prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the last time the team that Terry Twell was a member of beat the 194-95 winner of the FA Cup?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 2:
Second City derby
In English football, the Second City derby or Birmingham derby, is the local derby between the two major clubs in the city of Birmingham – Aston Villa and Birmingham City, first contested in 1879  Villa play at Villa Park while Birmingham play at St Andrew's, the two grounds separated by roughly 2 4 miles (3 9 km)  It is known as the Second City Derby based on Birmingham being referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom  The two clubs are generally regarded as each other's most fierce rivals  In addition both sides have affiliated women's sides, Aston Villa W F C  and Birmingham City W F C 

History
The clubs first met on 27 September 1879, when Birmingham City were called Small Heath Alliance  The game, on a pitch at Small Heath's Muntz Street ground described by the Villa players as "only suitable for pot-holing", finished 1–0 – recorded as "one goal and a disputed goal to nil" – to the home side  Villa won the first competitive game between the clubs, in the Second Round of the FA Cup at Wellington Road in 1887, by four goals to nil, and their first league encounter, in the First Division in the 1894–95 season, 2–1 The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches  In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side 3–0 ahead with eleven minutes to go, Blues scored three times in a dramatic final spell to draw the match  The following year, Aston Villa made headlines with the signing of Tom 'Pongo' Waring, and his first appearance was for the reserves against Birmingham City's reserves, which famously drew a crowd of 23,000  Waring scored three times in the match The most significant clash was the final of the 1963 League Cup, which was staged not long after Aston Villa had beaten Birmingham City 4–0 in the league  Blues won 3–1 on aggregate over the two-legged final to claim their first major domestic honour During the late 1970s to early 1980s both Villa and Blues met regularly in the First Division and both teams had some memorable successes in the fixture  In 1980–81 Villa did the double over Blues and went on to win the First Division title  Blues scored a memorable 3–0 victory at St Andrew's in the first meeting following Villa's European Cup triumph in 1982  Both teams promptly went into decline  Blues racked up a 3–0 win in a relegation battle at Villa Park in March 1986 but were relegated at the end of that season  Villa would be demoted the following campaign  The next time Villa met Blues in a league fixture at Villa Park again was in the Second Division and saw a 2–0 Blues victory  The reverse fixture at St Andrew's was a 2–1 Villa victory with both goals coming from Garry Thompson  The two sides would only meet again in the 1980s in cup competitions  Villa won 7–0 on aggregate when they clashed twice in the 1988–89 League Cup  The same season Villa also won a Full Members Cup clash 6–0 

The Premier League Era
Following the creation of the Premier League, Aston Villa and Birmingham City met twice in the second round of the 1993–94 League Cup  Villa won both matches 1–0  The game at St Andrew's was settled by a Kevin Richardson goal after his keeper Mark Bosnich had saved a penalty from John Frain to keep the game at 0–0  The second leg at Villa Park was notable for a winning goal from Villa's Dean Saunders and a red card for Blues' Paul Tait  Villa went on to win the trophy 
Blues' promotion to the Premier League in 2002 saw fans eagerly anticipating the first league derbies in 15 years  Blues won both derbies 3–0 and 2–0, respectively  Both matches saw goalkeeping errors by Villa goalkeeper Peter Enckelman, including a goal scored directly from an Olof Mellberg throw-in  Violence between both sets of fans occurred before both matches as evening kick-off times had allowed fans to get drunk over the course of the day  In March 2003, during the game at Villa Park, two Villa players were sent off, Dion Dublin for a head-butt on Blues' Robbie Savage and Joey Guðjónsson for a reckless two-footed tackle on Matthew Upson  Trouble also took place following the game on Witton Lane outside Villa Park, where missiles were hurled at police who were attempting to keep both sets of fans apart 
The 2003–04 Premiership season saw games ending in 0–0 and 2–2 draws  The 2–2 draw saw Blues recover a two-goal deficit thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Stern John  Both games were lunchtime kick-offs to avoid drunken behaviour, which was achieved although the games lost none of their passionate edge  The following season Blues got back to winning ways, with 2–1 victory at Villa Park just before Christmas and 2–0 at home in March, Villa keeper Thomas Sørensen making mistakes in both matches, though it's debatable if his errors directly affected the respective results  In the 2005–06 Premiership Season, Villa finally beat Blues in the Premiership, thanks to a Kevin Phillips goal  This was followed up by another Villa victory on 16 April 2006, Easter Sunday, with Aston Villa winning 3–1 thanks to two goals from Milan Baroš and a bicycle kick from Gary Cahill  Blues were relegated in 2006 but subsequently promoted in 2007 
In November 2007, Villa won their third consecutive derby match with a 2–1 victory at St Andrew's  Former Villa defender Liam Ridgewell scored an own goal to put Villa 1–0 up, Blues equalised through Mikael Forssell only for Gabriel Agbonlahor to clinch it with a late header for Villa, having cleared off his own line seconds before  Violent clashes took place outside the ground after the game in which over 20 police officers were hurt  The derby on 20 April 2008 between the two sides ended in a 5–1 win for Aston Villa at Villa Park, the biggest winning margin for either side in a league match for 40 years 
Villa continued their winning ways in the derby, when they won both of the meetings between the clubs in the 2009–10 Premier League season  The first took place on 13 September 2009 at St Andrew's, and ended 1–0 to Aston Villa, with Agbonlahor scoring the winner in the 85th minute, once again there was trouble with 14 arrests  Villa then went on to beat Blues 1–0 at Villa Park thanks to a disputed penalty from James Milner in the 82nd minute  This was the 3rd time in 4 derbies that Villa had scored the winning goal in the final 10 minutes of the game  Villa also possess the record of six straight wins from 1987 to 1993, including five cup matches  This record was then achieved in the Premier League after Villa beat Blues 1–0 on 25 April 2010, setting a record of six straight league wins from 2005 to 2010  The record was finally ended at the next derby match on 31 October 2010, which resulted in a 0–0 draw at Villa Park  The return match at St Andrew's also ended in a draw, with it finishing 1–1 
In those games in October and December 2010 where Aston Villa played Birmingham City, at Villa Park (Premier League, 31 October) and St Andrew's (League Cup, 1 December, which was the first mid-week game between the two sides since 2003) violence between the two sets of supporters and hooligan firms occurred, with many fans being arrested  In the first game, there were scenes of violence outside Villa Park and there were a small amount of arrests including a Birmingham City club chef  In the second of the two games (and larger scale violence) after Blues had beaten Villa 2–1, Blues supporters came onto the pitch and confronted the visiting Villa fans, this resulted in flares, ripped out seats and other missiles being hurled by Villa fans into the Blues supporters, there were also flash points before and after the game including the attack on a Blues supporters pub by Villa hooligans, the events were described as a "warzone" by a supporter who attended the game  Birmingham City were later fined £40,000 by the Football Association for failing to control their fans On 10 April 2011, an episode of Police Academy UK, a TV show aired on BBC Three which documents overseas police officers' introduction to British crime and policing, was set in Birmingham and covered the violence that occurred at the game between Birmingham City and Aston Villa on 1 December 2010 On 17 June 2011, Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish swapped Blues for Villa in a move that shocked the football world  The reaction from both sets of supporters was one of anger  Blues supporters were angry at McLeish, who guided them to only their second ever major trophy win in February 2011, for betraying them to join bitter rivals Villa, and Villa fans were unhappy with the appointment of a manager that had got Blues relegated twice in four seasons, and was perceived to play a negative style of football; that he came from Blues only served to rub salt into the wound of the board making such an unambitious and negative appointment  Several hundred Villa supporters protested at Villa Park when it emerged that Villa owner Randy Lerner has begun talks with McLeish  McLeish received death threats from followers of both teams following his appointment as Aston Villa manager  This controversial move only increased tension and hostility between the players, supporters and owners of both clubs even more as Blues directors threatened legal action against Villa for allegedly "tapping up" McLeish, who resigned as Blues manager on 12 June 2011, while he was still under contract at Birmingham City  McLeish's appointment marked the first time in history that a manager had moved directly from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  On 14 May 2012, one day after the 2011–12 Premier League season ended, McLeish was sacked as Villa manager after a massively disappointing one season in charge 

The EFL Championship Era
After being relegated in 2011, Birmingham are still yet to gain promotion back to the top flight of English football  However, since Alex McLeish was sacked as Villa manager, Villa's poor form continued  Despite several manager changes over the next few years, after several close calls they were finally relegated at the end of the 2015/16 season  Earlier on in the 2015/16 season, the two teams were drawn to play each other in the third round of the League Cup  Aston Villa ran out 1–0 winners thanks to a goal from Rudy Gestede  
In the 2016–17 season the two teams faced off in the second tier of English football for the first time since 1987  The first game at St Andrew's ended in a 1–1 draw  Villa won the second match 1–0 with a 69th-minute goal scored by Agbonlahor  The two sides faced each other again in the league during the 2017/18 season, producing a dismal 0–0 draw at St  Andrews marred by Birmingham fans throwing clappers at the Villa players all throughout the game, before Villa emphatically fortified their second city superiority with a 2–0 victory in front of 41,232 spectators at Villa Park  Some fans believed this game to be a coming of age for lifelong Villa fan and local Jack Grealish, who produced a match-winning man-of-the-match display  
The teams next met on 25 November in one of the most exciting derby games in recent times, Villa ran out 4-2 winners after goals from Jonathan Kodjia, Jack Grealish, a Tammy Abraham penalty and Alan Hutton who ran half the length of the pitch to score, Pedersen and Lukas Jutkiewicz scored for Birmingham On 10 March 2019, a Birmingham City fan invaded the pitch during the reverse fixture at St  Andrew's and assaulted Aston Villa captain Jack Grealish on the pitch by punching him from behind in the head, which was labelled as "disgraceful and cowardly" by supporters of both teams  The man was arrested and charged by West Midlands Police  St Andrew's' security was criticised as a result  The game ended in an ironic twist with a 1–0 win for Aston Villa with Grealish scoring the winning goal  At the end of the same season, Villa were promoted as they won ten in a row including that game  Since then, this fiercely contested fixture hasn't been played between the two rivals 

Women's Sides
Birmingham City W F C  were founded in 1968, whilst Aston Villa W F C  were founded in 1973 as Solihull F C , and took on their current Aston Villa guise in 1996  During the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons both teams competed in the second tier FA Women's Premier League North  Birmingham were then promoted to the Women's Premier League National with Villa joining them for one season in 2003-04 before being relegated  Then followed 18 years of the teams being in different divisions, Birmingham being in the top tier and Villa elsewhere, until the 2020–21 Women's Super League season when Villa were promoted up to join Blues  In the first ever WSL match between the two sides Birmingham beat Villa 1–0 at an empty Villa Park (due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom), while the Birmingham's home match which was also played behind closed doors at Damson Park, Solihull was a 1–1 draw  In the 2021–22 season, Aston Villa won 1–0 at St  Andrew's  Birmingham returned the favour and won 1–0 at Villa Park on 8 May 2022, the final day of the season, as they were relegated to the FA Women's Championship As of the 2021–22 Birmingham currently play at St Andrew's, home of the men's team, having played at Redditch Utd, Stratford Town and Solihull Moors in the 21st century  Villa play at Walsall's Bescot Stadium, having moved from Boldmere St Michaels - although important games such as the Second City Derby will often take place at Villa Park 

Statistics and records
As of the end of the 2010–11 season, there have been 120 meetings in major competition between the two teams since the first FA Cup meeting in 1887, of which Aston Villa have won 52 and Birmingham City 38  The most goals in one game were scored in a league game on 7 July 1895, in the First Division, as Small Heath lost to Aston Villa 7–3  The biggest winning margin was 6–0 to Aston Villa on 9 November 1988, in a Full Members Cup fixture  The last Birmingham City league victory over Aston Villa was on 20 March 2005, when Blues won 2–0 at St Andrew's  Villa won six encounters in a row, most recently on 25 April 2010 (2005–2010)  The two teams drew for the first time in over six years in the next match (the first of three in the 2010–11 season), with the match finishing 0–0 (the other Premier League match of the season also finished as a draw)  The second match of the season resulted in the first Blues win since 2005, as they beat Villa 2–1 in the 2010–11 League Cup Quarter Final on 1 December 2010 

All-time results
Cup matches
Women's matches
Summary of results
Stats correct as of 10 March 2019 

Records
Firsts
First competitive meeting: Aston Villa 4–0 Small Heath Alliance (FA Cup), 5 November 1887 
First league meeting: Aston Villa 2–1 Small Heath, 1 September 1894 
First away victory for Aston Villa: Small Heath 1–4 Aston Villa, 26 October 1895 
First away victory for Birmingham City: Aston Villa 1–3 Birmingham, 20 January 1906 

Results
Highest scoring game: Aston Villa 7–3 Small Heath, 7 September 1895 
Largest winning margin (Aston Villa): 6 goals – 6–0, 9 November 1988 
Largest winning margin (Birmingham City): 4 goals – 4–0, 21 September 1968 

Players
Most goals in a match (Aston Villa):
Most goals in a match (Birmingham City):

Trends
Most games won in a row (Aston Villa): 6, 16 October 2005 to 25 April 2010 
Most games won in a row (Birmingham City): 5, 3 April 1976 – 25 February 1978 
Most games without defeat (Aston Villa): 14, 16 October 2005 – on going
Most games without defeat (Birmingham City): 6, 8 March 1933 – 23 November 1935 and 16 September 2002 – 20 March 2005 
Most drawn games in a row: 4, 10 December 1949 – 21 September 1955 
Whenever the clubs have met in the Premier League the result has always been the same during that particular season: 2002/2003– 2 Blues wins, 2003/2004– 2 draws, 2004/2005– 2 Blues wins, 2005/2006– 2 Villa Wins, 2007/2008– 2 Villa wins, 2009/2010– 2 Villa wins, 2010/11- 2 draws 

Top scorers
The following is a list of the top goal scorers for each team in the fixture  Only players who have scored 4 or more goals feature 

Crossing the divide
Players
Unlike, for example, the Old Firm derby, there is no shortage of players who have appeared for both clubs  Villa legend Harry Hampton transferred to Blues after the First World War and helped the club to the Second Division title  The last established first-team player to make this move was Des Bremner in 1984, though there had been loan signings and movement of youth players during this period  The most recent permanent transfer from Aston Villa to Birmingham City was that of Gary Gardner in Summer 2019, his brother Craig was the previous player to move from Villa to Birmingham in 2010  The last player to move directly in the other direction was Spanish Winger Jota in the same transfer window 
Notable players who have been transferred directly between the clubs are listed below 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Villa to Blues  In addition, there are several players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club 
European Cup winner Dennis Mortimer – regarded by Villa fans as one of their greatest ever players – also played for Birmingham City in the 1986/7 season 
Kevin Phillips played for Villa in the 2005/06 season before moving to Blues in 2008 via West Bromwich Albion 

Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Blues to Villa  In addition, there are several high-profile players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club  Notable examples include former England international Emile Heskey and European Cup winner Peter Withe 
Chris Sutton was released by Birmingham City at the end of the 2005–06 season  His next club was Aston Villa, for whom he signed for in October 2006 
Scott Sinclair has played on loan at both clubs  He was on loan at Birmingham City while he was playing for Chelsea during the 2008–09 season and he was on loan at Aston Villa during the 2014–15 season before signing permanently from Manchester City 

Managers
Former Aston Villa Manager Ron Saunders, who managed Villa to League Cup success in 1975 and again in 1977 before taking the club to its first Championship success for 70 years in 1981, also moved across to Birmingham City following his resignation in 1982 
Alex McLeish's appointment as Aston Villa manager in June 2011 after resigning from Birmingham City five days before was the first time in history a manager has moved from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  The move shocked the football world and increased tension between the two clubs even more Former Birmingham City Manager Steve Bruce was appointed Villa manager in 2016 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Chairmen
Doug Ellis was a director of Birmingham City in the late 1960s before becoming part of a consortium which took over at Aston Villa in 1968 

See also
Aston Villa Hardcore (hooligan firm)
Birmingham Zulu Warriors (hooligan firm)
List of Aston Villa F C  seasons
List of Birmingham City F C  seasons
List of Aston Villa F C  records and statistics
List of Birmingham City F C  records and statistics
Passage 3:
1914 FA Cup Final
The 1914 FA Cup final was a football match between Burnley and Liverpool on 25 April 1914 at Crystal Palace, London  It was the final match of the 1913–14 FA Cup, the 43rd season of the country's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup  Both teams were appearing in their first final Both teams entered the competition in the first round  Burnley's matches ranged from comfortable victories to close affairs  They beat Bolton Wanderers 3–0 in the third round, but beat Sheffield United 1–0 in a replay of their semi-final which finished 0–0  Liverpool matches were generally close affairs, two of their five ties went to a replay  Apart from a 5–1 victory in their third round replay against West Ham United, their biggest margin of victory was by two goals 
Watched by a crowd of 72,778, including King George V, who became the first reigning monarch to attend a FA Cup Final and to present the trophy to the winners, the first half was goalless  Burnley opened the scoring the 57th minute, when ex-Evertonian Bert Freeman scored  Liverpool could not find an equaliser in the remaining minutes and Burnley won the match 1–0 to win their first and to date only FA Cup 
The match was the last FA Cup Final to be played at Crystal Palace 

Match
Details
Passage 4:
1985 FA Cup Final
The 1985 FA Cup final was the 104th final of the FA Cup  It took place on 18 May 1985 at Wembley Stadium, and was contested by Manchester United and holders Everton  United won by a single goal, scored in extra time by Norman Whiteside, when he curled the ball into the net past the reach of Neville Southall after a run from the right 

Match
Summary
Everton were playing for the opportunity to win an unprecedented Treble, having won the First Division title by a margin of 13 points with three games to spare and beaten Rapid Wien in the 1985 European Cup Winners' Cup Final in Rotterdam just three days earlier  Meanwhile, Manchester United had finished fourth in the league and reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup  The two sides met three times during the 1984–85 season prior to the FA Cup final; first, a 5–0 Everton win in the league at Goodison Park on 27 October 1984, followed by a 2–1 Everton win in the third round of the League Cup at Old Trafford three days later (Everton were ultimately knocked out of the League Cup by Grimsby Town in the following round)  The third meeting, also at Old Trafford, was a 1–1 league draw on 2 March 1985 
Eight of United's starting 11 had been members of the cup-winning side from two years earlier, while Arthur Albiston was the only remaining player from the team that won the 1977 FA Cup Final  When United next won the trophy in 1990, Mark Hughes and Bryan Robson were the only players from the 1985 side to feature in the winning team  Everton's last remaining player from this match was Neville Southall, who stayed with them until 1998 and helped them win a league title in 1987 and the FA Cup in 1995, also against United – where he and Welsh compatriot Hughes were the only survivors from the 1985 final 
The match was preceded by a minute's silence in memory of those who had died in the Bradford City stadium fire a week earlier 
Everton's Peter Reid had the first chance of the game after about 15 minutes; Manchester United goalkeeper Gary Bailey came to meet a long throw-in from Gary Stevens, but his punch was poor and only went as far as Reid on the edge of the penalty area  Reid volleyed the ball goalwards, but it was deflected onto the post by a sliding John Gidman With just under 15 minutes left in the second half, Kevin Moran of Manchester United became the first player to be sent off in an FA Cup Final, for committing a professional foul on Peter Reid, who was clean through on goal 
The match remained goalless after 90 minutes and went to extra time  Five minutes after half-time in extra time, Manchester United's Norman Whiteside scored the winner, curling a low shot around Everton's Pat Van Den Hauwe and past goalkeeper Neville Southall into the bottom corner of the net 
Having been sent off, Moran was not allowed to collect his medal with the rest of the Manchester United team as they received the trophy, although The Football Association later voted to allow him to receive one while the team was on holiday in Trinidad 
Two weeks after the match, rioting by Liverpool fans towards Juventus fans at the 1985 European Cup Final caused the Heysel disaster, in which 39 Juventus fans were unlawfully killed  As a result, UEFA banned all English clubs from competing in European competitions indefinitely, which meant United were unable to compete in the following season's Cup Winners' Cup  Everton were also banned from competing as league winners in the 1985–86 European Cup  The ban stood for five years, with Liverpool receiving a further year's exclusion 

Details
Passage 5:
Terry Twell
Terence Keith "Terry" Twell (21 February 1947 – 27 February 2013) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham City  He played as a goalkeeper 
Twell was born in Doncaster, which is now in South Yorkshire  He began his football career with Bourne Town, and turned professional with Birmingham City in October 1964  Manager Stan Cullis gave him his debut in place of Jim Herriot in the Second Division on 14 October 1967 at home to Portsmouth  He was beaten by a 30-yard lob in that game, which finished as a 2–2 draw, conceded four goals in the next, and that was the end of his career in the Football League  He moved into non-league football with Stamford the following year, and was on the books of Bromsgrove Rovers during the 1969–70 season Twell died on 27 February 2013, aged 66 
Passage 6:
Michael Waltrip Racing
Michael Waltrip Racing Holdings LLC, doing business as Michael Waltrip Racing ("MWR"), was an American professional stock car racing team that last competed full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series  The company was as a 50–50 partnership between Robert Kauffman, the founder and managing partner of Fortress Investment Group,  and two-time Daytona 500 winner Michael Waltrip, who first established the team in 1996 in the Busch Series (now Xfinity Series)   The team was the first full-time three-car team to field Toyota Camrys when Toyota entered the Sprint Cup racing fold in 2007, before being joined by Joe Gibbs Racing in 2008  MWR was also the last original Toyota team in the Sprint Cup Series to still be in operation, as Bill Davis Racing and Red Bull Racing Team had both ceased operations in the preceding years 
The team last fielded the No  15 Toyota Camry for Clint Bowyer and the No  55 Camry for David Ragan  Brian Vickers would normally drive the No  55, but repeated health problems including blood clotting forced him out for much of 2015  Development driver Brett Moffitt and team owner Waltrip also competed in the car 

History
Michael Waltrip Racing began racing in the Winston Cup Series in 2002, making its debut at the 2002 Aaron's 499  The car was the No  98 Aaron's Chevrolet Monte Carlo driven by Kenny Wallace   Wallace qualified 27th and finished 21st  Following that first race, Waltrip sold the No  98 and its owner points to Innovative Motorsports 
After that, MWR fielded one Cup Series car, the No  00, on an intermittent basis through 2005  In 2006, MWR, in partnership with Bill Davis Racing, added a second car, Waltrip's No  55, but neither car had manufacturer support due to DaimlerChrysler suing BDR for breach of contract In 2006, MWR signed an agreement with Toyota to field multiple Toyota Camrys in the Nextel Cup Series for 2007   Waltrip was then able to add a third car driven by Dale Jarrett to his team for 2007, along with new sponsors However, the MWR team had a disastrous season  In February, Waltrip's teams were disallowed from their starting spots in the Daytona 500 due to an illegal fuel additive  The team members each faced a $100,000 fine and many team members were suspended  Though they backed up their qualifications by using back-up cars they suffered a terrible year  The team was unable to recover, failing to qualify for many events and losing sponsors such as Burger King and Domino's Pizza  Waltrip partnered with British-American billionaire Rob Kauffman as a 50% co-owner in order to fix the problem After the season, an ugly controversy emerged with Jack Roush of Roush Fenway Racing, who accused MWR of stealing one of his team's sway bars after a September 2007 race   While Waltrip and some other drivers, such as Jeff Gordon, argued that parts are often inadvertently swapped during post-race inspection, Roush held a lengthy news conference in March 2008 to accuse "the non-descript Toyota team" (MWR) of deliberately stealing the bar and threatened legal action   However, Roush, who had previously accused Toyota teams of being "ankle-biting Chihuahuas" and brought up Pearl Harbor in his effort to keep Toyota out of NASCAR, did not pursue such a lawsuit as NASCAR declared that the Toyota teams did nothing wrong and that Roush's ideas against Toyota were ridiculous 
For 2008, MWR once again added Aaron's as a sponsor and ran competitively, but again managed only one pole and just one top-5 finish, and UPS withdrew as a sponsor after Jarrett retired and transferred its sponsorship to MWR's archrivals Roush Fenway   In 2009, MWR was forced to form a technical alliance with JTG Daugherty Racing to have sponsorship for its third car   However, during this season, MWR finally achieved success as a Sprint Cup team, including winning a race and placing two cars in the top six two weeks later   Both of those cars ended up in the top 20 for the year   For 2010, MWR added Martin Truex Jr  as a full-time Sprint Cup driver   Michael Waltrip continued as a part-time driver, while also adding on talent such as former RCR crew chief Scott Miller, and hiring drivers Mark Martin, Clint Bowyer, and Brian Vickers 
In 2013, controversy arose in the Federated Auto Parts 400   Clint Bowyer spun out with seven laps to go, forcing a caution   Rumors abounded postrace that Bowyer had deliberately forced a caution to help Truex into the Chase   Truex was just ahead of Ryan Newman for the final Chase wildcard slot   They gained even further credence when it was revealed the third MWR driver, Brian Vickers, had pitted after the restart on orders from general manager Ty Norris, who was serving as his spotter   As it turned out, by the time Gordon was able to pit, he lost several spots and ultimately finished third, tying him with Truex in points   However, Truex got the final wildcard spot in the Chase via a tiebreaker  An investigation was unable to turn up conclusive evidence that Bowyer's spin was deliberate, but did find that Norris had tried to manipulate the race and Chase standings by having Vickers pit   As a result, NASCAR issued some of the stiffest penalties imposed on a team in its history   It fined MWR a record $300,000 and docked all three MWR teams 50 driver/owner points prior to points being reset for the Chase   The point penalty had the effect of ejecting Truex from the Chase and putting Gordon in (as 13th entrant after NASCAR was unable to eject Joey Logano from the Chase due to his involvement in another race manipulation scheme that same race)  Norris was suspended indefinitely, while crew chiefs Brian Pattie, Scott Miler and Chad Johnston were placed on probation until December 31  To make matters worse NAPA Auto Parts, who had sponsored Waltrip in both his driving and ownership roles since 2001, elected to end its business relationship with MWR following the incident, a decision that forced Waltrip to release Truex from his contract  On August 19, 2015, co-owner Rob Kauffman announced that MWR would cease full-time racing after 2015  Much of the MWR equipment and several employees went to BK Racing for 2016  They also sold their two charters to Stewart-Haas Racing and Joe Gibbs Racing, which currently use them as the No  41 and No  19, respectively After shutting down, MWR was embroiled in an ugly lawsuit with former tire changer Brandon Hopkins who sued the team for wrongful firing, defamation, and interference with finding work at another team  MWR counterclaimed that Hopkins stole pit road guns which was the cause of the firing  The suit was settled out of court in November, 2017 

