prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what year was Twilight Princess from the game series on which The Legend of Neil was based originally planned for release?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)
"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)" is a song written by Neil Thrasher and Jim Janosky, and recorded by American country music artist Jeff Carson   It released in May 2001 as the third single from his third album, Real Life   The song was written by Neil Thrasher and Jim Janosky  It was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2001 Christian Country Music Awards 

Music video
The music video was directed by David Abbott and premiered in September 2001 

Chart performance
"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)" debuted at number 54 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of May 26, 2001 

Year-end charts
Passage 2:
One Nil
One Nil, released in 2001, is the second solo album by New Zealand singer-songwriter, Neil Finn   When released in the United States the following year, the album had a slightly different track listing and was issued under the name One All 

Overview
Following the release of his debut solo effort Try Whistling This in 1998, singer-songwriter Neil Finn followed up by releasing the less adventurous album One Nil in 2001  The album features guest musicians Sheryl Crow, Lisa Germano and Crowded House's album producer Mitchell Froom  The album was released in the United States fourteen months after its initial New Zealand, United Kingdom and Australian release with the altered title One All and also contained an altered track listing, featuring four remixed songs and added the songs "Lullaby Requiem" and "Human Kindness", replacing "Elastic Heart" and "Don't Ask Why" 

Track listings
All songs were written by Neil Finn, except where noted 

One Nil
"The Climber" – 4:13
"Rest of the Day Off" (Finn, Wendy Melvoin, Tchad Blake) – 3:49
"Hole in the Ice" (Finn, Lisa Coleman) – 4:11
"Wherever You Are" – 4:46
"Last to Know" (Finn, Melvoin) – 3:02
"Don't Ask Why" (Finn, Melvoin) – 3:54
"Secret God" (Finn, Melvoin) – 5:27
"Turn and Run" – 3:46
"Elastic Heart" – 4:00
"Anytime" – 3:24
"Driving Me Mad" – 3:58
"Into the Sunset" – 4:12

One All
Tracks 1 and 9 ("The Climber" and "Turn and Run") contained an alternative mix to the One Nil version  Tracks 2 and 3 ("Driving Me Mad" and "Hole in the Ice") were remixed by Bob Clearmountain 
"The Climber" (New mix) – 4:15
"Driving Me Mad" (Bob Clearmountain mix) – 3:56
"Hole in the Ice" (Bob Clearmountain mix) – 4:06
"Last to Know" – 2:59
"Wherever You Are" – 4:42
"Secret God" – 5:24
"Lullaby Requiem" – 3:44
"Human Kindness" – 4:41
"Turn and Run" (New mix) – 3:41
"Anytime" – 3:23
"Rest of the Day Off" – 3:57
"Into the Sunset" – 4:12

Personnel
Neil Finn – guitar, vocals, high bass, piano, guitar synthesiser, orchestra bells, Wurlitzer electric piano, vibes, harmonium, bass, Chamberlin strings
Wendy Melvoin – E-Bow fuzz guitar, chorus on "The Climber", drums, low bass, guitar, bass, percussion, backing vocals, shaker
Jim Moginie – ukulele, guitar, fuzz guitar
Lisa Germano – chorus on "The Climber", violin
Suzanna Melvoin – chorus on "The Climber"
Doyle – chorus on "The Climber"
Tchad Blake – Groove box
Mitchell Froom – Penny owsley, keyboards, Hammond organ, Chamberlin, Wurlitzer electric piano, piano, celeste
Lisa Coleman – keyboards, backing vocals
JJ Johnson – drums
Liam Finn – backing vocals
Sharon Finn – backing vocals
Jim Keltner – drums
Edmund McWilliams – backing vocals
Sheryl Crow – vocals, accordion
Sam Gibson – drum programming, programming

Charts
Certifications


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii  Originally planned for release exclusively on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii  The Wii version was a launch game in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month  The GameCube version was also released in December 2006 as the final first-party game for the console The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm  To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and he is assisted by a mysterious imp named Midna  The game takes place over a century after Ocarina of Time, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker Twilight Princess was critically acclaimed upon its release, received numerous game of the year awards, and has been called one of the greatest games of all time  By 2015, it had sold 8 85 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling Zelda game until being overtaken by Breath of the Wild in April 2018  In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label  A high-definition remaster based on the GameCube version for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, was released in March 2016 

Gameplay
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving  It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking  Link can walk, run, and attack, and he will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge  Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, and bombs  While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects  The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation  For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls  The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote  The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark "chime" when discovering secrets  The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote  Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk  Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special "lookaround" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version The game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles  Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot  The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting with Midna's assistance When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf  He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will  As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks  "Wolf Link" gains several key advantages in return—he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster), digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails  On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to "warp" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld  Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker  Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and they can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games 

Plot
The game begins with a teenage boy named Link, who works as a ranch hand in Ordon Village  One day, Bulblins take away the village's children  Link pursues and encounters a wall of Twilight  A Twilight monster pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned  Link is soon freed by a creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally  She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the Sorcerer/Usurper King of the Twili, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender  The kingdom became enveloped in Twilight, turning all its inhabitants besides Link and Zelda into invisible spirits  To save Hyrule, Link, aided by Midna, must first revive the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered regions and recovering the Spirits' light from the Twilight beings that had stolen it  Once revitalized, each Spirit returns Link to his Hylian form and informs Link and Midna of the hidden location of a Fused Shadow; one of the fragments of a powerful relic that will have to be used to match Zant's power to defeat him  During this time, the ghost of a departed swordsman, the Hero's Shade, also appears to provide swordsmanship training he had failed to pass on before his untimely death, as well as information regarding Link's destiny in Hyrule 
During his journey, Link also finds Ordon Village's children and assists the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru  After restoring the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who takes away the fragments  Midna calls him out for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and he uses it to trap Link in his wolf state  Failing to persuade Midna into joining forces with him, Zant attempts to dispose of her by exposing her to the light of Lanayru's light spirit  Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns from her that he needs the Master Sword to remove Zant's curse and she proceeds to sacrifice herself to heal Midna, vanishing mysteriously  Moved by Zelda's act of selflessness, Midna starts to care more about Link and the fate of his world After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the curse that kept him in wolf form  Deep within the Gerudo Desert, Link and Midna search for the Mirror of Twilight, the only known gateway between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm, but discover that it is broken  The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but only managed to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the mirror  They also relate that they once used it to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm after failing to execute him  Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror  Once it has been fully restored, the Sages reveal to Link that Midna is actually the true ruler of the Twili, usurped and cursed into her current form by Zant  Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for his assistance in subjugating Hyrule  After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the Fused Shadows and destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's defeat can release her from her curse 
Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above him  Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda and then transforming into a gigantic boar-like beast, but Link defeats him by using his wolf form, and the power Midna received from Zelda is able to resuscitate her  Ganondorf revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows  However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, Ganondorf emerges from it victorious, crushing the Fused Shadow piece that Midna wore on her head, and pursues Link on horseback  Assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and duels him on foot before finishing him off with the Master Sword  With Ganondorf defeated, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form  After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight, ultimately severing the link between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm  As Hyrule Castle is rebuilt, Link leaves Ordon Village, heading to parts unknown 

Development
Inception as a GameCube game
In 2003, Nintendo announced a new The Legend of Zelda game for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker  At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor  Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience  Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic Zelda game that would appeal to the North American market and meet Miyamoto's original vision of realism for the series  Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations  He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time, particularly horseback combat  Early development of what would become Twilight Princess began and special care was taken to improve the realism of the horseriding, with lead character designer Keisuke Nishimori riding a horse for himself to feel what it was like Just as the original Legend of Zelda game was inspired by J  R  R  Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings novels, the aesthetic of Twilight Princess was inspired by the Lord of the Rings films as they had just come out and were very popular at the time  The game was developed with having a large convincing world in mind, one with a vast scale to meet the expectation for fantasy worlds that audiences had become accustomed to with the Lord of the Rings In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding, which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 and was met with enormous praise  The game was scheduled to be released the next year and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of Phantom Hourglass  Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link  The game runs on a modified The Wind Waker engine Prior Zelda games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds  In A Link to the Past, Link travels between a "Light World" and a "Dark World"; in Ocarina of Time, as well as in Oracle of Ages, Link travels between two different time periods  The Zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment  It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past  The concept for Link to transform into a wolf and its surrounding narrative elements came from a dream that Aonuma had while overseas on a business trip  He dreamt that he was a wolf, locked inside a cage, and, after he woke up, he was confused and disoriented and it took a while for him to remember where he was  The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and it later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku  Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script  Originally, Link was planned to be a wolf from the game's start to bluntly contrast the Ocarina of Time formula, but this was changed so that new players could be eased into Zelda's traditional gameplay and narrative formula  The narrative premise in the story regarding the children of Ordon village getting kidnapped was an example of the game featuring darker story elements than any past iteration From a gameplay perspective, the "twilight world" portions of the game were vaguely inspired by the fact that prior Zelda games had always distinctively separated its dungeons from its overworld  It was wondered what the result would be if the players took a traditional Zelda dungeon and put it inside the open world instead  This resulted in the hunt for tears of light the player partakes in when in the twilight covered world  Regarding the atmosphere of the Twilight covered Hyrule, as well as the Twilight Realm dungeon later in the game, the intent was to make players feel uncomfortable  Special care was taken, however, to ensure that this was balanced right, so that it did not make the player so uncomfortable that they did not want to progress further or could not enjoy the experience Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he produced The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance  When he returned, he found the Twilight Princess team struggling  Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable  Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in Phantom Hourglass, which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS  At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name "Revolution"  Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda, and he suggested that Aonuma consider using it 

Transition to the Wii
Aonuma had anticipated creating a Zelda game for what would later be for the Wii but had assumed that he would need to complete Twilight Princess first  His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass  Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release  Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer  Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product  Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube  At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess  They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed "Revolution"), but was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface  A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements  When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored  Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller  Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after  However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release  At E3 2006, Nintendo confirmed that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii  Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme  Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of "forcing" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use  He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease  The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses  In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword  To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures—something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see  This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack  The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game—everything was made a mirror image  Link was now right-handed, and references to "east" and "west" were reversed  The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation  The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users 

Music and sound
The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor  Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in Twilight Princess, providing all field and dungeon music  For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo  Michiru Ōshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto  Kondo's piece was chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the title screen  Midna has the most voice acting—her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments  He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more "lyrical moments", though the final product used sequenced music instead  Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision  Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield 

Technical vulnerability
Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console  A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications  Versions 3 3 and 3 4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4 0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability 

Wii U version
A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U  Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation in November 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality  The game was released worldwide in March 2016 The idea for a high-definition version of Twilight Princess first originated during the production of Breath of the Wild  Nintendo experimented with an HD version of Twilight Princess running on Wii U development kits when trying to settle on a graphical style for the new game  This ultimately led to the production of The Wind Waker HD, whose success encouraged the Zelda team to pursue other high-definition remasters  After its release, which was developed internally at Nintendo in only six months, the Zelda team settled on an HD remaster of Twilight Princess  At the time, most of the Zelda team was preoccupied with Breath of the Wild, so Nintendo sought a partnership with an external development studio, the Australia-based Tantalus Media, to work on Twilight Princess HD According to Eiji Aonuma, who directed the original release and produced Twilight Princess HD, ensuring the remaster would take advantage of the Wii U GamePad was a point of focus early in the title's development  The control scheme used in the GameCube version was adapted for the remaster due to similarities between the button layouts of the two consoles' controllers  Aonuma considered underwater gameplay in the remaster significantly improved  Other enhancements include speeding up a handful of cutscenes that seemed overly long by modern standards and reducing repetitive gameplay elements, such as collecting Tears of Light while in the Twilight Realm  A commitment to "preserving the feel of the original" inspired several design decisions, such as keeping the frame rate at 30 frames per second  Tomomi Sano, the assistant director of the Wii U version, noted the degree of refinement the graphics would receive required much consideration: "When we created more precise models of objects to go with the higher resolution, we found that everything was too clear and we lost that soft and delicate atmosphere that you get in particular at twilight or with the light in a forest" Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the "Cave of Shadows" and can carry data over to Breath of the Wild  In the Cave of Shadows, Link fights waves of enemies while restricted to his wolf form  Comparable to the optional "Cave of Ordeals" present in the original release, opportunities to recover health during the trial are sparse  Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage  A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions  A three-disc original soundtrack consisting of 108 pieces from the game was released in Japan in July 2016 

Reception
Reviews
Twilight Princess was released to critical acclaim and commercial success  It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar and GameSpy  On the review aggregator Metacritic, Twilight Princess holds scores of 95/100 for the Wii version and 96/100 for the GameCube version, indicating "universal acclaim"  It is the highest-rated game of 2006 on Metacritic  GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created On release, Twilight Princess was considered to be the greatest Zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1UP com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post  Game Informer called it "so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer"  GamesRadar praised Twilight Princess as "a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation"  Cubed3 hailed Twilight Princess as "the single greatest videogame experience"  Twilight Princess' graphics were praised for the art style and animation, although the game was designed for the GameCube, which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles  Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters  Despite these complaints, Computer and Video Games felt the game's atmosphere was superior to that of any previous Zelda game and regarded Twilight Princess' Hyrule as the best version ever created  PALGN praised the game's cinematics, noting that "the cutscenes are the best ever in Zelda games"  Regarding the Wii version, GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt "tacked-on", although 1UP com said the remote-swinging sword attacks were "the most impressive in the entire series"  Gaming Nexus considered Twilight Princess' soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though IGN criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking "the punch and crispness" of their orchestrated counterparts 

Wii U version
Twilight Princess HD holds a score of 86/100 at the review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable" reviews  The title received the Nintendo Game of the Year award at the Golden Joystick Awards in November 2016 

Awards
Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version  Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story  It also received the 2007 award for "Outstanding Achievement in Story and Character Development" from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences  Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP com, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, GameSpy, Spacey Awards, X-Play and Nintendo Power  It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game from the Game Critics Awards, X-Play, IGN, GameTrailers, 1UP com, and Nintendo Power  The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy  The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time  IGN ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game  Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade 

Sales
In North America, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases during its first week  The Wii version sold 412,000 copies in the United States during November 2006, representing 87% of Wii launch sales that month, the highest attach rate for a launch game since Super Mario 64 launched with the Nintendo 64 in 1996  It went on to become America's fifth best-selling game of 2006 with 1 5 million copies sold for the Wii and GameCube in the US that year  In the United Kingdom, the Wii version received a Platinum sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the UK The game had sold 5 82 million copies on the Wii as of March 2011, and 1 32 million on the GameCube as of March 2007  As of September 2015, the game had sold 8 85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the best-selling single title in the series until it was surpassed by The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) 

Wii U version
The remaster sold 52,282 copies during its first week of release in Japan, which placed it at second place in the video game sales charts  The following week, it came in at number 9 on the charts, selling an additional 7,705 copies  By comparison, 30,264 copies of The Wind Waker HD were sold in its first week in Japan  In the first week of Twilight Princess HD's United Kingdom release, the remaster was the second best-selling game and the best-selling game released for a single platform in the country  Twilight Princess HD's sales dropped 84% in its second week in the U K , making it the ninth best-selling game in the country  In the United States, it was the third best-selling game sold in brick-and-mortar retailers throughout March 2016, according to market-research firm The NPD Group  As of December 2020, the game has sold 1 15 million copies worldwide 

Legacy
An 11-volume manga series based on Twilight Princess, penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016 and ran until January 30, 2022  The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application  While the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based, it launched only a month before the release of the high-definition remake  Viz Media began releasing an English localization of the series in 2017 To commemorate the launch of the My Nintendo loyalty program in March 2016, Nintendo released My Nintendo Picross: The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, a Picross puzzle game developed by Jupiter for download to the Nintendo 3DS Midna, in both her imp and Twili forms, Zant, and NPC character Agitha, all appeared as playable warriors in the Zelda crossover title Hyrule Warriors and its various iterations  Since the release of Hyrule Warriors, Agitha has been recognised as a "main character" of Twilight Princess 

See also
Link's Crossbow Training, a 2007 shooting video game created for the Wii Zapper, using the world and assets of Twilight Princess

