prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county in which Miller Electric is headquartered?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Naas River
The Naas River, a perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia 

Course
The river rises in the southern ranges of Namadgi National Park, south of Canberra, with flow generated by runoff and melting snow during spring from the Snowy Mountains  The river flows generally north, joined by four minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Gudgenby River, south of Tharwa; descending 266 metres (873 ft) over its 26-kilometre (16 mi) course The watershed boundary of the Naas River defines the southern and south-eastern border of the Australian Capital Territory with New South Wales 

See also

List of rivers of Australia § Australian Capital Territory
Australian Alps Walking Track
Passage 2:
Pangi Territory
Pangi Territory is an administrative area in Maniema Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The  headquarters is the town of Pangi 
The Elila River flows through Pangi territory, entering the Lualaba River to the west 
The territory is divided into the Babene chiefdom and the Beia, Ikama, Wakabango and Wasongola sectors 
Most of the territory is inhabited by the Lega people, as are the adjoining Mwenga and Shabunda territories 
As of 1972 there were still a few Pygmies living among the Baziri tribe of Lega people 
Before independence the territory had 97,380 inhabitants of whom 35,518 were in urban and mining agglomerations 
Passage 3:
Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ʁon alp] (listen)) was an administrative region of France  Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes  It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south  The region was named after the river Rhône and the Alps mountain range  Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris  Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region 

Geography
Rhône-Alpes is located in the southeast of France  The neighboring (pre-2016) regions are Bourgogne (Burgundy) and Franche-Comté to the north, Auvergne to the west, Languedoc-Roussillon to the southwest, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the south  The eastern part of the region is in the Alps, and borders Switzerland and Italy  The highest peak is Mont Blanc, on the French-Italian border  The central part of the region comprises the river valleys of the Rhône and the Saône  The confluence of these two rivers is at Lyon  The western part of the region contains the start of the Massif Central mountain range  The region also borders or contains major lakes such as Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) and Lake Annecy  The Ardèche flows through the southwest portion of the region, where it has carved the deepest gorge in Europe 
As with the rest of France, French is the only official language of the region  Until the mid-20th century, Arpitan was widely spoken in the whole region, while many of the inhabitants of the south spoke varieties of Occitan; both are in steep decline in this region  There are immigrant populations from Armenia, Italy, North Africa, Poland and Portugal, and elsewhere 
Rhône-Alpes is made up of the following departments:

Ain (01)  Capital: Bourg-en-Bresse
Ardèche (07)  Capital: Privas
Drôme (26)  Capital: Valence
Isère (38)  Capital: Grenoble
Loire (42)  Capital: Saint-Étienne
Rhône (69)  Capital: Lyon
Savoie (73)  Capital: Chambéry
Haute-Savoie (74)  Capital: AnnecyAnd, since 2015, Metropolis with territorial collectivity statute:

Metropolis of Lyon (69)  Capital: Lyon

Lakes
There are six main lakes in Rhône-Alpes:

Lac de Paladru
Lac d'Aiguebelette
Lac du Bourget
Lac d'Annecy
Lac de Nantua
Lac Léman

Prefectures
Prefectures listed in descending order of size:

Lyon (Rhône)
Grenoble (Isère)
Saint-Étienne (Loire)
Valence (Drôme)
Chambéry (Savoie)
Annecy (Haute-Savoie)
Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain)
Privas (Ardèche)

History
Although there have been people in Rhône-Alpes since pre-historic times, the earliest recorded settlers of the region were the Gauls (Celts)  Cities such as Lyon were founded by them and the region traded with both northern and southern Europe  Most of the area became part of Roman territory during the invasion of Celtic Gaul led by Julius Caesar and was at various times part of the regions of Lugdunensis and Gallia  Lyon itself became a major city in the Roman Empire 
The region, excepting Savoy, was part of the Merovingian and Carolingian Kingdoms before becoming a royal territory under the Capetians  As it became a royal territory early on in French history, its cultural, political and economic influences and developments paralleled those of greater France  (See History of France )

Transportation
Rhône-Alpes is a major European transit hub, linking northern France and Europe to the Mediterranean area  Millions travel along its motorways in summertime from Paris to holidays at the sea  The E15 Euroroute (Britain to Spain) runs through the region  There are international airports at Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne and many other minor airports and airfields 
The region is also a transport hub for the rail network with the TGV running through Lyon from Paris and the north, to the Mediterranean  A high-speed rail link is planned from Lyon to Turin 

Economy
Rhône-Alpes is a prosperous region which can be seen by its per capita GDP of about €31,231 ($40,000), which is higher than the French average, and an average income of €35,910 ($50,246), its economy second in size only to Île-de-France in France  This can be attributed to the diversity of the production in different sectors  The region is one of the Four Motors for Europe 

Industry, in particular:
Light engineering and high-tech
Mechanical engineering in the area of Annecy
Precision machining in the area of Cluses
Services, in particular:
High-tech industries, nanotechnology, biotechnology especially in Grenoble with 62,300 jobs in these sectors thanks to the presence of the Polygone Scientifique, Inovallée and some large companies as Schneider Electric 
Optic and design in Saint-Étienne
Tourism with the Alps (for skiing), Lyon and Grenoble (for culture) and the Ardèche (adventure sports/camping) particularly popular
Education, with major universities in Lyon, Grenoble and Saint-Étienne In the past mining, especially coal mining was an important sector, particularly around Saint-Étienne, although this has declined since the 1970s 
The area of the region that lies close to Switzerland has an economy linked to that of Geneva  This area forms a hinterland for the Geneva hub The Triangle of Lyon, Saint-Étienne and Grenoble contribute a GDP of €145 billion to the region  Add Valence to it, it is almost €150 billion  In addition, Lyon alone has a Gross Metropolitan Product of about €85 billion 
The region has been part of Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion since 10 July 2007 

Major cities
Winter Olympics
Rhône-Alpes region has hosted the Winter Olympics three times; in 1924 at Chamonix, 1968 at Grenoble, and 1992 at Albertville 

Tourism
Situated between Paris and the Côte d’Azur, on the border with both Switzerland and Italy, and offering access to two international airports (Lyon and Geneva), rail connections and a vast motorway network, the Rhône-Alpes region is at "the crossroads of Europe" 
Boasting eight natural parks and peerless sites such as Mont Blanc and the Gorges de l’Ardèche, Rhône-Alpes offers a wide range of different landscapes: mountains, vineyards and gentle valleys, fields of lavender and olive groves 
Every form of sport is readily available, set against a natural backdrop: skiing, hiking, mountain biking or even paragliding and canoeing  Besides hosting three Winter Olympics games due to its being the largest ski area in the world, Rhône-Alpes is the second most important golfing region in France with over 60 courses 

Enthusiasts of art and culture will not be disappointed by the region's Villes d’Art: Lyon, which is classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, Annecy, Grenoble, Chambéry, and Saint-Étienne 
And last but not least, connoisseurs of good food and wine will be spoilt for choice by the range of local specialties available to taste along with a Beaujolais or a Côtes du Rhône, and by the sheer number of famous restaurants (with Paul Bocuse at the top of the list) in the region 

Gastronomy
Lyon is noted as a gastronomic centre of France and specialities served in its traditional bouchons include Lyon sausage, sophisticated salami (known there as "rosette"), tripe and quenelles  In the east of the region the food has an Alpine flavour with dishes such as fondue, raclette common, gratin dauphinois and gratin savoyard  The region is also famous for its Bresse poultry and the many varieties of cheese including Tomme de Savoie, Bleu de Bresse, Reblochon, Saint-Marcellin and Vacherin du Haut-Doubs Wines in this region include Beaujolais, Côtes du Rhône and Savoy wine  Chartreuse liqueur is made in the region 
Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants: the bouchons  Bouchons are usually convivial restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines 
Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie, especially the rosette and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine  Traditional local dishes include saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg), marrons glacés and cardoon au gratin 

See also
List of châteaux in Rhône-Alpes
Transport in Rhône-Alpes
Passage 4:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 5:
Port Blair
Port Blair (pronunciation ) is the capital city of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India in the Bay of Bengal  It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman and is the territory's only notified town 
Port Blair serves as the entry point for visiting the Andaman and Nicobar Islands  Port Blair is connected with mainland India by both air and sea  It is a two to three-hour flight from mainland India to Port Blair's Veer Savarkar International Airport, and three to four days by sea to reach Kolkata, Chennai, or Visakhapatnam from Haddo Wharf in Port Blair  It is home to several museums and a major naval base INS Jarawa of the Indian Navy, along with sea and air bases of the Indian Coast Guard, Andaman and Nicobar Police, Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command of the Indian Armed Forces and the Indian Air Force Port Blair is also famous for the historic Cellular Jail and other small islands like Corbyn's Cove, Wandoor, Ross Island, Viper Island and so forth, which were once home to British colonists  Port Blair has been selected as one of the cities to be developed as a smart city under the Smart Cities Mission 

History
Pre-history
The indigenous inhabitants are the Andamanese  Radiocarbon dating studies of the kitchen refuse dumps from the mounds excavated by the Anthropological Survey of India at Choladari near Port Blair indicate human occupation for at least 2,000 years, although they are likely to have diverged from the inhabitants of the mainland significantly earlier 

Modern history
In 1789 the Government of Bengal established a penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman, named Port Blair in the honour of Archibald Blair of the East India Company  After two years, the colony moved to the northeast part of Great Andaman and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral William Cornwallis  However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony, and the government ceased operating it in May 1796 
In 1824 Port Cornwallis was the rendezvous of the fleet carrying the army to the First Anglo-Burmese War  In the 1830s and 1840s, shipwrecked crews who landed on the Andamans were often attacked and killed by the natives, alarming the British government  In 1855, the government proposed another settlement on the islands, including a convict establishment, but the Indian Rebellion of 1857 forced a delay in its construction 
However, since the rebellion provided the British with a lot of new prisoners, it made the new Andaman settlement and prison an urgent necessity  Construction began in November 1857 at the renovated Port Blair, avoiding the vicinity of a salt swamp which seemed to have been the source of many of the old colony's problems  The penal colony was originally on Viper Island  The convicts, mostly political prisoners, suffered life imprisonment at hard labour under cruel and degrading conditions  Many were hanged, while others died of disease and starvation  Between 1864 and 1867 a penal establishment was also built with convict labour on the northern side of Ross Island  These structures now lie in ruins As the Indian independence movement continued to grow in the late 19th century, the enormous Cellular Jail was constructed between 1896 and 1906 to house Indian convicts, mostly political prisoners, in solitary confinement  The Cellular Jail is also known as Kala Pani (translated as "Black Waters"), a name given to it due to the torture and general ill-treatment towards its Indian convicts 
The airport at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar's capital, has been named Veer Savarkar International Airport  The commemorative blue plaque on India House fixed by the Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England reads "Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 1883–1966 Indian patriot and philosopher lived here "
In World War II the islands were occupied by the Japanese on 23 March 1942 without opposition from the garrison  From 1943 to 1944, Port Blair served as the headquarters of the Azad Hind government under Subhas Chandra Bose  British forces returned to the islands in October 1945 Although affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Port Blair survived sufficiently to act as a base for relief efforts in the islands 

Climate
Port Blair has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with little variation in average temperature and large amounts of precipitation throughout the year  All months except January, February and March receive substantial rainfall 

Tourism
Port Blair being the capital city of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is the entry point for all tourism related activities  Tourists first have to arrive to Port Blair before progressing on to any other islands in Andaman  At Port Blair, the major tourist places to visit are the Cellular Jail, Corbyns Cove Beach, North Bay Island, Ross Island renamed to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island, Chidiatapu, Wandoor and other museums that are present within city limits  Entry charges are applicable to some of the tourist places 

Demographics
As of 2011 India census, Port Blair had a population of 100,608  Males constitute 52 92% (53,247) of the population and females 47 07% (47,361)  9 3% of the population is under the age of 6 years 

Language
Bengali is the most spoken language of the city, followed by Telegu, Hindi and Tamil 

Religion
The most common religion is Hinduism, followed by Christianity and Islam 

Literacy
Port Blair has an average literacy rate of 89 76%, higher than the national average that is 74 04%  In Port Blair, male literacy is 92 79%, and female literacy is 86 34% 

Administration
The Port Blair Municipal Council, abbreviated as PBMC is the ruling civic body administering the city of Port Blair, the capital and the largest city in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands  The council came into existence on 2 October 1957 after the assent by the President of India to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Municipal Board’s) Regulation, 1957 Act on 11 March 1957  The council comprises a total of 24 wards after the recent delimitation and the expansion of the city limits with the merger of few other villages to the existing 18 wards previously The recent elections for the council were held in 2022  U  Kavitha from ward 24 a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party was elected as the chairperson for the first term which commenced from 16 March 2022  On 14 March 2023, Telugu Desam Party councilor S  Selvi from ward 5 was elected as the chairperson for the second year term of commencing from 16 March 2023 as part of the joint candidature from the BJP-TDP Alliance 

PBMC electoral history
Education
B Ed
Tagore Government College of Education

Degree
Andaman and Nicobar college
Jawaharlal Nehru Government College

Engineering
Dr  B  R  Ambedkar Institute of Technology

Law
Andaman Law College

Medicine
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences

Gallery
See also
Cellular Jail
Charles James Lyall
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Ross Island
Havelock Island
Passage 6:
Notogawa, Shiga
Notogawa (能登川町, Notogawa-chō) was a town located in Kanzaki District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan 
Notogawa Station (Location: N35 179899,E136 165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi  The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west  The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest 

History
On January 1, 2006, Notogawa, along with the town of Gamō (from Gamō District), was merged into the expanded city of Higashiōmi 

Demographics
As of 2005, the town had an estimated population of 23,385 and a density of 751 45 persons per km²  The total area is 31 12 km² 

Sister town
Taber, Alberta, Canada 

External links
 Media related to Notogawa, Shiga at Wikimedia Commons
Passage 7:
Mian Haji Sahib
Mian Haji Sahib is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan  It is located at 33° 22' 50N 73° 20' 40E with an altitude of 479 metres (1574 feet) 
Passage 8:
Bann Na Mohra
Bann Na Mohra is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan  It is located at 33° 27' 50N 73° 22' 10E with an altitude of 562 metres (1847 feet) 
Passage 9:
Miller Electric
Miller Electric is an American arc welding and cutting equipment manufacturing company based in Appleton, Wisconsin  Miller Electric, has grown from a one-man operation selling products in northeastern Wisconsin to what is today one of the world's largest manufacturers of arc welding and cutting equipment 

Overview
In 1929, Niels Miller designed a small arc welder for "stick welding" that could operate on the electrical supplies in rural Wisconsin that was lighter and less expensive than the DC rotary units previously available  The first machine was built from recycled scrap steel and coil windings in his basement In 1935, Miller Electric Mfg  Co  was incorporated  Al Mulder, Miller's sole engineer, invented the world's first high frequency-stabilized AC industrial welder, making AC welding practical for use in factories and construction Miller Electric developed the Millermatic in 1971, combining the previously separate units of power source and wire feed into one unit, bringing MIG welding within reach of a wider market 
In 1993, following the death of the company's heir, Miller Electric was purchased by Illinois Tool Works (ITW), a multi-national company based near Chicago 
The company regularly exhibits new products at trade fairs including SEMA 

ITW
ITW had much in common with Miller Electric in terms of business philosophy, and in 1992 it was ranked as one of the 100 "Most Admired American Corporations" by Fortune magazine  ITW brought to Miller the resource base and global perspective needed to further strengthen the company's position as a world leader in the welding industry In 2002, it became the first U S  welding equipment manufacturer to comply with the new ISO 9001:2000 standard 

Products list
Miller electric manufactures a lot of products related to arc welding  Some of the important products they manufacture are listed below:

Welders
MIG(GMAW)
TIG(GTAW)
Stick(SMAW)
Engine Driven
Wire Feeders
Welding Intelligence
Welding safety equipment
Helmets
Weld Mask
Caps
Safety Glasses
Gloves
Apparel
Fume Extractors
Respiratory
Passage 10:
John C  Petersen
John C  Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County  He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a "Greenback Democrat" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat) 

