prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the mascot of the school that owns Goss Stadium at Coleman Field?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Benny Beaver
Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign  The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s 

Mascot history
The university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908  The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as "The Beaver" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot  The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon  For several early publishings, students at this school also used "The Beaver" as their yearbook's title Oregon State University's first documented use of "Benny Beaver" was found in a photograph showing students posing next to a statue of a beaver inscribed with the name "Benny Beaver " The photograph appears in the 1942 edition of the yearbook 

Prior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as John Richard Newton Bell (1893–1928)  A longtime member of the university's board of regents, Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's victories over Oregon  He was said to have tossed his top hat into the water as a token of celebration  Earlier mascots include "Jimmie" the Coyote (1892–1893) and "Bulldog" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad)  The beaver mascot's name, "Benny," was officially adopted in 1945  Two failed attempts to maintain a live beaver mascot include Bevo Beaver (rescued from Mary's River in 1921 and later stolen ) and Billy Beaver 
The early Benny Beaver "cartoon" icon/logo was created by famous graphic illustrator, and former Disney employee, Arthur C  Evans  As the art director for Angelus Pacific Company, Evans submitted his design to OSU and it was approved for use in 1951  His logos were used at hundreds of other universities and high schools throughout the nation  Evans' beaver logo also appeared in the 1985 movie Teen Wolf 
During the 1940s, students carted a beaver statue in parades throughout the state and around the stadium on game days  The statue was patterned after an earlier bronze statue that also went by the name "Benny "  Although the name "Benny" was adopted prior to the 1940s, a 1941 yearbook picture captions the statue as "Bill Beaver"  The following yearbook (1942) a photo of the same beaver statue is cited with the name "Benny Beaver"  After the statue's demise, the name "Benny" was regularly used in a popular sports column in The Daily Barometer - known as "The Gnawed Log "
The first live appearance during an athletic event by a mascot named "Benny", was September 18, 1952 and performed by Ken Austin  Austin later founded Newberg, Oregon-based A-dec, the largest privately held dental equipment manufacturer in North America  Austin is now a major Oregon State donor Between the early 1980s and mid-1990s, Benny was often joined at sporting events by a co-mascot, known as "Bernice Beaver "
In 1998 No Dinx, a graphic design shop in Albany, Oregon, redesigned the logo for the first time in nearly 50 years (shown below)  In March 2013, working together with Nike, Oregon State University unveiled the latest, newly redesigned version, of the Benny Beaver logo  The new logo replaced the No Dinx design  The Benny Beaver costume also changed to match the new logo in 2001  Benny wears #0 at football games and #0 at basketball games  Past numbers have included #100 (football) and #6 (basketball) 
In December 2010, Benny Beaver was ranked 13th on a list titled 20 Worst Behaved Mascots Of All Time  Despite the bad press, Benny Beaver won the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign, earning the mascot program $1000 and inclusion in the following year's Capital One All-America Mascot Team 
Passage 2:
Carl Wooten Field
Carl Wooten Field is a stadium in Goodwell, Oklahoma on the campus of Oklahoma Panhandle State University  Carl Wooten Field is the home stadium for PSU's American football and track and field teams  It has also hosted local soccer matches 
The capacity of the stadium is 5,000, mostly seated in the main stand  The main stand is colored red, white, and blue and reads "OPSU" in white letters which cover the stand's central area from top to bottom 

External links
D2 Football - Carl Wooten Field
Passage 3:
Sandy Goss
Donald Alexander Goss (born 2 October 1968), nicknamed Sandy Goss, is a former competition swimmer from Canada   Goss was a freestyle and backstroke specialist who was an Olympic silver medalist 

Early years
Goss was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia in 1968   At the age of 8, Goss' family moved to Toronto and he began swimming for the North York Aquatic Club   At age 11, he was a member of the Canadian tour team that traveled to Germany and won two silver medals   At 17, Goss set a new short-course world record in the 200-metres backstroke at the Canadian Nationals 

College career
Goss received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he swam for the Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition under coach Randy Reese from 1987 to 1990   Goss, together with Duffy Dillon, Paul Robinson and Troy Dalbey, won the NCAA national championship in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay in 1987   He also won three Southeastern Conference (SEC) individual championships in the 100-metre backstroke (1987) and the 200-metre backstroke (1987, 1988), as well as seven SEC championships as a member of winning Gators relay teams   Goss received twenty-three All-American honors during his four-year American college swimming career   He graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in marketing in 1991 

International career
Goss represented Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California   In 1984, he won a silver medal with the Canadian team by swimming the freestyle anchor leg in the men's 4x100-metre medley relay   Goss was also a member of Canada's fifth-place team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, and seventh-place team in the men's 4x100-metre freestyle relay   Individually, he placed seventh in the 100-metre backstroke Four years later, he again swam for Canada in four events at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea   He again earned a silver medal by swimming the freestyle leg for Canada's second-place team in the 4x100-metre medley relay   He was also a member of the Canadian eighth-place team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay, and ninth-place team in the men's 4x100-metre freestyle relay   In individual competition, he advanced to the semifinals of the 100-metre freestyle, and finished with the tenth best time overall He was a double gold medalist at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, winning championships in the 200-metre backstroke and 4x100-metre medley relay, and also won silver medals as a member of the second-place Canadian teams in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay and 4x200-metre freestyle relay 

Life after swimming
Goss and Jane Kerr were inducted into the Swimming Canada Circle of Excellence Hall of Fame in 2006   He lives in Toronto with his wife Judy, with whom he has two children, including competitive swimmer Kennedy Goss, who was named to Canada's Olympic team in 2016 and won a bronze medal in the women's 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay   As of 2006, he was working as a stock broker for Research Capital in Toronto 

See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
List of University of Florida alumni
List of University of Florida Olympians
Passage 4:
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field is a college baseball park in the northwest United States, on the campus of Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon   It is home to the Oregon State Beavers of the Pac-12 Conference  Through the 2014 season, OSU had an all-time record of 1134–474–1 ( 705) at the venue 

History
The field was established in 116 years ago in 1907, with the first game on April 12  The baseball diamond was later named "Ralph Coleman Field" for the head coach who stepped down after 35 years following the 1966 season 
The Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard was added to Ralph Coleman Field in 1986 in memory of the 1981 freshman outfielder, who died in a freak accident just three days prior to his first season with the Beavers   The scoreboard remained in use until its replacement in 2006 
In the late fall of 1998, after many years of talks regarding upgrading the bleachers, concession stands, and the press box, a major remodel was undertaken, in large part due to a $2 3 million donation by John and Eline Goss   Completed before the start of the 1999 season, the addition of the all new stadium put to rest the idea that the Beavers may not be able to continue to play at their longtime home   With the field located in the middle of campus, there had been discussion of the land being turned over to academic uses  The first official game at Goss Stadium at Coleman field was played March 12, 1999 Lights were added to the stadium in 2002, allowing the Beavers to play their first night game at home on April 27, a 4–1 victory over the fourth-ranked Stanford Cardinal 
In the summer of 2006, after the Beavers' first national championship, a state-of-the-art scoreboard was installed, replacing the Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard   This scoreboard featured the first video replay screen in the conference   The natural grass (and dirt) infield was replaced with FieldTurf in late 2006, in time for the 2007 season  The pitcher's mound and home plate area were the only portions that remained dirt  The basepaths and "skin" portion are FieldTurf, colored dark orange   The home plate area at Goss Stadium was later covered with FieldTurf, leaving only the pitcher's mound with dirt 
In May 2008, the Goss Stadium expansion project which consisted of extending the stadium down the 1st and 3rd baselines, was completed   This expansion raised the capacity from 2,000 to 3,248 spectators   The Omaha Room, a suite overlooking the field along the first base line, was built during the expansion project   An academic center as well as the Oregon State Baseball Hall of Fame area celebrating its rich baseball history were also added and are housed underneath the Omaha Room suite 
The official stadium capacity is currently at 3,587   In the 2013 season, home games averaged 2,676 fans per game (24th best among Division I baseball programs) as the Beavers tied an all-time season best 27–5 record at home In 2014, former Oregon State center fielder and MLB All-Star, Jacoby Ellsbury, donated $1 million as part of a $3 million renovation project  Construction was completed in February 2015 adding a beer garden standing deck for fans above a new home team locker room  Also in the winter of 2015, new FieldTurf was installed that covered the entire field, from the backstop to the outfield fence, removing the last remaining natural turf from Coleman Field   The only natural surface remaining was the dirt pitchers mound 
Prior to the start of the 2016 season, the existing scoreboard was removed to accommodate the upgrade which will replace all existing scoreboard elements with one large LED videoboard that is projected to be twice as large from its predecessor The facility has hosted 11 NCAA Regional Tournaments (1952, 1963, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022), as well as 7 NCAA Super-Regional Tournaments (2005, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2022)   As of 2023, Oregon State has posted an impressive mark of 39–11 in postseason games at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field 

Facility
Opened over a century ago, Coleman Field is located near the center of campus and is the oldest continuous ballpark in the nation The playing field has an unorthodox alignment, with the batter and catcher facing southeast, resulting in difficult visual conditions for the fielders on the left side of the diamond for games played near sunset  (The recommended orientation of a baseball diamond is east-northeast ) The field's elevation is approximately 240 feet (75 m) above sea level 
Since 2007, the stadium is the home field of the Corvallis Knights of the West Coast League, a collegiate summer league 

See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Passage 5:
Javelina Stadium
Javelina Stadium is a stadium in Kingsville, Texas   It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of Texas A&M University–Kingsville   The stadium holds 15,000 people and opened in 1950 
A new scoreboard was installed during the 2006 football season   The scoreboard is the largest scoreboard in NCAA Division II   The scoreboard is 36 feet (11 m) wide and 36 feet (11 m) tall and stands 12 feet (3 7 m) off the ground   The video display is over 15 feet (5 m) tall and 20 feet (6 m) wide   It features a three camera system and a fully functional production room located under the east side grandstand   It also features a new sound system 
As the home of the Javelinas, the stadium has seen Texas A&M-Kingsville win 7 National Championships in 1959, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1979   Also of note, the Javelinas achieved a 42-game winning streak - undefeated and untied from their last game of 1973 through the third game of 1977 
In addition to college football, the stadium serves as the home of Henrietta M  King High School's football team and is often selected as a neutral site for high school football playoff games 
From 2001 to 2011, it hosted the Cactus Bowl, an all-star game for NCAA Division II seniors 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Jim Coleman (musician)
James F  Coleman is an American musician who plays keyboards and sampler  He was a member of the 1990s noise rock band Cop Shoot Cop, and afterwards worked as a solo musician specializing in instrumental electronic music and film scores 

Biography
He was a founding member of New York's Cop Shoot Cop, and performed under a variety of stage names: Cripple Jim (he toured on crutches due to a broken leg), and usually as Filer  For most of their existence the band had two bassists and no guitar, leaving Coleman's keyboards to occupy much of the middle-frequency range normally filled by a guitarist in a rock band  Coleman's use of found sounds and other unusual noises was described as "inventive" by critics Art Black David Sprague of Trouser Press  On Release (1994), Cop Shoot Cop's final album, Coleman relied more on conventional piano playing rather than his early sample-based approach He has recorded solo albums as Phylr and the closely related project Here (with Teho Teardo) and collaborates with JG Thirlwell as Baby Zizanie Most recently, Coleman has released the ambient album Trees (2012) under his own name  He has been doing sporadic live shows of this material in Europe and the US Additionally, Coleman has scored a good number of indie films and TV series  Indie features emerging in 2014 are "Exposed" by Beth B and "Stay Then Go" by Shelli Ainsworth  He has worked with directors such as Todd Phillips, Hal Hartley, Richard Kern and Danny Leitner Coleman is currently working on a number of music tracks that are based on recordings of people's near death experiences In 2018-2019, Coleman co-formed a new group called Human Impact 
Passage 7:
DU Stadium
DU Stadium, sometimes referred to as Hilltop Stadium, was a stadium in the western United States, located on the campus of the University of Denver in Denver, Colorado  Built 97 years ago in 1926, the crescent-shaped main grandstand design on the west sideline was based on other similar-sized stadiums from the same time period, Brown Stadium and Cornell's Schoellkopf Field, both in the Ivy League 
It hosted Denver Pioneers football until the program was discontinued in early 1961, due to mounting deficits  The stadium had a seating capacity of 30,000 at its peak, and the natural grass field had a conventional north–south orientation at an elevation of 5,350 feet (1,630 m) above sea level  Nearly half a century in age, it was torn down in the early 1970s 

Stadium history
DU played its first football game in 1885, and by 1909 had moved to a 10,000-seat grandstand in University Park  By 1924, DU football had outgrown that grandstand, and DU alumni decided to launch an ambitious public bond drive to fund a new stadium  The university broke ground for Hilltop Stadium in March 1925 

Construction
The construction costs ran just under $571,000, with the project using one million board-feet of lumber, 7,000 cubic feet (200 m3) of concrete and 295 tons of steel  Gavin Hadden, an engineer whose office was in New York City, designed the stadium; he also designed the football stadiums at Cornell, Brown, and Northwestern  The community called the new structure by the nickname “Monument to Concrete ” The famous sculptor Robert Garrison created two massive figures of athletes, one male and one female, for the stadium's main entrance as symbols of the value of coeducation and “the vitality, the vigor, and the strength of modern American youth” 
In the venue's first official game, DU defeated Colorado School of Mines 27–7  However, no regional match-up overshadowed the annual rivalry game between DU and the University of Colorado, Boulder (CU) on Thanksgiving Day  This Front Range tradition came to end when CU moved to the Big Seven Conference in 1948  The facility also hosted other sports during its history, including soccer and track and field 
The use of Hilltop Stadium extended beyond the realm of athletic competition as well: aviator Charles Lindbergh visited the Denver landmark during a parade held in his honor in 1927, several months after his solo transatlantic flight  Hilltop Stadium also hosted outdoor theater productions and DU commencement ceremonies for a number of years 
The U S  Air Force Academy Falcons shared the stadium with DU until their new Falcon Stadium opened in Colorado Springs in 1962  Additionally, the professional Denver Broncos, a charter AFL franchise, played eleven pre-season and two early regular season games at DU stadium in the early and mid-1960s  Perhaps the most famous of those DU-hosted Bronco games was the 1967 pre-season game on August 5, when the Broncos beat the Detroit Lions in the first inter-league exhibition game  The Broncos' home venue, Bears Stadium (later renamed "Mile High"), was shared with the Triple-A Denver Bears baseball club of the American Association (and Pacific Coast League) 

Demolition
The university decided to demolish Hilltop Stadium in 1971  The venue had started to crumble, and after the discontinuation of the DU football program in January 1961, a costly reconstruction of the main grandstand seemed unwarranted  Although the large crescent-shaped section on the west side was removed, the far smaller section to the east remained until 1974 
DU also needed the space for its growing intramural sports program: new plans included ten lighted tennis courts and three regulation-sized playing fields for a wide variety of sports  Today, the Benjamin F  Stapleton, Jr  Tennis Pavilion, Diane Wendt Sports Field, University of Denver Soccer Stadium and Peter Barton Lacrosse Stadium, all stand on the site of the old Hilltop Stadium 
A few remnants of the stadium remain today  The light towers now stand in working order at Englewood High School's football field, and the old line markers are housed at the Anderson Academic Commons, formerly the Penrose Library on the DU campus 

Bibliography
Fisher, Steve  “The Short, Happy Life of Hilltop Stadium ” University of Denver Magazine  Winter 2006  3 Oct  2008 
Haraway, Frank O  “Football ” A Tribute to Champions  Ed  Erik Prenzler  Denver: Mile High Alumni Boosters, 1985  8-10 
Moffett, Jessie  “Statues Will Be Placed in Niches by October 25, Sculptor Announces ” The Clarion 26 September 1926: 3 
“Say Goodbye to an Oldtimer… ” Communiqué (DU Faculty and Staff Publication) 21 June 1971 
Passage 8:
A League of Their Own
A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Penny Marshall that tells a fictionalized account of the real-life All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL)  It stars Tom Hanks, Geena Davis, Madonna, Lori Petty, Rosie O'Donnell, Jon Lovitz, David Strathairn, Garry Marshall and Bill Pullman  It was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson 
A League of Their Own was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $132 4 million worldwide and garnering acclaim for Marshall's direction and the performances of its ensemble cast  In 2012, the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Plot
In 1988, Dottie Hinson attends the opening of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame  She sees many former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943 
When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, Chicago Cubs owner Walter Harvey persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league  Ira Lowenstein is put in charge  Scout Ernie Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy  She is not interested; she is happy with her life while waiting for her husband Bob to return from the war  Her younger sister Kit Keller, however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself  Capadino is unimpressed by Kit's batting and refuses to watch her pitch, but agrees to take her along if she changes Dottie's mind  Dottie agrees for her sister's sake 
Dottie and Kit travel to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout  They meet taxi dancer Mae "All the Way Mae" Mordabito and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy, soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner, illiterate left fielder Shirley Baker, pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander, left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn, second baseman Marla Hooch, first baseman Helen Haley, and Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers  They and five others constitute the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others make up the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox 
The Peaches are managed by former star Cubs slugger Jimmy Dugan, a cynical alcoholic  He initially treats the whole thing as a joke, forcing Dottie to take over as on-field leader initially  Dugan is also abrasive toward his players  The team travels with Evelyn's spoiled bratty son Stillwell and tightly wound team chaperone Miss Cuthburt  With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular, as the league has attracted little attention  Dottie obliges, catching a popped-up ball behind home plate while doing a split  The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover  A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced 
The teammates bond  Marla marries a man named Nelson whom she met on a raucous roadhouse outing and leaves the team for the rest of the season, Mae teaches Shirley to read, and Evelyn writes a team song  Lowenstein makes Dottie the face of the league, making Kit resentful  Their sibling rivalry intensifies, resulting in Kit's trade to the Racine Belles 
The Peaches end the season with the league's best record, qualifying for the World Series  Jimmy gives Betty a telegram informing her that her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater  Grief-stricken, she leaves the team  That evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob shows up, having been wounded and discharged from the Army  Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob  Unable to persuade her to play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision 
The Peaches face the Belles in the World Series, which goes the full seven games  Dottie rejoins the Peaches for the seventh game, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles  With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run  Kit is distraught, but gets a second chance when she comes to bat with two outs in the bottom of the ninth  She gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand 
The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support  After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves with Bob 
In the present, Dottie is reunited with the other players, including Kit, Capadino and Lowenstein  The surviving Peaches sing Evelyn's team song and pose for a photo  During the closing credits, they play baseball at Doubleday Field 

Cast
Rockford Peaches
Others
Production
Development
Director Penny Marshall was inspired by the 1987 TV documentary A League of their Own, about the AAGPBL  She had never heard of the league, and contacted the film's creators, Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson, to collaborate with the scriptwriters, Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz, on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox  Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce it 

Casting
On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant " Debra Winger was then cast as Dottie and spent three months training with the Chicago Cubs in preparation  However, she dropped out of the production four weeks before the start of principal photography, later saying that the casting of Madonna was the reason for her decision  Marshall chose Geena Davis to replace Winger USC assistant baseball coach Bill Hughes was the film’s technical adviser and put the film’s ensemble cast through baseball camp three months before filming 

Filming
Principal photography began July 10, 1991  Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball, and the large bruise seen on actress Renée Coleman's thigh was real 
Discussing the skirts they wore playing in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs  It was nutty " In a 2021 interview, Petty claimed to have broken her foot during filming, but reiterated her enjoyment of the shoot and the understanding of the film's importance at the time The tryout scene, at a fictional Major League Baseball stadium in Chicago called Harvey Field, was filmed at the Chicago Cubs' home stadium, Wrigley Field  The Rockford Peaches' home games were filmed at League Stadium in Huntingburg, Indiana, and the championship game against Racine was filmed at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana  Additional games were filmed at Jay Littleton Ball Park in Ontario, California  The final week of shooting was during late October 1991 in Cooperstown, New York, where 65 original AAGPBL members appeared in scenes recreating the induction of the league into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988  Due to the length of the schedule, the cast entertained themselves by putting on an elaborate amateur production, "Jesus Christ Superstar Goes Hawaiian "

