prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the performer of Heartbeat named after?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
American Horror Story: Freak Show
The fourth season of the American horror anthology television series American Horror Story, subtitled Freak Show, is set in 1952 Jupiter, Florida, telling the story of one of the last remaining freak shows in the United States and their struggle for survival  The ensemble cast includes Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Michael Chiklis, Frances Conroy, Denis O'Hare, Emma Roberts, Finn Wittrock, Angela Bassett, Kathy Bates, and Jessica Lange, with all returning from previous seasons, except newcomers Chiklis and Wittrock  The season marks the first not to be strictly anthological, with Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, and John Cromwell reprising their roles from the series' second cycle, Asylum 
Created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk for cable network FX, the series is produced by 20th Century Fox Television  Freak Show was broadcast between October 8, 2014, to January 21, 2015, consisting of 13 episodes  Like its predecessors, the season was met with positive reviews and consistently strong ratings  The premiere episode attracted a series high of 6 13 million viewers, making it the most viewed episode of the series  It ultimately became FX's most-watched program ever, surpassing its previous installment, Coven  The season garnered a total of twenty Emmy Award nominations, the most for any season of American Horror Story to date, including nominations for Outstanding Limited Series, and six acting nominations for Lange, O'Hare, Wittrock, Paulson, Bassett, and Bates  In addition, Paulson won for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series at the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards 

Cast and characters
Main
Sarah Paulson as Bette and Dot Tattler
Evan Peters as Jimmy Darling
Michael Chiklis as Dell Toledo
Frances Conroy as Gloria Mott
Denis O'Hare as Stanley
Emma Roberts as Maggie Esmerelda
Finn Wittrock as Dandy Mott
Angela Bassett as Desiree Dupree
Kathy Bates as Ethel Darling
Jessica Lange as Elsa Mars

Special guest stars
Wes Bentley as Edward Mordrake
Celia Weston as Lillian Hemmings
Gabourey Sidibe as Regina Ross
Matt Bomer as Andy
Danny Huston as Massimo Dolcefino
Lily Rabe as Sister Mary Eunice McKee
Neil Patrick Harris as Chester Creb

Recurring
Naomi Grossman as Pepper
Grace Gummer as Penny
Chrissy Metz as Barbara / Ima Wiggles
Malcolm-Jamal Warner as Angus T  Jefferson
Erika Ervin as Amazon Eve
Mat Fraser as Paul the Illustrated Seal
Jyoti Amge as Ma Petite
Rose Siggins as Legless Suzi
Ben Woolf as Meep
Lee Tergesen as Vince
Christopher Neiman as Salty
Drew Rin Varick as Toulouse
PJ Marshall as Detective Colquitt
John Carroll Lynch as Twisty the Clown
Major Dodson as Corey Bachman
Skyler Samuels as Bonnie Lipton
Patti LaBelle as Dora Ross

Guest stars
Jamie Brewer as Marjorie
Mare Winningham as Rita Gayheart
Matthew Glave as Larry Gayheart
David Burtka as Michael Beck
Heather Langenkamp as Female Toulouse
Jerry Leggio as Dr  Bonham
Dalton E  Gray as Mike
Shauna Rappold as Lucy Creb
Kathy Deitch as young Ethel Darling
Edward Gelhaus as young Dell Toledo
Jyoti Amge as Ma Petite
Angela Sarafyan as Alice
John Cromwell as young Arthur Arden

Episodes
Production
Development
In November 2013, FX announced that the show had been renewed for a fourth season  Series co-creator Ryan Murphy hinted that clues about the fourth season would be hidden in the final episodes of the third season  In March 2014, the season was revealed to be set at a carnival, according to co-executive producer/writer Douglas Petrie  It was also revealed that Lange would be playing a role similar to Marlene Dietrich  Murphy revealed that the season would take place in 1950, adding: "If you look historically what happened in the year 1950, there's some more clues in that year  It's a period piece  We try and do the opposite of what we've done before  Jessica Lange has already started practicing her German accent, so I'm very excited!" Murphy indicated that this season drew inspiration from Tod Browning's Freaks and Herk Harvey's Carnival of Souls  This season featured the largest set ever constructed for American Horror Story, with Murphy stating: "We had to build an entire city  We built an entire huge compound, and then we had to build the interior of all those buildings on set  It's all, period  And it's all based on [production designer] Mark Worthington's immaculate research "

Casting
Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although said to be in a reduced capacity  She portrayed Elsa Mars, the owner of the freak show  In November 2013, Murphy said he approached Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett to return  Bassett later confirmed in an interview with Access Hollywood that she would be indeed coming back  They portrayed Ethel Darling and Desiree Dupree, respectively  In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Sarah Paulson revealed she would be returning, possibly for a main role, which was later revealed to be the conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler  It was announced at the PaleyFest 2014 that the cast members present at the panel would all be returning for the fourth season in some capacity, including Denis O'Hare (Stanley), Emma Roberts (Maggie Esmerelda), Frances Conroy (Gloria Mott), Evan Peters (Jimmy Darling), and Gabourey Sidibe (Regina Ross)  Jamie Brewer was also added to the present roster, although Murphy later indicated Brewer may not appear during the season  She was later confirmed to portray the ventriloquist dummy Marjorie after appearing in a promo for the final episodes  Additionally, Michael Chiklis was announced to play the father of Peters' character and ex-husband of Bates' character, the strongman Dell Toledo  Finn Wittrock was the last lead actor joining the cast  He portrayed the psychopathic Dandy Mott 
In July 2014, TVLine reported that Wes Bentley would appear in the season' two-part Halloween episode as Edward Mordrake  At the Comic-Con 2014, it was announced that John Carroll Lynch would portray one of the central antagonist during the season, Twisty the Clown  In August 2014, R&B singer Patti LaBelle joined the cast for a four-episode story arc as the mother of Sidibe's character, named Dora, the Motts' housekeeper  Also in August 2014, it was revealed that Matt Bomer would  be guest-starring in one episode as Andy, Dell's secret lover  Murphy took to his Twitter account to announce that the world's smallest woman Jyoti Amge has joined the cast as Ma Petite  Murphy had written a role specifically for Coven alum Leslie Jordan, but he did not appear on the show due to scheduling conflicts In September 2014, it was reported that Asylum alum Naomi Grossman would return to portray Pepper, which marked the first time a character appeared in multiple seasons of the series  Lily Rabe also reprised her Asylum character Sister Mary Eunice McKee in the tenth episode, "Orphans"  Mare Winningham made an appearance in the same episode, as Pepper's sister Rita  Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in two episodes as Chester, who takes over the freak show when Elsa leaves for Hollywood  Harris' husband, David Burtka, appeared in the season finale as Elsa's husband 

Filming
At Paley Center for Media's 2014 PaleyFest event, Ryan Murphy announced that the season's filming would take place again in New Orleans, Louisiana, although the show's setting is in Jupiter, Florida  The premiere episode was directed by co-creator Murphy, his first effort since the pilot  Principal photography for the season began on July 15, 2014  Production on the season concluded on December 19, 2014 

Marketing
A video released in July 2014, entitled "Fallen Angel", was reported by many news sources to be an official Freak Show trailer  The video – which featured the American Horror Story title card – was later taken down after FX confirmed it was fan-made  Before the debut of the fan-made video, FX had not released any official trailers concerning the upcoming season  The first official teaser was released on August 20, 2014, entitled "Admit One" As with previous seasons, FX released a series of teaser trailers on the show's YouTube page  FX also used the marketing hashtag #WirSindAlleFreaks in the German language, and its English translation #WeAreAllFreaks 

Reception
Critical response
American Horror Story: Freak Show has received mostly positive reviews from critics  On Metacritic, it scored a 69 out of 100 based on 19 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 77% approval rating with an average rating of 7 29/10 based on 35 reviews  The website's consensus reads, "Though it may turn off new viewers unaccustomed to its unabashed weirdness, Freak Show still brings the thrills, thanks to its reliably stylish presentation and game cast "

Awards and nominations
In its fourth season, the series was nominated for 76 awards, 21 of which were won 

Home media
Soundtrack
The opening theme for the 4th season of AHS is "Carousel" by Melanie Martinez, a song from her debut album "Cry Baby" 
Every cover song performed in Freak Show was released by 20th Century Fox TV Records in online music stores following the broadcast of the episode in which it appeared, except the cover of David Bowie's "Heroes", performed by Jessica Lange in "Curtain Call "
Passage 2:
Adelaide Malanotte
Adelaide Malanotte (1785 – 31 December 1832) was an Italian operatic contralto who performed in major opera houses in Italy from 1806–1821  She is best known for creating the title role in the world premiere of Gioachino Rossini's Tancredi in 1813  After her marriage, she performed under the name Adelaide Montresor  Her son, Giovanni Battista Montresor, had a career as a tenor and impresario in the United States  From 1812 until her death 20 years later she carried on an extra-marital affair with the poet Luigi Lechi 

Life and career
Born in Verona, Malanotte made her professional opera debut in her native city in 1806  In 1808 she was heard at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna as Ariodante in Simon Mayr's Ginevra di Scozia  In 1809 she performed the role of Enrico in the world premiere of Stefano Pavesi's Elisabetta regina d'Inghilterra at the Teatro Regio di Torino  She returned to that theatre the following year to perform the role of Itaferne in the premiere of Giuseppe Nicolini's Dario Istaspe  She also appeared at the Teatro Valle in Rome in 1810 in the premiere of Nicola Antonio Manfroce's Alzira In 1811 Malanotte made appearances at the opera house in Ravenna and sang in Alzira again at the opera house in Monza  In 1812 she sang at La Fenice in the title role of Gaetano Rossi's Teodoro for the work's world premiere  She was also heard that year in Florence  She had a major triumph at La Fenice in 1813 when she performed the title role in the world premiere of Gioachino Rossini's Tancredi  She later performed that role in Ferrara (1814), Bologna (1814), Livorno (1816), and Naples (1818)  The latter performance was attended by composer Ferdinand Hérold who "did not like the timbre of her voice but thought her style, taste and intonation perfect" Malanotte sang in two more world premieres at La Fenice during her career: Pavesi's Le Danaidi romane (1816, Cajo Valerio) and Francesco Basili's L'ira d'Achille (1817, Achille)  She retired from the stage in 1821  She died in Salò in 1832 at the age of 47 
Passage 3:
Today Is the Day (Lincoln Brewster album)
Today Is the Day is the fourth studio album from contemporary Christian musician Lincoln Brewster  It was released on September 23, 2008 and debuted at No  56 on the Billboard 200  Lincoln has embedded many personal connections into the audio on this record, the foremost of which is his son's unborn heartbeat, setting the tempo in the first seconds of "The Power of Your Name" 

Release
The song "Today is the Day" marked the first all-new studio single released by Brewster since 2002, in his album Amazed  Christianity Today's Russ Breimeier attributed this six-year hiatus in new material to Brewster's new family and to his responsibilities as Worship Arts pastor at Bayside Church nearby Sacramento, California  The song's lyrics were written by Paul Baloche, combining the themes of Bible verses Matthew 6 and Psalm 118  The second track, "Everywhere I Go", was written with Glenn Packiam, a member of Desperation Band 

Track listing
Personnel
Reception
Christianity Today's Russ Breimeier stated that "Today Is the Day" and "Everywhere I Go", the first two tracks of the album, were a "welcome return to form, even if the first two songs aren't the strongest way to start " He said that "Today Is the Day" was neither bad nor boring, but felt it was "on par with the average modern worship song " Russmeier compared the familiarity of "Today Is the Day" with the more experimental songs later in the eponymous album, praising Brewster's ability to experiment over his first few songs Breimeier noted the similarities in style between Brewster's "The Arms of My Savior" and John Mayer's Gravity, and between "This Love" and Mayer's Waiting on the World to Change  He also related the "bluesy gospel-rock"  song "Give Him Praise" to Robert Randolph and the Family Band, praising it for its "thrilling and joyful" feel 
Passage 4:
Hummingbird Heartbeat
"Hummingbird Heartbeat" is a song recorded by American singer Katy Perry for her third studio album, Teenage Dream (2010)  It was written by Perry, Christopher "Tricky" Stewart, Stacy Barthe, and Monte Neuble  Stewart handled the production of the song, while Kuk Harrell produced Perry's vocals  "Hummingbird Heartbeat" was inspired by Perry's boyfriend at the time, Russell Brand Musically, it is a 1980s-styled hard rock song that contains a mixture of elements from rock and electronica  Lyrically, the song compares the feeling of being in love to the speed of a hummingbird's heartbeat  The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, many of whom labeled it as a potential single choice  Upon the release of Teenage Dream, "Hummingbird Heartbeat" charted on the lower regions of the South Korea Gaon International Chart, peaking at 124 

Background and composition
In an interview with YouTube about Teenage Dream in August 2010, Perry revealed that "Hummingbird Heartbeat" was one of the first songs she wrote for the album after she finished her Hello Katy Tour (2009)  When speaking about the song, Perry said she first had the idea for the song while she was in her hometown of Santa Barbara, California:
"I was at breakfast when I saw this hummingbird, and the hummingbird was having breakfast as well      and I don't know if you know this but hummingbirds are supposedly good luck and I was thinking 'How fast does their hearts beat?' , like 'how many beats per minute?' And using that idea for how someone makes you feel, instead of those butterflies, it makes your heart beat really, really fast ""Hummingbird Heartbeat" is a 1980s-styled hard rock song that contains a mixture of elements from rock and electronica  The song encompasses electric guitars, a piano, and synthesizers in its production  The song also features an acoustic drum kit, unlike the other songs in the album 

Reception
Upon the release of the Teenage Dream album, "Hummingbird Heartbeat" charted on the lower regions of the South Korea Gaon International Chart, peaking at 124  Tom Thorogood from MTV gave a positive review of the song, labeling it a strong single choice and calling it a: "nice companion to Teenage Dream, 'the story of the birds and the bees' is more grown up with proper guitars " Jeb Inge of The Journal called "Hummingbird Heartbeat" the strongest song on the album, while Michael Gallucci of Cleveland Scene declared the song an album highlight and compared it to "Teenage Dream", adding that they were both "top-down bangers " Gary Trust from Billboard compared "Hummingbird Heartbeat" to the first five Teenage Dream singles, and felt that if released as a single, would help Perry become the first artist with six number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100  In July 2013, Robert Copsey and Lewis Corner of Digital Spy said "a full music video and worldwide push would have been more satisfactory" From February 20, 2011 to January 22, 2012, Perry embarked on the California Dreams Tour, where she performed "Hummingbird Heartbeat"  For most of its shows, the song was the second track performed  It preceded "Waking Up in Vegas" and followed "Teenage Dream" 

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Teenage Dream 

Charts
Passage 5:
Eye of the Tiger
"Eye of the Tiger" is a song by American rock band Survivor  It was released as a single from their third album of the same name and was also the theme song for the 1982 film Rocky III, which was released a day before the single  The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik, and it was recorded at the request of Rocky III star, writer, and director Sylvester Stallone, after Queen denied him permission to use "Another One Bites the Dust", the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme  The version of the song that appears in the film is the demo version of the song  The film version also contained tiger growls, which did not appear on the album version  It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals  The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name  "Eye of the Tiger" is written in the key of C minor It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982  In the United States, it held No  1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks (the band's only song to top the chart) and was the No  2 single of 1982, behind Olivia Newton-John's "Physical"  It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten, the second-longest run of 1982, behind "Hurts So Good" by John Mellencamp (which was prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by "Eye of the Tiger")  This top ten run is tied with the aforementioned "Another One Bites the Dust" as well as "Physical" as the longest run in the top ten for a number one song during the entire 1980s decade  The band won an award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards  In September 1982, it also peaked at No  1 in the United Kingdom, remaining at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks  The single sold 956,000 copies in United Kingdom in 1982 It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA, signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies  The song had sold over 4 1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015  It was voted VH1's 63rd-greatest hard rock song 

Background
In an interview with Songfacts, co-writer Jim Peterik, who shared writing credit with Frankie Sullivan, explained the song's title 

At first, we wondered if calling it "Eye of the Tiger" was too obvious  The initial draft of the song, we started with "It's the eye of the tiger, it's the thrill of the fight, rising up to the spirit of our rival, and the last known survivor stalks his prey in the night, and it all comes down to survival " We were going to call the song "Survival"  In the rhyme scheme, you can tell we had set up "rival" to rhyme with "survival"  At the end of the day, we said, "Are we nuts?" That hook is so strong, and "rival" doesn't have to be a perfect rhyme with the word "tiger"  We made the right choice and went with "Eye of the Tiger" 

Accolades
The song was nominated for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Original Song (the only Oscar nomination for Rocky III), but it lost to "Up Where We Belong" from An Officer and a Gentleman The band won an award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards  The song was also nominated for the 1983 Grammy Award for Song of the Year, but lost to the Willie Nelson hit "Always on My Mind" 

Lawsuits
Newt Gingrich campaign
In 2012, Survivor sued Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in Illinois federal court for using "Eye of the Tiger" without authorization as entrance music at his political rallies going back as far as 2009  The suit was later settled out of court 

Mitt Romney campaign
The same year Sullivan also demanded that Mitt Romney, also a Republican candidate for president, should stop using "Eye of the Tiger" at his campaign rallies  Romney agreed to drop the song from the campaign's playlists 

Mike Huckabee's campaign
Frankie Sullivan's company Rude Music filed a lawsuit in federal court in Chicago, Illinois, on November 18, 2015, against the former Governor of Arkansas and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee's campaign organization for using "Eye of the Tiger" at a political rally without permission  The rally took place on September 8, 2015, when Kim Davis, a Kentucky county clerk, was released from jail after spending five days there for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples in Kentucky  In June 2016 it was reported by CNN that Huckabee had agreed, in a confidential, out-of-court settlement with Sullivan's Rude Music, to pay $25,000 in compensation 

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the album Eye of the Tiger 
Dave Bickler – lead vocals
Frankie Sullivan – lead and rhythm guitars
Jim Peterik – grand piano, electric guitar
Stephan Ellis – bass
Marc Droubay – drums

Charts
Weekly charts
Certifications
See also
Passage 6:
Heartbeat (Nina Sky song)
"Heartbeat" is a song by American twins duo Nina Sky  It was released as a second single from their third studio album Nicole and Natalie on June 14, 2012  The song is released independently through their official website  Music video for the song is released on July 27, 2012, four days before the album's release  Later, Heartbeat: Remixes, a remix EP, was also released 

Music video
Its filming as started on May 26, 2012 when they put pictures of filming on Facebook  It was directed by Adam Sauermlich for the second time (he also has directed music video for the song "Day Dreaming")  Concerning the video, the band stated: "We knew we wanted it to be more about the feeling of the song and less about the story  The colors, environment, and everyone dancing in their own element creates this surreal feeling of freedom  It’s just about listening to the rhythm inside you and letting that rhythm guide you " On July 27 the music video was released  It features the sisters prancing through fields during a party with multi-colored smoke and dancing with many people 

Track listing
Digital download"Heartbeat" - 4:20Heartbeat – The Remixes EP"Heartbeat" (AC Slater Remix) - 4:45
"Heartbeat" (Bailey Smalls Remix) - 6:22
"Heartbeat" (The Sizzaandz Remix)
Passage 7:
Lovely to See You
On the Threshold of a Dream is the fourth album by The Moody Blues, released in April 1969 on the Deram label 

Content
The album begins with a poem derived from Cogito, ergo sum and inspired by I have no mouth and I must scream accompanied by electronic sounds, and these sounds also appear at the close of the album –  Most European vinyl pressings of the album continue the sounds into the album's run-out groove, causing them to play continuously until the record player's tonearm is lifted  Tape and CD versions of the album employ a slow fade 

Release
On the Threshold of a Dream was released on 25 April 1969 in the UK and 30 May 1969 in the US  On the Threshold of a Dream provided the Moody Blues with their first British number-one album, and also boosted their American fortunes by becoming their first top-20 album there  It proved to be one of the group's more enduring records in the US, staying in the Billboard LPs chart for more than two and a half years 
The album, along with the subsequent To Our Children's Children's Children, was among the tapes carried by Apollo 15 astronaut Al Worden to the moon In March 2006 the album was completely remastered into SACD format and repackaged with nine extra tracks  In 2008 a remaster for standard audio CD was issued with the same bonus tracks 

Track listing
Personnel
Justin Hayward – vocals, guitars, cello, Mellotron (7)
John Lodge – vocals, bass guitar, cello, double bass
Ray Thomas – vocals, harmonica, flute, tambourine, oboe, piccolo, EMS VCS 3
Graeme Edge – drums, percussion, vocals, EMS VCS 3
Mike Pinder – vocals, Mellotron, Hammond organ, piano, celloAdditional personnelTony Clarke - Producer
Pete Jackson – triangle
Phil Travers – cover artwork
Lionel Bart, David Symonds – sleeve note

Charts
Certifications
Passage 8:
Nina Sky
Nina Sky is an American musical duo consisting of identical twins Nicole and Natalie Albino  Their debut single "Move Ya Body", released from their self-titled debut album in 2004, was a success, reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100  Their second album, Nicole & Natalie, was released in July 2012  Their third studio album, Brightest Gold, was announced for 2016 release through Tommy Boy Entertainment 

Early lives
The Albino sisters were born on March 13, 1984 to a Puerto Rican family in Queens, with Natalie being the older twin  Their parents later moved to New York City and divorced when the girls were young  The sisters grew up in Astoria, Queens in the Marine Terrace area  As a result of their stepfather working as a DJ, the twins were influenced by different types of music at an early age  By the age of 7, the twins had already written their first song, titled "Sisters"  By 10, they knew that they wanted to become singers  When they were 13, they learned how to DJ and two years later were playing concerts in many clubs 
The twins' parents were very supportive of their daughters' ambitions  Their stepfather provided guitar and drum lessons and took them to auditions  They even performed occasionally on some showcases 

History
Name origin
The sisters wanted to devise a band name of their own, so they used the first two syllables of their names ("Ni" and "Na"), to come up with Nina  They then added Sky, which for them represented "independent twins" 

