prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many people were in British Colonies where does the london broil cut come from ?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Secretary of State for India
His (or Her) Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for India, known for short as the India Secretary or the Indian Secretary, was the British Cabinet minister and the political head of the India Office responsible for the governance of the India, Aden, and Burma  The post was created in 1858 when the East India Company's rule in Bengal ended and India, except for the Princely States, was brought under the direct administration of the government in Whitehall in London, beginning the official colonial period under the British Empire 
In 1937, the India Office was reorganised which separated Burma and Aden under a new Burma Office, but the same Secretary of State headed both departments and a new title was established as His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for India and Burma  The India Office and its Secretary of State were abolished in August 1947, when the United Kingdom granted independence in the Indian Independence Act, which created two new independent dominions, India and Pakistan  Burma soon achieved independence separately in early 1948 

Secretaries of State for India, 1858–1937
Before the establishment of the British Empire on 2 August 1858, Lord Stanley had served as President of the Board of Control 

Secretaries of State for India and Burma, 1937–1947
Secretaries of State for Burma, 1947–1948
See also
India Office
British Raj
British rule in Burma
Governor-General of India
Imperial Civil Service
Government of India Act

Notes


== External links ==
Passage 2:
Benjamin Pine
Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (1809–1891) was at various times administrator of Natal, the Gold Coast, Antigua, the Leeward Islands and Western Australia 

Life
Born in 1809 in London, Benjamin Pine was educated in Brighton and at Trinity College, Cambridge  He became a career officer in the British Colonial Service   From 1850 to 1855, he was Lieutenant-Governor of Natal Colony, and from March 1857 until 17 April 1858 was Governor of the Gold Coast 
On 30 July 1868, Pine was appointed by letters patent to the position of Governor of Western Australia   Shortly afterwards, however, a vacancy occurred for the position of Governor of the Leeward Islands, and it was decided that he should fill that position instead   He never arrived in Western Australia, and six months passed before the colony received news that he would not be coming 
Pine served as Governor of the Leeward Islands from  1869 until 1871   His title then became Governor of Antigua until 1873, but the Leeward Islands continued under his governorship   He died in 1891 
The city of Pinetown, in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is named after him 
There is also a Primary school called Benjamin Pine Primary School named after him in Pinetown as well as the Pinetown High Schools (Boys and Girls) Honouring his name by the Pine Cones on the Badges 
He is buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery  His grave (no 29309) has no headstone or marker 

Status as Governor of Western Australia
In Burt (1996), Sir Francis Burt, who was a lawyer, a judge and himself a former Governor of Western Australia, analysed the question whether Pine should be considered to have served as Governor of Western Australia   He concluded that the appointment by letters patent, together with the publication of that appointment in the newspapers of the colony, legally implied that Pine was Governor of Western Australia, even though he never arrived at the colony and was never sworn in 
The person who actually administered the colony during the period of Pine's formal tenure (2 November 1868–29 September 1869) was Lieut Col John Bruce 
Passage 3:
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes  At the start of the war, the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British colonies  The outnumbered French particularly depended on their native allies Two years into the French and Indian War, in 1756, Great Britain declared war on France, beginning the worldwide Seven Years' War  Many view the French and Indian War as being merely the American theater of this conflict; however, in the United States the French and Indian War is viewed as a singular conflict which was not associated with any European war  French Canadians call it the guerre de la Conquête ('War of the Conquest') The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee tribes, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy member tribes Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and the Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot (Huron) tribes  Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from the Province of Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north  It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny River and Monongahela River called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne at the location that later became Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol In 1755, six colonial governors met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French   None succeeded, and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755, and died a few days later  British operations failed in the frontier areas of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of New York during 1755–57 due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Native warrior allies  In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia, and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians (1755–64) soon afterwards  Orders for the deportation were given by Commander-in-Chief William Shirley without direction from Great Britain  The Acadians were expelled, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to the king  Natives likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England The British Pitt government fell due to disastrous campaigns in 1757, including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry; this last was followed by the Natives torturing and massacring their colonial victims  William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France, preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies who were now engaged in the Seven Years' War in Europe  The conflict in Ohio ended in 1758 with the British–American victory in the Ohio Country  Between 1758 and 1760, the British military launched a campaign to capture French Canada  They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec (1759)  The following year the British were victorious in the Montreal Campaign in which the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris (1763) 
France also ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain, as well as French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Spanish Florida  (Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba ) France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Great Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in northern America 

Nomenclature
In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War  There had already been a King George's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II, so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War  This continues as the standard name for the war in the United States, although Indians fought on both sides of the conflict  It also led into the Seven Years' War overseas, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain that did not involve the American colonies; some historians make a connection between the French and Indian War and the Seven Years' War overseas, but most residents of the United States consider them as two separate conflicts—only one of which involved the American colonies, and American historians generally use the traditional name  Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire 

In Europe, the French and Indian War is conflated into the Seven Years' War and not given a separate name  "Seven Years" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756—two years after the French and Indian War had started—to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763  The French and Indian War in America, by contrast, was largely concluded in six years from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 Canadians conflate both the European and American conflicts into the Seven Years' War (Guerre de Sept Ans)  French Canadians also use the term "War of Conquest" (Guerre de la Conquête), since it is the war in which New France was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire  In Quebec, this term was promoted by popular historians Jacques Lacoursière and Denis Vaugeois, who borrowed from the ideas of Maurice Séguin in considering this war as a dramatic tipping point of French Canadian identity and nationhood 

Background
At this time, North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France  Large areas had no colonial settlements  The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St  Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia), including Île Royale (Cape Breton Island)  Fewer lived in New Orleans; Biloxi, Mississippi; Mobile, Alabama; and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries  French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St  Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local Indian tribes, and often married Indian women  Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions 
British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1 5 million ranged along the Atlantic coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and the Colony of Newfoundland in the north to the Province of Georgia in the south  Many of the older colonies' land claims extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted  Their population centers were along the coast, but the settlements were growing into the interior  The British captured Nova Scotia from France in 1713, which still had a significant French-speaking population  Britain also claimed Rupert's Land where the Hudson's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes 

Between the French and British colonists, large areas were dominated by Indian tribes  To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of Maine  The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although Ohio also included Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingos  These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements  The Iroquois Confederation initially held a stance of neutrality to ensure continued trade with both French and British  Though maintaining this stance proved difficult as the Iroquois Confederation tribes sided and supported French or British causes depending on which side provided the most beneficial trade The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawbas, Muskogee-speaking Creeks and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes  When war broke out, the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region, which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British; these included the Hurons, Mississaugas, Ojibwas, Winnebagos, and Potawatomi 
The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees, until differences sparked the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758  In 1758, the Province of Pennsylvania successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations  Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms  The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict 

At this time, Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern America  It controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years' War  Florida's European population was a few hundred, concentrated in St  Augustine There were no French regular army troops stationed in America at the onset of war  New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience)  The colonial government recruited militia support when needed  The British had few troops  Most of the British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, but they did not have any standing forces  Virginia, by contrast, had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars When hostilities began, the British colonial governments preferred operating independently of one another and of the government in London  This situation complicated negotiations with Indian tribes, whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies  As the war progressed, the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations 

Céloron's expedition
New France's Governor-General Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan   In June 1747, he ordered Pierre-Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area  Its objectives were:

to reaffirm to New France's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France
to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed
to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes
to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion, unauthorized trading expeditions, and general trespass against French claimsCéloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians, and they covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749  They went up the St  Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie  At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona, New York, the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River, which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh  There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country  Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur-traders, he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French  He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as "Old Briton"  Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists, but Old Briton ignored the warning  Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report  "All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French," he wrote, "and are entirely devoted to the English  I don't know in what way they could be brought back " Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken  Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present 

Negotiations
The War of the Austrian Succession ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe  The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission, but it reached no decision  Frontier areas were claimed by both sides, from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south  The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland In 1749, the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country  The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection  But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims  In 1750, Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company, and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown  He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their "Half-King" Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative  These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 

Escalation in Ohio Country
Governor-General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17, 1752, and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil  His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne, but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post  The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade, an officer in the Troupes de la Marine  Langlade was given 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe  His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British  On June 21, the French war party attacked the trading center at Pickawillany, capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians, including Old Briton  He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party 

Construction of French fortifications
In the spring of 1753, Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians  His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British  Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier  Céloron, however, had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates, whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts  He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie's south shore near Erie, Pennsylvania, and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek  He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford, Pennsylvania, designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek  As he moved south, he drove off or captured British traders, alarming both the British and the Iroquois  Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians, who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion  He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father  He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action, which Marin contemptuously dismissed The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York, who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond  Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey, meaning "he who does great things " He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area, and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia 
The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor George Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany, New York  Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council, and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion  Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, and Hendrick said that the "Covenant Chain" was broken, a long-standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown 

Virginia's response
Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their claim  He ordered 21-year-old Major George Washington (whose brother was another Ohio Company investor) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753  Washington left with a small party, picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter, Christopher Gist (a company surveyor working in the area), and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson  On December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29, and he invited Washington to dine with him  Over dinner, Washington presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country  Saint-Pierre said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it " He told Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier Washington's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16, 1754  He stated in his report, "The French had swept south", detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area, and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers 

Course of war
Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754  Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period, and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754  These forces arrived at the fort on April 16, but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent's small company to withdraw  He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne 

Early engagements
Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work, and Washington learned of Trent's retreat while he was en route  Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him  He then learned of a French scouting party in the area from a warrior sent by Tanaghrisson, so he added Tanaghrisson's dozen Mingo warriors to his own party  Washington's combined force of 52 ambushed 40 Canadiens (French colonists of New France) on the morning of May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen  They killed many of the Canadiens, including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk  Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people  They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships  One of Tanaghrisson's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire  Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America, and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley 

Following the battle, Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity, which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jumonville's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3  Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms  One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo warriors—just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence News of the two battles reached England in August  After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French  They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition  Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America  In response, King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755  The British sent out their fleet in February 1755, intending to blockade French ports, but the French fleet had already sailed  Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them 

In a second British action, Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8, 1755, capturing her and two troop ships  The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755, seizing ships and capturing seamen  These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July, 1754   The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with the Indians, since the allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding   The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved by the Crown   Nevertheless, the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence 

British campaigns, 1755
The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755  General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne, while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara  Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St  Frédéric at Crown Point, New York, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia 

Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on the Braddock expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne, with George Washington as one of his aides  The expedition was a disaster  It was attacked by French regulars, Canadian Militiamen, and Indian warriors ambushing them from hiding places up in trees and behind logs, and Braddock called for a retreat  He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured  The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia, led by Washington  Washington and Thomas Gage played key roles in organizing the retreat—two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War 
The British government initiated a plan to increase their military capability in preparation for war following news of Braddock's defeat and the start of parliament's session in November 1755  Among the early legislative measures were the Recruiting Act 1756, the Commissions to Foreign Protestants Act 1756 for the Royal American Regiment, the Navigation Act 1756, and the Continuance of Acts 1756  England passed the Naval Prize Act 1756 following the proclamation of war on May 17 to allow the capture of ships and establish privateering The French acquired a copy of the British war plans, including the activities of Shirley and Johnson  Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions  In conjunction, he was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara  As a response, he left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams, the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at Rome, New York  Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara 
Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed by New France's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil  Vaudreuil had been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio, and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack  Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St  Frédéric to meet that threat  Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River, but Johnson had strongly fortified it, and Dieskau's Indian support was reluctant to attack  The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry  The battle ended inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field  Johnson's advance stopped at Fort William Henry, and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point, where they began the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after the British captured it in 1759) 

Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year, cutting off the French Fortress Louisbourg from land-based reinforcements  To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area  Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities  Cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise  The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff, in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq, with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg, among others  The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757, other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St  John rivers, and Île Saint-Jean 

French victories, 1756–1757
Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America, and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755  He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point, and Duquesne, with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec  His plan, however, got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York's Governor Sir Charles Hardy, and consequently gained little support 

Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command  Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America  French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession  On May 18, 1756, Britain formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years' War 
Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief, in addition to his role as governor, and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived  Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry  In the Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder  They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies  French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements  This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action 

The new British command was not in place until July  Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them, and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia  He built on Vaudreuil's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George  With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August  In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects  The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians 
Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander, and he planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital of Quebec  He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec  He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt, the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies  The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax, Nova Scotia, in early August  In the meantime, French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast, and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet  Faced with this strength, Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry 

French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757  In January, they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga  In February, they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification  In early August, Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort, which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole  When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves  The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations, as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward  Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers, although no proof exists 

British conquest, 1758–1760
Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping  The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757, a difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot, the intendant of the territory  His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates  A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758  The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing "bad medicine" as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry 
Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St  Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years  The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland, his principal military advisor 

Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning  He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun  He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757  Pitt's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France  Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces 

1758
The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September–October 1758, with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country  The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley  The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege 

The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon, in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia, and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga  Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe  Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg 
The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war  The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul, and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland  The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain's mainland ally of Prussia, while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay  In one piece of good fortune, some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast 

1759–1760
The British proceeded to wage a campaign in the northwest frontier of Canada in an effort to cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south  They captured Ticonderoga and Fort Niagara, and they defeated the French at the Thousand Islands in the summer of 1759  In September 1759, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham which claimed the lives of both commanders  After the battle, the French capitulated the city to the British 
In April 1760, François Gaston de Lévis led French forces to launch an attack to retake Quebec  Although he won the Battle of Sainte-Foy, Lévis' subsequent siege of Quebec ended in defeat when British ships arrived to relieve the garrison  After Lévis had retreated he was given another blow when a British naval victory at Restigouche brought the loss of French ships meant to resupply his army  In July Jeffrey Amherst then led British forces numbering around 18,000 men in a three pronged attack on Montreal  After eliminating French positions along the way all three forces met up and surrounded Montreal in September  Many Canadians deserted or surrendered their arms to British forces while the Native allies of the French sought peace and neutrality  De Lévis and the Marquis de Vaudreuil reluctantly signed the Articles of Capitulation of Montreal on September 8 which effectively completed the British conquest of New France 

Sporadic engagements, 1760–1763
Most of the fighting ended in America in 1760, although it continued in Europe between France and Britain  The notable exception was the French seizure of St  John's, Newfoundland  General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst, who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762  Many of the British troops who were stationed in America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies, including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France, and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton 

Peace
Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760  Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, to own property, and to remain undisturbed in their homes  The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers, and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war General Amherst also oversaw the transfer of French fortifications to British control on the western frontier  The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to the outbreak of Pontiac's War in 1763  
A series of Indian attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British forces, and the conflict was not fully concluded until 1766 Beginning from the 1750's and lasting until the 1760's, a smallpox outbreak devastated several Indian communities throughout the American Midwest  The outbreak was brought on in part by victorious Indian warriors who had fought on the side of the French bringing home prizes of war which had been infected with the disease; the Ojibwe, Odawa and Potawatomi peoples were most affected by the outbreak  An oral account from Odawa tribal leader and historian Andrew Blackbird claimed that the outbreak had "entirely depopulated and laid waste" to Waganagisi, a large Odawa settlement The war in North America, along with the global Seven Years' War, officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement  The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British  France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St  Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area  They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent  French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow  The British, however, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue (though the absence of that threat caused many colonists to conclude they no longer needed British protection)  Britain also had ample places from which to obtain sugar  Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba, but they also gained Louisiana from France, including New Orleans, in compensation for their losses  Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations 

Consequences
The war changed economic, political, governmental, and social relations among the three European powers, their colonies, and the people who inhabited those territories  France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war, with significant long-term consequences 
Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents  The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south  The British resettled many Acadians throughout its American provinces, but many went to France and some went to New Orleans, which they expected to remain French  Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands, but these efforts were unsuccessful  The Louisiana population contributed to founding the Cajun population  (The French word "Acadien" changed to "Cadien" then to "Cajun" )King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of Canada and the First Nations  Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population, a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers  The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians 

The Quebec Act of 1774 addressed issues brought forth by Roman Catholic French Canadians from the 1763 proclamation, and it transferred the Indian Reserve into the Province of Quebec  The Act maintained French Civil law, including the seigneurial system, a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution  The Quebec Act was a major concern for the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of "popery"  It is typically associated with other Intolerable Acts, legislation that eventually led to the American Revolutionary War  The Quebec Act served as the constitutional document for the Province of Quebec until it was superseded by the Constitutional Act 1791 
The Seven Years' War nearly doubled Great Britain's national debt  The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies  These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance, until troops were called in to enforce the Crown's authority, and they ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War  France attached comparatively little value to its American possessions, apart from the highly profitable sugar-producing Antilles islands which it retained  Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris, and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost a few acres of snow  However, the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the French monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 The elimination of French power in America meant the disappearance of a strong ally for some Indian tribes  The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes  The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769, and it had modest repercussions  The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them  This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies who were competing for land  The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave  Most went to Cuba, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico France returned to America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco-American alliance against Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, in what historian Alfred A  Cave describes as French "revenge for Montcalm's death" 

See also
American Indian Wars
Colonial American military history
French and Indian Wars
Military history of Canada
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of the Acadians
Military history of the Mi'kmaq
Troupes coloniales#List of regiments in New France 1755–59

Footnotes
Bibliography
External links

The French and Indian War Website
Map of French and Indian War  French and British forts and settlements, Indian tribes 
French and Indian War Profile and Videos – Chickasaw TV
The War That Made America from PBS
FORGOTTEN WAR: Struggle for North America from PBS
Seven Years' War timeline
Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Parkman online ebook
Animated Map of the French and Indian War developed by HistoryAnimated com
Passage 4:
Australia at the 1896 Summer Olympics
Australia competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896 
One athlete from Victoria, a British colony which later formed part of Australia, competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece   Edwin Flack was born in England and was resident in London in 1896, but spent most of his life in Australia and so is considered an Australian athlete by the International Olympic Committee The Union Flag was used as the flag for the Australian colonies as well as Great Britain and Ireland at the 1896 Summer Olympics 
At the end of these Olympics, Australia was ranked in eighth position on the medal table with a total of 2 medals (2 gold) 
Flack was the only competitor from an Australian colony   He entered five events, winning medals in three  The bronze medal in tennis, however, was part of a mixed team and therefore is not counted for Australia 

Medalists
Medals awarded to participants of mixed-NOC teams are represented in italics  These medals are not counted towards the individual NOC medal tally 

Multiple medalists
The following competitors won multiple medals at the 1896 Olympic Games 

Competitors
Athletics
Both of Flack's gold medals came in the athletics competitions as he won both of his track races 
Track & road events

Tennis
In the singles tournament, Flack lost the only match he competed in  His loss in the semifinals of the doubles competition, while carrying no prize at the time, earned him a retroactive bronze medal from the International Olympic Committee   This medal is counted for mixed team rather than Australia, however 

Notes
Passage 5:
Ross Bay Cemetery
Ross Bay Cemetery is located at 1516 Fairfield Road in Victoria, British Columbia, on Vancouver Island, Canada   Many historical figures from the early days of the province and colony of British Columbia are buried at Ross Bay 

