prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is another notable work made by the author of Miss Sara Sampson?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Dean Sampson
Dean Sampson (born 27 June 1967) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played as a prop, and spent the majority of his professional career at the Castleford Tigers (Heritage № 661), with spells in Australia for Gold Coast and the Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 551)  Sampson made over 400 appearances for Castleford (Tigers) between 1987 and 2005  He also represented England and Great Britain at international level, and was selected to go on the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand 

Background
Sampson was born in Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England 

Playing career
Sampson started his career at Stanley Rangers before joining Castleford in 1986, and made his first team début in 1987 

International honours
Sampson played right-prop in Great Britain's 14–8 victory over Auckland on the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australasia at Carlaw Park, Parnell, New Zealand on Wednesday 8 July 1992, and played left-prop in Great Britain's 17–6 victory over Canterbury on the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australasia at Rugby League Park/Addington Showgrounds, Christchurch on Wednesday 15 July 1992 
In the 1997 post season, Sampson was selected to play for Great Britain in the first match of the Super League Test series against Australia Sampson won caps for England while at Castleford in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup against Fiji, South Africa (interchange/substitute), and Wales (interchange/substitute), and in 1999 against France (two occasions) 

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Sampson was an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing Left-Prop Lee Crooks on 33-minutes) in Castleford's 12–28 defeat by Wigan in the 1992 Challenge Cup Final during the 1991–92 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 2 May 1992, in front of a crowd of 77,386 

County Cup Final appearances
Sampson played as an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing Hooker Kevin Beardmore) in Castleford's 12–12 draw with Bradford Northern in the 1987 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1987–88 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 17 October 1987, played as an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing Prop John Fifita) in the 2–11 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1987 Yorkshire Cup Final replay during the 1987–88 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 31 October 1987, played as an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing interchange/substitute David Roockley) in the 12–33 defeat by Leeds in the 1988 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1988–89 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Sunday 16 October 1988, and played prop in the 11–8 victory over Wakefield Trinity in the 1990 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1990–91 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Sunday 23 September 1990 

Regal Trophy Final appearances
Sampson played as an interchange/substitute, i e  number 15, (replacing Prop Martin Ketteridge on 74-minutes) in Castleford's 33–2 victory over Wigan in the 1993–94 Regal Trophy Final during the 1993–94 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 22 January 1994 

Club career
Sampson came back in 2003 when Castleford Tigers went through an injury crisis, scoring on his comeback game against Warrington Wolves  He also played once more for Castleford Tigers in 2005 against Hull Dockers in the Challenge Cup  Overall Sampson played 431 games for Castleford scoring 68 tries  With 431-appearances, Sampson is joint second (along with Artie Atkinson) in Castleford's all-time appearance list behind John Joyner, who has 613-appearances  Sampson was a real fans favourite for Castleford and his name was often chanted by the home fans 

Coaching career
After retirement, Sampson became the club's academy coach and won the Junior academy championship in 2004  He left the club in 2005 and moved to Hull Kingston Rovers, and became the assistant coach there  Sampson left Hull Kingston Rovers after a brief period and stayed out of the game for a while 
Sampson rejoined Castleford for 2009's Super League XIV, and was the club's academy coach once again 

Honoured at Castleford Tigers
Sampson is a Tigers Hall of Fame Inductee 

Genealogical information
Sampson is the son of the rugby league footballer, and coach; Dave Sampson and Mavis (née Dean), the nephew of the rugby league footballer; Malcolm Sampson, and the cousin of the sprinter; Denise Ramsden, and the rugby union, and rugby league footballer; Paul Sampson 
Passage 2:
Nərimanabad, Lankaran
Nərimanabad (also, Narimanov, Sara, and Sara-Ostrov) is a village and municipality in the Lankaran Rayon of Azerbaijan   It has a population of 4,876   The municipality consists of the villages of Nərimanabad and Üzümçülük 
Passage 3:
Prison Break
Prison Break is an American serial drama television series created by Paul Scheuring for Fox  The series revolves around two brothers, Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell) and Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller); Burrows has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit, while Scofield devises an elaborate plan to help his brother escape prison and clear his name  Along with creator Paul Scheuring, the series is executive-produced by Matt Olmstead, Kevin Hooks, Marty Adelstein, Dawn Parouse, Neal H  Moritz, and Brett Ratner who directed the pilot episode  The series' theme music, composed by Ramin Djawadi, was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 2006  Prison Break is a joint production between Original Film, Adelstein/Parouse Productions (seasons 1–4), Dawn Olmstead Productions (season 5), Adelstein Productions (season 5), One Light Road Productions (season 5) and 20th Century Fox Television, and is syndicated by 20th Television 
The series was originally turned down by Fox in 2003, which was concerned about the long-term prospects of such a series  Following the popularity of serialized prime time television series Lost and 24, Fox decided to back production in 2004  The first season received mostly positive reviews from critics with universal acclaim from audiences  Furthermore, it performed exceptionally in the ratings and was originally planned for a 13-episode run, but was extended to include an extra nine episodes due to its popularity  The subsequent seasons continued to receive strong ratings, however, with some critics claiming the show had overstayed its welcome  Prison Break was nominated for several industry awards, including the 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series Drama and the 2006 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama, which it won  In the United States, all five seasons have been released on DVD and released on Blu-ray internationally 
The success of the series has spawned several official tie-ins: a video game, the spin-off series Prison Break: Proof of Innocence for mobile phones, online webisodes, an official magazine, and a novel  The fourth season of Prison Break returned from its mid-season break in a new timeslot on April 17, 2009, for the series' last six episodes  Two additional episodes, titled "The Old Ball and Chain" and "Free" were produced, and were later transformed into a standalone feature, titled The Final Break  Its events take place before the last scene of the series finale, and conclude the plotlines  The feature was released on DVD and Blu-ray July 21, 2009 A nine-episode fifth season was announced by Fox in January 2016  The revival series premiered on April 4, 2017, and concluded on May 30  In January 2018, Fox confirmed that season 6 was in early development; however, in August 2019, Fox announced that it had no current plans to revive Prison Break, with Miller stating in late 2020 that he had no plan to return to the series 

Series overview
Season 1
The first season follows the rescue of Lincoln Burrows, who is accused of murdering Terrence Steadman, the brother of Vice President of the United States, Caroline Reynolds  Lincoln is sentenced to death and is incarcerated in Fox River State Penitentiary where he awaits his execution  Lincoln's brother, brilliant structural engineer Michael Scofield, is convinced of Lincoln's innocence and formulates an elaborate escape plan  In order to gain access to Fox River, Michael commits an armed robbery which results in him being sentenced to Fox River  In prison, Michael befriends the prison doctor Sara Tancredi when he pretends to suffer from Type 1 diabetes, in order to gain daily access to the prison's infirmary, where he receives his daily insulin shots  The brothers' fight to ward off the execution is aided by their lifelong friend Veronica Donovan, who begins to investigate the conspiracy that put Lincoln in jail  However, they are hindered by covert agents, members of an organization called "The Company"  The Company was responsible for framing Lincoln, and they did so because of Lincoln's father Aldo Burrows, and his former connections with The Company  The brothers, along with six inmates, Fernando Sucre, Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell, Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin, David "Tweener" Apolskis, John Abruzzi, and Charles "Haywire" Patoshik, who come to be known as the Fox River Eight, escape in the season's penultimate episode by using their prison privileges to dig an escape tunnel underneath the prison 

Season 2
The second season begins eight hours after the escape, focusing mainly on the eight escapees  Series creator Paul Scheuring describes the second season as "The Fugitive times eight" and likens it to the "second half of The Great Escape " The fugitives split up and journey to locations across the country with the authorities close behind them as they each pursue their individual goals  Brad Bellick gets fired from the prison where he worked as the main guard and chases after the inmates himself for the reward money  Several of the escapees reunite in search of a large cache of money buried long ago by another Fox River inmate, Charles Westmoreland  Federal agent Alexander Mahone is assigned to track down and capture the eight fugitives, but is revealed to be working for The Company, which wants all eight men dead  When Sara discovers her father, Governor Frank Tancredi, has been killed, she meets with Michael, remaining with him as the brothers try to bring down now-President Reynolds, a Company member  To ensure the brothers' safety, Sara allows herself to be arrested and faces trial  During the trial, the testimony of former Secret Service agent Paul Kellerman, who used to work for The Company-controlled President, exonerates Lincoln and Sara  Half of the escapees are killed or recaptured, but the brothers make it to Panama  Michael, T-Bag, Mahone, and Bellick are arrested by the Panamanian authorities and imprisoned at the Penitenciaría Federal de Sona 

Season 3
The third season follows Michael inside Sona and Lincoln on the outside in Panama  Sona is a prison run by the inmates and guarded only from the outside, due to a riot the year before  Inmates are only supplied with food and water and are expected to distribute and serve fellow inmates independently  The surrounding landscape is monitored by armed guards, who shoot at  the sight of inmates escaping  Burrows is quickly contacted by Gretchen Morgan (a Company's operative who was in charge of operations in Panama) who kidnapped his son LJ and Sara, the woman Michael loves  He is told that The Company wants Scofield to break James Whistler out of Sona  The season follows Michael and Whistler's trials in formulating an escape plan, as Michael has to deal with extreme tension and as Lincoln deals with The Company's operative Gretchen Morgan  Sucre gets a job at the prison to aid Michael in his escape plan  When Lincoln attempts to rescue Sara and LJ following a clue provided by Sara, Gretchen claims to have beheaded Sara and sends Lincoln a head in a box as a warning  As the season ends, the pair manage to escape along with Mahone, and another inmate, Luis, leaving behind several accomplices including T-Bag and Bellick  Sucre's identity is discovered by a prison guard and he is thrown into Sona just after the escape  LJ and Sofia (who was captured for a guarantee that Whistler would go with her) are traded for Whistler, and Michael seeks revenge against Gretchen for Sara's death 

Season 4
The major storyline for the fourth season is about a team recruited by Homeland Security agent Don Self to obtain Scylla  Although the team initially believes it to be The Company's "black book," it is later revealed to contain information on an advanced renewable power cell  Over the course of the first half of the season, the team obtains cards to access Scylla and breaks into The Company's headquarters to steal it, Sara is discovered to be alive, Bellick dies when he sacrifices himself, and Self is revealed to be a double agent intent on selling Scylla to the highest bidder  Reluctantly, Lincoln decides to join The Company to get it back, while Michael suffers from a hypothalamic hamartoma  He is treated and operated on by The Company  Michael later learns that his mother, Christina is still alive and was an agent of The Company, who is revealed to acquire Scylla to sell to the highest bidder  Eventually, the series' main storyline of the past 4 seasons ends in Miami, where Scylla is recovered by Michael and the team, the General and The Company are taken down, and Sara kills Christina 
The last two episodes of the season represent the series finale   In the penultimate episode, Sara is seen buying flowers in Panama with her toddler son, Michael, before visiting Michael's grave with Lincoln, Sucre and Mahone   The final episode and television movie Prison Break: The Final Break show what happened between the takedown of The Company and Michael's death   This story involves the incarceration of Sara in Miami-Dade county penitentiary for Christina's murder  The General and T-Bag are in the adjacent men's facility   The General wants Sara dead and has put a $100,000 bounty on her  Michael hears of the bounty and devises a plan to break Sara out  In the end, knowing that he is dying from a brain tumor, Michael sacrifices himself for Sara to escape 

Season 5
In June 2015, it was reported that a revival was in development at Fox  The limited series is a sequel to the original series, taking place several years later and features Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of series creator Paul Scheuring  Despite Michael being killed in the series finale, Fox CEO Dana Walden said that the series will provide "a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world"  In January 2016, Fox officially ordered the revival to series, with the episode order revised to nine episodes  In March 2016, it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies, Amaury Nolasco, Robert Knepper, Rockmond Dunbar and Paul Adelstein would reprise their roles  Filming began in April 2016 in Vancouver, and several Moroccan cities including Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate  It debuted on April 4, 2017, and aired on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm 

Cast and characters
Prison Break maintains an ensemble cast for each season along with many recurring guest stars  The first season features a cast of ten actors who receive star billing, who were based in Chicago or at Fox River State Penitentiary  The second season features a cast of nine actors who receive billing; three characters are downgraded from series regular to recurring status, another is upgraded, and a new character is introduced  The third season introduces four new characters; two of whom are prisoners at Penitenciaría Federal de Sona Most of the changes in the cast have been due to character deaths  Series creator, Paul Scheuring, explains that killing off major characters "makes the audience that much more fearful for our protagonists" and that "it actually does help us in terms of reducing story lines"  The two protagonists of the series, Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows, are the only characters to have appeared in every episode of the series 

Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows: Lincoln is a high school drop-out and a convicted felon, who is wrongfully convicted of the murder of Terence Steadman, the brother of the Vice President of the United States  Purcell was cast three days before the start of production and consequently, he was the last actor to join the original cast  He auditioned for the role while he had a recurring role as Tommy Ravetto on North Shore  Since working on John Doe, Purcell has had an amiable relationship with Fox  Hence, he was sent the pilot script of Prison Break  Scheuring's first impression of Purcell did not convince him as a fit for the role since the actor went to the audition with his hair styled and a tan  However, Purcell's acting won the role  He arrived on the set on the first day of filming with a shaved head, which amazed Scheuring with the physical likeness of the series' two leading actors 
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield: Michael is Lincoln's brother (his last name is his mother's maiden name), and worked as a structural engineer before devoting full-time to his brother's case  In order to save his brother's life, Michael creates an elaborate plan to help his brother escape from prison  In an interview, Paul Scheuring recalled that most of the actors who tested for the role "would come in playing mysterious, but it was so cheesy and false " A week before the start of production, Miller auditioned for the role and impressed Scheuring with his performance; he was cast the following day 
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre: Sucre develops a friendship with Michael during time at Fox River State Penitentiary, where he was his cell-mate  Initially, his character's story focuses on his wish to reunite with his fiancée  Upon receiving the pilot script, Nolasco's first thought was that it was "one of those failed pilots that the network did not really want" since most of the series' pilots would have started production by that time  Admitting that he does not like to read, Nolasco was amazed that the script was a "huge page-turner"  Prior to his last audition for the role, Nolasco recalled his nervousness, which grew when Paul Scheuring told him that he was their favorite choice  Subsequently, he was cast in the role 
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell: T-Bag appears in all five seasons of the series as a cunning, violent, and manipulative psychopath, consistently underestimated by those around him  T-Bag will stop at nothing to get what he wants and lets nothing stand in his way 
Robin Tunney as Veronica Donovan (seasons 1–2): Veronica is Michael and Lincoln's childhood friend who decides to review Lincoln's case at Michael's insistence  She becomes Lincoln's lawyer and appears as a major character in the first season  She also stars in the first episode of the second season 
Peter Stormare as John Abruzzi (seasons 1–2): Due to his role as the leader of a Chicago mafia, Abruzzi became a prominent figure at Fox River State Penitentiary  He agrees to provide an escape jet plane for Michael in exchange for the location of the eyewitness to his crimes, Otto Fibonacci  He appears regularly in the first half of the first season and makes selected appearances towards the end of the first season and the beginning of the second season 
Marshall Allman as Lincoln "L  J " Burrows Jr  (seasons 1–4): L  J  is the teenage son of Lincoln Burrows and is greatly affected by his father's death sentence  He is forced into hiding after he becomes the target of the people who want Lincoln dead 
Wade Williams as Brad Bellick (seasons 1–4): Bellick is introduced as the captain of Fox River's correctional officers  After reading the pilot script, Williams initially did not want to portray the role of Bellick because the character was "horrible and despicable"  His reluctance stemmed from being the father of a four-year-old daughter  However, his manager persuaded him to audition and Williams landed the role 
Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi (seasons 1–2, 4–5): Sara is the prison doctor at Fox River and the daughter of Governor Frank Tancredi, who is linked into the plot that brings Lincoln to Fox River  She takes a liking to Michael and eventually aids his escape  She ultimately joins them on the run  Callies was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role of Sara Tancredi and was also the first to become a principal cast member 
Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman (seasons 1–2, 4–5): Kellerman was introduced as a Secret Service agent working for the Vice President to make sure that the execution of Lincoln Burrows goes smoothly  He appears as a major character in the first and second seasons 
Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin (seasons 1–2, 4–5): Desperate for his family, C-Note blackmails Michael at Fox River to join his escape team  He appears in the series as a major character in the first and second seasons 
William Fichtner as Alexander Mahone (seasons 2–4): Introduced as an FBI agent in the second season, Mahone's assignment was to locate the fugitives  Mahone is intellectually matched with Michael and his background unfolds as the series progresses  In the third season he finds himself incarcerated with Michael in Sona and is eventually forced to become his ally through the fourth season 
Chris Vance as James Whistler (seasons 3–4): Whistler is incarcerated in Sona for the murder of the Mayor's son and appears as a major character in the third season  He also stars in the first episode of the fourth season 
Robert Wisdom as Norman "Lechero" St  John (season 3): Appearing as a major character in the third season, Lechero is a prisoner at Sona who rules the prison as a dictator and a Panamanian drug kingpin 
Danay Garcia as Sofia Lugo (seasons 3–4): Sofia was introduced in the third season as Whistler's girlfriend  At the beginning of the fourth season, she begins dating Lincoln Burrows 
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Gretchen Morgan (seasons 3–4): Introduced as "Susan B  Anthony", Gretchen is an operative for The Company who is in charge of ensuring the escape of James Whistler 
Michael Rapaport as Donald Self (season 4): Introduced in the fourth season, Self is a Department of Homeland Security special agent who teams up with the gang to take down The Company 
Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness (season 5): Introduced in the fifth season, Jacob is Sara's new husband and an economics professor who is later revealed to be a rogue CIA operative who is responsible for Michael's disappearance 
Inbar Lavi as Sheba (season 5): The leader of a resistance against ISIL in Yemen, Sheba appears as C-Note's friend and Lincoln's love interest 
Augustus Prew as David "Whip" Martin (season 5): Michael's cellmate and partner in the fifth season, as well as T-Bag's illegitimate son  He is the muscle to back up Michael, often called Michael's whip hand 

Production
Conception
The original concept of Prison Break—a man deliberately getting himself sent to prison in order to help someone escape—was suggested to Paul Scheuring by producer Dawn Parouse, who wanted to produce an action-oriented series  Although Scheuring thought it was a good idea, he was initially stumped as to why someone would embark on such a mission or how he could develop it into a viable television show  He came up with the story of the wrongfully accused brother, and began working on the plot outline and devising the characters  In 2003, he pitched the idea to the Fox Broadcasting Company but was turned down as Fox felt nervous about the long-term possibilities of such a series  He subsequently showed the concept to other channels but was also turned down as it was thought to be more suited for a film project than a television series  Prison Break was later considered as a possible 14-part miniseries, which drew the interest of Steven Spielberg before his departure due to his involvement with War of the Worlds  Thus, the miniseries never materialized  Following the huge popularity of serialized prime time television series such as Lost and 24, Fox backed the production in 2004  The pilot episode was filmed one year after Scheuring wrote the script 