2003–2006: Nina Sky and mixtapes
In 2003, The Jettsonz (Elijah Wells & Lionel Bermingham) introduced the girls to Cipha Sounds, a hip hop DJ under the Star Trak label owned by The Neptunes (Pharrell and Chad Hugo)  Cipha Sounds was impressed when he heard the duo sing and suggested that they use the "Coolie Dance" riddim  The duo then proceeded to write "Move Ya Body" (alongside The Jettsonz Elijah Wells & Lionel Bermingham, who also produced the record), mixing Caribbean, R&B, and pop rhythms  Eventually, a demo of the song was made  The demo fell into the hands of Eddie O'Loughlin, the president of Next Plateau Entertainment (which is a division of Universal Records)  O'Loughlin signed the twins to a contract and they started working on their debut album  On March 18, 2004, they had their first concert under their current name at Club Demara 
The single "Move Ya Body" was released on April 27, 2004 and reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 22 on the Billboard Year-End chart  Urban music and rhythmic top 40 stations quickly added the song to their play lists, sending the song up the charts  By July 17, "Move Ya Body" had gone to the top five on both sides of the Atlantic and had also reached the top five of a world combined R&B chart based on the US, UK, Germany, France and Australia  The song had also reached the top 50 of the Australian charts  On June 22, 2004 they released their first self-titled album, featuring Jabba and Betty Wright  The album charted #44 on the US Billboard 200 and number four on the U S  R&B chart  Another single from the album, titled "Turnin' Me On," was released on November 30, 2004  It didn't have the same success as "Move Ya Body", but charted at #5 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and was a minor success in France 
Nina Sky continued to work and promote their music  They have contributed to the reggaeton movement with songs such as "Oye Mi Canto", and "Más Maíz" with artist and producer N O R E  They were also a featured artist on Sean Paul's song "Connection" from his album The Trinity 
On October 25, 2005, they released their second mixtape called La Conexión, influenced by Latin music  The album contained the single "Ladies Night" (released April 17, 2006 and featuring Ivy Queen), released with the songs "Loving You" and "Your Time"  It also contained Kassanova's remix of their single "Turnin' Me On " The album features a lot of singers: Pitbull, N O R E , Notch, Richie Rivera, Mackie, and Yaga  It also included Tony Touch's hit "Play That Song," featuring Nina Sky and B-Real, released one month before the mixtape's release  In August 2006, Nina Sky were first featured on the cover of the publication The FADER, in its 39th issue  In 2006, their third mixtape "80's Babies" was released 

2007–2011: Label issues, marriages and The Other Side
Nina Sky collaborated with French singer Kenza Farah for the song "Celle Qu'Il Te Faut", and was released in both French and English versions  The video was shot in New York  Nina Sky were recording their second studio album, Starting Today  The album was originally due on July 27, 2007  Producers include Stereotypes, Bruno & Phil, Neo da Matrix, Ryan Leslie, Salaam Remi, and more  Guests include Rick Ross and others that have yet to be announced  In late 2007, Nina Sky left their label, Universal, and signed with Polo Grounds Music/J Records 
Nina Sky have also put together remixes of popular songs including J  Holiday's, "Bed," Elliott Yamin's, "Wait For You", Cassidy's, "My Drink n My 2 Step, and The-Dream's, "I Love Your Girl"  They have also worked with Brooklyn MC Red Cafe on his street album The Co-Op, and The Alchemist on his song "Key to the City"  In 2008, Nina Sky released two singles, for Starting Today: "Curtain Call" (featuring Rick Ross) and "On Some Bulls**t"  These singles were never a big success  On December 19, 2008 Nina Sky released their first Holiday album, an EP titled Christmas 
Nina Sky appeared on Major Lazer's album, Guns Don't Kill People    Lazers Do  They were in a battle with their record company Polo Grounds Records over the release of their album Starting Today  They have said they want to be released from their contract with the label because the label does not support them  In 2010, Nicole Albino revealed she is lesbian and married female fashion designer, Erin Magee  The couple had been dating since 2009  In an interview with Inked Magazine, Magee revealed that she had her last name legally changed to Nicole's and had gotten a tattoo of the name across her right breast  With a new masculine style, the duo independently released an eight-song EP for digital download in August 2010, entitled The Other Side, which features production from DJ Yonny, Salaam Remi, Kidz in the Hall and many more  A video for the lead single, "You Ain't Got It (Funk That)" was also released  In early 2011 they worked with Creep on their song "You"  On May 16, they released the music video on their official website 

2012–present: Nicole and Natalie, motherhood, new label contract and Brightest Gold
On February 2, 2012, Nina Sky released the lead single from their upcoming third studio album, Nicole and Natalie  The single, entitled "Day Dreaming", was produced by Beau Vallis  The video for the song, directed by Adam Sauermilch, was released on February 28  On June 14, the band released "Heartbeat", the second single from the new album  A month later, on July 27, the video for "Heartbeat" was released  Concerning the video, the band stated: "We knew we wanted it to be more about the feeling of the song and less about the story  The colors, environment, and everyone dancing in their own element creates this surreal feeling of freedom  It’s just about listening to the rhythm inside you and letting that rhythm guide you " On July 31 the album was released  Album had electro, house, pop and R&B elements in songs  The album failed to charts because of independent release  On October 14, 2012, Nina Sky released third and final single from their album "Comatose"  In 2012, they finally signed out from recording label Polo Grounds Music/J Records 
On June 9, 2012, Nina Sky performed at OUT/LOUD Queer Women's Music Festival in Eugene, Oregon along with artists such as Krudas Cubensi, Tender Forever and Andrea Gibson  Later, on November 15, Nina Sky hosted Women in Business' fourth annual "Dress for Success" fashion show at Baruch College  On March 11, 2013, group released their sixth mixtape, titled Valentine's Day, hosted by Miss KL  On December 12, group released their new promotional single titled "Overtime" for digital download  The song was produced by Slimmy Neutron, who produced their album Nicole and Natalie, released in 2012 
On March 9, 2014, Natalie Albino gave birth to her son, Max  In the same month, Nicole released her first solo project, a mixtape album titled Currently Vol  1 which contained her remixes to many popular songs by singers such as Madonna, Beyoncé, R  Kelly, Mariah Carey, etc  On April 17 they announced a new single via their official Facebook site  One day later, their new song "Stoners", featuring Smoke DZA was out  Single had better success than the previous one, released in 2013  It reached top 10 on New Electronic Music chart  The official music video for the single was released on July 25, via their official profiles  The extended remix for the song, made by Trayze, was also released  After the music video was released, they announced more of new music and new projects (and probably their third studio album) coming in 2015  On October 22, 2014, Nina Sky featured on Lady Bee's single "Do It All Again" from their album What Is a Jeffree?  Music video was also released 
After finishing their Euro Tour in May 2015, on June 2, their Vito Fun and Spaceplant produced electropop single titled "Forever" was released from their upcoming extended play Brightest Gold, set to release in September 2015  "We wanted something that was smooth but also had a bounce," Nina Sky told The FADER in an email  "Spaceplant finessed the verses with a modern '90s freestyle beat pattern and built up the hook just enough that song still has its original sweet vibe but if you drop it at the right time in a club, it will still go off!" twins added  EP will also be produced by Vito Fun and Spaceplant  Another tracks, including "The Brightest Gold", "Nancy", "Zero Gravity", "Champion Lover" and "Lock and Key" will also be on EP  The sample of "Champion Lover" was released on Nina Sky's official Instagram account, and is reported to be released as the second single from EP  In 2016, the twins signed a recording contract with Warner Music Group's independent recording label Tommy Boy Entertainment 

Discography
Nina Sky (2004)
The Other Side (2010)
Nicole and Natalie (2012)

See also
List of Puerto Ricans
List of twins
Passage 9:
Fischerspooner
Fischerspooner were an electroclash duo and performance troupe formed in 1998 in Chicago after meeting in school  The name is a combination of the founders' last names, Warren Fischer and Casey Spooner 

Career
Originally a duo formed by classically trained musician Warren Fischer and video-artist and experimental theater performer Casey Spooner for an impromptu rendition of their makeshift track "Indian Cab Driver" at the Astor Place Starbucks, the group grew to over 20 performers, most of whom are dancers and guest vocalists  "We started as a performance art piece about entertainment that ultimately became legitimate entertainment," said Casey Spooner, when talking about the group's origins in an April 2009 interview 

#1 (2001)
Their debut album, #1, has been released on several record labels, including International DJ Gigolo, Ministry of Sound and Capitol Records, and includes their hit singles "Sweetness", "Emerge", and a cover of Wire's "the 15th"  In the final months of 2004, Fischerspooner opened up their FS Studios in New York City to the public for a few hours once a week, allowing people to meet the band and production team, as well as preview new video, music and dance projects that they were working on 

Odyssey (2005)
In 2005, Odyssey, the band's second album, was released  The album featured songs that were more structured and more accurately described as electropop than electroclash  "Odyssey was really about being on Capitol, which was this icon of classic American music, trying to embrace that cliché and find a way to embody it and infiltrate it and take it apart at the same time", says Spooner 
The lead single, "Just Let Go", featuring live drums and guitars, possessed a markedly different sound than those heard on their debut album  "Just Let Go" was featured on season 2, episode 15 of Nip/Tuck; "All We Are" was also featured on the same TV series, in season 3, episode 1  The second single, "Never Win", went on to become the album's biggest hit, and was well received in both clubs and radio  Furthermore, it was also featured in the 2006 Happy Madison movie Grandma's Boy  "A Kick in the Teeth" was rumored to be the album's third, and possibly final, single but was only pressed on 12" that included a remix by Tiefschwarz  This was followed after a duration of silence by a 12" remix of "We Need a War" with a mix by DJ Hell  Other remixes believed to have been done are of "All We Are" and "Get Confused"  "All We Are" was featured as the credits track in the first episode of season two of Sweetbitter 
After the album's release, Fischerspooner toured a new, more elaborate show in Europe, but the band found themselves without the funds to tour the show fully in North America  "I was incredibly frustrated because I had worked two years on this huge record and I was only able to perform for three months", recalls Spooner, who subsequently retreated to his theatrical roots, joining experimental New York performance ensemble The Wooster Group  During this period, it was unclear whether the band would record together again; and, in May 2007, the band was released from its Capitol Records recording contract 

Entertainment (2009)
Early European gig recordings of "The Best Revenge" surfaced on the internet during summer 2007  "The Best Revenge" was released on January 14, 2008, with French label Kitsune Music  The track includes a remix package from the likes of Autokratz, Tocadisco, Alex Gopher, The Passions and Tony Senghore  Fischerspooner also released "Danse en France" as a single on the Kitsuné label 
Warren and Casey subsequently began to work on more material for a new album while Casey was performing the role of Ophelia's brother Laertes in The Wooster Group's production of Hamlet (Fischerspooner also contributed two original songs to the production) 
Released in North America via the band's own label FS Studios on May 4, 2009, Entertainment is their third full-length album and was produced by Jeff Saltzman (The Killers, The Black Keys, The Sounds) 
The album's cover was listed on Pitchfork's worst album covers of 2009 

Sir (2018)
The album Sir, executive-produced and co-written by Michael Stipe of R E M  and Boots, was released on February 16, 2018, on Ultra  The band released the first single "Have Fun Tonight" on June 19, 2017  The song "Top Brazil", was released on January 19, 2018; along with an electro-pop music video which Billboard called, "provocative " 
NPR interpreted the album as a retrospective collage of Reagan-era queer references framed in an undeniably contemporary style;
"Even the cheapskate metaphor passions in the lyrics, read as physical, often NSFW desires — 'raging motorcycle thoroughbred,' 'not opposed to humiliation,' 'denim on denim,' 'dorsal fins at night in Berlin,' 'Butterscotch Goddam,' 'dark pink Saturday night' — that are dated just enough to seem older and odder  Pairing these with layered synthesizer lines and drum-machines that invoke Reagan-era industrial and EBM reinforces nostalgic notions of sexual danger "In an interview with the album collaborators, it was said that, "[the album] explores Spooner’s 're-entry into the sexual playground now defined by technology, but also the muddled ways that feelings and self-image are present in that experience' while simultaneously examining the years of 'emotional and sexual turbulence' he experienced with his ex-partner "

Break-up
On October 30, 2019, the duo announced their breakup via Instagram 

Band members
Warren Fischer – composer
Casey Spooner – songwriter, vocals
Sam Kearney – guitar
Peanuts, aka Jeremiah Clancy – attendant to Casey, actor
Adam Crystal - keyboards
Cindy Greene – vocals
Lizzy Yoder – vocals
Ian Pai – musical director, drums
Vanessa Walters – choreographer, dancer
Stephanie Dixon – dancer

Discography
Albums
Bootleg (self-titled, with PS1 Cover Artwork) (1998)
Fischerspooner (2000) – "For Those Who Know" release
#1 or Best Album Ever, originally titled Best Album Ever, "International DJ Gigolos" release in 2001, Ministry of Sound release in 2002, Capitol Records reissue with DVD in 2003 - UK #92
Odyssey (2005) US #172, UK #110
Entertainment (2009)
Sir (2018)

Singles
Music videos
"Emerge" – Original version (2001)
"Emerge" – Skin version (2003)
"The 15th" (2003)
"Sweetness" (2003)
"Just Let Go" (2005)
"Never Win" (2005)
"Never Win" – Mirwais version (2005)
"All We Are" (made for a Coca-Cola project by Rex & Tennant) (2006)
"Get Confused" (2008)
"We Are Electric" (2009)
"The Best Revenge" (2011)
"Have Fun Tonight" (2017)
"Togetherness" (2017)
"TopBrazil" (2017)
Passage 10:
Rex (Live at the Fillmore)
Rex (Live at the Fillmore) is the thirteenth album by Keller Williams, recorded live on February 8, 2006 at the Fillmore Auditorium in Denver, Colorado The collaborative show features Williams, Keith Moseley (of The String Cheese Incident) and Jeff Austin (of Yonder Mountain String Band) performing bluegrass versions of Grateful Dead songs   The group performed under the name Grateful Grass The album is available only as a digital download only, and was released on April 30, 2008   Proceeds from the album go to the Rex Foundation 

Track listing
"One More Saturday Night" (Bob Weir)
"Mississippi Half Step Uptown Toodeloo" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter)
"Eyes Of The World" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Candyman" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Loose Lucy" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Black Peter" (Garcia, Hunter)
"St  Stephen" (Garcia, Phil Lesh, Hunter)
"Casey Jones" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Brown-Eyed Women" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Bird Song" (Garcia, Hunter)
"Scarlet Begonias" > "Fire On The Mountain" (Garcia, Hunter / Mickey Hart, Hunter)

Notes
Passage 11:
Chen Peisi
Chen Peisi (Chinese: 陈佩斯; born 1 February 1954) is a Chinese sketch comedian, film and stage actor, and voice actor   Chen's oft-time comedy partner is Zhu Shimao 

Name
Chen Peisi is the second son of famous stage and film actor Chen Qiang  Chen Qiang's first son (Chen Peisi's brother) was born in 1951 while he was overseas in the Hungarian capital Budapest performing The White-Haired Girl, so he named his first son Chen Buda (陈布达) after Buda, the western half of Budapest, as he loved the city during the visit   When the second son was born three years later, he named the son Peisi after Pest, the eastern half of Budapest, as the Standard Chinese phonetic translation of Budapest is "Bù Dá Peì Sī"   Chen Qiang's youngest child and daughter Chen Lida (陈丽达) was also named after a part of Budapest — the Margaret Island in the Danube between Buda and Pest 

Biography
Chen was born in Changchun, Jilin on 1 February 1954  In 1966, Chen studied at The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University  In 1969, during the Cultural Revolution, he worked in Inner Mongolia Production and Construction Corps  In 1973, Chen worked in August First Film Studio as an actor  In 1991, Chen set up a company named Hainan Comedy Film and Television Limited Company (海南喜剧影视有限公司), then renamed it Dadao Film and Television Limited Company (大道影业有限公司)  In 2000, Chen and his partner Zhu Shimao sued the China International Television Corporation over royalties from broadcasts which they won, but they were then taken off air by the parent company, China Central Television On October 26, 2020, he returned to the CCTV stage and served as the first instructor of the variety show "Gold Medal Comedy Class" after 20 years 

Filmography
Film
Television
Variety show
Passage 12:
Song Beneath the Song
"Song Beneath the Song", also known as Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the 144th episode overall  It was named after a song initially performed by American singer Maria Taylor  Written by series creator Shonda Rhimes and directed by Tony Phelan, it premiered on ABC in the United States on March 31, 2011  It is the series's first musical episode, and features the cast performing songs previously featured within the program  It is accompanied by a soundtrack album, titled Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event, also released on March 31, 2011 
The episode revolves around Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), just after they are involved in a vehicular collision  Various songs are performed by the cast members, as they attempt to save the life of Torres  Rhimes originally idealized the episode at the conception of the drama, while the show remained untitled  The episode opened to polarized reviews from television critics, and it was the second most-watched program of the night  "Song Beneath the Song" was ranked in several "best and worst" lists, and the soundtrack also charted on the Billboard 200 

Plot
En route to a weekend getaway, surgeons Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) are involved in a vehicular collision, moments after Robbins proposes marriage  Torres suffers severe injuries, which endanger both her life and the life of her unborn child  She and Robbins are taken to Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, the institute at which they both work  Their colleagues attempt to save Torres, while Robbins and Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), the father of Torres's baby, stand by  Torres's many injuries include neurological trauma  While barely conscious, she hallucinates an uninjured version of herself standing beside her  The hallucinatory Torres begins to sing, and is gradually joined by the doctors treating her  This singing continues throughout the episode, as Torres's projection of herself attempts to reach out to Robbins 
Torres goes into cardiac arrest and is taken into an operating room she is temporarily stabilized, pending further surgery  She is moved into intensive care, while neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) is flown in by helicopter in case the baby has to be delivered prematurely  Robbins and Sloan argue over Torres's treatment; Robbins believes that Torres would not risk endangering the baby, but Sloan argues for saving Torres at all costs  The attending surgeons devise a treatment plan, led by trauma surgeon Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd)  As they do so, Torres dreams about the moments preceding the accident  Her dream self sings to Robbins, interspersed with shots of the hospital staff singing and dancing with their own partners  Dr  Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) suggests treating Torres with a high-risk but potentially effective cardiothoracic procedure she learned from her old mentor, Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington)  Her current mentor, Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), refuses to perform it, but when Torres's condition deteriorates and she is rushed back into surgery, Hunt agrees that Yang should attempt the procedure 
When Torres again goes into cardiac arrest, Montgomery delivers her daughter at twenty-three week's gestation  The baby is initially unable to breathe, so with Sloan's support, Robbins steps in and is able to revive her  Across the operating room, Torres's condition begins to improve  Once the surgery is complete, the doctors deal with their own affairs; Sloan's former partner Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) commits to her new relationship with resident Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams); Lexie's sister, Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) confesses that she was jealous of Torres's pregnancy, which prompts her husband Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) to promise that they will have a child together; Altman tells Yang that she can no longer teach her; Sloan and Robbins bond over their shared parenthood  Later, as Robbins keeps a vigil by Torres's bedside, the hallucinatory Torres is able to rouse her recovering self  As she regains consciousness, Torres accepts Robbins's proposal 

Production
Conception
Since Grey's Anatomy began, series creator Shonda Rhimes had planned to produce a musical episode  She first discussed the idea during filming of the pilot episode, when the program was as yet untitled  Rhimes felt that seasons 6 and 7 were the right time for the crew to "try anything and everything [they had] always wanted to do," and explained that she "finally [had] the right idea and the right talent to make [a musical episode] happen " Filming began 7-and-a-half years after Rhimes initially raised the idea  The episode was shot in approximately 2 weeks  Though cast member Dempsey jokingly referred to the episode as Glee M D , Rhimes intended for it to differ from other musical television episodes  She called it the opposite of "Once More, with Feeling," the "all-out, show-stopping," musical episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, as she aimed to "do something that was musical without being a musical "Rhimes said she had difficulty getting the network's permission  She added: "I begged the studio people  I begged the network people  I took these people to dinner and begged  I jumped out at these people in bathrooms and begged  And they all smiled politely but what they were clearly really thinking was, 'This woman is an idiot '"Rhimes also told about delays in producing this episode: 

Explaining what the heck took us so long is too complicated to go into here  There are a lot of reasons – I was busy telling other awesome stories at Seattle Grace, [   ] I was raising my tiny human, my musical talent involves oboe-playing and nothing else, the network thought it was the dumbest idea they’d ever heard of and refused to do it  
The script was written by Rhimes in November 2010  She centered the episode around Ramirez's character, Callie, and stated that the storyline would have developed regardless of whether it involved musical performances  Sara Ramirez used the opportunity to launch their career as a singer-songwriter; an alternate version of "The Story" is included on their debut EP, released four days prior to the episode's premiere  In this episode, Mark and Arizona improve their relationship  Capshaw said, "The traumatic circumstance leads to them having a greater understanding of each other and then appreciation, and then need for each other and desire to be in each other’s lives  They come to care, I think, for one another "

Musical performances
Rhimes, executive producer Betsy Beers and director Tony Phelan selected songs that had become well-known by their use in Grey's Anatomy, and chose "the most iconic ones, the ones that best suited [their] singers, and the ones that made the most sense " The multiple cover versions include the program's theme tune, "Cosy in the Rocket" by Psapp  The primary vocalists are cast members Ramirez, McKidd, Leigh and Chandra Wilson  The soundtrack also includes "How to Save a Life" by The Fray and "Running on Sunshine" by Jesus Jackson, performed as ensemble pieces by Ramirez, McKidd, Leigh, Daniel Sunjata, Scott Foley, Ellen Pompeo, Justin Chambers, Raver, Dane, and Capshaw  Ramirez, McKidd and Wilson also perform together on Snow Patrol's "Chasing Cars " Ramirez is the lead vocalist on "The Story" by Brandi Carlile, and "Grace" by Kate Havnevik, which also features the other female cast members, including Leigh and Sarah Drew on the chorus  Capshaw duets with Ramirez on KT Tunstall's "Universe & U " Wilson is the lead vocalist on "Wait" by Get Set Go, McKidd on "How We Operate" by Gomez, and Leigh on Anna Nalick's "Breathe (2 AM) "

Leigh said that some actors were not "excited" about singing but still could participate in the episode  "There were certain ways in which the scenes were written, even if there was a song in there, that perhaps a line was spoken instead of sung," she said A vocal coach was enlisted to help the cast  Music director Chris Horvath was recruited to arrange the selected songs for the cast  The arrangements took around two months, with vocals recorded over four days in February 2011  Horvath praised the cast's response to the episode, noting that only four performers had "serious vocal talent," while some had "barely sung in the shower" before  Those with professional singing experience include Ramirez, who won a Tony Award for their role in the musical Spamalot, and Wilson, who appeared in the Broadway production of Caroline, or Change  Cast members' reactions toward the episode varied  Pompeo initially deemed the idea "crazy," but changed her mind following the first read-through  Recurring cast member Sunjata stated that singing was "a bit out of [his] comfort zone," but found it an "interesting challenge," and McKidd deemed it "very exciting to do something that's completely out on a limb for the show "

Reception
Pre-broadcast commentary
Critical response prior to broadcast was mixed  TVLine's Michael Ausiello assessed that the episode would "either be a show-stopping triumph or a spectacular failure," with no possible middle ground  William Keck of TV Guide initially had "serious doubts," which were allayed by a visit to the set, during which he listened to the soundtrack  Keck likened it to the "much-beloved early seasons of Grey's, when music played a vital role on the show " Entertainment Weekly's Dan Snierson predicted heavy use of Auto Tune, though fellow EW writer Jennifer Armstrong was optimistic that the episode would be a success, commenting: "I have faith  I like musicals, I like Grey's  I'm rooting for this to work "