History
The cemetery was opened in late 1872, with the first burial being Mary Letitia (Pemberton) Pearse, wife of Benjamin Pearse  The 27 5 acre (111,000 m²) cemetery is part of a public park and its south side faces Ross Bay on the Pacific Ocean  It is named after its owner, Isabella Mainville Ross, the first registered independent woman landowner in British Columbia   Isabella was also Indigenous, an Anishinaabe and French Métis woman, which makes her accomplishment even more remarkable  Her Métis son, Alexander Ross, was buried in the cemetery in 1876  His grave marker is the only known original marker left in possession of the Old Cemeteries Society  The old wooden marker is still used as a model for heritage markers   Isabella Ross was buried across the path from Alexander in 1885  In 1994, the Old Cemeteries Society marked Isabella's grave with a heritage marker, styled after the one she chose for Alexander 
In 1911, a sea wall had to be constructed because of the severe erosion that occurred as a result of the relentless pounding of the ocean's waves  During the 1930s, the City began planting a large number of trees and today the cemetery is quite different from the original that was mainly barren ground 
The Victorian-style Ross Bay Cemetery, contains numerous elaborate mausoleums and tall pillars from the early elite  Because the city of Victoria is the capital of the province of British Columbia, until the second quarter of the 20th century when improved ferry service and air travel made mobility to and from the island much easier, most senior politicians made Victoria their permanent home  As such, Ross Bay Cemetery is the burial site for many of the province's premiers 
Although the Ross Bay Cemetery had long been considered full, the City of Victoria discovered approximately 270 unused plots in the cemetery in the late 1990s  Through a lottery process the City of Victoria sold seven of these plots in April 2004,
 and an additional 65 plots in February 2007 
The money raised through the plot sales was used to fund refurbishment work at the Ross Bay Cemetery 

Notable interments
Some of the notable personalities among the more than 27,000 interred here are:

Billy Barker (1819–1894), frontiersman, prospector
Sir Frank Stillman Barnard (1856–1936), statesman
Robert Beaven (1836–1920), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Sir Matthew Begbie (1819–1894), First Chief Justice of British Columbia
Harlan Carey Brewster (1870–1918), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Emily Carr (1871–1945), painter
Nellie Cashman (1845–1925), nurse and gold prospector
Sir Henry Pering Pellew Crease (1823–1905) First BC Barrister and early Supreme Court Justice
Sarah Lindley Crease (1826–1922), artist
Alexander Edmund Batson Davie (1847–1889), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Theodore Davie (1852–1898), jurist, statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Edgar Dewdney Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, 1892–1897 
Amor De Cosmos (1825–1897), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Sir James Douglas (1803–1877), Hudson's Bay Co  executive, 1st Governor of British Columbia, and 2nd Governor of Vancouver Island
James Dunsmuir (1851–1920), businessman, statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Andrew Charles Elliott (1828–1889), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Roderick Finlayson (1818–1892), considered the "Father of Victoria "
John Hamilton Gray (1814–1889), pre-Confederation Premier of New Brunswick, a Father of Confederation, and a BC Supreme Court Justice 
Byron Ingemar Johnson (1890–1964), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Hannah Maynard (1834–1918), photographer
Sir Richard McBride (1870–1917), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
John McLean (c  1799–1890), trapper, explorer, writer, sometimes credited with saving western Canada from the United States during the Alabama Claims dispute
James E  McMillan (d  1907), mayor of Victoria in 1872
William Henry McNeill (1803–1875), Master of the SS Beaver from which, in 1843, while at McNeill Bay, Governor Douglas located Fort Victoria   Port McNeill is named for him 
Joseph Despard Pemberton (1821–1893), Surveyor-General of Vancouver Island
Sophie Pemberton (1869–1959), painter
Edward Gawler Prior (1853–1920), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
John Robson (1824–1892), statesman, Premier of British Columbia
Isabella Mainville Ross (1807–1885), Anishinaabe-Métis woman and first registered independent female landowner in British Columbia
George Anthony Walkem (1834–1908) statesman, Premier of British Columbia

War graves
The cemetery contains the war graves of 135 Commonwealth service personnel, 133 from World War I and 2 from World War II 

Cultural references
Ross Bay Cemetery was the alleged site of satanic rituals according to the now-discredited book Michelle Remembers 
The cemetery was also the frequent stomping ground of the legendary Ross Bay Cult bestial black metal scene, of which Blasphemy are a part 
Passage 6:
Richard Blanshard
Richard Blanshard MA (19 October 1817 – 5 June 1894) was an English barrister and first governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island from its foundation in 1849 to his resignation in 1851 

Biography
Blanshard was born in London to a wealthy mercantile family, and after reading law at Cambridge University, served in the army in British India   At the age of 32, a personal connection helped secure Blanshard the post of colonial governor of Vancouver Island   Although the commission was dated in July, 1849, Blanshard did not arrive in the colony's capital of Fort Victoria until March of the following year 
Blanshard's short tenure proved unhappy from the start, largely because of the enormous power and influence wielded by the Hudson's Bay Company and its autocratic Chief Factor, James Douglas   Indeed, prior to Blanshard's appointment, there had been serious consideration given by the colonial office to appointing Douglas governor, but concerns over conflict of interest prevented it 
Blanshard arrived to a colony in which the land had been given as a ten-year lease to the Hudson's Bay Company, with Douglas given a mandate to attract settlement   Almost the entire non-First Nations population were Company employees, answerable to Douglas, and Blanshard was prevented from setting up a colonial assembly by the fact that so few of them met the qualifications of electors, i e , land ownership   Inevitable jurisdictional conflicts arose between Douglas and Blanshard, and the colonial office, too, took Blanshard to task for indiscriminate retributions taken against the First Nations population near present-day Port Hardy   The absence of any real power, combined with health concerns and the enormous cost of living drove Blanshard to resign; he abandoned the colony in September, 1851 after just one and a half years there 
Blanshard evidently did not pursue further colonial service   He married and inherited his family's estates in Essex and Hampshire   He died in London at the age of 76 

Places named for Blanshard
Mount Blanshard, part of a group of sugarloaf-type peaks commonly known as the Golden Ears, is located in Golden Ears Provincial Park in the Garibaldi Ranges of the Coast Mountains, immediately north of Maple Ridge, British Columbia 
The Blanshard River is a tributary of the Tatshenshini River, near the British Columbia–Yukon border 
Blanshard Island is located among the Gulf Islands northeast of the City of Victoria 
Blanshard Street is a major thoroughfare in downtown Victoria, running northwards from the north end of Beacon Hill Park to join with Highway 17 just past the Victoria–Saanich boundary 
A large provincial government structure, The Richard Blanshard Building stands on the corner of Blanshard and Pandora Streets in Victoria 

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

Further reading
Governor Blanshard's Plight, R  Gosnell and E O S  Scholefield, A History of British Columbia, Historical Society of British Columbia (Vancouver 1913), pp  107–114
Passage 7:
Treaty of Paris (1763)
The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War 
The signing of the treaty formally ended the conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in the United States), and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe  Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but Great Britain gained much of France's possessions in North America  Additionally, Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World  The treaty did not involve Prussia and Austria as they signed a separate agreement, the Treaty of Hubertusburg, five days later 

Exchange of territories
During the war, Great Britain had conquered the French colonies of Canada, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago, the French "factoreries" (trading posts) in India, the slave-trading station at Gorée, the Sénégal River and its settlements, and the Spanish colonies of Manila (in the Philippines) and Havana (in Cuba)  France had captured Minorca and British trading posts in Sumatra, while Spain had captured the border fortress of Almeida in Portugal, and Colonia del Sacramento in South America 

The treaty restored most of the territories to their original owners, but Britain was allowed to keep considerable gains  France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal  Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain, and Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian factories to France  In return, France recognized the sovereignty of Britain over Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago France also ceded the eastern half of French Louisiana to Britain; that is, the area from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains  France had already secretly given Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762), but Spain did not take possession until 1769  Spain ceded East Florida to Britain  In addition, France regained its factories in India but recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian native states and pledged not to send troops to Bengal  Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in British Honduras (now Belize) but retained a logwood-cutting colony there  Britain confirmed the right of its new subjects to practise Catholicism France lost all of its territory in mainland North America except for the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River  France retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, where its fishermen could dry their catch  In turn, France gained the return of its sugar colony, Guadeloupe, which it considered more valuable than Canada  Voltaire had notoriously dismissed Acadia as quelques arpents de neige (a few acres of snow) 

Louisiana question
The Treaty of Paris is notable because it furthered the transfer of Louisiana from France to Spain  However, the agreement to transfer had occurred with the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762), but it was not publicly announced until 1764  The Treaty of Paris gave Britain the east side of the Mississippi (including Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which was to be part of the British territory of West Florida)  On the east side, New Orleans remained in French hands (albeit temporarily)  The Mississippi River corridor in what is now Louisiana was later reunited following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1819 
The 1763 treaty states in Article VII:
VII  In order to reestablish peace on solid and durable foundations, and to remove for ever all subject of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile, and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole breadth and length, from its source to the sea, and expressly that part which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth: It is farther stipulated, that the vessels belonging to the subjects of either nation shall not be stopped, visited, or subjected to the payment of any duty whatsoever  The stipulations inserted in the IVth article, in favour of the inhabitants of Canada shall also take place with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article 

Canada question
British perspective
The war was fought all over the world, but the British began the war over French possessions in North America  After a long debate of the relative merits of Guadeloupe, which produced £6 million a year in sugar, and Canada, which was expensive to keep, Great Britain decided to keep Canada for strategic reasons and to return Guadeloupe to France  The war had weakened France, but it was still a European power  British Prime Minister Lord Bute wanted a peace that would not push France towards a second war Although the Protestant British worried about having so many Roman Catholic subjects, Great Britain did not want to antagonize France by expulsion or forced conversion or for French settlers to leave Canada to strengthen other French settlements in North America 

French perspective
Unlike Lord Bute, the French Foreign Minister, the Duke of Choiseul, expected a return to war  However, France needed peace to rebuild  France preferred to keep its Caribbean possessions with their profitable sugar trade, rather than the vast Canadian lands, which had been a financial burden on France  French diplomats believed that without France to keep the Americans in check, the colonists might attempt to revolt  In Canada, France wanted open emigration for those, such as the nobility, who would not swear allegiance to the British Crown  Finally, France required protection for Roman Catholics in North America Article IV stated:
IV  His Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or might have formed to Nova Scotia or Acadia in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain: Moreover, his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St  Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants, so that the Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King, and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guaranty under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned  His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit  His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty, and bring away their effects as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal prosecutions: The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty 

Dunkirk question
During the negotiations that led to the treaty, a major issue of dispute between Britain and France had been over the status of the fortifications of the French coastal settlement of Dunkirk  The British had long feared that it would be used as a staging post to launch a French invasion of Britain  Under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, the British forced France to concede extreme limits on those fortifications  The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle had allowed more generous terms, and France constructed more significant defences for the town 
The 1763 treaty had Britain force France to accept the 1713 conditions and demolish the fortifications constructed since then  That would be a continuing source of resentment to France, which would eventually have that provision overturned in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which brought an end to the American Revolutionary War 

Reactions
When Lord Bute became the British prime minister in 1762, he pushed for a resolution to the war with France and Spain since he feared that Great Britain could not govern all of its newly acquired territories  In what Winston Churchill would later term a policy of "appeasement", Bute returned some colonies to Spain and France in the negotiations Despite a desire for peace, many in the British Parliament opposed the return of any gains made during the war  Notable among the opposition was former Prime Minister William Pitt, the Elder, who warned that the terms of the treaty would lead to further conflicts once France and Spain had time to rebuild and later said, "The peace was insecure because it restored the enemy to her former greatness  The peace was inadequate, because the places gained were no equivalent for the places surrendered " The treaty passed by 319 votes to 65 The Treaty of Paris took no consideration of Great Britain's battered continental ally, Frederick II of Prussia, who negotiated peace terms separately in the Treaty of Hubertusburg  For decades after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, Frederick II decried it as a British betrayal Many Protestant American colonists were disappointed by the protection of Roman Catholicism in the Treaty of Paris  Criticism of the British colonial government as insufficiently anti-Catholic and fear of the protections for Catholicism expanding beyond Quebec was one of many reasons for the breakdown of American–British relations that led to the American Revolution 

Effects on French Canada
The article permitted unrestrained emigration for 18 months from Canada  However, passage on British ships was expensive  A total of 1,600 people left New France by that clause, but only 270 of them were French Canadians  Some claim that there was a deliberate British policy to limit emigration to avoid strengthening other French colonies Article IV of the treaty allowed Roman Catholicism to be practiced in Canada  George III agreed to allow Catholicism within the laws of Great Britain, which included various Test Acts to prevent governmental, judicial and bureaucratic appointments from going to Roman Catholics  They were believed to be agents of the Jacobite pretenders to the throne, who normally resided in France and were supported by its government  The Test Acts were somewhat relaxed in Quebec, but top positions such as governorships were still held by Anglicans Article IV has also been cited as the basis for Quebec's unique legal code that differs from the rest of Canada  There was a general constitutional principle in the United Kingdom allowing colonies taken through conquest to continue their laws  That was limited by royal prerogative, which allowed the monarch to change the accepted laws in a conquered colony later  However, the treaty eliminated that power because of a different constitutional principle, which considered the terms of a treaty to be paramount  In practice, Roman Catholics were allowed to become jurors in inferior courts in Quebec and to argue based on principles of French law  However, the judge was British, and his opinion on French law could be limited or hostile  If the case was appealed to a superior court, neither French law nor Roman Catholic jurors were allowed Many French residents of what are now the Maritime Provinces of Canada were deported during the Great Expulsion of the Acadians (1755–1763)  After signing the peace treaty guaranteed some rights to Roman Catholics, some Acadians returned to Canada  However, they were no longer welcome in the British colony of Nova Scotia  They were forced into New Brunswick, which became a bilingual province as a result of that relocation Britain now owned much land that France had owned, and the French people of Quebec felt greatly betrayed by the French concession  The commander-in-chief of the British, Jeffrey Amherst noted, "Many of the Canadians consider their Colony to be of utmost consequence to France & cannot be convinced     that their Country has been conceded to Great Britain "

See also
France in the Seven Years' War
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Royal Proclamation of 1763
List of treaties
Passage 8:
London broil
London broil, is a beef dish made by broiling marinated beef, then cutting it across the grain into thin strips  Despite its name, the dish and the terminology are American, not British 

Cut
"London broil" originally referred to broiled flank steak, although modern butchers may label top round, coulotte, or other cuts as "London broil", and the term has come to refer more to a method of preparation and cookery than to a specific cut of meat 

Preparation
The preparation of London broil typically involves marinating the meat for several hours followed by high heat searing in an oven broiler or outdoor grill   It is then served in thin slices, cut across the grain[Preparation Method ] 

In Canada
In parts of central Canada, a ground meat patty wrapped in flank or round steak is known as a London broil   Some butchers will wrap the flank steak around a concoction of seasoned and ground or tenderized flank steak  Others sell a pork sausage patty wrapped in flank or top round steak labeled as London broil  Another variant, popular in Southern Ontario, is a London broil "loaf", wherein the tenderized flank steak exterior is wrapped around minced and spiced veal as the filler  In some regions, bacon will be added between the flank steak and the veal grind 

See also
List of beef dishes
List of steak dishes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Justice League (film)
Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name  Produced by Warner Bros  Pictures, DC Films, RatPac-Dune Entertainment, Atlas Entertainment, and Cruel and Unusual Films and distributed by Warner Bros  Pictures, it is the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU)  Directed by Zack Snyder and written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, the film features an ensemble cast including Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, Ray Fisher, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J  K  Simmons  In the film, following the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after the death of Superman to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons 
Warner Bros  began to develop a live-action Justice League film in 2007 with George Miller set to direct, but the project was canceled due to production delays and budgetary concerns  Principal photography took place from April to October 2016  After Snyder stepped down from the film following the death of his daughter, Whedon was hired to oversee the remainder of post-production, including writing and directing additional scenes, as well as reshooting a large portion of the film, which changed many aspects of it; Snyder ultimately retained sole credit as director  With an estimated production budget of $300 million, Justice League is one of the most expensive films ever made 
Justice League premiered in Los Angeles on November 13, 2017, and was released in the United States four days later  The film grossed $657 9 million worldwide against an assumed break-even point of $750 million, becoming a box office bomb and losing Warner Bros  an estimated $60 million  It received mixed reviews from critics, with criticism aimed towards the plot, pacing, generic villain, cinematography, and computer-generated imagery, while its humor and light tone were met with polarized responses, although the action sequences and performances (particularly Gadot and Miller) were praised  Whedon's major involvement during post-production also received harsh criticism especially from the cast, particularly Gadot and Fisher  A director's cut, titled Zack Snyder's Justice League, was released on HBO Max in March 2021, after fans had begun to advocate for Snyder's original version of the film since the film's theatrical release 

Plot
Thousands of years ago, Steppenwolf and his legions of Parademons attempted to take over the Earth using the combined energies of the three Mother Boxes  The attempt was foiled by a unified alliance including the Olympian Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, humanity, and extraterrestrial beings  After Steppenwolf's army was repelled, the Mother Boxes were separated and hidden in different locations  In the present, humanity is still in mourning two years after the death of Superman, which triggered the Mother Boxes' reactivation and Steppenwolf's return to Earth  Steppenwolf aims to gather the boxes to form "The Unity", which will destroy Earth's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf's homeworld 
Steppenwolf retrieves one Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana  Diana joins Bruce Wayne in an attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause: Wayne goes after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen, while Diana locates Victor Stone  Wayne fails to persuade Curry but finds Allen enthusiastic  Although Diana fails to persuade Stone, he agrees to help them locate the threat  Stone joins after his father Silas and several other S T A R  Labs employees are kidnapped by Steppenwolf, who is seeking the Mother Box protected by humanity 
Steppenwolf attacks an Atlantean outpost to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry into action  Stone retrieves the last Mother Box for the group, revealing that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone's body after an accident almost cost him his life  Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman, not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf's invasion but also to restore hope to humanity 
Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the amniotic fluid of the genesis chamber in the Kryptonian scout ship, along with the Mother Box, successfully resurrecting Superman  However, Superman's memories have not returned, and he attacks the group  Batman enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane  Superman calms down and leaves with her to his family home in Smallville, where his memories come back  In the turmoil, the last Mother Box is left unguarded, allowing Steppenwolf to retrieve it  Without Superman to aid them, the five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother Boxes once again to remake Earth  They fight their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf but are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the Mother Boxes  Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as assisting Stone in separating the Mother Boxes  The team defeats Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons 
After the battle, Bruce and Diana agree to set up a base of operations for the team, with room for more members  As the team establishes, Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a heroine; Barry acquires a job in Central City's police department, impressing his father; Victor continues to enhance his abilities with his father in S T A R  Labs; Arthur continues protecting people on the seas; Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent and as protector of Earth 
In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor has escaped from Arkham Asylum and recruits Slade Wilson to form a league of their own 