Background
Petersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842  He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation  Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices  

Public office
Petersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B  T  Rogers (Rep ), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an "Independent Democrat" but was now the Democratic nominee)  He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements He was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D  J  Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P  P  Wing, a Republican  Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a "Greenback Democrat": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as "Greenback Democrat") and one Greenback (David Bean) listed in the Assembly roster for that year  He remained on the public improvements committee  Petersen was not a candidate for re-election for 1881, and was succeeded by Democrat Henry Clay Sloan 

Personal life
Petersen married Wilhelmina "Minnie" Freiberg, born in Stettin, Pomerania in 1849; they were the parents of five children  Petersen was in the butcher business at Appleton for about twenty-five years, then moved to a farm in Grand Chute township which he operated until his retirement, and then returned to Appleton, where he died on July 10, 1887  His widow survived him, living until 1932  They are buried at Riverside Cemetery in Appleton 
Passage 11:
Virginia, Lempira
Virginia (Spanish pronunciation: [biɾˈxinja]) is a municipality in the Honduran department of Lempira 
Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador  Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia 
It is one of the smallest municipalities of the Lempira department  It is 15 km or 30 minutes away from Mapulaca if accessed through Gracias 

History
It was founded back in 1830  In the national division of 1889 it was one municipality of Candelaria 

Geography
It is situated in a semi flat place and surrounded by many hills   The predominant vegetation corresponds to the sub tropical dry forest  In the municipality capital there are some inclined streets 

Boundaries
Its boundaries are: 

North : Candelaria municipality 
South : El Salvador 
East  : Piraera municipality 
West  : Mapulaca municipality 
Surface Extents: 36 km2

Resources
Since it is on the border with El Salvador, it is much easier for people to go there to establish commercial activities  Also there are more and better jobs on the other side of the border, with the advantage of receiving their wages in US dollars  It is not an ideal location for coffee plantations, therefore corn and beans crops became important (even though they are for local consumption); followed by cattle raising  Like the rest of the department, it has electricity and mobile communication services 

Population
Population: The amount of inhabitants was 2,734 and according to INE Honduras estimates, there will be 2,574 in 2015 
Villages: 5
Settlements: 35

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Virginia municipality had a population of 2,548  Of these, 97 06% were Mestizo, 2 90% Indigenous (2 86% Lenca) and 0 04% Black or Afro-Honduran 

Tourism
As for the remaining 15 km, although this dirt road is not in the best condition, it is still an easy drive  A half-hour visit will be enough to see all there is to see in the municipality capital  For those who are interested in rural and quiet towns, this is a good place to visit  Surprisingly, the mobile phone signal from El Salvador is stronger than the Honduran signal  Since it is near the Lempa River, the local pastime is going there to bathe  The local holidays and festivals attract many visitors 

Local Holidays: "Santa Lucia" day on December 13 
Passage 12:
Darial, Pakistan
Darial is a town in the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan  It is located at 33° 23' 35N 73° 19' 45E with an altitude of 494 metres (1624 feet) 
Passage 13:
Alamnagar
Alamnagar (community development block) is one of the administrative divisions of Madhepura district in the Indian state of Bihar  The block headquarters are located at a distance of 58 km from the district headquarters, namely, Madhepura  The name of Alamnagar is named for Shah Alamgir  Almost alls caste of Hindus and Muslims live together  Khara Budhama is also attached in Alamnagar vidhan shabha from udakishunganj  Khara is located 12 km from Alamnagar 

Geography
Alamnagar is located at 25°32′56″N 86°54′40″E

Panchayats
Panchayats in Alamnagar community development block are: Bispatti, Basanbara, [Khurhan, Bargaon, Singhar, Itahari, Alamnagar North, Alamnagar South, Alamnagar East, Northua Bhagipur, Kujauri, Gangapur, Kishanpur Ratwara and Khapur 

Demographics
In the 2001 census Alamnagar Block had a population of 129,226 
Passage 14:
Swan Miara
Swan Miara (ساون میرا) is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan  It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District Formerly it was a part of the Princely State of Amb 
Passage 15:
Thirukkanur
Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India  It is one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk  It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west 
Thirukkanur has a primary health center, police station, post office, electricity office and registrar office   The area is mainly oriented to agriculture  Thirukkanur market is the only bazaar catering to the needs of about 20 nearby villages   There is no major industry within the purview area of the Thirukkanar Police Station 


== Notes ==
Passage 16:
Pulaski High School
Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, United States, in Brown County (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12   Its mascot is the Red Raider 

History
The original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades  In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool  Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population 

Academics
Pulaski offers Advanced Placement classes  The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1 

Demographics
Over 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2 9 percent are American Indian, 2 5 percent are Hispanic, 1 4 percent are African American and 1 0 percent are Asian  The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch 

Athletics
State championships
Boys' Basketball: 2013
Wrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)
Football: 1980 (runner-up)
Softball: 1996 (runner-up)
Cross Country: 2004 (runner-up)
Rugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018Pulaski has also had a number of individual state champions 
In 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4 9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities 

Incident involving Mike McCarthy
On February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game  A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident  McCarthy's behavior was criticized as "unacceptable" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten  A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident 

Music
The Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City 

Notable alumni
Jacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer
Jeremy Borseth, NFL punter
Carey Lohrenz, F-14 Tomcat pilot
Neil Worden, NFL fullback
Passage 17:
Jerome Quinn
Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973  He was a Republican 
Passage 18:
Baranya County
Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya vármegye, pronounced [ˈbɒrɒɲɒ ˈvaːrmɛɟɛ]; German: Branau; Croatian: Baranjska županija) is a county (vármegye) in southern Hungary  It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century  Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II  It is bordered by Somogy County to the northwest, Tolna County to the north, Bács-Kiskun County and the Danube to the east, and the border with Croatia (part of which is formed by the Drava River) to the south 
As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 386,441 residents  Of the 19 counties of Hungary (excluding Budapest), it is ranked 10th by both geographic area and population  Its county seat and largest city is Pécs 

Etymology
In German, it is known as Komitat Branau, and in Croatian as Baranjska županija (Baranja) 
The county was probably named after its first comes 'Brana' or 'Braina' 

Geography
This county has a total area of 4,430 km2 (1,710 sq mi) – 4 76% of Hungary, it is divided in Upper Baranya and Lower Baranya 
The northern part of the county is a mountain area with large forests, the Mecsek Mountains  The central areas are shared between the Baranya Hills and Villány Mountains  The very eastern and southern parts are flat 
The highest point in the county is Zengő in the Mecsek Mountains, at 682 metres  This is also the highest point of the mountain range 
Baranya is rich in mineral and thermal water, and also in other resources  98% of Hungary's coal resources are found here 

Neighbours
Tolna County in the North 
Bács-Kiskun County in the East  (across the Danube river)
Croatia in the south (across the Drava river) – Osijek-Baranja County and Virovitica-Podravina County
Somogy County in the Northwest 

Climate
The climate of Baranya is a mix of continental and temperate, which makes it unique in Hungary, as the rest of the country is primarily continental  Its milder climate is due to its southern location and relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea in comparison to other parts of the country, leaving it with warmer winters  It has the highest average annual rainfall of the Hungarian counties and a high amount of sunshine hours 

History
The area has been inhabited since ancient times  Before the Hungarian tribes conquered the area, it was inhabited by Slavs and Avars  Stephen I founded an episcopal seat here 
In 1526, the county was occupied by Ottomans and was freed in 1689  Its medieval borders remained unchanged until 1919  According to the peace treaty of Trianon, the southern part of the county (1,163 km2, 449 sq mi) reverted to Slavic rule (present-day Croatia)  The re-organizing of the counties (1950) brought only minor changes (town of Szigetvár got there) 
Baranya has the largest number of minorities in Hungary (more than twice the country average), providing home to 34% of the German minority the so-called Danube Swabians, and 32% of the Southern Slav minorities in Hungary 
The Stifolder or Stiffoller Shvove are a Roman Catholic subgroup of the so-called Danube Swabians  Their ancestors once came ca  1717 - 1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings, (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in the Baranya  They retained their own German dialect and culture, until the end of WW2  After WW2, the majority of Danube Swabians were expelled to allied-occupied Germany and allied-occupied Austria as a result of the Potsdam Agreement Only a few people can speak the old Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect  Also a salami is named after these people  Electoral History

Demographics
In 2015, it had a population of 371,110 and the population density was 84/km2 

2011 census
As of the census of 2011, there were 386,441 residents, 160,040 households, and 105,646 families living in the county  The population density was 226 inhabitants per square mile (87/km2)  There were 167,453 housing units at an average density of 98 per square mile (38/km2) 
There were 160,040 households, of which 63 2% were one-family households, 1 4% were multi-family households, 32 1% were one-person households, and 3 4% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 15 9% of all households  The average household size was 2 34 
There were 105,646 families, of which 44 1% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 36 4% were couples without children, 16 7% were single females with children, and 2 8% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 82 
The age breakdown of the county was 20 1% under the age of 20, 7 0% between ages 20 and 24, 27 4% aged 25 to 44, 28 3% aged 45 to 64, and 17 2% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 2% male and 52 8% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 46 8% Roman Catholic, 6 4% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 2% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 3% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 1 5% other religions  The non-religious were 16 2% and atheists were 1 5%, with 26 0% declining to answer 

2001 census
As of the census of 2001, there were 407,448 residents, 151,956 households, and 115,946 families living in the county  The population density was 238 inhabitants per square mile (92/km2)  There were 156,632 housing units at an average density of 92 per square mile (35/km2) 
There were 151,956 households, of which 68 5% were one-family households, 3 8% were multi-family households, 24 9% were one-person households, and 2 7% were other non-family households  Elderly individuals living alone were 13 1% of all households  The average household size was 2 60 
There were 115,946 families, of which 48 7% were married couples or consensual unions living together with children, 35 4% were couples without children, 13 7% were single females with children, and 2 1% were single males with children  The average family size was 2 87 
The age breakdown of the county was 23 0% under the age of 20, 8 1% between ages 20 and 24, 28 0% aged 25 to 44, 26 0% aged 45 to 64, and 14 9% aged 65 or older  The gender makeup of the county was 47 5% male and 52 5% female 
Religious adherence in the county was 64 2% Roman Catholic, 8 7% Reformed (Calvinist), 1 5% Evangelical (Lutheran), 0 5% Greek Catholic, 0 1% Orthodox, and 0 8% other religions  The non-religious were 13 4%, with 10 8% declining to answer 

Ethnicity
Besides the Hungarian majority, the main minorities are the Germans (approx  22,000), Roma (17,000), Croats (6,000), and Serbs (500) 
Total population (2011 census): 386,441
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 364,801 persons:

Hungarians: 315,713 (86 54%)
Germans: 22,150 (6 07%)
Romani: 16,995 (4 66%)
Croats: 6,343 (1 74%)
Others and indefinable: 3,600 (0 99%)Approx  58,000 persons in Baranya County did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census 

Regional structure
Politics
County Assembly
The Baranya County Council, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 counselors, with the following party composition:

President of the Assembly
Members of the National Assembly
The following members elected of the National Assembly during the 2022 parliamentary election:

Municipalities
Baranya County has 1 urban county, 13 towns, 3 large villages and 284 villages  There are 301 municipalities 

Like Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Baranya is a county of extremes when it comes to regional structure  The county seat is one of the five largest cities (and three largest agglomerations) of Hungary, but more than 2/3 of the municipalities are small hamlets with a population under 500  Half of the county's population lives in the county seat or in its immediate vicinity, while 22% of the population lives in villages that have less than 1000 inhabitants 

Cities with county rights(ordered by population, as of 2011 census)

Pécs (156,049) – county seatTowns
Villages
 municipalities are large villages 

Gallery
Notes
Passage 19:
Majura Training Area
The Majura Training Area (MTA) is a facility belonging to the Australian Department of Defence located to the east of Mount Majura in the Majura district in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia  The MTA is used primarily by the Australian Army for the conduct of field exercises and weapon qualification shoots   The MTA is located near to the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy and is frequently used by these training establishments  Accommodation and support on the range is through 'Camp Blake', which consists of headquarters buildings, Q-Store, Mess, Staff accommodation and amenities and trainee accommodation and amenities 
The MTA contains a number of shooting ranges including the 600m Marksmanship Training Range (MTR), 25m Pistol range, Grenade range and multiple other ranges  Artillery ranges are also situated on the site and are designated as danger areas due to the risk of unexploded ordnance 
Passage 20:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Context 2: Passage 1:
Deanwood
Deanwood is a neighborhood in Northeast Washington, D C , bounded by Eastern Avenue to the northeast, Kenilworth Avenue to the northwest, Division Avenue to the southeast, and Nannie Helen Burroughs Avenue to the south 
One of Northeast's oldest neighborhoods, Deanwood's relatively low-density, small wood-frame and brick homes, and dense tree cover give it a small-town character that is unique in the District of Columbia  Much of its housing stock dates from the early 20th century  Several well-known African-American architects, including William Sidney Pittman and Howard D  Woodson, and many skilled local craftsmen designed and built many of its homes  The neighborhood was once home to Nannie Helen Burroughs, an early civil rights leader and the founder of the National Training School for Women and Girls, an independent boarding school for African-American girls founded in 1909 and located on 50th Street, NE  Marvin Gaye (1939–1984) was also born and raised in this neighborhood  From 1921 to 1940, Deanwood was also home to Suburban Gardens (50th and Hayes NE), a black-owned amusement park that served thousands of African-American residents during a time of racial segregation 
It is served by the Deanwood Metro station on the Orange Line 
The neighborhood is featured prominently in crime author Jim Beane's short story "Jeanette "

Schools
Integrated Design Electronics Academy
The Monroe School
Houston Elementary School
Aiton Elementary School
The Fishing School
H D  Woodson Senior High School

Churches
Beulah Baptist Church, of Deanwood Heights, DC

Libraries
Deanwood Neighborhood Library

Public transportation
Metro stations

Deanwood
Benning Road
Minnesota AvenueMajor bus routes

X-2 Minnesota Avenue to Lafayette Square
X-9 Express Capitol Heights to Metro Center
W-4 Deanwood to Anacostia

External links
Three Things About Deanwood
Passage 2:
William Amey
William Amey VC MM (5 March 1881 – 28 May 1940) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
Amey was 37 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 1/8th Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC 
On 4 November 1918 at Landrecies, France, when many hostile machine-gun nests were missed by the leading troops owing to fog, Lance-Corporal Amey led his section against a machine-gun nest under heavy fire and drove the garrison into a neighbouring farm, finally capturing 50 prisoners and several machine-guns  Later, single-handed and under heavy fire he attacked a machine-gun post in a farmhouse, killed two of the garrison and drove the remainder into a cellar until assistance arrived  Subsequently, he rushed a strongly held post, capturing 20 more prisoners Amey later achieved the rank of corporal, and was demobilised in 1919  He is buried at Leamington Cemetery, Brunswick Street, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England  His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Museum (Royal Warwickshire), in St John's House, Warwick, England 
Passage 3:
Mego Corporation
The Mego Corporation is an American toy company that in its original iteration was first founded in 1954   Originally known as a purveyor of dime store toys, in 1971 the company shifted direction and became famous for producing licensed action figures (including the long-running "World's Greatest Super Heroes" line), celebrity dolls, and the Micronauts toy line  For a time in the 1970s, their line of 8-inch-scale action figures with interchangeable bodies became the industry standard 
In 1982 Mego filed for bankruptcy, and by 1983, the Mego Corporation ceased to exist; today, Mego action figures and playsets can be highly prized collectibles, with some fetching hundreds, or even in some cases, thousands of dollars (depending on rarity) in the collectibles market In July 2018, the newly-reformed Mego Corporation announced they would be producing a limited run of their classic style clothed dolls in their traditional 1/9 scale, as well as some 1/5 figures sold exclusively through Target  These dolls, which include recreations of action figures released in the 1970s, began seeing release later in the year 