Ratings
During its original broadcast, "Song Beneath the Song" was watched by an average of 13 09 million American viewers  It attained a 4 9/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, making it the second highest-rated program of the night, behind only American Idol on the Fox network  The rating was the second-highest of the seventh season until that point, and a 30% increase from the previous episode, "This is How We Do It," which was watched by 2 4 million fewer viewers In Canada, where the episode also aired on March 31, 2011, it was watched by 3 18 million viewers  Viewership again increased on "This is How We Do It," which attained 2 63 million viewers  However, while the preceding episode was the most-viewed scripted show for the week of its original broadcast, "Song Beneath the Song" ranked second, behind The Big Bang Theory 

Post-broadcast commentary
Following the first minutes of the drama, reactions on Twitter were polarized  Nicole Golden from TV Fanatic gave the episode 4 5 stars out of 5 0  She found that "overall, the concept worked since music really has always played a big part in the show  Some songs were more appropriate and/or better performed than others, though " She also wrote the concept worked in part because it was new but noted "the format would probably not have the same effect if used in future episodes " Even though Boston Herald's critic Mark Perigard was not a fan of the concept, saying "the Grey's Anatomy event proved how tricky it is for an established show, especially a drama, to pull off a musical episode," he did like several actors' performances  He wrote: "Chandra Wilson and Chyler Leigh (whom I never have anything good to say about) delivered some impressive vocal work  Eric Dane did some of his best acting of his career last night as an anxious father-to-be terrified he would lose his best friend " Lyneka Little of The Wall Street Journal wrote, "If Glee and ER had a baby it would be tonight’s episode of the medical drama Grey’s Anatomy titled 'Song Beneath the Song' " In his review of the episode Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote "Like Grey's Anatomy as a whole, some parts were unintentionally silly, others were surprisingly powerful, and it was rarely dull, at least "Patrick Dempsey admitted that the musical episode might not have been showrunner Shonda Rhimes's best idea  He explained: "It's very difficult to keep it fresh when you're doing 24 episodes a year  Shonda Rhimes has a lot of ideas, and she is in a position where she can take more chances  Sometimes that works, sometimes it does not  Last year we had the singing episode, which I think was a big mistake  But you have to try "

Accolades
In 2011, the episode was ranked #19 on the TV Guide Network special, 25 Biggest TV Blunders 2  It was included in TV Guide's list "The Worst Of 2011" saying, "Sara Ramirez has powerhouse pipes, but what this episode desperately needed was a better playlist " BuddyTV, however, ranked it #43 on its list of 2011's 50 Best TV Episodes and it also appeared on Digital Spy's shortlist of "TV's Best Musical Episodes " Supervising Music Editor Jennifer Barak and Music Editors Carli Barber and Jessica Harrison were nominated in the Best Sound Editing: Short Form Musical in Television category at the 2012 Golden Reel Awards for their work on the episode 

Soundtrack
Track listing
Chart history
Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event debuted at #24 on the Billboard 200, with 19,000 copies sold  It reached #2 on the U S  Soundtracks chart, and was #5 on the Independent Album chart  "The Story" entered the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at #69, and the Canadian Hot 100 at #72 
Passage 13:
Beckmann rearrangement
The Beckmann rearrangement, named after the German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann (1853–1923), is a rearrangement of an oxime functional group to substituted amides  The rearrangement has also been successfully performed on haloimines and nitrones  Cyclic oximes and haloimines yield lactams 
The Beckmann rearrangement is often catalyzed by acid; however, other reagents have been known to promote the rearrangement  These include tosyl chloride, thionyl chloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus pentoxide, triethylamine, sodium hydroxide, trimethylsilyl iodide among others  The Beckmann fragmentation is another reaction that often competes with the rearrangement, though careful selection of promoting reagent and solvent conditions can favor the formation of one over the other, sometimes giving almost exclusively one product  The rearrangement occurs stereospecifically for ketoximes and N-chloro/N-fluoro imines, with the migrating group being anti-periplanar to the leaving group on the nitrogen  Certain conditions have been known to racemize the oxime geometry, leading to the formation of both regioisomers  The rearrangement of aldoximes occurs with stereospecificity in the gas phase and without stereospecificity in the solution phase  A few methodologies allow for the rearrangement of aldoximes to primary amides, but fragmentation commonly competes in these systems  Nitrone rearrangement also occurs without stereospecificity; the regioisomer formed has the amide nitrogen substituted with the group possessing the greatest migratory aptitude 

The archetypal Beckmann rearrangement is the conversion of cyclohexanone to caprolactam via the oxime  Caprolactam is the feedstock in the production of Nylon 6 The Beckmann solution consists of acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and acetic anhydride, and was widely used to catalyze the rearrangement   Other acids, such as sulfuric acid, polyphosphoric acid, and hydrogen fluoride have all been used  Sulfuric acid is the most commonly used acid for commercial lactam production due to its formation of an ammonium sulfate by-product when neutralized with ammonia  Ammonium sulfate is a common agricultural fertilizer providing nitrogen and sulfur 

Reaction mechanism
The most common reaction mechanism of the Beckmann rearrangement consists generally of an alkyl migration anti-periplanar to the expulsion of a leaving group to form a nitrilium ion  This is followed by solvolysis to an imidate and then tautomerization to the amide:
This nitrilium ion has been known to be intercepted by other nucleophiles, including the leaving group from the oxime 

Presumably after the phenyl group migrates and expels the cyanate, the latter then attacks the nitrilium ion formed  In carbon tetrachloride the isocyanate can be isolated, whereas in ethanol, the urethane is formed after solvolysis of the isocyanate 
One computational study has established the mechanism accounting for solvent molecules and substituents  The rearrangement of acetone oxime in the Beckmann solution involved three acetic acid molecules and one proton (present as an oxonium ion)  In the transition state leading to the iminium ion (σ-complex), the methyl group migrates to the nitrogen atom in a concerted reaction as the hydroxyl group is expelled  The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is stabilized by three acetic acid molecules  In the next step the electrophilic carbon atom in the nitrilium ion is attacked by water and a proton is donated back to acetic acid  In the transition state leading to the imidate, the water oxygen atom is coordinated to 4 other atoms  In the third step, an isomerization step protonates the nitrogen atom leading to the amide 

The same computation with a hydroxonium ion and 6 molecules of water has the same result, but when the migrating substituent is a phenyl group, the mechanism favors the formation of an intermediate three-membered π-complex  This π-complex is not found in the H3O+(H2O)6 

With the cyclohexanone-oxime, the relief of ring strain results in a third reaction mechanism, leading directly to the protonated caprolactam in a single concerted step without the intermediate formation of a π-complex or σ-complex 

Cyanuric chloride assisted Beckmann reaction
Beckmann rearrangement can be rendered catalytic using cyanuric chloride and zinc chloride as a co-catalyst  For example, cyclododecanone can be converted to the corresponding lactam, the monomer used in the production of Nylon 12 

The reaction mechanism for this reaction is based on a catalytic cycle with cyanuric chloride activating the hydroxyl group via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution  The reaction product is dislodged and replaced by new reactant via an intermediate Meisenheimer complex 

Beckmann fragmentation
The Beckmann fragmentation is a reaction that frequently competes with the Beckmann rearrangement  When the group α to the oxime is capable of stabilizing carbocation formation, the fragmentation becomes a viable reaction pathway  The reaction generates a nitrile and a carbocation, which is quickly intercepted to form a variety of products  The nitrile can also be hydrolyzed under reaction conditions to give carboxylic acids  Different reaction conditions can favor the fragmentation over the rearrangement 

Quaternary carbon centers promote fragmentation by stabilizing carbocation formation through hyperconjugation  As shown in the above picture, the "stable" carbocation is formed, which then loses a hydrogen to give a site of unsaturation  Oxygen and nitrogen atoms also promote fragmentation through the formation of ketones and imines respectively 
Sulfur is also capable of promoting fragmentation, albeit at a longer range than oxygen or nitrogen 

Silicon is capable of directing the fragmentation through the beta-silicon effect 
The carbocation intermediate in this reaction is intercepted by nucleophilic fluoride from diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST):

Semmler–Wolff reaction
The oxime of cyclohexenone with acid forms aniline in a dehydration – aromatization reaction called the Semmler–Wolff reaction or Wolff aromatization 
The mechanism can be shown as below:

The reaction is intrinsically a special case of Beckmann rearrangement combined with neighbouring group participation 

Applications in drug synthesis
An industrial synthesis of paracetamol developed by Hoechst–Celanese involves the conversion of a methyl ketone to an acetanilide via a Beckmann rearrangement The thermal rearrangement that occurs in the synthesis of ketamine was claimed to be a Beckmann rearrangement according to: url 

See also
Curtius rearrangement
Dakin reaction
Schmidt reaction
Stieglitz rearrangement
Lossen rearrangement
Passage 14:
Heartbeat in the Brain
Heartbeat in the Brain is a 1970 documentary film produced and directed by Amanda Feilding, an advocate of trepanation  It was filmed by Joseph Mellen 

Summary
In the film, Feilding, a 27-year-old student at the time, drills a hole in her forehead with a dentist's drill  In the documentary, surgical scenes alternate with motion studies of Feilding's pet pigeon Birdie 

Release and rediscovery
In 1978, Feilding screened the movie at the Suydam Gallery in New York  More than one audience member fainted during the climax The 1998 documentary A Hole in the Head contains footage from Heartbeat in the Brain The documentary, long believed to be lost, was publicly screened at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London on 28 April 2011 
Passage 15:
Eye of the Tiger
"Eye of the Tiger" is a song by American rock band Survivor  It was released as a single from their third album of the same name and was also the theme song for the 1982 film Rocky III, which was released a day before the single  The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik, and it was recorded at the request of Rocky III star, writer, and director Sylvester Stallone, after Queen denied him permission to use "Another One Bites the Dust", the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme  The version of the song that appears in the film is the demo version of the song  The film version also contained tiger growls, which did not appear on the album version  It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals  The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name  "Eye of the Tiger" is written in the key of C minor It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982  In the United States, it held No  1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks (the band's only song to top the chart) and was the No  2 single of 1982, behind Olivia Newton-John's "Physical"  It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten, the second-longest run of 1982, behind "Hurts So Good" by John Mellencamp (which was prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by "Eye of the Tiger")  This top ten run is tied with the aforementioned "Another One Bites the Dust" as well as "Physical" as the longest run in the top ten for a number one song during the entire 1980s decade  The band won an award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards  In September 1982, it also peaked at No  1 in the United Kingdom, remaining at the top of the UK Singles Chart for four consecutive weeks  The single sold 956,000 copies in United Kingdom in 1982 It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA, signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies  The song had sold over 4 1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015  It was voted VH1's 63rd-greatest hard rock song 

Background
In an interview with Songfacts, co-writer Jim Peterik, who shared writing credit with Frankie Sullivan, explained the song's title 

At first, we wondered if calling it "Eye of the Tiger" was too obvious  The initial draft of the song, we started with "It's the eye of the tiger, it's the thrill of the fight, rising up to the spirit of our rival, and the last known survivor stalks his prey in the night, and it all comes down to survival " We were going to call the song "Survival"  In the rhyme scheme, you can tell we had set up "rival" to rhyme with "survival"  At the end of the day, we said, "Are we nuts?" That hook is so strong, and "rival" doesn't have to be a perfect rhyme with the word "tiger"  We made the right choice and went with "Eye of the Tiger" 

Accolades
The song was nominated for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Original Song (the only Oscar nomination for Rocky III), but it lost to "Up Where We Belong" from An Officer and a Gentleman The band won an award for "Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards  The song was also nominated for the 1983 Grammy Award for Song of the Year, but lost to the Willie Nelson hit "Always on My Mind" 

Lawsuits
Newt Gingrich campaign
In 2012, Survivor sued Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich in Illinois federal court for using "Eye of the Tiger" without authorization as entrance music at his political rallies going back as far as 2009  The suit was later settled out of court 

Mitt Romney campaign
The same year Sullivan also demanded that Mitt Romney, also a Republican candidate for president, should stop using "Eye of the Tiger" at his campaign rallies  Romney agreed to drop the song from the campaign's playlists 

Mike Huckabee's campaign
Frankie Sullivan's company Rude Music filed a lawsuit in federal court in Chicago, Illinois, on November 18, 2015, against the former Governor of Arkansas and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee's campaign organization for using "Eye of the Tiger" at a political rally without permission  The rally took place on September 8, 2015, when Kim Davis, a Kentucky county clerk, was released from jail after spending five days there for refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples in Kentucky  In June 2016 it was reported by CNN that Huckabee had agreed, in a confidential, out-of-court settlement with Sullivan's Rude Music, to pay $25,000 in compensation 

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the album Eye of the Tiger 
Dave Bickler – lead vocals
Frankie Sullivan – lead and rhythm guitars
Jim Peterik – grand piano, electric guitar
Stephan Ellis – bass
Marc Droubay – drums

Charts
Weekly charts
Certifications
See also



ground_truth: Natalie Albino

Nina Sky

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who played the girlfriend of Chance's voice actor in Homeward Bound in Back to the Future?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey  is a 1993 American adventure comedy film and a remake of the 1963 film The Incredible Journey, which was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Sheila Burnford  Directed by Duwayne Dunham, it was released on February 3, 1993  It grossed $57 million worldwide and was followed in 1996 by the sequel Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco  This film is dedicated to producer Franklin R  Levy, who died during production of the film 

Plot
Chance, a selfish and free-spirited American Bulldog and the narrator of the film, explains that he is the pet of Jamie Burnford, but expresses no interest in his owner or being part of a family  He shares his home with Shadow, a wise old Golden Retriever owned by Jamie's brother Peter, and Sassy, a pampered Himalayan cat owned by Peter and Jamie's sister Hope  That morning, the children's mother, Laura Burnford, marries Bob Seaver, and Chance causes trouble by devouring the wedding cake in front of all the guests 
Shortly after the wedding, the family has to temporarily move to San Francisco because Bob must relocate there for his job  They leave the pets at a ranch belonging to Kate, Laura's college friend  Shadow and Sassy miss their owners immediately, but Chance sees it as an opportunity to relax and be free  Later in the week, Kate goes on a cattle drive, leaving the animals to be looked after by her neighbor Frank  However, half of her message to him is lost, leading him to believe that she has taken them along, leaving the animals alone  Unsure about the disappearance of their host, the animals fear they have been abandoned  Shadow, refusing to believe that his boy would leave him, decides to make his way home  Not wanting to be left alone on the ranch, Chance and Sassy decide to accompany Shadow on his journey 
They head into the rocky, mountainous wilderness of the Sierra Nevada with Shadow leading  After a night spent in fear of the woodland noises, the group stops to catch breakfast at a river  However, two black bear cubs interrupt Chance and a large brown bear causes the group to retreat  At another river, Sassy refuses to swim across to follow the dogs and instead tries to cross via a wooden path further downstream; halfway across, the wood breaks and she falls into the river  Shadow tries to save her, but she goes over a waterfall to her apparent death  Guilt-ridden, Shadow and Chance go on without her  Unknown to them, Sassy survives and is later found on the riverbank by an old man named Quentin, who nurses her back to health 
Over the next two days, Shadow and Chance try unsuccessfully to catch food and encounter a mountain lion, which chases them to the edge of a cliff  Shadow gets an idea to use rocks positioned like a seesaw as a way to outsmart the mountain lion  While Shadow acts as bait, Chance pounces onto the end of the rock and sends the mountain lion over the cliff and into a river  Sassy hears the dogs barking in celebration and follows the sound to rejoin them 
The animals continue on their way, but Chance begins pestering a porcupine, ending up with a load of quills in his muzzle  The animals then encounter a little girl named Molly, who is lost in the woods  Loyalty instinct takes over and they stand guard over her during the night  In the morning, Shadow finds a rescue party and leads them back to the girl  They recognize the animals from a missing pets flyer and take them to the local animal shelter, but Chance mistakes it for an animal pound and the trio panic  As the medical staff remove the quills from Chance's muzzle, Sassy sneaks in and frees Shadow  Together, they retrieve Chance and escape the shelter, unaware that their owners are on their way to get them 
Finally reaching their hometown, the animals cross through a train yard, where Shadow falls into a muddy pit and injures his leg  Despondent, he tells Chance and Sassy to go on without him, and when Chance argues passionately, tells the younger dog he's learned all he needs; "Now all you have to learn is how to say goodbye " Heartbroken, Chance insists he won't let him give up  Near dusk, Chance and Sassy finally make it home and are happily reunited with their owners  Shadow initially fails to appear, but eventually he limps into view and happily comes running home at the sight of Peter  Chance narrates how it was Shadow's belief that brought them home and how the years seemed to lift off of him, making him a puppy again as he reunited with his boy  The film ends with Chance musing about how he truly feels "home" with his family, before happily running into the house at the smell of food 

Cast
Reception
The film received positive reception  The film holds an 87% aggregate critic approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews, with the consensus stating "Disney's remake of The Incredible Journey successfully replicates, and in some ways improves upon, the simple charms of the original, with its cross-country animal odyssey sure to delight kids " According to movie critic Roger Ebert, the movie is "frankly designed for kids, and yet it has a certain craftsmanship and an undeniable charm, and if you find yourself watching it with a child you may end up liking it almost as much " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale The film grossed $41,833,324 in the United States and Canada and $15 5 million internationally for a worldwide total of $57 4 million 
Passage 2:
McGruff the Crime Dog
McGruff the Crime Dog is an anthropomorphic animated bloodhound created by Dancer Fitzgerald Sample advertising executive Jack Keil (who also voiced the character) through the Ad Council and later the National Crime Prevention Council to increase crime awareness and personal safety in the United States  McGruff costumes are used by police outreach efforts, often with children  McGruff was created in 1979 and debuted in 1980 with a series of public service announcements educating citizens on personal security measures, such as locking doors and putting lights on timers, in order to reduce crime  His name was selected as part of a nationwide contest in July 1980 
McGruff proved to be a successful campaign with over $100 million in free air time donated in the first year reaching over 50% of adults  McGruff campaigns continued over the years to cover topics such as child abduction, robbery, anti-drug messages, and anti-bullying campaigns  From 1982 to 2012, a number of municipalities participated in the McGruff house program which offered temporary haven to children fearing immediate harm  McGruff has continued to be well-recognized, with nine out of ten people recognizing him in a 2021 survey  This is thanks partly to recent campaigns against cyber-bullying, stopping online fakes, and elder-crime 

History
Crime as a public concern
The decades prior to McGruff's creation saw an increase in U S  public concern over crime  In the 1960s, a number of riots broke out across the U S  and numerous public figures were assassinated, including President Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr , and Malcolm X  Accepting the Republican nomination for president, Barry Goldwater positioned crime as one of the biggest issues facing the nation  While Goldwater lost to Lyndon Johnson, the issue of crime did not stop there  In July 1965, President Johnson formed the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice to "probe     fully and deeply into the problems of crime in our nation "After two years and $2 5 million, the Commission delivered its report, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, in February 1967 which influenced the Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968  The act gave $300 million to local police forces for more personnel and equipment  With the election of Richard Nixon in 1968, the attempts to control rising crime rates shifted from a social approach—the "War on Poverty"—to a tough on crime approach—the "War on Crime"  Despite Nixon's attempts (until his resignation in 1973), crime continued to rise from 363 5 crimes per 100,000 people in 1970 to 549 5 in 1979  The Carter administration took the focus away from crime and onto nuclear arms control and human rights  During Carter's presidency, crime continued to be a concern with the "kill for thrill murders" of 1979, when two men killed four people over eight days in Western Pennsylvania 

Creation
The Ad Council was first approached by the Department of Justice in 1977 to create a public campaign to engage the public in reducing crime  The FBI director recommended a campaign playing on fears to convince citizens to take personal safety steps, but the Ad Council rejected their proposal believing it would largely be ignored by an already frightened public  However, the Ad Council was still interested in a crime prevention campaign  Leo Perlis, a member of the Ad Council's Public Policy Committee, heard the proposal and liked the idea  He met with FBI Director Clarence M  Kelley, the head of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, and a board member of the National Sheriffs' Association to form a coalition to direct the ad campaign The Ad Council gave the creative responsibilities to Dancer Fitzgerald Sample who they had previously worked with on the Keep America Beautiful campaign  On February 8, 1979, the Ad Council's board of directors held a meeting where they and public officials met to listen to data Dancer Fitzgerald Sample had compiled  Dancer Fitzgerald Sample had conducted focus groups in a number of cities to determine public perceptions on crime  The focus groups found that the public believed police should be the ones to prevent crime, but that they were unwilling to pay more in taxes to support more officers  They recommended a campaign which would "emphasize that individual actions can reduce crime" and "offer easily accessible opportunities for people to participate "The task was given to Jack Keil, executive vice president and creative director of Dancer Fitzgerald Sample  Keil, thinking of Smokey Bear, came up with the idea of an animal mascot  After coming up with the slogan—"Take a bite out of crime"—he settled upon the idea of a dog  His first version was "a Snoopy look-alike wearing a Keystone Cop hat " His creative team however did not believe the dog would be taken seriously  In response, he gave the team a day to come up with a new version Five teams of two—a copywriter and an art director—produced proposals  They rejected proposals included a bulldog version of J  Edgar Hoover, a golden retriever, an "aggressive-looking deputy dog", and a "mongrel who became a wonder dog"  The proposal Keil selected, which would go on to become McGruff, was a talking dog in a trench coat produced by Sherry Nemmers and Ray Krivascy who "was tired   he had seen the world, and he had epitomized all the detectives we had seen from Raymond Chandler to Dashiell Hammett and even Columbo "While lauded by Keil, the U S  Department of Justice was less enthused by the idea of a talking dog as the spokesman for crime prevention  By 1979, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), created by President Johnson, was being criticized for its wastefulness prompting President Carter to shut down the program  The public safety outreach, part of the LEAA, was one of the few programs saved by Robert Diegelman who was tasked with dismantling the LEAA  Diegelman saw value in the public outreach effort and so sent monthly reports to his superiors in order to assuage their concerns  Despite this, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti criticised the effort saying: "Why has the LEAA gotten into a campaign that is spending good money on a talking dog?" Civiletti ordered the campaign be shut down, but the advertisements had already been distributed to the media and were set to run In November 1979, the dog was introduced at a press Conference in New York City with his slogan "Take a bite out of crime " Eight months later, in July 1980, a nationwide contest to name the dog was concluded  "McGruff the Crime Dog" was selected as the winner with "Shurlocked Homes" as the runner-up  The winning name was submitted by Officer John Isbell of the New Orleans Police Department 