Notes
Passage 4:
The Legend of Neil
The Legend of Neil is a comedy web series distributed by Comedy Central's partner Atom com and is a parody of the Nintendo game The Legend of Zelda  Sandeep Parikh of The Guild fame directs the series  Tony Janning writes for the series, and acts as the title character Neil  Felicia Day and Mike Rose, who have worked with Parikh on the set of The Guild, appear as recurring characters 
The series follows Neil, who is sucked into the world of The Legend of Zelda while playing the game  As he travels Hyrule he is mistaken for the hero of the game, Link  The series is "full of self degrading, foul humor", such as when Neil is being sucked into the game he is masturbating and strangled himself with his NES controller 
The series began as a four-minute YouTube video posted in 2007  The video went viral, receiving several million views  Its popularity led to Atom com financing a web series based around the video 
The first season was released in 2008  According to Fox Business before the premiere of the second season, "With nearly one million plays, the hit Web series by creator Sandeep Parikh built one of the Web's most enthusiastic fan bases in 2008 " In the run-up to the August 2009 premiere of the second season, MTV2 planned to air the complete first season  The series was also nominated for multiple Streamys at the 1st Streamy Awards in 2009 Season 3 began on July 25, 2010  Each episode of season 3 features a remix of the original theme song performed by a different musical guest 
A DVD was released on December 4, 2012 
On January 7, 2019, The YouTube channel EffinFunny began re-releasing the Episodes, starting with the first two  As of January 31, 2019, the whole series, gag reels, and minisodes are available on the EffinFunny YouTube channel 

Characters and cast
Neil (Link) – after getting fired from a gas station by his brother, a drunken Neil was transported into the Nintendo game The Legend of Zelda  He then unwillingly plays the role of the game's main character, a forest elf named Link  Neil as Link contrasts with many of the characters' views of Link, while Link is honest and brave, Neil is lazy and will use any tricks he can find to get out of the game  He is so much the opposite of Link that he tends to befriend the monsters whose sole purpose is to kill him  Neil is portrayed by co-writer of the series, Tony Janning 
Old Man – Link's in-game mentor, loosely based on the old man in the first Zelda video game who gives the player a wooden sword before the first level  Old Man is portrayed by Mike Rose  Old Man has a twin brother O-old Man (pronounced with a change in emphasis) who is left-handed, a better potion maker, and has Tourette syndrome  Usually only one of the twins speaks to Link, but on occasion—such as in Season 2, Episode 3—they appear simultaneously  Both of the Old Men are generally helpful to Neil, often in a sarcastic or condescending manner 
Fairy – a fairy who replenishes Link's health  In the series she does so by having sex with Link, and she becomes emotionally and sexually obsessed with him  Fairy also seems to be emotionally unstable, often taking Neil's compliments as insults and vice versa  In the series, the fairies are hunted for their dust, which is used as a drug, a fate which befalls Fairy in Season 2, Episode 1  In the first episode of the third season it is revealed that the fairy is pregnant  Fairy is portrayed by Felicia Day of Dr  Horrible and The Guild fame 
Princess Zelda – the title character from the video game  Zelda's parents were killed by Ganon and she herself was captured and imprisoned  She appears to Neil in visions, alternately pleading and enticing him to continue to rescue her  Neil was initially surprised by her ethnic appearance, expecting a lighter-skinned princess from the video game graphics (In "The Legend of Neil" she's black)  Zelda is portrayed by Angie Hill  Dr  Horrible co-creator Maurissa Tancharoen Whedon provides Zelda's singing voice in the musical episode 
Ganon – the leading antagonist of the game and series  Ganon is played as an incompetent authority figure, impervious to the suggestions of his advisor Wizzrobe  Ganon never seems to leave his shadowed throne until the end of season two  He seems to enjoy singing and is a patron of stand-up comedy  Ganon's ineptitude extends to his attempts to woo Princess Zelda at a "romantic" dinner  In the Season 2 finale he reveals to Zelda that his parents are trapped in some "vortex"  It is implied that Ganon is a Moblin  When his face is finally shown, there are similarities, and he comments that he possesses three penises, a trait previously attributed to the Moblins  Ganon is portrayed by Scott Chernoff 
Wizzrobe – Ganon's sidekick  He first appears after Neil has met Fairy and steals Neil's clothing to lure him to the Level 1 dungeon  He frequently observes logical inconsistencies within the game that are recognizable to fans, such as the maps and keys that are left in the dungeon for Link to find  Whenever he suggests changing the policy to Ganon, he is abused for his presumption, forcing him into the role of a fawning toady  Wizzrobe applies Ganon's makeup before his 'big date' with the captive Princess Zelda, prompting Ganon to insinuate that Wizzrobe is infatuated with him, prompting unconvincing denial  Wizzrobe is actually gay and is seen in the finale smooching with the Male Fairy  Wizzrobe is portrayed by Eric Acosta 
Dark Nut – A powerful dark knight (nonsensically renamed by Ganon to conform to The Legend of Zelda terminology) introduced by Wizzrobe as an invincible opponent to Neil  The other Dark Nuts are seemingly unfazed by Neil's sword blasts, and the Dark Nut was able to knock him unconscious with a single blow  But in the second episode of the third season it is revealed that, due to budget cuts, the Dark Nuts' armor doesn't cover their butts  This is their only weakness and eventually they are killed by Neil  Darknut has a brother who appears in "The Gloffice" and is seen crying over his dead brothers as Wizzrobe comforts him  In the finale, this Dark Nut is (like Wizzrobe) gay and is seen making out with a Stalfos  Dark Nut is portrayed by Jeff Winkler 
Octorok – In Season 1, Neil is often plagued by the Octorok creatures  In the show they are depicted as thin men wearing loin cloths and red masks  They announce their presence with an odd ululation, and throw rocks at Neil  They occasionally speak to Neil, usually to threaten him in their scary voice, try to trick him in their squeaky voice, or to plead in their normal voice when one of them is killed by Neil, but generally stick to the ululation  In Season 2 "A Link to the Past" he kills three of them  In "Gettin' High in Hyrule", one of them is used as a dartboard and feels no pain  And in "The Gloffice", one of them works there 
Moblin – Moblins are strong creatures with three penises who seem to want nothing but to destroy and sodomize Link  The most notable Moblins are Blight of Ganon's "The Gloffice" and the secret moblin, Pippi who helps Link even against his "primal" urges  Moblins are depicted as humanoid because of the low budget of the series  The Moblins (except Pippi) attack Neil but with some help from the bow, sex with Fairy and sword beams, he kills them all 
Stalfos – Three Stalfos made only two appearances—in "The Skeletons in Link's Closet" and "Restart of the King"  They are portrayed as gay skeletons with German accents that mock Neil into killing them  They tease Neil by insulting him and making up some stupid deals causing him to stab two of them and laser the last one  The first one has a key in its ribs and a bandana, the second one has a belt, and the third one has a mustache  One of them is seen in the finale, making out with a Dark Nut 
Keese – Keeses appear in "The Skeletons in Link's Closet", "A Date with Destiny" and "The Gloffice"  They look like models on strings because of the low budget of the series  After Neil puts on the Hero's Clothes, a bat takes a dump on him and they attack him by swarming around him like bees  After Neil escapes and kills the Stalfos, the Keeses attack him again  In Season 1 "Map Questing", the Keeses are revealed by Wizzrobe telling Ganon that Neil has killed all the Keeses  Neil kills them in Season 2 in "A Date with Destiny" and one Keese appears in "The Gloffice" talking to Ganon in the introduction 
Goriya – Three Goriyas make their one appearance in Season 1 in "Map Questing"  They are portrayed as goblins with Australian accents, carrying boomerangs  They say to Neil that they're powerful and they've got boomerangs  Neil zaps the three Goriyas with his sword beams  One Goriya appears in a picture in Season 2 "Gettin' High in Hyrule" that says, "Missing  Last seen playing with boomerangs "
Gibdo – Gibdos appear in three episodes: "Les Neilérables", in which Neil sings after killing them; "A Date with Destiny", in which Neil kills them while they make out and give birth to a baby Gibdo, which Neil kicks away; and "The Gloffice", in which one of them works there 

Plot
Season 1 (2007, 2008)
Season 2 (2009)
Season 3 (2010)
Regular episodes
Minisodes
External links
"Official website of The Legend of Neil"  Archived from the original on July 4, 2014  Retrieved September 30, 2015 {{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
The Legend of Neil on Effinfunny com 
Passage 5:
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii  Originally planned for release exclusively on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii  The Wii version was a launch game in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month  The GameCube version was also released in December 2006 as the final first-party game for the console The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm  To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and he is assisted by a mysterious imp named Midna  The game takes place over a century after Ocarina of Time, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker Twilight Princess was critically acclaimed upon its release, received numerous game of the year awards, and has been called one of the greatest games of all time  By 2015, it had sold 8 85 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling Zelda game until being overtaken by Breath of the Wild in April 2018  In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label  A high-definition remaster based on the GameCube version for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, was released in March 2016 

Gameplay
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving  It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking  Link can walk, run, and attack, and he will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge  Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, and bombs  While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects  The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation  For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls  The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote  The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark "chime" when discovering secrets  The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote  Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk  Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special "lookaround" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version The game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles  Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot  The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting with Midna's assistance When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf  He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will  As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks  "Wolf Link" gains several key advantages in return—he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster), digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails  On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to "warp" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld  Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker  Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and they can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games 

Plot
The game begins with a teenage boy named Link, who works as a ranch hand in Ordon Village  One day, Bulblins take away the village's children  Link pursues and encounters a wall of Twilight  A Twilight monster pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned  Link is soon freed by a creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally  She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the Sorcerer/Usurper King of the Twili, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender  The kingdom became enveloped in Twilight, turning all its inhabitants besides Link and Zelda into invisible spirits  To save Hyrule, Link, aided by Midna, must first revive the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered regions and recovering the Spirits' light from the Twilight beings that had stolen it  Once revitalized, each Spirit returns Link to his Hylian form and informs Link and Midna of the hidden location of a Fused Shadow; one of the fragments of a powerful relic that will have to be used to match Zant's power to defeat him  During this time, the ghost of a departed swordsman, the Hero's Shade, also appears to provide swordsmanship training he had failed to pass on before his untimely death, as well as information regarding Link's destiny in Hyrule 
During his journey, Link also finds Ordon Village's children and assists the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru  After restoring the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who takes away the fragments  Midna calls him out for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and he uses it to trap Link in his wolf state  Failing to persuade Midna into joining forces with him, Zant attempts to dispose of her by exposing her to the light of Lanayru's light spirit  Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns from her that he needs the Master Sword to remove Zant's curse and she proceeds to sacrifice herself to heal Midna, vanishing mysteriously  Moved by Zelda's act of selflessness, Midna starts to care more about Link and the fate of his world After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the curse that kept him in wolf form  Deep within the Gerudo Desert, Link and Midna search for the Mirror of Twilight, the only known gateway between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm, but discover that it is broken  The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but only managed to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the mirror  They also relate that they once used it to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm after failing to execute him  Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the mirror  Once it has been fully restored, the Sages reveal to Link that Midna is actually the true ruler of the Twili, usurped and cursed into her current form by Zant  Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for his assistance in subjugating Hyrule  After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the Fused Shadows and destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's defeat can release her from her curse 
Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above him  Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda and then transforming into a gigantic boar-like beast, but Link defeats him by using his wolf form, and the power Midna received from Zelda is able to resuscitate her  Ganondorf revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows  However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, Ganondorf emerges from it victorious, crushing the Fused Shadow piece that Midna wore on her head, and pursues Link on horseback  Assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and duels him on foot before finishing him off with the Master Sword  With Ganondorf defeated, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form  After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight, ultimately severing the link between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm  As Hyrule Castle is rebuilt, Link leaves Ordon Village, heading to parts unknown 

Development
Inception as a GameCube game
In 2003, Nintendo announced a new The Legend of Zelda game for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker  At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor  Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience  Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic Zelda game that would appeal to the North American market and meet Miyamoto's original vision of realism for the series  Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations  He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time, particularly horseback combat  Early development of what would become Twilight Princess began and special care was taken to improve the realism of the horseriding, with lead character designer Keisuke Nishimori riding a horse for himself to feel what it was like Just as the original Legend of Zelda game was inspired by J  R  R  Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings novels, the aesthetic of Twilight Princess was inspired by the Lord of the Rings films as they had just come out and were very popular at the time  The game was developed with having a large convincing world in mind, one with a vast scale to meet the expectation for fantasy worlds that audiences had become accustomed to with the Lord of the Rings In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding, which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 and was met with enormous praise  The game was scheduled to be released the next year and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of Phantom Hourglass  Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link  The game runs on a modified The Wind Waker engine Prior Zelda games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds  In A Link to the Past, Link travels between a "Light World" and a "Dark World"; in Ocarina of Time, as well as in Oracle of Ages, Link travels between two different time periods  The Zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment  It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past  The concept for Link to transform into a wolf and its surrounding narrative elements came from a dream that Aonuma had while overseas on a business trip  He dreamt that he was a wolf, locked inside a cage, and, after he woke up, he was confused and disoriented and it took a while for him to remember where he was  The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and it later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku  Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script  Originally, Link was planned to be a wolf from the game's start to bluntly contrast the Ocarina of Time formula, but this was changed so that new players could be eased into Zelda's traditional gameplay and narrative formula  The narrative premise in the story regarding the children of Ordon village getting kidnapped was an example of the game featuring darker story elements than any past iteration From a gameplay perspective, the "twilight world" portions of the game were vaguely inspired by the fact that prior Zelda games had always distinctively separated its dungeons from its overworld  It was wondered what the result would be if the players took a traditional Zelda dungeon and put it inside the open world instead  This resulted in the hunt for tears of light the player partakes in when in the twilight covered world  Regarding the atmosphere of the Twilight covered Hyrule, as well as the Twilight Realm dungeon later in the game, the intent was to make players feel uncomfortable  Special care was taken, however, to ensure that this was balanced right, so that it did not make the player so uncomfortable that they did not want to progress further or could not enjoy the experience Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he produced The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance  When he returned, he found the Twilight Princess team struggling  Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable  Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in Phantom Hourglass, which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS  At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name "Revolution"  Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda, and he suggested that Aonuma consider using it 

Transition to the Wii
Aonuma had anticipated creating a Zelda game for what would later be for the Wii but had assumed that he would need to complete Twilight Princess first  His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass  Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release  Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer  Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product  Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube  At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess  They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed "Revolution"), but was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface  A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements  When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored  Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller  Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after  However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release  At E3 2006, Nintendo confirmed that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii  Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme  Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of "forcing" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use  He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease  The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses  In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword  To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures—something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see  This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack  The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game—everything was made a mirror image  Link was now right-handed, and references to "east" and "west" were reversed  The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation  The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users 

Music and sound
The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor  Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in Twilight Princess, providing all field and dungeon music  For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo  Michiru Ōshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto  Kondo's piece was chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the title screen  Midna has the most voice acting—her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kōmoto Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments  He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more "lyrical moments", though the final product used sequenced music instead  Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision  Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield 

Technical vulnerability
Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console  A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications  Versions 3 3 and 3 4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4 0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability 

Wii U version
A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U  Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation in November 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality  The game was released worldwide in March 2016 The idea for a high-definition version of Twilight Princess first originated during the production of Breath of the Wild  Nintendo experimented with an HD version of Twilight Princess running on Wii U development kits when trying to settle on a graphical style for the new game  This ultimately led to the production of The Wind Waker HD, whose success encouraged the Zelda team to pursue other high-definition remasters  After its release, which was developed internally at Nintendo in only six months, the Zelda team settled on an HD remaster of Twilight Princess  At the time, most of the Zelda team was preoccupied with Breath of the Wild, so Nintendo sought a partnership with an external development studio, the Australia-based Tantalus Media, to work on Twilight Princess HD According to Eiji Aonuma, who directed the original release and produced Twilight Princess HD, ensuring the remaster would take advantage of the Wii U GamePad was a point of focus early in the title's development  The control scheme used in the GameCube version was adapted for the remaster due to similarities between the button layouts of the two consoles' controllers  Aonuma considered underwater gameplay in the remaster significantly improved  Other enhancements include speeding up a handful of cutscenes that seemed overly long by modern standards and reducing repetitive gameplay elements, such as collecting Tears of Light while in the Twilight Realm  A commitment to "preserving the feel of the original" inspired several design decisions, such as keeping the frame rate at 30 frames per second  Tomomi Sano, the assistant director of the Wii U version, noted the degree of refinement the graphics would receive required much consideration: "When we created more precise models of objects to go with the higher resolution, we found that everything was too clear and we lost that soft and delicate atmosphere that you get in particular at twilight or with the light in a forest" Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the "Cave of Shadows" and can carry data over to Breath of the Wild  In the Cave of Shadows, Link fights waves of enemies while restricted to his wolf form  Comparable to the optional "Cave of Ordeals" present in the original release, opportunities to recover health during the trial are sparse  Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage  A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions  A three-disc original soundtrack consisting of 108 pieces from the game was released in Japan in July 2016 