Soundtrack
A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992  The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992  Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons 

Reception
Box office
A League of Their Own was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13 2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns  In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11 5 million and finishing first  It ended up a commercial success, making $107 5 million in the United States and Canada, but only $24 9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132 4 million against a production budget of $40 million 

Critical response
The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast 
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 81% based on 79 reviews, with an average score of 7/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast " On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 69 based 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "Though big of budget, A League of Their Own is one of the year's most cheerful, most relaxed, most easily enjoyable comedies  It's a serious film that's lighter than air, a very funny movie that manages to score a few points for feminism in passing " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: "The movie has a real bittersweet charm  The baseball sequences, we've seen before  What's fresh are the personalities of the players, the gradual unfolding of their coach and the way this early chapter of women's liberation fit into the hidebound traditions of professional baseball "

Accolades
On December 19, 2012, it was announced that A League of Their Own would be preserved in the United States National Film Registry Jimmy Dugan's (Tom Hanks) remark to Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), "There's no crying in baseball!", was ranked 54th on the American Film Institute's 2005 list AFI's 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes 

20th anniversary Blu-ray edition
A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012 47 former AAGPBL players reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it  Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting AAGPBL players and family meeting to honor the Women's Professional Baseball League  The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed  Bosse Field still retains many of the Racine Belles themes from the movie  The event included an outdoor screening of the film, and a display of cars featured in the film  In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse, that was renovated for it 

Spinoffs
A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, Freddie Simpson, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles  Carey Lowell took over Geena Davis's role  Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast 
On August 6, 2020, Amazon Video ordered a reboot series with the same title as the movie  The series debuted on August 12, 2022 on  Amazon  On March 14, 2023 it was announced that the rebooted series would end with a four-episode second season bringing the total number of episodes of the series to twelve after having aired eight episodes in its first season 

See also
Women in baseball
List of baseball films
Passage 9:
Linda and Terry Fuller Track
Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex is a multi-use stadium in Lubbock, Texas on the campus of Texas Tech University where it serves as home to Red Raider track and field  Formerly, it was also the home of the women's soccer team before they moved to the John Walker Soccer Complex  The stadium seats 3,500 

Usage
The 2013 Big 12 Conference Outdoor Track & Field Championship was hosted at the Terry and Linda Fuller Track & Field Complex on May 16–18, 2014 
Passage 10:
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium on the campus of Bellarmine University in Louisville, Kentucky  The facility serves as home to Bellarmine's soccer, field hockey, lacrosse, and track and field teams  The stadium opened on August 24, 2007 in a Bellarmine Knights women's soccer game, and was officially dedicated on August 28, 2007  Construction took approximately 18 months and was completed at an estimated cost of $5 1 million 
On February 20, 2010, the plaza area of the stadium was named after men's lacrosse coach Jack McGetrick  The plaza houses the locker rooms, concessions, and restrooms for the stadium  McGetrick started the lacrosse program at Bellarmine in 2004 and is well known throughout the lacrosse community 

Features
Owsley B  Frazier Stadium incorporates several innovative features, including:

Artificial turf  The artificial turf at the stadium has permanent markings for soccer, field hockey, and lacrosse  A complex drainage system is incorporated into the design to allow for play in all weather conditions  The "24/7" artificial field surface is named Joseph P  and Janet A  Clayton Field 
Stadium lighting  The lighting system features redirected lighting which bends spill lighting back on to the field, drastically reducing the amount of light which will fall outside the stadium's perimeter 
Track surface  The track is an eight-lane, 400-meter track, featuring three long jump pits, two pole vault areas, a high jump pit, and a steeplechase water jump pit  The surface is a dual-durometer, polyurethane poured surface provided by Beynon Sport Surfaces, the same company which has installed tracks at other top college facilities including at Illinois, Maryland, and Purdue 
Passage 11:
Skip Wilson Field
Skip Wilson Field is a baseball stadium in Ambler, Pennsylvania  It is the home field of the Arcadia University baseball team which moved to the ballfield in 2018 

Temple University
It was the home field of the Temple Owls baseball team until the end of the 2014 season, when the school cut the program   The stadium holds 1,000 spectators and opened in 2004   It is named after former Owls baseball coach James "Skip" Wilson Temple played their first game at the field on March 25, 2004, and beat University of the Sciences 6-2  Four other projected home openers had been canceled due to either bad weather or poor field conditions The field was originally called Temple's Ambler Field in reference to its location at Temple's Ambler campus  The university began to refer to the ball-field as Skip Wilson Field in 2006  On April 28, 2007, Temple University-Ambler celebrated “Skip Wilson Day" when the university officially dedicated Skip Wilson Field at Ambler in honor of the coach Prior to Skip Wilson Field, Temple baseball played its home games at Erny Field at Mount Pleasant Avenue and Michener Street in the West Oak Lane section of Philadelphia 

See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
Passage 12:
Dugout (baseball)
In baseball, the dugout is a team's bench and is located in foul territory between home plate and either first or third base  There are two dugouts, one for the home team and one for the visiting team  In general, the dugout is occupied by all players not prescribed to be on the field at that particular time, as well as coaches and other personnel authorized by the league  The players' equipment (gloves, bats, batting helmets, catcher's equipment, etc ) is usually stored in the dugout 
In baseball, the manager, with the help of his assistants, will dictate offensive strategy from the dugout by sending hand signals to the first and third base coaches  To avoid detection, the first and third base coaches will then translate those hand signals into their own set of hand signals and then send them on to the batter and runners 

Origin
The term dugout refers to the area being slightly depressed below field level, as is common in professional baseball  The prevailing theory of the origin of locating the dugouts below field level is that it allowed spectators seated behind the dugouts to see the field, specifically the home plate area  Unlike most other sports, the primary action in baseball is centered on one area – home plate – and obstructing this area from fans' view, even if by players on the bench, would not be popular with fans 

Not all dugouts are located below the field level  At the major league level, the few dugouts that are located at the field level are in multi-purpose stadiums to simplify the conversion from baseball configuration to another sports field configuration  At such ballparks, the seating area is raised such that the dugouts do not obstruct the spectators' view  Dugouts are also at field level at most amateur ballparks, where locating them below field level would be cost prohibitive or otherwise not beneficial  In these cases, the term "dugout" still applies, as does "bench " In the early days of professional baseball, the seating areas were often constructed high enough that the bench was at field level 

Variations
Most professional and collegiate ballparks feature dugouts that are below the field level, with concrete steps along the entire length of the dugout  Some feature a railing along the top step, or "lip", while others are open 
In most Major League Baseball ballparks, as well as many minor league ballparks, the dugout is directly connected to the clubhouse by a tunnel 
Most high school, Little League, and recreational ballparks feature dugouts that are at the field level, usually separated from the playing field by chain-link fencing 
Historic Cardines Field in Newport, Rhode Island, home of the Newport Gulls, features both dugouts on the first base side 

Official rules
MLB rule 3 17 specifies that "no one except players, substitutes, managers, coaches, athletic trainers and batboys shall occupy a bench during a game " The rule also stipulates that players on the disabled list are allowed in the dugout, but may not enter the field of play at any time during the game  Players and coaches who have been ejected from the game may not remain in the dugout per Rule 4 07 Unlike most other sports, where a ball or puck entering a team's bench area has already passed out of bounds and is thus dead before it reaches the bench, it is possible in baseball for a dugout to be a factor in play  MLB rule 6 05(a) states that a fielder may reach into a dugout to catch a fly ball as long as one or both feet is on or over the playing field, and does not have a foot on the ground in the dugout when making the catch  MLB universal ground rules state that the player may subsequently enter the dugout after making the catch if his momentum is carrying him that way, but if he falls in the dugout as a result, the catch is allowed but baserunners advance in accordance with Rule 7 04(c) A live ball entering a dugout becomes dead and the batter-runner and any base runners advance in accordance with Rule 7 04(c)  However, a live ball bouncing off a dugout railing, if present, is still in play (unless a foul ball)  Due to the dugouts' location in foul territory, live balls entering dugouts usually only occur after an errant throw by the defensive team 

Dugout choice in MLB
Which team occupies the dugout on the first-base side or the third-base side is purely arbitrary  The Major League Baseball Rulebook is silent on the subject  There are many anecdotal reasons why one dugout is chosen over the other  In the past, the manager also served as the third base coach, so occupying the third base dugout meant less walking for the manager between innings  Contrarily, the thought is that since more close plays occur at first base than third, the first base dugout is preferred  For a pre-existing facility, the home team might choose the better clubhouse and the dugout on that side of the field  (For example, prior to their 2008 move to Nationals Park, the Washington Nationals occupied the third-base dugout at RFK Stadium because it was the larger and newer of the two dugouts ) Another factor can be the sun angle during day games  In ballparks where one of the dugouts faces direct sunlight for much of the game, which can be problematic on hot summer days, the home club might choose the dugout that is better shaded 
In both the National League and American League, more home team dugouts are on the first-base side (9 to 6 each)  Even the two oldest parks still in use differ on this point: the Cubs sit on the third-base side at Wrigley while the Red Sox inhabit the first-base dugout at Fenway  Due to the ballpark's orientation, at Wrigley the third-base dugout faces away from the sun from noon onward, whereas the first base dugout faces sunlight in the late innings  At Fenway, the third-base dugout faces the sun for part of a day game, while the first-base dugout remains shaded 

See also

Bullpen
Technical area
Passage 13:
Ramblin' Wreck
The Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech is the 1930 Ford Model A Sport coupe that serves as the official mascot of the student body at the Georgia Institute of Technology  The Wreck is present at all major sporting events and student body functions  Its most noticeable role is leading the football team into Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field, a duty which the Wreck has performed since 1961  The Ramblin' Wreck is mechanically and financially maintained on campus by students in Ramblin' Reck Club 
The first mechanical Wreck was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field  Until the current Wreck was donated to the school in 1961, most of the early Ramblin' Wrecks were owned by students, faculty or alumni  The modern Wreck has donned a number of different paint jobs and has had several restorations and modifications made to it  These changes were made by various individuals and organizations over the years, including Bobby Dodd and Georgia Tech Alumnus Pete George, who worked at the Ford plant in Hapeville, Georgia  The upkeep of the Wreck has been the sole responsibility of Ramblin' Reck Club and the Wreck driver since 1987 
The Ramblin' Wreck has been the target of several pranks perpetrated by rival schools; the University of Tennessee once provided the Wreck with an unsolicited new paint job, and the University of Georgia has stolen the Wreck on at least two occasions  Several replica or "false" Wrecks are owned by alumni, or are used for display and do not run  The official Ramblin' Wreck is considered the only "true" Wreck, and no backups or replacements exist 

History
The term "Ramblin' Wreck" has been used to refer to students and alumni of Georgia Tech much longer than the car that now bears the name has been in existence  The expression has its origins in the late 19th century and was used originally to refer to the makeshift motorized vehicles constructed by Georgia Tech engineers employed in projects in the jungles of Central America  The Wrecks were constructed from whatever the engineers could find—mostly old tractor and automotive parts—and were kept running by the engineers' ingenuity and creativity  Other workers in the area began to refer to these vehicles and the men who drove them as "Rambling Wrecks from Georgia Tech "The first "mechanical mascot" at Georgia Tech was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field  Field drove the car to and from class every day from 1916 until 1928   Field cared so much for the car that he even nicknamed it "Nellie"  The vehicle was distinguished by its metallic black paint job and a large black box fastened to the rear end by a buggy wheel hoop  The black box's contents were never revealed to the student body and the box became part of the mystique of the Old Ford The student body initially nicknamed the vehicle "Floyd's Flivver" but eventually began to call the car the "Ramblin' 'Reck "  The first mention of Field's Ford as a Ramblin' 'Reck was in 1926 when he performed an overhaul of the car's engine, body, and paint job with the help of the campus machine shop Dean Field found a love for travel with his Model T  He took it all the way to California for seminars on mathematics and education  However, in 1927 rumors began to abound campus that Field was going to buy a Model A  Field quelled the rumors with a personal interview in the last issue of the 1927 Technique  By September 1928, Field felt he could not travel as much with the dilapidated Model T  To the dismay of the student body the vehicle was discarded by Dean Field in 1928 and a Model A was purchased  Field's Model A lasted until 1934 in which he bought a Ford V8  He would drive over 122,000 miles (196,300 km) in all three cars during his Georgia Tech tenure of 1900–1945 
In memoriam to his retired "Tin Lizzie", Dean Field started "an Old Ford Race" from the intersection of North Avenue and Techwood Drive in Atlanta to the intersection of Hills Street and Prince Avenue in Athens  The race was sponsored by the Technique, which nicknamed the event the "Flying Flivver Race " The finish line was facilitated by the University of Georgia student newspaper The Red and Black  The only rule of the race was that the car had to be a pre-1926 4-cylinder motor car  The fastest time in the race was achieved by an Essex which completed the 79-mile (126 km) race in 1 hour and 26 minutes or 55 mph (88 km/h) The Tech administration disliked the perilous race and reduced the race to a more peaceful and regulated parade of contraptions known as the Ramblin' Wreck Parade after races were completed in 1929 and 1930  The Yellow Jacket Club facilitated the first official Ramblin' Wreck parade in 1932   The only break in the parade's continuous operation occurred with the onset of World War II   There were no parades from 1942 to 1943 and when the parade did continue in 1944, all Wrecks had to be human powered   In 1946, the Ramblin' Wreck Parade was allowed to operate combustion engines again   The rules instituted in the 1946 Wreck Parade still remain as the parade has become the featured event for all Tech homecomings 

Mascot for students
Dean of Student Affairs Jim Dull recognized a need for an official Ramblin' Wreck when he observed the student body's fascination with classic cars  Fraternities, in particular, would parade around their House Wrecks as displays of school spirit and enthusiasm  It was considered a rite of passage to own a broken down vehicle In 1960, Dull began a search for a new official symbol to represent the institute  He specifically wanted a classic pre-war Ford  Dull's search would entail newspaper ads, radio commercials, and other means to locate this vehicle  The search took him throughout the state and country, but no suitable vehicle was found until the autumn of 1960  Dean Dull spotted a polished 1930 Ford Model A outside of his apartment located in Towers Dormitory  The owner was Captain Ted J  Johnson, Atlanta's chief Delta Air Lines pilot Johnson had purchased the car from a junkyard in 1956  Johnson and his son, Craig, would restore the car as a father-son project while Craig attended the Georgia Military Academy  The two spent two years and over $1,800 restoring the vehicle  Johnson used spare parts from many different sources to refurbish the rusty hulk  He bought the mahogany dash from a parts dealer in Caracas, Venezuela and used Convair 440 aluminum sheets to replace the flooring  After Craig graduated from high school, he attended Florida State on a track scholarship  In 1960, Craig's track team would be in Atlanta competing against Tech  Johnson, wanting to see his son compete, took the Model A to Tech campus, parked it near Towers dormitory, and went to watch Craig compete When Johnson returned to his car, he found a note from Dean Dull attached to his windshield  Dull's note offered to purchase the car to serve as Georgia Tech's official mascot  Johnson, after great deliberation, agreed to take $1,000, but eventually returned the money in 1984 so that the car would be remembered as an official donation to Georgia Tech and the Alexander-Tharpe Fund  The Ramblin' Wreck was officially transferred to the Athletic Association on May 26, 1961 The Ramblin' Wreck was unveiled September 30, 1961, at Grant Field in front of 43,501 Tech fans, as it led the team onto the field against Rice University  The team prevailed 24–0 and the Wreck became an instant success within the Tech family 
The Wreck has since led the team onto the field for every home game 

Bobby Dodd's restorations
The current color scheme was selected in 1974 by then athletic director and former head coach Bobby Dodd  The original Wreck decor featured a wooden GT shield on both the driver- and passenger-side doors  This shield was removed during Dodd's revitalization of the old Model A  Dodd chose an old gold paint from a Lincoln car paint catalogue as the base for the new color scheme  He also placed a slightly stretched GT emblem on the door, a Tech helmet on the rear quarter panel, and a 1952 version of the Yellow Jacket on the front quarter panel  According to Tech lore, Bobby Dodd was so enamored with the Lincoln gold, he changed the football helmet and uniform color to match the new Ramblin' Wreck paint scheme The biggest structural change was a support system attached to the car's frame  The support system runs the length of the running boards and allows the increased weight of cheerleaders or Reck Club members standing on the running boards 

Pete George's restorations
From 1973 to 1987, 1947 IE alum Pete George maintained the Ramblin' Wreck at the Hapeville Ford Plant  George would mastermind the 1974 change of colors as well as a major refurbishment of the Wreck in 1982 in time for Georgia Tech's 1985 centennial celebration  The car was completely disassembled, rebuilt, and repainted by late 1982 There were a few noticeable changes to the Ramblin' Wreck after the 1982 refurbishment  An aftermarket chrome stone guard was added to protect the grill, The emblems on the side were removed and replaced by a basic GT decal on the doors  The 1952 Yellow Jackets were moved to the front tire wells  The white horn was chromed over  The old tire cover was a shield with a football helmet wearing yellow jacket  This was replaced with a white generic naugahyde Ford tire cover  The blackwall tires and brakes were replaced with whitewall tires and modified brakes 
The Wreck experienced a major transition of ownership after the Centennial Celebration  Since Reck Club had financially maintained the vehicle for so long and Reck Club fell under the dean of students rather than the athletic association, the vehicle was sold from the athletic association to the institute for zero dollars in 1987  The transaction further solidified Reck Club's responsibilities over the car but also made the car more than simply a football mascot  The Old Ford was officially an institute icon 

Post-centennial restoration and change of ownership
After Pete George's retirement in 1987, the upkeep of the Wreck fell directly upon the shoulders of the Wreck Drivers and Reck Club  In 1994, the Hapeville Plant ended their relationship with Reck Club  Since then, the Wreck has been student maintained with the assistance of local Atlanta garages  The Wreck has had numerous mechanical and cosmetic repairs over the years since Pete George's initial full rebuild After 1994, Reck Club restored the wheels and brakes to original Model A specifications  Reck Club performed a major off body restoration in the Spring of 2000 that saw the car repainted and the engine rebuilt  Pete George, although several years retired, aided Reck Club in its restoration providing funding and labor to the 2000 restoration  After the restoration, a small modification replaced the electrical generator with a more efficient Nu-Rex alternator 

2007 highway accident
Reck Club coordinated their second major restoration following damage incurred during a highway accident on June 22, 2007, on Interstate 75 in Monroe County, about 60 miles south of Atlanta  Though trailered, the crash caused severe damage to the body and top of the Ramblin' Wreck, while the Ford Expedition and trailer in tow were both wrecked  Fourth-year Polymer, Textile, and Fiber Engineering major John Bird was driving, with his younger brother Matt, and recalled for the press:

Something in the trailer failed, and the trailer pulled us off the road going 70 miles an hour  We went perpendicular to the lanes of traffic, and we crashed into a ditch on the side of the road    There wasn’t any fishtailing    The trailer just snapped and made a 90 degree turn, and I just said ‘Matt, hold on’ and we hit the ditch  The whole thing lasted about 2 seconds    The left side is smashed up pretty good and the roof is torn up    but the motor is fine and all the wheels are fine "
Bird had stated that both his brother and he got whiplash from the crash, one of Matt's legs was bruised, and "it also could have
been a lot worse "