Cast
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman: A wealthy socialite, and the owner of Wayne Enterprises  He dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with various tools and weapons  Affleck noted on how the film gave him an opportunity to reinvent Batman and portray a more classic take on the character  He described that in the film, audiences will see Batman as more heroic, and more of a leader  "Batman is by nature, [while] not necessarily anti-social, pretty private, pretty a loner," Affleck says  "And then in this movie he's thrust into the role of having to not only work with people, but bring them together and convince them to come in and try to     somehow with Wonder Woman hold all that community effort together  That was a really interesting thing to play for me, and it also does take us to a more traditional role for Batman in the Justice League comics, and his role with the Justice League versus the sort of less typical version we saw in Batman v Superman, where he was blinded by rage and wanted to take on Superman "
Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman: A member of, and inspiration for, the Justice League  He is a Kryptonian survivor and a journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis  In Justice League, Superman was portrayed as more optimistic and hopeful  The character was intentionally excluded from all Justice League marketing materials to emphasize his death as depicted on Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 
Amy Adams as Lois Lane: An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent 
Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman: An antiquities dealer, acquaintance of Wayne, and an immortal Amazonian warrior who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus  She is endowed with metahuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents 
Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash: A Central City University student who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force 
Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:Half-human and half Atlantean metahuman with superhuman strength and aquatic abilities  Momoa was cast as Aquaman in June 2014, and made a cameo appearance in Batman v  Superman: Dawn of Justice 
Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg: A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident, is turned into a techno-organic being enhanced by reactive, adaptive biomimetic alien technology  His enhancements include the abilities of flight, variable weaponry and technopathy  Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body  Fisher was cast as Cyborg in April 2014, and made a cameo in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 
Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant 
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Kent's adoptive mother 
Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta: Diana's mother and the Amazonian Queen of Themyscira 
J  K  Simmons as Commissioner James Gordon: The Gotham City Police Department Commissioner, and close ally of Batman 
Ciarán Hinds as Steppenwolf:An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth  The character is described as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid  Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls  After the release of the film, Hinds was reportedly unhappy with the final cut of the film, which trimmed down the backstory and characterization of Steppenwolf 
Amber Heard as Mera: A princess of Xebel who approaches Curry to discuss the nature of the Mother Boxes 
Joe Morton as Silas Stones: Victor Stone's father and head of S T A R  Labs During a scene a half-hour into the film, depicting Steppenwolf's first invasion thousands of years earlier, Olympian Old Gods Zeus, Ares, and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance, stuntman Nick McKinless, and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral, respectively  All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality, with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport "veins like worms and paper thin skin"  In the finished film, McKinless' face was replaced with that of David Thewlis using special effects; Thewlis received the credit as Ares  The scene also shows a Green Lantern, named Yalan Gur, created through motion-capture CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor  Two ancient leaders of Earth appear during the scene, including King Atlan of Atlantis and King Arthur Pendragon of ancient England; portrayed by Julian Lewis Jones and Francis Magee, respectively  Billy Crudup appears, uncredited, as Henry Allen, Barry Allen's father  Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credits scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor, respectively  Michael McElhatton appears as the leader of a group of terrorists who clash with Wonder Woman early in the film, while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as a burglar  Marc McClure, who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series, has a brief cameo as a police officer Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West, although their roles were cut from the final film  Both actors are signed for multiple films and are set to appear in the future installments of the franchise  A scene depicting Green Lanterns Kilowog and Tomar-Re visiting Batman was filmed as an additional post-credits scene, further teasing the upcoming Green Lantern Corps, but the scene was later scrapped  Other scenes that were filmed, but cut from the theatrical film, include: Ryan Zheng as Ryan Choi, setting up the character's future as The Atom; a fight between Ares and Darkseid, with the villain portrayed by Ray Porter; Harry Lennix reprising his role from Man of Steel and Batman v Superman as Calvin Swanwick, in a scene where it would have been revealed that his character is actually J'onn J'onzz / Martian Manhunter; and scenes featuring Darkseid's servant DeSaad, with the character voiced by Peter Guinness  These characters were included in Zack Snyder's Justice League 

Production
Background
In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros  Pictures had hired husband-and-wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film  The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film was canceled, as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S  Goyer  Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal, the script by Michele and Kieran Mulroney was submitted to Warner Bros  in June 2007, receiving positive feedback, which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike  Warner Bros  was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with its box office  Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal, nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins  Warner Bros  intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs  Shortly after filming The Dark Knight, Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," and felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros  to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises  Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films  George Miller signed to direct in September 2007, with Barrie Osbourne producing on a projected $220 million budget The following month, roughly 40 actors and actresses auditioned for the ensemble superhero roles, among them Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki, and Scott Porter  Miller had intended to cast younger actors, as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films  D  J  Cotrona was cast as Superman, along with Armie Hammer as Batman  Jessica Biel reportedly declined to play Wonder Woman role after negotiations  The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned  Ultimately, Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman, while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent  The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short  Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast, with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash, and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord  Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter  Santiago Cabrera was eventually revealed to be Aquaman after the film was cancelled  Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007, and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold  Warner Bros  had to let the options lapse for the cast, but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended  Warner Bros  and Miller wanted to start filming immediately, but production was pushed back three months  Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal was to be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges, and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor  The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives  The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros  a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors  Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking  They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs " Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada  Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could produce the film for a summer 2009 release 
With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008, Warner Bros  decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012  Warner Bros  relaunched development for a solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment  Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development, while filming for a Superman reboot commenced in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S  Goyer  In October 2012, following its legal victory over Joe Shuster's estate for the rights to Superman, Warner Bros  announced that it planned to move ahead with the Justice League film  Shortly after filming on Man of Steel was complete, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film  Warner Bros  president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward  In that, it's definitely a first step " The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe, and set the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film  Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character, unconnected to the 2011 film With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped  The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team-up film featuring Henry Cavill as Superman, Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, Ezra Miller as The Flash, Jason Momoa as Aquaman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg, the latter three in minor roles that became more significant in the Justice League film  The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman  In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer's Justice League script  Warner Bros  was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice  On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros  announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One on November 17, 2017, and Part Two is announced but release date not confirmed  Snyder was set to direct both films  In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio  Zack Snyder stated that the film would be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby  Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film, with the second part set for release two years after the first, Snyder stated in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories 

Filming
Principal photography began on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros  Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London and Scotland  Additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles; and Djúpavík, in the Westfjords of Iceland  Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts  Ben Affleck served as executive producer  In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the Justice League films, and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe, after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice  The same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline would be more linear and simple, compared to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice  Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016, that the title of the film is Justice League, and later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to previous DC Extended Universe (DCEU) films Justice League had a troubled production  During filming, it was reported that the rewrites by Geoff Johns caused issues with Chris Terrio and Warner Bros  executives  Warner Bros  was unsatisfied with how the film was shaping up under Snyder due to the negative feedback that the theatrical version of Batman v Superman received  It was reported that Warner Bros  held a footage summit for writers that include Joss Whedon, Wonder Woman screenwriter Allan Heinberg, Seth Grahame-Smith, and Andrea Berloff  This caused numerous rewrites as Justice League was filming  Whedon was eventually hired by Warner Bros  He then took over as director of the film after Snyder stepped down during the post-production  Filming wrapped in October 2016 

Post-production
In May 2017, Snyder stepped down from directorial duties during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter, Autumn Snyder  Joss Whedon took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place  In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros  putting about $25 million into them, more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs, which brought the budget of the film up to $300 million  The reshoots coincided with Cavill's schedule for Mission: Impossible – Fallout, for which he had grown a mustache which he was contracted to keep while filming  While Fallout director Christopher McQuarrie initially gave the producers of Justice League permission to have Cavill shave the mustache in exchange for the $3 million it would cost to shut down production on Fallout and then digitally fill the mustache in, executives from Paramount Pictures rejected the idea  Justice League's VFX team was then forced to use special effects to digitally remove the mustache in post-production Whedon received a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio, while Snyder received sole director's credit  Producer Charles Roven said in an interview that the film was shot originally by eighty to eighty-five percent  Conversely, Snyder estimates that only a fourth of his material was used in the theatrical version based on what he has been told of the theatrical cut, as he has not watched it  Cinematographer Fabian Wagner estimates that only 10% of the original footage shot by him and Snyder was used in the final cut  Whedon's rewrites were around 80 pages, further confirming that the theatrical cut was mostly his work Warner Bros  CEO Kevin Tsujihara mandated the film to be under two hours  In consequence, the final cut runs for that exact time  The company also did not opt to delay the film's release despite the fact that there had been numerous problems in post-production, so that the executives would receive their cash bonuses before the company's merger with AT&T  In February 2018, it was reported that Snyder was fired from directorial duties from Justice League, after his cut was deemed "unwatchable" according to Collider's Matt Goldberg  "I'd heard similar things from separate sources over the last year as well, I also heard that Snyder's rough-cut of the movie was 'unwatchable' (a word that jumped out at me because it's rare you hear two separate sources use exactly the same adjective)  Of course, even if that's true, there's obviously more to the story since rough cuts can be fixed up with reshoots, rewrites, etc ", Goldberg wrote  According to DC Comics publisher, comic book artist Jim Lee, Snyder was not fired  Speaking at the Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo, Lee stated "that [Snyder] was not fired at all and that he stepped down from the production due to a family matter", as far as he knew  In July 2020, Ray Fisher claimed that Whedon's on-set treatment of the film's cast and crew was "gross, abusive, unprofessional, and completely unacceptable " Justice League and Batman v Superman writer Chris Terrio called the theatrical cut an act of vandalism, and attempted unsuccessfully to get his name removed from the film 

Music
In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he had officially retired from the "superhero business", though he would later score X-Men: Dark Phoenix and Wonder Woman 1984  Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film, but was replaced by Danny Elfman the following year in June  Elfman had previously composed the films Batman and Batman Returns, and the theme music for Batman: The Animated Series  Elfman used the Batman theme music from the 1989 film Batman  The John Williams' Superman theme was used during "a dark, twisted moment" in the film where a resurrected Superman fights the Justice League and later during the climax where Superman arrives to defeat Steppenwolf  The film features a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Everybody Knows" performed by Sigrid, "Icky Thump" performed by the White Stripes, and a cover of the Beatles' "Come Together" performed by Gary Clark Jr  and Junkie XL  WaterTower Music released the soundtrack album digitally on November 10 the same year, with a release of the physical format on December 8 

Marketing
Superman was intentionally left out on all early Justice League marketing materials, including trailers, clips, and posters, which actor Cavill commented as "ridiculous"  Despite his character being hidden from promotional materials, Cavill still joined the rest of the cast on the film's press tour  Clark Kent was revealed in a final trailer before the release of the film, but edited in a way that writers felt Lois Lane was dreaming about Clark  Sponsorship and marketing partners of the film included AT&T, Gillette, Mercedes-Benz, and TCL 

Release
Theatrical
Justice League had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on November 13, 2017, and was released in the United States on November 17, 2017 to coincide with the 16th anniversary of the Justice League animated series 

Home media
The film was released on digital download on February 13, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray Disc, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray, and DVD on March 13, 2018, in various international markets  The Blu-ray features two deleted scenes titled Return of Superman  It is also notable for having no director commentary from either Zack Snyder or Joss Whedon  As of August 20, 2021, it has made $30 4 million in DVD sales and $41 5 million in Blu-ray sales, totaling an estimated $71 9 million in domestic video sales according to The Numbers 

Reception
Box office
Justice League grossed $229 million in the United States and Canada and $428 9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $657 9 million  It had a worldwide opening of $278 8 million  Up against an estimated break-even point of as much as $750 million, Deadline Hollywood reported that the film lost the studio around $60 million  Due to the film losing the studio money, the movie was deemed a "box office bomb" or "flop" In the United States and Canada, industry tracking initially forecast the film debuting to $110–120 million from 4,051 theaters (including 400 IMAX screens)  It made $13 million from Thursday night previews, up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June  However, after making $38 5 million on its first day (including Thursday previews), weekend projections were lowered to $95 million  It ended up debuting to $93 8 million, down 45% from Batman v Superman's opening of $166 million, and being the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million  Deadline attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and most of its predecessors, as well as poor critical reception, and film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release, causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers  In its second weekend, the film dropped 56% to $41 1 million, finishing second at the box office, behind newcomer Coco  It was the second-best second weekend hold of the DCEU, behind Wonder Woman's 43%, but the lowest overall gross  In its third week it again finished second behind Coco, grossing $16 7 million  It made $9 7 million in its fourth week and $4 3 million in its fifth, finishing a respective second and fifth at the box office  In 2018, Forbes compared the drastic incohesive shift from Snyder's darker films Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice to the lighter Justice League (co-written by Whedon), to the similarly drastic and incohesive change in tone experienced from the older 1989 and 1992 Tim Burton's Batman films to the direct light-hearted sequels directed by Schumacher, although noting the former shift in tone was better received than the one in Justice League, affecting box office, due to going against the expectations of Snyder fans in its attempt to reach a higher demographic, while alienating its own established core audience In other territories, the film was projected to debut to $215–235 million for a worldwide opening of $325–355 million  It made $8 5 million on its first day from nine countries, including South Korea, France, and Brazil  It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries, including $57 1 million from China, $9 8 million from the United Kingdom, $9 6 million from Mexico, and $8 8 million from South Korea  The film broke a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1 12M (PHP 57 3M), making it the biggest industry opening day for a film in 2017 and eventually becoming the 7th-most successful film of all time  In Brazil, the film opened to $14 2 million, the biggest opening in the country's history  Outside North America, the film's largest markets were China ($106 million), Brazil ($41 million), Mexico ($24 8 million), and United Kingdom ($24 million) 

Critical response
Justice League received mixed reviews  It was praised for the action sequences and performances (particularly Gadot and Miller), but was criticized for its plot, pacing, generic villain, cinematography, and CGI  On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 39% of 409 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5 3/10  The website's consensus reads: "Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies, but its single bound isn't enough to shed the murky aesthetic, thin characters, and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise " Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, and those by PostTrak gave the film an 85% overall positive score (average 4 out of 5 stars) and a 69% "definite recommend "Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast, especially Gadot, and saying "It's a putting-the-band-together origins movie, executed with great fun and energy " Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, which conceived the film and described it was not "messy or bombastic," and light, clean, and simple  Bilge Ebiri of the Village Voice similarly gave it a positive review, and said the action scenes of the film went "start and stop and then start again, [and] then go in different directions " Ebiri also describes the film had a "few moments into the Big Climactic Face-Off," but the "rhythms actually lend the film a pleasant unpredictability " Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2 5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing, saying: "The scenes of the League members together, bickering and bonding, spike the film with humor and genuine feeling, creating a rooting interest in the audience  Without it, the film would crumble " Conversely, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter, while praising Gadot and Miller, called the film visually ugly and boring, saying, "Fatigue, repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair, which is also notable for how Ben Affleck, donning the bat suit for the second time, looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here "Writing for The Washington Post, Alyssa Rosenberg also returned with a negative review, and described the film was a "symbol of just how entrenched superhero movies have become in the Hollywood ecosystem, it's also a potent illustration that success hasn't necessarily artistically elevated the genre " Rosenberg felt the film was nearly identical to lots of superhero films that "have come before," and featured some of "the ugliest, most pointless special effects " James Berardinelli gave it 2 out of 4 stars, said that the film and DC Films "came late to the party," as Marvel Studios planned their Cinematic Universe, which they were "sometimes criticized for overthinking and overplanning," and compared to The Avengers, which has its "formula worked", and The Avengers was "a popcorn bliss [and] a superhero nirvana " Writing for the Film Ireland Magazine, Ellen Murray found the characters interesting, but their setting unworthy, said that "there is something undeniably thrilling in seeing these iconic characters work together on the big screen
Context 3: Passage 1:
Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve
Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve is a protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia located in the locality of Ghan Henbury craters are a result of one of the few impact events that have occurred in a populated area (few other examples are Kaali crater in Estonia and 2007 Carancas impact event in Peru) 

Description
The reserve is located 125 km (78 mi) south west of Alice Springs and contains over a dozen craters, which were formed when a fragmented meteorite hit the Earth’s surface Henbury is one of five meteorite impact sites in Australia with remaining meteorite fragments and one of the world's best preserved examples of a small crater field 
Henbury was the earliest documented example of impact cratering in Australia 

Meteorite impact craters
At Henbury there are 13 to 14 craters ranging from 7 to 180 m (23 to 591 ft) in diameter and up to 15 m (49 ft) in depth that were formed when the meteor broke up before impact  Several tonnes of iron-nickel fragments have been recovered from the site  The site has been dated to ≤4 7 thousand years ago based on the cosmogenic 14C terrestrial age of the meteorite and 4 2±1 9 thousand years ago using fission track dating The craters are named for Henbury Station, a nearby cattle station named in 1875 for the family home of its founders at Henbury in Dorset, England  The craters were discovered in 1899 by the manager of the station, then went uninvestigated until interest was stirred when the Karoonda meteorite fell on South Australia in 1930  The first scientific investigations of the site were conducted by A R  Alderman of the University of Adelaide who published the results in a 1932 paper entitled The Meteorite Craters at Henbury Central Australia  Numerous studies have been undertaken since 

Cultural significance
The Henbury crater field lies at the crossroads of several Aboriginal language groups, including Arrernte, Luritja, Pitjantjatjarra, and Yankunytjatjara  It is considered a sacred site to the Arrernte people and would have formed during human habitation of the area  J M  Mitchell said that older Aboriginal people would not camp within a couple of miles of the Henbury craters   An elder Aboriginal man who accompanied Mitchell to the site explained that Aboriginal people would not drink rainwater that collected in the craters, fearing the "fire-devil" would fill them with a piece of iron  The man claimed his paternal grandfather had seen the fire-devil and that he came from the Sun  An Aboriginal contact said of the crater field: tjintu waru tjinka yapu tjinka kurdaitcha kuka, which roughly translates in the Luritja language as "A fiery devil ran down from the Sun and made his home in the Earth  He will burn and eat any bad blackfellows " This indicates a living memory of the event A different story was recorded by Charles Mountford  that attributed the largest crater's formation to an anthropomorphic lizard woman (called Mulumura) tossing soil out of the crater, forming its bowl-shape  The soil discarded by Mulumura explained the piles of meteoritic iron around the craters and the presence of ejecta rays (which are unique to terrestrial impacts but are now gone due to prospecting at the site)  This probably relates to Dreaming stories about ancestral lizard beings from the area of Henbury station near the Finke River, just north of the crater field  The Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory give the Arrernte name for the crater field as Tatyeye Kepmwere (or Tatjakapara) 
In 1980, the conservation reserve was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate  The craters were listed as one item on the Northern Territory Heritage Register on 13 August 2003 

See also
Chambers Pillar
Ewaninga Rock Carvings Conservation Reserve
Rainbow Valley Conservation Reserve
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park
Watarrka National Park
West MacDonnell National Park
Passage 2:
Sant Martí d'Empúries
Sant Martí d'Empúries is an entity of the town of L'Escala  It is located next to the ruins of Empúries or Empòrion  Ancient Greeks established the settlement in the 6th century BC  It was the county seat until 1079 Empúries moved to Castelló d'Empúries place less exposed to attack 
Sant Martí d'Empúries is a staging point on the GR 92 long distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranean coast of Spain  Stage 5, to the north, takes a route behind the coast to the El Cortalet pond in the Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, a distance of 20 2 kilometres (12 6 mi)  Stage 6, to the south, follows the coast to l'Escala and then takes an inland route across the Montgri Massif to reach the next staging point of Torroella de Montgrí, a distance of 20 0 kilometres (12 4 mi) 

History
It was an inhabited place since the arrival of Greeks from Massalia, actual Marseille (France) in the 6th century BC  Greeks established a settlement there called it, Kypsela (Greek: Κύψελα)  At the ancient times there is a possibility that there was a temple of Artemis on the island It was Christianized by Saint Feliu, an African martyr who died in 304 in Girona  He was bishop between 516 and 693  Charlemagne mentions Ermenguer as first Count of Empúries in 812 
Passage 3:
Homewood, South Carolina
Homewood is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Horry County, South Carolina, United States, just north of Conway in the northeastern part of the state  It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 1,693 Homewood is located at the junction of South Carolina Highway 319 and U S  Highway 701  There is an elementary school in the community  Many of the inhabitants make a living from family farms, growing tobacco, corn, soybeans, and tomatoes 

Demographics
2020 census
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category  This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category  Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race 
Passage 4:
2010 United States tomato shortage
The 2010 United States tomato shortage was a shortage of tomatoes in the United States between March and April 2010 caused by unseasonably cold weather in Florida in January 2010 which destroyed 60-70% of the state's tomato crop  There was also a shortage of tomatoes over the new year holiday, caused by the Californian harvest finishing before the Florida harvest began The shortage caused several fast food chains to stop offering tomatoes unless requested and supermarkets rationed their supplies Prices for tomatoes in the Eastern United States reached prices several times the cost prior to the crop loss  Wholesale prices rose from around $7 for a 25 lb box to $30  During the shortage, more tomatoes were imported from Canada and Mexico The total cost of the cold weather to Florida tomato producers was approximately $150 million, according to USDA calculations The tomato shortage came to an end around late April 2010, as crops had recovered 

