorbells, car horns, and alarm clocks  Slate's contract was not renewed for another season  Despite rumors to the contrary, Slate has insisted that her SNL termination was not due to cursing but rather simply because "I didn't click "In August 2010, she co-wrote and voiced the animated short film Marcel the Shell with Shoes On, which garnered viral success  This led to Marcel the Shell with Shoes on, Two  Slate also wrote a "Marcel"-themed children's book that was released on November 1, 2011  Her first major film role was as Zoe in Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked; more films followed in 2012, including the voice of Ted's mother in The Lorax 
Her first appearance in Parks and Recreation was in the 2013 episode "Bailout", in which she portrayed Mona-Lisa Saperstein  Following her success on the NBC show, Slate released and starred in a 12-episode mini-series on YouTube called Catherine, celebrating late 1980s and early 1990s soap-opera aesthetics  On July 23, 2013, she appeared in Drunk History retelling the history of how Coca-Cola was made 
In 2014, Slate starred in the comedy-drama film Obvious Child, which follows the life of a young stand-up comic as she grapples with an unplanned pregnancy and eventual abortion  Slate went on to win the Critics Choice Award for Best Actress in a Comedy, Best Breakout Performance at the Newport Beach Film Festival, the Virtuosos Award at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and Best Comedic Actress at the Women Film Critics Circle Awards for her performance in the film 
Slate co-starred with Judy Greer and Nat Faxon in the first season of the FX series Married  She left the series as a series regular in season two, but still appeared in a few episodes  Sarah Burns took her place in the series 
Slate appeared as Liz B  in the recurring "PubLIZity" sketches in Kroll Show, as well as many other recurring and one-off characters, performing in some capacity in almost every episode until the series ended in 2015  In 2016, Slate voiced Dawn Bellwether in the Disney animated comedy-adventure film Zootopia and Gidget in the animated feature The Secret Life of Pets 
Slate and her father co-wrote a book titled About the House about their time living in Slate's childhood home in Milton, Massachusetts, which was published in December 2016 In 2017, Slate starred in the film Gifted as Bonnie Stevenson, the teacher of a 7-year-old mathematical genius 
In October 2019, Slate released a stand-up comedy special on Netflix, titled Stage Fright 
Slate published her book titled Little Weirds, about her struggles with and thoughts about life and relationships, in 2019 
From 2017 until 2019, Slate voiced the biracial character Missy Foreman-Greenwald on the animated Netflix series Big Mouth  Slate exited the role on June 24, 2020, writing on Instagram that "At the start of the show, I reasoned with myself that it was permissible for me to play Missy because her mom is Jewish and White — as am I  But Missy is also Black and Black characters on an animated show should be played by Black people "In 2022, she appeared in the critically acclaimed science fiction film Everything Everywhere All at Once as Big Nose  Her character's original name was changed to Debbie the Dog Mom for the film's digital release due to its association with Jewish stereotypes  For her performance, she won, along with the rest of the cast, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 

Personal life
Slate lived in Cobble Hill, Brooklyn, before moving with filmmaker Dean Fleischer Camp to Los Angeles in the early 2010s  In September 2012, Slate married Fleischer-Camp  They collaborated on the Marcel the Shell with Shoes On, on both the books, the short films, and later the 2021 feature film  The pair announced their separation in May 2016  She dated actor Chris Evans for a brief period In September 2019, Slate announced her engagement to art curator and author Ben Shattuck, owner of Davolls General Store  On December 10, 2020, Slate revealed on Late Night with Seth Meyers that she was expecting her first child with Shattuck  On February 3, 2021, Slate announced that she had given birth to a daughter  Shattuck and Slate married in their living room on New Year's Eve 2021, their fourth attempt at a wedding after the first three were canceled during the COVID-19 pandemic 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Podcasts
Earth Break

Awards and nominations
Bibliography
Slate, Jenny; Fleischer-Camp, Dean (2011)  Marcel the Shell with Shoes On: Things About Me  Razorbill  ISBN 978-1-59514-455-3 
Slate, Jenny; Fleischer-Camp, Dean (2014)  Marcel the Shell: The Most Surprised I've Ever Been  Razorbill  ISBN 978-1-59514-456-0 
Slate, Jenny; Slate, Ron (2016)  About the House  Concord Free Press  ISBN 9780990805922 
Slate, Jenny (2019)  Little Weirds  Little, Brown and Company (published November 5, 2019)  ISBN 978-0-316-48534-0 

Notes
Passage 11:
Richard Ainley
Richard Ainley (22 December 1910 – 18 May 1967) was a stage and film actor 
He was born in Middlesex, England, the son of Henry Ainley and a half-brother of Anthony Ainley 
Ainley made his stage debut in 1928, initially using the stage name Richard Riddle, taking his mother's maiden name  His American debut came in Foreigners at the Belasco Theater in 1939 His first motion picture appearance was in 1936 as Sylvius in As You Like It, in which his father also appeared  Other roles included Ferdinand in the television movie of The Tempest (1939), Dr  Hale in Shining Victory (1941), and a Foreign Office official in the thriller Above Suspicion (1943) 
Ainley married three times, firstly to actress Ethel Glendinning   He was divorced from his first two wives; his third wife Rowena Woolf died in 1968 
He retired from film work following a disabling wound received while he was serving in the army during World War II to return to the stage  He was briefly principal of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in the early 1960s 

Filmography
Passage 12:
Christopher Masterson
Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Malcolm's oldest brother Francis on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He is the younger brother of former actor Danny Masterson, and the older half-brother of Alanna Masterson and Jordan Masterson, who are also actors 

Career
Masterson played Geoff in the direct-to-video movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the sequel to Dragonheart  Masterson is best known for his role as Francis, the trouble-making oldest brother of Frankie Muniz's title character in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He took on the role for seven years, from 2000 to 2006  In 2003, he played Edward Linton in MTV's Wuthering Heights  Masterson portrayed a lead character in the films Scary Movie 2, Waterborne, Made for Each Other and Intellectual Property  He guest starred in three episodes of That '70s Show, alongside his brother, Danny  In the USA Network television series White Collar, he played Josh Roland in the episode "Where There's a Will"  He also played Scotty O'Neal in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding  In 2012, Masterson had a guest role on the TBS series Men at Work as a concierge named Archie  His brother, Danny Masterson, plays Milo on the show, but the two did not share any scenes together 

Personal life
Masterson was born on Long Island, New York, the son of Carol Masterson, a manager, and Peter Masterson, an insurance agent  Masterson, like his brother Danny Masterson, is a follower of Scientology  The two have invested in restaurants together  He also has a half-sister, actress Alanna Masterson, and a half-brother, actor Jordan Masterson  Masterson was in a relationship with his brother's That ‘70s Show co-star Laura Prepon from 1999 to 2007 On June 25, 2019, Masterson married actress Yolanda Pecoraro  In April 2021, she gave birth to their daughter Chiara 

Filmography
Passage 13:
List of The Young and the Restless cast members
The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J  Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS  It first aired on March 26, 1973  The longest-running cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978  Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, previously held the record for the series' longest-running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013  Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest-running current cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively  Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest-running cast members  The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series 

Cast
Main cast
Recurring cast
Previous cast members



ground_truth: Anthony Ainley