prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the child of the male star of the 1921 film Money?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes
Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series, airing on the E! network  Its premise originated with Rhys Parkin, who additionally serves as an executive producer  The series focuses on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian, along with Kylie and Kendall Jenner 
It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step-parent Caitlyn Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick  Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast from the fourth season onwards, though he rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé  Along in season seven, Kanye West became a recurring cast member after entering into a relationship with Kim  West later developed a more prominent role from season 16 onwards  In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's ex-wife, Leah became recurring cast members  Blac Chyna appeared as a recurring cast member throughout season 12 whilst engaged to Rob 
The series has produced the spin-offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, Dash Dolls, I Am Cait,  Kocktails with Khloé , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian, Rob & Chyna, Life of Kylie and Flip It Like Disick 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2007)
Season 2 (2008)
Season 3 (2009)
Season 4 (2009-10)
Season 5 (2010)
Season 6 (2011)
Season 7 (2012)
Season 8 (2013)
Season 9 (2014)
Season 10 (2015)
Season 11 (2015-2016)
Season 12 (2016)
Season 13 (2017)
Season 14 (2017-18)
Season 15 (2018)
Season 16 (2019)
Season 17 (2019)
Season 18 (2020)
Season 19 (2020)
Season 20 (2021)
Specials
Passage 2:
Tim Credeur
Timothy Wallace Credeur II (born July 9, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist  He was a cast member of Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter 7 and was defeated by fellow cast member Jesse Taylor in the semi-finals  He was then brought back into the competition following the disqualification of Taylor  He fought C B  Dollaway for a spot in the finals and lost to Dollaway via decision 

Mixed martial arts career
The Ultimate Fighter 7
Tim is a member of Louisiana's Gladiator Academy and appeared on "The Ultimate Fighter" series 
Tim advanced to the semifinals with victories over Erik Charles, Matthew Riddle, and Dan Cramer (all by submission)  During the show's semi-final fight between him and Jesse Taylor, Taylor won by unanimous decision after 3 rounds  However, after Taylor was removed from the finale for disciplinary reasons, Credeur fought C B  Dollaway to determine who would match up against Amir Sadollah in the show's live finale 
Tim lost the match by unanimous decision after 3 rounds, though the match was very closely contested 

UFC career
He was scheduled to fight fellow Team Forrest member Cale Yarbrough at the TUF 7 finale  However, Tim admitted to using the prescription drug Adderall five days prior to the event; Adderall is a drug banned by the Nevada State Athletic Commission  A drug test was performed and the prescription drug was still in Tim's system  As a result, the match was cancelled 
As Tim admitted to the recent use of the drug and he did not fight, there was no disciplinary action taken against him; his bout with Yarbrough was rescheduled for the UFC's July 19 show, UFC: Silva vs  Irvin    This time the match did happen and Tim won by TKO at 1:54 of round 1  Tim took on Nate Loughran at UFC: Fight For The Troops, Tim beat Loughran, due to Loughran withdrawing at the end of round two 
His next fight would be against Nick Catone at UFC Fight Night: Condit vs  Kampmann which he won by Submission (Guillotine Choke) at 3:45 of round 2, giving him his third consecutive victory in the UFC 
Tim fought on the UFC Fight Night 19 card against former middleweight title contender Nate Quarry  Tim lost the fight by unanimous decision after winning the first round but losing the second and third  The fight was shown live and free on the main card  The fight earned Fight of the Night 
Credeur was scheduled to face Mike Massenzio at UFC Fight Night 20, but was replaced by fellow TUF castmate and UFC newcomer Gerald Harris after being forced off the card with an injury Credeur was scheduled to face Tom Lawlor on May 8, 2010 at UFC 113, but was forced off the card with another injury   He was replaced by Joe Doerksen  Credeur later revealed that he was forced out of the scheduled UFC 113 bout due to an abnormality found during a brain scan Credeur faced Ed Herman on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale   He lost the fight via TKO in the first round 
Credeur was expected to face Brad Tavares on October 29, 2011 at UFC 137   However, Creduer was forced out of the bout and replaced by promotional newcomer Dustin Jacoby In 2013 Credeur quietly retired from fighting to focus on teaching and coaching in his MMA gym in Lafayette, Louisiana 

Personal life
Credeur and his wife Mamie had their first child, a daughter named Audrey on January 4, 2011 

Mixed martial arts record
Passage 3:
Money (1921 film)
Money is a 1921 British silent comedy film directed by Duncan McRae and starring Henry Ainley, Faith Bevan and Margot Drake  It is an adaptation of the 1840 comic play Money by Edward Bulwer-Lytton 

Cast
Henry Ainley      Alfred Evelyn
Faith Bevan      Georgina Vesey
Margot Drake      Clare Douglas
Sam Wilkinson      Sir Frederick Blount
James Lindsay      Captain Smooth
Olaf Hytten      Henry Graves
Sidney Paxton      Sir John Vesey
Ethel Newman      Lady Franklyn
Adelaide Grace      Nanny
Passage 4:
List of Ghost Whisperer characters
The following are fictional characters from the television drama Ghost Whisperer created by John Gray 

Main characters
Melinda Gordon
Melinda Gordon, played by Jennifer Love Hewitt, is the protagonist of  Ghost Whisperer   Melinda has been able to see ghosts since she was a little girl  Specifically, she sees ghosts who are not able to pass to the other side due to tasks they need her help with  She helps them find peace and cross into the light  The gift has been passed on for many generations  She is married to Jim Clancy (David Conrad) and owns an antique store, located in the fictional town of Grandview  She has many enemies who dislike her abilities, including Gabriel Lawrence (Ignacio Serricchio) and Romano (John Walcutt) 

Andrea Marino
Andrea Joyce Marino, played by Aisha Tyler, is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) best friend and was part of the main cast during season one  Andrea once worked in New York City, as a lawyer, until she moved to Grandview  She set up an antique store, named The Same As It Never Was, that she owns along with Melinda 
Melinda even comes to trust Andrea enough to tell her about her gift of being able to communicate with earthbound spirits, or ghosts  Andrea becomes essential to the store and Melinda, because of the very fact she knows about Melinda's gift  Whenever Melinda has to run off and help a ghost, Andrea is left to keep the store  Andrea also helps Melinda with difficult crossovers removing some of the stress from Melinda's husband, Jim (David Conrad)  In "The One", a plane crashes and Andrea notices Melinda is hiding something  She believes her brother Mitch died during the plane crash and Melinda is seeing his ghost 
At the end of season one, it was revealed it was Andrea who had died during the crash and not Mitch  While Andrea was not on the plane, she died because her car had been on the path on which the plane had crashed  Romano attempts to prevent Andrea from crossing over into the Light and get her to join him on the Dark Side  Melinda would not allow such a horrific occurrence to happen to her friend, so she sets out to stop Romano and warn Andrea  With the help of an occult professor at Rockland University, Rick Payne, Melinda is able to help Andrea find peace and cross over into the Light  Her death was foreshadowed in Season 1, Episode 15  Romano is seen sitting in a chair in the antique store  When he disappears, a faint sound of an airplane engine is heard 
Andrea is later mentioned in "Drowned Lives", "A Grave Matter", "Delia's First Ghost" and "The Prophet"  Also, while having been successfully crossed over into the Light for over a year, two ghosts taunt Melinda by calling her Andrea during "Bad Blood" 
In the season four episode, "Leap of Faith", when Jim swims to rescue Melinda and hits his head, he has flashbacks of his past as Jim, and Andrea can be seen briefly when remembering his wedding with Melinda  Andrea's date of death is in the book of changes backwards and was mentioned before a flashback of the plane crash which killed her 

Jim Clancy
Jim Clancy, played by David Conrad is Melinda's (Jennifer Love Hewitt) husband  He is the only cast member other than Hewitt to appear in every episode 
Jim and Melinda get married and move in at the start of the first season  Jim was a paramedic and firefighter, and the two met when he rescued her from her apartment complex, which had a structural issue  Jim knew of Melinda's unique ability to communicate with ghosts at the start of the series; he helped her as much as he could, though Melinda's good friend, Andrea Marino, provided most of the aid until her death at the end of the first season  It was revealed in the pilot episode that Jim witnessed his older brother, Dan, die when they were young  After having seen Dan die and being unable to save him, Jim decides to become a paramedic  Dan attended Jim and Melinda's wedding as a ghost and conversed with Melinda during the reception 
After Melinda's near death experience during the season two finale, "The Gathering", Jim becomes worried about what else could happen to Melinda because of the ghosts  Jim also helps to try to find information about Melinda's father (Tom Gordon), who might or might not be dead, as well as try to find any information about Melinda's brother, Gabe  In "Haunted Hero", Jim and Melinda welcome a returning soldier from Iraq, Matt, back to Grandview  When Matt becomes paranoid due to being haunted by his dead comrades and post-traumatic stress disorder, Jim confronts Matt in the town square and talks Matt out of trying to kill himself  Jim delivered some of his convincing argument with Matt's gun pointed at him 
In "Weight of What Was", Gabriel returns to Grandview and Jim warns him away, though not before Gabriel reveals that he is Melinda's half-brother  Jim, Rick, and Delia go in search of Melinda, who is trapped in old Grandview, which is buried under present day Grandview  Tessa, the ghost of Melinda's maternal ancestor who was also a Ghost Whisperer, helps them find Melinda by communicating with Delia and Jim  Jim also begins thinking of moving out of Grandview to attend medical school   At first, Melinda does not like the idea, but she later agrees to it  In "Deadbeat Dads", Jim admits he would like to have children someday; Jim and Melinda try to get pregnant and succeed, but Melinda loses the baby 
Near the end of "Imaginary Friends and Enemies" (early season 4), Jim is shot in the shoulder and rushed to the hospital, where he is immediately taken into surgery  Relieved to hear his surgery went well, Melinda is taken to his room and asks if she may stay with him until he awakens  It is implied she waits several hours, and she eventually falls asleep next to him  She wakes up to find Jim next to her, and believing him to be awake, she tells him she loves him  When Jim tells her softly he suffered an embolism, Melinda tries to get a doctor but Jim tells her not to and says that he wants her to remember him as he is now  This causes Melinda to realize Jim is appearing to her as a ghost; his body then flatlines in the background  As doctors rush in to revive him, Melinda tearfully pleads with Jim for it not be him  Jim then says, "I will always love you, Melinda", and then his ghost disappears as Melinda sobs and the doctors are unable to revive him  His death was foreshadowed in the season premiere, when a ghost warned Melinda death might rub off on those she loves 
In the next episode ("Threshold"), Jim refuses to cross over because he still loves Melinda and believes their love is what is holding him back  Even though Melinda wants Jim to stay, she knows it's selfish of her and begs him to go into the light, promising she'll be there one day  But when Jim and Melinda witness paramedics trying to revive a motorcycle accident victim named Sam Lucas (Kenneth Mitchell), they see the ghost of the victim go into the light  Jim goes over to the body and tells Melinda it's the only way  Before Melinda can stop him, Jim's ghost enters Sam's body, thus bringing him back to "life " However, the viewers continue to see him as Jim while everyone else in the show including Melinda sees him as Sam  When Melinda says "You're back", Jim, who now believes he is Sam and has no memory as Jim, says "Do I know you?" This leads Melinda to try to prove to him who he really is, especially when pieces of Jim's memory start to show  At first, he thinks she's crazy and doesn't believe her  When Melinda is trapped underground, Jim goes to save her, but he starts to drown and he has flashes of memories as Jim, thus bringing Jim fully back  When he finds Melinda, she calls him Sam to which Jim replies "Why are you calling me Sam?" Melinda then realizes Jim is back and she happily hugs him 
Later on, Melinda finds out she is pregnant again and it turns out Jim had gotten her pregnant shortly before he died  Later Melinda begins to worry about their unborn baby  She began to have nightmares and visions the baby was in danger  She was sure by the things she was being told the baby was a girl after Melinda runs into the faceless child again, who puts her hand on Melinda's tummy and says, "You can't save her  You can't " Jim reveals to Melinda he had seen her chart accidentally and knew it was a boy, although he knew they agreed not to find out, but he told her to ease her mind, so she’d see her visions and dreams were wrong  Jim and Melinda marry again at the same place they met - in front of witnesses, Eli James (best man) and Delia Banks (matron of honor), and a full gathering of spirits 
In Season 5, Melinda believes her due date is the exact date in the book, which causes doubts in Jim, Delia, Ned, and Eli  Melinda finally needs an emergency C-Section  When the baby suddenly goes into fetal distress in the operating room, the season’s first ghosts appear to Melinda  First the watcher, who warned Melinda of her child’s power and the danger he may come into, stops time to tell her Fate and Free Will will work together to decide whether or not the baby will live  The second ghost comes in the form of a young woman in a white gown  She quickly disappears and time restarts  While the baby isn’t breathing at first, he suddenly recovers to full health  Later in recovery, Melinda tells Jim they’ll name the baby Aiden Lucas, in honor of Jim’s father and Sam Lucas 
The series then jumps ahead to 2014 and the celebration of Aiden's upcoming fifth birthday  Jim is now a resident at Rockland Memorial Teaching Hospital, as Sam, and he takes the name Jim as his middle name  Ned is also in college, taking classes with Eli, while Delia has become a big realtor  There were always problems every year on Aiden's birthday  He would become strangely sick, for example  Every year a woman would visit Aiden and sing him happy birthday  The woman, Amber, had died in childbirth the night Melinda gave birth to Aiden  Amber was convinced her son’s spirit had jumped into Aiden, as he had stopped breathing shortly after he was born  Later on in the episode, it is revealed the son was actually adopted by the birth father and his wife 
Melinda helps Amber into the light and learns from the watcher that Aiden is an empath  He feels and takes on emotions of those around him  This is revealed as the reason why each year Amber would show up and he gets sick  Melinda also finds out she shares a psychic link with Aiden, which allows them to communicate with one another, though he doesn’t fully understand it  Melinda and Jim decide to not tell Aiden, because they want him to have a normal life, with his own dreams  In 5 19 "Lethal Combination", Jim is caught by Dr  Mavis, a morgue coroner, snooping through the files in the hospital morgue 

Delia Banks
Delia Banks (portrayed by Camryn Manheim) joined the main cast of Ghost Whisperer at the start of season 2  She and her teenage son, Ned, lost their husband and father, Charlie, three years prior to their appearance on the show  Delia became a real estate agent after Charlie's death 
Delia meets Melinda Gordon after Melinda calls Delia about Ned's having tried to shoplift from Melinda's antique store  Delia tells Melinda about how stressful her job as a real estate agent is, so Melinda offers her a job to help work at the antique store, which Delia accepts  They begin a friendship, though Delia does not know about Melinda's gift at first  In the episode "Delia's First Ghost", Melinda has to tell Delia about her gift because Charlie's spirit is haunting her  At first Delia calls Melinda crazy, admitting she had seen Melinda talking to herself and was worried  Delia even goes as far as to tell Melinda not to expect her at work again  By the end of the episode Delia learns, with Melinda's help, Charlie is only haunting her because he wants her to be safe  While still a little skeptical of Melinda's gift, Delia tells her that she will open the shop the next morning 
Delia remains skeptical concerning Melinda's gift in season three, but discusses the various ghosts Melinda encounters to help Melinda with them  When Melinda was stalked by a lawyer, Shane, he tampered with Ned's records because Delia was trying to get him into private school  Nevertheless, when Shane was caught with Ned's records, Ned got in  In episode 5, "Weight of What Was", Delia travels along with Jim and Rick into a series of tunnels and alleyways from a much older Grandview to find Melinda  With the help of a ghost named Tessa, they manage to locate her and get her to safety  In "Bad Blood", Delia's need to find a rational explanation for every situation, including ones involving ghosts, is brought up  Delia tells Melinda that she will try harder to accept the notion of ghosts  In the episode "Heart and Soul", Delia's need for a rational explanation nearly destroys her relationship with Melinda, but a conversation with her son and a moment with "Sam" at a basketball court provides her with faith in Melinda's gift  She now believes Jim is living in Sam's body  Sometime within the five-year leap between seasons 4 and 5 she left working for Melinda to open a Real Estate agency next to the shop, however she is frequently seen helping Melinda in the shop at various points in the series and remains Melinda's best friend 

Ned Banks
Ned Banks was originally portrayed by Tyler Patrick Jones, but starting with season 3 episode "Slambook!" Christoph Sanders took over the role  Ned is a nice guy who has dedicated his life to helping Melinda with the occult  He is the son of Delia and Charlie Banks  The events of his adolescence have been part of the plots of some episodes 
Ned was caught shoplifting at Melinda's antique shop, stealing Grateful Dead backstage passes  Melinda realized his behavior was the result of a spirit's urging  Ned found out Melinda's secret before his mother did when he overheard Melinda in the episode "Curse of the Ninth " He is always eager to help Melinda with her ghosts  A few episodes later, when his deceased father Charlie visits him and his mother, Melinda helps his father go into the Light  In the season three episode "No Safe Place," Ned gets into a private school 
In "Slambook," Ned (played by Christoph Sanders from then on) is on the basketball team when a ghost begins tampering with the scoreboard  In the episode "Home But Not Alone," Ned has his first girlfriend and (probably) his first kiss  In season 4, there was a plot which involved his mother suspecting him of smoking marijuana, but as it turned out, it was his mother's friend's joint  As of season five, he is a student at Rockland University  In "Dead Air" he is a host of a radio show, and has cheated on his girlfriend TJ (which he later regrets and apologizes for) 
In season 5, Ned is studying Anthropology of the Occult at Rockland University  He uses his knowledge to help Melinda and Eli solve the mystery of the Shadows and Shinies, also aiding them in crossing over spirits  Ned, Melinda, and Eli take turns keeping the Book of Changes 