Corporate history
Mego was founded in 1954 by D  David Abrams and Madeline Abrams  The company thrived in the 1950s and early 1960s as an importer of dime store toys until the rising cost of newspaper advertising forced Mego to change its business model  In 1971, the Abrams's son Martin, a recent business school graduate, was named company president 
Under Martin Abrams's direction, the company shifted its production to dolls with interchangeable bodies  Generic bodies could be mass-produced and different dolls created by interposing different heads and costumes on them 
In 1972 Mego secured the licenses to create toys for both National Periodical Publications (DC Comics) and Marvel Comics  The popularity of this line of 8" dolls—dubbed "The World's Greatest Super Heroes"—created the standard action-figure scale for the 1970s 
Mego began to purchase the license rights of motion pictures, television programs, and comic books, eventually producing doll lines for Planet of the Apes, Star Trek, and the Wizard of Oz  Mego also obtained licenses from Edgar Rice Burroughs for his creations, such as Tarzan 
Beginning in 1974 Mego released the Planet of the Apes action-figures, the first such toys sold as film tie-ins  1975 saw the release of figures from Star Trek: The Original Series, which was steadily gaining fandom in syndication  The Planet of the Apes and Star Trek figures proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises During this period, Mego was known for the lavish parties the company threw at the annual New York American International Toy Fair  In 1975, Mego launched its Wizard of Oz film dolls with a gala whose special guests were every surviving member of the film's main cast  Mego's party at the Waldorf-Astoria with Sonny and Cher introducing their dolls drew a thousand people  Both dolls were formally unveiled on The Mike Douglas Show  The Cher doll was the number-1-selling doll in 1976, helping to make Mego the sixth-ranked American toy manufacturer, based on retail sales In 1976, Martin Abrams hashed out a deal with the Japanese toy manufacturer Takara to bring their popular lucite 3" fully articulated Microman figures to the United States under the name "Micronauts "  While Marty was in Japan, Fox's lawyer Mark Peders dropped by the office to show stills from the upcoming motion picture Star Wars, but no one in the office could sign the deal, so Peders visited Kenner in the same building and Kenner president Bernie Loomis was in the office and signed the deal   This decision seemed of little consequence to Mego at first, because the Micronauts figures initially sold well, earning the company more than $30 million at their peak  On the other hand, the Star Wars film was extremely popular and competitor Kenner Products sold substantial numbers of Star Wars action figures Following Star Wars' huge cultural impact, and Kenner's great success with its action figure line, Mego negotiated licenses for the manufacturing rights to a host of science fiction motion pictures and television shows, including Moonraker, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, The Black Hole, and Star Trek: The Motion Picture  Although these lines of Mego dolls were of much higher quality than Kenner's 12" Star Wars figures, none were as successful  The widespread success of Kenner's Star Wars 3-3/4" toy line soon made the newer, smaller size the industry standard, shifting sales away from the 8" standard popularized by Mego 
In the late 1970s, Mego was earning about $100 million in sales  Around this time, Mego began shifting their focus toward electronic toys like the 2-XL toy robot and the Fabulous Fred hand-held game player, but sales were not commensurate with the company's investment, and Mego went deeply into debt  Other problems included a rat infestation in Mego's warehouse and a lawsuit from Kenner over illegal appropriation of trade secrets related to the manufacture of their stretch figures  In the fiscal years 1980 and 1981, Mego reported combined losses of $40 million  In fiscal year 1982, the company reported losses of between $18 and $20 million In February 1982 the remaining staff was let go and the Mego offices were closed  On June 14, 1982, Mego filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy; the company officially went under in 1983 In 1986, Martin Abrams co-founded Abrams Gentile Entertainment (AGE), in order to retain and manage Mego's licensing contracts, rights and deals  In October 1995 AGE attempted to reclaim the Mego trademark  In March 2002, they abandoned the effort  In early 2009, Martin Abrams announced that AGE had reclaimed the rights to the name Mego Mego Corporation is headquartered in Great Neck, NY, with manufacturing facilities in China and Mexico  In July 2018, Mego Corporation premiered an exclusive line
with Target stores of their classic 8 inch clothed action figures as well as several 14 inch DC Superheroes figures at San Diego Comic Con with Joe Namath on hand to autograph his own 14 inch action figure   The Target exclusive featured three waves of figures hitting Target stores in August, October, and November   These figures were limited to 10,000 of each character 
Starting in 2019, Mego has continued to work with Target and other major retailers like Wal-Mart to bring the classic Star Trek, monsters, celebrities, and superheroes back to store shelves and on-line   Mego created action figures from the iconic Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan movie, giving fans of that 1982 classic the Mego figures they expected to see back then   Mego has also expanded distribution internationally, working with distributors in other countries to bring the magic of Mego to the rest of the world as well 
In 2020 Mego launched new waves of action figures and products with the help of Dr  Mego (Paul Clarke) to a wide audience via Target Corporation stores around the United States; Marty Abrams is greeting old and new fans at comic-cons and conventions nationwide 

Products history
Fighting Yank
A toy similar to GI Joe; so similar, in fact, that Hasbro was able to show that the toy's body had been copied directly from authentic GI Joe tooling  Hasbro threatened a lawsuit and Mego discontinued the product 

Broadway Joe Namath
An action doll based on New York Jets quarterback Joe Namath  The 1970s toyline included Broadway Joe in New York Jets football uniform, plus additional fashions sold separately 

Action Jackson
One of Mego's first toys under Martin Adams was an original character, Action Jackson, meant to compete with Hasbro's popular G I  Joe line  Heavily promoted on television commercials and in newspaper advertisements, the Action Jackson line included dolls, vehicles, and playsets  It was a big seller on its 1971 launch, but soon faded in popularity and was discontinued after 1974  The body design was reused for 8-inch licensed dolls 

Dinah Mite
A fashion doll produced as a female counterpart to Action Jackson  The doll was not a success, but the body design was reused for 8-inch licensed female dolls 

World's Greatest Super Heroes!
Beginning in 1972, Mego released the first comprehensive line of DC Comics and Marvel Comics superhero and villain dolls, coining the term "World's Greatest Super Heroes!" (WGSH) as an umbrella title for all the dolls released in this line  To start the line, Mego produced Batman, Robin, Aquaman, and Superman dolls  (For the South African market, a local radio play hero, Jet Jungle, was included in the series ) The earliest dolls were released in a solid box, but these boxes were often damaged by shoppers who wanted to see the figure inside  The design was quickly changed to a "window" style box  The WGSH line was offered from 1972 until 1983 

Fashion dolls
Mego marketed various fashion doll lines designed to compete with Mattel's popular Barbie line  The company's first attempt was the 1973 "Maddie Mod" line, which included an extensive wardrobe and Maddie's boyfriend "Richie," was not a success  Next, Mego created "Dinah-Mite," a poseable eight-inch (203 mm) scale Barbie-like doll with a boyfriend named Don  Other fashion dolls included "Beautiful Lainie," a 19" doll that danced back and forth from the hips; and Candi, a line that included "Coppertone Candi," a "tanning" doll co-branded with Coppertone sunscreen 

TV and movie dolls
The popularity of the 1974 releases of the Planet of the Apes and Star Trek: The Original Series lines led Mego to produce a variety of licensed figures based on films and TV shows, including The Flintstones, Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Our Gang, Starsky & Hutch, The Waltons, and Wizard of Oz 

Mego introduced a Lynda Carter Wonder Woman doll line in 1977  The first edition of the Wonder Woman dolls and accessories included:

Wonder Woman (factory-painted bustier top with cloth star-spangled bottoms, bracelets, golden lasso, tiara, and red boots), as well as a Diana Prince Navy Yeoman outfit, featuring black glasses and black high-heeled shoes
Nubia, Wonder Woman's super-foe
Queen Hippolyta, Wonder Woman's mother
Major Steve Trevor, Wonder Woman's best friend and bossMego added 121⁄2" dolls from the Superman movie in 1978, which included Superman, Jor-El, Lex Luthor, and General Zod 
In the early 1980s Mego produced dolls and vehicles for the popular TV shows CHiPs, Dallas, Dukes of Hazzard, and The Greatest American Hero  The Dukes of Hazzard dolls sold well, but Mego failed with its CHiPs and Dallas dolls 

Comic Action Heroes!
Always thinking of ways to reduce costs of production, in 1975 Mego released a smaller plastic line of action toys called Comic Action Heroes! that had the costumes molded onto the figure (and later adopted by Star Wars and Super Powers lines), thus eliminating the extra cost of creating the suits  The line featured Batman, Robin, The Joker, and The Penguin, as well as other DC Comics characters, and Marvel characters such as Spider-Man, Captain America, and the Hulk  Later, in 1979, Mego re-released the line under the new name Pocket Super Heroes 

Celebrity dolls
In 1976, Mego launched a highly successful 12½-inch celebrity doll line  The first dolls were Sonny and Cher, with famed fashion designer Bob Mackie designing an extensive wardrobe for Cher  Farrah Fawcett, Jaclyn Smith, Diana Ross, Suzanne Somers, Captain and Tennille, and Kiss celebrity dolls followed in 1977 and 1978 

Micronauts
From 1976 to 1980 Mego produced a licensed line of Takara's Microman figures under the name Micronauts  The 3-3/4" toy line's popularity led Marvel Comics to launch a Micronauts comic book in 1979, which ran until 1986 

2-XL robot
In 1978, Martin Abrams purchased inventor Michael J  Freeman's toy robot, the 2-XL, which was introduced to the public and became a success  The toy was sold in different countries and was voiced in seven languages, including English  2-XL was a revolutionary idea, combining toys and education  A lot of games were also developed for the toy  By 1981, the 2-XL's popularity had waned, and it was later discontinued  However, the 2-XL robot was upgraded and reintroduced in the early 1990s by Tiger Electronics, a US based toy company  The programs for this version were also voiced by Freeman and sold worldwide The 2-XL was part of Mego's electronic games line, which included the handheld devices Mini-Vid and Fabulous Fred 

Military dolls
In 1976, Mego began producing a small collection of World War II-themed military dolls marketed in France, Italy (under the Polistil name), Germany, Australia, and the United Kingdom under different names  Most of these products were branded under the "Lion Rock" name, Mego's manufacturing arm  These dolls were released in United States the early 1980s as "Johnny Action" or "Combat Man " Using the 6-inch (150 mm) format, they were produced after the 12-inch (300 mm) G I  Joe dolls had lost their popularity and before the revival of the G I  Joe line in 3-¾" format; they were also intended to compete with Spain's Madelman line of soldier dolls  The 6-inch (150 mm) combat line was not a success 

Eagle Force
One of Mego's final large product lines was Eagle Force, a 2+3⁄4-inch-high (70 mm) die-cast action figure toy line co-designed by Paul Kirchner and marketed in 1981-1982  Produced during Ronald Reagan's first term as president, the Eagle Force toy line was marketed as a counter-terrorist task force, to send the message that the United States wasn't going to be "pushed around" anymore 
The line was similar to Hasbro's G I  Joe: A Real American Hero dolls 

Reissued Marx playsets
Mego acquired the moulds of World War II soldiers, vehicles and landscape terrain from Louis Marx and Company, reissuing their Battleground (1980) and Navarone (1981) playsets  Mego also reissued a Prehistoric Dinosaur, Fort Apache and Galaxy Command playsets 

Toys and games manufactured by Mego
"Mego Melt"
Several different (but not all) plastic dolls made by Mego have suffered from "Mego Melt" (also known as "Mego Molt"), a term coined by toy collectors to describe the material deteriorating over time  The plastic used for the doll's torso reacts with the rubberized plastic used for the arms and legs  The result is a melting of the torso at those joining points: shoulder, underarm, hips, and buttocks  Even when stored carefully, this melting often results in the costumes becoming stuck to the dolls  Excessive heat from storage in hot attics or garages exacerbates this problem  The dolls' hair and eyelashes are prone to similar deterioration when exposed to high temperatures 

In popular culture
From 1996–2011, Mego's 8-inch (200 mm) dolls, particularly the superhero line, found new life in Twisted ToyFare Theater (originally called "Twisted Mego Theatre"), a humorous photo comic strip appearing in ToyFare, a monthly magazine published by Wizard Entertainment  ToyFare staff posed and took photos depicting the dolls in bizarre situations, with added dialogue balloons  The series was well known in comic book and collectors' circles for its distinctive, off-the-wall sense of humor  The popular strips were later published separately in their own collections 
Mego dolls as well as similarly styled figures are used in sexually perverted adult oriented situations in the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim program Robot Chicken  The show, which debuted in February 2005, is directly based on Twisted ToyFare Theater and features three of its writers 

See also
Hasbro
Kenner Products
Mattel
Trendmasters
Passage 4:
David Ferguson Hunter
David Ferguson Hunter VC (28 November 1891 – 14 February 1965) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
Hunter was 26 years old, and a corporal in the 1/5th Battalion, The Highland Light Infantry, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC on 23 October 1918 On 16/17 September 1918 at Moeuvres, France, Corporal Hunter was detailed to take on an advanced post which was established in shell holes close to the enemy  There was no opportunity for reconnoitring adjacent ground, and the following afternoon Corporal Hunter found that the enemy had established posts all round him, isolating his command  He determined to hold out and despite being exceedingly short of food and water this NCO managed to maintain his position for over 48 hours until a counter-attack relieved him  He repelled frequent enemy attacks and also barrage from our attacks, which came right across his post 
He was subsequently promoted to the rank of sergeant on 23 October 1918  He died 14 February 1965
On 12 August 2004, his previously unmarked grave in Dunfermline Cemetery was marked by a memorial stone in a ceremony 

Freemasonry
He was initiated into Freemasonry in Lodge Union, No  250, (Dunfermline, Scotland) on 3 January, Passed on 6 February and Raised 3 May 1919 

The Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of The Royal Highland Fusiliers, Glasgow, Scotland 
Passage 5:
John Burroughs Medal
The John Burroughs Medal, named for nature writer John Burroughs (1837–1921), is awarded each year in April by the John Burroughs Association to the author of a book that the association has judged to be distinguished in the field of natural history  Only twice has the award been given to a work of fiction 

