prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the capital of the country it is about?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Tarnów Voivodeship
Tarnów Voivodeship (Polish: województwo tarnowskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975–1998, superseded by a much larger Lesser Poland Voivodeship  Its capital city was Tarnów  Located in southeastern part of the country, its area was 4,151 km2  (which was 1 3% of the total area of Poland)  In 1975 the population was 577,900, in 1998 it grew to 700,800 
Tarnów (121 494)
Dębica (49 107)
Bochnia (29 887)
Brzesko (17 859)
Dąbrowa Tarnowska (11 178)

See also
Voivodeships of Poland
Passage 2:
Guyana
Guyana ( (listen) or  (listen)), officially the Co‑operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America  Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters"  The capital city is Georgetown  Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Venezuela to the west, and Suriname to the east  With 215,000 km2 (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state by area in mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname, and is the second-least populous sovereign state in South America after Suriname; it is also one of the least densely populated countries on Earth  It has a wide variety of natural habitats and a very high biodiversity 
The region known as "the Guianas" consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "land of many waters"  Nine indigenous tribes reside in Guyana: the Wai Wai, Macushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao  Historically dominated by the Lokono and Kalina tribes, Guyana was colonised by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century  It was governed as British Guiana, with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s  It gained independence in 1966, and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970  The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country's political administration and diverse population, which includes Indian, African, Indigenous, Chinese, Portuguese, other European, and various multiracial groups  In 2017, 41% of the population of Guyana lived below the poverty line Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language  However, the majority of the population speak Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole language, as a first language  Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean  It is part of the mainland Caribbean region maintaining strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Caribbean countries as well as serving as the headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)  In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member 
Guyana's economy has been undergoing a transformation since the discovery of crude oil in 2015 and commercial drilling in 2019, being one of the few economies to grow despite the pandemic in 2020 at 49% GDP growth through the year, making it, by some accounts, currently the world's fastest-growing economy  Due to Guyana's small population and as much as 11 billion barrels in oil reserves, the country is on course to become one of the largest per capita oil producers in the world by 2030  The discovery of over 11 billion barrels of oil reserves off the coast of Guyana in the last five years is the largest addition to global oil reserves in the last 50 years  Guyana is now ranked as having the fourth-highest GDP per capita in the Americas after the United States, Canada, and The Bahamas, and has been one of the countries with the most improvement in Human Development Index ranking since 2015 

Etymology
The name "Guyana" derives from Guiana, an earlier name for a larger region that included the areas now called Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname (Dutch Guiana), French Guiana, the Guayana Region in Venezuela (Spanish Guyana), and Amapá in Brazil (Portuguese Guiana)  According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name "Guyana" comes from an indigenous Amerindian language and means "land of many waters"  The word Co‑operative in the official name refers to co-operative socialism 

History
Before colonisation
Nine indigenous tribes reside in Guyana: the Wai Wai; Macushi; Patamona; Lokono; Kalina; Wapishana; Pemon; Akawaio; and Warao Historically, the Lokono and Kalina tribes dominated Guyana 

Colonial period
Although Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Pomeroon (1581), Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752)  After the British assumed control in 1796, the Dutch formally ceded the area in 1814 In 1831, the united colonies of Demerara-Essequibo and separate colony of Berbice together became a single British colony known as British Guiana 

Since its independence in 1824, Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of the Essequibo River  Simón Bolívar wrote to the British government warning against the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as assumed heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the 16th century, claimed was theirs  In 1899, an international tribunal ruled that the land belonged to Great Britain  The British territorial claim stemmed from Dutch involvement and colonisation of the area also dating to the 16th century, which was ceded to the British 

Independence
Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom as a dominion on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth  Shortly after independence, Venezuela began to take diplomatic, economic and military action against Guyana in order to enforce its territorial claim to the Guayana Esequiba  The US State Department and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), along with the British government, also played a strong role in influencing political control in Guyana during this time  The American government supported Forbes Burnham during the early years of independence because Cheddi Jagan was identified as a Marxist  They provided secret financial support and political campaign advice to Burnham's People's National Congress, to the detriment of the Jagan-led People's Progressive Party, which was mostly supported by Guyanese of Indian background Guyana was elected twice as member of the UN Security Council in 1975–76 and later 1982–83 
In 1978, a total of 918 people died at the Jonestown mass murder-suicide led by cult leader Jim Jones In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations  The Guyanese government officially ratified the treaty in 2010 In March 2020, President David A  Granger narrowly lost the snap elections, following Granger's government loss of a vote of no confidence back in 2018  Granger refused to accept the results, but eventually five months later, Irfaan Ali of the People's Progressive Party/Civic was sworn in as the new president because of allegations of fraud and irregularities 

Geography
The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes 1° and 9°N, and longitudes 56° and 62°W; it is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries 
The country can be divided into five natural regions: a narrow and fertile marshy plain along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the population lives; a white sand belt further inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing most of Guyana's mineral deposits; the dense rain forests (Forested Highland Region) in the southern part of the country; the drier savannah areas in the south-west; and the smallest interior lowlands (interior savannah) consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border 
Some of Guyana's highest mountains are Mount Ayanganna (2,042 m or 6,699 ft), Monte Caburaí (1,465 m or 4,806 ft) and Mount Roraima (2,772 m or 9,094 ft – the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela tripoint border, part of the Pakaraima range  Mount Roraima and Guyana's table-top mountains (tepuis) are said to have been the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel The Lost World  There are also many volcanic escarpments and waterfalls, including Kaieteur Falls which is believed to be the largest single-drop waterfall in the world by volume  North of the Rupununi River lies the Rupununi savannah, south of which lie the Kanuku Mountains 
The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at 1,010 km (628 mi) long, the Courentyne River at 724 km (450 mi), the Berbice at 595 km (370 mi), and the Demerara at 346 km (215 mi)  The Courentyne river forms the border with Suriname  At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands, including the 145 km (90 mi) wide Shell Beach along the northwest coast, which is also a major breeding area for sea turtles (mainly leatherbacks) and other wildlife 
The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by northeast trade winds along the coast  There are two rainy seasons, the first from May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January 
Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled rainforests in South America, some parts of which are almost inaccessible by humans  The rich natural history of Guyana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell  In 2008, the BBC broadcast a three-part programme called Lost Land of the Jaguar which highlighted the huge diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species such as the giant otter and harpy eagle 
In 2012, Guyana received a $45 million reward from Norway for its rainforest protection efforts  This stems from a 2009 agreement between the nations for a total of $250 million for protecting and maintaining the natural habitat  Thus far, the country has received $115 million of the total grant 

Biodiversity and conservation
Guyana is home to more than 900 species of birds; 225 species of mammals; 880 species of reptiles and more than 6,500 different species of plants  Among these wildlife categories the most notably famous are the Arapaima, which is the world's largest scaled freshwater fish; the giant anteater, the largest anteater; the giant otter, the world's largest and rarest river otter; and the cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola) 

The following habitats have been categorised for Guyana: coastal, marine, littoral, estuarine palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white sand forest, brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry evergreen scrub forests (NBAP, 1999)  About 14 areas of biological interest have been identified as possible hotspots for a National Protected Area System 
More than 80% of Guyana is still covered by forests, which also contain the world's rarest orchids, ranging from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to montane and lowland evergreen rain forests  These forests are home to more than a thousand species of trees  Guyana's tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively undisturbed ecosystems support extensive areas of species-rich rain forests and natural habitats with high levels of endemism  There are about 8000 species of plants in Guyana, half of which are found nowhere else 
Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world  With 1,168 vertebrate species and 814 bird species, it boasts one of the richest mammalian fauna assemblages of any comparably sized area in the world  Guyana is home to six ecoregions: Guayanan Highlands moist forests, Guianan moist forests, Orinoco Delta swamp forests, Tepuis, Guianan savanna, and Guianan mangroves  The Guiana Shield region is little known and extremely rich biologically  Unlike other areas of South America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine  Guyana ranks third in the world with a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9 58/10 The rich natural history of British Guiana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell 
Southern Guyana is host to some of the most pristine expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America  Most of the forests found are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests, with large expanses of flooded forest along major rivers  Thanks to the very low human population density of the area, most of these forests are still intact  The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 species of plants from this region, representing 239 distinct families, and there are certainly additional species still to be recorded  The diversity of plants supports diverse animal life, recently documented by a biological survey organised by Conservation International  The reportedly clean, unpolluted waters of the Essequibo watershed support a remarkable diversity of fish and aquatic invertebrates, and are home to giant otters, capybaras, and several species of caimans 
On land, large mammals, such as jaguars, tapirs, bush dogs, giant anteaters, and saki monkeys are still common  Over 800 species of birds have been reported from the region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich 
In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than 4,000 km2 (1×10^6 acres) of land in the Konashen Indigenous District as the Kanashen Community-Owned Conservation Area, managed by the Wai Wai, and the world's largest community-owned conservation Area  The Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development was also created for the protection and sustainable use of the Iwokrama forest area  Since 2009, Guyana and Norway have collaborated to promote green development in Guyana while keeping deforestation at low levels

Economy
The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (rice and Demerara sugar), bauxite and gold mining, timber, seafood, minerals, crude oil and natural gas 
The discovery of major crude oil reserves off the Atlantic coast has since made a large impact on Guyana's GDP since drilling began in 2019  GDP grew sharply (43%) through the COVID-19 pandemic year of 2020, and is anticipated to continue at a high level in 2021 (estimated at 20%)  The non-oil sectors contracted as public health measures were in place to control the virus spread; the growth of GDP rests on the oil sector for these two years Preservation of Guyana's pristine forests has been a key component for receiving international aid through REDD programs 

Summary
GDP: US$4 121 billion ($5,252 per capita, 2019 est )
GDP growth rate: 86 7% (2020)
Inflation: 12 3%
Unemployment: 21 5% (2017)
Arable land: 2%
Labour force: 324,943 (2019)
Agricultural produce: sugar, rice, vegetable oils, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fish, shrimp
Industrial production: bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining
Exports: US$1 439 billion; Canada 24 9%, US 16 5%, Panama 9 6%, UK 7 7%, Jamaica 5 1%, Trinidad and Tobago 5% (2017)
Imports: US$1 626 billion; Trinidad and Tobago 27 5%, US 26 5%, China 8 9%, Suriname 6 1% (2017)

History
The earliest residents of Guyana, the Amerindians of various tribes, employed a variety of agricultural practices for subsistence living but also had extensive networks of trade, dealing in items such as blow pipes, curare, cassava graters, and other essentials  These trade networks were important even at the time of the earliest European contact, and Dutch traders were inclined to gift the local peoples in order to maintain successful settlements After the initial rush to find gold in the New World waned, the Dutch found the climate to be suitable for growing sugar cane, converting large tracts of the Guyanese coast into plantations and supplying with labour from the Atlantic slave trade  The country and economy were run by a small European planter elite which continued on when the colonies of the territory were merged and the land was given over to the British Empire in 1814  Upon emancipation in 1838, almost all of the former slaves abandoned the plantations, and Indians were brought to the country under indenture contracts from 1838 until the end of the system in 1917 The production of balatá (natural latex) was once a big business in Guyana  Most of the balata bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountains in the Rupununi savannah  Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them  Uses of balatá included the making of cricket balls, temporary dental fillings, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the Macushi people) 
When the country gained independence from British rule, a policy of nationalisation was enacted by Forbes Burnham to address the inequities that were established by plantation-based colonial rule  All large scale industries such as foreign-owned bauxite mining (Reynolds Metals and Rio Tinto's Alcan) and sugar (GuySuCo) operations were taken over by the government  However, the economy under nationalisation was plagued by problems; political instability leading to an exodus of skilled labour, inexperienced management, aging infrastructure  Poor international market conditions also expanded the country's debt The Guyanese economy rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth after 1999, due to expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organisations  Guyana held huge amounts of debt which have been written off through various international agencies  In 2003 Guyana qualified for US$329 million of debt relief, in addition to the US$256 million from the original World Bank plan for assisting heavily indebted poor countries in 1999  The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative in 2006/7 wrote off about US$611 million of Guyana's debt by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank  In 2006, Japan finalised its bilateral debt cancellation agreement, in 2007, US$15 million was written off by China and in 2008, Venezuela cancelled US$12 5 million In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global economic crisis; it grew 5 4% in 2011 and 3 7% in 2012  IMF projected economic growth to be 53% in 2020 following the completion of the first off-shore oil project  Actual growth in GDP in 2020 was 43%; reports in April 2021 anticipate 20% growth for 2021 

Tax policy
The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007  A Value Added Tax (VAT) replaced six different taxes  Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax code  Many businesses opposed VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT  Replacing several taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot embezzlement  This was prevalent under the former PPP/C government who authorised the VAT to be equal to 50% of the value of the good 

Organizations
Major private sector organisations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC) and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI);

Demographics
The chief majority (about 90%) of Guyana's 744,000 population lives along a narrow coastal strip which ranges from a width of 16 to 64 km (10 to 40 mi) inland and which makes up approximately only 10% of the nation's total land area The present population of Guyana is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with ethnic groups originating from India, Africa, Europe and China, as well as indigenous or aboriginal peoples  Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, these groups share two common languages: English and Guyanese English Creole 
The largest ethnic group is the Indo-Guyanese (also known as East Indians), the descendants of indentured labourers from India who make up 43 5% of the population, according to the 2002 census  They are followed by the Afro-Guyanese, the descendants of enslaved people imported from Africa, who constitute 30 2%  The Guyanese of mixed heritage make up 16 7%, while the indigenous peoples (known locally as Amerindians) make up 9 1%  The indigenous groups include the Arawaks, the Wai Wai, the Caribs, the Akawaio, the Arecuna, the Patamona, the Wapixana, the Macushi, and the Warao  The two largest groups, the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, have experienced some racial tension The Afro-Guyanese population mainly descend from West African ethnicities such as the Ashanti from Ghana, the Yoruba from Southwest Nigeria, the Ibo from South-Eastern Nigeria, and the Mandingo from Senegal 
Most Indo-Guyanese are descended from indentured labourers who migrated from North India, especially the Bhojpur and Awadh regions of the Hindi Belt in the present day states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand  A significant minority of Indo-Guyanese are also descended from indentured migrants who came from the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh; these South Indian descendants are the plurality ancestry in the East Berbice-Corentyne region 

Largest cities
Languages
English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government, media, and services  The vast majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole with slight African, Indian, and Amerindian influences, as their native tongue Indigenous Cariban languages (Akawaio, Wai-Wai, and Macushi) are spoken by a small minority of Amerindians 
Guyanese Hindustani is spoken by the older generation of the Indo-Guyanese community, but younger Guyanese use English or Guyanese Creole 

Religion
Religious groups
Religious sect groups
In 2012 the population was 63% Christian, 25% Hindu, 7% Muslim 
Religion is an important aspect of identity in Guyana and reflects the various external influences of colonialism and immigrant groups  Christianity was considered the prestigious religion, transmitting European culture and representing upward mobility in the colonial society  Missionaries and churches built schools, and until nationalisation in the 1970s, nearly all schools were denominational  When Indians were brought to the country as indentured labour, Hinduism and Islam gained prominence, but for some decades neither were acknowledged for legal marriage Some traditional African and Amerindian folk beliefs remain alongside the dominant religions 

Health
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 69 5 years as of 2020 The PAHO/ WHO Global Health Report 2014 (using statistics of 2012) ranked the country as having the highest suicide rate in the world, with a mortality rate of 44 2 per 100,000 inhabitants  According to 2011 estimates from the WHO, HIV prevalence is 1 2% of the teen/adult population (ages 15–49) 

Education
Education in Guyana was primarily introduced and operated by missionising Christian denominations  The wealthy planter elite often sent their children for education abroad in England, but as schools improved in Guyana, they also modelled after the former British education system  Primary education became compulsory in 1876, although the need for children to assist in agricultural labour kept many children from schooling  In the 1960s, the government took over control of all schools in the country  Fees were removed, new schools were opened in rural areas, and the University of Guyana was established so students no longer were required to go abroad for tertiary education Guyana's literacy was one of the highest in the Caribbean, by estimated literacy rate of 96 per cent in 1990  In a 2014 UNESCO estimate, literacy is 96 7 in the 15–24 year old age group  However, the functional literacy may be only as high as 70% Students are expected to take the NGSA (National Grade Six Assessment) for entrance into high school in grade 7  They take the CXC at the end of high school  Schools have introduced the CAPE exams which all other Caribbean countries have introduced  The A-level system, inherited from the British era, is offered only in a few schools 
Infrastructure challenges impact access to education, especially students in the hinterland  A World Bank assessment showed roughly 50% of teachers were "untrained, operated with inadequate teaching materials, and served children of parents with low levels of adult literacy" 

Government
Politics
The politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a Parliamentary representative democratic republic, in which the President of Guyana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system  Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government  Legislative power is vested in both the President and the National Assembly of Guyana  Historically, politics are a source of tension in the country, and violent riots have often broken out during elections  During the 1970s and 1980s, the political landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress In 1992, the first constitutional elections were overseen by former United States President Jimmy Carter, and the People's Progressive Party led the country until 2015  The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines and as a result often clash on issues related to the allocation of resources  In the General Elections held on 28 November 2011, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) retained a majority, and their presidential candidate Donald Ramotar was elected as president On 11 May 2015, early general elections were held  A coalition of the A Partnership for National Unity-Alliance for Change (APNU-AFC) parties won 33 of the 65 seats in the National Assembly  On 16 May 2015, retired army general David A  Granger became the eighth President of Guyana  However, on 21 December 2018, a vote of confidence was called for, regarding terms under which the government granted a franchise for offshore oil exploration  Legislator Charrandass Persaud defected from the coalition and the vote failed, requiring new elections  The governing coalition litigated this result for the entire 90 days allowed for new elections  New elections were held on March 2, 2020, and results were declared on August 3, 2020, with the People's Progressive Party/Civic as the winner  Mohamed Irfaan Ali became the ninth President of Guyana 

Public procurement
Public procurement in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003  Due to lengthy delay in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until 2016 

Military
The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military service of Guyana 

Human rights
Homosexual acts, as well as anal and oral sex, are illegal in Guyana  It is currently the only country in South America that prohibits such acts  Engaging in such acts can warrant life imprisonment, though the prohibition is not enforced  These laws can be difficult to alter, as Guyana's Constitution protects laws inherited from the British Empire from constitutional review  However, cross-dressing has been legal since 2018, when a ban was struck down by Guyana's court of last resort, the Caribbean Court of Justice  President David A  Granger (2015–2020) expressed support for these efforts 

Administrative divisions
Regions and Neighbourhood Councils
Guyana is divided into 10 regions:The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils 

Natural regions 
Guyana is divided into four (4) natural regions  These are:

Low Coastal Plain
Hilly Sand and Clay
Highland Region
Interior Savannahs

International and regional relations
Boundary disputes
Guyana is in border disputes with both Suriname, which claims the area east of the left bank of the Corentyne River and the New River in southwestern Suriname, and Venezuela which claims the land west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch colony of Essequibo as part of Venezuela's Guayana Essequiba  The maritime component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, and a ruling was announced on 21 September 2007  The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyuni River basin within the colony  Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed all lands west of the Essequibo River  In 1898, at Venezuela's request, an international arbitration tribunal was convened, and in 1899 the tribunal issued an award giving about 94% of the disputed territory to British Guiana  The arbitration was concluded, settled and accepted into International law by both Venezuela and the UK  Venezuela brought up again the settled claim, during the 1960s cold war period, and during Guyana's Independence period  This issue is now governed by the Treaty of Geneva of 1966, which was signed by the Governments of Guyana, the United Kingdom and Venezuela, and Venezuela continues to claim Guayana Esequiba  Venezuela calls this region "Zona en Reclamación" (Reclamation Zone) and Venezuelan maps of the national territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines 

Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are Ankoko Island with Venezuela; Corentyne River with Suriname; and Tigri Area or New River Triangle with Suriname  In 1967 a Surinamese survey team was found in the New River Triangle and was forcibly removed  In August 1969 a patrol of the Guyana Defence Force found a survey camp and a partially completed airstrip inside the triangle, and documented evidence of the Surinamese intention to occupy the entire disputed area  After an exchange of gunfire, the Surinamese were driven from the triangle 

The Organisation of American States (OAS)
Guyana entered the Organisation of American States in 1991 

Indigenous Leaders Summits of America (ILSA)
With Guyana having many groups of indigenous persons and given the geographical location of the country, the contributions of the Guyanese to the OAS respecting indigenous people may be significant The position of the OAS respecting indigenous persons developed over the years  "The "OAS has supported and participated in the organisation of Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA)"The Draft American Declaration of the Rights of the Indigenous Persons appears to be a working document

Agreements which affect financial relationships
The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994
At a CARICOM Meeting, representatives of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana respectively signed The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 on 19 August 1994 This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas 

FATCA
On 30 June 2014, Guyana signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) 
This Model 1 agreement includes a reference to the Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Clause 3) which was signed on 22 July 1992 in Georgetown, Guyana intending to exchange Tax information on an automatic basis 

Infrastructure and telecommunications
Transport
There are a total of 187 km (116 mi) of railway, all dedicated to ore transport  There are 7,969 km (4,952 mi) of highway, of which 591 km (367 mi) are paved  Navigable waterways extend 1,077 km (669 mi), including the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers 
There are ports at Georgetown, Port Kaituma, and New Amsterdam  There are two international airports (Cheddi Jagan International Airport, Timehri and Eugene F  Correira International Airport (formerly Ogle Airport); along with about 90 airstrips, nine of which have paved runways  Guyana, Suriname and the Falkland Islands are the only three regions in South America that drive on the left 

Electricity
The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by Guyana Power and Light (GPL), the state-owned vertically integrated utility  Although the country has a large potential for hydroelectric and bagasse-fuelled power generation, most of its 226 MW of installed capacity correspond to diesel-engine driven generators Several initiatives are in place to improve energy access in the hinterland 

Culture
Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and has historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the British Empire when it became a possession in the nineteenth century 
The current Guyanese culture began to develop when immigrants (some of them forced, others voluntary) adapted and converged with the dominant British culture  Slavery eradicated much of the distinction between differing African cultures as they were supplanted by British culture, which encouraged the adoption of Christianity and the values of British colonists; this laid the foundations of today's Afro-Guyanese culture  Arriving later and under somewhat more favourable circumstances, Indian immigrants were subjected to less assimilation, and they preserved more aspects of Indian culture, such as religion, cuisine, music, festivals, and clothing Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and its substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Caribbean countries  Its blend of the two dominant cultures, Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, gives it similarities to Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname, and distinguishes it from other parts of the Americas  Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc 
Events include Mashramani (Mash), Phagwah (Holi), and Deepavali (Diwali) 

Landmarks
St George's Anglican Cathedral: A historic Anglican Cathedral made of wood 
Demerara Harbour Bridge: The world's fourth-longest floating bridge 
Berbice Bridge: The world's sixth-longest floating bridge 
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building: Houses the headquarters of the largest and most powerful economic union in the Caribbean 
Providence Stadium: Situated on Providence on the east bank of the Demerara River and built in time for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports stadium in the country  It is also near the Providence Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana 
Arthur Chung Conference Centre: Presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guyana  It is the only one of its kind in the country 
Stabroek Market: A large cast-iron colonial structure that looked like a statue was located next to the Demerara River 
Georgetown City Hall: A beautiful wooden structure also from the colonial era 
Takutu River Bridge: A bridge across the Takutu River, connecting Lethem in Guyana to Bonfim in Brazil 
Umana Yana: An Amerindian benab, that is a national monument built in 1972, for a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned nations (It was rebuilt in 2016) 
Shell Beach: Approximately 140 km long beach  In some parts beach consists of pure shells, very high biological diversity  Important nesting site for 8 species of sea turtles 
Parliament Building of Guyana: Parliament Building currently houses the seat of the National Assembly of the Government of Guyana  Located in Stabroek, facing Brickdam and bordered by Hadfield Street, High Street, and Cornhill Street

Sports
The major sports in Guyana are cricket (Guyana is part of the West Indies cricket team for international cricket purposes), basketball, football and volleyball  Minor sports include softball cricket (beach cricket), field hockey, netball, rounders, lawn tennis, table tennis, boxing, squash, rugby, horse racing and a few others 
Guyana played host to international cricket matches as part of the 2007 Cricket World Cup (CWC 2007)  The new 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, also referred to as Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the beginning of play on 28 March  At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the stadium, Lasith Malinga of the Sri Lankan team took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries Guyana's national basketball team has traditionally been one of the top contenders at the CaribeBasket, the top international basketball tournament for countries in the Caribbean 
For international football purposes, Guyana is part of CONCACAF  The highest league in their club system is the GFF Elite League  Guyana's national football team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup; however, they qualified for the Caribbean Cup in 1991, finishing fourth, and 2007  In 2019, they qualified for the CONCACAF Gold Cup for the first time, after finishing seventh in the qualifiers  They finished third in Group D, having lost two matches and drawn one 
Guyana also has five courses for horse racing 

Guyana featured a beach volleyball team at the 2019 South American Beach Games 

See also
Index of Guyana-related articles
Outline of Guyana
Petroleum industry in Guyana
Tourism in Guyana

Explanatory notes
Passage 3:
Opuwo
Opuwo is the capital of the Kunene Region in north-western Namibia  The town is situated about 720 km north-northwest from the capital Windhoek, and has a population of 20,000  It is the commercial hub of the Kunene Region 

Economy and infrastructure
Opuwo is situated at the intersection of the C41 and C43  There is a small airfield in town, Opuwo Airport Putuavanga Senior Secondary School in town is among the best government schools in Kunene Region  There is also the Opuwo Primary School with 39 teachers and 1,200 learners There are the following organizations and offices in the town: Opuwo Police Station, Opuwo District Hospital, Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Civic Affairs / Regional Civic Registration Office / Kunene Region) and Opuwo Department of Works  There is a Christian church 

Politics
Opuwo is governed by a town council that has seven seats 

Electoral History
History
Etymology
The name Opuwo was given by the commissioner of Ondangwa, Hugo Hahn, who came in search of land to build an office  Upon his arrival, he asked local headmen to give him land where he could build an office  The headmen gave him a small plot, and when the headmen tried to give him more land, Mr  Hahn responded saying "Opuwo (it’s enough for me)  I don’t want any more land"  That is how Opuwo got its name  The local residents of Opuwo called it Otjihinamaparero at the time, and some still call it that Hugo Hahn called the land "Ohopoho Otjitopora", which means "they see the bore hole and their water comes out"   The name Otjihinamaparero was changed to Opuwo in 1974 due to orthographic reform 

Colonial administration
The first office to be established in the Kaokoland area was the colonial administrator in Swartbooisdrift on the banks of the Kunene River  This was the administrative centre of the area from 1925 to 1939  Afterwards, administrative control of the area shifted to Ohopoho, later called Opuwo 
The police station in Swartbooisdrift was run by Sergeant Herbert, and his aim was to receive the Angola Boers who had trekked to Angola out of refusal to accept the British government in South Africa  Sergeant Basson took over the office at Swartbooisdrift, and excavated Opuwo's first bore hole  Basson had the nickname “Katjiriamakaja” (a person who eats tobacco) 

Culture
The Opuwo Town Council hosts the annual Opuwo Trade Fair, which was launched in 2012  The festival combines a modern business exhibition with cultural performances, live shows and entertainment  Opuwo Trade Fair takes place in the month of May 
Passage 4:
Effiakuma
Effiakuma is a residential town in the Western region of Ghana  It is about 10 kilometres from Takoradi the regional capital  It was built in the early 1960s by the then president of the country Kwame Nkrumah  There are about three general plans for the buildings in the town  The houses were built by the State Housing Cooperation  Effiakuma is the forty-seventh most populous in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 35,094 people  On the outskirts of the town is the Effiakuma Zongo 
In March 2011 many Mossi Muslims who fled the conflict in Ivory Coast took refuge in the town 

Boundary
The town is bounded to the west and North by Takoradi, to the east by Effia, to the south by Anaji 
Passage 5:
Port Said Governorate
Port Said Governorate (Arabic: محافظة بورسعيد, romanized: Muḩāfaz̧at Būr Sa'īd) is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt  It is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea at the northern gate of the Suez Canal, making it the second most important harbor in Egypt  Its capital is the city of Port Said, and it is the home of the Suez Canal Authority historical administrative building and the Lighthouse of Port Said 
Port Said Governorate is wholly urban, with 98 2% of the area populated  Most of the districts of the Governorate lie on the African side of the Suez Canal, although Port Fuad lies on the Asian side 

Geography
In 2015 a huge natural gas reserve was discovered off the coast of Port Said and was described as "the largest ever found in the Mediterranean Sea"  Egypt now has one of the largest areas of natural gas and Italian company, ENI has been contracted to work on the natural gas liquefaction for Egypt  It was welcome news as Egypt has long suffered an energy crisis The New Suez Canal project launched in 2015 included dredging of the East Port Said Canal 

Port Said East
Located on the Sinai side of the canal, Port Said East is a development project that contains the Suez Canal Container Terminal, which opened in 2004 In November 2015, president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi publicly launched a new harbour development project at East Port Said A side canal at Port Said East was opened in 2016 

Municipal divisions
According to the Port Said Governorate website, it is divided into the following municipal divisions for administrative purposes  El Sharq, El Arab, Port Fuad, El Manakh, El Dawahy, El Zohur, West (El Gharb), South (El Ganoub) Divisions of the governorate, at the 2006 census, included Mubarak East (the zone east of the new channel), Port Fuad 2 (the southern half of Fuad Island), Ganoub 2 (the southern part of South district), El Manasrah (now El Gharb), and a police department covering the docks  The total estimated population as of January 2023 was 789,241 

Demographics
The total population was estimated at the end of 2016 to be 684,303  With an urbanization rate of 100%, the Port Said Governorate is one of the most urbanized in the country, along with Cairo and Suez  The governorate is treated as one urban agglomeration by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 

Social unrest
In February 2012, more than 70 people died in the Port Said Stadium Riot after a football match  Social unrest in early 2013 continued for at least two weeks  While protesting on March 5, 2013, protesters set fire to the governorate's headquarters and several people were injured In October 2016, some Egyptians protested rent increases 

Industrial zones in Port Said
According to the Egyptian Governing Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI), in affiliation with the Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, the following industrial zones are located in this governorate:
The industrial zone C 1
The industrial zone C 6
The industrial zone C 11
The Northwest Bortex
The industrial zone south of Port Said (Al Reswah)

New urban community industrial zone
East Port Said

Economy
To promote trade, during his presidency, Anwar Sadat declared it a duty-free zone  Port Said Governorate is a major transit point for trade, importing and exporting millions of tons of goods each year  Tourism is also promoted for the region 

Important sites
There are several museums in this area  For cultural tourism one may want to visit the Port Said National Museum of Antiquities which opened in 1987 and is located at the confluence of the Suez Canal waters and the Mediterranean Sea  It houses about 9,000 artifacts from all eras, ranging from the Pharaonic, Greek, Roman, and modern eras, as well as Coptic and Islamic eras The Military Museum of Port Said, established in 1964, commemorates the 1956 the tripartite aggression on the city  It features armory and military artifacts, equipment used in the wars fought between 1956 - 1967 and in 1973  El Nasr Museum of Modern Art in Port Said opened on December 25, 1995 and includes artwork by Egyptian artists in various branches of Fine Art The Statue de Lesseps, honoring Ferdinand de Lesseps, the developer of the Suez and Panama Canals, has its base at the entrance to the Suez Canal, along Palestine Street, where passing ships come from all over the world  This makes it a favorite with tourists  Nearby, is the Suez Canal Authority building built on the banks of Port Said at the start of the project The lighthouse and jetties at Port Said, located at the northern terminus of the Suez canal, and completed in 1869, were built of concrete of Teil lime and Port Said sand  The lighthouse is a monolith 180 feet high  In the construction 120,000 tons of Teil hydraulic lime were used  It was an important engineering feat involving 25,000 blocks, each weighing twenty-five tons Tall al Faramah, also called Pelusium, is of Ecclesiastical and archeological importance  It is an archeological, prehistoric site with ruins and a Byzantine church In 2004, the marine sector of Egypt had 3,013 fishermen who were categorized in the recreational fishing sector, fishing in and around the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea  "Recreational fishing is widely practised along the Mediterranean Coast", where Port Said is located Tel Tennis is an island (also called Tinnis or Thenessus) located 7 km (4 3 mi) southwest of Port Said on Lake Manzala and can be reached from Port Said by boat One can find historic churches in Port Said Governorate  There is a Roman Church, established in 1926, a Melkite Greek Catholic Church called Saint Elias Greek Catholic Church, and an old French Cathedral 

See also
Governorates of Egypt
Passage 6:
Ché OVNI
Ché OVNI is a 1968 Argentine science-fiction musical comedy film directed by Aníbal Uset and starring Juan Carlos Altavista, Javier Portales, Jorge Sobral, and Marcela López Rey 

Background
Ché OVNI was only the second space film to be made in Argentina, after El Satelite Chiflado (The Crazy Satellite)  The film is about alien invaders who abduct a tango-singer  OVNI means "UFO"; a newspaper article from the Cine Herald, July 17, 1968, depicted a cartoon Martian landing in the capital of Spain" a part of the promotion to the film 

Plot
An alien envoy arrives on Earth to kidnap a porteño tango singer and she is taken to planet where there is no live  She and other aliens of the planet wish to feel love again and the computers inform her that she is well-suited to trying to accomplish this, and results in a series of tango performances  The aliens fall in love with the tango singer Jorge (Jorge Sobral) 

Principal cast
Juan Carlos Altavista as Juan
Javier Portales as Professor
Jorge Sobral as Jorge
Marcela López Rey as Cósmica
Erika Wallner as Rubia
Perla Caron as Amarilla
Zelmar Gueño as Pierre

Reception
Shot on locations in London, Paris, Madrid and Buenos Aires, the film was considered "one of the most thunderous commercial failures" in Argentine film  
However, Augusto R  Giustozzi said that Jorge Sobral "excelled" in his role 
Passage 7:
Tebicuary River
The Tebicuary River (Spanish: Río Tebicuary), a tributary of Paraguay River is a river in Paraguay  Located in the southwestern part of that country,  it flows eastwards discharging to Paraguay River about 45 km south of Formosa and 30 km north of Pilar 
The San Rafael National Park in the river's upper basin 

See also
List of rivers of Paraguay
Passage 8:
EgyptAir Flight 763
EgyptAir Flight 763 was an international non-scheduled passenger flight from Cairo, Egypt, to Aden, South Yemen  On 19 March 1972, the flight was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 registered in Yugoslavia as YU-AHR and operated by the newly renamed EgyptAir  It crashed into the Shamsan Mountains on approach to Aden, killing all 30 people on board 

Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32  It was built in 1970 as construction number 47503 with manufacturer's serial number 587 and registered as YU-AHR 

Accident
On 19 March 1972 EgyptAir Flight 763 was on a flight from Cairo International Airport in Egypt to Aden International Airport in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), via Jeddah, Saudi Arabia  The aircraft was chartered from the Yugoslav airline Inex Adria with 21 passengers and 9 crew members on board  Flight 763 was on a visual approach to land on runway 08 into Aden International Airport when the aircraft struck Jebel Shamsan, the highest peak of Aden Crater, an extinct volcano, located 7 kilometres (3 8 nmi) from the airport  On impact the aircraft burned, killing all on board  At the time of the accident, it was the deadliest to have occurred in South Yemen  As of November 2011, it remains the deadliest civil aviation accident and the second deadliest aviation accident to have occurred in Yemen 
Passage 9:
Where Dead Voices Gather
Where Dead Voices Gather is a book by Nick Tosches  It is, in part, a biography of Emmett Miller, one of the last minstrel singers  Just as importantly, it depicts Tosches' search for information about Miller, about whom he initially wrote in his book Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock and Roll  It is also a study of minstrelsy and its connection to American folk music, country music, the blues and ultimately, rock and roll  In that way, it is a companion volume to his other books of music journalism, Country and Unsung Heroes of Rock N' Roll 
Passage 10:
Domburg
Domburg is a seaside resort on the North Sea, on the northwest coast of Walcheren in the Dutch province of Zeeland  It is a part of the municipality of Veere, and lies about 11 km northwest of the city of Middelburg, the provincial capital 

Demographics
In 2010, the town of Domburg had 1,490 inhabitants, up from 1,251 in 2001  The built-up area of the town was 0 78 km2, and contained 881 residences 

History
The area of Domburg has been inhabited since at least 4,000 BCE  In 1647 after heavy storms on the beach of Domburg a sanctuary was discovered with around 40 stones with Latin inscriptions and carvings of several gods, among them of Neptune (sea) and Mercury (trade), but the majority of a local female deity: Nehalennia who appears to have protected both trade and shipping  According to the inscriptions the stones were erected by tradesmen and captains to fulfil their vows after a safe journey, mentioning explicitly on one stone a merchant of pottery doing business with Britain 
From a later period (starting 650 AD) many coins have been found on the beach including Anglo-Saxon sceattas  The settlement on the exact present day location of Domburg however originates from a circular earthen citadel that was discovered according to expectations by archaeologists in 1991 and which was dated to around 875 AD a period shortly after recorded raids by Danes 

In the following centuries there would be considerable activity by monks, not in the least because of salt works and the reclamation of land by which the island of Walcheren was formed  Near Domburg the mediaeval castle of Westhove, now a family hostel, used to be a stronghold of the abbot of the Abbey of Middelburg 
The town of Domburg, actually more a village, surprisingly received a city charter at the early date of 1223  Probably because the counts of Holland had to seek refuge on the island in some neighbourly quarrel  Until the 19th century the town did not change much in its agricultural and (some) fishing character, although tourism started in the 17th century with cityfolk from Middelburg who would enjoy a Sunday trip to the area in summer because of its coast and woodlands and merry inns  Wealth from both West- and East Indian trade also enabled many merchants from Middelburg and Flushing to build manorhouses with lavish gardens in the area, but only a few have survived 
The lordship of Domburg used to belong to the dukes of Burgundy when they were counts of both Holland and Zeeland  For financial reasons they sold Domburg to a lesser branch of their family from which it eventually ended up in the hands of private individuals and passing through the hands of more than one family until lordship rights were completely abolished in 1848  Mostly they were rich merchants from Zeeland cities who returned from India after having served as the director of trade in for example Bengalen 
For a long time Domburg consisted of two jurisdictions: Domburg-Binnen (the town and coast) and Domburg-Buiten (the country side)  In 1816 they were united into a single municipality, into which the village of Oostkapelle was merged in 1966  At the end of the last century all the smaller towns of Walcheren were joined to form the municipality of Veere 
Starting 1834 Domburg became a seaside resort offering a bathing cure and facilities  A small Badpaviljoen was built shortly after on top of the dunes, which was replaced by a larger one in 1888 which offered space for gentleman playing billiards and ladies drinking tea, a concert room, a seaview veranda and more of such amenities that beach life requires 
Most important for its development was however the arrival of a railway station at Flushing and a connecting steamship service with England  A considerable British influence in these years was responsible for Domburg establishing the second golf-course in the Netherlands, although it never expanded over a friendly nine holes 
Like in so many seaside resorts at the end of the 19th century a flock of European royalty landed at Domburg for a few years when the resort was fashionable only to move along again a few years later  The Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Pommern regularly arrived in the town by private-charter train on Stoomtram Walcheren  Instrumental however in the mythology of the place and the mentioned fashion was the very successful doctor Johann Georg Mezger who achieved international fame for his scientific approach of physiotherapy and for being the founding father of Swedish massage 
Domburg is perhaps best known for its hosting of a group of artists of which Piet Mondriaan or Mondrian is the best known  His Pier and Ocean paintings was inspired by the same location where James Abbott McNeill Whistler painted the Domburg sea with its characteristic piers which do not cater for the happy crowd but are meant to break waves that may damage the dunes and thus the existence of the place  This lead Domburg to be a testing ground for Leiden's De Stijl movement 
(For references to literature see Dutch language page)

The statistical area "Domburg", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1650 

Items of local interest
Once the location of shrine dedicated to Nehalennia 
Formerly the western terminus of Stoomtram Walcheren which ran to Koudekerke, Middelburg and Vlissingen 

Pictures
Passage 11:
Yanggakdo
Yanggakdo, or Yanggak Island is a small island in the Taedong River, located about two kilometers to the south-east of the centre of the North Korean capital city Pyongyang  It is connected to the northern and southern side of Pyongyang by the Yanggak Bridge, which spans the island and separates it into a northeastern and southwestern part  The name means "Rams horn island" and is said to be derived from its shape 
On its northeastern end the 170 metres (560 ft) tall Yanggakdo International Hotel is located, the second tallest building in North Korea 
Adjacent to the hotel's southern side, there was originally a 9,000 square metre nine-hole golf course which as of 2011 had been demolished to make space for a new Chinese-funded health complex to be built Also on the northeastern part of Yanggak Island, the Pyongyang International Cinema Hall can be found, which hosts the opening and closing ceremonies of the Pyongyang International Film Festival 
The island's southwestern part houses the Yanggakdo Stadium, which is a multi-purpose stadium that holds 30,000 people and was opened in 1989 
Passage 12:
Abdul Fattah Ismail
Abd al-Fattah Ismail Ali Al-Jawfi (Arabic: عبد الفتاح إسماعيل علي الجوفي, romanized: ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Ismāʿīl; 28 July 1939 – 13 January 1986) was the Marxist de facto leader of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen from 1969 to 1980  He served as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council (head of state) and founder, chief ideologue and first leader of the Yemeni Socialist Party from 21 December 1978 to 21 April 1980  He died under mysterious circumstances during the 1986 South Yemen Civil War, where no body was found 

Biography
Born in July 1934 in the Hugariah district, Taiz of North Yemen, he was educated in Aden, where he subsequently worked in an oil refinery from 1956 to 1959 as an apprentice  As a co-founder of the Arab Nationalist Movement in South Yemen, he contributed to the formation of a number of Movement cells before he was arrested by the British authorities in Aden for political incitement of workers 
In 1961 he became a school teacher in one of the Aden districts, and at the same time continuing political activity  He was a co-founder of the National Front for the Liberation of South Yemen (NLF)  After the NLF started the 14 October 1963 Revolution for the liberation of South Yemen from British colonial rule, Ismail became a full-time socialist revolutionary, whereby he undertook the leadership of the NLF underground military wing (fedayeen) in Aden, as well as political activity 
He was elected to the NLF executive in the first, second and third NLF congresses, 1965–67  After South Yemen gained independence in 1967 he was appointed Minister of Culture and Yemeni Unity  In the fourth NLF congress, he was instrumental in determining the progressive line of the revolution  But in March 1968 he was arrested by the right wing of the NLF and went into exile, where he drafted the program for Accomplishing National Democratic Liberation, a leftist manifesto  He undertook a leading role in the consolidation of left wing of NLF which subsequently regained power in the 22 June 1969 "Correction Step "
Subsequent to the "Correction Step" Ismail was elected Secretary General of the NLF Central Committee, thus making him the country's de facto leader   He was also elected a member of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council  In 1970 he was elected Chairman of Presidium  He undertook a leading role in the dialogue between NLF and other left parties in south Yemen leading to the formation of the Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP)  He was elected Secretary General of the YSP at the first party congress in October 1978  Ideologically, he is considered to have favored the Soviet model of socialist development (as opposed to Maoist alternatives)  In October 1979, Ismail secured the 1979 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the USSR  Similar treaties with East Germany and Ethiopia followed in 1981, following Ismail's resignation from office  In 1980 he resigned from all his posts for allegedly health reasons and was succeeded by Ali Nasir Muhammad  However, Ismail was appointed president of the party before he went to Moscow for medical treatment, until 1985, when he returned in the face of a mounting crisis between Muhammad and his opponents in the YSP 
In October 1985 he was elected to the YSP Politburo and as a Secretary of the Central Committee, but the crisis had erupted on January 13, 1986, into a violent struggle in Aden between Ali Nasir's supporters and Ismail's supporters (See South Yemen Civil War)  Fighting lasted for more than a month and resulted in thousands of casualties, Ali Nasir's ouster, and Ismail's mysterious disappearance  He was allegedly killed when naval forces loyal to Ali Nasir shelled his home in Aden 
Passage 13:
Tony Dale
Anthony William Dale, known as Tony Dale (born 1969) is a public servant from suburban Cedar Park, Texas, who is a Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 136 First elected in 2012, Dale was reelected to successive two-year terms in 2014 and 2016   House District 136 consists of the Williamson County portion of Austin, the City of Cedar Park, the City of Leander, North Austin MUD #1 (Rattan Creek), Block House Creek MUD, Brushy Creek MUD, Fern Bluff MUD and a small portion of Round Rock 

Background
Dale received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from Ohio State University at Columbus in central Ohio  While at Ohio State, he was active in partisan politics and for a time was President of the Ohio State University College Republican Club and the state co-chairman of the Ohio College Republican Federation   He also worked at the Ohio Republican Party for four years as a college intern 
Dale is a US Army veteran and active member of the Texas State Guard   His military decorations include the Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, Army Achievement Medal, National Defense Service Ribbon, Army Service Ribbon, Texas Outstanding Service Medal, Texas Adjutant General's Individual Award, Texas State Guard Service Medal, Texas Cold War Service Medal, Texas Humanitarian Relief Ribbon, Commanding General's Individual Award (second award), Texas Faithful Service Medal, Texas State Guard Commendation Medal, Texas State Guard Achievement Medal, Texas State Guard Officer Professional Education Ribbon, State Guard Association of the United States Professional Development Medal, State Guard Association of the United States Meritorious Unit Award, Basic Parachutist Badge, Master Military Emergency Management Specialist Badge and Expert Marksman Badge and The Noble Patron of Armor Award  Dale is a charter member of the Hunter-Morris Memorial American Legion Post 911 in Cedar Park  Mrs  Dale was the 2014-2015 post commander  He is a Colonel in the Texas State Guard where he serves as the Operations and Plans Officer at Headquarters, Camp Mabry  In 2021 he was inducted into the Ohio State University Army ROTC Society Hall of Fame 
The former owner of a consulting company, Dale is a member of the Cedar Park Chamber of Commerce  
In 2020, Mary Lopez Dale was appointed by Governor Greg Abbott as a member of the Texas Veterans Commission  She is the past Chair of the Williamson County United Way  The Dales have been married over 30 years and they have two daughters  One is graduate of Leander ISD schools and the other attends school at LISD  They attend St  Vincent de Paul Roman Catholic Church in Austin 

Political life
From 2002 until 2009 Dale served as a precinct chairman for the Williamson County Republican Party   He also served in the capacity of election clerk and election judge From 2009 to 2012, Dale was a member of the Cedar Park City Council and for a year served as the mayor pro tem  Earlier, he was the secretary and later vice chairman of the Cedar Park Planning and Zoning Commission  As a member of the board of the Williamson County Conservation Foundation, he pushed for local control over federal regulations  He served too on the Cedar Park Charter Review Committee In 2014 Dale was unopposed in the Republican Primary   In the November 4, 2014 Dale received 20,862 (54 2 percent) and out paced his closest opponent by 13 1 percent  Democratic nominee John Bucy of Austin received 15,821 (41 1 percent) and Libertarian nominee Justin Billiot of Cedar Park received 1,811 (4 7 percent) In the 84th Legislative Session (2015-2016) Dale served on the house committees of (1) Homeland Security and Public Safety, (2) Energy Resources and (3) Local and Consent Calendar Committee   In the 85th Legislative Session (2017-2018) Dale served on (1) Environmental Regulation Committee and (2) Vice Chairman of the Juvenile Justice & Family Issues Committee and (3) House Select Committee on Cybersecurity  He was appointed as a member of the House Working Group to reform the Child Protective Service   He is a member of the House Working Group developing internal House policies on sexual harassment   He is the Chairman of the House Energy Caucus   In the 85th legislative session Dale served as Deputy Floor Leader for the Republican Caucus   He is on the board of directors of the Texas Conservative Coalition 
The Cedar Park Chamber of Commerce named Dale the 2017 Citizen of the Year   In 2018 Cedar Park Mayor Matt Powell presented Dale with the city's highest civilian honor by bestowing upon him a key to the city  In 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2013 the Hill Country News reader poll voted Dale the "Best Elected Official"  The Texas Conservative Coalition, a bipartisan group of legislators, named him a "Courageous Conservative" following the 83rd, 84th and 85th regular sessions  After the 84th session the Texas Right To Life rated him a 100%   The Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas (CLEAT) named him Freshman of the Year in 2013 " Following the 84th legislative session in 2015 the Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas named him, "Best of the House"  In 2015 he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Texas Conservative Coalition  In 2013 and 2015 the Texas Association of Business named him a "Champion For Free Enterprise"  The Texas Alliance for Life PAC endorsed his reelection in 2015/2016   In 2015 the Texas Conservative Roundtable named him an "Effective Conservative" 
Prior to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution he traveled to Amman, Jordan to train pro-democracy Egyptians on grassroots campaign tactics  This training was conducted on behalf of the International Republican Institute 

Legislative positions
During the 84th Regular Legislative Session (2015) Dale filed legislation to award the Texas Purple Heart Medal to the Fort Hood shooting victims of terrorist Nidal Hasan on 11/5/2009 (HB115)   He also filed legislation to require the use of E-Verify by all state agencies and public universities (HB183) and require the use of E-Verify by state contractors and subcontractors (HB889)   Dale filed HB861 to facilitate the prosecution of adults who solicit minors online for illicit sexual purposes His 2015 84th legislative session accomplishments also include: HB939 – Allows homeowners in HOAs to install standby generators  HB1446 – Allows sexual assault victims and stalking victims to get reimbursed by the crime victims fund    HB 1447 – streamlines protective orders for victims of sexual abuse, assault, stalking and trafficking   HB2604- Reduces red tape for police officers applying for a concealed handgun license (CHL)  HB4030 – Requires a complete background check prior to starting work as a private security licensee 
In the 84th session he also jointly authored of co-authored the following successful legislation: HB114 – Restricts the use of Capital Appreciation Bonds  HB505 – Removes limits on the number of dual-credit courses high school students may take  HB1286 – Enhanced penalties for injury to a child, elderly individual or disable person  HB1293 – Allows stalking victims to have confidentiality in court proceedings  HB1783 – Requires schools to reports crimes to police and not coerce employees to not report crimes  HB2339 – Allows customers to carry alcoholic beverages throughout all areas inside stadiums and arenas 
During the 85th session (2017) Dale authored legislation to target the teachers having inappropriate relationships with students   He authored additional child protection measures such as HB 1810 that allows for the prosecution of criminals possessing and publishing lewd visual images of children   He also passed legislation targeting online predators who blackmail individuals online using intimate images and videos   This crime known as 'sextortion" is a growing concern as reported by the National Center For Missing and Exploited Children"   The Speaker of the House appointed Dale to the House Working Group on Child Protective Service Reform   In that capacity Dale worked on legislation to transform and improve Texas' challenged child welfare system 

Interest group ratings
The Texas Association of Business scored him 93 percent for the 83rd session  The National Rifle Association scored Dale 92 percent following the 83rd session  Following the 84th session Texas Right to Life noted his score of 100%   Americans for Prosperity named him a Lone Star Leader with an A rating  Dale was in the top 24 most conservative House Members on Rice University Professor Mark Jones' 2017 Liberal-Conservative Ranking and Score of Texas House of Representatives 

Third term election in 2016
Dale won his third term in the House in the general election held on November 8, 2016  With 41,643 votes (55 percent), he defeated the Democrat Paul R  Gordon, who polled 34,077 (45 percent) 

2018 general election
Dale lost his bid for a fourth term in the general election held on November 6, 2018  He was unseated by the Democrat John Bucy III, who had lost the 2014 election to Dale: 41,485 votes (53 3) to 34,031 (43 8 percent)  The Libertarian Party choice, Zack Parks, held another 2,253 (2 9 percent) 
Passage 14:
Yavca
Yavca  is a  village in Toroslar district of Mersin Province, Turkey,  where the capital city of Toroslar district is actually a part of Greater Mersin  The village is in Toros Mountains at 37°01′N 34°23′E and the distance to Mersin city center is about 45 kilometres (28 mi) The population of Yavca was 279  as of 2012   The main economic activity of the village is agriculture 
Passage 15:
Puğkaracadağ
Puğkaracadağ is a village in Akdeniz district of Mersin Province, Turkey, where the capital city of Akdeniz district is actually a part of Greater Mersin  The village is situated on the north of Çukurova motorway  The creek Deliçay is to the west  The village's distance to Mersin is about 20 kilometres (12 mi)  The population of the village was 687 as of 2012 
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of Italian musical terms used in English
Many musical terms are in Italian because, in Europe, the vast majority of the most important early composers from the Renaissance to the Baroque period were Italian  That period is when numerous musical indications were used extensively for the first time 

Italian terms and English translations
Musical instruments
Voices
Tempo
Dynamics – volume
Moods
Musical expression (general)
Patterns within the musical score
Directions
Techniques
Roles
Criticism
Musical direction and staging
See also
Musical terminology
Sheet music
Passage 2:
Central Park Brass
Central Park Brass is a performing Quintet formed in 2002 to play an annual series of brass chamber music concerts in New York City’s Central Park The members are David Spier trumpet, Arthur Murray trumpet, Angela Cordell  French horn, Lisa Albrecht trombone, and Morris Kainuma tuba   For the 2008 season Douglas Lyons substituted for Cordell and Michael Seltzer for Albrecht 
Passage 3:
Katzenstein Castle
Katzenstein Castle is one of the oldest remaining Hohenstaufen castles in Germany  It is located in a borough that shares its name with the castle in the Dischingen municipality of the Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg  The castle is open to visitors and contains several dining rooms as well as hotel rooms 

Location
This hill castle is located in the valley of a tributary of the Egau river on the Härtsfeld in Heidenheim district near an old Roman road running from Faimingen in Lauingen to Bopfingen known as the Frankensträßle (English: Frankish avenue)  Burg Katzenstein is located 538 metres (1,765 ft) above sea level 

History
In 1099, the Lords von Cassenstein were first mentioned   The family was a ministerial or unfree knightly family in the service of the Graf (or Count) von Dillingen  In 1262, Edlen von Hürnheim was listed as the owner of the castle von Katzenstein when it was sold by Hermann von Hürnheim-Katzenstein 
Ownership changed again in 1354 when the Graf von Oettingen acquired the castle   He quickly pawned the castle on the Graf von Helfenstein, who gave the castle to Berthold von Westerstetten in 1382   In 1572, the Katzenstein line wiped out the Westerstetten line   The inheritance of the Westerstetten family was sold again to the von Oettingen family 
The castle was burned to the ground by French soldiers in 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War  The castle was rebuilt in 1669 
Burg Katzenstein went to the Oettingen-Wallenstein line in 1798  Later, in 1810, the castle was taken over by the state of Württemberg and placed under the district of Neresheim 
Since 1939, the castle has been privately owned 

Sights
In 1973, the St Laurentius chapel was opened and cleaning began   Under the dirt and partially completed Baroque paintings, impressive Mediaeval paintings were discovered  The fresco paintings date from 1250 to 1280 and show the transition from Romanesque art to early Gothic art 

See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg
Passage 4:
Slavs
Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group  They speak the various Slavic languages, belonging to the larger Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages  Slavs are geographically distributed throughout northern Eurasia, mainly inhabiting Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe  A large Slavic minority is also scattered across the Baltic states and Central Asia, while a substantial Slavic diaspora is found throughout the Americas, as a result of immigration Present-day Slavs are classified into East Slavs (chiefly Belarusians, Russians, Rusyns, and Ukrainians), West Slavs (chiefly Czechs, Kashubians, Poles, Slovaks and Sorbs) and South Slavs (chiefly Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes) The vast majority of Slavs are traditionally Christians  However, modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual groups – range from "ethnic solidarity to mutual feelings of hostility" 

Ethnonym
The oldest mention of the Slavic ethnonym is from the 6th century AD, when Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, used various forms such as Sklaboi (Σκλάβοι), Sklabēnoi (Σκλαβηνοί), Sklauenoi (Σκλαυηνοί), Sthlabenoi (Σθλαβηνοί), or Sklabinoi (Σκλαβῖνοι), and his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin  The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic, dating from the 9th century, attest the autonym as Slověne (Словѣне)  Those forms point back to a Slavic autonym, which can be reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural Slověne The reconstructed autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered a derivation from slovo ("word"), originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)", meaning "people who understand one another", in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "German people", namely *němьcь, meaning "silent, mute people" (from Slavic *němъ "mute, mumbling")  The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("glory, fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, glory"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλέος (kléos "fame"), as in the name Pericles, Latin clueō ("be called"), and English loud In medieval and early modern sources written in Latin, Slavs are most commonly referred to as Sclaveni or the shortened version Sclavi 

History
Origins
First mentions
Ancient Roman sources refer to the Early Slavic peoples as Veneti, who dwelt in a region of central Europe east of the Germanic tribe of Suebi, and west of the Iranian Sarmatians in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, between the upper Vistula and Dnieper rivers  The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni first appear in Byzantine records in the early 6th century  Byzantine historiographers under emperor Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire Jordanes, in his work Getica (written in 551 AD), describes the Veneti as a "populous nation" whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy "a great expanse of land"  He also describes the Veneti as the ancestors of Antes and Slaveni, two early Slavic tribes, who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early 6th century  Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Sporoi in olden times"  The name Sporoi derives from Greek σπείρω ("I scatter grain")  He described them as barbarians, who lived under democracy, believed in one god, "the maker of lightning" (Perun), to whom they made a sacrifice  They lived in scattered housing and constantly changed settlement  In war, they were mainly foot soldiers with shields, spears, bows, and little armour, which was reserved mainly for chiefs and their inner circle of warriors  Their language is "barbarous" (that is, not Greek), and the two tribes are alike in appearance, being tall and robust, "while their bodies and hair are neither very fair or blond, nor indeed do they incline entirely to the dark type, but they are all slightly ruddy in color  And they live a hard life, giving no heed to bodily comforts   " Jordanes described the Sclaveni having swamps and forests for their cities  Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly-impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (c  577–579) who slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Daurentius declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us as long as there are wars and weapons" 

Migrations
According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires  The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river  It has also been suggested that some Slavs migrated with the Vandals to the Iberian Peninsula and even North Africa Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers  Byzantine records note that Slav numbers were so great, that grass would not regrow where the Slavs had marched through  After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements  This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion  By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions 
Pope Gregory I in 600 CE wrote to Maximus, the bishop of Salona (in Dalmatia), in which he expresses concern about the arrival of the Slavs: Latin: "Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor  Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt "
English: "I am both distressed and disturbed about the Slavs, who are pressing hard on you  I am distressed because I sympathize with you; I am disturbed because they have already begun to arrive in Italy through the entry-point of Istria "

Middle Ages
When Slav migrations ended, their first state organizations appeared, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force  In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo supported the Slavs against their Avar rulers and became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire  This early Slavic polity probably did not outlive its founder and ruler, but it was the foundation for later West Slavic states on its territory  The oldest of them was Carantania; others are the Principality of Nitra, the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia) and the Balaton Principality  The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling Bulgars and the numerous Slavs in the area, and their South Slavic language, the Old Church Slavonic, became the main and official language of the empire in 864  Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world  The expansion of the Magyars into the Carpathian Basin and the Germanization of Austria gradually separated the South Slavs from the West and East Slavs  Later Slavic states, which formed in the following centuries, included the Kievan Rus', the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, Duchy of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Croatia, Banate of Bosnia and the Serbian Empire 

Modern era
Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples  The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice  Austro-Hungary envisioned its own political concept of Austro-Slavism, in opposition of Pan-Slavism that was predominantly led by the Russian Empire As of 1878, there were only three majority Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Principality of Serbia and Principality of Montenegro  Bulgaria was effectively independent but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908  The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination  During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition  In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 
One of Hitler's ambitions at the start of World War II was to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all East and West Slavs from their native lands, so as to make living space for German settlers  This plan of genocide was to be carried into effect gradually over 25 to 30 years  The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses  Stephen J  Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise Former Soviet states in Central Asia such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have very large minority Slavic populations with most being Russians  Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population 

Languages
Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages  In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic"  Proto-Slavic is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages  That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, it cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, which suggests that there was, at one time, a relatively-small Proto-Slavic homeland Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic (or Old Bulgarian) manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language Standardised Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian  Russian is the most spoken Slavic language, and is the most spoken native language in Europe The alphabets used for Slavic languages are usually connected to the dominant religion among the respective ethnic groups  Orthodox Christians use the Cyrillic alphabet while Catholics use the Latin alphabet; the Bosniaks, who are Muslim, also use the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet in Serbia  Additionally, some Eastern Catholics and Western Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet  Serbian and Montenegrin use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets  There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called Łacinka and in Ukrainian, called Latynka 

Ethno-cultural subdivisions
West Slavs originate from early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after the East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period  They are noted as having mixed with Germanics, Hungarians, Celts (particularly the Boii), Old Prussians, and the Pannonian Avars  The West Slavs came under the influence of the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and of the Catholic Church East Slavs have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with Finns, Balts and with the remnants of the people of the Goths  Their early Slavic component, Antes, mixed or absorbed Iranians, and later received influence from the Khazars and Vikings  The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of Kievan Rus' and Rus' Khaganate, beginning in the 10th century  They came particularly under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church South Slavs from most of the region have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with the local Proto-Balkanic tribes (Illyrian, Dacian, Thracian, Paeonian, Hellenic tribes), and Celtic tribes (particularly the Scordisci), as well as with Romans (and the Romanized remnants of the former groups), and also with remnants of temporarily settled invading East Germanic, Asiatic or Caucasian tribes such as Gepids, Huns, Avars, Goths and Bulgars  The original inhabitants of present-day Slovenia and continental Croatia have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with Romans and romanized Celtic and Illyrian people as well as with Avars and Germanic peoples (Lombards and East Goths)  The South Slavs (except the Slovenes and Croats) came under the cultural sphere of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire), of the Ottoman Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Islam, while the Slovenes and the Croats were influenced by the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and thus by the Catholic Church in a similar fashion to that of the West Slavs 

Genetics
Consistent with the proximity of their languages, analyses of Y chromosomes, mDNA, and autosomal marker CCR5de132 shows that East Slavs and West Slavs are genetically very similar, but demonstrating significant differences from neighboring Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and North Caucasian peoples  Such genetic homogeneity is somewhat unusual, given such a wide dispersal of Slavic populations, especially Russians  Together they form the basis of the "East European" gene cluster, which also includes non-Slavic Hungarians and Aromanians Only Northern Russians among East and West Slavs belong to a different, “Northern European” genetic cluster, along with Balts, Germanic and Baltic Finnic peoples (Northern Russian populations are very similar to Balts) The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle Dnieper"  According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the Y-DNA haplogroups R1a and I2 and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among South Slavs correlate with the spread of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland 

Religion
The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 7th and 12th centuries  Orthodox Christianity is predominant among East and South Slavs, while Catholicism is predominant among West Slavs and some western South Slavs  The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century  Islam first arrived in the 7th century during the early Muslim conquests, and was gradually adopted by a number of Slavic ethnic groups through the centuries in the Balkans Among Slavic populations who profess a religion, the majority of contemporary Christian Slavs are Orthodox, followed by Catholic  The majority of Muslim Slavs follow the Hanafi school of the Sunni branch of Islam  Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups, the vast majority of religious people share the same religion 

Relations with non-Slavic people
Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups  In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranian Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths  After their subsequent spread, the Slavs began assimilating non-Slavic peoples  For example, in the Northern Black Sea region, the Slavs assimilated the remnants of the Goths  In the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci and Serdi  Because Slavs were so numerous, most indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized  Thracians and Illyrians mixed as ethnic groups in this period  A notable exception is Greece, where Slavs were Hellenized because Greeks were more numerous, especially with more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the influence of the church and administration, however, Slavicized regions within Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia Inferior also had a larger portion of locals compared to migrating Slavs  Other notable exceptions are the territory of present-day Romania and Hungary, where Slavs settled en route to present-day Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace but assimilated, and the modern Albanian nation which claims descent from Illyrians and other Balkan tribes The status of the Bulgars as a ruling class and their control of the land nominally left their legacy in the Bulgarian country and people, but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present-day South Slavic ethnic group known as Bulgarians  The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities retained their culture and language for a long time  Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages, but, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population  In Central Europe, the West Slavs intermixed with Germanic, Hungarian, and Celtic peoples, while in Eastern Europe the East Slavs had encountered Finnic and Scandinavian peoples  Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century  Some Finnic tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population  In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchak and the Pecheneg, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north  In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria, where they were Slavicized 

Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus  Saqaliba served as caliph's guards  In the 12th century, Slavic piracy in the Baltics increased  The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades  The pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrite tribes, Niklot, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands  In August 1160 Niklot was killed, and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began  In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia, invaders started germanization  Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum  The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony  In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have historic Slavic paternal ancestry, as revealed in Y-DNA testing  Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin Cossacks, although Slavic and practicing Orthodox Christianity, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other peoples  Initially, the Cossacks were a mini-subethnos, but now they are less than 5%, and most of them live in the south of Russia  The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs, who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population  The population of Moravian Wallachia also descended from the Vlachs  Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations  Although the majority continued towards Southeast Europe, attracted by the riches of the area that became the state of Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe and were assimilated into the Magyar people  Numerous rivers and places in Romania have a name with Slavic origins 

Population
Winkler Prins (2002) estimated the number of Slavs worldwide to be around c  260 million at the time 

Historiography
See also
Notes
Passage 5:
Casa Loma
Casa Loma (improper Spanish for "Hill House") is a Gothic Revival castle-style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark  It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt  The architect was E  J  Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks  Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level, 66 metres (217 ft) above Lake Ontario 
Due to its unique architectural character in Toronto, Casa Loma has been a popular filming location for movies and television  It is also a popular venue for wedding ceremonies, and Casa Loma can be rented in the evenings after the museum closes to the public 

History
In 1903, financier Henry Pellatt purchased 25 lots from developers Kertland and Rolf  Pellatt commissioned architect E  J  Lennox to design Casa Loma, with construction beginning in 1911, starting with the massive stables, potting shed and Hunting Lodge (a k a  coach-house) a few hundred feet north of the main building  The Hunting Lodge is a two-storey 4,380-square-foot (407 m2) house with servants' quarters  As soon as the stable complex was completed, Pellatt sold his summer house in Scarborough (burned down in the 1920s but the Lennox designed groundskeeper's home at 2 Courcelette Road remains) to his son and moved to the Hunting Lodge  The stables were used as a construction site for the mansion (and also served as the quarters for the male servants), with some of the machinery still remaining in the rooms under the stables The house cost about $3 5 million and took 299 workers three years to build  Due to the start of World War I, construction was halted  At 98 rooms covering 64,700 square feet (6,011 m2), it was the largest private residence in Canada  Notable amenities included an elevator, an oven large enough to cook an ox, two vertical passages for pipe organs, a central vacuum, two secret passages in Pellatt's ground-floor office, a pool, and three bowling lanes in the basement (the last two were never completed) 
Most of the third floor was left unfinished, and today serves as the Regimental Museum for The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada  Pellatt joined the Regiment as a Rifleman and rose through the ranks to become the Commanding Officer  He was knighted for his dedication to the Regiment  Pellatt later served as the Honorary Colonel and was promoted to Major-General upon retirement 
During the depression that followed the war, the City of Toronto increased Casa Loma's property taxes from $600 per year to $1,000 a month, and Pellatt, already experiencing financial difficulties, auctioned off $1 5 million in art and $250,000 in furnishings  Pellatt was able to enjoy life in the mansion for less than ten years, leaving in 1923 
In the late 1920s, investors operated Casa Loma for a short time as a luxury hotel  During Prohibition, it became a popular nightspot for wealthy Americans  The Orange Blossoms, later known as Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra, played there for eight months in 1927–1928  Shortly thereafter, they went on a tour of North America and became a major swing era dance band 

The city seized Casa Loma in 1924 for unpaid taxes, and for years, the building was left vacant  In the 1930s, CFRB broadcaster Claire Wallace spent a night at Casa Loma to gather material for a story about ghosts and supernatural phenomena, and she later broadcast an appeal to save the building from demolition  Her broadcast was heard by the vice-president of a local Kiwanis Club, and subsequently Casa Loma was leased in 1937 by the Kiwanis Club of West Toronto, later the Kiwanis Club of Casa Loma (KCCL), which began operating the mansion under a sole-source contract as a tourist destination During World War II, the stables were used to conceal research and production of sonar, and for construction of sonar devices (known as ASDIC) for U-boat detection, according to a book about the "castle"  The area was closed, behind an "Under Repairs" sign  The suggestion that the stables were under renovation allowed workers of the secret facility to come and go without suspicion  Casa Loma is often claimed to be the location of Station M that manufactured covert devices for agents, claiming that the book Inside Camp X provides this information  In 2015, however, author Lynn Philip Hodgson rejected this in an interview with the Toronto Star  "Nobody knows where Station M was  You won't read where it was in any book "

KCCL managed Casa Loma for 74 years, until 2011  Its tenure was not without controversy, with Pellatt's great-grandniece Trelawny Howell starting a campaign for an open-tender lease process in 2005, and the organization disputing her relationship with Pellatt in 2010  A 2006 advisory committee led by former MPP Ron Kanter, and its subsequent reports, recommended that the city turn the mansion's management over to a new "Casa Loma Trust"  However, a city manager's report in 2008 recommended extending the city's lease with KCCL for 20 years, and in July 2008, it was renewed Meanwhile, from 1997 until 2012, the mansion underwent a 15-year, $33-million exterior restoration largely funded by the city, which also created a new board of trustees in 2008, including seven KCCL members and seven city appointees  The city's renewed management agreement included a stipulation that KCCL would use the mansion's net revenues to help pay for upgrades; however, the organization used the fund to cover operating shortfalls instead, and there was only $335,000 in the account by 2011, rather than the $1 5-million originally projected  As a result, in 2011, the city temporarily resumed management of Casa Loma and began welcoming bids from the private sector in its search for a new operator In January 2014, the city entered a new long-term lease and operating agreement with Liberty Entertainment Group, led by President and CEO Nick Di Donato, which agreed to spend $7 4 million to continue the mansion's upgrades  The company's plans also included a fine dining facility  The restaurant, Blueblood Steakhouse, opened in summer 2017 Due to COVID-19, tour operations closed as of March 13, 2020 and reopened in September 2020 

Architecture
Sir Henry imported artisans from Europe to design much of the furniture and other features of the mansion  Casa Loma has five acres of gardens  A tunnel connects Casa Loma to the Hunting Lodge and to the stables (garage, potting shed, stalls, carriage room and tack rooms) 

Oak Room
The Oak Room (originally called the Napoleon Drawing Room) is the most decorated room in the house, and was used for formal occasions  It is encased in wood panels in the style of Grinling Gibbons, which took three artisans three years to carve  The highly ornamented plaster ceiling was made by Italian craftsmen, and was enhanced by the use of indirect lighting in the ceiling  Among other fixtures, the room featured a 10 feet (3 0 m) high Louis XVI style faux-gilt carved light standard with 24 bulbs 

Other rooms
Other rooms in Casa Loma include The Conservatory, a room that showcases plant life  The Conservatory also includes a fountain at one end of the room  The Round Room is designed to fit beneath the mansion's tower; this room is notable for its doors and windows, which curve to follow the shape of the room 

Main floor
Second floor
Third floor
Basement
Stables
Exterior
Gardens
Parking lots

Exhibits
Girl Guide exhibit
The Girl Guide Exhibit was opened on the second floor of Casa Loma in 1973  The relationship between the Girl Guides and Casa Loma extends back to Lady Pellatt, who frequently invited the Girl Guides to her home  Their first visit was in 1913, when 250 girls and their leaders toured the conservatories and stables, climbed the circular staircase to the top turret and then were served tea in the Palm Room  In March 1914, Lady Pellatt watched the Guides' annual fête from her bedroom window as she was too ill to leave her room  Rallies became an annual event at the house  Guides also skated on the house's curling rink in winter  Girl Guiding events have continued in recent years, including the 75th anniversary and the 100th anniversary celebrations of Guiding in Canada were held at Casa Loma 

Vintage car exhibition
As of 2014, the garage and carriage room feature an exhibition of vintage cars from the early 1900s 

Location
Casa Loma is located on Austin Terrace at Spadina Road, on an escarpment (Davenport Hill) above Davenport Road  Davenport runs along the bottom of the escarpment, which was the shoreline of Lake Iroquois, the predecessor of Lake Ontario (coordinates 43 678°N 79 4093°W﻿ / 43 678; -79 4093)  Casa Loma affords views down the escarpment and Spadina Avenue into the heart of Toronto  The stables are located at 330 Walmer Road and the Hunting Lodge at 328 Walmer Road 
Casa Loma is served by St  Clair West Station and Dupont Station on the Yonge-University line of the Toronto subway 

Film location
Casa Loma is a popular location for use in film and television  It has served as a location for movies such as X-Men, Strange Brew, Chicago, The Tuxedo, Scott Pilgrim vs  the World, Warehouse 13, Crimson Peak, Twitches, Twitches Too, The Pacifier, and Titans where it stands in for Wayne Manor  Comic books and children's novels that have used it include the Scott Pilgrim series and Eric Wilson's murder mystery The Lost Treasure of Casa Loma  It was also temporarily transformed into Hogwarts for the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows as well as The Beast's Castle for Disney's 2017 live action Beauty and The Beast remake of the 1991 animated film  In the CBC Television show Being Erica, the episode "Mi Casa, Su Casa Loma" features Casa Loma prominently as the place where main character Erica Strange works It also served in the film adaptation of R  L  Stine's Goosebumps series A Night In Terror Tower  Casa Loma also features prominently in the biography-documentary of Sir Henry Pellatt, The Pellatt Newsreel: the Man who Built Casa Loma, which was nominated for a 2009 Gemini for Best Biography Documentary  TV show Hemlock Grove was also filmed there as well as The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and related Shadowhunters
Exterior shots of the building were used in the Gothic TV show Strange Paradise It is also the filming location of the 2016 TV film The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again, where scenes at Dr  Frank N  Furter's castle and the movie theatre where the audience participated were filmed  Ivy Levan's performance of the song "Science Fiction Double Feature" was filmed at Casa Loma (a movie theatre marquee was placed at the front entrance of the castle for filming) In 2018, Casa Loma served as a filming location for the 2019 American black comedy thriller Ready or Not In 2022, Casa Loma was the filming location of the music video for Wait for U by Future and Drake 

See also
Mary Lake Augustinian Monastery
List of museums in Toronto

Further reading
Denison, John (1982)  Casa Loma and the Man Who Built It  Boston Mills Press  ISBN 978-0919822481 
Oreskovich, Carlie (1982)  Sir Henry Pellatt, the King of Casa Loma  MaGraw-Hill Ryerson  ISBN 978-0075484561 
Passage 6:
Never Too Loud
Danko Jones is a Canadian hard rock trio from Toronto  The band consists of Danko Jones (vocals/guitar), John "JC" Calabrese (bass), and Rich Knox (drums)  The band's music includes elements of hard rock and punk and they are known for their energetic live shows 

History
Formation and early years
Formed in 1996 by namesake Danko Jones, Scaltro (John Calabrese) and Gran Sfigato (Michael Caricari)  Danko Jones played consistently for two years after formation in and around the northeastern United States and Canada, opening for The New Bomb Turks, Nashville Pussy, Blonde Redhead, The Make-Up, The Dirtbombs, The Chrome Cranks and The Demolition Doll Rods
Context 3: Passage 1:
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey  is a 1993 American adventure comedy film and a remake of the 1963 film The Incredible Journey, which was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Sheila Burnford  Directed by Duwayne Dunham, it was released on February 3, 1993  It grossed $57 million worldwide and was followed in 1996 by the sequel Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco  This film is dedicated to producer Franklin R  Levy, who died during production of the film 

Plot
Chance, a selfish and free-spirited American Bulldog and the narrator of the film, explains that he is the pet of Jamie Burnford, but expresses no interest in his owner or being part of a family  He shares his home with Shadow, a wise old Golden Retriever owned by Jamie's brother Peter, and Sassy, a pampered Himalayan cat owned by Peter and Jamie's sister Hope  That morning, the children's mother, Laura Burnford, marries Bob Seaver, and Chance causes trouble by devouring the wedding cake in front of all the guests 
Shortly after the wedding, the family has to temporarily move to San Francisco because Bob must relocate there for his job  They leave the pets at a ranch belonging to Kate, Laura's college friend  Shadow and Sassy miss their owners immediately, but Chance sees it as an opportunity to relax and be free  Later in the week, Kate goes on a cattle drive, leaving the animals to be looked after by her neighbor Frank  However, half of her message to him is lost, leading him to believe that she has taken them along, leaving the animals alone  Unsure about the disappearance of their host, the animals fear they have been abandoned  Shadow, refusing to believe that his boy would leave him, decides to make his way home  Not wanting to be left alone on the ranch, Chance and Sassy decide to accompany Shadow on his journey 
They head into the rocky, mountainous wilderness of the Sierra Nevada with Shadow leading  After a night spent in fear of the woodland noises, the group stops to catch breakfast at a river  However, two black bear cubs interrupt Chance and a large brown bear causes the group to retreat  At another river, Sassy refuses to swim across to follow the dogs and instead tries to cross via a wooden path further downstream; halfway across, the wood breaks and she falls into the river  Shadow tries to save her, but she goes over a waterfall to her apparent death  Guilt-ridden, Shadow and Chance go on without her  Unknown to them, Sassy survives and is later found on the riverbank by an old man named Quentin, who nurses her back to health 
Over the next two days, Shadow and Chance try unsuccessfully to catch food and encounter a mountain lion, which chases them to the edge of a cliff  Shadow gets an idea to use rocks positioned like a seesaw as a way to outsmart the mountain lion  While Shadow acts as bait, Chance pounces onto the end of the rock and sends the mountain lion over the cliff and into a river  Sassy hears the dogs barking in celebration and follows the sound to rejoin them 
The animals continue on their way, but Chance begins pestering a porcupine, ending up with a load of quills in his muzzle  The animals then encounter a little girl named Molly, who is lost in the woods  Loyalty instinct takes over and they stand guard over her during the night  In the morning, Shadow finds a rescue party and leads them back to the girl  They recognize the animals from a missing pets flyer and take them to the local animal shelter, but Chance mistakes it for an animal pound and the trio panic  As the medical staff remove the quills from Chance's muzzle, Sassy sneaks in and frees Shadow  Together, they retrieve Chance and escape the shelter, unaware that their owners are on their way to get them 
Finally reaching their hometown, the animals cross through a train yard, where Shadow falls into a muddy pit and injures his leg  Despondent, he tells Chance and Sassy to go on without him, and when Chance argues passionately, tells the younger dog he's learned all he needs; "Now all you have to learn is how to say goodbye " Heartbroken, Chance insists he won't let him give up  Near dusk, Chance and Sassy finally make it home and are happily reunited with their owners  Shadow initially fails to appear, but eventually he limps into view and happily comes running home at the sight of Peter  Chance narrates how it was Shadow's belief that brought them home and how the years seemed to lift off of him, making him a puppy again as he reunited with his boy  The film ends with Chance musing about how he truly feels "home" with his family, before happily running into the house at the smell of food 

Cast
Reception
The film received positive reception  The film holds an 87% aggregate critic approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews, with the consensus stating "Disney's remake of The Incredible Journey successfully replicates, and in some ways improves upon, the simple charms of the original, with its cross-country animal odyssey sure to delight kids " According to movie critic Roger Ebert, the movie is "frankly designed for kids, and yet it has a certain craftsmanship and an undeniable charm, and if you find yourself watching it with a child you may end up liking it almost as much " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale The film grossed $41,833,324 in the United States and Canada and $15 5 million internationally for a worldwide total of $57 4 million 
Passage 2:
McGruff the Crime Dog
McGruff the Crime Dog is an anthropomorphic animated bloodhound created by Dancer Fitzgerald Sample advertising executive Jack Keil (who also voiced the character) through the Ad Council and later the National Crime Prevention Council to increase crime awareness and personal safety in the United States  McGruff costumes are used by police outreach efforts, often with children  McGruff was created in 1979 and debuted in 1980 with a series of public service announcements educating citizens on personal security measures, such as locking doors and putting lights on timers, in order to reduce crime  His name was selected as part of a nationwide contest in July 1980 
McGruff proved to be a successful campaign with over $100 million in free air time donated in the first year reaching over 50% of adults  McGruff campaigns continued over the years to cover topics such as child abduction, robbery, anti-drug messages, and anti-bullying campaigns  From 1982 to 2012, a number of municipalities participated in the McGruff house program which offered temporary haven to children fearing immediate harm  McGruff has continued to be well-recognized, with nine out of ten people recognizing him in a 2021 survey  This is thanks partly to recent campaigns against cyber-bullying, stopping online fakes, and elder-crime 

History
Crime as a public concern
The decades prior to McGruff's creation saw an increase in U S  public concern over crime  In the 1960s, a number of riots broke out across the U S  and numerous public figures were assassinated, including President Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr , and Malcolm X  Accepting the Republican nomination for president, Barry Goldwater positioned crime as one of the biggest issues facing the nation  While Goldwater lost to Lyndon Johnson, the issue of crime did not stop there  In July 1965, President Johnson formed the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice to "probe     fully and deeply into the problems of crime in our nation "After two years and $2 5 million, the Commission delivered its report, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, in February 1967 which influenced the Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968  The act gave $300 million to local police forces for more personnel and equipment  With the election of Richard Nixon in 1968, the attempts to control rising crime rates shifted from a social approach—the "War on Poverty"—to a tough on crime approach—the "War on Crime"  Despite Nixon's attempts (until his resignation in 1973), crime continued to rise from 363 5 crimes per 100,000 people in 1970 to 549 5 in 1979  The Carter administration took the focus away from crime and onto nuclear arms control and human rights  During Carter's presidency, crime continued to be a concern with the "kill for thrill murders" of 1979, when two men killed four people over eight days in Western Pennsylvania 

Creation
The Ad Council was first approached by the Department of Justice in 1977 to create a public campaign to engage the public in reducing crime  The FBI director recommended a campaign playing on fears to convince citizens to take personal safety steps, but the Ad Council rejected their proposal believing it would largely be ignored by an already frightened public  However, the Ad Council was still interested in a crime prevention campaign  Leo Perlis, a member of the Ad Council's Public Policy Committee, heard the proposal and liked the idea  He met with FBI Director Clarence M  Kelley, the head of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, and a board member of the National Sheriffs' Association to form a coalition to direct the ad campaign The Ad Council gave the creative responsibilities to Dancer Fitzgerald Sample who they had previously worked with on the Keep America Beautiful campaign  On February 8, 1979, the Ad Council's board of directors held a meeting where they and public officials met to listen to data Dancer Fitzgerald Sample had compiled  Dancer Fitzgerald Sample had conducted focus groups in a number of cities to determine public perceptions on crime  The focus groups found that the public believed police should be the ones to prevent crime, but that they were unwilling to pay more in taxes to support more officers  They recommended a campaign which would "emphasize that individual actions can reduce crime" and "offer easily accessible opportunities for people to participate "The task was given to Jack Keil, executive vice president and creative director of Dancer Fitzgerald Sample  Keil, thinking of Smokey Bear, came up with the idea of an animal mascot  After coming up with the slogan—"Take a bite out of crime"—he settled upon the idea of a dog  His first version was "a Snoopy look-alike wearing a Keystone Cop hat " His creative team however did not believe the dog would be taken seriously  In response, he gave the team a day to come up with a new version Five teams of two—a copywriter and an art director—produced proposals  They rejected proposals included a bulldog version of J  Edgar Hoover, a golden retriever, an "aggressive-looking deputy dog", and a "mongrel who became a wonder dog"  The proposal Keil selected, which would go on to become McGruff, was a talking dog in a trench coat produced by Sherry Nemmers and Ray Krivascy who "was tired   he had seen the world, and he had epitomized all the detectives we had seen from Raymond Chandler to Dashiell Hammett and even Columbo "While lauded by Keil, the U S  Department of Justice was less enthused by the idea of a talking dog as the spokesman for crime prevention  By 1979, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), created by President Johnson, was being criticized for its wastefulness prompting President Carter to shut down the program  The public safety outreach, part of the LEAA, was one of the few programs saved by Robert Diegelman who was tasked with dismantling the LEAA  Diegelman saw value in the public outreach effort and so sent monthly reports to his superiors in order to assuage their concerns  Despite this, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti criticised the effort saying: "Why has the LEAA gotten into a campaign that is spending good money on a talking dog?" Civiletti ordered the campaign be shut down, but the advertisements had already been distributed to the media and were set to run In November 1979, the dog was introduced at a press Conference in New York City with his slogan "Take a bite out of crime " Eight months later, in July 1980, a nationwide contest to name the dog was concluded  "McGruff the Crime Dog" was selected as the winner with "Shurlocked Homes" as the runner-up  The winning name was submitted by Officer John Isbell of the New Orleans Police Department 

Initial impact
McGruff was the first Ad Council campaign to be independently evaluated  Garrett O'Keefe of the University of Denver was given a grant of $900,000 by the Justice Department's National Institute of Justice in order to evaluate the campaign  O'Keefe found that "media response to the campaign was excellent  More than $100 million of [ad] time and space had been donated by mid-1981, making McGruff one of the most popular Ad Council campaigns " As a result of the advertisements, over 1 million free booklets had been distributed, and another 250,000 were purchased from the Government Printing Office  The Army printed 300,000 booklets for their own programs as well 
By the end of 1981, over 50% of Americans had seen at least one McGruff advertisement with one third reporting they had seen the advertisements more than ten times  The dominant medium of exposure was television advertisements, comprising 78% of views, followed by posters and billboards at 14%, and newspapers at 8%  While the demographics of exposure were notably diverse, there were some trends in who saw the ads more often than others  The ads were found to reach demographics prone to crime—men, youth, people with less stable residences, and those living in lower-working-class neighborhoods—slightly more often than those populations less prone to crime  Of those who had seen the advertisements, 88% were able to articulate what they were "trying to get across" with 28% pointing out the advertisements' goals of getting citizens to participate in crime prevention programs and reporting crime to the police 
O'Keefe also asked some questions related to public perception of McGruff  He found that only 3% disliked McGruff, most calling him "too cutesy", while 57% liked him for being "attention-getting, clever, different, or appealing to all ages " 36% of respondents were neutral to McGruff  8% said that they were annoyed by the commercials while 59% said that they were "pleased" by them In order to assess the impact of the McGruff advertisements, O'Keefe surveyed adults in 1979 and in 1981, a year before and a year after the premiere of the first McGruff advertisement  Of the forty personal security measures that McGruff advertisements recommended, only seven were explicitly mentioned in TV advertisements: locking doors, leaving outdoor lights on, putting indoor lights on timers, asking neighbors to watch your house, watching the neighborhood, reporting suspicious activity, and forming community groups to prevent crime  Of those seven, six saw a significant increase in usage by the public after seeing McGruff advertisements  The only activity not to see an increase was locking doors, despite the first McGruff spot specifically advocating this  O'Keefe hypothesizes that this is due to a plateau effect, as 75% of respondents in 1979 already reported locking their doors; the only personal security measure not mentioned in a television advertisement to see a significant increase was getting a dog 

Campaigns
McGruff debuted in 1980 with television, newspaper, billboard, and radio advertisements  The Ad Council and the National Crime Prevention Council still use McGruff in national campaigns to raise awareness about crime and crime prevention strategies  About 1500 law enforcement agencies use McGruff costumes as part of their outreach efforts in communities  McGruff advertisements feature a "fulfillment strategy", a means of contact for more information  Early advertisements contained PO boxes that could be written to for more information, but now contain phone numbers and websites McGruff was well received in the 1980s, and current campaigns are similarly recognizable  In a survey done by Harris Interactive for the National Crime Prevention Council, McGruff was known by 9 in 10 adults, teens, and children once being prompted; about 3 in 4 adults, 8 in 10 teens, and 8 in 10 children recognized McGruff without being prompted  Respondents were asked how likely they were to take McGruff's advice  Children were found to be very receptive, with 8 in 10 responding they were likely to take his advice  7 in 10 teens and 6 in 10 adults gave similar responses 

Initial campaign
The first McGruff campaign featured three television and radio advertisements as well as billboards and posters  The campaign focused on raising awareness of the ability for citizens to help prevent crime through personal security steps, community awareness, and reporting crimes in progress 
The first television advertisement, "Stop a Crime", debuted in February 1980  The full 60-second advertisement features McGruff (voiced by Jack Keil) entering an unlocked house and telling the viewer, "All crime needs is a chance  Don't give it a chance" before giving tips on preventive measures  These measures included locking doors, turning on exterior lights, securing windows, asking neighbors to watch the house during long absences, and putting lights on timers The advertisement was followed by two more which focused on community crime prevention tactics: "The Gilstraps" and "Mimi Marth"  In "The Gilstraps", McGruff is backgrounded by men loading furniture into a moving truck  McGruff points out that these are actually thieves stealing from the home of the titular Gilstraps  The camera cuts to the Gilstraps' neighbors who, knowing the Gilstraps are out of town, call the police In order to show the effectiveness of community watch, McGruff creator Sherry Nemmers selected actual Hartford resident Mimi Marth for the advertisement which now bears her name  "Mimi Marth" shows Marth and another watch member, Albert Bell, responding to crimes in progress by reporting them to police on their radios  McGruff tells the viewer that "There's 126 of them, regular people like you and me, working against crime "In addition to advertising and media campaigns, a costume was created for in-person appearances  Approximately 1,500 state and local law enforcement agencies use officers wearing a McGruff costume to educate children and others about crime prevention 

Addressing kidnapping, drugs, gun violence, and online fakes
The National Crime Prevention Council hired their first president and CEO, Jack Calhoun  Calhoun wanted to address the roots of crime saying, "At some point, I have to step out from my locked house and barred windows " Current plans are to introduce McGruff to a new generation and to have the Crime Dog become a watchdog to combat new criminal and 21st Century online crime  "A greater investment in community interventions will help take a bite out of violent crime," said Paul DelPonte, current head of the National Crime Prevention Council  "Strategies that increase public engagement in public safety are proven crime stoppers " DelPonte also has urged public health officials to use McGruff and crime prevention in health prevention programs 

NCPC and McGruff are currently working with the U S  Patent and Trademark Office to combat the sale of fake products online  The campaign, "You're Smart  Buy Smart ", premiered the first television ads  featuring McGruff in 3D animation in August 2022  The ads, filmed on the lot of Jim Henson Studios in Hollywood, are also in Spanish  Among the largest campaigns in the Crime Dog's lengthy career, it includes a partnership with NASCAR and featured a new car with driver Joey Gase In December 2021, the animated television show Family Guy featured McGruff and the National Crime Prevention Council on preventing kidnapping  The re-emergence of McGruff generated an outpouring of fan support In April 2022, the National Crime Prevention Council announced a partnership with McGruff the Crime Dog in creating Fentanyl Prevention Awareness Day scheduled for August 21, 2022  In October of the same year, the organization launched livesproject org, a digital remembrance quilt to honor victims and to raise awareness of the problem 

McGruff Houses and trucks
The McGruff House program was a program that designated temporary safe havens for children in emergency situations  The program was first created in Utah in 1982 in response to the abduction and murder of five children by Arthur Gary Bishop  Owners of houses and apartments, after clearing a background check, would display a sign in their window with the image of McGruff  Children would be educated at school and community events to go to these houses when they felt threatened or in need of help The program operated under the motto "we'll call for help" and emphasized its use as a temporary haven  Volunteers were trained to call the appropriate authorities in emergency situations and would provide emotional support to children in danger  The program made clear that volunteers were for emergency situations, and even in such situations, volunteers would not act as escorts or provide first aid "except in extreme emergency situations and then only if qualified "The first McGruff truck was established in Utah in 1986  A utility company asked that its trucks be designated as "rolling McGruff Houses" and were approved  The program was extended to other companies and municipalities, and in 2006 there were over 170 participants  In February 2012, the McGruff House program was ended after nearly 30 years  The program was ended because, with the advent and growing prominence of cell phones, the need for McGruff Houses declined combined with tightening budgets In 2018, the Martin Agency brought back McGruff as part of GEICO Insurance's 'count on GEICO' campaign  The TV spot has an animated McGruff attempting to share his investigation evidence with several human colleagues  They respond by not taking him seriously and treating him like an actual dog with 'baby talk', leading to McGruff's throwing his paperwork in the air and storming out of the scene 

In popular culture
Major League Baseball player Fred McGriff was given the name "Crime Dog" in reference to McGruff 
"The Springfield Connection", a sixth-season episode of The Simpsons, features a hand puppet named "McGriff the Crime Dog" briefly used by Marge 

The Dexter's Laboratory episode "G I R L  Squad" features a parody of McGruff named McBark the Crime Hound, depicted as a disinterested man wearing a dog mascot suit 
In "Christmas Crime", a twentieth-season episode of Family Guy, Brian states he was briefly McGruff's sidekick "Sergeant Bark"; a cutaway gag has him appearing in an edited remastered version of the 1984 "Don't Talk to Strangers" PSA 
McGruff makes a cameo appearance in the 2022 film Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers 
The album Never Breathe What You Can't See by Jello Biafra and Melvins features a song named after McGruff the Crime Dog which is critical of the United States Homeland Security 
In the Rooster Teeth original series, Death Battle, McGruff would face off against fellow PSA mascot Smokey Bear  He ultimately ended up losing the match 

See also
National Night Out
Smokey Bear
Passage 3:
List of Back to the Future characters
The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale 
The lead character of the series is Marty McFly  During the course of the trilogy, he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown  He also encounters the central antagonist, Biff Tannen, in several different time periods and visits his ancestors and descendants 

Main characters
Marty McFly
Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox in the films and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly  Marty travels between the past and the future, encountering his ancestors and descendants  Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space-time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen (or members of the Tannen clan) at various points in time 

Emmett "Doc" Brown
Doctor Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown (portrayed by Christopher Lloyd and voiced by him in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine  At various points in time, Doc helps Marty restore the space-time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel 
In 2008, the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, ranking at No  20 

George McFly
George Douglas McFly (portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future, Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Michael X  Sommers in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to Lorraine Baines McFly and is the father of Marty, Linda and Dave  Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie, George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III 
In the first film, George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen's bullying  The novelization of the film expounds on George's history of weakness, describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself  In 1955, in contrast with Marty, George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school  He has a penchant for science fiction, and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection  In 1955, with Marty's help, he gets the courage to stand up to Biff, knocking him unconscious  As a result, he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight  In the new future, they are both married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around  In the dystopian timeline in Part II, George was murdered by Biff in 1973 
George's character was greatly reduced in the sequels, and the role was recast  Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover's rendering of McFly, and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future  The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it  However, Glover did not appreciate this and sued  The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again 

Lorraine Baines-McFly
Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson, voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is married to George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave  She is the oldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey 
In Back to the Future, Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle-aged and unhappy  After Marty changes the timeline, she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985  In Part II, Lorraine is still happily married to George in 2015 but they are constantly disappointed in Marty for giving in to peer pressures that make his life difficult  In the alternate 1985 timeline, she is widowed and married to Biff Tannen 

Clara Clayton
Clara Clayton (portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series) is married to Doc Brown and is the mother of Jules and Verne Brown 
Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine, which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory  This later changed after Doc rescued her, with Mayor Herburt naming it Eastwood Ravine in honor of Marty's alias Clint Eastwood, remembered as a town hero who saved Clara, defeated Buford Tannen, and allegedly died trying to stop two bandits who hijacked a locomotive  The animated series reveals that Clara, along with the rest of the family, moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley  She then became a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School 

Jennifer Parker
Jennifer Jane Parker (portrayed by Claudia Wells in the first film and voiced by her in Back to the Future: The Game, Elisabeth Shue in the second and third film, voiced by Cathy Cavadini in the animated series) is dating Marty McFly  In 2015 as seen in Back to the Future Part II, they are married 
In 1985, Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School, along with her boyfriend Marty  In the animated series, Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part-time as a tutor  She lives with her family on a ranch, the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen, after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer's great-great-grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer's great-great-grandmother hostage  In the episode "A Friend in Deed", Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II, Jennifer and Marty had two children, Marlene and Marty Jr  (both played by Michael J  Fox) 
Melora Hardin was initially cast in the role, to appear alongside Eric Stoltz' Marty McFly  After Stoltz was fired from the production and Michael J  Fox was brought in, Claudia Wells was cast to portray the character, as Hardin was deemed too tall to appear next to the much shorter Fox  However, Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons, and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future: The Game as a punk rock version of her character  Consequently, the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells' place, rather than using the ending of Back to the Future 

Biff Tannen
Biff Howard Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson) is the main antagonist of the first two films, and a local bully who harassed George McFly and managed to alter history in the second film  He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley, most of whom harassed members of the McFly family, including Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen (also portrayed by Wilson, in Part III), who is one of Hill Valley's outlaws during the 1880s 

McFly family
Dave McFly
David "Dave" McFly (portrayed by Marc McClure) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985, before Marty went to 1955, Dave works at Burger King, but in the post-time travel 1985, he wears a suit as a nondescript white-collar worker for an accounting firm  In a deleted scene from Part II, the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George's death and Lorraine's second marriage to Biff Tannen 

Linda McFly
Linda McFly (portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly  In 1985 before Marty went to 1955, Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job  In 1985 after Marty went to 1955, Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys 

Seamus and Maggie McFly
Seamus and Maggie McFly (portrayed by Michael J  Fox and Lea Thompson) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great-great-grandparents of Marty McFly  In Part III, Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie  While Maggie does not trust the "strange young man", Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do  They have a son named William (Marty's great-grandfather)  Much like his descendants, Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family, Buford Tannen  He also had a brother, Martin, who was fatally stabbed prior to the film's events 
Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson, who also plays Marty's mother Lorraine, even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine; in a DVD commentary track for Part III, Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film, and he imagines that McFly men are simply "genetically predisposed" to be attracted to women who look like her 

William McFly
William "Willie" McFly (voiced by Michael J  Fox in Back to the Future: The Game) is the son of Seamus and Maggie McFly as well as Marty's great-grandfather  Baby Willie was played by Lindsay Clark  She left acting shortly after this role 

Arthur McFly and Sylvia Miskin
Arthur "Artie" McFly and Sylvia Miskin (stage name "Trixie Trotter") are Marty's paternal grandparents and George's parents introduced in Back to the Future: The Game and voiced by Michael X  Sommers and Melissa Hutchison respectively 

Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly
Marty Jr  and Marlene McFly (both portrayed by Michael J  Fox) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker's future son and daughter in 2015 in Part II 
Originally, 17-year-old Marty Jr  was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang  Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr  break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman's prison  Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening 

Baines family
Sam Baines
Sam Baines was the husband of Stella Baines and the father of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  He is the father-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandfather of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Stella Baines
Stella Baines (portrayed by Frances Lee McCain) was the wife of Sam Baines and the mother of six children, including Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, Sally, and Ellen Baines  She is the mother-in-law of George McFly and the maternal grandmother of Marty, David, and Linda McFly 

Milton Baines
Milton Samuel Baines (portrayed by Jason Hervey) is the second child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Sally, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  He was 12 years old in 1955  In 1955, Milton liked to wear a coonskin cap, a fad inspired by the Davy Crockett film and television show, which Stella took off his head twice while Marty was eating dinner with the family, putting it back on both times 

Sally Baines
Sally Flora Baines (portrayed by Maia Brewton) was the third child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Toby, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1949, she was present when Marty McFly in 1955 had dinner with her family, but did not speak 

Toby Baines
Toby Baines was the fourth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the brother of Lorraine, Milton, Sally, Joey, and Ellen Baines, the brother-in-law of George McFly, and the uncle of David, Linda, and Marty McFly



ground_truth: Aden

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of the castle in the city where the performer of Never Too Loud was formed?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Originally they did not intend to release an album, preferring to have the band's live reputation spread by word of mouth 
Eventually, the trio relented and put out a self-titled six-song EP on Sonic Unyon records in 1998  In 1999 the band performed around Toronto, including at Lee's Palace and the Horseshoe Tavern  That year they released the self-produced My Love Is Bold E P  and release the single "Bounce"  They were nominated for a Juno Award in 2000 for Best Alternative Album 
In early 2000 Danko Jones opened for Beck at Maple Leaf Gardens  In 2001 Bad Taste Records released a compilation of the band's early recordings, demos, and b-sides entitled, I'm Alive and On Fire  A five-week European tour followed to promote the release including shows at the Roskilde festival in Denmark and Hultsfred festival in Sweden  By the end of the year they had returned twice more, once as main support for the Backyard Babies 

In 2002 they released their first full-length album, Born a Lion, produced by Bill Bell, on Bad Taste Records in Europe and on Universal in Canada  The band did several European tours and two Canadian tours to promote the record including a repeat performance at Roskilde and a return to Hultsfred as well as stops to Pukkelpop in Belgium and The Lowlands festival in the Netherlands  They also performed the opening slot with The Rolling Stones on their "40 Licks" World tour kick-off show at the Palais Royale in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on August 16, 2002 
2003 saw the release of We Sweat Blood, produced by Matt DeMatteo, and the group taking a heavier approach to their hard-rock sound  More touring followed that included Europe and Japan  They were also nominated for two Junos: Best Rock Album (Born a Lion) and Best video ("Lovercall")  While success was happening abroad, home relations with Universal Canada had soured and the band was dropped mid-album run  Explanations from the label were vague, but the separation happened after Jones' February 2004 appearance on CBC Sunday where Jones appeared as a pro-downloader opposite then CRIA president, Brian Robertson  In spite of being dropped from Universal Canada, the group continued to tour heavily for the rest of the year well into 2004 with Turbonegro, Sepultura and The Bronx  While touring they received another Juno nomination for Best Rock Album (We Sweat Blood) and tour Australia as well as more European dates including Rock Am Ring and Rock Im Park in Germany and Download, Leeds and Reading in England 

Mid 2000s
Early 2005 recording sessions for the follow-up to We Sweat Blood were interspersed with a series of tours amidst recording that brought the band to the Netherlands, Germany and South Africa-promoted by their record label and events company ASP Records, who released a collectors double set featuring Born A Lion and We Sweat Blood  In April, American label, Razor & Tie released We Sweat Blood and the band set out to America in support as well  Working two releases simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic proved time-consuming, and the worldwide release for the upcoming album, Sleep Is The Enemy, produced by Matt DeMatteo, was pushed back to 2006 

 In 2005, Danko Jones signed to Aquarius Records  During the summer and fall of 2005, the band toured America heavily with two of We Sweat Blood's singles being played regularly on rock radio in America ("Lovercall" and "Forget My Name")  Stateside tours with Flogging Molly, Our Lady Peace, The Supersuckers, and The (International) Noise Conspiracy followed  Prior to the release of Sleep Is The Enemy drummer Damon Richardson left the band, citing fatigue  He was replaced by Dan Cornelius In January and February 2006, the band set out to do their first Canadian tour in almost four years, opening for Nickelback  With the release of Sleep Is the Enemy came more touring including America and a headlining European club tour with support from Brant Bjork & The Bros 
Their fourth album, Never Too Loud was released on February 27, 2008 and produced by Nick Raskulinecz  The album yielded three singles, the international hit, "Code Of The Road", followed by "Take Me Home" and "King Of Magazines"  A city tour of Europe in April 2008 was followed by a Canadian tour in May and a three-month stint in Europe playing about 30 dates on the festival circuit that included Rock Am Ring, Rock Im Park and With Full Force in Germany; Bospop and Lowlands in The Netherlands; Sziget Festival in Hungary; Rabarock in Estonia; Provinssi Rock in Finland; and Eurockeennes and Hellfest in France, where Jones sang on stage with Death Angel for the song, "Bored"   They opened for Motörhead in England, Germany, France and Benelux in late 2008 On February 3, 2009 B-Sides was released in Europe only—a collection of previously released B-sides from European singles and unreleased tracks that spanned 1996 to 2008  On February 24 they set out on a seven-week tour in support of the release that spanned The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, France and the UK with support coming from The Backyard Babies, Winnebego Deal and The Black Spiders  The CD yielded the singles "Sugar High" and "My Problems (Are Your Problems Now)"  A greatest hits compilation titled This Is Danko Jones was released on April 7 the same year in Canada only In the summer the band made a few festival appearances, including the Sziget Festival in Hungary on the main stage with Faith No More and The Offspring, as well as Huntenpop in The Netherlands, Winterthur and Gampel Open Air in Switzerland, Parken Festival in Norway and Jurassic Rock in Finland  In January and February 2010 the band toured across Canada with Guns N' Roses and Sebastian Bach  In March the same year they toured the United States with Clutch 

2010s
Their fifth album Below the Belt was released on May 11, 2010 and produced by Matt DeMatteo  The album's first single, "Full of Regret", features Elijah Wood, Lemmy Kilmister, Selma Blair and Mike Watt in the accompanying video, the first in 'The Ballad of Danko Jones' video trilogy  It debuted at No  36 on Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks in November  It is also featured on EA's NHL 11 soundtrack  The second single, "Had Enough", has Ralph Macchio appearing in the accompanying video while "I Think Bad Thoughts" features Wood, Macchio, Jena Malone and Watt in the final instalment of the music video trilogy 
In June 2011 drummer Dan Cornelius left the band and was replaced by Atom Willard  A 90-minute documentary about the band, Bring on the Mountain, was released in June 2012  The two-disc DVD also included a short film based on the band's latest three videos, all their music videos and several live clips  An oral history book about the band, Too Much Trouble: A Very Oral History of Danko Jones, was to be released by ECW Press in October 2012  Rock and Roll Is Black and Blue was released on September 21, 2012 in Europe and October 9 in North America  They went on a 2013 Spring tour with Volbeat and Spoken Fire Music, the band's first album to include drummer Rich Knox, was released on February 10, 2015 in Canada  In July 2015, the band announced a nine-date tour of the UK and Ireland scheduled for September, with support from the Amorettes  More touring followed, including a tour of summer festivals 
Danko Jones' eighth album, Wild Cat, was released on March 3, 2017  The band also went on a 17-date European tour to accompany the release of the album  2017 saw four more tours: a spring Canadian tour, the usual summer festival tour, an autumn Canadian tour and a winter Nordic tour  Danko Jones supported Skindred on their April UK tour, alongside CKY  The band performed in Luxembourg in May that year  "We're Crazy", was released on September 21, 2018, although it's been played live since April  A Rock Supreme, their ninth studio album, was released on April 26, 2019  A European summer festival tour with Volbeat and Baroness followed  In March 2021 the band released "I Want Out", the first single and video from their tenth album, Power Trio, scheduled for an August 2021 release 

Members
This list is composed of band members who have played live with the band for a substantial period, and does not include guest performances and one-off substitutes 
Timeline

Discography
I'm Alive and on Fire (2001)
Born a Lion (2002)
We Sweat Blood (2003)
Sleep Is the Enemy (2006)
Never Too Loud (2008)
B-Sides (2009)
Below the Belt (2010)
Rock and Roll Is Black and Blue (2012)
Fire Music (2015)
Wild Cat (2017)
A Rock Supreme (2019)
Power Trio (2021)
Electric Sounds (2023)

Honours
Juno Award

2004 Nominated, Best Rock Album (We Sweat Blood)
2003 Nominated, Best Video ("Lovercall")
2003 Nominated, Best Rock Album (Born a Lion)
2000 Nominated, Best Alternative Album (My Love Is Bold)

See also
Canadian rock
List of bands from Canada
Passage 7:
Danko Jones
Danko Jones is a Canadian hard rock trio from Toronto  The band consists of Danko Jones (vocals/guitar), John "JC" Calabrese (bass), and Rich Knox (drums)  The band's music includes elements of hard rock and punk and they are known for their energetic live shows 

History
Formation and early years
Formed in 1996 by namesake Danko Jones, Scaltro (John Calabrese) and Gran Sfigato (Michael Caricari)  Danko Jones played consistently for two years after formation in and around the northeastern United States and Canada, opening for The New Bomb Turks, Nashville Pussy, Blonde Redhead, The Make-Up, The Dirtbombs, The Chrome Cranks and The Demolition Doll Rods  Originally they did not intend to release an album, preferring to have the band's live reputation spread by word of mouth 
Eventually, the trio relented and put out a self-titled six-song EP on Sonic Unyon records in 1998  In 1999 the band performed around Toronto, including at Lee's Palace and the Horseshoe Tavern  That year they released the self-produced My Love Is Bold E P  and release the single "Bounce"  They were nominated for a Juno Award in 2000 for Best Alternative Album 
In early 2000 Danko Jones opened for Beck at Maple Leaf Gardens  In 2001 Bad Taste Records released a compilation of the band's early recordings, demos, and b-sides entitled, I'm Alive and On Fire  A five-week European tour followed to promote the release including shows at the Roskilde festival in Denmark and Hultsfred festival in Sweden  By the end of the year they had returned twice more, once as main support for the Backyard Babies 

In 2002 they released their first full-length album, Born a Lion, produced by Bill Bell, on Bad Taste Records in Europe and on Universal in Canada  The band did several European tours and two Canadian tours to promote the record including a repeat performance at Roskilde and a return to Hultsfred as well as stops to Pukkelpop in Belgium and The Lowlands festival in the Netherlands  They also performed the opening slot with The Rolling Stones on their "40 Licks" World tour kick-off show at the Palais Royale in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on August 16, 2002 
2003 saw the release of We Sweat Blood, produced by Matt DeMatteo, and the group taking a heavier approach to their hard-rock sound  More touring followed that included Europe and Japan  They were also nominated for two Junos: Best Rock Album (Born a Lion) and Best video ("Lovercall")  While success was happening abroad, home relations with Universal Canada had soured and the band was dropped mid-album run  Explanations from the label were vague, but the separation happened after Jones' February 2004 appearance on CBC Sunday where Jones appeared as a pro-downloader opposite then CRIA president, Brian Robertson  In spite of being dropped from Universal Canada, the group continued to tour heavily for the rest of the year well into 2004 with Turbonegro, Sepultura and The Bronx  While touring they received another Juno nomination for Best Rock Album (We Sweat Blood) and tour Australia as well as more European dates including Rock Am Ring and Rock Im Park in Germany and Download, Leeds and Reading in England 

Mid 2000s
Early 2005 recording sessions for the follow-up to We Sweat Blood were interspersed with a series of tours amidst recording that brought the band to the Netherlands, Germany and South Africa-promoted by their record label and events company ASP Records, who released a collectors double set featuring Born A Lion and We Sweat Blood  In April, American label, Razor & Tie released We Sweat Blood and the band set out to America in support as well  Working two releases simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic proved time-consuming, and the worldwide release for the upcoming album, Sleep Is The Enemy, produced by Matt DeMatteo, was pushed back to 2006 

 In 2005, Danko Jones signed to Aquarius Records  During the summer and fall of 2005, the band toured America heavily with two of We Sweat Blood's singles being played regularly on rock radio in America ("Lovercall" and "Forget My Name")  Stateside tours with Flogging Molly, Our Lady Peace, The Supersuckers, and The (International) Noise Conspiracy followed  Prior to the release of Sleep Is The Enemy drummer Damon Richardson left the band, citing fatigue  He was replaced by Dan Cornelius In January and February 2006, the band set out to do their first Canadian tour in almost four years, opening for Nickelback  With the release of Sleep Is the Enemy came more touring including America and a headlining European club tour with support from Brant Bjork & The Bros 
Their fourth album, Never Too Loud was released on February 27, 2008 and produced by Nick Raskulinecz  The album yielded three singles, the international hit, "Code Of The Road", followed by "Take Me Home" and "King Of Magazines"  A city tour of Europe in April 2008 was followed by a Canadian tour in May and a three-month stint in Europe playing about 30 dates on the festival circuit that included Rock Am Ring, Rock Im Park and With Full Force in Germany; Bospop and Lowlands in The Netherlands; Sziget Festival in Hungary; Rabarock in Estonia; Provinssi Rock in Finland; and Eurockeennes and Hellfest in France, where Jones sang on stage with Death Angel for the song, "Bored"   They opened for Motörhead in England, Germany, France and Benelux in late 2008 On February 3, 2009 B-Sides was released in Europe only—a collection of previously released B-sides from European singles and unreleased tracks that spanned 1996 to 2008  On February 24 they set out on a seven-week tour in support of the release that spanned The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, France and the UK with support coming from The Backyard Babies, Winnebego Deal and The Black Spiders  The CD yielded the singles "Sugar High" and "My Problems (Are Your Problems Now)"  A greatest hits compilation titled This Is Danko Jones was released on April 7 the same year in Canada only In the summer the band made a few festival appearances, including the Sziget Festival in Hungary on the main stage with Faith No More and The Offspring, as well as Huntenpop in The Netherlands, Winterthur and Gampel Open Air in Switzerland, Parken Festival in Norway and Jurassic Rock in Finland  In January and February 2010 the band toured across Canada with Guns N' Roses and Sebastian Bach  In March the same year they toured the United States with Clutch 

2010s
Their fifth album Below the Belt was released on May 11, 2010 and produced by Matt DeMatteo  The album's first single, "Full of Regret", features Elijah Wood, Lemmy Kilmister, Selma Blair and Mike Watt in the accompanying video, the first in 'The Ballad of Danko Jones' video trilogy  It debuted at No  36 on Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks in November  It is also featured on EA's NHL 11 soundtrack  The second single, "Had Enough", has Ralph Macchio appearing in the accompanying video while "I Think Bad Thoughts" features Wood, Macchio, Jena Malone and Watt in the final instalment of the music video trilogy 
In June 2011 drummer Dan Cornelius left the band and was replaced by Atom Willard  A 90-minute documentary about the band, Bring on the Mountain, was released in June 2012  The two-disc DVD also included a short film based on the band's latest three videos, all their music videos and several live clips  An oral history book about the band, Too Much Trouble: A Very Oral History of Danko Jones, was to be released by ECW Press in October 2012  Rock and Roll Is Black and Blue was released on September 21, 2012 in Europe and October 9 in North America  They went on a 2013 Spring tour with Volbeat and Spoken Fire Music, the band's first album to include drummer Rich Knox, was released on February 10, 2015 in Canada  In July 2015, the band announced a nine-date tour of the UK and Ireland scheduled for September, with support from the Amorettes  More touring followed, including a tour of summer festivals 
Danko Jones' eighth album, Wild Cat, was released on March 3, 2017  The band also went on a 17-date European tour to accompany the release of the album  2017 saw four more tours: a spring Canadian tour, the usual summer festival tour, an autumn Canadian tour and a winter Nordic tour  Danko Jones supported Skindred on their April UK tour, alongside CKY  The band performed in Luxembourg in May that year  "We're Crazy", was released on September 21, 2018, although it's been played live since April  A Rock Supreme, their ninth studio album, was released on April 26, 2019  A European summer festival tour with Volbeat and Baroness followed  In March 2021 the band released "I Want Out", the first single and video from their tenth album, Power Trio, scheduled for an August 2021 release 

Members
This list is composed of band members who have played live with the band for a substantial period, and does not include guest performances and one-off substitutes 
Timeline

Discography
I'm Alive and on Fire (2001)
Born a Lion (2002)
We Sweat Blood (2003)
Sleep Is the Enemy (2006)
Never Too Loud (2008)
B-Sides (2009)
Below the Belt (2010)
Rock and Roll Is Black and Blue (2012)
Fire Music (2015)
Wild Cat (2017)
A Rock Supreme (2019)
Power Trio (2021)
Electric Sounds (2023)

Honours
Juno Award

2004 Nominated, Best Rock Album (We Sweat Blood)
2003 Nominated, Best Video ("Lovercall")
2003 Nominated, Best Rock Album (Born a Lion)
2000 Nominated, Best Alternative Album (My Love Is Bold)

See also
Canadian rock
List of bands from Canada
Passage 8:
The Punisher (2004 film)
The Punisher is a 2004 American vigilante action film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, directed by Jonathan Hensleigh, written by Hensleigh and Michael France  It stars Thomas Jane as the antihero Frank Castle and John Travolta as Howard Saint, a crime boss who orders the death of Castle's entire family 
The film's story and plot were mainly based on two Punisher comic book stories: the 1994 miniseries The Punisher: Year One by writers Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, and the 2000-01 miniseries Welcome Back, Frank by writer Garth Ennis, though some scenes were derived from other Punisher stories, such as Marvel Preview Presents: The Punisher #2, Marvel Super Action Featuring: The Punisher #1, The Punisher War Zone, and The Punisher War Journal  The Punisher was shot on location in Tampa, Florida and environs in mid to late 2003  It was distributed by Lionsgate Films in North America, although Artisan Entertainment, which released a 1989 film adaptation of the same name on DVD, financed and co-distributed the film with eventual Artisan owner Lionsgate, while Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International distributed the film in non-North American territories  Screenwriter Jonathan Hensleigh agreed to helm the film during its development stage despite a dispute with Marvel Studios, marking his directorial debut 
The Punisher was released on April 16, 2004 by Lionsgate Films, grossing $13 million in the United States over its opening weekend, and reached a total gross of $54 million against a budget of $33 million  The reviews were generally negative  Marvel Comics and Lionsgate began development on a sequel titled The Punisher 2, which instead became the 2008 reboot Punisher: War Zone after Jane and Hensleigh left the project due to creative differences  The film marks the final production by Artisan Entertainment for theatrical distribution 

Plot
An FBI bust of smuggling operation in Tampa results in the deaths of Bobby Saint, the son of mafia boss Howard Saint, and Otto Krieg, an arms dealer  However, Krieg's death was faked, and he is revealed to be undercover FBI agent Frank Castle on his final mission before retirement  Enraged at the death of his son, Saint orders his men to learn everything they can about Krieg, and acquires access by bribing corrupt federal law enforcement officers for his federal service history  He orders Castle killed at a family reunion in Puerto Rico, though Saint's wife Livia insists that Castle's family be killed as well  At the reunion, Saint's men, including Saint's best friend Quentin Glass, and Bobby's identical twin John, kill Castle's entire family  Though Frank Castle Sr  takes down some of the attackers, John then shoots Castle, leaving him for dead  However, Castle survives and is nursed back to health by a local fisherman 
With the police and FBI unwilling to pursue the killers due to Saint's power and influence, Castle moves into an abandoned apartment occupied by three outcasts—Joan, Bumpo, and Spacker Dave—and begins his mission to bring the Saints down  With the help of information provided by Mickey Duka, Saint's less malevolent henchman, Castle studies the Saint family and learns their every move, during which he discovers Glass to be a closeted homosexual  He openly attacks Saint's business and sabotages his partnership with his Cuban partners 
Saint discovers Castle is alive and sends assassins to kill him  The first, Harry Heck, ambushes Castle on a bridge, but is killed when Castle fires a ballistic knife into his throat  The second, a Russian behemoth, nearly beats Castle to death in his own apartment, but Castle manages to kill him as well  The tenants treat Castle's wounds and hide him in his hidden elevator as Saint's men arrive for him  When Dave and Bumpo refuse to reveal Castle's hideout, Glass tortures Dave by plucking each of his piercings with pliers  They leave one of their men to intercept Castle, but Castle kills him after they leave 
With Mickey's help, Castle poses as an anonymous blackmailer and arranges for Glass to be at certain places while planting Livia's car in the same location, and ultimately placing one of Livia's earrings in Glass's bed  When Saint finds the earrings, he stabs Glass to death and, despite her protest that Glass was gay, accuses Livia of having an affair with his best friend  He throws Livia off an overpass onto a railroad track, where she is run over by a train 
With Saint despondent, Castle assaults Saint's club and kills every member of his mob, including his remaining son John  Saint escapes the building, albeit wounded  Castle pursues him and shoots him in a duel  As Saint lies dying, Castle reveals his schemes that led Saint to kill his friend and wife  He ties Saint to a car and sends it into the club's parking lot, which is rigged with explosives  Saint perishes in the ensuing explosion 
Castle returns home and prepares to kill himself with his mission fulfilled, but changes his mind after seeing a vision of his wife, instead deciding to continue to fight crime  He leaves some of Saint's money as a farewell gift to the tenants for protecting him  He is then seen standing alone on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge at sunset, where, in a voice-over, he vows to kill all killers, rapists, psychopaths, sadists, and anyone else who harms innocent people in any way in his new identity, the Punisher 

Cast
Hensleigh and Arad have said in many interviews that Jane was the first and only actor to be asked to play the title role  Arad had previously pursued Jane for other roles in Marvel Studios films  He turned down the Punisher twice, as he did not see himself as a superhero actor  Jane said, when asked the second time to play the Punisher, that he became interested when Arad sent Tim Bradstreet's artwork of the character  After learning more about the Punisher, he accepted  Jane went on to read as many Punisher comics he could find to understand the character, and became a fan of the Punisher in the process  Jane trained for six to seven months with the United States Navy SEALs and gained more than twenty pounds of muscle for the part 

Production
Marvel Studios began development for a new Punisher film as early as 1997  In 2000, Marvel made a long-term agreement with Artisan Entertainment to turn 15 of their characters into films and TV shows, among them The Punisher with Gale Anne Hurd to produce  The Punisher marked Marvel's first major independent release as an equity owner, whereby it contributes characters and creative support to lower-budget pics in exchange for a financial stake in the negative cost  Screenwriter Jonathan Hensleigh signed on in April 2002, and The Punisher also became his directing debut  The story and plot were mainly based on two Punisher comic book stories, Welcome Back, Frank and The Punisher: Year One  Hensleigh explained he had to excise much of the influence from Welcome Back, Frank as it would have likely been a four-hour-long film Before filming began, Hensleigh was not given the budget he wanted or needed from the studio, Hensleigh knew that most action pictures get a budget of around $64 million  He was only given $33 million, with only $15 5 million going towards the shooting budget and post-production for the film, with only 52 days to shoot, which is half the time allocated for most action pictures  Most of Hensleigh's original script had to be edited and re-written many times due to budget issues  According to the DVD commentary, the first scene in the film would have been a battle set in Kuwait during the Gulf War, but they were unable to film this scene as a result of the budget cuts 
Principal photography for The Punisher began in July 2003 on location in Tampa, Florida  Filming finished October 14, 2003 after 52 days of filming  The Florida location was first chosen at the insistence of screenwriter Michael France, who advised Marvel and Artisan that "it would be cheap to shoot [there]—that they'd get a lot more for their money than in New York or Chicago" as well as wanting to use "both sunny locations, and dark, industrial locations" in the screenplay  For inspiration, Hensleigh and cinematographer Conrad W  Hall looked at dozens of action films from the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Dirty Harry series, The Getaway, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, The Godfather and Bonnie and Clyde  In an interview, Hensleigh also stated the film pays homage to Mad Max and William Shakespeare's Othello, though while he was inspired by Othello, the characters were reversed for the film, making the Punisher the instigator of the jealousy which leads to Howard Saint murdering his best friend and wife After shooting, Lionsgate (then known as Lions Gate Films) purchased Artisan  In an interview, Hensleigh said that even though the film is distributed under the Lionsgate imprint, they had nothing to do with the film  Lionsgate never gave a green light for the film to be made  The film was still under Artisan Entertainment  During shooting of a fight scene, Jane legitimately stabbed Nash in the collarbone with a blunted butterfly knife after a stunt co-ordinator forgot to change the props  Nash did not break character and continued the scene and accepted cold beers from the crew as compensation The character of Microchip was originally included in an earlier Michael France draft (along with the character Jigsaw), but was excised from later drafts because of director Jonathan Hensleigh's distaste for him  Instead the character of Mickey Duka (who was heavily based upon the character Mickey Fondozzi) serves as an ally of Frank Castle  Regarding the exclusion of Microchip, Hensleigh had this to say:

There are a couple of years where I didn't want to go; Microchip, the battle van, all that stuff where it got really high-tech; we're not going there at all  I deemed that too complicated, too lacking of the spirit of the sort of urban vigilante  The Punisher doesn't just go around blowing people away; he uses guile and cunning just as much as he does weaponry and physical combat 

Reception
Box office
The Punisher opened in 2,649 theaters on April 16, 2004, and grossed $13 8 million over its opening weekend, ranking at #2 at the box office, behind Kill Bill: Volume 2  The film has a US gross of $33 8 million and an international gross of $20 9 million, giving it a worldwide total of $54 7 million 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 29% based on reviews from 170 critics, with an average rating of 4 5/10  The website's critical consensus states: "A good cast fails to elevate this overly violent and by-the-numbers revenge flick " On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 33 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of B+ Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film two stars, stating, "The Punisher is so grim and cheerless, you wonder if even its hero gets any satisfaction from his accomplishments " Joe Leydon of Variety describes the film as "depressingly rote and sometimes laughably silly"  Leydon praises Jane for his "appropriate physicality and brooding gravitas" but criticizes Travolta, saying he does "nothing to inject fresh life into bland archetype" Some reviewers defended the film, stating that, compared to most comic book-based films, it is a well-done throwback to the old-school action films of the 1960s and 1970s  Critic A  O  Scott stated, "But lightness is not among Hensleigh's gifts  Making his directorial debut after a successful run as a screenwriter and producer (on projects like Die Hard with a Vengeance, Jumanji, and The Rock) he has clearly conceived The Punisher as a throwback to the leathery, angry urban revenge movies of the 1970s "Drew McWeeny of Ain't It Cool News said of the style of the film that "The Punisher has more in common with the work of Don Siegel and John Frankenheimer than it does with the work of Michael Bay or Simon West  Which isn't to say that it's the equal of those classics, but at least Hensleigh's got the right idea      The Punisher is pulp, served up gritty and ugly and brutal  It's not jam-packed full of one-liners  What humor there is in the film is dark "

Home media
The film was released via DVD on September 7, 2004 and sold nearly 1 8 million copies in its first five days and netted $10 8 million in rentals its first week, making it number one in DVD sales that week An extended cut DVD was released on November 21, 2006 with 17 minutes of additional footage, most of which revolves around the character Jimmy Weeks (Russell Andrews), and Castle realizing that it was his friend who had sold him out to Howard Saint  In retaliation, Castle forces Weeks to commit suicide  Features also include a black-and-white stop-motion animated scene, set in Kuwait, based on and partially done by artist Tim Bradstreet, and a Punisher comic book gallery  An extended version of "In Time" by Mark Collie also appears in the closing credits of the extended-cut DVD  This version does not include the special features on the standard DVD release 
The Punisher was released via Blu-ray Disc on June 27, 2006, and only included the theatrical cut 

Accolades
Mark Chadwick won "Best Fire Stunt" at the Taurus World Stunt Awards  Several other crew members were nominated for work on the film: Donna Evans for Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Woman, Gary Hymes for Best Stunt Coordinator or 2nd Unit Director, and Keii Johnston and Dane Farwell for Best Work with a Vehicle 
The Punisher was also nominated for a Prism Award in the Wide Release Feature Film category 

Music
The score to The Punisher was composed and conducted by Italian composer Carlo Siliotto  Director Jonathan Hensleigh wanted the music to be very emotional, and was aware of Siliotto's previous work which led to him being chosen  When scoring the film Siliotto saw Frank Castle as a tragic figure stating, "This man, Frank Castle, is somebody who has a slaughtered family  He comes through that slaughter, and becomes a punisher  But he's a sad man—he drinks, and has bad memories always coming to him  There's a lot in the film, and at times it is like a modern version of a classic tragedy—like Othello "

Merchandise
Prior to release, a novelization was written by D A  Stern and released in March 2004  Jane reprised the role of Frank Castle in the 2005 video game The Punisher 

Cancelled sequel and reboot
Lions Gate Entertainment planned to produce a direct sequel titled The Punisher 2, with Avi Arad, chairman and CEO of Marvel Studios, stating that the second film would "become the fifth Marvel property to become a sequel " Jonathan Hensleigh said that he was interested in working with Thomas Jane again for The Punisher 2  Jane said that the villain for The Punisher 2 would be Jigsaw  The project lingered in development for over three years  Jonathan Hensleigh completed a first draft of the script before pulling out around 2006  John Dahl was in talks to direct the film but pulled out due to script quality issues and the studio not wanting to spend a lot of money on the project  In a statement on May 15, 2007, and in two audio interviews Thomas Jane said that he pulled out of the project due to creative differences and the budget of the film being cut, in addition to director Walter Hill being turned down as director by Lionsgate  After reading the new script by Kurt Sutter, Jane stated:

What I won't do is spend months of my life sweating over a movie that I just don't believe in  I've always loved the Marvel guys, and wish them well  Meanwhile, I'll continue to search for a film that one day might stand with all those films that the fans have asked me to watch 
In June 2007, it was reported announced that Lexi Alexander replaced Dahl as director, and that actor Ray Stevenson would replace Thomas Jane in the title role  The Punisher 2 then became Punisher: War Zone, a reboot of The Punisher film series with no connection to the 2004 film  The reboot was released on December 5, 2008  This is the second time the film series has been rebooted, after the 2004 production rebooted 1989's The Punisher  Later it was rebooted again for the third time as a television series released from 2017-2019 

Short film
In July 2012, Jane reprised his role as Frank Castle in the unofficial short film The Punisher: Dirty Laundry, which premiered at the San Diego Comic-Con International  The 10-minute film also stars Ron Perlman 



ground_truth: Casa Loma

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who played the girlfriend of Chance's voice actor in Homeward Bound in Back to the Future?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He was born in 1951  On November 5, 1955, he sat at the dinner table with his family and Marty McFly, whom his father had hit with the car earlier that day  He remained silent while the guest was present 

Joey Baines
Joey Baines was born on August 28, 1954, to Sam and Stella Baines, and was the fifth child in the Baines family  In the early 1970s, Joey was Marty McFly's favorite uncle  Joey would allow Marty to do dangerous things, but would always be there to make sure he was all right  He spent many years in Folsom Prison  On October 25, 1985, he failed to earn his release on parole for at least the second time 
By the 21st century, USA Today ran an article on Joey Baines in their October 22, 2015 issue, titled Parole denied again, which mentioned that this was Joey's twelfth consecutive parole hearing to end in denial  He was serving a twenty-year term at Folsom for racketeering and had spent two-thirds of his life behind bars 

Ellen Baines
Ellen Baines was the sixth child of Sam and Stella Baines, the sister of Lorraine, Milton, Sally Toby, and Joey Baines, the sister-in-law of George McFly, and the aunt of David, Linda, and Marty McFly  Born in 1956 (a few months after Marty's trip to 1955), she moved to Chicago at some point prior to 1986 

Brown family
Jules and Verne Brown
Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown (portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Dannel Evans in Back to the Future Part III, voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife, Clara, who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne 
The characters had minor, non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series  Jules, an introvert, mostly imitates his father's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted  Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage 
In the Back to the Future game when asked about his family, Doc reveals that his sons are now teenagers and their parents are discussing what time period they should attend college at 

Copernicus
Copernicus is Doc's dog from 1955  Like his other dogs, Copernicus was used in many of Doc's experiments  When Copernicus died, he was eventually replaced by Einstein 

Einstein
Einstein (portrayed by Tiger and stuntman Dick Butler in the first film and Freddie in the other two, voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series) is Doc Brown's pet Catalan sheepdog  He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family's dog 
In the first film, Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future  In the animated series, Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter, helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future 

Tannen family
Irving "Kid" Tannen
Kid Tannen (voiced by Owen Thomas) is Biff's father who only appears in the Back to the Future: The Game  Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley  He, like the rest of the Tannen family, bullies the McFly family forcing Marty's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting  Kid is brought down with the help of Marty, a young version of Doc, and Arthur McFly  He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help 

Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen
Buford Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in Back to the Future Part III, Liam O'Brien in Lego Dimensions) is the main antagonist of the third film  He is the great-grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley  He was nicknamed "Mad Dog" by a newspaper reporter, due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling, a nickname Tannen greatly despises  Buford is cruel, homicidal, rude, and emotionally unstable  He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes, whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does  He is often accompanied by his gang (played by Christopher Wynne, Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson), and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies  Like his descendant Biff, he has a dislike for manure 

Griff Tannen
Griff Tannen (portrayed by Thomas F  Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series) is a grandson of Biff  He is part of a gang that also consists of Rafe "Data" Unger, Leslie "Spike" O'Malley and Chester "Whitey" Noguera  Unlike his grandfather and great-great-great-grandfather whose gangs only consisted of Caucasian males, his accomplices are one Caucasian male (Data), one Caucasian female (Spike), and one Asian-American male (Whitey) 
In the animated series, Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "Solar Sailors" where his grandson, Ziff (also voiced by Wilson), is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family 
Griff's last name is never mentioned in the movie, which means he could either be the son of Biff's son Biff Jr, or the son of Biff's daughter, Tiffaney, but in the animated series, Ziff says that both he and Griff are Tannens 

Biff Tannen Jr 
In the animated series, Biff Jr  (voiced by Benji Gregory) is the son of Biff Tannen  Like his father and paternal relatives, he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud  In addition, Biff Jr  delights in vandalizing other people's properties  Biff Jr  lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship 

Strickland family
Gerald Strickland
Gerald Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School  He is a descendant of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885  He frequently makes a great noisy show of sternly reprimanding his students for faults such as "slacking" or liquor consumption, although he himself is revealed to sneak a drink of alcohol at his desk at school 
There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal 

James Strickland
James Strickland (portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and an ancestor of Mr  Strickland  He also has an unnamed son (portrayed by Kaleb Henley) 
In a deleted scene not included in the final cut, and in the movie's novelization, Strickland is killed by Buford Tannen  In the theatrical release Strickland simply remains absent for the latter half 
In the Back to the Future game, Edna Strickland in 1986 notes that James was shot and killed by Buford  Marty remarks that's a detail he doesn't remember, possibly a reference to the differences between the film and the movie novelization 

Edna Strickland
Edna Strickland (voiced by Rebcca Sweitzer) is introduced in Back to the Future: The Game where she is the sister of Gerald Strickland  She is somewhat nicer than her brother, but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness  After Marty alters her original timeline, Edna married Kid Tannen and became the stepmother of Biff Tannen 

Other characters
Marvin Berry
Marvin Berry (portrayed by Harry Waters Jr ) is an African-American jazz musician and electric guitar player whose band was hired in Back to the Future Part I to perform at the "Enchantment Under The Sea" dance  He is also the cousin of then-rising musician Chuck Berry  After injuring his hand while helping Marty McFly out of a car's trunk, Marty takes his place as guitarist in the evening's most important dance  When Marty subsequently performs Johnny B  Goode to the audience's excitement, Marvin immediately calls Chuck to introduce him to the new music style, thereby humorously implying that Chuck stole the song to further his musical career  This creates a time paradox, since Marty was playing a song made famous by Chuck Berry, before Berry wrote it, so the song either has no actual creator or Berry was essentially stealing a song from his alternate timeline self  Another theory was that Chuck was going to write it anyway, but after hearing it maybe wrote it faster 

Otis "Old Man" Peabody
Otis Peabody (portrayed by Will Hare) is the patriarch of a 1950s farmer family in Back to the Future Part I  For some obscure reason, he decided to plant pines on his land; while his plan ultimately came to no fruition, the area was decades later converted into a shopping mall named "Twin Pines Mall" as a testimony to his efforts  The town sees Peabody odd including Doc Brown, who himself has a similar reputation  When Marty McFly makes his involuntary time trip back to 1955, he ends up crashing into Peabody's shed with the DeLorean and then flattening one of his two growing pine saplings while escaping  The farmer's family believes that the time-traveling car and its driver in an NBC suit are extraterrestrial  As results, according to a headline of the newspaper Hill Valley Telegraph with Peabody being photographed in a straitjacket, he is committed to a county asylum after claiming "'space zombie' wrecked his barn," and after Marty returns to 1985, the mall is found having been (re)named "Lone Pine Mall" 

Douglas J  Needles
Douglas J  Needles (portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III) is the rival of Marty McFly in Hill Valley High School  Like his school's alumnus, Biff Tannen, Needles also has his own gang and develops a rivalry with Marty (although he doesn't outright bully him like Biff did to George and has no relation to the Tannens)  He often goads Marty into doing reckless things, leveraging on Marty's fear of being labeled as a "chicken" 

Goldie Wilson
Goldie Wilson (played by Donald Fullilove in the first film) is a young man working at Lou's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s  By 1985, he creates a controversy when he plans to replace the damaged clock from the Hill Valley Courthouse's clock tower, which continues in 2015 after he left the office  A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks, suggesting Goldie is a nickname, presumably in reference to his gold tooth 
He would also have a grandson, Goldie Wilson III (also played by Fullilove) who works as a car salesman in Back to the Future: Part II 

Match, Skinhead and 3-D
"Match" O'Malley (portrayed by Billy Zane), Joey "Skinhead" Unger (portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen), and "3-D" Noguera (portrayed by Casey Siemaszko) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen's gang in 1955  Their nicknames are only given in the films' novels, screenplays, and credits  Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies – Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II, while outside of the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance 
In the alternate 1985, the three work in Biff's casino as his bodyguards  Each get their nickname from a distinctive character trait  Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth; Skinhead has very short, close-cropped hair; 3-D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3-D glasses (a reference to the 3-D movies that were popular in the 1950s) 

Spike, Data and Whitey
Leslie "Spike" O'Malley (portrayed by Darlene Vogel), Rafe "Data" Unger (portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan) and Chester "Whitey" Noguera (portrayed by Jason Scott Lee) they are high school kids who make up Griff Tannen's gang in 2015  Each one of them is also the grandchild of Biff Tannen's original gang  Spike is Match's granddaughter, Data is Skinhead's grandson, and Whitey is 3-D's grandson 
Passage 4:
Back to the Future Part II
Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis from a screenplay by Bob Gale; both wrote the story  It is the sequel to the 1985 film Back to the Future and the second installment in the Back to the Future franchise  The film stars Michael J  Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Lea Thompson, and Thomas F  Wilson with Elisabeth Shue (replacing Claudia Wells), and Jeffrey Weissman (replacing Crispin Glover) in supporting roles  It follows Marty McFly (Fox) and his friend Dr  Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd) as they travel from 1985 to 2015 to prevent Marty's son from sabotaging the McFly family's future  When their arch-nemesis Biff Tannen (Wilson) steals Doc's DeLorean time machine and uses it to alter history for his benefit, the duo must return to 1955 to restore the timeline 
The film was produced on a $40 million budget and was filmed back to back with its sequel Part III  Filming began in February 1989, after two years were spent building the sets and writing the scripts  Back to the Future Part II was also a ground-breaking project for visual effects studio Industrial Light & Magic (ILM)  In addition to digital compositing, ILM used the VistaGlide motion control camera system, which allowed an actor to portray multiple characters simultaneously on-screen without sacrificing camera movement 
Back to the Future Part II was released by Universal Pictures on November 22, 1989  Though the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, it was deemed inferior to its predecessor  The film grossed over $332 million worldwide in its initial run, making it the third-highest-grossing film of 1989 

Plot
On October 26, 1985, Dr  Emmett "Doc" Brown arrives unexpectedly in the DeLorean time machine  He persuades Marty McFly and his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, to travel to the future with him and help their future children, with Biff Tannen witnessing their departure  They arrive on October 21, 2015, where Doc incapacitates Jennifer electronically leaving her asleep in an alley, explaining that she should not have too much knowledge of future events  He has Marty pose as his son and lookalike Marty Jr  to refuse an offer to participate in a robbery with Biff's grandson Griff, thus saving Marty Jr  from prison 
Marty switches places with Marty Jr  and refuses Griff's offer, but Griff goads Marty into a fight, and a subsequent hoverboard chase ensues  Griff and his gang are arrested, saving Marty's future children  Before rejoining Doc, Marty purchases an almanac containing the results of major sporting events from 1950 to 2000  Doc discovers it and warns Marty about profiting from time travel  Before Doc can adequately dispose of it, they are interrupted by the police, who have found Jennifer incapacitated and are taking her to her 2015 home  They pursue, as does the elderly Biff, who has overheard their conversation and retrieved the discarded almanac 
Jennifer wakes up in her 2015 home and hides from the McFly family  She overhears that her future self's life with Marty is not what she expected, due to his involvement in an automobile accident  She witnesses Marty being goaded by his co-worker, Douglas Needles, into a shady business deal, resulting in Marty's firing  Jennifer tries to escape the house but faints after encountering her 2015 self  While Marty and Doc attend to her, Biff steals the time machine to give the almanac to his younger self, then returns to 2015  Marty, Doc, and an unconscious Jennifer return to 1985, unaware of Biff's actions  They leave Jennifer on her front porch 
The 1985 they return to has changed dramatically, with Biff now one of the country's wealthiest and most corrupt men  He has turned Hill Valley into a chaotic dystopia, secretly killed Marty's father, George, in 1973, and forced Marty's mother, Lorraine, to marry him  Doc has been committed to a mental hospital  Doc deduces that old Biff took the time machine to give his younger self the almanac, and Marty learns from the alternate 1985 Biff that he received it on November 12, 1955  Biff tries to kill Marty, but Marty flees and travels to 1955 with Doc 
Marty secretly follows the 1955 Biff and watches him receive the almanac from his 2015 self  Marty then follows him to the high school dance, carefully avoiding interrupting the events from his previous visit  After several fruitless attempts, Marty finally gets the almanac, leaving Biff to crash into a manure truck 
Marty burns the almanac, nullifying the changes to the timeline that it had caused, as Doc hovers above in the time machine  Before Marty can join him, the DeLorean is struck by lightning and disappears  A Western Union courier arrives immediately after and delivers a letter to Marty; it is from Doc, who tells him that the lightning strike transported him 70 years in the past to 1885  Marty races back into town to find the 1955 Doc, who had just helped Marty to return to 1985  Shocked by Marty's sudden reappearance, Doc faints 

Cast
Development
Director Robert Zemeckis said that initially, a sequel was not planned for the first film, but its huge box office success led to the conception of a second installment  He later agreed to do a sequel, but only if Michael J  Fox and Christopher Lloyd returned as well  With Fox and Lloyd confirmed, Zemeckis met with screenwriting partner Bob Gale to create a story for the sequel  Zemeckis and Gale would later regret that they ended the first one with Jennifer in the car with Marty and Doc Brown, because it required them to come up with a story that would fit her in, rather than a whole new adventure Gale wrote most of the first draft by himself as Zemeckis was busy making Who Framed Roger Rabbit  At first, the film's third act was to take place in 1967 where Lorraine was a flower child protesting the war and George was a college professor at Berkeley, but Zemeckis later stated that the time paradoxes of it provided a good opportunity to go back to 1955 and see the first film's events in a different light  While most of the original cast agreed to return, a major stumbling block arose when negotiating Crispin Glover's fee for reprising the role of George McFly  When it became clear that he would not return, the role was rewritten so that George is dead when the action takes place in the alternative version of 1985 The greatest challenge was the creation of the futuristic vision of Marty's hometown in 2015  Production designer Rick Carter wanted to create a very detailed image with a different tone from the film Blade Runner, wishing to get past the smoke and chrome  Carter and his crew spent months plotting, planning, and preparing Hill Valley's transformation into a city of the future  Visual effects art director John Bell said that they had no script to work with, only the indications that the setting would be 30 years into the future featuring "something called hoverboards" When writing the script for Part II, Gale wanted to push the first film's ideas further for humorous effect  Zemeckis said he was somewhat concerned about portraying the future because of the risk of making wildly inaccurate predictions  According to Gale, they tried to make the future a nice place, "where what's wrong is due to who lives in the future as opposed to the technology" in contrast to the pessimistic, Orwellian future seen in most science fiction  To keep production costs low and take advantage of an extended break Fox had from Family Ties (which was ending its run when filming began), it was shot back-to-back with sequel Part III 

Production
Two years were needed to finish building the sets and writing the scripts before shooting could begin  During filming the creation of the appearance of the aged characters was a well-guarded secret, involving state-of-the-art make-up techniques  Fox described the process as very time-consuming, saying that "it took over four hours, although it could be worse"  Principal photography began on February 20, 1989  For a three-week period near the end of the filming, the crew split and, while most remained dedicated to shooting Part III, a few, including Gale, focused on finishing its predecessor  Zemeckis himself slept only a few hours per day, supervising both films, having to fly between Burbank, where it was being finished and other locations in California for Part III The film was considered one of the most ground-breaking projects for Industrial Light & Magic  It was one of the effects house's first forays into digital compositing, as well as the VistaGlide motion control camera system, which enabled them to shoot one of its most complex sequences, in which Fox played three separate characters (Marty Sr , Marty Jr , and Marlene), all of whom interacted with each other  Although such scenes were not new, the VistaGlide allowed, for the first time, a completely dynamic scene in which camera movement could finally be incorporated  The technique was also used in scenes where Fox, Thomas F  Wilson, Christopher Lloyd, and Elisabeth Shue's characters encounter and interact with their counterparts  It also includes a brief moment of computer-generated imagery in a holographic shark used to promote a fictional Jaws 19, which wound up unaltered from the first test done by ILM's digital department because effects supervisor Ken Ralston "liked the fact that it was all messed up "Animation supervisor Wes Takahashi, who then was the head of ILM's animation department, worked heavily on the film's time travel sequences, as he had done in the original film and in Part III  As Part II neared release, sufficient footage of Part III had been shot to allow a trailer to be assembled  It was added to the conclusion of Part II before the closing credits, as a reassurance to moviegoers that there was more to follow 

Replacement of Crispin Glover and lawsuit
Crispin Glover was asked to reprise the role of George McFly  He expressed interest, but could not come to an agreement with the producers regarding his salary  He stated in a 1992 interview on The Howard Stern Show that the producers' highest offer was $125,000, less than half of what the other returning cast members were offered  Gale has since asserted that Glover's demands were excessive for an actor of his professional stature at that time  In an interview on the Opie and Anthony show in 2013, Glover stated that his primary reason for not doing Part II was a philosophical disagreement on the film's message; Glover felt the story rewarded the characters with financial gain, such as Marty's truck, rather than love Rather than write George out of the film, Zemeckis used previously filmed footage of Glover from the first film as well as new footage of actor Jeffrey Weissman, who wore prosthetics including a false chin, nose, and cheekbones to resemble Glover  Various techniques were used to obfuscate the Weissman footage, such as placing him in the background rather than the foreground, having him wear sunglasses, and hanging him upside down  Unhappy with this, Glover filed a lawsuit against the producers of the film on the grounds that they neither owned his likeness nor had permission to use it  As a result of the suit, there are now clauses in the Screen Actors Guild collective bargaining agreements stating that producers and actors are not allowed to use such methods to reproduce the likeness of other actors  Glover's legal action, while resolved outside of the courts, has been considered as a key case in personality rights for actors with increasing use of improved special effects and digital techniques, in which actors may have agreed to appear in one part of a production but have their likenesses be used in another without their agreement 

Replacement of Claudia Wells
Claudia Wells, who had played Marty's girlfriend Jennifer Parker in the first film, planned to reprise her role, but turned it down due to family reasons–reportedly to care for her mother, who was ill with cancer at the time of filming the second film  The producers cast Elisabeth Shue instead, which involved re-shooting the closing scenes of the first film for the beginning of Part II  The re-shot sequence is a near shot-for-shot match with the original, with only minor differences Wells returned to acting with a starring role in the 2008 independent film Still Waters Burn  She is one of the few cast members not to make an appearance within the bonus material on the Back to the Future Trilogy DVD set released in 2002  However, she is interviewed for the Tales from the Future documentaries in the trilogy's 25th anniversary issue on Blu-ray Disc in 2010  In 2011, she finally had the opportunity to reprise her role from the first film, 26 years after her last appearance in the series, by providing the voice of Jennifer for Back to the Future: The Game by Telltale Games 

Hoverboard hoax
Zemeckis said on the film's behind-the-scenes featurette that the hoverboards (flying skateboards) used in it were real, yet not released to the public, due to parental complaints regarding safety  Footage of "real hoverboards" was also featured in the extras of a DVD release of the trilogy  A number of people thought Zemeckis was telling the truth and requested them at toy stores  In an interview, Wilson said one of the most frequent questions he was asked was if they are real 

Depiction of the future
Though the filmmakers did research contemporary predictions by scientists on what might occur by 2015, Zemeckis has said that the film was not meant to be a serious attempt at predicting the future  In 2010, he commented: "For me, filming the future scenes of the movie were the least enjoyable of making the whole trilogy, because I don't really like films that try and predict the future  The only ones I've actually enjoyed were the ones done by Stanley Kubrick, and not even he predicted the PC when he made A Clockwork Orange  So, rather than trying to make a scientifically sound prediction that we were probably going to get wrong anyway, we figured, let's just make it funny"  Similarly, Gale said: "We knew we weren't going to have flying cars by the year 2015, but God we had to have those in our movie" However, the film did correctly predict a number of technological and sociological changes that occurred by 2015, including: the rise of ubiquitous cameras; use of unmanned flying drones for newsgathering; widescreen flat-panel television sets mounted on walls with multiple channel viewing; smart home technology; video chat systems; hands-free video games; talking animated billboards; wearable technology; tablet computers with fingerprint scanners and head-mounted displays  Payment on personal portable devices is also depicted  Although payment by thumbprint is not widely used, fingerprint scanning is in use as security at places such as airports and schools, and electronic payment with fingerprint scanning as a security feature is deployed for Apple Pay Other aspects of the depiction of the future had not come to pass by 2015, but efforts were made to replicate the technology advances 

The film shows Marty putting on Nike "Air Mag" tennis shoes with automatic shoelaces  Nike released a version of their Hyperdunk Supreme shoes, which appear similar to Marty's, in July 2008  Fans dubbed them the Air McFly  In April 2009, they filed the patent for self-lacing shoes, and their design bears a resemblance to those worn by Marty in the film  In 2010, a fan named Blake Bevin created shoes that tie themselves  Though Nike had made a very limited quantity of Air Mags in the same style as the movie, they stated in September 2011 that their consumer-line MAG line of shoes would not feature the self-lacing feature shown in it  Tinker Hatfield, one of the shoe's designers, indicated in 2014 that they would introduce shoes with power-lacing technology the following year, 2015  In March 2016, Nike unveiled the HyperAdapt 1 0 shoe, a consumer-market model of the Air Mag which features the same self-lacing technology used for the commemorative Air Mags; these were put on sale in limited quantities in late 2016 The producers created a futuristic flying car to depict a typical taxi cab in the future world of 2015  This taxi was based on the Citroën DS The concept of the hoverboard—a skateboard that can float off the ground—has been explored by various groups since the release of the film  Attempts similar to hoverboats, which blast air at the ground, have been demonstrated, with a 2021 record distance of 275 meters (902 ft)  A different type is the MagBoard, developed by researchers at the Paris Diderot University  It uses a large superconductor plate on the bottom cooled with liquid nitrogen as to achieve the Meissner effect and allow it to float over a special track; it was shown capable of carrying the weight of a human in its practical demonstration  However, the requirement to run the superconductor at higher, more ambient temperatures prevents this from becoming practical  In March 2014, a company named HUVr Tech purportedly demonstrated a working hoverboard along with several celebrities including Lloyd, though this shortly was revealed as a hoax created by the website Funny or Die  Self-balancing 'hoverboards' became popular in 2015 even though they do not hover above the ground In the 2015 scene, the film imagines the Chicago Cubs winning the 2015 World Series against the fictional Miami-based Gators, referring to the Cubs' longstanding failure to win a championship  In the actual 2015 season, the Cubs qualified for the postseason, their first postseason appearance since 2008, but lost the National League Championship Series (not the World Series) to the New York Mets on October 21, which coincidentally was the same day as "Back to the Future Day", the day Marty McFly arrived in 2015 in the film  Despite losing, one year later the Cubs did win the 2016 World Series against the Cleveland Indians; in congratulations to the Cubs, the official Twitter feed for the Back to the Future franchise jokingly tweeted out that Marty & Doc's time-traveling caused "a rift in the space-time continuum" that led to the 1994 strike (and subsequent cancellation of the 1994 World Series), thus delaying the accurate prediction by a year  In the real 2015 World Series, the Kansas City Royals defeated the Mets to win their first World Series championship since 1985, the year which Marty and Doc time traveled in the film  As for the fictional Miami team, when the film was made, Florida did not have a Major League Baseball team, but has since gained two: the Florida Marlins (now the Miami Marlins) in 1993 and Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now the Tampa Bay Rays) in 1998  While both teams have each made two appearances in the World Series (the Marlins winning in 1997 and 2003, and the Rays losing in 2008 and 2020), neither qualified for the postseason in 2015 

Release and reception
Box office
The film was released to theaters in North America on Wednesday, November 22, 1989, the day before Thanksgiving  It grossed a total of $27 8 million over Friday to Sunday, and $43 million across the five-day holiday opening, breaking the previous Thanksgiving record set by Rocky IV in 1985  On the following weekend, it had a drop of 56 percent, earning $12 1 million, but remained at number 1  Its total gross was $118 5 million in the United States and $213 million overseas, for a total of $332 million worldwide, ranking as 1989's sixth-most successful film domestically and the third-most worldwide—behind Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Batman  However this was still short of the first film's gross  Part III, which Universal released only six months later, experienced a similar drop  In Japan, it had a record opening, grossing $7 5 million in six days from 153 screens 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 6 2/10  The website's critics consensus reads: "Back to the Future II is far more uneven than its predecessor, but its madcap highs outweigh the occasionally cluttered machinations of an overstuffed plot"  On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars  Ebert criticized it for lacking the "genuine power of the original" but praised it for its slapstick humor and the hoverboard in its chase sequence  Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film is "ready for bigger and better things" and later said that it "manages to be giddily and merrily mind-boggling, rather than confusing"  Tom Tunney of Empire magazine wrote that the film was well-directed, "high-energy escapism", and called it "solidly entertaining", though noting it as being inferior to the other two films in the franchise Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader gave the film a negative review, criticizing Zemeckis and Gale for turning the characters into "strident geeks" and for making the frenetic action formulaic  He believed that it contained "rampant misogyny", because the character of Jennifer Parker "is knocked unconscious early on so she won't interfere with the little-boy games"  He cited, as well, Michael J  Fox dressing in drag  Variety said, "[Director Robert] Zemeckis' fascination with having characters interact at different ages of their lives hurts it visually, and strains credibility past the breaking point, by forcing him to rely on some very cheesy makeup designs" In 2018, Bob Gale, who co-wrote the movie with Robert Zemeckis, said the movie received a mixed reception because of the dark aspect of the story: "They [the audiences] were absolutely surprised by it  The whole 1985 stuff    we went places the audience was not ready to go  That is some of my favorite stuff in the whole trilogy" 

Accolades
The film won the Saturn Award for Best Special Effects (for Ken Ralston, the special effects supervisor), the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (Ken Ralston, Michael Lantieri, John Bell and Steve Gawley), an Internet-voted 2003 AOL Movies DVD Premiere Award for the trilogy DVDs, a Golden Screen Award, a Young Artist Award, and the Blimp Awards for Favorite Movie Actor (Michael J  Fox), and Favorite Movie Actress (Lea Thompson) at the 1990 Kids' Choice Awards  It was nominated in 1990 for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (John Bell, Steve Gawley, Michael Lantieri and Ken Ralston), but lost to The Abyss 

Home media
The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc on May 22, 1990, three days before the theatrical release of Part III  It was due to be the first release under the MCA/Universal Home Video banner  Universal reissued it on VHS, LaserDisc, and compact disc in 1991, 1995, and 1998  On December 17, 2002, Universal released it on DVD in a boxed trilogy set, although widescreen framing problems led to a product recall  The trilogy was released on Blu-ray Disc in October 2010 
Universal re-released the trilogy alongside new features on DVD and Blu-ray on October 20, 2015, coinciding with Back to the Future Day the following day  The new set included a featurette called "Doc Brown Saves the World", where Lloyd, reprising his role as Doc Brown, explains the reasons for the differences between the future of 2015 as depicted in Back to the Future Part II and in real life  A new remaster as part of Back to the Future: The Ultimate Trilogy on Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on October 20, 2020 In May 2020, the trilogy was released for streaming on Netflix  A small minor edit was noticed to Part II during the scene featuring the fictional soft porn magazine called Oh La La!  Gale stated that neither he nor Zemeckis were aware of this change, and believed it originated from a foreign print of the film  Shortly afterwards, Universal provided Netflix with the unedited, theatrical version of the film, replacing the censored cut on the streaming platform 

Music
The soundtrack was released by MCA Records on November 22, 1989  AllMusic rated it four-and-a-half stars out of five  Unlike the previous soundtrack, it contains only a musical score by composer Alan Silvestri  None of the vocal songs featured throughout the film are included  On October 12, 2015, Intrada Records released the complete score of Back to the Future Part II in a 2-disc set including early scoring sessions and alternative takes 

See also
List of 1989 box office number-one films in the United States
List of films featuring drones

Notes
Passage 5:
William Ragsdale
William Ragsdale (born January 19, 1961) is an American actor known for playing teenaged vampire slayer Charley Brewster in the horror vampire film Fright Night (1985) and Herman Brooks in the television series Herman's Head (1991–94) 

Early life and education
Ragsdale was born January 19, 1961, in El Dorado, Arkansas, and attended Hendrix College, where he appeared in plays alongside Natalie Canerday 

Career
He garnered attention as the young hero of Fright Night and Fright Night Part 2 and onstage in Neil Simon's plays Brighton Beach Memoirs and Biloxi Blues, two of the three parts of Simon's trilogy, which ends with Broadway Bound  Ragsdale featured in the romance comedy movie Mannequin Two: On the Move (1991) Ragsdale has had a sporadic career with regard to prime-time television  He featured for three years on Herman's Head  He had a brief recurring role in the television series Judging Amy  He played a television producer for Grosse Pointe, which lasted one season 
He was cast in the pilot for Charmed, but refused the series to feature in the short-lived situation comedy Brother's Keeper  He appeared on Ellen as the boyfriend of Ellen Morgan (played by Ellen DeGeneres) before her character revealed her homosexuality  He has had guest roles on television, including a four-episode stint on Less than Perfect, as well as small feature movie roles 
He played the role of Gary Hawkins in 12 episodes of the television series Justified from March 2010 through March 2012, during the series' first three seasons   In 2014, he played Chris Smith in the remake of the movie Left Behind In 2017, he appeared in the role of Reverend Todd in the Off-Broadway production of Man from Nebraska at the Second Stage Theatre 

Filmography
Film
Television



ground_truth: Claudia Wells