Reception
Reviews
Twilight Princess was released to critical acclaim and commercial success  It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar and GameSpy  On the review aggregator Metacritic, Twilight Princess holds scores of 95/100 for the Wii version and 96/100 for the GameCube version, indicating "universal acclaim"  It is the highest-rated game of 2006 on Metacritic  GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created On release, Twilight Princess was considered to be the greatest Zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1UP com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post  Game Informer called it "so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer"  GamesRadar praised Twilight Princess as "a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation"  Cubed3 hailed Twilight Princess as "the single greatest videogame experience"  Twilight Princess' graphics were praised for the art style and animation, although the game was designed for the GameCube, which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles  Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters  Despite these complaints, Computer and Video Games felt the game's atmosphere was superior to that of any previous Zelda game and regarded Twilight Princess' Hyrule as the best version ever created  PALGN praised the game's cinematics, noting that "the cutscenes are the best ever in Zelda games"  Regarding the Wii version, GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt "tacked-on", although 1UP com said the remote-swinging sword attacks were "the most impressive in the entire series"  Gaming Nexus considered Twilight Princess' soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though IGN criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking "the punch and crispness" of their orchestrated counterparts 

Wii U version
Twilight Princess HD holds a score of 86/100 at the review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable" reviews  The title received the Nintendo Game of the Year award at the Golden Joystick Awards in November 2016 

Awards
Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version  Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story  It also received the 2007 award for "Outstanding Achievement in Story and Character Development" from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences  Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP com, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, GameSpy, Spacey Awards, X-Play and Nintendo Power  It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game from the Game Critics Awards, X-Play, IGN, GameTrailers, 1UP com, and Nintendo Power  The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy  The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time  IGN ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game  Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade 

Sales
In North America, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases during its first week  The Wii version sold 412,000 copies in the United States during November 2006, representing 87% of Wii launch sales that month, the highest attach rate for a launch game since Super Mario 64 launched with the Nintendo 64 in 1996  It went on to become America's fifth best-selling game of 2006 with 1 5 million copies sold for the Wii and GameCube in the US that year  In the United Kingdom, the Wii version received a Platinum sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the UK The game had sold 5 82 million copies on the Wii as of March 2011, and 1 32 million on the GameCube as of March 2007  As of September 2015, the game had sold 8 85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the best-selling single title in the series until it was surpassed by The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) 

Wii U version
The remaster sold 52,282 copies during its first week of release in Japan, which placed it at second place in the video game sales charts  The following week, it came in at number 9 on the charts, selling an additional 7,705 copies  By comparison, 30,264 copies of The Wind Waker HD were sold in its first week in Japan  In the first week of Twilight Princess HD's United Kingdom release, the remaster was the second best-selling game and the best-selling game released for a single platform in the country  Twilight Princess HD's sales dropped 84% in its second week in the U K , making it the ninth best-selling game in the country  In the United States, it was the third best-selling game sold in brick-and-mortar retailers throughout March 2016, according to market-research firm The NPD Group  As of December 2020, the game has sold 1 15 million copies worldwide 

Legacy
An 11-volume manga series based on Twilight Princess, penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016 and ran until January 30, 2022  The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application  While the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based, it launched only a month before the release of the high-definition remake  Viz Media began releasing an English localization of the series in 2017 To commemorate the launch of the My Nintendo loyalty program in March 2016, Nintendo released My Nintendo Picross: The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, a Picross puzzle game developed by Jupiter for download to the Nintendo 3DS Midna, in both her imp and Twili forms, Zant, and NPC character Agitha, all appeared as playable warriors in the Zelda crossover title Hyrule Warriors and its various iterations  Since the release of Hyrule Warriors, Agitha has been recognised as a "main character" of Twilight Princess 

See also
Link's Crossbow Training, a 2007 shooting video game created for the Wii Zapper, using the world and assets of Twilight Princess

Notes
Passage 6:
Judgement of God
Judgement of God (French: Le Jugement de Dieu), is a French drama film from 1952, directed by Raymond Bernard, written by Pierre Montazel, and starring by Andrée Debar and Louis de Funès  The screenplay was based on the German legend from the 15th century  The German title is Agnes Bernauer 

Cast
Andrée Debar : Agnes Bernauer
Jean-Claude Pascal : Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
Pierre Renoir : Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
Gabrielle Dorziat : Josepha, Prince Albert's aunt
Jean Barrère : Count Törring
Olivier Hussenot : Mr Bernauer, the father of Agnès and Marie (the barber)
Louis Seigner : the burgomaster (mayor)
André Wasley : the captain
Jacques Dynam : a soldier
Max Dalban : a butcher
Jean Clarieux : the leader of the outlaws
Marcel Raine : the minister
Louis de Funès : the burgomaster's emissary
Georges Douking : Enrique (the monk)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Thirukkanur
Thirukkanur is a village in the union territory of Puducherry, India  It is one of 16 villages located in Mannadipet commune panchayat of the Villianur taluk  It is bordered by the state of Tamil Nadu both to the east and west 
Thirukkanur has a primary health center, police station, post office, electricity office and registrar office   The area is mainly oriented to agriculture  Thirukkanur market is the only bazaar catering to the needs of about 20 nearby villages   There is no major industry within the purview area of the Thirukkanar Police Station 


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
Mount Bosworth
Mount Bosworth is located in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia  The mountain is situated immediately northwest of Kicking Horse Pass and straddles the shared border of Banff National Park with Yoho National Park  It was named in 1903 after George Morris Bosworth, an executive and long-time employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway 

Geology
Mount Bosworth is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods  Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny 

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Bosworth is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers  Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors  below −30 °C 

See also
List of peaks on the Alberta–British Columbia border
List of mountains of Alberta
Mountains of British Columbia
Passage 3:
Berhale (woreda)
Berahle(Baracle) is a woreda in Afar Region, Ethiopia  Part of the Administrative Zone 2, Berahle's territory includes part of the Afar Depression  This woreda is bordered on the south by Afdera and Abala, on the southwest by the Tigray Region, on the west by Koneba, on the north by Dallol, and on the northeast by Eritrea  Towns in Berahle include Berhale and Tayaraboda

Overview
The average elevation in this woreda is 233 meters above sea level  The major body of water in this woreda is the saline Lake Karum (also known as Lake Assela)  As of 2008, Berhale has 236 kilometers of all-weather gravel road; about 13% of the total population has access to drinking water Education in the principal town of Berahle consists of eight grades  In 7 of the 9 rural kebeles, school consists of grades 1 through 4, while in the remaining two kebeles, the students are taught under a tree  As of 2004, a total of 2,501 children, 445 females, are enrolled in the woreda; the number of workers who have completed Grade 12 is between 1-2% and 15% are reported to be literate  Of the woreda and kebele leaders, 3% are literate 

Demographics
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 78,881, of whom 45,501 are men and 33,380 women; with an area of 2,509 17 square kilometers, Berahle has a population density of 31 44  While 6,098 or 7 73% are urban inhabitants, a further 7,353 or 9 32% are pastoralists  A total of 11,402 households were counted in this woreda, which results in an average of 6 9 persons to a household, and 11,653 housing units  98 93% of the population said they were Muslim, and 1 03% were Orthodox Christians 


== Notes ==
Passage 4:
Troy Independent School District
Troy Independent School District is a public school district based in Troy, Texas (USA) 
Located in Bell County, the district extends into a small portion of Falls County  In addition to Troy, the district also serves the unincorporated communities of Pendleton, Belfalls, and Oenaville In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency 

Schools
Troy High School (Grades 9-12)
Raymond Mays Middle School (Grades 6-8)
Troy Elementary School (Grades 2-5)
Mays Elementary School (Grades PK-1)
Passage 5:
Notogawa, Shiga
Notogawa (能登川町, Notogawa-chō) was a town located in Kanzaki District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan 
Notogawa Station (Location: N35 179899,E136 165913) is the only Japan Railway station in Higashiomi  The station is a rapid stop on the JR Biwako Line, located between stations in Omi-Hachiman to the east and Hikone to the west  The town shares a small border with Lake Biwa to the northwest 

History
On January 1, 2006, Notogawa, along with the town of Gamō (from Gamō District), was merged into the expanded city of Higashiōmi 

Demographics
As of 2005, the town had an estimated population of 23,385 and a density of 751 45 persons per km²  The total area is 31 12 km² 

Sister town
Taber, Alberta, Canada 

External links
 Media related to Notogawa, Shiga at Wikimedia Commons
Passage 6:
Canada–United States border
The Canada–United States border (French: Frontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis) is the longest international border in the world  The terrestrial boundary (including boundaries in the Great Lakes, Atlantic, and Pacific coasts) is 8,891 km (5,525 mi) long  The land border has two sections: Canada's border with the contiguous United States to its south, and with the U S  state of Alaska to its west  The bi-national International Boundary Commission deals with matters relating to marking and maintaining the boundary, and the International Joint Commission deals with issues concerning boundary waters  The agencies currently responsible for facilitating legal passage through the international boundary are the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U S  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) 

History
18th century
The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States  In the second article of the Treaty, the parties agreed on all boundaries of the United States, including, but not limited to, the boundary to the north along then-British North America  The agreed-upon boundary included the line from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia to the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River and proceeded down along the middle of the river to the 45th parallel of north latitude 
The parallel had been established in the 1760s as the boundary between the provinces of Quebec and New York (including what would later become the State of Vermont)  It was surveyed and marked by John Collins and Thomas Valentine from 1771 to 1773 The St  Lawrence River and the Great Lakes became the boundary further west, between the United States and what is now Ontario  Northwest of Lake Superior, the boundary followed rivers to the Lake of the Woods  From the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods, the boundary was agreed to go straight west until it met the Mississippi River  In fact, that line never meets the river since the river's source is further south 

Jay Treaty (1794)
The Jay Treaty of 1794 (effective 1796) created the International Boundary Commission, which was charged with surveying and mapping the boundary  It also provided for the removal of British military and administration from Detroit, as well as other frontier outposts on the U S  side  The Jay Treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Ghent (effective 1815) concluding the War of 1812, which included pre-war boundaries 

19th century
Signed in December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812, returning the boundaries of British North America and the United States to the state they were prior to the war  In the following decades, the United States and the United Kingdom concluded several treaties that settled the major boundary disputes between the two, enabling the border to be demilitarized  The Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817 provided a plan for demilitarizing the two combatant sides in the War of 1812 and also laid out preliminary principles for drawing a border between British North America and the United States 

London Convention (1818)
The Treaty of 1818 saw expansion of both British North America and the US, where the boundary extended westward along the 49th parallel, from the Northwest Angle at Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains  The treaty extinguished British claims to the south of that line up to the Red River Valley, which was part of Rupert's Land  The treaty also extinguished U S  claims to land north of that line in the watershed of the Missouri River, which was part of the Louisiana Purchase  This amounted to three small areas, consisting of the northern part of the drainages of the Milk River (today in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan), the Poplar River (Saskatchewan), and Big Muddy Creek (Saskatchewan)  Along the 49th parallel, the border vista is theoretically straight, but in practice follows the 19th-century surveyed border markers and varies by several hundred feet in spots 

Webster–Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Disputes over the interpretation of the border treaties and mistakes in surveying required additional negotiations, which resulted in the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842  The treaty resolved the Aroostook War, a dispute over the boundary between Maine, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada  The treaty redefined the border between New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York on the one hand, and the Province of Canada on the other, resolving the Indian Stream dispute and the Fort Blunder dilemma at the outlet to Lake Champlain 
The part of the 45th parallel that separates Quebec from the U S  states of Vermont and New York had first been surveyed from 1771 to 1773 after it had been declared the boundary between New York (including what later became Vermont) and Quebec  It was surveyed again after the War of 1812  The U S  federal government began to construct fortifications just south of the border at Rouses Point, New York, on Lake Champlain  After a significant portion of the construction was completed, measurements revealed that at that point, the actual 45th parallel was three-quarters of a mile (1 2 km) south of the surveyed line  The fort, which became known as "Fort Blunder", was in Canada, which created a dilemma for the U S  that was not resolved until a provision of the treaty left the border on the meandering line as surveyed  The border along the Boundary Waters in present-day Ontario and Minnesota between Lake Superior and the Northwest Angle was also redefined 

Oregon Treaty (1846)
An 1844 boundary dispute during the Presidency of James K  Polk led to a call for the northern boundary of the U S  west of the Rockies to be 54°40′N related to the southern boundary of Russia's Alaska Territory  However, Great Britain wanted a border that followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean  The dispute was resolved in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary through the Rockies 

Boundary surveys (mid–19th century)
The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–1861) laid out the land boundary  However, the water boundary was not settled for some time  After the Pig War in 1859, arbitration in 1872 established the border between the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands 
The International Boundary Survey (or, the "Northern Boundary Survey" in the US) began in 1872  Its mandate was to establish the border as agreed to in the Treaty of 1818  Archibald Campbell led the way for the United States, while Donald Cameron, supported by chief astronomer Samuel Anderson, headed the British team  This survey focused on the border from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains 

20th century
In 1903, following a dispute that arose because of the Klondike Gold Rush, a joint United Kingdom–Canada–U S  tribunal established the boundary of southeast Alaska On April 11, 1908, the United Kingdom and the United States agreed, under Article IV of the Treaty of 1908 "concerning the boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean", to survey and delimit the boundary between Canada and the U S  through the St  Lawrence River and Great Lakes, in accordance with modern surveying techniques, and thus accomplished several changes to the border   In 1925, the International Boundary Commission's temporary mission became permanent for maintaining the survey and mapping of the border; maintaining boundary monuments and buoys; and keeping the border clear of brush and vegetation for 6 m (20 ft)  This "border vista" extends for 3 m (9 8 ft) on each side of the line In 1909, under the Boundary Waters Treaty, the International Joint Commission was established for Canada and the U S  to investigate and approve projects that affect the waters and waterways along the border 

21st century
As a result of the 2001 September 11 attacks, the Canada–U S  border was shut without any warning, and no goods or people were allowed to cross  In the wake of the impromptu border closure, procedures were jointly developed to ensure that commercial traffic could cross the border even if people were restricted from crossing  These procedures were later used for a border closure caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 

2020–2021 closure
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and the United States, the governments of Canada and the United States agreed to close the border to "non-essential" travel on March 21, 2020, for an initial period of 30 days  The closure has been extended 15 times since then; it expired on July 21, 2021  However, in mid-June 2021, the Canadian government announced it will ease some entry requirements for fully vaccinated Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and foreign nationals starting on July 5, 2021  In mid-July, the Canadian government announced that fully vaccinated American citizens and permanent residents can visit Canada starting August 9, 2021  The American government reopened its land border to fully vaccinated Canadian citizens effective November 8, 2021  Provided that COVID cases remain stable and/or decline, fully vaccinated international visitors can enter Canada starting September 7  The 2020–21 closure was reportedly the first blanket, long-term closure of the border since the War of 1812 Essential travel, as defined by Canadian and US regulations, includes travel for employment or education purposes  "Non-essential" travel to Canada, includes travel "for an optional or discretionary purpose, such as tourism, recreation or entertainment " The U S  Department of Homeland Security issued defined non-essential travel to include "tourism purposes (e g , sightseeing, recreation, gambling, or attending cultural events)" and gave an extensive, non-exhaustive definition of what sorts of travel qualify as essential Business advocacy groups, noting the substantial economic impact of the closure on both sides of the border, called for more nuanced restrictions in place of the blanket ban on non-essential travel  The Northern Border Caucus, a group in the US Congress composed of members from border communities, made similar suggestions to the governments of both countries  Beyond the closure itself, US President Donald Trump also initially suggested the idea of deploying United States military personnel near the border with Canada in connection with the pandemic  He later abandoned the idea following vocal opposition from Canadian officials 

Security
Law enforcement approach
The International Boundary is commonly referred to as the world's "longest undefended border", though this is true only in the military sense, as civilian law enforcement is present  It is illegal to cross the border outside border controls, as anyone crossing the border must be checked per immigration and customs laws  The relatively low level of security measures stands in contrast to that of the United States–Mexico border (one-third length of Canada–U S  border), which is actively patrolled by U S  Customs and Border Protection personnel to prevent illegal migration and drug trafficking 