Initial impact
McGruff was the first Ad Council campaign to be independently evaluated  Garrett O'Keefe of the University of Denver was given a grant of $900,000 by the Justice Department's National Institute of Justice in order to evaluate the campaign  O'Keefe found that "media response to the campaign was excellent  More than $100 million of [ad] time and space had been donated by mid-1981, making McGruff one of the most popular Ad Council campaigns " As a result of the advertisements, over 1 million free booklets had been distributed, and another 250,000 were purchased from the Government Printing Office  The Army printed 300,000 booklets for their own programs as well 
By the end of 1981, over 50% of Americans had seen at least one McGruff advertisement with one third reporting they had seen the advertisements more than ten times  The dominant medium of exposure was television advertisements, comprising 78% of views, followed by posters and billboards at 14%, and newspapers at 8%  While the demographics of exposure were notably diverse, there were some trends in who saw the ads more often than others  The ads were found to reach demographics prone to crime—men, youth, people with less stable residences, and those living in lower-working-class neighborhoods—slightly more often than those populations less prone to crime  Of those who had seen the advertisements, 88% were able to articulate what they were "trying to get across" with 28% pointing out the advertisements' goals of getting citizens to participate in crime prevention programs and reporting crime to the police 
O'Keefe also asked some questions related to public perception of McGruff  He found that only 3% disliked McGruff, most calling him "too cutesy", while 57% liked him for being "attention-getting, clever, different, or appealing to all ages " 36% of respondents were neutral to McGruff  8% said that they were annoyed by the commercials while 59% said that they were "pleased" by them In order to assess the impact of the McGruff advertisements, O'Keefe surveyed adults in 1979 and in 1981, a year before and a year after the premiere of the first McGruff advertisement  Of the forty personal security measures that McGruff advertisements recommended, only seven were explicitly mentioned in TV advertisements: locking doors, leaving outdoor lights on, putting indoor lights on timers, asking neighbors to watch your house, watching the neighborhood, reporting suspicious activity, and forming community groups to prevent crime  Of those seven, six saw a significant increase in usage by the public after seeing McGruff advertisements  The only activity not to see an increase was locking doors, despite the first McGruff spot specifically advocating this  O'Keefe hypothesizes that this is due to a plateau effect, as 75% of respondents in 1979 already reported locking their doors; the only personal security measure not mentioned in a television advertisement to see a significant increase was getting a dog 

Campaigns
McGruff debuted in 1980 with television, newspaper, billboard, and radio advertisements  The Ad Council and the National Crime Prevention Council still use McGruff in national campaigns to raise awareness about crime and crime prevention strategies  About 1500 law enforcement agencies use McGruff costumes as part of their outreach efforts in communities  McGruff advertisements feature a "fulfillment strategy", a means of contact for more information  Early advertisements contained PO boxes that could be written to for more information, but now contain phone numbers and websites McGruff was well received in the 1980s, and current campaigns are similarly recognizable  In a survey done by Harris Interactive for the National Crime Prevention Council, McGruff was known by 9 in 10 adults, teens, and children once being prompted; about 3 in 4 adults, 8 in 10 teens, and 8 in 10 children recognized McGruff without being prompted  Respondents were asked how likely they were to take McGruff's advice  Children were found to be very receptive, with 8 in 10 responding they were likely to take his advice  7 in 10 teens and 6 in 10 adults gave similar responses 

Initial campaign
The first McGruff campaign featured three television and radio advertisements as well as billboards and posters  The campaign focused on raising awareness of the ability for citizens to help prevent crime through personal security steps, community awareness, and reporting crimes in progress 
The first television advertisement, "Stop a Crime", debuted in February 1980  The full 60-second advertisement features McGruff (voiced by Jack Keil) entering an unlocked house and telling the viewer, "All crime needs is a chance  Don't give it a chance" before giving tips on preventive measures  These measures included locking doors, turning on exterior lights, securing windows, asking neighbors to watch the house during long absences, and putting lights on timers The advertisement was followed by two more which focused on community crime prevention tactics: "The Gilstraps" and "Mimi Marth"  In "The Gilstraps", McGruff is backgrounded by men loading furniture into a moving truck  McGruff points out that these are actually thieves stealing from the home of the titular Gilstraps  The camera cuts to the Gilstraps' neighbors who, knowing the Gilstraps are out of town, call the police In order to show the effectiveness of community watch, McGruff creator Sherry Nemmers selected actual Hartford resident Mimi Marth for the advertisement which now bears her name  "Mimi Marth" shows Marth and another watch member, Albert Bell, responding to crimes in progress by reporting them to police on their radios  McGruff tells the viewer that "There's 126 of them, regular people like you and me, working against crime "In addition to advertising and media campaigns, a costume was created for in-person appearances  Approximately 1,500 state and local law enforcement agencies use officers wearing a McGruff costume to educate children and others about crime prevention 

Addressing kidnapping, drugs, gun violence, and online fakes
The National Crime Prevention Council hired their first president and CEO, Jack Calhoun  Calhoun wanted to address the roots of crime saying, "At some point, I have to step out from my locked house and barred windows " Current plans are to introduce McGruff to a new generation and to have the Crime Dog become a watchdog to combat new criminal and 21st Century online crime  "A greater investment in community interventions will help take a bite out of violent crime," said Paul DelPonte, current head of the National Crime Prevention Council  "Strategies that increase public engagement in public safety are proven crime stoppers " DelPonte also has urged public health officials to use McGruff and crime prevention in health prevention programs 

NCPC and McGruff are currently working with the U S  Patent and Trademark Office to combat the sale of fake products online  The campaign, "You're Smart  Buy Smart ", premiered the first television ads  featuring McGruff in 3D animation in August 2022  The ads, filmed on the lot of Jim Henson Studios in Hollywood, are also in Spanish  Among the largest campaigns in the Crime Dog's lengthy career, it includes a partnership with NASCAR and featured a new car with driver Joey Gase In December 2021, the animated television show Family Guy featured McGruff and the National Crime Prevention Council on preventing kidnapping  The re-emergence of McGruff generated an outpouring of fan support In April 2022, the National Crime Prevention Council announced a partnership with McGruff the Crime Dog in creating Fentanyl Prevention Awareness Day scheduled for August 21, 2022  In October of the same year, the organization launched livesproject org, a digital remembrance quilt to honor victims and to raise awareness of the problem 

McGruff Houses and trucks
The McGruff House program was a program that designated temporary safe havens for children in emergency situations  The program was first created in Utah in 1982 in response to the abduction and murder of five children by Arthur Gary Bishop  Owners of houses and apartments, after clearing a background check, would display a sign in their window with the image of McGruff  Children would be educated at school and community events to go to these houses when they felt threatened or in need of help The program operated under the motto "we'll call for help" and emphasized its use as a temporary haven  Volunteers were trained to call the appropriate authorities in emergency situations and would provide emotional support to children in danger  The program made clear that volunteers were for emergency situations, and even in such situations, volunteers would not act as escorts or provide first aid "except in extreme emergency situations and then only if qualified "The first McGruff truck was established in Utah in 1986  A utility company asked that its trucks be designated as "rolling McGruff Houses" and were approved  The program was extended to other companies and municipalities, and in 2006 there were over 170 participants  In February 2012, the McGruff House program was ended after nearly 30 years  The program was ended because, with the advent and growing prominence of cell phones, the need for McGruff Houses declined combined with tightening budgets In 2018, the Martin Agency brought back McGruff as part of GEICO Insurance's 'count on GEICO' campaign  The TV spot has an animated McGruff attempting to share his investigation evidence with several human colleagues  They respond by not taking him seriously and treating him like an actual dog with 'baby talk', leading to McGruff's throwing his paperwork in the air and storming out of the scene 

In popular culture
Major League Baseball player Fred McGriff was given the name "Crime Dog" in reference to McGruff 
"The Springfield Connection", a sixth-season episode of The Simpsons, features a hand puppet named "McGriff the Crime Dog" briefly used by Marge 

The Dexter's Laboratory episode "G I R L  Squad" features a parody of McGruff named McBark the Crime Hound, depicted as a disinterested man wearing a dog mascot suit 
In "Christmas Crime", a twentieth-season episode of Family Guy, Brian states he was briefly McGruff's sidekick "Sergeant Bark"; a cutaway gag has him appearing in an edited remastered version of the 1984 "Don't Talk to Strangers" PSA 
McGruff makes a cameo appearance in the 2022 film Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers 
The album Never Breathe What You Can't See by Jello Biafra and Melvins features a song named after McGruff the Crime Dog which is critical of the United States Homeland Security 
In the Rooster Teeth original series, Death Battle, McGruff would face off against fellow PSA mascot Smokey Bear  He ultimately ended up losing the match 

See also
National Night Out
Smokey Bear
Passage 3:
List of Back to the Future characters
The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale 
The lead character of the series is Marty McFly  During the course of the trilogy, he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown  He also encounters the central antagonist, Biff Tannen, in several different time periods and visits his ancestors and descendants 

Main characters
Marty McFly
Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly  Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants  Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time 

Emmett "Doc" Brown
Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine  At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel 
In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No  20 

George McFly
George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X  Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine Baines McFly and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave  Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III 
In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying  The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself  In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school  He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection  In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious  As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight  In the new future, they are both married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around  In the dystopian timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973 
George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast  Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future  The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it  However, Glover did not appreciate this and sued  The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again 

Lorraine Baines-McFly
Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson, voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave  She is the oldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey 
In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy  After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985  In Part II, Lorraine is still happily married to George in 2015 but they are constantly disappointed in Marty for giving in to peer pressures that make his life difficult  In the alternate 1985 timeline, she is widowed and married to Biff Tannen 

Clara Clayton
Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is married to Doc Brown and is the mother of Jules and Verne Brown 
Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory  This later changed after Doc rescued her, with Mayor Herburt naming it Eastwood Ravine in honor of Marty's alias Clint Eastwood, remembered as a town hero who saved Clara, defeated Buford Tannen, and allegedly died trying to stop two bandits who hijacked a locomotive  The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley  She then became a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School 

Jennifer Parker
Jennifer Jane Parker (portrayed by Claudia Wells in the first film and voiced by her in Back to the Future: The Game, Elisabeth Shue in the second and third film, voiced by Cathy Cavadini in the animated series) is dating Marty McFly  In 2015 as seen in Back to the Future Part II, they are married 
In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty  In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor  She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage  In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr  (both played by Michael J  Fox) 
Melora Hardin was initially cast in the role, to appear alongside Eric Stoltz' Marty McFly  After Stoltz was fired from the production and Michael J  Fox was brought in, Claudia Wells was cast to portray the character, as Hardin was deemed too tall to appear next to the much shorter Fox  However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character  Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future 

Biff Tannen
Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson) is the main antagonist of the first two films, and a local bully who harassed George McFly and managed to alter history in the second film  He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family, including Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson, in Part III), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s 

McFly family
Dave McFly
David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985, before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985, he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm  In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff Tannen 

Linda McFly
Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job  In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys 

Seamus and Maggie McFly
Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly  In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie  While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do  They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather)  Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen  He also had a brother, Martin, who was fatally stabbed prior to the film's events 
Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her 

William McFly
William "Willie" McFly (voiced by Michael J  Fox in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of Seamus and Maggie McFly as well as Marty's great-grandfather  Baby Willie was played by Lindsay Clark  She left acting shortly after this role 

Arthur McFly and Sylvia Miskin
Arthur "Artie" McFly and Sylvia Miskin (stage name "Trixie Trotter") are Marty's paternal grandparents and George's parents introduced in Back to the Future: The Game and voiced by Michael X  Sommers and Melissa Hutchison respectively 

Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly
Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J  Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future son and daughter in 2015 in Part II 
Originally, 17-year-old Marty Jr  was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang  Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr  break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman's prison  Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening 

Baines family
Sam Baines
Sam Baines was the husband of Stella Baines and the father of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  He is the father-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandfather of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Stella Baines
Stella Baines (portrayed by Frances Lee McCain) was the wife of Sam Baines and the mother of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  She is the mother-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandmother of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Milton Baines
Milton Samuel Baines (portrayed by Jason Hervey) is the second child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Sally, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was 12 years old in 1955  In 1955, Milton liked to wear a coonskin cap, a fad inspired by the Davy Crockett film and television show, which Stella took off his head twice while Marty was eating dinner with the family, putting it back on both times 

Sally Baines
Sally Flora Baines (portrayed by Maia Brewton) was the third child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1949, she was present when Marty McFly in 1955 had dinner with her family, but did not speak 

Toby Baines
Toby Baines was the fourth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Milton, Sally, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was born in 1951  On November 5, 1955, he sat at the dinner table with his family and Marty McFly, whom his father had hit with the car earlier that day  He remained silent while the guest was present 

Joey Baines
Joey Baines was born on August 28, 1954, to Sam and Stella Baines, and was the fifth child in the Baines family  In the early 1970s, Joey was Marty McFly's favorite uncle  Joey would allow Marty to do dangerous things, but would always be there to make sure he was all right  He spent many years in Folsom Prison  On October 25, 1985, he failed to earn his release on parole for at least the second time 
By the 21st century, USA Today ran an article on Joey Baines in their October 22, 2015 issue, titled Parole denied again, which mentioned that this was Joey's twelfth consecutive parole hearing to end in denial  He was serving a twenty-year term at Folsom for racketeering and had spent two-thirds of his life behind bars 

Ellen Baines
Ellen Baines was the sixth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Sally Toby, and Joey Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1956 (a few months after Marty's trip to 1955), she moved to Chicago at some point prior to 1986 

Brown family
Jules and Verne Brown
Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Dannel Evans in Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne 
The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series  Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted  Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage 
In the Back to the Future game when asked about his family, Doc reveals that his sons are now teenagers and their parents are discussing what time period they should attend college at 

Copernicus
Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955  Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments  When Copernicus died, he was eventually replaced by Einstein 

Einstein
Einstein (portrayed by Tiger and stuntman Dick Butler in the first film and Freddie in the other two, voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog  He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog 
In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future  In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future 

Tannen family
Irving "Kid" Tannen
Kid Tannen (voiced by Owen Thomas) is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future: The Game  Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley  He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting  Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly  He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help 

Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen
Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in Back to the Future Part III, Liam O'Brien in Lego Dimensions) is the main antagonist of the third film  He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley  He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises  Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable  He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does  He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies  Like his descendant Biff, he has a dislike for manure 

Griff Tannen
Griff Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff  He is part of a gang that also consists of Rafe "Data" Unger, Leslie "Spike" O'Malley and Chester "Whitey" Noguera  Unlike his grandfather and great-great-great-grandfather whose gangs only consisted of Caucasian males, his accomplices are one Caucasian male (Data), one Caucasian female (Spike), and one Asian-American male (Whitey) 
In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family 
Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movie, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney, but in the animated series, Ziff says that both he and Griff are Tannens 

Biff Tannen Jr 
In the animated series, Biff Jr  (voiced by Benji Gregory) is the son of Biff Tannen  Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud  In addition, Biff Jr  delights in vandalizing other people's properties  Biff Jr  lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship 

Strickland family
Gerald Strickland
Gerald Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School  He is a descendant of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885  He frequently makes a great noisy show of sternly reprimanding his students for faults such as "slacking" or liquor consumption, although he himself is revealed to sneak a drink of alcohol at his desk at school 
There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal 

James Strickland
James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and an ancestor of Mr  Strickland  He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley) 
In a deleted scene not included in the final cut, and in the movie's novelization, Strickland is killed by Buford Tannen  In the theatrical release Strickland simply remains absent for the latter half 
In the Back to the Future game, Edna Strickland in 1986 notes that James was shot and killed by Buford  Marty remarks that's a detail he doesn't remember, possibly a reference to the differences between the film and the movie novelization 

Edna Strickland
Edna Strickland (voiced by Rebcca Sweitzer) is introduced in Back to the Future: The Game where she is the sister of Gerald Strickland  She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness  After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna married Kid Tannen and became the stepmother of Biff Tannen 

Other characters
Marvin Berry
Marvin Berry (portrayed by Harry Waters Jr ) is an African-American jazz musician and electric guitar player whose band was hired in Back to the Future Part I to perform at the "Enchantment Under The Sea" dance  He is also the cousin of then-rising musician Chuck Berry  After injuring his hand while helping Marty McFly out of a car's trunk, Marty takes his place as guitarist in the evening's most important dance  When Marty subsequently performs Johnny B  Goode to the audience's excitement, Marvin immediately calls Chuck to introduce him to the new music style, thereby humorously implying that Chuck stole the song to further his musical career  This creates a time paradox, since Marty was playing a song made famous by Chuck Berry, before Berry wrote it, so the song either has no actual creator or Berry was essentially stealing a song from his alternate timeline self  Another theory was that Chuck was going to write it anyway, but after hearing it maybe wrote it faster 

Otis "Old Man" Peabody
Otis Peabody (portrayed by Will Hare) is the patriarch of a 1950s farmer family in Back to the Future Part I  For some obscure reason, he decided to plant pines on his land; while his plan ultimately came to no fruition, the area was decades later converted into a shopping mall named "Twin Pines Mall" as a testimony to his efforts  The town sees Peabody odd including Doc Brown, who himself has a similar reputation  When Marty McFly makes his involuntary time trip back to 1955, he ends up crashing into Peabody's shed with the DeLorean and then flattening one of his two growing pine saplings while escaping  The farmer's family believes that the time-traveling car and its driver in an NBC suit are extraterrestrial  As results, according to a headline of the newspaper Hill Valley Telegraph with Peabody being photographed in a straitjacket, he is committed to a county asylum after claiming "'space zombie' wrecked his barn," and after Marty returns to 1985, the mall is found having been (re)named "Lone Pine Mall" 

Douglas J  Needles
Douglas J  Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is the rival of Marty McFly in Hill Valley High School  Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang and develops a rivalry with Marty (although he doesn't outright bully him like Biff did to George and has no relation to the Tannens)  He often goads Marty into doing reckless things, leveraging on Marty's fear of being labeled as a "chicken" 

Goldie Wilson
Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in the first film) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s  By 1985, he creates a controversy when he plans to replace the damaged clock from the Hill Valley Courthouse's clock tower, which continues in 2015 after he left the office  A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth 
He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) who works as a car salesman in Back to the Future: Part II 

Match, Skinhead and 3-D
"Match" O'Malley (portrayed by Billy Zane), Joey "Skinhead" Unger (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and "3-D" Noguera (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955  Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits  Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance 
In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards  Each get their nickname from a distinctive character trait  Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s) 

Spike, Data and Whitey
Leslie "Spike" O'Malley (portrayed by Darlene Vogel), Rafe "Data" Unger (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan) and Chester "Whitey" Noguera (portrayed by Jason Scott Lee) they are high school kids who make up Griff Tannen's gang in 2015  Each one of them is also the grandchild of Biff Tannen's original gang  Spike is Match's granddaughter, Data is Skinhead's grandson, and Whitey is 3-D's grandson 
Passage 4:
Back to the Future Part II
Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis from a screenplay by Bob Gale; both wrote the story  It is the sequel to the 1985 film Back to the Future and the second installment in the Back to the Future franchise  The film stars Michael J  Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Lea Thompson, and Thomas F  Wilson with Elisabeth Shue (replacing Claudia Wells), and Jeffrey Weissman (replacing Crispin Glover) in supporting roles  It follows Marty McFly (Fox) and his friend Dr  Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd) as they travel from 1985 to 2015 to prevent Marty's son from sabotaging the McFly family's future  When their arch-nemesis Biff Tannen (Wilson) steals Doc's DeLorean time machine and uses it to alter history for his benefit, the duo must return to 1955 to restore the timeline 
The film was produced on a $40 million budget and was filmed back to back with its sequel Part III  Filming began in February 1989, after two years were spent building the sets and writing the scripts  Back to the Future Part II was also a ground-breaking project for visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic (ILM)  In addition to digital compositing, ILM used the VistaGlide motion control camera system, which allowed an actor to portray multiple characters simultaneously on-screen without sacrificing camera movement 
Back to the Future Part II was released by Universal Pictures on November 22, 1989  Though the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, it was deemed inferior to its predecessor  The film grossed over $332 million worldwide in its initial run, making it the third-highest-grossing film of 1989 

Plot
On October 26, 1985, Dr  Emmett "Doc" Brown arrives unexpectedly in the DeLorean time machine  He persuades Marty McFly and his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, to travel to the future with him and help their future children, with Biff Tannen witnessing their departure  They arrive on October 21, 2015, where Doc incapacitates Jennifer electronically leaving her asleep in an alley, explaining that she should not have too much knowledge of future events  He has Marty pose as his son and lookalike Marty Jr  to refuse an offer to participate in a robbery with Biff's grandson Griff, thus saving Marty Jr  from prison 
Marty switches places with Marty Jr  and refuses Griff's offer, but Griff goads Marty into a fight, and a subsequent hoverboard chase ensues  Griff and his gang are arrested, saving Marty's future children  Before rejoining Doc, Marty purchases an almanac containing the results of major sporting events from 1950 to 2000  Doc discovers it and warns Marty about profiting from time travel  Before Doc can adequately dispose of it, they are interrupted by the police, who have found Jennifer incapacitated and are taking her to her 2015 home  They pursue, as does the elderly Biff, who has overheard their conversation and retrieved the discarded almanac 
Jennifer wakes up in her 2015 home and hides from the McFly family  She overhears that her future self's life with Marty is not what she expected, due to his involvement in an automobile accident  She witnesses Marty being goaded by his co-worker, Douglas Needles, into a shady business deal, resulting in Marty's firing  Jennifer tries to escape the house but faints after encountering her 2015 self  While Marty and Doc attend to her, Biff steals the time machine to give the almanac to his younger self, then returns to 2015  Marty, Doc, and an unconscious Jennifer return to 1985, unaware of Biff's actions  They leave Jennifer on her front porch 
The 1985 they return to has changed dramatically, with Biff now one of the country's wealthiest and most corrupt men  He has turned Hill Valley into a chaotic dystopia, secretly killed Marty's father, George, in 1973, and forced Marty's mother, Lorraine, to marry him  Doc has been committed to a mental hospital  Doc deduces that old Biff took the time machine to give his younger self the almanac, and Marty learns from the alternate 1985 Biff that he received it on November 12, 1955  Biff tries to kill Marty, but Marty flees and travels to 1955 with Doc 
Marty secretly follows the 1955 Biff and watches him receive the almanac from his 2015 self  Marty then follows him to the high school dance, carefully avoiding interrupting the events from his previous visit  After several fruitless attempts, Marty finally gets the almanac, leaving Biff to crash into a manure truck 
Marty burns the almanac, nullifying the changes to the timeline that it had caused, as Doc hovers above in the time machine  Before Marty can join him, the DeLorean is struck by lightning and disappears  A Western Union courier arrives immediately after and delivers a letter to Marty; it is from Doc, who tells him that the lightning strike transported him 70 years in the past to 1885  Marty races back into town to find the 1955 Doc, who had just helped Marty to return to 1985  Shocked by Marty's sudden reappearance, Doc faints 