Filming
The majority of the first season was filmed on location in and around Chicago  Joliet Prison closed in 2002, and in 2005 became the set of Prison Break as Fox River State Penitentiary  Scenes set in Lincoln's cell, the infirmary, and the prison yard were all shot on location there  Lincoln's cell was alleged to be where serial killer John Wayne Gacy was incarcerated, which at least one member of the production crew refused to enter, because it was allegedly haunted  Other sets were built at the prison, including the cell blocks that housed the general prison population; these blocks had three tiers of cells (instead of the real cell block's four), enlarged for the actors and cameras  Exterior scenes were filmed in areas around Chicago, Woodstock, and Joliet in Illinois  Other locations included O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Toronto, Ontario in Canada  Prison Break production spent $2 million per episode in the state of Illinois, totaling $24 million in 2005 Renewed for a second season, Prison Break resumed filming on June 15, 2006, in Dallas, Texas, due to the close proximity of rural and urban settings  Locations within a 30-minute radius of Dallas included Little Elm, Decatur, Mineral Wells, and McKinney  Many of these locations were used to represent various American towns  The show was expected to spend more than $50 million in Texas during the second season  For the final three episodes of the second season, filming took place in Pensacola, Florida to represent Panama  Each episode took eight days to film and contributed approximately $1 4 million to the local economy The third season was shot in Dallas and had a budget of $3 million per episode  Several of the exterior scenes with Lincoln and Gretchen negotiating the escape from the Panama jail were shot in the Casco Viejo quarter of Panama City  The principal photography for the fourth season was relocated to Los Angeles, California 

Music
The theme music of Prison Break and the incidental music of each episode was composed by Ramin Djawadi  The score for the first two seasons is featured in the Prison Break: Original Television Soundtrack, which was released on August 28, 2007  Djawadi and Ferry Corsten produced a remix of the theme music titled "Prison Break Theme (Ferry Corsten Breakout Mix)" as a single, which was released by Fox Music in 2006  In Europe, rapper Faf Larage's song "Pas le temps" is used by television network M6 in France and by RTL-TVI in Belgium to replace the show's original theme music in the title sequence, which generated publicity and helped to localize the show 

Format
Prison Break features a serialized story structure, similar to that of its first season companion show 24  At the 2009 TV Critics Press Tour, Kevin Reilly told reporters that the series would end with the fourth season  Despite decreasing ratings, Reilly attributed the cancellation to creativity  He stated, "The show has just played out  You get to a point creatively where you feel all the stories have been told, and you want to end strong and not gimp out in the end of the season " Regarding the finale, Reilly stated, "They have a really cool ending, actually  I know where they end, and it's a hell of an idea "

Tattoo
Designed by Tom Berg and created by Tinsley Transfers, Michael Scofield's tattoo took around five hours to be applied onto Wentworth Miller  In scenes where the actor is wearing a T-shirt and the entire tattoo is not being shown, only the forearm pieces of the tattoo were applied 

Reception
Ratings
The following seasonal rankings are based on a weighted average total viewers per episode as recorded by Nielsen Media Research  The recording period begins in late September (the start of the U S  network television season) and ends in late May 

Critical response
The show debuted on August 29, 2005 to an estimated audience of 10 5 million viewers  Fox had not had such success for mid-year Monday numbers since Melrose Place and Ally McBeal aired in September 1998  The premiere was ranked first in both the 18–49 and 18–34 demographics  The strong debut performance was matched by positive reviews  The New York Times wrote, Prison Break was "more intriguing than most of the new network series, and it certainly is one of the most original", complimenting its ability to create a "suspenseful thriller" and its "authentic look"  Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly dubbed it one of the best new shows of 2005  The Washington Post criticized the "somber pretentiousness" and "uniformly overwrought" performances  Due to its ratings success, Fox extended Prison Break by an extra nine episodes, making it the first new series in the 2005–2006 television season to receive a full season order of 22 episodes  The series averaged 9 2 million viewers per week in its first season The premiere of the second season of Prison Break obtained an average of 9 4 million viewers  The decline was steeper among young-adult viewers with a decrease of 20% in the 18–49 demographic compared to its series premiere, but its household rating grew from 3 6% to 3 9% during the last half-hour  Robert Bianco of USA Today commented on the "harebrained absurdities that have swamped this show", and blamed the writers for being "incredibly lazy" for the continuous use of the tattoo as an "all-purpose plot fix"  In contrast, Detroit Free Press commended the second-season premiere on matching the standard set by the first season, which delivered "rocking good entertainment" due to its "motley crew of cellblock characters" and the "taut, ingenious storytelling of series creator Paul T  Scheuring and his staff"  The second season obtained its largest audience on the original airdate of the episode, "Chicago" with an average of 10 1 million viewers  Overall, the second season averaged 9 3 million viewers per week The third and particularly fourth season received progressively negative reviews, as the show's plot diverged from its origin story of breaking out of prison, and focused more on conventional elements of a government conspiracy drama series Season five received mixed reviews  On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 52% based on 21 reviews, with an average score of 6 61/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return, but familiar faces and frenetic action aren't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief " On Metacritic, the season has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" 

Classification
Concerns were raised by the Parents Television Council in the United States about the time slot in which Prison Break was broadcast (8:00 pm ET) because of graphic content  In France, the broadcasting watchdog, Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel (CSA), also complained that the violence in some episodes exceeded the amount allowed for its rating, which is "not for under 10s"  Under France's regulations, any higher ratings would have moved the show away from its primetime timeslot to a later timeslot  However, the decision to change the rating would have affected only the first season, which had already been broadcast, and not the second season 

Awards and nominations
Following a successful airing of the series' first thirteen episodes, Prison Break was nominated for its first award, the 2005 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama  The series won the award in January 2006, beating other nominees in the same category, Commander in Chief and Criminal Minds  In January 2006, the show had two nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, which were Best Drama Television Series and Best Actor in a Drama Television Series for Wentworth Miller's performance  Lead actor Wentworth Miller, received another nomination for his performance in the first season at the 2005 Saturn Awards for Best Actor on Television  Likewise, the series was nominated for 2005 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series  At the 2006 Television Critics Association Awards, the show was nominated for Best New Drama Series  Nominations for technical awards include the 2006 Eddie Award for Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television (Mark Helfrich for the pilot episode), and the 2006 Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music (Ramin Djawadi)  In December 2006, Robert Knepper was nominated for the 2006 Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television 

Alleged copyright infringement
On October 24, 2006, the Associated Press reported that Donald and Robert Hughes filed a lawsuit against Fox Broadcasting Company and the show's executive producer and creator, Paul Scheuring, for copyright infringement, seeking unspecified damages and other costs  They claimed that in 2001, they had sent Fox their manuscript which was based on their own experiences of a prison break at a juvenile facility  In the 1960s, Donald Hughes planned and successfully executed a prison escape for his brother, Robert Hughes, who was wrongfully incarcerated 

Distribution
Television
In Canada, Prison Break was broadcast on Global one hour before it aired on Fox, except in the Maritimes where it aired two hours before Fox's airing  Prison Break was the only new television series to be positioned in the top twenty television shows of 2005–2006 in Canada, achieving an average of 876,000 viewers in the key demographic of 18–49 and 1 4 million viewers nationally for its first season  Prison Break premiered on Australian television network Seven on February 1, 2006, to an average audience of 1 94 million  The first season attracted an overall average of 1 353 million viewers  After decreasing ratings throughout the second season, Seven decided to fast-track the airing of the third-season episodes  The fifth season revival moved to Network Ten and debuted on May 15, 2017 In the United Kingdom, the first and second seasons premiered on Five, with the first season being replayed on UKTV Gold before the second season debuted on Five  Prior to the start of the third season, Sky One acquired the rights to broadcast Prison Break, paying £500,000 per episode  The series premiered in France on August 31, 2006, with an average of 5 5 million viewers  The second season premiered on September 13, 2007, to 5 3 million viewers The first season's broadcast in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl received the largest audience in the country for a foreign drama  The series premiere obtained an average of 260,000 viewers while the first-season finale obtained an average of 470,000 viewers  The second season's premiere received an average of 270,000 viewers 

Home media
The DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets of each season were released after their television broadcast in various regions  At the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced that the complete first season of Prison Break was to be released on Blu-ray in early 2007  The release date was later announced to be November 13, 2007, and Prison Break became the first television show to be released on Blu-ray Disc by Fox  The Blu-ray box set contains six discs and includes all the DVD box set's special features  A DVD set containing the first three seasons was released on May 19, 2008, in Region 2  The television movie, Prison Break: The Final Break, was included in the Season 4 set in Regions 2 and 4, but was released separately in Region 1  The Final Break was later released separately in Regions 2 and 4  In France, Germany and the United Kingdom, a Blu-ray package of all four seasons including The Final Break has been released  Over a year after its initial release, Season 4 was later re-issued in Region 4 without The Final Break included 

Online distribution
In addition to the television broadcast of the show, episodes of Prison Break have also been released on the Internet  Towards the end of the first season, episodes of Prison Break were made available for purchase online at the iTunes Store, which began on May 9, 2006  After the premiere of the second season of Prison Break, Fox began allowing online streaming of the current episode for free via more than 50 websites including AOL, Google, and Yahoo!, as well as its own extensive network  However, this was restricted to the United States  The first three episodes of the second season were broadcast commercial free, available for a week after their television broadcast date  Online streaming of episodes was postponed after the third episode  However, due to the show's three-week broadcast hiatus prompted by Fox's broadcast of the Major League Baseball playoff games in October, a strategy was developed by News Corporation (the parent company of Fox Broadcasting Company and MySpace) in an attempt to maintain their viewers' interest in the show  Starting in October, Fox began to stream past episodes of the second season on the social networking site MySpace and websites of the network's owned and operated stations (the stations are part of the Fox Television Stations Group)  Although commercials were aired throughout the broadcast, the episodes were free of charge 

Other media
Spin-off series
A spin-off series, Prison Break: Proof of Innocence, was produced exclusively for mobile phones and was broadcast first to Sprint customers in April 2006 on SprintTV's Fox station  The first episode of Proof of Innocence became available on the Internet for viewing on May 8, 2006  This was an exclusive deal made between Toyota Motor and News Corporation's Fox network, allowing Toyota to sponsor exclusive content of the show and to obtain advertising exclusivity During the show's third season, a series of six online shorts, collectively known as Prison Break: Visitations, were made exclusively for Fox  They feature the characters Lechero, Sammy, McGrady, T-Bag, and Bellick  They were distributed on the Internet and are available for free from iTunes 
On October 24, 2007, The Hollywood Reporter reported that a full spin-off series was under development, tentatively titled Prison Break: Cherry Hill  The series was to revolve around an upper-middle-class housewife, Molly, and her stint in a women's prison  However, the producers' original idea to introduce Molly in the third season of Prison Break was later dropped due to the writers' strike  The new series was planned to instead begin under the Prison Break brand similar to CSI: Miami and CSI: NY, but ultimately did not go into production 

Connection to Breakout Kings
Robert Knepper reprised his role as T-Bag in the 2011 A&E Network television series, Breakout Kings, which was created by a few of Prison Break writers, Matt Olmstead and Nick Santora 

Magazine, novel, book and comic
In printed media, the show's tie-in products include an official magazine and a tie-in novel  The official magazine, published by Titan Publishing, was launched on November 21, 2006  Each issue contains interviews with selected cast and crew members with other feature stories 
The tie-in novel, Prison Break: The Classified FBI Files (ISBN 1-4165-3845-3), contains details of the show's characters pertaining to the second season's storyline  Written by Paul Ruditis, the book is published by Simon & Schuster and was released on May 8, 2007 In September 2009, Insight Editions published Prison Break: Behind the Scenes, a companion book featuring production photography, in which writers Christian Trokey and Kalinda Vazquez, as well as Paul Scheuring, Matt Olmstead, and director of photography Fernando Arguelles comment on the show's four-season run An official manga adaptation of the series became available on the online service Piccoma beginning June 23, 2019  Artwork is done by Hikosuke Soyama and the adaptation is under the supervision of Twentieth Century Fox 

Attraction tour
There is also a live feature called "Prison Break LIVE!", created by The Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company, which is an interactive experience aimed at bringing to life the atmosphere from the television series  The attraction toured the US, Australia, UK, China, Germany and Mexico from 2006 to 2008 

Video games
A mobile game for J2ME was released by Vivendi Games Mobile in 2008 A video game based on Prison Break was in development for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 for release in February 2009, but was cancelled when Brash Entertainment shut down Development of Prison Break: The Conspiracy restarted when the game's developer, ZootFly, found a new publisher  The video game was released on March 30, 2010  The game's protagonist is Tom Paxton, a Company employee who is sent inside of Fox River to observe and report every move of Michael Scofield  The game features voices from the original cast members with the exception of Sarah Wayne Callies (Dr  Sara Tancredi) 

International adaptation
In April 2010, it was announced that the series would be adapted for Russia  On September 20, 2010, the Russian adaptation premiered on Channel One  This adaptation uses many of the features of the original series, with some scenes and dialogue copied completely, but also introduces new storylines and characters which reflect the Russian reality 

Notes
Passage 4:
Jason Sampson
Jason Sampson (born February 21, 1982) is an American professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the flyweight division of Legacy FC  A professional competitor since 2009, Sampson has previously competed for Bellator and Shark Fights 

Background
Born and raised in Dallas, Texas, Sampson, along with his two brothers, competed in wrestling  Sampson began wrestling at the age of 12 and wrestled at MacArthur High School  Sampson was talented, earning three state titles, and continued his wrestling career at The Apprentice School in Newport News, Virginia, where he earned NCWA All-American honors  Sampson was involved in a freak accident during his collegiate career in which his opponent broke his neck and became paralyzed despite Sampson using a legal move  Sampson was heavily affected by the incident and the school received a lawsuit, which was later dismissed  Sampson then began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu before transitioning into mixed martial arts 

Mixed martial arts career
Early career
After going 9–1 as an amateur, Sampson made his professional debut on November 28, 2009, winning via submission in the first round  Sampson would then compile a record of 8–1 before making his Bellator debut 

Bellator
Sampson made his Bellator debut against Jeremy Myers on March 16, 2012 at Bellator 61  Sampson won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in the third round Sampson faced Chris Pham on January 24, 2013 at Bellator 86  He won the fight via armbar submission in the third round Sampson faced Danny Sykora at Bellator 128 on October 10, 2014  He won the fight via unanimous decision 

Legacy Fighting Championship
Sampson made his flyweight debut against former UFC competitor Joseph Sandoval at Legacy FC 38 on February 13, 2015  He won the fight via TKO due to punches in the first round 

Mixed martial arts record
Passage 5:
(Miss)understood
(Miss)understood (stylized in all lowercase) is the seventh studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki, released January 1, 2006 by Avex Trax  Hamasaki acted as the album's sole lyricist, as she had on all of her preceding albums  (Miss)understood marked new musical directions for Hamasaki: she explored new influences such as funk and used gospel choruses in some of the songs, foreign to her previous works  This was the result of her having heard compositions by Geo from Sweetbox and asking him for his works; subsequently, Hamasaki rewrote the lyrics to fit (Miss)understood  Lyrically, the album was a departure from her previous work, My Story, which had been primarily autobiographical 
Where My Story had contained "musings about her past", Hamasaki wanted the lyricism on (Miss)understood to send a strong message to all women—to be a kind of "girls' talk" to give "moral support", while at the same time reminding women that there were times when they would feel weak and low  These themes, along with the album's funk influences, are epitomized on songs such as "Bold & Delicious" and "Ladies Night" 
"Step You/Is This Love?" was released as the lead single from (Miss)understood on April 20, 2005  It was a commercial success, reaching number one in Japan and receiving a Platinum certification, selling 345,340 copies in its chart run  It was the nineteenth best-selling song in Japan in 2005, and Hamasaki's best-selling single that year  Second single "Fairyland" was released August 3, and debuted at number one in Japan  It sold 170,000 copies in its first week, the most of any single from (Miss)understood  It went on to sell 316,663 copies, receiving a platinum certification  The third single, "Heaven", experienced similar success: it reached number one, and was certified Platinum, selling around 325,000 copies  "Bold & Delicious/Pride" was not as successful  Despite reaching number one, it became her poorest-selling single at the time since 1998's "Depend on You", selling only 133,000 copies 
(Miss)understood was commercially successful, opening at number one in Japan (her eighth consecutive record to do so) with first-week sales of 653,830 copies  It went on to sell over 877,000 copies in Japan in its 31-week chart run, receiving a Million certification and becoming the 8th best-selling album of 2006  It is, to date, her last Million-certified album  According to Avex, It is also her first album to fail to hit over a million sales in Japan according to Oricon  By 2007 (Miss)understood sold 1,030,000 copies in Japan 

Production
Background and themes
In 2005, after hearing demo tracks from band Sweetbox's then-upcoming album Addicted, Hamasaki "fell in love" with the songs and consequently asked Sweetbox's composer GEO if she could use some of the songs for her album  GEO agreed and gave Hamasaki permission to use "Bold & Delicious", "Pride", "Ladies Night", "In the Corner", "Every Step", and "Beautiful Girl"  Hamasaki then set to work rewriting the lyrics and rearranging parts of songs While My Story, Hamasaki's preceding album, contained mostly "autobiographical" lyrics and "musings about [her] past", (Miss)understood was a "strong message to send to all women": it was a kind of "girl's talk" to give "moral support" while at the same time reminding women that there would be times when they would "feel weak and low"  "Bold & Delicious" "scolded indecisive men", "Pride" expressed Hamasaki's appreciation of "women who do not give up easily", and "Ladies Night" was about female camaraderie  Other themes appeared as well: "Is This Love?" and "Heaven" were about love, and "Fairyland" was about "childhood memories" 

Composition
(Miss)understood is more musically diverse than My Story; Hamasaki incorporated a variety of musical styles including rock, dance-pop and funk  The album opens with "Bold & Delicious", a funk-infused dance track that utilises a gospel choir in the harmony  The song makes use of funk guitars  "Pride" is a ballad song that "sounded like it could be from a musical"; the arrangement of both songs were influenced by Hamasaki's trip to New York City to record the songs and film their respective music videos  An organ Hamasaki heard while visiting a church inspired her to include the gospel choir in "Bold", while the musical The Phantom of the Opera influenced her arrangement of "Pride"  "Criminal", "Step You", "Alterna", and the titular "(Miss)understood" are all rock songs with prominent electric guitars, while "Heaven" is an "ethereal" piano-driven ballad  As with "Bold & Delicious" and "Pride", other songs composed by GEO were rearranged; violins were added to the bridge of "Rainy Day", and a choir was added to the chorus of "Beautiful Day" 

Extras
The initial pressings of the album included two photobooks—one for the CD version (entitled "Off My Day"), and another for the CD+DVD version (entitled "On My Way")  The DVD version included all PV's that were made for her 2005 releases (excluding "My Name's Women")—"Step You", "Is This Love?", "Fairyland", "Alterna", "Heaven", "Bold & Delicious" and "Pride", as well as an alternative PV for "Bold & Delicious" (called the "Side Story")  Two new PVs were also included—"Ladies Night" and "Rainy Day" made their debut on the disc  Behind-the-scenes clips for "Step You", "Is This Love?", "Fairyland", "Alterna", "Heaven" and "Pride" are featured as well  The song "Rainy Day" was used as the ending theme for the game "Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams" 