Parts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas, but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans  The border also runs through the middle of the Akwesasne Nation and even divides some buildings found in communities in New England and Quebec 
The U S  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) identifies the chief issues along the border as domestic and international terrorism; drug smuggling and smuggling of products (such as tobacco) to evade customs duties; and illegal immigration  A June 2019 U S  Government Accountability Office report identified specific staffing and resource shortfalls faced by the CBP on the Northern border that adversely affect enforcement actions; the U S  Border Patrol "identified an insufficient number of agents that limited patrol missions along the northern border" while CBP Air and Marine Operations "identified an insufficient number of agents along the northern border, which limited the number and frequency of air and maritime missions "There are eight U S  Border Patrol sectors based on the Canada–U S  border, each covering a designated "area of responsibility"; the sectors are (from west to east) based in Blaine, Washington; Spokane, Washington; Havre, Montana; Grand Forks, North Dakota; Detroit, Michigan; Buffalo, New York; Swanton, Vermont; and Houlton, Maine Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, security along the border was dramatically tightened by the two countries in both populated and rural areas  Both nations are also actively involved in detailed and extensive tactical and strategic intelligence sharing 
In December 2010, Canada and the United States were negotiating an agreement titled "Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Competitiveness" which would give the U S  more influence over Canada's border security and immigration controls, and more information would be shared by Canada with the U S 

Security measures
Residents of both nations who own property adjacent to the border are forbidden to build within the 6-metre-wide (20 ft) boundary vista without permission from the International Boundary Commission  They are required to report such construction to their respective governments 
All persons crossing the border are required to report to the customs agency of the country they have entered  Where necessary, fences or vehicle blockades are used  In remote areas, where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden sensors on roads, trails, railways, and wooded areas, which are located near crossing points  There is no border zone; the U S  Customs and Border Protection routinely sets up checkpoints as far as 100 miles (160 km) into U S  territory In August 2020, the United States constructed 3 8 km (2 4 mi) of short cable fencing along the border between Abbotsford, British Columbia, and Whatcom County, Washington 

Identification
Prior to 2007, American and Canadian citizens were only required to produce a birth certificate and driver's license/government-issued identification card when crossing the Canada–United States border However, in late 2006, the U S  Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced the final rule of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), which pertained to new identification requirements for travelers entering the United States  This rule, which marked the first phase of the initiative, was implemented on January 23, 2007, specifying six forms of identification acceptable for crossing the U S  border (depending on mode):
a valid passport—required in order to enter by air;
a United States passport card;
an enhanced driver's license—issued by the U S  States of Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont, and Washington, as well as the Canadian Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec;
a trusted traveler program card (i e  NEXUS, FAST, or SENTRI);
a valid Merchant Mariner Credential—to be used when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; and
a valid U S  military identification card—to be used when traveling on official orders The requirement of a passport or an enhanced form of identification to enter the United States by air went into effect in January 2007; and went into effect for those entering the U S  by land and sea in January 2008  Although the new requirements for land and sea entry went into legal effect in January 2008, its enforcement did not begin until June 2009  Since June 2009, every traveller arriving via a land or sea port-of-entry (including ferries) has been required to present one of the above forms of identification in order to enter the United States 

Conversely in order to cross into Canada, a traveler must also carry identification, as well as a valid visa (if necessary) when crossing the border  Forms of identification include a valid passport, a Canadian Emergency Travel Document, an enhanced driver's license issued by a Canadian province or territory, or an enhanced identification/photo card issued by a Canadian province or territory  Several other documents may be used by Canadians to identify their citizenship at the border, although use of such documents requires it to be supported with additional photo identification American and Canadian citizens who are members of a trusted traveler program such as FAST or NEXUS, may present their FAST or NEXUS card as an alternate form of identification when crossing the international boundary by land or sea, or when arriving by air from only Canada or the United States  Although permanent residents of Canada and the United States are eligible for FAST or NEXUS, they are required to travel with a passport and proof of permanent residency upon arrival at the Canadian border  American permanent residents who are NEXUS members also require Electronic Travel Authorization when crossing the Canadian border 

Security issues
Smuggling
Smuggling of alcoholic beverages ("rum running") was widespread during the 1920s, when Prohibition was in effect nationally in the United States and parts of Canada 
In more recent years, Canadian officials have brought attention to drug, cigarette, and firearms smuggling from the United States, while U S  officials have made complaints of drug smuggling via Canada  In July 2005, law enforcement personnel arrested three men who had built a 110-metre (360 ft) tunnel under the border between British Columbia and Washington, intended for the use of smuggling marijuana, the first such tunnel known on this border  From 2007 to 2010, 147 people were arrested for smuggling marijuana on the property of a bed-and-breakfast in Blaine, Washington, but agents estimate that they caught only about 5% of smugglers Because of its location, Cornwall, Ontario, experiences ongoing smuggling—mostly of tobacco and firearms from the United States  The neighboring Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles the Ontario–Quebec–New York borders, where its First Nations sovereignty prevents Ontario Provincial Police, Sûreté du Québec, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada Border Services Agency, Canadian Coast Guard, United States Border Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and New York State Police from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges taking place within the territory 

2009 border occupation
In May 2009, the Mohawk people of Akwesasne occupied the area around the Canada Border Services Agency port of entry building to protest the Canadian government's decision to arm its border agents while operating on Mohawk territory   The north span of the Seaway International Bridge  and the CBSA inspection facilities were closed   During this occupation, the Canadian flag was replaced with the flag of the Mohawk people  Although U S  Customs remained opened to southbound traffic, northbound traffic was blocked on the U S  side by both American and Canadian officials  The Canadian border at this crossing remained closed for six weeks   On July 13, 2009, the CBSA opened a temporary inspection station at the north end of the north span of the bridge in the city of Cornwall, allowing traffic to once again flow in both directions The Mohawk people of Akwesasne have staged ongoing protests at this border   In 2014 they objected to a process that made their crossing more tedious, believing it violated their treaty rights of free passage   When traveling from the U S  to Cornwall Island, they must first cross a second bridge into Canada, for inspection at the new Canadian border station  Discussions between inter-governmental agencies were being pursued on the feasibility of relocating the Canadian border inspection facilities on the U S  side of the border 

2017 border crossing crisis
In August 2017, the border between Quebec and New York saw an influx of up to 500 irregular crossings each day, by individuals seeking asylum in Canada  As a result, Canada increased border security and immigration staffing in the area, reiterating the fact that crossing the border irregularly had no effect on one's asylum status From the beginning of January 2017 up until the end of March 2018, the RCMP intercepted 25,645 people crossing the border into Canada from an unauthorized point of entry  Public Safety Canada estimates another 2,500 came across in April 2018 for a total of just over 28,000 

Border lengths and regions
The length of the terrestrial boundary is 8,891 km (5,525 mi), of which 6,416 km (3,987 mi) is against the contiguous 48 states, and 2,475 km (1,538 mi) against Alaska  Eight out of thirteen provinces and territories of Canada and thirteen out of fifty U S  states are located along this international boundary 

Yukon
The Canadian territory of Yukon shares its entire western border with the U S  state of Alaska, beginning at the Beaufort Sea at 69°39′N 141°00′W and proceeds southwards along the 141st meridian west  At 60°18′N, the border proceeds away from the 141st meridian west in a southeastward direction, following the St  Elias Mountains  South of the 60th parallel north, the border continues into British Columbia 

British Columbia
British Columbia has two international borders with the United States: with the state of Alaska along BC's northwest, and with the contiguous United States along the southern edge of the province, including (west to east) Washington, Idaho, and Montana BC's Alaskan border, continuing from Yukon's, proceeds through the St  Elias Mountains, followed by Mt  Fairweather at 58°54′N 137°31′W, where the border heads northwestward towards the Coast Mountains  At 59°48′N 135°28′W, the border begins a general southeastward direction along the Coast Mountains  The border eventually reaches the Portland Canal and follows it outward to the Dixon Entrance, which takes the border down and out into the Pacific Ocean, terminating it upon reaching international waters 
BC's border along the contiguous U S  begins southwest of Vancouver Island and northwest of the Olympic Peninsula, at the terminus of international waters in the Pacific Ocean  It follows the Strait of Juan de Fuca eastward, turning northeastward to enter Haro Strait  The border follows the strait in a northward direction, but turns sharply eastward through Boundary Pass, separating the Canadian Gulf Islands from the American San Juan Islands  Upon reaching the Strait of Georgia, the border turns due north and then towards the northwest, bisecting the strait until the 49th parallel north  After making a sharp turn eastbound, the border follows this parallel across the Tsawwassen Peninsula, separating Point Roberts, Washington from Delta, British Columbia, and continues into Alberta 

Prairies
The entire Canada–U S  border in the provinces of both Alberta and Saskatchewan lies along the 49th parallel north  Both provinces share borders with the state of Montana, while, farther east, Saskatchewan also shares a border with North Dakota Along with the U S  states of North Dakota and Minnesota (west to east), nearly the entire Canada–U S  border in Manitoba lies along the 49th parallel north  At the province's eastern end, however, the border briefly enters the Lake of the Woods, turning north at 48°59′N 95°09′W where it continues into land along the western end of Minnesota's Northwest Angle, the only part of the United States besides the state of Alaska that is north of the 49th parallel  The border reaches Ontario at 49°23′N 95°09′W 

Ontario
The province of Ontario shares its border (west to east) with the U S  states of Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York  The largest provincial international border, most of the border is a water boundary   It begins at the north-westernmost point of Minnesota's Northwest Angle (49°23′N 95°09′W)  From here, it proceeds eastward through the Angle Inlet into the Lake of the Woods, turning southward at 49°19′N 94°48′W where it continues into the Rainy River  The border follows the River to Rainy Lake, then subsequently through various smaller lakes, including Namakan Lake, Lac la Croix, and Sea Gull Lake, until it reaches the Pigeon River, which leads it out into Lake Superior  The border continues through Lake Superior and Whitefish Bay, into the St  Mary's River then the North Channel  At 45°59′N 83°26′W, the border turns southward into the False Detour Channel, from which it reaches Lake Huron  Through the Lake, the border heads southward until reaching the St  Clair River, leading it to Lake St  Clair  The border proceeds through Lake St  Clair, reaching the Detroit River, which leads it to Lake Erie  From Lake Erie the border is led into the Niagara River, which takes it into Lake Ontario  From here, the boundary heads northwestward until it reaches 43°27′N 79°12′W, where it makes a sharp turn towards the northeast  The border then reaches the St  Lawrence River, proceeding through it until finally, at 45°00′N 74°40′W, the border splits from the river and continues into Quebec 

Quebec
The province of Quebec borders (west to east) the U S  states of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, beginning where the Ontario-New York border ends in the St  Lawrence River at the 45th parallel north  This border heads inland towards the east, remaining on or near the parallel  At 45°00′N 71°30′W, the border begins to follow various natural features of the Appalachian Mountains, continuing to do so until  46°25′N 70°03′W, where it heads north, then northeastward at 46°41′N 69°59′W  Finally, at 47°27′N 69°13′W, the border heads toward Beau Lake, going through it and continuing into New Brunswick 

New Brunswick
The entire border of New Brunswick is shared with the U S  state of Maine, beginning at the southern tip of Beau Lake at 47°18′N 69°03′W, subsequently proceeding to the Saint John River  The border moves through the River until  47°04′N 67°47′W, where it splits from the river and heads southward into the Chiputneticook Lakes at 45°56′N 67°47′W, which subsequently leads the border to the St  Croix River  The border proceeds through the St  Croix to Passamaquoddy Bay, which then leads it to Grand Manan Island into the middle of the Bay of Fundy  Here, the border turns towards the south and terminates upon reaching international waters 

Crossings and border straddling
Airports
The U S  maintains pre-clearance facilities (i e  immigration offices) at eight Canadian airports with international air service to the United States: Calgary; Edmonton; Halifax Stanfield; Montreal–Trudeau; Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier; Toronto Island Airport (Billy Bishop Airport), Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver; and Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson  These procedures expedite travel by allowing flights originating in Canada to land at a U S  airport without being processed as an international arrival  Canada does not maintain equivalent personnel at U S  airports due to the sheer number of Canada-bound flights from numerous U S  departure locations 

Cross-border airports
One curiosity on the Canada–U S  border is the presence of six airports and eleven seaplane bases whose runways straddle the borderline  Such airports were built prior to the U S  entry into World War II as a way to legally transfer U S -built aircraft, such as the Lockheed Hudson, to Canada under the provisions of the Lend-Lease Act  In the interest of maintaining neutrality, U S  military pilots were forbidden to deliver combat aircraft to Canada  As result, the aircraft were flown to the border, where they landed, then were towed on their wheels over the border by tractors or horses overnight  The next day, the planes were crewed by RCAF pilots and flown to other locations, typically airbases in Eastern Canada and Newfoundland, from where they were flown to the United Kingdom and deployed in the Battle of Britain 

Piney Pinecreek Border Airport is located in Piney, Manitoba and Pinecreek, Minnesota  The northwest–southeast-oriented runway straddles the border, and there are two ramps: one in the U S  and one in Canada  The airport is owned by the Minnesota Department of Transportation International Peace Garden Airport is located in Boissevain, Manitoba and Dunseith, North Dakota adjacent to the International Peace Garden  The runway is entirely within North Dakota, but a ramp extends across the border to allow aircraft to access Canadian customs  While not jointly owned, it is operated as an international facility for customs clearance as part of the Peace Garden 
Coronach/Scobey Border Station Airport (or East Poplar Airport) is located in Coronach, Saskatchewan and Scobey, Montana  The airport is jointly owned by the Canadian and U S  government, with its east–west runway sited exactly on the borderline 
Coutts/Ross International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana  Like Coronach/Scobey, the east–west runway is sited exactly on the border  The airport is owned entirely by the Montana Department of Transportation (DOT) Aeronautics Division 
Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport, located in Del Bonita, Alberta and Del Bonita, Montana, has an east–west runway sited exactly on the border, similar to Coutts/Ross  The airport is officially owned by the state of Montana and run by the state's DOT Aeronautics Division, thus it has been assigned a U S  identifier only  The facility is set up for both the general public (15 passengers maximum per plane) as well as the American military Avey Field State Airport is located in Washington and British Columbia  The privately owned airfield is mostly in the U S , but several hundred feet of the north–south runway extend into Canada  As such, both Canadian and U S  customs are available  It is assigned a U S  identifier, but does not have a Canadian one 
Several seaplane bases have water runways that cross the border, though the extent to which they do may be difficult to ascertain  The land-based facilities for the bases are all contained within one country or the other, however, leading to multiple situations where twin seaplane bases may share the same body of water  The following seaplane facilities exist on the border:

Rouses Point SPB (New York / Quebec)
Van Buren SPB (Maine / New Brunswick)
Sault Ste Marie SPB and Sault Ste  Marie Water Aerodrome (Michigan / Ontario)
Sand Point Lake Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
International Falls SPB and Fort Frances Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
Baudette International Airport and Rainy River Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
Hyder Seaplane Base and Stewart Water Aerodrome (Alaska / British Columbia)

Land border crossings
Currently there are 119 legal land border crossings between the United States and Canada, 26 of which take place at a bridge or tunnel  Only 2 of the 119 crossings are one-way: the Churubusco–Franklin Centre Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only the United States; and the Four Falls Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only Canada 
There are six roads that have unstaffed road crossings, and do not have border inspection services in one or both directions, where travelers are legally allowed to cross the border  Those that cross are required to report to customs, which are stationed farther within 

Trail crossings
The Fourth Connecticut Lake Trail (New Hampshire/Quebec) crosses several times while following the border vista before heading back to the United States 
The Pacific Crest Trail crosses into E  C  Manning Provincial Park in the remote North Cascades mountains  Hikers can only legally cross into Canada from the US and not vice-versa, requiring an advance permit 

Rail crossings
There are 39 railroads that cross the U S –Canada border, nine of which are no longer in use  Eleven of these railroads cross the border at a bridge or tunnel 
Only three international rail lines currently carry passengers between the U S  and Canada  At Vancouver's Pacific Central Station, passengers are required to pass through U S  partial pre-clearance and pass their baggage through an X-ray machine before being allowed to board the Seattle-bound Amtrak Cascades train, which makes no further stops before crossing the border at Blaine, Washington, where the train stops for another CBP inspection  Pre-clearance facilities are not available for the popular Adirondack (New York City to Montreal) or Maple Leaf (New York City to Toronto) trains, since these lines have stops between Montreal or Toronto and the border  Instead, passengers must clear customs at a stop located at the actual border 