Sprint Cup Series
Car No  00 history
Part Time (2002-2006)The first race for the No  00 was at the Tropicana 400, with Jerry Nadeau driving  Nadeau qualified 34th but finished 37th after suffering a steering failure  MWR attempted another race that season, the NAPA 500 with Buckshot Jones driving with a sponsorship from Charter Pipeline, but he failed to qualify due to rain  Jones ran the EA Sports 500 the following season, where he started 16th and led 19 laps before being relegated to 40th due to a crash  He attempted Atlanta again, but failed to qualify  Mike Skinner closed out the year for MWR at the Ford 400, qualifying 17th, but finishing 39th after a wreck 
In 2004, Kenny Wallace returned to MWR in the No  00  Running four races for the team, his best finish was a 22nd at Homestead-Miami Speedway  Wallace ran two races in 2005, finishing 27th at Darlington Raceway  Johnny Benson ran a pair of races that season as well, but did not finish any higher than 42nd  David Reutimann, who drove for Waltrip's brother Darrell in the Craftsman Truck Series, made his Cup debut at Lowe's Motor Speedway that season, qualifying 26th and finishing 22nd  In 2006, the No  00 ran under two separate entries  The first ran with listed owners Mike and Bonnie Anderson under the name MBA Racing  It campaigned Ford Fusions with Hermie Sadler driving  He made only three starts, with his best finish 40th at the Daytona 500  The other was the MWR car with Waltrip as the listed owner  Bill Elliott drove the Monte Carlo in five races in 2006 with a sponsorship from Burger King 

David Reutimann (2007-2008)David Reutimann was tapped to drive the No  00 Toyota Camry in 2007, with full-time primary sponsorships from Burger King and Domino's Pizza  He competed for the Rookie of the Year title as well as the Nextel Cup championship  However, the team struggled to qualify for races, as did other Toyota teams, making only 26 of 36 races in the season  Reutimann experienced one of the hardest crashes ever recorded at the 2007 Auto Club 500 at California Speedway  Because of the struggles, the team finished 39th in points and had a best finish of 13th  Burger King and Domino's then pulled their sponsorship for 2008 

Michael McDowell (2008)Reutimann opened 2008 in the No  00 with backing from Aaron's  After the first five races Reutimann moved to MWR's No  44 UPS Toyota and Michael McDowell took over the No  00  However, McDowell struggled to keep the car in the Top 35 in owner points, which is necessary for automatic qualification into each race, and was replaced near the end of the season by Mike Skinner in an effort to reclaim a Top 35 spot   In October 2008, MWR transferred its third team to the No  47 Toyota of JTG Daugherty Racing, driven by Marcos Ambrose, and discontinued the No  00 team for the balance of the season 
David Reutimann (2009-2011)
In 2009, the No  00 was once again driven by Reutimann with an Aaron's sponsorship for the entire 2009 season  This became Reutimann and MWR's breakthrough season, as Reutimann won a rain-shortened Coca-Cola 600 on May 25, 2009, giving Michael Waltrip Racing its first victory in a Sprint Cup race, which was considered vindication for a team that had struggled for years   After a strong start to the season, Reutimann ranked among the Top 12 drivers (who qualify for the Chase for the Sprint Cup) after finishing third at the Pocono 500 in race No  14  He was caught by an early wreck at Daytona in race No  18 that dropped him to 14th, however, and he narrowly finished outside the Chase  He also won his second pole at Texas Motor Speedway in April and his third at Dover in the race after his first victory For 2010, Reutimann and the No  00 team returned with minimal changes  On July 10, they won the LifeLock com 400 at Chicagoland Speedway, for MWR's 2nd Sprint Cup win  On November 4, 2011, MWR announced that Reutimann would not return as driver of the No  00 for 2012 
For 2012, the No  00 was renumbered to 55 in honor of Aaron's founding in 1955 

Car No  00 results
Car No  15 history
Part Time (2010-2011)The 15 began as the No  51 because Michael Waltrip's move away from full-time driving, the team began fielding a fourth car for him in selected races in 2010   Instead of continuing to use the No  55, Waltrip decided to go with the No  51, which is the inverse of the No  15, which is the car that Waltrip drove for DEI to four victories at Daytona and Talladega in the early 2000s   Waltrip first drove the No  51 for the 2010 Daytona Speedweeks, and he became the final qualifier in the 2010 Daytona 500 despite wrecking in the qualifying race In 2011, the car was renumbered as the No  15, with Waltrip driving the car at Daytona and Talladega  Waltrip also attempted to qualify for the first ever Cup race at Kentucky (Waltrip's home track), but qualifying was rained out and the No  15 was too low in points to make the field 

Clint Bowyer (2012-2015)The No  15 ran full-time in the Sprint Cup in 2012 as Clint Bowyer joined the team from Richard Childress Racing  Bowyer ran with 5-Hour Energy as his sponsor  In June 2012, Bowyer won at Sonoma  He won again at Richmond International Raceway in September 2012 for MWR's fourth win, also becoming the first MWR driver to qualify for the Chase for the Sprint Cup   Bowyer would win for the third time in 2012 at Charlotte in October, and ended up finishing second in the points standings after a mechanical failure on Jimmie Johnson's car in the final race 
Bowyer and MWR struggled more to find speed in both 2014 and 2015, failing to win any races nor contend for a championship  Bowyer and MWR  parted ways after the season ended with MWR not fielding full-time teams in 2016 

Car No  15 results
Car No  44 history
Dale Jarrett (2007-2008)

1999 series champion Dale Jarrett and his sponsor UPS moved over from Robert Yates Racing's No  88 car to MWR's No  44 car for the full season 
Jarrett started the 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup season on a high note as he drew pole position for the annual exhibition race, the Budweiser Shootout, at the Daytona International Speedway  He finished 18th out of 21 cars  Since Jarrett's team was a brand new team and had no owner points, and due to a rule change, he was eligible to use the Past Champion's Provisional five times as his 1999 championship was the most recent among past champions who were driving for teams not in the top 35 in owner points; prior to the rule change the use of a Past Champion's Provisional was not limited 
Jarrett was forced to use all five of his provisionals at the start of the season, starting at Daytona mainly because Michael Waltrip Racing was penalized by NASCAR for an illegal fuel additive during Speedweeks and the penalties knocked Jarrett, Michael Waltrip and David Reutimann out of the top 35 in owner points-the safety net for qualifying regardless of rain and cancellations of qualifying 
Jarrett started 43rd in the Daytona 500 and finished 22nd  Jarrett used his last champion's provisional at the Spring Talladega race, Aaron's 499  For the rest of 2007, Jarrett had to get into that weekend's race on time  Like the other two teams, Jarrett struggled, failing to qualify for twelve races and not scoring a single pole or top 10 finish, leading to a dismal 41st-place points finish 
During an interview on Speed, Jarrett said after his contract is up with MWR (which was expected to be in the 2009 season), he would retire, but the timetable was pushed up in October 2007 prior to the 2007 Bank of America 500  Jarrett retired from points racing after the 2008 Food City 500, turning the No  44 Toyota ride to David Reutimann  His final race was the All-Star race in May 2008 
In 2008, Jarrett planned to run the first five races and the All Star Race before retiring from Sprint Cup Series competition  
However, Jarrett was not guaranteed to start the first five races using the champion's provisional as he had the year before as Kurt Busch, the 2004 champion, had his team's owner points transferred to his teammate Sam Hornish Jr  and would be first to receive it 
In his abbreviated final season, Jarrett had a best finish of 16th in the Daytona 500 but no finish higher than 26th otherwise 

David Reutimann (2008)For the rest of the 2008 season, David Reutimann moved over from the 00 Aaron's Dream Machine to pilot the 44 car  David had four top 10s in his entire season, including a pole at the season finale Ford 400 

Car No  44 results
Car No  55 history
Michael Waltrip (2006-2009)Michael Waltrip formed an alliance with Bill Davis Racing in 2006 as Davis was going to switch to Toyota in 2007, which was the selected manufacturer for Waltrip's new team as well  This enabled Waltrip to have a car to drive as he built his team  NAPA Auto Parts, Waltrip's sponsor, followed him to his new team and Waltrip ran a Dodge Charger for 2006, although unbranded due to the team already burning bridges with DaimlerChrysler  The team bought points from Penske Racing's No  77 team, which shut down after it lost sponsorship  Since the listed owner of the No  77 was Doug Bawel, whose Jasper Motorsports team was absorbed by Penske a few years earlier, his name was registered as owner and the No  55 ran under the Waltrip-Jasper Racing banner for 2006  The arrangement called for the points to be transferred to Waltrip's new ride at MWR for 2007, which they were; however, Waltrip failed to make the top-35 in points, which meant Waltrip would have to qualify on time in 2007 

Waltrip took his Bill Davis points to his own then-new Toyota Camry team for the 2007 season with sponsor NAPA Auto Parts in the Nextel Cup Series  It was a dismal first year for the No  55 Toyota Camry in NASCAR top series competition, as Waltrip's team faced stiff penalties for using illegal fuel additives during qualifying for the Daytona 500  The team rebounded to qualify 15th via the Gatorade Duels, but finished 30th, leaving Daytona with negative driver and owner points (the team's finish in the Daytona 500 earned them 73 points, but the 100 point penalty they received from NASCAR left them last in the standings at −27 points)  Waltrip proceeded to fail to qualify for 11 consecutive races before qualifying for his second race at Dover International Speedway on June 2  Making just his third start of the season at Michigan International Speedway on June 18, Waltrip posted the team's first top-10 finish and Toyota's third by finishing 10th and leading a lap  In order to take advantage of the champions provisional, Terry Labonte drove the No  55 in 2007 at Infineon, Indianapolis, and Watkins Glen  Waltrip gave Toyota its second pole in Cup competition at Talladega on October 7 and grabbed another top-10 finish at Lowe's the following week, bringing his team barely inside the top 43 in points by the end of the season 
Waltrip continued to run the No  55 during 2008 and 2009   The car qualified in the Top 35 in owner points for 2008, and Waltrip recorded his best finish as a Sprint Cup owner with a second place in the 2008 Lenox Industrial Tools 301 in June   In 2009, Waltrip started the season with a seventh-place finish in the 2009 Daytona 500   However, because Waltrip consistently qualified and finished behind both his teammate Reutimann and MWR satellite driver Marcos Ambrose during the first half of 2009, he began to discuss retirement as a driver, stating that, as his team's owner, he would make himself retire as a driver if he was no longer competitive 
Prism Motorsports (2010)In 2010, Prism Motorsports, a mostly start and park team in a technical alliance with MWR, ran a second car full-time, numbered No  55  For Talladega, Bristol, Michigan and Sonoma, Waltrip drove the No  55 as part of Prism (Waltrip started and parked at Bristol and would have at Michigan had he qualified) 

Mark Martin and Brian Vickers (2012-2013)The No  55 returned in 2012 with Aaron's moving from the No  00 car and Mark Martin hired to drive 24 races in the car for the next two seasons  Michael Waltrip drove the car in the Budweiser Shootout and also drove in the Aaron's 499, Coke Zero 400, Quaker State 400, and Good Sam Club 500  Former Red Bull Racing Team driver Brian Vickers was hired to drive at both races at Bristol, Martinsville, New Hampshire, and the two road courses 
In 2013, the No  55 was again split  This time Waltrip would race 3 times under the No  55 team, Martin would race 24 more times, and Vickers would race 9 times  In 2013, the No  55 got its third NASCAR Sprint Cup victory at Loudon with Vickers driving  In the final laps, Vickers stole the lead from Tony Stewart and after a debris caution fought Stewart for the lead, ending with Stewart running out of gas in turn 3 just before the white flag; locking up the victory for Vickers  On August 13, it was announced that Vickers would run the No  55 full-time in 2014 and 2015 In early August, Tony Stewart broke his leg in a sprint car accident  It was determined that he would miss the rest of the year  Martin was hired to replace Stewart for most of the rest of the season except Talladega  Michael Waltrip Racing ultimately agreed to release Martin from the rest of his deal and give the No  55 over to Vickers early (except for Talladega, where Waltrip was going to drive the car)  However, blood clots discovered in Vickers' leg after the Charlotte race ended his season, necessitating the team to hire Elliott Sadler to drive the car for the remaining four races of the year 

Brian Vickers (2014-2015)Vickers returned from his medical issues in 2014, but missed the Chase in only his second full season since 2009 
Vickers will miss the first two races of the 2015 season after off-season surgery to repair a patch placed over a hole in his heart  Vickers Team owner and race driver Michael Waltrip will race the Daytona 500, while Brett Moffitt raced the No  55 for the Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500  Vickers returned for two races before he was sidelined again just before Fontana  Moffitt was named the interim driver and later declared his candidacy for Rookie of the Year 

David Ragan (2015)On April 24, it was announced that David Ragan would take over the No  55 beginning at Kansas  Ragan had several strong runs in the 55, with potential top 10 finishes at Sonoma, Bristol, Daytona, Pocono, Watkins Glen, Martinsville, and Charlotte, but fell victim to bad racing luck, with crashes or mechanical failures in many events  He was ultimately released and left for BK Racing when MWR closed its doors 

Car No  55 results
Car No  56 history
Martin Truex Jr  (2010-2013)

In 2010, Martin Truex Jr  replaced Waltrip as the driver for this team, renumbered as No  56  The No  56 team used the No  55's owner's points for 2010  Truex would join Bowyer in qualifying for the Chase for the Sprint Cup in 2012  On June 23, 2013, Truex won the Toyota Save/Mart 350 at Sonoma by 8 seconds over Jeff Gordon, his 2nd career victory (breaking a 218-race winless streak as a driver stretching back to June 3rd, 2007), and the 7th as well as final victory for MWR in the Series  Truex also had initially joined Bowyer again in the 2013 Chase, but controversy arose in the final race before the Chase at Richmond, in which MWR was found to have deliberately manipulated the end of the race in order to allow Truex to hold off Ryan Newman for a Chase spot (see above)   On September 9, NASCAR ejected Truex from the Chase and placed Newman in  On September 19, NAPA announced that it will no longer sponsor the No  56  On October 14, it was announced that due to the lack of sponsorship or a driver, the car's points would be moved to a new research and development team starting in 2014, later named Identity Ventures Racing  It was also announced three days later that Truex was picked up by Furniture Row Racing to takeover the No  78 from the departing Kurt Busch 

Car No  56 results
Car No  66 history
In 2009, MWR fielded a car for Dave Blaney and Prism Motorsports at the Coca-Cola 600  The car was sponsored by Aaron's and used Prism's No  66 
In 2014, with no driver or sponsor lined up, the points from the former No  56 car was transferred to Identity Ventures Racing, owned by Nat Hardwick and Jay Robinson, and the number was changed to 66  The car was fielded out of the MWR shop for select races for Michael Waltrip, Jeff Burton, and Brett Moffitt, with Waltrip and Moffitt running select races with MWR support out of Robinson's shop  The other primary drivers were Joe Nemechek and Mike Wallace  Identity Ventures Racing folded after one season due to ownership issues, ending the satellite team 

Car No  98 history
Michael Waltrip Racing began racing in the Winston Cup Series in 2002, making its debut at the 2002 Aaron's 499  The car was the No  98 Aaron's Chevrolet Monte Carlo driven by Kenny Wallace  Wallace qualified 27th and finished 21st  Following that first race, Waltrip sold the No  98 and its owner points to Innovative Motorsports 
In October 2015, MWR leased the owner points from the No  98 of Premium Motorsports to field a car for Waltrip himself at the fall Talladega race  Premium is owned by  Jay Robinson, who was a partner in MWR's research and development team the previous season 

Nationwide Series
Car No  99 history
Michael Waltrip (1996-2006)
Waltrip made his debut as a car owner in 1996 driving the No  12 MW Windows Ford Thunderbird  He ran thirteen races that season, winning the pole at Richmond International Raceway and posting three top-five finishes  The next season, MWR switched to the No  21 with sponsorship from Band-Aid and had three fourth-place finishes, and had six top-ten finishes the following season  In 1998, Waltrip fielded a second car, the No  14 Rhodes Furniture Ford for Patty Moise full-time  Moise made 19 starts and a best finish of tenth at Bristol Motor Speedway, finishing 37th in points 
In 1999, Waltrip got his first career win as an owner/driver at the All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300  The next year, he switched to the No  7 as well as driving the No  99 car with Aarons sponsorship for three races, his best finish coming at Michigan International Speedway, where he placed second  Ted Christopher drove the No  99 at Memphis Motorsports Park with sponsorship from LesCare Kitchens, qualifying 29th and finishing 28th  MWR switched to the No  99 full-time in 2001, as Waltrip drove twelve races, his best finish third at the Aaron's 312  Waltrip also fielded the 99 for three races for Shawna Robinson, who had a 19th at Talladega Superspeedway, and Kerry Earnhardt, whose best finish was a 20th at Kentucky Speedway 
Waltrip had sole driving duties in 2002, running nineteen races and winning at Michigan International Speedway  The following season, he won at Bristol Motor Speedway  After making 31 starts in 2004 and winning at Nashville Superspeedway, Waltrip had only four top-tens in 2005  In 2006, Waltrip partnered with FitzBradshaw Racing to pick up FitzBradshaw's No  40 car's owner's points  He drove a majority of the races in 2006, with his brother Darrell and David Reutimann driving additional races using Evernham engines 

David Reutimann (2006-2008)David Reutimann drove the No  99 Aaron's Toyota Camry for Waltrip in 2007  He won his first career Nationwide Series race with the team at Memphis Motorsports Park in October, and finished second in points  In the latter part of 2007, MWR also fielded a second car with Michael McDowell to prepare him for a possible Sprint Cup career 

Trevor Bayne (2009-2010)
In 2009, the No  99 Toyota carried split by Michael Waltrip with sponsorship from Aaron's and Best Western, Trevor Bayne, and Scott Speed with sponsorship from Red Bull Energy Drink  For 2010 the team was co-purchased by former Diamond Ridge Motorsports owner Gary Betchel to form Diamond-Waltrip Racing to field development driver Trevor Bayne in the No  99 full-time for 2010, though they had limited sponsorship  Trevor Bayne left the team before the Kansas Speedway race in September  Martin Truex Jr  is the replacement driver for the rest of the 2010 NASCAR Nationwide Series  Also, the team fielded the No  00 NAPA Auto Parts/OUT! Pet Care Toyota for Ryan Truex and Truex Jr  on a limited basis in 2010 

Shut Down (2011)Travis Pastrana announced his intent to drive 7 races in 2011 with Boost Mobile, with Ryan Truex intending to run the remaining schedule minus the superspeedways  However, Pastrana was injured at X Games XVII and sat out the rest of 2011, stating that he would run the Nationwide Series in 2012  Truex's bid for Rookie of the Year was cut short when a lack of sponsorship forced the team to shut down briefly  The No  99 team returned for some races in 2011, with Cole Whitt driving at Charlotte and Patrick Carpentier driving his final race at Montreal  In 2012, MWR allied itself with Nationwide Series team RAB Racing to field Pastrana for 7 races  He would later join Roush Fenway Racing for 2013 

Craftsman Truck Series
Truck No  1 history
In 1996, Michael Waltrip drove the No  1 truck with sponsorship MW Windows at Las Vegas where he started 27th and finished 4th 
In 1997, Michael drove three races this season starting at Daytona, Martinsville and Fontana  The No  1 truck has new sponsorship Citgo, and Band-Aid 

Partnerships and alliances
MWR-AF Corse
In 2011 MWR entered into a technical alliance with AF Corse to provide them sportscars to race in the FIA World Endurance Championship and Tudor United SportsCar Championship (formerly Rolex Sports Car Series) competing under the AF Corse-Waltrip banner 

MWR-Prism Motorsports
At the start of the 2009 season, MWR entered into a technical alliance with Prism Motorsports for the 2009 season   Prism entered the No  66 car in each race, normally driven by Dave Blaney but also driven by Terry Labonte at the Daytona 500 and Michael McDowell at the Aaron's 499, with one-race sponsorship also provided by Aaron's for the 2009 Coca-Cola 600   MWR provided Prism with cars, engines and technical support   Prism became notorious as a start and park operation, only running a full race when the team had full sponsorship for the race, but the team has qualified for almost every race of the 2009 Sprint Cup season using the MWR equipment, sometimes beating out fully sponsored teams For 2010, Prism added a second car provided by MWR, the No  55, driven by former MWR Sprint Cup driver Michael McDowell   As of the start of the season, Prism had no sponsorship for either car   Prism co-owner Phil Parsons credited MWR with "allow[ing] us to purchase the cars and equipment we needed to grow our program "  Although Blaney failed to qualify for the Daytona 500, McDowell succeeded in qualifying for the starting field, using Michael Waltrip's old No  55 car   For Talladega, Waltrip drove the No  55 car for Prism, with Aaron's providing sponsorship 

MWR-Germain Racing
Germain Racing was an existing NASCAR Nationwide Series team that entered into Sprint Cup racing through a technical alliance with MWR beginning with two races during the 2008 season, with MWR supplying the No  13 Toyota Camry and technical support for Germain and driver Max Papis   Papis had previously driven for MWR vice president Cal Wells in the CART series In 2009, Germain Racing attempted to run a limited schedule in the Sprint Cup Series with Papis and sponsor GEICO  The team qualified for 15 races in 21 attempts   Germain planned to run full-time in 2010, but it might be required to start and park some unscheduled events due to its limited sponsorship from GEICO and lack of additional sponsorship   In the first event of the 2010 season, Papis qualified for the Daytona 500,  and since then, the No  13 Toyota Camry has qualified for four of the first five races 
In 2004, Michael Waltrip Racing began at partnership with Best Western that continues today  In 2011 for example, the hotel served as the primary sponsor for the Number 00 Toyota Camry driven by David Reutimann for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series 

Diamond-Waltrip Racing
After the 2009 season, MWR sold the assets of its Nationwide team to Gary Bechtel and his Diamond Ridge Motorsports  Running the under the moniker of Diamond-Waltrip Racing, Bechtel's team ran the No  99 Toyota for MWR drivers Trevor Bayne, Ryan Truex, And Martin Truex Jr  and received technical support, equipment, owner's points, and employees from Waltrip 