List of recipients of the John Burroughs Medal
1926 - William Beebe, Pheasants of the World
1927 - Ernest Thompson Seton, Lives of Game Animals
1928 - John Russell McCarthy, Nature Poems
1929 - Frank M  Chapman, Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America (published 1906)
1930 - Archibald Rutledge, Peace in the Heart
1931 - no award
1932 - Frederick S  Dellenbaugh, A Canyon Voyage: A Narrative of the Second Powell Expedition, ISBN 0-8165-0880-1
1933 - Oliver P  Medsker, Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter (set)
1934 - W W  Christman, Wild Pasture Pine
1935 - no award
1936 - Charles Crawford Gorst, Recordings of Bird Calls
1937 - no award
1938 - Robert Cushman Murphy, Oceanic Birds of South America
1939 - T  Gilbert Pearson, Adventures in Bird Protection
1940 - Arthur Cleveland Bent, Life Histories of North American Birds (18 title series, United States Government Printing Office)
1941 - Louis J  Halle, Jr , Birds Against Men
1942 - Edward A  Armstrong, Birds of the Grey Wind
1943 - Edwin Way Teale, Near Horizons: The Story of an Insect Garden
1944 - no award
1945 - Rutherford Platt, This Green World ISBN 0-396-09188-1
1946 - Florence Page Jaques and Francis Lee Jaques (illustrator), Snowshoe Country, ISBN 0-87351-236-7
1947 - no award
1948 - Theodora Stanwell-Fletcher, Driftwood Valley, ISBN 0-87071-524-0
1949 - Helen G  Cruickshank, Flight Into Sunshine: Bird Experiences in Florida
1950 - Roger Tory Peterson, Birds Over America, ISBN 0-396-08269-6
1951 - no award
1952 - Rachel Carson, The Sea Around Us, ISBN 0-451-61873-4
1953 - Gilbert Klingel, The Bay, ISBN 0-8018-2536-9
1954 - Joseph Wood Krutch, The Desert Year, ISBN 0-8165-0923-9
1955 - Wallace Byron Grange and Olaus J  Murie (illustrator), Those of the Forest, ISBN 1-55971-083-7
1956 - Guy Murchie, Song of the Sky
1957 - Archie Fairly Carr, The Windward Road: Adventures of a Naturalist on Remote Caribbean Shores, ISBN 0-8130-0639-2
1958 - Robert Porter Allen, On the Trail of the Vanishing Birds
1959 - no award
1960 - John Kieran, A Natural History of New York City, ISBN 0-8232-1086-3
1961 - Loren Eiseley, The Firmament of Time, ISBN 0-8032-6739-8
1962 - George Miksch Sutton, Iceland Summer: Adventures of a Bird Painter, ISBN 0-8061-0491-0
1963 - Adolph Murie, A Naturalist in Alaska, ISBN 0-8165-1168-3
1964 - John Hay, The Great Beach: A Naturalist Explores the Frontier Between Land and Sea on the Outer Reaches of Cape Cod, ISBN 0-345-02255-6
1965 - Paul Brooks, Roadless Area, ISBN 0-345-25276-4
1966 - Louis Darling, The Gull's Way, ISBN 0-688-21366-9
1967 - Charlton Ogburn, Jr , The Winter Beach, ISBN 0-688-09418-X
1968 - Hal Borland, Hill Country Harvest
1969 - Louise de Kiriline Lawrence, The Lovely and the Wild, ISBN 0-920474-43-8
1970 - Victor B  Scheffer, The Year of the Whale
1971 - John K  Terres, From Laurel Hill to Siler's Bog, ISBN 0-8078-4426-8
1972 - Robert S  Arbib, The Lord's Woods: The Passing of an American Woodland, ISBN 0-393-08639-9
1973 - Elizabeth Barlow, The Forests and Wetlands of New York City
1974 - Sigurd F  Olson, Wilderness Days, ISBN 0-394-47155-5
1975 - no award
1976 - Ann Haymond Zwinger, Run, River, Run, ISBN 0-06-014824-1
1977 - Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, ISBN 0-915024-15-2
1978 - Ruth Kirk, The American Southwest Desert, ISBN 0-395-17209-8
1979 - Barry Lopez, Of Wolves and Men, ISBN 0-7432-4936-4
1980 - no award
1981 - Mary Durant and Michael Harwood, On the Road with John James Audubon, ISBN 0-396-07740-4
1982 - Peter Matthiessen, Sand Rivers, ISBN 0-906053-22-6
1983 - Alexander F  Skutch, A Naturalist on a Tropical Farm, ISBN 0-520-03802-9
1984 - David Rains Wallace, The Klamath Knot: Explorations of Myth and Evolution, ISBN 0-520-23659-9
1985 - Mark Owens and Delia Owens, Cry of the Kalahari, ISBN 0-395-64780-0
1986 - Gary Paul Nabhan, Gathering the Desert, ISBN 0-8165-0935-2
1987 - Robert Michael Pyle, Wintergreen: Rambles in a Ravaged Land, ISBN 0-684-18321-8
1988 - Tom Horton and Charles R  Hazard (illustrator), Bay Country, ISBN 0-8018-3525-9
1989 - Lawrence Kilham, On Watching Birds, ISBN 0-930031-14-8
1990 - John McPhee, The Control of Nature, ISBN 0-374-12890-1
1991 - Richard Nelson, The Island Within, ISBN 0-86547-404-4
1992 - Kenneth S  Norris, Dolphin Days: The Life and Times of the Spinner Dolphin, ISBN 0-393-02945-X
1993 - Vincent Dethier, Crickets and Katydids, Concerts and Solos, ISBN 0-674-17577-8
1994 - David G  Campbell, The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica, ISBN 0-436-20049-X
1995 - Craig Packer, Into Africa, ISBN 0-226-64429-4
1996 - Bill Green, Water, Ice and Stone:Science and Memory on the Antarctic Lakes, ISBN 0-517-58759-9
1997 - David Quammen, The Song Of The Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction, ISBN 0-684-80083-7
1998 - John Alcock, In a Desert Garden:Love and Death Among the Insects, ISBN 0-8165-1970-6
1999 - Jan DeBlieu, Wind: How the Flow of Air Has Shaped Life, Myth, and the Land, ISBN 0-395-78033-0
2000 - Bernd Heinrich, Mind Of the Raven, ISBN 0-06-017447-1
2001 - David M  Carroll, Swampwalker's Journal, ISBN 0-395-64725-8
2002 - Ken Lamberton, Wilderness and Razor Wire, ISBN 1-56279-116-8
2003 - Carl Safina, Eye of the Albatross: Visions of Hope and Survival, ISBN 0-8050-6228-9
2004 - Ted Levin, Liquid Land: A Journey Through The Florida Everglades, ISBN 0-8203-2512-0
2005 - Robin Wall Kimmerer, Gathering Moss: A Natural and Cultural History of Mosses, ISBN 0-87071-499-6
2006 - Donald Kroodsma, The Singing Life of Birds, ISBN 0-618-40568-2
2007 - Ellen Meloy, Eating Stone: Imagination And The Loss Of The Wild, ISBN 0-375-42216-1
2008 - Julia Whitty, The Fragile Edge: Diving and Other Adventures in the South Pacific, ISBN 0-618-19716-8
2009 - Franklin Burroughs, Confluence: Merrymeeting Bay, ISBN 0-88448-282-0
2010 - Michael Welland, Sand: The Never-Ending Story, ISBN 0-520-26597-1
2011 - Elisabeth Tova Bailey, The Sound of a Wild Snail Eating, ISBN 978-1565126060
2012 - Edward (Ted) Hoagland, Sex and the River Styx, ISBN 978-1603583374
2013 - Thor Hanson, Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle, ISBN 978-0465028788
2014 - Kathleen Jamie, Sightlines, ISBN 978-0956308665
2015 - Sherry Simpson, Dominion of Bears, ISBN 978-0700619351
2016 - Sharman Apt Russell, Diary of a Citizen Scientist, ISBN 978-0870717529 
2017 - Brian Doyle, Martin Marten, ISBN 978-1250045201 
2018 - David George Haskell, The Songs of Trees, ISBN 978-0525427520; a special John Burroughs Medal was given for Lifetime Achievement in Nature Poetry to Pattiann Rogers
2020 - Marilyn Sigman, Entangled: People and Ecological Change in Alaska's Kachemak Bay, ISBN 978-1602233485
Passage 6:
Australia Day
Australia Day is the official national day of Australia  Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 landing of the First Fleet, and raising of the Union Flag by Arthur Phillip, at Sydney Cove in New South Wales  In present-day Australia, celebrations aim to reflect the diverse society and landscape of the nation and are marked by community and family events, reflections on Australian history, official community awards and citizenship ceremonies welcoming new members of the Australian community The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved and been contested over time, and not all states historically celebrated the same date as their date of historical significance  The date of 26 January 1788 marks the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia  Records of celebrations on 26 January date back to 1808, with the first official celebration of the formation of New South Wales held in 1818  It was not until 1935 that all Australian states and territories adopted use of the term "Australia Day" to mark the date of the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, and not until 1994 that 26 January was consistently marked by a public holiday on that day by all states and territories  Historically, the date was also variously named Anniversary Day, Foundation Day and ANA Day In contemporary Australia, the holiday is marked by the presentation of the Australian of the Year Awards on Australia Day Eve, announcement of the Australia Day Honours list and addresses from the Governor-General and Prime Minister  It is an official public holiday in every state and territory  With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation  Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia Indigenous Australian events are now included  However, since at least 1938, the date of Australia Day has also been marked by some Indigenous Australians and supporters mourning what is seen as the invasion of the land – which they had occupied for millennia – by the British and the start of colonisation, protesting its celebration as a national holiday  Invasion Day, Survival Day, or Day of Mourning is observed by many as a counter-observance on 26 January, with calls for the date of Australia Day to be changed or the holiday to be abolished entirely  Support for changing the date is a minority position; however, polls indicate some support, particularly among Australians under age 30 

History
Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788
On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland  Under the command of Naval Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770  The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America  The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable 
On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson, 12 kilometres (7 5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement  They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney  They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people 
They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January  That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January  However, during 24 January, they spotted the ships Astrolabe and Boussole, flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but only HMS Supply made it out, carrying Arthur Phillip, Philip Gidley King, some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon  Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, Captain John Hunter of HMS Sirius made contact with the French ships, and he and the commander, Captain de Clonard, exchanged greetings  Clonard informed Hunter that the fleet commander was Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse  Sirius successfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty  Charlotte was blown dangerously close to rocks, Friendship and Prince of Wales became entangled, both ships losing booms or sails, Charlotte and Friendship collided, and Lady Penrhyn nearly ran aground  Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January  The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm 
 
So it was on 26 January that a landing was made at Sydney Cove and clearing of the ground for an encampment immediately began  Then, according to Phillip's account: In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king's health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing presages 
The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not however occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed  It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip's governorship were read out  The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788 

1788–1838
Although there was no official recognition of the colony's anniversary, with the New South Wales Almanacks of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January, by 1808 the date was being used by the colony's immigrants, especially the emancipated convicts, to "celebrate their love of the land they lived in" with "drinking and merriment"  The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night, the chief toast of the occasion being Major George Johnston  Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict James Ruse  Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to Annandale, Johnston led the officers of the New South Wales Corps in arresting Governor William Bligh on the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the "Rum Rebellion" 
Almanacs started mentioning "First Landing Day" or "Foundation Day" and successful immigrants started holding anniversary dinners  In 1817 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of Isaac Nichols:

On Monday the 27th ult  a dinner party met at the house of Mr  Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan  1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following   The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number  At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated  After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded 
1818 was the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and Governor Lachlan Macquarie chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration  The governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of "one pound [450 grams] of fresh meat", and ordered a 30-gun salute at Dawes Point – one for each year that the colony had existed  This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow 

Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events  One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day regatta was held on Sydney Harbour  Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels to watermen's skiffs, and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including the steamboat Australian and the Francis Freeling—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day  Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make it an annual event  However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the "United Australians" dinner being limited to those born in Australia  In describing the dinner, the Sydney Herald justified the decision, saying:

The parties who associated themselves under the title of "United Australians" have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness  It is not fair so to censure them  If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate  That was a good reason  The "Australians" had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain 
The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia's first public holiday was declared  The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (Maitland, Experiment, Australia, Rapid, and the miniature steamer Firefly) to view the proceedings from the water  At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes' Battery as the Royal Standard was raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky  The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837, and the anniversary as a whole was described as a "day for everyone" 

1839–1935
Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had its own commemoration for its founding  In Tasmania, Regatta Day occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of Abel Tasman  South Australia celebrated Proclamation Day on 28 December  Western Australia had its own Foundation Day (now Western Australia Day) on 1 June



ground_truth: Green Bay

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did Burroughs Corporation merge to form a new corporation?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: The decision to mark the occasion of the First Fleet’s arrival in 1788 at Sydney Cove and Captain Arthur Phillip’s proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern continent on 26 January was first made outside NSW by the Australian Natives' Association (ANA), a group of white "native-born" middle-class men formed in Victoria in 1871  They dubbed the day "ANA Day" In 1888, all colonial capitals except Adelaide celebrated "Anniversary Day"  In 1910, South Australia adopted 26 January as "Foundation Day", to replace another holiday known as Accession Day, which had been held on 22 January to mark the accession to the throne of King Edward VII, who died in May 1910 The first Australia Day was established in response to Australia's involvement in World War I  In 1915, Ellen "Ellie" Wharton Kirke MBE, née Clements, mother of four servicemen, thought up the idea of a national day, with the specific aim of raising funds for wounded soldiers, and the term was coined to stir up patriotic feelings  In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July, on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort  It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916, 27 July 1917, and 26 July 1918 The idea of a national day to be celebrated on 26 January was slow to catch on, partly because of competition with Anzac Day  Victoria adopted 26 January as Australia Day in 1931, and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales)  The name "Foundation Day" persisted in local usage 

1936–1960s
The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated  Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council  In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as "Australia Day" in 1946, although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the anniversary The Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 26 January 1949, creating Australian citizenship for the first time  Previously, the government-approved residents of Australia had only been "British nationals"; now they had both Australian and British nationality Historian Ken Inglis wrote in 1967 that Australia Day was not celebrated publicly in Canberra at that time 

1988: Bicentenary
In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale as the Australian Bicentenary, with many significant events taking place in all major cities  Over 2 5 million people attended the event in Sydney  These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of the Powerhouse Museum at its new location  A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part 

Contemporary celebrations
The various celebrations and civic ceremonies such as citizenship ceremonies, the Australian of the Year awards and the Australia Day Honours (introduced in 1975) only started to be performed on Australia Day from around the 1950s onwards Since 1988, participation in Australia Day has increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on 26 January – regardless of the day of the week –  for the first time  Previously, some states had celebrated the public holiday on a Monday or Friday to ensure a long weekend  Research conducted in 2007 reported that 28% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 26% celebrated with family and friends  This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005 Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia  These official events are presented by the National Australia Day Council, an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race  In Adelaide, the key celebrations are "Australia Day in the City" which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder Park, with a new outdoor art installation in 2019 designed to acknowledge, remember and recognise Aboriginal people who have contributed to the community  Featuring the People's March and the Voyages Concert, Melbourne's events focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism  In Perth, for many years until 2022, the Skyworks were the largest single event presented each Australia Day Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of Australian citizenship  On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and around 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship  In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an affirmation by existing citizens  Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78 6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day  In September 2019, the Morrison government amended the Australian Citizenship Ceremonies Code to require local councils to hold a citizenship ceremony on Australia Day The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations  In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations  The Order of Australia awards are also a feature of the day  The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations  The governor-general and prime minister both address the nation  On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a "significant contribution to the Australian community and nation" and is an "inspirational role model for the Australian community"  Subcategories of the award include Young Australian of the Year and Senior Australian of the Year, and an award for Australia's Local Hero 
Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day  Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards "our future", while 13% thought it was important to "think about the present at this time" and 3% were unsure  Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme  There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader's participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians' understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity, Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed "it was important to recognise Australia's indigenous people and culture" as part of Australia Day celebrations  A similar proportion (89%) agreed that "it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation"  Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion 

Debate
Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia's Indigenous peoples  In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premier Henry Parkes was asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations  He replied: "And remind them that we have robbed them?"The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning  A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an "Invasion Day" commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture  Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as "Invasion Day", and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events  Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne range into tens of thousands The anniversary is also termed by some as "Survival Day" and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination  In 2016, National Indigenous Television chose the name "Survival Day" as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term "recognises the invasion", but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present Several major employers, both public and private, including the Australian Public Service, permit employees to work on Australia Day and take another day off 

Polling
Polling by Essential Media since 2015 suggests that the number of people celebrating Australia Day is declining, indicating a shift in attitudes  In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%, and in 2021 it was down to 29% of over 1000 people surveyed  In 2021, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday A poll commissioned in December 2020 by the conservative think tank Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) was published in January 2021, showing that support for changing the date had remained a minority position  In January 2021, an Essential poll reported that 53% supported a separate day to recognise Indigenous Australians; however only 18% of these thought that it should replace Australia Day  A poll by Ipsos for The Age / The Sydney Morning Herald reported in January 2021 that 28% were in support of changing the date, 24% were neutral and 48% did not support changing the date  49% believed that the date would change within the next decade and 41% believed that selecting a new date would improve the lives of Indigenous Australians  Results were split by demographic factors, with age being a significant factor  47% of people aged 18–24 supported changing the date, compared to only 19% among those aged 55 years or older  Individuals who voted for the Greens were most likely to support the date change at 67%, followed by Labor voters at 31% and Coalition voters at 23% The 2022 IPA poll found 65% were opposed to changing the date, including 47% of 18–24 year olds, with 15% of the general population and 25% of 18–24 year olds in favour of changing it 