Modern role of the Wreck
The Ramblin' Wreck has led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Grant Field almost 300 games  It also makes appearances for other Georgia Tech sports teams: it is often seen before big basketball games at Hank McCamish Pavilion, occasionally parked outside of Russ Chandler Stadium during warm weekend baseball series, and has attended several softball games a year at the new mid-campus stadium A symbol of the institute's academic and collegiate tradition, the old Model A is often dispatched to special events on campus  It is always present when new buildings are opened or dedicated  On December 5, 2006, the Wreck became the first car to drive across the new Fifth Street Bridge Every spring, the Institute holds a ceremony, known as When the Whistle Blows, to honor students, staff, and faculty who died during the previous year  The Georgia Tech Whistle is blown once for each person who died, and once more to salute Georgia Tech alumni and friends who may also have died  A procession of the military escort, led by the Ramblin' Wreck, leads up to the ceremony, during which the Wreck is parked next to the speaker's stage During Tech Homecoming, the Ramblin' Wreck has several duties  Several days before Homecoming, it acts as a giant gold starter pistol for the Mini 500 tricycle race  The Wreck's next task is to lead the racers out of the starting line in the Freshman Cake Race  On the day of the Homecoming football game, the Wreck leads the Ramblin' Wreck Parade, then leads the football team onto the field The car is also present at every Freshman Orientation (FASET), Earth Day festival, and other campuswide events A ride in the Wreck serves as a gift to many retiring faculty and staff; a ride onto Grant Field is one of the greatest honors Georgia Tech can bestow  Kim King, for example, received this honor on October 2, 2004, during halftime of the Miami game 

Wreck traditions and specifications
There are several lesser known details about the Wreck that are easily missed when it rambles down Techwood Drive  Specific physical details and the actual person behind the wheel are often missed or overlooked  The Wreck is financially maintained through Ramblin' Reck Club appearances and fundraisers  There is no official source of funding from the institute, Athletic Association, or Alumni Association  This gives the Wreck a unique level of independence that is atypical amongst college mascots When a freshman first reaches campus for FASET (orientation), one of the many traditions that they are introduced to is that freshmen cannot touch the Wreck until the completion of their first year   This rule originated in the 1963 edition of the RAT Rules  If a freshman touches the Wreck between convocation and the last day of classes in the Spring, they will receive bad luck throughout their college career and GT will be cursed to lose to UGA in football that year The Wreck is distinguished by its old gold body and white soft top  The soft top has a chrome support strut, which features a brass classic Tech T and 1952 yellow jacket  The body also has two solid white runningboards, which run the length of the vehicle  The running boards support cheerleaders or the occasional Tech student looking for a ride  The interior upholstery is solid white vinyl  The gear shifter knob is a white globe with the classic Tech T painted on it  There are two golden nylon pennants emblazoned with the words "To Hell With Georgia" and "Give 'Em Hell Tech" fastened to the front bumper 

Driver
The driver of the Ramblin' Wreck is an elected position within Ramblin' Reck Club  This position is determined after every football season  The driver manages the car's public appearances and maintenance  There have only been 46 drivers of the Wreck, making the position of Wreck driver one of the most prestigious positions in all of Georgia Tech's student organizations The driver gets to add their own personal touch every year to the Wreck  The front license plate is chosen by the driver every year and the radiator cap is replaced yearly, as well  The cap is typically a flying quail or a wreath  After each driver's term, the driver gets to keep the two pennants, too 
Dean Dull initiated a group known as the Ramblin' Wreck Committee of the Student Council to aid in his search for a mascot  When the Wreck was found in 1961, the Ramblin' Wreck Committee was chaired by Dekle Rountree  Rountree would drive the Wreck for school functions and Student Council fundraisers  He was also the first person to drive the Ramblin' Wreck onto Grant Field  Don Gentry, the president of Reck Club in 1961, was the first student to drive the Wreck as he aided in retrieving the Model A from Ted Johnson's home  The Wreck was always maintained by Reck Club but the complete transition of control occurred between 1964 and 1967  During this period, Reck Club was relieved of its RAT rules enforcement duties and given more wholesome jobs of maintaining the Wreck, upholding traditions, and generating school spirit 
Four women have officially driven the Ramblin' Wreck in its history  Lisa Volmar, an industrial engineering major, was elected the driver in 1984 and she was the first female driver after 23 consecutive years of male-only drivers 

Reck or Wreck
The name can be spelled either Ramblin' Reck or Ramblin' Wreck  In all spellings, there is no g in Ramblin'  The first references to the 1930 Model A (1961) spelled the word Reck while the first references to the 1914 Model T owned by Dean Field spelled the word 'Reck (1925)  Ramblin' Reck Club has spelled the word Reck since their 1945 club charter  The institute has adopted the spelling Ramblin' Wreck and holds a trademark on the phrase  Reck Club still refers to the Ramblin' Wreck as the Ramblin' Reck while most other agencies refer to it as the Ramblin' Wreck 

Travelin' Wreck
In its history, the Wreck has appeared at a number of away games and other events away from the Georgia Tech campus  Many of these trips resulted in damage to the Reck or other interesting anecdotes 
The first away game for the Ramblin' Wreck was the 1961 game against the Alabama Crimson Tide  The Wreck was freighted by Southern Railway to Birmingham, Alabama  At the time, Alabama played its home games at Legion Field  Before the game, the current driver Dekle Rountree decided to traverse the slope up to visit Birmingham's Vulcan statue  The trip to Birmingham was such a success, a trip to Jacksonville for Tech's Gator Bowl appearance against Penn State was organized, as well  These were the first road and bowl game appearances for the Wreck in its illustrious career In 1963, the Ramblin' Wreck Committee and Ramblin' Reck Club organized another road trip for the Wreck  This trip took the Wreck up to Knoxville for a game against the Tennessee Volunteers  After Tech won the game, the Wreck was stored overnight in Neyland Stadium  Administrators and Tennessee's Athletic Director Bob Woodruff promised Georgia Tech Athletics that the Wreck would be safe  They were wrong  Tennessee students broke into the storage area and painted the Wreck orange  They wrote "Go Vols" in the paint and covered the gold wheels with paint, as well  After the incident, Georgia Tech sent a bill to Tennessee's Athletic Department asking for restitution   Woodruff was believed to have  aided the students in their efforts after he openly contested the officiating of the football contest In 1976, Tech students took the Wreck to Athens for the annual football game with UGA  After the game, the Wreck's police escort abandoned the car  The vehicle appeared relatively unprotected and was approached by UGA students attempting to vandalize it  The Tech students responsible for the car's safekeeping frightened the encroaching Bulldog fans away by producing a concealed 9 mm pistol The farthest trips the Ramblin' Wreck has ever traveled from Atlanta were the 1970 Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, and Denver, Colorado, in 1990 for Tech's NCAA Final Four appearance against UNLV  The Wreck was freighted by van 1,400 miles (2,250 km) to Denver Coliseum  Along the way, a television crew documented the trip and broadcast the Wreck's expedition during the Final Four promotions 
The last major road trips for the Ramblin' Wreck were to the 2004 Final Four in San Antonio, the 2006 ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville, Florida, and the 2009 ACC Championship Game in Tampa's Raymond James Stadium 
 The Wreck led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Alltel Stadium's field for Tech's first appearance in the ACC title game, as well as performing the same duty in their second appearance and first win in the ACC championship game in 2009  The Wreck has also been to the Orange Bowl, Gator Bowl, All-American Bowl, Sun Bowl, Peach Bowl, Citrus Bowl, and Champs Sports Bowl On June 15, 2007, the Wreck was involved in an accident while being towed to a wedding south of Atlanta in a covered car trailer  The trailer failed while carrying the Wreck, in turn causing the truck and trailer to run off the road and into the roadside ditch  The Wreck fell over inside the trailer, causing damage to its side and roof  Despite the severe body damage (in excess of $30,000), the Wreck was repaired for the first game of the 2007 season against the Samford Bulldogs 

In the media
In 1987, the Ramblin' Wreck and Dean Jim Dull were featured on ABC-TV's morning show  Dean Dull shouted into the camera, "I'm Dean of Students Jim Dull and I'm a Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech  Good Morning, America!" Dull was on the show because he had won a make-a-wish contest  All he wanted was for the Ramblin' Wreck, gold-clad students, and himself to be on the ABC morning show and ABC granted the wish The Ramblin' Wreck has been featured in several newspapers, magazines, and books  The Ramblin' Wreck is portrayed leading the Georgia Tech football team onto the field on the cover of Al Thomy's 1973 work Ramblin' Wreck – A Story of Georgia Tech Football  Pete George's 1982 refurbishment was featured in the November 1983 edition of the Ford Times  The June 1986 edition of Cars & Parts Magazine featured the Ramblin' Wreck and the raffle for the Centennial Wreck  The December 1991 Car Collector & Car Classics featured the Wreck on the cover after the National Championship season  The December 2007 Bellsouth Real White Pages for Greater Atlanta featured the Ramblin' Wreck with censored flags The Ramblin' Wreck has been featured numerous times in Tech's student newspaper, The Technique, and Atlanta's primary newspaper, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution  The Wreck has also been featured in The New York Times and the Associated Press  Local newspapers such as the Cherokee Times, Augusta Chronicle, and Gwinnett Daily Post have also printed articles about the Wreck In the week prior to the 2007 home opener, the Ramblin' Wreck was featured on ESPN First Take  ESPN showed old clips of the Wreck leading the football team onto the field and discussed the possibility of the Wreck not making the football opener after 45 consecutive years of never missing a game The Ramblin' Wreck was featured prominently on the October 18, 2007 episode of Jim Cramer's Mad Money  Cramer exited the Wreck's passenger door to start the show and one of Cramer's trademark soundboards was attached to the front bumper On April 16, 2009, a Georgia Tech student riding on the running board of the Ramblin' Wreck fell and suffered severe head injuries hospitalizing the student for four days   Almost a year later, the student filed suit against Georgia Tech and an auto shop responsible for installing handles on the roof of the car   The lawsuit cites the failure of the auto shop's handles as the reason for the fall and claims the University promoted the unsafe use of a vehicle by students  In September 2013, the student injured in the April 2009 accident, won a settlement of $1 36 million from the Georgia Board of Regents and Eco-Clean, Inc The 2012 edition of EA Sports' NCAA football video game featured the addition of the Ramblin' Wreck leading Georgia Tech's football team onto the field at all games played in Bobby Dodd Stadium   The Ramblin' Wreck was included in the game alongside many other colleges' pre-game traditions to "deliver the pride and pageantry of game day" 

Ramblin' replicas
Several vehicles  claim "Ramblin' Wreck status " However, only one car is the official Ramblin' Wreck, with no backups or equivalent vehicles The most famous of the fake Wrecks is a 1931 Ford Model A Cabriolet known as the Centennial Wreck  This vehicle was refurbished along with the real Wreck in 1985  The vehicle followed the Ramblin' Wreck onto the field all of the 1985 football season and was raffled for $250,000 by Pete George and Georgia Tech in 1986 
In 1988, the Alumni Association purchased a 1931 Ford Model A Roadster and restored the vehicle again in 1994  The Alumni Wreck is distinguished by its spare tire locations on the driver's side and passenger-side runningboards and the words "Georgia Tech Alumni Association" printed on the doors  It also has a convertible top  On the real Wreck, the spare is behind the rumble seat and the roof cannot be removed or lowered 
A 1930 Ford Model A Sports Coupe shell is kept in the Georgia Tech Hotel  This car has not worked since it has been on campus  The motor is incomplete and the front end lacks the Wreck's chrome stone guard  This is one of the few replicas that is almost identical in make, model, and paint scheme when compared to the real Ramblin' Wreck 
Also, several alumni-owned vehicles are painted to resemble the Wreck  These vehicles mimic the look and feel of the car, but are not the Ramblin' Wreck  One of the most famous instances of mistaken identity occurred in 1988  A father-son duo of Georgia Tech alumni attempted to lead the Tech football team onto the field at Sanford Stadium in Athens  After getting inside of the stadium with their gold 1924 Ford Model T, the two were finally stopped by Georgia officials, who were informed the real Ramblin' Wreck had remained in Atlanta 
Several B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators and at least one F4U Corsair were designated the name Ramblin' Wreck during service in World War II 
The Chicago Brewing Company features an amber ale by the name of Ramblin' Wreck Amber Ale 
The Savoy Automobile Museum in Cartersville, GA features a Ramblin' Wreck replica in their permanent collection

See also
Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate – the rivalry between Tech and UGA
Georgia Tech traditions – a comprehensive list of Georgia Tech Traditions
Ramblin' Wreck from Georgia Tech – the fight song of Georgia Tech
WREK FM – the college radio station of Georgia Tech, whose name and callsign comes directly from the ReckOther student-owned vintage and veteran vehicles:

Jezebel – a 1916 Dennis Fire Engine at Imperial College London
A 1929 Dennis Charabanc owned by Southampton University
A 1902 James and Browne car and 1926 Ner-a-Car owned by the City and Guilds College
A 1926 Morris truck owned by the Royal School of MinesSimilar vehicular mascots at other universities:

The Boilermaker Special –   A replica locomotive built on a truck chassis which has served as the official mascot of Purdue University since 1940 
The Sooner Schooner – a pioneering wagon and a symbol of the University of Oklahoma
Passage 14:
Bangalore Hockey Stadium
Bangalore Hockey Stadium, also known as KSHA Hockey Stadium, is a field hockey stadium at Akkithimmanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India  It is the home of the Karnataka Lions of the World Series Hockey  It has a seating capacity of 7,000 people 
The stadium hosted seven home matches of Karnataka Lions in World Series Hockey  It will also host the first semi-final of World Series Hockey in 2012 

History
Akkithimmanhalli lake was breached in the 1970s as part of a Malaria Eradication Drive and the Hockey stadium constructed in its place 
Passage 15:
Negoesco Stadium
Negoesco Stadium is a 3,000 seat soccer stadium located in San Francisco, on the campus of University of San Francisco  The facility was named in honour of USF soccer coach Steve Negoesco  The stadium is also used by USF students and staff for recreational activities 

Stadium history
The stadium was renovated in 2000 expanding it to its current capacity of 3,000 seats including theater style seats on the west side of the field and a full permanent grandstand on the east side  Additionally TV capable lights were added to the field that year  In 2003 the current fieldturf surface was added 

Negoesco has also hosted a US Open Cup game between the Los Angeles Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer and an international friendly between the Earthquakes and Shanghai Shenhua of the Chinese Super League 
Some of the most notable improvements were made in September 2008, just before the Dons began their season, as banners celebrating the rich legacy and tradition of USF Soccer were hung along the stadiums west wall  Six national championship banners hang alongside 2 national runner-up banners and alongside banners celebrating the Dons glorious postseason past (30 NCAA appearances, 9 College Cup appearances)   Additional banners also feature USF conference titles as members of the Northern California Intercollegiate Soccer Conference/West Coast Intercollegiate Soccer Conference, Pacific Soccer Conference, and the West Coast Conference  A final banner will feature the names of all 41 NSCAA All-Americans to proudly wear the Green and Gold 
Other changes include the installation of advertising panels acknowledging sponsors and supporters of USF Athletics and the Dons Soccer program alongside the east sideline of the field, and European-style protective team benches, were also added to the technical areas on the east sideline 
Context 2: Passage 1:
2014 United States Senate elections
The 2014 United States Senate elections were held on November 4, 2014  A total of 36 seats in the 100-member U S  Senate were contested  Thirty-three Class 2 seats were contested for regular six-year terms to be served from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2021, and three Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies  The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U S  senators  Going into the elections, 21 of the contested seats were held by the Democratic Party, while 15 were held by the Republican Party 
The Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007  They needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so  On election night, they held all of their seats and gained nine Democratic-held seats  Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis  Republicans also picked up another four open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia  Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan 
This was the second consecutive election held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006  This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm since 1918  With a total net gain of nine seats, the Republicans made the largest Senate gain by any party since 1980  This is also the first election since 1980 in which more than two incumbent Democratic Senators were defeated by their Republican challengers  Days after the election, the United States Election Project estimated that 36 4% of eligible voters voted, 4% lower than the 2010 elections, and possibly the lowest turnout rate since the 1942 election As of 2022, this remains the last time that a Republican has won a U S  Senate election in Colorado  This is the most recent Senate elections where any Republican flipped an open Democratic-held seat  This is also the most recent election where the party winning control of the Senate won the popular vote  It also remains the last time that the president's party has suffered a net loss of Senate seats in a midterm 

Partisan composition
For a majority, Republicans needed at least 51 seats  Democrats could have retained a majority with 48 seats (assuming the two Independents continued to caucus with them) because the Democratic Vice President Joe Biden would become the tie-breaker  From 1915 to 2013, control of the U S  Senate flipped in 10 of 50 cycles, or 20% of the time  Republicans had lost ground in the 2012 elections, leading to an internal fight among the Republican leadership over the best strategies and tactics for the 2014 Senate races  By December 2013, eight of the twelve incumbent Republicans running for re-election saw Tea Party challenges  However, Republican incumbents won every primary challenge  Although Democrats saw some opportunities for pickups, the combination of Democratic retirements and numerous Democratic seats up for election in swing states and red states gave Republicans hopes of taking control of the Senate  7 of the 21 states with Democratic seats up for election in 2014 had voted for Republican Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election compared to just 1 state with a Republican senator that voted for Barack Obama  Democrats also faced the lower voter turnout that accompanies mid-term elections Poll aggregation website FiveThirtyEight gave the Republican Party a 60% chance of taking control of the Senate as of September 28  Another poll aggregation website, RealClearPolitics, gave the Republican Party a net gain of 7 seats  Due to the closeness of several races, it was initially believed that Senate control might not be decided on election night  Both Louisiana and Georgia were seen as competitive, and both states require a run-off election if no candidate takes a majority of the vote 
Two independent candidates (in Kansas and South Dakota) refused to commit to caucusing with either party  In the final months of the race, polls showed them with viable chances of winning, leading some analysts to speculate on the possibility of an "Independent caucus" that could also include Maine Senator Angus King and possibly Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders  However, no Independent won a Senate race in 2014, and King and Sanders continue to caucus with the Democratic Party following the 2014 election 
By midnight ET, most major networks projected that the Republicans would take control of the Senate  The party held all three competitive Republican-held seats (Kentucky, Kansas, and Georgia), and defeated incumbent Democrats in North Carolina, Colorado, and Arkansas  Combined with the pick-ups of open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia, the Republicans made a net gain of 7 seats before the end of the night  Republicans defeated three incumbent Democrats, a task the party had not accomplished since the 1980 election  Five of the seven confirmed pickups were in states that voted for Mitt Romney in 2012, but two of the seats that Republicans won represent states that voted for Barack Obama in 2012 (Colorado and Iowa)  Of the three races that were not called by the end of election night, Alaska and Virginia were still too close to call, while Louisiana held a December 6 run-off election  Virginia declared Democrat Mark Warner the winner of his race by a narrow margin over Republican Ed Gillespie on November 7, and Alaska declared Dan Sullivan the winner against Democratic incumbent Mark Begich a week later, on November 12  Republican Bill Cassidy defeated Democratic incumbent Mary Landrieu in the Louisiana runoff on December 6 

Election spending
Altogether, at least $3 67 billion was spent by candidates, parties, committees and outside groups in the 2014 election  Spending on the 2014 Senate elections by outside groups (i e , organizations other than a candidate's campaign, such as super PACs and "dark money" nonprofit groups) more than doubled from 2010  In the 10 competitive races for which data was available, outside groups accounted for 47% of spending, candidates accounted for 41% of spending, and parties accounted for 12% of spending  The Senate race with the most outside spending was in North Carolina, at $80 million, a new record The top outside spenders in the 11 most competitive Senate races were the following:

On the Republican side, the National Republican Senatorial Committee, Crossroads GPS, U S  Chamber of Commerce, Ending Spending Action Fund, Freedom Partners Action Fund, American Crossroads, and the NRA Political Victory Fund 
On the Democratic side, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, Senate Majority PAC, and NextGen Climate Action Committee 

Results summary
The Republican Party made a net gain of nine U S  Senate seats in the 2014 elections Going into the elections, there were 53 Democratic, 45 Republican and 2 independent senators (both of whom caucus with the Democrats)  In all, there were 36 elections: 33 senators were up for election this year as class 2 senators, and 3 faced special elections (all from Class 3)  Of all these seats, 21 were held by Democrats and 15 were held by Republicans 

Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row 

Source: Clerk of the U S  House of Representatives

Change in composition
Before the elections
After the elections
Gains and losses
Retirements
Four Democrats and two Republicans retired instead of seeking re-election 

Resignations
One Republican resigned four years into his six-year term 

Nomination withdrawn
One Democrat was originally to seek election for a full 6-year term in office but withdrew 

Defeats
Five Democrats sought re-election but lost in the general election 

Race summaries
Special elections during the preceding Congress
In these special elections, the winners were elected during 2014 and seated before January 3, 2015 — except that one was seated on January 3, 2015, the effective date of the predecessor's resignation 

Elections leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 2015; ordered by state 
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats 

Closest races
In seven races the margin of victory was under 10% 

Final pre-election predictions
Predicted probability of Republican takeover
Several websites used poll aggregation and psephology to estimate the probability that the Republican Party would gain enough seats to take control of the Senate 

Predictions
Republicans needed to win at least six in order to gain a majority of 51 seats and Democrats needed to win at least seven in order to hold a majority of 50 seats (including the two independents who currently caucus with the Democrats) and the tie-breaking vote of Vice President Joe Biden 

Alabama
Three-term incumbent Republican Jeff Sessions had been re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2008  Sessions sought re-election  Democrat Victor Sanchez Williams ran against Sessions as a write-in candidate  Sessions won with 97 3 percent of the vote against assorted write-in candidates 

Alaska
One-term incumbent Democrat Mark Begich had been first elected with 48% of the vote in 2008, defeating six-term Senator Ted Stevens by 3,953 votes (a margin of 1 25%)  Begich was 52 years old in 2014 and was seeking re-election to a second term  Stevens, who would have been almost 91 years old at the time of the election, had already filed for a rematch back in 2009, but was killed in a plane crash the following year 
Republican Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell, 2010 nominee Joe Miller, State Natural Resources Commissioner Daniel S  Sullivan, and Air Force veteran John Jaramillo ran for the GOP nomination  In the August 19 primary, Sullivan won the Republican nomination with 40% and defeated Begich in the general election 

Arkansas
Two-term incumbent Democrat Mark Pryor had been re-elected with 80% of the vote without Republican opposition in 2008  Pryor was running for a third term Freshman Representative Tom Cotton of Arkansas's 4th congressional district was the Republican nominee  In the general election, Cotton defeated Pryor 

Colorado
One-term incumbent Democrat Mark Udall had been elected with 53% of the vote in 2008  Udall was running for re-election Congressman Cory Gardner of Colorado's 4th congressional district was the Republican nominee; his late entry into the race caused numerous Republicans to withdraw their candidacies  Gaylon Kent was the Libertarian Party nominee  Unity Party of America founder and National Chairman Bill Hammons was the Unity Party nominee 

Delaware
Democrat Chris Coons won in the 2010 United States Senate special election in Delaware caused by Joe Biden's election as Vice President, winning by a 57% to 41% margin  Coons sought re-election  His Republican opponent was engineer Kevin Wade, whom Coons went on to defeat in the general election 

Georgia
Two-term incumbent Republican Saxby Chambliss had been re-elected with 57% of the vote in 2008 in a runoff election with former state Representative Jim Martin; Georgia requires run-off elections when no Senate candidate wins over 50% of the vote  Chambliss did not seek a third term Political activist Derrick Grayson, Representatives Jack Kingston of Georgia's 1st congressional district, Paul Broun of Georgia's 10th congressional district, and Phil Gingrey of Georgia's 11th congressional district all declared their candidacy for the Republican nomination, as did former Secretary of State Karen Handel  In the May 20 primary, no candidate received a majority of votes, so the top two candidates faced each other in a runoff; Perdue narrowly won against Kingston in the runoff primary election on July 22 with 50 9% of the vote Michelle Nunn, CEO of Points of Light and the daughter of former U S  Senator Sam Nunn, won the Democratic nomination  Other declared Democratic candidates included former State Senator Steen Miles, psychiatrist Branko Radulovacki, and former US Army Ranger Todd Robinson  Amanda Swafford, a former Flowery Branch, Georgia, city councilwoman, received the Libertarian Party of Georgia nomination 

Hawaii (special)
Daniel Inouye, the second longest serving United States Senator in U S  history, died on December 17, 2012, after respiratory complications  Hawaii law allows the Governor of Hawaii, to appoint an interim Senator "who serves until the next regularly-scheduled general election, chosen from a list of three prospective appointees that the prior incumbent's political party submits"  Governor Neil Abercrombie did so, selecting Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz to fill the Senate seat  Inouye had been re-elected in 2010 with 72% of the vote  Schatz was challenged in the Democratic primary by Congresswoman Colleen Hanabusa of Hawaii's 1st congressional district, who Inouye had hoped would be his successor  Schatz defeated Hanabusa in the primary with 48 5% to 47 8% Campbell Cavasso, former State Representative and nominee for the U S  Senate in 2004 and 2010, was the Republican nominee 

Idaho
One-term incumbent Republican Jim Risch had been elected with 58% of the vote in 2008  Risch sought a second term Boise attorney Nels Mitchell was the Democratic nominee 

Illinois
Three-term incumbent and Senate Majority Whip Democrat Dick Durbin had been re-elected with 68% of the vote in 2008  Durbin ran for a fourth term State Senator Jim Oberweis was the Republican nominee  He defeated primary challenger Doug Truax with 56% of the vote 

Iowa
Five-term incumbent Democrat Tom Harkin had been re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2008  Harkin announced on January 26, 2013, that he would not seek a sixth term  Congressman Bruce Braley was the Democratic nominee State Senator Joni Ernst was the Republican nominee Doug Butzier, who was the Libertarian Party's nominee, died in a plane crash on October 13, 2014, but still appeared on the ballot 

Kansas
Three-term incumbent Republican Pat Roberts had been re-elected with 60% of the vote in 2008  Roberts sought a fourth term  He faced a primary challenge from radiologist Milton Wolf, a conservative Tea Party supporter  Roberts defeated Wolf in the Republican primary by 48% to 41%  Shawnee County District Attorney Chad Taylor won the Democratic nomination  Randall Batson from Wichita was on the general election ballot as a Libertarian  Also, Greg Orman qualified for the ballot as an independent On September 3, Taylor announced he was dropping out of the election, leading to speculation that Democrats would support Orman's candidacy  On September 18, the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that Taylor's name had to be removed from the ballot 

Kentucky
Five-term Republican incumbent and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell had been re-elected with 53% of the vote in 2008  McConnell sought re-election to a sixth term  McConnell defeated businessman Matt Bevin in the Republican primary on May 20 Kentucky Secretary of State Alison Lundergan Grimes, with support from much of Kentucky's Democratic leadership, won the Democratic primary  Actress Ashley Judd publicly claimed to be considering a run for the Democratic nomination, but ultimately decided against it Ed Marksberry pursued an independent bid after dropping out of the Democratic field in September 2013 

Louisiana
Three-term incumbent Democrat Mary Landrieu had been re-elected with 52% of the vote in 2008  Landrieu ran for a fourth term Louisiana uses a unique jungle primary system that eschews primaries in favor of run-off elections between the top two candidates; this run-off can be avoided if the winning candidate receives over 50% of the vote  Democrats Wayne Ables, Vallian Senegal, and William Waymire ran against Landrieu in the election, as did Republicans Bill Cassidy (representative of Louisiana's 6th congressional district), Thomas Clements (small business owner), and retired Air Force Colonel Rob Maness  Electrical Engineer Brannon McMorris ran as a Libertarian Because Republican candidate Maness took almost 14% of the votes in the primary, there was a runoff election on December 6, 2014, between Landrieu (42%) and Cassidy (41%)  Cassidy won the runoff with 56% of the vote 

Maine
Three-term incumbent Republican Susan Collins was seeking a fourth term  Shenna Bellows, former executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Maine, was the Democratic nominee 

Massachusetts
Five-term incumbent and 2004 Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry had been re-elected with 66% of the vote in 2008  Kerry resigned in early 2013 to become U S  Secretary of State  Governor Deval Patrick appointed Democrat Mo Cowan to the seat  Democratic Congressman Ed Markey beat Republican Gabriel E  Gomez in the June 25, 2013 special election by a 55% to 45% margin  Markey had served the remainder of Kerry's term before running for re-election to a first full term in 2014  Hopkinton Town Selectman Brian Herr was the Republican nominee 

Michigan
Six-term incumbent Senator and Chairman of the Armed Services Committee Democrat Carl Levin, the longest-serving senator in Michigan's history, had been re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2008  Levin announced on March 7, 2013, that he would not seek re-election 
Three term Democratic Representative Gary Peters of MI-14 was the Democratic nominee  He defeated Republican former Secretary of State Terri Lynn Land who was unopposed for the Republican nomination 

Minnesota
One-term incumbent Democrat Al Franken unseated one-term Republican Norm Coleman by 312 votes in a contested three-way race with 42% of the vote in 2008; the third candidate in the race, former Senator Dean Barkley of the Independence Party of Minnesota, won 15% of the vote  Franken sought re-election  State Representative Jim Abeler, St  Louis County Commissioner Chris Dahlberg, co-CEO of Lazard Middle Market Mike McFadden, bison farmer and former hair salon owner Monti Moreno, state Senator Julianne Ortman, and U S  Navy reservist Phillip Parrish ran for the Republican nomination  McFadden won the Republican primary and was the Republican nominee in the general election Hannah Nicollet of the Independence Party of Minnesota also ran 

Mississippi
Six-term incumbent Republican Thad Cochran, re-elected with 62% of the vote in 2008, ran for re-election  Cochran was the last incumbent Senator to declare his plans, leading to widespread speculation that he might announce his retirement Tea Party candidate Chris McDaniel, a conservative Mississippi state senator, ran against Cochran in the Republican primary  Neither McDaniel nor Cochran was able to get 50% of the vote in the first round of the primary, so a runoff election was held June 24  Cochran won the runoff election by 51% to 49%, with the help of Democratic voters eligible to vote in the state's open primaries who chose Cochran as their preferred Republican  McDaniel filed a lawsuit to challenge the results of the run-off, but the challenge was rejected on appeal by the Supreme Court of Mississippi Former Congressman Travis Childers was the Democratic nominee 

Montana
Six-term incumbent Democrat Max Baucus, the longest-serving senator in Montana's history, had been re-elected with 73% of the vote in 2008  Baucus announced on April 23, 2013, that he would retire in 2014, rather than seek re-election to a seventh term  Baucus was appointed as the United States Ambassador to China, leading him to resign from the Senate in February 2014 Following Baucus's confirmation as ambassador, Governor Steve Bullock appointed the Lieutenant Governor John Walsh to fill the vacant senate seat  Former Lieutenant Governor John Bohlinger was defeated by Walsh in the Democratic primary  Amid controversy over alleged plagiarism in a 2007 research paper, Walsh pulled out of the race  The Montana Democratic Party held a special nominating convention on August 16 to choose a replacement for Walsh  First-term State Representative Amanda Curtis won the nomination, thereby becoming the new Democratic nominee Congressman Steve Daines won the Republican nomination over state Representative Champ Edmunds of Missoula and David Leaser of Kalispell 

Nebraska
One-term incumbent Republican Mike Johanns had been elected with 58% of the vote in 2008  He did not seek a second term  Term limited Republican Governor Dave Heineman considered running for the Republican nomination, but ultimately decided not to do so  Former state Treasurer Shane Osborn, attorney Bart McLeay, banker Sid Dinsdale, and Midland University President Ben Sasse ran for the Republican nomination  In the May 13 primary, Sasse won the Republican nomination 
Trial lawyer David Domina was the Democratic nominee 

New Hampshire
One-term incumbent Democrat Jeanne Shaheen had been elected with 52% of the vote in 2008  Shaheen ran for re-election  Shaheen defeated Republican nominee Scott Brown, who had represented neighboring Massachusetts in the Senate from 2010 to 2013 

New Jersey
Incumbent Democrat Frank Lautenberg had been re-elected with 56% of the vote in 2008  After announcing he would not seek re-election, Lautenberg died in June 2013, aged 89, after a long period of ill health Newark Mayor Cory Booker, a Democrat, defeated Republican nominee Steve Lonegan by 55%-to-45% in a 2013 special election to replace interim Republican appointee Jeffrey Chiesa  Booker ran for re-election to a full term in 2014  1978 and 1982 Republican candidate and political operative Jeff Bell was the Republican nominee 

New Mexico
One-term incumbent Democrat Tom Udall had been elected with 61% of the vote in 2008  Former Doña Ana County Republican Party Chairman David Clements and former New Mexico Republican Party Chairman Allen Weh sought the Republican nomination  Weh won the June 3 primary but lost to Udall in the general election 

North Carolina
One-term incumbent Democrat Kay Hagan had been elected with 53% of the vote against incumbent Republican Elizabeth Dole in 2008  Hagan was seeking re-election State House Speaker Thom Tillis was the Republican nominee  Sean Haugh won the Libertarian nomination 

Oklahoma
There were 2 elections in Oklahoma, due to the resignation of Tom Coburn 

Oklahoma (regular)
Three-term incumbent Republican Jim Inhofe had been re-elected with 57% of the vote in 2008  Inhofe sought re-election  Matt Silverstein, an insurance agency owner, ran for the Democratic nomination 

Oklahoma (special)
Two-term incumbent Republican Tom Coburn had been re-elected with 71% of the vote in 2010, and was not scheduled to be up for election again until 2016  However, Coburn announced his intention to resign at the end of the 113th Congress  A special election to fill his seat took place in November 2014, concurrent with the other Senate elections  Congressman James Lankford was the Republican nominee  State Senator Connie Johnson was the Democratic nominee 

Oregon
One-term incumbent Democrat Jeff Merkley was narrowly elected with 49% of the vote in 2008  Merkley was running for a second term  State representative Jason Conger, attorney Tim Crawley, IT consultant Mark Callahan, neurosurgeon Dr  Monica Wehby, and former Linn County Republican Chair Jo Rae Perkins all ran for the Republican nomination, with Wehby ultimately winning the nomination in the May 20 primary 

Rhode Island
Three-term incumbent Democrat Jack Reed had been re-elected with 73% of the vote in 2008  Reed defeated Republican nominee Mark Zaccaria in the 2014 election 

South Carolina
There were 2 elections in South Carolina, due to the resignation of Jim DeMint 

South Carolina (regular)
Two-term Republican Lindsey Graham had been re-elected with 58% of the vote in 2008  Graham won the Republican nomination over a field that included state senator Lee Bright  State Senator Brad Hutto won the Democratic nomination 

South Carolina (special)
Jim DeMint had been elected to a second term in 2010, but resigned from the Senate in January 2013 to become president of The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think-tank  Governor Nikki Haley appointed Congressman Tim Scott as DeMint's replacement  Scott, an African-American, was the Republican nominee to serve out the remainder of DeMint's term  Scott is the first African-American Republican since shortly after Reconstruction to represent a Southern state  Richland County Councilwoman Joyce Dickerson won the Democratic nomination 

South Dakota
Three-term incumbent Democrat Tim Johnson had been re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2008  Johnson announced on March 26, 2013, that he would not run for re-election  Former Congressional aide Rick Weiland was the Democratic nominee Among Republicans, former two-term Governor Mike Rounds announced his candidacy for the GOP nomination on November 29, 2012  Rounds won the Republican nomination over state senator Larry Rhoden, state representative Stace Nelson, and physician Annette Bosworth Former Republican U S  Senator Larry Pressler and Republican State Senator Gordon Howie ran as independents  Pressler did not commit to caucusing with either party, while Howie said he would caucus with the Senate Republicans 

Tennessee
Two-term incumbent Republican Lamar Alexander had been re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2008  Alexander sought re-election to a third term  On August 7, 2014, Alexander won the Republican nomination over six challengers, including State Representative Joe Carr On November 4, 2014, Alexander faced Democratic nominee Gordon Ball, Libertarian Party nominee Joshua James, Constitution Party nominee Joe Wilmothm, and independent Danny Page also ran in the general election 

Texas
Two-term incumbent Republican John Cornyn, the Senate Minority Whip, had been re-elected with 55% of the vote in 2008  Cornyn sought re-election, and won the 2014 Republican primary with 59% of the vote  David Alameel, a dentist, and Kesha Rogers, a volunteer for The Lyndon LaRouche Policy Institute, faced each other in a run-off election for the Democratic nomination  Alameel won the run-off and was the Democratic nominee 

Virginia
One-term incumbent Democrat Mark Warner had been elected with 65% of the vote in 2008; he sought re-election  Ed Gillespie, former RNC Chairman and presidential adviser, ran for the Republican nomination  Robert Sarvis, the Libertarian nominee for Governor in 2013, also ran 

West Virginia
Five-term incumbent Democrat Jay Rockefeller had been re-elected with 64% of the vote in 2008  He announced on January 11, 2013, that he would not seek re-election to a sixth term  Secretary of State Natalie Tennant won the Democratic nomination On November 26, 2012, Republican Congresswoman Shelley Moore Capito announced her plans to run for the seat, in hopes of becoming the first Republican Senator elected from West Virginia since 1956  Moore Capito won the Republican nomination and the general election, the first woman to serve as United States Senator from West Virginia 

Wyoming
Three-term incumbent Republican Mike Enzi had been re-elected with 76% of the vote in 2008  Enzi sought re-election  Liz Cheney, daughter of former Vice President Dick Cheney, briefly entered the race for the Republican nomination, but dropped her bid in January 2014  On August 19, Enzi won the Republican primary election with 82% of the vote, and Democrat Charlie Hardy, a former Catholic priest, won his party's primary election with 48% of the vote 

See also
2014 United States elections
2014 United States gubernatorial elections
2014 United States House of Representatives elections
113th United States Congress
114th United States Congress

Notes
Passage 2:
114th United States Congress
The 114th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States of America federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives  It met in Washington, D C , from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two years of Barack Obama's presidency  The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States census The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate and the House for the first time since the 109th Congress  With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929–1931 

Major events
January 6, 2015: Incumbent Speaker of the House John Boehner was re-elected even though several members of his own party once again chose not to vote for him  He received 216 votes, a majority of the votes cast, but two votes shy of a majority of the full membership 
January 20, 2015: 2015 State of the Union Address
March 3, 2015: Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu addressed a joint session of Congress regarding sanctions against Iran  Netanyahu was invited by Speaker John Boehner without consulting President Obama 
March 9, 2015: U S  Senator Tom Cotton wrote and sent a letter to the leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran, signed by 47 of the Senate's 54 Republicans, attempting to cast doubt on the Obama administration's authority to engage in nuclear-proliferation negotiations with Iran 
March 25, 2015: Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani addressed a joint session of Congress 
April 29, 2015: Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe addressed a joint session of Congress, becoming the first Japanese leader to do so 
September 24, 2015: Pope Francis addressed a joint session of Congress, becoming the first Pope to do so 
September 25, 2015: House Speaker John Boehner announced that he would resign as Speaker and from the House at the end of October 2015  Subsequently, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, the presumptive favorite to succeed John Boehner, unexpectedly withdrew his candidacy for the job 
October 29, 2015: Paul Ryan was elected to succeed John Boehner as Speaker of the House receiving 236 votes (of 432 votes cast)  He is the youngest Speaker since James G  Blaine in 1869 
January 12, 2016: 2016 State of the Union Address
June 8, 2016: Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed a joint session of Congress 
June 22–23, 2016: In the wake of the Orlando nightclub shooting, Congress debated gun control reform  The U S  House recessed for the July 4 holiday during a sit-in protest held by Democrats that halted business in the chamber for more than 24 hours 
November 8, 2016: Donald Trump and Mike Pence elected as president and vice-president in presidential elections, while the Republicans retain majority at both Senate and House of Representatives 

