prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the last time the sports team Alan O'Neil was a member of beat the winner of the 1894-95 FA cup?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
1894–95 FA Cup
The 1894–95 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup)  The cup was won by Aston Villa, who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London  This was Villa's second victory in the FA Cup 
The Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W  Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward  According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer  The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game 
Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week  If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined  If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played 

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final 

First round proper
The first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams  The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division  The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition  Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper  Eight non-league sides also qualified 
The matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895  One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture  The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played   The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool 

Second round proper
The eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895  There were two replays, played in the following midweek fixture 

Third round proper
The four Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 2 March 1895  There were no replays 

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 16 March 1895  Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion went on to meet in the final at Crystal Palace 

Final
The Final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace  Aston Villa won 1–0, with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history, scored after just 30 seconds  Devey found Hodgetts, whose cross was laid off by Athersmith to Chatt, whose half volley took a deflection 

Match details
See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-
Passage 2:
History of Chelsea F C 
The History of Chelsea F C  spans the period from 1905 to the present day:

History of Chelsea F C  (1905–1952)
History of Chelsea F C  (1952–1983)
History of Chelsea F C  (1983–2003)
History of Chelsea F C  (2003–2022)
History of Chelsea F C  (2022–present)For a season-by-season account of Chelsea's history, see List of Chelsea F C  seasons 

See also
Chelsea F C  § History
Passage 3:
Second City derby
In English football, the Second City derby or Birmingham derby, is the local derby between the two major clubs in the city of Birmingham – Aston Villa and Birmingham City, first contested in 1879  Villa play at Villa Park while Birmingham play at St Andrew's, the two grounds separated by roughly 2 4 miles (3 9 km)  It is known as the Second City Derby based on Birmingham being referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom  The two clubs are generally regarded as each other's most fierce rivals  In addition both sides have affiliated women's sides, Aston Villa W F C  and Birmingham City W F C 

History
The clubs first met on 27 September 1879, when Birmingham City were called Small Heath Alliance  The game, on a pitch at Small Heath's Muntz Street ground described by the Villa players as "only suitable for pot-holing", finished 1–0 – recorded as "one goal and a disputed goal to nil" – to the home side  Villa won the first competitive game between the clubs, in the Second Round of the FA Cup at Wellington Road in 1887, by four goals to nil, and their first league encounter, in the First Division in the 1894–95 season, 2–1 The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches  In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side 3–0 ahead with eleven minutes to go, Blues scored three times in a dramatic final spell to draw the match  The following year, Aston Villa made headlines with the signing of Tom 'Pongo' Waring, and his first appearance was for the reserves against Birmingham City's reserves, which famously drew a crowd of 23,000  Waring scored three times in the match The most significant clash was the final of the 1963 League Cup, which was staged not long after Aston Villa had beaten Birmingham City 4–0 in the league  Blues won 3–1 on aggregate over the two-legged final to claim their first major domestic honour During the late 1970s to early 1980s both Villa and Blues met regularly in the First Division and both teams had some memorable successes in the fixture  In 1980–81 Villa did the double over Blues and went on to win the First Division title  Blues scored a memorable 3–0 victory at St Andrew's in the first meeting following Villa's European Cup triumph in 1982  Both teams promptly went into decline  Blues racked up a 3–0 win in a relegation battle at Villa Park in March 1986 but were relegated at the end of that season  Villa would be demoted the following campaign  The next time Villa met Blues in a league fixture at Villa Park again was in the Second Division and saw a 2–0 Blues victory  The reverse fixture at St Andrew's was a 2–1 Villa victory with both goals coming from Garry Thompson  The two sides would only meet again in the 1980s in cup competitions  Villa won 7–0 on aggregate when they clashed twice in the 1988–89 League Cup  The same season Villa also won a Full Members Cup clash 6–0 

The Premier League Era
Following the creation of the Premier League, Aston Villa and Birmingham City met twice in the second round of the 1993–94 League Cup  Villa won both matches 1–0  The game at St Andrew's was settled by a Kevin Richardson goal after his keeper Mark Bosnich had saved a penalty from John Frain to keep the game at 0–0  The second leg at Villa Park was notable for a winning goal from Villa's Dean Saunders and a red card for Blues' Paul Tait  Villa went on to win the trophy 
Blues' promotion to the Premier League in 2002 saw fans eagerly anticipating the first league derbies in 15 years  Blues won both derbies 3–0 and 2–0, respectively  Both matches saw goalkeeping errors by Villa goalkeeper Peter Enckelman, including a goal scored directly from an Olof Mellberg throw-in  Violence between both sets of fans occurred before both matches as evening kick-off times had allowed fans to get drunk over the course of the day  In March 2003, during the game at Villa Park, two Villa players were sent off, Dion Dublin for a head-butt on Blues' Robbie Savage and Joey Guðjónsson for a reckless two-footed tackle on Matthew Upson  Trouble also took place following the game on Witton Lane outside Villa Park, where missiles were hurled at police who were attempting to keep both sets of fans apart 
The 2003–04 Premiership season saw games ending in 0–0 and 2–2 draws  The 2–2 draw saw Blues recover a two-goal deficit thanks to a 90th-minute equaliser from Stern John  Both games were lunchtime kick-offs to avoid drunken behaviour, which was achieved although the games lost none of their passionate edge  The following season Blues got back to winning ways, with 2–1 victory at Villa Park just before Christmas and 2–0 at home in March, Villa keeper Thomas Sørensen making mistakes in both matches, though it's debatable if his errors directly affected the respective results  In the 2005–06 Premiership Season, Villa finally beat Blues in the Premiership, thanks to a Kevin Phillips goal  This was followed up by another Villa victory on 16 April 2006, Easter Sunday, with Aston Villa winning 3–1 thanks to two goals from Milan Baroš and a bicycle kick from Gary Cahill  Blues were relegated in 2006 but subsequently promoted in 2007 
In November 2007, Villa won their third consecutive derby match with a 2–1 victory at St Andrew's  Former Villa defender Liam Ridgewell scored an own goal to put Villa 1–0 up, Blues equalised through Mikael Forssell only for Gabriel Agbonlahor to clinch it with a late header for Villa, having cleared off his own line seconds before  Violent clashes took place outside the ground after the game in which over 20 police officers were hurt  The derby on 20 April 2008 between the two sides ended in a 5–1 win for Aston Villa at Villa Park, the biggest winning margin for either side in a league match for 40 years 
Villa continued their winning ways in the derby, when they won both of the meetings between the clubs in the 2009–10 Premier League season  The first took place on 13 September 2009 at St Andrew's, and ended 1–0 to Aston Villa, with Agbonlahor scoring the winner in the 85th minute, once again there was trouble with 14 arrests  Villa then went on to beat Blues 1–0 at Villa Park thanks to a disputed penalty from James Milner in the 82nd minute  This was the 3rd time in 4 derbies that Villa had scored the winning goal in the final 10 minutes of the game  Villa also possess the record of six straight wins from 1987 to 1993, including five cup matches  This record was then achieved in the Premier League after Villa beat Blues 1–0 on 25 April 2010, setting a record of six straight league wins from 2005 to 2010  The record was finally ended at the next derby match on 31 October 2010, which resulted in a 0–0 draw at Villa Park  The return match at St Andrew's also ended in a draw, with it finishing 1–1 
In those games in October and December 2010 where Aston Villa played Birmingham City, at Villa Park (Premier League, 31 October) and St Andrew's (League Cup, 1 December, which was the first mid-week game between the two sides since 2003) violence between the two sets of supporters and hooligan firms occurred, with many fans being arrested  In the first game, there were scenes of violence outside Villa Park and there were a small amount of arrests including a Birmingham City club chef  In the second of the two games (and larger scale violence) after Blues had beaten Villa 2–1, Blues supporters came onto the pitch and confronted the visiting Villa fans, this resulted in flares, ripped out seats and other missiles being hurled by Villa fans into the Blues supporters, there were also flash points before and after the game including the attack on a Blues supporters pub by Villa hooligans, the events were described as a "warzone" by a supporter who attended the game  Birmingham City were later fined £40,000 by the Football Association for failing to control their fans On 10 April 2011, an episode of Police Academy UK, a TV show aired on BBC Three which documents overseas police officers' introduction to British crime and policing, was set in Birmingham and covered the violence that occurred at the game between Birmingham City and Aston Villa on 1 December 2010 On 17 June 2011, Birmingham City manager Alex McLeish swapped Blues for Villa in a move that shocked the football world  The reaction from both sets of supporters was one of anger  Blues supporters were angry at McLeish, who guided them to only their second ever major trophy win in February 2011, for betraying them to join bitter rivals Villa, and Villa fans were unhappy with the appointment of a manager that had got Blues relegated twice in four seasons, and was perceived to play a negative style of football; that he came from Blues only served to rub salt into the wound of the board making such an unambitious and negative appointment  Several hundred Villa supporters protested at Villa Park when it emerged that Villa owner Randy Lerner has begun talks with McLeish  McLeish received death threats from followers of both teams following his appointment as Aston Villa manager  This controversial move only increased tension and hostility between the players, supporters and owners of both clubs even more as Blues directors threatened legal action against Villa for allegedly "tapping up" McLeish, who resigned as Blues manager on 12 June 2011, while he was still under contract at Birmingham City  McLeish's appointment marked the first time in history that a manager had moved directly from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  On 14 May 2012, one day after the 2011–12 Premier League season ended, McLeish was sacked as Villa manager after a massively disappointing one season in charge 

The EFL Championship Era
After being relegated in 2011, Birmingham are still yet to gain promotion back to the top flight of English football  However, since Alex McLeish was sacked as Villa manager, Villa's poor form continued  Despite several manager changes over the next few years, after several close calls they were finally relegated at the end of the 2015/16 season  Earlier on in the 2015/16 season, the two teams were drawn to play each other in the third round of the League Cup  Aston Villa ran out 1–0 winners thanks to a goal from Rudy Gestede  
In the 2016–17 season the two teams faced off in the second tier of English football for the first time since 1987  The first game at St Andrew's ended in a 1–1 draw  Villa won the second match 1–0 with a 69th-minute goal scored by Agbonlahor  The two sides faced each other again in the league during the 2017/18 season, producing a dismal 0–0 draw at St  Andrews marred by Birmingham fans throwing clappers at the Villa players all throughout the game, before Villa emphatically fortified their second city superiority with a 2–0 victory in front of 41,232 spectators at Villa Park  Some fans believed this game to be a coming of age for lifelong Villa fan and local Jack Grealish, who produced a match-winning man-of-the-match display  
The teams next met on 25 November in one of the most exciting derby games in recent times, Villa ran out 4-2 winners after goals from Jonathan Kodjia, Jack Grealish, a Tammy Abraham penalty and Alan Hutton who ran half the length of the pitch to score, Pedersen and Lukas Jutkiewicz scored for Birmingham On 10 March 2019, a Birmingham City fan invaded the pitch during the reverse fixture at St  Andrew's and assaulted Aston Villa captain Jack Grealish on the pitch by punching him from behind in the head, which was labelled as "disgraceful and cowardly" by supporters of both teams  The man was arrested and charged by West Midlands Police  St Andrew's' security was criticised as a result  The game ended in an ironic twist with a 1–0 win for Aston Villa with Grealish scoring the winning goal  At the end of the same season, Villa were promoted as they won ten in a row including that game  Since then, this fiercely contested fixture hasn't been played between the two rivals 

Women's Sides
Birmingham City W F C  were founded in 1968, whilst Aston Villa W F C  were founded in 1973 as Solihull F C , and took on their current Aston Villa guise in 1996  During the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons both teams competed in the second tier FA Women's Premier League North  Birmingham were then promoted to the Women's Premier League National with Villa joining them for one season in 2003-04 before being relegated  Then followed 18 years of the teams being in different divisions, Birmingham being in the top tier and Villa elsewhere, until the 2020–21 Women's Super League season when Villa were promoted up to join Blues  In the first ever WSL match between the two sides Birmingham beat Villa 1–0 at an empty Villa Park (due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom), while the Birmingham's home match which was also played behind closed doors at Damson Park, Solihull was a 1–1 draw  In the 2021–22 season, Aston Villa won 1–0 at St  Andrew's  Birmingham returned the favour and won 1–0 at Villa Park on 8 May 2022, the final day of the season, as they were relegated to the FA Women's Championship As of the 2021–22 Birmingham currently play at St Andrew's, home of the men's team, having played at Redditch Utd, Stratford Town and Solihull Moors in the 21st century  Villa play at Walsall's Bescot Stadium, having moved from Boldmere St Michaels - although important games such as the Second City Derby will often take place at Villa Park 

Statistics and records
As of the end of the 2010–11 season, there have been 120 meetings in major competition between the two teams since the first FA Cup meeting in 1887, of which Aston Villa have won 52 and Birmingham City 38  The most goals in one game were scored in a league game on 7 July 1895, in the First Division, as Small Heath lost to Aston Villa 7–3  The biggest winning margin was 6–0 to Aston Villa on 9 November 1988, in a Full Members Cup fixture  The last Birmingham City league victory over Aston Villa was on 20 March 2005, when Blues won 2–0 at St Andrew's  Villa won six encounters in a row, most recently on 25 April 2010 (2005–2010)  The two teams drew for the first time in over six years in the next match (the first of three in the 2010–11 season), with the match finishing 0–0 (the other Premier League match of the season also finished as a draw)  The second match of the season resulted in the first Blues win since 2005, as they beat Villa 2–1 in the 2010–11 League Cup Quarter Final on 1 December 2010 

All-time results
Cup matches
Women's matches
Summary of results
Stats correct as of 10 March 2019 

Records
Firsts
First competitive meeting: Aston Villa 4–0 Small Heath Alliance (FA Cup), 5 November 1887 
First league meeting: Aston Villa 2–1 Small Heath, 1 September 1894 
First away victory for Aston Villa: Small Heath 1–4 Aston Villa, 26 October 1895 
First away victory for Birmingham City: Aston Villa 1–3 Birmingham, 20 January 1906 

Results
Highest scoring game: Aston Villa 7–3 Small Heath, 7 September 1895 
Largest winning margin (Aston Villa): 6 goals – 6–0, 9 November 1988 
Largest winning margin (Birmingham City): 4 goals – 4–0, 21 September 1968 

Players
Most goals in a match (Aston Villa):
Most goals in a match (Birmingham City):

Trends
Most games won in a row (Aston Villa): 6, 16 October 2005 to 25 April 2010 
Most games won in a row (Birmingham City): 5, 3 April 1976 – 25 February 1978 
Most games without defeat (Aston Villa): 14, 16 October 2005 – on going
Most games without defeat (Birmingham City): 6, 8 March 1933 – 23 November 1935 and 16 September 2002 – 20 March 2005 
Most drawn games in a row: 4, 10 December 1949 – 21 September 1955 
Whenever the clubs have met in the Premier League the result has always been the same during that particular season: 2002/2003– 2 Blues wins, 2003/2004– 2 draws, 2004/2005– 2 Blues wins, 2005/2006– 2 Villa Wins, 2007/2008– 2 Villa wins, 2009/2010– 2 Villa wins, 2010/11- 2 draws 

Top scorers
The following is a list of the top goal scorers for each team in the fixture  Only players who have scored 4 or more goals feature 

Crossing the divide
Players
Unlike, for example, the Old Firm derby, there is no shortage of players who have appeared for both clubs  Villa legend Harry Hampton transferred to Blues after the First World War and helped the club to the Second Division title  The last established first-team player to make this move was Des Bremner in 1984, though there had been loan signings and movement of youth players during this period  The most recent permanent transfer from Aston Villa to Birmingham City was that of Gary Gardner in Summer 2019, his brother Craig was the previous player to move from Villa to Birmingham in 2010  The last player to move directly in the other direction was Spanish Winger Jota in the same transfer window 
Notable players who have been transferred directly between the clubs are listed below 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Villa to Blues  In addition, there are several players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club 
European Cup winner Dennis Mortimer – regarded by Villa fans as one of their greatest ever players – also played for Birmingham City in the 1986/7 season 
Kevin Phillips played for Villa in the 2005/06 season before moving to Blues in 2008 via West Bromwich Albion 

Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Notes
The players listed above made a direct transfer from Blues to Villa  In addition, there are several high-profile players who have "crossed the divide" but done so via another league club  Notable examples include former England international Emile Heskey and European Cup winner Peter Withe 
Chris Sutton was released by Birmingham City at the end of the 2005–06 season  His next club was Aston Villa, for whom he signed for in October 2006 
Scott Sinclair has played on loan at both clubs  He was on loan at Birmingham City while he was playing for Chelsea during the 2008–09 season and he was on loan at Aston Villa during the 2014–15 season before signing permanently from Manchester City 

Managers
Former Aston Villa Manager Ron Saunders, who managed Villa to League Cup success in 1975 and again in 1977 before taking the club to its first Championship success for 70 years in 1981, also moved across to Birmingham City following his resignation in 1982 
Alex McLeish's appointment as Aston Villa manager in June 2011 after resigning from Birmingham City five days before was the first time in history a manager has moved from Birmingham City to Aston Villa  The move shocked the football world and increased tension between the two clubs even more Former Birmingham City Manager Steve Bruce was appointed Villa manager in 2016 

Aston Villa to Birmingham City
Birmingham City to Aston Villa
Chairmen
Doug Ellis was a director of Birmingham City in the late 1960s before becoming part of a consortium which took over at Aston Villa in 1968 

See also
Aston Villa Hardcore (hooligan firm)
Birmingham Zulu Warriors (hooligan firm)
List of Aston Villa F C  seasons
List of Birmingham City F C  seasons
List of Aston Villa F C  records and statistics
List of Birmingham City F C  records and statistics
Passage 4:
Alan O'Neill (footballer, born 1973)
Alan O'Neill (born 27 August 1973) is an Irish former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham City  He also played in Ireland 

Career
O'Neill was born in Cork  A forward, he played in Ireland for Cork City and Cobh Ramblers before coming to England to sign for Birmingham City in February 1992 for a fee of £15,000  He made his debut in the Football League Third Division on 29 February 1992, coming on as a substitute in a home game against Stoke City which finished as a 1–1 draw  He played in three more league games during the 1991–92 season, but dropped out of consideration when the club were promoted, and returned to Ireland in 1993 
Passage 5:
Singapore FA Cup
The Singapore FA Cup, (also known as the Singapore Pools FA Cup for sponsorship reasons), is an annual football competition in Singapore Initially held for clubs from the S League from 1996-1998, the Football Association of Singapore decided to change format of the cup to allow only teams from National Football League to take part in the knock out competition from 1999,
so that the S League clubs can focus on Singapore Cup, competition created in 1998 After the Singapore Cup and earlier League Cup, Singapore FA Cup is the next major cup competition in Singapore  For a number of years, the FA Cup was solely restricted to NFL clubs  In 2006, S League clubs were once again allowed in the competition, but were only permitted to field their developmental Prime League teams  The team matchups were drawn out of a hat against one another for the initial 2006 and 2007 seasons, before being seeded into two groups since 2008 

Results
Note: 
Tampines Rovers SC is a separate entity from Tampines Rovers 
SAFSA is a separate entity from Singapore Armed Forces 
Police SA is a separate entity from Home United (formerly Police FC) 
Passage 6:
Manchester United F C 
Manchester United Football Club, commonly referred to as Man United (often stylised as Man Utd), or simply United, is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England  The club competes in the Premier League, the top division in the English football league system  Nicknamed the Red Devils, they were founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, but changed their name to Manchester United in 1902  After a spell playing in Clayton, Manchester, the club moved to their current stadium, Old Trafford, in 1910 
Domestically, Manchester United have won a record 20 league titles, 12 FA Cups, six League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields  In international football, they have won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League three times, and the UEFA Europa League, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Super Cup, the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup once each  In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, 10 years after eight of the club's players were killed in the Munich air disaster, they became the first English club to win the European Cup  Sir Alex Ferguson is the club's longest-serving and most successful manager, winning 38 trophies, including 13 league titles, five FA Cups, and two Champions League titles between 1986 and 2013  In the 1998–99 season, under Ferguson, the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League  In winning the UEFA Europa League under José Mourinho in 2016–17, they became one of five clubs to have won the original three main UEFA club competitions (the Champions League, Europa League and Cup Winners' Cup) 
Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world and has rivalries with Liverpool, Manchester City, Arsenal and Leeds United  Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016–17, with an annual revenue of €676 3 million, and the world's third most valuable football club in 2019, valued at £3 15 billion ($3 81 billion)  After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club was taken private in 2005 after a purchase by American businessman Malcolm Glazer valued at almost £800 million, of which over £500 million of borrowed money became the club's debt  From 2012, some shares of the club were listed on the New York Stock Exchange, although the Glazer family retains overall ownership and control of the club 