See also
Culture of Australia
Australian nationalism
Reconciliation in Australia

Notes
Passage 7:
Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997
The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997 (Act No  33 of 1997) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that abolished judicial corporal punishment  It followed the Constitutional Court's 1995 decision in the case of S v Williams and Others that caning of juveniles was unconstitutional  Although the ruling in S v Williams was limited to the corporal punishment of males under the age of 21, Justice Langa mentioned in dicta that there was a consensus that corporal punishment of adults was also unconstitutional The act contains two substantive sections  The first provides that "any law which authorises corporal punishment by a court of law, including a court of traditional leaders," is repealed to the extent that it authorises such a punishment  The second makes specific textual amendments various statutes, including the Black Administration Act, the Magistrates' Courts Act and the Criminal Procedure Act, to remove references to corporal punishment 
Passage 8:
Robert Smallwood
Robert F  Smallwood is an American writer, technologist, magazine publisher, and podcast host   A prolific writer and speaker on information technology topics, he has published 10 books, and over 100 articles in trade journals and given more than 60 conference presentations  He was a chapter founder and president for AIIM International and was elected to its international Board of Directors in 1997, and the Board's Executive Committee in 1998  In 2014 he founded the Institute for Information Governance; in 2018 he co-founded "Information Governance World" magazine, and in 2020 he founded the Certified Information Governance Officers Association 

Personal
Smallwood was born in 1959 in Davenport, Iowa   He grew up in nearby Bettendorf, where he was an academic,  athletic, and musical standout, earning All-State Honors in Band (as a drummer), and Cross Country  He broke the freshman, sophomore, and varsity track records in the 2-mile run, indoors and outdoors, running 9:32 5, and in the 3000 meters, 8:48 8  He was also part of record-breaking 2-mile and 4 mile relay teams  In 1977 he earned his varsity letter in cross country as a freshman at University of Northern Iowa 
After attending the University of Massachusetts Boston on a scholarly exchange program he graduated from the University of Northern Iowa in 1982 with honors and degrees in Business Management and Psychology  In 2000, Smallwood completed work on his Master of Business Administration degree at Loyola University New Orleans 
Smallwood moved to New Orleans where he worked for Burroughs Corporation (later Unisys after a merger with Sperry) implementing mainframe computer and document management systems for commercial banks and the Federal Reserve Bank branch in New Orleans   Later he worked for Wang Laboratories where he implemented some of the first commercially available document imaging systems, and law firm software 
In 1988 he published a paper, "Implementing Document Imaging in Financial Services Applications" internally for Wang   In 1991 he became an independent IT consultant and in 1995 he merged with and co-founded IMERGE Consulting  In 2014, he founded the Institute for Information Governance, and published the world's first textbook on Information Governance through Wiley & Sons  The second edition was released in 2020 

The Five People You Meet in Hell: Surviving Katrina
Smallwood's first book, The Five People You Meet in Hell: Surviving Katrina, was published in 2005  The book is Smallwood's account of his experience during the storm and in its aftermath  It was the first personal account of the disaster to be published   "One of the "five people" was Smallwood's friend and neighbor Harry Anderson, the comic actor who starred in Night Court, a popular 1980's sitcom In 2006, Smallwood embarked on a 21-city book tour and interviews on C-SPAN (BookTV), BBC Radio, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, ABCNews com and other major media outlets   The book was optioned for film in November, 2013, by Safier Entertainment under the working title, A Season in Hell The title was borrowed from the extended poem of the same name by French writer Arthur Rimbaud 

Other publications
2005 "Brando, Tennessee & Me " - his first play
2007 "Prisoners of Katrina"
2009 "Jackson Squared" - his first novel

Information governance publications
In 2008, Smallwood published his first nonfiction technology book, "Taming the Email Tiger" In 2012, Wiley & Sons published Smallwood's 'WikiLeaks prevention guide' entitled, "Safeguarding Critical E-Documents: Implementing a Program for Securing Confidential Information Assets" and in 2013, in collaboration with nine subject matter experts (SME), "Managing Electronic Records: Methods, Best Practices, and Technologies " A third book in the Wiley CIO series "Information Governance: Concepts, Strategies, and Best Practices" was released in April 2014, and the second edition in January, 2020  That book is being used to guide corporate IG programs, and to teach information governance to graduate students at University of Oxford, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences in Helsinki, Finland, San Jose State and other major universities  In April 2016 Smallwood published, "Information Governance for Executives: Fundamentals and Strategies, and in 2018, "Information Governance for Healthcare Professionals," was published by HIMSS and Taylor & Francis (under CRC imprint)  Also in 2018, Smallwood founded "Information Governance World" magazine, the first magazine dedicated to coverage of Information Governance  In 2020, "Information Governance" 2nd Edition was published by Wiley 

Black & White Ball - Hurricane Katrina fundraiser
As the executive director of the Louisiana Writers' Foundation, Smallwood was responsible for organizing a "Black & White Ball" at the Hotel Monteleone on the 40th anniversary of Truman Capote's famous New York event  The event was held to raise donations for writers struggling to return to post-Katrina New Orleans, in conjunction with Habitat for Humanity   Honorees included noted Romanian writer and New Orleans resident Andrei Codrescu, Louisiana Poet Laureate Brenda Marie Osbey, and poet Dave Brinks   News anchor Angela Hill emceed the festivities 
Passage 9:
John William Sayer
Lance Corporal John William Sayer  (12 April 1879 – 18 April 1918) was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces 
He was 38 years old, and a Lance Corporal in the 8th Battalion, The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment), British Army during the
First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC 
On 21 March 1918 at Le Verguier, France, Lance Corporal Sayer held the flank of a small isolated post for two hours  Owing to mist the enemy approached from both sides to within 30 yards before being discovered, but the lance corporal, on his own initiative without assistance, beat off a succession of attacks, inflicting heavy losses  During the whole time he was exposed to heavy fire but his contempt of danger and skill in the use of his fire-arms enabled the post to hold out until nearly all the garrison had been killed and he himself wounded and captured  He died as a result of wounds four weeks later 
Passage 10:
Unisys
Unisys Corporation is an American multinational information technology (IT) services and consulting company founded in 1986 and headquartered in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania  The company provides digital workplace, cloud applications & infrastructure, enterprise computing and business process services 

History
Founding
Unisys was formed in 1986 through the merger of mainframe corporations Sperry and Burroughs, with Burroughs buying Sperry for $4 8 billion  The name was chosen from over 31,000 submissions in an internal competition when Christian Machen submitted the word "Unisys" which was composed of parts of the words united, information and systems The merger was the largest in the computer industry at the time and made Unisys the second largest computer company with annual revenue of $10 5 billion  Michael Blumenthal became CEO and Chairman  Soon after the merger, the market for proprietary mainframe-class systems—the mainstream product of Unisys and its competitors such as IBM—began a long-term decline that continues, at a lesser rate, today  In response, Unisys made the strategic decision to shift into high-end servers (e g , 32-bit processor Windows Servers), as well as information technology (IT) services such as systems integration, outsourcing, and related technical services, while holding onto the profitable revenue stream from maintaining its installed base of proprietary mainframe hardware and applications In 1988, the company acquired Convergent Technologies, makers of CTOS In 1990, Blumenthal resigned  James Unruh (formerly of Memorex and Honeywell) became the new CEO and Chairman after Blumenthal's departure and continued in that role until 1997, when Larry Weinbach of Arthur Andersen became the new CEO 

Product development and CEO changes
Joseph McGrath served as CEO and President from January 2005, until September, 2008  On October 7, 2008, J  Edward Coleman replaced J  McGrath as CEO and was named Chairman of the board as well  On November 10, 2008, the company was removed from the S&P 500 index as the market capitalization of the company had fallen below the S&P 500 minimum of $4 billion In 2010, Unisys sold its Medicare processing Health Information Management service to Molina Healthcare for $135 million On October 6, 2014, after six years as CEO and chairman, Unisys announced that Coleman was stepping down effective December 1, 2014 On January 1, 2015, Unisys officially named Peter Altabef as its new president and CEO, replacing Edward Coleman  Paul Weaver, who was formerly Lead Independent Director, was named Chairman 

2020–present time
In February 2020, SAIC announced plans to acquire Unisys Federal, the company’s federal defense contracting operation, for $1 2 billion  The company’s federal customer list included over a dozen military and civilian agencies   As part of the acquisition, Unisys has a licensing agreement with SAIC to continue providing its software to federal clients In June 2020, Australia’s Home Affairs’ biometric identification system, built in part through partnership with Unisys, was launched In June 2021, the company announced the acquisition of Unify Square  Unify Square provides software and services which help enterprises manage collaboration and communication platforms like Zoom and Microsoft Teams  In November, Mobinergy, a mobile device management software company, was acquired; and in December, Unisys acquired CompuGain, an Amazon Web Services Advanced Consulting Partner In July 2021, Unisys partnered with Vodafone to help the company boost its IT services  The two launched “Vodafone Digital Factory,” and Unisys helped Vodafone clients with technologies like AI, virtual and augmented reality, and blockchain In May 2022, the company joined the Plug and Play Enterprise Tech program  This allowed Unisys to source and partner with technology startups to access and use early-stage emerging technology 

Recognition and awards
In 2018, 2019, and 2020, Unisys was named an overall market segment leader in the NelsonHall Evaluation & Assessment Tool Vendor Evaluation for Advanced Digital Workplace Services 
NelsonHall: 2021 NEAT Assessment, Leader, Cognitive and Self-Healing IT Infrastructure Services
In August 2020, Unisys Corporation reported that for the third straight year, NelsonHall has listed the organization as the regional market sector leader in the Evaluation & Assessment Tool (NEAT) Vendor Analysis report for Advanced Digital Workplace Services 
Avasant: 2021 RadarView – Digital Workplace Services
NelsonHall: 2022 NEAT Assessment, Leader, End-to-end Cloud Infrastructure Services
Everest Group: 2022 PEAK Matrix - Cloud Services, Major Contender - North America and EuropeIn 2022, the company was named a Forbes’ America’s Best Employers For Women and a Leader in Advanced Digital Workplace Services Assessment 

Products and services
Unisys offers outsourcing managed services, systems integration and consulting services, application management and device management software, high end server technology, maintenance and support services, and cybersecurity services In line with larger trends in the information technology industry, an increasing amount of Unisys revenue comes from services rather than equipment sales; in 2014, the ratio was 86% for services, up from 65% in 1997  The company maintains a portfolio of over 1,500 U S  and non-U S  patents In 2014, Unisys phased out its CMOS processors, completing the migration of its ClearPath mainframes to Intel x86 chips, allowing clients to run the company's OS 2200 and MCP operating systems alongside more recent Windows and Linux workloads on Intel-based systems that support cloud and virtualization  The company announced its new ClearPath Dorado 8380 and 8390 systems in May, 2015  These new systems allowed the company to transition its ClearPath server families from proprietary CMOS processor technology to a software-based fabric architecture running on Intel processors Unisys operates data centers around the world 
Digital Workplace Services (DWS)In March 2022, Vision-Box awarded Unisys two digital workplace solutions contracts to help build automated “SmartGates,” electronic security gates, at New Zealand’s Auckland International Airport and Australia’s 10 international airports Cloud, Applications, and Infrastructure (CA & I)California State University used Unisys’ CloudForte and Managed Security Services to integrate its hybrid-cloud environment 
After acquiring Compugain, Unisys furthered its cloud capabilities, including hybrid cloud and cloud optimization, agile cloud migration, cloud-native capabilities, and data governance 
Cybersecurity
In November 2020, Unisys updated its Stealth platform to include visualization and dashboard tools to make it easier for an organization to track security in real-time  The new version made it possible for cybersecurity teams to see relationships between all network endpoints, including multiple clouds and edge computing platforms Enterprise Computing (ECS)Unisys was the first to develop a server architecture that supported four operating environments to run simultaneously on the same computer system in a single virtualized partition 
In 2013, Unisys won a $650 million Enterprise Computing Center Support contract to support the computer systems used by the Internal Revenue Service 
Business Processes (BPS)Unisys launched their business process consulting service in 2004  This service called Business Blueprints helped developers create high level models of their own software 
The company partners with Rubicon Technologies to deliver business process solutions 

Partnerships
Unisys’ company partnerships include the following:

VMware
Oracle
British Telecom
Dell Technologies
Amazon Web Services (AWS) MSP Partner and an AWS Government Competency
Microsoft Azure Expert MSP partner and a Microsoft Gold Partner
Global managed services partner to ServiceNow
Google Cloud Partner Advantage Program as a Google Cloud and Google Workspace Resell Partner

Clients
Clients include Bank ABC, Hershey, the Bank of China, Somos, Henkel, Flowserve, The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), MASkargo (the cargo division of Malaysia Airlines), Nutreco,  California State University (CSU), Air India, RAMS Home Loans, and the Georgia Technology Authority Unisys systems are used for many industrial and government purposes, including banking, check processing, income tax processing, airline passenger reservations, biometric identification, newspaper content management, and shipping port management, as well as providing weather data services 

Projects
Additional projects include the following:

Consumerization of IT
A study sponsored by Unisys and conducted by IDC revealed the gap between the activities and expectations of the new generation of "iWorkers" and the ability of organizations to support their needs  The results showed that organizations continue to work with standardized command and control IT models of the past and are not able to profit from the widespread use of newer networked technologies 

Cloud 20/20
Cloud 20/20 is an annual technical paper contest for tertiary students from India in October 2009  The contest allows students to explore the possibilities and complexities of cloud computing in areas such as automation, virtualization, application development, security, consumerization of IT and airports  The contest has drawn participation from universities across India, with over 570 institutes taking part in 2009 and more than a thousand in 2010  The contest culminates in an event where five finalists present their papers before a panel of judges that comprise academicians and technologists  Prizes include the latest technology gadgets, internship projects and career opportunities with Unisys 

People and Culture
Unisys earned a score of 100% on the 2021 Disability Equality Index  The company was recognized as a “Best Place to Work for Disability Inclusion ” The Disability Equality Index is a joint initiative of Disability:IN and the American Association of People with Disabilities  It is a “comprehensive benchmarking tool to measure disability workplace inclusion ”In November 2021, Unisys launched its UGrow program to help its employees grow internally  The program makes different courses available; each one focuses on skills needed by Unisys employees  Company employees also have access to Unisys University, which offers free certifications for over 100 different skills   A few examples include courses focused on management and team leadership skills, communication skills, and culture courses  The courses are organized around Unisys’ core business functions 

Supplier Diversity Program
Unisys has a supplier diversity program, which is a program that “encourages using companies owned by either minorities, veterans, women, or historically underutilized companies as suppliers ”

Carbon Footprint Reduction
In 2006, Unisys committed to reducing its carbon footprint by 75% by 2026  It achieved this five years early in 2021  A year later, the company announced a new goal of net zero carbon emissions by 2030  The company also participates in the Carbon Disclosure Project and UN Global Compact 

