prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the oldest college in the state that contains Borough House Plantation?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Bellevue (Accokeek, Maryland)
Bellevue is a historic plantation house located at 200 Manning Road East, in Accokeek, Prince George's County, Maryland, United States  This Greek Revival style home was constructed in about 1840  It is one of only three surviving examples in Prince George's County of the once-popular Tidewater house style, typical of successful small plantations of that period  Bellevue is in excellent condition, and retains its freestanding chimneys with brick pent, as well as a roughly contemporary kitchen wing  The house stands on a five-acre, partially wooded lot which exemplifies its original plantation setting Bellevue was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 
Passage 2:
Borough House Plantation
Borough House Plantation, also known as Borough House, Hillcrest Plantation and Anderson Place, is an historic plantation on South Carolina Highway 261, 0 8 miles (1 3 km) north of its intersection with U S  Route 76/US Route 378 in Stateburg, in the High Hills of Santee near Sumter, South Carolina   A National Historic Landmark, the plantation is noted as the largest assemblage of high-style pisé (rammed earth) structures in the United States   The main house and six buildings on the plantation were built using this technique, beginning in 1821   The plantation is also notable as the home of Confederate Army General Richard H  Anderson 

Description and history
The original house built in 1758 served at different times during the American Revolution as headquarters for both British General Lord Cornwallis and Continental Army General Nathanael Greene   The second house was built in 1820 of rammed earth by William Wallace Anderson, M D  It was designed by architect A C  Jones 
On October 7, 1821, Anderson's wife, the former Mary Jane Mackensie, gave birth at home to their son, Richard H  Anderson  He later served as a Confederate Army general in the American Civil War   Stateburg was originally called Stateborough, as when the town was laid out, Borough House was the only residence in it In 1850–1852, Dr  Anderson chaired the committee that built the Church of the Holy Cross of rammed earth across the road from Borough Hall  It was also designed by Jones 
In 1851, Joel Roberts Poinsett, physician, American statesman and botanist (for whom the poinsettia is named), died while visiting Dr  Anderson  He was buried in the churchyard across the road On March 23, 1972, Borough Hall plantation was added to the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark  It is also part of the defined Stateburg Historic District, as is the Church of the Holy Cross 

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sumter County, South Carolina
Passage 3:
Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston is the most populous city in the U S  state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston metropolitan area  The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley, Cooper, and Wando rivers  Charleston had a population of 150,277 at the 2020 census  The 2020 population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was 799,636 residents, the third-largest in the state, 8th-largest in the Deep South and the 74th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States 
Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town, honoring King Charles II, at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River (now Charles Towne Landing) but relocated in 1680 to its present site, which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years  It remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by Parliament  Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries  Charleston adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783  Population growth in the interior of South Carolina influenced the removal of the state government to Columbia in 1788, but Charleston remained among the ten largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census Charleston's significance in American history is tied to its role as a major slave trading port  Charleston slave traders like Joseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of the Royal African Company and pioneered the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century; almost one-half of slaves imported to the United States arrived in Charleston  In 2018, the city formally apologized for its role in the American slave trade 

History
Colonial era (1670–1786)
King Charles II granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663  In 1670, Governor William Sayle arranged for several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda and Barbados  These settlers established what was then called Charles Town at Albemarle Point, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center  Charles Town became the first comprehensively planned town in the Thirteen Colonies  Its governance, settlement, and development was to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke  Because the Carolina's Fundamental Constitutions was never ratified, however, Charles Town was never incorporated during the colonial period  Instead, local ordinances were passed by the provincial government, with day-to-day administration handled by the wardens and vestries of St Philip's and St Michael's Anglican parishes At the time of European colonization, the area was inhabited by the indigenous Cusabo, whom the settlers declared war on in October 1671  The settlers initially allied with the Westo, a northern indigenous tribe that traded in enslaved Indians  The settlers abandoned their alliance with the Westo in 1679 and allied with the Cusabo instead The initial settlement quickly dwindled away and disappeared while another village—established by the settlers on Oyster Point at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers around 1672—thrived  This second settlement formally replaced the original Charles Town in 1680  (The original site is now commemorated as Charles Towne Landing ) The second location was more defensible and had access to a fine natural harbor  The new town had become the fifth largest in North America by 1690 A smallpox outbreak erupted in 1698, followed by an earthquake in February 1699  The latter caused a fire that destroyed about a third of the town  During rebuilding, a yellow fever outbreak killed about 15% of the remaining inhabitants  Charles Town suffered between five and eight major yellow fever outbreaks over the first half of the 18th century 
It developed a reputation as one of the least healthy locations in the Thirteen Colonies for ethnic Europeans  Malaria was endemic  Although malaria did not have such high mortality as yellow fever, it caused much illness  It was a major health problem through most of the city's history before dying out in the 1950s after use of pesticides cut down on the mosquitoes that transmitted it 

Charles Town was fortified according to a plan developed in 1704 under Governor Nathaniel Johnson  Both Spain and France contested Britain's claims to the region  Various bands of Native Americans and independent pirates also raided it 
On September 5–6, 1713 (O S ) a violent hurricane passed over Charles Town  The Circular Congregational Church manse was damaged during the storm, in which church records were lost  Much of Charles Town was flooded as "the Ashley and Cooper rivers became one " At least seventy people died in the disaster From the 1670s Charleston attracted pirates  The combination of a weak government and corruption made the city popular with pirates, who frequently visited and raided the city  Charles Town was besieged by the pirate Blackbeard for several days in May 1718  Blackbeard released his hostages and left in exchange for a chest of medicine from Governor Robert Johnson Around 1719, the town's name began to be generally written as Charlestown and, excepting those fronting the Cooper River, the old walls were largely removed over the next decade  Charlestown was a center for the inland colonization of South Carolina  It remained the southernmost point of the Southern Colonies until the Province of Georgia was established in 1732  As noted, the first settlers primarily came from Europe, Barbados and Bermuda  The Barbadian and Bermudan immigrants were planters who brought enslaved Africans with them, having purchased them in the West Indies 
Early immigrant groups to the city included the Huguenots, Scottish, Irish, and Germans, as well as hundreds of Jews, predominately Sephardi from London and major cities of the Dutch Republic, where they had been given refuge  As late as 1830, Charleston's Jewish community was the largest and wealthiest in North America By 1708, the majority of the colony's population were Black Africans  They had been brought to Charlestown via the Atlantic slave trade, first as indentured servants and then as slaves  In the early 1700s, Charleston's largest slave trader, Joseph Wragg, pioneered the settlement's involvement in the slave trade  Of the estimated 400,000 captive Africans transported to North America to be sold into slavery, 40% are thought to have landed at Sullivan's Island off Charlestown  Free people of color also migrated from the West Indies, being descendants of white planters and their Black consorts, and unions among the working classes In 1767 Gadsden's Wharf was constructed at the city port on the Cooper River; it ultimately extended 840 feet and was able to accommodate six ships at a time  Many slaves were sold from here  Devoted to plantation agriculture that depended on enslaved labor, South Carolina became a slave society: it had a majority-Black population from the colonial period until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century, when many rural Blacks moved to northern and midwestern industrial cities to escape Jim Crow laws 

At the foundation of the town, the principal items of commerce were pine timber and pitch for ships and tobacco  The early economy developed around the deerskin trade, in which colonists used alliances with the Cherokee and Creek peoples to secure the raw material 
At the same time, Indians took each other as captives and slaves in warfare  From 1680 to 1720, approximately 40,000 native men, women, and children were sold through the port, principally to the West Indies such as (Bermuda and the Bahamas), but also to other Southern colonies  The Lowcountry planters did not keep Indian slaves, considering them too prone to escape or revolt  They used the proceeds of their sale to purchase enslaved Black Africans for their own plantations  The slave raiding—and the European firearms it introduced—helped destabilize Spanish Florida and French Louisiana in the 1700s during the War of the Spanish Succession  But it also provoked the Yamasee War of the 1710s that nearly destroyed the colony  After that, South Carolina largely abandoned the Indian slave trade The area's unsuitability for growing tobacco prompted the Lowcountry planters to experiment with other cash crops  The profitability of growing rice led the planters to pay premiums for slaves from the "Rice Coast" who knew its cultivation; their descendants make up the ethnic Gullah who created their own culture and language in this area  Slaves imported from the Caribbean showed the planter George Lucas's daughter Eliza how to raise and use indigo for dyeing in 1747 
Throughout this period, the slaves were sold aboard the arriving ships or at ad hoc gatherings in town's taverns  Runaways and minor slave rebellions prompted the 1739 Security Act, which required all white men to carry weapons at all times (even to church on Sundays)  Before it had fully taken effect, the Cato or Stono Rebellion broke out  The white community had recently been decimated by a malaria outbreak, and the rebels killed about 25 white people before being stopped by the colonial militia  As a result of their fears of rebellion, whites killed a total of 35 to 50 Black people The planters attributed the violence to recently imported Africans and agreed to a 10-year moratorium on slave importation through Charlestown  They relied for labor upon the slave communities they already held  The 1740 Negro Act also tightened controls, requiring a ratio of one white for every ten Blacks on any plantation (which was often not achieved), and banning slaves from assembling together, growing their own food, earning money, or learning to read  Drums were banned because Africans used them for signaling; slaves were allowed to use string and other instruments  When the moratorium expired and Charlestown reopened to the slave trade in 1750, the memory of the Stono Rebellion resulted in traders avoiding buying slaves from the Congo and Angola, whose populations had a reputation for independence 
By the mid-18th century, Charlestown was the hub of the Atlantic slave trade in the Southern Colonies  Even with the decade-long moratorium, its customs processed around 40% of the enslaved Africans brought to North America between 1700 and 1775, and about half up until the end of the African trade 
The plantations and the economy based on them made this the wealthiest city in the Thirteen Colonies and the largest in population south of Philadelphia  In 1770, the city had 11,000 inhabitants—half slaves—and was the 4th-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia 
The elite began to use their wealth to encourage cultural and social development  America's first theater building was constructed here in 1736; it was later replaced by today's Dock Street Theater  St Michael's was erected in 1753  Benevolent societies were formed by the Huguenots, free people of color, Germans, and Jews  The Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day 

American Revolution (1776–1783)
Delegates for the Continental Congress were elected in 1774, and South Carolina declared its independence from Britain on the steps of the Exchange  Slavery was again an important factor in the city's role during the Revolutionary War  The British attacked the settlement three times, assuming that the settlement had a large base of Loyalists who would rally to their cause once given some military support  The loyalty of white Southerners towards the Crown had largely been forfeited, however, by British legal cases (such as the 1772 Somersett case which marked the prohibition of slavery in England and Wales; a significant milestone in the abolitionist struggle) and military tactics (such as Dunmore's Proclamation in 1775) that promised the emancipation of slaves owned by Patriot planters; these efforts did, however, unsurprisingly win the allegiance of thousands of Black Loyalists 
The Battle of Sullivan's Island saw the British fail to capture a partially constructed palmetto palisade from Col  Moultrie's militia regiment on June 28, 1776  The Liberty Flag used by Moultrie's men formed the basis of the later South Carolina flag, and the victory's anniversary continues to be commemorated as Carolina Day 
Making the capture of Charlestown their chief priority, the British sent Sir Henry Clinton, who laid siege to Charleston on April 1, 1780, with about 14,000 troops and 90 ships  Bombardment began on March 11, 1780  The Patriots, led by Benjamin Lincoln, had about 5,500 men and inadequate fortifications to repel the forces against them  After the British cut his supply lines and lines of retreat at the battles of Monck's Corner and Lenud's Ferry, Lincoln's surrender on May 12, 1780 became the greatest American defeat of the war 
The British continued to hold Charlestown for over a year following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781, although they alienated local planters by refusing to restore full civil government  Nathanael Greene had entered the state after Cornwallis's pyrrhic victory at Guilford Courthouse and kept the area under a kind of siege  British Army officer Alexander Leslie, commanding Charlestown, requested a truce in March 1782 to purchase food for his garrison and the town's inhabitants  Greene refused and formed a brigade under Mordecai Gist to counter British forays  Charlestown was finally evacuated by the British in December 1782  Greene presented the British leaders of the town with the Moultrie Flag 

Antebellum era (1783–1861)
Between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, Charleston experienced an economic boom, at least for the top strata of society  The expansion of cotton as a cash crop in the South both led to huge wealth for a small segment of society and funded impressive architecture and culture but also escalated the importance of slaves and led to greater and greater restrictions on Black Charlestonians 
By 1783, the growth of the city had reached a point where a municipal government became desirable; therefore on August 13, 1783, an act of incorporation for the city of Charleston was ratified  The act originally specified the city's name as "Charles Ton," as opposed to the previous Charlestown, but the spelling "Charleston" quickly came to dominate Although Columbia had replaced it as the state capital in 1788, Charleston became even more prosperous as Eli Whitney's 1793 invention of the cotton gin sped the processing of the crop over 50 times  Britain's Industrial Revolution—initially built upon its textile industry—took up the extra production ravenously and cotton became Charleston's major export commodity in the 19th century  

The Bank of South Carolina, the second-oldest building in the nation to be constructed as a bank, was established in 1798; branches of the First and Second banks of the United States were also located in Charleston in 1800 and 1817 
Throughout the Antebellum Period, Charleston continued to be the only major American city with a majority-slave population  The city's widespread use of slaves as workers was a frequent subject of writers and visitors: a merchant from Liverpool noted in 1834 that "almost all the working population are Negroes, all the servants, the carmen & porters, all the people who see at the stalls in Market, and most of the Journeymen in trades"  American traders had been prohibited from equipping the Atlantic slave trade in 1794 and all importation of slaves was banned in 1808, but American merchantmen frequently refused to permit British inspection for enslaved cargo, and smuggling remained common  Much more important was the domestic slave trade, which boomed as the Deep South was developed in new cotton plantations  As a result of the trade, there was a forced migration of more than one million slaves from the Upper South to the Lower South in the antebellum years  During the early 19th century, the first dedicated slave markets were founded in Charleston, mostly near Chalmers and State streets  Many domestic slavers used Charleston as a port in what was called the coastwise trade, traveling to such ports as Mobile and New Orleans 
Slave ownership was the primary marker of class and even the town's freedmen and free people of color typically kept slaves if they had the wealth to do so  Visitors commonly remarked on the sheer number of Blacks in Charleston and their seeming freedom of movement, though in fact—mindful of the Stono Rebellion and the slave revolution that established Haiti—the whites closely regulated the behavior of both slaves and free people of color  Wages and hiring practices were fixed, identifying badges were sometimes required, and even work songs were sometimes censored  Punishment was handled out of sight by the city's workhouse, whose fees provided the municipal government with thousands a year  In 1820, a state law mandated that each act of manumission (freeing a slave) required legislative approval, effectively halting the practice The effects of slavery were pronounced on white society as well  The high cost of 19th-century slaves and their high rate of return combined to institute an oligarchic society controlled by about ninety interrelated families, where 4% of the free population controlled half of the wealth, and the lower half of the free population—unable to compete with owned or rented slaves—held no wealth at all  The white middle class was minimal: Charlestonians generally disparaged hard work as the lot of slaves  All the slaveholders taken together held 82% of the city's wealth and almost all non-slaveholders were poor  Olmsted considered their civic elections "entirely contests of money and personal influence" and the oligarchs dominated civic planning: the lack of public parks and amenities was noted, as was the abundance of private gardens in the wealthy's walled estates In the 1810s, the town's churches intensified their discrimination against their Black parishioners, culminating in Bethel Methodist's 1817 construction of a hearse house over its Black burial ground  4,376 Black Methodists joined Morris Brown in establishing Hampstead Church, the African Methodist Episcopal church now known as Mother Emanuel  State and city laws prohibited Black literacy, limited Black worship to daylight hours, and required a majority of any church's parishioners be white  In June 1818, 140 Black church members at Hampstead Church were arrested and eight of its leaders given fines and ten lashes; police raided the church again in 1820 and pressured it in 1821 In 1822, members of the church, led by Denmark Vesey, a lay preacher and carpenter who had bought his freedom after winning a lottery, planned an uprising and escape to Haiti—initially for Bastille Day—that failed when one slave revealed the plot to his master  Over the next month, the city's intendant (mayor) James Hamilton Jr  organized a militia for regular patrols, initiated a secret and extrajudicial tribunal to investigate, and hanged 35 and exiled 35 or 37 slaves to Spanish Cuba for their involvement  Hamilton imposed more restrictions on both free and enslaved Blacks: South Carolina required free Black sailors to be imprisoned while their ships were in Charleston Harbor though international treaties eventually required the United States to quash the practice; free Blacks were banned from returning to the state if they left for any reason; slaves were given a 9:15 pm curfew; the city razed Hampstead Church to the ground and erected a new arsenal  This structure later was the basis of the Citadel's first campus  The AME congregation built a new church but in 1834 the city banned it and all Black worship services, following Nat Turner's 1831 rebellion in Virginia  The estimated 10% of slaves who came to America as Muslims never had a separate mosque  Slaveholders sometimes provided them with beef rations in place of pork in recognition of religious traditions The registered tonnage of Charleston shipping in 1829 was 12,410  In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts  Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with " This federal action became known as the Charleston incident  The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs Charleston's embrace of classical architecture began after a devastating fire leveled much of the city  On April 27, 1838, Charleston suffered a catastrophic fire that burned more than 1000 buildings and caused about $3 million in damage at the time  The damaged buildings amounted to about one-fourth of all the businesses in the main part of the city  When the many homes and business were rebuilt or repaired, a great cultural awakening occurred  Previous to the fire, only a few homes were styled as Greek Revival; many residents decided to construct new buildings in that style after the conflagration  This tradition continued and made Charleston one of the foremost places to view Greek Revival architecture  The Gothic Revival also made a significant appearance in the construction of many churches after the fire that exhibited picturesque forms and reminders of devout European religion By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity  The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold  The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant  However, the domestic trade was booming  More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt  Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston 

Civil War (1861–1865)
Charleston played a major part in the Civil War  As a pivotal city, both the Union and Confederate Armies vied for control of it  The Civil War began in Charleston Harbor in 1861, and ended mere months after the Union forces took control of Charleston in 1865 
Following the election of Abraham Lincoln, the South Carolina General Assembly voted on December 20, 1860, to secede from the Union  South Carolina was the first state to secede  On December 27, Castle Pinckney was surrendered by its garrison to the state militia and, on January 9, 1861, Citadel cadets opened fire on the USS Star of the West as it entered Charleston Harbor 
The first full battle of the American Civil War occurred on April 12, 1861, when shore batteries under the command of General P  G  T  Beauregard opened fire on the US Army-held Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor  After a 34-hour bombardment, Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort 
On December 11, 1861, an enormous fire burned over 500 acres (200 ha) of the city 
Union control of the sea permitted the repeated bombardment of the city, causing vast damage  Although Admiral Du Pont's naval assault on the town's forts in April 1863 failed, the Union navy's blockade shut down most commercial traffic  Over the course of the war, some blockade runners got through but not a single one made it into or out of the Charleston Harbor between August 1863 and March 1864  The early submarine H L  Hunley made a night attack on the USS Housatonic on February 17, 1864 General Gillmore's land assault in July 1864 was unsuccessful but the fall of Columbia and advance of General William T  Sherman's army through the state prompted the Confederates to evacuate the town on February 17, 1865, burning the public buildings, cotton warehouses, and other sources of supply before their departure  Union troops moved into the city within the month  The War Department recovered what federal property remained and also confiscated the campus of the Citadel Military Academy and used it as a federal garrison for the next 17 years  The facilities were finally returned to the state and reopened as a military college in 1882 under the direction of Lawrence E  Marichak 

Postbellum (1865–1945)
Reconstruction
After the defeat of the Confederacy, federal forces remained in Charleston during Reconstruction  The war had shattered the city's prosperity, but the African-American population surged (from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880) as freedmen moved from the countryside to the major city  Blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church and resumed open meetings of the African Methodist Episcopal and AME Zion churches  They purchased dogs, guns, liquor, and better clothes—all previously banned—and ceased yielding the sidewalks to whites  Despite the efforts of the state legislature to halt manumissions, Charleston had already had a large class of free people of color as well  At the onset of the war, the city had 3,785 free people of color, many of mixed race, making up about 18% of the city's black population and 8% of its total population  Many were educated and practiced skilled crafts; they quickly became leaders of South Carolina's Republican Party and its legislators  Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26% of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876 By the late 1870s, industry was bringing the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality; new jobs attracted new residents  As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions  In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population  Gen  Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war  Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School 
In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's and 73% of the county's population  With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction  In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments  After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by conservative Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts  Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street on September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election  The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks  The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature  Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed 

Politics
In the early 20th century strong political machines emerged in the city reflecting economic, class, racial, and ethnic tensions  The factions nearly all opposed U S  Senator Ben Tillman who repeatedly attacked and ridiculed the city in the name of upstate poor farmers  Well organized factions within the Democratic Party in Charleston gave the voters clear choices and played a large role in state politics 

1886 earthquake
On August 31, 1886, Charleston experienced a strong earthquake  The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7 0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme)  It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda  It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($163 million in 2021 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($653 million in 2021 dollars) 

Charleston race riots
The Charleston race riot of 1919 took place on the night of Saturday, May 10, between members of the US Navy and the local black population  They attacked black individuals, businesses, and homes killing six and injuring dozens 

Contemporary era (1945–present)
Charleston languished economically for several decades in the 20th century, though the large federal military presence in the region helped to shore up the city's economy  Charleston's tourism boom began in earnest following the publication of Albert Simons and Samuel Lapham's Architecture of Charleston in the 1920s The Charleston Hospital Strike of 1969, in which mostly black workers protested discrimination and low wages, was one of the last major events of the civil rights movement  It attracted Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Andrew Young, and other prominent figures to march with the local leader, Mary Moultrie 
Joseph P  Riley Jr  was elected mayor in the 1970s, and helped advance several cultural aspects of the city 
Between 1989 and 1996, Charleston saw two significant economic hits  First, the eye of Hurricane Hugo came ashore at Charleston Harbor in 1989, and though the worst damage was in nearby McClellanville, three-quarters of the homes in Charleston's historic district sustained damage of varying degrees  The hurricane caused over $2 8 billion in damage  The city was able to rebound fairly quickly after the hurricane and has grown in population, reaching an estimated 124,593 residents in 2009  Second, in 1993, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) directed that Naval Base Charleston be closed  Pursuant to BRAC action, Naval Base Charleston was closed on April 1, 1996, although some activities remain under the cognizance of Naval Support Activity Charleston, now part of Joint Base Charleston After having been a majority-minority city for most of its history, in the late 20th century many whites began returning to the urban core of Charleston and the area gentrified with rising prices and rents  From 1980 to 2010, the peninsula's population shifted from two-thirds black to two-thirds white; in 2010 residents numbered 20,668 whites to 10,455 blacks  Many African Americans moved to the less-expensive suburbs in these decades On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old white supremacist Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church and sat in on part of a Bible study before shooting and killing nine people and injuring a tenth, all African Americans  Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack  The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev  Daniel Simmons Sr , 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev  Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev  Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26  The attack garnered national attention, and sparked a debate on historical racism, Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence, in part based on Roof's online postings  A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Speaker of the House John Boehner 

Condemnation of role in the slave trade
On June 17, 2018, the Charleston City Council apologized for its role in the slave trade and condemned its "inhumane" history  It also acknowledged wrongs committed against African Americans by slavery and Jim Crow laws 

Geography
The city proper consists of six distinct districts 

Downtown, or sometimes referred to as "The Peninsula", is Charleston's center city separated by the Ashley River to the west and the Cooper River to the east 
West Ashley, residential area to the west of Downtown bordered by the Ashley River to the east and the Stono River to the west
Johns Island, far western limits of Charleston, bordered by the Stono River to the east, Kiawah River to the south and Wadmalaw Island to the west
James Island, popular residential area between Downtown and the town of Folly Beach with portions of the independent town of James Island intermixed
Cainhoy Peninsula, far eastern limits of Charleston bordered by the Wando River to the west and Nowell Creek to the east
Daniel Island, residential area to the north of downtown, east of the Cooper River and west of the Wando River

Topography
The incorporated city fitted into 4–5 sq mi (10–13 km2) as late as the First World War, but has since greatly expanded, crossing the Ashley River and encompassing James Island and some of Johns Island  The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area  The present city has a total area of 127 5 sq mi (330 2 km2), of which 109 0 sq mi (282 2 km2) is land and 18 5 sq mi (47 9 km2) is covered by water  North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River 
Charleston Harbor runs about 7 mi (11 km) southeast to the Atlantic with an average width of about 2 mi (3 2 km), surrounded on all sides except its entrance  Sullivan's Island lies to the north of the entrance and Morris Island to the south  The entrance itself is about 1 mi (2 km) wide; it was originally only 18 ft (5 m) deep but began to be enlarged in the 1870s  The tidal rivers (Wando, Cooper, Stono, and Ashley) are evidence of a submergent or drowned coastline  There is a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor, and the Cooper River is deep 

Climate
Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long  Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers  Fall remains relatively warm through the middle of November  Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain  Measurable snow (≥0 1 in or 0 25 cm) has a median occurrence of only once per decade at the airport, but freezing rain is more common; a snowfall/freezing rain event on January 3, 2018, was the first such event in Charleston since December 26, 2010  However, 6 0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, during the December 1989 United States cold wave, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8 0 in (20 cm) snowfall Downtown Charleston's climate is considerably milder than the airport's due to stronger maritime influence  This is especially true in the winter, with the average January low in downtown being 43 6 °F (6 °C) to the airport's 38 9 °F (4 °C) for example 
The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944; the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899  At the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999, down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985  Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area—most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a category 4 storm)  The dewpoint from June to August ranges from 67 8 to 71 4 °F (19 9 to 21 9 °C) 

Metropolitan Statistical Area
As defined by the U S  Office of Management and Budget, for use by the U S  Census Bureau and other U S  Government agencies for statistical purposes only, Charleston is included within the Charleston–North Charleston, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area and the smaller Charleston-North Charleston urban area  The Charleston–North Charleston metropolitan area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester  As of the 2020 U S  Census, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 799,636 people  North Charleston is the second-largest city in the metro area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next-largest cities  These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston–North Charleston urban area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010  The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with a 2000 population of 9,123) 
The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed  Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts  When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St  Philip and St  Michael, now also includes parts of St  James' Parish, St  George's Parish, St  Andrew's Parish, and St  John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 150,227 people, 58,902 households, and 31,780 families residing in the city 

Language
Given Charleston's high concentration of African Americans who spoke the Gullah language, a creole language that developed on the Sea Islands and in the Low Country, the local speech patterns were also influenced by this community  Today, Gullah is still spoken by many African American residents  However, rapid development since 1980, especially on the surrounding Sea Islands, has attracted residents from outside the area and led to a decline in Gullah's prominence 
The traditional educated Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South  It is typically heard in wealthy European American older people who trace their families back generations in the city  It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic  Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887) and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal  He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers  The disappearing "Charleston accent" spoken mainly by older natives is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name  Many Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chalston" 

Religion
Charleston is known as "The Holy City"  Despite beliefs that the term dates to the city's earliest days and refers to its religiously tolerant culture, the term was coined in the 20th century, likely as a mockery of Charlestonians' self-satisfied attitude about their city  Regardless of the nickname's origination, residents have embraced the term and explained it in more flattering terms 
The Anglican church was dominant in the colonial era, and the Cathedral of St  Luke and St  Paul is today the seat of the Anglican Diocese of South Carolina  St  John's Protestant Episcopal Church is another historic church in Charleston  Many French Huguenot refugees settled in Charleston in the early 18th century  The Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church is the oldest African Methodist Episcopal church in the Southern United States and houses the oldest black congregation south of Baltimore, Maryland South Carolina has long allowed Jews to practice their faith without restriction  Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, founded in 1749 by Sephardic Jews from London, is the fourth-oldest Jewish congregation in the continental United States and was an important site for the development of Reform Judaism  Brith Sholom Beth Israel is the oldest Orthodox synagogue in the South, founded by Sam Berlin and other Ashkenazi German and Central European Jews in the mid-19th century The city's oldest Catholic parish, St  Mary of the Annunciation Catholic Church, is the mother church of Catholicism in South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia  In 1820, Charleston was established as the see city of the Diocese of Charleston, which at the time comprised the Carolinas and Georgia, and presently encompasses the state of South Carolina 
The Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite, established in Charleston in 1801, is considered the mother council of the world by Scottish Rite Freemasons 

Culture
Charleston's culture blends traditional Southern U S , English, French, and West African elements  The downtown peninsula has a number of art, music, local cuisine, and fashion venues  Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy 
Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931  A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre  The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation  Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits  Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country  The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements 

Annual cultural events and fairs
Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines  The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city  Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival  The Charleston Conference is a major library industry event, held in the city center since 1980 

Music
The Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music  In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country  The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake's "Charleston Rag" and later James P  Johnson's "Charleston", as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s  "Ballin' the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before "Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev  Daniel J  Jenkins in Charleston  The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev  Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music  As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly  These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie  William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni who became professional musicians  Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s  The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the US and Europe  The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title  The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community  The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage  Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play)  George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it  Porgy and Bess is considered one of the first Great American Operas and is widely performed To this day, Charleston is home to many musicians in all genres 

Live theater
Charleston has a vibrant theater scene and is home to America's first theater  Most of the theaters are part of the League of Charleston Theatres, better known as Theatre Charleston  Some of the city's theaters include:

The Dock Street Theatre, opened in the 1930s on the site of America's first purpose-built theater building, is home of the Charleston Stage Company, South Carolina's largest professional theater company 
Sottile Theater is on the campus of The College of Charleston 
The Queen Street Playhouse is a former cotton warehouse that was fully converted to a theater in 1986  It is the home of the Footlight Players, a Charleston theater troupe first organized in 1932 

Museums, historical sites, and other attractions
Charleston has many historic buildings, art and historical museums, public parks, and other attractions, including:

Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art at the College of Charleston is free a non-collecting contemporary arts organization 
The Calhoun Mansion, a 24,000-square-foot, 1876 Victorian home at 16 Meeting Street, is named for a grandson of John C  Calhoun who lived there with his wife, the builder's daughter  The private house is periodically open for tours 
The Charleston Museum, America's first museum, was founded in 1773 
The Exchange and Provost was built in 1767  It is operated as a museum by the Daughters of the American Revolution 
The Powder Magazine is a 1713 gunpowder magazine and museum  It is the oldest surviving public building in South Carolina 
The Gibbes Museum of Art, opened in 1905, houses principally American works with a Charleston or Southern connection 
The Fireproof Building houses the South Carolina Historical Society which has a rotating series of historical displays 
The Nathaniel Russell House is an important federal-style house open to the public as a house museum 
The Gov  William Aiken House, also known as the Aiken-Rhett House, is a house museum built in 1820 
The Heyward-Washington House is a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum  Furnished for the late 18th century, the house includes a collection of Charleston-made furniture 
The Joseph Manigault House is a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum  The house was designed by Gabriel Manigault and is significant for its Adam style architecture 
The Market Hall and Sheds, also known as the City Market or simply the Market, stretch several blocks behind 188 Meeting Street  Market Hall was built in the 1841 and houses the Daughters of the Confederacy Museum  The sheds house some permanent stores, but are mainly occupied by open-air vendors 
The Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture was established to collect, preserve, and make public the unique historical and cultural heritage of African Americans in Charleston and the South Carolina Low Country  Avery's archival collections, museum exhibitions, and public programming reflect these diverse populations, as well as the wider African Diaspora 
Fort Sumter, site of the first shots fired in the Civil War, is located in Charleston Harbor  The National Park Service maintains a visitor center for Fort Sumter at Liberty Square (near the South Carolina Aquarium), and boat tours including the fort depart nearby 
The Battery is an historic defensive seawall and promenade located at the tip of the peninsula along with White Point Garden, a park featuring several memorials and Civil War-era artillery pieces 
Rainbow Row is an iconic strip of homes along the harbor that date back to the mid-18th century  Though the homes are not open to the public, they are one of the most photographed attractions in the city and are featured heavily in local art 
The South Carolina Aquarium includes revolving exhibits while its permanent focus is on the aquatic life of South Carolina 
Waterfront Park located on the Cooper River 
Old Slave Mart museum – Located at 6 Chalmers St in the historic district is the first African American Museum  It has operated since 1938 

Sports
Charleston is home to a number of professional, minor league, and amateur sports teams:

The Charleston Battery, a professional soccer team, play in the USL Championship  The Battery play at Patriots Point Soccer Complex 
The South Carolina Stingrays, a professional hockey team, plays in the ECHL  The Stingrays play in North Charleston at the North Charleston Coliseum  The Stingrays are an affiliate of the Washington Capitals and Hershey Bears 
The Charleston RiverDogs, a Minor League Baseball team, plays in the Low-A East and are an affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays  The RiverDogs play at Joseph P  Riley Jr  Park 
The Charleston Outlaws RFC is a rugby union club in the Palmetto Rugby Union, USA Rugby South, and USA Rugby  It competes in Men's Division II against the Cape Fear, Columbia, Greenville, and Charlotte "B" clubs  The club also hosts a rugby sevens tournament during Memorial Day weekend 
The Charleston Gaelic Athletic Association is a Gaelic athletic club focusing on the sports of hurling and Gaelic football  The club competes in the Southeastern Division of the North American County Board of the GAA  The club hosts other division clubs in the Holy City Cup each spring 
The Lowcountry Highrollers is a women's flat-track roller derby league in the Charleston area  The league is a local member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association 
The Family Circle Tennis Center hosts the Volvo Car Open, a major Women's Tennis Association Event  The facility is located on Daniel Island Other notable sports venues in Charleston include Johnson Hagood Stadium (home of The Citadel Bulldogs football team), McAlister Field House (home of The Citadel Bulldogs basketball team), and Toronto Dominion Bank Arena at the College of Charleston, which seats 5,100 people who view the school's basketball and volleyball teams 

Books and films
Various books and films have been set in Charleston; some of the best known works are listed below  In addition, Charleston is a popular filming location for movies and television, both in its own right and as a stand-in for Southern and/or historic settings 

Porgy (1925), by DuBose Heyward, adapted into the play in 1927  George Gershwin's folk opera Porgy and Bess (1935), based on the novel Porgy, is set in Charleston and was partially written at Folly Beach, near Charleston  A film version was released in 1959 
North and South series of books by John Jakes, was partially set in Charleston  The North and South miniseries was partially set and filmed in Charleston 
Part of the 1989 film Glory, starring Matthew Broderick, Denzel Washington, and Morgan Freeman, features the 1863 Second Battle of Fort Wagner on Morris Island 
The movies Swamp Thing (1982) and The Lords of Discipline (1983) (based on the novel by Pat Conroy) were partly filmed in Charleston 

Economy
Commercial shipping is important to the economy  The city has two shipping terminals, of a total of five terminals owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority in the Charleston metropolitan area, which are part of the fourth-largest container seaport on the East Coast and the seventh-largest container seaport in the United States  The port is also used to transfer cars and car parts for Charleston's auto manufacturing business, such as Mercedes and Volvo Sometimes known as Silicon Harbor, the city is becoming a popular location for high tech and innovation, and this sector has had the highest rate of growth between 2011 and 2012, due in large part to the Charleston Digital Corridor  In 2013, the Milken Institute ranked the Charleston region as the ninth-best performing economy in the US because of its growing IT sector  Notable companies include Blackbaud, Greystar Real Estate Partners, Evening Post Industries, Le Creuset, SPARC a Booz Allen Hamilton subsidiary, BoomTown, CSS, and Benefitfocus 
In June 2017, the mean sales price for a home in Charleston was $351,186 and the median price was $260,000 

Government
Charleston has a strong mayor-council government, with the mayor acting as the chief administrator and the executive officer of the municipality  The mayor also presides over city council meetings and has a vote, the same as other council members  The current mayor, since 2016, is John Tecklenburg  The council has 12 members who are each elected from single-member districts 

Fire department
The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters  These firefighters operate out of 21 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, two ladder companies, a heavy rescue company, a HAZ-MAT unit and several special units  Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the department  The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and is a Class 1 ISO rating  Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008  The department is presently led by Chief Daniel Curia 

Police department
The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 458 sworn officers, 117 civilians, and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department  Luther Reynolds serves as the current Chief of Police  He follows Greg Mullen and Reuben Greenberg  Chief Reynolds is credited with continuing successful community outreach programs such as The Illumination Project and fostering a culture of mutual respect  Under Chief Reynolds, the agency has successfully withstood challenges such as the Coronavirus and downtown disturbances  Additionally, the agency continues to recruit police candidates in a competitive market 

EMS and medical centers
Emergency medical services (EMS) for the city are provided by Charleston County Emergency Medical Services (CCEMS) & Berkeley County Emergency Medical Services (BCEMS)  The city is served by the EMS and 911 services of both Charleston and Berkeley counties since the city is part of both counties 
Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state  The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H  Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital  MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States  The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals  Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital  The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston 

Coast Guard Station Charleston
Coast Guard Station Charleston responds to search and rescue emergencies, conducts maritime law enforcement activities, and Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security (PWCS) missions  Personnel from Station Charleston are highly trained professionals, composed of federal law enforcement officers, boat crewmen, and coxswains who are capable of completing a wide range of missions  In 2020, the Coast Guard announced plans to construct a 2,800-acre (11 km2) "superbase" on the former Charleston Naval Shipyard complex to consolidate all its Charleston-area facilities and become the homeport for five Security cutters and additional offshore cutters Coast Guard Sector Charleston (District 7)

Coast Guard Station Charleston
Coast Guard Helicopter Air Facility, Johns Island, Charleston
Coast Guard Reserves, Charleston
USCGC Yellowfin, Marine Protector-class coastal patrol boat, Charleston
USCGC Anvil, 75-foot inland construction tender, Charleston
USCGC Willow, (WLB-202), Charleston

Military
Army Corps of Engineers, Charleston District Headquarters
U S  Coast Guard
Joint Base Charleston (Navy & Air Force)

Crime
The following table shows Charleston's crime rate for six crimes that Morgan Quitno uses to calculate the ranking of "America's most dangerous cities", in comparison to the national average  The statistics shown are for the number of crimes committed per 100,000 people  Since 1999, the overall crime rate of Charleston has declined markedly  The total crime index rate for Charleston in 1999 was 597 1 crimes committed per 100,000 people, while in 2011, the total crime index rate was 236 4 per 100,000 

Transportation
Airport and rail
The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport  It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 mi (19 km) northwest of downtown Charleston  It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS)  The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base  Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in the John's Island section of the city of Charleston and is used by noncommercial aircraft  Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority  As of April 2019, British Airways does seasonal non-stop flights from Charleston to London-Heathrow 
Charleston is served by two daily Amtrak trains: The Palmetto and Silver Meteor at the Amtrak station located at 4565 Gaynor Avenue in the City of North Charleston located around 7 5 miles from downtown Charleston 

Interstates and highways
Interstate 26 (I-26) begins in downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel Jr  Bridge and Meeting Street  Heading northwest, it connects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston International Airport, I-95, and Columbia  The Arthur Ravenel Jr  Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of U S  Route 17 (US 17), which travels east–west through the cities of Charleston and Mount Pleasant  The Mark Clark Expressway, or I-526, is the bypass around the city and begins and ends at US 17  US 52 is Meeting Street and its spur is East Bay Street, which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the east side  This highway merges with King Street in the city's Neck area (industrial district)  US 78 is King Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with Meeting Street 

Major highways
Interstate 26 (eastern terminus is in Charleston)
Interstate 526
U S  Route 17
U S  Route 52 (eastern terminus is in Charleston)
U S  Route 78 (eastern terminus is in Charleston)
State Highway 7 (Sam Rittenberg Boulevard)
State Highway 30 (James Island Expressway)
State Highway 61 (St  Andrews Boulevard/Ashley River Road)
State Highway 171 (Old Towne Road/Folly Road)
State Highway 461 (Paul Cantrell Boulevard/Glenn McConnell Parkway)
South Carolina Highway 700 (Maybank Highway)

Arthur Ravenel Jr  Bridge
The Arthur Ravenel Jr  Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was the longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction  The bridge links downtown Charleston with Mount Pleasant, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles  The height of the bridge varies, but it is estimated that it has a height of 573 feet  It replaced the Grace Memorial Bridge (built in 1929) and the Silas N  Pearman Bridge (built in 1966)  They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened 

City bus service
The city is also served by a bus system, operated by the Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA)  Most of the urban area is served by regional fixed route buses, which are equipped with bike racks as part of the system's Rack and Ride program  CARTA offers connectivity to historic downtown attractions and accommodations with the Downtown Area Shuttle trolley buses, and it offers curbside pickup for disabled passengers with its Tel-A-Ride buses  A bus rapid transit system is in development, called Lowcountry Rapid Transit that will connect Charleston to Summerville through North Charleston 
Rural parts of the city and metropolitan area are served by a different bus system, operated by Berkeley-Charleston-Dorchester Rural Transportation Management Association  The system is also commonly called the TriCounty Link 

Port
The Port of Charleston, owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority, is one of the largest ports in the United States, ranked seventh in the top 25 by containerized cargo volume in 2018  It consists of six terminals, with the sixth having opened in April 2021  Port activity at the two terminals located in the city of Charleston is one of the city's leading sources of revenue, behind tourism 
Today, the Port of Charleston boasts the deepest water in the southeast region and regularly handles ships too big to transit through the Panama Canal  A harbor-deepening project is currently underway to take the Port of Charleston's entrance channel to 54 feet and harbor channel to 52 feet at mean low tide  With an average high tide of 6 feet, the depth clearances will become 60 feet and 58 feet, respectively 
Part of Union Pier Treminal, in the city of Charleston, is a cruise ship passenger terminal which hosted numerous cruise departures annually through 2019  Beginning in May 2019, until cruise operations were interrupted in April 2020, the Carnival Sunshine was permanently stationed in Charleston, offering 4, 5, and 7-day cruises to the Caribbean With the closure of the Naval Base and the Charleston Naval Shipyard in 1996, Detyens, Inc  signed a long-term lease  With three dry docks, one floating dock, and six piers, Detyens Shipyard, Inc  is one of the largest commercial marine repair facilities on the East Coast  Projects include military, commercial, and cruise ships 

Schools, colleges, and universities
Because most of the city of Charleston is located in Charleston County, it is served by the Charleston County School District  Part of the city, however, is served by the Berkeley County School District in northern portions of the city, such as the Cainhoy Industrial District, Cainhoy Historical District and Daniel Island 
Charleston is also served by a large number of independent schools, including Porter-Gaud School (K-12), Charleston Collegiate School (K-12), Ashley Hall (Pre K-12), Charleston Day School (K-8), First Baptist Church School (K-12), Palmetto Christian Academy (K-12), Coastal Christian Preparatory School (K-12), Mason Preparatory School (K-8), and Addlestone Hebrew Academy (K-8) 
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into Bishop England High School, a diocesan high school within the city  Bishop England, Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools, and are a significant part of Charleston history, dating back some 150 years 
Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina  The city is also home to private schools including the Charleston Southern University and Charleston School of Law  Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, Trident Technical College  Charleston has the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts 

Media
Broadcast television
Charleston is the nation's 89th-largest Designated market area (DMA), with 332,770 households and 0 27% of the U S  TV population  These stations are licensed in Charleston and have significant operations or viewers in the city:
WCBD-TV (2, NBC) and (14, CW)
WGWG (4, MeTV)
WCSC-TV (5, CBS, Bounce TV, Grit)
WITV (7, PBS)
WLCN-CD (18, CTN)
WTAT-TV (24, Fox)
WAZS-CD (29, Azteca America Independent)
WJNI-CD (31, America One Independent)
WCIV (36, MyNetworkTV, ABC)

Notable people
As a population and wealth center with colleges and cultural outlets, Charleston has produced many notable people in all fields  Among the most notable historical and contemporary figures are:

Jarrell Brantley (born 1996), basketball player
Madelyn Cline, Actress in Outer Banks
Stephen Colbert, comedian and host of The Late Show
Wesley Donehue, political strategist, Internet consultant, CEO
Ann Drayton, 18th-century landowner
Shepard Fairey, graffiti artist
Robert F  Furchgott, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1998)
Thomas Gibson, actor and star of Criminal Minds
Fritz Hollings, former US Senator and Governor of South Carolina
Lauren Hutton, model and actress, starring in American Gigolo and The Gambler (1974)
Robert Jordan (James Oliver Rigney Jr ), fantasy author, notable for Wheel of Time series
John Laurens, American revolutionary lieutenant colonel in the continental army
Peter Manigault, wealthiest person in British North America in 1770
Khris Middleton, NBA basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks, gold medal Olympian
Darius Rucker, country music artist, former member of Hootie & The Blowfish
Robert Smalls, African American civil war hero, businessman, politician, and civil rights activist
Denmark Vesey, revolutionary
Joseph Wragg, a pioneer of the large-scale slave trade

Sister cities
Charleston's sister cities are:
Doha, Qatar
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Panama City, Panama
Speightstown, Barbados
Spoleto, ItalyThe relationship with Spoleto began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds  "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location  The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure "Sister city relation with Panama City was described as follows:
As you may be aware, the city of Charleston, like the city of Panama City, is a historic port City that shares a proud and prosperous history  Our stories are very similar as reflected by our citizens of European, African, Caribbean, native descent, our cuisine, our architecture, and our mutual modern growth in meritime commerce  As Panama City is enjoying a global surge of interest so is Charleston, being ranked as a top destination for travellers, commerce, technology, education, culture and fashion 
Charleston is also twinned with Speightstown  The first colonists to settle in the region designed the original parts of Charlestown based on the plans of Barbados's capital city, Bridgetown  Many indigo, tobacco, and cotton planters relocated their slaves and plantation operations from Speightstown to Charleston after the sugarcane industry came to dominate agricultural production in Barbados 

See also
List of municipalities in South Carolina
USS Charleston, 6 ships

Notes
Passage 4:
Fairhope Plantation
Fairhope Plantation is a historic Carpenter Gothic plantation house and historic district, located one mile east of Uniontown, Alabama, US  The 2+1⁄2-story wood-framed main house was built in the Gothic Revival style in the late 1850s   The plantation historic district includes six other contributing buildings, in addition to the main house   It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on December 19, 1991, and subsequently to the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1992, due to its architectural and historical significance 

History
Fairhope Plantation was built for Joseph Selden, a native of Virginia   He was born on June 4, 1831, and grew up at Westover Plantation in Charles City County, Virginia   Selden married Elizabeth Collier Minge, of Weynoke Plantation, Virginia, near Faunsdale, in 1854  Elizabeth was born on May 30, 1833  Her family was also originally from Charles City County   Joseph and Elizabeth established Fairhope on property given to them by Elizabeth's family   The main house was built by Theophilus Gilliam Fowler, a local builder  Construction began in 1857 and was completed by 1861   The 1860 United States Census of Perry County indicates that Joseph Selden owned 80 slaves in that year   Selden organized Selden's Battery, an artillery unit, at his own expense during the American Civil War   The unit saw action in several major engagements, including the battles of Kennesaw Mountain, Franklin and Nashville   Elizabeth Selden died following childbirth in 1868, Joseph died in a hotel fire in 1900   Fairhope continued to be owned by Selden descendants and operated as a farm for another century after their deaths 

Architecture
The inspiration for the main house at Fairhope Plantation is thought by architectural historians to be an enlarged adaptation of a design by Alexander Jackson Davis, published in Andrew Jackson Downing's Cottage Residences in 1842   The house features numerous Gothic Revival details, including intricate bargeboards on the eaves and gables,  hood moldings over the doors and windows, octagonal brick chimneys, and central gables topped by finials on all four sides   Additionally, it has a one-story cast-iron veranda around three sides of the ground floor   It is one of only about twenty Gothic Revival residential structures remaining in Alabama   Other historic Gothic Revival residences in the area include Waldwic in Gallion and Ashe Cottage in Demopolis 
Passage 5:
Union Oyster House
Union Oyster House, open to diners since 1826, is amongst the oldest operating restaurants in the United States, and the oldest known that has been continuously operating since being opened  The building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on May 27, 2003 

History
The building itself was built prior to 1714, most likely in 1704  Before it became a restaurant, Hopestill Capen's dress goods business occupied the property  In 1771 printer Isaiah Thomas published his newspaper, The Massachusetts Spy, from the second floor  The restaurant originally opened as the Atwood & Bacon Oyster House on August 3, 1826 The Union Oyster House has had a number of famous people in history as diners, including the Kennedy family and Daniel Webster  Webster was known for regularly consuming at least six plates of oysters  Perhaps most surprisingly, in 1796 Louis Philippe, King of the French from 1830 to 1848, lived in exile on the second floor  He earned his living by teaching French to young women  Labor economist and president of Haverford College John Royston Coleman worked here incognito as a "salad-and-sandwich man" for a time in the 1970s and documented the experience in his book The Blue Collar Journal The menu is traditional New England fare, including seafoods such as oysters, clams, and lobsters, as well as poultry, baked beans, steak and chops 

Image gallery
See also
List of the oldest restaurants in the United States
Cuisine of New England
List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
List of seafood restaurants
National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts
Context 2: Passage 1:
Mr  Freeze
Mr  Freeze (Victor Fries) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics  Created by Dave Wood, Sheldon Moldoff and Bob Kane, the character first appeared in Batman #121 (February 1959) as the ice-based criminal Mr  Zero  He was soon renamed "Mr  Freeze" and, years later, received a revamped origin story based on the one conceived by writer Paul Dini for Batman: The Animated Series  Dini's depiction of the character as a tragic villain popularized Mr  Freeze into becoming one of Batman's most enduring enemies belonging to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery Mr  Freeze is the alter ego of Dr  Victor Fries, a cryogenics expert in Gotham City who was caught in a laboratory mishap whilst attempting to cure his terminally ill wife, Nora  The accident drastically lowered his body temperature to sub-zero levels, forcing him to wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive  Fries turns to crime to find a cure for his wife's illness through any means necessary, which often puts him into conflict with Batman 
The character has been adapted in various media incarnations, having been portrayed in live-action by George Sanders, Otto Preminger and Eli Wallach in the 1960s Batman television series, Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 film Batman & Robin, and Nathan Darrow in the Fox crime drama Gotham  Michael Ansara, Clancy Brown, Maurice LaMarche, and others have provided his voice in media ranging from animation to video games 

Creation and development
Introduction
Mr  Freeze made his first appearance in Batman #121 (February 1959), and was created by Dave Wood, Sheldon Moldoff and Bob Kane  From the time of his first appearance in 1959, the character was portrayed as one of many "joke" villains cast as stock enemies of Batman  He was originally called Mr  Zero in the comics, but the producers of the 1960s Batman television series renamed him Mr  Freeze and portrayed Batman addressing him as "Dr  Otto Schivel", but the name never carried over to the comic books  In the Pre-Crisis continuity, it is explained that Mr  Freeze is a rogue scientist whose design for an "ice gun" backfires when he inadvertently spills cryogenic chemicals on himself, resulting in him needing sub-zero temperatures to survive 

Origin story
Originally called Mr  Zero, he was renamed and popularized by the 1960s Batman television series, in which he was played by three different actors (George Sanders, Otto Preminger, and Eli Wallach) Nearly 30 years later, a television adaptation of Batman revitalized him once again  Batman: The Animated Series retold Mr  Freeze's origin in "Heart of Ice", an episode by writer Paul Dini  The episode introduced his terminally ill, cryogenically frozen wife Nora, which explained his obsession with ice and need to build a criminal empire to raise research funds  This more complex, tragic character was enthusiastically accepted by fans, and has become the standard portrayal for the character in most forms of media, including the comic book series itself, which previously had the character casually killed off by the Joker Freeze was resurrected in the comic after the episode aired  The episode was seen as groundbreaking for a Saturday morning cartoon and helped set the tone for the rest of the series  This backstory was also made canon in the comics and has been the character's official origin in almost every incarnation of Batman until September 2011, when The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity  Elements of this origin story were incorporated into the 1997 film Batman & Robin, in which he was portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger 

Fictional character biography
Pre-Crisis
In order to create an ice gun, a scientist whose name remains unknown starts experimenting with a concentrated freezing solution  He suffers an unfortunate accident that changes his physiology, forcing him to live in environments below zero temperature  He adopts the criminal identity of Mr  Zero  To be able to go out to the normal environment, Zero creates an air conditioned costume, which helps him remain in cold temperatures, even in hot climates  Using this equipment, Zero gathers a small gang and starts a crime spree in Gotham City, stealing mainly diamonds and other precious jewels  Mr  Zero is eventually confronted by the local vigilantes, Batman and Robin  Unable to stand against his cold weapons, the Dynamic Duo fails to stop Zero  They are captured by him and brought to his secret cold hideout, near the mountains  Trapped in blocks of ice, Batman and Robin learn Zero's plan to steal a large collection of gems  Batman eventually breaks a nearby steam pipe, causing steam to fill the hideout, melting the ice away and apparently curing Zero from his ailment  After this, Batman and Robin are able to capture the whole gang and bring Zero to the authorities After years of inactivity, Zero's condition apparently returns  Going back to his life of crime, he changes his alias to Mr  Freeze and is forced to remain in cold temperatures once again  In this second exploit, Freeze redesigns his cryo-suit and improves his cryothermal gun  With a new gang, he starts a new series of crimes and steals valuable pieces of art  Similar to his first criminal activities, Freeze is eventually stopped by Batman and Robin Long after this, Freeze becomes part of a mock criminal trial, after which he changes his cryo-suit for one that allows him more mobility  Freeze eventually falls in love with a woman called Hildy  In order to slow her aging process, Freeze sets out to recreate the accident that transformed him  For his experiments, Freeze uses wealthy people in Gotham as test subjects, but all the efforts result in failure  The victims turn into frozen zombies, who follow Freeze's commands  His new crimes alert the police and Batman  In the ensuing fight, Batman is only able to win when Hildy shows her true intentions and betrays Freeze, only to be encased in solid ice when her plan backfires  Freeze's next plan consists of freezing Gotham City by removing all the heat and transporting the energy to the neighboring city of Metropolis  Freeze is unable to accomplish his goal and is stopped by Batman and Superman  During one last attempt to freeze Gotham entirely, Mr  Freeze creates a large ice cannon  After robbing a bank, Freeze is confronted by Batman and the new Robin, who manages to defeat him with help from Vicki Vale and Julia Pennyworth, whom Freeze previously captured 

Post-Crisis
Following the Crisis rebooting the history of the DC Universe, Mr  Freeze is revamped using a history similar to the one created by Paul Dini for Batman: The Animated Series  Dr  Victor Fries, Ph D  (surname pronounced "freeze") is a brilliant cryogenicist  As a child, he was fascinated with cryonic preservation and liked to freeze animals  His parents are horrified by his "hobby" and send him to a strict reform school, where he is miserable, bullied and abandoned by his parents; as a result, he feels detached from humanity  In college, he meets Nora, the woman he ultimately marries Eighteen months after Bruce Wayne becomes Batman, Nora contracts a fatal disease, so Fries begins developing a freeze ray for GothCorp in order to preserve her in suspended animation until a cure can be found  Fries' boss Ferris Boyle decides to tell the Mob about the gun, leading Batman to create a team of specialists to help him do his job better  As Fries puts Nora in suspended animation, Boyle interrupts and tampers with the experiment, resulting in an explosion that kills Nora  Fries survives, but the chemicals in the freeze ray lower his body temperature to the point that he must wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive  He swears revenge on those responsible for the death of his wife (whom he talks to often) and becomes Mr  Freeze, the first superpowered villain whom Batman faces in this continuity  Eventually, Batman's operatives find Freeze, who shoots one of them with his freeze gun, but Batman eventually apprehends him  Initially locked in Arkham Asylum, Freeze was eventually transferred to the Gotham State Penitentiary, from where he escaped and attempted to steal technology from S T A R  Labs until he was stopped and returned to prison by Batman Freeze's crimes tend to involve freezing everyone and everything that he encounters so he never forges alliances with the other criminals in Gotham, preferring to work alone  On rare occasions, he has worked with another member of Batman's rogues' gallery, usually, as an enforcer for Gotham's mob bosses, such as the Penguin during his reign or Black Mask during the return of Jason Todd  In one of his notable team-ups, Freeze constructs a cryogenic machine for Hush so that Hush might take revenge on Batman, Freeze's equipment allowing Hush to preserve Catwoman's surgically removed heart to use as a means of threatening her life  After Batman's death, most of the Arkham inmates were freed by a new Black Mask  Freeze was among them and he started working on a project called Ice-X Protocol when the GCPD tried to capture him  He stunned them with his gun and captured Gordon, taking him to his secret lair  Gordon managed to break free and defeat Freeze by causing an explosion that weakened Freeze  After his capture, Freeze was taken to Iron Heights Prison  During his time with the Secret Society of Super Villains, he fashions a sub-zero machine for Nyssa al Ghul in exchange for the use of her Lazarus Pit  He attempts to restore Nora to life without waiting for the adjusting needed in the pool chemicals; she returns to life as the twisted Lazara and escapes  She blames her husband for her plight, and she estranges herself from him 

The New 52
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity  In this new timeline, during the Night of the Owls crossover, the Court of Owls sends assassins known as Talons to kill 40 of the most important citizens of Gotham, including Mr  Freeze  The Red Hood, Starfire and Arsenal choose to save him, and subsequently remand him into Batgirl's custody  Batman Annual (vol  2) #1 introduces a new origin for Mr  Freeze  Here, Victor Fries' fascination with cryonics began when he was a boy and his mother fell through the ice of a frozen lake  The ice was able to keep her preserved long enough for help to arrive, thus sparking his lifelong obsession with cold  It is later revealed that the accident left Fries' mother in constant pain, and Fries ended her suffering by pushing her into the same frozen lake  In this new origin, Nora was never Fries' wife  Her name was Nora Fields, a woman born in 1934  When Nora was 23, she was diagnosed with an incurable heart disease, so her family placed her in cryogenic stasis hoping that a cure would be found in the future  Fries, having written his doctoral thesis on Nora, took on a position as a cryogenic researcher and technician at Wayne Enterprises, the facility that housed Nora's body  Eventually, he fell in love with Nora and became dedicated to finding a reliable method for slowly thawing cryogenic subjects  However, Bruce Wayne ordered the project to be shut down, as he began to feel uncomfortable with Fries' obsession with Nora  Furious, Fries hurled a chair at Wayne, who dodged the attack; the chair smashed into an array of cryonic chemical tanks, the contents of which sprayed onto Fries and transformed him into Mr  Freeze The Court of Owls uses Freeze's cryogenic-thaw formula to revive their Talons, and then they try to kill him  Freeze survives but is captured by the Red Hood and sent to Arkham Asylum  He escapes shortly afterward and rearms himself with the Penguin's help  Freeze decides to kill Bruce Wayne and takes Nora, whom he believes to be his wife so that they can leave Gotham City behind forever  Infiltrating Wayne Enterprises, Freeze has a brief fight with Nightwing and Robin, but he subdues them  Then, Freeze goes to the penthouse, where he finds Batman and the frozen Nora  Batman defeats Mr  Freeze by injecting his suit with the thawing formula, which he had intended to use to revive Nora from suspended animation 
During the Forever Evil storyline, Mr  Freeze appears as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains at the time when the Crime Syndicate arrived from their world The Scarecrow later visits Mr  Freeze to let him know of the war going on at Blackgate Penitentiary  The Man-Bats are able to bring the remaining Talons to Mr  Freeze after the Man-Bat and the Scarecrow steal them from Blackgate  Mr  Freeze and Clayface later encounter the Rogues when they land in their territory  Mr  Freeze tells the Mirror Master III he is not interested in capitalizing on the bounty on their heads, only to use the Weather Wizard to create optimal conditions for him to freeze Gotham  As the Rogues are fighting the two, Black Mask (alongside his False Face society) arrives to capture the Rogues to receive the bounty 

DC Rebirth
In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Mr  Freeze is among the villains that attend the underground meeting held by the Riddler that talks about the Superman Theory  When Comedian crashes the meeting, Mr  Freeze's helmet is punctured by a bullet shot by an unseen combatant  In the "Ends of the Earth" story arc of All-Star Batman, Freeze has awoken many people that have been held in cryogenic stasis — using them as an army to steal resources for his research to cure his wife Nora, himself, and all of these people — and plans to release deadly bacteria held in one of the world's oldest ice cores to make a new world, but Batman has injected himself with a cold-resistant virus that becomes airborne when his skin is exposed and is able to kill the spores Several years later due to the events in "Year of the Villain," Lex Luthor gives Mr  Freeze a vial that would cure and furthermore revive his frozen wife  Freeze had to kidnap several women who matched his late wife's characteristics in both mental and physical states, going as far as modifying their DNA to hers in order to experiment with the vial before reviving his wife  In the end, it worked and his wife came back to life cured  She soon took up the name Mrs  Freeze 

Powers, abilities, and equipment
Like most Batman villains, Mr  Freeze plans his crimes about a specific theme; in his case, ice, snow, and cold  An accident caused Mr  Freeze to become genetically altered with a bizarre condition that has irreversibly frozen him to the bone, transforming him into a cold-blooded mutant whose body temperature must always be kept below zero  His altered biology caused his skin cells to become storage units for the cold to help his body chemistry to be comfortably chilled, allowing him to become both entirely immune and adapted to sub-freezing temperatures  Extraordinarily, his age progression has slowed drastically in a suspended animated state; some interpretations also suggest that the chemical he was soaked in was glycerol, a cryo-protectant he intended to use for cryopreservation  His unique physiology makes him immune to most toxins, bacteria, and viruses Freeze has one weapon that is more powerful than his gun, suit, and other cryotechnology: his mind  A profoundly gifted scientific genius with an incredible mind for invention, he is skilled in physics, engineering, genetics, computer science, chemistry, and medical science  His science and technology are even as advanced as Apokilips or those of Lex Luthor  His childhood obsession with cryogenics has led him to become one of the most gifted cryogenicists in Gotham  Victor was also able to build a cryonic life support machine for Catwoman, whose heart was surgically removed by Hush, and was capable of inventing a wide variety of cryotechnology for his extensive array of cryogenic weapons and armor  Freeze is a remarkable medical scientist in his research on the pathology and neuroscience of Nora's neurological illness  His specialization in cryonics has successfully proven his thesis on immortality through suspended animation; preserving his wife in a frozen state to delay her illness until a cure could be found is the best example of his research Combined with his suit, Freeze's strength and durability are augmented to superhuman levels  Freeze's suit protected him from a bomb attack by the Ventriloquist's henchmen but the helmet of the armor was damaged by a sniper, causing the gases to leak due to the pressure  Freeze's strength and durability increased further after receiving a more advanced cryogenic armor, which was less heavy than the previous one, and was capable of withstanding gunshots and explosives  Freeze's most iconic weapon is his freeze gun, capable of creating gusts of cold that approach absolute zero  The gun is also capable of creating a "cold field" and imprison its opponents in a cocoon of ice In the Underworld Unleashed storyline, the demon Neron granted Mr  Freeze the ability to generate subzero temperatures, no longer needing his freeze gun or refrigeration power suit  However, after his encounter with Green Lantern, Donna Troy, and Purgatory in Central Park, he reverted to his original subzero biology  He then gained a new subzero armor and weaponry 

Reception
The character of Mr  Freeze has been analyzed as a stereotypical depiction of a villainous European in fiction  IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Mr  Freeze as #67 

Other characters named Mr  Freeze
Robot Mr  Freeze
In Blackhawk, Mr  Freeze appears as a robot created and controlled by Professor Thurman to pose as a villain so that Thurman could use his "Instant Freeze Icing Machine" invention to commit crimes without incriminating himself, but the plan is eventually foiled by the Blackhawks and Thurman is arrested 

Other versions
Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of Flashpoint, Mr  Freeze attacks the S T A R  Labs in Central City to find a cure for his wife Nora  However, Citizen Cold attacks and uses his cold gun to freeze Mr  Freeze's body  Mr  Freeze tries to escape on robotic legs, but Citizen Cold freezes him to death and tells him that Nora is dead  This version of Mr  Freeze is a friend of Fallout's and pursues revenge against Citizen Cold for murdering him  It is later revealed that radiation produced by Fallout is the cure Mr  Freeze was searching for 

Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
In Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles crossover, Mr  Freeze appears mutated into a polar bear as one of the various other Arkham inmates mutated by Shredder and Foot Clan to attack Batman and Robin  Batman is captured, but Robin manages to escape  The Ninja Turtles and Splinter then arrive, where Splinter defeats the mutated villains, while Batman uses his new Intimidator Armor to defeat Shredder and the Turtles defeat Ra's al Ghul  Later, Gordon tells Batman that the police scientists have managed to turn all of the inmates at Arkham back to normal and are currently in A R G U S  custody 

Batman: White Knight
Victor Fries appears in the 2017 series Batman: White Knight  In this series, Victor Fries retires from his criminal lifestyle to focus on curing his wife's disease  It is later revealed that, due to his unique, cryogenically-dependent physiology, Fries's aging had been slowed considerably  His father was a member of the Nazi SS during the Second World War, but acted as a double agent, allowing America to stay one step ahead of Germany on the scientific front  As a result of this, a massive freeze cannon is constructed beneath a lighthouse off the coast of Gotham City  The superweapon is discovered by Neo-Joker (the second Harley Quinn who felt that by taking pills to retain his sanity, Jack Napier was destroying the most beautiful part of himself) and is used to freeze most, if not all, of Gotham  Freeze is able to reverse the effects with the aid of Batgirl  It is also revealed that Fries had been contacted by Batman in an attempt to secure the villain's aid to save the life of Alfred Pennyworth  Unfortunately, their efforts were in vain, with Alfred dying saving Bruce's life using cryotech  Fries's backstory is expanded upon in the Von Freeze one-shot issue: Nora's father and his father Jaocb Smithstein were cryogenic researchers in interwar Germany; with the rise of the Nazis, however, Fries's father became an SS officer to protect their research but was cold and abusive to Victor  After being conscripted to experiment with cryotech on Jewish prisoners, he helps the Smithsteins escape, although Jacob is shot, and makes Victor promise to protect his daughter, Nora  It is also revealed that Victor helped deliver Bruce when Martha went into labor early 

Victor and Nora: A Gotham Love Story
In DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults, Nora and Victor's backgrounds and the beginnings of their romance are the premise of Victor and Nora: A Gotham Love Story, written by Lauren Myracle and with art by Isaac Goodhart, released in November 2020 

In other media
See also
List of Batman family enemies
Passage 2:
Neil Patrick Harris
Neil Patrick Harris (born June 15, 1973) is an American actor, singer, writer, producer, and television host  Primarily known for his comedic television roles and dramatic and musical stage roles, he has received multiple accolades throughout his career, including a Tony Award, five Primetime Emmy Awards, and nominations for a Grammy Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards 
On television, he is known for playing the title character on the ABC series Doogie Howser, M D  (1989–1993), for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy, as well as Barney Stinson on the CBS series How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014), for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards), and Count Olaf on the Netflix series A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017–2019)  Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon's musical Dr  Horrible's Sing-Along Blog (2008) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series (2004–2011)  His other films include Starship Troopers (1997), Beastly (2011), The Smurfs (2011), The Smurfs 2 (2013), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), and Gone Girl (2014) 
In 2010, Harris won two awards at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards, winning for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his guest appearance on Glee, and Outstanding Special Class Program for hosting the Tony Awards in 2009; he has won the latter award three additional times for hosting the show in 2011, 2012, and 2013  He also hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2013, and hosted the 87th Academy Awards in 2015, thus making him the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards  In 2014, he starred in the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch on Broadway, for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical  Harris was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010 

Early life and education
Harris was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and grew up in Ruidoso, New Mexico, with his older brother and their parents, Sheila Gail (née Scott; born 1946) and Ronald Gene Harris (born 1946)  His parents were lawyers and also ran a restaurant  He attended La Cueva High School in Albuquerque, graduating with high honors in 1991, which he attributes to being privately tutored half the school year while on set 

Career
Film
Harris began his career as a child actor and was discovered by playwright Mark Medoff at a drama camp in Las Cruces, New Mexico  Medoff later cast him in the 1988 drama film Clara's Heart, starring Whoopi Goldberg and based on the novel of the same name by Joseph Olshan  Clara's Heart earned Harris a Golden Globe nomination  The same year, he starred in Purple People Eater, a children's fantasy 
Harris's first film role as an adult was 1995's Animal Room, although he portrayed a teenager  His subsequent film work has included supporting roles in The Next Best Thing, Undercover Brother, and Starship Troopers  In 2004, Harris played a fictionalized, hyper-womanising, lewd version of himself in the Harold and Kumar stoner comedy films Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle   It was the shift from roles associated with his sanitized "Doogie Howser" character to the more unscrupulous and bawdy part in the Harold & Kumar franchise that liberated Harris and revitalized his acting career, leading to his now-iconic role of Barney Stinson in How I Met Your Mother the following year   He would go on to reprise this role in the sequels: Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay and A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas 
In 2010, Harris provided voice acting for the role of the adult Dick Grayson (Nightwing) in the animated film Batman: Under the Red Hood and the beagle Lou in the film Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore  The same year, he played the lead in the indie comedy The Best and the Brightest  On March 7, 2010, he made a surprise appearance at the 82nd Academy Awards, delivering the opening musical number  He starred in the films The Smurfs (2011) and The Smurfs 2 (2013)  Harris provided the voice of Steve the Monkey in the Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs film franchise 
In 2014, Harris showed a more serious side in Gone Girl, directed by David Fincher  Harris co-starred in the film as Desi Collings, the wealthy and obsessed ex-boyfriend of Amy Dunne, played by Rosamund Pike  Harris has said: "I was pinching myself at the opportunity" to work with Fincher  He received general praise from critics for his performance, as did the film On February 22, 2015, Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards; it was his first time hosting the ceremony, and the first time an openly gay man hosted the Academy Awards In October 2019, it was announced Harris would star in the fourth installment of the Matrix franchise 

Stage
Harris has worked on Broadway in both musical and dramatic roles  He played Tobias Ragg in the 2001 concert performances of Sweeney Todd  In 2002, he performed beside Anne Heche in Proof  In 2003, he took the role of the Emcee in Cabaret alongside Deborah Gibson and Tom Bosley  As a result of his critically acclaimed performance in Cabaret, Harris was named the top-drawing headliner in the role of the Emcee by GuestStarCasting com, outranking fellow celebrity stars John Stamos and Alan Cumming In 2004, he performed the dual role of the Balladeer and Lee Harvey Oswald on Broadway in the revival of Stephen Sondheim's musical Assassins  He also sang the role of Charles (initially played by Anthony Perkins in a 1966 ABC telecast) on the Nonesuch recording of Sondheim's Evening Primrose and portrayed Mark Cohen in the 1997 touring company of the musical Rent, a role he satirized on the January 10, 2009 episode of Saturday Night Live, which he hosted 
In 2010, Harris directed a production of the rock musical Rent at the Hollywood Bowl; he cast his Beastly co-star Vanessa Hudgens as Mimi  In 2011, Harris played the lead role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheim's Company with the New York Philharmonic in concert, opposite Patti LuPone and others  That same year, he directed The Expert at the Card Table at Broad Stage's Edye in Santa Monica, California Harris has hosted the Tony Awards four times: the 63rd Tony Awards on June 7, 2009, the 65th Tony Awards on June 12, 2011, the 66th Tony Awards on June 10, 2012, and the 67th Tony Awards on June 9, 2013  Only Dame Angela Lansbury, with five ceremonies, has hosted the Tony Awards more times  Hosting the Tony Awards has earned him four Primetime Emmy Awards in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 for the 63rd, 65th, 66th and 67th, respectively A week after hosting the Tonys, it was announced that Harris would portray the titular role in the first Broadway production of the rock musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch, which he did from March through August 2014  Harris went on to win the 2014 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical In 2022, he joined the New York City Center Encores! presentation of Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods as The Baker opposite Sara Bareilles as The Baker's Wife  The cast also included Heather Headley, Gavin Creel, and Denée Benton  Harris joined the cast as a late replacement for Christian Borle, who had to leave the production before it began  The limited production ran from May 4 to May 15 In 2023, he joined the cast of Peter Pan Goes Wrong for a limited engagement from April 11 to May 7 playing the role of Francis Beaumont 

Television
Beginning in 1989, Harris played the title role of a child prodigy doctor in Doogie Howser, M D , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe  After the show's four-season run ended in 1993, Harris played a number of guest roles on television series, including Murder, She Wrote  From 1999 to 2000, he starred with Tony Shalhoub in the NBC sitcom Stark Raving Mad, which lasted 22 episodes  He has played lead roles in a number of made-for-television features including Snowbound: The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story in 1994, My Ántonia in 1995, The Christmas Wish in 1998, Joan of Arc in 1999, The Wedding Dress in 2001, and The Christmas Blessing in 2005 

From 2005 to 2014, Harris played Barney Stinson, a serial womanizer, in the CBS ensemble sitcom How I Met Your Mother  The role earned him Emmy nominations every year from 2007 to 2010  In 2008, Harris guest-starred on Sesame Street as the Sesame Street Fairy Shoe Person  In 2009, he hosted the 7th Annual TV Land Awards and appeared as a guest judge on Season 9 of American Idol  Harris hosted the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20, 2009  On August 21, 2010, he won two Emmy Awards at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony, one of which was for his guest performance in the television series Glee  Harris hosted the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 22, 2013, marking his second time hosting the event After a preview at the San Diego Comic-Con, a musical episode of Batman: The Brave and the Bold featuring Harris as the villainous Music Meister premiered on October 23, 2009, on Cartoon Network  As a character who could make anyone do his bidding by singing, he spent most of the episode singing several original songs  In 2010, Harris filmed a pilot episode for an American adaptation of the British game show The Cube as host, though it was not picked up to series In 2014, Harris turned down the chance to replace David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS, stating that he feared he would get bored of the repetition that hosting a nightly talk show would entail  He also rejected the suggestion of replacing Craig Ferguson as host of The Late Late Show on the same grounds, although he claims he was never actually offered either job On September 15, 2015, Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris, a live variety series hosted by Harris on NBC, made its debut but was cancelled after an eight-episode run On January 15, 2016, Netflix cast Harris in the television adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events, in which he stars as Count Olaf  It ran for 3 seasons and 25 episodes before ending on January 1, 2019 
On March 31, 2017, NBC picked up Harris's game show titled Genius Junior, the format would test the smarts of the most brilliant children in the country  Harris would serve as host and executive producer  The series received a 10-episode order and debuted on March 18, 2018 In January 2021, Harris starred in the British drama series, It's a Sin, broadcast on Channel 4, depicting the 1980s HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United Kingdom  In June 2021, Harris was announced to be a judge on Australia's Got Talent: Challengers & Champions, a spin-off series of Australia's Got Talent In June 2022, it was announced that Harris would play a villain for the 60th anniversary of Doctor Who  In July 2022, Harris starred in the Netflix series Uncoupled as gay Manhattanite Michael Lawson, a realtor re-navigating the dating scene after 17 years 

Other media
In 2007, Harris worked with Mike Nelson on an audio commentary for RiffTrax  The two "riffed" on the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory  Harris is a big fan of the cult TV series Nelson worked on, Mystery Science Theater 3000  Harris was interviewed for a 1992 Comedy Central special This Is MST3K hosted by Penn Jillette about the series and its fans  In 2008, Harris played the title role in Joss Whedon's musical web series Dr  Horrible's Sing-Along Blog alongside Nathan Fillion and Felicia Day  The first episode of the series debuted on July 15, 2008  He has also provided his voice for the Disney California Adventure Park attraction California Screamin' On December 11, 2010, Harris hosted the Spike Video Game Awards In October 2014, Harris released a memoir titled Neil Patrick Harris: Choose Your Own Autobiography, which is structured like a Choose Your Own Adventure book  His autobiography spent two weeks on The New York Times Best Seller List  His debut young adult novel, The Magic Misfits, was released in November 2017 and is the first in a four-book series of the same name In October 2020, Harris released a single-player board game named Box One, produced by luxury playing card company Theory11  It is currently available exclusively through Target 
Harris has been a frequent guest narrator at Disney's Candlelight Processional at Walt Disney World 

Personal life
From 1997 to 1998, Harris dated actress Christine Taylor  In a 2008 appearance on The Howard Stern Show, he discussed how the relationship made him realize his true sexuality: "She's the coolest, nicest chick ever  She's an absolute catch, and I thought, 'If I'm not going to feel the super sparks with her    it probably means I'm gay '"Harris publicly came out as gay in November 2006, saying, "I am happy to dispel any rumors or misconceptions and am quite proud to say that I am a very content gay man living my life to the fullest and feel most fortunate to be working with wonderful people in the business I love "Harris attended the Emmy Awards in September 2007 with his fiancé David Burtka, later confirming the relationship  In an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Harris said his relationship with Burtka began in 2004  On August 14, 2010, Harris announced that he and Burtka were expecting twins via a surrogate mother  Their son and daughter were born on October 12, 2010 Following the passage of the Marriage Equality Act in New York on June 24, 2011, Harris and Burtka announced their engagement via Twitter, stating that they had proposed to each other five years earlier but kept the engagement secret until same-sex marriage became legal  On September 8, 2014, Harris announced on his Twitter page that Burtka and he were married over the weekend in Italy  Pamela Fryman, the long-time director of How I Met Your Mother, officiated the wedding while Elton John performed at the reception   In 2013, the couple bought a townhouse in Harlem which they sold in 2022 for $6 9M Harris is a fan of magic, like his character on How I Met Your Mother  His character in American Horror Story: Freak Show was also a magician  Harris's Glee character performed magic as well  Harris won the Tannen's Magic Louis Award in 2006 and hosted the 2008 World Magic Awards on October 11, 2008  He previously served as the President of the Board of Directors of Hollywood's Magic Castle, from 2011 to 2014  Additionally, Harris and partner David Burtka were guests of honor for a Top Chef Masters episode that took place at the Magic Castle
Context 3: Passage 1:
Poptropica
Poptropica is an online role-playing game, developed in 2007 by Pearson Education's Family Education Network, and targeted towards children aged 6 to 15  Poptropica was primarily the creation of Jeff Kinney, the author of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series  As of 2015, he remains at the company as the Creative Director  The game primarily focuses on problem-solving through game quest scenarios, called "islands"  Islands all center on a problem that the player must resolve by going through multiple obstacles, collecting and using items, talking to various characters, and completing goals  All islands, upon completion, award "credits," which are non-negotiable currency that may be used to buy costumes and special effects in the Poptropica store 
In 2011, Poptropica was listed on Time magazine's list of "50 Websites that Make the Web Great", where it was described as "an inventive megasite for kids with a wholesome and slightly educational bent"  By 2012, the game had grown to have over 75 million registered users, with 35 million in the 15-25 age group  Versions of the game have been released on Nintendo DS and 3DS, iOS, and Android mobile devices  In May 2015, it was announced that Family Education Network was sold by Pearson to the interactive-education venture capitalist Sandbox Networks, and that Poptropica had "over 3 2 million monthly unique users in 200 countries and territories" In 2015, Poptropica was sold to educational-technology investment group, Sandbox Partners In 2020, because of the discontinuation of Adobe Flash, Poptropica began porting their old islands that were built on Adobe Flash over to an HTML5 format  As a result of Poptropica's utilization of varying Flash engines, a number of islands were unable to be ported immediately, and were effectively removed from the game  Fan archivists later made 35 islands available once again via the Basilisk browser within the Flashpoint program In April 2022, Poptropica announced that some of the old islands would return as part of a bundle on Steam  Though delayed by a day, the game was eventually released on May 26, 2022, and includes seventeen islands and Poptropica Realms 

Gameplay
When it first launched in 2007, Poptropica only had one island, titled Early Poptropica Island  By 2017, it had 58 islands to be explored, all with a different theme: examples include Back Lot Island, where the player helps produce a movie, and Super Power Island, where their goal is to defeat six super villains  Each island had its own quest, for which a player could receive an island medallion as well as 150 credits to spend in the in-game Poptropica Store  Starting July 6, 2011, Poptropica allowed players to replay islands without creating a new account, while still keeping track of all the Medallions the player had earned 

Advertisements
In addition to the available island quests, advertisers contract for temporary mini-games that appear on the site, sometimes targeted to players of a certain age group or gender  Regular advertisers have included Disney, Kellogg's Froot Loops, Lego toys, and various animated movies and DVD releases  Advertisement mini-games normally appear only during a two-week period  If the player completes an advertisement mini-game, they receive a temporary prize, usually related to the media being advertised 
A few Poptropica islands are themed after certain book series: these include Big Nate, Timmy Failure, Diary of a Wimpy Kid, and Magic Tree House  These islands are permanent, and can be played at any time  In 2015, a total of seven of these islands became members-only 

Mini-games
Poptropica features different mini-games that users can play with other people  These include Switch, Sudoku, Hoops, Sky Dive, Paint War, Star Link, Balloons, Soupwords and Pathwise  The game keeps track of how many times the player wins or loses a certain mini-game 

Spin-offs
Poptropica Adventures
In 2012, in partnership with Ubisoft, Poptropica released a video game for the Nintendo DS, titled Poptropica Adventures 

Poptropica: Forgotten Islands
On September 5, 2013, Poptropica launched Poptropica: Forgotten Islands, an iOS game, which allows players to meet new characters and discover story elements about Poptropica by finding artifacts littered throughout the game  It was also released on the Nintendo 3DS system through Ubisoft in 2014  It has been replaced on iOS and Android with a mobile version of the desktop Poptropica game 

Poptropica Worlds
On January 11, 2017, Poptropica announced via their blog that they were introducing another game called Poptropica Worlds, developed in Unity  It was released in spring 2017  Poptropica Worlds has new features, such as redesigned characters, customizable homes, and new islands  Returning players are able to port over their avatar's look and name to Poptropica Worlds  Poptropica Worlds can be played on both the web and mobile  If membership was bought for Poptropica, it carries over to Poptropica Worlds, and vice versa 
Passage 2:
Eldridge Park, New Jersey
Eldridge Park is an unincorporated community located within Lawrence Township in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States  The neighborhood is named for Stephen Eldridge, a farm owner in the township in the early 20th century  The neighborhood itself was established in 1906 as a settlement along the Trenton & Princeton Traction Company trolleyline and Lawrence Road (U S  Route 206) for European immigrants to purchase small houses in the suburbs of Trenton  The growing population led to the construction of the Eldridge Park Elementary School and St  Ann's, the township's first Roman Catholic church  As it was in the past, the area is mostly made up of small houses with businesses clustered around US 206 
Passage 3:
5th arrondissement of Paris
The 5th arrondissement of Paris (Ve arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France  In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as le cinquième 
The arrondissement, also known as Panthéon, is situated on the Rive Gauche of the River Seine  It is one of the capital's central arrondissements  The arrondissement is notable for being the location of the Latin Quarter, a district dominated by universities, colleges, and prestigious high schools since the 12th century when the University of Paris was created  It is also home to the National Museum of Natural History and Jardin des plantes in its eastern part 
The 5th arrondissement is also one of the oldest districts of the city, dating back to ancient times  Traces of the area's past survive in such sites as the Arènes de Lutèce, a Roman amphitheatre, as well as the Thermes de Cluny, a Roman thermae 

Geography
The 5th arrondissement covers some 2 541 km² (0 981 sq  miles, or 628 acres) in central Paris 

Demography
The population of the arrondissement peaked in 1911 when the population density reached almost 50,000 inhabitants per km²  In 2009, the population was 61,531, while 48,909 worked in the arrondissement 

Historical population
Immigration
History
The Ve arrondissement is the oldest arrondissement in Paris, and was first built by the Romans 
The construction of the Roman town Lutetia dates back from the 1st century BC, which was built after the conquest of the Gaulish site, situated on the île de la Cité by the Romans 
Saint-Hilaire is a ruined 12th-century church in Paris, active until the French Revolution 

Government and infrastructure
The Ministry of Higher Education and Research has its head office in the arrondissement Previously the Bureau d'Enquêtes sur les Événements de Mer (BEAmer) had its head office in the 5th arrondissement 

Economy
Sony Computer Science Laboratories (ソニーコンピュータサイエンス研究所) Paris is in the arrondissement 

Maps
Cityscape
Colleges and universities
As part of the Latin Quarter, the 5th arrondissement is known for its high concentration of educational and research establishments 

Collège de France
Collège international de philosophie
École Polytechnique (historical campus; the school has now been relocated)
PSL University
École Normale Supérieure
ENSCP - Chimie Paris
ESPCI Paris
Sorbonne University - Faculté des sciences
Jussieu Campus
Université Paris Cité
Faculté de médecine de Paris Centre
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
Sorbonne
Sorbonne University - Faculté des Lettres
University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne
University of Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle
Rectorate of Paris
Famous lycées with preparatory classes to the Grandes écoles
Lycée Louis-le-Grand
Lycée Henri IV

Main streets and squares
Passage 4:
Brooklyn College
Brooklyn College is a public university in Brooklyn in New York City  It is part of the City University of New York system and enrolls over 17,000 undergraduate and over 2,800 graduate students on a 35-acre campus as of 2019 
Being New York City's first public coeducational liberal arts college, it was formed in 1930 by the merger of the Brooklyn branches of Hunter College, then a women's college, and of the City College of New York, then a men's college, both established in 1926  Initially tuition-free, Brooklyn College suffered from the New York City government's near-bankruptcy in 1975, when the college closed its campus in downtown Brooklyn  During 1976, with its Midwood campus intact and now its only campus, Brooklyn College charged tuition for the first time 
Prominent alumni of Brooklyn College include US senators, federal judges, US financial chairmen, Olympians, CEOs, and recipients of Academy Awards, Emmy Awards, Pulitzer Prizes, and Nobel Prizes 

College history
Early decades
Brooklyn College was founded in 1930  That year, as directed by the New York City Board of Higher Education on April 22, the college authorized the combination of the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College, at that time a women's college, and the City College of New York, then a men's college, both established in 1926   Meanwhile, Brooklyn College became the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City  The school opened in September 1930, holding separate classes for men and women until their junior years  Admission would require passing a stringent entrance exam 

In 1932, architect Randolph Evans drafted a plan for the campus on a substantial plot that his employer owned in Brooklyn's Midwood section  Evans sketched a Georgian campus facing a central quadrangle, and anchored by a library building with a tower   Evans presented the sketches to the college's then president, Dr  William A  Boylan, who approved the layout 
The land was bought for $1 6 million ($34,300,000 today), and construction allotment was $5 million ($107,000,000 today)  Construction began in 1935  At the groundbreaking ceremony was Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Brooklyn Borough President Raymond Ingersoll  In 1936, United States President Franklin D  Roosevelt visited and laid the gymnasium's cornerstone  The new campus opened for the fall 1937 semester  In the 1940s, Boylan, Ingersoll, Roosevelt and La Guardia each became namesake of a campus building During the tenure of its second president, Harry Gideonse, from 1939 to 1966, Brooklyn College ranked high nationally in number of alumni with doctorate degrees  As academics fled Nazi Germany, nearly a third of refugee historians who were female would at some point work at Brooklyn College  In 1944, sociologist Marion Vera Cuthbert became the first permanent black faculty member appointed at any of the New York municipal colleges  And in 1956, with John Hope Franklin joining, Brooklyn College became the first "white" college to hire on a permanent basis a historian who was black In 1959, still tuition-free, about 8,000 undergraduates were enrolled  In 1962, the college joined six other colleges to form the City University of New York, creating the world's second-largest university  In 1983, Brooklyn College named its library the Harry D  Gideonse Library Nevertheless, Gideonse remains a controversial figure in the college's history; as one account noted, he is "either lauded as a hero and great educator in hagiographic accounts       or decried by faculty and alumni as an autocrat who stifled academic freedom and students' rights "In addition to his curricular and student life reforms, Gideonse was known for his decades-long campaign to ferret out Communists among the college community and his testimony before congressional and state investigating committees during the Second Red Scare On the other hand, perhaps retaining the memory of the time when, as a University of Chicago professor, he was unjustly accused of being a Communist and advocating "free love," Gideonse also attacked those who, without evidence, charged faculty, staff and students with being subversives and defended faculty free speech rights against outside critics The college's third president, Francis Kilcoyne, served from 1966 to 1967  The fourth president, Harold Syrett, resigned due to ill health in February 1969, when George A  Peck was named acting president  John Kneller, Brooklyn College's fifth president, served from 1969 until 1979  These presidents served during what were perhaps the most tumultuous years for Brooklyn College 
During the Vietnam War, as they did on other U S  campuses, student protests rocked Brooklyn College  President Gideonse, in a 1965 television interview, blamed demonstrations on Communists who were "duping the innocents" into demanding more freedom on campus, leading the New York Civil Liberties Union to criticize Gideonse for "his efforts to smear student groups at the college with the Communist label "Also in 1965, student protests forced the Gideonse administration to rescind new, stricter dress rules that forbade male students from wearing dungarees or sweatshirts on campus at any time and mandated that female students wear skirts and blouses even in extremely cold weather  After Gideonse's retirement in June 1966, a newly-appointed dean of administration, Dante Negro, said he was not bothered by the students' more casual dress "that makes it hard to distinguish between the sexes," calling it "a passing fad "On October 21, 1967, a front-page story in The New York Times reported that the college was virtually closed down by a strike of thousands of students angered by police action against antiwar demonstrators protesting U S  Navy recruiters earlier in the week  Five days later, another front-page Times story reported that students had agreed to return to classes after an agreement was reached with college administrators after negotiations  A few days after that, President Kilcoyne walked out when New York Mayor John V  Lindsay appeared at the college, citing Lindsay's insult in calling the school "Berkeley East "Around the same time, the college's students were involved in campus protests involving racial issues  In May 1968, Brooklyn College news again made the front page of The New York Times when police broke up a 16-hour sit-in at the registrar's office to demand that more Black and Puerto Rican students be admitted to the school  At trial, a Black Brooklyn judge reacted angrily when one student said they had been reacting to racism and sentenced him and 32 other white students to five days in jail for the sit-in  In May 1969, 19 or 20 Brooklyn College students faced criminal charges in connection with campus disorders during the spring semester, including raids  in which students allegedly ransacked files and smoke-bombed the library In late April 1970, students demanding more open admissions and racial diversity staged a sit-in at President Kneller's office, holding him and five deans there for several hours  The next week, in early May 1970, students seized the president's office and other buildings during a student strike upon the Kent State shootings and the Cambodian Campaign  President Kneller terminated classes, but kept campus buildings open for students and faculty, obtaining a court order against students occupying buildings In October 1974, 200 Hispanic students took over the registrar's office to protest President Kneller's appointment of a chair of the Puerto Rican Studies Department different from that of the person selected by a faculty search committee  Defying a judge's temporary court order to leave the building, the protesters were supported at a rallies outside Boylan Hall by many student groups and the alumni association, but Kneller refused to rescind his controversial appointment  Protests flared up again in the spring 1975 semester with another takeover of the registrar's office  By January 1976, the college's faculty union voted "no confidence" in Kneller, charging that he "consistently ignored faculty rights" and failed to provide leadership Brooklyn College, along with the rest of CUNY, shut down for two weeks in May and June 1976 as the university was unable to pay its bills  Amid New York City's financial crisis, near bankruptcy, Brooklyn College's campus in downtown Brooklyn closed, leaving the Midwood campus as the Brooklyn College's only campus  In the fall of 1976, with some 30,000 undergraduates enrolled, the college charged tuition for the first time In January 1978, the college's Faculty Council approved a vote of "no confidence" in President Kneller on Wednesday and recommended to the Board of Higher Education that he be replaced Brooklyn College's sixth president was Robert Hess, who served from 1979 to 1992  Hess initiated major changes in the college curriculum, mandating a standard core for all students  Implementation of the new curriculum was aided by a large grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities  By 1984, in a national report's otherwise gloomy assessment of humanities education, Brooklyn College was singled out as "a bright spot" among American universities for stressing the study of the humanities In a 1988 survey of thousands of American college deans, Brooklyn College ranked 5th in providing students with a strong general education, and was the only public institution among the top five  As of 1989, Brooklyn College ranked 11th in the US, and ahead of six of the eight Ivy League universities, by number of graduates who had acquired doctoral degrees  At Brooklyn College being called “the poor man’s Harvard,” President Hess quipped, “I like to think of Harvard as the rich man’s Brooklyn College ”Vernon Lattin was the seventh president of Brooklyn College, from 1992 to 2000 

Modern history
Brooklyn College's campus leafy East Quad looks much like it did when it was originally constructed  The campus also serves as home to BCBC/ Brooklyn College Presents complex and its four theaters, including the George Gershwin 
The demolition of Gershwin Hall, replaced by The Leonard & Claire Tow Center for the Performing Arts for which ground was broken in 2011, is the most recent construction on an evolving campus  Alumni Leonard and Claire Tow gifted $10 million to the college  Other changes to the original design include the demolition of Plaza Building, due to its inefficient use of space, poor ventilation, and significant maintenance costs  To replace the Plaza Building, the college constructed West Quad Center, designed by the notable Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly  The new building contains classroom space, offices, gymnasiums and a swimming pool  It houses the offices of Registration, Admissions, Financial Aid, and the Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science  The grounds contain a quadrangle with grassy areas and trees  New façades are being constructed on Roosevelt and James halls where they once connected with Plaza Building  The 2009–10 CUNYAC championship men's basketball team now plays its home games in the West Quad Center 
This followed a major $70 million library renovation completed in 2003 that saw the library moved to a temporary home while construction took place  The Brooklyn College library is now located in its original location in a completely renovated and expanded LaGuardia Hall 
From 2000 to 2009 when he retired, Christoph M  Kimmich was the eighth President of Brooklyn College  In the 2003 edition of The Best 345 Colleges, the Princeton Review named Brooklyn College as the most beautiful campus in the country, and ranked it fifth in the nation for “Best Academic Bang for the Buck ”Karen L  Gould was named the ninth president of Brooklyn College in 2009  Michelle Anderson became the 10th President of Brooklyn College in 2016  In 2016, Brooklyn College announced a new home for the Koppelman School of Business, with the planned construction of a new building, Koppelman Hall, on property adjacent to the 26-acre campus bought in 2011  This increased the campus size to 35 acres 

Schools
Brooklyn College has five schools:

Murray Koppelman School of Business
School of Education
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
School of Natural and Behavioral Sciences
School of Visual, Media, and Performing Arts

Academics
Undergraduate curriculum
Beginning in 1981, the college instituted a group of classes that all undergraduates were required to take, called "Core Studies"  The classes were: Classical Origins of Western Culture, Introduction to Art, Introduction to Music, People, Power, and Politics, The Shaping of the Modern World, Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning and Computer Programming, Landmarks of Literature, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Geology, Studies in African, Asian, and Latin American Cultures, and Knowledge, Existence and Values In 2006, the Core Curriculum was revamped, and the 13 required courses were replaced with 15 courses in 3 disciplines, from which students were required to take 11  In the fall of 2013, Brooklyn College embarked on CUNY's new general education alternative, the Pathways curriculum, consisting of three components: Required Core (four courses), Flexible Core (six courses) and College Option (four courses)—totaling 42 credits   Brooklyn College offers over a hundred majors varying from the visual arts to Women's Studies 

Division of Graduate Studies
The Division of Graduate Studies at Brooklyn College was established in 1935 and offers more than seventy programs in the arts, education, humanities, sciences, and computer and social sciences  Among those programs is the Graduate theatre program, which is the top ranked in the CUNY system and 14th in the United States; faculty include Tony Award nominee Justin Townsend 

B A –M D  program
The Brooklyn College B A –M D  program is an eight-year program affiliated with SUNY Downstate Medical Center  The program follows a rigorous selection process, with a maximum of 15 students selected every year  Each student selected to the program receives a Brooklyn College Presidential Scholarship  B A –M D  students must engage in community service for three years, beginning in their lower sophomore semester  During one summer of their undergraduate studies, students are required to volunteer in a clinical setting where they are involved in direct patient care  B A –M D  students are encouraged to major in the humanities or social sciences 

The Scholars Program
The Scholars Program is home to a small number of students with strong writing ability and academic record  Being the oldest honors program in the CUNY system, The Scholars Program has served as a model for many other honors programs nationwide  It was established in 1960 and is an interdisciplinary liberal arts program  The program offers honors-level Core courses and seminars as well as small, personalized classes  Upon graduation from Brooklyn College, many Scholars continue their education in competitive programs at top-ranked universities like Princeton, Yale, and New York University  The program accepts incoming freshmen in addition to matriculated sophomores and transfer students (up to 48 credits)  Once admitted, they receive a Brooklyn College Foundation Presidential Scholarship of up to $4,000 for every year of their undergraduate study at Brooklyn College and a laptop computer 

Coordinated Engineering Program
The Coordinated Honors Engineering Program offers a course of study equivalent to the first two years at any engineering school  Students who maintain the required academic level are guaranteed transfer to one of the three coordinating schools—NYU-Poly, City College of New York School of Engineering, and the College of Staten Island Engineering Science Program—to complete their bachelor's degree in engineering  Coordinating Engineering students have also transferred to Stony Brook University, University of Wisconsin, University of Michigan, Cooper Union, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Students admitted as incoming First-Year receive a Brooklyn College Foundation Presidential Scholarship that provides full tuition for their two years of full-time undergraduate study in the Coordinated Engineering Program  As members of the Honors Academy, Engineering Honors students take advantage of individual advising, faculty consultation, and early registration  In the Commons they find study facilities, computer access, academic, scholarship, internship, and career opportunities, and, above all, intellectual stimulation among other talented students like themselves  Students applying to the Engineering Honors Program will also be considered for the Scholars Program 

Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema
Barry R  Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema is the first public graduate film school in New York City  It is the only film school in America to have its own classroom on a film lot with the collaboration of Steiner Studios, the largest soundstage on the East Coast  The program offers a two-year M



ground_truth: College of Charles Towne

Charles Towne

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In Batman Under the Red Hood, who does the actor of Barney Stinson from How I Met Your Mother play?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Philanthropy
Alongside his acting career, Harris has supported and contributed to various charities, organization, and foundations  These include:

In October 2014, Harris attended a dinner for the Elton John AIDS Foundation and in September 2016, he and his husband were the honorary hosts of a culinary cookout to help raise money for the Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation  In April 2019, Harris hosted WE Day California, a charity event that celebrates students who have made a change in their community 

Discography
Cast recordings
Singles
Acting credits
Film
Television
Theater
Web
Video games
Bibliography
Audiobooks
2014: Neil Patrick Harris: Choose Your Own Autobiography (read by the author), Random House Audio, ISBN 978-0-385-36794-3

Awards and nominations
See also
LGBT culture in New York City
List of LGBT people from New York City
Passage 3:
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
Tracy McConnell ("The Mother") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother  The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met his children's mother  Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9  She is played by Cristin Milioti 
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment  Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale  The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans 

Casting
During its first eight seasons, the sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother  Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show  Many fans expected that another would play the role, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown  Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn't want it to be a big famous star because we didn't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be  The whole idea is that Ted's never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began  They also did not want a large casting call Bays and Thomas chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member  Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before  She only learned of the character's importance after binge watching the show during the summer 

Character history
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984 The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death  After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her—a ukulele  The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love In "Wait for It", the short story of how they met involving her yellow umbrella is revealed  In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St  Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death  She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating  The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment  Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man", but she turns him down  Nevertheless, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams  The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother  But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom—Economics instead of Architecture  At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with as her roommate  They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off  She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom 
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife  Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate  When in Cindy and the Mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower  Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band  Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "And your mom     well, she got her yellow umbrella back " In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her crying  As the Mother tried to console her, Cindy kissed her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush  While this incident made Cindy realize that she was a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to get back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time 
Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches the Mother and is welcomed into her band, Superfreakonomics  Darren gradually takes over the band, and becomes her nemesis In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man  In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married  In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding  In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the Mother the day of their wedding  In the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar, though her face is not seen 
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?", Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute  The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding 
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr ) in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans  Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she is not yet ready to date  Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after  They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she does not love him 
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends—Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel)—before she meets him  The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish"  In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey 
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn  On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is the bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit  The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake control of the band  Before she can, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom's best man punched him "for no reason", and quits the band 
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from where she had been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend  As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes  She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes", says goodbye, and declines Louis' proposal when she goes back inside  She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn  On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose"  Ted hears her singing from his room next door 
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date  Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner  On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis  She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating  Ted walks her back to her apartment  They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away  The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her  When the story is over, they say goodnight again  The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date 
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn  She immediately accepts  In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017  She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton 

Name
The Mother's real name—Tracy McConnell—is not confirmed until the series finale, "Last Forever", when Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station  The name was hinted at in the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey": Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "   that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother"  The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that the Mother's name is Tracy 

Fate
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness  In the finale, the characters do not directly state that the Mother is dead  Ted says that she "became sick" and his children said that she has been "gone" for six years  Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with the Mother's death  Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning  Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that the Mother was "an amazing character" and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy  Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue" A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale  The petition had over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage  On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD  No new material was shot for this scene  In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030  Future Ted is heard saying, "   When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was   ", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive  The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long, happy marriage with Tracy 

Notes
Passage 4:
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
Tracy McConnell ("The Mother") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother  The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met his children's mother  Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from "Lucky Penny" to "The Time Travelers", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New" and was promoted to a main character in season 9  She is played by Cristin Milioti 
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment  Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever", the series finale  The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans 

Casting
During its first eight seasons, the sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother  Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show  Many fans expected that another would play the role, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown  Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn't want it to be a big famous star because we didn't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be  The whole idea is that Ted's never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began  They also did not want a large casting call Bays and Thomas chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member  Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before  She only learned of the character's importance after binge watching the show during the summer 

Character history
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984 The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death  After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her—a ukulele  The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love In "Wait for It", the short story of how they met involving her yellow umbrella is revealed  In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St  Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death  She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating  The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment  Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man", but she turns him down  Nevertheless, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams  The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother  But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom—Economics instead of Architecture  At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with as her roommate  They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off  She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom 
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife  Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate  When in Cindy and the Mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower  Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band  Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "And your mom     well, she got her yellow umbrella back " In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her crying  As the Mother tried to console her, Cindy kissed her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush  While this incident made Cindy realize that she was a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to get back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time 
Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches the Mother and is welcomed into her band, Superfreakonomics  Darren gradually takes over the band, and becomes her nemesis In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man  In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married  In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding  In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the Mother the day of their wedding  In the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar, though her face is not seen 
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?", Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute  The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding 
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr ) in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans  Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she is not yet ready to date  Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after  They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she does not love him 
The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends—Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel)—before she meets him  The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish"  In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey 
In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn  On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is the bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit  The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake control of the band  Before she can, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom's best man punched him "for no reason", and quits the band 
In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from where she had been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend  As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes  She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes", says goodbye, and declines Louis' proposal when she goes back inside  She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn  On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose"  Ted hears her singing from his room next door 
In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date  Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner  On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis  She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating  Ted walks her back to her apartment  They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away  The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her  When the story is over, they say goodnight again  The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date 
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn  She immediately accepts  In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017  She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton 

Name
The Mother's real name—Tracy McConnell—is not confirmed until the series finale, "Last Forever", when Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station  The name was hinted at in the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey": Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "   that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother"  The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that the Mother's name is Tracy 

Fate
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness  In the finale, the characters do not directly state that the Mother is dead  Ted says that she "became sick" and his children said that she has been "gone" for six years  Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with the Mother's death  Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning  Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that the Mother was "an amazing character" and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy  Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue" A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale  The petition had over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage  On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD  No new material was shot for this scene  In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030  Future Ted is heard saying, "   When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I can't help but be amazed how easy it all really was   ", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive  The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long, happy marriage with Tracy 

Notes
Passage 5:
Batman: Under the Red Hood
Batman: Under the Red Hood is a 2010 American animated superhero action thriller direct-to-video film produced by Warner Bros  Animation and released by Warner Home Video  It is the eighth film of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies  The writer, Judd Winick, also wrote the "Under the Hood" run in the monthly Batman comic the film is based on  The film was released on July 27, 2010, and received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised its plot, animation, and focus on storytelling  It is generally considered to be one of the best in the DC Universe Animated Original Movies line  The film was also a commercial success, grossing over $12 million in home video sales 
The two-disc special edition and Blu-ray also includes an animated short featuring Jonah Hex  An interactive short spiritual sequel/film adaptation, Batman: Death in the Family, was released on October 13, 2020,  ten years after Red Hood 

Plot
Ra's al Ghul realizes his mistake in hiring the Joker to use him as a distraction while he destroyed Europe's financial districts after learning that he has captured Jason Todd, the second Robin, Batman's partner  In Sarajevo, Bosnia, Joker brutally assaults Jason, in an abandoned warehouse with a crowbar  Jason is locked in the warehouse with a bomb, which explodes and kills him before Batman arrives 
Five years later in Gotham City, a mysterious vigilante called Red Hood assembles a meeting of the city's most prominent drug dealers  He announces a takeover of their drug trade, taking only 40% of the profit while offering them protection from both Black Mask and Batman - under punishment of death to anyone caught dealing drugs to children 
Batman stops an attempted theft of a shipment belonging to Black Mask, which is the advanced android Amazo  Batman destroys Amazo with the help of Jason's predecessor Dick Grayson a k a  Nightwing and discovers the thieves are working for Red Hood who then kills them  He chases Red Hood to Ace Chemicals, where an explosion destroys the facility  Batman and Nightwing interrogate Joker at Arkham Asylum about Red Hood, but he denies involvement 

Black Mask puts a hit on Red Hood for Amazo's destruction  Batman and Nightwing prevent Red Hood from hijacking Black Mask's next weapon shipment  They chase Red Hood to a train station, where he escapes after detonating a bomb, which injures Nightwing  Batman and Nightwing realize Red Hood is trained and has knowledge of Batman's tactics and gear  A review of audio footage of the chase reveals Red Hood knows Batman's secret identity 
Batman recalls Jason performing the same maneuvers as Robin and that Jason grew more violent and bloodthirsty as he aged, with Batman having to stop him many times from nearly killing criminals  The Fearsome Hand of 4 lure out Red Hood and nearly overpower him until Batman helps incapacitate three of them and Red Hood kills the fourth, horrifying Batman  Red Hood explains he is doing what Batman will not: killing criminals who are not afraid 
Batman analyzes a blood sample of Red Hood drawn from the battle and it matches Jason's  After discovering Jason's corpse is fake, Batman confronts Ra's al Ghul and demands to know the truth  Ra's explains that he felt responsible for Jason's death and, as a peace offering, he swapped Jason's body for a fake and revived him in the Lazarus Pit  Following his resurrection, Jason was driven insane and escaped 
After surviving an assassination attempt by Red Hood, Black Mask sets Joker free, tasking him with killing Red Hood  However, Joker instead abducts Black Mask and the drug dealers and plans to set them on fire; Red Hood appears and reveals his real target all along has been the Joker  Batman saves the hostages and Red Hood takes Joker  Red Hood brutally beats Joker in revenge for his own murder and confronts Batman 
During the fight, Red Hood removes his helmet, confirming he is Jason  Their fight makes its way to the dilapidated building where Jason is keeping the Joker and ends with Jason holding Batman at gunpoint  Though he has forgiven Batman for not saving him, Jason is upset and angry that Joker is still alive after killing him  Batman admits he has thought constantly about torturing and killing the Joker but will not, fearing he will not stop if he kills even once 
Jason tosses Batman a gun and gives him an ultimatum – he will execute the Joker unless Batman shoots him  Batman refuses and drops the gun, causing Jason to shoot at him  Batman throws a batarang, which jams Jason's pistol  When Jason pulls the trigger again, the gun is destroyed and his right hand gets mangled  Defeated, Jason sets off a time bomb and Batman subdues Joker before attempting to save Jason 
The bomb explodes; Batman and Joker survive but Jason is gone  Joker is returned to Arkham and Black Mask is arrested for his involvement in the Joker's escape  At the Batcave, Alfred offers to remove the glass case display of Jason's Robin costume after everything that has happened, but Bruce refuses, claiming it doesn't change anything 
A final flashback shows Jason's first day as Robin, which he cheerfully declares is the best day of his life 

Cast
Crew
Andrea Romano – Voice Director

Music
The score for Batman: Under the Red Hood was composed by Christopher Drake, who had previously scored several animated films set in the DC Universe  It was inspired by the soundtracks of Batman: Mask of the Phantasm which features a traditional orchestral score and The Dark Knight which features a computer generated, electronic score  Drake said that since Under the Red Hood has a darker tone than previous DC Universe animated films, he chose not to use the music as epic and melodramatic instead opting for a more intimate, minimal and restrained tone  He added that this is the first DC film he has scored that didn't rely on using a large choir to make the fight scenes sound bigger  Drake scored the film as a reference to modern minimalist electronic scores because the film's director Brandon Vietti felt that Under the Red Hood needed to go in a different, more modern direction to separate it from previous DC animation scores  At that point, Drake introduced more electronic and ambient elements, like synthesized and processed electronic guitar, while retaining orchestral elements Batman: Under The Red Hood – Soundtrack to The Animated Original Movie was released by WaterTower Music on July 27, 2010 and features 18 tracks composed for the film 

Commercial performance
The film grossed over $12 million in domestic home video sales, making it one of the highest grossing DC animated films 

Critical reception
Batman: Under the Red Hood received positive reviews from critics who praised the film's direction, animation, emotional weight of the story, and voice acting particularly for Jensen Ackles  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from seven critics, with an average rating of a 7 3/10  
Demeter's review for The World's Finest stated: "I have to say this really was a damn good film"  James Harvey's review on the same website was even more positive, calling it "a mature and faithful take on the Batman lore"  IGN gave the movie an 8 out of 10, calling it "An interesting peek inside the psyche of Batman and the fine line between good and evil"  It was the highest rated direct-to-video Batman film until the release of The Dark Knight Returns 

Continuation
A follow-up film titled Batman: Death in the Family was released on October 13, 2020, a decade after Under the Red Hood with Greenwood, Martella, and DiMaggio reprising their roles  Zehra Fazal plays Talia al Ghul and Gary Cole plays both Two-Face and Commissioner Gordon  It is an interactive narrative where the viewer chooses what happens in the story 
Passage 6:
The Foresters
The Foresters or, Robin Hood and Maid Marian is a play written by Alfred Tennyson and first produced with success in New York in 1892   A set of incidental music in nine movements was composed for the play by Arthur Sullivan 
The success of the first production led to productions in seven other American cities   A production opened in London in 1893   Although the play was not well received in England, Sullivan's incidental music was praised 

The play
Sullivan and Tennyson had worked together before, on a song cycle for tenor, The Window, written and composed in 1867–68, but not published until 1871   Sullivan and Tennyson did not find working together on The Window congenial and did not attempt work together again for over twenty years   Meanwhile, Tennyson had written a play, The Cup, that was produced with success by Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre in 1881   Encouraged by this, Tennyson started work on a play based on the Robin Hood legend, completing it after a visit to Sherwood Forest in October 1881   But Irving rejected the play on the grounds that it was not dramatic enough for his audiences at the Lyceum, who were accustomed to his sensational productions   Tennyson turned to other projects, setting The Foresters aside for several years   In 1888, American actress Mary Anderson decided to produce The Cup   Tennyson suggested that she also produce The Foresters, but again the play was set aside   In 1891, however, Anderson's brother, Joseph wrote to the American impresario Augustin Daly recommending that The Foresters would be a good project for him and his star actress Ada Rehan   Daly was enthusiastic about the play and, by September 1891, agreed to arrange a New York production   By then, Tennyson was 82 years old The text, consisting of a mixture of blank verse and prose, contained songs and dances which Daly, at Tennyson's suggestion, approached Sullivan to compose   Daly made numerous changes to Tennyson's text, cutting dialogue, moving events from one act to another, and reassigning songs and dialogue to different characters  Henry Widmer, Daly's musical assistant, may have contributed some music to the score  Sullivan completed the score by December 1891, and the play opened in New York on 17 March 1892  The piece starred Rehan as Marian and John Drew Jr  as Robin  It was a hit and was then played in seven other major American cities, becoming Tennyson's greatest theatrical success  A single performance of the play was given at the Lyceum Theatre in London on the same day as the first New York performance to secure the British copyright An English production opened at the new Daly's Theatre, in London, on 3 October 1893, by which time the author had died  It starred Rehan and Arthur Bourchier   Despite the respect in which Lord Tennyson was held, the play received poor notices in London, being called "tedious" and compared with a nursery tale, and ran for only seventeen performances   Sullivan's music, by contrast, was initially well reviewed  The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, for example, wrote that the songs were "set with rare taste, discrimination and melody by Sir Arthur Sullivan, whose delightful music gives charm and interest" Sullivan's biographers and scholars of his work have been unanimous in censuring Tennyson's text  Gervase Hughes wrote, "How did the author of The Idylls of the King come to put his name to such puerile rubbish?"  Arthur Jacobs called the piece "perhaps the oddest of all the stage works which [Sullivan] was invited to undertake "  Percy Young scoffed, "Devoid of any kind of merit whatsoever "  But some of them did not warmly review Sullivan's score either: "One of Sullivan's lamest    resourceless in magic" (Young); "[not] even one memorable number" (Jacobs)   Recent critics, however, have praised Sullivan's contribution 

Roles and original cast
Original New York cast shown, with changes in London cast noted   Vocal ranges noted for roles that sing parts in the incidental music:

King Richard, Coeur de Lion – George Clarke
Prince John – John Craig
Robin Hood, Earl of Huntingdon – John Drew, Jr  (Arthur Bourchier in London)
Sir Richard Lea – Charles Wheatleigh (Henry Loraine in London)
The Abbot of St  Mary's – Thomas Bridgeland (Lloyd Lowndes in London)
The Sheriff of Nottingham – Charles LeClercq
A Justiciary – William Gilbert
Walter Lea, Son of Sir Richard Lea – Ralph Nisbet (Robb Harwood in London)
Followers of Robin Hood:Little John – Herbert Gresham
Friar Tuck – Eugene Jepson (William Owen in London)
Will Scarlet (tenor) – Hobart Bosworth
Old Much – Tyrone Power (Sidney Herbert in London)Maid Marian, Daughter of Sir Richard Lea (mezzo-soprano) – Ada Rehan
Kate, Attendant on Marian (soprano) – Kitty Cheatham (Catherine Lewis in London)
Titania (soprano) – Percy Haswell
First Fairy (soprano) – Miss Massoni (Gaston Murray in London)
Retainers, Messengers, Merry Men, Mercenaries, Friars, Beggars, Sailors, Peasants, etc 

Musical numbers
The nine musical numbers, with the opening lines of text for each, are as follows:

Recording
A recording was made of the music in 2004 by the New London Orchestra, the London Chorus and soloists conducted by Ronald Corp  It is published on the Hyperion label   The Northamptonshire Theatre Orchestra and A La Carte & Friends performed the piece at the 2008 International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival claiming that theirs was the first live performance with orchestra since the nineteenth century 

Notes
Context 3: A  in Cinema Studies, a two-year M F A  in Cinema Arts in the discipline of Producing, and a three-year M F A in Cinema Arts with five disciplines of Cinematography,
Directing, Post-production, Screenwriting, and Digital Arts and Visual Effects  The school opened in the fall of 2015  The first graduating class was in Spring 2018 

Rankings
U S  News & World Report ranked the school tied for 62nd overall as a Regional college (North region), 6th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility", 15th in "Top Public Schools", and tied for 33rd in "Best Colleges for Veterans" for 2021 

Athletics
Brooklyn College athletic teams are nicknamed as the Bulldogs  The college is a member at the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); primarily competing in the City University of New York Athletic Conference (CUNYAC) since the 1996–97 academic year (which they also competed in a previous stint from 1978–79 to 1979–80)  The Bulldogs previously competed in the East Coast Conference at the Division I level during the 1991–92 academic year 
Men's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball  The athletics stadium was used for the outdoor scenes in the 1978 adult film Debbie Does Dallas 

Mascot
In 2010, Brooklyn College adopted the Bulldog as its new mascot  The athletic program was originally known as the Kingsmen  In 1994, the mascot was changed to the Bridges  However, after the school built new facilities and underwent other changes the athletic director pushed for a new name to reflect the new program 

Notable people
Notable alumni
Notable alumni of Brooklyn College in government include Senator Bernie Sanders (1959–1960), Senator Barbara Boxer (née Barbara Levy; B A  1962), Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm (B A  1946), Securities and Exchange Commission Chairmen Manuel F  Cohen (B S  1933) and Harvey Pitt (B A  1965), and federal judges Rosemary S  Pooler (B A  1959), Jack B  Weinstein (B A  1943), Sterling Johnson Jr  (B A  1963), Edward R  Korman (B A  1963), Joel Harvey Slomsky (B A  1967), and Jason K  Pulliam (B A  1995; M A  1997) 
Notable alumni in business include Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CEO Barry Salzberg (B S  1974), Adobe Inc  CEO Bruce Chizen (B S  1978), Warner Bros  and Los Angeles Dodgers CEO Robert A  Daly, New York Mets President Saul Katz (B A  1960), Boston Celtics owner Marvin Kratter (1937), David Geffen, New Line Cinema CEO Michael Lynne (B A  1961), CBS Records CEO Walter Yetnikoff (B A  1953), Vanguard Records co-founder Maynard Solomon (B A  1950), and Gannett Chairman Marjorie Magner (B S  1969) 
Notable alumni in the sciences and academia include Nobel Prize–winning biochemist Stanley Cohen (B A  1943), Fields Medal–winning mathematician Paul Cohen (1953), social psychologists Stanley Milgram (B A  1954) and Philip Zimbardo (B A  1954), Harvard Law School professor and author Alan M  Dershowitz (A B  1959), Columbia Law School Dean Barbara Aronstein Black (B A  1953), California State University Chancellor Barry Munitz (B A  1963), City College of New York President Lisa Staiano-Coico (B S  1976), and NASA scientist and College of William & Mary professor Joel S  Levine (B S  1964) 
Notable alumni in the arts include Academy, Emmy, and Tony Award–winning director, writer, and actor Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; 1946), Golden Globe Award–winning actor James Franco (M F A  2009), Emmy Award–winning actor Jimmy Smits (B A  1980), Academy Award–winning screenwriter Frank Tarloff (B A ), Academy Award-nominated filmmakers Paul Mazursky (B A  1952) and Oren Moverman (B A  1992), Sopranos stars Steve Schirripa (B A  1980) and Dominic Chianese (B A  1961), director Joel Zwick (1962; M A  1968), Grammy Award winner Peter Nero (born Bernard Nierow; B A  1956), O  Henry Award–winning author Irwin Shaw (born Irwin Shamforoff; B A  1934); and a number of Pulitzer Prize winners: author Frank McCourt (M A  1967), playwrights Howard Sackler (B A  1950) and Annie Baker (M F A  2009), journalists Sylvan Fox (B A  1951), Stanley Penn (1947), and Harold C  Schonberg (B A  1937), photographer Max Desfor, and historian Oscar Handlin (B A  1934) 
Other notable alumni include Olympic fencers Ralph Goldstein and Nikki Franke (B S  1972), chess grandmaster and five-time U S  champion Gata Kamsky (B A  1999), Jewish Defense League founder Meir Kahane (B A  1954), and civil rights activist Al Sharpton (1975) 

Notable faculty
F  Murray Abraham (born 1939), actor of stage and screen; professor of theater, winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor
Vito Acconci, designer, landscape architect, performance and installation artist
Dorothy Inez Adams (1904-1967), anthropologist
Eric Alterman (born 1960), liberal journalist
Lennart Anderson, figurative painter
Hannah Arendt, philosopher and political theorist; author of The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) and The Human Condition (1958)
Solomon Asch, Polish-American Gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology
John Ashbery (1927–2017), poet, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winner; tenured faculty member from c  1972 to 1986
Robert Beauchamp, painter
Maír José Benardete, scholar of Sephardic studies and Professor of Spanish and Sephardic Studies
William Boylan (1869–1940), first President of Brooklyn College
Edwin G  Burrows (1943–2018), historian; Pulitzer Prize for History winner for co-writing Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 with Mike Wallace
Frances Sergeant Childs, historian; one of the college's founding faculty members
Margaret Clapp, scholar, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, President of Wellesley College
Michael Cunningham (born 1952), novelist; winner of Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and PEN/Faulkner Award for The Hours
Rudy D'Amico (born 1940), professional National Basketball Association scout, and former Brooklyn College and professional basketball coach who coached Maccabi Tel Aviv to the Euroleague Championship
Lois Dodd (born 1927), painter
Charles Dodge (born 1942), composer, founder of the Center for Computer Music
Alphonsus J  Donlon, President of Georgetown University
Paul Edwards (born Paul Eisenstein), Professor of Philosophy, editor of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy
John Hope Franklin, historian of the US, former Chairman of the History Department, president of Phi Beta Kappa, and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
Jack Gelber, playwright and theater director; taught at Brooklyn College 1972–2003
Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997), Beat Generation poet and Pulitzer Prize for Poetry finalist; Distinguished Professor of English from 1986 to 1997, replacing Ashbery (who accepted a MacArthur Fellowship and later moved to Bard College)
Betty Glad, Chair of Political Science at the University of Illinois
Ralph Goldstein (1913–1997), Olympic épée fencer
Joel Glucksman (born 1949), Olympic saber fencer
Maxine Greene (née Meyer), William F  Russell Professor in the Foundations of Education at Teachers College, Columbia University
David Grubbs (born 1967), musician, composer, recording artist
Carey Harrison (born 1944), novelist/dramatist
Amy Hempel (born 1951), short story writer, journalist, and coordinator of the MFA Fiction-Writing Program
Seymour L  Hess, meteorologist and planetary scientist
Shintaro Higashi, 6th degree black belt in judo, 2007 and 2011 USA Judo Senior National Champion
Agnieszka Holland (born 1948), film director, best known for Europa Europa (1992)
Carl Holty, painter
Karen Brooks Hopkins, President of the Brooklyn Academy of Music
John Hospers, first presidential candidate of the US Libertarian Party; professor 1956–66
Paul Jacobs, classical pianist; specialist in modern music
KC Johnson, professor of American history
Mburumba Kerina (1932–2021), Deputy Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia
Béla Király (1912–2009), professor emeritus, former Hungarian general taught military history and central European history
Alfred McClung Lee, Chairman of the Sociology and Anthropology departments at Wayne University and Brooklyn College
Tania León, Cuban-born composer and conductor, Pulitzer Prize for Music winner
Don Lemon, CNN anchor and journalist
Ben Lerner, poet and writer
Ira N  Levine (1937–2015), author and professor in the Chemistry Department
Abraham Maslow, psychologist in the school of humanistic psychology, best known for his theory of human motivation which led to a therapeutic technique known as self-actualization; taught 1937–1951
Wilson Carey McWilliams, political scientist, author of The Idea of Fraternity in America (1973, University of California Press), for which he won the National Historical Society prize in 1974
Denise O'Connor (born 1935), Olympic foil fencer
Carol J  Oja, musicologist and scholar of American Studies, William Powell Mason Professor at Harvard University
Ursula Oppens, pianist, co-founded the contemporary music ensemble Speculum Musicae, Conservatory of Music
Philip Pearlstein, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, influential painter known for his Modernist Realism nudes
Itzhak Perlman, violinist, Conservatory of Music
Roman Popadiuk, US Ambassador to Ukraine
Tubby Raskin (1902–1981), basketball player and coach
Inez Smith Reid, Senior Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals
Mark Rothko (born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz; 1903–1970), influential abstract expressionist painter
Susan Fromberg Schaeffer, novelist and Broeklundian Professor of English
Albert Schatz, microbiologist, co-discoverer of streptomycin
William Schimmel, composer
Mitchell Silver, Commissioner of the New York City Parks Department
Mabel Murphy Smythe-Haith, Ambassador for the United States to Cameroon and later Equatorial Guinea
Stephen Solarz, US Congressional Representative from New York
Eileen Southern, musicologist, researcher, author, and teacher
Mark Strand, United States Poet Laureate, Pulitzer Prize for Poetry–winning poet, essayist, and translator
Glenn Thrush, Politico senior writer, author
Hans L  Trefousse, Distinguished Emeritus Professor of History; taught 1946–1998, historian and author
Ad Reinhardt, Elizabeth Murray, Vito Acconci, William T  Williams, Archie Rand, Jennifer McCoy, Patricia Cronin, artists (1950s to present)
Mervin F  Verbit, chair of the Sociology Department at Touro College
Carleton Washburne, Director of Teacher Education, known for his progressive education works
Mac Wellman, Obie Award–winning playwright, author, and poet
Ruth Westheimer (better known as Dr  Ruth; born Karola Ruth Siegel, 1928), German-American sex therapist, author, radio, television talk show host, former Haganah sniper, and Holocaust survivor
C  K  Williams, poet, won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
Ethyle R  Wolfe, professor from 1947 to 1989, created the Ethyle R  Wolfe Humanities Institute at the college 
Theresa Wolfson, Professor of Labor Economics, won the John Dewey Award of the League for Industrial Democracy
Joel Zwick (born 1942), professor in the Film Department, director of Full House, Fuller House, Family Matters, My Big Fat Greek Wedding, and Fat Albert
Passage 5:
Dorset Park
Dorset Park is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  It is located in the western part of the district of Scarborough  The neighbourhood is bordered by Highway 401 to the north, Midland Avenue to the east, Lawrence Avenue to the south, and Birchmount Road to the west  Kennedy Road runs along the neighbourhood's centre north and south and Ellesmere Road runs along the centre east and west  The area south of Lawrence Avenue, north of the hydro corridor, is known as McGregor Park and is often included as part of Dorset Park 
The business district of Scarborough is carried right through the heart of Dorset Park along Kennedy Road from Highway 401 to Lawrence Avenue  The business district along Kennedy Road is a 3 5 kilometre stretch of the road with nothing but stores, businesses and high rise buildings  Kennedy Commons, a large strip mall, is located on Kennedy Road, between Highway 401 and Ellesmere Road 

History
The area was formerly farmland, with the majority of the housing built in the 1950s  Among the landmarks are Pizza Nova, founded in 1963 

Education
One public school board operates schools in Dorset Park, the secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB)  Public elementary schools operated by TDSB include:

General Crerar Public School
Dorset Park Public School
Ellesmere-Statton Public School is a elementary school located on Ellesmere Road between Birchmount and Kennedy Roads  This school is a merger of two schools, Ellesmere Junior Public School (founded in 1953, replacing S S No  4 that opened in the 1840s) and Wendell Statton Senior Public School (built in 1972 and opened in September 1973)  Both buildings are connected to each other and the school has a diverse population of 640 students  It is named after long time Scarborough educator Wendell W  Statton, who was a principal of Ellesmere P S 
Glamorgan Public Junior School TDSB also operates one secondary school, Winston Churchill Collegiate Institute 
Schooling for students residing in Dorset Park is also provided by the public school boards, the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (CSCM), Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSM)  CSCM and TCDSB are separate school boards, the former being French first language separate school board, whereas CSV is a French-first language secular school board 

See also
List of neighborhoods in Scarborough

External links
City of Toronto profile
Passage 6:
The Siege
The Siege is a 1998 American action thriller film directed by Edward Zwick  The film is about a fictional situation in which terrorist cells have made several attacks in New York City  The film stars Denzel Washington, Annette Bening, Tony Shalhoub, and Bruce Willis 

Plot
FBI Special Agent Anthony Hubbard and his Lebanese American partner Frank Haddad intervene at the hijacking of a bus fully loaded with passengers, which contains an explosive device  The bomb turns out to be a paint bomb and the terrorists escape  The FBI receives demands to release Sheikh Ahmed bin Talal, a suspect in an earlier bombing  Hubbard eventually comes into conflict with Central Intelligence Agency operative Elise Kraft as he takes a terrorist suspect into custody and arrests Kraft  Later, another terrorist threat is made and a Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus is bombed  FBI captures a man named Samir Nazhde, who admits to signing the visa application of one of the suicide bombers in the course of signing many applications for student visas in his job as a lecturer  However, Kraft insists that Samir is not a terrorist and that his continued freedom is vital to the investigation 
The terrorist incidents escalate with the bombing of a bus and a crowded theater and hostage-situation at an elementary school, and culminate in the destruction of One Federal Plaza, the location of the FBI's New York City field office, with over 600 casualties  In spite of objections, the President of the United States declares martial law and the United States Army's 101st Airborne Division, under General William Devereaux, occupies and seals off Brooklyn in an effort to find the remaining terrorist cells  Subsequently, all young men of Arab descent, including Haddad's son Frank Jr , are rounded up and detained in Downing Stadium  Haddad resigns in outrage  New Yorkers stage violent demonstrations against the Army and the profiling of the Arabs; the Army fights to maintain control  There are reports of Army killings 
Hubbard and Kraft, now revealed to be an intelligence operative named Sharon Bridger, continue their investigation and capture a suspect, Tariq Husseini  Devereaux's men torture and kill Husseini in the course of the interrogation  Afterward, Bridger tells Hubbard that Husseini revealed nothing of value because of the principle of compartmentalized information  Sickened, she finally admits that she herself provided training and support to militants opposed to Saddam Hussein's regime, working with Samir to recruit and train the followers of the Sheikh  After the U S  cut their funding and left them exposed, she took pity on the few of them who had not yet been slaughtered by Hussein's forces, and arranged for them to escape to the United States, ultimately leading to the present situation as they turn their bomb making and covert skills on the country that now holds their leader  She and Hubbard compel Samir to arrange a meeting with the final terrorist cell  Hubbard convinces Haddad to return to the FBI 
A multi-ethnic peace march demonstrates against the occupation of Brooklyn  As the march is getting under way Hubbard and Haddad arrive at the meeting place, but Bridger and Samir have already left  Samir reveals to Bridger that he constitutes the final cell while in another sense he says, "there will never be a last cell " He straps a bomb to his body which he intends to detonate among the marchers  Hubbard and Haddad arrive in time to prevent him from leaving a bath house, but Samir shoots Bridger in the stomach as she struggles to stop him  Hubbard and Haddad kill Samir but despite their best efforts the pair can only watch as Bridger succumbs to her wound after managing to recite certain lines of the second half of the Lord's Prayer and concluding with "Inshallah" – the Arabic phrase "God Willing" 
Hubbard, Haddad, and their team raid Devereaux's headquarters to make an arrest for the torture and murder of Husseini  Deveraux insists that under the War Powers Resolution the authority vested in himself by the President supersedes that of the court which issued the arrest warrant  He then commands his soldiers to aim their assault rifles at the agents, resulting in a Mexican standoff  Hubbard reminds Devereaux that the civil liberties and human rights which he took from Husseini are what all his predecessors have fought and died for  Devereaux finally submits and is arrested  Martial law ends and the detainees, including Haddad's son, are given their freedom 

Cast
Denzel Washington as FBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge Anthony 'Hub' Hubbard
Annette Bening as CIA Operative Sharon Bridger / Elise Kraft
Bruce Willis as U S  Army General William Devereaux
Tony Shalhoub as FBI Special Agent Frank Haddad
Aasif Mandvi as Khalil Saleh
Amro Salama as Tariq Husseini
Sami Bouajila as Samir Nazhde
Ahmed Ben Larby as Sheik Akhmed Bin Talal
Lianna Pai as FBI Agent Tina Osu
Mark Valley as FBI Agent Mike Johanssen
David Proval as FBI Agent Danny Sussman
Lance Reddick as FBI Agent Floyd Rose
Lisa Lynn Masters as Reporter

Reception
Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics  Rotten Tomatoes awards the film a score of 44% based on 62 reviews



ground_truth: Nightwing / Dick Grayson

Nightwing

Dick Grayson

Batman

Robin

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What company is the school where Lawrence Landweber was educated a part of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The site's consensus states: "An exciting, well-paced action film " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale Roger Ebert gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of four, writing that director Edward Zwick does a good job with crowd scenes, but criticizing it as clumsy Bruce Willis won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performances in this film, Armageddon, and Mercury Rising 

Box office
The film grossed $40,981,289 in North America and $75,691,623 in other territories on a budget of $70 million  In the film's second week, The Siege showed the teaser trailer for Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 

Controversy
When the film opened, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee came out against the film  Its spokesman Hussein Ibish said "The Siege is extremely offensive  It's beyond offensive  We're used to offensive, that's become a daily thing  This is actually dangerous " He thought it was "Insidious and incendiary" because it "reinforces stereotypes that lead to hate crimes " Ibish acknowledged that Arab terrorists did, in fact, bomb the World Trade Center in 1993, but said that Arab and Islamic groups are upset by "the very strong equation between Muslim religious practices and terrorism     [Thanks to this film] Every time someone goes through the Muslim ablution, the ritual washing of hands everybody does before they pray five times a day, that image is the announcement to the viewer of the presence of violence " Echoing such criticism, the Council on American–Islamic Relations protested the insinuation that "Muslims have total disregard for human life " The groups were "faxing and calling news organizations on a regular basis" to voice their concerns 
Director Edward Zwick had met with Arab Americans, who suggested that the story be changed to mirror the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, when Arabs were immediately assumed responsible  This idea was rejected   Zwick noted that The Siege's villains also include members of the U S  government, and dismissed the criticism, saying: Anytime you talk about issues that touch on religion of any kind, you can anticipate this kind of reaction  Should we only present every group as paragons and monoliths of virtue? The movie inspires to engender this kind of dialogue  I happen to come from the school that thinks that movies should not only make you uncomfortable, they might make you think  …You can anticipate any kind of reaction in these times in which sensitivity seems very high in the culture  I have a friend who says, if you've not offended somebody, you're a nobody  …How does it feel to be a lightning rod? It gets the blood going  I think it's better than being universally ignored  In a culture where there seems to be so much to talk about, it's good to be talked about 
What the movie is most deeply about – it's about our own latent possibilities of repression, stereotyping and prejudice [   ] To see Americans rounded up in the streets, to see Americans put into stadiums, to see people held without habeas corpus – to have their rights violated in such a way is such a chilling and just terrifying thing to see – that is what one takes away, I believe, from this film 
In a September 2007 interview, screenwriter Lawrence Wright attributed the film's failure at the box office to Muslim and Arab protests at theaters playing the film, but also claimed that it was the most rented movie in America after the September 11 attacks Scholar Moustafa Bayoumi has also critiqued the racialization of Arabs in the film and suggests it is indicative of an emerging sub-genre defined by "the notion of African-American leadership of the Arab world, intertwined with friendship with it "Scholar Alexandra Campbell quoted from former Guantanamo Bay detention camp captive Tarek Dergoul when she compared the fictional demonization and extrajudicial abuse of Muslims in the film and the abuse that Dergoul described in his first post-repatriation interview On July 12, 2006, the magazine Mother Jones provided excerpts from the transcripts of a selection of the Guantánamo detainees  Yunis Abdurrahman Shokuri was one of the detainees profiled  According to the article, his transcript contained the following comment:

[T]he only way I know the United States is through movies from Hollywood or through cartoons  I’m a big fan of a lot of their singers…  [T]he first time I saw an American soldier was at Kandahar Air Base…  When I first saw myself in Kandahar, it was like I was in a cinema or a movie  I saw a 1996 movie called The Siege  The movie was about terrorists carrying out terrorist attacks in the United States…  [In the movie] the CIA and FBI were not successful in finding that terrorist group and the United States Army interfered and gathered all the people of Arabic descent and put them in a land cage or camp just like it happened in Kandahar  I was shocked, thinking, "Am I in that movie or on a stage in Hollywood?"… Sometimes I laugh at myself and say, "When does that movie end?"
Passage 7:
Satoru Nishita
Satoru Nishita (July 4, 1927-  July 16, 2013) was a landscape architect and a partner in the architectural firm Lawrence Halprin & Associates, based in San Francisco  He was one of Lawrence Halprin's earliest employees, hired in 1951  He became a principal of Halprin's firm in 1964  During the period 1975 - 1977, he and several other employees bought and re-formed Halprin's as Carter Hull Nishita McCulley Baxter & Associates  The company later became Nishita & Carter, Inc  and operated through 1989 
Nishita worked on several of Halprin's projects in the United States and Japan, including the Lovejoy Fountain Park (as partner in charge), Pettygrove Park, and the Ira Keller Fountain, all in Portland, Oregon  He retired from practice for health reasons in the early 1990s 
Passage 8:
Sharbot Lake (Ontario)
Sharbot Lake is a lake in the municipality of Central Frontenac, Frontenac County in Eastern Ontario, Canada  It is part of the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin  The eponymous community of Sharbot Lake is located at the centre of the north shore of the lake 
The primary outflow, at the northeast, is the Fall River, which flows via the Mississippi River and the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River 
Sharbot Lake Provincial Park is named for, and is partly on the northwest shore of, the lake, but mostly envelops the neighbouring Black Lake  Ontario Highway 7 runs roughly along the northwest side of the lake, and the former Ontario Highway 38, now County Road 38, crosses the lake at the location of the community of Sharbot Lake  The same crossing point is used by the multi-use K&P Rail Trail (part of the Trans Canada Trail), formerly the rail bed of the Kingston and Pembroke Railway 
Sharbot Lake is named after a First Nations Chief named Francis Chabot, who was Mohawk and his wife Algonquin 

Tributaries
Clockwise from the Fall River outflow

Sucker Harbour Creek
Sharbot Creek

See also
List of lakes in Ontario
Passage 9:
Lawrence Landweber
Lawrence Hugh Landweber is  John P  Morgridge Professor Emeritus of computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison 
He received his bachelor's degree  in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph D  at Purdue University in 1967  His doctoral thesis was "A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic "He is best known for founding the CSNET project in 1979, which later developed into NSFNET  He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP/IP protocol 

Publications
He is co-author of  Brainerd, Walter S , and Lawrence H  Landweber  Theory of Computation  New York: Wiley, 1974  ISBN 978-0-471-09585-9 

Awards
President, Internet Society  
Fellow, ACM 
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Brooklyn College, 2009  
IEEE Award on International Communication, 2005
Member of the board of  Internet2 (2000–2008)
Jonathan B  Postel Service Award of the Internet Society, for CSNET, 2009
In 2012, Landweber was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society 
Passage 10:
Lawrence Township Historic District
The Lawrence Township Historic District is a 550-acre (220 ha) historic district encompassing the community of Lawrenceville in Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1972 for its significance in architecture, landscape architecture, literature, military history, and transportation  The district includes 45 contributing buildings 

Description
The district includes a number of buildings along US Route 206 (formerly King's Highway, as well as the Lincoln Highway), two early cemeteries associated with the Presbyterian Church of Lawrenceville (Est  1697), and the Lawrenceville School  Prominent architects represented in the district include Peabody and Stearns, William Adams Delano, and Frederick Law Olmsted 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey
Passage 11:
The Price of Happiness
The Price of Happiness is a lost 1916 silent film drama directed by Edmund Lawrence and starring Mary Boland  It was distributed through the World Film Company  The film was based on a play called (Drei Paar Schuhe: Three Pairs of Shoes) 

Cast
Mary Boland - Bertha Miller
Marion Singer - Lucille
Enid Francis - Ruth Taylor
Carlotta De Felice - Evelyn Morgan (*billed Carlotta De Felico)
Albert Bechtel - Max
David Wall - John Miller (*billed as Dave Wall)
Adolphe Menjou - Howard Neal
Passage 12:
Ministry of Higher Education (Egypt)
The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is one of the governmental ministries of Egypt and part of the cabinet  It was formed in 1961 

History
The ministry was established on 9 November 1961, when university education in Egypt became free The ministry employed seven different ministers between March 2011 and June 2013  Amr Ezzat Salama was one of the ministers during this period Mostafa Mussad served as minister of higher education from August 2012 to July 2013 when Hossam Eisa replaced him in the post  The ministry was headed by El Sayed Abdel Khalek between June 2014 and September 2015  He was replaced by Ashraf El-Shihy in the post  In February 2017, Khaled Abdel Ghaffar was appointed to head the ministry 

Organization and activities
The major function of the ministry, based in Cairo is to introduce, develop and monitor all the higher education-related policies  The ministry is responsible for the educational activity in Egyptian universities, both public and private  The ministry realizes this function through three executive bodies, namely the Supreme Council of Universities, the Supreme Council of Private Universities and the Supreme Council of Technical Institutions In addition, the ministry supervises the Academy of the Arabic Language and the National Committee of UNESCO  The ministry has international bureaus, including the Egyptian Cultural and Educational Bureau in Washington, D C  In early 2018, the ministry with Minya University, spearheaded a week-long sports event for people with disabilities  It was the first of its kind in Egypt's history, as Egypt works to include the disabled in social activities In 2018 it was announced that starting from Kindergarten, Egyptian children would be learning English 
Passage 13:
Jumping Ship
Jumping Ship is the 2001 sequel to the 1999 Disney Channel Original Movie, Horse Sense  It stars brothers Joey Lawrence, Matthew Lawrence, and Andy Lawrence  The film was directed by Michael Lange 

Plot
Although Michael has become a more mature individual since the first film and shows more concern for others, he still feels that, by birthright, he deserves to start at the top of his father's law firm  Michael's father does offer him a position at the law firm: a clerking job, and explains that only after thorough knowledge of the firm, a law school graduation, and passing the state bar will he ever be considered for a partnership 
Michael takes a summer vacation with Tommy to Australia  Michael has big plans to show his cousin Tommy a good time aboard a luxury yacht, until he discovers that the yacht he chartered is actually an old, rusty fishing boat  But when modern-day pirates chase the fishing boat, the boys are forced to jump ship, leaving them stranded on a desert island  The pirates are led by Frakes, who earlier had pick-pocketed Michael and discovered through his ID that he comes from a wealthy family  The pirates plan to kidnap Michael for a large ransom 
Meanwhile, Tommy and Michael struggle to find their way on the island to be met by the boat's captain, Jake Hunter, who scuttled the fishing boat to lose the pirates  He later admits he hated being a fishing boat captain and only stuck with it because it was his late-father's calling  After several days the pirates finally find the boys when Michael shoots a flare gun to get an airplanes attention  As they attempt to leave the island on their raft two of the pirates approach them  Michael and Jake swim away and leave Tommy who can't get his life jacket off behind, promising to rescue him later  Michael and Jake come up with a plan to get Tommy back 
Jake and Tommy outwit the pirates by absconding in their speedboat, Frakes attempts to shoot Michael, but fails due to his firearm being gunked up with quicksand he had gotten trapped in earlier while chasing Michael; leaving the villains stranded  As the boys escape they call the Australian Coast Guard for help  The pirates are arrested and their speedboat is seized 
During a lunch the boys have with Michael's father and Tommy's mom, Michael arrives and tells Jake and Tommy that due to asset forfeiture, Frakes' boat is now their property  Michael proposes using the speedboat, combined with the reward money, to launch a boat tour service with Jake and Tommy as his partners, and Jake captaining the boat  Michael also tells his father that he will begin the process for law school application, and accepts his dad's clerking job to help him prepare for that  Michael's father is proud of him for going into the business with him (but now with a more mature view), now realizing that there is no royal road to success 

Cast
Joey Lawrence as Michael Woods
Matthew Lawrence as Jake Hunter
Andrew Lawrence as Tommy Biggs
Anthony Wong as Frakes
Jaime Passier-Armstrong as Jonas
Martin Dingle-Wall as Dante
Susan Walters as Jules Biggs
Stephen Burleigh as Glen Woods
Todd Worden as Mark Sanders
Carly Movizio as Heather Hitt
Jack Heywood as Valet

Home media
The film was released on DVD as an exclusive on the Disney Movie Club promotional website in early 2005  In November 2019, the film became available to stream on Disney+ 

External links
Jumping Ship at IMDb
Passage 14:
Government-granted monopoly
In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly" or "regulated monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement  As a form of coercive monopoly, government-granted monopoly is contrasted with an unregulated monopoly, wherein there is no competition but it is not forcibly excluded Amongst forms of coercive monopoly it is distinguished from government monopoly or state monopoly (in which government agencies hold the legally enforced monopoly rather than private individuals or firms) and from government-sponsored cartels (in which the government forces several independent producers to partially coordinate their decisions through a centralized organization)  Advocates for government-granted monopolies often claim that they ensure a degree of public control over essential industries, without having those industries actually run by the state  Opponents often criticize them as political favors to corporations  Government-granted monopolies may be opposed by those who would prefer free markets as well as by those who would prefer to replace private corporations with public ownership 

History
Under mercantilist economic systems, European governments with colonial interests often granted large and extremely lucrative monopolies to companies trading in particular regions, such as the Dutch East India Company Today, government-granted monopolies may be found in public utility services such as public roads, mail, water supply, and electric power, as well as certain specialized and highly regulated fields such as education and gambling  In many countries, lucrative natural resources industries, especially the petroleum industry, are controlled by government-granted monopolies  Franchises granted by governments to operate public transit through public roads are another example 

Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state or national government to an inventor or his/her assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention 
The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements  Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, inventive, and useful or industrially applicable  In many countries, certain subject areas are excluded from patents, such as business methods and mental acts  The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without permission 

Copyright
Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution  This is usually only for a limited time  The exclusive rights are not absolute but subject to limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use  A major limitation on copyright is that it protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves 

Trademark
A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities 
Trademarks can act as a form of consumer protection that lowers the transaction costs between a buyer and seller who are not personally acquainted 

Directly mandated
Governments have granted monopolies to forms of copy prevention  In the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, for example, the proprietary Macrovision copy prevention technology is required for analog video recorders  Though other forms of copy prevention aren't prohibited, legally requiring Macrovision effectively grants it a monopoly and prevents other, potentially more effective copy prevention methods from being developed 

Background of the role of government
Rent-seeking behavior can be incentivized by monopolies, foreign trade restrictions and state subsidies  Governments can also create monopolies in an attempt to reduce inefficiency in markets 
Companies can also exhibit rent-seeking behavior even if not explicitly incentivized to do so  For example, a manufacturer that has no direct competitors can limit its output, thereby producing artificial scarcity  This scarcity, in turn, is used as justification for increased prices 
Monopoly creation is not always a strict market phenomenon  Voters, government officials, and government employees can be persuaded to allow the creation or protection of monopolies due to various incentives, because of actions by special interest groups that can impose costs on the general public, or because social goals other than economic efficiency are being pursued  Government granted monopolies constitute a fair portion of monopolized industries 

Natural monopolies
A natural monopoly occurs when a single company dominates the market by having the lowest prices or the products most in demand by consumers  Fixed costs and variable costs can both be factors  If the fixed costs associated with providing a service or product are very high, it may not make economic sense for new competitors to enter the market  For example, it is rarely worthwhile to build second or third tram networks in cities where tram infrastructure already exists  Because the fixed cost of construction is too high, the expected return is not worth the investment 
According to economist Arnold Harberger, the loss of deadweight from monopolies in the US manufacturing industry is only 0 1% of GNP, so the real problem is not the existence of monopolies  The real problems are the social and opportunity costs  These include time and resources expended by lobbyists, consumers, and producers who might otherwise redirect those resources to other, more productive activities In the case of natural monopolies in private hands, regulation can be introduced to dissolve or restructure monopolies  The government can also regulate prices in certain sectors where natural monopolies develop  This can be done directly by setting the price (for example, the price of rail or gas) or by regulating the return (for example, in the case of telephone services)  Whatever method is used, the goal is to lower prices to cost levels  Some economists, such as Thomas Sowell, Walter Williams, and Wayne Winegarden argue that price controls have disastrous economic effects or are otherwise immoral 

Alternative interpretation
Dennis Thompson notes, "Corruption is bad not because money and benefits change hands, and not because of the motives of participants, but because it privatizes valuable aspects of public life, bypassing processes of representation, debate, and choice "

Criticism
Opponents of government-granted monopoly often point out that such a firm is able to set its pricing and production policies without fear of breeding potential competition  They argue that this causes inefficiencies in the market place, such as unnecessarily high prices to consumers for the good or service being supplied  It has been argued that government-imposed price caps might avert this problem 
Some economists, such as Lenoard Read, argue that government-granted monopolies are immoral, whereas con-coercive monopolies are not necessarily so 

Examples of government-granted monopolies
Saudi Aramco
British East India Company
French East India Company
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane (formerly)
K–12 education
Federal Reserve System
Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (formerly)
Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee and American Medical Association
Bell System

See also
Coercive monopoly
Legal monopoly
Copyright
Government monopoly
Monopoly
Natural monopoly
Rent seeking
Federal Reserve System

Notes
Passage 15:
A2 road (Jersey)
Victoria Avenue (classified as the A2) is a major road in Jersey, connecting the capital St Helier to Bel Royal in St Lawrence, also providing access to the western part of the A1 for non-bus traffic, due to a bus gate that prevents traffic from the A1 continuing on the A1  
The road has been referred to as "the Island's most important route and event venue", due to the fact that 30,000 vehicles travel along the road each day, and it provides a vital route between the two largest conurbations on the island  The road also plays host to the island's largest annual festival, the Battle of Flowers 
It is the longest stretch of dual carriageway in the Channel Islands  The road has three signalised junctions, one at the eastern end of the road at West Park, one at First Tower and one at Millbrook 
Running along the southern side of the road is a series of car parks (known as "lay-bys"), a cycle track and the St Aubin's Bay promenade  The road has lovely views of the bay, and there are cafés and public toilets on the sea front 

History
The road was constructed between 1895 and the Diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria, after whom the road is named, in 1897  The road had initially been named for the former Connétable of St Helier Mr  Baudins as Boulevard Baudins  The road was originally a single carriageway, extending only as far as First Tower, however over time the road was extended and converted into a dual carriageway in the late 1950s Aerial photographs from 1965 show that the two ends of the avenue were roundabouts at that time  Nowadays these have been removed Between 2009 and 2010, upgrades to the road were part of a fiscal stimulus plan in response to the 2007 financial crisis  It involved the replaced of the aged drainage system, improvement of pedestrian facilities, the replacement of street lighting columns to improve energy efficiency and the lengthening of right-turn lanes to reduce congestion In May 2020, the Government of Jersey announced that some parking in the lay-bys could be removed to promote sustainable transport in response to a rise in usage of the promenade and cycle track, and a reduction in usage of the road during the COVID-19 pandemic 

See also
Roads in Jersey
Passage 16:
Mr  Lawrence
Douglas Lawrence Osowski (born January 1, 1969), known professionally as Mr  Lawrence, is an American voice actor, animator and writer  He is best known for his work as a writer and voice actor for the Nicktoons Rocko's Modern Life and SpongeBob SquarePants  On SpongeBob, he has provided the voice of Plankton and various recurring characters since 1999 

Early life and career
Lawrence attended The Kubert School for two years, before dropping out to focus on his stand-up  He is known for his work as a writer (and, since season 10, story editor) on the animated TV series SpongeBob SquarePants  He also has long-running character roles on the show, providing the voice of Sheldon Plankton and various recurring characters, such as Potty the Parrot (replacing Paul Tibbitt from season 10 onwards), the Realistic Fish-Head, and Larry the Lobster 
He was the voice of Edward T  Platypus, Nurse Leslie, Dave, and Ping-Pong on Camp Lazlo  Lawrence also performed the voice of Filburt in Rocko's Modern Life and is the voice of the Announcer and Manant in The Aquabats! Super Show!  Lawrence is a standup comedian, cartoonist, writer-director, animator and producer on the television series Johnny Talk  He worked on The Ren and Stimpy Show in its second season as a layout assistant  He also worked as a writer on Rocko's Modern Life, The Twisted Whiskers Show, and Mighty Magiswords 
As a comedian, Lawrence performed in New Jersey and Los Angeles, collaborating with comedian Jeremy Kramer and Boston comedy writer Martin Olson  Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, a storyboard writer for Rocko's Modern Life and co-creator of Phineas and Ferb, described Lawrence as bearing a "unique sense of humor", and that one "would really have to know Doug to understand (or not understand)" his style  Marsh says that the rationale for Lawrence's humor techniques and decisions "remain a mystery to us forever "

Filmography
Films and television shows
Video games
Writer
Rocko's Modern Life (1993–96)
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995–97)
SpongeBob SquarePants (1999–2002; 2009–present) - also story editor (2016–present)
Hairballs (2000)
Do the Voice (2003)
Johnnie Talk (2003)
SpongeBob's Truth or Square (2009)
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) – Additional screenplay material
The Twisted Whiskers Show (2010)
Lucky Lady (2014)
Mighty Magiswords (2015–2016) - Story
Wabbit (2015)
Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling (2019)

Director
Looks Can Kill (1994)
Rocko's Modern Life (1993–1996) – Leap Frogs/Bedfellows (1993) - Sugar-Frosted Frights/Ed Is Dead: A Thriller! (1995) – Fish-N-Chumps/Camera Shy (1995) – Nothing to Sneeze At/Old Fogey Froggy (1995) – Speaking Terms/Tooth and Nail (1995)
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995–97)
General Chaos: Uncensored Animation (1998)
Hairballs (2000)
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) – Assistant director
Lucky Lady (2014)

Other work
The Food Album (1993) – album art

Awards and nominations



ground_truth: City University of New York

The City University of New York