Music videos
The PV for "Step You" was directed by Tetsuo Inoue and the video featured Ayumi wearing different styles of outfits (signifying different parts of her image and personality)  A man walks up to a music box-like contraption and as he activates the levers (shown as I, II, III, and IV) different miniature versions of Ayumi appear  As he activates the last lever, the contraption begins to short-circuit, and the four Ayumis turn into one 
The PV for "Is This Love?" was directed by Masashi Muto, the music video features Ayumi singing emotionally in a hotel suite  As she passes by, objects begin to explode (i e  a bowl of fruit, a fish tank, walls, etc )  The video ends as Ayumi looks at the hotel, in one piece with no sort chaos that happened earlier 
The PV of "Fairyland" was shot in Hawaii and is one of the most expensive music videos in the world, as well as being Japan's most expensive music video in terms of production costs  The PV cost 240 million Yen (2 million in U S  dollars)  The video was directed by Wataru Takeishi and it depicts Hamasaki with her companions (dance team) on a lush tropical island, with some scenes showing a timber house with a deck  Eventually, a fallen oil lamp causes the entire structure to burn  Images from earlier sequences showing the group having fun are interspersed through the burning of the house  The video ends with the camera moving away from Hamasaki singing solemnly as she watches the house burn 
The PV of "Alterna" depicts Ayumi as an up-coming star who is chased by clowns  The video also depicts her as a singing machine; this aspect of the music video (as well as the lyrics of "alterna") may be Hamasaki's response to either tabloid articles or to her record label's oppressive treatment of her at the time 
The PV for "Heaven" features Ayumi singing alone in a subway  As she does, ghosts frequently pass by her  Near the end of the video, the spirits leave Ayumi and board on a train (implying their departure to heaven)  The video is done entirely in one shot and in black and white 
The music videos of "Bold & Delicious" and "Pride" were both filmed in New York and were both directed by Luis Hernandez 
In the video for "Bold & Delicious", Hamasaki is featured with long wavy black hair, and wears a faux fur jacket with a light pink dress  She is seen standing on the back of a moving truck driving through areas of New York City, evoking the iconic 1993 Björk music video for her single "Big Time Sensuality"  Some shots feature "behind the scenes" material, showing footage of the truck driving around the city and film crew members 
The video for "Pride" features several long takes of Hamasaki in a black dress being prepared by assistants and make-up artists, and then walking through an on-location set prepared under a New York City bridge and in the rain 
The music video for "Ladies Night" features Ayumi wearing a pink and blue mini dress, and her legendary long blue leg muffs as she walks down a hotel hallway, trying to go into some of the rooms, and occasionally singing into a payphone  Scenes of different things happening in the rooms can be seen  In one room, a maid is mounted on a man and is whipping him  In another room, a woman dressed in a white 18th century dress and white powdered wig is seen walking around her room, which is all white and has a large collection of butterflies  In the third room, a strange woman in a bulky black dress with a long braided black wig and face painted all in black (later revealed to be Ayumi herself) is seen dominating and whipping mannequins  The hotel room scenes have been compared by many to the 1995 indie film Four Rooms  In between the hotel room scenes there are other scenes of Ayumi dressed in a dictator's outfit and addressing an army of bald and pale women in an outdoor arena that resembles the Colosseum  The women all appear to have the same face and march along to Ayumi's singing during the song's middle eight 
The music video of "Rainy Day" features Ayumi with short-black hair singing in a house looking in and out of the window  The scene then cuts to her sitting at a bus stop, wearing a white-powered wig  A dog appears out of an alleyway  The dog and Ayumi stare at each other  During the mid-eight, rain has started to fall and the dog is no longer in the scene  Images of people passing the bus stop with umbrellas are shown  An Hansom cab then arrives and picks up Ayumi  She sees the lone dog again and looks back with a regretful face  The house scenes featuring shows Ayumi collapsing onto the floor and crying 

Sales
In 2007, Avex reported that (Miss)understood sold 1,030,000 copies in Japan  (Miss)understood was certified million by RIAJ in sales and was recognized for having more than a million copies shipped to store  On the Oricon Charts, (Miss)understood failed to break a million-selling only a little under 900,000 in 2006, but by 2007 it was able to sell 1,030,000 copies  The total sales number of the album's singles comes to a total of 1,285,000  The album sales and the single sales combined come to a grand sales revenue of 2,315,000 CDs sold 

Track listing
Charts
Total sales: 1,030,000 (Japan)
Total sales: 1,140,000 (Avex)

Singles
Total single sales: 1,285,000
Total album and single sales: 2,315,000

Release history
Notes
Passage 6:
Emilia Galotti
Emilia Galotti (German pronunciation: [eˈmiːli̯a ɡaˈlɔti] (listen)) is a play in five acts by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), which premiered on 8 March 1772 in Brunswick ("Braunschweig" in German)  The work is a classic example of German bürgerliches Trauerspiel (bourgeois tragedy)  Other works in this category include Schiller's Kabale und Liebe and Hebbel's Maria Magdalene  The story is based upon the Roman myth of Verginia 
Emilia Galotti is a drama of the Enlightenment, though it doesn't precisely follow the standard French model of the era  Although love is a central theme, in reality Emilia Galotti is primarily a political commentary  The arbitrary style of rule by the aristocracy is placed in stark contrast to the new and enlightened morality of the bourgeoisie  The more feudal ideas of love and marriage thus come into conflict with the growing tendency to marry for love, rather than family tradition and power  This combination results in a rather explosive situation  It was made into a film in 1958 

Characters
Emilia Galotti
Odoardo Galotti, father of Emilia Galotti
Claudia Galotti, mother of Emilia Galotti
Pirro, servant of the Galottis
Hettore Gonzaga, prince of Guastalla
Marinelli, chamberlain of the prince
Camillo Rota, one of the prince's advisors
Conti, a painter
Count Appiani
Countess Orsina
Angelo, a robber
Battista, servant of Gonzaga

Plot
Set in Italy , Emilia Galotti tells the story of a virtuous young woman of the bourgeoisie  The absolutist prince of Guastalla, Hettore Gonzaga, becomes obsessed with the idea of making Emilia his lover after their first meeting  He thus gives his conniving Chamberlain, Marinelli, the right to do anything in his power to delay the previously arranged marriage between Emilia and Count Appiani  Marinelli then hires criminals who shortly thereafter murder the count on his way to the wedding  Emilia is quickly brought to safety in the prince's nearby summer residence  Unlike her mother Claudia, Emilia does not yet recognise the true implications of the scheme  A few moments later, Countess Orsina, the prince's former mistress, comes to the residence as well  Out of frustration over her harsh rejection by the prince, she attempts to convince Odoardo, Emilia's father, to avenge Count Appiani by stabbing the prince to death  Odoardo, however, hesitates in agreeing to this proposal and decides to leave the revenge in the hands of God  Emilia, who must remain under the protection of the prince due to another intrigue on Marinelli's behalf, attempts to convince her father to kill her in order to maintain her dignity in light of the prince's exertions to seduce her  The father agrees and stabs her, but immediately feels appalled by his deed  In the end Odoardo leaves the matter to the prince  He subsequently decides that Marinelli is responsible for the catastrophe and has him banned from his court  Ultimately, Emilia's father recognises God as the absolute authority 

Theme
Lessing's work of course comprises an attack against the nobility and its powers  Lessing depicts aristocrats as having unfair powers in society and as ruining the happiness of the emerging middle class  With the play, Lessing directs criticism at the tyranny of the reigning class 

Criticism
Music historian Charles Burney, arriving in Vienna in 1772, attended a performance of Emilia Galotti  "I should suppose this play to have been well acted; there were energy and passion, and many speeches were much applauded " But the Englishman was surprised by the "impious oaths and execrations" of the script: "The interlocutors curse, swear, and call names, in a gross and outrageous manner  I know not, perhaps, the exact ideas annexed by the Germans to the following expressions, of "Mein Gott," "Gott verdamm ihn," etc , but they shocked my ears very frequently " Still, Burney was impressed by the piece: "There is an original wildness in the conduct and sentiments of this piece which renders it very interesting "In Arthur Schopenhauer's The Art of Literature, he criticised Emilia Galotti as a play with a "positively revolting" end 

In literature
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe refers to Emilia Galotti in his novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers), which was published in 1774 

They had laid Werther on the bed: his head was bound up, and the paleness of death was upon his face  His limbs were motionless; but he still breathed, at one time strongly, then weaker—his death was momently expected 
He had drunk only one glass of the wine  Emilia Galotti lay open upon his bureau 
The detail of Emilia Galotti's presence in the room, like many of the details of Werther, was taken from the 1772 suicide of Goethe's acquaintance Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem 
Passage 7:
Pendennis
The History of Pendennis: His Fortunes and Misfortunes, His Friends and His Greatest Enemy (1848–50) is a novel by the English author William Makepeace Thackeray  It is set in 19th-century England, particularly in London  The main hero is a young English gentleman Arthur Pendennis, who is born in the country and sets out for London to seek his place in life and society  The novel took two years for Thackeray to write and, in line with other Thackeray works, most notably Vanity Fair, it offers an insightful and satiric picture of human character and aristocratic society  The characters include the snobbish social hanger-on Major Pendennis and the tipsy Captain Costigan  Miss Amory and Sir Francis Clavering are somewhat reminiscent of Becky Sharp and Sir Pitt from Vanity Fair 

Plot summary
Arthur Pendennis ("Pen" to his friends) is the only child of a prosperous physician and former apothecary now deceased  He and his foster sister Laura are raised in the village of Fairoaks by his indulgent mother, Mrs Pendennis  The family has risen to gentility in the past generation or two but is not wealthy: the late Mr Pendennis left only a house and investments producing about 500 pounds a year  The Pendennises, however, claim descent from an ancient family, and Arthur's uncle Major Pendennis, though he has only his retired Army pay, associates with wealthy and titled people  As Pen and Laura grow up, Mrs Pendennis tells them she hopes they will marry someday 
At age 18, however, Pen falls in love with an actress, Emily Fotheringay (a stage name), who is about ten years his senior  Emily's father, Captain Costigan, believes Pen is rich and wants Pen to marry his daughter, but Pen's mother is horrified  She summons Major Pendennis from London, and the Major derails the marriage simply by telling Costigan his nephew is not rich  Emily jilts Pen 
Pen, heartbroken, leaves home to study at St Boniface's college in Oxbridge  There he lives extravagantly, unwittingly causing his mother and Laura to live in near poverty  After two years, Pen fails his final examination and remorsefully returns home where, unfortunately, his mother and Laura easily forgive him and Laura sacrifices her small personal fortune to pay Pen's debts  He soon returns to Oxbridge, retakes the exam, and obtains a degree, but returns to Fairoaks as his mother thinks earning a living is both beneath her son and harmful to his health 
Soon a large house in the neighbourhood that has stood empty for years is reoccupied by its owners, the Clavering family, consisting of Sir Francis, a baronet and Member of Parliament addicted to gambling; his rich and kindly but low-born wife, whose father earned his fortune in India; their young son; and Lady Clavering's daughter from her first marriage, Blanche Amory  The Pendennises become friendly with the Claverings and Pen becomes infatuated with Blanche, but the flirtation doesn't last long  To please his mother, Pen at this point languidly proposes to Laura but she turns him down essentially because she thinks he's not mature enough 
Pen then sets out for London, where he meets George Warrington, a journalist, with whom Pen takes cheap lodgings and who helps Pen get started as a writer  Pen achieves some success and starts to support himself, swearing he'll take no more of his mother's or Laura's money 
The Clavering family also comes up to London, where they live very well, and Blanche continues to flirt with Pen and many other men  One of them, Pen's college friend Harry Foker, falls in love with Blanche but cannot propose to her as his father will disinherit him unless he marries his cousin Ann  Pen—by now rather cynical about love and life—toys with the idea of a marriage of convenience to Blanche, and his uncle encourages him in this, but—partly because he knows that Harry Foker loves Blanche—Pen doesn't propose  Foker leaves England for a year or two, unable to marry Blanche but unwilling to marry his cousin 
A new character, Colonel Altamont, is introduced at this point: he knows a secret about the Clavering family and uses it to extort money from the baronet  Major Pendennis meets Colonel Altamont, recognises him from his Army service in India, and knows that Altamont is really Lady Clavering's supposedly dead first husband Mr Amory  He is an escaped convict and a murderer as well  Major Pendennis, however, doesn't act on his knowledge  In addition to being blackmailed, Sir Francis Clavering loses a tremendous sum of money at the races and hides from his wife and creditors in an obscure part of London 

Meanwhile, Pen meets Fanny Bolton, who is pretty and young, but ignorant and lower-class  They fall in love a little, but after a very short and innocent relationship, Pen decides not to see her any more for the good of both  Brooding and keeping to his comfortless room to avoid seeing Fanny, Pen falls very ill  When malicious gossip reaches Helen and Laura that Pen is "entangled" with a girl of low station, they rush to his side: they find Fanny in his room, where she has just arrived to nurse him, but Helen and Laura think the worst and treat Fanny very rudely  Pen, unconscious, is unable to defend Fanny and himself 
Recovering after several weeks of illness, Pen takes a journey with his mother, Laura, and Warrington, who falls in love with Laura but cannot marry her because of his own catastrophic early marriage  (He is separated from his venal wife and her children—of whom he is only legally, not biologically, the father  He supports them but does not see them, and has no ambition because if he earns more money, his wife will demand it ) Helen's health deteriorates because of her belief in Pen's immoral connection with Fanny  Pen finally discovers how Helen treated Fanny; he is very angry at his mother and tells her he and Fanny are innocent  She is overjoyed to hear it, and soon mother and son forgive each other  Helen's health is nevertheless too much shaken and she dies soon afterward 
Pen thus comes into possession of the family property of 500 pounds a year  He leases his house at Fairoaks to tenants and returns to London, while Laura goes to live as companion to a Lady Rockminster  Pen does send a small amount of money to Fanny Bolton with his thanks; she eventually marries a Mr Huxter (who had started the gossip about her and Pen) 
Major Pendennis, still hoping to arrange a profitable marriage between Pen and Blanche Amory, meets Sir Francis and threatens to divulge his secret—that he is not really married to Lady Clavering—if Sir Francis will not retire and turn over his seat in Parliament to Pen  Sir Francis consents  Major Pendennis' shrewd valet Morgan overhears the conversation and makes plans to extort everyone—the Major, Pen, Altamont, Sir Francis, and Lady Clavering  When Morgan tries this on Major Pendennis, however, the Major won't stand for it, as he has as much to threaten Morgan with (theft) as Morgan has to threaten others with 
At this point Pen has finally become engaged to Blanche, though they do not love each other  Then he learns, through Morgan, of the scandal concerning the Claverings  Pen does what he considers the honourable thing: he maintains his engagement with Blanche, but refuses her family money and the seat in Parliament 
Now Harry Foker comes back into the picture: his father has died and his fiancee-cousin Ann has eloped with another man, leaving Harry rich and free to marry as he likes  He returns to England and immediately proposes to Blanche  She accepts because he is richer than Pen  On learning that Blanche has broken their engagement, Pen proposes to Laura, whom he has come to love, and is accepted, because she has long loved him—even when she refused his first marriage proposal 
The secret of the Clavering family finally becomes known to everybody and Harry Foker breaks his engagement to Blanche—not because of her disreputable father, but because she deceived him and doesn't love him  There is one final surprise: Altamont/Amory, although he is Blanche's father, was bigamously married to several women before he "married" Blanche's mother, so the Clavering marriage is legal after all, but Blanche is illegitimate  Blanche leaves for Paris, where she apparently marries a confidence trickster  Foker remains unmarried  Pen and Laura marry; soon their income increases, and he enters Parliament through his own honest efforts 

Recent editions
Classic Books, 1999  ISBN 1-58201-392-6 
Michigan Historical Reprint Series, Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, 2005  ISBN 1-4255-4211-5  http://name umdl umich edu/AAN4217 0001 001
Passage 8:
Ivanhoe, North Carolina
Ivanhoe is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sampson County, North Carolina, United States  The population was 198 at the 2020 U S  census 

History
The Beatty-Corbett House, Black River Presbyterian and Ivanhoe Baptist Churches, and Delta Farm were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 

Geography
Ivanhoe is located at 34°35′43″N 78°14′4″W (34 595158, -78 234380) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5 03 square miles (13 0 km2), of which 5 02 square miles is land and 0 01 square miles is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 311 people, 113 households, and 83 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 61 9 people per square mile (23 9 people/km2)  There were 123 housing units at an average density of 24 5 per square mile (9 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 21 54% White, 70 74% African American, 0 32% Native American, 0 64% Asian, 6 11% from other races, and 0 64% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8 68% of the population 
There were 113 households, out of which 35 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49 6% were married couples living together, 19 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 5% were non-families  22 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 61 and the average family size was 3 10 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26 7% under the age of 18, 6 8% from 18 to 24, 30 2% from 25 to 44, 22 5% from 45 to 64, and 13 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 98 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101 8 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $22,500, and the median income for a family was $32,917  Males had a median income of $20,000 versus $18,458 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $11,305  About 6 8% of families and 6 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 16 3% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 9:
Miss Sara Sampson
Miss Sara Sampson (original spelling Miß Sara Sampson) is a play by the Enlightenment philosopher, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing  Written in 1755 while the author was living in Potsdam, it is seen by many scholars to be one of the first bourgeois tragedies  In the same year it was represented at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder and was very well received  It was afterwards translated and acted in France, where it also met with success  The play was Lessing's first real success as a playwright and it was in part due to the success of this play that he was asked to be the dramaturg at the German National Theatre in Hamburg 

See also
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Bourgeois tragedy
Age of Enlightenment

Notes
External links
Miss Sara Sampson, full translation by Ernest Bell online 
 Miss Sara Sampson public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Context 2: Passage 1:
Kaributas
Kaributas (Koribut, Korybut, baptized Dmitry; after 1350 – after 1404) was a son of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned in Severian Novgorod until 1393 
Kaributas was born some time after 1350 (exact date is unknown) to Algirdas of Lithuania and Uliana of Tver  Born a pagan, around 1380 he was baptised in the Orthodox rite and became the prince of Severian Novgorod  He adopted the Christian name of Dmitry and hence is sometimes referred to as Dmitry Korybut (a combination of his Slavicised Lithuanian name Kaributas and his Christian name)  He appeared in politics during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) when he supported his brother Jogaila against his uncle Kęstutis and cousin Vytautas  In 1382 he began a rebellion in Severian Novgorod, engaging Kęstutis' forces so that Jogaila could attack and capture lightly guarded Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy  He also witnessed the Treaty of Dubysa with the Teutonic Knights 
For his service, he was awarded possessions in Navahrudak and Lida  Kaributas continued to support Jogaila: he witnessed the Union of Krewo and fought in the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)  After the Ostrów Agreement, he refused to recognize Vytautas' superiority and was defeated in a battle near Lida in early 1393  Kaributas was imprisoned and stripped of his possessions  However, he was soon released and given Zbarazh, Bratslav, and Vinnytsia  Severian Novgorod was given to Fedor, son of Liubartas  Kaributas appeared last in written sources in 1404 during a military campaign waged by Vytautas against the Principality of Smolensk 
Kaributas' male-line descendants included Princes Zbaraski, Wiśniowiecki and, in the Russian Empire, Woroniecki, and Nieswicki, making these families Gediminid  King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki was named Korybut to foreground his agnatic descent from Kaributas 

Marriage and issue
Kaributas married Princess Anastasia, daughter of Grand Prince Oleg II of Ryazan, with whom he had three daughters and three sons  
Kaributas issue originated the Korybut coat of arms 

Helena (wife of John II "the Iron" Duke of Racibórz),
Fedor of Nesvich, Volhynia
Sigismund Korybut (a claimant to the Bohemian Crown),
Nastasia (wife of Fedor of Kashin)
Ivan
Passage 2:
Gmina Tarnów
Gmina Tarnów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland  Its seat is the city of Tarnów, although the city is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 82 81 square kilometres (32 0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 23,060 