Waltrip-Jasper Racing
On January 20, 2006, Michael Waltrip and president of Jasper Motorsports, Doug Bawel, announced the forming of Waltrip-Jasper Racing  Waltrip-Jasper Racing fielded the No  55 NAPA Auto Parts Car in the 2006 Nextel Cup Series, driven by Waltrip  Bawel, as the listed owner of the No  77 that he fielded with Roger Penske in 2005, had a guaranteed starting spot in the first five races of 2006 by virtue of finishing 34th in the 2005 owner points  This enabled Waltrip to make the first five races in 2006 without qualifying on time The Waltrip-Jasper partnership ceased at the end of the 2006 season 

Waltrip-PPI Racing
The partnership of Michael Waltrip Racing and PPI Motorsports was officially announced on February 10, 2007  The partnership was limited to the No  00 car, driven by David Reutimann  Cal Wells was listed as the owner and the 2006 owner points for the No  32 were transferred to the No  00 for the 2007 season  The partnership included the purchase of all equipment and personnel at PPI Motorsports, as the former No  32 pit crew became the No  00 pit crew The Waltrip-PPI partnership ceased at the end of the 2007 season, with Cal Wells moving to a management position at Waltrip Racing 

MWR-RAB Racing / Pastrana-Waltrip Racing
For 2011, MWR and X-Games gold medal driver Travis Pastrana announced a partnership known as Pastrana-Waltrip Racing  Pastrana would run seven races out of the MWR shop in the Nationwide Series for 2011, with Boost Mobile sponsoring the effort  Pastrana would then run 20 races in 2012  Pastrana would also run in the K&N Pro Series East, making his stock car debut in the Toyota All-Star Showdown  MWR development driver Ryan Truex would fill out the rest of the schedule  Red Bull development driver Cole Whitt ran at Charlotte in May  An ankle injury to Pastrana in X Games competition, however, sidelined him for the season prior to making any starts, and lack of funding forced the team to shut down mid-season MWR and Pastrana planned to restart Pastrana's NASCAR career in 2012, with the team being renamed Pastrana 199 Racing  On April 17, 2012, the team announced a partnership with Nationwide Series team RAB Racing  With RAB lacking a sponsor for regular driver Kenny Wallace and MWR unable to afford fielding the Nationwide team, the two teams formed a partnership to have Pastrana run in his previously assigned 7 races  RAB's number was changed from No  09 to No  99, and the team received additional cars and support from MWR  RAB crew chief Scott Zippadelli worked with Pastrana in his starts  Coincidentally, Ryan Truex ran several races for the team under RAB though he had been granted his release from MWR  RAB fielded MWR driver Patrick Carpentier with NAPA at Montreal in July  Though the partnership ended after the 2012 season, RAB continues to use the number 99 

MWR-Identity Ventures Racing
In 2014, a MWR satellite team, Identity Ventures Racing, was formed, fielding the No  66 Toyota Camry   MWR provided tires and technical assistance, with some races receiving more support than others (depending on sponsorship)  Races with more sponsorship received more support for MWR   Michael Waltrip, Joe Nemechek, Jeff Burton and Brett Moffitt were the primary drivers in 2014  As the season continued, Nemechek and Burton's races began getting handed to younger drivers  Moffitt began to take Burton and Nemechek's races, with neither veteran finishing the season in the No  66  IVR shut down after just one season when team co-owner Nat Hardwick was involved in an embezzlement scandal involving his companies Landcastle Title and Morris-Hardwick-Schneider (which were the team's primary sponsors) 

Michael Waltrip Racing executive team
Ty Norris
Norris was the E V P  of Business Development and was also the General Manager  Ty Norris’ career in NASCAR span the course of 15 years and includes some of the sport's most recognizable names – Dale Earnhardt, Inc , Speedway Motorsports, Inc  and RJ Reynolds  Over the past few years, Norris applied his industry knowledge to help grow Michael Waltrip Racing and negotiate key partnerships with sponsors, such as, NAPA Auto Parts, Aaron's and TUMS 
Larry Johns
Larry Johns was the E V P  and CFO  As Chief Financial Officer Larry Johns was primarily responsible for managing the 250-employee company's cash flow as well as communicating the team's strategic direction for execution from the shop floor to the racetrack  Johns previously served as CFO of PPI Motorsports, LLC and prior to that owned his own business for almost a decade 
Scott Miller Executive Vice President of Competition
Bobby Kennedy
Kennedy was the E V P  of Race Operations  Kennedy's NASCAR career began in 1987 and includes affiliations with organizations such as SABCO and Petty Enterprises  He joined Michael Waltrip Racing in January 2001 

Former employees
Cal Wells – 
Wells was the E V P  and COO  Wells has a rich racing history and his motorsports experience spans over 30 years  Wells has achieved quite a bit in his career and his business savvy has allowed him to become
an owner himself in a variety of racing series  In his most recent role, Wells was in charge of overseeing day-to-day operations for three NSCS teams and one NNS team at Michael Waltrip Racing  Wells was terminated from his position in July 2011 Steve Hallam
Hallam was the E V P  and Director of Competition  Hallam moved from England to North Carolina when he joined Michael Waltrip Racing before the 2009 season, giving up his job as head of race operations for McLaren after 27 years as an engineer and manager in Formula One  His resume includes 445 Grands Prix and six world championships  Hallam was terminated from his position in July 2011 

Raceworld USA
Raceworld USA, located in Cornelius, North Carolina, was the race shop and center of operations for Michael Waltrip Racing   The main shop facility consisted of 107,000 square feet (9,900 m2) while the fabrication shop consisted of the remaining 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) Raceworld USA was also intended to be a tourist attraction  The shop featured elevated walkways and flat screen televisions, providing fans with an interactive inside look on how a race team functions  Also, Raceworld USA allowed patrons to hold events at the race shop 
The exhibit content in the facility was designed by Portland, Oregon–based Downstream 

Controversy
In 2010, Michael Waltrip Racing filed a lawsuit against the Williams F1 team, for reportedly stealing one of their employees while he was under contract with MWR  The employee in question was Mike Coughlan, who was a F1 engineer involved in a cheating scandal in 2007  While he was suspended from F1, Coughlan worked as an engineer for the team  When his suspension from F1 was over, he allegedly went back to the Williams team while still under contract with MWR, which MWR alleged caused the team to suffer financially  The lawsuit was settled out of court in October 2011; the settlement was very amicable, as Waltrip later invited Coughlan to a future race as a guest of the team Just before its shutdown at the end of 2015, MWR was sued by former tire carrier Brandon Hopkins  Hopkins was injured in a pit road accident that required surgery while serving Clint Bowyer's car  Hopkins accused MWR of blacklisting him, wrongfully terminating his contract with the team, libel, and intentional interference with his efforts to find work at another team  Michael Waltrip Racing counter-sued Hopkins, saying that he stole pit guns from the team which was the cause of his firing  In their countersuit against Hopkins, MWR asked to be reimbursed for the pit guns and for any claims by Hopkins to be dismissed  After years of back-and-forth between Hopkins and the defunct team, it was announced in November 2017 that "both parties are pleased to announce that they have amicably resolved their disputes in their entirety and wish each other well in the future "
Passage 7:
1894–95 FA Cup
The 1894–95 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup)  The cup was won by Aston Villa, who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London  This was Villa's second victory in the FA Cup 
The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W  Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward  According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer  The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game 
Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week  If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played 

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final 

First round proper
The first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams  The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division  The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition  Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper  Eight non-league sides also qualified 
The matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895  One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture  The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played   The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool 

Second round proper
The eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895  There were two replays, played in the following midweek fixture 

Third round proper
The four Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 2 March 1895  There were no replays 

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 16 March 1895  Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion went on to meet in the final at Crystal Palace 

Final
The Final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace  Aston Villa won 1–0, with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history, scored after just 30 seconds  Devey found Hodgetts, whose cross was laid off by Athersmith to Chatt, whose half volley took a deflection 

Match details
See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-
Context 2: Passage 1:
1958 Asian Games
The 1958 Asian Games, officially the Third Asian Games (Japanese: 第3回アジア競技大会) and commonly known as Tokyo 1958, was a multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 May to 1 June 1958  It was governed by the Asian Games Federation  A total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 Asian National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Games  The program featured competitions in 13 different sports encompassing 97 events, including four non-Olympic sports, judo, table tennis, tennis and volleyball  Four of these competition sports – field hockey, table tennis, tennis and volleyball – were introduced for the first time in the Asian Games 
This is the first time that Japan hosted the Asian Games 

Background
The Asian Games is a multi-sport event, much like the Summer Olympics (albeit on a much smaller scale), with participation exclusively for Asian countries  The first edition was held in the capital city of India, New Delhi, in 1951, attracting 489 competitors from 11 nations 

Sports
The programme for the Tokyo 1958 Games included 13 different sports divided into 97 events  Four of these sports – judo, table tennis, tennis and volleyball – were not on the official Olympic sports programme at that time  Badminton was added as a demonstration sport, which, from 1962 onwards, became a regular competitive sport in the Asian Games  Judo was another demonstration sport 

Torch relay
The tradition of torch relay, inspired by the Olympic Games, was introduced for the first time in the Asian Games in 1958  The relay officially began from the main venue of the Second Asian Games, Rizal Memorial Coliseum, in Manila, Philippines  In the host nation, Japan, it was relayed from Okinawa to Kyushu Island  Okinawa was under the United States administration at that time  At the opening ceremony, the Games cauldron was ignited by the first Japanese Olympic gold medallist and the first Asian Olympic champion in an individual event, Mikio Oda 

Participating nations
A record total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 member nations of the Asian Games Federation participated in the Games  The number of participating countries was also greatest in comparison to the first two editions of the Games 
The Thai delegation held a meeting on 22 May 1958 in Tokyo, and invitations were sent to the representatives of Malaysia, Burma and Laos  The agenda of the meeting was to discuss the possibility of forming a regional multi-sport event on the lines of Asian Games for the countries of Southeast Asia  This way the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (SEAP Games), which later became the Southeast Asian Games, were established and the first SEAP Games were held in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1959 

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Tokyo 1958 Games was organised on 24 May 1958 at the National Olympic Stadium  The ceremony, among other dignitaries and guests, included the Emperor of Japan Hirohito, crown prince Akihito and Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi  Around 70,000 people attended the opening ceremony 

Calendar
In the following calendar for the 1958 Asian Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day  The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport were held  The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day  On the left, the calendar lists each sport with events held during the Games, and at the right, how many gold medals were won in that sport  There is a key at the top of the calendar to aid the reader 

Medal table
Athletes from 16 countries won medals, leaving four countries without a medal, and 11 of them won at least one gold medal  Afghanistan, Cambodia, Nepal and North Borneo did not win any medal  The Japanese 4 × 100 metres medley relay team of Keiji Hase (backstroke), Masaru Furukawa (breaststroke), Manabu Koga (freestyle) and Takashi Ishimoto (butterfly) won the gold medal with a time of 4:17 2 and broke the world record The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables  By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a nation is an entity represented by a NOC)  The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next, followed by the number of bronze medals  If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given; they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code 
The top ten ranked NOCs at these Games are listed below  The host nation, Japan, is highlighted 

  *   Host nation (Japan)
Passage 2:
Capital punishment in Illinois
Capital punishment has been repealed in the U S  state of Illinois since 2011  
Illinois used death by hanging as a form of execution until 1928  The last person executed by this method was the public execution of Charles Birger the same year  After being struck down by Furman v  Georgia in 1972, the death penalty was reinstated in Illinois on July 1, 1974, but voided by the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1975  Illinois officially reinstated the death penalty on July 1, 1977  
On September 8, 1983, the state adopted lethal injection as the default method of execution in Illinois, but the electric chair remained operational to replace lethal injection if needed 
In 1994, the state executed serial killer John Wayne Gacy by lethal injection, who sexually assaulted, tortured and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Cook County (a part of metropolitan Chicago)  The last man executed in Illinois was Ripper Crew member Andrew Kokoraleis in 1999  Another man condemned in Illinois, Alton Coleman, was executed in Ohio 
On January 11, 2003, the Republican Governor George Ryan blanket-commuted the sentences of all the 167 inmates condemned to death, and pardoned four of them, a gesture that his opponents attribute to the fact that he was rendered ineligible by his unpopularity and charged with conspiracy, racketeering and fraud Democratic Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation on March 9, 2011, to abolish the death penalty in Illinois to go into effect July 1, 2011, and commuted the death sentences of the fifteen inmates on Illinois' death row to life imprisonment  Quinn was criticized for signing the bill after saying that he supported the death penalty during the 2010 gubernatorial campaign, after which he defeated the Republican candidate with 46 8% of the vote In 2018, then Republican Governor Bruce Rauner called for the reintroduction of the death penalty for those convicted of killing police officers  This was opposed by state lawmakers and Rauner was subsequently defeated by Democrat J  B  Pritzker 

See also
List of people executed in Illinois
Crime in Illinois
Law of Illinois
Passage 3:
Somalia at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Somalia sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China  The country's participation at Beijing marked its seventh in the Summer Olympics since its debut in 1972 Games  The delegation included two track and field athletes: sprinter Samiya Yuusf Omar and long-distance runner Abdinasir Said Ibrahim  Neither athlete progressed past the first round of their respective competitions  Omar's story, having trained in Mogadishu during the Somali Civil War, was covered by the media at the time, and later featured in a graphic novel following her death 

Background
Somalia participated in seven Summer Olympics between its debut in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China  The highest number of Somalis participating at any single Summer Games was seven at the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, United States  No Somali has ever won a medal at an Olympics Abdinasir Said Ibrahim was chosen to compete in the Men's 5000 metres and Samiya Yuusf Omar in the Women's 200 metres  Somali official Duran Farah was chosen as the nation's flag bearer for the Parade of Nations 

Athletics

Somalia was represented by one male athlete at the 2008 Games in athletics – Abdinasir Said Ibrahim, a 5000 metres runner, an 18-year-old  He competed in the third and final heat of the first round, with a time of 14:21:58  This placed him in 12th and final place, over sixteen seconds behind Abdelaziz El Idrissi of Morocco in 11th position  However, there were two runners slower than Ibrahim in other heats; Nader al-Masri of Palestine and Soe Min Thu of Myanmar At the age of 16 years old, Samiya Yuusf Omar was the only female athlete competing for Somalia at the 2008 Summer Olympics  Prior to the competition, she trained at the Mogadishu Stadium on a gravel track pitted by mortar craters  She explained that she would be routinely harassed while training by local militia groups, fighting in the Somali Civil War, and both friends and family had been pressuring her to stop training  She explained, "Traditionally Somalis view the girls as corrupted if they join in with things like sports and music  It's because they sometimes wear transparent clothes or shorts  Therefore I have been coming under pressure from all different sides " She continued to practice following encouragement from her mother, although had not expected to be chosen for the Games due to her age and as she was from a minority ethnic group She competed in the fifth out of six heats of the women's 200 metre competition on 19 August  She finished in a time of 32 16 in eighth and last place, nine seconds behind South African Isabel Le Roux in seventh position  Having had no funding, Omar competed in loose fitting equipment donated by the Sudanese team, but despite finishing in last place, the media coverage of her meant that she was cheered loudly by the crowd as she finished Following the Games, she received death threats upon returning to Somalia, and after being confronted by Al-Shabaab, she began to deny that she was an athlete  The organisation banned woman from participating in sports, and Omar eventually made her way to Ethiopia in order to pursue the hope of competing in the 2012 Summer Olympics  She attempted to make her way to Europe, travelling to Libya in September 2011  Alongside other refugees, she attempted to cross the Mediterranean by sea in 2012; she drowned while attempting to board an Italian naval vessel when the boat she was on was intercepted off the coast of Libya  Omar's life story was later dramatised as the graphic novel An Olympic Dream: The story of Samia Yusuf Omar by German artist Reinhard Kleist 

Track events
Passage 4:
Capital punishment in New Zealand
Capital punishment in New Zealand – the process of sentencing convicted offenders to death for the most serious crimes (capital crimes) and carrying out that sentence, as ordered by a legal system – first appeared in a codified form when New Zealand became a British colony in 1840  It was first carried out with a public hanging in Victoria Street, Auckland in 1842, while the last execution occurred in 1957 at Mount Eden Prison, also in Auckland   In total, 85 people have been executed in New Zealand Capital punishment was first abolished for murder in 1941 by the First Labour Government, with all death sentences commuted to life imprisonment  However, the succeeding First National Government reinstated it in 1949, following which eight more executions took place in the period up to 1957  Subsequently, public opinion turned against the use of capital punishment, and it was once again abolished for murder in 1961, and abolished for all crimes, including treason, in 1989 

Method
The method of execution was always by hanging  At first, there were many possible execution sites all around the country, but later, the only two cities where hangings were carried out were Wellington (the capital) and Auckland (now the largest city) 
Initially, there was no professional hangman employed—the executioner was simply chosen from among any who were deemed qualified  On occasion, convicted criminals were employed as hangmen, often in exchange for reduced sentences or monetary reward  In 1877, the sheriff of Blenheim recommended that a professional executioner be hired  Tom Long, an Irishman who claimed to have been an executioner in Australia, was hired as the official hangman  He was the only official hangman to be publicly known; others remained anonymous 

History
At the time of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when New Zealand became a British colony, the most current legislation governing capital punishment in England, and henceforth New Zealand, was the Punishment of Offences Act (1837), which had abolished the death penalty for a number of statutory offences, including cattle stealing, and replaced it with penal transportation for life  However, some capital crimes remained on the British law books, including murder, treason, espionage, arson in the royal dockyards, and piracy with violence All those executed were convicted of murder, with the exception of Hamiora Pere, who was convicted of treason in 1869  All bar one were men; the exception being Minnie Dean, who was found guilty of infanticide in 1895  However, before Dean's trial, imprisonment and execution, several other women had been found guilty of Infanticide in nineteenth-century New Zealand, but had their death sentences commuted to life imprisonment  These were Caroline Whitting (1872), Phoebe Veitch (1883) and Sarah-Jane and Anna Flannagan (1891) 

Public executions
The first eight executions were carried out in public, from 1842 to 1858; five outside the gate of the Auckland Gaol on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West in central Auckland; one on King Edward Parade on the waterfront at Devonport; and two outside Mount Cook Gaol in Wellington, which is today the site of the Dominion Museum building and National War Memorial on Puke Ahu At the first execution, on 7 March 1842, approximately a thousand people gathered at the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West, now the centre of the Auckland CBD, to witness the hanging of Wiremu Kīngi Maketū  He had been found guilty of murdering five people on Motuarohia Island, in the Bay of Islands  The people killed were Thomas Bull, employed by Elisabeth Roberton, who was also murdered along with her son aged eight, her daughter of two, and a girl of nearly three named Isabella Brind, the natural daughter of one Captain Brind by a Māori woman, the daughter of Rewa, chief of Ngapuhi in that area  Mrs Roberton's husband, Captain John Roberton, had drowned prior in Paroa Bay, just opposite the island  Thomas Bull had a reputation for strength and brutality  He seemed at all times to have made a set at Maketū and had on several occasions struck, thrown, or otherwise maltreated him  Maketū was unable to defend himself against such an opponent; nor indeed did it conform with his notions of dignity to do so, he being (by virtue of his chiefly rank) above combat with one who was a servant and whom he therefore regarded on the same plane as a slave  Maketū, therefore, bided his time for revenge  Maketū then killed Thomas Bull in the night with an axe; he then brutally murdered Mrs Roberton, who was shouting abuse at him and then went to murder the two girls (ransacking the house and then burning Mrs Roberton and the two children within it)  The boy ran up Pa Hill, where Maketū chased him and threw him off the 200-foot (60 m) cliff  He was sentenced to death by an all-white jury (his defence had wanted a half-white, half-Māori jury) in an Auckland court, and executed on 7 March 1842 

The second execution in New Zealand was the public hanging of Joseph Burns on 17 June 1848  On the day of his execution, he was paraded down Auckland's Queen St, seated in a coffin, and taken by boat across the Waitemata Harbour to the Devonport waterfront, where he was hanged on King Edward Parade, not far from the scene of his crimes  Burns was the first European settler to be executed in New Zealand The third execution in New Zealand, and first in Wellington, occurred on 19 April 1849  Maroro of Ngāti Kahungunu descent was hanged outside Mount Cook Gaol in front of approximately 500 people, following his conviction of the murder of John Branks and his three children The fourth execution occurred in the same location in Wellington on 17 June 1850, in front of a similar sized crowd, when William Good was hanged for the murder of John Ellis  The scaffold was "erected on Cook's Mount, immediately in front of the brick wall of the gaol "The fifth execution was that of escaped Australian convict, William Bowden, on 27 April 1852  He was hanged on the scaffold erected outside the entrance gate of the Auckland Gaol, on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West, in front of approximately 300 people The sixth execution in New Zealand, and the third public hanging to take place outside the Auckland Gaol on the corner of Queen and Victoria Streets was that of Charles Marsden on 12 February 1856  It took approximately 14 minutes for Marsden to die, with accusations that his execution was "clumsily performed" The seventh execution took place in Auckland at sunrise on 11 July 1856 with the public hanging of John White  In a sign of changing attitudes to the spectacle of public executions, the Superintendent had ordered that the scaffold be erected after dark the previous evening, and the front of the scaffold, under the drop, be partially boarded up  Due to the early hour of the execution, no more than twenty to thirty people witnessed the event on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street West The last public execution was that of John Killey, who had been found guilty of murdering John Butler in Whangarei on 17 December 1857  At his later sentencing in Auckland, the judge, Sir George Alfred Arney, was "said to have been moved to tears" in passing sentence, while Killey "fell down in the dock in a fainting fit"  He was hanged on 18 March 1858, also outside the gate of the Auckland Gaol 

Move to abolish public executions in the British colonies of Australasia
Throughout the British colonies of Australasia public hangings came to be seen as "barbarous spectacles"  The last public hanging in Sydney took place outside Darlinghurst Gaol on 21 September 1852, in which local press noted disapprovingly the "extraordinary attendance of children, upon whose tender minds the shocking spectacle of a fellow creature dangling at the end of a rope, had no other more serious effect than that of eliciting from them three cheers for the hangman"  New South Wales, where public executions were also "associated with the hated convict era", became the first of the British colonies in Australia to abolish public executions, when the Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 1855 (NSW) came into force on 10 January 1855 Victoria and Tasmania followed shortly after with the Private Execution Act 1855 (Vic) and the Criminals’ Execution Act 1855 (Tas) respectively  When the Moreton Bay settlement separated from NSW to become the self-governing colony of Queensland in 1859, the New South Wales legislation automatically applied While South Australia and Western Australia abolished public executions in 1858 and 1870 respectively, both colonies subsequently passed amendments which allowed for the hanging of capitally convicted Aboriginal Australians at the scene of their alleged crimes: the Act to Amend an Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 1861 (SA) and the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1871 Amendment Act 1875 (WA) In New Zealand, public executions were abolished under Section 1 of the Executions of Criminals Act 1858, which specified that executions had to be carried out "within the walls or the enclosed yard of some gaol, or within some other enclosed space"  The Act came into force on 3 June 1858, three months after the country's last public hanging in central Auckland By way of comparison with other English-speaking countries which share an historical legacy of English common law, the last public execution in the United Kingdom was the hanging of Michael Barrett outside Newgate Prison in London on 26 May 1868, in front of a crowd of approximately 2000 people  Canada's last public execution occurred on 7 December 1869 when Nicholas Melady was hanged in front of "a few hundred spectators", outside the Huron County Gaol, now called the Huron Historic Gaol, in Goderich, Ontario  The last judicial execution carried out in public in the United States was the hanging of Rainey Bethea in a parking lot in Owensboro, Kentucky on 14 August 1936, in front of an estimated crowd of 20,000 

Executed out of public view
In 1862, in Wellington, James Collins became the first person in New Zealand to be executed out of public view In 1866, the site of the old Auckland Gaol was made ready for a temporary market  The Sheriff approved the removal of the graves of the five executed criminals, to respect "public decency"  The bodies were reinterred in "a remote and unused spot" of the Symonds St Cemetery The last person to be executed was Walter James Bolton, for poisoning his wife, on 18 February 1957 