Major legislation
Enacted
January 12, 2015: Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–1 (text) (PDF)
February 27, 2015: Protecting Volunteer Firefighters and Emergency Responders Act, Pub L  114-3
March 4, 2015: Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015, Pub L  114-4
April 16, 2015: Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–10 (text) (PDF)
May 22, 2015: Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–17 (text) (PDF)
June 2, 2015: USA FREEDOM Act: Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–23 (text) (PDF)
June 29, 2015: Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–27 (text) (PDF)
July 6, 2015: Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act, Pub  L  114–29 (text) (PDF)
September 25, 2015: Gerardo Hernandez Airport Security Act of 2015, Pub L  114-50
September 30, 2015: National Winstorm Impact Reduction Act Reauthorization of 2015, Pub L  114-52
November 2, 2015: Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–74 (text) (PDF)
November 5, 2015: Librarian of Congress Succession Modernization Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–86 (text) (PDF)
November 25, 2015: SPACE Act of 2015, Pub



ground_truth: Benny Beaver

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the majority party in the House of Representatives gain control of the body which approves members of the Cabinet?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  L  114–90 (text) (PDF)
November 25, 2015: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, Pub L  114-92
December 4, 2015: Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) Act, Pub  L  114–94 (text) (PDF)
December 10, 2015: Every Student Succeeds Act, Pub  L  114–95 (text) (PDF)
December 18, 2015: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, Pub  L  114–113 (text) (PDF)
January 28, 2016: Grants Oversight and New Efficiency (GONE) Act, Pub L  114-117
February 8, 2016: International Megan's Law to Prevent Sexual Exploitation and Other Crimes Through Advanced Notification of Traveling Sex Offenders, Pub L  114-119
February 8, 2016: Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–120 (text) (PDF)
February 24, 2016: Internet Tax Freedom Act contained in Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015, Pub  L  114–125 (text) (PDF)
May 9, 2016: Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act, Pub L  114-151
June 28, 2016: Frank R  Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, Pub  L  114-182
June 30, 2016: Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA), Pub L  114-187
July 20, 2016: Global Food Security Act of 2016, Pub  L  114–195 (text) (PDF)
July 29, 2016: Making Electronic Government Accountable By Yielding Tangible Efficiences (MEGABYTE) Act of 2016, Pub L  114-210
September 28, 2016: Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, Pub  L  114–222 (text) (PDF)
September 29, 2016: Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017, and Zika Response and Preparedness Act, Pub L  114-223
October 7, 2016: Sexual Assault Survivors' Rights Act, Pub  L  114–236 (text) (PDF)
December 10, 2016: Further Continuing and Security Assistance Appropriations Act, 2017, Pub L  114-254
December 13, 2016: 21st Century Cures Act, Pub  L  114–255 (text) (PDF)
December 14, 2016: First Responder Anthrax Preparedness Act, Pub L  114-268
December 14, 2016: Better Online Ticket Sales (BOTS) Act, Pub L  114-274
December 16, 2016: Frank R  Wolf International Religious Freedom Act, Pub  L  114-281
December 16, 2016: United States-Israel Advanced Research Partnership Act of 2016, Pub L  114-304
December 16, 2016: Holocaust Expropriated Art Recovery (HEAR) Act of 2016, Pub L  114-308
December 16, 2016: Foreign Cultural Exchange Jurisdictional Immunity Clarification Act, Pub L  114-319
December 23, 2016: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, Pub L  114-328
January 6, 2017: American Innovation and Competitiveness Act, Pub L  114-329

Proposed
Vetoed
February 24, 2015: Keystone XL Pipeline Approval Act (S  1)
March 31, 2015: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Labor Relations Board relating to representation case procedures  (S J Res  8)
October 22, 2015: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 (H R  1735)
December 19, 2015: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of a rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from New, Modified, and Reconstructed Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units" (S J Res  23)
December 19, 2015: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of a rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units" (S J Res  24)
January 8, 2016: The Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015 (H R  3762)
January 19, 2016: A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Corps of Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency relating to the definition of "waters of the United States" under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (S J Res  22)
June 8, 2016: A joint resolution disapproving the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to the definition of the term "Fiduciary" (H J Res  88)
July 22, 2016: Presidential Allowance Modernization Act of 2016 (H R  1777)
September 23, 2016: Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (S  2040) (Passed over Veto)

Party summary
Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section, below 

Senate
House of Representatives
Leadership
Section contents: Senate: Majority (R), Minority (D) • House: Majority (R),  Minority (D)

Senate
President: Joe Biden (D)
President pro tempore: Orrin Hatch (R)

Majority (Republican) leadership
Majority Leader: Mitch McConnell
Assistant Majority Leader (Majority Whip): John Cornyn
Chief Deputy Whip: Mike Crapo
Deputy Whips:[data unknown/missing]
Republican Conference Chairman: John Thune
Republican Conference Vice Chairman: Roy Blunt
Senatorial Committee Chairman: Roger Wicker
Policy Committee Chairman: John Barrasso

Minority (Democratic) leadership
Minority Leader: Harry Reid
Assistant Minority Leader (Minority Whip): Dick Durbin
Chief Deputy Whip: Barbara Boxer
Deputy Whips:[data unknown/missing]
Democratic Caucus Chairman: Harry Reid
Democratic Caucus Vice Chair and Policy Committee Chairman: Chuck Schumer
Democratic Caucus Secretary: Patty Murray
Senatorial Campaign Committee Chairman: Jon Tester
Policy Committee Vice Chairwoman: Debbie Stabenow
Policy Committee Strategic Policy Adviser: Elizabeth Warren
Policy Committee Policy Development Adviser: Mark Warner
Steering and Outreach Committee Chairwoman: Amy Klobuchar
Steering and Outreach Committee Vice Chairwoman: Jeanne Shaheen

House of Representatives
Speaker: John Boehner (R), until October 29, 2015
Paul Ryan (R), from October 29, 2015

Majority (Republican) leadership
Majority Leader: Kevin McCarthy
Majority Whip: Steve Scalise
Majority Chief Deputy Whip: Patrick McHenry
Senior Deputy Whips: Kristi Noem, Dennis Ross, Aaron Schock (until March 31, 2015), Steve Stivers, Ann Wagner
Republican Conference Chairwoman: Cathy McMorris Rodgers
Republican Conference Vice-Chairwoman: Lynn Jenkins
Republican Conference Secretary: Virginia Foxx
Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Greg Walden
Policy Committee Chairman: Luke Messer
Republican Campaign Committee Deputy Chairman: Lynn Westmoreland

Minority (Democratic) leadership
Minority Leader: Nancy Pelosi
Minority Whip: Steny Hoyer
Assistant Democratic Leader: Jim Clyburn
Senior Chief Deputy Minority Whip: John Lewis
Chief Deputy Minority Whips: G  K  Butterfield, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Jan Schakowsky, Kyrsten Sinema, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Peter Welch
Democratic Caucus Chairman: Xavier Becerra
Democratic Caucus Vice-Chairman: Joe Crowley
Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Ben Ray Luján
Steering and Policy Committee Co-Chairs: Rosa DeLauro (Steering) and Donna Edwards (Policy)
Organization, Study, and Review Chairwoman: Karen Bass
Policy and Communications Chairman: Steve Israel

Members
Senate
Senators are listed by state and then by Senate classes, In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2016; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2018; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring re-election in 2020 

House of Representatives
Changes in membership
Senate
There were no changes in Senate membership during this Congress 

House of Representatives
Committees
[Section contents: Senate, House, Joint ]

Senate
House of Representatives
Joint committees
Caucuses
Employees
Senate
Source: "Senate Organization Chart for the 114th Congress"  Senate gov  US Senate  Archived from the original on March 28, 2015  Retrieved January 26, 2015 

Chaplain: Barry C  Black (Seventh-day Adventist)
Curator: Melinda Smith
Librarian: Leona I  Faust
Historian: Donald A  Ritchie, until June 1, 2015
Betty Koed, starting June 1, 2015
Parliamentarian: Elizabeth MacDonough
Secretary: Julie E  Adams
Sergeant at Arms: Frank J  Larkin
Secretary for the Majority: Laura Dove
Secretary for the Minority: Gary B  Myrick

House of Representatives
Source: "Officers and Organizations of the House"  House gov  US House  Archived from the original on July 6, 2017  Retrieved January 26, 2015 

Chaplain: Patrick J  Conroy (Roman Catholic)
Chief Administrative Officer: Ed Cassidy, until December 31, 2015
Will Plaster, January 1, 2016 – August 1, 2016
Phil Kiko, from August 1, 2016
Clerk: Karen L  Haas
Historian: Matthew Wasniewski
Inspector General: Theresa M  Grafenstine
Parliamentarian: Thomas J  Wickham Jr 
Reading Clerks: Susan Cole and Joseph Novotny
Sergeant at Arms: Paul D  Irving

Legislative branch agency directors
Architect of the Capitol: Stephen T  Ayers
Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Brian P  Monahan
Comptroller General of the United States: Eugene Louis Dodaro
Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Douglas Elmendorf, until March 31, 2015
Keith Hall, from April 1, 2015
Librarian of Congress: James H  Billington, until September 30, 2015
David S  Mao (acting), October 1, 2015 – September 14, 2016
Carla Diane Hayden, from September 14, 2016
Public Printer of the United States: Davita Vance-Cooks

See also
Elections
2014 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
2014 United States Senate elections
2014 United States House of Representatives elections
2016 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
2016 United States presidential election
2016 United States Senate elections
2016 United States House of Representatives elections

Membership lists
List of new members of the 114th United States Congress

Notes
Passage 3:
Svatopluk II
Svatopluk II or Svätopluk II (Latin: Zentobolchus) was a member of the House of Mojmír and Prince in Moravia (maybe of Nitra) from 894 to 899, as which he strove to control all of Great Moravia  He was the son of Svatopluk I son of Morot 

Biography
Svatopluk II was a younger son of Svatopluk I and grandson (according to Simon of Kéza) of Morot  As Prince of Nitra, Svatopluk II was subordinated to Mojmír II, the King of Great Moravia which contained the principality as its province  Svatopluk II rebelled against Mojmír II in 898 in an attempt to take over control of Great Moravia  Their conflict climaxed when Bavarian troops intervened in the winter of 898/899  Mojmír II defeated the Bavarians and captured Svatopluk II, but the Bavarians managed to rescue him and brought him to East Francia  Svatopluk II returned to the Principality of Nitra in 901  He probably died in 906 in fights with the Hungarians, who began to invade the Carpathian Basin in 896  Historical records contain no mention of Mojmír II, Svatopluk II, or their possible successors in connection with the three battles of Bratislava where the invading tribes defeated the Bavarian army 


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
Rita Mayfield
Rita Mayfield is a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives who has represented the 60th district since July 2010 

Early life and career
She has a Bachelor of Science degree from Columbia College in Computer Information Systems and a Master of Science from Benedictine University in Management and Organization Behavior with an Emphasis in Organization Development 

Illinois House of Representatives
On June 4, 2010, State Representative Eddie Washington died of a heart attack  On July 6, 2010, Mayfield was appointed by local Democratic leaders to succeed Washington to serve in the Illinois House of Representatives from the 60th district  The 60th district, at the time, included all or parts of Waukegan and North Chicago  During the 2011 decennial redistricting process, portions of Gurnee, Beach Park, and Park City were added to the 60th district As of July 3, 2022, Representative Mayfield is a member of the following Illinois House committees:
Appropriations - Elementary & Secondary Education Committee (HAPE)
Appropriations - Human Services Committee (HAPH)
(Chairwoman of) Appropriations - Public Safety Committee (HAPP)
Consumer Protection Committee (HCON)
Elementary & Secondary Education: School Curriculum & Policies Committee (HELM)
Energy & Environment Committee (HENG)
Firefighters and First Responders Subcommittee (SHPF-FIRE)
Insurance Committee (HINS)
Law Enforcement Subcommittee (SHPF-LAWE)
Police & Fire Committee (SHPF)
(Chairwoman of) Product Safety Subcommittee (HCON-PROD)
Small Business, Tech Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Committee (SBTE)
(Co-chairwoman of) Special Issues (INS) Subcommittee (HINS-SPIS)

Electoral history
Passage 5:
Careen M  Gordon
Careen M  Gordon is a former Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives who served as a representative from the 75th district from her appointment in December 2003 until leaving office in January 2011 

Early life
Gordon was born and raised in Morris, Illinois and graduated from Morris Community High School  She attended Purdue University and later graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from University of Illinois in political science and English  After receiving her law degree from John Marshall Law School she worked as an Assistant State's Attorney in Grundy County, Kankakee County and Will County  In 2001, she became an Assistant Attorney General in the Illinois Department of Justice's Criminal Division, where she worked until she was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by Mary O'Brien's resignation 

Illinois House of Representatives
Gordon was appointed to represent the 75th district, which at that time stretched from Iroquois County in the southeast to LaSalle County in the northwest and included Bourbonnais, Braceville, Braidwood, Channahon, Chebanse, Coal City, Essex, Herscher, Coal City, Minooka, Morris, Seneca and Wilmington  She began her tenure as a member of the House Agriculture and Conservation, Appropriations—Elementary and Secondary Education, Commerce and Business Development, and Judiciary II—Criminal Law Committees She was voted out of office on November 2, 2010, when voters of the 75th district elected Republican Sue Rezin  (However, before she could take Gordon's seat in the House, Rezin was appointed to the State Senate; Gordon was ultimately succeeded by Pam Roth, appointed to take Rezin's place in the House )
Passage 6:
Michael P  McAuliffe
Michael P  McAuliffe (born December 7, 1963) is a former Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 20th district in northwestern Chicago  He was first appointed in 1997, following the death of his father, Roger McAuliffe; between them, the McAuliffes represented northwestern Chicago for 46 years  On June 17, 2019, McAuliffe resigned from the Illinois House of Representatives  He was the only Republican to represent a significant portion of Chicago in the Illinois General Assembly  On June 29, 2019, Republican Bradley Stephens, the Mayor of Rosemont, was appointed to succeed McAuliffe 
Passage 7:
Cabinet of the United States
The Cabinet of the United States is a body consisting of the vice president of the United States and the heads of the executive branch's departments in the federal government of the United States  It is the principal official advisory body to the president of the United States  The president chairs the meetings but is not formally a member of the Cabinet  The heads of departments, appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate, are members of the Cabinet, and acting department heads also participate in Cabinet meetings whether or not they have been officially nominated for Senate confirmation  The president may designate heads of other agencies and non-Senate-confirmed members of the Executive Office of the President as members of the Cabinet 
The Cabinet does not have any collective executive powers or functions of its own, and no votes need to be taken  There are 24 members (25 including the vice president): 15 department heads and nine Cabinet-level members, all of whom, except two, require Senate confirmation  The Cabinet meets with the president in a room adjacent to the Oval Office  The members sit in the order in which their respective department was created, with the earliest being closest to the president and the newest farthest away The members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the president, who can dismiss them at any time without the approval of the Senate, as affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Myers v  United States (1926) or downgrade their Cabinet membership status  Often it is legally possible for a Cabinet member to exercise certain powers over his or her own department against the president's wishes, but in practice this is highly unusual due to the threat of dismissal  The president also has the authority to organize the Cabinet, such as instituting committees  Like all federal public officials, Cabinet members are also subject to impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial in the Senate for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" 
The Constitution of the United States does not explicitly establish a Cabinet  The Cabinet's role, inferred from the language of the Opinion Clause (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) of the Constitution is to provide advice to the president  Additionally, the Twenty-fifth Amendment authorizes the vice president, together with a majority of the heads of the executive departments, to declare the president "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office"  The heads of the executive departments are—if eligible—in the presidential line of succession 

History
The tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority solely or collaboratively with a cabinet of ministers or a privy council  As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 1) vests "all executive power" in the president singly, and authorizes—but does not compel—the president (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) to "require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices"  The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, how many there will be, or what their duties will be 
George Washington, the first president of the United States, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since  Washington's Cabinet consisted of five members: himself, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox and Attorney General Edmund Randolph  Vice President John Adams was not included in Washington's Cabinet because the position was initially regarded as a legislative officer (president of the Senate)  Furthermore, until there was a vacancy in the presidency (which did not occur until the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841) it was not certain that a vice president would be allowed to serve as president for the duration of the original term as opposed to merely acting as president until new elections could be held  It was not until the 20th century that vice presidents were regularly included as members of the Cabinet and came to be regarded primarily as a member of the executive branch 
Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes  During President Abraham Lincoln's administration, Secretary of State William H  Seward advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government  However, Lincoln rebuffed Seward  While a professor Woodrow Wilson also advocated a parliamentary-style Cabinet, but after becoming president did not implement it in his administration  In recent administrations, Cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and various agency heads  President Ronald Reagan formed seven sub-cabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice 

Federal law
In 3 U S C  § 302 with regard to delegation of authority by the president, it is provided that "nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the president " This pertains directly to the heads of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the president within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation 
Under 5 U S C  § 3110 (also known as the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute), federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department  These may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration (for new administrations), or sometimes lower-level appointees of the administration 

Confirmation process
The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the president and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the "nuclear option" during the 113th United States Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by 3⁄5 supermajority to further consideration)  If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, and begin their duties  When the Senate is not in session, the president can appoint acting heads of the executive departments, and do so at the beginning of their term 
An elected vice president does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House chief of staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President 

Salary
The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five-level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code  Twenty-one positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U S C  § 5312, and those forty-six positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U S C  § 5313  As of January 2023, the Level I annual pay was set at $235,600 
The annual salary of the vice president is $235,300  The salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees  The vice president receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on their ex officio position as the president of the Senate 

Current Cabinet and Cabinet-rank officials
The individuals listed below were nominated by President Joe Biden to form his Cabinet and were confirmed by the United States Senate on the date noted or are serving as acting department heads by his request, pending the confirmation of his nominees 

Vice president and the heads of the executive departments
The Cabinet permanently includes the vice president and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the presidency  The speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate follow the vice president and precede the secretary of state in the order of succession, but both are in the legislative branch and are not part of the Cabinet 

Cabinet-level officials
The president may designate additional positions to be members of the Cabinet, which can vary under each president  They are not in the line of succession and are not necessarily officers of the United States 

Former executive and Cabinet-level departments
Department of War (1789–1947), headed by the secretary of war: renamed Department of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947 
Department of the Navy (1798–1949), headed by the secretary of the Navy: became a military department within the Department of Defense 
Post Office Department (1829–1971), headed by the postmaster general: reorganized as the United States Postal Service, an independent agency 
National Military Establishment (1947–1949), headed by the secretary of Defense: created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949 
Department of the Army (1947–1949), headed by the secretary of the Army: became a military department within the Department of Defense 
Department of the Air Force (1947–1949), headed by the secretary of the Air Force: became a military department within the Department of Defense 

Renamed heads of the executive departments
Secretary of Foreign Affairs: created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789 
Secretary of War: created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947  The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the secretary of the Army a subordinate to the secretary of defense 
Secretary of Commerce and Labor: created in 1903 and renamed Secretary of Commerce in 1913 when its labor functions were transferred to the new secretary of labor 
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare: created in 1953 and renamed Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1979 when its education functions were transferred to the new secretary of education 