Controversies
In 1987, Unisys was sued with Rockwell Shuttle Operations Company for $5 2 million by two former employees of the Unisys Corporation, one a subcontractor responsible for the computer programs for the space shuttle  The suit filed by Sylvia Robins, a former Unisys engineer, and Ria Solomon, who worked for Robins, charges that the two were forced from their jobs and harassed after complaining about safety violations and inflated costs 
Unisys overcharged the U S  government and in 1998 was found guilty of failure to supply adequate equipment  In 1998, Unisys Corporation agreed to pay the government $2 25 million to settle allegations that it supplied refurbished, rather than new, computer materials to several federal agencies in violation of the terms of its contract  Unisys admitted to supplying re-worked or refurbished computer components to various civilian and military agencies in the early 1990s, when the contract required the company to provide new equipment  The market price for the refurbished material was less than the price for new material which the government paid 
In 1998, Unisys was found guilty of price inflation and government contract fraud, with the company settling to avoid further prosecution  Lockheed Martin and Unisys paid the government $3 15 million to settle allegations that Unisys inflated the prices of spare parts sold to the U S  Department of Commerce for its NEXRAD Doppler Radar System, in violation of the False Claims Act, 31 U S C  § 3729, et seq  "[T]he settlement resolves allegations that Unisys knew that prices it paid Concurrent Computer Corporation for the spare parts were inflated when it passed on those prices to the government  Unisys had obtained price discounts from Concurrent on other items Unisys was purchasing from Concurrent at Unisys' own expense in exchange for agreeing to pay Concurrent the inflated prices" In October 2005, the Washington Post reported that the company had allegedly overbilled on the $1-to-3-billion Transportation Security Administration contract for almost 171,000 hours of labor and overtime at up to the maximum rate of $131 13 per hour, including 24,983 hours not allowed by the contract  Unisys denied wrongdoing In 2006, the Washington Post reported that the FBI was investigating Unisys for alleged cybersecurity lapses under the company's contract with the United States Department of Homeland Security  A number of security lapses supposedly occurred during the contract, including incidents in which data was transmitted to Chinese servers  Unisys denies all charges and said it has documentation disproving the allegations In 2007, Unisys was found guilty of misrepresentation of retiree benefits  A federal judge in Pennsylvania ordered Unisys Corp  to reinstate within 60 days free lifetime retiree medical benefits to 12 former employees who were employed by a Unisys predecessor, the Burroughs Corporation  The judge ruled that Unisys "misrepresented the cost and duration of retiree medical benefits" at a time "trial plaintiffs were making retirement decisions" and while it was advising them about the benefits the company would provide during retirement 
Also in 2007, Unisys was found guilty of willful trademark infringement in Visible Systems v  Unisys (Trademark Infringement)  Computer company Visible Systems prevailed over Unisys Corp  in a trademark infringement lawsuit filed in Massachusetts federal court  In November 2007, the court entered an injunction and final judgment ordering Unisys to discontinue its use of the "Visible" trademark, upholding the jury's award to Visible Systems of $250,000 in damages, and awarding an additional $17,555 in interest  Visible Systems claimed Unisys wrongfully used the name "Visible" in marketing its software and services  The jury found the infringement by Unisys was willful  Visible Systems appealed the final judgment, believing the court wrongly excluded the issues of bad faith and disgorgement of an estimated $17 billion in unjust profits from the consideration of the jury 
In 2010, Unisys Hungary terminated the local Workers' Union representative Gabor Pinter's employment contract with immediate effect for raising concerns on the company's practice about the overtime payments and the non-respect of the health regulations in its local Shared Services Center  According to the verdict of the Labour Court of Budapest, Unisys' act was illegal and the Company must reimburse all damages of the Workers' Union representative 

See also



ground_truth: 1986

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the mayor presiding now where Merrill Elam was born?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
2017 Cincinnati mayoral election
The 2017 Cincinnati mayoral election took place on November 7, 2017, to elect the Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio  The election was officially nonpartisan, with the top two candidates from the May 2 primary election advancing to the general election, regardless of party  Incumbent Democratic Mayor John Cranley won re-election to a second term 
While the election was nonpartisan, all the candidates were known Democrats 

Primary election
Candidates
Declared
John Cranley (D), incumbent Mayor of Cincinnati
Rob Richardson, Jr  (D), former University of Cincinnati board chairman
Yvette Simpson (D), Cincinnati City Council member

Declined
Greg Hartmann (R), former Hamilton County Commissioner
Charlie Winburn (R), Cincinnati City Council member

Endorsements
Polling
Results
General election
Candidates
John Cranley (D), incumbent Mayor of Cincinnati
Yvette Simpson (D), Cincinnati City Council member, President Pro-Tempore

Endorsements
Polling
Results
Passage 2:
2017 Atlanta mayoral election
The 2017 Atlanta mayoral election occurred on November 7, 2017, with a runoff election held on December 5, 2017   Incumbent mayor Kasim Reed, a member of the Democratic Party who had been in office since 2010, was ineligible to run for reelection due to term limits 
A total of 14 candidates qualified for the November 7 non-partisan election   However, no candidate revived a majority, so a runoff was held between Keisha Lance Bottoms and Mary Norwood, the top two finishers, on December 5   On election night, unofficial results suggested that Keisha Lance Bottoms had narrowly won, but Norwood called for a recount The election was first certified on December 11, 2017, and had Bottoms winning by a margin of 823 votes   This margin was less than the 1 percent threshold needed to avoid a mandatory recount   The recount, which occurred on December 14, resulted in Norwood gaining five votes and Bottoms losing six in Fulton County, while the vote totals in DeKalb County remained the same   The election was re-certified on December 17 after Fulton County accepted the new results   Norwood officially conceded the race on December 21, and Lance Bottoms was inaugurated as the 60th mayor of Atlanta on January 2, 2018 

Candidates
Declared
Peter Aman, former Chief Operating Officer of Atlanta
Rohit Ammanamanchi, Georgia Institute of Technology graduate
Keisha Lance Bottoms, Atlanta City Councilmember (District 11)
John Eaves, Fulton County Chairman, District 7, At-Large
Vincent Fort, Georgia State Senator 
Kwanza Hall, Atlanta City Councilmember (District 2)
Laban King, co-founder of the real estate investment firm, Millennial Global Investments
Ceasar Mitchell, Atlanta City Council President
Mary Norwood, Atlanta City Councilmember (Post 2 At Large) and candidate for Mayor in 2009
Cathy Woolard, former Atlanta City Council President
Glenn Wrightson

Failed to qualify
Alex Barrella, cartoonist

Dropped out
Al Bartell, Certified Mediator  Dropped out August 22, 2017 
Margaret Kaiser, Georgia State Representative, District 59, 2007–2016  Dropped out October 25, 2016 
Michael Sterling, former Executive Director of the City of Atlanta Workforce Development Agency  Dropped out October 24, 2017

Endorsements
Polling
Results
General election
Runoff
See also
Mayor of Atlanta
2017 United States elections
Passage 3:
Merrill Elam
Merrill Elam is an American architect and educator based in Atlanta, Georgia  She is a principal with Mack Scogin in Mack Scogin Merrill Elam Architects where their work spans between buildings, interiors, planning, graphics and exhibition design, and research 

Biography and education
She received a Bachelor of Architecture from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1971 and a Master of Business Administration at the J  Mack Robinson College of Business Georgia State University in 1982 

Career
She worked as an architect and senior associate at Heery & Heery Architects & Engineers for 12 years prior to establishing Scogin Elam and Bray Architects in 1984  In 2000, Mack Scogin and Merrill Elam Architects was established  She has been a licensed architect in 13 states, a member of the American Institute of Architects and is NCARB certified 
In addition to an active practice, she  has been a visiting architecture professor in architecture programs across the country including Harvard University, Yale University, University of Toronto, University of Virginia, Ohio State University, Syracuse University, and University of Texas at Austin  She also formerly acted as president of the Georgia State Board of Architects  In addition she aided in founding the Architecture Society of Atlanta and is the former organization's former president 

Selected projects
The Round House, Connecticut, 2020 
One Midtown Plaza Lobby, Atlanta, Georgia, 2007
Health Services Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 2006
Ernie Davis Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, 2005
Gates Center for Computer Science and Hillman Center for Future Generation Technologies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2005
Zhongkai Sheshan Villas, Shanghai, China, 2004
Carroll A  Campbell Jr  Graduate Engineering Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 2004
U S  Federal Courthouse, General Services Administration, Austin, Texas, 2003
Lulu Chow Wang Campus Center and Davis Garage, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, 2001
Carol Cobb Turner Branch Library, Marrow, Georgia, 1991
John J  Ross - William C  Blakley Law Library, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 1993
Austin E  Knowlton School of Architecture, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1998
Jean Gray Hargrove Music Library, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 1998
Mountain Tree House, Dillard, Georgia, 1998

Honors and awards
2014 Design Leader award, Women in Architecture Awards, Architectural Record, 2014
Shutze Medal, Georgia Institute of Technology with Mack Scogin, 2013
Cooper-Hewitt National Design Award for Architecture with Mack Scogin, 2012 
Arnold W  Brunner Memorial Prize in Architecture, American Academy of Arts and Letters with Mack Scogin, 2011
Royal Institute of British Architects, International Fellow, 2008
Chrysler Award for Innovation in Design with Mack Scogin, 1996
Arts and Letters Award in Architecture, American Academy of Arts and Letters with Mack Scogin, 1995
Passage 4:
Joseph Rakowski
Joseph Rakowski is an American Democratic Party politician who served as Acting Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey  He became acting mayor when he was elected to serve as City Council President of Jersey City  Rakowski was the third person to hold the office in the same year 

Biography
During his four-month term of office, Rakowski worked with New York City Mayor David Dinkins and New Jersey Attorney General Robert J  Del Tufo to address a problem where trucks full of garbage were being driven from New York City to Jersey City, New Jersey and their full trailers abandoned  Rakowski did not seek to complete the unexpired term as mayor in the special election that was held during his tenure  He was succeeded by Bret Schundler 
Passage 5:
Joan McBride
Joan Leslie McBride (born 1951 or 1952) is an American politician  A Democrat, she was the mayor of Kirkland, Washington, from 2010 to 2013, after which she was elected to the Washington House of Representatives as a member from District 48  She also served on the Kirkland City Council since 1998, sitting as deputy mayor from 2002 until her election as mayor in 2010 McBride originally announced a bid to succeed state Senator Rodney Tom  However, in April 2014, she and state Representative Cyrus Habib announced they would switch races, with Habib running for Tom's seat and McBride running to replace Habib in the House  McBride was elected in November and sworn on January 12, 2015  She was named assistant Democratic whip McBride announced her retirement from the State legislature on March 29, 2018 

Personal life
McBride is married with children  She has a background in nonprofit work and community relations  She resides in Kirkland 
Passage 6:
Rusty Paul
Russell K  Paul (born June 23, 1952) is an American politician serving as the mayor of Sandy Springs, Georgia since 2014 

Early life and education
Paul was born in 1952, and grew up in the Birmingham, Alabama area  He received a Bachelor’s degree at Samford University and attended graduate school at Georgia State University 

Career
Paul was the Stone Mountain city council member from 1977 to 1983  From1989 to 1993, he served as Assistant Secretary for Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations for the Housing and Urban Development Department under Secretary Jack Kemp  He chaired the Georgia Republican Party from 1995 to 1999, and became a State Senator representing northern Fulton County from 2001 to 2003  In 2005, he was elected to Sandy Springs city council  Paul was elected to succeed Eva Galambos in November 2013 

Personal life
Paul is married to Jan Paul and has 5 children  He is an Episcopalian 

Controversies
Paul has courted controversy for his lobbying work in relation to the Development Authority of Fulton County while serving as a publicly elected official 
Passage 7:
Kraków
Kraków (Polish: [ˈkrakuf] (listen)) is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland  Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century  Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, economic, cultural and artistic life  Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Old Town with Wawel Royal Castle was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status 
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second-most-important city  It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was reported by Ibrahim Ibn Yakoub, a merchant from Córdoba, as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985  With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre  As of 2022, the city has a population of 800,653, with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km (62 mi) radius of its main square After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II, the newly defined Distrikt Krakau (Kraków District) became the capital of Germany's General Government  The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto, from where they were sent to Nazi extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz, and Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów  However, the city was spared from destruction and major bombing 
In 1978, Karol Wojtyła, archbishop of Kraków, was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II—the first non-Italian pope in 455 years  Also that year, UNESCO approved Kraków's entire Old Town and historic centre and the nearby Wieliczka Salt Mine as Poland's first World Heritage Sites  Kraków is classified as a global city with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network  Its extensive cultural heritage across the epochs of Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture includes Wawel Cathedral and Wawel Royal Castle on the banks of the Vistula, St  Mary's Basilica, Saints Peter and Paul Church and the largest medieval market square in Europe, Rynek Główny  Kraków is home to Jagiellonian University, one of the oldest universities in the world and traditionally Poland's most reputable institution of higher learning  The city also hosts a number of institutions of national significance such as the National Museum, Kraków Opera, Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, National Stary Theatre and the Jagiellonian Library  The city is served by John Paul II International Airport, the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland 
In 2000, Kraków was named European Capital of Culture  In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a UNESCO City of Literature  The city hosted World Youth Day in July 2016 

Etymology
The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from Krakus (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of Vistulans  In Polish, Kraków is an archaic possessive form of Krak and essentially means "Krak's (town)"  The true origin of the name is highly disputed among historians, with many theories in existence and no unanimous consensus  The first recorded mention of Prince Krakus (then written as Grakch) dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the seventh century, when it was inhabited by the tribe of Vistulans  It is possible that the name of the city is derived from the word kruk, meaning 'crow' or 'raven' The city's full official name is Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków, which can be translated as "Royal Capital City of Kraków"  In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian (Polish: krakowianin or krakus)  Until the 1990s the English version of the name was often written as Cracow, but now the most widespread modern English version is Krakow 

History
Kraków's early history begins with evidence of a Stone Age settlement on the present site of the Wawel Hill  A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a dragon, Smok Wawelski  The first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia (876–879), but captured by a Bohemian duke Boleslaus I in 955  The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, Mieszko I, took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty towards the end of his reign 
In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government  By the end of the tenth century, the city was a leading centre of trade  Brick buildings were constructed, including the Royal Wawel Castle with St  Felix and Adaukt Rotunda, Romanesque churches such as St  Andrew's Church, a cathedral, and a basilica  The city was sacked and burned during the Mongol invasion of 1241  It was rebuilt practically identically, based on new location act and incorporated in 1257 by the high duke Bolesław V the Chaste who following the example of Wrocław, introduced city rights modelled on the Magdeburg law allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens  In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols  A third attack in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the newly built fortifications 

In 1335, King Casimir III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz) declared the two western suburbs to be a new city named after him, Kazimierz (Latin: Casimiria)  The defensive walls were erected around the central section of Kazimierz in 1362, and a plot was set aside for the Augustinian order next to Skałka  The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir founded the University of Kraków, the second oldest university in central Europe after the Charles University in Prague  Casimir also began work on a campus for the academy in Kazimierz, but he died in 1370 and the campus was never completed 
The city continued to grow under the joint Lithuanian-Polish Jagiellon dynasty  As the capital of the Kingdom of Poland and a member of the Hanseatic League, the city attracted many craftsmen from abroad, businesses, and guilds as science and the arts began to flourish  The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city 

Kraków's "Golden Age"
The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's Złoty Wiek or Golden Age  Many works of Polish Renaissance art and architecture were created, including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the Old Synagogue  During the reign of Casimir IV, various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and Johann Haller established a printing press in the city after Kasper Straube had printed the Calendarium Cracoviense, the first work printed in Poland, in 1473 In 1520, the most famous church bell in Poland, named Zygmunt after Sigismund I of Poland, was cast by Hans Behem  At that time, Hans Dürer, a younger brother of artist and thinker Albrecht Dürer, was Sigismund's court painter  Hans von Kulmbach made altarpieces for several churches  In 1553, the Kazimierz district council gave the Jewish Qahal (council of a Jewish self-governing community) a licence for the right to build their own interior walls across the western section of the already existing defensive walls  The walls were expanded again in 1608 due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia  In 1572, King Sigismund II, the last of the Jagiellons, died childless  The Polish throne passed to Henry III of France and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance  Furthermore, in 1596, Sigismund III of the House of Vasa moved the administrative capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Kraków to Warsaw  The city was destabilised by pillaging in the 1650s during the Swedish invasion, especially during the 1655 siege  Later in 1707, the city underwent an outbreak of bubonic plague that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead 