Cast
Development
Director Robert Zemeckis said that initially, a sequel was not planned for the first film, but its huge box office success led to the conception of a second installment  He later agreed to do a sequel, but only if Michael J  Fox and Christopher Lloyd returned as well  With Fox and Lloyd confirmed, Zemeckis met with screenwriting partner Bob Gale to create a story for the sequel  Zemeckis and Gale would later regret that they ended the first one with Jennifer in the car with Marty and Doc Brown, because it required them to come up with a story that would fit her in, rather than a whole new adventure Gale wrote most of the first draft by himself as Zemeckis was busy making Who Framed Roger Rabbit  At first, the film's third act was to take place in 1967 where Lorraine was a flower child protesting the war and George was a college professor at Berkeley, but Zemeckis later stated that the time paradoxes of it provided a good opportunity to go back to 1955 and see the first film's events in a different light  While most of the original cast agreed to return, a major stumbling block arose when negotiating Crispin Glover's fee for reprising the role of George McFly  When it became clear that he would not return, the role was rewritten so that George is dead when the action takes place in the alternative version of 1985 The greatest challenge was the creation of the futuristic vision of Marty's hometown in 2015  Production designer Rick Carter wanted to create a very detailed image with a different tone from the film Blade Runner, wishing to get past the smoke and chrome  Carter and his crew spent months plotting, planning, and preparing Hill Valley's transformation into a city of the future  Visual effects art director John Bell said that they had no script to work with, only the indications that the setting would be 30 years into the future featuring "something called hoverboards" When writing the script for Part II, Gale wanted to push the first film's ideas further for humorous effect  Zemeckis said he was somewhat concerned about portraying the future because of the risk of making wildly inaccurate predictions  According to Gale, they tried to make the future a nice place, "where what's wrong is due to who lives in the future as opposed to the technology" in contrast to the pessimistic, Orwellian future seen in most science fiction  To keep production costs low and take advantage of an extended break Fox had from Family Ties (which was ending its run when filming began), it was shot back-to-back with sequel Part III 

Production
Two years were needed to finish building the sets and writing the scripts before shooting could begin  During filming the creation of the appearance of the aged characters was a well-guarded secret, involving state-of-the-art make-up techniques  Fox described the process as very time-consuming, saying that "it took over four hours, although it could be worse"  Principal photography began on February 20, 1989  For a three-week period near the end of the filming, the crew split and, while most remained dedicated to shooting Part III, a few, including Gale, focused on finishing its predecessor  Zemeckis himself slept only a few hours per day, supervising both films, having to fly between Burbank, where it was being finished and other locations in California for Part III The film was considered one of the most ground-breaking projects for Industrial Light & Magic  It was one of the effects house's first forays into digital compositing, as well as the VistaGlide motion control camera system, which enabled them to shoot one of its most complex sequences, in which Fox played three separate characters (Marty Sr , Marty Jr , and Marlene), all of whom interacted with each other  Although such scenes were not new, the VistaGlide allowed, for the first time, a completely dynamic scene in which camera movement could finally be incorporated  The technique was also used in scenes where Fox, Thomas F  Wilson, Christopher Lloyd, and Elisabeth Shue's characters encounter and interact with their counterparts  It also includes a brief moment of computer-generated imagery in a holographic shark used to promote a fictional Jaws 19, which wound up unaltered from the first test done by ILM's digital department because effects supervisor Ken Ralston "liked the fact that it was all messed up "Animation supervisor Wes Takahashi, who then was the head of ILM's animation department, worked heavily on the film's time travel sequences, as he had done in the original film and in Part III  As Part II neared release, sufficient footage of Part III had been shot to allow a trailer to be assembled  It was added to the conclusion of Part II before the closing credits, as a reassurance to moviegoers that there was more to follow 

Replacement of Crispin Glover and lawsuit
Crispin Glover was asked to reprise the role of George McFly  He expressed interest, but could not come to an agreement with the producers regarding his salary  He stated in a 1992 interview on The Howard Stern Show that the producers' highest offer was $125,000, less than half of what the other returning cast members were offered  Gale has since asserted that Glover's demands were excessive for an actor of his professional stature at that time  In an interview on the Opie and Anthony show in 2013, Glover stated that his primary reason for not doing Part II was a philosophical disagreement on the film's message; Glover felt the story rewarded the characters with financial gain, such as Marty's truck, rather than love Rather than write George out of the film, Zemeckis used previously filmed footage of Glover from the first film as well as new footage of actor Jeffrey Weissman, who wore prosthetics including a false chin, nose, and cheekbones to resemble Glover  Various techniques were used to obfuscate the Weissman footage, such as placing him in the background rather than the foreground, having him wear sunglasses, and hanging him upside down  Unhappy with this, Glover filed a lawsuit against the producers of the film on the grounds that they neither owned his likeness nor had permission to use it  As a result of the suit, there are now clauses in the Screen Actors Guild collective bargaining agreements stating that producers and actors are not allowed to use such methods to reproduce the likeness of other actors  Glover's legal action, while resolved outside of the courts, has been considered as a key case in personality rights for actors with increasing use of improved special effects and digital techniques, in which actors may have agreed to appear in one part of a production but have their likenesses be used in another without their agreement 

Replacement of Claudia Wells
Claudia Wells, who had played Marty's girlfriend Jennifer Parker in the first film, planned to reprise her role, but turned it down due to family reasons–reportedly to care for her mother, who was ill with cancer at the time of filming the second film  The producers cast Elisabeth Shue instead, which involved re-shooting the closing scenes of the first film for the beginning of Part II  The re-shot sequence is a near shot-for-shot match with the original, with only minor differences Wells returned to acting with a starring role in the 2008 independent film Still Waters Burn  She is one of the few cast members not to make an appearance within the bonus material on the Back to the Future Trilogy DVD set released in 2002  However, she is interviewed for the Tales from the Future documentaries in the trilogy's 25th anniversary issue on Blu-ray Disc in 2010  In 2011, she finally had the opportunity to reprise her role from the first film, 26 years after her last appearance in the series, by providing the voice of Jennifer for Back to the Future: The Game by Telltale Games 

Hoverboard hoax
Zemeckis said on the film's behind-the-scenes featurette that the hoverboards (flying skateboards) used in it were real, yet not released to the public, due to parental complaints regarding safety  Footage of "real hoverboards" was also featured in the extras of a DVD release of the trilogy  A number of people thought Zemeckis was telling the truth and requested them at toy stores  In an interview, Wilson said one of the most frequent questions he was asked was if they are real 

Depiction of the future
Though the filmmakers did research contemporary predictions by scientists on what might occur by 2015, Zemeckis has said that the film was not meant to be a serious attempt at predicting the future  In 2010, he commented: "For me, filming the future scenes of the movie were the least enjoyable of making the whole trilogy, because I don't really like films that try and predict the future  The only ones I've actually enjoyed were the ones done by Stanley Kubrick, and not even he predicted the PC when he made A Clockwork Orange  So, rather than trying to make a scientifically sound prediction that we were probably going to get wrong anyway, we figured, let's just make it funny"  Similarly, Gale said: "We knew we weren't going to have flying cars by the year 2015, but God we had to have those in our movie" However, the film did correctly predict a number of technological and sociological changes that occurred by 2015, including: the rise of ubiquitous cameras; use of unmanned flying drones for newsgathering; widescreen flat-panel television sets mounted on walls with multiple channel viewing; smart home technology; video chat systems; hands-free video games; talking animated billboards; wearable technology; tablet computers with fingerprint scanners and head-mounted displays  Payment on personal portable devices is also depicted  Although payment by thumbprint is not widely used, fingerprint scanning is in use as security at places such as airports and schools, and electronic payment with fingerprint scanning as a security feature is deployed for Apple Pay Other aspects of the depiction of the future had not come to pass by 2015, but efforts were made to replicate the technology advances 

The film shows Marty putting on Nike "Air Mag" tennis shoes with automatic shoelaces  Nike released a version of their Hyperdunk Supreme shoes, which appear similar to Marty's, in July 2008  Fans dubbed them the Air McFly  In April 2009, they filed the patent for self-lacing shoes, and their design bears a resemblance to those worn by Marty in the film  In 2010, a fan named Blake Bevin created shoes that tie themselves  Though Nike had made a very limited quantity of Air Mags in the same style as the movie, they stated in September 2011 that their consumer-line MAG line of shoes would not feature the self-lacing feature shown in it  Tinker Hatfield, one of the shoe's designers, indicated in 2014 that they would introduce shoes with power-lacing technology the following year, 2015  In March 2016, Nike unveiled the HyperAdapt 1 0 shoe, a consumer-market model of the Air Mag which features the same self-lacing technology used for the commemorative Air Mags; these were put on sale in limited quantities in late 2016 The producers created a futuristic flying car to depict a typical taxi cab in the future world of 2015  This taxi was based on the Citroën DS The concept of the hoverboard—a skateboard that can float off the ground—has been explored by various groups since the release of the film  Attempts similar to hoverboats, which blast air at the ground, have been demonstrated, with a 2021 record distance of 275 meters (902 ft)  A different type is the MagBoard, developed by researchers at the Paris Diderot University  It uses a large superconductor plate on the bottom cooled with liquid nitrogen as to achieve the Meissner effect and allow it to float over a special track; it was shown capable of carrying the weight of a human in its practical demonstration  However, the requirement to run the superconductor at higher, more ambient temperatures prevents this from becoming practical  In March 2014, a company named HUVr Tech purportedly demonstrated a working hoverboard along with several celebrities including Lloyd, though this shortly was revealed as a hoax created by the website Funny or Die  Self-balancing 'hoverboards' became popular in 2015 even though they do not hover above the ground In the 2015 scene, the film imagines the Chicago Cubs winning the 2015 World Series against the fictional Miami-based Gators, referring to the Cubs' longstanding failure to win a championship  In the actual 2015 season, the Cubs qualified for the postseason, their first postseason appearance since 2008, but lost the National League Championship Series (not the World Series) to the New York Mets on October 21, which coincidentally was the same day as "Back to the Future Day", the day Marty McFly arrived in 2015 in the film  Despite losing, one year later the Cubs did win the 2016 World Series against the Cleveland Indians; in congratulations to the Cubs, the official Twitter feed for the Back to the Future franchise jokingly tweeted out that Marty & Doc's time-traveling caused "a rift in the space-time continuum" that led to the 1994 strike (and subsequent cancellation of the 1994 World Series), thus delaying the accurate prediction by a year  In the real 2015 World Series, the Kansas City Royals defeated the Mets to win their first World Series championship since 1985, the year which Marty and Doc time traveled in the film  As for the fictional Miami team, when the film was made, Florida did not have a Major League Baseball team, but has since gained two: the Florida Marlins (now the Miami Marlins) in 1993 and Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now the Tampa Bay Rays) in 1998  While both teams have each made two appearances in the World Series (the Marlins winning in 1997 and 2003, and the Rays losing in 2008 and 2020), neither qualified for the postseason in 2015 

Release and reception
Box office
The film was released to theaters in North America on Wednesday, November 22, 1989, the day before Thanksgiving  It grossed a total of $27 8 million over Friday to Sunday, and $43 million across the five-day holiday opening, breaking the previous Thanksgiving record set by Rocky IV in 1985  On the following weekend, it had a drop of 56 percent, earning $12 1 million, but remained at number 1  Its total gross was $118 5 million in the United States and $213 million overseas, for a total of $332 million worldwide, ranking as 1989's sixth-most successful film domestically and the third-most worldwide—behind Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Batman  However this was still short of the first film's gross  Part III, which Universal released only six months later, experienced a similar drop  In Japan, it had a record opening, grossing $7 5 million in six days from 153 screens 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 6 2/10  The website's critics consensus reads: "Back to the Future II is far more uneven than its predecessor, but its madcap highs outweigh the occasionally cluttered machinations of an overstuffed plot"  On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars  Ebert criticized it for lacking the "genuine power of the original" but praised it for its slapstick humor and the hoverboard in its chase sequence  Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film is "ready for bigger and better things" and later said that it "manages to be giddily and merrily mind-boggling, rather than confusing"  Tom Tunney of Empire magazine wrote that the film was well-directed, "high-energy escapism", and called it "solidly entertaining", though noting it as being inferior to the other two films in the franchise Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader gave the film a negative review, criticizing Zemeckis and Gale for turning the characters into "strident geeks" and for making the frenetic action formulaic  He believed that it contained "rampant misogyny", because the character of Jennifer Parker "is knocked unconscious early on so she won't interfere with the little-boy games"  He cited, as well, Michael J  Fox dressing in drag  Variety said, "[Director Robert] Zemeckis' fascination with having characters interact at different ages of their lives hurts it visually, and strains credibility past the breaking point, by forcing him to rely on some very cheesy makeup designs" In 2018, Bob Gale, who co-wrote the movie with Robert Zemeckis, said the movie received a mixed reception because of the dark aspect of the story: "They [the audiences] were absolutely surprised by it  The whole 1985 stuff    we went places the audience was not ready to go  That is some of my favorite stuff in the whole trilogy" 

Accolades
The film won the Saturn Award for Best Special Effects (for Ken Ralston, the special effects supervisor), the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (Ken Ralston, Michael Lantieri, John Bell and Steve Gawley), an Internet-voted 2003 AOL Movies DVD Premiere Award for the trilogy DVDs, a Golden Screen Award, a Young Artist Award, and the Blimp Awards for Favorite Movie Actor (Michael J  Fox), and Favorite Movie Actress (Lea Thompson) at the 1990 Kids' Choice Awards  It was nominated in 1990 for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (John Bell, Steve Gawley, Michael Lantieri and Ken Ralston), but lost to The Abyss 

Home media
The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc on May 22, 1990, three days before the theatrical release of Part III  It was due to be the first release under the MCA/Universal Home Video banner  Universal reissued it on VHS, LaserDisc, and compact disc in 1991, 1995, and 1998  On December 17, 2002, Universal released it on DVD in a boxed trilogy set, although widescreen framing problems led to a product recall  The trilogy was released on Blu-ray Disc in October 2010 
Universal re-released the trilogy alongside new features on DVD and Blu-ray on October 20, 2015, coinciding with Back to the Future Day the following day  The new set included a featurette called "Doc Brown Saves the World", where Lloyd, reprising his role as Doc Brown, explains the reasons for the differences between the future of 2015 as depicted in Back to the Future Part II and in real life  A new remaster as part of Back to the Future: The Ultimate Trilogy on Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on October 20, 2020 In May 2020, the trilogy was released for streaming on Netflix  A small minor edit was noticed to Part II during the scene featuring the fictional soft porn magazine called Oh La La!  Gale stated that neither he nor Zemeckis were aware of this change, and believed it originated from a foreign print of the film  Shortly afterwards, Universal provided Netflix with the unedited, theatrical version of the film, replacing the censored cut on the streaming platform 

Music
The soundtrack was released by MCA Records on November 22, 1989  AllMusic rated it four-and-a-half stars out of five  Unlike the previous soundtrack, it contains only a musical score by composer Alan Silvestri  None of the vocal songs featured throughout the film are included  On October 12, 2015, Intrada Records released the complete score of Back to the Future Part II in a 2-disc set including early scoring sessions and alternative takes 

See also
List of 1989 box office number-one films in the United States
List of films featuring drones

Notes
Passage 5:
William Ragsdale
William Ragsdale (born January 19, 1961) is an American actor known for playing teenaged vampire slayer Charley Brewster in the horror vampire film Fright Night (1985) and Herman Brooks in the television series Herman's Head (1991–94) 

Early life and education
Ragsdale was born January 19, 1961, in El Dorado, Arkansas, and attended Hendrix College, where he appeared in plays alongside Natalie Canerday 

Career
He garnered attention as the young hero of Fright Night and Fright Night Part 2 and onstage in Neil Simon's plays Brighton Beach Memoirs and Biloxi Blues, two of the three parts of Simon's trilogy, which ends with Broadway Bound  Ragsdale featured in the romance comedy movie Mannequin Two: On the Move (1991) Ragsdale has had a sporadic career with regard to prime-time television  He featured for three years on Herman's Head  He had a brief recurring role in the television series Judging Amy  He played a television producer for Grosse Pointe, which lasted one season 
He was cast in the pilot for Charmed, but refused the series to feature in the short-lived situation comedy Brother's Keeper  He appeared on Ellen as the boyfriend of Ellen Morgan (played by Ellen DeGeneres) before her character revealed her homosexuality  He has had guest roles on television, including a four-episode stint on Less than Perfect, as well as small feature movie roles 
He played the role of Gary Hawkins in 12 episodes of the television series Justified from March 2010 through March 2012, during the series' first three seasons   In 2014, he played Chris Smith in the remake of the movie Left Behind In 2017, he appeared in the role of Reverend Todd in the Off-Broadway production of Man from Nebraska at the Second Stage Theatre 

Filmography
Film
Television
Context 3: Passage 1:
Félix Enríquez Alcalá
Félix Enríquez Alcalá (sometimes credited as Felix Alcala) (born March 7, 1951, in Bakersfield, California) is an Argentinean-American film and television director 

Career
Alcalá's first major breakthrough came in 1991 when he was hired by Lynn Marie Latham and Bernard Lechowick to direct an episode of ABC's short lived drama series Homefront  Since then he has guest directed on a vast number of series including CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, ER, Dollhouse and House  In 1997, Alcalá made his theatrical film directing debut with the film Fire Down Below starring Steven Seagal 
In 2007, Alcalá was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards for directing the Battlestar Galactica episode Exodus, Part II

Selected directing credits
Passage 2:
Larry Alcala
Lauro "Larry" Zarate Alcala (August 18, 1926 – June 24, 2002) was a well-known editorial cartoonist and illustrator in the Philippines  In 2018, he was posthumously conferred the National Artist for Visual Arts title and the Grand Collar of the Order of National Artists (Order ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) 

Biography
He was born on August 18, 1926, to Ernesto Alcala and Elpidia Zarate in Daraga, Albay  Through a scholarship from Manila Times granted by the publisher Ramón Roces, he obtained a degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts in Painting at the University of the Philippines (UP) in 1950  He became a professor at the same university from 1951 to 1981  He also received the Australian Cultural Award accompanied by a travel study grant in 1975 He started his cartooning career in 1946 while still attending school  After World War II, he created his very first comic strip, Islaw Palitaw, which was printed on the pages of the Filipino weekly magazine Liwayway  In 1947, he created the comic strip Kalabog en Bosyo, using Taglish as the medium of communication of his characters 
He pioneered animated cartoons for television commercials of products such as Darigold Milk in 1957 and Caltex in 1965  His campaign for the advancement of illustration and commercial art in the Philippines resulted to the establishment of the Visual Communication Department at the UP College of Fine Arts In 1997, the Philippine Board on Books for Young People (PBBY) granted him the title Dean of Filipino Cartoonists, an achievement award for his lifetime dedication to the art of capturing humor in the character and everyday life in the Philippines  In 1991, he promoted the formation of a group of young children's book illustrators called Ang Ilustrador ng Kabataan (Ang INK) All in all, he made over 500 cartoon characters, twenty comic strips, six movies, two murals, and 15,000 published pages in his 56 years of professional cartooning career  He believed in the far-reaching role of cartoons in education and value formation 

Death
Alcala died at the age of 75 on June 24, 2002, due to heart failure on Monday night at the Riverside Medical Centre, Bacolod City, central Philippines  His remains will lie in state at the Rolling Hills Memorial Chapel in the Visayas 

His Cartoons
His most popular cartoon series was Slice of Life, which is a reflection of the many unique aspects of everyday life in the Philippines  He captured the interest of his weekend patrons by giving them the task of looking for his image cleverly concealed within the weekend cartoon  He did the same with his other comic strip Kalabog en Bosyo  His cartoons had been tapped in advertising campaigns, such as corporate calendars, print ads, promotional T-shirts and in San Miguel Beer cans In 1988, his Slice of Life received the Best in Humor award and was also cited for helping to keep alive the Filipino's ability to laugh at himself, through the lively marriage of art and humor, and through commentaries that are at once critical and compassionate, evoking laughter and reflection Slice of Life appeared on the pages of the Weekend Magazine 

Mang Ambo
Mang Ambo is the personification of the Filipino according to Larry Alcala  Mang Ambo, the character, is an incorrigible cock-eyed innocent, possessing a small town charm amidst urban sophistication  Through Mang Ambo and the other characters of a fictional place called Barrio Bulabog, Alcala exposed the follies and foibles of Philippine society in general and of cosmopolitan life in particular  In this cartoon strip's characters, he also affirmed the Filipino's peculiar coping mechanism of laughing at himself in the face of adversity but still absorbing life's vicissitudes with resilience  Mang Ambo made its debut in 1960 as a full-page feature in the Weekly Graphic  The cartoon series later became the first Alcala comic strip to be compiled in book form 

Kalabog en Bosyo
Alcala's most enduring comic strip was Kalabog en Bosyo that first appeared on the pages of Pilipino Komiks in 1947  It eventually became the longest running cartoon series created by a Filipino Decades before Slice of Life, Alcala was already doing cameo roles in his Kalabog en Bosyo comic strips, but instead of portraying himself with a moustach, spectacles and side burns, he rendered himself in a crew-cut, younger and about 100-pounds thinner profile An onomatopoeic Tagalog word, the name of the character, Kalabog, refers to the thud sound produced after the impact of a falling object finally reaching solid ground  In Kalabog en Bosyo, Alcala pioneered in the blending of Tagalog and English or Taglish as the medium of communication among his characters  The comic misadventures of the two bungling detectives namely Kalabog and Bosyo had been transposed into films by Sampaguita Pictures in 1957, starring the Filipino actors-comedians, Dolphy and Panchito Alba 

Summary of published works
The following is a summary of Alcala's published works:
International Cartoons, Athens, Greece (1980)
Salon of Cartoons, Montreal, Canada (1980)
Laugh and Live, Life Today (1981–2002)
Slice of Life, Weekend (1980–1986), Sunday Tribune (1986–1987), Sunday Times (1987–1995), Philstar (1995–2002)
Bing Bam Bung, Pilipino Funny Komiks (1978–1989)
Asiong Aksaya, Daily Express, Tagalog Klasiks (1976–1984)
Mod-Caps, Mod Magazine (1974–2002)
Snickerteens, TSS Magazine (1973–1984)
Smolbateribols, Darna Komiks (1972–1984)
Siopawman, Daily Express (1972–1983, 2002)
Kalambogesyons, Pinoy Komiks (1966–1972)
Congressman Kalog, Aliwan Komiks (1966–1972)
Barrio Pogspak, Holiday Komiks (1966–1972)
Project 13, Pioneer Komiks (1966–1972)
Loverboy, Redondo Komiks (1964–1969)
Cartoon Feature, Asia Magazine (1963)
Mang Ambo, Weekly Graphic (1963–1965), Weekly Nation (1965–1972) Manila Standard (1993–1998)
This Business of Living, Weekly Graphic (1951–1965), Weekly Nation (1965–1972)
Best Cartoons from Abroad, New York, US (1955–1956)
Tipin, Hiwaga Komiks (1951–1965)
Kalabog en Bosyo, Pilipino Komiks (1949–1983), Manila Times (1984–1995)
Islaw Palitaw (1946–1948)
A Cover for Asiaweek Magazine, February 10, 1984
Mga Salawikain ni Lolo Brigido, Pambata Magazine
A Cartoon Mural for the Philippine Village Hotel
A Mural for the Philippine Commission on Audit
Contributions for Duty Free
Contributions for Jollibee restaurant
Caricatures and Cartoons, Private collections
Cover designs, brochures and catalogs, University of the Philippines
San Miguel Corporation Calendar, 1983
SPIC Cartoonists Exhibit on Wheels, 1967 Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists (SPIC)
Asiong Aksaya TV show, Energy Conservation Movement of the Philippines, 1977