Rick Payne
Rick Payne (portrayed by Jay Mohr) is a professor at Rockland University  He is a widower; his wife, Kate, died in a crane accident before his first appearance in the series 
At the beginning of season two, Melinda Gordon first seeks Rick Payne's help to save her deceased friend, Andrea Marino, who is being attacked by a dark spirit, Romano  She finds him teaching an occult class at Rockland University  She continues to seek Rick's help for various paranormal occurrences throughout the rest of the season  Rick first meets Melinda's husband, Jim Clancy, when Melinda recommends Jim talk to him about a ghost  It is in "The Night We Met" that Rick first questions Melinda about whether or not she believes she has supernatural abilities, as well as meets Melinda's close friend and co-worker, Delia Banks  It is only in the episode "Cat's Claw" that Melinda finally informs Rick of her abilities  In the season finale, Rick and Melinda are seen working very closely trying to figure out who Gabriel Lawrence, a dark Ghost Whisperer, really is  Rick, Jim, and Melinda go as far as breaking into Gabriel's home  It is also revealed Rick's wife, Kate, is a ghost who worked for the dark side but would later cross over into the Light after telling her husband a secret she had been keeping from him since she died 
The character joins the main cast in season three  At the beginning of this season, Rick appears to be worried about Melinda after her near-death experience  He also works a large deal more with Melinda on some things  In "The Weight of What Was", Rick, Jim, and Delia all travel into old Grandview to try finding Melinda  Jim and Delia are aided by a ghost named Tessa, an ancestor of Melinda's, and locate the trapped Melinda  Rick also helps Melinda search town death records for information about Tessa, who at the time Melinda believed to be Gabriel's mother, though a group of ghosts attempt to stop them from finding anything  In "Double Exposure", Rick's date and co-worker, Claudia, is haunted by a ghost who makes it so she cannot appear in any pictures 
It seems Rick had somewhat of a crush on Melinda when they first met; he was clearly embarrassed by everything he said to her, afraid it might sound stupid  The crush dissipated after he met Jim, Melinda's husband, but they remain very close friends 
Abrasive at times, Professor Rick Payne is often perceived as obnoxious on first impression, but most of the time he means well  Sarcastic and sometimes insensitive, he has a tendency to shout randomly and hates to be awakened by late night telephone calls  Even though he does not appreciate the title, he is rather well known as a genius, and spouts useless information at times  He has admitted that he talks a lot when he is nervous, but he talks a lot whether he is nervous or not  Professor Payne is quick-witted and highly intelligent, taking delight in annoying people and considers the reactions he gets from being rude amusing  He feels that he is taken for granted too often and likes to tell people so, though some believe it is only a technique to make others feel sorry for him  He has a certain charm, despite his ability to annoy even those with saintly amounts of patience, and he is a good friend to those who can stand to stick with him 

Eli James
Dr  Eli James (Jamie Kennedy) was introduced in the first episode of season four  He was a psychology professor at Rockland University 
During a building fire on the Rockland University campus on October 3, 2008, he died but was brought back, causing him to have a near death experience  It unlocked an ability which allows him to hear ghosts, but doesn't allow him to see them like Melinda  Throughout the fourth season, he adjusts to his newfound ability and starts helping her cross ghosts over  Eli also helps Melinda when she needs information from the Police 
Zoe, previous Guardian of the Book of Changes and Eli's ex-girlfriend, died after falling off the stairs in an attempt to stop a thief influenced by a Watcher  At the end of Season 4, Zoe crossed into the light (or so it seems) after telling Eli he was the next Guardian of the Book of Changes  In Season 5, it is revealed Eli is one of Ned's university lecturers  Evelyn, Eli's mother, died 7 years ago, even though in "Stage Fright" he told Melinda and Jim he was getting an autograph for his mom who watches the show which was visiting Grandview  Eli's father, Ray James, died from a heart-attack in the third episode of Season 5, "Till Death Do Us Start," which shared more shocking secrets about Eli's parents 
Eli and Melinda over time become very close friends  At first, Eli thought that Melinda was crazy (as almost everyone always does when she shares about her gift) until he realized he could do the same thing (almost)  As he learns more about his gift, he becomes more and more willing to help Melinda with the hauntings and even enjoys it 

Supporting characters
Beth Gordon
Beth Gordon (portrayed by Anne Archer), Melinda's mother and Aiden's grandmother, has the ability to communicate with ghosts, but chooses not to  She never came to terms with her mother or Melinda when it came to their gifts and prefers not to speak of anything that has to do with ghosts, or her husband Tom Gordon  Before she met Tom, she was in a relationship with a man named Paul Eastman, whom she was having a baby with when he went to jail  Once he died, Beth married Tom and never told Melinda about her real father  In "Pater Familias", Paul convinces Beth to tell Melinda the truth  She is then invited to watch the tall ships come into the harbor with Melinda, Jim and their friends, Rick, Delia, and Ned  She appeared in the episodes "Melinda's First Ghost", "The Vanishing", "The Underneath", and "Pater Familias" 

Mary Ann Patterson
Mary Ann Patterson, (played by June Squibb) - Melinda's grandmother and Aiden's great grandmother, now deceased, was a person who spoke to ghosts  It was she who gave lost spirits the title "earthbound " She helped them cross over into the Light (Heaven)  Her gift was passed down to Melinda, the current "ghost whisperer " Mary Ann crossed over into the Light so she is currently a "Light" Spirit  She helps Melinda bring ghosts to peace through dreams in two episodes: "Voices" and "The Gathering"  It is later revealed, in Season 3, that Melinda's maternal great-great-great-grandmother, Tessa (Amy Acker), could also communicate with ghosts and Melinda helps her cross over  When Melinda tells Tessa the fate of her daughter (in "Weight of What Was"), it is revealed that Mary Anne was the granddaughter of Julie Lee Lucas   Her married name was Patterson, according to Melinda  Melinda was in high school when her grandmother died and Melinda did not realize it until her grandmother said something about presence and then it dawned on Melinda that her grandmother was talking about her death and Melinda's loss of her grandmother 

Romano
Romano (John Walcutt), also known as "Wide Brim" (due to his outfit: black suit and black hat) was an American evil cult leader who lived in Spain, and who committed suicide along with 100 followers in 1939  The energy of the mass suicide made him powerful and strong, and he went to the Dark Side  He can be considered Melinda's true archenemy  He started to trick souls to go with him, by making them refuse to "cross over" into The Light 
When Romano first appeared on the show, his appearances were quick and mysterious, and he was usually attached to a laughing man who had, theretofore, never spoken  He always seemed to be observing Melinda  When in the episode "The One", the final episode of season one, a plane crashes outside Grandview, he attempts to gather all of the lost souls from the accident  This is the first time he declares his hatred and rivalry to Melinda, and he says he would release all "his earthbound souls" in exchange for her one soul 
Romano and Melinda confront each other verbally, each using persuasive speeches directed to the souls from the plane crash  Finally, Romano manages to get at least seven of the souls, including a stewardess who later does go into the Light in season two 
In "Love Never Dies", season two episode one, Romano tries to prevent Melinda's friend Andrea from crossing over into The Light  Melinda gathers all her strength to make Andrea cross over, and she learns with the help of Professor Rick Payne the identity of Romano  Payne also warns Melinda about Romano's real purpose: to destroy good spirits (the ones in charge of helping souls to "cross over" into The Light, such as Melinda) in order to make the dead stronger than the living, and to be endlessly powerful  According to Payne, Dark Spirit Romano would literally take over a weak soul in a weak body to make too much harm to humanity, until the last trace of joy and happiness vanished from earth  It is impossible for Romano to get closer when Melinda helps spirits to "cross over" into The Light, because there is too much love, and love is what Romano hates 
Romano last appeared in season two, episode one, when he was unsuccessful in trying to possess Andrea's soul  However, mid-season two, Melinda seems to foreshadow Romano's comeback, when Delia Banks tries on a black hat which resembles Romano's, although nothing arises from this  Melinda loosely references Romano in an episode of season five; when discussing the Shadows, she mentions that she's seen similar ghosts before, ones which didn't "cross over, so much as "cross under" much like Romano does with his followers  This reference could tell viewers that Romano ultimately became a Shadow after Andrea crossed over, and this is why he does not appear to Melinda for the rest of the series 

Charlie Banks
Delia was married to Charlie Banks (Fredric Lehne) until he died three years prior to Delia's first appearance on the show  They had a loving relationship  After a fire at the place where Charlie worked, Charlie was said to be different and more of a family man  We also learn that it was Tim who saved Charlie's life  Together with Charlie, Delia had her twelve-year-old son, Ned  Charlie died after being shot 

Tim Flaherty
In the episode "The Walk-In", Tim Flaherty (Thomas Wilson), a friend and co-worker of Jim's, is trying to get Delia to go out on a date with him, something Delia refuses to do  In "Delia's First Ghost", Tim tries to get Jim to tell him what Delia likes so he can impress her  Charlie, Delia's dead husband, helps him by knocking over a pot of lavender roses Delia likes  Tim also buys a motorcycle exactly like the one Charlie used to have  At the end of the episode, they are seen walking away hand in hand  He reappears in the fourth season in the episode Threshold  He is at Jim's funeral and talks about Jim before turning on an iPod with rock music which he says Jim would have wanted 

Gabriel Lawrence
Gabriel Lawrence (Ignacio Serricchio) claims to be Melinda's half-brother  He is also a "ghost whisperer"  It is unclear from whom he inherited this gift, since neither of his parents has that gift 
When he was a child, Gabriel knew he could interact with the dead, but nobody believed him, and he received psychiatric treatment in a mental health institution  Gabriel never had a living friend  In fact, all of his friends were dead, and he always hated watching them "cross over" into The Light  He managed to get out of the mental health institution by lying  He was in the same mental health institution where his mother resided 
In "The Collector" episode, Gabriel is now in his late twenties, and he has recently moved to Grandview  He mentions Grandview always brings him memories   Melinda Gordon has the opportunity to meet him, and she is amazed by the gift they have in common  Melinda warns Gabriel about a shift in the "other world": ghosts are becoming stronger  She tells him how she struggled against a very dark spirit called Romano the year before, when a plane crashed in Grandview 
However, Melinda discovers she was naive to believe in Gabriel, who had invited her to work with him in the difficult task of dealing with ghosts  Gabriel turns out to be a Ghost Whisperer from the Dark Side, and he had been gathering souls to prepare for what "was coming", a complex prophecy of the death of a "loved one" 
Gabriel, along with the dark spirits, was blocking The Light, because he was trying to make the dead stronger than the living  When Melinda, Jim Clancy, and Rick Payne break into Gabriel's house, they find out Gabriel's obsession with Melinda  He had been observing her moves for quite a long time  At the end of season two, both Gabriel and Melinda struggle against each other for the fate of living and dead 
Gabriel returns to Grandview in the third season episode "Weight of What Was", informing Melinda he is her half-brother  He hands her a package containing images of her father's family  An image in the package, in fact from Melinda's mother's past, leads Melinda to an underground church and her great-great-great grandmother, Tessa  A ghost which haunts the archives of Grandview tells Gabriel that Melinda has entered the tunnel, and Gabriel blocks the exit, preventing Melinda from escaping the way she entered  The episode ends with Gabriel speaking to Tom Gordon about what seems like a plan to get Melinda to help ghosts in a dark way  While in Grandview, he resided in a hotel under the name Gabriel Gordon  Gabriel also appears in "All Ghosts Lead to Grandview", wherein he has a brief conversation with Melinda at the end of the episode 

Thomas Gordon
Thomas "Tom" Gordon (Martin Donovan) first appears in the plot in season two's finale, although he has previously appeared in some flashbacks  When Melinda "dies" in season two's finale, she confronts what appears to be an already dead Tom, who tells her she is ready to find the darkness within herself, and also tells her she has a brother, later revealed to be Gabriel  In season three, Tom has contact with both Melinda and Gabriel, manifesting himself in Melinda's dreams, and speaking as a ghost with Gabriel  It has been suggested Tom is part of the Dark Side, and he is developing a plan to get Melinda into the Dark Side 
In the penultimate episode of season three, however, Tom is found alive in Gabriel's home  Melinda later learns every time she had seen Tom's "ghost", his body had in fact been taken over by Paul Eastman, when he was trying to kill Tom  Melinda then finds out Tom actually is not her father, Paul Eastman is  After discovering this shocking truth, Melinda goes to the main square in town to think, where Tom meets her  He asks her to come back to the house she grew up in  There he gets her to go back through her memories to the night Paul Eastman had come to their house  Just then Melinda realizes Tom is actually a cold-blooded killer; she remembers Tom deliberately murdering Paul Eastman  Tom then informs her that he now has to kill her to keep his secret safe  As he tries to choke her to death, Melinda cries out to her dad, to which Tom answers, "I'm not your Dad"  Melinda replies she wasn't talking to Tom but actually was asking for help from her real father  Paul Eastman then arrives and takes over Tom's body one last time, forcing him to throw himself over the staircase, effectively killing him  Soon afterwards he appears before Melinda  Tom is then pulled away by an unknown force to an unknown location 

Paul Eastman
Paul Eastman  (Corin Nemec) first appears in Melinda's dreams as someone who haunted her and/or wanted to haunt her  She soon discovers that he was an escaped prisoner accused of killing a child whose ghost Melinda was attempting to cross over  However, before he crosses over, the boy admits that his death was an accident, and that he had spoken to Eastman as a ghost to lead him to his body  This led to his wrongful incarceration  In the season 3 finale, it is revealed he is Melinda's biological father, not Tom Gordon  Paul set a series of "clues" to help Melinda see the truth  To quicken the process and save Melinda, he convinces her mother to tell Melinda the truth  Melinda is initially in disbelief and consoled by Tom, who convinces her to follow him to a safe place  The "safe" place is Melinda's childhood home and Paul Eastman's burial site  Once they arrive, Tom probes Melinda about her memory of Paul's death; she eventually has a flashback revealing Tom deliberately killed Paul  Tom decided he must kill Melinda to protect himself from the truth being revealed  Melinda cries out to her father, to which Tom replies: "Don't call me Dad  I'm not your Father " Melinda answers, "I wasn't talking to you " As Tom realizes to whom Melinda had been calling, Paul enters Tom's body and forces him to fall to his death  Paul talks to Melinda and her mother and says he thought that he would never be so angry with his former lover, and only hearing his daughter calling for her father made all of his anger disappear  He then went into The Light  He has one grandson by Melinda, Aiden  In life, he apparently had the ability to speak to ghosts just like Melinda and her maternal relations, meaning that Melinda received her ability from both parents 

Zoe Ramos
Zoe Ramos (Jaclyn DeSantis) is Eli's ex-girlfriend and a professor at Rockland University  She knows a lot about the supernatural, because she teaches a course entitled the "Science of the Occult " Zoe and Eli had broken up because at the time he didn't share her beliefs regarding ghosts, life after death, etc  At the end of the fourth season, Eli decides to resume contact with her  Zoe helps Melinda and Eli with cases involving voodoo and vampirism (episodes "Cursed" and "Endless Love") 
In season four's finale, Eli observes Zoe having lunch with a lawyer, Jeremy Bishop, and becomes very jealous   When Eli attempts the theft of an ancient book from the library of the University, Zoe tells him the true value of the book, which she has studied   Eli decides to invite Zoe out for dinner  When she fails to appear, Eli goes to Zoe's house and finds her dead  Her spirit tells Eli she died from falling down the stairs while a thief, influenced by a Watcher, entered her house to put the Book there 
After securing the Book, Eli calls to Zoe, who informs him about the Other Side  She tells him that she was the "Guardian of the Book of Changes" and, henceforth, he will need to take care of the Book  Eli agrees and realizes he still loves Zoe  After saying goodbye to Eli, Zoe goes into the light 

Aiden Lucas
Aiden Lucas (portrayed by Connor Gibbs) is the son of Melinda Gordon and Jim Clancy  Aiden is also the grandson of Paul Eastman and Beth Gordon who are Melinda's parents and Aiden and Faith Clancy who are Jim's parents 
Aiden was born on September 25, 2009  Before his birth, the watchers predict him and tell Melinda that her son is the key if the ghost's balances shift, and he will be more powerful than she is  On the day of his birth, Melinda worries about her son's fate  During his birth, Melinda needs an emergency C-section and Aiden suddenly goes into fetal distress in the operating room  First, the watcher (Carl) warned Melinda of her child’s power and the danger he may come into, stops time to tell her Fate and Free Will will work together to decide whether or not the baby will live  He quickly disappears and time restarts  While the baby is not breathing at first, he suddenly recovers to full health  Later in recovery, Melinda tells Jim they will name the baby Aiden Lucas, after Jim’s father and the late Sam Lucas 
Years later, the family is celebrating Aiden's upcoming fifth birthday  Every year on his birthday something bad happens; Aiden strangely gets sick or something happens to Melinda or Jim  Delia and Melinda call it a birthday curse  However, Aiden is actually haunted by the ghost of the woman who died during childbirth when Melinda gave birth to Aiden  The woman believes Aiden is the spirit of her dead son and she haunts Aiden every year on his birthday 
Melinda discovers this and finds out the ghost's son, Tyler, is actually alive and safe with his real father and adoptive mother  Aiden saved Tyler earlier in a bowling accident and Melinda helped the woman go into the light  Later, Carl reveals to Melinda that Aiden is an empath and can feel other people's emotions; he would get sick on his birthday and something went wrong with his birth because of the ghost 
In addition to being an empath, Aiden is able to see and communicate with ghosts like his mother and grandparents do, and he is psychically connected to Melinda  Melinda does not tell Aiden this because she wants him to have a normal life 
Aiden is able to see things Melinda can't, namely the Shinies (which Aiden refers to as "faceless" and made of "light") and the Shadows, which can be defeated easily by the Shinies, but the Shinies are too afraid of them to do so 

Spirits
Characters that appear as spirit guest stars:

Lost spirits
These are some of the spirits who either did not cross over or went to the Dark Side (Hell) 

Laughing Man (appears with Romano and is a ghostly agent for the dark side  He wears a two-piece suit and is usually seen laughing  He was portrayed by Douglas Bierman; death was from accidental ingestion of water dropwort)
Bleeding Man (a dark spirit whose right hand is bleeding, hence his name  He was portrayed by Lou Glenn; death was from exsanguination)
Bloody Mary, a girl who was accidentally buried alive and died in the coffin, scratching her nails off on the seal of the coffin  Seen in the last seconds of Episode 2, Season 3
Giles Nickelburg (plane crash due to pilot error)
Greg Carter (car accident due to car going off a cliff)
Martha Rucker (building collapse)
Unnamed Man (conjunctivitis infection)
Greta Hansen (wheelchair fell down the stairs)
Tom Gordon (fell down the stairs)
Eli's parents (death from natural causes  Melinda helps them see The Light after solving a problem between them  The problem was caused by the fact that Eli's mother was a lesbian and had an affair with a friend  Eli's father thought she was really having a love affair with her friend's husband, making his spirit unable to cross over  They decide to stay to take care of her son, although he disagrees with the idea )
Shane Carson (suicide to continue stalking Melinda)
Randy Cooper (asthma attack)

Shinies and Shadows
Two different kinds of spirits that appear throughout the series  They are sworn enemies of each other, created by the emotions of ghosts, and feed upon others  Aiden Lucas, Melinda's son, is the only one who has the ability to see both of them while his mother and the Watchers cannot 