History
Early years (1878–1945)
Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) depot at Newton Heath  The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6–0 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team  By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league  Following the league's dissolution after only one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with The Football League  This resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the "LYR" from its name  After two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division 

In January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £310,000 in 2023 – the club was served with a winding-up order  Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Henry Davies (who became club president), each willing to invest £500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name; on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was officially born  Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 – the club's first league title  The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club's first FA Cup title  Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925  Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934  Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W  Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the club  In the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division 

Busby years (1945–1969)
In October 1945, the impending resumption of football after the war led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers and training sessions  Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948  In 1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41 years  They then won back-to-back league titles in 1956 and 1957; the squad, who had an average age of 22, were nicknamed "the Busby Babes" by the media, a testament to Busby's faith in his youth players  In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season  En route to the semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 10–0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest victory on record 

The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany  The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players – Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more 

Assistant manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers  In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958–59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers  Despite approval from The Football Association, The Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition, since it had not qualified  Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963  The following season, they finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967  In 1968, Manchester United became the first English club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best  They then represented Europe in the 1968 Intercontinental Cup against Estudiantes de La Plata of Argentina, but defeat in the first leg in Buenos Aires meant a 1–1 draw at Old Trafford three weeks later was not enough to claim the title  Busby resigned as manager in 1969 before being replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness 

1969–1986
Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach  In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972  Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and Charlton had left the club  The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton  They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1  Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977  Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to win any trophies; they finished second in 1979–80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup final  Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the team won the last seven games under his direction  He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from his former club West Bromwich Albion  Under Atkinson, Manchester United won the FA Cup in 1983 and 1985 and beat rivals Liverpool to win the 1983 Charity Shield  In 1985–86, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches, the club was favourite to win the league but finished in fourth place  The following season, with the club in danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed 

Ferguson years (1986–2013)
Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal, and guided the club to an 11th-place finish in the league  Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season  Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, Ferguson's job was saved by victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup final  The following season, Manchester United claimed their first UEFA Cup Winners' Cup title  That triumph allowed the club to compete in the European Super Cup for the first time, where United beat European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1–0 at Old Trafford  The club appeared in two consecutive League Cup finals in 1991 and 1992, beating Nottingham Forest 1–0 in the second to win that competition for the first time as well  In 1993, in the first season of the newly founded Premier League, the club won their first league title since 1967, and a year later, for the first time since 1957, they won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first "Double" in the club's history  United then became the first English club to do the Double twice when they won both competitions again in 1995–96, before retaining the league title once more in 1996–97 with a game to spare 
 
In the 1998–99 season, Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season  Trailing 1–0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time  That summer, Ferguson received a knighthood for his services to football In November 1999, the club became the only British team to ever win the Intercontinental Cup with a 1–0 victory over the strong 1999 Copa Libertadores winners Palmeiras in Tokyo  The Red Devils counted on an unexpected goalkeeper fail by future 2002 FIFA World Cup winner Marcos and a disallowed goal scored by Alex to win the game 
 
Manchester United won the league again in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons, becoming only the fourth club to win the English title three times in a row  The team finished third in 2001–02, before regaining the title in 2002–03  They won the 2003–04 FA Cup, beating Millwall 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time  In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade, but recovered to secure a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup final  The club regained the Premier League title in the 2006–07 season, before completing the European double in 2007–08 with a 6–5 penalty shoot-out victory over Chelsea in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final in Moscow to go with their 17th English league title  Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in that game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton  In December 2008, the club became the first British team to win the FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008–09 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title  That summer, forward Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £80 million  In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition After finishing as runners-up to Chelsea in the 2009–10 season, United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010–11, securing the championship with a 1–1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011  This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012–13, securing the championship with a 3–0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 

2013–present
On 8 May 2013, Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season, but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador  He retired as the most decorated manager in football history  The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July, having signed a six-year contract  Ryan Giggs took over as interim player-manager 10 months later, on 22 April 2014, when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995–96  They also failed to qualify for the UEFA Europa League, the first time Manchester United had not qualified for a European competition since 1990  On 19 May 2014, it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three-year deal, with Giggs as his assistant  Malcolm Glazer, the patriarch of the family that owns the club, died on 28 May 2014 

Under Van Gaal, United won a 12th FA Cup, but a disappointing slump in the middle of his second season led to rumours of the board sounding out potential replacements  Van Gaal was ultimately sacked just two days after the cup final victory, with United having finished fifth in the league  Former Porto, Chelsea, Inter Milan and Real Madrid manager José Mourinho was appointed in his place on 27 May 2016  Mourinho signed a three-year contract, and in his first season won the FA Community Shield, EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League  Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal for United, a stoppage-time equaliser in a league game against Stoke City in January 2017, surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as the club's all-time top scorer  The following season, United finished second in the league – their highest league placing since 2013 – but were still 19 points behind rivals Manchester City  Mourinho also guided the club to a 19th FA Cup final, but they lost 1–0 to Chelsea  On 18 December 2018, with United in sixth place in the Premier League table, 19 points behind leaders Liverpool and 11 points outside the Champions League places, Mourinho was sacked after 144 games in charge  The following day, former United striker Ole Gunnar Solskjær was appointed as caretaker manager until the end of the season  On 28 March 2019, after winning 14 of his first 19 matches in charge, Solskjær was appointed permanent manager on a three-year deal On 18 April 2021, Manchester United announced they were joining 11 other European clubs as founding members of the European Super League, a proposed 20-team competition intended to rival the UEFA Champions League  The announcement drew a significant backlash from supporters, other clubs, media partners, sponsors, players and the UK Government, forcing the club to withdraw just two days later  The failure of the project led to the resignation of executive vice-chairman Ed Woodward, while resultant protests against Woodward and the Glazer family led to a pitch invasion ahead of a league match against Liverpool on 2 May 2021, which saw the first postponement of a Premier League game due to supporter protests in the competition's history On the pitch, United equalled their own record for the biggest win in Premier League history with a 9–0 win over Southampton on 2 February 2021, but ended the season with defeat on penalties in the UEFA Europa League final against Villarreal, going four straight seasons without a trophy  On 20 November 2021, Solskjær left his role as manager  Former midfielder Michael Carrick took charge for the next three games, before the appointment of Ralf Rangnick as interim manager until the end of the season On 21 April 2022, Erik ten Hag was appointed as the manager from the end of the 2021–22 season, signing a contract until June 2025 with the option of extending for a further year  On 23 May 2022, Mitchell van der Gaag and Steve McClaren were confirmed as Ten Hag's assistant coaches  Ten Hag won Manchester United the 2022–23 EFL Cup against Newcastle United, winning 2–0  On 5 March 2023, the club suffered their joint-heaviest defeat, losing 7–0 to rivals Liverpool at Anfield 

Crest and colours
The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms, although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail  The devil stems from the club's nickname "The Red Devils" inspired from Salford Rugby Club; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971  In 1975, the red devil ("A devil facing the sinister guardant supporting with both hands a trident gules") was granted as a heraldic badge by the College of Arms to the English Football League for use by Manchester United Newton Heath's uniform in 1879, four years before the club played its first competitive match, has been documented as 'white with blue cord'  A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing red-and-white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers  Between 1894 and 1896, the players wore green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with navy blue shorts After the name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit  Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup final  They remained part of their home kits until 1927  For a period in 1934, the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours, but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965, where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 with white used on occasion, when the club reverted to black  Black shorts and white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip, most often in away games, if there is a clash with the opponent's kit  For 2018–19, black shorts and red socks became the primary choice for the home kit  Since 1997–98, white socks have been the preferred choice for European games, which are typically played on weeknights, to aid with player visibility  The current home kit is a red shirt with Adidas' trademark three stripes in red on the shoulders, white shorts, and black socks The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions  These include an all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995, the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999–2000 season, and the 2011–12 away kit, which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops 
made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes, with black shorts and blue socks  An all-grey away kit worn during the 1995–96 season was dropped after just five games; in its final outing against Southampton, Alex Ferguson instructed the team to change into the third kit during half-time  The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd, United failed to win a competitive game in the kit in five attempts  In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white and gold away kit was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible The club's third kit is often all-blue; this was most recently the case during the 2014–15 season  Exceptions include a green-and-gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994, a blue-and-white striped shirt worn during the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, an all-black kit worn during the Treble-winning 1998–99 season, and a white shirt with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003–04 and 2005–06  From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the third kit was the previous season's away kit, albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006–07 and 2010–11, apart from the 2008–09 season, when an all-blue kit was launched to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967–68 European Cup success 

Grounds
1878–1893: North Road
Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road, close to the railway yard; the original capacity was about 12,000, but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League  Some expansion took place in 1887, and in 1891, Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold 1,000 spectators  Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road, the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893  A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 

1893–1910: Bank Street
In June 1893, after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners, Manchester Deans and Canons, who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary A  H  Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton  It initially had no stands, by the start of the 1893–94 season, two had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end"  At the opposite end, the "Clayton end", the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for"  Newton Heath's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3–2 win  The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later  In October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as distinct from the "popular side"); however, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000 When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902, club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham  Following financial investment, new club president John Henry Davies paid £500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat stand at Bank Street  Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand 

1910–present: Old Trafford
Following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies' ambition; in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000  Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £30,000 for construction; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000  The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester  The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter  After the war, the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £22,278  While reconstruction took place, the team played its "home" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged £5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts  Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands  The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure  The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for the 1993–94 season  First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £40,000, four 180-foot (55 m) pylons were erected, each housing 54 individual floodlights  These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand, which remains in use today The Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993  In 1995, the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000  At the end of the 1998–99 season, second tiers were added to the East and West Stands, raising capacity to around 67,000, and between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants  Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record  The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, with just 114 seats (0 15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212) unoccupied  In 2009, reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957  Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund  In 2021 United co-chairman Joel Glazer said that "early-stage planning work" for the redevelopment of Old Trafford was underway  This followed "increasing criticism" over the lack of development of the ground since 2006 

Support
Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world, with one of the highest average home attendances in Europe  The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club (MUSC), in at least 24 countries  The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours  Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide  The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams (after Barcelona and Real Madrid), with over 72 million Facebook followers as of July 2020  A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League Supporters are represented by two independent bodies; the Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association (IMUSA), which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum, and the Manchester United Supporters' Trust (MUST)  After the Glazer family's takeover in 2005, a group of fans formed a splinter club, F C  United of Manchester  The West Stand of Old Trafford – the "Stretford End" – is the home end and the traditional source of the club's most vocal support 

Rivalries
Manchester United have rivalries with Arsenal, Leeds United, Liverpool, and Manchester City, against whom they contest the Manchester derby The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution, when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port  The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and international competitions; and between them they have won 39 league titles, 9 European Cups, 4 UEFA Cups, 5 UEFA Super Cups, 20 FA Cups, 14 League Cups, 2 FIFA Club World Cups, 1 Intercontinental Cup and 37 FA Community Shields  Ranked the two biggest clubs in England by France Football magazine based on metrics such as fanbase and historical importance, Manchester United v Liverpool is considered to be the most famous fixture in English football and one of the biggest rivalries in the football world  No player has been transferred between the clubs since 1964  Former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson said in 2002, "My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch" The "Roses Rivalry" with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses, fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger, have battled for the Premier League title  With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match-ups in history 

Global brand
Manchester United has been described as a global brand; a 2011 report by Brand Finance, valued the club's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £412 million – an increase of £39 million on the previous year, valuing it at £11 million more than the second best brand, Real Madrid – and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA (Extremely Strong)  In July 2012, Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands, valuing the Manchester United brand at $2 23 billion  The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League (behind Real Madrid and Barcelona)  In January 2013, the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion  Forbes magazine valued the club at $3 3 billion – $1 2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team  They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years, but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017, with a valuation of $3 689 billion 

The core strength of Manchester United's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster, which drew worldwide acclaim  The "iconic" team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles (members of England's World Cup winning team), Denis Law and George Best  The attacking style of play adopted by this team (in contrast to the defensive-minded "catenaccio" approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era) "captured the imagination of the English footballing public"  Busby's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s; George Best, known as the "Fifth Beatle" for his iconic haircut, was the first footballer to significantly develop an off-the-field media profile As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club raised significant capital, with which it further developed its commercial strategy  The club's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses  The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off-the-field media attention to individual players, most notably David Beckham (who quickly developed his own global brand)  This attention often generates greater interest in on-the-field activities, and hence generates sponsorship opportunities – the value of which is driven by television exposure  During his time with the club, Beckham's popularity across Asia was integral to the club's commercial success in that part of the world Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights, success on the field generates greater income for the club  Since the inception of the Premier League, Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal  Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club; in 2005–06, the club's commercial arm generated £51 million, compared to £42 5 million at Chelsea, £39 3 million at Liverpool, £34 million at Arsenal and £27 9 million at Newcastle United  A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike, who managed the club's merchandising operation as part of a £303 million 13-year partnership between 2002 and 2015  Through Manchester United Finance and the club's membership scheme, One United, those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services  Additionally, Manchester United-branded media services – such as the club's dedicated television channel, MUTV – have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium 

Sponsorship
In an initial five-year deal worth £500,000, Sharp Electronics became the club's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982–83 season, a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999–2000 season, when Vodafone agreed a four-year, £30 million deal  Vodafone agreed to pay £36 million to extend the deal by four years, but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League To commence at the start of the 2006–07 season, American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four-year £56 5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world  At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, American reinsurance company Aon became the club's principal sponsor in a four-year deal reputed to be worth approximately £80 million, making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history  Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011, agreeing a four-year deal with DHL reported to be worth £40 million; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football  The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012, although they remained the club's official logistics partner  The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £180 million over eight years, which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre The club's first kit manufacturer was Umbro, until a five-year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975  Adidas won the contract in 1980, before Umbro started a second spell in 1992  That sponsorship lasted for ten years, followed by Nike's record-breaking £302 9 million deal, which lasted until 2015; 3 8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company  In addition to Nike and Chevrolet, the club also has several lower-level "platinum" sponsors, including Aon and Budweiser On 30 July 2012, United signed a seven-year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors, which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014–15 season  The new $80m-a-year shirt deal is worth $559m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet  Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs  Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million  Plumbing products manufacturer Kohler became the club's first sleeve sponsor ahead of the 2018–19 season  Manchester United and General Motors did not renew their sponsorship deal, and the club subsequently signed a five-year, £235m sponsorship deal with TeamViewer ahead of the 2021–22 season 

Ownership and finances
Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £1 via an application form  In 1902, majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £500 to save the club from bankruptcy, including future club president John Henry Davies  After his death in 1927, the club faced bankruptcy yet again, but was saved in December 1931 by James W  Gibson, who assumed control of the club after an investment of £2,000  Gibson promoted his son, Alan, to the board in 1948, but died three years later; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James' wife, Lillian, but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster, Louis Edwards, a friend of Matt Busby, began acquiring shares in the club; for an investment of approximately £40,000, he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964  When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971, her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards' son, Martin, in 1978; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father's death in 1980  Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984, but did not meet Edwards' asking price  In 1989, chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £20 million, but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the board of directors instead Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 (raising £6 7 million), and received yet another takeover bid in 1998, this time from Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation  This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch – now the Manchester United Supporters' Trust – who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover  The Manchester United board accepted a £623 million offer, but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999  A few years later, a power struggle emerged between the club's manager, Alex Ferguson, and his horse-racing partners, John Magnier and J  P  McManus, who had gradually become the majority shareholders  In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar, Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager, and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen's majority In 2023, Manchester United received several bids to purchase the club  Jim Ratcliffe, who owns INEOS, and Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani, a Qatari sheikh, were the only bidders who had publicly declared their interest  In March 2023, Finnish entrepreneur Thomas Zilliacus also made his interest in Manchester United public 

Glazer ownership
In May 2005, Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28 7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier, thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £800 million (then approx  $1 5 billion)  Once the purchase was complete, the club was taken off the stock exchange  Much of the takeover money was borrowed by the Glazers; the debts were transferred to the club  As a result, the club went from being debt-free to being saddled with debts of £540 million, at interest rates of between 7% to 20% In July 2006, the club announced a £660 million debt refinancing package, resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £62 million a year  In January 2010, with debts of £716 5 million ($1 17 billion), Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £504 million, enabling them to pay off most of the £509 million owed to international banks  The annual interest payable on the bonds – which were to mature on 1 February 2017 – is approximately £45 million per annum  Despite restructuring, the club's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010, at Old Trafford and the club's Trafford Training Centre  Supporter groups encouraged match-going fans to wear green and gold, the colours of Newton Heath  On 30 January, reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans, dubbed the "Red Knights", with plans to buying out the Glazers' controlling interest  The club's debts reached a high of £777 million in June 2007 In August 2011, the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion (approx  £600 million) initial public offering (IPO) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £2 billion; however, in July 2012, the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead  Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each, but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August, following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook's disappointing stock market debut in May  Even after the cut, Manchester United was valued at $2 3 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world The New York Stock Exchange allows for different shareholders to enjoy different voting rights over the club  Shares offered to the public ("Class A") had 10 times lesser voting rights than shares retained by the Glazers ("Class B")  Initially in 2012, only 10% of shares were offered to the public  As of 2019, the Glazers retain ultimate control over the club, with over 70% of shares, and even higher voting power In 2012, The Guardian estimated that the club had paid a total of over £500 million in debt interest and other fees on behalf of the Glazers, and in 2019, reported that the total sum paid by the club for such fees had risen to £1 billion  At the end of 2019, the club had a net debt of nearly £400 million 

Players
First-team squad
As of 5 July 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Reserves and academy
As of 5 July 2023List of under-21s and academy players with articles

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Player awards
Coaching staff
Managerial history
Management
Owner: Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited

Manchester United Limited
Manchester United Football Club
Honours
Manchester United is one of the most successful clubs in Europe in terms of trophies won  The club's first trophy was the Manchester Cup, which they won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886  In 1908, the club won their first league title, and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year  Since then, they have gone on to win a record 20 top-division titles – including a record 13 Premier League titles – and their total of 12 FA Cups is second only to Arsenal (14)  Those titles have meant the club has appeared a record 30 times in the FA Community Shield (formerly the FA Charity Shield), which is played at the start of each season between the winners of the league and FA Cup from the previous season; of those 30 appearances, Manchester United have won a record 21, including four times when the match was drawn and the trophy shared by the two clubs 
The club had a successful period under the management of Matt Busby, starting with the FA Cup in 1948 and culminating with becoming the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968, winning five league titles in the intervening years  The club's most successful decade, however, came in the 1990s under Alex Ferguson; five league titles, four FA Cups, one League Cup, five Charity Shields (one shared), one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup  The club has won the Double (winning the Premier League and FA Cup in the same season) three times; the second in 1995–96 saw them become the first club to do so twice, and it became referred to as the "Double Double"  United became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup in 1999 and are one of only three British clubs to have won the FIFA Club World Cup, in 2008  In 1999, United became the first English club to win the Treble  In 2017, United won the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, beating Ajax in the final  In winning that title, United became the fifth club to have won the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/Europa League after Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich and Chelsea The club's most recent trophy came in February 2023, with the 2022–23 EFL Cup 

s shared record

Doubles and Trebles
Doubles
League and FA Cup (3): 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99
League and UEFA Champions League (2): 1998–99, 2007–08
League and EFL Cup (1): 2008–09
EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League (1): 2016–17
Trebles
League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League (1): 1998–99Short competitions – such as the FA Charity/Community Shield, Intercontinental Cup (now defunct), FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup – are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble 