Positions intermittently elevated to Cabinet-rank
Ambassador to the United Nations (1953–1989, 1993–2001, 2009–2018, 2021–present)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1953–1961, 1969–present)
White House Chief of Staff (1953–1961, 1974–1977, 1993–present)
Counselor to the President (1969–1977, 1981–1985, 1992–1993): A title used by high-ranking political advisers to the president of the United States and senior members of the Executive Office of the President since the Nixon administration  Incumbents with Cabinet rank included Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Donald Rumsfeld and Anne Armstrong 
White House Counsel (1974–1977)
United States Trade Representative (1975–present)
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (1977–1981, 1993–2001, 2009–2017, 2021–present)
National Security Advisor (1977–1981)
Director of Central Intelligence (1981–1989, 1995–2001)
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1993–present)
Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (1993–2009)
Administrator of the Small Business Administration (1994–2001, 2012–present)
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (1996–2001): Created as an independent agency in 1979, raised to Cabinet rank in 1996, and dropped from Cabinet rank in 2001 
Director of National Intelligence (2017–present)
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2017–2021)
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (2021–present)

Proposed Cabinet departments
Department of Industry and Commerce, proposed by Secretary of the Treasury William Windom in a speech given at a Chamber of Commerce dinner in May 1881 
Department of Natural Resources, proposed by the Eisenhower administration, President Richard Nixon, the 1976 GOP national platform, and by Bill Daley (as a consolidation of the Departments of the Interior and Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency) 
Department of Peace, proposed by Senator Matthew Neely in the 1930s, Congressman Dennis Kucinich, 2020 presidential candidate Marianne Williamson, and other members of the U S  Congress 
Department of Social Welfare, proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937 
Department of Public Works, proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937 
Department of Conservation (renamed Department of the Interior), proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937 
Department of Urban Affairs and Housing, proposed by President John F  Kennedy 
Department of Business and Labor, proposed by President Lyndon Johnson 
Department of Community Development, proposed by President Richard Nixon; to be chiefly concerned with rural infrastructure development 
Department of Human Resources, proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a revised Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
Department of Economic Affairs, proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a consolidation of the Departments of Commerce, Labor, and Agriculture 
Department of Environmental Protection, proposed by Senator Arlen Specter and others 
Department of Intelligence, proposed by former Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell 
Department of Global Development, proposed by the Center for Global Development 
Department of Art, proposed by Quincy Jones 
Department of Business, proposed by President Barack Obama as a consolidation of the U S  Department of Commerce's core business and trade functions, the Small Business Administration, the Office of the U S  Trade Representative, the Export-Import Bank, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and the U S  Trade and Development Agency 
Department of Education and the Workforce, proposed by President Donald Trump as a consolidation of the Departments of Education and Labor 
Department of Health and Public Welfare, proposed by President Donald Trump as a renamed Department of Health and Human Services 
Department of Economic Development, proposed by Senator Elizabeth Warren to replace the Commerce Department, subsume other agencies like the Small Business Administration and the Patent and Trademark Office, and include research and development programs, worker training programs, and export and trade authorities like the Office of the U S  Trade Representative with the single goal of creating and protecting American jobs 
Department of Technology, proposed by businessman and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang 
Department of Culture, patterned on similar departments in many foreign nations, proposed by, among others, Murray Moss and Jeva Lange 
When he was SEC Chairman, Harvey Pitt proposed that the Securities and Exchange Commission be elevated to Cabinet level  In July 2002, The New York Times wrote: "Democratic and Republican members of Congress joined administration officials today in ridiculing Harvey L  Pitt's request that his pay be increased and his job as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission be elevated to Cabinet rank     evoking an outpouring of bipartisan scorn " Pitt had tried to insert a provision into corporate antifraud legislation that would increase his pay by 21%, and also elevate his status to that of Cabinet level, at a time when the stock markets had sunk to five-year lows and some congressional leaders were calling for him to resign 

See also
Black Cabinet
Brain trust
Cabinet of Joe Biden
Cabinet of the Confederate States of America
Kitchen Cabinet
List of African-American United States Cabinet members
List of Hispanic and Latino American United States Cabinet members
List of female United States Cabinet members
List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members
List of people who have held multiple United States Cabinet-level positions
List of United States Cabinet members who have served more than eight years
List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines
St  Wapniacl (historical mnemonic acronym)
Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States
Passage 8:
Dean Sanpei
Dean Sanpei is an American politician and a Republican member of the Utah House of Representatives representing District 63 since his June 10, 2010 appointment to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Stephen Clark  He lives in Provo with his wife, Hinckley, and their two children: Joelle and Timothy 

Early life and education
Dean was born into a military family  His father was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Air Force and they moved around a lot during his childhood  By the time Dean was in the 7th grade, he had attended seven different schools  After graduating from Brigham Young University with a Master's of Public Administration, Dean became the Assistant Director of Planning for Intermountain Healthcare’s Urban North Region  He was part of the core team that planned the rebuild of the McKay Dee Hospital  He worked there for several years, before going to work for the consulting group of Johnston, Zabor, McManus in North Carolina where he was a Senior Project Manager with clients spread from San Diego to New York In 2003, Dean was brought back to Provo and Intermountain Healthcare as the Director of Planning for the Urban South Region, which includes Utah Valley Regional Medical Center, Orem Community Hospital, and American Fork Hospital  In 2006 he was promoted to the central office and later became the Vice President over Planning for all of Intermountain Healthcare 

Political career
Dean served as a precinct chair, state and county delegate, member of the executive committee, and from 2005 - 2010 he served as the Legislative District Chair for District 63  He was first elected to the Utah House of Representatives on June 10, 2010, and last elected on November 4, 2014  During the 2016 Legislative Session, served on the Executive Appropriations Committee, and the House Government Operations Committee 

2016 sponsored legislation
Sanpei also floor sponsored SB 2 Public Education Budget Amendments, SB 3 Current Fiscal Year Supplemental Appropriations, SB 7 National Guard, Veterans' Affairs, and Legislature Base Budget, SJR 8 Joint Rules Resolution on Performance Notes, and SJR 9 Joint Rules Resolution on Request for Appropriations Process Change 

Elections
2016 Sanpei won in the general election by 79 2% of the vote in November against Nathan Smith Jones 
2014 Sanpei won the Republican nomination by 71% of the vote in April against Colby Johnson and then went on to win in the November General Election unopposed 
2012 Sanpei won both the June 26, 2012 Republican primary and the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 5,057 votes 
2010 Sanpei was chosen from among three candidates by the Republican convention and won the November 2, 2010 General election with 57 6% against Democratic candidate Donald Jarvis, who had run for the seat in 2008 
Passage 9:
Ordinance (India)
Ordinances are laws that are promulgated by the President of India on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet, which will have the same effect as an Act of Parliament  They can only be issued when Parliament is not  in session  They enable the Indian government to take immediate legislative action  Ordinances cease to operate either if Parliament does not approve of them within six weeks of reassembly, or if disapproving resolutions are passed by both Houses  It is also compulsory for a session of Parliament to be held within six months  A total of 679 ordinances have been issued from 1950-2014 

List of Central Government Ordinances since 2003
List of state government ordinances
Uttar Pradesh Recovery of Damages to Public and Private Property Ordinance, 2020
Passage 10:
David J  Robinson
David J  Robinson is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives  He was appointed to his position when the previous representative, E  J  Thomas, resigned; in turn, when Robinson lost the Republican primary election to Jim Hughes, he resigned so that Hughes could be appointed to his seat and run as an incumbent While in office, Robinson was the sponsor of noise-reduction legislation for trains 
Passage 11:
Mary Ann Love
Mary Ann Love (February 21, 1940 – January 27, 2022) was an American politician from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party  She served 4 full terms in the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Maryland's District 32  Love was originally appointed to the seat in 1993, but was later elected in her own right  She most recently served on the Economic Matters Committee  Love declined to run for reelection in 2014 

Early life
Mary Ann was born in West Pittston, Pennsylvania on February 21, 1940  She graduated from St  John's High School in 1958  She attended the Wilkes-Barre Business School 

Career
Legislative Notes
voted in favor of increasing the sales tax by from 5% to 6% - Tax Reform Act of 2007(HB2)[1]
voted to support in-state tuition for all graduates of a Maryland public high school, 2007(HB6)[2]
voted for the Maryland Gang Prosecution Act of 2007 (HB713), subjecting gang members to up to 20 years in prison and/or a fine of up to $100,000 [3]
voted for Jessica's Law (HB 930), eliminating parole for the most violent child sexual predators and creating a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in state prison, 2007 [4]
voted for Public Safety – Statewide DNA Database System – Crimes of Violence and Burglary – Post conviction (HB 370), helping to give police officers and prosecutors greater resources to solve crimes and eliminating a backlog of 24,000 unanalyzed DNA samples, leading to 192 arrests, 2008 [5]
voted for Vehicle Laws – Repeated Drunk and Drugged Driving Offenses – Suspension of License (HB 293), strengthening Maryland's drunk driving laws by imposing a mandatory one year license suspension for a person convicted of drunk driving more than once in five years, 2009 [6]
voted for HB 102, creating the House Emergency Medical Services System Workgroup, leading to Maryland's budgeting of $52 million to fund three new Medevac helicopters to replace the State's aging fleet, 2009 [7]
voted in 2013 in favor of gun control legislation (SB 281) banning certain firearms and placing significant new restrictions on the ability of law-abiding citizens to own firearms [8]

Election results
2002 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 32Voters to choose three:1998 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 32Voters to choose three:1994 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 32Voters to choose three:

Death
Love died on January 27, 2022, aged 81 
Passage 12:
Thomas Chapais
Sir Joseph Amable Thomas Chapais  (March 23, 1858 – July 15, 1946) was a French Canadian author, editor, historian, journalist, professor, and politician 
Born in Saint-Denis, Quebec (then Canada East), the son of Jean-Charles Chapais, a Father of Canadian Confederation, and Henriette-Georgina Dionne, he received a bachelor's degree in 1876 from Université Laval and was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1879 
From 1879 to 1884, he was the principal secretary to the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, Théodore Robitaille  Turning to journalism, he became the editor-in-chief of the daily newspaper, Le Courrier du Canada in 1884 and from 1890 to 1901 was the owner  From 1907 to 1934, he was a professor of history at Université Laval 
In 1891, he ran unsuccessfully as a Conservative for the House of Commons of Canada in the riding of Kamouraska  He was appointed to the Legislative Council of Quebec in 1892 representing Laurentides  From 1893 to 1894, he was the Leader of the Government  In 1893, he was appointed Minister without Portfolio in the cabinet of Louis-Olivier Taillon  From 1895 to 1897, he was the speaker of the legislative council  From 1896 to 1897, he was the president of the executive council in the cabinet of Edmund James Flynn and was a Cabinet Minister  In 1917, he refused a seat in the Senate but was summoned to the Senate in 1919  A Conservative, he represented the senatorial division of Grandville, Quebec and served until his death in 1946 
From 1936 to 1939 and again from 1944 to 1946, he was the leader of the government in the legislative council  From 1936 to 1938, he was a minister without portfolio in the cabinet of Maurice Duplessis  He was appointed again in 1944 
In 1912, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and was its president from 1923 to 1924  From 1925 to 1926, he was the president of the Canadian Historical Association  In 1930, he was a member of the Canadian delegation to the League of Nations  In 1935, he was made a Knight Bachelor by George V 
Parc Thomas-Chapais in Montreal is named in his honour 
Chapais, Quebec is named for him 

Published works
Congrégations enseignantes et le brevet de capacité (1893)
Discours et conférences (1895)
le Serment du roi (1901)
Jean Talon, intendant de la Nouvelle-France (1904)
Mélanges de polémique et d'études religieuses, politiques et littéraires (1905)
le Marquis de Montcalm (1911)
Mélanges (1915)
Cours d'histoire du Canada, 1760–1867 (1919)

See also
Université Laval



ground_truth: January 2015

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why did Roncalli leave the place of death of the maker of The Gozzi Altarpiece?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Stefaneschi Triptych
The Stefaneschi Altarpiece is a triptych by the Italian painter Giotto (c  1267 – 1337),  commissioned by Cardinal Giacomo Gaetani Stefaneschi to serve as an altarpiece for one of the altars of Old St  Peter's Basilica in Rome 
It is now at the Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome 

Description
It is a rare example in Giotto's work of a documented commission, and includes Giotto's signature, although the date, like most dates for Giotto, is disputed, and many scholars feel the artist's workshop was responsible for its execution  It had long been thought to have been made for the main altar of the church; more recent research suggests that it was placed on the "canon's altar",  located in the nave, just to the left of the huge arched opening into the transept  The altar was freestanding, and the altarpiece is painted on both sides so it could be seen by the congregation from the front and the canons of the church from the back 
The central front panel represents Saint Peter enthroned, flanked by saints, with Cardinal Stefaneschi himself kneeling at Peter's right offering up this altarpiece in reduced size   Saints James and Paul are in the left panel and John the Evangelist and Andrew are on the right  Two of the three predella panels are lost, but they surely all represented half-length figures of saints  The back main (central) panel represents Christ enthroned flanked by angels with a kneeling Cardinal Stefaneschi at his right foot   In the left panel we see the crucifixion of Peter, and on the right is the beheading of St  Paul  The predella depicts the Virgin and Child flanked by angels in the center and standing figures of the 12 apostles at the sides 
The altarpiece stood before the apse of Old St  Peter's, which in the 14th century contained a mosaic of Christ enthroned between Saints  Peter & Paul   Thus the iconography of the front of the painting paralleled the apse mosaic in form but did not repeat it in iconography   The central panel of the back of the altarpiece duplicated the apse mosaic for those who could not see it (because they sat with their backs to it), while the side panels introduced narratives  It was normal for double-sided altarpieces in this period to have an iconic image on the front and narrative images on the back   Peter echoes Christ's pose to emphasize the role of the pope (Peter was the first pope) as Christ's representative on earth 

Giotto represents the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul as taking place in recognizable locales, frequently visited by pilgrims to Rome  Peter's crucifixion is placed between the Meta Romuli (a pyramid near the Vatican, destroyed in the 15th century) and the Terebinthus Neronis (a classical monument, likely a mausoleum, that no longer exists), while Paul's beheading is outside the city, near a round building that represents the church of San Paolo alle Tre Fontane, the site of the Saint’s beheading South of Rome   These scenes could also be found in the medieval frescoes on the walls of the nave of Old St  Peter's   Although images of donors in church decorations in Rome went back to the Early Christian period, Giotto's altarpiece for St  Peter's is unusual in both the double representation of the donor (front and back) and the specificity of the face and costume of Cardinal Stefaneschi   Stefaneschi is dressed in full ceremonial costume as a cardinal on the front, appropriate for the "public" face of the altarpiece and is introduced to St  Peter by St  George   On the back, he is more modestly dressed as a canon, like the audience for this side of the painting  Vasari cited portraiture as one of the greatest strengths of Giotto's art The depiction of Stefaneschi holding this very painting suggests that it originally had a significantly more elaborate frame, which would have made the relatively small altarpiece fit better into the large space that was Old St  Peter's  The characteristic of containing a smaller version of itself provides one of the earliest known Renaissance examples of the so-called "Droste effect", common in medieval art 

Notes
Sources
Boskovits, Miklos, "Giotto a Roma", Arte Cristiana, 88 (2000) 171–180 
Gardner, Julian, "The Stefaneschi Altarpiece: A Reconsideration",  Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes,  Vol  37, (1974), pp  57–103 
Gosebruch, M , "Giottos Stefaneschi-Altarwerk aus Alt-St  Peter in Rom",  Miscellanea Bibliotecae Hertzianae, Munich, 1961, 101–130 
von den Haegen, Anne Mueller, Giotto di Bondone, trans  Lena Miller, Cologne, 1998, 80–85 
Kemp,W , "Zum Program von Stefaneschi-Altar und Navicella", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 30 (1967) 309–320 
Kempers, Bram & Sible de Blauuw  "Jacopo Stefaneschi, Patron and Liturgist: A New Hypothesis Regarding the Date, Iconography, Authorship, and Function of His Altarpiece for Old St  Peter's", Mededelingen van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome 47 (1987) 83–113 
Kessler, Herbert L , "Giotto e Roma", in Giotto e il Trecento: "Il più Sovrano Maestro stato in dipintura", exh  cat , ed  Alessandro Tomei, Milan, 2009, 85–99 
Maginnis, Hayden B J , "Giotto's World through Vasari's Eyes", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 56 Bd , H  3 (1993), pp  385–408 
Paoletti, John T  & Gary Radke, Art in Renaissance Italy, 3rd ed , London, 2005 

External links
The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this triptych (p  251)
Passage 2:
Keith Kettleborough
Keith Frank Kettleborough (29 June 1935 – 2 November 2009) was an English professional footballer born in Rotherham, Yorkshire, who made more than 400 appearances in the Football League playing for Rotherham United, Sheffield United, Newcastle United, Doncaster Rovers and Chesterfield Kettleborough started his football career with Rotherham Y M C A  and after a trial with Grimsby Town he turned professional with his home town club of Rotherham United, for whom he made his debut during the 1955–56 season  It took him two years to win a regular place at inside forward 
Sheffield United signed him in December 1960, but it was not until the following season that he earned a regular place in the first team  In five years with the Blades in the First Division he made 154 league appearances and scored 65 goals  In December 1965, he signed for Newcastle United, but only made 30 starts for the Magpies before transferring to Doncaster Rovers a year later, where he spent a short time as manager  In November 1967, he joined Chesterfield where he completed his Football League career  
Kettleborough died on 2 November 2009 in Rotherham  A minute's applause was observed before that day's match between Sheffield United and Newcastle United 
Passage 3:
The Conversion of Saint Bavo
The Conversion of Saint Bavo is an altarpiece by Peter Paul Rubens, dated 1623–1624  It was commissioned as the high altarpiece for Sint-Baafskathedraal in Ghent by bishop Antoon Triest (1577–1657)  It is still sited in the cathedral  An oil sketch for it is now in the National Gallery, London 

Bibliography
Hans Vlieghe, Saints (Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard, 8), nr  72, Arcade, Brussel, 1972
Gent, duizend jaar kunst en cultuur, Bijlokemuseum, Gent, 1975

External links
 Media related to The conversion of Saint Bavo by Peter Paul Rubens at Wikimedia Commons
Passage 4:
Gozzi Altarpiece
The Gozzi Altarpiece is an oil painting by the Italian Renaissance master Titian, dating from 1520  It is located in the Pinacoteca civica Francesco Podesti in Ancona, central Italy 

History
The painting is the first dated work by Titian  It was commissioned by  Alvise Gozzi, a merchant from Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik) who was active in Venice, for the church of San Francesco  The presence of a view of Venice in the background had a political message: in 1510 Pope Julius II had given freedom of navigation and commerce to Ancona at the expense of Venice, but in 1520 the European situation had cancelled this privilege  The presence of the Saints Francis and Blaise, respectively symbolizing Ancona and Ragusa, was thus a hint to their submission of Venice, represented by the Virgin Mary 

Description
The painting depicts the Madonna and Child appearing on a cloud, above a sunset sky with golden, orange and red colors  They are flanked by a clothed cherub and two naked cherubs, who offer Mary laurel crowns  Below are the saints Francis of Assisi, who shows his stigmata, and Blaise, patron saint of Ragusa, who points at the heavenly tableau while he rests a hand on the shoulder of the kneeling donor 
The composition was perhaps inspired by Raphael's Madonna of Foligno, although developed according to Titan's more modern and lively style 

See also
List of works by Titian

Notes
Passage 5:
Santa Maria in Porto Altarpiece
The Santa Maria in Porto Altarpiece  is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Ercole de' Roberti, executed in 1479-1481 and housed in the Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, northern Italy 
It was executed for the church of Santa Maria in Porto, just outside Ravenna  In the 16th century it was moved to the church St  Francis in the same city but, after the Napoleonic invasion of Italy, it was then moved to Milan, being housed at Brera since 1811 