Villages
Gmina Tarnów contains the villages and settlements of Biała, Błonie, Jodłówka-Wałki, Koszyce Małe, Koszyce Wielkie, Łękawka, Nowodworze, Poręba Radlna, Radlna, Tarnowiec, Wola Rzędzińska, Zawada, Zbylitowska Góra and Zgłobice 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Tarnów is bordered by the city of Tarnów and by the gminas of Czarna, Lisia Góra, Pleśna, Skrzyszów, Tuchów, Wierzchosławice, Wojnicz and Żabno 
Passage 3:
Kis-Küküllő County
Kis-Küküllő was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary  Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania)  Kis-Küküllő is the Hungarian name for the river Târnava Mică  The capital of the county was Dicsőszentmárton (now Târnăveni) 

Geography
Kis-Küküllő county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Alsó-Fehér, Torda-Aranyos, Maros-Torda, Udvarhely and Nagy-Küküllő  The river Mureș formed part of its northern border, the river Târnava Mare its southern border  Târnava Mică river flowed through the county  Its area was 1,724 km² around 1910 

History
Kis-Küküllő county came into existence in 1876, when the administrative structure of Transylvania was changed and Küküllő County was split  In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania  After the Second Vienna Award, a little part of the former county became part of Hungary again and was assigned to the recreated Maros-Torda County  Its territory lies in the present Romanian counties Mureș (a o  Târnăveni), Alba (the south-west) and Sibiu (the south, a o  Dumbrăveni) 

Demographics
Subdivisions
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Kis-Küküllő county were:

Notes
Passage 4:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 5:
Rostov
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в, IPA: [rɐˈstof]) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring  It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, 202 kilometers (126 mi) northeast of Moscow  Population: 30,406 (2021 Census); 31,792 (2010 Census); 34,141 (2002 Census); 35,707 (1989 Census) While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is popularly known to Russians as Rostov Veliky (Russian: Ростов Великий, Rostov the Great) to distinguish it from the much larger city of Rostov-on-Don  The name of the town railway station is Rostov Yaroslavsky, due to its location in Yaroslavl Oblast 

History
Rostov was preceded by Sarskoye Gorodishche, which some scholars interpret as the capital of the Finnic Merya tribe  Others believe it was an important Viking trade enclave and fortress guarding the Volga trade route  It is known from Norse sources as Raðstofa  Scythians also settled there  These different ethnicities, such as the Vikings, Scyths, Slavs and Finns, were likely the ancestors of many of today's people in that region  First mentioned in documents in the year 862 as an already important settlement, by the 10th century Rostov became the capital city of Vladimir-Suzdal, one of the most prominent principalities in Rus'  It was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1474 After losing its independent status, Rostov was still an ecclesiastic center – from 988 it was the see of the Diocese of Yaroslavl, one of the first Russian bishoprics  In the 14th century, the bishops of Rostov became archbishops, and late in the 16th century, metropolitans  One of those metropolitans, Iona (Jonah) Sysoyevich (c  1607–1690), commissioned the town's main landmark: the Rostov Kremlin  This is regarded by some as the finest outside that of Moscow Ravaged by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries (last sack by Edigu in 1408), and the Poles in 1608, Rostov survived as a medium-sized town  Late in the 18th century, the metropolitan see was transferred to Yaroslavl 
Rostov is renowned for manufacturing enamels 
On August 24, 1953, the town was hit by an F3 tornado, causing severe damage  The tornado traveled 6 kilometers with a maximum width of up to 550 meters 

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Rostov serves as the administrative center of Rostovsky District, even though it is not a part of it  As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Rostov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts  As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Rostov is incorporated within Rostovsky Municipal District as Rostov Urban Settlement 

Main sights
The architecture of the city shows many examples of early Russian Orthodox architecture  The central square of Rostov is occupied by the Assumption Cathedral  It is unknown when the present building was erected, the mid-16th century being the most likely date  Lower parts of the cathedral walls are dated to the 12th century  The ponderous bell-tower was constructed mostly in the 17th century  Its bells are among the largest and most famous in Russia - each has its own name  The largest bell, cast in 1688, weighs 32,000 kilograms (71,000 lb)  It is named Sysoy to honor the city's founding father  The church is home to the incorrupt body of Saint Leontius of Rostov An area situated between the cathedral square and the lake was chosen by Iona Sysoevich as a place for his fairy-tale residence  All the construction works were carried out between 1667 and 1694  Major buildings include the ornate Savior Church-na-Senyakh (1675), the sombre Church of St  Gregory (1670), and the barbican churches of St  John the Apostle (1683) and of the Resurrection of Christ (1670)  The residence, often erroneously called kremlin, also includes eleven ornate tower bells, numerous palaces, several small belfries, and the diminutive baroque Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1693)  All the churches are elaborately painted and decorated 
The cathedral and four tall kremlin churches with their silver "blind" domes were imitated throughout the city  This is particularly evident in the Savior-on-the-Market church and the cathedral church of the Nativity convent, both dating from the 17th century and situated near the kremlin walls  The oldest church within the town center was consecrated to St  Isidore the Blessed in 1565  They say that Ivan the Terrible had the architect executed, because his church was so much smaller than its predecessor 
The kremlin is flanked by two monasteries, both facing the Lake Nero  To the right from the kremlin stands the Abraham monastery, founded in the 11th century and one of the oldest in Russia  Its cathedral, commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1553 to commemorate the conquest of Kazan, inspired numerous churches in the region, particularly in Yaroslavl 
Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery, situated to the left from the Kremlin on the town's outskirts, has been venerated as the shrine of St  Dmitry of Rostov  Most of the monastery structures were built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the fine neoclassical style  There are also two 17th-century churches: the Conception of St  Anna, and the Transfiguration of Our Savior  Unlike most other churches in the town, the monastery belongs to the Russian Orthodoxy and houses a theological seminary 

Surroundings
The vicinity of Rostov is rich in old architecture  For example, an old wooden church (1687–1689) may be seen in Ishnya  One of the best preserved monasteries in Russia, named after the saints Boris and Gleb, is situated in Borisoglebsky, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) west of the town  The monastery was favored by Ivan the Terrible, who personally supervised the construction of towered walls and bell-tower around an even more ancient cathedral  The only addition made to the monastery after Ivan's death is a barbican church, commissioned by the metropolitan Iona Sysoyevich 

Twin towns/sister cities
Jämsä, Finland
 Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA

Rostov in films
Peter I (Russian: Пётр Первый) (1937), by Vladimir Petov
Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future (Russian: Иван Васильевич меняет профессию, Ivan Vasilievich Changes His Profession) (1973), by Leonid Gaidai

Notable people
Dmitry Borisovich (1253–1294), Russian nobleman
Konstantin of Rostov (1186–1218), the eldest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest and Maria Shvarnovna
Vasilko Konstantinovich (1209–1238), the first Prince of Rostov
Olena Kryvytska (born 1987), Ukrainian fencer
Lev Naumov (1925–2005), Russian classical pianist, composer and educator
Yuri Alexandrovich Bilibin (1901–1952), geologist
Vera Dmitrievna Titova (1888–?), Russian scientist and educator
Passage 6:
Dmitry Liss
Dmitry Liss (born 1960) is a Russian conductor  He is also the artistic director and chief conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra 

Biography
Born in 1960, Dmitry Liss is a graduate of the Moscow Conservatory  Upon graduation from the conservatory in 1984 he became a conductor of the Kuzbass Symphony Orchestra  In 1991 he was appointed to the position of Chief Conductor of this orchestra and at this time became the youngest chief conductor in Russia  Since 1995, Dmitry Liss has served as Artistic Director/Chief Conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra  Most recently, Liss was appointed Associate Conductor of the Russian National Orchestra (1999)  In 1997–1999 he was Principal Russian Conductor of the American Russian Youth Orchestra 

Activities
He has taken part in numerous international festivals and has recorded CDs for a variety of American, Russian, Japanese, Taiwanese, Belgian and Swiss companies 

Awards
Winner of the 1st International Competition of Young Conductors Lovro von Matačić (Zagreb, 1995) 
Artist Emeritus of Russia

External links
Dmitry Liss on the web-site of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra
Dmitry Liss on the web-site of the Russian National Orchestra
(in English) Productions Internationales Albert Sarfati (World Management) : Dmitry Liss
DMITRY LISS: CONDUCTING IS SORT OF A DISEASE
Passage 7:
Gallaratese
Gallaratese is a district ("quartiere") of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 8 administrative division of the city  It is located about 7 km north-west of the city centre  It borders on the comune of Pero to the north and on the districts of Trenno to the west and Lampugnano to the south; to the east, its ideal border is the eponymous street, which in turn is named after Gallarate, the town it leads to 

Overview
The district is clearly subdivided into two parts; the first one, in the area of Via Cechov, has developed after the other one, enclosed between Via Cilea and Via Apennini; this latter, older part of the district is sometimes referred to as quartiere San Leonardo  These two parts are connected by a major shopping mall called Bonola  
Gallaratese is one of the largest districts in Italy to have been built "from scratch" in the 20th century (between the 1960s and 1980s) in a previously rural area  The Olona river, which traverses the district, has been laid underground  The first buildings to be created in Gallaratese were large apartment blocks; smaller palaces were added later  Today, the district has a population of about 60,000  The district is well connected by public transportation; it has four stops of the Milan Metro subway and five bus lines traversing it  It is also close to major thoroughfares such as the Tangenziale and the Strada del Sempione  
A major landmark of the Gallaratese district is Monte Amiata, a complex of apartment blocks that were designed by Carlo Aymonino, and that are characterized by a futuristic architecture  The most typical buildings are the so-called "tower houses" (case torri in Italian, tower-shaped apartment blocks 

History
The project for the Gallaraterse district was first laid down by architect Piero Bottoni in the mid 20th century  The objective was to create a low-income housing district with green areas, effective traffic connection to the city, and functional public services  Construction began in 1957, from a first core of the district named "Gallaratese G 1"  The original plan by Bottoni was then refined and developed by over 60 architects, led by Gianluigi Reggio   A second and third part of the district, named "Gallaratese G 2" and "San Leonardo" respectively, were developed between 1964 and 1974   In those years, the "tower houses" that now characterize the Gallaratese' skyline were built   The final outcome was quite different from the original plans; the district was in fact developed with less green areas and less services than it had been planned, resulting in a definitely "satellite" district  
In the last decades of the 20th century the district has grown larger, gradually extending north up to the borders of Pero; the Bonola shopping mall was also created 

Footnotes
External links
Portal of the Gallaratese district (in Italian)
Passage 8:
Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta
Pesanggrahan is a district of South Jakarta one of the administrative cities which forms the capital territory of Jakarta, Indonesia  The Pesanggrahan River flows along the eastern edge of Pesanggrahan District  To the west of Pesanggrahan District is Tangerang and South Tangerang, Banten Province 
Pesanggrahan District was originally part of the Kebayoran Lama District, which was later made into a separate district 
A southwestern portion of the Jakarta Outer Ring Road and the Serpong-Jakarta railway passed through Pesanggrahan District 

Toponym
The name Pesanggrahan is derived from the name of the river Pesanggrahan along the eastern edge of the district 

Kelurahan (Administrative villages)
The district of Pesanggrahan is divided into five administrative villages (kelurahan):

Ulujami - area code 12250
Petukangan Utara - area code 12260
Petukangan Selatan - area code 12270
Pesanggrahan - area code 12320
Bintaro - area code 12330

List of important places

Budi Luhur University
Darunnajah Islamic Boarding School
Metro Mall Cipulir
Taman Swadharma
Passage 9:
Anatoly Chubais
Anatoly Borisovich Chubais (Russian: Анатолий Борисович Чубайс; born 16 June 1955) is a Russian politician and economist who was responsible for privatization in Russia as an influential member of Boris Yeltsin's administration in the early 1990s  During this period, he was a key figure in introducing a market economy and the principles of private ownership to Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union  He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation From 1998 to 2008, he headed the state-owned electrical power monopoly RAO UES  A 2004 survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Financial Times named Chubais the world's 54th most respected business leader  He was the head of the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation (RUSNANO) in 2008–2020  He was a member of the Advisory Council for JPMorgan Chase from September 2008 until 2013  From December 2020, he served as a special envoy of the Russian president for relations with international organisations On 23 March 2022, Chubais resigned from his position of special envoy and left Russia due to his opposition to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, according to media reports  He is the highest ranked Russian figure to resign due to the invasion 

Early life
Chubais was born on 16 June 1955 in the town of Borisov, Belarus, which was then part of the Soviet Union, the son of Raisa Efimovna (Sagal) and Boris Matveyevich Chubais  His father was Russian and his mother was Lithuanian Jewish  His father, a retired army colonel and veteran of World War II, was in the military at the time of Chubais' birth, and later worked as a lecturer of Philosophy  Though his mother received a degree in economics at university, she opted to stay home to care for their children on the military bases where her husband was regularly assigned  Anatoly Chubais has an older brother, Igor Chubais (born 1947), a philosopher In 1977, Chubais graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Economics (LEEI) in present-day St  Petersburg and joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until 1991 when he left it 

Career
Early career (1977–1991)
While later working at LEEI, Chubais started a club called Reforma, which helped turn the city of Leningrad into a model of political reform by constructing platforms for both local and national elections  Reforma also engaged in drafting reformist legislation, an important step down the road when Chubais would work in the city government  In 1982, he attained the rank of associate professor (доцент) at LEEI, while in 1983, he received his Candidate of Sciences (Ph D ) degree in Economics for the dissertation entitled "Исследование и разработка методов планирования совершенствования управления в отраслевых научно-технических организациях" (Research and Development of Methods for the Planned Improvement of Management in Industrial Research and Development Organizations) Starting in the early 1980s, Chubais became a leader of an informal circle of market-oriented economists in Leningrad  In 1982, together with economists Yury Yarmagayev and Grigory Glazkov, he published an article titled "Вопросы расширения хозяйственной самостоятельности предприятий в условиях научно-технического прогресса" (Questions of Expanding the Autonomy of Business Enterprises under the conditions of Scientific and Technological Progress) in which the authors argue that no amount of central planning can predict the end-demand for products  In 1982, Chubais was introduced to the future Prime Minister of Russia Yegor Gaidar, who was invited to and attended seminars led by Chubais By 1987, Chubais had become the organiser of the Leningrad chapter of the club Perestroyka, whose mission was to promote and discuss democratic ideas among the local intelligentsia  Among the people involved were his brother, Igor, who had founded the Moscow-based chapter of the Perestroyka and Perestroyka-88 clubs, future Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexei Kudrin, future Chubais associates Pyotr Mostovoy and Alexander Kazakov, the future President of Saint Petersburg bank Vladimir Kogan, future Minister of Anti-Monopoly Policy and Entrepreneurship Support Ilya Yuzhanov, and future Deputy Governor of Saint Petersburg Mikhail Manevich The dissident economists organized a tulip farm to finance their seminars  In the four days before the International Women's Day (8 March), they managed to get income equivalent to the price of several Lada cars  The tulip money was used to finance the elections of Anatoly Sobchak, Yury Boldyrev and many other democratic candidates  As a result, 2/3 of the deputies winning the 1990 elections to Leningrad Soviet were from the opposition  Chubais himself later stated that he personally did not participate in growing or selling of the flowers At the end of 1990, the economist Vitaly Nayshul proposed the idea of using vouchers to facilitate mass privatization in order to transform the Soviet Union into a market economy  Chubais strongly criticized the scheme at the time, citing the inevitable inequality and social tensions that would result if implemented as proposed  Ironically, Chubais would later become the champion of the same concept just several years later 

Privatization chief in Leningrad (1990–1994)
In 1990, upon the election of Anatoly Sobchak as Chairman of the Leningrad City Council, Chubais assumed the position of his Deputy  He was trying to implement Sobchak's idea of creating a Free Economic Zone in Leningrad  In 1991, Chubais declined the offer to become the Chairman of Leningrad Ispolkom to instead become an advisor to the mayoral administration in Leningrad (by now renamed St  Petersburg) where Sobchak had just been elected mayor  At the same time, Chubais worked as the president of newly established Wassily Leontief Center for Research in Economics 

In Yeltsin government (1992–1999)
In November 1991, Chubais became a minister in the Yeltsin Cabinet where he managed the portfolio of Rosimushchestvo (the Committee for the Management of State Property) which was handling privatization in Russia Chubais originally advocated rapid privatization in order to raise revenue, similar to the model used in Hungary  However, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia rejected this model  Eventually, a compromise was proposed in the form of a voucher privatization program akin to the program used in the Czech Republic at the time  On 11 June 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Russia adopted this compromise and the massive program was officially initiated by decree of President Boris Yeltsin on 19 August 1991  This privatization program later came under heavy criticism  While most Russian citizens lost their savings in only a few weeks, a few oligarchs rapidly became billionaires by arbitraging the vast difference between the old domestic prices for Russian commodities versus the prices prevailing on the world market  The people who benefited from this arbitrage became known as "kleptocrats" because they stashed billions of dollars in Swiss bank accounts rather than investing in the Russian economy 
From November 1994 until January 1996, Chubais held the position of deputy prime minister for economic and financial policy in the Russian government  Thanks to liberalizing reforms carried out in 1995, the Russian Government was finally enjoying a measure of financial stability, something its politicians had been seeking ever since the resignation of Yegor Gaidar in 1993  By the end of 1995, the average annual inflation rate had declined from 18% down to 3% From April 1995 until February 1996, Chubais also represented Russia in two international financial institutions – the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) After resigning as deputy prime minister in January 1996, Chubais agreed to manage Boris Yeltsin's reelection campaign  By this time according to public opinion surveys, Yeltsin's approval rating had fallen to roughly 3%  Chubais established the Civil Society Foundation as well as Yeltsin's Campaign Analytical Group, which became one part of the Foundation  The group helped Yeltsin regain popularity and win re-election in the second round of the polls on 3 July 1994, capturing 53 82% of the popular vote From July 1996 until March 1997, Chubais was the chief of the Russian Presidential Administration  During his tenure, his office grew increasingly influential Chubais participated in the Bilderberg Club session in Turnberry, Scotland in 1998, and co-chaired the Round Table of Industrialists of Russia and the EU during the joint session of the Government Commission of the Russian Federation and the European Union  He was also elected to the Board of Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs in 2000 According to Yeltsin's daughter and chief of staff Tatyana Yumasheva, Chubais opposed the nomination of Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister of Russia and Yeltsin's successor in 1999  Although Chubais believed Putin was qualified for the position, he feared that his appointment would be rejected by the State Duma, allow the Communist Party of the Russian Federation to gain a large enough parliamentary majority to amend the constitution, and start a civil war 

RAO Unified Energy System of Russia (1998–2008)
In 1998, Chubais was elected to the chairman of the board of RAO UES of Russia, the state-owned electricity monopoly, at a special general meeting of shareholders; he soon was also appointed chairman of the board Since 2000, Chubais consistently defended the need for further reform, which included dis-aggregating power generation, transmission, and distribution activities from the monopoly holding company in order to facilitate the subsequent sale of a majority of shares to private investors  Chubais was convinced that the un-bundling and privatization of the state monopoly were the only mechanisms able to raise the substantial funds needed to modernize Russia's electricity sector He was elected president of the CIS Electric Power Council (2000), and later was repeatedly re-elected to that post from 2001 to 2004 In addition to reforms, Chubais and his team raised more than $30 billion in private investments for the Russian electric power sector  The funds were used to finance the construction of new facilities: 130 new units with a total capacity of about 29,000 MW, 10,000 kilometers of transmission lines, 60,000 kilometers of distribution network lines, and thousands of electrical sub-stations of all classes of voltage  His reforms also helped eliminate the use of barter payments and significantly reduced the number of payment defaults in the sector On 17 March 2005, he survived an assassination attempt  Vladimir Kvachkov was charged for the crime, but was acquitted by a jury In 2007, the Russian newspaper Vedomosti named Chubais the "Professional of the Year"  The paper called him the only professional reformer in Russia because of his achievements in breaking of one monopoly into dozens of independent entities, introducing market forces into the electricity distribution system, and transforming a government institution structure into one attractive for private investment and management In July 2008, RAO UES of Russia ceased to exist as a legal entity 