19th century
Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had twice been partitioned by its neighbors: Russia, the Habsburg empire and Prussia  In 1791, the Austrian and Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków  The richer Jewish families began to move out  However, because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues  In 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated an unsuccessful insurrection in the town's Main Square which, in spite of his victorious Battle of Racławice against a numerically superior Russian army, resulted in the third and final partition of Poland In 1802, German became the town's official language  Of the members appointed by the Habsburgs to the municipal council only half were Polish  From 1796 to 1809, the population of the city rose from 22 000 to 26 000 with an increasing percentage of nobles and officials  In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the Duchy of Warsaw  During the time of the Duchy of Warsaw, requirements to upkeep the Polish army followed by tours of Austrian, Polish and Russian troops, plus Russian occupation and a flood in the year 1813 all added up to the adverse development of the city with a high debt burden on public finances and many workshops and trading houses needing to close their activities  Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815 Congress of Vienna restored the pre-war boundaries but also created the partially independent Free City of Kraków  An insurrection in 1846 failed, resulting in the city being annexed by Austria under the name the Grand Duchy of Kraków (Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie, German: Großherzogtum Krakau) 

This Republic of Kraków (1815–1846) included the towns of Chrzanow, Trzebinia and Nowa Gora and 224 villages  Outside the city, mining and metallurgy started developing  The population of Cracow itself grew in this time from 23 000 to 43 000, the one in the Republic from 88 000 to 103 000  The population of the city had an increasing number of catholic clergy, officials and intelligentsia with which the rich townspeople sympathised  They were opposed to the conservative landed aristocracy who also were drawn more and more to the city real estates even though their income still mainly came from their agricultural possessions in the Republic, the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia  The percentage of the Jewish population in the city also increased in this time from 20 8% to 30 4%  A free trade zone led to positive economic development  But because of the unstable political situation and insecurity about the future, not much of the accumulated wealth was invested  Through the increase of taxes, customs and regulations, prices soared and the city fell into a recession  From 1844 to 1850 the population was diminished by over 4 000 inhabitants  
In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after its own defeat in the Austro-Prussian War  Politically freer Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a centre of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (Polskie Ateny)  Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków, among them the seminal painter Jan Matejko, laid to rest at Rakowicki Cemetery, and the founder of modern Polish drama, Stanisław Wyspiański  Fin de siècle Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis; running water and electric streetcars were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków) At the outbreak of World War I on 3 August 1914, Józef Piłsudski formed a small cadre military unit, the First Cadre Company—the predecessor of the Polish Legions—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland  The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914  Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the Polish Liquidation Committee assumed power 

20th century to the present
Following the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918, Kraków resumed its role as a major Polish academic and cultural centre, with the establishment of new universities such as the AGH University of Science and Technology and the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, including a number of new and essential vocational schools  The city became an important cultural centre for Polish Jews, including both Zionist and Bundist groups  Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance - from Orthodox to Hasidic and Reform Judaism - flourishing side by side 
Following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939, the city of Kraków became part of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich  On 26 October 1939, the Nazi régime set up Distrikt Krakau, one of a total of four districts within the General Government  On the same day, the city of Kraków also became the capital of the administration  The General Government was ruled by Governor-General Hans Frank, who was based in the city's Wawel Castle  The Nazis envisioned turning Kraków into a completely Germanised city; after removal of all the Jews and Poles, renaming of locations and streets into the German language, and sponsorship of propaganda trying to portray it as a historically German city  On 28 November 1939 Hans Frank set up Judenräte ('Jewish Councils') to be run by Jewish citizens for the purpose of carrying out orders for the Nazis  These orders included the registration of all Jewish people living in each area, the collection of taxes, and the formation of forced-labour groups  The Polish Home Army maintained a parallel underground administrative system On the eve of World War II some 56,000 Jews resided in Krakow, almost one-quarter of a total population of about 250,000  By November 1939, the Jewish population of Krakow had grown to approximately 70,000  According to German statistics from 1940, over 200,000 Jews lived within the entire Kraków District, comprising more than 5 percent of the total population in the district  These statistics, however, probably underestimate the situation In November 1939, during an operation known as "Sonderaktion Krakau", the Germans arrested more than 180 university professors and academics and sent them to the Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps, though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians 

Before the formation of ghettos, which began in the Distrikt in December 1939, Jews were encouraged to flee the city  For those who remained the German authorities decided in March 1941 to allocate a then suburban neighborhood, Podgórze District, to become Kraków's ghetto - there many Jews would die of illness or starvation  Initially, most ghettos were open and Jews were allowed to enter and exit freely  However, with time ghettos were generally closed and security became tighter  From autumn 1941, the SS developed the policy of Extermination through labour, which further worsened the already bleak conditions for Jews  The ghetto inhabitants were later murdered or sent to German Extermination camps, including Bełżec and Auschwitz, and to Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp  The largest deportations within the Distrikt occurred from June to September 1942  More specifically, the Kraków ghetto deportation occurred in the first week of June 1942, and in March 1943 the ghetto was definitely liquidated Roman Polanski, the film director, survived the Kraków ghetto  Oskar Schindler selected employees from the ghetto to work in his enamelware factory Deutsche Emailwaren Fabrik (Emalia for short), saving them from the camps  Similarly, many men capable of physical labor were saved from the deportations to extermination camps and instead sent to labor camps across the General Government  By September 1943, the last of the Jews from the Kraków ghetto had been deported  Although looted by occupational authorities, Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II, with most of the city's historical and architectural legacy spared  Soviet forces under the command of Marshal Ivan Konev entered the city on 18 January 1945, and began arresting Poles loyal to the Polish government-in-exile or those who had served in the Home Army 

After the war, under the Polish People's Republic (officially declared in 1952), the intellectual and academic community of Kraków came under complete political control  The universities were soon deprived of printing rights and autonomy  The Stalinist government of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest steel mill in the newly created suburb of Nowa Huta  The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now Sendzimir Steelworks owned by Mittal) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city into an industrial centre  The new working-class population, drawn by the industrialization of Kraków, contributed to rapid growth 
In an effort that spanned two decades, Karol Wojtyła, cardinal archbishop of Kraków from 1964 to 1978, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the newly-industrial suburbs  In 1978 the Catholic Church elevated Wojtyła to the papacy as John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years  In the same year, UNESCO, following the application of local authorities, placed Kraków Old Town on the first-ever list of World Heritage Sites 

Geography
Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the Vistula River, in a valley at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, 219 m (719 ft) above sea level; halfway between the Jurassic Rock Upland (Polish: Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska) to the north, and the Tatra Mountains 100 km (62 mi) to the south, constituting the natural border with Slovakia and the Czech Republic; 230 km (143 mi) west from the border with Ukraine 
There are five nature reserves in Kraków, with a combined area of ca  48 6 hectares (120 acres)  Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected  The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic Bielany-Tyniec refuge  The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's geomorphological features and landscape  Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley  This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network  The city centre is situated on the left (northern) bank of the river 

Climate
Officially, Kraków has a temperate oceanic climate, denoted by Köppen classification as Cfb, best defined as a semicontinental climate  In older reference periods it was classified as a warm summer continental climate (Dfb)  By classification of Wincenty Okołowicz, it has a warm temperate climate in the centre of continental Europe with the "fusion" of different features Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes Arctic influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time Being towards Eastern Europe and a relatively considerable distance from the sea, Krakow has significant temperature differences according to the progress of different air masses, having four defined seasons of the year  Average temperatures in summer range from 18 6 to 20 4 °C (65 to 69 °F) and in winter from −0 6 to 0 8 °C (31 to 33 °F)  The average annual temperature is 10 0 °C (50 °F)  In summer temperatures often exceed 25 °C (77 °F), even reaching 30 °C (86 °F), while in winter temperatures drop to −5 °C (23 °F) at night and about 0 °C (32 °F) during the day  During very cold nights the temperature can drop to −15 °C (5 °F)  The city lies near the Tatra Mountains, there are often occurrences of halny blowing (a foehn wind), causing temperatures to rise rapidly, and even in winter reach up to 20 °C (68 °F) In relation to Warsaw, temperatures are very similar for most of the year, except that in the colder months southern Poland has a larger daily temperature range, more moderate winds, generally more rainy days and with greater chances of clear skies on average, especially in winter  The higher sun angle also allows for a longer growing season  In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast The climate table below presents weather data from 2000 to 2012, although the official Köppen reference period was from 1981 to 2010 (therefore not being technically a climatological normal)  According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during these years as compared with the last series  This increase averages about 0 6 °C (1 1 °F) over all months  Warming is most pronounced during the winter months, with an increase of more than 1 0 °C (1 8 °F) in January 

Cityscape
Developed over many centuries, Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic styles of architecture  As the city expanded, so too did the architectural achievements of its builders  It is for this reason that the variations in style and urban planning are so easily recognisable Built from its earliest nucleus outward, and having escaped much of the destruction endured by Poland during the 20th-century wars, Kraków's many architectural monuments can typically be seen in historical order by walking from the city centre out, towards its later districts  Kraków is one of the few medieval towns in Poland that does not have a historic Ratusz town hall in its Main Square, because it has not survived the Partitions of Poland Kraków's historic centre, which includes the Old Town, Kazimierz and the Wawel Castle, was included as the first of its kind on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1978  The Stare Miasto is the most prominent example of an old town in the country  For many centuries Kraków was the royal capital of Poland, until Sigismund III Vasa relocated the court to Warsaw in 1596  The whole district is bisected by the Royal Road, the coronation route traversed by the Kings of Poland  The Route begins at St  Florian's Church outside the northern flank of the old city-walls in the medieval suburb of Kleparz; passes the Barbican of Kraków (Barbakan) built in 1499, and enters Stare Miasto through the Florian Gate  It leads down Floriańska Street through the Main Square, and up Grodzka to Wawel, the former seat of Polish royalty, overlooking the Vistula river  Old Town attracts visitors from all over the World  Kraków historic centre is one of the 13 places in Poland that are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites  The architectural design of the district had survived all cataclysms of the past and retained its original form coming from the medieval times 

In addition to the old town, the city's district of Kazimierz is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets, as well as the historic Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz  Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace  Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (Pons Regalis) across the northern arm of the Vistula  This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the Wieliczka Salt Mine and the lucrative Hungarian trade route  The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over 

By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses that spanned across the old city  Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like Podgórze  This in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków  Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form  Some old buildings, however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty  Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993  Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops 

As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the new architectural styles also developed  Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of Kraków Główny railway station and the city's Academy of Economics  It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire  New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time  Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in Vienna  Some major projects of the era include the development of the Jagiellonian University's new premises and the building of the Collegium Novum just west of the Old Town  The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following the First World War  Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as the Palace of Art by Franciszek Mączyński and the 'House under the Globe'  Secession style architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from Vienna, became popular towards the end of the Partitions 

With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation  The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings  The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style  Important buildings constructed in the style of Polish modernism include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the Main Square and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square  The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city After the Second World War, new government turned toward Soviet influence and the Stalinist monumentalism  The doctrine of Socialist realism in Poland, as in other countries of the People's Republics, was enforced from 1949 to 1956  It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design  The guidelines for this new trend were spelled-out in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects  Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists  The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics  It aimed at expressing persistence and power  This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta with apartment blocks constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues 

Since the style of the Renaissance was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also used for augmenting Poland's Socialist national format  However, in the course of incorporating the principles of Socialist realism, there were quite a few deviations introduced by the communists  One of these was to more closely reflect Soviet architecture, which resulted in the majority of works blending into one another  From 1953, critical opinions in the Party were increasingly frequent, and the doctrine was given up in 1956 marking the end of Stalinism  The soc-realist centre of Nowa Huta is considered to be a meritorious monument of the times  This period in postwar architecture was followed by the mass-construction of large Panel System apartment blocks, most of which were built outside the city centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns  Some examples of the new style (e g , Hotel Cracovia) recently listed as heritage monuments were built during the latter half of the 20th century in Kraków After the Revolutions of 1989 and the birth of the Third Republic in the latter half of the 20th century, a number of new architectural projects were completed, including the construction of large business parks and commercial facilities such as the Galeria Krakowska, or infrastructure investments like the Kraków Fast Tram  A good example of this would be the Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology designed by Arata Isozaki, the 2007-built Pawilon Wyspiański 2000, which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space, or the Małopolski Garden of Arts (Małopolski Ogród Sztuki), a multi-purpose exhibition and theatre complex located in the historic Old Town 

Parks and gardens
There are about 40 parks in Kraków including dozens of gardens and forests  Several, like the Planty Park, Botanical Garden, Zoological Garden, Royal Garden, Park Krakowski, Jordan Park and Błonia Park are located in the centre of the city; with Zakrzówek, Lasek Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Park Lotników (among others) in the surrounding districts  Parks cover about 318 5 hectares (787 acres), 1 2 sq mi) of the city 
The Planty Park is the best-known park in Kraków  It was established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, forming a green belt around the Old Town  It consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments  The park has an area of 21 hectares (52 acres) and a length of 4 kilometres (2 5 mi), forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians The Jordan Park founded in 1889 by Dr Henryk Jordan, was the first public park of its kind in Europe  The park built on the banks of the Rudawa river was equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, the swimming pool, amphitheatre, pavilions, and a pond for boat rowing and water bicycles  It is located on the grounds of a larger Kraków's Błonia Park  The less prominent Park Krakowski was founded in 1885 by Stanisław Rehman but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid real estate development  It was a popular destination point with many Cracovians at the end of the 19th century 

Environment
There are five nature reserves in Kraków with a total area of 48 6 hectares (120 acres)  Smaller green zones constitute parts of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura  Under its jurisdiction are: the Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), Tenczynek Landscape Park (Park Tencziński) and Kraków Valleys Landscape Park (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds  All natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the CORINE biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape  The western part of Kraków constitutes the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula river  The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of thermophilous vegetation, grasslands and scrubs 
The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the Vistula River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary Wilga, and left: Rudawa, Białucha, Dłubnia and Sanka  The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków 
Kraków and its environment, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of smog, caused by burning coal for heating, especially in winter 

Governance
The Kraków City Council has 43 elected members, one of whom is the mayor, or President of Kraków, elected every four years  The election of the City Council and of the local head of government, which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002  The President of Kraków, re-elected for his fourth term in 2014, is Jacek Majchrowski  Several members of the Polish national Parliament (Sejm) are elected from the Kraków constituency  The city's official symbols include a coat of arms, a flag, a seal, and a banner 

The responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and natural disasters  The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors  In the 1990s, the city government was reorganised to better differentiate between its political agenda and administrative functions  As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large In 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, Public Safety, and the Youth Departments  Subsequently, the number of criminal offences dropped by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1 4 percent to a total of 30 2 percent in the same period  The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press 

Districts
Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government  Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków – the towns of Podgórze, Nowa Huta, and Krowodrza which were amalgamated into the city of Kraków as it expanded, and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself 

The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late-18th century  They include the Old Town (Stare Miasto), once contained within the city defensive walls and now encircled by the Planty park; the Wawel District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and Kazimierz with its historic Jewish quarter, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters; as well as the ancient town of Kleparz 
Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include Podgórze, which until 1915, was a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula, and Nowa Huta, east of the city centre, built after World War II 

Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to Wawel Castle and Wawel Cathedral, where many historic Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its Main Market Square (200 metres (660 ft) square); dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about 6,000 historic sites and more than 2,000,000 works of art  Its rich variety of heritage architecture includes Romanesque (e g , St  Andrew's Church, Kraków), Renaissance, Baroque and Gothic buildings  Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display a great variety of color, architectural details, stained glass, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings In the Market Square stands the Gothic St  Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki)  It was rebuilt in the 14th-century and features the famous wooden altar (Altarpiece of Veit Stoss), the largest Gothic altarpiece in the world, carved by Veit Stoss  From the church's main tower a trumpet call (hejnał mariacki), is sounded every hour  The melody, which used to announce the opening and closing of city gates, ends unexpectedly in midstream  According to legend, the tune was played during the 13th-century Tatar invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack  He was shot by an archer of the invading Tatar forces whilst playing, the bugle call breaking off at the moment he died  The story was recounted in a book published in 1928 called The Trumpeter of Krakow, by Eric P  Kelly, which won a Newbery Award 
The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19 April 1995  Districts were assigned Roman numerals as well as the name: Stare Miasto (I), Grzegórzki (II), Prądnik Czerwony (III), Prądnik Biały (IV), Łobzów (V), Bronowice (VI), Zwierzyniec (VII), Dębniki (VIII), Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX), Swoszowice (X), Podgórze Duchackie (XI), Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII), Podgórze (XIII), Czyżyny (XIV), Mistrzejowice (XV), Bieńczyce (XVI), Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII), and Nowa Huta (XVIII) 