Abolition: 1949–1961
When the Labour Party formed its first government following the 1935 general election, it commuted all death sentences to life imprisonment  The Crimes Amendment Act 1941  changed the penalty for murder from death to life imprisonment with hard labour  The only crimes for which the death penalty still applied were treason and piracy 
The Labour Party lost power to the more conservative National Party, which had pledged to reintroduce capital punishment, in 1949  During that earlier period, support and opposition for capital punishment were clearly delineated on partisan grounds  The National Party supported the restoration and maintenance of the death penalty, while the Labour Party opposed it  During debate over the Capital Punishment Act 1950 (which exempted expectant mothers and young persons under the age of 18 years), Labour expressed concern about the constitutional implications of the concentration of executive power in this context (although Labour had used this power from 1935 to 1941), while National Party Attorney-General Clifton Webb referred to the alleged "deterrent" value of the death penalty as potential threat and punitive severity  However, Webb was relatively sparing in his use of the death penalty, while his successor, Attorney-General Jack Marshall (1955–1957), was a hardliner on that issue and the number and pace of executions accelerated, arousing debate 
During the time that the National Party was in office (1949–1957), 36 people were convicted of murder, and 22 of those were sentenced to death (George Horry was convicted of murder in 1951 but not hanged because the death penalty was not in force in 1942)  The final decision on executions rested with Cabinet, and only eight of the condemned were executed  The rest were commuted to life imprisonment  Even then, professional opinion was divided  Film censor Gordon Mirams did not regard spectacles of hanging as appropriate content within crime dramas and western films and excised such content and dialogue on the basis of family propriety According to Department of Justice historian Pauline Engel, the British Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1953) may have heavily influenced the rise of abolitionism, as did the controversies that surrounded the executions of Harry Whiteland and Edward Te Whiu, which raised questions about post-war trauma, intellectual and developmental disability as factors for leniency 
Social historian Redmer Yska has argued that such concern arose much earlier  When the National Party restored capital punishment in 1950, it became an administrative ordeal for civil servants involved, particularly those within correctional facilities like Mount Eden Prison in Auckland, law enforcement and the judiciary  Corrections staff needed to maintain suicide watch for the convicted felon, conduct regular health checks and provide pastoral care for the condemned individual's relatives, as well as insure prison security during executions Official requirements mandated the presence of a magistrate, doctor and sheriffs  During the late fifties, Attorney-General Jack Marshall accelerated the pace of executions and post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism and duodenal haemorrhaging developed amongst two of the three staff obliged to participate during execution procedures  In cases of political import, prudent reprieves and commuted penalties did occur, as happened when three Niue Islanders were sentenced to death after killing a manifestly brutal and oppressive Resident Commissioner (and were reprieved only after New Zealand prison officials had reached Niue to carry out the hangings)  On that occasion, the Public Questions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand became involved in strenuously lobbying against the verdict Class differences were also seen to affect the verdict  Dr  Senga Wintringham was convicted of manslaughter, rather than murder, in February 1955, after shooting and killing Dr Bill Saunders  Wintringham claimed that she had only meant to intimidate him, rather than kill him  The Peoples Voice, newspaper of the Communist Party of New Zealand, criticised the perceived "double standard" in this context, as the courts had just convicted and sentenced 26-year-old British migrant and itinerant labourer Frederick Foster to death, despite questions about mental illness and intellectual impairment in his context, as well as appeals from his mother  Foster had shot and killed Sharon Skeffington, his former girlfriend  Although Foster was sentenced to death and executed, defence counsel Dr Martyn Finlay succeeded in raising questions about the limited intellectual capabilities and mental health of the condemned person in this context  Similar questions would arise in the trial, conviction and execution of Albert Webb  The New Zealand Listener editorialised against the death penalty in July 1955, and received supportive feedback from its letters page correspondents Eddie Te Whiu was hanged in August 1955, after he had killed an elderly widow in Ngararatunua, near Kamo, when an attempted burglary went wrong  Abolitionist sentiment grew again, as, with the Foster and Black cases, there was perceptible anxiety about the failure of "deterrence" value in the context of violent homicides, and whether Te Whiu should have been convicted of manslaughter instead, due to his dysfunctional family origins and limited intellectual capabilities  As a result, a National Committee for Abolition of the Death Penalty was formed in November 1956, with branches in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin 
Engel and Maureen Garing have drawn attention to the involvement of Protestant Christian opposition to capital punishment  In 1941 and 1951, the Christian Social Justice League, Christchurch Anglican Diocesan Synod and Methodist Public Questions Committee supported abolition, as did individual Catholics, although their hierarchy remained neutral in this debate  The New Zealand Theosophical Society also opposed capital punishment, and the Churches of Christ and Baptist Union declared its opposition in the late fifties  As religious opposition grew, it provided opponents of capital punishment with an organisational base that was used to good effect  Redmer Yska notes that clergy often refused to participate in legitimising executions through their presence, of whatever denomination As a consequence of controversy over the perceived escalation in use of capital punishment, abolitionist petitions started to circulate as well  In 1956, a proposal for a referendum on capital punishment was put forward by the Minister of Justice, Jack Marshall  This referendum was to be voted on during the 1957 general election, but the proposal was defeated Meanwhile, Walter James Bolton (1888–1957) was executed at Mount Eden Prison in Auckland in February 1957, after he had allegedly poisoned his wife with arsenic  Given that the National Party lost that election, there were to be no further executions within New Zealand  However, while the election saw a short-lived Labour government elected, capital punishment was not debated in Parliament again before the National party regained power after the 1960 election 
In 1961, the National Party reaffirmed its support for the death penalty, although restricted its use to premeditated murders, and those committed during another crime or during an escape from custody  The issue of capital punishment generated intensive debate within the National Party—the Minister of Justice in the Second National Government, who was responsible for introducing the Crimes Bill 1961, Ralph Hanan, strongly opposed the death penalty, while Jack Marshall, the Deputy Prime Minister, had supported its use while serving as Minister of Justice and Attorney General, as noted above 

Abolition and its aftermath: 1961 onwards
Aware of growing public opposition to capital punishment, the National Party allowed its MPs to exercise a conscience vote in Parliament, and ten National MPs subsequently voted in favour of abolition  The result was a majority of 11 against capital punishment, 41–30  The ten National MPs were Ernest Aderman, Gordon Grieve, Ralph Hanan, Duncan MacIntyre, Robert Muldoon, Lorrie Pickering, Logan Sloane, Brian Talboys, Esme Tombleson and Bert Walker  The death penalty was therefore abolished for murder, being retained only for treason and other similar acts in theory  In principle, this meant that de facto abolition had occurred from that point onward These last theoretical vestiges of capital punishment were abolished under the Palmer Labour cabinet in November 1989 with the passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act 1989, and there were no further executions during the interim period  Passage of the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act ended all capital punishment in New Zealand  The Cook Islands, which based its statutes on New Zealand law, formally retained the death penalty for treason until it was abolished in 2007  The death penalty was never used in the Cook Islands Occasional calls to reinstate capital punishment still occur, but no major political party has made capital punishment an element of any of their election manifestos since the 1989 Abolition act  As for minor political parties, the solitary exception was the fundamentalist Christian Heritage New Zealand, which has been defunct since 2005 
A 2004 1 News Colmar Brunton  poll found 28% were in favour of bringing back the death penalty, 67% did not want to bring the death penalty back, and 5% were undecided  In a 2013 Curia poll for TV3's The Nation, 38% of New Zealanders were in favour of the death penalty—a nominal increase from the 28% in 2004—while 55% were opposed it, and 7% were undecided  Also in the poll, 35% of Labour voters favoured the death penalty and National voters' support polled at 44%  Least likely to be in favour were Green Party voters at 19%, but the strongest support came from New Zealand First voters at 84% 

See also
Capital punishment in the Cook Islands
List of people executed in New Zealand
Passage 5:
1952 Winter Olympics
The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games (Norwegian: De 6  olympiske vinterleker; Nynorsk: Dei 6  olympiske vinterleikane) and commonly known as Oslo 1952, was a winter multi-sport event held from 14 to 25 February 1952 in Oslo, the capital of Norway 
Discussions about Oslo hosting the Winter Olympic Games began as early as 1935; the city was keen to host the 1948 Winter Olympics, but that was made impossible by World War II  Instead, Oslo won the right to host the 1952 Games in a contest that included Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy and Lake Placid in the United States  All of the Olympic venues were in Oslo's metropolitan area, except for the alpine skiing events, which were held at Norefjell, 113 km (70 mi) from the capital  A new hotel was built for the press and dignitaries, along with three dormitories to house athletes and coaches, creating the first modern athlete's village  Oslo bore the financial burden of hosting the Games in return for the revenue they generated  The 1952 Winter Olympics was the first of the two consecutive Olympics to be held in Northern Europe, preceding the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland 
The 1952 Winter Games attracted 694 athletes representing 30 countries, who participated in four sports and 22 events  Japan and Germany made their returns to Winter Olympic competition after being forced to miss the 1948 Games in the aftermath of World War II  Germany was represented solely by West German athletes after East Germany declined to compete as a unified team  Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic debuts, and women were allowed to compete in cross-country skiing for the first time 
Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of four speed skating events to become the most decorated athlete of the 1952 Winter Olympics  Germany resumed its former prominence in bobsleigh, with wins in the four- and two-man events  Dick Button of the United States performed the first triple jump in international competition to claim his second consecutive men's figure skating Olympic title  The popular Nordic sport bandy featured as a demonstration sport, but only three Nordic countries competed in the tournament  Norway dominated the overall medal count with 16 medals, including seven golds  The Games closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed to the host city of the next Winter Olympics  The flag, which became known as the "Oslo flag", has been displayed in the host city during subsequent Winter Games 

Host city selection
Oslo had unsuccessfully bid to host the 1936 Winter Olympics, losing to Germany, which had hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics  At that time, the nation that hosted the Summer Olympics also hosted the Winter Olympics  After the 1936 Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to award the Winter and Summer Games to different countries, but the Games were suspended during World War II  London hosted the first post-war Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, and recommended Oslo as the host city for the 1948 Winter Games, but the city council declined  Instead, the 1948 Winter Olympics were held in St  Moritz, Switzerland Norwegians were undecided about hosting a Winter Olympics  Culturally, they were opposed to competitive winter sports, particularly skiing events, despite the success of Norwegian athletes at previous Winter Games  But the organizers believed the 1952 Games could be an opportunity to promote national unity and to show the world that Norway had recovered from the war  Vying with Oslo for the right to host the Games were Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, New York, United States  The IOC voted to award the 1952 Winter Games to Oslo on 21 June 1947 at the 40th IOC Session in Stockholm, Sweden  Later, Cortina d'Ampezzo was awarded the 1956 Games, and Lake Placid—which had hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics—was chosen to host the 1980 Winter Games  Norway became the first Scandinavian country to host a Winter Olympics, and the 1952 Winter Games were the first to be held in a nation's capital 

Results
Organization
A special committee was assigned to organize the 1952 Games, which consisted of four Norwegian sports officials and four representatives from the municipality of Oslo, including mayor Brynjulf Bull  The committee was in place by December 1947  The city of Oslo funded the Games entirely, in exchange for keeping all the revenue generated  To accommodate the influx of athletes and coaches, quarters for competitors and support staff were designed and constructed, with three new facilities (forerunners of the athlete's villages of later Games) built  The city of Oslo paid to have a new hotel constructed, the Viking, used for IOC delegates, out-of-town dignitaries, and as the communication hub of the Games  For the first time in a Winter Games, an indoor ice hockey arena was constructed, which hosted the eight-team tournament  Oslo's existing central arena, Bislett Stadium, was used for the opening and closing ceremonies, and for speed skating events  Improvements to the arena included better sound and lighting systems, remodeled club house and press rooms, and the addition of a medical center 

Politics
In the aftermath of the German occupation of Norway during World War II, anti-German sentiment began to affect preparations for the 1952 Olympics  Discussions were held to consider whether Germany should be allowed to participate in the Games  When in 1950, the West German Olympic Committee requested recognition by the IOC, it raised the question of whether their participation would cause political boycotts in the upcoming Games  Once the IOC recognized the West German Olympic Committee, West Germany was then formally invited to compete at the 1952 Winter Games  East Germany was invited to participate with West Germany, as a unified team, but they declined At first Norway was reluctant to welcome German athletes and others considered Nazi sympathizers  For example, Norwegian speed skater Finn Hodt was not allowed to compete in the Norwegian speed skating team because he collaborated with the Nazis during the war  Eventually, despite the concern, Norway agreed to allow German and Japanese athletes to compete  The Soviet Union sent no athletes to Oslo, despite being recognized by the IOC 

Events
Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in four sports (eight disciplines) 

 Bobsleigh (2) ()
 Ice hockey (1) ()
Skating
 Figure skating (3) ()
 Speed skating (4) ()
Skiing
 Alpine skiing (6) ()
 Nordic skiing  ()
 Cross-country skiing (4) ()
 Nordic combined (1) ()
 Ski jumping (1) ()

Demonstration sport
Bandy (1) (details)

Opening ceremonies
The opening ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium on 15 February  King George VI of Great Britain had died on 6 February 1952 with his daughter Elizabeth II taking the throne as Queen, eight days before the start of the Games  As a result, all national flags were flown at half-mast, and Princess Ragnhild opened the Games in place of her grandfather, King Haakon VII, who was in London attending the state funeral  This was the first time an Olympic Games had been declared open by a female official  The parade of nations was held according to tradition, with Greece first and the rest of the nations proceeding by alphabetical order in the Norwegian language, with the host nation last  The British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand teams all wore black arm bands at the opening ceremonies in memory of their monarch  Following the parade of nations, the Olympic flame was lit  On 13 February, at the start of the inaugural Winter Olympics torch relay, the torch was lit in the hearth of the Morgedal House, birthplace of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim  The torch relay lasted two days and was conducted entirely on skis  At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Eigil Nansen, received the Olympic torch and skied to a flight of stairs where he removed his skis, ascended, and ignited the flame The bobsleigh and alpine skiing events were held the day before the opening ceremonies  Competitors in these events were unable to attend the festivities in Oslo; consequently simple opening ceremonies were held at Frognerseteren, site of the bobsleigh events, and Norefjell, site of the alpine skiing events 

Bobsleigh
After a 16-year hiatus from the Olympics, Germany made a triumphant return to the bobsleigh competition, winning the two- and four-man events  The results for both bobsleigh events were the same, with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze respectively  Fritz Feierabend from Switzerland competed in both the two- and four-man competitions  His two bronze medals were the fourth and fifth in an Olympic career that spanned 16 years and three Olympics  There were no weight restrictions on the bobsleigh athletes, and the average weight for each member of the winning German four-man team was 117 kg (258 lb), which was more than the Olympic heavyweight boxing champion in 1952  Seeing the undue advantage overweight athletes brought to their teams, the International Federation for Bobsleigh and Toboganning instituted a weight limit for future Olympics 

Speed skating
All of the speed skating events were held at Bislett Stadium  Americans Ken Henry and Don McDermott placed first and second in the 500-meter race, but Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen electrified the partisan crowd by winning the 1,500, 5,000 and 10,000-meter events; his margins of victory were the largest in Olympic history  Dutchman Wim van der Voort placed second in the 1,500 meters and his countryman Kees Broekman placed second to Andersen in the 5,000 and 10,000-meter races, becoming the first Olympic speed skating medalists from the Netherlands  Absent from the competition was former world champion Kornél Pajor  The Hungarian-born speed skater had won both long-distance races at the World Championships held in Oslo in 1949 and then defected to Sweden, but was unable to obtain Swedish citizenship in time to compete in 1952 

Alpine skiing
There were three alpine skiing events on the Olympic program: the slalom, giant slalom and downhill  Both men and women competed in all three events, held at Norefjell and Rødkleiva  The giant slalom made its Olympic debut at the 1952 Games  Austrian skiers dominated the competition, winning seven out of a possible 18 medals, including Othmar Schneider who won gold and silver in the men's slalom and downhill  Norwegian Stein Eriksen won gold in the men's giant slalom and silver in the slalom  Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos fell 18 times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards  American skier Andrea Mead Lawrence was the only double gold medalist, winning the giant slalom and the slalom  She was the first skier from the United States to win two alpine skiing gold medals 

Cross-country skiing
All the cross-country events were held next to the ski jump hill at Holmenkollbakken  As had been the case in 1948 there were three men's events: 18 kilometers, 50 kilometers, and a relay  Added to the Olympic program for the first time was a ten-kilometer race for women  All the cross-country medals were won by Nordic countries, and Finnish skiers won eight of the twelve possible  Lydia Wideman of Finland became the first female Olympic champion in cross-country skiing; her teammates Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen won silver and bronze respectively  Veikko Hakulinen won the 50-kilometer men's race to begin an Olympic career that would culminate in seven medals, three of them gold  Hallgeir Brenden won the 18-kilometer race and helped Norway take the silver in the 4 × 10-kilometer relay  Brenden went on to win another gold in the men's 15-kilometer race in 1956, and a silver in the relay in 1960 

Nordic combined
The nordic combined event was held at the cross-country and ski jump venues  For the first time, the ski jump part took place first with competitors taking three jumps from the Holmenkollbakken  The 18-km cross country skiing event took place the next day  Results were tallied by the best two marks were scored, along with the results of the cross-country race, to determine a winner  Norwegians Simon Slåttvik and Sverre Stenersen won the gold and bronze respectively  Stenersen went on to win the gold at the 1956 Games in the same event  Heikki Hasu from Finland won the silver, preventing a Norwegian sweep of the medals 

Ski jumping
Crowds in excess of 100,000 greeted the ski jumpers as they competed at Holmenkollbakken  In 1952 there was only one event, the men's normal hill, which was held on 24 February  The King, Prince Harald, and Princess Ragnhild were in attendance  The Norwegian athletes did not disappoint the crowd, as Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second; Swedish jumper Karl Holmström took the bronze  Norwegian athletes won the ski jumping gold medal in every Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1952 

Figure skating
There were three events in the Olympic figure skating competition: men's singles, women's singles and mixed pairs  The events were held at Bislett Stadium on a rink constructed inside the speed skating track Dick Button of the United States won the men's singles event  Helmut Seibt of Austria took silver and James Grogan of the United States won bronze  Button became the first figure-skater to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate  British skater Jeannette Altwegg won the gold medal in the women's singles, the silver was won by American Tenley Albright, who went on to win gold at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, and Jacqueline du Bief of France won the bronze  The German husband and wife pair of Ria and Paul Falk won the mixed pairs competition  They defeated Americans Karol and Peter Kennedy, who placed second, and Hungarian siblings Marianna and László Nagy, who won the bronze medal 

Ice hockey
A majority of the ice hockey matches took place at Jordal Amfi, a new hockey stadium built for the Olympics  Nine teams played in the tournament and Canada again won the gold medal  Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament thus far, but in 1956 the Soviet team began to compete and ended Canadian dominance  Canada was represented by the Edmonton Mercurys, an amateur hockey team sponsored by the owner of a Mercury automobile dealership  Canada played the United States to a three all tie on the final day to clinch the gold, and the Americans won silver  The official report of the USOC for the 1952 Olympics covers the game in great detail  According to the report, by the end of the game against Canada, the Americans were mentally and physically exhausted and after scoring the third goal and tying the game they decided to focus on defense in order not to lose silver  It is important to note that Canadians at the time were considered unbeatable and even tying that team was almost impossible  Sweden and Czechoslovakia ended up tied for third (Czechoslovakia defeated the Swedes in the head-to-head game, but according to the rules at the time they had to play a tiebreaker game because they were tied in points)  Sweden won that game and avenged the loss in the round-robin  The Czechs believed they had already won the bronze when they defeated the Swedes in the round-robin, calling the decision to play a tie-breaking game a "plot of the capitalist countries"  Canadian team was criticized for its rough play; although body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams, and opponents and spectators alike took a dim view of that style of play 

Bandy
The IOC lobbied the organizing committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport  The committee instead selected bandy, which had never been included in the Winter Games  Popular in Nordic countries, bandy is played by teams of eleven on an outdoor soccer field-sized ice rink, using a small ball and sticks about 1 2 m (3 9 ft) long  As it was a demonstration sport, the players were ineligible for medals  Three nations participated: Finland, Norway and Sweden  Each of the three teams won one game and lost one game; with Sweden winning the competition based on number of goals scored, followed by Norway in second place, and Finland in third place  Two of the games were played at Dæhlenenga Stadium and one at Bislett Stadium 

Closing ceremonies
At the 1952 Winter Games, the closing ceremonies were a distinct program listing, unlike previous Winter Games when the closing ceremonies were held directly after the final event  The closing ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium, on Monday evening, 25 February  The flag bearers entered the stadium in the same order they followed for the opening ceremonies  That evening four medal ceremonies were also held for the women's cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament Since 1920, the "Antwerp flag" has been passed from host city to host city during closing ceremonies for the Summer Games  The city of Oslo gave an Olympic flag to establish the same tradition for the Winter Games  Brynjulf Bull, Oslo's mayor, passed the flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström, who declared the flag was to pass from host city to host city for future Winter Games  The flag, which came to be known as the "Oslo Flag", has since been preserved in a display case, with the name of every Winter Olympics host city engraved on brass plaques, and is brought to each Winter Games to be displayed  A replica is used during the closing ceremonies After the flag ceremony the Olympic flame was extinguished, a special speed skating race was held, and the figure skating competitors gave an exhibition, followed by 40 children dressed in national costumes performing an ice dance  For a finale, to the close the Games, the lights were extinguished and a 20-minute fireworks display lit up the night sky 

Venues
With a seating capacity of 29,000, Bislett Stadium became the centrepiece of the Games  It was the venue for the speed skating events and the figure skating competition  Bislett was large enough for a 400 m (1,300 ft) speed skating track, and a figure skating ice-rink of 30 by 60 m (98 by 197 ft); a snow bank separated the track and the rink  Because Bislett was an outdoor arena, the organizing committee chose Tryvann Stadion and Hamar Stadion as secondary alternative skating venues to be used the case of bad weather  In 1994 Hamar became the venue for the speed skating events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer The Oslo Winter Games were the first to feature an Olympic ice hockey tournament held on artificial ice  A new stadium was built for the hockey tournament in a residential area of eastern Oslo, called Jordal Amfi, which accommodated 10,000 spectators in stands rising steeply from the rink  23 of the 36 hockey matches were played at Jordal Amfi, with the remaining matches played at Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm Stadion and Marienlyst Stadion The cross-country races and ski-jump competition were held at Holmenkollbakken, located roughly 8 km (5 mi) from the center of Oslo  The expected number of spectators caused concerns about traffic, so a new road was constructed and the existing thoroughfare widened  Holmenkollbakken was built in 1892 and improvements were needed to meet international standards  The original wood ski-jump was replaced with a concrete tower and jump that was 87 m (285 ft) long  New stands were built to seat 13,000 people, and an area was added at the base of the hill to accommodate 130,000 spectators The hills and terrain in the surrounding area met the competitive demands for an elite cross-country ski event  A notice board was posted at the start and finish lines to help spectators monitor the progress of the competitors  The cross-country and nordic combined races began and ended at the base of the ski jump hill  The stands for the ski jump competition had to be removed during the cross-country races; spectators had only a small area from which to watch the races but were allowed on the course to cheer on the competitors The alpine skiing events were split between Norefjell and Rødkleiva  The slalom courses were at Rødkleiva, located on the same mountain as Holmenkollen and Frognerseteren  The course had an elevation difference, from start to finish, of  200 m (660 ft) and was 480 m (1,570 ft) in length  A rope tow had to be built to bring the skiers from the bottom to the top of the hill  The downhill race and the giant slalom—which made its Olympic debut in 1952—were held at Norefjell, which was 113 km (70 mi) from Oslo and the only venue located away from the capital city  Work had to be done to make the area suitable for Olympic competition  A bridge across Lake Krøderen was built to help alleviate transportation congestion  A new hotel, two ski lifts, and a new road were also constructed There was no permanent bobsleigh run in Norway  Instead the organizers built a temporary course out of snow and ice  This is often wrongly assumed to have been built at Korketrekkeren  From Frognerseteren a separate 1,508 m (4,948 ft) long, 13-turn course was designed and built  The bobsleigh run was first constructed and tested in 1951, then rebuilt for the Games in 1952  A car was used to return the bobsleighs to the start of the track 