Contributions to Philippine education
The following are Alcala's contributions to education in the Philippines:
Introduced the first college degree course on Commercial Design in the Philippines, 1953
Introduced the first 8 mm film production of animated cartoons in Visual Communications course, 1972
Chairman Department of Visual Communications, University of the Philippines, 1978–1981
Professor, College of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines, 1976–1979
Associate Professor, College of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines, 1971–1976
Assistant Professor, College of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines, 1962–1970
Instructor, College of Fine Arts, University of the Philippines, 1951–1962

Cartoon exhibitions
The following are exhibitions of Alcala's cartoons:
1999 Larry Alcala & Friends: Cartoons and Caricatures Show, The Westin Philippine Plaza (now Sofitel Philippine Plaza), CCP Complex, Roxas Boulevard,
1998 Larry Alcala, Life and Times of a Cartoonist, Museo Pambata Foundation, Inc 
1998 Cartoon Festival, Seoul, Korea
1995 Asian Cartoonist Exhibition and Symposium, Japan
1995 Slices of Larry's Art, SM Megamall Art Center & Liongoren Art Gallery
1993 Cartoons, Solo exhibit, San Jose & San Francisco, California, U S A 
1991 Cartoons, Group exhibit, Japan
1990 ASEAN Cartoonist Exhibit, Tokyo, Japan
1989 Cartoon Exhibit, China
1988 Slices of Life Part 2, Art Association of Bacolod Gallery
1987 Slices of Life Here and Abroad, Hyatt Regency Manila
1987 Cartoons, Group exhibit, Hiroshima, Japan
1986 Cartoons, Solo exhibit, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
1985 Cartoons, Group exhibit, Chicago, San Francisco & Los Angeles, U S A 
1984 1st Asian Cartoonist Conference, Hiroshima, Japan
1984 Larry Alcala's First One-Man Exhibition, Heritage Art Center
1982 SKP Exhibit in Australia

Professional and journalistic achievements
The following is an enumeration of Alcala's professional and journalistic accomplishments:
Art Director, Weekly Nation, 1965–1972
Editorial Cartoonist and Illustrator, Weekly Graphic, 1961–1964
TV Art Consultant, Citizens Award for Television (CCMM) 1971–1972
TV Animated Cartoon Commercial for Darigold Milk, 1969
Art Consultant, U P  Public Affairs TV, Channel 13, 1963–1964
Design artist, Mobil Philippines, 1961–1962
Supervising Animator, Universal Animated Productions, 1959–1960
Movie Consultant, Kalabog and Bosyo, 1986
Movie Consultant, Asiong Aksaya, GP Productions, 1977
Movie Consultant, Kalabog and Bosyo, Sampaguita Pictures, 1957
Movie Consultant, Tipin, Sampaguita Pictures, 1956
Scriptwriter, Dos por Dos, Channel 2, 1974
Advertising Artist, Pan Pacific Advertising, 1948–1949

Clubs and organizations
Alcala had been affiliated with the following clubs and organizations:
Adviser, Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas (SKP), 1989–2002
President, Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas (SKP), 1979– 1989
President, Art Directors Club of the Philippines, 1963–1964
Vice President, Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists (SPIC) 1962–1963

Awards, citations and recognitions
He received recognition from the following entities:
U P  College of Fine Arts
The Board of Directors of the U P  Alumni Association,
The Office of the Mayor of the City of Manila, Philippines
The Philippine Board on Books for Young People (PBBY)
The Archdiocese of Manila Catholic Press Awards
The Citizens' Council for Mass Media 1970 CAM Awards
The Komiks Operation Brotherhood, Inc  (Komopeb) (Life Achievement Award)
Samahan ng mga Manunulat, Artist, at Patnugot at mga Manggagawa sa Komiks
SPIC-NPC Annual Art Awards
The Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists
The Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists (3rd SPIC Annual Art Awards)
The Galleria Bernice L
The U P  College of Fine Arts Alumni Foundation, Inc 
The University of the Philippines Alumni Association
The Philippine Council of Industrial Editors
The United Artists and Core Corporation, the Philippine Tuberculosis Society, Inc 
Operation Smile
The Bureau of Land Transportation
The Safety Organization of the Philippines, Inc 
The Veterans Memorial Medical Center Diabetes Association
The University of St  La Salle, Bacolod City
The Positive Artists Group (Pamana award)
The U P  College of Fine Arts
The University of the Philippines (Service Award, 25 years of service)
Caltex and D O S T
Philips -Boy Scouts of the Philippines, Parol Festïval 1986
The National Manpower and Youth Council Office of Vocational Preparation
The Department of Laboratories Veterans Memorial Medical Center
NAFC, DECS, DENR, DA
The Gawad CCP Para sa Telebisyon sa Taong 1988
St  Patrick Commercial Appreciation Award
The National Environmental Protection Council Awards
The City of Bacolod
Caltex-DECS-DOST Science Art Contest
Passage 3:
Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy
Al-Ameen Educational Society was started in the year 1966 to meet the needs of education in the city of Bangalore and of the minority Muslim community  Mumtaz Ahmed Khan is the founder of al-Ameen Educational Society  Number of social workers supported him to start and establish around 20 branches of Al-Ameen Educational Society and 200 institutions throughout India 

History
Mumtaz Ahmed Khan is the founder of Al-Ameen Educational Society  At the age of 31, in 1966 Khan founded the Al-Ameen Movement  He had decided to name it The Bangalore Educational Society  He was advised against this by his friend Khader Hussein who suggested Al-Ameen Educational Society as a reference to the title given to Prophet Muhammad which meant The Trustworthy  Hussein later became the principle of Saboo Siddiq Polytechnic, Bombay 
Abbasiya Begum, a female member of the Karnataka Legislative Council was elected the first chairperson of this society A number of social workers supported him for starting and establishing around 20 branches of Al-Ameen Educational Society and 200 institutions throughout India 

Structure
Activities
Planning Commission of India member Syeda Saiyidain Hameed was awarded Al-Ameen All India Community Leadership Award - 2006 by the Secretary, Chairman and Vice Chairman on 23 January 2007 

Institutions
Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy
Al-Ameen College of Law
Al-Ameen Arts, Science and Commerce Degree College
Al-Ameen College of Education
Al-Ameen Institute of Management Studies
Al-Ameen Institute of Information Sciences
Al-Ameen Pre University College
Al-Ameen Primary & High School
Passage 4:
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) in the Philippines is one of three components of the National Service Training Program, the civic education and defense preparedness program for Filipino college students  ROTC aims to provide military education and training for students to mobilize them for national defense preparedness  Its specific objectives include preparation of college students for service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event of an emergency and their training to become reservists and potential commissioned officers of the AFP 
Graduates of the ROTC advance program serve in all branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines  In 2008, ROTC graduates of the officer candidate schools of the various services constituted roughly 75% of the AFP officer corps  The ROTC grants qualified student-cadets scholarship benefits through a merit-based incentive program in return for an obligation of military service in the reserve force, or active duty in the AFP if given the opportunity, after graduation 
ROTC student-cadets attend college like other students, but also receive basic military training and officer training from the branch of service that handles their school's ROTC unit  The students participate in regular ROTC instruction during the school year (one school year for Basic ROTC student-cadets and three school years for Advance ROTC cadet-officers), and extended training activities during the summer, such as the ROTC Summer Camp Training (RSCT) and the Advance ROTC Academic Phase Training (ARAPT) 
ROTC units in colleges and universities are organized through the Department of Military Science and Tactics (DMST) which is under joint supervision by the school administration and the Department of National Defense  These ROTC units are in turn managed by active duty officers of the AFP and the reservist organization representatives of the major services, the Philippine Army Reserve Command of the Philippine Army, the Philippine Navy Reserve Command of the Philippine Navy and the Philippine Air Force Reserve Command of the Philippine Air Force 

Nomenclature
Commonwealth Act No  1, the National Defense Act of 1935, referred to the ROTC as the "Reserve Officers Training Corps", whereas Republic Act No  7077, the Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act of 1991, referred to the ROTC as the "Reserve Officers' Training Corps", ascribing the possessive form to the word "officers"  
Republic Act No  9163, the National Service Training Program Act of 2001 likewise uses the same possessive form as RA 7077 

History
ROTC in the Philippines began in 1912 when the Philippine Constabulary commenced with military instruction at the University of the Philippines  The university's Board of Regents then made representations to the United States Department of War through the Governor-General and received the services of a United States Army officer who took on the duties of a professor of Military Science  Through this arrangement, the first official ROTC unit in the Philippines was established in the University of the Philippines on July 3, 1922 In 1921, National University became the first private college in the Philippines to have an ROTC unit   Later in the same year, Ateneo de Manila University, Liceo de Manila, and Colegio de San Juan de Letran soon followed suit and organized their own respective ROTC units  In 1936, the Office of the Superintendent for ROTC Units under the Philippine Army was activated to supervise all ROTC units in the country 

National Defense Act of 1935
President Manuel L  Quezon issued Executive Order No  207 in 1939 in order to implement the National Defense Act of 1935, otherwise known as Commonwealth Act No  1, the embodiment of the national defense plan formulated by General Douglas MacArthur for the Philippine Commonwealth  This executive order made ROTC obligatory at all colleges and universities with a total enrollment of 100 students and greater  This measure was made in order to help fill out the reserve force requirement of 400,000 men by 1946 and especially for junior reserve officers 

World War II
At the onset of World War II in 1941, thirty-three colleges and universities in the Philippines had organized ROTC units, the cadets and officers of which would see action for the first time  Elements from different ROTC units in Metro Manila took part in the Battle of Bataan  ROTC cadets of Silliman University in the Visayas made up 45% of the strength of the 75th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)  Various ROTC units joined volunteers from the Philippine Military Academy to form the Hunters ROTC guerrilla group, which took part in the resistance movement during the Japanese occupation after the last American and Filipino forces had surrendered 

Post-World War II
On September 13, 1946, the Philippine Army Headquarters reactivated the pre-war ROTC units  The Philippine Army became the Armed Forces of the Philippines on December 23, 1950, at which time the Philippines was divided into four military areas and ROTC units operating within these areas fell under the supervision of their respective Area Commanders  On February 8, 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos rescinded Executive Order No  207 of 1939, promulgating Executive Order No  59 in its place  This executive order made ROTC mandatory at all colleges, universities, and other institutions with an enrollment of 250 male students and greater  President Marcos also issued Presidential Decree No  1706, otherwise known as the "National Service Law", on August 8, 1980  It made national service obligatory for all Filipino citizens and specified three categories of national service: civic welfare service, law enforcement service, and military service 

Republic Act 7077
Republic Act 7077, otherwise known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act", was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines on June 27, 1991  The Reservist Act provided for the organization, training, and utilization of reservists, referred to in the Act as "Citizen Soldiers"  The primary pool of manpower for the reservist organization is graduates of the ROTC basic and advanced courses 

Controversy
A period of discontent over ROTC's conduct and the corruption that often plagued its individual units had long been fermenting prior to 2000  Filipino student websites often contain short essays regarding the alleged pointlessness of the program  Student groups would occasionally include ROTC in their roster of grievances, whereas lawmakers would introduce resolutions intended to abolish ROTC Into this national mood of resentment fell a tragedy that would have a significant impact on the Philippine ROTC program  Mark Welson Chua, a student of the University of Santo Tomas and a member of the UST ROTC unit, was found dead, his body floating in the Pasig River on March 18, 2001  Prior to his death, he and another student had reported an account of alleged corruption within the UST ROTC unit to the school's student publication  The National Bureau of Investigation would later conclude that members of the UST ROTC unit were responsible for Chua's death  One of the suspects would be sentenced to death three years later The incident set off an explosion of anti-ROTC sentiment as student associations, school administrators and other cause-oriented groups focused on protests and parliamentary approaches to the matter  The Congress of the Philippines took up the legal challenge; generating no less than seventeen bills and resolutions in both houses of Congress, in response to the clamor  Many of the bills mentioned Mark Chua in the text, acknowledging his death as the catalyst for reform 

Republic Act 9163
Republic Act 9163, otherwise known as the "National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001", was Congress' answer to the clamor for change in the ROTC program  It was promulgated by the 12th Congress of the Philippines on January 23, 2002  Under the NSTP Program, both male and female college students of any baccalaureate degree course or technical vocational course in public or private educational institutions are obliged to undergo one of three program components, one of which is ROTC, for an academic period of two semesters  However, ROTC as a pre-requisite for graduation was rescinded 

Impact on Philippine society
The ROTC program of the Philippines was for many decades a compelling aspect affecting the lives of male youths whom many despises it and even question it as to its relevance in pursuing a college education  It was also a significant contributor to the corruption and abuses within the ranks of the subject as expose by Mark Welson Chua before being murdered by his fellow ROTC Officers  But unbeknownst to the public, the ROTC program has undergone numerous unacknowledged name changes, like in the 1960s through the mid-1970s it was called "Philippine Military Training" or PMT, and then from the late 1970s up to the early 1990s it was called "Citizen Military Training" or CMT, also advance training did not begin until the mid-1970s when cadets who desired to be cadet officers underwent what was called "Cadet Officers Candidate Course" or COCC 

Armed Forces of the Philippines
As of 2008, ROTC graduates of the various services constituted roughly 75% of the AFP officer corps; the rest come from the ranks of the Philippine Military Academy  Among the more prominent graduates of the Philippine ROTC program are Gen  Alfredo M  Santos, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines from 1962 to 1965 and the first four-star general of the AFP, Gen  Rigoberto J  Atienza, 9th Chief of Staff of the AFP and for whom Camp Atienza in Quezon City is named, and Gen  Romeo C  Espino, the longest-serving AFP Chief of Staff who served from January 15, 1972, to August 16, 1981  Gen  Santos was a civil engineering graduate of Mapua Institute of Technology and was the Corp Commander of the Mapua Institute of Technology Reserve Officers' Training Corps; Gen  Atienza, a civil engineering graduate of the University of the Philippines, and Gen  Espino an agriculture graduate of University of the Philippines Los Baños  Another notable ROTC graduate was Gen  Fabian C  Ver, AFP Chief of Staff under Ferdinand Marcos and director general of the National Intelligence and Security Authority 

Post-2001 ROTC
At present, ROTC is no longer a mandatory program for college students, but an optional program component of the NSTP  The ROTC program accepts both male and female cadets  According to the latest available data, there has been a significant reduction in the number of students enrolling in ROTC  From more than 800,000 enrolled cadets during the 1999-2000 school year, ROTC enrollment has dropped to 150,000 as of 2011  During the first quarter of 2011, 500 colleges and universities were participating in the ROTC program  This is a sharp decline from the 2,000 schools offering ROTC before the National Service Training Program was enforced According to the Commission on Higher Education, the ROTC component of NSTP has produced 1,435,000 graduates over a ten-year period from 2002 to 2012  In comparison, the CWTS and LTS components of NSTP has produced 8,614,000 and 538,700 graduates respectively 

Proposals for and against mandatory implementation
In 2006, Alfredo Lim sponsored Senate Bill 2224 and Representative Eduardo Gullas sponsored House Bill 5460, seeking to make ROTC again mandatory  In June 2013, Department of National Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin aired a proposal to make ROTC once again mandatory for college students, a move ardently being protested by progressive youth groups such as Anakbayan  There have also been reports of schools offering merchant marine courses that want to retain the ROTC program as mandatory, arguing that maritime companies prefer mariners with ROTC training Members of the House of Representatives of the 16th Congress of the Philippines have filed at least six house bills related to the ROTC program  Congressmen Francis Abaya, Rodolfo Biazon, Erico Aumentado, Sherwin Gatchalian and Manny Pacquiao have proposed reinstating the mandatory nature of ROTC training, while Kabataan Party-list representative Terry Ridon has proposed the outright abolishment of the program 
In February 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte approved the proposal to revive the mandatory nature of ROTC training for senior high school students in both public and private schools  Duterte certified the proposal as urgent and forwarded it to the Congress of the Philippines - House of Representatives (Lower House) and Senate (Upper House)  On May 21, 2019, the Lower House passed their version of the proposed law  Some camps have criticized Duterte's inclination on this issue for admitting in a speech in 2016 that he himself did not finish his supposed ROTC service during his university days,  and two years later, expounded that he even falsified medical documents to be able to do so After the 2022 presidential elections, Vice President-elect Sara Duterte stated that she wants mandatory ROTC training under priority legislation  In July, Senators Francis Tolentino and Robin Padilla announced support for a bill by Senator Ronald Dela Rosa that would introduce mandatory ROTC for students in grades 11 and 12, with a voluntary advanced ROTC program available for the first two years of higher education  President Bongbong Marcos stated in his first State of the Nation address, also in July, that reinstituting the ROTC as a mandatory component of senior high school programs in all public and private tertiary-level educational institutions is one of his priority bills  
Groups such as the Student Christian Movement of the Philippines denounced Marcos, Jr  for prioritizing the reinstitution of mandatory Reserve Officers' Training Corps as was said in his 2022 State of the Nation Address, saying that it will teach students blind obedience and make them vulnerable to abuses 

Notable Philippine ROTC units
The University of the Philippines Diliman ROTC Unit
University of Santo Tomas Golden Corps of Cadets
Mapúa Institute of Technology ROTC Unit
FEATI University ROTC Unit
Ateneo de Manila University ROTC Unit 131st Department of Air Science and Tactics

See also
Conscription in the Philippines
Student Regiment (Indonesia)
Reserve Officer Training Unit (Malaysia)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (South Korea)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Taiwan)
University Regiments (Australia)
Officers' Training Corps (United Kingdom)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (United States)
Passage 5:
Helmut Schmidt University
The Helmut Schmidt University (German: Helmut-Schmidt-Universität), located in Hamburg, Germany, is a German military educational establishment that was founded in 1973 at the initiative of the then-Federal Minister of Defence, Helmut Schmidt  Originally known as the "University of the Bundeswehr Hamburg" (Universität der Bundeswehr), its complete official name today is "Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg"  Teaching first started in Autumn of 1973  It is one of two universities that were established by the Bundeswehr to train and educate its future and existing officers 
In general, it is accessible only to officers and officer candidates of the Bundeswehr, hence its original name  However, since it started teaching, there have been cooperation agreements with allied countries, on the basis of which a handful of selected officers from these states have been able to study in Hamburg 
Since 2002 there has been a small number of civilian students at the university  A prerequisite for studying as a civilian at the Helmut Schmidt University is a business scholarship  These scholarships are usually awarded by foundations with close relationships to industry – thus, these students are at least indirectly being supported by their future employer, usually large companies  As of 2022 tuition costs are currently 2941 euros (humanities), 4403 euros (economics) or 3423 euros (engineering) per academic term Academic degrees and titles obtained at HSU are equivalent to those awarded by state universities and are equally valid, since the courses comply with the requirements of Hamburg's higher education legislation  The university is authorised to confer habilitations and doctoral degrees 

History
Chronology of establishment
On 11 June 1970, the Federal Minister of Defense at the time, Helmut Schmidt, for whom the university was later named and who later would become chancellor of Germany, published a decree that a university be established for the purpose of schooling certain members of the German Federal Armed Forces 
On 17 May 1971 the decree, passed a year earlier by Schmidt, was appraised The German Federal Armed Forces agreed 29 June 1972 to collaborate with Schmidt's ideas for the university  The agreement was finalised 3 October 1972 and legally concluded 
The first classes of students began schooling on 1 October 1973 and the first graduate left the university on 30 September 1976 

Presidents
Since the beginning of the university in 1973, there have been eight presidents of the institution, including the current president, Wilfried Seidel, who has been in office since 2010 

Renaming
It was in the December 2003 that the University of the German Federal Armed Forces Hamburg was rechristened "Helmut Schmidt University / University of the German Federal Armed Forces Hamburg" to honour the man who passed the decree for the university's establishment  The idea of a university is his brainchild  Schmidt was present at the ceremony and was awarded an honorary degree 

Organisation and courses
At the Helmut Schmidt University there is a specific organizational structure, in addition to the division between the areas of teaching and administration that is common to all universities, there is a military side, to accommodate the HSU's dual function as an educational establishment and a military authority for the students 

Academic division
The academic division takes care of teaching and research, to which end it maintains 4 faculties  The number of departments was designed so as to allow for intensive study through teaching in small groups, and for the pursuing of research at the same time 

Faculty of Electrical Engineering: 13 professorships
Electrical Engineering
Parts of Industrial Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering: 7 departments, 19 professorships
Mechanical Engineering
Computational Science and Engineering
Parts of Industrial Engineering
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences: 9 departments, 28 professorships
Educational Sciences
History
Psychology
Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences: 19 departments, 40 professorships
Business Administration
Economics
Political Science
Parts of Industrial Engineering
Notes:The course Industrial Engineering is not assigned to any one faculty, due to its mixed nature, but the Faculty of Electrical Engineering has taken the leading role in teaching it  The exam board consists of members of the 3 participating faculties in equal number 
The "ISA-Modul", with ISA standing for "Interdisziplinäre Studienanteile" (Interdisciplinary parts of study) is not assigned to a particular faculty  Its classes take place in all faculties  All ISA courses are coordinated by a research associate, who liaises with the teaching staff of the 4 faculties 

Student Body Regiment
The student body of the university is organised in the Student Body Regiment (German: "Studierendenbereich", short: StudBer, lit : "student area")  The regiment is commanded by an officer of the rank of colonel or captain at Sea (NATO Rank Code OF-5)  Apart from headquarters staff, they oversee 3 battalions (German: "Studierendenfachbereiche", short: StudFBer, lit : "student subject area")  These are commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel or Commander (NATO Rank Code OF-4)  To ensure parity between the branches, A battalion is usually commanded by a member of the navy (German: Marine), B battalion by a member of the air force (German: Luftwaffe) and C battalion by a member of the army (German: Heer)  They usually also hold the title of Senior Branch Officer (i e  Senior Naval/Air Force/Army Officer on Campus) 

A Battalion: Engineering
B Battalion: Educational Sciences, History, Psychology
C Battalion: Political and Economic SciencesEach battalion consists of several companies (German: "Studierendenfachbereichsgruppen", short: StudFBerGrp, lit : "student subject area groups"), commandend by an army or air force captain or a naval lieutenant (NATO Rank Code OF-2)  In the course of the reforms of army training and the correspondingly higher student numbers in 2007 and 2008, further company commanders were added for the period 2007–2011 and again in 2019  A battalion currently has 5 companies, B battalion has 8 companies and C battalion has 9  Each company has between 100 and 150 student officers and cadets  Apart from the administrative management of the soldiers, the Student Body Regiment undertakes the military training and advanced education of their personnel, in order to hone individual common core skills 