Manchester United Women
A team called Manchester United Supporters Club Ladies began operations in the late 1970s and was unofficially recognised as the club's senior women's team  They became founding members of the North West Women's Regional Football League in 1989  The team made an official partnership with Manchester United in 2001, becoming the club's official women's team; however, in 2005, following Malcolm Glazer's takeover, the club was disbanded as it was seen to be "unprofitable"  In 2018, Manchester United formed a new women's football team, which entered the second division of women's football in England for their debut season 

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Mehmet Çetingöz
Mehmet Çetingöz (born May 12, 1991, in Şanlıurfa, Turkey) is a Turkish wheelchair basketball player in center position  He is a 4 point player competing for Beşiktaş JK wheelchair basketball team  He is part of the Turkey men's junior national wheelchair basketball team and captain of the U23 team Çetingöz became paralyzed at his right leg as a result of polio he contracted when he was four years of age  He began with wheelchair basketball with fourteen in a disabled sports club in Şanlıurfa After playing eight years for Şanlıurfa Wheelchair, he was transferred in August 2013 to Beşiktaş JK, which  competes in the Turkish Wheelchair Basketball Super League Çetingöz became champion with the national junior team at the 5th Fazza International Wheelchair Basketball Championships held on April 17–23, 2013 in Dubai and was named Top Scorer 

Awards
Individual
5th Fazza International Wheelchair Basketball Championships - "Top Scorer"

National team
5th Fazza International Wheelchair Basketball Championships -  with national junior team
Passage 2:
Mehmet Hayri Tarhan
Mehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – December 11, 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army 

See also
List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence

Sources
External links
 Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet Archive
Passage 3:
Mehmet Eroğlu
Mehmet Eroğlu (born 2 October 1948) is a Turkish novelist  His most known work is Issızlığın Ortasında ("In the Midst of Solitude") 

Life
He was born on 2 August 1948 in İzmir  In 1971, he graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering  at the Middle East Technical University  He then worked as a civil engineer at the Turkish General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, the Tourism Bank and at a private company 
He shared the first award at the Milliyet Novel Contest (of the Milliyet news paper) in 1978 with Orhan Pamuk, with his novel Issızlığın Ortasında (In the Midst of Solitude)  He also collected the Madaralı Novel Award in 1985 with the same work and the Orhan Kemal Novel Award in 1985 with Geç Kalmış Ölü (The Delayed Dead), which was a continuation of the previous book  His work reflects various situations of humanity by creating anti-heroes, while also not concealing his political point of view 

Works
Novels:
Issızlığın Ortasında (In the Midst of Isolation, 1984)
Geç Kalmış Ölü (The Delayed Dead, 1985)
Yarım Kalan Yürüyüş (The March Interrupted, 1986)
Adını Unutan Adam (The Man Who Forgot His Name, 1989)
Yürek Sürgünü (Exile of Heart, 1994)
Zamanın Manzarası (View of Time, 2002)
Kusma Kulübü (Vomit Club, 2004) 
Passage 4:
Turhan Tezol
Turhan Tezol (9 August 1932 – 27 April 2014) was a Turkish basketball player, who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics 
Turhan Tezol was born to Mehmet Şükrü, an immigrant from Kavala, (then Ottoman Empire), and his wife Zeliha at Istanbul on August 9, 1932  He had four brothers, Alaettin, Tayyar, Erdoğan and Ayhan, as well as two sisters İnal and Mualla (Kuşçu) Tezol began his playing career at the local team Modaspor  He enjoyed three times Turkish Basketball League championship title with his club  he left Modaspor, and moved to Izmir joining the basketball side of Altınordu  After retiring from active sports, he served as executive at the Izmir-based clubs Altay, Göztepe and Altınordu  Tezol worked also for the Turkish Basketball Federation At the age of 19, he was called up to the Turkey juniors national team  Later, he became member of the Turkey national team, taking part at the 1952 Summer Olympic in Helsinki, Finland, and three times at FIBA EuroBasket in 1955, 1957 and 1959  He capped 71 times in total for the national team, and served also as captain He is remembered for his capacity in dribbling technique Turhan Tezol suffered from pancreatic cancer, and was treated a long time  He died following surgery on 27 April 2014 Izmir  He was survived by his wife Nesrin (née Gündoğdu), two sons, Erhan and Ersin, and five grandchildren 
Passage 5:
Birth certificate
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a person  The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth  Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor 
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 17, an integral part of the 2030 Agenda, has a target to increase the timely availability of data regarding age, gender, race, ethnicity, and other relevant characteristics which documents like a birth certificate has the capacity to provide 

History and contemporary times
The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization  The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military manpower  In England, births were initially registered with churches, who maintained registers of births  This practice continued into the 19th century  The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853  The entire United States did not get a standardized system until 1902 Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births  In all countries, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, hospital administrator, or the parent(s) of the child to see that the birth is properly registered with the appropriate government agency 
The actual record of birth is stored with a government agency  That agency will issue certified copies or representations of the original birth record upon request, which can be used to apply for government benefits, such as passports  The certification is signed and/or sealed by the registrar or other custodian of birth records, who is commissioned by the government 
The right of every child to a name and nationality, and the responsibility of national governments to achieve this are contained in Articles 7 and 8 in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: "The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality   " (CRC Article 7) and "States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations   " (CRC Article 8) 
   it's a small paper but it actually establishes who you are and gives access to the rights and the privileges, and the obligations, of citizenship 
Despite 191 countries ratifying the convention, the births of millions of children worldwide go unregistered  By their very nature, data concerning unregistered children are approximate  About 29% of countries do not have available or sufficient data to assess global progress toward the SDG goal of universal coverage  However, from the data that is available, UNICEF estimates that more than a quarter of children under 5 worldwide are unregistered  The lowest levels of birth registration are found in sub-Saharan Africa (43 percent)  This phenomenon disproportionately impacts poor households and indigenous populations  Even in many developed countries, it contributes to difficulties in fully accessing civic rights Birth registration opens the door to rights to children and adults which many other human beings take for granted: to prove their age; to prove their nationality; to receive healthcare; to go to school; to take exams; to be adopted; to protection from underage military service or conscription; to marry; to open a bank account; to hold a driving licence; to obtain a passport; to inherit money or property; and to vote or stand for elected office There are many reasons why births go unregistered, including social and cultural beliefs and attitudes; alternative documents and naming ceremonies; remote areas, poor infrastructure; economic barriers; lack of office staff, equipment and training; legal and political restrictions; fear of discrimination and persecution; war, conflict and unrest or simply the fact that there is no system in place Retrospective registration may be necessary where there is a backlog of children whose births have gone unregistered  In Senegal, the government is facilitating retrospective registration through free local court hearings and the number of unregistered children has fallen considerably as a result 
In Sierra Leone, the government gave the National Office of Births and Deaths special permission to issue birth certificates to children over seven  In Bolivia, there was a successful three-year amnesty for the free registration of young people aged between 12 and 18 Statelessness, or the lack of effective nationality, impacts the daily lives of some 11–12 million people around the world  Perhaps those who suffer most are stateless infants, children, and adolescents  Although born and raised in their parents' country of habitual residence, they lack formal recognition of their existence 

Algeria
The establishment of the first birth certificates in Algeria dates from the 1830s, during the French colonial era  Full copies are issued only by the commune of birth  However, birth certificates can be issued by any municipality or consulate on presentation of a family record book and are valid for 10 years In 2020, the government launched an online service for requesting civil status documents The secure birth certificate, known as 12S (in Arabic: 12خ), is an extract of birth certificate issued once in a lifetime on a special and secured paper, this document is mandatory for the issuance of the biometric ID and passport 

Australia
States and territories of Australia are responsible for the issuance of birth certificates, through agencies generally titled "Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages" or similar Initially registering a birth is done by a hospital through a "Birth Registration Statement" or similar, signed by appropriately licensed and authorized health professionals, and provided to the state or territory registry  Home births are permitted, but a statement is required from a registered midwife, doctor or 2 other witnesses other than the parent(s)  Unplanned births require in some states that the baby be taken to a hospital within 24 hours  Once registered, a separate application (sometimes it can be done along with the Birth Registration Statement) can be made for a birth certificate, generally at a cost  The person(s) named or the parent(s) can apply for a certificate at any time  Generally, there is no restriction on re-applying for a certificate at a later date, so it could be possible to legally hold multiple original copies 
The Federal government requires that births be also registered through a "Proof of Birth Declaration" similarly signed as above by a doctor or midwife  This ensures the appropriate benefits can be paid, and the child is enrolled for Medicare The state or territory issued birth certificate is a secure A4 paper document, generally listing: Full name at birth, sex at birth, parent(s) and occupation(s), older sibling(s), address(es), date and place of birth, name of the registrar, date of registration, date of issue of certificate, a registration number, with the signature of the registrar and seal of the registry printed and/or embossed  Most states allow for stillbirths to be issued a birth certificate  Some states issue early pregnancy loss certificates (without legal significance if before 20 weeks)  Depending on the state or territory, amendments on the certificate are allowed to correct an entry, add ascendant, recognize same-sex relationship, changing the sex of the holder is possible in all states and territories The full birth certificate in Australia is an officially recognized identity document generally in the highest category  The birth certificate assists in establishing citizenship  Shorter and/or commemorative birth certificates are available; however, they are not generally acceptable for identification purposes Birth certificates in Australia can be verified online by approved agencies through the Attorney-General's Department Document Verification Service and can be used to validate identity digitally, e g  online 

Canada
In Canada, the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the provinces and territories  In 2008, provinces and territories started rolling out new polymer certificates to new applicants Canadian birth certificates may be obtained from the following:

Alberta – A registry agent authorised by the Province
British Columbia – British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency
Manitoba – Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency
New Brunswick – Service New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador – Service NL
Northwest Territories – Health Services Administration Office
Nova Scotia – Access Nova Scotia
Nunavut – Registrar-General of Vital Statistics
Ontario – ServiceOntario
Prince Edward Island – Vital Statistics Registry
Quebec – Director of Civil Status (Directeur de l'état civil)
Saskatchewan – eHealth Saskatchewan
Yukon – Vital Statistics, Government of Yukon

Types issued
There are three forms of birth certificates issued:

Certified true copy/photostat – contains all information available on the birth of a person 
Long-form – contains name, place and date of birth, parental information, date of issue, date of registration, registration number, certificate number, and authorised signature(s) 
Short-form – as with long-form, except for parental information  Previously in card format 
Residents of Quebec born elsewhere can have their non-Quebec birth record inserted into Quebec's birth register  Quebec birth certificates issued with regard to a birth that occurred outside of Quebec are referred to as "semi-authentic" under paragraph 137 of the Civil Code of Québec, until their full authenticity is recognised by a Quebec court  Inserting one's birth record into the Quebec register is a prerequisite for anyone born outside of Quebec to apply for a legal name and/or legal gender change in the province  Semi-authentic birth certificates are issued in the long-form only 

Languages
Depending on the province, certificates are in English, French or both languages  Birth certificates from Canadian territories are in English and French, as well as Inuktitut in Nunavut (though individual data is in the Roman alphabet only, not in Inuktitut syllabics)  The Northwest Territories previously issued certificates bearing Inuktitut 

DND 419 birth certificates
In 1963, the Department of National Defence started issuing birth certificates to dependents of Canadian Forces members born overseas  These certificates were never accorded legal status, but served as a convenient substitute for the original record of birth from the country of birth  In November 1979, production of these certificates ceased Today, the DND 419 is recognised as a proof of age, but not of citizenship  At least two Canadians have had Canadian passports withheld on the basis of their DND 419 birth certificates 

China
The People's Republic of China issued its first medical birth certificate on 1 January 1996  Persons born prior to that date can obtain a birth certificate from a Chinese notary public by way of presenting their hukou and other supporting documents  The notary then proceeds to issue a notarial birth certificate based on the information contained in the said documentation  This notarial birth certificate is acceptable for immigration purposes The fifth-generation medical birth certificate was adopted nationwide on 1 January 2014  Still, China is amongst those countries with no globally comparable data, presenting challenges to researchers who wish to assess global and regional progress towards universal birth registration 

Cuba
In Cuba, birth certificates are issued by the local civil registries 
With the passage of Extraordinary Official Gazette Number 9 of 2020, issued by the Cuban Ministry of Justice, birth certificates (as with all other vital records, excepting certificates of single status) will no longer expire after a certain amount of time Children born to Cuban citizens abroad may have the details of their birth transcribed in a Cuban civil registry through a Cuban overseas mission  This is known as a Birth Certificate Transcript  Because of the considerable difficulty of obtaining Cuban vital records for individuals residing outside of Cuba – even where Cuban overseas missions have been delegated to provide these services – private services such as the Massachusetts-based Cuba City Hall offer retrieval services, wherein they apply for a certificate from a Cuban civil registry on behalf of an overseas individual  These services have been called overpriced 

Czech Republic
The Czech Republic maintains a registry of vital records, including births, of people, regardless of nationality, or birthplace  Every citizen of the Czech Republic will need to register their birth if born abroad, effectively granting a foreign born person two birth certificates  The Czech Republic will also register foreigners in some cases  The office that registers births is colloquially called 'matrika' 

Denmark
In Denmark, the authority responsible for registering births is the Registrar of the Church of Denmark There are three types of Danish birth certificates:

Personattest (Certificate of Personal Data): issued to persons born in (or baptised in) Denmark 
Foedsels- og Daabsattest (Birth and Baptism Certificate): issued to persons born in Denmark and baptised in the Church of Denmark 
Foedsels- og Navneattest (Birth and Naming Certificate): issued to persons born in Denmark but not baptised in the Church of Denmark 

France
Civil records in France have been compulsory since the 1539 ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, in which the King Francis I ordered the parishes to record baptisms, marriages and sepultures  Then in 1667 the parishes were asked to issue two registers in two different places in order to avoid the loss of data  Jews and Protestants were allowed to have their own records by Louis XVI in 1787  In 1792, the registers were fully secularized (birth, civil marriage and death replaced baptism, religious marriage and sepulture, plus an official kept the records instead of a priest), and the Code civil did create the compulsory birth certificate in 1804 (in its articles 34, 38, 39 et 57)  This document should be completed at one's marriage since 1897, at one's divorce since 1939, at one's death since 1945 and at one's civil union since 2006  A note is added on the certificate for all these events 

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the system is similar to England and Wales, wherein the government keeps a birth register book, and the birth certificate is actually a certified copy of the birth register book entry Currently, the Immigration Department is the official birth registrar  All parents need to register their children's birth within 42 days  Birth certificates issued between 1 July 1997 and 27 April 2008 recorded whether or not the child's Hong Kong permanent resident status was established at birth  Birth certificates issued after the latter date record which provision of the Immigration Ordinance the said status has been established under 

India
Traditionally births were poorly recorded in India For official purposes, other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the birth certificate, such as matriculation certificates  Facilities are available to produce a birth certificate from a passport By law since 1969, registration of births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act  Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned  Specific rules vary by state, region and municipality 
In Delhi, for example, births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution, or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home  After registration, a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority  Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children, and undocumented orphans  Overseas births can also be registered Some municipalities, such as the Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital birth certificates to be applied for, printed, and verified online 

Indonesia
The current legislation governing the registration of births is the 2006 Act No 23 on the Administration of Civil Status (UU No  23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan), as amended by 2013 Act No 24 on Amendments to 2006 Act No 23 

Births outside Indonesia
Pursuant to Chapter 29 of the Act, Indonesian citizens born overseas must register their births with the local civil registrar using a foreign birth certificate upon returning to Indonesia, and receive a Report of Birth Abroad (Tanda Bukti Laporan Kelahiran)  If born in a jurisdiction which does not register the births of non-citizens, they will instead be issued a regular Birth Certificate by the local Indonesian overseas mission 

Births within Indonesia
Within Indonesia, local civil registrars are responsible for issuing birth certificates (akta kelahiran) 
The following Staatsbladen (state gazettes), enacted by the Dutch colonial government, were supplanted by the Act:

1849 Staatsblad 25 for persons of European descent
1917 Staatsblad 130 for persons of Chinese descent
1920 Staatsblad 751 for persons of Indigenous descent
1923 Staatsblad 75 for persons of Indigenous descent professing the Christian faithPrior to 1986, persons not born in any of the above groups had to be registered through court order  This changed by a 1986 decree of the Minister of Home Affairs, resulting in a jolt in the number of births being registered  In 1989, a subsequent decree was effected by the Minister, allowing those born between 1986 and 1989 to have their births registered There are several types of birth certificates issued to Indonesian-born individuals, per the Denpasar Civil Registry:
General Birth Certificate (Akta Kelahiran Umum)
Delayed Birth Certificate (Akta Kelahiran Terlambat)
Birth Certificate for a Child Born to a Single Mother (Akta Kelahiran Anak Seorang Ibu)Pursuant to the Act's domicile principle, a birth certificate is issued by the Civil Registry of the parents' home regency or city, as determined from their Indonesian identity card  This is not always the same place as the actual regency or city of birth of the child 
There is no such thing as a certified copy of the original birth registration form; all Indonesian birth certificates are abstracts in nature and list an individual's nationality, name, place and date of birth, birth order, parents' names and marital status only  Indonesian birth certificates are typically laminated like Malaysian and Singaporean ones; however, unlike Malaysia and Singapore, it is not done at the time of issuance by the civil registry  The Indonesian government recommends against lamination, as it may render the certificate unacceptable for use overseas (laminated certificates cannot be legalised) In 2019, Indonesian local civil registrars began to issue birth certificates with QR codes in lieu of the traditional authenticating signature and stamp  Widodo, director of civil registry services for the Bengkulu Civil Registry, is quoted as saying that "this is by decree of the Minister of Home Affairs, and will help simplify things for the general public as they will no longer be required to go through the hassle of getting [birth certificates] legalised " In July 2020, Indonesia phased out birth certificates printed on security paper, and started allowing Indonesian-born people to print out their own birth certificates on regular A4 paper; these certificates have the same legal value as birth certificates printed on security paper  The move reportedly helped the central government save 450 billion rupiahs in the 2020 fiscal year 

Iran
A shenasnameh (شناسنامه), or birth certificate is issued by the National Organization for Civil Registration  It includes the name and surname of the infant, place and date of birth, gender, information relating to the parents including their names and residences, and the "registration documentation (witness or physician's certificate)  A newer format was introduced in 2015  Those eligible to replication include newborn babies, people who are changing their names, those who have lost their original birth certificates, and those born before 2001 who have reached the age of 15 and need to change their cards to add the photograph  Those applying for a new certificate must show their old certificate 

Japan
In Japan, the household registration document (jp: 戸籍, koseki) is generally used in lieu of a birth certificate 
Since a koseki also acts as proof of Japanese citizenship, only Japanese citizens can hold one  Anyone born in Japan, including children born to non-Japanese parents, can obtain a Certificate of Matters Stated In a Written Notification (jp: 出生届記載事項証明書, shussei todoke kisai jiko shomeisho)  A Certificate of Matters Stated In a Written Notification may be obtained from the city/ward/town office the birth was reported to, and is the equivalent of a birth certificate  This is to be distinguished from a Certificate of Acceptance of Birth Notification (jp: 出生届受理証明 書, shussei todoke juri shomeisho), which, according to the Australian Embassy at Tokyo, only constitutes a receipt proving that a birth registration has been lodged with a city/ward/town office Birth records for children born to non-Japanese parents in Japan are not maintained permanently; usually only for the duration of ten years from the date of lodgement, but this varies from one city/ward/town office to another 

Malaysia
In Malaysia, the National Registration Department (Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara) is responsible for the registration of births, and for issuing birth certificates (sijil kelahiran) 
In 2011, the department started colour-coding birth certificates  Henceforth, citizens at birth would receive a pale-green birth certificate, while those who do not acquire Malaysian citizenship at birth would be given a red birth certificate  Then-director Datin Jariah Mohd Said was reported as saying that "it [would] address the wrong impression among foreign parents that their children automatically become Malaysians by virtue of them having the pale green certificate "Malaysian birth certificates are laminated at the time of issuance, forming an exception to most countries' need for an unlaminated document (e g  the United Kingdom when applying for a passport) 

Morocco
In Morocco, there are 3 birth documents: the "Extrait d'acte de naissance" (proof of Moroccan citizenship), a "Fiche individuelle de naissance" and an "Acte de naissance"  All of them are valid for 3 months  In 2017, the government opened requests for birth certificates online 