Shinies
Beings of good who are composed of light energy  Aiden reveals, in Season 5, that the Shinies are ghost children that have crossed over into The Light  He also comments that there are more Shinies than there are Shadows, and that if they were to go to war with each other, the Shinies would win  The Shadows prevent their growing numbers by consuming still-earthbound ghost children, making the Shinies fear them  But in the episode "The Children's Parade", Aiden reveals that if he, along with the other Shinies, use their combined power, they can defeat the Shadows forever 
In previous seasons, the Shinies have already revealed their presence to Melinda without her knowing  Carl, a Watcher, tells Melinda that she is surrounded by "light beings" watching over her and they are shown all throughout Grandview, watching over her during her wedding vow renewal  In later events, Melinda notices Aiden talking to himself  But later events reveal that Aiden has the ability to see these spirits (the Shinies), which she cannot see  Cassidy Peyton, a ghost girl Melinda crossed over, becomes a Shiny after going into The Light and becomes good friends with Aiden 
Shinies are attracted to "shiny things" such as flashlights, utensils, etc  Also, the Shinies are afraid of the Shadows, as depicted in the season 5 episode "Lost in the Shadows" 
In the series finale ("The Children's Parade") the Shinies, led by Aiden, destroy the Shadows once and for all 

Shadows
The Shadows are ghosts who are seen as beings of darkness  Aiden reveals that the Shadows are either "broken pieces" left behind by ghosts who have crossed over or have "crossed under"  Ghosts describe them as cold things and don't like to talk about them  They feed on the negative emotions of ghosts, especially ghost children, break their souls beyond repair, and feed on the rest of them 
In previous seasons, Gabriel was working for them, but since he disappeared they could no longer block The Light  They are extremely dangerous and use people, both living and dead, to gather the souls of ghost children so that they may feed; examples are President Bedford of Rockland University to get the Book of Changes, which helps Melinda, Eli and Aiden, but they killed him when he could not complete the task  Another is Greta Hansen, a woman in a wheelchair who helped the Shadows by luring children's spirits into her house (using Cassidy Peyton), but Melinda saved some spirits imprisoned by the ghost Greta 
Ravens are their symbols, and they fear lights, shiny things, and the Shinies 
Passage 5:
National Commission for Scheduled Castes
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is an Indian constitutional body under the jurisdiction of  Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo Indian communities to promote and protect their social, educational, economic and cultural interests, special provisions were made in the Constitution  Article 338 of the Indian constitution deals with National Commission for Scheduled Castes  Article 338 A deals with National Commission for Scheduled tribes 

History
Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as chairman and other four members  Members of the commission includes a chairman, a vice chairman and four other members  It was set up as a national level advisory body to advise the government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes  The president of India appoints the chairman of commission  The fifth schedule of Indian constitution deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes  Service condition and tenure is determined by president of India  Article 341 deals with notification of Scheduled Castes and Article 342 deals with notification of Scheduled Tribes 
The first Commission was constituted in 1992 with S  H  Ramdhan as chairman 
The second Commission was constituted in October 1995 with H  Hanumanthappa as chairman 
The third Commission was constituted in December 1998 with Dileep Singh Bhuria as the chairman 
The fourth Commission was constituted in March 2002 with Dr  Bizay Sonkar Shastri as the chairperson 
Consequent upon the Constitution (Eighty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 2003 the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been replaced by
(1) National Commission for Scheduled Castes and
(2) National Commission for Scheduled Tribes 

National Commission for Scheduled Castes
The first National Commission for Scheduled Castes was constituted in 2004 with Suraj Bhan as the chairman  The second was constituted in May 2007 (chairperson: Buta Singh); the third from October 2010 (P  L  Punia); and the fourth from 2013, also with Punia as chairperson  The fifth National Commission for Scheduled Castes began work in 2017 under chairmanship of Ram Shankar Katheria  L Murugan was made vice chairman with K Ramulu, Dr Yogendra Paswan and Dr  Swaraj Vidwan as members  The President has appointed Shri Vijaya Sampla as the chairman of the sixth National Commission for Scheduled Castes  Shri Arun Halder is the vice-chairman  Shri Subhash Ramnath Pardhi and Smt  Anju Bala are the other members of the sixth NCSC 

Functions
The following are the functions of the commission:
To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards
To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Castes
To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State
To present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards
To make in such reports recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of the Scheduled Castes
To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Castes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify

Chairman
See also
National Commission for Backward Classes
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
National human rights commission
Passage 6:
Ryan Michelle Bathe
Ryan Michelle Bathé (born July 27, 1976) is an American actress 

Early life
Bathe's mother is Clare Bathé, an actress and singer who was a member of the late 1970s funk/disco/rock group Machine  She grew up in Stamford, Connecticut  She graduated from Stanford University, and she received a Master of Fine Arts degree from New York University  She is a member of the sorority Delta Sigma Theta 

Career
Bathe has had guest starring roles in a number of television shows, including ER, Half & Half, Girlfriends, Brothers & Sisters, and How I Met Your Mother  She was regular cast member during the second season of the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal playing attorney Sara Holt  From  2009 to 2010, she had a recurring role on the short-lived NBC medical drama Trauma, and in 2011 had starring role in the TV Land sitcom Retired at 35  She had main roles in the independent films All About Us and April Moon 
In 2012, Bathe co-starred opposite Katherine Heigl in the crime comedy film One for the Money  Later that year, she had a recurring role opposite her real life husband Sterling K  Brown in the Lifetime drama series Army Wives  In 2014, she was a female lead opposite Kevin Hart in the ABC comedy pilot Keep It Together  In 2016, Bathe was cast in a recurring role in the NBC drama series, This Is Us, also starring Brown In 2018, Bathe was cast as one of leads in the BET+ comedy-drama series First Wives Club based on the film of the same name written by Robert Harling  In 2020, she signed a first look deal with ViacomCBS  In 2022, Bathe was cast as a lead alongside Morena Baccarin in the NBC heist thriller series The Endgame 

Personal life
In June 2007, Bathe married fellow actor and Stanford alum Sterling K  Brown  They have two sons 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 7:
Chuck Green
Charles Green (November 6, 1919 – March 7, 1997) was an American tap dancer  Green was born in Fitzgerald, Georgia  He would stick bottle caps on his bare feet as a child and tap dance on the sidewalk for money  He won third place in a dance contest in 1925, in which Noble Sissle was the bandleader  Soon, Green would be touring the South tap dancing 
When he was nine he was brought to New York by a talent scout to study tap dancing  A famous talent agent, Nat Nazzaro, signed Green up as a client when he was just twelve years old  He and his childhood friend James Walker teamed up and called themselves "Shorty and Slim"  Walker was a talented comic dancer and would be "Slim" to Green's "Shorty" 
They changed their name to "Chuck and Chuckles," and played New York's Palace Theatre  Described as a modern Buck and Bubbles, Chuckles, an expert in legomania, played the vibes, while Green performed tap in a breathtaking yet gentle style of John Bubbles, whose protégé' he later became  Up until 1944, "Chuck and Chuckles" toured Europe, Australia, and the United States, performing in such venues as Radio City Music Hall, the Paramount, Apollo, and Capital theatres  Jobs were plentiful and they would double up on performances, averaging five stage shows a day, playing nightclubs until early morning, and touring nonstop with big bands across the country and abroad  In 1944, due to Green's stress, the team broke up and Green was committed to a mental institution where he stayed for fifteen years 
Upon his release in 1959, Green had become very introverted, but he could still dance  He quickly adapted to bebop and created his own style of tap dancing, experimenting with new harmonies and rhythmic patterns  He could easily ad-lib his dance numbers to the new music  He began performing again, on stage and on television 
He appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival on July 6, 1963, along with Honi Coles  Then, in 1964, Green faced tap dancer Groundhog in a tap challenge at the Village Vanguard  In 1969, Green appeared with members of Harlem's Hoofers Club for a series of "Tap Happenings" that were produced in New York City by Letitia Jay  Through the 1970s and 1980s, Green performed with the Copasetics  Honi Coles would introduce him as, "Chuck Green, the greatest tap dancer in the world "  In 1979, Green was featured in the documentary film No Maps on My Taps 
In 2003, Green was inducted into the Tap Dance Hall of Fame 
Chuck Green died on March 7, 1997, at the Oakridge Care Center in Oakland, Calif ,

Filmography
Passage 8:
Think I'm in Love (Eddie Money song)
"Think I'm in Love" is a 1982 hit single by American rock singer Eddie Money from his album No Control  The song was written by Money and Randy Oda (who is perhaps best known otherwise for his collaborations with former Creedence Clearwater Revival member Tom Fogerty)   The song was released as a single and reached #16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and hit #1 on the Billboard Top Tracks chart The song was Money's first Top 40 hit in several years, and sparked a brief comeback for the artist  The song remains a popular track, and gets frequent airplay on classic rock radio stations 

Music video
The music video included elements from classic vampire movies (with Eddie Money cast as a quasi-Dracula character)   It was one of the most popular early MTV music videos 

In popular culture
The song has been featured in several movies, including Joe Dirt and Paul Blart: Mall Cop, the miniseries Waco and the fourth series opener of Cuckoo 

Chart history
See also
List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 1980s
Passage 9:
Greatest Hits: The Sound of Money
Greatest Hits: Sound of Money is a compilation of American rock singer Eddie Money's biggest hits plus three new tracks: "Peace in Our Time", "Looking Through the Eyes of a Child" and "Stop Steppin' on My Heart"  The disc was originally released in 1989 by Columbia Records  A remastered CD surfaced in 2009, released by SPV 
The song "Looking Through the Eyes of a Child" was covered by Puerto Rican singer Chayanne on his album Atado a Tu Amor, as "Soy como un niño" (Spanish for "I'm Like a Child")

Track listing
Singles
"Peace in Our Time" (1990) #11 US
Passage 10:
Jenny Slate
Jenny Sarah Slate (born March 25, 1982) is an American actress, stand-up comedian, and writer 
Following early acting and stand-up roles on television, Slate gained recognition for her live variety shows in New York City and for co-creating, writing, and producing the children's short film and book series Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2010–present)  She became more widely known as a cast member on the 35th season of the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live between 2009 and 2010 and for subsequent roles in the comedic series Bob's Burgers (2012–present), Parks and Recreation (2013–2015), House of Lies (2013–2015), Kroll Show (2013–2015) 
Slate's breakout role came with her leading performance in the coming-of-age comedy-drama film Obvious Child (2014), for which she won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy and was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award and Gotham Independent Film Award  She lent voice performances to the animated films The Lorax (2012), Zootopia (2016), The Secret Life of Pets film franchise (2016–2019), The Lego Batman Movie, and Despicable Me 3 (both 2017), and she ventured into dramatic roles with her supporting performance as Bonnie in Gifted (2017)  She also appeared in the critically acclaimed science-fiction film Everything Everywhere All At Once, winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 
Starting in 2017, Slate, who is Jewish, appeared on the animated Netflix series Big Mouth as the biracial Black–Jewish character Missy Foreman-Greenwald  She exited the role in 2020 because she felt it should be played by a Black actress; Slate has continued to voice other various characters on the show 

Early life and education
Slate was born on March 25, 1982, in Milton, Massachusetts, to Ron Slate, a businessman and poet who worked as vice president of global communications for the EMC Corporation and later as CEO of a biotech startup, and Nancy (née Gilson), a housewife who also made pottery  She is the middle child of three, with an older sister, Abigail, and younger sister, Stacey  She and her family are Jewish  One of her grandmothers was born in Cuba and was raised in France  After graduating from Milton Academy as the valedictorian, Slate attended Columbia University as a literature major, where she helped form the improv group Fruit Paunch, starred in the Varsity Show and met Gabe Liedman, who would become her comedy partner  Slate graduated from Columbia in 2004 

Career
She and Gabe Liedman formed the comedy duo Gabe & Jenny  Their stand-up shows with Max Silvestri, "Big Terrific," were named best new variety show of 2008 by Time Out New York  In 2015, Slate, Liedman, and Silvestri ended the show, citing their busy schedules, though they have since occasionally performed together 
Slate first met Liedman in 2000 while attending Columbia University  They describe their relationship as a "nonsexual romance"; Slate says, "I like to think of us as kind of like Elaine Benes and George Costanza, but we like each other " Throughout 2008 and 2009, Slate regularly performed her one-woman show titled Jenny Slate: Dead Millionaire at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre (UCBT) in New York City 

Slate was a regular commentator on many VH1 "talking head" commentary programs  In early 2009, she had made several appearances on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon recurring sketch "7th Floor West", where she played an NBC page also named Jenny, who was later promoted to Fallon's assistant  She had a recurring role in Bored to Death  Slate's guest appearances on television programs include Bob's Burgers, Girls, The Whitest Kids U' Know, Important Things with Demetri Martin and Raising Hope 
Slate joined the cast of Saturday Night Live for the 2009-10 season  In her first episode, she accidentally said "fucking" during her debut sketch "Biker Chick Chat", which was heard on the live broadcast, but removed from reruns  In various sketches, she impersonated Hoda Kotb, Lady Gaga, Kristen Stewart, Ashley Olsen, and Olympia Snowe  She was best known for Tina-Tina Cheneuse, an infomercial pitchwoman who advertises personalized doorbells, car horns, and alarm clocks  Slate's contract was not renewed for another season  Despite rumors to the contrary, Slate has insisted that her SNL termination was not due to cursing but rather simply because "I didn't click "In August 2010, she co-wrote and voiced the animated short film Marcel the Shell with Shoes On, which garnered viral success  This led to Marcel the Shell with Shoes on, Two  Slate also wrote a "Marcel"-themed children's book that was released on November 1, 2011  Her first major film role was as Zoe in Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked; more films followed in 2012, including the voice of Ted's mother in The Lorax 
Her first appearance in Parks and Recreation was in the 2013 episode "Bailout", in which she portrayed Mona-Lisa Saperstein  Following her success on the NBC show, Slate released and starred in a 12-episode mini-series on YouTube called Catherine, celebrating late 1980s and early 1990s soap-opera aesthetics  On July 23, 2013, she appeared in Drunk History retelling the history of how Coca-Cola was made 
In 2014, Slate starred in the comedy-drama film Obvious Child, which follows the life of a young stand-up comic as she grapples with an unplanned pregnancy and eventual abortion  Slate went on to win the Critics Choice Award for Best Actress in a Comedy, Best Breakout Performance at the Newport Beach Film Festival, the Virtuosos Award at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and Best Comedic Actress at the Women Film Critics Circle Awards for her performance in the film 
Slate co-starred with Judy Greer and Nat Faxon in the first season of the FX series Married  She left the series as a series regular in season two, but still appeared in a few episodes  Sarah Burns took her place in the series 
Slate appeared as Liz B  in the recurring "PubLIZity" sketches in Kroll Show, as well as many other recurring and one-off characters, performing in some capacity in almost every episode until the series ended in 2015  In 2016, Slate voiced Dawn Bellwether in the Disney animated comedy-adventure film Zootopia and Gidget in the animated feature The Secret Life of Pets 
Slate and her father co-wrote a book titled About the House about their time living in Slate's childhood home in Milton, Massachusetts, which was published in December 2016 In 2017, Slate starred in the film Gifted as Bonnie Stevenson, the teacher of a 7-year-old mathematical genius 
In October 2019, Slate released a stand-up comedy special on Netflix, titled Stage Fright 
Slate published her book titled Little Weirds, about her struggles with and thoughts about life and relationships, in 2019 
From 2017 until 2019, Slate voiced the biracial character Missy Foreman-Greenwald on the animated Netflix series Big Mouth  Slate exited the role on June 24, 2020, writing on Instagram that "At the start of the show, I reasoned with myself that it was permissible for me to play Missy because her mom is Jewish and White — as am I  But Missy is also Black and Black characters on an animated show should be played by Black people "In 2022, she appeared in the critically acclaimed science fiction film Everything Everywhere All at Once as Big Nose  Her character's original name was changed to Debbie the Dog Mom for the film's digital release due to its association with Jewish stereotypes  For her performance, she won, along with the rest of the cast, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 

Personal life
Slate lived in Cobble Hill, Brooklyn, before moving with filmmaker Dean Fleischer Camp to Los Angeles in the early 2010s  In September 2012, Slate married Fleischer-Camp  They collaborated on the Marcel the Shell with Shoes On, on both the books, the short films, and later the 2021 feature film  The pair announced their separation in May 2016  She dated actor Chris Evans for a brief period In September 2019, Slate announced her engagement to art curator and author Ben Shattuck, owner of Davolls General Store  On December 10, 2020, Slate revealed on Late Night with Seth Meyers that she was expecting her first child with Shattuck  On February 3, 2021, Slate announced that she had given birth to a daughter  Shattuck and Slate married in their living room on New Year's Eve 2021, their fourth attempt at a wedding after the first three were canceled during the COVID-19 pandemic 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Podcasts
Earth Break

Awards and nominations
Bibliography
Slate, Jenny; Fleischer-Camp, Dean (2011)  Marcel the Shell with Shoes On: Things About Me  Razorbill  ISBN 978-1-59514-455-3 
Slate, Jenny; Fleischer-Camp, Dean (2014)  Marcel the Shell: The Most Surprised I've Ever Been  Razorbill  ISBN 978-1-59514-456-0 
Slate, Jenny; Slate, Ron (2016)  About the House  Concord Free Press  ISBN 9780990805922 
Slate, Jenny (2019)  Little Weirds  Little, Brown and Company (published November 5, 2019)  ISBN 978-0-316-48534-0 

Notes
Passage 11:
Richard Ainley
Richard Ainley (22 December 1910 – 18 May 1967) was a stage and film actor 
He was born in Middlesex, England, the son of Henry Ainley and a half-brother of Anthony Ainley 
Ainley made his stage debut in 1928, initially using the stage name Richard Riddle, taking his mother's maiden name  His American debut came in Foreigners at the Belasco Theater in 1939 His first motion picture appearance was in 1936 as Sylvius in As You Like It, in which his father also appeared  Other roles included Ferdinand in the television movie of The Tempest (1939), Dr  Hale in Shining Victory (1941), and a Foreign Office official in the thriller Above Suspicion (1943) 
Ainley married three times, firstly to actress Ethel Glendinning   He was divorced from his first two wives; his third wife Rowena Woolf died in 1968 
He retired from film work following a disabling wound received while he was serving in the army during World War II to return to the stage  He was briefly principal of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in the early 1960s 

Filmography
Passage 12:
Christopher Masterson
Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Malcolm's oldest brother Francis on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He is the younger brother of former actor Danny Masterson, and the older half-brother of Alanna Masterson and Jordan Masterson, who are also actors 

Career
Masterson played Geoff in the direct-to-video movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the sequel to Dragonheart  Masterson is best known for his role as Francis, the trouble-making oldest brother of Frankie Muniz's title character in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle  He took on the role for seven years, from 2000 to 2006  In 2003, he played Edward Linton in MTV's Wuthering Heights  Masterson portrayed a lead character in the films Scary Movie 2, Waterborne, Made for Each Other and Intellectual Property  He guest starred in three episodes of That '70s Show, alongside his brother, Danny  In the USA Network television series White Collar, he played Josh Roland in the episode "Where There's a Will"  He also played Scotty O'Neal in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding  In 2012, Masterson had a guest role on the TBS series Men at Work as a concierge named Archie  His brother, Danny Masterson, plays Milo on the show, but the two did not share any scenes together 