Description
The painting features a mainly vertical architectural setting, under which a high octagonal podium with the Virgin's throne  The base is decorated by tiles (with the Massacre of the Innocents, Adoration of the Magi and the Presentation in the Temple) which simulated antique bas-reliefs and were inspired by the altar of the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua by Donatello 
The base supports columns with mouldings and decorations of garlands, dishes and marble rings, while in the background is a stormy sea  The latter is a reference to the legendary foundation of Santa Maria in Porto, when the Crusader Pietro degli Onesti, after escaping a shipwreck, made a vow to entitle a church to the Virgin Mary in exchange for his miraculous salvation 
The throne is enclosed in a niche with reliefs, and stands on a carpet  At the sides are red curtains  The four saints are St  Augustine, the blessed Pietro (below), St  Elizabeth and St  Anne (above, at the sides of the Virgin) 
The whole composition is an example of the pyramidal structure introduced by Antonello da Messina in the Holy Conversation scheme after 1475 

Sources
Brera, guida alla Pinacoteca  Milan: Electa, publisher  2004 
Passage 6:
Altarpiece of Saints Ursula, Martin and Anthony
The Altarpiece of Saints Ursula, Martin and Anthony is a reredo by the Spanish late Gothic painter Gonzalo Pérez, dating to 1420 and housed  in the Museu de Belles Arts of Valencia, Spain 
Painted in the International Gothic style (with influences, such as in St  Martin's  rich garments, by the Italian Gentile da Fabriano), it is one of the artist's few known works, painted for the Portaceli Monastery 

Altarpiece details
Sources
De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari (1999)  I tempi dell'arte  Milan: Bompiani  ISBN 88-451-7212-0 

External links
Page at the museum's website (in Spanish)
Passage 7:
The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence (Titian)
The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence is a 1558 painting by Titian, now in the church of I Gesuiti in Venice  It so impressed Philip II of Spain that he commissioned a second version in 1567 for the basilica at El Escorial 

See also
List of works by Titian
Passage 8:
Santa Lucia de' Magnoli Altarpiece
The Santa Lucia de' Magnoli Altarpiece (Italian: Pala di Santa Lucia de' Magnoli) is a painting by the Italian painter Domenico Veneziano, dated to around 1445–1447  Once placed at the high altar of the church of Santa Lucia dei Magnoli, Florence, it is now in the Uffizi Gallery in the same city  The large panel had originally a predella, which has been divided between museums in Washington, Berlin and Cambridge 
It has been described as "almost certainly     the first true sacra conversazione", or painting of the Virgin and Child with saints on a unified scale and sharing the same space 

Description
The painting is one of the earliest known examples of tabula quadrata et sine civoriis as suggested by Brunelleschi, which meant a "modern" type of painting without  the inner frames and the gilded background which was typical of earlier painting  The setting is however reminiscent of the frames, with three ogival arches, the columns and the shell-shaped niches  The polychrome floor, and the architecture, including the base of the Madonna's throne, is depicted with the  use of geometrical perspective, an innovation introduced in Italian early Renaissance art The saints portrayed are St  John the Baptist and St  Zenobius (patron saints of Florence), St  Lucy (titular of the church where the painting was situated) and St  Francis, who resided in the church at his arrival in Florence in 1211  The garments  and the mitre of St  Zenobius are particularly rich, with precious stones, pearls, golden plaques and enamels 

Predella
Reconstruction of the original predella
		
		
		
		
		
The predella included panels with scenes of the saints of the main composition, and a central, double-size Annunciation: the Stygmata of St  Francis and John Baptist in the Desert are currently in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, the Annunciation and The Miracle of St  Zenobius are  in the Fitzwilliam Museum of Cambridge, and the Martyrdom of St  Lucy is in the Berlin State Museums 
Passage 9:
San Giobbe Altarpiece
The San Giobbe Altarpiece (Italian: Pala di San Giobbe) is a c  1487 oil painting by the Italian Renaissance master Giovanni Bellini  Inspired by a plague outbreak in 1485, this sacra conversazione painting is unique in that it was designed in situ with the surrounding architecture of the church (a first for Bellini), and was one of the largest sacra conversazione paintings at the time  Although it was originally located in the Church of San Giobbe, Venice, it is now housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice after having been stolen by Napoleon Bonaparte 

History
Creation
Just prior to 1478, Giovanni Bellini was commissioned to paint the altarpiece by an unknown individual from the Scuola di San Giobbe, to be placed opposite the Martini Chapel of the soon-to-be consecrated Church of San Giobbe  The friars and sisters of the San Giobbe Hospice had founded the Scuola di San Giobbe and replaced an old oratory dedicated to Job with a new church dedicated to both St  Job and St  Bernardino  This was strongly suggested by the confraternity's patron, the doge Cristoforo Moro  This altarpiece marks the first time Bellini used the concept of creating an illusionary space to house a sacra conversazione that appears as though it is an extension of the church architecture itself, and honored St  Job with the position closest to the Christ child  The painting was designed in situ to incorporate the architecture of the Church of San Giobbe; the arches inside the painting match in perspective and design the marble arches of the church framing the painting  Because the Church of San Giobbe did not have two chapels, only the Martini Chapel and an empty space opposite the chapel, the altarpiece was painted in order to create a space that would illusionistically balance the church with “two” chapels on either side  Hence the piece's size and detailed visual description of the perspective in fictive space was intended to serve as a second chapel, and the perspective, along with the similar framing within the painting and surrounding the painting, would give that proper illusion The actual patron of the painting is unknown, although it is assumed that the patron was a member of the Scuola di San Giobbe  This assumption is currently being debated, as the size and detail of this painting would warrant a large monetary compensation to Giovanni Bellini, which would be difficult for such a small church  One hypothesis is that Cristoforo Moro, who also patronized the church and influenced the rededication of the church to both St  Job and St  Bernardino, had commissioned the painting The piece, although having no textual proof of exact completion date, was recorded as being complete in the newly consecrated Church of San Giobbe by 1493  The Venetian scholar Marcus Antonio wrote about the piece in its completed form in his “De Venetae Urbis Situ” (A written guide to Venice), and Venetian historian Marin Sanudo had included a comment about the piece’s beauty in a list of Venice’s holy sites, both written in 1493, marking that year the very latest possible date of completion Although Giovanni Bellini's cursive signature has come into question and had often been used by imitators, this piece is widely accepted to be Bellini's  His signature is on a plaque just below the feet of the middle musician angel and is in an italic form, "Ioannes Bellinus", which was seldom used by imitators 

Provenance
The altarpiece remained in the church of San Giobbe until 1814–1818, until Napoleon Bonaparte, during his ransacking of Venice, stole this piece, along with many others  Eventually it was returned to its city of origin, but was given to the Galleria dell'Accademia in Venice, where it is displayed with the other altarpieces from the Church of San Giobbe 

Composition
Figures
Featured in the center are the Madonna and Child, seated above several other religious figures  Below the central figures are three angels, each playing a musical instrument  The saints flanking the throne are each met with an opposite, both physically and historically  On the viewer’s far left (to the Madonna and Child’s right) is St  Francis, to the right of him is John the Baptist, and in the most notable position and titular figure of the altarpiece’s church, St  Job  Just right of the throne (to the Madonna and Child’s left) are St  Sebastian, St  Dominic and furthest to the right is Franciscan Bishop St  Louise of Toulouse 

Job is bearded and wears only a loincloth, mirroring the youthful, long-haired, clean-shaven figure opposite him in St  Sebastian  St  Sebastian, also posed with only a loincloth, has two arrows in his body referencing his torture  However, he is not bloodied or in agony, but is quite clean and tranquil as he looks upon the Christ child  St  Dominic is posed with a religious text in his hands, and is clean-clothed, appearing to be a studious figure, even when placed in front of the Madonna and Child  As his opposite stands John the Baptist, an unkempt figure, not shaven, and staring at Christ  St  Louis shows the religious garb of his high position and represents the religiosity of the Church  St  Francis, who unlike the other characters, is not looking to the Christ child, but at the viewer, and is reaching out and welcoming the viewer into the scene 

As a recourse for the Church of San Giobbe moving their old patron, Job, into a lower position, Bellini honored St  Job in this piece by placing him not only in the position closest to the Mother and Child, but also honored him by including references to the Cathedral of Saint Mark in Venice by way of the vaulted ceiling Very few of Bellini’s works with the Madonna and Child include the full length of the saints flanking the throne  The San Giobbe Altarpiece shares this quality along with the Frari triptych, the Priuli triptych and the San Zaccaria Altarpiece 

Setting
Above the Madonna and Child is a coffered vault ceiling, which is an architectural reference to the Saint Mark's Basilica  Bellini creates a fictive chapel within the Church of San Giobbe, while combining figures that were never meant to be together in one space  He also creates a fictive space in terms of architecture, with the plaster columns framing the piece and paralleling structures from the Saint Mark’s Cathedral  This technique of placing holy figures as such in a fictive space was new to Venetian art, a technique that will be commonly repeated by future Venetian artists Common to the genre at the time, sacra conversazione paintings included some form of sky, or were placed within a structure that is somehow open to the outside world  Unlike all his other sacra conversazione paintings, the San Giobbe Altarpiece is unique in that it takes place in an interior space, due to the fact that it was meant to compensate for the Church of San Giobbe’s lack of a second chapel across from the Martini chapel The upper part features a perspective coffered ceiling, flanked with pillars which are copies of the real ones at the original altar  Behind the Madonna is a dark niche  In the latter's half-dome is a gilt mosaic decoration in the Venetian style 
This altarpiece is an example of a pala altar, or a single-paneled altar, a technique first introduced to Venice by Bellini and heavily influenced by Antonello da Messina 

Geometry
Triangles during the Renaissance were an important symbol of the Divine  Many artists in the late 15th century included triangular compositions in their pieces  This linked triangles with the divine, and was often a kind of map for the Holy Trinity  The asymmetry in this piece creates a contrast with the figures on opposing sides, and the triangles can be found with these various groupings The figures are also opposite in symmetry across the vertical center line  The older St  Job stands opposite the youthful St  Sebastian, the wild John the Baptist is across from the tame and studious St  Dominic, and the exuberant attire of St  Louis opposes St  Frances’ plain robes 

Symbols
Sacra Conversazione
The altarpiece is a sacra conversazione, a piece of art that combines holy figures from across time into one place, surrounding the Virgin and Christ child, often with angels nearby playing music  One difference between Bellini’s sacra conversazione and others is that it appears as though the figures are interacting with each other  The angels are gazing up at St  Job, St  Job is looking at the Virgin, St  Francis on the left is breaking the fourth wall of the painting and inviting the audience into the fictive scene  When compared to other sacra conversazione, examples being the San Marco Altarpiece, the Frari Triptych and the San Zaccaria Altarpiece, not only is the San Giobbe Altarpiece much larger and shows the full stature of all figures in the scene, but it also is contained in an interior space, which was very uncommon in Venetian pieces at the time, which oft included an open sky, or an airy feel to the background 

Holy Reference
Several pieces in the painting point toward reinforcement of the Virgin Mother’s immaculate nature  Her hand in the position of the Annunciation and the Latin phrase above on the vaulted-ceiling reads “Ave Virginei Flos Intemerate Pudoris”, roughly translating to “Hail, undefiled flower of virgin modesty”  St  Francis, inviting the viewer in, is also displaying his holiness by way of his Stigmata The accuracy of the angel musicians at the feet of the Mother and Child is well-portrayed in proper string-instrument technique  One studies its right hand strumming the lute, the other two peering up at St  Job standing next to them, a link that has suggested ta link between St  Job and music  Even the lutes themselves are accurate in construction to lutes, matching the rose piece in the painting with those of real ornamentations at the time 

Evocation of Saints
The plague of 1485 greatly influenced the painting by way of the inclusion of St  Sebastian and his opposite, St  Job  The arrow at St  Sebastian’s side symbolizes the plague, and his presence in the painting would be an invocation used in response to the plague that was hitting Venice at the time  St  Job symbolizes suffering through his plague-like illness, through which he relies on his faith to endure  Not only were both St  Sebastian and St  Job associated with suffering and pain, but the Scuola di San Giobbe was originally a hospice that was built in response to a plague, hence the representation of these saints and their faith to give hope to patients 

See also
San Zaccaria Altarpiece
Montini Altarpiece
Passage 10:
Pope John XXIII
Pope John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (Italian: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 1963  He was among 13 children born to Marianna Mazzola and Giovanni Battista Roncalli in a family of sharecroppers who lived in Sotto il Monte, a village in the province of Bergamo, Lombardy  He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey  In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice  Roncalli was unexpectedly elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after eleven ballots  Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the first session opening on 11 October 1962 
John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate  His views on equality were summed up in his statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike " He made a major impact on the Catholic Church, opening it up to dramatic unexpected changes promulgated at the Vatican Council and by his own dealings with other churches and nations  In Italian politics, he prohibited bishops from interfering with local elections, and he helped the Christian Democracy party to cooperate with the Italian Socialist Party  In international affairs, his "Ostpolitik" engaged in dialogue with the communist countries of Eastern Europe  He especially reached out to the Eastern Orthodox churches  His overall goal was to modernize the Church by emphasizing its pastoral role, and its necessary involvement with affairs of state  He dropped the traditional rule of 70 cardinals, increasing the size to 85  He used the opportunity to name the first cardinals from Africa, Japan, and the Philippines  He promoted ecumenical movements in cooperation with other Christian faiths  In doctrinal matters, he was a traditionalist, but he ended the practice of automatically formulating social and political policies on the basis of old theological propositions He did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion  In September 1962, he was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died 8 months later on June 3, 1963  His cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God  On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, based on his virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good which had come from his opening of the Second Vatican Council  He was canonized alongside Pope John Paul II on 27 April 2014  John XXIII today is affectionately known as the Good Pope (Italian: il Papa buono) 

Early life
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born on 25 November 1881 in Sotto il Monte, a small country village in the Bergamo province of the Lombardy region of Italy  He was the eldest son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli (1854–1935) and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzola (1855–1939), and fourth in a family of thirteen  His siblings were:
Maria Caterina (1877–1883)
Teresa (1879–1954), who married Michele Ghisleni in 1899
Ancilla (1880–1953)
Francesco Saverio (1883–1976), who married Maria Carrara in 1907
Maria Elisa (1884–1955)
Assunta Casilda (1886–1980), who married Giovanni Battista Marchesi in 1907
Domenico Giuseppe (1888–1888)
Alfredo (1889–1972)
Giovanni Francesco (1891–1956), who married Caterina Formenti in 1919
Enrica (1893–1918)
Giuseppe Luigi (1894–1981), who married Ida Biffi in 1922
Luigi (1896–1898)His family worked as sharecroppers, as did most of the people of Sotto il Monte – a striking contrast to that of his predecessor, Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII), who came from an ancient aristocratic family long connected to the papacy  Roncalli was nonetheless a descendant of an Italian noble family, albeit from a secondary and impoverished branch; "(he) derived from no mean origins but from worthy and respected folk who can be traced right back to the beginning of the fifteenth century"  The Roncallis maintained a vineyard and cornfields, and kept cattle In 1889, Roncalli received both his First Communion and Confirmation at the age of 8 On 1 March 1896, Luigi Isacchi, the spiritual director of his seminary, enrolled him into the Secular Franciscan Order  He professed his vows as a member of that order on 23 May 1897 In 1904, Roncalli completed his doctorate in canon law and was ordained a priest in the Catholic Church of Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Piazza del Popolo in Rome on 10 August  Shortly after that, while still in Rome, Roncalli was taken to Saint Peter's Basilica to meet Pope Pius X  After this, he would return to his town to celebrate Mass for the Assumption 

Priesthood
In 1905, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi, the new Bishop of Bergamo, appointed Roncalli as his secretary  Roncalli worked for Radini-Tedeschi until the bishop's death on 22 August 1914, two days after the death of Pope Pius X  Radini-Tedeschi's last words to Roncalli were "Angelo, pray for peace"  The death of Radini-Tedeschi had a deep effect on Roncalli 
 During this period Roncalli was also a lecturer in the diocesan seminary in Bergamo 
During World War I, Roncalli was drafted into the Royal Italian Army as a sergeant, serving in the medical corps as a stretcher-bearer and as a chaplain  After being discharged from the army in early 1919, he was named spiritual director of the seminary  On 7 May 1921, Roncalli was appointed a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness, which gave him the title of Monsignor  On 6 November, he travelled to Rome where he was scheduled to meet the Pope  After their meeting, Pope Benedict XV appointed him as the Italian president of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith  Roncalli would recall Benedict XV as being the most sympathetic of the popes he had met 

Episcopate
In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–1935)  On 3 March, Pius XI also appointed him titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan  Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he soon relented  His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March  Roncalli was consecrated a bishop by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo al Corso in Rome , on 25 March 1925 
On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria  He became known in Turkey's predominantly Muslim society as "the Turcophile Pope"  Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism)  In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying  On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died  Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff  Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI  He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939  Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff Roncalli remained in Bulgaria at the time that World War II commenced, optimistically writing in his journal in April 1939, "I don't believe we will have a war"  At the time that the war did in fact commence, he was in Rome, meeting with Pope Pius XII on 5 September 1939  In 1940, Roncalli was asked by the Vatican to devote more of his time to Greece; therefore, he made several visits in January and May of that year  He maintained close relations with the Jews and also intervened to convince Bulgaria's King Boris III to cancel deportations of Greek Jews during the Nazi occupation of Greece 

Efforts during the Holocaust
As nuncio, Roncalli made various efforts during The Holocaust in World War II to save refugees, mostly Jewish people, from the Nazis  Among his efforts were:

Delivery of "immigration certificates" to Palestine through the Nunciature diplomatic courier 
Rescue of Jews by means of certificates of "baptism of convenience" sent by Monsignor Roncalli to priests in Europe 
Children managed to leave Slovakia due to his interventions 
Jewish refugees whose names were included on a list submitted by Rabbi Markus of Istanbul to Nuncio Roncalli 
Jews held at Jasenovac concentration camp, near Stara Gradiška, were liberated as a result of his intervention 
Bulgarian Jews who left Bulgaria, a result of his request to King Boris III of Bulgaria 
Romanian Jews from Transnistria left Romania as a result of his intervention 
Italian Jews helped by the Vatican as a result of his interventions 
Orphaned children of Transnistria on board a refugee ship that weighed anchor from Constanța to Istanbul, and later arriving in Palestine as a result of his interventions 
Jews held at the Sereď concentration camp who were spared from being deported to German death camps as a result of his intervention 
Hungarian Jews who saved themselves through their conversions to Christianity through the baptismal certificates sent by Nuncio Roncalli to the Hungarian Nuncio, Monsignor Angelo Rota In 1965, the Catholic Herald newspaper quoted Pope John XXIII as saying:

 We are conscious today that many, many centuries of blindness have cloaked our eyes so that we can no longer see the beauty of Thy chosen people nor recognise in their faces the features of our privileged brethren  We realize that the mark of Cain stands upon our foreheads  Across the centuries our brother Abel has lain in blood which we drew, or shed tears we caused by forgetting Thy love  Forgive us for the curse we falsely attached to their name as Jews  Forgive us for crucifying Thee a second time in their flesh  For we know not what we did 
On 7 September 2000, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation launched the International Campaign for the Acknowledgement of the humanitarian actions undertaken by Vatican Nuncio Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli for people, most of whom were Jewish, persecuted by the Nazi regime  The launching took place at the Permanent Observation Mission of the Vatican to the United Nations, in the presence of Vatican State Secretary Cardinal Angelo Sodano 