New Zealand
The Department of Internal Affairs is responsible for issuing birth certificates in New Zealand  Certain historical records including historical birth certificates are available online in a searchable format on the Birth, Death and Marriage Historical Records website  The available records are for births recorded at least one hundred years ago 

Citizenship information is recorded on New Zealand birth certificates for births after 1 January 2006, as this was when the country formally ended its practice of jus soli 

Nigeria
The birth certificate in Nigeria is a document that entails the date of birth, location (Town, L G A and state) and details of the parents  It is issued by the National Population Commission for every child and is usually issued at the hospital where the child is born and it is compulsory for everyone 
The National Population Commission (NPC) formed in 1992, is the only body responsible for registering births, and issuing certificates in the country For those who were not issued a certificate at birth, it is possible to apply for one up until their 18th birthday  However, only people aged 18 and below are issued a birth certificate  
People above age 18 are issued an 'Age Declaration Affidavit'  Although now in Nigeria, you will have to provide an attestation letter issued by the NPC as the 'Age Declaration Affidavit' is no longer a sufficient document 
An attestation letter is a written document given as backup for the 'Age Declaration Affidavit' 
However, in terms of legal value and effect, the attestation of a birth certificate is equal to a birth certificate  
The NPC Act states that only people born after 1992 are eligible to apply for birth certificate since that was when the NPC was formed  Also only birth certificate issued at birth or 60 days after birth is free any scenario after birth would require you to pay 

Philippines
A birth certificate in the Philippines is a document being issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority and has lifetime validity  In almost all cases, this document is required by other government agencies as a primary requirement for getting service or benefits 

Russia
Russian birth certificates were previously issued in a booklet format, similar to that of internal passports; today, they are issued on numbered and watermarked A4 security paper  They are typically issued in the Russian language only; however, if a birth is recorded in one of the Russian republics with federal subject status, the resulting birth certificate may be bilingual (Russian and the official language of the said republic) 

Filling a birth certificate
A Russian birth certificate may either be filled out in type or print  It is then signed and sealed by a qualified officer of the public authority issuing the certificate (a local civil registry or Russian overseas mission)  By default, information on the parents' ethnic origins is no longer recorded – however, it may be recorded upon request 

Obtaining a birth certificate
A Russian birth certificate may be applied for by the person named on the certificate if they are of full age, their parents if still vested with parental rights, their guardian(s) and/or caregiver(s)  If the certificate is lost, the public authority that issued the original document issues a replacement on application 

Singapore
In Singapore, the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority is the registrar of births  All births in the country must be registered at a gazetted birth registration centre by the parents or by authorised proxy  A Certificate of Registration of Birth is received after the registration of birth; a Certificate of Extract from Register of Births is issued for all subsequent requests for birth certificates 
The ICA annotates birth certificates with citizenship information; a child born without a claim to Singapore citizenship will have a remark on their birth certificate stating "this child is not a citizen of Singapore at the time of birth"  Conversely, a child born with a claim to Singapore citizenship will have "this child is a citizen of Singapore at the time of birth" on theirs 
Singaporean birth certificates are laminated at the time of issuance, forming an exception to most foreign countries' need for an unlaminated document (e g  the United Kingdom when applying for a passport)  This practice began on 1 January 1967 

Somalia
In Somalia, many births go unregistered – owing to the mainly nomadic nature of the populace Prior to 1991, the Siad Barre government issued birth certificates (Somali: shahaadada dhalashada or warqadda dhalashada) for events occurring in urban areas  Subsequent to the collapse of said government, Somalia ceased to have a functioning birth registration system  As of January 2014, it has been reported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs that Somalia has once again started issuing birth certificates, primarily for Somali citizens to be able to obtain the new Somali passport  In Mogadishu, this function is fulfilled by the Mayor of Mogadishu 

Somali autonomous regions, such as Jubaland, Puntland, and Somaliland, have separate, functioning birth registration systems for those born within their respective jurisdictions  In Somaliland, birth certificates are routinely issued only to babies born at a hospital  Home births are registered by way of affidavit with the Somaliland Ministry of Religious Affairs at Hargeisa 

Sweden
Sweden no longer issues birth certificates  Instead, the Swedish Tax Agency will issue a Personbevis (Extract from the Population Register) for individuals born in Sweden  This takes the place of both birth and marriage certificates for international purposes  The Extract contains, inter alia, place and date of birth, parental information, marriage status, and current registered address 

Syria
In Syria, the father is primarily responsible for registering the birth of a child  Due to the ongoing civil war, many births have gone unregistered 

South Korea
Birth certificates are not issued in Korea  When a foreign embassy requests a birth certificate, Koreans submit a basic certificate containing the place of birth, date of birth, etc , and a family relations certificate containing their parents' resident registration number and name 

United Kingdom
England and Wales
In England and Wales, the description "birth certificate" is used to describe a certified copy of an entry in the birth register Civil registration of births, marriages and deaths in England and Wales started on 1 July 1837  Registration was not compulsory until 1875, following the Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1874, which made registration of a birth the responsibility of those present at the birth  When a birth is registered, the details are entered into the register book at the local register office for the district in which the birth took
place and is retained permanently in the local register office  A copy of each entry in the birth register is sent to the General Register Office (GRO) 

Pre-1837 birth and baptism records
Before the government's registration system was created, evidence of births and/or baptisms (and also marriages and death or burials) was dependent on the events being recorded in the records of the Church of England or in those of other various churches – not all of which maintained such records or all types of those records  Copies of such records are not issued by the General Register Office; but can be obtained from these churches, or from the local or national archive, which usually now keeps the records in original or copy form 

Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales
Long-form certificates are copies of the original entry in the birth register, giving all the recorded details  Information includes; name, sex, date, and place of birth of the child, parents' name, place of birth and occupation  Certificates for births registered before 1 April 1969 do not show the parents' places of birth, and those before 1984 do not show mother's occupation Short-form certificates show the child's full name, sex, date, and place of birth  They do not give any detail(s) of the parent(s); they therefore do not prove parentage  Both versions of a certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation
provided  Where proof of parentage is required, only a full certificate will be accepted The original registrations are required by law to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee  They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars  If the birth was registered within the past 50 years, detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued  The General Register Office draws on several registers for the issuance of birth certificates: the Register of Live Births, the Register of Stillbirths, the Abandoned Children Register, the Adopted Children Register, the Parental Order Register, and the Gender Recognition Register (for holders of Gender Recognition Certificates) 
The General Register Office also issues birth certificates relating to births on UK-registered aircraft, vessels, and births of His Majesty's Armed Forces dependents  This authority is delegated to the Office by the Registry of Shipping and Seamen, part of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, for births aboard UK-flagged ships; and by the Civil Aviation Authority for births aboard UK-flagged aircraft 

Rest of the British Isles
In the rest of the British Isles, there are several different birth registration authorities:

In Scotland, the National Records of Scotland 
In Northern Ireland, the General Register Office Northern Ireland (GRONI) 
In Guernsey, the Greffe of the Royal Court of Guernsey 
In Jersey, the Office of the Superintendent Registrar 
In the Isle of Man, the Civil Registry  The registration of births became mandated in 1878 on the Isle 

Other cases
Consular birth registration is available for those who establish entitlement to British nationality at birth overseas  This is especially helpful when the jurisdiction in question does not allow multiple citizenship or the registration of an illegitimate child's birth  Prior to 1983, such registrations were accepted as proof of British nationality alone  Pursuant to a Reform Order by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, new consular birth registrations issued for children born after 1 January 1983, and certificates for people born before that date re-issued starting 1 January 2014, are no longer accepted as stand-alone proof of British nationality In addition, certificates of birth issued under the Registration of  Births, Deaths and Marriages (Special Provisions) Act 1957 (registered on HM Forces bases overseas), are also not recognised as proof of nationality status alone  Such births would also have to be registered in the local authority where the birth took place, and the parents would have to apply for a foreign certificate as proof of citizenship British Overseas Territories have their own independent regimes for issuance of a birth certificate  Additionally, as a result of Argentina's claim over the Falkland Islands, Falklander-born people may also apply for an Argentine birth certificate 

United States
In the U S , the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the vital statistics agency or equivalent of the state, federal district, territory or former territory of birth  Birth in the U S  typically confers citizenship by birth (non-citizen nationality in American Samoa), so a U S  birth certificate doubly serves as evidence of United States citizenship or non-citizen nationality  U S  birth certificates are therefore commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U S  passport The U S  State Department issues a Consular Report of Birth Abroad (which does not technically certify birth but often substitutes for a birth certificate) for children born to U S  citizens or non-citizen nationals (who are also eligible for citizenship or non-citizen nationality), including births on military bases in foreign territory  Children who do not receive the certificate at the time of birth may apply for it anytime until the age of 18  Natural-born citizens of the United States born abroad may receive a USCIS Certificate of Citizenship instead to prove their citizenship status 
The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics  From 1900 to 1946 the U S  Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates, collected vital statistics on a national basis, and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics  In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U S  Public Health Service  Unlike the British system of recording all births in "registers", the states file an individual document for each and every birth The U S  National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births  However, states are free to create their own forms  As a result, neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states  These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator, which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar, who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request 

Birth certificates for individuals born in or adopted to the United States
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, as of 2000 there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates  The Inspector General report stated that according to the staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service's Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000 

Short-form birth certificates and acceptance thereof
In the case of applying for a U S  passport, not all legitimate government-issued birth certificates are acceptable:
A certified birth certificate has a registrar's raised, embossed, impressed or multicolored seal, registrar's signature, and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar's office, which must be within 1 year of your birth  Please note, some short (abstract) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes 
Beginning June 10, 2009, all birth certificates must also include the full name of the applicant's parent(s) 
The U S  State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California  There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico, and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant  The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal, was no longer considered a secure document, and have not been issued in California since 2001 

Souvenir birth certificates
Most hospitals in the U S  issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn  However, these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship, and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications  Many Americans believe the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates when, in reality, they hold little legal value 

Birth certificates after adoption
When an adoption is finalized in the U S , most states and the District of Columbia seal the original birth certificate  In its place, a replacement or amended birth certificate is issued, with the adoptee's new name and adoptive parents listed "as if" the adoptee was born to the adoptive parents  Adopted persons in ten states have an unrestricted right to obtain a copy of the original birth certificate when they are adults: Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, and Rhode Island  The remaining states and the District of Columbia either require a court order to release a copy of the original birth certificate or have other restrictions, such as permission of biological parent(s) or redaction of information upon request of a biological parent For foreign-born intercountry adoptees, U S  jurisdictions may issue a Certificate of Foreign Birth that serves as documentary evidence of the child's birth and the child's legal relationship to the adoptive United States parents  These certificates, however, do not serve as evidence of U S  citizenship and must be supplemented by another document to prove citizenship, such as a Certificate of Citizenship, a United States passport or a Certificate of Naturalization 

Consular reports of birth for individuals born overseas
Prior to 1990, the Vital Records Section of the Department's Passport Services office was responsible for certifying American births overseas, and issued form FS-545, formally known as a Certification of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America  In 1990, the department changed its policy to make clear that a report issued by them is only supplementary to, and does not substitute for a locally issued birth certificate; the report, however, does serve as prima facie documentary evidence of the acquisition of United States citizenship or non-citizen nationality at birth  The department contends that the issuance of birth certificates is a function that is expressly reserved to local vital statistics authorities and may not be assumed by a consular officer 
Notwithstanding the Department's position, however, a consular report of birth is often the only government-issued record of birth for certain individuals  For example, those born on a U S  Armed Forces base in Germany do not have their births registered with the local German registrar, but only with the Department of State  Because they cannot receive a German birth certificate, their CRBA is their de facto birth certificate  Between 1990 and December 2010, the department issued form DS-1350, formally known as a Certification of Report of Birth of a United States Citizen; and form FS-240, formally known as the Consular Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America  Since January 2011, the Department of State has issued only form FS-240 

See also
Birth registration in ancient Rome
Birth registration campaign in Liberia
Closed adoption
Death certificate
Identity card
Use of birth certificates in smart contracts
Marriage certificate
Marriage license
Passport
Sealed birth records
Vital record
People's Republic of China Marriage Certificate
Passage 6:
Malko Tarnovo Municipality
Malko Tarnovo Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Малко Търново, Obshtina Malko Tarnovo) is a municipality in Burgas Province, Bulgaria  It includes the town of Malko Tarnovo and a number of villages 

Demographics
Religion
According to the latest Bulgarian census of 2011, the religious composition, among those who answered the optional question on religious identification, was the following:
Passage 7:
Cargo 360
Cargo 360 was a cargo airline based in Seattle, Washington, USA  It specialised in ACMI (Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance and Insurance) wet lease operations  Its main headquarters was at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport 

History
The airline started operations on 15 May 2006  It was established by H  David Greenberg, and other entrepreneurs  The airline was owned by Oak Hill Capital Partners (86%) and David Greenberg, President and CEO (14%) On July 30, 2007, Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired Southern Air and merged the two airlines into one, giving birth to Southern Air Holdings, Inc  Consequently, Cargo 360 was absorbed into Southern Air in January 2008 and ceased operating under its own colors 
The logo and aircraft livery was designed by Dave and Jackie Greenberg and Chad Hill while with Redorchestra Creative (now defunct) in Chicago, IL 

Destinations
Cargo 360 had an ACMI contract with Korean Air Cargo between Incheon International Airport Incheon, South Korea and multiple destinations within the United States 

Fleet
As of September 2007, the Cargo 360 fleet included:
1 Boeing 747-3B5M(SF) - N301JD
2 Boeing 747-2B5F/SCD - N298JD and N299JD

See also
List of defunct airlines of the United States
Passage 8:
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in the reproduction of new offspring  In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetus to full term  The internal sex organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries  The female reproductive tract includes the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes and is prone to infections  The vagina allows for sexual intercourse and childbirth, and is connected to the uterus at the cervix   The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the fetus  The uterus also produces secretions which help the transit of sperm to the fallopian tubes, where sperm fertilize ova (egg cells) produced by the ovaries  The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening During the menstrual cycle, the ovaries release an ovum, which transits through the fallopian tube into the uterus  If an egg cell meets with sperm on its way to the uterus, a single sperm cell can enter and merge with it, fertilizing it into a zygote 
Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes and marks the beginning of embryogenesis  The zygote will then divide over enough generations of cells to form a blastocyst, which implants itself in the wall of the uterus  This begins the period of gestation and the embryo will continue to develop until full-term  When the fetus has developed enough to survive outside the uterus, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the newborn through the birth canal (the vagina) 
The corresponding equivalent among males is the male reproductive system 

External organs
The female external reproductive organs are the secondary sex organs that are visible externally 

Vulva
The vulva consists of all of the external parts and tissues and includes the mons pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin's glands, Skene's glands, clitoris, urethra, and vaginal opening 

Internal organs
The female internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries 

Vagina
The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb  It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy  The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse  Semen containing spermatozoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place 

Cervix
The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina  It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall  Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view  The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where the fetus emerges during delivery 

Uterus
The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ  The uterus provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the delivery)  In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth 
The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement  The uterosacral ligaments keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly  The round ligaments restrict posterior movement of the uterus  The cardinal ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus 
The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ  Its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose  The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth  If the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus, a female begins menstruation 

Fallopian tube
The Fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus  On maturity of an ovum, the follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the ovum to escape and enter the Fallopian tube  There it travels toward the uterus, pushed along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the tubes  This trip takes hours or days   If the ovum is fertilized while in the Fallopian tube, then it normally implants in the endometrium when it reaches the uterus, which signals the beginning of pregnancy 

Ovaries
The ovaries are small, paired organs located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity  These organs are responsible for the production of the egg cells (ova) and the secretion of hormones   The process by which the egg cell (ovum) is released is called ovulation  The speed of ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the length of a menstrual cycle 
After ovulation, the egg cell is captured by the Fallopian tube, after traveling down the Fallopian tube to the uterus, occasionally being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm  During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm's surface  The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin 

Function
The female reproductive system functions to produce offspring 
In the absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through menstruation 
The reproductive tract can be used for various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy, intrauterine insemination, and transluminal sterilization 

Development
Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at conception  This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited  Since the mother's egg contains an X chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome, it is the male who determines the fetus's sex  If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a female  In this case, testosterone is not made and the Wolffian duct will degrade thus, the Müllerian duct will develop into female sex organs  The clitoris is the remnants of the Wolffian duct  On the other hand, if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a male  The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade 

Clinical significance
Vaginitis
Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection  It is the most common gynaecological condition presented  It is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and method of microbial identification  Vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a sexually transmitted infection as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions  Vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge, which can have a certain color, odor, or quality 

Bacterial vaginosis
This is a vaginal infection in women  It differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation  Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting of many bacteria species  The diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present: (1) Homogenous, thin discharge, (2) a pH of 4 5 in the vagina, (3) epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria attached to them, or (4) a fishy odor  It has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as endometritis 

Yeast infection
This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at least 75% of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime  Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as Candida  Yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the vagina, which is usually acidic  Other factors such as pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems, tight fitting clothing, or douching can also be a cause  Symptoms of yeast infections include itching, burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like discharge from the vagina  Women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well  Taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection  Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus 

Genital mutilation
There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures  The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are clitoridectomy, the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the prepuce the skin around the clitoris  They can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as bleeding, irreparable tissue damage, and sepsis which can sometimes prove fatal 

Genital surgery
Genitoplasty refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment 
There are also elective surgical procedures which change the appearance of the external genitals 

Birth control
There are many types of birth control available to females   Birth control can be hormonal or physical in nature   Oral contraception can assist with management of various medical conditions, such as menorrhagia   However, oral contraceptives can have a variety of side effects, including depression 

Reproductive rights
The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics was founded in 1954 to promote the well-being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care  As of 2010 there were 124 countries involved 
Reproductive rights are legal rights related to reproduction and reproductive health  Women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health  Violation of these rights include forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, forced abortion and genital mutilation  Female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female's external genitals 

History
It is claimed in the Hippocratic writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception; otherwise, children would not resemble either or both of their parents  Four-hundred years later, Galen "identified" the source of 'female semen' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs 

See also
Conception
Development of the reproductive system
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Female infertility
Oogenesis
Human sexuality § Female anatomy and reproductive system
Orgasm § In females
Passage 9:
Sleen
Sleen is a village in Drenthe, Netherlands of about 2,500 people  Sleen has been inhabited for centuries  Much ancient history can be found in the area, particularly in the forests (which are planted, though)  At birth and during the Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795))  Sleen became the capital of one of the six “dingspels” (administrative areas) of Drenthe  When Drenthe was recognised as a province, Sleen became a municipality capital, before it merged into the municipality of Coevorden 
Sleen has a 450-year-old church  At about 68 meters, it is the highest church in the entire province  Nowadays, it functions as a Dutch Reformed Church  There is also another Protestant church in the village 
Nowadays, Sleen has its own supermarket (behind the former police station), library,  fish stand (every Wednesday), cafés, a few other shops, hair salons, petrol station, sports park (soccer, tennis, multipurpose indoor complex), horse riding school, houses for the elderly, and other facilities 
There are also two schools: CBS “de Fontein” (Christian primary school) and OBS “de Akker” (public primary school) 
“De Brink” is the “centre” and the old part of the village, with some historic houses and a brick road  This is also where the two churches are, and other facilities like the former municipal centre  New houses were constructed over time, and an area known as “de nieuwbouw” is where the most recently constructed houses can be found 
The famous Pieterpad (a long hiking route that runs from Pieterburen in the north of the country to the St Pietersberg in Maastricht in the south) goes straight through Sleen  The windmill De Hoop has been restored to working order 

Notable people
Joël Voordewind (born 1965), politician
Passage 10:
Star Trek: Birth of the Federation
Star Trek: Birth of the Federation (also known as Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation and Birth of the Federation) is a 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by MicroProse and published by Hasbro Interactive  The game was initially released in 1999 for Windows personal computers 
The game is set in the Star Trek fictional universe, specifically related to Star Trek: The Next Generation  The player takes control of one of five civilisations, either the Federation, Ferengi, Klingons, Romulans or Cardassians  Thirty other races from the Star Trek universe are included as minor races in the game  In addition to the strategy mode of the game, Birth of the Federation also features a 3D combat mode which uses the Falcon 4 0 engine 
The game's release was intended to tie-in with the film Star Trek: Insurrection  Birth of the Federation received average to good ratings from critics, who praised the look of the game but were critical of the AI of enemy factions, the research technologies and the time it took to play  It was compared to other games such as Master of Orion II and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri 