Participating nations
Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games  New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time  Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence  South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games 

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees
Calendar
All dates are in Central European Time (UTC+1)The official opening ceremonies were held on 15 February, although two smaller ceremonies were held on 14 February to conform with competition schedules  From 15 February until 25 February, the day of the closing ceremonies, at least one event final was held each day 

Medal count
These are the nations that topped the medal count at the 1952 Winter Games 
  *   Host nation (Norway)

Podium sweeps
See also
1952 Summer Olympics
List of 1952 Winter Olympics medal winners

Notes
Passage 6:
The Book Thief (film)
The Book Thief is a 2013 war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush, Emily Watson, and Sophie Nélisse  The film is based on the 2005 novel of the same name by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni  The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era  Taught to read by her kind-hearted foster father, the girl begins "borrowing" books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home  The film features a musical score by Oscar-winning composer John Williams 
The Book Thief premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was released for general distribution in the United States on November 8, 2013  The film received mixed reviews upon its theatrical release with some reviewers praising its "fresher perspective on the war" and its focus on the "consistent thread of humanity" in the story, with other critics faulting the film's "wishful narrative"  With a budget of $19 million, the film was successful at the box office, earning over $76 million The Book Thief received  Oscar, Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for its score  For her performance in the film, Sophie Nélisse won the Hollywood Film Festival Spotlight Award, the Satellite Newcomer Award, and the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Female  The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 11, 2014 

Plot
In February 1938, Death tells  how a young girl called Liesel Meminger had piqued his interest  In one of the opening scenes, twelve-year-old Liesel is travelling with her mother and younger brother on a train  On the way, her brother dies and is buried next to the tracks  Liesel steals her first book, titled The Grave Digger's Handbook, when it falls out of the gravedigger's pocket  Liesel is then brought to her new home in Munich, where she meets her new foster parents Rosa Hubermann and Hans Hubermann  Rudy Steiner, a boy who lives next door, accompanies her on her first day of school  When the teacher asks Liesel to write her name on the chalkboard, she is only able to write three Xs, revealing to her classmates that she is unable to write  She is taunted by her schoolmates who chant "dummkopf" ("dunce") at her  One of the boys, Franz Deutscher, challenges her to read just one word to which Liesel responds by beating him up  She impresses Rudy, and they become fast friends  When Hans, her foster father, realizes that Liesel cannot read, he begins to teach her, using the book that she took from the graveside along with a giant chalkboard  Liesel becomes captivated with reading anything she can 
Liesel and Rudy become members of the Hitler Youth movement  While at a Nazi book burning ceremony, Liesel and Rudy are harassed by Franz into throwing books onto the bonfire, but Liesel is upset to see the books being burned  When the bonfire ends and everyone leaves, Liesel is still there and she grabs a book that has been only singed  She is seen by Ilsa Hermann, wife of the Burgermeister (mayor)  When Rosa asks Liesel to take the laundry to the mayor's spacious, gated house, she realizes that the woman who saw her taking the book is the mayor's wife  Instead, Ilsa takes her into their library and tells Liesel she can come by anytime and read as much as she'd like  One day Liesel is found reading by the mayor, who not only puts a stop to her visits but dismisses Rosa as their laundress 
During Kristallnacht, Max Vandenburg and his mother, who are Jewish, are told by a friend that only one of them can escape, and Max's mother forces him to go  Max's father had saved Hans' life in World War I, and hence he goes to the Hubermanns' house, where Rosa and Hans give him shelter  Max initially stays in Liesel's room while recovering from his trip, and they begin to become friends over their mutual hatred of Hitler  World War II begins, initially making most of the children in Liesel's neighborhood very happy  Max is moved to the basement so that he can move around more, but it is cold and he becomes dangerously ill  Liesel helps him recover by reading to him at every spare moment books "borrowed" from the mayor's library 
One day while "borrowing" a book from the mayor's home, Liesel is followed by Rudy  He discovers the secret of Max, whose name he reads on a journal Max gave to Liesel for Christmas  Rudy guesses that her family is hiding someone, and he swears to never tell anyone  Franz overhears Rudy's last words and violently pushes Rudy to reveal the secret  Rudy throws the journal into the river to keep it from Franz  After Franz leaves, Rudy plunges into the icy river to rescue the journal, and Liesel realizes that she can truly trust him  Soon, a local party member comes by to check the Hubermanns' basement, and they have to hide Max 
While working, Hans sees a neighbour and friend named Lehman being taken away by the police because he is a Jew  Hans tries to intervene, telling the officer that Lehman is a good man, but Hans's name is taken by the soldiers and he is thrown to the ground  Hans realizes what a mistake he has made, since this has made his family visible  He tells the family, and Max realises he must leave in order to protect them  Hans then receives a telegram that he has been conscripted into the army and must leave immediately 
On the way home from school, Liesel believes she has seen Max in a line of Jews being forcibly marched through town, and she begins screaming his name, running through the line  She is thrown to the sidewalk twice by German soldiers and finally gives up when Rosa picks her up and takes her home 
Hans returns home after being injured, and the family is reunited only for a short time  One night the city is bombed by accident, and the air raid sirens fail to go off  Hans, Rosa, Rudy's family and Franz are killed in the blast  Liesel is spared from the bombing because she fell asleep in the basement while writing in the journal given to her by Max  She sees her foster family on the ground, dead; she cries and hugs them  Soldiers bring Rudy out of his house alive, but he dies a few moments later after almost telling Liesel he loves her  Liesel begs him to wake up, and kisses him on the lips as a goodbye  Liesel passes out, and one of the soldiers carries her to a stretcher  When she wakes up, she sees a book among the rubble and picks it up  She then sees the mayor and Ilsa drive up  With Ilsa being the only friend she has left, Liesel runs up to her and hugs her 
Two years later, after Germany has been occupied by the Allies, Liesel is working in the tailor shop owned by late Rudy's father when Max suddenly enters  Overjoyed by his survival and return, she runs to hug him  The final scene is Death speaking again about Liesel's life and her death at the age of 90, mentioning her husband, children, and grandchildren, as we look over her modern day Manhattan Upper East Side apartment with pictures of her past and a portrait of her younger self, upon which the camera lingers  The narrator does not state whom she had married but implies that she became a renowned writer 

Cast
Production
A search for an actress to play the eponymous book thief, Liesel Meminger, occurred across the world  On February 4, 2013, it was announced that Canadian actress Sophie Nélisse was cast in the role and that Australian actor Geoffrey Rush and English actress Emily Watson would be playing Meminger's foster parents Principal photography began in early March 2013 at Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, Germany  Locations included Marquardt Palace  The first trailer was released on August 21, with the Bastille song "Haunt" as the music 
Markus Zusak, Australian author of the best-selling, award-winning book on which the film is based, confirmed on his blog that the film would be narrated by the character of "Death", as was the novel  After some speculation that Death might be voiced by the anonymous American actor who was used in the official trailer, it was announced that English actor Roger Allam of Game of Thrones would portray Death in the film 

Soundtrack
The music for the film was composed by John Williams, and the soundtrack album containing the score was released by Sony Classical and Fox Music  The album was released in the United States on November 5, 2013  It was nominated for an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe for Best Original Score  It won Best Instrumental Album at the 57th Grammy Awards 
The Book Thief marked the first time since 2005 that Williams had scored a film not directed by Steven Spielberg 

Release
Originally scheduled for January 17, 2014, The Book Thief's limited theatrical release was moved forward to November 8, 2013, due to the fact that it was finished ahead of schedule and in order to compete in the 2013–14 award season  It premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3, 2013, and was screened at the Savannah Film Festival on October 29, 2013  It expanded to a wide release on November 27, 2013 

Reception
Critical response
The Book Thief received mixed reviews from critics  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 47%, based on 149 reviews, with an average score of 5 70/10  The site's consensus states, "A bit too safe in its handling of its Nazi Germany setting, The Book Thief counters its constraints with a respectful tone and strong performances " On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews" In her review for the New Empress Magazine, Mairéad Roche praised the film for providing a "fresher perspective on the war" through the experiences of ordinary Germans who lived through the Nazi era  In addition to the "Oscar-baiting beautiful" cinematography and John Williams's film score that contribute to the film's emotional appeal, Roche singled out the performance of young Sophie Nélisse as Liesel that "matches the well-measured and seemingly effortless efforts of both Rush and Watson"  Roche concluded,

The Book Thief weaves a consistent thread of humanity through its narrative via the commonality of Death, storytelling and the concept of free will  The disturbing sight of children in Hitler Youth uniforms and Allied blanket bombing, when shown through the innocence of a child, humanises the German generation just living their lives without the hindsight of history  A blurring of vision due to tears is to be expected, but that effect is delivered with respect and dignity to the audience 
In his review following the Mill Valley Film Festival, Dennis Harvey at Variety magazine wrote, "Rush generously provides the movie's primary warmth and humor; Watson is pitch-perfect as a seemingly humorless scold with a well-buried soft side " Harvey also praised the film's cinematography and film score, noting that "impeccable design contributions are highlighted by Florian Ballhaus'[s] somber but handsome widescreen lensing and an excellent score by John Williams that reps his first feature work for a director other than Steven Spielberg in years "Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post was less impressed with the film, giving it two and half out of four stars  Merry felt that the film "has its moments of brilliance, thanks in large part to an adept cast" but that the film ultimately shows the difficulties of bringing a successful novel to the screen  In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Robert Abele was also unimpressed, describing the film as "just another tasteful, staid Hollywoodization of terribleness, in which a catastrophic time acts as a convenient backdrop for a wishful narrative rather than the springboard for an honest one" 

Accolades
Home media
The Book Thief was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 11, 2014 
Passage 7:
The Messenger (Zusak novel)
The Messenger, released in the United States as I Am the Messenger, is a 2002 novel by Markus Zusak, and winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award  The story is written from the perspective of the protagonist, taxi driver Ed Kennedy, whose journey begins after he stops a robbery and receives a playing card in the mail 

Plot
The protagonist is Ed Kennedy, an uninspired 19-year old Australian taxi driver  Ed laments his mediocre life and strained relationship with his mother, as his father died recently and left Ed with only his dog, the Doorman, but does nothing to improve his situation, instead preferring to continue living alone and playing cards every week with his friends: Ritchie, who is unemployed and generally apathetic about life; Marv, a stingy carpenter; and Audrey, a fellow taxi driver whom Ed is in love with, although she does not reciprocate  After accidentally foiling a robbery he is proclaimed a hero by the public, though the robber leaves him a warning that he sees "a dead man" when he looks at Ed before being taken away by police 
One night, he receives a small unmarked envelope, inside of which is an Ace of Diamonds with three addresses and times of day written on them  His friends deny involvement, so Ed investigates the three addresses  Ed arrives at the first address at midnight, and witnesses a man raping his wife while their daughter cries on the porch  The second corresponds to a senile widow named Milla who lives alone, and the third is the address of a young girl named Sophie who runs barefoot every morning but still cannot win at her track meets  Realizing that the sender of the cards intends for Ed to involve himself with the three people, Ed researches Milla's history and discovers that she is waiting for her husband Jimmy, who died 60 years ago during World War II, so he pretends to be Jimmy and comes to read to her weekly  For Sophie, he raises her spirits by giving her an empty shoe box to encourage her to try running barefoot at her next competition; although she loses again, she still finds pride in her achievement  Ed is initially unsure how to approach the rapist, until he receives a gun in the mail with one bullet, indicating he is to shoot the man  Ed uses the gun to kidnap the man and threaten him to stop raping his wife  Ed, instead of killing the man,shoots the gun at the sky, and leaves the man, drugged to sleep with sleeping pill laced vodka, lying on the ground 
After finishing the Ace of Diamonds, two masked men break into his house, assault him, and leave him a congratulatory letter as well as an Ace of Clubs with a vague clue  Before going, the men inform Ed that the man who he threatened has left town  The next day, Ed reveals to Audrey his involvement in the cards, before telling her that he wishes the two of them could be together, but Audrey declines him  Eventually, Ed picks up a man in his cab who tells him to drive to the river before leading Ed on a chase to a rock formation on which the three names are written for Ed to "solve " The first is Thomas O'Reilly, a pastor in a run-down area of the city with a dwindling congregation; Ed helps him by organizing and advertising for a party with free beer in order to encourage everyone to come on Sunday  The next, Angie Carusso, is a single mother who Ed witnesses buying ice cream for her children, and he buys her one as well to show that she is appreciated  Finally, Gavin Rose is a young boy who constantly fights his brother, so Ed beats up Gavin in order to encourage the brother to take revenge, which they do one night by assaulting Ed and cementing their brotherhood 
After participating in a yearly football game, Ed's dog is stolen and he has to buy it back from a boy, who also gives him the Ace of Spades, on which are three names of famous authors  After trying to kiss Audrey one day and being gently rejected again, he goes to the library and eventually realizes that the street names come from parts of the title, with notes written on certain page numbers for specific addresses  The first, Glory Road, has Lua Tatupu, whose family has decorated their home for Christmas with strings of broken lights, so Ed buys new ones for them and sets them up himself  On Clown Street, Ed runs into his mother on a date, and he eventually drives to her house and confronts her about her disdain for him before reconciling  Finally, on Bell Street he meets an old man named Bernie Price who runs an antiquated theater  Ed brings Audrey there to watch Cool Hand Luke and invites Bernie to watch it with them, but eventually the screen cuts to videos of Ed performing his tasks so far 
Ed finds the Ace of Hearts on his seat in the theatre, on which is written three movie titles  After consulting with Bernie, he realizes that they are references to his three friends Ritchie, Marv, and Audrey  He talks to Ritchie late one night and the two stand in a river for an hour, as Ed encourages him to search for something he cares about  Afterwards, Ed, confused by Marv's stinginess, asks him for a loan as a ploy, causing Marv to reveal that he has been saving money to care for a child he had with a girl named Suzanne Boyd who moved away after she became pregnant years ago  After discussing it, Ed convinces him to travel to her house, and although Suzanne's father angrily claims that he brought shame upon the family, the two eventually reconcile and Marv is reconnected with Suzanne and their daughter  Finally, Ed comes to Audrey early one morning and dances with her for three minutes to show his love for her, hoping that she can love him back 
Upon returning elatedly to his place, he finds a Joker with his own address written on it, which bothers him greatly because he assumed he had finished  One day a man enters his cab and asks him to drive to every address he has been to so far, taking him on a tour of his accomplishments, before revealing that he was the robber, who asks Ed if he still sees "a dead man" when he looks in the mirror, before telling him to go back home  Inside is a man who claims responsibility for the entire series of events, before handing him a folder that details all of Ed's adventures  In a postmodern twist, the man is strongly implied to be Markus Zusak himself, who has written Ed's story right down to the current discussion they are having  He leaves Ed to consider the philosophical implications, and Ed stays inside for days before Audrey comes one afternoon and asks to stay with him for good  They kiss and Ed explains everything to her, before realizing that the story he resides in is actually a reminder to others of their true potential, ending with "I'm not the messenger at all  I'm the message "

Adaptations
Stage
In 2008 the novel was adapted for the stage by Ross Mueller  It was first performed by the Canberra Youth Theatre on 24 November 2008 In 2011 the novel was adapted again for the stage by Curtin's Hayman Theatre Company and performed at the "Subiaco Arts Centre" in Perth, Western Australia In 2015 the novel was adapted for stage by Xavier Hazard and Archie Stapleton and performed by the Redfoot Youth Theatre Company in Perth, Western Australia 

Television
A  TV series based on the novel premiered on ABC TV and iview on 14 May 2023, with William McKenna as Ed Kennedy  It was produced by Lingo Pictures productions, with major investment from Screen Australia in association with the ABC   Executive producers included Markus Zusak, and the ABC producers were Rebecca Anderson and Sally Riley 

Awards
Won – New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards: Ethel Turner Prize for Young People's Literature (2003)
Won – CBCA Children's Book of the Year Award: Older Readers (2003)
Won – Publishers Weekly Best Books of the Year for Children (2005)
Bulletin Blue Ribbon Book (2006)
Won – Honour Book, Michael L  Printz Award (2006)
Won – Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (2007)
Passage 8:
Ticks (song)
"Ticks" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley  It was released in March 2007 as the first single from his 2007 album 5th Gear  The song reached number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart  Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens 
This song was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour 

Content
The song's main character is at a bar, attempting to pick up a date  In doing so, he uses several humorous pickup lines, such as "I'd like to check you for ticks "
Paisley stated that the song is not about blood-sucking arachnids but rather about a guy flirting with a gal  Paisley was inspired to write the song from experience working on a farm  “Working out here on the farm, I literally have to check for ticks every time I come in from the woods or the fields,” he notes  “Now, if a young guy who lives in the country were to take a girl into the woods for any reason, it would totally cross his mind that she’s going to have to check for ticks when they come back out  So it seems that an enterprising guy would at least consider that he could offer to check for her ”

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a C− grade  While saying that the production was good, he went on to say "[the song] may be the very first mainstream country single to completely skeeze [him] out "

Personnel
Ron Block - banjo
Randle Currie - steel guitar
Eric Darken - percussion
Kevin "Swine" Grantt - bass guitar, upright bass
Wes Hightower - background vocals
Gary Hokker - baritone guitar, 12 string guitar
Gordon Mote - clavinet
Brad Paisley - lead vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, Tic tac bass
Ben Sesar - drums
Justin Williamson - mandolin

Chart performance
Certifications
Context 3: Passage 1:
Humphrey Bogart
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (; December 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957), colloquially nicknamed Bogie, was an American film and stage actor  His performances in classic Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon  In 1999, the American Film Institute selected Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema Bogart began acting in Broadway shows, beginning his career in motion pictures with Up the River (1930) for 20th Century Fox, and appeared in supporting roles for the next decade, regularly portraying gangsters  He was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), but remained cast secondary to other actors at Warner Bros  who received leading roles  Bogart also received positive reviews for his performance as gangster Hugh "Baby Face" Martin, in Dead End (1937), directed by William Wyler 
His breakthrough from supporting roles to stardom was set in motion with High Sierra (1941) and catapulted in The Maltese Falcon (1941), considered one of the first great noir films  Bogart's private detectives, Sam Spade (in The Maltese Falcon) and Philip Marlowe (in 1946's The Big Sleep), became the models for detectives in other noir films  His most significant romantic lead role was with Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca (1942), which earned him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor  44-year-old Bogart and 19-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love during filming of To Have and Have Not (1944)  In 1945, a few months after principal photography for The Big Sleep, their second film together, he divorced his third wife and married Bacall  After their marriage, they played each other's love interest in the mystery thrillers Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948)  Raymond Chandler, in a 1946 letter, wrote that "Like Edward G  Robinson when he was younger, all he has to do to dominate a scene is to enter it "Bogart's performances in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) and In a Lonely Place (1950) are now considered among his best, although they were not recognized as such when the films were released  He reprised those unsettled, unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny (1954), which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination  He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of a cantankerous river steam launch skipper opposite Katharine Hepburn's missionary in the World War I African adventure The African Queen (1951)  Other significant roles in his later years included The Barefoot Contessa (1954) with Ava Gardner and his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954)  A heavy smoker and drinker, Bogart died from esophageal cancer in January 1957  Lauren Bacall said of him, "There was something that made him able to be a man of his own and it showed through his work  There was also  a purity, which is amazing considering the parts he played  Something solid too  I think as time goes by we all believe less and less  Here was someone who believed in something "

Early life and education
Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City, the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart and Maud Humphrey  Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Welty Bogart (a Canandaigua, New York, innkeeper) and Julia Augusta Stiles, a wealthy heiress  The name "Bogart" derives from the Dutch surname, "Bogaert"  Belmont and Maud married in June 1898  He was a Presbyterian, of English and Dutch descent, and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje (the first female European Christian child born in New Netherland)  Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage, and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland  Humphrey was raised Episcopalian, but was non-practicing for most of his adult life The date of Bogart's birth has been disputed  Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros  publicity department had altered it to January 23, 1900, "to foster the view that a man born on Christmas Day couldn't really be as villainous as he appeared to be on screen"  The "corrected" January birthdate subsequently appeared—and in some cases, remains—in many otherwise-authoritative sources  According to biographers Ann M  Sperber and Eric Lax, Bogart always celebrated his birthday on December 25 and listed it on official records (including his marriage license) Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogart's birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day, saying that he joked about being cheated out of a present every year  Sperber and Lax noted that a birth announcement in the Ontario County Times of January 10, 1900, rules out the possibility of a January 23 birthdate; state and federal census records from 1900 also report a Christmas 1899 birthdate  Bogart's birth record confirms he was actually born on December 25, 1899 
Belmont, Bogart's father, was a cardiopulmonary surgeon  Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France, including study with James Abbott McNeill Whistler  She later became art director of the fashion magazine The Delineator and a militant suffragette  Maud used a drawing of baby Humphrey in an advertising campaign for Mellins Baby Food  She earned over $50,000 a year at the peak of her career – a very large sum of money at the time, and considerably more than her husband's $20,000  The Bogarts lived in an Upper West Side apartment, and had a cottage on a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Lake in upstate New York  When he was young, Bogart's group of friends at the lake would put on plays He had two younger sisters: Frances ("Pat") and Catherine Elizabeth ("Kay")  Bogart's parents were busy in their careers, and frequently fought  Very formal, they showed little emotion towards their children  Maud told her offspring to call her "Maud" instead of "Mother", and showed little, if any, physical affection for them  When she was pleased, she "[c]lapped you on the shoulder, almost the way a man does", Bogart recalled  "I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly  A kiss, in our family, was an event  Our mother and father didn't glug over my two sisters and me "Bogart was teased as a boy for his curls, tidiness, the "cute" pictures his mother had him pose for, the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes in which she dressed him, and for his first name  He inherited from his father a tendency to needle, a fondness for fishing, a lifelong love of boating, and an attraction to strong-willed women Bogart attended the private Delancey School until the fifth grade and then attended the prestigious Trinity School  He was an indifferent, sullen student who showed no interest in after-school activities  Bogart later attended Phillips Academy, a boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections  Although his parents hoped that he would go on to Yale University, Bogart left Phillips in 1918 after one semester (although the Phillips Academy website claims he was in the graduating class of 1920)  He failed four out of six classes  Several reasons have been given; according to one, he was expelled for throwing the headmaster (or a groundskeeper) into Rabbit Pond on campus  Another cited smoking, drinking, poor academic performance, and (possibly) inappropriate comments made to the staff  In a third scenario, Bogart was withdrawn by his father for failing to improve his grades  His parents were deeply disappointed in their failed plans for his future 

Navy
With no viable career options, Bogart enlisted in the United States Navy in the spring of 1918 (during World War I), and served as a coxswain   He recalled later, "At eighteen, war was great stuff  Paris! Sexy French girls! Hot damn!" Bogart was recorded as a model sailor, who spent most of his sea time after the armistice ferrying troops back from Europe  Bogart left the service on June 18, 1919, at the rank of boatswain's mate third class  During the Second World War, Bogart attempted to re-enlist in the Navy but was rejected due to his age  He then volunteered for the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve in 1944, patrolling the California coastline in his yacht, the Santana He may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp during his naval stint  There are several conflicting stories  In one, his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship (the USS Leviathan) was shelled  The ship was never shelled, however, and Bogart may not have been at sea before the armistice  Another story, held by longtime friend Nathaniel Benchley, was that Bogart was injured while taking a prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery, Maine  While changing trains in Boston, the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for a cigarette  When Bogart looked for a match, the prisoner smashed him across the mouth with the cuffs (cutting Bogart's lip) and fled before being recaptured and imprisoned  In an alternative version, Bogart was struck in the mouth by a handcuff loosened while freeing his charge; the other handcuff was still around the prisoner's wrist  By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor, a scar had formed  David Niven said that when he first asked Bogart about his scar, however, he said that it was caused by a childhood accident  "Goddamn doctor", Bogart later told Niven  "Instead of stitching it up, he screwed it up " According to Niven, the stories that Bogart got the scar during wartime were made up by the studios  His post-service physical did not mention the lip scar, although it noted many smaller scars  When actress Louise Brooks met Bogart in 1924, he had scar tissue on his upper lip which Brooks said Bogart may have had partially repaired before entering the film industry in 1930  Brooks said that his "lip wound gave him no speech impediment, either before or after it was mended "