See also
2010 Indian Onion Crisis
Passage 5:
Kakisa Lake
Kakisa Lake is a large lake located in the Northwest Territories, Canada  It is fed by the Kakisa River, and near to the community of Kakisa  An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake 

See also
List of lakes in the Northwest Territories
Passage 6:
Taputapuatea
Taputapuatea is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune of Taputapuatea is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 4,792  The commune was named after a large marae complex which was the religious center of eastern Polynesia for roughly 1000 years  The archaeological site of Taputapuatea marae is still today the most famous landmark of Raiatea, and it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2017 Taputapuatea consists of the following associated communes:

Avera
Opoa
PuohineThe administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Avera 
Passage 7:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 8:
Snappy Tomato Pizza
Snappy Tomato Pizza is a pizza chain that started in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky, and has over 60 locations in the US   Its headquarters are in Burlington, Kentucky  The chain specializes in pizza, but also serves calzones, hoagies, salads, pasta, dessert and appetizers 

History
The first Snappy Tomato Pizza was opened by Robert Rotunda in Fort Mitchell in 1978  Rotunda went to a horse race and put all of his money on a horse named “Snappy Tomato ”  The horse won and Rotunda took all of his winnings and opened the first Snappy Tomato Pizza restaurant  In 1981 the company began franchising   In 1993, Snappy Tomato Pizza was purchased by Charles H  Deters 
Snappy Tomato has bought two other pizza franchises   Those two include a Cincinnati-based pizza franchise, "Spooners Pizza" in 1993, and seven Louisville, KY based franchises, "Pizza Magia" in 2005 
In July 2022, Tim Gayhart, Snappy Tomato Pizza's largest franchisee and area developer purchased the company from The Deters Company 

Locations
There are several dozen locations operating in the Greater Cincinnati area, and elsewhere in Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, and Tennessee   Most stores are within the Southeastern United States   However, in 2009 Snappy Tomato Pizza ventured out west and opened up in Clovis, New Mexico  There is also a subsidiary company headquartered in Redditch in the UK, with branches in England and Scotland 

See also
List of pizza chains of the United States
Passage 9:
Motru Coal Mine
Motru Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Motru, Gorj County  The legal entity managing the Motru mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997 The exploitation has two open pits Lupoaia, Roșiuța that produced 6 6 million tonnes of lignite in 2008  The mine has around 2,300 workers and is endowed with 13 bucket-wheel excavators, seven spreaders, two mixed machines and two deposits spreader  The total proven recoverable reserves of the mine amount to 108 million tonnes of lignite 
Passage 10:
Tathlina Lake
Tathlina Lake is a large, shallow lake, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada  An outcropping of the Kakisa Formation occurs along the side of this lake 
This turbid lake, the 15th largest in the Northwest Territories, is located at an elevation of 269 metres, and has an average depth of only 1 metre  Due to this shallow depth, it is considered vulnerable to changes in such variables as water level and temperature, ice thickness, and dissolved oxygen levels  It has also been subject to fish kills 
Commercial fishing for walleye (Sander vitreus) commenced in 1953  However, during the 1960s to 1990s it experienced poor harvests  It has been closed to commercial fishing since 2000 

See also

List of lakes in the Northwest Territories
Passage 11:
Sicilian pizza
Sicilian pizza (Italian: Pizza siciliana) is pizza prepared in a manner that originated in Sicily, Italy  Sicilian pizza is also known as sfincione (Italian: [sfinˈtʃoːne]; Sicilian: sfinciuni [sfɪnˈtʃuːnɪ]) or focaccia with toppings 
This type of pizza became a popular dish in western Sicily by the mid-19th century and was the type of pizza usually consumed in Sicily until the 1860s  It eventually reached North America in a slightly altered form, with thicker crust and a rectangular shape Traditional Sicilian pizza is often thick crusted and rectangular, but can also be round and similar to the Neapolitan pizza  It is often topped with onions, anchovies, tomatoes, herbs and strong cheese such as caciocavallo and toma  Other versions do not include cheese The Sicilian methods of making pizza are linked to local culture and country traditions, so there are differences in preparing pizza among the Sicilian regions of Palermo, Catania, Siracusa and Messina 

Variations
The sfincione (or sfinciuni in Sicilian language) is a very common variety of pizza that originated in the province of Palermo  Unlike  Neapolitan pizza, it is typically rectangular, with more dough, sauce and cheese  An authentic recipe often calls for herbs, onion, tomato sauce, strong cheese and anchovies  The sauce is sometimes placed on top of the toppings to prevent it from soaking into the thick dough 

Siracusa
In the province of Siracusa, especially in Solarino and Sortino, the pizzòlu is a kind of round stuffed pizza 

Catania
In the province of Catania the traditional scacciata is made in two different ways: a first layer made of dough covered, within the city, by a local cheese (tuma) and anchovies or, in the region around Catania, by potatoes, sausages, broccoli, and tomato sauce  In both cases a second layer of dough brushed with eggs covers everything  Also in the region of Catania, in Zafferana Etnea and in Viagrande a typical pizza siciliana is a fried calzone stuffed with cheese and anchovies 

Messina
In the province of Messina, the traditional piduni is a kind of calzone stuffed with endive, toma cheese, tomato and anchovies  There is also the focaccia alla messinese, prepared with tomato sauce, toma cheese, vegetables and anchovies 

United States
In the United States, "Sicilian pizza" is used to describe a typically square variety of cheese pizza with dough over an inch thick, a crunchy base, and an airy interior  It is derived from the sfinciuni and was introduced in the United States by the first Italian (Sicilian) immigrants  Sicilian-style pizza is popular in Italian-American enclaves throughout the northeastern United States, including Massachusetts, Rhode Island,  Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and also Michigan (which would influence Detroit-style pizza)  In some parts of coastal Massachusetts and New Hampshire, it is also known as "beach pizza" because of its prevalence along the Route 1A corridor  A similar dish, perhaps often overlapping or confused with sfincione, is tomato pie 

Gallery
See also
Passage 12:
Fort Mitchell, Kentucky
Fort Mitchell is a home rule-class city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States  The population was 8,702 at the 2020 census  It is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area 

History
Fort Mitchell was the site of one of seven Civil War fortifications built for the Defense of Cincinnati  The community was named for General Ormsby M  Mitchel, a professor at Cincinnati College (now the University of Cincinnati) who designed the fortifications Fort Mitchell was chartered as a city in 1910  It annexed South Ft  Mitchell (inc  1927) in 1967 and Crescent Park in 1999 

Geography
Fort Mitchell is located at 39°2′50″N 84°33′36″W (39 047221, -84 559993) According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3 1 square miles (8 0 km2), all land 

Demographics
2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 8,207 people, 3,530 households, and 2,033 families living in the city  The population density was 2,581 8 inhabitants per square mile (996 8/km2)  There were 3,744 housing units at an average density of 1,195 0 per square mile (461 4/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 87% White, 0 99% African American, 0 10% Native American, 0 80% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 0 47% from other races, and 0 74% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 85% of the population 
Of the 3,446 households 28 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45 2% were married couples living together, 9 3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42 4% were non-families  35 6% of households were one person and 11 3% were one person aged 65 or older  The average household size was 2 29 and the average family size was 3 05 
The age distribution was 23 9% under 18, 9 9% from 18 to 24, 30 4% from 25 to 44, 22 6% from 45 to 64, and 13 3% who were 65 or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86 4 males 
The median household income was $46,335 and the median family income  was $63,910  Full-time male workers had a median income of $41,358 versus $29,873 for females  The per capita income for the city was $29,229  As of the 2000 census, about 2 6% of families and 3 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2 7% of those under age 18 and 2 4% of those age 65 or over 

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 8,089 people, 3,530 households, and 2,033 families living in the city  The population density was 2,581 8 inhabitants per square mile (996 8/km2)  There were 3,744 housing units at an average density of 1,195 0 per square mile (461 4/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 96 87% White, 0 99% African American, 0 10% Native American, 0 80% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 0 47% from other races, and 0 74% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 85% Of the 3,530 households 28 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45 2% were married couples living together, 9 3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42 4% were non-families  35 6% of households were one person and 11 3% were one person aged 65 or older  The average household size was 2 29 and the average family size was 3 05 
The age distribution was 23 9% under the age of 18, 9 9% from 18 to 24, 30 4% from 25 to 44, 22 6% from 45 to 64, and 13 3% 65 or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86 4 males 
The median household income was $46,335 and the median family income  was $63,910  Males had a median income of $41,358 versus $29,873 for females  The per capita income for the city was $29,229  About 2 6% of families and 3 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2 7% of those under age 18 and 2 4% of those age 65 or over 

Culture
The world's only ventriloquist museum, the Vent Haven Museum, is in Fort Mitchell 

Education
Fort Mitchell is home to the Beechwood Independent School District, a public K-12 institution and Blessed Sacrament is a Catholic K-8 institution   Beechwood High School was ranked #333 on the U S  News & World Report 2015 list of best high schools nationwide 

Notable people
A  M  Edwards, lawyer and statesman who served as Secretary of Guam from 1960 to 1961 (buried in Fort Mitchell)
Ryan Poston, murder victim (born in Fort Mitchell)
Passage 13:
Federalism
Federalism is a combined and compound mode of government that combines a general government (the central or "federal" government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two  Federalism in the modern era was first adopted in the unions of states during the Old Swiss Confederacy Federalism differs from confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level  It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state Examples of a federation or federal province or state include Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States  Some characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the "federal union of states" 

Overview
Etymology
The terms "federalism" and "confederalism" share a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning "treaty, pact or covenant"  Their common early meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based on a treaty  They were therefore initially synonyms  It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist No 39 had referred to the new US Constitution as "neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both" (i e  as constituting neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two)  In the course of the nineteenth century United States, the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form established at the Philadelphia Convention, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states 

Origin
In the narrow sense, federalism refers to the mode in which the body politic of a state is organized internally, and this is the meaning most often used in modern times  Political scientists, however, use it in a much broader sense, referring instead to a "multi-layer or pluralistic concept of social and political life "The first forms of federalism took place in ancient times, in the form of alliances between states  Some examples from the seventh to second century B C  were the Archaic League, the Aetolic League, the Peloponnesian League, and the Delian League  An early ancestor of federalism was the Achaean League in Hellenistic Greece  Unlike the Greek city states of Classical Greece, each of which insisted on keeping its complete independence, changing conditions in the Hellenistic period drove many city states to band together even at the cost of losing part of their sovereignty  Subsequent unions of states included the first and second Swiss Confederations (1291–1798 and 1815–48), the United Provinces of the Netherlands (1579–1795), the German Bund (1815–66), the first American union known as the Confederation of the United States of America (1781–89), and second American union formed as the United States of America (1789–1865) 

Political theory
Modern federalism is a political system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments  The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context  Since the term federalization also describes distinctive political processes, its use as well depends on the context In political theory, two main types of federalization are recognized:

integrative, or aggregative federalization, designating various processes like: integration of non-federated political subjects by creating a new federation, accession of non-federated subjects into an existing federation, or transformation of a confederation into a federation
devolutive, or dis-aggregative federalization: transformation of a unitary state into a federation

Reasons for adoption
According to Daniel Ziblatt, there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems:

Ideational theories, which hold that a greater ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted 
Cultural-historical theories, which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations 
"Social contract" theories, which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center 
"Infrastructural power" theories, which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures (e g  they are already constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized states) Immanuel Kant noted that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution which pits opposing factions against each other with a system of checks and balances  In particular individual states required a federation as a safeguard against the possibility of war Proponents for federal systems have historically argued that the power-sharing inherent in federal systems reduces both domestic security threats and foreign threats  Federalism allows states to be large and diverse, mitigating the risk of a tyrannical government through centralization of powers 

Examples
Many countries have implemented federal systems of government with varying degree of central and regional sovereignty  The federal government of these countries can be divided into minimalistic federations, consisting of only two sub-federal units or multi-regional, those that consist of three to dozens of regional governments  They can also be grouped based on their body polity type, such as emirate, provincial, republican or state federal systems  Another way to study federated countries is by categorizing them into those whose entire territory is federated as opposed to only part of its territory comprising the federal portion of the country  Some federal systems are national systems while others, like the European Union are supra national 
In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a confederation in actuality  Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina 
The governments of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, and Mexico, among others, are also organized along federalist principles 
In Canada, federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements (most commonly Quebec separatism)  In 1999, the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries  Headquartered in Ottawa, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Switzerland 

Europe vs  the United States
In Europe, "federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels  The Union of European Federalists advocates for this development within the European Union, ultimately leading to the United States of Europe  Although there are medieval and early modern examples of European states which used confederal and federal systems, contemporary European federalism originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill's speech in Zürich in 1946 In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government  When the U S  Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government  This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States  The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state  The U S  Constitution was written as a replacement for the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government 
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state  The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense  As the power of the U S  federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended  Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism) 
The contemporary concept of federalism came about with the creation of an entirely new system of government that provided for democratic representation at two governing levels simultaneously, which was implemented in the US Constitution  In the United States implementation of federalism, a bicameral general government, consisting of a chamber of popular representation proportional to population (the House of Representatives), and a chamber of equal State-based representation consisting of two delegates per State (the Senate), was overlaid upon the pre-existing regional governments of the thirteen independent States  With each level of government allocated a defined sphere of powers, under a written constitution and the rule of law (that is, subject to the independent third-party arbitration of a supreme court in competence disputes), the two levels were thus brought into a coordinate relationship for the first time 
In 1946, Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were "co-equally supreme"  In this, he echoed the perspective of American founding father James Madison who saw the several States as forming "distinct and independent portions of the supremacy" in relation to the general government 

Constitutional structure
Division of powers
In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution  Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, but in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched  Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence 
In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers  Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition  Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871  The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states  The Constitution of some countries, like Canada and India, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial/state governments are retained by the federal government  Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility  Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of Union competence or shared between the Union and the Member States as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent States 

Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'  Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do  This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions  In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country  They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history  However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federation, but a system of asymmetric devolved government within a unitary state 
It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances  The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts 
Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities  Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities  Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government  Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica)  Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions  Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states  However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly 
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves  For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No  39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both  In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national   " This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent  This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people 

Bicameralism
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states  One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions  Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole  A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population 
Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union  The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats 

Intergovernmental relations
In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government  A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution 

Constitutional change
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution  As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent  An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect  In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons  In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority 
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state  The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent  In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states  Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces  The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system 

Other technical terms
Fiscal federalism – the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system 
Formal federalism (or 'constitutional federalism') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice 
Executive federalism refers in the English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made centrally 
Gleichschaltung – the conversion from a federal governance to either a completely unitary or more unitary one, the term was borrowed from the German for conversion from alternating to direct current  During the Nazi era the traditional German states were mostly left intact in the formal sense, but their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended and replaced with the Gau system  Gleichschaltung also has a broader sense referring to political consolidation in general 
defederalize – to remove from federal government, such as taking a responsibility from a national level government and giving it to states or provinces

In relation to conflict
It has been argued that federalism and other forms of territorial autonomy are a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level  Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states  Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries Federalism is sometimes viewed in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center " However, those skeptical of federal prescriptions sometimes believe that increased regional autonomy can lead to secession or dissolution of the nation  In Syria, for example, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out "

See also
Notes and references
Sources
External links

P -J  Proudhon (1863), The Principle of Federation 
Passage 14:
Chumak (company)
Chumak (Ukrainian: Чумак) is a Swedish-Ukrainian food processing company located in Kakhovka, Kherson Oblast  It is today one of Ukraine's biggest food processing companies and has commercial offices in Kyiv, Minsk and Moscow  Among its products are ketchup, mayonnaise, pasta, salad dressings, cooking sauces, canned vegetables, marinated vegetables, tomato juice and sunflower oil  Chumak is the largest tomato processing company in Central and Eastern Europe  The company currently (2010) employs about 1200 people and has a revenue of about 48 million Euros 
The company was founded in 1996, first under the name South Food, Inc, by the two young Swedish entrepreneurs Johan Bodén and his nephew Carl Sturén  They soon got financial help from Hans Rausing of Tetra Pak who got 66,7% of the company  The latter sold his share of the company in early 2008 to the Swedish investment company East Capital (22,2%) and the Ukrainian investment bank Dragon (44,5%)  As of 2013, Chumak was the second largest producer of ketchup in Ukraine, with a share of 25 00% Kakhovka was occupied by Russian troops during the first days of the Russian invasion of Ukraine  Chumak, being at thet time number two on the Ukrainian market, halted production and moved its headquarters to Kyiv 
Passage 15:
Tumaraa
Tumaraa is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean  The commune of Tumaraa is located on the island of Raiatea, in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, themselves part of the Society Islands  At the 2017 census it had a population of 3,721, making it the least populous commune on Raiatea Tumaraa consists of the following associated communes:

Fetuna
Tehurui
Tevaitoa
VaiaauThe administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Tevaitoa  The tallest mountain on Raiatea - Mont Temehani - is located within Tumaraa 
Passage 16:
Pizza Hut
Pizza Hut is an American multinational restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas by Dan and Frank Carney 
The chain, headquartered in Plano, Texas, operates 17,639 restaurants worldwide as of 2020  It is owned by Yum! Brands, Inc 

History
Pizza Hut was launched on May 31, 1958, by two brothers, Dan and Frank Carney, both Wichita State students, as a single location in Wichita, Kansas  Six months later they opened a second outlet, and within a year they were operating six locations One early employee was future Pro Football Hall of Fame head coach Bill Parcells, who had worked for the company while a college student and football player at Wichita State University  Parcells was considering a franchise for a career (as well as law school), but instead chose to enter coaching, eventually becoming a head coach in the National Football League 
The brothers began franchising in 1959  The iconic Pizza Hut building style was designed in 1963 by Chicago architect George Lindstrom and was implemented in 1969 PepsiCo acquired Pizza Hut in November 1977  On May 30, 1997, PepsiCo spun off Pizza Hut, along with Taco Bell and Kentucky Fried Chicken, into a new company named Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc  The company assumed the name of Yum! Brands on May 22, 2002 The first Pizza Hut restaurant east of the Mississippi River was opened in Athens, Ohio, in 1966 by Lawrence Berberick and Gary Meyers In August 1994, Pizza Hut and the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) announced PizzaNet, a pilot program in the Santa Cruz area that allowed consumers to use their own computer to order pizza delivery from a local Pizza Hut restaurant, with connection being made over the Internet to a central Pizza Hut server in Wichita, Kansas   The PizzaNet application software was developed by SCO's Professional Services group  PizzaNet was based on the first commercially licensed and bundled Internet operating system, SCO Global Access On March 31, 2011, Priszm, owner of Pizza Hut in Canada, went into bankruptcy protection in Ontario and British Columbia In 2015, the oldest continuously operating Pizza Hut, which was the restaurant located in the Pizza Hut in the Aggieville District of Manhattan, closed The company announced a rebrand that began on November 19, 2014, in an effort to increase sales, which had dropped in the previous two years  The menu was expanded to introduce various items such as crust flavors and 11 new specialty pizzas, and the company's employee uniforms were redesigned  In 2017, Pizza Hut was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 24 in the list of 200 Most Influential Brands in the World On June 25 and 27, 2019, it was reported that Pizza Hut was bringing back the logo and the red roof design that was used from 1976 until 1999 On August 7, 2019, Pizza Hut announced its intention to close about 500 of its 7,496 dine-in restaurants in the US, by the middle of 2021 On August 18, 2020, it was announced that Pizza Hut would be closing up to 300 restaurants after the bankruptcy of NPC International, one of its largest franchisees  In March 2021, Flynn Restaurant Group acquired NPC's 937 Pizza Hut locations 