Gameplay
The game is a 4X turn-based computer strategy game set in The Next Generation era of Star Trek, with only starships and races from that series and movies  There are no ships or races from The Original Series or Star Trek: Voyager unless they appeared on The Next Generation  For example, the Romulan Warbird from The Next Generation appears, but the Romulan Bird of Prey from The Original Series does not  There are two designs from Deep Space Nine that are in the game: the Heavy Escort Defiant Class and the Cardassian Starbase design used for Deep Space Nine, both of which appeared in a TNG episode or movie as well  The game is played on a 2d Galaxy Map which represents star systems, task forces, empire borders and other space phenomena via the use of icons  Map size varies: small (10x13), medium (12x16), and huge (18x26)  There are also separate screens for empire research, colony management, intelligence and diplomacy which are all accessed from a right-click main menu The player starts with a star system under their control and the purpose of the game is to create the most powerful empire in the galaxy  This is achieved through diplomacy, colonization of new worlds and defeating rivals  Winning the game in an alliance with a rival empire is also possible  Unlike similar games such as Master of Orion, diplomacy isn't the core means of winning the game for all factions  Instead the victory conditions also allow for the player to win if they control 60% of the population of the galaxy and the inhabited systems, but an alliance with another empire increases the percentage required to 75%  The "Vendetta" victory conditions requires an Empire to defeat two rivals; for the Federation it is the Romulans and the Cardassians Space Battles are turn-based, and allow for the player to issue orders to individual vessels  The player then watches the two sides follow their respective orders at the same time  These sequences can be recorded and replayed later in multiple camera angles  Space combats can also be skipped, allowing the computer to work out the results  Unlike games like Master of Orion II, there is no ability to customise the look of individual vessels or classes  Each of these use predefined designs  Multiplayer for up to five players can be played over a LAN, and was available on the internet via Hasbro Interactive's Games com The player is also required to manage resources for their empire  At an individual system level, the player must manage energy to power structures, food to feed the population and industry units which determines how quickly ships and structures can be constructed  Across an empire, the player must also manage credits which allow for structures and ships to be instantly constructed, to support ships beyond the maximum allowed by the population and to be used as gifts or bribes  In addition to population, the number of starships that an empire can build simultaneously is restricted by the number of dilithium refineries it owns 

Factions
Although the title of the game is Birth of the Federation, the player can choose from five major powers: The Federation, the Klingon Empire, the Romulan Star Empire, the Cardassian Union, and the Ferengi Alliance  Each of these factions have different advantages, so while the Federation is more proficient at diplomacy, the Klingons are better in military matters, and the Romulans at espionage  The Ferengi are the best at trading and have the unique ability to set up trade routes with minor factions without the need for treaties, and the Cardassians benefit from an increased production speed  In addition, the minor races can be befriended by the player and can eventually become part of their empire (either by joining peacefully or by conquest)  There are 30 minor races in the game  Each minor race adds a unique ability to the empire that controls them, for example the Bolians allow the player to construct a building which increases the effectiveness of spies in the game, and the Betazoids (with their telepathy) boost the effectiveness of counterintelligence 

Production
MicroProse had developed similar games such as Civilization (1991) and had been involved in the publishing of the Simtex games Master of Orion (1993), Master of Magic (1994) and Master of Orion II: Battle at Antares (1996)  Simtex itself closed in 1997, but Birth of the Federation had been described by critics as an unofficial sequel to the Orion games, and was in the mold of Civilization and Master of Magic  Microprose had the rights to create games based on Star Trek: The Next Generation, but did not hold the rights to Star Trek: The Original Series which were held by Interplay Entertainment The 3D battle sequences used the Falcon 4 0 engine, with each vessel rendered fully  In addition to being called Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation, it was also referred to as Star Trek: Birth of the Federation  Microprose previewed the game alongside Star Trek: Klingon Honour Guard at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Atlanta, Georgia, in May 1998 The release of Birth of the Federation was intended to coincide with the theatrical release of the film Star Trek: Insurrection  Birth of the Federation was released on May 25, 1999, in the United States, and on May 28, in the United Kingdom 

Reception
The game received average reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings  Peter Suciu reviewed the game for CNN, and criticised the computer AI as it didn't portray the races in the same manner as in the television series  For example, the Klingon faction will seek peace agreements when they begin to lose a war, and the Federation will request tributes in order to prevent that faction from attacking the player  He was also disappointed that the earlier ships were still from Star Trek: The Next Generation rather than Star Trek: The Original Series  Suciu felt that the game was on-par with both Master of Orion and Master of Orion II, and said that knowledge of the races "makes for a more compelling game"  Keith Ferrell in his review for Computer Gaming World said that whilst the game was "attractively presented", the learning curve was steep and took a long time to play through  However, Daniel Erickson in his review for NextGen called it "A wonderful look at the Star Trek universe, but the actual game is sleep-inducing "The review in PC Magazine described Birth of the Federation said that the game had a "cool design" and "evocative music"  Mark Hill's review in PC Zone praised the turn based strategy mode, but described the battle sequences as "somewhat lacking"  He forgave that issue as the rest of the game was so "absorbing", and said that it was an "essential purchase for hard-core strategy nuts " He called it "the best Star Trek game yet "Trent C  Ward's review for IGN said that while the menu screens were "really cool-looking", they did a poor job when the game became complex because of the expansion of the player's empire during the course of the game  This meant that it could take up to fifteen minutes for each turn because the player would have to constantly click into and out of the various menu systems  As with the review for CNN, the IGN review also criticised the lack of a link between the diplomatic characteristics in the game and those seen in the television series  It summed up the game, saying "Birth of the Federation is nothing more than a frustrating copy of earlier turn based strategy games that doesn't work like it's supposed to  My recommendation is to leave this one on the shelf "The game entered the British all-format games charts at number five, the second highest new entry for that week  After one week, it dropped to tenth place, and then moved out of the top ten altogether in the week after that In 2017, PC Gamer ranked the game among the best Star Trek games 

Notes
Passage 11:
A Prisoner of Birth
A Prisoner of Birth is a mystery novel by English author Jeffrey Archer, first published on 6 March 2008 by Macmillan  This book is a contemporary retelling of Dumas's 1844 novel The Count of Monte Cristo  The novel saw Archer return to the first place in the fiction best-seller list for the first time in a decade 

Plot summary
After proposing to his childhood sweetheart Beth Wilson, Danny Cartwright takes her and her brother Bernie to celebrate at a nearby pub  In the pub, they are accosted by four people  Danny, Beth and Bernie attempt to leave the pub without getting involved in a fracas, but Spencer Craig, one of the four that confronted them, follows them out of the pub along with his friends 
A fight breaks out; Bernie is stabbed and dies  Danny is blamed for his murder in a well-orchestrated plot by Spencer (a barrister) and his friends: a popular actor, an aristocrat, and a young estate agent  Danny is arrested and convicted  Sentenced to 22 years in Belmarsh prison, the highest security jail in South-east London, United Kingdom, he encounters his two cellmates, Albert Crann, known as "Big Al," and Sir Nicholas Moncrieff  Meanwhile, outside the prison, Beth is pregnant with Danny's daughter 
Sir Nicholas slowly teaches Danny to read and to write  Their friendship grows closer, and Danny decides to dress like his friend in the hope that it will help his upcoming appeal  Danny begins to gather evidence for his appeal with the help of a young lawyer, Alex Redmayne, but unable to present the new evidence, Danny's appeal is denied, and he must serve his complete sentence in Belmarsh prison  He tries to escape several times but of no avail 
Nicholas is murdered by a fellow inmate and his death is made to be seen as a suicide by the murderer  The dead body is mistakenly presumed to be that of Danny's by the guards due to similarities between Nick and Danny's height and features  The timely intervention of Big Al leads to the subsequent escape of Danny who pretends to be Nick (who had completed his sentence in prison)  On the outside of the prison, Danny pretends to be Nicholas  He finds that he must sort out his friend's family affairs before pursuing his goals of clearing his name and taking revenge upon the four individuals who framed him for Bernie's murder 
A lengthy legal battle between himself and Nicholas' hated uncle Hugo leaves Danny Cartwright in the possession of over 50 million pounds with which he plans to expose Spencer Craig and clear his name, so that he will be able to live with Beth and his daughter 
Danny is caught out by Nick's friends and is held in custody  While his counsel begins Danny's bid for freedom his accusers are all brought to justice  Alex's father (an ex-barrister, QC, and Judge at the High Court) gains Danny's freedom and his name is cleared  Danny has another child and is called Nick in honour of his friend  Alex (his barrister) is made godfather for all his hard work in freeing Danny 
Passage 12:
Sincik
Sincik (Kurdish: Sinciq) is a town of Adıyaman Province of Turkey  It is the seat of Sincik District  The town is populated by Kurds of the Reşwan tribe and had a population of 4,344 in 2021  The mayor is Mehmet Korkut (BBP) 
The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Ayengin, Cumhuriyet, Fatih, Karaman, Mahmutoğlu (Serindere), Onur and Zeynel Aslan 
Passage 13:
29th government of Turkey
The 29th government of Turkey (20 February 1965 – 27 October 1965) was a caretaker government in Turkey  The prime minister was Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, an independent  Four parties supported him: Justice Party (AP), New Turkey Party (YTP), Republican Villagers Nation Party (CKMP), and Nation Party (MP)  (This was the only time Nation Party ever participated in a government) 

The government
Some of the cabinet members were changed during the lifespan of the cabinet  In the list below, the serving period of cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column "Notes" 

Aftermath
The government resigned after the elections held on 10 October 1965, which the Justice Party won by a landslide  The 29th government was succeeded by the government of Süleyman Demirel 
Passage 14:
Suat Hayri Ürgüplü
Ali Suat Hayri Ürgüplü (13 August 1903, in Damascus, Ottoman Empire – 26 December 1981, in Istanbul, Turkey) was a Turkish politician who served a brief term as Prime Minister of Turkey in 1965  He was also the last Prime Minister to be born outside the territory of present-day Turkey, being born in Damascus, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire 

Early life
Ürgüplü graduated from Galatasaray High School  He was the descendant of a distinguished line of Ottoman religious scholars and administrators  His father was the celebrated Sheikh ul-Islam Ürgüplü Hayri Efendi, minister of religious affairs under the Committee of Union and Progress (or Young Turk) regime of 1913–1918 

Career
After a brief career as a judge, Ürgüplü entered the Parliament in 1939 and served as Minister of Customs and Public Monopolies in the Şükrü Saracoğlu cabinet in 1947–1948  He returned to the senate of Parliament in 1961 and was its chairman from 27 November 1963 to 6 November 1963  Ürgüplü was asked to form a non-partisan caretaker cabinet after the collapse of Premier İsmet İnönü's coalition government in 1965  The cabinet was formed on 5 February, and served until the parliamentary elections of 10 October, although it never received a vote of confidence in Parliament 
Ürgüplü continued to serve in the senate until 1972  He died on 27 December 1981 in Istanbul and was interred at the 
Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery 
Passage 15:
Hayrat
Hayrat is a town and district of Trabzon Province, located in the Black Sea region of Turkey  The mayor is Mehmet Nuhoğlu (AKP) 

History
During World War I, occupied by the Russians, Hayrat was freed from the occupation on 28 February 1918 
Passage 16:
Naim Talu
Mehmet Naim Talu (22 July 1919 – 15 May 1998) was a Turkish economist, banker, politician and former Prime Minister of Turkey 

Biography
Naim Talu was born in Istanbul in 1919  He was educated at Kabataş Erkek Lisesi  After graduating with a degree in economics from Istanbul University in 1943, he worked for a while in Sümerbank, a state owned textile company  He transferred to the Central Bank of Turkey in 1946  He became the general director of the bank in 1967 after serving one year as deputy  Following the reorganization of the Central Bank in 1970, he was appointed Governor of this institution  He died in Istanbul in 1998 

Political career
Naim Talu started his political career in 1971 by appointment to the ministry of trade in the second Erim cabinet  He kept his post also in the cabinet of Melen until President Cevdet Sunay admitted him to the Senate in 1972  Commissioned by President Fahri Korutürk following the resignation of Prime Minister Ferit Melen, he formed the 36th government on 15 April 1973 in consensus of the Justice Party with the Republican Reliance Party  His caretaker government lasted beyond the general elections in 1973, which did not set a clear majority for any party  With the forming of a coalition cabinet of the Republican People's Party along with the National Salvation Party under Bülent Ecevit on 26 January 1974, Talu's prime ministry ended  His membership in the Senate continued until 1976 
Naim Talu was a member of the board of Akbank, one of Turkey's largest banks, between 1974 and 1976, prior to his appointment as the chairman, which lasted until shortly before his death in 1998  He served the same period as a member of the board of trustees of the Sabancı Foundation VakSA 
He was survived by his wife Gevher Talu and his two daughters Tülin Talu and Füsun San 



ground_truth: 1 December 2010

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Mehmet Hayri Tarhan's birthplace is the capital of what municipality?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
East Timor
East Timor ( (listen)), also known as Timor-Leste (; Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈmoɾ ˈlɛʃtɨ]), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia  It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, of which the western half is administered by Indonesia, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco  Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea  The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi)  Dili is its capital and largest city 
East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975  Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation  Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule, and, in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of the territory  On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century  That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting East Timor's accession into ASEAN  
The national government runs on a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament  Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence  The country maintains a policy of international cooperation, and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership  The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid 
The total population is over 1 1 million, and is heavily skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate  Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetum  High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country  The majority of the population is Catholic, which exists alongside strong local traditions, especially in rural areas 

Name
"Timor" is derived from timur, meaning 'east' in Malay, thus resulting in a tautological place name meaning 'East East'  In Indonesian, this results in the name Timor Timur  (this name only refers to the former de facto Indonesian province, Timor Leste is used instead to refer this country)  In Portuguese, the country is called Timor-Leste (Leste meaning 'east')  In Tetum it is Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e can be literally translated as 'where the sun rises') The official names under its constitution are "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" in English, "República Democrática de Timor-Leste" in Portuguese, and "Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste" in Tetum  The official short form of the name is "Timor-Leste", and it uses the ISO codes TLS & TL 

History
Prehistory and Classical era
Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago  The first known inhabitants are those who arrived during the Australo-Melanesian migration through the region, likely bringing the precursors to today's Papuan languages  A later migration of Austroasiatic-speakers is suspected, although no such languages remain  The arrival of Austronesian peoples brought new languages, and merged with existing cultures on the island  Timorese origin myths recount settlers sailing around the eastern end of the island before landing in the south  These people are sometimes noted as being from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra  Austronesian migration to Timor may be associated with the development of agriculture on the island While information is limited about the political system of Timor during this period, the island had developed an interconnected series of polities governed by customary law  Small communities, centred around a particular sacred house, were part of wider sucos (or principalities), which were themselves part of larger kingdoms led by a liurai  Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual power of a rai nain, who was generally associated with the primary sacred house of the kingdom  These polities were numerous and saw shifting alliances and relations, but many were stable enough that they survived from initial European documentation in the 16th century until the end of Portuguese rule : 11–15 From perhaps the thirteenth century, the island exported sandalwood,: 267  which was valued both for its use in crafting and as a source of perfume  Timor was included in Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Indian trading networks by the fourteenth century, exporting sandalwood, honey, and wax  The island was recorded by the Majapahit Empire as a source of tribute : 89  It was sandalwood that attracted European explorers to the island in the early sixteenth century  Early European presence was limited to trade, with the first Portuguese settlement being on the nearby island of Solor : 90

Portuguese era (1769–1975)
Early Portuguese presence on Timor was very limited; trade was directed through Portuguese settlements on nearby islands  Only in the 17th century did they establish a more direct presence on the island, a consequence of being driven out of other islands by the Dutch : 267  After Solor was lost in 1613 the Portuguese moved to Flores  In 1646 the capital moved to Kupang on Timor's west, before Kupang too was lost to the Dutch in 1652  The Portuguese then moved to Lifau, in what is now East Timor's Oecusse exclave : 90  Effective European occupation in the east of the island only began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded, although actual control remained highly limited  A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914 and remains the international boundary between the successor states Indonesia and East Timor, respectively For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post, with minimal investment in infrastructure and education, until the late nineteenth century  Even when Portugal established actual control over the interior of its colony, investment remained minimal : 269, 273  Sandalwood continued to be the main export crop and coffee exports became significant in the mid-nineteenth century At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering domestic economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance  The colony was seen as an economic burden during the Great Depression and received little support or management from Portugal : 269 During World War II, Dili was occupied by the Allies in 1941, and later by the Japanese beginning in 1942  The mountainous interior of the colony became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor  Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle killed between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese civilians  The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out in early 1943  Portuguese control resumed, however, after Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Portugal began investment in the colony in the 1950s, funding education and promoting coffee exports, but the economy did not improve substantially and infrastructure improvements were limited : 269  Growth rates remained low, near 2%  Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony in Timor, and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975 
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975  Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975  Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976  The United Nations Security Council opposed the invasion, and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration" 

Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
Fretilin resisted the invasion, initially as an army, holding territory until November 1978, and then as a guerrilla resistance  The Indonesian occupation of Timor was marked by violence and brutality  A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period between 1974 and 1999, including approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 excess deaths from hunger and illness  The total number of conflict-related deaths during this period is difficult to determine due to a lack of data  One estimate based on Portuguese, Indonesian, and Catholic Church data suggests it may have been as high as 200,000  Repression and restrictions counteracted improvements in health and education infrastructure and services, meaning there was little overall improvement in living standards; economic growth mostly benefited immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia : 271  A huge expansion of education was intended to increase Indonesian language use and internal security as much as it was for development The 1991 massacre of more than 200 demonstrators by the Indonesian military was a turning point for the independence cause, and brought increased international pressure on Indonesia  Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, the new President BJ Habibie, prompted by a letter from Australian Prime Minister John Howard, decided to hold a referendum on independence  A UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999  A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military  In response, the Indonesian government allowed a multinational peacekeeping force, INTERFET, to restore order and aid East Timorese refugees and internally displaced persons  On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN 

Contemporary era
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly  On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution  By May 2002, more than 205,000 refugees had returned  On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN  The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president  On 27 September 2002 the country became a UN member state In 2006, a crisis of unrest and factional fighting forced 155,000 people to flee their homes; the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order  The following year, Gusmão declined to run for another term  While there were minor incidents in the build-up to the mid-year presidential elections, the process was peaceful overall and José Ramos-Horta was elected president  In June 2007, Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became prime minister at the head of the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) party  In February 2008, Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination; Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed  Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order  In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities  The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012 Francisco Guterres of the centre-left Fretilin party became president in May 2017  The leader of Fretilin, Mari Alkatiri, formed a coalition government after the July 2017 parliamentary election  This government soon fell, leading to a second general election in May 2018  In June 2018, former president and independence fighter, Taur Matan Ruak, became the new prime minister  José Ramos-Horta again became president on 20 May 2022 after winning the April 2022 presidential election runoff against Francisco Guterres 

Politics and government
The political system of East Timor is semi-presidential, based upon the Portuguese system : 175  The constitution establishes both this separation of executive powers between the president and the prime minister; and the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary : 12  Individuals are not allowed to participate in both the legislature and the executive branch  The legislature is intended to provide a check on the executive; in practice the executive has maintained control of the legislature under all political parties, reflecting the dominance of individual leaders within political parties and coalitions : 174  The executive, through the council of ministers, also holds some formal legislative powers : 175  The judiciary operates independently, although there are instances of executive interference : 13, 39  Some courts shift between locations, to improve access for those in more isolated areas  Despite political rhetoric, the constitution and democratic institutions have been followed by politicians, and changes of government are peaceful : 15, 42  Elections are run by an independent body,: 216  and turnout is high, ranging from around 70% to 85% : 17  The political system has wide public acceptance : 17 : 106 The head of state of East Timor is the president of the republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term,: 244  and can serve a maximum of two terms  Formally, the directly elected president holds relatively limited powers compared to those in similar systems, with no power over the appointment and dismissal of the prime minister and the council of ministers  However, as they are directly elected, past presidents have wielded great informal power and influence : 175  The president does have the power to veto government legislation, initiate referendums, and to dissolve parliament in the event that it is unable to form a government or pass a budget : 244  If the president vetoes a legislative action, the parliament can overturn the veto with a two-thirds majority : 10  The prime minister is chosen by the parliament, with the president appointing the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter : 10  As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet 