Acting
First performances
Bogart returned home to find his father in poor health, his medical practice faltering, and much of the family's wealth lost in bad timber investments  His character and values developed separately from his family during his navy days, and he began to rebel  Bogart became a liberal who disliked pretension, phonies and snobs, sometimes defying conventional behavior and authority; he was also well-mannered, articulate, punctual, self-effacing and stand-offish  After his naval service, he worked as a shipper and a bond salesman, joining the Coast Guard Reserve 

Frank Kelly Rich writes that Bogart "dove headfirst into the Jazz Age lifestyle, always up for late night revels    When his meager wages were exhausted, he’d play chess against all comers in arcades for a dollar a match (he was a brilliant player) to fund his outings " Mike Doyle of Chess com writes that “Before he made any money from acting, he would hustle players for dimes and quarters, playing in New York parks and at Coney Island ” Bogart resumed his friendship with Bill Brady Jr  (whose father had show-business connections), and obtained an office job with William A  Brady's new World Films company  Although he wanted to try his hand at screenwriting, directing, and production, he excelled at none  Bogart was stage manager for Brady's daughter Alice's play A Ruined Lady  He made his stage debut a few months later as a Japanese butler in Alice's 1921 play Drifting (nervously delivering one line of dialogue), and appeared in several of her subsequent plays Although Bogart had been raised to believe that acting was a lowly profession, he liked the late hours actors kept and the attention they received: "I was born to be indolent and this was the softest of rackets " He spent much of his free time in speakeasies, drinking heavily  A bar-room brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogart's lip damage, dovetailing with Louise Brooks' account Preferring to learn by doing, he never took acting lessons  Bogart was persistent and worked steadily at his craft, appearing in at least 18 Broadway productions between 1922 and 1935, 11 of which were comedies  He played juveniles or romantic supporting roles in drawing-room comedies and is reportedly the first actor to say, "Tennis, anyone?" on stage  According to Alexander Woollcott, Bogart "is what is usually and mercifully described as inadequate " Other critics were kinder  Heywood Broun, reviewing Nerves, wrote: "Humphrey Bogart gives the most effective performance     both dry and fresh, if that be possible"  He played a juvenile lead (reporter Gregory Brown) in Lynn Starling's comedy Meet the Wife, which had a successful 232-performance run at the Klaw Theatre from November 1923 through July 1924  Bogart disliked his trivial, effeminate early-career parts, calling them "White Pants Willie" roles While playing a double role in Drifting at the Playhouse Theatre in 1922, he met actress Helen Menken; they were married on May 20, 1926, at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City  Divorced on November 18, 1927, they remained friends  Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career more than marriage, citing neglect and abuse  He married actress Mary Philips on April 3, 1928, at her mother's apartment in Hartford, Connecticut; Bogart and Philips had worked together in the play Nerves during its brief run at the Comedy Theatre in 1924 
Theatrical production dropped off sharply after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and many of the more-photogenic actors headed for Hollywood  Bogart debuted on film with Helen Hayes in the 1928 two-reeler, The Dancing Town, a complete copy of which has not been found  He also appeared with Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting in a Vitaphone short, Broadway's Like That (1930), which was rediscovered in 1963 

Broadway to Hollywood
Bogart signed a contract with the Fox Film Corporation for $750 a week  There he met Spencer Tracy, a Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired, and the two men became close friends and drinking companions  In 1930, Tracy first called him "Bogie"  Tracy made his feature film debut in his only movie with Bogart, John Ford's early sound film Up the River (1930), in which their leading roles were as inmates  Tracy received top billing, but Bogart's picture appeared on the film's posters  He was billed fourth behind Tracy, Claire Luce and Warren Hymer but his role was almost as large as Tracy's and much larger than Luce's or Hymer's  A quarter of a century later, the two men planned to make The Desperate Hours together  Both insisted upon top billing, however; Tracy dropped out, and was replaced by Fredric March Bogart then had a supporting role in Bad Sister (1931) with Bette Davis  Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935, out of work for long periods  His parents had separated; his father died in 1934 in debt, which Bogart eventually paid off  He inherited his father's gold ring, which he wore in many of his films  At his father's deathbed, Bogart finally told him how much he loved him  Bogart's second marriage was rocky; dissatisfied with his acting career, depressed and irritable, he drank heavily 

In Hollywood permanently: The Petrified Forest
In 1934, Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque (renamed the John Golden Theatre in 1937)  Its producer, Arthur Hopkins, heard the play from offstage; he sent for Bogart and offered him the role of escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E  Sherwood's forthcoming play, The Petrified Forest  Hopkins later recalled:

When I saw the actor I was somewhat taken aback, for [I realized] he was the one I never much admired  He was an antiquated juvenile who spent most of his stage life in white pants swinging a tennis racquet  He seemed as far from a cold-blooded killer as one could get, but the voice[,] dry and tired[,] persisted, and the voice was Mantee's 
The play had 197 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York in 1935  Although Leslie Howard was the star, The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that the play was "a peach     a roaring Western melodrama     Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor " Bogart said that the play "marked my deliverance from the ranks of the sleek, sybaritic, stiff-shirted, swallow-tailed 'smoothies' to which I seemed condemned to life " However, he still felt insecure  Warner Bros  bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935  The play seemed ideal for the studio, which was known for its socially-realistic pictures for a public entranced by real-life criminals such as John Dillinger and Dutch Schultz  Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast  Howard, who held the production rights, made it clear that he wanted Bogart to star with him 

The studio tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role and chose Edward G  Robinson, who had star appeal and was due to make a film to fulfill his contract  Bogart cabled news of this development to Howard in Scotland, who replied: "Att: Jack Warner Insist Bogart Play Mantee No Bogart No Deal L H "  When Warner Bros  saw that Howard would not budge, they gave in and cast Bogart  Jack Warner wanted Bogart to use a stage name but Bogart declined, having built a reputation with his name in Broadway theater  The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936  According to Variety, "Bogart's menace leaves nothing wanting"  Frank S  Nugent wrote for The New York Times that the actor "can be a psychopathic gangster more like Dillinger than the outlaw himself " The film was successful at the box office, earning $500,000 in rentals, and made Bogart a star  He never forgot Howard's favor and named his only daughter, Leslie Howard Bogart, after him in 1952 

Supporting gangster and villain roles
Despite his success in The Petrified Forest (an "A movie"), Bogart signed a tepid 26-week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of B movie crime dramas  Although he was proud of his success, the fact that it derived from gangster roles weighed on him: "I can't get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument  There must be something in my tone of voice, or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody  Nobody likes me on sight  I suppose that's why I'm cast as the heavy "In spite of his success, Warner Bros  had no interest in raising Bogart's profile  His roles were repetitive and physically demanding; studios were not yet air-conditioned, and his tightly scheduled job at Warners was anything but the indolent and "peachy" actor's life he hoped for  Although Bogart disliked the roles chosen for him, he worked steadily  "In the first 34 pictures" for Warner's, he told journalist George Frazier, "I was shot in 12, electrocuted or hanged in 8, and was a jailbird in 9"  He averaged a film every two months between 1936 and 1940, sometimes working on two films  at the same time  Bogart used these years to begin developing his film persona: a wounded, stoical, cynical, charming, vulnerable, self-mocking loner with a code of honor 
Amenities at Warners were few, compared to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer  Bogart thought that the Warners wardrobe department was cheap, and often wore his own suits in his films  He chose his own dog named Zero, to play Pard (his character's dog) in High Sierra  His disputes with Warner Bros  over roles and money were similar to those waged by the studio with more established and less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney 
Leading men at Warner Bros  included George Raft, James Cagney and Edward G  Robinson  Most of the studio's better scripts went to them or others, leaving Bogart with what was left: films like San Quentin (1937), Racket Busters (1938), and You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939)  His only leading role during this period was in Dead End (1937, on loan to Samuel Goldwyn), as a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson Bogart played violent roles so often that in Nevil Shute's 1939 novel, What Happened to the Corbetts, the protagonist replies "I've seen Humphrey Bogart with one often enough" when asked if he knows how to operate an automatic weapon  Although he played a variety of supporting roles in films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Bogart's roles were either rivals of characters played by Cagney and Robinson or a secondary member of their gang  In Black Legion (1937), a movie Graham Greene described as "intelligent and exciting, if rather earnest", he played a good man who was caught up with (and destroyed by) a racist organization 
The studio cast Bogart as a wrestling promoter in Swing Your Lady (1938), a "hillbilly musical" which he reportedly considered his worst film performance  He played a rejuvenated, formerly-dead scientist in The Return of Doctor X (1939), his only horror film: "If it'd been Jack Warner's blood     I wouldn't have minded so much  The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie " His wife, Mary, had a stage hit in A Touch of Brimstone and refused to abandon her Broadway career for Hollywood  After the play closed, Mary relented; she insisted on continuing her career, however, and they divorced in 1937 
On August 21, 1938, Bogart entered a turbulent third marriage to actress Mayo Methot, a lively, friendly woman when sober but paranoid and aggressive when drunk  She became convinced that Bogart was unfaithful to her (which he eventually was, with Lauren Bacall, while filming To Have and Have Not in 1944)  They drifted apart; Methot's drinking increased, and she threw plants, crockery and other objects at Bogart  She set their house afire, stabbed him with a knife, and slashed her wrists several times  Bogart needled her; apparently enjoying confrontation, he was sometimes violent as well  The press called them "the Battling Bogarts" According to their friend, Julius Epstein, "The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War"  Bogart bought a motor launch which he named Sluggy, his nickname for Methot: "I like a jealous wife    We get on so well together (because) we don't have illusions about each other     I wouldn't give you two cents for a dame without a temper " Louise Brooks said that "except for Leslie Howard, no one contributed as much to Humphrey's success as his third wife, Mayo Methot " Methot's influence was increasingly destructive, however, and Bogart also continued to drink He had a lifelong disdain for pretension and phoniness, and was again irritated by his inferior films  Bogart rarely watched his own films and avoided premieres, issuing fake press releases about his private life to satisfy journalistic and public curiosity  When he thought an actor, director or studio had done something shoddy, he spoke up publicly about it  Bogart advised Robert Mitchum that the only way to stay alive in Hollywood was to be an "againster"  He was not the most popular of actors, and some in the Hollywood community shunned him privately to avoid trouble with the studios   Bogart once said,
All over Hollywood, they are continually advising me, "Oh, you mustn't say that  That will get you in a lot of trouble," when I remark that some picture or writer or director or producer is no good  I don't get it  If he isn't any good, why can't you say so? If more people would mention it, pretty soon it might start having some effect  The local idea that anyone making a thousand dollars a week is sacred and is beyond the realm of criticism never strikes me as particularly sound 
The Hollywood press, unaccustomed to such candor, was delighted 

Early stardom
High Sierra
High Sierra (1941, directed by Raoul Walsh) featured a screenplay written by John Huston, Bogart's friend and drinking partner, adapted from a novel by W  R  Burnett, author of the novel on which Little Caesar was based  Paul Muni, George Raft, Cagney and Robinson turned down the lead role, giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character with some depth  Walsh initially opposed Bogart's casting, preferring Raft for the part  It was Bogart's last major film as a gangster; a supporting role followed in The Big Shot, released in 1942  He worked well with Ida Lupino, sparking jealousy from Mayo Methot The film cemented a strong personal and professional connection between Bogart and Huston  Bogart admired (and somewhat envied) Huston for his skill as a writer; a poor student, Bogart was a lifelong reader  He could quote Plato, Alexander Pope, Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare, and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review  Bogart admired writers; some of his best friends were screenwriters, including Louis Bromfield, Nathaniel Benchley, and Nunnally Johnson  He enjoyed intense, provocative conversation (accompanied by stiff drinks), as did Huston  Both were rebellious and enjoyed playing childish pranks  Huston was reportedly easily bored during production and admired Bogart (also bored easily off-camera) for his acting talent and his intense concentration on-set 

The Maltese Falcon
Now regarded as a classic film noir, The Maltese Falcon (1941) was John Huston's directorial debut  Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel, it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the basis of two earlier film versions; the second was Satan Met a Lady (1936), starring Bette Davis  Producer Hal B  Wallis initially offered to cast George Raft as the leading man, but Raft (then better known than Bogart) had a contract stipulating he was not required to appear in remakes  Fearing that it would be nothing more than a sanitized version of the pre-Production Code The Maltese Falcon (1931), Raft turned down the role to make Manpower with director Raoul Walsh, with whom he had worked on The Bowery in 1933  Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart as his Sam Spade 
Complementing Bogart were co-stars Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, Elisha Cook Jr , and Mary Astor as the treacherous female foil  Bogart's sharp timing and facial expressions were praised by the cast and director as vital to the film's quick action and rapid-fire dialogue  It was a commercial hit, and a major triumph for Huston  Bogart was unusually happy with the film: "It is practically a masterpiece  I don't have many things I'm proud of     but that's one" 

Casablanca
Bogart played his first romantic lead in Casablanca (1942): Rick Blaine, an expatriate nightclub owner hiding from a suspicious past and negotiating a fine line among Nazis, the French underground, the Vichy prefect and unresolved feelings for his ex-girlfriend  Bosley Crowther wrote in his November 1942 New York Times review that Bogart's character was used "to inject a cold point of tough resistance to evil forces afoot in Europe today"  The film, directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal Wallis, featured Ingrid Bergman, Claude Rains, Sydney Greenstreet, Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt, Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson 
Bogart and Bergman's on-screen relationship was based on professionalism rather than actual rapport, although Mayo Methot assumed otherwise  Off the set, the co-stars hardly spoke  Bergman (who had a reputation for affairs with her leading men) later said about Bogart, "I kissed him but I never knew him " Because she was taller, Bogart had 3-inch (76 mm) blocks attached to his shoes in some scenes Bogart is reported to have been responsible for the notion that Rick Blaine should be portrayed as a chess player, a metaphor for the relationships he maintained with friends, enemies, and allies  He played tournament-level chess (one division below master) in real life, often enjoying games with crew members and cast but finding his better in Paul Henreid Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 16th Academy Awards for 1943  Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role, but lost to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine  The film vaulted Bogart from fourth place to first in the studio's roster, however, finally overtaking James Cagney  He more than doubled his annual salary to over $460,000 by 1946, making him the world's highest-paid actor Bogart went on United Service Organizations and War Bond tours with Methot in 1943 and 1944, making arduous trips to Italy and North Africa (including Casablanca)  He was still required to perform in films with weak scripts, leading to conflicts with the front office  He starred in Conflict (1945, again with Greenstreet), but turned down God is My Co-Pilot that year 

Bogart and Bacall
To Have and Have Not
Howard Hawks introduced Bogart and Lauren Bacall (1924–2014) while Bogart was filming Passage to Marseille (1944)  The three subsequently collaborated on To Have and Have Not (1944), a loose adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novel, and Bacall's film debut  It has several similarities to Casablanca: the same kind of hero and enemies, and a piano player (portrayed this time by Hoagy Carmichael) as a supporting character  When they met, Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44; he nicknamed her "Baby " A model since age 16, she had appeared in two failed plays  Bogart was attracted by Bacall's high cheekbones, green eyes, tawny blond hair, lean body, maturity, poise and earthy, outspoken honesty; he reportedly said, "I just saw your test  We'll have a lot of fun together" Their emotional bond was strong from the start, their difference in age and acting-experience encouraged a mentor-student dynamic  In contrast to the Hollywood norm, their affair was Bogart's first with a leading lady  His early meetings with Bacall were discreet and brief, their separations bridged by love letters  The relationship made it easier for Bacall to make her first film, and Bogart did his best to put her at ease with jokes and quiet coaching  He encouraged her to steal scenes; Howard Hawks also did his best to highlight her role, and found Bogart easy to direct However, Hawks began to disapprove of the relationship  He considered himself Bacall's protector and mentor, and Bogart was usurping that role  Not usually drawn to his starlets, the married director also fell for Bacall; he told her that she meant nothing to Bogart and threatened to send her to the poverty-row studio Monogram Pictures  Bogart calmed her down, and then went after Hawks; Jack Warner settled the dispute, and filming resumed  Hawks said about Bacall, "Bogie fell in love with the character she played, so she had to keep playing it the rest of her life "

The Big Sleep
Months after wrapping To Have and Have Not, Bogart and Bacall were reunited for an encore: the film noir The Big Sleep (1946), based on the novel by Raymond Chandler with script help from William Faulkner  Chandler admired the actor's performance: "Bogart can be tough without a gun  Also, he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt " Although the film was completed and scheduled for release in 1945, it was withdrawn and re-edited to add scenes exploiting Bogart and Bacall's box-office chemistry in To Have and Have Not and the publicity surrounding their offscreen relationship  At the insistence of director Howard Hawks, production partner Charles K  Feldman agreed to a rewrite of Bacall's scenes to heighten the "insolent" quality which had intrigued critics such as James Agee and audiences of the earlier film, and a memo was sent to studio head Jack Warner The dialogue, especially in the added scenes supplied by Hawks, was full of sexual innuendo  The film was successful, although some critics found its plot confusing and overly complicated  According to Chandler, Hawks and Bogart argued about who killed the chauffeur; when Chandler received an inquiry by telegram, he could not provide an answer 

Marriage to Bacall
Bogart filed for divorce from Methot in February 1945  He and Bacall married in a small ceremony at the country home of Bogart's close friend, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield, at Malabar Farm (near Lucas, Ohio) on May 21, 1945 They moved into a $160,000 ($2,600,000 in 2022) white brick mansion in an exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeles' Holmby Hills  At the time of the 1950 United States census, the couple was living at 2707 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills with their son and nursemaid  Bacall is listed as Betty Bogart  The marriage was a mostly happy one but not without its troubles  Bogart's drinking was sometimes problematic and he initially wasn't happy about having his first child  He was a homebody, and Bacall liked the nightlife; he loved the sea, which made her seasick  Bogart and Bacall both had affairs but they never stopped loving each other; a fact Bacall mentions throughout her memoir "By Myself"  Bacall, in a 1997 Parade Magazine cover story told reporter Dotson Rader that Bogart said ‘If you want a career more than anything, I will do everything I can to help you, and I will send you on your way, but I will not marry you  I’ve been through it, and I know it doesn’t work ’ He was right  He loved me and wanted me with him  I made the deal, and I stuck to it, and I’m damn glad that I did ”Bogart bought the Santana, a 55-foot (17 m) sailing yacht, from actor Dick Powell in 1945  He found the sea a sanctuary and spent about thirty weekends a year on the water, with a particular fondness for sailing around Catalina Island: "An actor needs something to stabilize his personality, something to nail down what he really is, not what he is currently pretending to be " Bogart joined the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve (a forerunner of the modern Coast Guard Auxiliary), offering the Coast Guard use of the Santana  He reportedly attempted to enlist, but was turned down due to his age 

Dark Passage and Key Largo
The suspenseful Dark Passage (1947) was Bogart and Bacall's next collaboration  Vincent Parry (Bogart) is intent on finding the real murderer for a crime of which he was convicted and sentenced to prison  According to Bogart's biographer, Stefan Kanfer, it was "a production line film noir with no particular distinction" Bogart and Bacall's last pairing in a film was in Key Largo (1948)  Directed by John Huston, Edward G  Robinson was billed second (behind Bogart) as gangster Johnny Rocco: a seething, older synthesis of many of his early bad-guy roles  The billing question was hard-fought and at the end of at least one of the trailers, Robinson is listed above Bogart in a list of the actors' names in the last frame; and in the film itself, Robinson's name, appearing between Bogart's and Bacall's, is pictured slightly higher onscreen than the other two  Robinson had top billing over Bogart in their four previous films together: Bullets or Ballots (1936), Kid Galahad (1937), The Amazing Dr  Clitterhouse (1938) and Brother Orchid (1940)  In some posters for Key Largo, Robinson's picture is substantially larger than Bogart's, and in the foreground manhandling Bacall while Bogart is in the background  The characters are trapped during a hurricane in a hotel owned by Bacall's father-in-law, portrayed by Lionel Barrymore  Claire Trevor won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Rocco's physically abused, alcoholic girlfriend 

Later career
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Riding high in 1947 with a new contract which provided limited script refusal and the right to form his own production company, Bogart rejoined with John Huston for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre: a stark tale of greed among three gold prospectors in Mexico  Lacking a love interest or a happy ending, it was considered a risky project  Bogart later said about co-star (and John Huston's father) Walter Huston, "He's probably the only performer in Hollywood to whom I'd gladly lose a scene "The film was shot in the heat of summer for greater realism and atmosphere and was grueling to make  James Agee wrote, "Bogart does a wonderful job with this character   



ground_truth: 1 December 2010

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the death penalty abolished in the country near the country where the writer of The Book Thief is a citizen of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  miles ahead of the very good work he has done before " Although John Huston won the Academy Award for Best Director and screenplay and his father won the Best Supporting Actor award, the film had mediocre box-office results  Bogart complained, "An intelligent script, beautifully directed—something different—and the public turned a cold shoulder on it "

House Un-American Activities Committee
Bogart, a liberal Democrat, organized the Committee for the First Amendment (a delegation to Washington, D C ) opposing what he saw as the House Un-American Activities Committee's harassment of Hollywood screenwriters and actors  He later wrote an article, "I'm No Communist", for the March 1948 issue of Photoplay magazine distancing himself from the Hollywood Ten to counter negative publicity resulting from his appearance  Bogart wrote, "The ten men cited for contempt by the House Un-American Activities Committee were not defended by us "

Santana Productions
Bogart created his film company, Santana Productions (named after his yacht and the cabin cruiser in Key Largo), in 1948  The right to create his own company had left Jack Warner furious, fearful that other stars would do the same and further erode the major studios' power  In addition to pressure from freelancing actors such as Bogart, James Stewart, and Henry Fonda, they were beginning to buckle from the impact of television and the enforcement of antitrust laws which broke up theater chains  Bogart appeared in his final films for Warners, Chain Lightning (1950) and The Enforcer (1951) 

Except for Beat the Devil (1953), originally distributed in the United States by United Artists, the company released its films through Columbia Pictures; Columbia re-released Beat the Devil a decade later  In quick succession, Bogart starred in Knock on Any Door (1949), Tokyo Joe (1949), In a Lonely Place (1950), and Sirocco (1951)  Santana also made two films without him: And Baby Makes Three (1949) and The Family Secret (1951) 
Although most lost money at the box office (ultimately forcing Santana's sale), at least two retain a reputation; In a Lonely Place is considered a film-noir high point  Bogart plays Dixon Steele, an embittered writer with a violent reputation who is the primary suspect in the murder of a young woman and falls in love with failed actress Laurel Gray (Gloria Grahame)  Several Bogart biographers, and actress-writer Louise Brooks, have felt that this role is closest to the real Bogart  According to Brooks, the film "gave him a role that he could play with complexity, because the film character's pride in his art, his selfishness, drunkenness, lack of energy stabbed with lightning strokes of violence were shared by the real Bogart"  The character mimics some of Bogart's personal habits, twice ordering the actor's favorite meal (ham and eggs) A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon, Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart and John Huston  Co-written by Truman Capote, the eccentrically filmed story follows an amoral group of rogues, one of whom was portrayed by Peter Lorre, chasing an unattainable treasure  Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955 

The African Queen
Outside Santana Productions, Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston-directed The African Queen in 1951  The C  S  Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked and left undeveloped for 15 years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights  Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book; she suggested Bogart for the male lead, believing that "he was the only man who could have played that part"  Huston's love of adventure, his deep, longstanding friendship (and success) with Bogart, and the chance to work with Hepburn convinced the actor to leave Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo  Bogart was to get 30 percent of the profits and Hepburn 10 percent, plus a relatively small salary for both  The stars met in London and announced that they would work together 
Bacall came for the over-four-month duration, leaving their young son in Los Angeles  The Bogarts began the trip with a junket through Europe, including a visit with Pope Pius XII  Bacall later made herself useful as a cook, nurse and clothes washer; her husband said: "I don't know what we'd have done without her  She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa " Nearly everyone in the cast developed dysentery except Bogart and Huston, who subsisted on canned food and alcohol; Bogart said, "All I ate was baked beans, canned asparagus and Scotch whisky  Whenever a fly bit Huston or me, it dropped dead " Hepburn (a teetotaler) fared worse in the difficult conditions, losing weight and at one point becoming very ill  Bogart resisted Huston's insistence on using real leeches in a key scene where Charlie has to drag his steam launch through an infested marsh, and reasonable fakes were employed  The crew overcame illness, army-ant infestations, leaky boats, poor food, attacking hippos, poor water filters, extreme heat, isolation, and a boat fire to complete the film  Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps, rivers and marshes, The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogart's early love of boats; when he returned to California, he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death 
His performance as cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnutt earned Bogart an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1951 (his only award of three nominations), and he considered it the best of his film career  Promising friends that if he won his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight, Bogart advised Claire Trevor when she was nominated for Key Largo to "just say you did it all yourself and don't thank anyone"  When Bogart won, however, he said: "It's a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre  It's nicer to be here  Thank you very much     No one does it alone  As in tennis, you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you  John and Katie helped me to be where I am now " Despite the award and its accompanying recognition, Bogart later said: "The way to survive an Oscar is never to try to win another one     too many stars     win it and then figure they have to top themselves     they become afraid to take chances  The result: A lot of dull performances in dull pictures " The African Queen was Bogart's first starring Technicolor role 