Concept
Pizza Hut is split into several different restaurant formats: the original family-style dine-in locations; storefront delivery and carry-out locations; and hybrid locations that have carry-out, delivery, and dine-in options  Some full-size Pizza Hut locations have a lunch buffet, with "all-you-can-eat" pizza, salad, desserts, and breadsticks, and a pasta bar  Pizza Hut has other business concepts independent of the store type In 1975, Pizza Hut began testing concepts with Applegate's Landing  with restaurants that featured had Colonial-style exteriors and eclectic interiors that included a truck with a salad bar in the bed  The chain offered much of the same pizza and pasta dishes, with some additions like hamburgers and bread pudding  Applegate's Landing went defunct in the mid-1980s except for one location in McPherson, Kansas that closed in late 1995 

An upscale concept was unveiled in 2004, called "Pizza Hut Italian Bistro"  At 50 U S  locations, the Bistro is similar to a traditional Pizza Hut, but with a menu that included previously unseen items, such as penne pasta, chicken pomodoro, and toasted sandwiches  Instead of black, white, and red, Bistro locations feature a burgundy and tan motif  In some cases, Pizza Hut has replaced a red roof location with the new concept  Pizza Hut Express locations are fast food restaurants that offer a limited menu with many products not seen at a traditional Pizza Hut  These stores are often paired in a colocation with WingStreet in the US and Canada, or other sibling brands such as KFC or Taco Bell and found on college campuses, food courts, theme parks, bowling alleys, and within stores such as Target 
Vintage locations featuring the red roof, designed by architect Richard D  Burke, can be found in the United States and Canada; several exist in the UK, Australia, and Mexico  In his book Orange Roofs, Golden Arches, Phillip Langdon wrote that the Pizza Hut red roof architecture "is something of a strange object – considered outside the realm of significant architecture, yet swiftly reflecting shifts in popular taste and unquestionably making an impact on daily life  These buildings rarely show up in architectural journals, yet they have become some of the most numerous and conspicuous in the United States today "In 2014, Curbed com reported, "Despite Pizza Hut's decision to discontinue the form when they made the shift toward delivery, there were still 6,304 traditional units standing as of 2004, each with the shingled roofs and trapezoidal windows signifying equal parts suburban comfort and strip-mall anomie " This building style was common in the late 1960s and early 1970s  The name "red roof" is somewhat anachronistic now since many locations have brown roofs  Dozens of these restaurants have closed or been relocated or rebuilt Many of the older locations with the red roof design serve beer or have a full bar, music from a jukebox, and in some cases an arcade  In the mid-1980s, the company moved into other formats, including delivery or carryout and the fast food "Express" model 

Products
In North America, Pizza Hut has notably sold:

Pan pizza, baked in a pan with a crispy edge;
"Stuffed crust" pizza, with the outermost edge wrapped around a cylinder of mozzarella cheese;
"Hand-tossed", more like traditional pizzeria crusts;
"Thin 'N Crispy", a thin, crisp dough which was Pizza Hut's original style;
Dippin' Strips pizza, a pizza cut into small strips that can be dipped into a number of sauces;
The P'Zone, a calzone with a marinara dipping sauce that comes in plain, Supremo, Meaty, and pepperoni
The Bigfoot pizza, its largest product
The Priazzo, a pie like pizza stuffed with pizza ingredientsThe "stuffed-crust" pizza was introduced on March 26, 1995  By the end of the year, it had become one of their most popular lines 

Regional differences are seen in the products and bases  The company has localized to Southeast Asia with a baked rice dish called Curry Zazzle On May 9, 2008, Pizza Hut created "The Natural" pizza, which featured natural ingredients and was sold in Seattle, Denver and Dallas  This was discontinued on October 27, 2009, in the Dallas market Pizza Hut developed a pizza to be delivered to the International Space Station in 2001  It was vacuum-sealed and about 6 in (15 cm) in diameter to fit in the station's oven  It was launched on a Soyuz and eaten by Yuri Usachov in orbit In the 2010s, the chain saw a downturn in profits  In 2015, the franchise stated it would be pumping more capital into its London branches  Pizza Hut is installing cocktail bars in its London branches as part of a £60 million bid to win back "the Nando's generation" In January 2019, Pizza Hut announced it had expanded beer delivery to 300 locations across the U S , with plans to expand to 1,000 locations by the middle of the year In March 2019, Pizza Hut announced the return of the P'Zone after a hiatus of several years In March 2020, Pizza Hut Hong Kong announced that it had partnered with furniture retailer IKEA on a joint venture  IKEA launched a new side table called SÄVA, which was designed to resemble a pizza saver  The table would be boxed in packaging resembling a pizza box, and the building instructions included a suggestion to order a Swedish meatball pizza from Pizza Hut, which would contain the same meatballs served in IKEA restaurants  A 2021 menu addition, designed to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the introduction of stuffed-crust-pizza, was "nothing but the stuffed crust," a ring of dough filled with cheese 

WingStreet
WingStreet is the name used for Pizza Hut's chicken wing menu 

In 2003, Yum! launched WingStreet in combination with existing Pizza Hut franchises  The chain predicted aggressive growth, adding more than 4,000 locations by 2010  In 2012, Pizza Hut opened a standalone pilot store in Denton, Texas  The store was unsuccessful in collecting sales and closed the following year Restaurants with WingStreet sections on their menus sell breaded and traditional buffalo wings for take-out and delivery  Their sauces include original Buffalo (in mild, medium, and hot levels of spiciness), sweet chili, spicy garlic, honey barbecue, and garlic Parmesan, as well as cajun and lemon pepper dry rubs  They also offer sauce-free "naked" wings 

International
Pizza Hut's international presence under Yum! Brands includes:

Canada and Mexico in North America
Japan, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, European Union, Qatar, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Myanmar, and Macau in Asia 
EgyptPizza Hut's China operations are part of the Yum! spinoff Yum China  Pizza Hut was one of the first American franchises to open in Iraq 

China
In China, Pizza Hut (simplified Chinese: 必胜客; traditional Chinese: 必勝客; pinyin: Bìshèng Kè) used an altered business model, offering a fine-dining atmosphere with knives and forks and using an expanded menu catering to Chinese tastes  By 2008, Pizza Hut operated restaurants and delivery locations  That year, the company introduced "Pizza Hut Express", opening locations in Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Hangzhou  The 160 restaurants were in 40 Chinese cities in 2005  As of 2015, Pizza Hut had 1,903 restaurants in China Savio S  Chan (陳少宏, Pinyin: Chén Shàohóng) and Michael Zakkour, authors of China's Super Consumers: What 1 Billion Customers Want and How to Sell it to Them, stated middle-class Chinese perceive Pizza Hut as "akin to fine dining", though Pizza Hut was "China's largest and most successful foreign casual-dining chain" 

Australia
Pizza Hut expanded to Australia in 1970, opening its first dine-in restaurant in Belfield in April 1970  In 2016, private equity firm Allegro Funds and a local management team bought the master franchise agreement for Pizza Hut in Australia from Yum! Brands  In June 2023, Allegro sold Pizza Hut Australia to US franchise operator Flynn Restaurant Group  As of June 2023, there are about 260 Pizza Hut stores in Australia 

Pakistan
Pizza Hut Pakistan (Urdu: پیزاہٹ پاکستان) is the Pakistani franchisee of Pizza Hut  It is owned by MCR (Pvt) Ltd and is headquartered in Karachi, Pakistan  The first outlet was opened in Karachi in 1993  Currently, Pizza Hut has a presence in 23 major cities 

Mongolia
"Tavan Bogd Foods Pizza" LLC officially opened Pizza Hut on July 14, 2014 in Mongolia  They currently work under three concepts: Restaurant, Delivery, and Express, and provide products and services in 13 areas 

Ethiopia
In 2018, Pizza Hut officially opened in Ethiopia 

Former markets
Russia – Pizza Hut began operating in Russia in 1991, when food supplies dwindled during the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, prompting Russian President Boris Yeltsin to call Pizza Hut deliveries  Pizza Hut suspended operations in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine  Later some restaurants re-opened operations under rebranded new trademark PitstsaN (ПиццаН) 
Panama – In 2022, the Pizza Hut chain ceased its operations in Panamanian lands after re-reporting economic losses 

Advertising
United States
Pizza Hut's first television commercial was produced in 1965 by Bob Walterscheidt for the Harry Crow agency in Wichita, and was entitled "Putt-Putt to the Pizza Hut"  The ad looks just like an old movie and is set in fast motion  It features a man in a business suit and tie, played by Ron Williams, who was then a production manager for Wichita's ABC affiliate KAKE-TV, as he orders take-out, leaves his house, and gets into his 1965 Mustang JR to drive to Pizza Hut, where he is chased by a variety of townspeople, portrayed by neighborhood kids, Walterscheidt and his daughter, and various employees for Harry Crow and KAKE-TV  He goes inside Pizza Hut to pick up his pizza and drives home  People eat all the pizza before the man who ordered it can get any, which makes the man very upset, so he calls Pizza Hut again  The ad first aired on November 19, 1966, during halftime of the Notre Dame vs  Michigan State "Game of the Century", and dramatically increased sales for the franchise  "Putt-Putt to the Pizza Hut" ran on TV for eight years and was nominated for a Clio Award Until early 2007, Pizza Hut's main advertising slogan was "Gather 'round the good stuff"  From 2008 to 2009, the advertising slogan was "Now You're Eating!" From 2009 to 2012, the advertising slogan was "Your Favorites  Your Pizza Hut" From 2012 to 2016, the advertising slogan was "Make it great", a variation of the 1987–1995 slogan "Makin' it great!"  From 1995 to 1999, the slogan was "You'll love the stuff we're made of"  The advertising slogan is currently "No one outpizzas the hut" Pizza Hut does not have an official international mascot, but at one time, a series of commercials in the U S  aired, titled "The Pizza Head Show"  These commercials ran from 1991 to 1999 and was created by Walter Williams, creator of the Mr  Bill sketches from Saturday Night Live in the late 1970s - upon which the ad campaign was based  The ads featured a slice of pizza with a face made out of toppings called "Pizza Head"  In the 1970s, Pizza Hut used the signature red roof with a jolly man named "Pizza Hut Pete"  Pete was on the bags, cups, balloons, and hand puppets for the kids  In Australia during the mid to late 1990s, the advertising mascot was a delivery boy named Dougie, with boyish good looks, who upon delivering pizza to his father, would hear the catchphrase "Here's a tip: Be good to your mother"  Adding to the impact of these advertisements, the role of Dougie was played by famous Australian soap opera and police drama actor Diarmid Heidenreich Pizza Hut sponsored the film Back to the Future Part II (1989) and offered a free pair of futuristic sunglasses, known as "Solar Shades", with the purchase of Pizza Hut pizza  Pizza Hut also engaged in product placement within the film, having a futuristic version of their logo with their trademarked red hut printed on the side of a mylar dehydrated pizza wrapper in the McFly family dinner scene, and appear on a storefront in Hill Valley in the year 2015 The 1990 NES game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game came with a coupon for a free pizza  The game included Pizza Hut product placement in the form of background advertisements and pizza that would refill the character's life 
In 1995, Donald Trump and his ex-wife Ivana Trump appeared in a commercial  The last scene of the commercial showed Ivana asking for the last slice, to which Donald replied, "Actually, dear, you're only entitled to half", a play on the couple's recent divorce In 1995, Ringo Starr appeared in a Pizza Hut commercial that teased to a Beatles reunion, but featured three members of The Monkees  A commercial with Rush Limbaugh dates from the same year, in which he boasts "nobody is more right than me," yet he states for the first time he will do something wrong, which was to participate in Pizza Hut's then "eating pizza crust first" campaign regarding their stuffed-crust pizzas In 1999, the announcer says, "The best pizzas under one roof" in the Big New Yorker pizza commercial seen on the PlayStation Pizza Hut Demo Disc 1  Also, in 1999, the game Crazy Taxi for Sega Dreamcast featured Pizza Hut as one of the locations to which players were able to drive and drop off customers  However, in the game's 2010 re-release for Xbox Live and PlayStation Network, all of the product placement, including the Pizza Hut locations, were removed and replaced with generic locations Early 2007 had Pizza Hut move into several more interactive ways of marketing to the consumer  Using mobile-phone SMS technology and their MyHut ordering site, they aired several television commercials (commencing just before the Super Bowl) containing hidden words that viewers could type into their phones to receive coupons  Other innovative efforts included their "MySpace Ted" campaign, which took advantage of the popularity of social networking, and the burgeoning user-submission marketing movement via their Vice President of Pizza contest 

United Kingdom
In 1996, as part of Pizza Hut's global advertising strategy using celebrities, Formula One driver Damon Hill and BBC motorsport commentator Murray Walker advertised the stuffed-crust pizza, which parodies Walker's extravagant style Talk show host Jonathan Ross co-starred in an ad with American model Caprice Bourret  They advertised the new stuffed-crust pizza, with Jonathan Ross saying "stuffed cwust" due to his rhotacism Following England's defeat to Germany on penalties in the semifinals of Euro '96, Gareth Southgate, Stuart Pearce, and Chris Waddle featured in an advertisement, which shows Southgate wearing a paper bag over his head in shame as his penalty miss allowed England to lose the shootout  Waddle and Pearce, who both missed in a shootout vs West Germany at World Cup '90, are ridiculing him, emphasizing the word "miss" at every opportunity  After Southgate finishes his pizza, he takes off his paper bag, heads for the door, and bangs his head against the wall  Pearce responds with, "this time he's hit the post" 

Russia
Former Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev starred in a 1997 Pizza Hut commercial with his granddaughter Anastasia Virganskaya to raise money for the Perestroyka Archives  The ad "obviously exploited the shock value of having a former world leader appear    [and] played on the fact that Gorbachev was far more popular outside Russia than inside it"  It was filmed on a multi-million budget with a cinematic quality, including mounting cameras on the Kremlin and shutting down Red Square to get the establishing shots of the square, and dialogue entirely in Russian with English subtitles, to show Pizza Hut as a global brand compared to its American rivals In recent years, Pizza Hut has had various celebrity spokespeople, including Jessica Simpson, the Muppets, Damon Hill, and Murray Walker 
In 2000, Pizza Hut paid for their logo to appear on a Russian Proton rocket, which launched the Russian Zvezda module 

Pasta Hut
On April 1, 2008, Pizza Hut in America sent emails to customers advertising their pasta items  The email (and similar advertising on the company's website) stated: "Pasta so good, we changed our name to Pasta Hut!" The name change was a publicity stunt held on April Fools' Day, extending through the month of April, with the company's Dallas headquarters changing its exterior logo to Pasta Hut This name change was also used to promote the new Tuscani Pasta line and the new Pizza Hut dine-in menu  The first Pasta Hut advertisement shows the original Pizza Hut restaurant being imploded and recreated with a "Pasta Hut" sign 
A version of this stunt was re-created by Pizza Hut's UK operation later that year in October 2008, which included ten locations in London temporarily taking on new "Pasta Hut" signage  Pizza Hut UK's chief executive at the time has insisted that this was solely intended as a "PR exercise" and the chain never planned on permanently changing its name in the UK or elsewhere 

Sponsorships
In the early 1990s, as part of PepsiCo's sponsorship of The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (and its former moniker, The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour), Pizza Hut was included in the acknowledgment alongside Taco Bell and KFC, which PepsiCo owned at the time 
In 2000, Pizza Hut was a part-time sponsor of Galaxy Motorsports' #75 Ford in the then NASCAR Cup Series, driven by Wally Dallenbach Jr 
Pizza Hut was the shirt sponsor of English football club Fulham F C  for the 2001–02 season
Terry Labonte drove selected events with Pizza Hut as the primary sponsor of his #44 car for Hendrick Motorsports in 2005  Brian Vickers also drove a Pizza Hut car in the NASCAR Busch Series for Hendrick 
Pizza Hut purchased the naming rights to Major League Soccer club FC Dallas' stadium, Pizza Hut Park, prior to its opening in 2005, which were allowed to expire in January 2012 
In October 2015, Pizza Hut signed sponsorship deals with the Dallas Mavericks, Dallas Stars, and American Airlines Center 
In February 2018, Pizza Hut signed a sponsorship deal to be the official pizza sponsor for the National Football League 
Pizza Hut sponsored the #14 Brad Jones Racing Holden ZB Commodore driven by Todd Hazelwood for both of the Darwin Triple Crown and Townsville 500 in 2021 
In March 2022, Pizza Hut signed a sponsorship deal to be the official Quick Service Restaurant for the Supercars Championship 

Book It!
Pizza Hut has sponsored the Book It! reading-incentive program since it started in January 1985  Students who read books according to the goal set by the classroom teacher, in any month from October through March, are rewarded with a Pizza Hut certificate good for a free, one-topping Personal Pan Pizza; and the classroom whose students read the most books is rewarded with a pizza party  Book It! was conceived in 1984 during a dinner with Art Gunther, President of Pizza Hut, and Bud Gates, SVP of Marketing at Pizza Hut, as a way to help Gunther's son read more The program has been criticized by some psychologists on the grounds it may lead to overjustification and reduce children's intrinsic interest in reading  Book It! was also criticized by the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood in 2007 who described it as "one of corporate America's most insidious school-based brand promotions " A pamphlet produced by the group argued the program promoted junk food to a captive market, made teachers into promoters for Pizza Hut, and undermined parents by making visits to the chain an integral part of bringing up their children to be literate  However, a study of the program found participation in the program neither increased nor decreased reading motivation  The program's 25th anniversary was in 2010  The Book It! program in Australia ceased in 2002 

Criticism
In the United Kingdom, Pizza Hut was criticized in October 2007 for the high salt content of its meals, some of which were found to contain more than twice the daily recommended amount of salt for an adult  The toppings that consumers prefer, however, (ham, sausage, bacon, etc ) naturally contain high levels of salt To meet the Food Standards Agency 2010 target for salt levels in foods, between 2008 and 2010, the company removed over 15% of salt across its menu In July 2014, delivery drivers in the United States filed a class-action lawsuit over Pizza Hut "paying delivery drivers net wages below minimum wage due to unreimbursed automobile expenses" in violation of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act  An attempt by Pizza Hut to have the case dismissed in November 2015 failed  In December 2016, the case, Linkovich v  Capital Pizza Huts, Inc , et al , was decided by arbitration, in which Pizza Hut paid damages 

See also
List of pizza chains
List of pizza chains of the United States
List of pizza franchises
List of pizza varieties by country
Passage 17:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha



ground_truth: 2 million

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who did the person portraying Batman in the Justice League movie play in Dazed and Confused?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: "Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins particularly disliked Justice League because the film itself seemed to contradict her film, as both she and Zack Snyder worked together to keep continuity between their films, in details like not changing Wonder Woman's costume, but Joss Whedon reshot the film to the point the characters were not being portrayed as previously shown in past films 