Representatives in the unicameral National Parliament are elected by popular vote to a five-year term  The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five  Parties must achieve 3% of the vote to enter parliament, with seats for qualifying parties allocated using the D'Hondt method  Elections occur within the framework of a competitive multi-party system  Upon independence, power was held by the Fretilin political party, which was formed shortly before the Indonesian invasion and led its resistance  Given its history, Fretilin viewed itself as the natural party of government and supported a multi-party system, expecting the development of a dominant-party system  Support from the United Nations and the international community, both before and after independence, allowed the nascent political system to survive shocks such as the 2006 crisis : 173 Candidates in parliamentary elections run in a single national district in a party-list system  One in three of all candidates presented by political parties must be women  This system promotes a diversity of political parties, but gives voters little influence over the individual candidates selected by each party : 175–176  Women hold more than a third of parliamentary seats, with parties required by law to run female candidates, but they are less prominent at other levels and within party leadership Political divisions exist along class lines and along geographical lines  There is broadly a divide between eastern and western areas of the country, stemming from differences that arose under Indonesian rule  Fretilin in particular is strongly linked to the Eastern areas : 176–177  Political parties are more closely associated with prominent personalities more than with ideology : 16  The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction became the main opposition to Fretilin, following its establishment to allow Xanana Gusmão to run for Prime Minister in the 2007 parliamentary elections : 168–169  While both major parties have been relatively stable, they remain led by an "old guard" of individuals who came to prominence during the resistance against Indonesia : 175 : 10–11 Politics and administration is centred in the capital Dili, with the national government responsible for most civil services : 9, 36  Oecusse, separated from the rest of the country by Indonesian territory, is a special administrative region with some autonomy : 180  The National Police of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force have held a monopoly on violence since 2008 and very few guns are present outside of these organisations : 8  While there are allegations of abuse of power, there is some judicial oversight of police and public trust in the institution has grown  An active civil society functions independently of the government, as do media outlets : 11–12  Civil society organisations are concentrated in the capital, including student groups  Due to the structure of the economy, there are no powerful trade unions : 17  The Catholic Church has strong influence in the country : 40

Foreign relations and military
International cooperation has always been important to East Timor; donor funds made up 80% of the budget before oil revenues began to replace them : 42–44  International forces also provided security, with five UN missions sent to the country from 1999  The final one, the United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor, began after the 2006 East Timorese crisis and concluded in 2012 : 4, 14 East Timor formally applied to join ASEAN in 2011,: 42–44  and was granted observer status and accepted "in principle" in November 2022  Despite the nationalist political leadership promoting closer ties with Melanesian states, the country has targeted ASEAN membership since before its independence, with its leaders stating that joining Pacific bodies would have precluded ASEAN membership  ASEAN membership was sought for economic and security reasons, including to improve the relationship with Indonesia  Nonetheless, the process has been slow due to a lack of support from some ASEAN states : 10–11  East Timor is thus an observer to the Pacific Islands Forum and the Melanesian Spearhead Group  More broadly, the country is a leader within the Group of Seven Plus (g7+), an organisation of fragile states  It is also a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries : 42–44 Continuing bilateral donors include Australia, Portugal, Germany, and Japan, and East Timor has a reputation for effectively and transparently using donor funds  Good relations with Australia and with Indonesia are a policy goal for the government, despite historical and more-recent tensions  These countries are important economic partners and provide most transport links to the country : 42–44  China has also increased its presence by contributing to infrastructure in Dili : 12 The relationship with Australia was dominated from before independence by disputes over natural resources in the ocean between them, hampering the establishment of a mutually agreed border  The dominance of Australian hard power led East Timor to utilise public diplomacy and forums for international law to push their case  The dispute was resolved in 2018 following negotiations at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, when a maritime boundary between the two was established along with an agreement on natural resource revenues The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) was established in 2001, replacing Falintil, and was restructured following the events of 2006  It is responsible not only for safeguarding against external threats, but also for addressing violent crime, a role it shares with the National Police of East Timor  These forces remain small: 2,200 soldiers in the regular army and 80 in a naval component  A single aircraft and seven patrol boats are operated, and there are plans to expand the naval component  There is some military cooperation with Australia, Portugal, and the United States 

Administrative divisions
East Timor is divided into fourteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 64 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets)  The municipalities are: Aileu, Ainaro, Atauro, Baucau, Bobonaro, Cova Lima, Dili, Ermera, Lautém, Liquiçá, Manatuto, Manufahi, Oecusse, and Viqueque The existing system of municipalities and administrative posts was established during Portuguese rule : 3  While decentralisation is mentioned in the constitution, administrative powers generally remain with the national government operating out of Dili : 2  Upon independence there was debate about how to implement decentralisation; various proposed models would create different levels of administration between the sucos and the central government  In most proposals, there were no specific provisions for suco-level governance, and they were expected to continue to exist as mostly traditional spaces, identifying communities rather than being part of the civil administration  In the end, the existing districts were kept and renamed municipalities in 2009, and received very few powers : 88–92  In 2016 changes were made so that each municipality is led by a civil servant appointed by the central government  This civil servant is advised by locally elected leaders : 4, 7  The isolated Oecusse municipality, which has a strong identity and is fully surrounded by Indonesian territory, is specified by Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution to be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime  Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 implemented this constitutional provision, which went into effect in January 2015, turning Oecusse into a Special Administrative Region  The region began operating its own civil service in June 2015  In January 2022 the island of Atauro, formerly an Administrative Post of Dili, became its own municipality Administration in the lowest levels of the administrative system of East Timor, the aldeias and sucos, generally reflects traditional customs,: 1  reflecting community identity and relationships between local households : 4  Sucos generally contain 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants  Their long persistence and links to local governance means the sucos are the level of government that is linked to community identities, rather than any high level of administration : 89  Such relationships, however, are associated specifically with the kinship groups within that land, rather than the land itself : 52–53  Relationships between sucos also reflect customary practices, for example through the reciprocal exchanging of support for local initiatives : 9  Laws passed in 2004 provided for the election of some suco officials, but assigned these positions no formal powers  An updated law in 2009 established the expected mandate of these positions, although it continued to leave them outside of the formal state system, reliant on municipal governments to provide formal administration and services : 94–97  Further clarification was given in 2016, which entrenched the treatment of sucos and aldeias more as communities than formal levels of administration  Despite this lack of formal association with the state, suco leaders hold great influence and are often seen by their community as representatives of the state  They have responsibilities usually associated with civic administration : 7–10

Geography
Located in between Southeast Asia and the South Pacific,: 2  the island of Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie within the Malay archipelago : 1  The island is surrounded by the Ombai and Wetar Straits of the rougher Banda Sea in the north, and the calmer Timor Sea in the south : 2  East Timor shares the island with Indonesia, with Indonesian territory separating the Oecusse exclave from the rest of the country  The island of Atauro lies north of the mainland,: 2  with the fourth area being the small island of Jaco  The Savu Sea lies north of Oecusse : 1  The country is about 265 kilometres (165 mi) long and 97 kilometres (60 mi) wide, with a total land area of 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi) : 1  This territory is situated between 8′15S – 10′30S latitude and 125′50E – 127′30E longitude : 2  The country's coastline covers around 700 kilometres (430 mi),: 27  while the main land border with Indonesia is 125 kilometres (78 mi) long, and the Oecusse land border is around 100 kilometres (62 mi) long : 1  Maritime borders exist with Australia to the south and Indonesia elsewhere  East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 77,051 km2 (29,750 sq mi) The interior of the country is mountainous,: 2  with ridges of inactive volcanic mountains extending along the island : 2  Almost half of the country has a slope of at least 40%  The south is slightly less mountainous, and has some plains near the coastline : 2  The highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft)  Most rivers dry up at least partially during the dry season : 2  Outside of some coastal areas and river valleys, the soil is shallow and prone to erosion, and its quality is poor : 13 : 2  The capital and largest city is Dili  The second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau : 22 

The climate is tropical with relatively stable temperatures throughout the year  A wet season lasts from December to May throughout the country, and lasts slightly longer in the south: 5  and the interior due to the effect of a monsoon from Australia : 2  During this period, rainfall can reach 222–252 millimetres (8 7–9 9 in) per month  In the dry season, it drops to 12–18 millimetres (0 47–0 71 in) : 5  The country is vulnerable to flooding and landslides that occur as a result of heavy rain, especially when rainfall levels are increased by the La Niña effect : 13  The mountainous interior is cooler than the coasts  Coastal areas are heavily dependent on groundwater, which faces pressure from mismanagement, deforestation, and climate change : 14  While the temperature is thought to have experienced a small increase due to climate change, there has been little change in annual rainfall : 6 Coastal ecosystems around the country are diverse and varied, with vary spatially between the north and south coastlines, as well as between the eastern tip and areas more to the west  These ecosystems include coral reefs, as the country's waters are part of the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot : 28  The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park  It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country  It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated  The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk There are around 41,000 terrestrial plant species in the country  Forests covered 35% of East Timor's land in the mid 2010s : 1  The forests of the northern coast, central uplands, and southern coast are distinct : 2  East Timor is home to the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion  There is some environmental protection in law, but it has not been a government priority : 27 : 10–14  In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution : 2–3

Economy
The economy of East Timor is a market economy, although it is dependent upon the export of a few commodities and has a large public sector  Internally, market operations are limited by widespread poverty : 20  The country uses the United States dollar, producing its own coins to facilitate smaller transactions  The economy is generally open to foreign investment, although a prohibition on foreigners owning land means many require a local partner in the country : 20  Competition is limited by the small size of the economy, rather than any government barriers  There are far more imports than exports,: 21  and prices for goods are often higher than in nearby countries : 27  Inflation is strongly affected by government spending : 257  Growth has been slow, averaging just 2 5% per year from 2011 to 2021 : 24 Most of the country is very poor, with just more than 40% living under the national poverty line  This poverty is especially prevalent in rural areas, where many are subsistence farmers or fishermen  Even in urban areas, the majority are poor  Overall, women are poorer than men, often being employed in lower-paying careers : 18  Malnutrition is common, with over half of children showing stunted growth : 255  While 91% of married working age (15–49) men were employed as of 2016, only 43% of married working age women were  There are small disparities in favour of men in terms of home and land ownership and owning a bank account : 14  The eastern three municipalities, which contain around a quarter of the population, has less poverty than the western areas, which contain 50% of the population : 214 Sixty-six per cent of families are in part supported by subsistence activities; however, the country as a whole does not produce enough food to be self-sustaining, and thus relies on imports : 16  Agricultural work carries the implication of poverty, and the sector receives little investment from the government : 260  Ninety-four per cent of domestic fish catch comes from the ocean, especially coastal fisheries : 17  Those in the capital of Dili are on average better off, although they remain poor by international standards : 257  The small size of the private sector means the government is often the customer of public businesses  A quarter of the national population works in the informal economy, with the official public and private sectors employing 9% each : 18  Of those of working age, around 23% are in the formal sector, 21% are students, and 27% are subsistence farmers and fishers : 21  The economy is mostly cash-based, with little commercial credit available from banks : 11–12  Remittances from overseas workers add up to around $100 million annually : 257 

This poverty belies significant wealth in terms of natural resources, which at the time of independence had per capita value equivalent to the wealth of an upper-middle income country  Over half of this was in oil, and over a quarter natural gas  The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005 to turn these non-renewable resources into a more sustainable form of wealth : 4–6  From 2005 to 2021, $23 billion earned from oil sales has entered the fund  $8 billion has been generated from investments, while $12 billion has been spent : 30  A decrease in oil and gas reserves led to decreasing HDI beginning in 2010 : 18–19  Eighty per cent of government spending comes from this fund, which as of 2021 had $19 billion, 10 times greater than the size of the national budget  As oil income has decreased, the fund is at risk of being exhausted  Withdrawals have exceeded sustainable levels almost every year since 2009 : 23  Resources within the Bayu-Undan field are expected to soon run out, while extracting those within the so far undeveloped Greater Sunrise field has proven technically and politically challenging  Remaining potential reserves are also losing value as oil and gas become less favoured sources of energy : 264–272 The country's economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors  Government spending decreased beginning in 2012, which had knock-on effects in the private sector over the following years  The government and its state-owned oil company often invest in large private projects  Decreasing government spending was matched with a decrease in GDP growth : 18  After the petroleum fund, the second largest source of government income is taxes  Tax revenue is less than 8% of GDP, lower than many other countries in the region and with similarly sized economies  Other government income comes from 23 "autonomous agencies", which include port authorities, infrastructure companies, and the National University of East Timor : 13, 28–309  Overall, government spending remains among the highest in the world,: 12  although investment into education, health, and water infrastructure is negligible : 260 

Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment  Property rights remain ill-defined, with conflicting titles from Portuguese and Indonesian rule, as well as needing to accommodate traditional customary rights : 23  As of 2010, 87 7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18 9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38 2%  The private sector shrank between 2014 and 2018, despite a growing working age population  Agriculture and manufacturing are less productive per capita than at independence : 255–256  Non-oil economic sectors have failed to develop, and growth in construction and administration is dependent on oil revenue : 256  The dependence on oil shows some aspects of a resource curse  Coffee made up 90% of all non-fossil fuel exports from 2013 to 2019, with all such exports totalling to around US$20 million annually : 257  In 2017, the country was visited by 75,000 tourists 

Demographics
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census  The population lives mainly along the coastline, where all urban areas are located : 27  Those in urban areas generally have more formal education, employment prospects, and healthcare  While a strong gender disparity exists throughout the country, it is less severe in the urban capital  The wealthy minority often go abroad for health, education and other purposes : 25  The population is young, with the median age being under 20 : 29  In particular, a large proportion of the population (almost 45% in 2015) are males between the ages of 15 and 24, the third largest male 'youth bulge' in the world : 212 The Government of Timor-Leste's website lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese  Other reference sources list it as East Timorese  The word Maubere formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride Healthcare received 6% of the national budget in 2021



ground_truth: Malko Tarnovo Municipality

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What series of wins did the sports team that the all time highest goal scorer in spain national team was a member or achieve in 2009?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of La Liga top scorers
La Liga all-time top scorer is Lionel Messi with 474 goals, all for Barcelona  He also holds the record for most goals scored in a single season with 50 in the 2011–12 campaign, and is the only player ever to win the league's top scorer award in eight different seasons  Athletic Bilbao's Telmo Zarra, who was the competition's all-time top scorer until 2014, won the top scorer award six times  Three other players — Real Madrid's Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini of Sporting Gijón and Barcelona, and Hugo Sánchez of Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid — each finished as top scorer in five individual seasons 

All-time top scorers
Key

Bold shows players still playing in La Liga 
Italics show players still playing professional football in other leagues As of matches played on 4 June 2023

Top scorers by season
See also
Pichichi Trophy
European Golden Shoe
Premier League Golden Boot
List of Bundesliga top scorers by season
List of Ligue 1 top scorers
Capocannoniere
Passage 2:
FC Barcelona
Futbol Club Barcelona (Catalan pronunciation: [fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə] (listen)), commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ([ˈbaɾsə]), is a professional football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football 
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, Catalan, German, and English footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto "Més que un club" ("More than a club")  Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona  It is the third-most valuable sports team in the world, worth $5 51 billion, and the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €582 1 million  The official Barcelona anthem is the "Cant del Barça", written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs  Barcelona traditionally play in dark shades of blue and garnet stripes, hence nicknamed Blaugrana 
Domestically, Barcelona has won a record 77 trophies: 27 La Liga, 31 Copa del Rey, 14 Supercopa de España, three Copa Eva Duarte, and two Copa de la Liga titles, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions  In international club football, the club has won 22 European and worldwide titles: five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cups, a joint record five UEFA Super Cups, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, a joint record two Latin Cups, and three FIFA Club World Cups  Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015, and occupies the ninth position on the UEFA club rankings as of May 2023  The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid, and matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico 
Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world, and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams  Barcelona players have won a record twelve Ballon d'Or awards, with recipients including Johan Cruyff, as well as a record seven FIFA World Player of the Year awards, with winners including Romário, Ronaldo, Rivaldo and Ronaldinho  In 2010, three players who came through the club's youth academy (Lionel Messi, Andrés Iniesta and Xavi) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football academy  Additionally, players representing the club have won a record eight European Golden Shoe awards 
Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid  In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup  In 2011, the club became European champions again, winning five trophies  This Barcelona team, which won fourteen trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time  By winning their fifth Champions League trophy in 2015 under Luis Enrique, Barcelona became the first European football club in history to achieve the continental treble twice 

History
1899–1922: Beginnings
On 22 October 1899, Swiss Hans Gamper placed an advertisement in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club; a positive response resulted in a meeting at the Gimnasio Solé on 29 November  Eleven players attended – Walter Wild (the first president of the club), Luis de Ossó, Bartomeu Terradas, Otto Kunzle, Otto Maier, Enric Ducal, Pere Cabot, Carles Pujol, Josep Llobet, John Parsons, and William Parsons – and Foot-Ball Club Barcelona was born 

FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey  In 1901, the club participated in the very first football competition played on the Iberian Peninsula, the Copa Macaya, narrowly losing to Hispania AC, but in the following year, Barça won the tournament, the club's first-ever piece of silverware, and then participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya (a combination of players from Athletic Club and Bilbao FC) in the final  In 1908, Hans Gamper – now known as Joan Gamper – became club president in a desperate attempt to save Barcelona from extinction, finding the club struggling not just on the pitch, but also financially and socially, after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905  He said in a meeting, "Barcelona cannot die and must not die  If there is nobody who is going to try, then I will assume the responsibility of running the club from now on " Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm  One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income On 14 March 1909, the team moved into the Camp de la Indústria, a stadium with a capacity of 8,000  To celebrate their new surroundings, the club conducted a logo contest the following year  Carles Comamala won the contest, and his suggestion became the crest that the club still wears – with some minor changes – as of the present day The stadium is regarded as the main element that helped the club grow in the 1910s and become a dominant team, winning three successive Campionats de Catalunya between 1909 and 1911, three Copa del del Rey in four years between 1910 and 1913, and four successive Pyrenees Cup between the inaugural year in 1910 and 1913, which was one of the earliest international club cups in Europe since it consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi and Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country and Catalonia; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region  The contest was the most prestigious in that era  Notable figures of Barça's first great team include Carles Comamala, Alfredo Massana, Amechazurra, Paco Bru and Jack Greenwell  The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917 During the same period, the club changed its official language from Castilian to Catalan and gradually evolved into an important symbol of Catalan identity  For many fans, participating in the club had less to do with the game itself and more with being a part of the club's collective identity  On 4 February 1917, the club held its first tribute match to honour Ramón Torralba, who played from 1913 to 1928  The match was against local side Terrassa where Barcelona won the match 6–2 Gamper simultaneously launched a campaign to recruit more club members, and by 1922, the club had more than 20,000, who helped finance a new stadium  The club then moved to the new Les Cortes, which they inaugurated the same year  Les Cortes had an initial capacity of 30,000, and in the 1940s it was expanded to 60,000 In 1912, Gamper recruited Paulino Alcántara, the club's seventh all-time top-scorer, and in 1917, Gamper also recruited Jack Greenwell as the first full-time manager in Barcelona's history  After this hiring, the club's fortunes began to improve on the field and soon enjoyed its first "golden age"  Along with Alcántara, the Barça team under Greenwell also included Sagibarba, Ricardo Zamora, Josep Samitier, Félix Sesúmaga and Franz Platko  This team won 9 out of 10 Campionats de Catalunya between 1919 and 1928 and two Copa del Rey titles in 1920 and 1922  In total, during the Gamper-led era, Barcelona won eleven Campionats de Catalunya, six Copa del Rey and four Pyrenees Cups 