RUSNANO (2008–2020)
Since September 2008, Chubais has been General Manager of the State Corporation Rosnanotech The official business of the corporation is to promote innovation and modernization in Russia's economy in several areas  For example, RUSNANO forms an important part of the government's strategy to find economic alternatives to fossil fuels   The corporation has set a target of 900 billions rubles in sales by 2015  In the past, Chubais has compared RUSNANO to a garden in which the corporation cultivates innovative business ventures  Over its eight years of operation (2007–2015), RUSNANO has completed over 100 investment projects which resulted in the opening of 68 new plants and 28 R&D centers  As stated in the annual RUSNANO groups' financial report, the value of RUSNANO's portfolio was estimated in 2015 at 227 7 billion rubles and its net income at 17 billion rubles Chubais has been a member of the Skolkovo Foundation Council since 2010, and in 2011 was elected chairman of the board of LTD RUSNANO He left the organization in December 2020 

Resignation (2022)
On 23 March 2022, after Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, Chubais quit his official positions, including that as climate envoy, stating that he was opposed to the invasion, according to media reports  Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov confirmed that Chubais had resigned, but did not specify why, stating: "Whether he left or not is his personal matter"  Chubais left Russia, arriving in Istanbul, Turkey, on the same day, planning to remain abroad  Alexei Navalny's spokesperson, Kira Yarmysh, suggested that Chubais had "left Russia only out of fear for his own skin and his own money"  He was the highest ranked Kremlin official to resign following the start of the invasion, though he is not a member of Putin's inner circle 

Personal life
Chubais is married to Dunya Smirnova (a screenwriter and TV presenter), and has two children from his first marriage: a son, Aleksey, and a daughter, Olga On 1 August 2022, Chubais told Russian journalist Ksenia Sobchak that he had been hospitalised with the neurological disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome, though Sardinian newspaper L’Unione Sarda reported that Italian authorities had not yet ruled out poisoning, and Italian intelligence services are awaiting his blood toxicology results in order to make sure he was not poisoned Chubais currently lives in Israel and received Israeli citizenship in May 2023 

Involvement in political parties
In June 1993, Anatoly Chubais co-founded the "Russia's Choice" electoral bloc (Vybor Rossii), which was headed by Yegor Gaidar  In December 1993, running under this bloc, Chubais was elected as a deputy to the Russian State Duma in its first convocation On 12–13 July 1994, Chubais was elected to the governing council of the party "Democratic Choice of Russia", which had been built off the electoral bloc "Russia's Choice"  In December 1998, Chubais became a member of the Organizing Committee of Right Cause coalition and was elected to the Steering Committee of the Organizing Committee of this coalition In July 1996, Chubais founded the "Center for Protection of Private Property" Foundation In May 2000, Chubais was elected co-chairman of the Coordinating Council of the Russian National Political Organization "Union of Right Forces" at its founding congress  He was also later elected co-president and a member of the Federal Political Council on 26 May 2001, during the founding congress of the "Union of Right Forces" Party (SPS)
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has had occurrences of actors nominated for two different Academy Awards in acting categories in a single year, with the first instance in 1938 
Provided that they receive enough votes from the Academy in both categories to earn a nomination, there are no restrictions on male actors being nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor or actresses being nominated for both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress in any given year  The only two rules with regard to multiple nominations is that an actor or actress cannot receive multiple nominations for different performances in the same category (one nomination must be for a lead role and the other must be for a supporting role), and they cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance  The second rule was introduced in 1944 after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor nomination and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way As of 2022, 12 actors and actresses have been nominated for two different Academy Awards in the same year  The first was Fay Bainter, who received nominations for her performances in White Banners and Jezebel at the 11th Academy Awards  The most recent occurrence was the 92nd Academy Awards when Scarlett Johansson received (her first ever) nominations for Marriage Story and Jojo Rabbit  Seven of these actors and actresses received an Academy Award in one of the categories they were nominated in, but none have won two Academy Awards in the same year  Five did not receive an Academy Award in either category: Sigourney Weaver (nominations for Gorillas in the Mist and Working Girl), Emma Thompson (nominations for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father), Julianne Moore (nominations for Far from Heaven and The Hours), Cate Blanchett (nominations for Elizabeth: The Golden Age and I'm Not There) and Johansson  Thompson is notable for not only her dual nominations, but also for being the only person to win Academy Awards for both acting and writing   In 1993, the only time to date, two actors were nominated in two categories each in a single year: Holly Hunter (for The Piano and The Firm) and Thompson (for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father) 

Nominees
See also
List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for non-English performances
Passage 2:
François Bégaudeau
François Bégaudeau (French pronunciation: ​[fʁɑ̃swa beɡodo]; born 27 April 1971) is a French writer, journalist, and actor  He is best known for co-writing and starring in Entre les murs (2008), a film based on his 2006 novel of the same name  The film won the Palme d'Or at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film in 2009 

Early life
He was born in Luçon, Vendée, France and was a member of the 1990s punk rock group Zabriskie Point  After receiving his degree in Literature, he taught high school in Dreux and in an inner city middle school in Paris 

Career
Bégaudeau published his first novel, Jouer juste in 2003  In 2005, he published Dans la diagonale and Un démocrate, Mick Jagger 1960-1969, a fictionalized account of the life of Mick Jagger  In 2006, his third novel entitled Entre les murs earned him the Prix France Culture/Télérama Bégaudeau works as a movie critic for the French version of Playboy, having previously worked for the Cahiers du cinéma  He was also a regular contributor for several French magazines, including Inculte, Transfuge and So Foot  Since 2006, he has been a columnist for La Matinale and Le Cercle on Canal+ television He worked on the screenplay for Entre les murs (2008), a film based on his 2006 novel of the same name, in collaboration with the film's director Laurent Cantet  Bégaudeau also starred as the lead in the film, which went on to win the Palme d'Or at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival  The film also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film in 2009, though it ultimately lost to Japan's Departures  The English-language version of Entre les murs was published in April 2009 by Seven Stories Press under the title The Class 

Works
Jouer juste, Éditions Verticales, 2003
Dans la diagonale, Éditions Verticales, 2005
Un démocrate : Mick Jagger 1960-1969, Naïve Records, 2005
Entre les murs, Éditions Verticales, 2006
Collaboration for Débuter dans l'enseignement : Témoignages d'enseignants, conseils d'experts, ESF, 2006
Collaboration  for Devenirs du roman, Naïve Records, 2007
Collaboration for Une année en France : Réferendum/banlieues/CPE, Gallimard, 2007
Fin de l'histoire, Éditions Verticales, 2007
Vers la Douceur, Éditions Verticales, 2009
Histoire de ta bêtise, Éditions Fayard/Pauvert, 2019
Notre Joie, Éditions Fayard/Pauvert, 2021
Passage 3:
List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception  Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, or Best Supporting Actress  The only restriction is that actors cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance  This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way As of 2021, 44 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories  Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four (all Best Actress)  Six have won exactly three acting Academy Awards:  Daniel Day-Lewis (three Best Actor awards), Frances McDormand (three Best Actress awards), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards)  Brennan became the first to receive three or more Academy Awards (winning the third for a 1940 film), followed by Hepburn (1968), Bergman (1974), Nicholson (1997), Streep (2011), Day-Lewis (2012), and, most recently, McDormand (2020)  Of the seven, only Nicholson, Streep, McDormand, and Day-Lewis are still living 
While there is no restriction on a performer winning the Best Actor/Actress and Best Supporting Actor/Actress awards in the same year for two roles in two movies, this has yet to happen—although there have been occasions where performers have been nominated for both in the same year 

List
† = deceased

See also
List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories
List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances
List of Academy Award records
Passage 4:
Charlie Wilson's War (film)
Charlie Wilson's War is a 2007 American biographical comedy-drama film based on the story of U S  Congressman Charlie Wilson and CIA operative Gust Avrakotos, whose efforts led to Operation Cyclone, a program to organize and support the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) 
The film was directed by Mike Nichols (his final film) and written by Aaron Sorkin, who adapted George Crile III's 2003 book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History  It stars Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, and Philip Seymour Hoffman, with Amy Adams and Ned Beatty in supporting roles  It earned five nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and Hoffman earned a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the 80th Academy Awards 

Plot
In 1980, Congressman Charlie Wilson is more interested in partying than legislating, frequently throwing huge galas and staffing his congressional office with attractive young women  His social life eventually brings about a federal investigation into allegations of his cocaine use, conducted by federal prosecutor Rudy Giuliani as part of a larger investigation into congressional misconduct  The investigation results in no charge against Wilson 
A friend and romantic interest, Joanne Herring, encourages Charlie to do more to help the Afghan people, and persuades him to visit the Pakistani leadership  The Pakistanis complain about the inadequate support of the U S  to oppose the Soviet Union, and they insist that Wilson visit a major Pakistan-based Afghan refugee camp  The Congressman is deeply moved by their misery and determination to fight, but is frustrated by the regional CIA personnel's insistence on a low key approach against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan  Wilson returns home to lead an effort to substantially increase funding to the mujahideen 
As part of this effort, Charlie befriends maverick CIA operative Gust Avrakotos and his understaffed Afghanistan group to find a better strategy, especially including a means to counter the Soviets' formidable Mil Mi-24 Hind helicopter gunship  This group was composed in part of members of the CIA's Special Activities Division, including a young paramilitary officer named Michael Vickers  As a result, Charlie's deft political bargaining for the necessary funding and Avrakotos' careful planning using those resources, such as supplying the guerrillas with FIM-92 Stinger missile launchers, turns the Soviet occupation into a deadly quagmire with their heavy fighting vehicles being destroyed at a crippling rate  Charlie enlists the support of Israel and Egypt for Soviet weapons and consumables, and Pakistan for distribution of arms   The CIA's anti-communism budget evolves from $5 million to over $500 million (with the same amount matched by Saudi Arabia), startling several congressmen  This effort by Charlie ultimately evolves into a major portion of the U S  foreign policy known as the Reagan Doctrine, under which the U S  expanded assistance beyond just the mujahideen and began also supporting other anti-communist resistance movements around the world  Charlie states that senior Pentagon official Michael Pillsbury persuaded President Ronald Reagan to provide the Stingers to the Afghans 
Gust vehemently advises Charlie to seek support for post-Soviet occupation Afghanistan, referencing the "zen master's" story of the lost horse  He also emphasizes that rehabilitating schools in the country will help educate young children before they are influenced by the "crazies"  Charlie attempts to appeal this with the government but finds no enthusiasm for even the modest measures he proposes  In the end, Charlie receives a major commendation for his support of the U S  clandestine services, but his pride is tempered by his fears of the blowback his secret efforts could yield in the future and the implications of U S  disengagement from Afghanistan 

Cast
Release and reception
Box office
The film was originally set for release on December 25, 2007; but on November 30, the timetable was moved back to December 21  In its opening weekend, the film grossed $9 6 million in 2,575 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking No  4 at the box office  It grossed a total of $119 million worldwide—$66 7 million in the United States and Canada and $52 3 million in other territories 

Critical reaction
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 205 reviews, with an average rating of 7 00/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Charlie Wilson's War manages to entertain and inform audiences, thanks to its witty script and talented cast of power players " Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 67 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale 

Governmental criticism and praise
Some Reagan Era officials, including former Under Secretary of Defense Fred Ikle, have criticized some elements of the film  The Washington Times reported claims that the film wrongly promotes the notion that the CIA-led operation funded Osama bin Laden and ultimately produced the September 11 attacks; however, other Reagan-era officials have been more supportive of the film   Michael Johns, the former foreign policy analyst at The Heritage Foundation and White House speechwriter to President George H  W  Bush, praised the film as "the first mass-appeal effort to reflect the most important lesson of America's Cold War victory: that the Reagan-led effort to support freedom fighters resisting Soviet oppression led successfully to the first major military defeat of the Soviet Union    Sending the Red Army packing from Afghanistan proved one of the single most important contributing factors in one of history's most profoundly positive and important developments "

Russian reception
In February 2008, it was revealed that the film would not release in Russian theaters  The rights for the film were bought by Universal Pictures International (UPI) Russia  It was speculated that the film would not appear because of a certain point of view that depicted the Soviet Union unfavorably  UPI Russia head Yevgeny Beginin denied that, saying, "We simply decided that the film would not make a profit " Reaction from Russian bloggers was also negative  One wrote: "The whole film shows Russians, or rather Soviets, as brutal killers "

Historical accuracy
Mujahideen support
While the film depicts Wilson as an immediate advocate for supplying the mujahideen with Stinger missiles, a former Reagan administration official recalls that he and Wilson, while advocates for the mujahideen, were actually initially "lukewarm" on the idea of supplying these missiles  Their opinion changed when they discovered that rebels were successful in downing Soviet gunships with them  As such, they were actually not supplied until 1987, during the second Reagan term, and their provision was advocated mostly by Reagan defense officials and influential conservatives 

Happy ending
According to Melissa Roddy, a Los Angeles film maker with inside information from the production, the film's happy ending where Wilson receives an award came about because Tom Hanks did not feel comfortable with an original draft which ended on a scene featuring the September 11 attacks   Citing the original screenplay, which was very different from the final product, in Reel Power: Hollywood Cinema and American Supremacy Matthew Alford wrote that the film gave up "the chance to produce what at least had the potential to be the Dr  Strangelove of our generation" 

Academic research
The book and the film based on it are mostly rated negatively in terms of historical accuracy 

Charlie Wilson’s War (2007) is amusing but has only an intermittent connection with historical reality 
George Crile's magnificent book Charlie Wilson's War, and the movie that was made from it, is an excellent account, but it is told from the perspective of one Texas congressman and tends to distort his importance 
George Crile's Charlie Wilson's War has been made into a film, and features the same degree of fantasy and escapism as Rambo III, which was also set in the Soviet-Afghan War 

Aftermath
The film depicts the concern expressed by Charlie and Gust that Afghanistan was being neglected in the 1990s, following the Soviet withdrawal  In one of the film's final scenes, Gust dampens Charlie's enthusiasm over the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, saying "I'm about to give you an NIE (National Intelligence Estimate) that shows the crazies are rolling into Kandahar "  As he says this, the sound of jet airliners soar overhead, a premonition of the coming 9/11 attacks 

George Crile III, author of the book on which the film is based, wrote that the mujahideen's victory in Afghanistan ultimately opened a power vacuum for bin Laden: By the end of 1993, in Afghanistan itself there were no roads, no schools, just a destroyed country—and the United States was washing its hands of any responsibility  It was in this vacuum that the Taliban and Osama bin Laden would emerge as the dominant players  It is ironic that a man who had almost nothing to do with the victory over the Red Army, Osama bin Laden, would come to personify the power of the jihad 
In 2008, Canadian journalist Arthur Kent sued the makers of the film, claiming that they had used material he produced in the 1980s without obtaining the proper authorization  On September 19, 2008, Kent announced that he had reached a settlement with the film's producers and distributors, and that he was "very pleased" with the terms of the settlement, which remain confidential 

Awards and nominations
Home media
The film was released on DVD April 22, 2008, while a HD DVD/DVD combo was also made available
Passage 5:
Heureux Anniversaire
Heureux Anniversaire (also known as Happy Anniversary) is a 1962 French short comedy film directed by Pierre Étaix  It won an Oscar in 1963 for Best Short Subject 

Cast
Robert Blome
Pierre Étaix
Lucien Frégis
Laurence Lignières
Georges Loriot
Ican Paillaud
Nono Zammit
Passage 6:
Beyond the Hills
Beyond the Hills (Romanian: După dealuri) is a 2012 Romanian drama film directed by Cristian Mungiu, starring Cristina Flutur and Cosmina Stratan  The narrative follows two young women at an Eastern Orthodox convent in Romania 

Plot
Two Romanian orphaned young women, Voichița and Alina, visit a Romanian Orthodox convent during Lent, where Voichița tells Alina the altar includes an icon that grants wishes  Alina had been working in Germany, and the two girls were previously roommates at a children's home and had shared a physical relationship  The monastery is led by a 30-year-old Priest who speaks ill of declining faith in Western Europe, citing same-sex marriage, and forbids anyone outside of the faith from entering  He inquires about Alina to Voichița, who tells him Alina irregularly attends church and does not go to confession  They urge Alina to begin confessing  Alina hopes to sleep with Voichița, but Voichița tells her they must be cautious given it is Lent 
Some time later after Alina has left the convent, Voichița retrieves her, but Voichița tells Alina she is now a nun, that she has chosen to be with God so she will never be alone, and her love of Alina is different from before  They return to the convent, but Alina asks Voichița that they escape together  After Voichița refuses, Alina attempts to jump down a well, but is restrained by the nuns and taken to the hospital  There, doctors restrain Alina to prevent her self-harm, after which they send her back to the convent to assist with recovery  There, the nuns read to Alina about sin  Alina begins a Black Fast, but when the Priest learns of this when Alina is not at the table, they see Alina is attempting to enter the altar to make a wish to the icon  The Priest admits the icon exists, but says entering the altar is a severe sin, and tells the nuns the Devil is in Alina and the convent 
Alina remains tied down to a board with chains and towels  The nuns witness a worsening in her condition and take her back to the hospital  There, the hospital staff find Alina is dead on arrival, and observe the wounds on her wrists and ankles from the restraints  The staff tells the nuns this constitutes homicide and threatens to call the police and media  An officer investigates the convent  Seeing the board Alina was tied to, the officer interprets it as a cross  The officer also says forcible restraint leading to death is a homicide  The Priest denies criminal intent, saying the restraints were to prevent self-harm, and invoking the analogy of a parent's right to force children to take medicine, though the officer replies Alina was not a child and the Priest was not her guardian  The nuns also cite Alina's strength as mysterious, but Voichița says Alina studied martial arts  The police take the Priest and the nuns who tied up Alina away, with Voichița choosing to go with them 

Cast
Cosmina Stratan as Voichița
Cristina Flutur as Alina
Valeriu Andriuță as Priest
Dana Tapalagă as Mother superior
Cătălina Harabagiu as Antonia
Gina Țandură as nun Iustina
Vica Agache as nun Elisabeta
Nora Covali as Nun Pahomia
Dionisie Vitcu as Mr  Valerică

Production
The screenplay was inspired by two novels by the writer Tatiana Niculescu Bran, documenting the Tanacu exorcism, in which a young member of a monastery in Moldavia died in 2005 after an exorcism ritual  Mungiu was inspired to make the film after seeing the stage version in New York while promoting 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days The film production was made through the director's company, Mobra Films  It also received production support from Belgium and France  It received €273,100  from Romania's National Centre for Cinema and €400,000 from Eurimages  Filming took place from November 2011 to February 2012 

Release
The film premiered in the main competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, where it was screened on 19 May  At Cannes, Mungiu won the award for Best Screenplay, while Cristina Flutur and Cosmina Stratan shared the award for Best Actress  It was selected as the Romanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards,  making the January shortlist  The film also won the Golden Ástor for Best Film at the 2012 Mar del Plata International Film Festival 

Critical response
Dan Fainaru of Screen Daily wrote from Cannes: "Spare, unadorned and strikingly shot, Cristian Mungiu's film is an unusual rendering of a Romanian exorcism case and is bound to split both audience and critical opinions, some considering it a major achievement and others blaming it for overlong pretentious sensationalism  But it will certainly not pass unnoticed "Sight & Sound film magazine listed the film at #8 on its list of best films of 2012 