Seaports
There are 13 international ferry crossings operating between the U S  and Canada  Two of them carry passengers only and one carries only rail cars   Four of the ferries operate only on a seasonal basis 
Similar to that of the pre-clearance facilities at Canadian airports, arrangements exist at major Canadian seaports that handle sealed direct import shipments into the U S  Along the East coast, ferry services operate between the province of New Brunswick and the state of Maine, while on the West coast, they operate between British Columbia and the states of Washington and Alaska  There are also several ferry services in the Great Lakes operating between the province of Ontario and the states of Michigan, New York, and Ohio  The ferry between Maine and Nova Scotia ended its operations in 2009, resuming again in 2014 
On Heart Island in the St  Lawrence River, the Boldt Castle has a border control point with no specific location on the Canadian side  As such, Canadians must present identification to land on the island 

Cross-border buildings
A line house is a building located so that an international boundary passes through it  There are several such buildings that exist along the U S –Canada border:

The Haskell Free Library and Opera House straddles the border in Derby Line, Vermont, and Stanstead, Quebec 
Private homes divided by the boundary line between Estcourt Station, Maine, and Pohénégamook, Quebec 
Private homes divided between Beebe Plain, Quebec and Beebe Plain, Vermont;
A seasonal home divided at the intersection of Matthias Lane in Alburgh, Vermont, and Chemin au Bord de l'Eau in Noyan, Quebec;
A house divided between Richford, Vermont, and Abercorn, Quebec 
The Halfway House (also known as Taillon's International Hotel) is a tavern, built in 1820 before the border was surveyed, that straddles the border between Dundee, Quebec, and Fort Covington, New York The Maine–New Brunswick border divides the Aroostook Valley Country Club 

Boundary divisions
Practical exclaves
To be a true international exclave, all potential paths of travel from the exclave to the home country must cross over only the territory of a different country or countries  Like exclaves, practical exclaves are not contiguous with the land of the home country and have land access only through another country or countries  Unlike exclaves, they are not entirely surrounded by foreign territory  Hence, they are exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition 
The term pene-exclave, also known as a "functional" or "practical" exclave,: 31  was defined by G  W  S  Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another country ": 283  Thus, a pene-exclave has land borders with other territory but is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters : 60  Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007): 31–33  provide examples to further elaborate, including Point Roberts, Washington: "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada ": 113  Practical exclaves can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts : 47

Practical exclaves of Canada
The Quebec western portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave of Canada because of the St  Lawrence River to the north, the St  Regis River to the east, New York State, U S  to the south  To travel by land to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State 
Campobello Island is another practical exclave located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Bay of Fundy  The island is part of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, but is actually physically connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge with Lubec, Maine, the easternmost tip of the continental United States 
Premier, British Columbia is an abandoned mining site accessible only through Hyder, Alaska 

Practical exclaves of the United States
Alaska is a non-contiguous U S  state bounded by the Bering Sea; the Arctic and Pacific oceans; and Canada's British Columbia and Yukon Territory  Additionally, because of the terrain, several municipalities in southeast Alaska (the "Panhandle") are inaccessible by road, except via Canada  Specifically, the town of Hyder, Alaska, is accessible only through Stewart, British Columbia, or by floatplane  Moreover, Haines and Skagway are accessible by road only through Canada, although there are car ferries which connect them to other Alaskan places 
Point Roberts, Washington is bounded by British Columbia, the Strait of Georgia, and Boundary Bay 
In Minnesota, Elm Point, two small pieces of land to its west (Buffalo Bay Point), and the Northwest Angle are bounded by the province of Manitoba and Lake of the Woods 
In Vermont, the Alburgh Tongue, as well as Province Point, which is the small end of a peninsula east of Alburgh, are bounded by Quebec and Lake Champlain 

Split features
Between Quebec and Vermont, Province Island is a piece of land that primarily lies in Canada, though a small portion of the island is situated in the U S  state, lying south of the 45th parallel with a border vista marking the international boundary 
Canusa Street in Beebe Plain, VT is the only portion of the Canada–United States border split down the middle of a street 
Between North Dakota and Manitoba, the international border splits a peninsula within a lake on the border of Rolette County, North Dakota, and the Wakopa Wildlife Management Area, MB  Likewise, Lake Metigoshe, lying in the Township of Roland, borders the municipality of Winchester, Manitoba  The border splits a shoreline, putting Canadian cabins on one side and the beach and boat docks for those cabins on the U S  side, while land access is only through Canada 

Remaining boundary disputes
Machias Seal Island and North Rock (Maine / New Brunswick)
Dixon Entrance (Alaska / British Columbia)
Beaufort Sea (Alaska / Yukon)
Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington / British Columbia)

See also
Canada Border Services Agency
United States Customs and Border Protection
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Canada–United States relations
Illegal immigration to Canada
Illegal immigration to the United States
Indian barrier state, British plans to set up a new country in the Old Northwest
John Lewis Tiarks, a British surveyor of the border
Joseph Smith Harris' account of the Northwest Boundary Survey
Mexico–United States border

Footnotes
Passage 7:
Oak Lawn, Illinois
Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States   The population was 58,362 at the 2020 census  Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city  It shares borders with the city in two areas but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs 

History
Founding
In August 1835, James B  Campbell purchased the land stretching between Cicero Avenue and Central Avenue from 95th Street to 103rd Street  It is unclear what Campbell's intentions with the area were, but by 1840, he had lost a court battle with the Illinois State Bank and his land was sold in a public auction  John Simpson, a prominent figure in early Oak Lawn history, bought the northern half of the property in 1842  By 1859, the recently incorporated government of Worth Township paid for the construction of Black Oak Grove Road, an early name for 95th Street  Black Oak Grove is also the earliest known name of the area that would become Oak Lawn  It was later shortened to Black Oak or Black Oaks, but in 1882, the post office, train depot and surrounding community became known simply as Oak Lawn  Before this however, the area now known as Oak Lawn was, briefly during the early 1800s, called Agnes  It was also on some occasion referred to as Oak Park  Over the next two decades, the area grew in population as more homes were built and local business sprang into being  As the area continued to grow, many residents visited Englewood by train to shop  Oak Lawn residents also made income during early days by selling their farm and dairy products to various markets in Chicago 

Incorporation
In 1909, Oak Lawn was incorporated as a village  The following years, there were major improvements to local infrastructure and government services, such as the introduction of the police magistrate and village marshal, along with the building of a village hall and jailhouse  Electric lights were brought to 95th Street in 1911, the volunteer fire department began in 1923, Oak Lawn's first bank opened in 1925, and the Community High School District 218 was formed  The population had grown to 2,045 by 1930, and civic improvements were steadily made over the next decade  In 1934, a collection of one hundred books was the beginning of the Oak Lawn Public Library  By 1935, President Franklin D  Roosevelt created the Works Progress Administration as part of the New Deal, which supported a variety of public works, including libraries  With the help of a WPA grant, the new library opened its doors in 1936 

Post 1945
After World War II, with veterans returning home and taking advantage of the G I  Bill, Oak Lawn experienced a major population boom  Beginning in 1949, Oak Lawn Round-Up Days became an annual event and helped to promote the village  It started with 25,000 people, and the Western-themed celebration brought in over 100,000 attendees in 1952  In this year, Jack Brickhouse was master of ceremonies, and the parade was televised on WGN-TV  By 1957, Round-Up Days had become too large, and the next year a final scaled-down version was held In the 1950s, a village managerial government began, and a new library and fire station were constructed  By 1960, there were nearly 20,000 residents in Oak Lawn 
On April 21, 1967, a tornado touched down in Oak Lawn that is recorded as one of the worst to strike an urban area  Roughly 900 buildings were damaged or destroyed, and over 30 people were killed 
The town was rebuilt in the coming years, and witnessed further population growth, peaking at 63,500 between 1973 and 1976  However, there was a decrease in residents in the 1980s, and an aging population led to the closure of several schools during this time  In response, the village began a process of redevelopment to counteract the decrease  This redevelopment has focused primarily on businesses and structures in the core area of Oak Lawn, around 95th Street between Cicero Avenue and Central Avenue 

1967 tornado
On April 21, 1967, an F4 tornado touched down at 105th Street and Kean Avenue in Palos Hills, 5 miles (8 km) west of Oak Lawn  There were no deaths in Palos Hills, although a number of homes were destroyed and two transmission towers collapsed  After rising from the ground, the tornado touched down again at the Starlite Drive-In Theater at 6400 West 95th Street  With winds estimated to be over 200 miles per hour (320 km/h), the tornado tore through Oak Lawn, tossing cars and buses in the air  After cutting Oak Lawn Community High School in half, it caused damage to St  Gerald's and continued to 91st Street and Cicero Avenue, heavily damaging the Airway Trailer Park and the Oak Lawn Roller Rink before rising from ground level  It touched down again in nearby Hometown, Evergreen Park, and Chicago before dissipating over Lake Michigan  In just 16 minutes, the storm left a 16-mile (26 km) path of destruction and over 30 people dead 

Downtown redevelopment
Starting in 2002, downtown Oak Lawn (95th Street between Tulley Avenue and 55th Court) became the target of a massive redevelopment program; properties on the north and south sides of 95th Street were demolished  Eventually, several square blocks were leveled, making room for several multistory, high-end condominium complexes with retail space on the main floors  Part of the project was the expansion of the Metra commuter train station that houses a retail/office center and a new  children's museum  This complex also includes a multistory parking garage  Downtown Oak Lawn as seen today bears little resemblance to the downtown from 2002  It now features modern high-rise buildings, new shopping areas, a large contemporary Metra train station, and several new retail and service facilities 

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Oak Lawn has a total area of 8 59 square miles (22 25 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 58,362 people, 21,154 households, and 13,544 families residing in the village  The population density was 6,809 24 inhabitants per square mile (2,629 06/km2)  There were 23,362 housing units at an average density of 2,725 70 per square mile (1,052 40/km2)  The racial makeup of the village was 68 31% White, 7 65% African American, 0 87% Native American, 2 83% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 9 43% from other races, and 10 89% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 56% of the population 
There were 21,154 households, out of which 48 24% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46 89% were married couples living together, 11 64% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35 97% were non-families  32 16% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 73% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 3 33 and the average family size was 2 60 
The village's age distribution consisted of 21 7% under the age of 18, 7 0% from 18 to 24, 25 3% from 25 to 44, 27 6% from 45 to 64, and 18 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 41 0 years  For every 100 females, there were 96 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 8 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $69,352, and the median income for a family was $90,690  Males had a median income of $54,168 versus $38,363 for females  The per capita income for the village was $33,998  About 7 5% of families and 10 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 2% of those under age 18 and 9 6% of those age 65 or over 

Parks and recreation
Oak Lawn maintains an expansive park system  From small corner play lots to the 38-acre (150,000 m2) Centennial Park, there are over 300 acres (1 2 km2) of parks, recreational facilities and open land  These include playgrounds, walking paths, baseball fields, basketball, volleyball and tennis courts, plus outdoor swimming pools, an indoor ice arena, two fitness centers, and an 18-hole golf course  Each area in Oak Lawn has its own recreational area, totaling 22 parks 

Education
Oak Lawn has public education schooling children from K–5 in its many elementary schools, including Kolb, Lieb, Harnew, Columbus Manor, Covington, Hannum, Hometown, Kolmar, and Sward  Oak Lawn has two public middle schools:  Simmons Middle School, and Oak Lawn-Hometown Middle School 
There are two public high schools, Oak Lawn Community High School and Harold L  Richards High School 
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools  Catholic grammar schools include St  Germaine, St  Catherine, St  Linus, and St  Gerald  St  Louis de Montfort School closed in 2017 with 133 students that year 

Infrastructure
Stop sign program
In mid-2007, Oak Lawn began hanging additional messages to village stop signs in an attempt to have drivers obey the signs  The signs were the idea of the village President and local residents were encouraged to submit their own ideas  Found throughout the village, the signs garnered attention with the press and were not well received by residents, nor did they noticeably impact public safety  While considered humorous by some, many others considered it a publicity stunt at tax payer's expense The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and IDOT voiced their concerns about the use of these nonconforming stop signs and the village removed them in April 2008  Initially, the Village President refused to remove the signs until IDOT threatened to withhold millions of dollars in funding for infrastructure 

Notable people
Diandra Asbaty (born 1980), professional bowler; Team USA member and spokesperson for USBC
Brian Bogusevic (born 1984), former outfielder for Chicago Cubs
Tim Byrdak (born 1973), Major League Baseball pitcher 1998 to 2013; born in Oak Lawn
Kevin Cronin (born 1951), lead vocalist for rock band REO Speedwagon
David Diehl (born 1980), football player, two-time Super Bowl champion for New York Giants
Mark Donahue, football player, lineman for Cincinnati Bengals, two-time Consensus All-American at University of Michigan
Dan Donegan, guitarist for rock band Disturbed
John Joseph Duda, actor; born in Oak Lawn
Michael Flatley (born 1958), Irish step dancer; attended St  Linus and Brother Rice High School
Jack Gwynne, illusionist and actor, died in Oak Lawn (1969)
David A  Johnston, volcanologist, killed during 1980 Mount St  Helens eruption
Benn Jordan, recording artist known as The Flashbulb; attended Oak Lawn Community High School
C J  Kupec, basketball player, Oak Lawn High School star, played for Michigan and NBA's Los Angeles Lakers
Rob Mackowiak, player for several Major League Baseball teams
Bobby Madritsch, former pitcher for Seattle Mariners
Rory Markham, UFC and IFL mixed martial arts fighter
Mike Mollo, heavyweight boxer
Bryan Rekar, former pitcher for Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, and Kansas City Royals; born in Oak Lawn
Michael A  Ruddy, Illinois state representative and businessman, lived in Oak Lawn
Marc Rzepczynski, pitcher for Seattle Mariners; born in Oak Lawn
Dwyane Wade, former NBA player and three-time NBA champion with Miami Heat, attended Richards High School in Oak Lawn
Harry Yourell, Illinois state representative and businessman
Kanye West, musician, rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer
Juice WRLD, rapper, died in Oak Lawn (2019)
Passage 8:
States of Nigeria
Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory  Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria  The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located  The FCT is not a state but is administered by elected officials who are supervised by the federal government  Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs)  There are 774 local governments in Nigeria  Under the constitution, the 36 states are co-equal but not supreme because sovereignty resides with the federal government  The constitution can be amended by the National Assembly, but each amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of the 36 states of the federation 

Current states and the Federal Capital Territory
Evolution of Nigerian states
Government
States of Nigeria have the right to organize and structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria 

Legislature
At the state level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislators it has in the Federal House of Representatives  It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list 

Executive
At the state level, the head of the executive is the governor, who has the power to appoint people to the state executive council, subject to the advice and consent of the state house of assembly (legislature)  The head of a ministry at the state level is the commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the state 

Judiciary
The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the state government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the state government  The judiciary is headed by the chief justice of the state appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the state house of assembly 

Chronology
See also
List of Nigerian states by population
ISO 3166-2:NG
List of state governors of Nigeria

Notes
Sources
Gboyega Ajayi (2007)  The military and the Nigerian state, 1966–1993: a study of the strategies of political power control  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press  ISBN 978-1-59221-568-3 
Solomon Akhere Benjamin (1999)  The 1996 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research  ISBN 978-181-238-9 
Rotimi T  Suberu (1994)  1991 state and local government reorganizations in Nigeria  Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan  ISBN 978-2015-28-8 

External links
"New States of Nigeria"  Statoids 
Headline News in Nigeria Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine StatesStates And Capital In Nigeria, Their Slogans & Current Governors A comprehensive list of all states in Nigeria and their current governors 
Passage 9:
Cedar Springs, Texas
Cedar Springs is an unincorporated community in west Falls County, Texas, United States  It is located on Farm-to-market road #2027 
Passage 10:
Swan Miara
Swan Miara (ساون میرا) is a village and union council (an administrative subdivision) of Mansehra District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan  It is located in the south of the district where it borders Abbottabad District Formerly it was a part of the Princely State of Amb 
Passage 11:
Virginia, Lempira
Virginia (Spanish pronunciation: [biɾˈxinja]) is a municipality in the Honduran department of Lempira 
Virginia is located in Lempira Honduras and shares a border with El Salvador  Many Virginians travel to El Salvador to do their shopping, because the Honduran cities are far away from Virginia 
It is one of the smallest municipalities of the Lempira department  It is 15 km or 30 minutes away from Mapulaca if accessed through Gracias 

History
It was founded back in 1830  In the national division of 1889 it was one municipality of Candelaria 

Geography
It is situated in a semi flat place and surrounded by many hills   The predominant vegetation corresponds to the sub tropical dry forest  In the municipality capital there are some inclined streets 

Boundaries
Its boundaries are: 

North : Candelaria municipality 
South : El Salvador 
East  : Piraera municipality 
West  : Mapulaca municipality 
Surface Extents: 36 km2