The Caine Mutiny
Bogart dropped his asking price to obtain the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryk's drama, The Caine Mutiny (1954)  Though he retained some of his old bitterness about having to do so, he delivered a strong performance in the lead; he received his final Oscar nomination and was the subject of a June 7, 1954, Time magazine cover story 
Despite his success, Bogart was still melancholy; he grumbled to (and feuded with) the studio, while his health began to deteriorate  Like his portrayal of Fred C  Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, Bogart's Queeg is a paranoid, self-pitying character whose small-mindedness eventually destroys him  Henry Fonda played a different role in the Broadway version of The Caine Mutiny, generating publicity for the film 

Final roles
For Sabrina (1954), Billy Wilder wanted Cary Grant for the older male lead and chose Bogart to play the conservative brother who competes with his younger, playboy sibling (William Holden) for the affection of the Cinderella-like Sabrina (Audrey Hepburn)  Although Bogart was lukewarm about the part, he agreed to it on a handshake with Wilder without a finished script but with the director's assurance that he would take good care of Bogart during filming  The actor, however, got along poorly with his director and co-stars; he complained about the script's last-minute drafting and delivery, and accused Wilder of favoring Hepburn and Holden on and off the set  Wilder was the opposite of Bogart's ideal director (John Huston) in style and personality; Bogart complained to the press that Wilder was "overbearing" and "is [a] kind of Prussian German with a riding crop  He is the type of director I don't like to work with     the picture is a crock of crap  I got sick and tired of who gets Sabrina " Wilder later said, "We parted as enemies but finally made up " Despite the acrimony, the film was successful; according to a review in The New York Times, Bogart was "incredibly adroit     the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blends the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show" Joseph L  Mankiewicz's The Barefoot Contessa (1954) was filmed in Rome  In this Hollywood backstory, Bogart is a broken-down man, a cynical director-narrator who saves his career by making a star of a flamenco dancer modeled on Rita Hayworth  He was uneasy with Ava Gardner in the female lead; she had just broken up with his Rat Pack buddy Frank Sinatra, and Bogart was annoyed by her inexperienced performance  The actor was generally praised as the film's strongest part  During filming and while Bacall was home, Bogart resumed his discreet affair with Verita Bouvaire-Thompson (his long-time studio assistant, whom he drank with and took sailing)  When Bacall found them together, she extracted an expensive shopping spree from her husband; the three traveled together after the shooting 
Bogart could be generous with actors, particularly those who were blacklisted, down on their luck or having personal problems  During the filming of the Edward Dmytryk-directed The Left Hand of God (1955), he noticed his co-star Gene Tierney having a hard time remembering her lines and behaving oddly; he coached her, feeding Tierney her lines  Familiar with mental illness because of his sister's bouts of depression, Bogart encouraged Tierney to seek treatment  He also stood behind Joan Bennett and insisted on her as his co-star in Michael Curtiz's We're No Angels (1955) when a scandal made her persona non grata with studio head Jack Warner Bogart had already been diagnosed with terminal cancer when shooting The Harder They Fall, a boxing drama with Rod Steiger in a supporting role  Steiger later mentioned Bogart's courage and geniality during his final performance:

"Bogey and I got on very well  Unlike some other stars, when they had closeups, you might have been relegated to a two-shot, or cut out altogether  Bogey didn't play those games  He was a professional and had tremendous authority  He'd come in exactly at 9am and leave at precisely 6pm  I remember once walking to lunch in between takes and seeing Bogey on the lot  I shouldn't have because his work was finished for the day  I asked him why he was still on the lot, and he said, 'They want to shoot some retakes of my closeups because my eyes are too watery'  A little while later, after the film, somebody came up to me with word of Bogey's death  Then it struck me  His eyes were watery because he was in pain with the cancer  I thought: 'How dumb can you be, Rodney'!"

Television and radio
Bogart rarely performed on television, but he and Bacall appeared on Edward R  Murrow's Person to Person and disagreed on the answer to every question  He also appeared on The Jack Benny Show, where a surviving kinescope of the live telecast captures him in his only TV sketch-comedy performance (October 25, 1953) 
Bogart and Bacall worked on an early color telecast in 1955, an NBC adaptation of "The Petrified Forest" for Producers' Showcase  Bogart received top billing, Henry Fonda played Leslie Howard's role and Bacall played Bette Davis's part   Jack Klugman, Richard Jaeckel, and Jack Warden played supporting roles  In the late 1990s, Bacall donated the only known kinescope of the 1955 performance (in black and white) to the Museum Of Television & Radio (now the Paley Center for Media), where it remains archived for viewing in New York City and Los Angeles  It is now in the public domain 
Bogart also performed radio adaptations of some of his best-known films, such as Casablanca and The Maltese Falcon, and recorded a radio series entitled Bold Venture with Bacall 

Personal life
Children
Bogart became a father at age 49, when Bacall gave birth to their son Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6, 1949, during the filming of Tokyo Joe  The name was taken from Steve, Bogart's character's nickname in To Have and Have Not  Stephen became an author and biographer and hosted a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies  The couple's second child and daughter, Leslie Howard Bogart, was born on August 23, 1952  Her first and middle names honor Leslie Howard, Bogart's friend and co-star in The Petrified Forest 

Rat Pack
Bogart was a founding member and the original leader of the Hollywood Rat Pack  In the spring of 1955, after a long party in Las Vegas attended by Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, her husband Sidney Luft, Michael Romanoff and his wife Gloria, David Niven, Angie Dickinson and others, Bacall surveyed the wreckage and said: "You look like a goddamn rat pack "The name stuck and was made official at Romanoff's in Beverly Hills  Sinatra was dubbed pack president; Bacall den mother; Bogart director of public relations, and Sid Luft acting cage manager  Asked by columnist Earl Wilson what the group's purpose was, Bacall replied: "To drink a lot of bourbon and stay up late "

Illness and death
After signing a long-term deal with Warner Bros , Bogart predicted with glee that his teeth and hair would fall out before the contract ended  In 1955, however, his health was failing  In the wake of Santana, Bogart had formed a new company and had plans for a film (Melville Goodwin, U S A ) in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate  His persistent cough and difficulty eating became too serious to ignore, though, and he dropped the project A heavy smoker and drinker, Bogart had developed esophageal cancer  He did not talk about his health and visited a doctor in late January 1956 after considerable persuasion from Bacall  The disease worsened and several weeks later, on March 1, Bogart had surgery to remove his esophagus, two lymph nodes and a rib  The surgery was unsuccessful, and chemotherapy followed  He had additional surgery in November 1956, when the cancer had metastasized  Although he became too weak to walk up and down stairs, he joked despite the pain: "Put me in the dumbwaiter and I'll ride down to the first floor in style " It was then altered to accommodate his wheelchair  Frank Sinatra, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy visited him on January 13, 1957  In an interview, Hepburn said:

Spence patted him on the shoulder and said, "Goodnight, Bogie " Bogie turned his eyes to Spence very quietly and with a sweet smile covered Spence's hand with his own and said, "Goodbye, Spence " Spence's heart stood still  He understood  
Bogart lapsed into a coma and died the following day, 20 days after his 57th birthday; at the time of his death he weighed only 80 pounds (36 kg)  A simple funeral was held at All Saints Episcopal Church, with music by Bogart's favorite composers: Johann Sebastian Bach and Claude Debussy  In attendance were some of Hollywood's biggest stars: Hepburn, Tracy, Judy Garland, David Niven, Ronald Reagan, James Mason, Audrey Hepburn, Bette Davis, Danny Kaye, Joan Fontaine, Marlene Dietrich, Gene Tierney, Laurence Olivier, Barbara Stanwyck, Lana Turner, Bob Hope, Barton MacLane, Lex Barker, Olivia de Havilland, Michael Curtiz, James Cagney, David O  Selznick, William Wyler, Richard Brooks, Harry Cohn, Jane Wyman, Jean Arthur, Claude Rains, Raymond Massey, George Raft, Myrna Loy, Lee J  Cobb, Gene Kelly, Henry Fonda, John Wayne, Jimmy Stewart, Jack Benny, Robert Taylor, Eleanor Parker, Greer Garson, Bing Crosby, Ronald Colman, Lena Horne, Joan Crawford, Marilyn Monroe, Ingrid Bergman, Glenda Farrell, Don Ameche, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino, Joan Blondell, Alexander Knox, Veronica Lake, Randolph Scott, Miriam Hopkins, José Ferrer, Charles Laughton, Mary Astor, Bruce Bennett, Margaret Lindsay, Sylvia Sidney, Alexis Smith, Priscilla Lane, Mary Pickford, Ralph Bellamy, Cyd Charisse, Cesar Romero, Ann Sothern, Zero Mostel, Walter Brennan, Jennifer Jones, Louella Parsons, Joel McCrea, Norma Shearer, John Huston, Agnes Moorehead, Rosalind Russell, Adolphe Menjou, Fredric March, Errol Flynn, Edward G  Robinson, Gregory Peck, Gary Cooper, Billy Wilder, studio head Jack L  Warner, and others  Bacall asked Tracy to give the eulogy; he was too upset, however, and John Huston spoke instead:

Himself, he never took his work too seriously  He regarded the somewhat gaudy figure of Bogart, the star, with an amused cynicism; Bogart, the actor, he held in deep respect     In each of the fountains at Versailles there is a pike which keeps all the carp active; otherwise they would grow over-fat and die  Bogie took rare delight in performing a similar duty in the fountains of Hollywood  Yet his victims seldom bore him any malice, and when they did, not for long  His shafts were fashioned only to stick into the outer layer of complacency, and not to penetrate through to the regions of the spirit where real injuries are done     He is quite irreplaceable  There will never be another like him  
Bogart was cremated, and his ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Columbarium of Eternal Light in its Garden of Memory in Glendale, California  He was buried with a small, gold whistle that had been part of a charm bracelet he had given to Bacall before they married  On it was inscribed, "If you want anything, just whistle " This alluded to a scene in To Have and Have Not when Bacall's character says to Bogart shortly after their first meeting, "You know how to whistle, don't you, Steve? You just put your lips together and blow "
Bogart's estate had a gross value of $910,146 and a net value of $737,668 ($9 5 million and $7 7 million, respectively, in 2022) 

Awards and honors
On August 21, 1946, he recorded his hand- and footprints in cement in a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre  On February 8, 1960, Bogart was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion-picture star at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard 

Legacy and tributes
After his death, a "Bogie cult" formed at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in Greenwich Village, and in France; this contributed to his increased popularity during the late 1950s and 1960s  In 1997, Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Bogart the number-one movie legend of all time; two years later, the American Film Institute rated him the greatest male screen legend 
Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960) was the first film to pay tribute to Bogart  Over a decade later, in Woody Allen's comic paean Play It Again, Sam (1972), Bogart's ghost aids Allen's character: a film critic having difficulties with women who says that his "sex life has turned into the 'Petrified Forest'" The United States Postal Service honored Bogart with a stamp in its "Legends of Hollywood" series in 1997, the third figure recognized  At a ceremony attended by Lauren Bacall and the Bogart children, Stephen and Leslie, USPS governing-board chair Tirso del Junco delivered a tribute:

"Today, we mark another chapter in the Bogart legacy  With an image that is small and yet as powerful as the ones he left in celluloid, we will begin today to bring his artistry, his power, his unique star quality, to the messages that travel the world "
On June 24, 2006, 103rd Street between Broadway and West End Avenue in New York City was renamed Humphrey Bogart Place  Lauren Bacall and her son, Stephen Bogart, attended the ceremony  "Bogie would never have believed it", she said to the assembled city officials and onlookers 

In popular culture
Bogart has inspired multiple artists  Two Bugs Bunny cartoons featured the actor: Slick Hare (1947) and 8 Ball Bunny (1950, based on The Treasure of the Sierra Madre)  The Man with Bogart's Face (1981, starring Bogart lookalike Robert Sacchi) was an homage to the actor  The lyrics of Bertie Higgins' 1981 song, "Key Largo", refer to two of Bogart's films, Key Largo and Casablanca 

Filmography
Notable radio appearances
See also
Bogart–Bacall syndrome
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
List of amateur chess players
List of members of the American Legion
Passage 2:
84th Academy Awards
The 84th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2011 in the United States and took place on February 26, 2012, at the Hollywood and Highland Center Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p m  PST / 8:30 p m  EST  During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories  The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Brian Grazer and Don Mischer, with Mischer also serving as director  Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the ninth time  He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 76th ceremony held in 2004 On June 14, 2011, academy president Tom Sherak announced at a press conference that, in an attempt to further revitalize interest surrounding the awards, the 2012 ceremony would feature between five and ten Best Picture nominees depending on voting results, as opposed to a set number of nominees  In related events, the academy held its third annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 12, 2011  On February 11, 2012, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Milla Jovovich The Artist won five awards, including Best Picture  Other winners included Hugo with five awards, The Iron Lady with two awards, and Beginners, The Descendants, The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr  Morris Lessmore, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Help, Midnight in Paris, The Muppets, Rango, Saving Face, A Separation, The Shore, and Undefeated with one  The telecast garnered more than 39 million viewers in the United States 

Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 84th Academy Awards were announced on January 24, 2012, at 5:38 a m  PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Tom Sherak, president of the academy, and the actress Jennifer Lawrence  Hugo led all nominees with eleven nominations; The Artist came in second with ten The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 26, 2012  The Artist was the second silent feature to win Best Picture  The 1927 film Wings was the first such film to achieve this distinction at the inaugural awards ceremony in 1929  Moreover, it was also the first black-and-white feature to win Best Picture since 1993's Schindler's List  Best Actor winner Jean Dujardin became the first French actor to win an Oscar  With her latest win for Best Actress, Meryl Streep became the fifth performer to win at least three acting Oscars 

Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡) 

Honorary Academy Awards
The academy held its 3rd Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 12, 2011, during which the following awards were presented 

Academy Honorary Award
James Earl Jones — For his legacy of consistent excellence and uncommon versatility 
Dick Smith — For his unparalleled mastery of texture, shade, form, and illusion 

Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
Oprah Winfrey

Films with multiple nominations and awards
Presenters and performers
The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers 

Presenters
Performers
Ceremony information
Because of the declining viewership of recent Academy Awards ceremonies, the academy sought ideas to revamp the show while renewing interest with the nominated films  In light of the previous year's telecast, whose performance by co-hosts James Franco and Anne Hathaway yielded critically negative reviews and a 9% decline in viewership, many within the Motion Picture Academy proposed new ways to give the awards a more populist appeal  After a two-year experiment with ten Best Pictures nominees, AMPAS president Tom Sherak announced that the number of final nominees can now range from five to ten as opposed a fixed number  The nomination voting process would be the same as before, through preferential balloting, but now only films that receive a minimum of 5% of total number-one votes are eligible for Best Picture nominations  Academy then-executive director Bruce Davis explained, "A Best Picture nomination should be an indication of extraordinary merit  If there are only eight pictures that truly earn that honor in a given year, we shouldn't feel an obligation to round out the number " Changes in the Best Animated Feature also were announced  In response to the growing number of animated features released per year, the academy stated in a press release that four to five films would now be nominated per year contingent on how many animated feature films were released in that year Originally, the academy selected director Brett Ratner as co-producer of the ceremony with Don Mischer in August 2011  Actor and comedian Eddie Murphy was hired by Ratner to preside over hosting duties  However, after commenting to radio host Howard Stern during an interview promoting the film Tower Heist that "rehearsal is for fags" and disparaging remarks about actress Olivia Munn, Ratner resigned from his co-producing duties on November 8  Murphy subsequently stepped down as host the following day  Immediately, the academy selected film producer Brian Grazer to replace Ratner as co-producer  Actor and veteran Oscar emcee Billy Crystal was recruited by Grazer to take over hosting duties Multiple others participated in the production of the ceremony  Musicians Hans Zimmer and Pharrell Williams composed new music exclusive to the Oscars ceremony, which was later released as an album via the iTunes Store  Oscar-winning production designer John Myhre designed a new stage for the ceremony  Director Bennett Miller filmed several vignettes featuring actors discussing movie memories and the business of filmmaking  Cirque du Soleil, who was concurrently renting the Hollywood and Highland Center for their show Iris, performed a dance number at the ceremony inspired by their aforementioned show  Unlike most Oscar ceremonies, however, Grazer and Mischer announced that neither of the two songs nominated for Best Original Song would be performed live 

Box office performance of nominated films
For the first time since 2008, only one of the nominees for Best Picture had grossed over $100 million before the nominations were announced (compared with three from the previous year)  The combined gross of the nine Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $518 million with an average gross of $57 7 million per film None of the nine Best Picture nominees was among the top ten releases in box office during the nominations  When the nominations were announced on January 24, 2012, The Help was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $169 6 million in domestic box office receipts  Among the remaining eight nominees, Moneyball was the second-highest-grossing film with $75 5 million; this was followed by War Horse ($72 3 million), Midnight in Paris ($56 4 million), Hugo ($55 9 million), The Descendants ($51 3 million), The Tree of Life ($13 3 million), The Artist ($12 1 million) and Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close ($10 7 million) Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 15 films on the list  Only The Help (13th), Bridesmaids (14th), Kung Fu Panda 2 (15th), Puss in Boots (16th), Rango (22nd), The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (28th), Moneyball (43rd), and War Horse (46th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature or any of the directing, acting or screenwriting awards  The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (1st), Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2nd), Rise of the Planet of the Apes (11th), Rio (18th), The Muppets (34th), Real Steel (35th), and The Adventures of Tintin (47th) 

Critical reviews
The show received a mixed reception from media publications  Some media outlets were more critical of the show  Television critic Lori Rackl of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized Crystal's performance saying that the emcee "left his A game at home Sunday  Crystal's mediocre monologue was consistent with a mediocre 84th installment of Hollywood's biggest awards ceremony  Columnist Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter quipped that "Somewhere, against all odds, James Franco is buying drinks for everybody " He went on to say that the previous year's critically panned telecast was eclipsed by Crystal's dull antics and that the show itself was "poorly paced as any in recent memory " Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times lamented, "The whole night looked like an AARP pep rally " She also noted that, "For a town that prides itself on tinsel and titillation, the night was pretty tame "Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively  Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly commented that despite the ceremony running over three hours and honoring films that had earned modest box office numbers, "it was a jolly good show " He also praised the cast and several sketches and segments from the show  Film critic Roger Ebert lauded Crystal's performance saying "As probably the most popular Oscar emcee, he astonished the audience by topping himself " Of the show itself, Ebert added that it was "an unqualified improvement" over the previous year's ceremony  Associated Press critic Frazier Moore pointed out that Crystal's performance "was nothing new or unexpected in his act", but he extolled him for stewarding "a sleek and entertaining Oscarcast "

Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 39 46 million people over its length, which was a 4% increase from the previous year's ceremony  An estimated 76 56 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards  The show also earned higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 23 91% of households watching over a 37 64 share  However the program scored a sightly lower 18-49 demo rating with an 11 67 rating over a 32 68 share among viewers in that demographic, essentially flat with last year's numbers  Many media outlets pointed out that the 54th Grammy Awards held two weeks earlier drew a larger audience with an average 39 92 million people watching In July 2012, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the 64th Primetime Emmys  Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Paul Sandweiss, Tommy Vicari, Pablo Munguia, Kristian Pedregon, Bob La Masney, Brian Riordan, Thomas Pesa, Michael Parker, Josh Morton, Patrick Baltzell, Larry Reed, and John Perez) 

In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute, was presented by host Billy Crystal  Singer Esperanza Spalding performed the Louis Armstrong song "What a Wonderful World" alongside the Southern California Children's Chorus during the tribute 

See also
18th Screen Actors Guild Awards
32nd Golden Raspberry Awards
32nd Brit Awards
54th Grammy Awards
64th Primetime Emmy Awards
65th British Academy Film Awards
36th Laurence Olivier Awards
66th Tony Awards
69th Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 84th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

Notes
aa1 a2 Kodak ended its naming rights deal prior to the ceremony, and was temporarily renamed "Hollywood and Highland Center" for the ceremony  The theater was later named Dolby Theatre on May 1, 2012 
b^ :If the color sequences in Schindler's List are taken into consideration, The Artist becomes the first completely black-and-white film to win Best Picture since 1960's The Apartment 
c^ :In July 2012, the academy revoked the Best Live Action Short Film nomination for Tuba Atlantic after the organization learned that the film was broadcast on television in 2010 
Passage 3:
Adele Blood
Adele Mary Blood (April 23, 1886 – September 13, 1936) was an American actress in silent movies, vaudeville, and theater 

Biography
Blood was born on April 23, 1886, in Alameda, California, to Ira E  Blood and Frances Emma Stewart  Her mother was a member of the Alameda school department for many years  Adele moved to the eastern United States some years before 1917  As a youth, she was a talented equestrienne, had an interest in fashion, and admired the theater 

Career
Blood's first public performance was at the California Theatre in San Francisco  She acted the character Marguerite in a production featuring Lewis Morrison as Mephisto  Blood appeared in numerous plays as the leading lady  Some of the theatrical presentations in which she starred are The Unmasking, All Rivers Meet The Sea, and The Picture of Dorian Gray  In the latter she was with the stock company of Edward Davis, her first husband  Davis was a clergyman-actor who was formerly the pastor of the First Christian Church in Oakland, California  Their marriage was turbulent and Blood began divorce proceedings in 1914  Actress Jule Power was named as co-respondent in her suit  Davis responded by naming Governor Earl Brewer of Mississippi as co-respondent in counter charges against Blood  She finally won her divorce suit after which she left on a tour of the Orient  Following her divorce from Davis she was briefly married to Englishman Waddell Hope During her vaudeville tours Blood was on stage in most of the prominent cities in the United States  She starred for five years in Everywoman  During her travels she was known as "the most beautiful blonde on the American stage"  She made two motion pictures including The Devil's Toy (1916) and The Riddle: Woman (1920) 
By December 1917, Blood retired  She became the devoted companion of her sister-in-law, Susanna Holmes, who was known as the "Silver Queen"  Blood became named heiress to the Holmes' fortune  Blood eventually eschewed both wealth and social position because she believed it led to a philosophy of pessimism  She returned to the stage by accepting an offer from the Oriental company of Tim Frawley 
In 1926 she met Colonel R W  Castle in Kashmir  He was an English officer in the Indian service  The two were engaged and planned a wedding in Calcutta 

Death
On the night of September 13, 1936, Blood shot herself in the head at her home on the grounds of the Westchester Country Club in Harrison, New York  She died a few hours later at the United Hospital in Port Chester, New York Her 17-year-old daughter, Dawn, was in the home with friends when they heard the sound of a gunshot come from Blood's bedroom  Dawn told police that her mother had been financially pressed and worried excessively in the previous two weeks  That summer, Blood had financed a summer stock company and leased the auditorium of the Bronxville High School for plays  The plays were scheduled to run for six weeks, but closed in three weeks  Both mother and daughter appeared in the casts Adele's possessions were auctioned off garnering $1,000 Dawn Blood died by suicide in July 1939  She was 19 
Passage 4:
Broadway's Like That
Broadway's Like That (1929) is a 10-minute Vitaphone short film starring Ruth Etting, with Joan Blondell, Humphrey Bogart and Mary Philips  Bogart and Philips were married at the time of this film 

Plot summary
A girl who works in a music store is to be married that evening, but her fiancé tells her their marriage must be postponed  As she is dressing for a New Year's Eve party she is interrupted by a visitor — the wife of the man she had planned to marry 