1923–1957: Rivera, Republic and Civil War
On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March  As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club  This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 1926, the directors of Barcelona publicly claimed, for the first time, to operate a professional football club 

On 3 July 1927, the club held a second testimonial match for Paulino Alcántara, against the Spanish national team  To kick off the match, local journalist and pilot Josep Canudas dropped the ball onto the pitch from his aeroplane  In 1928, victory in the Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled "Oda a Platko", which was written by a member of the Generation of '27, Rafael Alberti, inspired by the heroic performance of the Barcelona goalkeeper, Franz Platko  On 23 June 1929, Barcelona won the inaugural Spanish League  A year after winning the championship, on 30 July 1930, Gamper committed suicide after a period of depression brought on by personal and financial problems Although they continued to have players of the standing of Josep Escolà, the club now entered a period of decline, in which political conflict overshadowed sports throughout society  Attendance at matches dropped as the citizens of Barcelona were occupied with discussing political matters  Although the team won the Campionat de Catalunya in 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936, and 1938, success at a national level (with the exception of the 1937 disputed title) evaded them 
A month after the entire Spanish Civil War began in 1936, several players from Barcelona enlisted in the ranks of those who fought against the military uprising, along with players from Athletic Bilbao  On 6 August, Falangist soldiers near Guadarrama murdered club president Josep Sunyol, a representative of the pro-independence political party  He was dubbed the martyr of barcelonisme, and his murder was a defining moment in the history of FC Barcelona and Catalan identity  In the summer of 1937, the squad was on tour in Mexico and the United States, where it was received as an ambassador of the Second Spanish Republic  The tour led to the financial security of the club but also resulted in half of the team seeking asylum in Mexico and France, making it harder for the remaining team to contest for trophies On 16 March 1938, Barcelona came under aerial bombardment from the Italian Air Force, causing more than 3,000 deaths, with one of the bombs hitting the club's offices  A few months later, Catalonia came under occupation and as a symbol of the "undisciplined" Catalanism, the club, now down to just 3,486 members, faced a number of restrictions  All signs of regional nationalism, including language, flag and other signs of separatism were banned throughout Spain  The Catalan flag was banned and the club were prohibited from using non-Spanish names  These measures forced the club to change its name to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and to remove the Catalan flag from its crest 

In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del Generalísimo (now the Copa del Rey)  The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3–0  Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg, beating Barcelona 11–1  According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid  Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history  This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims " It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona's players were threatened by police in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven Despite the difficult political situation, CF Barcelona enjoyed considerable success during the 1940s and 1950s  In 1945, with Josep Samitier as coach and players like César, Ramallets and Velasco, they won La Liga for the first time since 1929  They added two more titles in 1948 and 1949  In 1949, they also won the first Copa Latina  In June 1950, Barcelona signed László Kubala, who was to be an important figure at the club On a rainy Sunday of 1951, the crowd left Les Corts stadium after a 2–1 win against Santander by foot, refusing to catch any trams, and surprising the Francoist authorities  The reason was simple: at the same time, a tram strike was taking place in Barcelona, receiving the support of blaugrana fans  Events like this made CF Barcelona represent much more than just Catalonia and many progressive Spaniards saw the club as a staunch defender of rights and freedoms Coach Ferdinand Daučík and László Kubala led the team to five different trophies including La Liga, the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa Latina, the Copa Eva Duarte, and the Copa Martini Rossi in 1952  In 1953, the club won La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo again 

1957–1978: Club de Fútbol Barcelona
With Helenio Herrera as coach, a young Luis Suárez, the European Footballer of the Year in 1960, and two influential Hungarians recommended by Kubala, Sándor Kocsis and Zoltán Czibor, the team won another national double in 1959 and a La Liga and Fairs Cup double in 1960  In 1961, they became the first club to beat Real Madrid in a European Cup play-off  However, they lost 2–3 to Benfica in the final 

The 1960s were less successful for the club, with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga  The completion of the Camp Nou, finished in 1957, meant the club had little money to spend on new players  The 1960s saw the emergence of Josep Maria Fusté and Carles Rexach, and the club won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966  Barcelona restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1–0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Santiago Bernabéu in front of dictator Francisco Franco, with coach Salvador Artigas, a former republican pilot in the Civil War  With the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1974, the club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona and reverted the crest to its original design, including the original letters once again The 1973–74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record £920,000 from Ajax  Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco  He further endeared himself when he named his son "Jordi", after the local Catalan Saint George  Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973–74 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Santiago Bernabéu en route  He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971)  Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona 

1978–2000: Núñez and stabilization
In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president  The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship  The new president's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch  His presidency was to last for 22 years, and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting go of such players as Diego Maradona, Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands On 16 May 1979, the club won its first European Cup Winners' Cup by beating Fortuna Düsseldorf 4–3 in Basel in a final watched by more than 30,000 travelling blaugrana fans  The same year, Núñez began to invest in the club's youth programme by converting La Masia into a dormitory for young academy players from abroad  The name of the dormitory would later become synonymous with the youth programme of Barcelona 

In June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £5 million from Boca Juniors  In the following season, under coach César Luis Menotti, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid  Maradona's time with Barcelona, however, was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli  At the start of the 1984–85 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster  The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua București during a dramatic evening in Seville Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois  The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches  At the same time, Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads, who often identified with a right-wing separatism  The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois' ideology from liberalism to fascism, which caused division within the group and a sudden support for Núñez's presidency  Inspired by British hooligans, the remaining Boixos Nois became violent, causing havoc leading to large-scale arrests After the 1986 FIFA World Cup, Barcelona signed the English top scorer Gary Lineker, along with goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta, but the team could not achieve success, as Schuster was excluded from the team  Terry Venables was subsequently fired at the beginning of the 1987–88 season and replaced with Luis Aragonés  The season finished with the players rebelling against president Núñez, in an event known as the Hesperia mutiny, and a 1–0 victory in the Copa del Rey final against Real Sociedad 

The Dream Team era
In 1988, Johan Cruyff returned to the club, this time as manager and he assembled what would later be dubbed the "Dream Team"  He used a mix of Spanish players like Pep Guardiola, José Mari Bakero, Jon Andoni Goikoetxea, Miguel Angel Nadal and Txiki Begiristain while signing international players such as Ronald Koeman, Michael Laudrup, Romário and Hristo Stoichkov 

It was ten years after the inception of the youth programme, La Masia, when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team  One of the first graduates, who would later earn international acclaim, was future Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola 
Under Cruyff's guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994  They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley, with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman  They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de España trophies  With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager at that point  He also became the club's longest consecutive serving manager, serving eight years  Cruyff's fortune was to change, and, in his final two seasons, he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Josep Lluís Núñez, resulting in his departure  On the legacy of Cruyff's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club, future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state, "Cruyff built the cathedral, our job is to maintain and renovate it "Reacting to Cruyff's departure, an independent protest group was organised by Armand Caraben, Joan Laporta and Alfons Godall  The objective of the group, called L'Elefant Blau, was to oppose the presidency of Núñez, which they regarded as a corruption of the club's traditional values  Laporta would later take over the presidency of Barcelona in 2003 Cruyff was briefly replaced by Bobby Robson, who took charge of the club for a single season in 1996–97  He recruited Ronaldo for a world record transfer fee from his previous club, PSV and delivered a cup treble, winning the Copa del Rey, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the Supercopa de España, with Ronaldo registering 47 goals in 49 games  Despite his success, Robson was only ever seen as a short-term solution while the club waited for Louis van Gaal to become available Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time before he left for Inter Milan in another world record transfer  However, new heroes emerged, such as Luís Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique and Rivaldo, and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998  In 1999, the club celebrated its centenari, winning the Primera División title, and Rivaldo became the fourth Barcelona player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year  Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000 

2000–2008: Exit Núñez, enter Laporta
The departures of Núñez and Van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo, then club vice-captain  Figo had become a cult hero and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own  Barcelona fans, however, were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou, Figo was given an extremely hostile reception  Upon his first return, a piglet's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd  The next three years saw the club in decline, and managers came and went  Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer who, despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000, presided over a mediocre league campaign and a first-round Champions League exit, and was dismissed late in the season  Long-serving Barcelona deputy coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season against Valencia via an exceptional performance from Rivaldo, who completed arguably the greatest hat-trick in history with an overhead bicycle kick winner in the final minute to secure qualification Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, Rexach was never viewed as a long-term solution and that summer Van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager  What followed, despite another decent Champions League performance, was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club's history, with the team as low as 15th in February 2003  This led to Van Gaal's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Antić, though a sixth-place finish was the best that he could manage  At the end of the season, Antić's short-term contract was not renewed, and club president Joan Gaspart resigned, his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior 

After the disappointment of the Gaspart era, the combination of a new young president, Joan Laporta, and a young new manager, former Dutch and AC Milan star Frank Rijkaard, saw the club bounce back  On the field, an influx of international players, including Ronaldinho, Deco, Henrik Larsson, Ludovic Giuly, Samuel Eto'o, Rafael Márquez and Edgar Davids, combined with home grown Spanish players, such as Carles Puyol, Andrés Iniesta, Xavi and Víctor Valdés, led to the club's return to success  Barcelona won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004–05, and Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third, respectively, in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards 

In the 2005–06 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercopa successes  The pinnacle of the league season arrived at the Santiago Bernabéu in a 3–0 win over Real Madrid  It was Rijkaard's second victory at the Bernabéu, making him the first Barcelona manager to win there twice  Ronaldinho's performance was so impressive that after his second goal, which was Barcelona's third, some Real Madrid fans gave him a standing ovation  In the Champions League, Barcelona beat the English club Arsenal in the final  Trailing 1–0 to a ten-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes remaining, they came back to win 2–1, with substitute Henrik Larsson, in his final appearance for the club, setting up goals for Samuel Eto'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti, for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years Despite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006–07 season without trophies  A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi  There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticised coach Rijkaard and Ronaldinho  Ronaldinho also admitted that a lack of fitness affected his form  In La Liga, Barcelona were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions  Barcelona advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5–2, with a goal from Messi bringing comparison to Diego Maradona's goal of the century, but then lost the second leg 4–0  They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian side Internacional  In the Champions League, Barcelona were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals Barcelona finished the 2007–08 season third in La Liga and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League and Copa del Rey, both times losing to the eventual champions, Manchester United and Valencia, respectively  The day after a 4–1 defeat to Real Madrid, Joan Laporta announced that Barcelona B coach Pep Guardiola would take over Frank Rijkaard's duties on 30 June 2008 

2008–2012: Guardiola era
Barcelona B youth manager Pep Guardiola took over Frank Rijkaard's duties at the conclusion of the season  Guardiola brought with him the now famous tiki-taka style of play he had been taught during his time in the Barcelona youth teams  In the process, Guardiola sold Ronaldinho and Deco and started building the Barcelona team around Xavi, Andrés Iniesta and Lionel Messi 

Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4–1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time  A historic 2–6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became 2008–09 La Liga champions  Barça finished the season by beating Manchester United 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, with goals from Eto'o and Messi, to win their third Champions League title, and complete the first ever treble won by a Spanish team  The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble  In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 Club World Cup  Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Supercopa de España for a ninth time After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president  The elections were held on 13 June, where he got 61 35% (57,088 votes, a record) of total votes  Rosell signed David Villa from Valencia for €40 million and Javier Mascherano from Liverpool for €19 million  At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, Barcelona players that had graduated from the club's La Masia youth system would play a major role in Spain becoming world champions  On 11 July, seven players who came through the academy participated in the final, six of whom were Barcelona players who started the match, with Iniesta scoring the winning goal against the Netherlands In November 2010, Barcelona defeated their main rival Real Madrid 5–0 in El Clásico 
At the ceremony for the 2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or in December, Barcelona's La Masia became the first youth academy ever to have all three finalists for the Ballon d'Or, with Messi, Iniesta and Xavi being named the three best players in the world for 2010  In the 2010–11 season, Barcelona retained the La Liga trophy, their third title in succession, finishing with 96 points  In April 2011, the club reached the Copa del Rey final, losing 1–0 to Real Madrid at the Mestalla Stadium in Valencia  In May, Barcelona defeated Manchester United in the 2011 Champions League Final 3–1 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup  In August 2011, La Masia graduate Cesc Fàbregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid  The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup defeating Porto 2–0 with goals from Messi and Fàbregas  This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies  The Super Cup victory also saw Guardiola win his 12th trophy out of a possible 15 in his three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at Barcelona 

In December, Barcelona won the Club World Cup for a record second time since its establishment, after defeating 2011 Copa Libertadores holders Santos 4–0 in the final thanks to two goals from Messi and goals from Xavi and Fàbregas  As a result, the overall trophy haul during the reign of Guardiola was further extended and saw Barcelona win their 13th trophy out of a possible 16  Considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time, with Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson stating, ”They mesmerise you with their passing”, their five trophies in 2011 saw them receive the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year In the 2011–12 season, Barcelona lost the semi-finals of the Champions League against Chelsea  Guardiola, who had been on a rolling contract and had faced criticism over his recent tactics and squad selections, announced that he would step down as manager on 30 June and be succeeded by assistant Tito Vilanova  Guardiola finished his tenure with Barça winning the Copa del Rey final 3–0, bringing the tally to 14 trophies that Barça had won under his coaching It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova, assistant manager at Barcelona, would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager  Following his appointment, Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season, recording only two losses and amassing 100 points  Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi, who scored 46 goals in La Liga, including two hat-tricks  On 11 May 2013, Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time, still with four games left to play  Ultimately, Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2–1 to them at the beginning of March  They reached the semi-final stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively  On 19 July, it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned, and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three-month medical leave in December 2012 

2014–2020: Bartomeu era
On 22 July 2013, Gerardo "Tata" Martino was confirmed as manager of Barcelona for the 2013–14 season  Barcelona won the 2013 Supercopa de España 1–1 on away goals  On 23 January 2014, Sandro Rosell resigned as president by the admissibility of a complaint for alleged misappropriation following the transfer of Neymar  Josep Maria Bartomeu replaced him to finish the term 

Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–15 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice  On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid  This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years  On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou  On 6 June, Barcelona won the 2015 Champions League Final with a 3–1 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in six years  Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Suárez and Neymar, dubbed "MSN", scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history On 11 August, Barcelona started the 2015–16 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla 5–4 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup  They ended the year with a 3–0 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 Club World Cup final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time, with Suárez, Messi and Iniesta the top three players of the tournament  The Club World Cup was Barcelona's 20th international title, a record only matched by Egyptian club Al Ahly  By scoring 180 goals in 2015 in all competitions, Barcelona set the record for most goals scored in a calendar year, breaking Real Madrid's record of 178 goals scored in 2014  On 10 February 2016, qualifying for the sixth Copa del Rey final in the last eight seasons, Luis Enrique's Barcelona broke the club's record of 28 consecutive games unbeaten in all competitions set by Guardiola's team in the 2010–11 season, with a 1–1 draw with Valencia in the second leg of the 2015–16 Copa del Rey  With a 5–1 win at Rayo Vallecano on 3 March, Barcelona's 35th match unbeaten, the club broke Real Madrid's Spanish record of 34 games unbeaten in all competitions from the 1988–1989 season  After Barça reached 39 matches unbeaten, their run ended on 2 April 2016 with a 2–1 defeat to Real Madrid at Camp Nou  On 14 May 2016, Barcelona won their sixth La Liga title in eight seasons  The front three of Messi, Suárez and Neymar finished the season with 131 goals, breaking the record they had set the previous year for most goals by an attacking trio in a single season 

On 8 March 2017, Barcelona made the largest comeback in Champions League history in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League Round of 16 second Leg, defeating Paris Saint-Germain 6–1 (aggregate score 6–5), despite losing the first leg in France by a score of 4–0  On 29 May 2017, former player Ernesto Valverde was named as Luis Enrique's successor  On 20 September 2017, Barcelona issued a statement exercising their stance on the 2017 Catalan referendum saying, "FC Barcelona, in holding the utmost respect for its diverse body of members, will continue to support the will of the majority of Catalan people, and will do so in a civil, peaceful, and exemplary way"  The match against UD Las Palmas on the referendum day was requested to be postponed by the Barcelona board due to heavy violence in Catalonia, but it (the request) was declined by La Liga, therefore being held behind closed doors  Two directors, Jordi Monés and Carles Vilarrubí, handed in their resignations in protest at the game's being played  Winning La Liga for the 2017–18 season, on 9 May 2018, Barcelona defeated Villarreal 5–1 to set the longest unbeaten streak (43 games) in La Liga history  On 27 April 2019, Barcelona won their 26th La Liga title  However, the La Liga title was overshadowed by an improbable Champions League exit to Liverpool in the semi-finals, with Barça losing the second leg 0–4 after being up 3–0 after a home victory On 13 January 2020, following the loss to Atlético Madrid in the Spanish Supercup, former Real Betis coach Quique Setién replaced Ernesto Valverde as the new head coach of Barcelona  Ultimately Barcelona finished the season trophyless for first time in 12 years  On 17 August, the club confirmed that Setién had been removed from his position as manager with director of football Eric Abidal also dismissed from his position  Two days later, Ronald Koeman was appointed as the new head coach of Barcelona  Rising dissatisfaction among supporters due to worsening finances and decline on the pitch in the previous season led to Josep Maria Bartomeu announcing his resignation as president on 27 October 2020, to avoid facing a vote of no confidence from the club members 

2021–present: Return of Laporta and post-Messi era
On 7 March 2021, Joan Laporta was elected president of Barcelona with 54 28% of the vote  Barcelona won their 31st Copa del Rey, their only trophy under Ronald Koeman, after defeating Athletic Bilbao 4–0 in the final  In August 2021 Barcelona found themselves unable to comply with La Liga's Financial Fair Play requirements, and revealed a club debt of €1 35bn and a wage bill accounting for 103% of total income  Negotiations with Lionel Messi, now in the final year of his contract, had been ongoing for some time  However, on 5 August 2021, Barcelona announced that they would be unable to re-sign Messi to an extension due to La Liga regulations  This was despite the fact that the club and Messi had reached an agreement over the details of a new contract  Messi departed the club after 21 years as a Barça player, and the club's all-time leading goalscorer, and signed on a free transfer with French club Paris Saint-Germain  The financial implications also restricted Barcelona in the transfer market and as a result most of the incoming players were either free transfers or loans and they had to reduce players' wages to register the incoming players Poor performances in La Liga and the Champions League led to the sacking of Ronald Koeman on 28 October, with a club legend Xavi replacing him  Xavi could not reverse the fortunes in the Champions League, and Barcelona dropped down to the Europa League for the first time since 2003–04, subsequently exiting in the quarter-finals  In the domestic league, Xavi improved Barça's form and guided them from ninth to second, guaranteeing a Champions League spot next season  However, this also meant Barcelona finished trophyless after earlier Supercopa and Copa del Rey exits On 15 January 2023, Xavi guided Barcelona to their first trophy since the 2021 Copa del Rey, as the Catalans defeated Real Madrid 3–1 in the Supercopa de España final On March 10, 2023, Spanish prosecutors said they had filed a complaint against Barcelona and two of the La Liga club's ex-presidents over alleged payments to a company owned by a senior refereeing official to influence match results On 23 March 2023, UEFA said it had opened an investigation into the club for a potential violation of the European soccer governing body's legal framework regarding payments made by the club to a company owned by a senior refereeing official 

Support
The nickname culer for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Indústria, sat with their culs over the stand  In Spain, about 25% of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population  Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club  The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003–04 season to 170,000 in September 2009, the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media  As of 31 May 2023, the club has 150,317 memberships, called socis In addition to membership, as of March 2022 there are 1,264 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world  The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona  Among the best supported teams globally, Barcelona has the second highest social media following in the world among sports teams, with over 103 million Facebook fans as of December 2021, only behind Real Madrid with 111 million  The club has had many prominent people among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 

Club rivalries
El Clásico
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as "The Classic" (El Clásico)  From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities  The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War  Over the years, the head-to-head record between the two clubs is 102 victories for Madrid, 100 victories for Barcelona, and 52 draws 