Resources
Since it is on the border with El Salvador, it is much easier for people to go there to establish commercial activities  Also there are more and better jobs on the other side of the border, with the advantage of receiving their wages in US dollars  It is not an ideal location for coffee plantations, therefore corn and beans crops became important (even though they are for local consumption); followed by cattle raising  Like the rest of the department, it has electricity and mobile communication services 

Population
Population: The amount of inhabitants was 2,734 and according to INE Honduras estimates, there will be 2,574 in 2015 
Villages: 5
Settlements: 35

Demographics
At the time of the 2013 Honduras census, Virginia municipality had a population of 2,548  Of these, 97 06% were Mestizo, 2 90% Indigenous (2 86% Lenca) and 0 04% Black or Afro-Honduran 

Tourism
As for the remaining 15 km, although this dirt road is not in the best condition, it is still an easy drive  A half-hour visit will be enough to see all there is to see in the municipality capital  For those who are interested in rural and quiet towns, this is a good place to visit  Surprisingly, the mobile phone signal from El Salvador is stronger than the Honduran signal  Since it is near the Lempa River, the local pastime is going there to bathe  The local holidays and festivals attract many visitors 

Local Holidays: "Santa Lucia" day on December 13 
Passage 12:
Gmina Włodawa
Gmina Włodawa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus and Ukraine  Its seat is the town of Włodawa, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina 
The gmina covers an area of 243 75 square kilometres (94 1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,936 

Villages
Gmina Włodawa contains the villages and settlements of Korolówka, Korolówka-Kolonia, Korolówka-Osada, Krasówka, Luta, Okuninka, Orchówek, Połód, Różanka, Sobibór, Stawki, Suszno, Szuminka, Wołczyny, Żłobek Duży, Żłobek Mały and Żuków 

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Włodawa is bordered by the town of Włodawa and by the gminas of Hanna, Hańsk, Wola Uhruska and Wyryki  It also borders Belarus and Ukraine 

See also
Sobibor extermination camp
Passage 13:
Minsk Region
Minsk Region, also known as Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts (Belarusian: Мі́нская во́бласць, romanized: Minskaja voblasć, IPA: [ˈmʲinskaja ˈvobɫasʲtsʲ]; Russian: Минская о́бласть, romanized: Minskaya oblast), is one of the regions of Belarus  Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus  As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500 

Geography
Minsk Region covers a total of 39,900 km2, about 19 44% of the national total area  Lake Narach, the largest lake in the country, is located in the northern part of the region  There are four other large lakes in this region: Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest), Syalyava (14th largest) and Myastro (15th largest)  It is the only region of Belarus whose border is not part of the international border of Belarus 

History
Beginning the 10th century, the territory of the current Minsk Region was part of Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, and later it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  With the unification of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, the territory became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Polish territory, the area was annexed by Russia as the Minsk Region  During the collapse of the Russian Empire due to the Civil War, the western part was annexed to Poland in 1921, while the east became Soviet Belarus 
The Minsk region was established on 15 January 1938, based on the amendment of the Constitutional Law of the USSR  As of 20 February 1938, the area included 20 districts   Following the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939, the former Eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic were annexed in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact partitioning Poland and added to the Minsk Region 
On 20 September 1944, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck were removed from the Minsk region and transferred to the newly formed Bobruisk Region 
On 8 January 1954, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the Nesvizhski and Stolbtsovsky districts from the abolished Baranovichi Region, as well as the Glusk, Gressky, Kopyl, Krasnoslobodski, Luban, Slutsky, Starobin, Starodorozhski districts and the city of Sluck from the abolished Bobruisk Region, were added to the Minsk Region 
In 1960, following the abolition of Molodechno Region, its southern part became the northern part of the Minsk Region 

Tourism
The number of travel agencies in Minsk Region grew from twelve in 2000 to seventy in 2010  The most popular tourist destinations of the region are Zaslavskoye Lake, the Zhdanovichi area which has health resorts, Nesvizh Palace and its surroundings, as well as the alpine ski resorts of Logoysk and Silichi 

Administrative subdivisions
The Minsk Region comprises 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements 

Districts of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Population of cities and towns in Minsk Region

Demographics
See also
Administrative divisions of Belarus
Villages in Minsk Region
Passage 14:
Clear Springs, Texas
Clear Springs is a historic settlement in Guadalupe County, Texas, United States  It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area  It shares its name with the nearby Clear Springs Air Force Base 

History
German settlers first immigrated to the area in the 1840s  Clear Springs was named for the natural springs water source for the settlement, which is now covered by Lake Dunlap  The location on which Clear Springs sits had been surveyed by James Bowie 
In 1873 a cotton-gin and general store were built for the processing, storage, and sale of cotton and goods  Wagon loads of cotton were brought from the region to the gin be to be weighed, sold and processed  The community had a post office in 1874 and called the location Bernhardsville  In 1875, the name was officially changed to Clear Springs 
In the 1890s, Clear Springs hosted the general store, cotton gin, and a population of 100  The post office was closed in 1906, however the residents stayed on to support the community  In later years the store was incorporated into a dance hall and saloon  The dance hall became a local favorite as it was the only establishment of the kind for several miles  Clear Springs had two businesses and a school in 1946  The school was consolidated with the New Braunfels school district in the 1950s  In 1990, several businesses as well as a church served a population of 60 
The historical Clear Springs Hall and Store now houses Clear Springs Restaurant  This establishment has tried to preserve the German small town heritage and historical atmosphere of the structure itself 
Clear Springs is located just off SH 46, at the intersection of SH 46 and FM 758, nine miles northwest of Seguin, Texas in northwestern Guadalupe County 

Geography
Clear Springs is located at 29°40′34″N 98°03′35″W (29 6760591, -98 0597292  This is about 30 miles (48 km) east of Downtown San Antonio and 50 miles (80 km) south of Austin 
Passage 15:
Wewela, South Dakota
Wewela (Lakota: wiwíla; "A spring") is an unincorporated community in Tripp County, South Dakota, United States  Wewela is located on U S  Route 183 near the Nebraska border, south of Colome 
The community most likely was named for springs near the original town site, Wewela meaning "small spring" in the Sioux language 
Passage 16:
Cedar Creek (Dix River tributary)
Cedar Creek, located in Lincoln County in south-central Kentucky, USA, is an 8-mile-long (13 km) tributary to the Dix River  Via the Dix, Kentucky and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed   In 2002, a section of Cedar Creek was impounded to form Cedar Creek Lake 

See also
List of rivers of Kentucky
Passage 17:
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District (Russian: Краснови́шерский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai  Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District  It is located in the northeast of the krai, in the valley of the Vishera River, and borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east, Cherdynsky District in the west, Solikamsky District in the south, and with the territory of the town of krai significance of Alexandrovsk in the southeast  The area of the district is 15,375 square kilometers (5,936 sq mi)  Its administrative center is the town of Krasnovishersk  Population:  22,554 (2010 Census); 27,871 (2002 Census); 30,827 (1989 Census)  The population of Krasnovishersk accounts for 71 4% of the district's total population 

Geography
The eastern part of the district is mostly mountainous, while the western part is mostly flat, with some hills with the height of about 190–220 meters (620–720 ft)  The highest point of Perm Krai, Mount Tulymsky Kamen, is located in the district  There are many rivers in the district, including the Vishera River with its tributaries the Yazva, the Vels, the Uls, and many others  The town of Krasnovishersk is located 320 kilometers (200 mi) from the city of Perm  Natural resources of the district include diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, and others 
The climate is temperate continental  The average annual temperature is +0 1 °C (32 2 °F); annual precipitation is 550–700 millimeters (22–28 in)  Up to 87% of the district's territory is covered by forests  In the extreme northeast of the district the Vishera Nature Reserve is located 

History
The district was established on January 13, 1941  Until then, its territory was a part of Cherdynsky District  Krasnovishersk, the administrative center of the district, was granted town status on July 2, 1942 

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, about 89 7% of district's population were Russians and 2 5% were the Komi people 

Economy
The industry of the district includes timber industry, pulp and paper mill, mining and food industry 

See also
Visherogorsk
Zagovorukha
Context 3: Passage 1:
Australian five-dollar note
The Australian five-dollar note was first issued on 29 May 1967, fifteen months after the currency was changed from the pound to the dollar on 14 February 1966  It was a new denomination with mauve colouration – the pre-decimal system had no denomination with a value of £21⁄2  The first polymer version of the note was introduced in 1992  A major design update was issued from 1 September 2016, with a minor update to the signatures in 2019 

Series
The first issue was a paper note which had a gradient of mauve, with a distinct black overprint  It was designed by Gordon Andrews, with Russell Drysdale as the Reserve Bank of Australia's artistic advisor  It featured portraits of Sir Joseph Banks and Caroline Chisholm, as well as elevations of Sydney streets from Joseph Fowles' "Sydney in 1848", the cover of the Shipping Gazette, a watercolour of the Waverley, and a handbill of a meeting of the Family Colonization Loan Society  All of these images were sourced from the State Library of New South Wales 
The first polymer banknote issue, which can be recognised for its mauve colouration and numeral font, was first issued in pale mauve in 1992  A number of people found it difficult to distinguish it from the $10 banknote, especially in poor lighting conditions 
In 1995, a second polymer issue was issued, distinguishable by its deeper shade of mauve and a different font for the numeral 
A federation commemorative was issued in 2001 for that year only  Notes featured Sir Henry Parkes on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse 
On 1 September 2016 Next Generation Banknote (NGB) $5 was issued  The NGB series banknotes contain more security features than the previous series, including a clear top-to-bottom window 

Statistics
According to Reserve Bank statistics, at the end of June 2017 there were two hundred and eleven million five dollar banknotes in circulation, fourteen percent of the total banknotes in circulation; worth one thousand and fifty five million, or one percent of the total value for all denominations Leek has the greatest value, issued for two years only; and the 1990 Fraser/Higgens being issued for less than a year From 1967 to 1974, the title identifying the country was "Commonwealth of Australia" and there were 195,504,000 of these notes issued  The title identifying the country was then changed to "Australia" and from 1974 until the end of the issuance of paper currency for this denomination (in 1992), 978,068,318 of these notes were issued 

Design
On the 1995 design, Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia at the time was on the obverse, along with eucalyptus (gum) leaves  There is a number 5 in the right hand corner of both sides  The word "Australia" is written to the bottom left of the Queen  Parliament House appears on the reverse  On the 2001 commemorative design, Sir Henry Parkes appears on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse 
On 12 April 2016, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced a new design for the 5-dollar banknote would be introduced into circulation on 1 September 2016, the fourth polymer $5 banknote issued since 1992  It is the first of a new series of banknotes that will feature a different species of Australian wattle and a native bird  The 5-dollar banknote has the prickly Moses wattle (Acacia verticillata subsp  ovoidea) and the Eastern Spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris)  It also features an image of the Federation Pavilion  The reverse features Parliament House, showing the mosaic forecourt designed by Kumantje Jagamara, called Possum and Wallaby Dreaming, as well as a plan of Parliament House The 2016 design was slightly updated in 2019, with new signatures for the Governor of the Reserve Bank and the Secretary to the Treasury After the death of Elizabeth II, the Reserve Bank of Australia said that it was discussing with the government before it decides the replacement portrait on the 5-dollar banknote  On 2 February 2023, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that King Charles III will not appear on the new five-dollar banknote, a design celebrating First Nations peoples to appear instead 

Security features
The paper design included a watermark of Captain James Cook in the white field  The same watermark was also used in the last issue of pound banknotes  A new feature of the decimal currency was metallic strip embedded within the paper of the note, first near the centre of the note, then from 1976 moved to the left side on the obverse of the note 
The polymer issue includes: a shadow image of the Australian coat of arms which is visible under other printing when the note is held up to light; a pointed star with four points on the obverse and three on the reverse that come together under light; a clear window that has a stylised gum flower showing; and raised print and micro printing of the denomination value Some features of the banknote glow under UV light  These features include the serial number and a square patch on the reverse of the note  There is also raised printing around the portraits and major design elements of the note which can be felt by rubbing the finger or fingernail against them 
Passage 2:
The White Princess (miniseries)
The White Princess is a historical drama television miniseries developed for Starz  It is based on Philippa Gregory's 2013 novel of the same name and, to a lesser extent, its 2014 sequel The King's Curse  It is a sequel to the 2013 miniseries The White Queen, which adapted three of Gregory's previous novels, and begins immediately where The White Queen finished 
In the eight episode series, the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York effectively ends the Wars of the Roses by uniting the houses of Lancaster and York  However, their mutual enmity and distrust, as well as the political plots of their mothers, threaten to tear both the marriage and the kingdom apart 

Cast and characters
Main
Jodie Comer as Elizabeth "Lizzie" of York, the Queen of England
Rebecca Benson as Margaret "Maggie" Plantagenet, the Queen's paternal cousin, sister of Teddy
Jacob Collins-Levy as Henry VII, the King of England, Elizabeth's husband
Kenneth Cranham as Bishop (later Cardinal) John Morton, a confidant of the King's mother
Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville, the Queen's mother
Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile, the Queen of Castile
Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley, Margaret Beaufort's husband
Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell, a Yorkist supporter
Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English crown who claims to be Richard of York 
Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, the Queen's paternal grandmother  Goodall was the only actor to appear in both The White Queen and The White Princess 
Amy Manson as Catherine "Cathy" Gordon, wife of Perkin Warbeck
Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, husband of Eliza de la Pole
Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor, the King's uncle
Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, the Queen's sister
Joanne Whalley as Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, the Queen's paternal aunt
Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole, husband of Maggie Plantagenet
Michelle Fairley as  Margaret Beaufort, the King's mother

Recurring
Nicholas Audsley as Lord Strange
Rhys Connah (child) and Albert de Jongh (teen) as Edward "Teddy" Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, the Queen's cousin, brother of Maggie
Heidi Ely as Princess Bridget, the Queen's sister
Oliver Hembrough as John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, the Duke of Suffolk's son
Rosie Knightley as Princess Anne, the Queen's sister
Ava Masters as Princess Catherine, the Queen's sister
Rollo Skinner as Ned, a stable boy
Susie Trayling as Elizabeth "Eliza" de la Pole, Duchess of Suffolk, the Queen's paternal aunt
Guy Williams as William Stanley, Lord Thomas's brother
Iain Batchelor as Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Dorian Grover as Philip
Zazie Hayhurst as Rettie
Billy Barratt as Prince Arthur, the King's first son
Woody Norman as Prince Harry, the King's second son
Philip Arditti as Rodrigo de Puebla, the Spanish ambassador

Guest
Ned Elliott as Prince Richard, the Queen's brother
Luc Webb as Prince Edward, the Queen's brother
Derek Frood as the Mayor of York
Kitty Smith as Ruth
Emmanuelle Bouaziz as Mary of Burgundy
Max True as Lambert Simnel
Nia Roberts as Catherine "Kate" Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham
Norman Arthur Eshley as the Abbot
Marc Danbury as the Priest
Juan Echenique as Ferdinand II of Aragon, the King of Aragon
Nicholas Gecks as the Wimborne Priest
Alex Sawyer as Kofi, Novice Monk
Mark Edel-Hunt as Thomas Wolsey
Alasdair McLaughlin as Noah Luff

Episodes
Production
Development
The 10-part 2013 television series The White Queen adapted Gregory's previous novels The White Queen (2009), The Red Queen (2010) and The Kingmaker's Daughter (2012)  The series was broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and on Starz in the United States, and features Freya Mavor as a young Elizabeth of York  Despite initial plans for a second series, on 20 August 2013 the BBC announced they were not commissioning one, possibly because of the lukewarm reception the series received However, in October 2013, The Telegraph reported that Starz was planning to develop a sequel miniseries called The White Princess, based on Gregory's novel  Starz CEO Chris Albrecht announced in January 2014 that the network was working with White Queen screenwriter Emma Frost on the project  Starz would produce the White Princess miniseries without involvement from the BBC  Gregory confirmed that the project was underway in August 2015  On 7 February 2016, Gregory announced on Facebook that the sequel was officially confirmed to be in production, with the scripts being written  The series was confirmed to be eight episodes in May 2016 Jamie Payne, who directed three episodes of The White Queen, directed episodes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8  Frost was the showrunner and executive producer  Lachlan MacKinnon is served as producer, with Gregory as executive producer  Playground's Colin Callender and Scott Huff also executive produced with Company Pictures' Michele Buck 

Casting
Jodie Comer was cast in the title role of Elizabeth of York in April 2016, with Michelle Fairley added as Margaret Beaufort in May  In June 2016, Starz announced the casting of Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth, Jacob Collins-Levy as Henry VII, Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York, Rebecca Benson as Margaret Plantagenet, and Joanne Whalley as  Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy  The remaining cast includes Caroline Goodall as Duchess Cecily, Kenneth Cranham as Bishop Morton, Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor and Rhys Connah as Teddy Plantagenet 