Personal life
Masterson was born on Long Island, New York, the son of Carol Masterson, a manager, and Peter Masterson, an insurance agent  Masterson, like his brother Danny Masterson, is a follower of Scientology  The two have invested in restaurants together  He also has a half-sister, actress Alanna Masterson, and a half-brother, actor Jordan Masterson  Masterson was in a relationship with his brother's That ‘70s Show co-star Laura Prepon from 1999 to 2007 On June 25, 2019, Masterson married actress Yolanda Pecoraro  In April 2021, she gave birth to their daughter Chiara 

Filmography
Passage 13:
List of The Young and the Restless cast members
The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J  Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS  It first aired on March 26, 1973  The longest-running cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978  Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, previously held the record for the series' longest-running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013  Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest-running current cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively  Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest-running cast members  The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series 

Cast
Main cast
Recurring cast
Previous cast members
Context 2: Passage 1:
Pine Mountain State Resort Park
Pine Mountain State Resort Park is a Kentucky state park located in Bell County, southeastern Kentucky, United States  Located on part of the Pine Mountain ridge in the Appalachians, the park opened in 1924 as Kentucky's first state park  
Each spring since 1933, the park has hosted the annual Kentucky Mountain Laurel Festival   A portion of the park is legally dedicated as a nature preserve by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves 

History
When Pine Mountain State Resort Park was established in 1926, it was named Cumberland State Park  The name was changed in 1938 in order to avoid confusion with the newly formed Cumberland Falls State Resort Park  During the park's early years, there was little development  In 1933, during the Great Depression, President Franklin D  Roosevelt assigned the Civilian Conservation Corps to numerous infrastructure projects  At this park, they began constructing the main office building, cabins, roads, bridges, shelters, and hiking trails, creating a resource for all the citizens 
In the 1960s, the Kentucky State Park System began updating their parks  For Pine Mountain State Park, they constructed a new wing to the lodge, adding 30 more guest rooms; they also built 10 additional cottages, a swimming pool, and a golf course  Today, the park serves as one of southeastern Kentucky's premier state parks 

Amenities and recreation
Herndon J  Evans Lodge - The lodge has 30 guest rooms 
Mountain View Restaurant - seats 125 people and has a private dining area that seats 25 people 
Wasioto Winds Golf Course - This 18-hole golf course was ranked fourth in the nation by Golf Digest Magazine in January 2003 as among the Best New Affordable Public Golf Courses 
Cottages - The park has nine one-bedroom cabins that were built by the CCC in the 1930s  It also has eleven modern, two-bedroom cabins, built in the 1970s 
Chained Rock - During the 1930s, the people of Pineville, Kentucky decided to create a new tourist attraction  In 1933, a group of people hauled a 101-foot-long chain to the top of Pine Mountain and attached it to a massive boulder that loomed above the town  They said the rock was chained to the mountain in order to keep it from rolling down the mountain and destroying the city 
Other attractions -  Miniature golf, swimming, hiking, Ray Harm artworks (displayed throughout the lodge, restaurant, and convention center), interpretive center, playgrounds, picnicking, and gift shop (at the front desk) 

Events
Elk Viewing Tours - (January, September–December)
Kentucky Writers Workshop - (March)
Kentucky Mountain Laurel Festival - (May)
Great American Dulcimer Convention - (September)
Passage 2:
South Portsmouth, Kentucky
South Portsmouth is an unincorporated community in Greenup County, Kentucky, United States  South Portsmouth is located on the Ohio River across from Portsmouth, Ohio and 3 miles (4 8 km) west of South Shore, Kentucky  Kentucky Route 8 passes through the community South Portsmouth was originally called Springville due to the numerous springs in the area  Springville was incorporated as a town on March 3, 1876  The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad built a track through the community in the early 1900s  Subsequently the name of the community was changed to South Portsmouth, presumably to indicate its location and strengthen its connection with Portsmouth, Ohio, a city of more than 20,000 people An Amtrak train station, South Portsmouth-South Shore station, is located just east of South Portsmouth 
South Portsmouth is the site of an 18th-Century Shawnee Indian village called Lower Shawneetown 

Notable person
Charles Kinney (1850-1918) - Ohio Secretary of State
Passage 3:
Kentucky Tavern
Kentucky Tavern is a brand of straight bourbon whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company at the Barton Distillery located in Bardstown, Kentucky, who acquired the brand from United Distillers in 1995  The brand was originally produced and owned by the R  Monarch Distillery (RD #24, 2nd Dist ) of Owensboro, Kentucky, which entered bankruptcy in 1898 and was purchased by James Thompson in 1901 who renamed the company Glenmore Distillery Company with locations in Owensboro and Louisville, Kentucky  In 1903 the Kentucky Tavern trademark was first registered  Glenmore proved a successful and durable company, its main brand being Kentucky Tavern  It is usually produced as an 80 proof liquor, although a 100 proof is also available 
It bears resemblance in color and flavor to that of Kentucky Gentleman, which is also produced by Barton Distilleries 
Kentucky Tavern is relatively affordable for bourbon and can be purchased in 200 ml, 375 mL, 750 mL, 1 L and 1 75 L quantities 
In March 2009, the Sazerac Company of New Orleans purchased the Tom Moore distillery and many brands owned by Constellation Spirits (formerly Barton Brands) as part of a $334 million transaction 
In 2019 the whisky was awarded the Bronze by World Whiskies Awards for 'Best Kentucky Bourbon' 
Passage 4:
Mattingly, Kentucky
Mattingly is an unincorporated community in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, United States  Mattingly is located around the intersection of Kentucky Route 992 and Kentucky Route 629, 7 9 miles (12 7 km) west of Hardinsburg 

History
Its original name was Balltown, prior to the post office opening there in 1881  Some of the early settlers were the Balls, Bateses, Franks, Harrises, McQuadys, Mullens and Pates   The name Mattingly probably comes from the name of its first post master 
Passage 5:
Roff, Kentucky
Roff is an unincorporated community in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, United States  Roff is located on Kentucky Route 79, 8 5 miles (13 7 km) south-southeast of Hardinsburg 
Passage 6:
Prysmian Group
Prysmian S p A  is an Italian company with headquarters in Milan, specialising in the production of electrical cable for use in the energy and telecom sectors and for optical fibres  Prysmian is present in North America with 23 plants, 48 in Europe, 13 in LATAM, 7 MEAT, 13 APAC 
It is the world leader in the production of cables for wind farms  The company is listed on the Milan Stock Exchange in the FTSE MIB index 
On 4 December 2017, it took over 100% of the General Cable group in the US, to then complete the merger by incorporation the following year, after the antitrust approval by the respective countries 

History
The beginning
The company originated in 1879 as Pirelli Cavi e Sistemi  In 1881, it secured a contract to produce submarine telegraph cables for military engineering In 1886, it opened a submarine cable production plant in La Spezia  It later helped to lay the entire Italian telegraph network on behalf of the Italian state-owned company Telegrafi dello Stato, and to install the electrical grid for domestic use in Milan  It also laid telegraph cables in the colonies of Italian East Africa In 1925, it produced 5,150 km of submarine telegraph cabling for Italcable for communications between Italy and South America  Its collaboration with the Italian government continued with the laying of cables for the Italian interurban telephone network 

Prysmian
In 2005, Prysmian S r l  was created by Goldman Sachs after acquiring Pirelli & C  S p A's Cables and Systems business  After restructuring the organisation of the group's internal activities, the company decided to sell down its investment in the cable market  The figure negotiated was EUR 1 3 billion: Goldman Sachs gave Pirelli 225 million and the rest (more than one billion) was a debt that would be paid off the back of the new business  The company, led by Valerio Battista from 2005, was then a public company Since 3 May 2007, it has been listed on the Milan Stock Exchange and on 24 September 2007 it joined the S&P MIB index of the biggest Italian companies 
At the end of 2009, Goldman Sachs decided to sell down its stake, which was completed in March 2010 In February 2011, Prysmian successfully made a takeover bid of EUR 840 million for Dutch company Draka, with headquarters in Eindhoven, which at the time was fourth in the world in the cable and optical fibre sector In December 2017, it bought the American (and rival) company General Cable based in Kentucky  A transaction of almost three billion dollars, consisting of equity (1 5 billion) and financial debt  This merged the leading cable-making company in the world in terms of revenue (Prysmian) and the fourth (General Cable), creating a group with a revenue of EUR 10 billion, EBIDTA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation) of EUR 840 million and over 28,000 employees 

Acquisition of General Cable
The General Cable group was valued at 3 billion dollars with a price premium of approximately 81% to General Cable's share value on the last day of trading The acquisition was unanimously approved by the two Boards of Directors and would create a company present in 50 countries with 31,000 employees, which could generate revenue of 11 billion dollars a year, based on estimates from the 2017 financial statements  The integration was expected to cost 220 million dollars  The price per share paid to General Cable was 30 dollars, versus a Prysmian dividend that was halved in 2011 after the acquisition of Draka, and stable at 43 cents per share  The General Cable group has one billion dollars of debt Already the leading cable company in the world, with such "pro-forma" earnings, it would become twice as large as its second main competitor  Prysmian declared that it expects to increase its capital by more than 500 million in light of further acquisitions The transaction was subject to approval by the antitrust authorities of the two countries Its completion would create a market concentration in a strategic sector for public safety and economic development, which was already established by no more than ten competitors across Italy, the US and China  Other oligopolies exist in the fixed and mobile telephony sectors in various countries, partly due to the existence of natural monopolies 

Activity
The company is the global leader in the cable systems sector  Specifically, Prysmian produces and lays underground and submarine cables for the transmission and distribution of electricity, as well as specialised cables for use in various industrial contexts, and medium- and low-voltage cables for construction and infrastructure  For telecoms, the Group produces copper cables, optical cables and optical fibre cables for the transmission of data, video and sound 
On the customer's request, Prysmian also Designs and produces key systems and takes care of post-installation maintenance 
Every year, Prysmian invests more than EUR 100 million in research and development  This has allowed the Group to develop innovations like BendBrightXS 180μm, the narrowest bend-insensitive optical fibre, and FlexRibbon, which, with 6,912 fibres, is the optical cable with the highest number of fibres in the sector 
The company also developed the P-Laser technology for cabling systems, which combines greater transmission capacity and eco-sustainability, using 100% recyclable materials and cutting carbon emissions by 40% 
By 2022, Prysmian has planned to invest around EUR 450 million to net-zero the Group's CO2 emissions and improve the sustainability of its supply chain  An ambitious commitment, aligned with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, which would be executed with support from the non-profit organisation Carbon Trust 
For 2021, Prysmian confirmed the launch of the new Leonardo da Vinci cable-laying vessel, which will be the longest in the world at 171 metres 
In Italy, Prysmian is active in Merlino, Giovinazzo, Pignataro Maggiore, Quattordio, Livorno, Pozzuoli and Battipaglia 
Since the acquisition of General Cable, it is present in more than 50 countries with 104 facilities and over 28,000 employees 

Shareholders
BlackRock, Inc  – 5 2%
UBS AG – 4 0%
T  Rowe Price Group, Inc  – 3 9%
Crédit Agricole S A  – 3 7%
Sun Life Financial, Inc  – 3 2%
AXA S A  – 3 1%
Schroders PLC – 3 0%
The Vanguard Group, Inc  – 2 8%
Hardman Johnston Global Advisors LLC – 2 7%
Others – 68 4%Nasdaq, January 2021 

See also
Nexans
Sumitomo Electric Industries
Passage 7:
Sazerac
The Sazerac is a local variation of a cognac or whiskey cocktail originally from New Orleans, named for the Sazerac de Forge et Fils brand of cognac brandy that served as its original main ingredient  The drink is most traditionally a combination of
cognac or rye whiskey, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey is sometimes substituted for the rye and Herbsaint is sometimes substituted for the absinthe  Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in antebellum New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word cocktail to describe a mixture of spirits, bitters, and sugar can be traced to the dawn of the 19th century 

Characteristics
The defining feature of the Sazerac is its method of preparation, which commonly involves two chilled old-fashioned glasses  The first glass is swirled with a wash of absinthe for its flavor and strong scent  The second glass is used to combine the remaining ingredients, which are stirred with ice, then strained into the first glass  Various anisettes such as pastis, Pernod, or Herbsaint are common substitutes when absinthe is unavailable  In New Orleans, Herbsaint is most commonly used due to the absence of absinthe in the U S  market from 1912 until 2007 

History
Around 1850, Sewell T  Taylor sold his New Orleans bar, the Merchants Exchange Coffee House, to become an importer of spirits, and he began to import a brand of cognac named Sazerac-de-Forge et Fils  Meanwhile, Aaron Bird assumed proprietorship of the Merchants Exchange and changed its name to Sazerac Coffee House  On October 2, 2019, the Sazerac House opened to the public as a museum and immersive experience that shares the history of the New Orleans cocktail culture, including the Sazerac Legend has it that Bird began serving the "Sazerac Cocktail", made with Sazerac cognac imported by Taylor, and allegedly with bitters being made by the local apothecary, Antoine Amedie Peychaud  The Sazerac Coffee House subsequently changed hands several times, until around 1870 Thomas Handy became its proprietor  It is around this time that the primary ingredient changed from cognac to rye whiskey, due to the phylloxera epidemic in Europe that devastated the vineyards of France At some point before his death in 1889, Handy recorded the recipe for the cocktail, which made its first printed appearance in William T  "Cocktail Bill" Boothby's The World's Drinks and How to Mix Them (1908), although his recipe calls for Selner Bitters, not Peychaud's  After absinthe was banned in the United States in 1912, it was replaced by various anise-flavored liqueurs, most notably the locally produced Herbsaint, which first appeared in 1934 By the early 20th century, simple cocktails like the Sazerac had become rare, which eventually rekindled their popularity The creation of the Sazerac has also been credited to Antoine Amédée Peychaud, a Creole apothecary who emigrated to New Orleans from the West Indies and set up shop in the French Quarter in the early 19th century  He was known to dispense a proprietary mix of aromatic bitters from an old family recipe  
According to popular myth, he served his drink in the large end of an egg cup that was called a coquetier in French, and the Americanized mispronunciation resulted in the name cocktail  This belief was debunked when people discovered that the term "cocktail" as a type of drink first appeared in print at least as far back as 1803—and was defined in print in 1806 as, "a mixture of spirits of any kind, water, sugar and bitters, vulgarly called a bittered sling" 

Official cocktail of New Orleans
In March 2008, Louisiana state senator Edwin R  Murray (D-New Orleans) filed Senate Bill 6 designating the Sazerac as Louisiana's official state cocktail  The bill was defeated on April 8, 2008  After further debate, on June 23, 2008, the Louisiana Legislature agreed to proclaim the Sazerac as New Orleans' official cocktail In 2011, as a writer for the HBO TV series Treme, Anthony Bourdain penned a scene in which chef Janette Desautel (played by Kim Dickens) tosses one in the face of restaurant critic and food writer Alan Richman (appearing as himself)  Richman had angered many New Orleanians in 2006 with an article in the magazine GQ, in which he criticized New Orleans' food culture post-Hurricane Katrina  Despite reservations, he agreed to participate in the scene and called Sazerac "a good choice of weaponry, because it symbolizes the city", despite a running feud with Bourdain over, among other things, the review 

Similar cocktails
A cocktail named the Zazarack was included in the 1910 version of Jack's Manual, an early bartender's reference written by Jacob "Jack" Grohusko, the head bartender at Baracca's restaurant in New York  It is essentially the same cocktail as the Sazerac, but called for bourbon (and not rye) instead of cognac Later versions of the drink were spelled Zazarac and added rum, and are thought by some to be a variant of the Sazerac, although it might have originated completely independently of the more famous drink 

Brands
Sazerac is also a brand of rye whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company 

See also
List of cocktails
Old Fashioned
Passage 8:
Tyrone Generating Station
The Tyrone Generating Station was a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by Kentucky Utilities near Versailles, Kentucky  It is located 15 miles west of Lexington, Kentucky  It was retired in 2016 and demolished in 2019 According to Kentucky Utilities, the plant's owner's website, it was retired in 2013 

Emissions data
CO2 emissions: 468,036 tons (2005)
SO2 emissions: 3,192 tons (2005)
SO2 emissions per MWh: 17 94 lb/MWh (2005)
NOx emissions: 955 tons (2005)
Mercury emissions:

See also
Coal mining in Kentucky
Passage 9:
Fleur-de-lis
The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural fleurs-de-lis or fleurs-de-lys), is a common heraldic charge in the shape of a lily (in French, fleur and lis mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively)  Most notably, the fleur-de-lis is depicted on the traditional coat of arms of France that was used from the High Middle Ages until the French Revolution in 1792, and then again in brief periods in the 19th century  This design still represents France and the House of Bourbon in the form of marshalling in e g  the arms of Spain, Quebec and Canada 
Other European nations have also employed the symbol  The fleur-de-lis became "at one and the same time, religious, political, dynastic, artistic, emblematic, and symbolic," especially in French heraldry  The Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph are among saints often depicted with a lily 
The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C ⚜  in the Miscellaneous Symbols block 

Origin
The fleur-de-lis is widely thought to be a stylized version of the species Iris pseudacorus, or Iris florentina  However, the lily (genus Lilium, family Liliaceae) and the iris (family Iridaceae) are two different plants, phylogenetically and taxonomically unrelated  Lily (in Italian: giglio) is the name usually associated with the stylized flower in the Florentine heraldic devices 
Decorative ornaments that resemble the fleur-de-lis have appeared in artwork from the earliest human civilizations  According to Pierre-Augustin Boissier de Sauvages, an 18th-century French naturalist and lexicographer:
The old fleurs-de-lis, especially the ones found in our first kings' sceptres, have a lot less in common with ordinary lilies than the flowers called flambas [in Occitan], or irises, from which the name of our own fleur-de-lis may derive  What gives some colour of truth to this hypothesis that we already put forth, is the fact that the French or Franks, before entering Gaul itself, lived for a long time around the river named Lys in the Flanders  Nowadays, this river is still bordered with an exceptional number of irises —as many plants grow for centuries in the same places—: these irises have yellow flowers, which is not a typical feature of lilies but fleurs-de-lis  It was thus understandable that our kings, having to choose a symbolic image for what later became a coat of arms, set their minds on the iris, a flower that was common around their homes, and is also as beautiful as it was remarkable  They called it, in short, the fleur-de-lis, instead of the flower of the river of lis  This flower, or iris, looks like our fleur-de-lis not just because of its yellow colour but also because of its shape: of the six petals, or leaves, that it has, three of them are alternatively straight and meet at their tops  The other three on the opposite, bend down so that the middle one seems to make one with the stalk and only the two ones facing out from left and right can clearly be seen, which is again similar with our fleurs-de-lis, that is to say exclusively the one from the river Luts whose white petals bend down too when the flower blooms 