See also
Romanian New Wave
List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Romanian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films of 2012
Passage 7:
78th Academy Awards
The 78th Academy Awards presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 5, 2006, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p m  PST / 8:00 p m  EST  The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid a clash with the 2006 Winter Olympics  During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005  The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J  Horvitz  Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time  Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California held on February 18, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams Crash won three awards, including Best Picture  Other winners included Brokeback Mountain, King Kong, and Memoirs of a Geisha with three awards and Capote, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Constant Gardener, Hustle & Flow, March of the Penguins, The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation, A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin, Six Shooter, Syriana, Tsotsi, Walk the Line, and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one  The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States 

Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 78th Academy Awards were announced on January 31, 2006, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in the Academy's Beverly Hills headquarters by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino  Brokeback Mountain earned the most nominations with eight total; Crash, Good Night, and Good Luck, and Memoirs of a Geisha tied for second with six nominations each  All five Best Picture nominees received corresponding Best Director nominations (the fourth occurrence in Oscar history since the Best Picture nominees roster was limited to five films) The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 5, 2006  Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony  Crash was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's Rocky to win only three Oscars  Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category  For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees  At age 20, Keira Knightley was the second-youngest Best Actress nominee for her performance as Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice  Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films  By virtue of his nominations for both Memoirs of a Geisha and Munich, composer John Williams earned a total of 45 nominations tying him with Alfred Newman as the second most nominated individual in Oscar history  "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" became the second rap song to win Best Original Song and the first such song to be performed at an Oscars ceremony 

Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡) 

Academy Honorary Award
Robert Altman — In recognition of a career that has repeatedly reinvented the art form and inspired filmmakers and audiences alike 

Films with multiple nominations and awards
Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers 

Presenters
Performers
Ceremony information
Despite the negative reception from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy rehired Gilbert Cates to oversee production of the awards gala  However, in an article published in The New York Times, it was stated that 2005 host Chris Rock would not return to host the show  According to a statement released by his publicist, "He didn't want to do it in perpetuity, He'd like to do it again down the road " Furthermore, many media outlets speculated that several AMPAS members felt uncomfortable with Rock's disparaging comments about Colin Farrell, Jude Law, and Tobey Maguire  Initially, Cates sought actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony again  However, Crystal declined the offer citing his commitment to his one-man comedy show 700 Sundays In January 2006, Cates announced that actor, comedian, and talk show host Jon Stewart, who had previously hosted two consecutive Grammy Awards ceremonies in 2001 and 2002, was chosen as host of the 2006 telecast  Cates explained the decision to hire him saying, "My wife and I watch him every night  Jon is the epitome of a perfect host — smart, engaging, irreverent and funny " In a statement, Stewart expressed that he was honored to be selected to emcee the program, jokingly adding, "Although, as an avid watcher of the Oscars, I can't help but be a little disappointed with the choice  It appears to be another sad attempt to smoke out Billy Crystal "Several other people and companies participated in the production of the ceremony  Bill Conti served as musical supervisor for the telecast  Media firm The Ant Farm produced a thirty-second trailer promoting the broadcast featuring clips highlighting past Oscar winners to the tune of the song "Our Lives" by The Calling  Previous Oscar hosts such as Whoopi Goldberg and Steve Martin, and actors Mel Gibson, George Clooney, Halle Berry appeared in an opening comedic sketch  Actor Tom Hanks participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning Oscar speeches  Stephen Colbert (host of The Colbert Report, the sister program of Stewart's The Daily Show) narrated two different mock attack ads lampooning both the intense campaigning and lobbying during Oscar season put forth by film studios and political advertising during elections  Violinist Itzhak Perlman performed excerpts from the five nominees for Best Original Score 

Box office performance of nominated films
When the nominations were announced on January 31, the field of major nominees favored independent, low-budget films over blockbusters  The combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $186 million with an average gross of $37 3 million per film  Crash was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $53 4 million in domestic box office receipts  The film was followed by Brokeback Mountain ($51 7 million), Munich ($40 8 million), Good Night and Good Luck ($25 2 million), and finally Capote ($15 4 million) Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 35 nominations went to 13 films on the list  Only  Walk the Line (19th), Cinderella Man (41st), Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (45th), and Crash (48th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting  The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (1st), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2nd), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (3rd), War of the Worlds (4th), King Kong (5th), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (7th), Batman Begins (8th), March of the Penguins, (26th), and Memoirs of a Geisha (47th) 

Critical reviews
Some media outlets received the broadcast positively  St  Louis Post-Dispatch television critic Gail Pennington praised Stewart's performance as host writing that he "did the Oscars proud Sunday night, turning in a four-star hosting performance that unfortunately made the rest of the show seem sluggish by comparison " Film critic Roger Ebert said that Stewart was "on target, topical and funny," and added, "He was as relaxed, amusing and at home as Johnny Carson " Columnist Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter commented, "He seemed at times nervous and self-conscious, but on the whole, Stewart delivered with just the right balance of reverence and smugness "Others media publications were more critical of the show  Television critic Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote that Stewart was more "amusing than funny"  He added, "Many of his jokes fell flat with the stars in the Kodak Theatre, and his tendency to bow down before celebrities quickly grew tiresome " Tom Shales from The Washington Post commented, "It's hard to believe that professional entertainers could have put together a show less entertaining than this year's Oscars, hosted with a smug humorlessness by comic Jon Stewart, a sad and pale shadow of great hosts gone by " Moreover, he derided the "piles and piles and miles and miles of clips from films present and past" writing that it "squandered the visual luster" of the ceremony  Associated Press television critic Frazier Moore remarked, "Stewart, usually a very funny guy, displayed a lack of beginner's luck as first-time host   His usually impeccable blend of puckishness and self-effacement fell flat in the service of Oscar " He also criticized the decision to play music over the winner's acceptance speeches calling it "distracting and obnoxious "

Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 38 94 million people over its length, which was an 8% decrease from the previous year's ceremony  Additionally, the show earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 23 0% of households watching over a 35 share  Furthermore, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 13 9 rating among viewers in that demographic In July 2006, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 58th Primetime Emmys  The following month, the ceremony won four of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction (Roy Christopher and Jeff Richman), Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Program (Louis J  Horvitz), Outstanding Main Title Design (Renato Grgic, Alen Petkovic, Kristijan Petrovic, and Jon Teschner), and Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Variety, Music, or Animation Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J  Greene, Jamie Santos, and Tom Vicari) 

In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actor George Clooney  The montage featured an excerpt of the theme from Now, Voyager composed by Max Steiner 

See also
12th Screen Actors Guild Awards
26th Golden Raspberry Awards
48th Grammy Awards
58th Primetime Emmy Awards
59th British Academy Film Awards
60th Tony Awards
63rd Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 78th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

Notes
a^ : Walt Disney has the most Oscar nominations for any individual with 64 
b^ : Best Foreign Language Film nominee Paradise Now was initially nominated as a submission from Palestine  However, following protests from pro-Israeli groups in the United States, the Academy decided to designate it as a submission from the Palestinian Authority, a move that was decried by the film's director Hany Abu-Assad  During the awards ceremony, the film was eventually announced by presenter Will Smith as a submission from the Palestinian territories 
Passage 8:
Fiddler on the Roof
Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in or around 1905  It is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem  The story centers on Tevye, a milkman in the village of Anatevka, who attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon his family's lives  He must cope with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters who wish to marry for love; their choices of husbands are successively less palatable for Tevye  An edict of the tsar eventually evicts the Jews from their village 
The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances  Fiddler held the record for the longest-running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run  The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed  It won nine Tony Awards, including best musical, score, book, direction and choreography  It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation and has enjoyed enduring international popularity  It has also been a popular choice for school and community productions 

Background
Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye (or Tevye the Dairyman) and his Daughters, a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century  The stories are based on Aleichem's own upbringing near modern-day Kyiv (fictionalized as Yehupetz)  It is also influenced by Life is with People, by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog  Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s  In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, called Tevye and his Daughters, was produced off-Broadway by Arnold Perl  Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea 

Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences  Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow" and superficial; Philip Roth, writing in The New Yorker, called it shtetl kitsch  For example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him  Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; at the end of Fiddler, the family members are alive, and most are emigrating together to America  The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to become "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry"  Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins  The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye, before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall (Green Violinist (1924),  Le Mort (1924), The Fiddler (1912)) that also inspired the original set design  Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting" During rehearsals, one of the stars, Jewish actor Zero Mostel, feuded with Robbins, whom he held in contempt, because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public  Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy [and] strained the good nature of Hal Prince" 

Synopsis
Act I
Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ("Tradition")  At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal  His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks  Yente, the village matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter  The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel illustrates how it could have bad results ("Matchmaker, Matchmaker")  A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor 
Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame  He asks God: Whom would it hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"?  The bookseller tells Tevye news from the outside world of pogroms and expulsions  A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk  The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters  Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar



ground_truth: Emilia Galotti

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The city where Dmitry Borisovich was born is located where in Russia?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: On 24 January 2004, he resigned from his post as co-chair of the party but remained on the Federal Political Council of the SPS party In May 2010, Chubais became the chairman of the board of trustees of the Gaidar Foundation, jointly established by the Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy and Maria Strugatsky 

Awards
In 1997, the British magazine Euromoney named him the world's best Minister of Finance In December 2001, Chubais was awarded an honorary diploma of International Award by the International Union of Economists for his significant contributions to the Russian Federation, specifically his work applying advanced international experience to introduce contemporary methods of organizing administration, economics, finances and production processes In 2008, Chubais was awarded a Presidential Commendation for helping draft part of the Russian Constitution as well as his overall contributions to democracy in Russia In 2010, Chubais was honored by with IV degree Order For Merit to the Fatherland "for outstanding contribution to the implementation of state policy in the field of nanotechnology and many years of favorable work" Chubais received three presidential commendations (awarded in 1995, 1997 and 1998) and as well as one honorary Ph D  from the St  Petersburg State Engineering and Economic University 
Passage 10:
Sokolniki District
Sokolniki District (Russian: райо́н Соко́льники) is a district of the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow located in the north-east corner of the city  Population: 57,444 (2010 Census); 54,975 (2002 Census) 

Etymology
Sokolniki derives its name from the word "сокол" (sokol,  meaning "falcon") in view of the Tsar's falcon hunting grounds which were located there, primarily on the territory of the present-day Sokolniki Park  The district also provides the name for one of its metro stations: Sokolniki Metro Station 

Sports
The district is home to the FC and HC Spartak Moscow  The latter plays its games in the Sokolniki Sports Palace located within Sokolniki Park 

Miscellaneous
 
In 2006, after twenty years of construction and changing ownership, a twenty-storey hotel finally opened overlooking the Sokolniki metro station and Sokolniki Square  This hotel is now the Holiday Inn Sokolniki 
In Tolstoy's War and Peace, Pierre fights a duel in Sokolniki 
The Elite House in Sokolniki will soon be one of the largest buildings in the world with DuPont Tyvek used as a weather and water barrier 
Passage 11:
Dmitri N  Smirnov (footballer)
Dmitri Nikolayevich Smirnov (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Смирнов; born 9 November 1980) is a Russian former footballer  He is not related to Dmitry Alexandrovich Smirnov with whom he played on the same team for several years for FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, Luch and Tom  To avoid confusion, he is usually referred to as Dmitri N  Smirnov 

External links
(in Russian) Player page on the official Luch website
Dmitri N  Smirnov at Russian Premier League
Passage 12:
Cyprus Popular Bank
Cyprus Popular Bank (from 2006 to 2011 known as Marfin Popular Bank) was the second-largest banking group in Cyprus behind the Bank of Cyprus until it was 'shuttered' in March 2013 and split into two parts  The 'good' Cypriot part was merged into the Bank of Cyprus (including insured deposits under 100,000 Euro) and the 'bad' part or legacy entity holds all the overseas operations as well as uninsured deposits above 100,000 Euro, old shares and bonds  The uninsured depositors were subject to a bail-in and became the new shareholders of the legacy entity   As at May 2017, the legacy entity is one of the largest shareholders of Bank of Cyprus with 4 8% but does not hold a board seat  All the overseas operations, of the now defunct Cyprus Popular Bank, are also held by the legacy entity, until they are sold by the Special Administrator, at first Ms Andri Antoniadou, who ran the legacy entity for two years, from March 2013 until 3 March 2015  She tendered her resignation due to disagreements, with the Governor of the Central Bank of Cyprus and the Central Bank Board members, who amended the lawyers of the legacy entity, without consulting her  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou who is an expert in Treasury and risk management took over as Special Administrator of the legacy entity in April 2015 until December 2016  The legacy entity is pursuing legal action against former major shareholder Marfin Investment Group 
Its shares were listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange and the Athens Stock Exchange  CPB had a network of more than 295 branches in Cyprus, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, the UK and Malta  The bank had applied to open a representative office in Beijing, People's Republic of China Trading on the island as Laiki Bank (Laiki being the Greek word for Popular), as of September 2012 it held a 16% share of the market in loans and a 14 4% share of deposits   The Bank made a series of large loans, many to Greek companies prior to and during their financial crisis  What followed has been described as "billions handed out in bad loans created a financial time-bomb"  After the bank collapsed, it was rescued by the Cypriot government, which took 84% ownership on 30 June 2012 and as of March 2013 it is being dismantled as part of the 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 

History
In 1901, four leading citizens of Limassol—Agathoclis Francoudis, Ioannis Kyriakides, Christodoulos Sozos and Neoklis Ioannides—established the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to encourage saving among the workforce  More than two decades later, in 1924, the bank changed its name from the Popular Savings Bank of Limassol to the Popular Bank of Limassol  The bank also became the first company in Cyprus to register as a public-traded company 
Then in 1967, the Popular Bank of Limassol changed its name to Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) to reflect the bank’s expansion beyond Limassol  Expansion beyond Limassol followed quickly, with the establishment of its first branches in Nicosia,  Famagusta (1969), and Paphos and Larnaca (1970)  Also in 1970, Midland Bank acquired 22% of the company's shares, making Midland a major shareholder in CPB  The next year CPB relocated its headquarters from Limassol to Nicosia 

1974 CPB established its first London branch 
1983 CPB acquired all the Cyprus operations of Grindlays Bank located in the area under government control 
1992 CPB opened the first branch of European Popular Bank in Athens  CPB owned 58% of the shares of the bank; other shareholders included HSBC (formerly Midland Bank) and Greek and Cypriot investors  CPB retained branches in Heraklion and Thessaloniki
1995 CPB opened its first representative offices in South Africa and in Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
1996 CPB opened its first representative offices in Australia 
1997 CPB opened its first representative offices in Serbia and in Russia ("Rosprombank")
1998 CPB establishes a representative office in New York  (NY State Banking Dept says State chartered) 
2000 The Cyprus Popular Bank Group changed its name to Laiki Group 
2001 The Laiki Group established a subsidiary in Australia with five branches 
2005 The Group established Laiki Bank (Guernsey), and purchased Bank Centrobank in Serbia 
2006 The Greek Marfin Investment Group acquired HSBC's shares in Laiki Bank, establishing a strong minority share position   Subsequently, the Marfin Investment Group through more acquisitions managed to take control of Laiki Bank, which it re-branded as Marfin Popular Bank   In Greece, the Marfin Group consolidated Egnatia, Laiki and Marfin to form Marfin Egnatia Bank, which is the 95%-owned Greek subsidiary of Marfin Popular Bank 
2007 The bank announced the planned takeover of 50 12% of the share capital of AS SBM Pank, a bank in Estonia MPB also acquired 99 2% of the shares of Marine Transport Bank Ukraine for US$156 million  This bank was founded in 1993 as Marine Trade Bank and changed its name to Marine Transport Bank in 1996  It has its headquarters in the Odesa region and has 86 branches 
Lastly, MPB acquired 43% of the share capital of Lombard Bank Malta for €48 million from Banca della Svizzera Italiana (BSI) of Lugano  CPB now holds c  49% of Lombard Bank Malta In 2007, the bank announced a multi-million financial deal to sponsor the football First Division in Cyprus until 2010 
2008 Marfin Popular Bank completed its acquisition of 50 4% of the shares of CJSC RPB Holding, parent company of the Rossisysky Promishlenny Bank (Rosprombank), for €83 million  The acquisition makes Marfin the first Greek or Cypriot bank to acquire control of a bank in Russia 
In 2010, they launched a new mobile banking and mobile trading service  In the same year, the company was selected as the bank of the year in Cyprus by the Banker 
2010 MPB sold 85% of Laiki Bank Australia to Bank of Beirut  The Australian bank received a new name, Beirut Hellenic Bank  At the time, the bank had a branch in Adelaide, four branches in Melbourne and five branches in Sydney 
2011 MPB sold the majority of its shareholding in its Estonian subsidiary and returned to its historic name of Cyprus Popular Bank (CPB) 
In 2012 CPB converted its Greek subsidiary into a branch of the parent bank 
The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis resulted in financial difficulties at CPB  The Cypriot state recapitalized CPB on 30 June 2012 with the result that the government acquired 84% of the bank's equity  This increased the bank's core tier 1 capital ratio towards 9%, the level mandated by the European Banking Authority 
In early 2013 CPB renamed its Greek branches to CPB Bank and on 26 March the bank sold them to Piraeus Bank  Laiki was split into a good and bad bank, the good bank (Cyprus operations) merged with Bank of Cyprus and the bad bank is in the process of being sold and finally shuttered  The board and CEO were replaced on 27 March  The bad bank was being run by a Special Administrator Ms Andri Antoniadou who was acting CEO until 3 March 2015  Veteran banker Chris Pavlou took over as Special Administrator in April 2015 until December 2016 In 2018 European Court dismisses compensation claim in Cyprus 2013 deposit-grab 
Passage 13:
Shostakovich Peninsula
Shostakovich Peninsula is an ice-covered peninsula lying north of Stravinsky Inlet and extending into Bach Ice Shelf in southern Alexander Island, Antarctica  The peninsula was first mapped by Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery of Antarctica supplied by U S  National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with U S  Geological Survey  Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (1906-1975)  Shostakovich Peninsula is one of the eight peninsulas of Alexander Island 

See also
Derocher Peninsula
Harris Peninsula
Pesce Peninsula
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Shostakovich Peninsula"  Geographic Names Information System  United States Geological Survey 
Passage 14:
Sikyona
Sikyona (Greek: Σικυώνα) is a municipality in Corinthia, Greece  The seat of the municipality is in Kiato  Sikyona takes its name from the ancient city Sicyon, which was located in the same territory 

Municipality
The municipality Sikyona was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Feneos
Sikyona
StymfaliaThe municipality has an area of 602 539 km2, the municipal unit 171 268 km2  The municipal unit Sikyona is subdivided into the following communities:
Archaia Sikyona-Vasiliko
Bozikas
Diminio
Gonoussa
Kato Diminio
Sikyona (Kiato)
Klimenti
Kryoneri
Laliotis
Megas Valtos
Mikros Valtos
Moulki
Paradeisi
Pasi
Souli
Titani

Historical population
Passage 15:
Federalism
Federalism is a combined and compound mode of government that combines a general government (the central or "federal" government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two  Federalism in the modern era was first adopted in the unions of states during the Old Swiss Confederacy Federalism differs from confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level  It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state Examples of a federation or federal province or state include Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Iraq, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States  Some characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the "federal union of states" 

Overview
Etymology
The terms "federalism" and "confederalism" share a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning "treaty, pact or covenant"  Their common early meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based on a treaty  They were therefore initially synonyms  It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist No 39 had referred to the new US Constitution as "neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both" (i e  as constituting neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two)  In the course of the nineteenth century United States, the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form established at the Philadelphia Convention, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states 