The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation has carried out exhaustive historical research related to different events connected with interventions of Nuncio Roncalli in favour of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust  As of September 2000 three reports have been published compiling different studies and materials of historical research about the humanitarian actions carried out by Roncalli when he was nuncio In 2011, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation submitted a massive file (the Roncalli Dossier) to Yad Vashem, with a strong petition and recommendation to bestow upon him the title of Righteous among the Nations 

Relations with Israel
After 1944, he played an active role in gaining Catholic Church support for the establishment of the State of Israel  His support for Zionism, and the establishment of Israel was the result of his cultural and religious openness toward other faiths and cultures, and especially concern with the fate of Jews after the war  He was one of the Vatican's most sympathetic diplomats toward Jewish immigration to Palestine, which he saw as a humanitarian issue, and not a matter of biblical theology 

Nuncio
On 22 December 1944, during World War II, Pope Pius XII named him to be the new Apostolic Nuncio to recently liberated France  In this capacity he had to negotiate the retirement of bishops who had collaborated with the German occupying power 
Roncalli was chosen among several other candidates, one of whom was Archbishop Joseph Fietta  Roncalli met with Domenico Tardini to discuss his new appointment, and their conversation suggested that Tardini did not approve of it  One curial prelate referred to Roncalli as an "old fogey" while speaking with a journalist Roncalli left Ankara on 27 December 1944 on a series of short-haul flights that took him to several places, such as Beirut, Cairo and Naples  He ventured to Rome on 28 December and met with both Tardini and his friend Giovanni Battista Montini  He left for France the next day to commence his newest role 

Cardinal
Roncalli received a message from Mgr  Montini on 14 November 1952 asking him if he would want to become the new Patriarch of Venice in light of the nearing death of Carlo Agostini  Furthermore, Montini said to him via letter on 29 November 1952 that Pius XII had decided to raise him to the cardinalate  Roncalli knew that he would be appointed to lead the patriarchy of Venice due to the death of Agostini, who was to have been raised to the rank of cardinal On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII  Before departing Paris he invited to dinner the eight men who had served as prime minister during Roncalli's term as nuncio  Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome  On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice  As a sign of his esteem, the President of France, Vincent Auriol, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the Élysée Palace  It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground  Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the Legion of Honour 
Roncalli decided to live on the second floor of the residence reserved for the patriarch, choosing not to live in the first floor room once resided in by Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, who later became Pope Pius X  On 29 May 1954, the late Pius X was canonized and Roncalli ensured that the late pontiff's patriarchal room was remodelled into a 1903 (the year of the new saint's papal election) look in his honor  With Pius X's few surviving relatives, Roncalli celebrated a Mass in his honor 
His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s  Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week  He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice  He attended her funeral back in his hometown  In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte 
In 1958, he held a diocesan synod 

Papacy
Papal election
Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October  His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse  Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile, and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal  Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who attend the papal conclave  At the time, as opposed to modern practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals, and some Cardinals were just priests at the time of their elevation Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm  He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes  After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope  They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate  Upon his election, Cardinal Eugène Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself  Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his regnal name  Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John"  This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before 
On the choice of his papal name, Pope John XXIII said to the cardinals:

I will be called John    a name sweet to us because it is the name of our father, dear to us because it is the name of the humble parish church where we were baptized, the solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, including our own basilica [St  John Lateran]  Twenty-two Johns of indisputable legitimacy have [been Pope], and almost all had a brief pontificate  We have preferred to hide the smallness of our name behind this magnificent succession of Roman Pontiffs 
Upon his choosing the name, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV; in response, he declared that he was John XXIII, thus affirming the antipapal status of antipope John XXIII 
Before this antipope, the most recent popes called John were John XXII (1316–1334) and John XXI (1276–1277)  No Pope John XX existed, owing to confusion caused by medieval historians misreading the Liber Pontificalis to refer to another Pope John between John XIV and John XV 
After his election, he confided in Cardinal Maurice Feltin that he had chosen the name "in memory of France and in the memory of John XXII who continued the history of the papacy in France" After he answered the two ritual questions, the traditional Habemus Papam announcement was delivered by Cardinal Nicola Canali to the people at 6:08 pm, an exact hour after the white smoke appeared  A short while later, he appeared on the balcony and gave his first Urbi et Orbi blessing to the crowds of the faithful below in Saint Peter's Square  That same night, he appointed Domenico Tardini as his Secretary of State  Of the three cassocks prepared for whoever the new pope was, even the largest was not enough to fit his obese frame, which had to be let out in certain places and only to be held together with great effort by bobby pins  When he first saw himself in the mirror in his new vestments, he said with an apprising and critical look that "this man will be a disaster on television!", while later saying he felt his first appearance before the globe was as if he were a "newborn babe in swaddling clothes" His coronation took place on 4 November 1958, on the feast of Saint Charles Borromeo, and it occurred on the central loggia of the Vatican  He was crowned with the 1877 Palatine Tiara  His coronation ran for the traditional five hours 
In John XXIII's first consistory on 15 December of that same year, Montini was created a cardinal and would become John XXIII's successor in 1963, taking the name of Paul VI   That consistory was notable for being the first to expand the Sacred College membership beyond the then-traditional 70 

Following his election the new pope told the tale of how in his first weeks he was walking when he heard a woman exclaim in a loud voice: "My God, he's so fat!" The new pope casually remarked: "Madame, the holy conclave isn't exactly a beauty contest!"

Visits around Rome
On 25 December 1958, he became the first pope since 1870 to make pastoral visits in his Diocese of Rome, when he visited children infected with polio at the Bambino Gesù Hospital and then visited Santo Spirito Hospital  The following day, he visited Rome's Regina Coeli prison, where he told the inmates: "You could not come to me, so I came to you " These gestures created a sensation, and he wrote in his diary: "    great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press  I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, warders   "During these visits, John XXIII put aside the normal papal use of the formal "we" when referring to himself, such as when he visited a reformatory school for juvenile delinquents in Rome telling them "I have wanted to come here for some time"  The media noticed this and reported that "He talked to the youths in their own language" 

"Ostpolitik" and Eastern Europe
In international affairs, his  "Ostpolitik" ["Eastern policy"] engaged in dialogue with the Communist countries of Eastern Europe  He worked to reconcile the Vatican with the Russian Orthodox Church to settle tensions between the local churches   The Second Vatican Council did not condemn Communism and did not even mention it, in what some have called a secret agreement between the Holy See and the Soviet Union  In Pacem in terris, John XXIII also sought to prevent nuclear war and tried to improve relations between the Soviet Union and the United States  He began a policy of dialogue with Soviet leaders in order to seek conditions in which Eastern Catholics could find relief from persecution 

Relations with Jews
One of the first acts of Pope John XXIII, in 1960, was to eliminate the description of Jews as perfidius (Latin for "perfidious" or "faithless") in the prayer for the conversion of the Jews in the Good Friday liturgy  He interrupted the first Good Friday liturgy in his pontificate to address this issue when he first heard a celebrant refer to the Jews with that word  He also made a confession for the Church for antisemitism through the centuries While Vatican II was being held, John XXIII tasked Cardinal Augustin Bea with the creation of several important documents that pertained to reconciliation with Jewish people 

Calling the Council
Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century)  This decision was announced on 25 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls  Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up"  From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world 
Prior to the first session of the council, John XXIII visited Assisi and Loreto on 4 October 1962 to pray for the new upcoming council as well as to mark the feast day of St  Francis of Assisi  He was the first pope to travel outside of Rome since Pope Pius IX  Along the way, there were several halts at Orte, Narni, Terni, Spoleto, Foligno, Fabriano, Iesi, Falconara and Ancona where the crowds greeted him 

Moral theology
Contraception
In 1963, John XXIII established a commission of six non-theologians to investigate questions of birth control 

Human rights
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly  He wrote about human rights in his encyclical Pacem in terris  He wrote, "Man has the right to live  He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services  In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood "

Divorce
John XXIII said that human life is transmitted through the family which is founded on the sacrament of marriage and is both one and indissoluble as a union in God, therefore, it is against the teachings of the Church for a married couple to divorce 

Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial
Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use full papal ceremony, some of which was abolished after Vatican II, while the rest fell into disuse  His papal coronation ran for the traditional five hours (Pope Paul VI, by contrast, opted for a shorter ceremony, while later popes declined to be crowned)  Pope John XXIII, like his predecessor Pius XII, chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica, in view of the crowds assembled in Saint Peter's Square below 
He wore a number of papal tiaras during his papacy  On the most formal of occasions would he don the 1877 Palatine tiara he received at his coronation, but on other occasions, he used the 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI, which was used so often that it was associated with him quite strongly  The people of Bergamo gave him an expensive silver tiara, but he requested that the number of jewels used be halved and that the money be given to the poor 

Liturgical reform
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent 

Beatifications and canonization ceremonies
John XXIII beatified four individuals in his reign: Elena Guerra (26 April 1959), Innocenzo da Berzo (12 November 1961), Elizabeth Ann Seton (17 March 1963) and Luigi Maria Palazzolo (19 March 1963) 
He also canonized a small number of individuals: he canonized Charles of Sezze and Joaquina Vedruna de Mas on 12 April 1959, Gregorio Barbarigo on 26 May 1960, Juan de Ribera on 12 June 1960, Maria Bertilla Boscardin on 11 May 1961, Martin de Porres on 6 May 1962, and Antonio Maria Pucci, Francis Mary of Camporosso and Peter Julian Eymard on 9 December 1962  His final canonization was that of Vincent Pallotti on 20 January 1963 

Doctor of the Church
John XXIII proclaimed Saint Lawrence of Brindisi as a Doctor of the Church on 19 March 1959 and conferred upon him the title "Doctor apostolicus" ("Apostolic Doctor") 

Consistories
The pope created 52 cardinals in five consistories, including his successor who would become Pope Paul VI  John XXIII decided to expand the size of the College of Cardinals beyond its limit of seventy that Pope Sixtus V established in 1586  The pope also reserved three additional cardinals "in pectore" in 1960 which meant he secretly named cardinals without revealing their identities  The pope died before he could reveal these names, therefore meaning that these appointments were never legitimized  John XXIII also sought to further internationalize the College of Cardinals like Pius XII attempted, while also naming the first ever cardinals from countries such as Japan (Peter Doi) and Tanzania (Laurean Rugambwa)  Unlike his predecessor, John XXIII held frequent consistories in a marked departure from Pius XII, returning to the frequency seen in the earlier 20th century 
John XXIII also issued a rule in 1962 mandating that all cardinals should be bishops; he himself ordained as bishops the twelve non-bishop cardinals in April 1962 According to a June 2007 interview, Loris Francesco Capovilla revealed that Francesco Giuseppe Lardone was one of the cardinals that John XXIII had reserved in pectore in 1960  According to Capovilla, Lardone's precarious position in Turkey meant that he would have to abandon his position if he were named to the cardinalate  Lardone was of the opinion that he could assist bishops in the Iron Curtain from his posting which he would be unable to do if he was relocated to accept a position in Rome  In November 1960, in preparation for the next consistory, John XXIII offered the cardinalate to Diego Venini who declined the offer 

Vatican II: The first session
On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican  He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council  The day consisted of electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council  On the night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the objective of having John XXIII appear at the window to address them 
Pope John XXIII appeared at the window and delivered a speech to the people below, and told them to return home and hug their children, telling them that the hug came from the pope  This speech would later become known as the so-called 'Speech of the Moon' The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962  John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized  In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization" 

Final months and death
On 23 September 1962, Pope John XXIII was diagnosed with stomach cancer  The diagnosis, which was kept from the public, followed nearly eight months of occasional stomach hemorrhages, and reduced the pontiff's appearances  Looking pale and drawn during these events, he gave a hint to his ultimate fate in April 1963, when he said to visitors, "That which happens to all men perhaps will happen soon to the Pope who speaks to you today "
Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F  Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962  Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace  Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health  John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter  Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'  John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013 
On 10 February 1963, John XXIII officially opened the process of beatification for the late Cardinal Andrea Carlo Ferrari, Archbishop of Milan from 1894 to 1921  This conferred upon him the title of Servant of God 
On 7 March 1963, the feast of the university's patron Saint Thomas Aquinas, Pope John XXIII visited the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum and with the motu proprio Dominicanus Ordo, raised the Angelicum to the rank of Pontifical University  Thereafter it would be known as the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in the city On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII  On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace  While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do so within the Vatican  He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified Saint Peter  It was the pope's last public appearance 
On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in  The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F  Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him  Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him  By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed 

At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him  The pope began to speak for the last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord  My time on earth is drawing to a close  But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church  Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint "  Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet  Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing  John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell 
John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months  He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia  After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers  Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened  The Italian government announced three days of mourning with flags half-masted and the closure of offices and schools  Spain announced ten days of mourning with flags half-masted; Philippines announced nine days of mourning with flags half-masted; Paraguay and Guatemala announced three days of mourning; Republic of the Congo declared one day of mourning  He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos  Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona  On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb  John XXIII's tomb is located near the tombs of both Pope Pius X and Pope John Paul II 
On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B  Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America  The citation for the medal reads:

His Holiness Pope John XXIII, dedicated servant of God  He brought to all citizens of the planet a heightened sense of the dignity of the individual, of the brotherhood of man, and of the common duty to build an environment of peace for all human kind 

Beatification and canonization
He was known affectionately as the "Good Pope"  His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII  On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood, after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered  He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour  Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St  Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful At the time, the body was observed to be extremely well preserved – a condition which the Church ascribes to embalming and the lack of air flow in his sealed triple coffin rather than a miracle  When John XXIII's body was moved in 2001, it was once again treated to prevent deterioration  The original vault above the floor was removed and a new one built beneath the ground; it was here that the body of Pope John Paul II was entombed from 9 April 2005 to April 2011, before being moved for his beatification on 1 May 2011 The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope  The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from  A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required  Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council  On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday The date assigned for the liturgical celebration of John XXIII is not 3 June, the anniversary of his death as would be usual (due to the obligatory memorial of saints Charles Lwanga and his companion martyrs), but 11 October, the anniversary of his opening of the Second Vatican Council  He is also commemorated in the Anglican Church of Canada, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and some other organizations with a feast day of 3 June or 4 June 

Legacy
From his teens when he entered the seminary, he maintained a diary of spiritual reflections that was subsequently published as the Journal of a Soul  The collection of writings charts Roncalli's goals and his efforts as a young man to "grow in holiness" and continues after his election to the papacy; it remains widely read The opening titles of Pier Paolo Pasolini's film The Gospel According to St  Matthew (1964) dedicate the film to the memory of John XXIII Institutions named after John XXIII include:  John XXIII College (Perth) in Western Australia; Pope John Senior High School and Junior Seminary in Koforidua, Ghana; the Catholic Learning Community of John XXIII, a primary school in Sydney;  Roncalli College, located in Timaru, New Zealand; Roncalli High Schools in Indianapolis, Indiana, Aberdeen, South Dakota, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Omaha, Nebraska;  John XXIII School in India; and Jean-XXIII high school in Montréal, Québec  
Parishes named after John XXIII are located in Evanston, IL, Fort Collins, CO, Fort Myers, FL, and Winchester, OH During an event held on 6 May 2019 in Bulgaria, Pope Francis invoked John XXIII's encyclical Pacem in terris as a "code of conduct" for peace between Catholics and other religions 

See also
Cardinals created by John XXIII
Central Preparatory Commission
Eastern Catholic Churches
Eastern Orthodox Church
List of Catholic saints
List of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII
List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States
List of popes
List of Righteous Among the Nations by country
Vatican City

Notes
Passage 11:
Patricia Gozzi
Patricia Gozzi (born 12 April 1950) is a French actress  She is best known for her starring roles in Sundays and Cybèle and Rapture Hung Up was Gozzi's final film 

Filmography
Passage 12:
Perugia Altarpiece
The Perugia Altarpiece (Italian: Pala di Perugia) is a painting   by the Italian early Renaissance painter   Fra Angelico, housed in the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria of Perugia, Italy 

History
The painting was executed for the St  Nicholas Chapel in the Basilica of San Domenico, Perugia  In the early 19th century, it was split and partially dispersed, and some of the predella panels were acquired by the Pinacoteca Vaticana  In Perugia were executed copies of these panels, enclosed into a neo-Gothic frame  The polyptych also included some small depictions of saints, on the side piers, and two tondoes with the Annunciation Angel and the Annunciation, in the cusps 

Description
The work includes a large central panel, depicting the Madonna Enthroned with Child and Angels, which was fully painted by Fra Angelico  The two side panels, each forming  two arched sub-panels and including a figure of saint   On the left are St  Dominic and St  Nicholas, attributed to Angelico, while on the right are St  John the Baptist and St  Catherine of Alexandria, considered to be mostly by his workshop  
The central Madonna is a Maestà depiction, and sits on a large throne painted using geometric perspective  In front of her is a step with vases housing three white and red roses (symbolic of the Virgin's purity and a forecast of Christ's Passion, respectively)  The panel resembles that in the Cortona Triptych, especially for the Madonna, the throne's arch and the placement of the angels  The pavement is decorated with marble tarsia, already used by Fra Angelico in earlier works such as the San Pietro Martire Triptych (1428–1429) 
The saint's figures are less monumental than in the later Tabernacle of the Lanaioli (1433–1435)  Behind them is a table, covered by a brocade drape decorated in gold, over which is St  Nicholas' mitre 
The predella panels portray scenes of the Life of St  Nicholas 
Passage 13:
Altarpiece of the Halberd
The Altarpiece of the Halberd is an oil-on-canvas painting created ca 1539 by the Italian High Renaissance painter Lorenzo Lotto  It is housed in the Pinacoteca civica Francesco Podesti of Ancona, central Italy 

History
The work was seen by the art biographer Giorgio Vasari in the church of Sant'Agostino in Ancona, where Lotto had fled in reply to the hostility received in Venice  It was later moved to the church of Santa Maria della Piazza and, after other locations, the current one 
The painting dates to a few years after the coup by which Ancona had been restored to the Papal States  The resistance had been brutally suppressed, many of the rebels having been beheaded by order of the papal legate  The upside-down halberd has been thus interpreted as a symbol of peace 

Description
The monumental composition is taken directly from the tradition of Holy Conversations in the Venetian School, inaugurated by Antonello da Messina's San Cassiano Altarpiece  It shows the Madonna and Child on a high throne, with two angels holding the crown (a 15th-century Flemish painting element also in use in Italy)  In the lower part are four saints: Stephen, John the Evangelist, Simon the Zealot and Lawrence  Simon is holding the halberd which gives its name to the altarpiece  At the sides of the throne, between columns and draperies, are two sections of sky with clouds 
As in other paintings by Lotto, the symmetry is broken by the variety of postures and gestures  The work is characterized by a certain archaic style, explainable by the relatively provincial commissioners and the late stage of his career 

Sources
Pirovano, Carlo (2002)  Lotto  Milan: Electa 
Passage 14:
Tauberbischofsheim altarpiece
The Tauberischofsheim Altarpiece (earlier known as the Karlsruhe altarpiece or Karlsruhe panels; German: Tauberbischofsheimer Altar, Karlsruher Altar, and Karlsruher Tafeln, respectively) is a late work by the German Renaissance painter  Matthias Grünewald,  probably completed between 1523 and 1525  The earliest written references to the work come from the 18th century, when the altarpiece was still in the Church of St  Martin in Tauberbischofsheim  Its original location and the identity of the patron who commissioned it are not known, but it is assumed that they both were in Tauberbischofsheim 
The panels, which today are displayed separately, were originally painted on either side of a 196 cm by 152 cm wooden panel  Whether the pieces were the central part of a polyptych is uncertain, however  In order to display the work in an art museum, the panel was split in half during its first restoration in 1883  The paintings have been in the collection of the Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe since 1900 
Joris-Karl Huysmans' novel Là-bas (1891) has a famous chapter on the crucifixion 



ground_truth: for the conclave in Rome

Rome

Roma