The heraldist François Velde is known to have expressed the same opinion:
However, a hypothesis ventured in the 17th c  sounds very plausible to me  One species of wild iris, the Iris pseudacorus, yellow flag in English, is yellow and grows in marshes (cf  the azure field, for water)  Its name in German is Lieschblume (also gelbe Schwertlilie), but Liesch was also spelled Lies and Leys in the Middle Ages  It is easy to imagine that, in Northern France, the Lieschblume would have been called 'fleur-de-lis'  This would explain the name and the formal origin of the design, as a stylized yellow flag  There is a fanciful legend about Clovis which links the yellow flag explicitly with the French coat of arms 
Sauvages' hypothesis seems to be supported by the archaic English spelling fleur-de-luce and by the Luts's variant name Lits 

Alternative derivations
Another (debated) hypothesis is that the symbol derives from the angon or sting,  a typical Frankish throwing spear  The medieval Bec de Corban, a bladed and hooked polearm, bears similarities to the symbol as well  
A possibly derived symbol of Frankish royalty was the bee, of similar shape, as found in the burial of Childric I, whose royal see of power over the Salian Franks was based over the valley of the Lys Other imaginative explanations include the shape having been developed from the image of a dove descending, which is the symbol of the Holy Ghost 

Ancient usages
It has consistently been used as a royal emblem, though different cultures have interpreted its meaning in varying ways  Gaulish coins show the first Western designs which look similar to modern fleurs-de-lis  In the East it was found on the gold helmet of a Scythian king uncovered at the Ak-Burun kurgan and conserved in Saint Petersburg's Hermitage Museum 

Heraldic use
France
While the fleur-de-lis has appeared on countless European coats of arms and flags over the centuries, it is particularly associated with the French monarchy in a historical context and continues to appear in the arms of the king of Spain (from the French House of Bourbon), the grand duke of Luxembourg, and members of the House of Bourbon  It remains an enduring symbol of France which appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics  According to French historian Georges Duby, the three petals represent the three medieval social estates: the commoners, the nobility, and the clergy Although the origin of the fleur-de-lis is unclear, it has retained an association with French nobility  It is widely used in French city emblems as in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt, and Calais  Some cities that had been particularly faithful to the French Crown were awarded a heraldic augmentation of two or three fleurs-de-lis on the chief of their coat of arms; such cities include Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Reims, Le Havre, Angers, Le Mans, Aix-en-Provence, Tours, Limoges, Amiens, Orléans, Rouen, Argenteuil, Poitiers, Chartres, and Laon, among others  The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom  It has appeared on the coat-of-arms of other historical provinces of France including Burgundy, Anjou, Picardy, Berry, Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Maine, Touraine, Artois, Dauphiné, Saintonge, and the County of La Marche  Many of the current French departments use the symbol on their coats-of-arms to express this heritage 

The graphic evolution of crita to fleur-de-lis was accompanied by textual allegory  By the late 13th century, an allegorical poem by Guillaume de Nangis (d  1300), written at Joyenval Abbey in Chambourcy, relates how the golden lilies on an azure ground were miraculously substituted for the crescents on Clovis' shield, a projection into the past of contemporary images of heraldry The fleur-de-lis' symbolic origins with French monarchs may stem from the baptismal lily used in the crowning of King Clovis I  The French monarchy may have adopted the Fleur-de-lis for its royal coat of arms as a symbol of purity to commemorate the conversion of Clovis I, and a reminder of the Fleur-de-lis ampulla that held the oil used to anoint the king  So, the fleur-de-lis stood as a symbol of the king's divinely approved right to rule  The thus "anointed" kings of France later maintained that their authority was directly from God  A legend enhances the mystique of royalty by informing us that a vial of oil—the Holy Ampulla—descended from Heaven to anoint and sanctify Clovis as King, descending directly on Clovis or perhaps brought by a dove to Saint Remigius  One version explains that an angel descended with the Fleur-de-lis ampulla to anoint the king  Another story tells of Clovis putting a flower in his helmet just before his victory at the Battle of Vouillé  Through this propagandist connection to Clovis, the fleur-de-lis has been taken in retrospect to symbolize all the Christian Frankish kings, most notably Charlemagne In the 14th-century French writers asserted that the monarchy of France, which developed from the Kingdom of the West Franks, could trace its heritage back to the divine gift of royal arms received by Clovis  This story has remained popular, even though modern scholarship has established that the fleur-de-lis was a religious symbol before it was a true heraldic symbol  Along with true lilies, it was associated with the Virgin Mary, and in the 12th century Louis VI and Louis VII (House of Capet) started to use the emblem, on sceptres for example, so connecting their rulership with this symbol of saintliness and divine right  Louis VII ordered the use of fleur-de-lis clothing in his son Philip's coronation in 1179, while the first visual evidence of clearly heraldic use dates from 1211: a seal showing the future Louis VIII and his shield strewn with the "flowers"  Until the late 14th century the French royal coat of arms was Azure semé-de-lis Or (a blue shield "sown" (semé) with a scattering of small golden fleurs-de-lis), but Charles V of France changed the design from an all-over scattering to a group of three in about 1376  These two coats are known in heraldic terminology as France Ancient and France Modern, respectively 

In the reign of King Louis IX (St  Louis) the three petals of the flower were said to represent faith, wisdom and chivalry, and to be a sign of divine favour bestowed on France  During the next century, the 14th, the tradition of Trinity symbolism was established in France, and then spread elsewhere In 1328, King Edward III of England inherited a claim to the crown of France, and in about 1340 he quartered France Ancient with the arms of Plantagenet, as "arms of pretence"    After the kings of France adopted France Modern, the kings of England adopted the new design as quarterings from about 1411  The monarchs of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to quarter the French arms until 1801, when George III abandoned his formal claim to the French throne King Charles VII ennobled Joan of Arc's family on 29 December 1429 with an inheritable symbolic denomination  The Chamber of Accounts in France registered the family's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430  The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys 

France Moderne
France moderne remained the French royal standard, and with a white background was the French national flag until the French Revolution, when it was replaced by the tricolor of modern-day France  The fleur-de-lis was restored to the French flag in 1814, but replaced once again after the revolution against Charles X of France in 1830  In a very strange turn of events after the end of the Second French Empire, where a flag apparently influenced the course of history, Henri, comte de Chambord, was offered the throne as King of France, but he agreed only if France gave up the tricolor and brought back the white flag with fleurs-de-lis  His condition was rejected and France became a republic 

Other contries
In Brazil, the city of Joinville has three fleurs-de-lis surmounted with a label of three points on its flag and coat of arms  Due to the city is named after François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville, son of King Louis-Philippe I of France, who married Princess Francisca of Brazil in 1843 
The fleur-de-lis appears on the coat of Guadeloupe, an overseas département of France in the Caribbean, Saint Barthélemy, an overseas collectivity of France, and French Guiana  The overseas department of Réunion in the Indian Ocean uses the same feature  It appears on the coat of Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius which was named in honour of King Louis XV  On the coat of arms of Saint Lucia it represents the French heritage of the country 
In Ukraine, the Foreign Intelligence Service used the emblem with the coat of arms of Ukraine in conjunction with four golden fleurs-de-lis, along with the motto "Omnia, Vincit, Veritas" 

Municipal coats-of-arms
Fleurs-de-lis feature prominently in the Crown Jewels of England and Scotland  In English heraldry, they are used in many different ways, and can be the cadency mark of the sixth son  Additionally, it features in a large number of royal arms of the House of Plantagenet, from the 13th century onwards to the early Tudors (Elizabeth of York and the de la Pole family) The tressure flory–counterflory (flowered border) has been a prominent part of the design of the Scottish royal arms and Royal Standard since James I of Scotland 

In Italy, fleurs-de-lis have been used for some papal crowns and coats of arms, the Farnese Dukes of Parma, and by some doges of Venice The fleur-de-lis was also the symbol of the House of Kotromanić, a ruling house in medieval Bosnia allegedly in recognition of the Capetian House of Anjou, where the flower is thought of as a Lilium bosniacum  Today, fleur-de-lis is a national symbol of Bosniaks Other countries include Spain in recognition of rulers from the House of Bourbon  Coins minted in 14th-century Romania, from the region that was the Principality of Moldova at the time, ruled by Petru I Mușat, carry the fleur-de-lis symbol As a dynastic emblem it has also been very widely used: not only by noble families but also, for example, by the Fuggers, a medieval banking family 
Three fleurs-de-lis appeared in the personal coat of arms of Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt who ruled the Malta between 1601 and 1622  His nephew Adrien de Wignacourt, who was Grandmaster himself from 1690 to 1697, also had a similar coat of arms with three fleurs-de-lis 
The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread: among the numerous cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word 'lily', for example, Liljendal, Finland, and Lelystad, Netherlands  This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology  Other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden and Darmstadt in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania  The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats In Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms  These are derived from an arch which was part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct that had three sculpted fleurs-de-lis on top, as they were the heraldic symbols of Alof de Wignacourt, the Grand Master who financed its building  Another suburb which developed around the area became known as Fleur-de-Lys, and it also features a red fleur-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms 

Albania
In Albania, fleur-de-lys (alb: Lulja e Zambakut) has been always associated with the Noble House of Topia  After the Ottoman invasion of Albania, the symbol was removed by the Toptani family, a branch of the Topia Family 

Belarus
The Belarusian Scouting and Guiding organization that, while preserving the traditions of the past, uses a fleur-de-lis as a symbol 

Bosnia and Herzegovina
The golden lily is a traditional symbol of the Bosniak people  The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily, Lilium bosniacum  This emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998  The state insignia were changed in 1999  The former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy  Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of many cantons, municipalities, cities and towns  It is still used as official insignia of the Bosniak Regiment of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Canada
The Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon Flag"  symbolizing royal France, was the most commonly used flag in New France  The  "Bourbon Flag" has three gold fleur-de-lis on a dark blue field arranged two and one  The fleur-de-lys was also seen on New France's currency often referred to as "card money"  The white Royal Banner of France was used by the military of New France and was seen on naval vessels and forts of New France  After the fall of New France to the British Empire the fleur-de-lys remained visible on churches and remained part of French cultural symbolism  There are many French-speaking Canadians for whom the fleur-de-lis remains a symbol of their French cultural identity  Québécois, Franco-Ontarians, Franco-Ténois and Franco-Albertans, feature the fleur-de-lis prominently on their flags 
The Fleur-de-lys, as a traditional Royal symbol in Canada, has been incorporated into many national symbols, provincial symbols and
municipal symbols, The Canadian Red Ensign that served as the nautical flag and civil ensign for Canada from 1892 to 1965 and later as an informal flag of Canada before 1965 featured the traditional number of three golden fleur-de-lys on a blue background  The Arms of Canada throughout its variations has used fleur-de-lys, beginning in 1921 and subsequent various has featuring the blue "Bourbon Flag" in two locations within arms
Context 3: Passage 1:
Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)
"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)" is a song written by Neil Thrasher and Jim Janosky, and recorded by American country music artist Jeff Carson   It released in May 2001 as the third single from his third album, Real Life   The song was written by Neil Thrasher and Jim Janosky  It was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2001 Christian Country Music Awards 

Music video
The music video was directed by David Abbott and premiered in September 2001 

Chart performance
"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)" debuted at number 54 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of May 26, 2001 

Year-end charts
Passage 2:
One Nil
One Nil, released in 2001, is the second solo album by New Zealand singer-songwriter, Neil Finn   When released in the United States the following year, the album had a slightly different track listing and was issued under the name One All 

Overview
Following the release of his debut solo effort Try Whistling This in 1998, singer-songwriter Neil Finn followed up by releasing the less adventurous album One Nil in 2001  The album features guest musicians Sheryl Crow, Lisa Germano and Crowded House's album producer Mitchell Froom  The album was released in the United States fourteen months after its initial New Zealand, United Kingdom and Australian release with the altered title One All and also contained an altered track listing, featuring four remixed songs and added the songs "Lullaby Requiem" and "Human Kindness", replacing "Elastic Heart" and "Don't Ask Why" 

Track listings
All songs were written by Neil Finn, except where noted 

One Nil
"The Climber" – 4:13
"Rest of the Day Off" (Finn, Wendy Melvoin, Tchad Blake) – 3:49
"Hole in the Ice" (Finn, Lisa Coleman) – 4:11
"Wherever You Are" – 4:46
"Last to Know" (Finn, Melvoin) – 3:02
"Don't Ask Why" (Finn, Melvoin) – 3:54
"Secret God" (Finn, Melvoin) – 5:27
"Turn and Run" – 3:46
"Elastic Heart" – 4:00
"Anytime" – 3:24
"Driving Me Mad" – 3:58
"Into the Sunset" – 4:12

One All
Tracks 1 and 9 ("The Climber" and "Turn and Run") contained an alternative mix to the One Nil version  Tracks 2 and 3 ("Driving Me Mad" and "Hole in the Ice") were remixed by Bob Clearmountain 
"The Climber" (New mix) – 4:15
"Driving Me Mad" (Bob Clearmountain mix) – 3:56
"Hole in the Ice" (Bob Clearmountain mix) – 4:06
"Last to Know" – 2:59
"Wherever You Are" – 4:42
"Secret God" – 5:24
"Lullaby Requiem" – 3:44
"Human Kindness" – 4:41
"Turn and Run" (New mix) – 3:41
"Anytime" – 3:23
"Rest of the Day Off" – 3:57
"Into the Sunset" – 4:12

Personnel
Neil Finn – guitar, vocals, high bass, piano, guitar synthesiser, orchestra bells, Wurlitzer electric piano, vibes, harmonium, bass, Chamberlin strings
Wendy Melvoin – E-Bow fuzz guitar, chorus on "The Climber", drums, low bass, guitar, bass, percussion, backing vocals, shaker
Jim Moginie – ukulele, guitar, fuzz guitar
Lisa Germano – chorus on "The Climber", violin
Suzanna Melvoin – chorus on "The Climber"
Doyle – chorus on "The Climber"
Tchad Blake – Groove box
Mitchell Froom – Penny owsley, keyboards, Hammond organ, Chamberlin, Wurlitzer electric piano, piano, celeste
Lisa Coleman – keyboards, backing vocals
JJ Johnson – drums
Liam Finn – backing vocals
Sharon Finn – backing vocals
Jim Keltner – drums
Edmund McWilliams – backing vocals
Sheryl Crow – vocals, accordion
Sam Gibson – drum programming, programming

Charts
Certifications


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii  Originally planned for release exclusively on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii  The Wii version was a launch game in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month  The GameCube version was also released in December 2006 as the final first-party game for the console The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm  To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and he is assisted by a mysterious imp named Midna  The game takes place over a century after Ocarina of Time, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker Twilight Princess was critically acclaimed upon its release, received numerous game of the year awards, and has been called one of the greatest games of all time  By 2015, it had sold 8 85 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling Zelda game until being overtaken by Breath of the Wild in April 2018  In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label  A high-definition remaster based on the GameCube version for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, was released in March 2016 

Gameplay
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving  It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking  Link can walk, run, and attack, and he will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge  Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, and bombs  While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects  The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation  For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls  The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote  The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark "chime" when discovering secrets  The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote  Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk  Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special "lookaround" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version The game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles  Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot  The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting with Midna's assistance When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf  He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will  As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks  "Wolf Link" gains several key advantages in return—he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster), digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails  On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to "warp" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld  Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker  Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and they can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games 

Plot
The game begins with a teenage boy named Link, who works as a ranch hand in Ordon Village  One day, Bulblins take away the village's children  Link pursues and encounters a wall of Twilight  A Twilight monster pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned  Link is soon freed by a creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally  She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the Sorcerer/Usurper King of the Twili, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender  The kingdom became enveloped in Twilight, turning all its inhabitants besides Link and Zelda into invisible spirits  To save Hyrule, Link, aided by Midna, must first revive the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered regions and recovering the Spirits' light from the Twilight beings that had stolen it  Once revitalized, each Spirit returns Link to his Hylian form and informs Link and Midna of the hidden location of a Fused Shadow; one of the fragments of a powerful relic that will have to be used to match Zant's power to defeat him  During this time, the ghost of a departed swordsman, the Hero's Shade, also appears to provide swordsmanship training he had failed to pass on before his untimely death, as well as information regarding Link's destiny in Hyrule 
During his journey, Link also finds Ordon Village's children and assists the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru  After restoring the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who takes away the fragments  Midna calls him out for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and he uses it to trap Link in his wolf state  Failing to persuade Midna into joining forces with him, Zant attempts to dispose of her by exposing her to the light of Lanayru's light spirit  Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns from her that he needs the Master Sword to remove Zant's curse and she proceeds to sacrifice herself to heal Midna, vanishing mysteriously  Moved by Zelda's act of selflessness, Midna starts to care more about Link and the fate of his world After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the curse that kept him in wolf form  Deep within the Gerudo Desert, Link and Midna search for the Mirror of Twilight, the only known gateway between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm, but discover that it is broken  The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but only managed to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the mirror  They also relate that they once used it to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm after failing to execute him  Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror  Once it has been fully restored, the Sages reveal to Link that Midna is actually the true ruler of the Twili, usurped and cursed into her current form by Zant  Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for his assistance in subjugating Hyrule  After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the Fused Shadows and destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's defeat can release her from her curse 
Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above him  Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda and then transforming into a gigantic boar-like beast, but Link defeats him by using his wolf form, and the power Midna received from Zelda is able to resuscitate her  Ganondorf revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows  However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, Ganondorf emerges from it victorious, crushing the Fused Shadow piece that Midna wore on her head, and pursues Link on horseback  Assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and duels him on foot before finishing him off with the Master Sword  With Ganondorf defeated, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form  After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight, ultimately severing the link between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm  As Hyrule Castle is rebuilt, Link leaves Ordon Village, heading to parts unknown 