Origin
In the narrow sense, federalism refers to the mode in which the body politic of a state is organized internally, and this is the meaning most often used in modern times  Political scientists, however, use it in a much broader sense, referring instead to a "multi-layer or pluralistic concept of social and political life "The first forms of federalism took place in ancient times, in the form of alliances between states  Some examples from the seventh to second century B C  were the Archaic League, the Aetolic League, the Peloponnesian League, and the Delian League  An early ancestor of federalism was the Achaean League in Hellenistic Greece  Unlike the Greek city states of Classical Greece, each of which insisted on keeping its complete independence, changing conditions in the Hellenistic period drove many city states to band together even at the cost of losing part of their sovereignty  Subsequent unions of states included the first and second Swiss Confederations (1291–1798 and 1815–48), the United Provinces of the Netherlands (1579–1795), the German Bund (1815–66), the first American union known as the Confederation of the United States of America (1781–89), and second American union formed as the United States of America (1789–1865) 

Political theory
Modern federalism is a political system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments  The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context  Since the term federalization also describes distinctive political processes, its use as well depends on the context In political theory, two main types of federalization are recognized:

integrative, or aggregative federalization, designating various processes like: integration of non-federated political subjects by creating a new federation, accession of non-federated subjects into an existing federation, or transformation of a confederation into a federation
devolutive, or dis-aggregative federalization: transformation of a unitary state into a federation

Reasons for adoption
According to Daniel Ziblatt, there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems:

Ideational theories, which hold that a greater ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted 
Cultural-historical theories, which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations 
"Social contract" theories, which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center 
"Infrastructural power" theories, which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures (e g  they are already constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized states) Immanuel Kant noted that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution which pits opposing factions against each other with a system of checks and balances  In particular individual states required a federation as a safeguard against the possibility of war Proponents for federal systems have historically argued that the power-sharing inherent in federal systems reduces both domestic security threats and foreign threats  Federalism allows states to be large and diverse, mitigating the risk of a tyrannical government through centralization of powers 

Examples
Many countries have implemented federal systems of government with varying degree of central and regional sovereignty  The federal government of these countries can be divided into minimalistic federations, consisting of only two sub-federal units or multi-regional, those that consist of three to dozens of regional governments  They can also be grouped based on their body polity type, such as emirate, provincial, republican or state federal systems  Another way to study federated countries is by categorizing them into those whose entire territory is federated as opposed to only part of its territory comprising the federal portion of the country  Some federal systems are national systems while others, like the European Union are supra national 
In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a confederation in actuality  Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina 
The governments of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, and Mexico, among others, are also organized along federalist principles 
In Canada, federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements (most commonly Quebec separatism)  In 1999, the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries  Headquartered in Ottawa, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Switzerland 

Europe vs  the United States
In Europe, "federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels  The Union of European Federalists advocates for this development within the European Union, ultimately leading to the United States of Europe  Although there are medieval and early modern examples of European states which used confederal and federal systems, contemporary European federalism originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill's speech in Zürich in 1946 In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government  When the U S  Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government  This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States  The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state  The U S  Constitution was written as a replacement for the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government 
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state  The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense  As the power of the U S  federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended  Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism) 
The contemporary concept of federalism came about with the creation of an entirely new system of government that provided for democratic representation at two governing levels simultaneously, which was implemented in the US Constitution  In the United States implementation of federalism, a bicameral general government, consisting of a chamber of popular representation proportional to population (the House of Representatives), and a chamber of equal State-based representation consisting of two delegates per State (the Senate), was overlaid upon the pre-existing regional governments of the thirteen independent States  With each level of government allocated a defined sphere of powers, under a written constitution and the rule of law (that is, subject to the independent third-party arbitration of a supreme court in competence disputes), the two levels were thus brought into a coordinate relationship for the first time 
In 1946, Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were "co-equally supreme"  In this, he echoed the perspective of American founding father James Madison who saw the several States as forming "distinct and independent portions of the supremacy" in relation to the general government 

Constitutional structure
Division of powers
In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution  Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, but in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched  Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence 
In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers  Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition  Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871  The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states  The Constitution of some countries, like Canada and India, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial/state governments are retained by the federal government  Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility  Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of Union competence or shared between the Union and the Member States as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent States 

Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'  Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do  This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions  In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country  They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history  However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federation, but a system of asymmetric devolved government within a unitary state 
It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances  The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts 
Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities  Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities  Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government  Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica)  Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions  Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states  However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly 
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves  For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No  39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both  In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national   " This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent  This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people 

Bicameralism
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states  One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions  Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole  A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population 
Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union  The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats 

Intergovernmental relations
In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government  A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution 

Constitutional change
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution  As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent  An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect  In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons  In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority 
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state  The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent  In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states  Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces  The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system 

Other technical terms
Fiscal federalism – the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system 
Formal federalism (or 'constitutional federalism') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice 
Executive federalism refers in the English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made centrally 
Gleichschaltung – the conversion from a federal governance to either a completely unitary or more unitary one, the term was borrowed from the German for conversion from alternating to direct current  During the Nazi era the traditional German states were mostly left intact in the formal sense, but their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended and replaced with the Gau system  Gleichschaltung also has a broader sense referring to political consolidation in general 
defederalize – to remove from federal government, such as taking a responsibility from a national level government and giving it to states or provinces

In relation to conflict
It has been argued that federalism and other forms of territorial autonomy are a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level  Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states  Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries Federalism is sometimes viewed in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center " However, those skeptical of federal prescriptions sometimes believe that increased regional autonomy can lead to secession or dissolution of the nation  In Syria, for example, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out "

See also
Notes and references
Sources
External links

P -J  Proudhon (1863), The Principle of Federation 
Passage 16:
Yuri Chesnokov (volleyball)
Yuri Borisovich Chesnokov (Russian: Юрий Борисович Чесноков; January 22, 1933 – May 30, 2010) was a Russian volleyball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1964 Summer Olympics  He was born in Moscow 
Chesnokov was a two-time world champion, having won gold at the 1960 and the 1962 competitions  In 1964 he was part of the Soviet team which won the gold medal in the Olympic tournament  He played eight matches  After his active career, he coached the Soviet team at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics, and later served as a FIVB vice-president for many years  In 2000 he was inducted into the Volleyball Hall of Fame 
Passage 17:
Dmitry Borisovich
Dmitry Borisovich (Russian: Дмитрий Борисович; 11 September 1253, in Rostov – 1294, in Rostov) was a Russian nobleman  He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom  He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288) 

Sources
http://www biografija ru/show_bio aspx?id=112862
Context 3:  Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand  But Motel resists: he is afraid of Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages  Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife  The family gathers for the "Sabbath Prayer" 
After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar for a drink at the village inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow  Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything  All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ("To Life")  Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town  The Constable warns him that there is going to be a "little unofficial demonstration" in the coming weeks (a euphemism for a minor pogrom)  The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence 
The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with the younger sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story  He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing  To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together  The two begin to fall in love  Later, a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf  Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her  Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry  He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife  Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone  After some soul-searching ("Tevye's Monologue"), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde  An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ("Miracle of Miracles") 
In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare  Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ("Tevye's Dream")  Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf  Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah ("frum" is a Yiddish word for a devout Jew), rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar  The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel  While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths  One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others  He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins 
The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ("Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration ("The Wedding Dance")  Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement  Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel  The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the "demonstration"   They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreak more destruction in the village  Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess 

Act II
Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kyiv to work for the revolution  He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her  She agrees ("Now I Have Everything")  They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving  When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing  After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ("Tevye's Rebuttal")  He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission 
Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde  "Love", he says, "it's the new style " Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, "Do You Love Me?" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does  Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka   News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ("The Rumor/I Just Heard"), and Hodel is determined to join him there  At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ("Far From the Home I Love") 
Time passes  Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby  Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka  Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross  He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again  When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ("Chavaleh Sequence")  Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead  Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages  While the villagers are gathered, the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town  In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long 
As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków, unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others  Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you "  Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money  As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play  Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village 

Musical numbers
Principal characters
All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted:
Tevye, a poor milkman with five daughters  A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith, he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters 
Golde, Tevye's sharp-tongued wife 
Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen  She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him, even though he's poor, begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf 
Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen  Intelligent and spirited, she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia 
Chava, their daughter, about fifteen  A shy and bookish girl, who falls in love with Fyedka 
Motel Kamzoil, a poor but hardworking tailor who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel 
Perchik, a student revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel  He leaves for Kyiv, is arrested and exiled to Siberia 
Fyedka, a young Christian  He shares Chava's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians' treatment of the Jews 
Lazar Wolf, the wealthy village butcher  Widower of Fruma-Sarah  Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel 
Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar 
Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother, who rises from the grave in Tevye's "nightmare" 
Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who also rises from the grave in the "nightmare" 
Rabbi, the wise village leader 
Constable, the head of the local Russian police, a Christian 

Casts
Notable replacements
Broadway (1964–72)Tevye: Luther Adler, Herschel Bernardi, Harry Goz, Paul Lipson
Golde: Maria Karnilova, Peg Murray, Martha Schlamme, Dolores Wilson
Tzeitel: Rosalind Harris, Joanna Merlin, Bette Midler
Lazar Wolf: Paul LipsonBroadway revival (2004–06)Tevye: Harvey Fierstein
Golde: Andrea Martin, Rosie O'Donnell
Yente: Barbara BarrieBroadway revival (2015–16)Golde: Judy Kuhn

Productions
Original productions
Following its tryout at Detroit's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964, then Washington in August to September, the original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at the Imperial Theatre, transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to the Broadway Theatre, and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances  The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins – his last original Broadway staging  The set, designed in the style of Marc Chagall's paintings, was by Boris Aronson  A colorful logo for the production, also inspired by Chagall's work, was designed by Tom Morrow  Chagall reportedly did not like the musical The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman, Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde (both won a Tony for their performances), Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker, Austin Pendleton as Motel, Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary, Gino Conforti as the fiddler, and Julia Migenes as Hodel  Mostel ad-libbed increasingly as the run went on, "which drove the authors up the wall"  Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run  Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah, Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel, and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter, Bielke  Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi, Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz (in the original Broadway run), and Leonard Nimoy  Mostel's understudy in the original production, Paul Lipson, went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor (until Chaim Topol), clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals  Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run  The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it  It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography, and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova The original London West End production opened on February 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances  It starred Topol as Tevye, a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv, and Miriam Karlin as Golde  Alfie Bass, Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye  Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and in several revivals over the next four decades  The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium 

Broadway revivals
The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre  Zero Mostel starred as Tevye  Robbins directed and choreographed  A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater  It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde  Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson  Robbins directed and choreographed  The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre  Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde  Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes  The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival 
A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre  Alfred Molina, and later Harvey Fierstein, starred as Tevye, and Randy Graff, and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell, was Golde  Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente, Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze   It was directed by David Leveaux  This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy"   The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any  In June 2014, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, a gala celebration and reunion was held at the Town Hall in New York City to benefit National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene, with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film, as well as Sheldon Harnick, Chita Rivera, Karen Ziemba, Joshua Bell, Jerry Zaks and others The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20, 2015, at the Broadway Theatre, with concept and choreography based on the original by Robbins  Bartlett Sher directed, and Hofesh Shechter choreographed  The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye, with Jessica Hecht as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel, Adam Kantor as Motel, Ben Rappaport as Perchik, Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava  Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22, 2016, for the last five weeks of the run  Designers include Michael Yeargan (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes) and Donald Holder (lighting)  Initial reviews were mostly positive, finding Burstein and the show touching  The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none  It closed on December 31, 2016, after 463 performances  The U S /Canadian tour of the Sher-directed production began in 2018 and was interrupted in March 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic; it resumed in 2021 and continued into 2023  The role of Tevye has been played by Yehezkel Lazarov into 2022, Danny Arnold then assumed the role for several months, and the last months are being played by Jonathan Hashmonay 

London revivals
Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre (a four-month season starring Topol) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf  The production was directed by Lindsay Posner  Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt A revival played at the Menier Chocolate Factory from November 23, 2018, until March 9, 2019, directed by Trevor Nunn and starring Andy Nyman as Tevye and Judy Kuhn as Golde  The production transferred to the Playhouse Theatre in the West End on March 21, 2019, with an official opening on March 27  Replacement players included Maria Friedman as Golde and Anita Dobson as Yente  The run closed on November 2, 2019 

Other UK productions
A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking  The production's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic, and Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12-foot puppet  This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood A revival played at Chichester Festival Theatre from July 10 to September 2, 2017, directed by Daniel Evans and starring Omid Djalili as Tevye and Tracy-Ann Oberman as Golde 

Australian productions
The original Australian production opened on June 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney  It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde  The production ran for two years  The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye  A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka In 1998, 2005, 2006 and 2007, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in Australian productions, with seasons in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Wellington and Auckland  The musical was again revived in Melbourne and Sydney in 2015–2016 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel 

Other notable North American productions
Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware  Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles  He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein and Theodore Bikel  The cast included Mary Stout, Susan Cella, Bill Nolte, Erik Liberman, Rena Strober, and Stephen Lee Anderson National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene mounted a Yiddish adaptation, Fidler Afn Dakh, at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City, under the direction of Joel Grey, with a translation by Shraga Friedman that was first used in a 1965 Israeli production  The cast included Jackie Hoffman as Yente, Steven Skybell as Tevye, Daniel Kahn as Pertshik, Stephanie Lynne Mason as Hodel and Raquel Nobile as Shprintze  Previews began on July 4, and opening night was July 15, 2018  The production played through the end of that year  It then transferred to Stage 42, an off-Broadway theatre, with Skybell, Hoffman, Mason and Nobile reprising their roles  Previews began February 11, with opening night on February 21, 2019  Musical staging was by Staś Kmieć (based on the original choreography by Robbins), with set design by Beowulf Boritt, costumes by Ann Hould-Ward, sound by Dan Moses Schreier and lighting by Peter Kaczorowski  The production closed on January 5, 2020  It won the 2019 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical 

International and amateur productions
The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany; and it was the longest-running musical ever seen in Tokyo  According to BroadwayWorld, the musical has been staged "in every metropolitan city in the world from Paris to Beijing "A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s  This version was so successful that in 1965 Godik produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman  A 2008 Hebrew-language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years  It was directed by Rabbi Moshe Kepten, choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970, resuming from September to January 1971 (a total of 292 performances) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde  Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde  The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore  It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye  An Italian version, Il violinista sul tetto, with lyrics sung in Yiddish and the orchestra on stage also serving as chorus, was given a touring production in 2004, with Moni Ovadia as Tevye and director; it opened at Teatro Municipale Valli in Reggio Emilia The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone 

Film adaptations and recordings
A film version was released by United Artists in 1971, directed and produced by Norman Jewison, and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay  Chaim Topol starred  The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics and became the highest-grossing film of 1971  Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director for Jewison, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey (as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son)  It won three, including best score/adaptation for arranger-conductor John Williams In the film version, the character of Yente is reduced, and Perchik's song to Hodel "Now I Have Everything" is cut and replaced by a scene in Kyiv  The "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka Theatre historian John Kenrick wrote that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964, "shimmers – an essential recording in any show lover's collection", praising the cast  The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album, the bottle dance from the wedding scene and "Rumor" performed by Beatrice Arthur  In 2020, the recording was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant"  Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and producers Dan Jinks and Aaron Harnick are planning a new film adaptation of the musical, with Thomas Kail directing and co-producing, and Steven Levenson penning the screenplay 

Cultural influence
The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere  A documentary film about the musical's history and legacy, Fiddler: A Miracle of Miracles, was released in 2019 

Parodies
Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof (Mad magazine #156, January 1973), which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America  In the film Mrs  Doubtfire (1993), Robin Williams parodies "Matchmaker"  In a 1994 Animaniacs parody, Pigeon on the Roof, the Goodfeathers decide to marry their girlfriends; song parodies include "Scorsese" ("Tradition"), "Egg Hatcher" ("Matchmaker") and others  In 2001, the H  P  Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody called A Shoggoth on the Roof, which sets music from Fiddler to a story based on the works of H  P  Lovecraft  Spanish comedian and TV-host Jose Mota parodied "If I Were a Rich Man" with the song "Si no fuera rico" ("If I weren't a rich man") during his 2008 New Year's Eve special References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled "Jews and Chinese Food", involving a production of the musical  A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair"   In the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (2003), William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler   The second episode of Muppets Tonight, in 1996, featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof   "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode of The Nanny, parodied the dream scene, when Mr  Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show   A 2011 episode of NBC's Community, entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody titled Fiddla, Please! with an all-black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes, singing "It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo"  Chabad org kicked off their 2008 "To Life" telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical Broadway references have included Spamalot, where a "Grail dance" sends up the "bottle dance" in Fiddler's wedding scene  In 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, "The Roof Is on Fiddler", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980s pop songs   The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets 

Covers
Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists  For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof, which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical  In a retrospective review AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars, stating, "Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet"  That same year, Eydie Gormé released a single of "Matchmaker", and jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery recorded the same tune for his album Movin' Wes In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof, a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by indie and experimental bands such as the Residents, Negativland, and the Magnetic Fields  Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors   Allmusic gave the album a favorable review, and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s   In 2005, Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof Gwen Stefani and Eve covered "If I Were a Rich Man" as "Rich Girl" for Stefani's 2004 debut solo album Love  Angel  Music  Baby  in 2004   The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name  Stefani's version reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it remained for over six months  It was certified gold by the RIAA and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration   It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps, poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich   The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the "Bottle Dance" from Fiddler as a "recurring trademark", including at the Drum Corps International World Championships 

Other
The song "Sunrise, Sunset" is often played at weddings, and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes  For example, for male couples, changes include "When did they grow to be so handsome" In 2015 a displaced persons camp southwest of Kyiv named Anatevka was built by Chabad Rabbi Moshe Azman to house the Jews fleeing the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine 

Awards
Fiddler's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography   Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress  In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history 
Its revivals have also been honored   At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor   Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor   The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none   The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor  The 2019 West End revival won the Olivier Award for best revival, and it received a further 7 nominations 

Notes
Passage 9:
45 Years
45 Years is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed and written by Andrew Haigh  The film is based on the short story "In Another Country" by David Constantine  The film premiered in the main competition section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival  Charlotte Rampling won the Silver Bear for Best Actress and Tom Courtenay won the Silver Bear for Best Actor  At the 88th Academy Awards, Rampling received a nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and also screened at the 2015 Telluride Festival  It was released in the United Kingdom on 28 August 2015  The film was released in the United States by Sundance Selects on 23 December 2015 