As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid"  In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid)  During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and especially Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained  As such, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like regime  In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs There's an ongoing controversy as to what extent Franco's rule (1939–75) influenced the activities and on-pitch results of both Barcelona and Real Madrid  Fans of both clubs tend to exaggerate the myths favouring their narratives  Most historians agree than Franco did not have a preferred football team, but his Spanish nationalist beliefs led him to associate himself with the establishment teams, such as Atlético Aviación and Madrid FC (that recovered its royal name after the fall of the Republic)  On the other hand, he also wanted the renamed CF Barcelona succeed as "Spanish team" rather than a Catalan one  During the early years of Franco's rule, Real Madrid weren't particularly successful, winning two Copa del Generalísimo titles and a Copa Eva Duarte; Barcelona claimed three league titles, one Copa del Generalísimo and one Copa Eva Duarte  During that period, Atlético Aviación were believed to be the preferred team over Real Madrid  The most contested stories of the period include Real Madrid's 11–1 home win against Barcelona in the Copa del Generalísimo, where the Catalan team alleged intimidation, and the controversial transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano to Real Madrid despite his agreement with Barcelona  The latter transfer was part of Real Madrid chairman Santiago Bernabéu's "revolution" that ushered in the era of unprecedented dominance  Bernabéu, himself a veteran of the Civil War who fought for Franco's forces, saw Real Madrid on top not only of Spanish but also European football, helping create the European Cup, the first true competition for Europe's best club sides  His vision was fulfilled when Real Madrid not only started winning consecutive league titles but also swept the first five editions of the European Cup in the 1950s  These events had a profound impact on Spanish football and influenced Franco's attitude  According to historians, during this time he realized the importance of Real Madrid for his regime's international image, and the club became his preferred team until his death  Fernando Maria Castiella, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Franco from 1957 until 1969, noted that "[Real Madrid] is the best embassy we have ever had " Franco died in 1975, and the Spanish transition to democracy soon followed  Under his rule, Real Madrid had won 14 league titles, 6 Copa del Generalísimo titles, 1 Copa Eva Duarte, 6 European Cups, 2 Latin Cups and 1 Intercontinental Cup  In the same period, Barcelona had won 8 league titles, 9 Copa del Generalísimo titles, 3 Copa Eva Duarte titles, 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cups and 2 Latin Cups The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano  Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina  Soon after Millonarios' return to Colombia, Barcelona directors visited Buenos Aires and agreed with River Plate, the last FIFA-affiliated team to have held Di Stéfano's rights, for his transfer in 1954 for the equivalent of 150 million Italian lira (according to other sources 200,000 dollars)  This started a battle between the two Spanish rivals for his rights  FIFA appointed Armando Muñoz Calero, former president of the Spanish Football Federation as mediator  Calero decided to let Di Stéfano play the 1953–54 and 1955–56 seasons in Madrid, and the 1954–55 and 1956–57 seasons in Barcelona  The agreement was approved by the Football Association and their respective clubs  Although the Catalans agreed, the decision created various discontent among the Blaugrana members and the president was forced to resign in September 1953  Barcelona sold Madrid their half-share, and Di Stéfano moved to Los Blancos, signing a four-year contract  Real paid 5 5 million Spanish pesetas for the transfer, plus a 1 3 million bonus for the purchase, an annual fee to be paid to the Millonarios, and a 16,000 salary for Di Stéfano with a bonus double that of his teammates, for a total of 40% of the annual revenue of the Madrid club Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona  With him, Madrid won the first five editions of the European Cup  The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when Real Madrid and Barcelona met twice in the European Cup, with Madrid triumphing en route to their fifth consecutive title in 1959–60 and Barcelona prevailing en route to losing the final in 1960–61  In 2002, the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the "Match of The Century" by Spanish media, and Madrid's win was watched by more than 500 million people  An intense fixture which is marked by its indiscipline in addition to memorable goal celebrations from both teams – often involving mocking the opposition – such notable celebrations occurred in 2009 when Barcelona captain Carles Puyol kissed his Catalan armband in front of incensed Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and in 2017 when Lionel Messi celebrated his 93rd-minute winner for Barcelona against Real Madrid at the Bernabéu by taking off his Barcelona shirt and holding it up to incensed Real Madrid fans – with his name and number facing them 

El derbi Barceloní
Barça's local rival has always been Espanyol  Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Barça's primary board  The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners  The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid  Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià Traditionally, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Barça's revolutionary spirit  Also in the 1960s and 1970s, while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life, Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen, military officers, civil servants and career fascists In 1918, Espanyol started a counter-petition against autonomy, which at that time had become a pertinent issue  Later on, an Espanyol supporter group would join the Falangists in the Spanish Civil War, siding with the fascists  Despite these differences in ideology, the derbi has always been more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives  In recent years the rivalry has become less political, as Espanyol translated its official name and anthem from Spanish to Catalan Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant  In the primera división league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 87 seasons (1928–2022) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957  Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5–0 on seven occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975, 1992, 2016 and 2017)  Espanyol achieved a 2–1 win against Barça during the 2008–09 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season 

Rivalry with AC Milan
One of Barcelona's rivals in European football is Italian club AC Milan  The team against which Barcelona has played the most matches (19), it is also the third most played match in European club competitions, behind Real Madrid–Juventus (21) and Real Madrid–Bayern Munich (26)  Two of the most successful clubs in Europe, Milan has won seven European Cups to Barça's five, while both clubs have won a record five European Super Cups  Barcelona and Milan have won other continental titles, which make them the second and third most decorated teams in world football, with 19 and 14 titles respectively, both behind Real Madrid's 23 Barcelona leads the head-to-head record with eight wins and five defeats  The first encounter between the two clubs was in the 1959–60 European Cup  They faced off in the round of 16 and Barça won the tie on a 7–1 aggregate score (0–2 in Milan and 5–1 in Barcelona)  While Milan had never knocked Barcelona out of the European Cup, they beat Johan Cruyff's Dream Team 4–0 in the 1994 Champions League final, despite being the underdogs  In 2013, however, Barcelona made a "historic" comeback from a 0–2 first leg defeat in the round of 16 of the 2012–13 Champions League, winning 4–0 at the Camp Nou 

Ownership and finances
Along with Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, and Osasuna, Barcelona is organised as a registered association  Unlike a limited company, it is not possible to purchase shares in the club, but only membership  The members of Barcelona, called socis, form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club  As of 31 May 2023, the club has 150,317 socis In 2010, Forbes evaluated Barcelona's worth to be around €752 million (US$1 billion), ranking them fourth after Manchester United, Real Madrid and Arsenal, based on figures from the 2008–09 season  According to Deloitte, Barcelona had a recorded revenue of €366 million in the same period, ranking second to Real Madrid, who generated €401 million in revenue  In 2013, Forbes magazine ranked Barcelona the third most valuable sports team in the world, behind Real Madrid and Manchester United, with a value of $2 6 billion  In 2014, Forbes ranked them the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3 2 billion, and Deloitte ranked them the world's fourth richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €484 6 million  In 2017, Forbes ranked them the fourth most valuable sports team in the world with a team value of $3 64 billion  In 2018, Barcelona became the first sports team to surpass $1bn in annual revenues  In November 2018 Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13 8m) per year  However, years of profligate spending under the leadership of Josep Maria Bartomeu (president between 2014 and 2020) and other factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, saw the club's gross debt rise to about $1 4 billion in 2021, much of it short-term 

Records
In March 2021, Lionel Messi overtook Xavi's record of 767 games played for the club, and presently has made 778 official appearances in all competitions, while also holding the record for the most appearances in La Liga matches for Barcelona, with 520 

Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in official competitions is Lionel Messi with 672 goals, surpassing Paulino Alcántara's 369 goals in March 2014, a record which stood for 87 years  In December 2020, Messi also overtook Pelé’s 643 goals for Santos to become the highest official scorer for a single club  Messi is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European and international club competitions, and the record league scorer with 474 goals in La Liga  Four other players have managed to score over 100 league goals for Barcelona: César Rodríguez (190), Luis Suárez (147), László Kubala (131) and Samuel Eto'o (108)  Josep Samitier is the club's highest goalscorer in the Copa del Rey, with 64 goals László Kubala holds the La Liga record for most goals scored in one match, with seven goals against Sporting Gijón in 1952  Lionel Messi co-holds the Champions League record with five goals against Bayer Leverkusen in 2012  Eulogio Martínez became Barça's top goalscorer in a cup game, when he scored seven goals against Atlético Madrid in 1957 Barcelona goalkeepers have won a record number of Zamora trophies (20), with Antoni Ramallets and Víctor Valdés winning a record five each  Valdés had a ratio of 0 832 goals-conceded-per-game, a La Liga record, and he also holds the record for longest period without conceding a goal (896 minutes) in all competitions for Barcelona  Claudio Bravo has the record of best unbeaten start in a season in La Liga history, at 754 minutes 

Barcelona's longest serving manager is Jack Greenwell, with nine years in two spells (1917–1924) and (1931–1933), and Pep Guardiola is the club's most successful manager (14 trophies in 4 years)  The most successful Barcelona player is Lionel Messi with 35 trophies, surpassing Andrés Iniesta, with 32 trophies Barcelona's Camp Nou is the largest stadium in Europe  The club's highest home attendance was 120,000 in a European Cup quarter-final against Juventus on 3 March 1986  The modernisation of Camp Nou during the 1990s and the introduction of all-seater stands means the record will not be broken for the foreseeable future as the current capacity of the stadium is 99,354 El Barça de les Cinc Copes is the first team in Spanish football to have won five trophies in a single season (1951–1952)  Barcelona is the only club to have played in every season of European competitions since they started in 1955 counting non-UEFA competition Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  On 18 December 2009, alongside being the only Spanish club to achieve a continental treble, Barcelona became the first ever European football team to win six trophies in a calendar year (Sextuple)  In January 2018, Barcelona signed Philippe Coutinho from Liverpool for €120 million, the highest transfer fee in club's history  In August 2017, Barcelona player Neymar transferred to Paris Saint-Germain for a world record transfer fee of €222 million In 2016, Barcelona's La Masia was ranked second by the International Centre for Sports Studies (CIES) as the most top-level players producing academy in the world 

Kits and crest
The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm  The club shared Barcelona's coat of arms, as a demonstration of its identification with the city and a desire to be recognised as one  In 1910, the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest  The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club  Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations  The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom The blue and garnet colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900  Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and garnet design of the Barcelona shirt  The son of the first president, Arthur Witty, claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor's School team  Another explanation, according to author Toni Strubell, is that the colours are from Robespierre's First Republic  In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team, FC Basel Since 1998, the club has had a kit deal with Nike  In 2016, the deal was renewed until 2028 for a record €155 million per year  The contract includes a clause sanctioning penalty or agreement termination anytime if Barcelona fail to qualify for the European competitions or is relegated from La Liga 
Notes

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Anthems
Throughout its history, the club has had various official songs  The anthem in use today is El Cant del Barça (The Song of Barça), composed in 1974 on the occasion of the club's 75th anniversary  Authors Josep Maria Espinàs and Jaume Picas composed the lyrics in Catalan, while the music was composed by Manuel Valls The song was first performed on 27 November 1974 at the Camp Nou stadium before the match between FC Barcelona and the East Germany national team by a 3,500-man choir led by Oriol Martorell  On November 28, 1988, in celebration of the club's centenary, the song was performed by Catalan singer-songwriter Joan Manuel Serrat at the end of the festival at the Camp Nou stadium  Since the 2008–09 season, "Cant del Barça" has been featured on the official Barcelona jerseys 
El Cant del Barça is turned on before Barcelona games take place at the Camp Nou, especially during matches against Real Madrid and just before the start of the meeting  The song is also often played for supporters and fans to cheer, chant and celebrate the victory 

Stadium
Barcelona initially played in the Camp de la Indústria  The capacity was about 6,000, and club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club with growing membership In 1922, the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club, Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts, which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators  After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches  This led to several expansion projects: the grandstand in 1944, the southern stand in 1946, and finally the northern stand in 1950  After the last expansion, Les Corts could hold 60,000 spectators After the construction was complete there was no further room for expansion at Les Corts  Back-to-back La Liga titles in 1948 and 1949 and the signing of László Kubala in June 1950, who would later go on to score 196 goals in 256 matches, drew larger crowds to the games  The club began to make plans for a new stadium  The building of Camp Nou commenced on 28 March 1954, before a crowd of 60,000 Barça fans  The first stone of the future stadium was laid in place under the auspices of Governor Felipe Acedo Colunga and with the blessing of Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego  Construction took three years and ended on 24 September 1957 with a final cost of 288 million pesetas, 336% over budget 

In 1980, when the stadium was in need of redesign to meet UEFA criteria, the club raised money by offering supporters the opportunity to inscribe their name on the bricks for a small fee  The idea was popular with supporters, and thousands of people paid the fee  Later this became the centre of controversy when media in Madrid picked up reports that one of the stones was inscribed with the name of long-time Real Madrid chairman and Franco supporter Santiago Bernabéu  In preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympics two tiers of seating were installed above the previous roofline  It has a current capacity of 99,354 making it the largest stadium in Europe In December 2021, a record 88% of the club members voted in favor of the Espai Barça project to revamp the club's sporting facilities, being the first online referendum in FC Barcelona history  Originally projected to have been completed in 2021, renovation work on Camp Nou began on 1 June 2023 and it is now aimed to finish by the end of 2026, with an estimated €1 5 billion net funding  During the renovation period, Barcelona will move for the entire 2023–24 season to Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys in Montjuïc, expecting to return in November 2024, with the stadium still under construction There are also other facilities, which include:
Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper (FC Barcelona's training ground)
Masia-Centre de Formació Oriol Tort (Residence of young players)
Estadi Johan Cruyff (Home of the reserve team, women's team, and Juvenil A)
Palau Blaugrana (FC Barcelona indoor sports arena)
Palau Blaugrana 2 (Secondary indoor arena of FC Barcelona)

Honours
S Shared recordIn 2015, Barcelona received the Nine Values Cup, an award of the international children's social programme Football for Friendship 

Players
Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship  The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country  Also, players from the ACP countries that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling 

Current squad
As of 7 July 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Personnel
Current technical staff
Football Sport Management
Management
Board of directors
Filmography
See also
List of fan-owned sports teams
La Masia
Barcelona Femení
Barcelona Atlètic
Barcelona C
Barcelona Futsal
Barcelona Bàsquet
Barcelona Handbol
Barcelona Voleibol
Passage 3:
Spain national football team records and statistics
The following details the Spain national football team records 

Individual records
Player records
Nationwide
Most hat-tricks scored: 3 – Fernando Torres & David Villa
Most consecutive games with at least one goal: 6 – David Villa
Top scorer in World Cup finals: 9 – David Villa
Most goals scored in one World Cup: 5 – Emilio Butragueño (1986) & David Villa (2010)
Most consecutive matches scored in at World Cup: 4 – David Villa (2010)
Top scorer in European Championship finals: 6 – Álvaro Morata
Most goals scored in one European Championship: 4 – David Villa (2008)
Top scorer in Confederations Cup finals: 8 – Fernando Torres
Most goals scored in one Confederations Cup: 5 – Fernando Torres (2013)
Top scorer in UEFA Nations League finals: 6 – Ferran Torres
Most goals scored in one UEFA Nations League: 6 – Ferran Torres (2020–21)

Most caps
As of 18 June 2023, the players with the most caps for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Most goals
As of 18 June 2023, the ten highest scorers for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Most assists
As of 14 June 2021, the highest assist-providers for Spain are:

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 
These are Opta defined assists 

Most penalty goals
As of 29 March 2022 

Bold denotes players still active at international level for the national team 

Hat-tricks
As of 17 November 2020 

4 Player scored 4 goals
5 Player scored 5 goals
6 Player scored 6 goals

Manager records
Most manager appearances
Vicente del Bosque: 114

Team records
Worldwide
World Cup winners: 2010
Most consecutive wins including friendlies: 15 (2008–09)
Most consecutive wins achieved by an international coach from debut: 13 – Vicente del Bosque
Longest unbeaten run: 36 matches (2007–09)
Longest streak without conceding a goal: 9 matches (1992–93)
Most penalty shoot-outs in one World Cup by one team: 2 at the 2002 FIFA World Cup (shared with  Argentina at the 1990 FIFA World Cup,  Netherlands and  Costa Rica at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and  Russia and  Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup)
Highest maximum number of points in World Cup qualification: 30 out of 30 (2010) (shared with  Germany for 2018)

Biggest wins
Heaviest defeats
Scores from 4–0 and up

FIFA Rankings
Last update was on 14 November 2021   
Source:
Passage 4:
List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi is an Argentine footballer who has represented the Argentina national team since his debut in 2005  Since then, Messi has scored 103 goals in 175 international appearances, making him the country's all-time top scorer; he surpassed Gabriel Batistuta's record of 54 goals with a free kick against the United States in the semi-final of the Copa América Centenario on 21 June 2016  He also holds the record for most goals by a South American male, surpassing Pelé‘s 77 goals with a hat-trick against Bolivia in September 2021  Messi made his debut for Argentina in a 2–1 away win over Hungary on 17 August 2005, and scored his first international goal a year later in his sixth appearance, against Croatia Messi's goal against Serbia and Montenegro, on 16 June 2006, at the age of 18 years and 357 days, made him the youngest-ever scorer for Argentina at a FIFA World Cup  He has scored nine international hat-tricks, and has netted twice in a match on ten occasions  In a June 2022 friendly against Estonia, Messi scored five goals in a match for Argentina for the first time  Out of all his opponents, Messi has scored the most against Bolivia, netting eight goals in total 29 of Messi's goals have come in FIFA World Cup qualifiers  Additionally, he has netted 13 in the Copa América, leading his team to victory in the 2021 edition of the tournament  Furthermore, he also reached the final with Argentina in 2007, 2015 and 2016  At the 2015 Copa América, he allegedly rejected the tournament's Best Player award, and the trophy was omitted from the ceremony  Nonetheless, he received the Best Player award and accepted it for his performances in the 2021 tournament  Messi has scored thirteen times in FIFA World Cup tournaments, a record for Argentina; Messi netted once in 2006, four in 2014, when he guided his team to the final, being awarded the Golden Ball for best player, once in 2018 and another seven in 2022, when he captained Argentina to their third World Cup Trophy, scoring twice in the final and winning the Golden Ball for a record second time  The remainder of Messi's goals, 49, have come in friendlies 

Goals
As of match played 15 June 2023 
Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Messi goal 

Hat-tricks
Statistics
As of match played 15 June 2023

See also
List of career achievements by Lionel Messi
List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals
List of footballers with the most goals in a single game
List of top international men's football goal scorers by country
Lists of hat-tricks
List of international goals scored by Gabriel Batistuta
List of international goals scored by Diego Maradona
List of international goals scored by Alfredo Di Stéfano
Passage 5:
Trevor Porritt
Trevor Porritt (born May 24, 1961, in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a former Canadian field hockey player who played for the Canada men's national field hockey team from 1980 to 1988, including the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics  He was the top-scorer for the gold medalist team at the 1987 Pan American Games  Porritt was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 2000 

International senior competitions
1983 – Pan American Games, Caracas (1st)
1984 – Olympic Games, Los Angeles (10th)
1987 – Pan American Games, Indianapolis (1st)
1988 – Olympic Games, Seoul (11th)
Passage 6:
2013 Supercopa de España
The 2013 Supercopa de España was a two-legged Spanish football match-up that was played in August 2013 between the champions of 2012–13 La Liga, Barcelona, and the winner of the 2012–13 Copa del Rey, Atlético Madrid In the first leg which was played on 21 August in Madrid, former Barcelona striker David Villa put Atlético Madrid ahead when he hit a right-footed volley into the back of the net after a cross from the left after 12 minutes  Barcelona equalized in the 66th minute when substitute Neymar headed in at the far post after a high cross by Dani Alves from the right In the second leg, played on 28 August at the Camp Nou, Lionel Messi missed a penalty for Barcelona in the 89th minute, hitting his shot against the crossbar after Miranda had bundled substitute Pedro over in the area  Atlético Madrid had two players sent off: Filipe Luís in the 81st minute for tangling with Dani Alves, and Arda Turan, who had already been substituted, in the first minute of added time for protesting a decision 
Barcelona won the cup for a record 11th time on the away goals rule 

Match details
First leg
Second leg
See also
2013–14 Atlético Madrid season
2013–14 FC Barcelona season



ground_truth: continental treble