Development
Inception as a GameCube game
In 2003, Nintendo announced a new The Legend of Zelda game for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker  At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor  Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience  Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic Zelda game that would appeal to the North American market and meet Miyamoto's original vision of realism for the series  Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations  He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time, particularly horseback combat  Early development of what would become Twilight Princess began and special care was taken to improve the realism of the horseriding, with lead character designer Keisuke Nishimori riding a horse for himself to feel what it was like Just as the original Legend of Zelda game was inspired by J  R  R  Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings novels, the aesthetic of Twilight Princess was inspired by the Lord of the Rings films as they had just come out and were very popular at the time  The game was developed with having a large convincing world in mind, one with a vast scale to meet the expectation for fantasy worlds that audiences had become accustomed to with the Lord of the Rings In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding, which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 and was met with enormous praise  The game was scheduled to be released the next year and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of Phantom Hourglass  Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link  The game runs on a modified The Wind Waker engine Prior Zelda games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds  In A Link to the Past, Link travels between a "Light World" and a "Dark World"; in Ocarina of Time, as well as in Oracle of Ages, Link travels between two different time periods  The Zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment  It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past  The concept for Link to transform into a wolf and its surrounding narrative elements came from a dream that Aonuma had while overseas on a business trip  He dreamt that he was a wolf, locked inside a cage, and, after he woke up, he was confused and disoriented and it took a while for him to remember where he was  The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and it later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku  Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script  Originally, Link was planned to be a wolf from the game's start to bluntly contrast the Ocarina of Time formula, but this was changed so that new players could be eased into Zelda's traditional gameplay and narrative formula  The narrative premise in the story regarding the children of Ordon village getting kidnapped was an example of the game featuring darker story elements than any past iteration From a gameplay perspective, the "twilight world" portions of the game were vaguely inspired by the fact that prior Zelda games had always distinctively separated its dungeons from its overworld  It was wondered what the result would be if the players took a traditional Zelda dungeon and put it inside the open world instead  This resulted in the hunt for tears of light the player partakes in when in the twilight covered world  Regarding the atmosphere of the Twilight covered Hyrule, as well as the Twilight Realm dungeon later in the game, the intent was to make players feel uncomfortable  Special care was taken, however, to ensure that this was balanced right, so that it did not make the player so uncomfortable that they did not want to progress further or could not enjoy the experience Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he produced The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance  When he returned, he found the Twilight Princess team struggling  Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable  Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in Phantom Hourglass, which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS  At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name "Revolution"  Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda, and he suggested that Aonuma consider using it 

Transition to the Wii
Aonuma had anticipated creating a Zelda game for what would later be for the Wii but had assumed that he would need to complete Twilight Princess first  His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass  Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release  Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer  Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product  Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube  At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess  They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed "Revolution"), but was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface  A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements  When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored  Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller  Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after  However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release  At E3 2006, Nintendo confirmed that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii  Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme  Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of "forcing" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use  He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease  The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses  In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword  To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures—something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see  This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack  The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game—everything was made a mirror image  Link was now right-handed, and references to "east" and "west" were reversed  The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation  The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users 

Music and sound
The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor  Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in Twilight Princess, providing all field and dungeon music  For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo  Michiru Ōshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto  Kondo's piece was chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the title screen  Midna has the most voice acting—her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments  He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more "lyrical moments", though the final product used sequenced music instead  Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision  Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield 

Technical vulnerability
Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console  A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications  Versions 3 3 and 3 4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4 0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability 

Wii U version
A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U  Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation in November 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality  The game was released worldwide in March 2016 The idea for a high-definition version of Twilight Princess first originated during the production of Breath of the Wild  Nintendo experimented with an HD version of Twilight Princess running on Wii U development kits when trying to settle on a graphical style for the new game  This ultimately led to the production of The Wind Waker HD, whose success encouraged the Zelda team to pursue other high-definition remasters  After its release, which was developed internally at Nintendo in only six months, the Zelda team settled on an HD remaster of Twilight Princess  At the time, most of the Zelda team was preoccupied with Breath of the Wild, so Nintendo sought a partnership with an external development studio, the Australia-based Tantalus Media, to work on Twilight Princess HD According to Eiji Aonuma, who directed the original release and produced Twilight Princess HD, ensuring the remaster would take advantage of the Wii U GamePad was a point of focus early in the title's development  The control scheme used in the GameCube version was adapted for the remaster due to similarities between the button layouts of the two consoles' controllers  Aonuma considered underwater gameplay in the remaster significantly improved  Other enhancements include speeding up a handful of cutscenes that seemed overly long by modern standards and reducing repetitive gameplay elements, such as collecting Tears of Light while in the Twilight Realm  A commitment to "preserving the feel of the original" inspired several design decisions, such as keeping the frame rate at 30 frames per second  Tomomi Sano, the assistant director of the Wii U version, noted the degree of refinement the graphics would receive required much consideration: "When we created more precise models of objects to go with the higher resolution, we found that everything was too clear and we lost that soft and delicate atmosphere that you get in particular at twilight or with the light in a forest" Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the "Cave of Shadows" and can carry data over to Breath of the Wild  In the Cave of Shadows, Link fights waves of enemies while restricted to his wolf form  Comparable to the optional "Cave of Ordeals" present in the original release, opportunities to recover health during the trial are sparse  Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage  A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions  A three-disc original soundtrack consisting of 108 pieces from the game was released in Japan in July 2016 

Reception
Reviews
Twilight Princess was released to critical acclaim and commercial success  It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar and GameSpy  On the review aggregator Metacritic, Twilight Princess holds scores of 95/100 for the Wii version and 96/100 for the GameCube version, indicating "universal acclaim"  It is the highest-rated game of 2006 on Metacritic  GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created



ground_truth: Anthony Ainley

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the manufacturer of the Kentucky Tavern headquarters location saints symbol called?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The Canadian Royal cypher and the Arms of Canada feature St Edward's Crown that displays five cross pattée and four fleur-de-lys   The fleur-de-lis is featured on the flag of Quebec, known as the Fleurdelisé, as well as the flags of the cities of Montreal, Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivières 

Italy
In Italy, the fleur de lis - called giglio bottonato (it) - is mainly known from the crest of the city of Florence  In the Florentine fleurs-de-lis  the stamens are always posed between the petals  Originally argent (silver or white) on gules (red) background, the emblem became the standard of the imperial party in Florence (parte ghibellina), causing the town government, which maintained a staunch Guelph stance, being strongly opposed to the imperial pretensions on city states, to reverse the color pattern to the final gules lily on argent background  This heraldic charge is often known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional (stamen-not-shown) design  As an emblem of the city, it is therefore found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop, and associated with Florence's patron Saint John the Baptist in the Florentine fiorino  Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens 

Lithuania
The design of the arms of Jurbarkas is believed to originate from the arms of the Sapieha house, a Lithuanian noble family which was responsible for Jurbarkas receiving city rights and a coat of arms in 1611 The three fleurs-de-lis design on the Jurbarkas coat of arms was abolished during the final years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but officially restored in 1993 after the independence of present-day Lithuania was re-established  Before restoration, several variant designs, such as using one over two fleurs-de-lis, had been restored and abolished  The original two over one version was briefly readopted in 1970 during the Soviet occupation, but abolished that same year 

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a fleur-de-lis has appeared in the official arms of the Norroy King of Arms for hundreds of years  A silver fleur-de-lis on a blue background is the arms of the Barons Digby In English and Canadian heraldry the fleur-de-lis is the cadence mark of a sixth son It can also be found on the arms of the Scottish clan Chiefs of both Carruthers; Gules two engrailed chevrons between three fleur-d-lis Or and the Brouns/Browns: Gules a chevron between three fleur d-lis Or 

United States
Fleurs-de-lis crossed the Atlantic along with Europeans going to the New World, especially with French settlers  Their presence on North American flags and coats of arms usually recalls the involvement of French settlers in New France of the town or region concerned, and in some cases the persisting presence there of a population descended from such settlers 

In the US, the fleur-de-lis symbols tend to be along or near the Mississippi and Missouri rivers  These are areas of strong French colonial empire settlement  Some of the places that have it in their flag or seal are the cities of Baton Rouge, Detroit, Lafayette, Louisville, Mobile, New Orleans, Ocean Springs and St  Louis  On 9 July 2008, Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal signed a bill into law making the fleur-de-lis an official symbol of the state  Following Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005, the fleur-de-lis has been widely used in New Orleans and throughout Louisiana, as a symbol of grassroots support for New Orleans' recovery  The coat of arms of St  Augustine, Florida has a fleur-de-lis on the first quarter, due to its connection with Huguenots  Several counties have flags and seals based on pre-1801 British royal arms also includes fleur-de-lis symbols  They are King George County, Virginia and Prince George's County, Somerset County, Kent County, and Montgomery County in Maryland 
It has also become the symbol for the identity of the Cajuns and Louisiana Creole people, and their French heritage 

Military
Fleurs-de-lis are featured in military healdry  E g , in the United States, the New Jersey Army National Guard unit 112th Field Artillery (Self Propelled)—part of the much larger 42nd Infantry Division Mechanized—which has it in the upper left side of their distinctive unit insignia; the U S  Army's 2nd Cavalry Regiment, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 62nd Medical Brigade, 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team; and the Corps of Cadets at Louisiana State University   The U S  Air Force's Special Operations Weather Beret Flash also used a fleurs-de-lis in its design, carried over from its Vietnam War era Commando Weatherman Beret Flash  It is also featured by the Israeli Intelligence Corps, and the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force  In the British Army, the fleur-de-lis was the cap badge of the Manchester Regiment from 1922 until 1958, and also its successor, the King's Regiment up to its amalgamation in 2006  It commemorates the capture of French regimental colours by their predecessors, the 63rd Regiment of Foot, during the Invasion of Martinique in 1759  It is also the formation sign of the 2nd (Independent) Armored Brigade of the Indian Army, known as the 7th Indian Cavalry Brigade in First World War, which received the emblem for its actions in France 

In religion and art
In the Middle Ages, the symbols of lily and fleur-de-lis overlapped considerably in Christian religious art  The historian Michel Pastoureau says that until about 1300 they were found in depictions of Jesus, but gradually they took on Marian symbolism and were associated with the Song of Solomon's "lily among thorns" (lilium inter spinas), understood as a reference to Mary  Other scripture and religious literature in which the lily symbolizes purity and chastity also helped establish the flower as an iconographic attribute of the Virgin  It was also believed that the fleur-de-lis represented the Holy Trinity In medieval England, from the mid-12th century, a noblewoman's seal often showed the lady with a fleur-de-lis, drawing on the Marian connotations of "female virtue and spirituality"  Images of Mary holding the flower first appeared in the 11th century on coins issued by cathedrals dedicated to her, and next on the seals of cathedral chapters, starting with Notre Dame de Paris in 1146  A standard portrayal was of Mary carrying the flower in her right hand, just as she is shown in that church's Virgin of Paris statue (with lily), and in the centre of the stained glass rose window (with fleur-de-lis sceptre) above its main entrance  The flowers may be "simple fleurons, sometimes garden lilies, sometimes genuine heraldic fleurs-de-lis"  As attributes of the Madonna, they are often seen in pictures of the Annunciation, notably in those of Sandro Botticelli and Filippo Lippi  Lippi also uses both flowers in other related contexts: for instance, in his Madonna in the Forest 
The three petals of the heraldic design reflect a widespread association with the Holy Trinity, with the band on the bottom symbolizing Mary  The tradition says that without Mary you can not understand the Trinity since it was she who bore the Son  A tradition going back to 14th century France added onto the earlier belief that they also represented faith, wisdom and chivalry  Alternatively, the cord can be seen as representing the one Divine Substance (godhood) of the three Persons, which binds Them together 
"Flower of light" symbolism has sometimes been understood from the archaic variant fleur-de-luce (see Latin lux, luc- = "light"), but the Oxford English Dictionary suggests this arose from the spelling, not from the etymology 

Sports
The fleur-de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag  This is true with the teams from Quebec (Nordiques (ex-NHL), Montreal Expos (ex-MLB) and CF Montréal (MLS)), the teams of New Orleans, Louisiana (Saints (NFL), Pelicans (NBA), and Zephyrs (PCL)), the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien – The Lilies), the Rugby league team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, the NPSL team Detroit City FC Marc-André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur-de-lis logo on his mask  The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St-Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur-de-lis on his right calf  The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F C  has it in their logo  France uses the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 

Education
The emblem appears in coats of arms and logos for universities (like Washington University in St  Louis, Saint Louis University in Spain, University of Lincoln in England and University of Louisiana at Lafayette) and schools such as in Hilton College (South Africa), Adamson University and St  Paul's University in the Philippines  The Lady Knights of the University of Arkansas at Monticello have also adopted the fleur de lis as one of the symbols associated with their coat of arms  The flag of Lincolnshire, adopted in 2005, has a fleur-de-lis for the city of Lincoln  It is one of the symbols of the American sororities Kappa Kappa Gamma and Theta Phi Alpha, the American fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Sigma Alpha Mu, as well as the international co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega  It is also used by the high school and college fraternity Scouts Royale Brotherhood of the Philippines 

Scouting
The fleur-de-lis is the main element in the logo of most Scouting organizations  The symbol was first used by Sir Robert Baden-Powell as an arm-badge for soldiers who qualified as scouts (reconnaissance specialists) in the 5th Dragoon Guards, which he commanded at the end of the 19th century; it was later used in cavalry regiments throughout the British Army until 1921  In 1907, Baden-Powell made brass fleur-de-lis badges for the boys attending his first experimental "Boy Scout" camp at Brownsea Island  In his seminal book Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell referred to the motif as "the arrowhead which shows the North on a map or a compass" and continued; "It is the Badge of the Scout because it points in the right direction and upward    The three points remind you of the three points of the Scout Promise", being duty to God and country, helping others, and keeping the Scout Law  The World Scout Emblem of the World Organization of the Scout Movement has elements which are used by most national Scout organizations  The stars stand for truth and knowledge, the encircling rope for unity, and its reef knot or square knot, service 

Organizations
Fleurs-de-lis appear on military insignia and the logos of many organisations  During the 20th century the symbol was adopted by various Scouting organisations worldwide for their badges  Architects and designers use it alone and as a repeated motif in a wide range of contexts, from ironwork to bookbinding, especially where a French context is implied 

Healdic feature in architecture
In building and architecture, the fleur-de-lis is often placed on top of iron fence posts, as a pointed defence against intruders  It may ornament any tip, point or post with a decorative flourish, for instance, on finials, the arms of a cross, or the point of a gable  The fleur-de-lis can be incorporated in friezes or cornices, although the distinctions between fleur-de-lis, fleuron, and other stylized flowers are not always clear, or can be used as a motif in an all-over tiled pattern, perhaps on a floor 
It may appear in a building for heraldic reasons, as in some English churches where the design paid a compliment to a local lord who used the flower on his coat of arms  Elsewhere the effect seems purely visual, like the crenellations on the 14th-century Muslim Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 
It can also be seen on the doors of the 16th-century Hindu Padmanabhaswamy Temple 

Derived non-heraldic usage
Some modern usage of the fleur-de-lis reflects "the continuing presence of heraldry in everyday life", often intentionally, but also when users are not aware that they are "prolonging the life of centuries-old insignia and emblems" 

The symbol may be used in less traditional ways  After Hurricane Katrina many New Orleanians of varying ages and backgrounds were tattooed with "one of its cultural emblems" as a "memorial" of the storm, according to a researcher at Tulane University  The US Navy Blue Angels have named a looping flight demonstration manoeuvre after the flower as well, and there are even two surgical procedures called "after the fleur "
American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet takes its name from the racing driver Louis Chevrolet, who was born in Switzerland   But, because the Chevrolet name is French, the manufacturer has used the fleur-de-lis emblems on their cars, most notably the Corvette, but also as a small detail in the badges and emblems on the front of a variety of full-size Chevys from the 1950s, and 1960s   The fleur-de-lis has also been featured more prominently in the emblems of the Caprice sedan A fleur-de-lis also appears in some of the logos of local Louisiana media, such as WGNO-TV and WVUE-TV, the local ABC-affiliated and Fox-affiliated television stations in New Orleans respectively 
The fleur-de-lis is one of the objects to drop during the New Year's Eve celebrations in New Orleans, which was broadcast for the first time during Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve '17 with Ryan Seacrest 
New Orleans sludge metal band Crowbar use it as a logo  It's appeared on every album cover since Lifesblood for the Downtrodden and is sometimes incorporated into the artwork (on The Serpent Only Lies as a snake and on Sever the Wicked Hand as a sword's hilt)  The Fleur-de-lis is also used decoratively on fire apparatus 

Compass rose
The symbol is also often used on a compass rose to mark the north direction, a tradition started by the Portuguese cartographer Jorge de Aguiar in his chart of 1492 

Slave branding
In Mauritius, slaves were branded with a fleur-de-lis, when being punished for escaping or stealing food In France, some categories of outlaws were branded with a fleur de lys iron rod as a punishment for crimes involving a banishment sentence  In 1724, the punishment evolved in a system of letters brandings relative to the crime  The fleur de lys became an exclusive punishment for slaves in the colonies 
The fleur-de-lis (or flower de Luce) could be branded on slaves as punishment for certain offenses in French Louisiana   For instance, the Louisiana Code Noir (1724) stated:

XXXII  The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the shoulder: and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder  On the third offence, he shall suffer death" 
The Code Noir was an arrangement of controls received in Louisiana in 1724 from other French settlements around the globe, intended to represent the state's slave populace  Those guidelines included marking slaves with the fleur-de-lis as discipline for fleeing 

In fiction
The symbol has featured in modern fiction on historical and mystical themes, as in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code and other books discussing the Priory of Sion  It recurs in French literature, where examples well known in English translation include Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, a character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo, and the mention in Dumas's The Three Musketeers of the old custom of branding a criminal with the sign (fleurdeliser)  During the reign of Elizabeth I of England, known as the Elizabethan era, it was a standard name for an iris, a usage which lasted for centuries, but occasionally refers to lilies or other flowers  It also appeared in the novel A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole on a sign composed by the protagonist 

In John Steinbeck's East of Eden, Cathy Ames ("Kate") wears a gold watch with a fleur-de-lis pin around her neck A variation on the symbol has also been used in the Star Wars franchise to represent the planet of Naboo  The fleur de lis is also used as the heraldic emblem for the Kingdom of Temeria in Andrzej Sapkowski's fantasy novel series The Witcher 
The fleur de lis has also been used in the TV series The Originals, in which it is used to represent the Mikaelson family, the first vampires in the world  The symbol's representation of unity and its usage in New Orleans where the show is set, are used to represent the vow three of the Mikaelson siblings made to each other that they remain together, always and forever 
The fleur de lis is displayed in Champion, a cavalry unit that appears in Heroes of Might and Magic V: Tribes of the East, and is also a symbol adopted by the Sisters of Battle, a faction in Warhammer 40,000  A heavily stylized fleur de lis symbol can also be recognized as the symbol of the ICA in the Hitman series of video games The Pokémon villain Lysandre; whose debut game was Pokémon X and Y is known in Japan as フラダリ (Furadari); a romanised name for the fleur-de-lis  Relevant is that Pokémon X and Y are inspired by France  Many locations and landmarks across Kalos have real-world inspirations, including Prism Tower (Eiffel Tower), the Lumiose Art Museum (the Louvre) and the stones outside Geosenge Town (Carnac stones) This symbol is also used as the icon for the fictional street gang "Third Street Saints" in the Saints Row series 
The symbol is also seen in the video games Gangstar: New Orleans and Persona 5, on Yusuke Kitagawa's shirt 