Studying
The academic year at the HSU usually begins on 1 October  The officers and officer candidates are generally posted to the university a week before that date  An orientation week takes place first, during which the students may settle into their accommodation and receive an introduction to studying at the HSU from the more advanced students 
In contrast to the semester format usually practised in Germany, a year at the HSU is divided into 3 terms (trimesters) which means that it consists not of a winter and summer semester, but of autumn, winter and spring terms, 3 blocks of 3 months each  There are no classes in the summer quarter (1 July – 30 September)  This period may be used for performing required periods of practical training and internships, and for holidays 
Exams are taken at the end of every term, and test the material that was studied in that term  In a few cases, exams at the end of a term may concern the material of more than one term  For the purpose of revision, one or two weeks in mid-December, late March and late June may be devoid of classes 
Due to the short length of revision time and the fact that all the exams are "en bloc", resits are greatly feared by the students, particularly the engineering students  Resit exams occur during the exam block of the next term, and in this way a "bow wave" of an ever-increasing number of exams to take can accumulate, which may be very difficult to remain on top of 
The standard period of study for the master's degree (the standard degree) is 4 years  A Bachelor's degree can be obtained in 3 years  The maximum period of study is 4 years, which means that one's Master's thesis must be submitted on 30 September of the 4th year of study at the latest  The study period may only be extended over 4 years with the permission of the Personnel Office of the Bundeswehr, and even then, one requires a certificate from the university stating that the student is likely to successfully complete his or her studies in the near future 
After completion of one's studies, that is after one has submitted one's final dissertation, the officer will return to a post in the army or the fleet relatively quickly, according to availability of vacant posts, the officer's leave entitlement and course plans 
The award of the study diplomas always occurs in mid-October in a formal ceremony  As part of the graduation ceremony, the Böttcher-Preis, founded by the Hamburg businessman Johann Max Böttcher, is awarded to the highest-performing students of each year 
Some alumni officers will return to their alma mater as researchers or doctoral students 

Facilities
The maintains some central facilities  These include the computer centre, the language centre, the media centre, and the Centre for Technology-Assisted Education (Zentrum für technologiegestützte Bildung: ZTB)  A further facility is the library of the HSU  According to the library ranking list "Bibliotheksindex" (BIX), it has been amongst the best libraries in Germany for years  The library primarily exists to support the teaching and research of the HSU, but is also accessible to the general public 

Research focus
In Mechanical Engineering, one of the areas of research is in automotive engineering  7 professorships work on projects in this area, including:
Acoustics,
Propulsion,
Computer-aided engineering,
Chassis,
Production engineering, and
Simulators 
For example, a hybrid drive unit is being researched for industrial trucks in cooperation with industry 
In Electrical Engineering, one of the areas of research is telecommunications, which includes: 
Audio coding,
Wireless transmission systems, and
Video recognition systems 
In educational sciences, the focus is on the areas of professional and organizational education, adult education and history  The establishment of a uniform German Qualifications Framework in the context of the European Qualifications Framework may be traced back in no small part to the work of the professor for professional and organizational education in the working group of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research, through expert advice and support 
In economic and management sciences, the emphasis is on logistics, business administration and economics, and political science  Gender topics have also been researched for years 

Student life
Campus and accommodation
The HSU is designed as a campus university, and its campus in the Wandsbek district consists of 3 parts  Studying activities take place on the premises of the former Douaumont barracks on the Holstenhofweg in Hamburg-Jenfeld  The university administration is located here, as well as all departments and faculties, lecture theatres and laboratories and central facilities; it also contains sports facilities, the canteen and the management of the Student Division  Students of Engineering are accommodated here in 10 quite modern-looking residential buildings  South of the BAB 24, on the premised of the former Hanseatic barracks in the Stoltenstraße in Horn, is the accommodation for students of humanities and social sciences, and economics, and the medical facility  A third residence, rapidly constructed, is located since 2007 on the Jenfelder Allee and will be used until 2010  In addition, from 2007 to 2010, flats will be rented on the private market, in order to absorb the overload of students, which is due to the unusually well-attended years of 2007 and 2008  In the private flats, 2 to 3 students will be accommodated together  In principle, every student receives a single room with area of 14 to 20 m2 (151 to 215 sq ft), mostly with en-suite bathroom and toilet  During the time of higher than usual student numbers however, there will inevitably be some instances where 2 students share a larger room  Residents may cook in the shared kitchens, where the social life between studies and the Hamburg night life will take place  Due to structural changes in military training, several external residences had to be acquired including the former Lettow-Vorbeck Barracks, which is now used by the Federal Police (Bundespolizei)  Another facility frequented by students and staff is the casino, the officer's club of the HSU (not a gambling establishment), located opposite the campus 

Financing
Whilst studying, the soldiers are paid according to their rank and length of service, sometimes including a residence allowance and a family allowance  They pay a fixed fee for their accommodation, which is waived if the student takes up a private residence 

Leisure activities and nightlife
Due to the quite strict study plan, compared with public universities, it is often not easy for students to pursue leisure activities  In the course of the years, however, many different clubs and societies have been formed, to enable leisure activities without clashing with study obligations 
One large event in the academic year is the "TAF ("Trimesteranfangsfeier" or "Start of term ceremony")  This takes place annually to greet the new students  It is organized by the members of the "Studentischer Konvent" and enjoys widespread popularity  The Studentischer Konvent is the students' representation at the HSU  The offers first-term students a possibility to get to know each other, and more advanced students the possibility to swap tales from their holidays 
Further events are organized in the faculties  These include:

"WI-Party" (last weekend of October, organized by the senior year of engineering students, with about 900 guests the largest closed event at the HSU)
"Päd-Party" (mid- to late June, an open-air party in the Douaumont area, the home of the engineering students, organized by Education Sciences students)

Conditions of enrollment
There are several conditions of enrollment which are strictly observed at the university 
In general, studying at the HSU entails a mandatory service of 12 years as an officer in the Bundeswehr  Since 2008, that time has been increased to 13 years, in response to changes in the education caused by the introduction of the Bachelor/Master system  To join the officer corps, a 3-day selection process must be successfully completed at the officer candidates selection centre in Köln-Porz at the Mudra barracks  Depending on which service branch and which specialty one chooses, one will complete the requisite military training with that unit, before being posted to the university and completing the academic education there, which is a part of the training for becoming an officer 
The educational requirement for attending the HSU is a general higher education entrance qualification that is recognized by the law on higher education of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg 

Military aspects of student life
Prior to their studies, soldiers must train at one of the three respective Officer Training school: for the Army in Dresden /('OSH'), for the Air Force in Fürstenfeldbruck ('OSLw') and for the Navy in Flensburg ('MSM') 
During their stay at the HSU, military personnel are required to complete certain standard procedures every year  These include:

6/12 km marches on foot with 15 kg backpack
German Sports Badge
Basic Fitness Tests
NBC Training
First Aid Training
Small Arms TrainingOn occasion:

political education
Training courses (such as MOUT etc )
Military ceremonies (such as changing of Commandants etc )

See also
Education in Hamburg
List of universities in Germany
University of the German Federal Armed Forces
Bundeswehr University Munich
Passage 6:
North Dakota School for the Deaf
The North Dakota School for the Deaf (NDSD) is a state-funded residential school located in Devils Lake, North Dakota that provides services to meet the educational needs of children who are deaf and hard of hearing  NDSD is under the direction, control, and management of the North Dakota Department of Public Instruction  The current superintendent of the school is Dr  Connie Hovendick 

History
Before the Dakota Territory was divided, deaf children living in the part of the territory now known as North Dakota had to do without an education or attend the school in Sioux Falls, South Dakota  Because of poor roads, great distances, meager railroads, and general financial inability, few of the North Dakota children could attend the South Dakota School for the Deaf  In the fall of 1889 Anson R  Spear, a deaf man from Minneapolis, Minnesota, came to North Dakota to establish a school for the deaf  Mr  Spear's political backers, Senator Swanston and Representative McCormick, introduced a bill in the Legislature for the immediate establishment for the proposed school in Devils Lake  The bill passed March 15, 1890, over the veto of Governor John Miller The citizens of Devils Lake furnished free for two years a wooden building located at the corner of Third Avenue and Fifth Street  Mr  Spear was appointed superintendent on August 1, 1890, and the first term began September 10, 1890  The first student to be enrolled was 10-year-old Mabel Alice Newton  By the end of the first school year, 23 children were enrolled  The combined method of communication - use of signs, hand alphabet, and oral method - was used to teach the students  In January 1891, money was appropriated by the State Legislature for a permanent building 
The Great Northern Railway donated an 18-acre (73,000 m2) tract of land one mile (1 6 km) north of the heart of Devils Lake for the permanent site of NDSD, and construction of the first building "Old Main" began on May 30, 1892  "Old Main" was designed by Olof Hanson, a rising Deaf architect from Faribault, Minnesota 
The school previously had an in-house high school  In the late 1930s it had 140 students, its peak enrollment  The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), first passed in the 1970s, started a trend of deaf students enrolling at local public schools as well as in specialized programs in the larger towns around the state  The average enrollment in the 1980s was 97 students  By the 1990s the average enrollment was down to 48  The last graduating class was in 2004, and in 2012 it ended direct high school operations  In 2019 the school had 18 students 

Campus
It includes dormitory facilities  The Blackhurst Dormitory and the cafeteria serve the students 

Operations
NDSD directly teaches grades K-8 while it sends students in grades 9-12 to Devils Lake High School, operated by Devils Lake Public Schools 

Athletics
In the past, NDSD fielded teams in baseball, football, basketball, track and field, etc  Back then, the school had a large enough student population to have enough athletes to compete with various small towns in the area  Due to the reduction in the number of students through mainstream school placement, the school entered into co-op athletic agreements with a couple towns - one was with Crary, although the school now has a co-op agreement with the Devils Lake public schools  In the past, the nickname for the school's teams has always been the Bulldogs; the school's team colors have also always been green and white 

Boys' Sports
Football (with Devils Lake High School)
Basketball (began in 1914)
Track
Girls' Sports
Basketball
Track

Newsletter
The Banner, the official newsletter of NDSD, was first published in 1891  Clara Halvorson, the first teacher employed at the school, is credited with naming the Banner  The purpose of the newsletter was to keep parents informed on what happened at the school, publish pupils’ school work, and to provide publishing experience to students  The Banner is still published today 

Superintendents
Past Superintendents of the North Dakota School for the Deaf include:
Anson R  Spear
Dwight F  Bangs
J  W  Blattner
Frank Read
W  C  McClure
Burton W  Driggs
Arthur P  Buchanan
Carl F  Smith
Allen J  Hayek
Gary L  Holman
Alan J  Mealka
Jaime D  Galloway
Rocklyn Cofer
Roger Riefer
Carmen Grove Suminski
Dennis J  Fogelson
Connie Hovendick

Notable alumni / past students
John L  Clarke - wood carver
Phyllis Frelich - actress
Michael J  Olson - archivist & actor
Passage 7:
Tiberius Coruncanius
Tiberius Coruncanius (died 241 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 280 BC  As a military commander in that year and the following, he was known for the battles against Pyrrhus of Epirus that led to the expression "Pyrrhic victory"  He was the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus, and possibly the first teacher of Roman law to offer public instruction 

Biography
Coruncanius, of plebeian descent, is believed to have hailed from Tusculum He was first elected consul in 280 BC with Publius Valerius Laevinus, and led an expedition into Etruria against the Etruscan cities   When Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Italia, and defeated the Roman legions of Laevinus at the Battle of Heraclea, Tiberius' legions were recalled to Rome to bolster the defense of Roman territory 
In 254 BC or 253 BC, he was the first plebeian elected Pontifex Maximus, or chief priest of the Roman Republic, which position had been previously monopolized by patricians  He died in 241 BC and was succeeded by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, another plebeian 

Impact
He was the first who publicly professed law (publice professus est), known to be both eloquent and full of knowledge  Like Socrates, he left no writings 
His public legal instruction had the effect of creating a class of legally skilled non-priests (jurisprudentes), a sort of consultancy  After Coruncanius' death, instruction gradually became more formal, with the introduction of books on law beyond the then scant official Roman legal texts It is possible that as the first plebeian Pontifex Maximus, Coruncanius allowed members of the public and students of the law of Ancient Rome to attend his consultations tasked with giving legal advice to citizens  These consultations were probably held outside the College of Pontiffs, and thus accessible to all those interested  As such, he became the first teacher of Roman law (how students of law learned their material earlier is unknown) 
Passage 8:
Grace Fernald
Grace Maxwell Fernald (November 29, 1879 – January 16, 1950) was an educational psychologist and influential figure in early twentieth century literacy education  Fernald established "the first clinic for remedial instruction in 1921 at the University of California, Los Angeles"  Tracing tactile learning tendencies back to Quintilian, Séguin, and Montessori, Fernald's kinesthetic spelling and reading method prompted struggling students to trace words  Years of research culminated in 1943 with her classic work, Remedial Techniques in Basic School Subjects  The popular kinesthetic method anchors modern instruction in the areas of special education and remedial reading  Kinesthetic learning is also included as one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences  Fernald's notion of incorporating the physical with the auditory, verbal, and visual elements of reading instruction, now known as "VAKT", multimodal learning, or multisensory imagery, continues to guide educators today 

Early years and education
Grace Maxwell Fernald was born on November 29, 1879 in Clyde, Ohio  Following a youth spent in New York and New Jersey, Fernald graduated from high school and then attended college at Mount Holyoke and Bryn Mawr  In 1907 she received her doctorate in psychology from the University of Chicago  By 1911 Fernald had accepted a position at UCLA  She eventually became head of the Psychology Department and Laboratory at the State Normal School  It was at the UCLA clinic where her research into the reading and writing processes gained fame 

Early research of the Fernald method
The 1921 Journal of Educational Research contains Fernald's foundational study of four boys who learn to spell and read by her kinesthetic method  This method influenced other researchers working at the same time in the field of reading difficulties  Notable examples include Samuel Orton and Anna Gillingham  The article in the Journal of Educational Research, "The Effect of Kinaesthetic Factors in the Development of Word Recognition in the Case of Non-Readers", outlines five phases of the kinesthetic method  With an emphasis on student choice, focal words are generated by the students during the first stage  Each word is introduced by the teacher who writes it on the chalkboard  The student repeats the word while tracing it on the board  When the student is confident that he knows the word, he attempts to write it while saying each syllable  Successful word study is followed by phase two where sentences are created in a similar fashion  The third step incorporates a student-selected book where words from specific paragraphs are isolated for reading  In the fourth phase, the student is asked to read whole phrases from the paragraphs  Finally, the student is encouraged to do silent reading on his own for the fifth phase  After some time all four boys successfully learned to read well enough to perform at grade level  Follow-ups with the participants reflected the maintenance of reading levels and for some avid readers, additional leaps in reading proficiency  Though not asserting widespread generalizability, Fernald and Keller enumerate several findings  One conclusion of interest today describes each student learning by analogy, demonstrating the "ability to pronounce new words if they resemble words he has already learned " This is a compensatory strategy currently used 
Warren's 1977 dissertation study with children exhibiting mild forms of reading problems demonstrated 147% and 77% superior word recognition and comprehension respectively by Fernald tracing compared to Orton-Gillingham phonics, although O-G was 10% more effective in word decoding 

Career summary
On the eve of Fernald's retirement from the UCLA clinic, Time magazine (July 12, 1948) highlights the story of one boy's reading adventure in Fernald's clinic  The title of the article, "Reading by Touch" aptly reflects the Fernald method  Stepping down after 27 years, Fernald sums up the theory behind her "kinesthetic method" with the explanation that "reading difficulties occur most frequently in people who lack the ability to summon up a mental picture of the way a word looks"  Her only requirements for entrance into the clinic program were for students to have average intelligence and for parents to continue with the clinic as long as necessary  According to Time, remediation required from "two months to two years" for the students to reach their grade level reading equivalent  Though the article includes some criticism of the Fernald method, in the end it is a positive portrayal of a committed educator   A clinic at UCLA bears her name to this day   Critics typically do not follow the tracing directions with fidelity, such making small changes such as orally spelling the individual letters in the word rather than saying/blending the sounds of the word   Strict adherence to the steps is required for the process to be "Fernald," and any changes interfere with the development of automatic mastery  The Fernald tracing approach to spelling, traditionally speaking, is not oral spelling at all; it is creating the mental visualization of the word for the purpose of correct written spelling and proofing  Oral spelling for students experiencing problems creates interference with acquiring correct visualization 

A child's view of Fernald's method
A more powerful account of the influence of the kinesthetic method practiced in Fernald's clinic is presented by the International Reading Association’s Special Interest Group in the history of reading  In the spring 1998 edition of the History of Reading News a former student of Fernald's kinesthetic method recalls his experiences in the clinic setting  He describes a typical session with one of the student teachers where there was even finger painting  The student, now an esteemed doctor, researcher, and chair of psychiatry at a major New York hospital, wonders about the "life changes for some of the other boys as a result of her help and ministrations " He admits that he "still uses aspects of the Fernald method to this day "

A parent's view of Fernald's method
An additional article written by the mother of the same former student was also included in the 1998 edition of the History of Reading News  Though not as detailed, the passage reminds educators that their work impacts not only the student, but the entire family  The parents contacted Grace Fernald in an effort to support their intelligent second-grade son who was struggling in school  The mother even recounts a visit to Fernald's home  Grace Fernald, the caring teacher, comes alive through these two touching accounts of one boy's success story 

Influence on education
Upon Fernald's passing in 1950, her peers praised the tremendous impact of her UCLA clinic endeavors  "Grace Fernald developed and directed the clinical school  The children and adults helped by study and treatment in this clinic and the teachers and psychologists observing and learning in the clinic school run into the thousands "The Fernald Center for Early Care and Education at UCLA is named in her honor 
Fernald's Remedial Techniques in Basic School Subjects was favourably reviewed by J Bald in The Times Educational Supplement, 9 7 1982  The book contains valuable techniques for teaching grammar, arithmetic and foreign languages  It remains one of the most important collections of case study research in its field (the case studies were omitted from the reprinted edition) 
Passage 9:
Alexander Military Law Academy
Alexander Military Law Academy (Russian: Александровская военно-юридическая академия) (1867–1917) was an educational institution in Russian Empire that provided military law education for officers of Russian Army and Fleet   It was established in 1867 and named after his founder, Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1908  The Academy was situated in St  Petersburg by 96 Moika Embankment, along with many other institutions of military education 
Since 1878 it was reformed into a 3-year higher educational institution, with admittance to any of the three classes, depending on prior education of the admitted  Since 1880 officers from Serbian and Bulgarian Armies were admitted  About 1,000 officers graduated from the academy, as well as a small number or civil officials (which were admitted until 1882) 

Academy History
In 1866, by Auditor School, the two-year officers’ courses were established  In 1867, the courses were transformed into a Military Law Academy 
Since 1908, it received the name of Alexander in honour of Alexander the IIIrd  Officers of all types of military service in the rank up to the captain, who served in the ranks for at least 4 years, were admitted to the academy  Graduates received the right to occupy positions in the military judicial department  Since 1880, Serbian and Bulgarian officers also have studied at the academy  Totally, about 1,000 military lawyers graduated from Academy  It was closed in December 1917 after the unsuccessful Junker mutiny  It was located in Saint Petersburg on the Moika embankment, 96 

External links
Alexander Academy (in Russian)
Passage 10:
Brothers of Christian Instruction
The Brothers of Christian Instruction (Latin: Institutum Fratrum Instructionis Christianae de Ploërmel, F I C P ), commonly known as the La Mennais Brothers, is a Catholic educational organization founded in 1819 by Gabriel Deshayes and Jean-Marie de la Mennais for the instruction of youth  Their aim remains that of their Founder: "to educate the young and to make Jesus Christ better known and better loved" The brothers are bound by the simple vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience 

History
On June 16, 1819, Gabriel Deshayes, pastor at Auray and vicar general of Vannes, and Jean-Marie de Lamennais, vicar of Saint-Brieuc, two Catholic priests in France, established the Daughters of Providence and the Brothers of Christian Instruction 
The first brothers took their novitiates with the Christian Brothers, whose rule was to a large extent adopted  The organization dedicated itself to promoting education among the working class in France and, eventually, across the world  The motherhouse was established at Ploërmel in November 1824  In 1876, the Brothers of Gascony, founded by Bishop de la Croix d’Azolette, then Archbishop of Auch, and in 1880, the Brothers of Sainte-Marie de Tinchebray, founded by Father Charles-Augustin Duguey, subsumed themselves within the Brothers of Ploërmel The Brothers received canonical approval by Pope Leo XIII on March 13, 1891 From the motherhouse at Ploërmel, the brothers founded sites in England, Africa, Asia, North America, and Oceania  In 1886 the first brothers arrived in Montreal and were shortly afterwards introduced into the United States  To escape the effects of a 1901 French law curtailing certain kinds of religious schooling, the motherhouse was transferred to Taunton, England  In 1903, following through on the strict secularism of the 1901 law, the French government dissolved the brotherhood's French presence and confiscated its properties  At the same time, they established a presence in Bulgaria, Turkey, and Egypt The Brothers of Christian Instruction grew, extending their mission to the Philippines and Spain, and expanding it in the United Kingdom  In 2015, 1,300 members of the Brothers of Christian Instruction were spread across 25 countries 

Institutions
Collège Jean de la Mennais
St  Francis Xavier's College (Liverpool)
St  John Fisher Ibanda Secondary School
St Mary's Independent School, Southampton
St  Mary's International School
Walsh University
Institution Saint-Louis de Gonzague in Delmas, Haiti
St  Charles Lwanga Secondary School, Kasasa in Masaka, Uganda
St  Henry's College Kitovu in Masaka, Uganda
St  Mary's College, Kisubi in Wakiso, Uganda
St  Mary's Duluti Secondary School, Arusha
Seiko Gakuin Junior and Senior High School

See also
Pell Wall Hall
Cheswardine
Consecrated life
Passage 11:
United States Society for Education through Art
The United States Society for Education through Art (USSEA) is an American national association whose members work in curriculum development, teaching and research related to art education and cultural differences, and who share interests in art educational content and strategies which promote tolerance and appreciation of the arts of non-mainstream cultural peoples  The mission of the society is to promote greater understanding and respect for learners from all ethnic, minority, and socio-cultural backgrounds through research, art curricula, instruction, and practices that are inclusive and culturally sensitive The society provides a platform for networking and a resource base for art educators nationally and internationally, who seek to work collaboratively on projects of interest to multicultural or cross-cultural communities and students, publishes instructional resources for classroom teachers, encourages and sponsors cross-cultural research, and facilitates international and intra-national professional relationships through online sites, symposia, conferences, and publications Each year, USSEA honors one national and one international art educator, each of whom has demonstrated exemplary teaching, service, or research in the area of multicultural or cross-cultural art education with the Ziegfeld Art Education award  The Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education is a publication of USSEA that is made available to all members of the art educational profession  Through the website, members may access suggestions and recommendations for appropriate multi-culturally oriented K-12 art lessons, and receive up-to-date news and information about USSEA initiatives, programs and opportunities  Additionally, exhibitions of children's art from countries around the world are presented at national conferences of art educators and through an online gallery of children's art, which is organized by topical themes and maintained on the USSEA website 