Accolades
Director's cut
The divisive reaction towards the theatrical cut of the film, with Zack Snyder leaving directorial duties and the final cut of the film in the hands of Joss Whedon, has led to an argument comparing the situation to the one experienced by the film Superman II  Both Justice League and Superman II feature a director who was replaced, for different reasons, before completion of a film, which led to a second director coming in and making substantial changes to the tone of each film  Although the reasoning behind each director's departure differs, Richard Donner was able to complete his Superman II cut in 2006  In the belief that Snyder had shot enough material for a finished film, a campaign for a "Snyder Cut" was started to allow Snyder to receive a similar treatment to Donner  Arguments were made that Snyder's vision would be more cohesive to the previous films than the actual theatrical cut, which Snyder has refused to see  Warner Bros  initially remained silent regarding any intention of making a "Snyder Cut" In March 2019, Snyder confirmed his original cut existed, and stated that it was up to Warner Bros  to release it  In November, an insider claimed that Warner Bros  was unlikely to release Snyder's version of Justice League in theaters, calling it a "pipe dream"  In December, Snyder posted a photo in his Vero account, which showed boxes with tapes labeled "Z S  J L Director's cut", and with the caption "Is it real? Does it exist? Of course it does"  Snyder officially confirmed in May 2020 that his cut of Justice League will be released for HBO Max service in 2021  The cut cost $70+ million to complete the special effects, musical score, and editing  Some of the film's original cast, including Affleck, Fisher, and Miller (remotely), returned to help complete the project, which also included limited additional filming  Jared Leto, Amy Adams, and J  K  Simmons appeared in the cut as the Joker, Lois Lane, and James Gordon respectively  As a result of the new cut, the original theatrical cut is referred to by fans as the "Whedon Cut" or "Josstice League", referring to the film's replacement director Joss Whedon  Despite being far better received than the theatrical version, Snyder stated that his cut would not be made canon to the DCEU, with Warner Bros  still considering the 2017 cut to be the official version 

Future
A sequel was originally scheduled to be released in June 2019 but was subsequently delayed to accommodate the release for The Batman  By March 2017, producer Charles Roven said that Zack Snyder would direct the film and in October J  K  Simmons stated that the studio was working on the script of the sequel, alongside The Batman  Shortly after the release of Justice League, Henry Cavill said that he was under contract with Warner Bros  to play Superman for one more film  In December, it was revealed that there were "no immediate plans" for Zack Snyder to direct any future DC films, being relegated to an executive producer position instead  This came after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros  due to the film's mixed critical reception and disappointing financial performance  By 2019, Warner Bros  had prioritized solo films over the project 
In 2019, after previously declining an offer to direct the first film, Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins noted she was open to directing a Justice League sequel Though Snyder's cut of Justice League has been described by DC Films executives as "a storytelling cul-de-sac" with no sequels planned, Snyder stated that he would be willing to return to direct the sequels if the studio offered him the chance  In January 2021, Ray Fisher (who had a fallout with Joss Whedon, Geoff Johns, Jon Berg and former DC Films president Walter Hamada) stated that he would only be willing to reprise his role as Cyborg in a future DCEU film if Justice League Part Two were to be made by Snyder  However, shortly after the 'Snyder Cut' was released Warner Bros CEO Ann Sarnoff said in March that there were no current plans in place for Snyder to return as a director/writer for future DCEU films suggesting a direct sequel to his version of Justice League remained unlikely  Later in August, DC Films producer Charles Roven stated that a Justice League sequel was still possible, though it would be several years away  A sequel was once again under consideration while De Luca and Abdy were in charge of DC Films (later renamed DC Studios), before James Gunn and Peter Safran took over in 2022 

Notes
Passage 2:
Sadie Plant
Sadie Plant (born Sarah Jane Plant; 16 March 1964 in Birmingham, England) is a British philosopher, cultural theorist, and author 

Education
She earned her PhD in Philosophy from the University of Manchester in 1989 and subsequently taught at the University of Birmingham's Department of Cultural Studies (formerly the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies) before going on to found the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit with colleague Nick Land at the University of Warwick, where she was a faculty member  Her original research was related to the Situationist International before turning to the social and political potential of cyber-technology  Her writing in the 1990s would prove influential in the development of cyberfeminism 

Career
Sadie Plant left the University of Warwick in 1997 to write full-time  She published a cultural history of drug use and control, and a report on the social effects of mobile phones, as well as articles in publications as varied as the Financial Times, Wired, Blueprint, and Dazed and Confused  She published the book Zeros + Ones in 1997, in which she reveals how women's role in programming has been overlooked  She was interviewed as one of the 'People to Watch' in the Winter 2000–2001 issue of Time 

Publications
The Most Radical Gesture: The Situationist International in a Postmodern Age (1992, Routledge) ISBN 0-415-06222-5
Zeroes + Ones : Digital Women and the New Technoculture (1997, Doubleday) ISBN 0-385-48260-4
Writing on Drugs (1999, Faber and Faber) ISBN 0-571-19616-0
Passage 3:
Glenn Chapman
Glenn Justice Chapman (January 21, 1906 – November 5, 1988) was an American Major League Baseball player  Nicknamed "Pete", he played in 67 games for the  Brooklyn Dodgers during the 1934 season 

External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Passage 4:
Dazed and Confused (film)
Dazed and Confused is a 1993 American coming-of-age comedy film written and directed by Richard Linklater  The film features a large ensemble cast of actors who would later become stars, including Jason London, Ben Affleck, Milla Jovovich, Cole Hauser, Parker Posey, Adam Goldberg, Matthew McConaughey, Nicky Katt, Joey Lauren Adams, and Rory Cochrane  The plot follows the exploits of several teenagers during the last day of school in 1976 Austin, Texas  
Released on September 24, 1993 Dazed and Confused was a commercial disappointment at the box office, grossing less than $8 million in the United States  The film later found success on the home video market and has since become a cult classic  It ranked third on Entertainment Weekly magazine's list of the 50 Best High School Movies  The magazine also ranked it 10th on its "Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years" list 

Plot
It is May 28, 1976, the last day of school at Lee High School in Austin, Texas  The next year's group of seniors are preparing for the annual hazing of incoming freshmen  Randall "Pink" Floyd, the school's star football player, is asked to sign a pledge promising not to take drugs during the summer or do anything that would "jeopardize the goal of a championship season"  When classes end, the incoming freshman boys are hunted down by the seniors and paddled  The incoming freshman girls are also hazed; they are rounded up in the school parking lot by senior girls, covered in mustard, ketchup, flour and raw eggs and forced to propose to senior boys 
As day fades to night, freshman Mitch Kramer escapes the initial hazing with his best friend Carl Burnett, but is later cornered after a baseball game and violently paddled  Fred O'Bannion, a senior participating in the hazing tradition for a second year after failing to graduate, delights in punishing Mitch  Pink gives the injured Mitch a ride home and offers to take him cruising with friends that night  Plans for the evening are ruined when Kevin Pickford's parents discover his intention to host a keg party  Elsewhere, the intellectual trio of Cynthia Dunn, Tony Olson, and Mike Newhouse decide to participate in the evening's festivities  Pink and his friend David Wooderson, a man in his early 20s who still socializes with high school students, pick up Mitch and head for the Emporium, a pool hall frequented by teenagers 
As the night progresses, students loiter around the Emporium, listen to rock music, cruise the neighborhood and frequent a local drive-through restaurant  Mitch is introduced to sophomore Julie Simms, with whom he shares a mutual attraction  While cruising again with Pink, Pickford and Don Dawson, Mitch drinks beer and smokes marijuana for the first time  After a game of mailbox baseball, a neighborhood resident brandishing a gun threatens to call the police  They barely escape after the resident fires at their car  After returning to the Emporium, Mitch runs into his middle school friends  They hatch a plan to exact revenge on O'Bannion  It culminates with them dumping paint on O'Bannion, who leaves in a fit of rage 
After the Emporium closes, an impromptu keg party is planned in a field under a moonlight tower  Cynthia, Tony, and Mike arrive at their first keg party, where Mike is threatened by tough guy Clint Bruno  Tony runs into freshman Sabrina Davis, whom he met earlier during the hazing and they begin hanging out together  Cynthia likes Wooderson and exchanges phone numbers with him  Mike, suffering from the humiliation of his confrontation with Clint, decides to make a stand by punching him; in return, he gets tackled by Clint and receives a beating from him  The fight is broken up by Pink and Wooderson  Football player Benny O'Donnell confronts Pink about his refusal to sign the pledge  Pink, the only player not to have signed, believes it violates his individuality and beliefs  Mitch leaves the keg party with Julie  They drive to a nearby hill overlooking town to make out  Tony gives Sabrina a ride home and they kiss goodnight 
As night turns to dawn, Pink, Wooderson, Don, Ron Slater and several other friends decide to smoke marijuana on the 50-yard line of the football field  The police arrive so they ditch the drugs  Recognizing Pink and Dawson, the police call Coach Conrad, his football coach  Conrad lectures Pink about hanging out with "losers" and insists that he sign the pledge  Pink says that he might play football, but he is not going to sign it  Pink leaves with his friends to Houston to obtain tickets to an Aerosmith concert  Mitch arrives home after sunrise to find his mother has waited up for him  She decides against punishment, but warns him about coming home late again  Mitch goes to his bedroom, puts on headphones, and listens to "Slow Ride" by Foghat, as Pink, Wooderson, Slater, and Simone Kerr travel down a highway to purchase their tickets 

Cast
Production
Development
When asked in an interview what he wanted to do after Slacker, director Richard Linklater said "I want to make this teenage rock'n'roll spree  I knew I wanted the story to take place on one day in the spring of 1976, but at one point it was much more experimental  The whole movie took place in a car with the characters driving around listening to ZZ Top " Lee Daniel, the director of photography, described the concept: "It would have been two shots—one of a guy putting in an eight-track of ZZ Top's Fandango! and one of two guys driving around talking  The film would be the length of the actual album, and you'd hear each track in the background as a source " Eventually, Linklater decided to write a script "to represent different points of view", the first draft of which took a month to complete  Universal Studios fast tracked production of Linklater's script, jumping ahead of 30 other films which were in development at that time 

Casting
Casting searches were done in Austin, New York, and Los Angeles  Vince Vaughn was almost cast as the bully O'Bannion before Ben Affleck was chosen  As Linklater put it, "Ben was smart and full of life  You don't cast the unappealing person, you cast the appealing person " Other young actors considered for roles include Elizabeth Berkley, Mira Sorvino, Ashley Judd, Brendan Fraser, Jon Favreau, Ron Livingston and Claire Danes  Casting director Don Phillips said, "We wanted Claire Danes for the girl, but she was too young  She couldn't leave school " Renee Zellweger has a nonspeaking role in the film, but was originally considered for the part of Darla, which went to Parker Posey instead  Linklater said, "Parker was just crazier " Wiley Wiggins was the "big find" in Austin, according to Linklater, who described him as "a 15-year-old with all the bad habits of a grad student: smoking cigarettes, hanging out at coffee shops, my kind of guy "Some roles which were intended to be larger were reduced  The Kevin Pickford character, played by Shawn Andrews, was meant to be a larger role, but due to his behavior with other cast members, Pickford's screen time was cut in favor of Matthew McConaughey's character, Wooderson  Linklater recalled "There was another actor, [Shawn Andrews], who was kind of the opposite [of McConaughey]  He wasn't really getting along with everybody  I could tell the actors weren't responding to him " Linklater had to break up a fight between Andrews and London at one point  On screen, the two characters barely speak to each other during the film  Milla Jovovich, who played Michelle, Pickford's girlfriend, had her role reduced because, in Linklater's words, "it didn't really gel "McConaughey was not originally cast in the film, as the role of Wooderson was originally small and meant to be cast locally for budget purposes  He was a film student at the University of Texas in Austin and went out drinking with his girlfriend one night  They ended up at the Hyatt hotel bar since his friend was a bartender there and could get them a discount  He approached casting director Phillips in the bar  Phillips recalls, "The bartender says to him, 'See that guy down there? That's Don Phillips  He cast Sean Penn in Fast Times ' And Matthew goes, 'I'm gonna go down and talk to this guy '" Phillips also recalls that Linklater didn't like McConaughey at first because he was "too handsome " Much of the Wooderson role was improvised or written on the spot, giving McConaughey more screen time 

Reception
Dazed and Confused was released on September 24, 1993, in 183 theaters, grossing $918,127 on its opening weekend  It went on to make $7 9 million in North America The film received positive reviews from critics  On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 92% approval rating based on 62 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 7 90/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "Featuring an excellent ensemble cast, a precise feel for the 1970s, and a killer soundtrack, Dazed and Confused is a funny, affectionate, and clear-eyed look at high school life " Metacritic provides a score of 78 out of 100 from 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews Film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film three stars out of four, praising the film as "art crossed with anthropology" with a "painful underside"  Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "Dazed and Confused has an enjoyably playful spirit, one that amply compensates for its lack of structure"  Desson Howe of The Washington Post, wrote, "Dazed succeeds on its own terms and reflects American culture so well, it becomes part of it"  In her review for The Austin Chronicle, Marjorie Baumgarten gave particular praise to Matthew McConaughey's performance: "He is a character we're all too familiar with in the movies but McConaughey nails this guy without a hint of condescension or whimsy, claiming this character for all time as his own" Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film four stars out of four, and praised Linklater as a "sly and formidable talent, bringing an anthropologist's eye to this spectacularly funny celebration of the rites of stupidity  His shitfaced American Graffiti is the ultimate party movie – loud, crude, socially irresponsible and totally irresistible"  In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "Linklater is surely no ham-fisted moralist, and his film has lots of attitude to shake a finger at  But it also has enough buoyant '70s music to shake anybody's tail feather, and a kind of easy jubilance of narrative and character"  Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A" rating, and wrote, "Yet if Linklater captures the comic goofiness of the time, he also evokes its liberating spirit  The film finds its meaning in the subtle clash between the older, sadistic macho-jock ethos and the follow-your-impulse hedonism that was the lingering legacy of the '60s" 

Legacy
Quentin Tarantino included it on his list of the 10 greatest films of all time in the 2002 Sight and Sound poll  In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked the film #17 on its list of "The Top 50 Cult Films", third on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies, 10th on its "Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years" list, and ranked it #6 on its "The Cult 25: The Essential Left-Field Movie Hits Since '83" list In October 2004, three of Linklater's former classmates from Huntsville High School, whose surnames are Wooderson, Slater, and Floyd, filed a defamation lawsuit against Linklater, claiming to be the basis for the similarly named characters on the film  The lawsuit was filed in New Mexico rather than Texas because New Mexico has a longer statute of limitations  The suit was subsequently dismissed In 2012, McConaughey reprised his role as Wooderson in the Butch Walker and The Black Widows music video "Synthesizers"  To celebrate the film's 20th anniversary in 2013, the film received the Star of Texas award from the Texas Film Hall of Fame  Linklater accepted the award after being introduced by Tarantino, who reiterated his appreciation of the film as his favorite of the 1990s  The event featured a reunion of several cast members including Joey Lauren Adams, Wiley Wiggins, Christin Hinojosa, Nicky Katt, Mona Lee, Catherine Avril Morris, Anthony Rapp, Marissa Ribisi, Michelle Burke Thomas, and Mark Vandermeulen  At the event, Linklater described his intent to create an inverse John Hughes film: "The drama is so low-key in [Dazed & Confused]  I don't remember teenage being that dramatic  I remember just trying to go with the flow, socialize, fit in and be cool  The stakes were really low  To get Aerosmith tickets or not? That's a big thing  It was really rare when the star-crossed lovers from the opposite side of the tracks and the girl gets pregnant and there's a car crash and somebody dies  That didn't really happen much  But riding around and trying to look for something to do with the music cranked up, now that happened a lot!"After Boyhood was released Linklater announced that his next film, Everybody Wants Some!!, would be a "spiritual sequel" to Dazed and Confused  The newer film takes place at a Texas college in 1980 The line "alright, alright, alright" became a catchphrase for Matthew McConaughey Rotten Tomatoes' editorial team credits the film for "putting Austin, Texas on the map "

Home video
MCA/Universal released Dazed and Confused on laserdisc in January 1994, followed by a VHS release two months later The film was released on HD DVD in 2006  The Criterion Collection released a two-disc boxed-set edition of the film on June 6, 2006, in the U S  and Canada  Features included an audio commentary by Richard Linklater, deleted scenes, the original trailer, the 50 minute "Making Dazed" documentary that aired on the American Movie Classics channel on September 18, 2005, on-set interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, cast auditions and footage from the ten-year anniversary celebration  Also included is a 72-page book featuring new essays by Kent Jones, Jim DeRogatis, and Chuck Klosterman as well as memories from the cast and crew, character profiles and a mini reproduction of the original film poster designed by Frank Kozik  Entertainment Weekly gave it an "A" rating and stated that it "grants this enduring cult classic the DVD treatment it deserves" Universal Studios released Dazed and Confused on Blu-ray in August 2011, in a 1080p/AVC MPEG-4 transfer, with a DTS-HD Master Audio 5 1 soundtrack The Blunt Truth is a four-minute and twenty second long 1970s anti-cannabis hoax educational film  It appeared as a bonus feature on 2004's Dazed and Confused: Flashback Party Edition On February 21, 2023, The Criterion Collection re-released the film on 4K UHD Blu-ray  In their review, Svet Atanasov at Blu-ray com states that "The 2022 restoration on the 4K Blu-ray disc was undertaken by the Criterion Collection from the 35mm original camera negative, scanned on a Lasergraphics Director film scanner  Based on the 2011 color transfer, this restoration was newly remastered in Dolby Vision HDR and approved by director Richard Linklater  The 2011 SDR restoration on the Blu-ray -- supervised by Linklater and director of photography Lee Daniel -- was undertaken by the Criterion Collection -- from a 35mm interpositive, scanned on a Spirit 4K DataCine  The original 5 1 surround soundtrack was remastered from the 35mm magnetic audio tracks" 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film was released on September 28, 1993, by The Medicine Label, and they consist of hit songs (mostly rock) from the 1970s, the film's setting  The songs "Hurricane" by Bob Dylan, "Hey Baby" by Ted Nugent, and "Sweet Emotion" by Aerosmith were also included in the film, but not on the commercial soundtracks  "The Alien Song (For Those Who Listen)" by Milla Jovovich was briefly performed by Jovovich's character Michelle Burroughs, but was not included in the soundtrack either  Geffen Records attempted to get up-and-coming band Jackyl to do a cover of Grand Funk's "We're an American Band" to play over the end credits and be released as a single, but Linklater refused 

Certifications
Book
In September 1993, St  Martin's Press published a 127-page, softcover book (ISBN 0-312-09466-3) inspired by Richard Linklater's screenplay  It was compiled by Linklater, Denise Montgomery, and others, and designed by Erik Josowitz  It was presented as a kind of yearbook, with character profiles, essays by characters, a timeline focusing on the years 1973 to 1977, and various 1970s pop culture charts and quizzes  It also featured dozens of black-and-white photos from the film 
Passage 5:
Gal Gadot
Gal Gadot-Varsano (Hebrew: גל גדות Hebrew pronunciation: [ˈɡal ɡaˈdot]; born 30 April 1985) is an Israeli actress and model  She was crowned Miss Israel 2004 and represented her country at the Miss Universe 2004 pageant  She then served in the Israel Defense Forces for two years as a combat fitness instructor, whereafter she began studying at IDC Herzliya while building her modeling and acting careers Her first international film performance was as Gisele Yashar in Fast & Furious (2009), a part she reprised in the sequels Fast Five (2011), Fast & Furious 6 (2013), and Fast X (2023)  Gadot went on to achieve global stardom for her portrayal of Wonder Woman in the DC Extended Universe, including Wonder Woman (2017) and Wonder Woman 1984 (2020)  She has since starred in the Netflix action-comedy film Red Notice (2021) and the mystery film Death on the Nile (2022) 
Gadot was included on the list of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time in 2018, and has placed twice in annual rankings of the world's highest-paid actresses 