See also
Cross fleury
Floral emblem
Armorial of France
The Golden Lily (disambiguation)
Iris florentina
Iris pseudacorus
Jessant-de-lys
Lilium
Palmette
Prince of Wales's feathers
Shamrock
Scottish thistle
Tree of LifeUse of the lily in coinage and coat-of-arms in the Land of Israel/PalestineAcre, Israel, where the Hospitaller refectory contains two early depictions of the French fleur-de-lis
Hasmonean coinage, coins minted during Hasmonean rule, sometimes depicting a lily
Yehud coinage, Achaemenid period coinage often depicting a lily

Explanatory notes
Passage 10:
The Pentagon
The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense, in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D C  It was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II  As a symbol of the U S  military, the phrase The Pentagon is often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership 
The building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain  Ground was broken on 11 September 1941, and the building was dedicated on 15 January 1943  General Brehon Somervell provided the major impetus to gain Congressional approval for the project; Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U S  Army Corps of Engineers, which supervised it 
The Pentagon is the world's largest office building, with about 6 5 million square feet (150 acres; 60 ha) of floor space, of which 3 7 million square feet (85 acres; 34 ha) are used as offices  Some 23,000 military and civilian employees, and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel, work in the Pentagon  It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17 5 mi (28 2 km) of corridors, with a central five-acre (2 0 ha) pentagonal plaza 
In 2001, the Pentagon was damaged during the September 11 attacks  Five al-Qaeda hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the western side of the building, killing themselves and 184 other people: 59 on the airplane and 125 in the Pentagon  It was the first significant foreign attack on government facilities in Washington, D C  since the burning of Washington during the War of 1812  Following the attacks, the western side of the building was repaired, with a small indoor memorial and chapel added at the point of impact  An outdoor memorial dedicated to the Pentagon victims of 9/11 opened in 2008 

Layout and facilities
The Pentagon building spans 28 7 acres (116,000 m2), and includes an additional 5 1 acres (21,000 m2) as a central courtyard Starting with the north side and moving clockwise, its five façade entrances are the Mall Terrace, the River Terrace, the Concourse (or Metro Station), the South Parking, and the Heliport  On the north side of the building, the Mall Entrance, which also features a portico, leads out to a 600 ft-long (180 m) terrace that is used for ceremonies  The River Entrance, which features a portico projecting out twenty ft (6 m), is on the northeast side, overlooking the lagoon and facing Washington  A stepped terrace on the River Entrance leads down to the lagoon; and a landing dock was used until the late 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling Air Force Base and the Pentagon  The main entrance for visitors is on the southeast side, as are the Pentagon Metro station and the bus station 
There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the second floor of the building, which contains a mini-shopping mall  The south parking lot adjoins the southwest façade, and the west side of the Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard 
The concentric rings are designated from the center out as "A" through "E" (with additional "F" and "G" rings in the basement)  "E" Ring offices are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior officials  Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings, and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (1 to 10), followed by a bay number (00 to 99), so office numbers range from 100 to 1099  These corridors radiate out from the central courtyard, with corridor 1 beginning with the Concourse's south end  Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block)  There are a number of historical displays in the building, particularly in the "A" and "E" rings Subterranean floors in the Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "M" for Mezzanine  The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance  Above-ground floors are numbered 1 to 5  Room numbers are given as the floor, concentric ring, and office number (which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed by the bay number)  Thus, office 2B315 is on the second floor, B ring, and nearest to corridor 3 (between corridors 2 and 3)  One way to get to this office would be to go to the second floor, get to the A (innermost) ring, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15 It is possible for a person to walk between any two points in the Pentagon in less than ten minutes, though the most optimal route may involve a brisk walk, routing through the open-air central courtyard, or both  The complex includes eating and exercise facilities as well as meditation and prayer rooms 
Just south of the Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal City, extensive shopping, business, and high-density residential districts in Arlington  Arlington National Cemetery is to the north  The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex Pentagon road network The Pentagon has six Washington, DC, ZIP Codes (despite its location in Virginia): The Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the four service branches each have their own ZIP Code 

History
Background
Before the Pentagon was built, the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building, a temporary structure erected during World War I along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall  The War Department, which was a civilian agency created to administer the U S  Army, was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall, as well as dozens of other buildings in Washington, D C , Maryland and Virginia  In the late 1930s, during the Great Depression and federal construction program, a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not solve the department's space problem  It became the headquarters of the Department of State When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, the War Department rapidly expanded to deal with current issues and in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict  Secretary of War Henry L  Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and department offices spread out in additional sites Stimson told U S  President Franklin D  Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space  On 17 July 1941, a congressional hearing took place, organized by Congressman Clifton Woodrum (D-VA), regarding proposals for new War Department buildings  Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold, who was representing the War Department at the hearing, for an "overall solution" to the department's "space problem", rather than building yet more temporary buildings  Reybold agreed to report back to the congressman within five days  The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, to come up with a plan 

Planning
Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia  Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, and that it use a minimal amount of steel to reserve that resource for war needs  The requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area  Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agriculture's Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, and the obsolete Hoover Field site The site originally chosen was Arlington Farms, which had an asymmetric, roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon  Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D C , from Arlington Cemetery, President Roosevelt ended up selecting the Hoover Airport site instead  The building retained the pentagonal layout because Roosevelt liked it and a major redesign at that stage would have been costly  Freed of the constraints of the Arlington Farms site, the building was modified as a regular pentagon  It resembled star forts constructed during the gunpowder age On 28 July, Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington, which would house the entire department under one roof  President Roosevelt officially approved of the Hoover Airport site on 2 September  While the project went through the approval process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc  of Philadelphia, which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington, the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, along with Wise Contracting Company, Inc  and Doyle and Russell, both from Virginia  In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres (1 16 km2), which were acquired at a cost of $2 2 million (equivalent to $31 6 million in 2021)  The Hell's Bottom neighborhood, consisting of numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, and other buildings around Columbia Pike, was cleared to make way for the Pentagon  Later, 300 acres (1 2 km2) of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres (1 1 km2) for the Pentagon 

Construction
Contracts totaling $31,100,000 (equivalent to $446 million in 2021) were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on 11 September 1941, and ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day  Among the design requirements, Somervell required the structural design to accommodate floor loads of up to 150 psi (1,000 kPa), which was done in case the building became a records storage facility at some time after the end of the current war  A minimal amount of steel was used as it was in short supply during World War II  Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River, and a lagoon was created beneath the Pentagon's river entrance  To minimize steel usage, concrete ramps were built rather than installing elevators  Indiana limestone was used for the building's façade Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon proceeded simultaneously with construction, with initial drawings provided in early October 1941, and most of the design work completed by 1 June 1942  At times the construction work got ahead of the design, with different materials used than those specified in the plans  Pressure to speed up design and construction intensified after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, with Somervell demanding that 1 million sq ft (9 3 ha) of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation by 1 April 1943  David J  Witmer replaced Bergstrom as chief architect on 11 April after Bergstrom resigned  Unrelated to the Pentagon project, he was charged with improper conduct while having served as president of the American Institute of Architects  Construction was completed 15 January 1943 Soil conditions of the site – on the Potomac River floodplain – presented challenges, as did the varying elevations across the site, which ranged from ten to forty ft (3 to 12 m) above sea level  Two retaining walls were built to compensate for the elevation variations, and cast-in-place piles were used to deal with the soil conditions  Construction of the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months at a total cost of $83 million (equivalent to $1 19 billion in 2021)  The building's approximate height is 77 ft (23 m), and each of the five sides is 921 ft (281 m) in length The building was built wedge by wedge; each wedge was occupied as soon as it was completed, even as construction continued on the remaining wedges The Pentagon was designed in accordance with the racial segregation laws in force in the state of Virginia at the time, with separate eating and lavatory accommodations for white and black persons  While the sets of lavatories were side by side, the dining areas for blacks were located in the basement  When Roosevelt visited the facility before its dedication, he ordered removal of the "Whites Only" signs in segregated areas  When the Governor of Virginia protested, Roosevelt's administration responded that the Pentagon, although on Virginia land, was under Federal jurisdiction  In addition, its military and civilian Federal employees were going to comply with the President's policies  As a result, the Pentagon was the only building in Virginia where racial segregation laws were not enforced (these laws were not overturned until 1965)  The side-by-side sets of restrooms still exist, but have been integrated in practice since the building was occupied 

Hall of Heroes
On the building's main concourse is the Hall of Heroes, opened 1968 and dedicated to the more than 3,460 recipients of the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest military decoration  The three versions of the Medal of Honor – Army, Sea Service (for the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard), and Air Force (for the Air Force and Space Force) – are on display along with the names of recipients The Hall is also used for promotions, retirements, and other ceremonies 

Renovation
From 1998 to 2011, the Pentagon was completely gutted and reconstructed in phases to bring it up to modern standards and improve security and efficiency  Asbestos was removed and all office windows were sealed As originally built, most Pentagon office space consisted of open bays which spanned an entire ring  These offices used cross-ventilation from operable windows instead of air conditioning for cooling  Gradually, bays were subdivided into private offices with many using window air conditioning units  With renovations now complete, the new space includes a return to open office bays, and a new Universal Space Plan of standardized office furniture and partitions developed by Studios Architecture Pentagon tours were suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic 

Incidents
Protests
During the late 1960s, the Pentagon became a focal point for protests against the Vietnam War  A group of 2,500 women, organized by Women Strike for Peace, demonstrated outside Secretary of Defense Robert S  McNamara's office at the Pentagon on 15 February 1967  In May 1967, a group of 20 demonstrators held a sit-in outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff's office, which lasted four days before they were arrested  In one of the better known incidents, on 21 October 1967, some 35,000 anti-war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, gathered for a demonstration at the Defense Department (the "March on the Pentagon")  They were confronted by some 2,500 armed soldiers  During the protest, a famous picture was taken, where George Harris placed carnations into the soldiers' gun barrels  The march concluded with an attempt to "exorcise" the building On 19 May 1972, the Weather Underground Organization bombed a fourth-floor women's restroom, in "retaliation" for the Nixon administration's bombing of Hanoi in the final stages of the Vietnam War On 17 March 2007, 4,000 to 15,000 people (estimates vary significantly) protested the Iraq War by marching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon's north parking lot 

September 11, 2001 attacks
On September 11, 2001, coincidentally the 60th anniversary of the Pentagon's groundbreaking, five al-Qaeda affiliated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight 77, en route from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport, and deliberately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side of the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT as part of the September 11 attacks  The impact of the plane severely damaged the outer ring of one wing of the building and caused its partial collapse  At the time of the attacks, the Pentagon was under renovation and many offices were unoccupied, resulting in fewer casualties  Only 800 of 4,500 people who would have been in the area were there because of the work  Furthermore, the area hit, on the side of the Heliport façade, was the section best prepared for such an attack  The renovation there, improvements which resulted from the Oklahoma City bombing, had nearly been completed It was the only area of the Pentagon with a sprinkler system, and it had been reconstructed with a web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts  The steel reinforcement, bolted together to form a continuous structure through all of the Pentagon's five floors, kept that section of the building from collapsing for 30 minutes—enough time for hundreds of people to crawl out to safety  The area struck by the plane also had blast-resistant windows—2 inches (5 cm) thick and 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) each—that stayed intact during the crash and fire  It had fire doors that opened automatically and newly built exits that allowed people to get out 

Contractors already involved with the renovation were given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks  This additional project was named the "Phoenix Project" and was charged with having the outermost offices of the damaged section occupied by 11 September 2002 When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired, a small indoor memorial and chapel were added at the point of impact  For the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, a memorial of 184 beams of light shone up from the center courtyard of the Pentagon, one light for each victim of the attack  In addition, an American flag is hung each year on the side of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks, and the side of the building is illuminated at night with blue lights  After the attacks, plans were developed for an outdoor memorial, with construction underway in 2006  This Pentagon Memorial consists of a park on 2 acres (8,100 m2) of land, containing 184 benches, one dedicated to each victim  The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77 according to the victims' ages, from 3 to 71  The park opened to the public on 11 September 2008 

Gallery
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
List of United States military bases
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia
The Octagon, headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense in the New Administrative Capital
Pentagon Force Protection Agency

Notes
Context 3: On release, Twilight Princess was considered to be the greatest Zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1UP com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post  Game Informer called it "so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer"  GamesRadar praised Twilight Princess as "a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation"  Cubed3 hailed Twilight Princess as "the single greatest videogame experience"  Twilight Princess' graphics were praised for the art style and animation, although the game was designed for the GameCube, which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles  Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters  Despite these complaints, Computer and Video Games felt the game's atmosphere was superior to that of any previous Zelda game and regarded Twilight Princess' Hyrule as the best version ever created  PALGN praised the game's cinematics, noting that "the cutscenes are the best ever in Zelda games"  Regarding the Wii version, GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt "tacked-on", although 1UP com said the remote-swinging sword attacks were "the most impressive in the entire series"  Gaming Nexus considered Twilight Princess' soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though IGN criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking "the punch and crispness" of their orchestrated counterparts 

Wii U version
Twilight Princess HD holds a score of 86/100 at the review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable" reviews  The title received the Nintendo Game of the Year award at the Golden Joystick Awards in November 2016 

Awards
Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version  Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story  It also received the 2007 award for "Outstanding Achievement in Story and Character Development" from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences  Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP com, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, GameSpy, Spacey Awards, X-Play and Nintendo Power  It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game from the Game Critics Awards, X-Play, IGN, GameTrailers, 1UP com, and Nintendo Power  The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy  The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time  IGN ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game  Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade 

Sales
In North America, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases during its first week  The Wii version sold 412,000 copies in the United States during November 2006, representing 87% of Wii launch sales that month, the highest attach rate for a launch game since Super Mario 64 launched with the Nintendo 64 in 1996  It went on to become America's fifth best-selling game of 2006 with 1 5 million copies sold for the Wii and GameCube in the US that year  In the United Kingdom, the Wii version received a Platinum sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the UK The game had sold 5 82 million copies on the Wii as of March 2011, and 1 32 million on the GameCube as of March 2007  As of September 2015, the game had sold 8 85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the best-selling single title in the series until it was surpassed by The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) 

Wii U version
The remaster sold 52,282 copies during its first week of release in Japan, which placed it at second place in the video game sales charts  The following week, it came in at number 9 on the charts, selling an additional 7,705 copies  By comparison, 30,264 copies of The Wind Waker HD were sold in its first week in Japan  In the first week of Twilight Princess HD's United Kingdom release, the remaster was the second best-selling game and the best-selling game released for a single platform in the country  Twilight Princess HD's sales dropped 84% in its second week in the U K , making it the ninth best-selling game in the country  In the United States, it was the third best-selling game sold in brick-and-mortar retailers throughout March 2016, according to market-research firm The NPD Group  As of December 2020, the game has sold 1 15 million copies worldwide 

Legacy
An 11-volume manga series based on Twilight Princess, penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016 and ran until January 30, 2022  The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application  While the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based, it launched only a month before the release of the high-definition remake  Viz Media began releasing an English localization of the series in 2017 To commemorate the launch of the My Nintendo loyalty program in March 2016, Nintendo released My Nintendo Picross: The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, a Picross puzzle game developed by Jupiter for download to the Nintendo 3DS Midna, in both her imp and Twili forms, Zant, and NPC character Agitha, all appeared as playable warriors in the Zelda crossover title Hyrule Warriors and its various iterations  Since the release of Hyrule Warriors, Agitha has been recognised as a "main character" of Twilight Princess 

See also
Link's Crossbow Training, a 2007 shooting video game created for the Wii Zapper, using the world and assets of Twilight Princess

Notes
Passage 4:
The Legend of Neil
The Legend of Neil is a comedy web series distributed by Comedy Central's partner Atom com and is a parody of the Nintendo game The Legend of Zelda  Sandeep Parikh of The Guild fame directs the series  Tony Janning writes for the series, and acts as the title character Neil  Felicia Day and Mike Rose, who have worked with Parikh on the set of The Guild, appear as recurring characters 
The series follows Neil, who is sucked into the world of The Legend of Zelda while playing the game  As he travels Hyrule he is mistaken for the hero of the game, Link  The series is "full of self degrading, foul humor", such as when Neil is being sucked into the game he is masturbating and strangled himself with his NES controller 
The series began as a four-minute YouTube video posted in 2007  The video went viral, receiving several million views  Its popularity led to Atom com financing a web series based around the video 
The first season was released in 2008  According to Fox Business before the premiere of the second season, "With nearly one million plays, the hit Web series by creator Sandeep Parikh built one of the Web's most enthusiastic fan bases in 2008 " In the run-up to the August 2009 premiere of the second season, MTV2 planned to air the complete first season  The series was also nominated for multiple Streamys at the 1st Streamy Awards in 2009 Season 3 began on July 25, 2010  Each episode of season 3 features a remix of the original theme song performed by a different musical guest 
A DVD was released on December 4, 2012 
On January 7, 2019, The YouTube channel EffinFunny began re-releasing the Episodes, starting with the first two  As of January 31, 2019, the whole series, gag reels, and minisodes are available on the EffinFunny YouTube channel 