Map of districts of the City of Kraków

Economy
Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the Lesser Poland (Małopolska) region  Since the fall of communism, the private sector has been growing steadily  There are about 50 large multinational companies in the city, including Google, Uber, IBM, Shell, UBS, HSBC, Motorola, Aptiv, MAN, General Electric, ABB, Aon, Akamai, Cisco, Hitachi, Altria, Capgemini, and Sabre Holdings, along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms  The city is also the global headquarters for Comarch, an enterprise software house  Kraków is the second most-visited city in Poland (after Warsaw)  According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emergent city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world 

In 2011, the city budget, which is presented by the Mayor of Kraków on 15 November annually, has a projected revenue of 3,500,000,000 złoty  The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of amenities, 30% in transfers from the national budget, and 34% in state subsidies  Projected expenditures, totaling 3,520,000,000 złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs  Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare  The City of Kraków's development costs included; 41% toward construction of roads, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment  The city has a high bond credit rating, and some 60% of the population is under the age of 45 Unity Tower was completed in 2020 after almost 30 years, creating a new business and residential centre  It is the tallest building in the city 

Entrepreneurship
Krakow has a long history of entrepreneurship, perhaps best reflected in the fact the most important square in the city is called the Main Market Square (Rynek Główny) 

Startup community
Since the early 2000s a startup community has emerged in Krakow, In the early days the Krakow: Europe's Silicon Valley web page was the on line hub of the community  Most important now is the OMGKRK foundation and its Facebook group which has over 5000 members and acts as a community notice board for the startup community 

Entrepreneurs
Jan Thurzo, a Hungarian entrepreneur and mining engineer who was from 1477 an Alderman and later Mayor of Kraków  He established the Fugger–Thurzo company with Jakob Fugger  Fugger monopolised copper mining and trade in the Holy Roman Empire around 1500 and has been described as the richest man who has ever lived Michal Hornstein, born in Krakow, and graduate of a Krakow Business School, escaped from a Nazi death camp transport  He moved to Montreal in 1951 where he founded Federal Construction Ltd , a real estate company focussing on apartments and shopping centres  He was recognised as a major philanthropist in Montreal and supported the arts, education and medicine, for example with this Gift of Old Masters to the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts 
Helena Rubinstein, born in Kraków, established the Helena Rubenstein inc  cosmetics company which was sold to Colgate Palmolive in 1973 for $142 3 million in stock and cash, and was said to be one of the world's richest women 
Janusz Filipiak established the successful IT company Comarch in 1993 which in 2018 employed 5500 people, and sponsors the Cracovia football team 
Piotr Wilam established the Pascal Publishing House, the internet portal Onet pl and seed capital fund Innovation Nest 
Rafal Brzoska Rafal Brzoska is the founder and CEO of InPost, which went public in January 2021 raising $3 billion 

Knowledge and innovation community
Kraków is one of the co-location centres of Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) InnoEnergy is an integrated alliance of reputable organisations from the education, research and industry sectors  It was created based on long standing links of cooperation as well as the principles of excellence  The partners have jointly developed a strategy to tackle the weaknesses of the European innovation landscape in the field of sustainable energy 

Transport
Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus routes operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators  Local trains connect some of the suburbs  The bulk of the city's historic area has been turned into a pedestrian zone with rickshaws and horse-drawn carriages; however, the trams run within a three-block radius  The historic means of transportation in the city can be examined at the Museum of Municipal Engineering in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and buses 

Railway connections are available to most Polish cities, e g  Katowice, Częstochowa, Szczecin, Gdynia and Warsaw  International destinations include Bratislava, Budapest, Vienna, Prague, Berlin, Hamburg, Lviv, Kyiv, and Odesa (June–September)  The main railway station is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport 
Kraków's airport, officially named Kraków John Paul II International Airport (IATA: KRK), is located 11 km (7 mi) west of the city  Direct trains cover the route between Kraków Główny train station and the airport in 20 minutes  Kraków Airport served around 5,800,000 passengers in 2017  Also, the Katowice International Airport is located 80 kilometres (50 miles) or about 75 minutes from Kraków In Autumn 2016 Poland's oldest Bicycle-sharing system was modernized and now offers 1,500 bikes at 150 stations under the name of Wavelo (pl), which is owned by BikeU of the French multinational company Egis 

Demographics
Kraków had a recorded population of 774,839 in 2019  Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently  The larger metropolitan area of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly  It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants  By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it decreased to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity  By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78 1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20 9%, Ukrainian 0 4%, German 0 3%, and Russian 0 1%  The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of ethnic minorities living in Kraków 
In the last two decades, Kraków has seen a large growth of immigrant population  In the 2002 census, only 0 25% of respondents living in the city declared a non-Polish nationality primarily Ukrainian and Russian  As of 2019, it was estimated that foreigners accounted for as much as 10% of the city's population, with Ukrainians being the most numerous group (between 11,000 and 50,000) 
Population growth in Kraków since 1791

Religion
The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the city of churches  The abundance of landmark, historic temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past  The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century  More are still being added  In addition to Roman Catholicism, other denominations present include Jehovah's Witnesses, Mariavite Church, Polish Catholic Church, Polish Orthodox Church, Protestantism and Latter-Day Saints As of 2017, weekly Mass attendance in the Archdiocese of Krakow was 49 9 percent, above the national Polish average of 38 3 percent 

Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish sacred architecture unmatched anywhere in Poland  Kraków was an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from Orthodox to Hasidic and Reform flourishing side by side  There were at least 90 synagogues in Kraków active before the Nazi German invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the Nazis who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables  The post-Holocaust Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of the 1940s  Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah (emigration to Israel) without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II  By contrast, Stalin forcibly kept Russian Jews in the Soviet Union, as agreed to in the Yalta Conference  In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes 

Education
Kraków is a major centre of education  Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students  Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland and ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second-best university in the country, was founded in 1364 as Studium Generale and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the royal Jagiellonian dynasty of Poland and Lithuania  Its principal academic asset is the Jagiellonian Library, with more than 4 million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts like Copernicus' De Revolutionibus and the Balthasar Behem Codex  With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland  Famous historical figures connected with the university include Saint John Cantius, Jan Długosz, Nicolaus Copernicus, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Jan Kochanowski, King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II and Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest technical university in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000  It was ranked by the Polish edition of Newsweek as the best technical university in the country in 2004  During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees  Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of Doctor of Science, and about 900 obtained the qualification of Habilitated Doctor 

Other institutions of higher learning include Academy of Music in Kraków first conceived as conservatory in 1888, one of the oldest and most prestigious conservatories in Central Europe and a major concert venue; Kraków University of Economics, established in 1925; Pedagogical University, in operation since 1946; Agricultural University of Kraków, offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of Jagiellonian University); Academy of Fine Arts, the oldest Fine Arts Academy in Poland, founded by the Polish painter Jan Matejko; Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts; The Pontifical Academy of Theology; AGH University of Science and Technology and Krakow University of Technology, which has more than 37,000 graduates 
Scientific societies and their branches in Kraków conduct scientific and educational work in local and countrywide scale  The Academy of Learning, Krakow Scientific Society, Association of Law Students' Library of the Jagiellonian University, Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists, Polish Geological Society, Polish Theological Society in Kraków, Polish Section of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and Polish Society for Synchrotron Radiation all have their main seats in Kraków 

Culture
Kraków was named the official European Capital of Culture for the year 2000 by the European Union  It is a major attraction for both local and international tourists, attracting nearly 13 million visitors a year  Major landmarks include the Main Market Square with St  Mary's Basilica and the Sukiennice Cloth Hall, the Wawel Castle, the National Art Museum, the Zygmunt Bell at the Wawel Cathedral, and the medieval St  Florian's Gate with the Barbican along the Royal Coronation Route  Kraków has 28 museums and public art galleries  Among them is the Czartoryski Museum featuring works by Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt as well as the EUROPEUM - European Culture Centre and the Archaeological Museum of Kraków whose collection highlights include the Zbruch Idol and the Bronocice Pot 

Museums and national art galleries
Kraków's 28 museums are separated into the national and municipal museums; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries  The National Museum, established in 1879, as well as the National Art Collection on Wawel Hill, are all accessible to the general public 
The National Art Collection is located at the Wawel, the former residence of three dynasties of Polish monarchs  Royal Chambers feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and a major collection of 16th-century monumental Flemish tapestries  Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th- to 18th-century arms  The Wawel Eastern Collection features Turkish tents and military accessories  The National Museum holds the largest body of artworks in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept in big part in the Main Building at Ul  3 Maja, although there are eleven other separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being The Gallery of the 19th Century Polish Art in Sukiennice with the collection of some of the best known paintings and sculptures of the Young Poland movement  The latest division called Europeum with Brueghel among a hundred Western European paintings was inaugurated in 2013 

Other notable museums in Kraków include the Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M  Konopnickiej 26), Stanisław Wyspiański Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St), Jan Matejko Manor House in Krzesławice, – a museum devoted to the master painter and his life, Emeryk Hutten Czapski Museum, and Józef Mehoffer Manor The Rynek Underground museum, under the main square, showcases Kraków's over 1,000-year history though its streets, activities and artifacts  The construction of the museum was preceded by extensive excavations which started in 2005 and, as more and more was found, continued eventually until 2010 
Krakil - Museum of illusions is a space where illusions meet scientific inventions and the arts: physics and optics are displayed together with artworks and classical riddles 
The Polish Aviation Museum, considered the world's eighth best aviation museum by CNN, features over 200 aircraft including a Sopwith Camel among other First World War biplanes; a comprehensive display of aero engines; and a complete collection of airplane types developed by Poland after 1945  Activities of smaller museums around Kraków and in the Lesser Poland region are promoted and supported by the Małopolska Institute of Culture; the Institute organises annual Małopolska Heritage Days  The Lenin Museum was open from 1954 to 1989 

Performing arts
The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the National Old Theatre), the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, the Bagatela Theatre, the Ludowy Theatre, and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the Opera Krakowska and Kraków Operetta  The city's principal concert hall and the home of the Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra is the Kraków Philharmonic (Filharmonia Krakowska) built in 1931 Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events, some of international significance such as the Misteria Paschalia (Baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), the Krakow Screen Festival (popular music), the Festival of Polish Music (classical music), Dedications (theatre), the Kraków Film Festival (one of Europe's oldest short films events), Etiuda&Anima International Film Festival (the oldest international art-film event in Poland), Biennial of Graphic Arts, and the Jewish Culture Festival  Kraków was the residence of two Polish Nobel laureates in literature, Wisława Szymborska and Czesław Miłosz; a third Nobel laureate, the Yugoslav writer Ivo Andric, lived and studied in Kraków  Other former longtime residents include internationally renowned Polish film directors Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski, both of whom are Academy Award winners 

Music
Opera Krakowska one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals  It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics  The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008  It is in charge also of the Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta 
Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of early music presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: Opera Rara, and Misteria Paschalia  Meanwhile, Capella Cracoviensis runs the Music in Old Krakow International Festival 
Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known worldwide as the alma mater of the contemporary Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki and it is also the only one in Poland to have two winners of the International Chopin Competition in Warsaw among its alumni  The academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic, Sinfonietta Cracovia (a k a  the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, Organum Academic Choir, the Mixed Mariański Choir (Mieszany Chór Mariański), Kraków Academic Choir of the Jagiellonian University, the Kraków Chamber Choir, Amar Corde String Quartet, Consortium Iagellonicum Baroque Orchestra of the Jagiellonian University, Brass Band of T  Sendzimir Steelworks, and Camerata Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków 

Tourism
According to official statistics, in 2019 Kraków was visited by over 14 million tourists including 3 3 million foreign travellers  The visitors spent over 7 5 billion zlotys (ca  €1 7 billion) in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodation)  Most foreign tourists came from Germany (14 2%), United Kingdom (13 9%), Italy (11 5%), France (11 2%), Spain (10 4%) and Ukraine (5 4%)  The Kraków tour-guide from the Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to the considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid for by cash, especially from Eastern Europe The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (placing third in the ranking), religion and business  There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations  The average stay last for about 4 to 7 nights  The survey conducted among the travelers showed that they enjoyed the city's friendliness most, with 90% of Polish tourists and 87% foreigners stating that they would recommend visiting it  Notable points of interest outside the city include the Wieliczka salt mine, the Tatra Mountains 100 km (62 mi) to the south, the historic city of Częstochowa (north-west), the well-preserved former Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, and Ojcowski National Park, which includes the Renaissance Castle at Pieskowa Skała  Kraków has been awarded a number of top international rankings such as the 1st place in the Top city-break destinations 2014 survey conducted by the British consumer association Which? 

Sports
Kraków was the host city of the 2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship and 2016 European Men's Handball Championship  It has also been selected as the European City of Sport for 2014 Football is one of the most popular sports in the city  The two teams with the largest following are thirteen-time Polish champion Wisła Kraków, and five-time champion Cracovia, both founded in 1906 as the oldest still existing in Poland  They have been involved in the most intense rivalry in the country and one of the most intense in all of Europe, known as the Holy War (Święta Wojna)  Other football clubs include Hutnik Kraków, Wawel Kraków, Wieczysta Kraków and one-time Polish champion Garbarnia Kraków  There is also the first-league rugby club Juvenia Kraków  Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including twelve-time Polish ice hockey champions Cracovia and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków 

The Cracovia Marathon, with thousands of participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002  Poland's first F1 racing driver Robert Kubica was born and brought up in Kraków, as was former WWE tag team champion Ivan Putski, and Top 10 ranked women's tennis player Agnieszka Radwańska 
The construction of a new Tauron Arena Kraków began in May 2010; for concerts, indoor athletics, hockey, basketball, futsal and other events  The facility area has 61,434 m2, with maximum area of the arena court of 4 546 m2  The average capacity is 18,000 for concerts, and 15,000 for sport events, with maximum number of spectators being 22,000  The Arena boasts Poland's largest LED media façade, with a total surface of 5,200 m2 of LED strip lighting, wrapping around the stadium, and one of Europe's largest LED screens, measuring over 540 m2 Kraków was bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics with Jasná but the bid was rejected by a majority (69 72%) of the vote in a referendum on 16 May 2014  The referendum was organised after a wave of criticism from citizens who believed that the Olympics would not promote the city  The organizing committee of "Krakow 2022" spent almost $40,000 to pay for a citizen-approved logo, but many citizens considered this a waste of public money  The committee was rumoured to have fraudulently used several million zlotys for unknown expenses 
In May 2019, the Polish Olympic Committee announced Kraków as host of the Polish bid for the 2023 European Games, On 22 June 2019, The European Olympic Committees at the General Assembly in Minsk, Belarus announced that Kraków will host the 2023 edition 

Notable people
International relations
Contemporary foreign names for the city
Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages  An old English name for the city is Cracow; though it has become less common in recent decades, some sources still use it  The city is known in Czech, Slovak and Serbian as Krakov, in Hungarian as Krakkó, in Lithuanian as Krokuva, in Finnish as Krakova, in German and Dutch as Krakau, in Latin, Spanish and Italian as Cracovia, in French as Cracovie, in Portuguese as Cracóvia and in Russian as Краков  Ukrainian and Yiddish languages refer to it as Krakiv (Краків) and Kroke (קראָקע) respectively 

Twin towns and sister cities
Kraków is twinned, or maintains close relations, with 36 cities around the world:

See also
Cracow Circle Thomism
Tourism in Poland



ground_truth: Lance Bottoms