Early life
Gadot was born on 30 April 1985 in Petah Tikva, where she first lived; she was later raised in the city of Rosh HaAyin  In Hebrew, her given name means "wave" and her surname means "riverbanks"  
Prior to her birth, her parents had Hebraized their surname from "Greenstein" to "Gadot"  Her father is Michael Gadot, an engineer, and her mother is Irit (née Weiss), a physical education teacher  Gadot has a younger sister named Dana  Gadot's father is a sixth-generation Sabra  Her maternal grandparents were born in 20th-century Europe; her grandfather survived the Holocaust following his imprisonment at the Auschwitz concentration camp during Nazi Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia, while her grandmother managed to escape the continent before the outbreak of World War II Gadot has stated that she was brought up in a "very Jewish, Israeli family environment"  Growing up in Israel, she learned and danced jazz and hip-hop for 12 years, and her first jobs were working at a local Burger King as well as babysitting  She graduated from Begin High School in Rosh HaAyin, majoring in biology  As Jewish high schools in Israel often take their sophomores on trips to Holocaust memorial sites, Gadot went to Poland to gain a first-hand understanding of two Nazi concentration camps: Auschwitz and Majdanek  About the experience, she reminisced: "I stood there on top of a mountain of ashes  I, an entitled child, felt the suffering the Muselmann experienced back then  When it was time to give my speech at the memorial ceremony, my eyes filled up with tears, and I could not control the shivering  I returned home more mature and cried with my grandfather about that, coming a full circle from his childhood to mine "At 20, Gadot enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces as a combat fitness instructor as part of her mandatory two years of military service  She has said that her military background helped her to win the role of Gisele Yashar in the 2009 film Fast & Furious, stating: "I think the main reason was that the director Justin Lin really liked that I was in the military, and he wanted to use my knowledge of weapons " After her military service, Gadot studied law at IDC Herzliya college in Israel (now Reichman University) 

Career
Modeling and beauty pageant career
Gadot entered the Miss Israel national beauty pageant at 18, under the impression that it would be a "fun" experience, and stated in a Glamour interview: "I never thought I would win " She subsequently won and went on to compete for Israel in the Miss Universe 2004 pageant that took place that year in Ecuador She has led international campaigns as a model for Miss Sixty, Huawei smartphones, Captain Morgan rum, Gucci fragrances, Vine Vera skincare and Jaguar Cars  In 2015, she became the face of Gucci's Bamboo perfume brand  She has been featured as the covergirl on Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Bride Magazine, Entertainment Weekly, UMM, Cleo, Fashion, Lucire, FHM  Gadot was the main model for fashion brand Castro from 2008 to 2016  In 2013, her combined annual modeling and acting salary was estimated at NIS 2 4 million In 2007, a then 21-year-old Gadot was in the Maxim photo shoot "Women of the Israel Defense Forces" and was then featured on the cover of the New York Post In 2017, Gadot was placed at number one on FHM's "100 Sexiest Women in the World" list In 2018, Gadot became a brand ambassador for Revlon and Reebok  She appeared in advertisements for Revlon's "Live Boldly" campaign and Reebok's "Be More Human" campaign 

Acting
After Gadot had completed her first year of college, a casting director contacted her agent to have Gadot audition for the part of Camille Montes in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace  Although she lost the part to Olga Kurylenko, a few months later, Gadot starred in the 2008 Israeli drama Bubot  Three months later, the casting director from her Quantum of Solace audition chose Gadot over six other actresses for the role of Gisele Yashar in the action film Fast & Furious, the fourth film in the Fast & Furious franchise  Gadot performed some of her own stunt work in those films In 2010, she had small roles in the action comedy Date Night and the action-adventure comedy Knight and Day  2011 brought her back to the Fast & Furious franchise, reprising her role as Gisele in Fast Five; she played the character again in 2013's Fast & Furious 6 

Gadot portrayed Wonder Woman in the superhero film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)  Gadot received swordsmanship, Kung Fu, kickboxing, capoeira and Brazilian jiu-jitsu training in preparation for the role  She was almost cast as Faora-Ul in Man of Steel, but she rejected the part for her pregnancy  Antje Traue was cast instead  Gadot's performance as the superhero, which was the character's first appearance in film, was singled out as one of the best parts of the film Gadot, fellow Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter, DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson, Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins and U N  Under-Secretary-General Cristina Gallach appeared at the United Nations on 21 October 2016, the 75th anniversary of the first appearance of Wonder Woman, to mark the character's designation by the United Nations as its "Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls"  The gesture was intended to raise awareness of UN Sustainable Development Goal No  5, which seeks to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls by 2030  The decision was met with protests from UN staff members who stated in their petition to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that the character is "not culturally encompassing or sensitive" and served to objectify women  As a result, the character was stripped of the designation, and the project ended on 16 December Also in 2016, she had a small role in John Hillcoat's crime-thriller Triple 9, where she starred along with Kate Winslet and Aaron Paul  Later that year, she co-starred in the action crime thriller film Criminal, as the wife of Ryan Reynolds' character, alongside Kevin Costner, Gary Oldman, and Tommy Lee Jones  Her final film of 2016 was the action comedy Keeping Up with the Joneses, in which she played a secret agent, alongside Zach Galifianakis, Jon Hamm, and Isla Fisher In 2017, Gadot starred in a solo film for her character, Wonder Woman  She reprised the role in the ensemble film Justice League, which was released in November 2017, and was her third DC Extended Universe installment  That same year, Gadot was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences In 2018, Time magazine named Gadot one of the 100 most influential people in the world, and Forbes ranked her as the tenth highest-paid actress in the world, with annual earnings of $10 million  In the same year, Gadot voiced Shank in the Walt Disney Animation Studios film Ralph Breaks the Internet Gadot appeared in the music video for Maroon 5's song "Girls Like You" featuring Cardi B In 2020, Forbes ranked Gadot as the third highest-paid actress in the world, with annual earnings of $31 5 million  On 11 October 2020, Gadot was confirmed to be reuniting with Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins on Cleopatra, an epic film centered on Cleopatra, which was originally going to be distributed by Paramount Pictures  Later, Jenkins moved to produce the project with Kari Skogland set to direct  In December, Gadot was cast in the spy thriller Heart of Stone In 2021, Gadot starred alongside Dwayne Johnson and Ryan Reynolds in the Netflix action comedy film Red Notice, written and directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber  The following year, she co-starred with Kenneth Branagh, Armie Hammer, Ali Fazal, Tom Bateman, and Annette Bening in the 2022 mystery film Death on the Nile, which was also directed by Branagh  In 2023, Gadot made an uncredited cameo appearance as Wonder Woman in Shazam! Fury of the Gods and returned to the Fast & Furious franchise with a cameo appearance in Fast X Gadot will star as the Evil Queen in a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and also produce and star in a remake of Alfred Hitchcock's 1955 film To Catch a Thief 

Producer
In October 2019, Gadot formed a film and television production company, Pilot Wave, with her husband Jaron "Yaron" Varsano, and said she will star in and co-produce an Apple TV+ limited series about actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr, as well as the Warner Bros  historical thriller film Irena Sendler, following the life of WWII humanitarian Irena Sendler In 2020, Gadot co-produced, as well as starred, in the film Wonder Woman 1984 

Other work
In 2008, Gadot participated in Tfos Ta'Festigal – Harpatka BaMetzulot (Festigal 2008), the highest-grossing annual Israeli musical show for kids during the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah, where Gadot took part as one of the local Israeli celebrities; and she acted, sang and danced – dressed as a mermaid Gadot was named as celebrity endorser for Smartwater in 2020, replacing Jennifer Aniston, who had served in that role since 2008 

"Imagine" video
In March 2020, Gadot and a number of other celebrities, including her Wonder Woman 1984 co-star Kristen Wiig, performed an online version of the song "Imagine" by John Lennon, intended to raise morale during the COVID-19 pandemic  The video received backlash with critics dismissing it as an ineffective response to the pandemic; Jon Caramanica of The New York Times called it "an empty and profoundly awkward gesture"  Gadot later acknowledged the video did not garner the positive reaction that had been intended, but was unapologetic in explaining the thinking behind it  In a 2022 interview with InStyle magazine, Gadot admitted that the video was done in "poor taste", but still maintained that it had "pure intentions" 

Personal life
Gadot married Israeli real estate developer Jaron "Yaron" Varsano in 2008  They have three daughters, born in 2011, 2017, and 2021  The two formed their own film-television production company, Pilot Wave, in 2019  Gadot and Varsano owned a boutique hotel in Tel Aviv, Israel, which she helped run, that eventually was sold to Roman Abramovich in 2015 for $26 million Gadot is an avid martial arts enthusiast  She possesses a black belt in both karate and Krav Maga  She has served as a trainer and combat instructor for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)  Her extensive background knowledge in martial arts played a key part in helping her land the role of Wonder Woman During the 2014 Gaza War, Gadot posted on Facebook a picture of herself and her daughter praying in front of Shabbat candles in support of the IDF, accompanied by a comment that quickly accumulated over 200,000 likes as well as more than 15,000 comments of both support and criticism:
I am sending my love and prayers to my fellow Israeli citizens  Especially to all the boys and girls who are risking their lives protecting my country against the horrific acts conducted by Hamas, who are hiding like cowards behind women and children     We shall overcome!!! #weareright #freegazafromhamas #stopterror #coexistance #loveidf
During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, Gadot called for peace between the two territories in a statement that drew backlash for expressing support for Israel and referring to the Palestinians as her "neighbours" 

Recognition
On June 26, 2023, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce announced that Gadot would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, class 2024, making her the first person of Israeli descent to receive the honor 
In 2023, Gadot was awarded the LifeSaver Award by ELEM/Youth in Distress in Israel 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Commercials
Beauty pageants
Awards and nominations
See also
Israeli fashion
Women in Israel
Women in the Israel Defense Forces
List of Israelis

Notes



ground_truth: Fred O'Bannion

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In which county did Snappy Tomato Pizza form?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:   The other founding organizations were the Allied Arts Club, the Stinson Beach Community Church, The Volunteer Fire Department, and the Parent-Teachers Club   The Community Center complex on Belvedere Avenue includes the Fire House, which fronts on Shoreline Highway, the Community Center, and the Chapel   The land was donated by the FitzHenrys and the other heirs of the Stinson families 

Regional recreation areas
Audubon Canyon Ranch
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Mount Tamalpais State Park
Point Reyes National Seashore

Annual events
On the second Sunday of June, the town serves as the ending point for the annual running of the Dipsea Race, the second-oldest footrace in the U S  The California Road Club holds its Mount Tamalpais Hill Climb, one of the oldest bicycle races in the West, in early fall   Since 2002, the race has been held on the third Saturday of the month, with about 400 bicyclists competing in the 12 5-mile (20 1 km) road race from Stinson to the head of Bolinas Lagoon and on to the West summit of Mount Tamalpais at Rock Spring "Cuisine on the Green" is a yearly event held in the town's central park, the Village Green, each May  It features local restaurants and merchants selling a wide variety of foods, trinkets, clothing, art, and novelty items at different booths  Talent local to the area often performs on the small park stage  Cuisine on the Green benefits the Stinson Beach Community Center 
On July 4 of every year, a "tug-of-war" is held with Bolinas across the inlet dividing the two communities  Thirty women from each shore pull against each other until a winner is declared, and then 30 men from each take their turn  It is a slice of life, pure Americana, and always contested both during the actual event and then afterward in the local bars of Smiley's and the Sand Dollar, where the winners' trophies are displayed 

Notable people
Residents, landowners, and summer people important in the development, life, and culture of Stinson Beach   Arrival or tenure is shown in square brackets   Birth and death dates are shown in parentheses 

Rafael Garcia [1836–1846], first settler on Bolinas Lagoon 
Gregorio (1791–May 10, 1863) and Ramona Garcia Briones (1793/4–June 23, 1901), received the Rancho Las Baulines Mexican land grant on February 11, 1846; after being widowed, Ramona married Benancio Munos when she was almost 80; when she died at the age of 107, Ramona Garcia Munos was believed to be the oldest woman in California 
Pablo Briones [1837–?], with his uncle, Rafael Garcia, managed the Rancho for his parents, Gregorio and Ramona; trained as curandero by his aunt, Juana Briones de Miranda; settled in Bolinas 
Captain Isaac Morgan [c  1851–?], purchased the portion of Rancho Las Baulines east of Bolinas Lagoon in 1852; on this property, called Belvidere Ranch and which was to become Stinson Beach, he grew apples, cut wood, built boats, and had a dairy farm; in 1866, as lead partner in the Morgan Land Company, purchased the Page Tract, which ran from Belvidere Ranch to Dogtown and which became the Bourne and Wilkins Ranches 
Nathan and Rose Stinson [1870s–?], established first campground at Willow Camp 
Captain Alfred Easkoot [1870s–], Marin County surveyor; founder of second campground ; member of Duxbury Grove No  26, UAOD
Thaddeus Welch (1844–1919) and Ludmila Pilat Welch (1867–1925) [1896–1905], American painters
William Kent (March 29, 1864 – March 13, 1928) United States Congressman; donor of the land for the Muir Woods National Monument; owner of the beach and tidelands that became Seadrift 
Newman Lee Fitzhenry (1881–November 20, 1938) [c  1913–1938], BS, University of Chicago, 1905; married Eve Stinson and pursued real estate and resort development; suicided November 20, 1938 
William Kent Jr , began the development of the Seadrift subdivision in the 1950s 
Mildred Sadler (May 16, 1905 – February 18, 2004) (1926–2004), Principal, Stinson Beach School, 1926–1967 
Landis Everson (1960s), poet and painter 
George Hunter White, also known as Colonel White (1965–1975) (died October 23, 1975), Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent and District Supervisor, retired; OSS Counter-Intelligence Director during WWII; led Project MKULTRA in Boston and Operation Midnight Climax in New York and San Francisco brothels (or "safehouses") until the closure of the San Francisco facilities in 1965; Fire Marshall, Stinson Beach Fire Department
Elmer Collett (1966–present), former professional football player for the 49ers and the Colts
Peter Bishop Allen (November 1, 1943 – June 3, 2004) (c  1967–2004), sculptor of marine mammals; Assistant Chief, Stinson Beach Fire Department; founder of The Kids Camp nature education program
Steve Miller (1960s–1970s), musician
Jerry Garcia (1970s), musician
Carolyn Garcia, also known as Mountain Girl (1970s), member of Merry Pranksters, wife of Jerry Garcia
Keith and Donna Godchaux (1970s), musicians
Peter Rowan (1970s), musician
Richard Jencks - former President of CBS 
The Rowan Brothers – Lorin and Chris Rowan (1970s), musicians
David Grisman (1970s), musician
George Frayne (born c  1946) (c  1973–199), musician (Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen) and artist; Frayne has referred to Stinson Beach as "formerly the grooviest place on earth "
Joseph Esherick (1987), famed architect; designed a home on Sea Drift Road
James Grant (1924–1997) (c  1980–1997), painter and sculptor; the art exhibit wall at the Stinson Beach Branch Library is named in his honor
Jerry Cebe (August 10, 1940 - Sep 1, 2017), artist (abstract painting; art glass)
Klaus Kinski

In popular culture
Stinson Beach has been the setting and filming location for several movies, including:

Play It Again, Sam
The Fog
Memoirs of an Invisible Man
The Invisible Man (2020 film); this adaptation is unrelated to the novel & film listed above 
Basic Instinct
On The Edge
Shoot The Moon
 The Crazy-Quilt (1966 John Korty Film)
America Is Still the PlaceThe town was mentioned in an episode of M*A*S*H—"The Merchant of Korea"   In the episode, BJ borrows $200 from Charles to wire home to his wife as a down payment on the purchase of a one-acre lot with "trees, the beach, a view of San Francisco   everything!"
George Frayne (Commander Cody) wrote a song about Stinson Beach entitled "Midnight on The Strand"  It was recorded on his 1987 album, Let's Rock 
The town and the beach are the topic of a poem by Garrison Keillor  In We Are Still Married: Stories and Letters, Keillor has a four-page essay about his visits to Stinson Beach and how thinking of the beach helps him sleep The poet Robert Duncan wrote his influential collection Opening the Field at a house in Stinson Beach Janis Joplin's cremated ashes were scattered along this beach as well as the Pacific Ocean The story of a young surfer's recovery from a shark attack is the subject of a book, Far from Shore Author Danielle Steel writes about Stinson Beach in her novel One Day at a Time (Dell, 2009, ISBN 978-0-440-24333-5) 

See also
List of beaches in California
List of California state parks
Passage 6:
Pao Sarasin
Police General Pao Sarasin (c  1929 – March 7, 2013) was a Thai politician and former police officer  Sarasin served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, as well as the country's Interior Minister, in 1992 

Early life and education
Pao Sarasin was the son of former Prime Minister of Thailand Pote Sarasin and his wife, Thanpuying Siri Sarasin  He was one of three brothers, including Pong Sarasin and Arsa Sarasin  Pao Sarasin graduated from Vajiravudh College, a boarding school in Bangkok  He then moved to the United States, where he received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University and a second bachelor's degree from the University of California in criminology 

Careers
Sarasin enlisted the Royal Thai Police in 1954, rising to the rank of police general during his career  He served as the Chief of the force's Office of the Narcotics Control Board from 1978 until 1983  In 1987, he became the Chief of the Royal Thai Police In 1992, Sarasin briefly held the posts of Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister under the Royal Thai Army military junta and the post-coup government of former Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun During his later life, Sarasin served as the council presidents of both Mae Fah Luang University in Chiang Rai province and Khon Kaen University in Khon Kaen province 

Death
Pao Sarasin died at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok after a month-long hospitalization for a blood infection on March 7, 2013, at the age of 83  A royal bathing rite ceremony for Sarasin was held at the Wat Benchamabophit with Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn in attendance representing the royal family  He was survived by his wife, Thapuying Tawika Sarasin, and three sons, including Thai television host, Kanit Sarasin 

Honours
Foreign honours
Malaysia : Honorary Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P S M ) (1988)
 Malaysia : Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P M N ) (1993)

See also
Sarasin family
Passage 7:
John and Elizabeth Shaw Sundy House
The John and Elizabeth Shaw Sundy House is a historic home in Delray Beach, Florida, United States  It is located at 106 South Swinton Avenue  On January 16, 1992, it was added to the U S  National Register of Historic Places 
Passage 8:
The Beach (film)
The Beach is a 2000 adventure drama film directed by Danny Boyle, from a screenplay by John Hodge, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland  The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Virginie Ledoyen, Guillaume Canet, and Robert Carlyle  It was filmed on the Thai island of Ko Phi Phi Le 
The film was a moderate box office success but received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics 