Characters and cast
Neil (Link) – after getting fired from a gas station by his brother, a drunken Neil was transported into the Nintendo game The Legend of Zelda  He then unwillingly plays the role of the game's main character, a forest elf named Link  Neil as Link contrasts with many of the characters' views of Link, while Link is honest and brave, Neil is lazy and will use any tricks he can find to get out of the game  He is so much the opposite of Link that he tends to befriend the monsters whose sole purpose is to kill him  Neil is portrayed by co-writer of the series, Tony Janning 
Old Man – Link's in-game mentor, loosely based on the old man in the first Zelda video game who gives the player a wooden sword before the first level  Old Man is portrayed by Mike Rose  Old Man has a twin brother O-old Man (pronounced with a change in emphasis) who is left-handed, a better potion maker, and has Tourette syndrome  Usually only one of the twins speaks to Link, but on occasion—such as in Season 2, Episode 3—they appear simultaneously  Both of the Old Men are generally helpful to Neil, often in a sarcastic or condescending manner 
Fairy – a fairy who replenishes Link's health  In the series she does so by having sex with Link, and she becomes emotionally and sexually obsessed with him  Fairy also seems to be emotionally unstable, often taking Neil's compliments as insults and vice versa  In the series, the fairies are hunted for their dust, which is used as a drug, a fate which befalls Fairy in Season 2, Episode 1  In the first episode of the third season it is revealed that the fairy is pregnant  Fairy is portrayed by Felicia Day of Dr  Horrible and The Guild fame 
Princess Zelda – the title character from the video game  Zelda's parents were killed by Ganon and she herself was captured and imprisoned  She appears to Neil in visions, alternately pleading and enticing him to continue to rescue her  Neil was initially surprised by her ethnic appearance, expecting a lighter-skinned princess from the video game graphics (In "The Legend of Neil" she's black)  Zelda is portrayed by Angie Hill  Dr  Horrible co-creator Maurissa Tancharoen Whedon provides Zelda's singing voice in the musical episode 
Ganon – the leading antagonist of the game and series  Ganon is played as an incompetent authority figure, impervious to the suggestions of his advisor Wizzrobe  Ganon never seems to leave his shadowed throne until the end of season two  He seems to enjoy singing and is a patron of stand-up comedy  Ganon's ineptitude extends to his attempts to woo Princess Zelda at a "romantic" dinner  In the Season 2 finale he reveals to Zelda that his parents are trapped in some "vortex"  It is implied that Ganon is a Moblin  When his face is finally shown, there are similarities, and he comments that he possesses three penises, a trait previously attributed to the Moblins  Ganon is portrayed by Scott Chernoff 
Wizzrobe – Ganon's sidekick  He first appears after Neil has met Fairy and steals Neil's clothing to lure him to the Level 1 dungeon  He frequently observes logical inconsistencies within the game that are recognizable to fans, such as the maps and keys that are left in the dungeon for Link to find  Whenever he suggests changing the policy to Ganon, he is abused for his presumption, forcing him into the role of a fawning toady  Wizzrobe applies Ganon's makeup before his 'big date' with the captive Princess Zelda, prompting Ganon to insinuate that Wizzrobe is infatuated with him, prompting unconvincing denial  Wizzrobe is actually gay and is seen in the finale smooching with the Male Fairy  Wizzrobe is portrayed by Eric Acosta 
Dark Nut – A powerful dark knight (nonsensically renamed by Ganon to conform to The Legend of Zelda terminology) introduced by Wizzrobe as an invincible opponent to Neil  The other Dark Nuts are seemingly unfazed by Neil's sword blasts, and the Dark Nut was able to knock him unconscious with a single blow  But in the second episode of the third season it is revealed that, due to budget cuts, the Dark Nuts' armor doesn't cover their butts  This is their only weakness and eventually they are killed by Neil  Darknut has a brother who appears in "The Gloffice" and is seen crying over his dead brothers as Wizzrobe comforts him  In the finale, this Dark Nut is (like Wizzrobe) gay and is seen making out with a Stalfos  Dark Nut is portrayed by Jeff Winkler 
Octorok – In Season 1, Neil is often plagued by the Octorok creatures  In the show they are depicted as thin men wearing loin cloths and red masks  They announce their presence with an odd ululation, and throw rocks at Neil  They occasionally speak to Neil, usually to threaten him in their scary voice, try to trick him in their squeaky voice, or to plead in their normal voice when one of them is killed by Neil, but generally stick to the ululation  In Season 2 "A Link to the Past" he kills three of them  In "Gettin' High in Hyrule", one of them is used as a dartboard and feels no pain  And in "The Gloffice", one of them works there 
Moblin – Moblins are strong creatures with three penises who seem to want nothing but to destroy and sodomize Link  The most notable Moblins are Blight of Ganon's "The Gloffice" and the secret moblin, Pippi who helps Link even against his "primal" urges  Moblins are depicted as humanoid because of the low budget of the series  The Moblins (except Pippi) attack Neil but with some help from the bow, sex with Fairy and sword beams, he kills them all 
Stalfos – Three Stalfos made only two appearances—in "The Skeletons in Link's Closet" and "Restart of the King"  They are portrayed as gay skeletons with German accents that mock Neil into killing them  They tease Neil by insulting him and making up some stupid deals causing him to stab two of them and laser the last one  The first one has a key in its ribs and a bandana, the second one has a belt, and the third one has a mustache  One of them is seen in the finale, making out with a Dark Nut 
Keese – Keeses appear in "The Skeletons in Link's Closet", "A Date with Destiny" and "The Gloffice"  They look like models on strings because of the low budget of the series  After Neil puts on the Hero's Clothes, a bat takes a dump on him and they attack him by swarming around him like bees  After Neil escapes and kills the Stalfos, the Keeses attack him again  In Season 1 "Map Questing", the Keeses are revealed by Wizzrobe telling Ganon that Neil has killed all the Keeses  Neil kills them in Season 2 in "A Date with Destiny" and one Keese appears in "The Gloffice" talking to Ganon in the introduction 
Goriya – Three Goriyas make their one appearance in Season 1 in "Map Questing"  They are portrayed as goblins with Australian accents, carrying boomerangs  They say to Neil that they're powerful and they've got boomerangs  Neil zaps the three Goriyas with his sword beams  One Goriya appears in a picture in Season 2 "Gettin' High in Hyrule" that says, "Missing  Last seen playing with boomerangs "
Gibdo – Gibdos appear in three episodes: "Les Neilérables", in which Neil sings after killing them; "A Date with Destiny", in which Neil kills them while they make out and give birth to a baby Gibdo, which Neil kicks away; and "The Gloffice", in which one of them works there 

Plot
Season 1 (2007, 2008)
Season 2 (2009)
Season 3 (2010)
Regular episodes
Minisodes
External links
"Official website of The Legend of Neil"  Archived from the original on July 4, 2014  Retrieved September 30, 2015 {{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
The Legend of Neil on Effinfunny com 
Passage 5:
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii  Originally planned for release exclusively on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii  The Wii version was a launch game in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month  The GameCube version was also released in December 2006 as the final first-party game for the console The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm  To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and he is assisted by a mysterious imp named Midna  The game takes place over a century after Ocarina of Time, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker Twilight Princess was critically acclaimed upon its release, received numerous game of the year awards, and has been called one of the greatest games of all time  By 2015, it had sold 8 85 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling Zelda game until being overtaken by Breath of the Wild in April 2018  In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label  A high-definition remaster based on the GameCube version for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, was released in March 2016 

Gameplay
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving  It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking  Link can walk, run, and attack, and he will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge  Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, and bombs  While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects  The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation  For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls  The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote  The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark "chime" when discovering secrets  The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote  Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk  Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special "lookaround" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version The game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles  Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot  The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting with Midna's assistance When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf  He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will  As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks  "Wolf Link" gains several key advantages in return—he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster), digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails  On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to "warp" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld  Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker  Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and they can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games 

Plot
The game begins with a teenage boy named Link, who works as a ranch hand in Ordon Village



ground_truth: fleur - de-lis

Fleur-de-lis

fleur-de-lis

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what year was Twilight Princess from the game series on which The Legend of Neil was based originally planned for release?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  One day, Bulblins take away the village's children  Link pursues and encounters a wall of Twilight  A Twilight monster pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned  Link is soon freed by a creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally  She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the Sorcerer/Usurper King of the Twili, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender  The kingdom became enveloped in Twilight, turning all its inhabitants besides Link and Zelda into invisible spirits  To save Hyrule, Link, aided by Midna, must first revive the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered regions and recovering the Spirits' light from the Twilight beings that had stolen it  Once revitalized, each Spirit returns Link to his Hylian form and informs Link and Midna of the hidden location of a Fused Shadow; one of the fragments of a powerful relic that will have to be used to match Zant's power to defeat him  During this time, the ghost of a departed swordsman, the Hero's Shade, also appears to provide swordsmanship training he had failed to pass on before his untimely death, as well as information regarding Link's destiny in Hyrule 
During his journey, Link also finds Ordon Village's children and assists the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru  After restoring the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who takes away the fragments  Midna calls him out for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and he uses it to trap Link in his wolf state  Failing to persuade Midna into joining forces with him, Zant attempts to dispose of her by exposing her to the light of Lanayru's light spirit  Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns from her that he needs the Master Sword to remove Zant's curse and she proceeds to sacrifice herself to heal Midna, vanishing mysteriously  Moved by Zelda's act of selflessness, Midna starts to care more about Link and the fate of his world After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the curse that kept him in wolf form  Deep within the Gerudo Desert, Link and Midna search for the Mirror of Twilight, the only known gateway between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm, but discover that it is broken  The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but only managed to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the mirror  They also relate that they once used it to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm after failing to execute him  Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror  Once it has been fully restored, the Sages reveal to Link that Midna is actually the true ruler of the Twili, usurped and cursed into her current form by Zant  Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for his assistance in subjugating Hyrule  After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the Fused Shadows and destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's defeat can release her from her curse 
Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above him  Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda and then transforming into a gigantic boar-like beast, but Link defeats him by using his wolf form, and the power Midna received from Zelda is able to resuscitate her  Ganondorf revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows  However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, Ganondorf emerges from it victorious, crushing the Fused Shadow piece that Midna wore on her head, and pursues Link on horseback  Assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and duels him on foot before finishing him off with the Master Sword  With Ganondorf defeated, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form  After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight, ultimately severing the link between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm  As Hyrule Castle is rebuilt, Link leaves Ordon Village, heading to parts unknown 

Development
Inception as a GameCube game
In 2003, Nintendo announced a new The Legend of Zelda game for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker  At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor  Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience  Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic Zelda game that would appeal to the North American market and meet Miyamoto's original vision of realism for the series  Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations  He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time, particularly horseback combat  Early development of what would become Twilight Princess began and special care was taken to improve the realism of the horseriding, with lead character designer Keisuke Nishimori riding a horse for himself to feel what it was like Just as the original Legend of Zelda game was inspired by J  R  R  Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings novels, the aesthetic of Twilight Princess was inspired by the Lord of the Rings films as they had just come out and were very popular at the time  The game was developed with having a large convincing world in mind, one with a vast scale to meet the expectation for fantasy worlds that audiences had become accustomed to with the Lord of the Rings In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding, which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 and was met with enormous praise  The game was scheduled to be released the next year and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of Phantom Hourglass  Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link  The game runs on a modified The Wind Waker engine Prior Zelda games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds  In A Link to the Past, Link travels between a "Light World" and a "Dark World"; in Ocarina of Time, as well as in Oracle of Ages, Link travels between two different time periods  The Zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment  It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past  The concept for Link to transform into a wolf and its surrounding narrative elements came from a dream that Aonuma had while overseas on a business trip  He dreamt that he was a wolf, locked inside a cage, and, after he woke up, he was confused and disoriented and it took a while for him to remember where he was  The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and it later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku  Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script  Originally, Link was planned to be a wolf from the game's start to bluntly contrast the Ocarina of Time formula, but this was changed so that new players could be eased into Zelda's traditional gameplay and narrative formula  The narrative premise in the story regarding the children of Ordon village getting kidnapped was an example of the game featuring darker story elements than any past iteration From a gameplay perspective, the "twilight world" portions of the game were vaguely inspired by the fact that prior Zelda games had always distinctively separated its dungeons from its overworld  It was wondered what the result would be if the players took a traditional Zelda dungeon and put it inside the open world instead  This resulted in the hunt for tears of light the player partakes in when in the twilight covered world  Regarding the atmosphere of the Twilight covered Hyrule, as well as the Twilight Realm dungeon later in the game, the intent was to make players feel uncomfortable  Special care was taken, however, to ensure that this was balanced right, so that it did not make the player so uncomfortable that they did not want to progress further or could not enjoy the experience Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he produced The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance  When he returned, he found the Twilight Princess team struggling  Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable  Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in Phantom Hourglass, which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS  At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name "Revolution"  Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda, and he suggested that Aonuma consider using it 

Transition to the Wii
Aonuma had anticipated creating a Zelda game for what would later be for the Wii but had assumed that he would need to complete Twilight Princess first  His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass  Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release  Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer  Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product  Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube  At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess  They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed "Revolution"), but was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface  A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements  When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored  Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller  Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after  However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release  At E3 2006, Nintendo confirmed that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii  Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme  Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of "forcing" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use  He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease  The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses  In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword  To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures—something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see  This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack  The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game—everything was made a mirror image  Link was now right-handed, and references to "east" and "west" were reversed  The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation  The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users 

Music and sound
The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor  Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in Twilight Princess, providing all field and dungeon music  For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo  Michiru Ōshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto  Kondo's piece was chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the title screen  Midna has the most voice acting—her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments  He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more "lyrical moments", though the final product used sequenced music instead  Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision  Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield 

Technical vulnerability
Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console  A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications  Versions 3 3 and 3 4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4 0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability 

Wii U version
A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U  Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation in November 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality  The game was released worldwide in March 2016 The idea for a high-definition version of Twilight Princess first originated during the production of Breath of the Wild  Nintendo experimented with an HD version of Twilight Princess running on Wii U development kits when trying to settle on a graphical style for the new game  This ultimately led to the production of The Wind Waker HD, whose success encouraged the Zelda team to pursue other high-definition remasters  After its release, which was developed internally at Nintendo in only six months, the Zelda team settled on an HD remaster of Twilight Princess  At the time, most of the Zelda team was preoccupied with Breath of the Wild, so Nintendo sought a partnership with an external development studio, the Australia-based Tantalus Media, to work on Twilight Princess HD According to Eiji Aonuma, who directed the original release and produced Twilight Princess HD, ensuring the remaster would take advantage of the Wii U GamePad was a point of focus early in the title's development  The control scheme used in the GameCube version was adapted for the remaster due to similarities between the button layouts of the two consoles' controllers  Aonuma considered underwater gameplay in the remaster significantly improved  Other enhancements include speeding up a handful of cutscenes that seemed overly long by modern standards and reducing repetitive gameplay elements, such as collecting Tears of Light while in the Twilight Realm  A commitment to "preserving the feel of the original" inspired several design decisions, such as keeping the frame rate at 30 frames per second  Tomomi Sano, the assistant director of the Wii U version, noted the degree of refinement the graphics would receive required much consideration: "When we created more precise models of objects to go with the higher resolution, we found that everything was too clear and we lost that soft and delicate atmosphere that you get in particular at twilight or with the light in a forest" Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the "Cave of Shadows" and can carry data over to Breath of the Wild  In the Cave of Shadows, Link fights waves of enemies while restricted to his wolf form  Comparable to the optional "Cave of Ordeals" present in the original release, opportunities to recover health during the trial are sparse  Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage  A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions  A three-disc original soundtrack consisting of 108 pieces from the game was released in Japan in July 2016 

Reception
Reviews
Twilight Princess was released to critical acclaim and commercial success  It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar and GameSpy  On the review aggregator Metacritic, Twilight Princess holds scores of 95/100 for the Wii version and 96/100 for the GameCube version, indicating "universal acclaim"  It is the highest-rated game of 2006 on Metacritic  GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created On release, Twilight Princess was considered to be the greatest Zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1UP com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post  Game Informer called it "so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer"  GamesRadar praised Twilight Princess as "a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation"  Cubed3 hailed Twilight Princess as "the single greatest videogame experience"  Twilight Princess' graphics were praised for the art style and animation, although the game was designed for the GameCube, which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles  Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters  Despite these complaints, Computer and Video Games felt the game's atmosphere was superior to that of any previous Zelda game and regarded Twilight Princess' Hyrule as the best version ever created  PALGN praised the game's cinematics, noting that "the cutscenes are the best ever in Zelda games"  Regarding the Wii version, GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt "tacked-on", although 1UP com said the remote-swinging sword attacks were "the most impressive in the entire series"  Gaming Nexus considered Twilight Princess' soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though IGN criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking "the punch and crispness" of their orchestrated counterparts 

Wii U version
Twilight Princess HD holds a score of 86/100 at the review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable" reviews  The title received the Nintendo Game of the Year award at the Golden Joystick Awards in November 2016 

Awards
Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version  Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story  It also received the 2007 award for "Outstanding Achievement in Story and Character Development" from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences  Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP com, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, GameSpy, Spacey Awards, X-Play and Nintendo Power  It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game from the Game Critics Awards, X-Play, IGN, GameTrailers, 1UP com, and Nintendo Power  The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy  The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time  IGN ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game  Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade 

Sales
In North America, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases during its first week  The Wii version sold 412,000 copies in the United States during November 2006, representing 87% of Wii launch sales that month, the highest attach rate for a launch game since Super Mario 64 launched with the Nintendo 64 in 1996  It went on to become America's fifth best-selling game of 2006 with 1 5 million copies sold for the Wii and GameCube in the US that year  In the United Kingdom, the Wii version received a Platinum sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the UK The game had sold 5 82 million copies on the Wii as of March 2011, and 1 32 million on the GameCube as of March 2007  As of September 2015, the game had sold 8 85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the best-selling single title in the series until it was surpassed by The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) 

Wii U version
The remaster sold 52,282 copies during its first week of release in Japan, which placed it at second place in the video game sales charts  The following week, it came in at number 9 on the charts, selling an additional 7,705 copies  By comparison, 30,264 copies of The Wind Waker HD were sold in its first week in Japan  In the first week of Twilight Princess HD's United Kingdom release, the remaster was the second best-selling game and the best-selling game released for a single platform in the country  Twilight Princess HD's sales dropped 84% in its second week in the U K , making it the ninth best-selling game in the country  In the United States, it was the third best-selling game sold in brick-and-mortar retailers throughout March 2016, according to market-research firm The NPD Group  As of December 2020, the game has sold 1 15 million copies worldwide 

Legacy
An 11-volume manga series based on Twilight Princess, penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016 and ran until January 30, 2022  The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application  While the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based, it launched only a month before the release of the high-definition remake  Viz Media began releasing an English localization of the series in 2017 To commemorate the launch of the My Nintendo loyalty program in March 2016, Nintendo released My Nintendo Picross: The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, a Picross puzzle game developed by Jupiter for download to the Nintendo 3DS Midna, in both her imp and Twili forms, Zant, and NPC character Agitha, all appeared as playable warriors in the Zelda crossover title Hyrule Warriors and its various iterations  Since the release of Hyrule Warriors, Agitha has been recognised as a "main character" of Twilight Princess 

See also
Link's Crossbow Training, a 2007 shooting video game created for the Wii Zapper, using the world and assets of Twilight Princess

Notes
Passage 6:
Judgement of God
Judgement of God (French: Le Jugement de Dieu), is a French drama film from 1952, directed by Raymond Bernard, written by Pierre Montazel, and starring by Andrée Debar and Louis de Funès  The screenplay was based on the German legend from the 15th century  The German title is Agnes Bernauer 

Cast
Andrée Debar : Agnes Bernauer
Jean-Claude Pascal : Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
Pierre Renoir : Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
Gabrielle Dorziat : Josepha, Prince Albert's aunt
Jean Barrère : Count Törring
Olivier Hussenot : Mr Bernauer, the father of Agnès and Marie (the barber)
Louis Seigner : the burgomaster (mayor)
André Wasley : the captain
Jacques Dynam : a soldier
Max Dalban : a butcher
Jean Clarieux : the leader of the outlaws
Marcel Raine : the minister
Louis de Funès : the burgomaster's emissary
Georges Douking : Enrique (the monk)



ground_truth: 2005