Plot
Five years after retirees Kate and Geoff Mercer had to cancel their 40th wedding anniversary because of his heart bypass surgery, the comfortably-off, childless Norfolk couple are preparing to celebrate their 45th anniversary with dozens of friends at the Assembly House in Norwich  Their morning is somewhat disturbed when Geoff opens a letter telling him that the body of Katya, his German lover in the early 1960s, has become visible in a melting glacier where she fell into a crevasse on their hike in Switzerland over five decades ago 
Kate has been told about Katya previously by Geoff and seems initially unconcerned by his controlled disquiet  Geoff tells Kate that he and Katya had pretended to be married in order to be able to share a room in the more puritanical early 1960s  Because of this, the Swiss authorities consider him to be Katya's next of kin 
As the days pass and preparations for the party continue, Geoff continues to be moody and starts smoking again  One night, Geoff climbs into the attic to look at his memorabilia of Katya and only reluctantly shows a picture of her to an angrily insistent Kate  Kate notices that Katya appears to look much like Kate did when she was young, with similar dark hair 
While Geoff is out at a reunion luncheon at his former workplace, Kate climbs the ladder to the attic  She finds Geoff's scrapbook filled with memorabilia from his time with Katya, including pressed violets from their last hike  She finds a carousel slide projector, loaded with images of Switzerland and Katya, next to a makeshift screen to view them  Kate is shocked to see slides showing that Katya was pregnant at the time of her death 
Kate also takes up smoking again and, upon learning of his visit to the local travel agency to inquire about trips to Switzerland, confronts Geoff about his recent behavior related to Katya, without revealing what she saw in the attic  She says that she now believes that many of their decisions as a couple were influenced by Katya  Geoff promises that their marriage will "start again", which the next morning he marks by serving her tea in bed and making breakfast for her  They attend their anniversary party in the historic Grand Hall  Geoff delivers a tearful speech in which he professes his love for Kate 
The first dance is announced, accompanied by the same first song from their wedding, "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" by The Platters  As Geoff and Kate slow dance, she becomes increasingly awkward and rigid, while he becomes silly and playful  As the song ends, Geoff raises their hands together in the air as the party guests cheer, but Kate yanks her arm down  Geoff, apparently oblivious, dances away  Kate stands alone amid the mass of people on the dance floor 

Cast
Charlotte Rampling as Kate Mercer
Tom Courtenay as Geoff Mercer
Geraldine James as Lena
Dolly Wells as Sally
David Sibley as George
Sam Alexander as Chris the Postman
Richard Cunningham as Mr  Watkins
Kevin Matadeen as the Waiter
Hannah Chalmers as the Travel Agent
Max Rudd as the Maître d'

Production
Filming lasted over 6 weeks and concluded in May 2014 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 97% based on 213 reviews, with an average rating of 8 6/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "45 Years offers richly thought-provoking rewards for fans of adult cinema – and a mesmerizing acting showcase for leads Charlotte Rampling and Tom Courtenay " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 94 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "universal acclaim "Mark Kermode described the film as a "subtle examination of the persistence of the past and the fragile (in)stability of the present" in The Observer, arguing that the lead performances "turn an apparently everyday story of a marriage in quiet crisis into something rather extraordinary " He concludes the review by observing "Like the final shot of The Long Good Friday, which lingers upon Bob Hoskins’s face as he revisits the events that brought him to this sorry pass, 45 Years shows us the past materialising in the expressions of those trapped in the present, staring into an uncertain future "

Accolades



ground_truth: Yaroslavl Oblast

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Question: What other recognition did the Oscar winner for Best Actor in 2006 receive?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Philanthropy
Alongside his acting career, Harris has supported and contributed to various charities, organization, and foundations  These include:

In October 2014, Harris attended a dinner for the Elton John AIDS Foundation and in September 2016, he and his husband were the honorary hosts of a culinary cookout to help raise money for the Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation  In April 2019, Harris hosted WE Day California, a charity event that celebrates students who have made a change in their community 

Discography
Cast recordings
Singles
Acting credits
Film
Television
Theater
Web
Video games
Bibliography
Audiobooks
2014: Neil Patrick Harris: Choose Your Own Autobiography (read by the author), Random House Audio, ISBN 978-0-385-36794-3

Awards and nominations
See also
LGBT culture in New York City
List of LGBT people from New York City
Passage 3:
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
Tracy McConnell ("The Mother") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother  The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met his children's mother  Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9  She is played by Cristin Milioti 
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment  Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale  The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans 

Casting
During its first eight seasons, the sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother  Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show  Many fans expected that another would play the role, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown  Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn't want it to be a big famous star because we didn't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be  The whole idea is that Ted's never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began  They also did not want a large casting call Bays and Thomas chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member  Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before  She only learned of the character's importance after binge watching the show during the summer 

Character history
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984 The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death  After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her—a ukulele  The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love In "Wait for It", the short story of how they met involving her yellow umbrella is revealed  In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St  Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death  She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating  The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment  Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man", but she turns him down  Nevertheless, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams  The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother  But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom—Economics instead of Architecture  At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with as her roommate  They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off  She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom 
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife  Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate  When in Cindy and the Mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower  Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band  Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "And your mom     well, she got her yellow umbrella back " In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her crying  As the Mother tried to console her, Cindy kissed her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush  While this incident made Cindy realize that she was a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to get back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time 
Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches the Mother and is welcomed into her band, Superfreakonomics  Darren gradually takes over the band, and becomes her nemesis In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man  In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married  In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding  In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the Mother the day of their wedding  In the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar, though her face is not seen 
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?", Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute  The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding 
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr ) in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans  Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she is not yet ready to date  Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after  They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she does not love him 
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends—Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel)—before she meets him  The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish"  In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey 
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn  On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is the bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit  The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake control of the band  Before she can, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom's best man punched him "for no reason", and quits the band 
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from where she had been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend  As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes  She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes", says goodbye, and declines Louis' proposal when she goes back inside  She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn  On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose"  Ted hears her singing from his room next door 
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date  Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner  On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis  She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating  Ted walks her back to her apartment  They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away  The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her  When the story is over, they say goodnight again  The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date 
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn  She immediately accepts  In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017  She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton 

Name
The Mother's real name—Tracy McConnell—is not confirmed until the series finale, "Last Forever", when Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station  The name was hinted at in the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey": Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "   that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother"  The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that the Mother's name is Tracy 

Fate
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness  In the finale, the characters do not directly state that the Mother is dead  Ted says that she "became sick" and his children said that she has been "gone" for six years  Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with the Mother's death  Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning  Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that the Mother was "an amazing character" and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy  Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue" A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale  The petition had over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage  On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD  No new material was shot for this scene  In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030  Future Ted is heard saying, "   When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was   ", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive  The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long, happy marriage with Tracy 

Notes
Passage 4:
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
Tracy McConnell ("The Mother") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother  The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met his children's mother  Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9  She is played by Cristin Milioti 
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment  Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale  The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans 

Casting
During its first eight seasons, the sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother  Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show  Many fans expected that another would play the role, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown  Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn't want it to be a big famous star because we didn't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be  The whole idea is that Ted's never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began  They also did not want a large casting call Bays and Thomas chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member  Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before  She only learned of the character's importance after binge watching the show during the summer 

Character history
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984 The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death  After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her—a ukulele  The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love In "Wait for It", the short story of how they met involving her yellow umbrella is revealed  In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St  Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death  She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating  The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment  Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man", but she turns him down  Nevertheless, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams  The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother  But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom—Economics instead of Architecture  At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with as her roommate  They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off  She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom 
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife  Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate  When in Cindy and the Mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower  Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band  Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "And your mom     well, she got her yellow umbrella back " In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her crying  As the Mother tried to console her, Cindy kissed her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush  While this incident made Cindy realize that she was a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to get back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time 
Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches the Mother and is welcomed into her band, Superfreakonomics  Darren gradually takes over the band, and becomes her nemesis In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man  In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married  In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding  In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the Mother the day of their wedding  In the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar, though her face is not seen 
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?", Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute  The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding 
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr ) in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans  Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she is not yet ready to date  Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after  They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she does not love him 
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends—Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel)—before she meets him  The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish"  In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey 
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn  On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is the bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit  The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake control of the band  Before she can, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom's best man punched him "for no reason", and quits the band 
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from where she had been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend  As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes  She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes", says goodbye, and declines Louis' proposal when she goes back inside  She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn  On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose"  Ted hears her singing from his room next door 
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date  Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner  On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis  She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating  Ted walks her back to her apartment  They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away  The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her  When the story is over, they say goodnight again  The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date 
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn  She immediately accepts  In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017  She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton 

Name
The Mother's real name—Tracy McConnell—is not confirmed until the series finale, "Last Forever", when Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station  The name was hinted at in the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey": Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "   that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother"  The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that the Mother's name is Tracy 

Fate
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness  In the finale, the characters do not directly state that the Mother is dead  Ted says that she "became sick" and his children said that she has been "gone" for six years  Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with the Mother's death  Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning  Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that the Mother was "an amazing character" and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy  Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue" A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale  The petition had over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage  On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD  No new material was shot for this scene  In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030  Future Ted is heard saying, "   When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was   ", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive  The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long, happy marriage with Tracy 

Notes
Passage 5:
Batman: Under the Red Hood
Batman: Under the Red Hood is a 2010 American animated superhero action thriller direct-to-video film produced by Warner Bros  Animation and released by Warner Home Video  It is the eighth film of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies  The writer, Judd Winick, also wrote the "Under the Hood" run in the monthly Batman comic the film is based on  The film was released on July 27, 2010, and received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised its plot, animation, and focus on storytelling  It is generally considered to be one of the best in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies line  The film was also a commercial success, grossing over $12 million in home video sales 
The two-disc special edition and Blu-ray also includes an animated short featuring Jonah Hex  An interactive short spiritual sequel/film adaptation, Batman: Death in the Family, was released on October 13, 2020,  ten years after Red Hood 

Plot
Ra's al Ghul realizes his mistake in hiring the Joker to use him as a distraction while he destroyed Europe's financial districts after learning that he has captured Jason Todd, the second Robin, Batman's partner  In Sarajevo, Bosnia, Joker brutally assaults Jason, in an abandoned warehouse with a crowbar  Jason is locked in the warehouse with a bomb, which explodes and kills him before Batman arrives 
Five years later in Gotham City, a mysterious vigilante called Red Hood assembles a meeting of the city's most prominent drug dealers  He announces a takeover of their drug trade, taking only 40% of the profit while offering them protection from both Black Mask and Batman - under punishment of death to anyone caught dealing drugs to children 
Batman stops an attempted theft of a shipment belonging to Black Mask, which is the advanced android Amazo  Batman destroys Amazo with the help of Jason's predecessor Dick Grayson a k a  Nightwing and discovers the thieves are working for Red Hood who then kills them  He chases Red Hood to Ace Chemicals, where an explosion destroys the facility  Batman and Nightwing interrogate Joker at Arkham Asylum about Red Hood, but he denies involvement 

Black Mask puts a hit on Red Hood for Amazo's destruction  Batman and Nightwing prevent Red Hood from hijacking Black Mask's next weapon shipment  They chase Red Hood to a train station, where he escapes after detonating a bomb, which injures Nightwing  Batman and Nightwing realize Red Hood is trained and has knowledge of Batman's tactics and gear  A review of audio footage of the chase reveals Red Hood knows Batman's secret identity 
Batman recalls Jason performing the same maneuvers as Robin and that Jason grew more violent and bloodthirsty as he aged, with Batman having to stop him many times from nearly killing criminals  The Fearsome Hand of 4 lure out Red Hood and nearly overpower him until Batman helps incapacitate three of them and Red Hood kills the fourth, horrifying Batman  Red Hood explains he is doing what Batman will not: killing criminals who are not afraid 
Batman analyzes a blood sample of Red Hood drawn from the battle and it matches Jason's  After discovering Jason's corpse is fake, Batman confronts Ra's al Ghul and demands to know the truth  Ra's explains that he felt responsible for Jason's death and, as a peace offering, he swapped Jason's body for a fake and revived him in the Lazarus Pit  Following his resurrection, Jason was driven insane and escaped 
After surviving an assassination attempt by Red Hood, Black Mask sets Joker free, tasking him with killing Red Hood  However, Joker instead abducts Black Mask and the drug dealers and plans to set them on fire; Red Hood appears and reveals his real target all along has been the Joker  Batman saves the hostages and Red Hood takes Joker  Red Hood brutally beats Joker in revenge for his own murder and confronts Batman 
During the fight, Red Hood removes his helmet, confirming he is Jason  Their fight makes its way to the dilapidated building where Jason is keeping the Joker and ends with Jason holding Batman at gunpoint  Though he has forgiven Batman for not saving him, Jason is upset and angry that Joker is still alive after killing him  Batman admits he has thought constantly about torturing and killing the Joker but will not, fearing he will not stop if he kills even once 
Jason tosses Batman a gun and gives him an ultimatum – he will execute the Joker unless Batman shoots him  Batman refuses and drops the gun, causing Jason to shoot at him  Batman throws a batarang, which jams Jason's pistol  When Jason pulls the trigger again, the gun is destroyed and his right hand gets mangled  Defeated, Jason sets off a time bomb and Batman subdues Joker before attempting to save Jason 
The bomb explodes; Batman and Joker survive but Jason is gone  Joker is returned to Arkham and Black Mask is arrested for his involvement in the Joker's escape  At the Batcave, Alfred offers to remove the glass case display of Jason's Robin costume after everything that has happened, but Bruce refuses, claiming it doesn't change anything 
A final flashback shows Jason's first day as Robin, which he cheerfully declares is the best day of his life 

Cast
Crew
Andrea Romano – Voice Director

Music
The score for Batman: Under the Red Hood was composed by Christopher Drake, who had previously scored several animated films set in the DC Universe  It was inspired by the soundtracks of Batman: Mask of the Phantasm which features a traditional orchestral score and The Dark Knight which features a computer generated, electronic score  Drake said that since Under the Red Hood has a darker tone than previous DC Universe animated films, he chose not to use the music as epic and melodramatic instead opting for a more intimate, minimal and restrained tone  He added that this is the first DC film he has scored that didn't rely on using a large choir to make the fight scenes sound bigger  Drake scored the film as a reference to modern minimalist electronic scores because the film's director Brandon Vietti felt that Under the Red Hood needed to go in a different, more modern direction to separate it from previous DC animation scores  At that point, Drake introduced more electronic and ambient elements, like synthesized and processed electronic guitar, while retaining orchestral elements Batman: Under The Red Hood – Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie was released by WaterTower Music on July 27, 2010 and features 18 tracks composed for the film 

Commercial performance
The film grossed over $12 million in domestic home video sales, making it one of the highest grossing DC animated films 

Critical reception
Batman: Under the Red Hood received positive reviews from critics who praised the film's direction, animation, emotional weight of the story, and voice acting particularly for Jensen Ackles  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from seven critics, with an average rating of a 7 3/10  
Demeter's review for The World's Finest stated: "I have to say this really was a damn good film"  James Harvey's review on the same website was even more positive, calling it "a mature and faithful take on the Batman lore"  IGN gave the movie an 8 out of 10, calling it "An interesting peek inside the psyche of Batman and the fine line between good and evil"  It was the highest rated direct-to-video Batman film until the release of The Dark Knight Returns 

Continuation
A follow-up film titled Batman: Death in the Family was released on October 13, 2020, a decade after Under the Red Hood with Greenwood, Martella, and DiMaggio reprising their roles  Zehra Fazal plays Talia al Ghul and Gary Cole plays both Two-Face and Commissioner Gordon  It is an interactive narrative where the viewer chooses what happens in the story 
Passage 6:
The Foresters
The Foresters or, Robin Hood and Maid Marian is a play written by Alfred Tennyson and first produced with success in New York in 1892   A set of incidental music in nine movements was composed for the play by Arthur Sullivan 
The success of the first production led to productions in seven other American cities   A production opened in London in 1893   Although the play was not well received in England, Sullivan's incidental music was praised 

The play
Sullivan and Tennyson had worked together before, on a song cycle for tenor, The Window, written and composed in 1867–68, but not published until 1871   Sullivan and Tennyson did not find working together on The Window congenial and did not attempt work together again for over twenty years   Meanwhile, Tennyson had written a play, The Cup, that was produced with success by Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre in 1881   Encouraged by this, Tennyson started work on a play based on the Robin Hood legend, completing it after a visit to Sherwood Forest in October 1881   But Irving rejected the play on the grounds that it was not dramatic enough for his audiences at the Lyceum, who were accustomed to his sensational productions   Tennyson turned to other projects, setting The Foresters aside for several years   In 1888, American actress Mary Anderson decided to produce The Cup   Tennyson suggested that she also produce The Foresters, but again the play was set aside   In 1891, however, Anderson's brother, Joseph wrote to the American impresario Augustin Daly recommending that The Foresters would be a good project for him and his star actress Ada Rehan   Daly was enthusiastic about the play and, by September 1891, agreed to arrange a New York production   By then, Tennyson was 82 years old The text, consisting of a mixture of blank verse and prose, contained songs and dances which Daly, at Tennyson's suggestion, approached Sullivan to compose   Daly made numerous changes to Tennyson's text, cutting dialogue, moving events from one act to another, and reassigning songs and dialogue to different characters  Henry Widmer, Daly's musical assistant, may have contributed some music to the score  Sullivan completed the score by December 1891, and the play opened in New York on 17 March 1892  The piece starred Rehan as Marian and John Drew Jr  as Robin  It was a hit and was then played in seven other major American cities, becoming Tennyson's greatest theatrical success  A single performance of the play was given at the Lyceum Theatre in London on the same day as the first New York performance to secure the British copyright An English production opened at the new Daly's Theatre, in London, on 3 October 1893, by which time the author had died  It starred Rehan and Arthur Bourchier   Despite the respect in which Lord Tennyson was held, the play received poor notices in London, being called "tedious" and compared with a nursery tale, and ran for only seventeen performances   Sullivan's music, by contrast, was initially well reviewed  The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, for example, wrote that the songs were "set with rare taste, discrimination and melody by Sir Arthur Sullivan, whose delightful music gives charm and interest" Sullivan's biographers and scholars of his work have been unanimous in censuring Tennyson's text  Gervase Hughes wrote, "How did the author of The Idylls of the King come to put his name to such puerile rubbish?"  Arthur Jacobs called the piece "perhaps the oddest of all the stage works which [Sullivan] was invited to undertake "  Percy Young scoffed, "Devoid of any kind of merit whatsoever "  But some of them did not warmly review Sullivan's score either: "One of Sullivan's lamest    resourceless in magic" (Young); "[not] even one memorable number" (Jacobs)   Recent critics, however, have praised Sullivan's contribution 

Roles and original cast
Original New York cast shown, with changes in London cast noted   Vocal ranges noted for roles that sing parts in the incidental music:

King Richard, Coeur de Lion – George Clarke
Prince John – John Craig
Robin Hood, Earl of Huntingdon – John Drew, Jr  (Arthur Bourchier in London)
Sir Richard Lea – Charles Wheatleigh (Henry Loraine in London)
The Abbot of St  Mary's – Thomas Bridgeland (Lloyd Lowndes in London)
The Sheriff of Nottingham – Charles LeClercq
A Justiciary – William Gilbert
Walter Lea, Son of Sir Richard Lea – Ralph Nisbet (Robb Harwood in London)
Followers of Robin Hood:Little John – Herbert Gresham
Friar Tuck – Eugene Jepson (William Owen in London)
Will Scarlet (tenor) – Hobart Bosworth
Old Much – Tyrone Power (Sidney Herbert in London)Maid Marian, Daughter of Sir Richard Lea (mezzo-soprano) – Ada Rehan
Kate, Attendant on Marian (soprano) – Kitty Cheatham (Catherine Lewis in London)
Titania (soprano) – Percy Haswell
First Fairy (soprano) – Miss Massoni (Gaston Murray in London)
Retainers, Messengers, Merry Men, Mercenaries, Friars, Beggars, Sailors, Peasants, etc 

Musical numbers
The nine musical numbers, with the opening lines of text for each, are as follows:

Recording
A recording was made of the music in 2004 by the New London Orchestra, the London Chorus and soloists conducted by Ronald Corp  It is published on the Hyperion label   The Northamptonshire Theatre Orchestra and A La Carte & Friends performed the piece at the 2008 International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival claiming that theirs was the first live performance with orchestra since the nineteenth century 

Notes



ground_truth: nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor