prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What character in A League of their Own was played by the actress who played Thelma in the movie Thelma and Louise?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Sinead Farrelly
Sinead Louise Farrelly (born 16 November 1989) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for NWSL team NJ/NY Gotham FC and the Republic of Ireland women's national team  Born and raised in the United States to an Irish father, she initially represented the country of birth at the youth international level before switching to represent the Republic of Ireland senior national team in 2023  She previously played for Boston Breakers of the National Women's Soccer League  In 2011, she played for the Philadelphia Independence of the WPS and was a member of the United States women's national under-23 team  She was selected by the Philadelphia Independence as the No  2 overall pick in the 2011 WPS Draft from University of Virginia  She was a MAC Hermann Trophy semifinalist in 2009 And 2010 

Early life
Born and raised in Havertown, Pennsylvania, Farrelly began playing soccer at the age of five  She attended Haverford High School where she was a four-time team MVP and earned First Team All All-Southeastern PA honors  She was named a 2006 NSCAA Youth All-American and ranked seventh as the nation's top recruit by SoccerBuzz 
Farrelly was a member of the Spirit United Gaels club that was the 2006 National Runner-Up and was played for the Region I Olympic Development Program (ODP) team  During her time with the Spirit United Gaels, the team was a US Youth Soccer National Finalist (2006), a USYS Regional Champions (2006), and a Two-Time State Champions (2005 & 2006  Her team's incredible run in 2006, although cut short by a loss to FC Wisconsin Eclipse in the National Championship in Des Moines, Iowa, won their head coach, Sean McCafferty, the 2006 EPYSA Girls' Coach of the Year Award and 2006 NSCAA Regional Youth Girls' Coach of the Year Award  The Gaels made it through to Regionals the next year on a wildcard after a tough loss to the FC Pennsylvania Strikers in the State Cup Final  Their Regionals drive did not finish as they would have aspired to, as they did not even make the final this year 

University of Virginia
Farrelly attended the University of Virginia and played for the Cavaliers in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC)  As a freshman in 2007, she started all 23 games and ranked third on the team with five goals (including three game-winners) and four assists  She was named First Team All-ACC, Second Team NSCAA All-Mid-Atlantic, and Top Drawer Soccer Co-National Rookie of the Year  During her sophomore season, she started all 23 games and ranked third on the team in scoring with five goals and three assists  She was named to the ACC All-Tournament Team, First Team All-ACC, and NSCAA and Soccer Buzz All Mid-Atlantic Region  As a junior, she started all 22 games and led the Cavaliers in scoring with eight goals and eight assists for a total of 24 points  She was named Second Team NSCAA All-America selection and was a MAC Hermann Trophy semifinalist  During her senior year, Farrelly was honored as the University of Virginia's top female athlete of 2010–11 after starting all 22 games and leading the Cavaliers with 12 goals and seven assists (for a total of 31 points)  She was named ACC Offensive Player of the Year and was a NSCAA First Team All-American  She earned her fourth straight All-ACC selection and was a MAC Hermann Trophy semifinalist for the second time Farrelly's 90 games started ranks her second to future FC Kansas City teammate, Becky Sauerbrunn in the school's history  She ranked eighth in school history with 84 points scored in her career and eighth for most in a season with 31 

Club career
Philadelphia Independence, 2011
Farrelly was the number two pick in the 2011 WPS Draft by the Philadelphia Independence  She tallied one goal and two assists for the Independence while starting in 13 of 14 games played (1101 minutes)  Her first WPS career goal occurred during a match against Western New York, which ended up being the game-winning goal and solidified a first place standing for the Independence in mid-July  The Independence would later come in second at the WPS Championship 

New York Fury, 2012
After the WPS suspended operations in early 2012, Farrelly signed with the New York Fury in the WPSL Elite 

Apollon Limassol, 2012–2013
Farrelly played for Apollon Limassol from 2012 to 2013 in the UEFA Women's Champions League  She made five starts in five games for the club and scored six goals  During this time  Farrelly broke her arm in their first leg of their first game of the Knockout Stage against ASD Torres CF 

FC Kansas City, 2013
In 2013, Farrelly signed with FC Kansas City for the inaugural season of the National Women's Soccer League  She scored her first goal for the club in a home match against Seattle Reign FC, helping the Blues notch their first win for the season 

Apollon Limassol, 2013–2014
At the end of the 2013 NWSL season, Farrelly joined Cypriot team Apollon Limassol for a second time, this time on loan from FC Kansas City  The loan spell will end on January 31, 2014 

Portland Thorns FC, 2014–2015
On January 13, 2014, Portland Thorns FC announced that they had obtained Farrelly from FC Kansas City in exchange for a second-round draft pick (16th pick overall) in the 2014 NWSL College Draft 

Boston Breakers, 2016
On October 26, 2015, Boston Breakers announced that they had obtained Farrelly from Portland Thorns FC in a package deal along with McCall Zerboni for first-round (No  2 overall) and second-round (No  20 overall) picks in the 2016 National Women's Soccer League College Draft  Farrelly sat the season out due to neck and back injuries sustained from a car crash In October 2016, Seattle Reign FC selected Farrelly off the NWSL Re-Entry Wire after the Breakers waived her at the end of the 2016 season  However, Farrelly announced her retirement on Facebook on December 2, 2016 

NJ/NY Gotham FC, 2023–
On 25 March 2023, over six years after her retirement from professional soccer, Farrelly signed for NJ/NY Gotham FC on a one-year contract with an option for 2024  She debuted with Gotham FC on 1 April 2023, as a 70th-minute substitute against OL Reign 

International career
Farrelly has represented the United States at the U-15, U-16, U-17, U-20, and U-23 levels In April 2023, Farrelly was called up to the Republic of Ireland national team for the first time  She earned her first senior international cap with Ireland on 8 April 2023, by starting and playing 60 minutes in a friendly against the United States senior team  In June 2023, Ireland called Farrelly up to its squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup 

International appearances
Personal life
During her career, Farrelly was closely connected to former women's soccer coach Paul Riley, playing for three of his teams in three different leagues  She publicly revealed accusations of sexual coercion against Riley for a 2021 story in The Athletic  Riley was fired from his position and both the NWSL and FIFA commenced investigations in the coming days 
Passage 2:
A League of Their Own
A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Penny Marshall that tells a fictionalized account of the real-life All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL)  It stars Tom Hanks, Geena Davis, Madonna, Lori Petty, Rosie O'Donnell, Jon Lovitz, David Strathairn, Garry Marshall and Bill Pullman  It was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson 
A League of Their Own was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $132 4 million worldwide and garnering acclaim for Marshall's direction and the performances of its ensemble cast  In 2012, the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Plot
In 1988, Dottie Hinson attends the opening of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame  She sees many former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943 
When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, Chicago Cubs owner Walter Harvey persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league  Ira Lowenstein is put in charge  Scout Ernie Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy  She is not interested; she is happy with her life while waiting for her husband Bob to return from the war  Her younger sister Kit Keller, however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself  Capadino is unimpressed by Kit's batting and refuses to watch her pitch, but agrees to take her along if she changes Dottie's mind  Dottie agrees for her sister's sake 
Dottie and Kit travel to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout  They meet taxi dancer Mae "All the Way Mae" Mordabito and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy, soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner, illiterate left fielder Shirley Baker, pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander, left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn, second baseman Marla Hooch, first baseman Helen Haley, and Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers  They and five others constitute the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others make up the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox 
The Peaches are managed by former star Cubs slugger Jimmy Dugan, a cynical alcoholic  He initially treats the whole thing as a joke, forcing Dottie to take over as on-field leader initially  Dugan is also abrasive toward his players  The team travels with Evelyn's spoiled bratty son Stillwell and tightly wound team chaperone Miss Cuthburt  With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular, as the league has attracted little attention  Dottie obliges, catching a popped-up ball behind home plate while doing a split  The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover  A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced 
The teammates bond  Marla marries a man named Nelson whom she met on a raucous roadhouse outing and leaves the team for the rest of the season, Mae teaches Shirley to read, and Evelyn writes a team song  Lowenstein makes Dottie the face of the league, making Kit resentful  Their sibling rivalry intensifies, resulting in Kit's trade to the Racine Belles 
The Peaches end the season with the league's best record, qualifying for the World Series  Jimmy gives Betty a telegram informing her that her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater  Grief-stricken, she leaves the team  That evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob shows up, having been wounded and discharged from the Army  Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob  Unable to persuade her to play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision 
The Peaches face the Belles in the World Series, which goes the full seven games  Dottie rejoins the Peaches for the seventh game, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles  With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run  Kit is distraught, but gets a second chance when she comes to bat with two outs in the bottom of the ninth  She gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand 
The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support  After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves with Bob 
In the present, Dottie is reunited with the other players, including Kit, Capadino and Lowenstein  The surviving Peaches sing Evelyn's team song and pose for a photo  During the closing credits, they play baseball at Doubleday Field 

Cast
Rockford Peaches
Others
Production
Development
Director Penny Marshall was inspired by the 1987 TV documentary A League of their Own, about the AAGPBL  She had never heard of the league, and contacted the film's creators, Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson, to collaborate with the scriptwriters, Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz, on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox  Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce it 

Casting
On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant " Debra Winger was then cast as Dottie and spent three months training with the Chicago Cubs in preparation  However, she dropped out of the production four weeks before the start of principal photography, later saying that the casting of Madonna was the reason for her decision  Marshall chose Geena Davis to replace Winger USC assistant baseball coach Bill Hughes was the film’s technical adviser and put the film’s ensemble cast through baseball camp three months before filming 

Filming
Principal photography began July 10, 1991  Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball, and the large bruise seen on actress Renée Coleman's thigh was real 
Discussing the skirts they wore playing in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs  It was nutty " In a 2021 interview, Petty claimed to have broken her foot during filming, but reiterated her enjoyment of the shoot and the understanding of the film's importance at the time The tryout scene, at a fictional Major League Baseball stadium in Chicago called Harvey Field, was filmed at the Chicago Cubs' home stadium, Wrigley Field  The Rockford Peaches' home games were filmed at League Stadium in Huntingburg, Indiana, and the championship game against Racine was filmed at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana  Additional games were filmed at Jay Littleton Ball Park in Ontario, California  The final week of shooting was during late October 1991 in Cooperstown, New York, where 65 original AAGPBL members appeared in scenes recreating the induction of the league into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988  Due to the length of the schedule, the cast entertained themselves by putting on an elaborate amateur production, "Jesus Christ Superstar Goes Hawaiian "

Soundtrack
A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992  The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992  Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons 

Reception
Box office
A League of Their Own was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13 2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns  In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11 5 million and finishing first  It ended up a commercial success, making $107 5 million in the United States and Canada, but only $24 9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132 4 million against a production budget of $40 million 

Critical response
The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast 
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 81% based on 79 reviews, with an average score of 7/10  The website's critical consensus reads: "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast " On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 69 based 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "Though big of budget, A League of Their Own is one of the year's most cheerful, most relaxed, most easily enjoyable comedies  It's a serious film that's lighter than air, a very funny movie that manages to score a few points for feminism in passing " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: "The movie has a real bittersweet charm  The baseball sequences, we've seen before  What's fresh are the personalities of the players, the gradual unfolding of their coach and the way this early chapter of women's liberation fit into the hidebound traditions of professional baseball "

Accolades
On December 19, 2012, it was announced that A League of Their Own would be preserved in the United States National Film Registry Jimmy Dugan's (Tom Hanks) remark to Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), "There's no crying in baseball!", was ranked 54th on the American Film Institute's 2005 list AFI's 100 Years   100 Movie Quotes 

20th anniversary Blu-ray edition
A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012 47 former AAGPBL players reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it  Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting AAGPBL players and family meeting to honor the Women's Professional Baseball League  The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed  Bosse Field still retains many of the Racine Belles themes from the movie  The event included an outdoor screening of the film, and a display of cars featured in the film  In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse, that was renovated for it 

Spinoffs
A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, Freddie Simpson, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles  Carey Lowell took over Geena Davis's role  Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast 
On August 6, 2020, Amazon Video ordered a reboot series with the same title as the movie  The series debuted on August 12, 2022 on  Amazon  On March 14, 2023 it was announced that the rebooted series would end with a four-episode second season bringing the total number of episodes of the series to twelve after having aired eight episodes in its first season 

See also
Women in baseball
List of baseball films
Passage 3:
Thelma & Louise
Thelma & Louise is a 1991 American film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Callie Khouri  The film has elements of multiple genres and has been described as a drama, adventure or road movie with elements of a romantic comedy  It stars Susan Sarandon as Louise and Geena Davis as Thelma, two friends who embark on a road trip that ends up in unforeseen circumstances  Filming took place in California and Utah from June to August 1990  The supporting cast include Harvey Keitel, Michael Madsen, Christopher McDonald, and Brad Pitt in one of his first major film roles  
The film was a critical and commercial success, receiving six Academy Award nominations and winning for Best Original Screenplay  Scott was nominated for Best Director, and both Sarandon and Davis were nominated for Best Actress  To date, this is the most recent film to have two actors nominated in the same category for either Best Actor or Best Actress  It influenced other films and artistic works and became a landmark of feminist film 
In 2016, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 

Plot
Best friends Thelma Dickinson and Louise Sawyer set out for a weekend vacation at a fishing cabin in the mountains to take a break from their dreary lives in Arkansas  Thelma, a housewife, is married to disrespectful and controlling carpet salesman Darryl, while sharp-tongued Louise works as a waitress in a diner and is dating easygoing musician Jimmy, who is on the road most of the time 
On the way, they stop at a roadhouse bar, where Thelma dances with a flirtatious stranger, Harlan  He takes her to the parking lot and tries to rape her until Louise intervenes and threatens to shoot him  As the women walk away, Harlan yells vulgarities at them, so Louise shoots him in a fit of rage 
At a motel they discuss how to handle the situation  Thelma wants to go to the police, but Louise fears that no one will believe a claim of attempted rape as Thelma was drinking and dancing with Harlan and also having no evidence of the rape, and they will be charged with murder  They decide to flee to Mexico, but Louise demands they travel there without going through Texas, as something happened to her there several years earlier which she refuses to reveal  Heading west, they come across an attractive young drifter, J D , to whom Thelma takes a liking  Louise contacts Jimmy, asking him to wire her life savings to her  He surprises her by delivering the money in person, and they spend the night together  Jimmy proposes to Louise, but she refuses  Thelma invites J D  to her room, and they sleep together  She learns he is a convicted armed-robber who has violated the terms of his parole 
The following morning, they discover J D  has stolen Louise's life savings and fled  Louise is distraught, so a guilty Thelma takes charge and later robs a nearby convenience store using tactics she learned from J D   Meanwhile, the FBI closes in on them after witnesses at the bar identify Louise's 1966 Ford Thunderbird convertible  Their whereabouts are also questioned by the owner of the fishing cabin after they failed to arrive 
Arkansas State Police Investigator Hal Slocumb, leading the investigation, questions both J D  (who was caught) and Jimmy, and taps into the phone line at Darryl's house  He sympathizes with the pair's situation and understands why they did not report Harlan's killing (partly due to Louise's own experience in Texas)  During a few brief phone conversations with Louise, Hal expresses his sympathy but is unsuccessful in persuading her to surrender 
Thelma tells Louise she understands if she wants to go back home, knowing she has Jimmy waiting for her, but explains she cannot go back to Darryl  Louise promises they will keep going together  While back on the road, Thelma recalls the incident with Harlan and tries to ask Louise if what happened with Harlan was what happened to Louise in Texas  Louise responds angrily and tells Thelma to never bring it up again 
Later, they are pulled over by a New Mexico state trooper for speeding  Knowing he will soon discover they are wanted for murder and armed robbery, Thelma holds him at gunpoint and locks him in the trunk of his police car  Driving further west, they encounter a foul-mouthed truck driver who repeatedly makes obscene gestures at them  They pull over and demand an apology from him; when he refuses, they fire at his fuel tanker, causing it to explode  The women leave him stranded in the desert furious with the tanker's wreckage 
Thelma and Louise are finally cornered by the authorities only one hundred yards from the edge of the Grand Canyon  Hal arrives on the scene, but the women refuse his last chance to talk them into surrendering  Rather than be captured, Thelma proposes that they "keep going"  Louise asks Thelma if she is certain, and Thelma says yes  They kiss and then hold hands, Louise steps on the gas, and, as Hal desperately pursues them on foot, they accelerate over the cliff to their presumed deaths 

Cast
Susan Sarandon as Louise Sawyer
Geena Davis as Thelma Dickinson
Harvey Keitel as Arkansas State Police Detective Hal Slocumb
Michael Madsen as Jimmy Lennox
Christopher McDonald as Darryl Dickinson
Stephen Tobolowsky as FBI Agent Max
Brad Pitt as J D 
Timothy Carhart as Harlan Puckett
Lucinda Jenney as The Waitress
Jason Beghe as State Trooper
Marco St  John as Truck DriverCredits adapted from American Film Institute 

Production
Development
The idea for Thelma & Louise originated in the spring of 1988 when Callie Khouri, then a music video producer, was driving home from work to her apartment in Santa Monica  She spent the following six months working on her first screenplay, which was noted to have drawn inspiration from her own experience as well as her friendship with country music singer Pam Tillis  She had intended it to be a low-budget independent film, directed by herself and produced by fellow music video producer Amanda Temple (wife of English filmmaker Julien Temple)  After shopping the project around and finding no takers, Temple showed the script to her friend Mimi Polk Gitlin, who ran Ridley Scott's Percy Main Productions (later Scott Free Productions)  Gitlin in turn showed the script to Scott, who expressed great enthusiasm for the project  He agreed to produce the film and bought the film rights for $500,000  Pathé Entertainment, then led by Scott's friend and collaborator Alan Ladd Jr , came on board as a co-producer and financier Scott considered four people for the role of director, all of whom turned down the opportunity  Per Gitlin's recollection, three of the candidates were Bob Rafelson, Kevin Reynolds and Richard Donner  Scott was reluctant to direct the film himself but eventually took on the role, having been persuaded by Michelle Pfeiffer 

Casting
Michelle Pfeiffer and Jodie Foster were originally chosen for the leads; both accepted their roles with enthusiasm  As pre-production of the film dragged on, the two eventually dropped out, with Pfeiffer going on to star in Love Field and Foster in The Silence of the Lambs  Meryl Streep and Goldie Hawn then offered to play the leads, but Streep later dropped out due to scheduling conflicts while Hawn was not considered right for the part  Geena Davis (who had been vigorously pursuing the lead role for nearly a year) and Susan Sarandon were ultimately chosen  The two took extensive driving and shooting lessons in preparation for their roles Scott personally convinced Harvey Keitel to take on the role of Hal, the sympathetic Arkansas detective  The two had previously collaborated in Scott's feature directorial debut, the 1977 film The Duellists  Davis recommended her ex-boyfriend Christopher McDonald for the role of Darryl, Thelma's controlling husband  Scott wanted Michael Madsen for Harlan, Thelma's would-be rapist, but Madsen was unwilling; he eventually won the role of Jimmy, Louise's boyfriend  Brad Pitt auditioned for the hustler J D ; however, the part originally went to Billy Baldwin  Pitt eventually secured the role after both Baldwin and his replacement dropped out  George Clooney, Robert Downey Jr , Mark Ruffalo, Grant Show, John Mellencamp, Dylan McDermott, James LeGros and Dermot Mulroney were also considered for the role of J D  Davis did test scenes with Clooney, Show, Ruffalo and Pitt; her advice to the directors was to choose Pitt 

Filming
Principal photography for Thelma & Louise began on June 11, 1990, and concluded on August 31, 1990  Although the setting for the film is a fictional route between Arkansas and the Grand Canyon, it was filmed almost entirely in the states of California and Utah  The primary filming locations were rural areas around Bakersfield, California and Moab, Utah  The Grand Canyon scenes were filmed just south of Dead Horse Point State Park in Utah  Parts of the film were also shot at Shafer Overlook, Monument Valley, La Sal Mountains, La Sal Junction, Cisco, Old Valley City Reservoir, Thompson Springs, Arches National Park, and Crescent Junction in Utah 

Soundtrack
Pete Haycock on slide guitar contributed to Thunderbird, the theme music for the film  In addition to Glenn Frey's "Part of Me, Part of You", which became the film's primary theme song, the soundtrack included songs performed by Chris Whitley ("Kick The Stones"), Martha Reeves ("Wild Night" written by Van Morrison), Toni Childs ("House Of Hope"), Marianne Faithfull ("Ballad of Lucy Jordan" written by Shel Silverstein), Charlie Sexton ("Badlands"), Grayson Hugh ("I Can't Untie You From Me"), B B  King ("Better Not Look Down" written by Joe Sample & Will Jennings), Michael McDonald ("No Lookin' Back"), The Temptations ("The Way You Do The Things You Do" written by Smokey Robinson & Bobby Rogers), and Johnny Nash ("I Can See Clearly Now") 

Release
Thelma & Louise was screened out of competition as the closing film at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival  Theatrical release was delayed due to financial turmoil at MGM-Pathé  The film eventually opened in American theaters on May 24, 1991 and was a box-office success, grossing $45 million within the country In February 2023, The Criterion Collection announced the film would be joining the collection in May that year 

Reception
The film received critical acclaim  Janet Maslin of The New York Times had only praise for the film in her review:

Mr  Scott's Thelma and Louise, with a sparkling screenplay by the first-time writer Callie Khouri, is a surprise on this and many other scores  It reveals the previously untapped talent of Mr  Scott (best known for majestically moody action films like Alien, Blade Runner and Black Rain) for exuberant comedy, and for vibrant American imagery, notwithstanding his English roots  It reimagines the buddy film with such freshness and vigor that the genre seems positively new  It discovers unexpected resources in both its stars, Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis, who are perfectly teamed as the spirited and original title characters 
Roger Ebert also praised the film but withheld a perfect score on the basis of "the last shot before the titles begin  It's a freeze frame that fades to white, which is fine, except it does so with unseemly haste      It's unsettling to get involved in a movie that takes 128 minutes to bring you to a payoff that the filmmakers seem to fear "After watching the film, singer-songwriter Tori Amos wrote "Me and a Gun", the story of her rape several years earlier The final scene, where the two embrace before committing suicide by driving off a cliff, has become iconic  Numerous homages and parodies of the scene have appeared, including alternate film endings, cartoon parodies, video game "Easter eggs", and as a tragic ending to television series, music videos, and commercials  Right after the film's release, there were even a few copy cats who committed suicide by driving off the edge of the Grand Canyon The film also received harsh criticism from those who thought it was biased against men and that its depictions of men were unfairly negative On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 147 reviews, with an average rating of 7 9/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Simultaneously funny, heartbreaking, and peppered with action, Ridley Scott's Thelma & Louise is a potent, well-acted road movie that transcends the feminist message at its core " On Metacritic, the film received a score of 88 based on 12 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The film placed second to The Silence of the Lambs as the best film of 1991 in a poll of 81 critics 

Feminism
Numerous critics and writers have remarked on the strong feminist overtones of Thelma & Louise  Film critic B  Ruby Rich praises the film as an uncompromising validation of women's experiences, while Kenneth Turan calls it a "neo-feminist road movie"  In her essay "The Daughters of Thelma and Louise", Jessica Enevold argues that the film constitutes "an attack on conventional patterns of chauvinist male behavior toward females"  In addition, it "exposes the traditional stereotyping of male–female relationships" while rescripting the typical gender roles of the road movie genre In her review for the Los Angeles Times, film critic Sheila Benson objects to the characterization of the film as feminist, arguing that it is more preoccupied with revenge and violence than feminist values In his review for the New York Post, film critic Kyle Smith describes the film as "a misogynist tale about unbelievably ditzy women who lose what remains of their reason under pressure and suffer the ultimate punishment " Smith's review focused on the terrible decisions these female characters make throughout the entire film In an article commemorating the film's 20th anniversary in 2011, Raina Lipsitz called it "the last great film about women" and said that it heralded the achievements of women that caused 1992 to become "the year of the woman"  However, she also said that women-themed films have since been losing ground 

Accolades
The British Film Institute published a book about the film in 2000 as part of a Modern Classics series  On the Writers Guild of America Award's list of 101 best screenplays, it made No  72 

Notes
Passage 4:
Steve Bell (soccer)
Steve Bell (born January 7, 1975) is a retired American soccer midfielder who played professionally in the Continental Indoor Soccer League and USL A-League   He is a play-by-play soccer broadcaster and sideline reporter for the Fox Soccer Channel 

Youth
Bell graduated from Peters Township High School   He attended the Robert Morris University, playing on the men's soccer team from 1993 to 1996  Robert Morris won the Northeast Conference Regular Season title in 1995 with a perfect 8-0 conference record  Bell finished the season with 6 goals and 9 assists (2nd most in the Northeast Conference) 

Professional
In 1997, Bell played for the Washington Warthogs of the Continental Indoor Soccer League  He finished the season with two goals and three assists  That winter, he played as a trialist with the Tampa Bay Mutiny   On February 1, 1998, the Mutiny selected him in the second round (nineteenth overall) of the 1998 MLS Supplemental Draft   The Mutiny released him on June 10, 1998, to free a roster spot for Evans Wise   In February 1999, he signed with the expansion Pittsburgh Riverhounds of the USL A-League   He was a regular starter, but injuries led to his retirement   In 2000, he began working in sales in Akron, Ohio, but also worked as a part-time game announcer for Riverhounds’ games on Fox Sports Radio   In November 2003, Bell and his broadcasting partner, Chris Shovlin, won the March of Dimes Achievement in Radio Award for Best Play-by-Play  In 2006, Bell was named as the Voice of the United Soccer Leagues and was the play-by-play announcer for every game featured on Fox Soccer Channel during the season  In 2007, he was named as the host for the thirty-minute feature show, USL Breakaway on Fox Soccer   In addition to his Play-by-Play duties for the USL and the NSCAA Game of the Week, he was also back in Major League Soccer from 2008 to 2010 as a sideline reporter for Fox Soccer Channel 
Passage 5:
Female buddy film
A female buddy film is a type of buddy film  In these films, women are the main characters and their friendships and relationships with each other drive the story  The plots of female buddy films can share the same concept of male buddy films—opposite personalities go on an adventure or journey of sorts—or they can concern an ensemble group of women  Female buddy films gained popularity in the 1960s from the emergence of the woman's film and the male buddy film genres 

Characteristics
The main characters of female buddy films are women, and the film's events center on their situations  The main cast is often female, depending on the plot  Critic Hannah McGill of Sight & Sound wrote, "Films that centralise friendship between women and girls are thus always doing something slightly radical, whatever their other themes and content  They repudiate the message that women are adjuncts to men; they emphasise the fact that women and girls still exist when there are no men or boys in the room "

Background
The buddy film was historically a genre limited to men and rooted in the literature and culture of America, with the fictional portrayal of male bonding in the United States tracing back to 19th-century author Mark Twain's characters Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer, as well as Huck and Jim in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  The occurrence of one woman interacting with another in film was so rare that concepts like the Bechdel test originated as a means of measuring the representation of women in fiction  Female buddy films appeared as early as the 1930s, with George Cukor's The Women and Gregory La Cava's Stage Door  Other prominent examples include Dance, Girl, Dance (1940), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), The Group (1966), and Daisies (1966) 1991's Thelma & Louise remains one of the most notable female buddy films to date and had a similar impact on popular culture as buddy film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid did in the late 1960s  Similar films also paved the way for onscreen female friendships such as that between Evelyn Couch and Ninny Threadgoode in Fried Green Tomatoes  Other popular duos and groups include those in Waiting to Exhale and Walking and Talking  Though there are far fewer female buddy films than there are male buddy films, their frequency has increased in conjunction with rising numbers of women in production and creative roles 

Examples
Jonathan Rosenbaum has praised Jacques Rivette's 1974 film Céline and Julie Go Boating as an example of the genre and wrote that he knows "many women who consider Céline et Julie vont en bateau their favorite movie about female friendship " Dennis Lim sees the influence of Rivette's film in other female buddy films, such as Susan Seidelman's Desperately Seeking Susan and David Lynch's Mulholland Drive  Céline and Julie was also an influence on Erick Zonca's 1998 film The Dreamlife of Angels Female buddy films are not limited to lighthearted fare, and some critics argue there is a significance in the representation of complex female friendships on screen  "For women to whom a significant component of equality is the recognition that they embody the full spectrum of human traits, not just the sugar-and-spice ones, the onscreen depiction of ‘toxic’ friendships can be as significant and affecting as the celebration of healthy ones," critic Hannah McGill wrote In 2011, the comedy film Bridesmaids was a major box-office success, crossing over the $100 million mark in just 23 days  The film's popularity arguably ushered in a trend of R-rated female buddy comedies in the following years, such as The Heat, Bad Moms, Snatched, Rough Night, and Girls Trip  Producer David T  Friendly called this phenomenon "the Bridesmaids effect" The genre is crossed with the buddy cop film in the 1988 comedy Feds and the 2013 comedy The Heat  In both films, two female cops who are opposites in personality are paired up together  Other recent examples include Booksmart (2019) and the animated TV series Tuca & Bertie 

See also
Female buddy films by decade
Womance
Feminist cinema
Bromance
Passage 6:
List of Family Guy cast members
Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors, and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars  The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis (who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season (her last episode is "Holy Crap," now marketed as the second episode of season two)), Seth Green, and Mike Henry  Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton, Adam West, John G  Brennan, Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly, and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller, Charles Durning, Rush Limbaugh, James Woods and Phil LaMarr 
Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters  The voice actors, in portraying the various character personalities on the show, draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture  Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor, after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations 
Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode "Barely Legal" and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production, though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series 

Current cast
From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members  Since season 5, there have been five main cast members  The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 

Seth MacFarlane
Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire  MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it  MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design  Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady  The voice for Glenn Quagmire is based on 1940s and 1950s radio commercials  MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, including news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr  Hartman   He is the only cast member to be in every episode 

Alex Borstein
Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt  Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv  She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen"  At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins  The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original season), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying     and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours "

Seth Green
Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman  Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition  His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's 

Mila Kunis
Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin  Kunis won the role after the auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show  MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more  Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her  Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat"  She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot  But it's funny  It's like the middle child  She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not  She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation  And it's fun "

Mike Henry
Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert “The Pervert”, Bruce, Consuela, and various other characters  A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005  Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy  On June 26, 2020, after twenty years of voicing the character, Mike Henry announced on Twitter that he was stepping down from voicing Cleveland, stating "persons of color should play characters of color " On September 25, 2020, it was announced that Arif Zahir would take over as the voice of Cleveland 

Recurring cast
In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors  Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently  Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags 
The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

Recurring guest voices
The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson, Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown and Emily Osment as Ruth Cochamer  Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis  Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost  Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists and James Woods as himself  In 2020, it was announced that Sam Elliott would take over as Quahog's new mayor, Mayor West's estranged cousin Wyld West 

Casting changes
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited  Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork 
Jon Cryer voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance before the role passed to Seth MacFarlane  The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned 
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character from the third to eighteenth seasons 
Natasha Melnick was the original voice of Meg Griffin's Friend Ruth Cochamer until Emily Osment took over the character in the eleventh season 
Beginning in 2021-onward, Arif Zahir took over voicing Cleveland Brown from Mike Henry 

Awards and nominations
See also
Television portal
Passage 7:
List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions
List of women's doubles Grand Slam tennis tournament champions:
The only pairing to complete the Grand Slam is the team of Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver in 1984, and their eight consecutive major win-streak remains the all-time record  Maria Bueno in 1960 and Martina Hingis in 1998 also won the Grand Slam, though with multiple partners Six players have completed a Career Golden Slam by winning an Olympic gold medal and all four majors during their respective careers: Venus Williams and Serena Williams while paired together, Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková as a team, and individually Pam Shriver and Gigi Fernández  The latter four also achieved the Career Super Slam, by achieving a Career Golden Slam and winning a Year-End Championship in their careers 

Champions by year
Champions list
Most Grand Slam doubles titles
Individual
Record title holder and tournament record indicated in bold  Players with five or more Grand Slam titles are included here 

Team
Record title holder and tournament record indicated in bold  Teams with four or more Grand Slam titles are included here 

Grand Slam achievements
Grand Slam
Players who held all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously (in a calendar year) 

Non-calendar year Grand Slam
Players who held all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously (not in a calendar year) 

Career Grand Slam
Players who won all four Grand Slam titles over the course of their careers 

The event at which the Career Grand Slam was completed indicated in bold 

Individual
Team
Career Golden Slam
Players who won all four Grand Slam titles and the Olympic gold medal over the course of their careers 
The event at which the Career Golden Slam was completed indicated in bold 

Career Super Slam
Players who won all four Grand Slam titles, the Olympic gold medal and the year-end championship over the course of their careers 

The event at which the Career Super Slam was completed indicated in bold 

Multiples titles in a season
Three titles
Two titles
Tournament stats
Most titles per tournament
Most consecutive titles
Overall record
At one tournament
Grand slam titles by decade
Grand Slam titles by country
Note: Titles, won by a team of players from same country, count as one title, not two 

All-time
as of 2023 French Open 

Open era
as of 2023 French Open 

See also
List of Grand Slam–related tennis records
List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions
Passage 8:
Vivian Alamain
Vivian Alamain is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network  Created by head writers Richard J  Allen and Beth Milstein, and introduced by executive producers Ken Corday and Al Rabin, the role is notably portrayed by actress Louise Sorel  In addition to Sorel, the role has subsequently been portrayed by Marj Dusay, Robin Strasser and Linda Dano 

Casting
Louise Sorel, who was previously best known for playing Augusta Lockridge in NBC soap opera, Santa Barbara, was cast in the role of Vivian in 1992  The Days of Our Lives casting director contacted Sorel's new agent about the role of Vivian and described her  Sorel's agent explained that they managed the actress to the casting director, who was familiar with Sorel's work in Santa Barbara  Other actresses were being considered for the role, but Sorel was eventually cast as Vivian  Sorel signed an initial one-year contract with the show  Sorel was released from her contract after only five months  Marj Dusay was cast in the role, appearing for a total of five episodes  When producers learned that they would have to continue paying Sorel, despite her departure, she was brought back to the role  In 1993, it was announced that Vivian's nephew, Lawrence Alamain (Michael Sabatino), and her nemesis, Carly Manning (Crystal Chappell), were to both leave Days of Our Lives  Sorel's future with the show was subsequently in doubt  However, it was confirmed that Sorel would remain on the show regardless  In December 1993, The Herald Journal reported that Sorel had signed a new multi-year contract  In 1995, Sorel signed a third contract term with the show In October 1999, it was announced that Sorel was to leave Days of Our Lives when her contract expired in January of the following year  Of Vivian's departure, executive producers, Ken Corday and Tom Langan, said "We love the character of Vivian, and hopefully she will return sometime in the near future " Producers confirmed that the role would not be recast  Vivian and Sorel were dismissed from the soap, and the actress admitted that it felt "horrible"  Vivian departed on February 22, 2000 In July 2009, it was announced that Sorel would be reprising the role of Vivian  Executive producer, Gary Tomlin, contacted Sorel and invited her to return to the show  Sorel was surprised as Tomlin invited her to return over the telephone without seeing her current appearance  Sorel told TV Guide "[Tomlin] didn’t ask me how I’m looking these days  For all he knew, I’ve gained 250 pounds " The actress commuted from New York to California, where Days of Our Lives is filmed, for the role  Sorel signed an initial one-year contract  Sorel was planning to sign a longer contract, but since relocating to New York, she could not speculate on her long-term future with the show  Sorel returned to filming in September 2009  Vivian's return was broadcast on October 30, 2009  Sorel's return coincided with the return of Chappell as Carly  In June 2011, it was revealed by TV Guide that Sorel had been let go following the departure of head writer Dena Higley; she last appeared on September 22 of the same year In August 2017, it was announced that Sorel would reprise the role once more  Originally reported to reappear in January 2018, Sorel made her first appearance on December 29, 2017  Sorel departed on May 23, 2018, when the character was presumed dead  In February 2019, it was reported that Robin Strasser had joined the cast in an unknown role; months later it was revealed that she had been cast as Vivian  She appeared from September 2 to October 7 of the same year In December 2019, it was announced that Sorel would once again reprise the role  She returned on June 30, 2020, and wrapped up her stint on July 20 of the same year  On December 11, 2020, it was announced Linda Dano had been cast in the role  She first appeared on February 3, 2021, and departed on April 22 of that year 
In March 2023 Sorel herself revealed she would once again return as Vivian Alamain  Her return on screen is set for later that year 

Storylines
1992–2000
Vivian, the aunt of Lawrence Alamain arrives in Salem on March 2, 1992  She is determined to take over Alamain corporations, but is foiled when John Black inherits them  Vivian looks to be rich, and powerful, so she pursues wealthy crime lord, Victor Kiriakis  Vivian marries Victor for business purposes, but the marriage is short lived  After Victor leaves her for Kate Roberts, Vivian sets out to destroy Carly Manning  Vivian is taking herbal pills from Dr  Wu, which makes her loopy  She begins to target Carly's patients, by injecting them with cleaning fluids   The police begin to investigate Carly for murder  Carly learns Vivian is the one killing off her patients, and sets out to prove it  A crazed Vivian gives Carly a strong dose of morphine to put her in a very deep sleep  Vivian gives Carly a serum that gives her a deathlike paralysis  Carly is pronounced dead, and Vivian buries Carly alive in a coffin, built with a low oxygen supply, and little water  Vivian stops taking her herbs, and realizes what she is doing is crazy, and with the help of Lawrence she digs Carly up  Vivian is arrested and put in Pine Haven Sanitarium where she meets and befriends Laura Horton  Laura sees Vivian as her ticket out of the Sanitarium, and so Laura continues her friendship with Vivian in order to get out of the Sanitarium and get back to Salem Vivian is released, and sets her sights on destroying Kate, and Victor's marriage  She finds out that Kate can't produce a male heir, so she carries Kate & Victor's baby   Vivian is now pregnant with their child, and tries to seduce Victor who doesn't fall for her tricks  Vivian gives birth to Philip Kiriakis, and Kate tries everything to get custody   Vivian also tricked Victor into marrying her by replacing Kate during the wedding rehearsal and made it the real deal   When Kate finds out, Vivian drugs Kate's coffee, but the coffee is given to the pilot of a plane Kate is on  The plane crashes, but Kate lives although they can't find her body  She and Victor make love, after they can't find Kate's body  Kate returns, and wants custody of Philip, and gets it   Vivian takes comfort in Rudolfo (who is actually Stefano DiMera) and unwillingly helps with his plan   She and Ivan are accused of helping Stefano kidnap Marlena Evans, but Stefano signs an affidavit exonerating them   She and Ivan are named accomplices in Kristen DiMera 's scheme trapping Marlena in a secret room and are arrested   In exchange for her freedom, Vivian agrees to divorce Victor and gives up her wealth 
Vivian receives bad news when she learns she is fired from Titan   She and Ivan begin taking odd jobs to make ends meet   She meets Steven "Jonesy" Jones, an elderly man whom she thinks is wealthy, but is merely a caretaker for Stefano DiMera   She marries him after a brief romance, and he dies on their wedding night after making love to her   She inherits his belongings, which makes Stefano romance her in order to get his possessions back   He implants a device in her tooth allowing him to control her moods   After they are married, she discovers what he did and files for divorce   He gives her the townhouse and money in exchange for her silence  She begins to look for alternative methods to cure Victor after he suffers a stroke   Once Victor recovers, he returns to Kate  Vivian leaves Salem with her sidekick Ivan to get a fresh start  They travel around the world, and live off Ivan's lottery winnings 

2009–2011
Vivian returned to Salem in 2009, seeking revenge on Carly Manning for killing her nephew Lawrence  She arranges for someone else to take the fall for her nephew's killing as she wants to deal with Carly personally  She discovers that Carly had an illegitimate child, the result of an affair, and that Lawrence had forced her to give up the child  Vivian resolves to find the now grown child, and kill her in order to hurt Carly  A vision of Lawrence encourages her in this scheme  Victor, her old flame and a fellow adversary of Carly, invites Vivian to live in his mansion and offers to help her in her vengeful scheme  With the help of her new manservant and henchman Gus, Vivian learns that Carly's daughter is Melanie Layton, who is engaged to Phillip  Victor forbids her from killing Melanie, and tells Viv to focus on Carly instead  Vivian ignores him and befriends Melanie  She helps with the wedding and poisons a comb that she gives Melanie to wear on her wedding day  Gus holds Carly hostage in a warehouse where she will watch her daughter's death  Carly attacks Gus and steals his phone  She texts Vivian, calling her to the warehouse  Vivian arrives and is attacked by Carly, but Hope has discovered Vivian's plot also  Hope arrives and stops Carly from killing Vivian by revealing that Melanie is fine  Victor discovered Vivian's scheme and switched the poisoned comb with a safe one  Hope begins to cuff Vivian and arrest her, but Gus awakens behind a stack of crates and topples them onto Hope and Carly  Vivian returns to the wedding at the Kiriakis mansion and lures Melanie to the rooftop terrace to hurl her off  Carly follows with Hope's gun and is about to shoot Vivian but Melanie steps in front of Vivian and is shot and falls into a coma  Victor scolds Vivian for defying him and threatens to turn her over to the police if Melanie dies  Vivian and Carly are both arrested after Hope's statement implicates Vivian  Bo interrogates Vivian to no avail  Victor has hidden all evidence pointing to Vivian's involvement and she is freed  Phillip and Daniel Jonas, who has recently learned that he is Melanie's father, also threaten Vivian  Melanie lives and Victor warns her that he will hand the police the evidence against her if she makes another attempt on Melanie 
Vivian, nevertheless, makes another attempt on her life, but Melanie wakes as Vivian is about to suffocate her in her hospital bed  The dazed Melanie tells Vivian to kill her, and reveals her tormented childhood to Vivian  Vivian is moved and relents  She tells the vision of Lawrence that she refuses to kill the young woman and, with Victor's encouragement, she focuses on Carly  Gus is arrested and questioned by Bo and Hope Williams Brady, but does not give up his mistress and is released  Vivian moves out of the mansion temporarily when Phillip tells Victor that he will not return with Melanie while Vivian is there  She soon returns, however, and makes a deal with Carly  She will leave Carly and her loved ones alone if Carly will plead guilty to shooting Melanie  Melanie, angry at finding out that Carly is the mother who gave her up, does not help and is hateful towards Carly, to Vivian's delight  Hope, however, brings Melanie around, and as Carly is about to be sentenced, Melanie exonerates her by telling the judge that the shooting was an accident  Vivian is not pleased, and threatens to kill Carly, and continues to torment her, even in spite of Bo's warning to leave her alone 
Bo goes to Vivian and threatens to kill Vivian, even if it means jail time, in order to protect Carly  Victor, who does not want Bo in jail or Vivian dead, offers to marry Vivian if she will stop her vendetta, and she agrees  She learns, however, that Carly has been threatening to ruin Chloe Lane's relationship with Daniel due to an affair Chloe had with Phillip  Vivian offers her support to Chloe in dealing with Carly  Vivian is married to Victor in a somber ceremony, both Victor and the attending guests are bitter and cynical about the bizarre proceedings  Chloe, however, turns to Vivian for help  Vivian gives Chloe the number of one of her past henchmen and tells Chloe to ensure that Carly is in an elevator at the hospital when the henchman instructs  Chloe is uncomfortable with killing Carly, but Vivian convinces her that it is the only way  When the time comes, however, Chloe attempts to stop the killing several times, finally pushing Carly from the elevator and ending up being dropped herself when the cable malfunctions 
Vivian, meanwhile, is on her honeymoon and Victor notices her preoccupation  He threatens to end the marriage and make her life very difficult if anything happens to Carly  Vivian, however, discovers that Chloe was in the elevator and has survived  She vows to punish Chloe for failing to kill Carly  Now, Vivian wants to get rid of Maggie, whom she thinks Victor has eyes on  Her evil plan is similar to Carly's but putting her in a sarcophagus and try to bury her alive  With her henchman, Gus, she may be able to pull it off, but Melanie thinks Maggie is leaving town  Under the ruse of creating a celebration of Isabella Toscano's (Brady's mother and Victor's daughter) life, Vivian commences her plan to kidnap and entomb Maggie in a new sarcophagus, which has supposedly been purchased to contain Isabella's remains  Vivian gets overly confident, and, hence, sloppy in the final stages of her plan  Her trusty assistant, Gus, gets cold feet and quits  Brady happens upon her plan and discovers what Vivian has planned and that she has deposited his mother's remains in a pet cemetery  Brady ends up interring Vivian in the sarcophagus rather than Maggie, to Vivian's horror  Vivian is freed by Gus and they entomb Maggie  Victor frees Maggie and plans for Vivian to be arrested but Brady decides she deserves to be free  Vivian and Gus are then dropped on an island but Brady rescues him in June  We discover that Vivian had an affair years ago and has a son Quinn who is a pimp  Quinn is blackmailing Chloe into becoming a prostitute but no one besides Chloe and Taylor knows what his occupation is  At first he doesn't get along with Vivian because she abandoned him but he soon turns around and agrees to give his mother a second chance much to Gus's dismay   Carly develops a drug addiction to Vivian's delight, however Quinn helps Carly through it and Vivian disowns him  Months later, Vivian and Quinn reconcile and Vivian's side-kick, Gus frames Quinn for a series of assaults on prostitutes when in reality, he is the culprit  On September 21, 2011 it is revealed that Quinn is innocent and Gus is guilty when Gus' latest victim (Chloe) comes out of the coma caused by his attack on her, at which time Gus takes Nicole Walker hostage in the police station  Gus is eventually wrestled to the ground and hauled off to a jail cell to await trial  Vivian’s friend/former-henchman, Ivan suddenly returns to Salem, shows her the great wealth he has acquired as a Bollywood movie director/producer, expresses his undying love to her, and then takes her with him to India to make her a movie star, and open a new chapter in their lives together as equals 

2017–2023
On New Year's Eve, 2017, Vivian crashes the DiMera family's New Year's Eve party claiming to have been accompanied by Stefano  In actuality, she is accompanied by her and Stefano's son, Stefan O Dimera (Tyler Christopher)  Vivian watches in admiration as Stefan seizes control of DiMera Enterprises and lays claim to the DiMera mansion  Vivian is scheming with Andre DiMera, but their plans end when Andre is killed by Abigail Deveraux (Marci Miller)  During a confrontation with Kate, Vivian is shot and presumed dead  Kate tells everyone it was self-defense  In 2019, Vivian (Robin Strasser) is revealed to be alive  She shoots and buries Kate in the cemetery, and later pulls her tubes out when she is in hospital recovering  During an altercation with Lani Price (Sal Stowers), Stefan (Brandon Barash) is shot and presumed dead after trying to save his mother, leading to a devastated Vivian leaving town  In 2020, Vivian (Sorel) makes a surprising return during Lani's wedding to Eli Grant (Lamon Archey)   She was arrested after threatening Lani with a gun  In police custody  she was convinced that Jake was Stefan brought back from the dead   Ivan explained that she had twins unknowingly due to her passing out and Jake was taken from her before she awakened  She faked her death shortly after to avoid prison and disappeared again  In 2021 Vivian (Linda Dano) got arrested after participating in the kidnapping of Eli and Lani's twins 
On January 30 2023 Vivian (Louise Sorel) returns, she is heard during a phone call (from prison) to Stefan in which she attempts to jog his memory of who he is 
In March 2023 it was revealed Louise Sorel was back on set as Vivian Alamain and episodes would begin airing from August or September 
Passage 9:
That Certain Something
That Certain Something is a 1941 Australian musical film directed by Clarence G  Badger and starring Megan Edwards and Thelma Grigg  The plot concerns an American film director who decides to make a musical in Australia  It was the last film directed by Badger, a noted silent era director 

Plot
A famous director, Robert Grimble, comes to Australia to make a film about pioneering women and seeks for an unknown to play the lead role  He casts socialist Miss Hemingway, who soon proves to be temperamental  She is tricked into walking off the job by Jimmie Jones who wants his girlfriend Patsy cast  He succeeds and Patsy becomes a star 

Cast
Production
The film was the first from Argosy Films and was made with the assistance of a bank overdraft from the New South Wales government  It was directed by Clarence Badger, a Hollywood director who had retired to Australia  The original title was Daughters of Australia Megan Edwards had only appeared in a few stage shows before being cast in the lead  She later received a three-year contract from a Hollywood manager The seven-week shoot took place at Pagewood Studios, the first movie made there in three years  The colonial sequence was especially researched  The camera crew included notable cameraman John Howes, who died aged 29 

Release
Despite securing distribution from RKO, reception to the film from critics and the public was poor 
Passage 10:
Thelma Hopkins (athlete)
Thelma Elizabeth Hopkins (born 16 March 1936) is a Northern Irish athlete, who competed in the high and the long jump 
On 5 May 1956 she broke the world record in high jump in Belfast with a jump of 1 74 metres, breaking the record of 1 73 metres set by Aleksandra Chudina of the USSR on 22 May 1954  Her record was broken on 14 July 1956 in Bucharest by Iolanda Balaș of Romania Her achievement in breaking the world record is commemorated by a plaque in Cherryvale Playing Fields, South Belfast 
Hopkins was born in Kingston upon Hull  She competed for Great Britain in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia, in the high jump event, where she won the silver medal jointly with Maria Pisareva  In the 1954 Commonwealth Games she won a gold medal for Northern Ireland 
As well as athletics she excelled at hockey where she was a regular choice for the Ireland women's national field hockey team, playing at forward and winning 40 caps  She also represented Ireland as an international Squash player 
She was one of many signatories in a letter to The Times on 17 July 1958 opposing 'the policy of apartheid' in international sport and defending 'the principle of racial equality which is embodied in the Declaration of the Olympic Games' 
Passage 11:
Thelma, Kentucky
Thelma is an unincorporated community in Johnson County, Kentucky, United States  The community was originally known as Buskirk, after a local family  But, when the community received its first post office on June 5, 1905, it was renamed Thelma after the daughter of Warren Meek  Meek was a successful pioneer in the newspaper field in the Big Sandy Valley Thelma's ZIP code is 41260 
Thelma is located at an elevation of 636 feet 
Passage 12:
Breakwater Cat
Breakwater Cat is the tenth album by American singer Thelma Houston, released in 1980 on RCA Records  The 12" single "Suspicious  Minds" became a popular club hit  Breakwater Cat contains five songs written by Jimmy Webb, who was also the executive producer of the album 

Track listing
All songs were written by Jimmy Webb; except where indicated 

"Breakwater Cat" – 3:55
"Long and Lasting Love" – 5:30
"Before There Could Be Me" – 3:12
"Gone" – 3:43
"What Was That Song" – 4:19
"Suspicious Minds" (Mark James) – 4:15
"Down the Backstairs of My Life" (Eric Mercury, William Smith) – 3:00
"Understand Your Man" (Alan Gordon) – 3:27
"Lost and Found" (Daniel Moore) – 4:20
"Something We May Never Know" (Shelby Flint) – 3:38

Personnel
MusicThelma Houston – vocals
Sonny Burke – piano, arrangements
Matthew McCauley – string and horn arrangements
David T  Walker, Tim May, Steve Beckmeier, Carlos Rios, Steve Hunter, Fred Tackett, Greg Poree – guitar
David Shields, Eddie N  Watkins Jr , Keni Burke, Scott Edwards, Dennis Belfield, Reggie McBride – bass guitar
Gary Morse - steel guitar on "Something We May Never Know"
Jerry Peters - keyboards
James Gadson – drums
Jerry Hey - horn
Paulinho da Costa – percussion
Clydie King – backing vocals
Greg Wright – backing vocals
Oren Waters – backing vocals
Tom Kelly – backing vocalsProductionJames Gadson – producer
Michael Stewart – producer
Mike Vickers – assistant producer
Jimmy Webb – executive producer
Brian Christian – engineer
Frank "Cheech" D'Amici – engineer
Mark Linett – engineer
Rick Hart – engineer
Rick Ruggieri – engineer
Gribbitt! – art direction
Henry Vizcarra – art direction
Tim Bryant – art direction
Charles Veal, Jr  – contractor
Jerry Hoff – contractor
Sid Sharp – contractor
Lynne Morse – A&R coordinator
Linda Gerrity – production coordinator
Glenn Parsons - design
Gribbitt! - design
John Arrias – mixing
Ron Slenzak – photography



ground_truth: Dottie Hinson

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who wrote the song The Story sung by the performer of Give Up the Ghost?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sri Lanka Matha
"Sri Lanka Matha" (English: "Mother Sri Lanka"; Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතා, romanized: Śrī Lańkā Mātā; Tamil: ஸ்ரீ லங்கா தாயே, romanized: Srī Laṅkā Tāyē) is the national anthem of Sri Lanka  "Sri Lanka Matha" was composed by Ananda Samarakoon and was originally titled "Namo Namo Matha" ("Salute! Salute! Motherland") "Sri Lanka Matha" was first performed at an official ceremony on 4 February 1949 at the Independence Memorial Hall in Torrington Square during the national day ceremony  The anthem was given full constitutional recognition in the 1978 Second Republican Constitution 

History
There are differing accounts as to the origin of the "Sri Lanka Matha"  The most widely held view is that Sri Lankan composer Ananda Samarakoon wrote the music and lyrics to the song, inspired/influenced by the Indian Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore  A minority suggest that Tagore wrote the anthem in full  Some have suggested that Tagore wrote the music whilst Samarakoon wrote the lyrics  Tagore being directly involved in the creation of the song has been denied by some historians like Indian Lipi Ghosh and Sri Lankan Sandagomi Coperahewa  Samarakoon had been a pupil of Tagore at Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan  After returning to Ceylon Samarakoon taught music at Mahinda College, Galle  The song, which was then known as "Namo Namo Mata", was first sung by students at Mahinda College  After it was sung by the choir from Musaeus College, Colombo at a public event it became hugely popular in Ceylon and was widely played on radio Prior to Ceylon's independence (1948) the Lanka Gandharva Sabha had organised a competition to find a national anthem  Among the entries were "Namo Namo Matha" by Samarakoon and "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" by P  B  Illangasinghe and Lionel Edirisinghe  The latter won the competition but this was controversial as Illangasinghe and Edirisinghe were members of the judging panel  "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" was broadcast by Radio Ceylon on the morning of 4 February 1948, independence day, but it was not sung at the official Freedom Day celebrations  Ceylon continued to use the UK's national anthem as its official national anthem after independence  At the first independence day ceremony held on 4 February 1949 at the Independence Memorial Hall in Torrington Square both "Namo Namo Matha" and "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" were sung, in Sinhala and Tamil, as "national songs" More specifically, in 1950 Minister of Finance J  R  Jayewardene requested that the government recognise Samarakoon's "Namo Namo Matha" as the official national anthem  The government appointed a committee headed by Edwin Wijeyeratne, Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development, to pick a new national anthem  The committee heard several songs but, after much deliberation, picked "Namo Namo Matha"  The committee made a minor change to Samarakoon's song, with his approval, changing the tenth line from "Nawajeewana Damine Newatha Apa Awadi Karan Matha" to "Nawa Jeewana Demine Nithina Apa Pubudu Karan Matha"  The committee's decision was endorsed by the government on 22 November 1951  The anthem was translated into the Tamil language by M  Nallathamby  "Namo Namo Matha" was first sung as Ceylon's official national anthem at the independence day parade in Colombo in 1952 In the late 1950s controversy arose over its first line, "Namo Namo Matha, Apa Sri Lanka"  It was deemed to be "unlucky" and blamed for the country's misfortunes including the deaths of two prime ministers  In February 1961 the government changed the line to their present form, "Sri Lanka Matha, Apa Sri Lanka", despite Samarakoon's strong opposition  Samarakoon committed suicide in April 1962, leaving a note complaining that its lyrics had been mutilated The Second Republican Constitution of 1978 gave "Sri Lanka Matha" constitutional recognition 

Multilingual
The Sri Lankan national anthem is available in an identical version in two languages, Sinhala and Tamil, both official languages of the country  It is just one of a number that are sung in more than one language: Belgium (French, Dutch, and German), Canada (English, French and Inuktitut), Finland (Finnish, Swedish), New Zealand (English and Māori), South Africa (Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans and English), Suriname (Dutch and Sranan Tongo) and Switzerland (German, French, Italian and Romansh) "Sri Lanka Thaaye", the Tamil version of the Sri Lankan national anthem, is an exact translation of "Sri Lanka Matha", the Sinhala version, and has the same music  Although it has existed since independence in 1948 it was generally only sung in the north and east of the country where the Tamil language predominates  The Sinhala version of the Constitution uses Sinhala lyrics while the Tamil version of the constitution uses Tamil lyrics  Per the constitution both Sinhala and Tamil are official and national languages and thus the anthem could be sung in both languages The majority of Sri Lankans (around 75%) speak the Sinhala language  More specifically, "Tamil is the native language for the Tamil people, who constitute about 15% of Sri Lankans, and for Muslims who are nearly 10%", according to the BBC  Until early 2016, the Sinhala version was the only one to be used during official government events and it was the only version used during international sports and other events  Although the Sinhala version of the anthem was used at official/state events, the Tamil version was also sung at some events in spite of the unofficial ban which ended in early 2016  
The Sinhala version of Sri Lanka Matha was used in all parts of the country with the exception of the North and the East which have a large Tamil population  Some reports indicate that the Tamil version was used at official events held in the Tamil speaking regions in the North and East of Sri Lanka  The Tamil version was sung at Tamil medium schools throughout the country  The Tamil version was even used during the period when Sinhala was the only official language of the country (1956–87) 

Tamil version controversy
On 12 December 2010 The Sunday Times reported that the Cabinet of Sri Lanka headed by President Mahinda Rajapaksa had taken the decision to scrap the Tamil translation of "Sri Lanka Matha" at official and state functions, as "in no other country was the national anthem used in more than one language" - even though the national anthems of Belgium, Switzerland, Canada and those of several other countries have more than one language version  The Cabinet's decision had followed a paper on the national flag and national anthem produced by Public Administration and Home Affairs Minister W  D  J  Senewiratne  The paper had drawn on the Singaporean model where the national anthem is sung in the official lyrics and not any translation of the lyrics  Based on this the paper recommended that the Sri Lankan national anthem only be sung in Sinhala and the Tamil translation be abolished  The paper's authors had failed to realise that the official lyrics of the Singaporean national anthem are in Malay, a minority language (75% of Singaporeans are Chinese) Government minister Wimal Weerawansa had labelled the Tamil version a "joke" on Derana TV, and had cited India as an analogy  Some journalists, such as D  B  S  Jeyaraj, claimed that it was wrong of Weerawansa  to cite India as an analogy because according to them the Indian national anthem was not in Hindi, which is the most widely spoken language of India, but in Bengali, a minority language  Although sources based on an official Government of India website state that the Indian National anthem was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly of India, the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India on 24 January 1950 does not mention that the National Anthem was "adopted", nor does it mention that it was done so in its Hindi version  In actual practice the unaltered Bengali version is the version sung as the National Anthem, with its words in original Bengali Tatsama, a highly Sanskritized form of Bengali that has Sanskrit words common to both Hindi and Bengali The Cabinet's December 2010 decision to scrap the Tamil translation of the anthem (which was not subsequently enacted) caused much furore in Sri Lanka  Later, the government denied allegations that the Tamil translation was to be abolished  The Presidential Secretariat has stated that there was no basis to the media report and follow up reports which intimated the same  Nevertheless, an unofficial ban on the Tamil version came into being as fearful public officials in Tamil speaking areas stopped using the Tamil version or blocked attempts to use it  The Sri Lankan Army forcefully stopped any use of the Tamil version and taught school children to sing only the Sinhala version In March 2015 newly elected President Maithripala Sirisena announced that he would be issuing a circular which would state that there was no ban on singing the national anthem in Tamil  Sirisena's announcement was attacked by Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists During Sri Lanka's 68th national independence day celebrations on 4 February 2016, the Tamil version of the anthem was sung for the first time since 1949 at an official government event, the independence day celebrations  Lifting of the unofficial ban on the Tamil version had been approved by President Maithripala Sirisena (who had said he would unite the nation after the nearly 26-year civil war that ended in 2009) and by others in the government  This step was viewed as part of the plan for "post-civil war ethnic reconciliation" Naturally, Sri Lanka Matha was also sung in Sinhalese  Some groups, and Sri Lanka's former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, were opposed to the government officially allowing the Tamil version to be sung In 2020, the Sri Lankan government stopped using the Tamil version of the national anthem at the main Independence Day celebration  However, regional independence day celebrations including those with government involvement in regions with significant Tamil populations continue to sing in both Tamil and Sinhala 

Lyrics
Sinhala version
Tamil version
Poetic English translation
Notes
See also
Sri Lankan Civil War
Tamil Eelam
Passage 2:
The Devil Went Down to Georgia
"The Devil Went Down to Georgia" is a song written and performed by the Charlie Daniels Band and released on their 1979 album Million Mile Reflections The song is written in the key of D minor  Although uncredited, Vassar Clements originally wrote the basic melody an octave lower, in a tune called "Lonesome Fiddle Blues" released on Clements' self-titled 1975 album on which Charlie Daniels played guitar  The Charlie Daniels Band moved it up an octave and put words to it  The song's verses are closer to being spoken rather than sung (i e , recitation), and tell the story of a young man named Johnny, in a variant on the classic deal with the Devil  The performances of the Devil and Johnny are played as instrumental bridges  The song was the band's biggest hit, reaching No  3 on the Billboard Hot 100, prevented from further chart movement by "After the Love Has Gone" by Earth, Wind and Fire and "My Sharona" by The Knack 

Content
The song tells a story about the Devil's failure to gain a young man's soul through a fiddle-playing contest  The song begins as a disappointed Devil arrives in Georgia, apparently "way behind" on stealing souls, when he comes upon a young man named Johnny who is playing a fiddle, and quite well  Out of desperation, the Devil, who claims to also be a fiddle player, wagers a fiddle of gold against Johnny's soul to see who is the better fiddler   Although Johnny believes taking the Devil's bet might be a sin, he fearlessly accepts, confidently boasting "I'm the best that's ever been "
The Devil plays first, backed by a band of demon musicians  When he has finished, Johnny compliments him ("Well, you're pretty good, old son ") and takes his own turn, rendering at least four old-time songs, named (though not played) in the Charlie Daniels Band recording—the third of the four being identified not by title, but by an excerpt of its lyrics:

"Fire on the Mountain," the name of an early 19th-century fiddle tune, and also the name of Daniels' 1974 album,
"The House of the Rising Sun," a traditional American southern folk song,
"Chicken in the bread pan pickin' out dough," which was famously used in Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys' song "Ida Red," and
"Granny Will Your Dog Bite "Realizing he has been defeated, the devil lays his golden fiddle at Johnny's feet  Johnny then invites the devil to "c'mon back if y'ever wanna try again" before repeating his claim to be "the best that's ever been"   The resolution is not without ambiguity   While the devil seems to have failed, Johnny's indulgence in the sin of pride indicates the devil may have won his soul after all through clever subterfuge 

Reception
Cash Box praised the "engaging narrative story line" and said the song has "thundering piano", "screaming fiddle work", "pounding drums and screeching guitar"  Record World said that Daniels "administers heavy doses of both [storytelling and fiddle-playing] with producer John Boylan capturing the excitement like no one else can "

Censorship
Johnny's final boast, from the album version of the song, goes, "I done told you once, you son of a bitch, I'm the best that's ever been"   But to accommodate radio airplay for Country and Top 40 formats, Daniels changed the lyric for the single release to, "'Cause I told you once, you son of a gun", though AOR stations continued to use the unaltered version 

Musical references
The ballad's story is a derivative of the traditional deal with the Devil motif  Charlie Daniels has stated in interviews, "I don't know where it came from, but it just did  Well, I think I might know where it came from, it may have come from an old poem called 'The Mountain Whippoorwill' that Stephen Vincent Benét wrote many, many years ago (1925), that I had in high school "

Personnel
Charlie Daniels - guitar, fiddle, vocals
Tom Crain - guitar, vocals
"Taz" DiGregorio - keyboards, vocals
Fred Edwards - drums, percussion
James W  Marshall - drums, percussion
Charles Hayward - bass

Parodies and covers
The Levellers released a version of the song in 1991 
Although it is frequently misattributed to David Allan Coe or "Weird Al" Yankovic, the musician Travis Meyer performed a parody entitled "The Devil Went to Jamaica" circa 1998, in which Johnny is recast as a Jamaican drug dealer who is challenged by the devil to a pot-smoking contest to see whose marijuana is best: his, or Johnny's 
On a 1980 The Muppet Show episode (Episode 420), the Muppet versions of the Devil and Johnny are portrayed in an opening number cover of the song 
The rap group K M C  Kru released a hip hop re-imagining of the song entitled "The Devil Came Up to Michigan" in 1991, featuring the devil and a deejay competing for a turntable of gold 
In the 2000 movie Coyote Ugly, the original song version by the Charlie Daniels Band is sung and danced to as an on-bar line dance by the troupe of female bartenders 
Steve Ouimette (with Ed DeGenaro and Geoff Tyson) performed a cover of the song for the 2007 video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock and, eventually, his 2010 album Epic  This version uses electric guitars instead of fiddles, though the original lyrics are still performed  It is played as the conclusion of the game in a simulated guitar battle with the devil  Daniels objected to this version on the grounds that the devil may win the contest, which he referred to as "violating the very essence of the song" 
In 2013, the Boston-based roots rockers Adam Ezra Group recorded a parody version, "The Devil Came up to Boston", with Boston-focused lyrics  In this version's official music video, group leader Adam Ezra, who wrote the lyrics to the parody, narrates it with an exaggerated version of his real-life Boston accent, and the Devil is depicted as a New York Yankees fan, playing off the historic rivalry between the Yankees and Boston Red Sox 
The pop singer and electric violinist Michelle Lambert recorded a version of the song in 2015, and released a music video  In her rendition "Johnny" is replaced by "Michelle" 
A cappella group Home Free recorded a version of the song in collaboration with Taylor Davis and Charlie Daniels playing fiddle, released in September 2015  The narration is performed by Home Free bass singer Tim Foust 
The rock band Blues Traveler often performs this song in concert, with John Popper playing the fiddle parts on harmonica  They featured a live version of the song on their 2006 EP ¡Bastardos en Vivo!
Robot Chicken featured a composite parody of the song along with the animated series Spawn in episode 49 of season 3, where Malebolgia, an infernal lord, is challenged by Spawn to a fiddle duel set to a similar tune 
In the Futurama episode "Hell is Other Robots", Leela must challenge the robot devil in a fiddle-playing contest to win back Bender's soul  Also included as a prize for the winner of the contest is a solid gold fiddle 
The funk metal band Primus covered the song and featured it, in the form of a stop motion animated music video, on a CD-ROM that was included with the 1998 release of their EP Rhinoplasty 
British Punk band The Toy Dolls recorded a version called 'The Devil Went Down to Scunthorpe', which used a guitar duel instead of a fiddle duel between Johnny and the Devil 
The Christian parody band ApologetiX recorded a parody called "The Devil Went Down to Jordan" which records the Devil's attempt to tempt Jesus in the wilderness 
British comedy folk band The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican recorded a version called 'The Devil Went Down To Barnsley', in which the devil has a fiddle duel with Bjorn Doonicansson 
The American metal band Nature of Rebel Minds  released a cover of the song in 2019 and released an official music video to youtube as well  
The American nu metal band Korn recorded a cover of the song in 2020 which featured the band playing the devil and rapper Yelawolf as Johnny 
The Canadian rock band Nickelback recorded a cover in 2020 with Dave Martone  This version uses electric guitars instead of fiddles, tuned down a whole step, and contains the original lyrics with slight changes 
A metal version of the song was recorded by Leo Moracchioli for his YouTube channel, Frog Leap Studios  The video was publicly released on July 17, 2020 
A cover of the song titled "Devil Comes Back to Georgia" was done by Johnny Cash singing updated lyrics with violin performed by Mark O'Connor in 1993 
In 1996, the indie rock band Mono Puff released their studio album Unsupervised, which spawned a single "The Devil Went Down to Newport" 
The Zac Brown Band perform the song regularly in concert, and included a version on their 2009 EP Live from Bonnaroo
Adrenaline Mob released a heavy metal cover in their 2015 album "Dearly Departed" 

Chart performance
The original version of the song spent fourteen weeks on the Hot Country Singles charts in 1979, peaking at number 1 and holding the position for one week  It spent two weeks at a peak of number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100   The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 20, 1989, for sales of over two million copies in the United States  In 2003, the song was ranked at #69 on CMT's 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music, and #5 on CMT's 20 Greatest Southern Rock Songs in 2006  Since it became available as a download in the digital era, it has also sold 2 49 million digital copies in the US as of November 2019  In June 1998, Epic Records re-released the song to country radio, but accidentally sent out the version in which the line "son of a bitch" was uncensored  This error was quickly corrected, and the song re-entered the country charts at number 62 for the chart dated June 20, 1998  It spent seven weeks on the chart and peaked at number 60 

Certifications
Sequel
In 1993, a sequel to the song, "The Devil Comes Back to Georgia", was released by master violinist Mark O'Connor on his album Heroes  The song featured Daniels on fiddle, with Johnny Cash as the narrator, Marty Stuart as Johnny, and Travis Tritt as the devil  The song peaked at #54 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart in 1994 
In the sequel, the devil, still furious ten years after being beaten, decides to take up Johnny's challenge to "c'mon back if y'ever wanna try again"  Johnny is now grown with a wife and infant son, and the devil believes that Johnny's sinful pride will be his undoing, so he takes back the golden fiddle, forcing Johnny to practice with his old fiddle before their rematch – the same one he played when he defeated the devil  
Though the song reiterates Johnny's bold claim that he is "the best that's ever been", the lyrics do not reveal who won the rematch  But in the video, the devil is shown defeated by Johnny again 

See also
"Cross Road Blues"
Faust
"The Devil and Daniel Webster"
"The Devil and Tom Walker"
"The Devil's Dream"
Passage 3:
The Littlest Hobo
The Littlest Hobo is a Canadian television series (French title: Le Vagabond) based upon a 1958 well-known film of the same name directed by Charles R  Rondeau  The series first aired from 1963 to 1965 in syndication, and was revived for a popular second run on CTV, spanning six seasons, from October 11, 1979, to March 7, 1985  The concept of the show was that of "an ownerless dog" 
All three productions revolved around an extremely intelligent stray German Shepherd, the titular Hobo, who wanders from town to town, helping people in need (all portrayed by actors in celebrity guest appearance roles)  Despite the attempts of the many people whom he helped to adopt him, he heads off by himself at the end of each episode 
Referred to as “Gulliver” in a single episode, the dog is often referred to by the name Hobo or by the names given by temporary human companions  His origins, motivation, and ultimate destination are never explained on screen 

1963–1965 series
The German Shepherd dogs featured in both 1960s and 1980s series were owned and trained by Charles (Chuck) P  Eisenmann  The primary star was named London, but several of London's relatives, including Toro, Litlon, and Thorn, also played scenes as the Hobo  Eisenmann used his own training methods to work with his dogs which involved educating them to think and understand very specific directions, to recognize colours, and to understand English, German, and French  He promoted his education method by touring with his dogs to offer live demonstrations,  appearing on TV and radio shows and by writing books  Eisenmann recounts many stories from the filming of the series in his 1968 dog training book Stop! Sit! and Think  Other books he wrote include The Better Dog: The Educated Dog which contains updated training material and A Dog’s Day in Court which offers a dog's point of view towards training methods 
The dogs have "reverse mask" markings  After purchasing London, Eisenmann began to breed his own dogs, mostly studding out his males, even though he owned some females that he bred to as well  He bred particularly for the reverse mask, that is commonly seen on all of his dogs, and is unpopular with breeders of the German Shepherd, as it is not in the breed standard 
Shiloh Shepherd dogs are stated to trace their heritage back to London's relatives and are inspired by the intelligence Eisenmann's dogs were reputed to have Some notable Hollywood guest stars included Pat Harrington Jr , Nita Talbot, Ellen Corby, Henry Gibson, and Keenan Wynn (the last two of which would also guest-star in the 1979–1985 revival series) 

1979–1985 series
In 1979 CTV revived the series  The New Littlest Hobo (as it was sometimes called), which ran for six seasons, was shot on videotape rather than film  It has since been syndicated in many countries including the US and UK  In the course of its run, a mixture of well-known Canadian and Hollywood guest stars appeared such as Al Waxman, Carol Lynley, John Ireland, Megan Follows, Rex Hagon, Alan Hale Jr , Jack Gilford, August Schellenberg, DeForest Kelley, Ray Walston, Morey Amsterdam, Jeff Wincott, Michael Ironside, Patrick Macnee, Abe Vigoda, Saul Rubinek, John Vernon, Keenan Wynn (who also previously appeared in the original 1963–1965 series), Chris Makepeace, Karen Kain, Vic Morrow, Andrew Prine, Lynda Day George, Nerene Virgin, Tedde Moore, Sammy Snyders, Henry Gibson (who also previously appeared in the original 1963–1965 series), John Carradine, Leslie Nielsen, Anne Francis, and Jayne Eastwood  Mike Myers appears as Tommy in episode 10 "Boy on Wheels" 
Charles (Chuck) P  Eisenmann appeared as a dog trainer named Chuck in the first-season episode "Stand In" and as dog kennel operator named Mr  Charles in part one of the episode "Voyageurs" from the sixth season 
In a nod to the original series, the dog that appeared in this series was also credited as "London" 

Plot
Plots ranged from the simple "dog-helps-person" stories to secret agent-type adventures 
In season 5's two-part episode "The Genesis Tapes" a scientist and a reporter theorized that Hobo was a type of superior canine  The reporter theorized that there was one dog and the scientist theorized that there were up to one hundred such dogs  The two-part episode had the scientist and reporter trying to capture Hobo to study him, with the reporter wanting a story and the scientist wanting to claim to be the first to discover the meta-canine as he put it  Both episodes feature flashback footage from the first five seasons of the series, with the first episode being the only episode of the revival series to include footage from the original 1960s series  At the end of the episode, Hobo found the evidence the reporter and scientist had collected and destroyed it, implying that Hobo did not want any evidence of his origins or nature becoming public 
Trainer Chuck Eisenmann used several dogs to play the role of "London" as he had selected dogs entirely based on their appearance  He determined which dogs to use for the scenes by making use of their abilities such as if one dog did not mind carrying objects or if one were small enough to safely jump through a car window and manoeuvre through the seats  In Eisenmann's book, A Dog's Day in Court, one of the dogs used in the 1970s series was London's grandson, who was also known as London 
A 2005 episode of the CTV sitcom Corner Gas, entitled "The Littlest Yarbo", pays tribute to the series by having a character (Hank Yarbo) convinced that a stray dog visiting the town is Hobo  The episode ends with a reprise of Terry Bush's "Maybe Tomorrow" theme song 

Theme music
The show's theme, "Maybe Tomorrow", was written by Terry Bush and John Crossen   The original was sung by Terry Bush  In 2005, Bush commercially released the song on his debut album, entitled Maybe Tomorrow  The song was later used in a 2011 Dulux paint advertisement   Additionally, in 2017, the song was in a Canada 150-themed Co-Op stores advertisement  A cover of the song, performed by Nightingale Cummings, was featured in season ten of the television show Trailer Park Boys 

Second series episodes
Telecast and home media
1963–1965 series
Following the 1958 film, the 1960s original TV series was aired in syndication around the world, including the UK on ITV, Australia on the Nine Network between 1964 and 1967 and New Zealand on TV One  Although the series was originally broadcast in black and white, it was in fact produced in colour  The VCI Entertainment DVD release of the series featured the colour versions of the episodes, except for the opening and closing credits which have only survived in black and white  Sixty-one episodes were broadcast over two seasons 
Storer Programs Incorporated, a unit of the now-defunct Storer Broadcasting, distributed the series to U S  television stations during its 1960s run 
VCI Entertainment has released 12 episodes from the original series to DVD  The release features the colour versions of the first 3 episodes, except for the opening and closing sequences which have only survived in monochrome  The last 9 episodes were released in black and white 

1979–1985 series
The series aired on CTV on Thursday nights at 7:30 p m  Repeats continued on CTV, CTV 2, and other national networks up until 2012, when CTV replaced it with a block of music videos from Juicebox  However, CTV2 recently resumed reruns of the 80's incarnation  In the UK, the series premiered on the BBC on April 8, 1982, but only the first three seasons were shown and repeated until 1989  From April 1991 ITV picked up the series and each of the local companies played out the full series until late 1994 
Mediumrare Entertainment have only released the first two seasons of The Littlest Hobo on DVD  The Season One DVD, featured the theme tune "Maybe Tomorrow" on DVD in Region 2 & 4 on April 26, 2010 
In 2017, episodes from the series began to be uploaded onto Encore+, a YouTube channel run by the Canada Media Fund and Google Canada  The episodes have since been removed from the channel  As of 2023, the entire series is available on CTV's website through the CTV Throwback lineup, and reruns returns on Bell Media's channels: CTV, CTV 2, and Animal Planet 
Passage 4:
Same Old Lang Syne
"Same Old Lang Syne" is a song written and recorded by Dan Fogelberg and released as a single in 1980  It was included on his 1981 album The Innocent Age  The song is an autobiographical narrative ballad told in the first person and tells the story of two long-ago romantic interests meeting by chance in a grocery store on Christmas Eve   The song peaked at No  9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and is now frequently played during the holiday season and alongside traditional Christmas songs 

Content
On a snowy Christmas Eve, the narrator is reunited with an old flame at a grocery store  She does not recognize him at first, but when she does, she so hurriedly embraces him that she drops her purse, breaking the tension and letting them laugh  They decide to talk over a drink but there are no bars open, so they bring a six-pack of beer from a liquor store to her car The pair toast innocence, and push through their initial awkwardness to discuss their lives  The lover married an architect, for security instead of love  The narrator, a musician, loves performing for audiences, but hates traveling After consuming all of the beer, they exchange their goodbyes; the woman kisses him as he gets out of the car, and drives away  He flashes back to school and relives the pain of their breakup; as he walks home, the falling snow turns into rain 
The melody is based on the 1812 Overture by Tchaikovsky and ends with "Auld Lang Syne" as a soprano saxophone solo by Michael Brecker 

Origins
As Fogelberg said on his official website, the song was autobiographical  He was visiting his parents for Christmas at the family home in Peoria, Illinois, in 1975 when he ran into an old girlfriend from Woodruff High School, the former Jill Anderson at the "Convenient Food Mart" (now a convenience store) on Abington Street Hill  Fogelberg stated in interviews that he did not recall precisely whether the chance meeting with his ex-girlfriend was in 1975 or 1976, though he leaned toward 1975; this was later confirmed  
In 2006, Fogelberg received a letter from a young fan named Grace Ferguson who asked him about the meaning of the song's final lyric, "And as I turned to make my way back home / The snow turned into rain"  The lyric has often been interpreted metaphorically as the world feeling warmer after he had talked with his ex-girlfriend  In reply, Fogelberg acknowledged this metaphor as "wonderful", although, as he wrote, "as I drove home, the snow actually DID turn from snow into rain!" After Fogelberg's death from prostate cancer in 2007, the woman in the song, Jill Anderson Greulich, came forward with her story  Greulich told of how she and Fogelberg dated in high school  As she explained to the Peoria Journal Star in an article dated December 22, 2007, the pair knew each other in Peoria, Illinois as part of the Woodruff High School class of 1969  After graduation, each attended different colleges  Following college, Greulich married and moved to Chicago, while Fogelberg moved to Colorado to pursue a music career  While back in Peoria visiting their respective families for Christmas in 1975, Fogelberg and Greulich ran into each other on Christmas Eve at a convenience store located at 1302 East Frye Avenue in the Abington Hill district  Greulich confirmed that they bought a six-pack of beer and drank it in her car for two hours while they talked  Five years later, after the song was released, Greulich heard the song on the radio for the first time while driving to work, but kept quiet about it, as Fogelberg had not disclosed her identity  She stated that her reason for remaining quiet about her involvement in the song's narrative was that coming forward might have disrupted Fogelberg's marriage Greulich noted that Fogelberg had taken artistic license with two details of the story: her eyes are green, not blue, and her husband was a physical education teacher, not an architect  In regard to the line, "She would have liked to say she loved the man, but she didn't like to lie," Greulich will not talk about it, but by the time of the song's release in 1980, she and her husband had divorced 
In 2008, the City of Peoria gave Abington Street Hill the honorary designation of "Fogelberg Parkway" 

Association with Christmas
"Same Old Lang Syne" is frequently played on radio stations during the North American holiday season  The song's opening lyrics reveal that the narrative takes place on a snowy Christmas Eve and they end with a second acknowledgment of snow  Since the song's release, these references and the musical quote of "Auld Lang Syne", a song traditionally sung on New Year's Eve, have increased the song's popularity during the month of December  The song debuted on the Hot 100's top 40, at #37, on 27 December 1980, between Christmas and New Year's Eve 

Cover versions
The boy band Backstreet Boys covered the song on their album A Very Backstreet Christmas, released on October 14, 2022  Their version omits the final verse and instead ends with the chorus to "Auld Lang Syne" 

Musicians
Dan Fogelberg: Piano, bass, electric piano, lead and background vocals
Glen Spreen: orchestral arrangements
Russ Kunkel: Drums
Michael Brecker: Soprano saxophone

Chart performance
Passage 5:
Love Is a Drug (Eskimo Joe song)
"Love Is a Drug" is a song by Australian rock band Eskimo Joe  It was released in June 2011 as the second single from their fifth studio album titled Ghosts of the Past  The song peaked at number 38 on the ARIA Singles Chart 
At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, the song was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Video 
At the APRA Music Awards of 2012, the song was nominated for Rock Work of the Year 

Charts
Release history
Passage 6:
Give Up the Ghost (album)
Give Up the Ghost is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Brandi Carlile, released on October 6, 2009, through Columbia Records  The album was produced by Grammy Award winner Rick Rubin and contains a collaboration with Elton John titled "Caroline"  Recorded at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles, the album also features Chad Smith, Amy Ray and Benmont Tench "Dreams", the first single from the album, was released on Carlile's website on August 14, and was available for download on August 18 

Track listing
All songs written by Carlile, unless noted otherwise 

"Looking Out" – 4:18
"Dying Day" (Tim Hanseroth) – 3:33
"Pride and Joy" – 4:20
"Dreams" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:31
"That Year" – 3:35
"Caroline" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:36
"Before It Breaks" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:57
"I Will" – 4:09
"If There Was No You" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth) – 2:39
"Touching the Ground" (Tim Hanseroth) – 3:17
"Oh Dear" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth) – 2:50

Personnel
Brandi Carlile – banjo, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, lead vocals, background vocals
Jesse Carmichael – mellotron
Lenny Castro – percussion
Gibb Droll – dobro, slide guitar
Phil Hanseroth – bass guitar, upright bass, electric guitar, percussion, ukulele, background vocals, Wurlitzer
Tim Hanseroth – drums, electric guitar, percussion, background vocals
Jacob Hoffman – piano
Victor Indrizzo – drums, percussion
Elton John – piano, background vocals
Paul Buckmaster – arrangements
Josh Neumann – cello
Jason Lader – synthesizer
Amy Ray – background vocals
Chad Smith – drums, percussion
Benmont Tench – organ, piano

Charts
Awards
In 2010, Brandi Carlile was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Music Artist" for the album Give Up the Ghost during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards 
Passage 7:
Colder Weather
"Colder Weather" is a song by American country music group Zac Brown Band  Lead singer Zac Brown co-wrote the song with Coy Bowles (the band's keyboardist and guitarist), Wyatt Durrette and Levi Lowrey  It is the band's seventh single release overall, and the second single from their 2010 album You Get What You Give 

Content
The lyric is about a trucker who is on the road, and separated from his lover due to the weather  Co-writer Wyatt Durrette told The Boot:

There was a girl I was seeing, who lived in Kansas City  We really liked each other, but geography and timing just wasn't working for us  She was getting pretty frustrated with the whole thing and wanted me to slow down, as far as traveling so much and all those things  I wasn't willing to do that because we were just getting started, and I'm chasing my dreams 
"Colder Weather" is in the key of E-flat major, with the guitars set to E♭ tuning  In this song, Brown's vocals range from B♭2 to A♭4 

Critical reception
The song has received primarily positive reviews from critics  Jessica Phillips of Country Weekly, in her review of the album, called it "lyrically profound," and Eric R  Danton of the Hartford Courant said that it was the "sorrowful, solitary kind of song with an old-school country-ballad feel made for crisp nights in the high country " Giving it a "thumbs up," Karlie Justus of Engine 145 called it "loneliness and longing set to music", also praising the production and lyrics  She compared the song's style to Merle Haggard  Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine was less favorable, calling the song "somewhat strident and inorganic "

Music video
The music video was directed by Darren Doane and premiered in February 2011  Australian actor Liam Hemsworth appeared in the video portraying the male character who temporarily leaves his girlfriend during the winter   Tori McPetrie portrays his girlfriend 

Charts and certifications
Passage 8:
Godsmack
Godsmack is an American rock band from Lawrence, Massachusetts, formed in 1995  The band is composed of lead singer and rhythm guitarist Sully Erna, bassist Robbie Merrill, lead guitarist Tony Rombola and drummer Shannon Larkin  Since its formation, Godsmack has released eight studio albums, one EP (The Other Side), four DVDs, one compilation album (Good Times, Bad Times    Ten Years of Godsmack), and one live album (Live & Inspired) 
The band has released three consecutive number-one albums (Faceless, IV and The Oracle) on the Billboard 200  The band also has 25 top ten rock radio hits, including 18 songs in the top five  The band's seventh album, When Legends Rise was released on April 27, 2018 
Since its inception, Godsmack has toured with Ozzfest on more than one occasion and has toured with many other large tours and festivals, including supporting its albums with its own arena tours  In honor of the band's success and the release of their sixth studio album, 1000hp, Mayor Marty Walsh declared August 6 as "Godsmack Day" in the city of Boston 

History
Formation and All Wound Up    (1995–1997)
In February 1995, Sully Erna decided to start a new band as the lead singer after playing the drums for more than 23 years, including more than two years in the now-defunct band Strip Mind  His new band, The Scam, formed with Erna on vocals, Robbie Merrill on bass, local guitarist and friend Lee Richards on guitar, and Tommy Stewart on drums  The Scam quickly changed its name to Godsmack, after recording one demo  The newly formed band started playing small bars in their hometown of Boston  Locally popular songs such as "Keep Away" and "Whatever" soon brought them to the top of the hit charts in the Boston/New England area Many people think the band's name stemmed from an Alice in Chains song, but according to Erna, the band's name came from a small and personal incident  "I was making fun of [our drummer at the time] who had a cold sore on his lip and the next day I had one myself and somebody said, 'It's a god smack ' The name stuck  We were aware of the Alice In Chains song but didn't really think much about it " In 1996, Tony Rombola joined as the guitarist after Richards left upon learning he had a six-year-old child and Stewart left due to personal differences  In the same year, the band entered New Alliance Studio in Boston to record its debut album, All Wound Up     The CD was recorded in just three days for $2,600 and was self-released in February 1997 through the band's own record label, E  K  Records Company  In May 1997, Joe D'Arco joined to replace Stewart on drums Eventually, Godsmack's CD landed in the hands of Rocko, the night-time DJ for Boston radio station WAAF (FM)  The radio station put "Keep Away" into heavy rotation and the song rose to the number one spot at the station very quickly  Newbury Comics, a New England record store chain, agreed to sell the CD on consignment  Shortly after the success of "Keep Away", Godsmack went back into the studio and recorded a single titled "Whatever", which became the new local favorite on WAAF (FM)  In an interview Sully Erna stated, "We had been selling maybe 50 copies a month at the time WAAF picked up the album  All of a sudden we started moving over a thousand records a week  (   ) I was doing all this from my bedroom  After years of grinding away, things finally started taking off " In April 1998, D'Arco was dismissed from the band  He was replaced by former drummer Tommy Stewart, who returned after expressing a desire to be in the band again 

Godsmack (1998–1999)
In June 1998, Universal/Republic Records signed the band to their label   The band's first album All Wound Up    was slightly edited to remove unlicensed samples, fully re-mastered and given a new artwork and layout; the finished self-titled album Godsmack was released to the public six weeks later on August 25, 1998  This led to the band's first headlining tour, "The Godsmack Tour" with Jim Rose Circus as the opening act  After the album's release the band went on the road playing club shows as well as playing at Ozzfest and Woodstock '99  This was followed by a tour in Europe supporting Black Sabbath  Roxanne Blanford from Allmusic gave the album three out of five stars, stating, "Godsmack confidently brought metal into the technological age"  The album entered the Billboard 200 at number twenty-two, and was certified 4× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2001 after being initially certified gold in 1999 The album sold well despite being initially pulled from the shelves in some stores due to concerns over some of its lyrical content  The band and its record label later added a Parental Advisory sticker to the album, and some stores ordered amended copies of the album  Erna commented in Rolling Stone magazine stating, "Our record has been in the marketplace for more than a year now without a parental advisory sticker and this is the one and only complaint     Stickers and lyrics are by nature subjective     We have decided to put a sticker on the record " This controversy did not appear to adversely affect album sales but, according to Erna, helped; "It's almost taunting kids to go out and get the record to see what we're saying on it " The album also had four successful singles which were "Whatever", "Keep Away", "Voodoo" and "Bad Religion" 

Awake (2000–2001)
In 2000, Godsmack returned to the studio after the multi-platinum success of Godsmack to start recording Awake  The album was released on October 31, 2000  The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, and has been certified 2× platinum by the RIAA  "Vampires", a song on the album, also earned the band a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance in 2002  With the release of Awake, Godsmack toured Europe supporting Limp Bizkit  Erna said at the time, "We've been touring nonstop since August 1998, So most of Awake was written on tour while we were ping-ponging between America and Europe, building up the band  "Ozzfest" was actually the only big tour where we rode under someone else's wings; we did a lot of work on our own " The band played Ozzfest in 2000 again as they had in 1999  On July 19, 2001, Godsmack released their first live DVD titled Live  The DVD has since been certified Gold by the RIAA for selling 50,000 copies in the United States Two of the songs on the album were used in United States Navy commercials ("Sick of Life" and "Awake") as background music  Erna stated, "Someone in the military is a fan, and they asked if they could use the music, and we accepted"  However, Erna insisted in an interview that Godsmack does not support any war 

The Scorpion King, Faceless and The Other Side (2002–2004)
In 2002, Erna was asked to write and perform a song for the soundtrack to The Scorpion King  The song Godsmack wrote and performed was titled "I Stand Alone" and the song became the number 1 single at Rock Radio and the most played Active Rock song in 2002 for 14 weeks straight  It was also used in the game Prince of Persia: Warrior Within With Shannon Larkin (ex Ugly Kid Joe, Souls at Zero, Wrathchild America, MF Pitbulls) replacing Tommy Stewart, who left due to personal differences for the second time, Godsmack went back into the studio later that year to record a new album that was released in 2003  Faceless debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 269,000 copies in its first week, and the album would go on to sell over one million copies in the United States  Faceless also debuted at number nine on the Top Canadian Albums and at number one on the Top Internet Albums and remained at that position for two weeks  A massive Tour of America and Europe supporting Metallica followed 
The lead single "Straight Out of Line" received a Grammy Award nomination for "Best Hard Rock Performance"  The award went to Evanescence's single "Bring Me to Life"  The album got its name after a swimming-pool incident  However, in a later interview Merrill stated otherwise, making it unclear of how the album's title came to be, "It came from the band's feeling that, despite our radio and sales success, we still flew a bit under the radar" On March 16, 2004 The Other Side, an acoustic EP, was released  The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, a relatively high position for an acoustic EP  It included several previously released songs re-recorded as acoustic versions, as well as three new acoustic tracks  One new song, "Touché", featured Godsmack's first guitar player, Lee Richards, as well as John Kosco, who were at that time in the now defunct band Dropbox, The other two new acoustic tracks were "Running Blind" and "Voices"  The song "Asleep" is actually an acoustic version of "Awake" from the band's second album Awake  Godsmack shifted from its "heavy" sound to a more mellow acoustic sound on this EP in the same manner Alice in Chains did in the Sap and Jar of Flies EPs, one of many similarities to Alice in Chains for which the band has been criticized In 2004, Godsmack opened for Metallica's "Madly in Anger with the World tour", and headlined the tour along with Dropbox  Afterwards, in autumn 2004, the band played several acoustic shows to promote The Other Side, while at the same time continuing to open for Metallica 

IV and Ten Years of Godsmack (2005–2007)
Throughout 2005, The band was in the studio recording and writing material for a new album  On April 25, 2006, Godsmack released its fourth studio album simply titled IV, followed by a tour that would continue until August 2007, titled "The IV tour"  The album was produced by Erna and engineered by the well known producer and engineer Andy Johns, known for engineering Led Zeppelin's Led Zeppelin IV  The first single from the album, "Speak" was released on February 14, 2006  The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 211,000 copies in its first week IV has since been certified gold  The band had written over forty songs for the album, but the final track listing had eleven tracks, Larkin commented, "it's Sully's band and his vision [   ]When it comes time to pick the songs it's all Sully"  The album's minimalist name "IV" derives not only from its being the band's fourth studio album, but also from a running piece of backstage humor, as related by Larkin and Erna in an interview To celebrate ten years as a band, Godsmack released a greatest hits album entitled Good Times, Bad Times    Ten Years of Godsmack on December 4, 2007  The album debuted at number thirty-five on the Billboard 200, selling 40,000 copies in the first week of release  It includes a cover of the Led Zeppelin song "Good Times Bad Times", as well as a DVD of Godsmack's acoustic performance in Las Vegas at House of Blues  The album was originally intended to be a boxed set, but the band scrapped the plans so they could release a best of album  Godsmack will follow the release of the album with an acoustic tour  Despite rumors of the band going on hiatus as a result of releasing a greatest hits album, Erna was quoted as saying, "we're not going away, we are just gonna take a break and enjoy our 10th year anniversary and kind of recharge our batteries  And then Godsmack will be back, and we will come back bigger and badder than ever "

The Oracle and break (2008–2013)
In November 2008, Larkin announced that the band would be reforming and recording a new album  The following summer, the band toured as support to Mötley Crüe's Crüe Fest 2 tour and released a non-album single, "Whiskey Hangover"  After the tour, Godsmack started production for their new album  The album, titled The Oracle was released on May 4, 2010  Arriving to popular reception, The Oracle was Godsmack's third straight full-length studio album to debut at No  1 with 117,000 sold in the first week of release  Erna had this to say about the early sound album, "It's gonna be really heavy  I mean, it's very aggressive  I'm not really sure; it's very premature right now  Right now we just finished one track for the Crüe Fest this Summer  But as far as the whole record goes, I think it's going to be a lot more in your face  I don't think there's going to be any 'Voodoo's or 'Serenity's on this one  We decided to go balls out!" Godsmack headlined the fourth annual Mayhem Festival alongside Disturbed  The band entered the studio in January 2012 to mix a live album plus record several covers for an upcoming release  They then went on tour in the spring with Staind  In February 2012, Godsmack finished an EP of cover songs  Godsmack released their new live album Live & Inspired on May 15, 2012  The set included a bonus EP of cover tracks  In December of the same year, Sully said in an interview that Godsmack would take a break during 2013, stating "We're going to take some time away now because we just ran for the last two years " A month after, Erna announced a short solo tour through America 

1000hp (2014–2016)
In February 2014, Erna tweeted that the band had made progress in the songwriting process for its next studio album, tentatively scheduled for a late 2014 release  He also mentioned that the band finished 11 songs for the new record in two weeks  In April, the band announced that they had recorded 15 songs, ten of which would make the final cut  In May, Erna announced that the album would be titled 1000hp (1000 Horsepower)  The album's title track was released as a single the following month  The album was released on August 5, 2014, and sold around 58,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release to land at position No  3 on The Billboard 200 chart  Since release the album has spawned the singles Something Different and What's Next  The band have unified a campaign to aid military veterans with their latest single What's Next Godsmack also headlined the 2014 Uproar Festival  They were announced on August 20, 2014, to be part of the Soundwave Festival in Australia  In July 2015, the band revealed dates for an upcoming North American fall headline tour  The run included dates with Sevendust  Also in August 2015 Godsmack announced a new leg of North American dates that would keep the band busy through mid-November On October 14, 2015, Godsmack released a digital single called "Inside Yourself" available for a limited free download  The song was released on iTunes on November 20, 2015 On September 9, 2016, Erna confirmed that the band had officially left Universal/Republic, and signed a deal with BMG 

When Legends Rise (2017–2020)
The band began work on a seventh studio album in 2017  The album, When Legends Rise, was released on April 27, 2018  The album's first single, "Bulletproof", was released ahead of the album on February 28, 2018  The band toured across North America from May through October 2018  They played at several festivals before embarking on a co-headlining summer tour with Shinedown  The band then toured Europe in October and November 2018 in support of their new album  However, On October 17, 2018, it was announced that the band postponed their fall 2018 Europe tour, following death of Tony Rombola's son and plan to reschedule in early 2019 On July 25, 2019, the song "Under Your Scars" hit number 1 for two weeks for the first time on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart On April 8, 2020, the band released a music video for the song "Unforgettable"  400 aspiring musicians from middle school students across New England to take part in the video  The video, directed by Noah Berlow, again sent the song to the top of the charts for five weeks, setting a new record most constitutive at number 1 in its category 

Lighting Up the Sky (2021–present)
News of a follow-up to the album began circulating as early as August 2019 when frontman Sully Erna revealed in an interview with Canada's iHeartRadio that the band has been preparing to begin the songwriting process for the album It was later revealed that Godsmack would be working on two new releases for 2021: an acoustic EP and a full length album  That plan has since been scrapped with Sully admitting that the band was being "a little bit more ambitious" at the time With just one album to focus on, Godsmack drummer Shannon Larkin said on "The Metal Teddy Bear Experience" podcast that the band intended for the album to be released in 2022  In an April 23, 2022, interview with WJRR, frontman Sully Erna said that the band has finished recording the new album with a new single expected to hit the airwaves in mid-to-late summer and that the album could be the band's last On September 28, 2022, the band released the single titled "Surrender"  Shortly after the release of the new single, Sully Erna revealed in an interview with 93X Radio's Pablo that the title of the album would be Lighting Up the Sky and that it would indeed be the band's last record  A second single for the album "You and I" was released on November 11, 2022  The album was released on February 24, 2023 

Musical style and influences
Godsmack has been described as post-grunge, hard rock, nu metal, alternative metal, and heavy metal  The band's primary influences include Aerosmith, Alice in Chains, Black Sabbath, Led Zeppelin, Metallica, Pantera and Rush according to Erna, Larkin, and Rombola  Erna has cited Layne Staley as his primary influence The overall sound of the band's first two albums have been compared to Alice in Chains' album Dirt  However, Godsmack has attempted to distance themselves from the Alice in Chains comparison with Erna stating in an interview with Matt Ashare, "I've just never really heard that in our music "The band's music is often compared to Alice in Chains which the band cites as an influence  Adrien Begrand of PopMatters states, "Erna perfectly mimics the late Layne Staley's low, guttural, sinister singing and snarly, metal-inspired growls" and, "The band's music is a faithful retread of Jerry Cantrell's churning, tuned-down hard rock" Erna's singing style has been stated as "the snarl of James Hetfield", and "composed of dark harmony that sounds a lot like Alice in Chains"  Merrill's bass style has been described as "bulldozer bottom with occasional slap-bass reverb"  Larkin's drumming is thought to "worship at the twin altars of Neil Peart and John Bonham"  And Rombola's guitar playing style has been praised as "guitars that sound like percussion instruments" 

Band members
Current members

Sully Erna – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion (1995–present); studio drums (1996–2003)
Robbie Merrill – bass (1995–present); backing vocals  (2010–present)
Tony Rombola – lead guitar, backing vocals (1996–present)
Shannon Larkin – drums, percussion (2002–present)Former members

Lee Richards – lead guitar (1995–1996)
Joe D'Arco – drums (1997–1998)
Tommy Stewart – drums (1995–1997, 1998–2002)
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		
Timeline

Discography
Studio albumsGodsmack (1998)
Awake (2000)
Faceless (2003)
IV (2006)
The Oracle (2010)
1000hp (2014)
When Legends Rise (2018)
Lighting Up the Sky (2023)

Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
Billboard Awards
Boston Music Awards
See also
List of artists who reached number one on the U S  Mainstream Rock chart
Passage 9:
Go Tell It on the Mountain (song)
"Go Tell It on the Mountain" is an African-American spiritual song which was likely derived from the oral tradition, but was originally published by John Wesley Work Jr , although there is some debate whether he was actually the first to write it  This spiritual  has been sung and recorded by many gospel and secular performers since considered a Christmas carol as its original lyrics celebrate the Nativity of Jesus:

Go tell it on the mountain, over the hills and everywhere;go tell it on the mountain, that Jesus Christ is born 
An alternate final line omits the reference to the birth of Christ, instead declaring that "Jesus Christ is Lord" Due to the oral tradition of the song, "Go Tell It on the Mountain" has also been used as a Easter song, with the refrain taking the variant of:

Go, tell it on the mountain,
Over the hills and everywhere;
Go, tell it on the mountain 

That Jesus lives again

Publication history
The earliest known publication of the song is attributed to John Wesley Work, Jr  (1871-1925) who published the song in the New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1901)  Work grew up in Nashville where he garnered a love for music from his father who was a choir director   He earned his Master’s in Latin and went on to teach ancient Latin and Greek  However, his first love continued to be music, and he became the first African-American collector of Negro spirituals  Most African-American spirituals originated in oral tradition, but Work, through his extensive research, was able to compile many songs into the “New Jubilee Songs”  It was not until the second version he published that “Go Tell it On the Mountain” was included    While many books and websites attribute the New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers to John Wesley Work, Jr  in 1901, some sources argue the origins lie with Frederick Jerome Work in 1902 

Biblical references
"Go Tell It on the Mountain" references the Annunciation to the Shepherds described in the Gospel of Luke, hence the alternate title of "While shepherds kept their watching"  The Nativity is also referenced in the final verse of the song:

Down in a lowly manger, 
the humble Christ was born,
and God sent us salvation,
that blessed Christmas morn 

Verses: Luke 2:8-20 and Matthew 28:19

Recording artists
In 1963, the musical team Peter, Paul and Mary, along with their musical director Milt Okun, adapted and rewrote "Go Tell It on the Mountain" as "Tell It on the Mountain", their lyrics referring specifically to Exodus and using the phrase "Let my people go", but referring implicitly to the civil rights struggle of the early 1960s  This version became a moderately successful single for them (US No  33 pop, 1964)   Cash Box described it as "a rhythmic, updating of the folk oldie with a plaintive message-song motif "According to religious studies professor and civil rights historian Charles Marsh, it was African-American civil rights leader Fannie Lou Hamer who combined this song with the spiritual "Go Down Moses", taking the last line of the chorus, "let my people go" and substituting it in the chorus of "Go Tell It on the Mountain"  Marsh does not document this claim, but notes that Hamer was highly active in civil rights work beginning in the 1950s, and that the use of the Exodus story and the singing of spirituals played a central role in her activities 
Little Big Town's 2006 non-album single version reached No  35 on the Hot Country Songs chart Popular African- American Contemporary Christian music band Maverick City Music recorded and published their own version of “Go Tell it On the Mountain” in 2021 

See also
List of Christmas carols
Passage 10:
Je veux donner ma voix
For the Eurovision Song Contest 1999, held in Jerusalem, France entered "Je veux donner ma voix" to compete, performed by Nayah  Television channel France 2 was originally in charge of the French participation; however, it was later changed to France 3 due to the broadcast of the French Rugby League Championship which conflicted with the date for the final  France 3 opted to choose their entry via public selection, marking the first time since 1987 France held a national final to select their entry 

Before Eurovision
Eurovision 1999: la sélection
Eurovision 1999: la sélection was the national final organised by France 3 to select France's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1999  The competition took place on 2 March 1999 at the L'Olympia in Paris and hosted by Julien Lepers and Karen Cheryl  The show was broadcast on France 3 

Competing entries
From 600 submissions originally received by France 2, a two-member selection committee reviewed the received submissions and selected twelve entries to compete in the national final  The selection committee consisted of Monique Le Marcis (former RTL Head of Musical Programming) and Catherine Régnier (M6 music programmer) 

Final
The final took place on 2 March 1999  Twelve entries competed and the winner, "Je veux donner ma voix" performed by Nayah, was selected by the combination of public televoting (50%) and a jury panel (50%)  The jury panel consisted of Gilbert Bécaud, Marie Myriam, Jocelyne Béroard, Lââm, Sandy Valentino, Richard Cocciante, Jean-Pierre Bouryayre, Laurent Petitguillaume, Jean-Michel Boris and Jean Réveillon, with each member assigning scores to each entry ranging from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest)  The rankings of each half were used to calculate the result; hence, the song with the lowest total won  There was a tie for first place between Ginie Line and Nayah; however, Nayah won as she received the most votes from the public 

At Eurovision
Nayah performed 10th in the running order of the contest, following Denmark and preceding the Netherlands  At the close of the voting she received 14 points, placing 19th of 23 The contest was broadcast live on France 3, and on a 3 hour and 5 minute delay on TV5Monde, with commentary provided by Julien Lepers  The France 3 broadcast reached 4 2 million viewers within France, representing a 27 9% market share 

Voting
Passage 11:
The Story (song)
Story or stories may refer to:

Common uses
Story, a narrative (an account of imaginary or real people and events)
Short story, a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting
Story (American English), or storey (British English), a floor or level of a building
News story, an event or topic reported by a news organization

Social media
Story (social media), a message, image or video, often ephemeral
Facebook Stories, short user-generated photo or video collections that can be uploaded to the user's Facebook
Instagram Stories, a feature in Instagram that let the user post vertical images that will disappear in 24 hours
Snapchat Stories, a feature in Snapchat which allows users to compile snaps into chronological storylines, accessible to all of their friends

Film, television and radio
Story Television, an American digital broadcast television network
Story TV, a South Korean television drama production company
Story (TV programme), a 2015–2016 New Zealand television programme
Story, one of the main characters in the 2006 film Lady in the Water
The Story (film documentary short), a 2000 short film by John Little
The Story with Dick Gordon, a radio interview program that debuted in 2006
"Stories", an episode of The Good Doctor

Music
Groups
The Story (American band), a 1989–1994 folk-rock duo
The Story (British band), an English psychedelic folk duo formed in 2002
Stories (band), a 1972–1974 American rock group

Albums
Story (Amorphis album), 2000
Story (Eric Clapton album), 1991
Story: 25 Years of Hits, by Pet Shop Boys, 2009
Story, by Honeybus, 1970
Story, by NEWS, 2020
Story, by Yesung, 2019
A Story, by Yoko Ono (recorded 1974), or the title song, 1997
The Story (Brandi Carlile album) or the title song (see below), 2007
The Story (Kang Daniel album) or the title song, 2022
The Story (Runrig album) or the title song, 2016
The Story: The Very Best of Spandau Ballet, 2014
The Story, by Bizzy Bone, 2006
Stories (Addison Road album), 2010
Stories (Avicii album), 2015
Stories (The Bunny the Bear album), 2013
Stories (Gloria Gaynor album), 1980
Stories (Mayumi Iizuka album) or the title song, 2008
Stories (Milford Graves album), 2000
Stories (Randy Stonehill album), 1993
Stories (EP), by Chris Brokaw, or the title song, 2011
Stories, an EP by Aurora, 2021
Stories, by John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, 2002
Stories, by various artists, released by Narada Productions

Songs
"Story" (Ai song), 2005
"Story" (Rina Aiuchi song), 2009
"Story", by Drake White from Spark, 2016
"Story", by Leddra Chapman from Telling Tales, 2009
"Story", by Maroon 5, a B-side of "Makes Me Wonder", 2007
"Story", by NF from Clouds (The Mixtape), 2021
"Story", by P-Square from Get Squared, 2005
"Story", by Perfume from Cosmic Explorer, 2016
"The Story" (Brandi Carlile song), 2007
"The Story" (Conan Gray song), 2020
"The Story", by 30 Seconds to Mars from A Beautiful Lie, 2005
"The Story", by Derrick Morgan
"The Story", by Jewel, representing Alaska in the American Song Contest, 2022
"The Story", by Limp Bizkit from The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1), 2005
"The Story", by M I A  from AIM, 2016
"The Story", by the Passions from Sanctuary, 2019 reissue
"Stories" (Boney M  song), 1990
"Stories" (Therapy? song), 1995
"Stories", by Paige O'Hara from Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas, 1997
"Stories", by Saint Motel from Voyeur, 2012
"Stories", by Trapt from Trapt, 2002

EPs
Stories, an EP by The Beast

Places
Australia
Story Bridge, Brisbane, Queensland

United States
Story, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
Story, Indiana, an unincorporated community
Story, Nebraska, an unincorporated community
Story, Wyoming, a census-designated place
Joint Expeditionary Base Fort Story, an army base in Virginia Beach, Virginia
Story City, Iowa
Story County, Iowa

People
Story (surname)
Story Musgrave (born 1935), American doctor and astronaut
Story Tweedie-Yates (born 1983), professional American tennis player

Other uses
Story (magazine), an American literary magazine published 1931–1961 and 1989–2000
Story: Substance, Structure, Style and the Principles of Screenwriting, a 1997 screenwriting guide by Robert McKee
The Stories, by Jane Gardam, 2014
User story, a planning activity in software development
Ray-Ban Stories, smartglasses released in September 2021

See also
History (disambiguation)
Storey (disambiguation)
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of U S  states and territories by elevation
This list includes the topographic elevations of each of the 50 U S  states, the District of Columbia, and the U S  territories The elevation of a geographic area may be stated in several ways  These include:

The maximum elevation of the area (high point);
The minimum elevation of the area (low point);
The arithmetic mean elevation of the area (statistical mean elevation);
The median elevation of the area (statistical 50% elevation); and
The elevation range of the area All topographic elevations are adjusted to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)  All geographic coordinates are adjusted to the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84)  The mean elevation for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are accurate to the nearest 100 feet (30 m)  Mean elevation data is not available for the other U S  territories 

Elevations
Minor outlying islands
The highest points in the U S  minor outlying islands, mostly unnamed:

Baker Island high point – 26 feet (8 m)
Howland Island high point – 10 feet (3 m)
Jarvis Island high point – 23 feet (7 m)
Johnston Atoll, Sand Island high point – 33 feet (10 m)
Kingman Reef high point – less than 7 feet (2 m)
Midway Atoll, Sand Island high point – 50 feet (15 m) – The highest point of the U S  minor outlying islands in the Pacific Ocean 
Navassa Island high point – 280 feet (85 m) – The highest point of all the U S  minor outlying islands 
Palmyra Atoll high point – 10 feet (3 m)
Wake Island high point – 26 feet (8 m)

Gallery
See also
Highpointing
List of elevation extremes by country
List of elevation extremes by region
Lists of highest points
List of highest U S  county high points
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of the highest major summits of the United States
List of the most prominent summits of the United States
List of the most isolated major summits of the United States
List of highest counties in the United States
List of highest United States cities by state

Notes
Passage 2:
Fort Davis, Texas
Fort Davis is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jeff Davis County, Texas, United States  The population was 1,201 at the 2010 census, up from 1,050 at the 2000 census  It is the county seat of Jeff Davis County 

History
It was the site of Fort Davis, established in 1854 on the San Antonio–El Paso Road through west Texas and named after Jefferson Davis, who was then the Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce  It was reestablished in 1867 following the civil war 

Geography
Fort Davis is located in southeastern Jeff Davis County at the southeast foot of the Davis Mountains  Texas State Highway 17 (State Street) passes through the center of town, leading northeast 38 miles (61 km) to Interstate 10 at Balmorhea and southwest 21 miles (34 km) to Marfa  Texas State Highway 118 joins Highway 17 through the center of Fort Davis, but leads northwest through the Davis Mountains 52 miles (84 km) to I-10 and southeast 23 miles (37 km) to Alpine 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10 1 square miles (26 1 km2), all land Fort Davis has the highest elevation above sea level of any county seat in Texas; the elevation is 4,900 feet (1,500 m) 

Climate
Fort Davis experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with cool, dry winters and hot, wet summers  There is a large degree of diurnal temperature variation due to the high elevation of the area 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,024 people, 415 households, and 317 families residing in the CDP 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000,  1,050 people, 415 households, and 298 families resided in the CDP  The population density was 188 2 inhabitants per square mile (72 7/km2)  The 525 housing units averaged 94 1 per square mile (36 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 88 29% White, 0 19% African American, 0 48% Native American, 7 62% from other races, and 3 43% from two or more races  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 49 33% of the population 
Of the 415 households, 32 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57 6% were married couples living together, 10 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28 0% were not families  About 24 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 53 and the average family size was 3 02 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24 7% under the age of 18, 7 4% from 18 to 24, 26 9% from 25 to 44, 25 4% from 45 to 64, and 15 6% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 102 3 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97 3 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,882, and  for a family was $27,955  Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $20,000 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $14,249  About 20 7% of families and 21 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26 3% of those under age 18 and 26 0% of those age 65 or over 

Arts and culture
Points of interest
Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens at the Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute
Fort Davis National Historic Site
The McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin
Fort Davis is home to one of 10 dishes comprising the Very Long Baseline Array
Davis Mountains State Park

Education
Fort Davis is served by the Fort Davis Independent School District 

Dirks-Anderson Elementary School
Fort Davis High SchoolAll of Jeff Davis County is zoned to Odessa College 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Dell
Dell Inc  is an American based technology company  It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services  Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, and electronics built by other manufacturers  The company is known for how it manages its supply chain and electronic commerce  This includes Dell selling directly to customers and delivering PCs that the customer wants  Dell was a pure hardware vendor until 2009 when it acquired Perot Systems   Dell then entered the market for IT services  The company has expanded storage and networking systems  It is now expanding from offering computers only to delivering a range of technology for enterprise customers Dell is a publicly traded company (Nasdaq: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500  It is the third-largest personal computer vendor as of January 2021  Dell is ranked 31st on the Fortune 500 list in 2022, up from 76th in 2021  It is also the sixth-largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine  It is the second-largest non-oil company in Texas In 2015, Dell acquired the enterprise technology firm EMC Corporation  Dell and EMC became divisions of Dell Technologies  Dell EMC sells data storage, information security, virtualization, analytics, and cloud computing 

History
Founding and start-up
Michael Dell founded Dell Computer Corporation, doing business as PC's Limited in 1984 while a student at the University of Texas at Austin, operating from Michael Dell's off-campus dormitory room at Dobie Center  The start-up aimed to sell IBM PC compatible computers built from stock components  Michael Dell started trading in the belief that, by selling personal computer systems directly to customers, PC's Limited could better understand customers' needs and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs  Dell dropped out of college upon completion of his freshman year at the University of Texas in order to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting about $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family  As of April 2021, Dell's net worth was estimated to be over $50 billion 
In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the "Turbo PC", selling for US$795 and containing an Intel 8088-compatible processor capable of running at a maximum speed of 8 MHz  PC's Limited advertised the systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers, and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options  This offered buyers prices lower than those of retail brands, but with greater convenience than assembling the components themselves  Pc's Limited was not the first company to use this business model, but they became one of the first to succeed with it  The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of trading 
The company dropped the PC's Limited name in 1987 to become Dell Computer Corporation and began expanding globally  The reasoning was that this new company name better reflected its presence in the business market, and also resolved issues with the use of "Limited" in a company name in certain countries   The company set up its first international operations in Britain; 11 more followed within the next four years  In June 1988, Dell Computer's market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million from its June 22 initial public offering of 3 5 million shares at $8 50 a share  In 1989, Dell Computer set up its first on-site service programs in order to compensate for the lack of local retailers prepared to act as service centers 

Growth in the 1990s and early 2000s
In 1990, Dell Computer tried selling its products indirectly through warehouse clubs and computer superstores, but met with little success, and the company re-focused on its more successful direct-to-consumer sales model  In 1992, Fortune included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the world's 500 largest companies, making Michael Dell the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company at that time 
In 1993, to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, which would have brought in an additional $125 million in annual revenue  Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals, believing they would be money losers in the long run  Margins at retail were thin at best and Dell left the reseller channel in 1994  Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company president and CEO 
Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company's Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997  While the industry's average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell  Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days  In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users From 1997 to 2004, Dell steadily grew and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps  During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out  Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999  Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco  In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett-Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett-Packard took the top spot for a time but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead  Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s In 2002, Dell expanded its product line to include televisions, handhelds, digital audio players, and printers  Chairman and CEO Michael Dell had repeatedly blocked President and COO Kevin Rollins's attempt to lessen the company's heavy dependency on PCs, which Rollins wanted to fix by acquiring EMC Corporation; a move that would eventually occur over 12 years later In 2003, at the annual company meeting, the stockholders approved changing the company name to "Dell Inc " to recognize the company's expansion beyond computers In 2004, the company announced that it would build a new assembly-plant near Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the city and county provided Dell with $37 2 million in incentive packages; the state provided approximately $250 million in incentives and tax breaks  In July, Michael Dell stepped aside as chief executive officer while retaining his position as chairman of the board  Kevin Rollins, who had held a number of executive posts at Dell, became the new CEO  Despite no longer holding the CEO title, Dell essentially acted as a de facto co-CEO with Rollins Under Rollins, Dell purchased the computer hardware manufacturer Alienware in 2006  Dell Inc 's plan anticipated Alienware continuing to operate independently under its existing management  Alienware expected to benefit from Dell's efficient manufacturing system 

Key events
In 2005, while earnings and sales continued to rise, sales growth slowed considerably, and the company stock lost 25% of its value that year  By June 2006, the stock traded around US$25 which was 40% down from July 2005—the high-water mark of the company in the post-dotcom era  By June 2021, the stock had reached an all-time high of over US$100 per share, reflecting the company's successful transition to a technology solutions provider that helps customers navigate digital transformation The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC business segments such as storage, services, and servers  Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation  Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers  As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins  The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores [4] CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on US corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and 64 percent of its revenue comes from North and South America, according to its 2006 third-quarter results  US shipments of desktop PCs were shrinking, and the corporate PC market, which purchases PCs in upgrade cycles, had largely decided to take a break from buying new systems  The last cycle started around 2002, three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems, and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft's Windows Vista (expected in early 2007), putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008  Heavily dependent on PCs, Dell had to slash prices to boost sales volumes, while demanding deep cuts from suppliers Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model  Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first  Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift  The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players  Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York Dell had a reputation as a company that relied upon supply chain efficiencies to sell established technologies at low prices, instead of being an innovator  By the mid-2000s many analysts were looking to innovating companies as the next source of growth in the technology sector  Dell's low spending on R&D relative to its revenue (compared to IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Apple Inc )—which worked well in the commoditized PC market—prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments, such as MP3 players and later mobile devices  Increasing spending on R&D would have cut into the operating margins that the company emphasized  Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s, but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver an end-to-end IT product, and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett-Packard and Oracle Dell's reputation for poor customer service, which was exacerbated as it moved call centers offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web  The original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs sold for thousands of dollars but by the 2000s, the company could not justify that level of service when computers in the same line-up sold for hundreds of dollars  Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from the head of manufacturing to head of customer service  Hunter, who noted that Dell's DNA of cost-cutting "got in the way," aimed to reduce call transfer times and have call center representatives resolve inquiries in one call  By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly  In July 2006, the company started its Direct2Dell blog, and then in February 2007, Michael Dell launched IdeaStorm com, asking customers for advice including selling Linux computers and reducing the promotional "bloatware" on PCs  These initiatives did manage to cut the negative blog posts from 49% to 22%, as well as reduce the "Dell Hell" prominent on Internet search engines There was also criticism that Dell used faulty components for its PCs, particularly the 11 8 million OptiPlex desktop computers sold to businesses and governments from May 2003 to July 2005 that suffered from faulty capacitors  A battery recall in August 2006, as a result of a Dell laptop catching fire, caused much negative attention for the company though later, Sony was found responsible for the manufacturing of the batteries, however a Sony spokesman said the problem concerned the combination of the battery with a charger, which was specific to Dell 2006 marked the first year that Dell's growth was slower than the PC industry as a whole  By the fourth quarter of 2006, Dell lost its title of the largest PC manufacturer to Hewlett Packard whose Personal Systems Group was invigorated thanks to a restructuring initiated by their CEO Mark Hurd 

SEC investigation
In August 2005, Dell became the subject of an informal investigation by the United States SEC  In 2006, the company disclosed that the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York had subpoenaed documents related to the company's financial reporting dating back to 2002  The company delayed filing financial reports for the third and fourth fiscal quarter of 2006, and several class-action lawsuits were filed   Dell Inc's failure to file its quarterly earnings report could have subjected the company to de-listing from the NASDAQ, but the exchange granted Dell a waiver, allowing the stock to trade normally  In August 2007, the Company announced that it would restate its earnings for fiscal years 2003 through 2006 and the first quarter of 2007 after an internal audit found that certain employees had changed corporate account balances to meet quarterly financial targets  In July 2010, the SEC announced charges against several senior Dell executives, including Dell Chairman and CEO Michael Dell, former CEO Kevin Rollins, and former CFO James Schneider, "with failing to disclose material information to investors and using fraudulent accounting to make it falsely appear that the company was consistently meeting Wall Street earnings targets and reducing its operating expenses " Dell, inc  was fined $100 million, with Michael Dell personally fined $4 million 

Michael Dell resumes CEO role
After four out of five quarterly earnings reports were below expectations, Rollins resigned as president and CEO on January 31, 2007, and founder Michael Dell assumed the role of CEO again On March 1, 2007, the company issued a preliminary quarterly earnings report showing gross sales of $14 4 billion, down 5% year-over-year, and net income of $687 million (30 cents per share), down 33%  Net earnings would have declined even more if not for the effects of eliminated employee bonuses, which accounted for six cents per share  NASDAQ extended the company's deadline for filing financials to May 4 

Dell 2 0 and downsizing
Dell announced a change campaign called "Dell 2 0," reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company's products  While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position, Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins' years as CEO  With the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company  Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the "Dell 2 0" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance  These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of "bureaucracy"  Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices On April 23, 2008, Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata, Ontario, terminating approximately 1100 employees, with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot, and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer  The call-center had opened in 2006 after the city of Ottawa won a bid to host it  Less than a year later, Dell planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers add a new building  These plans were reversed, due to a high Canadian dollar that made the Ottawa staff relatively expensive, and also as part of Dell's turnaround, which involved moving these call-center jobs offshore to cut costs 
 
The company had also announced the shutdown of its Edmonton, Alberta, office, losing 900 jobs  In total, Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007–2008 — 10% of its workforce By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities  Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively  The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010  Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife  Much work was transferred to manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas  On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in Łodź in Poland 

Attempts at diversification
The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs  Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android  The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen  InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers  Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets  The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012  In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8 In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world  Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and were willing to accept lower profit margins  In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design—for instance, Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops—Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping  Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple's Mac that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer Dell attempted to offset its declining PC business, which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow, by expanding into the enterprise market with servers, networking, software, and services  It avoided many of the acquisition write-downs and management turnover that plagued its chief rival Hewlett Packard  Despite spending $13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware, the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world, as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price  Dell's market share in the corporate segment was previously a "moat" against rivals but this has no longer been the case as sales and profits have fallen precipitously 

2013 buyout
After several weeks of rumors, which started around January 11, 2013, Dell announced on February 5, 2013, that it had struck a $24 4 billion leveraged buyout deal, that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private  Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners, aided by a $2 billion loan from Microsoft, would acquire the public shares at $13 65 apiece  The $24 4 billion buyout was projected to be the largest leveraged buyout backed by private equity since the 2007 financial crisis  It is also the largest technology buyout ever, surpassing the 2006 buyout of Freescale Semiconductor for $17 5 billion Michael Dell said of the February offer "I believe this transaction will open an exciting new chapter for Dell, our customers and team members"  Dell rival Lenovo responded to the buyout, saying, "the financial actions of some of our traditional competitors will not substantially change our outlook "In March 2013, the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell  In April 2013, Blackstone withdrew their offer, citing deteriorating business  Other private equity firms such as KKR & Co  and TPG Capital declined to submit alternative bids for Dell, citing the uncertain market for personal computers and competitive pressures, so the "wide-open bidding war" never materialized  Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an "exit strategy" to profit from its investment, which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again, and one warned "But even if you can get a $25bn enterprise value for Dell, it will take years to get out "In May 2013, Michael Dell joined his board in voting for the offer  The following August he reached a deal with the special committee on the board for $13 88 per share, a raised price of $13 75 plus a special dividend of 13 cents, as well as a change to the voting rules  The $13 88 cash offer (plus a $ 08 per share dividend for the third fiscal quarter) was accepted on September 12 and closed on October 30, 2013, ending Dell's 25-year run as a publicly-traded company 
After the buyout, the newly private Dell offered a Voluntary Separation Program that they expected to reduce their workforce by up to seven percent  The reception to the program so exceeded the expectations that Dell may be forced to hire new staff to make up for the losses 

Recent history
On November 19, 2015, Dell, alongside ARM Holdings, Cisco Systems, Intel, Microsoft, and Princeton University, founded the OpenFog Consortium, to promote interests and development in fog computing 

Acquisition of EMC
On October 12, 2015, Dell Inc  announced its intent to acquire EMC Corporation in a cash-and-stock deal valued at $67 billion, which has been considered the largest-ever acquisition in the technology sector  As part of the acquisition, Dell would take over EMC's 81% stake in the cloud-computing and virtualization company VMWare  This would combine Dell's enterprise server, personal computer, and mobile businesses with EMC's enterprise storage business in a significant Vertical merger of IT giants  Dell would pay $24 05 per share of EMC, and $9 05 per share of tracking stock in VMware The announcement came two years after Dell Inc  returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business  It was thought that the company's value had roughly doubled since then  EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2 2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual "Federation" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies  Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core "EMC II" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies  The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27 3 billion from personal computers and $8 9 billion from servers, while EMC had $16 5 billion from EMC II, $1 billion from RSA Security, $6 billion from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software  EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware  The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell  Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013 The combined business was expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell  Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a "ton of sense" for Dell, it's a "nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies" for EMC  Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but "does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not " The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would "blow up the current IT chess board", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration  The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63–64bn rather than the $67bn originally reported  Key investors backing the deal besides Dell were Singapore's Temasek Holdings and Silver Lake Partners On September 7, 2016, Dell completed the merger with EMC, which involved the issuance of $45 9 billion in debt and $4 4 billion of common stock  At the time, some analysts claimed that Dell's acquisition of the former Iomega could harm the LenovoEMC partnership In July 2018, Dell announced intentions to become a publicly traded company again by paying $21 7 billion in both cash and stock to buy back shares from its stake in VMware, offering shareholders roughly 60 cents on the dollar as part of the deal  In November, Carl Icahn (9 3% owner of Dell) sued the company over plans to go public  As a result of pressure from Icahn and other activist investors, Dell renegotiated the deal, ultimately offering shareholders about 80% of market value  As part of this deal, Dell once again became a public company, with the original Dell computer business and Dell EMC operating under the newly created parent, Dell Technologies Post-acquisition, Dell was re-organized with a new parent company, Dell Technologies; Dell's consumer and workstation businesses are internally referred to as the Dell Client Solutions Group, and is one of the company's three main business divisions alongside Dell EMC and VMware In January 2021, Dell reported $94 billion in sales and $13 billion operating cash flow during 2020 

Dell and AMD
When Dell acquired Alienware early in 2006, some Alienware systems had AMD chips  On August 17, 2006, a Dell press release stated that starting in September, Dell Dimension desktop computers would have AMD processors and that later in the year Dell would release a two-socket, quad-processor server using AMD Opteron chips, moving away from Dell's tradition of only offering Intel processors in Dell PCs 
CNet's News com on August 17, 2006, cited Dell's CEO Kevin Rollins as attributing the move to AMD processors to lower costs and to AMD technology  AMD's senior VP in commercial business, Marty Seyer, stated: "Dell's wider embrace of AMD processor-based offerings is a win for Dell, for the industry and most importantly for Dell customers



ground_truth: Phil Hanseroth

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the highest city in the state where Dell ranks sixth by revenue?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: "
On October 23, 2006, Dell announced new AMD-based servers — the PowerEdge 6950 and the PowerEdge SC1435 
On November 1, 2006, Dell's website began offering notebooks based on AMD processors (the Inspiron 1501 with a 15 4-inch (390 mm) display) with the choice of a single-core MK-36 processor, dual-core Turion X2 chips or Mobile Sempron In 2017, Dell released the AlienWare 17  The model was primarily based on NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 systems 

Dell and desktop Linux
In 1998, Ralph Nader asked Dell (and five other major OEMs) to offer alternate operating systems to Microsoft Windows, specifically including Linux, for which "there is clearly a growing interest"  Possibly coincidentally, Dell started offering Linux notebook systems that "cost no more than their Windows 98 counterparts" in 2000, and soon expanded, with Dell becoming "the first major manufacturer to offer Linux across its full product line"  However, by early 2001 Dell had "disbanded its Linux business unit "On February 26, 2007, Dell announced that it had commenced a program to sell and distribute a range of computers with pre-installed Linux distributions as an alternative to Microsoft Windows  Dell indicated that Novell's SUSE Linux would appear first  However, the next day, Dell announced that its previous announcement related to certifying the hardware as ready to work with Novell SUSE Linux and that it (Dell) had no plans to sell systems pre-installed with Linux in the near future  On March 28, 2007, Dell announced that it would begin shipping some desktops and laptops with Linux pre-installed, although it did not specify which distribution of Linux or which hardware would lead  On April 18, a report appeared suggesting that Michael Dell used Ubuntu on one of his home systems  On May 1, 2007, Dell announced it would ship the Ubuntu Linux distribution  On May 24, 2007, Dell started selling models with Ubuntu Linux 7 04 pre-installed: a laptop, a budget computer, and a high-end PC On June 27, 2007, Dell announced on its Direct2Dell blog that it planned to offer more pre-loaded systems (the new Dell Inspiron desktops and laptops)  After the IdeaStorm site supported extending the bundles beyond the US market, Dell later announced more international marketing  On August 7, 2007, Dell officially announced that it would offer one notebook and one desktop in the UK, France and Germany with Ubuntu "pre-installed"  At LinuxWorld 2007 Dell announced plans to provide Novell's SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop on selected models in China, "factory-installed"  On November 30, 2007, Dell reported shipping 40,000 Ubuntu PCs  On January 24, 2008, Dell in Germany, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom launched a second laptop, an XPS M1330 with Ubuntu 7 10, for 849 euro or GBP 599 upwards  On February 18, 2008, Dell announced that the Inspiron 1525 would have Ubuntu as an optional operating system  On February 22, 2008, Dell announced plans to sell Ubuntu in Canada and in Latin America From September 16, 2008, Dell has shipped both Dell Ubuntu Netbook Remix and Windows XP Home versions of the Inspiron Mini 9 and the Inspiron Mini 12  As of November 2009 Dell shipped the Inspiron Mini laptops with Ubuntu version 8 04 As of 2021, Dell continues to offer select laptops and workstations with Ubuntu Linux pre-installed, under the "Developer Edition" moniker 

List of Dell marketing slogans
Be direct (1998-2001)
Easy as Dell (2001-2004)
Get more out of now (2004–2005)
It's a Dell (2005-2006)
Dell  Purely You (2006–2007)
Yours is Here (2007–2011)
The power to do more (2011–present)

Senior leadership
List of chairmen
Michael Dell (1984– )

List of chief executives
Michael Dell (1984–2004)
Kevin Rollins (2004–2007)
Michael Dell (2007–present); second term

Acquisitions
Dell facilities
Dell's headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas  As of 2013 the company employed about 14,000 people in central Texas and was the region's largest private employer, which has 2,100,000 square feet (200,000 m2) of space  As of 1999 almost half of the general fund of the city of Round Rock originated from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas  In 1989 Dell occupied 127,000 square feet (11,800 m2) in the Arboretum complex  In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters  In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled "Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design " Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters  In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum  The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room  Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock  Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994 

By 1996, Dell was moving its headquarters to Round Rock  As of January 1996, 3,500 people still worked at the current Dell headquarters  One building of the Round Rock headquarters, Round Rock 3, had space for 6,400 employees and was scheduled to be completed in November 1996  In 1998 Dell announced that it was going to add two buildings to its Round Rock complex, adding 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of office space to the complex In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters  100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000  In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360  Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions  Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3  After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex  In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured  By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock  It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003  By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants In 2008, Dell switched the power sources of the Round Rock headquarters to more environmentally friendly ones, with 60% of the total power coming from TXU Energy wind farms and 40% coming from the Austin Community Landfill gas-to-energy plant operated by Waste Management, Inc Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin, Texas; Nashua, New Hampshire; Nashville, Tennessee; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Peoria, Illinois; Hillsboro, Oregon (Portland area); Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Eden Prairie, Minnesota (Dell Compellent); Bowling Green, Kentucky; Lincoln, Nebraska; and Miami, Florida  Facilities located abroad include Penang, Malaysia; Xiamen, China; Bracknell, UK; Manila, Philippines Chennai, India; Hyderabad, India; Noida, India; Hortolândia and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bratislava, Slovakia; Łódź, Poland; Panama City, Panama; Dublin and Limerick, Ireland; Casablanca, Morocco and Montpellier, France 
The US and India are the only countries that have all Dell's business functions and provide support globally: research and development, manufacturing, finance, analysis, and customer care 

Manufacturing
From its early beginnings, Dell operated as a pioneer in the "configure to order" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications  In contrast, most PC manufacturers in those times delivered large orders to intermediaries on a quarterly basis To minimize the delay between purchase and delivery, Dell has a general policy of manufacturing its products close to its customers  This also allows for implementing a just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing approach, which minimizes inventory costs  Low inventory is another signature of the Dell business model—a critical consideration in an industry where components depreciate very rapidly Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including "burn-in"), and quality control  Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out the manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house  The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, "We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships " The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that "Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell" their plants  By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas, (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee, (opened in 1999), which were closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively  The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, opened in 2005 but ceased operations in November 2010  Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's US plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas  The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland, and once employed about 4,500 people in that country  Dell began manufacturing in Limerick in 1991 and went on to become Ireland's largest exporter of goods and its second-largest company and foreign investor  On January 8, 2009, Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell's new plant in the Polish city of Łódź by January 2010  European Union officials said they would investigate a €52 7million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland  European Manufacturing Facility 1 (EMF1, opened in 1990) and EMF3 form part of the Raheen Industrial Estate near Limerick  EMF2 (previously a Wang facility, later occupied by Flextronics, situated in Castletroy) closed in 2002, and Dell Inc  has consolidated production into EMF3 (EMF1 now contains only offices)  Subsidies from the Polish government did keep Dell for a long time  After ending assembly in the Limerick plant the Cherrywood Technology Campus in Dublin was the largest Dell office in the republic with over 1200 people in sales (mainly UK & Ireland), support (enterprise support for EMEA) and research and development for cloud computing, but no more manufacturing except Dell's Alienware subsidiary, which manufactures PCs in an Athlone, Ireland, plant  Whether this facility will remain in Ireland is not certain  Dell started production at EMF4 in Łódź, Poland, in late 2007 Dell moved desktop, notebook and PowerEdge server manufacturing for the South American market from the Eldorado do Sul plant opened in 1999, to a new plant in Hortolândia, Brazil, in 2007 

Products
Scope and brands
The corporation markets specific brand names to different market segments 
Its Business/Corporate class includes:

OptiPlex (office desktop computer systems)
Dimension (home desktop computer systems)
Vostro (office/small business desktop and notebook systems)
n Series (desktop and notebook computers shipped with Linux or FreeDOS installed)
Latitude (business-focused notebooks)
Precision (workstation systems and high-performance "Mobile Workstation" notebooks),
PowerEdge (business servers)
PowerVault (direct-attach and network-attached storage)
Force10 (network switches)
PowerConnect (network switches)
Dell Compellent (storage area networks)
EqualLogic (enterprise class iSCSI SANs)
Dell EMR (electronic medical records)Dell's Home Office/Consumer class includes:

Inspiron (budget desktop and notebook computers)
XPS (high-end desktop and notebook computers)
G Series (high/medium-performance gaming laptops)
Alienware (high-performance gaming systems)
Venue (Tablets Android / Windows)Dell's Peripherals class includes USB keydrives, LCD televisions, and printers; Dell monitors includes LCD TVs, plasma TVs and projectors for HDTV and monitors  Dell UltraSharp is further a high-end brand of monitors 
Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station (extended domestic support services, previously "Dell on Call"), Dell Support Center (extended support services abroad), Dell Business Support (a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues), Dell Everdream Desktop Management ("Software as a Service" remote-desktop management, originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk's cousin, Lyndon Rive, which Dell bought in 2007), and Your Tech Team (a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell's website or through Dell phone-centers) 
Discontinued products and brands include Axim (PDA; discontinued April 9, 2007), Dimension (home and small office desktop computers; discontinued July 2007), Dell Digital Jukebox (MP3 player; discontinued August 2006), Dell PowerApp (application-based servers), Dell Optiplex (desktop and tower computers previously supported to run server and desktop operating systems), Dell Unix (an SVR4-based Unix operating system for its Dell-branded PCs and workstations; discontinued in 1993) and Dell Mobile Connect（Windows Mobile application; discontinued July 31st, 2022) 

Security
Self-signed root certificate
In November 2015, it emerged that several Dell computers had shipped with an identical pre-installed root certificate known as "eDellRoot"  This raised such security risks as attackers impersonating HTTPS-protected websites such as Google and Bank of America and malware being signed with the certificate to bypass Microsoft software filtering  Dell apologized and offered a removal tool 

Dell Foundation Services
Also in November 2015, a researcher discovered that customers with diagnostic program Dell Foundation Services could be digitally tracked using the unique service tag number assigned to them by the program  This was possible even if a customer enabled private browsing and deleted their browser cookies  Ars Technica recommended that Dell customers uninstall the program until the issue was addressed 

Commercial aspects
Organization
The board consists of nine directors  Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer  Other board members include Don Carty, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, and Sam Nunn  Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation  The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters  These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including the nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws Day-to-day operations of the company are run by the Global Executive Management Committee, which sets strategic direction  Dell has regional senior vice-presidents for countries other than the United States 

Marketing
Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs, and newspapers  Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors  In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19 2% market share  This also cut profit margins by more than half, from 8 7 to 4 3 percent  To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador A popular United States television and print ad campaign in the early 2000s featured the actor Ben Curtis playing the part of "Steven", a lightly mischievous blond-haired youth who came to the assistance of bereft computer purchasers  Each television advertisement usually ended with Steven's catch-phrase: "Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!"A subsequent advertising campaign featured interns at Dell headquarters (with Curtis' character appearing in a small cameo at the end of one of the first commercials in this particular campaign) 
In 2007, Dell switched advertising agencies in the US from BBDO to Working Mother Media  In July 2007, Dell released new advertising created by Working Mother to support the Inspiron and XPS lines  The ads featured music from the Flaming Lips and Devo who re-formed especially to record the song in the ad "Work it Out"  Also in 2007, Dell began using the slogan "Yours is here" to say that it customizes computers to fit customers' requirements Beginning in 2011, Dell began hosting a conference in Austin, Texas, at the Austin Convention Center titled "Dell World"  The event featured new technology and services provided by Dell and Dell's partners  In 2011, the event was held October 12–14  In 2012, the event was held December 11–13  In 2013, the event was held December 11–13  In 2014, the event was held November 4–6 

Dell partner program
In late 2007, Dell Inc  announced that it planned to expand its program to value-added resellers (VARs), giving it the official name of "Dell Partner Direct" and a new Website Dell India has started Online Ecommerce website with its Dell Partner www compuindia com GNG Electronics Pvt Ltd termed as Dell Express Ship Affiliate(DESA) 
The main objective was to reduce the delivery time  Customers who visit Dell India official site are given the option to buy online which then will be redirected to Dell affiliate website compuindia com 

Global analytics
Dell also operates a captive analytics division which supports pricing, web analytics, and supply chain operations  DGA operates as a single, centralized entity with a global view of Dell's business activities  The firm supports over 500 internal customers worldwide and has created a quantified impact of over $500 million 

Criticisms of marketing of laptop security
In 2008, Dell received press coverage over its claim of having the world's most secure laptops, specifically, its Latitude D630 and Latitude D830  At Lenovo's request, the (US) National Advertising Division (NAD) evaluated the claim, and reported that Dell did not have enough evidence to support it 

Retail
Dell first opened their retail stores in India 

United States
In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States  Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade  In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the US  In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the US once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart  Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the US, and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the US, became Dell retail partners later that same year 

Kiosks
Starting in 2002, Dell opened kiosk locations in the United States to allow customers to examine products before buying them directly from the company  Starting in 2005, Dell expanded kiosk locations to include shopping malls across Australia, Canada, Singapore and Hong Kong  On January 30, 2008, Dell announced it would shut down all 140 kiosks in the US due to expansion into retail stores  By June 3, 2010, Dell had also shut down all of its mall kiosks in Australia 

Retail stores
As of the end of February 2008, Dell products shipped to one of the largest office supply retailers in Canada, Staples Business Depot  In April 2008, Future Shop and Best Buy began carrying a subset of Dell products, such as certain desktops, laptops, printers, and monitors 
Since some shoppers in certain markets show reluctance to purchase technological products through the phone or the Internet, Dell has looked into opening retail operations in some countries in Central Europe and Russia  In April 2007, Dell opened a retail store in Budapest  In October of the same year, Dell opened a retail store in Moscow 
In the UK, HMV's flagship Trocadero store has sold Dell XPS PCs since December 2007  From January 2008 the UK stores of DSGi have sold Dell products (in particular, through Currys and PC World stores)  As of 2008, the large supermarket chain Tesco has sold Dell laptops and desktops in outlets throughout the UK 
In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with the office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range  These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store  Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year  In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with the discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for "Slashing Prices"  Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008  Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks—owned by Coles Group—reached a deal)  The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range  As of 2009, Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centers throughout Australia  On March 31, 2010, Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program 
In Germany, Dell is selling selected smartphones and notebooks via Media Markt and Saturn, as well as some shopping websites 

Competition
Dell's major competitors include Lenovo, Hewlett-Packard (HP), Hasee, Acer, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Gateway, Sony, Asus, MSI, Panasonic, Samsung and Apple  Dell and its subsidiary, Alienware, compete in the enthusiast market against AVADirect, Falcon Northwest, VoodooPC (a subsidiary of HP), and other manufacturers  In the second quarter of 2006, Dell had between 18% and 19% share of the worldwide personal computer market, compared to HP with roughly 15% 
In late 2006, Dell lost its lead in the PC business to Hewlett-Packard  Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did  Dell's 3 6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period  The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8 9% (versus HP's 23 9% growth)  As a result, at the end of 2006 Dell's overall PC market share stood at 13 9% (versus HP's 17 4%) 
IDC reported that Dell lost more server market share than any of the top four competitors in that arena  IDC's Q4 2006 estimates show Dell's share of the server market at 8 1%, down from 9 5% in the previous year  This represents an 8 8% loss year-over-year, primarily to competitors EMC and IBM  As of 2021, Dell is the third-largest PC manufacturer after Lenovo and HP 

Partnership with EMC
In 2001, Dell and EMC entered into a partnership whereby both companies jointly design products, and Dell provided support for certain EMC products including midrange storage systems, such as fibre channel and iSCSI storage area networks  The relationship also promotes and sells OEM versions of backup, recovery, replication and archiving software  On December 9, 2008, Dell and EMC announced the multi-year extension, through 2013, of the strategic partnership with EMC  In addition, Dell expanded its product lineup by adding the EMC Celerra NX4 storage system to the portfolio of Dell/EMC family of networked storage systems and partnered on a new line of data deduplication products as part of its TierDisk family of data storage devices On October 17, 2011, Dell discontinued reselling all EMC storage products, ending the partnership 2 years early  Later Dell would acquire and merge with EMC in the largest tech merger to date 

Environmental record
Dell committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with the 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year   It is listed in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are  In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5 1 from 4 9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010) Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009  It revised this commitment and now aims to remove toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products 
In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell's founder and CEO Michael Dell to "drop the toxics" and claiming that Dell's aspiration to be 'the greenest technology company on the planet' was "hypocritical"   Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009 In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Dell the eighth-highest of 24 consumer electronics companies 

Green initiatives
Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006 
On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its "Recycling Works" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility 
On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009  The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12 4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier On June 5, 2007, Dell set a goal of becoming the greenest technology company on Earth for the long term  The company launched a zero-carbon initiative that includes:

reducing Dell's carbon intensity by 15 percent by 2012
requiring primary suppliers to report carbon emissions data during quarterly business reviews
partnering with customers to build the "greenest PC on the planet"
expanding the company's carbon-offsetting program, "Plant a Tree for Me"Dell reports its environmental performance in an annual Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report that follows the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) protocol  Dell's 2008 CSR report ranked as "Application Level B" as "checked by GRI" The company aims to reduce its external environmental impact through an energy-efficient evolution of products, and also reduce its direct operational impact through energy-efficiency programs 

Criticism
In the 1990s, Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors  This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts  While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003, Dell remains secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals (such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs) In 2005, complaints about Dell more than doubled to 1,533, after earnings grew 52% that year In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service  Issues included call transfers
of more than 45% of calls and long wait times  Dell's blog detailed the response: "We're spending more than a $100 million—and a lot of blood, sweat, and tears of talented people—to fix this " Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million  Since 2018, Dell has seen significant increase in consumer satisfaction  Moreover, their customer service has been praised for its prompt and accurate answers to most questions, especially those directed to their social media support On August 17, 2007, Dell Inc  announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $50 million and $150 million, or 2 cents to 7 cents per share  The investigation, begun in November 2006, resulted from concerns raised by the US Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc  had submitted  It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD  In 2010 Dell finally paid $100 million to settle the SEC's charges of fraud  Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges In July 2009, Dell apologized after drawing the ire of the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission for twice refusing to honor a flood of orders against unusually low prices offered on its Taiwanese website  In the first instance, Dell offered a 19" LCD panel for $15  In the second instance, Dell offered its Latitude E4300 notebook at NT$18,558 (US$580), 70% lower than the usual price of NT$60,900 (US$1900)  Concerning the E4300, rather than honor the discount taking a significant loss, the firm withdrew orders and offered a voucher of up to NT$20,000 (US$625) a customer in compensation  The consumer rights authorities in Taiwan fined Dell NT$1 million (US$31250) for customer rights infringements  Many consumers sued the firm for unfair compensation  A court in southern Taiwan ordered the firm to deliver 18 laptops and 76 flat-panel monitors to 31 consumers for NT$490,000 (US$15,120), less than a third of the normal price  The court said the event could hardly be regarded as mistakes, as the prestigious firm said the company mispriced its products twice in Taiwanese website within 3 weeks After Michael Dell made a $24 4 billion buyout bid in August 2013, activist shareholder Carl Icahn sued the company and its board in an attempt to derail the bid and promote his own forthcoming offer In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including BYD, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang 

See also
List of computer system manufacturers
List of Dell ownership activities
Configurator
Mass customization
Passage 4:
Adam Dell
Adam R  Dell (born January 14, 1970) is an American venture capitalist and is the brother of Michael Dell, the founder of computer manufacturing company Dell Inc 

Early life and education
Dell was born in Houston, Texas to a German Jewish family  He attended Tulane University and the University of Texas School of Law 

Career
He began his career working as a corporate attorney for Winstead Sechrest & Minick, in Austin, Texas, before joining the venture capital firm of Enterprise Partners in La Jolla, California  He then joined Crosspoint Venture Partners, in Woodside, California, where he became a partner in 1999  In 2000 he formed Impact Venture Partners, a $100mm early stage venture capital firm, in New York City  Dell joined Austin Ventures as a venture partner in 2009  Dell joined Goldman Sachs as a partner in 2018 
During the course of his career, Dell invested in numerous technology companies such as Hotjobs com, which was acquired by Yahoo! in 2002; Ingenio, which was acquired by AT&T in 2007; and OpenTable He founded six companies: Clarity Money, which was acquired by Goldman Sachs in 2018, Civitas Learning, Buzzsaw com, which was acquired by AutoDesk in 2002, MessageOne which was acquired by Dell, Inc  in 2008, Domain Money, and Shared Earth  
Dell has served as an adjunct professor at both Columbia Business School and the University of Texas School of Law 

Personal life
In 2010, Dell had a daughter with Padma Lakshmi 
Passage 5:
The Dice Spelled Murder
The Dice Spelled Murder, by American novelist Al Fray, was published in 1957 by Dell Publishing Company, Inc  as a Dell (paperback) First Edition  The jacket notes
to Fray's subsequent novel, Come Back for More, refer to The Dice Spelled Murder as a "best selling" novel 

Plot introduction
Danny is a master with the dice and Velma could con any man into anything  As a pair they cruise the California convention circuit, hustling suckers and raking in the dough  Where will their greed finally take them? To the fulfillment of their dreams? Or to sudden, violent death?

Plot summary
Danny Hogan, a truck driver disaffected with his job at Torgus Trucking, meets beautiful Velma Reed in a seedy Los Angeles bar where she has been working as the bartender's shill, enticing lonely men to buy drinks  Danny doesn't recognize Velma, but the two of them attended the same high school in a distant city, where they were only casually acquainted 
Danny was expelled from high school after being caught using loaded dice in an after-school craps game  A short time later, and unbeknownst to Danny, Velma became pregnant and also left school and their home town  Now, a dozen years later, Velma recognizes Danny and renews their acquaintance  Appealing to his greed and his masculinity, she convinces him to use his skills with crooked dice in a confidence game to help her separate convention-goers from their money  At first reluctant because of a beating he received in the Army after being caught using altered dice, Danny eventually agrees, hoping to amass enough money to start his own trucking company  He soon comes to realize that Velma, too, has a loftier purpose in mind—buying a motel in Las Vegas that she can operate, in order to become "legit" and no longer feel ashamed of the way she earns money to support her young son, whom she has placed in a boarding school 
The bulk of the novel's action surrounds Velma's artful pickup of likely suckers at conventions, mostly in California cities, and Danny's subsequent fleecing of them in craps games  Their adventures bring them into contact with a number of ordinary and extraordinary characters, including a gay con artist toward whom Danny displays a disdain that was probably more politically correct in 1957 than it seems now  Various close calls ensue, and Danny loses some of his enthusiasm for the con  He tells Velma he wants to quit, but she convinces him to run the con with her one last time 
Along the way, and unbeknownst to Danny, Velma and another male friend, Joe Lovelli, have committed  blackmail  Velma has twice enticed men to her hotel room, where Joe waited in a closet with a camera  Using infrared film, Joe snapped photographs of the men in compromising positions with Velma  The blackmailers then extorted—or attempted to extort—hush-up money from their victims  Danny remains unaware of Velma and Joe's sideline until near the end of the book, when Velma's second blackmail victim, a mob-related big shot, propels the novel to its climax in a fatal car chase 
After struggling with a conflict between conscience and ambition, Danny mails the bulk of his dishonest gambling earnings to Velma's young son, keeping only enough to buy a good used truck so that he and Jill Conner—the pretty, young, former office manager at Torgus Trucking—can start their own trucking firm 
Passage 6:
Hagerty Insurance Agency
Hagerty, Inc  is an American automotive lifestyle and membership company and the world's largest provider of specialty insurance for classic vehicles  Hagerty is based in Traverse City, Michigan and also operates in Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom 

History
Hagerty was launched in 1984 by Frank and Louise Hagerty after they could not find good insurance coverage for their wooden boats  The company initially focused on providing coverage for antique boats, and later expanded into cars and other vehicles  In 1991, the company added coverage for classic cars In 2000, McKeel Hagerty, son of Frank and Louise, became CEO  Under McKeel Hagerty's guidance, the company developed an automotive media arm by launching Hagerty magazine (ISSN 2162-8033), covering the classic and enthusiast vehicle market  In 2020, the magazine was renamed Hagerty Drivers Club Magazine Hagerty published its first annual Hagerty Price Guide in 2008, a valuation tool that informs classic car buyers on how to best navigate the digital automotive age  Hagerty also originated both the Historic Vehicle Association (HVA) and the RPM Foundation In 2017, the company adopted saving driving and preserving automotive culture for future generations as its corporate mission  To support the mission, Hagerty launched Hagerty Drivers Club, offering members access to events, automotive discounts, roadside service and more  In 2017, Hagerty also acquired DriveShare  The company became the owner and organizer of the Greenwich Concours d'Elégance and established MotorsportReg com and Hagerty Garage + Social in 2019  In 2021 it bought the California Mile, the Concours d’Elegance of America, and the Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance In December 2021, Hagerty went public by merging with Aldel Financial, a SPAC, under the symbol HGTY  The merger deal was valued at $3 13 billion In January 2023, Hagerty launched Hagerty ECO (Enthusiast Carbon Offset) scheme for classic motorists to offset their carbon emissions  Hagerty partner with a third party to plant trees on your behalf  The scheme quickly came under scruitiny when the third party was found to be taking 20-30% of offset donations to simply pass the funds on to other charities  There are also no calculations provided as to how they achieve their CO2 or 'Trees' figures  A 2023 Bloomberg News article documented how within two years McKeel Hagerty turned the small family business into a conglomerate with dominance in the industry and classic car insurance markets 

In popular culture
Hagerty partnered with Japanese video game developer Polyphony Digital in 2022 to appear in the video game Gran Turismo 7  Hagerty branding appeared in the game's "Legend Cars Dealer" screen, and CEO McKeel Hagerty also featured, describing the cars that were available for the player to purchase, dubbed the "Hagerty Collection "



ground_truth: Fort Davis