Filming
Principal photography began in June 2016, with locations including Bradford on Avon, Bristol, Berkeley Castle, Gloucester Cathedral, Lacock, Salisbury Cathedral, and Wells 

Release
In early January 2017, the producers released a video clip from the series as a teaser trailer  In February 2017, Starz announced that The White Princess would premiere on 16 April 2017  In the UK the series began its satellite and terrestrial broadcasts on the Drama channel on 18 November 2017 

Reception
The miniseries received generally favorable reviews  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 17 critics, with an average rating of 6 95/10  The website's critics consensus indicated the series was "well-acted and enlivened by its fresh perspective" and "delivers more than enough intrigue to satisfy fans of period British royal court drama " On Metacritic, the show has a weighted average score of 71 based on reviews from 9 critics 

Continuation
On 15 March 2018, Starz announced that it will create a continuation of The White Queen and The White Princess to be titled The Spanish Princess, which will be based on Gregory's novels The Constant Princess and The King's Curse and center on Catherine of Aragon 
Passage 3:
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022  She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and remained the monarch of 15 realms by the time of her death  Her reign of over 70 years is the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female head of state in history 
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother)  Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive  She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service  In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021  They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward 
When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as head of the Commonwealth  Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union  The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics  As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms  Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents 
Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively  Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity  Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in September 2022 and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III 

Early life
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother)  Her father was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne  She was delivered at 02:40 (GMT) by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair  The Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised her in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May, and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother  She was called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first  She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England", and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930  The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford  Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music  Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family  The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility  Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character  She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant " Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved"  Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) and Royal Lodge in Windsor 

Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father  Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession  When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father  Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis  Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI  Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive  If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College, and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses  A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age  Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States  As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours  She "looked tearful" as her parents departed  They corresponded regularly, and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May 

Second World War
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War  Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe  This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me  I won't leave without the King  And the King will never leave " The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk  From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years  At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments  In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities  She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war  We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well "In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year  As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944  In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number 230873  She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later 

At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London  Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves  I remember we were terrified of being recognised     I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief "During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales  Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war  Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday  Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent  In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa  During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong " The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times 

Marriage
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937  They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria  After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters  She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947 The engagement attracted some controversy  Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links  Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her  He was a prince without a home or kingdom  Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin " Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun"  In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman" 

Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family  Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness  Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey  They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world  Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war  In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding  Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, in November 1948  One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince  A second child, Princess Anne, was born in August 1950 Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London  At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer  He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle Lord Mountbatten  Their two children remained in Britain 

Reign
Accession and coronation
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events  When she visited Canada and Harry S  Truman in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary Martin Charteris carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour  In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya  On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of Elizabeth's father  Philip broke the news to the new queen  She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name, and was therefore called Elizabeth II  The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland  She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom  Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the royal house would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time  Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, and Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title  The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor  Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor  Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children " In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage  Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out " Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce  If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession  Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend  In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year  They were divorced in 1978  She did not remarry Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested  The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the anointing and communion  On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries 

Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations  By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established  In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air  She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations  During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her  Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth  The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union  In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal  Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it  Eden resigned two months later 

The governing Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government following Eden's resignation  Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the lord president of the council  Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the lord chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth  In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch"  Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments  Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, advice she followed  Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister  In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement 

In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth  On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session  Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada  In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran  On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins  Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through     She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as     a film star     She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man'     She loves her duty and means to be a Queen " Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination  No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857  Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964 On 21 October 1966, the Aberfan disaster in Wales saw 116 children and 28 adults killed when a colliery spoil tip collapsed, engulfing Pantglas Junior School and the surrounding houses in the village  The Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before deciding to visit the village, and her delay in visiting the scene was a mistake that she later regretted 

Acceleration of decolonisation
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean  More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government  In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia"  Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade  As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973 Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country  She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain  The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals  When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned, and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals  As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision  She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General  The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism 

Silver Jubilee
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession  Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours  The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon  In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands"  The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her uncle-in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army According to Paul Martin Sr , by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister  Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing"



ground_truth: 2005

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What county shares a border with Cedar Springs?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Arsenal F C 
Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Islington, London  Arsenal play in the Premier League, the top flight of English football  The club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 FA Cups, two League Cups, 16 FA Community Shields, one European Cup Winners' Cup, and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  In terms of trophies won, it is the third-most successful club in English football 
Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join the Football League in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904  Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history  In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war  In 1970–71, they won their first League and FA Cup Double  Between 1989 and 2005, they won five League titles and five FA Cups, including two more Doubles  They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position  Between 1998 and 2017, Arsenal qualified for the UEFA Champions League for nineteen consecutive seasons 
Herbert Chapman, who changed the fortunes of Arsenal forever, won the club its first silverware, and his legacy led the club to dominate the 1930s decade  He helped introduce the WM formation, floodlights, and shirt numbers; he also added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club's jersey  Arsène Wenger is the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies  He won a record seven FA Cups, and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004, receiving the nickname The Invincibles 
In 1886, munitions workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich founded the club as Dial Square  In 1913 the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, becoming close neighbours of Tottenham Hotspur, and creating the North London derby  In 2006, they moved to the nearby Emirates Stadium  With an annual revenue of £367 1m in the 2021–22 season, Arsenal was estimated to be worth US$2 26 billion by Forbes, making it the world's tenth most valuable football club, while it is one of the most followed on social media  The motto of the club has long been Victoria Concordia Crescit, Latin for "Victory Through Harmony" 

History
1886–1919: from Dial Square to Arsenal
In October 1886, Scotsman David Danskin and fifteen fellow munitions workers in Woolwich formed Dial Square Football Club, named after a workshop at the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex  Each member contributed sixpence and Danskin also added three shillings to help form the club  Dial Square played their first match on 11 December 1886 against Eastern Wanderers and won 6–0  The club had renamed to Royal Arsenal by January 1887, and its first home was Plumstead Common, though they spent most of their time playing at the Manor Ground  Their first trophies were the Kent Senior Cup and London Charity Cup in 1889–90 and the London Senior Cup in 1890–91; these were the only county association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London  In 1891, Royal Arsenal became the first London club to turn professional Royal Arsenal renamed for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893  They registered their new name, Woolwich Arsenal, with The Football League when the club ascended later that year : 5–21  Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League, starting out in the Second Division and reaching the First Division in 1904  Falling attendances, due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city, led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910 : 112–149  Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall became involved in the club, and sought to move them elsewhere : 22–42 
In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, the club moved across the river to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury  In 1919, The Football League controversially voted to promote The Arsenal, instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur, into the newly enlarged First Division, despite only finishing fifth in the Second Division's last pre-war season of 1914–15  Later that year, The Arsenal started dropping "The" in official documents, gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal, as it is generally known today 

1919–1953: Bank of England club
With a new home and First Division football, attendances were more than double those at the Manor Ground, and Arsenal's budget grew rapidly  Their location and record-breaking salary offer lured star Huddersfield Town manager Herbert Chapman in 1925  Over the next five years, Chapman built a new Arsenal  He appointed an enduring new trainer Tom Whittaker, implemented Charlie Buchan's new twist on the nascent WM formation, captured young players like Cliff Bastin and Eddie Hapgood, and lavished Highbury's income on stars like David Jack and Alex James  With record-breaking spending and gate receipts, Arsenal quickly became known as the Bank of England club Transformed, Chapman's Arsenal claimed their first national trophy, the FA Cup in 1930, and League Championships followed in 1930–31 and 1932–33  Chapman also presided over off the pitch changes: white sleeves and shirt numbers were added to the kit; a Tube station was named after the club; and the first of two opulent, Art Deco stands was completed, with some of the first floodlights in English football  Suddenly, in the middle of the 1933–34 season, Chapman died of pneumonia  His work was left to Joe Shaw and George Allison, who saw out a hat-trick with the 1933–34 and 1934–35 titles, and then won the 1936 FA Cup and 1937–38 title 
World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years, but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post-war season, 1947–48  This was Tom Whittaker's first season as manager, after his promotion to succeed Allison, and the club had equalled the champions of England record  They won a third FA Cup in 1950, and then won a record-breaking seventh championship in 1952–53  However, the war had taken its toll on Arsenal  The club had had more players killed than any top flight club, and debt from reconstructing the North Bank Stand bled Arsenal's resources 

1953–1986: mediocrity, Mee and Neill
Arsenal were not to win the League or the FA Cup for another 18 years  The '53 Champions squad had aged, and the club failed to attract strong enough replacements  Although Arsenal were competitive during these years, their fortunes had waned; the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in mid-table mediocrity  Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager, in a stint between 1962 and 1966 Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966  With new assistant Don Howe and new players such as Bob McNab and George Graham, Mee led Arsenal to their first League Cup finals, in 1967–68 and 1968–69  Next season saw a breakthrough, with Arsenal's first competitive European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup  The season after, Arsenal achieved an even greater triumph with their first League and FA Cup double, and a new champions of England record  This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the rest of the decade was characterised by a series of near misses, with Arsenal finishing as FA Cup runners up in 1972, and First Division runners-up in 1972–73 Former player Terry Neill succeeded Mee in 1976  At the age of 34, he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date  With new signings like Malcolm Macdonald and Pat Jennings, and a crop of talent in the side like Liam Brady and Frank Stapleton, the club reached a trio of FA Cup finals (1978 FA Cup, 1979 FA Cup and 1980 FA Cup), and lost the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final on penalties  The club's only trophy during this time was the 1979 FA Cup, achieved with a last-minute 3–2 victory over Manchester United, in a final is widely regarded as a classic 

1986–1996: George Graham
One of Mee's double winners, George Graham, returned as manager in 1986, with Arsenal winning their first League Cup in 1987, Graham's first season in charge  New signings Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon and Steve Bould had joined the club by 1988 to complete the "famous Back Four", led by homegrown player Tony Adams  They immediately won the 1988 Football League Centenary Trophy, and followed it with the 1988–89 Football League title, snatched with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool  Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1994  Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995  His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors 

1996–2018: Wenger years
The club metamorphosed during the tenure of French manager Arsène Wenger, who was appointed in 1996  Attacking football, an overhaul of dietary and fitness practices, and efficiency with money
have defined his reign  Accumulating key players from Wenger's homeland, such as Patrick Vieira and Thierry Henry, Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02  In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup, were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cup finals, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles"  This feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first nine seasons at the club, although they never won the title in two consecutive seasons 
The club had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London to reach the final in the competition's fifty-year history, but were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona  In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury 
Arsenal reached the final of the 2007 and 2011 League Cups, losing 2–1 to Chelsea and Birmingham City respectively  The club had not gained a trophy since the 2005 FA Cup until, spearheaded by club record acquisition Mesut Özil, Arsenal beat Hull City in the 2014 FA Cup Final, coming back from a 2–0 deficit to win the match 3–2 
A year later, Arsenal completed another victorious FA Cup campaign, and became the most successful club in the tournament's history by winning their 13th FA Cup in 2016–17  However, in that same season, Arsenal finished fifth in the league, the first time they had finished outside the top four since before Wenger arrived in 1996  After another unspectacular league season the following year, Wenger departed Arsenal on 13 May 2018 

Since 2018: post-Wenger era
After conducting an overhaul in the club's operating model to coincide with Wenger's departure, Spaniard Unai Emery was named as the club's new head coach on 23 May 2018  He became the club's first ever 'head coach' and second manager from outside the United Kingdom  In Emery's first season, Arsenal finished fifth in the Premier League and as runner-up in the Europa League  On 29 November 2019, Emery was dismissed as manager and former player and assistant first team coach Freddie Ljungberg was appointed as interim head coach On 20 December 2019, Arsenal appointed former club captain Mikel Arteta as the new head coach  Arsenal finished the league season in eighth, their lowest finish since 1994–95, but beat Chelsea 2–1 to earn a record-extending 14th FA Cup win  After the season, Arteta's title was changed from head coach to manager  On 18 April 2021, Arsenal were announced as a founding club of the breakaway European competition The Super League; they withdrew from the competition two days later amid near-universal condemnation  Arsenal finished the season in eighth place once again, not qualifying for a European competition for the first time in 26 years  In the 2022–23 Premier League season, Arsenal returned to the Champions League by coming second to Manchester City after leading for most of the season 

Crest
Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannons viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich)  These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannons  This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter typography, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit – "victory comes from harmony" – coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer  For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green  Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it  Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise,
Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection  Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable 
The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon  Green was replaced by dark blue  The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue 
Until the 1960s, a badge was worn on the playing shirt only for high-profile matches such as FA Cup finals, usually in the form of a monogram of the club's initials in red on a white background The monogram theme was developed into an Art Deco-style badge on which the letters A and C framed a football rather than the letter F, the whole set within a hexagonal border  This early example of a corporate logo, introduced as part of Herbert Chapman's rebranding of the club in the 1930s, was used not only on Cup Final shirts but as a design feature throughout Highbury Stadium, including above the main entrance and inlaid in the floors 
From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname "The Gunners", in the 1990s In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th anniversary  The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season  The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left  The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub  The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club  The laurel leaves also represent strength  To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto "Forward" at the bottom of the crest 

Colours
For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case  The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886  Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work  As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball  The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red  Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves  One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf 
Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons  The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season  The second was 2005–06, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season  In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs  In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own green and white strip 
In 1941, Luis Robledo, an England-schooled founder of Santa Fe and a fan of Arsenal, selected the main colors for his newly created team  In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of Os Arsenalistas 
These teams still wear those designs to this day 
For many years Arsenal's away colours were white or navy blue  However, in 1968 the FA banned navy shirts (they looked too similar to referees' black kit) so in the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts  This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history  The yellow and blue strip became almost as famous as their iconic red and white home kit  Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United  Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their "lucky" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982–83  The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before 
When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994, Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts  Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits  During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001–02 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013 
Until 2014, the away kit was changed every season, and the outgoing away kit became the third-choice kit if a new home kit was being introduced in the same year Since Puma began manufacturing Arsenal's kits in 2014, new home, away and third kits were released every single season  In the 2017–18 season, Puma released a new color scheme for the away and third kits  The away kit was a light blue, which fades to a darker blue near the bottom, while the third kit was black with red highlight  Puma returned to the original color scheme for the 2018–19 season From the 2019–20 season Arsenal's kits are manufactured by Adidas  In the 2020–21 season, Adidas unveiled the new away kit to 
mark the 15-year anniversary since leaving Highbury  The new away kit is white, with a marbled pattern all across to replicate the iconic marble hall in the East stand of Highbury 

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Stadiums
Before joining the Football League, Arsenal played briefly on Plumstead Common, then at the Manor Ground in Plumstead, then spent three years between 1890 and 1893 at the nearby Invicta Ground  Upon joining the Football League in 1893, the club returned to the Manor Ground and installed stands and terracing, upgrading it from just a field  Arsenal continued to play their home games there for the next twenty years (with two exceptions in the 1894–95 season), until the move to north London in 1913 Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006  The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing  The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954 Highbury could hold more than 60,000 spectators at its peak, and had a capacity of 57,000 until the early 1990s  The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993–94 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators  This capacity had to be reduced further during Champions League matches to accommodate additional advertising boards, so much so that for two seasons, from 1998 to 2000, Arsenal played Champions League home matches at Wembley, which could house more than 70,000 spectators 

Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties  These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time  After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury  The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season  The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million  Some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names  The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until at least 2024  From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end  The capacity of the Emirates now stands at 60,704 Arsenal's players train at the Shenley Training Centre in Hertfordshire, a purpose-built facility which opened in 1999 
Before that the club used facilities on a nearby site owned by the University College of London Students' Union  Until 1961 they had trained at Highbury 
Arsenal's Academy under-18 teams play their home matches at Shenley, while the reserves play their games at Meadow Park, which is also the home of Boreham Wood F C  Both the Academy under-18 & the reserves occasionally play their big games at the Emirates in front of a crowd reduced to only the lower west stand 