History
USSEA was founded in 1977 as an affiliate of the International Society for Education Through Art (InSEA) and the National Art Education Association (NAEA)  The goals of USSEA reflect, on a national level, the goals of its international parent organization InSEA, which in turn, was inspired by the spirit of postwar hope and optimism of its parent affiliate UNESCO  In a paper describing the early history of InSEA, the motivational energy and overarching goals of UNESCO and InSEA are explained 
"The world had just come through a terrible and protracted war, one initiated by false philosophies working on ignorance through massive control of free speech  The impulse in 1945, to try to ensure that it did not happen again, and that people should understand each other better through education and all forms of cultural and scientific exchanges, the passionate emphasis on truth, justice, peace and the importance of the individual – these impulses were irresistible "These sentiments, which gave root to InSEA in 1954, are also guiding principles of USSEA  Art educator Kenneth Marantz was instrumental in establishing the United States organization and served as its first president  Other founding members who served as officers included Maryl Fletcher De Jong, Larry Kantner, Eugenia Oole, Helen Patton, and Tom Sletterhaugh 

Sponsored Activities
As a means of disseminating shared ideas about the importance of teaching art to increasingly diverse populations and to develop research agenda for determining effective practices of multicultural art education, USSEA began sponsored conferences and symposia  Fourteen such events were held between 1977 and 2010  The topics addressed included "Limits and Extents of International Research in Art Education" (1977), "Art Education: The Pacific Basin" (1982), "International Aspects of Teaching Aesthetics and Critical Skills" (1987), "Indigenous People, Art, and Place: Interactions of Culture and Environment in Contemporary Life" (1994) and "Crossing Cultural, Artistic, and Cyber Borders" (2000), and "Youth and Community Development: How the Arts Serve Economically Impoverished Communities" (2010)  The 1991 USSEA Symposium, "Beyond the Traditional in Art: Facing a Pluralistic Society," resulted in the publication of working papers and research agenda that helped focus cultural art educational research and practices during the late 20th and early 21st century Since 1986, USSEA has presented two annual awards in the name of Edwin Ziegfeld, founding president of InSEA (1954–1960) and NAEA (1947–1951), to honor an American art educator and a foreign art educator who have made distinguished leadership contributions to international art education  These awards are presented to the recipients during a USSEA Awards banquet held during the annual NAEA conference The first issue of the USSEA publication The Journal of Multicultural and Cross-cultural Research in Art Education was issued in 1983 with Larry Kantner as senior editor  In 2001, the title of the journal was changed to the Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education (JCRAE)  Articles published in JCRAE focus on social/cultural research relevant for art education, including cultural foundations of art education, cross-cultural and multicultural research in art education, and cultural aspects of art in education  These areas may be interpreted in a broad sense to include arts administration, art therapy, community arts organizations, and other disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches relevant to art education  Articles considered for publication may feature theoretical research and research in which qualitative and/or quantitative methods as well as other formats and strategies are employed  In addition to the publication of a journal, USSEA sponsors monographs and sponsors or endorses books that address issues of interest and concern to art educators 



ground_truth: Claudia Wells

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did military instruction start at the place where Larry Alcala was educated?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The British formulated the plan for integrating these forces and began training the NDF, which consists of a small headquarters and five battalions 
The United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG)'s Kenyan infantry battalion remained in Namibia for three months after independence to help train the NDF and to stabilise the north  According to the Namibian Defence Ministry, enlistments of both men and women will number no more than 7,500 
The chief of the Namibian Defence Force is Air Vice Marshal Martin Kambulu Pinehas (with effect from 1 April 2020) 
In 2017, Namibia signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 

Administrative divisions
Namibia is divided into 14 regions which are subdivided into 121 constituencies  The administrative division of Namibia is tabled by Delimitation Commissions and accepted or declined by the National Assembly  Since state foundation four Delimitation Commissions have delivered their work, the last one in 2013 under the chairmanship of Judge Alfred Siboleka Regional councillors are directly elected through secret ballots (regional elections) by the inhabitants of their constituencies Local authorities in Namibia can be in the form of municipalities (either Part 1 or Part 2 municipalities), town councils or villages 

Human rights
Namibia is one of the most free and democratic countries in Africa, with a government that maintains and protects basic human rights and freedoms  However, significant issues include government corruption and prison overcrowding  Also, refugees are not permitted free movement The law is not enforced, but homosexual acts are illegal in Namibia  Discrimination, as well as intolerance, against LGBT people is widespread  Some Namibian government officials and high-profile figures, such as Namibia's Ombudsman John Walters and First Lady Monica Geingos, have called for sodomy and homosexuality to be decriminalised and are in favour of LGBT rights In November 2018, it was reported that 32% of women aged 15–49 experienced violence and domestic abuse from their spouses/partners and 29 5% of men believe that physical abuse towards their wife/partner is acceptable  The Namibian constitution guarantees the rights, freedoms and equal treatment of women in Namibia and SWAPO, the ruling party in Namibia, has adopted a "zebra system", which ensures a fair balance of both genders in government and equal representation of women in the Namibian government 

Economy
Namibia's economy is tied closely to South Africa's due to their shared history  The largest economic sectors are mining (10 4% of the gross domestic product in 2009), agriculture (5 0%), manufacturing (13 5%), and tourism (14 5%) Namibia has a highly developed banking sector with modern infrastructures, such as online banking and cellphone banking  The Bank of Namibia (BoN) is the central bank of Namibia responsible for performing all other functions ordinarily performed by a central bank  There are five BoN authorised commercial banks in Namibia: Bank Windhoek, First National Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and Small and Medium Enterprises Bank  Namibia's economy is characterised by a divide between the formal and the informal economies, which is in part aggravated by the legacy of apartheid spatial planning According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the Namibia Statistics Agency, the country's unemployment rate is 27 4%  "Strict unemployment" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20 2% in 2000, 21 9% in 2004 and spiralled to 29 4% in 2008  Under a broader definition (including people who have given up searching for employment) unemployment rose to 36 7% in 2004  This estimate considers people in the informal economy as employed  Labour and Social Welfare Minister Immanuel Ngatjizeko praised the 2008 study as "by far superior in scope and quality to any that has been available previously", but its methodology has also received criticism In 2004 a labour act was passed to protect people from job discrimination stemming from pregnancy and HIV/AIDS status  In early 2010 the Government tender board announced that "henceforth 100 per cent of all unskilled and semi-skilled labour must be sourced, without exception, from within Namibia" In 2013, global business and financial news provider, Bloomberg, named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world  Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of Morocco (19th), South Africa (15th), and Zambia (14th)  Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil, and Mexico  Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria  The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank  The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom  To attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations, making Namibia one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region  Facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures  Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the World Bank, and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business The cost of living in Namibia is relatively high because most goods, including cereals, need to be imported  Its capital city, Windhoek, is the 150th most expensive place in the world for expatriates to live Taxation in Namibia includes personal income tax, which is applicable to the total taxable income of an individual  All individuals are taxed at progressive marginal rates over a series of income brackets  The value-added tax (VAT) is applicable to most of the commodities and services 

Despite the remote nature of much of the country, Namibia has seaports, airports, highways, and railways (narrow-gauge)  It seeks to become a regional transportation hub; it has an important seaport and several landlocked neighbours  The Central Plateau already serves as a transportation corridor from the more densely populated north to South Africa, the source of four-fifths of Namibia's imports 

Agriculture
About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food  Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and have a subsistence way of life  Namibia has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cashless economy  The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival  Although arable land accounts for <1% of Namibia, (about  97%), nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture About 4,000 commercial farmers own almost half of Namibia's arable land   The United Kingdom offered about $180,000 in 2004 to help finance Namibia's land reform process, as Namibia plans to start expropriating land from white farmers to resettle landless black Namibians  Germany has offered €1 1bn in 2021 over 30 years in reparations for the genocides in the early 20th century but the money will go towards infrastructure, healthcare and training programmes not land reform An agreement has been reached on the privatisation of several more enterprises in coming years, with hopes that this will stimulate much needed foreign investment, but reinvestment of environmentally derived capital has hobbled Namibian per capita income  One of the fastest growing areas of economic development in Namibia is the growth of wildlife conservancies  These are particularly important to the rural, generally unemployed, population 

Mining and electricity
Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy  Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and was the world's fourth largest producer of uranium  There have been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia planned to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015  However, as of 2019 Namibia continued to produce 750 tons of uranium annually making it a smaller than average exporter in the competitive world market   Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds  While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc  There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future  According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive" Domestic supply voltage is 220 V AC  Electricity is generated mainly by thermal and hydroelectric power plants  Non-conventional methods of electricity generation also play some role  Encouraged by the rich uranium deposits, in 2010 the Namibian government planned to erect its first nuclear power station by 2018  Uranium enrichment was also envisaged to take place locally 

Diamonds
Although much of the world's diamond supply comes from what have been called African blood diamonds, Namibia has managed to develop a diamond mining industry largely free of the kinds of conflict, extortion, and murder that have plagued many other African nations with diamond mines  This has been attributed to political dynamics, economic institutions, grievances, political geography, and the effects of neighbourhoods, and is the result of a joint agreement between the government and De Beers that has led to a taxable base, strengthening state institutions 

Oil and natural gas
Estimates updated in 2022 suggest that two exploration wells in the offshore Orange Basin could hold 2 and 3 billion barrels of oil, respectively  The expected revenue could transform Namibia's domestic economy and facilitate sustainable development goals 

Tourism
Tourism is a major contributor (14 5%) to Namibia's GDP, creating tens of thousands of jobs (18 2% of all employment) directly or indirectly and servicing over a million tourists per year  The country is a prime destination in Africa and is known for ecotourism, which features Namibia's extensive wildlife There are many lodges and reserves to accommodate ecotourists  Sport and trophy hunting is also a large and growing component of the Namibian economy, accounting for 14% of total tourism in the year 2000, or 19 6 million U S  dollars, with Namibia boasting numerous species sought after by international sport hunters In addition, extreme sports such as sandboarding, skydiving and 4x4ing have become popular, and many cities have companies that provide tours  The most visited places include the capital city of Windhoek, Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, the Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund, Walvis Bay and Lüderitz Windhoek plays a very important role in Namibia's tourism due to its central location and close proximity to Hosea Kutako International Airport  According to The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, which was produced by the Millennium Challenge Corporation for the Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% of all tourists visiting Namibia in 2012–13 visited Windhoek  Many of Namibia's tourism related parastatals and governing bodies such as Namibia Wildlife Resorts and the Namibia Tourism Board as well as Namibia's tourism-related trade associations such as the Hospitality Association of Namibia are headquartered in Windhoek  There are also a number of notable hotels in Windhoek, such as Windhoek Country Club Resort, and some international hotel chains, such as Hilton Hotels and Resorts 
Namibia's primary tourism related governing body, the Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), was established by an Act of Parliament: the Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000)  Its primary objectives are to regulate the tourism industry and to market Namibia as a tourist destination  There are also a number of trade associations that represent the tourism sector in Namibia, such as the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (the umbrella body for all tourism associations in Namibia), the Hospitality Association of Namibia, the Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia and the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia 

Water supply and sanitation
The only bulk water supplier in Namibia is NamWater, which sells it to the respective municipalities which in turn deliver it through their reticulation networks  In rural areas, the Directorate of Rural Water Supply in the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry is in charge of drinking water supply The UN evaluated in 2011 that Namibia has improved its water access network significantly since independence in 1990  A large part of the population can not, however, make use of these resources due to the prohibitively high consumption cost and the long distance between residences and water points in rural areas  As a result, many Namibians prefer the traditional wells over the available water points far away Compared to the efforts made to improve access to safe water, Namibia is lagging behind in the provision of adequate sanitation  This includes 298 schools that have no toilet facilities  Over 50% of child deaths are related to lack of water, sanitation, or hygiene; 23% are due to diarrhoea alone  The UN has identified a "sanitation crisis" in the country Apart from residences for upper and middle class households, sanitation is insufficient in most residential areas  Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in townships due to their water consumption and installation cost  As a result, access to improved sanitation has not increased much since independence: in Namibia's rural areas 13% of the population had more than basic sanitation, up from 8% in 1990  Many of Namibia's inhabitants have to resort to "flying toilets", plastic bags to defecate into, which after use are flung into the bush  The use of open areas close to residential land for urination and defecation is very common and has been identified as a major health hazard 

Demographics
Namibia has the second-lowest population density of any sovereign country, after Mongolia  In 2017 there were on average 3 08 people per km2  The total fertility rate in 2015 was 3 47 children per woman according to the UN 

Ethnic groups
The majority of the Namibian population is of Bantu-speaking origin—mostly of the Ovambo ethnicity, which forms about half of the population—residing mainly in the north of the country, although many are now resident in towns throughout Namibia  Other ethnic groups are the Herero and Himba people, who speak the related Herero language, and the Damara, who, like the Nama, speak Khoekhoe 
In addition to the Bantu majority, there are large groups of Khoisan (such as Nama and San), who are descendants of the original inhabitants of Southern Africa  The country also contains some descendants of refugees from Angola  There are also two smaller groups of people with mixed racial origins, called "Coloureds" and "Basters", who together make up 8 0% (with the Coloureds outnumbering the Basters two to one)  There is a substantial Chinese minority in Namibia; it stood at 40,000 in 2006 

Whites (being mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4 0 and 7 0% of the population  Although their proportion of the population decreased after independence due to emigration and lower birth rates, they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa)  The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are of mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa  A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonised Namibia prior to the South African invasion during the First World War, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions  Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola  The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%) 

Censuses
Namibia conducts a census every ten years  After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991; further rounds followed in 2001, 2011, and 2023 (delayed two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and financial constraints)  The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be  This is called the de facto method  For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas  These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well The 2011 Population and Housing Census counted 2,113,077 inhabitants  Between 2001 and 2011 the annual population growth was 1 4%, down from 2 6% in the previous ten-year period 

Urban settlements
Namibia has 13 cities, governed by municipalities and 26 towns, governed by town councils  The capital Windhoek is by far the largest urban settlement in Namibia 

Religion
The Christian community makes up 80%–90% of the population of Namibia, with at least 75% being Protestant, of which at least 50% are Lutheran  Lutherans are the largest religious group, a legacy of the German and Finnish missionary work during the country's colonial times  10%–20% of the population hold indigenous beliefs Missionary activities during the second half of the 19th century resulted in many Namibians converting to Christianity  Today most Christians are Lutheran, but there also are Roman Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, African Methodist Episcopal, Dutch Reformed, Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses 
Islam in Namibia is subscribed to by about 9,000 people, many of them Nama  Namibia is home to a small Jewish community of about 100 people 

Languages
Up to 1990, English, German, and Afrikaans were official languages  Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which it saw as "a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation " Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as Namibia's sole official language, though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language  Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system, especially the state broadcaster NBC  Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools  Private schools are expected to follow the same policy as state schools, and "English language" is a compulsory subject  Some critics argue that, as in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low According to the 2011 census, the most common languages are Oshiwambo (the most spoken language for 49% of households), Khoekhoegowab  (11 3%), Afrikaans (10 4%), RuKwangali (9%), and Otjiherero (9%)  The most widely understood national language is Afrikaans, the country's lingua franca  Both Afrikaans and English are used primarily as a second language reserved for public communication  A complete list of languages according to the 2011 census is 48 9% Oshiwambo, 11 3% Khoekhoegowab, 10 4% Afrikaans, 8 6% Otjiherero, 8 5% RuKwangali, 4 8% siLozi, 3 4% English, 1 2% Other African languages, 0 9% German, 0 8% San, 0 7% Other European languages, 0 3% Setswana, and 0 1% Asian languages Most of the white population speaks either Afrikaans or German  More than a century after the end of the German colonial era, German continues to play a role as a commercial language  Afrikaans is spoken by 60% of the white community, German by 32%, English by 7% and Portuguese by 4–5%  Geographical proximity to Portuguese-speaking Angola explains the relatively high number of Portuguese speakers; in 2011 these were estimated to number 100,000 

Health
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 64 years in 2017 – among the lowest in the world Namibia launched a National Health Extension Programme in 2012 deployment 1,800 (2015) of a total ceiling of 4,800 health extension workers trained for six months in community health activities including first aid, health promotion for disease prevention, nutritional assessment and counseling, water sanitation and hygiene practices, HIV testing and community-based antiretroviral treatment Namibia faces a non-communicable disease burden  The Demographic and Health Survey (2013) summarises findings on elevated blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity:

Among eligible respondents age 35–64, more than 4 in 10 women (44 percent) and men (45 percent) have elevated blood pressure or are currently taking medicine to lower their blood pressure 
Forty-nine percent of women and 61 percent of men are not aware that they have elevated blood pressure 
Forty-three percent of women and 34 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication for their condition 
Only 29 percent of women and 20 percent of men with hypertension are taking medication and have their blood pressure under control 
Six percent of women and 7 percent of men are diabetic; that is, they have elevated fasting plasma glucose values or report that they are taking diabetes medication  An additional 7 percent of women and 6 percent of men are prediabetic 
Sixty-seven percent of women and 74 percent of men with diabetes are taking medication to lower their blood glucose 
Women and men with a higher-than-normal body mass index (25 0 or higher) are more likely to have elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose 
The HIV epidemic remains a public health issue in Namibia despite significant achievements made by the Ministry of Health and Social Services to expand HIV treatment services  In 2001, there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000  According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, the epidemic in Namibia "appears to be leveling off " As the HIV/AIDS epidemic has reduced the working-aged population, the number of orphans has increased  It falls to the government to provide education, food, shelter and clothing for these orphans  A Demographic and Health Survey with an HIV biomarker was completed in 2013 and served as the fourth comprehensive, national-level population and health survey conducted in Namibia as part of the global Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme  The DHS observed important characteristics associated to the HIV epidemic:

Overall, 26 percent of men age 15–49 and 32 percent of those age 50–64 have been circumcised  HIV prevalence for men age 15–49 is lower among circumcised (8 0 percent) than among uncircumcised men (11 9 percent)  The pattern of lower HIV prevalence among circumcised than uncircumcised men is observed across most background characteristics  For each age group, circumcised men have lower HIV prevalence than those who are not circumcised; the difference is especially pronounced for men age 35–39 and 45–49 (11 7 percentage points each)  The difference in HIV prevalence between uncircumcised and circumcised men is larger among urban than rural men (5 2 percentage points versus 2 1 percentage points) 
HIV prevalence among respondents age 15–49 is 16 9 percent for women and 10 9 percent for men  HIV prevalence rates among women and men age 50–64 are similar (16 7 percent and 16 0 percent, respectively) 
HIV prevalence peaks in the 35–39 age group for both women and men (30 9 percent and 22 6 percent, respectively)  It is lowest among respondents age 15–24 (2 5–6 4 percent for women and 2 0–3 4 percent for men) 
Among respondents age 15–49, HIV prevalence is highest for women and men in Zambezi (30 9 percent and 15 9 percent, respectively) and lowest for women in Omaheke (6 9 percent) and men in Ohangwena (6 6 percent) 
In 76 4 percent of the 1,007 cohabiting couples who were tested for HIV in the 2013 NDHS, both partners were HIV negative; in 10 1 percent of the couples, both partners were HIV positive; and 13 5 percent of the couples were discordant (that is, one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not) As of 2015, the Ministry of Health and Social Services and UNAIDS produced a Progress Report in which UNAIDS projected HIV prevalence among 15–49-year-olds at 13 3% [12 2–14 5%] and an estimated 210,000 [200,000–230,000] living with HIV The malaria problem seems to be compounded by the AIDS epidemic  Research has shown that in Namibia the risk of contracting malaria is 14 5% greater if a person is also infected with HIV  The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50% with a concurrent HIV infection  The country had only 598 physicians in 2002 

Culture
Sport
The most popular sport in Namibia is association football  The Namibia national football team qualified for the 1998, 2008 and 2019 editions of the Africa Cup of Nations, but has yet to qualify for the World Cup 
The most successful national team is the Namibian rugby team, having competed in six separate World Cups  Namibia were participants in the 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019 Rugby World Cups  Cricket is also popular, with the national side having qualified for 2003 Cricket World Cup, 2021 ICC T20 World Cup and 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup  In December 2017, Namibia Cricket reached the final of the Cricket South Africa (CSA) Provincial One Day Challenge for the first time  In February 2018 Namibia hosted the ICC World Cricket League Division 2 with Namibia, Kenya, UAE, Nepal, Canada and Oman to compete for the final two ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier positions in Zimbabwe  Namibia also qualified the qualifiers of ICC T20 World Cup 2021 and entered the super 12 club The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks, sprinter in the 100 and 200 m events  He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several World Athletics Championships  Golfer Trevor Dodds won the Greater Greensboro Open in 1998, one of 15 tournaments in his career  He achieved a career-high world ranking of 78th in 1998  Professional cyclist and Namibian Road Race champion Dan Craven represented Namibia at the 2016 Summer Olympics in both the road race and individual time trial  Boxer Julius Indongo is the unified WBA, IBF, and IBO world champion in the Light welterweight division  Another famous athlete from Namibia is ex-professional rugby player Jacques Burger  Burger played for Saracens and Aurillac in Europe, as well as gaining 41 caps for the national team 

Media
Although Namibia's population is fairly small, the country has a diverse choice of media; two TV stations, 19 radio stations (without counting community stations), 5 daily newspapers, several weeklies and special publications compete for the attention of the audience  Additionally, a mentionable amount of foreign media, especially South African, is available  Online media are mostly based on print publication contents  Namibia has a state-owned Press Agency, called NAMPA  Overall c  300 journalists work in the country The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898  During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority  The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat  During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the South West African media system  Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, and critical journalists were often threatened Current daily newspapers are the private publications The Namibian (English and other languages), Die Republikein (Afrikaans), Allgemeine Zeitung (German) and Namibian Sun (English) as well as the state-owned New Era (predominantly English)  Except for the largest newspaper, The Namibian, which is owned by a trust, the other mentioned private newspapers are part of Democratic Media Holdings  Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times  Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine and Prime FOCUS  The Sister Namibia magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia, while Namibia Sport is the only national sport magazine  Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981  The broadcasting sector today is dominated by the state-run Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC)  The public broadcaster offers a TV station as well as a "National Radio" in English and nine language services in locally spoken languages  The nine private radio stations in the country are mainly English-language channels, except for Radio Omulunga (Oshiwambo) and Kosmos 94 1 (Afrikaans) 
Privately held One Africa TV has competed with NBC since the 2000s Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom  Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country  The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results  However, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia  In 2009, Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index  In 2013, it was 19th, 22nd in 2014 and 23rd in 2019, meaning that it is currently the highest ranked African country in terms of press freedom 
Media and journalists in Namibia are represented by the Namibian chapter of the Media Institute of Southern Africa and the Editors' Forum of Namibia  An independent media ombudsman was appointed in 2009 to prevent a state-controlled media council 

Education
Namibia has free education for both primary and secondary education levels  Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 are secondary  In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools  The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education  Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja  Among sub-Saharan African countries, Namibia has one of the highest literacy rates  According to CIA World Factbook, as of 2018 91 5% of the population age 15 and over can read and write Most schools in Namibia are state-run, but there are some private schools, which are also part of the country's education system  There are four teacher training universities, three colleges of agriculture, a police training college, and three universities: University of Namibia (UNAM), International University of Management (IUM) and Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST)  Namibia was ranked 100th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 

See also
Index of Namibia-related articles
Outline of Namibia



ground_truth: 1912