Plot
Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, stays in a drab travelers' hotel on Khao San Road where he meets a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne  He also meets Daffy, who tells him of a pristine, uninhabited island in the Gulf of Thailand with a beautiful hidden beach  Daffy explains that he settled there in secret several years earlier, but difficulties arose and he left  Daffy commits suicide, leaving Richard a map to the island  Richard persuades Françoise and Étienne to accompany him to the island, and the three travel to Ko Samui  Richard meets two American surfers who have heard rumors of the island and he gives them a copy of the map 
En route to the island, Richard becomes infatuated with Françoise  After swimming to the island from a neighbouring island, they find a cannabis plantation guarded by armed Thai farmers  Avoiding detection, they make their way across the island and meet Keaty, who brings them to a community of travellers living on the island in secret  Sal, the community's English leader, explains that the farmers allow them to stay so long as they keep to themselves and do not allow any more travelers to come to the island  Richard lies that they have not shown the map to anyone else  The trio becomes integrated into the community 
One night, Françoise invites Richard to the beach, where she tells him that she is falling in love with him and they start an affair   Despite hoping to keep it secret, the community finds out  Although he is angry, Étienne says he will not stand in their way if Françoise is happier with Richard 
Sal selects Richard to accompany her on a supply run to Ko Pha Ngan  They encounter the American surfers who are preparing to search for the island and mention Richard's map  Sal is upset but believes Richard when he says they have no map  To ensure that Sal will not tell the rest of the island about the map, Richard has sex with her at her order   On their return to the island, Richard lies to Françoise about having had sex with Sal 
Three of the community fishermen are attacked by a shark while spearfishing  One is killed and another, Christo, is severely injured  Now terrified of the water, Christo refuses to be taken to the mainland for medical treatment and Sal refuses to allow any doctors to be brought to the island to treat him  As the man's condition worsens, the islanders simply leave him in the jungle to die, but Etienne refuses to abandon him 
When the surfers turn up on the neighboring island, Sal orders Richard to send them away and destroy their map  She tells everyone that she and Richard had sex, which leaves Françoise angry and heartbroken, causing her to return to Étienne  Isolated from the group, Richard begins to lose his sanity, imagining that he is conversing with the deceased Daffy 
The surfers reach the island but are discovered and killed by the farmers  Shocked at witnessing their deaths, Richard smothers Christo to put him out of his misery and gathers Françoise and Étienne to leave the island 
Richard is captured by the farmers along with Françoise and Étienne  The farmers are furious with the community for breaking their deal not to allow any more newcomers  The lead farmer gives Sal a gun loaded with a single bullet and orders her to make a choice: kill Richard and the group will be allowed to stay, or else they must all leave immediately  Sal pulls the trigger, but the chamber is empty  Shocked by her willingness to commit murder, the other members of the community abandon Sal, leave the island, and go their separate ways 
Back in the United States, Richard receives an email at an Internet cafe from Françoise with a nostalgic group photograph of the beach community in happier times 

Cast
Leonardo DiCaprio as Richard, a freelance traveler 
Tilda Swinton as Sal, the leader of the beach community 
Virginie Ledoyen as Françoise, the girlfriend of Étienne, and Richard's love interest 
Guillaume Canet as Étienne, the boyfriend of Françoise 
Robert Carlyle as Daffy, the eccentric former member of the beach community 
Paterson Joseph as Keaty, a member of the beach community who loves cricket 
Lars Arentz-Hansen as Bugs, Sal's South-African boyfriend and the beach community's carpenter 
Daniel Caltagirone as Unhygienix, the beach community's chef who has an obsession with soap due to having to always prepare the fish for consumption 
Staffan Kihlbom, Jukka Hiltunen, and Magnus Lindgren as Christo, Karl, and Sten, the beach community's Swedish fishermen 
Victoria Smurfit as Weathergirl, a member of the beach community whose tightening pelvis has been a sign for rain 
Zelda Tinska and Lidija Zovkić as Sonja and Mirjana, two beach community members who come from Sarajevo 
Samuel Gough as Guitarman, the beach community's residential guitarist who is not a good singer 
Peter Youngblood Hills and Jerry Swindall as Zeph and Sammy, two Americans whom Richard meets in Ko Samui 
Saskia Mulder and Simone Huber as Hilda and Eva, two women who accompany Zeph and Sammy to the island 
Peter Gevisser as Gregorio, an Italian member of the beach community 
Abhijati 'Meuk' Jusakul as the leader of the cannabis farmers 

Production
Ewan McGregor was cast as the main character before leaving due to disputes with the director  It was speculated that Boyle was offered additional funding under the condition that DiCaprio be cast and his character made American  Whilst promoting T2 Trainspotting on The Graham Norton Show, the dispute was discussed in more depth, with McGregor stating "It was a mis-handling and a mis-understanding over the film and it's a big regret of mine that it went on for so very long    and it didn't matter about The Beach, it was never about that  It was about our friendship  I felt like Danny's actor and it made me a bit rudderless " 
Boyle stated, "I handled it very very badly and I have apologised to Ewan for it  I felt a great shame about it and how it was handled "Members of the cast and crew were involved in a boating accident during production  It was reported that the incident involved both Boyle and DiCaprio  No one was injured The beach seen in the film is not the same as in real life  There is a gap between mountains on the actual beach in Thailand  The special effects crew digitally added some of the surrounding mountains during the post-production phase 
The waterfall scene, where DiCaprio and others jump from a high cliff to the water below, was filmed in Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand, at the Haew Suwat Waterfall 
The map in the film was illustrated by the author of the book that The Beach was based upon, Alex Garland  He received credit for this as the cartographer 
In 1999, Hélène de Fougerolles auditioned for the film but casting directors immediately told her that she was not mysterious enough for the character as she arrived with blond hair in pigtails  She asked them if she could "be an extra or serve coffees there, three months in Thailand, it sounds idyllic!"  Although firstly reluctant because the actress was already established in the industry, they finally accepted  As journalists were not allowed to come take pictures on set, the only picture the press could have of Guillaume Canet and Virginie Ledoyen before shooting started was their departure at Paris airport with de Fougerolles  They made it the cover of Studio Magazine, from which the international press reported her as officially cast  This eventually lent her lines edited out of the final cut but present in the DVD extras 

Release
The film opened February 11, 2000 in both the United Kingdom and the United States The budget of the film was US$50 million  The film opened at number 2 at the box office in both the UK and the US, with a weekend gross of $15,277,921 in the United States and Canada behind Scream 3, and a gross of £2,418,321 in the United Kingdom behind Toy Story 2  Global takings totaled over US$144 million, of which US$39 million was from the United States and Canada 

Home video
The film has been released on VHS and DVD  It was released on Blu-ray in Spain in October 2022   The standard DVD release included nine scenes that were deleted from the film, including an alternative opening which to an extent resembles the one in the novel  These  were later included in a Special Edition DVD release, along with Danny Boyle's commentary on what might have been their purpose  There is also an alternative ending which depicts Sal committing suicide and everyone loading up on a boat from the raft 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film, co-produced by Pete Tong, features the international hits "Pure Shores" by All Saints and "Porcelain" by Moby, as well as tracks by New Order, Blur, Underworld, Orbital, Faithless, Sugar Ray, and others  Leftfield's contribution to the soundtrack, "Snakeblood", was found to have sampled Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "Almost" without permission, leading to a lawsuit; band member Neil Barnes said he forgot to remove the sample from the finished track  The songs "Synasthasia" by Junkie XL, "Out of Control" by The Chemical Brothers, "Fiesta Conga" by Movin' Melodies, "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley, "Neon Reprise" by Lunatic Calm and "Smoke Two Joints" by Chris Kay and Michael Kay were also included in the movie but omitted from the soundtrack  The teaser trailer for the film featured "Touched" by VAST 
The film score was composed by Angelo Badalamenti, and a separate album containing selections of his score was released as well 

Track listing
Year-end charts
Certifications
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 20% based on 119 reviews, and an average rating of 4 4/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "The Beach is unfocused and muddled, a shallow adaptation of the novel it is based on  Points go to the gorgeous cinematography, though " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" Critics suggested that DiCaprio's fame post-Titanic might have contributed to the financial success of this film, which came out less than three years after the James Cameron blockbuster  CNN's Paul Clinton said "Leonardo DiCaprio's main fan base of screaming adolescent girls won't be disappointed with The Beach  The majority of the film displays the titanic-sized young heartthrob sans his shirt in this story about the pseudo-angst and alienation of a young man from the United States escaping civilization and his computer-obsessed generation " He agreed with most others that The Beach was "nothing to write home about"  DiCaprio was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor for his work on the film 

Controversies
Damage to filming location
Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Le to make it more "paradise-like"  The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach  Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed   Following shooting of the film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004 The lawsuits dragged on for years  In 2006, Thailand's Supreme Court upheld an appellate court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and ordered that damage assessments be made  Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials The large increase in tourist traffic to the beach as a result of the film resulted in environmental damage to the bay and the nearby coral reefs, prompting Thai authorities to close the beach in 2018 The restoration period for the bay was lengthened due to travel restrictions during the COVID pandemic  Blacktip sharks began breeding there again  In 2022, the bay reopened to tourists, under strict protocols of no boats, no swimming and no more than a one hour visit per person for a limited number of visitors at a time 

Portrayal of Thailand
After the film premiered in Thailand in 2000, some Thai politicians were upset at the way Thailand was depicted in the film and called for it to be banned  The depiction of the drug culture was said to give Thailand a bad image and having a statue of Buddha in a bar was cited as "blasphemous" 

Possible spin-off
In a 2019 interview with The Independent, Danny Boyle revealed that a television series based on his film has been written by Amy Seimetz  The proposed series is set to take place before the events from the 1996 novel, although it will be updated to occur 20 years later, in 2016 

See also
Phi Phi Islands
Passage 9:
Return of the Kung Fu Dragon
Return of the Kung Fu Dragon (Chinese: 砲傌俥; Mandarin:  Ju ma pao) is a 1976 Taiwanese film directed by Chick Lim Yu 

Plot summary
On the idyllic phoenix island in the south china sea a golden city becomes the birthplace to a new form of Kung Fu  Soon an evil tyrant threatens the peace and harmony of once such a proud city  A generation passes and a brave prince, a fearless princess and a foolish dwarf with the powers of invisibility team up to return a kingdom to its people as they wrest it from the hands of the evil tyrant 

Cast
Soundtrack
Passage 10:
Whihala Beach County Park
Whihala Beach County Park is a park in Whiting, Indiana, United States  It is a public beach with life guards  The beach was previously named Whiting Beach Whihala Beach is named after the nearby cities of Whiting and Hammond and Lake County Parks Department 
Passage 11:
Sylvan Beach Union Chapel
Sylvan Beach Union Chapel is a historic interdenominational church building located at Sylvan Beach in Oneida County, New York   It opened on July 3, 1887, and worship services have been held there every summer since then   The film The Sterile Cuckoo starring Liza Minnelli was shot in part at the church It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 
Passage 12:
Bang Bon District
Bang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bāːŋ bɔ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand  Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, Mueang Samut Sakhon district and Krathum Baen district of Samut Sakhon province, and Nong Khaem district of Bangkok 

History
Formerly Bang Bon was a tambon of amphoe Bang Khun Thian in Thonburi Province, prior to the merger of Thonburi and Phra Nakhon into a single province, after which it was a sub-district of Bang Khun Thian District 
On 14 October 1997, Bang Bon was split from Bang Khun Thian and established as a new district  The district office opened on 6 March 1998, the last of Bangkok's 50 districts to open, first established temporarily at the Thepyada Arak Fresh Market building, but later moved to a permanent location on Ekkachai Road 

Administration
The district has four sub-districts (khwaeng) 

The missing number 1 is the sub-district that was dissolved and divided into four current sub-districts 

Economy
Agriculture is an important part of the area economy  Among Bang Bon's famous products are Nam Doc Mai mangos, coconuts, orchids, and lotus 

Places
Wat Bang Bon
7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary Park, Bang Bon, otherwise known as 9 Hills Park
Sarasas Witaed Bangbon School
Suksanareewittaya School, formerly and still colloquially known as Suksanari 2 School (shared with Samut Sakhon province)

Notable people
Chalerm Yubamrung – politician
Passage 13:
John Anderson Lodge
The John Anderson Lodge was an historic home built around 1886 at 71 Orchard Lane in Ormond Beach, Florida, United States  It was built for Ormond Beach promoter John Anderson (1853–1911), who was one of the first owners of the Ormond Hotel  The lodge was originally used by employees of the hotel and to host parties  In its later years it became a single family residence  The lodge was built on pilings and featured vertical palm tree wall construction 

National Register of Historic Places
The John Anderson Lodge was added onto the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1989 

State of Disrepair
By 2017, the structure was in a bad state of disrepair as termites infested much of the building's wood, the original floors were missing in much of the building, and there were several holes in the walls and roof that were allowing water to continue to damage the interior  The most significant damage was related to the pilings which sank and jeopardized the structure's stability  To fix the pilings the structure would have had to be lifted up and suspended in the air during repairs  It was determined that the weakened walls and roof were not strong enough and would have most likely crumbled apart In October 2018, a non-destructive inspection of the foundation by EMS Forensic Associates, LLC  determined that the structure was most likely beyond economic repair 

Demolition
On August 6, 2019, the City of Ormond Beach, Florida issued Demolition Permit number 19-00005662  The John Anderson Lodge was demolished in September 2019 

Delisting from the National Register of Historic Places
In July 2022, a petition to delist the John Anderson Lodge from the National Register of Historic Places was sent to the Florida Department of Historic Resources 
Passage 14:
Dillon Beach, California
Dillon Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Marin County, California, United States  It is located 3 25 miles (5 2 km) west of Tomales, at an elevation of 89 ft (27 m)  The population was 246 at the 2020 census  Dillon Beach was named after the founder, George Dillon, who settled there in 1858  The area includes a public access beach, as well as a private beach resort, the only private beach in California 

Geography
Dillon Beach is located at Bodega Bay (near the mouth of Tomales Bay), at 38°15′03″N 122°57′55″W The Estero de San Antonio State Marine Recreational Management Area is a marine protected area located 1 5 miles (2 4 km) north of Dillon Beach  Like an underwater park, this marine protected area helps conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 98 sq mi (7 7 km2), all of it land 

History
The Coast Miwok people had a presence in the area around Dillon Beach long before Europeans arrived in the Americas  It is thought that a few of their villages lay within the greater Dillon Beach area, including one around the feature known locally as the Sand Point 
In the 1850s, local historical figure Tom Wood operated in the area, employing the natives in harvesting of grain to be milled nearby  He would attempt to ensure that they were not taken advantage of by the British, French, or American traders that would ply the coast  Hides and tallow were traded for various manufactured goods, among them whiskey  Despite Wood's efforts, many of them would fall victim to alcoholism, and while a few claim descent from the local Coast Miwoks, no full-blooded members live today  Tom's Point, immediately south of Dillon Beach on the eastern shore of the bay, is named for Tom Wood, and Wood resided there with the small village he ingratiated himself into 
Irishman George Dillon and wife Mathilda arrived at what is now Dillon Beach from the eastern U S  in 1868  When his friends and family showed interest in the area, he thought to capitalize on it; in 1888, he built an 11 bedroom hotel, restaurant, and general store  This is the Dillon Beach Resort in operation today  Visitors would explore the area on their way up the coast toward the redwood forests, strolling the beach, fishing, or digging clams from the nearby clam bars of Tomales Bay 
In 1903, Dillon sold out to John Keegan with the agreement that the beach would always be named Dillon Beach  Keegan also built cottages, one of which still stands along the road to the beach  Keegan ran a stagecoach from Dillon Beach to Tomales where it met the train 
Keegan sold the holdings to the California Eucalyptus Plantation Company in 1911  They planted the area with eucalyptus trees, a few of which still stand, but continued to operate the resort, and redoubled these efforts as the eucalyptus crop proved to warp easily and was effectively worthless  Under the subsidiary of the Dillon Beach Company, they operated the resort, ferried guests from the train in Tomales, ran a charter boat, and created Portola Beach, a subdivision along Cliff Street  Try as they might, their Dillon Beach operations were failing 
When regular visitors and Woodland ranchers Sylvester and Carrie Lawson offered to lease the property, the California Eucalyptus Plantation Company promptly agreed  Different portions of the business and land were leased or purchased by the Lawson family, and by 1942 Dillon Beach was firmly in Lawson hands  Sylvester and Carrie's older son, Howard, and his wife, Winifred, owned and ran the resort, while the younger son, Walter, and his wife, Nita, ran the southern side of the property, operating it as a ranch and opening Lawsons Landing on it  The Landing is operated by Walter's descendants to this day as a campground with a store and boating access to Tomales Bay 
During World War II, fears of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast were considered well founded, especially along sparsely populated Marin and Sonoma counties, where enemy forces could conceivably make landfall and prepare for a larger invasion of San Francisco Bay  The military commandeered many cottages and monitored the water from outposts on the surrounding hills supported by ground patrols  The sand dunes on the Lawsons Landing property were also a site for rifle and grenade practice, and the Lawson family recalls at least one instance of an armored vehicle's  50 caliber machine gun being fired around their cows, resulting in a tense conversation between soldiers and ranchers  One soldier reportedly sighted a Japanese submarine off the beach, prompting the garrison to scramble to nearby Marshall to requisition its civilian fishing boats for use in a counterattack, several of which were run by their respective owners  It took several hours to coordinate the operation, and once the soldiers finally arrived at the area of the supposed sighting, armed only with small arms, the submarine had departed, if it had been there at all 
The College of the Pacific operated from 1933 until some time in the 1980s  It stood between Portola Beach and Lawsons Landing, offering a hands-on experience for a small number of marine biology students  The concrete foundation is all that remains today, hinting at what was there before to passersby today 
During the 1960s, Oceana Marin was developed north of town by John Keegan's grandson, James Keegan of Wells Fargo Bank and Henry Trione of Sonoma County Mortgage  Fancy modern coastal houses were built on the hillsides overlooking the quaint town of small cottages, giving it a unique appeal 
The resort, day use beach, and restaurant were sold to Fred Cline in 1990 by the Lawsons  He would sell in 2018 to the group of investors owning it today 

Dillon Beach Resort
Between 2001 and 2018, Dillon Beach Resort was owned and operated by Fred and Nancy Cline of Sonoma Valley, California   In April 2018, Mike Goebel purchased the resort 
It is one of the few beaches with private (for-fee) access in northern California  
In California, public access is permitted below the high tide line  The horrible lines of traffic in Dillon Beach are caused by people waiting for entry into the parking lot of Dillon Beach Resort's beach lot  On hot holidays the line can extend all the way up to Elephant Rocks, almost a mile away 

Demographics
2010
At the 2010 census, Dillon Beach had a population of 283  The population density was 94 8 inhabitants per square mile (36 6/km2)  The racial makeup of Dillon Beach was 266 (94 0%) White, 3 (1 1%) Native American, 4 (1 4%) Asian, and 10 (3 5%) from two or more races   Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9 people (3 2%) The census reported that 100% of the population lived in households 
There were 147 households, 20 (13 6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 79 (53 7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6 (4 1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2 (1 4%) had a male householder with no wife present   There were 6 (4 1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (2 0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  48 households (32 7%) were one person and 26 (17 7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older  The average household size was 1 93   There were 87 families (59 2% of households); the average family size was 2 37 
The age distribution was 28 people (9 9%) under the age of 18, 7 people (2 5%) aged 18 to 24, 44 people (15 5%) aged 25 to 44, 127 people (44 9%) aged 45 to 64, and 77 people (27 2%) who were 65 or older   The median age was 57 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 2 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94 7 males 
There were 440 housing units at an average density of 147 5 per square mile, of the occupied units 125 (85 0%) were owner-occupied and 22 (15 0%) were rented  The homeowner vacancy rate was 5 3%; the rental vacancy rate was 59 3%  84 5% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 15 5% lived in rental housing units 

2000
At the 2000 census, there were 319 people, 155 households, and 103 families in the CDP   The population density was 107/sq mi (41 5/km2)   There were 415 housing units at an average density of 140/sq mi (54/km2)   The racial makeup of the CDP in 2010 was 90 8% non-Hispanic White, 1 1% Native American, 1 4% Asian, and 3 5% from two or more races  3 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
Of the 155 households 17 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59 4% were married couples living together, 4 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33 5% were non-families  27 7% of households were one person and 10 3% were one person aged 65 or older   The average household size was 2 06 and the average family size was 2 47 
The age distribution was 14 4% under the age of 18, 1 3% from 18 to 24, 18 8% from 25 to 44, 43 6% from 45 to 64, and 21 9% 65 or older   The median age was 52 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 0 males 
The median household income was $47,679 and the median family income  was $52,000  Males had a median income of $40,714 versus $37,083 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $39,475   None of the families and 1 3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under-eighteens and none of those over 64 



ground_truth: Kenton County

Kenton County, Kentucky