Supporters and rivalries
Arsenal's fanbase are referred to as "Gooners" – the name derived from the club's nickname "The Gunners"  Virtually all home matches sell out; in 2007–08 Arsenal had the second-highest average League attendance for an English club (60,070, which was 99 5% of available capacity), and, as of 2015, the third-highest all-time average attendance  Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke  The club's location, adjoining wealthy areas such as Canonbury and Barnsbury, mixed areas such as Islington, Holloway, Highbury, and the adjacent London Borough of Camden, and largely working-class areas such as Finsbury Park and Stoke Newington, has meant that Arsenal's supporters have come from a variety of social classes  Much of the Afro-Caribbean support comes from the neighbouring London Borough of Hackney and a large portion of the South Asian Arsenal supporters commute to the stadium from Wembley Park, North West of the capital  There was also traditionally a large Irish community that followed Arsenal, with the nearby Archway area having a particularly large community, but Irish migration to North London is much lower than in the 1960s or 1970s 
Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line  The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans  The club's supporters also publish fanzines such as The Gooner, Gunflash and the satirical Up The Arse!  In addition to the usual English football chants, supporters sing "One-Nil to the Arsenal" (to the tune of "Go West") 
There have always been Arsenal supporters outside London, and since the advent of satellite television, a supporter's attachment to a football club has become less dependent on geography  Consequently, Arsenal have a significant number of fans from beyond London and all over the world; in 2007, 24 UK, 37 Irish and 49 other overseas supporters clubs were affiliated with the club  A 2011 report by SPORT+MARKT estimated Arsenal's global fanbase at 113 million  The club's social media activity was the fifth highest in world football during the 2014–15 season 

Rivalries
Arsenal's longest-running and deepest rivalry is with their nearest major neighbour, Tottenham Hotspur; matches between the two are referred to as the North London derby  There also exists a rivalry between Arsenal and Chelsea  In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in the early 2000s when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title 

Mascot
The club mascot is Gunnersaurus Rex, a smiling, 7-foot-tall green dinosaur, who first appeared at a home match against Manchester City in August 1994 (or 1993)  He is based on a drawing by then 11-year-old Peter Lovell, whose design and another similar idea won a Junior Gunners contest; his official back story is that he hatched from an egg found during renovations at Highbury The same person, Jerry Quy, has been inside the suit from the start; in early October 2020, as part of cost-cutting brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the club made him redundant from that and his other part-time job in supporter liaison, together with 55 full-time employees, although they later said Gunnersaurus could return after spectators were allowed back in stadiums  An online fundraiser was begun for Quy, and Mesut Özil offered to pay his salary himself as long as he remains with Arsenal  In November 2020, in advance of COVID-19 regulations being relaxed to allow supporters to attend home games from 3 December, Arsenal announced that Gunnersaurus would return, to be played by a roster of people that could include Quy if he wished 

Ownership and finances
The largest shareholder on the Arsenal board is American sports tycoon Stan Kroenke  Kroenke first launched a bid for the club in April 2007, and faced competition for shares from Red and White Securities, which acquired its first shares from David Dein in August 2007  Red & White Securities was co-owned by Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov and Iranian London-based financier Farhad Moshiri, though Usmanov bought Moshiri's stake in 2016  Kroenke came close to the 30% takeover threshold in November 2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29 9%)  In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62 89%  In May 2017, Kroenke owned 41,721 shares (67 05%) and Red & White Securities owned 18,695 shares (30 04%)  In January 2018, Kroenke expanded his ownership by buying twenty-two more shares, taking his total ownership to 67 09%  In August 2018, Kroenke bought out Usmanov for £550m  Now owning more than 90% of the shares, he had the required stake to complete the buyout of the remaining shares and become the sole owner  There has been criticism of Arsenal's poor performance since Kroenke took over, which has been attributed to his ownership  Ivan Gazidis was the club's Chief executive from 2009 to 2018 Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs  Only 62,219 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a public exchange such as the FTSE or AIM; instead, they are traded relatively infrequently on the ICAP Securities and Derivatives Exchange, a specialist market  On 29 May 2017, a single share in Arsenal had a mid price of £18,000, which sets the club's market capitalisation value at approximately £1,119 9m  Most football clubs are not listed on an exchange, which makes direct comparisons of their values difficult  Consultants Brand Finance valued the club's brand and intangible assets at $703m in 2015, and consider Arsenal an AAA global brand  Business magazine Forbes valued Arsenal as a whole at $2 238 billion (£1 69 billion) in 2018, ranked third in English football  Research by the Henley Business School ranked Arsenal second in English football, modelling the club's value at £1 118 billion in 2015 Arsenal's financial results for the 2019–20 season showed an after tax loss of £47 8m, due in part to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic  The Deloitte Football Money League is a publication that homogenises and compares clubs' annual revenue  Deloitte put Arsenal's footballing revenue in 2019 at £392 7m (€445 6m), ranking Arsenal eleventh among world football clubs  Arsenal and Deloitte both listed the match day revenue generated in 2019 by the Emirates Stadium as €109 2m (£96 2m) 

In popular culture
Partly due to their proximity to the Alexandra Palace transmitter, Arsenal have appeared in a number of media "firsts"  On 22 January 1927, their match at Highbury against Sheffield United was the first English League match to be broadcast live on radio  A decade later, on 16 September 1937, an exhibition match between Arsenal's first team and the reserves was the first football match in the world to be televised live  Arsenal also featured in the first edition of the BBC's Match of the Day, which screened highlights of their match against Liverpool at Anfield on 22 August 1964  Sky's coverage of Arsenal's January 2010 match against Manchester United was the first live public broadcast of a sports event on 3D television As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain  They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related novels, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939), which was made into a film in the same year  The story centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned while playing  Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves in the film and manager George Allison was given a speaking part  The book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular  Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s  The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988–89 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and "boring" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s  In the 1997 film The Full Monty the principal characters move forward in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine 
Fifteen years later an almost identical scene was included in the 2012 Disney science-fiction film John Carter (director and co-writer Andrew Stanton, a notable overseas supporter of the club), along with other visual cues and oblique dialogue hints and references to the club throughout the film 
Another film reference to the club's defence comes in the film Plunkett & Macleane, in which two characters are named Dixon and Winterburn after Arsenal's long-serving full backs – the right-sided Lee Dixon and the left-sided Nigel Winterburn In August 2022, Amazon Prime Video released an eight-episode docuseries called All or Nothing: Arsenal  It documented the club by spending time with the coaching staff and players behind the scenes both on and off the field throughout their 2021–22 season, in which they were the youngest team in the Premier League with an average starting age of 24 years and 308 days – more than a whole year younger than the next team 

In the community
In 1985, Arsenal founded a community scheme, "Arsenal in the Community", which offered sporting, social inclusion, educational and charitable projects  The club support a number of charitable causes directly and in 1992 established The Arsenal Charitable Trust, which by 2006 had raised more than £2 million for local causes  An ex-professional and celebrity football team associated with the club also raised money by playing charity matches  The club launched the Arsenal for Everyone initiative in 2008 as an annual celebration of the diversity of the Arsenal family  In the 2009–10 season Arsenal announced that they had raised a record breaking £818,897 for the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity  The original target was £500,000 Save the Children has been Arsenal global charity partner since 2011 and have worked together in numerous projects to improve safety and well-being for vulnerable children in London and abroad  On 3 September 2016 The Arsenal Foundation has donated £1m to build football pitches for children in London, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan and Somalia thanks to The Arsenal Foundation Legends Match against Milan Glorie at the Emirates Stadium  On 3 June 2018, Arsenal played Real Madrid in the Corazon Classic Match 2018 at the Bernabeu, where the proceeds went to Realtoo Real Madrid Foundation projects that are aimed at the most vulnerable children  In addition there will be a return meeting on 8 September 2018 at the Emirates stadium where proceeds will go towards the Arsenal foundation In 2022, Arsenal and Adidas partnered up to launch the "No More Red" campaign to support the long-standing work being done by Arsenal in the Community to help keep young people safe from knife crime and youth violence  To promote the event, the club launched an exclusive all white kit that was not commercially available and only awarded to individuals who are making a positive difference in the community 

Players
First-team squad
As of 28 June 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Under-23s and Academy
As of 1 July 2023Players to have featured in a first-team matchday squad for ArsenalNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Management and staff
Current staff
Arsenal board
Statistics and records
Arsenal's tally of 13 League Championships is the third highest in English football, after Manchester United (20) and Liverpool (19),
and they were the first club to reach a seventh and an eighth League Championship  As of June 2020, they are one of seven teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City, Leicester City and Liverpool, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992 They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, with 14  The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015 
Arsenal have achieved three League and FA Cup "Doubles" (in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a feat only previously achieved by Manchester United (in 1994, 1996 and 1999) 
They were the first side in English football to complete the FA Cup and League Cup double, in 1993 
Arsenal were also the first London club to reach the final of the UEFA Champions League, in 2006, losing the final 2–1 to Barcelona Arsenal have one of the best top-flight records in history, having finished below fourteenth only seven times  They have won the second most top flight league matches in English football, and have also accumulated the second most points, whether calculated by two points per win or by the contemporary points value  They have been in the top flight for the most consecutive seasons (95 as of 2020–21)  Arsenal also have the highest average league finishing position for the 20th century, with an average league placement of 8 5 Arsenal hold the record for the longest run of unbeaten League matches (49 between May 2003 and October 2004)  This included all 38 matches of their title-winning 2003–04 season, when Arsenal became only the second club to finish a top-flight campaign unbeaten, after Preston North End (who played only 22 matches) in 1888–89  They also hold the record for the longest top flight win streak  Arsenal set a Champions League record during the 2005–06 season by going ten matches without conceding a goal, beating the previous best of seven set by A C  Milan



ground_truth: Bell County

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the spouse of the current queen of England?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office  In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed     than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats"  She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state 

Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese  Police later discovered the shots were blanks  The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three  Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised  That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand  Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a  22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed  Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with attempted murder or treason was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm  Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William 

From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety and pride  On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her  In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard  After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid  As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals  Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards " Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of     it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not " It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa  The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation  Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents  Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making"  Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated, and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major  Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid 

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country  The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors  At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602"  Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997 By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire  The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed  In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau  The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup  As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement  Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic 

Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991 

On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year")  Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family  In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April; angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October; and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November  The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny  In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding"  Two days later, John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list  In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated  At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast  The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity  Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell  In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil  In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien  Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued  In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury (George Carey) and her private secretary (Robert Fellowes), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris  Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral  Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning  Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay  Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral  In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes  As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects  Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back", and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier  At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence  As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off  That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary  Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay" In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May, and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July 

Golden Jubilee
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome  Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch  Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome  During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession  Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure  She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness  As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion  One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated 

In 2003, Elizabeth sued the Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace  The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs  Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees  In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair  She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland  She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007  On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth  The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age"  During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the 9/11 attacks  Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954  By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011 

Diamond Jubilee and longevity
Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond  She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf  On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world  On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781 Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries  For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond  On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony 

On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis  A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth  Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years  She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles  On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish"  She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018  In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015  She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015  She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017  On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee, and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary  Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017 

COVID-19 pandemic
On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution  Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble" 

On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK, she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again " On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair"  In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic  On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial  In 2021, she received her first and second COVID-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria  She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died, and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void"  Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world  In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him" Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May, and the 47th G7 summit in June  On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS would be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations"  In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004  Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland, the COP26 summit in Glasgow, and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds  On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a crossbow with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the Amritsar massacre  Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the Mental Health Act  In 2023, he pled guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign 

Platinum Jubilee
Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death  On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers  In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947 Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members  She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February, but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border, following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal  On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore  On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis  She later remarked that COVID infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted     It's not a nice result" Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March, but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month or the Royal Maundy service in April, due to "episodic mobility problems"  She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years  (She did not attend the 1959 and 1963 state openings as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively ) In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving  For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace  On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand  On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland  This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign  No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers  The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September to her Canadian people, in the aftermath of the Saskatchewan stabbings Elizabeth never planned to abdicate, though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties  The Queen told Canadian governor-general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition  Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something"  In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength "

Death
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision  The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral " Her immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side  She died peacefully at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and Anne, by her side  Her death was announced to the public at 18:30, setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn  Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542  Her death certificate recorded her cause of death as "old age" On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it  Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin  It was taken by air to London on 13 September  On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days  The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division  An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures  On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same 

Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760  More than a million people lined the streets of central London, and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries  In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed  Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession  After a committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members 

Legacy
Beliefs, activities, and interests
Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public  It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views  When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked her about the miners' strike of 1984–85 during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge disagreed  Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols  After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome  She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome  It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation Oath seriously  Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and with the national Church of Scotland  She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis  A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth  In 2000, she said:
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance  For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life  I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example 
Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities  The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1 4 billion for her patronages during her reign  Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis  Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family  Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards 

Media depiction and public opinion
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen"  After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age"  Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism  In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales  Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970  Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion  In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic; but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny  Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s  Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public  Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings  Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions  Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death 

In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state  Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia  In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign  Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime  "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists"  Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy, and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent  Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the working royal family and subsequent move to the United States  Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong  As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg  Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding  The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926 

Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world  In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc  In the Isle of Man, which is a Crown Dependency rather than a separate realm, she was known as Lord of Mann  Elizabeth was also styled Defender of the Faith 

Arms
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George  Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign  Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere 

Issue
Ancestry
See also
Finances of the British royal family
Household of Elizabeth II
List of things named after Elizabeth II
List of jubilees of Elizabeth II
List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II
Royal eponyms in Canada
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
List of covers of Time magazine (1920s), (1940s), (1950s), (2010s)

Notes
Passage 4:
Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth
The wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth II) was worn at her wedding to Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947 in Westminster Abbey  Given the rationing of clothing at the time, she still had to purchase the material using ration coupons  The dress was designed by Norman Hartnell  Hartnell's signature was said to be embroidery, and he enjoyed "working with soft, floating fabrics, particularly tulle and chiffon, and with plain, lustrous silks"  The dress was made of Chinese silk, with a high neckline, tailored bodice and a short train  Without straps and with long sleeves, it provided a "fit and flare silhouette" 

Design
The wedding was a royal event held following the end of the Second World War  The dress, designed by the Court Designer Norman Hartnell, had a star-patterned fan-shaped bridal train that was 13 feet (4 0 m) in length  The train, symbolic of rebirth and growth after the war, was stated to be inspired by Botticelli's c  1482 painting of Primavera, particularly the elaborate embroidery motifs of scattered flowers on the rich satin dress and the tulle veil worn by the royal bride  The material used was ivory silk and a diamond fringe tiara secured her veil  The dress was decorated with crystals and 10,000 seed pearls, imported from the United States of America  Hartnell, who had been Court Designer since 1938, claimed it as "the most beautiful dress I had so far made" On account of the austerity measures following the war, Princess Elizabeth had to use clothing ration coupons to show her entitlement to the dress  The government allowed her 200 extra ration coupons  She was given hundreds of clothing coupons by brides-to-be from all parts of the country to help her acquire the dress  She had to return these coupons as it was illegal for them to have been given away in the first instance The designs for the dress were approved three months before the wedding  Hartnell's search for suitable designs in London art galleries had led to him to the Botticelli figure  This was the inspiration for the use of ivory silk with flower designs of jasmine, smilax, lilac and white rose-like blossoms added to the train, embellished by white crystals and pearls  These motifs were transferred to drawings to enable embroidery experts to work on them  The dress featured a "heart-shaped neckline and long tight sleeves" The silk cloth was chosen at the specific directive of her mother, the Queen, who desired an "unusually rich, lustrous stiff satin which was made at Lullingstone Castle"  The silkworms to manufacture the silk were bought from Nationalist China, and not from Japan and Fascist Italy, the UK's enemies during the war  Satin was chosen for the train, and a more flexible material of the same tone as the train was chosen for the dress  However, in spite of the careful choice of the silk, the curator of the London Museum observed 30 years later when the dress was on display at the museum that "the choice of silk was not a good one" as the fabric had deteriorated considerably due to being weighted with tin salts, effectively rotting the fabric  It was also noted that the "weight of the embroidery dragged the skirt down, increasing the strain on the weave " Round the hem of the dress, "a border of orange blossom was appliqued with transparent tulle outlined in seed pearls and crystal" The final design of the dress was kept secret, although much speculation surrounded it  It was said the princess feared that if details were published fashion house copies would make it impossible for her to make last-minute design alterations  The dress was taken to the palace a day before the wedding in a 4-foot (1 2 m) box  On the wedding day, the dress glittered, bejewelled with pearls "skilfully combined with flowing lines of wheat ears, the symbol of fertility, and worked in pearl and diamante "

Similarities
Princess Elizabeth's wedding dress has drawn parallels with both the similarly designed dress worn by Grace Kelly in 1956 and the "Westminster décor" wedding dress that Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen designed for Catherine Middleton; particular points of similarity have been highlighted in the pleats and silhouette of the skirt The dress was put on display at St James's Palace and was then exhibited in the major cities and towns of the UK 

See also
Coronation gown of Elizabeth II
List of individual dresses



ground_truth: Philip Mountbatten