Production
Broadway's Like That (Vitaphone No  960) was filmed in New York and released in December 1929  Ruth Etting stars with Joan Blondell, Humphrey Bogart and Mary Phillips  Etting's songs include "From the Bottom of My Heart" and "Right Kind of Man", by L  Wolfe Gilbert and Abel Baer : 50

Film preservation
The Vitaphone disc soundtrack for this film is lost, only a sound print of the film survives, which was re-discovered by television syndication in 1963 



ground_truth: 1989

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: with what movie did Mary Philips' husband win his only oscar?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  They went a record total stretch of 995 minutes without letting an opponent score; the streak ended in the final, when Samuel Eto'o scored a 76th-minute equaliser for Barcelona David O'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances, having played 722 first-team matches between 1975 and 1993  Fellow centre half and former captain Tony Adams comes second, having played 669 times  The record for a goalkeeper is held by David Seaman, with 564 appearances  Thierry Henry is the club's top goalscorer with 228 goals in all competitions between 1999 and 2012,
having surpassed Ian Wright's total of 185 in October 2005 
Wright's record had stood since September 1997, when he overtook the longstanding total of 178 goals set by winger Cliff Bastin in 1939 
Henry also holds the club record for goals scored in the League, with 175, a record that had been held by Bastin until February 2006 Arsenal's record home attendance is 73,707, for a UEFA Champions League match against RC Lens on 25 November 1998 at Wembley Stadium, where the club formerly played home European matches because of the limits on Highbury's capacity  The record attendance for an Arsenal match at Highbury is 73,295, for a 0–0 draw against Sunderland on 9 March 1935, while that at Emirates Stadium is 60,161, for a 2–2 draw with Manchester United on 3 November 2007 

Honours
Arsenal's first ever silverware was won as the Royal Arsenal in 1890  The Kent Junior Cup, won by Royal Arsenal's reserves, was the club's first trophy, while the first team's first trophy came three weeks later when they won the Kent Senior Cup  Their first national senior honour came in 1930, when they won the FA Cup  The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s, winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles  Arsenal won their first league and cup double in the 1970–71 season and twice repeated the feat, in 1997–98 and 2001–02, as well as winning a cup double of the FA Cup and League Cup in 1992–93 Seasons in bold are seasons when the club won a Double of the league and FA Cup, or of the FA Cup and League Cup  The 2003–04 season was the only 38-match league season unbeaten in English football history  A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season As of 29 August 2020
  – Record
 †  – Shared title

County FAs
When the FA Cup was the only national football association competition available to Arsenal, the other football association competitions were County Cups, and they made up many of the matches the club played during a season  Arsenal's first first-team trophy was a County Cup, the inaugural Kent Senior Cup  Arsenal became ineligible for the London Cups when the club turned professional in 1891, and rarely participated in County Cups after this  Due to the club's original location within the borders of both the London and Kent Football Associations, Arsenal competed in and won trophies organised by each 

Other
During Arsenal's history, the club has participated in and won a variety of pre-season and friendly honours  These include Arsenal's own pre-season competition the Emirates Cup, begun in 2007  During the wars, previous competitions were widely suspended and the club had to participate in wartime competitions  During WWII, Arsenal won several of these 

Arsenal Women
Arsenal Women is the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal  Founded as Arsenal Ladies F C  in 1987 by Vic Akers, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and have been managed since 2021 by Jonas Eidevall; Akers holds the role of Honorary President of Arsenal Women  As part of the festivities surrounding their 30th anniversary in 2017, the club announced that they were changing their formal name to Arsenal Women F C , and would use "Arsenal" in all references except rare cases where there might be confusion with the men's side Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies  In the 2008–09 season, they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2017, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup or UEFA Women's Champions League, having won the Cup in the 2006–07 season as part of a unique quadruple  The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have close ties; Arsenal Women are entitled to play at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Meadow Park in Borehamwood 

Footnotes
Passage 2:
Singapore FA Cup
The Singapore FA Cup, (also known as the Singapore Pools FA Cup for sponsorship reasons), is an annual football competition in Singapore Initially held for clubs from the S League from 1996-1998, the Football Association of Singapore decided to change format of the cup to allow only teams from National Football League to take part in the knock out competition from 1999,
so that the S League clubs can focus on Singapore Cup, competition created in 1998 After the Singapore Cup and earlier League Cup, Singapore FA Cup is the next major cup competition in Singapore  For a number of years, the FA Cup was solely restricted to NFL clubs  In 2006, S League clubs were once again allowed in the competition, but were only permitted to field their developmental Prime League teams  The team matchups were drawn out of a hat against one another for the initial 2006 and 2007 seasons, before being seeded into two groups since 2008 

Results
Note: 
Tampines Rovers SC is a separate entity from Tampines Rovers 
SAFSA is a separate entity from Singapore Armed Forces 
Police SA is a separate entity from Home United (formerly Police FC) 
Passage 3:
Arthur James (footballer)
Arthur James (January 1855 – June 1911) was an English footballer who played as an outside right for Small Heath Alliance, later to become Birmingham City, from the foundation of the club in 1875 until his career was ended by injury in 1887 
James was born in Longbridge, Birmingham  He played for the cricket club associated with Holy Trinity Church, in Bordesley, Birmingham, and together with his fellow members decided to form a football club for exercise and society in the winter months  The club, which they called Small Heath Alliance, played its first match in November 1875 on some waste ground in Arthur Street, Bordesley  James's brothers Tommy and Fred played in that first fixture, a 1–1 draw with Holte Wanderers of Aston, though he himself did not He was appointed club captain in 1878, retaining the position until 1885, and was regularly selected to represent the Birmingham County F A  in challenge matches against other major associations  In its centenary volume, the association describes the club as

blessed in having Arthur James from 1878 to 1885 as their captain, this player ranking as one of the most brilliant wing forwards of the day, he often represented the Birmingham Association at a time when competition was keen 
He made five appearances in the FA Cup, scoring three goals  His career ended in 1887 through a combination of illness and injury James died in Birmingham in June 1911, aged 56 
Passage 4:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 5:
1894–95 FA Cup
The 1894–95 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup)  The cup was won by Aston Villa, who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London  This was Villa's second victory in the FA Cup 
The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W  Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward  According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer  The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game 
Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week  If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played 

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final 

First round proper
The first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams  The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division  The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition  Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper  Eight non-league sides also qualified 
The matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895  One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture  The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played   The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool 

Second round proper
The eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895  There were two replays, played in the following midweek fixture 

Third round proper
The four Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 2 March 1895  There were no replays 

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 16 March 1895  Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion went on to meet in the final at Crystal Palace 

Final
The Final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace  Aston Villa won 1–0, with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history, scored after just 30 seconds  Devey found Hodgetts, whose cross was laid off by Athersmith to Chatt, whose half volley took a deflection 

Match details
See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-
Passage 6:
List of FIFA World Cup finals
The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body  The championship has been awarded every four years since 1930, except in 1942 and 1946, when it was not held because of World War II 
The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, played by the only two teams remaining in contention, and the result determines which country is declared the world champion  It is a one-off match decided in regulation time  In case of a draw, extra time is used  If scores are then still level, a penalty shoot-out determines the winner, under the rules in force since 1986; prior to that, finals still tied after extra time would have been replayed, though this never proved necessary  The golden goal rule would have applied during extra time in 1998 and 2002, but was not put in practice either 
The only exception to this type of format was the 1950 World Cup, which featured a final round-robin group of four teams; the decisive match of that group is often regarded as the de facto final of that tournament, including by FIFA itself The team that wins the final receives the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and its name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy  Of 80 different nations that have appeared in the tournament, 13 have made it to the final, and 8 have won  Brazil, the only team that has participated in every World Cup, is also the most successful team in the competition, having won five titles and finished second twice  Italy and Germany have four titles each, with Germany having reached more finals than any other team, eight  Current champion Argentina has three titles, Uruguay and France have two each, while England and Spain have one each  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands and Croatia have played in the final without winning  Only teams from Europe (UEFA) and South America (CONMEBOL) have ever competed in the final 
Argentina defeated France on penalties in the latest final, staged at Qatar's Lusail Stadium in 2022 

List of final matches
Results
See also
List of FIFA Confederations Cup finals
List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals
List of UEFA European Championship finals
List of FIFA World Cup final goalscorers

Footnotes
Passage 7:
Second City derby
In English football, the Second City derby or Birmingham derby, is the local derby between the two major clubs in the city of Birmingham – Aston Villa and Birmingham City, first contested in 1879  Villa play at Villa Park while Birmingham play at St Andrew's, the two grounds separated by roughly 2 4 miles (3 9 km)  It is known as the Second City Derby based on Birmingham being referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom  The two clubs are generally regarded as each other's most fierce rivals  In addition both sides have affiliated women's sides, Aston Villa W F C  and Birmingham City W F C 

History
The clubs first met on 27 September 1879, when Birmingham City were called Small Heath Alliance  The game, on a pitch at Small Heath's Muntz Street ground described by the Villa players as "only suitable for pot-holing", finished 1–0 – recorded as "one goal and a disputed goal to nil" – to the home side  Villa won the first competitive game between the clubs, in the Second Round of the FA Cup at Wellington Road in 1887, by four goals to nil, and their first league encounter, in the First Division in the 1894–95 season, 2–1 The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches  In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side 3–0 ahead with eleven minutes to go, Blues scored three times in a dramatic final spell to draw the match  The following year, Aston Villa made headlines with the signing of Tom 'Pongo' Waring, and his first appearance was for the reserves against Birmingham City's reserves, which famously drew a crowd of 23,000  Waring scored three times in the match The most significant clash was the final of the 1963 League Cup, which was staged not long after Aston Villa had beaten Birmingham City 4–0 in the league  Blues won 3–1 on aggregate over the two-legged final to claim their first major domestic honour During the late 1970s to early 1980s both Villa and Blues met regularly in the First Division and both teams had some memorable successes in the fixture  In 1980–81 Villa did the double over Blues and went on to win the First Division title  Blues scored a memorable 3–0 victory at St Andrew's in the first meeting following Villa's European Cup triumph in 1982  Both teams promptly went into decline  Blues racked up a 3–0 win in a relegation battle at Villa Park in March 1986 but were relegated at the end of that season  Villa would be demoted the following campaign  The next time Villa met Blues in a league fixture at Villa Park again was in the Second Division and saw a 2–0 Blues victory  The reverse fixture at St Andrew's was a 2–1 Villa victory with both goals coming from Garry Thompson  The two sides would only meet again in the 1980s in cup competitions  Villa won 7–0 on aggregate when they clashed twice in the 1988–89 League Cup  The same season Villa also won a Full Members Cup clash 6–0 

The Premier League Era
Following the creation of the Premier League, Aston Villa and Birmingham City met twice in the second round of the 1993–94 League Cup  Villa won both matches 1–0  The game at St Andrew's was settled by a Kevin Richardson goal after his keeper Mark Bosnich had saved a penalty from John Frain to keep the game at 0–0  The second leg at Villa Park was notable for a winning goal from Villa's Dean Saunders and a red card for Blues' Paul Tait  Villa went on to win the trophy 
Blues' promotion to the Premier League in 2002 saw fans eagerly anticipating the first league derbies in 15 years  Blues won both derbies 3–0 and 2–0, respectively  Both matches saw goalkeeping errors by Villa goalkeeper Peter Enckelman, including a goal scored directly from an Olof Mellberg throw-in  Violence between both sets of fans occurred before both matches as evening kick-off times had allowed fans to get drunk over the course of the day  In March 2003, during the game at Villa Park, two Villa players were sent off, Dion Dublin for a head-butt on Blues' Robbie Savage and Joey Guðjónsson for a reckless two-footed tackle on Matthew Upson  Trouble also took place following the game on Witton Lane outside Villa Park, where missiles were hurled at police who were attempting to keep both sets of fans apart 
The 2003–04 Premiership season saw games ending in 0–0 and 2–2 draws  The 2–2 draw saw Blues recover a two-goal deficit thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Stern John  Both games were lunchtime kick-offs to avoid drunken behaviour, which was achieved although the games lost none of their passionate edge  The following season Blues got back to winning ways, with 2–1 victory at Villa Park just before Christmas and 2–0 at home in March, Villa keeper Thomas Sørensen making mistakes in both matches, though it's debatable if his errors directly affected the respective results  In the 2005–06 Premiership Season, Villa finally beat Blues in the Premiership, thanks to a Kevin Phillips goal  This was followed up by another Villa victory on 16 April 2006, Easter Sunday, with Aston Villa winning 3–1 thanks to two goals from Milan Baroš and a bicycle kick from Gary Cahill  Blues were relegated in 2006 but subsequently promoted in 2007 
In November 2007, Villa won their third consecutive derby match with a 2–1 victory at St Andrew's  Former Villa defender Liam Ridgewell scored an own goal to put Villa 1–0 up, Blues equalised through Mikael Forssell only for Gabriel Agbonlahor to clinch it with a late header for Villa, having cleared off his own line seconds before  Violent clashes took place outside the ground after the game in which over 20 police officers were hurt  The derby on 20 April 2008 between the two sides ended in a 5–1 win for Aston Villa at Villa Park, the biggest winning margin for either side in a league match for 40 years 
Villa continued their winning ways in the derby, when they won both of the meetings between the clubs in the 2009–10 Premier League season  The first took place on 13 September 2009 at St Andrew's, and ended 1–0 to Aston Villa, with Agbonlahor scoring the winner in the 85th minute, once again there was trouble with 14 arrests  Villa then went on to beat Blues 1–0 at Villa Park thanks to a disputed penalty from James Milner in the 82nd minute  This was the 3rd time in 4 derbies that Villa had scored the winning goal in the final 10 minutes of the game  Villa also possess the record of six straight wins from 1987 to 1993, including five cup matches  This record was then achieved in the Premier League after Villa beat Blues 1–0 on 25 April 2010, setting a record of six straight league wins from 2005 to 2010  The record was finally ended at the next derby match on 31 October 2010, which resulted in a 0–0 draw at Villa Park  The return match at St Andrew's also ended in a draw, with it finishing 1–1 
In those games in October and December 2010 where Aston Villa played Birmingham City, at Villa Park (Premier League, 31 October) and St Andrew's (League Cup, 1 December, which was the first mid-week game between the two sides since 2003) violence between the two sets of supporters and hooligan firms occurred, with many fans being arrested  In the first game, there were scenes of violence outside Villa Park and there were a small amount of arrests including a Birmingham City club chef  In the second of the two games (and larger scale violence) after Blues had beaten Villa 2–1, Blues supporters came onto the pitch and confronted the visiting Villa fans, this resulted in flares, ripped out seats and other missiles being hurled by Villa fans into the Blues supporters, there were also flash points before and after the game including the attack on a Blues supporters pub by Villa hooligans, the events were described as a "warzone" by a supporter who attended the game  Birmingham City were later fined £40,000 by the Football Association for failing to control their fans On 10 April 2011, an episode of Police Academy UK, a TV show aired on BBC Three which documents overseas police officers' introduction to British crime and policing, was set in Birmingham and covered the violence that occurred at the game between Birmingham City and Aston Villa on 1 December 2010 On 17 June 2011, Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish swapped Blues for Villa in a move that shocked the football world  The reaction from both sets of supporters was one of anger  Blues supporters were angry at McLeish, who guided them to only their second ever major trophy win in February 2011, for betraying them to join bitter rivals Villa, and Villa fans were unhappy with the appointment of a manager that had got Blues relegated twice in four seasons, and was perceived to play a negative style of football; that he came from Blues only served to rub salt into the wound of the board making such an unambitious and negative appointment  Several hundred Villa supporters protested at Villa Park when it emerged that Villa owner Randy Lerner has begun talks with McLeish  McLeish received death threats from followers of both teams following his appointment as Aston Villa manager  This controversial move only increased tension and hostility between the players, supporters and owners of both clubs even more as Blues directors threatened legal action against Villa for allegedly "tapping up" McLeish, who resigned as Blues manager on 12 June 2011, while he was still under contract at Birmingham City  McLeish's appointment marked the first time in history that a manager had moved directly from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  On 14 May 2012, one day after the 2011–12 Premier League season ended, McLeish was sacked as Villa manager after a massively disappointing one season in charge 

The EFL Championship Era
After being relegated in 2011, Birmingham are still yet to gain promotion back to the top flight of English football  However, since Alex McLeish was sacked as Villa manager, Villa's poor form continued  Despite several manager changes over the next few years, after several close calls they were finally relegated at the end of the 2015/16 season  Earlier on in the 2015/16 season, the two teams were drawn to play each other in the third round of the League Cup  Aston Villa ran out 1–0 winners thanks to a goal from Rudy Gestede  
In the 2016–17 season the two teams faced off in the second tier of English football for the first time since 1987  The first game at St Andrew's ended in a 1–1 draw  Villa won the second match 1–0 with a 69th-minute goal scored by Agbonlahor  The two sides faced each other again in the league during the 2017/18 season, producing a dismal 0–0 draw at St  Andrews marred by Birmingham fans throwing clappers at the Villa players all throughout the game, before Villa emphatically fortified their second city superiority with a 2–0 victory in front of 41,232 spectators at Villa Park  Some fans believed this game to be a coming of age for lifelong Villa fan and local Jack Grealish, who produced a match-winning man-of-the-match display  
The teams next met on 25 November in one of the most exciting derby games in recent times, Villa ran out 4-2 winners after goals from Jonathan Kodjia, Jack Grealish, a Tammy Abraham penalty and Alan Hutton who ran half the length of the pitch to score, Pedersen and Lukas Jutkiewicz scored for Birmingham On 10 March 2019, a Birmingham City fan invaded the pitch during the reverse fixture at St  Andrew's and assaulted Aston Villa captain Jack Grealish on the pitch by punching him from behind in the head, which was labelled as "disgraceful and cowardly" by supporters of both teams  The man was arrested and charged by West Midlands Police  St Andrew's' security was criticised as a result  The game ended in an ironic twist with a 1–0 win for Aston Villa with Grealish scoring the winning goal  At the end of the same season, Villa were promoted as they won ten in a row including that game  Since then, this fiercely contested fixture hasn't been played between the two rivals 

Women's Sides
Birmingham City W F C  were founded in 1968, whilst Aston Villa W F C  were founded in 1973 as Solihull F C , and took on their current Aston Villa guise in 1996  During the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons both teams competed in the second tier FA Women's Premier League North  Birmingham were then promoted to the Women's Premier League National with Villa joining them for one season in 2003-04 before being relegated  Then followed 18 years of the teams being in different divisions, Birmingham being in the top tier and Villa elsewhere, until the 2020–21 Women's Super League season when Villa were promoted up to join Blues  In the first ever WSL match between the two sides Birmingham beat Villa 1–0 at an empty Villa Park (due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom), while the Birmingham's home match which was also played behind closed doors at Damson Park, Solihull was a 1–1 draw  In the 2021–22 season, Aston Villa won 1–0 at St  Andrew's  Birmingham returned the favour and won 1–0 at Villa Park on 8 May 2022, the final day of the season, as they were relegated to the FA Women's Championship As of the 2021–22 Birmingham currently play at St Andrew's, home of the men's team, having played at Redditch Utd, Stratford Town and Solihull Moors in the 21st century  Villa play at Walsall's Bescot Stadium, having moved from Boldmere St Michaels - although important games such as the Second City Derby will often take place at Villa Park 

Statistics and records
As of the end of the 2010–11 season, there have been 120 meetings in major competition between the two teams since the first FA Cup meeting in 1887, of which Aston Villa have won 52 and Birmingham City 38  The most goals in one game were scored in a league game on 7 July 1895, in the First Division, as Small Heath lost to Aston Villa 7–3  The biggest winning margin was 6–0 to Aston Villa on 9 November 1988, in a Full Members Cup fixture  The last Birmingham City league victory over Aston Villa was on 20 March 2005, when Blues won 2–0 at St Andrew's  Villa won six encounters in a row, most recently on 25 April 2010 (2005–2010)  The two teams drew for the first time in over six years in the next match (the first of three in the 2010–11 season), with the match finishing 0–0 (the other Premier League match of the season also finished as a draw)  The second match of the season resulted in the first Blues win since 2005, as they beat Villa 2–1 in the 2010–11 League Cup Quarter Final on 1 December 2010 

All-time results
Cup matches
Women's matches
Summary of results
Stats correct as of 10 March 2019 

Records
Firsts
First competitive meeting: Aston Villa 4–0 Small Heath Alliance (FA Cup), 5 November 1887 
First league meeting: Aston Villa 2–1 Small Heath, 1 September 1894 
First away victory for Aston Villa: Small Heath 1–4 Aston Villa, 26 October 1895 
First away victory for Birmingham City: Aston Villa 1–3 Birmingham, 20 January 1906 

Results
Highest scoring game: Aston Villa 7–3 Small Heath, 7 September 1895 
Largest winning margin (Aston Villa): 6 goals – 6–0, 9 November 1988 
Largest winning margin (Birmingham City): 4 goals – 4–0, 21 September 1968 

Players
Most goals in a match (Aston Villa):
Most goals in a match (Birmingham City):

Trends
Most games won in a row (Aston Villa): 6, 16 October 2005 to 25 April 2010 
Most games won in a row (Birmingham City): 5, 3 April 1976 – 25 February 1978 
Most games without defeat (Aston Villa): 14, 16 October 2005 – on going
Most games without defeat (Birmingham City): 6, 8 March 1933 – 23 November 1935 and 16 September 2002 – 20 March 2005 
Most drawn games in a row: 4, 10 December 1949 – 21 September 1955 
Whenever the clubs have met in the Premier League the result has always been the same during that particular season: 2002/2003– 2 Blues wins, 2003/2004– 2 draws, 2004/2005– 2 Blues wins, 2005/2006– 2 Villa Wins, 2007/2008– 2 Villa wins, 2009/2010– 2 Villa wins, 2010/11- 2 draws 

Top scorers
The following is a list of the top goal scorers for each team in the fixture  Only players who have scored 4 or more goals feature 

Crossing the divide
Players
Unlike, for example, the Old Firm derby, there is no shortage of players who have appeared for both clubs  Villa legend Harry Hampton transferred to Blues after the First World War and helped the club to the Second Division title  The last established first-team player to make this move was Des Bremner in 1984, though there had been loan signings and movement of youth players during this period  The most recent permanent transfer from Aston Villa to Birmingham City was that of Gary Gardner in Summer 2019, his brother Craig was the previous player to move from Villa to Birmingham in 2010  The last player to move directly in the other direction was Spanish Winger Jota in the same transfer window 
Notable players who have been transferred directly between the clubs are listed below 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Villa to Blues  In addition, there are several players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club 
European Cup winner Dennis Mortimer – regarded by Villa fans as one of their greatest ever players – also played for Birmingham City in the 1986/7 season 
Kevin Phillips played for Villa in the 2005/06 season before moving to Blues in 2008 via West Bromwich Albion 

Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Blues to Villa  In addition, there are several high-profile players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club  Notable examples include former England international Emile Heskey and European Cup winner Peter Withe 
Chris Sutton was released by Birmingham City at the end of the 2005–06 season  His next club was Aston Villa, for whom he signed for in October 2006 
Scott Sinclair has played on loan at both clubs  He was on loan at Birmingham City while he was playing for Chelsea during the 2008–09 season and he was on loan at Aston Villa during the 2014–15 season before signing permanently from Manchester City 

Managers
Former Aston Villa Manager Ron Saunders, who managed Villa to League Cup success in 1975 and again in 1977 before taking the club to its first Championship success for 70 years in 1981, also moved across to Birmingham City following his resignation in 1982 
Alex McLeish's appointment as Aston Villa manager in June 2011 after resigning from Birmingham City five days before was the first time in history a manager has moved from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  The move shocked the football world and increased tension between the two clubs even more Former Birmingham City Manager Steve Bruce was appointed Villa manager in 2016 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Chairmen
Doug Ellis was a director of Birmingham City in the late 1960s before becoming part of a consortium which took over at Aston Villa in 1968 

See also
Aston Villa Hardcore (hooligan firm)
Birmingham Zulu Warriors (hooligan firm)
List of Aston Villa F C  seasons
List of Birmingham City F C  seasons
List of Aston Villa F C  records and statistics
List of Birmingham City F C  records and statistics



ground_truth: The African Queen